cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring the entanglement of photons produced by a nanosecond pulsed source

A source of entangled photons based on well-separated laser pump pulses (PDs) with a duration in the nanosecond range may be useful in many applications. Yet, such a source has intrinsic problems arising from the simultaneous arrival of signal and noise photons to the detectors, which makes the methods unsuitable for dealing with accidental (or spurious) coincidences applied in the continuous-wave or mode-locked pump regimes. Those problems are analyzed, and practical methods to calculate the number of accidental coincidences are described and experimentally checked. These methods are useful not only to measure entanglement, but also in every situation where extracting the number of valid two-photon coincidences from noisy data generated by such a pulsed process is required. As an original example of the use of these methods, we present the time-resolved measurement of the concurrence of the field produced by spontaneous parametric downconversion with PDs of duration in the ns range at a repetition of kHz.
Is a Raceless Identity an Effective Strategy for Academic Success Among Blacks

Objective. Fordham (1988, 1996) notes that because the larger black community has a culture that is oppositional to mainstream U.S. society, blacks who wish to maintain academic success and achieve upward socioeconomic mobility feel pressure to adopt a raceless identity. The purpose of this study is to examine whether a raceless identity leads to better educational outcomes for blacks in high school than does a nonraceless identity. Methods. Using data from the Maryland Adolescence Development In Context Study (MADICS), we create five profiles intended to capture blacks' connection to their race and determine whether racial/ethnic connections among blacks are associated with school achievement, educational aspirations, value attributed to schooling, or detachment from schooling. These links are assessed net of affective feelings about being black and beliefs about shared fate. Results. The findings are not consistent with the racelessness perspective. Specifically, blacks in the race ambivalent and race similar profiles have higher achievement and educational aspirations, and attribute more value to schooling and are less detached from schooling than are those in the race neutral profile. Conclusion. Prior studies have overstated the extent to which racelessness helps achievement.
Effective Psychotherapy for Individuals with Brain Injury

Drawing from 30 years of clinical experience in neuropsychology and rehabilitation psychology, Drs Ronald Ruff and Serana Chester have assembled a concise and pragmatic guide to the treatment of in...
An alternative model to boundary and/or interface layers correctors in plasma physics : derivation and existence theory

Abstract In this paper we propose and study alternative models to boundary and/or interface layers correctors in plasma physics. These new models consist of coupling the Fokker–Planck equations with their hydrodynamics approximations.
Imprint of large-scale flows on turbulence.

We investigate the locality of interactions in hydrodynamic turbulence using data from a direct numerical simulation on a grid of ${1024}^{3}$ points; the flow is forced with the Taylor-Green vortex. An inertial range for the energy is obtained in which the flux is constant and the spectrum follows an approximate Kolmogorov law. Nonlinear triadic interactions are dominated by their nonlocal components, involving widely separated scales. The resulting nonlinear transfer itself is local at each scale but the step in the energy cascade is independent of that scale and directly related to the integral scale of the flow. Interactions with large scales represent 20% of the total energy flux. Possible explanations for the deviation from self-similar models, the link between these findings and intermittency, and their consequences for modeling of turbulent flows are briefly discussed.
Scaling behavior of the fluctuations in magnetization and conductivity of untwinned YBa2Cu3O7-δ

Abstract We present measurements of the magnetization and conductivity of a untwinned YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ crystal near the superconducting transition. Both quantities display the scaling properties predicted on the basis of Ginzburg-Landau theory. The set of T c (H) which optimizes the scaling is the same for the magnetization and conductivity data and agrees well with earlier determinations.
BIOMEDICAL TESTING OF THE KIDNEY FOR PERSONS EXPOSED TO HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT

To identify kidney injury and dysfunction among persons exposed to hazardous substances in the environment, a battery of biomarker tests has been identified for systematic public health use. The standardized use of tests for conducting field epidemiology studies was reviewed in a 1995 joint American-European workshop, and recommended tests were selected by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). These tests would be useful in conducting public health activities but are not recommended in a manner that would suggest changes in routine clinical practice. The tests selected include serum creatinine, urine analysis, urinary albumin, retinol-binding protein, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), alanine aminopeptidase (AAP), and osmolality. Urinary creatinine was also included to adjust for urine concentration. The tests were chosen for use not only in epidemiologic field studies but also clinically oriented population screening and case studies of persons exposed to hazardous substances at waste sites. Studies using the battery may address the relationship between kidney damage and dysfunction and exposures to hazardous substances, especially in susceptible populations including children. Also, longitudinal studies should be conducted to evaluate the long-term health implications of abnormal tests and to measure the tests' predictive value for renal injury. These studies could evaluate the continuum of renal dysfunction as expressed by persistent decrements in glomerular filtration to the development of end-stage renal disease.
Preparation OF (t-BuNC)5 MoX2 (X = O2 CCF3, Cl) and (t-BuNC)5 ReCl by cleavage of the quadruple bond in Mo2 (O2 CCF3 )4, K4 MO2 C18, and Re2 (O2CMe)4, Cl2

Abstract Addition of an excess of t-butyl isocyanide to solid Mo2 (O2 CCF3)4 or Mo2 - (O2 CMe)4 gives (t-BuNC)5 Mo(O2 CCF3)2 or (t-BuNC)4 Mo(O2 CMe)2, respectively. The quadruple bond in K4Mo2 Cl8 or C14Mo2 (n-Bu3P)4 also can be cleaved by an excess of t-butyl isocyanide to yield (t-BuNC)5 MoCl2. The anionic ligands can be exchanged with ammonium hexafluorophosphate in presence of excess t-BuNC to give the known [(t-BuNC)7 Mo] [PF6 ]2 · t-Butyl isocyanide also cleaves the quadruple metalmetal bond in Re2 (O2 CMe)4 C12 to give (t-BuNC)5 ReCl.
Root cause analysis of hypoglycemic events in critically ill patients

Hypoglycemia (H) is a complication of intensive insulin (IN) therapy of critically ill patients and is independently associated with increased risk of mortality (M). Heightened attention to identified risk factors (RF) and causes of hypoglycemic events (HE) may lead to improvement in glycemic control. A limited literature describes RF for H but a detailed root cause analysis (RCA) of individual HE has not been published.
SPECIAL PERSON OF THE DAY

ABSTRACT At the college level, we usually do not see our students on a daily basis, and it always concerns me that these students will feel they are just a number in a class. Hence, I have devised a method whereby each individual participates in the class. In addition, I become much better acquainted with my students, and they are more likely to come by my office more frequently during the semester to seek further assistance.
Variation of ocean acoustic environments along the western North Atlantic coast: A case study in context of the right whale migration route

Abstract Differing physical characteristics and levels of biological, environmental, and anthropogenic sounds contribute in varying levels of noise in different ocean environments. As a result, animals migrating over large ranges or widely distributed species are now exposed to a myriad of different acoustic environments, within which they must navigate, forage and reproduce. Given current increases in low-frequency ( Eubalaena glacialis ): Gulf of Maine, Jeffreys Ledge, Massachusetts Bay, Cape Cod Bay, New York, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia (North), and Georgia (South). Data were collected using hydrophones positioned at depth to evaluate differences in the acoustic environment at these sites. High noise levels were observed at both major (New York, Boston) and non-major (Georgia) shipping ports located in or near the areas of study. Of the ten study sites, New Jersey and New York experienced the highest equivalent sound levels, while South Carolina and the Gulf of Maine presented the lowest. The majority of noise variability was found in low-frequency bands below 500 Hz, including the 71–224 Hz communication range utilized by long distance, contact-calling right whales and many other whale and fish species. The spatio-temporal variability of anthropogenic noise can be viewed as a form of habitat fragmentation, where inundations of noise may mask key sounds, resulting in a loss of “acoustic space” (overlapping frequency band and time of a whale's vocalization), which could otherwise be occupied by vocalizations and other acoustic cues utilized by cetaceans. This loss of acoustic space could potentially degrade habitat suitability by reducing the geographic distance across which individuals acoustically communicate, and ultimately, over long timescales, disrupt aspects related to their natural behavior and ecology. Because communication plays a vital role in the life history of cetacean species, understanding temporal and geographical differences in ambient noise as part of cetacean ecology and habitat may elucidate future conservation strategies related to the assessment of noise impacts.
STRUCTURAL CHANGE IN AN INTERDEPENDENT WORLD: A GLOBAL VIEW OF MANUFACTURING DECLINE

This paper presents a simple model of the world economy, in which productivity gains in manufacturing are responsible for the global trend of manufacturing decline, and yet, in a cross-section of countries, faster productivity gains in manufacturing do not necessarily imply faster declines in manufacturing. In doing so, it aims to draw attention to the common pitfall of using the cross-country evidence to test a closed economy model, and argues for a global perspective; in order to understand cross-country patterns of structural change, one needs a world economy model in which the interdependence across countries is explicitly spelled out. (JEL: F43, O11, O14, O19)
Lupus neuropsychiatrique et auto anticorps dirigés contre le récepteur ionotrope activé par le glutamate (R-NMDA)

Almost half of lupus patients will experience neuropsychiatric symptoms during the course of their disease. The etiology of the neuronal damages is still uncertain and probably multiple. Autoantibodies reactive with brain have been postulated to play a role. The observation of pathogenic autoantibodies binding the NR2A and NR2B subunits of the ionotropic glutamate receptor (NMDAR) illustrates this hypothesis. First studies showed that 40% of lupus patients possess serum titers of anti-NR2A/B antibody, but the presence of these autoantibodies is not always associated with the occurrence of neuronal damages or neuropsychiatric symptoms. Nevertheless, their presence is observed in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of one half of the patients suffering from neurolupus. The presence in the serum of these autoantibodies anti-NR2A/B of the NMDAR is preliminary to their presence in the CSF where their deleterious effect is observable. Their entry into the brain is dependent on a breach of the blood brain barrier (BBB). In conclusion, the serum titer of autoantibodies against NR2A/B subunits is an indication of the potential for neuropsychiatric manifestations during the course of the disease.
Implantation of Automatic Cardioverter-Defibrillators Via Median Sternotomy

Nous avons implane 15 defibrillateurs automatiques (Model B) chez 10 patients. La voie chirurgicale preferee est la sternotomie mediane. Nous preferons utiliser une electrode “patch” sur l'oreillette droite, une electrode “patch” sur l'apex du ventricule gauche et deux epicardiques pour le recueil du potentiel bipolaire. Alternativement, les “patch” peuvent etre places sur les faces anterieure du ventricule droit el posterieure du ventricule gauche si les seuils sont favorables. La periode de surveillance represente 109 patients-mois et tous survivent. Les defibrillateurs ont choque la tachycardie ventriculaire, flutter ventriculaire, et fibrillation ventriculaire. Des chocs ont ete delivres egalement pour tachycardie sinusale et pour la fibrillation auriculaire au dessus de la frequence cible dans 3 cas. L'epuisement prematuree de la pile s'est produit dans 4 stimulateurs Model B, trois a 18 mois apres implantation et parait etre dua un defaut de la pile originale. Les chocs pour tachycardie supraventriculaire resteront un probleme jusqu'a ce que l'on obtienne une meilleure differentiacion entre tachycardies ventriculaires et tachycardies supraventriculaires. Le defibrillateur semble prevenir la mort subite suivant les tachyarythmies ventriculaires. 15 AICD (automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator) Model B units were implanted in 10 patients. The median sternotomy is our preferred surgical approach using a right atrial patch electrode, a left ventricular apex patch electrode, and two closely placed epicardial sensing electrodes. Follow-up is 109 patient months and all patients are alive. AICD units discharged for ventricular tachycardia, ventricular flutter, and ventricular fibrillation. Discharges also occurred for sinus tachycardia and atrial fibrillation above the rate limit in three units. Premature pulse generator depletion has occurred in four AICD-B units 3 to 18 months postimplant and appears due to a defect in original battery design. Discharge of the AICD for supraventricular tachycardia is a problem that will remain until a better means of differentiating supraventricular tachycardia from ventricular tachyarrhythmias is found. The AICD appears to prevent sudden death from ventricular tachyarrhythmias.
Complement C3 receptors: Structure and function

Significant progress has been made during the past few years toward elucidating the structure and function of various C3 receptors. Better understanding of the biochemical basis of the immune adherence phenomenon has been achieved. The availability of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to C3 receptors allowed more accurate studies of the cellular distribution of these receptors. Finally, advances in our knowledge of the functional properties of the C3 receptors and their relationship to specific cell surface molecules was facilitated by recognition of a patient deficient in various receptor-mediated functions. All together these developments will soon make it possible to describe in detail the molecular events involved in the modulation of complement receptor coupled cell functions.
Motivating the Skeptical and Unconcerned: Considering Values, Worldviews, and Norms When Planning Messages Encouraging Energy Conservation and Efficiency Behaviors

The current study examined the association of personal values or worldviews with individual motivations for reduced energy use and energy-use-related risk perceptions. We also investigated how perceptions of others’ energy use influenced motivation to reduce use among those with high, versus low, risk perceptions. The perception that others were reducing use was associated with both increased feelings of personal responsibility and guilt-driven motivations to conserve energy among those who perceived greater energy-use-related-risk but was not associated with such motivations among those who perceived less risk. Implications for planning information campaigns to encourage environmental behaviors such as reduced energy use within a diverse public are discussed.
Voice onset time in consonant cluster production by children and adults

Voice onset time (VOT) characteristics of stops in initial clusters in American English words produced by children and adults were studied. Words were spoken in isolation and in sentence context by eleven three-and four-year-old children, and by a male and female adult. Spectrograms were made and VOT duration measurements taken. Three experienced listeners transcribed the isolated words and sentences. Analyses showed that overall timing characteristics were similar for children and adults. Speakers differed in their [±voice] boundary and there was no absolute time distinction between [±voice] stops; [+voice] stops showed less variability than [−voice]. VOT generally increased from labial to dental to velar clusters, and was shorter in sentence context and longer in clusters than in singletons. Children's VOT averages were generally, but not significantly, longer than adults' in all contexts, and coarticulation constraints affected the accuracy with which children produced the stop and liquid portion of a particular cluster.
Variations in glycerol kinetics in Reye's syndrome

Glycerol kinetics and adverse affects were studied in nine patients with Reye's syndrome. Glycerol was given by continuous infusion over 2 hr, half over the first 0.5 hr and the remainder over the next 1.5 hr. The dose was adjusted to keep intracranial pressure less than or equal to 15 mmHg. At steady state, serial blood samples were collected during glycerol infusion and analyzed by an enzymatic assay specific for glycerol. At 0.75 to 1.75 gm/kg/2 hr glycerol doses, the serum levels ranged from 1.48 to 5.83 mg/ml. Total body clearance ranged from 1.99 to 5.1 ml/kg/min. Glycerol clearance was not related to serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), or serum ammonia levels. Glycerol provided effective control of intracranial pressure in all patients. Temporary elevation of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and presence of hemolysis in two patients, appeared to be related to glycerol.
The tribunal system in Ghana's fourth republic: an experiment in judicial reintegration

In 1982 the Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC) created special criminal courts known as Public Tribunals that were to adjudicate criminal matters concurrently with the established courts. They were not to replace the regular courts but were 'not to be fettered by the technical rules that in the past [had] ... enabled criminals to go free'. In 1993 when Ghana became the Fourth Republic these tribunals were reintegrated into the regular court system under the authority of the Chief Justice. This article describes this process of judicial reintegration. It deals with the challenges that faced the Ghanaian Judicial Service in implementing the provisions of the 1993 Courts Act that regulated this process, how these new tribunals have functioned in Ghana since 1995 when they were established, and the problems that they have faced, and concludes by looking at whether or not these institutions will survive if the present National Democratic Congress (NDC) government should lose the elections in 2000. Apart from important opponents' lingering suspicion of tribunals in any form, the article indicates that the current tribunal system has many weaknesses, with cost and the cumbersome nature of its personnel requirements the most significant. The tribunals will be obvious targets in any concerted attempt to streamline the Ghanaian civil
Effects of modulators of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated neurotransmission on diazepam discrimination in rats.

Abstract N -methyl- D -aspartate (NMDA) antagonists share a number of pharmacological effects with GABA A agonists, including anxiolytic and anticonvulsant effects. This study evaluated the effects of site-selective NMDA antagonists in rats trained to discriminate the benzodiazepine diazepam from vehicle. As expected, diazepam produced robust discriminative stimulus effects and dose-dependently substituted for the training dose. Mixed results were obtained with competitive NMDA antagonists: whereas NPC 17742 partially substituted for diazepam, SDZ EAA 494 did not elicit responding on the diazepam-associated lever. Other site-selective NMDA antagonists, including the open channel blocker phencyclidine, the glycine-site antagonists ACEA 1021 and MDL 102,288, the polyamine-site antagonist arcaine, and the glutamate release inhibitor riluzole, failed to substitute for diazepam. Agonists at nonbenzodiazepine sites of the GABA A receptor complex were also tested for comparison purposes. The barbiturate pentobarbital and the neurosteroid Co 2-1068 partially substituted for diazepam. In contrast, the anticonvulsant carbamazepine failed to substitute even at a dose that substantially reduced response rates. These results suggest that substitution of NMDA antagonists for GABA A agonists is dependent upon the site at which the NMDA antagonist binds. Further, they suggest that similarities between the stimulus properties of GABA A agonists and NMDA antagonists are at least as strong as similarities among agonists acting at different sites on GABA A receptors.
Nucleic acid base grafted polyethylenimine. Cytosyl pendant groups synthesis and characterization

Preparation de poly(N-acyl ethyleneimine) de diverses masses moleculaires par polymerisation cationique avec ouverture de cycle de la 2H-oxazoline-2 et de la methyl-2 oxazoline-2. L'hydrolyse acide de ces precurseurs donne des polymeres de polyethyleneimine lineaire caracterises par osmometrie a pression de vapeur, GPC, diffraction RX et viscosite
Free zinc increases at the site of injury after cortical stab wounds in mature but not immature rat brain

The accumulation of free zinc (Zn2+) appears to play a role in the neuronal degeneration that occurs after brain injury. Given that neonates respond to brain injury with increased plasticity compared to adults, this study compared the effect of age on free Zn2+ and the Zn2+-binding protein metallothionein-3 (MT-3) after injury. Unilateral cortical stab wounds were produced in 3-day-old and adult rats. Four weeks later, brains were removed for in situ visualization of free Zn2+ and measurement of MT-3 mRNA. Free Zn2+ and MT-3 mRNA accumulated after 4 weeks at the site of injury site when injury occurred in adults. However, 4 weeks after neonatal injury there was no increase in free Zn2+ or MT-3 mRNA in or around the site of injury.
The 78 CODASYL database model: a comparison with preceding specifications

This paper compares the database model specified by the CODAYSL Data Definition Language Committee in its 1978 Journal of Development and the prior model, known familiarly as the CODASYL DBTG model, as specified in 1973 and 1971. The primary achievement of the 78 model appears to be increased potential for data independence by separation of external model and internal model considerations. The external model is described by a DDL; the internal model is described by a DSDL. Additionally, there is enhanced potential for data integrity via more explicit expression of data integrity constraints in the DDL. Conversion of a database from 73 model CODASYL DBMS support to 78 model support is discussed with emphasis on DSDL capabilities. The range of options in the DSDL open to the database designer for specifications of internal storage structures is surveyed. Several conclusions are drawn regarding implementation of support for the 78 model.
The Pseudomonas cepacia 249 chromosomal penicillinase is a member of the AmpC family of chromosomal beta-lactamases.

Abstract Pseudomonas cepacia 249 produces an inducible beta-lactamase with penicillinase activity. The nucleotide sequence of the penA gene, which encodes this beta-lactamase, was determined and found to include regions with a significant homology to the ampC-encoded beta-lactamases of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The predicted amino acid sequence of the PenA beta-lactamase contained 17 amino acids immediately preceding the putative active-site serine which were highly conserved among the enzymes of the AmpC family. Although the penA-coding sequence had a total GC content of 60%, the predicted codon usage was more characteristic of Escherichia coli ampC-encoded beta-lactamase, with 53% of the codons having G or C in the third position, in contrast to the values for the P. aeruginosa ampC (88.5%) or Pseudomonas cepacia (88 to 92%) metabolic genes. The inducible expression of penA can be regulated by the E. coli gene product AmpD. A putative P. cepacia AmpR homolog was associated with the positive regulation of both Enterobacter cloacae ampC and P. cepacia penA expression, as confirmed by gel retardation studies. The E. cloacae AmpR did not regulate penA expression. Thus, by homology studies, codon usage, and genetic analysis, the P. cepacia penA beta-lactamase appears to have been acquired from members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and belongs to the class C group of beta-lactamases.
Defect Groups are Sylow Intersections

Proof. By hypothesis, we can choose veV-{0} such that v x = v for all x in H. Since V o c V and V is irreducible, there is y in G such that vyCVo. Suppose x E H n y l H y . Then x = y l h y for some h in H. Hence v y x = vy (y -1 hy)= vhy = vy is fixed by x. By our hypothesis, x = 1. To obtain GREEN'S result, first suppose that 1 is a defect group for G and some prime p. Let k be an algebraically closed field of characteristic p and let H be an @-subgroup of G. Then [1, pp. 423-424] there is an irreducible projective kG-module V. Since VH is free, the lemma yields GREEN'S result in case D = 1. In the general case, set N=Na(D) . By BRAtYZR'S main theorem [1, (10B), ( l lB)] , N/D has 1 as a defect group, so by what we have already proved, N has @-subgroups N 1, N z with N 1 n N2 = D. Let P~ be a @-subgroup of G containing N~. We will show that P1 n Pz = D. Suppose false. Then P1 n P2 ~ D, so by a basic property of p-groups, P l n P z n N D D . But P ~ n P z n N = (P1 n N) n (P2 c~ N) = N1 c~ Nz = D.
Prenatal weight gain patterns and birth weight among nonobese black and white women.

Objective: To examine the association between prenatal weight gain patterns and birth weight, using Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines. Methods: Data from a prospective follow-up study of risk factors for fetal growth restriction were used to examine the impact of low weight gain on mean birth weight. A total of 415 nonobese (body mass index [BMI] less than 26) black (n = 275) and white (n = 140) women who delivered at term were included in this analysis. Linear regression analysis was used to examine the impact of low first-trimester gain (less than 2.3 kg with low BMI [less than 19.8]; less than 1.6 kg with normal BMI [19.8–26.0]) and low second- and third-trimester rates of gain (less than 0.38 kg/week with low BMI; less than 0.37 kg/week with normal BMI) on mean birth weight while controlling for selected sociodemographic and reproductive variables. Results: Patterns with low gain in the first and second or in the second and third trimesters were associated with significant decreases in mean birth weight, ranging from 206 to 265 g; low gain in only the first or third trimester was not associated with a significant decrease in mean in birth weight. The impact of low gain on mean birth weight varied by ethnic group. Conclusion: These observations suggest that inadequate patterns of prenatal weight gain, defined by IOM guidelines, are associated with decreased birth weight, particularly when the patterns involve low second-trimester gain.
Synthesis and characterization of polyimide-carbon nanotube composites

Polyimide nanocomposites were prepared with 0 and 1 wt% single wall-and double wall- CNTs (functionalized and non-functionalized) from BPADA and BAPP by refluxing in NMP. These nanocomposites were characterized using FT-IR, TGA, DSC, tensile strength, and Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS). The FT-IR spectra for all the samples showed the characteristic peaks of polyimide. TGA curves showed weight loss with temperature in two stages. The first stage 180-300 °C showed a weight loss of ~ 15% that may be associated with the release of trapped NMP. The second stage 500-750 °C with a drastic weight loss is associated with decomposition. The residual weight is ~ 40% at 750 °C for both pure polyimide and polyimide nano composites made with functionalized single or double wall CNTs. The non-functionalized CNT dispersed polyimide showed similar two-step behavior, but the weight loss is remarkably less and about 80% weight remained at 750 °C. DSC curves of all polyimide samples showed two distinguis...
Cascade training technique for particle identification

The cascade training technique which was developed during our work on the MiniBooNE particle identification has been found to be a very efficient way to improve the selection performance, especially when very low background contamination levels are desired. The detailed description of this technique is presented here based on the MiniBooNE detector Monte Carlo simulations, using both artificial neural networks and boosted decision trees as examples.
Local phonon density of states in an elastic substrate

The local, eigenfunction-weighted acoustic phonon density of states (DOS) tensor is calculated for a model substrate consisting of a semi-infinite isotropic elastic continuum with a stress-free surface. On the surface, the local DOS is proportional to the square of the frequency, as for the three-dimensional Debye model, but with a constant of proportionality that is considerably enhanced compared to the Debye value, a consequence of the Rayleigh surface modes. The local DOS tensor at the surface is also anisotropic, as expected. Inside the substrate the local DOS is both spatially anisotropic and non-quadratic in frequency. However, at large depths, the local DOS approaches the isotropic Debye value. The results are applied to a Si substrate.
An Ideal-Typical Development of Chiropractic, 1895–1961: Pursuing Professional Ends Through Entrepreneurial Means

An ideal type distinction between professional and entrepreneurial orientations is presented, using the founding Palmer family and their Palmer School of Chiropractic to illustrate how ‘entrepreneurial’ means were used to pursue ‘professional’ ends. Although chiropractic desired the professional goals of autonomy, authority, social distinction, trust and service, it was unable and unwilling to pursue this by emulating the attributes and rewards set by orthodox medicine. Professional (and therefore medicalized) means such as social closure and licensure were eschewed in favor of antipodal entrepreneurial strategies such as status congruence and populist generalism. Chiropractic's proud, maverick pursuit of entrepreneurialism at times represented a more righteous commitment to the ideals and ends of professionalism than was actually displayed by orthodox medicine. For its first 60 years, chiropractic established itself as a separate and distinct occupation that not only refashioned what it meant to be professional, but demonstrated the innovative use of existing resources and the acumen of its founders.
On the stationary semiconductor equations arising in modeling an LBIC technique

In this paper by using anL ∞ estimate for elliptic equations, we study the well-posedness of the stationary semiconductor equations arising from modeling a nondestructive testing technique LBIC. It is shown that when the extra source term is small, the system has a unique weak solution, and the solution is continuously dependent on this source term. The validity of an approximate model derived for the study of the inverse problem is established. The existence result is then extended to the case of constant mobilities without the assumption on the size of the source term.
Annual Loads of Herbicides in Lake Erie Tributaries of Michigan and Ohio

Abstract Loading rates of the herbicides atrazine, alachlor, cyanazine, metolachlor, and metribuzin to western and central Lake Erie for the period 1983–1993 were determined for the Raisin, Maumee, Sandusky, Cuyahoga, and Grand River tributaries. Knowledge of these loads is important as input: (1) to the development and refinement of the Lakewide Management Plans (LAMPs); (2) to understand the dynamics of these herbicides in the Great Lakes for the prediction of their effects on human and ecosystem health; and (3) for the comparative assessment of agricultural pollution and its management on a regional and national scale. Loads were calculated using a new implementation of the Beale Ratio Estimator. Variability in annual loads is substantial, and is linked to year-to-year differences in rainfall and river discharge, particularly during the several months following herbicide application. The highest loads were observed in 1990, and the lowest loads in the drought year of 1988; the highest annual loads exceeded the lowest by as much as 60-fold. The Sandusky and Maumee rivers have substantially higher unit area loads than the other tributaries, reflecting the extent of row crop agriculture in these basins and their propensity toward surface runoff of precipitation because of fine-grained soils. For the Maumee and Sandusky rivers, atrazine and metolachlor loads are typically in the range 2–5 g/ha/yr, and infrequently reach 9–12 g/ha/yr. Alachlor loads are typically in the range 1–2 g/ha/yr and have not exceeded 4 g/ha/yr during the period of record. Cyanazine and metribuzin loads are typically less than 1.5 g/ha/yr, and rarely exceed 2 g/ha/yr. Loads in the Cuyahoga and Raisin rivers are typically less than 1 g/ha/yr.,with atrizine the highest, typically about 1 g/ha/yr and rarely reaching 3 g/ha/yr. Herbicides are infrequently detected in the Grand River, and loads are low and estimated with considerable uncertainty. Total loads for the five stations combined range from 500–20,000 kg/yr and 600–14,000 kg/yr for atrazine and metolachlor to 100–6,000 kg/yr for alachlor, 70–3,300 kg/yr for cyanazine, and 60–2,800 kg/yr for metribuzin.
Teacher Attitudes as a Variable in Behavior Modification Consultation.

Abstract This article considers teacher attitudes as an important variable in implementing a behavior modification program in a public school classroom. Six attitudes which, if held by the teacher, tend to undercut the behavioral consultation endeavor, are discussed. These include: the child needs fixing; it is wrong to express negative feelings; children must not be frustrated; the “should-ought” syndrome; the “he makes me” syndrome; and, children are blameworthy. Suggestions are offered in dealing with the teacher who possesses them.
NEST BUILDING AND NESTING BEHAVIOUR OF THE SOCIABLE WEAVER PHILETAIRUS SOCIUS

SUMMARY The behaviour of the Sociable Weaver Philetairus socius was studied briefly in South Africa in 1969, and more extensively in aviaries in southern California for over three years (1972-75). The species was bred successfully in captivity, apparently for the first time. Building of the compound nest in nature is reviewed in the light of preceding accounts, both by ourselves and by others. The optimal preference for nest materials was experimentally determined. Male and female appear identical and there seems to have been no previous detailed account of the behaviour of Sociable Weavers based on distinctively colour-ringed individuals of known sex. Among the sex differences in behaviour are the amount and nature of building, dominance, malespecific song, and sex differences in relative share of incubation and in the care of nestlings and fledglings. In addition, we describe in detail for the first time certain rarely observed behavioural acts including precopulatory courtship and copulation. Allopreening and water bathing are very rare in this species, and the birds do not take dust baths.
The systematic literature review as a research genre

The “systematic literature review” as a research genre was first formulated in the field of medicine; the basic approach has since been adapted to serve the differing needs of a wide range of disciplines. The systematic literature review was intended to improve the synthesis of research by introducing a systematic, transparent, and reproducible literature-review process. This paper first characterizes the systematic literature review as practiced in medicine and as modified for use in other disciplines. Then, drawing on the example of a systematic literature review conducted by the authors, it explains and illustrates the entire systematic-literature-review process: the development of a review protocol, selection of databases and creation of a set of search terms, definition of inclusion/exclusion criteria, characterization of the corpus, and synthesis of the findings. The paper closes with an evaluation of the method's strengths and weaknesses in the context of our field's characteristics.
Magnetic behavior of free-iron and iron oxide clusters.

We report the first measurement of the magnetic properties of isolated iron-atom clusters ranging in size from 2 to 17 atoms as well as the magnetic behavior of the monoxides and dioxides of (2-7)-atom iron clusters. Production of metal clusters is initiated by laser vaporization of an iron rod inside the throat of a high-pressure pulsed nozzle. The neutral metal cluster beam passes through a Stern-Gerlach magnet and the deflected beam is detected by spatially resolved time-of-flight photoionization mass spectrometry. From our analysis we conclude that the spin per atom of iron clusters is at least that of bulk iron, suggesting these small clusters are the precursors to bulk ferromagnetic iron.
Synthesis and Luminescence Properties of a Nonsymmetrical Ligand-Bridged ReI−ReI Chromophore

The preparation and the physical and photophysical properties of three complexes containing the bridging ligand 5-(2-(4-pyridyl)ethyl)-2-(2-pyridyl)pyrimidine (pypm-py) are described. Two of the complexes are monometallic, [Re(pypm-py)(py)(CO)3]+ and [Re(phen)(py-pypm)(CO)3]+, and one is bimetallic, [(CO)3(py)Re(pypm-py)Re(phen)(CO)3]2+, where phen is 1,10-phenanthroline and py is pyridine. [Re(pypm-py)(py)(CO)3](CF3SO3) crystallized in the space group P21/n with a = 13.98 (1) A, b = 12.704 (6) A, c = 15.66 (1) A, and Z = 4. The Re−N(pypm) bond distances for Re−N(py of pypm) = 2.167(9) A and for Re−N(pm of pypm) = 2.202 (9) A. The Re−N(py) bond distance is 2.203(9) A. The complexes exhibit CO infrared-active bands in the 1900−2100 cm-1 region of the infrared spectrum; three bands were present for [Re(pypm-py)(py)(CO)3]+, but only two for the other complexes. Methylene protons for [Re(pypm-py)(py)(CO)3]+ are nonequivalent on the basis of NMR spectra analysis, but are equivalent for the other two complexes....
Determination of flow stress and interface friction at elevated temperatures by inverse analysis technique

Abstract An inverse analysis technique has been introduced to obtain the flow stress of the bulk and sheet materials at elevated temperatures. The inverse problem is defined as the minimization of the differences between the experimental measurements and the corresponding FEM predictions. As reference material tests, the ring compression and the modified limiting dome height test (sheet blank with a hole at the center stretched with a hemispherical punch) at elevated isothermal conditions were selected. The friction condition at the tool/workpiece interface is identified from the geometrical changes that occur in deformed samples. It is shown that the developed inverse analysis technique is reliable and can determine the flow stress and friction factor simultaneously from one set of material tests.
Completion of a Novel, Virtual-Reality-Based, Advanced Laparoscopic Curriculum Improves Advanced Laparoscopic Skills in Senior Residents

Introduction Virtual reality simulators contribute to basic laparoscopic skill acquisition. These trainers have not yet been shown to contribute to the acquisition of more advanced laparoscopic skills as measured by the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS). We have customized novel basic and advanced curricula for the LapSim trainer (Surgical Science, Goteborg, Sweden). Successful completion of these programs is required of our residents. We hypothesize that the successful completion of our advanced curriculum will result in the significant improvement of our residents' advanced laparoscopic skills as measured by the FLS skills scores. Methods In all, 23 surgical residents (PGY 1-4), who had already passed our basic skills curriculum, completed our advanced LapSim curriculum. All individuals underwent FLS skills testing before and after completing the training. Laparoscopic case experience during the training period was documented for all trainees. FLS scores were analyzed by t test and controlled for case experience. Results Posttraining FLS scores demonstrate a significant increase for all residents from a mean of 57-66 (p Conclusions Completion of our advanced LapSim curriculum results in improved advanced laparoscopic skills in senior residents as measured by FLS scores. This skill improvement is independent of laparoscopic case experience. Continuing to mandate the use of this skills curriculum should improve our residents' performance in advanced laparoscopic surgical procedures.
Structural analysis of the Asn152Gly mutant of P99 cephalosporinase.

P99 cephalosporinase is a class C β-lactamase that is responsible in part for the widespread bacterial resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. Mutations of the conserved active-site residue Asn152 of the enzyme have been shown to alter β-lactam substrate specificity in vivo. Mutation of Asn152 to a glycine is notable in that it exhibits in vivo substrate-selectivity switching. In order to better understand the structural basis for this observed switch, the X-ray crystal structure of the apo Asn152Gly mutant of P99 was determined to 1.95 A resolution. Unexpectedly, the artificial C-terminal His(6) tag of a symmetrically-related molecule was observed bound in the active site. The His(6) tag makes several interactions with key active-site residues, as well as with several sulfate ions. Additionally, the overall C-terminus occupies the space left vacant upon the mutation of Asn152 to glycine.
Thickness-controlled hydrophobicity of fibrous Parylene-C films

Abstract Fibrous Parylene-C films with tilted columnar morphology were deposited with a physicochemical version of the oblique-angle deposition (OAD) technique. Advancing contact angles increased from 103.9° (smooth hydrophobic surface) to 168.5° (rough superhydrophobic surface) as the thickness of the film increased from ∼ 100 nm to ∼ 60 μm, reflecting changes in the morphology of the top surface. Treatment with oxygen plasma can render these fibrous films completely water wettable. These techniques allow tailoring of surface wettability to meet the demands of specific biomedical applications.
Laparoscopic Application Of Radio Frequency Energy Enables In Situ Renal Tumor Ablation And Partial Nephrectomy

ABSTRACTPurpose: To our knowledge we present the initial series of renal mass in situ laparoscopic radio frequency ablation. We also discuss the indications for and results of subsequent laparoscopic partial nephrectomy.Materials and Methods: Laparoscopic radio frequency ablation was performed in 13 patients with a mean age of 59 years (range 18 to 81) and a total of 17 small enhancing renal masses. In 5 patients the tumor was subsequently excised completely, whereas in 7 it was left in situ after treatment. In 1 patient with 5 lesions only the largest lesion was excised, while the other 4 were left in situ.Results: Mean tumor size was 1.96 cm. (range 0.9 to 3.6). Tumors that remained in situ tended to be endophytic and located in the mid pole. Pathological analysis revealed renal cell carcinoma in 10 patients, angiomyolipoma in 2 and oncocytoma in the patient with multiple lesions. None of the 8 patients with renal cell carcinoma who had at least 6 weeks of followup (mean 9.8 months, range 1.5 to 22) had...
Using a web-based survey to assess correlates of intention towards HIV testing among never-been-tested but sexually experienced college students

The purpose of this study is to identify influential psychosocial factors predicting testing intention among college students who have never been tested but are sexually experienced. A web-based survey was conducted during the spring semester in 2003 in a major Southeastern university (N=440). Results showed only 7.7% of the students expressed intention despite having been sexually experienced. Multiple logistic regression models showed that the combined five psychosocial factors examined (perceived pros, cons, risk, self-efficacy and availability/accessibility related to testing) significantly predicted testing intention (p<0.001). Two factors, perceived pros (OR=1.641) and perceived risk (OR=1.357), showed significant coefficients. The reduced model with only these two predictors showed increased correct classification of students in terms of their testing intention (from 91.8 to 93.4%). Results suggested that educational and prevention programmes aimed at encouraging testing should address these import...
Measurements of the electron density in n-type a-Si: H

Abstract The density of band tail electrons in n-type a-Si: H, at doping levels between 10−3 and 10−6 PH3, has been measured using a transient-voltage technique on layered samples. At a doping level of 10−3 PH3 a density of 8 × 1016 cm−3 is found which agrees well with ESR data. The results confirm that occupied band-tail states account for only a small fraction of the dopant electrons.
The vas deferens of the spider crab, Libinia emarginata.

Sperm enter the anterior vas deferens individually in the spider crab male. There they become surrounded by secretion products from the cells of the vas deferens, and are compartmentalized into spermatophores of varying size. The anterior vas deferens can be divided into three regions. The epithelium of the anterior vas deferens varies regionally from low to high columnar. The cytoplasm contains vast arrays of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes but few mitochondria. Intercellular spaces contain septate junctions, gap junctions and vesicles. Once the spermatophores have been formed in the anterior vas deferens, they are moved posteriorly to the middle vas deferens where they are stored and surrounded by seminal fluids. The epithelial cells of the middle vas deferens contain large amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes. Numerous micropinocytotic vesicles appear, forming at the cell surface and within the apical cytoplasm. Their suggested function is the resorption of secretion products of the anterior vas deferens which initiated compartmentalization of the spermatozoa into spermatophores. The posterior vas deferens functions primarily as a storage center for spermatophores until they are released at the time of copulation. Seminal fluid surrounding the spermatophores is produced in this region as well as in the middle vas deferens. The cells of this region contain vast arrays of vesicular rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes. The cells are multinucleate. Microtubules are numerous throughout the length of the cells and appear to insert on the plasma membrane.
Efficient violet upconversion signal from a fluoride fiber doped with erbium

When an erbium-doped fluoride fiber was pumped with a red dye laser beam that resonantly excites the F49/2 state, we detected efficient violet upconversion emission from the P23/2 state that is much stronger than the green upconversion emission from the S43/2 state. Such unusual violet emission was found to be due to a three-photon excitation process.
Robust tests in nonlinear regression models

Robust tests for testing subhypotheses in nonlinear models are developed. These are drop-in-dispersion testing procedures, score-type and Wald-type testing procedures. The asymptotic properties and influence functions are obtained. Robust tests that perform well in the presence of heteroscedasticity are also developed. Simulation results are provided to illustrate these procedures.