cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exsolution of magmatic volatile phases from Cl-enriched mineralizing granitic magmas and implications for ore metal transport

Abstract To understand Cl dissolution in aluminosilicate liquids and the exsolution of Cl-rich magmatic volatile phases, experiments were conducted to determine the solubility of NaCl, KCl, and H2O in felsic liquids at 0.5 and 2 kbar. The Cl content of H2O-poor, NaCl-saturated, and KCl-saturated silicate liquids is low (i.e., ≤1.3 wt%) to very low (i.e., ≈0.2 wt%) and varies with changes in pressure and composition; the Cl concentration increases with the F concentration and the molar (Al + Na + Ca + Mg/Si) ratio of the liquid and decreases with increasing activity of H2O in the system. Exsolution of a volatile phase depends on the partial pressures of all dissolved volatiles, and low Cl solubilities in NaCl-saturated and KCl-saturated silicate liquids imply that exsolution of a Cl-bearing volatile phase will occur “early” in Cl-bearing granitic magmas, i.e., prior to extensive melt crystallization and/or at comparatively low water fugacities. The solubility behavior of H2O and Cl is very similar to that of CO2 and H2O in felsic liquids. Small quantities of CO2 are known to facilitate volatile phase exsolution (Holloway, 1976), and in a similar manner volatile phases may exsolve “early” in Cl-enriched granite magmas. Whereas 5 to 6 wt% dissolved H2O is necessary for volatile phase exsolution from a CO2-free and Cl-free haplogranite liquid at 2 kbar and 800°C, a Cl-rich brine will exsolve if the liquid contains only 1 wt% H2O and 0.26 wt% Cl at the same conditions. These new solubility data are interpreted in light of H2O, F, and Cl concentrations in felsic liquids, determined from silicate melt inclusions, to constrain the exsolution of Cl-bearing, magmatic volatile phases from mineralizing granitic magmas. Felsic magmas genetically associated with Cu-porphyry and Mo-porphyry mineralization contain sufficient H2O and Cl to become saturated with respect to a hypersaline brine without strong pressure reduction, boiling of the volatile phase (i.e., exsolution of immiscible vapor and brine), or strong volatile enrichment resulting from extensive crystal fractionation. Experiments were also conducted to investigate the solubility of Mo in highly saline volatile phases coexisting with granitic liquids at 2 and 0.5 kbar. The apparent partition coefficient for Mo in the volatile phase (s) relative to silicate liquid, ( D Mo ∗ ), is defined as [the computed concentration of Mo in a volatile phase or phases/the measured concentration of Mo in granite glass]. D Mo ∗ ranges from 8 to 80 as the NaCl and KCl content of the volatile phase(s) increases from 15 to 90 wt%. Because Mo does not complex with Cl in aqueous fluids, it appears that Mo solubility may be a strong function of the activity of Na and K in alkali chloride-rich volatile phases.
Partial characterization of glioma-derived growth factor 2: A novel mitogenic activity from human cell line D-54 MG

We have shown that several human malignant glioma cell lines are stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (E. coli 0111∶B4, 1 μg/ml) to produce a high molecular weight (> 200 kD) growth activity for BALB 3T3, clone A31 cells [1, 2]. This glioma-derived growth factor (GDGF-2) acts like a ‘competence’ factor. Malignant glioma cell line D-54 MG constitutively produced GDGF-2, which we have partially characterized from serumfree conditioned culture medium. GDGF-2 is resistant to heat (100° C, 5 min), acidic (pH 2, 2 hr) or reducing (0.5 M 2 ME, 30 min) conditions as well as exposure to RNases; however, it is sensitive to > 4 freeze-thaw cycles, alkaline (pH 11, 2 hr) conditions or pre-treatment with proteolytic enzymes. GDGF-2 had a pl of 6.8 determined by preparative isoelectric focusing, bound to DEAE, with elution at 35 and 185 mM NaCl and at 43% acetonitrile from a C4 reversed phase column. GDGF-2 activity was not neutralized by antibodies to TGFα, TGFβ, PDGF, VEGF or TNFα indicating that it is not immunochemically related to these growth factors. However GDGF-2 co-chromatographed on Superose 12 HPLC (250 × 9 mm; 5% isopropanol, 6 mM CHAPS in PBS) with a substance that suppressed growth of mink lung epithelial cells (Mv1Lu), but not BALB 3T3 cells, and could be neutralized by anti-TGFβ antibodies. GDGF-2 activity eluted from heparin columns in 0.6 M NaCl; thus, it is not a heparin binding growth factor. D-54 MG cell line produced alpha2-macroglobulin (α2M), which is known to bind TGFβ; however, immunoprecipitation of α2M did not deplete TGFβ or GDGF-2 activity. Further, neither GDGF-2 or TGFβ can be dissociated into lower molecular weight active components by chromatography in high salt (2 M NaCl) or 2-ME (0.5 M). GDGF-2 may be a novel autocrine or paracrine mitogen, stimulating mitotic division or interfering with normal cell growth regulation.
CALORIMETRY AND PHASE EQUILIBRIA : A MARRIAGE MADE IN HEAVEN

Calorimetry and phase equilibria both rely on the thermodynamic equations for application, interpretation and correlation. This report is to look at some of the thermodynamic relations and show how they tie calorimetry and phase equilibria together. The result is a marriage made in heaven.
Altered Cellular but Not Humoral Reactions in Children with Complicated Enterovirus 71 Infections in Taiwan

Enterovirus 71 (EV 71) infections have high neurovirulence and fatality. Immune responses were assessed in 78 patients with EV 71 infection. EV 71 meningoencephalitis occurred more frequently in younger children and in boys. C-reactive protein levels were not elevated, although total leukocyte counts were increased in these patients. The CD40-ligand expression on T cells significantly decreased in children with meningoencephalitis (P=.041). Polymorphism of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) at position 49 of exon 1 showed a higher frequency of G/G genotype in patients with EV 71 meningoencephalitis than in those without meningoencephalitis (18/31 vs. 14/47; P=.045) and in control subjects (18/31 vs. 25/93l; P=.007). Specific EV 71 neutralizing antibody titers were detectable but did not differ in children with and without meningoencephalitis in the acute and convalescent stages. Results from this study suggest that younger children with a certain CTLA-4 polymorphism and altered cellular but not humoral response may be linked to EV 71 meningoencephalitis.
Magnetic resonance imaging of rodent tumors using radiofrequency gradient echoes

Abstract This paper evaluates the use of radiofrequency (RF) magnetic field gradient echoes to provide contrast in magnetic resonance (MR) images of model tumors. Decay of RF gradient echoes as a function of evolution time was measured and sensitivity of the decay to changes in blood pressure was evaluated. Previous investigators have demonstrated that static field (B 0 ) gradient echoes provide MR image contrast which is sensitive to the rate of self-diffusion of tissue water and may also be sensitive to the rate of tissue perfusion. Gradient echoes produced by RF magnetic field gradients provide a useful alternative to the conventional B 0 methods. Unlike B 0 gradient echoes RF gradient echoes are relatively insensitive to local magnetic susceptibility gradients and to magnetic field gradients produced by eddy currents. Differences between the two methods may be particularly significant for studies of tumors where large concentrations of deoxyhemoglobin and other paramagnetic substances may cause significant susceptibility gradients. Mammary adenocarcinomas subcutaneously implanted in the flanks of female Fisher rats were studied. Magnetic resonance experiments were performed at 2 T. A surface coil was used to provide an RF gradient and to excite and detect signals from the tumors. The decay of echo amplitude as a function of evolution time was measured and the decay at short and long evolution times was analyzed independently to calculate two apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs). The preparation was extremely stable and the standard error for 10 consecutive measurements of gradient echo amplitude made over 30–60 min with an RF gradient strength of 50 kHz/cm, gradient duration of 1 ms (i.e., 50 cycles/cm), and echo evolution time ( t d ) of 1 s was generally ±0.8%. The ADC calculated from the decay at short evolution times was approximately 3 × 10 −5 cm 2 /s. The ADC calculated from the decay at longer evolution times was approximately 0.5 × 10 −5 cm 2 /s. Both ADCs decreased immediately following sacrifice and administration of Hydralazine. The experiments demonstrate that measurements of RF gradient echo amplitudes in tumors can be made in vivo with a high degree of reproducibility and suggest that RF gradient echo amplitudes are sensitive to acute physiological changes in tumors. This method may be useful for characterization of tumors and prediction and monitoring of effects of therapeutic agents.
A double antibody radioimmunoassay for mouse hemoglobins: use of polyethylene glycol in conjunction with the second antibody.

Abstract A double antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA) system is described for detection of small quantities of hemoglobins. Mouse (C57BL/6) hemoglobin and horse anti-mouse hemoglobin antiserum were used to develop the system. The first phase of the RIA, i.e., the initial reaction between the antigen and the antibody, was found to be complete within 24 h. The reaction proceeded better at 4°C than at 25°C. The second phase, i.e., separation of bound from unbound antigen, was achieved by precipitation with a second antibody (goat anti-horse IgG) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). A 50 g/l concentration of PEG was found to be best suited for the assay. Mixing of all the reagents together was found to decrease the binding as compared to the system in which second antibody and PEG were added after completion of the first phase. Maximum precipitation of the complex took place within 30 min after the addition of the second antibody and 1 h after the addition of 50 g/l PEG. The RIA system described here combines the conventional double antibody RIA with the PEG method. This method has decreased the amount of time necessary for precipitation from 24 h (or longer) to 1 h. Large molecular weight antigens could not be estimated in the conventional PEG method because of their insolubility in 200 g/l PEG utilized in the assay. The use of a low concentration of PEG along with the second antibody in the method described here allows the estimation of large molecular weight antigens. This double antibody-PEG method has a general applicability for small as well as large molecular weight antigens.
Oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein (LDL) by activated human monocytes and the cell lines U937 and HL60.

Human peripheral blood monocytes, upon activation, have the capacity to oxidize low density lipoprotein (LDL) and render the LDL toxic to cultured cells. Previous studies by our laboratory indicate that this process is mediated by free radicals in that it can be prevented by addition of free radical scavengers and antioxidants during the incubation of monocytes with LDL. Here we report that optimal modification of LDL by monocytes was influenced by media composition. In the absence of added metal ions, oxidation was distinctly dependent on the concentration of monocytes as well as LDL concentration. Exposure of monocytes to lipopolysaccharide or stimulation of phagocytosis by opsonized zymosan resulted in marked enhancement of LDL oxidation compared to other activating agents. After exposure to activated monocytes, lipid oxidation products in the supernatant were found both in a high molecular weight fraction containing LDL (>30 000 Daltons) and in a lipoprotein-free, low molecular weight fraction (<30 000 Daltons), yet only the high molecular weight, LDL-containing fraction was toxic to target cells. In addition, human myelomonocytic cell lines U937 and HL60 were shown to mediate oxidation of LDL. As with monocytes, exposing these cells to opsonized zymosan caused the level of LDL oxidation to be significantly enhanced. These findings offer further insight into the mechanisms of monocyte-mediated oxidation of lipoproteins and will facilitate studies investigating the role of monocyte-modified LDL in tissue injury.
Aortic valve disruption after percutaneous aortic balloon valvoplasty

Severe disruption of the aortic valve cusps in patients with aortic valve stenosis can occur during percutaneous aortic balloon valvoplasty. We report such a case treated successfully by aortic valve replacement.
Cell death in maize.

Cell death occurs in plants as a part of normal development and as a response to toxins, pathogens and other environmental stimuli or insults. When cell death occurs as an orderly disassembly of the cell under the control of a genetically determined program, the process is referred to as programmed cell death (PCD). The PCD mechanisms of plants show many striking similarities to, but also intriguing differences from, those of animals. The extensive genetic, developmental and physiological characterizations of maize have made it an excellent system for the study of cell death. We describe the recent advances in the study of cell death in maize in light of what is known in plants and animals.
Coherent Raman mixing and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering from individual micrometer-size droplets

The coherent Raman mixing spectra from individual micrometer-sized droplets of ethanol and of water consist of regularly spaced peaks that correspond to the morphology-dependent resonances of a spherical droplet. In contrast, the coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectra from droplets exhibit no morphology-dependent peaks. Both results are explained by the spatial overlap of the enhanced internal field distributions and by the phase-matching conditions associated with the droplet.
A caldesmon peptide activates smooth muscle via a mechanism similar to ERK‐mediated phosphorylation

Caldesmon (CaD) is thought to regulate smooth muscle contraction, because it binds actin and inhibits actomyosin interactions. A synthetic actin-binding peptide (GS17C) corresponding to Gly666-Ser682 of chicken gizzard CaD has been shown to induce force development in permeabilized smooth muscle cells. The mechanism of GS17C's action remains unclear, although a structural effect was postulated. By photo-crosslinking and fluorescence quenching experiments with a gizzard CaD fragment (H32K; Met563-Pro771) and its mutants, we showed that GS17C indeed dissociated the C-terminal region of H32K from actin, in a manner similar to extracellular signal-regulated kinase-mediated phosphorylation, thereby reversing the CaD-imposed inhibition and enabling the actomyosin interaction.
Teachers’ collective bargaining outcomes and tradeoffs

This study uses data from Illinois and Iowa public school districts to examine the factors that influence the wage and nonwage bargaining outcomes negotiated by teachers’ unions. Tradeoffs between wage and nonwage outcomes and among nonwage contract provisions are also examined. The results provide some evidence that tradeoffs exist between wage and nonwage outcomes. The findings also reveal differences in outcome and tradeoff patterns across the states for issues unrelated to union security.
Enhancing child safety and well-being through pediatric group well-child care and home visitation: the Well Baby Plus Program

The focus of this article is on an innovative strengths-based child protection effort initiated in Beaufort, South Carolina, that involved working with local systems and structures. Specifically, the program was a school-health partnership that sought to modify services provided to low-resource families to improve child outcomes. The primary components of the prevention program were home visiting and group well visits (GWVs). This article describes the program and the effects of the combined approach on health care utilization, child health status, and parental competence for families with low socioeconomic status. A matched pairs analysis of 102 families (51 intervention and 51 comparison families) was conducted. WB+ families were significantly more likely to attend all scheduled well-child visits (65% vs. 37%) and to be fully immunized (98% vs. 82%) than matched families who received traditional pediatric care. Intervention families had significantly greater recall of anticipatory guidance on safety (65% vs. 41%) and had greater satisfaction with care. Intervention infants were also noted to be statistically less likely to be overweight at 15 months of age (8% vs. 24%). The study demonstrated benefits on child health and parenting competence among families with low socioeconomic status. Implications for practice are discussed.
Prenatal misrouting of the retinogeniculate pathway in Siamese cats

In the mammalian visual system, retinal ganglion cells send their axons to several distinct structures in the brain. One of these, the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), receives a substantial projection from both eyes in higher mammals such as the cat1–3. How does this pattern of input arise during development? One possibility is that retinal ganglion cell axons project from the very beginning to the appropriate side of the brain. Another is that the initial projection may contain many inappropriate connections which are eliminated after the axons reach their target, the LGN. We thought the Siamese cat might provide an opportunity to study these alternatives. Guillery and others4–7 have shown that in adult Siamese cats, the LGN receives a disproportionately large input from the contralateral eye and a correspondingly diminished input from the ipsilateral eye due to a genetic mutation at the albino locus. We report here that this abnormal pattern of input is present from the earliest stages of development of the retinogeniculate projection and arises as a consequence of the misrouting of fibres at the optic chiasm. These findings suggest that during normal development, growing optic fibres can be directed to the appropriate side of the brain.
Boundedness conjecture for an output error adaptive algorithm

This paper compares conditions for instability with conditions for global asymptotic stability of a discretetime output error adaptive estimation algorithm. This comparison leads to a boundedness conjecture which states that all signals within this adaptive system as well as the output error and parameter estimates remain globally bounded for all time despite any unstable behaviour. The investigation into the stability properties of this algorithm begins with a global stability criterion applied to a transfer function which is not strictly positive real. This criterion states that for large enough adaptation gain and/or input signal magnitude the system will be asymptotically stable. Then a local result is applied which states that for small enough adaptation gain and/or input signal magnitude the same system is unstable. The result is a bifurcation due to the decrease of the adaptation gain and/or input signal magnitude as the system goes from asymptotic stability to instability which remains bounded. The results suggested by the computer simulations are verified by an exact analysis of a linearized periodic version of the adaptive system.
Reduction of nickel oxide by carbon: II. Interaction between nickel oxide and natural graphite

Abstract The interaction of micron-sized particles of NiO with plate-like particles of natural graphite has been studied at 950 °C using scanning electron microscopy. The gases evolved (CO and CO2) upon reduction of NiO to Ni were continuously pumped out of the system. The graphite particles consisted of highly aligned, large crystallites. Attack occurred predominantly at the edge of prismatic surface of the particles, which constituted only 4–5% of the total surface area. Nickel produced in the reduction reaction covered the NiO with a sintered layer. Removal of the Ni layer revealed unsintered particles of NiO of similar shape to the original particles. The particles showed considerable porosity, presumably a result of selective attack at cracks in the NiO produced as reaction proceeds.
A mathematical model of the urethra.

Models having the form of surfaces of revolution may be used to represent the urethra under pre-voiding pressure. From such models are derived formulas for calculating muscle tension from the shape of a urethragram.
Global Power and Financial Stability

Debating the Global Financial Architecture Edited by Leslie Elliot Armijo. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002. 320 pp., $78.50 cloth (ISBN: 0-7914-5449-5), $26.95 paper (ISBN: 0-7914-5450-9). Debating the Global Financial Architecture is an important collection of articles on global financial stability and the power relations underpinning it. The volume's strengths include a critical historical perspective on alternative monetary regimes, an organic synthesis of political and economic views of the fragility of the global financial system, and geographically representative positions on the existing international financial architecture. Originally drafted in 1999–2000, these papers address core issues that continue to be debated in essentially the same way today. Indeed, the book's focus on basic questions and principles remains timely given the lingering debates over capital controls, exchange rate regimes, and the prevention and orderly resolution of sovereign financial crises. (The literature on each of these topics is voluminous. Solid summaries can be found in Eichengreen 2002, on resolving financial crises, Eichengreen 2003, for capital controls, and Fischer 2001, for exchange controls.) A clear contribution of the volume, which represents a collaboration between economists and political scientists from developed and emerging markets, is to embed the debate over the technical properties of financial adjustment within an assessment of the global distribution of power. According to hegemonic stability theory, largely discredited (Lake 1993) but experiencing a renaissance of sorts (see, for example, Mark Browley's chapter), the history of the international monetary system demonstrates how economic dominance and associated political leadership can support systemic stability. (The classic text on hegemonic stability theory is Keohane 1984. See, more recently, Gilpin 2000.) For example, Britain's supremacy during the pre-World War I era explains why the gold standard succeeded in satisfying the liquidity, adjustment, and stability requirements of international monetary order. Significantly, that system's durability also reflected the lack of stiff popular resistance to the …
Research at Lincoln laboratory leading up to the development of the injection laser in 1962

In 1958 the semiconductor device group at Lincoln Laboratory began to concentrate its efforts on exploiting GaAs. These efforts, in addition to yielding diodes with ns switching speeds, led to the development in early 1962 of diodes which emitted near-bandgap radiation with very high efficiency, and to the development in October 1962 of the diode laser. The theory of the semiconductor laser developed at Lincoln Laboratory in the mid-to-late 1950's provided the foundation necessary for the design of the diode laser structure after the highly efficient production of near-bandgap radiation was demonstrated.
Sterically Demanding Multidentate Ligand Tris[(2-(6-methylpyridyl))methyl]amine Slows Exchange and Enhances Solution State Ligand Proton NMR Coupling to 199Hg(II)

The solution state coordination chemistry of Hg(ClO4)2 with tris[(2-(6-methylpyridyl))methyl]amine (TLA) was investigated in acetonitrile-d3 by proton NMR. Although Hg(II) is a d10 metal ion common...
Epistemology and the theory of problem solving

Problem solving has recently become a central topic both in the philosophy of science and in cognitive science. This paper integrates approaches to problem solving from these two disciplines and discusses the epistemological consequences of such an integration. The paper first analyzes problem solving as getting a true answer to a question. It then explores some stages of cognitive activity relevant to question answering that have been delineated by historians and philosophers of science and by cognitive psychologists and artificial intelligencers. The traditional opposition between discovery and justification is challenged. It is suggested that epistemology may be conceptualized, in part, as the critical assessment of problem-solving strategies.
Human readiness to throw: the size–weight illusion is not an illusion when picking the best objects to throw

Long-distance throwing is uniquely human and enabled Homo sapiens to survive and even thrive during the ice ages. The precise motoric timing required relates throwing and speech abilities as dependent on the same uniquely human brain structures. Evidence from studies of brain evolution is consistent with this understanding of the evolution and success of H. sapiens. Recent theories of language development find readiness to develop language capabilities in perceptual biases that help generate ability to detect relevant higher order acoustic units that underlie speech. Might human throwing capabilities exhibit similar forms of readiness? Recently, human perception of optimal objects for long-distance throwing was found to exhibit a size–weight relation similar to the size–weight illusion; greater weights were picked for larger objects and were thrown the farthest. The size–weight illusion is: lift two objects of equal mass but different size, the larger is misperceived to be less heavy than the smaller. The illusion is reliable and robust. It persists when people know the masses are equal and handle objects properly. Children less than 2 years of age exhibit it. These findings suggest the illusion is intrinsic to humans. Here we show that perception of heaviness (including the illusion) and perception of optimal objects for throwing are equivalent. Thus, the illusion is functional, not a misperception: optimal objects for throwing are picked as having a particular heaviness. The best heaviness is learned while acquiring throwing skill. We suggest that the illusion is a perceptual bias that reflects readiness to acquire fully functional throwing ability. This unites human throwing and speaking abilities in development in a manner that is consistent with the evolutionary history.
Kinetics of spore coat protein synthesis byClostridium perfringens type A

Spore coat proteins of several strains ofClostridium perfringens were analyzed by immunoblotting with antisera against two major spore coat proteins, one [34-kilodalton (kDa)] from an enterotoxin-positive and one (19-kDa) from an enterotoxin-negative (ent−) strain of this organism. The results indicated that spore coat proteins from many strains ofC. perfringens were immunologically related regardless of their ability to produce enterotoxin, but were not immunologically related to enterotoxin. The kinetics of synthesis and deposition of two major spore coat proteins differed depending upon the strain. Coat protein synthesis was sporulationspecific, since coat protein was not detected in vegetative cell extracts. There was no similarity between the amino acid composition of either coat protein and enterotoxin. These results suggest that, contrary to previous reports (W.R. Frieben and C.L. Duncan, Eur J Biochem 39:393–410, 1973), enterotoxin synthesis is not closely related to spore coat protein synthesis in this organism.
Rectangular Luneburg-type lenses for integrated optics.

Compact Luneburg-type lenses of rectangular outline as viewed from above have been made by thermal evaporation of As2S3 glass onto single-mode LiNbO3:Ti waveguides through suitably shaped masks and subsequent exposure of the glass to ultraviolet light. The best lenses had speeds of f/5.5 at an aperture of 10 mm and focal spots at reduced aperture about 1.2 times the diffraction-limited size. These lenses have a field of view of at least 25 degrees inside the waveguide.
Kinetic analysis of the acid and the alkaline unfolded states of staphylococcal nuclease

Thermodynamic analysis by differential scanning calorimetry shows that the folding/unfolding transition of staphylococcal nuclease is consistent with the two-state process. Stopped-flow kinetic measurements, monitoring the Trp140 fluorescence and covering five decades in time (2 ms to 300 s), indicate that the unfolding from pH 7.0 to 3.1 is monophasic (time constant 1.15 s) and from pH 7.0 to 12.2 is biphasic (time constants: one less than 2 ms and the other 0.6 s). However, the folding, either from pH 3.1 to 7.0 or from pH 12.2 to 7.0, is triphasic (time constants 150 ms, 850 ms and 30 s from acid, 90 ms, 565 ms and 33 s from alkaline). A simple sequential model, which agrees with the above observations for acidic folding/unfolding is, D3 in equilibrium D2 in equilibrium D1 in equilibrium N. The three Ds denote three sub-states of the unfolded state and N denotes the native state. These sub-states of D have similar enthalpy and tryptophan fluorescence, and their equilibrium cannot be shifted by temperature changes. However, they are kinetically distinctive. Data do not favor alternative mechanisms assuming parallel transitions of the three Ds to N, or complexity of the N state, or parallel transitions of sub-states of N1, N2 and N3 to D. Other more complex, branched or cyclic, kinetics are not considered because of the lack of evidence, pH dependence of the unfolding kinetics suggests that the unfolding is triggered by protonation of 0.8(+/- 0.3) ionizable groups, with a pKa of 3.9 or by deprotonation of 1.6(+/- 0.4) ionizable groups with pKa values near 10.5. Circular dichroisms indicate that these three D states retain nonrandom chain conformation. Possible role of these "chain conformation" in the protein folding is discussed.
Crack growth behavior of internal titanium plies of a fiber metal laminate

Abstract Hybrid Titanium Composite Laminates (HTCL) offer many attractive properties for use on aerospace structures. They have many of the advantages of traditional composites such as good strength and stiffness to weight ratios. Further, the fiber ply orientations can be varied to give desired orthotropic properties. The HTCL also retain some of the advantages of metallics (titanium in particular) such as electrical conductivity, toughness, and bolt-bearing capacity. In an effort to further optimize this class of materials, the objectives of this research was to investigate several potential heat treatments of Ti-15-3 as to their mechanical properties and how they may translate into a more crack resistant HTCL. Stress–strain curves to failure were developed for each of the four heat treatments of Ti-15-3. Then fatigue tests were conducted on the HTCL specimens containing an open center circular hole. Specimens were made using a foil of one of the four heat treatments placed at the mid-section of the laminate. The fatigue tests determined the number of cycles to crack initiation and the subsequent crack growth behavior of the Ti foil. Fatigue testing was conducted at four different stress ranges, all at a stress ratio of 0.1. Dye penetrant enhanced radiography was used to detect the cracks in the internal ply of titanium. Observations were made on the effect of the foil heat treatment on crack growth behavior.
Electron Microscopic Evaluation of Altered Collagen Structure Induced by N-Monochloroglycine (GK-101)

The effects of N-monochloroglycine (NMG) solutions on the structure of collagen were studied by transmission electron microscopy. In addition to finding that collagen structure was altered by NMG solutions, the results offer evidence that buffer and water also exert some effect on collagen fiber structure.
Modulation of Extracellular Proton Fluxes from Retinal Horizontal Cells of the Catfish by Depolarization and Glutamate

Self-referencing H+-selective microelectrodes were used to measure extracellular proton fluxes from cone-driven horizontal cells isolated from the retina of the catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). The neurotransmitter glutamate induced an alkalinization of the area adjacent to the external face of the cell membrane. The effect of glutamate occurred regardless of whether the external solution was buffered with 1 mM HEPES, 3 mM phosphate, or 24 mM bicarbonate. The AMPA/kainate receptor agonist kainate and the NMDA receptor agonist N-methyl-d-aspartate both mimicked the effect of glutamate. The effect of kainate on proton flux was inhibited by the AMPA/kainate receptor blocker CNQX, and the effect of NMDA was abolished by the NMDA receptor antagonist DAP-5. Metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists produced no alteration in proton fluxes from horizontal cells. Depolarization of cells either by increasing extracellular potassium or directly by voltage clamp also produced an alkalinization adjacent to the cell membrane. The effects of depolarization on proton flux were blocked by 10 μM nifedipine, an inhibitor of L-type calcium channels. The plasmalemma Ca2+/H+ ATPase (PMCA) blocker 5(6)-carboxyeosin also significantly reduced proton flux modulation by glutamate. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that glutamate-induced extracellular alkalinizations arise from activation of the PMCA pump following increased intracellular calcium entry into cells. This process might help to relieve suppression of photoreceptor neurotransmitter release that results from exocytosed protons from photoreceptor synaptic terminals. Our findings argue strongly against the hypothesis that protons released by horizontal cells act as the inhibitory feedback neurotransmitter that creates the surround portion of the receptive fields of retinal neurons.
The Soviet Union: A normal totalitarian society

Analysis of twentieth‐century Russian history is fraught with wild variation of opinion, mainly due to the heavy influence of moral assessments, which polarized all branches of the social sciences. Many strongly expressed interpretations, including those of the opposing ‘totalitarian’ and ‘revisionist’ schools, proved to be quite incapable of capturing the essence of Soviet society, and hence of predicting and interpreting the system's failure. Many of the features identified as factors precipitating the collapse were simply not relevant, and the system could have withstood any of them. The system must be seen as a normal variant of a particular type of society: it was a normal totalitarian society which collapsed through attempts to reform an unreformable system. It could have continued, and its eventual collapse would have taken a different form, as would Russia's future course. For the moment, post‐Soviet Russia has its own form of normality, which will persist for a long time.
Attributional Style in Work Settings: Development of a Measure:

We developed the Work Attributional Style Questionnaire to assess one's attributional propensities in work settings. In Study 1, a tendency to attribute positive events to internal, stable, global, and controllable causes was associated with positive work adjustment (i.e., low helplessness and depression). Study 2 revealed similar results; however, a factor structure comprised of only 2 dimensions (controllability/internality and stability/globality) was evident. Attributional style for positive events was a marginally significant predictor of work adjustment in Study 2. When fitted to Study 1 data, the revised Study 2 model fit the data well. Positive attributional style was a significant predictor of work adjustment and negative attributional style was marginally significant.
A model for output evaluation of an intelligent robotic assembly station

Abstract The evolution of intelligent robots has brought widespread changes in the concept of automatic assembly. An intelligent robot can successfully accomplish assembly in a multiple end product processing and unstructured component part(s) handling environment. This advanced capability of the robot dictates a major change in their basic output characteristics. For example, task service time of an intelligent assembly robot is no longer completely deterministic like that of an ordinary pick-and-place type robot. In this paper, a typical component insertion type assembly task is analyzed to show that the task service time is a random variable consisting of two (2) parts, a deterministic component and a stochastic component. Thus, with the assumption of exponential part input an assembly station served by a single intelligent robot is modeled as an M/G/1 queueing model. A robot availability factor is also introduced into the service time random variable. Closed form expressions for important system performance parameters are obtained under the assumption of three (3) different probability distributions for the stochastic part of the service time random variable.
Factors affecting the distribution of lactate dehydrogenase between particulate and nonparticulate fractions of homogenized skeletal muscle

Abstract The distribution of lactate dehydrogenase between the particulate and soluble fractions of homogenized chicken breast muscle has been determined after centrifugation of the homogenate at 40,000 rpm for 30 minutes. The following factors were examined to determine their effect on the distribution: time before homogenization, time before centrifugation of the homogenized muscle, time of homogenization, pH and ionic strength of the homogenizing media, tissue concentration, and concentration of sucrose in the homogenizing media. The amount of lactate dehydrogenase released into the soluble fraction increased with increasing pH and ionic strength. An increase of solubility of the enzyme was also observed with increased tissue concentration; this is most likely related to the increase in ionic strength in the homogenate brought about by the extra tissue.
Dynamics of dissociative photodetachment in cluster anions: O 4 - and O 2 - -H 2 O

A preliminary report is presented on experiments using fast ion-beam translational energy spectroscopy to study dissociative photodetachment and photodissociation dynamics in the small cluster ions O4- and O2-(DOT)(H2O). Translational energy and angular distributions of coincident molecular fragments were recorded from the photodestruction of O4- and O2-(DOT)(H2O) at 523, 349, and 262 nm. At each wavelength, the O4- results confirm the existence of at least two distinct channels: dissociative photodetachment (O4- + h(nu) yields O2 + O2 + e-) and photodissociation (O4- + h(nu) yields O2 + O2-). Observation of strongly anisotropic angular distributions shows that dissociation occurs on the time-scale of molecular rotation in both processes. The photodissociation of O4- at 523 nm gives a new value for the O2-O2- bond energy, DO equals 0.39 +/- 0.05 eV. In O2-(DOT)(H2O), a single dissociative photodetachment channel (O2-(DOT)(H2O) + h(nu) yields O2 + H2O + e-) is observed at all wavelengths. Angular distributions from this process are slightly anisotropic and exhibit a small wavelength dependence.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Variations in the management of asymptomatic adolescent grade 2 or 3 left varicoceles: a survey of practitioners.

Abstract Objective Our study aims to evaluate variations in management of asymptomatic adolescent grade 2 and 3 varicoceles by pediatric urologists. Subjects and methods Electronic survey of all 267 current members of AAP Urology with 74 (28%) responding. Results When managing patients with positive examination findings, 49% of surveyed practitioners use scrotal sonography as initial screening, while 38% use only manual orchidometry and 11% observation with serial examinations. If significant testicular size discrepancy is identified, 32% immediately intervene surgically, while 59% repeat measurements in 6–12 months. When no discrepancy is identified, 36.6% of practitioners discharge their patients with no follow-up, 22.5% refer to an infertility specialist, and 31% evaluate with semen analysis. Fifty-seven percent of practitioners have never sent patients for semen analysis; only 4% send >50% of patients. Of these, 52% and 27% analyzed semen at 17–18 years and 19–20 years, respectively, and 10% send for semen analysis at Conclusions Our survey demonstrates that there does not appear to be a consensus among pediatric urologists managing asymptomatic grade 2 and 3 varicoceles. Better understanding of which adolescent patients with varicoceles will go on to develop male infertility is necessary to identify pediatric patients who could benefit from early intervention.
A pilot study of short-course, high-dose cytosine arabinoside, etoposide, and cisplatin in refractory, aggressive-histology, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas

Twenty-three patients with refractory, aggressive-histology, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas were treated with cytosine arabinoside (2.0 g/m2 i.v. every 12 h on days 1 and 2), etoposide (100 mg/m2 i.v. on days 1 and 2), and cisplatin (35 mg/m2 i.v. on days 1 and 2) every 3 weeks. All patients had received one or two prior chemotherapy regimens. Five of 19 (26%) evaluable patients responded, with a median duration of response of 9 weeks (90% confidence interval: 11-48%). One patient with a complete response remains free of disease over 31 months after completing six cycles of therapy. Six transient responses of less than 1-month duration were also observed. Hematological toxicity was significant: 73% of patients experienced grade 4 neutropenia, and 52% experienced grade 4 thrombocytopenia. Twenty patients (87%) underwent dose reductions following their first cycle of therapy for grade 3 or 4 myelosuppression. We conclude that this combination of drugs, when administered by this schedule, has limited antitumor activity; however, administering the regimen with a dose-intense schedule appears warranted.
Peripheral endocannabinoids regulate skeletal muscle development and maintenance

As a principal tissue responsible for insulin-mediated glucose uptake, skeletal muscle is important for whole-body health. The role of peripheral endocannabinoids as regulators of skeletal muscle metabolism has recently gained a lot of interest, as endocannabinoid system disorders could cause peripheral insulin resistance. We investigated the role of the peripheral endocannabinoid system in skeletal muscle development and maintenance. Cultures of C2C12 cells, primary satellite cells and mouse skeletal muscle single fibers were used as model systems for our studies. We found an increase in cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) mRNA and endocannabinoid synthetic enzyme mRNA skeletal muscle cells during differentiation. We also found that activation of CB1 inhibited myoblast differentiation, expanded the number of satellite cells, and stimulated the fast-muscle oxidative phenotype. Our findings contribute to understanding of the role of the endocannabinoid system in skeletal muscle metabolism and muscle oxygen consumption, and also help to explain the effects of the peripheral endocannabinoid system on whole-body energy balance.
THE REHNQUIST COURT AND JUDICIAL ACTIVISM: THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONSERVATIVE HABEAS CORPUS POLICY

This paper links the selection of Supreme Court justices to change in federal habeas corpus policy. This change, sought by every Republican president since Richard Nixon, is strongly conservative. It restricts access to federal court by state prisoners seeking redress for alleged violation of Constitutional rights. This research analyzes the judicial selection process after Earl Warren's retirement as Chief Justice. It compares decisions of the Warren, Burger and Rehnquist Courts on habeas corpus questions using descriptive quantitative analysis and qualitative doctrinal analysis. The Burger Court was unsuccessful in bringing about conservative change, but the Rehnquist Court, by the early 1990s, had dramatically accomplished its goals. The Rehnquist Court developed much stricter standards for obtaining review in the areas of the abuse of the writ in successor petitions, procedural default and retroactivity of new constitutional rules. The Rehnquist Court's conservative policy was judicially activist in that it overturned precedent and used statutory interpretation to bring about policies rejected by Congress.
Implementation of an Option Pricing‐Based Bond Valuation Model for Corporate Debt and Its Components

INTRODUCTION This paper describes the binomial option pricing-based bond value estimation procedure used in our study, “Option Pricing-Based Bond Value Estimates and a Fundamental Components Approach to Account for Corporate Debt,” (Barth et al. 1998). That study provides evidence on the relevance and reliability of option pricing-based value estimates for bonds and their components, i.e., conversion, call, put, and sinking fund provisions. Although the prior study provides a brief overview of the model’s implementation, i.e., how to estimate total bond and component values, the objective of this paper is to provide a fuller set of details to permit the model’s implementation by others, including other researchers and financial statement preparers. We also aim to enhance their understanding of option pricing-based debt and component valuation. To achieve our objective, we present several examples based on the binomial or twostate option pricing model of Cox et al. (1979) and Rendleman and Bartter (1979) to illustrate accounting issues associated with the valuation of corporate debt and its components. In contrast to the Black and Scholes (1973) (hereafter the Black-Scholes model) and related option pricing models derived using the mathematics of stochastic calculus,
Mitogenic Effect of Bartonella bacilliformis on Human Vascular Endothelial Cells and Involvement of GroEL

Bartonellae are bacterial pathogens for a wide variety of mammals. In humans, bartonellosis can result in angioproliferative lesions that are potentially life threatening to the patient, including bacillary angiomatosis, bacillary peliosis, and verruga peruana. The results of this study show that Bartonella bacilliformis, the agent of Oroya fever and verruga peruana, produces a proteinaceous mitogen for human vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) that acts in a dose-dependent fashion in vitro with maximal activity at ≥72 h of exposure and results in a 6- to 20-fold increase in cell numbers relative to controls. The mitogen increases bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation into HUVECs by almost twofold relative to controls. The mitogen is sensitive to heat and trypsin but is not affected by the lipopolysaccharide inhibitor polymyxin B. The mitogen does not affect caspase 3 activity in HUVECs undergoing serum starvation-induced apoptosis. The Bartonella mitogen was found in bacterial culture supernatants, the soluble cell lysate fraction, and, to a lesser degree, in insoluble cell fractions of the bacterium. In contrast, soluble cell lysate fractions from closely related B. henselae, although possessing significant mitogenicity for HUVECs, resulted in only about a twofold increase in cell numbers. Biochemical and immunological analyses identified GroEL as a participant in the observed HUVEC mitogenicity. A B. bacilliformis strain containing the intact groES-groEL operon on a multicopy plasmid was generated and used to demonstrate a correlation between HUVEC mitogenicity and GroEL levels in the lysate (r2 = 0.85). Antiserum to GroEL significantly inhibited mitogenicity of the lysate. Data also show that GroEL is located in the soluble and insoluble fractions (including inner and outer membranes) of the cell and is actively secreted by B. bacilliformis.