cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Friction Measurements in Apalachia Tunnel

Five months after initial filling, and again in 1954, five months after inspection; methods used in reducing both sets of data; results presented in terms of friction coefficient; description of each type of surface for which coefficients could be calculated. Supplement to paper indexed in Engineering Index 1947 p 1230.
Fully discrete error estimation for a quasi-Newtonian fluid-structure interaction problem

We consider an incompressible quasi-Newtonian fluid-structure interaction (FSI) problem formulated in a monolithic framework, where the matching conditions at the moving interface are satisfied. The fully discretized FSI system is discussed with detailed analysis for the stability and error estimate as well as numerical experiments that confirm the theoretical results.
Russian Stress Prediction using Maximum Entropy Ranking

We explore a model of stress prediction in Russian using a combination of local contextual features and linguisticallymotivated features associated with the word’s stem and sux. We frame this as a ranking problem, where the objective is to rank the pronunciation with the correct stress above those with incorrect stress. We train our models using a simple Maximum Entropy ranking framework allowing for ecient prediction. An empirical evaluation shows that a model combining the local contextual features and the linguistically-motivated non-local features performs best in identifying both primary and secondary stress.
The Effect of Non-Strategic Risk of Error on Auditor Sensitivity to Managers’ Reporting Incentives in a Multi-Account Setting

We examine the effects of making multiple contemporaneous risk assessments on auditor sensitivity to the strategic and non-strategic risk related to managers’ financial reporting decisions. We address our research question using a 2x2 between-subjects experiment conducted under the tenets of experimental economics in a multi-account setting. We manipulate whether the two accounts differ in non-strategic risk. We find that when auditors allocate audit resources among accounts that differ in the non-strategic risk of error, auditors will use that difference as a heuristic basis for allocating resources among the accounts, and they will be relatively insensitive to strategic aspects of the audit including the client managers’ financial reporting incentives. However, when financial statement accounts do not differ in non-strategic risk, auditor resource allocations are more sensitive to strategic information such as managers’ penalties for detected misreporting. Consistent with the neglect of probability literature in psychology, we also find that even when auditors attend to managers’ incentives, they do not respond as predicted by game theory but instead increase audit effort when managers’ face large penalties for misreporting compared to when those penalties are more modest. This study is of interest to accounting academics, auditors, and regulators.
Reconstruction and spatial analysis of alpine treeline in the Elk Mountains, Colorado, USA

The alpine treeline is a biogeographic transition zone that is an important indicator of environmental change. Here, I analyze spatial and temporal dynamics of vegetation in the alpine treeline ecotone in the Elk Mountains of western Colorado. I used dendroecological techniques to determine dates of tree establishment, then reconstructed past forest structure and composition and documented the patterns of vegetation change. The elevation of treeline in the Elk Mountains has not advanced upslope for at least 130 years, but tree density and basal area in the alpine ecotone have more than doubled during the 20th century. Spatial patterns of tree establishment are significantly clustered across multiple spatial scales in the alpine zone, while tree distributions in the subalpine forest have shifted from random to clustered patterns. Overall the pattern of treeline dynamics has been different from other sites in the Rocky Mountains where upslope advance has been more prominent. This research highlights the imp...
Alcohol consumption decreases lactate clearance in acutely injured patients.

Abstract Introduction Alcohol, a common risk factor for injury, has direct toxic effects on the liver. The use of lactate clearance has been well described as an indicator of the adequacy of resuscitation in injured patients. We investigated whether acutely injured patients with positive blood alcohol content (+BAC) had less lactate clearance than sober patients. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of acutely injured patients treated at an urban Level 1 trauma centre between January 2010 and December 2012. Blood alcohol and venous lactate levels were measured on all patients at the time of arrival. Study subjects were patients transported directly from the scene of injury, who had an elevated lactate concentration on arrival (≥3.0 mmol/L) and at least one subsequent lactate measurement within 24 h after admission. Lactate clearance ([Lactate1 − Lactate2]/Lactate1) was calculated for all patients. Chi-squared tests were used to compare values from sober and intoxicated subjects. Lactate clearance was plotted against alcohol levels and stratified by age and Injury Severity Score (ISS). Results Serial lactate concentration measurements were obtained in 3910 patients; 1674 of them had +BAC. Patients with +BAC were younger (mean age: 36.6 [SD 14.7] vs 41.0 [SD 19.9] years [p = 0.0001]), were more often male (83.4% vs 75.9% [p = 0.0001]), had more minor injuries (ISS 400 (23.5 [SD 6.5]). Lactate clearance decreased with increasing BAC irrespective of age and ISS. Conclusions In a large group of acutely injured patients, a dose-dependent decrease in lactate clearance was seen in those with elevated BAC. This relationship will cause a falsely elevated lactate reading or prolong lactate clearance and should be taken into account when evaluating patients with +BAC.
Androgen Therapy and Rehospitalization in Older Men With Testosterone Deficiency.

Abstract Objective To assess whether the receipt of androgen therapy is associated with a reduced 30-day rehospitalization rate among older men with testosterone deficiency. Patients and Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study using a 5% national sample of Medicare beneficiaries. We identified 6372 nonsurgical hospitalizations between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2012, for male patients aged 66 years and older with a previous diagnosis of testosterone deficiency. Patients who died or lost Medicare coverage in the 30 days after hospital discharge or who were discharged to another inpatient setting were excluded from the analysis. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for the risk of 30-day hospital readmissions associated with receipt of androgen therapy. Results In older men with testosterone deficiency, receipt of androgen therapy was associated with a reduced risk of rehospitalization (91 of 929 androgen users [9.8%] vs 708 of 5443 non-androgen users [13.0%]; OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.58-0.92) in the 30 days after hospital discharge. In a logistic regression analysis adjusting for multiple demographic, clinical, and health service variables, the OR was similar (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.59-0.95). The adjusted OR for unplanned 30-day hospital readmissions was 0.62 (95% CI, 0.47-0.83). Each of these findings persisted across a range of propensity score analyses—including adjustment, stratification, and inverse probability treatment weighting—and several sensitivity analyses. Conclusion Androgen therapy may reduce the risk of rehospitalization in older men with testosterone deficiency. Given the high rates of early hospital readmission among older adults, further exploration of this intervention holds broad clinical and public health relevance.
On Monotone Subsequences

(1988). On Monotone Subsequences. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 95, No. 1, pp. 44-45.
Endocarditis of the native aortic valve caused by Lactobacillus jensenii

Lactobacilli are Gram-positive anaerobic rods or coccobacilli, commonly found as commensals in human mucosa. Rarely, they can cause serious infections such as infective endocarditis (IE), and the most frequently implicated species causing serious infections are L. casei and L. rhamnosus. IE caused by Lactobacillus jensenii is very rare, with only six reported cases so far, to the best of our knowledge. We present a case of native aortic valve endocarditis caused by L. jensenii, complicated by root abscess and complete heart block, and requiring emergent surgical intervention.
A gradient of glucocorticoid sensitivity among helper T cell cytokines

Abstract Helper T (Th) cells secret specific cytokines that promote immune responses whereas glucocorticoids limit the extent of immune responses by inhibiting cytokine secretion and other functions of Th cells. However, glucocorticoid resistance develops in subgroups of patients with Th cell-driven diseases such as asthma and Crohn's disease. Recent evidence supports that Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells have distinct glucocorticoid sensitivity. Th1 cells are sensitive to glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis and cytokine suppression while Th2 cells are sensitive to the latter but not the former and Th17 cells are resistant to both. This gradient of glucocorticoid sensitivity of Th cells corresponds to the glucocorticoid sensitivity of the diseases they underlie. We identify the mechanisms contributing to distinct glucocorticoid sensitivity of Th cells and their cytokines in the literature, as this information is useful to improve treatment strategies for glucocorticoid resistant immunological disorders.
Osteoporosis, Calcium Requirement, and Factors Causing Calcium Loss

A large percentage of subjects receiving a normal calcium intake of 800 mg per day was in negative calcium balance and increasing the calcium intake to various levels up to 2200 mg per day showed a plateau of the calcium balance at the 1200 mg per day intake, indicating a threshold of calcium absorption at this intake level. Dietary factors, such as a phosphorus intake up to 2000 mg per day and complex proteins, such as red meat, do not cause calcium loss. Several commonly used drugs induce significant calcium loss, particularly aluminum-containing antacids, and, if used for prolonged periods of time, can contribute to the development of osteoporosis.
Fibromyalgia and seizures

The purpose of this case-matched study was to determine how frequently fibromyalgia is associated with different paroxysmal neurological disorders and explore the utility of fibromyalgia as a predictor for the diagnosis of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. The billing diagnosis codes of 1,730 new, non-selected patient encounters were reviewed over a three-year period for an epileptologist in a neurology clinic to identify all patients with historical diagnoses of fibromyalgia. The frequency with which epileptic seizures, psychogenic non-epileptic seizures, and physiological non-epileptic events were comorbid with fibromyalgia was assessed. Age and gender case-matched controls were used for a between-group comparison. Wilcoxon tests were used to analyse interval data, and Chi-square was used to analyse categorical data (p<0.05). Fibromyalgia was retrospectively identified in 95/1,730 (5.5%) patients in this cohort. Females represented 95% of the fibromyalgia sample (age: 53 years; 95% CI: 57, 51). Forty-three percent of those with fibromyalgia had a non-paroxysmal, neurological primary clinical diagnosis, most commonly chronic pain. Paroxysmal events were present in 57% of fibromyalgia patients and 54% of case-matched controls. Among patients with fibromyalgia and paroxysmal disorders, 11% had epileptic seizures, 74% had psychogenic non-epileptic seizures, and 15% had physiological non-epileptic events, compared to case-matched controls with 37% epileptic seizures, 51% psychogenic non-epileptic events, and 12% physiological non-epileptic events (p = 0.009). Fibromyalgia was shown to be a predictor for the diagnosis of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures in patients with undifferentiated paroxysmal spells. However, our results suggest that the specificity and sensitivity of fibromyalgia as a marker for psychogenic non-epileptic seizures in a mixed general neurological population of patients is less than previously described.
Institutionalizing Support Services for Undocumented Students at Four-Year Colleges and Universities

This study classifies institutional practices supporting undocumented students’ educational success across a three-phase institutionalization model. Data are drawn from interviews with higher education professionals in California. The roles of undocumented student ally educators are also examined as institutional agents supporting this student population. Implications include guidance for allies seeking to advocate for or build more comprehensive models of support for undocumented students on their campuses.
Transethmoidal drainage and arrest of craniopharyngioma by Zenker's solution. (Case report).

A case report is presented of a seven year arrest of a recurring intrasellar craniopharyngioma cyst in an adult, accomplished by instillation ofZenkera's sulution into the cyst cavity by means of an extracranial transethmoidal route established under stereotactic control.
To Rule Jerusalem: A Fearful Fusion

Zionists and Palestinian nationalists have both fought for Jerusalem as a symbol and sovereign site of their respective nations. Fashioning those nations has led them not just to bloody battles with each other, but into ferocious culture wars with their fellow Jews and Arabs who have understood their identities, and hence Jerusalem, in radically different ways. The struggles within the Israeli and Palestinian communities have often been just as intractable and uncompromising as those between them. Nation building has not been easy for either side. The Israelis and the Palestinians confronted obstacles inside and out as they sought to forge their nations. Internally there were divisive conflicts between those who would follow the law of a sovereign people and those who would cleave to the law of God. Neither people could keep politicians and priests apart, nor could they establish a relationship between nationalism and religion that their citizens could abide. From the outside, other countries refused to treat Israel or Palestine as they would nations like Brunei, Zimbabwe, or Albania. Both nations were picked out for exquisite scrutiny, either as a particular evil to be contained or as a supreme good for which one felt compelled to fight. In the 1948 war that gave it birth, Israel was unable to capture the Old City of Jerusalem enclosing the sites sacred to the world's three monotheisms. Particularly since 1967, when Israel recaptured this stone warren from the Jordanians, the conflict between Israelis and Palestinians has been subjected to global gaze and judgment. Neither has ever been allowed to understand itself as just another people.
Tradeoffs of strategically reconnecting rivers to their floodplains: The case of the Lower Illinois River (USA)

During the latter half of the 19th Century and first half of the 20th Century, the Illinois River was heavily altered through leveeing off large portions of its floodplain, draining wetlands, and the construction of dams and river-training structures that facilitated navigation. As a result of these alterations, flood stages continue to rise, increasing flood risk and threatening to overtop levees along the La Grange Segment (LGS) of the Illinois River. Over the last two decades, more emphasis has been placed on reconnecting portions of floodplains to rivers in order to solve the long-term problem of rising flood heights attributed to continual heightening of levees to provide flood protection. Multiple studies have suggested that strategically reconnecting larger portions of the LGS could result in more sustainable floodplain management. However, the true costs and benefits of reconnecting the floodplain are not known. We use a novel hydrodynamic, geospatial, economic, and habitat suitability framework to assess the tradeoffs of strategically reconnecting the Illinois River to its floodplain in order to decrease flood risk, improve floodplain habitats, and limit the costs of reconnection. Costs include building-associated losses, lost agricultural profits, and levee removal and construction costs. Tested scenarios demonstrate that while flood heights and environmental benefits are maximized through the most aggressive levee setbacks and removals, these scenarios also have the highest costs. However, the tradeoff of implementing lower-cost scenarios is that there is less flood-height reduction and less floodplain habitat available. Several individual levee districts have high potential for reconnection based on limiting potential damages as well as providing floodplain habitat. To implement large-scale strategic floodplain reconnection, costs range from $1.2-$4.3 billion. As such, payments for ecosystem services will likely be necessary to compensate landowners for decreased long-term agricultural production and building losses that result in flood-reduction benefits and increased floodplain habitat.
Towards a manufacturing ecosystem for integrated photonic sensors (Conference Presentation)

Laboratory-scale demonstrations of optical biosensing employing structures compatible with CMOS fabrication, including waveguides, Mach-Zehnder interferometers, ring resonators, and photonic crystals, have provided ample validation of the promise of these technologies. However, to date there are relatively few examples of integrated photonic biosensors in the commercial sphere. The lack of successful translation from the laboratory to the marketplace is due in part to a lack of robust manufacturing processes for integrated photonics overall. This talk will describe efforts within the American Institute for Manufacturing Photonics (AIM Photonics), a public-private consortium funded by the Department of Defense, State governments, Universities, and Corporate partners to accelerate manufacturing of integrated photonic sensors.
There is a Dream: On Writing, Fear, and Coming to Women's Studies

This essay explores the author's entry from law into women's studies, specifically focusing on the creation of a women's space for writing and thinking.
Chapter 6 The 1990s: Black Monday

The 1990s were turbulent times for shock wave research at Sandia because of the near elimination of experimental shock wave research, including experimental facilities. Three management decisions led to this challenging event. The first decision was implementation of a laboratory-wide restructuring of management in the early 1990s. As a consequence, all Sandia departments, including the second-level (i.e., the original department management level) ones that involved shock wave research managed by George Samara and Jim Asay, were dissolved. The first-level divisions (now renamed departments) that had been supervised by Samara and Asay became individual departments under the direct supervision of two different directors. In addition, Walt Herrmann stepped down as the Director of Engineering Sciences; that was the directorate in which Asay’s shock wave department had resided. The directorate was then eliminated, and the shock wave divisions that Asay had managed were transferred to Ed Barsis, who was the Director of the Computing Research Center. This resulted in a two-level management structure, with each director supervising the direct-reporting managers, as opposed to the previous situation in which three or four second-level managers reported to each director.
A 0.17-mm 2 3.19-nJ/transform 256-point fast fourier transform core based on spatiotemporally fine-grained active leakage suppression

This paper presents an ultra-low energy and compact Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) processor suitable for pervasive sensing systems. To achieve high energy efficiency and small area, we design area-efficient memory-based architecture and equip it with two proposed techniques: (i) spatiotemporally finegrained active leakage suppression for sub-threshold voltage (sub-VTH) combinational logic and (ii) spatiotemporally finegrained performance boosting for ultra-low leakage sub-VTH memory. The prototyped chip, implemented in a 65-nm General-Purpose CMOS, consumes 3.19 nJ per FFT transform and requires 0.17 mm2 area while achieving 1.2 MS/s.
Effect of Trunk Segment Boundary Definitions on Frontal Plane Segment Inertial Calculations

When defining trunk body segment parameters, such as segment length, mass, center of mass location, and radius of gyration, it is necessary to understand and define consistent, anatomically relevant segment boundaries. In addition to the differences in reported trunk parameters due to different data collection and analysis methods (such as cadaver studies and imaging methods), many previous publications have also used differing definitions of the trunk segment. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of differences in trunk segment definitions and obesity on the calculated mass, center of mass, and radius of gyration using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry anthropometry calculations. Twenty-three participants were recruited in normal weight and morbidly obese body mass index categories. A frontal plane dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan was taken of each participant, and 3 trunk segment delineations used by Chambers, de Leva, and Zatsiorsky were used to calculate the trunk parameters. Th...
A New Species of Allacanthochasmus (Trematoda: Cryptogonimidae) from White Bass, Morone chrysops (Moronidae), from Lake Livingston, Texas, U.S.A.

Allacanthochasmus texanus n. sp. is described from white bass, Morone chrysops, collected from the Trinity River system in southeastern Texas, U.S.A. Specimens of the new species can be distinguished from Allacanthochasmus varius Van Cleave, 1922 by the former's elongate body shape, prominent prepharynx, and tandem testes. The new species is most similar to Allacanthochasmus artus Mueller and Van Cleave, 1932, with which it shares a common body shape, structure of the gonotyl, and distribution and arrangement of most internal structures; the new species differs in having vitelline follicles confined more posteriorly, a gonotyl with more root-like processes, and a smaller number of circumoral spines on the oral sucker. The shape of the circumoral spines in A. texanus n. sp. is highly variable, and the type series includes specimens with spines similar to what described for both A. artus and A. varius. Allacanthochasmus texanus is the third species in the genus from North America, and at this time, all 3 species that are considered valid members of this genus have been described from white bass.
Defect Aggregation in Ion-Implanted GaAs

An (hν)2 dependence of the ion-Implantation induced near-band-edge optical attenuation on photon energy has been measured in GaAs. This relationship is observed for relatively high Xe+ ion fluence and ion flux levels and is more readily induced at elevated implant temperatures. The present optical attenuation results are analogous to those previously observed for heavily neutron irradiated GaAs. The dependence of the (hν)2 relationship on fluence, flux, and ion-implantation temperatures lends strong support to a model for which scattering and absorption is due to the formation of metallic-like defect aggregates. This dependence is not observed for low fluence Xe+ ion implantation or for heavy proton implantation.
The DNA Of Materials

Introductory physics labs provide many challenging yet applicable experiments and concepts to the many fields of engineering. One such lab has been developed at West Virginia University that explores resistivities of several different materials and ties this concept into electrical engineering practices and standards. Many students do not realize that resistivity is a very significant quantity that contributes greatly to the understanding of natural as well as man-made materials; it is the DNA of materials. This lab provides engineering students an opportunity to not only learn physics of materials, but to also gain real-world experience and understanding of why certain materials are used in electronic devices and when designing and constructing buildings. This lab has been implemented in several introductory lab levels here at West Virginia University, and all have been met with enthusiasm and strong participation. In our pre-engineering physics course, this has been especially effective, as it has given the students some hands-on experience with physics principles that they will make use of in their future careers.
Marital Status as a Partial Mediator of the Associations Between Young Adult Substance Use and Subsequent Substance Use Disorder: Application of Causal Inference Methods.

Objective:Young adult substance use is linked with the risk of substance use disorders (SUDs) later in adulthood. Marriage may be part of this pathway because of both selection effects (early subst...
Low-Rank Matrix Recovery from One-Bit Comparison Information

In this paper, we study the problem of low-rank matrix recovery based on the information obtained by comparing matrix entries (where each comparison is represented by one-bit) and not the entries themselves. This is highly relevant in the context of recommendation systems, due to the fact that users (particularly those less familiar with the rating system) are more comfortable with comparing products than giving exact ratings. We investigate when and how a low-rank matrix (such as a rating matrix in the recommendation system) can be efficiently recovered using one-bit data, particularly by establishing the limitations of such a recovery. We devise a computational approach based on matrix factorization to accomplish the reconstruction task. The numerical examples exhibit the significant potential of the proposed approach in low-rank matrix recovery from one-bit comparison information.
The scalar curvature problem on \(S^n\): an approach via Morse theory

We prove the existence of positive solutions for the equation on $S^n - 4 \times \frac{(n-1)}{(n-2)}\Delta_{g_0} u + n (n-1) u = (1+\varepsilon K_0(x))u^{2^*-1}$ , where $\Delta_{g_0}$ is the Laplace-Beltrami operator on $S^n, 2^*$ is the critical Sobolev exponent, and $\varepsilon$ is a small parameter. The problem can be reduced to a finite dimensional study which is performed via Morse theory.
Masters Program Flexible Endoscopy Pathway: Diagnostic Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

Diagnostic esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is one of the most common procedures performed by surgeons and gastroenterologists. There is an ever-expanding number of indications to perform an EGD, while there are few absolute contraindications. EGD is the only modality to allow direct visualization of the upper gastrointestinal tract and obtain a tissue biopsy. A complete diagnostic EGD includes adequate pre-procedure preparation of the patient and the supporting staff, a comprehensive examination and a detailed documentation. Indications, patient preparation, and detailed maneuvers for successful completion of a diagnostic EGD are discussed in this chapter.
Ground Truth Annotator and 3D Dataset Generator for Validation of Nuclei Segmentation Programs

Image-based analysis of developmental processes is crucial to understand the mechanisms controlling animal development. In vertebrate embryos such as the zebrafish, nuclei segmentation plays an important role to detect and quantify nuclei over space and time. Several object segmentation methods have been developed to track the nuclei position in fluorescent live imaging. However, image quality limitations and the lack of sufficient ground truth datasets may affect the segmentation performance and robustness. High quality reliable ground truth data and synthetic datasets are needed to improve segmentation accuracy and robustness, and to provide large databases of manually curated and segmented images. Here we provide a benchmarking dataset generator and a segmentation validation tool. 1) GRU3D is the 3D ground truth annotation tool and segmentation result viewer; 2) SYNIMAGE is the synthetic nuclei data generator, and 3) SEG3D is a 3D segmentation method comparison graphical user interface (GUI) that can be used to compare nuclei segmentation performance.
Definition of a high-risk population among patients with AL amyloidosis not undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation using bone marrow plasmacytosis and the presence of CRAB.

8516 Background: There is consensus that light chain amyloidosis (AL) patients with CRAB criteria (abnormal calcium or renal function, anemia or lytic bone lesions) also have multiple myeloma (MM)....
Characteristics of Concussion in Elementary School-Aged Children: Implications for Clinical Management

Objective To comprehensively characterize the clinical presentation and course of care for concussion among 5- to 11-year-old children, identifying preinjury and injury factors potentially influencing clinical outcomes. Study design A single-institution retrospective cohort study using electronic health record data from children ages 5- to 11 years with a concussion from July 1, 2014, through June 30, 2015. Electronic health record data were abstracted for a 20% random sample of 292 patients. Results Three-fourths of patients (74.3%) presenting for concussion care had a standardized visiovestibular assessment performed. Almost all of those who eventually sought specialty care (92.9%) also had such an assessment, and only 42.9% patients initially seen in the emergency department or urgent care were examined in this manner. Of those assessed, 62.7% (n = 136) demonstrated deficits, with children ages 9-11 years more frequently exhibiting deficits than their younger counterparts (67.9% vs 53.2%; P = .03). Almost all patients (95.9%) reported at least 1 somatic symptom (eg, headache, dizziness), and one-half to two-thirds reported problems with sleep (54.1%) and visiovestibular symptoms (66.1%). Only 11.6% of children were referred for rehabilitation therapies and less than one-half of concussed patients (43.8%) were provided with a letter recommending school accommodations. Conclusions Somatic symptoms, sleep problems, and visiovestibular deficits are common in elementary school-aged children with concussion, but specific visiovestibular clinical assessments are often not performed, particularly in the emergency department setting. Recommendations for school accommodations are often not provided at the time of concussion diagnosis. Incorporating a standardized visiovestibular assessment into practice could facilitate early targeted school accommodations and thereby improve return to learning for elementary school-aged children with concussion.
Association of Work Requirements With Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Participation by Race/Ethnicity and Disability Status, 2013-2017.

Importance Increased work requirements have been proposed throughout federal safety net programs, including the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). Participation in SNAP is associated with reduced food insecurity and improved health. Objectives To determine whether SNAP work requirements are associated with lower rates of program participation and to examine whether there are racial/ethnic disparities or spillover effects for people with disabilities, who are not intended to be affected by work requirements. Design, Setting, and Participants This nationally representative, pooled cross-sectional study examined how changes in SNAP work requirements at state and local levels in the US are associated with changes in food voucher program participation. The study combined information on state and local SNAP work requirements with repeated cross-sections from the 2012 through 2017 American Community Survey (with outcomes covering 2013 to 2017). The analytical approaches were based on difference-in-difference and triple-difference methods, after controlling for other economic and social factors. The sample included low-income adults without dependents, stratified by racial/ethnic group and disability status. The study also included parents who would otherwise meet work requirement criteria as a comparison group to estimate triple-difference models. This accounted for otherwise unobserved factors affecting trends in SNAP participation within local areas. Data were analyzed from January 2019 through March 2020. Exposure Residence in areas where SNAP work requirements apply. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome is SNAP participation measured by whether anyone in the household received food vouchers at any point over the prior 12 months. Results The final analytical sample included 866 000 low-income adults (weighted mean [SE] age, 33.6 [0.01] years; 42.5% [SE, 0.07%] men). The racial/ethnic breakdown was 56.5% (SE, 0.07%) non-Hispanic white respondents, 19.4% (SE, 0.06%) non-Hispanic black respondents, 17.7% (SE, 0.06%) Hispanic respondents, 2.5% (SE, 0.02%) Asian respondents, and 3.9% (SE, 0.03%) respondents of other or multiple races. In final triple-difference models, work requirements were associated with a 4.0 percentage point decrease in participation (95% CI, –0.048 to –0.032;P Conclusions and Relevance Because of the association of SNAP with food security and health, work requirements that lead to benefit loss may create nutritional and health harm for low-income Americans. These findings suggest that there may be racially disparate consequences and unintended harm for those with disability.
TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 proteins in corneas with and without stromal fibrosis: Delayed regeneration of apical epithelial growth factor barrier and the epithelial basement membrane in corneas with stromal fibrosis

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression and localization of transforming growth factor (TGF) β1 and TGFβ2 in rabbit corneas that healed with and without stromal fibrosis, and to further study defective perlecan incorporation in the epithelial basement membrane (EBM) in corneas with scarring fibrosis. A total of 120 female rabbits had no surgery, −4.5D PRK, or -9D PRK. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed at time points from unwounded to eight weeks after surgery, with four corneas at each time point in each group. Multiplex IHC was performed for TGFβ1 or TGFβ2, with Image-J quantitation, and keratocan, vimentin, alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA), perlecan, laminin-alpha 5, nidogen-1 or CD11b. Corneas at the four-week peak for myofibroblast and fibrosis development were evaluated using Imaris 3D analysis. Delayed regeneration of both an apical epithelial growth factor barrier and EBM barrier function, including defective EBM perlecan incorporation, was greater in high injury -9D PRK corneas compared to −4.5D PRK corneas without fibrosis. Defective apical epithelial growth factor barrier and EBM allowed epithelial and tear TGFβ1 and tear TGFβ2 to enter the corneal stroma to drive myofibroblast generation in the anterior stroma from vimentin-positive corneal fibroblasts, and likely fibrocytes. Vimentin-positive cells and unidentified vimentin-negative, CD11b-negative cells also produce TGFβ1 and/or TGFβ2 in the stroma in some corneas. TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 were at higher levels in the anterior stroma in the weeks preceding myofibroblast development in the -9D group. All -9D corneas (beginning two to three weeks after surgery), and four −4.5D PRK corneas developed significant SMA + myofibroblasts and stromal fibrosis. Both the apical epithelial growth factor barrier and/or EBM barrier functions tended to regenerate weeks earlier in −4.5D PRK corneas without fibrosis, compared to −4.5D or -9D PRK corneas with fibrosis. SMA-positive myofibroblasts were markedly reduced in most corneas by eight weeks after surgery. The apical epithelial growth factor barrier and EBM barrier limit TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 entry into the corneal stroma to modulate corneal fibroblast and myofibroblast development associated with scarring stromal fibrosis. Delayed regeneration of these barriers in corneas with more severe injuries promotes myofibroblast development, prolongs myofibroblast viability and triggers stromal scarring fibrosis.
Eye tracking reveals expertise-related differences in the time-course of medical image inspection and diagnosis

Purpose: Physicians’ eye movements provide insights into relative reliance on different visual features during medical image review and diagnosis. Current theories posit that increasing expertise is associated with relatively holistic viewing strategies activated early in the image viewing experience. This study examined whether early image viewing behavior is associated with experience level and diagnostic accuracy when pathologists and trainees interpreted breast biopsies. Approach: Ninety-two residents in training and experienced pathologists at nine major U.S. medical centers interpreted digitized whole slide images of breast biopsy cases while eye movements were monitored. The breadth of visual attention and frequency and duration of eye fixations on critical image regions were recorded. We dissociated eye movements occurring early during initial viewing (prior to first zoom) versus later viewing, examining seven viewing behaviors of interest. Results: Residents and faculty pathologists were similarly likely to detect critical image regions during early image viewing, but faculty members showed more and longer duration eye fixations in these regions. Among pathology residents, year of residency predicted increasingly higher odds of fixating on critical image regions during early viewing. No viewing behavior was significantly associated with diagnostic accuracy. Conclusions: Results suggest early detection and recognition of critical image features by experienced pathologists, with relatively directed and efficient search behavior. The results also suggest that the immediate distribution of eye movements over medical images warrants further exploration as a potential metric for the objective monitoring and evaluation of progress during medical training.
Measurements at Low Energies of the Polarization-Transfer Coefficient \(\) for the Reaction \(\)H\(\)He at \(\)

Measurements of the transverse polarization-transfer coefficient \(\) for the reaction \(\)H\(\)He are reported for outgoing neutron energies of 1.94, 5.21, and 5.81 MeV. This reaction is important both as a source of polarized neutrons for nuclear-physics experiments, and as a test of theoretical descriptions of the nuclear four-body system. Comparison is made to previous measurements, confirming that the \(\)H\(\)He reaction can be used as a polarized neutron source with the polarization known to an accuracy of approximately 5%. Comparison to R-matrix theory suggests that the sign of the \(\) phase-shift parameter is incorrect. Changing the sign of this parameter dramatically improves the agreement between theory and experiment.
Method of Enhancing the Accuracy of Indoor Positioning (RSSI to UL-AOA)

Nowadays, with the rapid development of urbanization worldwide, the indoor area has become complex. Even with floor maps and guidance signs, people waste time on self-location in an unfamiliar building for the reason that the mature location services like GPS are limited as outdoor positioning series, and the method of indoor positioning is relatively missing or rough. Therefore, the better indoor positioning systems are in a highly command. The indoor positioning system has the goals for realizing the location marked and tracking of people and objects in indoor scenes. This paper focused on the main positioning method in use, which is distance-based positioning algorithm. Then, the advantages and disadvantages of the mainstream algorithms RSSI and AOA were discussed. At last, by comparing the current research, the author put forward an optimized indoor positioning algorithm based on AOA, which may become the mainstream in the future.
Impacts of Inventory Record Inaccuracy on Retailers’ Internal Operations

We present a continuous-time stochastic formulation of the standard Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) model incorporating all major costs incurred in carrying a product, including the cost of restocking, the cost of auditing the shelf stock level, the opportunity cost of capital, the cost of loss process, and the costs caused by not serving demand. In this formulation, the loss process is an unobservable point process while the demand point process is observed only when the item is in stock. The retailer’s control problem is reduced to an optimal stopping problem (corresponding to the restocking time) during which the shelf stock level can be audited finite number of times. The solution to the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation of this stopping problem is fully characterized and constructed by applying a differential operator finite number of times. In particular, a closed-form expression for the optimal value function is obtained when auditing is infeasible or suboptimal. It is proved that the optimal restocking policy is a threshold policy in a three-dimensional state space that defines the Bayesian belief dynamics of the shelf stock level. Complete comparative statics analysis of this probability threshold along with its corresponding stopping time equivalent in the time domain are provided. We show that the jointly optimal auditing policy is not a threshold-based policy, that is the state trajectory can enter and leave the optimal audit region, leading to a finite time window during which auditing is optimal. We present a numerical example to illustrate the functional form of the optimal solution and estimate the impacts of inventory record inaccuracy on increasing the net present value of the expected total cost of carrying a product. The performance of the optimal policy is also compared with the best performing threshold-based heuristic policies in both time and probability domains. We show in this example that when the distribution of the shelf stock level is dynamically tracked, auditing the shelf stock level has a negligible impact on reducing the net present value of the expected total cost of carrying a product.
Land-use planning for health: Tradeoffs and nonlinearities govern how land-use change impacts vector-borne disease risk

Patterns of land-use can affect the transmission of many infectious diseases with human health implications; yet, applied ecosystem service models have rarely accounted for disease transmission risk. A mechanistic understanding of how land-use changes alter infectious disease transmission would help to target public health interventions and to minimize human risk of disease with either ecosystem degradation or restoration. Here, we present a spatially explicit model of disease transmission on heterogeneous landscapes that is designed to serve as a road map for modeling the multifaceted impacts of land-use on disease transmission. We model the transmission of three vector-borne diseases with distinct transmission dynamics (parameterized using published literature to represent dengue, yellow fever, and malaria) on simulated landscapes of varying spatial heterogeneity in tree cover and urban area. Overall, we find that these three diseases depend on the biophysical landscape in different nonlinear ways, leading to tradeoffs in disease risk across the landscape; rarely do we predict disease risk to be high for all three diseases in a local setting. We predict that dengue risk peaks in areas of high urban intensity and human population density, yellow fever risk peaks in areas with low to moderate human population density and high tree cover, and malaria risk peaks where patchy tree cover abuts urban area. To examine how this approach can inform land use planning, we applied the model to a small landscape to the northwest of Bogota, Colombia under multiple restoration scenarios. We predict that in an area inhabited by both Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus, any increase in overall tree cover would increase dengue and yellow fever risk, but that risk can be minimized by pursuing a large contiguous reforestation project as opposed to many small, patchy projects. A large contiguous reforestation project is also able to both reduce overall malaria risk and the number of malaria hotspots. As sustainable development goals make ecosystem restoration and biodiversity conservation top priorities, it is imperative that land use planning account for potential impacts on both disease transmission and other ecosystem services. Open Research statement All data and code used in this study are available in the online supplemental material. Code and data are also hosted at: https://github.com/morgankain/Land-Use_Disease_Model.
Developmentally dynamic colocalization patterns of DSCAM with adhesion and synaptic proteins in the mouse retina

Purpose The Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam) gene is required for normal dendrite arborization and lamination in the mouse retina. In this study, we characterized the developmental localization of the DSCAM protein to better understand the postnatal stages of retinal development during which laminar disorganization occur in the absence of the protein.
Causality in Complex Systems

Systems involving many interacting variables are at the heart of the natural and social sciences. Causal language is pervasive in the analysis of such systems, especially when insight into their behavior is translated into policy decisions. This is exemplified by economics, but to an increasing extent also by biology, due to the advent of sophisticated tools to identify the genetic basis of many diseases. It is argued here that a regularity notion of causality can only be meaningfully defined for systems with linear interactions among their variables. For the vastly more important class of nonlinear systems, no such notion is likely to exist. This thesis is developed with examples of dynamical systems taken mostly from mathematical biology. It is discussed with particular reference to the problem of causal inference in complex genetic systems, systems for which often only statistical characterizations exist.