cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surgical (Cosmetic) Dehorning in Cattle

Numerous methods have been developed through the ages to dehorn cattle. Some are clever and sophisticated; others are crude. Most methods can be used effectively and humanely, and with desirable cosmetic results. This article discusses the cosmetic and ethical considerations for dehorning, as well as surgical preparation and techniques used.
Oviposition Stimulant for Tomato Pinworms from Surfaces of Tomato Plants

A substance that stimulates oviposition of the tomato pinworm, Keiferia lycopersicella (Walsingham), occurs on the surface of tomato plants. Moths exposed to leaf rubs or extracts of rubs in fabric deposit eggs on surfaces other than tomato, but do not do so without the chemostimulus. The substance is extractable (except from seedlings) in water or ethanol and seems equally distributed on the upper and lower surfaces of leaves. Surface texture influences oviposition when the chemostimulus is present. Moths prefer a villous surface and insert the eggs among the fibers and hairs. Corduroy was the preferred fabric in both choice and nonchoice tests. Olfactometer and antennectomy tests strongly indicated chemostimulant detection through physical contact rather than olfaction.
Thermoregulation in Bats Exposed to Low Ambient Temperatureis

SummaryHeart rates and rectal temperatures (Tr) were recorded from inactive bats exposed to stepwise changes in ambient temperature (Tn) in the range between —5°C and 10°C. An increase in heart rate and in the difference (ΔT) between rectal and ambient temperature (ΔT — Tr — Tu) with decreasing ambient temperature below 5°C was found. The bats remained in the dormant state but were able to arouse from dormancy in response to mechanical stimuli. The results indicate that the species of bats studied possess thermoregulatory ability during dormancy and that this ability is a homeostatic mechanism and thus different from the process of arousal.We thank Dr. Loren D. Carlson for suggestions and criticism during preparation of the manuscript.
Structure–Property Relationship of Solution-Spun Ppbt/Peek and Ppbt/Nylon 6,6 Composite Fibers

Previous work investigated the processing/structure/property relationships for solution spun composite fibers of rodlike poly(p-phenylene benzobisthiazole) [PPBT] with nylon 6,6 [N66] and poly(ether ether ketone) [PEEK] [1]. Evidence that these composite fibers were effectively reinforced by a network-like structure of PPBT was given. In the present investigation, the morphology and properties of wet, as-spun, and heattreated PPBT/nylon 6,6 and PPBT/PEEK composite fibers are contrasted to gain insight into the structure/property relations which result from these post-spinning processes. It is concluded that heat-treatment is simply a means of perfecting the network structure, thereby enhancing the tensile properties of the composite fibers.
Advancing the pharmacy practice model in a community teaching hospital by expanding student rotations

Purpose The implementation, benefits, and outcomes of a layered learner model (LLM) using pharmacy students as pharmacist extenders are described. Summary In 2011, Cleveland Clinic Florida (CCF) implemented a pharmacy practice model change with the goal of providing all inpatients quality pharmaceutical care while still providing key specialty clinical pharmacy services. An LLM was initiated in which pharmacists supervise pharmacy residents and students in a team format in which students are used as pharmacist extenders. CCF partnered with local and regional colleges of pharmacy to increase the number of advanced pharmacy practice experience student rotations at CCF. Students are given accountability for a specific number of patient beds based on their rotation. They are required to perform medication histories, education on drug indication and adverse effects, discharge counseling, targeted disease counseling, and profile review for drug-related problems for their patients. After the implementation of this model, improvements were observed in Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) scores (58% versus 70%, respectively), pharmacy interventions per patient per day (0.9 versus 1.4, respectively), and bedside medication delivery capture rate (48% versus 65%, respectively). Conclusion The implementation of an LLM and partnering with local colleges of pharmacy have improved pharmacy practice at CCF by allowing pharmacy students to work as pharmacist extenders in providing comprehensive pharmacy services to many patients who would not otherwise be reached. This approach has improved HCAHPS scores within the “communication of medication” domain, increased overall patient interventions, and allowed expansion of CCF’s discharge prescription program.
Electroluminescence Enhancement via Grating on a Si-based Plasmonic Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor Tunnel Junction

Here we fabricated and characterized a CMOS compatible metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) plasmonic tunnel junction for Si-based photonic circuitry. A grating structure was realized on MIS plasmonic tunnel junction via focused-ion-beam milling (FIB) to increase the intensity of the light emission that occurs during inelastic electron tunneling. Approximately 65 times higher intensity of light emission is achieved with the grating structure during the measurements.
Comparing various hardware/software solutions and conversion methods for Controller Area Network (CAN) bus data collection

Machine CAN bus digital data accuracy could vary based on collection methods.Frame and waveform (i.e., averaged) datasets were collected and compared.Frame data logging techniques resulted in much larger file sizes compared to waveform data.Differences between digital data values logged using frame or waveform methods were minimal.Based on measured parameters, waveform data would be acceptable for most field research in agriculture. Various hardware and software solutions exist for collecting Controller Area Network (CAN) bus data. Digital data accuracy could vary based upon different data logging methods (e.g., hardware/software timing, processor timing, etc.). CAN bus data were collected from agricultural tractors using multiple data acquisition solutions to quantify differences among collection methods and demonstrate potential data accumulation rates.Two types of data were observed for this study. The first, CAN bus frame data, represents data collected for each line of hex data sent from an ECU. One issue with frame data is the resulting large file sizes, therefore a second logging format collected was an averaged frame signal, or waveform dataset. Because of its smaller file size, waveform data could be more desirable for long periods of collection. Percent difference was calculated from two sets of frame data logs using different hardware/software combinations, and a frame data log was also compared to a waveform data log.The resulting difference was less than 0.0025 RPM for engine speed comparisons, zero for fuel rate and fuel temperature comparisons, and the mean percent difference was less than 0.08% between the methods of data collection. The error production could have resulted from noise in hardware and processor times, but was not found to increase as time progressed. This showed that even though errors existed between logging methods, the magnitude of errors would not negatively impact any practical agricultural field research applications. Thus, data logged by the different devices was similar and files requiring less memory would be desired. Selecting a waveform CAN bus data logging option would likely maintain digital data accuracy while reducing file storage and processing needs.
Zero-Temperature Relaxation in Pure Fermi Liquids and Ferromagnetic Metals

We discuss the effect of the zero-temperature transverse attenuation in spin-polarized Fermi liquids on related phenomena in helium and electron systems. In helium Fermi liquids, the magnetic dipole-dipole interaction leads to a transfer of transverse attenuation to longitudinal processes resulting in finite sound attenuation and effective viscosity even at zero temperature. In Heisenberg ferromagnetic metals, this Fermi-liquid effect affects the attenuation of ferromagnetic magnons as a result of exchange coupling between spins of ferromagnetic and conduction electrons.
Perceived teacher credibility and students’ affect as a function of instructors’ use of PowerPoint and email

ABSTRACTIn this study, we extend previous work on instructors’ use of technology by examining how students’ perceptions of teacher credibility and affective experience differ depending on how frequently instructors use two common forms of instructional technology: PowerPoint, which is typically used inside the classroom; and email, which is typically used outside the classroom. Participants read vignettes that randomly manipulated the amount of each technology used by the instructor. Results revealed a positive association between instructor email use and students’ affective experience. For teacher credibility, a more complex pattern emerged, with instructors who combine rare email use with limited PowerPoint use suffering lowest evaluations on teacher credibility. Thus, effective use of classroom technology should avoid ambiguity or communicating a dismissive attitude toward students, who generally seem to prefer a high degree of technological integration in their courses.
Effective Connectivity Measured Using Optogenetically Evoked Hemodynamic Signals Exhibits Topography Distinct From Resting State Functional Connectivity in the Mouse

Brain connectomics has expanded from histological assessment of axonal projection connectivity (APC) to encompass resting state functional connectivity (RS-FC). RS-FC analyses are efficient for whole-brain mapping, but attempts to explain aspects of RS-FC (e.g., interhemispheric RS-FC) based on APC have been only partially successful. Neuroimaging with hemoglobin alone lacks specificity for determining how activity in a population of cells contributes to RS-FC. Wide-field mapping of optogenetically defined connectivity could provide insights into the brain's structure-function relationship. We combined optogenetics with optical intrinsic signal imaging to create an efficient, optogenetic effective connectivity (Opto-EC) mapping assay. We examined EC patterns of excitatory neurons in awake, Thy1-ChR2 transgenic mice. These Thy1-based EC (Thy1-EC) patterns were evaluated against RS-FC over the cortex. Compared to RS-FC, Thy1-EC exhibited increased spatial specificity, reduced interhemispheric connectivity in regions with strong RS-FC, and appreciable connection strength asymmetry. Comparing the topography of Thy1-EC and RS-FC patterns to maps of APC revealed that Thy1-EC more closely resembled APC than did RS-FC. The more general method of Opto-EC mapping with hemoglobin can be determined for 100 sites in single animals in under an hour, and is amenable to other neuroimaging modalities. Opto-EC mapping represents a powerful strategy for examining evolving connectivity-related circuit plasticity.
Characterization of a Novel Tectivirus Phage Toil and Its Potential as an Agent for Biolipid Extraction.

The oleaginous bacterium Rhodococcus opacus PD630 is metabolically diverse and can be cultivated on various renewable resources to serve as a sustainable triacylglycerol (TAG) feedstock for biodiesel production. Current methods for TAG extraction are costly, but infection of cultures by lytic bacteriophages (phages) may be a viable approach for achieving release of intracellular lipid from oleaginous bacteria such as R. opacus. This study reports the novel tectiviral phage Toil capable of releasing intracellular contents including a fluorescent protein marker and TAGs into the supernatant after phage infection of R. opacus PD631, a domesticated derivative of strain PD630. Phage Toil is placed in the Tectiviridae by its morphology, the presence of a lipid membrane, its genome architecture and the presence of terminal covalently-linked proteins. Toil is the first tectivirus capable of infecting a member of the Actinobacteria. Microscopy shows that infected cells do not undergo sudden lysis but instead maintain their original shape for several hours, with the cellular morphology gradually deteriorating. Approximately 30% of intracellular TAGs could be recovered from the culture supernatants of Toil-infected PD631 cells. Phage Toil has potential to be used as an agent in extraction of TAGs from oleaginous bacterium R. opacus. Importance: This study reported the first tectivirus (Phage Toil) capable of infecting a member of the Actinobacteria. In this study, we showed that Phage Toil can infect oleaginous bacterium Rhodococcus opacus to release intracellular contents such as a fluorescent protein marker and TAG lipid granules, which can serve as a starting material for biodiesel production. This study demonstrates a new method to extract TAGs by using this phage. Additionally, Phage Toil can be a new model phage to advance knowledge regarding phage infection mechanisms in Rhodococcus and other mycolic acid-containing bacteria such as Mycobacterium.
On the model of the circumgalactic mist: the implications of cloud sizes in galactic winds and haloes

Ubiquitous detections of cold/warm gas around galaxies indicate that the circumgalactic medium (CGM) is multiphase and dynamic. Recent state-of-the-art cosmological galaxy simulations have generally underproduced the column density of cold halo gas. We argue that this may be due to a mismatch of spatial resolution in the circumgalactic space and the relevant physical scales at which the cold gas operates. Using semi-analytic calculations and a set of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations, we present a multiphase model of the gaseous halos around galaxies, the circumgalactic mist (CGm). The CGm model is based on the idea that the observed cold halo gas may be a composite of cold, dense and small cloudlets embedded in a hot diffuse halo, resembling terrestrial clouds and mist. We show that the resulting cold gas from thermal instabilities conforms to a characteristic column density of $N_{\rm H}\approx 10^{17}\rm{cm^{-2}}$ as predicted by the $c_s t_{\rm cool}$ ansatz. The model implies a large number of cold clumps in the inner galactic halo with a small volume filling factor but large covering fraction. The model also naturally gives rise to spatial extents and differential covering fractions of cold, warm and hot gas. To self-consistently model the co-evolution of the CGM and star formation within galaxies, future simulations must address the mismatch of the spatial resolution and characteristic scale of cold gas.
Disembodied Capitalism: Habermas's Conception of the Economy

Habermas's primary theoretical project is to combine fruitfully the two major approaches to social analysis, hermeneutic theory and systems theory. To this end, he reinterprets the capitalist economy as an economic subsystem that engages certain functional imperatives of material reproduction behind the backs of society's actors. However, Habermas's attempt to distinguish subsystem processes from lifeworld experiences ultimately distorts our understanding of the capitalist economy in that it obscures the structural forms through which capitalism must be actualized. Consequently, his theory diminishes the necessary organizational forms of the economic subsystem, produces inconsistencies in regard to action orientations and subsystem dynamics, and encourages a misleading restrictive notion of the loci of contemporary social conflict.
Hecke Stable Subvariety Is a Shimura Subvariety

In this last chapter, we prove that any Hecke invariant subvariety of a product of copies of mod-p Shimura curve is a Shimura subvariety, as stated in Theorems 3.43 and 3.44. From this result, we pull out a linear independence result (Corollary 11.13) more general than Theorem 3.38.
Two-Equation RNG Transport Modeling of High Reynolds Number Pipe Flow

New solutions of two-equation RNG turbulence transport model are used to calculate high Reynolds number pipe flows. The results are compared with experimental “Superpipe” data of Zagarola et al. (1996) up to Reynolds number of 3.5 × 107.
High Dielectric Constant Sulfonyl-Containing Dipolar Glass Polymers with Enhanced Orientational Polarization

Dipolar glass (DG) polymers, which utilize sub-Tg orientational polarization (Tg is the glass transition temperature) to enhance dielectric constants, are promising candidates for use in advanced e...
How “Dara” You!

A 73-year-old man with immunoglobulin (Ig)G kappa multiple myeloma is referred for outpatient transfusion due to severe anemia with hemoglobin (Hgb) of 6.6 g/dL. The patient has a history of red blood cell (RBC) transfusion at your hospital 2 years ago at which time the antibody screen was negative. An ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) anticoagulant sample is submitted to the blood bank for type and screen along with a request for two units of irradiated RBCs.
Sarcopenia Measured Using Masseter Area Predicts Early Mortality following Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.

Abstract Sarcopenia is strongly associated with poor outcomes and mortality following injury among the geriatric population. Diagnosis using psoas area is most common but may be unavailable given limited radiographic evaluation following low-impact injuries. Masseter area has recently been identified as an available alternative and associated with 2-year mortality following injury. We sought to validate this measure and its association with early mortality following severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) using a retrospective analysis of all geriatric trauma patients with sTBI admitted from 2011–2016 to our trauma center. Admission Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score ≤8 was used to identify sTBI. Bilateral masseter area was measured 2 cm below the zygomatic arch and the mean used for analysis. Sarcopenia was defined as mean masseter area one standard deviation or less from the sex-based mean. Multivariate models with logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards test followed univariate analysis. Kaplan-Meier...
GRASP depletion-mediated Golgi destruction decreases cell adhesion and migration via the reduction of α5β1 integrin

The Golgi apparatus is a membrane-bound organelle that serves as the center for trafficking and processing of proteins and lipids. To perform these functions, the Golgi forms a multilayer stacked structure held by GRASP55 and GRASP65 trans-oligomers and perhaps their binding partners. Depletion of GRASP proteins disrupts Golgi stack formation and impairs critical functions of the Golgi, such as accurate protein glycosylation and sorting. However, how Golgi destruction affects other cellular activities is so far unknown. Here, we report that depletion of GRASP proteins reduces cell attachment and migration. Interestingly, GRASP depletion reduces the protein level of α5β1 integrin, the major cell adhesion molecule at the surface of HeLa and MDA-MB-231 cells, due to decreased integrin protein synthesis. GRASP depletion also increases cell growth and total protein synthesis. These new findings enrich our understanding on the role of the Golgi in cell physiology and provide a potential target for treating protein-trafficking disorders.
Rhetoric and Logical Reasoning as Engagement with Being

The paper tries to show that when the deepest or foundational aspects of truth are at issue, both consequentially logical argument and rhetoric that aims to establish truth or justified conviction must engage with the being, or the irreplaceable particularity, of its audience’s members and also that of the arguer, what we refer to in ordinary language as who the person is. Beyond the existing discussion of existential rhetoric, the paper argues that this engagement with being is necessary to establish not only truth that directly concerns or turns on the arguer’s and audience’s being, but also truth or justification about fundamental aspects of things and issues in general. Further, the address of being requires us to suspend both our own and our addressees’ familiar conceptual frameworks in order to allow being to emerge in its own terms. As a result, in contrast with our usual understanding of argumentation, the rhetorician’s initial aim and procedure will be to achieve a genuine suspension of conviction and even of the appropriate concepts under which to proceed, and so to produce a fundamental confusion. The paper then outlines some consequences for rhetoric and reasoning and also the structure of the process of working with this fundamental confusion.
The role of corrosion in a material selector expert system for advanced structural ceramics

The primary goal in the development of advanced structural ceramics has been to provide high-strength, corrosion-resistant materials for use in high-temperature, aggressive environments. Much of the developmental effort has focused on heat exchangers for use in industrial gas- or coal-fueled systems with temperatures on the order of 1200 to 1400°C. While ceramics are often popularly described as inert to chemical degradation, the corrosion resistance of these materials actually ranges from excellent to very poor, depending especially on the compositions of the environment and the material. Understanding these dependencies is critical to the development of a materials selector expert system for advanced ceramics. The present paper examines the development of a set of rules for a material selector expert system based on relations among composition, microstructure, transport processes, operating conditions, and corrosion. The concurrent information requirements that must be provided in a computerized materials property database are discussed also.
Exploring Deportation as a Causal Mechanism of Social Disorganization

Since the mid-1990s, immigration control policies have been increasingly punitive and implemented with the aim to ease deportation. Some of these policies have been premised on a supposed link between immigration and crime. Social disorganization is the dominant theory linking immigration and crime. Yet recent criminological scholarship has challenged social disorganization’s position that immigrant can lead to factors which cause high crime rates. The immigrant revitalization perspective has emerged as a refutation of social disorganization, suggesting that the social capital and integration fostered in communities resulting from immigration counteract social disorganization theory and actually reduce, rather than increase, crime (Lee and Martinez, Sociol Focus, 35:365–385, 2002). This finding is consistent with existing social science literature, which finds that neighborhoods with high numbers of immigrants are highly cohesive and integrated. If, as the recent criminological studies have found, immigration actually reduces, rather than increases, crime, then it is possible that another mechanism within the immigrant experience leads to social disorganization. Perhaps deportation, which has been documented as having the very same effects social disorganization says leads to increased crime rates, should be examined. Instead of immigration, it is rather immigration control that promotes and creates that which it seeks to curb: crime.
Abstract 811: The Role of Mitochondrial Stress and the Late Sodium Current in Ibrutinib-Mediated Atrial Fibrillation

Background: Ibrutinib (a Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitor, BTKI) is rapidly becoming the treatment of choice for many B-cell malignancies, but its proarrhythmic effects may limit its widespread u...
Hypothyroidism, Sex, and Age Predict Future Thromboembolic Events Among Younger People

Purpose Aberrant thyroid function causes dysregulated metabolic homeostasis. Literature has demonstrated hypercoagulability in hypothyroidism, suggesting a risk for thromboembolic events (TEE). We hypothesize that individuals with hypothyroidism will experience more clinically-diagnosed TEE than euthyroid individuals. Methods De-identified patient data from the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center were retrieved using thyrotropin (TSH; thyroid-stimulating hormone) for case-finding from 2005 to 2007 and ICD billing codes to identify TEE during the follow-up period of 10 to 12 years. Diagnoses affecting coagulation were excluded and 12 109 unique enrollees were categorized according to TSH concentration as Hyperthyroid (n = 510), Euthyroid (n = 9867), Subclinical Hypothyroid (n = 1405), or Overtly Hypothyroid (n = 327). Analysis with multiple logistic regression provided the odds of TEE while adjusting for covariates. Results There were 228 TEEs in the cohort over 5.1 ± 4.3 years of follow-up. Risk of TEE varied significantly across study groups while adjusting for sex, race/ethnicity, levothyroxine, oral contraceptive therapy, and visit status (outpatient vs non-outpatient), and this risk was modified by age. Overt Hypothyroidism conferred a significantly higher risk of TEE than Euthyroidism below age 35, and Hyperthyroidism conferred an increased risk for TEE at age 20. Analysis also demonstrated a higher age-controlled risk for a subsequent TEE in men compared with women (odds ratio [OR] = 1.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.81). Subanalysis of smoking status (n = 5068, 86 TEE) demonstrated that smokers have 2.21-fold higher odds of TEE relative to nonsmokers (95% CI, 1.41-3.45). Conclusions In this retrospective cohort study, Overt Hypothyroidism conferred increased risk of TEE over the next decade for individuals younger than 35 years of age, as compared with Euthyroidism.
T ' models with high quality flaxions

The "gauged'' Peccei-Quinn (PQ) mechanism of Fukuda, Ibe, Suzuki and Yanagida is implemented in the flavorful axion model of Carone and Merchand. This model of flavor is similar to other successful ones based on the double tetrahedral group, but the flavor symmetry includes a global U(1) factor that leads to the presence of a flavorful axion. Here we gauge that U(1) symmetry and introduce a heavy sector that includes (1) the fermions necessary to cancel anomalies and (2) a second scalar flavon field that spontaneously breaks the U(1) symmetry. The full theory has an accidental U(1)$\times$U(1)$'$ global symmetry, anomalous with respect to QCD; U(1)$_\text{PQ}$ emerges as a linear combination. The gauged flavor symmetry restricts the possible PQ symmetry-breaking higher-dimension operators so that sufficient axion quality is preserved. We provide a model of the quark sector, as a proof of principle, and then a model which incorporates the standard model charged leptons as well. In both cases, the charge assignments that lead to acceptable axion quality also lead to a multiplicity of some of the heavy sector states; we check that the Landau pole for hypercharge remains above the cut off of the effective theory. We consider relevant phenomenological constraints on these models including those on the predicted axion couplings.
Children’s Evaluations of Informants and their Surprising Claims in Direct and Overheard Contexts

Children are known to accept communicated information, even when it contradicts their own judgments. Here, we explored the role of direct address and accuracy in children’s testimonial decisions an...
Free Functional Gracilis Flaps for Facial Reanimation in Elderly Patients.

Importance: The free functional gracilis flap (FFGF) is a versatile procedure in reanimating the paralyzed face, yet its application in seniors is limited by perceptions of morbidity and inefficacy...
Association of T-wave abnormalities with major cardiovascular events in diabetes: the ACCORD trial

T-wave abnormalities (TWA) are often found on ECG and signify abnormal ventricular repolarisation. While TWA have been shown to be associated with subclinical atherosclerosis, the relationship between TWA and hard cardiovascular endpoints is less clear and may differ in the presence of diabetes, so we sought to explore these associations in participants from the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial. TWA were operationally defined as the presence of any Minnesota Codes 5-1 through 5-4 in any lead distribution. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were constructed to examine relationships between TWA and clinical cardiovascular events. Secondary analyses explored the risks conferred by major vs minor TWA, differential effects of TWA by anatomic localisation (anterolateral, inferior or anterior lead distributions), and differing associations in those with or without prevalent CVD. Among 8176 eligible participants (mean 62.1 ± 6.3 SD years, 61.4% male), there were 3759 cardiovascular events, including 1430 deaths (473 of a cardiovascular aetiology), 474 heart failure events, 1452 major CHD events and 403 strokes. Participants with TWA had increased risks of all-cause mortality (HR 1.45 [95% CI 1.30, 1.62], p < 0.0001), cardiovascular mortality (HR 1.93 [1.59, 2.34], p = 0.0001), congestive heart failure (HR 2.04 [1.69, 2.48], p < 0.0001) and major CHD (HR 1.40 [1.26, 1.57], p < 0.0001), but no increased risk of stroke (HR 0.99 [0.80, 1.23], p = 0.95). Major TWA conferred a higher risk than minor TWA. When TWA were added to the UK Prospective Diabetes Study risk engine, there was improved discrimination for incident CHD events, but only for those with prevalent CVD (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.5744 and 0.6030 with p = 0.0067). Adding TWA to the risk engine yielded improvements in reclassification that were of greater magnitude in those with prevalent CVD (net reclassification improvement [NRI] 0.24 [95% CI 0.16, 0.32] in those with prevalent CVD, NRI 0.14 [95% CI 0.07, 0.22] in those without prevalent CVD). The presence and magnitude of TWA are associated with increased risk of clinical cardiovascular events and mortality in individuals with diabetes and may have value in refining risk, particularly in those with prevalent CVD.
Computer Assisted Imaging for Orthopaedic Surgery

This talk will focus on out-patient spine CT utilizing routine multi-planar reformatted images and it’s impact on the subsequent neurodiagnostic evaluation of patients with lumbar disc disease. The discussion will deal with the experience of a CT facility devoted largely to out-patient CT evaluations of patients with lumbar and cervical disc disease. During its 30 months of operation, it has performed over 5,000 CT examinations, approximately 90% of which were multi-planar reformatted studies for discogenic pathology of the spine. The clinical and economic impact on patients, on the adjacent hospital and on third party payors has been broad and positive. Since the opening of this facility, the volume of myeolography in the adjacent hospital X-ray department has been reduced by approximately 45%. Because of a reduction in the number of spine CT cases done by the scanner in the adjacent hospital, the overall volume of patient examinations on the in-house CT scanner has increased. The economic impact has been significant.
Controlling bacterial contamination during fuel ethanol fermentation using thermochemically depolymerized lignin bio-oils

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) contamination during fuel ethanol fermentation can lead to significant economic loses. To circumvent this, fuel ethanol plants add antibiotics prophylactically, but their overuse has resulted in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant LAB strains. Lignin is a sustainable biopolymer that can be found as a waste product from lignocellulosic biorefineries. Technical lignins and their smaller phenolic subunits have been shown to exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, but there is a lack of demonstrations of lignin derivatives with highly selective properties in the literature. Here, corn stover lignin from a biorefinery was oxidatively depolymerized using an environmentally benign organic oxidant, peracetic acid, into a bio-oil that has selective antimicrobial properties against LAB and not yeasts. The resulting bio-oil demonstrated up to 90% inhibition of commercially sampled LAB (including antibiotic-resistant strains) at 4 mg ml−1 with no inhibition against an industrial yeast strain. These antimicrobial properties of the bio-oil are attributed to larger unidentified lignin oligomers, compared to monolignols, that have a membrane damaging mode of action. Using the bio-oil (4 mg ml−1) during simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of raw corn starch showed no inhibition of enzymatic activity, and in LAB contaminated fermentations the bio-oil treatments showed an 8% increase in ethanol yields at higher bacterial contamination ratios (l : 100 yeast to LAB, CFU per ml). This study illustrates the efficacy of using lignin bio-oil as an antibiotic replacement during fuel ethanol fermentation and demonstrates the highly selective antimicrobial properties of lignin oligomers, which creates a viable lignin valorization strategy for biorefineries.
The Biochemist’s Approach to the Problem

Mixtures of antibodies were sufficient for serologic studies since extremely specific antisera could detect micrograms of an idiotype present in milligrams of an immunoglobulin mixture. The ground rules for the biochemical analysis of antibodies, however, are completely different. These studies require large amounts of antibodies that are not only directed against a single specificity, but that represent a single protein moiety.
Why Don't We Know More About Best Practices in Physician Investigations?

IN BRIEF Dr. Ziegler calls for a systematic analysis of both the structure and process of state medical board investigations in an effort to determine best practices and model policies for this key...
Pygathrix nemaeus (Douc langur)

Skin biopsies of these animals, the female a newborn, were kindly made available by Dr. L. Griner, San Diego Zoo, San Diego, California, USA, for cell cultures. The karyotypes resemble those of other langurs. Identification of the Y is unequivocal. Identification of the X is tentative. The metacentric marker elements with pronounced secondary constriction are placed as the last autosomes.
Biological Regulation of Inorganic Pyrophosphate-Glucose Phosphotransferase and Glucose 6-Phosphatase ACTIVATION BY TRIAMCINOLONE, IN VIVO, IN THE PRESENCE OF ACTINOMYCIN D

Abstract Previous studies (4) on the effects of glucocorticoid therapy on liver microsomal glucose 6-phosphate phosphohydrolase (EC 3.1.3.9) and associated inorganic pyrophosphate-glucose phosphotransferase activity have been extended to include investigations of the effects, in vivo, of the synthetic steroid triamcinolone when administered to animals in which protein biosynthesis had been blocked by treatment with actinomycin D. Actinomycin (10 µg/100 g of body weight) was administered daily for 3 days by intraperitoneal injection to a group of 11 rats. Triamcinolone (1.0 mg/100 g of body weight) was injected daily ½ hour later into five of these animals. Enzymic activities were assayed in fresh liver homogenates which were supplemented either with 0.1 part of 2% sodium deoxycholate solution or with an equal volume of distilled water. Glucose 6-phosphate phosphohydrolase and pyrophosphate-glucose phosphotransferase activity levels increased, respectively, to 139% and 177% of comparable values for activities in animals receiving actinomycin only, based on assays carried out in the absence of detergent. However, statistically significant differences in corresponding activity values for the two groups of animals disappeared when assays were carried out with detergent-supplemented homogenates. These findings constitute additional evidence supporting our earlier suggestion (4) that the principal effect of glucocorticoid therapy on the various activities of microsomal glucose 6-phosphatase is that of activation of preexisting enzyme; furthermore, they indicate that this process is independent of protein biosynthesis.
A theoretical approach to using human footprint data to assess landscape level conservation efforts

Conservation organizations are increasingly being held accountable for identifying and documenting measures of conservation success. We propose the use of human land-use spatial data to aid in the assessment of conservation efforts by monitoring qualitative change in the human footprint (i.e., spatial land-use measures of negative anthropogenic activity) within a hypothesis-driven framework to assess the effects of conservation efforts (i.e., positive anthropogenic activity). If human footprint data show that implemented conservation strategies mitigated or reduced negative anthropogenic influences, then a potential conservation approach is working. In contrast, if the implementation of conservation strategies did not mitigate or reduce the human footprint, then new conservation approaches may need to be developed or old ones refined. Human footprint data may offer great potential for assessing conservation efforts when used as part of a larger conservation monitoring strategy.
Burst erasure correction to improve the efficiency of broadband CSMA/CD

Assume a broadcast network with a central station. All senders send to the central station, and the central station rebroadcasts all receptions on a different band. In standard CSMA/CD, all senders stop when a collision is detected. In the suggested modified algorithm, exactly one continues to send. A colliding sender can know if it was the first to arrive at the central station. If so, it continues to send, else it stops. The one that continues to send incurs an observable-length erasure burst, and appends a redundant part to its frame to allow filling in the burst erasure.
The Effects of Color Coding Indicator Displays on Dark Adaptation

Utilization of complex sonar systems is handicapped by lighting requirements for dark adaptation of personnel. An experiment was conducted to compare reaction times to color-coded indicators under red, nominal white and normal white ambient lighting. Subsequent analysis shows that poorest performance was obtained under red ambient illumination. Visual acuity tests indicate that dark adaptation is primarily dependent upon the overall illumination level rather than upon red lighting. Results tend to prove that an illuminated indicator display color has little effect on dark adaptation, and that certain indicator colors are more quickly detected than others. Recommendations are made for optimal and alternate lighting and indicator color combinations.
Applications of matrix-assisted laser desorption fourier transform mass spectrometry for biomolecules

Matrix-assisted laser desorption FTMS provides a powerful technique for the generation and structural characterization of normal and modified oligonucleotides. Examination of these compounds using 266 nm radiation and a nicotinic acid matrix revealed (M-H)− ions as well as fragment ions which provided structural information. The fragmentation observed resulted primarily from elimination of nucleosides from the 5′ end of the oligomers and provided information which could be used to differentiate isomers. Experiments are in progress to extend the application of this ionization technique for larger biomolecules. Preliminary results indicate that ion trapping considerations need to be examined, due to the fact that large laser-generated ions may have significant kinetic energy distributions and may be poorly trapped in the FTMS cell. Current research is directed at determining efficient methods of cooling or decelerating the laser-generated ions.
Optimization method for orbit correction in accelerators

We present a method to minimize the corrector strengths required to reduce the RMS beam orbit. Any least square correction method will usually lead to undesirably strong corrector settings. The method, we are presenting, minimizes the total kick vector by finding the eigensolutions of the equation X/spl I.oarr/=A/spl thetaspl circ/, where X/spl I.oarr/ is the orbit change vector /spl thetaspl circ/ is the kick vector and A is the response matrix. Since A is not necessarily a symmetric or even square matrix we symmetrize the matrix by using A/sup T/A instead. Eigenvectors with corresponding small eigenvalues generate negligible orbit changes. Hence, in the optimization process the kick vector is made orthogonal to the eigenvectors. The physical interpretation of the eigenvectors will be discussed. We will illustrate the application of the method to the NSLS X-ray and UV storage rings. From this illustration it will be evident, that the accuracy of this method allows the combination of the global orbit correction and local optimization of the orbit for beamlines and insertion devices. >
Function request shipping in a database machine environment

In ARBRE, a multiprocessor shared nothing database machine, parts of a single transaction must execute at several processing sites. The code fragments which implement the transaction must somehow come to exist at the necessary sites; they must be linked and loaded; and each must be invoked by a coordinator or subordinate transaction thread. We call this mechanism function request shipping, or FRS. The primary concerns in FRS are about the code that implements the function: its language, representation, transport, and execution. We present three alternative mechanisms for code transport and execution: piggyback, callback, and shared disk. The performance of these mechanisms, with and without code caching, was measured on the ARBRE prototype. The results indicate that the method of choice depends on both the cache hit ratio and the size of the code fragments.
Radialer externer Fixateur zur geschlossenen Behandlung problematischer suprakondylärer Humerusfrakturen Typ III und IV bei Kindern und Jugendlichen

Geschlossene, anatomische Reposition und sichere Fixation von problematischen suprakondylaren Typ-III- und Typ-IV-Humerusfrakturen, die mit den herkommlichen Operationsmethoden nur schwierig geschlossen zu behandeln sind. Gemas der AO-Kinderklassifikation der suprakondylaren Humerusfrakturen vom Typ III und IV: Frakturen, welche nicht geschlossen mittels ublicher Repositionsmethoden reponierbar sind sowie Frakturen, die nicht mittels der ublichen, gekreuzten perkutanen Kirschner-Draht-Technik zu fixieren sind. Bei schweren Schwellungszustanden, offener Fraktur oder initial neurologischen und/oder vaskularen Problemen („pulseless pink hand“) sowie bei mehrfachverletzten Kindern, welche eine optimale Rehabilitation benotigen und die Extremitat gipsfrei sein sollte. Bei Kindern mit Komorbiditaten (z. B. Anfalle, Spastizitat), die eine bessere Stabilitat benotigen. Prinzipiell keine Kontraindikationen Im nichtreponierten Zustand unter Durchleuchtungskontrolle Einbringen einer einzelnen Schanz-Schraube in den lateralen (radialen) Aspekt des distalen Fragments, welches sich in der streng seitlichen Rontgenprojektion als „Sand-Uhr“- bzw. Kreisform des Capitulum humeri darstellt. Je nach Grose dieses distalen Fragments kann die Schanz-Schraube rein epiphysar oder metaphysar liegen. Danach in absolut streng seitlicher Projektion des distalen Humerus im Bereich des meta-diaphysaren Ubergangs Einbohren einer 2. Schanz-Schraube unabhangig von der Ersten, die moglichst rechtwinklig zur Langsachse des Humerus in der a.-p.-Ebene zu liegen kommen sollte, um spatere Manipulationen mittels „Joy-Stick“-Technik zu erleichtern. Sind die beiden Schanz-Schrauben mehr oder weniger in beiden Ebenen parallel, so ist die Fraktur praktisch anatomisch reponiert. Nach erreichter Reposition Feinjustierung aller Achskomponenten. Sicherung der Flexion/Extension mittels einem von radial, distal eingebrachten sog. Anti-Rotations-Kirschner-Drahts, der die Stabilitat signifikant erhoht und eine Drehung des distalen Fragments um die einzelne Schanz-Schraube verhindert. Keine zusatzliche Gipsruhigstellung notwendig. Es sollte eine funktionelle Nachbehandlung erfolgen. Gemas unserer Langzeitstudien bewegen die meisten Kinder bereits zum Zeitpunkt der ambulanten Pin-Entfernung in der Frakturambulanz ihren Ellbogen weitgehend normal. Bei einer Follow-up-Zeit uber 40 Monate hatten 30/31 Kindern eine seitengleiche Achse und Beweglichkeit.
Shame, Publicity, and Self‐Esteem

Shame is a puzzling emotion. On the one hand, to feel ashamed is to feel badly about oneself; but on the other hand, it also seems to be a response to the way the subject is perceived by other people. So whose standards is the subject worried about falling short of, his own or those of an audience? I begin by arguing that it is the audience's standards that matter, and then present a theory of shame according to which shame is a response to the subject's perception that he is not thought of in the way he intrinsically values himself for being thought of by someone else. Then I go on to suggest some refinements to this basic view. First, the subject of shame is primarily concerned about his audience's attitudes toward him, not what they believe about him. And second, there may be one particular attitude which he values himself for inspiring. There is no very perspicuous term for this attitude, so I call it ‘proto-respect’ – the attitude a social animal directs toward those it regards as valuable allies or bad enemies.
Correlation of Growth Inhibition Patterns to Nucleoside Transport Models in Neurospora crassa

Growth of inhibition patterns provide evidence for a common nucleoside transport or utilization system, a separate system or systems for adenine transport, and another adaptable mechanism of adenosine transport.
Physiologically-Based Toxicokinetic Modeling of Zearalenone and Its Metabolites: Application to the Jersey Girl Study

Zearalenone (ZEA), a fungal mycotoxin, and its metabolite zeranol (ZAL) are known estrogen agonists in mammals, and are found as contaminants in food. Zeranol, which is more potent than ZEA and comparable in potency to estradiol, is also added as a growth additive in beef in the US and Canada. This article presents the development and application of a Physiologically-Based Toxicokinetic (PBTK) model for ZEA and ZAL and their primary metabolites, zearalenol, zearalanone, and their conjugated glucuronides, for rats and for human subjects. The PBTK modeling study explicitly simulates critical metabolic pathways in the gastrointestinal and hepatic systems. Metabolic events such as dehydrogenation and glucuronidation of the chemicals, which have direct effects on the accumulation and elimination of the toxic compounds, have been quantified. The PBTK model considers urinary and fecal excretion and biliary recirculation and compares the predicted biomarkers of blood, urinary and fecal concentrations with published in vivo measurements in rats and human subjects. Additionally, the toxicokinetic model has been coupled with a novel probabilistic dietary exposure model and applied to the Jersey Girl Study (JGS), which involved measurement of mycoestrogens as urinary biomarkers, in a cohort of young girls in New Jersey, USA. A probabilistic exposure characterization for the study population has been conducted and the predicted urinary concentrations have been compared to measurements considering inter-individual physiological and dietary variability. The in vivo measurements from the JGS fall within the high and low predicted distributions of biomarker values corresponding to dietary exposure estimates calculated by the probabilistic modeling system. The work described here is the first of its kind to present a comprehensive framework developing estimates of potential exposures to mycotoxins and linking them with biologically relevant doses and biomarker measurements, including a systematic characterization of uncertainties in exposure and dose estimation for a vulnerable population.