cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hormones and Behavior: An emergent journal.

Abstract Hormones and Behavior was founded in 1969 by Frank A. Beach and members of his laboratory. Prior to the founding there was no journal specifically devoted to hormones and behavior. This paper explores how the editorship of the journal has developed over the first 50 years, going from the initial three male editors to the current female editor-in-chief, five associate editors (four men and one women), and a 98 member editorial board consisting of 46 men and 52 women. Early concerns that a specialty journal of hormones and behavior might ghettoize the field did not come to pass and the visibility and impact of the journal has helped to expand the spread of the field, now called Behavioral Neuroendocrinology. This growth accelerated with the creation of the Society for Behavioral Neuroendocrinology in 1996 and the adoption of Hormones and Behavior as the Society's official journal. The growth has been striking with total annual citations going from 1321 per year in 1997 to the current 10,874 annual citations. The journal's impact factor (JIF), 1.42 in 1997, has increased to the current (2018) JIF of 3.95. Over the 50 years of Hormones and Behavior's existence it has emerged as a principle voice of the Hormones and Behavior community. It will be intriguing to see what the next 50 years reveals.
Adult H3K27M-mutant diffuse midline glioma with gliomatosis cerebri growth pattern: Case report and review of the literature

Introduction H3K27M-mutant diffuse midline glioma is a recently classified unique entity predominantly affecting pediatric patients and rarely adults. The clinicopathologic features in adults remain poorly characterized. Presentation of case A 36-year-old man presented with subacute progressive cognitive and visual deterioration, and hydrocephalus requiring ventricular shunting. MRI revealed a diffusely infiltrating lesion with a gliomatosis cerebri growth pattern, multiple foci of contrast enhancement, and diffuse leptomeningeal involvement. Suboccipital craniotomy with exploration of the posterior fossa revealed a subtle capsular lesion infiltrating into the choroid plexus. Although histologically low-grade, the tumor was found to have an H3K27 M mutation establishing the diagnosis. Discussion In spite of diverse clinicopathologic characteristics, H3K27M-mutant diffuse midline gliomas are incurable, WHO grade IV lesions with poor prognosis. We discuss our case in the context of a review of published reports of H3K27-mutant diffuse midline gliomas in adults. Findings late in the disease course may mimic inflammatory or infectious pathologies radiographically, and low-grade infiltrative neoplasms histologically. Conclusion The diverse clinical, radiographic and molecular features of H3K27M-mutant diffuse midline gliomas in adults remain to be completely characterized. A high index of suspicion is required to avoid missing the diagnosis. Early biopsy and detailed molecular characterization are critical for accurate diagnosis and patient counseling.
Estudio descriptivo-explicativo de la tasa de reemplazo de remuneraciones, aplicado a trabajadores de una universidad estatal de la V Región

The following article has two aims; the first one is to explain the relationship between the replacement rate and the retirement pensions, taking into account the quality of them in different pension arrangements of the old and new retirement systems. It explains the concept of replacement rate and the factors which influence on it, and it also describes the concept of quality of a pension according to international recommendations. The second objective is to analyze the replacement rates of the pensions obtained by the retirees considered in this study; by examining the amounts received by them in the old retirement system and the AFP and in that way contrast both amounts. The result of the analysis indicates that the replacement rates of remuneration which come from the individual capitalization system are notoriously lower when comparing them with their initial projection, and to those given by the pay go pension system.
Beyond the Binary: Sophisticating Diversity Climate Considerations and Assessments

The study of diversity climates is as complicated as the study of diversity itself. Despite the call for more sophisticated and multi-dimensional approaches to the study of diversity climates, few empirical efforts have been designed to do so, as the literature remains replete with work bifurcating and labeling diversity climates as positive or negative, productive or unproductive. Results from this study provide empirical support that worldview climate is indeed multi-dimensional, comprised of three distinctive, yet overlapping dimensions: productive, unproductive, and provocative. Implications for both scholars and practitioners, as well as directions for future research are discussed.
MTOR Signaling and Metabolism in Early T Cell Development

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) controls cell fate and responses via its functions in regulating metabolism. Its role in controlling immunity was unraveled by early studies on the immunosuppressive properties of rapamycin. Recent studies have provided insights on how metabolic reprogramming and mTOR signaling impact peripheral T cell activation and fate. The contribution of mTOR and metabolism during early T-cell development in the thymus is also emerging and is the subject of this review. Two major T lineages with distinct immune functions and peripheral homing organs diverge during early thymic development; the αβ- and γδ-T cells, which are defined by their respective TCR subunits. Thymic T-regulatory cells, which have immunosuppressive functions, also develop in the thymus from positively selected αβ-T cells. Here, we review recent findings on how the two mTOR protein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, and the signaling molecules involved in the mTOR pathway are involved in thymocyte differentiation. We discuss emerging views on how metabolic remodeling impacts early T cell development and how this can be mediated via mTOR signaling.
The International Criminal Court’s Afghan Dilemma: Complementarity and the Quest for Justice in Afghanistan

The principle of complementarity is a cornerstone of the International Criminal Court’s (“ICC”) framework. The doctrine, enshrined in Article 17 of the Rome Statute, strikes a balance between the overarching purpose “to put an end to impunity” on the one hand, and the primacy of national criminal jurisdictions on the other hand. Under the complementarity regime, the ICC may only assert jurisdiction when the state fails to act, including when its legal system is unwilling or unable to genuinely carry out proceedings. In the Afghan situation, shortly after the Appeals Chamber’s authorization of an investigation into alleged war crimes and crimes against humanity in March 2020, Afghanistan requested that the ICC’s Office of the Prosecutor (“OTP”) defer to its domestic proceedings. This Article argues that, contrary to Afghanistan’s contention, potential cases arising from the OTP’s investigation would be admissible before the ICC. Afghanistan has consistently neglected its primary responsibility to bring perpetrators of international crimes to justice. The complementarity analysis reveals that, besides the likely absence of proceedings against individuals who bear the greatest responsibility for the alleged crimes, the Afghan legal system remains unwilling and unable to genuinely carry out the requisite investigations and prosecutions. The government’s unwillingness and inability to conduct genuine proceedings is evinced through the flawed peace process with the Taliban, the Afghan Amnesty Law, and an array of other factors pertinent to the issue of admissibility. Considering the deeply ineffective domestic accountability mechanism, the ICC must step in and ensure that impunity is no longer guaranteed in Afghanistan.
Fiber-Integrated Supercontinuum with a 20 GHz Resonant Electro-Optic Frequency Comb

We employ an efficient 1550 nm resonant waveguide-type electro-optic comb generator with PM nonlinear fiber optics to generate 50 fs pulses and 500 nm broad supercontinuum at 20 GHz.
Toward an Intersectional Metasemantics

The concept of a metasemantic theory is explained and the historical development of metasemantics as a field of study within analytic philosophy is briefly explored, along with a sociological critique of its reductive naturalistic aims. I go on to argue that an intersectional metasemantics should be anti-reductionist, externalist, and should be what I call an ideal language metasemantics. These views allow us to see the actual semantics for “racism” in English as determined by factors such as what better informed speakers of English would say about the nature of racism and the meaning of “racism.”
SEA BEAVER: DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND PERFORMANCE OF A HUMAN-POWERED SUBMERSIBLE

The paper reports on the history of an entry in the 2nd International Human-Powered Submarine Race. The design of this entry was an evolution of a design (named ICARUS) from the first competition held in 1989. Anticipating an increase in competitive entries, the new entry, SEA BEAVER, was designed to be more reliable and faster than ICARUS. SEA BEAVER was designed with a maximum diameter four inches smaller than ICARUS. This change in cross section forced a change from a rotary to linear pedalling mechanism. The linear pedal motion was transferred to the drive shaft through an innovative arrangement of pulleys and one-way hub bearings. This arrangement allowed the pedals to remain independent from one another, opening up the possibility to experiment with different pedalling cadences. The propeller was designed for efficiency and to minimize the possibility of entanglement with lines along the course. The steering system was arranged to take up the least volume inside the hull as possible. In addition to taking advantage of experience gained in the design of ICARUS, the design team also made significant advances in construction techniques. The hull, propellers, and nose cones were all fabricated from moulds built by team members. Compared with the ICARUS construction history, SEA BEAVER was completed in less time, at less cost, with more spare parts available during the competition.
Unnesting Fuzzy SQL Queries in Fuzzy Databases

The efficiency of processing fuzzy queries in fuzzy databases is a major concern. We provide techniques to unnest fuzzy queries (of two blocks) of type N, type J, type JA, and nested queries with quantifiers. We show that by unnesting the queries, efficiency can be improved significantly. The results obtained in the paper form the basis for unnesting fuzzy queries of arbitrary blocks in fuzzy databases.
A monolithic 0.5 to 50 GHz MODFET distributed amplifier with 6 dB gain

A monolithic 0.5-50-GHz distributed amplifier has been developed using a MODFET IC process to demonstrate a gain of 6.5 dB+or-0.5 dB across the frequency range. Input and output return losses were better than 12 dB. The noise figure of this amplifier was 4.8 dB+or-0.4 dB measured up to 26.5 GHz. The output power at the 1-dB compression point was 12 dBm at 40 GHz. >
The analgesic effects of the GABAB receptor agonist, baclofen, in a rodent model of functional dyspepsia.

Background The amino acid γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an important modulator of pain but its role in visceral pain syndromes is just beginning to be studied. Our aims were to investigate the effect and mechanism of action of the GABAB receptor agonist, baclofen, on gastric hypersensitivity in a validated rat model of functional dyspepsia (FD). Methods 10-day-old male rats received 0.2 mL of 0.1% iodoacetamide in 2% sucrose daily by oral gavages for 6 days. Control group received 2% sucrose. At 8–10 weeks rats treated with baclofen (0.3, 1, and 3 mg kg−1 bw) or saline were tested for behavioral and electromyographic (EMG) visceromotor responses; gastric spinal afferent nerve activity to graded gastric distention and Fos protein expression in dorsal horn of spinal cord segments T8–T10 to noxious gastric distention. Key Results Baclofen administration was associated with a significant attenuation of the behavioral and EMG responses (at 1 and 3 mg kg−1) and expression of Fos in T8 and T9 segments in neonatal iodoacetamide sensitized rats. However, baclofen administration did not significantly affect splanchnic nerve activity to gastric distention. Baclofen (3mg kg−1) also significantly reduced the expression of spinal Fos in response to gastric distention in control rats to a lesser extent than sensitized rats. Conclusions & Inferences Baclofen is effective in attenuating pain associated responses in an experimental model of FD and appears to act by central mechanisms. These results provide a basis for clinical trials of this drug in FD patients.
Variable bandwidth optical filters with vertical micromirrors and silicon optical bench alignment technology

This paper reports on a variable-bandwidth optical filter employing a free-space grating as a dispersive element, and a variable-aperture MEMS reflector that selects the passband. This design introduces negligible dispersion across the passband, and provides individual control of the center wavelength and the optical bandwidth, as required for optimization of high-speed optical communication systems. The variable-aperture MEMS reflectors are defined on the vertical sidewalls of silicon-on-insulator material to allow combination with silicon-optical-bench features for integration of fibers, lenses, and gratings.
Retention and transport of nutrients in a mature agricultural impoundment

[1] Small impoundments intended for irrigation, livestock watering, and hydropower are numerous in agricultural regions of the world. Many of these artificial water bodies are well positioned to intercept fertilizer runoff and pollutants but could be vulnerable to long-term sedimentation, management intervention, or failure. We examined solute retention in a mature, sediment-filled, run-of-river impoundment created by a small, >100 year old dam in agricultural Wisconsin, United States. To do so, we measured instantaneous net fluxes of inorganic and organic solutes through the system, which contained wetlands. The impoundment was a persistent net sink for sulfate and, during the warm season only, a net sink for nitrate, ammonium, and soluble reactive phosphorus. There was also a negative relationship between nitrate and sulfate retention, suggestive of nitrate-stimulated sulfate production. Impoundment hydraulics were then altered by a management manipulation (dam removal) that caused mean water travel time to decrease by approximately 40%. Following manipulation, autoregressive modeling of solute time series indicated a decrease in mean net retention of nitrate, sulfate, ammonium, and soluble reactive phosphorus. There was also a decrease in the variability (coefficient of variation) of instantaneous net exports of dissolved organic nitrogen and dissolved organic phosphorus. These biogeochemical changes were consistent with predictions based on hydraulics (reduced water travel time), with the exception of ammonium release immediately following reservoir dewatering. Our results emphasize the biogeochemical importance of reservoir-wetland ecosystems, which are expanding with impoundment sedimentation but are threatened by infrastructure aging. We suggest that reservoir wetlands be considered in the management of dams and surface water pollution.
Investigating the mechanism of acoustically activated uptake of drugs from Pluronic micelles

Background: This paper examines the mechanism of ultrasonic enhanced drug delivery from Pluronic micelles. In previous publications by our group, fluorescently labeled Pluronic was shown to penetrate HL-60 cells with and without the action of ultrasound, while drug uptake was increased with the application of ultrasound. Methods: In this study, the amount of uptake of two fluorescent probes, Lysosensor Green (a pHsensitive probe) and Cell Tracker Orange CMTMR (a pH-independent probe), was measured in HL-60 and HeLa cells. Results: The results of our experiments show that the increase in drug accumulation in the cells as a result of ultrasonication is not due to an increase in endocytosis due to ultrasonication. Conclusions: We hypothesize that sonoporation plays an important role in the acoustically activated drug delivery of chemotherapy drugs delivered from Pluronic micelles.
Are Thought Experiments Just What You Thought

Whatever the original intent, the introduction of the term ‘thought experiment’ has proved to be one of the great public relations coups of science writing. For generations of readers of scientific literature, the term has planted the seed of hope that the fragment of text they have just read is more than mundane. Because it was a thought experiment, does it not tap into that infallible font of all wisdom in empiricist science, the experiment? And because it was conducted in thought, does it not miraculously escape the need for the elaborate laboratories and bloated budgets of experimental science? These questions in effect pose the epistemological problem of thought experiments in the sciences: Thought experiments are supposed to give us information about our physical world. From where can this information come? One enticing response to the problem is to imagine that thought experiments draw from some special source of knowledge of the world that transcends our ordinary epistemic resources.
AnO(n logn) plane-sweep algorithm forL1 andLź Delaunay triangulations

TheDelaunay diagram on a set of points in the plane, calledsites, is the straight-line dual graph of the Voronoi diagram. When no degeneracies are present, the Delaunay diagram is a triangulation of the sites, called theDelaunay triangulation. When degeneracies are present, edges must be added to the Delaunay diagram to obtain a Delaunay triangulation. In this paper we describe an optimalO(n logn) plane-sweep algorithm for computing a Delaunay triangulation on a possibly degenerate set of sites in the plane under theL1 metric or theLź metric.
A Local-Time Algorithm for Achieving Quantum Control†

A local-time algorithm (LTA) is developed for designing electric fields to guide a quantum system toward a desired observable. The LTA is a noniterative forward marching procedure based on making a choice for the control field over the next immediate small time increment t i + 1 - t i = Δ solely on the ability of the local field value ∈ i in that increment to take the system closer to the target goal. Each locally optimal field value ∈ i , i = 1, 2,... is chosen from a fixed toolkit of discretized members {Ej} that sample the dynamic range ∈ m i n ≤ ∈ ≤ ∈ m a x of the control. Despite the strictly local myopic design process, the LTA is shown to be capable of achieving good quality control results in model systems. The LTA has no fixed time to reach the target, and the time it takes to produce good quality control primarily depends on the "distance" between the initial and target states, as measured by the number of intermediate state linkages connecting them and their strength. A comparison is made between the behavior of optimal control theory (OCT) and the LTA; each has different characteristics, and it is shown that the LTA can be computationally very efficient. LTA and traditional OCT methods can be viewed as extreme cases of a larger class of time-windowed approaches to control.
A regression analysis of test bias on the stanford‐binet intelligence scale for black and white children referred for psychological services

Abstract Regression lines for the prediction of WRAT standard scores by Stanford‐Binet IQs were compared across race, by the Potthoff procedure, for equated groups (sex, age, and IQ) of 60 Black and 60 White children referred for psychological services by their classroom teachers. Regression lines for Blacks and Whites did not differ significantly for the prediction of WRAT scores by the Stanford‐Binet. Implications of these findings are discussed.
System support for anywhere anytime personal computing environment

A personal computing environment is comprised of a set of components that include processors, storage devices, networking support, and peripheral devices. This paper identifies the key functionalities needed to build a loosely-coupled, anywhere, anytime personal computing environment and then describes the design of a middleware service called CID3 (Coordinated Integration of Dynamically Discovered Devices) that provides system-level support for implementing those functionalities. CID3 has been designed to run on a variety of computing devices ranging from small mobile devices such as cell phones and PDAs to larger, resource-rich devices such as laptops and desktops.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of botulinum neurotoxin type A☆

Botulinum neurotoxin serotype A was isolated from liquid culture of Clostridium botulinum. The pure Mr ~ 150,000 neurotoxin, composed of Mr ~ 50,000 light and Mr ~ 100,000 heavy chains, has been crystallized in three different crystal morphologies; all three have the same crystal form. The most suitable crystal form for X-ray analysis are bipyrimidal and crystallize in the hexagonal space group P3121 (or P3221) with one dimer per asymmetric unit. The unit cell dimensions are a = b= 170·5 A, c = 161·7 A. The crystals diffract to 3 A resolution.
Racial Differences in Prevalence of Coronary Obstructions Among Men With Positive Nuclear Imaging Studies

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this research was to compare coronary obstruction between clinically similar African Americans (AA) and white persons undergoing coronary angiography. BACKGROUND African Americans have higher rates of coronary death than whites, but are less likely to undergo coronary revascularization. Although differences in coronary anatomy do not explain racial difference in revascularization rates, several studies of clinically diverse persons undergoing coronary angiography have found less obstructive coronary disease in AA than clinically similar whites. METHODS We studied 52 AA and 259 white male veterans who had both a positive nuclear perfusion imaging study and coronary angiography within 90 days of that study in five Department of Veterans Affairs hospitals. We used chart review and patient interview to collect demographics, clinical characteristics, and coronary anatomy results. Before angiography, we asked physicians to estimate the likelihood of coronary obstruction. RESULTS The treating physicians' estimates of coronary disease likelihood were similar for AA (79.5%) and whites (83.0%); AA were less likely to have any coronary obstruction (63.5% vs. 76.5%, p = 0.05) and had significantly less severe coronary disease (p = 0.01) than whites. African Americans continued to be less likely to have coronary obstruction in analyses controlling for clinical features, including the physician's estimate of the likelihood of coronary obstruction. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that AA have less coronary obstruction than apparently clinically similar whites. Further studies are required to confirm our findings and better understand the paradox that AA are less likely to have obstructive coronary disease and more likely to suffer mortality from coronary disease.
Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting with acute fatal pancreatitis as an initial manifestation.

Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting with acute fatal pancreatitis as an initial manifestation
Differential post-translational modification of human type I keratins synthesized in a rabbit reticulocyte cell-free system

The translation products synthesized in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system, from total cellular mRNA from the human epithelial cell-line ME-180, have been examined. Keratin proteins are prominent among these translation products, and they precisely coelectrophorese in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels with keratins purified from the cells. Type-I, acidic, keratins which are acetylated in vivo, are also acetylated by the reticulocyte lysate. Examination by two-dimensional electrophoresis, of two acidic keratins known to be phosphorylated in vivo reveals that only one of these proteins is phosphorylated in the lysate system. Phosphorylation of this protein occurs after release of the completed polypeptide chain from the ribosome. The protein phosphorylated by the lysate is known to be the only ME-180 phosphokeratin modulated by cyclic AMP, reflecting in vitro the differential modification of ME-180 keratins in vivo.
Roots of Civil Rights Politics in Northern Churches: Black Migration to Saginaw, Michigan 1915 to 1960:

The southern-led civil rights movement was an important transformational period in the history of African American life and culture in the USA. While we know much about the social, economic, and political activities that occurred in southern cities in the 10 years preceding the civil rights movement, we know less about how parallel social processes developed in urban northern communities between 1946 and 1960 and how they prepared the black church for radical politics during the civil rights period. Black migration to Saginaw, Michigan serves as a case study to show how middle class migrants were the causal mechanism that secularized black churches through their overlapping memberships in status groups, black churches and secular organizations, and how this population helped to prepare black churches in Saginaw (and much of the north) for radical politics on the eve of the civil rights movement.
Acquired laryngomalacia as a cause of obstructive sleep apnea

We describe a patient who, 4 years after a radical neck dissection and radiotherapy, presented with obstructive sleep apnea; upon bronchoscopy, he was found to have acquired laryngomalacia. Inspiration induced upper airway obstruction due to a large flaccid epiglottis, large aryepiglottic folds, and edema of the supraglottic area. We suggest that acquired laryngomalacia can lead to obstructive sleep apnea. Patients with obstructive sleep apnea after radical neck dissection need to be evaluated for laryngomalacia with fiberoptic laryngobronchoscopy. Examination of the upper airway is useful to determine the nature and extent of any upper airway collapse.
Factors influencing technology planning in developing countries: A literature review

This article is a literature review concerning the factors that play an important role in the development of educational technology plans in the educational system of developing countries (DCs). Largely, the technology plans are influenced by factors that emanates from within the country (internal) and those outside of their borders (external). Internal factors include the high prices and low effectiveness of services provided by technology-related multinational corporations in DCs, the philosophical perspectives and priorities of organizations, foundations and development agencies promoting the implementation of ICTs in DCs, pilot programs without sustainability, uncoordinated pilot projects, selling of refurbished computers for use at a large scale, and dominance of the English language in the software. External factors include international summits and conferences, global partnerships and establishment of international organizations, and technology-related multinational corporations. To this end, this article is intended to stimulate reflections on the different factors that play an important role in the development and implementation of educational technology plans in Dcs.
Biophysical characterization of interactions between the C-termini of peripheral nerve claudins and the PDZ1 domain of zonula occludens

Our recent study has shown that cellular junctions in myelin and in the epi-/perineruium that encase nerve fibers regulate the permeability of the peripheral nerves. This permeability may affect propagation of the action potential. Direct interactions between the PDZ₁ domain of zonula occludens (ZO₁ or ZO₂) and the C-termini of claudins are known to be crucial for the formation of tight junctions. Using the purified PDZ₁ domain of ZO₂ and a variety of C-terminal mutants of peripheral nerve claudins (claudin-1, claudin-2, claudin-3, claudin-5 in epi-/perineurium; claudin-19 in myelin), we have utilized NMR spectroscopy to determine specific roles of the 3 C-terminal claudin residues (position -2, -1, 0) for their interactions with PDZ₁ of ZO₂. In contrast to the canonical model that emphasizes the importance of residues at the -2 and 0 positions, our results demonstrate that, for peripheral nerve claudins, the residue at position -1 plays a critical role in association with PDZ₁, while the side-chain of residue 0 plays a significant but lesser role. Surprisingly, claudin-19, the most abundant claudin in myelin, exhibited no binding to ZO₂. These findings reveal that the binding mechanism of claudin/ZO in epi-/perineurium is distinct from the canonical interactions between non-ZO PDZ-containing proteins with their ligands. This observation provides the molecular basis for a strategy to develop drugs that target tight junctions in the epi-/perineurium of peripheral nerves.
ISSUE DEFINITION AND THE POLITICS OF STATE ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE POLICY ADOPTION

ABSTRACT The past decade has witnessed an explosion of research regarding environmental justice. Nearly all of this research, however, focuses on documenting the proximity and exposure of poor and minority communities to sources of environmental risk. Researchers have yet to assess systematically governmental responses to inequities in the distribution of this risk. Our paper begins to fill this gap by examining the policy responses of state governments to charges of environmental injustice. First, we provide a brief overview of environmental justice policy activity at all levels of government. Second, we discuss how issue definition may help determine the politics of policy adoption in the area of environmental justice, and develop a theory to explain these policy adoptions. Third, we model state policy activity using probit and ordered probit analysis, testing to see whether these responses are best explained by the severity of the environmental justice problem in the state, state racial diversity, stat...
Hypergratings: far-field subwavelength focusing in planar metamaterials

We present a technique for subwavelength far-field focusing of light in planar non-resonant structures. The approach combines the diffraction gratings that generate high-wavevector waves and planar slabs of homogeneous anisotropic metamaterials that propagate these waves and combine them at the subwavelength focal spots. The technique has all the benefits of Fresnel lens, near-field zone plate, hyperlens, and superlens, and at the same time resolves their fundamental limitations. Several realizations of hypergratings for visible, near-IR, and mid-IR frequencies are proposed, and their performance is analyzed. Generalization of the developed approach for sub-diffractional imaging and on-chip photonics is suggested.
Guided growth for correction of knee flexion deformity: a series of four cases

Fixed knee flexion deformity can present as an insidious and significant problem in diverse etiologies, most commonly in cerebral palsy. Traditional surgical intervention has included posterior capsulotomy and supracondylar femoral osteotomy, both of which carry significant associated morbidity and risks. In the skeletally immature patient, guided growth may be used to correct or substantially diminish the deformity. We are presenting our early experience encompassing four subjects who completed instrumented gait analysis both prior to and after distal femoral anterior guided growth (hemiepiphysiodesis). Changes in gait and function resulting from surgery in each individual are reported. Outcomes indicate improved knee range of motion and alleviation of crouch at the knee with secondary improvements in the ankle, hip and pelvis. Three subjects with initially slow gait velocity improved to within normal limits by demonstrating increased stride length. A measure of overall gait kinematics showed improvements in all limbs. Anterior guided growth (hemiepiphysiodesis) of the distal femur resulted in positive quantitative changes in all four patients, though degree and types of changes were variable in this small series. Encouraged by these findings, we now prefer guided growth to extension supracondylar osteotomy for the skeletally immature patient with fixed knee flexion deformity.
The more money, the merrier?

What drives us to accumulate more wealth than we could possibly use, asks Michael I. Norton
Regularity and the Brøndsted–Rockafellar Properties of Maximal Monotone Operators

The purpose of this paper is to establish connections between the class of maximal monotone operators of Brondsted–Rockafellar type and that of regular maximal monotone operators.
Lest We Forget: Ellen Ryan Jolly and the Nuns of the Battlefield Monument

The Nuns of the Battlefield monument in Washington, DC, was the first public memorial in the nation’s capital honoring the work of Catholic women religious. Dedicated to one thousand sister-nurses of the Civil War, this little known monument highlighted the role of Catholics, particularly Irish Catholics, to American history at the same time as the country witnessed the outbreak of World War I. Ellen Ryan Jolly, National President of the Ladies’ Auxiliary of the Ancient Order of Hibernians, urged the membership to bring to light this forgotten chapter of American history just as questions about the patriotism of Catholics arose once again. A careful study of documents reveals the courage and perseverance of one woman and her Hibernian organization that resulted in the passage of a Congressional bill honoring the sister-nurses. Dedicated shortly after passage of the historic Nineteenth Amendment, the nuns’ memorial represents an important early twentieth century redress to American anti-Catholic rhetoric at a time when the role of women in society was changing.
Changes in enzyme activities during germination of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata, cv. California blackeye)

Cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata, cv. California blackeye), steeped at 25°C for 20 min, were germinated at room temperature for 0, 1, 2 and 3 days. The samples were then dried at 60°C for either 2.5, 5, 7.5 or 10 h. α-Amylase, β-amylase and endo-(1,3)(1,4)-β-D-glucanase activities were determined in the cowpea samples. The results obtained showed β-amylase activity was not present in any of the experimental samples. Germination had a highly significantly positive effect on α-amylase activity (P<0.05), where activities ranged from 85.6 to 720.9 μmoles maltose/ml/min at day 0 to day 3 of germination. The effect of germination and drying time on α-amylase activity was significant (P<0.05). Compared to α-amylase activity, the activity of endo-(1,3)(1,4)-β-D-glucanase was low. Further analysis, using Duncan's Multiple Range Test, indicated that there was no significant difference in α-amylase activity in samples dried for 5–10 h at 60°C.
Low visibilities at Sprakensehl, Federal Republic of Germany

Visibility data taken from January 1983 to May 1985 at six levels of a 300-m radio-mast near Sprakensehl, Federal Republic of Germany, were examined for the development and dissipation of low visibility (V < 1 km) conditions. During this period, there were 248 low visibility episodes, each, by definition, lasting at least 2 h. The episodes fell into three types: Type I episodes were those first observed at 300 m; Type II episodes were those first noted at the intermediate levels (225, 150, or 80 m); and Type III episodes were those first observed near the ground (2 or 9 m). Of the 248 episodes, 51% were Type I, 30% were Type II, and 19% were Type III. Of the Type I episodes, almost 67% penetrated the 80-m level and 20% reached the ground. Rates of the downward movement of the base of the Type I clouds ranged from about 1 to 10 m/min. Of the Type III episodes, 33% reached 300 m. For all three types, the low visibilities were usually first observed between 20h00 and 02h50 Middle European Zone. The duration patterns of Types I and II were quite similar — the longer the duration, the fewer the number of occurrences. For Type III, the median value occurred in the 8- to 10-h range.
Parameter Estimation for a Multiplicative Competitive Interaction Model—Least Squares Approach:

Least squares estimation techniques are developed for a special multiplicative model based on the Luce choice axiom whose potential usefulness in marketing applications justifies estimation techniq...
Molecular size characterization of oxytocin receptors in rabbit amnion.

The binding of oxytocin (OT) to receptors in rabbit amnion cells stimulates PGE2 release. We previously studied the binding characteristics, changes in receptor concentration during pregnancy, and agonist specificity of OT action on amnion cells. In this study the molecular size of OT receptors in rabbit amnion was estimated by photoaffinity labeling, radiation inactivation, and gel filtration of solubilized receptor, using an iodinated OT antagonist, [1-(beta-mercapto-beta,beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid, 2-O-methyltyrosine,4-threonine,8-ornithine,9-tyrosylamide]vasotoci n (OTA), or [3H]OT. Two electrophoretic bands, about 50 and 65 kilodaltons (kDa), were specifically covalently labeled with azidobenzoyl-[125I]OTA. Both sizes correspond to that determined by radiation inactivation, about 55 kDa, using [3H]OT binding to assess the fraction of receptor sites remaining. When we used [125I]OTA, the radiation inactivation size was about 30 kDa. These differences in radiation inactivation size suggest ...
P02.47. The relationship between CAM use and somatic symptom severity.

Methods Data were collected prospectively through the PROCAIM Network, developed at UCLA. The Patient Health Questionnaire 15 (PHQ15) was used to measure 3 month change in symptom severity. All patients reported having chronic medical conditions characterized by chronic pain. Multivariate linear regression was used to evaluate: (1) The relationship between somatic symptom severity and the number of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) modalities at baseline and during the three month period. (2) The relationship between somatic symptom severity and the NCCAM CAM categories.
Global Imaging Monitor of the Ionosphere (GIMI): a far-ultraviolet imaging experiment on ARGOS

Global Imaging Monitor of the Ionosphere (GIMI):a Far-Ultraviolet Imaging Experiment on ARGOSGeorge R. Carruthers and Timothy D. SeeleyE. 0. Hulburt Center for Space ResearchCode 7609, Naval Research LaboratoryWashington, DC 20375-5320ABSTRACTThe Global Imaging Monitor of the Ionosphere (GIMI) is one of several remote-sensing instruments under development for flight on the Air Force Space TestProgram's P91-i Advanced Research and Global Observation Satellite (ARGOS),planned for launch in 1997. The primary objective of GIMI is to map and monitorthe ionospheric 0+ and electron density on a global basis, by means of wide-field imaging of ionospheric far-ultraviolet emissions. It will also be used todetect and characterize local perturbations of the ionosphere due to natural andartificial events. Atomic nitrogen in the upper atmosphere will be measured bynitric oxide nightglow emissions resulting from its combination with atomicoxygen. Observations of stellar occultations by Earth's atmosphere will be usedto measure the neutral density distributions of N2 and 02. Other objectives areto map and monitor the ultraviolet background in near-Earth space due toionospheric and airglow emissions and extraterrestrial sources, and to obtainall-sky surveys of celestial point and diffuse sources. GIMI consists of twowide-field imaging cameras sensitive in three far- and extreme-UV spectralranges (75-110 nm, 131-160 nm, and 131-200 nm), selected for their utility inday and night ionospheric and neutral atmospheric remote sensing. The GIMIsensors are based on electron-bombarded CCD arrays, with opaque alkali halidephotocathodes and Schmidt or all-reflective optical systems.1. INTRODUCTIONThe Global Imaging Monitor of the Ionosphere (GIMI) is planned for flight on anAir Force Space Test Program unmanned satellite mission, P91-i, the AdvancedResearch and Global Observation Satellite (ARGOS)1. ARGUS is planned for launchinto a sun-synchronous, near-polar orbit at an altitude of 833 km, with aminimum mission duration of 1 year and a goal of 3 years. It contains a total of8 scientific experiments (see Fig. 1), of which 4 are remote-sensing instrumentsfor study of Earth's atmosphere and celestial objects.
Conformational Analysis of Alanine Dipeptide from Dipolar Couplings in a Water-Based Liquid Crystal

The proton NMR spectra of unlabeled alanine dipeptide (Ac-L-Ala-NHMe) at 300 MHz and of alanine dipeptide with a single 13C label at 500 MHz are obtained in the lyotropic liquid-crystalline solvent cesium pentadecafluorooctanoate in water (CsPFO/H2O). Simulations of the spectra yield 9 and 13 dipolar couplings Dij, respectively, many with absolute sign determined. We fit the set of dipolar couplings by systematically varying the flexible dihedral angles φ and ψ while freezing local geometric details from the electronic structure calculations of Suhai and co-workers (Han, W. G.; Jalkanen, K. J.; Elstner, M.; Suhai, S. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 2587). The orientation tensor is optimized at each combination of dihedral angles. Remarkably, a single conformer PII (φ ≈ −85°, ψ ≈ +160°) fits both sets of couplings within experimental error. The orientation tensor can be understood in terms of a simple rocking motion that dips the central methyl group into the fluorocarbon core of the CsPFO bicelle while altern...
Stress-induced vertical confinement of light in bulk GaAs and Si substrates

We propose a new waveguide structure that can be formed on bulk semiconductor substrates without requiring any epitaxial or separate cladding layers for vertical confinement of light. In the proposed structure, vertical confinement of light is achieved via a photoelastic effect in semiconductor induced by thin-film stress, and lateral confinement is obtained by a semiconductor mesa. We have carried out numerical analyses on the stress distribution, dielectric constant changes, and mode profiles at 1.3 /spl mu/m or 1.55 /spl mu/m wavelength in GaAs or Si mesas. The results show that the proposed structure can support vertical modes with the amount of stress that can be obtained from typical thin-film/semiconductor interfaces.
Comparison of Methods for Image Evaluation

The problem of image evaluation for small aberrations by means of the Marechal method of phase-error balancing is well known. For the case of large phase-errors, a number of authors have suggested spot diagram averaging. This method implies an association of ray density with energy flux, which is well justified by experience for large aberrations, but certainly subject to question for small aberrations. Using the radius of gyration as a measure, the ray density method of averaging over the image plane is shown to be equivalent to the simpler and more physical process of averaging over the exit pupil using the radius as a weighting factor. In addition, a proof for the justification of the ray density method is given along with the geometrical intensity law. This proof stems from an application of Liouville’s theorem. Finally, the two limits are compared with results published in the literature for various combinations of aberrations.
Reply to "Anomalous enhancement of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 Fermi-level states near the O 2s threshold"

It is true as Flavell {ital et} {ital al}. point out that three of the features that we reported from our constant-initial-state scans in our earlier paper could be due to second-order light exciting a core level. However, this does not affect the main thrust of that paper, which was to determine the symmetry of the occupied O 2{ital p} states. In light of the Comment by Flavell {ital et} {ital al}., we review current evidence on the existence of an oxygen resonance in the high-{ital T}{sub {ital c}} superconductors.
Effects of Dynamically Activated Emergency Vehicle Warning Sign on Driver Behavior at Urban Intersections

Emergency vehicles are subjected to substantial risks when traveling through urban signalized intersections, particularly when the cross street traffic is provided with a green signal indication. Much of this risk is due to a lack of awareness of the approaching emergency vehicles on the part of the cross street traffic. To mitigate this problem, a dynamically activated emergency vehicle alert system was developed to provide an additional visual cue to motorists of an impending emergency vehicle's approach. The alert system consists of an LED case sign, mounted near the curb line adjacent to a traffic signal, which displays an emergency vehicle symbol when activated by a transmitter installed in the emergency vehicle as it approaches an intersection. A before-and-after evaluation of these warning signs was conducted at five test intersections in two suburban communities near Detroit, Michigan. The results showed that the alert system significantly improved driver awareness and behavior at all study locati...
Perceptions of the discount retailer: an analysis of consumers' and managers' ideal discount store

Consumers' and managers' perceived images of three discount department stores and a hypothetical ideal discount store were compared in this study. Results indicate that managers and consumers possess significantly different overall impressions of each store. Significant differences were also identified between the ideal amount of each attribute and the amount offered by the retailer.
WSM: a novel algorithm for subgraph matching in large weighted graphs

Given an undirected/directed large weighted data graph and a similar smaller weighted pattern graph, the problem of weighted subgraph matching is to find a mapping of the nodes in the pattern graph to a subset of nodes in the data graph such that the sum of edge weight differences is minimum. Biological interaction networks such as protein-protein interaction networks and molecular pathways are often modeled as weighted graphs in order to account for the high false positive rate occurring intrinsically during the detection process of the interactions. Nonetheless, complex biological problems such as disease gene prioritization and conserved phylogenetic tree construction largely depend on the similarity calculation among the networks. Although several existing methods provide efficient methods for graph and subgraph similarity measurement, they produce nonintuitive results due to the underlying unweighted graph model assumption. Moreover, very few algorithms exist for weighted graph matching that are applicable with the restriction that the data and pattern graph sizes are equal. In this paper, we introduce a novel algorithm for weighted subgraph matching which can effectively be applied to directed/undirected weighted subgraph matching. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority and relative scalability of the algorithm over available state of the art methods.
A molecular dipstick

The first mammalian lipoxygenase crystal structure reveals the surprising presence of an N-terminal β-barrel domain that is highly similar to the C-terminal domain of pancreatic Upases. The non-haem iron-containing catalytic domain is a compact version of the soybean lipoxygenase-1 major domain.