cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The σ-Orientation

In this chapter, we bring the results of the preceding four chapters to bear on the problem of understanding String bordism, first using its lower–connectivity analogues and its complex analogue to paint a landscape into which these results naturally fit. Our overall strategy is again guided by the structure of the moduli of formal groups, which leads us to pursue a calculation of the Morava E–theory of complex bordism spectra before bringing us to the general topological results we seek. We conclude with a summary of unpublished results of Ando, Hopkins, and Strickland on the String–orientation of elliptic field spectra. We also include an extended discussion of elliptic curves, specialized to the context most relevant to us, for the reader’s convenience.
A Bayesian hierarchical assessment of gastric emptying with the linear, power exponential and modified power exponential models.

Background Many studies assessed gastric retention over time utilizing different models, mostly with scintigraphic measures at varied endpoints from limited number of normal volunteers. With a standardized 4-h gastric emptying (GE) protocol, we compared model fit by the linear, power exponential (PE), and modified power exponential (MPE) models to contrast differences in GE among different groups based on clinical diagnosis and gender. Methods We retrospectively collected 320 patient records with four consecutive hourly scintigraphic measures of percent intragastric residual at the Kansas University Medical Center. We obtained parameter estimates with the Bayesian hierarchical models using informative priors from previous research. Key Results The PE or MPE model captured the time dependent GE rate better than the linear model. The estimated GE rates more than doubled for those without gastroparesis compared to patients diagnosed with gastroparesis. Males tended to empty gastric content faster but were not significantly different from females at the 5% level. Conclusions & Inferences The point estimates and 95% credible interval for GE rates obtained with the PE and MPE models may provide an alternative diagnostic tool for clinicians since it utilizes gastric emptying scintigraphy measures at multiple endpoints which may be sensitive to different aspects of the disease. No agreement in lag phases was obtained by the three models based on respective definitions from previous researches, but similar results would be obtained with the PE and MPE models if both defined lag phase by back projecting the regression lines to the same gastric retention level.
Characterization of the constitutive and inducible components of a T cell IL-4 activation responsive element.

An Il-4 regulatory element, activation responsive element (ARE), located between -88 and -60, contributes to activation-dependent transcription of IL-4/CAT reporter gene constructs in T cells. It was previously demonstrated that nuclear proteins present in both unstimulated and stimulated T cells specifically interact with the ARE. In this study, these proteins were further characterized. UV cross-linking experiments established that multiple proteins are associated with the ARE in both the constitutive and activation-dependent complexes and several of these have identical apparent m.w. The formation of both complexes is dependent on the same ARE subsequence. In addition, activator protein 1 family members are uniquely associated with the activation-dependent complex. These results support a model in which activation-dependent proteins, including jun/fos family members, associate with a preexisting transcription complex to influence inducible IL-4 gene transcription. The ARE shares 9 bp of sequence identity with the IL-2 nuclear factor of activated T cell (NF-AT) binding site within the critical protein binding region, and several features of ARE-protein interactions are similar to the NF-AT transcription complex. However, we demonstrate that the constitutive nuclear ARE-associated factors react with Abs, raised to NF-ATp and NF-ATc, preferentially bind to the ARE but not to the NF-AT binding site and are cyclosporin A sensitive. Taken together, these data indicate that there are IL-4 gene-specific factors associated with the ARE and that the formation of the ARE and NF-AT complexes are regulated differently.
The Effect of Exogenous Fatty Acids on Fatty Acid Metabolism in Escherichia coli K-12

Abstract Several different Escherichia coli K-12 strains have been investigated for evidence of control of fatty acid metabolism in response to exogenous fatty acid supplementation. [14C]-Acetate incorporation into lipid was used to identify the synthesized fatty acids recovered from the cell and the culture fluid. The identity and amounts (micrograms) of these fatty acids were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. When oleic acid is present in the growth medium as supplement, synthesized unsaturated fatty acids decrease in the cultures of two strains; furthermore, turnover of synthesized fatty acids via β oxidation can not occur in one of these strains. Taken together, these observations show that there is regulation of unsaturated fatty acid synthesis in these two strains. A third strain shows a less well defined response to oleate supplementation while an unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph from this strain clearly accumulated saturated and β-hydroxy fatty acids. The difference between strains with respect to regulation of synthesis may be explained partly in terms of differences in the β oxidation activities of the cells. The composition of the synthesized fatty acids recovered from the medium is consistent with the release of lipopolysaccharide and phospholipid from the outer membrane of the cell envelope.
A component-based approach to verification and validation of formal software models

Formal methods for verification of software systems often face the problem of state explosion and complexity. We present a divide and conquer methodology that leads to component based analysis and verification of formal requirements specifications expressed using Software Cost Reduction (SCR) models. The proposed methodology has the following steps: model partitioning, partition verification and composition of verification results. We define a novel decomposition methodology for SCR specifications based on minimum cut graph algorithms. Experimental validation of our methodology brought to light the importance of several concepts that have been advocated in the software development community for a long time: modularity, encapsulation, information hiding and the avoidance of global variables. The advantages of the compositional verification strategy are demonstrated in the case study, which analyses the Personnel Access Control System. Our approach offers significant savings in terms of time and memory requirements needed to perform formal system verification.
Ramp rate effect in Bi/sub 2/Sr/sub 2/Ca/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 10+/spl delta// formation

The properties of Ag-sheathed Bi2223 tapes depend strongly on the thermomechanical treatment processing parameters. We have examined the conversion of precursor powders to Bi2223 in heat-treated tapes as a function of ramp-to-temperature rate. Tapes containing precursor powders were ramped at rates from 50/spl deg/C/h to 800/spl deg/C/h to a final temperature of 835/spl deg/C, then held for 50 h, all in 20% O/sub 2/ and 80% N/sub 2/. The composition of the tapes was then determined by X-ray diffraction and by low-temperature magnetization measurements. The heat-treated tapes consisted almost entirely of a mixture of Bi2212 and Bi2223. The volume ratio of Bi2223 to Bi2212 in the tapes depended on the ramp rate in a complicated way; the volume ratio was largest (1.17) at 50/spl deg/C/h, the slowest ramp rate.
Kinetic energy study of the ion fragments produced by dissociative photoionization of nitric oxide

Abstract The kinetic energy distribution spectra of the ion fragments N+ and O+ produced by dissociative photoionization of NO and the dissociative photoionization efficiency curve for the ion fragments with specific kinetic energies are observed at photon energies from 19 to 60 eV. Three groups of N+ fragments are observed with their kinetic energies centered at 0, 0.32 and 1.1 eV, respectively. The two groups of energetic N+ fragments correspond to the predissociation of the c 3π and B′ 1∑+ states of NO+, respectively. These two states are found to predissociate primarily into N + ( 3 P) + O( 3 P) . Shape resonances are found for the c 3π and B′ 1∑+ states centered at about 28.7 and 29 eV respectively. The O+ fragments are found to have a continuous kinetic energy distribution concentrated in the region from 0 to 0.6 eV. The dissociations proceeded mainly through the vibrational levels of the ionic states of NO leading to N + ( 3 P) + O( 3 P) . By use of the undispersed synchrotron radiation, the O− fragment is found to have a continuous kinetic energy distribution concentrated from 0 to 2 eV.
An access to original 3,3-bis(phospholyl)lactones

The reaction of lithium 3,4-dimethylphospholide with dicarboxylic acid dichlorides yields the original 3,3-bis(3,4-dimethylphospholyl)lactones via an unexpected cyclization reaction. One of the products has been characterized by X-ray crystal structure analysis of its bis(pentacarbonylmolybdenum) complex.
Point Defects and Protonic Conduction in A3B’B”2O9 Compounds

We have investigated the defect structure and protonic transport properties of nonstoichiometric complex perovskite-type compounds of the type A3B’1+xNb2-xO9-δ. where A and B’ are both divalent ions. Protons are incorporated by treatment in H2O vapor and their presence is manifested by the appearance of an OH band in the IR spectra, as well as by the large increase in electrical conductivity to produce excellent protonic conductors, with lower activation energies. A non-classical isotope effect, in which the Arrhenius plots for D+ and H+ cross over, can be explained by a modification of the classical ART hopping theory.
Structure-property behaviour of free radical synthesized polydimethylsiloxane-polystyrene multiblock polymers: 1. Effect of the siloxane block length

Abstract The morphological structure and the physical properties of free radical synthesized PDMS-PS multiblock polymers have been studied. The polymers were prepared by free radical copolymerization of PDMS macroinitiators with styrene monomer. The length of the PDMS blocks was basically predetermined by the molecular weight of the PDMS macroinitiators which were cationically prepared. However, the PS blocks were formed during the free radical copolymerization. Therefore, the molecular weight and the molecular weight distribution of the PS blocks varied with the PDMS block length at constant styrene conversion level. Hence, the morphology of these polymers as well as the degree of phase separation was altered by the block length of both components. Specific mechanical properties of these polymers were directly related to their morphological structure.
Direct exfoliation of graphene in ionic liquids with aromatic groups

Abstract Novel ionic liquids (ILs) were designed and synthesized to contain aromatic groups on the imidazolium cation that non-covalently interact with graphene surfaces. This route enables the dispersion of pristine graphene without covalent functionalization or an additive stabilizer; such dispersions are stable against aggregation and display high concentration values. We find that ILs without these aromatic groups are less effective in graphene dispersion, and the dispersed graphene concentration increases with increasing interaction between the cation and graphene surface. Density functional theory (DFT-D3) calculations support the experimental observations and provide a foundation for predictive modeling of IL design for optimal graphene dispersions.
Single charge exchange reaction 13C(π+, π0)13N

Abstract The total cross section is calculated using a distorted wave eikonal approximation. The dependence of the results on the wave function of the valence nucleon, and the elementary pion-nucleon amplitude is discussed. Results are compared with the data.
Nutrition and Blood Pressure: Is Protein One Link? Toward a Strategy of Hypertension Prevention

The evidence on the environmental determinants of increased blood pressure supports 4 recommendations for lifestyle intervention: controlling body weight, reducing dietary salt, increasing physical...
Three-dimensional integral imaging displays using a quick-response encoded elemental image array

Mobile devices are a ubiquitous technology, and many researchers are trying to implement three-dimensional (3D) displays on mobile devices for a variety of applications. We investigate a method to store compressed and encrypted elemental images (EIs) used for 3D integral imaging displays in multiple quick-response (QR) codes. This approach allows user friendly access, readout, and 3D display with mobile devices. We first compress the EIs and then use double-random-phase encryption to encrypt the compressed image and store this information in multiple QR codes. The QR codes are then scanned using a commercial Smartphone to reveal the encrypted information, which can be decrypted and decompressed. We also introduce an alternative scheme by applying photon counting to each color channel of the EIs prior to the aforementioned compression and encryption scheme to generate sparsity and nonlinearity for improved compression and security. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate both 3D computational reconstruction and optical 3D integral imaging display with a Smartphone using EIs from the QR codes. This work utilizing compressed QR encoded EIs for secure integral imaging displays using mobile devices may enable secure 3D displays with mobile devices.
The school library in the reading program

recent years has resulted in a neglect of oral reading in some school systems. The current trend in education is to consider instruction in high school similar to that in the junior college. There is a tendency to integrate the instructional procedures of these two institutions. In keeping with this tendency a thoroughly integrated program of instruction in reading extending through the high school and junior college might eliminate most of the types of reading deficiencies described in this paper. But at least until such a program is developed there is need for systematic training in reading for those students who can read the materials regularly assigned, but who encounter difficulty in doing so. There is also need for corrective and remedial training for those who are seriously retarded in reading ability.
Effect of endotoxin on interleukin-6 secretion and messenger ribonucleic acid in porcine anterior pituitary cells

The pleiotropic cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is produced in and secreted from anterior pituitary (AP) cells of a number of species. Bacterial endotoxin (END) may enhance the transcription of IL-6 and its secretion from the AP. In the studies presented here, we evaluated pig AP cells for the presence of IL-6 mRNA. In addition, because we had observed previously that END stimulated the secretion of prostaglandin E2 from cultured porcine AP cells, the effects of the inhibition of END-stimulated cyclooxygenase products on IL-6 mRNA abundance and the secretion of IL-6 were evaluated. In the first experiment, RNA was extracted from cultured pig AP cells that had been treated with END for 0.5 or 1 hr and subjected to reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction and hybridization after Southern transfer. Bands of expected amplified product size, corresponding to IL-6, were observed only from cells treated with END, although specific hybridization was observed from both control and END-treated wells. In the next experiment, RNA was extracted from cultured AP cells treated with END or END in the presence of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (IND). Amplification of the expected product could be observed from all cultured cells except those treated with IND. However, hybridization data indicated that IND did not eliminate IL-6 mRNA entirely. Next, we measured IL-6 secretion from cultured AP cells exposed to END or END and IND. Treatment with END stimulated IL-6 secretion (P < 0.001) above controls, whereas IND blocked END stimulation of IL-6 secretion (P < 0.001). Finally, using immunostaining, we confirmed the presence of CD14, an END receptor, in cultured pig AP cells. These studies clearly establish the presence of IL-6 mRNA and secretion of the cytokine from cultured porcine AP cells. In addition, END stimulates the secretion of IL-6, perhaps through cells expressing CD14, and END-stimulated IL-6 secretion appears to be mediated by products of the cyclooxygenase pathway.
A solar thermal cooling and heating system for a building: Experimental and model based performance analysis and design

Abstract A solar thermal cooling and heating system at Carnegie Mellon University was studied through its design, installation, modeling, and evaluation to deal with the question of how solar energy might most effectively be used in supplying energy for the operation of a building. This solar cooling and heating system incorporates 52 m 2 of linear parabolic trough solar collectors; a 16 kW double effect, water–lithium bromide (LiBr) absorption chiller, and a heat recovery heat exchanger with their circulation pumps and control valves. It generates chilled and heated water, dependent on the season, for space cooling and heating. This system is the smallest high temperature solar cooling system in the world. Till now, only this system of the kind has been successfully operated for more than one year. Performance of the system has been tested and the measured data were used to verify system performance models developed in the TRaNsient SYstem Simulation program (TRNSYS). On the basis of the installed solar system, base case performance models were programmed; and then they were modified and extended to investigate measures for improving system performance. The measures included changes in the area and orientation of the solar collectors, the inclusion of thermal storage in the system, changes in the pipe diameter and length, and various system operational control strategies. It was found that this solar thermal system could potentially supply 39% of cooling and 20% of heating energy for this building space in Pittsburgh, PA, if it included a properly sized storage tank and short, low diameter connecting pipes. Guidelines for the design and operation of an efficient and effective solar cooling and heating system for a given building space have been provided.
What do LTER results mean? Extrapolating from site to region and decade to century

Abstract Although most ecological studies have been conducted at individual sites and over short time intervals, there is an increasing need to study and make predictions about how regions will change over relatively long periods. Such work requires that results be extrapolated beyond the bounds of an individual site. In this paper, we evaluated the extent to which the Central Plains Experimental Range (CPER) Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site may be considered to represent the shortgrass steppe of the central Great Plains. We identified the major controls over shortgrass steppe ecosystem structure and function as precipitation, temperature, soil texture and landuse, and determined the distribution of those variables for the CPER. We developed a geographic database of the four major control variables for a region comprising the central Great Plains and adjacent Central Lowlands, and compared the CPER to the region with respect to these variables. We found that the CPER could be considered to represent 18.6% of the shortgrass steppe within the central Great Plains, or 5.8% of the central Great Plains, with respect to key ecosystem controls. Although an individual site may represent a relatively small proportion of a region, results from a site or network of sites may be extrapolated in time and space through application of simulation models to regional spatial databases.
Simultaneous growth of a crystalline phase and a quasicrystalline phase in lateral Al−Pd diffusion couples

Abstract The solid-state reaction between Al and Pd is studied in a lateral Al–Pd diffusion couple in the temperature range between 250°C and 430°C. The first reaction phase is the crystalline Al3Pd2 phase. After this phase reaches a critical length of around 6 μm, the quasicrystalline decagonal Al3Pd phase starts to grow in between the Al and the Al3Pd2 phases. After the appearance of the decagonal phase, both the crystalline Al3Pd2 and the quasicrystalline Al3Pd phase continue to grow.
Electron transfer in ruthenium-modified plastocyanin

Reaction of Scenedesmus obliquus plastocyanin with excess [Ru(trpy)(L)(H2O)]2+ (trpy = 2,2‘:6‘,2‘‘-terpyridine; L = 2,2‘-bipyridine, 4,4‘-(CH3)2-2,2‘-bipyridine, 4,5,4‘,5‘-(CH3)4-2,2‘-bipyridine) affords Ru(trpy)(L)(His59)Pc as the main product. These RuPc derivatives are luminescent with λmax(emission) ∼ 650 nm and lifetimes of (Cu+) in the range 110−140 ns. Photogenerated *Ru2+PcCu2+ is quenched by *Ru2+ → Cu2+ electron transfer (ET) to produce Ru3+PcCu+; intramolecular ET was monitored by transient absorption at 590 (Cu+ → Cu2+) and 424 nm (Ru3+ → Ru2+). The Cu+ to Ru3+ ET rate constants (kET) are as follows: 2.9(2) × 107 s-1 (L = bpy); 2.3(2) × 107 s-1 (L = dmbpy); and 1.9(2) × 107 s-1 (L = tmbpy). Activationless rates (−ΔG° ∼ λ ∼ 0.70−0.75 eV) are consistent with coupling-limited tunneling through a β sheet at an estimated Cu−Ru distance of 15.6 A (calcd kET = 107 s-1 for a tunneling decay constant of 1.1 A-1). Biphasic Cu+ → Ru3+ ET kinetics (kET > 107 and ∼104 s-1) were observed after flash-quench...
Study on regulatory motifs in Arabidopsis thaliana

Identification of regulatory motifs in DNA sequences can be seen as a prerequisite for understanding many biological processes including gene transcription and regulation. Regulatory motifs are usually located in gene promoters, which are in turn located in intergenic regions. Thus, the analysis of the intergenic regions can help identify regulatory motifs. However, simply searching for known motifs can result in many hits, which are not necessarily active with respect to transcription regulation. In this paper, we explore a motif-based machine learning approach to identify active intergenic regulatory elements. More precisely, we use machine learning algorithms to learn models that can predict the direction of transcription for pairs of consecutive genes in Arabidopsis thaliana using motifs from AthaMap and PLACE. Under the assumption that predictive motifs correspond to active regulatory elements, we identify active motifs by performing feature selection and feature abstraction. Experimental results show that indeed feature selection and feature abstraction methods are two important means that contribute to good performance for the prediction problem considered in this work [3].
Blockbusters: Ideas for the Block Center.

The values of block play include development of hand-eye coordination, thinking skills, language development, cooperation among children, mathematical concepts, and many others. Guidelines for the block center and activities are described and illustrated. Samples of task cards and sentence strips give practical ideas for the classroom.
How and how not to check Gaussian quadrature formulae

We discuss characteristic difficulties inherent in the validation of Gaussian quadrature formulae, in particular the futility of moment-related tests. We propose instead more effective tests based on the recursion coefficients of the appropriate orthogonal polynomials and on the sum of the quadrature nodes.
Comparison of patient assistance program software.

Purpose The capabilities of available software programs for the management of applications to patient assistance programs (PAPs) and associated administrative tasks are reported. Summary Fifteen PAP software programs available at the time of data collection (July–September 2010) were identified through an Internet search and from e-mailed responses to a listserv request. To supplement and confirm the information obtained online, the software makers were contacted; additional data were collected through follow-up correspondence. The survey was restricted to standalone programs; all manufacturer-provided information was assumed to be accurate, and the products were not tested. The 15 software products evaluated (11 Web-based and 4 Windows-based programs) offered a wide range of capabilities to streamline the PAP application process, such as storage of patient and physician profiles, automatic completion of forms with stored data, application status tracking, and customized report generation. The Web-based programs offered some advantages over the Windows-based programs, including greater user accessibility and automatic updates. Product pricing varied widely, depending on the specific licensing terms. Some manufacturers offered discounts to health care organizations participating in the 340B Prime Vendor Program; some offered volume discounts. In addition, grant support may be available to help pay software licensing costs. Conclusion There are at least 15 software programs for streamlining and enhancing the process of PAP application management. No single program can meet the needs of every organization; selecting the right product demands a close look at the needs of an organization and the features and logistics of each program.
The four-principle formulation of common morality is at the core of bioethics mediation method

Bioethics mediation is increasingly used as a method in clinical ethics cases. My goal in this paper is to examine the implicit theoretical assumptions of the bioethics mediation method developed by Dubler and Liebman. According to them, the distinguishing feature of bioethics mediation is that the method is useful in most cases of clinical ethics in which conflict is the main issue, which implies that there is either no real ethical issue or if there were, they are not the key to finding a resolution. I question the tacit assumption of non-normativity of the mediation method in bioethics by examining the various senses in which bioethics mediation might be non-normative or neutral. The major normative assumption of the mediation method is the existence of common morality. In addition, the four-principle formulation of the theory articulated by Beauchamp and Childress implicitly provides the normative content for the method. Full acknowledgement of the theoretical and normative assumptions of bioethics mediation helps clinical ethicists better understand the nature of their job. In addition, the need for a robust philosophical background even in what appears to be a purely practical method of mediation cannot be overemphasized. Acknowledgement of the normative nature of bioethics mediation method necessitates a more critical attitude of the bioethics mediators towards the norms they usually take for granted uncritically as valid.
Democratization of Diagnostics and Measurement Tools through Computational Imaging and Sensing

We review our recent results on computational imaging, sensing and diagnostic techniques that can be used for various biomedical applications, even in resource limited and field settings.
Effects of d-amphetamine and pentobarbital on vigilance in the rat

The effects of d-amphetamine and sodium pentobarbital on rats’ performance in a visual vigilance task were studied. Responses to slight and infrequent increases in illumination signals were attenuated by amphetamine, while a tendency for increased detections was observed with pentobarbital.
TSTL: a language and tool for testing (demo)

Writing a test harness is a difficult and repetitive program- ming task, and the lack of tool support for customized auto- mated testing is an obstacle to the adoption of more sophis- ticated testing in industry. This paper presents TSTL, the Template Scripting Testing Language, which allows users to specify the general form of valid tests for a system in a simple but expressive language, and tools to support testing based on a TSTL definition. TSTL is a minimalist template- based domain-specific language, using the source language of the Software Under Test (SUT) to support most operations, but adding declarative idioms for testing. TSTL compiles to a common testing interface that hides the details of the SUT and provides support for logging, code coverage, delta debugging, and other core testing functionality, making it easy to write universal testing tools such as random testers or model checkers that apply to all TSTL-defined harnesses. TSTL is currently available for Python, but easily adapted to other languages as well.
Binding energy of a Mott-Wannier exciton in a polarizable medium

Abstract A new effective interaction potential between an electron and a hole of a Mott-Wannier exciton in a polarizable medium is derived following a procedure similar to that of Haken. The variational polaron wave functions used are those first proposed by Haga. Using this effective interaction potential the values of the binding energy of an exciton are calculated variationally in several polar crystals. The values thus obtained agree very well with those derived from experimental measurements and are always considerably smaller than those calculated using Haken's potential.
Preclinical Research into Basic Mechanisms of Radiation-Induced Heart Disease

Radiation-induced heart disease (RIHD) is a potentially severe side effect of radiotherapy of thoracic and chest wall tumors if all or part of the heart was included in the radiation field. RIHD presents clinically several years after irradiation and manifestations include accelerated atherosclerosis, pericardial and myocardial fibrosis, conduction abnormalities, and injury to cardiac valves. There is no method to prevent or reverse these injuries when the heart is exposed to ionizing radiation. This paper presents an overview of recent studies that address the role of microvascular injury, endothelial dysfunction, mast cells, and the renin angiotensin system in animal models of cardiac radiation injury. These insights into the basic mechanisms of RIHD may lead to the identification of targets for intervention in this late radiotherapy side effect.
Effect of hydrocarbon type on thermochemical sulfate reduction

Abstract Thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) of model compounds and whole crude oils was investigated to determine the influence of hydrocarbon type on the reaction. A series of isothermal gold-tube hydrous pyrolysis experiments under a constant confining pressure of 24.1 MPa (3500 psi) was conducted where individual organic compounds containing different functional groups (sulfur free) were reacted in the presence of MgSO 4 and the amounts of generated hydrogen sulfide were measured. As MgSO 4 is the only sulfur source initially present in these experiments, any hydrogen sulfide formed must arise from TSR. The model compound experiments show that the type of hydrocarbon involved can significantly affect the extent of TSR reaction, and the difference in hydrocarbon reactivity involved in sulfate reduction mainly depends on the type of functional group present. For the model compounds studied, the relative reactivity during TSR is 1-octene > 1-octanol > 1-octanone > n -octane > octanoic acid > octylbenzene > xylene. An additional series of non-isothermal hydrous pyrolysis experiments, heated from 340 °C to 550 °C at 2 °C/h, were conducted involving MgSO 4 and three different crude oils with variable total sulfur contents ranging from 0.5% to 5.2% and with a sulfur-free paraffinic mixture. Comparison of H 2 S generation as a function of temperature from these experiments suggests that crude oil composition can dramatically affect the onset temperature of TSR. Although the model compound experiments clearly demonstrate the variable reactivity of different hydrocarbon types during TSR reactions, the observed trends for sulfate reduction during the whole oil experiments indicate that the labile sulfur content in oil may be more significant in controlling TSR reaction rates than the hydrocarbon chemistry. The absence of intermediate reduced sulfur species (e.g., elemental sulfur, sulfites, etc.) in the solid residuals after TSR does not preclude the possibility that generated H 2 S reacts with sulfate as these reactive sulfur species will rapidly react with the hydrocarbons.
Characterization of bis(1,2,5-thiadiazolo)-p-quinobis(1,3-dithiole) thin films grown by organic molecular beam deposition

Abstract Crystalline thin films of the organic compound, bis(1,2,5-thiadiazolo)-p-quinobis(1,3-dithiole) (BTQBT) were grown by the ultrahigh vacuum process of organic molecular beam deposition on various substrates including highly ordered pyrolytic graphite, Si(0 0 1), glass and thermal silicon dioxide films on Si. In situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, temperature-dependent photoluminescence spectroscopy, and electrical conductivity measurements were employed to characterize the various properties of the films. We find that ordered, polycrystalline films of the planar BTQBT molecules can be grown on a variety of substrates. The BTQBT molecules stack on substrates with their stacking axis perpendicular to the substrate plane. The degree and extent of film ordering strongly depends on the growth conditions: higher growth rates favor more ordered and uniform films. The room-temperature electrical conductivity of the films is (1.2±0.1) × 10−3 and (7.5±0.4) × 10−4 S cm−1 perpendicular and parallel to the substrate surface, respectively. Both the remarkably high value of conductivity and its small anisotropy are explained in terms of the unusual crystal structure of BTQBT.
A generalization of Vinograd's theorem for dynamical systems

Abstract The theory of dynamical systems has been expanded by the introduction of local dynamical systems [10, 4, 9] and local semidynamical systems [1]. Using integral curves of autonomous ordinary differential equations to illustrate these generalizations, we find that, roughly, the integral curves form a local dynamical system if solutions exist and are unique without requiring existence for all time, and the integral curves form a local semidynamical system if solutions exist and are unique in the positive sense but need not exist for all positive time. In addition to autonomous ordinary differential equations, the enlarged theory of dynamical systems has applications to nonautonomous ordinary differential equations, certain partial differential equations, functional differential equations, and Volterra Integral equations [9, 1, 2, 8], respectively. All of these have metric phase spaces. Since many dynamic considerations are invariant to reparameterizations, it is of interest to known when a local dynamical (or semidynamical) system can be reparameterized to yield a “global” dynamical (or semidynamical) system. For autonomous ordinary differential equations, Vinograd [7] has shown that the local dynamical system on an open subset ofR n formed by integral curves is isomorphic (in the sense of Nemytskii and Stepanov) to a global dynamical system. In an extensive study of isomorphisms, Ura [12] has expanded the Gottschalk-Hedlund notion of an isomorphism and restated Vinograd's result in terms of a reparameterization. In this paper we study the problem of finding a global dynamical (or semidynamical) system which is isomorphic to a given local system. A necessary and sufficient condition is found which is then used to show that the Vinograd result holds on metric spaces.
DNA translocating through a carbon nanotube can increase ionic current

Translocation of DNA through a narrow, single-walled carbon nanotube can be accompanied by large increases in ion current, recently observed in contrast to the ion current blockade. We use molecular dynamics simulations to show that large electro-osmotic flow can be turned into a large net current via ion-selective filtering by a DNA molecule inside the carbon nanotube.
Production of organometallic polymers by the interfacial technique. X. Influence of the nature of base employed on the synthesis of polysilylalkylene (arylene) diamines

The influence of base type on polymerization and on polymer properties in the synthesis of polysilylalkylene(arylene)diamines by a modified interfacial system was investigated. The modified system utilizes 2,5-hexanedione or acetonitrile in place of the usual aqueous solvent. Protonation of both diamine and amine groups in the polymer chain is important when NaOH or diamine itself is employed as the base. Protonation is unimportant when triethylamine is used. In triethylamine systems the highest yield is formed with the silane containing the most electron-deficient silicon, and the highest molecular weight products are formed with the least sterically hindered silane. When NaOH or diamine itself is employed there is no apparent correlation between silane and amine electronic or steric nature and any of the measured polymer properties. As diamine solubility decreases, polymer yield increases.
Statistical relationship between pyrite grain size distribution and pyritic sulfur reduction in Ohio coal

Abstract This paper presents a statistical relationship between the pyrite particle size distribution and the potential amount of pyritic sulfur reduction achieved by specific-gravity-based separation. This relationship is obtained from data on 26 Ohio coal samples crushed to 14 × 28 mesh. In this paper a prediction equation is developed that considers the complete statistical distribution of all the pyrite particle sizes in the coal sample. Assuming that pyrite particles occurring in coal have a lognormal distribution, the information about the particle size distribution can be encapsulated in terms of two parameters only, the mean and the standard deviation of the logarithms of the grain diameters. When the pyritic sulfur reductions of the 26 coal samples are related to these two parameters, a very satisfactory regression equation ( R 2 = 0.91) results. This equation shows that information on both these parameters is needed for an accurate prediction of potential sulfur reduction, and that the mean and the standard deviation interact negatively insofar as their influence on pyritic sulfur reduction is concerned.
Slopes of the energy surface of transition metal ions in solution: A molecular orbital calculation

Abstract Application of the semiempirical quantum-chemical INDO/2-MO method in computing the slopes of the energy surface of various ions participating in electron-transfer reactions in solution is presented in this paper. The values of slopes obtained from INDO/2-MO agree with those obtained from the classical improved-average-dipole-orientation (IADO) method. Theoretical results of electronic-transmission coefficients of electron-transfer reactions obtained using values of slopes from INDO/2-MO as well as IADO methods are found in close agreement with those obtained from experimental values of rate constants. The values of transmission coefficient are found to be less than unity and these indicate the non-adiabatic nature of electron-transfer reactions involving the transition metal ions studied in this work.
Beyond quitting: Predictors of teen smoking cessation, reduction and acceleration following a school-based intervention

There remains a great need for effective, cost-efficient, and acceptable youth smoking cessation interventions. Unfortunately, only a few interventions have been demonstrated to increase quit rates among youth smokers, and little is known about how elements of cessation interventions and participants’ psychosocial characteristics and smoking histories interact to influence program outcomes. Additionally, few studies have examined how these variables lead to complete smoking abstinence, reduction or acceleration over the course of a structured cessation intervention. Data for the present investigation were drawn from a sample of teen smokers (n = 5892) who voluntarily participated in either a controlled study or field study (i.e., no control group) of the American Lung Association's Not On Tobacco (N-O-T) program between 1998 and 2006 in five states. Results suggest that those who reduce smoking (but do not achieve full abstinence) are similar to those who quit on most measures except stage of change. Furthermore, it was found that those who increased smoking were heavier smokers at baseline, more addicted, were more likely to have parents, siblings, and significant others who smoked and reported less confidence in and less motivation for quitting than did those who quit or reduced smoking. Finally, a path model demonstrated how peers, siblings and romantic partners affected tobacco use and cessation outcomes differently for males and females. Implications for interventions are discussed.
The role of Ar+, CH+ 4 , O+ 2 and backscattered Pb+ ions during Nb/Oxide/PbAuIn edge junction fabrication

A study has been made of the correlation between energetic positive plasma ions and the resulting Josephson tunnel barriers fabricated in an RF plasma. Typical edge junction current densities of 4000 Amp/cm2and Vm's of 25 mV were achieved. An in-situ mass spectrometer system was designed to extract, energy analyze, and identify the positive ion species incident on the RF cathode/sample surface. The argon positive ion measurements are correlated to Nb sputter rates and back scattered Pb and Nb rates - required for a clean Nb interface. The CH 4 positive ions are correlated to the growth of niobium carbide which reduces sub-oxide formation while optimizing junction quality. Finally the niobium oxide growth is correlated to the O 2 positive ion measurements. A simple model for oxide growth consisting of a time dependent O+ 2 ion induced term and a time independent or very fast initial state term accounts for the known junction tunnel current dependencies on the RF plasma parameters of pressure, voltage, frequency, time, and ion to substrate angle.
Updated model represents the magnetosphere anisotropically

The physical interactions that occur in the magnetosphere, from the collisions of high-energy particles in the ring current to the exchange of energy between the solar wind plasma and the electrons of the radiation belts, are explained by complex nonlinear physics. These physical dynamics are anisotropic processes—that is, the interactions are directionally dependent. Computer simulations of the magnetosphere, however, generally represent the physics isotropically—without considering the direction of the interaction. Isotropic calculations are less computationally expensive than anisotropic representations, but the simplification can lead to reduced model accuracy.
The genus Thalassiosira (Bacillariophyceae): studies on species occurring south of the Antarctic Convergence Zone

Abstract Species of the genus Thalassiosira are abundant in the oceanic waters south of the Antarctic Convergence Zone. Species within the genus are differentiated on the basis of arrangement and density of areolae and on type, position, and arrangement of processes. All of the Antarctic species known to us can be separated on the basis of characters visible in the light microscope. A key to 20 taxa including descriptions and illustrations is given. Two species are described as new: T. frenguelliopsis and T. maculata.
Rotational fluid flow using a least squares collocation technique

Abstract A potential theory approach for incompressible viscous flow which leads to the biharmonic equation is first developed. A numerical least squares collocation technique using fundamental singular solutions of the biharmonic equation is then applied to a rotational flow problem with moving boundaries that produce discontinuous boundary conditions associated with the biharmonic. It is shown that the least squares technique smoothes out local disturbances in boundary data of the type which are likely to present difficulties to the more commonly used boundary element method. A compact computer program for the method and the results for the problem of a rectangular channel with one moving boundary are included along with an experimental verification of the results using the thin plate bending analogy.
Functional interaction of hormone-sensitive lipase and perilipin in lipolysis

Adipocyte lipolysis is controlled by complex interactions of lipases, cofactors, and structural proteins associated with lipid droplets. Perilipin (Plin) A is a major droplet-associated protein that functions as a scaffold, both suppressing basal and facilitating cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA)-stimulated lipolysis. Plin is required for the translocation of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) from the cytosol to lipid droplets upon stimulation. In these studies, we provide direct evidence for a physical interaction of HSL with Plin. By coexpressing HSL with truncation mutations of Plin, we demonstrate using coimmunoprecipitation that HSL can interact with an N-terminal region located between amino acids 141 and 200 of Plin A as well as with a C-terminal region located between amino acids 406 and 480. The N-terminal construct, Plin 1-200, which does not associate with lipid droplets but interacts with HSL, can function as a dominant negative for PKA-stimulated lipolysis. Using confocal microscopy of Plin truncations, we demonstrate that sequences between amino acids 463 and 517 may be important for or participate in lipid targeting. The results suggest the translocation of HSL to the lipid droplet occurs by virtue of Plin localization to the surface of lipid droplets and a physical interaction of HSL occurring with sequences within the N-terminal region of Plin.
A Holistic Approach to Management Development

Managerial work includes the use of cognitive skills and affective processes. Management education programmes usually provide an adequate coverage of cognitive skills but have less success with behaviourally non‐specific skills. An effective programme should combine the use of behaviourally specific cognitive skills with practice in affective skills. The computer‐based simulation game appears to encompass these requirements. Learning acquired through the simulation process will have enough job‐related realism to result in an ultimate transfer to the workplace. Simulation should not be a replacement for basic knowledge acquisition, however. It is simply an opportunity for providing practice and reinforcement of basic knowledge.
Longevity of Implantable Electrophysiology Devices Explanted from Patients Having Autopsy in Hospitals

The cost of cardiac implantable electrophysiologic devices (CIEDs) remains prohibitively high for many patients in low- and middle-income countries. Recent efforts have focused on obtaining CIEDs for donation and reuse in low- and middle-income countries from funeral homes and after device upgrades. Most patients in the United States die in health care facilities, yet few data exist on the acceptability for reuse of devices from hospital morgues. Three hundred thirty-four autopsies were performed at the University of Pennsylvania morgue from February 2009 to July 2011, during which CIEDs were routinely removed and collected. Devices were interrogated to ascertain remaining longevity. When a longevity estimate was not provided by the device, the manufacturer was contacted to obtain an estimate. Date of death was obtained from the electronic medical record. Twenty-seven patients (8% of autopsies performed) had CIEDs, of which 17 (63%) were pacemakers and 10 (37%) were implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Two of the defibrillators were part of cardiac resynchronization therapy systems. CIEDs were interrogated 1.7 ± 0.7 years after death. The mean time between implantation and death was 2.5 ± 2.3 years, but 13 (48%) devices were implanted within 1 year of death. Nine devices (33%) had