cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Avoiding Politics: How Americans Produce Apathy in Everyday Life

Acknowledgements 1. The mysterious shrinking circle of concern 2. Volunteers trying to make sense of the world 3. 'Close to home' and 'for the children': trying really hard not to care 4. Humour, nostalgia and commercial culture in the postmodern public sphere 5. Creating ignorance and memorizing facts: how Buffaloes understood politics 6. Strenuous disengagement and cynical chic solidarity 7. Activists carving out a place in the public sphere for discussion 8. Newspapers in the cycle of political evaporation 9. The evaporation of politics in the US public sphere Appendices Notes References Index.
Bipartite Internet topology at the subnet-level

Internet topology modeling involves capturing crucial characteristics of the Internet in producing synthetic network graphs. Selection of vital metrics is limited by our understanding of the Internet topology, which relies on the state of the art measurement studies. Recent measurement studies indicate that underlying subnetworks, multi-access links providing one-hop connectivity to multiple nodes, are an important factor shaping the topology of the Internet. Current network models utilize point-to-point edges that can connect exactly two vertices of the topology. Decomposition of the underlying multi-access links into pairwise point-to-point edges results in cliques and is an oversimplification of the analyzed networks. Accurate modeling of multi-access links require special type of edges, i.e. hyper-edges, that can connect multiple vertices in a hyper-graph. Hyper-graphs are best illustrated as bipartite graphs where hyper-edges connect two types of vertices, i.e., router interfaces and subnets. In this paper, we introduce a bipartite model of the Internet topology and discuss representative synthetic network generation.
Feminizing linguistic human rights: use of isihlonipho sabafazi in the courtroom and intra-group linguistic differences

The aim of this article is to explore the interconnection between language, linguistic human rights (LHR), and law through an analysis of the Ndebele use of isihlonipho sabafazi (women's language of respect) in a courtroom setting. Using a cultural approach to discourse as an interpretive framework, the analysis illustrates that the LHR framework is not adequately sensitive to gendered forms of language discrimination. LHR is predicated on the protection of languages of minority ethnic groups and does not take into consideration gendered intra-group differences, leading to the sidelining of intra-linguistic variation, which exposes some members of the same linguistic community to intra-linguistic discrimination. Using isihlonipho sabafazi as a case in point, the article argues that this form of language use is a type of gender discrimination that contributes to women's linguistic exclusion and social marginalization. Given that language is not only a tool for communication but also central to culture, the...
Two new uses of 8-F feeding tube inperforming injecting urethrograms

Abstract modification of a previously described method for visualizing the urethrovesicaljunction is described. This modification is easier to perform, less messy, and obtains superior images to the method now used. A new method for outlining urethral strictures is also described. Both methods use an 8-F feeding tube.
High-speed gallium-arsenide Schottky-barrier field-effect transistors

The letter shows that gallium arsenide is a well suited material for high-frequency field-effect transistors. From preliminary measurements on realised transistors, it is shown that the frequency limit for power amplification is considerably higher than for other known transistors. The processes involved are briefly described.
Katabatic Wind in Opposing Flow

Abstract This paper presents a one-dimensional model of katabatic winds in ambient flow and examines types of possible solutions. Results presented in dimensionless form indicate that 1) cooling along a slope with upslope ambient flow can lead to tranquil (flow speed less than gravity wave speed) solutions characterized by appreciable entrainment, and 2) the onset time of katabatic winds is particularly sensitive to the retarding effects of opposing flow and reduced cooling rates. Model results present a plausible explanation for observed delays in the onset time of downslope flow of up to 8 h after sunset along certain humid tropical slopes.
Radioiodine concentrated in a wetland.

Abstract Most subsurface environmental radioactivity contamination is expected to eventually resurface in riparian zones, or wetlands. There are a number of extremely sharp biogeochemical interfaces in wetlands that could alter radionuclide speciation and promote accumulation. The objective of this study was to determine if a wetland concentrated 129I emanating from a former waste disposal basin located on the Savannah River Site (SRS) in South Carolina, USA. Additionally, studies were conducted to evaluate the role of sediment organic matter in immobilizing the radioiodine. Groundwater samples were collected along a 0.7-km transect away from the seepage basin and in the downstream wetlands. The samples were analyzed for 129I speciation (iodide (I−), iodate ( IO 3 − ) , and organo-I). Groundwater 129I concentrations in many locations in the wetlands (as high as 59.9 Bq L−1 129I) were greatly elevated with respect to the source term (5.9 Bq L−1 129I). 129I concentration profiles in sediment cores were closely correlated to organic matter concentrations (r2 = 0.992; n = 5). While the sediment organic matter promoted the uptake of 129I to the wetland sediment, it also promoted the formation of a soluble organic fraction: 74% of the wetland groundwater 129I could pass through a 1 kDa (
TALES FROM THE OTHER SIDE OF EDUCATION FINANCE: OTHER DISTRICTS' SCHOOLS, OTHER PATHWAYS INTO TEACHING, AND OTHER PEOPLE'S PREFERENCES

This policy brief discusses research concerning general equilibrium effects in three areas of education policy and discusses the policy implications of this research. Each section includes a brief summary of one chapter from my doctoral dissertation (Reback 2003), a review of the general literature on the chapter’s topic, and a discussion of policy implications and unresolved questions meriting further research. The three topics covered are the general equilibrium effects of school choice programs on housing markets, college course offerings on teacher labor markets, and the composition of the electorate on voters’ behavior in local public school referenda. © 2007 American Education Finance Association
Gold/silver coated nanoporous ceramic membranes: a new substrate for SERS studies

Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) is a recently discovered powerful technique which has demonstrated sensitivity and selectivity for detecting single molecules of certain chemical species. This is due to an enhancement of Raman scattered light by factors as large as 10 15 . Gold and Silver-coated substrates fabricated by electron-beam lithography on Silicon are widely used in SERS technique. In this paper, we report the use of nanoporous ceramic membranes for SERS studies. Nanoporous membranes are widely used as a separation membrane in medical devices, fuel cells and other studies. Three different pore diameter sizes of commercially available nanoporous ceramic membranes: 35 nm, 55nm and 80nm are used in the study. To make the membranes SERS active, they are coated with gold/silver using sputtering techniques. We have seen that the membranes coated with gold layer remain unaffected even when immersed in water for several days. The results show that gold coated nanoporous membranes have sensitivity comparable to substrates fabricated by electron-beam lithography on Silicon substrates.
Neonatal outcome of extremely preterm Asian infants ⩽ 28 weeks over a decade in the new millennium

Neonatal outcome of extremely preterm Asian infants 28 weeks over a decade in the new millennium
Low molecular mass protein patterns in mycobacterial culture filtrates and purified protein derivatives.

Mycobacterial polypeptides from 2 kDa to 14 kDa may be involed in host response to infection and be useful for new diagnostics and vaccines. Tris-tricine SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis separation of proteins in tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) and in 6–8-week culture filtrates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis BCG, and other Mycobacterium species demonstrated as many as 10 low molecular mass bands. Common and distinct bands were observed among different species and PPD. These low molecular mass culture filtrate proteins may represent potential diagnostic reagents and vaccines for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Noncoding RNA response to xenobiotic exposure: an indicator of toxicity and carcinogenicity

Introduction: Human exposure to certain environmental and occupational chemicals is one of the major risk factors for noncommunicable diseases, including cancer. Therefore, it is desirable to take advantage of subtle exposure-related adverse cellular events for early disease detection and to identify potential dangers caused by new and currently under-evaluated drugs and chemicals. Nongenotoxic events due to carcinogen/toxicant exposure are a general hallmark of sustained cellular stress leading to tumorigenesis. These processes are globally regulated via noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). Tumorigenesis-associated genotoxic and nongenotoxic events lead to the altered expression of ncRNAs and may provide a mechanistic link between chemical exposure and tumorigenesis. Current advances in toxicogenomics are beginning to provide valuable insight into gene–chemical interactions at the transcriptome level.Areas covered: In this review, we summarize recent information about the impact of xenobiotics on ncRNAs. Evidence hi...
An empirical study of RFID productivity in the U.S. retail supply chain

Abstract Radio Frequency Identification, or RFID, technology has received great attention when, beginning in 2003, Walmart announced its plan to use the technology. RFID׳s automatic scanning ability can reduce product scanning error rates and product scanning manpower, which can lead to increased labor productivity. This paper evaluates labor productivity of RFID adopted retailers. This paper uses data from financial statements and explains the association between RFID technology and adopted retailer׳s labor productivity. The regression analysis using the Cobb–Douglas production function shows that RFID retailers have a higher labor to gross income elasticity than their non-RFID counterpart, indicating that RFID retailers have higher labor productivity.
The value of primate models for studying human immunodeficiency virus pathogenesis

: Research on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is compromised by the obvious limitation in having for study only virus-infected individuals or those exposed to the virus. Steps involved in transmission or pathogenesis require planned experimentation. The identification of animal models of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has therefore been helpful for evaluating phases of HIV pathogenesis. Of the seven subgenera of lentiviruses now recognized, two share the characteristics with HIV of a T cell tropism and the associated loss of CD4+ cells in the host associated with disease: the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) (Table 1). The other animal lentiviruses grow best in macrophages and their infection generally reflects clinical sequellae of infection of this cell type. This review addresses those features of SIV, HIV, and SHIV infections of non-human primates that illustrate the importance of the animal models of AIDS.
Effects of pH, Temperature, and Sucrose on Benzyl Alcohol-Induced Aggregation of Recombinant Human Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor

Antimicrobial preservatives (e.g., benzyl alcohol), which are required in multidose formulations, can induce protein aggregation. In this study, the mechanism of benzyl alcohol-induced aggregation of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhGCSF) was investigated by determining the effects of temperature, pH, and sucrose on this process. rhGCSF was incubated at 25 and 37 degrees C and at pH 7.0 (phosphate-buffered saline, PBS) and pH 3.5 (HCl). Benzyl alcohol (0.9% w/v) accelerated aggregation of rhGCSF at pH 7.0, an effect that was much greater at 37 degrees C than at 25 degrees C and partially counteracted by 1.0 M sucrose. At pH 3.5, benzyl alcohol did not induce aggregation of rhGCSF. Spectroscopic studies showed that 0.9% benzyl alcohol altered the tertiary structure of rhGCSF at both pH, without detectably altering secondary structure. Structural perturbation was greater at 37 degrees C than at 25 degrees C. At both pH 7.0 and 3.5, the hydrogen-deuterium (H-D) exchange rate for rhGCSF was increased by 0.9% benzyl alcohol. Sucrose (1.0 M) partially counteracted the benzyl alcohol-induced perturbation of tertiary structure and the increase in H-D exchange rate. Thus, benzyl alcohol accelerates aggregation of rhGCSF at pH 7.0, because it favors partially unfolded aggregation-prone conformations of the protein. Sucrose partially counteracts benzyl alcohol-induced rhGCSF aggregation by shifting the molecular population away from these species and towards more compact conformations. We postulate that the absence of aggregation at pH 3.5, even with benzyl alcohol-induced structural perturbation, is due to the unfavorable energetics of intermolecular interactions (i.e., colloidal stability) between rhGCSF molecules at this pH.
Bond Valence Sums in Coordination Chemistry Using Oxidation-State-Independent R0 Values. A Simple Method for Calculating the Oxidation State of Iron in Fe−O Complexes

The use of the bond valence sum in Fe−O complexes is discussed using data from the Cambridge Structural Database. The oxidation state of Fe in complexes containing Fe bonded only to O can be calculated by ∑i exp[(R0 − ri)/b], where ri is the observed Fe−Oi bond length, R0 is a constant = 1.745 A, and b is taken to be 0.37. The R0 value can be viewed as a bond length of unit valence. Deviations from an integer value indicate a problem with the crystal structure or electron delocalization in multinuclear complexes. The oxidation-state-independent R0 value of 1.745 A was calculated using 297 FeOn complexes with n = 3−8. An R0 value of 1.714 A for Fe(II) was determined using 74 complexes, and a value of 1.750 A was determined for Fe(III) using 223 complexes.
Stimulation by cyclic nucleotides of calcium efflux in barnacle muscle fibers

Abstract Internal application of 10 −4 , 10 −5 , 10 −6 and 10 −7 M cGMP and cAMP caused an increase in 45 Ca efflux in barnacle muscle fibers. Stimulation by either nucleotide occurred in the absence of external calcium and could be prevented by external application of 10 mM procaine or by prior internal treatment of these fibers with EGTA. The results indicate that cyclic nucleotides increase calcium efflux by releasing calcium from internal stores.
PARTIAL INHIBITION OF SEX ACTIVITY IN THE INTACT FEMALE RAT BY INJECTED ESTRIN1

Estrin, injected into the castrated female, produces the anatomical and behavior changes characteristic of estrus. But if estrin is injected into the intact female in adequate amounts daily for some time it prevents the ovarian changes upon which normal estrus is dependent. The literature on this subject is too extensive to review here. The most comprehensive investigation of the effect on the ovary of doses comparable with those used in the experiment reported below was made by Button and Miller (1) who review the more important papers concerned with small daily doses of estrin. None of the investigators studying the anatomical effects, however, make any report of behavior. It seemed possible that the hormone which produces sex behavior in the castrate might be used to prevent it in the intact animal. The following experiment was made to test this possibility.
Detection of Deception on the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality: Validation of the Validity Scales

This study used a simulation design to investigate the validity scales of the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP). Undergraduates (N = 192) were randomly assigned to two positive distortion (PD) groups, two negative distortion (ND) groups, and a control group. Controls responded normally, whereas the deception groups responded according to assigned characters. Preliminary analyses indicated no significant differences within distortion valence; thus, the groups were collapsed into single PD (n = 76), ND (n = 79), and control groups (n = 37). Mean-level analyses revealed that, consistent with previous studies, ND profiles are easier to detect than PD profiles. Cutoff scores were suggested, and the classification accuracy of these scores converged with the results of several discriminant function analyses to indicate that Rare Virtues and Deviance predict group membership at least as well as MMPI-2 validity scales. Structural analyses revealed that two moderately correlated factors-posit...
An integrated metric for video QoS

to obtain cost-effective QoS. In this paper, we address the issues in designing metrics that are important in evaluating the Quality of Service(QoS) In this paper, we address the issues in designing metrics that are important in evaluating the QoS of video transmission. There has been little work in det ermining effective metrics of QoS for video transmission that characterize both cost (revenue generated or service demand) and guaranteed service. The metrics of analysis and comparison for video transmission must be determined as an end-to-end measure of QoS from video server to end-user(s). By developing these metrics, we hope to enhance the client, server and networking components of a system with monitoring capabilities to measure and evaluate video characterizations. This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we discuss a workload model for developing and understanding QoS metrics. Section 3 presents empirical studies and experimental justification for the metric selection based on the three systems VOSAIC, hierarchical VOD and the remote VCR systems. Section 4 proposes a new integrated metric for measuring video QoS and the analytical framework to express the tradeoffs. We also propose a metric-based QoS architecture along with negotiation and reward protocols. In Section 5 we discuss related work and conclude with future research directions in Section 6. of video transmission. We propose a new metric for video QoS called the weighted cost-satisfaction ratio based on requirements from two perspectives: the user and the service provider. To understand real video workload environments and user behavioral patterns, we obtained and analyzed empirical results from the VOSAIC (video-over-the-Web) system, a hierarchical video-on-demand (VOD) system and a remote VCR system. Based on these results, we define parameters of resource consumption (storage and network bandwidth etc.) and user satisfaction (jitter, syncbronization skew) and derive analytical interrelationships among the metric parameters. We also draw an economic relationship between the user-satisfaction and resource consumption factors to solve metric optimization relations.
Epicuticular wax of Poa ampla leaves

Abstract Leaf wax of a glaucous variety of Poa ampla contains hydrocarbons (5%, C 23 –C 35 ), esters (9%, C 36 –C 56 ), free acids (3%, C 16 –C 34 ), free alcohols (6%, mainly C 26 ); hentriacontane-14,16-dione (14%), 5-oxohentriacontane-14,16-dione (1%); hydroxy β-diketones (56%) and unidentified material (6%). The hydroxy β-diketones, which are more abundant in this wax than in others, were shown by 13 C NMR to consist of 4-hydroxy (15%), 5-hydroxy (70%) and 6-hydroxy (15%) hentriacontane-14,16-diones.
Effects of obesity on the pharmacodynamics of nitroglycerin in conscious rats

Literature reports have suggested that hemodynamic response toward organic nitrates may be reduced in obese patients, but this effect has not been studied. We compared the mean arterial pressure (MAP) responses toward single doses of nitroglycerin (NTG), 0.5–50μg) in conscious Zucker obese (ZOB), Zucker lean (ZL), and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. NTG tolerance development in these animal groups was separately examined. Rats received 1 and 10μg/min of NTG or vehicle infusion, and the maximal MAP response to an hourly 30μg NTG IVchallenge dose (CD) was measured. Steady-state NTG plasma concentrations were measured during 10μg/min NTG infusion. The Emax and ED50 values obtained were 33.9± 3.6 and 3.5±1.7μg for SD rats, 33.2±4.1 and 3.0±1.4μg for ZL rats, and 34.8±3.9 and 5.3±2.8μg for ZOB rats, respectively. No difference was found in the dose-response curves among these 3 groups (p>.05, 2-way ANOVA). Neither the dynamics of NTG tolerance development, nor the steady-state NTG plasma concentrations, were found to differ among these 3 animal groups. These results showed that ZOB rats are not more resistant to the hemodynamic effects of organic nitrates compared with their lean controls. Thus, the acute and chronic hemodynamic effects by the presence of obesity in a conscious animal model of genetic obesity.
Special-interest subgroups at the ASCB: Nuclear dynamics at mitosis.

Abstract The annual meeting of the American Society for Cell Biology (ASCB) is a large and diverse gathering. At last year's meeting**The American Society for Cell Biology 38 th Annual Meeting, San Francisco, USA; 12–16 December, 1998. Program chair: Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz., there were over 8000 attendees, and the topics discussed covered many areas of cell biology. It would be impossible to cover the entire meeting within a trends in CELL BIOLOGY report, so instead we are focusing on an aspect of it that provided some of the most interesting and fruitful discussions. On Saturday afternoon, before the main symposia began, there were 11 special-interest subgroup meetings. The atmosphere at these meetings was informal, and they encouraged open and frank discussion of data and issues. This report provides a brief summary of the discussions at seven of the special-interest subgroup meetings.
Cross Section for Metastable Production in Low-Energy He + -He Collisions

Metastable He atoms produced by charge exchange of slow ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ with He were detected by secondary electron emission from a tungsten target. The cross section for metastable production rose from a threshold near 22 eV to a peak value of 2.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}50% at 27 eV and decreased to a minimum at 32 eV (center-of-mass energy). A subsequent rise was measured up to 110 eV and was attributed to the increased production of ${\mathrm{He}}^{m}$ and, to a smaller extent, to kinetic emission of secondary electrons at the higher energies.
Capillary discharge in the electrothermal gun

A one-dimensional model is described for calculating the properties of plasma arcs in ablating, cylindrical capillaries. The basic assumptions and governing equations are presented, and the results of some numerical solutions are discussed. These results are also compared with experimental measurements of the voltage across the arc, as well the pressure measured at a specific point in the capillary tube. The degree to which theory and experiment agree is discussed in some detail, and possible reasons for the lack of agreement, where it exists, are pointed out. Results of the calculations indicate fair agreement between theory and experiment for values of the conductance, but poor agreement between predicted and measured values of the pressure. >
Mathematically engineered stromal cell-derived factor-1α stem cell cytokine analog enhances mechanical properties of infarcted myocardium.

Objective The biomechanical response to a myocardial infarction consists of ventricular remodeling that leads to dilatation, loss of contractile function, abnormal stress patterns, and ultimately heart failure. We hypothesized that intramyocardial injection of our previously designed pro-angiogenic chemokine, an engineered stromal cell–derived factor-1α analog (ESA), improves mechanical properties of the heart after infarction. Methods Male rats (n = 54) underwent either sham surgery (n = 17) with no coronary artery ligation or ligation of the left anterior descending artery (n = 37). The rats in the myocardial infarction group were then randomized to receive either saline (0.1 mL, n = 18) or ESA (6 μg/kg, n = 19) injected into the myocardium at 4 predetermined spots around the border zone. Echocardiograms were performed preoperatively and before the terminal surgery. After 4 weeks, the hearts were explanted and longitudinally sectioned. Uniaxial tensile testing was completed using an Instron 5543 Microtester. Optical strain was evaluated using custom image acquisition software, Digi-Velpo, and analyzed in MATLAB. Results Compared with the saline control group at 4 weeks, the ESA-injected hearts had a greater ejection fraction (71.8% ± 9.0% vs 55.3% ± 12.6%, P = .0004), smaller end-diastolic left ventricular internal dimension (0.686 ± 0.110 cm vs 0.763 ± 0.160 cm, P = .04), greater cardiac output (36 ± 11.6 mL/min vs 26.9 ± 7.3 mL/min, P = .05), and a lower tensile modulus (251 ± 56 kPa vs 301 ± 81 kPa, P = .04). The tensile modulus for the sham group was 195 ± 56 kPa, indicating ESA injection results in a less stiff ventricle. Conclusions Direct injection of ESA alters the biomechanical response to myocardial infarction, improving the mechanical properties in the postinfarct heart.
Seasonal Changes in Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fractions and Autumn Retranslocation in Evergreen and Deciduous Taiga Trees

The concentrations and pool sizes of nitrogen— and phosphorus—containing chemical fractions were followed seasonally in leaves and young stems of four Alaskan tree species: larch (Larix laricina), black spruce (Picea mariana), birch (Betula papyrifera), and alder (Alnus crispa). We found no major differences in patterns of N and P distributions among major chemical fractions in nutritionally distinct deciduous trees. In the three diciduous species, all N and P fractions were highest in young leaves and declined in concentration through the season, first as concentration was diluted by increasing leaf biomass and later as organic N and P fractions were hydrolyzed and inorganic P and amino acid N were translocated out of leaves. The quantities of nucleic acids and phospholipids hydrolyzed in autumn were equivalent to 40—47% and 26—38%, respectively, of the total P retranslocated from leaves of deciduous species prior to abscission. Protein hydrolyzed and subsequently retranslocated as amino acids was equivalent to 82—91% of the N removed from senescing leaves. Leaching was much less important than retranslocation in removing nutrients from senescing leaves. In buds and stems, P was stored during winter primarily as phospholipid, nonhydrolyzable ester P, and nucleic acid P and was converted to inorganic P in spring. All species stored N primarily as protein and to lesser extent as nucleic acids; larch also stored some N in amino acids. In the evergreen spruce, N and P were stored in the same types of compounds as in deciduous species, but this nutrient storage occurred in leaves and involved no winter translocation to stems. Based on this study and a survey of the literature, we suggest that trees with low N and P status retranslocate a similar or smaller proportion of leaf N and P prior to leaf abscission than do trees with more favorable nutrients status. We conclude that tree have not adapted to nutrient stress through major changes in biochemical use of N and P. However, during the growing season there are important changes in allocation of N and P to different chemical fractions, associated with changing plant requirements.
WE‐D‐224C‐05: Investigation of Superficial Dose From a Static TomoTherapy Beam

Purpose: To determine the magnitude of superficial doses produced from a static TomoTherapy beam directed at varying SSDs and angles of incidence. Method and Materials:Measurements of superficial doses have been made along the central axis of a static TomoTherapy beam at normal incidence for SSDs of 55, 70, and 85 cm for typical TomoTherapy jaw sizes (40×2.5 cm2 and 40×5 cm2). Measurements have also been made along the central axis of a TomoTherapy beam at oblique angles of 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, and 85°. Data were collected with a Gammex Model 449 parallel‐plate chamber embedded in a solid water phantom and LiF TLDpowder. For comparison, measurements have been made on a 6X Varian 2100C accelerator with the same jaw width (5 cm at 85 SSD) and at the same SSDs. Percentage depth dose (PDD) profiles for depths ⩽2 cm have been obtained from the data. Results: TomoTherapy surface dose measurements vary weakly with SSD, ranging from 16%–18% for the 40×5 cm2 field, and from 12%–14% for the 40×2.5 cm2 field. The measured doses increase rapidly with depth, with PDD>90% obtained at depths < 0.6 cm. Surface dose ranges from 17%–26% on the Varian 2100C for the same SSDs and 5cm jaw width. TomoTherapy surface dose increases from 16% to 43% as the angle of incidence increases from 0° to 85° for the 40×5 cm2 field and increases from 12% to 40% for the 40×2.5 cm2 field. Conclusion: TomoTherapy surface doses do not vary significantly with SSD but increase dramatically with increasing angle of incidence. Generally, the magnitude is less than that measured from a conventional, flattening filter‐based linac. These data should assist in assessing the accuracy of the TomoTherapy planning system in the calculation of superficial doses. Supported in part by a research agreement with TomoTherapy, Inc.
Fowler-Nordheim Tunneling Current Oscillation Study of Interface Roughness

A decrease in the amplitude of Fowler-Nordheim current oscillations (FN-CO) due to interface roughness is observed for thin film (∼40A) metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices, only when the interface has high spatial complexity. Previous studies have shown no measurable changes in FN-CO’s resulting from the oxidation of purposely roughened Si surfaces. The present research continues with an FN-CO study using Si surfaces with roughness of higher spatial complexity than the previous studies. The spatial complexity of the purposely roughened Si surfaces was compared using the fractal dimension (DF). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to measure the interface topography, and fractal dimension (DF) was used to describe the surface complexity while root-mean-square (RMS) roughness was used for obtaining vertical information of the roughness. It was found that the oscillation amplitude decrease substantially with an increase of DF but with no dependence on RMS.
Incident angle and polarization dependence of four-photon photoemission from tungsten

Abstract The importance of classical optics in analyzing photoemission data and the power of two-channel comparative technique in multiphoton experiments have revealed that in tungsten both surface and volume effect contribute to the photocurrent. Their relative influence depends on the angle of incident and the polarization. The ratio of surface to volume effect is obtained for the first time.
Some observations on hypoglycemia in man

Summary Several forms of hypoglycemia due to direct inhibition of hepatic glucose production in man have been reviewed. The mechanism of action of ethanol in lowering blood glucose remains to be defined. Excess accumulation of a phosphorylated intermediate in both normal man and patients with hereditary enzyme deficiences appears to induce hypoglycemia following administration of certain sugars.
From Menu to Mouth: Opportunities for Sodium Reduction in Restaurants

Restaurant foods can be a substantial source of sodium in the American diet. According to the Institute of Medicine, the significant contribution made by restaurants and food service menu items to Americans' sodium intake warrants targeted attention. Public health practitioners are uniquely poised to support sodium-reduction efforts in restaurants and help drive demand for lower-sodium products through communication and collaboration with restaurant and food service professionals and through incentives for restaurants. This article discusses the role of the public health practitioner in restaurant sodium reduction and highlights select strategies that have been taken by state and local jurisdictions to support this effort.
Rapid forgetting in aged rats

The retention performance of young (3–6 months) and aged (24–26 months) Sprague—Dawley rats was evaluated on three separate experimental paradigms. The three paradigms were sequenced so that the first, spontaneous alternation, tested for retention performance of short-term memory; the second, step-down inhibitory (passive) avoidance, tested for long-term memory; while the third, a shock-motivated spatial reversal problem, tested for both short- and long-term memory. The results suggest that aged rats experience significantly more rapid forgetting in both short- and long-term memory systems.
Selection for reproductive rate in Rambouillet sheep: Estimated genetic change in reproductive rate

Abstract Rambouillet sheep were selected for high or low reproductive rate based on an index of reproductive rate, reproductive index = dam's total lifetime lambs born/(age in years-1). Selected ewes were first born in 1969. A random bred control line was established from the remaining foundation ewes with the first ewes born in 1973. Genetic variances were estimated with REML procedures for reproductive index and number of lambs born or weaned either per ewe exposed for breeding or per ewe lambing. Heritability of reproductive index was 0.26. Heritability for number of lambs born were 0.11 and 0.12 and for number of lambs weaned were 0.04 and 0.04 per ewe exposed for breeding and per ewe lambing, respectively. Breeding values for the reproductive index were estimated using the full animal model (BLUP) with the complete numerator relationship matrix on reproductive index, with fixed effect of year of birth of ewe and breeding values for number of lambs born or weaned either per ewe exposed for breeding or per ewe lambing, estimated with the fixed effects of year of birth of ewe and age of ewe and the random effect of permanent environmental effect among repeated lambing records. Genetic change was estimated as the regression of breeding value for reproductive index and number of lambs born or weaned either per ewe exposed for breeding or per ewe lambing on year of birth of the ewe. High and low lines both responded to selection for reproductive index as compared to the control line (P
Combining PML and ABC for the finite-element analysis of scattering problems

A perfectly matched layer (PML) is combined with an absorbing boundary condition (ABC) for mesh truncation in the finite-element solution of electromagnetic scattering problems. It is shown by one-, two-, and three-dimensional examples that the combined PML and ABC has less undesired reflection than the PML or ABC alone. ©1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The First Open-Heart Repairs of Ventricular Septal Defect, Atrioventricular Communis, and Tetralogy of Fallot Using Extracorporeal Circulation by Cross-Circulation: A 30-Year Follow-up

From March 26, 1954, to July 19, 1955, 45 patients with major cardiac malformations not previously correctable underwent open repair utilizing cross-circulation between patient and donor without donor deaths. All operations were carried out at normothermia with lowered flow rates based on azygos flow studies. Twenty-seven patients, more than half of them infants, had ventricular septal defects closed. There were 8 hospital deaths, and there have been only 2 late deaths in 30 years. Fourteen (87.5%) of 16 who underwent recatheterization have closed defects. The 17 30-year-survivors are all in New York Heart Association Functional Class I. Five patients 4 months to 10 years old were operated on for atrioventricular canal (complete form). All had intractable failure, and 4 had pulmonary hypertension. Two of the 3 hospital deaths were due to heart block. The long-term survivor, a 15-month-old infant at the time of operation (severe pulmonary hypertension, 90/50 mm Hg), underwent repair 31 years ago and is now married with 3 children. Recatheterization disclosed normal pulmonary pressure (20/4 mm Hg), no shunts, and mild mitral regurgitation. Ten cyanotic tetrads 13 months to 14 years old were operated on with 5 hospital deaths. Of the 3 late deaths, 1 was accidental at 17 years, 1 occurred suddenly at home 13 years after operation in infancy for atresia, and the third occurred at reoperation 10 years later. The 2 remaining patients (1 the first patient operated on) are in excellent health. The surgical methods used and the physiological advantages of cross-circulation (temporary placenta) that made these results possible at a time when surgical knowledge was primitive are described.
SU-FF-T-70: An Independent Verification of Dosimetry for the Leksell Gamma Knife® Treatment Planning System

Purpose: To develop an independent and reproducible verification of the dosimetry for the Leksell Gamma Knife® treatment planning system (Gamma Plan). Method and Materials: We have developed a simple method to independently compute point doses for a Gamma Knife® treatment. This was motivated by AAPM Report 46 (Task Group 40), which recommends independent calculation of the dose at one point in a treatment plan. Several authors have suggested methods to independently compute doses for Gamma Knife® treatments. Our method takes a different approach by utilizing measurements of the dose‐rate for an array of points within a polystyrene anthropomorphic phantom while keeping each of the points at the center of the Gamma Knife® focus, and normalizing the measurements to the total source activity. Multiple measurements of the dose‐rates were taken along the Z and Y axes throughout the phantom. We have created a program using the computer code MATLAB which calculates the dose delivered to any point within the patient's skull. The program uses patient and treatment specific information from the treatment plan, as well as measured dose rates in the anthropomorphic phantom, to calculate delivered dose at selected points. Results: Validation of the program was initially performed using a CT of our anthropomorphic phantom that was used to create treatment plans. A maximum error of 2% was observed between point doses computed with our program to those by Gamma Plan. Patient treatment plans were also evaluated with the program, with an error no more than 4%. Conclusion: Our independent dose calculation method for the Gamma Knife® can be easily implemented into a PC based application and used to quickly verify treatment plans before treating patients.
Generalized convexity and concavity of the optimal value function in nonlinear programming

In this paper we consider generalized convexity and concavity properties of the optimal value functionf* for the general parametric optimization problemP(ź) of the form minxf(x, ź) s.t.xźR(ź). Many results on convexity and concavity characterizations off* were presented by the authors in a previous paper. Such properties off* and the solution set mapS* form an important part of the theoretical basis for sensitivity, stability and parametric analysis in mathematical optimization. We give sufficient conditions for several types of generalized convexity and concavity off*, in terms of respective generalized convexity and concavity assumptions onf and convexity and concavity assumptions on the feasible region point-to-set mapR. Specializations of these results to the parametric inequality-equality constrained nonlinear programming problem are provided.
SU‐E‐T‐253: Treatment Planning and Dose Delivery of Photon Radiation Therapy of Cardiac Arrhythmias for Isolated Perfused Porcine Hearts

Purpose: To develop treatment plans and delivery techniques for ex situ isolated perfused (Langendorff) porcine hearts in order to explore the feasibility of using photon radiation to create cardiac lesions as a treatment for cardiac arrhythmias. Methods: Six domestic swines were used for the creation of Langendorff preparation, of which three received radiation and three served as a control group. For the study group, treatment planning was performed on their CT images. Two stainless‐steel clips in the CS ostium and in the pulmonary artery and the beaker were contoured and assigned to the proper CT numbers. Treatment couch attenuation and clip scattering were also taken into account. The AV node was contoured and was positioned at the isocenter of the accelerator. MLC were used to provide conformal shaping of the photon beam and a 1 cm margin was added around the AV node to accommodate cardiac motion. 3D conformal planning technique was chosen. Two orthogonal KV images were acquired before the radiation delivery for accurate positioning of the heart. Results: 200 Gy was successfully delivered to the AV node of the heart in the service mode of the machine. The field size was about 3 × 3 cm^2. The dose distribution was not uniform in the target due to the one or three fixed beam arrangement. The averaged delivery time was about 40 minutes with an averaged dose rate of 600 MU/min. Complete heart block was observed during treatment and notable cellular damages were presented in the histological specimen. Conclusion: Simple and efficient treatment plan and delivery technique are required to deliver high dose to the ex situ isolated hearts in a short time window. Flattening‐Filter‐Free mode of the Linac will dramatically decrease the delivery time and therefore allow the development of more complicated treatment plans, for example, the IMRT. Dr. DL Packer in the past 12 months has provided consulting services for Abiomed, Biosense Webster, Inc., Boston Scientific, CardioFocus, CardioInsight, Excerpta Medica, FoxP2 Medica LLC, InfoBionic, Inc., Johnson & Johnson Healthcare Systems, Johnson & Johnson, MediaSphere Medical, LLC, Medtronic CryoCath, OrthoMcNeill, Sanofi‐aventis, Siemens, St. Jude Medical, and Siemens AG. Dr. Packer received no personal compensation for these consulting activities. [PLEASE NOTE: any web or printed program must include this statement of noncompensation] Dr. DL Packer receives research funding from the Biosense Webster, Boston Scientific/EPT, Endosense, EpiEP, EP Advocate, Medtronic CryoCath LP, Minnesota Partnership for Biotechnology and Medical Genomics/ University of Minnesota, NIH, CardioFocus, Hansen Medical, Siemens P4D, St. Jude Medical, Siemens AcuNav, and Thermedical (EP Limited). Dr. Packer received Royalties from Blackwell Publishing and St. Jude Medical. Dr. HI Lehmann receives a research fellowship from the German Heart Foundation/Deutsche Herzstiftung e.V. Mit Foerdermitteln der Deutschen Herzstiftung e.V.
Analysis of fluid flow and deflection for pressure-balanced MEMS diaphragm valves

Based on the linear plate theory for an elastic thin plate and the Bernoulli equation for a steady incompressible and inviscid fluid flow, the effect of fluid flow on the deformation of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) diaphragm valve is investigated both analytically and numerically. For a given configuration of diaphragm valve, a relationship between the applied pressure and resulting contact area between diaphragm and valve seat is derived. Possible instability of such a system under the pressure-balanced mechanism is demonstrated with both analytical and numerical solutions for the deflection. Deflection as a function of flow speed, radius of outlet orifice, inlet gap, and bending stiffness of diaphragm are presented. In addition, the effect of diaphragm making contact with the valve seat due to pressure differential and fluid flow is analyzed and a relation between the contact zone and the external pressure is obtained. The results of the analysis suggest important parameters in the design of MEMS diaphragm valves and can be used as a basis in the design of such valves.
Population genetic structure of the round goby in Lake Michigan: implications for dispersal of invasive species

Understanding subsequent dispersal of non-native species following introduction is important for predicting the extent and speed of range expansion and is critical for effective management and risk assessment. Post-introduction dispersal may occur naturally or via human transport, but assessing the relative contribution of each is difficult for many organisms. Here, we use data from seven microsatellite markers to study patterns of dispersal and gene flow among 12 pierhead populations of the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) in Lake Michigan. We find significant population structure among sampling sites within this single Great Lake: (1) numerous populations exhibited significant pairwise FST and (2) a Bayesian assignment analysis revealed three distinct genetic clusters, corresponding to different pierhead locations, and genetic admixture between these clusters in the remaining populations. Genetic differentiation (FST) is generally related to geographic distance (i.e., isolation by distance), but is periodically interrupted at the scale of Lake Michigan due to gene flow among geographically distant sites. Moreover, average genetic differentiation among populations exhibit a significant, negative correlation with the amount of shipping cargo at ports. Our results, therefore, provide evidence that genetic structure of the round goby in Lake Michigan results from limited natural dispersal with frequent long-distance dispersal through anthropogenic activities such as commercial shipping. Our study suggests that while round gobies can undoubtedly disperse and found new populations through natural dispersal mechanisms, their spread within and among the Great Lakes is likely aided by transport via ships. We, therefore, recommend that ballast-water treatment and management may limit the spread of non-native species within the Great Lakes after the initial introduction in addition to preventing the introduction of non-native species to the Great Lakes.
Management of Extramammary Paget's Disease: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Extramammary Paget's Disease (EMPD) is a rare condition of the skin that often involves the vulva, perianal region, scrotum, penis, and axilla. Although prognosis is generally favorable, it can be associated with neoplasms of the bladder, urethra, prostate, and rectum. This report presents a case of scrotal EMPD that failed treatment with imiquimod 5% cream and discusses benefits and complications of available treatment options. The variation of treatment success emphasizes the importance of further research.
Idiopathic Pulmonary Hypertension Associated with Nodular Pulmonary Infiltrates and Portal Venous Thrombosis

A case of idiopathic pulmonary hypertension is associated with portal venous thrombosis. The patient's chest roentgenogram revealed numerous nodular densities which at necropsy were found to have been caused by an exuberant fibroblastic reaction around small pulmonary arterioles. This is an example of the unusual association of idiopathic pulmonary hypertension and portal venous thrombosis, and to our knowledge, the first report of roentgenographically visible pulmonary nodules secondary to the pathologic alterations of idiopathic pulmonary hypertension.
Submillimeter laser Stark spectroscopy of13CH3F with the 337 μm line of the HCN laser

Submillimeter laser-Stark spectra have been observed for the isotopic species of methyl fluoride,13CH3F, using the 337 μm line of the HCN laser. We have identified the multiplet transitions as JK=18K←17K in the ground vibrational state. Ten distinct families with K=8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 have been observed. Zero-field frequencies for all the transitions are given and in most cases with better accuracy than predicted from the previous constants.