cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
National trends in psychostimulant-related deaths: 1999-2009.

ABSTRACT Background: Increased methamphetamine use occurred during the last decade and little is known about factors associated with death. This study assesses trends in psychostimulant deaths in the United States. Methods: Using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Wonder Database, the authors searched deaths among 15- to 64-year-olds from 1999 to 2009 for decedents who died with “psychostimulants with abuse potential, excluding cocaine.” The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code T43.6 was used to identify methamphetamine-related deaths. Trends in death rates and the most common underlying causes of death were determined. For recent trends, age-adjusted death rates/100,000 person-years (p-y) and (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) among those who died with psychostimulants were calculated. Results: The rate of psychostimulant-related deaths increased 3-fold from 1999 (0.37/100,000 p-y; 95% CI: 0.354–0.39) to 2005 (1.05/100,000 p-y; 95% CI: 1.01–1.10). Deaths steadily declined f...
Longitudinal emittance oscillation in a superconducting drift tube linac

In drift tube linacs a beam energy spread results from the finite beam size. Radial variation of the axial accelerating field induces a beam energy spread, which, in general, will accumulate as the beam passes through successive drift tubes. This paper shows that under some conditions of periodic transverse focusing and longitudinal phase focusing, the correlation between the longitudinal and transverse motion can be used to correct the energy spread. The process of achieving such a correction is first described in a simplified situation, and then demonstrated for a particular tuning using a ray-tracing program which models a low velocity and low charge state linac designed for radioactive ion beams.
Revisiting Plagiarism In An Internet Era: How Modern Technology Contributes To The Problem And Solutions

Plagiarism is widespread in academia. A vast and profitable new Internet-based industry has developed around students’ continued aversion towards doing their own work. Undergraduate and graduate students can acquire a paper on any topic for a cost of anywhere from free to over a hundred dollars a page. This article will acquaint the academic professional with the market place for college papers, name and evaluate several free and pay services for identifying plagiarism, and suggest assignment designs which aid in preventing the use of both the amateur and the professional paper.
Acquisition of new proviral copies in avian lymphoid cells transformed by reticuloendotheliosis virus

The expression of the v-rel oncogene of avian reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV-T) transforms and immortalizes very immature avian lymphoid cells. In REV-T-transformed lymphoid cells which were persistently infected with reticuloendotheliosis-associated virus (REV-A), the REV-T proviral copy number increases after the initial integration event. In 23 independently derived REV-T-transformed cell lines, 15 of the 18 virus-producing cell lines had acquired additional proviruses. The rate at which the newly acquired proviral sequences accumulated differed for various cell lines. In some cell lines, additional REV-T proviral copies could be detected as early as 8 months after the initial integration event. A correlation exists between the number of REV-T proviral sequences and the length of time which a given cell line had been propagated in culture. The integration sites occupied by the newly acquired REV-T proviruses were distinct. In contrast, reticuloendotheliosis-associated virus proviral sequences in these REV-T-transformed virus-producing lymphoid cells did not increase during in vitro culture. Furthermore, the acquisition of additional REV-T proviral sequences did not occur in non-virus-producing cell lines. Two of the newly acquired proviral sequences were molecularly cloned and analyzed by restriction endonuclease mapping. Although the newly acquired REV-T proviruses have not sustained major deletions, the viral sequences and the v-rel oncogene display numerous restriction enzyme polymorphisms. The cellular flanking sequences of two newly acquired REV-T proviruses analyzed were unique and shared no homology with flanking sequences of the other REV-T proviruses in these transformed cells. The nucleotide sequence of the virus-cellular DNA junctions of one newly acquired provirus and its cellular sequence prior to proviral integration were defined. A 5-base-pair direct repeat of cellular origin was present on each side of the long terminal repeat, indicating that the mechanism of acquisition of additional REV-T proviral sequences used reverse transcription and integration of new REV-T proviral copies.
Fat-derived fuels during a 24-hour fast in children

We examined the availability of fat-derived fuels in 23 normal children aged 1.9 to 16.7 years who fasted for 24 h. we found a rapid and progressive rise in the blood concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA) and ketones. There was a highly significant negative correlation between the concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB) and glucose and also between βOHB and age.
Circulatory Indirect Calorimetry in the Critically III

Circulatory indirect calorimetry (CIC) is a potentially useful method to assess the energy requirements of critically ill patients. Unlike respiratory indirect calorimetry (RIC), which measures oxygen utilization from inhaled and exhaled gases, CIC measures oxygen utilization from arterial and mixed venous blood. Twenty-two measurements in eight critically ill patients comparing RIC, CIC, and commonly used estimates of energy expenditure were performed. A significant correlation between RIC and CIC was identified (r = 0.831, p < 0.001). Poor correlation was noted with either method and the commonly used estimates. CIC may be a useful tool in estimating energy expenditures in the critically ill. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition15:509-512, 1991)
Synthesis, Structure, and Redox Reactivity of a Substituted Niobocene Formaldehyde Complex. Importance of Hydrogen Bonding in the Redox Chemistry

The niobocene chloride [Cp‘2Nb(μ-Cl)]2 (1, Cp‘ = η5-C5H4SiMe3) reacts with a suspension of paraformaldehyde to yield an η2-formaldehyde complex Cp‘2Nb(Cl)(η2-CH2O) (2), the crystal structure of whi...
Determination of a hydrofoil for the propulsion system of the 2000 University of California, San Diego human-powered submarine

UCSD students are building a human powered submarine to compete against other schools and attempt to break the International Human Powered Vehicle Association (IHPVA) and World Record in July 2000. This year's submarine team has built a propulsion mechanism to drive a single oscillating horizontal foil through the water, very similar to how a mammal swims, to compete in the non-propeller division. In this experiment, a water tunnel was used to compare the lift to drag ratios of a straight and swept-back NACA 0012 symmetric foil with and without winglets. Although data taken only at two different water velocities is not completely conclusive, it was determined that a swept back wing with winglets is the configuration that provides the highest lift to drag ratio of 97.9 /spl plusmn/ 0.2 at an angle of attack of about 7 degrees. The swept wing without winglets showed the maximum lift to drag ratio of 170. It is clear fro relative values of the other wing configurations and other known data of the NACA 0012 that this ratio is abnormally high and is disregarded. Winglets decreased the lift to drag ratio for the straight wing at both velocities. At the lower velocity of 1.4 m/s, the straight wing without winglets had a higher ratio compared to that of the swept wing with winglets. However, at a higher velocity, the swept wing with winglets had a higher ratio. Disregarding the abnormally high ratio of the swept wing with no winglets, it is determined that this configuration provides the highest lift to drag ratio. Thus, implementing a tail with a swept back wing with winglets best propels the submarine to a very achievable IHPVA and world record.
Triamcinolone-induced structural alterations in the development of the lung of the fetal rhesus macaque.

To test the effect of dose and time on fetal lung maturation by exogenous glucocorticosteroids, triamcinolone acetonide was given to time-mated pregnant rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta ). Triamcinolone acetonide (10 mg/kg or 1 mg/kg) was administered intramuscularly during the midpseudoglandular (63 to 65 days' gestational age) or midcanalicular phase (110 to 112 days' gestational age) of lung development. Fetectomies were performed at 90, 120, or 150 days' gestational age. Nontreated control fetuses and postnatal animals from 59 days' gestational age to 31 days' postnatal age were collected for study of normal developmental lung morphology in the rhesus monkey. Lungs from fetuses of 90 days' gestational age and older were fixed by tracheal infusion, and lungs from fetuses less than 90 days' gestational age were fixed by immersion and embedded for high-resolution light microscopy. Body weight, crown-rump length, and fixed lung volume were determined for all fetuses. Morphometric evaluation of the volume percent of parenchyma, the volume percent of air space and the mean linear intercept as an estimate of air space size was also done. Lungs from fetuses treated during the canalicular phase had thinner, longer, less cellular septa, larger air spaces, and increased numbers of alveolar divisions in terminal air spaces as compared to those of controls. Lungs of fetuses treated during the pseudoglandular phase also had some septa which were thinner, less cellular, and longer than those of controls and had a marked increase in air space size. However, most septa were greatly reduced in height and appeared fewer in number. Alveolar divisions were decreased. The volume percent of air space was larger in all treated groups. Fixed lung volume normalized to body size (body weight and crown-rump length) was greater than that for controls for the high-dose canalicular phase treatment group. The same parameter was lower than that of controls for the high-dose, pseudoglandular phase treatment group of 150 days' gestational age. Body weight and crown-rump length for all pseudoglandular phase triamcinolone acetonide-treated fetuses also tended to be lower than those of controls. We concluded that: (1) there is both a time-dependent and a dose-dependent effect on triamcinolone acetonide on fetal lung maturation in rhesus macaques, (2) triamcinolone acetonide accelerates maturation of the interstitial and epithelial component of the developing fetal rhesus lung independent of age, (3) triamcinolone acetonide accelerates alveolarization only at later treatment ages, and (4) triamcinolone acetonide induces retardation of growth of some of the lung septa and body growth only at earlier treatment ages.
Capitalizing Asian Studies: Critical Scholarship and the Production of Knowledge in a Globalizing World

This paper explores the implications of the related trends of economic globalization and the corporatization of higher education in the United States for Asian area studies scholarship. It argues that the scales at which geographical knowledge is produced are increasingly in flux due to the shift in global political economy. Area studies scholarship is subsequently left scrambling to both understand this shift and make its knowledge production somehow relevant and valuable in an arena in which knowledge about Asia is being produced and diffused from an increasingly diverse array of sources. In response, the paper suggests that more attention to the production of scale is needed if area studies scholars are to comprehend the changing relationship between our categories of geographic knowledge and global political economy.
The missing links in accounting education

The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and the Accounting Education Change Commission have mandated the adoption of 150 semester hours for accounting students and as a prerequisite for taking the CPA examination. More than 40 states have already adopted the 150‐hour requirement. Proponents of the change have argued that accounting education has to change from a knowledge‐based education to a process‐oriented programme and develop a process of inquiry and a desire for life‐long learning in the students. They hope to effect changes to result in improved intellectual, communication, and interpersonal skills, and a better understanding of the broad picture in a business. It is argued here that although the mandate may have been well‐intentioned but knowingly or unknowingly the authors have chosen to ignore the most essential component, i.e. what does it take to teach the students for success in the accounting profession? It is argued that the missing link is primarily trained and versatile teachers, followed with the lacking prerequisites for the students and their parents. Furthermore, no consideration has been given to the additional cost involved for the students and their parents and the question of commensurate job opportunities for those involved.
The effect of fertilization on the species composition of salt marsh diatoms

Abstract The diversity of epibenthic diatoms in a salt marsh was reduced by fertilization with either sewage sludge or urea. Counts of 500 individuals were sufficient to demonstrate a lower total number of species, a smaller number of rare species and a greater dominance of the most abundant species in the fertilized areas as compared with the controls. Navicula salinarum Grun. which formed 5–9% of the diatoms in the controls became dominant in the fertilized plots, comprising 20–25% of the population.
A STUDY OF PRECIPITATION IN INTERSTITIAL ALLOYS: II. A NEW METASTABLE CARBIDE PHASE IN PLATINUM

Abstract Contrast and convergent beam diffraction studies of precipitates in quenched, aged platinum containing about 800 atomic ppm carbon have identified a body-centered tetragonal structure with a = 0.39 nm, c = 0.59 nm, c a = 1.5 . An investigation of the microstructure of similarly treated platinum of various purities and of platinum doped with carbon indicates the precipitates to be a metastable carbide of composition at or close to Pt2C.
Comment on "Do resonantly forced internal solitary waves protect the fuel of hurricanes?"

Commenting on resonantly forced internal solitary waves protect the fuel of hurricane,it is shown that the behavior observed numerically can be investigated analytically using geometric perturbation theory. (AIP)A Comment on the Letter by A. C. Newell, K. W. Chow, and R. A. Indik, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 1951 (1993).
Spinal Stenosis, Back Pain, or No Symptoms at All? A Masked Study Comparing Radiologic and Electrodiagnostic Diagnoses to the Clinical Impression

Abstract Haig AJ, Tong HC, Yamakawa KS, Quint DJ, Hoff JT, Chiodo A, Miner JA, Choksi VR, Geisser ME, Parres CM. Spinal stenosis, back pain, or no symptoms at all? A masked study comparing radiologic and electrodiagnostic diagnoses to the clinical impression. Objective To assess the relations between clinically recognized lumbar spinal stenosis and the conclusions of masked radiologists and electrodiagnosticians. Design Prospective, masked, double-controlled trial. Setting University spine center. Participants One hundred fifty persons age 55 to 80 years with or without back pain and with or without magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)–demonstrated stenosis, screened for neuropathy risk, previous surgery, or cancer. Interventions Questionnaires on pain and function; ambulation testing and physical examination; and masked electrodiagnotics and MRI. Main Outcome Measure Diagnostic impressions of the examining clinician, radiologist, and electrodiagnostician. Results Following application of post hoc exclusion criteria and elimination of patients due to incomplete or inadequate test data, the clinical diagnosis was lumbar stenosis in 50 subjects, back pain in 44 subjects, and no pain in 32 subjects. Radiologic and clinical impression had no relation ( P =.80 vs asymptomatic, P =.99 vs back pain controls). Electrodiagnostic impression trended to relate to clinical impression ( P =.14 vs asymptomatic, P =.09 vs back pain). Retrospective application of age-related electrodiagnostic norms for paraspinal electromyographic and limb motor unit changes, established in this study, reclassified 13 of the 17 asymptomatic persons whom the electrodiagnostician thought had stenosis. The clinical impression did correspond to history and physical examination findings typically associated with spinal stenosis and to the independent impression of a neurosurgeon who examined MRI and clinical, but not to the electrodiagnostic data. Conclusions The impression obtained from an MRI scan does not determine whether lumbar stenosis is a cause of pain. Electrodiagnostic consultation may be useful, especially if age-related norms obtained in this study are applied.
Implications of rational inattention

Abstract A constraint that actions can depend on observations only through a communication channel with finite Shannon capacity is shown to be able to play a role very similar to that of a signal extraction problem or an adjustment cost in standard control problems. The resulting theory looks enough like familiar dynamic rational expectations theories to suggest that it might be useful and practical, while the implications for policy are different enough to be interesting.
Parturition in Geoffroy’s Rousette Fruit Bat Rousettus amplexicaudatus Geoffroy, 1810 (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in the Philippines.

Biologists have an imperfect understanding of the reproductive biology of bats, which is primarily limited to mating systems and development of neonates. Few studies have addressed parturition in bats. Most of these are not contemporary and are based on data obtained from captive animals housed in laboratories. No studies have been conducted to assess the natural parturition process of Geoffroy’s Rousette Fruit Bat Rousettus amplexicaudatus , a Yinpterochiropteran native to Southeast Asia and the South Pacific. This study provides the first comprehensive description of parturition in this species. It is based on the natural behaviors exhibited in a wild colony of R. amplexicaudatus in the southern Philippines, which were recorded using high definition video cameras. The qualitative birthing model developed in this study, based on data collected from 16 pregnant females, provides new insights into the reproductive biology of this species. Female R. amplexicaudatus give birth while hanging upside-down. Pups are born in the head-first presentation. Females do not immediately sever the pups’ umbilical cord after birth. Instead, the cord acts as a tether, preventing the pup from falling to its death in the event that it loses its grip on the female. This appears to be an adaptive strategy meant to help overcome some of the challenges associated with giving birth while suspended and hanging upside-down.
Isotopic lead ages of chondritic meteorites

Abstract The isotopic composition of lead was determined for two carbonaceous, two H, and two L chondrites. All are falls. The206Pb/204Pb ratios cover a range from 9.45 to 37.33; the207Pb/204Pb ratios range from 10.39 to 26.10. The isotopic data define a207Pb/206Pb age of 4.635 AE. Uranium and lead concentration data indicate that the isotopic lead ages for the Bruderheim chondrite are concordant within approximately 20%. This contrasts with lead data in the literature for chondrites, which consistently indicate discordant isotopic lead ages due to large excesses of radiogenic lead by factors of two or more. The isotopic lead ages for Pultusk may be concordant; those for a sample of Richardton are not. The lack of concordance for Richardton is not due to the analytical procedures, rather it is likely a result of the handling history of the chondrite prior to analysis. The L-3 chondrite, Mezo-Madaras contains such a high concentration of lead - 5.27 PPM - that accurate ratios for primordial lead can be obtained. These are 206Pb/204Pb= 9.310;207Pb/204Pb= 10.296, values which are in close agreement with a recently reported measurement on lead in troilite from the Canyon Diablo iron meteorite.
Mineralogy at the extremes

The discovery of a new silicate structure at conditions corresponding to a depth of 2,700 kilometres below Earth's surface has fundamentally changed our understanding of the boundary between the core and mantle.
All-optical digital half-subtracter/adder using semiconductor optical amplifiers and a PPLN waveguide

We demonstrate an all-optical digital half-subtracter/adder that performs bit-wise subtraction and addition of two binary data streams. Two SOAs and a periodically-poled lithium-niobate waveguide generate borrow, difference/sum, and carry outputs with maximum 1.0-dB power penalty.
A compact collinear AOTF Raman spectrometer.

Abstract A compact, lightweight, completely packaged, uncooled, fully-automated collinear acousto-optic tunable-filter (AOTF) based spectrometer has been used to measure Raman spectra of three organic energetic materials (NQ, HMX, and TNT) using argon-ion laser excitation. Even though the resolution of the AOTF spectrometer is modest (7.4 cm−1) and it was not specifically designed for measuring Raman spectra, it has performed impressively. Such an instrument is specially useful for remote sensing and field measurements. In this paper, we will describe this instrument, present the measured Raman spectra and their comparison with the corresponding FT-IR spectra.
Role of GnRH drive in the pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome may result from multiple mechanisms, but full expression of the PCO syndrome with hyperandrogenic anovulation depends upon sustained LH drive and relative FSH deficiency. We have described possible intrinsic and extrinsic factors capable of modifying the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. Available evidence suggests the presence of an intrinsic alteration in GnRH-LH drive. The long-term natural history of HAA is variable and depends on several factors including obesity, aberrations in insulin action, intrinsic ovarian function, and end-organ responsiveness to androgens. Figure 1 presents a conceptualization of the pathogenesis of PCOS diagramming the multiple modulators of its expression. Long-term suppression of androgens when fertility is not desired should modify the full expression of the PCO syndrome. It is important to appreciate that therapy with oral contraceptive agents has few drawbacks and many immediate and potential long-term benefits for women with HAA. This therapy may be of greatest benefit when started in adolescence prior to the progression of obesity, hirsutism, and thecal-stromal hyperplasia. Women with HAA represent a large subgroup of patients who require individualization of their health care with sensitivity to issues surrounding anovulation, obesity, hirsutism, and infertility.
History of CO2 greenhouse gas mitigation technologies

Much effort has been expended in the last several decades on the science of radiative gases in the atmosphere and particularly CO2 as a greenhouse gas. Only in the last few years has interest grown in the technology of CO2 mitigation. A discussion is given on the early development of CO2 mitigation concepts which has led to a surge in this activity worldwide and especially in Japan. The history of CO2 greenhouse gas mitigation is short and is actually being made at this First International Conference on the subject.
Ectodermal Dysplasia Skin Fragility Syndrome

Pathogenic mutations have now been described in ten different desmosomal proteins: plakophilin 1 (PKP1) and 2 (PKP2); desmoplakin; plakoglobin; desmoglein 1, 2, and 4; desmocollin 2, and 3 corneodesmosin. Nevertheless, the first report of an inherited desmosomal gene disorder, published in 1997, involved loss-of-function mutations on both alleles of PKP1, the PKP1 gene. Loss of PKP1 expression in human skin leads to skin erosions and crusting, notably with perioral fissuring as well as palmoplantar hyperkeratosis with painful cracking of the skin. Other more variable features include abnormalities of ectodermal development with growth delay, hypotrichosis or alopecia, hypohidrosis, and nail dystrophy. In contrast to some other inherited disorders of desmosomes, there is no cardiac pathology in individuals with PKP1 mutations since it is not expressed in the heart. The collection of clinical features in individuals with PKP1 mutations has been termed ectodermal dysplasia-skin fragility (ED-SF) syndrome. This genodermatosis is classified as a suprabasal form of epidermolysis bullosa simplex and thus far there have been 10 published cases. Skin biopsy shows acanthosis, acantholysis, and a reduced number of small, poorly formed desmosomes. Loss of PKP1 expression results in an integral weakness within the desmosomal plaque, leading to desmosomal detachment and cell-cell separation. Thus, the clinicopathologic features attest to the significant role of PKP1 in stabilization of desmosome structure and function, predominantly in the spinous layers of the epidermis. This article reviews the clinical, structural, and molecular pathology of this genetic disorder of desmosomes.
Invertebrate models of Alzheimer's disease

The intensely studied model organisms Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster have been employed to study a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although worms and flies are phylogenetically distant from humans, results of both classic genetic analyses and transgenic manipulation of these invertebrates suggest they are valid models for at least some aspects of AD. This review describes the rationale for AD-relevant studies in worms and flies and discusses both what has been learned from these studies and what may be discovered in the future.
Differential-pencil-beam dose calculations for charged particles

The use of a convolution or differential‐pencil‐beam (DPB) algorithm has been studied for charged‐particle dose calculations as a means of more accurately modeling the effects of multiple scattering. Such effects are not reflected in current charged‐particle dose calculations since these calculations rely on depth‐dose data measured in homogeneous water‐equivalent phantoms and use ray‐tracing techniques to calculate the water‐equivalent pathlength from patient CT data. In this study, isodose plots were generated from three‐dimensional dose calculations using Monte Carlo, DPB, and standard ray‐tracing methods for a 4‐cm modulated 150‐MeV proton beam incident on both homogeneous and heterogeneous phantoms. To simulate therapy conditions with charged particles, these studies included cases where compensating boluses were introduced to modify the particle range across the treatment field. Results indicate that multiple‐scattering effects, including increased penumbral width as a function of beam penetration and the ‘‘smearing’’ of isodose distributions downstream from complex heterogeneities, are well modeled by the DPB algorithm. The DPB algorithm may also be used to obtain more useful estimates of the dose uncertainty in regions near the end of the beam’s range downstream from complex heterogeneities than can be derived from standard ray‐tracing calculations.
Correlating trawl and acoustic data in the eastern Bering Sea: A first step toward improving biomass estimates of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) and Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus)?

Abstract The charter vessels used for the annual eastern Bering Sea bottom trawl survey have recently been equipped with echosounders, which are relatively sophisticated compared to the traditional depth sounders, and are capable of collecting acoustic backscatter data of a quality approaching that of scientific echosounders. Because these echosounders provide a large amount of inexpensive and continuous backscatter data between trawl stations, it is of interest to determine whether these acoustic data can be used in conjunction with the trawl catch data to improve the precision of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) and Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) trawl indices of abundance. Catch and acoustic backscatter data collected from 98 stations executed during the 2005 field season were analyzed to estimate the correlation between trawl catch per unit swept area and acoustic backscatter integrated over various layers above the seafloor. The correlation for walleye pollock was good, with the highest correlation obtained for the layer between the seafloor and the headrope (r2 = 0.64). The correlation for layers above the headrope monotonically decreased with increasing height, indicating a lack of vertical herding by pollock. There was no correlation (r2 = 0.02) between trawl and acoustic data for Pacific cod, the only other important fish source of acoustic backscatter.
Influence of Late Life Stressors on the Decisions of Older Women to Relocate into Congregate Senior Housing

Late-life stressors often require individuals to make substantial alterations in behavior and lifestyle and can affect their overall health and well-being. Relocation is a significant life stress, regardless of age. The primary aim of this study is to elucidate the push-pull factors associated with moving into congregate senior housing. The secondary aim is to investigate the decision-making processes and stresses associated with moving into a congregate living environment. Interviews were conducted with 26 women who were new residents in congregate senior housing. Relocation, as expected, was considered to be stressful, although individual differences were found among perceptions of relocation stresses. Women who had made the decision to relocate on their own showed evidence of better psychosocial well-being at the time of the move. One-quarter of the sample chose to move to provide care to another person. As the options for senior housing continue to evolve and the number of adults reaching advanced age...
Effect of gender on counterregulatory responses to euglycemic exercise in type 1 diabetes.

A marked sexual dimorphism in neuroendocrine and metabolic responses to moderate, prolonged exercise occurs in healthy humans. It is unknown whether similar differences occur in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Fifteen patients with T1DM (7 women and 8 men) were studied during 90 min of euglycemic exercise at 50% of the maximum rate of O2 consumption. Men and women were matched for age, glycemic control, duration of diabetes, and exercise fitness, and had no history or evidence of autonomic neuropathy. Hypoglycemia was scrupulously avoided during the week preceding tests. Exercise was performed under constant infusion of regular insulin (1 U/h) and a variable 20% dextrose infusion, as needed to maintain euglycemia. At 15-min intervals, neuroendocrine, metabolic (glucose kinetics, intermediate metabolism, lipolysis), and cardiovascular responses were assessed. Indirect calorimetry was performed during the last 10 min of exercise. Plasma glucose and insulin did not differ between genders at baseline or duri...
Astronomical sky spectra from the 29–31 October 2003 geomagnetic superstorms: Observations of O+(2Do–4So) and other emissions

[1] High-resolution spectra of the night sky at near-equatorial latitudes have been obtained with the Ultraviolet and Visual Echelle Spectrograph on the 8.2 m Kueyen telescope, European Southern Observatory, Cerro Paranal, Chile, during the 29–31 October 2003 geomagnetic superstorms. These spectra show indications of both thermospheric and ionospheric disturbance. Numerous emission features observed in these spectra have behaviors that correlate with the negative magnitude of the disturbance storm time index (Dst), a measure of the ring current influence on equatorial magnetic field strength. Specifically, the intensity of the optically forbidden and rarely observed O+(2Do–4So) doublet lines at 372.6 and 372.9 nm increases with decreasing Dst and have profiles that often possess unusual morphology. Also observed on nights with strong geomagnetic activity is sustained emission after twilight from both the N2+ first negative system 0-0 band at 391.4 nm and the He(3p3Po–2s3S) 388.9 nm line. The intensities of permitted neutral oxygen lines nominally arising from electron radiative recombination are suppressed during active periods relative to levels measured during quiescent periods. The pattern of emission in these spectra may reflect the manifestation of a variety of storm time phenomena, including negative ionospheric storms, energetic neutral auroras, and stable auroral red arcs, and indicates substantial energy deposition at high altitudes.
On Membrane and Plate Problems for Which the Linear Theories are Not Admissible

A horizontal clamped plate is subjected to the weight of a liquid above it. When the free surface of the liquid coalesces with the plane of the undeformed upper surface of the plate, according to the classical theory of plates (which results in an eigen-value problem), nonzero deflections will exist only for discrete values of the ratio γ/D ; where γ is the specific weight of the liquid and D is the flexural stiffness of the plate. The purpose of this paper is to clarify this apparently unreasonble result. It is shown, using a nonlinear analysis, that problems of this type exhibit a bifurcation point from the undeformed state and that the eigenvalues of the linear analysis determine merely the bifurcation points. Thus, for problems of this type, a linear formulation is not suitable. Because of its analytical simplicity, at first, the membrane strip is analyzed in detail. This is followed by the analysis of the plate.
Characteristics of acoustic standing waves in fluidized beds

Fine particles are typically difficult to fluidize with gas, due to interparticle forces that cause the bed material to be cohesive. The use of acoustic waves, generated by a loudspeaker positioned above the bed, to agitate the bed material and enhance fluidization, has been investigated. The bed was fluidized with air at conditions near minimum bubbling. Sound-pressure measurements within the bed showed the presence of acoustic standing waves throughout the bed. Acoustic standing-wave theory, which assumes that the bed behaves as a 1-D, quasi fluid with constant speed of sound, was used to model the sound-pressure-level data. It was found that the parameter kh, where k is the wave number and h is the bed depth, determines the sound-pressure amplitude throughout the bed. The system reaches its highest sound pressure at resonance conditions for kh = (2n − 1)π/2. A comparison indicates good agreement between the theory and the experimental data.
Synthesis of the C(43)-C(67) fragment of amphidinol 3.

A synthesis of the C(43)−C(67) fragment of amphidinol 3 (AM3) has been accomplished by a route that features the use of a double allylboration reaction for synthesis of 1,5-diol 4b, which serves as a precursor to dihydropyran 11.
Social Experience, Social Attention and Word Learning in an Overhearing Paradigm

This study explored the relation between children's daily experiences, their attentional behaviors, and their ability to learn words from directed and overheard speech at 20 months of age. Novel objects were presented and labeled in one of two conditions: (a) a Direct condition in which an experimenter addressed the child or (b) an Overhearing condition in which an experimenter addressed a confederate. Children's attentional behaviors during training were coded and parents were asked to describe their children's social experiences outside of the laboratory. In the Direct condition there was no reliable pattern of correlations between experience, attention, and word learning. In the Overhearing condition, word learning positively related to both the amount of time children spent with multiple adults and to the duration of children's attention to the experimenters during training. Furthermore, children's experience around multiple adults positively related to their attention to the experimenters. These find...
Salivary secretion induced from isolated, perfused rat submandibular glands by sympathomimetic agents

Saliva secretion was elicited from the isolated preparations by isoproterenol and phenylephrine, at concentrations from 10(-8) to 10(-5) M. The volumes of saliva secreted during a 60-min period, the rates of flow and the electrolyte composition of saliva secreted in response to each secretagogue were similar to those in vivo. Replacement of perfusate Na+ inhibited the secretion of fluid induced by isoproterenol (75 per cent) and by phenylephrine (99 per cent). It also reduced the Na+ and K+ concentrations of saliva elicited by the two secretagogues and inhibited isoproterenol-induced protein secretion (81 per cent). Omission of Ca2+ from the perfusate also inhibited fluid secretion (isoproterenol-stimulated, 84 per cent; phenylephrine-stimulated, 99 per cent) and isoproterenol-induced protein secretion (69 per cent). The absence of the divalent cation in the perfusate resulted in increased Na+ and decreased K+ concentrations in isoproterenol-stimulated saliva and in reduced K+ concentrations in phenylephrine-stimulated saliva. Administration of 10(-5) M phentolamine did not modify the volume of saliva secreted in response to isoproterenol, but reduced the response to phenylephrine by 90 per cent. The antagonist caused some reduction in the Na+ and K+ concentrations of isoproterenol-stimulated saliva, but did not modify those of phenylephrine-evoked secretion. Little recovery in fluid secretion was observed when the isolated gland was perfused with complete perfusate in the presence of phenylephrine after perfusion with Na+- or Ca2+-free solutions. Thus perfused rat submandibular glands are fully functional preparations, which respond to sympathomimetic agents of the alpha and beta types.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Modulating pyridoxamine-mediated transamination through a ββα motif peptide scaffold

A pyridoxamine coenzyme amino acid chimera (Pam) was incorporated into a designed betabeta alpha motif peptide to explore the ability of a small synthetic peptide scaffold to influence coenzyme mediated transamination. Structural characterization of this peptide by CD and NMR spectroscopy suggested that the pyridoxamine containing residue was accommodated into the sheet region of the motif without gross structural perturbations. To investigate the ability of the peptide architecture to influence the amount and distribution of transamination product in the conversion of pyruvic acid to alanine, a family of 18 related peptides, CBP01-CBP18, was rapidly synthesized and purified in parallel. These peptides were designed to generate different peptide environments for the pyridoxamine functionality within the context of the structured betabeta alpha peptide motif. Studies of peptide-mediated transamination revealed clear trends in stereospecific production of L-alanine as a function of substitutions at positions five and seven of the motif. Furthermore, new trends favoring the other enantiomeric product resulted from the addition of copper(II) ion, a known chelator of the transamination reaction intermediates. In the presence of copper(II) ion the amount of alanine product generated was increased by up to 32-fold relative to a pyridoxamine model compound in the presence of copper(II) ion. These functional results, accompanied by further CD and NMR spectroscopic analysis of CBP14, one of the CBP family of peptides, suggest that small synthetic betabeta alpha motif peptides can be used to influence the functional properties of coenzymes.
Fluorescence lifetime distributions in membrane systems

Membranes are complex biological systems that display heterogeneity at all spatial scales. At a molecular level, the heterogeneity arises from lipid and protein composition. At the cellular level, heterogeneity is due to membrane organization and large scale morphology. A quantitative evaluation of membrane heterogeneity at a microscopic level is very important for several fields of membrane studies. We have developed a method for the analysis of the decay of fluorescent membrane probes that can provide a quantity sensitive to membrane heterogeneity. This method is based on the analysis of the fluorescence decay using continuous lifetime distributions. The major challenge in the interpretation of the analysis results is in the identification, at a molecular level, of the mechanisms that influence the fluorescence decay. In this review we illustrate the principles of data analysis and we show examples of identification of the measured parameters with specific variables that affect membrane heterogeneity.
Discriminability of the postictal state produced by electroconvulsive shock in rats

Rats were trained to escape from shock in a T-maze. Repeated training sessions were administered with a right turn required after electroconvulsive shock (ECS) and a left turn after no treatment. Results were as follows: (1) Postictal state was readily discriminated 2-10 min after ECS. (2) Discriminability attenuated by 60 min and was absent 2-7 days after ECS. (3) Severe footshock just prior to ECS did not alter ECS discriminability. (4) No simple interchangeability between cueing effects of drugs and ECS was found. The postictal state is discriminated as rapidly as are centrally acting drugs. Similar mechanisms may be involved.
A particle system model for combining edge information from multiple segmentation modules

Abstract A model for fusing the output of multiple segmentation modules is presented. The model is based on the particle system approach to modeling dynamic objects from computer graphics. The model also has built-in capabilities to extract regions, thin the edge image, remove "twigs," and close gaps in the contours. The model functions both as an effective data fusion technique and as a model of an important human visual process.
Naked Clusters of 56 Tin Atoms in the Solid State

Isolated, gigantic tin clusters of 56 atoms are discovered in the ternary compound Ba16Na204Sn310 (cubic, F43m, Z = 1, a = 25.2041(8) A) made by direct fusion of the elements at 800 °C. The cluster, made of four face-fused pentagonal dodecahedra, has 36 pentagonal faces and 90 edges, and resembles a concave fullerene “dented” at four places. It is made of three- and four-bonded tin atoms and is “stuffed” with four barium cations, [Ba4@Sn56]36-. This is the largest main group naked cluster in the solid state besides the fullerenes. Also occurring in the structure are two other isolated clusters of tin, Sn16-n (n = 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4) and Sn8.
Difficulties in the Further Development of Venous Hemodynamics

The validity of hemodynamic theories developed for the arterial tree is examined with respect to their applicability to the venous system. The Navier-Stokes and continuity equations are given and the assumptions (in terms of these equations) found useful and justifiable for arterial theories are briefly described. The validity of these assumptions with respect to the venous system is considered. The significance of the dissimilarities in terms of computer simulation (analog and digital) is discussed. It is concluded that in regions which do not collapse much of the theory developed for the arterial system is applicable; in those regions which do collapse, theories based on the nonlinear Navier-Stokes equation should be considered.
The influence of job performance outcomes on ethical assessments

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how ethical assessments of employees are influenced by job performance outcomes, that is, by an employee's success or failure as measured by a successful or unsuccessful job appraisal.Design/methodology/approach – A sample of 180 employees rated the performance of a fictitious salesperson described in one of four written vignettes as successful/ethical, successful/unethical, unsuccessful/ethical or unsuccessful/unethical.Findings – Job performance outcomes bias the ethical assessments of raters, even raters with stronger ethical beliefs. Successful employees were judged to have exhibited more ethical behaviors than unsuccessful employees.Research limitations/implications – Job performance outcomes are a systematic source of bias that should be examined to determine the locus of effect as either rater perception and/or recall of ethical behavior that is biased by the job outcomes achieved by ratees. Studies should also examine other rater characteristics su...
Culture as Cure

tional discourses as an element of public mental health care and, thus, is medicalized.' It is rendered an object of discourse to be tracked, intensified, and reoriented as it becomes essential to the operations of power mechanisms in medical settings (Foucault 1978; Margolis 1976; Zola 1994). This article focuses on the production and application of notions about culture in a specific domain: the delivery of public, state-sanctioned, mental health services to subjects identified as ethnic "Others" in American society, a long-standing concern among policy makers in the United States. I focus on a group of Hispanic professionals and paraprofessionals who engaged in a process that required them to produce definitions of identity for the political purpose of mobilizing their patients' entitlement to adequate mental health care. In 1989 I was hired by a mental health research center in New York City as a senior research assistant on an evaluation team that was to assess the establishment and development of three bilingual, bicultural psychiatric programs for Hispanics. Both a group of Hispanic mental health professionals who advocated these programs and the government agencies that administered them agreed to their evaluation as a way to legitimize the programs in medical, institutional, and political terms. By the time I joined the three-year evaluation project it was slightly over a year old. Though some quantitative measures were to be used in assessing the development of the programs, an ethnographic methodology would predominate. I should note at this point that I use the term Hispanic though I am conscious of the alternatives that have been advanced for depicting the population
Current status of reduced-intensity allogeneic stem cell transplantation using alternative donors

The optimal donor for a patient undergoing reduced-intensity stem cell transplantation remains a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched relative. Alternative donors such as matched unrelated donors (MUDs), mismatched related donors (haploidentical), or unrelated umbilical cord blood (UCB) units have emerged as options as well. The most experience thus far has been with MUD donors, mostly attributed to the development of allele-specific DNA-based HLA-typing methods. The biggest drawback remains the significant delay needed to locate a donor. Haploidentical donors exist for almost all patients, and offer the convenience of a living related donor. However, significant rates of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and other toxicities continue to complicate such HLA mismatching. UCB is the most recent option for source of stem cells. Frozen cord blood units can be acquired almost immediately and are able to safely traverse 1 or 2-HLA antigen mismatch barriers. The experience with UCB has been limited by the low cell dose, although recent innovations are attempting to overcome this. In this review, we summarize the current experience and knowledge with alternative donors as stem cell sources for reduced-intensity transplantation.
On simulation and design implementation of generalized pipeline cellular array

A generalized pipeline array appeared in IEEE Trans. several years ago. The array can do various arithmetic operations in the pipeline manner. In this paper, the simulation of the array by using Cadence and Xilinx is discussed. The design implementation using Cadence, Xilinx and FPGA is further included in this paper. The purpose of this research is to develop a unified procedure for the design of digital circuits using Verilog. The proposed technique suggests HDL language procedure for digital design and is better than the conventional hardware implementation procedures.
Dipeptidic ammonium ion binding by a synthetic receptor

Abstract A conformationally homogeneous synthetic host molecule binds proline-derived dipeptidic guests both enantioselectively and diastereoselectively.