cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coupled transport of fluxes as caused by confined reactions

Abstract The effect of confined chemical reaction on the coupling of fluxes has been studied. The confined reactions are found to produce strong coupling between various diffusive fluxes and between diffusive fluxes and chemical reactions. A general mathematical framework has been derived for coupled transport with a single reversible reaction. The reaction is assumed to be near equilibrium so that an analytical solution can be obtained. Some specific cases of coupled transport have been solved using this general mathematical framework. The extension of the theory to more than one reaction is considered. Useful applications might include electrical generation from the CO 2 gradient of power plants or chemical refrigeration. Many other possible processes are suggested.
Palynology and palynostratigraphy of Maastrichtian, Paleocene, and Eocene strata in the Denver Basin, Colorado

Palynological analysis provides data for determinations of ages and paleoenvironments of Maastrichtian, Paleocene, and Eocene strata in the Denver Basin. These strata were sampled on the surface at natural and artificial outcrops (construction sites) and in the subsurface via auger, drill core, and well cuttings. Extensive artificial outcrops existed temporarily during construction of the Denver International Airport. The Kiowa core, drilled as part of the Denver Museum of Nature & Science9s Denver Basin Project, is the principal palynostratigraphic reference section for the basin. It is supplemented by data from the Castle Pines core. Palynostratigraphic zonations of the Kiowa and Castle Pines cores are correlated with magnetostratigraphic zonations in the same cores. Regionally known palynostratigraphic biozones are present in the basin, as follows: Aquilapollenites striatus Interval Zone (Maastrichtian) in the Fox Hills and Laramie Formations; Wodehouseia spinata Assemblage Zone (uppermost Maastrichtian) in the lower part of the D1 sequence; Zones P1 through P3 (lower Paleocene) in the upper part of the D1 sequence; Zone P6 (uppermost Paleocene) locally at the base of the D2 sequence; and Zone E (lowermost Eocene) in the D2 sequence, above the basin-wide paleosol unit. The K–T boundary is bracketed by samples from the Kiowa and Castle Pines cores and is located within centimeters at the West Bijou Site. The Paleocene–Eocene boundary is determined to be within the paleosol unit of the Denver Basin, near the base of the D2 sequence. These and other palynological age determinations supplement independent paleobotanical and vertebrate paleontological research in the Denver Basin.
Aircraft release of sulfur hexafluoride as an atmospheric tracer

A simple apparatus has been devised for the release of SF/sub 6/ tracer from a small, single-engine aircraft. Up to 100 lb of tracer can be released and discharge rate varied by the use of different size nozzles. Since the SF/sub 6/ is released as a liquid, no heated manifold or other external heating is required. 24 references, 5 figures.
The theory and practice of finance in the 1990s

Abstract This study is focused around a survey of corporate finance executives. Its purposes were to look at conflicts or inconsistencies between what is written in finance literature and practices within the industry, to address issues not considered in prior surveys, as well as the trend of financial executives in responding to surveys, to understand the changes that have occurred in the use of capital budgeting tools, and finally to tie the various issues of corporate finance together in one survey. Prior surveys have generally covered only one issue, such as capital budgeting. The response rate to the survey is one of the highest found in recent studies and much is added to our knowledge about what executives do and how their behavior parallels the shareholder wealth maximization model and what is written in textbooks.
Regional development of carbachol-, glutamate-, norepinephrine-, and serotonin-stimulated phosphoinositide metabolism in rat brain

Abstract Phosphoinositide metabolism stimulated by activation of cholinergic muscarinic, glutamatergic, α-adrenergic and serotoninergic receptors was measured in brain regions of the developing rats. Accumulation of [3H]inositol phosphates ([3H]InsPs) in [3H]inositol-prelabeled slices from cerebral cortex, hippocampus, brainstem and cerebellum was measured as an index of phosphoinositide metabolism. Large age-, neurotransmitter receptor-, and brain region-dependent differences were found. Carbachol-stimulated [3H]InsPs accumulation peaked on postnatal day 7 in cerebral cortex and hippocampus while in cerebellum and brainstem the effect of muscarinic stimulation was maximal at birth and then declined to adulthood. The effect of glutamate also showed a peak on day 7 in hippocampus and brainstem and a developmentally related decrease in cerebral cortex. In the cerebellum, on the other hand, the response to glutamate remained sustained through adulthood. Stimulation of phosphoinositide metabolism by norepinephrine increased with age in hippocampus and cerebral cortex, but decreased in the cerebellum, while the effect of serotonin did not change significantly with age except in cerebellum. These changes in receptor-stimulated phosphoinositide metabolism do not parallel, for the most part, the ontogeny of receptor recognition sites. Activation of the phosphoinositide metabolism pathway leads to an increase in intracellular calcium levels and to stimulation of protein kinase C, which are believed to play significant roles in cellular proliferation and differentiation. Thus, the differential ability of neurotransmitters to stimulate phosphoinositide hydrolysis might play a role in the development of brain regions.
Prenatal depression effects on the fetus and the newborn

Prenatal mood and biochemistry levels were assessed in women with (N=70) and without (N=70) depressive symptoms during their second trimester of pregnancy. At the neonatal period maternal and neonatal biochemistry, EEG and vagal tone levels were assessed, neonatal behavioral states were observed and the Brazelton neurobehavioral assessment was conducted. The mothers with depressive symptoms had higher prenatal cortisol levels and lower dopamine and serotonin levels. Mothers with depressive symptoms were also more likely to deliver prematurely and have low birthweight babies. The newborns of mothers with depressive symptoms had higher cortisol levels and lower dopamine and serotonin levels, thus mimicking their mothers prenatal levels. On the Brazelton Scale, the newborns of depressed mothers had less optimal habituation, orientation, motor, range of state, autonomic stability and depressed scores. A path analysis was conducted to assess the effects of prenatal depression and the mothers’ prepartum biochemistry on gestational age and birthweight. As predicted in the model proposed, prenatal depression was related to prepartum cortisol and norepinephrine levels, and cortisol levels were in turn negatively related to prematurity, and norepinephrine levels were positively related to low birthweight.
Multilevel parallelization on the cell/B.E. for a motion JPEG 2000 encoding server

The Cell Broadband Engine (Cell/B.E.) is a novel multi-core microprocessor designed to provide high-performance processing capabilities for a wide range of applications. In this paper, we describe the world's first JPEG 2000 and Motion JPEG 2000 encoder on Cell/B.E. Novel parallelization techniques for a Motion JPEG 2000 encoder that unleash the performance of the Cell/B.E. are proposed. Our Motion JPEG 2000 encoder consists of multiple video frame encoding servers on a cluster system for high-level parallelization. Each video frame encoding server runs on a heterogeneous multi-core Cell/B.E. processor, and utilizes its 8 Synergistic Processor Elements (SPEs) for low-level parallelization of the time consuming parts of the JPEG 2000 encoding process, such as the wavelet transform, the bit modeling, and the arithmetic coding. The effectiveness of high-level parallelization by the cluster system is also described, not only for the parallel encoding, but also for scalable performance improvement for real-time encoding and future enhancements. We developed all of the code from scratch for effective multilevel parallelization. Our results show that the Cell/B.E. is extremely efficient for this workload compared with commercially available processors, and thus we conclude that the Cell/B.E. is quite suitable for encoding next generation large pixel formats, such as 4K/2K-Digital Cinema.
Concerning bounded-right-context grammars☆

Abstract Consider the problem of testing whether a context-free grammar is an (m, n)-BRC grammar. Let ‖G‖ denote the size of the grammar G. It is first shown that G is (m, n)-BRC if and only if G is (m0, n)-BRC where m0=4·‖G‖2·(n + 1)2. Deterministic and nondeterministic algorithms are then presented for testing whether an arbitrary grammar has the (m, n)-BRC property for fixed values of m and n. The running times of both algorithms are low degree polynomials which are independent of m.
The Psychological Maltreatment Rating Scales

Psychological maltreatment is gaining recognition as one of the core concepts in child welfare, however, its utility has been limited by definitional problems and the absence of operationalized and validated instruments. These Psychological Maltreatment Rating Scales (PMRS) were developed for assessing psychological maltreatment in mother-child interaction, and were used to rate the videotaped interaction of 49 high-risk mother-child dyads and make predictions of child protective service involvement with the dyads. These predictions are compared with predictions based upon mothers' personal resources and social support. Results show that the PMRS is a moderately reliable and valid measure of psychologically maltreating and prosocial parental behavior that can discriminate between maltreating and comparison parents, and is a more effective predictor than maternal measures. Three factors of parenting emerged from an exploratory factor analysis: emotional abuse, and two factors of positive parenting. Psychological abuse was the presence of hostile behavior, and psychological neglect the absence of positive parenting.
Rapid release of 1.5 equivalents of hydrogen from CO2-treated ammonia borane

Abstract This work addresses the accelerated dehydrogenation of ammonia borane (AB, NH3BH3) in two separate processes of CO2 pre-treatment of AB and dehydrogenation of the treated AB. Decoupling these two processes can still keep the dehydrogenation activity of CO2-treated AB and eliminate the purification step of H2 from gas phase. When AB is exposed to 1.38 MPa of carbon dioxide (CO2) at 70 °C, it shows the most favorable and controllable operating condition for the CO2 pre-treatment. The pre-treatment enhances not only the rate but also the amount of hydrogen release at the dehydrogenation step; 1.5 mol H2 per mol of AB rapidly desorbs at 85 °C in 1 h, corresponding to 10.1 wt.% of hydrogen with regard to pristine AB. Also, our observations show that the fast dehydrogenation resulted from the CO2 pre-treatment is preserved for more than four days of storage. The degree of dehydrogenation is further confirmed by ATR-FTIR spectroscopic and elemental analyses of the solid product. The spectra display the N–H stretching mode involving π-bonded nitrogen (sp2 N) at ca. 3434 cm−1,while the atom ratio of H:B is found to be 2.84:1. Based on the hydrogen release measurements, spectroscopic observations and elemental analyses, we deduce that the predominant solid product of dehydrogenation of CO2-treated AB at 85 °C is a polymer with an empirical formula of (NBH3)n. It corresponds to the solid product after 1.5 equivalent hydrogen release of AB.
Controlling the hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation

The hemodynamic response to the stress of laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation does not present a problem for most patients. However, patients with cardiovascular or cerebral disease may be at increased risk of morbidity and mortality from the tachycardia and hypertension resulting from this stress. These hemodynamic effects gained notice after the introduction and use of muscle relaxants, such as curare and succinylcholine, for endotracheal intubation at the time of anesthesia induction. A variety of anesthetic techniques and drugs are available to control the hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and intubation. The method or drug of choice depends on many factors, including the urgency and length of surgery, choice of anesthetic technique, route of administration, medical condition of the patient, and individual preference. The possible solutions number as many as the medications and techniques available and depend on the individual patient and anesthesia care provider. This paper reviews these medications and techniques to guide the clinician in choosing the best methods.
The Scattering of Tubular Objects

The scattering intensity due to tubular objects as exemplified by certain halloysites is discussed. The intensity function is characterized by the presence of bands with a steep inside front and long trailing tails. The intensities of these bands are largely determined by the “unit cell” of the curved sheets which make up the tube, while the positions of the edges of the bands are characteristic of dimensions and type of unit cell. The region of reciprocal space close to the Z-axis (chosen parallel to the axis of the tube) contains information about the over-all structure of the tube. An electron diffraction photograph of a single halloysite tube (Taggart, Milligan and Studer, presented at the Third National Clay Conference) illustrates these features. Additional equatorial reflections indicate that the curved sheet has in turn a layer structure, the layers in effect having random displacement to each other.
Resonant grating reflection filters for normally incident Gaussian beams

The performance of a resonant grating reflection filter is evaluated for a normally incident monochromatic Gaussian beam. Improved filtering characteristics including increased reflected power, peak reflection efficiency and decreased reflected beam profile degradation are shown.
Plasma membrane localization and fusion inhibitory activity of the cowpox virus serpin SPI-3 require a functional signal sequence and the virus encoded hemagglutinin.

Abstract The cowpox virus (CPV) glycoprotein serpin SPI-3, a functional protease inhibitor, and the viral hemagglutinin (HA) are required to prevent fusion of wt CPV infected cells. SPI-3 and HA from CPV infected cells co-localize to the plasma membrane and are found in extracellular enveloped virus (EEV). We also show that an N-terminal SPI-3 signal sequence, but not glycosylation, is required for membrane localization and fusion inhibition. In the absence of HA (CPVΔHA), no SPI-3 is found on the membrane and infected cells fuse. Conversely, HA from both wt CPV and CPVΔSPI-3 infections is on the membrane, indicating a requirement of HA for SPI-3 plasma membrane localization. In the absence of HA, secretion of SPI-3 or SPI-3 N-glyc(−) was markedly enhanced, suggesting HA serves to retain SPI-3 on the plasma membrane,thereby preventing cell fusion.
PULMONARY DISEASES IN WOMEN

The impact of pulmonary disease on the entire population is far-reaching. Diseases in which morbidity and mortality should be declining are showing opposite trends. This is especially true among women, particularly as it pertains to tobacco-related respiratory illnesses. The scope of disease does not end there. Women are affected by a large array of respiratory disorders, and only recently has there been significant study into the appropriate diagnostic techniques and treatment options specifically geared to women. This article reviews pulmonary disorders that affect both genders but have specific importance in women's health. A large portion of the article is dedicated to smoking, smoking-related problems, and smoking cessation. This article has particular importance not only because of the number of women who smoke, but also because the diseases caused by tobacco smoking are preventable. Therefore, it seems only logical that great emphasis should be placed on patient and physician education regarding smoking and smoking cessation. This article also addresses specific disorders that occur more frequently in women.
Dependence of fracture ductility on thickness

Abstract Experimental and numerical study was performed on flat rectangular plates with a circular hole subjected to tensile load. Eighteen specimens with different thicknesses and different diameters of holes were tested all the way to fracture covering the range from plane stress to a full three-dimensional state of stress. These tests reveal that equivalent strain to fracture initiation increases with the ratio of thickness to ligament, reaches maximum and then decreases again. The effectiveness of shell elements in modeling fracture ductility was also evaluated. It is concluded that the shell element model is not suitable for plates with the ratio of thickness to ligament larger than 0.5. By comparing the results of tests and numerical simulations, some observations were made on the dependence of the equivalent strain to fracture on the stress triaxiality.
Clinical update on renal aquaporins

Following the discovery of the aquaporin-1 water channel over a decade ago, molecular techniques have been developed to examine the role of renal aquaporin water channels under numerous physiological and pathological conditions. The present article reviews current knowledge regarding the function and dysfunction of renal aquaporins in disorders of water metabolism.
New Fabrication Techniques Enable New Optics Designs

Several schemes for fabricating micro-optics are described: 1.) diamond-milling and 2.) Deep X-ray Lithography of lenses, 3.) LIGA fabrication of photonic bandgap materials, and 4.) forming array of wave-guides that function like telescope.
2005 SSSR Presidential Address: On Being a Community of Scholars—Practicing the Study of Religion

Given the opportunity to address this Society, I have chosen to reflect on the work we do together, especially as that work is displayed in our annual gathering. This gathering, like many of the events we study, is a ritual that intensifies and celebrates the “profane” work we do in “ordinary time.”1 It identifies us to others and to ourselves. And occasionally it allows us to see ourselves in a new light. From scattered locations around the globe, many know us only through our journal, but others—from time to time—participate in the fall meeting that renews and develops the intellectual and social world that defines our work. I have been a participant observer in these meetings for longer than I like to think about, and I have seen folkways worthy of any obscure cultural group. There are the initiation rituals of neophytes who have to deliver their first paper when they have just learned that their intellectual hero (or nemesis) is sitting in the back row. There are the magical rites performed by scholars who are sure that 20 pages can be delivered in 10 minutes. And there are the pecking orders that can be observed in hallway greetings.2 Exploring those folkways might be quite amusing, but my goal here is to take a step back to ask what all those rituals signify—Why does this group gather at all and what does this ritual occasion reveal about how the group is being transformed? In asking how we are being transformed, I have to confess to an agenda. Both in the observations that follow and in the form they take, I hope to embody and facilitate some of those changes. To state my hope quite clearly—the vitality of this community of scholars will best be fostered by bringing diverse perspectives to a common task. The form of this essay (and of the address on which it is based) is therefore intentional. I asked four friends to help me in reporting on the rituals of this gathering and in reflecting on the identity those rituals celebrate. While each is well-versed in the literatures behind the ideas they are presenting, I asked them to focus especially on what was presented at the meetings instead. Each of them is newer in this “tribe” than I and brings fresher ears to the task, and they represent diverse research interests and diverse ethnic identities. All of us are convinced that no single observer can stand alone to declare what is true about the world. We will come closer to understanding who we are by listening to multiple voices.
Practical science—research helping beekeepers 2. Colony manipulations for honey production

Because they are good pollinators, honey bees contribute profoundly to world food production. Because they flourish in hives, they provide hours of fun and relaxation to hobby beekeepers. Because they are social and manageable, honey bees are a favoured laboratory animal for scientists and educators. But for most people, honey bees are what their name says—bees that make a lot of honey. Optimizing honey production has been the focus of much research over several decades, and there are many success stories in which scientists and beekeepers identified a principle of bee biology and developed it into a profitable practice. I describe some of these success stories here. Honey production is a function of local weather, flora, bee densities, bee genetics, colony health, and colony manipulations by the beekeeper. I limit this discussion to colony manipulations.
Regulated expression of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA repair gene RAD7 in response to DNA damage and during sporulation

The RAD7 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae affects the proficiency of excision repair of DNA damaged by UV light. Here, we report our studies on the regulation of the RAD7 gene in response to UV irradiation and during sporulation. RAD7 transcript levels increased 6-fold within 40 min of exposure of cells to 37 J/m2 of UV light. Higher UV doses also elicited rapid increases in the level of RAD7 mRNA. RAD7 mRNA levels increased in sporulating MATa/MAT alpha diploid cells, but not in the asporogenous MATa/MATa strain exposed to sporulation conditions. The increase in RAD7 mRNA level in MATa/MAT alpha cells was 15-fold after 6 h and 9-fold after 7 h in sporulation medium; thereafter, RAD7 mRNA levels declined. Periodic transcription of RAD7 during sporulation suggests a role for RAD7 in this process.
Pattern Sensitive Placement Perturbation for Manufacturability

The gap between VLSI technology and fabrication technology leads to strong refractive effects in lithography. Consequently, it is a huge challenge to reliably print layout features on wafers. The quality and robustness of lithography directly depend on layout patterns. It becomes imperative to consider the manufacturability issue during layout design such that the burden of lithography process can be alleviated. In this paper, three algorithms, namely, cell flipping algorithm, single row optimization approach and multiple row optimization approach, are proposed to tune any existing cell placement to be lithography friendly. These algorithms are based on dynamic programming and graph theoretic approaches, and can provide different tradeoff between critical dimension (CD) variation reduction and wirelength increase. Using lithography simulations, our experimental results demonstrate that over 15% CD variation reduction can be obtained in post-OPC stage by the new approaches while only less than 1% additional wire is introduced.
Brain Slice Glucose Utilization

The metabolism of 2-deoxyglucose has been studied in 540 micron and 1,000 micron hypothalamic brain slices. Slice 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) and 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate (2DG6P) levels were measured after tissue homogenization and perchloric acid extraction. By analyzing the uptake and washout kinetics with nonlinear least-squares methods, we have determined the rate constants for three-, four-, or five-parameter kinetic models and obtained a value for the in vitro lumped constant (LC). The kinetic analysis reveals a small, slowly decaying, 2DG component that is not predicted by any of the models. If this component is treated as a separate, parallel compartment, then the four- and five-parameter models are essentially equivalent. To compare our data to prior in vivo data, we combined 2DG and 2DG6P to produce Ci*, the total slice radioactivity, and analyzed the first 45 min of uptake. These data were fit best by a three-parameter model and the slowly decaying pool was not identified. Calculation of glucose utilization from total tissue radioactivity, measured by whole slice homogenization and by image analysis of autoradiograms, showed excellent correlation between the two methods. Image analysis of radioactivity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which is present in these slices, revealed a spontaneous diurnal variation in in vitro glucose utilization in close quantitative agreement with prior in vivo measurements. The kinetic analysis of the 1,000 micron slice was qualitatively similar to that of the 540 micron slice but revealed an increase in the LC and a large decrease in k1 as well as the expected large increase in the hexokinase rate constant, k3. Overall, in vitro glucose utilization increased by about 60%. These results are consistent with our prior studies of the 1,000 micron slice and support our interpretation that the 1,000 micron slice is an excellent in vitro model for brain ischemia without infarction.
Tests enhance retention and transfer of spatial learning

Many studies have reported that tests are beneficial for learning (e.g., Roediger & Karpicke, 2006a). However, the majority of studies on the testing effect have been limited to a combination of relatively simple verbal tasks and final tests that assessed memory for the same material that had originally been tested. The present study explored whether testing is beneficial for complex spatial memory and whether these benefits hold for both retention and transfer. After encoding a three-dimensional layout of objects presented in a virtual environment, participants completed a judgment-of-relative-direction (JRD) task in which they imagined standing at one object, facing a second object, and pointed to a third object from the imagined perspective. Some participants completed this task by relying on memory for the previously encoded layout (i.e., the test conditions), whereas for others the location of the third object was identified ahead of time, so that retrieval was not required (i.e., the study condition). On a final test assessing their JRD performance, the participants who learned through test outperformed those who learned through study. This was true even when corrective feedback was not provided on the initial JRD task and when the final test assessed memory from vantage points that had never been practiced during the initial JRD.
Leg ornamentation and the efficacy of courtship display in four species of wolf spider (Araneae: Lycosidae)

This study used both correlative and experimental video playback methods to test the hypothesis that the secondary sexual traits of male wolf spiders act to increase the efficacy of visual courtship displays. Direct observations of courtship of several lycosid genera and a review of the literature revealed a significant association between ornamentation and visual courtship displays. This suggests that the ornamentation may be playing the role of amplifier for a visual display. To test this hypothesis, male courtship behaviors of four Schizocosa species were experimentally manipulated using video-imaging techniques. Females of species with non-visually displaying, non-ornamented males (Schizocosa duplex and S. uetzi) did not increase in frequency of receptivity when tufts were added to conspecific males. In a species with a visual display and foreleg pigmentation (S. stridulans), the addition of foreleg tufts increased female receptivity. In a tufted species (S. crassipes), females tended to decrease their receptivity when male ornamentation was completely removed. In visually displaying species, ornamentation acts to increase female receptivity, supporting its role as an amplifier of a visual display.
Layout-aware through-process circuit analysis

In the post-90 nm era, due to the advent of low-K1 lithography, variability of circuit parameters, such as effective gate-length and gate-width, is increasing. In this paper, we illustrate how we perform layout aware through process circuit analysis using simulated wafer contours and present results for a full-custom 4:2 compressor circuit.
MCMR: a multiple rule firing production system model

The performance of production programs can be improved by firing multiple rules in a production cycle. Although considerable amount of research has been done on parallel processing of production programs, the problem of multiple rule firing has not been thoroughly investigated yet. The authors begin by identifying the problems associated with multiple rule firing systems: the compatibility problem and the convergence problem. They then present the multiple-contexts-multiple-rules (MCMR) model which addresses these two problems. A production program executed under the MCMR is guaranteed to reach a solution which is equivalent to the sequential execution. The MCMR model has been simulated on the RUBIC simulator, and speedups of 3.18 to 20.38-folds over sequential execution have been obtained. >
Torque and optical traps

Optical traps are an important tool for research in the field of single molecule biophysics. Recent advances in optical trapping have extended their functionality from simple linear manipulation and measurement of forces, to now the ability to rotate objects and measure torques. This mini review summarizes these recent developments of the optical trap as a tool to apply and measure torque in biophysical applications.
Laser-Induced Multi-Crystallization of Thin Germanium Films

We report here the crystallization kinetics of thin (35nm and 60nm) amorphous as-deposited Ge filins using diffraction limited laser beam irradiation and laser pulses between 30ns and IreS. The recrystallization of crystalline as-deposited films was also studied for similar laser conditions. Crystallization was observed for pulses as short as 50ns. We conclude that the use of small beam spots (-1μm) gives a very different crystallization morphology from that observed previously for larger beam diameter and same laser pulse length. In our case for short irradiation times, the nucleation process dominates over crystal growth. Laser irradiation of as-deposited crystalline films produced grains with significantly less defects than grains crystallized from as-deposited amorphous films. Temperature calculations allow us to understand these results by showing that only the small spot irradiation sustains the material at high temperature for times comparable to the pulse width.
Simulation of ultra-short pulses in a storage ring

Simulation study was performed with the tracking code Elegant [M. Borland, APS Report LS-287] to show beam quality evolution for a short, intense electron bunch after being injected to the SPEAR3 storage ring. The electron bunch with an intensity of 1 mA (0.78 nC) and a length of nearly 1 ps (FWHM) is found to degrade rapidly due to coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) which causes large uneven longitudinal phase space distortion. The bunch length remains short and the longitudinal line density remains smooth for about 10 turns. For such a beam to circulate in the ring, a total of 10 MV rf power is needed to compensate for the energy loss.
The presence of I, H, HI, and i blood group substances in the tissues of rabbits, monkeys, and guinea pigs.

. The erythrocytes and organs of rabbits, monkeys, and guinea pigs were examined for the presence of I, H, HI, and i blood group substances. The aqueous layers of butanol extracts of red cells and selected organs were analyzed by the inhibition of agglutination procedure using test cells and antisera of human origin. Rabbits and guinea pigs were shown to possess I, H, and HI substances on their erythrocytes and in other body tissues. Guinea pig red cells were found to have i substance, also. With the exception of i substance on erythrocytes and H substance in gastric mucosa, none of the extracts prepared of monkey red cells and tissues exhibited I, HI, or H blood group activity.
Cigarette smoking behavior is strongly related to educational status: The cardia study☆

The prevalence and correlates of cigarette smoking were examined in 5,116 men and women ages 18-30 years including both blacks and whites of varied educational levels. Prevalence of smoking was approximately 30% in each race by gender subgroup after adjusting for age and education. The prevalence decreased with increasing education, from 54% among participants with less than a high school education to 12% among those with graduate degrees (P less than 0.001). Cessation rates followed a similar pattern, with former smokers twice as common among those with more education. Differences in smoking prevalence across occupational groups were largely explained by differences in educational achievement. More educated individuals smoked fewer cigarettes per day and chose brands with lower nicotine yield. Race and gender were not strongly related to smoking prevalence. However, among smokers, whites reported smoking 50% more cigarettes per day than blacks but the average nicotine and tar content of the cigarette was nearly three times higher among blacks than whites. The strong inverse relationship between education and cigarette smoking patterns has important implications for public health efforts directed at the prevention of cigarette smoking.
Minimal brain dysfunction symptoms claimed by primary and secondary alcoholics: relation to cognitive functioning.

A group of chronic alcoholics were classified as Primary or Secondary alcoholics according to a self-administering questionnaire. Primary, compared to Secondary, alcoholics claimed a significantly higher number of childhood symptoms associated with the Hyperkinetic and/or the Minimal Brain Dysfunction (Hk/MBD) Syndromes. Primary alcoholics also performed significantly poorer on the Shipley and Raven tests than Secondary alcoholics and had more severe alcoholic dependence scores. High Hk/MBD patients performed more poorly than Low Hk/MBD patients on the Shipley ard Raven tests. The results support the hypothesis that a childhood history of Hk/MBD might be a predisposing factor to a more severe type of alcoholism. The results also suggest that certain alcoholics may have premorbid deficits in cognitive functions.
Progress with the Lick adaptive optics system

Progress and results of observations with the Lick Observatory Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics System are presented. This system is optimized for diffraction-limited imaging in the near infrared, 1-2 micron wavelength bands. We describe our development efforts in a number of component areas including, a redesign of the optical bench layout, the commissioning of a new infrared science camera, and improvements to the software and user interface. There is also an ongoing effort to characterize the system performance with both natural and laser guide stars and to fold this data into a refined system model. Such a model can be used to help plan future observations, for example, predicting the point-spread function as a function of seeing and guide star magnitude.
Is CT Angiography of the Head Useful in the Management of Traumatic Brain Injury

Background Computed tomography angiography (CTA) has been increasingly used in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients to uncover vascular lesions that might have preceded the trauma and caused the bleed. This study aims to evaluate the usefulness of head CTA in the initial care of blunt TBI patients. Study Design We conducted a retrospective case-control analysis of adult TBI patients, admitted to our Level I trauma center from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2012. The patients were grouped as those with and without a CTA of the head. The primary outcomes included a change in management after the findings of head CTA and secondary outcomes included rate of admission to the ICU, ICU length of stay, hospital length of stay, discharge disposition, and mortality. Results Six hundred adult patients had blunt TBI and underwent head CT as a part of their evaluation. Of these 600 patients, 132 (22%) underwent head CTA in addition to CT. Only one patient had altered management after the CTA results; the patient had a diagnostic angiogram that was negative. Ninety-eight patients did not have any additional findings on CTA. Of the remaining 33 patients with additional CTA findings, 12 had incidental vascular malformations, which showed no acute pathology and were not related to the injury. In the matched comparisons, patients with CTA had a longer hospital stay, higher rate of ICU admission, and longer ICU stay. There was no significant difference in mortality and discharge disposition between the 2 groups. Conclusions Head CTA is commonly used after blunt TBI but does not alter management and should be abandoned in the absence of clear indications.
Anchors of Religious Commitment in Adolescents

This study explores adolescent religious commitment using qualitative data from a religiously diverse (Jewish, Christian, Muslim) sample of 80 adolescents. A new construct, anchors of religious commitment, grounded in interview data, is proposed to describe what adolescents commit to as a part of their religious identity. Seven anchors of religious commitment are discussed: (a) religious traditions, rituals, and laws; (b) God; (c) faith traditions or denominations; (d) faith community members; (e) parents; (f) scriptures or sacred texts; and (g) religious leaders. The findings broaden the conceptual understanding of commitment as a relational construct and not just a behavioral or attitudinal construct. Implications for future research on adolescent religious commitment are discussed along with practical implications for parents and religious leaders.
The Institutional Origins of Inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa

This article provides a political explanation for the unexpectedly high levels of income inequality found in the African region today. Traditional explanations for inequality are reviewed and found not to be compelling. Instead, it is argued that natural endowments in the region shaped the nature of colonial institutions, which in turn created the conditions for the high levels of inequality found today. The surprisingly high levels of inequality in Africa can be understood as resulting from a process of class formation linked to dynamics of state building that have their origins in the economic institutions of the early colonial state. Insofar as political power has often been used to gain economic advantages during the postcolonial era, inequality has changed little over the past 40 years, despite the official focus on development and poverty alleviation by donors and governments alike.
Comparative patterns of reading eye movement in Chinese and English.

Two very different language codes are exemplified by printed Chinese and English texts. Skilled native readers of each language have similar eye-movement patterns when care is taken to compare identical reading tasks and material and also to consider the Chinese multicharacter word. The similarity implies that both printed languages have been optimized to fit visual and oculomotor physiology and also higher level cognitive processes. Eye-movement recordings taken while subjects read from horizontal Chinese text, now widespread, and classical vertical text suggest that modern readers are now more at home with horizontal text; indeed, continued updating of reading skill appears necessary.
Expanding the Role of Mammographers: A Training Strategy to Enhance Mammographer-Patient Interaction

The use of routine mammography screening is associated with earlier breast cancer detection and decreased mortality. Several researchers have identified mammographers as potentially effective agents for encouraging patients to engage in routine screening. Mammographers are particularly well situated within the health care system to address patients' knowledge, psychological, and cultural barriers to routine screening. Few opportunities exist, however, for mammographers to acquire skills in providing culturally-sensitive patient education and emotional assessment to help women overcome such barriers. In 1997 the North Carolina Breast Cancer Screening Program (NC-BCSP) developed and implemented an innovative, two-hour training program to help mammographers address the educational and psychosocial needs of rural, African American women in eastern North Carolina. NC-BCSP's extensive survey data (n=2000), as well as qualitative data from 25 focus groups conducted with more than 200 rural African American women, were used to develop a curriculum titled Expanding the Role of Mammographers. It was the first American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT) accredited training program for mammographers in North Carolina that solely addressed psychosocial topics. The curriculum emphasized mammographers' potential impact on women's attitudes and behavioral intentions, and taught communication strategies to enhance mammographer-patient interaction. It included supplemental learning materials, skill-building exercises, and patient education materials to assist participants in applying new skills and knowledge. Of the 33 mammographers invited to the training, 19 attended. A structured evaluation form, completed by 18 participants, conveyed positive reactions to the intervention. This training workshop was conducted as part of NC-BCSP's much larger, community-based intervention; as such, it was not independently evaluated. NC-BCSP's broader intervention appears to be associated, however, with positive population-level changes in breast cancer awareness and mammography use.
Balloon embolectomy catheters in small arteries: a technique to prevent excessive shear forces.

Abstract Balloon embolectomy catheters were studied in canine common carotid arteries (2 to 3 mm) in vitro to evaluate a technique of preventing excessive shear forces and to examine the effect of blood within the lumen. Each balloon was studied at 25, 75, 125, or 150 mm Hg lateral wall pressure. Shear forces were recorded in 16 vessels when the balloons were distended before catheter withdrawl, and these data were compared with forces recorded when the balloons were distended during catheter withdrawl. Results showed that distention of the balloon during withdrawl reduced shear forces 43.8% to 55.8% (p
A Dynamic Load-Balanced Hashing Scheme for Networking Applications

Network applications often require large data storage resources, fast queries, and frequent updates. Hash tables support these operations with low costs, yet they cannot provide worst-case guarantees because of hash collisions. Also, the widely used, low-cost Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) cannot suitably accommodate hash tables because DRAMs provide full bandwidth only if accessed in bursts, whereas hash tables require random access. In this paper, we propose a hash co-processor to support hash tables on DRAMs. The co-processor provides a load-balancing method to reduce the impact of hash collisions on the worst-case behavior by moving multiple keys within the hash table in constant time. This leads to a balanced distribution of keys in the hash table despite the collisions. Furthermore, the coprocessor guarantees the full DRAM bandwidth is always utilized by defining all fundamental hash table operations, namely insert, query, and delete, in terms of burst accesses. In the worst case, the query, delete, and insert operations take one, two, and three burst accesses, respectively. The proposed architecture reduces hash overflows by 35% compared to a naive hash table and for each key uses 6.42 bits of on-chip memory.
Quantitative prediction of human pharmacokinetics for monoclonal antibodies: retrospective analysis of monkey as a single species for first-in-human prediction.

Prediction of human pharmacokinetics for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) plays an important role for first-in-human (FIH) dose selection. This retrospective analysis compares observed FIH pharmacokinetic data for 16 mAbs to those predicted in humans based on allometric scaling of Cynomolgus monkey pharmacokinetic data. Ten mAbs exhibited linear pharmacokinetics in monkeys based on non-compartmental analysis. For these, simple allometric scaling based on bodyweight was applied to predict human clearance (CL) and volume of distribution (Vd) from those obtained in monkeys. Six mAbs exhibited nonlinear pharmacokinetics in monkeys based on population modelling. For these, a population modelling approach using nonlinear mixed-effects modelling software, NONMEM®, was applied to describe monkey data by a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model with parallel linear and nonlinear elimination from the central compartment. The pharmacokinetic parameters in monkeys were then scaled to humans based on simple allometry. Human concentrationtime profiles of these mAbs were then simulated and compared with those observed in the FIH studies. Antibodies with linear elimination in monkeys also exhibited linear elimination in humans. For these, observed CL and Vd were predicted within 2.3-fold by allometry. The predictability of human peak serum concentration (Cmax) and area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC) for mAbs with nonlinear pharmacokinetics in monkeys was, however, concentration dependent. Cmax was consistently overestimated (up to 5.3-fold higher) when below the predicted Michaelis-Menten constant (Km; range 0.3–4 μg/mL). The prediction of human Cmax was within 2.3-fold when concentrations greatly exceeded Km. Similarly, differences between predicted human AUCs and those observed in the FIH studies were much greater at low doses/concentrations. Consequently, predicted drug exposure in humans at low starting doses (range 0.01–0.3 mg/kg) in FIH studies was poorly estimated for three of six mAbs with nonlinear pharmacokinetics. Allometric prediction of human pharmacokinetics may be sufficient for mAbs that exhibit linear pharmacokinetics. For mAbs that exhibited nonlinear pharmacokinetics, the best predictive performance was obtained after doses that achieved target-saturating concentrations.