cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of dietary fat saturation on lipid absorption in the rat.

Abstract Flux (μmole/h) of triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol into the thoracic duct lymph was measured in rats receiving a constant intraduodenal infusion of a cholesterol-free oil rich in either polyunsaturated (P/S = 4.8) or saturated (P/S = 0.2) fatty acids. Rats had ad libitum access to a fat-free semi-synthetic diet throughout the experiment. Oils were infused at a rate equivalent to a 10% (w/w) fat-containing diet for at least 18 h prior to collection of lymph; both oils were compared in each animal. Although absorption of the infused oils approximated 100%, triglyceride flux was significantly lower during infusion of the saturated compared to the polyunsaturated oil. Phospholipid and total cholesterol fluxes were not significantly affected by the type of oil, but the percent of lymph total cholesterol which was esterified was slightly but significantly lower during infusion of the unsaturated oil. Using the molar phospholipid/triglyceride ratio as a index of lymph lipoprotein size, it was found that absorption of the oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids resulted in an increase in the mean size of lymph lipoproteins. The potential significance of an influence of dietary fat saturation on lymph lipoprotein size and cholesterol esterification for the ultimate metabolic fate of absorptive lipoprotein constuents is discussed.
Development and evaluation of methods for determination of naphthodianthrones and flavonoids in St. John's wort.

Abstract Several major constituents in St. John's wort were determined for a homogenized plant sample. Three extraction techniques were evaluated: Soxhlet extraction, pressurized-fluid extraction (PFE), and sonication extraction. Levels of nine constituents (chlorogenic acid, rutin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, quercetin, amentoflavone, pseudohypericin, and hypericin) were measured using liquid chromatography with ultraviolet/visible absorbance, mass spectrometric, and fluorescence detection. Levels of total naphthodianthrones determined by liquid chromatography (LC) with absorbance detection at 590 nm were compared with levels determined by direct spectrophotometry at the same wavelength. Additionally, the methods described in this paper were applied to several brands of St. John's wort finished products.
Comparison of disease activity in SPMS and PPMS in the context of multicenter clinical trials.

Background Retrospective single center natural history studies have shown that times to reach disability milestones and ages at which they are reached are similar in primary (PPMS) and secondary (SPMS) progressive multiple sclerosis suggesting that they may be phenotypic variations of the same disease.
Conservation of streptococcal CRISPRs on human skin and saliva.

Background Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPRs) are utilized by bacteria to resist encounters with their viruses. Human body surfaces have numerous bacteria that harbor CRISPRs, and their content can provide clues as to the types and features of viruses they may have encountered.
Housing prices and balance sheets effects: A classroom demonstration

Abstract We describe a classroom demonstration in which students explore the relationship between collateral constraints and housing prices. By being actively involved in tracing the changes in consumer balance sheets, students gain a better understanding of the effects of asset prices on household wealth and the associated financial accelerator mechanism. Following the demonstration, students will be better prepared to discuss (a) how lower lending standards facilitated the housing bubble and then led to the 2007–2009 crisis; (b) the impact of irrational consumer expectations on macroeconomic activity during the inflation of the housing bubble; and (c) the role of the central bank in stabilizing asset prices and containing speculative actions of households.
A Harmonic-Sine Series Expansion and its Application to Partitioning and Reconstruction Problems in a Limited Area

Abstract A harmonic-sine series expansion for a function in two-dimensional space is proposed to be a sum of two parts. The harmonic part is the solution of the Laplace equation with prescribed boundary values of this function. The inner part is the function from which the harmonic part has been subtracted; thus, it has zero boundary value and can be expanded by the double Fourier sine series. By using the harmonic-sine series expansion, it is shown that only simple operations are needed to solve the Laplace, Poisson, and Helmholtz equations with a given boundary condition. The harmonic-sine series expansion is used to solve the wind partitioning and reconstruction problems in a limited area. The internal wind is computed from the inner parts of the streamfunction and the velocity potential. The harmonic wind is the difference between the observed wind and internal wind. In a limited region, the internal wind can be dealt with in the same way as the horizontal wind on the globe. The development of the vor...
A general approach to rule aggregation in fuzzy logic control

We look at the representation and aggregation of individual rules in the fuzzy logic control system. Two extreme paradigms for rule representation are introduced, the Mamdani model and the logical model. We look at the characteristics of these approaches. We then combine these two approaches to get a general model for the representation of rules. From this general formulation we obtain two soft classes of rules aggregation, or-like and and-like aggregations.
Oxidative folding pathway of onconase, a ribonuclease homologue: insight into oxidative folding mechanisms from a study of two homologues.

The oxidative folding pathways of two four-disulfide proteins of the ribonuclease family, ONC and RNase A, which have similar three-dimensional folds but only 30% sequence homology, are compared. In this study, a mechanism for the oxidative folding pathway of ONC is proposed. In particular, the kinetic roles and thermodynamic characteristics of key intermediates along the oxidative folding pathway, specifically, the structured intermediates, I1, I2, and I3, previously identified as des-[19−68,30−75], des-[30−75], and des-[19−68], respectively, are discussed. In addition, the effects of temperature on the oxidative folding pathway have been examined. Differences in the folding mechanism between ONC and RNase A are attributed to the differences in their amino acid sequences and related inter-residue interactions, including differences in hydrophobic interactions. Compared to RNase A, ONC utilizes more efficient interactions along the oxidative folding pathway to adopt its native fold more rapidly.
X-ray monochromator development for synchrotron radiation facilities

Abstract This report contains some general comments about monochromators which include crystal dispersive elements. Systems considered include both those appropriate to production of monochromatic incident flux and those used for the analysis of fluorescent or scattered radiation. Results obtained to date with a particular fluorescence experiment using radiation from the SPEAR storage ring are briefly summarized.
Enveloping Algebras of Semi-Simple Lie Algebras

In a recent paper we studied systems of equations of the form $$ \left[ {\left[ {{x_i},{x_j}} \right],{x_k}} \right] = {\delta_{ki}}{x_j} - {\delta_{kj}}{x_{i,}}\;i,j,k = 1,2, \ldots, n $$ (1) $$ \phi \left( {{x_1}} \right) = 0 $$ (2) where as usual [a,b] = ab−ba and ϕ(λ) is a polynomial.1 Equations of this type have arisen in quantum mechanics. In our paper we gave a method of determining the matrix solutions of such equations. The starting point of our discussion was the observation that if the elements x i satisfy (1) then the elements x i , [x j , x k ] satisfy the multiplication table of a certain basis of the Lie algebra \( {\mathfrak{S}_{n + 1}} \) of skew symmetric (n + 1) × (n + 1) matrices. We proved that if (2) is imposed as an added condition, then the algebra generated by the x’s has a finite basis, and we obtained the structure of the most general associative algebra that is generated in this way.
Circuit Model of Different Quantum Dot Based Field Effect Transistors

A quantum dot is a semiconductor nanostructure that confines the motion of conduction band electrons, valence band holes, or excitons (bound pairs of conduction band electrons and valence band holes) in all three spatial directions. The confinement can be due to electrostatic potentials (generated by external electrodes, doping, strain, impurities), the presence of an interface between different semiconductor materials (e.g. in core-shell nanocrystal systems), the presence of the semiconductor surface (e.g. semiconductor nanocrystal), or a combination of these. The presence of quantum dots in the metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor (FET) structure produces different characteristics of the FET. Based on different characteristics of the FET, different multi-valued logic can be implemented using QD based FETs. The presence of quantum dots in the gate region of a FET can generate three states (QDGFET) or make the FET act like a nonvolatile memory (QDNVM), whereas a quantum dot in the channel of the FET (QDCFET) produces four states in the transfer characteristics. This paper presents the development of circuit models for different types of FET having QDs in their different regions such as in the gate region (QDGFET/QDNVM) or in the gate region as well as in the channel region (QDG-QDCFET).
A study of I/O behavior of Perfect benchmarks on a multiprocessor

The I/O behavior of some scientific applications, a subset of Perfect benchmarks, executing on a multiprocessor is studied. The aim of this study is to explore the various patterns of I/O access of large scientific applications and to understand the impact of this observed behavior on the I/O subsystem architecture. I/O behavior of the program is characterized by the demands it imposes on the I/O subsystem. It is observed that implicit I/O or paging is not a major problem for the applications considered and the I/O problem is mainly manifest in the explicit I/O done in the program. Various characteristics of I/O accesses are studied and their impact on architecture design is discussed.
FRACTIONATION OF PEPSIN : I. ISOLATION OF CRYSTALLINE PEPSIN OF CONSTANT ACTIVITY AND SOLUBILITY FROM PEPSINOGEN OR COMMERCIAL PEPSIN PREPARATIONS. II. PREPARATION OF A LESS SOLUBLE FRACTION. III. SOLUBILITY CURVES OF MIXTURES OF THE SOLUBLE AND INSOLUBLE FRACTIONS. IV. PREPARATION OF HIGHLY ACTIVE PEPSIN FROM PEPSINOGEN.

1. Solubility curves of crude pepsin preparations indicate the presence of more than one protein. 2. One of these proteins has been isolated and crystallized and found to have constant activity and constant solubility in several solvents. 3. The solubility measurements are complicated by the unstable nature of the protein and the fact that in certain solvents the solubility of the protein is markedly affected by the presence of non-protein nitrogen decomposition products while in others this is not the case. 4. A more insoluble protein has been prepared of lower solubility and lower activity, as measured by hemoglobin digestion. The activity, as measured by the digestion of other proteins, is about the same as the more soluble fraction. This insoluble fraction does not have constant solubility. 5. Mixtures of the insoluble and the soluble fractions give preparations having rounded solubility curves typical of solid solutions and resembling very closely those of the original preparation. 6. A small amount of pepsinogen and pepsin from pepsinogen has been separated which has nearly twice the enzymatic activity on hemoglobin as does the most active pepsin previously isolated.
The signature of E6 in precision measurements of sin2θw

Abstract Precision electroweak experiments can be used to extract three inequivalent values for sin 2 θ w . Discrepancies between theses values which cannot be reconciled within the standard model could indicate new physics. In particular, clear signals of the effects of heavy exotic E 6 particles are possible. These effects are easily distinguished from those of a heavy to quark, supersymmetry, or a standard fourth generation.
THE OCCURRENCE OF TITLE WORDS IN PARTS OF RESEARCH PAPERS: VARIATIONS AMONG DISCIPLINES

In response to questions by Buxton and Meadows, there was an examination of the occurrence of title words in the abstracts, first paragraphs, last paragraphs and cited titles of research papers in chemistry, economics, history, mathematics and philosophy for the 1960 and 1970 eras. Title word occurrence in first paragraphs varied little among disciplines. Last paragraphs tended to have most frequent occurrence of title words in history and philosophy, and cited titles had most frequent occurrence in chemistry and mathematics. There was no significant difference between chemistry and mathematics of occurrence in abstracts; abstracts were not available for the other disciplines. Among disciplines taken as a whole, the best reflection of title word occurrence was the collection of abstracts, followed in order by first paragraphs, last paragraphs and cited titles. First and last paragraphs together provided 70% to 80% of the title words. For most disciplines, longer than average titles did demonstrate a higher frequency of title word occurrence in first and last paragraphs than did titles in general. The results implied that indexing based on extraction of title words could employ similar procedures from discipline to discipline. Nevertheless, sensitive information retrieval systems should be prepared for changes in the vocabulary of fields like history and philosophy to occur possibly more slowly than in fields like mathematics and chemistry.
TENG, WEN–HUA. Yufa! A Practical Guide to Mandarin Chinese Grammar. London: Hodder Education, 2011. Pp. 356. $34.09, paper. ISBN 9781444109139.

The article reviews the book "Yufa! A Practical Guide to Mandarin Chinese Grammar" by Wen-Hua Teng.
Morphometric analysis of endometrial adenocarcinoma: 2. A comparison of architectural differentiation determined morphometrically with subjective grading.

Abstract Architectural differentiation is the primary criterion used in the grading of endometrial adenocarcinomas. However, there is little evidence supporting the accuracy of pathologists' assignment of histologic grade, and few studies on the value of architectural morphometry in predicting prognosis for endometrial adenocarcinoma. We have thus investigated whether a pathologist's estimate of percentage of tumor in solid array correlated with the volume fraction of tumors composed of cells not participating in gland formation determined morphometrically. Additionally, we conducted this morphometric study of 31 cases of Stage I endometrial cancer to determine the relationship between a variety of objective measurements of architectural arrangement and prognosis. We found that a pathologist can accurately estimate the proportion of endometrial tumors arranged in solid or glandular fashion. In this limited study, morphometric assessment of the proportion of differentiated or undifferentiated cells or lumens did not improve the accuracy of prediction of outcome beyond conventional architectural grading. Further, we reaffirm that estimation of architectural arrangement coupled with measurement of the depth of penetration provides a good index of the probability of survival.
Vibronic analysis of the S1-S0 transition of phenylacetylene using photoelectron imaging and spectral intensities derived from electronic structure calculations.

The vibrational structure of the S1−S0 electronic band of phenylacetylene has been recorded by 1 + 1 resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization, accompanied by slow electron velocity map imaging photoelectron spectroscopy at each resonant vibrational band. Assignments of the S1 vibrations (up to 2000 cm−1 above the band origin) are based upon the relative intensities of the vibronic bands calculated by complete second-order vibronic coupling, vibration−rotation (Coriolis and Birss) coupling calculations, and the vibrational structure of the S1 resonant photoelectron spectra. Although this is an allowed electronic transition, the relative intensities of the a1 bands are often largely determined by vibronic coupling rather than simple Franck−Condon factors, and second-order coupling is substantial. Nonsymmetric vibrations have intensities obtained through either vibronic or Coriolis coupling, and the calculations have been instrumental in discriminating between alternate possibilities in the assignments. Str...
Caught in the act: the 20 December 2001 gravity flow event in Monterey Canyon

A sediment gravity flow descended through the axis of Monterey Canyon on 20 December 2001 at 13:35 Pacific standard time. The timing of this event is documented by a current-meter package which recorded an 11.9-dbar pressure increase in less than 10 min and was found 550 m down-canyon from its deployment site, buried completely within a >70-cm-thick gravity flow deposit. This event is believed to have started in less than 290 m of water because an instrument at this location was also lost at the same time. A 178-cm core collected after the event from the axis of the canyon at 1,297-m water depth contained fresh, greenish, chlorophyll-rich organic material at 32-cm sub-bottom depth, suggesting the event extended to this water depth. The only trigger identified for this mass movement event appears to be moderate sea and surf conditions. Thus, gravity flow events of this magnitude do not require an exceptional triggering event.
Self-Consciousness and Memory of Trait Terms

Rogers (1977) and Rogers et al. (1977) have shown that employment of a self-reference strategy improved memory of trait adjectives. The present study investigated the utility of employing a measure of individual differences in habitual self-focused attention (the Self-Consciousness Scale) to identify persons who use self-reference strategies in memory tasks employing trait terms. Consistent with predictions, high private self-consciousness subjects remembered more trait terms employed in a reaction time task than did the low private self-consciousness group.
Initial hydrogen ion profiles during interface trap formation in MOS devices

Detailed predictions based on the H/sup +/ transport model for interface trap creation require knowledge of the initial (postirradiation) spatial distributions of H/sup +/ ions through the oxide. Proposed H/sup +/ distributions from the literature are evaluated by comparison of experimental data with calculations based on the model. It is found that the experimental data are consistent with creation of radiation-induced H/sup +/ ions both within the bulk of the oxide and preferentially in the vicinity of the SiO/sub 2/-Si interface (but not preferentially in the vicinity of the SiO/sub 2/-gate interface). The balance between bulk and near-interface H/sup +/ generation appears dependent on the device fabrication process. >
Pediatric Postoperative Cardiac Care

Postoperative care of cardiac patients requires a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach to critically ill patients with cardiac disease whose care requires a clear understanding of cardiovascular physiology. When a patient fails to progress along the projected course or decompensates acutely, prompt evaluation with bedside assessment, laboratory evaluation, and echocardiography is essential. When things do not add up, cardiac catheterization must be seriously considered. With continued advancements in the field of neonatal and pediatric postoperative cardiac care, continued improvements in overall outcomes for this specialized population are anticipated.
Molecular and polymeric precursors to boron carbide nanofibers, nanocylinders, and nanoporous ceramics

New decaborane-based, single-source molecular and polymeric precursors to boron carbide have been developed that enable the formation of boron carbide in processed forms, including nanofibers, nanocylinders, and nanoporous materials.
Helping students learn requirements engineering

Many software engineering courses (and methods) begin with an assumption that software requirements are presented to software engineers in a complete, consistent, feasible, testable, and traceable form, and that the software engineer's main job is to correctly transform the requirements into code. This is generally an unhealthy approach, as the requirements for virtually all significant software products are to some degrees unknown, unknowable, or the results of compromises requiring the software engineer's participation and expertise. In USC's first semester MS level software engineering core course, we have been experimenting with case study and role playing approaches to learning about software requirements engineering. The role playing approach involves a Theory W (win win) interpretation of software requirements as negotiated stakeholder win conditions. Students form three person teams to role play as the users, customers, and developers of a software application system (e.g., a library information system or an urban fire dispatching system). They use an experimental groupware requirements engineering support system called WinWin being developed at USC. The article summarizes our experiences in using the approach to date.
High Fermentative Production of L-Threonine from Acetate by a Brevibacterium flavum Stabilized Strain Transformed with a Recombinant Plasmid Carrying the Escherichia coli thr Operon

Decrease in L-threonine productivity caused not only by plasmid-free segregation but also by plasmid deletion was observed in a Brevibacterium flavum L-threonine producer when transformed with a recombinant plasmid carrying Escherichia coli thr operon. However, a recombinant strain, HT-16, was stabilized by the addition of trimethoprim (a selective marker on the vector) at concentration of 1000 micrograms/ml, which was rather higher than the minimum inhibitory one, into the stock culture medium. Strain HT-16 produced 64.4 g/liter of L-threonine, 30% higher than that of the host strain, after 92 h of cultivation in a small jar fermentor using acetic acid as a carbon source without trimethoprim.
Interactive Digital MR Atlas of the Pediatric Brain

The interpretation of magnetic resonance (MR) images of the pediatric brain may require consultation of an atlas to determine if a perceived finding represents an abnormality. However, most hard-copy atlases show only a few levels of the brain at selected points of time in myelination, and therefore a simultaneous comparison of different age groups is difficult with a hard-copy approach. The authors believe that a digital atlas of the normal pediatric brain may be a more efficient way to present this information and that correct interpretation of potential abnormalities may be facilitated by the online atlas they have created (available for free download from http://radiology.seattlechildrens.org/teaching/pediatricbrainatlas). Images for the atlas were derived from Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine-compliant data sets from brain MR imaging in patients younger than 4 years. The images were interpreted as normal with respect to the appearance of the brain parenchyma. The software program used for viewing the atlas, written in C#, incorporates many features of a picture archiving and communication system viewer, such as linked scrolling and resizing. Simultaneous comparison of cases also is possible. The digital atlas facilitates learning about normal changes in the MR appearance of the pediatric brain, and it may be used during online interpretation of cases on a picture archiving and communication system.
The role of follicular hyperkeratinization in acne

Follicular hyperkeratinization is a key element in the pathogenesis of acne and a main target of retinoid activity. Hyperkeratinization occurs when the cells of the follicle become cohesive and do not shed normally onto the skin's surface. The result is a microcomedone and subsequent lesions characteristic of acne. Products with retinoid activity, such as tretinoin, adapalene and tazarotene, normalize follicular keratinization, inhibit formation of microcomedones, decrease formation of inflammatory lesions, and speed resolution of comedones. Topical retinoids act within the follicle at the site of changes that lead to the development of microcomedones, reversing the process and stopping the development of lesions. ( J Dermatol Treat (2000) 11 (Suppl 2): S5-S8)
Identification of residues in domain III of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac toxin that affect binding and toxicity.

Alanine substitution mutations in the Cry1Ac domain III region, from amino acid residues 503 to 525, were constructed to study the functional role of domain III in the toxicity and receptor binding of the protein to Lymantria dispar, Manduca sexta, and Heliothis virescens. Five sets of alanine block mutants were generated at the residues 503SS504, 506NNI508, 509QNR511, 522ST523, and 524ST525. Single alanine substitutions were made at the residues 509Q, 510N, 511R, and 513Y. All mutant proteins produced stable toxic fragments as judged by trypsin digestion, midgut enzyme digestion, and circular dichroism spectrum analysis. The mutations, 503SS504-AA, 506NNI508-AAA, 522ST523-AA, 524ST525-AA, and 510N-A affected neither the protein’s toxicity nor its binding to brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) prepared from these insects. Toward L. dispar and M. sexta, the 509QNR511-AAA, 509Q-A, 511R-A, and 513Y-A mutant toxins showed 4- to 10-fold reductions in binding affinities to BBMV, with 2- to 3-fold reductions in toxicity. Toward H. virescens, the 509QNR511-AAA, 509Q-A, 511R-A, and 513Y-mutant toxins showed 8- to 22-fold reductions in binding affinities, but only 509QNR511-AAA and 511R-A mutant toxins reduced toxicity by approximately three to four times. In the present study, greater loss in binding affinity relative to toxicity has been observed. These data suggest that the residues 509Q, 511R, and 513Y in domain III might be only involved in initial binding to the receptor and that the initial binding step becomes rate limiting only when it is reduced more than fivefold.
Impressions of Watson Through 50 Years

Inspiring Science Jim Watson and the Age of DNA. John R. Inglis, Joseph Sambrook, and Jan A. Witkowski, Eds. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 2003. 535 pp. $35, £19.99. ISBN 0-87969-698-2. In a series of essays, 43 of Watson9s colleagues offer personal perspectives on his achievements as a researcher, educator, author, and administrator.
Richter-type Spigelian Hernia: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Introduction Abdominal wall hernias through the arcuate line termed Spigelian hernias are uncommon. These hernias presenting as a Richter-type, with strangulation of part of the circumference of the bowel wall is very rare. Presentation of case We report a 27-year-old male patient who presented with a Richter-type Spigelian hernia. Literature review A MEDLINE literature search of this rare entity yielded six publications presenting Richter-type Spigelian hernias. All of these articles and accompanying references were thoroughly reviewed. There was no gender or anatomical side predominance among the patients. All except our patient presented here were elderly. Pain was the most common symptom and was present in all patients. All patients underwent surgical repair and none reported recurrence of their hernia afterwards. Discussion and conclusion Richter-type Spigelian hernia is rare and has been reported infrequently in the existing literature. Clinical diagnosis is challenging and CT scan is the diagnostic study of choice. Surgical repair is the definitive treatment and involves primary or mesh repair of the defect as appropriate. Necrotic bowel should be resected and we recommend biologic mesh repair in these cases if the defect is large.
The effect of recombination on background selection

An approximate equation is derived, which predicts the effect on variability at a neutral locus of background selection due to a set of partly linked deleterious mutations. Random mating, multiplicative fitnesses, and sufficiently large population size that the selected loci are in mutation/selection equilibrium are assumed. Given these assumptions, the equation is valid for an arbitrary genetic map, and for an arbitrary distribution of selection coefficients across loci. Monte Carlo computer simulations show that the formula performs well for small population sizes under a wide range of conditions, and even seems to apply when there are epistatic fitness interactions among the selected loci. Failure occurred only with very weak selection and tight linkage. The formula is shown to imply that weakly selected mutations are more likely than strongly selected mutations to produce regional patterning of variability along a chromosome in response to local variation in recombination rates. Loci at the extreme tip of a chromosome experience a smaller effect of background selection than loci closer to the centre. It is shown that background selection can produce a considerable overall reduction in variation in organisms with small numbers of chromosomes and short maps, such as Drosophila. Large overall effects are less likely in species with higher levels of genetic recombination, such as mammals, although local reductions in regions of reduced recombination might be detectable.
What's Next for Collection Management and Managers?

Much of the current literature on collection development in the digital age focuses on collecting born-digital material through the use of Web crawlers, data mining, and metadata harvesting of the ...
Diverticular Disease: Genetic, Geographic, and Environmental Aspects

Genetic, geographic, and environmental factors are likely to have a significant impact on the presentation and characteristics of diverticular disease. Genetic predispositions to diverticular disease fall into 3 categories: conditions that alter colonic wall integrity, conditions that cause visceral neurological dysfunction, and those that result in change of stool consistency. These different mechanisms play a role, but the pathophysiology of diverticula formation is likely multifactorial. The influence of a westernized diet is substantiated by the fact that diverticulosis is exceptionally uncommon in the developing world. Many authors believe the protective effect of a high-fiber diet is the primary cause for these differences, citing studies that confirm an association between dietary fiber intake and asymptomatic diverticulosis. In reference to age, it is clear that the prevalence of diverticulosis increases with each decade of life in all populations. There is also a significant association between obesity and complications of diverticular disease, particularly in younger patients.
Magnetic Interactions of Nuclei with Electrons

So far we have ignored the fact that the nuclei are surrounded by electrons with which they can interact. In this chapter we shall consider the magnetic interactions, postponing until later the consideration of the strong electrostatic effects that may be found when a nucleus possesses an electrical quadrupole moment. The magnetic coupling of the electrons to the nucleus arises from magnetic fields originating either from the motion of the electrical charges or from the magnetic moment associated with the electron spin. The former gives rise to the so-called chemical shifts; the latter, to the Knight shifts in metals and to a coupling between nuclear spins.
Ascorbate- and Zinc-Responsive Parkinsonism:

Objective: To report a case of Parkinsonism rapidly responsive to intravenous replacement of vitamin C and zinc. Case Summary: A 66-year-old man with Parkinsonism, pleural effusion, and bipolar disorder was found to have low serum vitamin C and zinc levels. Intravenous replacement of these micronutrients led to resolution of the movement disorder in less than 24 hours. Discussion: Parkinsonism has been associated with vitamin C deficiency, and recent cases of scurvy complicated by Parkinsonism have responded well to intravenous replacement of vitamin C. In this case, deficiency of zinc may have contributed to the development of a movement disorder. The likely pathophysiology of, and treatment recommendations for, Parkinsonism linked to deficiencies of vitamin C and zinc are reviewed. Conclusions: Whereas vitamin C has a strong link with Parkinsonism, the potential role of zinc has only been suspected. This case report highlights some of the potential links between zinc deficiency and Parkinsonism.
Geometric and photometric parameters of the terrestrial planets

Abstract A critical examination is presented of the diameters, ellipticities and spectral albedos of Mercury, Venus, and Mars derived by many observers in the course of the past 100 years. The systematic and accidental errors in the various methods are discussed, and the results are weighted accordingly to produce best estimates of the diameteres, ellipticities, and albedos for the three planets.
Variation of depth of cure and intensity with distance using LED curing lights.

Abstract Objectives The purpose of the study was to determine the correlation between intensity of light-emitting diode (LED) and tungsten-halogen light sources, and depth of cure of a resin composite at different distances. Methods Four LED curing lights (Flashlite 1001, Freelight 2, Smartlite IQ and Ultralume 5) and one tungsten halogen (Optilux 501, with 8 and 11 mm tips) were evaluated. Intensity was measured according a modified ISO Standard 10650 at distances of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 mm between the light tip and detector. Depth of cure (DOC) of TPH Spectrum shade A2 was measured according to the international standard ISO 4049 at the same distances. Results For all lights, intensity decreased as distance increased. The authors documented a logarithmic correlation between intensity and distance for all lights except the Smartlite IQ, Ultralume 5 and the Optilux 501 with the 11 mm tip, which showed a linear relationship between intensity and distance. All lights demonstrated a logarithmic correlation between intensity and DOC, and a linear correlation between DOC and distance. Smartlite IQ and Optilux 501 (11 mm tip) also had the least reduction in intensity and DOC at 10 mm. Significance Clinicians often an experience difficulty placing the light tip close to the resin surface when curing resin composites. While both intensity and DOC decrease with increasing distance, the relationship between these factors and distance may not be similar for all lights and may depend on the characteristics of individual lights.
Ozone in Interstitial Air of the Mid-Latitude, Seasonal Snowpack at Niwot Ridge, Colorado

ABSTRACT Ozone in interstitial air was studied in the seasonal, mid-latitude snowpack at a subalpine forest site at Niwot Ridge, Colorado, from January to June 2004. Sampling techniques were developed for continuous, vertical gradient measurements of ozone and temperature at four depths in the snowpack. During this time period, ozone in ambient air ranged from 15 to 80 ppbv, while in the snowpack ozone mixing ratios generally were below 5 ppbv, showed little variability, and decreased to less than 10% of ambient air levels within the first 10–20 cm below the surface. This ozone gradient (ambient air-snowpack air) appeared to be independent of solar radiation cycles. These findings are in contrast to similar studies in the polar snowpack, where a much deeper penetration of ozone into the snowpack and strong dependencies of the ozone gradient on incoming solar radiation levels has been reported. These observations imply that ozone levels in the seasonal, mid-latitude snowpack are determined by different pro...
Functionalized Tertiary Phosphines and Related Ligands in Organometallic Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis

The prospect of predictably manipulating the chemo- and stereoselectivity of metal catalysts is both aesthetically and economically attractive. The most straightforward way to affect the chemical behavior of a given metal ion is through changes in its ligands. It is well recognized that changes within the first coordination sphere of a metal ion can have a relatively dramatic impact on the properties of the entire complex. On the other hand, modifications of the ligand superstructure and substituents have subtler and somewhat more predictable effects. Such ligand modifications as applied to the coordination chemistry of tertiary phosphines have begun to receive increasing attention because of the applicability of this technology to catalysis. In this chapter, I discuss several studies which have concerned the coordination chemistry of tertiary phosphine ligands which bear chemically active substituents. This review is not comprehensive, rather the ligand systems discussed were selected because of the novel properties they impart to their complexes, the usefulness of their complexes in mechanistic or catalytic studies, or their synthetic versatility. Areas related to the theme of this review which were intentionally de-emphasized are di- and polyphosphines, chiral phosphines, and polymer-bound phosphines. These topics are covered more fully in other chapters of this book.
Managing Student Drop-Outs

This study investigates the efficacy of several variables used to predict voluntary, organizationally avoidable turnover even before the student becomes enrolled in a college. Analyses conducted on student applicant data collected in 2 separate colleges confirmed that bio-data, clear-purpose attitudes and intentions, and disguised-purpose dispositional retention scales predicted voluntary, avoidable turnover. Results also revealed that bio-data scales and disguised-purpose retention scales added incremental validity, whereas clear-purpose retention scales did not explain significant incremental variance in turnover beyond what was explained by bio-data and the disguised-­purpose scales. Furthermore, disparate impact was consis­tently small.
Cytogenetic Analysis in Leukemia

(1975). Cytogenetic Analysis in Leukemia. CRC Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 157-200.
Mariner Transposase-like Sequences From the Hessian Fly, Mayetiola destructor

Transposable genetic elements are assumed to be a feature of all eukaryotic genomes. They can serve as vectors in gene transfer systems and as mutagenic agents for isolation of genes. Until recently their identification has been primarily limited to organisms subjected to extensive genetic or molecular study. The Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), is an agriculturally important pest of wheat, Triticum aestivum L., in the United States and other parts of the world. We assessed the presence of mariner transposase-like sequences in M. destructor by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay designed to detect conserved regions of the mariner transposase gene. DNA sequence analysis of PCR products revealed sequences with similarities to putative mariner transposase gene subfamilies from Drosophila mauritiana and horn fly, Haematobia irritans. DNA gel blot analyses indicated sequences hybridizing to the mariner transposase-like PCR clones occur at a moderate to low copy number in M. destructor. Results suggest the presence of an endogenous mobile-element system in M. destructor, which might be developed into a gene transfer system or serve in mapping genes.
Along the “American Way”: The New Deal's Work Relief Programs for the Unemployed

BECAUSE historians have accepted economic innovation as the standard by which to measure the New Deal's accomplishments, New Deal historiography has tended to discount the importance that reformers of the 1930s attached to the psychological effects of many federal programs.' Among American social work reformers, for example, stock manipulations and monopolistic business arrangements held less social significance than the traumatic psychic dislocation caused by simple joblessness. Unemployed, a man lost his "self-respect . . . ambition and pride," testified settlement headworker Lillian D. Wald.2 New Deal administrator Harry L. Hopkins noted, "a workless man has little status at home and less with his friends," a condition which reinforces his own sense of failure. Finally, Hopkins observed, "Those who are forced to accept charity, no matter how unwillingly, are first pitied, then disdained" by society in general.3
Modification of Al-Si alloys: Microstructure, thermal analysis, and mechanisms

In aluminum-silicon cast alloys, the shapes of the silicon phase and the general solidification pattern can be changed by the cooling conditions and by minor additions to the melt. The minor additions either cause modification (sodium, strontium, and other metals) or refine the primary silicon in hypereutectic alloys (phosphorus and elements of Group V-B). Detailed examination of the modified microstructures and analysis of cooling curves are compatible with a modification mechanism involving growth rather than nucleation kinetics.
How qualitative studies can improve the quality of clinical studies.

Can qualitative studies improve the quality of clinical studies? Let me answer in the affirmative and outline below five ways in which this is possible, drawing on several excellent textbooks regarding how to perform qualitative research1–6, and on the study that appears in the March 2013 issue of the Journal from Lipstein and colleagues regarding parents’ perceptions of tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor treatment for their children with either Crohn’s disease or juvenile idiopathic arthritis.7
The Group of Automorphisms of the Game of 3-Dimensional Ticktacktoe

(1967). The Group of Automorphisms of the Game of 3-Dimensional Ticktacktoe. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 74, No. 3, pp. 247-254.
Carbaryl as a component in integrated crop management of apple

The economic viability of most northeastern apple orchards depends upon the production of a high proportion of large, well-colored fruit of high quality. Adjustment of fruit load, or thinning, is an integral part of achieving this production goal. Although the effects of feeding damage caused by leafhoppers is controversial, many orchardists believe that this damage, particularly early in the season, is detrimental to production, and they apply insecticide treatments to maintain infestations below a threshold level. Carbaryl has been long recognized as a fruit-thinning agent, as well as a broad-spectrum insecticide. Field experiments were conducted during 1995 and 1996 to examine the horticultural benefits of carbaryl when used in combination with the plant growth regulators naphthaleneacetic acid and 6-benzyl adenine, and to assess the efficacy of carbaryl against an indigenous leafhopper complex when applied during a typical thinning window. In a majority of cases, the addition of carbaryl to naphthaleneacetic acid or 6-benzyl adenine significantly enhanced fruit thinning and increased fruit size. Two thinning rates of carbaryl with or without naphthaleneacetic acid significantly reduced early-season infestations of leafhopper nymphs. The highest rate suppressed nymphs and adults for the entire season and allowed lower leaf damage ratings. Results show that carbaryl in combination with other chemical thinners is beneficial in the management of crop load, and at the same time effects suppression of the leafhopper complex. In orchards that do not rely upon natural control of phytophagous mites, this unique horticultural chemical fits well into integrated crop management programs on apple.
A New, Large-Flowered Variety of Eremocarya micrantha (Boraginaceae)

Abstract Eremocarya (Boraginaceae), a resurrected segregate of the genus Cryptantha, has recently been recognized as containing two species: E. lepida and E. micrantha. These two species differ in nutlet shape, nutlet size, and features of the corolla, including limb width, presence or absence of a prominent yellow coloration at the fornices of the corolla center, and, perhaps most importantly, presence or absence of distinctive “fornix bodies” at the corolla mouth. Here we present evidence for a large-flowered form of E. micrantha that we argue should be treated as a new taxonomic variety, which we call E. micrantha var. pseudolepida. In nutlet morphology, E. micrantha var. pseudolepida is very similar to E. micrantha var. micrantha and different from E. lepida. Eremocarya micrantha var. pseudolepida differs from E. micrantha var. micrantha and is similar to E. lepida in corolla limb diameter and in having a tendency to possess a prominent yellow coloration in the corolla throat. However, E. micrantha va...
Periodic surface pattern fabrication via biprism interference micro-machining

A novel surface micro-texturing process is proposed that is capable of generating extremely scalable periodic patterns on a workpiece surface. The process, henceforth named as 'biprism interference micro-machining' utilizes a two-beam interference pattern generated by a Fresnel biprism placed coaxially in the path of a laser pulse to fabricate periodic micro-channels on aluminum surfaces. The channels were fabricated over an area of approximately 8 mm × 6 mm and with a periodicity of 9 and 21 μm, by using custom-built two-faceted biprisms with side angles of 4° and 1.5°, respectively. A beam propagation simulation was carried out to predict the intensity distribution and contrast of the intensity pattern of laser pulse at the workpiece surface. The entire process takes 1–8 laser pulses, thereby demonstrating ultra-fast speed and scalability. Also, the efficiency, precision and resolution of the process are higher than that of conventional mask-based and interference-based micro-machining.
Induction of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in mouse Friend virus-transformed erythroleukemia cells during erythroid differentiation

The activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) dehydratase, an enzyme involved in heme biosynthesis, has been shown to increase in Friend virus-transformed murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells during erythroid differentiation. In this study, the nature of the increase in ALA dehydratase activity in MEL cells was examined using a monospecific antibody directed to the enzyme. A sevenfold increase in ALA dehydratase activity was observed after cells had been treated with 1.5% Me2SO for 5 days. Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion analysis showed that lysates from untreated and Me2SO-treated MEL cells formed a single precipitin line with rabbit IgG directed to the normal mouse liver ALA dehydratase. A single arc of identity was also observed with the lysates from normal mouse erythrocytes, spleen, liver, and lysates from both uninduced and induced MEL cells. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis demonstrated that lysates from both uninduced and induced cells formed rockets with the IgG and that the peak height of the rocket was proportional to the ALA dehydratase activity applied. The slope of linear plots of rocket peak heights v ALA dehydratase activity was identical for lysates from uninduced and Me2SO-induced cells. Succinylacetone, a potent inhibitor of ALA dehydratase, was shown to markedly inhibit the activity of the enzyme, but did not interfere with the synthesis of ALA dehydratase induced by Me2SO treatment. Me2SO-induced increases in ALA dehydratase activity and the enzyme protein were both blocked by the simultaneous treatment of cells with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU). BrdU-mediated repression of ALA dehydratase was partially overcome by treating the cells with thymidine. These data demonstrate that increased ALA dehydratase activity in MEL cells undergoing erythroid differentiation after Me2SO treatment is due to de novo synthesis of the same enzyme protein present in uninduced MEL cells as well as in normal erythrocytes. This represents the first direct demonstration of an increase in a heme biosynthetic pathway enzyme protein in erythroid cells undergoing differentiation.