cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antibiotic-mediated antagonism leads to a bacterial game of rock–paper–scissors in vivo

Colicins are narrow-spectrum antibiotics produced by and active against Escherichia coli and its close relatives. Colicin-producing strains cannot coexist with sensitive or resistant strains in a well-mixed culture, yet all three phenotypes are recovered in natural populations. Recent in vitro results conclude that strain diversity can be promoted by colicin production in a spatially structured, non-transitive interaction, as in the classic non-transitive model rock-paper-scissors (RPS). In the colicin version of the RPS model, strains that produce colicins (C) kill sensitive (S) strains, which outcompete resistant (R) strains, which outcompete C strains. Pairwise in vitro competitions between these three strains are resolved in a predictable order (C beats S, S beats R, and R beats C), but the complete system of three strains presents the opportunity for dynamic equilibrium. Here we provide conclusive evidence of an in vivo antagonistic role for colicins and show that colicins (and potentially other bacteriocins) may promote, rather than eliminate, microbial diversity in the environment.
The preparedness theory of phobias and human safety-signal conditioning.

Abstract Seligman's preparedness theory of phobias implies that fear-relevant stimuli are contraprepared for safety-signal conditioning. This means that it should be very difficult to establish a fear-relevant stimulus as a safety-signal in nonphobic subjects. This hypothesis was tested in an electrodermal conditioning experiment with a picture of a snake serving as the fear-relevant CS and a picture of a flower serving as the fear-irrelevant CS. College students received discrimination training designed to establish the snake and the flower as safety-signals by nonreinforcing each in compound with a fear-eliciting CS. Although both the snake and the flower became conditioned safety-signals, neither stimulus showed greater safety-signal properties than the other. The results are inconsistent with predictions from preparedness theory.
Social Acceptability of Water Resource Management: A Conceptual Approach and Empirical Findings from Portland, Oregon

Abstract: Surface water resources in urban areas serve multiple functions ranging from recreation to wildlife habitat. As a result, diverse values influence people’s views about resource protection, potentially leading to conflicting interests. In metropolitan Portland, Oregon, natural resource planning has recently focused on habitat restoration as well as stormwater and pollution mitigation, especially through the protection of riparian areas. Due to opposition over proposed regulations in the study region, this research examines public attitudes about an array of resource management efforts. The primary research question is: what is the extent of positive–negative attitudes about water resource protection, and what theoretical dimensions underlie diverse judgments? After empirical survey results are presented, I outline a conceptual approach for future assessments of environmental attitudes while highlighting important value-based dimensions of judgments. Although flexible, the framework allows broad comparisons to advance knowledge about the social acceptability of varied water resource management approaches across diverse places and contexts.
Structure of CopA from Archaeoglobus Fulgidus by Cryoelectron Microscopy

CopA, a bacterial transporter of Cu+ and Ag+ from Archaeoglobus fulgidus , was cloned, overexpressed, purified, reconstituted into lipid bilayers and crystallized into tubular crystals in the presence of Cu+ chelator BCDS by dialysis at 50°C. Three Cryo-EM Structures were obtained with different constructs and lipids 1) dNdC-CopA with DOPC, N and C terminal cytoplasmic peptides truncated of CopA reconstituted into 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 2) dC-CopA with DOPC, C terminal cytoplasmic peptide truncated of CopA reconstituted into 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 3) dC-CopA with DMPC/DOPE, C terminal cytoplasmic peptide truncated of CopA reconstituted with 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine. All reconstituted proteoliposomes retain their functionality with Vmax ranging from 1.14 to 2.03 nmol/μg/min and K0.5 ranging from 0.1 to 0.8 μM, depending on the reconstituted proteoliposomes and ion substrates. The optimal temperature for enzyme assays of these reconstituted proteoloposomes are located between 65°C to 75°C and these activity measurements were conducted at the temperature of 70°C. Three cryo-EM structures obtained by frozen-hydrated tubular crystals and Fourier processing have resolutions from 12.5 to 17.5 e…. Based on the difference map and the modeling between dC-CopA and dNdC-CopA, N-terminal metal binding domain (MBD) of CopA appears to lie between the ATP binding domain and Actuator domain and has an inhibitory role, which is relieved by receiving Cu+ from the soluble metals chaperon. Efforts for higher resolution as well as computational modeling of CopA are underway in order to investigate the relative position of cytoplasmic domains with respect to transmembrane helices, in which the transport sites and ion gateway are located.
CLIPS implementation of the automated document distribution system

The processing and distribution of documents in a large corporation requires a set of routing procedures for each type of document. Some of these documents may require managerial review and signature release authority to leave the organization. The document must be routed through the different levels of the organization according to the document procedures. The availability of the signers and reviewers becomes a delay factor in the routing of the document. The authors describe an approach to solving this problem using artificial intelligence (AI) and expert system concepts, coupled with distributed computer networking to distribute the documents. An automated documentation distribution system (ADDS) that satisfies large-corporation requirements for document processing and distribution and that also handles the signature release authority has been prototyped. The design project has been implemented using two approaches, a conventional approach using the C language and an AI approach using the C language integrated production system (CLIPS). >
Chaotic orbits in thermal-equilibrium beams: Existence and dynamical implications

Phase mixing of chaotic orbits exponentially distributes these orbits through their accessible phase space. This phenomenon, commonly called ``chaotic mixing,'' stands in marked contrast to phase mixing of regular orbits which proceeds as a power law in time. It is operationally irreversible; hence, its associated $e$-folding time scale sets a condition on any process envisioned for emittance compensation. A key question is whether beams can support chaotic orbits, and if so, under what conditions? We numerically investigate the parameter space of three-dimensional thermal-equilibrium beams with space charge, confined by linear external focusing forces, to determine whether the associated potentials support chaotic orbits. We find that a large subset of the parameter space does support chaos and, in turn, chaotic mixing. Details and implications are enumerated.
Monitoring the impact of pressure on the assessment of skin perfusion and oxygenation using a novel pressure device

Skin perfusion and oxygenation is easily disrupted by imposed pressure. Fiber optics probes, particularly those spectroscopy or Doppler based, may relay misleading information about tissue microcirculation dynamics depending on external forces on the sensor. Such forces could be caused by something as simple as tape used to secure the fiber probe to the test subject, or as in our studies by the full weight of a patient with spinal cord injury (SCI) sitting on the probe. We are conducting a study on patients with SCI conducting pressure relief maneuvers in their wheelchairs. This study aims to provide experimental evidence of the optimal timing between pressure relief maneuvers. We have devised a wireless pressure-controlling device; a pressure sensor positioned on a compression aluminum plate reads the imposed pressure in real time and sends the information to a feedback system controlling two position actuators. The actuators move accordingly to maintain a preset value of pressure onto the sample. This apparatus was used to monitor the effect of increasing values of pressure on spectroscopic fiber probes built to monitor tissue oxygenation and Doppler probes used to assess tissue perfusion.
Role of the TATA Binding Protein–Transcription Factor IIB Interaction in Supporting Basal and Activated Transcription in Plant Cells

The TATA binding protein (TBP) and transcription factor IIB (TFIIB) play crucial roles in transcription of class II genes. The requirement for TBP–TFIIB interactions was evaluated in maize cells by introducing mutations into the Arabidopsis TBP (AtTBP2) within the C-terminal stirrup. Protein binding experiments indicated that amino acid residues E-144 and E-146 of AtTBP2 are both essential for TFIIB binding in vitro. Activation domains derived from herpes simplex viral protein VP16, the Drosophila fushi tarazu glutamine-rich domain (ftzQ), and yeast Gal4 were tested in transient assays. TBP–TFIIB interactions were dispensable for basal transcription but were required for activated transcription. In general, activated transcription was more severely inhibited by TBP mutation E-146R than by mutation E-144R. However, these TBP mutations had little effect on activity of the full-length cauliflower mosaic virus 35S and maize ubiquitin promoters, thus demonstrating that strong TBP–TFIIB contacts are not always required for transcription driven by complex promoters.
Optimal prestress against buckling: An energy approach

Abstract Structures that have a reserve capacity beyond buckling can generally be stiffened against buckling through the use of prestress. The design of prestress for such cases is treated in a way which leads to the maximization of the buckling load for a prescribed available prestress strain energy. The formulation given for this optimal design problem relates closely to the energy principles of structural analysis. Optimal prestress configurations are determined for the circular plate, and for a second example structure in the form of a stut-membrane system. Developments from the study of prestress design are related to past results from postbuckling analysis.
A motion to exclude and the 'fixed' versus 'flexible' battery in 'forensic' neuropsychology : Challenges to the practice of clinical neuropsychology

Two recent publications in Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology (ACN) have been used by defense attorneys as the centerpiece for an argument that only a 'fixed' battery approach, exemplified by the Halstead-Reitan battery (HRB), satisfies the Daubert criteria for admissibility; and therefore, the HRB represents the only method of forensic neuropsychological assessment that should be admitted into evidence. Since this case has important implications for the practice of clinical neuropsychology in the United States, this 'Motion to Exclude' and its rationale are presented, which demonstrates how the legal profession uses neuropsychological literature. The critical issues of this argument for clinical neuropsychological practice are reviewed.
Differential sensitivity to the effects of albuterol on locomotor activity and operant behavior.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of the beta-2 selective adrenergic agonist albuterol on three behaviors, locomotor activity, behavior maintained under a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL) schedule, and behavior maintained under a multiple fixed-interval, fixed-ratio (FI-FR) schedule of reinforcement. Albuterol reduced response rate under the DRL schedule in a manner that resulted in an increase in reinforcement rate. Similarly, albuterol reduced response rate under both components of the multiple FI-FR schedule in a dose-dependent manner. The ED50 values for the effects of albuterol on these two operant behaviors were calculated to be approximately 1 mg/kg and the minimal effective doses were 0.3–1 mg/kg. In addition to affecting operant behavior, albuterol also reduced locomotor activity; the ED50 values and minimal effective doses were 0.05 and 0.03 mg/kg, respectively. The effects of albuterol on DRL behavior, FI-FR behavior and locomotor activity were antagonized by the beta adrenergic antagonist propranolol; this suggests that the behavioral effects of this agonist were mediated, at least in part, by beta adrenergic receptors. The differential sensitivity of locomotor activity and operant behavior to albuterol suggests that the actions of this drug on locomotor activity may be mediated predominantly by peripheral beta adrenergic receptors and that its effects on operant behavior may be mediated by beta adrenergic receptors in the central nervous system.
Identification of Protective Pneumococcal TH17 Antigens from the Soluble Fraction of a Killed Whole Cell Vaccine

Mucosal or parenteral immunization with a killed unencapsulated pneumococcal whole cell antigen (WCA) with an adjuvant protects mice from colonization by a TH17 CD4+ cell-mediated mechanism. Using preparative SDS gels, we separated the soluble proteins that compose the WCA in order to identify fractions that were immunogenic and protective. We screened these fractions for their ability to stimulate IL-17A secretion from splenocytes obtained from mice immunized with WCA and adjuvant. We identified 12 proteins within the stimulatory fractions by mass spectrometry; these proteins were then cloned, recombinantly expressed and purified using an Escherichia coli expression system. The ability of these proteins to induce IL-17A secretion was then evaluated by stimulation of mouse splenocytes. Of the four most stimulatory proteins, three were protective in a mouse pneumococcal serotype 6B colonization model. This work thus describes a method for identifying immunogenic proteins from the soluble fraction of pneumococcus and shows that several of the proteins identified protect mice from colonization when used as mucosal vaccines. We propose that, by providing protection against pneumococcal colonization, one or more of these proteins may serve as components of a multivalent pneumococcal vaccine.
On the ubiquity of logging in distributed file systems

It is argued that logging should be at the forefront of techniques considered by a system designer when implementing a distributed file system. The use of logging in different guises in the Coda file system is described. Coda is a distributed file system whose goal is to provide highly available, scalable, secure and efficient shared file access in an environment of Unix workstations. High availability is achieved through two complementary mechanisms, i.e., server replication and disconnected operation. Logging is used in at least three distinct ways in the current implementation of Coda. First, value logging forms the basis of the recovery technique for recoverable virtual memory (RVM), a transactional virtual memory package. Second, operating logging is used in the replay log that records update activity made by a client while disconnected from all servers. Third, operation logging is used in resolution logs on severs to allow transparent resolution of directory updates made to partitioned server replicas. >
Multi-year statistics of selected variables from the ISCCP C2 data set

Coarse spatial resolution monthly statistics of selected variables of the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) C2 data set are analysed. The total cloud amount statistics are compared with those from conventional surface observations available from the Consolidated Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS). These statistics include annual means and intra-annual variances and correlations with the COADS sea surface temperature and surface relative humidity. In general the ISCCP C2 total cloud amount statistics are found to be in very good agreement with those of the COADS. In particular a number of correlation patterns are evident which are explainable in terms of known climatology, and which might be utilized as verification diagnostics for forecast and climate models. Preliminary analyses of the ISCCP C2 cloud-top pressure and cloud water content have also been carried out. The annual means and intra-annual standard deviations of these parameters appears to be consistent with surface cloud-type observations. Furthermore, the intra-annual variations of cloud-top pressure and cloud water all have broad regions with significant correlations with sea surface temperature.
Naevoxanthoendothelioma and neurofibromatosis.

Summary.— Two cases of naevoxanthoendothelioma and von Reckling-hausen's syndrome are described and the evidence for an association between these two conditions is discussed.
Long-term central venous catheterization in patients with limited access.

L ong-term central venous access is usually obtained by the deep veins of the neck and upper extremity I 1 1. With time, patients who require multiple or permanent central venous ‘ theters are at risk for thrombotic occlusion of all usual access routes. In the past. such patients underwent placement of central venous catheters by open surgery. This essay reviews the radiologic approaches to long-term central venous catheterization in patients with limited venous access. Patient Evaluation The first step in central venous c ttheterization of patients with limited access options is adequate venous imaging (by conventional venography, sonography, CT, or MR venography) to confirm occlusions and evaluate potential alternate routes of catheterization (Fig. I ). In some patients, a suitable vein may be identified that was previously thought to be occluded. Selective venography may be necessary to accurately define venous anatomy (Fig. 2). Cross-sectional imaging provides information about extravascular structures that may be contributing to the venous occlusion (such as tumor masses) or about vi:al organs that may lie in the path of potential percutaneous access routes.
Biomechanical properties of the trunk of the devil's walking stick (Aralia spinosa; Araliaceae) during the crown-building phase: implications for tree architecture.

During the crown-building phase, the mechanical architecture of the trunk of Aralia spinosa exhibits considerable ontogenetic variation. All trunks were tapered along their length, and taper was dependent on both ramet size and age; older, larger trunks were more tapered than younger, smaller trunks. Trunk specific gravity, % bark, wood, and pith exhibited considerable inter- and intra-ramet variation. Specific gravity increased with both increasing ramet size and age, and declined acropetally in the majority of ramets sampled. Wood specific gravity was generally unrelated to ramet size, age, or position along the length of the trunk. Percent wood increased while % pith decreased with increasing ramet size and age. There was no relationship between % bark and either ramet size or age. Both % bark and % wood tended to decline acropetally, while % pith increased acropetally. On average, 47% of the variation in specific gravity could be attributed to % wood, while 77% could be attributed to % pith. Percent bark accounted for only 14% of the variation in specific gravity. We suggest that the relatively pithy trunk of Aralia spinosa (average range: 4‐15%) allows for rapid height growth, but imposes severe constraints on crown architecture and the maximum size attainable by this species. Early studies of the mechanical architecture of trees assumed that the mechanical properties of the trunk remained fixed throughout the life history of the tree (McMahon, 1973; McMahon and Kronauer, 1976; King and Loucks, 1978; Norberg, 1988). Recent evidence suggests that rather than being fixed, the mechanical architecture of woody stems varies as the tree grows and ages. For
Evidence for and geomorphologic consequences of a reptilian ecosystem engineer: The burrowing cascade initiated by the Gopher Tortoise

Abstract Physical ecosystem engineers often make major, durable physical constructs that can provide living space for other species and can structure local animal communities over evolutionary time. In Florida, a medium sized chelonian, the Gopher Tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) will excavate extensive subterranean chambers that can endure for long periods of time. The tortoise starts a ‘burrowing cascade’, by first excavating a larger burrow that may extend 10 m, which is then re-engineered by Florida Mice (Podomys floridanus) and other rodents that dig smaller side-burrows and pockets. This sequence is often followed by an invertebrate, the camel cricket (Ceuthophilus labibuli) which is reported to excavate even smaller chambers. Our first aim was to quantify the zoogeomorphic impact of this burrowing cascade by measuring the amount of soil excavated in a large sample of burrows in two communities. Secondly, we hypothesized that the high biodiversity reported for these structures might be related to the quasi-fractal nature of the geometry, following the work of Frontier (1987) . To visualize this underground geometry, we used high-resolution 3D Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), which provided images and insights previously unobtainable using excavations or 2D GPR. Our images verified that the active tortoise burrow had a spiraling shape, but also showed splits in the larger burrow apparently dug by tortoises. For the first time, the smaller Florida Mouse burrows were imaged, showing side loops that exit and re-renter the tortoise burrow. This study also presents new information by making the discovery of numerous remnants of past tortoise burrows underground in the sampling grid surrounding the active burrow. Our third aim was to interpret our field results with previous ecological field studies to evaluate the strength of evidence that this species ranks as an ecosystem engineer.
The painful shoulder.

Summary The shoulder, a very common site of pain syndromes in medical practice, lends itself well to precise clinical analysis and identification of the pain-sensitive structure or structures. Once identified, rational and effective management can be applied, associated with predictably good prognosis. Early identification of the emerging specific syndrome is important in decreasing the duration of the clinical disorder and in achieving optimum return of shoulder function. Laboratory and X-ray studies are not commonly requined in diagnosis and management. There are a confusing variety of names attached to the many shoulder pain syndromes; however, there are two most common categories. One is associated with severe pain but little or no limitation of shoulder movement (at least passive movement), in which the pain-sensitive structure is tendon or tendon sheath; the other is associated with both pain and limitation of active and passive motion, in which the pain-sensitive structures are capsule, bursa, and synovium as well as muscle and multiple tendons.
Learning to manage combined energy supply systems

The operability of a portable embedded system is severely constrained by its supply's duration. We propose a novel energy management strategy for a combined (hybrid) supply consisting of a battery and a set of supercapacitors to extend the system's lifetime. Batteries are not sufficient for handling high load fluctuations and demands in modern complex systems. Supercapacitors hold promise for complementing battery supplies because they possess higher power density, a larger number of charge/recharge cycles, and less sensitivity to operational conditions. However, supercapacitors are not efficient as a stand-alone supply because of their comparatively higher leakage and lower energy density. Due to the nonlinearity of the hybrid supply elements, multiplicity of the possible supply states, and the stochastic nature of the workloads, deriving an optimal management policy is a challenge. We pose this problem as a stochastic Markov Decision Process (MDP) and develop a reinforcement learning method, called Q-learning, to derive an efficient approximation for the optimal management strategy. This method studies a diverse set of workload profiles for a mobile platform and learns the best policy in form of an adaptive approximation approach. Evaluations on measurements collected from mobile phone users show the effectiveness of our proposed method in maximizing the combined energy system's lifetime.
Enhanced 'Reading the Mind in the Eyes' in borderline personality disorder compared to healthy controls.

Background Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is partly characterized by chronic instability in interpersonal relationships, which exacerbates other symptom dimensions of the disorder and can interfere with treatment engagement. Facial emotion recognition paradigms have been used to investigate the bases of interpersonal impairments in BPD, yielding mixed results. We sought to clarify and extend past findings by using the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET), a measure of the capacity to discriminate the mental state of others from expressions in the eye region of the face.
Lower bounds for dynamic connectivity

We prove an Ω(lg Erik n) cell-probe lower bound on maintaining connectivity in dynamic graphs, as well as a more general trade-off between updates and queries. Our bound holds even if the graph is formed by disjoint paths, and thus also applies to trees and plane graphs. The bound is known to be tight for these restricted cases, proving optimality of these data structures (e. g., Sleator and Tarjan's dynamic trees). Our trade-off is known to be tight for trees, and the best two data structures for dynamic connectivity in general graphs are points on our trade-off curve. In this sense these two data structures are optimal, and this tightness serves as strong evidence that our lower bounds are the best possible. From a more theoretical perspective, our result is the first logarithmic cell-probe lower bound for any problem in the natural class of dynamic language membership problems, breaking the long standing record of Ω(lg n / lg lg n). In this sense, our result is the first data-structure lower bound that is "truly" logarithmic, i. e., logarithmic in the problem size counted in bits. Obtaining such a bound is listed as one of three major challenges for future research by Miltersen [13] (the other two challenges remain unsolved). Our techniques form a general framework for proving cell-probe lower bounds on dynamic data structures. We show how our framework also applies to the partial-sums problem to obtain a nearly complete understanding of the problem in cell-probe and algebraic models, solving several previously posed open problems.
An increasing demand for integrated vascular residency training far outweighs the limited supply of positions

Objective The integrated vascular surgery residency training paradigm ("0 + 5") was first approved by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) in 2006, with the first residents beginning in 2007. We sought to evaluate the demand for these new positions and to better understand applicant pool demographics. Method The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) was petitioned for data on applicants to traditional vascular surgery fellowship and integrated vascular residency training programs (years 2006-2009). In addition, 111 applications received at a single academic institution for the year 2009 were reviewed in depth. Result The number of traditional vascular fellowship applicants and the corresponding number of positions remained stable. In contrast, the number of integrated vascular resident applicants increased dramatically, with 152 applicants seeking to match into 19 available positions in 2009. For the year 2009, 88% of integrated vascular residency applicants did not match, while 16% of traditional fellowship positions went unfilled. The most notable difference between integrated residency and traditional fellowship applicants is the number of foreign medical graduates (68.7% vs. 26.7% in 2008, P Conclusion The number of integrated vascular surgery residency applicants far outweighs the number of available positions. Growing interest in more efficient and comprehensive vascular surgery training will continue to augment demand. As educators, vascular surgeons should seize this opportunity and aggressively expand the number of available integrated residency training positions.
Small-Molecule Inhibition of the Interaction between the Translation Initiation Factors eIF4E and eIF4G

Assembly of the eIF4E/eIF4G complex has a central role in the regulation of gene expression at the level of translation initiation. This complex is regulated by the 4E-BPs, which compete with eIF4G for binding to eIF4E and which have tumor-suppressor activity. To pharmacologically mimic 4E-BP function we developed a high-throughput screening assay for identifying small-molecule inhibitors of the eIF4E/eIF4G interaction. The most potent compound identified, 4EGI-1, binds eIF4E, disrupts eIF4E/eIF4G association, and inhibits cap-dependent translation but not initiation factor-independent translation. While 4EGI-1 displaces eIF4G from eIF4E, it effectively enhances 4E-BP1 association both in vitro and in cells. 4EGI-1 inhibits cellular expression of oncogenic proteins encoded by weak mRNAs, exhibits activity against multiple cancer cell lines, and appears to have a preferential effect on transformed versus nontransformed cells. The identification of this compound provides a new tool for studying translational control and establishes a possible new strategy for cancer therapy.
Energy and communication efficient group key management protocol for hierarchical sensor networks

In this paper, we describe group key management protocols for hierarchical sensor networks where instead of using pre-deployed keys, each sensor node generates a partial key dynamically using a function. The function takes partial keys of its children as input. The design of the protocol is motivated by the fact that traditional cryptographic techniques are impractical in sensor networks because of high energy and computational overheads. The group key management protocol supports the establishment of two types of group keys; one for the sensor nodes within a group, and the other in a group of cluster heads. The protocol handles freshness of the group key dynamically, and eliminates the involvement of a trusted third party (TTP). We have experimentally evaluated the time and energy consumption in broadcasting partial keys and group key under two sensor routing protocols (tiny-AODV and tiny-diffusion) by varying the number of nodes and key sizes. The performance study provides the optimum number of partial keys needed for computing the group key to balance the available security and power consumption. The experimental study also concludes that the energy consumption in SPIN increases rapidly as the number of group members increases in comparison to our protocol.
Mapping realistic data sets on parallel computers

Mapping data to parallel computers aims at minimizing the execution time of the associated application. However, it can take an unacceptable amount of time in comparison with the execution time of the application if the size of the problem is large. The authors propose reducing the problem size by a mapping-oriented graph contraction technique. They present a graph contraction (GC) heuristic algorithm that yields a smaller representation of the problem, to which mapping is then applied. The experimental results show that the GC algorithm still leads to good quality mapping solutions to the original problem, while producing remarkable reductions in mapping time. The GC algorithm allows large-scale mapping to become efficient, especially when slow but high-quality mappers are used. >
Light-Mediated TIM Degradation within Drosophila Pacemaker Neurons (s-LNvs) Is Neither Necessary nor Sufficient for Delay Zone Phase Shifts

Circadian systems are entrained and phase shifted by light. In Drosophila, the model of light-mediated phase shifting begins with photon capture by CRYPTOCHROME (CRY) followed by rapid TIMELESS (TIM) degradation. In this study, we focused on phase delays and assayed TIM degradation within individual brain clock neurons in response to light pulses in the early night. Surprisingly, there was no detectable change in TIM staining intensity within the eight pacemaker s-LNvs. This indicates that TIM degradation within s-LNvs is not necessary for phase delays, and similar assays in other genotypes indicate that it is also not sufficient. In contrast, more dorsal circadian neurons appear light-sensitive in the early night. Because CRY is still necessary within the s-LNvs for phase shifting, the results challenge the canonical cell-autonomous molecular model and raise the question of how the pacemaker neuron transcription-translation clock is reset by light in the early night.
MISSISSIPPIAN (MIDDLE OSAGEAN) AMMONOIDS FROM THE NADA MEMBER OF THE BORDEN FORMATION, KENTUCKY

The borden formation in northeastern Kentucky contains a significant, largely undescribed, Osagean (upper Tournaisian to lower Visean) ammonoid succession. Lower Osagean strata in the Nancy Member contain a diverse Pericyclus Zone assemblage characterized by Muensteroceras oweni (Hall), M. parallelum (Hall), Kazakhstania colubrella (Morton), Imitoceras ixion (Hall), and Masonoceras kentuckiense Work and Manger. This interval, which ranges into the basal Cowbell Member, was referred to the Muensteroceras oweni Assemblage Zone by Gordon and Mason (1985) and Gordon (1986) and indicates correlation to the lower Ivorian Stage of the Belgian Tournaisian succession. The succeeding middle Osagean interval in the middle and upper part of the Cowbell Member contains Merocanites drostei Collinson and Dzhaprakoceras which presumably represent the lower, or Tournaisian (upper Courceyan or lower Chadian), portion of the Fascipericyclus – Ammonellipsites Zone. An even higher middle Osagean assemblage with Polaricyclus bordenensis new species and Winchelloceras allei (Winchell, 1862) occurs in the upper part of the Nada Member, near the top of the Borden Formation, and is the basis for the current report. Representatives of Polaricyclus bordenensis n. sp. and Winchelloceras allei (Winchell, 1862) were recovered from the Nada Member of the Borden Formation in the Hilltop Church roadcut section along Kentucky Highway 36, 5.0 km (3.1 miles) north of Frenchburg, Menifee County, Kentucky. The Nada sequence at Hilltop Church (Fig. 1) consists of 6.0 m of dark-red and greenish-gray, platy shale which is overlain by a resistant, 0.5 m-thick bed of glauconitic siltstone. Ammonoids occur in small, 2–10-cm phosphatic nodules in the upper half of the shale sequence, 0.1 to 2.5 m below the base of the siltstone. The Nada is overlain by the Renfro Member of the Slade Formation, a thinly bedded, argillaceous dolostone and shale unit which contains the Osage/Meramec boundary (see Chaplin et al., 1986, p. 115–125 …
DDM-PGE2-mediated cytoprotection in renal epithelial cells by a thromboxane A2 receptor coupled to NF-κB

The present studies were conducted to determine the pharmacological nature of a cytoprotective 11-deoxy-16,16-dimethyl-PGE2(DDM-PGE2) receptor in LLC-PK1 cells. DDM-PGE2-mediated cytoprotection aga...
Who Makes the News? Patterns of Visibility in the President's Cabinet, 1897-2006

This paper seeks to determine the extent to which the visibility of cabinet members reflects the real or perceived importance of the offices they occupy, the characteristics of the broader political environment in which they serve, and their personal characteristics. To do so, we examine the number of articles in which each of 357 cabinet members was mentioned in the New York Times from 1897 through 2006 and model the determinants of their visibility. We find that news coverage of cabinet officers has been sharply differentiated between the members of the Inner and Outer Cabinets, that beyond the Inner versus Outer Cabinet distinction, political circumstances, personal attributes, and service characteristics also matter, and that today’s cabinet members are far less likely to dominate the coverage they do receive.
Organic farming: knowledge, practices, and views of limited resource farmers and non-farmers on the Delmarva Peninsula

Gaps in knowledge on organic agriculture are a challenge for some stakeholders, including limited resource farmers on Delmarva Peninsula of USA. A survey of limited resource farmers and non-farmers in this region and neighboring counties was conducted to identify their knowledge, practices, perceptions, and needs. Most of the respondents were farmers; fewer than 30 % grew both organic and inorganic crops, and less than 10 % grew only organic crops. Organic commodities produced were fruits, vegetables, herbs, and animals. At least 60 % of the farmers had some knowledge about production costs, marketing, and farming practices for organic crops, while nearly 50 % did not know about the practices for growing certified organic. Lack of time and the length of time to certify for organic farming were the two most cited reasons for farmers not growing organic. Both the farmers and non-farmers believed that organic crops are safe, high quality, and high cost. Some non-organic farmers and non-farmers desired to do organic farming, but needed information such as production techniques and costs. This survey indicates a need to provide some farmers and non-farmers with more information on how to become active in organic production in this region and suggests a continued need for policies to make organic production more amenable to adoption by producers.
Second language processing and revision of garden-path sentences: a visual word study

We asked whether children's well-known difficulties revising initial sentence processing commitments characterize the immature or the learning parser. Adult L2 speakers of English acted out temporarily ambiguous and unambiguous instructions. While online processing patterns indicate that L2 adults experienced garden-paths and were sensitive to referential information to a similar degree as native adults, their act-out patterns indicate increased difficulties revising initial interpretations, at rates similar to those observed for 5-year-old native children (e.g., Trueswell, Sekerina, Hill & Logrip, 1999). We propose that L2 learners’ difficulties with revision stem from increased recruitment of cognitive control networks during processing of a not fully proficient language, resulting in the reduced availability of cognitive control for parsing revisions.
Planetary Nebulae from the AKARI Far-IR All-Sky Maps

The far-IR all-sky mapping data obtained by the AKARI Astronomical Satellite were released to the public in January 2015. These maps are expected to provide us with further insights into our understanding of the far-IR universe for the first time since IRAS, especially for extended objects. While the AKARI far-IR all-sky maps are calibrated against the diffuse background emission and a flux correction scheme for point sources is provided, it is not necessarily obvious how one flux-corrects extended sources. Here, we briefly summarize a new flux-correction method for extended objects detected in the AKARI far-IR all-sky maps and its application to planetary nebulae.
Abstract ED03-03: Leveraging new media to enhance cultural targeting in cancer communications

There is growing consensus and evidence that the effectiveness of health communication to reduce cancer disparities is improved by cultural targeting. Cultural targeting is a communications strategy intended to increase the appeal of health-related messaging among a distinct segment of the population and is often applied in interventions with medically underserved racial and ethnic groups. Much of the previous work in this area has addressed cancer communications via traditional media (e.g., brochures, television, etc.). However, the widespread adoption of internet and mobile technologies across communities has led to greater use of new media (e.g., social networking sites, blogs, photo/video sharing sites, etc.), typically characterized by high levels of personal engagement through user-generated and user-driven content and interactivity. Discussions of new media and cancer communications have tended to focus on the accessibility and convenience of related technologies rather than inherent ways in which new media may validate and reinforce cultural values, experiences, and networks. Therefore, this presentation will address 1) common approaches to cultural targeting in cancer communications as well as best practices; 2) applications of new media that support diverse cultural targeting approaches; and 3) results of a systematic literature review assessing the use of new media to address specific racial/ethnic disparities in cancer control. Citation Format: Hayley S. Thompson. Leveraging new media to enhance cultural targeting in cancer communications. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Sixth AACR Conference: The Science of Cancer Health Disparities; Dec 6–9, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23(11 Suppl):Abstract nr ED03-03. doi:10.1158/1538-7755.DISP13-ED03-03
Effect of Thyroxine on Eruption of Teeth in Newborn Rats

Summary(1) The rate of the incisor teeth eruption in newborn rats is markedly accelerated by thyroxine; time of eruption varying with the dosage used. (2) The use of this observation as a method of standardizing the thyrotropic hormone was unsuccessful.
The randomized controlled trial of Head Start REDI: Sustained effects on developmental trajectories of social-emotional functioning.

Objective This study assessed the sustained effects of Head Start REDI (Research-based, Developmentally Informed), a randomized controlled preschool preventive intervention, on children's developmental trajectories of social-emotional functioning into elementary school. Method Twenty-five Head Start centers with 44 classrooms were randomly assigned to deliver Head Start REDI or Head Start as usual. Head Start REDI featured an integrated language-emergent literacy and social-emotional skills curriculum and enhanced support for positive teaching practices. The 356 4-year-old children (54% girls; 25% African American; 17% Latino; 70% living in poverty) in those centers and classrooms were followed for 5 years (from preschool through third grade; 91% retention rate). Each year, teachers rated multiple domains of social-emotional functioning. Person-oriented latent class growth models were used to identify the different developmental trajectories of social-emotional functioning that children followed. Results Tests of proportions revealed that children who had been in the Head Start REDI intervention were statistically significantly more likely than children in the control condition to follow the most optimal developmental trajectories of social competence, aggressive-oppositional behavior, learning engagement, attention problems, student-teacher closeness, and peer rejection (odds ratio = 1.60-1.93). Conclusions These findings suggest that enriching Head Start with evidence-based curriculum components and teaching practices can have long-lasting benefits for children's social-emotional functioning. These findings elucidate how high-quality preschool experiences promote core competencies that are critical to the school success of children living in poverty.
Computer Vision In Vivo Flow Cytometry of Low-Abundance Circulating Cells

We have developed and validated a new instrument and computer vision algorithm for fluorescence sensing, enumeration and tracking of rare circulating cells in mice ;in vivo without the need for drawing blood samples.
Detecting food intake acoustic events in noisy recordings using template matching

Automatic food intake monitoring using wearable systems is a promising research direction in the fight against obesity and eating disorders. Previous work has indicated progress towards automatic food intake monitoring using acoustic sensors for detecting periods of food intake, swallowing and chewing detection, and discriminating between solid and liquid food intake. However, little effort has been put towards acoustic detection in noisy recordings. In this paper, we explore detecting food intake events (particularly chew events) in the presence of restaurant background noise. Three templates were extracted from a clean signal to represent the beginning, middle and end phase of a chewing sequence. Then, each template was used with sliding window correlation to detect chew events in a noisy recording. The noisy signal was formed by instantaneous addition of a clean throat microphone recording during eating and restaurant noise recorded with the same throat microphone. Results show that the template created from the end phase of a chewing sequence outperformed templates from the beginning and middle phases for detecting chew events in a continuous clean and noisy test signal. An F1 score of 71.4% was achieved for detecting chews in very low signal-to-noise ratio of −10 dB.
Effect of Different Herbicides on Japonica Rice Seedling

In order to select a suitable herbicide and to understand the effects of herbicide on seedling growth potential and physiology in japonicarice,a randomized block plot experiment was conducted in the greenhouse by a design of three kinds of herbicides and four treatments.The results showed that both formula of 10% Cyhalofop-Butyl+48%Bentazone and 90% Super-Saturn got a significant effect on weed control,and the control efficiency of all treatment were over 88%.Both high and low dose of 10% Cyhalofop-Butyl+ 48%Bentazone had a significant inhibiting effects not only on NR and but also on root activity(P0.05),while the two treatment of 90% Super-Saturn only significantly restrained NR activity(P0.05).Among the four treatment of herbicides,lower rate of 90% Super-Saturn was the best choice,which demonstrated a significant increase in enzyme activity of NR,soluble photosynthetic products,root activity,leaf age and seedling fresh weight of underground part(P0.05).
Coupled Fluid Flow and Reactive Chemical Transport

The couplings among fluid flows, advective and diffusive transport, and chemical reaction rates in fractured media or soils and changes in hydraulic properties due to precipitation and dissolution along fractures and rock matrix are important for many environmental management problems. Chemicals may undergo geochemical reactions and transformations, and the resultant speciation can enhance or hinder mobility. Some of these geochemical processes are fast and reversible, while others are slow in comparison with transport phenomena; many are dependent upon and cause changes in the pH and redox condition of the subsurface environment. Aqueous complexation, including acid-base reactions, tend to be rapid, while adsorption-desorption, precipitation-dissolution, and redox processes are often kinetic in nature, with system conditions far from equilibrium.
How SIMD width affects energy efficiency: A case study on sorting

This paper studies the performance and energy efficiency of in-memory sorting algorithms. We put emphasis on the SIMD (single instruction multiple data) mergesort implemented with different SIMD widths. By evaluating the performance, power, and energy with various hardware configurations (achieved by changing the memory bandwidth, number of cores, and processor frequency), our results show that SIMD can reduce power in addition to enhancing the performance, especially when the memory bandwidth is not sufficient to fully drive the cores. We also show that balancing the computation power and the memory bandwidth is important to minimize the total energy consumption.