cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Club drugs and sex on drugs are associated with different motivations for gay circuit party attendance in men.

Data were collected from 1169 gay circuit party patrons in three North American circuit parties in three geographical locations in 1999. Questionnaires obtained reasons for attending circuit parties and drugs used at circuit parties. Factor analyses of the 10 major reasons for attending parties indicated that there were two significant moderately correlated dimensions: a social and celebratory one to be with friends and dance, and a sensation-seeking one, to have sex and drugs. Drug and sex on drugs predictors of the social dimension accounted for only 3.8% of its variance and included alcohol, ecstasy (methylenedioxymethamphetamine), GHB (γ-hydroxybutyrate), and having sex while on alcohol as significant predictors. Drug predictors for the sensation-seeking dimension accounted for four times the variance of the first dimension and included poppers, alcohol, ecstasy, Special K, and GHB, and having sex while on methamphetamines and on GHB. Unsafe sex was significantly associated with the sensation-seeking ...
Primary Culture Systems for Mammary Biology Studies

The importance of hormones in the growth, morphogenesis, differentiation and neoplastic transformation of the mammary gland is well recognized due to a large number of experimentsin vivo (for review see 1). However, the precise nature of hormonal involvement is not clearly understood because of the difficulties in analyzing complex in vivo interactions. The role of growth factors in any of these processes is, perhaps, even less well understood, due in part to the complexity ofin vivo interactions and in part to the general lack of knowledge of the role of growth factors in anyin vivo process. The recent advances relating some viral oncogene products to growth factor receptor variants or growth factor sub-units makes it important to understand more fully the role of these molecules in the processes listed above. Culture systems of various types have been used to try and address these questions and are, theoretically, of great advantage since they allow observations and manipulations of cells and tissues in isolation, where experimental variables can be controlled or minimized. The goal of these investigations is to be able to reproduce in culture a system that mimics the in vivo physiological and pathological phemomena of interest. No individual system completely meets this goal, but recent advances allow a better simulation of some of the processes that occurin vivo. Unfortunately, even those systems which closely mimic the in vivo situation in terms of growth and differentiation cannot yet mimic the process of neoplastic transformation in culture.
Preservation of primary mineral inclusions and secondary mineralization in igneous zircon: a case study in orthogneiss from the Blue Ridge, Virginia

A wide variety of minerals occur as inclusions in igneous zircon and can provide valuable evidence of source magma composition from originally magmatic zircons in metamorphic and clastic sedimentary rocks. However, it is not clear the extent to which zircons preserve the primary composition of their inclusions through a variety of geologic processes. This paper documents a case study of inclusion-rich, originally igneous zircon from an orthogneiss in the Blue Ridge of southwest Virginia. Zircon inclusions isolated from cracks contain 4 % clearly metamorphic phases (mainly in hosts with disturbed U–Pb systems) and otherwise retain distinct plagioclase chemistry, K-feldspar/plagioclase pairs, and biotite with much wider-ranging Mg/(Mg + Fe) than biotite in the rock matrix. A clearly secondary mineralization suite filling cracks in the zircons consists of quartz, biotite, albite, and epidote. Overall, these zircons preserve mineral inclusions distinct from their current host rock (except when exposed to external environments via cracks), demonstrating that non-metamict zircons may preserve their primary inclusion assemblages through later amphibolite to lower granulite facies metamorphism.
Much Ado About Nothing? The Size and Credit Quality Implications of Municipal OPEB Liabilities

Employee health care costs are central financial management concern at all levels of government. Discussion of these issues has recently shifted toward the costs of providing health care and other post-employment benefits (OPEB) to public sector retirees. That shift is due in large part to new governmental accounting standards that will require jurisdictions to report a present value estimate of the costs of providing OPEB to current retirees, and to current employees who will likely retire. This paper examines both the size of those costs, and their implications for local government credit quality. The findings suggest the OPEB liability for a typical local government, which was derived from a simple actuarial model and survey data on local government health care plans, is approximately $100 per capita. However, several jurisdictions report much higher liabilities, some exceeding $2000 per capita. Those estimates were then incorporated into explanatory models of two different aspects of local government credit quality - one for a jurisdiction's credit rating, and another for actual borrowing costs - and both models were then estimated for a sample of 152 bond issues from 112 general purpose local governments from 2002-2003. The findings suggest these liabilities do not have an independent effect on credit quality. However, the results from a separate model specification show that the interplay between an issuer's OPEB liability and its ability to pay down that liability is incorporated into local government credit ratings. The implications of these findings for financial management theory and practice are discussed.
Transient and Athermal Nucleation of Solids in Rapidly Quenched Liquid Si

The authors have theoretically investigated the nature and kinetics of solid nucleation in supercooled liquid Si within the framework of the classical nucleation theory, and corresponding to the cases in which the liquids are quenched at extremely high quenching rates (from 10{sup 9} to 10{sup 11} K/s). In doing so, the identify and draw a general conclusion that in addition to the well-treated phenomenon of transient nucleation, one must also consider the mechanism of athermal nucleation in order to properly elucidate the situations that are encountered at such high quenching rates. Moreover, contrary to the common notion that the transient effect is relevant at low temperatures where sluggish kinetics prevail, it is noted that the effect can also become prominent at near-equilibrium conditions due to the increase in the time needed by the embryos to reach the exceedingly large critical size.
Effect of AIDS comprehensive intervention among the commercial sex workers(CSW) in Haishu District,Ningbo City

Objective To summarize the AIDS-communityintervention-project's effect,experiences and shortcoming in Haishu District and explore the AIDS intervention mode with the governmental core and community support among the high-risk population to improve the intervention effect.Methods According to the AIDS-community-comprehensive-intervention-project,face-to-face training,public media propaganda,STD clinical service and VCT etc.were provided.The questionnaire investigation and analysis were conducted before and after the intervention to evaluate the intervention effect.ResultsAmong the CSW,the knowledge rate relating AIDS was improved and some high risk acts were decreased.The collaboration for AIDS control and prevention among the government departments was also enhanced.Conclusions The AIDS intervention mode with community support among the CSW made full use of community resources,enhanced the cooperation among the government departments and improved the social support and participation.Not only the good intervention effect was achieved,but the effective mode and experience were provided for urging the work about AIDS control and prevention further in Haishu District.
Reduced TSH and prolactin responses to TRH in patients with panic disorder

The authors studied the TSH and prolactin responses to a standard 500-micrograms thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test in 12 patients with panic disorder and 10 control subjects. As a group, panic disorder patients had lower mean TSH and prolactin responses, and female patients accounted for the lower prolactin response. The clinical and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Development of wood and steel diaphragm hysteretic connector database for performance-based earthquake engineering

Performance-based earthquake engineering (PBEE) considers certain metrics to assess the seismic response of buildings, which integrate economic losses into the design process. PBEE requires the development and use of reliable nonlinear response analysis models to simulate the seismic performance of structures through collapse. The structural damage is assessed by evaluating physical damage caused by engineering demand parameters (EDPs), while the nonlinear numerical models are used to conduct dynamic analyses for varying levels of seismic intensity to compute the values of the representative EDPs. Accurate representation of structural members’ stiffness and strength deterioration (hysteretic) parameters plays an important role into simulating dynamic response through collapse. These parameters’ values are usually calibrated to a large number of experimental data. The development of a hysteretic parameter database for wood and steel diaphragm connectors is presented in this paper. The wood diaphragm connectors are commonly used in light-frame wood building construction for shear walls or roof diaphragms. The steel diaphragm connectors are used for building structures that incorporate steel frame roof diaphragms. The experimental data were used for quantifying the hysteretic parameters of two well-known nonlinear models considered into structural modeling as well as evaluating their energy dissipation properties. Case studies on the collapse performance assessment of a light-frame wood wall system and a low-rise building incorporating a steel roof system were conducted to demonstrate the usefulness of the diaphragm connector database.
Economic and life cycle assessments of biomass utilization for bioenergy products

A modeling process was developed to examine the economic and environmental benefits of utilizing energy crops for bioenergy products in the northeastern United States. Three energy crops (hybrid willow, switchgrass, and Miscanthus) that can potentially grow on marginal agricultural land or abandoned mine land in the region were considered in the analytical process for the production of biofuels, biopower, and pellet fuel. The supply chain components for the economic analysis and life cycle modeling processes included feedstock establishment, harvest, transportation, storage, preprocessing, conversion, distribution, and final usage of the bioenergy products. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the effects of energy crop yield, transportation distance, conversion rate, facility capacity, and internal rate of return (IRR) on the production of bioenergy products. The required selling price (RSP) ranged from $7.7/GJ to $47.9/GJ for different bioenergy products. The production of biopower had the highest RSP and pellet fuel had the lowest RSP. The results also indicated that bioenergy production using hybrid willow demonstrated lower RSP than the other two perennial grasses. Pellet production had presented the lowest greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (less than 10 kg CO2 eq per 1000 MJ) and fossil energy consumption (less than 150 MJ per 1000 MJ). The production of biofuel resulted in the highest GHG emissions. Sensitivity analysis indicated that IRR was the most sensitive factor to RSP, followed by conversion rate for biofuel and biopower production. Fuel conversion efficiency and feedstock transport distance had a significant effect on the life cycle environmental impact of the bioenergy products studied. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Extracting Information from Statutory and Regulatory Texts

INTRODUCTION Attorneys, citizens, business personnel, and policy-makers all need to access and understand regulatory texts in order to discover what the legal rules are and how to avoid violating their requirements. Thus, AI & Law has long aimed at automatically extracting information about the rules’ requirements from electronically stored statutory and regulatory texts. This chapter presents some ML and KE techniques for extracting information from statutory texts, including regulatory topics and concepts, types of norms or rules, and some functional elements of statutory provisions. We examine the relative merits of using ML and rule-based approaches to automatically classify statutory provisions and extract functional information from them. The chapter then focuses on the more ambitious goal of extracting logical rules from statutes and regulations. Ideally, one could extract business rules from statutes automatically. The extracted rules could be applied deductively as in Section 2.3.4 or as defeasible rules in process compliance as in Section 2.5.3. Engineering design environments might, for example, help ensure that systems are designed to be compliant with rules extracted from regulations that have been formalized and integrated into the design process. That would extend even farther an approach to compliant design like the one in Section 2.5.5. Alternatively, defeasible rules, extracted from statutory texts, might be used in legal arguments as in Section 5.3.1. A QA system might use the extracted rules to answer questions about their requirements in legally sophisticated ways as suggested in Section 5.9. Unfortunately, however, the results of efforts to extract rules from regulatory texts fall far short of the ideal for automating reasoning in these ways. Even without automating reasoning with extracted statutory rules, however, techniques for extracting information automatically from statutory texts can support cognitive computing in a variety of other ways. Automatic extraction facilitates conceptual information retrieval from corpora of statutory texts. Annotating provisions automatically in terms of semantic concepts drawn from a legal ontology such as the e-Court or Dalos ontologies of Sections 6.3.1 and 6.4 enables users to retrieve documents based on their conceptual content. A program could also automatically generate abstracts or summaries of statutory provisions in terms of the relevant concepts.
Going With the Flow: An Aid in Detecting and Differentiating Bronchopulmonary Sequestrations and Hybrid Lesions.

Objectives To assess the ability of prenatal ultrasound (US) in identifying systemic feeding arteries in bronchopulmonary sequestrations and hybrid lesions and report the ability of US in classifying bronchopulmonary sequestrations as intralobar or extralobar. Methods Institutional Review Board–approved radiology and clinical database searches from 2008 to 2015 were performed for prenatal lung lesions with final diagnoses of bronchopulmonary sequestrations or hybrid lesions. All patients had detailed US examinations, and most patients had ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Lesion location, size, and identification of systemic feeding arteries and draining veins were assessed with US. Results The study consisted of 102 bronchopulmonary sequestrations and 86 hybrid lesions. The median maternal age was 30 years. The median gestational age was 22 weeks 5 days. Of bronchopulmonary sequestrations, 66 had surgical pathologic confirmation, and 100 had postnatal imaging. Bronchopulmonary sequestration locations were intrathoracic (n = 77), intra-abdominal (n = 19), and transdiaphragmatic (n = 6). Of hybrid lesions, 84 had surgical pathologic confirmation, and 83 had postnatal imaging. Hybrid lesion locations were intrathoracic (n = 84) and transdiaphragmatic (n = 2). Ultrasound correctly identified systemic feeding arteries in 86 of 102 bronchopulmonary sequestrations and 79 of 86 hybrid lesions. Of patients who underwent MRI, systemic feeding arteries were reported in 62 of 92 bronchopulmonary sequestrations and 56 of 81 hybrid lesions. Ultrasound identified more systemic feeding arteries than MRI in both bronchopulmonary sequestrations and hybrid lesions (P < .01). Magnetic resonance imaging identified systemic feeding arteries that US did not in only 2 cases. In cases in which both systemic feeding arteries and draining veins were identified, US could correctly predict intrathoracic lesions as intralobar or extralobar in 44 of 49 bronchopulmonary sequestrations and 68 of 73 hybrid lesions. Conclusions Ultrasound is most accurate for systemic feeding artery detection in bronchopulmonary sequestrations and hybrid lesions and can also type the lesions as intralobar or extralobar when draining veins are evaluated.
Hydrogen sulphide production during cider fermentation is moderated by pre-fermentation methionine addition

Yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN) concentration and composition impact hydrogen sulphide (H2S) production and fermentation kinetics during wine fermentation, but this phenomenon has not been extensively studied in cider fermentation. Our hypothesis was that H2S production during cider fermentation could be decreased through pre-fermentation modification of concentrations of individual amino acids. Apple juice (53 mg L−1 YAN) was supplemented with asparagine, arginine, methionine or ammonium and fermented with EC1118 and UCD522 yeast strains. No difference in H2S production among fermentations was observed with addition of asparagine, arginine or ammonium. Methionine addition of 5 mg L−1 decreased H2S production by yeast strain EC1118 at 53 mg L−1 YAN. With 153 mg L−1 initial YAN, only methionine addition of 50 mg L−1 decreased H2S production, and no tested methionine rates decreased H2S production with 253 mg L−1 initial YAN. Supplementation to 153 mg L−1 YAN resulted in increased H2S production at all methionine concentrations tested. Sensory differences in aroma were detected in samples supplemented with ammonium and methionine, and these differences were correlated with observed differences in H2S production. Our results indicate that supplementing cider fermentations with methionine leads to lower H2S formation, especially in apple juice containing low YAN. © 2017 The Authors Journal of the Institute of Brewing published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Institute of Brewing & Distilling
The Effect Of The Aerosol On Fog Microstructure

The propagation of radiation through a cloud depends on the concentration and size distribution of drops. A series of aerosol measurements in various types of fogs and hazes shows a direct relationship between a subset of the dry aerosol and fog drops. These measurements allow identification of the specific aerosol component (fog condensation nuclei, FCN) upon which fog droplets condense. The extensive variability of these particle concentrations can be seen in the preliminary FCN climatology which is presented. It is shown that the variability in fog drop concentration is largely due to differences in FCN concentrations which are characteristic of various air masses.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Creating a writing course to improve the writing self-efficacy of graduate nursing students

Objective: Contemporary advanced professional nursing requires the ability to communicate effectively in written and oral forms. Many registered nurses enter graduate nursing school with experience writing in medical records but with no experience writing scholarly papers or writing for publication. This article describes the development, implementation and evaluation of a writing course developed in an online graduate nursing program in the southeastern United States. The goal of this research was to determine if graduate nursing students’ writing self-efficacy increased after the completion of a newly developed one-credit online writing course. Methods: Fifty-three first-semester graduate nursing students participated in a 16-week online asynchronous writing course developed at a school of nursing. The course instructors designed writing experiences with the goal of increasing writing competency. The faculty defined writing competence as achieving mastery of the necessary writing skills to produce an organized, logical, understandable message containing the effective use of language, grammar, and punctuation. Results: The students’ writing self-efficacy increased significantly from pretest and posttest. The results revealed a significant increase in self efficacy scores with the second administration of the tool. The mean of the 20-question Likert scale pretest was 70.59. Results obtained after the conclusion of the course resulted in a mean of 80.12. The finding of a mean increase of 9.529 was found to be statistically significant. Conclusions: The information from this research can be used to develop effective strategies to support online graduate students with their writing skills. This experience highlights the fact that we cannot leave the development of academic writing to chance. Achieving academic writing success requires structured instruction, practice and frequent feedback from faculty who have the passion for and expertise in scholarly writing.
Experimenting on Your Fellow Humans in 2001. Update of the Declaration of Helsinki and Progress from the International Conference on Harmonization

We are all the beneficiaries of a culture sufficiently developed that we can expect to prescribe drugs that are effective. We expect that the side effect profile of an approved drug is well enough understood, such that there is agreement that the benefits outweigh the risks of taking the drug. We also universally believe that, in the process of developing drugs, subjects of research should not be abused. On the other hand, we would not think that every country would require completely different types of information in order to make such decisions. Nonetheless, this has been the case for many years. In general, it was easier to introduce a new drug in Europe than in the United States even though there is little reason to suspect that the risk:benefit ratio would be different on one side of the Atlantic versus the other. Furthermore, the information used to bring a drug to market in Europe and the United States had little value when seeking regulatory approval from Japanese authorities. Therefore, a number of international efforts to develop and support international standards have developed. These developing frameworks of global perspective on Pharmaceuticals and human subject protections have both seen recent updates.
Brain Death Evaluation and Determination

Brain death is a critical concept for surgical intensivists to be aware of, and the diagnosis of brain death has been controversial over time. This chapter outlines the basic diagnosis of brain death as described by the American Academy of Neurology guidelines. This includes the cardinal findings of brain death, as well as confirmatory tests that can be used as ancillary evidence of brain death. It also covers pitfalls in diagnosis and strategies for these clinical scenarios. Finally, this chapter delineates the appropriate documentation for brain death.
STABILITY PROPERTIES OF METABOLIC PATHWAYS WITH FEEDBACK INTERACTIONS

Publisher Summary In the search for a basis of biochemical oscillations, various chemical schemes have been considered. The first class of special schemes would require the existence of at least two couplings or feedback interactions, which in the biochemical sense would involve the existence of enzymes that might be influenced by the products of the system generated at different steps of the reaction scheme. This class of systems has the advantage of being related to the sort of events, which are known to occur in the oscillatory reactions of the glycolytic pathway, observed in intact and broken yeast cells. Idealized metabolic pathways exhibiting feedback loops can generate sustained biochemical oscillations, can exist in stable steady-state or can show accumulation of substrates—depending upon analytical conditions expressible in terms of measurable chemical parameters. An approach to predicting the frequency of allowed oscillations also seems possible.
Tillage and Soil Structure Management

Just as the rock must first crumble for trees to grow on it, and just as the soil must first be loosened for its fruitfulness to develop, so too can valuable achievement sprout from human society only when it is sufficiently loosened so as to make possible to the individual the free development of his abilities.
Point Pattern Analysis

A set of point events, such as locations of disease cases, accidents, crimes, and emergency calls for instance, usually exhibits a spatial point pattern of random, clustered, or uniform nature. It is important to rely on simple and rapid methods to detect not only whether such patterns exhibit clustering, but also where clustering occurs. In the case of crime mapping, knowing where clusters are located, along with their intensity, can assist in planning safety measures to better protect an area. This article overviews techniques for point pattern analysis, which are usually supported by a geographic information system (GIS). Methods for visual exploration of point patterns and analysis of clustering are discussed. The issue of scale is of paramount importance insofar as it strongly affects the results of point patterns analyses. A sensitivity analysis that evaluates the effect of scale on the resulting point pattern is desirable.
Linear Dichroism of Rods and Cones

Though Boll (1876) was the first to note the bleaching of the reddish colour of the freshly-removed frog retina and Kuhne (1878) was the first to extract the light-sensitive coloured substance that he named rhodopsin, it was Schmidt (1938) who introduced a microscopic technique for studying the optical properties of the pigment-bearing cells. Using the polarising microscope, he not only discovered the birefringent and dichroic properties of the frog retinal rod outer segment but accounted for them as well, qualitatively, at least, in terms of the molecular models of cell structure that he proposed. From his observation of dichroism of the rhodopsin-containing rods, he concluded that the pigment molecules must be oriented in the outer segment. Moreover, since transversely polarised light is strongly absorbed by the side-illuminated isolated cells, in the spectral region where rhodopsin absorption is strongest, but not when the light is polarised along the length of the rod, he assigned a transverse orientation to the rhodopsin molecules within the rod cells.
Moral Experts, Ethico-Epistemic Processes, and Discredited Knowers: An Epistemology for Bioethics

I argue that the very question of whether or not there are ‘moral experts’ is misguided—not because of arguments from disagreement or other objections to the possibility of moral experts—but because the concept of moral expertise itself disguises a number of mistaken assumptions. This essay aims to shift the terrain of the debate. Drawing on feminist and decolonialist critiques of epistemology and ethics, I argue that both the aims and the model of ethical reasoning need to be reconceptualized. The idea of moral expertise assumes a particular kind of knower, the autonomous, disinterested, objective knower of mainstream epistemology and science. This picture of the reliable knower is now widely contested. Recent work by Miranda Fricker, Jose Medina, and Kristie Dotson show myriad ways in which people’s credibility and voices are denied, silenced, and erased by structurally-encoded conditions for listening to ‘different’ and ‘other’ people than the advantaged and privileged in society. An adequate model of moral epistemology in bioethics needs to actively create and sustain the space for those whose voices are discredited to bear witness to their experiences, needs, and suffering. With respect to psychiatry, that especially includes the voices of patients with mental disorders. I offer a model that a psychiatrist and I have developed over the years, of collaborative, on-the-ground epistemic and ethical engagement to illustrate a different way of thinking about how ethical knowing can occur in the clinic.
When is early septal myectomy in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy justified

Pediatric cardiomyopathy is a debilitating disease that leads to pump failure and sudden death; in fact, it is the leading cause of heart failure in children (1). Cardiomyopathy and heart failure in infants and children remain serious population health crises for children and their families and confer a great cost burden on society (2-5). In the United States, the estimated annual incidence of congenital cardiovascular malformations or cardiomyopathy in infants, children, and adolescents less than 19 years old is between 12,000 and 35,000 (6).
Jet formation in salt-finger convection: a modified Rayleigh–Bénard problem

Large-scale coherent structures such as jets in Rayleigh–Benard convection and related systems are receiving increasing attention. This paper studies, both numerically and theoretically, the process of jet formation in two-dimensional salt-finger convection. The approach utilizes an asymptotically derived system of equations referred to as the modified Rayleigh–Benard convection (MRBC) model, valid in the geophysically and astrophysically relevant limit in which the solute diffuses much more slowly than heat. In these equations, convection is driven by a destabilizing salinity gradient while the effects of the stabilizing temperature gradient manifest themselves as an additional anisotropic dissipation acting on large scales. The MRBC system is specified by two external parameters: the Schmidt number $\mathit{Sc}$ (ratio of viscosity to solutal diffusivity) and the Rayleigh ratio $\mathit{Ra}$ (ratio between the Rayleigh numbers of the destabilizing solutal stratification and the stabilizing thermal stratification). Two distinct $\mathit{Ra}$ regimes are explored for fixed $\mathit{Sc}=1$ . In all cases studied the system develops a horizontal jet structure that is maintained self-consistently by turbulent fluctuations, but coarsens over time. For intermediate Rayleigh ratios (e.g. $\mathit{Ra}=6$ ), the MRBC model captures the relaxation oscillations superposed on the jet structure observed at similar parameter values in direct numerical simulations of the primitive equations. For smaller Rayleigh ratios (e.g. $\mathit{Ra}=2$ ), a regime for which direct numerical simulation of the primitive equations is difficult because of the presence of fast gravity waves, the MRBC model reveals the existence of statistically steady jets whose properties are studied in detail. Three hierarchical models, the MRBC and further reductions in the form of quasilinear and single-mode approximations, are used to confirm that jets form and are sustained as a result of the interaction between fluctuations (salt fingers) and large-scale horizontally averaged horizontal flows (jets). Even though the small-scale structures exhibited by the three models exhibit clear differences, all three produce the same power-law spectrum of the mean fields at large vertical scales: in all, the spectrum of the mean streamfunction scales as $m^{-3}$ and the mean salinity field scales as $m^{-1}$ , with $m$ the vertical wavenumber. A theoretical explanation of these observations based on the dominant balances in the mean and fluctuation equations is provided. As a consequence, the jets have a zigzag profile, a conclusion that is consistent with numerical simulations. Based on numerical observations, a three-component phenomenological model consisting of a linearly growing mode, a linearly damped mode and a mean mode is proposed to explain the observed transition from statistically steady jet structure to jets with superposed oscillations that takes place with increasing Rayleigh ratio.
Leibniz algebras with low-dimensional maximal Lie quotients

Every Leibniz algebra has a maximal homomorphic image that is a Lie algebra. We classify cyclic Leibniz algebras over an arbitrary field. Such algebras have the 1-dimensional abelian Lie algebra as their maximal Lie quotient. We then give examples of Leibniz algebras whose associated maximal Lie quotients exhaust all 2-dimensional possibilities.
Online Assessment of Belief Biases and Their Impact on the Acceptance of Fallacious Reasoning

Determining the impact of belief bias on everyday reasoning is critical for understanding how our beliefs can influence how we judge arguments. We examined the impact of belief bias on the user’s ability to identify logical fallacies in political arguments. We found that participants had more difficulty identifying logical fallacies in arguments that aligned with their own political beliefs. Interestingly, this effect diminishes with practice. These results suggest that while belief bias is a potential barrier to correctly evaluating everyday arguments, interventions focused on activating rational engagement may mitigate its impact.
Domain Comparison Between 6 Validated Questionnaires Administered to Women with Urinary Incontinence

Abstract Objectives To compare patients’ questionnaire-reported UI symptoms to determine which have the best concordance. Methods Women with self-reported MUI were asked to report QoL due to urinary problems on a visual analog scale and complete 6 standardized validated questionnaires with questions on MUI (MESA, UDI-6, IIQ-7, ICIQ-SF, KHQ, PGI-S). Specific questions related to SUI, UUI, UI severity and Quality of Life (QoL) were compared within surveys from each patient with a Pearson correlation coefficient. Results Twenty consecutive women participated in the study with a mean age of 64±13 years and mean time to complete all surveys of 11.2±5.4 minutes. In SUI and UUI subdomains, KHQ, UDI-6, and MESA were well correlated, however specific ICIQ questions related to SUI and UUI were less often well correlated. For severity subdomains the UDI-6 score was poorly correlated with the KHQ, PGI-S, and ICIQ scores (all p>0.1). KHQ correlated well with the PGI-S (0.64, p=0.003) and ICIQ score (0.58, p=0.008). PGI-S and ICIQ severity scores were also well correlated (0.56, p=0.012). QoL on a VAS (range: 1-10) was significantly well correlated with both KHQ (0.75, p Conclusions In this pilot study, validated questionnaires with questions regarding UI are mostly well correlated in women for subdomains of SUI, UUI, QoL and severity. For UI symptoms and UI symptom severity the ICIQ and UDI-6, respectively, are poorly correlated with other survey results and may be less indicative of patient's complaints.
Abstract P180: Deficiency of Sirtuin 3 Sensitizes Angiotensin II-Induced Cardiac Pericyte-Fibroblast Transition and Diastolic Dysfunction via Iron Overloading

Hypertension is the key factor for the development of cardiac fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction. Our previous study showed that knockout of SIRT3 resulted in diastolic dysfunction in mice. In pres...
Animal models for understanding microbial decomposition of human remains

Animal models are critical for forensic science research, particularly in studies of decomposition. This review examines the studies that have led to the development of using microbiome tools to predict the time since death, or postmortem interval (PMI), of human remains. Estimating PMI is crucial for forensic investigations, and most traditional tools are no longer effective after the first few days postmortem. The development of microbiome tools to estimate PMI has relied on rodents and swine to model human decomposition. The use of these model organisms provides several advantages over studies utilizing human remains, including ease of procurement, large sample sizes, and the ability to control variables. Through studies using model organisms, researchers have been able to answer many fundamental questions regarding postmortem microbial decomposition, including the impacts of soil type, cadaver mass, cadaver clothing, and sampling location. Generally, these studies have been used to provide a proof-of-concept and narrow hypotheses before conducting studies on human remains. Evidence suggests that rodents and swine accurately model human microbial decomposition, but further study should be conducted to directly compare these outcomes. An important open topic that could be addressed with animal models is the role of drugs in changing cadaver-associated microbiomes during decomposition.
Evaluation of foliar-applied insecticides on abundance of parasitoids of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in vegetables.

The relative abundance of parasitoids of Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring was studied in insecticide-treated and untreated field plots of cantaloupe, collard, cucumber, and tomato. Treatments...
Printed Electronics for Aerospace Applications

Printed electronics refers to an area of additive manufacturing (AM) that focuses specifically on using AM printing techniques, such as inkjet, aerosol jet, or extrusion printing, for electronic device applications. These types of technologies have emerged in the last several years as a new way to manufacture electronic elements and have found multiple application areas in both commercial industry and the defense arena. This chapter will focus on the technology and materials considerations for printed electronics and highlight aerospace application areas. Starting with materials considerations, we provide an overview of types of materials and inks being used for printed electronics, including materials challenges, such as material system compatibility and performance, post-processing techniques, and material characterization. We conclude with aerospace applications, specifically, an overview of select unmanned aerial vehicle antenna applications.
Family Life Education for Families Facing Acute Stress: Best Practices and Recommendations

Acute family stress in this article is defined as the sudden or unexpected onset of moderate to severe discomfort or disequilibrium and feeling of inadequacy among family members in light of perceived insufficient available resources. Historically, there has been some ambivalence about stress—especially acute stress—and family life education. More recently, authors have suggested that the important issue determining appropriateness is not the topic but the approach used by the professionals. Several approaches are presented here that have been used by professionals to help children and families dealing with acute stress. They include care for self, identify acute stress, support caregivers and central figures in social networks, help families understand stress and coping, help adults talk with children, connect families with the familiar, collaborate with other professionals, and advocate for families.
Editorial Commentary: How to Reduce Postoperative Shoulder Pain in Your Practice-Stick to Instability and Opioid-Naive Patients.

Abstract Preoperative opioid use independently predicts persistent postoperative use after most surgical procedures, and surgery on the shoulder (and labrum specifically) is no exception. Thoughtful preoperative counseling of patients regarding the risks of continued postoperative opioid use, dangers of long-term narcotic use, expectations for postoperative pain control, and potential negative effect on postoperative outcomes is time-consuming and not easy. It is important to note that we have yet to determine whether preoperative opioid users can be restored to an opioid-naive state regarding the associated superior patient-reported outcomes observed postoperatively. Indications for surgery are important predictors of outcomes as well—athletes we treat for shoulder instability do not often present with pain unless associated with an acute instability event. Therefore, postoperative pain and opioid use are not commonly concerns if the indication for surgery is not pain related. The same cannot be said for SLAP tears.
Genome-wide association study identifies a novel maternal gene × stress interaction associated with spontaneous preterm birth.

Background Maternal stress is potentially a modifiable risk factor for spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB). However, epidemiologic findings on the maternal stress-sPTB relationship have been inconsistent. Methods To investigate whether the maternal stress-sPTB associations may be modified by genetic susceptibility, we performed genome-wide gene × stress interaction analyses in 1490 African-American women from the Boston Birth cohort who delivered term (n = 1033) or preterm (n = 457) infants. Genotyping was performed using Illumina HumanOmni 2.5 array. Replication was performed using data from the NICHD genomic and Proteomic Network (GPN) for PTB research. Results rs35331017, a T-allele insertion/deletion polymorphism in the protein-tyrosine phosphatase receptor Type D (PTPRD) gene, was the top hit that interacted significantly with maternal lifetime stress on risk of sPTB (PG × E = 4.7 × 10-8). We revealed a dose-responsive association between degree of stress and risk of sPTB in mothers carrying the insertion/insertion genotype, but an inverse association was observed in mothers carrying the heterozygous or deletion/deletion genotypes. This interaction was replicated in African-American (PG × E = 0.088) and Caucasian mothers (PG × E = 0.023) from the GPN study. Conclusion We demonstrated a significant maternal PTPRD × stress interaction on sPTB risk. This finding, if further confirmed, may provide new insight into individual susceptibility to stress-induced sPTB. Impact This was the first preterm study to demonstrate a significant genome-wide gene-stress interaction in African Americans, specifically, PTPRD gene variants can interact with maternal perceived stress to affect risk of spontaneous preterm birth.The PTPRD × maternal stress interaction was demonstrated in African Americans and replicated in both African Americans and Caucasians from the GPN study.Our findings highlight the importance of considering genetic susceptibility in assessing the role of maternal stress on spontaneous preterm birth.
A YAC contig encompassing the recessive Stargardt disease gene (STGD) on chromosome 1p.

Stargardt disease (STGD) and fundus flavimaculatus are infrequent autosomal recessive conditions characterized by a juvenile macular dystrophy and variable degrees of peripheral retinal changes. Linkage analysis performed in 47 STGD/fundus flavimaculatus families demonstrated significant linkage to 13 polymorphic DNA markers on chromosome 1p. The maximum combined two-point lod score was 32.7 (maximum recombination fraction [{theta}{sub max}] = .006) with the polymorphic marker D1S188. Our data demonstrate that STGD and fundus flavimaculatus are the same disorder clinically and genetically and provide further evidence for genetic homogeneity of this phenotype. Analysis of recombination on disease chromosomes placed the STGD gene within a 4-cM interval between markers D1S435 and D1S236. A physical map was constructed of a YAC contig flanking STGD, from markers D1S500 to D1S495, and includes the critical interval delineated by historical recombinants. This contig spans {approximately}31 cM, with one gap (3-5 cM) that is outside the 4-cM critical region. Localization of STGD to a single YAC contig will facilitate its positional cloning. 75 refs., 3 figs., 21 tabs.
Studies on phenolic steroids in human subjects: XIV. Studies on the fate of injected 6,7-H3-oestriol-3-C14-glucosiduronate

Labelled oestriol-3-glucosiduronate was administered to three human subjects in separate experiments: peripherally into a normal subject, peripherally into a subject with T-tube drainage, and peripherally with simultaneous instillation of 16-C14-oestriol into the portal vein of a third subject. Results show rapid excretion of the unchanged conjugate in the urine and no enterohepatic circulation. During this work, preliminary evidence is presented for the observation that in urine an equilibrium exists between oestriol-3-glucopyranosiduronic acid and its 3,6 lactone.
Site-specific glycosylation in animal cells. Substitution of glutamine for asparagine 293 in chicken ovalbumin does not allow glycosylation of asparagine 312.

It has been shown previously that chicken ovalbumin synthesized and secreted in a heterologous cell system is glycosylated at the correct site and that the oligosaccharides at that site, similar to the protein made in hen oviduct, are predominantly of the hybrid type (Sheares, B. T., and Robbins, P. W. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83, 1993-1997). This site-specific glycosylation of Asn293, but not Asn312, suggested a prominent role for the nascent protein chain rather than the specific cell type in directing the proper attachment of oligosaccharide chains. In the present study, the effect of glycosylation at Asn293 on the glycosylation of Asn312 has been investigated. Using a 20-base oligodeoxynucleotide primer containing a 2-base mismatch, the codon for Asn293 in the chicken ovalbumin gene (AAC) was changed to that for Gln (CAA), thereby preventing glycosylation at amino acid 293. Constructions containing this mutation were transfected into mouse L (tk-) cells which were subsequently labeled with [35S]methionine. Ovalbumin secreted by these cells was recovered by immunoaffinity chromatography and analyzed for the presence of an oligosaccharide attached at Asn312. Treatment of the material with peptide:N-glycosidase F demonstrated that ovalbumin molecules containing Gln substituted for Asn293 were not glycosylated. This further supports our earlier hypothesis that the nascent protein chain is responsible for directing site-specific glycosylation of ovalbumin, and that the presence of an oligosaccharide chain at the first site has no influence on glycosylation at the second site.
Analysis of computational models of deep brain stimulation using spherical statistics

Computational models of deep brain stimulation (DBS) have played a key role in investigating the mechanisms of action of DBS therapies. By estimating a volume of tissue directly modulated by DBS, one can relate the pathways within those volumes to the therapeutic efficacy of a particular DBS setting. With the advent of higher-density DBS electrode arrays, there is a growing need for a systematic method to quantify the morphology of the modulated volumes within the brain. In this study, we applied the tools of spherical statistics to quantify such morphologies through the application of a computational model of a directionally segmented DBS array. The same statistical techniques have broad applications to characterizing distributions of in-vivo electrophysiological recordings and histological labeling of neurons.
Course continuity in the Computer Science curriculum

The Computer Science curriculum partitions the subject matter into discrete courses. This division, however, is artificial and arbitrary, and, when exacerbated by a number of additional factors, leads to an apparent lack of continuity among Computer Science courses. As a result, students never perceive Computer Science as an integral discipline, nor understand and appreciate the close interrelationships that link the various sub-fields of Computer Science together. This panel will explore the reasons for the lack of course continuity, and attempt to find ways to promote continuity within the Computer Science curriculum.