cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A survey of construction site safety in Honduras

This paper provides the results of a construction site safety survey conducted in Honduras. A questionnaire was used to collect safety-related information from construction workers, field management and upper management in the Home Office on residential, commercial and heavy civil construction projects in San Pedro Sula, Honduras. Data were collected using face-to-face interviews – 108 construction workers, 10 field managers and eight senior managers participated. Data were analysed using correlation, regression and analysis of variance techniques. Results demonstrated a substantial lack of awareness or importance for safety at all levels of the construction organization. Workers rarely wore personal protective equipment, used poorly constructed scaffolds, improperly used tools and ladders and disregarded good housekeeping practices. Almost three-quarters of the craftsmen suffered at least one lost-time accident; many of their injuries were in expected locations on their bodies given the nature of their w...
Differential effects of anionic surfactants on activities of GDH, LDH, and MDH

Abstract We systematically investigated, under stringent control environments, the effects of surfactants on enzymes in dilute solutions. We elucidated how anionic surfactants of various hydrophilicities affected the activities of three metabolically important enzymes – l -glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), l -lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and l -malate dehydrogenase (MDH) – of different molecular masses at a pH range important to body functions (6.5–7.4). We also investigated the time course of the surfactant concentration-dependent effects on LDH. As “standards” for comparison with results obtained using the anionic surfactants, we conducted similar studies with the well characterized non-ionic surfactant, Triton X-100. Activity of enzyme protein of larger molecular mass (GDH) in solution showed less variation compared to those with smaller molecular masses (LDH and MDH), with changes in pH, hydrophilicity, and surfactant concentration. For LDH and MDH, relative activities could change tremendously with 1 ppm difference in surfactant concentrations. All three enzymes were more active in hydrophilic than in hydrophobic surfactants. LDH activity also showed time-dependent decreases with different surfactant concentrations. These results suggest that, for data to be comprehensive, surfactant effects should be investigated with a wide range of concentrations and with time as a variable.
Developmental outcomes of premature, low birth weight, and medically fragile infants

Abstract Technological advances and improved newborn and infant care have resulted in better survival rates of newborn intensive care graduates. This change in health status does come with a price—long-term consequences after discharge home. As newborn and infant nurses, we need to be more aware of the possible developmental outcomes of premature, low birth weight, and medically fragile infants. This article presents a review of literature on these outcomes with special emphasis in the areas of cognition and learning.
Hyperoxaluric calcium nephrolithiasis

Oxalate is a metabolic waste product excreted by the kidney. Hyperoxaluria is a common cause of kidney stones due to the low solubility of calcium oxalate salts. Severe hyperoxaluria may lead to loss of renal function and systemic oxalosis. Hyperoxaluria can be caused by genetic defects that lead to endogenous overproduction or by absorption of excessive amounts of oxalate from the diet. This article reviews oxalate metabolism and the clinical syndromes leading to hyperoxaluria. Nephrolithiasis is the most common chronic disorder of the urinary tract in the United States. Calcium oxalate is the predominant component in 70% to 80% of kidney stones. Oxalate is an end product of human metabolism produced in the liver and excreted primarily by the kidney. Oxalate is also absorbed from the diet so that renal excretion reflects the combined endogenous and exogenous oxalate loads. The clinical significance of oxalate is related to the low solubility of its calcium salt. High urine oxalate excretion increases urine calcium oxalate supersaturation and, therefore, the risk of kidney stone formation. In human urine, calcium concentration is about ten fold greater than oxalate on a molar basis. Relatively modest increases in urine oxalate excretion will have significant effects on urine supersaturation [1], especially in patients with hypercalciuria where calcium is in even greater excess of oxalate. Hyperoxaluria can be caused by defects in oxalate metabolism, overabsorption of dietary oxalate secondary to bowel disease, or from consumption of diets rich in oxalate or oxalate precursors. Oxalate excretion tends to be higher in kidney stone formers than control subjects, though there is considerable overlap between the groups [2–4]. Hyperoxaluria has been estimated to occur in 8% to 50% of stone formers [5–7]. The wide range of prevalence estimates for hyperoxaluria is likely due to differences in laboratory methods,
Enzyme kinetics and engineering

This review article surveys representative literature on enzyme kinetics and engineering published form January 1969 to August 1971. Particlar attention is given to methods of attaching enzymes to solid supports, and to factors, such as pH and temperature, which affect the reaction rate. Recent theories accounting for the high selectivity and high rate of enzyme reactions, calculations taking into consideration the effects of diffusion, methods for analysing kinitic data, and proposals for enzyme reactors are evaluated. Also reviewed are recent methods for extraction of enzymes from cells, procedures for synthesizing enzymes artificailly, and techniques for isolating and purifying enzymes.
A Prospective Randomized Pilot Study to Evaluate Predictors of Response in Serial Core Biopsies to Single Agent Neoadjuvant Doxorubicin or Paclitaxel for Patients with Locally Advanced Breast Cancer

Introduction : Response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced breast cancer can be correlated with long-term outcomes. Surrogate end-point biomarkers may be used to assess response to the treatment. Most reported studies assessed the effects of combination chemotherapy. We assessed the feasibility of obtaining serial core breast biopsies, and correlated rates of apoptosis, proliferation, and expression of related proteins at baseline, during, and after neoadjuvant single agent chemotherapy for locally advanced breast cancer with response. Experimental Design : Women with a histologically confirmed unresected T 3 or T 4 infiltrating carcinoma of the breast were eligible. The first 20 patients received three cycles of doxorubicin 90 mg/m 2 followed by three cycles of paclitaxel 250 mg/m 2 , or the reverse. Nine women received four cycles of each (doxorubicin 60 mg/m 2 and paclitaxel 175 mg/m 2 ). Cycles were administered 14 days apart with filgastrim. End points included: ( a ) clinical and pathological response; ( b ) serial apoptotic [terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (Tdt)-mediated nick end labeling] and proliferation (immunohistochemistry, IHC) rates; and ( c ) expression (IHC) of estrogen receptor, HER2, bcl2, and p53. Results : From April 1997 to June 2001, 29 women were randomized. Twelve patients (42%) had a clinical complete response (cCR), and 16 (55%) had a clinical partial response. Five women (17%) had a pathological complete response, 7 (24%) had microscopic residual disease, and 17 (58%) had macroscopic residual disease. Higher baseline apoptosis and proliferation were associated with an improved pathological response ( P = 0.006 and 0.003, respectively). Among 14 evaluable patients, apoptosis increased in women who had a cCR to the first agent but not in women without a cCR. Estrogen receptor-positive patients had a worse pathological response ( P = 0.004). Conclusions : The selected regimen is efficacious. It is feasible to obtain serial core biopsies that are informative for studies of apoptosis and IHC. This clinical design can serve as a model for combining standard chemotherapy and novel agents.
Organizations and Local Development: Economic and Demographic Growth among Southern Counties during Reconstruction

Under conditions of uncertainty, we predict that development will be tied to the idiosyncrasy of organizational forms represented within local regions. Our investigation applies this theory to data on 342 counties and 43,352 businesses in the U.S. South during Reconstruction, finding support for the thesis that organizational idiosyncrasy generally dampens growth and challenges taken-for-granted norms of community structure. The causal effect varies somewhat depending on whether the underlying mechanisms entail increases in the production of local goods, the accumulation of fixed capital, or the attraction of new residents and retention of existing ones. We conclude by considering if the theory may generalize to other settings, including locales that depart markedly from the close-knit agrarian culture of the postbellum South.
Convenient preparation of deuterated uracils and dihydrouracils

The reaction of [3-2H1]propiolic acid with urea provides a simple route to [6-2H1]uracil, and further exchange with DCl affords [5,6-2H2]uracil. Reaction of the meso and d, 1-isomers of [2,3-2H2]succinamide with lead tetraacetate leads to the cis and trans isomers of [5,6-2H2]5,6-dihydrouracil.
Applications of Fast Floquet Theory to rotor flap response with dynamic inflow

The method of Fast Floquet Theory is applied to the periodic-coefficient rotor flap equations in forward flight. The presence of dynamic inflow couples the individual blade equations. The results verify the claims of Fast Floquet Theory in that they verify the decrease in computer time and enhancement in modal determination that were predicted by earlier work. The results also reveal that the fundamental effects of periodicity can be greatly reduced by a transformation of the states to the appropriate coordinates. Thus, insight is gained into the effect of dynamic inflow on rotor response. (Author)
Mandatory reporting of injuries inflicted by intimate partner violence.

State laws often require physicians to report suspected abuse and assault, creating a dilemma for physicians who must not only treat the injured patient but act as an informant to police. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
How to See More in Observational Studies: Some New Quasi-Experimental Devices

In a well-conducted, slightly idealized, randomized experiment, the only explanation of an association between treatment and outcome is an effect caused by the treatment. However, this is not true in observational studies of treatment effects, in which treatment and outcomes may be associated because of some bias in the assignment of treatments to individuals. When added to the design of an observational study, quasi-experimental devices investigate empirically a particular rival explanation or counterclaim, often attempting to preempt anticipated counterclaims. This review has three parts: a discussion of the often misunderstood logic of quasi-experimental devices; a brief overview of the important work of Donald T. Campbell and his colleagues (excellent expositions of this work have been published elsewhere); and its main topic, descriptions and empirical examples of newer devices, including evidence factors, differential effects, and the computerized construction of quasi-experiments.
Analysis of survivors more than 10 years after heart transplantation in the cyclosporine era: Stanford experience.

Abstract Background Truly long term survival post heart transplantation has become increasingly frequent over the past two decades. Methods We analyzed multiple clinical outcomes in the cohort of 140 patients in the Stanford database who underwent heart transplantation after the introduction of cyclosporine-based immunosuppression in 1980 and survived >10 years after transplantation. Results We found generally excellent functional status in these patients, but a high incidence of hypertension, renal dysfunction, and graft CAD as well as malignancy. Conclusion With continued improvement in post-transplant survival rates, providing complex care for such long-term recipients as these will assume increasing clinical importance in the everyday practice of transplant medicine and these data highlight the problems to be anticipated.
Learning on the test data: leveraging Unseen features

This paper addresses the problem of classification in situations where the data distribution is not homogeneous: Data instances might come from different locations or times, and therefore are sampled from related but different distributions. In particular, features may appear in some parts of the data that are rarely or never seen in others. In most situations with nonhomogeneous data, the training data is not representative of the distribution under which the classifier must operate. We propose a method, based on probabilistic graphical models, for utilizing unseen features during classification. Our method introduces, for each such unseen feature, a continuous hidden variable describing its influence on the class -- whether it tends to be associated with some label. We then use probabilistic inference over the test data to infer a distribution over the value of this hidden variable. Intuitively, we "learn" the role of this unseen feature from the test set, generalizing from those instances whose label we are fairly sure about. Our overall probabilistic model is learned from the training data. In particular, we also learn models for characterizing the role of unseen features; these models use "meta-features" of those features, such as words in the neighborhood of an unseen feature, to infer its role. We present results for this framework on the task of classifying news articles and web pages, showing significant improvements over models that do not use unseen features.
Tunneling phenomena in carbon nanotube field‐effect transistors

In the present article we will discuss the electronic trans- port properties of carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNFETs). Three different device concepts will be studied in more detail: Schottky-barrier CNFETs with metallic source and drain contacts, conventional-type CNFETs with doped nanotube segments as source and drain electrodes and finally a new concept, the tunneling CNFET. As it turns out, tunneling phenomena play a prominent role in all three CNFET designs and determine their electrical behavior to a large extend. In addition, the one-dimensionality of the electronic transport makes them ideally suited for novel device architecture such as the tunneling CNFET. Analytical as well as simulation results will be given and compared with each other and with experimental data in order to explain the different influences on the electronic transport in CNFETs and thus on the device behavior. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Subaortic obstruction in univentricular heart: results using the double barrel Damus–Kaye Stansel operation

Objective: We review our experience with relief of subaortic obstruction in univentricular hearts following pulmonary artery banding (PAB) with double barrel Damus—Kaye Stansel procedure (DKS) and subsequent staged palliation to Fontan. The purpose was to determine if PAB alters semilunar valve function after the double barrel DKS procedure and if this staged approach negatively influences the achievement of Fontan palliation. Methods: From January 1990 to March 2006, 27 patients underwent PAB (mean 22 days, range 1—150 days; 3.4 kg) and coarctation as corrected simultaneously in 18 (18/27) 66%. These 27 patients subsequently had PA debanding and double barrel DKS connection at a mean age of 10.2 months (range 0.3—58 months). Pulmonary flow was established with a bidirectional Glenn in 14 patients; modified Blalock in 6, Glenn with modified Blalock in 5 and completion Fontan in 2 patients. Results: There were six early deaths (22%) following DKS: four patients receiving DKS with systemic shunt and two receiving bidirectional Glenn and systemic shunt. Patients receiving DKS with bidirectional Glenn shunt had a significantly lower mortality than patients who had a DKS with systemic shunt alone or in combination with a Glenn (p < 0.03). Single ventricle to aortic gradient was reduced from 27.5 18 mmHg to 3.4 2 mmHg following double barrel DKS procedure (p < 0.001). Aortic and pulmonary insufficiency was trace to mild in all patients. Nineteen of 21 survivors (90%) have completed Fontan with no early and three late deaths. Two patients are completion Fontan candidates. Conclusions: PAB (coarctation repair) with interval double barrel DKS is effective palliation for univentricular heart and excessive pulmonary blood flow. PAB does not create significant pulmonary insufficiency and subsequent DKS effectively relieves single ventricle to aortic gradient. Optimal second stagepulmonary bloodflow is usuallyestablished with a bidirectionalGlenn. The need for a Blalock shunt or a Glenn plus a Blalock is associated with increased mortality. # 2008 European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Medications Associated with Weight Gain

OBJECTIVETo review available literature regarding weight gain associated with commonly prescribed drugs and adjunctive therapy used to limit weight gain.DATA SOURCESInformation was retrieved from a MEDLINE English-literature search between 1995 and July 2005, with a major subject heading of weight gain/drug effects excluding complementary alternative medicines. Other limits applied included human subjects and individuals >19 years of age. Additionally, references from retrieved articles were reviewed to identify other literature sources.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTIONChanges in weight are generally reported as a primary or secondary outcome of many studies. Where possible, prospective, randomized, controlled trials were preferred; however, many studies were retrospective or open label. Meta-analyses and recent reviews, especially those providing a detailed description of the proposed mechanism involved in weight gain beyond the scope of this article, were included. Limited information was available fr...
Positioning of proteins in membranes: a computational approach.

A new computational approach has been developed to determine the spatial arrangement of proteins in membranes by minimizing their transfer energies from water to the lipid bilayer. The membrane hydrocarbon core was approximated as a planar slab of adjustable thickness with decadiene-like interior and interfacial polarity profiles derived from published EPR studies. Applicability and accuracy of the method was verified for a set of 24 transmembrane proteins whose orientations in membranes have been studied by spin-labeling, chemical modification, fluorescence, ATR FTIR, NMR, cryo-microscopy, and neutron diffraction. Subsequently, the optimal rotational and translational positions were calculated for 109 transmembrane, five integral monotopic and 27 peripheral protein complexes with known 3D structures. This method can reliably distinguish transmembrane and integral monotopic proteins from water-soluble proteins based on their transfer energies and membrane penetration depths. The accuracies of calculated hydrophobic thicknesses and tilt angles were ∼1 A and 2°, respectively, judging from their deviations in different crystal forms of the same proteins. The hydrophobic thicknesses of transmembrane proteins ranged from 21.1 to 43.8 A depending on the type of biological membrane, while their tilt angles with respect to the bilayer normal varied from zero in symmetric complexes to 26° in asymmetric structures. Calculated hydrophobic boundaries of proteins are located ∼5 A lower than lipid phosphates and correspond to the zero membrane depth parameter of spin-labeled residues. Coordinates of all studied proteins with their membrane boundaries can be found in the Orientations of Proteins in Membranes (OPM) database:http://opm.phar.umich.edu/.
H-NOX Regulation of c-di-GMP Metabolism and Biofilm Formation in Legionella pneumophila

Summary Haem Nitric oxide/OXygen (H-NOX) binding domains are a family of haemoprotein sensors that are wide- spread in bacterial genomes, but limited information is available on their function. Legionella pneumo- phila is the only prokaryote found, thus far, to encode two H-NOX proteins. This paper presents data supporting a role for one of the L. pneumophila H-NOXs in the regulation of biofilm formation. In summary: (i) unmarked deletions in the hnox1 gene do not affect growth rate in liquid culture or replica- tion in permissive macrophages; (ii) the Dhnox1 strain displays a hyper-biofilm phenotype; (iii) the gene adjacent to hnox1 is a GGDEF-EAL protein, lpg1057, and overexpression in L. pneumophila of this protein, or the well-studied diguanylate cyclase, vca0956, results in a hyper-biofilm phenotype; (iv) the Lpg1057 protein displays diguanylate cyclase activity in vitro and this activity is inhibited by the Hnox1 protein in the Fe(II)-NO ligation state, but not the Fe(II) unligated state; and (v) consistent with the Hnox1 regulation of Lpg1057, unmarked deletions of lpg1057 in the Dhnox1 background results in rever- sion of the hyper-biofilm phenotype back to wild- type biofilm levels. Taken together, these results suggest a role for hnox1 in regulating c-di-GMP pro- duction by lpg1057 and biofilm formation in response to NO.
Picture perfect RGB rendering using spectral prefiltering and sharp color primaries

Accurate color rendering requires the consideration of many samples over the visible spectrum, and advanced rendering tools developed by the research community offer multispectral sampling towards this goal. However, for practical reasons including efficiency, white balance, and data demands, most commercial rendering packages still employ a naive RGB model in their lighting calculations. This results in colors that are often qualitatively different from the correct ones. In this paper, we demonstrate two independent and complementary techniques for improving RGB rendering accuracy without impacting calculation time: spectral prefiltering and color space selection. Spectral prefiltering is an obvious but overlooked method of preparing input colors for a conventional RGB rendering calculation, which achieves exact results for the direct component, and very accurate results for the interreflected component when compared with full-spectral rendering. In an empirical error analysis of our method, we show how the choice of rendering color space also affects final image accuracy, independent of prefiltering. Specifically, we demonstrate the merits of a particular transform that has emerged from the color research community as the best performer in computing white point adaptation under changing illuminants: the Sharp RGB space.
Teaching ethics to paediatrics residents: the centrality of the therapeutic alliance.

Context Previous research on ethical issues encountered by medical professionals in training and practice have presented the thematic content of the cases they encounter rather than the activities in which clinicians engage and in which they most often encounter ethical issues. We conducted a direct observation study of paediatrics residents and their preceptors seeing patients in an out-patient general paediatrics clinic. Our objectives were to describe the everyday ethics-related issues paediatrics residents encounter as they interact with patients. Our ultimate goal is to use this knowledge to enhance current efforts to teach ethics to paediatrics residents. Methods The study team directly observed paediatrics residents discussing patients with their faculty preceptors (19 half-day sessions, 76 hours) in an out-patient general paediatrics clinic located in an urban academic medical centre. Each interaction between resident and preceptor about a single patient was considered a case for further analysis. Results A total of 247 cases were recorded. Forty-one of the cases were coded as having ethics-related content. A constant comparative method of qualitative data analysis revealed that residents were most likely to encounter ethical issues when engaged in the following activities: (i) maintaining a therapeutic alliance with the caregiver (e.g. the parent); (ii) prioritising patient or family needs; (iii) adjusting to the power embodied by the role of doctors, and (iv) distinguishing suboptimal care from abuse or neglect. In addition, our findings indicate that it is through their efforts to maintain the therapeutic alliance with the caregivers of their patients that residents engage in and integrate three processes: developing their medical knowledge; adhering to professional norms, and balancing the power inherent in the doctor’s role with their responsibility to serve the patient’s interests. Conclusions Medical faculty tasked with teaching ethics to paediatrics residents can utilise the results of this project to better target and enhance their ethics education efforts directed at residents in the out-patient setting. Future research could further examine and test these findings in other clinical settings (e.g. adult general medicine).
The Effect of the Time Interval Between Exposures on the Susceptibility of Chickens to Superinfection With Marek's Disease Virus

Abstract Marek's disease virus (MDV) is ubiquitous within commercial poultry flocks because current vaccines do not prevent MDV infection or transmission. In order for newly-evolved MDV strains to become established within a flock, it seems inevitable that any new strain would need to infect and replicate in chickens previously infected with resident MDV strains. This phenomenon is difficult to detect and there is no clear evidence that it is even possible. Four experiments were performed to demonstrate superinfection and evaluate the effect of time between challenges on the effect of superinfection with the use of two pairs of fully virulent MDV strains that could be discriminated by novel technology: 1) JM/102W and rMd5//38CVI , and 2) rMd5 and rMd5//38CVI. Feather follicle epithelium (FFE), spleen, and tumor samples were collected at single or multiple time points from the same bird to determine the frequency and distribution of each virus present following superinfection, with the use of pyrosequencin...
Effects of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy to One Kidney on Bilateral Glomerular Filtration Rate and PAH Clearance in Minipigs

AbstractPurpose: This study examined the acute time course of effects of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)1 1Dornier Medical Systems, Marietta, Georgia. on renal hemodynamics in anesthetized minipigs with and without pretreatment with verapamil.Materials and Methods: We applied ESWL (2000 shocks, 24 kV, unmodified Dornier HM3), to the right kidneys of isoflurane-anesthetized female pigs. Urine flow and renal hemodynamics were monitored from each kidney via ureteral balloon catheters. Arterial blood pressure and bilateral urine flow, glomerular filtration rate (GFR, inulin clearance) and renal plasma flow (RPF, para-aminohippurate clearance) were monitored for 45 minutes before ESWL, and at 1, 4 and 24 hours after ESWL.Results: Treatment with ESWL consistently caused unilateral hematuria and subcapsular renal hematomas in the shocked kidneys and significantly reduced GFR and RPF in those kidneys at 1 and 4 hours after ESWL. Urine flow was reduced through 24 hours in the shocked kidneys. Renal pl...
Contact angle of soil minerals: A molecular dynamics study

Abstract In this paper, molecular dynamics was employed to study the wetting behavior of soil minerals. The basic concepts and methodologies of molecular dynamics were briefly summarized. A specific modeling and simulation procedure was presented to study the contact angles of solids using molecular dynamics. This procedure was employed to simulate the contact angles of three minerals, which are common in sand and silt fractions, i.e. α -quartz, orthoclase and muscovite. The simulated contact angle was 29 ° for α -quartz; 36 ° for orthoclase; and 116 ° for muscovite, which shows good agreement with the reported experimental or numerical results and thus substantiates the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method. The simulation results also reveal that the contact angles of these minerals are considerably larger than zero and quite different from each other.
Al2O3 on Black Phosphorus by Atomic Layer Deposition: An in Situ Interface Study.

In situ “half cycle” atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Al2O3 was carried out on black phosphorus (“black-P”) surfaces with modified phosphorus oxide concentrations. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is employed to investigate the interfacial chemistry and the nucleation of the Al2O3 on black-P surfaces. This work suggests that exposing a sample that is initially free of phosphorus oxide to the ALD precursors does not result in detectable oxidation. However, when the phosphorus oxide is formed on the surface prior to deposition, the black-P can react with both the surface adventitious oxygen contamination and the H2O precursor at a deposition temperature of 200 °C. As a result, the concentration of the phosphorus oxide increases after both annealing and the atomic layer deposition process. The nucleation rate of Al2O3 on black-P is correlated with the amount of oxygen on samples prior to the deposition. The growth of Al2O3 follows a “substrate inhibited growth” behavior where an incubation period is required...
Screening for prostate cancer

Prostate cancer screening is a fait acomplis in the United States at this time. Regardless of whether it is justifiable from a scientific standpoint, it is occurring. The evidence for this statement can be found in the incidence rates of prostate cancer before and after the advent of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening. Figure 1 graphically demonstrates this phenomenon. PSA became widely available in 1987–1988, and screening for prostate cancer increased dramatically shortly thereafter.
A Tit-for-Tat About Tats on Tots: An Analysis of Social Deviance within Gender, Family, or the Home (Etudes 3)

Parents have a fundamental right in the care, custody, and control of their children. Only laws that are narrowly tailored and accomplish a compelling state interest through the least restrictive means will suffice to infringe on a parent’s fundamental right. This Article asserts that state laws that make it illegal per se for a parent to consent to the tattooing of her minor child violate the right to privacy under substantive due process and the longstanding tradition of parental rights. Within the context of this Article, it is not useful to ask whether a tattoo is in the best interest of a minor because the Court has held that parents’ choices are presumed to be in the best interest of their children. This Article will instead outline how judges cannot disturb a parental decision simply because a better decision could have been made and the only relevant questions within the area of tattoos by minors are outlined by and discussed under the strict scrutiny standard. Section II of this Article will explore how states have failed to achieve their legitimate interests through means that are the least restrictive of parent’s fundamental rights. Section III will balance state interests against parental rights to show that laws that limit child tattooing are too broad. Section IV will propose some state interests that could rationally justify the necessity of child tattoo laws, but Section IV will show that these reasons are not compelling.
Hydrogen Diffusion Mechanism in Amorphous Silicon from D Tracer Diffusion: Theory and Experiment

We compare experimental diffusion studies to the results of a theoretical study of diffusion controlled by a single deep trap level. Analytic solutions for the D profiles after annealing depend on the characteristic H release time, τ, from the deep trap. At times much shorter than τ, the D profile develops exponential wings whose decay length is the mean D displacement between trapping events. The long-time D profile is a solution to the ideal diffusion equation, but with an effective diffusion coefficient that can be calculated from features of the early-time profiles. New experimental data establish the validity of the model at a range of anneal times and temperatures. We also find that the mean displacement of free H before retrapping decreases with both increased illumination and increasing anneal temperature.
Miniature, Integrated Optics for Biomedical Imaging Applications and Hyperspectral Snapshot Modalities

One of the most critical components in endomicroscopy and POC imaging systems is the high performance miniature optics. At present, these systems are expensive and difficult to obtain off-the-shelf. Recently, a new hybrid glass-plastic optical design was combined with self-centering MEMS-based opto-mechanics or embedded mounts, raising the prospect of mass-producing disposable, high-performance miniature objective lenses. In this presentation, I assess the biological imaging performance and fabrication cost of these miniature objective lenses against other miniature systems and a high-quality benchtop microscope devices. A number of technological choices is being presented for both opto-mechanics and optical elements (including for example mounting strategies e.g. embedded kinematic mounts in plastic injection molded parts). I also put optical system in the context of the complete Endoscope/POC imaging instrument, review cost optimization process and discuss choice of supporting electronic components. The presentation reviews also a number of biomedical impelemenations including endomicroscopy for cancer detection and inexpensive POC systems for monitoring of infectious diseases.
Immunolocalization of rat cardiac beta-MHC protein expression in systemic hypertension and caloric restriction.

Previous studies have shown that both systemic hypertension induced by abdominal aortic constriction (Abcon) and 50% caloric restriction (CR) increase left ventricular (LV) beta-myosin heavy chain ...
Institutional complexity and the meaning of loose coupling: Connecting institutional sayings and (not) doings

An understanding of decoupling in complex institutional fields remains elusive. In such fields, a multiplicity of logics engenders many possible institutional intentions as well as the likelihood of the co-occurrence of decoupled and coupled practices. In this study, I adopt Weick’s dialectical view of loose coupling and integrate it with theory on institutional logics and vocabularies of motive to posit that the meaning of the decoupling (and coupling) of practices when a formal program is adopted in a complex institutional field can be found in the connection(s) that the (de)couplings have with the various available institutional intentions for such adoptions. I used the fuzzy-set approach to comparative case analysis to explore this issue among 28 business facilities that adopted an environmental management system. I found very different systematic connections between the coupling and decoupling of expected environmental management system program practices and the multiple institutional intentions give...
PATIENT EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS IN NERVE COMPRESSION

This article details the history, physical examination, and differential diagnosis for patients with nerve compressions. Multiple crush syndrome and diabetic neuropathy are specifically discussed. General management considerations are presented.
Nonelectrophoretic Bidirectional Transfer of a Single SDS-PAGE Gel with Multiple Antigens to Obtain 12 Immunoblots

Protein blotting is an invaluable technique in immunology to detect and characterize proteins of low abundance. Proteins resolved on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gels are normally transferred electrophoretically to adsorbent membranes such as nitrocellulose or polyvinylidene diflouride membranes. Here, we describe the nonelectrophroretic transfer of the Ro 60 (or SSA) autoantigen, 220- and 240-kD spectrin antigens, and prestained molecular weight standards from SDS polyacrylamide gels to obtain up to 12 immunoblots from a single gel and multiple sera.
Recording from Hair Cells

In the 1970s and 1980s, investigators began recording the electrical signals of individual hair cells in excised preparations. The earliest preparations were tuned in the sub-kilohertz range and the hair cells shared fundamental mechanisms of transduction, tuning, and transmission, leading to a view of the canonical hair cell. As inner ear preparations and experiments diversified, however, so did the known properties of hair cells. In particular, mammalian hair cells and synapses of both auditory and vestibular organs show remarkable specializations for response speed and precision. By controlling and recording voltage, the whole-cell patch clamp method allows manipulation of the many voltage-dependent processes that shape hair cell signals and an immediate read-out of signals in the currency of the nervous system.
The new empire

In 1571 Akbar moved twenty-six miles from Agra to Fatehpur Sikri, a newly built city that would be his capital until 1585. During his fifteen year residence at Fatehpur Sikri Akbar directed major conquests and surmounted his most dangerous political crisis. Akbar employed the design and construction of Fatehpur Sikri to symbolize, in those early years, the regime's Islamic foundation. As Akbar's piety and reverence for the leading imperial jurists of the day declined, tension between him and the men learned in the sacred law of Islam, the ulema grew into a full-blown political conflict. Partly as a result of this struggle, Akbar formulated a new, broad-based political appeal centered on a radically new dynastic ideology. Akbar stayed on in Lahore for thirteen years in a successful effort to clamp imperial Mughal power over the entire northwest. The builder of the Mughal Empire was undoubtedly a superb military commander in a generally bellicose society.
Emergent eigenstate solution and emergent Gibbs ensemble for expansion dynamics in optical lattices

Within the emergent eigenstate solution to quantum dynamics [Phys. Rev. X 7, 021012 (2017)], one can construct a local operator (an emergent Hamiltonian) of which the time-evolving state is an eigenstate. Here we show that such a solution exists for the expansion dynamics of Tonks-Girardeau gases in optical lattices after turning off power-law (e.g., harmonic or quartic) confining potentials, which are geometric quenches that do not involve the boost operator. For systems that are initially in the ground state and undergo dynamical fermionization during the expansion, we show that they remain in the ground state of the emergent local Hamiltonian at all times. On the other hand, for systems at nonzero initial temperatures, the expansion dynamics can be described constructing a Gibbs ensemble for the emergent local Hamiltonian (an emergent Gibbs ensemble).
Trends in the Incidence, Prevalence, and Survival Outcomes in Patients With Neuroendocrine Tumors in the United States.

Importance The incidence and prevalence of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are thought to be rising, but updated epidemiologic data are lacking. Objective To explore the evolving epidemiology and investigate the effect of therapeutic advances on survival of patients with NETs. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective, population-based study using nationally representative data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program was conducted to evaluate 64 971 patients with NETs from 1973 to 2012. Associated population data were used to determine annual age-adjusted incidence, limited-duration prevalence, and 5-year overall survival (OS) rates. Trends in survival from 2000 to 2012 were evaluated for the entire cohort as well as specific subgroups, including distant-stage gastrointestinal NETs and pancreatic NETs. Analyses were conducted between December 2015, and February 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures Neuroendocrine tumor incidence, prevalence, and OS rates. Results Of the 64 971 cases of NETs, 34 233 (52.7%) were women. The age-adjusted incidence rate increased 6.4-fold from 1973 (1.09 per 100 000) to 2012 (6.98 per 100 000). This increase occurred across all sites, stages, and grades. In the SEER 18 registry grouping (2000-2012), the highest incidence rates were 1.49 per 100 000 in the lung, 3.56 per 100 000 in gastroenteropancreatic sites, and 0.84 per 100 000 in NETs with an unknown primary site. The estimated 20-year limited-duration prevalence of NETs in the United States on January 1, 2014, was 171 321. On multivariable analyses, the median 5-year OS rate varied significantly by stage, grade, age at diagnosis, primary site, and time period of diagnosis. The OS rate for all NETs improved from the 2000-2004 period to the 2009-2012 period (hazard ratio [HR], 0.79; 95% CI, 0.73-0.85). Even larger increases in OS between these periods were noted in distant-stage gastrointestinal NETs (HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.62-0.81) and distant-stage pancreatic NETs (HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.44-0.70). Conclusions and Relevance The incidence and prevalence of NETs are steadily rising, possibly owing to detection of early-stage disease and stage migration. Survival for all NETs has improved over time, especially for distant-stage gastrointestinal NETs and pancreatic NETs in particular, reflecting improvement in therapies. These data will help to prioritize future research directions.
Developing a nationwide K-12 outreach model: Physiology Understanding (PhUn) Week 10 years later.

Since 2005, nearly 600 Physiology Understanding Week (PhUn Week) events have taken place across the U.S., involving American Physiological Society (APS) members in K–12 outreach. The program seeks ...
The Correlation Between the OTA/AO Classification System and Compartment Syndrome in Both Bone Forearm Fractures.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of using the Orthopaedic Trauma Association (OTA/AO) classification for both bone forearm fractures in predicting compartment syndrome. Design Retrospective cohort. Setting Level 1 Academic Trauma Center. Patients/participants One hundred fifty-one patients 18 years of age and older, with both bone forearm fractures diagnosed from 2001 to 2016 were categorized based on the OTA/AO classification. Patients with both bone fractures caused by gunshot wounds were excluded. Main outcome measurements The endpoint for our study was whether forearm fasciotomies were performed based on the presence of compartment syndrome. Results Of a total of 151 both bone forearm fractures, 15% underwent fasciotomy. Six of 80 (7.5%) grouped 22-A3, 8 of 44 (18%) grouped 22-B3, and 9 of 27 (33%) grouped 22-C underwent fasciotomies for compartment syndrome (P = 0.004). The relative risks of developing compartment syndrome for group 22-B3 versus 22-A3 was 2.42 (P = 0.08), 22-C versus 22-B3 was 1.83 (P = 0.15), and 22-C versus 22-A3 was 4.44 (P = 0.002). Conclusions There is a significant correlation between the OTA/AO classification and the need for fasciotomies, with group C fractures representing the highest risk. Clinicians can use this information to have a higher index of suspicion for compartment syndrome based on OTA/AO classification to help minimize the risk of a missed diagnosis. Level of evidence Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Commentary: Getting at the Heart of the Creative Experience

In this interview, developmental psychologist, professor, and author Howard Gardner describes his early interest in creativity and explains why he wanted to study creativity from a different perspective than what had been done in the past. He shares why studying creativity through the biographies of creative people provides more insight than using creativity tests that may be as limited as IQ tests. The creative leaders he studied in his book Creating Minds proved to have an unusual blend of intelligences—not just those intelligences obviously related to their field. He explains that creativity is about one’s personality, the willingness to take risks, and being a certain kind of person rather than having a particular set of cognitive skills. Finally, he comments on creativity in today’s society.
Confronting Color-Blind STEM Talent Development: Toward a Contextual Model for Black Student STEM Identity.

What is Black student’s science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) identity? The author addresses this question through a synthesis of the literature that includes studies that explor...
Modeling anthropogenic nitrogen flow for the Niantic River catchment in coastal New England

This paper presents a nitrogen flux model that applies previously developed denitrification process equations for an entire catchment. These denitrification equations were previously applied on single flowpaths; this paper implements a model to apply these equations to all possible flowpaths within the catchment. The purpose of this paper is to describe a new modeling approach (GeoN) to represent and communicate the geospatial interaction between nitrogen sources and sinks within a catchment. This model is of use to local decision-makers because it identifies all areas that are prone to delivering large percentages of nitrogen to sensitive estuaries and those areas that are already providing natural denitrification of the system. The GeoN model utilizes a combination of ArcGIS hydrology tools and custom Python scripts to simulate the flow of nitrogen from a source to the catchment outlet. The model also simulates interactions with sinks that provide natural denitrification. The model is validated using 11 USGS stream gauge locations. A two one-sided t test (TOST) is performed to evaluate the equivalence between the measured and simulated values. The test shows that the modeled and measured values are not statistically different. The model also simulates overall catchment retention of nitrogen within the range established in the literature for a coastal New England catchment. This research introduces a model that simulates geospatial interaction of all nitrogen sinks and sources within a catchment allowing the identification of key areas with regards to water quality.
Requirements Analysis through Viewpoints Oriented Requirements Model (VORD)

This paper describes an extension to the Viewpoints Oriented Requirements Definition (VORD) model and attempts to resolve its lack of direct support for viewpoint interaction. Supporting the viewpoint interaction provides a useful tool for analyzing requirements changes and automating systems. It can also be used to indicate when multiple requirements are specified as a single requirement. The extension is demonstrated with the bank auto-teller system that was part of the original VORD proposal.
Somatic Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence.

An interaction of multiple, complex factors (biological, environmental, psychological, social) contribute to the development and maintenance of many physical disorders. As such, psychologists have ...