cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Review of “The Floor in Congressional Life”

Andrew Taylor's fascinating book The Floor in Congressional Life asks novel questions about the House and Senate floors and delivers provocative answers. It elevates the chamber floors to an exalte...
Drugs Used to Treat Pediatric Emergencies

This clinical report is a revision of "Preparing for Pediatric Emergencies: Drugs to Consider." It updates the list, indications, and dosages of medications used to treat pediatric emergencies in the prehospital, pediatric clinic, and emergency department settings. Although it is not an all-inclusive list of medications that may be used in all emergencies, this resource will be helpful when treating a vast majority of pediatric medical emergencies. Dosage recommendations are consistent with current emergency references such as the Advanced Pediatric Life Support and Pediatric Advanced Life Support textbooks and American Heart Association resuscitation guidelines.
The Process of Info-Autopoiesis – the Source of all Information

All information results from a process, intrinsic to living beings, of info-autopoiesis or information self-production; a sensory commensurable, self-referential feedback process immanent to Bateson’s ‘difference which makes a difference’. To highlight and illustrate the fundamental nature of the info-autopoietic process, initially, two simulations based on one-parameter feedback are presented. The first, simulates a homeostatic control mechanism (thermostat) which is representative of a mechanistic, cybernetic system with very predictable dynamics, fully dependent on an external referent. The second, simulates a homeorhetic process, inherent to biological systems, illustrating a self-referenced, autonomous system. Further, the active incorporation/interference of viral particles by prokaryotic cells and the activation of CRISPR-Cas can be understood as info-autopoiesis at the most fundamental cellular level, as well as constituting a planetary network of self-referenced information. Moreover, other examples of the info-autopoietic nature of information are presented to show the generality of its applicability. In short, info-autopoiesis is a recursive process that is sufficiently generic to be the only basis for information in nature: from the single cell, to multi-cellular organisms, to consideration of all types of natural and non-natural phenomena, including tools and artificial constructions.
U.S. Army Software System Safety Process, Case-Study, and Success Stories

Software is an important part of the capability drivers for many modern United States Army systems. The importance of improved software system safety processes are highlighted in the last revision to Military Standard (MIL-STD)-882. MILSTD-882E added software system safety techniques and practices. However, many Army systems pre-date the current revision. This paper provides an overview of how the Army Air Defense community is applying the software system safety guidance and techniques to an Air and Missile Defense system. The Patriot Air and Missile Defense (AMD) system is used for the case study. The case study illustrates the process and demonstrate safety analysis effectiveness. As part of the case study there is a discussion of the various Army safety organizations and the synergies between them.
Photon ring autocorrelations

In the presence of a black hole, light sources connect to observers along multiple paths. As a result, observed brightness fluctuations must be correlated across different times and positions in black hole images. Photons that execute multiple orbits around the black hole appear near a critical curve in the observer sky, giving rise to the photon ring. In this paper, a novel observable is proposed: the two-point correlation function of intensity fluctuations on the photon ring. This correlation function is analytically computed for a Kerr black hole surrounded by stochastic equatorial emission, with source statistics motivated by simulations of a turbulent accretion flow. It is shown that this two-point function exhibits a universal, self-similar structure consisting of multiple peaks of identical shape: while the profile of each peak encodes statistical properties of fluctuations in the source, the locations and heights of the peaks are determined purely by the black hole parameters. Measuring these peaks would demonstrate the existence of the photon ring without resolving its thickness, and would provide estimates of black hole mass and spin. With regular monitoring over sufficiently long timescales, this measurement could be possible via interferometric imaging with modest improvements to the Event Horizon Telescope.
Photocatalytic CO Oxidation over Nanoparticulate Au-Modified TiO2 Aerogels: The Importance of Size and Intimacy

We determine the activity of catalytic carbon monoxide (CO) oxidation as a function of the size of gold nanoparticles (Au NP), their weight loading, and their interfacial intimacy with similarly si...
Phase transitions and critical behaviour for charged black holes

We investigate the thermodynamics of a four-dimensional charged black hole in a finite cavity in asymptotically flat and asymptotically de Sitter spaces. In each case, we find a Hawking–Page-like phase transition between a black hole and a thermal gas very much like the known transition in asymptotically anti-de Sitter space. For a 'supercooled' black hole—a thermodynamically unstable black hole below the critical temperature for the Hawking–Page phase transition—the phase diagram has a line of first-order phase transitions that terminates in a second-order point. For the asymptotically flat case, we calculate the critical exponents at the second-order phase transition and find that they exactly match the known results for a charged black hole in anti-de Sitter space. We find strong evidence for similar phase transitions for the de Sitter black hole as well. Thus many of the thermodynamic features of charged anti-de Sitter black holes do not really depend on asymptotically anti-de Sitter boundary conditions; the thermodynamics of charged black holes is surprisingly universal.
Effects of acute iodine toxicity on reproduction in a dairy herd

The feeding of supplemental 12 170 mg/cow/day iodine, (approximately 1000 times the daily requirement) to 60 high producing Guernsey cows for 30 days resulted in 12 abortions within a 68 day period following the initial date of iodine feeding. The 12 cows which aborted had a mean lactation length of 200 days and 87 day gestation length at the time of initial feeding. The annual abortion rate in the herd increased from 3% to 16% following the excessive iodine intake. The majority of the abortions occurred in cows which were in the first trimester of pregnancy when feeding began. The subsequent fertility was normal. The number of days open and services per conception were increased in the 20 open cows which were being bred during the period when the iodine intake was excessive. The maximum iodine intake recommended for lactating dairy cattle is 12 mg/day.
Estimating Price Elasticities with Nonlinear Errors in Variables

Abstract This paper estimates a price elasticity using a flexible demand specification on survey data where prices are observed with errors and are correlated with household characteristics. The demand function is modeled as a polynomial/trigonometric in the unobserved true prices, and the form of the dependency between the observed prices and household characteristics is modeled parametrically. I identify and estimate the model by adapting the approach of Hausmann et al. (1991) and Schennach (2004). The flexible specifications allow us to observe that price elasticities vary across the price distribution, something missed in previous work using linear demand specifications.
Digitized Data Protection as a Fundamental Human Right

In this chapter, digital human rights are explained through the main theories of international relations: realism, liberalism, and constructivism. First, the chapter explains how new human rights norms emerge, through the actions of norm entrepreneurs (NEs) and transnational advocacy networks (TANs). Then, it outlines how and why states create policy regimes to lock-in norms for organizational member states. The three main structural groups with primary interests in data legislation include national security agents, the economic actors seeking data commodification, and human rights advocates within the legal and academic professions. Additional focus is given to the unique policy-making process of the European Union, and how it has been influenced by external pressures from the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and the Council of Europe (CoE). The chapter concludes by setting predictions for the emergence of digital human rights which is tested in subsequent chapters.
The Spatial Heterogeneity and Geographic Extent of Population Deconcentration: Measurement and Policy Implications

Theory suggests the likelihood of spatial heterogeneity in deconcentration and restructuring within regions. Measuring deconcentration for six subregions within a 65-county area surrounding Chicago, this research estimates the varying magnitude and spatial extent of deconcentration. The results allow three primary conclusions: the magnitude of deconcentration does vary across a region; while the spatial extent of deconcentration includes an outer ring of counties (metropolitan and nonmetropolitan) framing the dominant city (Chicago), it excludes more distant counties which have access to both the dominant and smaller cities, and; the set of budgetary constraints facing commuters acts consistently across the study region. Overall, the results indicate that the strict use of metropolitan and nonmetropolitan classifications obscures our understanding of mechanisms of population growth at the urban-rural fringe. The variation in the magnitude of deconcentration cross-cuts and dissects metropolitan boundaries and contains more variation than can be easily represented by two or three groups of counties. The chapter concludes with a discussion of policy implications for counties experiencing deconcentration and those which are neither isolated nor suburbanizing.
The Effect of Synaptic Time Constants on Firing Patterns in Populations of Spiking Neurons

We examine the conditions under which a population of spiking neurons with global excitatory coupling can fire asynchronously. Synapses with time constants larger than computed limits assure the stability of an asynchronous firing state even in the absense of inhibition. For smaller time constants the population starts to synchronize. Though the population then fires periodically, the individual neurons are quasiperiodic.
The Stages of Caregiving: The Spiritual Connection for the Journey with Alzheimer's

Abstract Alzheimer's is a chronic disease that is often times described by a stages model of progression. This study uses qualitative analyses to explore the experiences of Alzheimer's caregivers. Through this study, stages of caregiving emerge including early, middle, late, and bereavement stages. Through the caregivers' experiences, two additional themes became apparent: spirituality and meaning-making. All but eight of the caregivers mention a positive or negative expression or experience related to spirituality, whether religious or secular in nature. Of the 45 caregivers, twenty-four mention positive and eleven mention negative experiences with their faith, church community, or their spirituality. Findings support the incorporation of using the stages model when working with caregivers and to include spirituality to promote a more satisfying caregiving experience. Recommendations are given to encourage spiritual leaders and practitioners to include spiritual beliefs, faith, or church community in ass...
Tensor Operator Structures in Quantum Unitary Groups

Tensor operators acting on model spaces for the quantum group SUq(n) are defined (“q-tensor operators”) and the fundamental theorem for q-tensor operators (a generalization to non-commutative co-products of the WignerEckart theorem) is proved. Examples from SU q (2) are discussed.
Persuasive Effects of Linguistic Agency Assignments and Point of View in Narrative Health Messages About Colon Cancer

The authors explored the effects of linguistic agency and point of view on narrative force. Participants (N = 499) were randomly assigned to read one version of an article about colon cancer, defined by a 2 (disease agency: cancer, human) × 2 (temporal agency: death, human) × 2 (point of view: first person, third person) between-subjects design. Disease agency language assigned agency to cancer (e.g., “Cancer developed in me”) or to humans (e.g., “I developed cancer”). Temporal agency language described death as approaching humans (e.g., “as death closes in on patients) or as being approached by humans (e.g., “as patients close in on death”). The narrative was presented from the first-person singular or third-person plural viewpoint. Participants then completed a questionnaire measuring threat perceptions, efficacy, transportation, and other study variables. Language assigning agency to humans rather than to cancer elevated susceptibility beliefs. Death-approach language led to greater fear than human-app...
Coercive restraint therapies: a dangerous alternative mental health intervention.

Abstract Physicians caring for adopted or foster children should be aware of the use of coercive restraint therapy (CRT) practices by parents and mental health practitioners. CRT is defined as a mental health intervention involving physical restraint and is used in adoptive or foster families with the intention of increasing emotional attachment to parents. Coercive restraint therapy parenting (CRTP) is a set of child care practices adjuvant to CRT. CRT and CRTP have been associated with child deaths and poor growth. Examination of the CRT literature shows a conflict with accepted practice, an unusual theoretic basis, and an absence of empirical support. Nevertheless, CRT appears to be increasing in popularity. This article discusses possible reasons for the increase, and offers suggestions for professional responses to the CRT problem.
Ground penetrating radar enabled by high gain GaAs photoconductive semiconductor switches

The ability of high gain GaAs Photoconductive Semiconductor switches (PCSS) to deliver fast risetime, low jitter pulses when triggered with small laser diode arrays makes them suitable for their use in ultrawide bandwidth (UWB), impulse transmitters. This paper will summarize the state-of-the-art in high gain GaAs switches and discuss how GaAs switches are being implemented in a transmitter for detection of underground structures. The advantage of this type of semiconductor switch is demonstrated operation at high voltages (100 kV) and repetition rates (1 kHz) with the potential for much higher repetition rates. The latter would increase the demonstrated average powers of 100 W to 1 kW and higher. We will also present an analysis of the effectiveness of different pulser geometries that result in transmitted pulses with varying frequency content. To this end, we have developed a simple model that includes transmit and receive antenna response, attenuation and dispersion of the electromagnetic impulses by the soil, and target cross sections.
CRANIUM: An Interface for Message Passing on Adaptive Packet Routing Networks

Cranium is a processor-network interface for an interconnection network based on adaptive packet routing. Adaptive networks relax the restriction that packet order is preserved; packets may be delivered to their destinations in an arbitrary sequence. Cranium uses two mechanisms: an automatic-receive interface for packet serialization and high performance, and a processor-initiated interface for flexibility. To minimize software overhead, Cranium is directly accessible by user-level programs. Protection for user-level message passing is implemented by mapping user-level handles into physical node identifiers and buffer addresses.
Age-related regulation of induced isoflavonoid responses in soybean lines differing in inherent elicitation competency

The accumulation of the pterocarpan phytoalexin glyceollin in soybean tissues, in response to the general resistance wall glucan elicitor from Phytophthora sojae, requires both the synthesis (or release from pre-formed conjugates) of the glyceollin precursor daidzein and the pre-activation of a state of glyceollin elicitation competence in responding cells by factors associated with wounded or hypersensitively dying cells. While many soybean cultivars (e.g. Williams) do not produce glyceollin in response to elicitor in the absence of competence activation, the cultivar Harosoy is partially inherently elicitation competent, although its capacity for elicitation competence can be further induced. To gain some insight into the fundamental differences in these lines, developmental and age-related effects were compared on various isoflavonoid responses in the two lines. The activation of glyceollin elicitation competency in Williams (and its enhancement in Harosoy) are both dramatically affected by the developmental age of tissues, being maximal in cotyledons of intermediate age. In both cultivars these effects are similar and appear to relate to the capacity of the tissues to generate the endogenous competency factors. Parallel developmental age effects were also observed in hypocotyl and root tissues. However, very clear differences in the light and glucan induction of the isoflavones genistein and daidzein, respectively, were observed in the two cultivars depending on tissue age. Thus, the differences in glyceollin elicitation competency in Williams and Harosoy may relate more to inherent differences in the net accumulations of isoflavone precursor pools than to the generation of the elicitation competent state per se.
The Study of Fast Shock-Induced Dissociation by Computer Molecular Dynamics

The study of shock propagation in condensed matter is an interdisciplinary area involving engineering, chemistry, and physics to which the application of computer molecular dynamics has begun to make valuable contributions. In addition to the presently increasing interest in the properties of shock disturbances in condensed media, there is a growing awareness of the need to understand the microscopic details underlying shock-induced chemical processes and phase transformations. An important specific example is to be found in the study of energetic, or explosive, materials where an understanding of the shock-initiation process, i.e., how shock loading brings about the first steps in the chemistry of dissociation and bond reformation, can be of great practical importance.
Bacteriophage Deoxyribonucleate Infection of Competent Bacillus subtilis

Reilly, Bernard E. (Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio), and John Spizizen. Bacteriophage deoxyribonucleate infection of competent Bacillus subtilis. J. Bacteriol. 89:782-790. 1964.-Phenol extracts of the Bacillus subtilis bacteriophages phi1, phi25, and phi29 contained infectious deoxyribonucleic acid. The infectivity was destroyed by catalytic amounts of deoxyribonuclease but not by specific phage antiserum, ribonuclease, or trypsin. An infectivity of >10(6) infectious centers formed per mug of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) added was obtained. The stability of the infectious centers permitted an examination of a single cycle of phage replication in cells unable to adsorb the mature virus. A typical cycle was observed, although the latent period was increased and the burst size slightly reduced after DNA infection. The development of competence for bacterial transformation was strongly correlated with susceptibility to viral DNA infection. Both appeared and disappeared at the same phase of growth in the cell population. More than 4% of the viable cells in the competent population were infected by viral DNA. The kinetics of the transition of phi29 DNA infection to deoxyribonuclease insensitivity, and the relationship of infectivity to DNA dilution, were similar to the results obtained for bacterial transformation of a single marker. The doseresponse curve of phi1 and phi25 DNA was characteristic of that obtained in multiple transformation of unlinked genetic markers. Because of the low efficiency of infection, about 10(-4) per phage equivalent of DNA added, it was not possible to prove that DNA alone was sufficient to initiate infection.
Labeling of Genetically Modified Food in the United States

On May 18, 1994, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) made history. For the first time in its regulatory history, the FDA approved the commercialization of a genetically modified (GM) food. Known as the Flavr Savr tomato, the regulatory agency deemed it as beneficial to the consumer and safe for both human consumption and the environment. The next great leap beyond GM crops is already on the horizon, as the FDA is currently in the final stages to approve the commercialization of a biotechnology animal. In response to these developments, controversies about GM food and resistance to it, once virtually unheard and invisible to most of us, have mounted considerably throughout the United States. Whole Foods Market, Inc. has announced mandatory labeling of GM foods by the year of 2018 and across the nation, grassroots organizations have organized anti-GM foods campaigns or pressured legislatures to propose mandatory labeling laws. In light of these developments and the adoption of GM food labeling laws at the state level, the purpose of this chapter is to examine the current biotechnology debate and mandatory GM food labeling policies in the United States.
Controls on dissolved inorganic carbon and δ13C in cave waters from DeSoto Caverns: Implications for speleothem δ13C assessments

Abstract Unraveling the factors controlling the carbon chemistry and transport of carbon within extant karst systems has important implications concerning the assessment of time-series δ13C records of speleothems. Here we report the results of a 3-year study of total dissolved inorganic carbon [DIC] and δ13CDIC from cave waters at DeSoto Caverns (Southeastern USA) that offer valuable insight on carbon transport and the accompanied isotope fractionations from end-member sources to speleothems. [DIC] and δ13CDIC values of cave waters range from 0.2 to 6.0 mM and 2.7 to −12.9 (‰ VPDB), respectively. [DIC] and δ13CDIC of “seasonal drips” show seasonal, albeit noisy, variability and are inversely related (δ13CDIC = −2.49[DIC] + 0.64, r2 = 0.84). A shallow pool fed by multiple drips shows a bimodal δ13CDIC distribution with an isotopically heavier mode during winter (−4‰ to −5‰ VPDB) relative to summer months (−9‰ to −10‰ VPDB). A multi-year trend of decreasing water availability during the study period is not reflected in a response of cave water carbon chemistry suggesting that rainfall amount may not be a significant controlling factor of the carbon chemistry. Coupled cave air winter ventilation/summer stagnation and varying CO2 fluxes through the soil horizon and epikarst exert the strongest influence on seasonal [DIC] and δ13CDIC variability. Measured values of high [DIC] and low δ13CDIC from cave waters collected during the summer/early fall closely approximate isotopic equilibrium conditions. Conversely, low [DIC] and high δ13CDIC values during winter/early months indicate kinetically enhanced isotopic fractionations within the cave waters. The kinetically enhanced isotopic fractionation of HCO 3 - partitioned between degassed CO2 and precipitated CaCO3 ( 1000 ln α [ ( CO 2 - HCO 3 ) + ( CaCO 3 (AR) - HCO 3 ) ] / 2 ) is greater by about a factor of two (−6.7 ± 0.3‰) relative to the same isotopic fractionation under equilibrium conditions (−3.1‰). On the basis of 14C mass balance and paired 14C–U/Th measurements we estimate that on average about ∼23% of C delivered annually by the drips to the aragonite stalagmites is derived from 14C-dead dolomite cap while the remainder of ∼77% is derived from 14C-live biomass. δ13C measurements of aragonite (n = 12) sampled from the tips of active speleothems during the summer months are consistent with theoretical aragonite δ13C values calculated using the shallow pool summer/early fall data thus confirming the δ13C seasonality in both drips and coeval aragonite. δ13C values of an active stalagmite section spanning the last 200 years show a normal distribution with a mean of −7.1 ± 1.2‰ (n = 81) and a mode of −7‰ to −8‰ that are statistically indistinguishable from the annual mean and mode of all dripwaters. Thus secular time-series δ13C records of stalagmites at DeSoto Caverns with resolving power >10−1 year will likely carry the imprints of drip annual means that record climate-driven δ13C seasonal biases.
Neurophysiological Effects of Pediatric Balloon Dilatation Procedures

Balloon dilatation of valvar and vascular stenoses has become routine therapy in pediatric cardiology. Repeated balloon inflations cause many episodes of low cerebral oxygen delivery. This study is a prospective study to assess the effects of balloon dilatation on cerebral perfusion and oxygenation. The study included 11 patients scheduled for elective catheterization and balloon dilatation at a university pediatric hospital. Blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery (V mca) and regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) were monitored by means of transcranial Doppler sonography and near infrared spectroscopy, respectively. In group 1, consisting of 6 patients without an intracardiac shunt, inflation of the balloon resulted in a decrease in V mca followed by a minor decrease in rSO2. In group 2, consisting of 5 patients with an interatrial communication, inflation resulted in an increase in right-to-left shunt fraction, arterial desaturation, and a major decrease in rSO2 with minor changes in V mca. Balloon dilatation causes an important decrease in cerebral oxygen delivery by different mechanisms. This may lead to serious morbidity and even mortality. Neuromonitoring is a useful tool in assessing the cerebral effects of balloon dilatation and brain recovery.
Many-Particle Configurations in a Central Field

Closed formulas are obtained for the fractional parentage coefficients of $j\ensuremath{-}j$ coupled configurations of three and four equivalent particles. In states of low seniority, these formulas can be used to simplify the calculation of familiar types of matrix elements. Some extension is made to the study of more complex configurations. In particular, it is shown that near the ground state the energy level spectrum of an even-even nucleus should be independent of the number of particles in the unfilled shell.
Fire detection, location and heat release rate through inverse problem solution. Part I: Theory

A proposed method of detecting, locating and sizing accidental fires, based on the solution of an inverse heat transfer problem, is described. The inverse heat transfer problem to be solved is that of the convective heating of a compartment ceiling by the hot plume of combustion gases rising from an accidental fire. The inverse problem solution algorithm employs transient temperature data gathered at the ceiling of the compartment to determine the location and heat release rate of the fire. An evaluation of the proposed fire detection system, demonstrating the limits on the accuracy of the inverse problem solution algorithm, is presented. The evaluation involves operating the inverse problem solution algorithm on transient temperature data from computer simulated compartment fires. The simulated fire data are generated assuming fires with quadratic growth rates, burning in a 20 m wide by 20 m deep by 3 m high enclosure with a smooth, adiabatic ceiling. The accuracy of the inverse problem solution algorithm in determining the location of a fire is shown to be insensitive to the errors in the fire model used in the forward problem solution, but sensitive to errors in the measured temperature data. The accuracy of the heat release rate of the fire is sensitive to both errors in the fire model and errors in the temperature data. The validity of the use of computer simulated data in the evaluation is verified with a second evaluation using fire data interpolated from published measurements taken in large-scale compartment fire burns.
Is the medium the message?: An experimental comparison of the effects of radio and television on imagination

Abstract This study explored the hypothesis that radio would be more stimulating to the imagination than television. The hypothesis was tested using a within-subjects experimental design in which children at two different age levels (Grades 1–2 vs. 3–4) were exposed to one story in a television format, another in a radio format. Our measure of imaginative activity was the ability to complete an incomplete story by introducing original new elements that had not been part of the audio-visual or audio stimulus. In accord with the hypothesis, radio presentations led to more imaginative story completions than did television presentations. In addition, there was a carry-over effect such that a radio version at Time 1 led to more imaginative responses to a televised story at Time 2, while a television story at Time 1 led to less imaginative responses to a radio story at Time 2. As far as imagination is concerned, our results support Marshall McLuhan's (1964) thesis that “the medium is the message” (p. 23). While we found some specific effects on imaginative activity stemming from story content, all the more general effects are attributable to the medium in which the content is presented.
Should policymaking account for market expectations? An estimate of their impact on commodity policy

Abstract Costs and effects of commodity price stabilization will depend on private price expectations, and these price expectations do respond to changes in public policy. Past empirical studies assumed that price expectations did not incorporate policy constraints on price. The following article examines the implications of correcting this weakness in earlier studies. Substantial differences in estimates of stabilization con result from this improvement in methodology.
BODILY REFORM AS HISTORICAL PRACTICE: THE SEMANTICS OF RESISTANCE IN MODERN SOUTH AFRICA

Abstract This paper seeks to explore why rituals of bodily reform play so prominent a role in movements of social reconstruction. particularly in collective action which never attains the level of explicit historical discourse. I argue that the crucial signifying role of the body here derives from its position as primary mediator between the self and the sociocultural context. In the case of a protest movement in modern South Africa, I show how the semantics of bodily affliction and reform permit participants to address and redress the historical roots of their conflict-laden experience. Here, sociocultural contradiction takes tangible shape in the ‘natural’ contradictions of the human body, and reconstitution proceeds by alike drawing upon media from the body's seemingly inexhaustible stock. But in this. The body is more than mere ‘natural alibi’ or set of unmotivated signs; it provides implements determined by an inherent, natural logic which engages in what is a reciprocally determining relationship wi...
Analysis of Test Clusters for Regression Testing

Samples from clusters of tests are used to automatically predict if tests are to be re-clustered for a modified program. Tests likely to be affected by line level changes are included in the samples by analyzing their execution profiles based on spatial locality. Initial experiments show that the approach can potentially avoid re-clustering in many cases.
Entering and breaking: virulence effector proteins of oomycete plant pathogens.

Summary Oomycete pathogens of plants and animals are related to marine algae and have evolved mechanisms to avoid or suppress host defences independently of other groups of pathogens, such as bacteria and fungi. They cause many destructive diseases affecting crops, forests and aquaculture. The development of genomic resources has led to a dramatic increase in our knowledge of the effectors used by these pathogens to suppress host defences. In particular, a huge, rapidly diverging superfamily of effectors with 100–600 members per genome has been identified. Proteins in this family use the N-terminal motifs RxLR and dEER to cross the host plasma cell membrane autonomously. Once inside the host cell, the proteins suppress host defence signalling. The importance of this effector family is underlined by the fact that plants have evolved intracellular defence receptors to detect the effectors and trigger a rapid counter-attack. The mechanisms by which the effector enter host cells, and by which they suppress host defences, remain to be elucidated.
Stability and transition of a supersonic laminar boundary layer on an insulated flat plate

Self-excited oscillations have been discovered experimentally in a supersonic laminar boundary layer along a flat plate. By the use of appropriate measuring techniques, the damping and amplification of the oscillations are studied and the stability limits determined at free-stream Mach numbers 1·6 and 2·2. The wave-like nature of the oscillations is demonstrated and their wave velocities are measured using a specially designed ‘disturbance generator’. It is shown empirically that the stability limits expressed in terms of the boundary-layer-thickness Reynolds number are independent of the Mach number and dependent only on the oscillation frequency. The main effect of compressibility is an increase in wave velocity with Mach number. This has the consequence that the disturbances, although possessing the same dimensionless amplification coefficient as in the incompressible case, have less time (per unit distance) to grow in amplitude. Thus, the adiabatic compressible boundary layer is shown to be more stable than the incompressible one. In general, the experiments confirm the basic assumptions and predictions of the existing stability theory and also suggest the desirability of improvement in the theory in certain phases of the problem. Finally, on the basis of these results a rough estimate of the transition Reynolds number is made in the compressible flow range.
Lung Transplantation for Respiratory Failure Resulting From Systemic Disease

Abstract Background . Lung transplantation for pulmonary failure resulting from systemic disease is controversial. We reviewed our transplant experience in patients with sarcoidosis, scleroderma, lymphangioleiomyomatosis, and graft-versus-host disease. Methods . This retrospective review examined the outcome of 23 patients who underwent pulmonary transplantation for these systemic diseases. Group 1 included 15 patients with pulmonary hypertension who underwent transplantation (9 for sarcoidosis, 6 for scleroderma), and group 2 included 8 patients with normal pulmonary artery pressures who underwent transplantation (5 for lymphangioleiomyomatosis, 3 for graft-versus-host disease). The incidences of infection and rejection, pulmonary function, and survival were measured and compared with those of patients who underwent transplantation for isolated pulmonary disease. Results . Although there were no differences in the rate of infection between patients who underwent transplantation for systemic versus isolated disease, patients with pulmonary hypertension who underwent transplantation for systemic disease had significantly lower rates of rejection. Four patients with sarcoidosis and 2 with lymphangioleiomyomatosis demonstrated recurrence in the allograft. Survival was similar between patients who underwent transplantation for systemic versus isolated disease. Conclusions . Patients with respiratory failure resulting from these systemic diseases can undergo transplantation with outcomes comparable to those obtained in patients who undergo transplantation for isolated pulmonary disease.
Inhibition of Breast Cancer Cell Growth and Invasiveness by Dual Silencing of HER-2 and VEGF

Overexpression of HER-2 accounts for approximately 25% of all breast cancer cases, while 87.7% of HER-2 positive breast cancers are associated with upregulated VEGF. The objective of this study is to explore the combination therapy of blocking HER-2 and VEGF expressions simultaneously using siRNA. This is the first report to examine the effect of dual silencing of HER-2 and VEGF genes on tumor growth and invasiveness. We have designed nine HER-2 siRNAs and ten VEGF siRNAs, and identified potent siRNA which can silence the target gene up to 75-83.5%. The most potent HER-2 and VEGF siRNAs were used to conduct functional studies in HER-2 positive breast cancer cells. Tumor invasiveness properties including cell morphology change, in vitro migration, cell spreading, and adhesion to ECM were evaluated. In addition, cell proliferation and apoptosis were examined after the siRNA treatment. Our data demonstrated for the first time that HER-2 siRNA could inhibit cell migration and invasion abilities. Combination of HER-2 and VEGF siRNAs exhibited synergistic silencing effect on VEGF. Both HER-2 siRNA and VEGF siRNA showed significant inhibition on cell migration and proliferation. HER-2 siRNA also demonstrated dramatic suppression on cell spreading and adhesion to ECM, as well as induction of apoptosis. Dual silencing of HER-2 and VEGF exhibited significant cell morphology change, and substantial suppression on migration, spreading, cell adhesion, and proliferation. Our observations suggested that HER-2 positive breast cancer may be more effectively treated by dual inhibition of HER-2 and VEGF gene expressions using siRNA.
Cytokine and Chemokine Responses in Serum and Brain After Single and Repeated Injections of Lipopolysaccharide: Multiplex Quantification with Path Analysis

Administration of the proinflammatory molecule lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alters transport rates for many peptides across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We and others have previously shown that effects of LPS on BBB transport are highly dependent on the injection paradigm used, and timing of the study. Cytokine expression in both brain and serum compartments influence the BBB response to an inflammatory stimulus, and mediate changes in BBB transport. Here, we used multianalyte technology to simultaneously determine the responses of 13 cytokines and chemokines (G-CSF, GM-CSF, IL- 1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IP-10, KC, MCP-1, MIP-lα, RANTES, and TNF- α) in brain and blood to single and repeated injections of LPS and path analysis to determine the major relations among these analytes. Major findings are: 1) in comparison to measurements taken from a time course after a single injection of LPS, the three injection regimen of LPS produced significantly higher levels in brain for G-CSF, IL-1 alpha, IL-6, MCP-1, MIP-1 alpha, and TNF and in serum for G-CSF, IL-6, and GM-CSF and 2) path analysis distinguished direct from indirect correlations between analyte pairs, with MCP-1, IL-6, G-CSF, and KC mediating relations among these cytokines both within and between serum and brain compartments. These results suggest that potentiation of cytokine levels in brain and serum compartments could play important roles in the regulation of BBB transport, and that our novel application of an established statistical method can be used to assess direct correlations within multiplexed datasets.
DC Electric Arc-Flash Hazard-Risk Evaluations for Photovoltaic Systems

Electric arc flashes are power system hazards that can compromise the safety of human operators-by inducing thermal burns-and the system's performance or functionality. This paper uses circuit theory and device modeling to demonstrate how existing calculation models can be repurposed to analyze electric arc flashes in the dc network of photovoltaic systems. A hazard-risk category evaluation method is introduced based on these adjusted models for typical system architectures. The proposed method can be used to identify at-risk components and estimate the thermal energy that could be released if arc hazards were to occur during system operation.
Sustainability of 8% weight loss, reduction of insulin resistance, and amelioration of atherogenic-metabolic risk factors over 4 years by metformin-diet in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

In 74 women with polycystic ovary syndrome, treated for 4 years with metformin (MET) and diet, we prospectively assessed whether, and to what degree, weight loss, reduction of insulin resistance, and amelioration of coronary heart disease risk factors could be sustained. We hypothesized that response to MET-diet would not differ by pretreatment body mass index (BMI) classes or =25 to or =30 to or =40 (extremely obese). [table: see text] Metformin-diet was successful in producing stable approximately 8% weight reduction for all 4 years (trend P or =40, > or =30 to or =25 to .1) in the 4 BMI categories. By stepwise regression, weight loss was a significant (P < or = .01) positive explanatory variable for reduction in HOMA-IR for all 4 follow-up years. Metformin-diet in women with polycystic ovary syndrome effectively and safely reduces weight and LDL-C while raising HDL-C, and maintains these outcomes stable over 4 years.
Four philosophical issues essential for good science teaching

(1988). Four philosophical issues essential for good science teaching. Educational Philosophy and Theory: Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 1-6.
Multi-detector computed tomography in the diagnosis and management of acute aortic syndromes

Multi-detector computed tomography in the diagnosis and management of acute aortic syndromes
Cyclic (alternate day) vertical deviation—possible forme fruste of ocular neuromyotonia

Purpose Cyclic ocular deviations are relatively uncommon and are seldom seen in adults. We report 3 adult patients with cyclic hypotropia that has clinical characteristics similar to neuromyotonia, suggesting a possible common etiology. Methods Three consecutive patients with 48-hour cyclic hypotropia underwent full neuro-ophthalmologic, oculoplastics, and orthoptic evaluations as well as appropriate medical and neurologic studies. Examinations were arranged on consecutive days on multiple visits to document the cyclic pattern. Results All 3 patients had sustained contraction of a vertically acting extraocular muscle lasting 24 hours and demonstrated characteristics of ocular neuromyotonia. The contraction was absent for the next 24 hours. Two of the patients had thyroid eye disease; the third patient had unilateral ophthalmoparesis and had subsequent frameless robotic radiosurgery for a cavernous sinus schwannoma. Regular cycles lasting 6, 9, or 14 months were documented by all 3 patients. In 2 patients, treatment with carbamazepine and gabapentin effectively reduced or eliminated the cycle. The cyclic deviation in the third patient resolved spontaneously. Conclusions On the basis of the response of these patients to membrane-stabilizing medications and the behavior noted as the cycle broke each day, we propose that cyclic vertical strabismus and ocular neuromyotonia may be related conditions with similar underlying physiology.
Sol-gel fluxes for flux cored welding consumables

The feasibility of producing high purity homogeneous welding fluxes by the solgel process and the effects that these fluxes have on the welding process were determined. Reagent grade solgel welding fluxes were produced by making systematic variations of the SiO2-CaO-TiO2-l pct Na2O flux system. The resulting fluxes were made into flux cored wires and used to make bead on plate welds on a niobium microalloyed HSLA steel. Solgel fluxes were shown to have excellent homogeneity, low residual hydrogen content, and no apparent water adsorption. The welding behavior of the solgel fluxes was shown to have superior arc stability compared to a commercial flux cored wire and very low weld metal hydrogen content. The chemical behavior of this flux system was characterized with respect to elemental transfer. The weldments exhibited a primarily acicular ferrite microstructure. Analysis of nonmetallic inclusion size distributions was compared to previous investigations and found to be consistent with the formation of high toughness weld metal microstructure.
AB-Initio Based Calculations of Vacancy Formation and Clustering Energies Including Lattice Relaxation in Fe3Al

Vacancy formation and clustering significantly affect structural properties of transition-metal aluminides. Ab-initio quantum mechanical total-energy calculations using a full-potential linear combination of muffin-tin orbitals (LMTO) technique provide a convenient method of studying relevant characteristics such as changes in density of states, and charge redistribution around defects. Augmented with Hellmann-Feymann forces, LMTO allows calculations of relaxation geometries and relaxation energies. The authors have performed such calculations for vacancies and antisite substitutional point defects in Fe{sub 3}Al with DO{sub 3} crystallographic structure. There are two limiting factors complicating calculations of defect formation energies directly from ab-initio calculations. The first is that a single defect, due to the lattice periodicity necessitated by the use of ab-initio total energy techniques, cannot be considered as an isolated defect, even in the maximum computable simulation cell. Unlike previous calculations, which did not find a dependency on the size of the simulation cell, the calculations have shown a significant difference in results for 32- and 16- atom cells. This difference provides information about vacancy clustering since it can be explained by a relatively small attractive interaction energy {approximately} 0.2 eV between two vacancies located in adjacent simulation cells and separated by the lattice constant distance (5.52 {angstrom}). By comparing the internal energies for two configurations of 30 atom cells (32 atom--2 vacancies), the authors were able to estimate that the attractive interaction between two vacancies could reach 1.2 eV. The second complication is the fact that chemical potentials of elements cannot be directly extracted from the total energy calculations for the compound. To deal with this problem, they considered two possible approximations and compared results, which were found to be quite similar for iron vacancies.
Evidence for Excitation of Polar Motion by Fortnightly Ocean Tides

The second-degree zonal tide raising potential, which is responsible for tidal changes in the Earth's rotation rate and length-of-day, is symmetric about the polar axis and hence can excite the Earth's polar motion only through its action upon nonaxisymmetric features of the Earth such as the oceans. Ocean tidal excitation of polar motion in the diurnal and semidiurnal tidal bands has been previously detected and examined. Here, the detection of ocean tidal excitation of polar motion in the long-period tidal band, specifically at the Mf' (13.63-day) and Mf (13.66-day) tidal frequencies, is reported. Spectra of the SPACE94 polar motion excitation series exhibit peaks at the prograde and retrograde fortnightly tidal periods. After removing effects of atmospheric wind and pressure changes, an empirical model for the effect of the fortnightly ocean tides upon polar motion excitation is obtained by least-squares fitting periodic terms at the Mf and Mf' tidal frequencies to the residual polar motion excitation series. The resulting empirical model is then compared with the predictions of two hydrodynamic ocean tide models.
Evaluation of the potential of the flea beetle Phyllotreta cruciferae to transmit Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, causal agent of black rot of crucifers

(1985). Evaluation of the potential of the flea beetle Phyllotreta cruciferae to transmit Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, causal agent of black rot of crucifers. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology: Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 308-310.