cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors associated with employment in epilepsy patients

Abstract Objective The aim of the study described here was to determine those variables associated with employment in patients followed at a level 4 epilepsy center. Method A survey was sent to patients seen at the University of Florida Health Science Center/Jacksonville Comprehensive Epilepsy Program. Results Two hundred sixty-two eligible subjects constituted the study population. By univariate analysis, variables that distinguished employed patients included: younger age, Caucasian race, higher education and household income, not receiving disability benefits, currently studying, fewer seizure medications, having no other medical conditions that interfere with work, previous work experience, perceived importance of work for personal and financial reasons, and decreased fears of workplace discrimination. By logistic regression, higher annual family income, perceived importance of work for personal reasons, and decreased fears of workplace discrimination were the only variables independently associated with employment. Conclusion Psychosocial factors such as a high self-perceived importance of work and decreased fears of workplace discrimination are significantly associated with employment in epilepsy patients.
Legionella micdadei phosphatase catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in human neutrophils

Abstract The legionellae are facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens which multiply in host phagocytes. Legionella micdadei cells contain an acid phosphatase (ACP2) which blocks Superoxide anion production by human neutrophils stimulated with formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) [ A. K. Saha, et al. (1985) Arch. Biochem. Biophys.243, 150–160 ]. In the present study, we have purified the Legionella phosphatase to homogeneity as indicated by the finding of a single 68,000-Da band following sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We explored the possibility that ACP2 acts by interfering with polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis and the production of the intracellular second messengers, inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol, following neutrophil stimulation. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) was hydrolyzed rapidly by ACP2in vitro. The rate of hydrolysis of PIP2 was higher at pH 7.0 (Km 2.0 μM; 4 × 103 units/mg protein; 1 unit equals 1 nmol of Pi released/h) than at lower pH. IP3 was also a good substrate for ACP2in vitro. When human neutrophil phosphoinositides were prelabeled with 32Pi, subsequent incubation with ACP2 resulted in an 85% loss of the labeled PIP2 over 2 h. Following fMLP stimulation of [3H]inositol-labeled neutrophils, the quantity of IP3 produced by ACP2-treated cells was reduced by 44%. Prior treatment of neutrophils with ACP2 also reduced by 45% the amount of diacylglycerol they produced when stimulated by fMLP. These results indicate that the Legionella phosphatase may compromise the neutrophils' microbicidal response to the organism by hydrolyzing PIP2, the progenitor of IP3 and diacylglycerol, and by hydrolyzing IP3 itself.
A novel thrombin enhancement factor in human plasma.

Abstract A protein has been isolated from human plasma by gel filtration followed by affinity chromatography with a derivative of wheat germ agglutinin and ion exchange chromatography. This protein showed one peak in high performance liquid chromatography but in gel electrophoresis, in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and β-mercaptoethanol, revealed two major components of 74 kDa and 55 kDa. These results indicate that the protein probably exists as a complex of the two polypeptides. This protein complex enhanced platelet aggregation by thrombin while aggregation induced by ADP was not significantly affected. Similarly, the rate of thrombin action on fibrinogen and N-benzoylarginine ethyl ester as measured in a spectrophotometer was increased in the presence of this plasma protein. These results suggest the presence of a protein complex in human plasma which can directly interact with thrombin and enhance its reactivity.
Activation and conductance properties of ryanodine-sensitive calcium channels from brain microsomal membranes incorporated into planar lipid bilayers.

Rat brain microsomal membranes were found to contain high-affinity binding sites for the alkaloid ryanodine (kd 3nm.Bmax 0.6 pmol per mg protein). Exposure of planar lipid bilayers to microsomal membrane vesicles resulted in the incorporation, apparently by bilayer-vesicle fusion, of at least two types of ion channel. These were selective for Cl− and Ca2+, respectively. The reconstituted Ca2+ channels were functionally modified by 1 μm ryanodine, which induced a nearly permanently open subconductance state. Unmodified Ca2+ channels had a slope conductance of almost 100 pS in 54mm CaHEPES and a Ca2+/TRIS+ permeability ratio of 11.0. They also conducted other divalent cations (Ba2+>Ca2+>Sr2+>Mg2+) and were markedly activated by ATP and its nonhydrolysable derivative AMPPCP (1mm). Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (1–10 μm) partially activated the same channels by increasing their opening rate. Brain microsomes therefore contain ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ channels, sharing some of the characteristics of Ca2+ channels from striated but not smooth muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. Evidence is presented to suggest they were incorporated into bilayers following the fusion of endoplasmic reticulum membrane vesicles, and their sensitivity to inositol trisphosphate may be consistent with a role in Ca2+ release from internal membrane stores.
Effects of HIV-1 Nef, a cytotoxic viral protein, on the growth of primary colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer deaths in American men and women. We describe the cytotoxic use of HIV-1 Nef protein and a cytotoxic peptide identified within the HIV-1 Nef structure in targeting human cancer cells in vitro and in vivo in a human xenograft model. A human colorectal tumor was implanted and propagated in the subcutaneous tissue of SCID mice. The mice were injected biweekly with the Nef apoptotic peptide. The tumor treated with Nef peptide underwent significant growth inhibition by as much as 300 percent when compared to the control (untreated) tumors. The Nef peptides were found to have an apoptotic effect on the human colon tumor similar to the effect seen on CD4 cells when the viral protein is secreted by the HIV-1 virus infected cells. The evidence from the xenograft mouse model suggests that the Nef peptides can be used to inhibit human colorectal cancer growth.
Tensile strength of oriented polymers below the glass transition temperature

A theory of tensile strength, based on the observation of cracks in specimens strained to breaking, is formulated. The treatment involves the assumption that a crack grows to a critical size by a nucleation process. When this critical size is exceeded the crack becomes unstable and propagates spontaneously to produce rupture. By comparing the predicted and measured strength, one can estimate the magnitude of the stress concentration factor in fibers. An interpretative analysis of experimental data obtained at various strain rates indicates that the resulting changes in tensile strength are due primarily to the changes in modulus.
Degenerating nerve fiber products do not alter physiological properties of adjacent innervated skeletal muscle fibers

Partial denervation of rat extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles resulted in the appearance of denervated and innervated surface muscle fibers lying adjacent to one another. The denervated muscle fibers showed the typical signs of denervation while the innervated muscle fibers were similar to those of control muscles. We conclude that denervated fibers do not induce substantial physiological changes in adjacent innervated muscle fibers.
X-ray photoelectron and static secondary-ion mass spectroscopic studies of segmented block copoly(ether-ester)s

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (x.p.s.) and static secondary-ion mass spectroscopy have been applied to study the surface composition and structure of copoly(ether-ester) elastomers. These materials are multiblock copolymers containing repeat units that are capable of crystallization (hard segments) and amorphous blocks (soft segments). The hard segments in the samples examined were based on poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) and the soft block was poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO). The results indicate that the surfaces of these copoly(ether-ester)s are always enriched in the soft segment and this enrichment is driven by the surface energy difference between the hard and soft segments. The surface enrichment is shown to vary with composition and molecular weight. For a copoly(ether-ester) containing 60% w/w PTMO in the bulk, average surface composition in the top 40 A is seen to change from ∼ 66% w/w for PTMO of Mn = 1000, to ∼ 85% for PTMO of Mn = 2900. Differential scanning calorimetry studies in conjunction with x.p.s. studies suggest that the surface enrichment is reduced by an increase in the bulk crystallinity of the material. Addition of poly(hexamethylene terephthalate) to the PBT hard segment reduces the bulk crystallinity of the copoly(ether-ester)s and results in a surface that is more enriched in the PTMO soft segment. The process by which the sample is prepared is also shown to affect the extent of surface enrichment. The angle-dependent x.p.s. data have been fitted by a continuous profile, which shows an enriched soft-segment region at the air/copolymer interface and a depleted region adjacent to the preferentially enriched surface layer.
The unique relation of silent reading fluency to end-of-year reading comprehension: understanding individual differences at the student, classroom, school, and district levels

Despite many previous studies on reading fluency (measured by a maze task) as a screening measure, our understanding is limited about the utility of silent reading fluency in predicting later reading comprehension and contextual influences (e.g., schools and districts) on reading comprehension achievement. In the present study we examined: (1) How much variance in reading comprehension scores exist between students, classes, schools, and districts for children in grades 3–10; and (2) whether silent reading fluency measured by a maze task adds a unique contribution to the prediction of spring reading comprehension after accounting for fall spelling and reading comprehension. Results showed that a substantial amount of variance in reading comprehension is attributable to differences among classrooms (21–46 %), particularly in grades 6–10. In addition, approximately 3–5 % of variance in reading comprehension was attributable to differences among schools and districts. Silent reading fluency also explained a unique amount of variance in spring reading comprehension after accounting for students’ performance in reading comprehension and spelling in the fall. Unique variance (pseudo-R 2) varied from 2 to 10 % at the student, class, school, and district levels. These results suggest that a maze task has potential utility as a screening measure of reading comprehension for students in grades 3–10. Furthermore, differences among classrooms, schools, and districts matter for students’ reading comprehension achievement.
Noncovalent intermolecular energetics: RDX crystal

A methodology for using electronic densities to determine electrostatic, polarization, and total energies of noncovalent interactions is summarized and applied to two key molecular pair combinations in the crystal lattice of RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-s-triazine). It is found that the total interaction energies can be well approximated as purely electrostatic between RDX molecules in the chair–AAE conformation. However, Mulliken and CHelpG point-charge models are not adequate for reproducing these energies. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Superior cardiac function via anaplerotic pyruvate in the immature swine heart after cardiopulmonary bypass and reperfusion.

Pyruvate produces inotropic responses in the adult reperfused heart. Pyruvate oxidation and anaplerotic entry into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle via carboxylation are linked to the stimulation...
Prognostic factors for survival of stage I nonsmall cell lung cancer patients : a population-based analysis of 19,702 stage I patients in the California Cancer Registry from 1989 to 2003.

BACKGROUND. Platinum-based adjuvant chemotherapy in randomized trials has failed to provide a survival benefit in patients with resected stage I nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Using data from the California Cancer Registry (CCR), we explored factors that had detrimental effects on survival in patients with stage I NSCLC to identify a subset of patients at high risk for disease recurrence and subsequent mortality. METHODS. Between 1989 and 2003, 19,702 incident cases of stage I NSCLC in the CCR were identified and subgrouped into stage IA and IB disease. Patient demographic factors, tumor characteristics, and treatment delivered were examined. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were calculated to estimate survival rates. Cox proportional-hazards ratios were used to identify independent prognostic factors for survival. RESULTS. Advanced age at diagnosis, male sex, low socioeconomic status (SES), nonsurgical treatment, and poor histologic grade (stage IA NSCLC: hazards ratio [HR], 1.13; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.08–1.19; stage IB NSCLC: HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.07–1.16) were associated with increased mortality risk on multivariate analysis. Nonupper lobe tumor location (right middle lobe, right and left lower lobes) and tumor size ≥4 cm (vs <4 cm: HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.15–1.30) were additional factors that increased the risk of mortality among patients with stage IB disease. Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma and Asian ethnicity were associated with decreased mortality risk in stage I NSCLC. CONCLUSIONS. Stage I NSCLC with poorly differentiated histology and stage IB NSCLC with nonupper lobar tumor location or tumor size ≥4 cm carried an increased mortality risk. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Effect of changes in feeding schedule on the diurnal rhythms and daily activity levels of intestinal brush border enzymes and transport systems.

Abstract The activities of rat intestinal enzymes, sucrase, lactase, maltase, trehalase, γ-glutamyltransferase, leucylnaphthylamide-hydrolyzing activity, and the transport system for glucose follow diurnal rhythms on ad libitum and restricted feeding regimes. In response to 6 days of restricted feeding, food available between 1400 and 1800 Eastern Standard Time, all rhythms shifted in time and the daily levels of activities were changed. Alkaline phosphatase activity followed a diurnal rhythm only in restricted fed animals. In restricted fed rats several activity patterns were observed, some with short periods of maximum activity, 3 h or less, and some with plateaus of maximum activity, 5–9 h long. In respect to the time of day of the synchronizer, sucrase peaked before feeding, glucose transport peaked during feeding, alkaline phosphatase peaked after feeding, and the other enzymes had higher levels of activity before, during and after feeding. The effect of restricted feeding on the daily activity levels were: a decrease in leucylnaphthylamide-hydrolyzing activity, no change in alkaline phosphatase, and increases in the others. These enzyme and transport systems exhibit a large amount of individual regulation or control as reflected by the lack of a uniform activity pattern and response to the synchronizer, and the variation in direction and magnitude of the adaptations to restricted feeding.
Selection of Part Orientation for Multi-Axis Hybrid Manufacturing Process

In regular 3 axis layered manufacturing processes, the build direction is fixed throughout the process. Multi-axis laser (more than 3-axis motion) deposition process, the orientation of the part can affect the non-support buildability in the multi-axis hybrid manufacturing process. However, each orientation that satisfies the buildability and other constraints may not be unique. In this case, the final optimal orientation is determined based on build time. The build time computation algorithm for multi-axis hybrid system is presented in this paper. To speed up the exhaustive search for the optimal orientation, a multi-stage algorithm is developed to reduce the search space.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Clarifications about pneumococcal vaccines

We appreciate the comments by Drs. Morgenstern and Garcia-Curiel and welcome the opportunity to clarify further our thoughts regarding vaccination for pneumococcus. At present, two commercially available types of vaccine exist. The polysaccharide vaccine has been available for some time, is labeled
Enhanced Mgf2 and Lif Over-Coated Al Mirrors for Fuv Space Astronomy

We reported gains in Far-Ultraviolet (FUV) reflectivity of Al+MgF2 and Al+LiF mirrors by employing a-step process during PVD coating deposition of these materials.
Grain protectants for use under tribal storage conditions in Rhodesia—1. Comparative toxicities of some insecticides on maize and sorghum

Abstract Median lethal doses of five insecticides were measured for Sitophilus zeamais on maize and sorghum using laboratory formulated dusts. Fenitrothion was the most toxic followed by fenthion, iodofenphos, tetrachlorvinphos and pyrethrins in order of decreasing toxicity. Fenitrothion on maize and sorghum (8·0 ppm), pirimiphos methyl on maize (5·0 ppm) and phenthoate on maize (4·0 ppm) showed good persistence for 12 months, other insecticides tested giving shorter periods. The optimum pyrethrins: piperonyl butoxide ratio was 1:15, smaller ratios demanding a higher deposit of pyrethrins than is normally recommended. Loss of insecticidal effect was more rapid on maize than on sorghum though responses to given doses of insecticide were less on the latter grain.
Prognostic factors in breast cancer: Use of cytologic preparations

There is increasing evidence that certain morphological features and biological markers found in breast tumors may provide prognostic information by predicting the risk of recurrence and metastasis in early breast cancer. This information may also be important in choosing therapeutic options in patients with advanced disease. Prognostic testing is commonly performed on surgically excised lesions. However, there are clinical conditions in which a surgical specimen may not be suitable or available for such analysis. In these circumstances, fine-needle aspiration biopsy and imprint preparation provide an attractive sample for prognostic testings. This review summarizes the current approach to the use of cytologic preparation for assessment of established and newly recognized prognostic factors.
Antifertility effects of gossypol and its impurities on male hamsters

Abstract Recent papers reporting on the male antifertility effects of gossypol have been criticized due to the possible influence of impurities on efficacy and toxicity. Our laboratory has prepared purified gossypol and a fraction containing the total impurities. The effects of these two substances and impure gossypol on the fertility of male hamsters was evaluated. Only pure gossypol produced a decrease in fertility after six weeks of dosing. No effects on male fertility were observed in the other treatment groups. A full recovery of fertility in the pure gossypol group was observed four weeks after cessation of treatment. These data support the claim that gossypol is indeed an active antifertility agent for males. It is also clear that the impurities may have the ability to block or decrease the efficacy of gosypol.
The optical design of MARVELS spectrograph

This paper describes an optical spectrograph design for the Multi-object APO Radial-Velocity Exoplanet Large-area Survey (MARVELS) instrument. This MARVELS instrument is currently installed at the Sloan 2.5m telescope, and is capable of simultaneously monitoring 60 stars at high radial velocity precision for a planet survey. The MARVELS spectrograph consists of an entrance slit (multi-slits), collimator optics, a Volume Phase Holographic (VPH) grating, camera optics and a 4kx4k CCD camera, which with a 160mm diameter collimated beam provides a spectral resolution of R =10000. This spectrograph is transmissive and optimized for delivering high throughput and high image quality over the entire operation bandwidth 500-570nm and the whole 160mmx30mm square shape FOV. The collimator and camera optics (280 mm largest diameter) are all made of standard optical grade glasses. The f/4 input beams from the MARVELS monolithic interferometer are converted to f/1.5 beams on the detector by this spectrograph, and form 120 stellar fringe spectra.
Implementation of Predicate-Based Protection in MULTISAFE

This paper reports some implementation work done within the MULTI SAFE database protection research project group at Virginia Tech. It describes the evolution of an approach to database security from a formal model of predicate-based protection, through an implementation model, to an on-going implementation. The implementation model is based on a relational database approach to the management of protection information (stored representations of authorizations). Classes of access decision dependency are reviewed. Protection policies, design deci¬sions, and special implementation problems are discussed. Detailed examples are used to illustrate the use of this flexible and generalized approach to database security within the MULTI SAFE system architecture.
Orbit control operations for the Cassini-Huygens mission

The Cassini-Huygens spacecraft was launched in 1997 as an international and collaborative mission to study Saturn and its many moons. After a seven-year cruise, Cassini began orbiting Saturn for a four- year tour. This tour consists of 157 planned maneuvers, and their back-up locations, designed to target 52 encounters, mostly of Saturn's largest moon Titan. One of the mission's first activities was to release the Huygens probe to Titan in December 2004. Currently in its last year of the prime mission, Cassini-Huygens continues to obtain valuable data on Saturn, Titan, and Saturn's other satellites. Return of this information is in large part due to a healthy spacecraft and successful navigation. A two-year extended mission, beginning July 2008, will offer the opportunity to continue science activities. With a demanding navigation schedule that compares with the prime tour, the Cassini Navigation team relies on operations procedures developed during the prime mission to carry-out the extended mission objectives. Current processes for orbit control operations evolved from the primary navigational requirement of staying close to predetermined targeting conditions according to Cassini science sequence planning. The reference trajectory is comprised of flyby conditions to be accomplished at minimal propellant cost. Control of the planned reference trajectory orbit, and any trajectory updates, is achieved with the execution of Orbit Trim Maneuvers (OTMs). The procedures for designing, processing, and analyzing OTMs during Cassini operations is presented. First, a brief overview of the Cassini-Huygens Mission is given, followed by a general description of navigation. Orbit control and maneuver execution methods are defined, along with an outline of the orbit control staffing and operations philosophy. Finally, an example schedule of orbit control operations is shown.
Substance Use and the Treatment of Resistant Depression in Adolescents

Abstract Objective Despite the known association between substance use disorders and major depressive disorder (MDD) among adolescents, little is known regarding substance use among adolescents with MDD. Method Youths with MDD who had not improved after an adequate selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor trial ( N = 334) were enrolled in the Treatment of SSRI-Resistant Depression in Adolescents trial. Analyses examined substance use (via the Drug Use Severity Index) and changes therein in relation to treatment and depressive symptoms. Adolescents meeting substance use disorder criteria via the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime version at baseline were excluded. Results Substance use was common: 28.1% reported repeated experimentation at baseline. Substance-related impairment was associated with baseline depression severity, older age, physical/sexual abuse, family conflict, hopelessness, and comorbid oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder. There was significant improvement in substance-related impairment among adolescents who responded to MDD treatment. Baseline suicidal ideation was higher among the subjects who progressed to high substance-related impairment (≥75th percentile) versus those whose substance-related impairment remained low ( Conclusions Substance use is common among adolescents with treatment-resistant MDD. The subjects who had persistently low substance-related impairment or who demonstrated reduced substance-related impairment had better MDD treatment response, although the direction of this association is uncertain.
Obesity as a risk factor for severe influenza-like illness

Background Obesity was recognized as in independent risk factor for influenza during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. Objectives We evaluated the association between body mass index (BMI) and influenza-like illness (ILI) during two non-pandemic influenza seasons (2003–2004 and 2004–2005) and during the spring and fall waves of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Methods Adults with severe (inpatient) and mild (outpatient) ILI were compared to those without ILI using a case-cohort design. The study was nested among those insured by a single health insurance company, receiving care from a large multispecialty practice. Data were collected from insurance claims and the electronic health record. The primary exposure was obesity (BMI ≥ 30·0 kg/m2). Results Across three seasons, the crude and adjusted ORs for obesity and severe ILI were 1·65 (95% CI 1·31, 2·08) and 1·23 (95% CI 0·97, 1·57), respectively. An association was observed for those aged 20–59 years (adjusted OR 1·92, 95% CI 1·26, 2·90), but not for those 60 and older (adjusted OR 1·08, 95% CI 0·80, 1·46). The adjusted ORs for obesity and severe ILI in 2003–2004, 2004–2005, and during H1N1 were 1·14 (95% CI 0·80, 1·64), 1·24 (95% CI 0·86, 1·79), and 1·76 (95% CI 0·91, 3·42), respectively. Among those with a Charlson Comorbidity Index score of zero, the adjusted ORs for 2003–2004, 2004–2005, and H1N1 were 1·60 (95% CI 0·93, 2·76), 1·43 (95% CI 0·80, 2·56), and 1·90 (95% CI 0·68, 5·27), respectively. Conclusions Our results suggest a small to moderate association between obesity and hospitalized ILI among adults.
Authoritarianism and Economic Threat: Implications for Political Behavior

This study examined whether authoritarians experiencing economic threat are more likely than other authoritarians to support social policy and political agendas that restrict benefits or curtail rights for disadvantaged groups. A sample of 131 college students completed questionnaires that measured authoritarianism, degree of economic and societal insecurity, and attitudes toward eight political issues. Economic and social insecurity were indexed to perceptions of whether one's standard of livingg had declined, whether incom inequality had grown among social classes, and whether crime, race relations, environmental quality, and governmental services had worsened. The political scales reflected issues currently debated in public forums; they included funding mechanisms for social security and health care, the state's role in regulating abortion, government services for illegal immigrants, terminating welfare for unemployed women with children, and regulation of sexual conduct. A logistic model found that, relative to non-threatened authoritarians or nonauthoritarians, threatened authoritarians were six times as likely to favor restricting benefits to powerless groups and eight times as likely to support the state's preventing women from securing anabortion. These results are discussed in terms of systemic changes in the economy that have resulted in declines in real income and increasing income inequality. Language: en
Experimental observations on the significance of cell burden in tumor control.

Experiments using a transplanted murine lymphosarcoma in syngeneic mice show that an initial inoculum of at least 106 tumor cells is needed to generate an immune response adequate to repel subsequent challenge from similar cells. The relationship among cell burden, dose of x radiation, and tumor control was studied. The experiments demonstrated that the number of tumor cells rejected as the result of an immunizing inoculation is approximately equivalent to the number of cells needed to initiate immunity. A correlation was established between the size of the initial injection and the probability of tumor invasion of regional lymph nodes. In addition, the existence was shown of a progressive increase in the number of tumor cells in axillary lymph nodes in mice in which the primary tumor recurs following irradiation, while in those mice in which the primary tumor is controlled, tumor cells in the axillary nodes disappear shortly after the local treatment. Several trials indicated that in this particular tumor system, the host's immunologic response will prevent the growth of 104−105 cell inocula but that larger numbers of cells overwhelm the natural defenses and grow unabated. Our evidence supports the clinical observation that moderate doses of irradiation will control subclinical tumor cell populations. In addition, it is suggested that the immune response of the host may enhance the effects of radiation not only by increasing local cell kill but also by preventing the proliferation of disseminated cells outside the irradiated volume.
Calculation of pressure-broadened linewidths for CO in Ar

Calculations of the pressure-broadening cross sections of CO in Ar have been made within the infinite-order sudden (IOS) and coupled states (CS) quantum scattering approximations. Two intermolecular potentials were used, a pairwise additive atom-atom potential which has been employed previously in semiclassical (modified Anderson theory) studies of this system and one calculated ab initio within an electron gas formalism. Predictions from the two potentials generally agree within about 25 percent and bracket experimental values (except for some recent high temperature data obtained in shock tube experiments). The CS approximation appears to be quite accurate although computationally expensive. The much cheaper IOS approximation is accurate for the J = 0-1 line but does not properly predict the dependence on line number. The quantum results are also compared with earlier semiclassical values.
GABA in the PNS: Demonstration in enteric neurons

The hypothesis that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a peripheral neurotransmitter was tested by determining whether GABA is present in enteric neurons. GABA was detected in the quail gut using high pressure liquid chromatography. GABA-like immunoreactivity was found in both enteric neural plexuses. Only a few neuronal perikarya, but many fibers were stained in each. GABA-immunoreactive neurons survived for over a week in vitro; therefore, they must be intrinsic to the bowel. These and earlier observations indicate that GABA is a peripheral (enteric) as well as a central neurotransmitter.
A Line-Oriented Approach to Word Spotting in Handwritten Documents

The problem of word spotting in handwritten archives is approached by matching global shape features. A set of visual templates is used to define the keyword class of interest, and initiate a search for words exhibiting high shape similarity to the model set. Major problems of segmenting cursive script into individual words are avoided by applying line-oriented processing to the document pages. The use of profile-oriented features facilitates the application of dynamic programming techniques to pattern matching, and allows us to achieve high levels of recognition performance. Results of experiments with old Spanish manuscripts show a high recognition rate of the proposed approach.
Studies on mannose-containing glycopeptides from a normal and an SV40 transformed human cell

The oligosaccharide moiety of cell-surface mannose-labelled glycopeptides from a normal (WI38) and an SV40 transformed cell (W118Va) have been investigated using specific glycosidases. Partially purified mannose-containing glycopeptides were separated into acidic and neutral species by high voltage paper electrophoresis. Endo-beta-N-acetylgucosaminidase D, in the presence of three exoglycosidases, released from the acidic glycopeptides of non-growing cells a product completely absent in growing cells. However, the acidic species from growing WI18 Va and WI38 were found to be similar in the products released by enzyme digestion. The neutral species from growing normal cells contained a proportion of the glycopeptides resistant to endoglycosidase D while those from the non-growing cells were almost free of these resistant species. The SV40 transformed cells were further enriched, when compared to normal cells (WI38), in these neutral resistant species. We suggest that the oligomannosyl core of the majority of the susceptible species contains three mannose residues while that of the resistant species contains between six and eight.
A Sociable Atmosphere Ambient Scent's Effect on Social Interaction

This exploratory study examines how introducing an ambient scent affects the interactions between people within a meeting room. The study demonstrates behavioral mapping, a procedure for testing people's responses to ambient factors. The study found that introducing an ambient scent into a meeting room significantly increased the number of social interactions between the study's participants. However, the significance of the effect of the scent was moderate. The role of scent in the hospitality industry seems promising, although the small number of observations, along with certain other factors, limits the possibility for generalizing the results of this study.
Effect of milk fat fractions on fat bloom in dark chocolate

Anhydrous milk fat was dissolved in acetone (1∶4 wt/vol) and progressively fractionated at 5°C increments from 25 to 0°C. Six solid fractions and one 0°C liquid fraction were obtained. Melting point, melting profile, solid fat content (SFC), fatty acid and triglyceride profiles were measured for each milk fat fraction (MFF). In general, there was a trend of decreased melting point, melting profile, SFC, long-chain saturated fatty acids and large acyl carbonnumbered triglycerides with decreasing fractionation temperature. The MFFs were then added to dark chocolate at 2% (w/w) addition level. In addition, two control chocolates were made, one with 2% (w/w) full milk fat and the other with 2% (w/w) additional cocoa butter. The chocolate samples were evaluated for degree of temper, hardness and fat bloom. Fat bloom was induced with continuous temperature cycling between 26.7 and 15.7°C at 6-h intervals and monitored with a colorimeter. Chocolate hardness results showed softer chocolates with the 10°C solid fraction and low-melting fractions, and harder chocolates with high-melting fractions. Accelerated bloom tests indicated that the 10°C solid MFF and higher-melting fractions (25 to 15°C solid fractions) inhibited bloom, while the lowermelting MFFs (5 and 0°C solid fractions and 0°C liquid fraction) induced bloom compared to the control chocolates.
Electrophysiologic effects of dipyridamole on atrioventricular nodal conduction and supraventricular tachycardia. Role of endogenous adenosine.

Exogenous adenosine has been shown to have potent electrophysiologic effects and antiarrhythmic properties within the atrioventricular (AV) node. Endogenous adenosine, a nucleoside with an increased release signaled by ischemia and hypoxia, is not believed to exert significant effects during homeostatic conditions. Recent experimental evidence suggests, however, that under normoxic conditions, the amount of adenosine released may be sufficient to mediate some of its physiologic effects. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that in humans the electrophysiologic effects of endogenously released adenosine on AV nodal conduction can be demonstrated under normoxic conditions by inhibiting uptake and degradation of the nucleoside. In the first protocol, the effects of intravenous dipyridamole (0.56 mg/kg bolus i.v., 5 micrograms/kg/minute infusion), a nucleoside-transport blocker that elevates endogenous plasma levels of adenosine, on AV nodal conduction were evaluated in seven patients. At a constant atrial paced cycle length, dipyridamole increased the AH interval from 110 +/- 19 to 164 +/- 26 msec, p = 0.002 (+/- SEM). Aminophylline (5.6 mg/kg i.v.), a competitive antagonist of adenosine, completely reversed the effects of dipyridamole on AV nodal conduction. Similarly, dipyridamole increased the cycle length at which pacing-induced AV nodal Wenckebach occurred, from 348 +/- 31 (control) to 388 +/- 33 msec (dipyridamole) (p = 0.002). In a second protocol, the effects of intravenous dipyridamole were evaluated in another group of six patients who had supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) in which the AV node was part of the reentrant circuit.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effect of Seasonal Temperature Changes on Germination Responses of Buried Seeds of Agalinis fasciculate (Scrophulariaceae), and a Comparison with 12 Other Summer Annuals Native to Eastern North America

Seeds of Agalinis fasciculata, a native eastern North American summer annual, were dormant at maturity inautumn and thus did not germinate in light or in darkness at 12/12 hdaily temperatures of 15/6,20/10, 25/15,30/15 and 35/20°C.Buried seeds exposed to natural temperature changes in Lexington, Kentucky (USA) for 53 months came out of dormancy in late autumn and winter and re-entered it in late spring and early summer of each year. Non-dormant seeds germinated to 60–100% in light at 20/10°C. Stratification at 5°C broke dormancy, and nondormant seeds entered dormancy during exposure to 25/15 or 30/15°C. Light was required for germination, but some seeds could be light-stimulated during stratification. Seeds stratified in light had a broader temperature range for germination than those stratified in darkness and tested in light. Buried seeds of 11 of the 12 previously-studied native eastern North American summer annuals exhibited seasonal changes intheir dormancy states. As buried seeds of the 12 species began to come out of dormancy during winter, they germinated only at high temperatures, but with additional stratification the minimum temperature for germination decreased, which is a Type 2 temperature response pattern. As seeds of A. fasciculata began to come out of dormancy during stratification, they germinated at an intermediate temperature (20/10°C), but with additional stratification the maximum temperature for germination increased and the minimum temperature decreased, which is a Type 3 pattern. This is the first report of a Type 3pattern in a summer annual and in the Scrophulariaceae. However, the ecological significance, if any, of Type 3 in A. fasciculata seeds is unknown and may reflect more about the past history of the species or its ancestors than it does about present-day ecological adaptations to the habitat.
Effect of supplemental fluids on human milk production

The effect of supplemental fluid intake on milk production was evaluated in a randomized, crossover design study of breast-feeding mothers. Twenty-six women whose infants were growing well with breast-feeding alone were enrolled in the study when their infants were 90 to 120 days of age. Twenty-one women consumed at least a 25% increase in fluids (mean 59%, range 26% to 140%). Mean daily milk production was 814±163 ml/day in the baseline period and 797±157 ml/day during increased fluid intake. There was no significant change in milk production between study periods and no significant relationship between percent increase in fluid intake and change in milk production nor between volume of fluid intake and volume of milk produced.
An Appraisal of Newer Practices in Teaching French

Author's Summary.— A carefully conducted study reveals that newer practices in harmony with the recommendations of the Coleman Report do not lessen pupil achievement on standardized French tests. In fact, higher achievement in the tests is associated with newer practices.
The entrepreneur in economic change.

It has been recognized by economists that economic change and development depend in large part on social change. But the difficulties of constructing a model of social change that is comprehensive enough, yet detailed enough, to be a useful tool for analysis seem almost insurmountable. One way out of the difficulty is to focus on a particular type of change. Such variables as child-rearing practices, motives, and social values and attitudes shape the personality of the entrepreneur and thus have important, if indirect, effects on economic change and development. The present paper traces the changes in these “intervening variables” and the consequent changes in American business practices during the past 150 years, as contrasted to social and economic changes in Europe and Latin America during the same period.
Substitution of starch by soluble fiber and Saccharomyces cerevisiae dose response on nutrient digestion and blood metabolites for precision-fed dairy heifers

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of 2 levels of dietary starch and the dose at which the effects of yeast culture (YC) derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Yea-Sacc¹⁰²⁶, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY) were maximized based on nutrient total-tract digestibility (AD), N utilization, and blood metabolites of precision-fed dairy heifers. A split-plot design with starch level as the whole plot and YC dose as subplot was administered in a 4-period (21 d), 4 × 4 Latin square. Eight Holstein heifers (432.49 ± 6.81 kg of body weight) were allocated to 2 starch treatments (28% starch, high starch, HS, or 17% starch, low starch, LS) and to a sequence of YC doses (0, 10, 30, and 50 g/d). Dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) AD were not different between HS and LS; however, HS decreased acid detergent fiber (ADF) and increased hemicellulose AD. Digestibility of DM and organic matter (OM) increased quadratically in response to increasing YC dose. Hemicellulose, NDF, and ADF AD increased or tended to increase quadratically with increasing YC dose. No significant effects were noted on fecal or urine output between dietary starch concentrations; YC decreased wet and dry fecal output corresponding to the effect in DM and OM. Apparent N digestibility was greater in the LS group. As YC dose increased, fecal N output decreased quadratically and was lowest at 30 g/d YC. A corresponding quadratic increase was observed for N retention expressed as a percentage of N digested: N output in urine tended to increase with increasing YC dose, resulting in no differences in retained N (g/d). Dietary starch concentration did not affect blood glucose, triglyceride, creatinine, or lactate concentration. However, HS increased plasma urea N concentration. Glucose concentration tended to increase quadratically with daily YC dose in both starch treatments, with the greatest response at 30 g/d. For triglycerides, dietary starch concentration and YC dose interacted, decreasing quadratically in the LS group and increasing in the HS group (lowest and highest value for 10 g/d respectively). We observed a significant time effect for all blood metabolites measured. We conclude that starch level did not affect DM AD, but influenced ADF and hemicellulose AD. Yeast culture had the greatest effect on DM, NDF, ADF, and hemicellulose AD when added at 30 g/d. Addition of YC influenced glucose and triglyceride concentrations differently according to the dietary starch concentration of the diet.
Comparison of Regressed Patients on the Minimal Social Behavior Scale

The Minimal Social Behavior Scale (MSBS), originally developed by Farina, Arenberg, and Guskin (1957), is an abbreviated standardized interview used for the assessment of regression in chronic psychiatric patients. Dinoff, Raymaker, and Morris (1962) and Dinoff and Morris (1964) have demonstrated remarkable reliability for the scale. Dinoff, er a,!. (1962) have argued that the scale could be used for assessment of therapeutic progress and, more specifically, serve as a measure of patient "readiness" to be transferred to a less regressed unit. This paper reports an attempt to investigate whether the MSBS can discriminate between two degrees of regression in clinically regressed psychiatric patients. Thirty-two chronically regressed geriatric neuropsychiarric patients were randomly selected from two wards at the Veterans Administration Hospital, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, and given the MSBS. Only the physically handicapped Ss were eliminated. The primary distinction between the cwo wards was the degree of regression; the patients on one ward were locked and closely supervised while the patients on rhe other ward were given more hospital privileges. Ss on the more regressed ward had a mean age of 71.53 yr. (range 54 -78) while those on the least regressed ward had a mean age of 69.18 yr. (range 5679), with most scores grouping closely around the means. Ss were brought to one of two interview rooms by a female E and introduced to one of the two male interviewers who proceeded to administer the MSBS without information as to the ward to which S was assigned. A comparison of the MSBS means (Group I M = 23.82, N = 15; Group I1 M = 26.24, N = 17) of he two regressed wards shows that this small difference is significant (t = 1.85, p < .05). The difference is in the anticipated direction, with the locked ward group being significantly more regressed than the group with more privileges. It is interesting to note that the mean age of the more regressed patients is higher, suggesting, as is already known, that age and degree of regression appear generally correlated. The latter is consistent with other findings of Dinoff, et al. (1962; Dinoff & Morris, 1964).
Hydrothermal synthesis and single-crystal structural characterization of (VO)2[CH2(PO3)2] · 4H2O

Abstract The layered compound (VO) 2 [CH 2 (PO 3 ) 2 ] · 4H 2 O has been prepared by hydrothermal synthesis and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The structure is orthorhombic, space group pbca with a = 12.805(4) A, b = 10.592(3) A, c = 15.037(5) A, Z = 8, D x = 2.462 g/cm 3 , R = 0.0372, and R w = 0.0500 for 2038 independent reflections. The structure is formed from layers of vanadium and oxygen atoms and methylenediphosphonate groups, with coordinated water molecules directed into the interlayer space, resulting in a layer repeat distance ( d 001 ) of 15.037(5) A. The layers contain two types of V 4+ O 6 octahedra connected through corners by [O 3 PCH 2 PO 3 ] 4- groups. V(1) is coordinated by one terminal oxygen atom and three oxygen atoms from water molecules, and chelated by one [O 3 PCH 2 PO 3 ] 4- group. V(2) is coordinated by one terminal oxygen atom, one water molecule, and two oxygen atoms from separate [O 3 PCH 2 PO 3 ] 4- groups, and chelated by one [O 3 PCH 2 PO 3 ] 4- group. The connectivity can be represented as VO 1 1 (H 2 O) 3 1 O 2 2 VO 1 1 (H 2 O) 1 1 O 4 2 (O 3 2 PCH 2 PO 3 2 ) . The structure illustrates the versatility of the [O 3 PCH 2 PO 3 ] 4- group as a connecting unit.