cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unusual elastic constants of cubic MnTe in strained-layer superlattices measured by x-ray diffraction.

Elastic constants of the recently grown nonequilibrium zinc-blende form of MnTe were measured. Strained layer MnTe/ZnTe superlattices in which MnTe appears in this zinc-blende form were studied using triple crystal x-ray diffraction. The diffraction spectra were fitted using a dynamical model to determine the thickness and the lattice constants of each layer. From these and other measurements, the elastic constants ${\mathit{C}}_{11}$ and ${\mathit{C}}_{12}$ of MnTe were determined to be 2.22\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 and 1.16\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1, respectively. These values are very low compared to all other zinc-blende or diamond structure materials investigated so far.
Multiple procedures and staging in the massive weight loss population.

Background: Unlike traditional plastic surgery patients who present with a specific anatomical complaint, massive weight loss patients often have multiple regions of concern. No single procedure can address the whole-body deformities associated with massive weight loss. The authors sought to quantify their clinical experience to provide evidence-based analysis of procedural combination in body contouring. Methods: Patients were enrolled in an institutional review board―approved prospective clinical database over a 5-year period. Procedure categories included breast, medial thigh lift, buttock and lateral thigh lift, upper back lift, brachioplasty, and abdomen. Analysis of variance was used to analyze differences between procedure combinations. Results: Six hundred nine massive weight loss patients underwent 661 cases involving 1070 procedures. Length of hospital stay increased with the number of procedures performed (p < 0.001). Second-stage cases (n = 60) had similar complication rates and length of hospital stay. Seroma and dehiscence were strongly correlated with the number of procedures (p < 0.001), as were tissue necrosis and infection (p = 0.02), whereas hematoma was unrelated (p = 0.25). Major complications did not increase in multiple-procedure cases. Conclusions: In a large experience at a high-volume center, concomitant procedures were performed safely in carefully selected patients with low major complication rates. Although aggregate minor complication rates were predictably higher than in single-procedure cases, there was no significant increase on a per-procedure basis. Multiple procedures can be combined safely in the body contouring patient, with surgical staging offering a viable alternative for patients who are unable to undergo combined procedures.
Systematic evaluation of distribution of transgene expression after adenovirus‐mediated gene transfer to the transplanted heart

In the transplantation setting, the study and potential treatment of acute and chronic rejection by means of gene therapy will require widespread transgene expression in the donor organ. The distribution of transgene expression after adenovirus-mediated gene transfer via the coronary vasculature in a model of abdominal heterotopic heart transplantation in syngeneic rats (n = 6) was evaluated at 1 week. Reporter gene expression was evenly distributed in the base, the midventricle, and the apex of the transplanted hearts. This study demonstrates that intracoronary administration of the adenoviral vector to the donor heart results in widespread transgene expression.
Evaporative cooling of magnetically trapped atomic molybdenum

We have magnetically trapped and evaporatively cooled atomic molybdenum. Using a cryogenic helium buffer gas, $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{10}$ molybdenum atoms are loaded into a magnetic trap at an initial temperature of 500 mK. The molybdenum atoms undergo two-body decay with a measured inelastic rate constant of ${g}_{\mathrm{in}}=(1.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for the initial conditions after loading. The molybdenum atoms are cooled by adiabatic expansion and forced evaporation to 200 mK.
Maximum-entropy TFμSR study of vortex states in 1/2/3 cuprates

A maximum-entropy (ME) method has been applied to TFμSR vortex data of RBa2Cu3O7 (R1237; R=Er, Gd and Eu). The obtained information on the field distribution is of much better quality than that resulting from Fourier transformation and curve-fitting of the same data. ME application to R1237 TFμSR data taken below Tc at LAMPF show asymmetrical, nearly triangular, field distributions, which broaden with decreasing temperature. Significant deviations from Abrikosov predictions have been observed for the estimated R1237-vortex field distributions. Below 10 K, for Er1237 and Gd1237, the non-Abrikosov features appear to be influenced by the rare-earth magnetism. The low-field tail in the field distribution and the ME-intensity anomaly near Tc suggest glassy features in the 1/2/3 cuprate vortex states.
Identification of a key step in the biosynthetic pathway of bacteriochlorophyll c and its implications for other known and unknown green sulfur bacteria.

The enzyme responsible for the methylation at the C-20 methine position of the bacteriochlorophylls c and e found in green sulfur photosynthetic bacteria has been identified by genomics and knockout mutagenesis. The distribution of this enzyme in other green sulfur bacteria is surprising.
Automated mass spectrometric sequence determination of cyclic peptide library members.

Cyclic peptides have come under scrutiny as potential antimicrobial therapeutic agents. Combinatorial split-and-pool synthesis of cyclic peptides can afford single compound per well libraries for antimicrobial screening, new lead identification, and construction of quantitative structure−activity relationships (QSAR). Here, we report a new sequencing protocol for rapid identification of the members of a cyclic peptide library based on automated computer analysis of mass spectra, obviating the need for library encoding/decoding strategies. Furthermore, the software readily integrates with common spreadsheet and database packages to facilitate data visualization and archiving. The utility of the new MS-sequencing approach is demonstrated using sonic spray ionization ion trap MS and MS/MS spectrometry on a single compound per bead cyclic peptide library and validated with individually synthesized pure cyclic d,l-α-peptides.
Assessment of anterior face height in a native African sample.

Introduction: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the anterior face height (AFH) of a native African ethnic group. Methods: Cephalograms of 101 adult ethnic Shona subjects (51 men, 50 women; age range, 18 to 38 years) were evaluated and compared with norms of African Americans and North American whites. A number of measurements, some conventionally used and others specifically derived for this study, were assessed, including ANS to Me, Me to PP, and Me to FH, TAFH, NOrb, NANS, NPP, OrbANS, and OrbPP. Three age groups were considered: less than 22 years, 22 to 25, and more than 25 years. Results: ANOVA detected significant differences among the 3 age groups and between the sexes. AFH was higher in men than in women. The post hoc Bonferroni test showed that NPP, NANS, and OrbPP were significantly different at ages less than 22 and more than 25. The older age group had shorter heights than the younger group. The AFH of the Shona was significantly lower than that of the African Americans. All AFHs for the men and only TAFH for the women were significantly shorter for the Shona than for the whites. Conclusions: The anterior vertical dimension of the Shona subjects was anatomically shorter than that of whites and African Americans, and conventional measurements did not provide the true status of the Shona, who had shorter lower AFHs.
Particle resuspension in a turbulent boundary layer-observed and modeled

Abstract Particle resuspension from a surface solely by turbulent fluid forces has been examined experimentally by observing, in detail, the intermittent particle resuspension process. Experiments were conducted in an environmental wind tunnel, where sparse beds of monodisperseLycopodium spores (Club moss) were placed flush with the floor of the wind tunnel, and exposed to a steady, well developed turbulent boundary layer flow. Particle bed concentration was monitoredin situ throughout each experimental trial using an optical system designed to detect forward scattering from a He-Ne laser beam. Experimental trials were conducted at three free-stream velocities (6.0, 7.5 and 9.0 ms−1) for a duration of 35 min. Particle resuspension was observed to occur in discrete and intermittent events, with the fraction of particles resuspended as a function of time generally following an exponential decay. A Monte-Carlo particle resuspension model was developed and used to simulate the resuspension process, based on the hypothesis that particle resuspension is associated with coherent structures (bursts) which vary in magnitude. This model was found to successfully reproduce many of the features of particle resuspension observed experimentally.
Using Texas Instruments Emulators as Teaching Tools in Quantitative Chemical Analysis

This technology report alerts upper-division undergraduate chemistry faculty and lecturers to the use of Texas Instruments emulators as virtual graphing calculators. These may be used in multimedia lectures to instruct students on the use of their graphing calculators to obtain solutions to complex chemical problems.
Polarimetric observations of 9 Metis, 15 Eunomia, 89 Julia, and other asteroids.

White-light polarization curves for a number of asteorids are presented. All have well-developed negative branches, suggestive of relatively dark, texturally complex surfaces - possibly regoliths. Geometric albedos, estimated from the positive branch of the polarization curves, show that a significant dispersion in surface albedo exists within the asteroid belt.
Quasi-homology and universal coefficients

In order to study an arbitrary sequence of modules and homomorphisms, we propose a definition of “homology” modules, or what we call quasi-homology modules, for such a sequence. Then we seek partial analogues of the universal coefficient theorems to make some propaganda for the notion.
Exploring the Relation between Interface Structure & Mechanical Properties in Multilayer Materials

The relationship between microstructure and physical behavior is especially pronounced in synthetic multilayer materials. Insight to the mechanisms responsible for changes in the mechanical properties can be investigated through a careful examination of the multilayer microstructure. A dominant feature of the multilayer structure is the interface. The population of inter-layer boundaries, that is interfaces, is directly proportional to the multilayer period for any given film thickness. In this paper, we will evaluate “TEM” images of multilayer systems. The interface structure will be viewed in cross-section and a range of layer thicknesses will be considered. Variation in the elastic modulus, yield stress, and microhardness have been observed for noble-transition metal systems over a wide range of multilayer periods, from less than 1 nm to greater than 1000 nm. In epitaxial systems, the extent of superlattice perfection (coherency effects) is closely tied with changes in physical behavior. Emphasis will thus be placed on the structure and strain distribution from the interface, and its role in determining the mechanical properties of multilayers.
Selection bias in observing the cosmological evolution of the M-σ- and M-L relationships

Programs to observe evolution in the M?-? or M?-L relations typically compare black hole masses, M?, in high-redshift galaxies selected by nuclear activity to M? in local galaxies selected by luminosity L or velocity dispersion ?. Because active galactic nucleus luminosity can depend on M?, selection effects are different for the two samples, potentially producing a false signal of evolution. Cosmic scatter in the M? relations means that the mean log L or log ? among galaxies that host a black hole of given M? may be substantially different than the log L or log ? obtained from inverting the M?-L or M?-? relations for the same nominal M?. The bias is strongest at high M?, where the luminosity and dispersion functions of galaxies fall rapidly. The most massive black holes occur more often as rare outliers in galaxies of modest mass than in the even rarer high-mass galaxies, which would otherwise be the sole location of such black holes in the absence of cosmic scatter. Because of this bias, M? will typically appear to be too large in the distant sample for a given L or ?. For the largest black holes and the largest plausible cosmic scatter, the bias can reach a factor of 3 in M? for the M?-? relation and 9 for the M?-L relation. Unfortunately, the cosmic scatter is not known well enough to correct for the bias. Measuring evolution of the M? relations requires object selection to be precisely defined and exactly the same at all redshifts.
Single phase three-layer channel routing algorithms

Abstract We present a simple three-layer assignment algorithm for planar layouts generated by a class of layout algorithms. This class of algorithms includes simple variations of the following algorithms developed by Mehlhorn et al. (1986): 1. (i) The algorithm that generates planar layouts for the two-terminal net CRP with dmax tracks. 2. (ii) The algorithm that generates planar layouts for the two- and three-terminal net CRP with at most ⦜3d max /2⌉ tracks. 3. (iii) The algorithm that generates planar layouts for the multiterminal net CRP with at most 2dmax - 1 tracks. The planar layouts generated by these algorithms are three-layer wirable by the layer assignment algorithm given in Preparata and Lipski (1984). Our approach is different. We make slight modifications to these layout algorithms and incorporate a simple layer assignment strategy to generate three-layer wirings. Our algorithms are faster and conceptually simpler because there is no need to construct diagonal diagrams and legal partitions. The channel width of the wiring generated by our algorithm is identical to that of the corresponding planar layout generated by algorithms (i)–(iii). Our layer assignment methodology can also be used to develop other single-phase three-layer algorithms, as demonstrated by Wiemers-Lummer (1991).
Technique for thermal stabilization of transistors

An alternative scheme to transistor thermal stabilization by emitter resistor ballasting is proposed. The technique involves a resistor with a negative temperature coefficient of resistance connected across the emitter-base junction which bypasses excess base current that tends to be drawn due to local transistor heating.
Three-dimensional elasticity solutions for free vibrations of rectangular plates by the differential quadrature method

This paper presents accurate three-dimensional elasticity solutions for free vibrations of six types of plates having free lateral surfaces, two opposite sides simply supported, and two other sides having combinations of simply supported, clamped, and free boundary conditions. The solution methodology adopted in the present work first reduces the spatial variables in the governing elasticity equations to two by using displacement functions in the forms which satisfy the boundary conditions of the assumed simply supported sides. The eigenvalue equations are then formulated from the reduced governing equations and the boundary conditions via the differential quadrature method. The numerical results include the first nine natural frequencies of the six plate configurations for combinations of three aspect ratios and two thickness ratios. These results are supported by appropriate convergence studies and comparisons with the results of other authors.
Community building and mental health in mid-life and older life: Evidence from China

The Chinese government has adopted a "community building" strategy nationwide to build community capacity by expanding community-based services since the mid-1980s. This study empirically examines whether the mental health among middle-aged and older Chinese adults is associated with the spearhead of this strategy, measured by the number of the amenities and organizations set within the community, and the years the community residents' committee has been in existence. Multilevel mixed regression analyses in SAS 9.2 of the data from The Chinese Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) 2008 Pilot Survey indicated that these two community-level variables explained the variances in mental health among middle-aged and older Chinese adults. Additionally, the number of amenities and organizations within the community was significantly associated with the mental health in midlife and later life, even after controlling for the individual-level socioeconomic and social ties and for support predictors. The empirical evidence from this study indicates that developing the community capacity by establishing the community-based grassroots organizations and semi-public spaces will benefit an individual's mental health in current China.
Mass Flux Schemes and Connection to Shock Instability

We analyze numerical mass fluxes with an emphasis on their capability for accurately capturing shock and contact discontinuities. The study of mass flux is useful because it is the term common to all conservation equations and the numerical diffusivity introduced in it bears a direct consequence to the prediction of contact (stationary and moving) discontinuities, which are considered to be the limiting case of the boundary layer. We examine several prominent numerical flux schemes and analyze the structure of numerical diffusivity. This leads to a detailed investigation into the cause of certain catastrophic breakdowns by some numerical flux schemes. In particular, we identify the dissipative terms that are responsible for shock instabilities, such as the odd?even decoupling and the so-called “carbuncle phenomenon”. As a result, we propose a conjecture stating the connection of the pressure difference term to these multidimensional shock instabilities and hence a cure to those difficulties. The validity of this conjecture has been confirmed by examining a wide class of upwind schemes. The conjecture is useful to the flux function development, for it indicates whether the flux scheme under consideration will be afflicted with these kinds of failings. Thus, a class of shock-stable schemes can be identified. Interestingly, a shock-stable scheme's self-correcting capability is demonstrated with respect to carbuncle-contaminated profiles for flows at both low supersonic and high Mach numbers.
Leptin Impairs the Synergistic Stimulation by Transforming Growth Factor-β of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone-Dependent Aromatase Activity and Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Expression in Rat Ovarian Granulosa Cells

Leptin blocks the insulin-like growth factor-I-induced increase in FSH-dependent estradiol-17beta (E(2)) production by rat ovarian granulosa cells (GC) in vitro. To determine whether the leptin effect extended to another positive modulator of FSH-dependent E(2) production, the direct ovarian effects of leptin on transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) were investigated. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that theca-interstitial cells (TIC) from hypophysectomized rats expressed only a nonsignal-transducing isoform (OB-Ra) of leptin receptor mRNA. Leptin had no effect on TIC androgen production. In contrast, mRNAs for OB-Ra and the signal-transducing (OB-Rb) leptin receptor isoforms were expressed in GC. When GC obtained from 26-day-old rats were cultured (48 h) with FSH and androstenedione, both estrone (E(1)) and E(2) levels increased over those in untreated controls. In the presence of FSH (0.1 IU/ml), TGF-beta (10 ng/ml) potentiated E(2) and E(1) accumulation by 2.7- and 1.45-fold, respectively. Leptin did not alter basal or FSH-stimulated E(2) and E(1) levels. However, leptin suppressed the effect of TGF-beta on FSH-dependent E(2) and E(1) production by 39% and 29%, respectively. Aromatase cytochrome P450 (P450(arom)) mRNA expression and P450(arom) activity were increased by FSH and further augmented by the addition of TGF-beta. Leptin abolished the TGF-beta effect on P450(arom) mRNA expression, and it decreased P450(arom) activity by approximately 27%. These data support the hypothesis that leptin antagonizes the stimulatory effects of TGF-beta on FSH-dependent estrogen production by a mechanism involving the leptin-induced attenuation of P450(arom) activity and mRNA expression in GC.
Self-consistent-field (SCF) and multiconfiguration (MC) Hartree-Fock (HF) methods in atomic calculations: Numerical integration approaches

Abstract The self-consistent field (SCF) and multiconfiguration (MC) Hartree-Fock (HF) methods are reviewed. The emphasis is on the specification, design and implementation of these methods as a part of an atomic structure software package, dealing with wavefunction determination. Numerical integration approaches will be used throughout. After outlining a class of MCHF problems, the derivation of the MCHF equations is reviewed and some theory developed on the variation of the energy functional with respect to a rotation of the orbital basis among orbitals of the same symmetry. Various procedures are proposed and evaluated for dealing with cases where the radial basis for a given total energy is not unique. A numerical MC SCF procedure is described using a top-down approach. The overall algorithm will be outlined first with numerical details provided later. Finally some test cases are proposed.
High pressure photoluminescence and resonant Raman study of GaAs

Abstract Photoluminescence and resonant Raman scattering have been studied in GaAs under hydrostatic stress up to 72 kbar. From the pressure dependence of the photoluminescence intensity the pressure coefficient of the X 6 conduction band minimum in GaAs has been determined. The pressure dependence of zone edge phonon energies in GaAs is also reported.
Extracting Wave Structure from Biological Data with Application to Responses in Turtle Visual Cortex

Waves have long been thought to be a fundamental mechanism for communicating information within a medium and are widely observed in biological systems. However, a quantitative analysis of biological waves is confounded by the variability and complexity of the response. This paper proposes a robust technique for extracting wave structure from experimental data by calculating “wave subspaces” from the KL decomposition of the data set. If a wave subspace contains a substantial portion of the data set energy during a particular time interval, one can deduce the structure of the wave and potentially isolate its information content. This paper uses the wave subspace technique to extract and compare wave structure in data from three different preparations of the turtle visual cortex. The paper demonstrates that wave subspace caricatures from the three cortical preparations have qualitative similarities. In the numerical model, where information about the underlying dynamics is available, wave subspace landmarks are related to activation and changes in behavior of other dynamic variables besides membrane potential.
Habitat modification in tidepools by bioeroding sea urchins and implications for fine‐scale community structure

By creating novel habitats, habitat-modifying species can alter patterns of diversity and abundance in marine communities. Many sea urchins are important habitat modifiers in tropical and temperate systems. By eroding rocky substrata, urchins can create a mosaic of urchin-sized cavities or pits separated by exposed, often flat surfaces. These microhabitats appear to harbor distinct assemblages of species. We investigated how a temperate rocky intertidal community uses three small-scale (<100 cm2) microhabitats created by or adjacent to populations of the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus): pits occupied by urchins, unoccupied pits, and adjacent flat spaces. In tidepools, flat spaces harbored the highest percent cover of algae and sessile fauna, followed by empty pits and then occupied pits. The Shannon diversity and richness of these sessile taxa were significantly higher in flat spaces and empty pits than in occupied pits. The composition of these primary space holders in the microhabitats also varied. Unlike primary space holders, mobile fauna exhibited higher diversity and richness in empty pits than in flat spaces and occupied pits, although results were not significant. The protective empty pit microhabitat harbored the highest densities of most trophic functional groups. Herbivores, however, were densest in flat spaces, concordant with high algal coverage. These results suggest the habitats created by S. purpuratus in addition to its biological activities alter community structure at spatial scales finer than those typically considered for sea urchins.
Insulin is a Drosophila hormone and acts to enhance the differentiation of embryonic Drosophila cells

Abstract Supplements of bovine insulin to cultures of Drosophila embryonic cells caused an 8-fold increase in the number of myotubes per culture, a 14-fold increase in the ratio of myotubes to myocytes, a 5-fold increase in the yield of fat-containing F cells, and a 50% increase in the total protein content per culture. Removal of all available insulin by excess antibody prevented nearly all cell differentiation. Immunoreactive insulin was detected in the hemolymph of Drosophila larvae (410 μU/ml). The data indicate that insulin is a Drosophila hormone and that insulin may normally function to enhance cell differentiation in Drosophila .
Suicide Motives: Comparison of Assignment of Motives by Coroners and Psychologists

Summary.-The accuracy of information contained in coroners' records of suicide obviously affects the validity of data reported in ex post facto suicide studies. The reliability of coroner-assigned suicide motives has been questioned by Shneidman and Farberow (1961) on the basis that coroners' investigators lack sophistication in behavioral research methodology. Andress (1976) suggested that coroners tend to over-assign the motive of Depression/Despondency because they view suicide as a symptom of depression. The present study compared coroner- and psychologist-assigned motives in I66 suicides committed in Riverside County, California between January, 1973 and June, 1974. A Spearman's rank-order correlation of .81 between motives assigned by coroners and psychologists was obtained. Depression was assigned by coroners significantly more often than by the psychologists. The psychologists assigned marital difficulties and sexual problems significantly more often than did coroners. Because of a high percentage of interobserver agreement, it is suggested that more coofi
Altered Affective Response in Marijuana Smokers: An FMRI Study

More than 94 million Americans have tried marijuana, and it remains the most widely used illicit drug in the nation. Investigations of the cognitive effects of marijuana report alterations in brain function during tasks requiring executive control, including inhibition and decision-making. Endogenous cannabinoids regulate a variety of emotional responses, including anxiety, mood control, and aggression; nevertheless, little is known about smokers’ responses to affective stimuli. The anterior cingulate and amygdala play key roles in the inhibition of impulsive behavior and affective regulation, and studies using PET and fMRI have demonstrated changes within these regions in marijuana smokers. Given alterations in mood and perception often observed in smokers, we hypothesized altered fMRI patterns of response in 15 chronic heavy marijuana smokers relative to 15 non-marijuana smoking control subjects during the viewing of masked happy and fearful faces. Despite no between-group differences on clinical or demographic measures, smokers demonstrated a relative decrease in both anterior cingulate and amygdalar activity during masked affective stimuli compared to controls, who showed relative increases in activation within these regions during the viewing of masked faces. Findings indicate that chronic heavy marijuana smokers demonstrate altered activation of frontal and limbic systems while viewing masked faces, consistent with autoradiographic studies reporting high CB-1 receptor density in these regions. These data suggest differences in affective processing in chronic smokers, even when stimuli are presented below the level of conscious processing, and underscore the likelihood that marijuana smokers process emotional information differently from those who do not smoke, which may result in negative consequences.
Technique for accurate stellar polarimetry using CCD cameras

Using a technique for CCD polarimetry, we have obtained stellar polarization data with the 0.9-m telescope on Kitt Peak and with the Tek 2048 CCD camera. Measurements of stars viewed through holes in polarizing filters serve to correct for variations in atmospheric transparency. For the brightest stars the uncertainties in the measured polarization during a single, hour-long, polarimetric sequence are 0.3–0.5%, because of the residual effects of the variations in transparency. For fainter stars we are Poisson noise limited. Our technique provides some advantages over other techniques for CCD polarimetry, primarily because it can be easily integrated into existing photometric systems.
Clinical management of a patient with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy

Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) is an often-misdiagnosed condition affecting the choroidal vasculature and retina of the posterior pole. The clinical identity of PCV was understood fully only recently, but shows unique demographics, clinical findings, and outcomes. Clinically, PCV can be confused with typical choroidal neovascularization and other diseases of the choroid, but generally shows a more favorable outcome. It is important to make the distinction between PCV and other diseases to ensure that patients are treated properly and not exposed to unnecessary procedures. This case report reviews the clinical findings and management of a patient with PCV as well as other studies, demographics of PCV, and current management options for patients with PCV.
Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma: Overcoming Treatment Resistance through Novel Treatment Approaches.

The current standard of care for metastatic urothelial carcinoma (UC) is cisplatin-based chemotherapy but treatment is generally not curative. Mechanisms of resistance to conventional cytotoxic regimens include tumor cell drug efflux pumps, intracellular anti-oxidants and enhanced anti-apoptotic signaling. Blockade of signaling pathways with small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors has produced dramatic responses in subsets of other cancers. Multiple potential signaling pathway targets are altered in UC. Blockade of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway may prove efficacious because 21% have activating PI3K mutations and another 30% have PTEN inactivation (which leads to activation of this pathway). The fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 protein may be overactive in 50-60% and agents which block this pathway are under active development. Blockade of multiple other pathways including HER2 and aurora kinase also have potential efficacy. Anti-angiogenic and immunotherapy strategies are also under development in UC and are discussed in this review. Novel therapeutic approaches are needed in UC. We review the various strategies under development in this disease and discuss how best to evaluate and optimize their efficacy.
Local a posteriori error estimates for time-dependent Hamilton-Jacobi equations

University of Minnesota Ph.D. dissertation. May 2010. Major: Mathematics. Advisor: Prof. Bernardo Cockburn. 1 computer file (PDF); viii, 67 pages. Ill. (some col.)
Generation of a human urinary bladder smooth muscle cell line

We report a cell line (hBSM) established from human urinary bladder wall smooth muscle that maintains most of the phenotypic characteristics of smooth muscle cells. Cells were dissociated from the muscular layer with collagenase (1 mg/ml) and collected and grown in M199 supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum and 1% antibiotic-antimycotic. Primary cultures were grown for 2 d and small colonies were isolated by placing glass rings around the colonies. These colonies were picked up with a fine-tipped Pasteur pipette and subcultured. This procedure was repeated several times until a culture with a uniform stable morphology was obtained. hBSM cells are elongated with tapered ends, and in high density cultures, they form swirls of cells arranged in parallel. These cells have a doubling time of approximately 72 h. Western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy revealed stable expression of smooth muscle-specific proteins, including myosin isoforms (N-terminal isoforms SM-A/B and C-terminal isoforms SM1/2), SM22, α-smooth muscle actin, h-caldesmon, Ca(2+)-dependent myosin light chain kinase, and protein kinase G. These cells contract upon exposure to 10 μM bethanechol and this contraction is reversible by washing away the drug. Karyotyping showed tetraploidy with a modal chromosome number of 87, with multiple rearrangements. To our knowledge, the hBSM cell line is the first human cell line established from bladder wall smooth muscle that expresses both N- and C-terminal smooth muscle myosin isoforms. This cell line will provide a valuable tool for studying transcriptional regulation of smooth muscle myosin isoforms and effects of drugs on cellular function.
Response speeding mediates the contributions of cue familiarity and target retrievability to metamnemonic judgments

Metamnemonic judgments are influenced by the retrievability of the target memory in question, but also by the familiarity of the cue used to elicit such judgments. However, there have been few suggestions as to what factors mediate the influence of these different sources of information on metamnemonic judgments. In this experiment, I examined the interactions between prediction time pressure and variables that promote either cue familiarity or target retrievability. The data reveal that target retrievability plays a larger role than does cue familiarity in fostering predictions of future recall made under unpressured conditions, but that cue familiarity influences predictions that are speeded. This pattern is interpreted by analogy with recognition memory: Mnemonic evidence based on familiarity is more impervious to the demands of time pressure than are the products of deliberative retrieval. Several explanations for this effect are suggested.
Advection-diffusion equations: Temporal sinc methods

A fully Sinc–Galerkin method for solving advection–diffusion equations subject to arbitrary radiation boundary conditions is presented. This procedure gives rise to a discretization, which has its most natural representation in the form of a Sylvester system where the coefficient matrix for the temporal discretization is full. The word “full” often implies a computationally more complex method compared to, for example, temporal marching. In a comparison of time-marching versus this sinc-temporal procedure, the Sylvester formulation defines a common framework within which these procedures can be evaluated. This framework has been included in the introduction to illustrate an efficiency measure for either method. Similar remarks with regard to fullness versus sparseness in the Sylvester formulation apply when the spatial discretization is spectral or, for example, differencing. Although it is indicated how this sinc-temporal method can be combined with alternative spatial discretizations, the natural affinity between sinc methods for space and time discretizations motivate carrying out the numerical illustrations using the sinc basis in each. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
EM coupling and suppression through slots into lossless overmoded cavities using the multilevel fast multipole algorithm

With increased use of wireless communication devices and integrated wireless sensors, the problem of electromagnetic coupling and interference from radiating devices into electronic components or tissues cells becomes more crucial. Previous works in this area have concentrated on the use of the Finite Difference Time Domain or approximate models for EMC analysis. In this paper, we employ the multilevel fast multipole algorithm for EMC analysis on complicated platforms. To being with, we will investigate the effect of various aperture shapes on coupling into an overmoded lossless rectangular cavity. Further, the effect on EM coupling due to penetration of wire traces through apertures into the cavity interior will be investigated. Finally, a method of improving shielding via the use of a sequence of an array of wire strips and slot shadowing will be investigated and presented.
Pessimistic protocols for quasi-partitioned distributed database systems

The authors propose two protocols for transaction processing in quasi-partitioned databases. The protocols are pessimistic in that they permit the execution of update transactions in exactly one partition. The first protocol is defined for a fully partition-replicated database in which every partition contains a copy of every data object. The second protocol is defined for a partially partition-replicated database in which some objects have no copies in some partitions. Both protocols improve their major performance measures linearly with the backup link speed but are not visibly affected by either duration of the partitioning or the database size. This is a desirable property, since the backup link speed is the only controllable parameter. >
Effects of Applicant's Adverse Medical History on College Students' Ratings of Job Applications1

The purpose of this experiment was to determine if the existence of high blood pressure or allergies would decrease the likelihood of a person obtaining a job. Forty-eight college students rated hypothetical job applicants with allergies, high blood pressure, or no adverse physical condition for either a high-stress manager trainee position or a low-stress bookkeeper position. For the manager trainee position, applicants with either high blood pressure or allergies were rated significantly lower than the applicants with no adverse physical condition. For the bookkeeper position there were no significant differences between the ratings of the individuals with the different physical conditions. These results suggest that any adverse physical condition may have a negative prototype associated with it; however, a job applicant's physical condition may have different consequences depending upon the type of job for which he/she is applying. The effect of the stress level of the different jobs on the ratings was discussed.
Spatial distribution of carbon over an eroded landscape in southwest Wisconsin

Spatial distribution of carbon (C) within a soil profile and across a landscape is influenced by many factors including vegetation, soil erosion, water infiltration, and drainage. For this reason, we attempted to determine the soil C distribution of an eroded soil. A three-dimensional (3D) map of a 0.72 ha field with a Dubuque silt loam soil which has three levels of erosion (slight, moderate, and severe) was developed using soil distribution and profile data collected using a profile cone penetrometer (PCP). This map displays the distribution of the total depth of the Ap and Bt1 horizons and the upper part of the 2Bt2 horizon. A map of soil C distribution was created for this landscape using C content information obtained from soil samples. Based on the C distribution in the upper two horizons, a 3D viewing was developed of soil C distribution for this eroded landscape. The 3D assessment of C distribution provides a better means of assessing the impact of soil erosion on C fate. It was estimated that there were 52 Mg ha � 1 of total C in the surface (Ap) horizon and 61 Mg ha � 1 in the Bt1 horizon for the 0.72 ha area. This increase in C with depth in the soil can be attributed to an increase in clay content and C leaching resulting in stable carbon–clay complexes. The C content was 16.0, 17.5, and 19.0 g kg � 1 for the Ap horizon in the slight, moderate, and severe erosion levels, respectively. However, it was estimated that the total C amount in the respective Ap horizons was 28, 14, and 10 Mg ha � 1 for the slight, moderate, and severe areas. The Bt1 horizon had 31, 19, and 11 Mg ha � 1 of C in the slight, moderate, and severe areas, respectively. For the 0.72 ha area, 25% was severely eroded with 31 and 44% being moderate and slight, respectively. Soil C distribution information, such as that presented here, can be very valuable for soil management and could be used to determine possible C storage credits. # 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Rules of engagement for automated negotiation

An important motivation for moving business processes to the Web is to reduce the cost associated with having them done by people. One such process is negotiation. Automating negotiations requires that we be able to agree on what we're negotiating for, quantify the value of different possible outcomes, and have a set of rules that specify how the negotiation proceeds. This paper presents a unified approach to address these issues. Contributions include a form of presenting offers that makes it easier to search a large space of potential deals and a negotiation protocol that is guaranteed to terminate in a finite number of steps.
Limited Dynamic Earthquake Triggering in the Socorro Magma Body Region, Rio Grande Rift, New Mexico

Abstract Dynamic earthquake triggering, the process through which stresses transmitted through the passage of seismic waves can trigger remote faults to fail, has been shown to be fairly common throughout the globe and especially in seismically active areas of high heat flow and geothermal activity. We explore the possibility of dynamic earthquake triggering around the Socorro magma body, a feature within the Rio Grande rift in New Mexico that exhibits high heat flow and heightened seismicity. Because the area fits the environment type in which triggering preferentially occurs, we examine 319 global mainshocks with M w ≥6.0 for the possibility of increased seismicity rates following the passage of the mainshock waves. We examine local event locations and origin times relative to mainshock phase arrivals for patterns distinguishing triggering mainshocks from nontriggering mainshocks. We find a small triggering response during the time period analyzed, unlike following the 2002 Denali fault earthquake (DFE). This small response corresponds to smaller peak dynamic stresses than are found in other triggering studies ( M w >7.0), at a regional to small teleseismic distance (
Corrosion Model for Plastic Encapsulated and Hermetic Modules

This paper describes a corrosion based on the permeation properties of the encapsulants and on the corrosion rates of the metallurgies in the given environment. The pollutants vapor pressure, the package geometry, and the sizes of the (pollutant) ingress and corrosion areas are also functional variables. The knowledge of these physically measurable quantities enables us to calculate the time to failure for any package under field stress conditions.
A simple model of disinflation and the optimality of doing nothing

Abstract This paper analyses the optimal monetary policy of a government facing an election whose disinflationary ‘abilities’ are uncertain, under the assumption that reducing inflation is costly because of backward-looking contracts. It is shown that if the government likes to be in power it can choose to ‘do nothing’ on the inflation front in order to avoid risking electoral defeat should disinflation prove too costly. The costs of inflation reduction are worth bearing if initial inflation is sufficiently high: therefore it is possible to observe quick disinflations that however stop short of low inflation.
Optimization of SPME for Analysis of Trichloroethylene in Rat Blood and Tissues by SPME‐GC/MS

Abstract Trichloroethyene (TCE) is a small halogenated compound that has been used extensively as a metal degreaser, dry cleaning agent, and all‐purpose solvent. As a result of its widespread use, TCE is commonly found in the environment. TCE has limited water solubility; therefore, the compound is able to partition into drinking water. Human exposure to TCE in environmental media is of concern because TCE has been found to be carcinogenic in laboratory animals. The method presented in this paper uses solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (SPME‐GC/MS) to analyze TCE in rat blood, plasma, liver, kidney, and lung. SPME pre‐concentrates the sample, minimizes the use of extraction solvents, and minimizes sample preparation time. The limit of detection for this method is 1 ng/mL. For all biological specimens, placing the fiber in the sample headspace for 5 minutes for extraction of TCE gave maximal detector response. For blood and liver samples, heating samples prior...
Human dermo-optical perception: colors of objects and of projected light differentiated with fingers.

It has been popularly reported that some persons can discriminate nonvisually among stimulus objects usually requiring visual cues. A female S (A) was reported to possess the ability of so-called “finger-sight” or “dermo-optical perception.” To determine whether there was anything unusual about her sensory behavior, S and three controls were tested using plastic discs, projected light and playing cards as stimuli. The stimuli were presented so as to prevent use of visual cues for identification. Results indicated that S performed reliably above chance and above the level of the controls as a group in discriminating colored plastic discs, colored projected lights, and in discriminating the suit and number of playing cards. Some controls also performed reliably above chance but below A.
Development of an expert system for high voltage testing and measurement

The development of an expert system for basic high-voltage testing and measurement is presented. The expert system is a useful tool for technicians and students who are not familiar with high-voltage test and measurement techniques. The system is written using the Level5 expert system building tool and the C-language. Examples of the system's operation are provided. >
The impact of violence and abuse on women's physical health: Can trauma‐informed treatment make a difference?

A history of traumatic experiences has been associated with poor physical health. This study examined associations between trauma and physical health, as well as changes in physical health over time, in women with co-occurring disorders and histories of violence who received either integrated trauma-informed services or usual care. Results revealed that women who had experienced more severe trauma also suffered worse physical health and were more likely to engage in poor health behaviors. Receiving behavioral health care services was associated with improved physical health and health behaviors. Predictors of physical health improvements included reduced interpersonal abuse, reduced severity of posttraumatic symptoms, improved health behaviors, and adequate access to medical care. Implications for primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention are discussed.