cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Short-Term, Large-Area Survey of Container Aedes spp. (Diptera: Culicidae): Presence and Abundance is Associated with Fine-scale Landscape Factors in North Carolina, USA.

Container Aedes mosquitoes are responsible for the transmission of anthroponotic and zoonotic viruses to people. The surveillance and control of these mosquitoes is an important part of public heal...
Twins Living Apart: Behavioral Insights/Twin Study Reviews: Managing Monochorionic-Diamniotic Twin Pregnancies; Paternity Testing in Multiple Pregnancies; Twin Research on Resilience; Trisomies in Twin Pregnancies/Human Interest: Reunited Brazilian Twins; Website for Twins with Disabled Co-Twins; Twins Separated in Secret of the Nile Series; Mengele: Unmasking the Angel of Death; Twins Helping Others

A brief review of research findings regarding twins living apart is presented. This review is followed by a look into the lives of a pair of monozygotic male twins who have lived in different continents for many years, but who stay closely connected. The reasons behind their decision and its impact on their behavioral resemblance and social relationship quality are examined. The next section summarizes recent studies that address the management of monochorionic-diamniotic twin pregnancies, paternity testing in multiple pregnancies, trisomies in twin pregnancies and the roots of resilience. The final portion of this article presents human-interest stories involving reunited Brazilian twins, a new resource for twins with disabled co-twins, twins separated in the Secret of the Nile television series, a new book about Dr Josef Mengele and his horrific twin experiments conducted at the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp, and a pair of twins dedicated to helping others.
Centralized and decentralized adaptive harmonic control for sinusoidal disturbance rejection

Abstract This paper presents two new algorithms for rejection of known-frequency sinusoidal disturbances that act on a completely unknown, multi-input multi-output, asymptotically stable, linear time-invariant system. The first algorithm is centralized adaptive harmonic control (AHC), which does not impose any structural constraints on the input–output channels of the controller. The second algorithm is decentralized AHC, which imposes the constraint that each local control is computed using only local sensor measurements. These new control methods are data-driven, adaptive algorithms that do not rely on any information regarding the system. It is also worth noting that all control computations are performed using discrete Fourier transform data. The stability and closed-loop performance with each algorithm are analyzed. The main analytic results show that each algorithm asymptotically rejects sinusoidal disturbances. Illustrative numerical simulations and active noise control experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of centralized and decentralized AHC.
A cross-sectional study of body mass index and sleep quality as risk factors to severity of acne.

Objective To analyse the association of body mass index and sleep quality with severity of acne. Methods The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Dermatology Department of Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan, from January to March 2019, and comprised acne patients of either gender aged 12-45 years. Data was collected using a pre-designed questionnaire. Acne grades 1, 2, 3 and 4 were determined by a consultant dermatologist. Pittsburgh sleep quality index was used to assess sleep quality, while body mass index was calculated as per the standard procedure. Data was analyzed using SPSS 22. Results Of the 98 patients, 27(27.6%) were male and 71(72.4%) were female. The overall mean age of the sample was 22.3±4.9 years. There were 36(36.7%) patients with acne grade 3, followed by 25(25.5%) each with grades 1 and 2, and 12(12.2%) with grade 4. The relationship between body mass index and acne severity was not significant (p=0.07), and the same was the case with sleep quality (p=0.09). Conclusions Body mass index and sleep quality were not found to be associated with acne severity.
Outgrowing Copyright: The Effect of Market Size on Copyright Policy

Does copyright protection offer the best means of stimulating the production of expressive works? Perhaps, at the moment, it does. If so, however, copyright protection will probably become inefficiently over-protective as the market for expressive works grows. With such growth, copyright holders will find it increasingly remunerative to focus on customers willing to pay a premium for particular expressive works. In a larger, more finely segmented market, copyright holders will find that their statutory rights generate larger monopoly rents. Yet copyright holders will suffer no corresponding increase in production or distribution costs; thanks to technological advances, we can expect those costs to continue to decline. The private benefits of copyright protection will rise. So, too, will its social costs. Holding all else equal, therefore, growth in the market for expressive works will make copyright policy inefficient. This paper explains that effect and discusses how policymakers should respond.
Chapter 8 Birnaviridae

Publisher Summary Birnaviruses are non-enveloped isometric particles with an icosahedral surface shell and an RNA-containing “core”. They replicate and assemble in the cytoplasm. Three major virus “types” of birnaviruses are established in practice: infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), infectious bursa1 disease virus (IBDV) and Drosophila X virus (DXV). This chapter discusses the chemical, physical, and structural characteristics of birnaviruses. Birnaviruses contain a bi-segmented double-stranded RNA genome that accounts for 8.7% of the particle weight. The virus contains a dsRNA-dependent RNA polymerase that functions in a dual role as a transcriptase and a replicase. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the antigenic and biological properties of the virus. A number of distinct antigenic molecules exist in the virus particle. There are no common antigens among IPNV, IBDV, and DXV virus particles.
Dynamic control modification techniques in teleoperation of a flexible manipulator

The objective of this research is to reduce the end-point vibration of a large, teleoperated manipulator while preserving the usefulness of the system motion. A master arm is designed to measure desired joint angles as the user specifies a desired tip motion. The desired joint angles from the master arm are the inputs to an adaptive PD control algorithm that positions the end-point of the manipulator. As the user moves the tip of the master, the robot will vibrate at its natural frequencies which makes it difficult to position the end-point. To eliminate the tip vibration during teleoperated motions, an input shaping method is presented. The input shaping method transforms each sample of the desired input into a new set of impulses that do not excite the system resonances. The method is explained using the equation of motion for a simple, second-order system. The impulse response of such a system is derived and the constraint equations for vibrationless motion are presented. To evaluate the robustness of the method, a different residual vibration equation from Singer's is derived that more accurately represents the input shaping technique. The input shaping method is shown to actually increase the residual vibration in certain situations when the system parameters are not accurately specified. Finally, the implementation of the input shaping method to a system with varying parameters is shown to induce a vibration into the system. To eliminate this vibration, a modified command shaping technique is developed. The ability of the modified command shaping method to reduce vibration at the system resonances is tested by varying input perturbations to trajectories in a range of possible user inputs. By comparing the frequency responses of the transverse acceleration at the end-point of the manipulator, the modified method is compared to the original PD routine. The control scheme that produces the smaller magnitude of resonant vibration at the first natural frequency is considered the more effective control method.
Mouse hepatitis virus infection suppresses modulation of mouse spleen T-cell activation.

Natural infection by mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) can affect interpretation of immunological studies in mice. MHV, a collective term describing a group of corona viruses, is found in natural infections in over 70% of laboratory mouse populations in the U.S.A. and Canada. Natural outbreaks of MHV in our animal colony afforded us the opportunity to study MHV-induced immunosuppression as well as the effects of MHV infection on neurotransmitter immunomodulation. Concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated DNA synthesis by spleen T lymphocytes from MHV-infected mice was 20-50% that of non-infected mice. The MHV infection also altered neurotransmitter modulation of spleen T-lymphocyte activation. In contrast to noradrenaline ablation of Con A-activated DNA synthesis by spleen lymphocytes from non-infected mice, DNA synthesis by the infected group was not inhibited by noradrenaline or dibutyryl-cAMP. These effects of MHV infection were specific for spleen T lymphocytes since MHV infection did not alter Con A stimulation of thymocytes, lipopolysaccharide stimulation of spleen B lymphocytes, or noradrenaline inhibition of thymocyte and B-cell DNA synthesis. MHV infection also did not alter spleen T-lymphocyte subset proportions. Thus, MHV infection inhibits spleen T-lymphocyte activation and blocks in vitro catecholamine and cAMP regulation of spleen T-cell activation but does not affect activation of thymic cells or spleen B cells.
Direct Observation of Classroom Behavior.

In this paper we have examined the uses to which direct observation has been put in the study of classroom processes, and taken note of several observation systems possessing a variety of distinct attributes. Problems encountered in the use of observation, chiefly those of obtaining accurate and stable measures, were explored.
Software engineering effort models using neural networks

The authors discuss and demonstrate the use of neural network (NN) techniques for constructing software engineering effort models using the backpropagation and self-organizing neural network (SONN) algorithms. NN models have some important properties which are advantageous in this context, including the distribution free property, the learning capability, and the ease of parallel implementations. It is demonstrated experimentally that NN techniques are superior in performance, learning time, and modeling power, and require fewer prior assumptions than traditional software engineering techniques. In addition, the SONN algorithm also gives an algebraic representation of the network model which can help researchers identify factors that may be important to the process under study. >
Optimization of direct analysis in real time (DART) linear ion trap parameters for the detection and quantitation of glucose

Presented here are findings for the development and optimization of a simple, high-throughput, and rapid method for the analysis of glucose. Because the applications of glucose and other six-carbon sugars is a growing field of interest especially in the production of biofuels, an efficient and rapid method for their quantitation from lignocelluloses is necessary. Glucose was analyzed using direct analysis in real time (DART) ionization and formed adducts (along with fragmentation) were observed with a linear ion trap (LIT) mass spectrometer. Since DART can be considered a complex thermal desorption ionization process, an optimization study of the helium gas temperature and introduction into the ionization region was performed. It was observed these parameters have a significant effect on the overall signal intensity as well as the signal-to-noise ratios in DART mass spectra. Using these optimized parameters, a set of different glucose concentrations (ranging from 10 to 3000 μM) were analyzed and used to determine a linear dynamic range (with the use of an internal standard). The analysis of the samples was done with minimal sample preparation and found to be reproducible on different days.
Associations Between Family Structure Change and Child Behavior Problems: The Moderating Effect of Family Income

This study investigated conditions under which family structure matters most for child well-being. Using data from the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (n = 3,936), a national sample of U.S. families, it was estimated how changes in family structure related to changes in children's behavior between age 3 and 12 separately by household income level to determine whether associations depended on families' resources. Early changes in family structure, particularly from a two-biological-parent to single-parent family, predicted increases in behavior problems more than later changes, and movements into single and stepparent families mattered more for children of higher versus lower income parents. Results suggest that for children of higher income parents, moving into a stepfamily may improve, not undermine, behavior.
Strategies for Managing Difficult Clinical Situations in Between Sessions

Therapists often have to deal with situations that make them uneasy to leave their clients on their own. They can go home and wonder what their clients are doing, whether they are safe, have a place to stay, even whether or not they are fighting. These thoughts can be overwhelming for the therapist. They may think about their clients' safety, they may also be worried about their own professional way of dealing with these situations, and its implications for them as clinician. The aim of this paper is to assist therapists to manage their own anxiety and to help them help their clients in between sessions in difficult situations such as suicidality, child abuse and neglect, intimate partner violence, crisis and stress management.
Synthesis of Homo- and Heterobimetallic Ni II –M II (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Zn) Complexes Based on an Unsymmetric Ligand Framework: Structures, Spectroscopic Features, and Redox Properties

Abstract Several homo- and heterobimetallic NiII–MII complexes (MII = Fe, Co, Ni, Zn) supported by an unsymmetric polydentate ligand (L13−) are reported (L13− is the trianion of 2-[bis(2-hydroxy-3,5-tert-butylphenyl)aminomethyl]-4-methyl-6-[(2-pyridylmethyl)iminomethyl]phenol). The L13− chelate provides two distinct coordination environments: a planar tridentate {N2O} site (A) and a tetradentate {NO3} site (B). Reaction of L13− with equimolar amounts of NiII and MII salts provides bimetallic complexes in which the NiII ion exclusively occupies the tetragonal A-site and the MII ion is found in the tripodal B-site. X-ray crystal structures revealed that the two metal centers are bridged by the central phenolate donor of L13− and an anionic X-ligand, where X = μ-1,1-acetate, hydroxide, or methoxide. The metal ions are separated by 3.0–3.1 A in the MAMBX structures, where MA and MB indicate the ion located in the A and B sites, respectively, and X represents the second bridging ligand. Analysis of magnetic data and UV–Vis–NIR spectra indicate that, in all cases, the two metal ions adopt high-spin states in solution. The NiAII centers undergo one-electron reduction at −1.17 V vs. SCE, while the NiII and CoII ions in the phenolate-rich B-site are reduced at lower potentials. Significantly, the NiAII center possesses three open or labile coordination sites in a meridional geometry, which are generally occupied by solvent-derived ligands in the crystal structures. The NiMBX complexes serve as structural mimics of heterometallic Ni-containing sites in biology, such as the C-cluster of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH).
Nuclear Spin−Spin Coupling via Nonbonded Interactions. 8.1 The Distance Dependence of Through-Space Fluorine−Fluorine Coupling

The 19F19F nuclear spin−spin coupling constants JFF for a set of eighteen compounds related structurally to 1,8-difluoronaphthalene were measured by 19F NMR spectroscopy. The FF distances dFF in these compounds were determined by ab initio 3-21G* molecular orbital calculations. Consistent with the lone-pair overlap theory of the origins of through-space 19F19F coupling, an exponential relationship is found between JFF and dFF (regression coefficient r2 = 0.991), and a linear relationship is found between JFF and the extent of the overlap interaction between the in-plane fluorine 2plone-pair orbitals (regression coefficient r2 = 0.993). The magnitudes of these lone-pair interactions were estimated from molecular orbital energies obtained by ab initio 6-31G* calculations for a model consisting of a pair of HF molecules separated by various distances.
Acute phencyclidine intoxication: incidence of clinical findings in 1,000 cases

In 1,000 cases of phencyclidine (PCP) intoxication evaluated at the time of first examination in an emergency department, the incidence of "typical" findings was found to be lower than has been reported previously. Nystagmus and hypertension occurred in only 57% of our cases; some patients had only one of these findings and many had neither. The incidence of violence was 35%; bizarre behavior, 29%; and agitation, 34%. Changes in sensorium consisted of coma, lethargy/stupor, and acute brain syndrome; however, 46% of patients were alert and oriented. Motor signs included grand mal seizures, generalized rigidity, localized dystonias, catalepsy, and athetosis. Profuse diaphoresis, hypersalivation, bronchospasm, and urinary retention occurred in less than 5%. A small percentage had severe disturbances in vital signs, including three cases (0.3%) of cardiac arrest and 28 cases (2.8%) of apnea. Hypoglycemia and elevated serum CPK, uric acid, and SGOT/SPGT were common. Urine PCP levels did not correlate with the severity of the clinical findings.
The chromo domain protein chd1p from budding yeast is an ATP-dependent chromatin-modifying factor.

CHD proteins are members of the chromo domain family, a class of proteins involved in transcription, DNA degradation and chromatin structure. In higher eukaryotes, there are two distinct subfamilies of CHD proteins: CHD1 and CHD3/4. Analyses carried out in vitro indicate that the CHD3/4 proteins may regulate transcription via alteration of chromatin structure. However, little is known about the role of CHD proteins in vivo, particularly the CHD1 subfamily. To understand better the cellular function of CHD proteins, we initiated a study on the Chd1p protein from budding yeast. Using genomic DNA arrays, we identified genes whose expression is affected by the absence of Chd1p. A synthetic-lethal screen uncovered genetic interactions between SWI/SNF genes and CHD1. Biochemical experiments using Chd1p purified from yeast showed that it reconfigures the structure of nucleosome core particles in a manner distinct from the SWI–SNF complex. Taken together, these results suggest that Chd1p functions as a nucleosome remodeling factor, and that Chd1p may share overlapping roles with the SWI–SNF complex to regulate transcription.
Gray Scale Imaging With Complex TGC And Transducer Arrays

Ultrasound imaging of soft tissues places severe demands on the design of imaging systems because of the large range of echo amplitudes which may be encountered at any point in the body. Simple TGC curves are often inadequate in producing optimum gray scale images since the ultrasound traverses a variety of structures with substantially different attenuation coefficients. Phased array systems are shown to suffer from increased image ambiguity as compared to simple transducers, a result of discrete sampling of the aper-ture, which reduces the effective dynamic range which can be presented accurately. For a 16 element 1.7MHz array with 1.76 wavelengths interelement spacing the maximum side-lobes are only 6db below the main lobe. The use of different transmit and receive array geometries can improve the overall system spatial response. Experimental results from a 16 element 1.7 MHz transmit array with .88 wavelength interelement spacing and a receive array of the same frequency with 1.76 wavelength spacing indicated a reduction in the sidelobes to 13db below that of the main beam.
Porphyromonas gingivalis induces murine macrophage foam cell formation

Atherosclerosis is a complex pathologic process initialed by the formation of cholesterol-rich plaque. Macrophages play a central role in the development of atherosclerosis, specifically in the initial accumulation of cholesterol in the arterial wall. It has been suggested that infection and chronic inflammatory conditions such as periodontitis may influence the atherosclerosis process. Porphyromonas gingivalis, one of the major pathogens involved in periodontitis, has been detected in human atheromas, suggesting that P. gingivalis infection may be associated with atherosclerosis. However, a causal relationship between this pathogen and the disease process has not yet been established. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether P. gingivalis could induce macrophages to form foam cells using the murine macrophage cell line (J774) as a model system. For inocula smaller than one bacterium per ten cells, P. gingivalis 381, as well as its lipopolysaccharide (LPS), induced foam cell formation of macrophages when cultured in the presence of human low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Infection of macrophages with increasing doses of P. gingivalis resulted in higher levels of foam cell formation. More than 70% of the cultured macrophages form cholesterol ester droplet-rich cells in the presence of 100 μg/ml of LDL when the inocula was more than 10 bacteria per cell. Low concentrations of P. gingivalis outer membrane vesicles also induced foam cell formation in the presence of LDL. In addition, it was demonstrated that P. gingivalis LPS alone was able to induce macrophage foam cell formation. P. gingivalis and its vesicles not only promoted LDL binding to macrophages but also induced macrophages to modify native LDL, which plays an important role in foam cell formation and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Therefore, P. gingivalis cells or its vesicles released from periodontal lesions into the circulation may deliver virulence factor(s) such as LPS to the arterial wall to initiate or promote foam cell formation in macrophages and contribute to atheroma development.
Organized structure in a compressible turbulent shear layer

An experimental study has been made of the large-scale structures in a two-dimensional, high Reynolds number, turbulent free shear layer bounded by Mach 5 and 3 airstreams. The convective Mach number was about 0.28. Mean pitot pressure surveys were made to determine the shear layer growth rate, the two-dimensionality, and the external flowfield. Two-point fluctuating pitot pressure measurements were made to investigate the large-scale structure at several stations from 600 to 2450 initial momentum thicknesses θ 0 downstream of the shear layer origin. Power spectra show increasing organization with distance downstream, and at 2450 θ 0 , the large-scale structures are responsible for a strong concentration of energy between 16 and 25 kHz
William Tryon and the Course of Empire: A Life in British Imperial Service

William Tryon's role in the affairs of British America during the last years of the empire, and his inability to stem the collapse of that empire, makes for a fascinating story. Royal governor of North Carolina from 1765 to 1771 and then of New York from 1771 to 1780, Tryon became a general in the British army attempting to quell the American rebellion. This biography covers his life in service to the Crown through the end of the American Revolution.Paul Nelson argues that Tryon was a talented colonial administrator and a successful, even popular, governor largely because he understood American thinking on such basic constitutional issues as taxation, finance, and trade policy. British home authorities failed to follow Tryon's sage counsel regarding the governance of the colonies, advice that might have forestalled the Revolution. In particular, Tryon, like Edmund Burke and others in Parliament, could not convince British ministers that Americans would never accept internal taxes imposed upon them by London.Once the war broke out and Tryon's role changed from governing to leading Loyalist American troops, he was an advocate of harsh, retributive warfare against his former charges. Nelson follows Tryon's military career, especially his debates with colleagues such as Sir Henry Clinton on the wisdom of hard-line versus conciliatory approach to the fighting. And after the war, Nelson shows, Tryon's connections with those unfortunate Americans who came out on the losing side of the great imperial struggle retained an important place in his life. An exciting drama in its own right, Tryon's story also serves to illuminate a number of issues important to historians of the Revolutionary War. Played out on two continents and in two important American colonies, amid the stirring events that resulted in the formation of the United States of America, Tryon's life is significant for understanding many aspects of politics and society in the Anglo-American world of the eighteenth century.Originally published in 1990.A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value.
Zwischen Naturwissenschaft und Symbolik: Zum Spezifischen der Syphilisdarstellung in der Literatur um 1900

The particular significance of syphilis as a literary theme at the turn of the 20th century is attributable to a combination of scientific developments and social conditions which include the germ theory, the idea of biological inheritance, the bourgeois fear of degeneration and the newly emerging discipline of public health. Symptoms that ranged from physical disfigurement to neuropsychiatric manifestations, which were only linked to syphilis in the late 19th century, together with the traditional moral connotations, made syphilis a major social and literary symbol. Neurosyphilitic stimulation of the genius, such as one finds in Thomas Mann’s Doctor Faustus; the literary use of syphilis to underline feminist interests as in the works of Henrik Ibsen or Sarah Grand; and syphilis as a symbol for the illusion of social barriers as in the play Hands Around by Arthur Schnitzler are but a few of the ways in which syphilis is used in literature around 1900.
Optimizing biosurveillance systems that use threshold-based event detection methods

We describe a methodology for optimizing a threshold detection-based biosurveillance system. The goal is to maximize the system-wide probability of detecting an ''event of interest'' against a noisy background, subject to a constraint on the expected number of false signals. We use nonlinear programming to appropriately set detection thresholds taking into account the probability of an event of interest occurring somewhere in the coverage area. Using this approach, public health officials can ''tune'' their biosurveillance systems to optimally detect various threats, thereby allowing practitioners to focus their public health surveillance activities. Given some distributional assumptions, we derive a one-dimensional optimization methodology that allows for the efficient optimization of very large systems. We demonstrate that optimizing a syndromic surveillance system can improve its performance by 20-40%.
Passive acoustic sensing for detection of small vessels

This paper investigates the system requirements and signal processing tools for a semi-autonomous passive acoustic boat detection framework for monitoring marine environments. The objective is to develop a surveillance system which provides wide area coverage, automatic (boat) detection, and ultimately the ability to communicate real-time alerts (i.e., a bell-ringer system). A critical challenge for a successful system is the ability to accurately detect (and possibly classify) targets in the presence of noise. A wavelet detection algorithm has been developed to identify the presence of a boat in acoustic signals overwhelmed by noise from snapping shrimp and humpback whales. A feature extraction tool is introduced to examine the harmonically related structures in shipping noise. These methods are applied on acoustic data collected in a series of field tests in Hawaii, in which small-scale sensor networks were deployed near Marine Protected Areas (MPA) to assess the ability to monitor boat activity. A simulation tool developed based on Bellhop is introduced to study boat signatures under different environmental conditions.
Congenital insensitivity to pain and anhidrosis with mitochondrial and axonal abnormalities

Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type IV, or congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA), is a rare clinical disorder with only 32 cases reported in the literature. There has been no consistent pathophysiologic defect of the sensory nerve detected by light microscopic examination, but a frequent finding of decreased small myelinated fibers and a uniform finding of decreased unmyelinated fibers by ultrastructural analysis has been reported. Muscle biopsy in a 2-year-old boy with congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis indicated lipid droplet accumulation and reduced cytochrome C oxidase histochemically on light microscopy. Electron microscopic study showed almost absent small unmyelinated nerve axons within the muscle, increased microfilaments, and decreased microtubules in axons, some abnormally enlarged mitochondria, and normal-appearing motor endplates. Biochemical analysis of muscle mitochondrial enzyme function revealed cytochrome c oxidase function to be reduced to 35% of normal, with normal function of the other mitochondrial enzymes.
Clinical policy: critical issues in the management of adult patients presenting to the emergency department with acute carbon monoxide poisoning.

This clinical policy focuses on critical issues concerning the management of adult patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with acute symptomatic carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. The subcommittee reviewed the medical literature relevant to the questions posed. The critical questions are: Should hyperbaric oxygen (HBO 2 ) therapy be used for the treatment of patients with acute CO poisoning; and Can clinical or laboratory criteria identify CO-poisoned patients who are most or least likely to benefit from this therapy? Recommendations are provided on the basis of the strength of evidence of the literature. Level A recommendations represent patient management principles that reflect a high degree of clinical certainty; Level B recommendations represent patient management principles that reflect moderate clinical certainty; and Level C recommendations represent other patient management strategies that are based on preliminary, inconclusive, or conflicting evidence, or based on committee consensus. This clinical policy is intended for physicians working in hospital-based EDs.
Preliminary Information on the Home Range and Movement Patterns of Sturnira lilium (Phyllostomidae) in a Naturally Fragmented Landscape in Bolivia

Here, we used radiotelemetry to determine home range and movement patterns of the frugivorous bat Sturnira lilium in a naturally fragmented landscape in Beni, Bolivia. Four females were monitored for up to 7 d. Based on 575 radiotelemetry positions, kernel home ranges were between 36.5 and 90.7 ha. During each night, bats visited most of their home range, which included forest islands and continuous forest; however activity was concentrated in core-use areas representing 6-12 percent of the home ranges. There was moderate overlap in home range and core-use areas among the four females. The mean long axis across the kernel home ranges was 1324 m. The results reported here show that S. lilium is able to move freely among forest elements in the landscape while crossing a savanna matrix. Hence, S. lilium may contribute to maintain connectivity and ecological processes in a fragmented landscape.
Effective Computations on Sliding Windows

In the streaming model, elements arrive sequentially and can be observed only once. Maintaining statistics and aggregates is an important and nontrivial task in this model. These tasks become even more challenging in the sliding windows model, where statistics must be maintained only over the most recent $n$ elements. In their pioneering paper, Datar et al. [SIAM J. Comput., 31 (2002), pp. 1794-1813] presented the exponential histogram, an effective method for estimating statistics on sliding windows. In this paper we present a novel smooth histogram method that is more general and achieves stronger bounds than the exponential histogram. In particular, the smooth histogram method improves the approximation error rate obtained via exponential histograms. Furthermore, the smooth histogram method not only captures and improves multiple previous results on sliding windows but also extends the class of functions that can be approximated on sliding windows. In particular, we provide the first approximation algorithms for the following functions: $L_p$ norms, frequency moments, the length of the increasing subsequence, and the geometric mean.
Occurrence, Fluctuations and Significance of Liquid Crystallinity in Living Systems

Abstract Many molecules and macromolecules present in the living systems are known to exhibit the mesomorphic or the so-called liquid crystalline state under appropriate conditions. This state is characterised by relative mobility when compared with true solids and by association and alignment in one crystallographic axis or in one plane when compared with true liquids. It may be brought about by the variation of temperature yielding thermotropic liquid crystals or by the variation of amount and properties of the solvent giving rise to the lyotropic ones. Of these the former mechanism is obviously unimportant for the living systems, particularly for the homeothermic organisms, since there are but few compounds which undergo liquid crystalline transitions at the body temperature within the range of probable local temperature fluctuations in the tissues and body surfaces. However, many molecular species of biological relevance, including some which form thermotropic mesophases, are capable of associating in...
Socioeconomic Adversity and Women's Sleep: Stress and Chaos as Mediators

We examined income-to-needs ratio, perceived economic well-being, and education and their relations with European and African American women's sleep (n = 219). Sleep was examined through actigraphy and self-reports. Income-to-needs ratio was related to sleep minutes. Perceived economic well-being and education were associated with subjective sleep problems. Perceived stress mediated relations between both income-to-needs ratio and economic well-being and subjective sleep problems. Chaos emerged as a mediator linking income-to-needs ratio and subjective sleep problems. African American women had fewer sleep minutes and lower sleep efficiency than European Americans, and more robust relations between economic well-being and stress was observed for European Americans. Findings highlight the importance of economic adversity for women's sleep and explicate some pathways of risk.
Gradient-enhanced heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy: Theory and experimental aspects

Abstract A detailed theoretical and experimental treatment is given for gradient-enhanced heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy. Both multiple-quantum and single-quantum sequences are described. In addition to a comparison with conventional experiments using phase cycling, the effects of different gradient combinations are examined with respect to artifacts occurring in the heteronuclear dimension. The influence of gradient performance and diffusion on sensitivity is discussed. Approaches to attain phase-sensitive spectra are also analyzed.
Existential grief: The special case of the chronically ill and disabled

Abstract This descriptive study uses an existential framework for analyzing the grief process. The existential component of grief is presented as centered upon the effort to bring meaning to loss arid the existence of death in the world. The chronically ill and disabled are introduced into the study, and serve to demonstrate the existential struggle to create a meaningful life after loss. Their efforts are impeded by our death-avoiding social reality which reacts negatively to their physical conditions.
Preparation and characterization of polymer composite multilayers on SiO2.

Abstract Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) have been consecutively adsorbed onto 1.5-μm charged silica (SiO2) particles. Time-dependent adsorption studies indicate that, due to the strong ionic charge of the dissociated polycation in water, adsorption is complete in less than 30 min. Indications of the maximum adsorption density, changes in surface charge, and stability of the layered particles are demonstrated through adsorption isotherms and electrophoretic mobility (EPM) measurements. Further stability of the PDADMAC layer is demonstrated through multiwashing with ultra pure deionized water. Preliminary desorption studies of the PSS layer also illustrate a stabilized two-layer system. Due to the nature of the electrostatic charges on the surface of the SiO2 core particles and both polyelectrolytes in aqueous media, the use of polyelectrolytes as layering elements serves as a model for the assembly of time-released drug delivery particle systems.
The effect of prior deformation on the residual microstructure of explosively deformed stainless steels

Abstract The residual microstructures of 304 and 316 stainless steels were examined by transmission electron microscopy after shock loading to pressures of 15, 25 and 35 GPa at a constant pulse duration of 2 μs. These observations were compared with those for the same materials cold rolled to reductions in thickness of 15% and 30%. Deformation twins were observed in all deformed samples. The twin volume densities increased for increasing shock pressure at constant pulse duration. α′-martensite was observed as a trace microstructure at 2 μs. The residual microhardness was also observed to increase steadily with increased reduction by rolling. Deformation strain cycling to equivalent levels for 304 and 316 stainless steels of prior and post cold reductions resulted in only minor differences in microhardnesses and microstructures. However, when the deformation strain cycling was split by prior and post cold reduction, greater changes in the microhardness and the microstructure were observed.
Guiding security analysis through visualization

We present a multiple views visualization for the security data in the VAST 2010 Mini Challenge 2. The visualization is used to monitor log event activity on the network log data included in the challenge. Interactions are provided that allow analysts to investigate suspicious activity and escalate events as needed. Additionally, a database application is used to allow SQL queries for more detailed investigation.
Rethinking agribusiness models in Africa

This paper couples the agriculture scenario in Africa with requirement engineering method to develop a new business model that is configurable and scalable.
Evaluating acute effects of potential reduced-exposure products for smokers: clinical laboratory methodology.

Harm reduction for tobacco smokers may involve reducing their exposure to lethal smoke constituents. Assessing smoke constituent exposure and any resulting harm reduction from a potential reduced-exposure product (PREP) will involve preclinical, clinical, and epidemiological research. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a clinical laboratory model for assessing the acute effects of PREPs for smokers. Philip Morris' Accord and R.J. Reynolds' Eclipse were used as examples. Twenty overnight-abstinent smokers (> 15 'light' or 'ultra-light' cigarettes/day) participated in 4 Latin-square ordered, 2.5-hr sessions in which they completed an 8-puff smoking bout every 30 minutes. Sessions were separated by at least 24 hours and differed by product used: own brand, denicotinized tobacco cigarettes, Accord, or Eclipse. Tobacco withdrawal and carbon monoxide (CO) were assessed before and after smoking, heart rate was assessed before and during smoking, and puff volume, duration, and interpuff interval were assessed while subjects smoked. Blood was sampled at the beginning and end of each session. Relative to normal cigarettes, Accord was less effective at suppressing withdrawal and produced minimal CO boost despite the fact that, when using Accord, subjects took bigger and longer puffs. Eclipse suppressed withdrawal fully and increased CO boost by approximately 30%. Own brand, Accord, and Eclipse, but not denicotinized cigarettes, increased plasma nicotine concentration. Taken together, these results suggest that neither Accord nor Eclipse is likely to be an effective reduced-exposure product for smokers and that this clinical laboratory model is valuable.
Double skew-dual scaling: a conjoint scaling of two sets of objects related by a dominance matrix

Abstract Consider two sets of objects, { α 1 , …, α n } and { β 1 , …, β m , such as n subjects solving m tasks, or n stimuli presented first and m stimuli presented second in a pairwise comparison experiment. Let any pair ( α i , β j ) be associated with a real number a ij , interpreted as the degree of dominance of α i over β j (e.g., the probability of α i relating in a certain way to β j ). Intuitively, the problem addressed in this paper is how to conjointly, in a “naturally” coordinated fashion, characterize the α -objects and β -objects in terms of their overall tendency to dominate or be dominated. The gist of the solution is as follows. Let A denote the n × m matrix of a ij values, and let there be a class of monotonic transformations φ with nonnegative codomains. For a given φ , a complementary matrix B is defined so that φ ( a ij )+ φ ( b ij )= const , and one computes vectors D α and D β (the dominance values for α -objects and β -objects) by solving the equations φ ( A ) φ ( D β )/ Sigma; φ ( D β )= φ ( D α ) and φ ( B T ) φ ( D α )/ Σ φ ( D α )= φ ( D β ), where T is transposition, Σ is the sum of elements, and φ applies elementwise. One also computes vectors S α and S β (the subdominance values for α -objects and β -objects) by solving the equations φ ( B ) φ ( S β )/ Σ φ ( S β )= φ ( S α ) and φ ( A T ) φ ( S α )/ Σ φ ( S α )= φ ( S β ). The relationship between S -vectors and D -vectors is complex: intuitively, D α characterizes the tendency of an α -object to dominate β -objects with large dominance values, whereas S α characterizes the tendency of an α -objects to fail to dominate β -objects with large subdominance values. For classes containing more than one φ -transformation, one can choose an optimal φ as the one maximizing some measure of discrimination between individual elements of vectors φ ( D α ), φ ( D β ), φ ( S α ), and φ ( S β ), such as the product or minimum of these vectors' variances. The proposed analysis of dominance matrices has only superficial similarities with the classical dual scaling (Nishisato, 1980).
Perioperative fluid management and postoperative hyponatremia in children

Intravenous (IV) fluids are used ubiquitously when children undergo surgical procedures. Until recently, Holliday and Segar's guidelines for calculating maintenance fluids dictated fluid management strategies in postoperative pediatric patients. An increased recognition of hospital-acquired hyponatremia and its associated morbidity has led to a critical re-examination of IV fluid management in this population. Postsurgical patients are at high risk of developing hyponatremia due to the presence of non-osmotic stimuli for antidiuretic hormone release. Recent studies have established that, as they are administered in current practice, hypotonic maintenance fluids are associated with increased rates of hyponatremia. The best available data demonstrate that administration of isotonic fluid reduces hyponatremic risk. In this review, we discuss the collective data available on the subject and offer guidelines for fluid management and therapeutic monitoring.
Removal of ozone from the atmosphere by soil and vegetation

OZONE is the principal constituent of the photochemical smog that plagues many cities in the United States. Produced by the action of sunlight on the hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen emitted by vehicles and industry, concentrations of ozone greater than 25×1011 molecules cm−3 (1×1011 molecules cm−3 =0.4 parts per hundred million = 8 µg m−3), used as evidence of photochemical smog1, have been observed in Los Angeles for more than two decades2. Because of lower air temperatures, less sunshine and fewer vehicles, photochemical pollution was considered unlikely to occur in Western Europe but concentrations indicative of photochemical smog have now been reported from Germany3, the Netherlands4,5 and southern England6,7 on calm, sunny days. High concentrations of ozone cause respiratory difficulties in humans8 and damage many plants9 including crops10.
Structure, stability, and dielectric properties of chemically ordered relaxors in the Pb(Mg1/3Ta2/3)O3–PbZrO3 (PMT–PZ) system

Abstract The nano-scale phase separated domain structures of Pb(Mg 1/3 Ta 2/3 )O 3 (PMT) relaxors are shown to be metastable and responsive to high temperature heat treatments. For pure PMT the 2–3-nm ordered domains in an as-sintered sample coarsen to approximately four times their original size (∼8 nm) after thermal annealing at 1325°C for 48 h. The alterations in the domain coarsening and degree of cation order are greatly enhanced in solid solutions of PMT with PbZrO 3 (PZ). For 5–15 mol% substitutions fully 1:1 ordered microstructures comprised of ∼40-nm domains were stabilized after the same type of annealing. Quenching experiments revealed that the enhancements in the degree of order were related to a thermodynamic stabilization of the 1:1 order by the Zr cations. Models based on the random site description gave the most consistent interpretation of the cation ordering. The retention of a relaxor ferroelectric response in all the 1:1 ordered large domain PMT-PZ ceramics, indicates that randomness on one of the positions of the ordered structure, and not the chemical domain size, is the critical factor in inhibiting normal ferroelectric coupling.
Coding Generic Features For Recognition In A Neural Network

This paper describes an experiment in recognizing simple hand-drawn shapes on the basis of generic features which are psychologically motivated. A coarse coding scheme is used to represent the input features. The input features are mapped to the appropriate output category in a single-layer neural network using three different learning rules: the Hebbian rule, the Delta rule, and a modification of the Hebbian rule. The shape recognition algorithm was tested in three different domains with results comparable to conventional recognition techniques. The advantage of the scheme proposed here is its generality, and its ability to learn from examples.