cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
5. millennial sovereignty, total religion, and total politics

Discussions of kingship and sovereignty in early modern India have struggled to fully comprehend and assess the work and life of Akbar (r. 1556–1605), the celebrated and most famous ruler of the Mughal Empire. The Mughal emperor's incomparable energy and imagination had lit up, like never before in the history of Islam, the vast networks and institutions of knowledge and practice that could be deployed in the service of sacred kingship. Rather than demonstrate a local history of Indic kingship, Akbar's intersections with networks and institutions show a history that stretched back centuries and linked South Asia to post-Mongol Iran and Central Asia, and were the crucibles in which a “millennial science” was cultivated. The implications for studying “millennial science” extend beyond the early modern world and into a consideration of sovereignty in modern South Asia.
A 330μW 1.25ps 400fs-INL vernier time-to-digital converter with 2D reconfigurable spiral arbiter array and 2 nd -order ΔΣ linearization

This work presents an 8-bit 1.25ps resolution Vernier TDC with 2D reconfigurable spiral arbiter array and ΔΣ linearization for ADPLL. The 2D spiral arbiter array improves both linearity and detection range. The quantization errors introduced by delay cells and 2D arbiter array folding points are minimized using a reconfigurable arbiter array with 2nd order ΔΣ modulators. The prototype in a 45nm CMOS technology consumes 0.3mW power under a 1V power supply with 80MHz conversion rate. The measured maximum DNL/INL are 0.31/0.4 ps with ΔΣ linearization and 1.35/1.03 ps without ΔΣ linearization, respectively.
The 12C(n,α) Reaction and the Kerma Factor for Carbon at En = 14.1 MeV

Energy and angular distributions of alpha particles from the bombardment of carbon foils with 14.1-MeV neutrons were measured with a magnetic spectrometer. The observations included alpha particles...
John Dalton: The Recognition of Color Deficiency

John Dalton, famous as the originator of modern atomic theory, was also a seminal contributor to ophthalmology. Near 1794 he realized that his unusual naming of colors was more than semantic, and that he perceived them differently from most other people. Rather than accept this curiosity, he investigated. He found that others, including his brother and a number of men (but no women) shared his perceptions. He did a careful analysis of different colors, viewed under different types of lighting, and concluded that this inborn condition probably resulted from his vitreous having a blue tint. That conclusion was wrong (genetic analysis from his tissue proved him to be a deuteranope), but his seminal paper in 1798 was the first scientific analysis of color-deficiency and served to bring the condition into public awareness and further scientific study.
Quantitation of trans-fatty acids in human blood via isotope dilution-gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry

Trans-fatty acids (TFA) are geometric isomers of naturally occurring cis-fatty acids. High dietary TFA intake has been associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease. However, little is known about TFA levels in humans. To address this data need, we developed and validated a new isotope dilution-gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (ID-GC-NCI-MS) method for quantitation of 27 fatty acids (FA) including 4 major TFA in human plasma, serum, and red blood cells (RBC) from 66 donors. Quantitation was performed with 18 isotope labeled internal standards and results are presented in μM and % of total FA. This method has high sensitivity and specificity due to use of pentafluorobenzyl-bromide derivatization combined with NCI-MS and a 200m column to optimize positional and geometric FA isomer separation. The four major TFA, palmitelaidic acid, elaidic acid, trans-vaccenic acid, and linoelaidic acid, were detected in all samples, with median total TFA concentrations of 17.7μM in plasma, 19.6μM in serum, and 21.5μM in RBC. The % of total FA for the TFA was 0.20% in plasma, 0.20% in serum, and 0.30% in RBC. Patterns for % FA are similar to those reported in other studies. We developed a highly specific, ID-GC-NCI-MS method to quantitate TFA and other FA in humans.
DD3: Erlernte Phantasielosigkeit (April 2005)

Susanne Seffner (http://www.seffner-personal.de) verwendete in einer langeren Mail an mich die Worte „erlernte Phantasielosigkeit in der Gegenwart“.
Structural Aspects of Ionic Transport in Solid State Battery Materials

High conductivity solid electrolytes have been known since the 1830’s. At that time, Faraday, reported that PbF2. at red heat conducts electricity about as well as Pt. We now know that the high conductivity of PbF2 is the result of the rapid diffusion of F− ions through a relatively immobile Pb2+ sublattice. PbF2 was the first reported example of a solid electrolyte with high ionic conductivity.
“Dance: Walking and Self-Moving in Husserl and Merleau-Ponty”

In this study I look at the lived experience of dance as it is sensed by choreographer, dancer, and audience. In order to do this I consider works by Edmund Husserl that examine both ordinary and unusual bodily activities (self-moving, walking to the edge of Germany, bodies falling off the earth, etc.). I combine Husserl’s observations with ideas on the expressive body from Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s Phenomenology of Perception in order to lay the groundwork for a theory of dance texture based on specific actions within lived expression. In this trajectory the forms of choreography are never “ideal”, but always emanate from the aspirations of daily chores and daily gestures.
About possibility of alga Spirulina application for phytoremediation of water polluted with 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene.

Abstract The aim of presented work is to estimate remediation potential of the blue-green alga Spirulina (Spirulina platensis), in particular, its ability to uptake 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) that is one of the most widely used military high explosive and a dangerous pollutant of the environment. The obtained results show that Spirulina has high ability to adsorb TNT, and the uptake of TNT and/or its metabolites by Spirulina carried out via adsorption on surface of cellular hydrocarbons coat and then by their moving into vacuoles. The model experiments for testing the feasibility of the alga-based approach of phytoremediation technology were performed in reservoir with a volume of 40 L, with permanent air barbotage and illumination, at temperature 25C. The results of experiments indicate that Spirulina uptakes about 87% of toxicant from water polluted with 22.5 ppm TNT during 15 days, and its biomass accumulation decreases only by 38% compared to the reference variant, where the algae was cultivated in an uncontaminated medium. The results of model experiments signify that application of Spirulina Platensis as phytoremediator is an efficient tool for cleaning TNT-polluted water.
Structure-Based Identification of Potent Natural Product Chemotypes as Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Inverse Agonists.

Natural products are an abundant source of potential drugs, and their diversity makes them a rich and viable prospective source of bioactive cannabinoid ligands. Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) antagonists are clinically established and well documented as potential therapeutics for treating obesity, obesity-related cardiometabolic disorders, pain, and drug/substance abuse, but their associated CNS-mediated adverse effects hinder the development of potential new drugs and no such drug is currently on the market. This limitation amplifies the need for new agents with reduced or no CNS-mediated side effects. We are interested in the discovery of new natural product chemotypes as CB1 antagonists, which may serve as good starting points for further optimization towards the development of CB1 therapeutics. In search of new chemotypes as CB1 antagonists, we screened the in silico purchasable natural products subset of the ZINC12 database against our reported CB1 receptor model using the structure-based virtual screening (SBVS) approach. A total of 18 out of 192 top-scoring virtual hits, selected based on structural diversity and key protein–ligand interactions, were purchased and subjected to in vitro screening in competitive radioligand binding assays. The in vitro screening yielded seven compounds exhibiting >50% displacement at 10 μM concentration, and further binding affinity (Ki and IC50) and functional data revealed compound 16 as a potent and selective CB1 inverse agonist (Ki = 121 nM and EC50 = 128 nM) while three other compounds—2, 12, and 18—were potent but nonselective CB1 ligands with low micromolar binding affinity (Ki). In order to explore the structure–activity relationship for compound 16, we further purchased compounds with >80% similarity to compound 16, screened them for CB1 and CB2 activities, and found two potent compounds with sub-micromolar activities. Most importantly, these bioactive compounds represent structurally new natural product chemotypes in the area of cannabinoid research and could be considered for further structural optimization as CB1 ligands.
Grazing of Delphinium occidentale (duncecap larkspur) by susceptible and resistant cattle

ABSTRACT Delphinium spp. (larkspurs) often fatally poison grazing cattle. Angus cattle differing in susceptibility to larkspur poisoning were used to assess selection of larkspur (Delphinium occidentale) while grazing. During July 2015, 2016, and 2017, diet selection of 12 cattle (6 susceptible, 6 resistant) was determined for 2 to 3 wk. During 2015 resistant steers ate 6% of their diets as total larkspur compared with 7% (P > 0.34) for susceptible steers. During 2016 there was a treatment × date interaction (P = 0.02) for total larkspur consumption; resistant steers consumed more larkspur on 5 trial days than did susceptible steers. Overall, resistant steers ate 6% of their diets as larkspur compared with 3% for susceptible steers. During 2017 there was a treatment × date interaction (P = 0.03) for total larkspur consumption; resistant heifers consumed more larkspur on 2 trial days than did susceptible heifers. Overall, during 2017 resistant heifers ate 7% of their diets as larkspur compared with 3% for susceptible heifers. The average serum concentration of methyllycaconitine in severely intoxicated, susceptible animals was approximately 700 ng/mL compared with approximately 1,000 ng/mL for severely intoxicated, resistant animals. The only fatalities (2) were in susceptible animals. The diet selection and comparative responses of resistant and susceptible animals on rangeland appear to validate the phenotyping done in the laboratory but must be verified in a controlled setting. Selecting resistant cattle to graze larkspur-infested rangelands may reduce losses; however, further research is required to develop genetic biomarkers to identify such animals.
Automated CT and MRI Liver Segmentation and Biometry Using a Generalized Convolutional Neural Network.

Automated liver segmentation from CT and MRI data is feasible with a convolutional neural network, requiring relatively few image datasets for generalization to multiple imaging modalities and tech...
Phase Retrieval Using Gaussian Basis Functions

It is shown that an arbitrary wavefront can be represented using the superposition of Gaussian functions. Phase retrieval is demonstrated using nonlinear optimization based on Gaussian basis functions. It performs well for high-frequency modes.
Significance of automated external defibrillator in identifying lethal ventricular arrhythmias

Automated electrical defibrillator (AED) is critical in saving children who develop unexpected cardiac arrest (CA), but its diagnostic capacity is not fully acknowledged. Retrospective cohort study of patients with aborted sudden cardiac death (SCD) was performed. Twenty-five patients (14 males) aged 1.3 to 17.5 years who presented with CA survived with prompt cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Eighteen patients had no prior cardiac diagnosis. Cardiac arrest occurred in 10 patients with more than moderate exercise, in 7 with light exercise, and in 8 at rest (including one during sleep). Twenty-two patients were resuscitated with AED, all of which were recognized as a shockable cardiac rhythm. Thorough investigations revealed 6 ion channelopathies (4 catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, one long QT syndrome, and one Brugada syndrome), 5 congenital heart disease (including 2 with coronary artery obstruction), 6 cardiomyopathies, 2 myocarditis, and 2 miscellaneous. Four patients had no identifiable heart disease. In 5 patients, the downloaded AED-recorded rhythm strip delineated the underlying arrhythmias and their responses to electrical shocks. Four patients who presented with generalized seizure at rest were initially managed for seizure disorder until AED recording identified lethal ventricular arrhythmias. Conclusions: AED reliably identifies the underlying lethal ventricular arrhythmias in addition to aborting SCD.
Rotary ultrasonic machining of carbon fiber–reinforced plastic composites: effects of ultrasonic frequency

Rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM) is effective and efficient in cutting carbon fiber–reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites. With ultrasonic vibration assistance, both machining efficiency and machining effectiveness can be improved. Ultrasonic vibration has two major variables (including ultrasonic amplitude and ultrasonic frequency), which play important roles in RUM processes. Other intermediate variables, such as ultrasonic power and indentation depth, are directly related to these two variables. Effects of ultrasonic vibration amplitude have been extensively investigated in RUM hole making and surface machining processes. However, the effects of ultrasonic frequency in RUM have not been reported. The effects of ultrasonic frequency under different combinations of tool rotation speed, feed rate, and depth of cut on output variables, including cutting forces, surface roughness, and machined surface characteristics, are investigated, for the first time, in this study. The critical frequency is analyzed for the RUM process. Three different levels of ultrasonic frequencies are generated and applied to the RUM process. The kinematic motions of abrasive grains in RUM with different frequencies are analyzed and discussed. The results show that RUM with higher frequency of ultrasonic vibration is a more effective machining process, leading to cutting force reduction and the machined surface quality improvement.
Variance Risk in Global Markets

Innovations in volatility constitute a potentially important asset pricing risk factor that can be tested using the return on variance swaps. We characterize the exposures of returns on equities, bonds and currencies in all regions of the world to U.S. based equity variance risk. We explore implications for global risk premiums and asset return comovements using developed and emerging markets. Regional portfolios across all three asset classes and practically all countries exhibit negative loadings on the variance risk factor. These exposures, combined with the average return to the variance swap, provide statistically and economically signiﬁcant risk premiums, representing around 50% of the overall risk premiums implied by a simple three-factor model with global equity, bond, and variance risks. This simple three-factor model also explains a substantive fraction of the comovements between international assets. The ﬁt is best for equity correlations and is worse for currency and across asset class correlations.
Preservice teacher learning about parent involvement at four universities

A study of differences in the implementation of the Parent-Teacher Education Curriculum (PTEC) by four geographically and culturally diverse universities on preservice teacher (PST) learning about ...
Target acquired: transcriptional regulators as drug targets for protozoan parasites

Abstract Protozoan parasites are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that cause significant human disease and pose a substantial health and socioeconomic burden worldwide. They are responsible for at least 1 million deaths annually. The treatment of such diseases is hindered by the ability of parasites to form latent cysts, develop drug resistance, or be transmitted by insect vectors. Additionally, these pathogens have developed complex mechanisms to alter host gene expression. The prevalence of these diseases is predicted to increase as climate change leads to the augmentation of ambient temperatures, insect ranges, and warm water reservoirs. Therefore, the discovery of novel treatments is necessary. Transcription factors lie at the junction of multiple signalling pathways in eukaryotes and aberrant transcription factor function contributes to the progression of numerous human diseases including cancer, diabetes, inflammatory disorders and cardiovascular disease. Transcription factors were previously thought to be undruggable. However, due to recent advances, transcription factors now represent appealing drug targets. It is conceivable that transcription factors, and the pathways they regulate, may also serve as targets for anti-parasitic drug design. Here, we review transcription factors and transcriptional modulators of protozoan parasites, and discuss how they may be useful in drug discovery. We also provide information on transcription factors that play a role in stage conversion of parasites, TATA box-binding proteins, and transcription factors and cofactors that participate with RNA polymerases I, II and III. We also highlight a significant gap in knowledge in that the transcription factors of some of parasites have been under-investigated. Understanding parasite transcriptional pathways and how parasites alter host gene expression will be essential in discovering innovative drug targets.
Influence of steel fiber size, shape, and strength on the quasi-static properties of ultra-high performance concrete: Experimental investigation and numerical modeling

Abstract This investigation focused on identifying the impact of various types of steel fibers on the quasi-static mechanical behavior of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) through different laboratory experiments as well as their numerical modeling. UHPC specimens were fabricated with four steel fiber types: ZP305, Nycon type V, OL 10mm, and OL 6mm. Fiber shape and size had little impact on quasi-static properties of UHPC in compression, while they showed significant impact on flexural and tensile properties. The main benefits offered by the smaller fibers occurred prior to reaching the ultimate load carrying capacity. Once the ultimate strength was reached, larger fibers were more effective in bridging larger cracks. Numerical modeling of the presented experiments were performed using the Lattice Discrete Particle Model (LDPM) enriched with fibers effect. LDPM is a meso-scale model simulating concrete at the scale of coarse aggregate pieces, and it has been extensively used for the simulation of concrete mechanical behavior under various loading and environmental conditions. The extension of this model, the so-called LDPM-F, developed for the simulation of fiber-reinforced concrete, is employed in this research to verify and better understand the experimental observations.
Effects of moisture and temperature on Salmonella survivability in beef tallow, white grease, and chicken rendered fat.

High moisture levels introduced to fats after the rendering process can lead to Salmonella presence and growth. Limited research on strategies to eliminate pathogens in these environments are available. Rendered fat characteristics, such as water activity and fatty acids composition, may contribute to Salmonella survivability. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effects of moisture levels (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 3%), storage temperatures (48 and 76 ˚C), and fat characteristics on the growth and survival of Salmonella in beef tallow, white grease and poultry fat samples. Samples were inoculated with a high (~108 CFU/mL) and a low (~105 CFU/mL) Salmonella cocktail (S. Senftenberg, S. Newport, S. Thompson and S. Infantis). Samples were stored for up to 5 days at 48 and 76 oC. Remaining population was evaluated daily with and without enrichment step. Death rates were calculated using Weibull model for each temperature and moisture level. Only temperature had an effect (P < 0.05) on Salmonella inactivation, while no effect between moisture and/or inoculum level were observed. When all products were challenged at 76 ˚C, counts were below detectable limits after 6 hours. At 48˚C a progressive decline in Salmonella population was observed within 3 days for both beef tallow and white grease when high inoculum was used for the challenge study. Salmonella was below detectable limit within 4 days for both fat types when a low inoculum was instead applied. This research identified the effect of moisture and temperature in rendered fat samples contaminated with Salmonella and underlined the need to use time-moisture-temperature data to minimize microbial growth during transportation and storage.
Fibroblast growth factor and kidney disease: Updates for emerging novel therapeutics.

The discovery of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) provided a profound new insight into physiological and metabolic functions. FGF has a large family by having divergent structural elements and enable functional divergence and specification. FGF and FGFRs are highly expressed during kidney development. Signals from the ureteric bud regulate morphogenesis, nephrogenesis, and nephron progenitor survival. Thus, FGF signaling plays an important role in kidney progenitor cell aggregation at the sites of new nephron formation. This review will summarize the current knowledge about functions of FGF signaling in kidney development and their ability to promote regeneration in injured kidneys and its use as a biomarker and therapeutic target in kidney diseases. Further studies are essential to determine the predictive significance of the various FGF/FGFR deviations and to integrate them into clinical algorithms.
Design Considerations, Demonstration, and Benchmarking of Silicon Microcold Plate and Monolithic Microfluidic Cooling for 2.5D ICs

In this paper, we evaluate the use of silicon microfluidic cooling in conjunction with 3D printing techniques to create an ultra-low profile cooling system tailored for 2.5D packages. We present the thermal challenges in 2.5D devices including higher aggregate package power and thermal coupling, and use finite volume and finite difference modeling to demonstrate both thermal and electrical benefits of implementing a microfluidic cooling solution. A field-programmable gate array (FPGA) package with five discrete dice is used as the test vehicle for experimental demonstration. Two discrete implementations of the microfluidic heat-sink are demonstrated: an attached silicon cooler where micropin-fin heat-sink is etched on a separate piece of silicon, and a monolithic cooler with the micropin-fins etched directly into the backside of the dice. Both are capped with low-profile 3D printed fluid delivery manifolds. We demonstrate very low junction-to-inlet thermal resistance values of 0.094 °C/W with the attached microfluidic silicon cooler and 0.074° C/W with the monolithic heat sink for the FPGA core die.
China's Foreign Investment and Assistance: Implications for Cambodia's Development and Democratization

With a strong economy and newly acquired confidence following three decades of rapid economic expansion, China has pursued an outward looking policy based upon foreign direct investment, development assistance and trade targeting particularly the developing world. Such expansion has drawn concerns over its impact on human rights, democratization and the environment. This paper assesses these concerns by examining SinoCambodia relations over the past sixteen years. It concludes that while trade, development assistance, and investment have had positive effects on Cambodia’s economic development, concerns that these engagements have derailed deeper democratization in Cambodia are not deterministic. Cambodia’s authoritarian trajectory is less a product of China’s engagement and more of the Cambodian elites’ defiance of Western efforts at democratic promotion and belief in state developmentalism—economic prosperity with tight political
Breaking the Cycle: Association of Attending Therapy Following Childhood Abuse and Subsequent Perpetration of Violence

Despite “cycle of violence” (Widom Psychological Bulletin, 106, 3–28, 1989, p. 4) theories prevailing for the past 30 years, few studies have looked at the empirical relationship between experiencing childhood physical abuse and becoming perpetrators of violence in adulthood. Those studies that do exist omit consideration of intervening therapeutic experiences. In the present study, archival data from an outpatient mental health clinic was used to examine whether therapeutic experiences mediate the relationship between experiencing childhood physical abuse by a parental figure and subsequent involvement as a perpetrator of physical violence. Treatment-seeking individuals (N = 816) responded to three items about whether they had experiences of childhood physical abuse, whether they acted violently in adulthood, and whether they had ever before received counseling or therapy. Past counseling/psychotherapy treatment was a significant mediator between experiencing childhood physical abuse and perpetrating physical violence in adulthood, even after controlling for the effect of the victims’ gender. Findings suggest that psychotherapeutic experiences after experiencing childhood physical abuse may decrease the likelihood of perpetrating violence in adulthood. Limitations, implications, and directions for future research are discussed.
Experiments in Robot Control from Uncalibrated Overhead Imagery

In this work we address the problem of controlling a ground robot based on aeria l image feedback in real time. We present an analysis of the relationship between a robot's ground velocity and the velocity of it's projection in the image. We also show how a subset of the parameters of the homography relating the ground plane and the image plane can be extracted from motion correspondences and subsequently used in a sample control task . Further, we extend our analysis to the case of robot control from a moving overhead camer a using image feedback. The experimental implementation and validation of the schemes we have presented is one of the central goals of this paper .
Geo-Social-RBAC: A Location-Based Socially Aware Access Control Framework

The ubiquity of low-cost GPS-enabled mobile devices and the proliferation of online social networks have enabled the collection of rich geo-social information that includes the whereabouts of the users and their social connections. This information can be used to provide a rich set of access control policies that ensure that resources are utilized securely. Existing literature focuses on providing access control systems that control the access solely based on either the location of the users or their social connections. In this paper, we argue that a number of real-world applications demand an access control model that effectively captures both the geographic as well as the social dimensions of the users in a given location. We propose, Geo-social-RBAC, a new role based access control model that allows the inclusion of geo-social constraints as part of the access control policy. Our model, besides capturing the locations of a user requesting access and her social connections, includes geo-social cardinality constraints that dictate how many people related by a particular social relation need to be present in the required locations at the time of an access. The model also allows specification of geo-social and location trace constraints that may be used to dictate if an access needs to be granted or denied.
Detecting local symmetry axis in 3-dimensional virus structures

This paper presents an efficient computational method to identify a local symmetry axis in 3-dimensional viral structures obtained using electron cryomicroscopy. Local symmetry is frequently observed in viral structures. Many virus structures have various types of local symmetry such as 2-fold, 3-fold and 6-fold that exist in certain limited regions on the 3-dimensional structure. Locations of local symmetry axes can be used in structure averaging as well as in detecting small structural variations among different copies of the same protein. We present a computational method that uses two-dimensional local correlation to identify the local symmetry axis in 3-dimensional viral structures. Instead of enumerating all the possible orientations of the symmetry axis, this method starts with a visually identified orientation and detects the trace of the axis, from which the exact orientation of the axis can be calculated. The complexity of this algorithm is analysed, and a comparison with a naive method is provided. This method is able to detect the symmetry axis fairly accurately if the initial orientation of the axis is within 20° from the z---axis, the viewing axis. The application of this method of herpes simplex virus B capsid structure obtained using electron cryomicroscopy technique is also presented.
Minimal requirements for inhibition of MraY by lysis protein E from bacteriophage ΦX174

The DNA phage ΦX174 encodes the integral membrane protein E whose expression leads to host cell lysis by inhibition of the peptidoglycan synthesis enzyme MraY. Here we use mutagenesis to characterize the molecular details of the E lysis mechanism. We find that a minimal 18-residue region with the modified wild-type sequences of the conserved transmembrane helix of E is sufficient to lyse host cells and that specific residues within and at the boundaries of this helix are important for activity. This suggests that positioning of the helix in the membrane is critical for interactions with MraY. We further characterize the interaction site of the transmembrane helix with MraY demonstrating E forms a stable complex with MraY. Triggering cell lysis by peptidoglycan synthesis inhibition is a traditional route for antimicrobial strategies. Understanding the mechanism of bacterial cell lysis by E will provide insights into new antimicrobial strategies using re-engineered E peptides.
Efficiency-inducing taxation for a monopolistically supplied depletable resource

We show that for a depletable resource, if the competitive time path of prices is known, and if the profit function is concave, then there is an easily described time path of taxes and/or subsidies that would induce a monopolist to follow an efficient time path of extraction.
Studies of toxicity and enzyme activity resulting from interaction between chlorinated hydrocarbon and carbamate insecticides

Abstract Pretreatment of rats with chlordane or aldrin markedly decreased the acute oral toxicity of Banol and slightly decreased that of Mobam. Aldrin and chlordane administration caused an increase in serum and liver AliE activities and no change in liver and brain ChE activities. Single oral doses of Banol decreased liver and brain ChE activities, and liver and serum AliE activities, but did not inhibit serum AliE at a dosage level less than the LD 50 . Mobam inhibited the activities of liver and brain ChE and liver and serum AliE. Banol in aldrin-pretreated rats inhibited serum AliE more, liver AliE the same, and brain and liver ChE slightly less than when administered alone. Banol in chlordane-pretreated rats inhibited liver and brain ChE and liver AliE to the same degree, and serum AliE to a greater degree than when given alone. Mobam in aldrin-pretreated rats did not change liver or serum AliE activities, but did decrease activities of brain and liver ChE less than when given alone. Mobam in chlordane-pretreated rats inhibited liver ChE less than when given alone, and had no effect on brain ChE, or on liver or serum AliE. These changes in inhibitory activity when carbamates were administered to rats pretreated with chlorinated hydrocarbons were probably not large enough to explain the protective effect noted. Aldrin protected against Banol as well as did chlordane, yet the enzyme activities were different. Protection against Mobam was less, but the effects on enzyme systems were roughly paralleled by those produced by Banol.
Root fracture and the design of prefabricated posts.

The derived signal is then converted to an analog signal for x-y recording and a digital signal for readout. A chart recorder takes the analog signal and displays it in an x-y format where the ordinate is torque (calibrated in inch-ounces) and the abscissa is angular rotation. The angular signal is developed from a five-turn precision potentiometer geared to the output rotor of the transducer (Fig. 1). Calibration of the system was accomplished according to the manufacturer’s procedure followed by application of a known fixed torque to a calibrated weight and beam. A correction of +3 inch-ounces was added to the measured readings as a calibration factor. The system was designed to generate a maximum torque of 200 inch-ounces; that magnitude was not exceeded during the experiment. Fig. 2. Resin, Silastic membrane, and tooth block in place in the XYZ movable fixture.
Thermal noise in space-charge-limited solid-state diodes

Abstract The spectral intensity Sv for the open-circuit noise voltage and the spectral intensity St for the short-circuit noise current and their interrelationship for the thermal noise in a space-charge-limited solid-state diode have been obtained by solving Langevin's equation. These results make it possible to resolve the differences between two existing theories by revealing an invalid assumption in one of them.
Public-key support for group collaboration

This paper characterizes the security of group collaboration as being a product not merely of cryptographic algorithms and coding practices, but also of the man-machine process of group creation. We show that traditional security mechanisms do not properly address the needs of a secured collaboration and present a research prototype, called NGC (next generation collaboration), that was designed to meet those needs. NGC distinguishes itself in the care with which the man-machine process was analyzed and shaped to improve the security of the whole process. We include a detailed analysis of the problem of binding a name to a key, traditionally thought to be the province of PKI, but we show that the SDSI local name concept produces a result with superior security to that produced by standard PKI.
Application of topological techniques to the analysis of asymptotic behavior of numerical solutions of a reaction-diffusion equation

The initial boundary value problem for a reaction-diffusion equation \[ (*)\quad u_t = u_{xx} + f(u),\quad f(u) = - u(u - b)(u - 1),\quad 0 < b < \frac{1}{{2}},\] was analysed in [2], [10] by using the Conley index. In this paper we study the asymptotic behavior of solutions of the semidiscrete approximations \[ (**)\quad \dot u_i = {{(u_{i - 1} - 2u_i + u_{i + 1} )} / {h^2 + f(u_i )}},\quad i = 1, \cdots ,n.\] We show that for large n the spectrum of the linearized discrete steady-state problem is a “good” approximation for the spectrum of the linearized continuous steady-state problem. Using the interpretation of the Conley index as the dimension of an unstable manifold of a steady-state solution, we establish that the properties of solutions of (**) are completely analogous to those of the solutions of (*). The asymptotic, as $t \to \infty $, second order convergence of the approximate solutions is proved.
A Technique To Aid In The Design Of Optimal Robots For Use In Space Applications

A method is presented which gives robot designers a starting point for designing 'optimal' robots for space applications. Test results on a robot kinematically similar to a Puma 560 are summarized, indicating the inadequacies of current kinematic design. The work that still needs to be done to achieve a full, working system is described.
The Rain versus Snow Threshold Temperatures

(1974). The Rain versus Snow Threshold Temperatures. Weatherwise: Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 67-67.
Simulation of Tonal Noise Generation by Supersonic Impinging Jets

Large-eddy simulations are performed using high-fidelity numerical schemes developed for turbulence simulations and computational aeroacoustics to study near-ideally expanded and tone-producing supersonic jets vertically impinging on a large flat plate. The simulations compute the complex interaction of the supersonic jet with the flat impingement plane and directly provide the noise generated by this interaction. Two jet-operating temperatures, which correspond to isothermal and heated conditions, are considered in the simulations. The simulation results from both cases are examined to investigate the intense tonal noise generation arising from the jet impingement. The comparisons between the simulation results and the corresponding experimental measurements generally show a reasonable agreement and provide credibility to the quality of the simulation predictions. The simulations reveal important details about the problem of interest, which are not observable from the experiments. A dynamic mode decompos...
Factors Affecting Thromboembolism Associated with Prosthetic Heart Valves

The incidence of thromboembolism after insertion of prosthetic cardiac valves is related to the type of prosthesis and in the cases reviewed here was highest for the ball-valve prosthesis. The risk of thromboembolism was studied by constructing actuarial curves showing the proportion of patients with embolism at increasing time intervals postoperatively. Such curves for the patients studied suggest that the risk of thromboembolism diminishes with time, particularly by the third postoperative year. The risk was remarkably similar for patients having aortic, mitral, and multiplevalve replacements, being 15% for the first 6 postoperative months, another 8% for the next 6 months, and another 20% for the next 2 years. Emboli lodged in cerebral, coronary, renal, and other sites in these patients in diminishing frequency. The risk of fatality averaged 15%. None of the nonfatal embolisms resulted in significant continuing disability, save for 7% of the cerebral embolisms. A beneficial effect of anticoagulation wa...
Plasma density, temperature and turbulence in the wake of the Shuttle Orbiter

In situ observations of the plasma density, temperature, and turbulence in the near wake, midwake, and far wake of the Shuttle Orbiter are presented. The results show that the plasma disturbances produced by the passage of the Orbiter extend downstream for a distance of several hundred meters behind the Orbiter. It is found that the electron density profile exhibits nonmonotonic behavior, and that most of the 6-40-Hz turbulence in the wake is confined to a region about 20 m downstream of the Orbiter. The saturation Delta N(e)/N(e) spectra rapidly decline in the 10,000-100,000-Hz decade, both in the ambient ionosphere and in the wake.
Gene expression in giant cell myocarditis: Altered expression of immune response genes.

Abstract Background Giant cell myocarditis is a rapidly progressive and often fatal condition without a clear etiology or treatment. A better understanding of giant cell myocarditis pathogenesis is critical to developing treatments to prevent progression and reverse damage. We compared the gene expression of giant cell myocarditis with that of nonfailing hearts. Methods Left ventricular samples from two giant cell myocarditis patients harvested during ventricular assist device placement and six unused donor hearts were examined using Affymetrix U133A microarrays. Differential gene expression was defined with a Bonferroni-adjusted p value ≤0.05 from a Student's t -test and an absolute fold change ≥2.0. Select gene expression was confirmed with quantitative PCR. Results Of 115 differentially expressed genes, most were upregulated in giant cell myocarditis and involved in immune response, transcriptional regulation, and metabolism. T-cell activation genes included chemokine receptor 4; chemokine ligands 5, 9, 13, and 18; interleukin-10 receptor alpha; and beta-2 integrin. Conclusions Gene expression analysis of giant cell myocarditis offers novel insights into its pathogenesis, namely the role of T-cell activators of the Th1 subset and immune response genes previously implicated in heart failure. This forms the basis for future work aimed at defining novel therapeutic targets for giant cell myocarditis.
Vibrational spectra of vapor-deposited binary phosphosilicate glasses

Abstract Room temperature infrared transmission spectra in the range 4000-250 cm −1 of binary phosphosilicate glass (PSG) films deposited by reacting argon- or nitrogen-diluted PH 3 SiH 4 O 2 mixtures on heated silicon substrates at 300–400° C have been obtained across the whole composition range. In all the as-deposited binary films, an absorption at ≈1300 cm −1 characteristics of the P=O vibration was found to persist, together with a couple of broad absorptions in the regions 1200-900 cm −1 and 500 cm −1 . Using a differential infrared technique the broad feature in the higher frequency region has been resolved into two well-defined bands at ≈1100 and 970 cm −1 . A detailed analysis shows that the intensity variation of the differential band at ≈1100 cm −1 conforms well, at least to 50 mol% P 2 O 5 , to a simple structural model that yields an analytic distribution of POSi linkages as a function of composition by assuming chemical mixing in the vapor-deposited P 2 O 5 SiO 2 system. Furthermore, the system may be written as (P=O) 2 O 3 SiO 2 in order to emphasize the similarity of its coordination scheme with that of the B 2 O 3 SiO 2 system studied earlier. The nature of these CVD films has also been elucidated by thermal and water treatments.
Persistent Increases of BAL Neutrophils as a Predictor of Mortality Following Lung Transplant

Study objectives To evaluate whether findings from surveillance bronchoscopy predict survival following lung transplantation. Design Retrospective review and analysis of 498 bronchoscopies with transbronchial biopsy (TBB) and BAL performed in 34 patients after lung transplantation. Setting University-based, tertiary referral medical center. Patients Thirty-four patients after lung transplantation. The mean age at transplantation was 49 ± 9 years; 20 (59%) were female. Twenty-four (71%) underwent single and 10 (29%) underwent bilateral lung transplantation. The most common pretransplantation diagnostic groups were emphysema/COPD without concomitant α 1 -antiprotease deficiency (n = 13) and other obstructive disease processes (n = 10). Interventions Over follow-up, subjects underwent multiple bronchoscopies with TBB and BAL. The median number per subject was 15 (25 to 75% range 13 to 17). Measurements and results We calculated the overall median BAL WBCs and median percent neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMNs]) among all of the BALs performed for each subject. We then calculated the mean ± SD of those median values. We used Cox proportionate hazards to assess mortality risk. The median overall follow-up observation period for the cohort was 560 days. There were 11 deaths during this period. Twenty-four subjects (71%) had acute rejection (AR) grades 2 to 4 (mild to severe), and nine (27%) had obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) diagnosed by TBB at any point. The mean value for BAL WBCs was 366 ± 145 × 10 3 per milliliter; for percentage PMNs, the mean was 7 ± 10%. Adjusting for age, gender, single vs bilateral lung transplantation, pretransplantation diagnostic group, presence of AR, presence of OB, BAL WBC concentration, and lymphocyte CD4/CD8 ratio, PMN percent was a significant predictor of mortality (p = 0.02). Conclusions Ongoing inflammation manifested by an increased percentage PMNs over repeated bronchoscopies predicts mortality following lung transplantation. Biopsy data alone may be insufficient to identify posttransplantation patients at risk of poor outcome.
Radiation hard silicon microstrip detectors for Tevatron experiments

Abstract The Silicon Microstrip Tracking detectors at the CDF and D0 experiments have now been operating for almost three years at Fermilab. These detectors were designed originally for an integrated luminosity of 2 fb−1. As the expected luminosity for Run IIb at the Tevatron collider was initially envisioned to reach 15 fb−1, radiation tolerances of both devices were revisited, culminating in proposals for new systems. With reduced expectations for total luminosity at ≈6 fb−1, the full detector-replacement projects were terminated. The CDF detector is expected nevertheless to cope efficiently with the lower anticipated dose, however, the D0 experiment is planning a smaller-scale project: a Layer-0 (L0) upgrade of the silicon tracker (D0SMT). The new device will fit between the beam line and the inner layer of the current Tracker. Built of single-sided sensors, this upgrade is expected to perform well in the harsh radiation environment, and be able to withstand an integrated luminosity of 15 fb−1. Prototypes of Run IIb sensors were irradiated using 10 MeV protons at the tandem Van de Graaff at the James R. McDonald Laboratory at Kansas State University. A fit to the 10 MeV proton data yields a damage parameter α p = 11 × 1 0 - 17 A cm . This is consistent with results from RD48 ( α p = 9.9 × 1 0 - 17 A cm ). The scaling of damage to 1 MeV neutron fluence uses a hardness factor ( κ ) derived from the non-ionizing components of the energy loss (NEIL). NEIL predicts a hardness factor of 3.87 for 10 MeV protons. We obtained an experimental value of this factor of 2.54, or 34% smaller than scaling predictions from NEIL.
Structure, function, and regulation of amidophosphoribosyltransferase from prokaryotes

Recent studies on the structure, function and regulation of amidophosphoribosyltransferase from E. coli and B. subtilis are reviewed and these properties compared with those of the enzyme from eukaryotes. The availability of large amounts of stable enzyme from the two microbial sources has facilitated the recent studies. The enzyme subunits from E. coli and B. subtilis are of similar size, 56, 395 and approximately 50,000, respectively. Catalytic properties and patterns for allosteric inhibition are similar but not identical. There are two major differences between these enzymes. In contrast to the enzyme from E. coli, B. subtilis amidophosphoribosyltransferase contains an essential Fe-S center. In addition, the enzyme from B. subtilis but not E. coli is inactivated in stationary phase by an oxygen-dependent mechanism which appears to have regulatory significance. As a consequence of the Fe-S center B. subtilis amidophosphoribosyltransferase is oxygen-sensitive in vitro. Amidophosphoribosyltransferase from mammalian sources is similar to the B. subtilis enzyme in its oxygen-sensitivity which may result from an Fe-S center. The amino acid sequence of E. coli amidophosphoribosyltransferase was deduced from the DNA sequence of the purF structural gene. The primary translation product contains 504 amino acid residues. Met-1 is removed by processing leaving an NH2-terminal cysteine residue. The NH2-terminal cysteine was specifically alkylated by the glutamine affinity analog 6-diazo-5-oxonorleucine and is thus identified as the cysteine residue involved in formation of the glutaminyl-enzyme covalent intermediate. The mechanism for glutamine utilization appears identical to other glutamine amido-transferases. Sequence homology was not detected in the glutamine amide transfer domains of E. coli anthranilate synthase and amidophosphoribosyltransferase.