cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Just email it to me! why things get lost in shared file repositories

Shared file repositories are a type of information technology application used by workgroups to store and share files online. Their use in organizations is becoming more frequent; however, repository users are not always able to effectively find and access information, especially when files in the repository have been created and maintained by others. Through field studies involving current users of shared file repositories, I will document and analyze the scope and consequences of the problem. In addition, I will test hypotheses about possible remedies through a series of experiments exploring the effects of common ground on folder hierarchy and naming structure, and the ability of users to find and access files.
Synthesis of 3-bromo-6-ethenyltetrahydro-2,2,6-trimethyl-2H-pyran

Abstract N-Phenylselenophthalimide cyclization of bromohydrins gives exclusively pyran derivatives. These derivatives are then elaborated into the title compound ( 1 ), a possible analog of the Aplysia pyranoids.
Structures of High‐Temperature Cuprate Superconductors

Most of the known cuprate superconductors are shown to belong structurally to a single family and are closely related to each other. The relationships between the structures of cuprate superconductors are reviewed with emphasis on their similarities. Individual details of the structures are ignored and only idealized structures are discussed. A formula is used to describe the basic structures of the cuprate superconductors. Crystal structure analysis leads to three significant insights into the nature of, and requirements for, superconductivity in these phases: (1) a nearly planar sheet of CuO{sub 2} supports the supercurrent; (2) as the distance between the n ACuO{sub 2} blocks in a crystal structure increases, the critical current density decreases at high reduced temperatures due to the magnetic flux lines becoming unpinned; (3) the strain energy generated by the lattice mismatch between the CuO{sub 2} layers and the nonsuperconducting layers controls the oxidation state of the Cu ions, which needs to be about +2.2 (in p-type superconductors) to get Cooper pair condensation. 215 refs.
Magnetically retrievable catalysts for organic synthesis

The use of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as a catalyst support in organic synthesis is summarized. The recovery of expensive catalysts after catalytic reaction and reusing them without losing their activity is an essential feature in the sustainable process development. The aim of this article is to highlight the progress in the synthesis and catalytic applications of magnetic catalysts in organic synthesis. The heterogenization of the catalyst using magnetic nanoparticles allows it to be recovered and reused using an external magnet.
Extractors for Turing-Machine Sources

We obtain the first deterministic randomness extractors for n-bit sources with min-entropy ≥ n 1 − α generated (or sampled) by single-tape Turing machines running in time n 2 − 16 α , for all sufficiently small α > 0. We also show that such machines cannot sample a uniform n-bit input to the Inner Product function together with the output.
Opening pervasive computing to the masses using the SEAP middleware

The increasing availability of sensing devices has made the possibility of context-aware pervasive computing applications real. However, constructing this software requires extensive knowledge about the devices and specialized programming languages for interacting with them. While the nature of pervasive computing lends users to demand individualized applications, complexities render programming embedded devices unapproachable. In this paper we introduce the SEAP (Sensor Enablement for the Average Programmer) middleware which applies existing technologies developed for web programming to the task of collecting and using sensor data. We show how this approach can be used to create new applications and to update existing web applications to accept sensor data.
Surface-Wave Elimination in Integrated Circuit Structures with Artificial Periodic Materials

Surface-wave (or dielectric slab) modes in integrated circuit structures often result in undesired energy losses and cross-talk between components. In this paper, surface-wave elimination in integrated circuit structures by using planar artificial periodic substrates is investigated. A full-wave three-dimensional integral-equation moment-method is used to find the propagation constants of guided-wave modes on grounded dielectric slabs with planar periodic implants. The cases of rectangular blocks in both a rectangular lattice and a triangular lattice are investigated. The limitation on complete (omnidirectional) surface-wave elimination with material grating is discussed. This work may lead to the development of many novel integrated circuit components with potential significance in millimeter waves and optics.
Efficient Decomposed Learning for Structured Prediction

Structured prediction is the cornerstone of several machine learning applications. Unfortunately, in structured prediction settings with expressive inter-variable interactions, exact inference-based learning algorithms, e.g. Structural SVM, are often intractable. We present a new way, Decomposed Learning (DecL), which performs efficient learning by restricting the inference step to a limited part of the structured spaces. We provide characterizations based on the structure, target parameters, and gold labels, under which DecL is equivalent to exact learning. We then show that in real world settings, where our theoretical assumptions may not completely hold, DecL-based algorithms are significantly more efficient and as accurate as exact learning.
Relative Price Dynamics and Monetary Policy: Evidence from Directed Graphs

The nature of the dynamic linkages between monetary policy and the agricultural sector has been one of the most debated in the recent past, yet with little consensus. Central to this debate is the question of whether the responses of agricultural prices to monetary policy shocks differ from the responses of prices in the rest of the economy. This question is important given the increasing dependence of agriculture on international markets and the potential impacts of changes in macroeconomic variables such as interest rates, exchange rates, and foreign income growth patterns. The importance of macroeconomic policy linkages to agriculture and trade is further emphasized by the reduction in foreign demand for U.S farm exports in the aftermath of the recent Asian financial crisis. Although most theoretical models advocate money neutrality (i.e. money does not affect prices) in the long, Bordo’s work showed that changes in the money supply can induce changes in the relative prices in the short-run. Currently there are several alternative approaches used by researchers to evaluate the timing and magnitude of macroeconomic policy variables on agriculture. On the one hand, there are models based on Granger’s approach to testing for causality. Within this scheme, F-tests could be used to infer the direction of causality between U.S. money supply and agricultural prices (Barnett, Bessler, and Thompson; Lapp). On the other hand, the approach favored by most researchers is to use vector autoregression (VAR) or its variants (error correction and cointegration models) to identify the response of agricultural prices to changes in macroeconomic variables (Bessler; Devadoss and Meyers; Taylor and Spriggs; Orden and Fackler; Robertson and Orden; Robertson and Orden; Saghaian, Reed, and Marchant).
Wireless Ad Hoc Networks: Strategies and Scaling Laws for the Fixed SNR Regime

This paper deals with throughput scaling laws for random ad hoc wireless networks in a rich scattering environment. We develop schemes to optimize the ratio lambda(n) of achievable network sum capacity to the sum of the point-to-point capacities of source-destinations (S-D) pairs operating in isolation. Our focus in this paper is on fixed signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) networks, i.e., networks where the worst case SNR over the S-D pairs is fixed independent of n. For such fixed SNR networks, which include fixed area networks as a special case, we show that collaborative strategies yield a scaling law of lambda(n)=Omega(1/n1/3) in contrast to multihop strategies which yield a scaling law of lambda(n)=Theta(1/radicn). While networks where worst case SNR goes to zero do not preclude the possibility of collaboration, multihop strategies achieve optimal throughput. The plausible reason is that the gains due to collaboration cannot offset the effect of vanishing receive SNR. This suggests that for fixed SNR networks, a network designer should look for network protocols that exploit collaboration
All roots of unity are detected by the A–polynomial

For an arbitrary positive integer n, we construct infinitely many one-cusped hyperbolic 3-manifolds where each manifold's A-polynomial detects every n th root of unity. This answers a question of Cooper, Culler, Gillet, Long, and Shalen as to which roots of unity arise in this manner. AMS Classification 57M27; 57M50 Keywords Character variety, ideal point, A-polynomial
Oxaziridine-Mediated Oxyamination of Indoles: An Approach to 3-Aminoindoles and Enantiomerically Enriched 3-Aminopyrroloindolines†

The pyrroloindoline natural products have attracted considerable interest both because of their biological activity and their unique structures (Figure 1). i Nature presumably produces these architecturally fascinating compounds via electrophilic cyclization cascades involving appropriately functionalized tryptamine and tryptophan precursors. In the laboratory, the use of chemical oxidants (e.g., m-CPBA, dioxirane, and NBS) to trigger similar cascades has been a common strategy for the total synthesis of these target molecules.ii Recently, several research groups have become interested in the synthesis of the subclass of pyrroloindoline alkaloids such as psychotrimine (1)iii and chaetomin (2)iv that feature a carbon-nitrogen bond at the C3 position of the oxidized indole.v However, only a limited number of methods for the direct electrophilic introduction of nitrogen at this position have been developed,vb,d,g,vi and thus the synthesis of aminated indole alkaloids remains a formidable synthetic challenge, especially in an enantioselective fashion.
Generation of Recombinant Vaccinia Viruses

This unit first describes how to infect cells with vaccinia virus and then transfect them with a plasmid-transfer vector to generate a recombinant virus. Methods are also presented for purifying vaccinia virus and for isolating viral DNA, which can be used during transfection. Also presented are selection and screening methods used to isolate recombinant viruses and a method for the amplification of recombinant viruses. Finally, a method for live immunostaining that has been used primarily for detection of recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is presented.
A Field Reconstruction Technique for Efficient Modeling of the Fields and Forces Within Induction Machines

Traditional analysis and design of induction machines have been largely based upon lumped-parameter models. An alternative tool used for field-based evaluations of an induction machine is the finite-element method. Although useful, its computational complexity limits its use as a design tool. In this paper, a field reconstruction (FR) method for induction machine simulation is introduced. The FR method utilizes a small number of finite-element evaluations to establish basis functions of normal and tangential flux densities. The basis functions are then used to estimate the magnetic field under arbitrary stator excitation. Using such a tool, evaluation of fields and forces produced by a machine under alternative excitation strategies can be explored efficiently. Moreover, alternative field-based derivation of stator/rotor excitation control can be explored.
On Learnability, Complexity and Stability

We considerStability—( Learnability—( the fundamental question of learnability of a hypothesis class in the supervised learningSupervised learning setting and in the general learningGeneral learning setting introduced by Vladimir Vapnik. We survey classic results characterizing learnability in terms of suitable notions of complexity, as well as more recent results that establish the connection between learnability and stability of a learning algorithm.
Accountability, Quantification, and Law

Accountability can mean many things, but increasingly it is linked to quantification. This is true in many fields, including law. This review considers how the recent emphasis on quantitative accountability has influenced law and legal practices. Rather than offering a broad survey of quantitative techniques deployed in law, the article examines three legal contexts in which quantification has shaped how actors are held accountable: sentencing guidelines, cost-benefit analysis in regulation, and law school rankings. The conditions that promote rigorous quantification, its effects on professional discretion, relations of authority, and resistance are examined. The article suggests fruitful questions and strategies for analyzing more broadly the effects of quantification in law.
Open Gromov–Witten Invariants on Elliptic K3 Surfaces and Wall-Crossing

In this paper, we study holomorphic discs in K3 surfaces and defined the open Gromov–Witten invariants. Using this new invariant, we can establish a version of correspondence between tropical discs and holomorphic discs with non-trivial invariants. We give an example of wall-crossing phenomenon of the invariant and expect it satisfies Kontsevich–Soibelman wall-crossing formula.
Market vs. Limit Orders: The SuperDOT Evidence on Order Submission Strategy

This paper discusses performance measures for market and limit orders. We suggest two measures: one for precommitted traders (who must trade) and another for passive traders (who are indifferent to trading). We compute these measures for a sample of NYSE Super? DOT orders. The results suggest that the limit order placement strategies most commonly used by NYSE SuperDOT traders do in fact perform best. Limit orders placed at or better than the prevailing quote perform better than do market orders, even after imputing a penalty for unexecuted orders, and after taking into account market order price improvement. Un? conditional order submission strategies that use SuperDOT to offer liquidity in competition with the specialist do not appear to be profitable.
Ground and airborne target detection with bistatic adaptive space-based radar

We have demonstrated that by using adaptive space-time processing, it is possible to detect and locate slowly-moving targets immersed in strong ground clutter from a bistatic spaceborne radar.
Unified quantum convolutional coding

We outline a quantum convolutional coding technique for protecting a stream of classical bits and qubits. Our goal is to provide a framework for designing codes that approach the "grandfather" capacity of an entanglement-assisted quantum channel for sending classical and quantum information simultaneously. Our method incorporates several resources for quantum redundancy: fresh ancilla qubits, entangled bits, and gauge qubits. The use of these diverse resources gives our technique the benefits of both active and passive quantum error correction. We can encode a classical-quantum bit stream with periodic quantum gates because our codes possess a convolutional structure. We end with an example of a "grandfather" quantum convolutional code that protects one qubit and one classical bit per frame by encoding them with one fresh ancilla qubit, one entangled bit, and one gauge qubit per frame. We explicitly provide the encoding and decoding circuits for this example and discuss its error-correcting capability.
Increasing inequality in transition economies : is there more to come?

This paper decomposes changes in inequality, which has in general been increasing in the transition economies of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, both by income source and socio-economic group, with a view to understanding the determinants of inequality and assessing how it might evolve in the future. The empirical analysis relies on a set of inequality statistics that, unlike official data, are consistent and comparable across countries and are based on primary records from household surveys recently put together for the World Bank study Growth, Poverty and Inequality in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union: 1998-2003 [World Bank (2005b)]. The increase in inequality in transition, as predicted by a number of theoretical models, in practice differed substantially across countries, with the size and speed of its evolution depending on the relative importance of its key determinants, viz., changes in the wage distribution, employment, entrepreneurial incomes and social safety nets. Its evolution was also influenced by policy. This diversity of outcomes is exemplified on the one hand for Central Europe by Poland, where the increase in inequality has been steady but gradual and reflects, inter alia, larger changes in employment and compensating adjustments in social safety nets and, on the other for the Commonwealth of Independent States by Russia, where an explosive overshooting of inequality peaked in the mid-1990s before being moderated through the extinguishing of wage arrears during its post-1998 recovery. The paper argues that the process of transition to a market economy is not complete and that further evolution of inequality will depend both on (i) transition-related factors, such as the evolution of the education premium, a bias in the investment climate against new private sector firms which are important vehicles of job creation and regional impediments to mobility of goods and labor, as well as increasingly (ii) other factors, such as technological change and globalization. The paper also contrasts key features of inequality in Russia in the context of other transition economies with trends in inequality observed in China where rapid economic growth has been accompanied by a steep increase in inequality. It argues that the latter's experience is, to a large extent, a developmental, rather than a transition-related phenomenon deriving from the rural-urban divide and is, therefore, of limited relevance for predicting changes in inequality in Russia.
Acoustic Design of Lightweight Gas Turbine Enclosures

Acoustic enclosures for the gas turbine industry have to comply with a number of stringent safety requirements including structural strength, fire resistance, and sound insulation. This has led traditionally to heavy enclosure designs. Corrugated enclosure panels offer significant structural advantages because of their increased bending stiffness. Consequently, a corrugated panel of a given thickness can give the same structural strength as a flat panel of substantially greater weight and thickness. However, corrugated panels are intrinsically less effective as a sound insulator than flat panels of the same thickness. This paper examines the implications of corrugated, lightweight panels for acoustic enclosures. It illustrated that, by careful design, the inherent acoustical disadvantages of corrugated panels can be overcome so that thinner, lighter, and more cost-effective enclosures can be used without compromising the overall structural and acoustical design requirements.
The Ground State Energy of a Polaron in a Strong Magnetic Field

We show that the ground state of a polaron in a homogeneous magnetic field B and its energy are described by an effective one-dimensional minimization problem in the limit \({B\to\infty}\) . This holds both in the linear Frohlich and in the non-linear Pekar model and makes rigorous an argument of Kochetov, Leschke and Smondyrev.
Holographic duals of Boundary CFTs

New families of regular half-BPS solutions to 6-dimensional Type 4b supergravity with m tensor multiplets are constructed exactly. Their space-time consists of AdS 2 × S 2 warped over a Riemann surface with an arbitrary number of boundary components, and arbitrary genus. The solutions have an arbitrary number of asymptotic AdS 3 × S 3 regions. In addition to strictly single-valued solutions to the supergravity equations whose scalars live in the coset SO(5, m)/SO(5) × SO(m), we also construct stringy solutions whose scalar fields are single-valued up to transformations under the U -duality group SO(5, m; Z), and live in the coset SO(5, m; Z)\SO(5, m)/SO(5) × SO(m). We argue that these Type 4b solutions are holographically dual to general classes of interface and boundary CFTs arising at the juncture of the end-points of 1+1-dimensional bulk CFTs. We evaluate their corresponding holographic entanglement and boundary entropy, and discuss their brane interpretation. We conjecture that the solutions for which Σ has handles and multiple boundaries correspond to the near-horizon limit of half-BPS webs of dyonic strings and three-branes.
Doping effects of Se vacancies in monolayer FeSe

Following the discovery of the potentially very high-temperature superconductivity in monolayer FeSe, we investigate the doping effect of Se vacancies in these materials. We find that Se vacancies pull a vacancy-centered orbital below the Fermi energy that absorbs most of the doped electrons. Furthermore, we find that the disorder-induced broadening causes an effective hole doping. The surprising net result is that, in terms of the Fe-$d$ bands, Se vacancies behave like hole dopants rather than electron dopants. Our results exclude Se vacancies as the origin of the large electron pockets measured by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. Furthermore, the unexpected doping effects not only lead to numerous consequences for the debated role of anion vacancies in the iron-based superconductors, but also demonstrate the surprisingly rich physics of vacancies in materials in general.
High-Valent Co(III)- and Ni(II)-Catalyzed C–H Activation

The past two decades have witnessed explosive growth in the field of catalytic C–H activation. While this reactivity is typically associated with second- and third-row transition metals, first-row transition metals are also capable of catalyzing these reactions. C–H activation reactions can be further divided into ones where the C–H activation occurs with a low-valent metal and those where the activation occurs with a high-valent metal. This review will summarize advances in the area of high-valent Co(III)- and Ni(II)-catalyzed C–H activation with particular emphasis paid to how these catalysts compare their second- and third-row congeners.
Microbial transport, survival, and succession in a sequence of buried sediments

Abstract Two chronosequences of unsaturated, buried loess sediments, ranging in age from 1 million years, were investigated to reconstruct patterns of microbial ecological succession that have occurred since sediment burial. The relative importance of microbial transport and survival to succession was inferred from sediment ages, porewater ages, patterns of abundance (measured by direct counts, counts of culturable cells, and total phospholipid fatty acids), activities (measured by radiotracer and enzyme assays), and community composition (measured by phospholipid fatty acid patterns and Biolog substrate usage). Core samples were collected at two sites 40 km apart in the Palouse region of eastern Washington State, near the towns of Washtucna and Winona. The Washtucna site was flooded multiple times during the Pleistocene by glacial outburst floods; the Winona site elevation is above flood stage. Sediments at the Washtucna site were collected from near surface to 14.9 m depth, where the sediment age was approximately 250 ka and the porewater age was 3700 years; sample intervals at the Winona site ranged from near surface to 38 m (sediment age: approximately 1 Ma; porewater age: 1200 years). Microbial abundance and activities declined with depth at both sites; however, even the deepest, oldest sediments showed evidence of viable microorganisms. Same-age sediments had equal quantities of microorganisms, but different community types. Differences in community makeup between the two sites can be attributed to differences in groundwater recharge and paleoflooding. Estimates of the microbial community age can be constrained by porewater and sediment ages. In the shallower sediments (<9 m at Washtucna, <12 m at Winona), the microbial communities are likely similar in age to the groundwater; thus, microbial succession has been influenced by recent transport of microorganisms from the surface. In the deeper sediments, the populations may be considerably older than the porewater ages, since microbial transport is severely restricted in unsaturated sediments. This is particularly true at the Winona site, which was never flooded.
Structure and binding properties of water-soluble cavitands and capsules

Synthetic receptors are modern tools for investigations into the forces involved in recognition. A widely exploited class of receptors are the resorcin[4]arene-based cavitands and capsules. This critical review (71 references) describes the evolution of water-soluble versions of these structures, along with insights the resulting host–ndash complexes have provided with regard to complexation driving forces in water. An emphasis has been placed on the influence of host structure on guest affinity and dynamics.
The structural and synthetic implications of the biosynthesis of the calycanthaceous alkaloids, the communesins, and nomofungin

A comparison is made between the calycanthaceous alkaloids, nomofungin, and the communesins using structural and biosynthetic information from studies of the former to shed light on the structural ambiguity of the two latter species. Also, a novel biosynthetic approach for the communesins is presented that involves coupling of tryptamine with the ergot alkaloid aurantioclavine that is suitable for synthetic emulation. Preliminary synthetic studies and intermediates are reported.
Attosecond-resolution timing jitter characterization of free-running mode-locked lasers

Timing jitter characterization of free-running mode-locked lasers is demonstrated using balanced optical cross-correlation in the timing detector and the timing delay configurations. The limitation set by shot noise is 470 attoseconds in 10-MHz bandwidth.
Renal Artery Repair. Consequence of Operative Failures

Objective This report examines the blood pressure and renal function response in 20 consecutive patients after secondary renal revascularization following failed operative repair. Background Data Most reports describing operative failure of renal artery (RA) repair emphasize the technical aspects of redo RA reconstruction and the immediate blood-pressure response to secondary operation. This report examines the eventual renal function and estimated survival after secondary intervention. Methods Primary methods of RA reconstruction, primary blood pressure and renal function responses, and causes of failed RA repair were defined for 20 patients requiring reoperation for recurrent hypertension or renal insufficiency. These parameters were compared with secondary procedures and eventual blood pressure and renal function response. The eventual outcome for these 20 patients was compared with 514 patients managed by primary renal revascularization during the same period. Results Failure of primary RA repair correlated with complex fibromuscular dysplasia requiring branch ex vivo reconstruction (p = 0.020). RA thrombosis frequently required nephrectomy (83%), whereas RA stenosis was successfully reconstructed (91%; p = 0.001). Primary and secondary blood-pressure responses were equivalent (94% vs. 95% cured or improved); however, primary and eventual renal function responses differed significantly (p = 0.015), with seven patients dialysis-dependent on follow-up. Eventual dialysis dependence was associated with preoperative azotemia (p = 0.022), bilateral failure of primary RA repair (p = 0.007), and an increased risk of follow-up death (p = 0.002). Considering all 534 patients, failed RA repair demonstrated a significant and independent association with eventual dialysis dependence and decreased dialysis-free survival. Conclusions Contemporary rates of reoperation after surgical RA repair are low. In properly selected patients, beneficial blood-pressure response is reliably observed after both primary and secondary operative procedures. However, secondary procedures are associated with a significant and independent risk of eventual dialysis dependence.
Geographic Changes in U.S. Dairy Production

Changes in quantities of milk marketed are analyzed by spatial econometrics using the county-level data, to provide statistical explanations of the recent major geographic shifts in U.S. dairy production. (Revised edition posted August 2002)
Procedures for the Verification and Validation of Working Models for Structural Shells

Shell-like structures are viewed as fully three-dimensional solid bodies that allow the imposition of restrictions on the transverse variation of displacement vector components in certain regions. An important practical problem is to select a simplified mathematical model for a particular application so that the simplifications do not affect the data of interest significantly. This involves application of expert knowledge aided by virtual and/or physical experimentation. An example is presented.
Empirical Design of a Multi-Classifier Thresholding/Control Strategy for Recognition of Handwritten Street Names

A central task in the interpretation of handwritten US postal addresses is the off-line recognition of the street name. A lexicon of candidate street names may be extracted from a database of postal delivery points (DPF) by first locating and recognizing numeric fields such as the ZIP code and strewet number. The off-line handwritten word recognition (HWR) task is made difficult by the unconstrained, omni-scriptor nature of the input, and incomplete lexicons resulting from errors in processing numeric fields and intrinsic deficiencies in the DPF. In this paper, we describe an empirical approach to the design of a multi-classifier HWR Thresholding/Control module which forms part of a real-time handwritten address interpretation (HWAI) system. The decisions of two word classifiers are combined in a hierarchical manner to improve recognition and error-rejection performance, while meeting real-time requirements. The design employs logistic regression and agreement for evidence combination, and lexicon reduction for improved throughput as well as performance. The paper concludes with experimental results and directions for future research.
Do U.S. Cotton Subsidies Affect Competing Exporters? an Analysis of Import Demand in China

We estimate the demand for imported cotton in China and assess the competitiveness of cotton-exporting countries. Given the assertion that developing countries are negatively affected by U.S. cotton subsidies, our focus is the price competition between the United States and competing exporters (Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, India, and Uzbekistan). We further project how U.S. programs affect China’s imports by country. Results indicate that if U.S. subsidies make other exporting countries worse off, this effect is lessened when global prices respond accordingly. If subsidies are eliminated, China’s cotton imports may not fully recover from the temporary spike in global prices.
Evidence for replicative mechanism in a CHD7 rearrangement in a patient with CHARGE syndrome

Haploinsufficiency of CHD7 (OMIM# 608892) is known to cause CHARGE syndrome (OMIM# 214800). Molecular testing supports a definitive diagnosis in approximately 65–70% of cases. Most CHD7 mutations arise de novo, and no mutations affecting exon-7 have been reported to date. We report on an 8-year-old girl diagnosed with CHARGE syndrome that was referred to our laboratory for comprehensive CHD7 gene screening. Genomic DNA from the subject with a suspected diagnosis of CHARGE was isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes and comprehensive Sanger sequencing, along with deletion/duplication analysis of the CHD7 gene using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), was performed. MLPA analysis identified a reduced single probe signal for exon-7 of the CHD7 gene consistent with potential heterozygous deletion. Long-range PCR breakpoint analysis identified a complex genomic rearrangement (CGR) leading to the deletion of exon-7 and breakpoints consistent with a replicative mechanism such as fork stalling and template switching (FoSTeS) or microhomology-mediated break-induced replication (MMBIR). Taken together this represents the first evidence for a CHD7 intragenic CGR in a patient with CHARGE syndrome leading to what appears to be also the first report of a mutation specifically disrupting exon-7. Although likely rare, CGR may represent an overlooked mechanism in subjects with CHARGE syndrome that can be missed by current sequencing and dosage assays. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Is Quantity Theory Still Alive

This paper investigates whether the quantity theory of money is still alive. We argue that it is, but that the slippage is not negligible. For countries with low inflation, the relationship between average inflation and the growth rate of money is tenuous at best. A correction for variation in output growth and the opportunity cost of money, using theory implied elasticities, helps explain the slippage. For the period since 1990, inflation targeting at low rates of inflation makes it harder to establish the long run relationship between monetary growth and inflation.
Breaking symmetries in induced-charge electro-osmosis and electrophoresis

Building on our recent work on induced-charge electro-osmosis (ICEO) and electrophoresis (ICEP), as well as the Russian literature on spherical metal colloids, we examine the rich consequences of broken geometric and field symmetries upon the ICEO flow around conducting bodies. Through a variety of paradigmatic examples involving ideally polarizable (e.g. metal) bodies with thin double layers in weak fields, we demonstrate that spatial asymmetry generally leads to a net pumping of fluid past the body by ICEO, or, in the case of a freely suspended colloidal particle, translation and/or rotation by ICEP. We have chosen model systems that are simple enough to admit analysis, yet which contain the most important broken symmetries. Specifically, we consider (i) symmetrically shaped bodies with inhomogeneous surface properties, (ii) ‘nearly symmetric’ shapes (using a boundary perturbation scheme), (iii) highly asymmetric bodies composed of two symmetric bodies tethered together, (iv) symmetric conductors in electric-field gradients, and (v) arbitrarily shaped conductors in general non-uniform fields in two dimensions (using complex analysis). In non-uniform fields, ICEO flow and ICEP motion exist in addition to the more familiar dielectrophoretic forces and torques on the bodies (which also vary with the square of the electric field). We treat all of these problems in two and three dimensions, so our study has relevence for both colloids and microfluidics. In the colloidal context, we describe principles to ‘design’ polarizable particles which rotate to orient themselves and translate steadily in a desired direction in a DC or AC electric field. We also describe ‘ICEO spinners’ that rotate continuously in AC fields of arbitrary direction, although we show that ‘near spheres’ with small helical perturbations do not rotate, to leading order in the shape perturbation. In the microfluidic context, strong and steady flows can be driven by small AC potentials applied to systems containing asymmetric structures, which holds promise for portable or implantable self-powered devices. These results build upon and generalize recent studies in AC electro-osmosis (ACEO). Unlike ACEO, however, the inducing surfaces in ICEO can be physically distinct from the driving electrodes, increasing the frequency range and geometries available.
Low‐cost antennas for direct broadcast satellite radio

Two omnidirectional and circularly polarized low-gain antennas (the crossed drooping dipole and the TM21-mode circular patch antenna) are developed for direct broadcast satellite radio (DBSR) outdoor mobile terminal applications. Two medium-gain circularly polarized microstrip patch arrays [one uses the conventional circular polarization (CP) feed and the other uses the sequentially arranged CP feed techniques] are also developed to provide at least 12–dBic peak gain for DBSR indoor fixed terminal applications. The sequentially arranged CP fed array has a better CP performance over a broader bandwidth than the conventionally fed array. All the antennas are small in size/mass and inexpensive in fabrication cost. The patch antennas also have a low profile. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Survey of Lower Bounds for Satisfiability and Related Problems

Ever since the fundamental work of Cook from 1971, satisfiability has been recognized as a central problem in computational complexity. It is widely believed to be intractable, and yet till recently even a linear-time, logarithmic-space algorithm for satisfiability was not ruled out. In 1997 Fortnow, building on earlier work by Kannan, ruled out such an algorithm. Since then there has been a significant amount of progress giving non-trivial lower bounds on the computational complexity of satisfiability. In this article, we survey the known lower bounds for the time and space complexity of satisfiability and closely related problems on deterministic, randomized, and quantum models with random access. We discuss the state-of-the-art results and present the underlying arguments in a unified framework.
New reactions of perfluorinated N-fluoroalkanimines

Abstract N -fluoroalkanimines of the type R 1 CFNF undergo fluoride catalyzed dimerization and rearrangement in a polar solvent into the corresponding diaziridines. They also undergo nucleophilic substitutions to(CF 3 ) 2 CF(R 1 )CNF by reaction with hexafluoropropene (HFP) in the presence of CsF. These N -fluoroimines react with SbF 5 giving the corresponding aza-alkenes as a result of a Beckmann rearrangement.
A Mild, Palladium-Catalyzed Method for the Dehydrohalogenation of Alkyl Bromides: Synthetic and Mechanistic Studies

We have exploited a typically undesired elementary step in cross-coupling reactions, β-hydride elimination, to accomplish palladium-catalyzed dehydrohalogenations of alkyl bromides to form terminal olefins. We have applied this method, which proceeds in excellent yield at room temperature in the presence of a variety of functional groups, to a formal total synthesis of (R)-mevalonolactone. Our mechanistic studies have established that the rate-determining step can vary with the structure of the alkyl bromide and, most significantly, that L(2)PdHBr (L = phosphine), an intermediate that is often invoked in palladium-catalyzed processes such as the Heck reaction, is not an intermediate in the active catalytic cycle.
Parameterized Supply Function Bidding: Equilibrium and Efficiency

We consider a model where a finite number of producers compete to meet an infinitely divisible but inelastic demand for a product. Each firm is characterized by a production cost that is convex in the output produced, and firms act as profit maximizers. We consider a uniform price market design that uses supply function bidding: firms declare the amount they would supply at any positive price, and a single price is chosen to clear the market. We are interested in evaluating the impact of price-anticipating behavior both on the allocative efficiency of the market and on the prices seen at equilibrium. We show that by restricting the strategy space of the firms to parameterized supply functions, we can provide upper bounds on both the inflation of aggregate cost at the Nash equilibrium relative to the socially optimal level, as well as the markup of the Nash equilibrium price above the competitive level: as long as N > 2 firms are competing, these quantities are both upper bounded by 1 + 1/(N-2). This result holds even in the presence of asymmetric cost structure across firms. We also discuss several extensions, generalizations, and related issues.
Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Chiral Phosphanes

Chiral phosphanes, important ligands for metal-catalyzed asymmetric syntheses, are often prepared with compounds from the chiral pool, by using stoichiometric chiral auxiliaries, or by resolution. In some cases, this class of valuable compounds can be prepared more efficiently by catalytic asymmetric synthesis. This Concepts article presents an overview of these synthetic methods, including recent advances in catalysis by metal complexes, biocatalysis, organocatalysis, and ligand-accelerated catalysis.
Report cards : the impact of providing school and child test scores on educational markets

This paper studies study the impact of providing school and child test scores on subsequent test scores, prices, and enrollment in markets with multiple public and private providers. A randomly selected half of the sample villages (markets) received report cards. This increased test scores by 0.11 standard deviations, decreased private school fees by 17 percent, and increased primary enrollment by 4.5 percent. Heterogeneity in the treatment impact by initial school quality is consistent with canonical models of asymmetric information. Information provision facilitates better comparisons across providers, improves market efficiency and raises child welfare through higher test scores, higher enrollment, and lower fees.
Crosstalk and Switching Noise Mechanism Study in High Density Wire-bond FPGA Device

This paper presents the dominant contributors of mutual inductance in wire-bond package thru study on the return path. The study is validated through real device measurement correlation. Based on the study, techniques to reduce crosstalk in wire-bond package will be presented which will be beneficial to the packaging world as bond wire continues to be the dominant technique to connect die to the package in low cost application.
Detergents destabilize the cubic phase of monoolein: implications for membrane protein crystallization.

The in meso method for membrane protein crystallization uses a lipidic cubic phase as the hosting medium. The cubic phase provides a lipid bilayer into which the protein presumably reconstitutes and from which protein crystals nucleate and grow. The solutions used to spontaneously form the protein-enriched cubic phase often contain significant amounts of detergents that were employed initially to purify and to solubilize the membrane protein. By virtue of their surface activity, detergents have the potential to impact on the phase properties of the in meso system and, by extension, the outcome of the crystallization process. The purpose of this study was to quantify the effects that a popular series of nonionic detergents, the n-alkyl-β-d-glucopyranosides, have on the phase behavior of hydrated monoolein, the lipid upon which the in meso method is based. Phase identity and phase microstructure were characterized by small-angle x-ray diffraction on samples prepared to mimic in meso crystallization conditions. Measurements were made in the 0–40°C range. Samples prepared in the cooling direction allow for the expression of metastability, a feature of liquid crystalline phases that might be exploited in low-temperature crystallization. The results show that the cubic phase is relatively insensitive to small amounts of alkyl glucosides. However, at higher levels the detergents trigger a transition to the lamellar phase in a temperature- and salt concentration-dependent manner. These effects have important implications for in meso crystallization. A diffraction-based method for assaying detergents is presented.
[2+2] Cycloaddition of 1,3-Dienes by Visible Light Photocatalysis†

[2+2] Photocycloadditions of 1,3-dienes represent a powerful yet synthetically underutilized class of reactions. We report that visible light absorbing transition metal complexes enable the [2+2] cycloaddition of a diverse range of 1,3-dienes. The ability to use long-wavelength visible light is attractive because these reaction conditions tolerate the presence of sensitive functional groups that might be readily decomposed by the high-energy UVC radiation required for direct photoexcitation of 1,3-dienes. The resulting vinylcyclobutane products are poised for a variety of further diversification reactions, and this method is consequently expected to be powerfully enabling in the synthesis of complex organic targets.
Lessons from simulation regarding the control of synthetic self-assembly

We investigated the role of particle potential symmetry on self-assembly by Monte Carlo simulation with a particular view toward synthetically creating structures of prescribed form and function. First, we established a general tendency for the rotational potential symmetries of the particles to be locally preserved upon self-assembly. Specifically, we found that a dipolar particle potential, having a continuous rotational symmetry about the dipolar axis, gives rise to chain formation, while particles with multipolar potentials (e.g., square quadrupole) having discrete rotational symmetries lead to the self-assembly of “random surface” polymers preserving the rotational symmetries of the particles within these sheet structures. Surprisingly, these changes in self-assembly geometry with the particle potential symmetry are also accompanied by significant changes in the thermodynamic character and in the kinetics of the self-assembly process. Linear chain growth involves a continuous chain growth process in which the chains break and reform readily, while the growth of the two-dimensional polymers only occurs after an “initiation” or “nucleation” time that fluctuates from run to run. We show that the introduction of artificial seeds provides an effective method for controlling the structure and growth kinetics of sheet-like polymers. The significance of these distinct modes of polymerization on the functional character of self-assembly growth is illustrated by constructing an artificial centrosome structure derived from particles having continuous and discrete rotational potential symmetries.
Computer-Aided Assessment of Flight Simulator Fidelity

A technique for computer-aided assessment of e ight simulator e delity is presented. The assessment procedure utilizes a mathematical model of the human pilot that includes proprioceptive, visual, and vestibular cues. The quality ofthelattertwo cuescanbevariedtocapturetheeffectsofe ightsimulatorlimitationsassociatedwithvisual and motion cueing. A MATLAB ® -based tool that automatesthe selection of the majority of parameters in the pilot model and the generation of a e delity metric is described. In addition, a prediction of the task-dependent handling qualities of the nominal e ight vehicle can be obtained. The assessment procedure is exercised in a hypothetical example involving the six-degree-of-freedom control of a rotorcraft completing a vertical remask maneuver. It is demonstrated that by varying the quality of the visual and vestibular cues in the pilot/vehicle model the effects of simulator limitations upon e delity can be systematically addressed.