cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geometric and electronic characteristics of active sites on TiO2-supported Au nano-catalysts: insights from first principles.

Quantum chemical and ab initio thermodynamic calculations were used to investigate the mechanism of CO oxidation on Au/TiO2 and the geometric and electronic character of active sites. We show that CO oxidation over Au/TiO2 might proceed via a two site mechanism with oxygen adsorbing and dissociating at the Au/oxide interface or the perimeter of Au particles and CO adsorbing on Au sites away from the interface. The electronic fingerprint of active Au is a function of external conditions, and it is likely that most Au atoms are populated by CO and electronically neutral. Under highly oxidizing conditions, the Au/oxide interface can accommodate oxygen adsorbates, and these Au atoms will have a cationic fingerprint due to their interaction with oxygen. The choice of precursors used to synthesize catalysts as well as the catalyst preparation and pretreatment procedures significantly affect the electronic characteristics and catalytic activity of Au nano-structures. Based on our first-principles analysis we propose a hypothesis that might help us understand these experimental observations.
Membrane translocation of proteins without hydrophobic signal peptides.

It is clear that a polypeptide, even one that is quite hydrophobic, cannot cross spontaneously into, or out of, a membrane-bound compartment. In eukaryotic cells, proteins destined for secretion are often made as precursors, targeted to the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by a hydrophobic segment (signal peptide) usually present at or near the N-terminus, and then translocated during synthesis of the nascent polypeptide into the lumen of the ER (Pugy Randall et al, Ann Rev Micro biol1987, 41:507-541).
On Warehousing Problems

An entrepreneur operates a warehouse of a given capacity for storing a seasonal product. At the beginning of each of a number of consecutive periods “months”, the product can be bought for storage at a known cost per unit or sold from storage at a known quantity-dependent price per unit. For a given month, the selling price per unit is supposed to have a constant value up to a certain number of units and a lesser constant value for additional units sold. What pattern of buying, storing, and selling should the entrepreneur adopt to maximize his profit? In this paper, a warehousing problem of this kind is shown to be a generalized Hitchcock distribution problem with mixed boundary conditions and non-positive flows along certain routes. This fact suggests a simple procedure for solving problems of this kind. The procedure readily allows the inclusion of storage costs, which were neglected by Charnes and Cooper.
A surface depletion model for deposition from a Gaussian plume

Abstract When the atmospheric diffusion of a material is described by the usual Guassian plume model, dry deposition of the contaminant onto the underlying surface is commonly accounted for by appropriately reducing the source strength, as originally proposed by Chamberlain. A more realistic model is developed which selectively depletes the Gaussian plume in the vicinity of the deposition surface rather than throughout the vertical extent of the plume as done in the source depletion model. This improved model is used to show that the source depletion model consistently overpredicts the surface air concentration and the deposition at downwind locations close to the source and, as a consequence, is biased in the opposite sense for locations far from the source. At all distances from the source, the source depletion model overestimates the total deposition between source and receptor and consequently underpredicts the amount of remaining airborne material. Quantitative comparisons are shown to aid the user in choosing, for his particular circumstances, between the less accurate source depletion model and the computationally more complex surface depletion model.
Photoresist strip challenges for advanced lithography at 20nm technology node and beyond

Photoresist strip has traditionally been a low technology process step, but is becoming increasingly more complex with the migration to ultra-shallow junctions, 3D structures, double patterning, and high-mobility channels. At junction depths of a few tens of nanometers, surface effects become increasingly important. Small changes to surface conditions can affect junction resistivity, junction depth, and dopant activation. Advanced high-resolution chemically amplified resist can be problematic when used as an implant mask. Ion beam induced chain scission and photoacid generation can lead to thermal instabilities during the resist strip process. Multilevel resist structures can be difficult to remove and rework and high aspect ratio 3D structures can require near infinite selectivity during the strip processes. This paper will summarize the issues and offer options for solutions.
Software for Supercomputers of the future

This paper discusses the software challenges that must be met if we are to effectively use the massively parallel supercomputers of the future. Focusing on Fortran, the discussion includes an assessment of the prospects for fully automatic parallelization of conventional programs and presents the principal features needed in software environments for parallel programming.
PTHrP regulates epidermal differentiation in adult mice.

Emerging evidence suggests that parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) serves as a regulator of the development and/or differentiation of a number of organs, including endochondral bone, the tooth, and the mammary gland. Although disruption of the PTHrP gene by homologous recombination results in a lethal chondrodystrophy, PTHrP-knockout mice that have been rescued by the transgenic replacement of the peptide in cartilage display abnormalities in ectodermally derived structures including the skin. At 6–8 wk of age, these rescued PTHrP-knockout mice displayed a markedly thinned epidermis and striking hyperkeratosis, hypoplastic sebaceous glands, and a fibrotic dermis. In contrast, transgenic mice that overexpress PTHrP by virtue of the human keratin-14 promoter displayed a thickened ventral epidermis with marked acanthosis and papillomatosis, hyperplastic sebaceous glands, and a cellular dermis. The absence of PTHrP appeared to result in the reduction of the basal keratinocyte compartment and premature acquisition of suprabasal and granular differentiation markers, whereas overexpression of the peptide generated reciprocal findings. No difference in the epidermal proliferation rate was found in PTHrP-null skin and although an increase was observed in keratin 14-PTHrP transgenic animals, their epidermis did not express the hyperplasia marker K6. Finally, the replacement of PTHrP in the basal keratinocytes of rescued PTHrP-knockout mice under the direction of the keratin 14 promoter reversed the abnormalities seen in PTHrP-null skin. These findings suggest that PTHrP regulates the rate of keratinocyte differentiation in the skin of adult mice.
Interference between two modulators of N-type (CaV2.2) calcium channel gating demonstrates that omega-conotoxin GVIA disrupts open state gating.

Abstract N-type calcium channels play an important role in synaptic transmission and a drug that blocks these channels has become an important tool in controlling chronic pain. The development of new N-channel-targeted drugs is dependent on a better understanding of the gating of these channels and how that gating can be modulated. We have previously concluded that ω-conotoxin GVIA (GVIA) is a gating modifier that acts by destabilizing the N-channel open state. However, this conclusion was largely based on our modeling results and requires experimental support. Roscovitine, a tri-substituted purine, has been shown to stabilize the N-channel open state to slow gating charge relaxation, which provides a direct test of our hypothesis for GVIA-induced gating modification. We found that roscovitine could modulate gating current in the presence of GVIA, which shows that roscovitine can still affect the gating of the GVIA-bound N-channel. However, the magnitude of the roscovitine-induced slowing of Off-gating current was significantly reduced. In addition to confirming our hypothesis, our evidence supports an additional effect of GVIA to alter gating transitions between N-channel closed states. By strongly limiting access to the N-channel open state, GVIA analogs that selectively induce this modulation could provide the basis for the next generation drugs that treat chronic pain.
Chemical imaging with tunable filters: methods and applications

Ultrasensitive fluorescence spectroscopic imaging has been employed to study the interaction of adhesion promoting thin films on polymer substrates. We have employed microscopic and macroscopic imaging to characterize and monitor, respectively, films that have been doped with fluorescent contrast agents to enhance their detectability. The microscopic spectral imaging systems employ an electronically controllable liquid crystal tunable filter (LCTF) that has been integrated with imaging optics and multichannel detection to afford efficient visualization of tagged film/substrate interactions. The macroscopic imaging system is optimized to monitor thin film coverage uniformity.
Characterization of Impurities Formed by Interaction of Duloxetine HCl with Enteric Polymers Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Acetate Succinate and Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Phthalate

Duloxetine hydrochloride ((S)-N-methyl-3-(1-naphthalenyloxy)-2-thiophenepropanamine hydrochloride) has been found to react with polymer degradation products or residual free acids present in the enteric polymers hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP) in dosage formulations to form succinamide and phthalamide impurities, respectively. The rate of formation of the impurities is accelerated by heat and humidity. The structures were deduced using molecular weights obtained from LC-MS experiments and confirmed by comparison of UV spectra, HPLC retention times, and electrospray mass spectra to independently synthesized material. It is proposed that polymer-bound succinic and phthalic substituents can be cleaved from the polymer, resulting in the formation of either the free acids or the anhydrides. It is postulated that the reaction is enabled by migration of either (1) the free acid or anhydride or (2) the parent drug through the formulation. The formation of these impurities was minimized by increasing the thickness of the physical barrier separating the enteric coating from the drug.
Sensory and physicochemical characterization of juices made with pomegranate and blueberries, blackberries, or raspberries.

The quality parameters of 1 commercial pomegranate juice mixed with 5 different concentrations of blue- berry, blackberry, or raspberry juices were studied. The pH, total soluble solids content, titratable acidity, and total phenolic content were determined. To understand the aroma differences of the juices, solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine the volatile compounds present in the mixtures. A con- sumer study also was carried out to relate consumer ratings to the instrumental data and to determine acceptance and possible modifications of the designed juices. Four juices received the highest scores in overall consumer liking: pomegranate/blueberry juice with 20% and 50% of blueberry, pomegranate/blackberry with 10% of blackberry, and pomegranate/raspberry with 10% of raspberry. The main characteristics in these juices were: a high maturity index (from 13.9 to 16.5), low acidity (0.79 to 1.09 g citric acid 100 per milliliter juice), and the presence of aromatic compounds typical in blueberries such as 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, α-terpineol, and E-nerol. The total phenolic content was sig- nificantly higher in the pomegranate/blackberry 90%/10% sample, raising around 3500 mg gallic acid equivalents per liter, and could be a positive determinant for consumers interested in purchasing healthful products.
Coronary Vasodilator Reserve in Young Dogs with Moderate Right Ventricular Hypertrophy

Abstract The effects of experimental right ventricular (RV) pressure overload and RV hypertrophy on coronary vasodilator reserve in young animals is not well established. Therefore, we measured coronary vasodilator reserve in the right ventricle of dogs from 7 to 12 months old with moderate RV hypertrophy due to pulmonary artery banding performed 3 to 7 days after birth. In the 5 dogs with pulmonary artery banding, substantial RV hypertension developed (RV pressure at rest, 73 ± 11 mm Hg) as did RV hypertrophy (ratio of RV free wall/left ventricular free wall weight, 1.86 ± 0.41 gm/kg). The reactive hyperemic response following brief coronary occlusions was used as an index of coronary vasodilator reserve. The ratios of peak reactive hyperemic response to resting flow, however, were not significantly different in the 5 banded dogs compared with 7 control animals (3.6 ± 1.0 versus 2.6 ± 0.6); this implies that the extent of vasodilator reserve was similar with or without moderate RV hypertrophy. In addition, myocardial blood flow, as determined using radioactive microspheres, was not significantly different at rest: 0.57 ± 0.09 ml/min per gram in the banded dogs versus 0.48 ± 0.12 ml/min per gram in the controls. Uniform transmural distribution of blood flow was maintained during infusion of isoproterenol, which was used to increase myocardial oxygen requirements in both groups. Minimum coronary vascular resistance was significantly lower in the banded than the control dogs (1.5 ± 0.6 versus 6.2 ± 2.3; p
The Effect of Germanium Fraction on High-Field Band-to-Band Tunneling in ${\rm p}^{+}$ -SiGe/ ${\rm n}^{+}$ -SiGe Junctions in Forward and Reverse Biases

The dependence of band-to-band tunneling in p+-Si1-xGex/n+-Si1-xGex homojunctions on Ge fraction and electric field is investigated in the range 2-3×108 V/m. Negative differential resistance (NDR) in forward bias is observed for each device with the highest peak tunneling-current density of 8.2 kA/cm2 without any postannealing step. Reverse-biased band-to-band tunneling, as relevant for tunneling field-effect transistors, is also measured. Tunneling via junction defects can mask band-to-band tunneling and the observation of NDR at forward bias confirms negligible tunneling via those defects. Both forward-biased and reverse-biased data are compared with models versus electric field and Ge fraction.
Role of JNK Translocation to Mitochondria Leading to Inhibition of Mitochondria Bioenergetics in Acetaminophen-induced Liver Injury

Previously, we demonstrated JNK plays a central role in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury (Gunawan, B. K., Liu, Z. X., Han, D., Hanawa, N., Gaarde, W. A., and Kaplowitz, N. (2006) Gastroenterology 131, 165–178). In this study, we examine the mechanism involved in activating JNK and explore the downstream targets of JNK important in promoting APAP-induced liver injury in vivo. JNK inhibitor (SP600125) was observed to significantly protect against APAP-induced liver injury. Increased mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species were implicated in APAP-induced JNK activation based on the following: 1) mitochondrial GSH depletion (maximal at 2 h) caused increased H2O2 release from mitochondria, which preceded JNK activation (maximal at 4 h); 2) treatment of isolated hepatocytes with H2O2 or inhibitors (e.g. antimycin) that cause increased H2O2 release from mitochondria-activated JNK. An important downstream target of JNK following activation was mitochondria based on the following: 1) JNK translocated to mitochondria following activation; 2) JNK inhibitor treatment partially protected against a decline in mitochondria respiration caused by APAP treatment; and 3) addition of purified active JNK to mitochondria isolated from mice treated with APAP plus JNK inhibitor (mitochondria with severe GSH depletion, covalent binding) directly inhibited respiration. Cyclosporin A blocked the inhibitory effect of JNK on mitochondria respiration, suggesting JNK was directly inducing mitochondrial permeability transition in isolated mitochondria from mice treated with APAP plus JNK inhibitor. Addition of JNK to mitochondria isolated from control mice did not affect respiration. Our results suggests that APAP-induced liver injury involves JNK activation, due to increased reactive oxygen species generated by GSH-depleted mitochondria, and translocation of activated JNK to mitochondria where JNK induces mitochondrial permeability transition and inhibits mitochondria bioenergetics.
Responses to Balkanism in Emir Kusturica’s Život je čudo/Life Is a Miracle (2004)

ABSTRACTIn this article, I examine responses to Balkanism found in Emir Kusturica's critically acclaimed Život je cudo/Life is a Miracle. I identify three rejoinders set at correcting one of the following: the attribution of blame for the Bosnian War, western essentialization of the Balkans, and the image of the Balkans as a primitive and untamed backwater. I argue that all of these responses commence as attempts at positive remodelling of the negative Balkan image, but because they hinge on attracting western attention, collapse either into ethnic chauvinism or proliferation of Balkan stereotypes. I then examine the ethnic favouritism epitomized by the image of the sagacious and neutral Serb. Finally, I focus on the reaction to the image of the Balkans construed by the West as exemplified by, what I call, ‘remodelling’. While re-modelling aims to change how one is perceived, remodelling perpetuates and intensifies that perception. It is the latter that permeates Life is a Miracle as well as most of Kustu...
Changes in oxygen tension modulate osteoblast gene expression and long-term differentiation

Abstract Introduction: Disruption of blood flow with bony and soft-tissue injury results in a hypoxic gradient within the wound microenvironment. As a first step to understanding osteoblast behavior following hypoxic insult, we perform large-scale transcriptional profiling of hypoxic and anoxic osteoblasts. In addition, we investigate long-term osteoblast differentiation after brief hypoxic exposure. Methods: RNA from murine calvarial osteoblasts cultured in 21%, 2%, or 0% O2 for up to 24 hours was used for microarray analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Osteoblasts exposed to 24 hours of hypoxia were differentiated for 28 days and compared to non-hypoxic cultures via qRT-PCR and bone-nodule staining by the Von Kossa method. Results: Osteoblast exposure to 0% or 2% O2 for 24 hours resulted in statistically significant expression changes for approximately 700 genes in each group. Of these, only 89 genes were shared by both groups. We observed differential regulation of osteogenic and angiogenic markers, transcription and growth factors, and inflammatory signaling modulators. As expected, both conditions induced anaerobic glycolysis, but only anoxia elevated heat-shock response elements. Surprisingly, osteoblasts exposed to 24 hours of anoxia demonstrated diminished bone nodule formation at 28 days. Conclusions: Gene expression changes in osteoblasts within the hypoxic post-injury microenvironment remain largely unknown. Transcriptional profiling reveals distinct patterns of expression at 0% versus 2% O2 relative to ambient oxygen. Furthermore, in vitro osteoblast differentiation is diminished even after brief anoxic insult. Together with induction of angiogenic and inflammatory genes, this underscores the involvement of additional cell types for successful bone repair.
Identification of heterotrimeric and low molecular weight GTP-binding proteins in rabbit skeletal muscle longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Abstract Direct photoaffinity labeling of proteins of longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum (LSR) of rabbit skeletal muscle with [32P]GTP revealed GTP-binding proteins of about 52, 45 and 30 kDa. ADP-ribosylation with [32P]NAD in the presence of cholera toxin (CTX) or pertussis toxin (PTX) indicates the existence of a CTX substrate (about 45 kDa); no PTX substrates were observed. Western blots of LSR probed with RM/1, an antiserum against a decapeptide from the C-terminus of Gsα, showed an immunoreactive band at about 45 kDa. [32P]GTP overlays of Western blots of LSR showed a heavily-labeled protein of about 29 kDa and one or more additional slightly smaller proteins that were more weakly labeled. When LSR was subjected to mild trypsin hydrolysis, the Western blot overlay revealed three bands at about 23, 25 and 29 kDa. Western blots of LSR proteins showed no significant immunoreactivity with the anti-(pan)-ras monoclonal antibodies 142-24E05 and Ras 11. ADP-ribosylation of LSR with [32P]NAD in the presence of C3 exoenzyme of Clostridium botulinum yielded a labeled band at about 23 kDa. Our results indicate the presence in rabbit LSR of a Gsα, the absence of Gi and Go, and the presence of several low molecular weight GTP-binding proteins, distinct from p21 ras, one of which belongs to the rho or rac family.
Maintenance versus manipulation of information held in working memory: an event-related fMRI study.

One model of the functional organization of lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) in primates posits that this region is organized in a dorsal/ventral fashion subserving spatial and object working memory, respectively. Alternatively, it has been proposed that a dorsal/ventral subdivision of lateral PFC instead reflects the type of processing performed upon information held in working memory. We tested this hypothesis using an event-related fMRI method that can discriminate among functional changes occurring during temporally separated behavioral subcomponents of a single trial. Subjects performed a delayed-response task with two types of trials in which they were required to: (1) retain a sequence of letters across the delay period (maintenance) or (2) reorder the sequence into alphabetical order across the delay period (manipulation). In each subject, activity during the delay period was found in both dorsolateral and ventrolateral PFC in both types of trials. However, dorsolateral PFC activity was greater in manipulation trials. These findings are consistent with the processing model of the functional organization of working memory in PFC.
Envelope ADI-FDTD method with PML boundary condition for photonic simulations

An envelope ADI-FDTD technique is proposed and developed based on recently published ADI-FDTD method. Compared with FDTD and ADI-FDTD, the proposed method significantly reduces the computation time while retaining reasonable accuracy. Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) boundary condition is successfully used in conjunction with the envelope ADI-FDTD. Demonstrations of the method are performed on various high index contrast structures including 90-degree waveguide bends, air-hole photonic band-gap structures and microdisk resonators.
Cross-validated bagged learning

Many applications aim to learn a high dimensional parameter of a data generating distribution based on a sample of independent and identically distributed observations. For example, the goal might be to estimate the conditional mean of an outcome given a list of input variables. In this prediction context, bootstrap aggregating (bagging) has been introduced as a method to reduce the variance of a given estimator at little cost to bias. Bagging involves applying an estimator to multiple bootstrap samples and averaging the result across bootstrap samples. In order to address the curse of dimensionality, a common practice has been to apply bagging to estimators which themselves use cross-validation, thereby using cross-validation within a bootstrap sample to select fine-tuning parameters trading off bias and variance of the bootstrap sample-specific candidate estimators. In this article we point out that in order to achieve the correct bias variance trade-off for the parameter of interest, one should apply the cross-validation selector externally to candidate bagged estimators indexed by these fine-tuning parameters. We use three simulations to compare the new cross-validated bagging method with bagging of cross-validated estimators and bagging of non-cross-validated estimators.
Myelination in chronically-alcoholic mice.

Chronically-administered ethanol, not impaired nutrition, exerts a specific effect to decrease myelination as measured by the activity of the marker enzyme for myelin, 2′, 3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphohydrolase.
Corrections to the Bjorken and Voloshin sum rules

We calculate near zero recoil the order ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}$ corrections to the Bjorken and Voloshin sum rules that bound the $B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{D}^{(*)}\mathcal{l}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ form factors. These bounds are derived by relating the result of inserting a complete set of physical states in a time-ordered product of weak currents to the operator product expansion. The sum rules sum over physical states with excitation energies less than a scale $\ensuremath{\Delta}$. We find that the corrections to the Bjorken bound are moderate, while the Voloshin bound receives sizable corrections enhanced by $\ensuremath{\Delta}/{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{\mathrm{QCD}}.$ With some assumptions, we find that the slope parameter for the form factor ${h}_{{A}_{1}}$ in $B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{D}^{*}\mathcal{l}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ decay satisfies $0.4\ensuremath{\lesssim}{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{{A}_{1}}^{2}\ensuremath{\lesssim}1.3$.
Sport-Related Neurotrauma and Neuroprotection: Are Return-to-Play Protocols Justified by Paternalism?

Sport-related neurotrauma annually affects millions of athletes worldwide. The return-to-play protocol (RTP) is the dominant strategy adopted by sports leagues and organizations to manage one type of sport-related neurotrauma: concussions. RTPs establish guidelines for when athletes with concussions are to be removed from competition or practice, and when they can return. RTPs are intended to be neuroprotective, and to protect athletes from some of the harms of sport-related concussions, but there is athlete resistance to and noncompliance with RTPs. This prompts consideration of whether RTPs, as employed in adult, professional sports, are paternalistic, and if they are, whether they are objectionably so. If RTPs are uniquely effective at protecting current or future athlete autonomy, they might be justified by paternalism. I conclude that RTPs are paternalistic in their effects, but are not adequately justified, and thus they are objectionable.
Health belief model variables as predictors of screening mammography utilization

Despite its efficacy, screening mammography is not widely utilized due to various factors. The Health Belief Model (HBM) has previously been used as one conceptualization of relevant patient attitudes. No psychometrically validated measure of these variables has previously been utilized, however, nor have prospective studies of women all of whom have been referred by their physicians for mammography been reported. The research reported here addressed both of those issues. A psychometrically validated measure of the HBM variables, perceived susceptibility, barriers, and benefits, was used, along with age, education, ethnicity, and family breast cancer history to predict mammography utilization in a prospective study of hospital employees. Being white, perceiving fewer benefits of and barriers to mammography, and having a family history of breast cancer were predictive of noncompliance. The avoidant behavior of employees with a family history of breast cancer must be addressed in attempts to increase mammography utilization. In addition, results of the study imply the need for full discussion with women referred for mammography of all issues related to its use, both its benefits and possible barriers.
The effect of ischemic injury on the cardiac transport of Tc-99m N-NOET in the isolated rabbit heart.

Bis (N-ethoxy, N-ethyl dithiocarbamato) nitrido technetium-99m (V) (TcN-NOET) is a neutral lipophilic myocardial perfusion agent. The effect of ischemic injury on the cardiac transport of TcN-NOET and thallium-201 was determined in isolated rabbit hearts. The multiple indicator dilution method was used to determine the maximum (Emax) and net extraction (Enet, at 5 minutes) of TcN-NOET and Tl-201 at control and after 10 minutes (n=4) or 45 minutes (n=4) of no-flow ischemia. After 10 minutes of ischemia the mean Emax for Tl-201 was unchanged, 0.86±0.03 vs 0.85±0.02, whereas TL-201 Enet showed a small decrease from 0.46±0.03 to 0.40±0.03, P<.001. Forty-five minutes of ischemia mildly reduced Emax for TL-201 (0.87±0.04 to 0.74±0.04, P<.001) and severely reduced Enet (0.46±0.03 vs 0.16±0.04, P<.001). Neither Emax nor Enet for TcN-NOET was significantly affected by 10 minutes of ischemia (0.54±0.04 vs 0.58±0.03 and 0.24±0.04 vs 0.26±0.04, respectively). However, severe ischemic injury caused significant reductions versus control in both Emax (0.59±0.06 vs 0.42±0.05, P<.001) and Enet (0.27±0.03 vs 0.18±0.05, P<.01). TcN-NOET is a new myocardial perfusion agent with moderate myocardial extraction. Although less sensitive than TL-201 to mild ischemic injury, TcN-NOET extraction and retention are decreased by severe ischemic injury, making uptake of TcN-NOET a possible marker of myocardial viability.
Abstract: Three Steps to Model Power-Performance Efficiency for Emergent GPU-Based Parallel Systems

According to the US DOE, there is a need for 1000-fold performance increase with only a 10-fold power increase to achieve the goal of a sustained petaflop within 20 Megawatts by 2019. Despite the top-ranked energy efficiency supercomputer at about 2,000 MFLOPS/watt, to meet the DOE goal of 50,000 MFLOPS/watt will require significant innovation in power and performance efficiency. In order to help application and system designers find power-performance bottlenecks and their causes, a need for accurate models that balance abstraction and detail on emergent GPU architectures.
Cannabis use and schizotypy: the role of social anxiety and other negative affective states

Emerging research suggests that cannabis use might be related to psychosis onset in people vulnerable to developing schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Furthermore, individuals with high-positive and disorganized schizotypy traits report more cannabis use and cannabis-related problems than controls. Social anxiety, a frequently co-occurring schizotypal feature, is related to increased cannabis-related problems in the general population. Building on this research, we explored the impact of social anxiety, measured by the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS), and depression and trait anxiety reported on the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), on the relationship of schizotypy, measured by the Schizotypy Personality Questionnaire-Brief Revised (SPQ-BR), to cannabis use (n=220 schizotypy, 436 controls) and frequent use and cannabis-related problems among users (n=88 schizotypy, 83 controls) in college undergraduates. Among cannabis users, social anxiety moderated the relationships of schizotypy to frequent cannabis use and more cannabis-related problems in the total schizotypy group, and across high-positive, negative, and disorganized schizotypy subgroups. Depression and trait anxiety also moderated the relationship of schizotypy to frequent cannabis use and more cannabis-related problems, but results varied across high-positive, negative, and disorganized schizotypy subgroups. Results suggest therapeutically targeting negative affective states may be useful in psychosocial intervention for cannabis-related problems in schizotypy.
Film thickness effects on the fracture of tantalum nitride on aluminum nitride thin film systems

Abstract In this study, nanoindentation and nanoscratch testing were combined with transmission electron microscopy to establish the relationship between structure, properties, and fracture resistance of thin tantalum nitride resistor films on aluminum nitride substrates. The films were sputter-deposited to thicknesses of 160, 440, and 500 nm. Nanoindentation was used to determine mechanical properties while nanoscratch tests were used to measure interfacial fracture energies. These tests showed that the measured elastic moduli of all films were independent of indenter depth and approximately equal to the value measured for the aluminum nitride substrates. They also showed that measured hardness values increased with film thickness. More importantly, the fracture energies measured in indentation fracture and nanoscratch tests were essentially equal and independent of film thickness. These results showed that tantalum nitride films and aluminum nitride substrates behaved in an inherently brittle manner. They further showed that fracture was localized along the interface suggesting that adhesion was controlled by the nature of bonding across the interface plane.
Field Experiment for Measurement of the Radiative Characteristics of a Hazy Atmosphere

Theoretical two-dimensional and three-dimensional solutions to the radiative-transfer equation have been applied to the earth-atmosphere system. A field experiment was conducted to test this theory. In the experiment the upward radiance was measured above and below a haze layer during simultaneous measurements of the haze characteristics. The measurements were conducted at a narrow near-IR channel (773 + or - 22 nm) which represents the visible and near-IR spectral region. The aerosol vertical optical thickness at eight wavelengths, as well as the vertical and horizontal profiles of the scattering coefficient, the temperature, and dew point were measured at several locations. These measurements quantified the vertical and spatial structure of the atmospheric haze and the atmospheric radiation. The result was a well-defined radiative-transfer experiment. The experimental data set is used to quantify the haze effect on upward radiance, including the adjacency effect (the effect of a bright area on the upward radiance measured above a dark adjacent area), and to test radiative-transfer models for a plane-parallel atmosphere above a nonuniform surface. A comparison is given between the theoretical prediction of upward radiance above the haze and the measurement. Agreement between theory and the experiment is discussed.
Adenosine receptors of cerebral microvessels and choroid plexus.

We studied, by ligand binding methods, the two adenosine receptors, A, and A2, in rat and pig cerebral microvessels and pig choroid plexus. Ligand binding to cerebral microvessels was compared with that to membranes of the cerebral cortex. [3H]Cyclohexyladenosine and [3H]l-phenylisopropyladenosine were the ligands used for A1-receptors, and [3H]5'-N-ethylcarboxamide adenosine ([3H]NECA) was used to assess A2-receptors. We report that cerebral microvessels and choroid plexus exhibit specific [3H]NECA binding, but have no appreciable A1-receptor ligand binding sites. Specific binding of [3H]NECA to cerebral microvessels, choroid plexus, and cerebral cortex was saturable and suggested the existence of two classes of A2-receptor sites: high-affinity (Kd ∼ 250 nM) and low-affinity (Kd ∼ 1–2 μM) sites. The Kd and Bmax of NECA binding to cerebral microvessels and cerebral cortex were similar within each species. Our results, indicating the existence of A2-receptors in cerebral microvessels, are consistent with r...
Computational Micromechanics Analysis of Ionic Polymers With Cluster Morphology

In recent years there has been considerable study of the potential mechanisms underlying the electro-mechanical response of ionic-polymer-metal composites (IPMCs). Most of these efforts have employed assumptions of uniform and balanced ion distribution within spherical cluster shapes, in the ionic polymer layer of the IPMC. Inspired by the results of a preliminary computational study, the present work investigates the impact of dispensing with these assumptions. A computational micromechanics model has been developed to study ion response in a single cluster of these ionomeric transducers. Assuming a constant solvated state, the model tracks the position of individual ions within a given cluster in response to ion-ion interaction, mechanical stiffness of the pendant chain, cluster surface response force, and external electric field loading. Results suggest that the classic assumptions will tend to under-predict electromechanical response and that charge imbalance has significant impact of cluster behavior.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Religiosity and Death Attitudes and Engagement of Advance Care Planning Among Chronically Ill Older Adults

The aim of this study was to examine the association of religiosity and death attitudes with self-reported advance care planning (ACP) in chronically ill older adults. Survey data were collected in...
Terahertz spectroscopy of 7-azaindole clusters in solution

Abstract The terahertz spectrum of 7-azaindole in solution has been obtained from 5 to 165 cm −1 and analyzed using density functional theory calculations. The experimental spectrum exhibits a strong absorption feature at 76 cm −1 that is attributed to an intermolecular vibration of self-associated 7-azaindole dimers. The calculations reveal that observed spectral features, which are unaccounted for in the 7-azaindole dimer normal mode analysis, may be attributed to a 7-azaindole hydrogen-bonded tetramer. This work presents the first quantum mechanical investigation of the structure and low-frequency vibrational motions of the 7-azaindole tetramer.
Ironic Characterization in the Works of S. Y. Agnon

[Reb Zevi] saw and realized that the business was leading [Reb Issachar] astray, that he was being distracted by it and was distracting others, until finally he felt like one tugged by a distorted idea, a senseless bit of sophistry or vain embellishment, like one who becomes increasingly bogged down as he trudges from one pilpul to the next, from one piece of vanity to the next, until it finally drags him into a morass from which he can never emerge.
Trust analysis with clustering

Web provides rich information about a variety of objects. Trustability is a major concern on the web. Truth establishment is an important task so as to provide the right information to the user from the most trustworthy source. Trustworthiness of information provider and the confidence of the facts it provides are inter-dependent on each other and hence can be expressed iteratively in terms of each other. However, a single information provider may not be the most trustworthy for all kinds of information. Every information provider has its own area of competence where it can perform better than others. We derive a model that can evaluate trustability on objects and information providers based on clusters (groups). We propose a method which groups the set of objects for which similar set of providers provide "good" facts, and provides better accuracy in addition to high quality object clusters.
Gsh2 and Pax6 play complementary roles in dorsoventral patterning of the mammalian telencephalon

The telencephalon has two major subdivisions, the pallium and subpallium. The pallium, which primarily consists of glutamatergic cortical structures, expresses dorsal molecular markers, whereas the subpallium, which primarily consists of the GABAergic basal ganglia, expresses ventral molecular markers. Here, we present evidence that the progenitor and postmitotic cells flanking the pallial/subpallial boundary (PSB) in the embryonic mouse can be subdivided into multiple regions that express unique combinations of transcription factors. The domains that immediately flank the PSB are the ventral pallium (VP) and the dorsal lateral ganglionic eminence (dLGE). The early expression of the Pax6 and Gsh2 homeobox transcription factors overlaps in the region of the dLGE. Analyses of mice that lack functional alleles of either Gsh2 or Pax6 demonstrate that these genes have complementary roles in patterning the primordia flanking the PSB. In the Gsh2 mutants, the dLGE is respecified into a VP-like structure, whereas in the Pax6 mutants the VP is respecified into a dLGE-like structure. The role of Pax6 in dorsalizing the telencephalon is similar to its role in the spinal cord, supporting the hypothesis that some dorsoventral patterning mechanisms are used at all axial levels of the central nervous system.
Part-based Bayesian recognition using implicit polynomial invariants

We present an approach to recognition that is based on partitioning and invariant recognition in a Bayesian framework. The intended application domain is that of complex articulated objects in arbitrary position and under considerable occlusion. First, since the performance of traditional model-based recognition strategies degrades with increasing object data-base size, with partial occlusion, and with articulation, we employ a partitioning that does not rely on apriori primitives or models. Rather, this scheme decomposes segmented shapes into parts, where the form of each part is not known apriori, but is derived based on generic geometric assumptions about objects and their projections. Specifically, two types of parts, neck-based and limb-based, give rise to a shape decomposition that remains invariant under occlusion in the visible portion of the object, unaltered under articulation of parts, is stable under slight changes in viewing geometry and finally is robust with changes in resolution and scale. Second, the parts derived from the first stage are described by implicit polynomial curves. These polynomials represent the parts well and are computationally simple to fit to the data. However, the great advantage in using implicit polynomials is the algebraic invariance associated with them. Each part is represented by a vector of invariants that remains essentially independent of viewing geometry, and as such is suitable for matching purposes. The matching process is a Bayesian engine based on asymptotic distributions. In the conclusion section, we briefly indicate how this technology fits into a complete object recognition system.
Zooplankton invasions: a brief review, plus two case studies from the northeast Pacific Ocean

Invasions of aquatic habitats by non-indigenous species (NIS), including zooplankton, are occurring at an alarming rate and are causing global concern. Although hundreds of such invasions have now been documented, surprisingly little is known about the basic biology and ecology of these invaders in their new habitats. Here we provide an overview of the published literature on NIS zooplankton, separated by life history (holoplankton vs. meroplankton), habitat (marine, estuarine, freshwater), and biological level of organization or topic (e.g. distribution and range extension, physiology, behavior, feeding, community impacts, ecosystem dynamics, etc). Amongst the many findings generated by our literature search, perhaps the most striking is the paucity of studies on community and ecosystem level impacts of NIS zooplankton, especially in marine and estuarine systems. We also present some results from two ongoing studies of invasive zooplankton in the northeast Pacific Ocean – Pseudodiaptomus inopinus in Washington and Oregon coastal estuaries, and Tortanus dextrilobatus in San Francisco Bay. Both of these Asian copepods have recently expanded their range and can at times be extremely abundant (10 3 m −3 ). We also examine some aspects of the trophic (predator–prey) ecology of these two invasive copepods, and find that they are likely to be important in the flow of material and energy in the systems in which they now pervade, although their impacts at the ecosystem level remain to be quantified. Finally, the findings of both our literature search and our two case studies of invasive zooplankton lead us to make several recommendations for future research.
Learning Domain-Specific Information Extraction Patterns from the Web

Many information extraction (IE) systems rely on manually annotated training data to learn patterns or rules for extracting information about events. Manually annotating data is expensive, however, and a new data set must be annotated for each domain. So most IE training sets are relatively small. Consequently, IE patterns learned from annotated training sets often have limited coverage. In this paper, we explore the idea of using the Web to automatically identify domain-specific IE patterns that were not seen in the training data. We use IE patterns learned from the MUC-4 training set as anchors to identify domain-specific web pages and then learn new IE patterns from them. We compute the semantic affinity of each new pattern to automatically infer the type of information that it will extract. Experiments on the MUC-4 test set show that these new IE patterns improved recall with only a small precision loss.
Future Directions in Painful Knee Osteoarthritis: Harnessing Complexity in a Heterogeneous Population

This perspective article proposes a conceptual model for the pain experience for individuals diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Pain in knee OA is likely a heterogeneous, multifactorial phenomenon that involves not only the OA disease process but also elements specific to patient psychology and pain neurophysiology. The relevant contributions to the pain experience for any individual patient remain difficult, if not impossible, to definitively determine, and the rationale for many clinical treatment decisions arises primarily from a mechanistic understanding of OA pathophysiology. The Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) recently identified “phenotyping” of OA pain as a research priority to “better target pain therapies to individual patients.” This perspective article proposes that contributions from 3 domains—knee pathology, psychological distress, and pain neurophysiology—should be considered equally important in future efforts to understand pain phenotypes in knee OA. Ultimately, characterization of pain phenotypes may aid in the understanding of the pain experience and the development of interventions specific to pain for individual patients.