cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
356 Maternal Depression: Implication for Asthma Management in Children

Aim: To identify the relationship between maternal depression, the health and well being of children with asthma, and the role of the pediatric nurse. Method: Review of the medical and nursing literature. Results: Adult depression is a leading cause of disease burden throughout the world. In the United States undiagnosed and untreated maternal depression has been found to not only have significant psychological and social implications for the family system, but children of depressed mothers are at risk for serious developmental, behavioral, and emotional problems as well as non-adherence with medical management plans, increased morbidity from chronic conditions such as asthma, poor health care utilization, greater rates of emergency department and sick visits, greater use of inpatient and specialty services, and lower rates of well-child care visits and pediatric preventive practices such as basic safety. Conclusion: The significance of depression on child and adolescent health mandates that pediatric providers learn more about the incidence, prevalence, associated risk factors, symptomotology and screening tools for maternal depression. If pediatric nurses were more knowledgeable regarding the symptoms of depression they could detect this clinical problem and educate mothers regarding the significance of their mental health on asthma management in children and refer mothers for mental health services. This presentation will review current literature regarding maternal depression, its incidence, prevalence, associated correlates, and its implications for child health and asthma management. Suggestions for screening mothers for depression and alterations in health care management plans for their children will be given.
MRI of tibialis anterior tendon rupture

Ruptures of the tibialis anterior tendon are rare. We present the clinical histories and MRI findings of three recent male patients with tibialis anterior tendon rupture aged 58-67 years, all of whom presented with pain over the dorsum of the ankle. Two of the three patients presented with complete rupture showing discontinuity of the tendon, thickening of the retracted portion of the tendon, and excess fluid in the tendon sheath. One patient demonstrated a partial tear showing an attenuated tendon with increased surrounding fluid. Although rupture of the tibialis anterior tendon is a rarely reported entity, MRI is a useful modality in the definitive detection and characterization of tibialis anterior tendon ruptures.
Histopathology of transovarial transmission of Nosema pyrausta in the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis

Abstract Ostrinia nubilalis larvae, neonate to 5th instar, were exposed to 100, 200, 400, and 800 Nosema pyrausta spores/mm2 diet surface for 48 hr. Infections were evident in the reproductive tissues in all insects 7 days after exposure, regardless of the stadium in which and the dosages of spores to which the larvae were exposed. The microsporidian spores were found infecting the epithelial layers and stroma cells of the larval ovarian tissues. In larvae that had a more intense infection, the germ cells were also infected. The process of histolysis and histogenesis occurring during the pupal stage did not interfere with infection of the ovarian tissues. The microsporidian spores remained in the infected tissues, and infections progressed into adult reproductive tissues, where trophocytes and oocytes enveloped in follicles were infected. Consequently, these infections resulted in the transovarial transmission of the microsporidium.
Utility of EEG in delirium: past views and current practice.

The EEG is a useful and, at times, an essential test in the evaluation of delirium. In most patients with delirium, the EEG will show diffuse slowing and thus is helpful in differentiating organic etiologies from functional, psychiatric disorders. The degree of the EEG changes correlates with the severity of the encephalopathy so that the EEG may be used to help monitor therapy. In some delirious patients, the EEG may indicate whether the patient is suffering from focal, rather than global, impairment. Furthermore, the EEG is the only test that can identify an ongoing epileptic state (e.g., nonconvulsive status epilepticus) as being responsible for the clinical picture of confusion. Other electrophysiological tests that may prove helpful in the evaluation of delirium, such as computerized EEG spectral analysis, topographic brain mapping, and sleep studies, are briefly reviewed.
Time-dependent matrix cracking in cross-ply laminates

Abstract The use of fiber-reinforced polymer composites has escalated in recent years, raising numerous questions concerning their long-term durability in both static and transient environments. Time-dependent damage accumulation in cross-ply laminates, specifically in the form of matrix cracking, is discussed. The results of this study show that certain composite materials may display significant time-dependent damage under quasi-static and creep loads even at room temperature.
Fast, three-dimensional super-resolution imaging of live cells

We report super-resolution fluorescence imaging of live cells with high spatiotemporal resolution using stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM). By labeling proteins either directly or via SNAP tags with photoswitchable dyes, we obtained two-dimensional (2D) and 3D super-resolution images of living cells, using clathrin-coated pits and the transferrin cargo as model systems. Bright, fast-switching probes enabled us to achieve 2D imaging at spatial resolutions of ∼25 nm and temporal resolutions as fast as 0.5 s. We also demonstrated live-cell 3D super-resolution imaging. We obtained 3D spatial resolution of ∼30 nm in the lateral direction and ∼50 nm in the axial direction at time resolutions as fast as 1-2 s with several independent snapshots. Using photoswitchable dyes with distinct emission wavelengths, we also demonstrated two-color 3D super-resolution imaging in live cells. These imaging capabilities open a new window for characterizing cellular structures in living cells at the ultrastructural level.
Dopamine receptor genes predict risk preferences, time preferences, and related economic choices

Outside of economics, researchers have recently identified genetic predictors of “sensation-seeking” that have been linked to risky and impulsive behaviors. We examine the implications of these genetic polymorphisms for economic behavior. Our analysis indicates that the 7-repeat allele of the DRD4 gene that regulates dopamine uptake in the brain predicts risk-taking and time preferences in economic experiments that allow for ambiguity, losses and discounting. These genetic polymorphisms can also be used to directly predict financial choice patterns that are consistent with previous findings in the behavioral genetics literature.
Search for spin-polarized photoemission from GaAs using light with orbital angular momentum

Laser light with photon energy near the band gap of GaAs and in Laguerre-Gaussian modes with different amounts of orbital angular momentum was used to produce photoemission from unstrained GaAs. The degree of electron spin polarization was measured using a micro-Mott polarimeter and found to be consistent with zero with an upper limit of \ensuremath{\sim}3$%$ for light with up to $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5\ensuremath{\hbar}$ of orbital angular momentum. In contrast, the degree of spin polarization of 32.3 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 1.4$%$ using circularly polarized laser light at the as the same wavelength, which is typical for bulk GaAs photocathodes.
Why suppression of HIV replication does not always make everything better

The advent of combination antiretroviral therapies has altered the clinical course of HIV infection such that successful suppression of HIV replication typically results in sufficient restoration of immune function to protect most patients from the opportunistic complications that have defined AIDS. Yet a substantial proportion of treated HIV infected persons fail to increase circulating CD4 T cell counts to "normal" levels and a failure of CD4 T cell restoration predicts increased an increased risk of life threatening events that include malignant, hepatic and cardiovascular morbidities. Recent work suggests that the drivers of immune deficiency and "non-AIDS" complications of HIV infection may be intimately linked and in both settings, immune activation and inflammation are central. To this end, we have accused both HIV and the translocation of microbial elements from the damaged gut as drivers of both progressive CD4 T cell depletion and an increased tendency to coagulation and thrombosis formation in HIV infection. The Cleveland Immune Failure (CLIF) study was designed to explore the characteristics and potential drivers of disease pathogenesis among HIV infected persons who failed to achieve robust CD4 T cell increases despite successful suppression of HIV replication with combination antiretroviral therapy. In this study, we find evidence that immune activation, inflammation and increased thrombosis persist even in the setting of "complete" control of HIV replication and propose that this is not related to ongoing HIV replication but more likely to translocation of microbial products from the damaged gut. Supplement: Abstracts of the Tenth International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1758-2652-13-S4-info.pdf Conference: Tenth International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection 7-11 November 2010 Glasgow, UK (Published: 8 November 2010) doi:10.1186/1758-2652-13-S4-K1 Cite this article as: Lederman: Why suppression of HIV replication does not always make everything better. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2010 13(Suppl 4):K1. Full text: PubMed Central: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3112818/
Urinary turbidity as a marker of crystallization: Is spectrophotometric assessment useful?

Purpose We propose a simple and inexpensive in vitro crystallization assay of measuring turbidity by spectrophotometry in synthetic urine. We validated our method by investigating the effect of potassium (K) citrate on the crystallization of calcium oxalate monohydrate (CaOx), calcium phosphate, and magnesium ammonium phosphate using synthetic urine.
An integrated model for earthquake risk and damage assessment

Abstract The primary objective of this paper was to develop an integrated model for earthquake risk and damage assessment. This model consists of three major submodules - the physical damage functions, the economic damage functions, and the institutional aspects related to risk mitigation policies and community preparedness. While the physical damage functions are related to earthquake risk prediction utilizing both probabilistic and deterministic approaches, the economic damage functions refer to the potential vulnerability of various populations at earthquake risk. The feasibility of this model was tested with historical and projected data on earthquake risk and impacted populations for the New Madrid Fault region which includes St. Louis and Memphis Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas. If the 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes would recur between 1980 and 2030, the damage results from the simulations of this model based on the status quo scenario, indicate that the region would experience structural losses in billions of dollars and a death toll of hundreds of persons.
Beam profile approach to lens design for fiber optics

The common approach to designing multimode fiber coupling lenses is based on fiber end-face imaging. A model, proposed here, deals with beam profiles. Paraxial ray tracing shows that the output of a graded-index multimode fiber has a hyperbolic profile, similar to a singlemode beam. Focusing this beam by a lens is similar to a Gaussian beam focusing. Light focused from a step-index multimode fiber has two waists. Matching their size and NA to fiber parameters is not enough for good coupling: the beam profile should in fact be corrected. The propagation properties of graded-index multimode fiber beams are similar to singlemode beams and differ from step-index multimode fiber beams. The beam profile approach defines these properties, while the imaging approach often fails. A ray model, describing the beam profile, is convenient in computer simulation of lens systems for fiber optics. It visualizes beams in ray-tracing codes such as ZEMAX and allows aberration optimization regarding minimal beam distortion. Gaussian beam diffraction is not an issue, if there is no beam clipping - the ray model is consistent with the traditional wave model. These results are important for correct design of fiber coupling lenses.
Enzymatic target identification with dynamic states

As a metabolic network reaches from a state to a steady state, a subset of its fluxes gradually change. The sequence of intermediate states, called the dynamic state, shows the pattern that the underlying network follows to reach the steady state Understanding this pattern is crucial for metabolic engineering as the intermediate states can lead to undesired effects such as toxicity although the final steady state is a desired one. In this paper, we consider the problem of enzymatic target identification in metabolic networks. Unlike existing strategies, we consider the dynamic behavior of the state changes of the networks. Given a goal pattern for the fluxes of a given network, we aim to find the set of enzyme knockouts that will produce a dynamic state similar to that goal pattern. We consider three distance functions to measure the difference between two dynamic states. These are the Euclidean distance, time-warping distance and pattern distance. Euclidean distance restricts the solution space to the exact goal state. Time-warping distance allows for stretching of the goal pattern in the time domain. Pattern distance allows scaling and shifting of the goal flux in addition to stretching in the time domain. We provide a branch and bound method to solve this problem. We also develop a partitioning strategy to reduce the running time of our method. This strategy avoids constructing the entire dynamic state by computing a lower bound to the distance between two dynamic states when the entire dynamic state is not available. Our experiments on the purine metabolism show that our method runs accurately. They also show that our partitioning strategy reduces the number of time intervals computed for dynamic states by a factor of 2 to 6.
Enhanced critical magnetization currents due to fast neutron irradiation in single-crystal Y Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7 − δ

Magnetization measurements were performed on single crystals of $\mathrm{Y}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ to study the effect of fast neutron irradiation on flux pinning and the critical magnetization current. Neutron irradiation up to a fluence of 8.16\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{17}$ n/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ systematically enhanced the magnitude and reduced the anisotropy of the critical magnetization current compared to unirradiated samples. The largest increases in the critical magnetization current occurred at 77 K. There was a slight linear decrease in the transition temperature with neutron fluence.
Urinary excretion of endogenous hydroxyproline by normal male infants.

Extract: Rates of urinary excretion of total hydroxyproline by 38 normal fullsize male infants were determined on 176 occasions. Each urine collection period was 72 hours. When the period of urine collection was begun between the fourth and eighth day of life, mean rate of excretion was 30.6 mg/day (standard deviation 6.9 mg/day). Maximal rates of urinary excretion were observed between 21 and 60 days of age (mean: 48.1 mg/day; standard deviation 9.7 mg/day). Between 121 and 582 days of age, mean rate of excretion had decreased slightly to 43 mg/day. Eleven infants were each studied on at least five occasions between 20 and 120 days of age. Mean rate of urinary excretion of hydroxyproline by each infant was shown to be significantly correlated with rate of gain in length but not with rate of change in weight or surface area. Speculation: During normal infancy it seems probable that a major proportion of the hydroxyproline excreted in the urine is derived from collagen of bone. Rate of excretion probably parallels rate of bone growth. Thus, any disorder that depresses the normal rate of linear growth is likely to result in sharp diminution of urinary excretion of hydroxyproline. Such a biochemical index of growth may be clinically useful.
Environmental amenities, urban sprawl, and community characteristics

Abstract A common feature of the urban landscape in the United States is low-density and non-contiguous development along the urban–rural fringe. This paper presents a spatially explicit model to examine the causes of this phenomenon. The model emphasizes the importance of environmental amenities in the formation of development patterns and provides a framework for analyzing the effect of major geographic features on community characteristics. It shows that both development patterns and community characteristics are strongly influenced by the spatial distribution of environmental amenities. By introducing amenities into the classic urban economic models, this paper provides more intuitive explanations for several phenomena, including leapfrog development, economic segregation, and jurisdictional fragmentation, than previous studies.
Phase diagram and magnetic properties of the diluted fcc system NipMg1-pO.

Starting from Ni and Mg nitrates, about 20 samples of ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{\mathit{p}}$${\mathrm{Mg}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{p}}$O samples (with 0.06\ensuremath{\le}p\ensuremath{\le}0.86) were prepared and x-ray-diffraction studies showed the samples to have the NaCl structure with the lattice constant fitting the expression a(p)=4.2115-0.0340p \AA{}. Temperature-dependent magnetic-susceptibility (\ensuremath{\chi}) studies of the samples were carried out between 1.8 and 600 K using a superconducting-quantum-interference-device magnetometer and N\'eel temperatures ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{N}}$'s were determined from the peak in \ensuremath{\partial}(\ensuremath{\chi}T)/\ensuremath{\partial}T. The variation of t=${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{N}}$(p)/${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{N}}$(1) vs p is compared with that of ${\mathrm{Co}}_{\mathit{p}}$${\mathrm{Mg}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{p}}$O. For both systems, the variations for pg0.31 are found to fit the predicted values for a simple-cubic Heisenberg antiferromagnet and a theoretical basis for this anomalous result is advanced. The experimental percolation threshold ${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{c}}$=0.15\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01 and for ${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{c}}$p0.31, \ensuremath{\chi} below ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{N}}$ shows irreversible behavior for the zero-field-cooled and field-cooled cases, suggestive of spin-glass-like behavior also observed in other diluted fcc antiferromagnets, such as ${\mathrm{Co}}_{\mathit{p}}$${\mathrm{Mg}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{p}}$O and ${\mathrm{Eu}}_{\mathit{p}}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{p}}$Te. It is suggested that the differences in the t-vs-p variations for p0.31 in ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{\mathit{p}}$${\mathrm{Mg}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{p}}$O, ${\mathrm{Co}}_{\mathit{p}}$${\mathrm{Mg}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{p}}$O, and ${\mathrm{Eu}}_{\mathit{p}}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{p}}$Te may be related to the differences in the ratio of the next-nearest-neighbor to nearest-neighbor exchange constants in these systems.
Early odor preference training increases olfactory bulb norepinephrine

In vivo microdialysis sampling of the olfactory bulbs of awake rats on PND 3 revealed that olfactory stimulation alone does not alter extracellular norepinephrine (NE) levels. Tactile stimulation that is designed to mimic maternal interactions with the young does increase bulb NE and the combined odor and tactile stimulation further increases NE levels. These data are consistent with a critical role for NE in the development of early olfactory preferences in infant rats, induced by odor/tactile stimulation pairings. PND 10 odor/tactile stimulation does not evoke an increase in NE, data consistent with the finding that odor preference training of this kind is ineffective after about the first week of life. Oral infusion of milk on PND 3 also increases bulb NE, a finding consistent with the role of milk as a reinforcing stimulus for the development of early olfactory preferences. Finally, infusion of potassium into the bulb on PND 3 produces a rapid increase in NE, indicating a local neuronal origin of the NE in response to stimulation.
Signal recognition as influenced by presentation schedules

Performance in a recognition task involving two amplitudes of the same tone was investigaled over a wide range of presentation schedules. The task was arranged so that there was no trial-to-trial feedback or other information regarding the relative frequencies of the two tones. The hit and false alarm rates (the proportion of “loud” responses to loud and soft stimuli, respectively) on any given trial were strongly influenced by the stimulus and response on the preceding trial. In general, Ss tended to repeat the last response and were more accurate after a stimulus alternation than after a stimulus repetition. In addition, hit and false alarm rates were inversely related to the presentation probability of the loud tone, in contrast to the direct relation typically found in signal detection experiments and in recognition experiments with trial-to-trial feedback. A mathematical model incorporating three processes (memory, comparison, and decision) was shown to give a good account of these data.
Interval-valued availability framework for supplier selection based on component importance

The availability of ageing systems, particularly weapon systems within the Department of Defense, is of significant concern, as budgets tighten and system replacement is infeasible. This work addresses the selection of sole suppliers according to their ability to provide component parts that strengthen availability of the system. We extend a popular multi-criteria decision-making approach, Technique for Order Preferences by Similarity to an Ideal Solution, by (i) considering the availability of individual components as the criteria in the decision problem and (ii) weighting those criteria according to the value of component importance measures while (iii) accounting for uncertainty in underlying reliability and maintainability parameters with interval numbers. An aircraft example illustrates the approach.
Tight insertion of cytochrome b5 into large unilamellar vesicles.

Abstract Cytochrome b 5 spontaneously binds to liposomes in a ‘loose’, or transferable form, whereas in vivo b 5 binds post-translationally to the ER in the ‘tight’ or nontransferable form. The mechanism of tight insertion is unknown, except that it does not require SRP or energy input. The present study shows that prolonged incubation of b 5 with large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) of phosphatidylcholine results in slow conversion of the loose to the tight form, with a halftime of days. However, the process is complex. When the b 5 - LUVs are depleted of loose b 5 , by transfer of b 5 to sonicated vesicles, the tight b 5 is found to be concentrated to near saturating levels in a small fraction of the LUVs. If the LUVs devoid of tight b 5 are recovered and then reincubated with fresh b 5 , the same slow transformation recurs. Apparently, a new population of vesicles, containing tight b 5 , is generated during the prolonged incubation with the protein. The b 5 - enriched LUVs contain about the same level of trapped sucrose as does the original vesicle preparation, indicating that vesicle integrity is maintained throughout the process. When fresh b 5 is added to these tight b 5 - containing LUVs, all the freshly bound protein rapidly inserts ( h ) into the tight configuration. Apparently, the newly formed tight -b 5 / LUV vesicle population is ‘insertion-active’. A model for these complex transformations is proposed.
Ultrasound image contrast enhancement via integrating transducer position information

Computer-aided visualization and segmentation of structures of interest in ultrasound images require speckle noise reduction typically via lowpass filtering at the cost of blurring the edges. We have found that an advanced technique called sticks is effective in reducing the speckle while increasing the edge contrast. In the original sticks algorithm, the possible locations of a reflector (boundary interface) is modeled by a set of short line segments (sticks) each with a different orientation. The goal is to select a particular stick out of the many different possible stick orientations (templates), which best describes a reflector in the neighborhood. The original sticks algorithm assumes that ultrasound echo could originate from a reflector positioned in any orientation with respect to the incident ultrasound beam, which is not a 100% valid assumption. Instead, for every possible reflector location in the image, we calculate the prior probability of different possible stick templates. Using Bayesian decision theory, we have integrated this additional information into the original sticks algorithm. The results indicate that similar to the original sticks algorithm, the speckles are reduced while preserving the edges in the image. In addition, the new sticks algorithm (UltraSticks) is faster than the original algorithm by a factor of 4.2. This approach is one of the few attempts in ultrasound image segmentation where the knowledge of the imaging process, such as the transducer position, has been incorporated for improved contrast enhancement.
A method for the fractionation and measurement of 17-ketosteroids in human plasma.

ANDROGENIC hormones are known to occur in human plasma. McCullagh and co-workers (1) found that ether extracts of 50 ml. of blood stimulated capon comb growth. Koch (2) confirmed these results. We recently reported the isolation of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) from normal human plasma (3). Romanoff et al. (4) reported the presence of both Δ4-androstene-3,17-dione and llβ-hydroxy-Δ4-androstene-3,17-dione in adrenal vein blood of subjects receiving ACTH. The second compound was more recently isolated by the same group of workers (5). Testosterone and Δ4-androstene-3,17-dione were also isolated from spermatic vein blood of dogs by West et al. (6). It is reasonable, therefore, to attempt to measure 17-ketosteroids (17-KS) in human plasma. Urinary 17-KS provide information concerning only the end-products of steroid metabolism. To study hormones produced by endocrine glands, one should examine the blood from the efferent vein of the considered glands, since later these hormones undergo various transformations ...
EMOTIONAL ELEMENTS OF MENTAL ILLNESS: PSYCHOLOGICAL CONCOMITANTS OF STRESS

Traditional theories of mental illness have attributed causality to such widely divergent views as intrapsychic mechanisms, biological processes, and interpersonal events. Popular medical explanations in which organicity has been ruled out have often attributed aberrant behavior and symptom formation to atavistic notions like “nerves” and more recently to concepts like “stress.” The “stress hypothesis,” enunciated by Selye, views maladaptive behavior as a function of sequential reaction involving alarm and mobilization, resistance, exhaustion, and ultimate decompensation with its attendant symptom formation. The present discussion articulates the putative emotional elements of abnormal behavior, namely, the uncontrollable feelings of fear, anger, and guilt. These specific emotions seem to be reactions to excessive and intolerable “stress,” the ineffectual management of which might lead to eventual symptom formation. The common sources of such reactions are identified to which therapeutic attention is reco...
An Antibiotic That Inhibits a Late Step in Wall Teichoic Acid Biosynthesis Induces the Cell Wall Stress Stimulon in Staphylococcus aureus

Wall teichoic acids (WTAs) are phosphate-rich, sugar-based polymers attached to the cell walls of most Gram-positive bacteria. In Staphylococcus aureus, these anionic polymers regulate cell division, protect cells from osmotic stress, mediate host colonization, and mask enzymatically susceptible peptidoglycan bonds. Although WTAs are not required for survival in vitro, blocking the pathway at a late stage of synthesis is lethal. We recently discovered a novel antibiotic, targocil, that inhibits a late acting step in the WTA pathway. Its target is TarG, the transmembrane component of the ABC transporter (TarGH) that exports WTAs to the cell surface. We examined here the effects of targocil on S. aureus using transmission electron microscopy and gene expression profiling. We report that targocil treatment leads to multicellular clusters containing swollen cells displaying evidence of osmotic stress, strongly induces the cell wall stress stimulon, and reduces the expression of key virulence genes, including dltABCD and capsule genes. We conclude that WTA inhibitors that act at a late stage of the biosynthetic pathway may be useful as antibiotics, and we present evidence that they could be particularly useful in combination with beta-lactams.
J series thruster thermal test results

Test experience with J series ion thrusters have indicated that the present thruster design may result in excessive temperatures in areas which utilize organic materials such as wire insulation, with the resultant outgassing and potential contamination of insulating materials. Further, it appears that thermal data obtained with earlier thruster designs, such as the 700 series thruster, may not be directly applicable to the J series design. Two J series thrusters were fitted with thermocouples and critical temperatures measured for a variety of configurations and operating parameters. Completely enclosing the thruster to reduce facility contamination significantly increased temperatures prompting the selection of a compromise geometry for life testing. The operating parameter having the largest effect on temperatures was discharge power, while beam power affected little else than extraction system temperatures. Several off-normal operating modes were also investigated. Data believed to be sufficient to effectively modify existing thermal models were obtained from the tests.
Hydrogen Peroxide Activates Na+-Dependent Ca2+ Influx in Coronary Endothelial Cells ☆ ☆☆

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of short duration H2O2 exposure on coronary artery endothelial cell [Ca2+]i regulation. Freshly dispersed cells from porcine coronary artery were exposed to H2O2 (300 μmol/L) for 3 min while monitoring [Ca2+]i using fura-2 microfluorometry. H2O2 increased [Ca2+]i from 0.86 ± 0.03 to 2.19 ± 0.41 ratio units at 3 min of H2O2 (P
Quantum Rate Theory for Solids. II. One-Dimensional Tunneling Effects

The effects of tunneling are included in a one-dimensional rate theory which utilizes the concept of an ensemble of appropriate minimum-uncertainty wave packets (coherent states). An approximate tunneling formula for such wave packets is developed for a piecewise quadratic potential representing a well followed by a barrier; it is based on an exact solution for a Gaussian wave packet moving on a parabolic barrier. A new method for the numerical solution of the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation is presented and used to check this approximate tunneling formula. The addition of tunneling to the effect of quantum statistics gives a rate formula which approximates the classical result at high-temperature levels and approaches a constant rate determined by tunneling at very low-temperature levels.
Relationships among measures of smoking topography

Interrelationships between puffing, puff duration, puff volume, and heart rate change were assessed in a sample of 63 chronic, high rate smokers. Results showed puff duration and volume were related for males and females, and that heart rate change was related to volume in males and puff duration in females. Puffs were not related to either volume or heart rate change in males or females. These results call into question research on smoking behavior which does not measure volume, and shows that components of puffing may not be used interchangeably, and that neither puffs nor puff duration are accurate predictors of volume of intake.
Unilateral ureteral reimplantation and management of contralateral low grade or resolved vesicoureteral reflux.

Purpose: New contralateral vesicoureteral reflux after unilateral ureteral reimplantation is well described in the literature. Management of high grade vesicoureteral reflux with resolved contralateral reflux is less extensively studied. Most surgeons perform a bilateral procedure in these cases. We report the results when an open procedure was deferred on the contralateral side.Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed of all patients with unilateral vesicoureteral reflux undergoing ureteral reimplantation performed by 1 surgeon between 2003 and 2012. Resolved or low grade contralateral reflux was observed if the kidney was normal. Dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer injection was also offered for persistent grade I contralateral reflux. Outcomes were abstracted from the medical record and compared to those in patients undergoing bilateral ureteral reimplantation.Results: Of 78 patients undergoing unilateral ureteral reimplantation 15 met inclusion criteria. Median age was 5.5 y...
Pretreatment of Diltiazem Ameliorates Endotoxin-Induced Acute Lung Injury by Suppression of Neutrophilic Oxidative Stress

Background : Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by severe inflammatory pulmonary edema of unknown pathogenesis. To investigate the pathogenesis of ARDS associated with neutrophilic oxidative stress, the role of phospholipase () was evaluated by the inhibition of calcium channel. Methods : In Sprague-Dawley rats, acute lung injury (ALI) was induced by the instillation of E.coli endotoxin (ETX) into the trachea. At the same time, diltiazem was given 60 min prior to tracheal instillation of ETX. Parameters of ALI such as lung and neutrophil , lung myeloperoxidase (MPO), BAL neutrophils, protein, surfactant were measured. Production of free radicals from neutrophils was measured also. Morphological studies with light microscope and electron microscope were carried out and electron microscopic cytochemistry for detection of free radicals was performed also. Results : Diltiazem had decreased the ALI parameters effectively in ETX given rats and decreased the production of free radicals from neutrophils and lung tissues. Morphological studies denoted the protective effects of diltiazem. Conclusion : Diltiazem, a calcium channel blocker, was effective in amelioration of ALI by the suppression of neutrophilic oxidative stress mediated by activation.
The effects of insulin on the turnover of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in epididymal adipose tissue of the rat

Abstract The effects of insulin on the turnover of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in rat epididymal adipose tissue were studied by immunochemical techniques in in vitro incubations. Insulin increased the relative rate of synthesis of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase by two-fold in tissue obtained from normal rats. Insulin also had an effect on the rate of degradation of this enzyme. In the absence of insulin in the incubation medium the rate constant of degradation was 0.11 h −1 (half-life, 6.3 h). When insulin was added to the medium degradation of this zenzyme was slowed. The new rate constant of degradation was 0.04 h −1 (half-life, 17 h). In the presence of insulin, the rate constant of degradation of total protein in adipose tissue was unchanged; therefore the effects of on the degradation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase are specific to that protein and perhaps to a few other specific proteins.
Clinical applications of pulmonary artery oximetry

Pulmonary artery oximetry represents a combination of the technology of reflection spectrophotometry with that of pulmonary artery catheterization. Pulmonary oximeter catheters, first developed in the early 1980's, employ fiberoptic bundles to transmit light at two or three discrete wavelengths to and from the tip of the catheter. The amount of light reflected from red cells surrounding the catheter tip is a function of the hemoglobin saturation. A microprocessor in the oximeter compares reflected light intensities at the different wavelengths and calculates mixed venous hemoglobin saturation. Some of the sources of error in this calculation will be discussed. Mixed venous hemoglobin saturation is a physiological variable which reflects the oxygen supply versus demand balance of the body. By solving the Fick equation for mixed venous saturation (Sv02), we see that it is a function of arterial saturation (5a02), oxygen consumption (V02), hemoglobin (Hb), and cardiac output (C.O.): Sv02 = Sa02 - 100(V02)/(13.8 x Hb x C.O.) Whenever Sv02 changes, the clinician must decide on the basis of other evidence which of these variables is responsible for the change. Processes that will decrease Sv02 include hypoxemia, anemia, and decreased cardiac output. Sv02 will also decrease following any increase in oxygen consumption (V02), which may result from fever, malignant hyperthermia, thyroid storm, exercise or agitation, and shivering. Increases in Sv02 above the normal range of 68% to 77% result from decreased oxygen uptake in relation to cardiac output, for example: sepsis, Paget's disease of bone, cyanide poisoning, hypothermia, or excessive use of inotropes. Continuous Sv02 monitoring can therefore provide an early warning of many pathologic processes, but it is very nonspecific. The physician must use his clinical expertise in conjunction with the other available data to determine the cause of the change in Sv02 values. Sv02 is a global oxygen parameter; that is, it may not detect changes in the oxygen supply-demand balance of specific organs or regions of the body.
A Variable Path-Length Infrared Gas Cell

Variable path-length liquid cells for infrared spectros-copy are items of routine application. The literature contains few, if any, references to their gas-phase counterpart, however. One obvious use for a variable path-length gas cell would be as a reference cell for the cancellation of the background spectra of gases during in situ studies of weak adsorption on sample dises of varying thickness.
Tying benchmarks and metrics to evaluations and organizational performance: the role of facilitating activities

Mission, vision, and objectives statements are standard items created for most information technology units. Alignment of these with both the overall University mission and individual staff performance goals is often weak or lacking. Building upon the work of Kohrman and Trinkle [1], objectives for Indiana State University's Instructional and Research Technology Services (IRTS) were written as facilitating activities and built to be SMART (Specific, Measurable, Aggressive but attainable, Rewarding, and Time-bound). In addition, these activities were mapped to the University's mission as well as specific individual performance goals. In the spring of 2004 the staff of IRTS held a one day retreat to develop activities that included benchmarks and metrics to determine organizational and individual success. These facilitating activities were captured into a document which included who was doing the work, who was responsible for work completion and success, how the activity was to be measured, what types of data would be collected, the benchmarks for success, and a timeline for completion. Each quarter of the academic year, the unit reflected on the progress toward year-end benchmarks and made adjustments of resources to ensure timely completion of facilitating activities. As IRTS moves into its second full year, the initial process of developing facilitating activities has helped guide the direction and growth of the unit. It has also aided in quantification of the unit's work and staff accountability which is documented in the Office of Information Technology's 2005 Technology Profile.
Ultrastructural and immunohistological characterization of the SIRC corneal cell line

A widely utilized rabbit corneal cell line, SIRC, was characterized ultrastructurally and immunohistologically. Although SIRC cells are often described as being of epithelial origin, important ultrastructural and antigenic characteristics indicate that these cells are fibroblastic and not epithelial. SIRC cells lack desmosomes, cytoplasmic filaments, and cytokeratin-structures that are characteristic of corneal epithelial cells. By contrast, the dendritic morphology, presence of vimentin, and the extensive dense accumulations of ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum are consistent with a fibroblastic phenotype. Collectively, the morphology, ultrastructural features, and antigenic composition favor the hypothesis that SIRC cells are fibroblastic cells (keratocytes) and not corneal epithelial cells.
The different effects of “living together”: Determining and comparing types of cohabiting couples

Utilizing a sample of 1365 never-married cohabiting couples, we developed a typology of premarital cohabitation. Latent class analysis was used to create a five-class model of cohabiting couples who were then compared to engaged and non-engaged non-cohabiting couples on measures of interpersonal dynamics and relational outcomes. Results suggested that being in different types of cohabiting relationships was associated with different risks and benefits in terms of relational outcomes. Engaged cohabiting couples who have an agreed trajectory toward marriage appear to do as well, or better, than other types of couples. Cohabiting couples who are not utilizing cohabitation as a current pathway toward marriage appeared very similar to non-cohabiting dating couples. It was also found that couples with ambiguity regarding their perceived movement toward marriage were at risk for negative relationship outcomes compared to other couple types.
Building Learning Communities through Social and Emotional Learning: Navigating the Rough Seas of Implementation:

Educators have come to recognize the importance of their efforts in building students' social and emotional skills. However, the creation of lasting programming often fails to keep pace with educators' best intentions. In this article, the authors suggest guidelines for ways in which school counselors can be involved in implementing sustained social and emotional learning interventions in a manner that is consistent with the values and goals of such programs.
CW operation of 1.55-μm bipolar cascade laser with record differential efficiency, low threshold, and 50-/spl Omega/ matching

By electrically segmenting an InP ridge laser and series-connecting the segments, we have created the first highly scalable bipolar cascade lasers. We report room-temperature continuous-wave operation of 12-stage lasers with a record 390% differential efficiency and 2.8-mA threshold, as well as three-stage lasers with 50-/spl Omega/ input impedance and 118% efficiency.
Input Processing in Second Language Acquisition: A Discussion of Four Input Processing Models

The importance of input has been a widely recognized concept in the field of second language acquisition. Much research has been conducted to examine how input is processed, the various facilitative attributes of input, and the effectiveness of pedagogies that directly manipulate input. Among these domains of input-related research, it is critical to first understand the very nature of input-processing. Hence, in this paper, four different models of input-processing are examined and compared side-by-side. The discussion aims to disambiguate discrepancies in terminologies, identify common emphases on gap-noticing and cognitive-comparison, and suggests the need for further research on the role of attention/consciousness in input-processing.
On Ambiguity in Political Rhetoric: Defeat of the Rat Control Bill in the House of Representatives, July 1967

Democratic and para-democratic political systems are doubly committed to rational discourse: first, as with any sort of regime, the rulers cannot govern effectively unless they can communicate with one another. Secondly, the more democratic the regime, the more its constituents will know with exactitude what their representatives are doing and why, and the more the leaders will be aware of what their constituents are demanding and why. The role of double-talk in democratic politics therefore deserves attention. In the following discussion I do not want to appear to deny the political utilities of ambiguity and lying. Even if there were no situations where the "noble lie" really advances the well-being of most people (cf. the well-being of the rulers), there are surely a lot of situations where tact, diplomacy, and humane instincts prompt all of us to obscure the truth a little. Let me just mention, however, two rather powerful psychological inducements that transcend both tact and greed as motives toward double-talk.
Three dimensional FC Artin groups are CAT(0)

Building upon earlier work of T. Brady, we construct locally CAT(0) classifying spaces for those Artin groups which are three-dimensional and which satisfy the FC (flag complex) condition. The approach is to verify the ‘link condition’ by applying gluing arguments for CAT(1) spaces and by using the curvature testing techniques of Elder and McCammond [Expositio Math. 11(1) (2002), 143–158].
Pharmacological studies on the antagonism by antidepressants of the hypothermia induced by apomorphine.

Summary In male Swiss mice, the hypothermia induced by apomorphine (10mg/kg) was completely blocked by administration of haloperidol and d -butaclamol, but not by l -butaclamol, phenoxybenzamine, clozapine or propranolol. This substantiated the dopaminergic nature of the hypothermia induced by apomorphine. Desipramine, imipramine, chlorimipramine, fluoxetine and mazindol produced a dosedependent blockade of apomorphine-induced hypothermia, their ED 50 s being 0.313, 0.733, 1.88, 6,04 and 0.0033 mg/kg, respectively, lprindole failed to block the hypothermia induced by apomorphine. Because chlorimipramine and fluoxetine, which are relatively more selective and more potent blockers of the uptake of serotonin (5-HT) than is desipramine, were considerably less effective than the latter in antagonizing hypothermia induced by apomorphine, it was concluded that the property of blocking uptake of 5-HT alone does not contribute to the antagonism to apomorphine exhibited by the classical antidepressants. Quipazine, a 5-HT agonist, blocked the hypothermia induced by apomorphine, this effect developed tolerance on repeated administration. However, no cross-tolerance between quipazine and the antidepressants could be demonstrated. This finding provided further support for the non-involvement of 5-HT in the antagonism to apomorphine. No correlation existed between the potencies of these antidepressants to block the reuptake of norepinephrine (NE) in brain and their relative potencies to block the hypothermia induced by apomorphine. Moreover, selective depletion of high affinity binding sites for [ 3 H]desipramine and [ 3 H]-NE, achieved by treatment with DSP-4, failed to reduce the effectiveness of desipramine in blocking the hypothermia induced by apomorphine. Hence, inhibition of uptake of NE does not account for the antagonism by the antidepressants of apomorphine-induced hypotherrnia. A possibility was considered that certain antidepressants selectively blocked the hypothalamic DA receptors, thereby antagonizing the hypothermic effects of apomorphine, leaving the extra-hypothalamic dopaminergic responses of this DA agonist unaffected.