cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
5-[123I]iodo-2′-deoxyuridine in the radiotherapy of an early ascites tumor model

The extreme biological toxicity of Auger emitters is caused by the decay-associated, highly localized deposition of energy. The antineoplastic capability of an Auger-electron emitter, iodine-123, incorporated into the thymidine analog, 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine (IUdR) was evaluated in an intraperitoneal (ig.) murine ovarian tumor (MOT) in female C3HeB/Fej mice. Total doses of 0.37 to 8.88 MBq (10–240 μCi) 123IUdR were administered i.p. in five equally divided fractions at 24, 28, 32, 36, and 40 hr after the i.p. inoculation of 0.5 to 1.6 × 106 tumor cells per mouse. Control tumor-bearing animals were injected with identical volumes of saline at 4-hr intervals. Biodistribution studies demonstrated a distinct and localized uptake of 123IUdR in the MOT cells (1 % of the injected dose was associated with MOT cells 24 hr after the last injection), whereas in animals without tumor there was no radioactivity associated with the peritoneal cells. Analogous results were obtained from scintigraphic images where the focal area of abdominal activity persisted only in MOT-bearing mice while it cleared from the abdomen of the controls. The 50% survival (median survival) of the control group was 19 days for an inoculum of 1.6 × 106 MOT cells per animal, whereas the median survival of MOT-bearing animals treated with 123IUdR increased by 11 days for the highest administered dose (8.88 MBq, 240 μCi) and resulted in a 20% absolute survival at 7 weeks. Statistically significant absolute survival prolongation was found with all of the total administered doses. The prolongation of both median and absolute survival time of the tumor-bearing animals treated with 123IUdR conclusively indicates the substantial antineoplastic activity of the Auger-electron emitter iodine-123.
White Light Emission Characteristics of Polymer-Encapsulated CdSe Nanocrystal Films

A white, cadmium selenide (CdSe) nanocrystal-based phosphor light-emitting diode (LED) was fabricated in this work using a commercial ultraviolet (UV) LED topped with a thin film of nanocrystals encapsulated in a polymer. A range of film thicknesses were fabricated and different wavelength LEDs were employed to analyze their influences on the emission properties of the phosphor LEDs. The absorbance and emission intensity of light passing through the films were optimized without compromising the excellent inherent color quality of the white-light nanocrystals. These results indicate a potential to improve the color quality and lower the scattering losses found in current white LEDs based on much larger, micron-sized phosphors.
Activity of Fungicides Against Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi in Blueberry Flowers Treated at Different Phenological Stages.

The activity of fenbuconazole and azoxystrobin applied to blueberry flowers at different phenological stages against subsequent gynoecial infection by the mummy berry fungus Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi was evaluated. In the greenhouse, potted blueberry plants having flower clusters at five distinct stages (from bud scale separation to anthesis) were treated with the two fungicides. One day after anthesis (between 1 and 15 days after fungicide treatment), individual flowers were detached and inoculated with conidia of M. vaccinii-corymbosi in the laboratory. Four days after inoculation, hyphal ingress into the style was determined microscopically as a measure of fungicide efficacy. Results revealed a significant flower stage effect (P 0.50) nor was there a significant fungicide-flower stage interaction (P > 0.30). In the field during 2 years, mature blueberry plants were treated with the two fungicides and exposed to natural pathogen inoculum. At the time of application, flower clusters at anthesis and at three preanthesis stages were selected and tagged. Mummy berry incidence in fruit developing from the tagged clusters was assessed to determine treatment effects. Whereas fenbuconazole lowered disease incidence for all preanthesis stages, azoxystrobin was effective only at the latest preanthesis stage. The discrepancy between these results and those of the greenhouse study (where there was no preanthesis activity of either fungicide) indirectly suggests post-infection fungicidal activity in the ovary, the base of which was exposed to the fungicide spray at the time of treatment for all flower phenology stages. Thus, although there appears to be insufficient translocation of the two fungicides in flowers treated at preanthesis stages to prevent stylar ingress by the pathogen, fungicidal activity in the ovary may be sufficient to halt subsequent fungal colonization, especially for fenbuconazole. To prescribe the most effective management program for flower-infecting fungi, translocation and post-infection activity of fungicides in floral tissues must be better understood.
A dual-band low frequency metamaterial-inspired magnetic-based antennas

Dual-band magnetic-based 3D antennas were introduced and shown to achieve efficient radiating elements that operate over a low frequency band. The resonant frequencies of the antenna system can be designed for a broad range of frequencies by tuning separately the near field resonant parasitic elements. We are continuing our investigations to determine if other structural variations can further reduce the return losses at the lower VHF frequencies or could better control the separation between the two resonance frequencies.
Processing of Contrastiveness by Heritage Russian Bilinguals.

Two eye-tracking experiments in the Visual World paradigm compared how monolingual Russian (Experiment 1) and heritage Russian–English bilingual (Experiment 2) listeners process contrastiveness online in Russian. Materials were color adjective–noun phrases embedded into the split-constituent construction Krasnuju položite zvezdocku . . . “Red put star . . .” whose inherent contrastiveness results from integration of multiple sources of information, i.e., word order, prosody and visual context. The results showed that while monolinguals rapidly used word order and visual context (but not contrastive prosody) to compute the contrast set even before the noun appeared in speech, heritage Russian bilinguals were very slow and took notice of multiple sources of information only when the lexical identity of the noun made the task superfluous. These results are similar to slowed processing reported in the literature for L2 learners. It is hypothesized that this slowdown in HL processing is due to cascading effects of covert competition between the two languages that starts at the level of spoken word recognition and culminates at the interfaces and, with time, it may become a major contributing force to heritage language attrition.
Wound-induced deposition of polyphenols in transgenic plants overexpressing peroxidase

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants transformed with a chimeric tobacco anionic peroxidase gene have previously been shown to synthesize high levels of peroxidase in all tissues throughout the plant. One of several distinguishable phenotypes of transformed plants is the rapid browning of pith tissue upon wounding. Pith tissue from plants expressing high levels of peroxidase browned within 24 hours of wounding, while tissue from control plants did not brown as late as 7 days after wounding. A correlation between peroxidase activity and wound-induced browning was observed, whereas no relationship between polyphenol oxidase activity and browning was found. The purified tobacco anionic peroxidase was subjected to kinetic analysis with substrates which resemble the precursors of lignin or polyphenolic acid. The purified enzyme was found to readily polymerize phenolic acids in the presence of H2O2 via a modified ping-pong mechanism. The percentage of lignin and lignin-related polymers in cell walls was nearly twofold greater in pith tissue isolated from peroxidase-overproducer plants compared to control plants. Lignin deposition in wounded pith tissue from control plants closely followed the induction of peroxidase activity. However, wound-induced lignification occurred 24 to 48 hours sooner in plants overexpressing the anionic peroxidase. This suggests that the availability of peroxidase rather than substrate may delay polyphenol deposition in wounded tissue.
Targeting Telestroke: Benchmarking Time Performance in Telestroke Consultations

Objective To describe the length of time physicians spend completing telestroke consultations and examine factors associated with that period. Methods This is a retrospective review of data from telestroke software. Clinical data obtained between July 2010 and February 2011 from 8 hub and 24 spoke hospitals were abstracted for 235 consecutive consultations and linked to time metadata generated by software interaction. Consult length was defined as the time logged on to the robot and was exclusive of any telephone interaction or documentation time. Response time was defined as patient arrival to physician log-on. Results Mean consult length for 203 complete, time-stamped cases was 14.5 minutes. There was no independent association between consult length and age, diagnosis, time of arrival from symptom onset, neurological exam findings, known recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (r-tPA) contraindications, and absence of vascular risk factors. Mean consult length was statistically longer in r-tPA–recommended cases (20.0 versus 15.3 minutes; P = .04). Mean response time was 76.3 minutes. Conclusions The relatively short consult length suggests a workflow model in which acute stroke care is largely completed before telestroke consultation with a specialist rendering an expert opinion on previously gathered data performed off-line. The findings for prolonged response times indicate an area for improvement. Future workflow models for telestroke consultation will need to be reconsidered to optimize quality of care and clinical efficiency.
Current Problems That Are Likely to Affect the Future of Epidemiology

The current discussion focuses on criticism as a positive force for improving epidemiologic practice through periodic reexamination of the basic approach to the discipline and the strategy for meeting the future educational needs of students and practicing epidemiologists. The types of epidemiologic research conducted and the settings within which the research will be conducted are also discussed. Epidemiology can be expected to play a major role in new areas of research that are created by changes in the medical care system and the development of large data systems associated with these approaches to health care delivery. This paper also discusses the growing threat to data access, the problems of communicating epidemiologic research findings to the public through the media, and the expanding interface between epidemiologic research and the legal system. The role of epidemiologic organizations in helping to shape the discipline's response to these issues and the opportunities these issues or problems present for improving epidemiologic research are also discussed.
Efficacy of feed additives in enhancing performance of growing pigs

The efficacy of feed additives in enhancing the performance of growing pigs, together with the effect of different protein levels (18 v. 16% from 13 to 18 kg body weight and 16 v. 14% from 18 to 39 kg body-weight), were evaluated in three experiments with 412 pigs. In Experiment 1, from 13 to 39 kg body weight, pigs receiving 55 p.p.m. carbadox (C) produced a greater (P 0·05) trend n i daily feed intake and gain/feed ratio. The ASP pigs also produced a greater (P In Experiment 2, from 16 to 39 kg body weight, NM control pigs achieved high weight gains, and all the feed additive treatments studied [C+106 p.p.m. of the worming agent pyrantel tartrate (C+P); ASP+8 mg of the worming agent levamisole-HCl per kg body weight fed once on day 7 of the experiment (ASP+L); and 113 p.p.m. tylosin+13 p.p.m. of the worming agent hygromycin B] were similar to the NM controls in daily feed intake, weight gain and gain/feed ratio. However, in Experiment 3, the C+P and ASP+L treatments resulted in a greater (P
The effects of underfeeding during pregnancy and lactation on structure and chemistry of bovine liver and muscle.

An experiment was carried out to study the effects of underfeeding during late pregnancy and early lactation on the structure and chemistry of liver and muscle of dairy cows. Two groups of cattle were fed at 60 and 40% of estimated requirements for maintenance and pregnancy or lactation for 13 weeks before and 13 weeks after calving, and one group was fed at maintenance level only for the same period. A control group was fed at 100% of estimated requirements for the same period. All groups were subsequently fed at the control level for a further 24 weeks.Underfeeding resulted in significant changes in muscle and liver of dairy cows. In particular, there was a decrease in liver cell volume in the underfed groups and a persistence of post-parturient fat in the moderately underfed cows. Muscle fibre diameter was reduced and there was a loss of fast twitch oxidative glycolytic fibres in the underfed cows.
40-Gb/s Series-Push-Pull Mach&#8211;Zehnder Transmitter on a Dual-Quantum-Well Integration Platform

A series-push-pull Mach-Zehnder modulator is integrated with a sampled-grating distributed Bragg reflector laser on a dual-quantum-well integration platform. The device exhibited greater than 7.8-dB extinction at 40 Gb/s with a 2.5-V drive voltage across a wavelength range of 1541-1566 nm. Bit-error-rate measurements at 10 Gb/s showed error-free operation and negative chirp
TETA: transistor-level waveform evaluation for timing analysis

Static timing analysis breaks down the longest path problem into waveform analysis of paths of logic stages that are comprised of nonlinear transistors and complex RLC loads. Runtime efficiency is of the utmost importance; however, the waveform evaluation of these logic stages cannot be accelerated via timing simulation algorithms that attempt to exploit temporal or spatial latency since the simulation problem is already a partitioned one. TETA was developed as a general purpose transistor-level waveform evaluation engine for providing accuracy-efficiency tradeoffs for these logic-stage waveform evaluation problems that are encountered during timing analysis. Of particular emphasis are the large RC(L) coupled logic stages which present the bottleneck for waveform evaluation along multiple stages of a digital circuit path. TETA applies a novel compaction scheme for the logic-stage transistor clusters and employs a novel nonlinear algebraic solution method to analyze the circuit. Importantly, stability of the waveform evaluation with TETA requires only stable single-input multi-output N-port interconnect models that are not necessarily passive. Waveform evaluators that use general transistor and piecewise linear device models require provably passive multi-input multi-output interconnect models that can be extremely inefficient for large coupled N-port problems. Furthermore, the methodology in TETA brings extra efficiency by avoiding extra matrix factorizations and enabling the use of device model tables without any loss of accuracy. Complex logic gates and nonlinear capacitors are handled without loss of generality.
Classification of malignant melanomas according to the histologic morphology of melanoma nodules.

Malignant melanoma is a more heterogeneous neoplasm than indicated by the four histologic types described by Clark and his associates.1,2 In this study, we focused attention on the histologic morphology of malignant melanocytes in nodules of malignant melanoma and have identified at least four additional subtypes. Determination of “nodule type” appears to be superior to the Breslow measurement of thickness in predicting metastases and death. Based on our experience with this study, we believe that a review of the microscopic slides from a larger series of cases, with at least eight years follow-up, may reveal other “nodule types” and may also further divide these four subtypes into yet more groups.
Venous thromboembolism after retrieval of inferior vena cava filters

Purpose To determine the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) after removal of retrievable inferior vena cava (IVC) filters. Materials and Methods Retrospective study was conducted of 67 patients who underwent 72 consecutive filter retrievals at a single institution. Data collected included VTE status at the time of filter placement, anticoagulant medications at the time of filter retrieval and afterward, new or recurrent VTE after filter removal, and insertion of subsequent filters. Patient questionnaires were completed in 50 cases, chart review in all patients. Results At the time of filter placement, 30 patients had documented VTE, 19 had a history of treated VTE, and 23 were at risk for but had neither previous nor present VTE. Mean duration of follow-up after filter removal was 20.6 months ± 10.9. A total of 52 patients (57 filters) received anticoagulation and/or antiplatelet medications after filter removal. There were two documented episodes of recurrent deep vein thrombosis (2.8% of filters removed), both in patients who had VTE at the time of filter placement and underwent therapeutic anticoagulation at the time of filter removal. One of these patients (1.4% of filters removed) also experienced pulmonary embolism. Of the 23 patients without VTE when the filter was placed, none developed VTE after filter removal. Four patients (5.5% of filters removed) required subsequent permanent filters, three for complications of anticoagulation, one for failure of anticoagulation. Conclusions VTE was rare after removal of IVC filters, but was most likely to occur in patients who had VTE at the time of filter placement
Countable sections for locally compact group actions

It has been shown by J. Feldman, P. Hahn and C. C. Moore that every non-singular action of a second countable locally compact group has a countable (in fact so-called lacunary) complete measurable section. This is extended here to the purely Borel theoretic category, consisting of a Borel action of such a group on an analytic Borel space (without any measure). Characterizations of when an arbitrary Borel equivalence relation admits a countable complete Borel section are also established.
Three Lessons From a Randomized Trial of Massage and Meditation at End of Life: Patient Benefit, Outcome Measure Selection, and Design of Trials With Terminally Ill Patients

Improving end-of-life care is a priority in the United States, but assigning priorities for standard care services requires evaluations using appropriate study design and appropriate outcome indicators. A recent randomized controlled trial with terminally ill patients produced no evidence of benefit from massage or guided meditation, when evaluated with measures of global quality of life or pain distress over the course of patient participation. However, reanalysis using a more targeted outcome, surrogates’ assessment of patients’ benefit from the study intervention, suggested significant gains from massage—the treatment patients gave their highest preassignment preference ratings. The authors conclude that adding a menu of complementary therapies as part of standard end-of-life care may yield significant benefit, that patient preference is an important predictor of outcome, and that modifications in trial design may be appropriate for end-of-life studies.
Initiation factor 3 requirement for the formation of initiation complexes with synthetic oligonucleotides.

Abstract Initiation factor IF-3 is required for the poly (U)-directed binding of N-acetyl-Phe-tRNA to 70S ribosomes as well as for the binding of fMet-tRNA directed by poly (U,G), AUG, and bacteriophage f 2 RNA. The formation of the 70S initiation complex is dependent upon IF-2 and is stimulated by IF-1. The requirement for IF-3 is not alleviated by high concentrations of the synthetic templates.
Treatment of Eyelid Retraction with Two Pedicle Tarsal Rotation Flaps

Five patients with eyelid retraction (seven eyelids, four upper and three lower eyelids) associated with blepharoptosis surgery, Graves' disease, and vertical extraocular muscle surgery were effectively treated with a new technique involving recessing the respective eyelid retractor beyond the tarsal border. Direct attachment of the levator aponeurosis or the inferior aponeurosis (capsulopalpebral head of the inferior rectus muscle) into the tarsus was maintained through an extended framework created by two pedicle tarsal rotation flaps. This anatomic retention of the tarsal-retractor junction enhanced transfer of muscle contracture into eyelid movement. The only adverse effect was a 4-mm gap in the eyelashes of one patient.
Cellular Origins of Regenerating Nodules and Malignancy in the FAH Model of Liver Injury after Bone Marrow Cell Transplantation

In previous reports, we and other groups have shown that proliferating hepatocytes are formed by the fusion of donor hematopoietic cells with host hepatocytes in the Fah−/− model. Thus, it would be interesting to determine whether cell fusion occurs during malignancy. However, it is difficult to demonstrate such processes using this model. Therefore, we established a new strain to study the processes of regenerating nodules and malignancy and their origins. The FAH−/− mouse model was crossed with the ROSAnZ strain and their offspring was genotyped for FAH−/− and ROSAnZ mutations to create a new strain (Fah−/−-ROSAnZ). Using this strain as recipients, we performed bone marrow transplantation experiments. As a result, we could not demonstrate the presence of any epithelial cells except hepatocytes that were of donor origin in regenerating tissue, and no evidence of cell fusion was found in tumors. The hepatic malignancy was of host origin in these mice. There was higher expression of extracellular matrix proteins and more inflammatory cells in liver tumor nodules than in regenerating normal liver nodules. Hepatocytes generated by fusion with bone marrow cells did not form malignant tumors. Extracellular matrix and inflammatory cells had significantly accumulated in liver tumors.
The Black Shadow of White Sympathy: The Unspoken Politics of the National Gun Debate, Disposable Black Girlhood and Hunger Games

The number of mass shootings since Barack Obama became President in 2008 has ignited a number of debates about the need for more stringent gun control laws. A killing spree in an Aurora, Colorado movie theatre ignited the debate and the mass murder of mostly white school children in Newtown, Connecticut propelled the nation into action. This paper argues that the nations impassioned response to the death of mostly white suburbanites at the hands of gun violence illustrates what Henry Giroux calls the politics of disposability. A new form of state terrorism that "regulates entire populations into spaces of invisibility and disposability (Giroux, 181)." The national gun debate strategically negates to wrestle with the fact that most murders by gun occur in urban areas populated by the Black urban poor. Those most at risk for dying from gun violence in urban areas during the Obama presidency has been young Black girls (Hadiya Pendleton & Janay McFarlane) caught in the cross fire of what poverty, unemployment and underperforming schools have produced. The national disregard for the humanity of young Black girls as a central part of the national gun debate only further reaffirms discourses of whiteness that are mimicked in the cyberspace controversy that ensued over the film Hunger Games.
Biphenyl-4-yl 2,2,2-trichloro­ethyl sulfate

The mol­ecular structure of the title compound, C14H11Cl3O4S, displays a biphenyl dihedral angle of 4.9 (2)° between the benzene rings, which is significantly smaller than the calculated dihedral angle of 41.2° of biphenyl derivatives without ortho substituents. The CAr—O bond length of 1.432 (4) A is comparable with other sulfuric acid biphenyl-4-yl ester 2,2,2-trichloro­ether ester derivatives without electronegative substituents in the sulfated phenyl ring.
Sharpening of Frequency Tuning by Inhibition in the Thalamic Auditory Nucleus of the Mustached Bat

Suga, N., Y. Zhang, and J. Yan. Sharpening of frequency tuning by inhibition in the thalamic auditory nucleus of the mustached bat. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 2098–2114, 1997. Unlike the quasitriangular ...
Suspicionless DNA Collection from Arrestees Violates the Fourth Amendment, But Easier Expunction of DNA Records Can Help Mitigate the Harm

Suspicionless DNA collection from pre-conviction arrestees should be treated as a violation of the Fourth Amendment when it is conducted without a valid search warrant. The predominant policy justifications for that DNA collection (1) as a crime-fighting tool and/or (2) a modern identification tool, like high-tech versions of fingerprints, are not compelling enough to justify treating the process as comporting with the Fourth Amendment. Arrestees do not have the same low expectation of privacy as prisoners or convicts, and treating them as if they do violates their legal presumption of innocence. The public interest in fighting crime and identifying arrestees also fits within the ordinary role of law enforcement, meaning that those activities do not qualify for the "special needs" exception to the individualized suspicion required for most Fourth Amendment searches and seizures. However, since the Supreme Court upheld suspicionless arrestee DNA collection, analysis, and aggregation in a nationwide DNA database (in Maryland v. King, 133 S. Ct. 1958 (2013)), participating states should adopt measures requiring automatic expunction of the DNA records of any arrestees who are not convicted within a reasonable amount of time from when they were arrested for the crime that led to the collection of their DNA.
Non-canonical antagonism of PI3K by the kinase Itpkb delays thymocyte β-selection and renders it Notch-dependent

T cells defend our body against cancer and infectious agents such as viruses. However, they can also cause rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases by attacking healthy tissue. T cells recognize target cells via receptor proteins on their surface. To maximize the variety of infections and cancers our immune system can recognize, we generate millions of T cells with different T cell receptors every day. To ensure T cells work correctly, T cell receptors are tested at various checkpoints. The first checkpoint involves a process called beta (β) selection, during which T cells produce their first T cell receptor – the so-called pre-T cell receptor. This receptor causes T cells to divide and mature, and sets their future identity or “fate”. To complete β-selection, T cells must also receive signals from another surface receptor – one that belongs to the Notch family, which determines cell fate in many different tissues. The Notch receptor and the pre-T cell receptor both activate an enzyme called PI3K – a key mediator of β-selection. But the pre-T cell receptor also activates another enzyme called Itpkb that is required for T cell development. Westernberg, Conche et al. have now investigated how these different proteins and signaling processes work and interact during β-selection, using mice that lack several immune genes, including the gene that produces Itpkb. The results of the experiments show that during β-selection, Itpkb limits the ability of PI3K to activate some of its key target proteins. This “dampened” PI3K signaling ensures that both the pre-T cell receptor and the Notch receptor must be activated to trigger T cell maturation. Without Itpkb, β-selection can occur in the absence of Notch signaling. As Notch signaling is important for determining the fate of many different cell types, Westernberg, Conche et al.’s findings raise the possibility that Itpkb might also regulate cell fate determination in other tissues. Moreover, Itpkb may suppress tumor development, because excessive PI3K signaling drives many cancers.
Synthesis of antifungal alatanone and trineurone polyketides

Abstract The antifungal polyketides alatanones A and B and trineurones A–E have been synthesized using a one-pot C-acylation reaction coupling 1,3-cyclohexanediones with the appropriate carboxylic acids. This key transformation is believed to proceed via initial carbodiimide-mediated O-acylation followed by a DMAP-catalyzed Claisen–Haase rearrangement, resulting in O to C acyl migration.
Microdroplet Growth Mechanism during Water Condensation on Superhydrophobic Surfaces

By promoting dropwise condensation of water, nanostructured superhydrophobic coatings have the potential to dramatically increase the heat transfer rate during this phase change process. As a consequence, these coatings may be a facile method of enhancing the efficiency of power generation and water desalination systems. However, the microdroplet growth mechanism on surfaces which evince superhydrophobic characteristics during condensation is not well understood. In this work, the sub-10 μm dynamics of droplet formation on nanostructured superhydrophobic surfaces are studied experimentally and theoretically. A quantitative model for droplet growth in the constant base (CB) area mode is developed. The model is validated using optimized environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) imaging of microdroplet growth on a superhydrophobic surface consisting of immobilized alumina nanoparticles modified with a hydrophobic promoter. The optimized ESEM imaging procedure increases the image acquisition rate by a...
The International Selection Decision: A Study of Some Dimensions of Managerial Behavior in the Selection Decision Process

This study is concerned with manager’s behavior within the international personnel selection decision process. Managers play an active role in the process, and their behavior is influenced by their...
Perfect retention of an instrumental response

Retention tests for the running response after 27 days revealed a typical decrement for terminal speeds. Running speeds, however, showed no decrement. The difference between these data and previous data showing a decrement are analyzed in terms of the drive maintenance schedule in relation to the role of the rg - sg mechanism.
A Lunar L2 Navigation, Communication, and Gravity Mission

Most high-priority landing sites on the lunar surface do not have direct communication with the Earth. A mission was designed which would involve two spacecraft, a halo orbiter at Earth-Moon L2 and a microsatellite in a low lunar orbit. The two spacecraft would travel together on a ballistic lunar transfer and arrive on the Earth-Moon L2 halo orbit. No insertion maneuver would be required, which would allow the spacecraft to be about 25% to 33% more massive than if a conventional transfer were used. After that, the microsatellite would only require a small maneuver to depart from the halo orbit and descend to where it can be inserted into a low lunar orbit. The spacecraft would relay communications from the lunar far side and south pole to Earth. They could also be used to track other lunar missions, or broadcast navigation signals. To lower the operations cost, a new method of autonomous orbit determination called “Liaison Navigation” would be used. To perform Liaison Navigation, spacecraft in libration point orbits use scalar satellite-to-satellite tracking data, such as crosslink range, to perform orbit determination without Earth-based tracking. Due to the characteristics of libration orbits, relative tracking between two spacecraft can be used to estimate the relative and absolute positions and velocities of both spacecraft simultaneously. The tracking data from the two spacecraft could also be used to estimate the lunar far side gravity field.
Can Fertilization of Soil Select Less Mutualistic Mycorrhizae

It has been noted previously that nutrient-stressed plants generally release more soluble carbohydrate in root exudates and consequently support more mycorrhizae than plants supplied with ample nutrients. Fertilization may select strains of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi that are inferior mutualists if the same characteristics that make a VAM fungus successful in roots with a lowered carbohydrate content also reduce the benefits that the fungus provides a host plant. This two-phase study experimentally tests the hypothesis that fertilizing low-nutrient soil selects VAM fungi that are inferior mutualists. The first phase examines the effects of chemical fertilizers on the species composition of VAM fungal communities in long-term field plots. The second phase measures the effects of VAM fungal assemblages from fertilized and unfertilized plots on big bluestem grass grown in a greenhouse. The field results indicate that 8 yr of fertilization altered the species composition of VAM fungal communities. Relative abundance of Gigaspora gigantea, Gigaspora margarita, Scutellispora calospora, and Glomus occultum decreased while Glomus intraradix increased in response to fertilization. Results from the greenhouse experiment show that big bluestem colonized with VAM fungi from fertilized soil were smaller after 1 mo and produced fewer inflorescences at 3 mo than big bluestem colonized with VAM fungi from unfertilized soil. Fungal structures within big bluestem roots suggest that VAM fungi from fertilized soil exerted a higher net carbon cost on their host than VAM fungi from unfertilized soil. VAM fungi from fertilized soil produced fewer hyphae and arbuscules (and consequently provided their host with less inorganic nutrients from the soil) and produced as many vesicles (and thus provisioned their own storage structures at the same level) as fungi from unfertilized soil. These results support the hypothesis that fertilization selects VAM fungi that are inferior mutualists.
Using Qualitative Methods to Make and Support Claims in Physics Education Research

This session was designed to stimulate conversations about the use of qualitative methods in physics education research. To start the session, we presented a general overview of qualitative research. Then, to provide a context for discussion, we conducted a mini research activity; in this activity, we introduced data (interview, video transcripts, and student work) from a university physics course for preservice teachers. Participants were given the task of examining the data and deciding whether a particular claim was sufficiently supported by the data. A rich discussion ensued, in which many researchrelated issues were raised. These issues, which we suggest might serve as topics of discussion for future sessions, are listed and briefly editorialized at the end of this paper.
Partners in the Problem

BP was hardly alone in the Deepwater Horizon spill. Anadarko Petroleum and Mitsui Oil Exploration Company are 25% and 10% minority owners of the well, respectively. Transocean, the world’s largest offshore drilling contractor, even before it swallowed up the next largest competitor a few years earlier, owned and operated the platform that exploded, and most of the employees on the rig on April 20 worked for Transocean. Halliburton, the world’s second largest oil services firm, performed the cement job, and Cameron International had built a blowout preventer that had been since maintained and overhauled by yet other contractors.
Computers in Systematics: One Perspective

Any field of scientific endeavor is affected by technological innovations. Systematics has in turn been transformed by the sailing ship and the compound microscope, and is just beginning to be transformed by the technology of molecular biology. I believe that the computer is another of these revolutionary technologies, and that the time has come for systematists to make a serious study of the state of this technology, and what can be done with it.
The physical concept of recoil leader formation

Abstract The concept of recoil leader formation is based upon their nature as bidirectional and bipolar leaders. The analogy of the unipolar leaders to free-burning arcs was applied to interpret the processes during current cutoff in individual leader branches. These processes are essential to locating the origin and the timing of recoil leader formation. The difference in the density of the branching structures of positively- and negatively charged leaders is shown as the decisive factor affecting the occurrence of recoil leaders in positively charged channels, absence of them in negatively charged channels, and the lack of multiple return strokes in positive cloud-to-ground flashes.
Interconnect reliability challenges for technology scaling: A circuit focus

Interconnect reliability presents imminent challenges to continued technology scaling. The major issues involve breakdown of porous low-k inter-level dielectrics, and electromigration failure of Cu. In general, the focus of efforts to mitigate reliability concerns has traditionally been improvement in the capability of materials, and associated processing conditions. Recent experience suggests this approach is unlikely to provide comprehensive solutions for continued scaling. As a result reliability evaluation methodologies are now being re-examined in the hope that excess margins (if any) can be removed. While the latter approach may provide short-term benefits, it also appears unlikely that refinements to existing reliability methods will produce the clear path for scaling that is being sought. We highlight in this presentation that a productive approach to mitigating interconnect reliability concerns lies with shifting the focus of reliability activity towards understanding the impact of degradation mechanisms on circuit functionality, which has received relatively little attention up to the present.
The Pre-Resolution Phase

During the ensuing pre-resolution phase of the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project dispute, Hungary and Czechoslovakia further developed their positions with respect to the Project through considerable contact with various sub-state actors, which as a result of the 1989 political revolutions were provided greater opportunity to influence the dispute resolution behavior of their respective state entities.280 Czechoslovakia and Hungary also initiated contact with European states, the European Commission and the United States to assess their interest in facilitating a resolution of the dispute. Hungary, in addition, pursued contact with Austria to attempt to resolve Austria’s interest in the dispute in order to facilitate dispute resolution. Czechoslovakia and Hungary then invoked norms and principles of international law to frame their initial negotiating positions, to indicate they were willing to settle the dispute by legal means and to identify the dispute resolution mechanisms available to assist with resolving the dispute.
Badges? Who needs them? Police press credential policies, professionalism, and the new media environment

This article examines shifts in one marker of professionalism for journalists as reflected in the police press pass system. Credentials can be interpreted both as a mark of occupational membership and as token that grants journalists access. Based on a census of 100 American police departments and interviews with representatives from those departments, we find that police credentialing policies are changing, in part because the new media environment has blurred journalism’s professional boundaries. Our analysis draws from Pierre Bourdieu’s field theory, which suggests that institutional practices such as police department credentialing reproduce social hierarchies and power structures. Using this lens, we argue that credentials are losing their value as professional status symbols while becoming increasingly important for geophysical access.
Women’s Education In Saudi Arabia

This paper discusses the historical, political, ideological (value), and government policies of women’s education in Saudi Arabia implicated within teaching and learning, how women’s higher education has changed over time in the realm of Saudi cultural traditions and religious norms. It also highlights the golden era of women's higher education. This paper presets a feminist theoretical framework.
Low complexity generalized geometric mean decomposition and DFE transceiver design

The complexity1 of the generalized geometric mean decomposition (GGMD) depends on the GGMD parameters. This paper consider the low complexity GGMD (LCGGMD) which has the least complexity within the class of GGMD. LCGGMD can be used in designing an optimal decision feedback equalizer (DFE) transceiver for a multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) channel. A novel iterative receiver detection algorithm for the receiver is also proposed. A LCGGMD transceiver always has less or equal design and implementation complexity as compared to a GMD DFE minimum mean square error (MMSE) transceiver. For the applications in which the SVDs of the equivalent MIMO channel matrices can be easily computed, such as cyclic prefix (CP) systems, the proposed LCGGMD transceiver has the most complexity-advantage over the GMD transceiver when the size of data block is highly factorable. In the simulations, LCGGMD transceivers are designed for CP systems and performance comparisons are made with well-known transceivers.2
Targeting beta-catenin signaling in colorectal cancer: anti-cancer bioactivities of 20(S)-25-OCH3-PPD, a natural product from Panax notoginseng

A141 It is well known that the Wnt-β-catenin pathway plays a critical role in colorectal carcinogenesis, thus, agents targeting this pathway could be effective in prevention or therapy . This study was designed to evaluate a novel natural product, dammarane-type triterpene sapogenin, 20(S)-25-OCH3-PPD (PPD25), from the leaves of P.notoginseng. The anti-cancer biological activities of PPD25 were evaluated on 5 human colorectal cancer cell lines, which were LS174, HCT116, HT29, SW480 and SW620. We found that PPD25 significantly inhibited cell viability and cell proliferation in all cell lines. We then chose LS174 and SW620 for further studies. We found that PPD25 was also effective in the induction of apoptosis in both cell lines, though it did not affect the cell cycle. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, we treated the LS174 cells with PPD25 in the concentrations of 5 and 25 μM for 48 hours, to determine the alterations of gene expression. We found that the expression of β-catenin, a key regulator in the Wnt pathway, was significantly reduced, and that the downstream elements of β-catenin, cyclin D1 and cdk4 were also repressed. To determine whether PPD25 has effects on β-catenin/TCF transcriptional activity, we transfected LS174 cells with β-catenin/TCF luciferase reporter construct TOPFlash which contains multiple optimal TCF/LEF binding sites that induce transcription of a luciferase reporter gene when activated by β-catenin. Indeed, the β-catenin/TCF transcriptional activity was significantly suppressed by PPD25. But, the expression of E-cadherin, a component of the β-catenin complex, was not changed by the PPD25. Taken together, our data demonstrated that 20(S)-25-OCH3-PPD has anti-colorectal cancer bioactivities through targeting beta-catenin signaling, suggesting that 20(S)-25-OCH3-PPD merits further investigation as a potential agent for chemoprevention and chemotherapy in colorectal cancer.
El derecho a abortar implica la explotación y el abandono de las mujeres (The Right to Abortion Results in the Exploitation and Abandonment of Women)

Spanish Abstract: La Izquierda ha de asumir el papel que siempre han desempenado en la vida publica: desenmascarar una vez mas el modo en que los derechos particulares e individualistas – como el del aborto -- terminan explotando a los mas debiles. El derecho a abortar empodera a los opresores de la mujer: primero antes del embarazo, luego durante el embarazo, y finalmente aun despues del nacimiento de una hija o un hijo. Es decir, el derecho a abortar dana tambien a las mujeres que rechazan el aborto. English Abstract: The Left must re-assume its traditional role in our public life: unmasking once again how individualist rights -- such as the right to abortion -- end up exploiting the weak and the vulnerable. Abortion rights empower the oppressors of women, first before pregnancy, then during pregnancy, and finally even after the birth of a son or daughter. That is, the right to abortion harms even those women who reject abortion.
Sexualization and Gamer Avatar Selection in League of Legends

To replicate and expand Reinhard’s 2009 study of video game avatar selection in gamers, a survey was developed that asked 282 respondents to select between sets of video game characters. In each pa...
Fractal scaling of soot packing density across five size decades

ABSTRACTWe experimentally map the scaling laws for packing density (θf, solid component volume fraction) of soot aggregates across five orders of magnitude of size (Rg/a, normalized radius of gyration by monomer radius). The θf − Rg/a scaling relationship evolves through three successive regimes with distinct power-law exponents of −1.20 ± 0.01, −0.58 ± 0.06, and −1.31 ± 0.14. The first cross-over agrees with the classical aerosol-to-gel transition theory. This agreement, however, breaks down at the second cross-over point, where a late-stage cluster-cluster aggregation of aerosol gels takes over.© 2017 American Association for Aerosol Research
Converting the Older Keynesian IS-LM Model To The More Modern AS-AD Interpretation Of The Keynesian Model

Fisher’s income equation of exchange (MV = PY) can be easily used to show mechanic ally how Keynesian mechanics can work without using the more cumbersome IS-LM. We simply rephrase the equation to read V = (P/M)Y, substitute in the GDP equation determinants and their coefficients given in Chapter 8. Once done, the model easily shows that fiscal policy stimulates velocity (if no crowd out variable is included in the model), or leave velocity the same or lower (in crowd out is included). Monetary policy effects, as given in textbook Keynesian models, are also easily shown using Fischer’s curve and holding price and velocity constant.
Exploring the desirability and feasibility of reforming china's governmental accounting system

In response to increasing pressures for public sector efficiency and effectiveness, many countries have switched from cash-based governmental accounting to accrual-based approaches. But other countries have rejected this change, suggesting that its costs and benefits may vary with country-specific factors. To gain insights into the desirability and feasibility of changing China’s governmental accounting from the current cash-based system to one based on the accrual approach, we survey 608 Chinese government staff and officials who either prepare or use such reports. These respondents identify a number of specific inadequacies in the current system and express widespread support for converting towards an accrual-based approach. They also assess the severity of potential impediments to change and the most workable arrangement and timetable for such a change.
On the Death of Sandra Bland: A Case of Anger and Indifference:

Trooper Brian Encinia conducted a traffic stop on Ms. Sandra Bland in Prairie View, Texas, on July 10, 2015. Ms. Bland was not cooperative. She swung her fist at him. Trooper Encinia verbally escal...
Other Health Impaired

The category of Other Health Impaired (OHI) is unique to IDEA. It is neither in the DSM nor in any other classification taxonomy. OHI encompasses both medical and mental health conditions that are not included under the other IDEA categories. A multidisciplinary team must consider the definition of OHI, in combination with state policies, when making an eligibility decision. OHI is the third most prevalent special education classification comprising approximately 10.6 % of all special education classifications (Scull & Winkler, 2011). This feature makes it an important category for the psychologist in the school to understand.