cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychopathology at initial diagnosis in dementia with Lewy bodies versus Alzheimer disease: comparison of matched groups with autopsy-confirmed diagnoses.

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is believed to be the second most common form of dementia, after Alzheimer disease (AD). DLB has been reported to be associated with an increase in psychopathology; however, antemortem diagnosis of DLB cannot always be made with certainty. We searched the database of University of California, San Diego SOCARE (Seniors Only Care) outpatient program. There were 26 autopsy-confirmed cases of DLB. We matched them individually with 26 autopsy-confirmed cases of ‘pure’ AD on gender, ethnicity, and Mini-Mental State Examination score at the baseline evaluation. We compared the two groups on psychopathologic measures and possible risk factors for psychopathology based on the data obtained at the time of the initial diagnosis of dementia. Five psychiatric symptoms: hallucinations, delusions, anxiety, anhedonia, and loss of energy were significantly more common in DLB patients than in AD patients. DLB patients were younger at initial evaluation and death as compared to AD patients, but there was no difference in age of onset of dementia, level of education, or family or past history of any major neuropsychiatric disorder, prescription of psychotropic medications, or sensory impairment. Psychiatric symptoms were more common at time of initial diagnosis of dementia in DLB than in AD patients. This difference could not be attributed to any known risk factors for psychopathology examined. Psychopathology should be considered an integral part of DLB, and should be taken into account in the initial diagnosis of the type of dementia. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single pass text classification by direct feature weighting

The Feature Weighting Classifier (FWC) is an efficient multi-class classification algorithm for text data that uses Information Gain to directly estimate per-class feature weights in the classifier. This classifier requires only a single pass over the dataset to compute the feature frequencies per class, is easy to implement, and has memory usage that is linear in the number of features. Results of experiments performed on 128 binary and multi-class text and web datasets show that FWC’s performance is at least comparable to, and often better than that of Naive Bayes, TWCNB, Winnow, Balanced Winnow and linear SVM. On a large-scale web dataset with 12,294 classes and 135,973 training instances, FWC trained in 13 s and yielded comparable classification performance to a state of the art multi-class SVM implementation, which took over 15 min to train.
Adjoint-accelerated statistical and deterministic inversion of atmospheric contaminant transport

Abstract In this work we present and compare deterministic and statistical algorithms for efficiently solving large-scale contaminant source inversion problems. The underlying equations of contaminant transport are assumed linear but unsteady and defined over complex geometries. The algorithms presented are accelerated through discrete adjoint solutions that are pre-computed efficiently in an offline stage, yielding savings in the time-critical online stage of several orders of magnitude in computational time. In the deterministic case, adjoints accelerate the application of the Hessian matrix, while in the statistical case, adjoints are used to directly evaluate samples. To address deterioration of statistical sampling efficiency for anisotropic posteriors, we present an application of a recently developed ensemble Markov chain Monte Carlo method. Results for two- and three-dimensional problems demonstrate the feasibility of statistical inversion for large-scale problems and show the advantage of statistical results over single-point deterministic results.
Association of walkability with obesity in Baltimore City, Maryland

Objectives. To investigate the association between walkability and obesity, we studied adults residing in Baltimore City, Maryland, in neighborhoods of varying racial and socioeconomic composition. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 3493 participants from the study Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span. We used the Pedestrian Environment Data Scan to measure neighborhood walkability in 34 neighborhoods of diverse racial and socioeconomic composition in which the study participants lived. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to determine walkability scores. Multilevel modeling was used to determine prevalence ratios for the association between walkability and obesity. Results. Among individuals living in predominately White and high-socioeconomic status (SES) neighborhoods, residing in highly walkable neighborhoods was associated with a lower prevalence of obesity when compared with individuals living in poorly walkable neighborhoods, after adjusting for individual-level demographic variables (prevalence ratio-[PR]=0.58; P= Language: en
Ciliate Biology: Dynamin Goes Nuclear

Dynamin and dynamin-related proteins (DRPs) mediate an array of membrane fission processes. A Tetrahymena DRP has adopted a new role, assisting in nuclear differentiation, a finding that further highlights these proteins - and this ciliate - as biological innovators.
Identification and Management of Intravagal Parathyroid Adenoma

Intravagal parathyroid adenomas are rare, with only three cases reported in the English literature. The objective of this report is to describe two additional patients with hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands found within the vagus nerve and to define the anatomy of this finding. Both patients presented with a history of persistent hyperparathyroidism despite multiple therapeutic interventions. A high cervical localization was established in both cases by selective venous sampling. In each patient successful removal of the intravagal parathyroid gland was achieved with subsequent resolution of calcium and parathyroid levels. Each adenoma was located within the vagus nerve below the level of the carotid bifurcation and was enucleated without sacrificing the vagus nerve. In our cases and those reported previously, the parathyroid glands were supernumerary, representing parathyroid tissue embryologically derived from the third branchial pouch. Exploration for hyperparathyroidism requires a complete, meticulous surgical dissection to identify all parathyroid glands and to search for possible accessory tissue in selected cases. Our experience and a review of the literature serve to emphasize that, although rare, intravagal parathyroid adenomas do occur. Examination of the vagus nerve should therefore be strongly considered when four normal glands are found, as intravagal adenomas appear to represent accessory ectopically located parathyroid tissue.
The incentive value of complexity

A free-selection procedure was employed to examine complexity as an incentive. Twenty-four hungry rats were given a choice in a double alley between food and a goal area containing objects of differing complexities. This setting provided the animals an alternative response, i.e., to choose the food alley, but instead they frequently chose the complexity alley. This frequency increased when the complexity of the stimuli was high and decreased with a corresponding decrease in complexity. These results were interpreted as implicating complexity as a positive incentive.
Pilomatrixoma of the head and neck

Pilomatrixoma is an uncommon neoplasm which occurs most frequently in the head and neck region. It usually presents as a slowly growing dermal or subcutaneous mass. Unfamiliarity with this lesion may lead the physician to mistake it for more common infectious or neoplastic processes. Most pilomatrixomas are benign and are adequately treated by local excision. Since a spectrum of clinical and histologic aggressiveness (pilomatrixoma carcinoma) has been noted in some lesions, a more aggressive surgical approach for such tumors is recommended. Two patients with pilomatrixoma are presented to emphasize the diagnostic confusion that can occur.
Rabi oscillations and generalizations

Abstract A unified, quantum mechanical account of the behavior of a model atom with few relavant energy eigenstates and subject to intense monochromatic incoming radiation is given. The modifications of the standard application of quantum electrodynamics needed to include incoming fields of finite intensity are described. A projected Green's function method for evaluating either the time evolution or spectral properties of systems is developed and applied to a variety of systems, including: (1) An atom with two to four levels interacting with a radiation field of one or two modes, resulting in various forms of Rabi oscillation; (2)_An atom interacting with all modes of the radiation field in its vacuum state, resulting in the possibility of spontaneous radiation; (3) An atom interacting with all modes of the radiation field with one highly excited, resulting in damped Rabi oscillation, resonance fluorescence, optical pumping, and in a continuing sequence of photon emissions which are studied in some detail.
The physiology and mechanisms of the stress-induced changes in prolactin secretion in the rat

It is well known that stress in a number of forms induces the secretion of prolactin (PRL) in a number of species. What is not well known is that under certain conditions stress will also induce a decrease in PRL secretion. The conditions whereby stress decreases PRL are those where PRL secretion is elevated such as during the proestrous afternoon surge and during the nocturnal surge of pseudopregnancy. The physiologic significance of the stress-induced increase of PRL is suggested to be important in maintaining the competence of the immune system. The significance of the stress-induced decrease of PRL does not appear to have a major consequence on the physiology of reproduction in the rat and it is suggested that future studies be directed towards its significance in the immune system. The literature is reviewed dealing with the regulation of PRL secretion with emphasis on the factors that generate PRL surges in the rat. In addition the mechanism(s) of the stress-induced increase and decrease is (are) also examined. A hypothesis is presented suggesting an interaction between tuberoinfundibular dopamine secretion and a hypothalamic prolactin releasing factor in the generation of PRL surges and the differential effects of stress on PRL secretion.
The Archives of Surgery at age 75. A time for reassessment.

MANY AMERICAN physicians, and even many nonphysicians, still know the name of Morris Fishbein, MD, the 25-year (1924 to 1949) legendary seventh editor of JAMA . In many ways, Fishbein was the voice of American medicine, serving much of his time as not only the editor of JAMA but also as chief administrative officer of the American Medical Association (AMA) and American medicine's loudest, most eloquent, and most influential spokesman. 1 However, few American physicians, and hardly any nonphysicians, remember his immediate predecessor, George H. Simmons, MD, who also served as the editor of JAMA for 25 years and held many other influential posts as well. It is my opinion that George Simmons had more impact on American medicine than did Morris Fishbein. Why? Because, during his 25 years (1899 to 1924), he brought JAMA circulation from 1000 to 80 000 and made it the foremost medical publication in the world.
Ascitic fluid analysis in the differentiation of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis from gastrointestinal tract perforation into ascitic fluid

A review of patients with bacterial peritonitis and ascites revealed six patients with gastrointestinal tract perforation into their ascitic fluid and 33 episodes of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in 32 patients. Signs and symptoms were not helpful in differentiating the two groups; however, ascitic fluid analysis was found to be useful. All patients with perforation peritonitis fulfilled at least two of the following criteria: ascitic fluid total protein greater than 1 gm per dl, glucose less than 50 mg per dl and lactate dehydrogenase greater than 225 mU per ml. In only two episodes of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis were two of the criteria fulfilled.
Third- and fourth-order perturbation corrections to excitation energies from configuration interaction singles

Complete third-order and partial fourth-order Rayleigh-Schrodinger perturbation corrections to excitation energies from configuration interaction singles (CIS) have been derived and termed CIS(3) and CIS(4)(P). They have been implemented by the automated system TENSOR CONTRACTION ENGINE into parallel-execution programs taking advantage of spin, spatial, and index permutation symmetries and applicable to closed- and open-shell molecules. The consistent use of factorization, first introduced by Head-Gordon et al. in the second-order correction to CIS denoted CIS(D), has reduced the computational cost of CIS(3) and CIS(4)(P) from O(n(8)) and O(n(6)) to O(n(6)) and O(n(5)), respectively, with n being the number of orbitals. It has also guaranteed the size extensivity of excited-state energies of these methods, which are in turn the sum of size-intensive excitation energies and the ground-state energies from the standard Moller-Plesset perturbation theory at the respective orders. The series CIS(D), CIS(3), and CIS(4)(P) are usually monotonically convergent at values close to the accurate results predicted by coupled-cluster singles and doubles (CCSD) with a small fraction of computational costs of CCSD for predominantly singly excited states characterized by a 90%-100% overlap between the CIS and CCSD wave functions. When the overlap is smaller, the perturbation theory is incapable of adequately accounting for the mixing of the CIS states through higher-than-singles sectors of the Hamiltonian matrix, resulting in wildly oscillating series with often very large errors in CIS(4)(P). Hence, CIS(3) and CIS(4)(P) have a rather small radius of convergence and a limited range of applicability, but within that range they can be an inexpensive alternative to CCSD.
Quantized Hall effect in a hexagonal periodic potential

The Hall conductivity of a two-dimensional electron gas in a strong magnetic field and a hexagonal periodic potential is discussed. The hexagonal potential is treated by separating it into a term which depends on only one coordinate and a second term, treated perturbatively, which depends on both coordinates. Emphasis is placed on the origin of the differences between the hexagonal potential case and the square-lattice potential case discussed earlier by Thouless et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 405 (1982)]. The calculations are based on a simple physical criterion for determining the Hall conductivity which has been justified starting from the Kubo formula.
Illness Transmission in the Home: A Possible Role for Alcohol-Based Hand Gels

Objectives. The widespread use of child care has altered the epidemiology of respiratory and gastrointestinal (GI) infection in the community. Our primary objective was to measure transmission of respiratory and GI illnesses among families with children enrolled in child care. We also sought to examine potential predictors of reduced illness transmission in the home in a secondary analysis. Methods. We performed an observational, prospective cohort study to determine transmission rates for respiratory and GI illnesses within families with at least 1 child between 6 months and 5 years of age enrolled in child care. A survey about family beliefs and practices was mailed at the beginning of the study. Symptom diaries were provided for families to record the timing and duration of respiratory and GI illnesses. To ensure the accuracy of symptom diaries, biweekly telephone calls were performed to review illnesses recorded by participants. Families with ≥4 weeks of data recorded were included in the analysis. Families were recruited from 5 pediatric practices in the metropolitan Boston area. Of 261 families who agreed to participate in the study, 208 were available for analysis. Secondary transmission rates for respiratory and GI illnesses were measured as illnesses per susceptible person-month. Results. We observed 1545 respiratory and 360 GI illnesses in 208 families from November 2000 to May 2001. Of these, 1099 (71%) respiratory and 297 (83%) GI illnesses were considered primary illnesses introduced into the home. The secondary transmission rates for respiratory and GI illnesses were 0.63 and 0.35 illnesses per susceptible person-month, respectively. Only two thirds of respondents correctly believed that contact transmission was important in the spread of colds, and fewer than half believed that it was important in the spread of stomach flus. Twenty-two percent of respondents reported use of alcohol-based hand gels all, most, or some of the time; 33% reported always washing their hands after blowing or wiping a nose. In multivariate models, use of alcohol-based hand gels had a protective effect against respiratory illness transmission in the home. Conclusions. In homes with young children enrolled in child care, illness transmission to family members occurs frequently. Alcohol-based hand gel use was associated with reduced respiratory illness transmission in the home.
Neutron-deuteron scattering at 152 MeV

Abstract The elastic and inelastic neutron-deuteron differential cross sections have been measured for a neutron energy of 152 MeV. Deuterons and protons were detected in the angular range of 5° to 40° relative to the incident neutron beam. The results for elastically scattered particles are reasonably consistent with earlier proton-deuteron measurements. The theoretical analysis of the inelastic scattering results appears in a separate paper.
Pedogenesis, geochemical forms of heavy metals, and artifact weathering in an urban soil chronosequence, Detroit, Michigan.

Abstract An urban soil chronosequence in downtown Detroit, MI was studied to determine the effects of time on pedogenesis and heavy metal sequestration. The soils developed in fill derived from mixed sandy and clayey diamicton parent materials on a level late Pleistocene lakebed plain under grass vegetation in a humid-temperate (mesic) climate. The chronosequence is comprised of soils in vacant lots (12 and 44 years old) and parks (96 and 120 years old), all located within 100 m of a roadway. An A-horizon 16 cm thick with 2% organic matter has developed after only 12 years of pedogenesis. The 12 year-old soil shows accelerated weathering of iron (e.g. nails) and cement artifacts attributed to corrosion by excess soluble salts of uncertain origin. Carbonate and Fe-oxide are immobilizing agents for heavy metals, hence it is recommended that drywall, plaster, cement and iron artifacts be left in soils at brownfield sites for their ameliorating effects.
Polymorphism and predictability at the α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase locus in Colias butterflies: Gradients in allele frequency within single populations

Heterozygosity at the α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase locus of five species of Colias butterflies is widespread in montane populations; alpine and lowland populations are not heterozygous. Within a single demographically characterized population of C. meadii where the population extends from alpine down into montane habitats, a marked cline in allele frequency is seen. Such within-population clines suggest the involvement of strong selection across the marked ecological interface. Thermal factors are the most likely causative agents, but associative overdominance is not excluded.
The electrochemical reduction of nitrous oxide in alkaline solution

Summary The reduction of N 2 O has been studied by cyclic voltammetry for a variety of solution conditions. At a platinum electrode with a freshly formed oxide film N 2 O is reduced by an adsorption process. The reduction process is blocked by the presence of NO, NO 2 − , PbO 2 − or I − in the sample solution. At more negative potentials the N 2 O appears to be repelled from the surface by double layer effects.
The Treatment of Breast Cancer:: II. A 20-Year Follow-up and Reappraisal of the En Bloc Principle

• This retrospective study of the extended Oregon Series (1940 to 1965) of patients with breast cancer, first reported in 1961, compares the now long-term results of treatment of pathologic stage T2/3 N0 breast cancers with intent to cure by the following two en bloc ablative operative procedures of variable extent and completeness: standard radical mastectomy vs ultraradical mastectomy. The extent and completeness of the en bloc procedure are shown again to be critical determinants of local control and survival. The local recurrence rate for standard radical mastectomy is 12.4% (8/70) and for ultraradical mastectomy it is 0% (0/78). Proportionate survival at 20 years for standard radical mastectomy was 59.8% (95% confidence limits, 0.598±0.14) and for ultraradical mastectomy it was 98.1% (95% confidence limits, 0.981 ± 0.04). ( Arch Surg 1988;123:1059-1062)
Life Cycle Energy Analysis as a Method for Material Selection

This paper presents a method of performing Life Cycle Energy Analysis (LCEA) for the purpose of material selection. The method applies product analysis methods to the evaluation of material options for automotive components. Specifically, LCEA is used to compare material options for a bumper-reinforcing beam on a 1030 kg vehicle. From an energy perspective, glass fiber composites and high-strength steel beams performed best. This paper also presents a set of life cycle energy terms designed to clearly distinguish between energy consumption occurring during different phases of a product’s life cycle. In addition, this paper compares the results of the LCEA method to those of other energy analyses and demonstrates how different methods of varying thoroughness can result in different material selections. Finally, opportunities are identified for extending this type of analysis beyond both automotive components and energy consumption.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Staff survey results and characteristics that predict assault and injury to personnel working in mental health facilities

The purpose of this study was to complete a mental health staff opinion survey to identify patient and staff characteristics associated with staff assault and injury in psychiatric treatment settings and to develop a model of prediction for staff assault and injury utilizing these survey variables. The data consisted of opinion surveys sent to staff of 15 child, adolescent, and adult psychiatry inpatient units in the United States. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the level of assault and staff-reported injury prediction that could be obtained from the staff-completed opinion survey. Responses indicated a high prevalence of reported aggression, with 62.3% of staff endorsing verbal and physical aggression, property destruction, and self-injurious behavior as being prevalent at their site, whereas only 4.1% rated none of these as prevalent. Staff working with children and adolescents in settings with high rates of psychiatric diagnoses reported increased frequency of assault and injury compared with those working with adults. Younger, less experienced staff reported higher rates of assault and injury. Staff working with female patients reported similar rates of assault and injury to those working with males. A logistic regression analysis using staff-reported survey results of both staff and patient characteristics predicted assault correctly 73.7% of the time and injury 66.1% of the time. Resources for violence prevention and staff training programs in violence prevention are needed in child and adolescent psychiatry wards. Results are consistent with theories emphasizing the importance of negative emotions and affects, impulsivity, and frustration in goal-directed activities in human aggression. Aggr. Behav. 29:31–40, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Influence of protein flexibility on the redox potential of rubredoxin: energy minimization studies.

A theoretical investigation of the protein contribution to the redox potential of the iron–sulfur protein rubredoxin is presented. Structures of the oxidized and reduced forms of the protein were obtained by energy minimizing the oxidized crystal structure of Clostridium pasteurianum rubredoxin with appropriate charges and parameters. By including 102 crystal waters, structures close to the original crystal structure were obtained (rms difference of 1.16 A), even with extensive minimization, thus allowing accurate calculations of comparative energies. Our calculations indicate an energy change of about –60 kcal/mol (2.58 eV) in the protein alone upon reduction. This energy change was due to both the change in charge of the redox site and the subsequent relaxation of the protein. An energy minimization procedure for the relaxation gives rms differences between the oxidized and reduced states of about 0.2 A. The changes were small and occurred in both the backbone and sidechain mainly near the Fe–S center but contributed about – 16 kcal/mol (0.69 eV) to the total protein contribution. Although the neglect of certain effects such as electronic polarization may make the relaxation energies calculated an upper limit, the results indicate that protein relaxation contributes substantially to the redox potential. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Dust release and mantle development in comets

A model of dust release and dust mantle development by cometary nuclei is developed to explain the brightness asymmetry observed in comets before and after perihelion. Assuming that the cometary nucleus consists of a uniform mixture of dust and volatile ices and taking into account the differential mass spectrum of the dust and the effect of nuclear gravity, it is shown that the factor which determines whether a comet will be brighter before or after perihelion is the mass ratio of dust to volatiles in the nucleus. If this ratio is greater than about two, the comet will be brighter on the inward path and not lose its mantle near perihelion. Applying the model to comet Halley (dust to volatiles ratio presumed to be less than two), it is predicted that the comet remains without a mantle until it reaches a heliocentric distance of 2.035 AU after perihelion and loses its mantle suddenly at a distance of about 1.45 AU on the inward path, causing it to be brighter after perihelion. Predictions of monochromatic brightness are found to be in fair agreement with total observed brightnesses.
End-of-Life Planning Activities: An Integrated Process

This study examined end-of-life planning and whether common characteristics predicted completion of these decisions. Participants in the Nebraska End-of-Life Survey were asked whether they had heard about or completed five plans: a health care power of attorney agreement, a living will, a last will and testament, funeral or burial preplanning, and organ and tissue donation. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of these outcomes. Predictors of completing end-of-life plans, including funeral and burial preplanning, included older age, higher household income, and higher religiosity. This suggests that all of these decisions may be part of an integrated planning process at the end of life. Further, results from this study indicate that the role of religiosity, found in this study to predict both financial and health care planning, warrants further exploration.
Spatial Control of the TSC Complex Integrates Insulin and Nutrient Regulation of mTORC1 at the Lysosome

mTORC1 promotes cell growth in response to nutrients and growth factors. Insulin activates mTORC1 through the PI3K-Akt pathway, which inhibits the TSC1-TSC2-TBC1D7 complex (the TSC complex) to turn on Rheb, an essential activator of mTORC1. However, the mechanistic basis of how this pathway integrates with nutrient-sensing pathways is unknown. We demonstrate that insulin stimulates acute dissociation of the TSC complex from the lysosomal surface, where subpopulations of Rheb and mTORC1 reside. The TSC complex associates with the lysosome in a Rheb-dependent manner, and its dissociation in response to insulin requires Akt-mediated TSC2 phosphorylation. Loss of the PTEN tumor suppressor results in constitutive activation of mTORC1 through the Akt-dependent dissociation of the TSC complex from the lysosome. These findings provide a unifying mechanism by which independent pathways affecting the spatial recruitment of mTORC1 and the TSC complex to Rheb at the lysosomal surface serve to integrate diverse growth signals.
Aqueous two-phase extraction for protein recovery from corn extracts

Corn has been used as an expression host for several recombinant proteins with potential for large-scale production. Cost-effective downstream initial recovery, separation and concentration remain a challenge. Aqueous two-phase (ATP) partitioning has been used to recover and concentrate proteins from fermentation broths and offers advantages for integration of those steps with biomass removal. To examine the applicability of ATP partitioning to recombinant protein purification from corn endosperm and germ, ATP system parameters including poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) molecular weight (MW), phase-forming salt, tie line length (TLL), and pH were manipulated to control partitioning of extracted native proteins from each fraction. Moderate PEG MW, reduction of phase ratio, and added NaCl effected complete recovery of the hydrophobic model protein lysozyme in the top phase with ca. 5x enrichment and illustrates a favorable match of recombinant protein characteristics, expression host, and separation method. Furthermore, integration of protein extraction with the partitioning reduced the load of contaminating host proteins relative to the more traditional separate steps of extraction followed by partitioning. Performance of the integrated partitioning was hindered by endosperm solids loading, whereas for germ, which has ca. 35x higher aqueous soluble protein, the limit was protein solubility. For more hydrophilic model proteins (the model being cytochrome c), effective separation required further reduction of PEG MW to effect more partitioning of host proteins to the top phase and enrichment of the model protein in the lower phase. The combination of PEG MW of 1450 with 8.5 wt.% NaCl addition (Na(2)SO(4) as the phase-forming salt) provided for complete recovery of cytochrome c in the lower phase with enrichment of 9x (germ) and 5x (endosperm). As a result of lower-phase recovery, the advantage of simultaneous removal of solids is lost. The lower solubility of native endosperm proteins results in higher purity for the same enrichment.
Verified Cryptographic Implementations for TLS

We narrow the gap between concrete implementations of cryptographic protocols and their verified models. We develop and verify a small functional implementation of the Transport Layer Security protocol (TLS 1.0). We make use of the same executable code for interoperability testing against mainstream implementations for automated symbolic cryptographic verification and automated computational cryptographic verification. We rely on a combination of recent tools and also develop a new tool for extracting computational models from executable code. We obtain strong security guarantees for TLS as used in typical deployments.
Increased vaginal oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inducible nitric oxide synthase in a diabetic rat model: implications for vaginal fibrosis

Objective To determine whether vaginal fibrosis occurs in diabetic animals and is associated with oxidative stress and cell death and with the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), as a putative antifibrotic mechanism. Design Research experimental project. Setting University research laboratory. Animal(s) Female Wistar rats. Intervention(s) Female rats were injected with streptozotocin or saline and killed at 3 months. The vaginas were excised and processed for paraffin-embedded sections (n = 6 per group) or were frozen for biochemical and molecular biology procedures. Main Outcome Measure(s) Immunohistochemistry and quantitative image analysis were applied to tissue sections to measure α-smooth muscle actin, transforming growth factor β1, plasminogen activator inhibitor, NOS isoforms, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, apoptotic index, and nitrotyrosine. Xanthine dehydrogenase, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and hydroxyproline were measured in fresh vaginal tissue (n = 5 per group). Reactive oxygen species also were determined in blood. Result(s) Diabetes was associated with vaginal fibrosis, as evidenced by increased collagen, transforming growth factor β1, plasminogen activator inhibitor, and apoptosis, and by decreased α-smooth muscle actin. The increment of ROS and the reduction of superoxide dismutase indicated oxidative stress in diabetic tissue, accompanied by iNOS induction and increased nitric oxide–ROS reaction. Conclusion(s) Diabetes in the rat causes oxidative stress and fibrosis in the vagina, which may be compensated partially by iNOS induction to reduce ROS.
Gravitational driving and energy of Adriatic tides

IN small semiclosed seas, tides are excited through their open boundaries by the tides in the more extensive bodies with which they ‘co-oscillate’1–5. Nevertheless the energy dissipated in such seas is not necessarily advected from and lost by, the larger system5.
OPTICAL EMISSION STUDIES ON GRAPHITE IN A LASER/VAPORIZATION SUPERSONIC JET CLUSTER SOURCE

Abstract C 2 Swan band emission (d 3 П g → a 3 П u , 170 ns lifetime) is observed in a supersonic free jet using a pulsed laser/vaporization source with a graphite target. In He, Swan band emission is observed at distances of up to 15 nozzle diameters from the orifice and as long as 6 μs after the laser pulse. The emission data are reported as a function of laser intensity, backing pressure, downstream distance, and delay times. Evidence is presented supporting the continuous localized formation of excited C 2 molecules in the free jet via dissociative processes involving larger neutral and charged carbon clusters.
Glucose protects DBA/2J mice from audiogenic seizures: correlation with brain glycogen levels.

The time courses of changes in liver, blood, and brain cortical glucose and glycogen levels were measured in 21-day-old DBA/2J mice after an IP injection of 10 g/kg glucose. Other mice were injected with glucose and tested for susceptibility to audiogenic seizures (AGS). Susceptibility to AGS fell from maximal levels to complete protection by 4 h, remained low through 6 h, then began to return to control levels by 8 h. Liver, blood, and brain glucose levels all rose to a peak soon after the injection, then fell linearly and returned to control levels by 6–8 h. Changes in brain glycogen levels reflected changes in AGS susceptibility.
Cervical skin flap reconstruction after hemilaryngectomy

There are a multitude of therapeutic options for treatment of early glottic carcinomas. The 2 main therapies are radiation and some form of conservation surgery. In surgical therapy, the challenge remains to reconstruct a competent and functional larynx. This would include the ability to phonate properly and avoid aspiration. There are many reconstructive techniques in the literature. We review our experience using the cervical skin flap in reconstruction for hemilaryngectomy. The technique is simple and the functional results are gratifying.
Three-dimensional structure of glycolipids in biological membranes.

Characterizing the structure–function relationships of glycolipids in lipid membranes is a challenging endeavor. Glycolipid “structure” is rarely, if ever, a unique low-energy conformer, but an ensemble of dynamic states, which vary in their presentation of binding epitopes. The modulation of binding epitopes not only is an internal process but also is influenced by external factors such as glycolipid clustering and fluctuations in and composition of the fluid membrane environment. As with other glyco-conjugates, three-dimensional structural elucidation has relied heavily on nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and computational modeling. Discrete conformational states can be discerned from motion-averaged experimental data by employing independent molecular dynamics simulations. Using model membranes such as micelles, bicelles, and bilayers, we can approximate the effect of their biological environment and quantify cell-surface presentation.
Benefit of slow infusion of hypertonic saline/dextran in swine with uncontrolled aortotomy hemorrhage.

Abstract : ACT In laboratory models of uncontrolled hemorrhage, immediate resuscitation from hemorrhage is associated with high mortality. However, in clinical practice, resuscitation is often delayed and the rate of fluid administration is limited. We hypothesized that a slow rate of infusion after delayed resuscitation, reflecting the clinical environment, might improve survival in the presence of uncontrolled hemorrhage. To investigate the rate of administration in the presence of delayed resuscitation, we subjected anesthetized swine weighing 35 to 45 kg to wire suture abdominal aortotomy that resulted in an uncontrolled hemorrhage. After a 30-min delay, hemorrhaged swine were infused i.v. with 4 mL/kg hypertonic saline/Dextran solution (7.5% saline in 6% Dextran 70) administered as a bolus over 1 min or as a slow infusion over 12 min (the time period to administer a similar volume to a human with a gravity feed i.v. and an 18-gauge needle) and were then monitored for another 90 min. Survival increased to 78% (seven of nine) in the slow infusion group compared with a survival rate of 56% (five of nine) in the bolus group and 50% (7/14) in the untreated controls. Blood loss was significantly higher in the bolus group (926 + or - 77 mL) compared with the slow infusion (714 + or - 83 mL) and control groups (604 + or - 46 mL). Hypertonic saline/Dextran administered slowly significantly increased cardiac output and blood pressure. Taken together, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that resusication solutions can be effective for treatment of uncontrolled hemorrhage when administered at a slow infsuion rate 30 min after the insult.
A NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL COMPARISON OF THREE DISTINCT REGIONS OF THE PRIMATE FRONTAL LOBE

We examined whether reported physiological distinctions between prefrontal (PF) and premotor (PM) areas reflect true dissimilarity or instead result from technical considerations such as differences among species, individuals, or behavioural, physiological and anatomical techniques. A Rhesus monkey performed a task involving 2 stimulus events on each trial: the first stimulus appeared briefly, then after a delay period, 2 peripheral stimuli appeared simultaneously. The monkey had to delay responding for an additional, self-timed instructed delay period, then contact a touch pad beneath the peripheral stimulus of the colour matching the first stimulus. PM and PF cortex differ in several respects. More PF than PM neurons discharge during the presentation of the first stimulus, and only PF neurons show phasic bursts of activity shortly after that stimulus disappears. During the instructed delay period, cells in PF begin activity earlier than PM neurons, whereas PM neurons continue their activity longer. Similarly, PF cells show greater discharge modulation early in the instructed delay period compared with PM cells, which discharge more intensely later. Cells with apparent selectivity for stimulus characteristics appear only in PF. Thus our results support the view that PM and PF have distinctive physiological properties that cannot be accounted for by technical considerations alone. In addition, we describe the activity cells in a cortical region, here termed the dorsomedial frontal cortex, which has a distinctive dysgranular cytoarchitecture and has physiological properties that ally it with PF.
Showerhead-Enhanced Inertial Particle Deposition in Parallel-Plate Reactors

ABSTRACT Particle deposition is modeled in a parallel-plate reactor geometry characteristic of a wide range of semiconductor process tools: uniform downward flow exiting a perforated-plate showerhead separated by a small gap from a circular wafer resting on a parallel susceptor. Because the area available to flow is constricted inside the showerhead, high gas velocities within showerhead holes can accelerate particles and lead to inertia-enhanced particle deposition on the wafer below. Numerical models are presented for determining the extent of inertia-enhanced deposition in a parallel-plate geometry for particles originating upstream of the showerhead. The problem is treated in two steps, for which particle and fluid transport are determined: 1) within a showerhead-hole, and 2) between the showerhead and susceptor. Analytic expressions are presented for the gas velocity in the showerhead holes. Particle transport analysis leads to an analytic expression for the dimensionless particle velocity at the exi...
Charge-transfer luminescence from ruthenium(II) complexes containing tridentate ligands

Four complexes of the general formula Ru(NNN)2+2 (N NN = tridentate N-heterocyclic ligand) were synthesized and studied spectroscopically. All exhibit visible absorption spectra that are charge-transfer-to-ligand in origin, are luminescent in glasses at 77 K, and display emission spectra that possess energies, structures, and decay tines that label them as charge transfer.
Heat Exchange and Condensation in Reduced Gravity

The present investigation was sponsored by the NASA Reduced Gravity Student Flight Opportunity Program and was conducted by the University of Tennessee students aboard KC-135 in parabolic flights. The goal of the experiment was to study saturated air-water mixture to simulate the dynamics of condensation and heat exchange in two-phase flows and gain a better understanding of condensation under reduced gravity condition. In the experimental apparatus saturate air/water mixture is pumped through a one-inch cooled horizontal test pipe (condenser). Sets of thermocouples record change of temperature of liquid water, temperature of saturated air across the condenser, and temperature of liquid and fog after the test section. The water temperature measurements indicate lower water temperature and larger exit fog temperature at the condenser exit under reduced gravity as compared with normal gravity results. It was also observed that for relatively small water flow rate and velocity heat exchange between air and water streams was larger for reduced gravity conditions relative to normal gravity conditions.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Microfluidic characterization of cilia-driven fluid flow using optical coherence tomography-based particle tracking velocimetry

Motile cilia are cellular organelles that generate directional fluid flow across various epithelial surfaces including the embryonic node and respiratory mucosa. The proper functioning of cilia is necessary for normal embryo development and, for the respiratory system, the clearance of mucus and potentially harmful particulate matter. Here we show that optical coherence tomography (OCT) is well-suited for quantitatively characterizing the microfluidic-scale flow generated by motile cilia. Our imaging focuses on the ciliated epithelium of Xenopus tropicalis embryos, a genetically manipulable and experimentally tractable animal model of human disease. We show qualitative flow profile characterization using OCT-based particle pathline imaging. We show quantitative, two-dimensional, two-component flow velocity field characterization using OCT-based particle tracking velocimetry. Quantitative imaging and phenotyping of cilia-driven fluid flow using OCT will enable more detailed research in ciliary biology and in respiratory medicine.
Dual role of ionic liquids as phase transfer catalyst and solvent for glycosidation reactions

This report describes the dual role of ionic liquids as phase transfer catalysts and reaction media in heterogeneous glycosidation reactions. Thorough study using a diverse set of ionic liquids provided insight into the relationship between ionic liquid structure and catalytic activity in these reactions. For example, glycosidation was efficient in ionic liquid 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (HxMIm.PF6), and the O- and S-glycosides were produced exclusively in moderate to good yields. As an outcome of the preliminary screen, a tailored novel ionic liquid, 1-hydroxyhexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (HOHxMIm.PF6) was rationally designed to be immiscible with water and traditional organic solvents. This provided an advantage in ionic liquid recycling and product recovery via convenient triphasic extraction. The versatility of this methodology was demonstrated through glycosidation reaction on a wide variety of substrates including phenols (17–79%), thiophenols (24–97%), chalcone (44%), and flavone (50–67%). Furthermore, this study shows that the ionic liquid could be employed for at least three runs without apparent loss in activity.
A One Year Polar Scientific Expedition Analog to a Mars Mission

The Otto Sverdrup Centennial Expedition group consisted of an international team of 6 adults (3 married couples) and one child which spent a year traveling to and living in the Canadian Arctic. The group composition provided a unique analog to some of the speculations about the most appropriate group to select for long-duration Mars planetary habitation. This study examined individual factors, group interactions, and task performance over the course of the expedition. Subjects completed personality questionnaires, partner relationship, and work attitude and satisfaction measures prior to departure, and weekly rating forms during the Arctic period assessing mood, stress and coping, relationships, sleep patterns, energy and appetite, and work performance. Personal semi-structured interviews were also conducted approximately 9 months into the isolation period. In general, the group functioned well and expressed satisfaction with their performance. The primary stressors were feelings of confinement, lack of p...
STRUCTURAL AND COMPOSITIONAL ALTERATION OF TOOTH ENAMEL IN HEREDITARY EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a group of conditions characterized by basement membrane and cellular defects that result in skin fragility and variable extra-cutaneous involvement. The teeth can be severely affected with marked enamel malformations. The purpose of this study was to characterize the structure and composition of teeth from individuals representing the major EB groups (EB simplex, dystrophic EB and junctional EB). Teeth were examined from 28 individuals with EB and 10 healthy people unaffected by EB. Teeth from individuals with junctional EB had marked enamel hypoplasia with varying abnormalities in the enamel structure. Minor structural defects of enamel, including areas of surface pitting, were seen in the other EB types. Although there was a slight reduction (=10%) in the enamel mineral content in several dystrophic EB and junctional EB teeth, the mean mineral content was similar for all EB enamel types and normal enamel. This study shows that while individuals with junctional EB have mark...
Demand-Based Option Pricing

We model the demand-pressure effect on prices when options cannot be perfectly hedged. The model shows that demand pressure in one option contract increases its price by an amount proportional to the variance of the unhedgeable part of the option. Similarly, the demand pressure increases the price of any other option by an amount proportional to the covariance of their unhedgeable parts. Empirically, we identify aggregate positions of dealers and end users using a unique dataset, and show that demand-pressure effects help explain well-known option-pricing puzzles. First, end users are net long index options, especially out-of-money puts, which helps explain their apparent expensiveness and the smirk. Second, demand patterns help explain the cross section of prices and skews of single-stock options.