cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calibration and Weather Observation of a Dual-polarized Phased Array Line Replaceable Unit Radar Demonstrator

This paper provides an overall, detailed description of a C-band, 64-element Line Replaceable Unit (LRU) radar system. The LRU radar system was developed as a technology demonstrator to explore various phased array related technologies and investigate the technical requirements for the next-generation airborne phased array radar (APAR). The demonstrator served as a research platform through various calibration related topics, beamforming, and expansion to an end-to-end radar system.
Humeral amputation following total elbow arthroplasty

Total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) is associated with a relatively high complication rate, and exceptionally catastrophic complications might lead to amputation. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and aetiology of amputation performed at our institution in upper extremity limbs with a prior TEA. Between 1973 and 2018, 1906 consecutive TEAs were performed at our institution. Upper extremity amputation was performed in seven (0.36%) elbows with five transhumeral amputations and two shoulder disarticulations. The group consisted of five females and two males with a mean age of 64 years (range, 37–80). The index TEA had been performed for rheumatoid arthritis (n = 2), rheumatoid arthritis with acute fracture (n = 2), radiation associated nonunion (n = 2), and metastatic cancer (n = 1). Mean follow-up after amputation was three years (range, 3 months–5 years). Mean time between amputation and TEA was 5 years (range, 2 months–13 years). The indications for amputation included uncontrolled deep infection in six (86%) elbows and tumor recurrence in one (14%) elbow. Only one elbow (14%) was fitted with a prosthesis. Six (86%) patients died at a mean of three years (range, 3 months–5 years) after amputation. The results of this study highlight a low incidence of amputation after TEA. Most amputations were the direct result of TEA complications, with infection being the most common cause of amputation. Outcomes after amputation are concerning, with poor overall survival and few patients being fit for a prosthesis.
Flexible or Rigid? Exploring Preservice Teachers’ Classroom Preferences:

Understanding preservice teachers’ (PSTs) classroom preferences offers the potential to inform school hiring and reduce early career turnover. This large-scale qualitative study (n = 2,798) explore...
Abstract P009: Growth Differentiation Factor 15 And The Subsequent Risk Of Atrial Fibrillation: The Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities Study

Introduction: Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a marker of oxidative stress and inflammation and has been associated with several cardiovascular disease (CVD) phenotypes. However, confl...
Mitochondria influence postmortem metabolism and pH in an in vitro model.

Abstract Our objective was to determine the influence of mitochondria on metabolites and pH decline using an in vitro model of postmortem muscle metabolism. Mitochondria were isolated from porcine longissimus lumborum and added (0, 0.5, or 2.0 mg) to powdered muscle in reaction media containing either a combination of inhibitors for mitochondria complexes (I, IV, and V) or diluent (without inhibitors). In the absence of inhibitors, adding mitochondria (0.5 and 2.0 mg) reduced ATP loss from 30 to 120 min, but did not alter glycogen or lactate during this time. In reactions with mitochondria, inhibitors decreased ATP levels by 30 min and increased glycogen degradation by 60 min. Regardless of mitochondria content, inhibitors enhanced lactate accumulation from 15 to 240 min, and decreased pH from 15 min to 1440 min. In the in vitro model, mitochondria influence the maintenance of ATP, and inhibition of mitochondria enzyme activity contributes to accelerated metabolism and pH decline.
Immunolabeling of antigens in plant cells

Publisher Summary Immunolabeling techniques have opened a new door to the study of plant cells, allowing visualization at the light microscope level of some components that otherwise can be seen only with electron microscopy, and rapid assessment of large numbers of cells. This chapter focuses on the use of antibodies to label plant cells that are derived from tissues. With the exception of endosperm, generative cells, and sperm cells, all plant cells have a cellulosic cell wall, which, when intact, presents a barrier to antibody entry. To make plant cell cytoplasm accessible to antibodies, the cell wall must be breached in some fashion. This often involves weakening or removing components of the cell wall enzymatically or sectioning through it. In addition, in green plants, chloroplasts display red autofluorescence. In this case, a simple solution is to choose a nonred fluorochrome for immunolabeling and to prevent red autofluorescence from reaching the microscope oculars or camera by the use of appropriate barrier filter. Commercially available wall-digesting enzymes include cellulases, hemicellulases, and pectinases. Indirect immunofluorescence labeling can be done either with a fluorochrome-labeled secondary antibody that reacts with the primary antibody, or with a biotin-labeled secondary antibody followed by fluorochrome-labeled streptavidin.
Facilitatory neural activity compensating for neural delays as a potential cause of the flash-lag effect

In flash-lag effect (FLE), the position of a moving object is perceived to be ahead of a brief flash when they are actually co-localized. This phenomenon may be due to motion extrapolation: the nervous system has internal conduction delay, thus signals received with a delay in central areas have to be extrapolated for the internal state to be temporally aligned with that of the environment. The precise neural mechanism of such a process has not been fully investigated. Here, we propose that facilitating synapses can be a potential candidate. We tested this idea in FLE and showed that our model behaviour is consistent with experimental data. In sum, facilitatory neural dynamics may underlie delay compensation, thus giving rise to FLE.
In Vitro Survey of Autographa californica Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus Interaction with Nontarget Vertebrate Host Cells

Thirty-five nontarget host cell lines, 23 of human and 12 of nonhuman vertebrate origin, were exposed to Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus preparations derived from four different sources: polyhedra, hemolymph, cell culture medium, and cultured cells. The virus and cells were incubated together at two different temperatures, 28 or 37 degrees C, for four different lengths of time, 16, 40, 64, or 168 h, and the cells were assayed for the presence of virus by a peroxidase-antiperoxidase detection method. The estimated sensitivity of the assay as routinely conducted was 0.98 ng of alkali-liberated viral protein and 1.95 ng of budded viral protein per mm. No evidence of frank replication was obtained in any of the 35 cell lines tested, although virus uptake appeared to be quite common. Virus uptake was confirmed in some cases by electron microscopy. The degree of virus uptake appeared to be dependent on cell type, time and temperature of incubation, and viral phenotype. Virus purified from polyhedra was generally taken up more readily than were the other forms tested.
Attachment of Low Energy Electrons to “Hot” SF6 Molecules

The low energy electron attachment rate constant, ka, for SF6 has been measured in dilute mixtures of SF6 with N2 buffer gas in the temperature, T, range of 300 to 550 K and over a range of E/N values corresponding to mean electron energies, , ranging from 0.19 to 1.0 eV. As the gas temperature increases, the magnitude and energy dependence of ka( , T) remain unaffected. In the same T-range the collisionally stabilized SF6 - is very stable with respect to autodetachment; its lifetime is > 1 ms. The limiting electric field strength (E/N)lim for SF6 was found to increase by ∼14% as T is raised from 300 to 600 K. The significance of these findings in gaseous dielectrics is indicated.
Effect of adrenal steroids on a Na+- and K+-requiring adenosine triphosphatase from rat kidney.

Abstract In the rat, kidney adenosine triphosphatase activity levels in the presence of sodium and potassium ((Na+ + K+)-ATPase) fall slowly after adrenalectomy, reaching a minimum on the 6th or 7th postoperative day. Kinetic data from kidney microsomal preparations indicate that this results from a decrease in enzyme levels rather than an alteration in the Km values for ATP, sodium, or potassium. The administration of aldosterone (10 µg) to adrenalectomized rats produced no detectable changes in kidney (Na+ + K+)-ATPase levels after 3 hours, even though maximal sodium retention may be observed at that time. However, corticosterone, when given in doses equivalent to the adrenal output, brought the kidney (Na+ + K+)-ATPase levels of adrenalectomized rats back to normal in 2 to 3 days.
Cultural Variations or Socioeconomic Positions: The Gentrification Debate Continues

Specifically, she suggests that tastes invested with capital affluent residents' appreciation for certain restaurants and boutiques, and tourist throngs at a farmers' market booth are of greatest consequence for the city's public life and therefore most worthy of analytic attention. Naked City argues that the cultural tastes of the upper and upper-middle classes drive consumption practices and that such consumption benefits developers and investors, those with least regard for the city's soul, by providing investment and marketing opportunities geared toward affluent residents and tourists. She proposes that some New Yorkers, particularly members of the upper-middle class, are complicit in this destructive transformation even as they seek authenticity. For instance, she writes: "Our pursuit of authenticity our accumulation of this kind of cultural capital fuels rising real estate values; our rhetoric of authenticity implicitly endorses the new, postJacobs rhetoric of upscale growth" (p. 18). In so doing, Zukin aptly notes that it is not gentrification alone that drives the transformation of so many contemporary cities. Instead, gentrification is part and parcel of a broader shift, namely, the transformation of cities like New York into sites of cultural consumption. For this reason, it is the relationship between tastes and consumption to which she is most attentive. In sum, Naked City ought to be read much as we approach Jane Jacobs's classic The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Both are calls for the preservation of "authentic" place and community an authenticity that both authors locate in the sustained presence of certain longtime residents and their institutions and communities. Neither book fully reveals why many long for this version of authenticity or correlate it with "real" community, but Zukin's book, unlike Jacobs's, is notably cautious about the potential consequence of her appreciation for New York's soul. Like Jacobs's book, Naked City should and, I predict will, be remembered for richly capturing a pivotal moment in New York's development, as well as widespread anxiety about its future. It remains to be seen whether we heed its call.
Issues in assessing the economic benefits of ambient ozone control: some examples from agriculture

Abstract Information on the economic benefits arising from alternative secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standards can provide one measure of regulatory efficiency. If benefits assessments are to be used in assessing regulatory impacts of federal standards as recently ordered by President Ronald Reagan, the economic concept of benefits, the limitations of benefits analysis, and the validity of those estimates needs to be clarified. This paper briefly reviews some methodological and applied issues which can effect the validity of environmental economic assessments as they pertain to agriculture. Recent studies from the assessment literature on agriculture are critiqued with respect to how well they address such issues. An attempt is made to identify potential sources of variability in estimates found within that literature. Finally, implications for performance of future assessments are discussed.
Testing potatoes for field resistance to late blight

Selection of potato clones for field resistance to late blight was made satisfactoly in the field by inoculating 3-hill units with zoospores ofPhytophthora infestans. More precise comparisons were made in replicated 15-hill plots by measuring the spread of the disease from a single inoculated plant in the center of each plot. Certain selections made in the 3-hill plots proved to be more resistant than Sebago when tested in the 15-hill plots. Differences in resistance were found among Sebago, Pontiac and Irish Cobbler. Dazoc, Norland and Redkote were very susceptible. Resistance to stem and tuber infection was generally, but not consistently, associated with resistance to defoliation.
Library LAWLINE: Collaborative Virtual Reference in a Special Library Consortium

SUMMARY This article details the planning, design, and implementation of a collaborative virtual reference project undertaken by a group of law libraries. Service design, scheduling, and software selection are addressed. Outcomes and changes to the service after its first year are outlined, and recommendations are made to those considering implementing similar services.
Comparison of amyloid plaque contrast generated by T2-weighted, T2*-weighted, and susceptibility-weighted imaging methods in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease

One of the hallmark pathologies of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is amyloid plaque deposition. Plaques appear hypointense on T(2)-weighted and T(2)*-weighted MR images probably due to the presence of endogenous iron, but no quantitative comparison of various imaging techniques has been reported. We estimated the T(1), T(2), T(2)*, and proton density values of cortical plaques and normal cortical tissue and analyzed the plaque contrast generated by a collection of T(2)-weighted, T(2)*-weighted, and susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) methods in ex vivo transgenic mouse specimens. The proton density and T(1) values were similar for both cortical plaques and normal cortical tissue. The T(2) and T(2)* values were similar in cortical plaques, which indicates that the iron content of cortical plaques may not be as large as previously thought. Ex vivo plaque contrast was increased compared to a previously reported spin-echo sequence by summing multiple echoes and by performing SWI; however, gradient echo and SWI were found to be impractical for in vivo imaging due to susceptibility interface-related signal loss in the cortex.
Stress hormones and acid-base status of human fetuses at delivery

The relationship of plasma concentrations of arginine vasopressin (AVP), ACTH, cortisol, and PRL in the human fetus to mode of delivery and acid-base status has been investigated in 91 term pregnancies consisting of 4 groups based on mode of delivery, type of anesthesia, and use of ephedrine prophylaxis for maternal blood pressure control. Infants delivered vaginally after uncomplicated labors had higher umbilical cord plasma concentrations of AVP, ACTH, and cortisol than infants delivered without labor. Use of ephedrine, an alpha-agonist, during regional anesthesia was associated with elevated plasma AVP and ACTH concentrations compared to those in women receiving general anesthesia. At the time of delivery, 12 infants had acidemia (pH less than 7.20), as judged by pH of umbilical arterial blood. Their plasma AVP, ACTH, and cortisol levels did not differ from those of infants delivered by uncomplicated vaginal delivery, but were greater than those of infants delivered by cesarean section under general anesthesia. Moreover, in infants with acidemia, plasma concentrations of AVP and ACTH were significantly correlated, but PRL levels were unaffected by mode of delivery or acidemia. Elevated umbilical cord plasma concentrations of AVP, ACTH, and cortisol characterize term vaginal deliveries and are associated with intrauterine stress, demonstrating activation of the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and suggesting that AVP is important in ACTH release in the human fetus; however, PRL does not appear to be an important stress hormone.
Making males mindful of their sexual and procreative identities: using self-narratives in field settings.

Assisting men to appreciate themselves as sexual beings capable of creating human life will help them protect their own health and well-being while safeguarding their partners and potential children. My experience conducting in-depth interviews and focus groups with men aged 16–30 has convinced me that it is possible to enhance young men’s mindfulness about their sexual and procreative identities; the challenge for reproductive health care providers and educators is to explore creative ways of doing so. Individuals construct and express their identities by interacting reflecting and telling personal stories; they rely on language to make sense of their relationships and figure out who they are. Thus without the concepts and linguistic tools to capture the nuances of their everyday sexual and procreative lives many young men will have muddled and fragmented identities in these areas. If professionals are to help young men develop—and in some cases transform—their identities they should pursue three objectives. First they should expose young men to a set of theoretically informed ideas that allows them to identify and represent aspects of their sexual and procreative lives in practical ways. Second they should emphasize substantive themes encouraging men to recognize their ability to have sex and create human life as a powerful life force interwoven with other aspects of their lives. Third they should provide young men with private guidance and diverse group opportunities to construct and reflect upon their personal stories about procreative issues. (excerpt)
Gate oxide reliability improvement for CMOS and MEMS monolithic integration

Monolithic integration of 0.18µm 1.8/3.3V CMOS and Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) was developed by CMOS first/MEMS last scheme (CMOS-MEMS). During process development, gate oxide reliability is a major concern which can be observed due to (1) electrostatic charge damage through bonding pads during the die sawing stage of MEMS cap formation and (2) plasma induced damage (PID) during MEMS deep via etch and MEMS pattern etching. Electrostatic charge damage can be much improved by reducing the die sawing time, optimizing die saw cleaning recipe, and removing the pad oxide before MEMS cap formation. An electrostatic charge model has been developed to explain the gate oxide reliability characteristics. PID can be minimized through gated diode or P/N junction diode protection to provide another effective approach for electrical shielding of the MEMS device in our prior work [1].
Cyclo-biphenalenyl Biradicaloid Molecular Materials: Conformation, Tautomerization, Magnetism, and Thermochromism

Phenalenyl and its derivatives have recently attracted a great deal of interest as a result of a two-electron multicenter (2e/mc) π−π bonding between two π-stacked phenalenyl units. The 2e/mc bonded π-dimers are close in energy to the σ-dimers of phenalenyl and therefore fickle properties may emerge from bond fluctuation, yielding “smart” π-functional materials. Here, we examine the valence tautomerization of two cyclo-biphenalenyl biradicaloid molecular materials with chair and boat conformations by spin-restricted (R) and unrestricted (U) DFT using the M06 and B3LYP functionals. We found that the chair conformation involves a 2e/4c π−π bonded structure, whereas the boat conformation involves a 2e/12c π−π bonded structure on their potential energy surfaces. The global minimum for the chair conformation is the σ-bonded structure, whereas it is the π−π bonded structure for the boat conformation. The chair conformation exhibits a stepwise [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement, and calculations predict a negligibl...
Assault-Related Injury: What Do We Know, and What Should We Do About It?

Abstract [Abbott J: Assault-related injury: What do we know, and what should we do about it? Ann Emerg Med September 1998;32:363-366.]
The origin and the development of the concept Jinkaku - An important concept in Japanese morality

Lors de la traduction en japonais de la premiere version de la Constitution japonaise redigee en anglais par MacArthur apres la 2 n de guerre mondiale, les Japonais ont du interpreter un certain nombre d'idees sociales et politiques non familieres a leur culture. Parmi ces idees, celle de la dignite individuelle a ainsi ete rendue par le concept democratique de respect pour jinkaku', qui a ete proclame comme etant l'un des concepts cle de la democratie japonaise de l'apres-guerre. Ce meme mot a ete utilise pour representer l'objectif principal de l'education democratique japonaise dans la Loi Fondamentale sur l'Education. Dans cet article, l'A. examine l'histoire intellectuelle du jinkaku', en montrant comment le mot a ete cree a la fin du 19 e siecle et comment sa signification s'est etendue pendant le premier quart du 20 e siecle, non seulement pour representer, mais aussi pour faconner l'idee d'une nouvelle personne publique au Japon
Nonlinear viscoelastic model containing a yield element for modeling a food material

A series-parallel model is introduced in which a yield element is incorporated in the parallel branch. Before the yield stress is reached, the stress-strain behavior is determined by the series branch to exhibit the linear uiscoelasticity of the material. When the yield stress is reached, the stress in the model which was sustained by the yield element is suddenly transferred to the spring and dashpot in parallel. As a consequence, a stress rate discontinuity was created. It is this feature which makes possible the simulation of the yield behavior of the food material. Data from Instron tests on American cheese are used to illustrate the model.
Abstract A46: LSD1 globally mediates epigenetic modifications on androgen receptor-dependent enhancers

Androgen receptor (AR) belongs to nuclear receptor superfamily and plays pivotal roles in development of prostate and prostate cancer. The lignded AR binds to AR responsive elements (ARE) on the enhancers and mediates the transcription activity. AR binding on chromatin appears to depend on the binding of pioneer factor FOXA1, which recognizes the active sites marked with high level of mono- or di-methylation of Histon 3 lysine 4 (H3K4me1-2) and then make the site accessible for AR binding. However, the in depth mechanism how FOXA1 opens the enhancer and whether this results in further chromatin modification remains unclear. Through ChIP-seq studies coupled with gene expression array, we have found LSD1 (lysine specific demethylase 1) together with its binding partner CoRest were recruited by FOXA1 to the AR-dependent enhancer and its histone demethylation functions were then activated by liganded AR. This results in the loss of methylation marks and activation of gene transcription but not affecting AR binding or AR-mediated nucleosome dynamics. In contrast to this activator function, LSD1 can also formed corepressor complex to suppress the transcription of a subset of genes. This comprehensive study clearly suggested distinct roles of LSD1 as a coactivator versus a corepressor in different protein complexes therefore to mediate different cell functions. Citation Format: Changmeng Cai, Housheng Hansen He, Myles Brown, Steven P. Balk. LSD1 globally mediates epigenetic modifications on androgen receptor-dependent enhancers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Chromatin and Epigenetics in Cancer; Jun 19-22, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(13 Suppl):Abstract nr A46.
Has the increase in world-wide openness to trade worsened global income inequality?

This article contributes to our understanding of the relationship between globalization and world income inequality by analyzing the trend in global inequality for the period 1960–1989. Using Penn World Tables data and time-series econometric techniques, it analyzes how the increase in worldwide openness to trade has been related to global income inequality during this period. When differential population growth rates among the countries are taken into account, the results indicate that (i) global income inequality exhibited a downward trend between 1960 and 1989, and (ii) while there is a positive relationship between inequality and openness, the relationship is not statistically significant.
An examination of nonlinear dependence in exchange rates, using recent methods from chaos theory

Abstract Interest in the relevance of nonlinear dynamics to finance and economics has spurred the evolution of new ways to analyze time series data. Tests for chaos, based on a metric approach which measures spatial correlations, led to the development of the correlation dimension test for chaos and the BDS test for nonlinearity. More recently, a topological method has been introduced into the scientific literature which employs a simple qualitative test for chaos that is adaptable to the characteristics of financial data. A quantitative version is also presented here. Conflicting evidence exists about the presence of chaotic behavior in exchange-rate data. The qualitative topological test does not support evidence of a chaotic generating mechanism in these series. The quantitative form finds nonlinear dependence and is a useful diagnostic to determine the adequacy of ARCH-type models for this nonlinear structure.
Composite pairing in a mixed-valent two-channel Anderson model

Using a two-channel Anderson model, we develop a theory of composite pairing in the 115 family of heavy fermion superconductors that incorporates the effects of $f$-electron valence fluctuations. Our calculations introduce ``symplectic Hubbard operators'': an extension of the slave boson Hubbard operators that preserves both spin rotation and time-reversal symmetry in a large $N$ expansion, permitting a unified treatment of anisotropic singlet pairing and valence fluctuations. We find that the development of composite pairing in the presence of valence fluctuations manifests itself as a phase-coherent mixing of the empty and doubly occupied configurations of the mixed valent ion. This effect redistributes the $f$-electron charge within the unit cell. Our theory predicts a sharp superconducting shift in the nuclear quadrupole resonance frequency associated with this redistribution. We calculate the magnitude and sign of the predicted shift expected in CeCoIn${}_{5}$.
A double-switch system regulates male courtship behavior in male and female Drosophila melanogaster

Current models describe male-specific fruitless (fruM) as a genetic 'switch' regulating sexual behavior in Drosophila melanogaster, and they postulate that female (F) and male (M) doublesex (dsx) products control body sexual morphology. In contradiction to this simple model, we show that dsx, as well as fruM and non-sex-specific retained (retn), affect both male and female sexual behaviors. In females, both retn and dsxF contribute to female receptivity, and both genes act to repress male-like courtship activity in the presence or absence of fruM. In males, consistent with the opposing functions of dsxM and dsxF, dsxM acts as a positive factor for male courtship. retn also acts counter to fruM in the development of the male-specific muscle of Lawrence. Molecularly, retn seems to regulate sexual behavior via a previously described complex that represses zerknullt. Thus, we show that fru and dsx together act as a 'switch' system regulating behavior in the context of other developmental genes, such as retn.
Topology design based on transferred and potential transferred forces

The concepts of transferred force and potential transferred force through certain parts of the structure to its supports are explained. Topology design methods for linearly elastic structures with the combined use of these forces are investigated. Since the methods do not require any formal optimization techniques, they are quite straightforward to use. The methods are applied to a cantilever truss structure and 2-D plates. The problem of dependency of the solution on the finite element mesh is studied for the cantilever plate problem. It is concluded that the methods with the combined use of transferred and potential transferred forces are good for material redistribution problems and they give better solutions than the methods that use only transferred forces.
Scheduling hard real-time tasks with tolerance of multiple processor failures

Abstract Real-time systems are used extensively in applications that are mission-critical and life-critical, such as space exploration, aircraft avionics, and robotics. Since these systems are usually operating in environments that are non-deterministic, and even hazardous, it is extremely important that hard deadlines of tasks be met even in the presence of certain failures. To tolerate processor failures, the problem of scheduling a set of real-time tasks with duplication is studied. We first prove that the problem of scheduling a set of non-preemptive tasks on m ≥ 3 processors to tolerate one arbitrary processor is NP-complete even when the tasks share a common deadline. A heuristic algorithm is then proposed to solve the problem. The schedule generated by the algorithm can tolerate, in the worst case, one arbitrary processor failure, but in the best case [m/2] processor failures, where m is the number of processors. Experimental data and analysis show that the performance of the algorithm is near-optimal.
Relationship of Perceived Competencies, Perceived Social Support, and Gender to Substance Use in Young Adolescents

ABSTRACT Objective This survey study explores the relationship between area-specific perceived self-competence, perceived social support, gender, and substance use in young adolescents. Method Questionnaires were administered to 140 male and 131 female adolescents attending middle school to assess self-perception of competencies, social support, and substance use. Correlations were performed between the predictor variable and the substance use measures. Hierarchical multiple regressions were also used to identify potential interactions between gender, perceived competencies, and perceived social support in the prediction of specific substances. Results Higher perceived scholastic competence was associated with less substance use in both genders. In boys, more perceived support from teachers, and to a lesser degree parents, was associated with less substance use, particularly in those with low scholastic competence. In girls, social support was unrelated to substance use except for support from classmates, which was associated with more cigarette and marijuana use. However, in girls with low scholastic competence, more support from peers was consistently associated with more substance use. Conclusions The gender differences in risk factors for early substance use identified in this study deserve further investigation, in view of their potential relevance for adolescent substance abuse prevention and early intervention. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1997, 36(7):933–940.
Enhanced Morphine Analgesia in Mice Lacking β-Arrestin 2

The ability of morphine to alleviate pain is mediated through a heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein)-coupled heptahelical receptor (GPCR), the mu opioid receptor (muOR). The efficiency of GPCR signaling is tightly regulated and ultimately limited by the coordinated phosphorylation of the receptors by specific GPCR kinases and the subsequent interaction of the phosphorylated receptors with beta-arrestin 1 and beta-arrestin 2. Functional deletion of the beta-arrestin 2 gene in mice resulted in remarkable potentiation and prolongation of the analgesic effect of morphine, suggesting that muOR desensitization was impaired. These results provide evidence in vivo for the physiological importance of beta-arrestin 2 in regulating the function of a specific GPCR, the muOR. Moreover, they suggest that inhibition of beta-arrestin 2 function might lead to enhanced analgesic effectiveness of morphine and provide potential new avenues for the study and treatment of pain, narcotic tolerance, and dependence.
Electrically Switched Liquid Crystal Color and Device Applications

We demonstrate a polymer-stabilized cholesteric liquid crystal (PSChLC) where the reflected color can be electrically-switched to reflect a different color at a shorter wavelength (blue-shift). A polymerizable additive formulation is used to ensure a wider range of color tuning and anisotropic reflection where on side reflects and the other side transmits the incident light in response to applied voltage. A second electrically switched color based on polymer-stabilized blue phase (PSBP) liquid crystal is also demonstrated. Applying an electric field across the cell results in a red-shift in Bragg reflected wavelength due to the electrostriction effect. These switchable color devices of are color filters and polarizers free which are suitable for electronic papers.
Max-optimal and sum-optimal labelings of graphs

Given a graph G, a function f:V(G)->{1,2,...,k} is a k-ranking of G if f(u)=f(v) implies that every u-v path contains a vertex w such that f(w)>f(u). A k-ranking is minimal if the reduction of any label greater than 1 violates the described ranking property. We consider two norms for minimal rankings. The max-optimal norm @?f(G)@?"~ is the smallest k for which G has a minimal k-ranking. This value is also referred to as the rank number @g"r(G). In this paper we introduce the sum-optimal norm @?f(G)@?"1 which is the minimum sum of all labels over all minimal rankings. We investigate similarities and differences between the two norms. In particular we show rankings for paths and cycles that are sum-optimal are also max-optimal.
On the impact of steric and electronic properties of ligands on gold(I)-catalyzed cycloaddition reactions.

It is shown that [4 + 3] and [4 + 2] cycloaddition pathways are accessible in the Au(I) catalysis of allene−dienes. Seven-membered ring gold-stabilized carbenes, originating from the [4 + 3] cycloaddition process, are unstable and can rearrange via a 1,2-H or a 1,2-alkyl shift to yield six- and seven-membered products. Both steric and electronic properties of the AuL+ catalyst affect the electronic structure of the intermediate gold-stabilized carbene and its subsequent reactivity.
Effect of adaptation and wavelength on the power spectrum of human oscillatory potentials

Oscillatory potentials were recorded from four adult subjects under dark- and light-adapted conditions with photopically balanced red and blue flashes. The responses between 80 and 200 Hz were analyzed by means of a Fast Fourier transform program. The results show a robust change in the power - but not in the frequency composition - with the different stimulus conditions. We suggest that an analysis of the total power within this frequency band may provide a quantitative way of evaluating the duplex nature of the oscillatory potentials.
DDAVP: A useful alternative to blood components in moderate hemophilia A and von Willebrand disease*

The effect of the vasopressin analog 1-deamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) was studied in three normal individuals, 31 subjects with von Willebrand disease, and seven subjects with mild or moderate hemophilia A. None of those with von Willebrand disease had qualitative abnormalities of factor VIII-related antigen (F VIII:RAg). Both intranasal (2 to 4 μg/kg) and intravenous (0.2 μg/kg) DDAVP were used. All normal subjects, 27 of 31 with von Willebrand disease, and six of seven with hemophilia had a more than 200% increase in F VIII coagulant activity, with lesser but definite increases in F VIII:RAg and ristocetin cofactor activity. Two subjects with severe von Willebrand disease had no increases in F VIII-related activities. In six subjects with von Willebrand disease who had prolonged bleeding times, there was transient correction after DDAVP therapy. None of eight subjects who received DDAVP prior to surgical procedures had any unusual bleeding during or after surgery. None received any blood products. No untoward side effects were noted in any of the 41 subjects. We conclude that DDAVP is a safe and effective alternative to the use of blood products in certain individuals with von Willebrand disease and hemophilia A.
DEVELOPMENTAL EVALUATION IN CONGENITAL ESOTROPIA

Eleven patients with congenital esotropia were tested with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) before surgery and at two and six months after surgery. Eight patients completed all three tests and no obvious changes were found between the first and last test. Of the eight patients, two were considered developmentally normal by the BSID; three had significantly delayed mental and motor scores; one showed significant mental delay; and one had motor delay. Medial rectus muscle recessions were done bilaterally on all patients. Four required a second operation. Orthophoria was obtained in six patients.
Algal Productivity in Salt Marshes of Georgia1

Gross primary production of algae in the intertidal marshes on the coast of Georgia was measured at various seasons. Measurements were also made of light, temperature, pH, depth of flooding at high tide, and sedimentary chlorophyll. Migration of the algae in the sediments was observed along creek borders. Production during low tide is 150 mg C/m2/hr in winter and 20–30 mg C/m2/hr in summer. Production under water, during high tide is 200 mg C/m2/hr in August and drops to 50 mg in winter. A relation between the changes in production and the regime of light, temperature, and tides is postulated. Changes in production during high and low tide alternate so as to result in a nearly constant daily production throughout the year. The annual gross algal production is estimated to be 200 g C/m2. Net production is not less than 90 per cent of gross production. Photosynthetic efficiency varied from 3 per cent to less than 0.1 per cent.
LXXVII. The Corbino effect in iron

(1921). LXXVII. The Corbino effect in iron. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 42, No. 251, pp. 677-679.
Characterization of surface layers formed during pyrite oxidation

Surface electrochemical reactions of pyrite have been studied using cyclic voltammetry, in situ laser Raman spectroscopy and potentiostatic measurements. A surface sulfur layer was identified on pyrite surfaces during transpassive oxidation. Sulfur layer formation at high anodic potentials was confirmed by subsequent surface reactions during the cathodic and return anodic cycle in cyclic voltammetry and by in situ Raman spectroscopy. Initially, polysulfides (FeSx of variable x) form as intermediates during anodic oxidation in both acidic and basic solutions. The nature of these intermediates depends upon pH and the rate of surface film growth. The end product of the film growth is an active form of sulfur, S0act, which is readily reducible. Raman spectra obtained during an extended period of time indicated the film was mainly S0act. The conditions such as applied potentials and pH that lead to the build-up of the surface oxidation layer have been determined. Film growth kinetics obey the paralinear rate law, indicating uniform film growth of the sulfur-rich layer to a steady state thickness. The thickness is controlled by the simultaneous rate of diffusion of cations through the polysulfide layer, with parabolic rate of constant kp, and the rate oxidation of the active-sulfur outer layer, with the linear rate constant k1, to soluble sulfur species in solution. The effects of temperature, applied potential and pH on kp and k1 were determined using the paralinear rate law.
Determination of Phase Diagrams by AEM

Determination of phase diagrams to understand the equilibria among phases in metallic and ceramic systems has been of paramount interest in many areas of materials research. Traditionally, phase diagrams have been determined by (i) selecting several experimental compositions to map the region in the system of interest, (ii) exposing the alloys to temperature to achieve equilibrium, and (iii) characterizing one or more of the physical properties of the bulk material such as the crystal structure(s), magnetic property, metallography, etc., to determine the number and type of phases present in each alloy. Phase boundaries are then determined by delineating the regions of alloy compositions with respect to the number and types of phases present. The traditional methods suffer from several drawbacks, the major ones being (i) the need for numerous samples, (ii) difficulties in accurately determining multi-phase regions, (iii) assumption that the bulk samples are macroscopically and microscopically homogeneous, and (iv) difficulties in establishing the attainment of equilibrium. The limitations of these traditional methods mainly stem from their inherent inability to characterize the crystal structure and composition of the individual phasesCI). More recently, methods have been developed to determine phase boundaries by x-ray microprobe analysis of bulk diffusion couples (2). Though this approach offers some advantages over the conventional methods, it is still limited by the poor spatial resolution of x-ray microprobe analysis.
High-resolution solid-state NMR structure of a 17.6 kDa protein.

The use of pseudocontact shifts arising from paramagnetic metal ions in a microcrystalline protein sample is proposed as a strategy to obtain unambiguous signal assignments in solid-state NMR spectra enabling distance extraction for protein structure calculation. With this strategy, 777 unambiguous (281 sequential, 217 medium-range, and 279 long-range) distance restraints could be obtained from PDSD, DARR, CHHC, and the recently introduced PAR and PAIN-CP solid-state experiments for the cobalt(II)-substituted catalytic domain of matrix metalloproteinase 12 (159 amino acids, 17.6 kDa). The obtained structure is a high resolution one, with backbone rmsd of 1.0 ± 0.2 A, and is in good agreement with the X-ray structure (rmsd to X-ray 1.3 A). The proposed strategy, which may be generalized for nonmetalloproteins with the use of paramagnetic tags, represents a significant step ahead in protein structure determination using solid-state NMR.
Effect of tetracyclines which have metalloproteinase inhibitory capacity on basal and heparin-stimulated bone resorption by chick osteoclasts.

Several tetracyclines (TETs) are potent inhibitors of collagenase (CGase) and can inhibit connective tissue degradation in a variety of inflammatory and degenerative disorders. The role of CGase in bone resorption by osteoclasts (OC) remains unclear. Disaggregated OCs from chick embryos were cultured for 24 h on devitalized bovine cortical bone±heparin in the presence of various TETs. Doxycycline (Dox) inhibited pit formation in a dose-dependent manner. CMT, a TET derivative which inhibits matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) but is not antimicrobial, also inhibited chick OC bone resorption. Heparin markedly stimulated bone resorption at 5 μg/ml, which was reversed by Dox, 5 μg/ml. TETs can reversibly inhibit both basal and heparin-stimulated bone resorption by chick OCs. These findings suggest that MMPs may play a role in osteoclastic bone resorption, and that safe and effective inhibitors of MMPs, including certain TETs, might have a potential therapeutic role.
Regulation of Insulin Secretion from β-Cell Lines Derived from Transgenic Mice Insulinomas Resembles that of Normal β-Cells*

Insulin secretory physiology has been characterized in tumor cell lines derived by primary culture of insulinomas that developed in transgenic mice expressing the large T-antigen of SV40 in pancreatic islet beta-cells. Cells in one of these lines, beta TC-3, contain large amounts of insulin (3100 +/- 294 ng/100 micrograms cellular protein). Constitutive release of insulin over 2 h in static incubation was low at 31.9 ng/100 micrograms protein and was increased 2-fold by glucose (16.7 mM) and 8-fold by depolarizing concentrations of potassium (45 mM). Isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX; 0.5 mM) and forskolin (5 and 50 microM), which elevated cellular levels of cAMP, were ineffective as secretagogues, but dramatically potentiated glucose and potassium effects on insulin release (6.5- and 4-fold, respectively). A variety of other known insulin secretagogues stimulated insulin release in a manner analogous to their effects in normal islets. The sulfonylurea glipizide (1 microM) and the tumor-promoting phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (1 microM) stimulated insulin release 3.4- and 13.7-fold, respectively. The cholinergic agonist carbachol (2 microM) was ineffective alone, but potentiated glucose-induced insulin release 2.8-fold. Comparable stimulation of insulin release by glucose (16.7 mM) and glucose (16.7 mM) plus IBMX (0.5 mM) was noted with several other beta TC lines, which were derived independently from separate transgenic mice. Glucose- and glucose- plus IBMX (0.5 mM)-induced insulin release occurred progressively from 0.15-16.7 mM, indicating that insulin release from beta TC-3 cells occurred at much lower levels than that from normal islets. However, as in the normal islet, the glucose concentration dependency for insulin release was highly correlated (r = 0.93) with the glucose concentration dependency for glucose utilization (measured by 3H2O formation from [5-3H]glucose). This suggests that glucose induces insulin release from beta TC-3 cells by a mechanism similar to that in the normal islet. The high insulin content, the multifold stimulation of insulin release by a variety of secretagogues, their convenient propagation in culture, and the renewable source of these cell lines make the beta TC cells a convenient model for studies of beta-cell function.
Uses and Abuses of Horace: His Reception since 1935 in Germany and Anglo-America

The reception of Horace since the 1935 bimillennial of his birth and the political instrumentalization of his works has reflected radically different cultural situations in Germany and Anglo-America. Regarded in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) ambivalently as political lackey or escapist, Horace was largely ignored in the agenda of most West German poets. An older generation of prominent English-language poets, in contrast, rediscovered Horace in the 1960s as a challenging literary master and advocate of an engaging life style. By the 1980s younger poets felt free to compose major works of a more generally social nature assuming an acquaintance with the Roman poet. A recent outpouring of translations and adaptations, unmatched in Germany, has reasserted Horace’s presence in the contemporary literary consciousness of England and the United States.
Family Systems and Alzheimer's Disease

Senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type (SDAT) is a disease which affects family members almost as much as the individual patient. For this reason, effective treatment must be directed to the whole family. Family systems theory, as described here, is a model which provides an explanation of the impact of the disease on the family as well as a framework for intervention. This approach requires a somewhat unique set of interventions on the part of the health care professional, recognizing the family as the unit for treatment, rather than the diagnosed patient. The family systems model and its application to SDAT are described.