cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Redesigning alkylated diphenylamine antioxidants for modern lubricants

This paper describes a new alkylation technology that is very effective at synthesizing structurally different alkylated diphenylamine chemistries relative to those currently available to lubricant formulators. Examples are provided showing how this technology can be used in a practical way to produce a variety of chemically modified nonylated diphenylamine types. One example is also provided illustrating the preparation of a higher molecular weight dodecylated diphenylamine. Engine oil performance data utilizing pressurized differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC), the thermo-oxidation engine oil simulation test, and a bulk oil oxidation test demonstrate that subtle changes in alkylated diphenylamine chemical composition can result in significant oxidation and deposit control performance enhancements or losses. Examples of similar performance responses in industrial oils are demonstrated utilizing PDSC and the rotating pressure vessel oxidation test. These performance changes are directly related to specific structural changes in the modified products. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A search for primordial atmospheric-like argon in an iron meteorite

Abstract He and Ar were extracted from the Weekeroo Station octahedrite in six heating steps. The Ar isotopic ratios were searched for any indication of an indigenous component with atmospheric-like values. Negative results were obtained.
Identification of cytogenetically undetected 12p13 translocations and associated deletions with fluorescence in situ hybridization

We performed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on bone marrow or peripheral blood cells thought to contain a del(12p) or an unbalanced 12p11-12 translocation from 17 patients who had various hematologic malignant diseases. We used 11 cosmid, phage, and plasmid probes which we had previously ordered on 12p. Cells from three patients with myeloid disorders were shown to have 12p13 translocations that involved chromosome 2 in two of them. Moreover, in all patients, FISH showed that the translocations were associated with proximal interstitial deletions which contributed to the difficulty in identifying these translocations. Our data suggest that some rearrangements of 12p which have been described previously as deletions or unbalanced translocations may, in fact, represent 12p13 translocations accompanied by an interstitial deletion.
In vitro evaluation of the activity of two doses of Levofloxacin alone and in combination with other agents against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Abstract P. aeruginosa is one of the most difficult to treat pathogens that generally requires combination therapy to prevent the development of resistance. This study evaluated the in vitro activity of two concentrations of levofloxacin (modeled for the 500 mg and 750 mg daily dose) in combination with ceftazidime, cefepime, piperacillin/tazobactam, imipenem, and tobramycin against P. aeruginosa. MICs and time-kill studies were performed against 12 non-duplicate clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. The percent susceptible for levofloxacin, ceftazidime, cefepime, piperacillin/tazobactam, imipenem, and tobramycin were 67%, 58%, 58%, 67%, 75%, and 100%, respectively. Tobramycin was the most active single agent, killing and maintaining ≥99.9% killing over a 24 h period against all isolates. Levofloxacin 4 μg/mL (750 mg/day) alone reached 99.9% killing and maintain this killing over the time period more often than levofloxacin 2 μg/mL (500 mg/day). No combination was antagonistic and all combinations with tobramycin were indifferent. Overall, levofloxacin 2 μg/mL plus a β-lactam was synergistic (65%) more often than levofloxacin 4 μg/mL combinations (46%). This was not unexpected due to the increased activity of levofloxacin 4 μg/mL. However, levofloxacin 4 μg/mL combinations maintained a ≥99.9% killing over the entire 24 h period more often than levofloxacin 2 μg/mL combinations (94% vs 83%). The findings from this work suggest that levofloxacin 750 mg/day in combination with another agent active against P. aeruginosa may prove to be clinically beneficial and superior to combinations using lower doses of levofloxacin. In vivo studies are needed to evaluate the clinical significance of these findings.
Can Smart Growth Save the Chesapeake Bay

Abstract The Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuary in the United States, and was once one of its most productive. Historically, the Chesapeake supported thousands of migrant and resident species, including oysters, blue crab, shad, herring, and waterfowl. Today the estuary's productivity is a shadow of what it once was. In 1880, for example, the oyster harvest was 120 million pounds, but this declined to a mere 3 million pounds by 2000—and that actually represented an increase from a historic low in 1993. While the native Chesapeake oyster has fallen victim to disease, a major contributing factor to its decline, along with the health of the estuary, has been the loss of habitat from dredging, sediment loading, and increased pollutant levels. Nearly all of the sediment and pollution originates from human activity on the land surface of the Chesapeake's watershed (Figure 1). As population and development continue to grow in the region, pollution from urbanized areas has become an issue of primary concern. U...
General: Effectiveness of Combining Title Words and Index Terms in Machine Retrieval Searches

To determine the most effective method for searching the bibliographic data bases1 available on magnetic tape, we have compared the differences in the citations retrieved when we searched on title words alone, on index terms alone, assigned from a controlled vocabulary by(presumably) knowledgeable indexers, and on both the title words and the index terms simultaneously. Previous studies2–5 have been mainly concerned with a comparison of machine retrieval and manual searches.
Retailing in a connected world

Retailing evolves and changes with the times, but never have the changes been as rapid as in the past decade, with the spread of the Internet and social media and the ubiquity of smart phones, gran...
What is the relative importance of sediment granulometry and vertical gradients to nematode morphometrics

Abstract Nematode morphometrics were compared at 11 fine-sand and three muddy-sediment sites on the Louisiana, USA continental shelf to explore nematode–sediment relationships. Over 1800 nematodes were measured, and morphometric profiles through 4 cm were examined. The mean length of nematodes did not differ between muds and sands, although nematode diameter was greater in muds below 2 cm in sediment depth. Sand-dwelling nematodes, which slide through interstitial pore spaces, were longer relative to their diameter compared to nematodes that burrow through muddy sediments lacking interstices. Nematode diameter increased with both increasing particle size and particle heterogeneity among sandy stations. In muds, nematode length, diameter and biovolume increased with sediment depth, although length:width ratio did not vary with depth in the sediment. In sands, nematode length and length:width ratio increased with increasing sediment depth, but neither diameter nor biovolume varied with depth in the sediment...
A new interpretation of Bell's inequalities

Bell's inequalities are always derived assuming that local hidden-variable theories give a set of positive-definite probabilities for detecting a particle with a given spin orientation. The usual claim is that quantum mechanics, by its very nature, cannot produce a set of such probabilities. We show that this is not the case if one allows for generalized (nonpositive-definite) “master probability distributions.” The master distributions give the usual quantum mechanical violation of Bell's inequalities. Consequences for the interpretation of quantum mechanics are discussed.
Fundamental principles of somatosensory evoked potentials

Studies of SSEP provide unique opportunities for investigating physioanatomic substrates of sensory pathway and cognitive functions of the sensory system. Progress of clinical investigation and application of SSEP have been stalled in more recent years, although SSEP still remain a useful tool for diagnosis of various neurologic disorders and for the monitoring of spinal cord function during surgery. Reflecting complex sensory system in human, scalp-recorded SSEP consists of multiple waves, having different distribution, amplitude, and latencies among different electrodes. The physioanatomic significance of these multiple waves, especially the late components, is largely unknown. These should be explored further, especially in relation to cognitive function.
Analysis of donor reactive cells in ALS-treated mice bearing skin allografts after the intrathymic injection of donor specific spleen cells.

Abstract The intrathymic injection of donor spleen cells into antilymphocyte serum (ALS)-treated mice induces significant prolongation of donor skin grafts. The intrathymic route of antigen presentation in this model is superior to the intravenous route in achieving unresponsiveness. To elucidate possible mechanisms involved in the induction of unresponsiveness in ALS-treated mice after intrathymic injection of donor spleen cells, we have analysed the reactivity of lymphoid cells from unresponsive mice in various ways. Deletion of donor reactive cells has been studied using the Mls antigen system. Functional inactivation was analysed by a sequential study of the frequency of donor reactive cells. Suppressor cell activity was studied using an adoptive transfer assay. Deletion of donor reactive cells was partial and occurred largely in the spleen in both early and late stages of unresponsiveness. The frequency of donor reactive cytotoxic cells was suppressed in both spleen and lymph nodes from day +13 until grafts were rejected, with the exception of a rebound period at day +22. In contrast, donor reactive cells were not deleted or inactivated in the thymus. Suppressor cell activity could only be detected in mice bearing long-term grafts. These results suggest that donor reactive cytotoxic cells are functionally inactivated in the spleen and nodes in the early and late stages of unresponsiveness after intrathymic injection of antigen. In contrast, donor reactive cells in the thymus do not appear to be affected.
Adaptive-Optics High-Resolution and High-Speed Retinal in vivo Fourier-Domain OCT

We have combined a Fourier-domain optical coherence tomograph (OCT) with a closed-loop Adaptive Optics (AO) system. The AO-OCT instrument has been then used for in vivo retinal imaging.
Contemporary trends in imaging test utilization for prostate cancer staging: data from the cancer of the prostate strategic urologic research endeavor.

Purpose: Previous investigators have reported widespread overuse of imaging tests for staging clinically localized prostate cancer. In this study imaging test utilization rates were analyzed in a contemporary group of patients, and clinical and demographic predictors of testing were identified.Materials and Methods: Data were abstracted from the Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor (CaPSURE), a longitudinal registry of men with various stages of prostate cancer. A total of 4,966 men met study inclusion criteria of available treatment and staging data. The rates of computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and bone scans performed between the dates of diagnosis and primary treatment were analyzed in patients at 3 levels of clinical risk based on serum prostate specific antigen, Gleason sum and T stage. Time trends in test utilization were analyzed by linear regression. Contemporary rates were compared with those identified in a previous analysis of an earlier CaPSURE cohort...
A unified phase retrieval algorithm for both far-field and near-field diffractive imaging

X-ray coherent diffractive imaging is attracting interest within the x-ray community because it promises wavelength-limited resolution for imaging nonperiodic objects. It is well known that a wave diffracted or scattered by an object can be described simply by the Fourier transform of the object's electron density distribution. However, this result is general only in the so-called far-field regime, where most practical work is done. In the near-field regime, evaluations of wave field amplitudes become more complicated, and Fresnel diffraction and imaging effects have to be taken into account. In this paper, we present an algorithm that can be used to reconstruct an object from a near-field diffraction pattern. The algorithm uses the concept of a 'phase-chirped' distorted object, where a Fresnel-zone construction is embedded on an original object. This algorithm can eliminate the twin image ambiguity in phase retrieval and will therefore improve the convergence of retrieval. Our algorithm is a unified algorithm, consistent with those used in far-field experiments. Our algorithm extends the applicability of Fourier-based iterative phasing algorithms that are already established for far-field diffraction into the near-field holographic regime where phase retrieval has traditionally been difficult.
Pubic bone suburethral stabilization sling for recurrent urinary incontinence

A suburethral sling anchored to the posterior-inferior aspect of the pubic bone with bone screws placed transvaginally is described for recurrent urinary incontinence. The technique involves placing a suburethral patch of a synthetic fiber at the junction of the upper one-third and lower two-thirds of the urethra and securing it by titanium bone screws to the posterior-inferior pubis for site-specific urethral support and stabilization of normally positioned continence anatomy. The procedure was performed from August 1990 through December 1991 in 27 patients with recurrent stress urinary incontinence after previous urinary incontinence surgery, of whom 25 patients were followed yearly until August 1994. None of these 25 patients have had a recurrence as of August 1996. The initial success of the pubic bone suburethral stabilization sling merits further study for the cure of urinary incontinence in patients with a hypermobile urethra or low-pressure urethral conditions.
Quantitative study of the formation of poliovirus antigens in infected HeLa cells

Abstract Methods based on the specific interaction between isotopically labeled poliovirus antigens and their specific antisera have been used to study the course of antigen formation in infected HeLa cell cultures. No appreciable amounts of either D antigen or C antigen are formed prior to the onset of maturation. While D antigenicity is a property of structurally complete particles, C antigenicity is associated with particles which lack RNA. Both sorts of particles are primary products of the infectious process, being formed in roughly equal amounts along the course of maturation. Appreciable amounts of both antigens are formed in the presence of low concentrations of fluorophenylalanine (FPA) which inhibit infectious virus production but permit formation of infectious RNA; antigen and infectious RNA formation are inhibited at higher concentrations of FPA. The results are in accord with previous conclusions that there is close temporal, and perhaps functional coordination between viral protein and viral RNA synthesis in this system.
Organic derivatives of heteropolymolybdates

Abstract A survey is given of recent work characterising several examples of heteropolymolybdates with covalently attached organic groups. The structures of complex ions with the stoichiometries [(RP) 2 Mo 5 O 21 ] 4− , [(RAs) 2 -Mo 6 O 24 ] 4− , [(RAs) 4 Mo 12 O 46 ] 4− and [R 2 AsMo 4 O 15 H] 2− further illustrate the prevalence of cis -MoO 2 groups in polymolybdates; they appear to be governed by the dimensions of the [RP(As)O 3 ] 2− heterogroups. Novel features of the new complexes include optical activity based on the oxometallate structure of [(RP) 2 Mo 5 O 21 ] 4− , neutral zwitterionic species and a localised non-acidic proton in [R 2 AsMo 4 O 15 H] 2− .
Swimming performance of juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus): training and the probability of entrainment due to dredging

Summary White sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus (Richardson), are at risk of entrainment from dredging, with young-of-the-year fish at greatest risk. To evaluate this entrainment risk, swimming performance trials were conducted in a laboratory swim tunnel with hatchery-reared juvenile white sturgeon with varying experience levels including: naive (only tested once), tested (re-tested after being kept in no flow) and trained (re-tested after kept in flow for nearly three weeks). Individuals of various sizes (80–100 mm TL) and all experience levels were strongly rheotactic (> 80%), but endurance was highly variable among fish. Small juveniles [ 93 mm TL) naive fish (42–45 cm s−1), all of which had lower escape speeds than trained fish (72 cm s−1). Behavior was also highly variable among fish. Overall, benthic station-holding behaviors were least frequent in small fish, intermediate in medium and large fish, and most frequent in trained large fish. Probability of entrainment of juvenile white sturgeon can be reduced by maintaining dredge head flow fields at less than 45 cm s−1 for wild-spawned fish or by rearing hatchery fish to > 93 mm TL and exposing the fish to moderate flow velocities (10–12 cm s−1) prior to their release.
Determinants of Tissue Aluminum Concentration

These data taken together might indicate that increased tissue burdens of aluminum begin early in chronic renal disease as a consequence of oral aluminum administration. The initiation of dialysis leads to additional aluminum exposure via dialysate. Elevated endogenous parathyroid hormone levels could further enhance the absorption of orally ingested aluminum and alter tissue distribution of aluminum resulting in high brain aluminum concentration.
Automatic generation of ultra-pure hydroxide eluent for carbohydrate analysis of environmental samples.

Abstract High-performance anion-exchange chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection under alkaline conditions has significantly improved our understanding of the function of carbohydrates in cycling of terrestrial carbon. The use of NaOH as an eluent has many advantages for anion analysis, but NaOH solutions are also an excellent trap for atmospheric CO 2 resulting in eluent carbonate ion contamination. To minimize the carbonate contamination, eluent generation technology has been marketed that produces ultra-pure hydroxide (OH) eluents on demand. Application of this technology significantly reduced the amounts of OH present in the waste stream and provided faster chromatographic runs with greater sensitivity and precision for determining the monosaccharide composition from environmental samples. Minimizing the salt concentration to ≤50 mm from acid hydrolysis extractions injected (25 μl injection volume) on column improved reproducibility of analyte retention times and separations. Eluent generation technology eliminated inconsistent OH eluent preparation that is often due to carbonate contamination. The contamination increases retention time variability for monosaccharides released by hydrolysis of biological samples.
The Jordan Canonical Forms of complex orthogonal and skew-symmetric matrices

Abstract We study the Jordan Canonical Forms of complex orthogonal and skew-symmetric matrices, and consider some related results.
THC: moderation during implantation.

Endogenous marijuana-like compounds regulate implantation during pregnancy by activating cannabinoid receptors on the embryo's surface. A new study explores the dynamics of this process and renews concerns about marijuana use in pregnant women.
A Caustic Scrubber System for the Control of Phosgene Emissions: Design, Testing, and Performance

The body of information presented in this paper is directed toward those individuals involved with handling hazardous materials, whether in actual use of such chemicals, or in monitoring atmospheric emissions. Although specifically relating experience in the design and testing of phosgene emission control equipment, it attempts to establish general guidelines for effectively dealing with emissions of hazardous materials. An approach for handling chemical pollutants having no established air quality emission standards is developed. The paper presents a technique for establishing process emissions at acceptably low levels to insure the health and safety of the general population as well as that of the process workers themselves. Methods, suitable for measuring phosgene at these low levels, have been investigated, and problems associated with such an investigation are discussed. While complete theoretical scrubber design criteria are beyond the scope of this paper, many of the "real world" problems which aff...
Formation and Stability of Complex Membrane−Mimetic Monolayers on Solid Supports

Membrane−mimetic phospholipid films with or without cholesterol and varying concentrations of one or more synthetic lipopeptide conjugates were formed on an alkylsilane self-assembled monolayer on glass by a process of lipid vesicle fusion. Using a combination of radiochemical titration with 125I-labeled lipopeptides and atomic force microscopy imaging in an aqueous environment, we have characterized the kinetics of multicomponent monolayer formation and film stability as a function of temperature, lipid alkyl chain length, cholesterol content, and the concentration of solution phase bovine serum albumin. These data confirm that multicomponent membrane−mimetic monolayers can be produced in a predictable fashion by vesicle fusion to an alkylated glass substrate. The stability of these systems, however, is compromised when operating above the phase transition temperature of the lipid component, as well as in the presence of albumin.
Cell Structure and Response Properties in the Trigeminal Subnucleus Oralis

Extra- and intracellular recording, electrical stimulation, receptive field mapping, and horseradish peroxidase injection techniques were used to study the structure of functionally identified neurons in trigeminal (V) brainstem subnucleus oralis of the rat. Of 15 heavily labeled cells located within oralis, 4 were local-circuit neurons with receptive fields restricted to either an incisor, guard hairs, one vibrissa, or deep facial tissue (nociceptors). Their morphologies were highly varied, with expansive and spiny dendritic trees and recurrent and intersubnuclear axon collaterals. Oralis local-circuit neurons therefore most closely resembled non-vibrissa-sensitive local-circuit cells in adjacent subnucleus interpolaris. Six other stained cells projected to contralateral thalamus, and two others projected to ipsilateral cerebellum. They typically had intramodality convergent receptive fields (i.e., spanning more than one receptor organ, such as multiple vibrissae or teeth) with widespread dendritic trees...
Multiloop feedback unsymmetrical active filters using quads

In this paper, a general design procedure for high order unsymmetrical active filters is presented using a special configuration of quads. Quads are 4th order subsection blocks using biquads in a special manner. It is shown that the determination of network parameters is not dependent on frequency range, and that the design procedure is simpler than other multiloop feedback (MF) topologies. The transmission zeros of the transfer function are derived directly from the zeros of the biquadratic blocks and thus feedforward or summation techniques are not required.
Scientists behaving badly

To protect the integrity of science, we must look beyond falsification, fabrication and plagiarism, to a wider range of questionable research practices, argue Brian C. Martinson, Melissa S. Anderson and Raymond de Vries. In a questionnaire-based survey of US biomedical researchers, respondents admitted to a range of dubious practices. Transgressions included failing to present data contradicting one's own research (6%) and ignoring data based on a ‘gut feeling’ that it was wrong (15%). Writing on the survey, Martinson et al. call this picture of misbehaviour “striking in its breadth and prevalence”.
Two Dimensional Time Dependent Modeling Of Optically Switched GaAs

The advantages of high power photoconductive semiconductor switches (PCSS) such as high hold-off voltage and fast rise times have motivated significant development efforts. However, observations of lock-on, non-uniformities in the electric field, and filamentation of current flow across the device when switching at high fields have raised concerns about the scaling of PCSS to higher currents. To investigate these issues, a two dimensional time dependent computer model of GaAs PCSS has been developed with the motivation of understanding filament formation. The model solves the continuity equations for electrons and holes, conservation equations for trapping sites, the energy equation for the lattice. Poisson`s equation, and a circuit equation. Physical effects in the model include band-to-band impact ionization, trap impact ionization, photoionization, and negative differential resistance. The physical devices investigated with the model are based on the Bulk Optical Semiconductor Switch (BOSS) developed by Schoenbach. In this talk a description of the model will be presented followed by consequences of switch geometries, gain mechanisms, and non-uniform injection and illumination on the operation of the device.
Pain acceptance moderates the relation between pain and negative affect in female osteoarthritis and fibromyalgia patients

Background: Chronic pain is often intractable despite advanced medical and psychotherapeutic treatments. Pain acceptance is emerging as a promising complement to control-based pain management strategies and a likely approach to maintaining quality of life for chronic pain patients.Purpose: This theoretically based analysis of an existing database examined the extent to which pain acceptance predicted weekly reports of positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA), and the relations of pain severity to both PA and NA.Methods: Participants were women, 36 with osteoarthritis and 86 with fibromylagia, who completed an initial assessment for demographics, pain catastrophizing, and pain acceptance, and 2 to 12 weekly assessments of pain severity, PA, and NA.Results: Multilevel modeling analyses indicated that pain acceptance was related to higher levels of PA but was unrelated to NA. Furthermore, pain acceptance moderated the relation of NA and pain severity, such that expected increases in NA during pain exacerbations were buffered by higher levels of pain acceptance.Conclusions: These findings suggest that pain patients with greater capacity to accept pain may be emotionally resilient in managing their condition.
Interacting proteins identified by genetic interactions: a missense mutation in alpha-tubulin fails to complement alleles of the testis-specific beta-tubulin gene of Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract In this paper we demonstrate that failure to complement between mutations at separate loci can be used to identify genes that encode interacting structural proteins. A mutation (nc33) identified because it failed to complement mutant alleles of the gene encoding the testis-specific beta 2-tubulin of Drosophila melanogaster (B2t) did not map to the B2t locus. We show that this second-site noncomplementing mutation is a missense mutation in alpha-tubulin that results in substitution of methionine in place of valine at amino acid 177. Because alpha- and beta-tubulin form a heterodimer, our results suggest that the genetic interaction, failure to complement, is based on the structural interaction between the protein products of the two genes. Although the nc33 mutation failed to complement a null allele of B2t (B2tn), a deletion of the alpha-tubulin gene to which nc33 mapped complemented B2tn. Thus, the failure to complement appears to require the presence of the altered alpha-tubulin encoded by the nc33 allele, which may act as a structural poison when incorporated into either the tubulin heterodimer or microtubules.
Interleukin-18 Enhances Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Interferon-γ Production in Human Whole Blood Cultures

Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a newly described cytokine, formerly called interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-inducing factor. In a simple 24-h human whole blood culture, IFN-gamma was produced by the combination of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus IL-18. To liberate cytokines in the leukocyte and red cell compartments, the detergent Triton X-100 was added to the entire blood culture. The combination of low concentrations of LPS plus IL-18 induced a 3- to 5-fold greater production of IFN-gamma than did either stimulant alone. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-6, and IL-8 were also produced. The presence of IL-10 completely suppressed the production of IFN-gamma and reduced that of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8. Thus, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-8, and IL-6 are produced in a single whole blood culture, making correlations in the synthesis of a T helper type 1 cytokine and proinflammatory cytokines with disease activity possible in a single culture.
Perfectionism and the five-factor model of personality.

In this study of the discriminant, convergent, and incremental validity of the Almost Perfect Scale—Revised (APS-R), university students completed the APS-R, additional measures of perfectionism, t...
An analysis of the warning letters issued by the FDA to pharmaceutical manufacturers regarding misleading health outcomes claims.

Objective: To evaluate the number and type of warning letters issued by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to pharmaceutical manufacturers for promotional violations.Methods: Two reviewers downloaded, printed and independently evaluated warning letters issued by the FDA to pharmaceutical manufacturers from years 2003-2008. Misleading claims were broadly classified as clinical, Quality-of-Life (QoL), and economic claims. Clinical claims included claims regarding unsubstantiated efficacy, safety and tolerability, superiority, broadening of indication and/or omission of risk information. QoL claims included unsubstantiated quality of life and/or health-related quality of life claims. Economic claims included any form of claim made on behalf of the pharmaceutical companies related to cost superiority of or cost savings from the drug compared to other drugs in the market.Results: In the 6-year study period, 65 warning letters were issued by FDA, which contained 144 clinical, three QoL, and one economic claim. On an average, 11 warning letters were issued per year. Omission of risk information was the most frequently violated claim (30.6%) followed by unsubstantiated efficacy claims (18.6%). Warning letters were primarily directed to manufacturers of cardiovascular (14.6%), anti-microbial (14.6%), and CNS (12.5%) drugs. Majority of the claims referenced in warning letters contained promotional materials directed to physicians (57%).Conclusion: The study found that misleading clinical outcome claims formed the majority of the promotional violations, and majority of the claims were directed to physicians. Since inadequate promotion of medications may lead to irrational prescribing, the study emphasizes the importance of disseminating reliable, credible, and scientific information to patients, and more importantly, physicians to protect public health.
A stochastic, Lagrangian model of sinking biogenic aggregates in the ocean (SLAMS 1.0): model formulation, validation and sensitivity

Abstract. We present a new mechanistic model, stochastic, Lagrangian aggregate model of sinking particles (SLAMS) for the biological pump in the ocean, which tracks the evolution of individual particles as they aggregate, disaggregate, sink, and are altered by chemical and biological processes. SLAMS considers the impacts of ballasting by mineral phases, binding of aggregates by transparent exopolymer particles (TEP), zooplankton grazing and the fractal geometry (porosity) of the aggregates. Parameterizations for age-dependent organic carbon (orgC) degradation kinetics, and disaggregation driven by zooplankton grazing and TEP degradation, are motivated by observed particle fluxes and size spectra throughout the water column. The model is able to explain observed variations in orgC export efficiency and rain ratio from the euphotic zone and to the sea floor as driven by sea surface temperature and the primary production rate and seasonality of primary production. The model provides a new mechanistic framework with which to predict future changes on the flux attenuation of orgC in response to climate change forcing.
Phylogenetic relationships of phrynosomatid lizards based on nuclear and mitochondrial data, and a revised phylogeny for Sceloporus

Phrynosomatid lizards are among the most common and diverse groups of reptiles in western North America, Mexico, and Central America. Phrynosomatidae includes 136 species in 10 genera. Phrynosomatids are used as model systems in many research programs in evolution and ecology, and much of this research has been undertaken in a comparative phylogenetic framework. However, relationships among many phrynosomatid genera are poorly supported and in conflict between recent studies. Further, previous studies based on mitochondrial DNA sequences suggested that the most species-rich genus (Sceloporus) is possibly paraphyletic with respect to as many as four other genera (Petrosaurus, Sator, Urosaurus, and Uta). Here, we collect new sequence data from five nuclear genes and combine them with published data from one additional nuclear gene and five mitochondrial gene regions. We compare trees from nuclear and mitochondrial data from 37 phrynosomatid taxa, including a "species tree" (from BEST) for the nuclear data. We also present a phylogeny for 122 phrynosomatid species based on maximum likelihood analysis of the combined data, which provides a strongly-supported hypothesis for relationships among most phrynosomatid genera and includes most phrynosomatid species. Our results strongly support the monophyly of Sceloporus (including Sator) and many of the relationships within it. We present a new classification for phrynosomatid lizards and the genus Sceloporus, and offer a new tree with branch lengths for use in comparative studies.
Endophenotypes for Alcohol Use Disorder: An Update on the Field

The endophenotype concept was first proposed as a strategy to use (purportedly) genetically simpler phenotypes in gene identification studies for psychiatric disorders, and is distinct from the closely related concept of intermediate phenotypes. In the area of alcohol use disorder (AUD) research, two candidate endophenotypes have produced replicable genetic associations: level of response to alcohol and neurophysiology markers (e.g., event-related oscillations and event-related potentials). Additional candidate endophenotypes from the cognitive, sensory, and neuroimaging literatures show promise, although more evidence is needed to fully evaluate their potential utility. Translational approaches to AUD endophenotypes have helped characterize the underlying neurobiology and genetics of AUD endophenotypes and identified relevant pharmacological interventions. Future research that capitalizes on the polygenic nature of endophenotypes and emphasizes endophenotypes that may change across development will enhance the usefulness of this concept to understand the genetically-influenced pathways toward AUD.
Infliximab for peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum.

Summary Peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum (PPG) is a variant of pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) that is more refractory to treatment. It is a cause of severe morbidity and poses a therapeutic challenge for the clinician. Infliximab (Remicade®; Centocor, Malvern, PA, USA) is a chimeric monoclonal antibody directed against tumour necrosis factor-α that has been proven to be effective in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and rheumatoid arthritis. Currently, very few reports exist documenting its use in the treatment of PG and none in the treatment of PPG. We describe our experience of treating three patients with IBD-associated PPG with infliximab. All patients tolerated the drug without significant side-effects. Two patients with PPG recovered completely following the administration of infliximab, and one patient had a partial response to the drug. We conclude that infliximab appears to be a safe and effective therapeutic alternative in patients with PPG.
The Mass Lecture Section: An Individualized Approach to Instructional Design

A process is described for course development and individualization of instruction in heterogeneous mass sections of introductory marketing courses containing 250-300 students. An overview of instr...
A Simplified Procedure for the Realization of Linearly-Separable Switching Functions

A previous paper gives a procedure for the testing and realization of linearly-separable switching functions, i.e., functions which can be realized by a single threshold component. That procedure can be considerably simplified, particularly when the given function is symmetric in sets of two or more variables. The simplifications arise due to a reduction of the number of functions in the function tree in view of the coefficient ordering. Although this procedure was derived with the aim of reducing the amount of computation below that required for straightforward solution of the simultaneous inequalities that define the problem, the resulting method has some interesting relationships to that due to Winder.
Health Disparities Among Health Care Workers

In this article we describe the process of an interdisciplinary case study that examined the social contexts of occupational and general health disparities among health care workers in two sets of New England hospitals and nursing homes. A political economy of the work environment framework guided the study, which incorporated dimensions related to market dynamics, technology, and political and economic power. The purpose of this article is to relate the challenges encountered in occupational health care settings and how these could have impacted the study results. An innovative data collection matrix that guided small-group analysis provided a firm foundation from which to make design modifications to address these challenges. Implications for policy and research include the use of a political and economic framework from which to frame future studies, and the need to maintain rigor while allowing flexibility in design to adapt to challenges in the field.
Evidence-Based Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery

Stiffness is a concern after rotator cuff surgery, but early exercises risk disrupting tendon sutures. A prospective randomized trial of 105 consecutive patients undergoing arthroscopic suturing of small to mediumsize full-thickness rotator cuff defects was undertaken comparing early (postoperative day 1) passive motion exercises 3 to 4 times per day with delayed passive motion following brace removal (4 wk for tears 1 cm and 5 weeks for tears of 1–3 cm). Both groups began strengthening at 9 to 12 weeks, and unrestricted activities were allowed at 6 months. There were no significant differences in demographics between groups. At 12 months, there were improvements in both groups with no significant differences in pain, range of motion (ROM) and functional outcomes (Constant Score, Simple Shoulder Test [SST], and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons [ASES] scores). Ultrasound (3–6 mo) and computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (12 mo) revealed healing in 49/56 patients in the early motion group and 40/49 in the delayed motion group.
Demonstration of optical learning with luminescent materials for image classification

The benefits of using learning in computers is discussed. The advantages are described of using photonics over electronics for constructing learning systems. Optical devices are discussed, including a spatial light rebroadcaster (SLR) composed of a thin film of luminescing material which may be used to store dynamically changing weights during learning. An optical learning system is described that uses inner products computations with SLRs, and results of optical experiments are shown. >
A trajectory-based selective broadcast query protocol for large-scale, high-density wireless sensor networks

We present a small-footprint search protocol designed to facilitate any-type queries for data content and services in large population, high-density wireless sensor networks. Our protocol, termed Trajectory-based Selective Broadcast Query (TSBQ), works in conjunction with time division multiple access- or schedule-based medium access control protocols to reduce per-query energy expenditure. We compare the performance of TSBQ to unicast- and local broadcast-based search algorithms and also determine a critical node density based on the energy expended by nodes to transmit and receive. Minimal energy expenditure is achieved by determining the optimal number of data/service replicates and the number of nodes designated to receive each query transmission. Numerical results indicate that TSBQ significantly reduces the total energy expenditure of a network as compared to unicast and local broadcast-based search protocols.
Narrative Review: Assessment of C-Reactive Protein in Risk Prediction for Cardiovascular Disease

Some experts propose C-reactive protein (CRP) as a screening tool for prediction of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Many epidemiologic studies show positive associations between elevated CRP levels and incident CVD. Assessment of the value of new prognostic tests, however, must rely on understanding of test characteristics rather than on associations measured by relative risks. In the case of CRP, test characteristics must be judged in the context of currently available CVD risk prediction algorithms. In this review of literature published before January 2006, the authors describe what is known about the additional utility of CRP in risk prediction. They find no definitive evidence that, for most individuals, CRP adds substantial predictive value above that provided by risk estimation using traditional risk factors for CVD. Use of CRP may add to risk estimation in a limited subset of individuals who are at intermediate predicted risk according to the Framingham risk score. The authors propose that many questions still must be addressed before CRP is incorporated into risk prediction algorithms and before universal screening with CRP can be recommended.
Uncertainty analysis of NIST’s 20 liter hydrocarbon liquid flow standard

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) uses a bi-directional 20 L-displacement piston prover as its primary standard for measuring hydrocarbon liquid flows ranging from 1.86 × 10−5 m3/s (0.3 gpm) to 2.6 × 10−3 m3/s (40 gpm). Our analysis shows that the prover’s uncertainty over this flow range is 0.074 % (k = 2, corresponding to a 95 % confidence interval). Using a dual rotor turbine meter as the transfer standard, we compare the new 20 L piston prover standard with NIST’s other hydrocarbon liquid standards and NIST’s water flow standard. The results are consistent with the presented uncertainty analysis.
Four Ways of Reading the Work of Nirad C. Chaudhuri. A Case Study of a Postcolonial Conservative

The article examines four ways of reading the work of a twentieth-century Anglophone Indian intellectual, by employing postcolonial, Foucauldian, Žižekan/Lacanian, and ultimately deconstructive approaches to produce, in each case, a very different thinker: a willing imperialist tool, a sly subverter of colonial hegemony, a postcolonial subject fraught with internal libidinal tensions in its relationship to the paternal power, and, finally, an intellectual obsessed with historically emptying and rendering finite every cultual phenomenon he encounters.
Analysis of the interaction between host factor Sam68 and viral elements during foot-and-mouth disease virus infections.

The nuclear protein Src-associated protein of 68 kDa in mitosis (Sam68) is known to bind RNA and be involved in cellular processes triggered in response to environmental stresses, including virus infection. Interestingly, Sam68 is a multi-functional protein implicated in the life cycle of retroviruses and picornaviruses and is also considered a marker of virus-induced stress granules (SGs). Recently, we demonstrated the partial redistribution of Sam68 to the cytoplasm in FMDV infected cells, its interaction with viral protease 3Cpro, and found a significant reduction in viral titers as consequence of Sam68-specific siRNA knockdowns. Despite of that, details of how it benefits FMDV remains to be elucidated. Sam68 cytoplasmic localization was examined by immunofluorescent microscopy, counterstaining with antibodies against Sam68, a viral capsid protein and markers of SGs. The relevance of RAAA motifs in the IRES was investigated using electromobility shift assays with Sam68 protein and parental and mutant FMDV RNAs. In addition, full genome WT and mutant or G-luc replicon RNAs were tested following transfection in mammalian cells. The impact of Sam68 depletion to virus protein and RNA synthesis was investigated in a cell-free system. Lastly, through co-immunoprecipitation, structural modeling, and subcellular fractionation, viral protein interactions with Sam68 were explored. FMDV-induced cytoplasmic redistribution of Sam68 resulted in it temporarily co-localizing with SG marker: TIA-1. Mutations that disrupted FMDV IRES RAAA motifs, with putative affinity to Sam68 in domain 3 and 4 cause a reduction on the formation of ribonucleoprotein complexes with this protein and resulted in non-viable progeny viruses and replication-impaired replicons. Furthermore, depletion of Sam68 in cell-free extracts greatly diminished FMDV RNA replication, which was restored by addition of recombinant Sam68. The results here demonstrated that Sam68 specifically co-precipitates with both FMDV 3Dpol and 3Cpro consistent with early observations of FMDV 3Cpro-induced cleavage of Sam68. We have found that Sam68 is a specific binding partner for FMDV non-structural proteins 3Cpro and 3Dpol and showed that mutations at RAAA motifs in IRES domains 3 and 4 cause a decrease in Sam68 affinity to these RNA elements and rendered the mutant RNA non-viable. Interestingly, in FMDV infected cells re-localized Sam68 was transiently detected along with SG markers in the cytoplasm. These results support the importance of Sam68 as a host factor co-opted by FMDV during infection and demonstrate that Sam68 interact with both, FMDV RNA motifs in the IRES and viral non-structural proteins 3Cpro and 3Dpol.
Investigation into a robust finite element model for composite materials

Abstract Two models for completing structural analyses of cured fabric-reinforced composites that link back to a forming simulation are investigated. The objective of each model is to seamlessly use the predicted geometries of the textile plies to generate a finite element model of the cured structure. The first is a beam-shell model, where beam elements represent the fibers and shell elements represent the matrix. The beams are imported directly from the forming model to capture the deformed fabric geometry. The second approach is a double-orthotropic shell model where two shells, each representing a set of fibers, i.e. warp or weft, are superimposed. The material orientation in each shell is aligned with the respective fiber directions. To investigate the capabilities of the models for unidirectional-fiber reinforced composite plates with multiple fiber orientations and loading configurations, the two models are compared to classical laminate theory (CLT). To explore the models׳ ability to represent a plain-weave textile reinforced composite plate with various shear angles in the fabric reinforcements, the two proposed models are compared to experimental data. The double orthotropic shell model is found to be a better option for linking the mechanical behavior of the formed composite back to the simulation of the manufacturing process than the beam-shell model.
Critical Thinking in Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis by Barbara Probst (Ed.)

According to Stuart Kirk, a distinguished scholar of the socio-historical, political, and clinical foundations of mental health policy and practice, Critical Thinking in Clinical Assessment and Dia...