cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
El Impacto Del Arbitraje En Los Patrones Huelgarios De Puerto Rico, 1956-1995 (In Spanish)

Luego de treinta afios de discusiones, en 1998 se aprob finalmente la Ley Num. 45 de 25 de·febrero de 1998 (Ley de Relaciones del Trabajo para el Servicio Publico de Puerto Rico) que permite la sindicacion de los empleados publicos del pais. De acuerdo a esta legislacion, la sindicacion crea un marco legitimo para la negociacion colectiva en el sector publico, eliminando la situacion institucionalmente ambigua de las organizaciones bona fide. Estas asociaciones, aunque no son reconocidas legalmente como sindicatos en Puerto Rico, han actuado como si fueran sindicatos debidamente constituidos. De hecho estas asociaciones bona fide han negociado convenios informales y lanzado a la huelga en multiples ocasiones (Garcia y QUintero Rivera, 1984). Sin embargo, al no tener derecho a la negociacion colectiva, las organizaciones bona fide tambien han tornado posiciones mayormente defensivas en contra de sus respectivas gerencias. Estas han demandado pero no negociado reivindicaciones en sus agencias de trabajo (Santiago, 1999: 32). Las relaciones obrero-patronales en el sector publico se han inmovilizado como resultado de estas demandas y falta de negociacion verdadera.
New Kinetic Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Folic Acid in Pharmaceutical Formulations

A simple and sensitive kinetic spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of folic acid (FA) in bulk and pharmaceutical Formulations. The method is based on the oxidation of FA by Fe(III) in sulfuric acid medium. Fe(III) subsequently reduces to Fe(II) which is coupled with potassium ferricyanide to form Prussian blue. The reaction is followed spectrophotometrically by measuring the increase in absorbance at λmax 725 nm. The rate data and fixed time methods were adopted for constructing the calibration curves. The linearity range was found to be 1–20 μg mL -1 for each method. The correlation coefficient was 0.9978 and 0.9993, and LOD was found to be 0.91 and 0.09 μg mL -1 for rate data and fixed time methods, respectively. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of FA in formulations with no interference from the excipients. Statical comparison of the results shows that there is no significant difference between the proposed and pharmacopoeial methods.
Causality and Necessity

For over forty years C. J. Ducasse effectively criticized Humean views of causality, though he was never content simply to be a critic. We owe to his ingenuity and precision one of the most attractive non-Humean alternatives to be found in twentieth-century philosophy. Causation and the Types of Necessity was the first published statement of his views, and this book, long out of print, has been republished recently with more recent articles appended.1 His second major statement, changed in details but essentially the same, appears as Part II of Nature, Mind, and Death, his contribution to the Cams Lecture Series.2 His later articles on causality are included in the recently published collection of essays Truth, Knowledge and Causation,3 where he thoughtfully answers the questions raised by serious-minded critics of his two books.
Numerical A-Stability for Difference-Differential Systems

In recent years, general purpose programs have been created for numerically integrating systems of ordinary differential equations. Many of these packages use A-stable or stiffly stable numerical methods. It is quite natural to attempt to extend the applicability of these packages to include delay terms. This allows, in electrical engineering, lossless transmission lines to be used and in economic models, it is quite natural to have delays. From a programming standpoint, there is little difficulty in adding these extra terms since one only has to store the past values of the delayed variables and interpolate.
Nonlinear System Controller Design based on Domain of Attraction

A technique for analyzing and designing controllers for nonlinear systems based on measures of the domain of attraction is presented. The domain of attraction is the region of initial conditions that tend toward an attractor. A refinement of this region is the domain of performance which is the region of initial conditions that meet a performance criteria. In nonlinear systems, local stability does not insure stability over a larger region, hence, the domain indicates the ability of a nonlinear system to recover from state perturbations. This global design technique is contrasted with more traditional, local design methods. Design examples of both linear and nonlinear controllers are shown for an inverted pendulum.
Studies on platelet proteins: IX. The identity of fibrinogen

The molecular differences between human platelet fibrinogen and plasma fibrinogen observed previously were further investigated to determine whether the platelet protein might be a proteolytic derivative of its plasma counterpart. Purified plasma fibrinogen labeled with 125I was added to washed, intact platelets, and the total fibrinogen was isolated in the presence of proteolytic inhibitors by the same procedure used for platelet fibrinogen alone. Comparison of control 125I-labeled plasma fibrinogen, total fibrinogen, and platelet fibrinogen by sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoretic staining patterns, as well as the radioactivity distribution for control and total fibrinogen, showed no conversion of the added plasma fibrinogen to platelet fibrinogen. Furthermore, the electrophoretic pattern of platelet fibrinogen was different from the slowly clottable plasmin derivative of plasma fibrinogen, termed Fragment X. It is concluded that platelet fibrinogen is not derived, during the course of its isolation, from plasma fibrinogen.
Thermonuclear Supernovae: Combining Astrophysical and Terrestrial Combustion

This paper describes how numerical simulations of laboratory-scale experiments can be used to learn about the physics of supernova explosions. Simulations of shock-flame interactions that occur in a laboratory shock-tube experiment are used to study relevant physical mechanisms of the transition of a deflagration to a detonation. Then simulations of the deflagration stage of a Type Ia thermonuclear supernovae are performed to evaluate whether a deflagration alone is enough to account for astronomical observations. The conclusion is that the deflagration model alone is inadequate energetically, so there must be a transition to a detonation.
Limitations of present test methods for roofing materials

A development study of test methods and criteria for evaluating new roofing materials is described: prefabricated polymeric and elastomeric sheets, prefabricated modified bituminous membranes, and liquid applied membranes. Results are summarized for a number of materials selected as typical of the three groups in order to illustrate the problems and the limitations associated with the different tests.
Curating Archaeological Collections: From the Field to the Repository

Curating Archaeological Collections: From the Field to the Repository. LYNN P.SULLIVAN and S. TERRYCHILDS. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press, 2003.
Mapping and cloning of the critical region for the spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 gene (SCA1) in a yeast artificial chromosome contig spanning 1.2 Mb

The gene responsible for spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) has been localized to a 6.7-cM region between the centromeric marker D6S109 and the telomeric marker D6S89. We screened two yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) libraries using sequence-tagged sites at D6S89 and at newly identified markers in 6p22-p23. Fifty YAC clones were identified and 34 insert termini were isolated from some of these YACs for detailed overlap mapping and long-range restriction analysis. A large YAC contig estimated to span 2.5 Mb was developed and genetic analysis in five large SCA1 kindreds using highly informative dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms mapped to this contig allowed the identification of D6S274 as the closest centromeric flanking marker for SCA1. Long-range restriction analysis determined the size for the critical SCA1 region, as defined by the two flanking markers D6S274 and D6S89, to be 1.2 Mb. This region is spanned by a minimum set of four nonchimeric YAC clones. The development of a 2.5-Mb YAC contig in 6p22-p23 provides valuable reagents for characterization of this genomic region and for the cloning of the SCA1 gene.
Thermal expansion of ceramics in Pb(Zn13Nb23)O3 - based solid solution systems

Abstract No systematic study on the thermal expansion behavior of Pb(Zn 1 3 Nb 2 3 ) O 3 - based ceramics has been made so far. This study is very important because these materials are potential candidates for multilayer capacitors and optical-mirrors substrates.Lead-zinc-niobate Pb(Zn 1 3 Nb 2 3 ) O 3 (PZN) based ceramics with perovskite structure are difficult to synthesize because of the formation of a undesirable pyrochlore phase. However, an addition of BaTiO 3 , PbTiO 3 or SrTiO 3 stabilizes perovskite structure in PZN. In this work ceramic samples in the solid solution systems of PZN with these additives were prepared and thermal expansion measurements were carried out on the ceramic specimens using a push rod dilatometer. No substantial and systematic change in bulk thermal expansion with the change in composition was observed. Most of the samples demonstrated very low thermal expansion at lower temperature.
SUMO and NF-κB ties

Members of the NF-κB family of transcription factors play critical roles in regulating immunity and cell survival and contribute to cancer progression and chemoresistance. Over the past 20 years, much has been learned about the remarkable complexity in regulation of NF-κB signaling. In particular, recent studies have added to our current understanding of the roles of a multitude of posttranslational modifications in this signaling system: these include phosphorylation, acetylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, neddylation and sumoylation. This review will highlight our current knowledge of the roles of sumoylation in regulating NF-κB signaling and functions and will address future perspectives.
Immobilization of potato acid phosphatase on succinamidopropyl glass beads for the dephosphorylation of bovine whole casein.

Abstract Potato acid phosphatase was immobilized on succinamidopropyl-derivatized glass beads for use in removing phosphate groups from bovine whole casein. Controlled pore glass beads (with and without glyceryl coating) were silanized and succinylated. The enzyme was covalently bound to derivatized glass beads through carbodiimide coupling. The pH optima for the immobilized enzyme remained at pH 5.5 for p -nitrophenyl phosphate and pH 6.0 to 6.5 for casein substrates. Activities of acid phosphatase (pH 5.5, p -nitrophenyl phosphate substrate) immobilized on the plain and glyceryl-coated controlled pore glass beads were 14 and 4%, respectively, of the free enzyme. When whole casein was used as substrate, the 15 to 20min enzyme activity of free enzyme was 16% of its activity on p -nitrophenyl phosphate and after 4h, 14% of its original rate on casein. After 18h of incubation, the activity of the immobilized enzyme was 36 to 40% of its rate at 4h. A 70% dephosphorylation of whole casein was attained using a concentration of 2.6mg enzyme controlled pore glass beads complex per milligram of whole casein at pH 6.5, 37°C, for 18h.
Ubiquitin ligases in T cell activation and autoimmunity

Ubiquitination-mediated protein modifications are increasingly recognized as key regulatory events in many basic cell biology processes. A key class of enzymes called ubiquitin ligases, which has been shown to play a crucial role in the ubiquitination process, can positively or negatively regulate T cell responses. This review summarizes the recent advances defining the roles of several ubiquitin ligases in T cell activation and autoimmunity.
Miniature cylindrical ion trap mass spectrometer.

A miniature cylindrical ion trap mass spectrometer is described, and preliminary data are presented. Functionality and performance of laboratory-scale instruments have been maintained to the extent possible in this battery-operated mass spectrometer. Capabilities include tandem mass spectrometry experiments. Custom-designed electronic components include the RF scanning and amplification system, data acquisition components, and lens power supplies, as well as a custom-software application. Direct leak and membrane introduction inlet systems are used for sample introduction. A mass/charge range of ∼250 Th with unit mass resolution has been demonstrated.
Scrotal Edema Associated with the Use of Dasatinib in Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

Abstract Dasatinib is a new tyrosine kinase inhibitor which is approved by the FDA for the treatment of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) resistant or intolerant to imatinib. Dasatinib can cause fluid retention in some patients, leading to peripheral edema and pleural effusion. Herein, we report 2 patients with chronic phase CML who developed significant scrotal and penile edema while on treatment with dasatinib. In both patients, transient dasatinib interruption and use of diuretics helped alleviate the symptoms. Both patients had the dose schedule of dasatinib switched to once daily from twice daily. Scrotal and penile edemas are unusual manifestations of fluid retention that, to our knowledge, have not been reported in patients treated with dasatinib. Recognition of these symptoms as a potential complication of dasatinib will help prevent unnecessary investigations, facilitate adequate management, and help alleviate patient anxiety.
Alteration of outer flow structures for turbulent drag reduction

Paper reviews large eddy behavior in turbulent boundary layers and presents a survey of turbulent wall layers subjected to abrupt changes in boundary conditions. From this survey several methods have been identified with potential for altering the turbulence production process in the outer region of the boundary layer and reducing the turbulent skin-friction drag over relatively long downstream distances; these include convex longitudinal surface curvature, large-eddy breakup devices, and Emmons spot alteration. Paper also presents results of an ongoing experimental study to parametrically evaluate large-eddy breakup devices as a turbulent drag reduction concept and reproduce the 20 percent net drag reductions found in large-eddy breakup experiments at Illinois Institute of Technology.
Generation and rearrangement of a 1-norbornene in pyrolysis of 1-sila-2-oxynorbornanes

Abstract Gas phase pyrolysis of 1-sila-2-oxynorbornenes yields a nortricyclene which is proposed to arise from a β-elimination to form a 1-norbornene, which isomerizes to a 2-norbornacylidene which undergoes γ-CH insertion.
A transmission utility's experience to date with Numerical Busbar Protection systems

National Grid has been installing Numerical Busbar Protection (BBP) systems at its 400 kV, 275 kV and 132 kV double busbar substations for approximately ten years. This Paper investigates the design, operational and lifetime management experiences/challenges associated with moving to these solutions. The paper will consider these challenges under the following five categories: (1) Policy and application design (2) Operational experience to date (3) Contingency plans following unavailability (4) Spares holding and post commissioning support (5)Extendibility, Compatibility and Asset Life. (5 pages)
Comparisons of Social Competence in Young Children With and Without Hearing Loss: A Dynamic Systems Framework

This study compared levels of social competence and language development in 74 young children with hearing loss and 38 hearing peers aged 2.5-5.3 years. This study was the first to examine the relationship between oral language and social competence using a dynamic systems framework in children with and without hearing loss. We hypothesized that, due to deficits in oral language, children who were deaf would display lower levels of social competence than their hearing peers. Furthermore, language age would predict social competence scores. Social competence was measured with a general and deaf-specific measure. Results showed that children with hearing loss performed significantly worse than hearing peers on the general measure but better than the norms on the deaf-specific measure. Controlling for maternal education and income, regression analyses indicated that hearing status and language age predicted social competence in both groups. Among children with hearing loss, correlations were also found between age at diagnosis, age at amplification, and two of the general social competence measures. Results supported our hypothesis that deficits in language would have cascading negative effects on the development of social competence in young deaf children. Development of early intervention programs that target both language and social skills are needed for this population.
Making It Work for Everyone: HTML5 and CSS Level 3 for Responsive, Accessible Design on Your Library's Web Site

This article argues that accessibility and universality are essential to good Web design. A brief review of library science literature sets the issue of Web accessibility in context. The bulk of the article explains the design philosophies of progressive enhancement and responsive Web design, and summarizes recent updates to WCAG 2.0, HTML5, CSS Level 3, and WAI-ARIA. The final section of the article walks readers through the Web site creation process. The tools and techniques described in the article can be used to create a library Web site which can be accessed equally by all patrons without sacrificing aesthetics or usability at any level.
Computer simulation methods for investigating the detection characteristics of TeV air Cherenkov telescopes

Abstract Determination of the energy thresholds and detection sensitivities of VHE (10 GeV to 20 TeV) gamma ray astronomy telescopes utilizing the atmospheric Cherenkov technique (ACT) requires the use of computer simulations of gamma ray and hadron induced air showers and their associated Cherenkov light production. We present in this paper methods to determine these parameters that utilize the DePauw-Purdue KASCADE shower simulation program for a variety of existing and proposed ACT telescopes. The KASCADE system is a detailed, three-dimensional computer simulation developed by us that generates the Cherenkov photons produced by VHE gamma ray and hadronic (usually proton) air showers. The KASCADE system has been specifically designed to be of general use as a tool in investigating a variety of ACT telescope designs with the goal of maximizing their gamma ray detection sensitivity. Specific methods for achieving these goals are presented. Also presented are detailed discussions of the various algorithms used by the KASCADE program to simulate air showers. Further, as a demonstration of the utility of these methods and the KASCADE programs we present results of a case study of the detection characteristics of the Haleakala Gamma Ray Observatory telescope.
Extraction of coal using supercritical water

Abstract An experimental apparatus was developed to inject coal into an autoclave containing preheated supercritical water. The supercritical water appears to act as both solvent and reactant in the conversion of coal to gases and liquids. Experiments were carried out with German brown coal, lignite and bituminous coal and with glucose at both subcritical and supercritical water densities. A significantly larger quantity of char was obtained when operating at subcritical densities and when the coal was mixed with water before heating to supercritical conditions. Smaller amounts of char were obtained as density increased and as reaction time increased.
Sensitization of HeLa cells containing 5-bromodeoxyuridine to ultra-violet light at different stages of the division cycle.

Sensitization of HeLa Cells containing 5-Bromodeoxyuridine to Ultra-violet Light at Different Stages of the Division Cycle
Transdermal oxybutynin in the treatment of adults with overactive bladder: combined results of two randomized clinical trials

The safety and efficacy of oxybutynin transdermal delivery system (oxybutynin-TDS) versus placebo in adults with urge and mixed urinary incontinence was investigated using combined results from double-blind stages of 2 phase 3 clinical trials. Study 1: placebo-controlled, parallel-group comparison of 3 oxybutynin-TDS doses in 12-week double-blind and open-label periods, followed by a 28-week open-label extension. Study 2 was a 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of oxybutynin-TDS versus long-acting tolterodine and placebo, followed by a 52-week open-label extension. Efficacy analysis included 241 patients receiving oxybutynin-TDS, 244 receiving placebo. Most participants were Caucasian women (92%). Approximately 60% received prior anticholinergic therapy. Primary outcome was determined by changes from baseline to end of treatment in frequency of incontinence episodes, frequency of urination, and void volume. Oxybutynin-TDS was significantly more effective than placebo in reducing median daily incontinence episodes (-3.0 vs placebo -2.0; P=.00004) and daily urinary frequency (-2.0 vs -1.0; P=.0023), and in increasing void volume (25 mL vs 5.5 mL; P<.00001). Overall rates of anticholinergic adverse events (AEs) were 12.8% for oxybutynin-TDS and 11.0% for placebo (P=0.5421). The most common systemic anticholinergic AEs were dry mouth (7.0% for oxybutynin-TDS vs 5.3% for placebo) and constipation (2.1% vs 2.0%). Application site erythema occurred in 7.0% of participants who received oxybutynin-TDS (3.7% discontinuation rate); pruritus occurred in 16.1% (3.3% discontinuation rate). Transdermal oxybutynin was shown to be efficacious, with a proven safety profile. It may be utilized for patients with overactive bladder as a treatment option that could enhance compliance.
RETENTION OF NADPH-LINKED QUINONE REDUCTASE ACTIVITY IN AN ALDO-KETO REDUCTASE FOLLOWING MUTATION OF THE CATALYTIC TYROSINE

Aldo-keto reductases (AKR) are monomeric oxidoreductases that retain a conserved catalytic tetrad (Tyr, Lys, Asp, and His) at their active sites in which the Tyr acts as a general acid-base catalyst. In rat liver 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3alpha-HSD, AKR1C9), a well-characterized AKR, the catalytic tyrosine is Tyr 55. This enzyme displays a high catalytic efficiency for a common AKR substrate 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (9,10-PQ). Surprisingly, Y55F and Y55S mutants of 3alpha-HSD reduced 9,10-PQ with high kcat values. This is the first report whereby the invariant catalytic tyrosine of an AKR has been mutated with retention of kcat values similar to wild-type enzyme. The Y55F and Y55S mutants displayed narrow substrate specificity and reduced select aromatic quinones and alpha-dicarbonyls. kcat versus pH profiles for steroid oxidoreduction catalyzed by wild-type 3alpha-HSD exhibited a single ionizable group with a pK= 7.0-7.5, which has been assigned to Tyr 55. This group was not evident in the kcat versus pH profiles for 9, 10-PQ reduction catalyzed by either wild-type or the Tyr 55 mutant enzymes, indicating that the protonation state of Tyr 55 is unimportant for 9,10-PQ turnover. Instead, wild-type and the active-site mutants Y55F, Y55S, H117A, D50N, K84R, and K84M showed the presence of a new titratable group with a pKb = 8.3-9.9. Thus, the group being titrated is not part of the tetrad. All the mutants decreased kcat/Km considerably more than they decreased kcat. Thus, the K84R mutant demonstrated a 30-fold decrease in the pH-independent value of kcat but 2200-fold decrease in the pH-independent value of kcat/Km. This suggests that all the tetrad residues influence quinone binding and that Lys 84 plays a dominant role in maintaining proper substrate orientation. Using wild-type enzyme, the energy of activation (Ea) for 9,10-PQ reduction was approximately 11 kcal/mol less than steroid oxidoreduction. The Ea for 9,10-PQ reduction was unchanged in the Tyr 55 mutants, suggesting that the reaction proceeds through the same low-energy barrier in the wild-type enzyme and these mutants. The retention of quinone reductase activity in this AKR in the absence of Tyr 55 with kcat versus pH rate profiles and activation energies identical to wild-type enzyme suggests that quinone reduction occurs via a mechanism that differs from 3-ketosteroid reduction. In this mechanism, the electron donor (NADPH) and acceptor (o-quinone) are bound in close proximity, which permits hydride transfer without formal protonation of the acceptor carbonyl by Tyr 55. This represents a rare example where one enzyme can catalyze the same chemical reaction (carbonyl reduction) by either acid catalysis or by a propinquity effect and where these two mechanisms can be discriminated by site-directed mutagenesis.
Oxides of nitrogen emissions from turbulent jet flames: Part II—Fuel dilution and partial premixing effects ☆

Measurements of NOx emission indices, flame radiant fractions, and visible flame length were made for turbulent, nonpremixed, jet flames for which various amounts of inert diluent or air were mixed with the fuel. The objective of the study was to explore further the role of flame radiation in NOx production in jet flames. Vertical free jet flames were stabilized on a 4.12 mm diameter straight-tube burner. Four fuels, CH4, C2H4, C3H8, and a 95% CO5% H2 mixture (by mass); three inert diluents, N2, Ar, and CO2; and air premixing were employed in parametric tests. Complementary dilution experiments were run with laminar jet flames using the three hydrocarbon fuels and N2. For the turbulent flames, the results showed that the effects of dilution and premixing were strongly dependent on fuel type. Flame temperatures and NOx emissions increased when the more sooting fuels (C3H8 and C2H4) were diluted or partially premixed, resulting in increased NOx emissions. The opposite trend was observed for the nonluminous COH2 flames. Using the results reported here and from Part I [1] of this study, the effects of residence time, flame temperature, and departure from equilibrium on NOx emissions, regardless of what parameter affected the change, were well characterized by regressing characteristic NOx production rates as a function of nonadiabatic characteristic flame temperatures and global residence times. Separate regressions for the hydrocarbon and COH2 flames showed a weaker dependence of NOx on temperature for the hydrocarbons, suggesting that the prompt NO mechanism is quite active in these flames. The laminar flame experiments demonstrated the importance of the relative locations of NOx-producing regions and soot-containing (strongly radiating) regions of the flame.
Why did he die

The true reason why cancer patients die is not absolutely clear. The decreasing rate of postmortem examinations in this group of patients is discussed. Understanding how cancer cells kill people can elucidate therapeutic approaches that might benefit our patients. Finally, the author pledges to support research to understand the reason why many of our patients die.
Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia

Bronchiolar disorders can be divided into 2 general categories: (1) airway disorders (cellular bronchiolitis and obliterative bronchiolitis) and (2) parenchymal disorders (respiratory bronchiolitis-interstitial lung disease, which occurs in smokers and is treatable with smoking cessation or corticosteroid therapy, and bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia, an inflammatory lung disease simultaneously involving the terminal bronchioles and alveoli). This article reviews the clinical findings and therapeutic management of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia.
Laboratory optical linear algebra processor for optimal control

Abstract Optical laboratory system data for a linear quadratic regulator problem solution on an optical matrix-vector linear algebra processor are advanced. The accuracy of the closed loop poles of the system are used as the performance parameter. The optical laboratory system's performance in the solution of the associated nonlinear matrix equation was found to be excellent.
The effect of acute increases in cardiac output on adrenal medullary secretion

Summary Opening a large aortocaval fistula results, in the anesthetized dog, in a large increase in cardiac output. Associated with this is an increase in the adrenal medullary secretion rate of epinephrine and norepinephrine. There is no comparable increase if the adrenal gland is acutely denervated before opening the fistula. These findings suggest that an increased adrenal medullary secretion is part of the adaptation to acutely increased cardiac output. The findings also demonstrate that this response is of reflex origin.
Exploring cortex in a high-throughput manner by building brain observatories

The Allen Institute for Brain Science has, over the past ten years, produced a series of brain atlases (http://www.brain-map.org). These are large (3 TB, >1 million slides) public resources, integrating genome-wide gene expression, and neuroanatomical data across the entire brain for developing and adult humans, non-human primates and mice, complemented by high-resolution, cellular-based anatomical connectivity data in several thousand mice. It is the single largest integrated neuroscience database world-wide. Anybody can freely access this data without any restrictions. We are embarked on an ambitious 10-year initiative to understand the structure and function of the neocortex and associated satellite structures in humans and mice. We are setting up high through-put pipelines to exhaustively characterize the morphology, electrophysiology and transcriptome of cell types as well as their synaptic interconnections in the human neocortex (via a combination of fetal, neurosurgical and post-mortem tissues & human stem cells differentiated into forebrain neurons) and in the laboratory mouse. We are building brain observatories to image the activities of neurons throughout the cortico-thalamic system in behaving mice, to record their electrical activities, and to analyze their connectivity at the ultra-structural level. We are constructing biophysically detailed as well as simplified computer simulations of these networks and of their information processing capabilities. In keeping with the Allen Institute for Brain Science’s core value of open science, all data, knowledge and tools from this initiative will be shared with the broader scientific community.
Quantitaton of rate of gastrointestinal and buccal absorption of acidic and basic drugs based on extraction theory

Equations have been derived which quantitatively describe the rate of gastrointestinal and buccal absorption of acidic and basic drugs as a function of pH of aqueous lumenal contents and time. The equations have been used to fit observed data in the literature, and the estimated parameters are reported. An equation which describes the renal clearance of an acidic or basic drug as a function of urinary pH is also derived. In essence, the equations quantitate the pH-partition hypothesis and explain most, if not all, related observed data in the literature. The results suggest that the aqueous diffusion layer may not rate-limit absorption of monomeric drug molecules but that absorption is rate-limited by transfer of drug out of the membrane in vivo.
A universal approach to the expression of human and rabbit cytochrome P450s of the 2C subfamily in Escherichia coli

Human cytochrome P450s 2C8, 2C9, 2C18, and 2C19 and rabbit cytochrome P450s 2C1, 2C2, 2C4, 2C5, and 2C16 were expressed from their respective cDNAs in Escherichia coli as chimeric enzymes in which a portion of the N-terminal membrane anchor sequence was replaced with a modified sequence derived from P450 17A. For 2C1 and 2C2 removal of the extraneous 3'-untranslated sequence allowed the successful expression of constructs that were unproductive in its presence. The levels of expression varied from 180 to 1500 nmol/liter of culture and the addition of delta-aminolevulinic acid to the culture media increased the amount of spectrally detectable P450 for several of these enzymes 2- to 10-fold. The catalytic properties of the modified human 2C P450s expressed in E. coli were concordant with previously published data for several marker substrates including (S)-mephenytoin for P450 2C19, tolbutamide and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) for P450 2C9, and taxol for P450 2C8. Interestingly, P450 2C19 catalyzed the 21-hydroxylation of progesterone and, to a lesser extent, catalyzed the formation of 16 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone. The rabbit enzyme P450 2C16 catalyzed the formation of 17 alpha- and 16 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in addition to 21-hydroxylation. P450 2C19 also catalyzed the methylhydroxylation of tolbutamide and the 7-hydroxylation of THC at rates that were similar to or greater than that of P450 2C9. This work has identified important factors required for the high-level expression of 2C subfamily P450s in E. coli. The availability of these enzymes will facilitate detailed kinetic measurements for known and yet to be identified substrates.
Torsion of the fallopian tube

Although an infrequent cause of acute lower abdominal pain, fallopian tube torsion should be considered whenever a woman presents with this complaint. Early diagnosis and surgical intervention may save a tube that has not yet infarcted, yet initial presentation may give little indication of the seriousness of the condition until peritonitis develops. Definitive treatment is removal of the affected adnexa. Diminished fertility and an increased incidence of ectopic pregnancy in the remaining fallopian tube follows unilateral salpingectomy. A case history of fallopian tube torsion is presented.
Abstract B71: Syndecan-1 promotes breast cancer metastasis by modulating tissue stiffness

Tumor-stroma interactions are integral to breast cancer progression and metastasis. It has been well established that women with dense breast tissue have increased risk of developing breast cancer as compared to women with less dense breast tissue; it has also been documented that a stiffer extracellular matrix (ECM) can promote tumor cell invasion both in vitro and in vivo . Our lab has previously shown that Syndecan-1 (Sdc1), a cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan, regulates the in vitro organization of a fibroblast-constructed ECM that thus creates an invasion-permissive microenvironment. Therefore, we sought to characterize the role of stromal Sdc1 in cancer progression in vivo . Using the 4T1 model of late stage metastatic breast cancer in both Sdc1 wild-type (WT) and Sdc1 knock-out (KO) mice, we assayed for tumor metastasis from orthotopic tumor cell implants. Sdc1 deficiency in the host did not influence the primary tumor weight or growth rate, but significantly reduced the incidence and the number of metastatic lesions (p<0.001, p<0.0001, respectively). In an effort to dissect out the mechanism by which loss of stromal Sdc1 is inhibiting metastasis, we analyzed the tumor microenvironment for the presence of specific cell types and structural differences. There was no difference in the recruitment of macrophages, the activation of fibroblasts, angiogenesis, or the structure or deposition of collagen between 4T1-induced tumors in the Sdc1 WT and Sdc1 KO mice. Interestingly, preliminary data suggest the tumors from the Sdc1 WT mice are significantly stiffer than the tumors from Sdc1 KO mice, as measured by atomic force microscopy. To determine whether Sdc1 was influencing later stages of metastasis we injected tumor cells via tail vein to specifically assay extravasation and metastatic outgrowth. After 2 weeks, all mice assayed had metastatic lesions but the Sdc1 WT mice had significantly more numerous and larger lesions (p<0.004, p<0.05, respectively). These data indicate that the presence of stromal Sdc1 promotes tumor cell outgrowth in the metastatic target organ, but may not play as large a role in tumor cell extravasation based on the finding that all mice assayed had metastatic lesions. These results further suggest that Sdc1 influences breast cancer metastasis by promoting increased tissue stiffness, which promotes tumor cell invasion and tumor outgrowth at secondary metastatic target organs, and ultimately promotes formation of metastatic lesions. Citation Format: Colleen L. Chute, Patricia Keely, Caroline Alexander, Andreas Friedl. Syndecan-1 promotes breast cancer metastasis by modulating tissue stiffness. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis; Jan 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(3 Suppl):Abstract nr B71.
Asbestos distribution in the Central Serpentine District of Maryland-Pennsylvania.

Abstract The bedrock of the Central Serpentine District of Pennsylvania and Maryland was examined to determine the content of asbestiform minerals. Serpentinite is exposed along an approximately 5-km-wide belt along the Pennsylvania-Maryland state line near the Susquehanna River. Minor quantities of fibrous anthophyllite and chrysotile (less than 2 vol %) were visible megascopically as veins in the bedrock of the 18 quarries that were investigated. The quarries sampled include two abandoned asbestos quarries, three abandoned chrome mines, one abandoned and two operating talc quarries, and two operating and eight abandoned serpentinite rock and gravel quarries. Chrysotile was not noted in primary-mesh and bastite-textured serpentinites abundant in the eastern sector of the district, but is an important component in recrystallized ribbon- to bladed-textured serpentinites common in the central and western portions of the district. Because there are several active quarries in the asbestos-bearing portions of the district, and since crushed asbestos-bearing rock is used locally as road surfacing material and in construction, some potential health hazards may exist.
Comparison of noninvasive techniques in evaluation of the nontissue cardiac valve prosthesis.

Abstract The ability of bedside auscultation, echophonocardiography and cinefluoroscopy to detect prosthetic valve malfunction was compared in 81 patients with a Bjork-Shiley aortic or mitral valve prosthesis or a Beall mitral valve prosthesis. In 32 patients with an abnormal mitral valve prosthesis proved by cardiac catheterization, the sensitivities of auscultation, echophonocardiography and cinefluoroscopy were 94,78 and 88 percent, respectively. In 25 patients with a normal mitral valve prosthesis, the specificities were 96,64 and 89 percent, respectively. Twelve patients had an abnormal aortic valve prosthesis; the sensitivities of auscultation, echophonocardiography and cinefluoroscopy were 92, 58 and 33 percent, respectively. In 12 patients with a normal aortic valve prosthesis, the specificities were 100, 75 and 92 percent, respectively. Auscultation can detect almost all cases of malfunction of nontissue prosthetic valves. Echophonocardiography and cinefluoroscopy can detect most cases of malfunction of mitral valve prostheses, but false positive studies are common; both procedures are less useful in detecting malfunction of aortic valve prostheses.
Effects of Volume of Aspirated Fluid During Chlorinated Fresh Water Drowning

Cardiovascular and biochemical changes were studied in the dog following aspiration of 1 ml. to 35 ml. of chlorinated distilled water per pound body weight. Survival rate was inversely proportional to the quantity of fluid aspirated. Ventricular fibrillation was common in animals who aspirated at least 20 ml. of water per pound but not observed with 10 ml. or less per pound. Three minutes following aspiration, the degree of change in blood volume, plasma hemoglobin, serum sodium, chloride, calcium, and potassium were dependent upon the quantity of water aspirated. Within one hour postaspiration, however, serum electrolytes returned to normal in surviving animals. Asphyxia was present acutely as evidenced by an increase in PaCO2 and decrease in pH, Pa and base excess. The latter changes were not as transient as changes in the electrolytes, and significant hypoxemia was still present at the conclusion of the experiment in all but one animal.
cAMP in guinea-pig superior cervical ganglia during preganglionic nerve stimulation.

Preganglionic nerve stimulation or elevated [K+]0 increase cAMP levels in isolated guinea-pig superior cervical ganglia, a ganglion lacking adrenergic inhibitory synaptic potentials. The cAMP response to K+ and nerve stimulation is not prevented by atropine or phentolamine. The regulation of cAMP content does not involve cholinergic or adrenergic mechanism. Of polypeptides tested, only VIP (5×10−6 M) increases cAMP content to the extent observed with preganglionic nerve stimulation.
7-Chlorokynurenate Ameliorates Neuronal Injury Mediated by HIV Envelope Protein gp120 in Rodent Retinal Cultures.

Abstract Prior studies with in vitro model systems have suggested that at least part of the neurological manifestations of AIDS may stem from neuronal injury involving the HIV-1 coat protein gp120. This form of neuronal damage is most probably mediated indirectly by a complex set of cellular interactions among macrophages, astrocytes, and neurons, resulting in a final common pathway of overstimulation of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. We studied the neuroprotective effect from gp120-induced neuronal injury of an antagonist of the glycine site of the NMDA receptor, 7-chlorokynurenate. In identified rat retinal ganglion cells in culture, we found that 50 microM 7-chlorokynurenate significantly abrogated the injury engendered by 20 pM gp120. Addition of 300 microM exogenous glycine prevented this protective effect of 50 microM 7-chlorokynurenate. These data suggest that glycine site antagonists of the NMDA receptor may have therapeutic potential for ameliorating neuronal damage associated with gp120.
Exposure to ionizing radiation and estimate of secondary cancers in the era of high-speed CT scanning: projections from the Medicare population

Purpose The aims of this study were to analyze the distribution and amount of ionizing radiation delivered by CT scans in the modern era of high-speed CT and to estimate cancer risk in the elderly, the patient group most frequently imaged using CT scanning. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted using Medicare claims spanning 8 years (1998-2005) to assess CT use. The data were analyzed in two 4-year cohorts, 1998 to 2001 ( n = 5,267,230) and 2002 to 2005 ( n = 5,555,345). The number and types of CT scans each patient received over the 4-year periods were analyzed to determine the percentage of patients exposed to threshold radiation of 50 to 100 mSv (defined as low) and >100 mSv (defined as high). The National Research Council's Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation VII models were used to estimate the number of radiation-induced cancers. Results CT scans of the head were the most common examinations in both Medicare cohorts, but abdominal imaging delivered the greatest proportion (43% in the first cohort and 40% in the second cohort) of radiation. In the 1998 to 2001 cohort, 42% of Medicare patients underwent CT scans, with 2.2% and 0.5% receiving radiation doses in the low and high ranges, respectively. In the 2002 to 2005 cohort, 50% of Medicare patients received CT scans, with 4.2% and 1.2% receiving doses in the low and high ranges. In the two populations, 1,659 (0.03%) and 2,185 (0.04%) cancers related to ionizing radiation were estimated, respectively. Conclusions Although radiation doses have been increasing along with the increasing reliance on CT scans for diagnosis and therapy, using conservative estimates with worst-case scenario methodology, the authors found that the risk for secondary cancers is low in older adults, the group subjected to the most frequent CT scanning. Trends showing increasing use, however, underscore the importance of monitoring CT utilization and its consequences.
An experimental investigation of dynamic crack propagation

Abstract The dynamic fracture behavior of polymethylmethacrylate (bdPMMA) has been investigated. The specimens were in the form of rectangular sheets with sharp notches. The elastodynamic crack tip stress field and the crack velocity were determined by the use of resistance strain gauges. An analytic expression for the dynamic crack tip stress field was used to evaluate the dynamic stress intensity factors, and the dynamic arrest toughness was also determined. The dynamic response of the stresses at the notch tip at varying loading rates was considered and some “hysteresis” fracture phenomena were observed.
A global analysis of mid-ocean ridge axial topography

SUMMARY Current views of mid-ocean ridges are strongly influenced by extensive mapping of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and East Pacific Rise. The global picture of the mid-ocean ridge system, particularly in the sparsely surveyed Southern Oceans, is still based primarily on underway bathymetry profiles collected over the past 40 years. This study presents a quantitative analysis of global mid-ocean ridge morphology based on 156 of these underway bathymetric profiles, thereby allowing commonly recognized features such as axial valleys and axial ridges to be compared on a global basis. An Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis is used to separate deterministic and stochastic components of axial morphology and to quantify the dependence of each on parameters such as spreading rate and axial depth. It is found that approximately 50 per cent of the variance in axial morphology may be described as a linear combination of five independent symmetric and anti-symmetric modes; the remainder is considered stochastic. Maximum axial valley relief decreases with spreading rate for rates less than 80 mm yr-1 while axial ridge relief remains relatively constant for all rates greater than 50 mm yr-1. The stochastic component of the axial morphology, referred to as bathymetric roughness, also decreases with spreading rate for rates less than 80 mm yr-1 and remains relatively constant at higher rates. Although both axial valley relief and bathymetric roughness near the ridge axis show a similar spreading rate dependence, they are weakly correlated at slow spreading centres. The distinct differences in morphologic variability of fast and slow spreading ridges may result from the episodicity of magmatic heat input which controls the lithospheric rheology at slow spreading ridges. These observations support the notion of a critical threshold separating two dynamically distinct modes of lithospheric accretion on mid-ocean ridges.
Pyrolysis of silyl azides. Generation and reactions of unsaturated silicon—nitrogen intermediates [R2 SiNR]

Abstract Thermal, gas phase generation of [R 2 SiNR] (R = Ph, Me) from the corresponding silyl azides and subsequent reactions of the reactive intermediates with aldehydes and ketones in a pseudo-Wittig manner are described. The reactive intermediates also insert into (Me 2 SiO) 3 and (Me 2 SiNMe) 2 to form the ring expanded products. The latter reactions are the first reported examples of any unsaturated silicon intermediates inserting into a SiN σ bond.
Topological properties of the recursive Petersen architecture

The Petersen graph is gaining popularity as an interconnection network because of its several interesting properties. The recursive Petersen architecture is very compact and has some very interesting topological properties. In this paper, we study its topological properties in detail. Two labeling schemes are suggested. Basic routing and broadcasting have been discussed. The most attractive features are its logarithmic (to the base 10) diameter and high symmetry.