cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emotion processing in the visual and auditory domains by patients with Alzheimer's disease.

The ability to process emotional information was assessed in 42 individuals: 23 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 19 healthy elderly controls. Four tasks assessed the ability to recognize emotion in audiotaped voices, in drawings of emotional situations, and in videotaped vignettes displaying emotions in facial expression, gestures, and body movements. Hemispheric dominance for processing facial expressions of emotions was also examined. There were no consistent group differences in the ability to process emotion presented via the auditory domain (i.e., nonverbal sounds, such as crying or shrieking, and speech prosody). Controls were, however, significantly better than the AD patients in identifying emotions depicted in drawings of emotional situations and in videotaped scenes displaying faces, gestures, and body movements. These differences were maintained after statistically adjusting for the visuospatial abilities of the participants. After a statistical adjustment for abstraction ability, some of the tasks continued to differentiate the groups (e.g., the emotional drawings task, the videotaped displays of faces), but others did not. These results confirm and extend previous results indicating that AD patients do not have a primary deficit in the processing of emotion. They suggest that the difficulties of the AD patients in perceiving emotion are secondary to the cognitive impairments associated with AD.
A theory of the brain: localist representation is used widely in the brain.

ON LOCALIST AND DISTRIBUTED REPRESENTATIONS In this article, I present the theory that localist representation is used widely in the brain starting from its earliest levels of processing. Page (2000) argued for localist representation and Bowers (2009) claimed that the brain uses grandmother cells to code for objects and concepts. However, neither Page (2000) nor Bowers (2009) claimed widespread use of localist representation in the brain. So this is a stronger position than that taken by either. To support the proposed theory, I present neurophysiological evidence, both old and new, and an analysis of localist and distributed representation definitions and models. “Meaning and interpretation” on a stand-alone basis is the fundamental character of a localist unit. In arguing for the proposed theory, I bring to the forefront the “meaning and interpretation” aspect of localist cells and the evidence for it in the brain. I also show that localist and distributed models are not different structurally. In fact, any kind of model can be built with localist units. However, localist representation has no claim on the resulting properties of such models or what they can do.
Supernova neutrinos: The accretion disk scenario

Neutrinos from core collapse supernovae can be emitted from a rapidly accreting disk surrounding a black hole, instead of the canonical protoneutron star. For galactic events, detector count rates are considerable and in fact can be in the thousands for Super-Kamiokande. The rate of occurrence of these accreting disks in the Galaxy is predicted to be on the order of {approx}10{sup -5} yr{sup -1}, yet there is little observational evidence to provide an upper limit on their formation rate. It would therefore be useful to discriminate between neutrinos which have been produced in a protoneutron star and those which have been produced accretion disks. In order to distinguish between the two scenarios, either the time profile of the neutrino luminosity, total energetics, or the relative fluxes of different neutrino flavors may be considered. The flavor content would clearly point to one scenario or the other.
Interferometric wavefront sensors for extreme adaptive optics on the Thirty Meter Telescope

Direct observation of extrasolar Jovian planets will enable detailed investigation and understanding of the formation of these planet populations and also of their relative abundance. Future large telescopes, such as the Thirty Meter Telescope(TMT), will enable the study of such planet populations at relatively small working distances from the parent star. We present an analysis of an extreme adaptive optics system utilizing a self-referencing phase-shifting interferometer as the primary wave-front sensor. A module of the adaptive optics system consists of a conventional Shack-Hartmann wave-front sensor to provide the initial start-up of the adaptive optics system, thereby placing a significant amount of energy into the core of the point spread function which will act as the reference for the primary interferometric wave-front sensor. The interferometric-based wave-front sensor is shown to provide a significant improvement in the achievable contrast ratio compared with conventional adaptive optics systems containing Shack-Hartmann wave-front sensors.
Theory and Evidence in Europe United: A Response to My Critics

I appreciate having my work discussed in Security Studies and am grateful for the opportunity to reply to the critiques by Andrew Moravcsik and Craig Parsons. Let me begin with a brief review of Eu...
Regulation of gene expression for tyrosine hydroxylase in oxygen sensitive cells by hypoxia

Regulation of gene expression for tyrosine hydroxylase in oxygen sensitive cells by hypoxia. Carotid body type I cells and the O 2 -sensitive pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells release dopamine during hypoxia. Reduced O 2 tension causes inhibition of an outward rectifying the O 2 -sensitive potassium (K) channel in the O 2 -sensitive pheochromocytoma (PC12) cell line, which leads to membrane depolarization and increased intracellular free Ca 2+ . We found that removal of Ca 2+ from the extracellular milieu, inhibition of voltage-dependent Ca 2+ channels, and chelation of intracellular Ca 2+ prevents full activation of the TH gene expression during hypoxia. These findings suggest that membrane depolarization and regulation of intracellular free Ca 2+ are critical signal transduction events that regulate expression of the TH gene in PC12 cells during hypoxia. Gene expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of dopamine, is stimulated by reduced O 2 tension in both type I cells and PC12 cells. The increase in TH gene expression in PC12 cells during hypoxia is due to increases in both the rate of transcription and mRNA stability. Analysis of reporter-gene constructs revealed that increased transcription of the TH gene during hypoxia is regulated by a region of the proximal promoter that extends from −284 to −150 bases, relative to the transcription start site. This region of the gene contains a number of cis -acting regulatory elements including AP1, AP2 and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1). Competition assays revealed that hypoxia-induced binding occurs at both the AP1 and HIF-1 sites. Results from super-shift and shift Western assays showed that a heterodimer consisting of c- Fos and JunB binds to the API site during hypoxia. Mutagenesis experiments revealed that the AP1 site is required for increased transcription of the TH gene during hypoxia. We also found that the genes that encode the c- Fos and JunB transcription factor proteins are regulated by reduced O 2 tension.
Continuous-Time Proportional Hazards Regression for Ecological Monitoring Data

We consider a continuous-time proportional hazards model for the analysis of ecological monitoring data where subjects are monitored at discrete times and fixed sites across space. Since the exact time of event occurrence is not directly observed, we rely on dichotomous event indicators observed at monitoring times to make inference about the model parameters. We use autoregression on the response at neighboring sites from a previous time point to take into account spatial dependence. The interesting fact is utilized that the probability of observing an event at a monitoring time when the underlying hazards is proportional falls under the class of generalized linear models with binary responses and complementary log-log link functions. Thus, a maximum likelihood approach can be taken for inference and the computation can be carried out using standard statistical software packages. This approach has significant computational advantages over some of the existing methods that rely on Monte Carlo simulations. Simulation experiments are conducted and demonstrate that our method has sound finite-sample properties. A real dataset from an ecological study that monitored bark beetle colonization of red pines in Wisconsin is analyzed using the proposed models and inference. Supplementary materials that contain technical details are available online.
Hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 by renal mitochondria from rats of different ages.

The hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) in kidney mitochondria from female rats of different ages was studied. The specific activity of 1α-hydroxylase was highest in mitochondria isolated from the 2-month-old rat (0.47 pmol/10 minmg protein), falling gradually with age to 0.17, 0.10, 0.07, and 0.06 pmol/10 minmg protein in 6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-month-old rats, respectively. The alteration in la-hydroxylase activity with age was due to a change in the V'm of the system; the K’m for 25OHD3 was unchanged (3.9–4.0 μM). The specific activity of 24-hydroxylase was lowest in mitochondria isolated from the 2-month-old rat (8.2 pmol/10 min · mg protein), increasing to 37.8, 37.4, 38.2, and 55.7 pmol/10 minmg protein in 6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-month-old rats, respectively. The alteration in 24-hydroxylase activity with age was due to a change in the V’m of the system; the K’m value for 25OHD3 was unchanged (1.1–1.2 μM). The age-dependent decrease in 1α-hydroxylase and concomitant increase in 24-hydroxylase a...
IscU as a scaffold for iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis: sequential assembly of [2Fe-2S] and [4Fe-4S] clusters in IscU.

Iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is known to be mediated by two highly conserved proteins, termed IscS and IscU in prokaryotes. The homodimeric IscS protein has been shown to be a cysteine desulfurase that catalyzes the reductive conversion of cysteine to alanine and sulfide. In this work, the time course of IscS-mediated Fe-S cluster assembly in IscU was monitored via anaerobic anion exchange chromatography. The nature and properties of the clusters assembled in discrete fractions were assessed via analytical studies together with absorption, resonance Raman, and Mossbauer investigations. The results show sequential cluster assembly with the initial IscU product containing one [2Fe-2S](2+) cluster per dimer converting first to a form containing two [2Fe-2S](2+) clusters per dimer and finally to a form that contains one [4Fe-4S](2+) cluster per dimer. Both the [2Fe-2S](2+) and [4Fe-4S](2+) clusters in IscU are reductively labile and are degraded within minutes upon being exposed to air. On the basis of sequence considerations and spectroscopic studies, the [2Fe-2S](2+) clusters in IscU are shown to have incomplete cysteinyl ligation. In addition, the resonance Raman spectrum of the [4Fe-4S](2+) cluster in IscU is best interpreted in terms of noncysteinyl ligation at a unique Fe site. The ability to assemble both [2Fe-2S](2+) and [4Fe-4S](2+) clusters in IscU supports the proposal that this ubiquitous protein provides a scaffold for IscS-mediated assembly of clusters that are subsequently used for maturation of apo Fe-S proteins.
Young Children with Challenging Behavior Issues and Considerations for Behavior Support

The critical importance of intervening early to promote the social and emotional development of young children is a recurring theme in several reports commissioned by national organizations and leaders (i.e., Child Mental Health Foundations and Agencies Network; National Research Council of the Institute of Medicine; U.S. Surgeon General). There is an increasing awareness that social—emotional difficulties and problem behaviors in young children are highly likely to continue in school. In addition, young children who show the most chronicity and stability of problem behavior are more likely to be members of families who experience marital distress, parental depression, and poverty. Young children in urban environments who have problem behavior are likely to also face challenges in health, poverty, and access to quality childcare and other services. In this article, the complexity of the urban context is described with a focus on the lives of young children and their families. The authors present a discuss...
Implications of Noise and Resolution on Mechanical Properties of Trabecular Bone Estimated by Image-Based Finite-Element Analysis

Recent advances in micro-magnetic resonance imaging (μMRI) now allow noninvasive assessment of mechanical properties of trabecular bone (TB) in vivo by micro finite-element analysis. The first aim of this work was to address the implications of limited resolution and signal-to-noise ratio on elastic properties of TB derived under conditions of in vivo imaging via simulation at various resolutions and noise levels on the basis of models derived from μCT images at 21μm isotropic voxel size from cores of cadaveric human TB (N=13) from three anatomic sites. The second aim was to compare how elastic constants derived from actual MR images at 9.4 Tesla at 50μm isotropic voxel size compare with those from high-resolution μCT. Elastic moduli computed from simulated “in vivo” μMR images were highly correlated with those obtained from μCT (R2=0.99) and the data were relatively immune to noise. Correlations of similar strength were obtained between estimated moduli from μCT and acquired high-field MR images. Systematic errors manifesting in significant deviations of the slopes from unity are caused by higher apparent bone-volume fraction of the MR images but can potentially be corrected with appropriate histogram-standardization techniques.
Phonological whole‐word measures in 3‐year‐old bilingual children and their age‐matched monolingual peers

The present study investigated phonological whole-word measures and consonant accuracy in bilingual and monolingual children to investigate how target approximations drive phonological acquisition. The study included eight bilingual Spanish- and English-speaking 3-year-olds and their monolingual peers (eight Spanish and eight American English). Phonological whole-word measures (pMLU and Proximity) and consonant accuracy (PCC) were calculated on elicited single words. Differences were found on each measure between bilinguals and monolinguals in English, but in Spanish, only the PCC displayed differences between bilinguals and monolinguals. Bilinguals displayed language separation on the pMLU and the PCC but not the Proximity, indicating structural phonological differences between the Spanish and English of bilinguals but commensurate target approximations. This suggests that maintaining a consistent level of phonological proximity to the target is an important factor in phonological acquisition. The measures and their relationships are also discussed.
Factorization in extended electroweak gauge models

Extensions of the standard electroweak ${G}^{0}\ensuremath{\equiv}\mathrm{SU}{(2)}_{L}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{U}(1)$ gauge model, which include more neutral vector bosons, are strongly restricted but not excluded by the Hung-Sakurai (HS) factorization relations on neutrino-quark, neutrino-electron, and electron-quark amplitudes. As might be naively expected, the HS relations are satisfied for any gauge group ${\mathcal{G}}_{0}\ensuremath{\equiv}{G}^{0}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{G}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ provided that all the mentioned fermions transform as singlets under ${G}^{\ensuremath{'}}$. The only nontrivial extensions which preserve the HS relations are shown to be left-right-symmetric models based on the group $\mathrm{SU}{(2)}_{L}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}{(2)}_{R}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{U}{(1)}_{V}$ and its subgroup $\mathrm{SU}{(2)}_{L}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{U}{(1)}_{{I}_{3}R}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{U}{(1)}_{V}$, independent of the manner in which the spontaneous symmetry breaking occurs.
Overview of Cancer-Related Anemia: Focus on the Potential Role of Darbepoetin alfa

Cancer-associated anemia is common and has many causes, including the effects of the underlying disease and cancer treatment. The effect of anemia on patients with cancer was not appreciated fully until relatively recently. Several well-designed studies have demonstrated the relationship between anemia and fatigue, and the effect of fatigue on quality of life. These data have resulted in a greater awareness of anemia in cancer and have increased the use of recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO, epoetin alfa) therapy for the treatment of anemia. Recombinant HuEPO produces a hemoglobin response in 50-60% of patients with cancer; however, to obtain this response rate, frequent dosing is required. Darbepoetin alfa, a recently developed erythropoietic protein, has a longer half-life than that of r-HuEPO, enabling less frequent dosing, and has a greater in vivo activity. In studies of patients with cancer who develop anemia, darbepoetin alfa has proved to be well tolerated and effective, and its advantages make it a potential improved treatment option for anemia in these patients.
Detection of airborne cocaine and heroin by high-throughput liquid-absorption preconcentration and liquid chromatography—electrochemical detection

A high-throughput liquid-absorption preconcentrator (HTLAP) for rapid and/or ultrasensitive detection and analysis of trace contaminants samples air at a rate of 600-700 l/min and collects analytes from vapors or aerosols at an efficiency of 40-60% into a small volume of liquid absorbent dripping at a rate of 0.1-2 ml/min. These features combine to reduce the lower detection limit (LDL) of available analytical instrumentation by a factor of > 1000 and/or to permit faster sampling and far more rapid on-site air monitoring than were previously practicable. LDLs of ca. 1:10(13) (v/v) of alkaloids have been achieved with LC and electrochemical detection. The HTLAP is directly adaptable to most liquid-phase analyzers. The small rate of liquid collection is also compatible with available interfaces to mass spectrometers. Moreover, the HTLAP permits detection and quantitation of polar or highly reactive compounds that cannot be readily analyzed by conventional preconcentration and GC.
Glycerol-3-phosphate cytidylyltransferase. Structural changes induced by binding of CDP-glycerol and the role of lysine residues in catalysis

The bacterial enzyme, glycerol-3-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (GCT), is a model for mammalian cytidylyltransferases and is a member of a large superfamily of nucleotidyltransferases. Dimeric GCT from Bacillus subtilis displays unusual negative cooperativity in substrate binding and appears to form products only when both active sites are occupied by substrates. Here we describe a complex of GCT with the product, CDP-glycerol, in a crystal structure in which bound sulfate serves as a partial mimic of the second product, pyrophosphate. Binding of sulfate to form a pseudo-ternary complex is observed in three of the four chains constituting the asymmetric unit and is accompanied by a backbone rearrangement at Asp11 and ordering of the C-terminal helix. Comparison with the CTP complex of GCT, determined previously, reveals that in the product complex the active site closes around the glycerol phosphate moiety with a concerted motion of the segment 37-47 that includes helix B. This rearrangement allows lysines 44 and 46 to interact with the glycerol and cytosine phosphates of CDP-glycerol. Binding of CDP-glycerol also induces smaller movements of residues 92-100. Roles of lysines 44 and 46 in catalysis have been confirmed by mutagenesis of these residues to alanine, which decreases Vmax(app) and has profound effects on the Km(app) for glycerol-3-phosphate.
The Role of Thrombin and Cell Contractility in Regulating Clustering and Collective Migration of Corneal Fibroblasts in Different ECM Environments

PURPOSE We previously reported that extracellular matrix composition (fibrin versus collagen) modulates the pattern of corneal fibroblast spreading and migration in 3-D culture. In this study, we investigate the role of thrombin and cell contractility in mediating these differences in cell behavior. METHODS To assess cell spreading, corneal fibroblasts were plated on top of fibrillar collagen and fibrin matrices. To assess 3-dimensional cell migration, compacted collagen matrices seeded with corneal fibroblasts were embedded inside acellular collagen or fibrin matrices. Constructs were cultured in serum-free media containing platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), with or without thrombin, the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632, and/or the myosin II inhibitor blebbistatin. We used 3-dimensional and 4-dimensional imaging to assess cell mechanical behavior, connectivity and cytoskeletal organization. RESULTS Thrombin stimulated increased contractility of corneal fibroblasts. Thrombin also induced Rho kinase-dependent clustering of cells plated on top of compliant collagen matrices, but not on rigid substrates. In contrast, cells on fibrin matrices coalesced into clusters even when Rho kinase was inhibited. In nested matrices, cells always migrated independently through collagen, even in the presence of thrombin. In contrast, cells migrating into fibrin formed an interconnected network. Both Y-27632 and blebbistatin reduced the migration rate in fibrin, but cells continued to migrate collectively. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that while thrombin-induced actomyosin contraction can induce clustering of fibroblasts plated on top of compliant collagen matrices, it does not induce collective cell migration inside 3-D collagen constructs. Furthermore, increased contractility is not required for clustering or collective migration of corneal fibroblasts interacting with fibin.
Laplacian Path Planning: Implementation and Generalizations

This paper implements the Laplacian Path Planning with inner boundaries using Multigrid algorithm. This algorithm can mostly give a satisfactory numerical solution with 10 iterations on each level and also guarantees a path avoiding any obstacle to the destination. This paper also uses this path planning method to simulate the behaviour of the foraging of sh. Finally a simple way to avoid the moving obstacles is introduced here.
KIMCODE, A method for controlling devacuations of television tubes

The KIMCODE System (KImble Method for Controlled DEvacuations) has introduced the television tube industry to a new concept. This system builds integral safety into the television tube itself and thus eliminates the need for a protective shield of glass or plastic. This is accomplished by reinforcing television glass envelopes with steel bands, glass fiber cloths, and plastic resins. This new approach offers many advantages, including lower weight and new styling possibilities. A description of construction is presented, along with performance results, Underwriters' Laboratories' requirements, means of devacuation, and application features.
Detection of biomolecular microarrays without fluorescent labeling agents

We developed an optical oblique-incidence reflectivity difference (OI-RD) scanning microscope for imaging microarrays of label-free protein and DNA. Such a microscope complements currently widely used fluorescence-based optical microscopes by offering the capability to detect biochemical activities of DNA and protein molecules without the influence of fluorescent-labeling molecules. The specific activity and function of protein molecules are particularly subject to binding of small or large foreign molecules either directly through conformational change in the protein molecule itself or indirectly through properties of the attached molecules. We show that an OI-RD microscope can be used to: 1) detect binding reactions on microarrays without labeling, 2) quantitatively measure the optical properties of microarray spots, and 3) detect microarrays submerged in solution (which will enable OI-RD to monitor reaction kinetics on microarrays in reactive solutions). Furthermore, using both OI-RD and fluorescence images of an immunoglobulin-G (IgG) protein microarray, we observed that labeled and unlabeled IgG molecules deposited on the microarray substrate exhibit different wetting behaviors, and a mixture of the two tends to segregate into labeled and unlabeled regions. This illustrates potentially undesirable effects of fluorescent-labeling agents on protein properties that are of interest.
Newer Aspects of Pernicious Anemia

Although readily treatable with vitamin B12, pernicious anemia continues to captivate investigative endeavors of those interested in the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of this disorder. Notable advances have been made in understanding properties of intrinsic factor, vitamin B12-binding proteins, structure and de novo synthesis of vitamin B12, mechanism of action of vitamin B12-dependent enzymes in man, and metabolic consequences of reduced activities of these enzymes in pernicious anemia. Similarly, newer morphological observations have given information regarding pathogenesis of some of the cytological abnormalities found in megaloblasts, and recent cytochemical studies have shed light on abnormalities of nuclear and cytoplasmic constituents in vitamin B12-deficient cells. Both cellular and humoral factors may contribute to immune-mediated processes in pernicious anemia, although as yet, it has not been established with certainty that pernicious anemia is an autoimmune disorder. As we look ahead, it will be important to define the process or processes responsible for atrophic gastritis, which is the pathophysiological basis of pernicious anemia. Likewise, advances in biophysics used in the study of cell membranes, cell surface phenomena, and metallic ion transport may find applicability in the study of pernicious anemia and perhaps provide further insights into metabolic abnormalities responsible for the development of megaloblastosis.
Mutator-suppressible alleles of rough sheath1 and liguleless3 in maize reveal multiple mechanisms for suppression.

Insertions of Mutator transposons into maize genes can generate suppressible alleles. Mu suppression is when, in the absence of Mu activity, the phenotype of a mutant allele reverts to that of its progenitor. Here we present the characterization of five dominant Mu -suppressible alleles of the knox ( knotted1 -like homeobox) genes liguleless3 and rough sheath1 , which exhibit neomorphic phenotypes in the leaves. RNA blot analysis suggests that Mu suppression affects only the neomorphic aspect of the allele, not the wild-type aspect. Additionally, Mu suppression appears to be exerting its effects at the level of transcription or transcript accumulation. We show that truncated transcripts are produced by three alleles, implying a mechanism for Mu suppression of 5′ untranslated region insertion alleles distinct from that which has been described previously. Additionally, it is found that Mu suppression can be caused by at least three different types of Mutator elements. Evidence presented here suggests that whether an allele is suppressible or not may depend upon the site of insertion. We cite previous work on the knox gene kn1 , and discuss our results in the context of interactions between Mu -encoded products and the inherently negative regulation of neomorphic liguleless3 and rough sheath1 transcription.
Mycotic pseudoaneurysm by vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus: a rare cause of persistent bacteraemia.

Pseudoaneurysms are vessel wall ruptures, that are often mistaken for deep vein thrombosis (DVT). A middle-aged man presented with right leg pain, swelling and erythema. His history was significant for persistent Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. Ultrasound revealed subacute DVT and laboratory parameters were suggestive of sepsis. He was started on intravenous heparin and antimicrobials. Owing to persistent anaemia despite blood transfusion, MRI of the right thigh was obtained. It revealed a 13×17 cm superficial femoral artery infected mycotic pseudoaneurysm (MPA) with a fresh haematoma. The patient underwent arterial ligation and extensive debridement. Intraoperative cultures revealed daptomycin-resistant vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) and he was managed with 6 weeks of intravenous ceftaroline. MPAs are most common in the femoral artery and form
Utilizing beamforming for random access - a cross-layer paradigm

Adaptive beamforming has been shown to substantially improve the performance of a slotted Aloha packet radio system. In this paper we present a slotted Aloha based random access protocol designed to be employed in conjunction with adaptive beamforming, for use in a sectorized wireless system. The focus is on a cross-layer design approach, in which information about the status of packet transmissions is utilized to dynamically adapt antenna beams among the sectors in a cell. This scheme is especially robust against the network inefficiencies due to uneven and time-varying traffic load densities within the sectors of a cell. Simulation results demonstrate the substantial enhancement in throughput and delay performance due to the proposed scheme.
The Curry School of Education and Long-Term Commitment to Technology Integration

Technology integration in the Curry School’s teacher education program has been a 15-year effort, initiated and supported by the school’s leadership, spurred on by technology innovators, and adopted by many mainstream education faculty members who have discovered technology’s disciplinespecific benefits for teaching and learning. The following vignette describes the path of one student through the Curry School teacher education program. No one student could be said to be typical, but this overview provides a window into many of the technologyrelated activities a student might experience. A broader picture of the teacher education program and its philosophy of technology integration follows this vignette.
We Are All Librarians: Training in the Ever Evolving Information Commons

The University of Arizona Library opened its Information Commons in January of 2002. The University of Arizona Library developed an in-depth training program to ensure that the individuals staffing the Information Commons Reference Desk were able to support the varied and complex questions that can be asked in a resource and technology rich environment. In this article, the authors describe the development and evolution of the training program that was created at the University of Arizona and share examples of training documents.
Infertility with Impaired Zona Pellucida Adhesion of Spermatozoa from Mice Lacking TauCstF-64

Fertilization is a multistep process requiring spermatozoa with unique cellular structures and numerous germ cell-specific molecules that function in the various steps. In the highly coordinated process of male germ cell development, RNA splicing and polyadenylation help regulate gene expression to assure formation of functional spermatozoa. Male germ cells express tauCstF-64 (Cstf2t gene product), a paralog of the X-linked CstF-64 protein that supports polyadenylation in most somatic cells. We previously showed that loss of tauCstF-64 causes male infertility because of major defects in mouse spermatogenesis. Surprisingly, although Cstf2t−/− males produce very few recognizable spermatozoa, some of the spermatozoa produced are motile. This led us to ask whether these Cstf2t−/− sperm were fertile. A motile cell-enriched population of spermatozoa from Cstf2t-null males dispersed cumulus cells of cumulus-oocyte complexes normally. However, motile spermatozoa from Cstf2t-null males failed to fertilize cumulus-intact mouse eggs in vitro. In addition, sperm adhesion to the zona pellucida (ZP) of cumulus-free eggs was significantly decreased, indicating tauCstF-64 is required for production of spermatozoa capable of ZP interaction. Acrosomal proteins involved in sperm-ZP recognition, including zonadhesin, proacrosin, SPAM1/PH-20, and ZP3R/sp56, were normally distributed in the apical head of Cstf2t−/− spermatozoa. We conclude that tauCstF-64 is required not only for expression of genes involved in morphological differentiation of spermatids but also for genes having products that function during interaction of motile spermatozoa with eggs. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that a gene involved in polyadenylation has a negative consequence on sperm-ZP adhesion.
Examining Internet privacy policies within the context of user privacy values

Internet privacy policies describe an organization's practices on data collection, use, and disclosure. These privacy policies both protect the organization and signal integrity commitment to site visitors. Consumers use the stated website policies to guide browsing and transaction decisions. This paper compares the classes of privacy protection goals (which express desired protection of consumer privacy rights) and vulnerabilities (which potentially threaten consumer privacy) with consumer privacy values. For this study, we looked at privacy policies from nearly 50 websites and surveyed over 1000 Internet users. We examined Internet users' major expectations about website privacy and revealed a notable discrepancy between what privacy policies are currently stating and what users deem most significant. Our findings suggest several implications to privacy managers and software project managers. Results from this study can help managers determine the kinds of policies needed to both satisfy user values and ensure privacy-aware website development efforts.
Is Objective Function the Silver Bullet? A Case Study of Community Detection Algorithms on Social Networks

Community detection or cluster detection in networks is a well-studied, albeit hard, problem. Given the scale and complexity of modern day social networks, detecting ``reasonable'' communities is an even harder problem. Since the first use of k-means algorithm in 1960s, many community detection algorithms have been invented - most of which are developed with specific goals in mind and the idea of detecting ``meaningful'' communities varies widely from one algorithm to another. With the increasing number of community detection algorithms, there has been an advent of a number of evaluation measures and objective functions such as modularity and internal density. In this paper we divide methods of measurements in to two categories, according to whether they rely on ground-truth or not. Our work is aiming to answer whether these general used objective functions are well consistent with the real performance of community detection algorithms across a number of homogeneous and heterogeneous networks. Seven representative algorithms are compared under various performance metrics, and on various real world social networks.
A road map to extreme high vacuum

Ultimate pressure of a well-designed vacuum system very much depends on pretreatments, processing and procedures [1, 2]. Until now much attention has been paid to minimizing hydrogen outgassing from the vacuum chamber wall materials, however, procedures and processing deserve further scrutiny. For reducing the gas load, high sensitivity helium leak detection techniques with sensitivities better than 1×10−12 Torr l/sec should be used. Effects that are induced by vacuum instrumentation need to be reduced in order to obtain accurate pressure measurements. This paper presents the current status of the CEBAF DC photogun. This state of the art technology is driving the need for Extreme High Vacuum (XHV). We also present sensitive helium leak detection techniques with RGA's, vacuum gauge and RGA calibration procedures, metal sponges for cryosorption pumping of hydrogen to XHV, low cost surface diffusion barriers for reducing the hydrogen gas load and clean assembly procedures. Further, alternative backing pump systems based on active NEGs [3] for turbo molecular pumps are also discussed.
Examining the Self-Efficacy of Community College STEM Majors: Factors Related to Four-Year Degree Attainment

Despite the awareness of the importance of self-efficacy, this concept has been studied in a limited sense among community college students (Collins & Bissell, 2004), but it has been shown to be significantly related to career decisions among enrollees (Kelly & Hatcher, 2013). The literature does not address what types of experiences can improve or enhance self-efficacy among college students as it relates to research and among community college students specifically. This study addresses the gap in the literature by examining what experiences can improve the self-efficacy of community college students as it relates to research and whether this has an impact on their long-term career plans to pursue a science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) career.
On the hierarchical hypercube interconnection network

The paper explores the hierarchical hypercube (HHC) interconnection network, suitable for building massively parallel systems with thousands of processors. HHC is self-embedded, that is, an HHC can embed HHCs of lower dimensions. In addition, HHC is a communication-efficient architecture. Two algorithms for data communication in the HHC are presented. The first algorithm is for one-to-one transfer and the second is for one-to-all broadcasting. Both algorithms take O(log k), where, k is the total number of processors in the system. Moreover, the paper shows that the HHC VLSI layout has a relatively small area which is O((log log k).k/sup 2//log k). >
Genetic basis for seed dormancy

Seed dormancy is an important physiological stage in the life cycle of many seed-bearing plants. In an ever-changing environment, dormancy increases survival by distributing germination over time. In general, seed dormancy is a quantitative trait that is influenced by environmental factors. Depending on the species and accession, dormancy is controlled by nuclear factors, maternal factors or both, and dormancy can be genetically the dominant or recessive form of the trait. Wild oat (Avena fatua) is a well developed system for dormancy investigations. Dormancy in wild oat is regulated by three major genes as well as environmental factors, and dormancy is conditionally the recessive form of the trait. This paper summarizes current knowledge on genetic and environmental factors, and the interaction of these factors, on seed dormancy in several cereal grain and dicotyledonous species. Some applications of this knowledge to improve crops and manage weeds are outlined.
VLF wave growth and discrete emission triggering in the magnetosphere - A feedback model

A simple nonlinear feedback model is presented to explain VLF wave growth and emission triggering observed in VLF transmission experiments. The model is formulated in terms of the interaction of electrons with a slowly varying wave in an inhomogeneous medium as in an unstable feedback amplifier with a delay line; constant frequency oscillations are generated on the magnetic equator, while risers and fallers are generated on the downstream and upstream sides of the equator, respectively. Quantitative expressions are obtained for the stimulated radiation produced by energy exchanged between energetic electrons and waves by Doppler-shifted cyclotron resonance, and feedback between the stimulated radiation and the phase bunched currents is incorporated in terms of a two-port discrete time model. The resulting model is capable of explaining the observed temporal growth and saturation effects, phase advance, retardation or frequency shift during growth in the context of a single parameter depending on the energetic particle distribution function, as well as pretermination triggering.
The Biology of Pulmonary Metastasis

The process of metastasis relies on a series of stochastic and sequential steps, with selective pressure exerted on a large number of genetically volatile cancer cells to produce a very small fraction of tumor cells with the ability to navigate the transition from primary tumor cell to end-organ metastasis. This process is intricately determined by cell-microenvironment interactions, the mechanistic understanding of which is steadily increasing. The continued elucidation of pathways that govern these interactions offers potential therapeutic options to patients with advanced disease.
Decoherence in Combined Quantum Mechanical and Classical Mechanical Methods for Dynamics as Illustrated for Non-Born-Oppenheimer Trajectories

This chapter discusses the role of decoherence in mixed quantum-classical approaches to electronically nonadiabatic chemical dynamics. The correlation of electronic and nuclear motion, which is not included in the semiclassical Ehrenfest or time-dependent Hartree method, induces decoherence in the reduced electronic density matrix, and the chapter shows how this can be modeled by adding algorithmic demixing to the Liouville-von Neumann equation. The resulting mixed quantum-classical equations of motion involve stochastically controlled, smooth, and continuous surface switching coupled to coherent propagation through each region of strong interaction of the electronic states. The chapter also reviews test results that show good agreement with fully quantum mechanical results for a diverse set of atom-diatom test cases.
Addressing racial disproportionality and disparities in human services

Racial disproportionality and disparities persist in many areas of human services. African-Americans and other racial minorities fare worse than whites in child welfare, juvenile justice, education...
Microbiological quality of cocoa powder, dry instant chocolate drink mix, dry nondairy coffee creamer and frozen nondairy topping obtained at retail markets

A national survey was conducted of the microbiological quality of three dry ingredients used in beverages and one frozen non-dairy topping obtained at retail markets. Geometric mean aerobic plate counts (APCs) of units examined at 35°C were as follows: 1,313 units of cocoa powder, 6,600 CFU/g; 1,552 units of dry instant chocolate drink mix, 290 CFU/g; 1,559 units of dry non-dairy coffee creamer, 37 CFU/g; and 1,532 units of frozen non-dairy topping, 34 CFU/g. At 30°C, the geometric mean APC was 34 CFU/g for frozen nondairy topping. Geometric means for most probable number determinations of coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli were <3/g for the four products. Geometric mean values for Staphylococcus aureus in three of the products were <10/g; no S. aureus was found in cocoa powder. Geometric mean values for yeasts and molds in dry instant chocolate drink mix and dry nondairy coffee creamer were 8 and 6 CFU/g, respectively.
Post-therapeutic changes in the molecular profile of glioblastomas

2026 Background: Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common and malignant primary brain tumor in adults. Despite aggressive surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, average survival time after diagnos...
A batch, derivative-free algorithm for finding multiple local minima

We propose a derivative-free algorithm for finding high-quality local minima for functions that require significant computational resources to evaluate. Our algorithm efficiently utilizes the computational resources allocated to it and also has strong theoretical results, almost surely starting a finite number of local optimization runs and identifying all local minima. We propose metrics for measuring how efficiently an algorithm finds local minima, and we benchmark our algorithm on synthetic problems (with known local minima) and two real-world applications.
Assumption of Risk in NFL Concussion Litigation: The Offhand Empiricism of the Courtroom

Liability for defective athletic equipment can be difficult to prove.1 In the fast-paced environment of contact sports, establishing the element of causation can be insuperable. For example, in Testerman v. Riddell, where a football player alleged that the manufacturer’s representative fitted him with undersized shoulder pads and thus caused him serious injury during a scrimmage, the appellate court upheld the trial court’s ruling that the plaintiff’s case failed for lack of definitive proof of causation.2 The plaintiff’s expert failed to establish whether or not the injury resulted from the opponent’s blow or contact with the ground, whether or not the injured area was covered by the pad at the moment of impact, and whether or not larger pads would have precluded the injury in the circumstances.3 Assuming causation can be established, sports equipment manufacturers may be held liable for negligence,4 breach of warranties,5 and defective prod-
On Bogoliubov transformations. II. The general case

Abstract A rigorous treatment of Bogoliubov transformations is presented along the same lines as in a previous paper, which dealt with a special case. As in the previous paper a formulation in terms of unitary resp. pseudo-unitary operators is used, corresponding to the CAR resp. the CCR. This leads to simple proofs of well-known necessary and sufficient conditions for the transformation to be unitarily implementable in Fock space. The normal form of the implementing operator U is studied. It is proved that on the subspace of algebraic tensors U equals a strongly convergent infinite series of Wick monomials that sums up to a simple exponential expression. A connection between the fermion and boson transformations studied in the previous paper is established. The analogous correspondence in the general case only holds true if the (pseudo) unitary operator equals its own inverse.
Control of Laminar Separation Bubble Using Electro-Active Polymers

The feasibility of using Electro Active Polymer as means to control separation bubble was explored experimentally and numerically on a NACA0009 airfoil at a range of Reynolds numbers between 20,000 and 30,000. The experiments were conducted at RPI’s low speed open-return wind tunnel, where the flow fields were measured using a stereoscopic PIV system. The numerical formulation used here was an Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) formulation, which combines the advantages of both of the Lagrangian and Eulerian methods through an arbitrary, user-defined selection of the mesh motion in the domain. A separation bubble was formed naturally at a Reynolds number of 20,000 when the airfoil was at 5 degrees angle of attack. It was shown that under these conditions the bubble is three-dimensional. It was found that just the presence of the (unactuated) EAP was sufficient to reduce the size of the separation bubble, which might be due to the slight roughness of the polymer surface and/or the EAP assembly. Actuation of the EAP, at a frequency that is associated with separated shear layer of the bubble, resulted in a complete mitigation of the bubble.