cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument as a Predictor of Institutional Maladjustment in Severe Male Juvenile Offenders

The Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument—Version 2 (MAYSI-2) is a brief triage tool designed to pinpoint youth in the juvenile justice system at risk for mental health—related difficulties. The current study investigated the relation between the MAYSI-2 and institutional maladjustment at a residential treatment facility specializing in the rehabilitation of severe male juvenile offenders. Institutional maladjustment data were collected during the first 90 days of commitment for 104 male juvenile offenders who also completed the MAYSI-2 during orientation to the facility. The Angry-Irritable subscale of the MAYSI-2 uniquely predicted severe rule violations and intensive supervision placement. However, hit rate analyses revealed a high level of false negatives for the published subscale cut scores. Implications of these and related findings are discussed.
Impaired Response Inhibition in Veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can show impairments in executive control and increases in impulsivity. The current study examined the effects of PTSD on motor response inhibition, a key cognitive control function. A Go/NoGo task was administered to veterans with a diagnosis of PTSD based on semi-structured clinical interview using DSM-IV criteria (n 5 40) and age-matched control veterans (n 5 33). Participants also completed questionnaires to assess self-reported levels of PTSD and depressive symptoms. Performance measures from the patients (error rates and reaction times) were compared to those from controls. PTSD patients showed a significant deficit in response inhibition, committing more errors on NoGo trials than controls. Higher levels of PTSD and depressive symptoms were associated with higher error rates. Of the three symptom clusters, re-experiencing was the strongest predictor of performance. Because the co-morbidity of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and PTSD was high in this population, secondary analyses compared veterans with PTSD1mTBI (n 5 30) to veterans with PTSD only (n 5 10). Although preliminary, results indicated the two patient groups did not differ on any measure (p . .88). Since cognitive impairments could hinder the effectiveness of standard PTSD therapies, incorporating treatments that strengthen executive functions might be considered in the future. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1–10)
Morphology of solution‐crystallized polypropylene

Results are presented of the structures obtained upon crystallization of polypropylene from dilute solutions in α-chloronaphthalene. It is shown that under proper conditions of concentration and crystallization, isotactic polypropylene can be caused to grow in the form of lath-shaped single-crystal lamellae. Electron diffraction pictures of these lamellae indicate a monoclinic crystal structure. Crystals have been grown both from whole polymer and from sharp molecular weight fractions. When crystallization from dilute solutions (0.4–0.001 wt.-%) is allowed to take place under ambient cooling conditions, the crystals formed are not well defined, but tend to be more ordered if fractions are used. When fractions are crystallized under constant temperature conditions (from 90 to 115°C.) the resulting structure formed tends to be a close-packed interwoven array of individual elements. However, if whole polymer is used the aggregate has a more open weave structure and, upon deposition upon a carbon substrate, the elements making up the quadrites tend to collapse at the edges. Electron transmission and diffraction pictures show these elements to be single lamellar crystals of polypropylene with well-defined edges and with thicknesses of the order of 125–150 A. Fracture of crystals by ultrasonic vibration leads to the presence of fibrils between the separated parts when the break is at right angles to the a direction, but to no fibrils when the break is parallel to this direction. These results suggest that the polypropylene chains are folded, and that the fold planes are parallel to the a crystallographic axis
Response of fibrillating atria to successful low probability of success shocks

The mechanism of very low probability of success (PS) atrial defibrillation (AF) is not understood. We studied the activation patterns of the atria following low energy/low probability of success shocks to determine if the pattern of activation following these shocks was different than for higher PS shocks. Five adult sheep were conditioned with rapid right atrial (RA) pacing into chronic AF for a minimum of 15 weeks. These sheep were then mapped with left and RA plaques. Biphasic shocks were delivered though a coronary sinus to superior vena cava lead configuration. Forty-five successful defibrillation episodes were analyzed: 25 below and 20 above the 25% success voltage. The number of post shock non-sinus beats (PSNSB) were counted and the activation patterns during those beats was identified as: (I) one wavefront, (II) two wavefronts or (III) greater than two wavefronts for both the right and left atrial plaques. The number of PSNSBs was not different for the two groups however the complexity of the early post shock beats was higher in the RA than in the LA and for lower PS shocks. Low PS shocks leave a greater number of RA wavefronts that appear to organize and then break.
Limitations to controlling spontaneous emission in microcavities with distributed mirrors

Limitations introduced by diffraction penetration depth and mirror pass band on controlling spontaneous emission in planar and post microcavities are investigated. Analytic expressions for the emission rate and coupling factor are presented and verified by exact numerical calculations as well as millimeter wave experiments.
Regulation of Developing B Cell Survival by RelA-Containing NF-κB Complexes

Mice deficient in the RelA (p65) subunit of NF-kappaB die during embryonic development. Fetal liver (FL) hemopoietic precursors from these mice were used to generate RelA-deficient lymphocytes by adoptive transfer into lethally irradiated mature lymphocyte-deficient recombination-activating gene-1(-/-) mice. Strikingly, RelA(-/-) lymphocyte generation was greatly diminished compared with that of RelA(+/+) lymphocytes. The most dramatic reduction was noticed in the numbers of developing B cells, which were considerably increased when RelA(-/-) FL cells that were also TNFR1 deficient were used. The role of RelA was further investigated in FL-derived developing B cells in vitro. Our results show that RelA is a major component of constitutive and TNF-alpha-induced kappaB site-binding activity in developing B cells, and provide evidence for a direct role of TNF-alpha in killing RelA(-/-) B cells. The absence of RelA significantly reduced mRNA expression of the antiapoptotic genes cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein and Bcl-2. Retroviral transduction of RelA(-/-) B cells with either cFLIP or Bcl-2 significantly reduced TNF-alpha killing. Together, these results indicate that RelA plays a crucial role in regulating developing B cell survival by inhibiting TNF-alpha cytotoxicity.
Order in the House? The Reception of Luther's Orders Teaching in Early Lutheran Genesis Commentaries

The notion that human life at Creation had been set into a series of ordered relationships was central for the Lutheran reformers’ understanding of Church, home, and state. Expositors developed this imaginative theological construct primarily out of the narrative of the Creation and Fall, and they used it as a framework for understanding the obligations of humankind in relation to the Creator, as well as for homes and societies rightly ordered. The Christian home, however, did double duty, serving as an archetype not only of life rightly ordered (law) but also of the love and freedom given by Christ in union with the Church (gospel). Lutheran expositors struggled to balance these two, especially when they derived the coercive authority of the state from parental, or paternal power. Could the institution of marriage simultaneously provide the foundation for state authority, and image the love between Christ and the Church?
Effects of defoliating insect resistance QTLs and a cry1Ac transgene in soybean near-isogenic lines

The crystal proteins coded by transgenes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have shown considerable value in providing effective insect resistance in a number of crop species, including soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. Additional sources of soybean insect resistance would be desirable to manage the development of tolerance/resistance to crystal proteins by defoliating insects and to sustain the deployment of Bt crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects and interactions of three insect resistance quantitative trait loci (QTLs; QTL-M, QTL-H, and QTL-G) originating from Japanese soybean PI 229358 and a cry1Ac gene in a “Benning” genetic background. A set of 16 BC6F2-derived near isogenic lines (NILs) was developed using marker-assisted backcrosses and evaluated for resistance to soybean looper [SBL, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker)] and corn earworm [CEW, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie)] in field cage, greenhouse, and detached leaf assays. Both Bt and QTL-M had significantly reduced defoliation by both SBL and CEW and reduced larval weight of CEW. The antibiosis QTL-G had a significant effect on reducing CEW larval weight and also a significant effect on reducing defoliation by SBL and CEW in some assays. The antixenosis QTL-H had no main effect, but it appeared to function through interaction with QTL-M and QTL-G. Adding QTL-H and QTL-G further enhanced the resistance of the Bt and QTL-M combination to CEW in the field cage assay. These results should help guide the development of strategies for effective management of insect pests and for sustainable deployment of Bt genes.
LasR, a Transcriptional Activator of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence Genes, Functions as a Multimer

The Pseudomonas aeruginosa LasR protein functions in concert with N-3-oxo-dodecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (3O-C(12)-HSL) to coordinate the expression of target genes, including many genes that encode virulence factors, with cell density. We used a LexA-based protein interaction assay to demonstrate that LasR forms multimers only when 3O-C(12)-HSL is present. A series of LasR molecules containing internal deletions or substitutions in single, conserved amino acid residues indicated that the N-terminal portion of LasR is required for multimerization. Studies performed with these mutant versions of LasR demonstrated that the ability of LasR to multimerize correlates with its ability to function as a transcriptional activator of lasI, a gene known to be tightly regulated by the LasR-3O-C(12)-HSL regulatory system. A LasR molecule that carries a C-terminal deletion can function as a dominant-negative mutant in P. aeruginosa, as shown by its ability to decrease expression of lasB, another LasR-3O-C(12)-HSL target gene. Taken together, our data strongly support the hypothesis that LasR functions as a multimer in vivo.
Mechanisms of cryptococcal virulence and persistence

Cryptococcus neoformans is an environmental yeast that is a leading cause of fatal mycosis in AIDS patients and a major cause of meningoencephalitis and CNS-related mortality around the globe. Although C. neoformans infection is mostly a manifestation of immune deficiency, up to 25% of cases reported in the USA occur in patients without recognizable immune defects, indicating that C. neoformans can develop mechanisms that allow it to evade immune defenses and persist in noncompromised hosts. This article discusses mechanisms and routes of infection and the most important elements of host response as well as the mechanisms that promote cryptococcal survival within the host. Metabolic adaptation to physiological host conditions and the mechanisms limiting immune recognition, interfering with phagocytosis and extending intracellular survival of C. neoformans are highlighted. We describe the mechanisms by which C. neoformans can alter adaptive host responses, especially cell-mediated immunity, which is required for clearance of this microbe. We also review cryptococcal strategies of survival in the CNS and briefly discuss adaptations developing in response to medical treatment.
Simulation Study of the Structure and Phase Behavior of Ceramide Bilayers and the Role of Lipid Headgroup Chemistry

Ceramides are known to be a key component of the stratum corneum, the outermost protective layer of the skin that controls barrier function. In this work, molecular dynamics simulations are used to examine the behavior of ceramide bilayers, focusing on nonhydroxy sphingosine (NS) and nonhydroxy phytosphingosine (NP) ceramides. Here, we propose a modified version of the CHARMM force field for ceramide simulation, which is directly compared to the more commonly used GROMOS-based force field of Berger (Biophys. J. 1997, 72, 2002–2013); while both force fields are shown to closely match experiment from a structural standpoint at the physiological temperature of skin, the modified CHARMM force field is better able to capture the thermotropic phase transitions observed in experiment. The role of ceramide chemistry and its impact on structural ordering is examined by comparing ceramide NS to NP, using the validated CHARMM-based force field. These simulations demonstrate that changing from ceramide NS to NP resul...
Fast evaluation of multiple zeta sums

We show that the multiple zeta sum: ζ(s 1 , s 2 ,...,s d ) = Σ n1>n2>...>nd 1/n s1 1 n s2 2 ...n sd d for positive integers s i with S 1 > 1, can always be written as a finite sum of products of rapidly convergent series. Perhaps surprisingly, one may develop fast summation algorithms of such efficiency that the overall complexity can be brought down essentially to that of one-dimensional summation. In particular, for any dimension d one may resolve D good digits of ζ in O(D log D/ log log D) arithmetic operations, with the implied big-O constant depending only on the set {s 1 ,..., s d }.
High-Performance Inversion-Type Enhancement-Mode InGaAs MOSFET With Maximum Drain Current Exceeding 1 A/mm

High-performance inversion-type enhancement- mode (E-mode) n-channel In0.65Ga0.35As MOSFETs with atomic-layer-deposited Al2O3 as gate dielectric are demonstrated. A 0.4-mum gate-length MOSFET with an Al2O3 gate oxide thickness of 10 nm shows a gate leakage current that is less than 5 times 10-6 A/cm2 at 4.0-V gate bias, a threshold voltage of 0.4 V, a maximum drain current of 1.05 A/mm, and a transconductance of 350 mS/mm at drain voltage of 2.0 V. The maximum drain current and transconductance scale linearly from 40 mum to 0.7 mum. The peak effective mobility is ~1550 cm2/V ldr s at 0.3 MV/cm and decreases to ~650 cm2/V ldr s at 0.9 MV/cm. The obtained maximum drain current and transconductance are all record-high values in 40 years of E-mode III-V MOSFET research.
Workload Performance Characterization of DARPA HPCS Benchmarks

It is critical to understand the workload characteristics and resource usage patterns of available applications to guide the design and development of hardware and software stacks of the future machines. In this paper, we analyze the workload performance characteristics of three large-scale DARPA HPCS benchmarks: HYCOM, POP, and LBMHD while executing on IBM Power5+ processor machines. Our analysis is focused on CPU/memory performance using cycles per instruction (CPI) model and multiprocess communication performance using MPI traces. For each benchmark, we provide a high level performance analysis followed by the hot-spot analysis of codes for selected input parameters.Then we present a detailed workload performance characterization using CPI model with data from a unique set of performance counters available on the Power5+ processor system. For communication, we describe the sources of load imbalances in the applications and identify the potential impediments to scalability of the applications under large processor counts.We identify several sources of performance problems that are potential bottlenecks and discuss methods to ameliorate them.
Medical Applications of Affinity Chromatography

Metabolic waste products are cleared from the body primarily by the kidney and liver. Low molecular weight, non protein-bound molecules such as urea, creatinine and uric acid are filtered at the glomerulus and excreted in the urine. When the kidneys fail, hemodialysis is an effective means of removing these substances from the blood, and the widespread use of hemodialysis has significantly prolonged the useful life of many patients with renal disease. Protein-bound metabolic waste products such as bilirubin (BR), as well as many exogenously administered drugs, circulate in plasma tightly bound to serum albumin, are non-dialyzable, and are not excreted in the urine. Instead, these substances are cleared almost exclusively by the liver and are excreted in the bile. At present, there exists no generally effective technique for removing these substances from the blood of patients with liver failure.
Online network of subspecialty aortic disease experts: Impact of “cloud” technology on management of acute aortic emergencies

Abstract For the management of acute aortic syndromes, regional treatment networks have been established to coordinate diagnosis and treatment between local emergency rooms and central specialized centers. Triage of acute aortic syndromes requires definitive imaging, resulting in complex data files. Modern information technology network structures, specifically "cloud" technology, coupled with mobile communication, increasingly support sharing of these data in a network of experts using mobile, online access and communication. Although this network is technically complex, the potential benefit of online sharing of data files between professionals at multiple locations within a treatment network appear obvious; however, clinical experience is limited, and further evaluation is needed.
Viudas y vecinos, milpas y magueyes : el impacto del auge de la población en el Valle de Toluca : el caso de Tenango del Valle en el siglo XVIII

The main objective of this article is to point out various effects of the considerable population growth experienced by Tenango del Valle in the eighteenth century. Based on data from the census taken by the parish priest in 1770, in the seat of that parish and in the disctricts he visited, as well as data from other registers of inhabitants made between 1748 and 1848 for that region, the author analyzes different features of the population. First she focuses on the extension and growth of that parish, the ethnic composition and the changes that took place, especially within the seat of the parish, where the number of Spanish or Mestizo families rose sevenfold during the period under review, and the problems said change caused regarding landholding. Another aspect studied is the effect of the overpopulation which occurred in the region, and its consequences on the composition and size of households of both the indigenous and Spanish population. In the case of Tenango, the data for the year 1784 show that the indigenous community still had a good basis for subsistence, but that in time, the progressive fragmentation of property, along with the leasing of lands to the Spaniards, ended up impoverishing the indigenous families in that area. As a result, that group generally lived in poverty and, thus, was forced to devote itself to other activities. The population of the districts visited by the parish priest suffered a similar fate, since the lands they had were of poor quality and did not alLow them to reach a subsistence level. Lastly, the author looks into the status of women in this context, and stresses the high percentage of widows and of women as heads of household in the region, and the problems that these women had both in gaining access to the land and in caring for their families.
Psychometric Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index in Adults with Sickle Cell Disease

Background . The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) is an instrument to evaluate insomnia symptoms. The psychometric properties have not been established in adults (18 years of age or older) with sickle cell disease (SCD). Objective . Evaluate the reliability and validity of the ISI among adults with SCD. Methods . Analysis included psychometric evaluation with exploratory factor analysis. Results . Our 263 participants had a mean age of 35.6 years and primarily were female (54.8%) with HbSS genotype (69.2%). Almost 41% were classified as clinical insomnia cases (ISI ≥14) using the traditional scoring approach. Two factors, Insomnia Symptoms and Insomnia Impact , emerged during factor analysis. Reliability of both factor-scales was good and each correlated with pain severity and depressive symptomatology ( r = 0.38 to 0.66, p Conclusion . The ISI demonstrated construct validity and reliability for evaluating insomnia symptomatology among adults with SCD and can be used in research and clinical practice.
Changing causes of death and the sex differential in the USA

This paper examines the sex differential in US life expectancy, the changes in this differential over the past 25 years and into the near future, and the apportionment of these differences among the leading causes of death. Movements in the sex differential over the years 1960–1985 were largely determined by changes in the accidents and violence and heart disease causes of death. The use of the life expectancy measure emphasizes the importance of those causes of death that impact most severely at younger ages. The historical analysis is extended through projections of life expectancies by sex. In the projections increased cancer mortality among males contributes to a widening differential, tempered by greater progress against heart disease for males.
Critical excitation-rate enhancement of a dipolar scatterer close to a plasmonic nanosphere and importance of multipolar self-coupling

We develop an electrodynamic model based on dyadic Green's functions for analyzing the near-field interactions between a dipolar scatterer (DS) and a plasmonic nanosphere (PN) under external excitation, accounting for multipolar contributions in the evaluation of the scattered fields. In particular, we include all the radiative and nonradiative field interactions between the DS and the PN, particularly the physical mechanism of DS's self-coupling through the PN, which is either neglected or approximated in previous work. Our objective is to show under which conditions self-coupling is important for strong excitation-rate enhancement of the DS and provide a description of the system's properties. We analytically investigate the conditions under which the excitation rate of a DS, such as an organic dye or a quantum dot, is enhanced when located in close proximity to a PN. We show the existence of critical conditions in terms of polarizabilities and distances that lead to large enhancement based on self-coupling and how to predict it.
Anthropogenic disturbances infiltrate forest fragments

In the years after Edward O. Wilson and Robert MacArthur’s seminal book, The Theory of Island Biogeography (1), which laid the foundations for understanding species diversity and extinction rates in isolated habitats, was published in 1967, a flurry of papers erupted on the effect of fragmentation in tropical rainforests. The big question at that time was whether it would be more advisable to protect massive tracts of continuous rainforest or smaller patches forming an archipelago of forest fragments within an anthropogenic matrix of pasturelands and tropical farms. Tom Lovejoy, who, like MacArthur, had earned his doctoral degree at Yale University under the mentorship of G. Evelyn Hutchinson, decided to put the question to a test by taking advantage of the ongoing land clearings around Manaus, Brazil, to create a large-scale experiment. In collaboration with Amazonian ranchers, the team cleared the trees around a series of fragments of rainforest of varying sizes to create islands of intact forest, and have been monitoring the plots since 1978, carefully documenting how deforestation harms neighboring pristine fragments as plants and animals of the mature forest give way to more opportunistic species that thrive in disturbed habitats (2⇓–4). The Manaus experiment has been replicated in many different tropical regions with similar results, showing the vulnerability of small reserves to large-scale human disturbance. The detailed underlying mechanisms of biodiversity loss, however, remained to be unraveled. In PNAS, a group of Mexican ecologists tackle the problem of ecosystem fragmentation from a different perspective, the demography of understory plants, adding important information to our knowledge on the dynamics of forest fragments (5).
Rapidly detecting ipaH gene of Shigella and EIEC through improved Loop-mediated isothermal amplification technology

Objective:To set up a experimental method to detect ipaH gene of Shigella and Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli(EIEC) rapidly,which is suitable for the laboratories at basic level.Methods:Four primers(two inside and,two outside) designed according to the enteroinvasive plasmid antigen of both Shigella and EIEC,LAMP improved method used,to detect 8 Shigella standard strains,which the serotypes were different and the backgrounds were clear,34 Shigella strains,which were separated in different areas,1EIEC experimental standard strain,7 Escherichia coli standard strain stored in our laboratory,3 Escherichia coli strain which were collected in outbreak,10 other controlled strains of intestinal bacteria.To validate the specificity of the method and the minimum detection limit,observed by naked eye and electrophoresis.Results:42 Shigella,strains,1 EIEC coli strain and 1 Escherichia coli strain(44147) revealed green color with scalariform stripe in electrophoresis,which could be confirmed as positive result.While 9 other Escherichia coli strains and 10 other controlled strains of intestinal bacteria revealed orange color without scalariform stripe in electrophoresis,which could be confirmed as negative result.It was doubtful that 1 Escherichia coli strain(44147) was detected carrying ipaH gene.We concluded that the strain was one species of EIEC,or the one obtained the gene during the anagenesis course.This should be discussed in future.The LAMP method showed good specificity.The minimum detection limit was 53 cfu/reaction.The result could be judged by the naked eyes in white light.It took about 1.5 hours from the nucleic acid distillation to the end.The method was used to test 24 specimens of different patients which included 3 pieces of phlegm,1 piece of hydrothorax,2 pieces of stool and 18 pieces of urine.The results were all negative which were as same as the ones detected by isolated culture or PCR method.Conclusion:Shigella and EIEC could be detected rapidly and specifically through the LAMP method.It was proper for laboratories at basic level to detect.
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Principles of Anti-infective Dosing

Purpose An understanding of the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) principles that determine response to antimicrobial therapy can provide the clinician with better-informed dosing regimens. Factors influential on antibiotic disposition and clinical outcome are presented, with a focus on the primary site of infection. Techniques to better understand antibiotic PK and optimize PD are acknowledged.
Visualization of c-Ki-ras-2 oncogene sequences in human pancreas, a chemically induced transplantable carcinoma, and carcinomas of pancreas by in situ hybridization.

c-Ki-ras-2 sequences were visualized in paraffin-embedded sections from normal fetal and adult human pancreases, a chemically induced transplantable human pancreas carcinoma (PT-1) and three carcinomas of pancreas by in situ hybridization technique. A biotinylated 1-kilobase-pair (kb)EcoRI fragment of pHiHi3 DNA was used as probe and the oncogene was visualized as one or two large grains of reaction products produced by streptavidin-peroxidase complex and diaminobenzidine tetrachloride in more than 9% of normal pancreas nuclei. Its amplification in the chemically induced cell line was detected as one or more large grains in 72% of the nuclei and numerous cytoplasmic grains. The detection of oncogene in normal pancreases and its amplification in PT-1 cells was validated by Southern analysis ofEcoRI digests of genomic DNA extracted from normal pancreases and PT-1 cell line. The oncogene was also demonstrated to be equally amplified in two adenocarcinomas and one undifferentiated carcinoma of human pancreas by in situ hybridization.
Ely’s “General Welfare” Theory of Property: Institutional Effects

Ely would modify and use government institutions to implement his theory of property, discussed in the previous chapter. It is the argument of this chapter that Ely hopes to implement his “general welfare” theory of property by revising judicial and administrative procedures so as to produce rule, in part, by unelected legislators trained in social science and located mainly in the judiciary and executive branch. His plan is to staff the judiciary with lawyers educated not only in law but also in social science. The executive branch would assist the legislative branch in passing laws by means of various industrial commissions, with the commissioners also trained in social science. These various experts are to be trained in universities, the very source of social science. These alterations to American political institutions are necessary, in Ely’s view, so as to allow for the introduction into political life of trained experts who otherwise cannot be identified by democratic means. Moreover, these alterations are also necessary in order to remove traditional, pre-Progressive Era constitutional impediments to a broader, deeper, and less democratic government. I show that there are problems reconciling Ely’s proposals for the scientific management of property law with democracy. The changes he proposes impair the habits of republican self-government, and go a long way to reducing citizens to mere objects of legislation.
A new splitting scheme to the discrete Boltzmann equation for non-ideal gases on non-uniform meshes

We present a novel numerical procedure for solving the discrete Boltzmann equations (DBE) on non-uniform meshes. Our scheme is based on the Strang splitting method where we seek to investigate two-phase flow applications. In this note, we investigate the onset of parasitic currents which arise in many computational two-phase algorithms. To the best of our knowledge, the results presented in this work show, for the first time, a spectral element discontinuous Galerkin (SEDG) discretization of a discrete Boltzmann equation which successfully eliminates parasitic currents on non-uniform meshes. With the hope that this technique can be used for applications in complex geometries, calculations are performed on non-uniform mesh distributions by using high-order (spectral), body-fitting quadrilateral elements. Validation and verification of our work is carried out by comparing results against the classical 2D YoungLaplace law problem for a static drop.
A process model of cased-based reasoning in problem solving

Much of the problem solving done by both novices and experts uses "case-based" reasoning, or reasoning by analogy to previous similar cases. We explore the ways in which case-based reasoning can help in problem solving. According to our model, transfer of knowledge between cases is guided largely by the problem solving process itself. Our model shows the interactions between problem solving processes and memory for experience. Our computer program, called the MEDIATOR, illustrates case-based reasoning in interpreting and resolving common sense disputes.
Role of Pea Enation Mosaic Virus Coat Protein in the Host Plant and Aphid Vector

Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in plant virus-vector interactions is essential for the development of effective control measures for aphid-vectored epidemic plant diseases. The coat proteins (CP) are the main component of the viral capsids, and they are implicated in practically every stage of the viral infection cycle. Pea enation mosaic virus 1 (PEMV1, Enamovirus, Luteoviridae) and Pea enation mosaic virus 2 (PEMV2, Umbravirus, Tombusviridae) are two RNA viruses in an obligate symbiosis causing the pea enation mosaic disease. Sixteen mutant viruses were generated with mutations in different domains of the CP to evaluate the role of specific amino acids in viral replication, virion assembly, long-distance movement in Pisum sativum, and aphid transmission. Twelve mutant viruses were unable to assemble but were able to replicate in inoculated leaves, move long-distance, and express the CP in newly infected leaves. Four mutant viruses produced virions, but three were not transmissible by the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. Three-dimensional modeling of the PEMV CP, combined with biological assays for virion assembly and aphid transmission, allowed for a model of the assembly of PEMV coat protein subunits.
Characteristics Impacting Teamwork and Performance for Space Operations

Efficient teamwork and communication between and within teams in space flight is essential to successful task performance and avoidance of disastrous errors. Additionally, when crews go on missions beyond Low Earth Orbit, communication between remote team members becomes asynchronous due to transmission delays, which makes it even more difficult to communicate and collaborate effectively. Exploring the individual and group factors that affect how teams work together is essential to predict successful performance on missions. As part of a larger study, we investigated whether conflict management style and leadership style were significantly related to group performance, group cohesion and efficacy in a remote team collaborative task. Shared leadership style as well as accommodating and competing conflict handling modes were significantly related to performance and ratings of cohesion and efficacy. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Tracer Diffusion in the Lower Boundary Layer

This chapter is concerned with the advection and dispersion of materials released in the atmospheric boundary layer. Historical interest in the diffusion problem has been motivated primarily by the need for predicting concentration of air pollutants from smokestacks. Further advances are made by micrometeorologists engaged in surface flux measurement in heterogeneous landscapes. They find it necessary to map out a source footprint impacting their measured flux, using footprint models which are essentially extensions of the traditional diffusion theory concerning pollution sources located at the ground level.
Opioid misuse in gastroenterology and non-opioid management of abdominal pain

Opioids were one of the earliest classes of medications used for pain across a variety of conditions, but morbidity and mortality have been increasingly associated with their chronic use. Despite these negative consequences, chronic opioid use is increasing worldwide, with the USA and Canada having the highest rates. Chronic opioid use for noncancer pain can have particularly negative effects in the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems, including opioid-induced constipation, narcotic bowel syndrome, worsening psychopathology and addiction. This Review summarizes the evidence of opioid misuse in gastroenterology, including the lack of evidence of a benefit from these drugs, as well as the risk of harm and negative consequences of opioid use relative to the brain-gut axis. Guidelines for opioid management and alternative pharmacological and nonpharmacological strategies for pain management in patients with gastrointestinal disorders are also discussed. As chronic pain is complex and involves emotional and social factors, a multimodal approach targeting both pain intensity and quality of life is best.
What Recent History Has Taught Us About Responding to Emerging Infectious Disease Threats

Among the unexpected crises that presidential administrations are likely to face, global pandemics are among the most challenging. This article discusses infectious disease outbreaks that occurred ...
Pre-service educators’ dispositions toward inclusive practices for students with emotional and behavioural difficulties

In response to challenging behaviour from students with emotional and behavioural difficulties (EBD), teachers around the world often label students as challenging, defining them by their disabilit...
Behaving Like an Owner: Plugging Investment Chain Leakages

The theme of investing for the long term through engaged ownership is gaining profile. This article explores the implications of “behaving like an owner” and estimates its financial benefits. We follow the journey of $100 over 20 years under four different “leakage” scenarios. Downstream leakages are active management fees, manager transition costs, and excessive trading; upstream leakages are unwarranted M&A activity and misaligned incentive structures. We find that fixing these leakages can increase the size of savings pots by as much as 25% over a 20-year accumulation period. We also address the behavioral question, “If this is so self-evident, then why do presumably rational investors keep doing these irrational things?” We close with some thoughts on the behavioral changes needed to get institutional investors behaving as owners.
Household Demographic Structure and Its Relationship to Deforestation in the Amazon Basin

The greatest challenge to theory in human ecology has been how to define the unit of study so that it can be reasonably well studied, while at the same time not losing sight of the larger whole or ecosystem within which human beings interact with their biophysical surroundings. Some relevant theoretical approaches used to address particular questions include those aiming at explaining patterns of agriculture intensification (e.g., Boserupian and Von-Thunenian models), and household development cycles (e.g., Chaianovian models). In this project we ask what the role of household demographic structure on observed rates of deforestation might be. The study of human impacts on land cover can follow any number of approaches. What we have found most useful is to take a multi-scaled approach that examines at each level of aggregation both biophysical and socioeconomic variables. We have used a variety of methods of data collection and mined a variety of data sources: time-series Landsat satellite data; survey research; stratified random sampling of properties; registering property boundaries onto satellite image time series in a geographic information system; carried out soil and vegetation stand sampling with precise coordinates using GPS; examined the reproductive histories of women and their decisions using survey research at the household level; and obtained time series price data and other economic statistical time-series. A key goal of this study was to understand whether trajectories of deforestation could be better understood knowing the age and general structure of households through time, rather than just in aggregate number. We think that our study does show the technical feasibility of examining land use and land cover change at the level of households and properties — and that the insights are worth the effort and investment required to achieve it.
A homological characterization of inner automorphisms of compact lie groups

Let G be a compact, connected Lie group. Suppose that h : G ~ G is an inner automorphism, that is, there exists a { G such that h(x) = axa -I for all x e G. Since G is pathwise-connected, there is a map C : [0,i] ~ G such that C(0) = a and C(1) = e, the unit element of G. The map H :G × [0,i] G defined by H(x,t) = C(t)x(C(t)) -I is a homotopy between h and the identity automorphism on G. Consequently, from the point of view of algebraic topology, an inner automorphism is indistinguishable from the identity because, for any homotopy-invariant functor F, F(h) = F(identity). We are then led to ask, for what functor F is the converse true? That is, is there a homotopy-invariant functor F such that if h : G G is an endomorphism with F(h) = F(identity), then h is an inner automorphism? The answer is given by the following characterization theorem.
Anomalies in Amorphous Kondo Alloys

Recently an anomaly in the low temperature electrical resistivity has been found in amorphous Ni-Pd-P alloys containing iron(1). The anomalous resistivity varies as T−1/2 and was attributed to the interference between scattering by magnetic impurities and that by non-magnetic impurities (2). A comparison of the present results with the previous ones for other amorphous alloys (3) has lead to the statement that the non-magnetic impurities must have d-character and the electron mean-free path should be of the order of several Angstrom for the anomaly to be observed. For the alloys Ni40Pd40P20 in which Ni is replaced by Fe, the T−1/2 term dominates over the usual Kondo term for small concentrations of Fe and persists for Fe concentrations up to about 25 at.%. For the amorphous alloys containing more than 25 at.% Fe, the resistivity obeys a logarithmic law below the resistivity minimum temperature and above 5 ~ 10°K. This ln T dependence occurs below the ferromagnetic Curie temperature of the alloys, and therefore may be due to an electron-magnon interaction discussed elsewhere (4). To understand the new T−1/2 resistivity term, temperature dependence of the magnetoresistivity and magnetic susceptibility were studied for the present alloy system.
Pain management in osteoarthritis: The role of COX-2 inhibitors

Pain is the major symptom that leads patients to consult their physicians for the treatment of arthritis; therefore, effective pain control is an important goal in the management of this disorder. Pharmacologic therapy begins with simple analgesics and education. In many patients, simple analgesics do not adequately control moderate arthritis pain, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) are substituted for or added to the analgesic therapy. While NSAID are effective in controlling pain in mild to moderate osteoarthritis (OA), they are associated with significant toxicity (most frequently gastrointestinal) and may even cause complications that result in death. Patients who experience the pain associated with arthritis would therefore benefit from the antiinflammatory and analgesic actions of agents that are devoid of significant toxicities. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors are being evaluated in clinical trials or are in development. These agents appear to inhibit only the COX-2 isoenzyme, which is produced largely during inflammation and is responsible for the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and other mediators of inflammation as well as sensitizers to pain. Because COX-2 inhibitors do not inhibit COX-1 isoenzyme activity at pharmacologic concentrations, they are devoid of many of the toxicities that are typical side effects of NSAID. Short term studies in dental pain, OA, and rheumatoid arthritis found that the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib was an effective analgesic but did not cause gastroduodenal erosions. It has the potential to provide analgesia and antiinflammatory action in patients with arthritis without the side effects of NSAID. Further studies are required to substantiate these findings.
Introduction, Development of the Algorithm, RoboChest Introduction, Additional Tools

The Chest X-Ray (CXR, or chest radiograph) remains one of the most commonly ordered imaging study in medicine, yet paradoxically is the most complex. The CXR is difficult to learn, recall, and master effective and accurate interpretation. The chest radiograph is difficult to interpret, especially in critical care where there are usually multiple findings. The chest radiograph includes all thoracic anatomy and provides a high yield, given the low cost and single source.
On Orbit Decompositions for Symmetric k-Varieties

Orbit decompositions play a fundamental role in the study of symmetric k-varieties and their applications to representation theory and many other areas of mathematics, such as geometry, the study of automorphic forms and character sheaves. Symmetric k-varieties generalize symmetric varieties and are defined as the homogeneous spaces G k /H k , where G is a connected reductive algebraic group defined over a field k of characteristic not 2, H the fixed point group of an involution σ and G k (resp., H k ) the set of k-rational points of G (resp., H).
Effects of acidification on the optical properties of dissolved organic matter from high and low arsenic groundwater and surface water.

The optical properties of bulk dissolved organic matter (DOM) at ambient pH and upon acidification (pH ~2) by hydrochloric acid (HCl) or nitric acid (HNO3) were examined in groundwater and surface water samples from the Bengal Basin. Samples of shallow high arsenic (As) and deep low As groundwaters and surface waters from the same geographic area were collected and preserved with HCl and HNO3. The optical properties of groundwater samples responded to acidification differently than those of the surface water samples. The intensity of humic-like and protein-like fluorescence decreased by 47% and 80%, respectively, upon acidification with HCl in groundwater but remained unchanged in surface water samples. Similarly, the humification index (HIX) decreased only in surface waters (from 6.6 to 3.7) and remain unchanged in groundwaters upon HCl acidification. The absorbance at 254 nm (Abs254) was not affected by HCl acidification; however, HNO3 acidification increased Abs254 in groundwater (by 9-fold) as well as in surface water samples (by 3-fold), possibly due to inherent absorbance of HNO3 at 254 nm. Humic- and protein-like fluorescence intensities decreased by HNO3 acidification by 49% and 78% respectively, which may be attributed to aggregation losses and changes in the protonation states of amines, hydroxyls and carboxylic functional groups. Parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis revealed a unique component that resulted from the acidification of samples with HNO3. The other fluorescence indices such as fluorescence index (FI) and freshness index (β:α) remained unchanged upon either type of acidification of surface water as well as groundwater samples. These results reflect the effects of pH perturbation in groundwater environments where DOC concentrations may be lower as compared to surface water environments and provide insights into the structural, molecular and reactive properties of DOM in these environments.
Risk Factors for Tuberculosis and Effect of Preventive Therapy Among Close Contacts of Persons With Infectious Tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND Close contacts of persons with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) have high rates of TB disease. METHODS We prospectively enrolled TB patients and their close contacts at 9 US/Canadian sites. TB patients and contacts were interviewed to identify index patient, contact, and exposure risk factors for TB. Contacts were evaluated for latent TB infection (LTBI) and TB, and the effectiveness of LTBI treatment for preventing contact TB was examined. RESULTS Among 4490 close contacts, multivariable risk factors for TB were age ≤5 years, US/Canadian birth, human immunodeficiency virus infection, skin test induration ≥10 mm, shared bedroom with an index patient, exposure to more than 1 index patient, and index patient weight loss (P < .05 for each). Of 1406 skin test-positive contacts, TB developed in 49 (9.8%) of 446 who did not initiate treatment, 8 (1.8%) of 443 who received partial treatment, and 1 (0.2%) of 517 who completed treatment (1951, 290, and 31 cases/100 000 person-years, respectively; P < .001). TB was diagnosed in 4.2% of US/Canadian-born compared with 2.3% of foreign-born contacts (P = .002), and TB rates for US/Canadian-born and foreign-born contacts who did not initiate treatment were 3592 and 811 per 100 000 person-years, respectively (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Treatment for LTBI was highly effective in preventing TB among close contacts of infectious TB patients. Several index patient, contact, and exposure characteristics associated with increased risk of contact TB were identified. These findings help inform contact investigation, LTBI treatment, and other public health prevention efforts.