cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reframing American Legal Education in the 21st Century: Modernizing the Legacy of Langdell

Traditional American legal education is deeply rooted. The education of lawyers has been delivered in special graduate schools from generation to generation in essentially the same core manner since the late 1800s, especially upon Harvard Law Professor Christopher Columbus Langdell’s seminal authorship of a casebook in 1871. The basic educational platform that is shared in most American law schools today is built on similar assumptions and foundations. These foundations include the notion that law is a science that can be taught within the academy and replicated in schools everywhere. The traditional teaching of law is singularly focused on developing special cognitive legal analysis skills, primarily through the study of appellate case reports that advances the notion that students can learn to “think like a lawyer.” As Christopher Columbus Langdell himself stated in the preface to his contracts book, “Law, considered as a science, consists of certain principles or doctrines…the growth [of which] is to be traced in the main through a series of cases.” This cognitive-oriented enterprise is most often carried out through a particular interactive methodology, generally described as the “Socratic” Method. The Socratic Method involves dialectical questions and answers, which constitute orchestrated conversations between teacher and student, not merely lecture. This dialectic is a process by which students learn from the structured discussion to solve problems through legal analysis. Law teachers have evidenced a willingness to experiment and explore with new techniques, but the overall institutional structures, from curricula to incentives for career advancement, remain highly traditional. Even though schools regularly attempt to distinguish themselves from others to elevate their experience and perhaps their ranking, the educational core curriculum and its overall presentation bear great resemblance to the top schools, such as those at Yale, Harvard, Stanford and Columbia universities. This widespread resemblance of law schools is indicative of a Universalist approach to legal education in its dominant iteration. Universalism is more than just a style or approach, but really a form of interpretative culture, a text that is shared by American law schools. As a culture, it has common themes and methodologies and has been transmitted from one generation to the next. Generations of students have benefited from this cultural orthodoxy. Those who performed particularly well often rose to reap its rewards, with waiting positions as judges, politicians, and law professors. Thus, the system often was self-replicating, where those who did well within its four walls not only benefited, but also were tasked with the responsibility of reproducing the system for future generations to come.
The continued importance of measuring potentially harmful impacts of crime prevention programs: the academy of experimental criminology 2014 Joan McCord lecture

Joan McCord was a very influential criminologist and strong advocate for measuring potentially harmful effects in well-meaning crime prevention programs. This paper demonstrates the continued importance of measuring adverse program effects by reviewing the available research evidence on classic and contemporary gang streetworker programs. This paper draws upon the evaluation findings of existing gang streetworker evaluations and presents the unpublished results of a rigorous quasi-experimental evaluation of a contemporary gang streetworker program that directly measured whether the intervention impacted the violent gun behaviors of treated gangs relative to untreated gangs. Evaluations of classic pre-1970s gang streetworker programs generally found that these interventions increased gang delinquency by reinforcing group identity and enhancing gang cohesion. Evaluations of contemporary gang streetworker programs are mixed, with several studies documenting concerning increases in gang violence. An unpublished evaluation found that the streetworker program was well-implemented and executed. However, the intervention was associated with increased shootings by and against treatment gangs relative to control gangs. These findings suggest that contemporary gang streetworker programs are at high risk of generating unintended adverse outcomes for treated gang members relative to their untreated counterparts. Existing and planned programs should be monitored with a high degree of vigilance and evaluated with controlled evaluation designs.
Abstract 141: Predictors of the Utilization of QT Interval Lengthening Medications in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Objective: Prolongation of corrected QT interval (QTc) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. We examined the predictors of the use of QTc prolonging medications (QTPM). Methods: We included 15,792 ARIC participants with a resting, standard 12-lead electrocardiogram and ≥ 1 measure of QTc over up to four triennial examinations between 1987 and 1998 (54,638 person-visits). Participants with missing data were excluded (n=1,668). To optimize clinical applicability, QTc was calculated using Bazett’s equation. At each visit, we identified participants using ≥ 1 CredibleMeds classified QTPMs, age > 65 years, females, and those with LVH, or QTc > 500 ms at the prior visit. We used linear regression (random and fixed effects models) for 37,233 person-visit observations from visits 2-4 to determine predictors of the use of QTPMs. The following known risk factors and potential predictors for QTc lengthening were assessed: age, female sex, LVH, and QTc at the prior visit. Standard errors were corrected for repeat observations per person. Additional risk factors will be assessed in future analyses. Results: Among person-visit observations from Visit 2-4 (mean age 59.7, 55% female, 9% LVH, mean QTc 431), 16% (n= 5,153) of participants were using one or more QTPM. Preliminary results suggest three of the four identified risk factors predicted use of QTPMs: age, sex, and QTc at prior visit. Prolonged QTc at prior visit was associated with a lower probability of using QTPM. In contrast, use of QTPMs was positively associated with a joint effect of age and female sex. The latter is concerning given older females are at increased risk for QTc prolongation. Conclusions: In this preliminary analysis, several predictors of QTPM use emerged. Future analyses will include additional predictors and assessment of outcome will adjust for these predictors.
Trotter's Product Formula for Some Nonlinear Semigroups

This chapter discusses Trotter's product formula for some nonlinear semigroups. Trotter's product formula for a pair {e –tA }, {e –tB } of (linear) C 0 -semigroups on a Banach space X was first proved by Trotter. Although the trivial case of semigroups with bounded generators may have been noticed earlier. Formally, the formula asserts that [e –(t/n) B e –(t/n) A ] n → e –t(A+B) , n→∞; Trotter proved that when a certain domain condition of A and B is satisfied. The theorem of Trotter is useful for many purposes, including numerical analysis. It gives a concrete means of computing {e ­–t(A+B) } from { e – tA }, a n d { e –t B }. In this connection, it is useful to generalize to [V(t/n)U(t/n)] n → e –t(A+B) , n→∞, where {U(t)}, (V(t)} are certain approximating families to {e –tA }, {e –tB } , respectively. A typical example of U(t) is the resolvent U(t) = (1+tA) –1 .
Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoamide dehydrogenase is encoded by Rv0462 and not by the lpdA or lpdB genes.

The gene encoding dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Rv0462, was expressed in Escherichia coli and the protein purified to homogeneity. The 49 kDa polypeptide forms a homodimer containing one tightly bound molecule of FAD/monomer. The results of steady-state kinetic analyses using several reduced pyridine nucleotide analogs and a variety of electron acceptors, and the ability of the enzyme to catalyze the transhydrogenation of NADH and thio-NAD+ in the absence of d,l-lipoamide, demonstrated that the enzyme uses a ping−pong kinetic mechanism. Primary deuterium kinetic isotope effects on V and V/K at pH 7.5 using NADH deuterated at the C4-proS position of the nicotinamide ring are small [D(V/K)NADH = 1.12 ± 0.15, DVapp = 1.05 ± 0.07] when d,l-lipoamide is the oxidant but large and equivalent [D(V/K)NADH = DV = 2.95 ± 0.03] when 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone is the oxidant. Solvent deuterium kinetic isotope effects at pH 5.8, using APADH as the reductant, are inverse with D(V/K)AP...
Optimizing Latency, Energy, and Reliability of 1T1R ReRAM Through Cross-Layer Techniques

Resistive RAM (ReRAM) has fast access time, ultra-low stand-by power and high reliability, making it a viable memory technology to replace DRAM in main memory. The 1-transistor-1-resistor (1T1R) ReRAM array has density comparable to that of a DRAM array and the advantages of lower programming energy and higher reliability compared to the ReRAM cross-point array. However, 1T1R ReRAM array has significantly lower lifetime compared to a DRAM array. In this paper, we show how cross-layer techniques can be used to improve reliability of 1T1R array with minimum latency and energy cost. At the circuit level, we show how voltage settings (pulse amplitude and pulse width) of word-line (WL), bit-line (BL), and source-line (SL) can be used to lower latency, lower energy consumption and improve reliability. We also show how appropriate choice of voltage settings can help reduce retention and endurance errors while minimizing energy. At the architecture level, we propose a new bit-flipping scheme that helps reduce the Bit Error Rate (BER) even further. We show how application of circuit-level and architecture-level techniques makes it possible to achieve a lifetime of 10 years with a simple BCH $(t=2)$ code. Finally, we evaluate the system-level performances of a 1GB ReRAM and 1GB DRAM memory system using CACTI and GEM5. Simulation results using SPEC CPU INT 2006 and DaCapo-9.12 benchmarks show that the proposed ReRAM based main memory can improve Instruction Per Cycle (IPC) by 5.2% and energy by up to 72% compared to a DRAM memory system.
Key Technologies and Developing State of Microgrid

The microgrid technology can solve the whole uncontrolled problem caused by traditional distributed generation dispersant integration and independent grid connection.When there is grid disturbance,microgrid control technology can effectively solve the power quality problem of key load in single distributed power and thus helpful to improve the power grid controllability.The hotspots and developing tendency of microgrid technology in recent years are described in the aspects including energy management,control strategy,protective relaying and so on.Besides,some key technical problems required to solve are also discussed.Combined with the relevant demonstration projects,the domestic application and research situation are introduced and the future development direction of microgrid technology is also proposed.
THE PREPARATION OF PENTACOORDINATED PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS CONTAINING FIVE PHOSPHORUS-SULFUR BONDS

Reaction of phosphorus pentachloride with thiocatechol, 4-methyl-l, 2-benzene- dithiol and their trimethylsilylated derivatives under a variety of conditions produced chlorodithiophosphites containing a 5-membered ring with two sulfur- phosphorus bonds. Attempts to prepare perfluorothiophenylphosphorane always resulted in per- fluorothiophenylphosphite and perfluorodiphenyldisulfide. Reaction of phosphites containing 3 sulfur-phosphorus bonds with 3, 4-bis-(trifluoromethyl)-1, 2-dithiete produced two phosphoranes containing 5 sulfur-phosphorus bonds.
The forensic effectiveness of virtual disk sanitization

It is a very likely situation for a digital forensics investigator to encounter a virtual machine during an investigation. The evidence found in a vmdk disk may not necessarily belong to the virtual machine. It is possible that a vmdk disk could contain previously deleted data from the host machine. In this paper we investigate the possibility of type 1 and type 2 hypervisor virtual disks to contain previously deleted data from the host machine. We specifically tested VMware Workstation 11 and ESXi vSphere 6.0 products for each type respectively. We also attempt to identify the disk sanitization strategies employed by these products, and locations within a virtual disk that could potentially contain unallocated host data.
Abstract ED02-03: DNA methylation as a target in cancer prevention

Epigenetic silencing of genes and microRNAs (miRs) via chromatin remodeling and cytosine methylation has emerged as a major mechanism in cancer etiology. The reversal of gene and miR silencing by affecting cytosine-DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), histone methyltransferases (HMTs), or histone deacetylases (HDACs) offers new strategies for cancer prevention and intervention for lung cancer. This presentation will provide an overview of studies using natural chemopreventive agents (e.g., lycopenes, isoflavones, omega-3 fatty acids) that reprogram the epigenome for affecting lung, colon, breast and prostate cancer either through generalized effects or targeting the expression of specific microRNAs to modulate genes involved in cancer. Focused studies from our laboratory using an in vitro model of hTERT/cdk4 immortalized human bronchial epithelial cell lines (HBECs) will describe the sequence of events driving gene and microRNA silencing for lung pre-malignancy and novel preventive strategies to reverse transformation. New concepts that incorporate tissue surrogates and biomarkers to assess in humans the efficacy of chemopreventives for lung cancer will be presented. Citation Format: Steven A. Belinsky. DNA methylation as a target in cancer prevention. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2013 Oct 27-30; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2013;6(11 Suppl): Abstract nr ED02-03.
Task based characterization of spectral CT performance via the Hotelling Observer

Many different approaches to spectral CT, also called dual-energy CT, are being investigated for clinical use, but there is somewhat of a lack of quantitative metrics for evaluating performance with regard to clinical tasks. In this paper we apply a Hotelling Observer model with signal variability to the task of distinguishing two different contrast materials in a known background. The calculation of the associated Hotelling SNR gives a quantitative description of how well a particular spectral CT system performs. Unlike the detectability studies that are carried out in conventional CT, the inclusion of signal variability is key to applying the Hotelling Observer to dual-energy data. This model could be applied to many tasks that are being studied in clinical trials, such as creating virtual non-contrast images, bone removal, or kidney stone identification. Additionally, the proposed model can be adapted to examine the information loss associated with various dual-energy reconstruction algorithms.
Effects of ageing on orofacial fine force control and its relationship with parallel change in sensory perception.

PURPOSE Current theoretical models suggest the importance of a bidirectional relationship between sensation and production in the vocal tract to maintain lifelong speech skills. The purpose of this study was to assess age-related changes in orofacial skilled force production and to begin defining the orofacial perception-action relationship in healthy adults. METHOD Low-level orofacial force control measures (reaction time, rise time, peak force, mean hold force (N) and force hold SD) were collected from 60 adults (19-84 years). Non-parametric Kruskal Wallis tests were performed to identify statistical differences between force and group demographics. Non-parametric Spearman's rank correlations were completed to compare force measures against previously published sensory data from the same cohort of participants. RESULT Significant group differences in force control were found for age, sex, speech usage and smoking status. Significant correlational relationships were identified between labial vibrotactile thresholds and several low-level force control measures collected during step and ramp-and-hold conditions. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate age-related alterations in orofacial force production. Furthermore, correlational analysis suggests as vibrotactile detection thresholds increase, the ability to maintain low-level force control accuracy decreases. Possible clinical applications and treatment consequences of these findings for speech disorders in the ageing population are provided.
Time-frequency based field oriented control of permanent magnet synchronous motors

A precise speed tracking scheme incorporating time-frequency control into the field oriented control (FOC) of a permanent magnet synchronous motor is developed. A mathematically vigorous model of the motor is derived in the stationary abc reference frame and subsequently mapped into the stator rotating d–q reference frame using Park’s transformation. The time-frequency controller is incorporated into the FOC scheme to be evaluated against the traditional PI controller based FOC for improved performance. Simulations of an interior mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor under extreme harsh working conditions are considered to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed design.
Cellular adaptation through fitness-directed transcriptional tuning

Cells adapt to changes in their environment through transcriptional responses that are hard-coded in their regulatory networks. Such dedicated pathways, however, may be inadequate for adaptation to novel or extreme environments. We propose the existence of a fitness optimization mechanism that tunes the global transcriptional output of a genome to match arbitrary external conditions in the absence of dedicated gene-regulatory networks. We provide evidence for the proposed tuning mechanism in the adaptation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to laboratory-engineered environments that are foreign to its native gene-regulatory network. We show that transcriptional tuning operates locally at individual gene promoters and its efficacy is modulated by genetic perturbations to chromatin modification machinery.
Specificity in dinomastigote-marine invertebrate symbioses: An evaluation of hypotheses of mechanisms involved in producing specificity

It is now fairly well recognized that the symbioses between microalgae and invertebrates demonstrate specificity (Trench, 1979, 1987). The realization that specificity existed in such associations was not forthcoming until the specific identities of the interacting organisms were resolved, and this depended to a large extent on the isolation, culture and taxonomic analysis of the algae involved. After isolation and culture of the ‘zoochlorellae’ from the flatworm Convoluta roscoffensis, Parke and Manton (1967) identified the algae as the prasinophyte Tetraselmis (Platymonas) convolutae (Hori et al 1982), and the ‘zooxanthellae’ symbiotic with Convoluta convoluta were identified as the diatom Licmophora sp. by Apelt (1969) after they were isolated and brought into culture. Based on the isolation and culture of symbiotic dinomastigotes, D.L. Taylor (1971, 1974) could distinguish between the amphidinioid and gymnodinioid symbionts.
"It Has Changed My Life": An Exploration of Caregiver Experiences in Serious Illness.

Background:Informal, unpaid caregivers shoulder much of the care burden for individuals with serious illness. As part of a project to create an innovative model of supportive care for serious illne...
A model based analysis of optimality of sit-to-stand transition

Objective assessment of mobility and effectiveness of interventions remains an open issue. Timed Up and Go (TUG) and 30 Second Chair Stand (30SCS) tests are routinely used in assessing mobility of subjects, but they provide a single parameter. Instrumenting subjects with wearable sensors enables a detailed mobility assessment. Specifically, we argue that instrumented sit-to-stand (S2ST) posture transitions during the TUG and 30SCS tests can be used to assess the strength and balance of subjects. In this paper we develop a personalized three-segment model that quantifies torques/forces on the body and assesses optimality of each sit-to-stand transition. To characterize a S2ST transition we calculate action defined as an integral of mechanical energy over time. The theoretical optimal transition time can thus be determined for each person by finding the minimum action necessary for a S2ST transition. Our model assesses action during the S2ST transition using inputs from smartphone's inertial sensors, and calculates optimum S2ST transition time for a given body composition of a subject. Our experimental evaluation shows that healthy young subjects have posture transition times close to the optimal transition time generated by the model. We hypothesize that the optimality of posture transition provides an objective and potentially more accurate estimation of the mobility. We tested the model by evaluating optimum action and optimum S2ST transition time for 10 geriatric patients undergoing a mobility improvement program by comparing their performance with the optimum performance generated by the model. This paper presents the model and possible use of the results to assess long-term changes in mobility of users.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor I and the Heart

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGFI) is a polypeptide growth factor that has remarkable homology to insulin. IGF-I positively regulates cell and tissue growth via its endocrine, paracrine and autocrine actons. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated involvement of IGF-I in the regulation of myocardial growth and function in both normal and diseased hearts, indicating that IGF-I signaling is part of the signaling pathways controlling myocardial growth and function. While IGF-I has important growth-promoting effects on mammalian cells, recent studies indicate that the ability of IGF-I to inhibit programmed cell death (apoptosis) may play a critical role in sustaining cell survival. In this chapter, the biological effects of IGF-I on cardiac muscle will be reviewed, and their implications on the development of myocardial dysfunction willbe discussed.
Modeling and control of large flexible structures

It is commonplace in structural dynamics to judge the fidelity of finite element models by the accuracy with which they predict the modal data of the first few modes. However, if the model is being developed for control design the important criteria for judging the finite element models might not be the modal data of the first few modes. This paper shows that the modal cost method of judging the importance of modes provides a useful criteria, and that the convergence properties of the modal costs is a reasonable means to determine finite element number and grid distribution.
A 12-Bit 31.1- $\mu$ W 1-MS/s SAR ADC With On-Chip Input-Signal-Independent Calibration Achieving 100.4-dB SFDR Using 256-fF Sampling Capacitance

A 12-bit 31.1- $\mu \text{W}$ 1-MS/s successive approximation register analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with on-chip input-signal-independent calibration achieving 100.4-dB spurious-free dynamic range is presented. The proposed calibration overcomes the drawbacks of the conventional split-ADC calibration while maintaining fast convergence. The calibration only needs one ADC and is input signal independent. Three techniques are proposed to help achieve this, including shuffling of mismatched MSB capacitors, MSB–LSB swapping, and partial MSB unit-capacitor dithering. In addition, partial bit trial and split-bottom switching circuit techniques are proposed. Silicon results fully validated the design and show 16-bit linearity with only 256-fF sampling capacitance.
Mind the Gap! Developing the Campus as a Living Lab for Student Experiential Learning in Sustainability

This chapter develops a new approach to experiential learning for sustainability and will be of interest to those seeking a baseline for the distinct conceptualizations of experiential learning and their impacts on matriculating (or matriculated) students in the longer term. College campuses are communities unto themselves and, as with communities everywhere, confront the challenges of becoming sustainable. Students attend college to learn and become knowledgeable in their chosen fields, but, perhaps with the exception of research labs, rarely have the opportunity to apply their skills to authentic or “real world” problems—experience that would allow them to become adept at both technical and cognitive process skills needed after graduation. This is especially true for projects focused on sustainability, which require multidisciplinary perspectives and interactions and thus are difficult to launch and complete. We suggest that the college campus is an ideal “living lab” that not only allows students to encounter and think about complex and wicked issues, but also to define actionable opportunities and address really-existing problems through collaborative projects that materially contribute to the sustainability of a real-world system. Pedagogy supporting “experiential learning” can play a critical role in teaching sustainability concepts and practices and thus in bolstering the Campus as a Living Lab agenda. However, we find competing or ambiguous definitions of experiential learning in the literature and no complete framework for its application in sustainability praxis. This chapter reports on research into sustainability pedagogy and assessment of the educational opportunities in experiential learning at the University of California, Santa Cruz, based on campus efforts to become a more integrated sustainable system. Accordingly, we first unpack terminology applied to “experiential learning in sustainability” from multidisciplinary and multi-departmental perspectives. This review of selected literature combined with data accumulated from students and program facilitators compares and contrasts both the historical significance and current practices of experiential learning to provide a more explicit framework for its implementation in sustainability as part of a coordinated network of distinct living lab entities. We then employ this framework to discuss a “critical gap” in college curriculum that was exposed during our investigation into the efficacy of these projects and programs at UC-Santa Cruz that may be inhibiting student preparation and their ability to contribute to the campus achieving sustainability benchmarks. Finally we propose that this lacuna can be mended by working towards a strategic integration of key experiential learning activities earlier in an undergraduate’s career.
Stamp Deformation During Microcontact Printing

Stamp deformation often produces undesirable effects that limit the practice and precision of micro-contact printing. We have experimentally studied one of the most pervasive consequences of undesired deformation: roof collapse of low-aspect-ratio recesses. Stamp behavior under increasing loads can readily be assessed by mounting stamps on flat glass and viewing stamps from below through an inverted microscope. Dynamic as well as limiting equilibrium behavior can be determined. Features with aspect ratios varying by a factor of ten were examined. We find that roof collapse initiates with the formation of a contact between the roof of the stamp and the substrate. This is followed by rapid growth of the contact region, driven by attractive interfacial forces. Contact growth usually terminates leaving a noncontacting “moat” region. Experimental measurements of the critical stress for roof collapse are in very good agreement with theory.
N-tritioacetoxyphthalimide: A new high specific activity tritioacetylating reagent

The authors` aim was to develop a nonvolatile, stable, and facile tritioacetylating reagent and to demonstrate its use on simple peptides. Accordingly, the authors made the synthesis of high specific activity N-(tritioacetoxy) derivatives of succinimide, phthalimide, and naphthalimide a major focus. As the preferred approach, N-(tritioacetoxy)phthalimide was prepared by radical dehalogenation of N-(iodoacetoxy)phthalimide using high specific activity tributyltin tritide. This tritiated acetylation reagent was characterized by {sup 3}H and {sup 1}H NMR spectroscopy and by radio-HPLC. Efficacy of the reagent was investigated by tritioacetylation of several peptides at their N-terminal amino group. 26 refs., 1 fig.
Mild iron deficiency does not ameliorate the phenotype of a murine erythropoietic protoporphyria model

Reduced ferrochelatase activity in erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) causes the accumulation of protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) leading to acute cutaneous photosensitivity and liver injury. Many EPP patients also have a mild hypochromic, microcytic anemia and iron deficiency. Iron deficiency can lead to decreased PPIX accumulation in another erythropoietic porphyria, congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP). Expression of the iron regulatory peptide hepcidin is negatively regulated by the serine protease TMPRSS6. Hepcidin induction by siRNA-mediated inhibition of TMPRSS6 expression reduces iron availability and induces iron deficiency. To interrogate the therapeutic potential of iron deficiency to modify EPP, we treated an ethylnitrosourea-induced mouse model of EPP, Fech m1Pas , with a GalNAc-conjugated Tmprss6 siRNA and PPIX levels, anemia and iron parameters were monitored. The GalNAc-RNAi therapeutic reduces Tmprss6 expression and induces mild iron deficiency in Fech m1Pas animals. However, decreases in erythrocyte PPIX levels and liver PPIX accumulation were not seen. These results indicate short-term induction of iron deficiency, at least in a murine model of EPP, does not lead to decreased PPIX production.
Impact of Environmental Conditions on Frost Crystal Structure

Frost crystal type and distribution were characterized in the initial periods of frost growth on an aluminum surface. Experiments were carried out for a range of wall temperatures from −25∘C to −5∘...
Pre-Hispanic North Coast Cultures and Foodways

To more fully understand the intersections of food and cultural ecology among north coast societies, one must delve into the rich history of the region. The particular landscapes of Peru’s north coast hosted almost 15 millennia of human settlement, spanning the varied early hunter-gatherer communities of the Late Pleistocene, the early complex societies of the Formative, the maritime agricultural economies, and ritual complexes of polities including the Cupisnique, Moche, and Sican and the Chimu state. By the time the Lambayeque Valley Complex was incorporated into the expansionist highland Inka Empire in the fifteenth century, it boasted its own unique and well-established economic networks, ideological systems, and political hierarchies. This chapter describes this long history of in situ and autochthonous cultural development, synthesizing a broad swath of archaeological and ethnohistorical evidence and paying particular attention to the role of foodways and subsistence regimes in producing and reproducing culture.
Use of Intracranial Pressure Monitoring in Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.

Objective The Brain Trauma Foundation (BTF) recommends intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring for all salvageable patients with an abnormal computed tomography (CT) scan and a Glasgow Coma Scale Methods Patients from the National Trauma Data Bank from 2013 to 2017 who met BTF criteria for ICP monitoring were included. Placement of an intraparenchymal ICP monitor or an external ventricular drain was queried. Binary logistic regression was used to determine factors that influenced the placement of an ICP monitor. Results A total of 21,374 patients with severe TBI and an abnormal CT scan were included in the study. An ICP monitor was placed in 6543 patients (30.6%). ICP monitor placement increased modestly from 28.6% in 2013 to 32.8% in 2017. The pooled odds of ICP monitor placement between 2014 and 2017 were not different from 2013 (odds ratio, 1.04; 95% confidence interval, 0.99–1.09), but the adjusted odds of ICP monitor placement in 2017 were significantly greater (odds ratio, 1.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.06–1.30). Treatment at a teaching hospital, subdural hematoma, multiple intracranial abnormalities on CT, and greater Injury Severity Score were associated with ICP monitor placement, whereas older age was negatively associated with ICP monitor placement. Conclusions The rate of ICP monitoring in patients with severe TBI who meet BTF criteria is low and increased only slightly from 2013 to 2017.
Regenstrief teaching electronic medical record (tEMR) platform: a novel tool for teaching and evaluating applied health information technology.

The objective of this study is to provide an overview of the Regenstrief Teaching Electronic Medical Record (tEMR), how the tEMR could be used, and how it is currently being used in health professions education. The tEMR is a derivative of a real-world electronic health record (EHR), a large, pseudonymized patient database, and a population health tool designed to support curricular goals. The tEMR has been successfully adopted at 12 health professional, public health, and health information technology (HIT) schools, with over 11 800 unique student users and more than 74 000 logins, for case presentation, to develop diagnostic and therapeutic plans, and to practice documentation skills. With the exponential growth of health-related data and the impact of HIT on work-life balance, it is critical for students to get early EHR skills practice and understand how EHR’s work. The tEMR is a promising, scalable, flexible application to help health professional students learn about common HIT tools and issues.
Reconciling VEGF With VPF: The Importance of Increased Vascular Permeability for Stroma Formation in Tumors, Healing Wounds, and Chronic Inflammation

It is widely believed that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces angiogenesis by its direct mitogenic and motogenic actions on vascular endothelial cells. However, these activities are only detected when endothelial cells are cultured at very low (0.1%) serum concentrations and would not be expected to take place at the much higher serum levels found in angiogenic sites in vivo. This conundrum can be resolved by recalling VEGF's original function, that of an extremely potent vascular permeability factor (VPF). In vivo VPF/VEGF increases microvascular permeability such that whole plasma leaks into the tissues where it undergoes clotting by tissue factor that is expressed on tumor and host connective tissue cells to deposit fibrin and generate serum. By providing tissue support and by reprogramming the gene expression patterns of cells locally, fibrin and serum can together account for the formation of vascular connective tissue stroma. In sum, by increasing vascular permeability, VPF/VEGF triggers the "wound healing response," setting in motion a fundamental pathophysiological process that induces the mature stroma that is found not only in healing wounds but also in solid tumors and chronic inflammatory diseases. Once initiated by increased vascular permeability, this response may be difficult to impede, perhaps contributing to the limited success of anti-VEGF therapies in treating cancer.
Algorithmic Approach to Reconstruction of Esophageal/Hypopharyngeal Injuries After Anterior Cervical Spinal Fusion.

Background Anterior cervical disk fusion (ACDF) is a common surgical approach for the treatment of cervical spine pathology. Esophageal perforations, though uncommon, are a devastating complication of this surgery. The objective of this paper is to assess the success of different treatment approaches for the management of esophageal/pharyngeal injury after ACDF. Methods Given the absence of prospective trials, the review includes institutional case reports and case series from 1985–2020 in the English language literature. Only cases of esophageal/pharyngeal injury in the setting of anterior cervical hardware were considered for study inclusion. For purposes of this study, treatment success is defined as resumption of oral intake. Results The database review identified 76 distinct series that meet criteria for study inclusion, with 173 patients available for analysis. A heterogeneous array of treatments was used for the management of pharyngoesophageal injuries after ACDF ranging from observation to complex free tissue reconstruction, with varying degrees of treatment success reported. We identified a number of factors, specifically duration of injury from initial ACDF procedure, which may impact the complexity of treatment required to maximize likelihood of treatment success. Conclusions Pharyngoesophageal injuries, albeit rare, are a serious and often complex complication after ACDF procedures. We propose a detailed algorithmic approach to guide decision making if faced with this clinical challenge. The huge variability in how these patients are treated emphasizes the potential utility of future multiinstitutional studies.
Exploitation of Shared Hydrocarbon Resources: A Game Theory Analysis

The North Field/South Pars gas condensate field is the world’s largest gas field with an estimated 1800 trillion cubic feet (tcf) of gas in place and 50 billion barrels of gas condensate. The estimated recoverable reserves are 1,260 tcf, accounting for 19% of the world’s recoverable gas reserves [1]. This field is shared by Qatar and Iran with an estimated 3:1 share of the reserves respectively (divided by the maritime border). These estimates are based on static volumetric estimates. However, the ultimate recoverable reserves are dependent on the development schedule implemented by each country. In 2005, Qatar’s government announced a moratorium on further development projects on the north field in 2005 that is expected to extend till at least 2015 after higher than expected pressure depletion [2, 3]. Meanwhile, the Iranian government has called for and implemented rapid development of their share of the field, the South Pars. This example showcases the interesting nature of the shared resource development task to be analyzed using the principles of game theory. In general terms, since the ultimate recovery of each player (resource owner) depends on their individual production schedule, the situation presents a ‘first-mover advantage’ scenario. It is possible for either player to produce their share of the resource as soon as possible leading to rapid pressure depletion, it would not be illegal to do so. However, the depleted pressure would make development of the other player’s share of the resource uneconomical. The goal of the proposed paper is to study possible strategies and outcomes for exploitation of such shared hydrocarbon resources. The players involved may include resource owners such as land owners or countries and the strategies involved can be cooperative or non-cooperative. In the case of cooperative production strategies, also known as unitization, methods for profit sharing are also discussed.
Sweat metabolomics before and after intravenous antibiotics for pulmonary exacerbation in people with cystic fibrosis

Abstract Background People with cystic fibrosis (PWCF) suffer from acute unpredictable reductions in pulmonary function associated with a pulmonary exacerbation (PEx) that may require hospitalization. PEx symptoms vary between PWCF without universal diagnostic criteria for diagnosis and response to treatment. Research question We characterized sweat metabolomes before and after intravenous (IV) antibiotics in PWCF hospitalized for PEx to determine feasibility and define biological alterations by IV antibiotics for PEx. Study design and methods PWCF with PEx requiring hospitalization for IV antibiotics were recruited from clinic. Sweat samples were collected using the Macroduct® Sweat Collection System at admission prior to initiation of IV antibiotics and after completion prior to discharge. Samples were analyzed for metabolite changes using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem accurate mass spectrometry. Results Twenty-six of 29 hospitalized PWCF completed the entire study. A total of 326 compounds of known identity were detected in sweat samples. Of detected metabolites, 147 were significantly different between pre-initiation and post-completion of IV antibiotics for PEx (average treatment 14 days). Global sweat metabolomes changed from before and after IV antibiotic treatment. We discovered specific metabolite profiles predictive of PEx status as well as enriched biologic pathways associated with PEx. However, metabolomic changes were similar in PWCF who failed to return to baseline pulmonary function and those who did not. Interpretation Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of non-invasive sweat metabolomic profiling in PWCF and the potential for sweat metabolomics as a prospective diagnostic and research tool to further advance our understanding of PEx in PWCF.
Protection, prizes or patrons? Explaining the origins and maintenance of human services interest groups

Little work has been done to understand the origins of human service interest groups or how they maintain themselves once founded. This paper tests three models of interest group origins and maintenance: a pluralist approach in which groups form and continue because they protect members' interests; a rational actor model in which groups form and are maintained because they offer members prizes that are more valuable than the costs of joining; and a patronage model in which groups form and continue because financial backers are willing to support them financially. Results show support for the protection and patrons models for the 127 Washington D.C. based advocacy organizations surveyed
Aspergillus nidulans: a Model for Elucidation of Aspergillus fumigatus Secondary Metabolism

This chapter reviews the contributions made by Aspergillus nidulans to the understanding of fungal secondary metabolism and the ways in which advances in our understanding of this species have spurred parallel studies of Aspergillus fumigatus. The most thorough insight into fungal secondary metabolite regulation has arisen from studies of the mycotoxin sterigmatocystin (ST) and the antibiotic penicillin in A. nidulans. With possibly the exception of the penicillin metabolic cluster, the most thoroughly examined fungal secondary-metabolite gene clusters are those involved in mycotoxin biosynthesis, particularly the aflatoxin (AF) and ST biosynthetic clusters found in several Aspergillus spp. Coordinate regulation is largely explained by transcriptional control by pathway-specific regulatory factors (e.g., aflR) and global regulatory proteins including transcription factors mediating environmental signals (pH, carbon, and nitrogen) and the cluster-specific methylase, LaeA. Specific oxylipins, e.g., various prostaglandins, are ligands to G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), which are important in inflammatory and immune responses in mammals. Interestingly, recent studies have identified three A. nidulans GPCR that impact asexual and sexual spore production, and efforts are under way to determine if Ppo products may be potential ligands for these receptors. PGs, along with leukotrienes, comprise a class of oxylipins called eicosanoids formed from C20 fatty acids (dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, and eicosanopentaenoic acid). Initial studies of laeA and ppo function in A. fumigatus indicate a potent role for these secondarymetabolite genes in pathogenesis. A thorough understanding of the function of these and other secondary metabolism genes may assist in the development of future therapeutics.
1,2-sn-diacylglycerol accumulates in choline-deficient liver. A possible mechanism of hepatic carcinogenesis via alteration in protein kinase C activity?

Choline deficiency is associated with triacylglycerol accumulation in the liver, and is the only nutritional state known to trigger hepatic cancer spontaneously. In two different experiments, rats were pair-fed for 6 weeks with control (0.2% choline), or choline-deficient (CD) (0.002% choline) diets. Hepatic choline and phosphocholine declined in CD animals to 54% and 16% of control levels, respectively. In control livers, 1,2-sn-diacylglycerol (1,2-sn-DAG) concentration was (in nmol/g wet wt) 144 (± 25; mean ± SE); while in CD livers it was 792 (± 140) in the first experiment. In the second experiment the values were 375 (± 26) and 1147 (± 74), respectively. 1,2-sn-DAG, a precursor of triacylglycerol, is an endogenous activator of protein kinase C (PKC). PKC is the presumed site of action of the tumor-promoting phorbol esters. We suggest that the 1,2-sn-DAG accumulating in CD liver could bind PKC, altering its activity, and thus contribute to the carcinogenic effect of CD diets.
The Effect of a Singing Protocol on Identified Vocal Inefficiencies of a Post-Menopausal Singer: A Case Study

The purpose of this case study was to assess over the course of 12 weeks the effect of a researcher-designed singing protocol on the documented vocal inefficiencies of a 63 year old post-menopausal singer, as measured by pre- and post-laryngeal examinations, spectral analyses, and written reports by both participant and voice teacher. At the beginning of the study, the participant displayed laryngeal and pharyngeal muscle tension, and reported difficulty accessing higher frequencies with hoarseness and effortful vocal production. During weeks 2 to 11, the participant attended a weekly voice lesson and practiced five days each week with a vocal exercise tape consisting of seven exercises, with the instruction to sing only the given exercises during this period of time. Post-protocol assessments during week 12 indicated reduced laryngeal and pharyngeal muscle tension, less effortful vocal production, more accurate fundamental frequencies, and more positive self-reports. Though she had previously transitioned to singing the alto part in her choir due to vocal discomfort, following the protocol the participant rejoined the second soprano section of that choir.