cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
3D Printing Complex Structures Using Modeling and Simulation

This paper describes an open source parallel simulation framework capable of simulating large-scale granular and multi-body dynamics problems. This framework, called Chrono::Parallel, builds upon the modeling capabilities of Chrono::Engine, another open source simulation package, and leverages parallel data structures to enable scalable simulation of large problems. Chrono::Parallel is somewhat unique in that it was designed from the ground up to leverage parallel data structures and algorithms so that it scales across a wide range of computer architectures and yet has a rich modeling capability for simulating many different types of problems. The modeling capabilities of Chrono::Parallel will be demonstrated in the context of additive manufacturing and 3D printing by modeling the Selective Layer Sintering layering process and simulating large complex interlocking structures which require compression and folding to fit into a 3D printer’s build volume.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
FUSION POWER AND ITS PROSPECTS

ABSTRACT Recent progress in research towards the development of fusion power is reviewed. In the magnetic approach, the impressive advances made in Tokamak research in the past few years have bolstered the confidence that experimental Tokamak devices currently under construction will demonstrate the break-even condition or scientific feasibility of fusion power. Exciting and innovative ideas in mirror magnetic confinement are expected to culminate in high-Q devices which will make open-ended confinement a serious contender for fusion reactors. In the inertial confinement approach, conflicting pellet temperature requirements have placed severe constraints on useful laser intensities and wavelengths for laser-driven fusion. Relativistic electron beam fusion must solve critical focusing ana pellet coupling problems, and the newly proposed heavy ion beam fusion, though feasible and attractive in principle, requires very high energy particles for which the accelerator technology may not be available for some time to come.
Pseudo-spinal headache.

Background and Objectives Myofascial trigger points are often not considered in the differential diagnosis of headaches. Methods A patient who presented with severe bifrontal headaches was treated by injections of the sternocleidomastoid muscle trigger points with local anesthetics. Results The patient experienced complete resolution of all symptoms, which had not reappeared after 14 months. Conclusions Myofascial pain may mimic other disorders, and myofascial headaches can be easily treated once properly diagnosed.
Microrheologic investigation of erythrocyte deformability in diabetes mellitus

This study was undertaken to determine whether diabetes alters the viscoelastic properties of erythrocytes. The oldest and youngest 10% fractions of circulating red cells were separated by centrifugation of freshly drawn blood obtained from ten diabetics with disease of one to 20 years' duration and from an equal number of age- and sex-matched control subjects. Cells from each fraction were suspended in phosphate-buffered saline, and their rheologic behavior was examined in a rheoscope. The elongation of cells, the percentage of cells that tank-treaded in response to shear stress, tank-treading frequency, and the rate of recovery of cell shape upon cessation of shear stress were determined in the oldest and youngest 10% of cells for diabetics as well as for controls. All four parameters were virtually identical for diabetics and controls. Additional aliquots of cells were taken for assessment of nonenzymatic glucosylation of hemoglobin and cell membrane protein. The absence of any measurable difference in rheologic behavior of cells from diabetic and control subjects, despite substantial differences in nonenzymatic glucosylation of hemoglobin and cell membrane proteins, suggests that the magnitude of glucosylation observed in these cellular constituents does not alter the viscoelastic properties of the cells. The implication of these observations is that microvascular complications of diabetes are not attributable to altered deformability of red cells.
Southwest Plant Selector: A Mobile App for Homeowners

To fill a critical need for more information on desert-adapted low wateruse landscape plants, we created Southwest Plant Selector, a mobile plant selector application (app) of landscape plants from the New Mexico Office of the State Engineer (NMOSE) online database of New Mexico landscape plants. The app, which is available for Apple iPhone and iPad , was designed for homeowners and lists plant descriptive items, pest and disease information, and a photograph of the plant. The app also displays a graphic of the three regions of New Mexico and El Paso County, TX, overlaid with text that provides plant water requirements for each of those regions. An associated web page allows users to calculate supplemental plant water requirements for individual plant selections. Homeowners can select landscape plants based on botanical or common name, plant type, and category, region, and sun exposure. Even with the specific user base of New Mexico residents who own Apple mobile devices, the app has been downloaded nearly 5000 times since its first release on 29 June 2012. New Mexico State University (NMSU) Cooperative Extension Service agents now use the app as a part of their standard toolkit for interactions with homeowners. Mobile technologies such as smartphone and tablet apps are gaining prominence as outreach tools. Land-grant institutions can be more involved in leveraging mobile application technologies for education and outreach. This article describes a process that land-grant institutions can use to produce apps for horticulture outreach.
Primary care providers’ attitudes, knowledge, and practice patterns regarding pelvic floor disorders

Understanding barriers to seeking care for pelvic floor disorders is necessary. We sought to assess familiarity with pelvic floor disorders, as well as identify screening and referral patterns among primary care providers. This Institutional Review Board approved study was distributed through a secure online server (SurveyMonkey®). Primary care providers within a large healthcare system were invited to participate in a 14-question survey regarding the prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of urinary incontinence (UI), overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome, and pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Demographic information was collected. Descriptive statistics and associations were calculated. A total of 360 emails were delivered, 108 responded (response rate 30.0 %). Respondents were evenly distributed with respect to age and years in practice. Providers correctly estimated the prevalence of UI and OAB, and most reported treating these conditions themselves (92.6 % and 88.9 %, respectively). If treatment failed, however, referral was most often (68.1 %) to urology. The majority reported not screening for POP, and 50.9 % believed the prevalence to be rare. Referrals for POP were most often (61.1 %) to urogynecology. Male providers were less likely to screen for POP than female providers (p < 0.001). Only a minority (35.2 %) described being ‘very familiar’ with urogynecology, and 19.4 % were unaware of such providers within the system. Primary care providers within a large healthcare system were more familiar with UI and OAB than POP, often underestimating the prevalence of POP. Nearly one-fifth were unaware of urogynecologists within their system. Educational outreach regarding pelvic floor disorders and the urogynecology specialty would likely improve patient access to care.
Distributed control of Wind DFIGs with integrated storage for predictable power output

In the future, state-of-the-art wind generators (WGs) are expected to produce one of the largest amounts of renewable energy worldwide. Nowadays, wind DFIGs with integrated storage are regarded as the state-of-the-art WGs. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive methodology that aims to solve the problem of distributed coordination and control of state-of-the-art WGs. The goal is for a WF to generate predictable power on a short-time scale while keeping each storage utilization at the same level (for efficiency) i.e equal power output from each storage. We first pose the problem as a constrained consensus problem and then introduce a Leader-follower consensus protocol that the WGs can adopt for accomplishing their objectives. Further, we develop a distributed control scheme for the grid-side converters (GSCs) that realizes the consensus protocol in practice. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our methodology via simulations on the IEEE 24-bus system.
Colocalization of Functional Activity and Neurite Density Within Cortical Areas

In this work, we investigated the link between the blood-oxygen-level dependant (BOLD) effect observed using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and the neurite density inferred from the Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging (NODDI) model in some well-known lateralized cortical areas. We found a strong colocalization between those two parameters in lateralized areas such as the primary motor cortex, the language network, but also the primary visual cortex, which might indicate a strong link between microstructure and functional activity.
The public vs. private value of health, and their relationship

We sometimes wonder how health is distributed in our society. How much healthier, for example, are the rich than the poor? Are urban or rural populations healthier, on average? We may also want to ...
The role of Notch signaling in T follicular helper cells during allergic immunity (HYP2P.326)

The generation of Immunglobulin (Ig) E and high-affinity IgG1 by B cells is a hallmark of allergic inflammation. These hallmarks are heavily reliant on interactions with T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. A critical cytokine provided by Tfh cells to the germinal center B cells is Interleukin-4 (IL-4). The mechanisms controlling IL-4 production by Tfh cells remain unknown. Given that Notch signaling is required for the differentiation of Tfh cells and it is known to influence cytokine production in T cells, we hypothesized that Notch also plays an important role in regulating the function of Tfh cells. Here, we use intestinal helminth infection to characterize whether persistent Notch signaling is required to maintain Tfh cell fate and function during allergic immunity. Genetic deletion of Notch receptors in infected mice results in reduced IL-4 production by Tfh and Th2 cells. Conversely, over-expression of Notch signaling leads to increased IL-4 production by Tfh cells. However, increased Notch signaling also appears to alter Tfh cell fate and phenotype. In support, chemical inhibition of Notch signaling after Tfh differentiation results in decreased expression of the Tfh chemokine receptor, CXCR5 among IL-4 producing T cells in the lymph node. These findings suggest that Notch signaling is not only important for Tfh differentiation, but that strength of Notch signaling is important for regulating Tfh cell fate, function, and maintenance.
LMNOBeasts™: Using Typographically Inspired Toys to Aid Development of Language and Communication Skills in Early Childhood

Numerous approaches currently exist for providing young children with instruction in sound to symbol matching, each having merit in its own way. Children at risk for failure to learn sound to symbol correspondence as presented through the curriculum need additional support. The goal of the pilot study was to determine whether an abstract independent learning activity is at least as effective as a traditional-based intervention. A pilot study using quasi-experimental design investigated symbol recognition in 24 children aged 3 through 5 years. Children were recruited from two local preschool centers (Montessori and traditional). Data collected targeted identification and matching LMNOBeasts™ prototypes to the five symbolic letters presented each week (set 1 (a, b, s, m, t); set 2 (e, l, f, k, d); and set 3 (i, c, r, h, g)). While the data are limited, the study did find that children could correctly identify 2-D letters within the 3-D typo-zoomorphic prototypes. It was interesting to note that children being instructed in the Montessori Center were able make greater inferences when discussing the 3-D typo-zoomorphic forms. The value of new educational tools must be based on evidence that is grounded in learning theory and design theory in the quest to address problems in literacy.
Laboratory Verification of “Freudian” Slips of the Tongue as Evidence of Prearticulatory Semantic Editing

Earlier research has shown that spoonerisms (e.g., wage rate → rage wait) can be elicited by a laboratory technique in which subjects attempt to articulate a target (wage rate) preceded by biasing ...
The Peer Relationships of Those Who Have Experienced Adoption or Foster Care: A Meta‐Analysis

This meta-analytic review examines the presence and quality of close peer relationships for adoptees and individuals with foster care experience. Results indicate that adoptees show difficulty forming close peer relationships compared with biologically reared individuals, but they do not differ in the quality of these relationships. In contrast, those with foster care experience report lower quality peer relationships than biologically reared individuals. Additionally, this meta-analysis includes prevalence rates of close peer relationships that illustrate most adoptees and foster youth report having high-quality peer relationships. These findings have important implications for intervention and prevention efforts and offer directions for future research on peer relationships among adoptees and foster youth, but should be considered in light of the presence of some publication bias.
ELECTRON-LATTICE COUPLING IN MANGANITES AND CUPRATES

The lattice effects of charge localization in manganites and cuprates arediscussed from the local structural point of view. Pulsed neutron atomicpair-density function (PDF) analysis indicates that in La1−xSr x MnO3 the realstructure deviates from the average crystal structure, and the localJahn–Teller (JT) distortion of Mn3+O6 octahedra remains even in themetallic phase. This leads to a concept of the critical ionic size factorfor the formation of JT polarons. The colossal magnetoresistance (CMR)phenomena are observed in the crossover region from localized to delocalizedcharge states. This concept also explains the asymmetry of the phase diagramwhich is difficult to understand in the current band picture. Similarconsideration may help understand the lattice effects in superconductingcuprates.
Trends in American Immigration

Recent large-scale American migrations continue to shape the face of this nation, revitalizing and reweaving the foreign fabric that characterized American society during the early part of the twentieth century (Portes & Rumbaut, 1990). The effects of these immigrations have sweeping consequences for American psychology (Rogler, 1994).
Yen’s Method

In Yen (1990), Yen developed an approach that addressed the issue of managing imprecise and vague information in evidential reasoning by combining Dempster-Shafer theory with fuzzy set theory. Later we will apply Yen’s method to arrive at the degree of belief of certain subsets of a set {x 1, ..., x k }. We assume we have n subsets of X, A j , j = 1, ... , n, which are the focal elements of a function m of the power set of X into the closed interval [0, 1], i.e., m(A j ) > 0, j = 1, ... , n.
Cyclic Creep of Polymers and Polymer-Matrix Composites

The paper provides a state-of-the-art review of the current understanding regarding the long-term response of polymer-matrix composites subjected to cyclic loading conditions. Typically, under such conditions, the behavior of polymeric systems is characterized by much higher creep rates than those observed in the cases of static loading. In this paper, research accomplishments in the subject area are discussed. New experimental results are presented regarding the cyclic-creep response of a composite system consisting of a thin-film piezoelectric polymer polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with thin metallic layers deposited on both surfaces of the polymer. This composite was tested under the conditions of tensile static stresses with superimposed sinusoidal oscillations. As a result, considerable acceleration of creep rates has been recorded as the mean stresses, vibration amplitudes, and frequencies of oscillations tended to increase. These effects were observed even within the linear viscoelastic deformation range at room temperature; however, the acceleration of cyclic-creep rates tended to decrease below the freezing temperature. In general, as indicated in the conclusion, the problem of cyclic creep in polymeric systems is far from being well understood and requires further studies.
Physical Activity, Exercise, and Lipids and Lipoproteins

Dyslipidemia is one of the several modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The American Heart Association and the American College of Sports Medicine recommend lifestyle management as a primary therapy to prevent and control elevated blood lipid and lipoprotein levels. The purposes for this chapter are to (1) present the pathophysiology, metabolic pathways, and prevalence of dyslipidemia; (2) present an overview of the epidemiological evidence for the associations between dyslipidemia, physical activity, exercise, and cardiovascular disease; (3) present evidence for the impact that different forms of physical activity and exercise have on blood lipid and lipoprotein levels; (4) discuss the physical activity and exercise mechanisms responsible for changes in blood lipid and lipoprotein levels; and (5) discuss the public health relevance and application of the evidence regarding physical activity and exercise for health individuals and patients with dyslipidemia.
Stable, Reactive, and Orthogonal Tetrazines: Dispersion Forces Promote the Cycloaddition with Isonitriles.

The isocyano group is a structurally compact bioorthogonal functional group that reacts with tetrazines under physiological conditions. Now it is shown that bulky tetrazine substituents accelerate this cycloaddition. Computational studies suggest that dispersion forces between the isocyano group and the tetrazine substituents in the transition state contribute to the atypical structure-activity relationship. Stable asymmetric tetrazines that react with isonitriles at rate constants as high as 57 L mol-1 s-1 were accessible by combining bulky and electron-withdrawing substituents. Sterically encumbered tetrazines react selectively with isonitriles in the presence of strained alkenes/alkynes, which allows for the orthogonal labeling of three proteins. The established principles will open new opportunities for developing tetrazine reactants with improved characteristics for diverse labeling and release applications with isonitriles.
Single Varietal Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Pastas: Nutritional Profile and Consumer Acceptability

Dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are a nutrient dense food rich in protein, dietary fiber, minerals, and folate. Consumption of dry beans is relatively low in the United States and this may be due in part to the lack of diversity in bean products beyond whole seeds. Products that incorporate beans in new forms, such as flours, offer the potential to increase dry bean utilization. In this study whole dry beans were milled into flour and used to make gluten free fresh pastas. Six bean varieties each from a different market class (white kidney, navy, otebo, cranberry, dark red kidney and black) were made into pasta. Their consumer appeal was compared to fresh wheat pasta and their nutritional value was compared to fresh wheat pasta and whole boiled beans. The dry bean pastas were nutritionally superior to wheat pasta with higher protein, ash, resistant starch and protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) as well as lower total starch content. While consumers preferred the flavor, texture and appearance of the wheat pasta to the dry bean pasta, 36% of participants said they would definitely or probably purchase the dry bean pastas from the light colored beans. There was some loss of nutritional value of bean pasta vs. whole boiled beans but this can mostly be attributed to the bean pasta being 90% bean. These results suggest that single variety fresh dry bean pastas have commercial potential in the U.S. as healthy gluten free pasta options.
Underreporting of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: Is the True Incidence Being Captured?

Hospital cancer registries are only required to report gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) if labeled malignant or metastatic, leading to potential loss of cases in national cancer registries. Our objective was to determine whether GISTs are underreported in the US. Retrospective review of pathology reports between 2010 and 2013 with diagnosis of GIST was performed at two academic medical centers. Recurrent GISTs were excluded. Pathology reports were cross-referenced to cases reported by each cancer registry. Risk for metastasis/death was determined according to National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines. Forty-nine cases of non-recurrent GIST were identified. Only 19/49 (38.8 %) cases were reported. None of the 30 non-reported cases were labeled malignant/metastatic on final pathology. To illustrate malignant potential, these tumors were risk stratified. Most (60 %) of the non-reported cases were low risk, but there were 4 (13.3 %) cases each in the intermediate, high, and unknown risk groups. Additionally, 7/30 (23.0 %) cases were treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, highlighting clinical concern of malignant GIST. Our results show that nearly two thirds of GIST cases have been underreported, suggesting that current reporting practices underestimate its true incidence. Revision of reporting guidelines may result in a more accurate estimation of the US disease burden of GIST.
Striving for Authentic Community Engagement: A Process Model from Urban Teacher Education.

This article presents an urban teacher education center as aprocess model of how a university can cultivate authentic communityengagement. Three essential steps of the process modelare identified: (1) being physically located at the school or communitysite in order to build trust and become integrated intothe life of the school or community, (2) conducting communitystudies in order to learn about and understand the lives of communitymembers, and (3) becoming involved in communityengagement activities.
CT-guided discitis-osteomyelitis biopsies: needle gauge and microbiology results

To compare the microbiology results and needle gauge for CT-guided biopsies of suspected discitis-osteomyelitis. All CT-guided biopsies performed for suspected discitis-osteomyelitis at our institution between 2002 and 2019 were reviewed. Biopsy location, needle type and gauge, microbiology, pathology, and clinical and imaging follow-up were obtained through chart review. Yield, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were calculated. A pairwise analysis of different needle gauges was also performed with calculations of odds ratios. Naive Bayes predictive modeling was performed. 241 (age: 59 ± 18 years; 88 [35%] F, 162 [65%] M) biopsies were performed. There were 3 (1%) 11 gauge (G), and 13 (5%) 12-G biopsies; 23 (10%) 13-G biopsies; 75 (31%) 14-G biopsies; and 90 (37%) 16-G, 33 (14%) 18-G, and 4 (2%) 20 G biopsies. True disease status (presence of infection) was determined via either pathology findings (205, 86%) or clinical and imaging follow-up (36, 14%). The most common true positive pathogen was Staphylococcus aureus (31, 33%). Overall biopsy yield, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 39%, 56%, 89%, and 66%, respectively. Pooled biopsy yield, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy was 56%, 69%, 71%, and 69% for 11–13-G needles and 36%, 53%, 91%, and 65% for 14–20-G needles, respectively, with an odds ratio between the two groups of 2.29 (P = 0.021). Pooled biopsy yield, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy was 48%, 63%, 85%, and 68% for 11–14-G needles and 32%, 49%, 91%, and 64% for 16–20-G needles, respectively, with an odds ratio between the two groups of 2.02 (P = 0.0086). The use of a larger inner bore diameter/lower gauge biopsy needle may increase the likelihood of culturing the causative microorganism for CT-guided biopsies of discitis-osteomyelitis.
Injury Prevention Opportunities in the Pediatric Emergency Department

Abstract Injury is the leading cause of death in children over 1 year of age, causes considerable morbidity, and is a significant source of health care cost. Injury prevention methodology has helped to decrease pediatric injuries over the last several decades; however, significant room for improvement remains. Emergency medicine providers have the expertise and opportunity to participate in injury prevention. Injury risk identification and injury prevention interventions in the emergency department have been increasingly explored over the last decade. This review discusses promising emergency department–based approaches such as safety behavior screening; screening for suicide risk, violence risk, and exposure to firearms; education and interventions; and advocacy opportunities.
Constructing Digital Democracies: Facebook, Arendt, and the Politics of Design:

Deliberative democracy requires both equality and difference, with structures that organize a cohesive public while still accommodating the unique perspectives of each participant. While institutio...
Pulsar Based Alternative Timing Source for Grid Synchronization and Operation

The need for timing sources that are alternatives to GPS has been under consideration for years. The reliance of power systems instrumentation and control systems on GPS timing serves as the basis for the study reported in this paper. The issues associated with grid timing requirements are reviewed within the context of a GPS-based clock source. Of principle investigation is the possibility of using millisecond rotation neutron stars, pulsars, as the alternative time source. A design of an instrument (referred to as a pulsar based timing instrument, PBTI) that would use stable and accurate pulsar signals for grid timing is presented. The described PBTI design has been logically separated into software and hardware segments. Flexible signal processing is performed in software which will transfer the raw pulse data from the pulsars into a pulse per second (PPS) signal which can be directly utilized in the power system components and applications. The hardware aspects of the PBTI design concentrate on the antenna requirements, with specific concern associated with the required size and pointing/tracking needs, back-end, filters, amplifiers, and signal generator design. An overall block diagram and the detailed descriptions of both the software and hardware designs are presented. Finally, the potential future applications and problems of the pulsar based timing instrument are discussed.
Toward Determining the Spatio-Temporal Variability of Upper-Ocean Ecosystem Stoichiometry From Satellite Remote Sensing

The elemental stoichiometry of particulate organic carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) connects the C fluxes of biological production to the availability of the limiting nutrients in the ocean. It also influences the marine food-web by modulating zooplankton’s feeding behavior and organic matter decomposition by bacteria. Despite its importance, there is a general paucity of information on how the global C:N:P ratio evolves seasonally and interannually, and large parts of the global ocean remain devoid of observational data. Here, a new method combining satellite ocean-color data with a cellular-trait-based model to characterize the spatio-temporal variability of the phytoplankton stoichiometry in the surface mixed layer of the ocean is presented. This new method is demonstrated specifically for the C:P ratio. The approach was applied to phytoplankton growth rates and chlorophyll-to-carbon ratios derived from MODIS-Aqua and maps of temperature-dependent nutrient limitation to generate global and seasonal maps of upper-ocean phytoplankton C:P. Taking it a step further, we determined the C:P of the bulk particulate organic matter, using MODIS-Aqua estimates of particulate organic carbon and phytoplankton biomass. Our results are within 95% confidence interval of available data for both horizontal distributions and time series, indicating our new method’s viability in accurately quantifying seasonally resolved global ocean bulk C:P. We anticipate the new hyperspectral capabilities of the NASA PACE (Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem) mission will facilitate the determination of phytoplankton stoichiometry for different size classes and further enhance the predictability of marine-ecosystem stoichiometry from space.
Will the Leveraged Loan Market Trigger a Financial Pandemic? Understanding Cov-Lite Loans, CLOs and EBITDA Add-Backs

Even before the coronavirus plunged the world's financial markets, analysts and regulators had been describing the $1.2 to 1.5 trillion leveraged loan market as a ticking time bomb likely to play a role in causing the next financial crisis. Many have been denouncing problematic fundamentals in the current leveraged loan market and comparing them to those that caused the 2007 subprime mortgage crisis to spread into a full-blown financial crisis towards the second half of 2008. Two legal innovations in the world of corporate finance are the main anticipated culprits of a future financial meltdown: covenant-lite (or “cov-lite”) loans and Collateralized Loan Obligations (CLOs). Our paper argues that concerns of a systemic breakdown in the financial system as a result of cov-lite loans and CLOs may be overstated. To do this, we first draw from a seminal working paper by researchers at the Federal Reserve of Philadelphia that demonstrate that cov-lite loans are almost universally part of a syndication structure that binds borrowers to compliance with financial covenants. Secondly, the paper succinctly explains CLOs and compares them with similar structured finance and securitization products, such as Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDOs), CDO-squared and CDO-cubed, as well as with derivatives, such as synthetic CDOs and Credit Default Swaps (CDSs), all of which played a role in obscuring financial market fundamentals in the lead-up to the great financial crisis. Third, the paper briefly analyzes the latest stress test results and financial stability reports by regulators in charge of monitoring systemic risk in the banking and wider financial systems. Finally, the paper explores EBITDA add-backs, a product of contract law and accounting that have played an increasing role in large Leveraged Buyout (LBO) deals and could distort a lender's credit monitoring functions, but concludes that they are currently ignored in the ratings analysis of leveraged loans and CLOs.
Floods, Fires, and Inverse Condemnation

This Article examines the proper application of the doctrine of inverse condemnation in two important areas: flood damage to private property caused by a public improvement (e.g., a flood control, storm drain, or sewer project), and wildfire damage to private property caused by a project (e.g., electricity or telephone lines) undertaken by either a public or privately-owned utility. Under the doctrine of inverse condemnation, a plaintiff may recover for a physical injury to private property caused by a public improvement as deliberately designed, constructed, or maintained. Inverse condemnation provides an important means of obtaining compensation for government harm to private property, through the vehicle of civil litigation. One of the most important legal and policy issues in inverse condemnation cases is the proper standard of liability, given the enormous potential liability for damages to property and people. With respect to inverse condemnation cases generally, most jurisdictions have endorsed a strict liability standard as the fairest method of vindicating the relevant loss-distribution and deterrence policies. However, in cases seeking compensation for damage caused by certain flood improvement projects, courts have recognized competing policy concerns and adopted a multi-factored “reasonableness” standard. In wildfire cases, the proper standard of liability—whether strict liability or some sort of reasonableness test—will have significant repercussions for government entities, utilities, property owners, and the public. How courts define the standard of liability in inverse condemnation cases will become increasingly important in both the flooding and wildfire contexts. The continuing nature of climate change will likely mean more flooding in some areas of the United States and more wildfires in others. This Article examines issues concerning the standard of liability in both contexts with the goal of determining their proper resolution by the courts.
The human counterpart of mouse B-1 cells

B-1 cells represent a subpopulation of B cells that has been extensively studied in mice and shown to spontaneously generate natural antibody that provides antimicrobial protection and helps dispose of cellular debris. Mouse B-1 cells originate from distinct progenitors and express additional immune properties that include phagocytosis, antigen presentation, immune suppression, and polarization of T cell differentiation. Confusion regarding the existence of human B-1 cells with mouse B-1-like properties has recently been addressed by identification of a new phenotypic profile. Human B-1 cells spontaneously secrete antibody and are distinct from other circulating B cell populations by multiple criteria. A number of laboratories have recently reported on changes to the human B-1 cell population in human disease.
Behavioral Responses of Walleye Pollock, Theragra Chalcogramma, Larvae to Experimental Gradients of Sea Water Flow: Implications for Vertical Distribution

Walleye pollock larvae under controlled laboratory conditions were exposed to vertical gradients of sea water flow in low and high light. Whether flow originated from the surface or the bottom, larvae responded by altering depth distribution, showing attraction to low flows, avoidance of higher flows and when flow was above a threshold level, loss of ability to orient, swim and feed. These results demonstrate that walleye pollock have the capability for responding to gradients of flow by adjusting their vertical distribution. Walleye pollock and many other pelagic fish larvae have weak swimming capabilities and are generally unable to directly control horizontal distributions in the sea by swimming in higher flow regimens. However, using vertical migration, larvae may select conditions of flow direction and speed which are favorable for feeding and predator avoidance and which indirectly allow them to control transport, aggregation and dispersion.
Changes in Refraction over 10 Years in an Adult Population: The Beaver Dam Eye Study

Purpose To quantify the 10-year change in refraction in persons more than 40 years of age. Methods All people 43 to 84 years of age and living in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, in 1988 were invited for a baseline examination (1988-1990), a 5-year follow-up examination (1993-1995), and a 10-year follow-up examination (1998-2000). Refractions were determined according to the same protocol at all examinations. Aphakic and pseudophakic eyes and eyes with best corrected visual acuity of 20/200 or worse were excluded. After exclusions, refraction data were available on 2362 right eyes of the 2937 people examined at baseline and 10-year follow-up. Results Age was related to the direction and amount of change in refraction. Spherical equivalent became more positive in the youngest subjects and more negative in the oldest. After adjustment for the severity of nuclear sclerosis and other factors, the 10-year change in refraction was +0.48, +0.03, and -0.19 D for persons 43 to 59, 60 to 69 and 70+ years of age at the baseline examination, respectively. Severity of nuclear sclerosis was also strongly related to amount of change. Those with mild nuclear sclerosis at baseline had a change of +0.35 D, whereas those with severe nuclear sclerosis had a change of -0.53 D. The amount of change was also related to diabetes and weakly related to baseline refractive error, but was unrelated to gender and education. In addition to the longitudinal changes observed, there was a birth cohort effect. In comparing people of the same age across examinations, those born in more recent years had more myopia than those born in earlier years. Conclusions Significant changes in spherical equivalent in adults occur over a 10-year period. Younger people became more hyperopic, whereas older people became more myopic. These data provide evidence of a longitudinal change in refraction in adults, which may explain the refractive patterns observed in cross-sectional studies.
Population and development redux

The effects of population growth on long-term economic development are obviously important. This paper introduces new predictions from a general Malthus-Boserup model of population growth and ideas-based technological change. It also tests these predictions using numerous data sources, empirical specifications, and sample periods. Time series tests reveal that the empirical associations that hold true in the modern era are completely reversed in pre-modern samples. Inferences drawn from the pre-modern population growth of geographically isolated populations are also reversed when relevant controls are taken into account. While there is a clear break with Malthusian theory, in general, and especially outside of the modern era, there is no unequivocal evidence supporting Boserupian views. An alternative model consistent with transitional demographic patterns is briefly discussed.
Age-related changes in contractile properties of single skeletal fibers from the soleus muscle.

Peak absolute force, specific tension (peak absolute force per cross-sectional area), cross-sectional area, maximal unloaded shortening velocity (V o; determined by the slack test), and myosin heav...
The influence of topographic co-variables on the spatial variability of precipitation over small regions of complex terrain

Precipitation variability results from atmospheric circulation and complex site-specific bio-geoclimatic characteristics; therefore, climatic variables are expected to be correlated in a scale-dependent way. This paper studies the influence of topographic co-variables on the spatial variability of precipitation over small regions of complex terrain. For this purpose, the mutual benefits of an integrated geographic information system (GIS) and a geostatistics approach was used for spatial precipitation interpolation from rainfall observations measured at 51 climatic stations in a mountainous region of southern Italy (Benevento province). As no single method is optimal for all regions, it is important to compare the results obtained using alternative methods applied to the same data set. Therefore, besides ordinary kriging examination, two auxiliary variables were added for ordinary co-kriging of annual and seasonal precipitation: terrain elevation data and a topographic index. Cross-validation indicated that the ordinary kriging yielded the largest prediction errors. The smallest prediction errors were produced by a multivariate geostatistical method. However, the results favour the ordinary co-kriging with inclusion of information on the topographic index. The application of co-kriging is particularly justified in areas where there are nearby stations and where landform is very complex. We conclude that ordinary co-kriging is a very flexible and robust interpolation method because it may take into account several properties (soft and hard data) of the landscape. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GAMETOPHYTE AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF SEXUAL CHARACTERS IN FUNARIA HYGROMETRICA (L.) SCHREB.

The conflicting statements published concerning the sexual conditions in Funaria hygrometrica suggested the problem of determining by experimental methods the range of possibilities in the distribution of sex organs in this species. The reproductive organs of the Bryophytes were first clearly recognized as such by Hedwig (I782). He designated the sexual conditions found in the mosses, by analogy with those of the higher plants, as hermaphroditic, monoecious, and dioecious. This classification has been retained until the present time with the addition of several new terms. Schimper (i86o, P. I3) added the term polygamy, applicable to that condition in which the male and female organs of a moss may be borne on the same plant or on different ones. Lindberg (I882) characterized those hermaphroditic species in which the archegonia are scattered among the antheridia and the entire group is enclosed by bracts as synoicous; he gave the designation paroicous to those in which the archegonia are isolated at the apex of an axis and the antheridia are borne in the axils of the leaves. He applied the term autoicous to monoecious mosses in which the sex organs are borne on separate branches of the same plant. He recognized four conditions of autoicism known as cladautoicism, rhizoautoicism, gonoautoicism, and pseudoautoicism. Combinations of synoicism, paroicism, and autoicism have been observed in some species. Such a combination is designated as heteroicism. When, within a species, the condition of dioecism is combined with any of those above mentioned, such a moss is said to be polyoicous. Polyoicism was early known as polygamy. Limpricht (I890) and Ruhland (I909) use the same terms but group them in a slightly different way in their classification. Physiologically there are but two categories of first importance: monoecism, in which the spores, protonemata, and leafy axes (gametophores) are bisexual in their potentialities; and dioecism, the spores, protonemata, and leafy axes being strictly unisexual. In the Bryophytes these terms apply to the gametophyte, whereas in the Spermatophytes the same terms are applied to the sporophyte. Blakeslee (I906) proposed the substitution of the terms homothallic and heterothallic respectively for monoecious and dioecious when used in connection with the gametophyte. There is some confusion in the literature as to what constitutes dioecism 387
Bradykinin Antagonists as Anti-Cancer Agents

The nonapeptide bradykinin is an important growth factor for many cancers. Certain peptide and non-peptide bradykinin antagonists show remarkable anti-cancer activities in both in vitro and in vivo cancer models, especially of lung and prostate cancers. Bradykinin antagonists stimulate apoptosis in cancers by a novel "biased agonist" mechanism: they block intracellular increase of calcium concentration but stimulate the MAP kinase pathway. This unbalanced effect stimulates caspase activation. In nude mouse xenotransplants of lung and prostate cancers the antagonists inhibit angiogenesis and activation of membrane metalloproteases (MMP 2 and 9). In the xenotransplants certain bradykinin antagonists showed higher potency than standard anti-cancer drugs, without evident toxicity to the hosts. These compounds offer great promise for development of new anti-cancer drugs.
Critical Issues in American-Japanese Relations

COPING WITH US-JAPANESE ECONOMIC CONFLICTS, edited by I.M. Destler and Hideo Sato POWCY AND TRADE ISSUES OF THE JAPANESE ECONOMY: AMERICAN AND JAPANESE PERSPECTIVES, edited by Kozo Yamamura
Single high flow exhaled nitric oxide is an imperfect proxy for distal nitric oxide

The fractional concentration of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) has been used as a non-invasive biomarker of airway response to inhaled toxic exposures in both population-based and occupational studies. Results have been mixed, but a compelling finding is the 60% decrease (95% CI 54 to 66) and subsequent 130% increase (95% CI 63 to 225) in FeNO observed in a quasi-experimental study of FeNO in a group of healthy young adult volunteers before, during and after the 2008 Beijing Olympic games air pollution control measures.1 Methodological developments now allow for the assessment of NO from proximal and distal airway compartment sources. The ability to non-invasively differentiate inflammation in two lower respiratory tract compartments may provide a practical method to gain insights into the effects of inhaled toxins. Using this approach, …
Simple testicular cyst in the neonate

The authors report the first case of a simple testicular cyst presenting in a neonate. Diagnostic criteria are outlined and theories concerning etiology are discussed. The authors show an absence of elastin staining in the specimen, and suggest this precludes germinal tubules as a source. The rationale for testicular-sparing surgery is discussed.
Morphology of deformed polypropylene. Quantitative relations by combined x-ray, optical, and sonic methods

The submicroscopic morphology of uniaxially deformed isotactic polypropylene films has been examined by x-ray diffraction, infrared dichroism, birefringence, sonic modulus, small-angle light scattering, density, and electron microscopic techniques. Several new theoretical relationships and techniques have been developed. These include (1) a two-phase sonic modulus theory which makes possible the determination of the amorphous orientation function and the intrinsic sonic moduli of the polymer, (2) a general relationship for the quantitative determination of the infrared transition moment angle and for the quantitative determination of the crystal orientation function from infrared dichroism measurements only, (3) the determination of the extension ratio of spherulites from the small-angle light-scattering patterns of deformed films, (4) a technique for the experimental determination of the intrinsic birefringence of the crystal and amorphous regions of isotactic polypropylene, (5) correlation of the polarizability difference determined from solid-state measurements with that determined from solution measurements, and (6) other techniques for the rapid determination of orientation functions. Morphological information about uniaxially deformed isotactic polypropylene films, obtained as a consequence of these developments, is reported.
Simulation of Thermal Performance of Solar Collector Arrays

An experimental method is described for simulating the useful energy supplied by collector arrays during tests of solar water heating systems. The method uses an electric heat source to simulate the absorbed solar energy in series with nonirradiated collectors to simulate the concurrent heat losses. Expressions are developed for programming the heat source for collector arrays connected in parallel and series combinations with the heat source located either upstream or downstream from the nonirradiated array. The results of experiments to verify the performance of a nonirradiated array with a downstream electric heat source are presented. Day-long tests of a domestic solar hot water system with irradiated collectors were repeated using a nonirradiated array with a downstream heat source. 12 refs.