cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rapid Response of the Yield Threshold and Turgor Regulation during Adjustment of Root Growth to Water Stress in Zea mays.

Responses of cortical cell turgor (P) following rapid changes in osmotic pressure ([pi]m) were measured throughout the elongation zone of maize (Zea mays L.) roots using a cell pressure probe and compared with simultaneously measured root elongation to evaluate: yield threshold (Y) (minimum P for growth), wall extensibility, growth-zone radial hydraulic conductivity (K), and turgor recovery rate. Small increases in [pi]m (0.1 MPa) temporarily decreased P and growth, which recovered fully in 5 to 10 min. Under stronger [pi]m (up to 0.6 MPa), elongation stopped for up to 30 min and then resumed at lower rates. Recoveries in P through solute accumulation and lowering of Y enabled growth under water stress. P recovery was as much as 0.3 MPa at [pi]m = 0.6 MPa, but recovery rate declined as water stress increased, suggesting turgor-sensitive solute transport into the growth zone. Under strong [pi]m, P did not recover in the basal part of the growth zone, in conjunction with a 30% shortening of the growth zone. Time courses showed Y beginning to decrease within several minutes after stress imposition, from about 0.65 MPa to a minimum of about 0.3 MPa in about 15 min. The data concerning Y were not confounded significantly by elastic shrinkage. K was high (1.3 x 10–10 m2 s-1 MPa-1), suggesting very small growth-induced water potential gradients.
Targeting to rhoptry organelles of Toxoplasma gondii involves evolutionarily conserved mechanisms

Targeting to rhoptry organelles of Toxoplasma gondii involves evolutionarily conserved mechanisms.
Chimeric cDNA studies of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus neurovirulence.

Abstract Strain GDVII and other members of the GDVII subgroup of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus are highly neurovirulent and rapidly fatal, while strain DA and other members of the TO subgroup produce a chronic, demyelinating disease. GDVII/DA chimeric cDNA studies suggest that a major neurovirulence determinant is within the GDVII 1B through 1D capsid protein coding region, although the additional presence of upstream GDVII sequences, including the 5' untranslated region, contributes to full neurovirulence. Our studies indicate that there are limitations in precisely delineating neurovirulence determinants with chimeric cDNAs between evolutionarily diverged viruses, such as GDVII and DA.
Inter‐field variability in the microbial communities of hydrothermal vent deposits from a back‐arc basin

Diverse microbial communities thrive on and in deep-sea hydrothermal vent mineral deposits. However, our understanding of the inter-field variability in these communities is poor, as limited sampling and sequencing efforts have hampered most previous studies. To explore the inter-field variability in these communities, we used barcoded pyrosequencing of the variable region 4 (V4) of the 16S rRNA gene to characterize the archaeal and bacterial communities of over 30 hydrothermal deposit samples from six vent fields located along the Eastern Lau Spreading Center. Overall, the bacterial and archaeal communities of the Eastern Lau Spreading Center are similar to other active vent deposits, with a high diversity of Epsilonproteobacteria and thermophilic Archaea. However, the archaeal and bacterial communities from the southernmost vent field, Mariner, were significantly different from the other vent fields. At Mariner, the epsilonproteobacterial genus Nautilia and the archaeal family Thermococcaceae were prevalent in most samples, while Lebetimonas and Thermofilaceae were more abundant at the other vent fields. These differences appear to be influenced in part by the unique geochemistry of the Mariner fluids resulting from active degassing of a subsurface magma chamber. These results show that microbial communities associated with hydrothermal vent deposits in back-arc basins are taxonomically similar to those from mid-ocean ridge systems, but differences in geologic processes between vent fields in a back-arc basin can influence microbial community structure.
The General Nature of Fundamental 1/f Noise in Oscillators and in the High Technology Domain

The ubiquitous fundamental 1/f noise spectrum is derived ontologically from quantum electrodynamics for any current, cross section or process rate as a universal macroscopic quantum fluctuation process, and as the most important infrared divergence phenomenon. It is present both in space and in time and is described in both the frequency and time domains. For small and ultrasmall devices and solid state samples the conventional quantum 1/f effect is introduced, and for larger sizes the coherent quantum 1/f effect applies. This new aspect of quantum mechanics is described by simple practical relations and by a general interpolation formula. The connection with numbers of harmonics and subharmonics characterizing the basic non-linearity of the particle-field interaction as well as other nonlinearities, is elucidated. Finally, the general epistemological explanation of the ubiquitous 1/f phenomenon is derived in the form of a sufficient 1/f noise criterion, and is applied to various nonlinear systems, including the particle-field system of quantum-electrodynamics as a particular example. Application of the frequency mixing 1/f frequency noise experiments of Planat and collaborators is considered as an equivalent way to understand the derivation of the fundamental 1/f spectrum. This new approach could reveal how our earlier qualitative interpretation of lattice-dynamical quantum 1/f effects below the lowest transversal acoustic phonon frequency of the sample in terms of subharmonics can be verified.
The Trollopian Geopolitical Aesthetic

Trollope’s reputation as a formally dull post-1848 realist persists even though the period of his Palliser series (1864–1879) was characterized by intense political and imperial dynamism. While most of Trollope’s novels during this period exemplify a historically engaged realism, The Eustace Diamonds is distinct for its rare meditation on empire in South Asia—a topic that Trollope seems purposely to have avoided. Trollope’s fourth Palliser novel captures the vexed ethics of a so-called liberal imperialism through two classic characters—Lucy Morris and Lord Fawn—and their interactions with the Sawab of Mygawb, a ‘‘non-character’’who marks the novel’s geopolitical unconscious. But the novel’s most formally distinct features revolve around representation of Lizzie Eustace, who figures Trollope’s uneasiness over the New Imperial era’s neo-feudal aesthetics. Trollope associated the New Imperialism with Benjamin Disraeli whose Jewish ethnicity he tied to a ‘‘conjuring’’ political agency that could master the theaters of mass democracy and imperial expansion. In The Eustace Diamonds, Lizzie becomes the embodiment of an actively performed New Imperial aesthetic. As a Disraeli-like schemer, she introduces a stylistic referentiality that is alien to Trollope’s ‘pellucid’ linguistic ideal. Where Trollope’s sociological and global capitalist novels offer nuanced aesthetic capture, Lizzie marks the representational limits of such realism. Like the Sawab, she is the sign of a Trollopian power to stretch form beyond the crude anti-realism of the racialized scapegoat. In this article, I want to revisit Trollope’s reputation as the Victorian novel’s most formal bore. In George Levine’s words, ‘the solidity and complacency of its narrative movement through time’ makes Trollopian realism the work of ‘sheer plod’ (203). Trollope’s reputation as a non-experimental and politically inert realist is characteristic of a long critical
Disparities in Alcohol, Drug Use, and Mental Health Condition Prevalence and Access to Care in Rural, Isolated, and Reservation Areas: Findings From the South Dakota Health Survey.

Purpose Research on urban/rural disparities in alcohol, drug use, and mental health (ADM) conditions is inconsistent. This study describes ADM condition prevalence and access to care across diverse geographies in a predominantly rural state. Methods Multimodal cross-sectional survey in South Dakota from November 2013 to October 2014, with oversampling in rural areas and American Indian reservations. Measures assessed demographic characteristics, ADM condition prevalence using clinical screenings and participant self-report, perceived need for treatment, health service usage, and barriers to obtaining care. We tested for differences among urban, rural, isolated, and reservation geographic areas, controlling for participant age and gender. Findings We analyzed 7,675 surveys (48% response rate). Generally, ADM condition prevalence rates were not significantly different across geographies. However, respondents in isolated and reservation areas were significantly less likely to have access to primary care. Knowledge of treatment options was significantly lower in isolated regions and individuals in reservation areas had significantly lower odds of reporting receipt of all needed care. Across the sample there was substantial discordance between ADM clinical screenings and participant self-reported need; 98.1% of respondents who screened positive for alcohol or drug misuse and 63.8% of respondents who screened positive for a mental health condition did not perceive a need for care. Conclusion In a predominantly rural state, geographic disparities in ADM conditions are related to differences in access as opposed to prevalence, particularly for individuals in isolated and reservation areas. Educational interventions about ADM condition characteristics may be as important as improving access to care.
The Supreme Court, Separation of Powers, and the Protection of Individual Rights during Periods of War or National Security Emergency

To paraphrase Lincoln, there is little that I could say on the history of the Supreme Court's handling of civil-liberties issues during periods of war or national emergency that could add or detract from the truly masterly job Chief Justice William Rehnquist has already done in All the Laws But One.1 I highly recommend that book to any who have not yet read it. Because the Chief Justice has provided such an outstanding overview of the subject, I shall depart a bit from what I might otherwise have said on this topic.
Steady-state analysis of full-bridge zero-current switching converter

A steady-state analysis of the full-bridge zero-current-switched (FB-ZCS) pulsewidth modulation (PWM) converter is presented. The FB-ZCS is fully able to incorporate parasitic parameters, and zero-current turn-off characteristics. The converter utilises the parasitic parameters of components, particularly for high-voltage transformers, and employs fixed frequency phase-shift control to implement soft-switching commutations.
Constraints on short-lived axions from the decay π+→e+e−e+ν

Abstract Using chiral lagrangian techniques an expected branching ratio of 3×10 −6 ( m u / m d )( m a /1.8 MeV ) 2 is calculated for the decay mode π + → ae + ν, where a is a recently proposed short-lived axion variant, and thus earlier estimates of this rate are corrected. A recent measurement limits the decay π + → e + e − e + ν at the 10 −10 level, which clearly rules out such an axion.
Gene mutations in saliva as molecular markers for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas.

Background: Cancer is caused by the accumulation of mutations that activate proto-oncogenes and inactivate tumor suppressor genes. The result is a clonal expansion of genetically identical daughter cells that eventually become clinical malignancies. The specific mutations acquired by the progenitor cell are like a fingerprint carried by each cell of the tumor. These mutations can serve as very specific markers for the presence of tumor cells in a background of normal cells. Methods: Mutations in the p53 gene recovered from head and neck squamous cell carcinomas were sequenced, and these altered DNA sequences were used retrospectively as tumor-specific genetic markers for cancer cells in the patient's saliva. Cloned p53 sequences amplified by the polymerase chain reaction from DNA extracted from banked preoperative saliva specimens were screened for the presence of tumor-specific mutations using radiolabeled oligonucleotide probes. Results: We identified tumor-specific mutations in preoperative saliva samples of 5 of the 7 patients evaluated (71%). Conclusions: These results suggest a potential for clinical applications of this novel approach to cancer detection using gene mutations as molecular markers for carcinomas.
Asymptotic nnormality of a class of time-sequential statistics and applications

The Asymptotic normality of a class of time-sequential statistics arising in progressively censored schemes is obtained. The main result also provides for the asymptotic normality of certain stopping variables. Applications of th two theorems proved to statistics arising in life testing are given.
Intra- and inter-individual correlations between cholecystokinin and corticotropin-releasing hormone concentrations in human cerebrospinal fluid.

Despite strong evidence of a physiologic relationship between cholecystokinin (CCK) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the rat central nervous system (CNS), evidence of such a relationship between the two hormones in the human CNS is lacking. A post hoc analysis of serial concentrations of immunoreactive CCK and CRH, obtained every ten minutes from CSF continuously collected over six hours, was performed. A total of 30 subjects were studied: 15 normal volunteers, 10 patients with major depression, and 5 recently-abstinent, alcohol-dependent patients. Overall, we observed an average intra-subject correlation of +.273 (P<0.001) between CSF CRH and CCK. Inter-subject correlations between mean CSF levels of CRH and CCK were +.948 (P=0.0001) and +.959 (P=0.005) in the depressed and abstinent alcoholic patients, respectively. These inter-individual correlations were significantly greater than that seen within the group of normal volunteers ® = + .318, n.s.). The present data suggest that interactions between CCK and CRH are significant in the human CNS, particularly perhaps in depressed and alcoholic patients, and that CSF samples may be used to assess elements of the relationship between these hormones. Depression and Anxiety 10:77–80, 1999. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Minimally invasive endodontics: challenging prevailing paradigms

The primary goal of endodontic therapy is the long-term retention of a functional tooth by preventing or treating apical periodontitis. However, there are many other factors that impact endodontic outcomes such as the quality of the restoration and structural integrity of the tooth after root canal preparation. Contemporary research efforts are currently directed to better understanding dentin behaviour and structure during aging and function. An alternative approach is to minimise structural changes during root canal therapy, which may result in a new strategy that can be labelled 'minimally invasive endodontics'. This review addresses current clinical and laboratory data to provide an overview of this new endodontic paradigm.
Inherited retinal degeneration and apoptosis in mutant zebrafish

The mechanism of retinal cell death was studied in mutant zebrafish (Danio rerio) which undergo inherited degeneration of the retina and the brain. The shrunken head (shr(m33)) mutation was isolated as part of a large scale mutagenesis screen. The yellow head (yhd) mutation arose spontaneously among inbred wild type zebrafish. Although the mutants share many morphological features, including small eyes, a small brain and an enlarged pericardial sac, crossing shr(m33) and yhd heterozygotes results in phenotypically normal fish. The retinae of both mutant lines of fish begin to develop normally and then undergo massive degenerative changes. Pyknotic cells first appear in the retina of the shr(m33) fish by 3 days post-fertilization and in the yhd fish by 1.5 days post-fertilization. By 5 days post-fertilization the outer nuclear layer containing the photoreceptor cells has largely disappeared in both mutants. The inner nuclear layer and ganglion cell layer are also severely affected. By 6-7 days post-fertilization, the retina has been largely cleared of pyknotic cells by retinal pigment epithelial cells and by rare macrophage-like cells. Both mutations are lethal by 7-8 days post-fertilization. Two independent measures, TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end label (TUNEL) and transmission electron microscopy, indicate that the pyknotic cells in the mutant retinae are apoptotic. Apoptosis is very rarely observed during normal development of the teleost retina and was not observed in age-matched wild type zebrafish retinae examined for comparison. Our results indicate that a genetic defect can induce massive apoptosis in cell populations that do not normally undergo apoptosis during development.
Development of a Mechanism for Detection of Error and Retention of a Graded Motor Response

Several methods for developing an internal mechanism for error detection were compared to determine the extent to which a self-paced response could be acquired and retained without knowledge of results. During training, blindfolded subjects attempted to learn a positioning response under one of three conditions. One group was presented with the criterion end location by means of a stop and then required to recall the location with the stop removed. A second group moved the total distance of the track and then was instructed to replace the slide in a location representing a specific fraction of the total. A final group of subjects learned the criterion location by using post-response knowledge of results administered on each trial. Following acquisition subjects were give retention trials involving only repetition of the acquired response. The development of a strong mechanism for error detection was indicated only for those groups presented with the standard or with post-response knowledge of results. During retention trials (without knowledge of results), performance of the group required to learn the criterion by estimating a fraction of the total range was characterized by significanlty greater response biasing and less consistency than the other conditions. The findings were discussed in terms of several predictions from Adams' (1971) closed-loop theory of motor learning.
Development of a plasticity bond model for steel reinforcement

The development of an interface, non-associative, plasticity model for bond between ribbed, steel bars and concrete is discussed. The model relates average local slip and radial dilation to average bond shear stress and radial confinement stress. The model partially accounts for the response of the damaged, finite-thickness region around the bar—the bond zone. The model is developed for standard steel bars that are initially unstrained. With simplifying assumptions, data for the components of a plasticity law are extracted from a key set of experimental results. In this paper, we emphasize the development of an expression for the yield surface for monotonic loading. While the forms of the model's components are empirically derived, they qualitatively reflect the mechanics of the mechanical interaction of ribbed bars with the adjacent concrete. A characteristic length, related to the rib pattern, helps quantify this interaction. The mechanics of the bond are difficult to characterize in a simple form, but the calibrated model only requires four physical properties and reproduces with acceptable accuracy experimental results with various levels of radial confinement stress. Model refinements are suggested for future work. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sweaty Bodies in a Circle: Thoughts on the Subtle Dimensions of Black Religion as Protest

Carrying a Black body through this rather absurd world has not simply involved negative socio-political and economic arrangements for African Americans. Those who give careful consideration to the manner in which Black bodies move, occupy space, as well as the fluids issuing from them, will have noted the way in which the bodies also give off signs of resistance. In this article I pay attention to the manner in which sweat has served as a theological marker, as a sign of interaction with the divine. This sign in turn has served to signify popular depictions of Black bodies as having little beauty and value.
ACP Journal Club. Review: Some instruments predict development of persistent, disabling low back pain.

Source Citation Chou R, Shekelle P. Will this patient develop persistent disabling low back pain? JAMA. 2010;303:1295-302. 20371789
Alfalfa Extracts Which Stimulate Growth of Neurospora sitophila II: Isolation, Characterization, and Multiple Nature of Stimulatory Compounds

Acidic extracts of alfalfa leaf meal increase the mycelial weight of Neurospora sitophila in the Difco pyridoxine assay method. This stimulation is caused by the presence of isoleucine, cystine, and at least two unidentified factors in such extracts. A method for the isolation of these two unidentified factors is presented.
Corneal epithelial wound healing on bilayer composite hydrogels.

We demonstrate that a bilayer composite hydrogel composed of corneal stroma crosslinked to poly(ethylene oxide) provides a substrate suitable for wound healing behavior of corneal epithelial cells and for formation and maintenance of a stable multilayered epithelium. Potential diffusion-limitation of nutrients or regulatory molecules across the hydrogel was investigated experimentally with a new in vitro ocular assay, using epithelial cell migration as an index of molecular diffusion limitations. Corneal epithelial cells explanted on the composite hydrogel in vitro exhibited morphology similar to those in vivo, and migrated effectively over the stromal surface. Importantly, our system yielded multilayered epithelium like that found in normal corneal tissue under conditions that closely simulate the in vivo physiologic arrangement. In addition, our results indicate that molecules of substantially greater molecular weight than glucose appear to control the cell migration rate. Thus, engineering design of th...
Mechanical property characterization in support of elevated temperature reactor design

Abstract The mechanical properties data used for the design of nuclear reactors and reactor components for operation at elevated temperatures often show considerable variation. In types 304 and 316 stainless steels, much of the heat-to-heat variation is due to variation in chemical composition and grain size. For a heat-treatable ferritic steel such as 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo steel, chemical composition is again important, but the heat treatment is more important. An understanding of the metallurgical processes that lead to data variation and property changes in these steels can be used to optimize reactor design.
Hydrolysis of centrophenoxine in culture media: Analysis by high pressure liquid chromatography

A rapid analytical procedure for measuring the hydrolysis of centrophenoxine is described. Hydrolysis of the drug was markedly affected by both pH and temperature. P-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, one of the primary products of centrophenoxine hydrolysis, was stable for eight days, the longest time period in which stability in culture medium was tested.
Identification of the gene responsible for human T-cell leukaemia virus transcriptional regulation

Human T-cell leukaemia viruses (HTLVs) have genomic organization distinct from that of other replication-competent retroviruses, possessing four genes, gag, pol, env and χ. The unique fourth gene, χ (also referred to as lor), is located between env and the 3′ long terminal repeat (LTR), encoding a protein of relative molecular mass 40,000 for HTLV-I and 37,000 for HTLV-II1,2, located in the nucleus of infected cells3,4. HTLV-I is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukaemia (ATL), a T-lymphocyte malignancy5,6, while HTLV-II has been found associated with a T-cell variant of hairy cell leukaemia7,8. Both viruses immortalize T cells in vitro9–11. However, the mechanism of cellular transformation induced by HTLV is not known as there seems to be no common site of provirus integration in primary ATL cells12 and the viras contains no classical oncogene sequences13,14. These observations have provoked speculation that the unique and strongly conserved χ protein (85% amino-acid homology between HTLV-I and -II) is involved in HTLV leukaemogenesis. Recent mutagenesis experiments in our laboratory have shown that the χ gene is essential for HTLV replication15. It has also been shown that the LTRs of HTLV and the related bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) are activated in trans in virus-infected cells16–19, and, although such experiments did not directly demonstrate a role for the χ protein in transcriptional activation, it has been suggested that the χ protein is responsible for the transcriptional activation of the LTR and may be involved in cellular transformation3,4,16. We have now developed a transient co-transfection assay which demonstrates that transcriptional activation of the HTLV LTR is mediated solely by the χ protein and that no other virus genes are required.
Facial reconstruction after resection for cutaneous malignancies

The reconstruction of facial defects after the resection of cutaneous malignant lesions is challenging. Knowledge of several key principles, such as that of facial subunits and of the reconstructive ladder, is paramount to achieving functionally and aesthetically pleasing surgical outcomes. Various reconstructive modalities, from local flap closure to free tissue transfer, are available to the practicing surgeon depending on the defect requiring reconstruction. In this article we describe several of the most commonly used local and regional flaps in facial reconstruction as well as some of the special challenges faced when reconstructing areas such as the eyelid, the lips, the nose, and the ear.
The Susceptibility of Dogs with Chronic Impairment of Cardiac Lymph Flow to Staphylococcal Valvular Endocarditis

Nine of 16 dogs (56 per cent) with surgically produced chronic impairment of cardiac lymph flow developed acute endocarditis of the mitral valve or acute myocarditis, or both, after intravenous injections of staphylococci, while none of 10 unoperated control dogs did. The results show that chronic impairment of cardiac lymph flow predisposes to staphylococcal endocarditis and myocarditis. Impairment of cardiac lymph drainage may be important in explaining certain poorly understood pathologic processes in man. Thus, impaired lymph flow may predispose to bacterial endocarditis, recurrent rheumatic carditis, and myocarditis. It may be one of the alterations which perpetuates chronic inflammatory processes in the heart valves and in the myocardium. Inflammation and fibrosis in turn may predispose to impairment of lymph flow, and the latter in its turn will predispose to further inflammation, infection, and fibrosis. Thus a vicious cycle is established. A hypothesis concerning the role of cardiac lymphatics in infection, inflammation, and fibrosis is outlined. There is great need for careful and detailed observations of disease involvement of the cardiac lymphatic system in man.
Detailed Investigation of 2-(p-Toluidinyl)naphthalene-6-Sulfonate (TNS) Binding to Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) by Steady-State and Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy:

The complexation of 2-(p-toluidinyl)naphthalene-6-sulfonate (TNS) to the hydrophobic sites of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the effects of quencher and denaturant were studied by steady-state and dynamic fluorescence spectroscopy. Experimental results show that there are multiple sites in BSA which bind TNS. Fluorescence decay kinetics of BSA-bound TNS were recovered by multifrequency phase-modulation measurements and analyzed by a global analysis scheme. For all the cases, a distributed lifetime model best fits the experimental data—a result of the dynamical nature of BSA/TNS association and of the multiple binding sites in BSA. In addition to the distributed species, a short, discrete component exists, arising from unbound or free TNS. The recovered Stern-Volmer quenching constant for acrylamide from the lifetime data is consistent with the steady-state results. The denaturant, urea, decreases significantly the pre-exponential factor for protein-bound TNS, but affects the center lifetime and the distribution width only at high urea concentrations. The perturbation of probe molecules on the three-dimensional conformation of proteins and the effects of complex (TNS-BSA) age were also studied.
Glass transition dynamics and boiling temperatures of molecular liquids and their isomers.

The relation between a dynamic and a thermodynamic temperature, glass transition Tg and boiling point Tb, is investigated for various glass-forming liquids, with emphasis on monohydroxy alcohols. As is well known, Tb and Tg are positively correlated across a large variety of liquids. However, we found that the same quantities show a negative correlation within an isomeric series, i.e., Tb decreases with increasing Tg for different isomers of the same chemical formula. For the alcohol series, CnH2n+1OH with 3 ≤ n ≤ 10, a master curve of the negative Tg − Tb correlation is obtained if the temperatures are normalized to the respective values of the n-alkanols. This Tg − Tb dependence of isomeric liquids is linked to entropic effects and responsible for much of the scatter of the correlation observed for a large number of molecular organic glass-formers with 45 < Tg < 250 K. Dielectric relaxation is measured for three groups of isomers: (a) 3-methoxyl-1-butanol and 2-iso-propoxyethanol, (b) 1,4-, 1,2-, and 2...
SUPPORTING QUERIES ON SOURCE CODE: A FORMAL FRAMEWORK

Querying source code interactively for information is a critical task in reverse engineering of software. However, current source code query systems succeed in handling only small subsets of the wide range of queries possible on code, trading generality and expressive power for ease of implementation and practicality. We attribute this to the absence of clean formalisms for modeling and querying source code. In this paper, we present an algebraic framework (Source Code Algebra or SCA) that forms the basis of our source code query system. The benefits of using SCA include the integration of structural and flow information into a single source code data model, the ability to process high-level source code queries (command-line, graphical, relational, or pattern-based) by expressing them as equivalent SCA expressions, the use of SCA itself as a powerful low-level source code query language, and opportunities for query optimization. We present the SCA’s data model and operators and show that a variety of source code queries can be easily expressed using them. An algebraic model of source code addresses the issues of conceptual integrity, expressive power, and performance of a source code query system within a unified framework.
Disposal of Glucose at High and Normal1 Blood Sugar Levels under Action of Insulin

It is of practical importance in the treatment of diabetic patients to know if there is a difference in the rate of disappearance of glucose under the action of insulin at different blood-sugar levels. Our interest in this problem was aroused during routine observations on diabetic patients. We observed a patient on insulin with the blood sugar in the normal range who did not excrete the extra glucose ingested when placed on a high carbohydrate diet with the same insulin dose. The latter regime was associated with a high blood-sugar level and the result was similar to that which has been reported by others (1, 2, 3). This paper summarises the results of a study of the disposal of glucose at normal and high blood-sugar levels under the action of the same amount of insulin. The study was made on depancreatized animals as well as diabetic patients.
A representation theorem for linear I/O systems

A fundamental theorem for linear systems studied by Mesarovic and Takahara is investigated in the model of general systems given by Lin.
PSA screening: determinants of primary-care physician practice patterns

The effect of practice guidelines and the European Randomised Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) and Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) trials on PSA screening practices of primary-care physicians (PCPs) is unknown. We conducted a national cross-sectional on-line survey of a random sample of 3010 PCPs from July to August 2010. Participants were queried about their knowledge of prostate cancer, PSA screening guidelines, the ERSPC and PLCO trials, and about their PSA screening practices. Factors associated with PSA screening were identified using multivariable linear regression. A total of 152 (5%) participants opened and 89 completed the on-line survey, yielding a response rate of 58% for those that viewed the invitation. Eighty percent of respondents correctly identified prostate cancer risk factors. In all, 51% and 64% reported that they discuss and order PSA screening for men aged 50–75 years, respectively. Fifty-four percent were most influenced by the US Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) guidelines. Also, 21% and 28% of respondents stated that their PSA screening practices were influenced by the ERSPC and PLCO trials, respectively. Medical specialty was the only variable associated with propensity to screen, with family medicine physicians more likely to use PSA screening than internists (β=0.21, P=0.02). Half of the physicians surveyed did not routinely discuss PSA screening with eligible patients. The impact of the ERSPC and PLCO trials on PSA screening practices was low among US PCPs. USPSTF recommendations for PSA screening continue to be the strongest influence on PCPs' propensity to use PSA screening.
Idiosyncratic reactions to the antiepileptic drugs.

SUMMARY Idiosyncratic drug reactions can be defined as those adverse drug effects caused by genetically determined enzymatic abnormalities. For the clinician, however, this definition is too limited, and other rare and unusual adverse reactions to the antiepileptic drugs are discussed, including drug interactions, drug-disease interactions, drug allergies, and organ toxicities, as well as true idiosyncrasies. Responsibility for initial recognition and later diagnosis of these reactions falls heavily upon the clinician. In addition to discussing the more common or serious rare reactions, the epidemiology and general mechanisms underlying the reactions are discussed. Treatment involves drug withdrawal, plus general supportive and specific therapy determined by the type and severity of the individual reaction. If primum non nocere guides therapy in general, then secundum non plus nocere should guide the treatment of adverse drug reactions.
Recent advances in life history of Gulf of Mexico sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi, in the Suwannee river, Florida, USA: a synopsis

Summary Gulf sturgeon spawn on portions of three sites in the upper Suwannee River, which may appropriately be described as spawning reefs. The same areas are utilized from year to year. Habitat factors important in spawning site determination include gravel/cobble substrate, the presence of eddy fields, a neutral to slightly alkaline pH, and an empirically observed range in calcium ion content (6–18 mg/L Ca++, corresponding to a conductivity range of 40–110μS). Eggs are deposited contagiously within a small area ( 3 m) when water temperatures drop in mid-December, but final destinations in mid-winter remain unknown. Age-2 through 6 juveniles remain in the river mouth estuary over winter. In late January through early February YOY migrate downriver for the first time, joining larger juveniles to overwinter and feed. Tag and recapture data yield a Suwannee River population of Gulf sturgeon estimated at 7,650 individuals, with an annual turnover rate of 16%. Based on stability in cumulative recapture rates from 1991–1998, population size is stable with an effective balance between recruitment and mortality. However, population structure is dynamic, controlled by the juxtaposition, conjunction, and summation of successive strong and weak year classes. Length/age frequency distributions for 1995 and 1998 populations censuses are very different. The 1995 distribution is bimodal with a dominant mode of 9–14 year old subadults/adults, and a sub-dominant of mode of 2–4 year old juveniles. The 1998 distribution is trimodal, but overwhelmingly dominated by 6–9 year old subadults. Erosion by 1998 of the major subadult/adult mode from the 1995 census illustrates that large adults encounter the same high mortality as smaller fish. Ultimate adult size in the population has remained constant at 2.2 cm TL over 13 years, indicating a maximum life expectancy of 25 years for Suwannee River Gulf sturgeon.
Timing in the baby brain

Ten-month-old infants and adults were tested in an auditory oddball paradigm in which 50-ms tones were separated by 1500 ms (standard interval) and occasionally 500 ms (deviant interval). Both infants and adults showed marked brain responses to the tone that followed a deviant inter-stimulus interval (ISI). Specifically, the timing-deviance event-related-potential (ERP) difference waves (deviant-ISI ERP minus standard-ISI ERP) yielded a significant, fronto-centrally distributed, mismatch negativity (MMN) in the latency range of 120-240 ms post-stimulus for infants and 110-210 ms for adults. A robust, longer latency, deviance-related positivity was also obtained for infants (330-520 ms), with a much smaller and later deviance-related positivity observed for adults (585-705 ms). These results suggest that the 10-month-old infant brain has already developed some of the same mechanisms as adults for detecting deviations in the timing of stimulus events.
Carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy: the turnover of 1-131-insulin in the pregnant rat.

The effects of pregnancy upon insulin metabolism have been examined in the rat. Fractional turnover of I131-insulin was measured in normal and 21-day pregnant rats as well as in animals within one to eight hours following parturition. Half-time for the disappearance of I131-insulin from the circulation (as measured by chromatographic techniques) averaged 15.4 minutes in the pregnant group and 20.8 minutes in the non-pregnant litter mates. The significant acceleration of insulin turnover of the pregnant animals did not persist in the immediate post-partum period. The findings indicate that insulin metabolism is altered during pregnancy and that the presence of the conceptus may contribute to these changes.
Downstream heat flux profile versus midplane T profile in tokamaks

The relationship between the midplane scrape-off-layer (SOL) electron temperature profile and the parallel heat flux profile at the divertor in tokamaks is investigated. A model is applied that takes into account anisotropic thermal diffusion in rectilinear geometry with constant density. Eigenmode analysis is applied to the simplified problem with rectangular geometry and constant, but highly anisotropic, thermal diffusivities. A nonlinear solution is also found for the more realistic problem with anisotropically temperature-dependent thermal diffusivities. Numerical solutions are developed for both cases, with spatially dependent heat flux emerging from the plasma, and geometry that includes a model for the divertor leg. For both constant and temperature-dependent thermal diffusivities, it is found that, below about one-half of its peak, the heat flux profile shape at the divertor, compared to the midplane temperature profile shape, is robustly described by the scaling of the simplest two-point model. H...
Could Alice equalize student learning

During the 2008-09 school year, a group of secondary school teachers in a variety of subject areas implemented classroom lessons that employed the 3D storyboarding tool, Alice. [2] Based on feedback from multiple teachers in different subject areas, implementing Alice-based lessons appears to have a positive impact on student performance across all student abilities. This paper will share the results that support this possible effect and offer additional explanations for improved student performance.
Coral-Bryozoan Mutualism: Structural Innovation and Greater Resource Exploitaton

Shell-encrusting species of the coral Aulopora and the bryozoan Leioclema changed ecological pgilds and escaped limits imposed by substrate size through mutstic intergrowth during the Early Devonian. Where colonies of these species intergew, they produced upright, arborescent masses consisting of sparsely branched uniserial Aulopora sp. entirely covered, except for calyx openings, by a thin encrustation of Leioclema sp. These interrowts appear to constitute a mutualistic association with benefits induding escape from limited space on the substratum into a higher tier of suspension feeders, as well as more modules per colony. Such mutualism between benthic modular competitors may have developed more readily than assocations between solitary competitors.
The uptake of pristane (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane) into phosphilipid bilayers as assessed by NMR, DSC, and tritium labeling methods

Unilamellar dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) liposomes (250 microM) incorporated 2 mol% of [3H]pristane at 37 degrees C after addition of 50 microM pristane solubilized with beta-cyclodextrin. Conventional solubilization in dimethyl sulphoxide resulted in much lower uptake. Premixing of perdeuterated pristane with DOPC and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) prior to the formation of multilamellar liposomes resulted in homogeneous incorporation of up to 5 mol% pristane at 22 degrees C and 50 degrees C, respectively, as observed by 2H-NMR. Lipid order parameters measured by 31P and 2H-NMR remained unchanged after pristane uptake. Pristane induced the transformation of part of the dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE)/DOPC (3:1, mol/mol) liquid crystalline lamellar phase into an inverse hexagonal phase. 5 mol% pristane in DPPC bilayers decreased the midpoint of the main phase transition temperature of DPPC from 41.5 degrees C to 40.9 degrees C. Upon cooling in the temperature range from 41 degrees C to 36 degrees C, pristane was either displaced from the DPPC bilayer or the mode of incorporation changed. These results may aid in defining the mechanisms whereby pristane, an isoprenoid C19-isoalkane, induces plasmacytomagenesis in mice.
Risk and return in real estate

Basic information is provided on the returns and risks from 1978 through 1985 for unleveraged equity real estate compared with stocks and bonds. Data sources include the Russell-NCREIF index, the Evaluation Associates index, and the Goldman Sachs equity real estate investment trust index. Findings reveal that the aggregate return for the publicly traded equity real estate investment trust index in nearly twice that of the other real estate series, and more than twice that of the Standard & Poor index. The equity real estate investment trust is far more volatile than the other two real estate series. Neither the Goldman Sachs nor the other two indexes exactly measure the returns or risks on equity real estate. The volatility of the equity real estate investment trust leads it to overstate the risk of this investment category, while the other two indexes are not return indexes. Estimates from this study indicate that real estate risk lies plausibly midway between that of stocks and bonds, in the 9 percent to 13 percent range.
Accessibility commons: a metadata repository for web accessibility

Metadata plays a crucial role for creating a more accessible Web environment, spanning from simple alternative texts for images to various types of UI widgets used in dynamic content. Beyond the current accessibility improvement methods that rely on inlined metadata embedded by the developers, various active research projects are focusing on external metadata which is the key to improve even existing content without touching the original code, so Web accessibility can be more flexible and adaptive to various user needs. Accessibility Commons is a new proposal to build a standardized shared repository for externalized metadata. It was initially proposed by IBM and three universities last year, and then proved its applicability through the Social Accessibility project. Now is the time to move beyond single-system-implementation to a federated data infrastructure for a wide range of Web accessibility research activities and a more adaptive Web environment for people throughout the world. After introducing the basic ideas, research projects, and technical challenges, we will discuss future directions, the potential, and broader applications.
Reconstitution of a partially purified Na+-dependent d-glucose transport system from rat jejunal brush border membranes

The Na+-dependent D-glucose transport system of rat jejunal brush border membranes was partially purified and reconstituted into functional proteoliposomes. Brush border membrane vesciles isolated from villous cells were first extracted with 0.3% cholate to remove extrinsic proteins and the insoluble residual pellet was reextracted with 1.2% cholate. The 1.2% cholate-extracted soluble fraction was then further purified by hydroxylapatite and Concanavalin A affinity chromatography in tandem. When the HLP-unadsorbed-ConA-unadsorbed fraction was reconstituted into proteoliposomes, it showed a characteristic Na+-coupled, phlorizin inhibitable, D-glucose transport activity that was 3 fold higher than that of the reconstituted proteoliposomes of the 1.2% cholate-extracted fraction. This partially purified fraction also displayed the simplest polypeptide composition pattern among all the membrane fractions analysed in SDS-polyacrylamide gels.
Natural Insurance, Forest Access, and Compounded Misfortune: Forest Resources in Smallholder Coping Strategies Before and After Hurricane Mitch, Northeastern Honduras

Summary Is the rural poor’s ability to self-insure threatened when their access to forests is reduced? Drawing on a Honduran case study, I examine indigenous Tawahka smallholders’ reliance on commercial extraction as they coped with multiple misfortunes following Hurricane Mitch. Although reliance on natural insurance was predicted to intensify under this scenario of aggregate shock, the state’s post-Mitch enforcement of a commercial extraction ban instead led to net attrition from forest-based activities. Households that nevertheless continued to sell forest products to self-insure were those that had been unable to recoup their pre-Mitch landholdings. Results suggest that household attributes such as land wealth strongly condition how and when forest resources act as safety nets for the rural poor.
Applications for residency programs in obstetrics and gynecology, 1996-1997.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this work is to report on application patterns for residency positions in obstetrics and gynecology. Methods: The Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS) of the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) records each application for a position in a participating residency program. In the 1996–97 application cycle, all but 16 obstetrics and gynecology residency programs participated. Electronic records were analyzed to obtain a statistical picture of the residency application process. Results: Applications for residency positions in obstetrics and gynecology were processed for 1607 graduates of US medical schools, including 110 graduates of osteopathic medical schools. Canadian applicants were six, and other foreign applicants numbered 524. More than two-thirds of US applicants were women, and nine of ten were citizens or permanent residents. Most applicants sent official United States Medical Licensure Examination (USMLE) transcripts to all programs to which they applied. Ninety-five percent of applicants supplied an e-mail address. Conclusion: The introduction of ERAS has been successful for obstetrics and gynecology and has provided new information about patterns of applications. The ease of application using the electronic system did not lead to a substantial increase in numbers of applications. Statistics regarding the number of applicants, ratio of women to men, and participation of foreign medical graduates will be of interest to manpower planners.