cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulating the Biogeochemical and Biogeophysical Impacts of Transient Land Cover Change and Wood Harvest in the Community Climate System Model (CCSM4) from 1850 to 2100

AbstractTo assess the climate impacts of historical and projected land cover change in the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4), new time series of transient Community Land Model, version 4 (CLM4) plant functional type (PFT) and wood harvest parameters have been developed. The new parameters capture the dynamics of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) land cover change and wood harvest trajectories for the historical period from 1850 to 2005 and for the four representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios from 2006 to 2100. Analysis of the biogeochemical impacts of land cover change in CCSM4 reveals that the model produced a historical cumulative land use flux of 127.7 PgC from 1850 to 2005, which is in general agreement with other global estimates of 156 PgC for the same period. The biogeophysical impacts of the transient land cover change parameters were cooling of the near-surface atmosphere over land by −0.1°C, through increased surface albedo and reduced shortwa...
Distinct Effects of Saracatinib on Memory CD8+ T Cell Differentiation

Immunologic memory involving CD8(+) T cells is a hallmark of an adaptive Ag-specific immune response and constitutes a critical component of protective immunity. Designing approaches that enhance long-term T cell memory would, for the most part, fortify vaccines and enhance host protection against infectious diseases and, perhaps, cancer immunotherapy. A better understanding of the cellular programs involved in the Ag-specific T cell response has led to new approaches that target the magnitude and quality of the memory T cell response. In this article, we show that T cells from TCR transgenic mice for the nucleoprotein of influenza virus NP68 exhibit the distinct phases--priming, expansion, contraction, and memory--of an Ag-specific T cell response when exposed in vitro to the cognate peptide. Saracatinib, a specific inhibitor of Src family kinases, administered at low doses during the expansion or contraction phases, increased CD62L(high)/CD44(high) central memory CD8(+) T cells and IFN-γ production but suppressed immunity when added during the priming phase. These effects by saracatinib were not accompanied by the expected decline of Src family kinases but were accompanied by Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin suppression and/or mediated via another pathway. Increased central memory cells by saracatinib were recapitulated in mice using a poxvirus-based influenza vaccine, thus underscoring the importance of dose and timing of the inhibitor in the context of memory T cell differentiation. Finally, vaccine plus saracatinib treatment showed better protection against tumor challenge. The immune-potentiating effects on CD8(+) T cells by a low dose of saracatinib might afford better protection from pathogens or cancer when combined with vaccine.
Metaphysics and Computational Cognitive Science: Let's Not Let the Tail Wag the Dog

David Chalmers characterizes the central commitments of computational cognitive science in terms of two theses: computational suf ficiency , the idea that the right kind of computational structure suffices for the possession of a mind, and computational explanation, the idea that computation provides a general framework for the explanation of cognitive processes and behavior. The computational program has been challenged by Hilary Putnam (1988) and John Searle (1991), who argue that every physical system implements every computation, with the consequence that any computational ‘explanation’ of cognition is utterly trivial. What is needed, according to Chalmers, is an account of implementation, which would both answer the Searle/Putnam challenge and provide a foundation for computational cognitive theorizing. In this paper I argue that computational cognitive models typically do not satisfy Chalmers’ notion of implementation, and so his account does not provide a conceptual foundation for computational theorizing as it is actually practiced. I argue further that the ‘in-principle’ possibility of deviant implementations of the Putnam/Searle sort does not undermine that practice – it does not make computational explanation trivial – though seeing why it doesn’t requires that we take account of the use to which a computation is put in the exercise of a cognitive capacity.
Hardwired for News: Using Biological and Cultural Evolution to Explain the Surveillance Function

L'A. montre que chaque individu tient a etre tenu informe des differents evenements qui surviennent au cours de l'existence et cela qu'il soit concerne ou non par l'information. Il estime que la connaissance permet de reduire, de repondre a certains dangers, a certaines peurs. Il s'efforce de comprendre l'importance de l'information dans le cadre de la vie humaine. Il estime que le besoin d'information s'est manifeste des la Prehistoire. Il presente une analyse de type evolutionniste de ce type de besoin qui fait intervenir a la fois une dimension biologique et culturelle
Termination of calcium puffs and coupled closings of inositol trisphosphate receptor channels

Calcium puffs are localized Ca2+ signals mediated by Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through clusters of inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) channels. The recruitment of IP3R channels during puffs depends on Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release, a regenerative process that must be terminated to maintain control of cell signaling and prevent Ca2+ cytotoxicity. Here, we studied puff termination using total internal reflection microscopy to resolve the gating of individual IP3R channels during puffs in intact SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. We find that the kinetics of IP3R channel closing differ from that expected for independent, stochastic gating, in that multiple channels tend to remain open together longer than predicted from their individual open lifetimes and then close in near-synchrony. This behavior cannot readily be explained by previously proposed termination mechanisms, including Ca2+-inhibition of IP3Rs and local depletion of Ca2+ in the ER lumen. Instead, we postulate that the gating of closely adjacent IP3Rs is coupled, possibly via allosteric interactions, suggesting an important mechanism to ensure robust puff termination in addition to Ca2+-inactivation.
Kelvin waves in total column ozone

Tropical Kelvin waves have been observed previously in ozone mixing ratio data from the SBUV (Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet) and LIMS (Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere) instruments on board the Nimbus-7 satellite. Kelvin wave features in total column ozone, using version 6 data from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instrument (also on board Nimbus-7) are investigated. Results show eastward-propagating zonal waves 1-2 with periods approximately 5-15 days, amplitudes approximately 3-5 DU, and latitudinal symmetry typical of Kelvin waves. A simplified model calculation suggests that the primary source for the perturbations is slow Kelvin waves in the lower-to-middle stratosphere. Maximum Kelvin wave signatures occur in conjunction with westward lower-to-middle stratospheric equatorial zonal winds (a quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) wind modulation effect).
Experimental conditions for oocyte maturation in the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio

An in vitro protocol was established for studying oocyte maturation in the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio. When appropriate size follicles (0.575–0.625 mm diameter) were incubated at 26°C for 8–24 h in 60% Leibovitz L-15 medium containing 1 μg/ml of 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP), their oocytes underwent maturation. Under these conditions, but in the absence of exogenous steroid, control follicles remained arrested in prophase I. Germinal vesicle breakdown was used to indicate that maturation had occurred, and this event was readily visible in living follicles viewed through a dissecting microscope. Furthermore, as maturation takes place, the rather opaque prematurational follicles became translucent. In the process of establishing a reliable in vitro bioassay for oocyte maturation in the zebrafish, we compared the effects of gonadotropin (human chorionic gonadotropin) and a steroid hormone (DHP) on the in vitro stimulation of maturation, over a range of doses and incubation times. Finally, the relative effectiveness of several steroids and their metabolites in eliciting oocyte maturation in vitro was determined, and DHP appeared to be most effective. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The sva package for removing batch effects and other unwanted variation in high-throughput experiments

Summary: Heterogeneity and latent variables are now widely recognized as major sources of bias and variability in high-throughput experiments. The most well-known source of latent variation in genomic experiments are batch effects—when samples are processed on different days, in different groups or by different people. However, there are also a large number of other variables that may have a major impact on high-throughput measurements. Here we describe the sva package for identifying, estimating and removing unwanted sources of variation in high-throughput experiments. The sva package supports surrogate variable estimation with the sva function, direct adjustment for known batch effects with the ComBat function and adjustment for batch and latent variables in prediction problems with the fsva function. Availability: The R package sva is freely available from http://www.bioconductor.org. Contact: jleek@jhsph.edu Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Induced seismic deformation in the Cogdell oil field of west Texas

A sequence of induced earthquakes occurred at the Cogdell oil field in west Texas from about 1974 to 1982. The earthquakes occurred within an array of injecting wells which surrounded the perimeter of the field and which decreased in radius during the life of the injection project. We examine this sequence of earthquakes in terms of two failure models. In the first model, seismic failure occurs when and where fluid pressures exceed some critical value. In the second model, earthquakes occur at the edges of low fluid pressure areas where stresses have been transferred as a result of aseismic deformation in adjacent high fluid pressure regions. We calculate the history of fluid pressures in the Cogdell field using the Theis equation for fluid flow in an areally infinite aquifer. The calculations show that the earthquakes occur in a region of relatively low pressure surrounded by regions of higher fluid pressure. The Cogdell earthquakes may occur on pre-existing faults. However, fluid pressures are sufficiently high in surrounding portions of the field to also produce failure. A long time delay between the start of injection and the onset of seismicity may correspond to the time required for fluid pressures on a pre-existing fault to reach critical values or may be the result of an evolving injection pattern whereby the inward migration of injecting wells produces aseismic failure which loads stress onto stronger regions within the center of the field. Injection of fluids for secondary recovery occurs at over three thousand sites in the state of Texas. Many of these sites are geographically near Cogdell, and many have higher injection pressures and volumes of injected fluid than Cogdell. However, they do not exhibit any seismicity. A failure model which incorporates stress loading suggests that the perimeter injection pattern is responsible for the onset of seismicity. A consequence of this interpretation is that many other injection fields may be undergoing large amounts of aseismic deformation.
Out of school and out of work: a diagnostic of ninis in Latin America

Using all the household survey data available in Latin America during the period 1992 to 2013, this paper estimates that in 2015, 20 million youth ages 15 to 24 years in the region were out of school and not working (making them ninis, for "ni estudian ni trabajan"). The share of out-of-school, out-of-work youth in Latin America, at about 19 percent, is roughly equal to the global average of 22 percent. Although women make up over two-thirds of the ninis in the region, the number of male ninis grew by 46 percent between 1992 and 2010. As a result, the absolute number of ninis rose over the two-decade period, even as women's education and employment rates were improving. Global comparisons show that Latin America is the region of the world with the largest concentration of ninis among households in the bottom 40 percent of the income distribution. Coupled with the long-lasting harm it causes to the youth's future labor-market outcomes, the high incidence of ninis among the poorest households tends to lock in income disparities from one generation to the next, obstructing social mobility and poverty reduction in the region.
A Critique of Late Prehistoric Systematics in the Middle Ohio River Valley

Most extant classification schemes for the Late Prehistoric period (LP) in the Middle Ohio River Valley (MORV) are typological and extensionally derived. Typological schemes create artificially sharp breaks among types. Implicitly constructed types rely on an essentialist ontology and a belief in a discoverable, emic reality. Most LP classificatory units in the MORV are inherited from James B. Griffin's early Culture-History work. These units, and others similarly based on the Southwestern Type-Variety system, are not designed for any particular purpose yielding unknowable relations among classes and to proposed explanations. Further, absence of explicit conditions of class membership and conflation of description of empirical groups with definition of ideological classes hampers comparisons and the study of change. Review of extant type descriptions illustrates these and other failings. Classification is necessary, but each class needs an explicit definition and purpose. We suggest that explicit, paradig...
Preparation and catalytic characteristics of TiO_2-SnO_2 composite electrodes

TiO2-SnO2 composite electrode was prepared on a Ti substrate with Ti(OC4H9)4 as precursor,C2H5OH as dissolvent and NH(C2H4OH)2 as complexing agent by the dipping of sol-gel method.The electro-catalytic characteristics of the prepared electrodes were investigated using chemical oxygen demand(COD)degradation of oily wastewater and UV-Vis spectra.The morphology and structure of the electrode surface and the element composition of surface layer were analyzed by SEM,XRD and EDX.The potential of xygen evolution was observed by linear sweep voltammetry.The relationship between the electro-catalytic characteristics and the electrode structure was analyzed.The experimental result shows that the electro-catalytic characteristic is best when n(Ti):n(Sn)= 100:10(molar ratio)under 500 ℃ heat treatment.The crystal structure of TiO2 electrode is anatase.The electrode surface becomes more smooth and dense,and the grain size is reduced obviously after Sn dopping.The oxygen evolution potential of the electrode is 2.1 V,and the COD removal rate of oily wastewater is up to 87.5% after 60 min,increasing by 26.7% compared with that of the electrode without Sn addition.It is shown that an appropriate amount of Sn-doping improves the catalytic properties of the electrode.
Propofol Sedation during Gastroscopy in Children

Objective To study the method of sedation for gastroscopy in children.Methods One hundred and fifty children were randomly divided into group A(propofol group) and group B(propofol+remifentanil group).The action time of sedation,recovery time,blood pressure,heart rate,respiratory rate,oxygen saturation and children′s reaction were observed.These patients′ satisfaction were investigated after gastroscopy.Results Good sedation effect and high rates of patients′ satisfaction were achieved in both groups.Bolus of remifentanil before giving propofo could relieve pain caused by bolus of propofol,decreased the dose of propofol and shorten the recovery time.Conclusion These results show that propofol is safe and effective in gastrocopy of children;propofol combinating remifentanil can get better sedation effect.
On Dancers and Diet

Dancers exhibit compliance problems in adopting advice from nutrition experts. Examination of the situation reveals an inherent culture clash between dancers and nutrition authorities. Dancers need safe methods of achieving an ultralean physique, but the recommendations of most nutritionists do not fit dancers' requirements. This manuscript is intended to provide the nutrition professional with insight into the dancer's needs and cultural/professional perspective on dieting. Dietary problems/disorders that are common among dancers are reviewed. Both general and specific recommendations are made for advising dancers and for designing their diets.
Evaluation of SMP Shared Memory Machines for Use with In-Memory and OpenMP Big Data Applications

While distributed memory systems have shaped the field of distributed systems for decades, the demand for many-core shared memory resources is increasing. Symmetric Multiprocessor Systems (SMPs) have become increasingly important recently among a wide array of disciplines, rangingfrom Bioinformatics to astrophysics, and beyond. With the increase in big data computing, the size and scope of traditional commodity server systems is often outpaced. While some big data applications can be mapped to distributed memory systems found through many cluster and cloud technologies today, this effort represents a large barrier of entry that some projects cannot cross. Shared memory SMP systems look to effectively and efficiently fill this niche within distributed systems by providing high throughput and performance with minimized development effort, as the computing environment often represents what many researchers are already familiar with. In this paper, we look at the use of two common shared memory systems, the ScaleMP vSMP virtualized SMP deployment at Indiana University, and the SGI UV architecture deployed at University of Arizona. While both systems are notably different in their design, their potential impact on computing is remarkably similar. As such, we look to compare each system first under a set of OpenMP threaded benchmarks via the SPEC group, and to follow up with our experience using each machine for Trinity de-novo assembly. We find both SMP systems are well suited to support various big data applications, with the newer vSMP deployment often slightly faster, however, certain caveats and performance considerations are necessary when considering such SMP systems.
Combustion Characteristics of Fast Pyrolysis Oils Derived from Hybrid Poplar

A laminar-flow, single-droplet combustion facility has been used to evaluate the fundamental combustion properties of biomass pyrolysis oils produced by a fast, ablative vortex reactor at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Earlier single-droplet combustion experiments with pyrolysis oils derived from several biomass feedstocks (pine, oak, & switchgrass) revealed that droplets of these oils undergo violent microexplosions after relatively little mass loss, followed by disruptive, sooty burning and, for some oils, coke particulate formation. The present research focuses on the combustion behavior of three oils produced using the same hybrid poplar feedstock, but slightly different reactor and hot-gas filtration process variables. Surprisingly, the burning rates, degree of sooting, and coke particulate generation of these three poplar oils are found to differ considerably, presumably as a result of varying extents of fuel vapor cracking during the production of the oils. These results suggest that pyrolysis process conditions play a dominant role in the combustion behavior of the collected oils. A further implication is that, with adequate pyrolysis process control and possibly water or alcohol addition to the collected oil, a biomass pyrolysis oil may be produced which is optimized for fuel handling and combustion characteristics.
Gliadel wafer implantation combined with standard radiotherapy and concurrent followed by adjuvant temozolomide for treatment of newly diagnosed high-grade glioma: a systematic literature review

Since 2003, only two chemotherapeutic agents, evaluated in phase III trials, have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment of newly diagnosed high-grade glioma (HGG): Gliadel wafers (intracranially implanted local chemotherapy) and temozolomide (TMZ) (systemic chemotherapy). Neither agent is curative, but each has been shown to improve median overall survival (OS) compared to radiotherapy (RT) alone. To date, no phase III trial has tested these agents when used in sequential combination; however, a number of smaller trials have reported favorable results. We performed a systematic literature review to evaluate the combination of Gliadel wafers with standard RT (60 Gy) plus concurrent and adjuvant TMZ (RT/TMZ) for newly diagnosed HGG. A literature search was conducted for the period of January 1995 to September 2015. Data were extracted and categorized, and means and ranges were determined. A total of 11 publications met criteria, three prospective trials and eight retrospective studies, representing 411 patients who received Gliadel plus standard RT/TMZ. Patients were similar in age, gender, and performance status. The weighted mean of median OS was 18.2 months (ten trials, n = 379, range 12.7 to 21.3 months), and the weighted mean of median progression-free survival was 9.7 months (seven trials, n = 287, range 7 to 12.9 months). The most commonly reported grade 3 and 4 adverse events were myelosuppression (10.22 %), neurologic deficit (7.8 %), and healing abnormalities (4.3 %). Adverse events reflected the distinct independent safety profiles of Gliadel wafers and RT/TMZ, with little evidence of enhanced toxicity from their use in sequential combination. In the 11 identified trials, an increased benefit from sequentially combining Gliadel wafers with RT/TMZ was strongly suggested. Median OS tended to be improved by 3 to 4 months beyond that observed for Gliadel wafers or TMZ when used alone in the respective phase III trials. Larger prospective trials of Gliadel plus RT/TMZ are warranted.
Rewiring Escherichia coli for carbon-dioxide fixation

Engineering bacteria to convert carbon dioxide into sugar may enable diverse biotechnological applications.
Creencias de profesores de la educación básica chilena sobre el uso de conceptos ligados a la agricultura para promover el aprendizaje de ciencias naturales y matemáticas

In the Chilean educational system, the curricula for life sciences and mathematics promote inquiry-learning approaches over recitation for elementary school. The literature suggests that elementary teachers struggle with the inquiry approach. Integrating agricultural literacy into the natural sciences and mathematics curricula may enhance students' learning by providing a context to support students in inquiry-oriented areas such as analysis of information and interpretation of representations. To accomplish integration, it is a priority to explore the teachers’ beliefs regarding agricultural literacy. The purpose of this study was to explore a group of Chilean elementary teachers’ beliefs regarding the use of agriculture as an educational context to enhance students' learning in life sciences and mathematics. This study concluded that teachers believed that agricultural concepts could be integrated into some areas of the curriculum such as nutrition and healthy food and the development of mathematics skills. The next step in this study will be the formulation of a hypothesis to help researchers answer how integration could be achieved. For that purpose, an instructional approach combining a video and a serious game will be used. The scenario of the video and the board game will be an agricultural related concept known as photosynthesis.
Intellectual Property and Competition Law

This chapter, prepared for the Oxford Handbook of Intellectual Property Law, surveys the intersection of competition law — or antitrust law, as it is known in the United States — with intellectual property (IP). It examines whether and how IP rights alter the substantive scope of antitrust law, either by operation of statute or as a matter of economic policy. It discusses a wide variety of antitrust claims, alleging collusion, exclusion, or both, that have been raised against IP rights holders. The examples are drawn mainly from the United States, although European developments are also included where relevant. The analysis supports the conclusion that, beyond a rights holder’s core ability to assert a valid, infringed right against a rival, IP restricts antitrust law less than one might expect. Moreover, the restrictions that do exist are often subtle.
Treatment patterns, efficacy and toxicity of regorafenib in gastrointestinal stromal tumour patients

Regorafenib was approved as third-line therapy for advanced Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumour (GIST) at a starting dose of 160 mg daily 3 weeks on, 1 week off, based on improvement in progression free survival over placebo (4.8 vs. 0.9 months), but the response rate was low at 4.5%. Given the high toxicity rate in GIST patients, there is variability in the post-marketing dosing of regorafenib. We aimed to summarize our experience regarding prescribing patterns, efficacy and toxicity of regorafenib and determine the role of response assessment by Choi criteria in GIST patients. We included 28 patients who received regorafenib from our pharmacy. Baseline patient characteristics and treatment outcomes were recorded and an independent radiologist assessed response using Choi and RECIST. Seventy-nine percent of patients started at a 120 mg continuous daily dosing schedule, different from the standard intermittent dosing schedule. Grade 3/4 adverse events were experienced by 43% of patients. Median progression-free survival was 8.7 months. Continuous dosing with regorafenib at 120 mg daily is the preferred prescribing pattern and appears to be better tolerated and with comparable efficacy to the current standard dose. Similar to imatinib, the partial response rate for regorafenib by Choi (29%) was higher compared to RECIST (4%).
Between Depression and Disarmament: The International Armaments Business, 1919–1939

This business history analyzes the connections between private business, disarmament, and re-armament as they affected arms procurement and military technology transfers in Eastern Europe from 1919 to 1939. Rather than focusing on the negotiations or the political problems involved with the Disarmament Conferences, this study concerns itself with the business effects of the disarmament discussions. Accordingly, Schneider-Creusot, Skoda, Vickers, and their respective business activities in Eastern European markets serve as the chief subjects for this book, and the core primary sources relied upon include their unpublished corporate archival documents. Shifting the scope of analysis to consider the business dimension allows for a fresh appraisal of the linkages between the arms trade, disarmament, and re-armament. The business approach also explodes the myth of the 'merchants of death' from the inside. It concludes by tracing the armaments business between 1939 and 1941 as it transitioned from peacetime to war.
Integration of percutaneous cardiac catheter for HIFU ablation and image guidance

Image-guided high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is widely used not only for non-invasive therapy but also as a precise approach for cardiac tissue ablation. However, most HIFU systems use piezoelectric transducers, which are typically bulky due to active cooling, and separate imaging and HIFU transducers, and therefore impractical for catheter-based applications. Taking advantage of a single 2-D capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) array, we developed a percutaneous cardiac catheter that can switch between ultrasound imaging mode and HIFU ablation mode.
Activity start time and duration: incorporating regret theory into joint discrete–continuous models

Activity start time and duration decisions are two key elements of activity-travel behaviour. As an effort towards a more realistic representation of individuals’ decision behaviour, this paper pre...
It’s a Problem of Culture (for Them): Orientalist Framing in News on Violence Against Women

This research examines chronological patterns in the social construction of violence against women in the United States and abroad as represented by coverage in the New York Times. It is found that...
Mining location information from users' spatio-temporal data

The availability of large localized datasets from popular social-networking sites such as Foursquare and Twitter has enabled the expansion of the field of human mobility analysis. Extracting location information from user trajectories helps to increase the understanding of human mobility and is important for improving public health, city planning, as well as crime prevention. In this work, we introduce a framework to automatically discover and classify locations based solely from geo-temporal data and without relying on contextual data, such as user explicit check-ins. We collected a dataset of 3 millions geo-tagged tweets of the New York City area to test our framework. By using a combination of clustering algorithms to accurately pinpoint location position (from a cloud of points representing tweets), and the popular time/days histograms as features to train the classifier, we were able to reach up to 53% average accuracy for the location type classification.
The Cell Wall-Associated Kinases, WAKs, Regulate Cell Expansion and the Stress Response

The plant cell wall is secreted and assembled by cells to provide structure and shape, and thereby helps to determine the form of a plant organ. Control of the synthesis and directional enlargement of the wall is therefore crucial for plant development, but the wall also serves as a first defense against common plant stresses such as pathogens and physical wounding. There is now substantial evidence to suggest that the Cell Wall Associated Kinases, WAK s, are pectin receptors required for both normal cell elongation and for an induced stress response.
Endovascular Treatment of Type B Aortic Dissection

Endovascular technology and techniques are being rapidly applied to patients with acute and chronic dissections despite being an off-label indication. Multiple studies have shown morbidity and mortality benefit when comparing short- and midterm outcomes between open and endovascular repair. The goal with TEVAR, which is accomplished in greater than 90 %, is to cover the proximal intimomedial tear and reestablish preferential antegrade flow to the true lumen. This allows thrombosis of the false lumen in 80–95 %, decreased false lumen diameter in 79 %, and true lumen expansion in 66 %. Although TEVAR provides an effective repair with superior risk profile when compared with open repair, the rate of reintervention can reach 60 % due to endoleak, stent migration, stent-graft collapse, material fatigue, or propagation of the dissection. This chapter presents the endovascular treatment of type B aortic dissections.
Predicting the moment of inertia of pulsar J0737-3039A from Bayesian modeling of the nuclear equation of state

We investigate neutron star moments of inertia from Bayesian posterior probability distributions of the nuclear equation of state that incorporate information from microscopic many-body theory and empirical data of finite nuclei. We focus on PSR J0737-3039A and predict that for this $1.338\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$ neutron star the moment of inertia lies in the range $1.04\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{45}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{g}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}lIl1.51\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{45}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{g}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at the 95% credibility level, while the most probable value for the moment of inertia is $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{I}=1.36\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{45}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{g}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. Assuming a measurement of the PSR J0737-3039A moment of inertia to 10% precision, we study the implications for neutron star radii and tidal deformabilities. We also determine the crustal component of the moment of inertia and find that for typical neutron star masses $1.3{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}lMl1.5{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$ the crust contributes $1--6%$ of the total moment of inertia, below what is needed to explain large pulsar glitches in the scenario of strong neutron entrainment.
Perioperative Fluid Management

This article discusses the effects of anesthesia and surgery on fluid management. Certain types of surgery may cause specific alterations in fluid balance, making fluid management a particular challenge. In addition to the general effects of anesthesia and surgery, these specific situations are reviewed in detail.
Epidemiology of acute myeloid leukemia: Recent progress and enduring challenges.

Abstract Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant disorder of the bone marrow which is characterized by the clonal expansion and differentiation arrest of myeloid progenitor cells. The age-adjusted incidence of AML is 4.3 per 100,000 annually in the United States (US). Incidence increases with age with a median age at diagnosis of 68 years in the US. The etiology of AML is heterogeneous. In some patients, prior exposure to therapeutic, occupational or environmental DNA-damaging agents is implicated, but most cases of AML remain without a clear etiology. AML is the most common form of acute leukemia in adults and has the shortest survival (5-year survival = 24%). Curative therapies, including intensive chemotherapy and allogeneic stem cell transplantation, are generally applicable to a minority of patients who are younger and fit, while most older individuals exhibit poor prognosis and survival. Differences in patient outcomes are influenced by disease characteristics, access to care including active therapies and supportive care, and other factors. After many years without therapeutic advances, several new therapies have been approved and are expected to impact patient outcomes, especially for older patients and those with refractory disease.
Mechanical Ventilation and Predictors of In-Hospital Mortality in Fibrotic Interstitial Lung Disease With Acute Respiratory Failure: A Cohort Analysis Through the Paradigm of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.

OBJECTIVES Prior studies report significant mortality in fibrotic interstitial lung disease patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. Little is known about baseline characteristics or ventilator strategies that might improve outcomes. We analyzed the ventilator characteristics of a large cohort of fibrotic interstitial lung disease patients from the perspective of an acute respiratory distress syndrome paradigm to see if any specific mechanical ventilation strategies might improve in-hospital mortality. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Single-center, multihospital medical ICUs. PATIENTS Consecutive fibrotic interstitial lung disease patients who experienced mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory failure. INTERVENTIONS Interstitial lung disease characteristics, demographics, and ventilator variables were analyzed for univariable and multivariable predictors of in-hospital mortality, adjusted for confounding with an a priori causation model. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS A total of 111 patients accounted for 114 admissions. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis comprised 34% with idiopathic acute exacerbation (65%) being the most common admission type. Ninety-five percent were initiated on mandatory volume-control ventilation with only 50% achieving a low tidal volume strategy (plateau pressure ≤ 30 cm H2O) within 3 hours of intubation. Unadjusted clinical predictors of in-hospital mortality included age (unit odds ratio, 1.05; 1.01-1.10; p = 0.015), time from admission to intubation (hr) (unit odds ratio, 1.01; 1.01-1.03; p = 0.017), and use of paralytics (relative risk, 1.54; 1.26-1.90, p < 0.001). Adjusted mechanical ventilation-related predictors of in-hospital mortality included achieving early targeted plateau pressures (odds ratio, 0.23; 0.07-0.76; p = 0.016), PaO2/FIO2 ratio at 3 (unit odds ratio, 0.98; 0.96-0.99, p = 0.002) and 48 hours (unit odds ratio, 0.98; 0.97-0.99, p = 0.018), initial mean airway pressure (unit odds ratio, 1.13; 1.02-1.28, p = 0.019), and total net fluid status (mL) (unit odds ratio, 1.01; 1.001-1.02, p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Several factors predict in-hospital mortality in fibrotic interstitial lung disease-associated mechanical ventilation when viewed through an acute respiratory distress syndrome model. Further research is needed to refine strategies that may perhaps improve survival if mechanical ventilation is pursued in this set of patients.
Using Interpretation Bias Modification to Reduce Anger in Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Pilot Study

Difficulty controlling anger is the most commonly reported reintegration concern among veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). One of the mechanisms associated with problematic anger is a tendency to interpret ambiguous interpersonal situations as hostile, known as the hostile interpretation bias (HIB). A computer-based interpretation bias modification (IBM) intervention has been shown to successfully reduce HIB and anger but has not been tested in veterans with PTSD. The current study was a pilot trial of this IBM intervention modified to address problematic anger among veterans with PTSD. Veterans with PTSD and a high level of anger (N = 7) completed eight sessions of IBM treatment over the course of 4 weeks. Participants completed self-report questionnaires at pre- and posttreatment assessment visits, as well as a treatment acceptability interview at posttreatment. Veterans experienced large reductions in hostile interpretation bias and anger from pre- to posttreatment, ds = 1.03-1.96, although these estimates may be unstable due to the small sample size. The feasibility for recruitment, retention, and treatment completion were high. Questionnaire and interview data demonstrated that most participants were satisfied with the treatment and found it helpful and easy to use. Overall, IBM for anger was feasible and acceptable to veterans with PTSD and was associated with reductions in hostile interpretations and self-reported anger outcomes. Further research examining this approach is warranted.
How Political and Ecological Contexts Shape Community College Transfer

Broad higher education contexts shape how community college students and postsecondary personnel approach transfer from community colleges to baccalaureate-granting institutions. We leverage the co...
Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome as Referred Pain From Injured T12/L1 Nerves: Symptomatic Improvement With Resection of Ilioinguinal and Iliohypogastric Nerves.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the specific contribution of ilioinguinal (II) and iliohypogastric (IH) nerve injury and referred pain to interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome and patient-reported chronic pelvic pain, and to enumerate the effects of II and IH nerve resection on the pain and voiding symptoms in patients with IC/BPS. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a prospective cohort study of 8 patients with ICS/BPS who had prior abdominal surgery. All patients received diagnostic image guided T12/L1 nerve blocks, followed by II and IH nerve resections. Validated O'Leary-Sant ICS symptom indices (OSPI) and pelvic pain and urgency/frequency patient symptoms scale (PUF) scores were collected at specified intervals pre- and post-operatively. RESULTS Median scores at pre-operative (OSPI 13.9, PUF 20.4) and 1 week time points (OSPI 5.9, PUF 11), as well as differences between pre-operative and 10 month time points (OSPI 3.7, PUF 6) were all statistically significant (P = .008 and .009 at 1 week, and .007 and .008 at 10 months, for OSPI and PUF respectively). The mean difference in score from pre-operative to longest follow-up as measured by the OSPI was -14.4 (P CONCLUSION II and IH nerve resection may be an effective and durable treatment option for those with prior abdominal surgery who have referred interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome pain from these injured nerves.
Mental Health Service Utilization among Adults with Head Injury with Loss of Consciousness: Implications for Social Work.

The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with mental health service utilization among adults with head injury with loss of consciousness (LOC) using Andersen's model of health. This secondary data analysis used the 2011-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with data collected from 7,399 adults. Binary logistic regression was conducted to determine odds associated with predisposing, enabling, and needs factors on head injury with LOC and mental health service utilization. A total of 948 (12.8 percent) adults 40 years and older self-reported head injury with LOC. Head injury with LOC was higher among men and people with lower income, illicit drug use history, and moderate to severe depression. Mental health service utilization for people with head injury with LOC was lower among older-age adults and those with no health insurance. However, utilization was higher among adults with military service, history of drug use, and moderate to severe depression. Social workers in health care settings play critical roles serving adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI) through mental health and substance use disorder treatment and bridging gaps in service access. Social workers should recognize the complex needs of clients with TBI and factors affecting mental health service use.
Comparison of Viscoelastic Testing by Rotational Torsion and Harmonic Resonance Methods.

OBJECTIVES To compare the performance of the TEG 5000 and TEG 6S Global Hemostasis cartridge. METHODS We reviewed validation data of the TEG 5000 and TEG 6S Global Hemostasis cartridge. The specimens were analyzed in parallel according to the manufacturer's operating instructions. RESULTS Fifty-four healthy donors and 13 donors with known hemostatic abnormalities were included. The correlations between instrument types were only moderate-the Spearman rank correlations were 0.55, 0.62, 0.64, and 0.72, respectively, for CK R, K, angle, and maximum amplitude (MA) parameters. Using the manufacturer's device-specific reference ranges to classify results as normal/abnormal, there was weak agreement in the qualitative interpretation of all parameters (Cohen's κ for agreement for CK R, K, angle, and MA was 0.418, 0.154, -0.083, and 0.127, respectively). This could lead to discordant transfusion decisions. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the TEG 5000 and TEG 6S may not be used interchangeably.
Frequent Emergency Department Use: A Social Emergency Medicine Perspective

Frequent emergency department (ED) use is of critical importance to policy makers, payers, and emergency providers. Frequent ED use can be a symbol of unmet medical needs, but research increasingly confirms that frequent ED users often have high unmet social needs related to housing, social support, food security, and end-of-life planning as well as disproportionate rates of behavioral health issues compared to non-frequent ED users. As a result, frequent ED users have higher morbidity and mortality compared to non-frequent ED users. While frequent ED users have been well-characterized in the peer-reviewed literature, research on interventions that may be effective in improving care and reducing ED use is generally of low quality. There is no current “off-the-shelf” intervention for frequent ED users, but case management appears to be the most promising solution. Integrated data systems that can capture ED visits at multiple EDs are essential to accurate identification of this population, yet it is also important to understand that frequent ED users often use other health and social care resources frequently. Thus, interventions should involve partners outside of the ED in both the health system and the community.
Adventures with Particles

Despite some gender-related bumps in the road, the author had the good fortune that her career spanned the evolution of the Standard Model from its inception in the late 1960s and early 1970s to it...
Metallothionein 3-Zinc Axis Suppresses Caspase-11 Inflammasome Activation and Impairs Antibacterial Immunity

Non-canonical inflammasome activation by mouse caspase-11 (or human CASPASE-4/5) is crucial for the clearance of certain gram-negative bacterial infections, but can lead to severe inflammatory damage. Factors that promote non-canonical inflammasome activation are well recognized, but less is known about the mechanisms underlying its negative regulation. Herein, we identify that the caspase-11 inflammasome in mouse and human macrophages (Mϕ) is negatively controlled by the zinc (Zn2+) regulating protein, metallothionein 3 (MT3). Upon challenge with intracellular lipopolysaccharide (iLPS), Mϕ increased MT3 expression that curtailed the activation of caspase-11 and its downstream targets caspase-1 and interleukin (IL)-1β. Mechanistically, MT3 increased intramacrophage Zn2+ to downmodulate the TRIF-IRF3-STAT1 axis that is prerequisite for caspase-11 effector function. MT3 suppressed activation of the caspase-11 inflammasome, while caspase-11 and MT3 synergized in impairing antibacterial immunity. The present study identifies an important yin-yang relationship between the non-canonical inflammasome and MT3 in controlling inflammation and immunity to gram-negative bacteria.
Single-Stock Futures

Jack Goodwin had recently read an article on using futures contracts on individual stocks for hedging purposes. He held about 500 shares of Abbott Laboratories in his trading portfolio. While he was concerned about the share price falling in the short run, he was bullish over the long run. Of course, he could sell now and buy later, but that would mean he would have a taxable capital gain, which he wanted to avoid. He thought the single-stock-futures contracts offered on the OneChicago Exchange might present the opportunity to hedge the price risk. Excerpt UVA-F-1640 Dec. 28, 2011 Single-Stock Futures Jack Goodwin had recently read an article on using futures contracts on individual stocks for hedging purposes. He held about 500 shares of Abbott Laboratories in his trading portfolio. While he was concerned about the share price falling in the short run, he was bullish over the long run. Of course, he could sell now and buy later, but that would mean he would have a taxable capital gain, which he wanted to avoid. He thought the single-stock-futures (SSF) contracts offered on the OneChicago Exchange might present the opportunity to hedge the price risk. It was August 16, 2010, and Abbott Labs closed at $ 50.34. OneChicago Exchange Despite the fact that SSF contracts were widely traded outside the United States, prior to 2000, their listing had not been allowed on U.S. exchanges. There were a number of reasons why SSF contracts were not permitted, but the central issue revolved around a dispute over regulatory authority between the U.S. (CFTC) and the . The dispute was resolved with the passage of the Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000 by the U.S. Congress. Under this law, the two agencies shared jurisdiction. . . .
Polyhedral interpolation theorems

Let H and K be disjoint closed sets, in a topological space X, and let C be a closed set, disjoint from H and K. If X – C is the union of two disjoint open sets, containing H and K respectively, then C separates H from K (in X).