cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two novel homodinuclear Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes with a 24-membered octadentate hexaazamacrocyclic ligand: stability and X-ray crystal structures

Abstract A dinucleating 24-membered hexaazadiphenol macrocyclic ligand, 3,6,9,17,20,23-hexaaza-29,30-dihydroxy-13,27-dimethyl-tricyclo[23,3,1,111,15]triaconta-1(28),11,13,15(30),25,26-hexaene (H2L or [24]BDBPH), is prepared by the NaBH4 reduction of the Schiff base obtained from [2+2] template condensation of 2,6-diformyl-p-cresol with diethylenetriamine. The ligand maintains dinuclear integrity for copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes, while facilitating the formation of non-bridged dicopper and bridged phenolic dinickel cores. Potentiometric equilibrium studies indicate that a variety of protonated, mononuclear and dinuclear complexes are formed with nickel(II) from p[H] 2 through 11 in aqueous solution. The stability constants and species distribution as a function of p[H] of the 1:1 and 1:2 [ligand:Ni(II)] complexes were determined in KCl supporting electrolyte (μ=0.100 M) at 25°C. The pH potentiometric studies show that the dinuclear complexes are formed via mononulear chelates in which two kinds of coordination patterns are proposed. Copper is complexed by half of the coordination sites of the dinucleating macrocycle (N3O−), and the nickel occupies salen-like sites of the macrocycle (N2O2 −), which form dibridged dinuclear complexes. The neutral homodinuclear complex [Cu2L](Cl)(Br) forms monoclinic crystals, of space group P21/c, with a=9.9125(17), b=13.559(2), c=22.713(4) A, β=98.145(4)°, and Z=4. A dinulear Ni(II) complex forms with the formula [Ni2L(H2O)2](Br2)·2H2O. Dibridged phenolic oxygen atoms were observed. The complex crystallizes in monoclinic form, space group P21/c, with a=18.262(2), b=11.7520(15), c=15.755(2) A, β=107.817(2)°, and Z=4.
Influence of some atmospheric variables on the concentration and particle size distribution of sulfate in urban air

Abstract Variations in the particle size distribution and concentration of atmospheric sulfate during a week in each of four cities were assessed with regard to the influence of such factors as location, humidity, sulfur dioxide level and time of day. Average sulfate mass median equivalent diameters (MMD) in Cincinnati, Chicago and Fairfax (Ohio) were nearly the same (0.42 μ) despite large differences in sulfate concentration and heterodispersity. A higher MMD (0.66 μ) in downtown Philadelphia was at least partly attributable to the presence of dust generated by road construction near the sampling site. Sulfate MMD generally increased with increasing relative humidity, whereas sulfate concentration was more closely correlated with absolute humidity except when SO 2 levels exceeded 3 pphm. Periodic variations in the sulfate parameters at the different locations were characterized by the lack of a consistent pattern and could not be explained on the basis of humidity changes alone.
Angiotensin II increases ACTH release in the absence of endogenous arginine-vasopressin.

Abstract Recent studies from our laboratory indicate a primary central site of action of Angiotensin II (AII) to release ACTH. The present studies were designed to test whether AII is able to release ACTH in vivo in a similar fashion in intact, cannulated, freely moving Long-Evans (LE) or in vasopressin (AVP)-deficient, Brattleboro (DI) female rats. The in vivo response to AII was compared with that elicited by synthetic CRF. All injected i.v. (0.4 or 2 μg/100 g BW) induced a significant, dose-related increase in plasma ACTH values 5 and 15 min after injection, in both LE and DI rats. CRF given to LE and DI rats at 0.4 μg/100 g BW elicited a larger increase in ACTH plasma values than a similar dose of AII, 5 or 15 min after the injection. Moreover, ACTH levels after CRF in DI rats were significantly greater than those obtained in LE controls. In vitro studies using dispersed anterior pituitary cells indicate that the response of cells from either LE or DI rats to AII or AVP (both at 10 −9 and 10 −8 ) was similar. Cells from DI donors were hyperresponsive to CRF (2×10 −11 and 10 −10 M) in terms of ACTH release when compared with the response of cells from LE rats. The present results suggest that the presence of AVP is not essential to mediate the central response to AII and that AII may act centrally to stimulate CRF release from the hypothalamus in vivo , which would then enhance ACTH output. The results in the DI rat indicate that the increased response to CRF may be an important compensatory mechanism involved in the regulation of adrenocortical function in the DI rat.
Vegetation changes associated with barrier-dune construction on the outer banks of North Carolina

Manmade dunes are used to stabilize the barrier islands of the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States so that they are more amenable to development. Although this strategy has stabilized extensive sections of the barrier-island substrate, it has also caused significant ecological changes. The rate and pattern of the resulting vegetation changes along the Outer Banks of North Carolina were determined using sequential aerial photography. Successional trends have been altered in favor of more stable woody communities.
A systems-tensorial interpretation of psychomedical concepts

The multidimensional environments providing the stimuli for normal and abnormal human behavior have been characterized by a variety of environmental tensors, the time rates of change of which yield quantitative measures of various aspects of environmental dynamics. A general response tensor is introduced to describe the behavior of living organisms to any desired degree of complexity. Tensor measures of such psychiatric concepts as reactivity, adaptability, responsiveness, instinctiveness and suggestibility are mathematically defined in terms of the response and environment tensors. Based on clinical and experimental observations, postulates are then made regarding the dynamic relationships between the external responses and the internal drives of the self-system at different levels of consciousness. Lemmas and theorems are deduced pertaining to behavioral and environmental interactions in a psychomedical context, and a nonlinear mechanism for stochastically learned behavior patterns is proposed.
Structural Biochemistry 14. Permethylation of Nucleosides

Abstract Prominent molecular ions are generally observed in the field ionization (FI) mass spectra of unprotected nucleosides.2 In the one exception so far observed, that of guanosine, we found the simple methyl derivative, N2,N2-dimethylguanosine, to afford an easily detectible molecular ion. The electron impact (EI) mass spectrum of N2,N2-dimethylguanosine also displayed a molecular ion and suggested that nucleoside methyl derivatives might be more easily studied by EI methods. For this purpose and the more important objective of developing methods for sequencing small nucleic acid units by computer assisted3 FI-EI mass spectrometry, a program was initiated (1967) to explore permethylation of nucleosides. We believe protection by permethylation to be superior to pertrimethylsilylation and acetylation principally for reasons involving molecular weight and stability. Concurrently it was anticipated that such nucleoside methylation studies would afford routes to partially mathylated nucleosides of value in...
Full Envelope Nonlinear Parameter-Varying Model Approach for Atmospheric Flight Dynamics

This paper presents a nonlinear parameter-varying modeling approach to duplicate the aircraft dynamic behavior while moving from one flight region to another. This approach starts by generating a local two-term truncatedVolterra series, which is enough to capture the quadratic andbilinear nonlinearities, at different operating conditions over the flight envelope. The variation of these series’ coefficient matrices are then sought through different interpolation techniques. A nonlinear F-16 longitudinal model was used to assess the proposed approach. The improvement in the accuracy to predict, understand, and analyze the nonlinear aircraft behavior over the previous linear parameter-varying approach, which effectively ignored the second-order stability and control derivatives, is demonstrated through many numerical test cases.
Self-efficacy for coping with symptoms moderates the relationship between physical symptoms and well-being in breast cancer survivors taking adjuvant endocrine therapy

This study examined the relationships between physical symptoms, self-efficacy for coping with symptoms, and functional, emotional, and social well-being in women who were taking adjuvant endocrine therapy for breast cancer. One hundred and twelve women who were taking adjuvant endocrine therapy (tamoxifen or an aromatase inhibitor) for breast cancer completed measures of physical symptoms, self-efficacy for coping with symptoms, and functional, social, and emotional well-being at the time of routine medical follow-up (women were on average 3.4 years post-surgery; range 3 months to 11 years). Multiple linear regression analyses showed that higher self-efficacy for coping with symptoms was associated with greater functional, emotional, and social well-being after controlling for physical symptoms (p < 0.05). Self-efficacy for coping with symptoms moderated the relationship between physical symptoms and functional (B = 0.05, SE = 0.02, t = 2.67, p = 0.009) and emotional well-being (B = 0.03, SE = 0.01, t = 2.45, p = 0.02). As self-efficacy increased, the relationship between greater physical symptoms and lower well-being became weaker. Among women with high levels of self-efficacy, physical symptoms were not related to functional and emotional well-being. Self-efficacy for coping with symptoms may reduce the negative impact of physical symptoms and contribute to well-being in breast cancer survivors taking adjuvant endocrine therapy. Future studies could examine whether psychosocial interventions aimed at increasing self-efficacy for managing symptoms help women better cope with treatment side effects and improve quality of life.
Confinement-Induced versus Correlation-Induced Electron Localization and Wave Function Entanglement in Semiconductor Nano Dumbbells

Single-particle plus many-particle calculations of the electronic states of semiconductor nano dumbbells show how geometrical features (e.g., the width of the dumbbell wire) determine, through quantum confinement and electron−electron correlation effects, the spatial localization and the degree of entanglement of the electronic wave functions. Remarkably, we find that correlation effects can alter carrier localization and that the degree of wave function entanglement can be tuned by changing the diameter of the dumbbell wire. We further show how the exciton binding energy depends on the nano dumbbell geometry.
A study of proactive hybrid FEC/ARQ and scalable feedback techniques for reliable, real-time multicast

In this paper, we examine the performance benefits of using parity encoding for reliable delivery of data to multiple receivers, where the receivers have heterogeneous loss and delay characteristics. First, we examine the effect of sending parity loss repairs proactively to receivers before it is known whether or not the repairs are needed to repair losses. We show that in many cases, proactive repair can reduce feedback implosion and the expected delay of reliable delivery without increasing bandwidth usage. Next, we examine how proactive repairs can be used to meet end-to-end deadlines to within a tunable probability. Last, we examine several receiver feedback mechanisms for parity repairs in a heterogeneous networking environment, and find that the various mechanisms offer different levels of robustness. Our examinations take into account temporally correlated (bursty) loss, as well as loss of feedback messages from receivers.
Bifurcation of Toll-Like Receptor 9 Signaling by Adaptor Protein 3

Endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 7 and 9 recognize viral pathogens and induce signals leading to the activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)–dependent proinflammatory cytokines and interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7)–dependent type I interferons (IFNs). Recognition of viral nucleic acids by TLR9 requires its cleavage in the endolysosomal compartment. Here, we show that TLR9 signals leading to the activation of type I IFN, but not proinflammatory cytokine genes, require TLR9 trafficking from endosomes to a specialized lysosome-related organelle. Furthermore, we identify adapter protein-3 as the protein complex responsible for the trafficking of TLR9 to this subcellular compartment. Our results reveal an intracellular mechanism for bifurcation of TLR9 signals by selective receptor trafficking within the endosomal system.
Switchover to the mated state by spermathecal activation in female Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes.

Both Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes undergo physiological and behavioral changes after the females mate, but unlike Ae. aegypti, the mated state in An. gambiae is not attained through the action of male accessory gland substances. Experiments in which the spermathecae of mated females were manipulated suggest that a spermatheca filled with sperm is responsible for triggering oviposition behavior. An estimated 48% of the previously mated An. gambiae females mated again when the interval between encounters with males was less than 24 h. Unlike male Ae. aegypti that can inseminate up to seven females after their testes are removed, An. gambiae do not store sperm in the vas deferens and without testes would be unable to inseminate any females.
Making choices : Vendors and agents in the assessment process

Vendors and agents have a plethora of reports, databases, and tools that can be used by libraries in support of collection assessment as well as the day-to-day process of acquiring library material. The paper reviews the current status of these tools particularly as they relate to monographic acquisitions including selection, in-print titles, out-of-print titles, and exchange of duplicates and serials acquisitions including management reports, document delivery, and electronic journals.
Hemodynamic evaluation of basilar and vertebral artery angioplasty.

OBJECTIVE: The postangioplasty evaluation of a stenotic vessel is often conducted by studying serial angiograms to determine the anatomic reduction in stenosis. In flow-limiting stenosis, the hemodynamic change that accompanies these anatomic changes is of great importance in evaluating the success of the angioplasty. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the usefulness of phase contrast magnetic resonance angiography (PCMRA) in evaluating the hemodynamic changes that occur after angioplasty of the basilar and vertebral arteries. METHODS: Between January 1998 and February 2000, PCMRA was performed for the hemodynamic evaluation of 130 patients who presented at our institution. Twenty-six patients were evaluated for vertebrobasilar insufficiency, and flow rates of their vertebral and basilar arteries were determined. In five patients, angioplasty was done on the basilar or vertebral arteries, and PCMRA was performed to determine flow rates before and after the procedure. RESULTS: Of the five patients undergoing angioplasty, the average percentage of stenosis was 81%. The average increase in basilar artery flow rate was 46 ml/min (P < 0.05) after angioplasty. Two of these patients are described. One patient demonstrated the comparison of flow rates in the vertebral and basilar arteries after angioplasty. The second patient showed follow-up flow rates measured after angioplasty and up to 4 months later to predict restenosis. CONCLUSION: The use of flow rate data before and after angioplasty is helpful not only to evaluate the treatment immediately after the procedure but also to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment during a long period. PCMRA provides a noninvasive method for measuring arterial flow rates with far-reaching implications in neurosurgery.
Nutritional considerations and the indications for dialysis.

Abstract Evidence of a reduction in dietary protein intake and some indices of nutritional status in chronic renal failure (CRF) patients consuming unrestricted diets has led some individuals to recommend that low- protein diets be avoided and that dialysis should be initiated if the protein intake declines below 0.8 g protein/kg/day. However, evidence indicates that when properly implemented, low-protein diets are safe and can maintain lean body mass even during long-term therapy. This is because CRF patients are able to activate normal compensatory responses when protein intake is restricted, and their protein and energy requirements are similar to healthy subjects. Because low-protein diets ameliorate uremic symptoms and some of its metabolic complications, dietary therapy should be attempted in all patients with progressive CRF. The recommendation to initiate dialysis when the protein intake declines below 0.8 g/kg/day should be viewed with skepticism because mortality risk is increased in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients and dialysis therapy does not improve protein and energy intake or ameliorate malnutrition. (Am J Kidney Dis 1998 Jan;31(1):185-9)
Communicating with the referring physician: the standard of care.

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to determine whether academic radiologists achieve the standard of care that the American College of Radiology recommends for communication of unexpected significant findings to referring physicians. CONCLUSION: Academic radiologists do achieve the recommended standard of care.
Moveable Compact Shelving: The Current Answer

The compact shelving discussed in this article is defined as moveable shelving driven, in the main, by electric power. The shelving eliminates all but one aisle in any set of ranges of shelving. Most such shelving moves in a perpendicular direction on rails mounted on the floor. Moveable compact shelving provides a successful permanent answer to the storage and preservation problems that afflict many libraries. Its advantages greatly outweigh its minor disadvantages. “Any library which installs such a system will find that it has made a prudent and cost‐effective investment.”
Occurrence of the Noninfective Stage of Ceratomyxa shasta in Mature Summer Chinook Salmon in the South Fork Salmon River, Idaho

Abstract This report documents the occurrence of Ceratomyxa shasta in mature summer chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the South Fork Salmon River, Idaho, in 1984 and notes the parasite's possible contribution to prespawning mortalities in this stock of fish. This represents an extension of the range of the noninfective stage of this parasite.
Modulation of adenylate cyclase activity by a cytosolic factor following chronic opiate exposure in neuroblastoma x glioma NG108-15 hybrid cells

A soluble cytosolic factor from neuroblastoma x glioma NG108-15 hybrid cells stimulates adenylate cyclase activity in isolated membrane preparations. This cytosolic component is heat stable, pronase insensitive, has a molecular weight less than 350 daltons and an absorbance peak at 260 nm. The stimulation is immediate, independent of Ca++ and exhibits a sigmoidal concentration dependency curve. The cytosolic factor stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in etorphine treated cells (100 nM etorphine, 16 hrs) to a greater extent than in control cells. In addition, cytosolic factor derived from etorphine treated cells, as compared to control cells, displayed an increased capacity to stimulate adenylate cyclase. It is suggested that the observed cytosolic factor may be adenosine and that cells chronically treated with an opiate exhibit an increase in both concentration and sensitivity to this agent.
A Critical Analysis of Atoh7 (Math5) mRNA Splicing in the Developing Mouse Retina

The Math5 (Atoh7) gene is transiently expressed during retinogenesis by progenitors exiting mitosis, and is essential for ganglion cell (RGC) development. Math5 contains a single exon, and its 1.7 kb mRNA encodes a 149-aa polypeptide. Mouse Math5 mutants have essentially no RGCs or optic nerves. Given the importance of this gene in retinal development, we thoroughly investigated the possibility of Math5 mRNA splicing by Northern blot, 3'RACE, RNase protection assays, and RT-PCR, using RNAs extracted from embryonic eyes and adult cerebellum, or transcribed in vitro from cDNA clones. Because Math5 mRNA contains an elevated G+C content, we used graded concentrations of betaine, an isostabilizing agent that disrupts secondary structure. Although approximately 10% of cerebellar Math5 RNAs are spliced, truncating the polypeptide, our results show few, if any, spliced Math5 transcripts exist in the developing retina (<1%). Rare deleted cDNAs do arise via RT-mediated RNA template switching in vitro, and are selectively amplified during PCR. These data differ starkly from a recent study (Kanadia and Cepko 2010), which concluded that the vast majority of Math5 and other bHLH transcripts are spliced to generate noncoding RNAs. Our findings clarify the architecture of the Math5 gene and its mechanism of action. These results have implications for all members of the bHLH gene family, for any gene that is alternatively spliced, and for the interpretation of all RT-PCR experiments.
Obstetrical complications checklist: description, factor analysis, and reliability.

This article reports on the development, initial validation, and testing of an instrument to measure obstetrical complications associated with maternal anxiety. Ninety‐nine obstetrical complications reported in the literature were rated for clinical‐conceptual relevance by 39 experts. Complications with high interrater reliability were subsequently included in a factor analysis. Estimates of internal consistency reliability were obtained. Five factors with a total of 39 items were retained. Loadings ranged from .37 to .92. In order to maximize parsimony and conceptual meaningfulness, a second item reduction was performed and yielded 31 items. Coefficient a for the total instrument was .95, and ranged from .77 to .96 for the sub‐scales. The development of the Glazer and Abraham Obstetrical Complications Checklist is an initial step in providing an objective, uniform expert‐referenced instrument to measure obstetrical complications.
FORECASTING AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE PAID CLAIM COSTS USING ECONOMETRIC AND ARIMA MODELS

Abstract Automobile insurance companies in the United States currently utilize simple exponential trend models to forecast paid claim costs, an important variable in ratemaking. This paper tests the performance of econometric and ARIMA models, as well as the current insurance industry method, in forecasting two paid claim cost series. The experiments encompass eight forecast periods ranging from 1974 through early 1983. The results indicate that automobile insurers could significantly improve their forecasts of property damage liability claim costs by adopting econometric models. For bodily injury liability claim costs, the accuracy of the econometric and insurance industry methods is approximately the same, and both outperform the ARIMA models. Overall, a net gain in accuracy could be achieved by adopting econometric models.
Effects of Pb2+ and Cd2+ on acetylcholine release and Ca2+ movements in synaptosomes and subcellular fractions from rat brain and Torpedo electric organ.

Abstract In this work we examined the effects of Pb2+ and Cd2+ on (a) [3H]ACh release and voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels in rat brain synaptosomes, and (b)45Ca2+ binding to isolated brain mitochondria and microsomes, and synaptic vesicles isolated from Torpedo electric organs. Pb2+ (Ki ≈ 1.1 μM) and Cd2+ (Ki ≈ 2.2) competitively block the K+-evoked influx of45Ca2+ through the ‘fast’ calcium channels in synaptosomes. The Kis obtained with synaptosomes are in good agreement with the Ki values obtained from electrophysiological experiments at the frog neuromuscular junction (KPb:0.99 μM, KCd: 1.7 μM)7. The Ki for the inhibition of ACh release from synaptosomes by Cd2+ is 4.5 μM. Pb2+ is a less effective inhibitor of transmitter release (Ki ≈ 16 μM) because it secondarily augments spontaneous transmitter efflux. Cd2+ has no effect on spontaneous release at concentrations ≤ 100 μM. The enhancing effect of Pb2+ on spontaneous release is (a) not abolished by omission of Ca2+ from the bathing medium, (b) is delayed by 1–2 min after the beginning of Pb2+ exposure, (c) is reversed upon the removal of Pb2+. In the presence of physiological concentrations of ATP (1 mM), Mg2+ (1 mM) and Pi (2 mM), 1–10 μM Pb2+ inhibits calcium uptake but Pb2+ > 10μM causes a several-fold stimulation of passive binding of calcium to the organelles. This effect is associated with Pb2+-induced enhancement of Pi uptake. Cd2+ inhibits Ca2+ binding at all concentrations tested (1–50 μM) and reduces the Pb2+-induced Ca2+-binding to organelles. Neither Pb2+ nor Cd2+ have any discernible effects on spontaneous loss of calcium from mitochondria or microsomes preloaded with45Ca. In summary, these data are consistent with the notion that Pb2+ and Cd2+ are potent blockers of presynaptic voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels and the evoked release of transmitter which is contingent on Ca2+ influx through these channels. Our results are not consistent with the hypothesis that Pb2+ augments spontaneous release by interfering with intraterminal Ca2+-buffering by mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, or synaptic vesicles.
Comparative appraisal: systematic assessment of expressive qualities

Clifford Lynch describes the value of digital libraries as adding interpretive layers to collections of cultural heritage materials. However, standard forms of evaluation, which focus on the degree to which a system solves problems, are insufficient assessments of the expressive qualities that distinguish such interpretive content. This paper describes a form of comparative, structured appraisal that supplements the existing repertoire of assessment techniques. Comparative appraisal uses a situationally defined set of procedures to be followed by multiple assessors in examining a group of artifacts. While this approach aims for a goal of systematic comparison based on selected dimensions, it is grounded in the recognition that expressive qualities are not conventionally measurable and that absolute agreement between assessors is neither possible nor desirable. The conceptual basis for this comparative method is drawn from the literature of writing assessment.
Short- and long-term survival and prevalence of postoperative ileus after small intestinal surgery in the horse.

The records of 74 horses that recovered from anaesthesia after surgery for a small intestinal lesion from 1994 to 1999 were reviewed. Sixty-three horses (85%) had a strangulating lesion and 43 of these (68%) had a resection and anastomosis. Four of 11 horses (36%) without a strangulating lesion had a resection and anastomosis. Sixty-three horses (85%) survived to discharge, with a survival rate of 53/63 in horses with a strangulating lesion (84%) and 10/11 (91%) in others. For all lesions, short-term survival for all end-to-end anastomoses (91%; 21/23) and for no resection (92%; 23/25) were superior (P 7 months was 52/69 (75%) and for > 12 months was 39/57 (68%). The estimated prevalence of adhesions was 13%. Short-term survival was poorest in horses that had a jejunocaecostomy, but long-term survival was less affected by the anastomosis used. The sharpest decline in survival was during the first postoperative week and postoperative mortality then declined over time after surgery. A postoperative protocol that allowed early postoperative feeding was well tolerated. The results confirm that the overall prognosis after small intestinal surgery in horses is improved over earlier findings.
Elementary kinematical model of thermal diffusion in liquids and gases.

An elementary hydrodynamic and Brownian motion model of the thermal diffusivity ${D}_{T}$ of a restricted class of binary liquid mixtures, previously proposed by the author, is given a more transparent derivation than originally, exposing thereby the strictly kinematic-hydrodynamic nature of an important class of thermodiffusion separation phenomena. Moreover, it is argued that the solvent's thermometric diffusivity $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ appearing in that theory as one of the two fundamental parameters governing ${D}_{T}$ should be replaced by the solvent's (isothermal) self-diffusivity ${D}_{S}$. In addition, a corrective multiplier of $O(1)$ is inserted to reflect the general physicochemical noninertness of the solute relative to the solvent, thus enhancing the applicability of the resulting formula ${D}_{T}=\ensuremath{\lambda}{D}_{S}\ensuremath{\beta}$ to ``nonideal'' solutions. Here, $\ensuremath{\beta}$ is the solvent's thermal expansivity and $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ is a term of $O(1)$, insensitive to the physicochemical nature of the solute (thus rendering ${D}_{T}$ primarily dependent upon only the properties of the solvent). This formula is, on the basis of its derivation, presumably valid only under certain idealized, albeit well-defined, circumstances. This occurs when the solute molecules are: (i) large compared with those of the solvent; and (ii) present only in small proportions relative to those of the solvent. When the solute is physicochemically inert, it is expected that $\ensuremath{\lambda}=1$. When these conditions are met, the resulting thermal diffusivity of the mixture is, in theory, independent of any and all properties of the solute. Moreover, because $\ensuremath{\beta}$ is algebraically signed, the thermal diffusivity can either by positive or negative, according as the solvent expands or contracts upon being heated. This formula for ${D}_{T}$ is compared with available experimental data for selected binary liquid mixtures. Reasonable agreement is found in almost all circumstances with $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ near unity, the more so the higher the temperature, especially when the solute-solvent mixture properties closely approximate those where agreement would be expected and conversely. Finally, it is pointed out that for the restricted circumstances described, the formula ${D}_{T}=\ensuremath{\lambda}{D}_{S}\ensuremath{\beta}$ is equally credible for gases. Here, based on gas-kinetic theory, it is possible to furnish the theoretical value of $\ensuremath{\lambda}$. Overall, while spanning a range of about five orders of magnitude, the ${D}_{T}$ values given by this elementary formula are shown to apply with reasonable accuracy to: (i) liquids (including circumstances for which ${D}_{T}$ is negative) as well as gases; (ii) all combinations of solvents and solutes tested (the latter including, for example, polymer molecules and metallic colloidal particles); and (iii) all sizes of solute molecules, from angstroms to submicron.
Neuroscience: MicroRNA knocks down cocaine.

Cocaine abuse results in increased craving for the drug. But in the long run, cocaine intake induces the expression of a microRNA in the brain, and this seems to limit further drug intake.
New Vector Tools with a Hygromycin Resistance Marker for Use with Opportunistic Pathogens

The ability of many bacterial strains to tolerate antibiotics can limit the number of molecular tools available for research of these organisms. To help address this problem, we have modified a diverse set of vectors to include a broadly expressed hygromycin resistance (HmR) marker. Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic not used to treat infections in humans and has antimicrobial activity against a wide range of microorganisms. Vectors with four replication origins are represented, with potential applications including general cloning, allelic replacement, and transcriptional analysis. We show that vectors with the broad host range pBBR1-replicon conferred HmR to Achromobacter xylosoxidans, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serratia marcescens, and a pC194-based vector was able to confer HmR to Francisella tularensis. We also used a subset of these plasmids to manipulate the genome of S. marcescens. Each vector has an origin of transfer for conjugation, and is also able to replicate in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to take advantage of the powerful yeast recombineering system.
The distribution of Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles and gliosis in chronic subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

In two cases of clinically verified chronic subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (case 1, male, 15 years with a 9-year history; case 2, male, 20 years with a 9-year history) numerous Alzheimer's tangles (AT) were identified throughout the cerebral cortex (containing paired helical filament on electron microsopical examination). The brains were severel atrophic with hydrocephalus ex vacuo, occasional scattered microglial nodules, scant perivascular inflammatory infiltrates and demyelination. Only in case 1 were a few atypical intranuclear inclusion bodies noted. In the six-layered neocortex, a distinct distribution pattern of AT was observed; these lesions were mainly seen in laminae II, III and V (laminar distribution). The glial fibrillary acidic protein stain displayed extensive laminar gliosis mainly of the layers I, IIa, IV and VI; layers III and V, largely occupied by the AT, remained conspicuously spared from gliosis (especially the lamina III). Gliosis was prevalent in the white matter which was atrophic and shrunk. In the hippocampus, the AT involved many pyramidal neurons and, in this layer gliosis was lighter than in the surrounding white matter. In case 2, AT were present in the nucleus of Meynert, hypothalamus and in rapha centralis of the upper brain stem. Overall, the distribution of AT resembled that seen in Alzheimer's disease and aging; however, the senile plaques, vascular amyloidosis and granulovacuolar change were totally absent in both cases.
The blocked-random effect in recall and recognition

Two experiments are reported concerning the nature of item storage in free recall. In Experiment I, S s received blocked or random presentation of a categorized list with or without prior knowledge of list structure. Knowledge of list structure did not reduce the blocked-random effect. In Experiment II a recognition test was given following a blocked-random manipulation. Again, a significant blocked-random effect was found. These results were viewed as inconsistent with an independent storage hypothesis. An explanation of the blocked-random effect in terms of differences in effective presentation time was offered.
Examples of modular forms

The Fourier coefficients of certain automorphic forms are evaluated using a tensor product construction appearing in a formal proof of the Ramanujan hypothesis [ 11. Let r be the set of two-by-two matrices with integer entries and positive determinant. The modular group is the set of elements of I’ of determinant one. A subgroup of the modular group is the set r( 1) of elements having two even entries. For each positive integer r, let I’(r) be the subgroup of r(l) formed by the elements whose lower left entry is divisible by r. A character modulo r is a function x(n) of integral 1z which is periodic of period r, which satisfies the identity x(mn) = x(m) x(n) f or all integers m and n, which has nonzero values at points which are relatively prime to r, and which vanishes at points which are not relatively prime to r. A character is either an even or an odd function. The signature for r(l) is the homomorphism of r(l) onto the fourth roots of unity which is 1 on matrices which are congruent modulo four to
Small-scale pattern in grassland communities in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania

Small-scale community gradients and patterns in four grassland communities in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, were analyzed by detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and percentage distance ordination (PD). The main goals of the study were (1) to describe the vegetation patterns in the communities, (2) to identify the potential underlying causes of the patterns, and (3) to rank the communities by their relative levels of patchiness. Species cover in a small number (16–32) of discontinuous plots was estimated and soils were collected. DCA successfully identified community gradients and phases of discrete mosaics, and PD identified the relative heterogeneity of the sites. Results suggested that the two most arid sites were composed of weakly or strongly differentiated vegetational mosaics and the two most mesic sites were essentially homogeneous. Termite modification of water infiltration properties of the soils and clonal growth of dominant species were identified as two factors possibly causing the mosaic vegetation patterns.
Near-Infrared Observations of the Outer Jovian Satellites

Abstract On September 21, 1998, the outer jovian satellites Himalia (J6), Elara (J7), Carme (J11), Pasiphae (J8), and Sinope (J9) were detected in the J , H , and K s bandpasses in the course of the Two-Micron All Sky Survey. Similarities in near-infrared colors are consistent with the hypothesis that the outer satellites in prograde orbits are fragments of a captured C-type asteroid. The retrograde satellites in general exhibit considerable diversity. The nondetection of retrograde Ananke is significant in that it requires visible to near-infrared reddening close to that of prograde Himalia and very different from the other retrograde satellites. It is suggested that the retrograde jovian satellites are fragments of a captured parent body more heterogeneous than the prograde parent. Alternatively, it is suggested that the retrograde satellites arose from more than one retrograde capture event and possible subsequent fragmentation.
The cell biology of cryptosporidium infection

Cryptosporidiosis remains a significant cause of enteric disease worldwide. Basic investigations of host: pathogen interactions have revealed the intricate processes mediating infection. The following summarizes the interactions that mediate infection and the host responses that both permit and ultimately clear the infection.
John A. O'Keefe (1916-2000)

John A. O'Keefe, a pioneer of the Space Age and the man whom Eugene Shoemaker called “the godfather of astrogeology” died September 8 of complications due to liver cancer. He was a Fellow of the AGU. O'Keefe's best-known scientific achievement was the 1959 discovery of the third harmonic of the Earth's gravitational field, derived from tracking the Vanguard 1 satellite. O'Keefe, together with coauthors Ann Eckels (now Bailey) and Ken Squires (now deceased), analyzed the data at the newly formed NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and concluded that “The third zonal harmonic modifies the geoid toward the shape of a pear,” with an amplitude of 15 meters. This careful statement was headlined as “the pear-shaped earth.” The first discoveries from satellite tracking had already been made by British scientists, who found a new value for the flattening of the Earth from Sputnik 2. However, the third harmonic was the first geodetic result from an American satellite, and its discovery attracted worldwide attention.
UV photon-counting CCD detectors that enable the next generation of UV spectroscopy missions: AR coatings that can achieve 80-90% QE

We describe recent progress in the development of anti-reflection coatings for use at UV wavelengths on CCDs and other Si-based detectors. We have previously demonstrated a set of coatings which are able to achieve greater than 50% QE in 4 bands from 130nm to greater than 300nm. We now present new refinements of these AR-coatings which will improve performance in a narrower bandpass by 50% over previous work. Successful test films have been made to optimize transmission at 190nm, reaching 80% potential transmission.
Assessment of safety and security of system architectures for cyberphysical systems

Cyberphysical systems (CPS) are an integral part of modern societies since most of the critical infrastructure is controlled by these systems. CPS incorporate computer-based and network-based technologies for monitoring and control of physical processes. Two critically important properties of CPS are safety and security. It is widely accepted that properties such as safety and security need to be considered at the system design phase itself, especially at the architectural level wherein such properties are embedded in the final system. However, safety and security are inter-related and there seems to be a lack of techniques that consider both of them together. The NFR Approach, where NFR stands for Non-Functional Requirements, is a technique that allows simultaneous evaluation of both safety and security at the architectural level. In this paper we apply the NFR Approach to evaluate safety and security properties of an example CPS, namely, an oil-pipeline control system. We conclude that NFR Approach provides practical results that can be used by designers and developers to create safe and secure CPS.
Efficient list-approximation techniques for floorplan area minimization

As the sizes of many IC design problems become increasingly larger, approximation has become a valuable approach for arriving at satisfactory results without incurring exorbitant computational cost. In this paper, we present several approximation techniques for solving floorplan area minimization problems. These new techniques enable us to reduce both the time and space complexities of the previously best known approximation algorithms by more than a factor of n and n2 for rectangular and L-shaped subfloorplans, respectively (where n is the number of given implementions). The improvements in the time and space complexities of such approximation techniques is critical to their applicability in floorplan area minimization algorithms. The techniques are quite general, and may be applicable to other classes of approximation problems.
Coupled‐cluster method for an incomplete model space

The coupled-cluster method with multidimensional reference space is studied in the case of the incomplete active space (IAS ). The latter was chosen as a subspace of the Hilbert space corresponding to a fixed number of valence particles. Two different approaches for the normalization condition are analyzed. When not imposing intermediate normalization, the cancellation of disconnected terms is proven, ensuring that extensive energies are obtained. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Divorce and Its Impact on the Intimate Relationships of Young Adults

Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess the long-term impact of experiencing parental divorce on young adult intimate relationships. Differences in intimacy levels and positive and negative communication patterns were assessed in four types of couples: those in which neither person experienced parental divorce, only the man experienced parental divorce or both people experienced parental divorce. Subjects were 136 undergraduate psychology students between the ages of 18 and 30 who have been in a relationship for at least three months. They completed questionnaires assessing intimacy and communication patterns in their current intimate relationship. Couples in which the woman experienced parental divorce reported significantly lower levels of intimacy and mutually constructive communication and higher levels of demand-withdrawal patterns and mutual avoidance of conflict. In contrast, divorce did not appear to influence intimacy and communication patterns of couples in which the young adult man exp...
Hindlimb unloading depresses corneal epithelial wound healing in mice

C57BL/6 mice were subjected to hindlimb unloading (HU) for a period of 3 wk to determine the possible effects on epithelial wound healing. A standardized corneal epithelial wound was performed, and...
Moment stabilization over Markov channels

The problem of stabilization of a discrete-time linear dynamical system over a Markov time-varying digital feedback channel is studied. We extend previous results for mean-square stabilization to m-th moment stabilization in the general case of systems with unbounded disturbances. Since the index m gives an estimate of the quality of the stability attainable, in the sense that large stabilization errors occur more rarely as m increases, one interpretation of our results is that in order to achieve stronger stability one needs to assume stricter conditions on the disturbances and on the quality of the communication channel. On the technical side, we provide a general lower bound on the norm of a random continuum vector using the differential entropy function and a tight condition for the m-th moment stability of an inhomogeneous Markov jump linear system. These tools could be useful to prove stabilization results for other system models.
The effects of percutaneous catheter ablation on preexisting permanent pacemakers.

VANERIO, G., ET AL.: The Effects of Percutaneous Catheter Ablation on Preexisting Permanent Pacemakers. Study Objective: Determine the effect of percutaneous catheter ablation (CAI on permanent pacemakers. Measurements and Results: Twenty-three patients who underwent CA at The Cleveland Clinic Foundation from September 1983 to January 1990, and had a previously implanted pacemaker were studied. Electrocardiographic data during the CA procedure and clinic data including pacemaker evaluations were analyzed. Fifty-two percent (12/23) of the pacemakers malfunctioned: five developed transient ventricular loss of capture; two undersensing; one oversensing; three could not be interrogated or programmed, and one did not respond to the magnet test. Four patients developed syncopal episodes and two severe dizziness after the procedure. All had their pacemakers replaced. In total, seven were explanted. Destructive analysis by the individual manufacturer identified pacemaker circuitry failure in five. Unipolar pacemakers and anodal ablation procedures had more frequent and severe malfunctions, but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Pacemaker malfunction is frequent during CA. It may be prevented by programming the pacemaker, when possible, to the nonfunctioning mode (000 mode). Temporarily disconnecting the pacemaker during ablation requires further evaluation as an alternative approach. Close follow-up can detect pacemaker malfunction and prevent complications.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Bulk Nanostructured Cu-Ta Alloys Consolidated by Equal Channel Angular Extrusion

Abstract Nanostructured Cu–Ta alloys have shown promise as high-strength nanocrystalline materials in part due to their limited grain growth at high temperatures. In the present study, Cu–Ta alloy powders, synthesized via high-energy cryogenic mechanical alloying, were consolidated into bulk nanostructured specimens using equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) at high temperatures. Subsequent microstructure characterization indicated full consolidation, which resulted in an equiaxed grain structure for the Cu matrix along with the formation of fine Ta precipitates, the size distributions of which varied both with composition and processing temperature. Microhardness, compression and shear punch testing indicated, in some cases, an almost threefold increase in mechanical properties above that predicted by Hall–Petch estimates for pure nanocrystalline Cu. Stress relaxation tests substantiated the strain-hardening behavior and grain-size-dependent dislocation activity observed in the nanocrystalline Cu–Ta samples.