cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Designing an aspect-oriented framework in an object-oriented environment

Separation of concerns is at the heart of software development, and although its benefits have been well established, the core problem remains how to achieve it. For complex software systems the solution is still debatable and it is a major research area. Object Oriented Programming (OOP) works well only if the problem at hand can be described with relatively simple interface among objects. Unfortunately, this is not the case when we move from sequential programming to concurrent and distributed programming. The September 1993 CACM issue was devoted to the problematic marriage between OOP and Concurrency [Cohen 93]. Since then, numerous workshops, articles and books have attempt to tackle the problem. The core complexity is that concurrent and distributed systems manifest over more than one dimension. Features such as scheduling, synchronization, fault tolerance, security, testing and verifications are all expressed in such a way that they tend to cut across different objects. Hence, simple object interfaces are violated and the traditional OOP benefits no longer hold. One of the current attempts to resolve this issue is the Aspect Oriented Software Architecture. To address this multi-dimensional structure of concurrent systems we distinguish between components and aspects. Aspects are defined as properties of a system that do not necessarily align with the system's functional components but tend to cut across functional components, increasing their interdependencies, and thus affecting the quality of the software. Although not bound to OOP, Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) is a paradigm proposal that retains the advantages of OOP and aims at achieving a better separation of concerns. In this paper we provide an assessment of AOP and we discuss the architecture of an aspectoriented framework. The goals of our proposal is to achieve an improved separation of concerns in both design, and implementation, to provide adaptability, and to support the complex interaction among non-orthogonal aspects. 1. The “Code Tangling” Problem The traditional approach for organizing software systems has been based on some form of functional decomposition. A problem is broken down into sub-problems that can be addressed relatively independently. Current programming languages and paradigms support implementation, ___________________ Permission to make digital/hard copy of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that the copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage, the copyright notice, the title of the publication, and its data appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the ACM, Inc. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers, or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. © 2000 ACM 00360-0300/00/0300es
On implementing computer networking on existing cable TV plants: some interesting proposals

Abstract The current work is a survey of the problems and current proposals for implementing digital networks on existing cable TV systems. It presents a summary of the cable TV medium, describes some of the special problems that medium presents, and discusses several proposals/implementations of networks on cable TV systems. Each has some strong and weak points. We then compare these proposals especially with respect to their capability to transmit voice.
A model for lipid membranes with tilt and distension based on three-dimensional liquid crystal theory

The relationship between the two-dimensional theory of tilted lipid membranes and three-dimensional liquid crystal theory is discussed in detail. The latter framework furnishes an appropriate foundation for membrane theory and facilitates a straightforward reduction to a well-posed two-dimensional model. This emerges as a special case of the Cosserat theory of elastic shells and incorporates a model of generalized capillarity in which the membrane energy responds to surface curvature and also to surface dilation and its gradient.
Detecting biotic and hydrogeochemical processes in large peat basins with Landsat TM imagery

A survey was made of three large peat basins in boreal North America with Landsat TM imagery and field sampling. False-color composites composed of Bands 2, 3, and 4 are particularly effective in discriminating the major vegetation types and the important hydrogeochemical processes in these peatlands. This imagery indicates that the discharge of alkaline groundwater provides one of the most important regional and local controls on peatland development.
The Effect of Body Mass Index on Patient Outcomes in a Medical ICU

Study objectives To examine the effect of patient body mass index (BMI) on outcome in intensive care. Design In a prospective study, the patients were classified into groups based on the calculated BMI, as follows: BMI Setting The study was conducted in a 9-bed medical ICU of a 650-bed tertiary care hospital. Measurements Height and weight were prospectively recorded for the first ICU admission during a hospital stay. Results Between January 1, 1997, and August 1, 2001, 2,148 of 2,806 patients admitted to the ICU had height and weight recorded. There were no differences in APACHE II score, mortality, ICU LOS, hospital LOS, number receiving ventilation, ventilator-days, average total cost, or average variable cost among the five groups. However, the severely obese patients were more frequently female and younger than those who were overweight and obese (p Conclusion BMI has minimal effects on ICU outcome after patients are admitted to a critical care unit.
Priority-Setting Methods for Plural Policymaking Bodies

Priority-setting methods for policy boards must address both multiple criteria for choosing among alternative policies and the differing values of individual board members. Four techniques that might be appropriate for policy boards are decision analysis, simplified multiattribute rating technique, analytic hierarchy process, and social judgment theory. These techniques differ in approach, implementation, complexity, cognitive style, time required, and information demands. Factors to consider before using one of these techniques include what roles board members and staff should play, how individuals' opinions should be aggregated, and whether the political conditions exist that make it feasible to use the technique.
Modelling the Development of the Intermediate Chemicals Industry

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the development of the intermediate chemicals industry. The striking features of the intermediate chemicals industry include the large size of any problem of interest, the enormous redundancy of technical alternatives available to accomplish the same subgoal within the industry, and the ability to innovate and create new technology with success in a relatively short span of time. The hope of modeling the development of the industry rests in the transformation of the enormous complex interdependencies into short range linear programming allocation model applied recursively as the economic and behavioral forces change the coefficients and constraints to simulate long range changes. Superimposed on these mathematical simulations is a man–machine simulation of the creation of new technology. The chapter presents the difficulties in formulating a theory of development for the intermediate chemicals industry. It also discusses the dynamic models of industrial development. Interface between economy and industry and a short range allocation model is elaborated.
The sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation of a simple protein isolated from a lymphatic organ.

Abstract A protein displaying a 100-fold greater sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation than does bovine serum albumin has been isolated from the cytoplasm of bovine tonsil lymphocytes. This apparently simple protein formed a surface precipitate in a matter of seconds when directly or indirectly exposed to the radiation resulting from the hydrogen discharge tube of a model DU Beckman spectrophotometer. The ultraviolet absorption behavior of the protein was altered when exposed to very low dosages of ultraviolet radiation, dosages 200-fold less than those that produced similar changes in ovalbumin. Included is an outline of the method of separation as well as some chemical and physical properties of the protein.
Combustion Characteristics of Flat Panel Televisions With and Without Fire Retardants in the Casing

A series of flat panel television burns were performed with incrementally increasing ignition sources in a single burning item apparatus. A comparison study was performed of like model televisions for the United States, Mexican and Brazilian markets. Heat release rate, smoke, combustion gas, TO-15 vapor, and halo-dioxin and furan generation were measured. A total of 18 televisions were ignited and their burning behavior studied to examine the impact of materials of construction and the presence of fire retardants in the casing of the televisions on fire growth. US market televisions required more than 500 W with greater than 180 s exposure to ignite and in four out of the 6 trials these televisions did not achieve sustained ignition. In the two cases where sustained ignition for the US market televisions occurred, it was not the flat panel display television itself which ignited, but the stand and mounting bracket which lead to fire growth. Mexican and Brazilian market televisions ignited easily with 60 s exposure to a 50 W flame. US market televisions did produce brominated dioxins or furans but the mass loss of these televisions was much lower.
Early postural behavior in pan: Influences on development☆

Abstract The development of postural control is fundamental to virtually any other behavior, yet data on its ontogeny in anthropoid species are lacking. In this study, the Riesen and Kinder (1952) Postural Schedule for Infant Chimpanzees was used to compare the postural development of an infant bonobo (Pan paniscus) and an infant chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) to that of each other, to that of nursery-reared chimpanzees ( Riesen & Kinder, 1952 ), and to that of normative humans ( Gesell & Thompson, 1938 ). These subjects, although of different species, displayed similar development and attained many behaviors earlier than the nursery-reared chimpanzees. All ape subjects, especially those in the current study, developed most behaviors several weeks earlier than did humans. Results support Riesen and Kinder's finding that rate of early motor development differs in Pan and Homo infants, but this study also suggests that within a genus or species there are rearing effects which can facilitate or retard development of certain skills.
Endovascular Treatment of Carotid Cavernous Fistulas

Carotid cavernous fistulas (CCFs) are abnormal communications between the carotid arterial system and the cavernous sinus. CCFs are broadly classified as either direct or indirect. Surgical treatment of CCFs is technically difficult and is associated with significant morbidity. Endovascular techniques from either an arterial or a venous approach have become the mainstay of treatment given the recent advances in endovascular technology. This article provides an overview of various endovascular approaches available for the treatment of CCFs.
Post-myocardial infarction risk stratification with stress nuclear myocardial perfusion imaging versus echocardiography: separate but not equal.

The unique contribution of the study by Candell-Riera et al in this issue of the Journal is the evaluation of the prognostic value of stress nuclear MPI and stress echocardiography in the same post-MI cohort. Importantly, it confirms the valuable information that stress nuclear MPI has to offer for management of post-MI patients and simultaneously underscores the limitations of stress echocardiography for the same application. Although the study has limitations, including its relatively small sample size, these observations are consistent with those of a large body of literature involving thousands of patients. Thus this study supports the use of stress nuclear MPI for the evaluation of the post-MI patient as part of an evidence-based clinical practice and provides further concern regarding the use of stress echocardiography as an alternative imaging modality in this setting. It should serve as a reminder that when it comes to evaluation of the patient with coronary heart disease, not all noninvasive tests are created equal.
Modulation of recombinant GABA receptor/channel subunits by domain-specific antibodies in Xenopus oocytes.

To study interaction of specific antibodies with the GABA receptor/channel, antisera were raised against the extracellular domains of the GABAA receptor/channel β2 subunit, γ2 subunit and the GABAC receptor/channel ρ1 subunit. The specificity of the antibodies was characterized by immunocytochemistry and by Western blotting of transfected FDC-P1 cells expressing recombinant GABA receptor/channel subunits. The effects of the antibodies on whole-cell currents in Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing homomeric recombinant GABA receptor/channel β2, γ2, and ρ1 were studied using two-microelectrode voltage clamp. In the absence of GABA, anti-α2, anti-γ2, and anti-ρ1 antisera elicited whole-cell currents in oocytes expressing β2, γ2, and ρ1 subunits, respectively. The effect of antibody on channel activation was concentration-dependent. The whole-cell currents induced by anti-β2 and anti-γ2 were several-fold greater than those induced by application of 100 μm GABA. In Xenopus oocytes expressing recombinant ρ1 subunits, GABA-induced whole-cell currents were inhibited by the anti-ρ1 antibody. In contrast, the GABA-induced whole-cell currents were potentiated several-fold by anti-β2 and anti-γ2 antibodies in Xenopus oocytes expressing homomeric β2 and γ2 subunits. Our studies indicate that antibodies specific to the N-terminal domain of GABA receptor/channel subunits can modulate the neurotransmitter receptor function.
Variable egg development among Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus): control by mating?

. Among ten species of neotropical malaria vectors the frequency of egg development by virgin females fed both sugar and blood varied from 23% to 100% and was positively correlated with their mean fecundity. The mean volume of male accessory glands of these same species varied more than 10-fold and was negatively correlated with population- or species-specific incidence of egg development by virgin females. The accessory glands of Anopheles nuneztovari Gabaldon and Anopheles rangeli Gabaldon, Cova Garcia & Lopez are much greater in size than those of the other eight species and are believed to contain secretory materials that stimulate egg production following mating. Insemination did not stimulate egg development in Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann whose males possess comparatively small accessory glands.
Differential salinity response between two Mississippi River subdeltas: Implications for changes in plant composition

Many studies have determined the physical dynamics of salt-water movement into riverine systems, but few studies have elucidated the role of periodic salinity incursions in affecting primary succession in active deltaic wetlands. The emergence of the neighboring Atchafalaya and Wax Lake Deltas, since a record Mississippi River flood in 1973, has created a unique area of land building and primary succession within the deteriorating wetland landscape of Louisiana. The vegetation in these deltas experiences the extremes of allogenic (riverine and tidal flooding, sedimentation, storm disturbance) and autogenic (herbivory, plant competition) forces. The rapid decline of the dominant vegetation,Sagittaria latifolia Willd. (Broadleaf Arrowhead), in the Atchafalaya Delta, and the continued dominance of this species in the Wax Lake Delta prompted us to investigate whether periodic salinity incursions were an additional stress on this species. The objectives of our study were to determine if salinity differences occurred between these deltas, describe the forces that controlled salinity incursions, and the level of salt exposure that adversely affected the growth ofS. latifolia. Continuous measurements of salinity and water level at six sites, revealed that salinity pulses (up to 7.0‰) were common in the Atchafalaya Delta; the Wax Lake Delta was not prone to elevated salinities. Salinity incursions in the Atchafalaya Delta were related to water level set-up, which was forced by strong (>10 m s−1) easterly and southerly winds prior to cold front passages. The movement of distant tropical storms in the Gulf of Mexico produced salinity incursions of longer duration than cold fronts. In a greenhouse experiment, the growth ofS. latifolia was impaired by salinity concentrations of 6.0‰ within 13 d; flooding treatments (20 cm) compounded the loss of aboveground tissue by the end of the experiment. Results from the field and greenhouse studies, compared with historic evidence of elevated salinities in the Atchafalaya delta, indicate that periodic salinity incursions, combined with additional stresses such as flooding and vertebrate herbivory, influence the distribution or presence ofS. latifolia in the Atchafalaya Delta.
Neutron-Proton Scattering and the Meson Theory of Nuclear Forces

The angular dependence of the scattering of 14-Mev neutrons on protons is calculated with an interaction derived from Schwinger's mixed meson theory. The scattering shows a slight predominance for the backwards direction in the center of mass system. This result is in contradiction with the experimental results. The conclusion is drawn that the charge symmetrical theories cannot give the correct angular dependence of the scattering cross section.
Violent death among intimate partners: A comparison of homicide and homicide followed by suicide in California

This study examines all intimate partner homicides in California during 1996 (N=186), and differences between intimate partner homicides with and without perpetrator suicide are compared. The study found that 40 percent of perpetrators committed suicide subsequent to the homicide. Variables examined in the analysis include type of weapon used, race, age, sex of perpetrators and victims, and location of the homicide. Significant differences were found between homicides with perpetrator suicide and those without. The results lend support to previous research suggesting that intimate partner homicide and homicide followed by suicide have different characteristics and possibly distinct etiologies.
Steroid hormones during puberty: racial (black-white) differences in androstenedione and estradiol--the Bogalusa Heart Study.

A large biracial cross-section of 1038 healthy children aged 6-18 yr with 519 blacks, 519 whites, 678 males, and 360 females was evaluated for Tanner stage and serum levels of androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone. The anthropometric values of the blacks and whites were very similar at each Tanner stage with only minor differences in age, height, and weight related to an earlier onset of puberty in blacks. The hormones dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, progesterone, and testosterone did not exhibit any racial differences. Estradiol showed a significantly higher level among black males compared to white males (P less than or equal to 0.05) whereas androstenedione was significantly higher in both white males (P = 0.0001) and females (P less than or equal to 0.01) compared with blacks. Many hormones are known to effect insulin resistance and others have reported a correlation between insulin levels and androstenedione. Blacks suffer disproportionately from d...
Stages in the project life cycle in R&D organizations and the differing relationships between organizational climate and performance

Abstract Differential characteristics of organizational climate and the relationship between various dimensions of organizational climate and performance were examined across stages in the project life cycle in R&D organizations. Characteristics of organizational climate which were investigated included: responsibility, reward, tolerance for risk, warmth support, standards, management of conflict, structure, and identity with the organization. Differences were found across stages in the project life cycle indicating the importance of organizational climate as a contingency variable. This finding suggests important implications for future research on factors influencing R&D performance.
Interference-Aware Robust Topology Design in Multi-Channel Wireless Mesh Networks

The performance of wireless networks can be significantly improved by multi-channel communications compared with single-channel communications since the use of multiple channels can reduce interference influence. In this paper, we study interference-aware topology control in IEEE 802.11-based multi-channel wireless mesh networks with dynamic traffic. Channel assignment is one of the most basic and important issues in such networks. Different channel assignments can lead to different network topologies. Based on a novel definition of co-channel interference, we formally define and present an effective heuristic for the minimum interference robust topology design problem which seeks a channel assignment for the given network such that the induced network topology is 2-connected and has minimum network interference.
A haptic interface for creating smooth 3D curves with varying line weight

We present a two-handed haptic interface for free-form 3D modeling in virtual reality that provides the artist with the ability to input controlled, smooth, 3D curves and to naturally vary line weight while drawing a 3D mark. As free-form modeling tools are used to tackle more and more complicated subjects, such as scientific illustrations [Keefe et al. 2005], artists are finding that they need more control over their modeling tools. This interface is an attempt to provide artists with more control in specifying both 3D form and style. The modeling medium we use for this project is something like virtual wire sculpture: 3D models made of thin ribbon-like curves. These curves are typically viewed with a stereo virtual reality display and they exist in a three-dimensional space, so they can be viewed from any direction (three views of an example model are shown in Figure 1).
Pion form factor and quark mass evolution in a light-front Bethe-Salpeter model

We discuss the soft contribution to the elastic pion form factor with the mass evolution from current to constituent quark being taken into account using a light-front Bethe-Salpeter (LFBS) model, which is a light-front quark model (LFQM) with a running mass. It is shown that partial conservation of the axial-vector current (PCAC) is satisfied with a running quark mass. We examine the sensitivity of the pion form factor using two different functional forms of the quark propagator. The Ball-Chiu ansatz is used to maintain local gauge invariance of the quark-photon vertex. The extension of our model to the hard contribution is also discussed.
Osmoregulation in the sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus : Influence of a fluctuating salinity regime

Cyprinodon variegatus (sheepshead minnow), a common coastal resident of the western Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico, can live in ambient salinities ranging from 0‰ to greater than 140‰. Fish in this study were obtained from a Gulf of Mexico salt marsh near Cedar Key, Florida. This study examined the ability of individual C. variegatus to regulate plasma osmolality under the influence of a cycling salinity regime. Individuals of C. variegatus were exposed for 21 d to one of seven cyclical salinity regimes. Each cycle lasted for 2 d, with salinity varied between 10‰ and 30‰ each day. Plasma osmolality of fish from each group was determined on five dates during the course of the experiment. C. variegatus efficiently regulated plasma osmolality, even when fishes were exposed to large fluctuations in salinity. Fish previously exposed to large salinity fluctuations regulated plasma osmolality better than fish that previously had experienced no change or small changes in salinity. Increasing salinity had a greater impact on osmoregulation than did decreasing salinity.
Physeal Sparring Transepiphyseal Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

The increasing incidence of an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in skeletally immature patients calls for establishing a gold standard of their treatment. An ideal treatment for the ACL-deficient knee in pediatric population should allow to restore the biomechanics of the joint, with return to preinjury, normal functioning. Currently, there are several options for the treatment of an ACL tear in the skeletally immature patients. Nonoperative treatment gives unacceptably poor outcomes, usually resulting in persistent instability of the knee and an increased risk for meniscal and/or osteochondral injuries. Majority of the patients are unable to return to normal activities and sport, without risking subsequent damage to the unstable joint. Because of failures of nonoperative treatment of a skeletally immature, ACL-deficient knee, several surgical techniques have been used to improve the final outcome. Of those, the physeal sparring, transepiphyseal ACL reconstruction seems to address the unique problems presented by ACL repair in the presence of open growth plates in the growing child. The surgery yields very good results, with a relatively low complication rate.
Phylogeography of brown bears (Ursus arctos) of Alaska and paraphyly within the Ursidae.

Abstract Complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b, tRNAproline, and tRNAthreoninegenes were described for 166 brown bears (Ursus arctos) from 10 geographic regions of Alaska to describe natural genetic variation, construct a molecular phylogeny, and evaluate classical taxonomies. DNA sequences of brown bears were compared to homologous sequences of the polar bear (maritimus) and of the sun bear (Helarctos malayanus), which was used as an outgroup. Parsimony and neighbor-joining methods each produced essentially identical phylogenetic trees that suggest two distinct clades of mtDNA for brown bears in Alaska: one composed only of bears that now reside on some of the islands of southeastern Alaska and the other which includes bears from all other regions of Alaska. The very close relationship of the polar bear to brown bears of the islands of southeastern Alaska as previously reported by us and the paraphyletic association of polar bears to brown bears reported by others have been reaffirmed with this much larger data set. A weak correlation is suggested between types of mtDNA and habitat preference by brown bears in Alaska. Our mtDNA data support some, but not all, of the currently designated subspecies of brown bears whose descriptions have been based essentially on morphology.
Geomorphic response to seasonal variations in rainfall in the Southwest United States

The interaction of the North American Monsoon with watershed hydrology and landscape response is evaluated by observing geomorphic characteristics of hillslopes, hydrology, and stream channels in two mountain ranges with contrasting intensity of precipitation. The study compares watersheds in the Hualapai and Santa Catalina Mountains in Arizona, which are similar in lithology, elevation, tectonic setting, vegetation, and annual precipitation, but differ in the proportion of precipitation received in summer thunderstorms. The Hualapai Mountains receive most of their precipitation in winter, whereas rainfall in the Santa Catalina Mountains occurs mostly in summer. Drainages in the Santa Catalinas are more variable in local relief and exhibit much more exposed bedrock and higher drainage density. The trunk channel of a major drainage in the Santa Catalina Mountains has measured discharges several orders of magnitude greater than a channel draining a comparable area in the Hualapai Mountains. The alluvial segment of the channel in the Santa Catalina piedmont additionally displays greater concavity, smaller width-to-depth ratios, and a larger caliber of bed material. In contrast to conventional interpretation, summer monsoonal precipitation is not primarily responsible for generating most of the discharges that modify channels in large-scale drainages. In the monsoonal climate regime of the Santa Catalinas, small basins flood most often in summer, whereas larger drainages exhibit peak discharges in response to low-intensity winter precipitation. We attribute the paradoxical discharge response of larger drainages to the small spatial scale of summer thunderstorms, which fail to deliver enough precipitation to generate floods in these larger basins, but do prime hillslopes by stripping colluvium and lowering hillslope-infiltration rates, making the large drainages more responsive to areally extensive winter storms.
Advance care planning in the elderly

Key components of advance care planning (ACP) for the elderly include choosing a surrogate decision maker, identifying personal values, communicating with surrogates and clinicians, documenting wishes in advance directives, and translating values and preferences for future medical care into medical orders. ACP often involves multiple brief discussions over time. This article outlines common benefits and barriers to ACP in primary care, and provides practical approaches to integrating key ACP components into primary care for older adults. Opportunities for multidisciplinary teams to incorporate ACP into brief clinic visits are highlighted.
1724 PENETRATION OF THERAPEUTIC AEROSOLS (TA) THROUGH ENDOTRACHEAL TUBES (ETT)

Because of observations of occasional toxicity from TA in intubated patients, we examined the site of deposition of TA delivered into 3.0, 6.0, and 9.0mm endotracheal tubes (ETT) using a constant flow in vitro model and 0.1% fluorescein as a tracer. A typical nebulizer (N) was used (aerodynamic massmedian diameter of 4.1) and a range of clinically relevant Inspiratory flow rates were studied. The N was connected to the ETT through a “T” piece and a 90 degree elbow. ETT ws bent 90° with a radius of curvature of 5.25 cm. TA exiting the ETT was collected in 80 L polyethylene bags. Because preliminary experiments showed that much of the TA which originally deposited the ETT, ran to the end of the ETT and dripped into the collection bag, appropriately sized plexiglass models of the trachea, and mainstem bronchi (MB), were constructed and placed on the end of each ETT to collect this drippage. Results, expressed as percent of inspired trace in each location, follow: Penetration of aerosol beyond the mainstem bronchi is decreased with increasing flow rate and decreasing ETT diameter. The study ws repeated with an alternative nebulizer delivering TA with an aerodynamic mass median diameter of .54. Aerosol penetration beyond the MB increased dramatically (to a range of 78-98%). Thus, a significant percentage of the TA delivered into the ETI during inspiration by usual nebulizers is deposited as a liquid bolus poured into the airway. This problem is nearly eliminated when a smaller particle size aerosol is used.
Neuronal migration and molecular conservation with leukocyte chemotaxis.

Cell migration is essential in species ranging from bacteria to humans (for recent reviews, see Lauffenburger and Horwitz 1996; Mitchison and Cramer 1996; Montell 1999). In the amoebae Dictyostelium discoideum, cell migration is involved in chemotaxis toward food sources and in aggregation (for review, see Devreotes and Zigmond 1988; Parent and Devreotes 1999; Chung et al. 2001). In higher vertebrates, cell migration plays crucial roles in multiple physiological and pathological processes. During embryonic and neonatal development, cell migration is crucial in morphogenetic processes such as gastrulation, cardiogenesis, and the formation of the nervous system (for review, see Hatten and Mason 1990; Rakic 1990; Hatten and Heintz 1998; Bentivoglio and Mazzarello 1999). In adult animals, cell migration is required for leukocyte trafficking and inflammatory responses (for review, see McCutcheon 1946; Harris 1954; Devreotes and Zigmond 1988). In tumoriogenesis, tumor-induced angiogenesis and tumor metastasis both involve cell migration. Although it is well known that cell migration is necessary for all these processes, our understanding of mechanisms controlling cell migration is still limited. Here we briefly review the significance of neuronal migration and focus on recent studies on the directional guidance of neuronal migration, discussing the possibility that guidance mechanisms for neurons are conserved with those for other somatic cells.
Pattern discrimination and visuomotor behavior following rotation of one or both eyes in kittens and in adult cats.

Sixteen cats, each of which had one or both eyes rotated at the time of natural eye opening (group K), were tested for visuomotor behavior and for learning and interocular transfer of two-choice visual discriminations. Their behavior was compared to that of two cats given monocular rotations in adulthood (group A) and to two normal controls (group N). These animals were all reared in the same colony. All cats, including those with monocular rotations up to 180 ° and those with binocular rotations up to 80 ° in each eye, showed good visuomotor behavior when using the rotated eye (i.e., with the normal eye covered). Both the group K and group A animals showed comparable visuomotor adaptation. All animals except those with monocular rotations of 180 ° were able to learn several oriented pattern discriminations and showed considerable though incomplete interocular transfer of such information. The three animals with 180 ° rotations were able to learn brightness, but not pattern discriminations.
The Jewish problem in U.S. medical education, 1920-1955.

L'A. discute du quota de Juifs admis dans les facultes de medecine americaines entre 1920 et 1955
A technique to improve capture range of a PLL in PRML read channel

A new technique to improve the capture range of a Phase Locked Loop (PLL) in the context of partial response signalling is presented. A known preamble is transmitted at the beginning to aid phase and frequency locking. Previous timing recovery techniques have a false locking problem for large initial frequency errors. The new technique eliminates this problem by using information available in the sampled preamble sequence. The improvement obtained is demonstrated using computer simulations.
A Single Residue in the C1 Domain Sensitizes Novel Protein Kinase C Isoforms to Cellular Diacylglycerol Production

The C1 domain mediates the diacylglycerol (DAG)-dependent translocation of conventional and novel protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms. In novel PKC isoforms (nPKCs), this domain binds membranes with sufficiently high affinity to recruit nPKCs to membranes in the absence of any other targeting mechanism. In conventional PKC (cPKC) isoforms, however, the affinity of the C1 domain for DAG is two orders of magnitude lower, necessitating the coordinated binding of the C1 domain and a Ca2+-regulated C2 domain for translocation and activation. Here we identify a single residue that tunes the affinity of the C1b domain for DAG- (but not phorbol ester-) containing membranes. This residue is invariant as Tyr in the C1b domain of cPKCs and invariant as Trp in all other PKC C1 domains. Binding studies using model membranes, as well as live cell imaging studies of yellow fluorescent protein-tagged C1 domains, reveal that Trp versus Tyr toggles the C1 domain between a species with sufficiently high affinity to respond to agonist-produced DAG to one that is unable to respond to physiological levels of DAG. In addition, we show that while Tyr at this switch position causes cytosolic localization of the C1 domain under unstimulated conditions, Trp targets these domains to the Golgi, likely due to basal levels of DAG at this region. Thus, Trp versus Tyr at this key position in the C1 domain controls both the membrane affinity and localization of PKC. The finding that a single residue controls the affinity of the C1 domain for DAG-containing membranes provides a molecular explanation for why 1) DAG alone is sufficient to activate nPKCs but not cPKCs and 2) nPKCs target to the Golgi.
The Inventory of Functional Status-Caregiver of a Child in a Body Cast

The Inventory of Functional Status-Caregiver of a Child in a Body Cast (IFSCCBC), which was derived from the Roy Adaptation Model, includes subscales measuring the extent to which parental caregivers or their surrogates continue their usual household, social and community, childcare, personal care, and occupational activities while caring for a child in a body cast. Content validity was established at 90%. Internal consistency reliability ranged from 0.63 to 0.88, using item to subscale correlations. Subscale to total IFSCCBC score correlations ranged from 0.14 to 0.75. Initial construct validity testing was accomplished by examination of subscale to subscale correlations. The IFSCCBC may be used in research and clinical practice to assess the functional status of parents or their surrogates while they are caring for a child in a body cast.
Foreign-Born African American Males: Turning Barriers into Opportunities

African Americans, both U.S. and foreign born, confront multidimensional problems that range from prejudicial perceptions to illusory generalizations. For many foreign-born African American males, problems include difficulty adjusting to a new cultural environment, xenophobia, and miscategorization. Despite such problems, they are able to succeed and excel in their chosen professions. In this article, case studies are used to reveal how foreign-born African American males turn barriers into opportunities. Additionally, the authors discuss implicit and explicit motivational factors that assist them in maximizing their fullest potential in mainstream American society.
Outcome of Listing for Cardiac Transplantation for Failed Fontan A Multi-Institutional Study

Background— The Fontan procedure is a successful palliation for children with single-ventricle physiology; however, many will eventually require heart transplantation. The purpose of this study was to determine risk factors for death awaiting transplantation and to examine results after transplantation in Fontan patients. Methods and Results— A retrospective, multi-institutional review was performed of 97 Fontan patients <18 years of age listed at 17 Pediatric Heart Transplant Study centers from 1993 to 2001. Mean age at listing was 9.7 years (0.5 to 17.9 years); 25% were <4 years old; 53% were United Network for Organ Sharing status 1; 18% required ventilator support. Pretransplantation survival was 78% at 6 months and 74% at 12 months and was similar to 243 children with other congenital heart disease (CHD) and 747 children without congenital heart disease (No-CHD), who were also awaiting transplantation. Patients who were younger, status 1, had shorter interval since Fontan, or were on a ventilator wer...
On the Role of Fluid Inertia and Viscosity in Stereociliary Tuft Motion: Analysis of Isolated Bodies of Regular Geometry

We assume that cochlear fluids are Newtonian and show that for physiological stimuli: fluid compressibility is negligible; convective non-linear inertial forces are small; and both viscous and linear inertial forces are appreciable. We examine the frequency dependence of viscous and inertial fluid forces that act on oscillating, isolated bodies of regular geometry. The mechanical admittance of such a body submerged in a fluid and supported by springs shows a geometry-dependent resonance. This resonance has a quality (Q 3dB ) that is less than 1 for an infinitesimally thin plate vibrating in its plane, but can be arbitrarily large both for a sphere and for a circular cylinder oscillating in a direction perpendicular to its long axis. From considerations of hair cells with free-standing stereocilia in the alligator lizard cochlea we conclude that stereociliary tufts in the cochlea could be resonant mechanical systems.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Analysis of the Major Tripartite Multidrug Efflux Pump of Escherichia coli: Functional Conservation in Disparate Animal Reservoirs despite Exposure to Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

AcrAB-TolC imparts a strong intrinsic resistance phenotype to many clinically significant molecules in Escherichia coli. This complex is composed of a pump, AcrB, and a periplasmic protein, AcrA, that exports substrates through a common outer membrane porin, TolC. A sequence survey of the pump-specific components, acrA and acrB, was conducted on three discrete animal reservoirs: rodents, bovines, and catfish. Although two of the reservoirs (bovine and catfish) were agrarian, and antibiotic use (ceftiofur and oxytetracycline/Romet 30, respectively) was reported for them, the vast majority of structural polymorphisms were silent except for T104A (AcrA) and Q733R (AcrB), found in certain bovine-derived strains. Overall, the genes were well conserved, with high ratios of synonymous to nonsynonymous substitutions (dS/dN ratios), consistent with or, in the case of acrB, better than those of standard multilocus sequence typing (MLST) loci. Furthermore, predicted recombination points from single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) patterns in acrB support a modular evolution of transporter proteins, consistent with an ancient origin. However, functional studies with clones representing the major silent SNPs and the nonsilent mutation in acrB failed to generate significant differences in resistance to a range of common efflux pump substrates. Interestingly, a comparison between log-phase acrA and acrB expression profiles yielded inconsistent trends, with acrB expression increasing modestly (<1.8-fold) in many strains from the antibiotic-enriched pools. Our results suggest that structural polymorphisms in this major efflux pump system may not contribute significantly to adaptive resistance by altering function or substrate specificity but may have a potential use in improving phylogenetic relationships and/or source tracking.
False Recollection of Emotional Pictures in Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) can reduce the effects of emotional content on memory for studied pictures, but less is known about false memory. In healthy adults, emotionally arousing pictures can be more susceptible to false memory effects than neutral pictures, potentially because emotional pictures share conceptual similarities that cause memory confusions. We investigated these effects in AD patients and healthy controls. Participants studied pictures and their verbal labels, and then picture recollection was tested using verbal labels as retrieval cues. Some of the test labels had been associated with a picture at study, whereas other had not. On this picture recollection test, we found that both AD patients and controls incorrectly endorsed some of the test labels that had not been studied with pictures. These errors were associated with medium to high levels of confidence, indicating some degree of false recollection. Critically, these false recollection judgments were greater for emotional compared to neutral items, especially for positively valenced items, in both AD patients and controls. Dysfunction of the amygdala and hippocampus in early AD may impair recollection, but AD did not disrupt the effect of emotion on false recollection judgments.
P2F: A User-Centric Privacy Protection Framework

In this paper, we present an end-user tool called the Privacy Protection Framework (P2F) which aims to support users in protecting their privacy when obtaining web-based services. P2F acts as a recommendation tool that analyzes the user's transaction history and privacy preferences in addition to real-world privacy privacy guidelines to prevent undesirable disclosure of personal data. The framework is based on a novel qualitative privacy compromise risk assessment approach designed to support decision-making in settings where server-side support for user-centric privacy protection frameworks is minimal or unkown. Our risk assessment model uses service provider properties, likelihood of collusion between providers, the sensitivity of the personal data to be released, and undesirable transaction linkability to determine the privacy compromise potential of a transaction.
A real-time PCR assay for the detection of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus based on the cellulase A gene sequence.

Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus, causal agent of bacterial ring rot (BRR) of potato (Solanum tuberosum), is a globally important quarantine pathogen that is managed in North America using zero tolerance regulations in the certified seed industry. C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus is well documented to cause symptomless infections in potato, contributing to its persistence in certified seed stocks. Reliable laboratory methods to detect symptomless infections with a high degree of sensitivity could assist in the reduction of inoculum in certified seed potato stocks. A real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed using the cellulase A (CelA) gene sequence as the basis for primer design. CelA primers were specific to C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus grown in vitro and did not detect any other coryneform bacteria or potato pathogenic bacteria but did detect 69 strains of C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus. The CelA real-time PCR assay was more sensitive than immunofluorescence (IFA) and Cms50/72a PCR assays in detecting C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus in infected potato tuber cores blended with healthy tuber cores in simulated seed lot contamination experiments. CelA primers detected nonmucoid and mucoid strains with equivalent sensitivity. In naturally infected seed lots, CelA PCR primers also were more sensitive in detecting symptomless infections of C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus in seed tubers prior to planting compared to Cms50/72a PCR primers, IFA, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A real-time PCR format using the newly developed CelA primers proved to be a very robust detection tool for C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus with the added advantage of detecting only virulent strains of the ring rot bacterium.
Critical Evaluation of the Gallium-67 Scan for Surgical Patients with Lung Cancer*

Seventy-five patients with lung cancer underwent a gallium scan and thoracotomy with total mediastinal nodal dissection. Evaluation of mediastinal lymph nodes by means of the gallium scan showed a sensitivity of 23 percent (3/13), a specificity of 82 percent (31/38), an accuracy of 67 percent (34/51), a positive predictive value of 30 percent (3/10), and a negative predictive value of 76 percent (31/41) in those patients whose primary tumors demonstrated uptake of radioactive gallium. The low sensitivity was due to an inability to detect microscopic disease in mediastinal lymph nodes. The specificity was decreased by gallium-67 uptake in enlarged inflamed nodes that contained no metastases. These results do not support the use of the gallium scan in the selection of patients with lung cancer for thoracotomy.
“Nawghtye Mallenchollye”. Some Faces of Madness in Tudor England

(1987). “Nawghtye Mallenchollye”: Some Faces of Madness in Tudor England. The Historian: Vol. 49, No. 3, pp. 309-320.
Molecular excitation and radiative transfer model for MIRO

We have implemented and validated a model for the radiative transfer in molecular clouds and studied the water emission line for Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Results are reported that show that the spectral profiles for water emission lines depend on the physical properties of the coma. This tool will be used to interpret observations by MIRO and will help build hydrodynamics models of comets.