cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identifying grain-size dependent errors on global forest area estimates and carbon studies

[1] Satellite-derived coarse-resolution data are typically used for conducting global analyses. But the forest areas estimated from coarse-resolution maps (e.g., 1 km) inevitably differ from a corresponding fine-resolution map (such as a 30-m map) that would be closer to ground truth. A better understanding of changes in grain size on area estimation will improve our ability to quantify bias and uncertainty, and provide more accurate estimates of forest area and associated carbon stocks and fluxes. We simulated that global forest area estimated from a 1-km land-cover map (the most practical and finest resolution currently used for global applications) was 947,573 km2 less than that of its corresponding 30-m map (excluding Antarctic and Greenland). This amount of forest could produce 0.57 ± 0.01 petagrams of carbon per year (PgC/yr) as NPP or 0.11 ± 0.002 PgC/yr as NEP equivalent to 4% of the 2.9 PgC/yr missing carbon sink in the 1990s. The most significant underestimation of forest area was in the temperate zone (the more uncertain region regarding the “missing carbon sink”) while a relatively small overestimation occurred in the tropic zone as the grain size of satellite-derived land-cover maps increases from 30 m to 1 km.
Bilateral endoscopic craniectomies in the treatment of an infant with Apert syndrome: Case report

Patients with Apert syndrome commonly present with ocular proptosis due to bilateral coronal craniosynostosis and midfacial hypoplasia. Severe proptosis can cause visual compromise and damage, which is most commonly treated with bilateral orbital frontal advancement. The authors present the case of a patient who was treated at 8 weeks of age with endoscope-assisted bilateral coronal craniectomies followed by treatment with a custom-made postoperative cranial orthosis. The patient underwent the procedure without any complications. Over the ensuing months, the patient's proptosis corrected, the forehead and orbital rims advanced without the need for an orbital frontal advancement and craniotomies. This approach may provide an alternative treatment modality for these patients.
Practical security scheme design for resource-constrained wireless networks

The implementation of ubiquitous computing (or pervasive computing) can leverage various types of resource-constrained wireless networks such as wireless sensor networks and wireless personal area networks. These resource-constrained wireless networks are vulnerable to many malicious attacks that often cause leakage, alteration and destruction of critical information due to the insecurity of wireless communication and the tampers of devices. Meanwhile, the constraints of resources, the lack of centralized management, and the demands of mobility of these networks often make traditional security mechanisms inefficient or infeasible. So, the resource-constrained wireless networks pose new challenges for information assurance and call for practical, efficient and effective solutions. In this research, we focus on wireless sensor networks and aim at enhancing confidentiality, authenticity, availability and integrity, for wireless sensor networks. Particularly, we identify three important problems as our research targets: (1) key management for wireless sensor networks (for confidentiality), (2) filtering false data injection and DoS attacks in wireless sensor networks (for authenticity and availability), and (3) secure network coding (for integrity). We investigate a diversity of malicious attacks against wireless sensor networks and design a number of practical schemes for establishing pairwise keys between sensor nodes, filtering false data injection and DoS attacks, and securing network coding against pollution attacks for wireless sensor networks. Our contributions from this research are fourfold: (1) We give a taxonomy of malicious attacks for wireless sensor networks. (2) We design a group-based key management scheme using deployment knowledge for wireless sensor networks to establish pair-wise keys between sensor nodes. (3) We propose an en-route scheme for filtering false data injection and DoS attacks in wireless sensor networks. (4) We present two efficient schemes for securing normal and XOR network coding against pollution attacks. Simulation and experimental results show that our solutions outperform existing ones and are suitable for resource-constrained wireless sensor networks in terms of computation overhead, communication cost, memory requirement, and so on.
RNA interference, transposons, and the centromere.

Centromeres evolve rapidly and display a remarkable lack of sequence conservation ([Henikoff et al., 2001][1]). They can be small (125 bp in Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) or large (9 million bp in maize) and show a relatively ordered arrangement of long repeats ( Schizosaccharomyces pombe ) or a wider
Scalable Parallel Implementation of Bayesian Network to Junction Tree Conversion for Exact Inference

We present a scalable parallel implementation for converting a Bayesian network to a junction tree, which can then be used for a complete parallel implementation for exact inference. We explore parallelism during the process of moralization, triangulation, clique identification, junction tree construction and potential table calculation. For an arbitrary Bayesian network with n vertices using p processors, the worst-case running time is shown to be O(n^2w/p+wr^wn/p+n log p), where w is the clique width and r is the number of states of the random variables. Our algorithm is scalable over 1 \leqslant p \leqslant nw/ log n. We have implemented our parallel algorithm using OpenMP and experimented with up to 128 processors. We consider three types of Bayesian networks: linear, balanced and random. While the state of the art PNL library implementation does not scale, we achieve speedups of 31, 29 and 24 for the above graphs respectively on the DataStar cluster at San Diego Supercomputing Center.
The validity of the Constructional subtests of the Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests.

This study was designed to examine the validity of the Design Copying and Constructional Praxis subtests of the Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests (SIPT) (Ayres, 1989) through an examination of convergent validity and the use of contrast groups. The subjects were 39 children aged 5 to 8 years. Of these children, 21 had learning disabilities and 18, who served as the control group, had no learning disabilities. The subjects were administered the SIPT as well as four other standardized measures of constructional abilities: the Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (Beery, 1980), the Block Design subtest of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (Wechsler, 1974), the Primary Visual Motor Test (Haworth, 1970), and the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (Waber & Holmes, 1985). The results indicated that the children with learning disabilities performed significantly more poorly than did the control subjects on both the Design Copying and Constructional Praxis subtests. These two subtests showed moderately high correlations (.46 to .71) with the other tests of constructional abilities when both groups were combined. Correlations were mostly in the moderate range for the children with learning disabilities but were generally not significant for the control sample. The results are discussed in terms of task demands and subject variability.
Theory and Advanced Practice Nursing

The purpose of this column is to show the differences and similarities between theory and process. A process outlined by the authors is related to caring.
Cost-effectiveness of screening for colorectal cancer in the general population.

ContextA recent expert panel recommended that persons at average risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) begin screening for CRC at age 50 years using 1 of several strategies. However, many aspects of different CRC screening strategies remain uncertain.ObjectiveTo assess the consequences, costs, and cost-effectiveness of CRC screening in average-risk individuals.DesignCost-effectiveness analysis from a societal perspective using a Markov model.SubjectsHypothetical subjects representative of the 50-year-old US population at average risk for CRC.SettingSimulated clinical practice in the United States.Main Outcome MeasuresDiscounted lifetime costs, life expectancy, and incremental cost-effectiveness (CE) ratio, compared used 22 different CRC screening strategies, including those recommended by the expert panel.ResultsIn 1 base-case analysis, compliance was assumed to be 60% with the initial screen and 80% with follow-up or surveillance colonoscopy. The most effective strategy for white men was annual rehydrated fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) plus sigmoidoscopy (followed by colonoscopy if either a low- or high-risk polyp was found) every 5 years from age 50 to 85 years, which resulted in a 60% reduction in cancer incidence and an 80% reduction in CRC mortality compared with no screening, and an incremental CE ratio of $92,900 per year of life gained compared with annual unrehydrated FOBT plus sigmoidoscopy every 5 years. In a base-case analysis in which compliance with screening and follow-up is assumed to be 100%, screening more often than every 10 years was prohibitively expensive; annual rehydrated FOBT plus sigmoidoscopy every 5 years had an incremental CE ratio of $489,900 per life-year gained compared with the same strategy every 10 years. Other strategies recommended by the expert panel were either less effective or cost more per year of life gained than the alternatives. Colonoscopy every 10 years was less effective than the combination of annual FOBT plus sigmoidoscopy every 5 years. However, a single colonoscopy at age 55 years achieves nearly half of the reduction in CRC mortality obtainable with colonoscopy every 10 years. Because of increased life expectancy among white women and increased cancer mortality among blacks, CRC screening was even more cost-effective in these groups than in white men.ConclusionsScreening for CRC, even in the setting of imperfect compliance, significantly reduces CRC mortality at costs comparable to other cancer screening procedures. However, compliance rates significantly affect the incremental CE ratios. In this model of CRC, 60% compliance with an every 5-year schedule of screening was roughly equivalent to 100% compliance with an every 10-year schedule. Mathematical modeling used to inform clinical guidelines needs to take into account expected compliance rates.
Pharmacology of Caffeine

The widespread societal use of caffeine-containing beverages has engendered extensive interest in the pharmacological mechanisms underlying the in vivo effects of caffeine, and to a lesser extent the other naturally occurring methylxanthines, namely, theophylline and theobromine. Caffeine is ingested primarily because of mild central stimulant properties, whereby it tends to increase vigilance and defer sleep. Research, therefore, has focused primarily on the pharmacological effects of caffeine relevant to the central nervous system. The pharmacology of methylxanthines, in particular caffeine, has been reviewed in detail (Daly, 1993; Fredholm, Arslan, Johansson, Kull, & Svenningsson, 1997; Nehlig, 1994) and the present chapter will attempt only a succinct overview without extensive citations of the literature covered in those reviews.
Studies on the role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in chick embryonic development.

Abstract Vitamin D-deficient laying hens were repleated with 25-hydroxy[26,27- 3 H]vitamin D 3 or 1,25-dihydroxy[26,27- 3 H]vitamin D 3 . Egg production returned to normal for both groups of hens by the third week. Eggs from hens fed either 25-hydroxy[26,27- 3 H]vitamin D 3 or 1,25-dihydroxy[26,27- 3 H]vitamin D 3 contained 1,25-dihydroxy[26,27- 3 H]vitamin D 3 . Eggs from hens fed 25-hydroxy[26,27- 3 H]vitamin D 3 contained substantial amounts of 25-hydroxy[26,27- 3 H]vitamin D 3 , while those from hens fed 1,25-dihydroxy[26,27- 3 H]vitamin D 3 contained none. Plasma from 18-day embryos from hens fed 1,25-dihydroxy[26,27- 3 H]vitamin D 3 contained little or no 1,25-dihydroxy[26,27- 3 H]vitamin D 3 , while that from 18-day embryos from hens given 25-hydroxy[26,27- 3 H]vitamin D 3 had normal levels of 1,25-dihydroxy[26,27- 3 H]vitamin D 3 . No eggs from hens fed 1,25-dihydroxy [26,27- 3 H]vitamin D 3 hatched, while eggs from hens fed 25-hydroxy[26,27- 3 H]vitamin D 3 achieved a hatchability of 90%. It appears that embryos from hens maintained on 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 as their sole source of vitamin D are essentially vitamin D deficient.
Development of a sleep diary for chronic pain patients

The present study examined the psychometric properties of the Daily Sleep Diary (DSD), an instrument developed for monitoring sleep among chronic pain patients. As part of a comprehensive evaluation, 46 chronic pain patients completed the DSD each morning. Items assessed the number of hours slept, length of sleep onset, frequency of awakenings during the night that resulted in trouble falling back to sleep, early morning awakening, quality of sleep, lack of restfulness, and the previous night's sleep compared to usual sleep. Reliability coefficients were significant. The sleep diary items significantly correlated with other retrospective measures of sleep. Duration of pain complaint was related to delayed sleep onset and lower quality of sleep. Pain severity was related to fewer hours slept and delayed sleep onset. The DSD items correlated with measures of both depression and anxiety. The results emphasize the importance of including sleep in both assessment and treatment of chronic pain patients.
The Effect of Creatine Intake on Renal Function

OBJECTIVE:To examine the effect of creatine supplementation on renal function and estimates of creatinine clearance.DATA SOURCES:A MEDLINE search was conducted (1966—September 2004) using the key terms creatine, creatinine, kidney function tests, drug toxicity, and exercise. Relevant articles were cross-referenced to screen for additional information.DATA SYNTHESIS:Supplementation with creatine, an unregulated dietary substance, is increasingly common in young athletes. To date, few studies have evaluated the impact of creatine on renal function and estimates of creatinine clearance. Because creatine is converted to creatinine in the body, supplementation with large doses of creatine may falsely elevate creatinine concentrations. Five studies have reported measures of renal function after acute creatine ingestion and 4 after chronic ingestion. All of these studies were completed in young healthy populations. Following acute ingestion (4–5 days) of large amounts of creatine, creatinine concentrations incre...
Iloprost Reduces Procoagulant Activity in the Extracorporeal Circuit

Abstract Although activation of formed blood elements during cardiopulmonary bypass has been examined, its presumed procoagulant role has not been identified or quantified. We evaluated the effects of iloprost, an inhibitor of platelet and leukocyte function, on subclinical coagulation during simulated extracorporeal circulation. We determined that a heparin dose of 1 U/ml prevented clot formation in this model, but resulted in elevated plasma levels of fibrinopeptide A, the first cleavage product of fibrinogen. Human blood was recirculated with 1 U/ml heparin using a roller pump and pediatric reversed hollow fiber oxygenator (0.8 m2) for 2 hr at 37°C. Iloprost (1 ng/ml, n = 5) reduced platelet adhesion, with platelet counts of 78 ± 7% (X ± SEM) of baseline during 2 hr of simulated extracorporeal circulation, compared to 36 ± 6% in control circuits (CONT: n = 6, P
How Uncertainty about Privacy and Confidentiality is Hampering Efforts to More Effectively Use Administrative Records in Producing U.S. National Statistics

U.S. federal statistical agencies continually face challenges in obtain- ing and using administrative records and in providing useful analytic products to support policy analysis and program planning. At each of three decision points| obtaining the administrative data, integrating the data into statistical programs, and releasing useful data products|concerns over privacy and condentiality de- termine to a great extent how eectively these data are used. Although there is a long history of relevant research on privacy attitudes and methodologies to pro- tect condentiality in published data, agency decisions to share or publish data are not necessarily informed by known risks. Additional research is proposed to help identify and manage these risks. The paper also proposes government actions to ensure that U.S. federal statistical agencies are meeting the nation's data needs through the appropriate application of survey and administrative data.
Reflectance recovery for airborne sensor images of 3D scenes

An airborne sensor measures the radiance spectrum, which is dependent on the spectral reflectance of the ground material, the orientation of the material surface, and the atmospheric and illumination conditions. We present an algorithm to estimate the surface spectral reflectance, given the sensor radiance spectrum corresponding to a single pixel. The algorithm uses a nonlinear physics-based image formation model. A low-dimensional linear subspace model is used for the reflectance spectra. The solar radiance, sky radiance, and path-scattered radiance are dependent on the environmental conditions and viewing geometry, and this interdependence is considered by using a coupled-subspace model for these spectra. The algorithm uses the Levenberg-Marquardt method to estimate the subspace model parameters. We have applied the algorithm to a large set of synthetic and real data.
Participatory sensing in public spaces: activating urban surfaces with sensor probes

Recent convergence between low-cost technology, artform and political discourse presents a new design space for enabling public participation and expression. We explore non-experts' use of place-based, modular sensors to activate, author and provoke urban landscapes. Our work with communities of bicyclists, students, parents, and homeless people suggests design opportunities for merging grassroots data collection with public expressions and activism. Members of each community were given probes that represent the measurement of exhaust, smog, pathogens, chemicals, noise or dust, and asked to engage with them as fully functional sensors over the course of one week. Our findings offer insights into participation, environmental sensing, and data sharing within and across four different communities, revealing design implications for future sensing systems as instruments of social currency and political change.
Within-Plant Distribution of Soybean Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Development of Node-Based Sample Units for Estimating Whole-Plant Densities in Soybean

Abstract The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is capable of reducing soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., yield up to 40% during severe outbreaks. Frequent sampling, which can be costly and time-consuming, is essential to making informed management decisions. However, one way to decrease sampling effort is to use a reduced sample unit when possible. The objectives of this study were to describe the vertical distribution of soybean aphid within soybean over time and to define node-based sample units of varying sizes by testing the ability of selected units to accurately estimate whole-plant aphid density. Within-plant distribution of soybean aphid changed significantly with time. However, the average nodal position where soybean aphids were found on soybean remained within the top half of the plant at all three locations studied across all sample dates. Consequently, selecting the node with the highest aphid density multiplied by the total number of infested nodes (NMAX′) was the...
DIRICHLET PRIOR SIEVES IN FINITE NORMAL MIXTURES

The use of a finite dimensional Dirichlet prior in the finite normal mixture model has the effect of acting like a Bayesian method of sieves. Posterior consis- tency is directly related to the dimension of the sieve and the choice of the Dirichlet parameters in the prior. We find that naive use of the popular uniform Dirichlet prior leads to an inconsistent posterior. However, a simple adjustment to the pa- rameters in the prior induces a random probability measure that approximates the Dirichlet process and yields a posterior that is strongly consistent for the density and weakly consistent for the unknown mixing distribution. The dimension of the resulting sieve can be selected easily in practice and a simple and efficient Gibbs sampler can be used to sample the posterior of the mixing distribution.
Retention of Baseline Electrocardiographic Knowledge After a Blended-Learning Course

BACKGROUND Among nurses, skill retention after an electrocardiography blended-learning course is unknown. OBJECTIVES To compare 3- and 8-week electrocardiography test scores, compare scores by nurse and work characteristics and self-assessed electrocardiographic competence, and compare 1-year work retention with 3- and 8-week scores and change in scores from week 3 to week 8. METHODS Data were collected on demographics, comfort with electrocardiography expectations, electrocardiography competence levels, and 1-year work retention. Correlational and comparative statistics were used in analyses. RESULTS Of 69 nurses, 58% were somewhat comfortable with interventions for abnormal rhythms. Test scores were higher at 3 weeks than at 8 weeks: mean difference, 26%; P < .001. Scores at 8 weeks reflected intermediate skill retention and were not associated with nurse characteristics, electrocardiography background, comfort with rhythms and measurements, or 1-year work retention. Nurses with greater comfort for intervening when rhythm abnormalities occurred had higher median 8-week scores (P = .01) than did nurses with less comfort, and perceptions of electrocardiographic competence were associated with 8-week scores (r = 0.28; P = .02). Reduction in scores at 8 weeks was less severe in nurses with greater comfort at 3 weeks in measuring electrocardiographic intervals (P = .008) and applying therapeutic interventions (P = .009). CONCLUSIONS Skill retention and competence in electrocardiographic interpretation were intermediate and correlated with baseline self-assessment. Electrocardiographic interpretation, measurement, and interventions should be reinforced at the bedside.
Manipulation of Ovarian Function Significantly Influenced Trabecular and Cortical Bone Volume, Architecture and Density in Mice at Death

Previously, transplantation of ovaries from young, cycling mice into old, postreproductive-age mice increased life span and decreased cardiomyopathy at death. We anticipated that the same factors that increased life span and decreased cardiomyopathy could also influence the progression of orthopedic disease. At 11 months of age, prepubertally ovariectomized and ovary-intact mice (including reproductively cycling and acyclic mice) received new 60-day-old ovaries. At death, epiphyseal bone in the proximal tibia and the distal femur and mid-shaft tibial and femoral diaphyseal bone was analyzed with micro-computed tomography. For qualitative analysis of osteophytosis, we also included mineralized connective tissue within the stifle joint. Prepubertal ovariectomy had the greatest influence on bone volume, ovarian transplantation had the greatest influence on bone architecture and both treatments influenced bone density. Ovarian transplantation increased cortical, but not trabecular bone density and tended to increase osteophytosis and heterotopic mineralization, except in acyclic recipients. These effects may have been dictated by the timing of the treatments, with ovariectomy appearing to influence early development and ovarian transplantation limited to influencing only the postreproductive period. However, major differences observed between cycling, acyclic and ovariectomized recipients of new ovaries may have been, in part due to differences in the levels of hormone receptors present and the responsiveness of specific bone processes to hormone signaling. Changes that resulted from these treatments may represent a compensatory response to normal age-associated, negative, orthopedic changes. Alternatively, differences between treatments may simply be the 'preservation' of unblemished orthopedic conditions, prior to the influence of negative, age-associated effects. These findings may suggest that in women, tailoring hormone replacement therapy to the patient's current reproductive status may improve therapy effectiveness and that beginning therapy earlier may help preserve trabecular bone mineral density that would otherwise be lost during perimenopause.
Son of the Trust Code - The Iowa Trust Code after Ten Years

In the late 1990’s and the early years of the twenty-first century, one of the most significant movements in the area of estate planning was the development by a number of states of trust codes. Many states began with the Uniform Trust Code (UTC) and adapted it to their state’s unique rules. Others developed their trust codes from scratch. Iowa was one of the latter states. While Iowa considered early drafts of the UTC (as well as early drafts of the Restatement (Third) of Trusts) in developing its trust code, the Iowa Trust Code was developed primarily by Iowa practitioners and law professors. They decided the subjects to be covered and the law to be included. The Trust Code was then thoroughly considered by a Section of The Iowa State Bar Association. In a previous article (Martin D. Begleiter, In the Code We Trust - Some Trust Law for Iowa at Last, 49 Drake L. Rev. 165 (2001)), I discussed the writing and enactment of the Iowa Trust Code. This article traces the issues that arose and the amendments considered and adopted and rejected over the ten years since its enactment. Unlike the ULC, which needs to be very deliberate in changing provisions of the UTC due to considerations of the states that have previously enacted it, the Iowa drafters could respond quickly to new developments and concerns. The two articles together describe a unique process of statutory drafting and amendment, the development of the Iowa Trust Code. They also constitute a legislative history of the provisions of a major statute in Iowa law.
Nervine' and Knavery: The Life and Times of Dr. Miles Medical Company

In the spring of 1911, the Supreme Court issued four opinions involving the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, all of them landmark decisions and each in its own way reflective of the era. One of them was Dr. Miles Medical Company v. John D. Park & Sons. Justice Charles Evans Hughes, writing for the Court, not only pronounced the doctrine that resale price maintenance was prohibited but set in motion the analytical dynamics of modern doctrine. Moreover, the underlying controversy offers a striking sight line into the era's swirling cultural and economic currents. Dr. Miles arose at the confluence of three federal statutes emblematic of Progressive Era responses to entrepreneurial excess. As every student of antitrust knows, the Sherman Act grounded Park's successful defense that the resale price provisions in Miles' form contracts were unenforceable. The context was also framed by the Trademark Act of 1905 and the Pure Food & Drug Act of 1906, both of which collided with the dominant marketing strategies of patent medicine firms. Because the costs of market entry and product imitation were low, supply tended to exceed demand, spurring intense brand competition. But the trademark statute's stronger protection of nationwide brands in the patent medicine industry, one of the first product markets driven by mass advertising, enabled large manufacturers to distance themselves from smaller firms and discourage upstarts. Moreover, the food and drug act's ingredient disclosure requirements and its ban on ill-founded therapeutic claims tended to benefit well-established firms as much as consumers. The chapter's first section describes the era's patent medicine markets and pays close attention to the commercial importance of trademarks and advertising. In this light, the second section analyzes Dr. Miles through the prism of prior litigation in the industry, an analysis that uncovers the centrality of property rights to the Court's competition policy as well as the industry-wide use of standard form contracts, use that was organized by national trade associations. In the patent medicine industry and perhaps in other emerging mass markets, standard form contracts were no less effective in restraining competition and maintaining price levels than the more visible business strategies of merger and cartelization. The focus on branded competition and standard form contracts illuminates the era's competition policy. The policy is misunderstood today, particularly its underlying classical economics, which informed the twin common law competition doctrines of contracts in restraint of trade and restraints on alienation of property. The chapter concludes with an afterword about modern doctrine, its modern economic rhetoric and its common law underpinnings.
BUSINESS CYCLE AND LONG-TERM DEBT: EFFECTS ON HOTEL OPERATING LEASE

Over the last 25 years, many hotel operators have chosen to lease their property instead of owning as a financing strategy. This paper examines the combined and separate contributions of business cycles and a firm's level of long-term debt on hotel owner/operator use of operating leases. The results indicate that operating leases were used more often during contracting business cycles and less often during cycles of expansion. According to the results, operating leases and long-term debt are not complementary, although they are increasingly treated as complements when the economy suffers a downturn.
Metabolic screening of cancer cell metabolism

1181 Objectives Characterize metabolic indices as potential biomarkers of chemoresistant cancer cells or cancer stem cells. Methods 18F-FDG (FDG), 14C-acetate (ACE), and 3H-glutamine (GLN) or 14C-leucine (LEU) provide indices of glycolysis, fatty acid (FA), and amino acid (AA) metabolism. Radiotracer % uptake was optimized and measured in triplicate cell assays. To assess EGFR2 inhibition with lapatinib, EGFR2+ breast cancer cell lines included: parental control (BT474), short term treatment (tBT474=24hr lapatinib), resistant (rBT474=cultured >2 weeks in lapatinib), and Released resistant (RrBT474=cultured >2 weeks in lapatinib, followed by lapatinib withdrawl). Metabolic indices in similarly treated EGRF2+ skBr3 were also tested. Results Baseline BT474 glycolytic index was modest (%uptake FDG Conclusions All metabolic indices demonstrate significant changes with drug exposure. AA indices showed the highest overall baseline uptake, and are promising alternative metabolic substrates to detect acute and chronic drug effects, including chemoresistant cancer and cancer stem cells. Research Support DOD Award W81XWH-08-1-051
Harnessing Quantum Interference in Molecular Dielectric Materials.

We investigate the relationship between dielectric response and charge transport in molecule-based materials operating in the quantum coherent regime. We find that quantum interference affects these observables differently, for instance, allowing current passing through certain materials to be reduced by orders of magnitude without affecting dielectric behavior (or band gap). As an example, we utilize ab initio electronic structure theory to calculate conductance and dielectric constants of cross-conjugated anthraquinone (AQ)-based and linearly conjugated anthracene (AC)-based materials. In spite of having nearly equal fundamental gaps, electrode bonding configurations, and molecular dimensions, we find a ∼1.7 order of magnitude (∼50-fold) reduction in the conductance of the AQ-based material relative to the AC-based material, a value in close agreement with recent measurements, while the calculated dielectric constants of both materials are nearly identical. From these findings, we propose two molecular ...
Regime Change in the Semiperiphery: Democratization in Latin America and the Socialist Bloc

During the 1980s, a transition to democratic politics occurred in two very different parts of the world: state socialist Eastern Europe and dependent capitalist Latin America. This paper asks, “why‘? Why did regime change occur in the 1980s and why in the semiperipheral zone of the world system? Why, for instance, was there no regime instability on a similar scale in the core or the periphery? This paper proposes an answer that links convulsive political restructuring to the downturn phase of long Kondratieff-like economic cycles of the world-economy. Specifically, the generalized downturn that the world-economy entered in the 1970s is seen as the beginning of a Kondratieff B-Phase of economic difficulty, the political response to which is mediated by a state's zonal position in the larger world system. More powerful core nations respond by acting outwardly, in an effort to control the external environment through mechanisms such as the formation of economic blocs, like moves toward Europe an economic coo...
Observations on the Biologies of Some Hymenopterous Parasites of the Cabbage Seedpod Weevil in Northern Idaho

The cabbage seedpod weevil, Ceutorhynchus assimilis (Paykull) was first found in Idaho in 1945, and since that time has been a limiting factor to turnip seed and rape seed production in the northern part of the state.
Using Observational Assessment to Help Identify Factors Associated with Parent Participation Engagement in Community-Based Child Mental Health Services.

Background Parent engagement in child mental health (MH) services has received growing attention due to its significance in intervention outcomes and evidence-based care. In particular, parent participation engagement (PPE) reflects active and responsive contributions in and between sessions. Yet, limited research has examined factors associated with PPE, particularly within community-based MH services where PPE is low and highly diverse families are often served.
Toolbox for Exploring Modular Gene Regulation in Synthetic Biology Training

We report a toolbox for exploring the modular tuning of genetic circuits, which has been specifically optimized for widespread deployment in STEM environments through a combination of bacterial strain engineering and distributable hardware development. The transfer functions of 16 genetic switches, programmed to express a GFP reporter under the regulation of the (acyl-homoserine lactone) AHL-sensitive luxR transcriptional activator, can be parametrically tuned by adjusting high/low degrees of transcriptional, translational, and post-translational processing. Strains were optimized to facilitate daily large-scale preparation and reliable performance at room temperature in order to eliminate the need for temperature controlled apparatuses, which are both cost-limiting and space-constraining. The custom-designed, automated, and web-enabled fluorescence documentation system allows time-lapse imaging of AHL-induced GFP expression on bacterial plates with real-time remote data access, thereby requiring trainees...
Quantitative Analysis Model of Energy Consumption for Thermal Performance Test of Steam Turbine

The concepts of heating unit and virtual thermal system are introduced in constructing the calculating model of quantitative analyzing for energy consumption in thermal performance test of steam turbine for the first time.The effect on the thermo-economic index caused by the inner turbulence of the high pressure heater system can be accurately calculated only by applying the parameters acquired by measuring points.The model has the characteristics of versatile,accurate and suitable for computerization.It is fit for the quantitative analyzing in performance test of steam turbine.An example is given to illustrate the validity of this method.Fig 1,table 1 and refs 5.
Sonhos americanos, realidades autoritárias: encontros entre a sociedade democrática de John Dewey e a era Vargas

Quando o sociologo e reformador da educacao Anisio Teixeira tentou introduzir o modelo de democracia social de Jonh Dewey – tido como um modelo progressista nos Estados Unidos da metade do seculo XX Teixeira foi ironicamente taxado de comunista pelos conservadores membros do primeiro governo Vargas. Este artigo examina o isolamento ideologico que Teixeira vivenciou na tentativa de repensar a sociedade brasileira, assim como o paradoxo do governo Vargas que, depois da perseguicao a Teixeira, adotou silenciosamente muitos dos projetos defendidos por Teixeira. Em particular, este artigo sugere que as visoes progressistas e autoritarias do papel do Estado nas reformas sociais, em ultima instância, dividem a mesma visao pos-modernista e a mesma limitacao desta visao.
Why Media matters in healthcare advocacy and education

‘Words are bridges that separate us’, said Mexican writer Octavio Paz.So, I believe, is the Media: It bridges the distance between messenger and audience, but it hardly eliminates it.The Media can ...
Can Wages Be Universally Indexed

Those who advocate universal indexing of money-wage contracts are implying that, by contract, money wages can be made sticky in terms of some commodity standard. If it is feasible to have universal indexing of money wages, then the question still remains as to which commodity standard should wages be geared to, e.g., an international commodity market basket or a domestic commodity standard. What would be the operational effects of such a legal modification of the existing law of money contracts on the operation of an entrepreneur economy?
Architecture in the Age of the Spanish Habsburgs

First published in 1949 and revised in 1966, Fernand Braudel's The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II offered a sweeping exploration of social history and geography in the late sixteenth century.1 Braudel used the long reign of Philip II (r. 1556–98) as a temporal framework for his study. He also employed the image of the Spanish Habsburg king to push his analysis beyond the geographic limits of the Mediterranean Sea to the larger globe, given that Philip had overseen the “first economic and political system that spanned the known world.”2 Building was one of the primary activities of this global political system and yet something that we know little about in early modern architectural history, given the narrowing lenses of nationalist history. Through these lenses, Spain is defined by its modern-day borders and conventional periodization, which, among other things, views colonial architecture in Latin America as always derivative of developments in Europe. In the same way that the age of Philip II served Braudel as a lens onto a wider world, the reign of the Spanish Habsburgs from 1516 to 1700 offers a useful frame for understanding the dynamics of architecture and urbanism in territories across its vast domain. A revised framework allows us to rethink long-standing approaches to the study of early modern European and European colonial architecture, especially in English-language scholarship, which is the focus of this essay. For instance, standard period and stylistic labels are limited when it comes to the architecture of the Spanish world. To begin, normative histories of architecture teach us that the Renaissance came late to Spain.3 Lingering medieval practices and forms found there around 1500 make Spain similar to places such as France, Germany, and England, where what Matt Kavaler calls a “Renaissance Gothic” …
Investigating the Impact of Unsolicited Next-Step and Subgoal Hints on Dropout in a Logic Proof Tutor (Abstract Only)

We have been incrementally adding data-driven methods into the Deep Thought logic tutor for the purpose of creating a fully data-driven intelligent tutoring system. Our previous research has shown that the addition of data-driven hints, worked examples, and problem assignment can improve student performance and retention in the tutor. In this study, we investigate the influences two unsolicited hint types have on students' ability to complete the tutor. We have used data collected from two test conditions: one with unsolicited next step hints (NSH) presenting the immediate next step of a logic proof to a student's current proof-solving state, and the other with unsolicited subgoal hints (SGH) presenting a step of a logic proof two or three steps of the student's current state. Our results show that students who received unsolicited SGH had more interactions within the tutor and skipped more problems. Furthermore, the SGH group had a significantly higher dropout percentage. These results suggest that hint types can affect student behavior and the ability to learn the material. Therefore, determining what type of hint to give during problem solving is important to the learning process and should be taken into consideration when designing an intelligent tutoring system (ITS). Future work will include using historical student data to determine the best hint type to give a student by analyzing student behavior and identifying the most effective hint type for the behavior being exhibited.
Reform and Making Human Kinds: The Double Gestures of Inclusion and Exclusion in the Practice of Schooling

The chapter considers the globalization and transnational through examining reform as embodying standards. My use of standards is not in the publically stated goals of policy. They are in the principles generated in the making of the objects of reflection and administration of children. These standards relate historically to the rules and standards about who the child is and should be and who is “different,” abjected, and thus excluded. The chapter begins with interviews of American urban teachers, with urban as a phrase used to talk about teachers of children of the poor, racialized, and ethnic groups that are marginalized in educational settings. This child is called “the child left behind” in American legislation designed to improve schools for a category in education that refers to children considered socially disadvantaged, marginalized, and associated with problems of low achievement in school. The chapter proceeds to historicize how differences and divisions are established to make “the urban” teacher and child as different in American social and education sciences at the turn of the twentieth century. It argues that the sciences of teaching and learning embody cultural theses about kinds of people. These cultural theses involve double gestures: the hope of schooling in making kinds of people whose modes of living embody collective moral values and with this hope of inclusion are simultaneous fears of the dangers and dangerous populations. The thinking about reform is a historical method to study what schools do, how reforms function, and educational research. My concern with the double gestures of reform is to explore the limits of contemporary frameworks that define the subject of school reform and its research programs.
Activation of Factor X by Factor VIIa Complexed with Human-mouse Tissue Factor Chimeras Requires Human Exon 3

In an attempt to define sequence elements in human and mouse tissue factor (TF) that are responsible for the species specificity observed in their interaction with human factor VII a (HVII a ). we constructed human-mouse chimeric TF cDNAs, inserted them into plasmid vectors, and induced their expression in E. coli. Assays for procoagulant activity were carried out with the resulting E. coli lysates using (HVII a ) human and mouse (MVII a ). The ratio of the procoagulant activities, HVII a /MVII a , revealed that human TF exon 3 was essential for activity when the TF :VII a complex was formed with HVII a . By ligating the maltose binding protein (MBP) gene to TF cDNAs it was possible to construct, express and purify MBP-TF chimeras as well as to estimate their specific activities. With selected MBP-TF chimeras and HVII a we determined kinetic parameters for the activation of human factor X. Replacement of exon 3 in human TF cDNA with the corresponding exon from mouse TF cDNA resulted in both lower affinity for HVII a and failure to convert bound HVII a into a potent protease.
Association of Pretransplantion Opioid Use with Graft Loss or Death in Liver Transplantation Patients with Model of End-Stage Liver Disease Exceptions.

Background Up to 77% of liver transplantation candidates experience pain, and the majority are prescribed opioids. Previous studies have shown increased readmissions and mortality in liver transplant recipients who were prescribed opioids before transplantation. Our aim was to identify specific populations that are at the highest risk for deleterious outcomes with opioid use before transplantation. Study Design This was a single-center retrospective cohort study of adult receiving liver transplants between 2010 and 2016 to assess the impact of pretransplantation opioid use on mortality and graft loss after liver transplantation. Results A total of 446 liver transplant recipients were included in the study, 148 (33%) of which were identified as pretransplantation opioid users. Opioid use increased significantly during the course of the study. There were no differences in the overall cohort between opioid users and non-opioid users with regard to graft or patient outcomes. However, the influence of opioid use on outcomes varied based on Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) and functional status. In patients with any MELD exception, opioid use was an independent predictor of time to graft loss or death (adjusted hazard ratio 2.36; 95% CI 1.05 to 5.28; p = 0.037). It also independently predicted time to graft loss or death in patients with low laboratory MELD scores (adjusted hazard ratio 2.38; 95% CI 1.10 to 5.13; p = 0.027). Conclusions In our 6-year retrospective cohort, pretransplantation opioid use based on medication reconciliation was independently associated with time to graft loss or mortality in liver transplant recipients with MELD exceptions and laboratory MELD scores ≤15.
An Aspect of Leonardo’s Painting

The 67 years of Leonardo da Vinci’s lifetime were fraught with epoch-making events. One was the burst of exploration, including the discovery of America, of which, as far as we know, Leonardo was quite unmindful — in astonishing contrast to his almost exact contemporary and fellow Florentine (also son of a notary) Amerigo Vespucci. Another great event of the time was the rise and spread of printing, something Leonardo could not be ignorant of, in which, however, his own interest can be assumed to have been peripheral. A third event extending over the years of Leonardo’s lifetime, and one that concerned him very nearly, was the shift in Italy of easel painting from tempera to oil. The reaction of Leonardo to this momentous change of painting medium is the occasion of this paper.
Can Families Help

The time pressures in medical practice can stifle the drive for daily study, especially if responsibilities at home are equally demanding. On the other hand, families can help the physician sustain the flame of interest and still share a full and satisfying family relationship.