cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting Urinary Tract Infections With Interval Likelihood Ratios

BACKGROUND: Protocols for diagnosing urinary tract infection (UTI) often use arbitrary cutoff values of urinalysis components to guide management. Interval likelihood ratios (ILRs) of urinalysis results may improve the test’s precision in predicting UTIs. We calculated the ILR of urinalysis components to estimate the posttest probabilities of UTIs in young children. METHODS: Review of 2144 visits to the pediatric emergency department of an urban academic hospital from December 2011 to December 2019. Inclusion criteria were age RESULTS: The UTI prevalence was 9.2%, with the most common pathogen being Escherichia coli (75.2%). The ILR for leukocyte esterase ranged from 0.20 (negative) to 37.68 (3+) and WBCs ranged from 0.24 (0–5 WBCs) to 47.50 (100–250 WBCs). The ILRs for nitrites were 0.76 (negative) and 25.35 (positive). The ILR for negative bacteria on urinalysis was 0.26 and 14.04 for many bacteria. CONCLUSIONS: The probability of UTI in young children significantly increases with 3+ leukocyte esterase, positive nitrite results, 20 to 50 or higher WBCs, and/or many or greater bacteria on urinalysis. The probability of UTI only marginally increases with trace or 1+ leukocyte esterase or 5 to 20 WBCs. Our findings can be used to more accurately predict the probability of true UTI in children.
Creating Intersectional Subjects: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Health Science Breastfeeding Research:

Reducing race disparities in breastfeeding has become a health objective in the United States, spurring research aimed to identify causes and consequences of disparate rates. This study uses critic...
Chapter 18 Ionic Conductance of the Cell Membranes and Shunts of Necturus Proximal Tubule

Publisher Summary This chapter describes an analytical method in which an isotopic tracer and electrophysiologic observations are utilized to estimate the ionic permeabilities and electrical resistance of the cell membranes and shunt pathway of Necturus proximal tubule and explains how a limited number of measurements of tracer kinetics may be utilized to estimate the permeabilities, conductances, and electromotive forces of the entire tubular epithelium. A simple electrical analog circuit may adequately depict the steady-state properties of the epithelium under control conditions. The rate of disappearance of luminal 36Cl is utilized to calculate the chloride flux and permeability of the luminal and basolateral cell membranes. Membrane electrical conductances are calculated from the individual ion permeabilities and incorporated into the electrical analog model of the Necturus proximal tubule. The luminal membrane conductance may be estimated in two ways. The voltage divider ratio is measured and used to calculate the ratio of the resistance of the luminal membrane to that of the basolateral. Alternatively, the passive ionic permeabilities may be converted to conductances and summed as done for the basolateral membrane.
Psychological Interventions for the Suicidal Adolescent

Supportive therapy and long-term expressive therapy in a structured framework are two modalities of treatment for acute and chronic characterological suicidal adolescents, respectively. Issues of f...
Menonvillea zuloagaensis y Mostacillastrum hunzikeri (Brassicaceae), dos nuevas especies de Argentina

Menonvillea zuloagaensis from San Juan and Mostacillastrum hunzikeri from Catamarca and La Rioja are described, and their distinguishing characters from nearest relatives are given. A key to the long-petiolate, broad-leaved, Argentinean species of Menonvillea is presented.
Differential effects of weathered coal fly ash and fly ash leachate on the maize genome

Land application of coal fly ash is currently under consideration as a means of reducing the amount of industrial waste that must be landfilled. It has previously been reported that alterations occur in the maize genome when plants are grown in soil mixed with fly ash. This study was conducted to determine whether weathering coal fly ash by leaching it with water prior to mixing it with soil reduces its genotoxic effects. Fly ash leachate was produced by two leaching methods, a “one-day” and a “seven-day” method. Maize seedlings were treated with the two types of leachate and with one of the weathered fly ashes produced from the leaching experiments. Flow cytometry was used to determine whether nuclear alterations occurred in the seedlings as a result of treatment. Fly ash that had been weathered by leaching for one week did not cause changes in the mean DNA (deoxyribonuclei acid) amount (except for an increase in coefficient of variation—CV), plant height, or cell cycle. The leachate produced from this weathering process, however, caused changes in all these parameters. Leachate produced from a 24-h weathering process did not affect mean DNA amount, but did cause small changes in CV, plant height, and cell cycle. Weathering fly ash by leaching before applying it to the soil appears to reduce its potential hazard to the ecosystem. The leachate resulting from the weathering process is toxic to plants.
MUSCLE-SPECIFIC CELL ABLATION CONDITIONAL UPON CRE-MEDIATED DNA RECOMBINATION IN TRANSGENIC MICE LEADS TO MASSIVE SPINAL AND CRANIAL MOTONEURON LOSS

We describe here a binary transgenic system based on Cre-mediated DNA recombination for genetic cell ablation in mice that enabled us to obtain skeletal muscle-deficient embryos by mating two phenotypically normal transgenic lines. In those embryos, skeletal muscles are eliminated as a consequence of the expression of the gene encoding the diphtheria toxin A fragment. Cell ablation occurs gradually beginning approximately on embryonic day (E) 12.5, and by E18.5 almost all skeletal muscle is absent. Analysis of the consequences of muscle cell ablation revealed that almost all spinal motoneurons are lost by E18.5, providing strong evidence that survival of spinal motoneurons during embryogenesis is dependent on signals from their target tissue, skeletal muscle, and that trophic signals produced by nonmuscle sources are sufficient to support survival of no more than 10% of embryonic spinal motoneurons in the absence of muscle-derived signals. There was also substantial loss of cranial (hypoglossal and facial) motoneurons in the muscle-deficient embryos, thus indicating that cranial motoneuron survival is also dependent on trophic signals produced by their target tissue. Although spinal motoneurons are a major target of spinal interneurons, the loss of motoneurons did not affect interneuron survival. Muscle-deficient embryos had a cleft palate and abnormalities of the lower jaw, raising the possibility that they might serve as a mouse model for the human disorder, Robin sequence. The data reported here demonstrate the utility of a binary transgenic system for obtaining mouse embryos in which a specific cell population has been ablated, so that its role in embryonic development can be studied.
Aporphines 65: chemical, microbial synthesis and characterization by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of (R)-(-)-10-hydroxy 11-methoxy-N-n-propylnoraporphine, a potential metabolite of N-n-propylnorapomorphine.

The title compound has been synthesized by a multistep sequence from (R)(−)-morphine, and compared with the product obtained by microbial O-demethylation of (R)- and (S)-10,11-dimethoxy-N-n-propylnoraporphine (N-n-propylnorapomorphine dimethyl ether). The comparison was based on an analysis of the trifluoroacetyl derivatives of the microbial products and the synthesized compounds using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in the electron impact mode. Examination by gas chromatography/electron impact/mass spectrometry of the trifluoroacetyl derivatives of 11-hydroxy-10-methoxyaporphine (apocodeine, 3) and 10-methoxy-11-hydroxyaporphine (isoapocodeine, 5) has revealed their excellent chromatographic resolution, and the preferential loss of the methyl group as in 3 [M - 15]+ or the trifluoroacetyl group from the 10-position of the aporphine ring as in 5 [M - 97]+. Characteristic fragmentations of the these isomeric aporphines were used to confirm their structures and were compared with the spectra of authentic synthetic samples.
A test of the cluster hypothesis of serial learning

The cluster hypothesis of serial learning was investigated with a two-test design. Test 1 (paced anticipation) measured acquisition. Test 2 presented a cluster of two adjacent items from the serial list and S tried to supply the immediately succeeding item. If out of all the serial order cues available to S during acquisition, he used only a cluster of items as a cue, then performance should be the same on both tests. One hundred and fifty-six Ss were tested after 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 trials of practice with a 13-word list of highly meaningful words. Performance on the two tests was the same for most of the serial items at each level of practice. The cluster hypothesis was supported statistically for the entire list on the 12-, 15-, and 18-trial tests.
Spin-polarized photoelectron diffraction from magnetically-ordered solids and surfaces

Abstract We report the first experimental observation of Spin-Polarized Photoelectron Diffraction (SPPD), an effect which shows considerable promise for studying short-range order in magnetic solids and surfaces. The detection of photoelectron spin polarization in this experiment is provided by 3s-level multiplet splittings in 3d metals and their compounds; thus no external spin detector is required. Measurements on antiferromagnetic KMnF 3 show spin asymmetries of as high as 17% due to short-range order.
Performance of 30-cm ion thrusters with dished accelerator grids

Thirteen sets of dished accelerator grids were treated on five different 30 cm diameter bombardment thrusters to evaluate the effects of grid geometry variations on thruster discharge chamber performance. The dished grid parameters varied were: grid-to-grid spacing, screen and accelerator grid hole diameter, screen and accelerator open area fraction, compensation for beam divergence losses, and accelerator grid thickness. The effects on discharge chamber performance of main magnetic field changes, magnetic baffle current, cathode pole piece length and cathode position were also investigated.
Computer Simulation on Onboard Chilling and Freezing of Albacore Tuna

We extended the application of a commercial finite-element computer program package, PDEase, to the simulation of chilling and freezing of albacore tuna. Tuna was described as an infinite elliptical cylinder, where nonuniform boundary conditions present complications in computer simulation. Equations were developed to define the elliptical boundary. Temperature-dependent thermal properties and time-dependent ambient temperature conditions were used. Onboard experiments were conducted to measure the core temperature of individual tuna in slush ice tanks and in air-blast and brine-spray freezing systems. Measured time-temperature profiles were compared with those of the simulation. Predicted chilling and freezing curves agreed with experiments ±3 to 6%. This program enables testing of important fish industry operation strategies.
Design of air transportation networks

Abstract This paper presents a method for evaluating and choosing between various network configurations for an air transportation network. Based upon a model for determining the optimal assignment of capacity to a given network, it is possible to define what kind of networks best serve a particular pattern of traffic, and how that optimal network might change when aircraft of different size are used, or when traffic patterns grow. These analyses also suggest how load factors should most economically be balanced between long and short haul, and between high and low density routes.
Two-dimensional vortices in a stack of thin superconducting films: A model for high-temperature superconducting multilayers

The structure of vortices within an infinite stack of thin superconducting layers is considered and examined in detail in the limit of zero interlayer Josephson coupling. The basic building block for the description of three-dimensional (3D) vortex lines is shown to be the 2D pancake vortex, which is a vortex located in only one of the layers; the other layers contain no vortices, but have an important effect in screening the magnetic field generated by currents in the first layer. It is shown that 3D vortex lines can be built up by superposing the contributions of stacks of 2D pancake vortices. Thermal excitation is shown to break up a single 3D vortex line at a temperature corresponding to the Kosterlitz-Thouless temperature of a single superconducting layer. The effect of thermally induced decoupling of the 2D vortex solids in different layers, corresponding to melting only in the direction perpendicular to the layers, is also considered. It is shown that Josephson coupling can be neglected in the high-temperature superconductors only under very stringent conditions. Although these conditions evidently are not met in ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{8}$ and ${\mathrm{Tl}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ca}}_{1}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{8}$, they should be satisfied in superconducting-insulating multilayer systems, such as ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$/${\mathrm{PrBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$.
Combining GIS with fuzzy multicriteria decision-making for landfill siting in a fast-growing urban region

Landfill siting is a difficult, complex, tedious, and protracted process requiring evaluation of many different criteria. This paper presents a fuzzy multicriteria decision analysis alongside with a geospatial analysis for the selection of landfill sites. It employs a two-stage analysis synergistically to form a spatial decision support system (SDSS) for waste management in a fast-growing urban region, south Texas. The first-stage analysis makes use of the thematic maps in Geographical information system (GIS) in conjunction with environmental, biophysical, ecological, and socioeconomic variables leading to support the second-stage analysis using the fuzzy multicriteria decision-making (FMCDM) as a tool. It differs from the conventional methods of integrating GIS with MCDM for landfill selection because the approach follows two sequential steps rather than a full-integrated scheme. The case study was made for the city of Harlingen in south Texas, which is rapidly evolving into a large urban area due to its vantage position near the US-Mexico borderlands. The purpose of GIS was to perform an initial screening process to eliminate unsuitable land followed by utilization of FMCDM method to identify the most suitable site using the information provided by the regional experts with reference to five chosen criteria. Research findings show that the proposed SDSS may aid in recognizing the pros and cons of potential areas for the localization of landfill sites in any study region. Based on initial GIS screening and final FMCDM assessment, "site 1" was selected as the most suitable site for the new landfill in the suburban area of the City of Harlingen. Sensitivity analysis was performed using Monte Carlo simulation where the decision weights associated with all criteria were varied to investigate their relative impacts on the rank ordering of the potential sites in the second stage. Despite variations of the decision weights within a range of 20%, it shows that "site 1" remains its comparative advantage in the final site selection process.
Rate of production of single-strand breaks in DNA by x-irradiation in situ.

The rate of production of single-strand breaks by X-irradiation of DNA in situ has been studied in Escherichia coli , the assay for single-strand breakage being the conversion of covalent circles of F'Lac DNA to nicked circles. This rate is 2·73 × 10 −3 single-strand break/rad/ E. coli genome. When related to survival levels of X-irradiated E. coli B s-1 , it is found that there are 7·4 single-strand breaks per lethal hit, from which it is concluded that if single-strand breaks are not repaired in strain B s-1 , then the production of single-strand breaks is probably not lethal. It is hypothesized that a major lethal event is a double-strand break. It has been found that isolated DNA is 15 times as sensitive to X-ray induced single-strand breakage as DNA in situ .
Auxin-induced Elimination of a Protein in Bean Hypocotyl

IT has been reported that electrophoretic protein patterns of hypocotyledonary hooks of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, L., var. ‘Burpee's Stringless Greenpod’) were altered when the extracted proteins were incubated with the auxin indolyl-3-acetic acid (IAA)1. The alteration consisted of the complete elimination of one protein band. It seemed useful to determine whether this elimination of a protein could occur in vivo in tissue segments treated with IAA.
Changes in arachidonate metabolism in aortas and platelets in aging rats

Prostacyclin formation by aortas, thromboxane biosynthesis and 12-lipoxygenase pathway in platelets as a function of age was investigated. Our results indicate an age-related decrease in prostacyclin production by aortas, while no significant change in thromboxane biosynthesis in platelets from mature (12 month old) to senescent (24 month old) rats was observed. Evidence is also presented indicating a decrease in 12-L-hydroperoxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-HPETE) peroxidase activity in platelets as a function of age.
Approximate particle spectra in the pyramid scheme

We construct a minimal model inspired by the general class of pyramid schemes [T. Banks and J.-F. Fortin, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2009) 046], which is consistent with both supersymmetry breaking and electroweak symmetry breaking. In order to do computations, we make unjustified approximations to the low energy K\"ahler potential. The phenomenological viability of the resultant mass spectrum is then examined and compared with current collider limits. We show that for certain regimes of parameters, the model, and thus generically the pyramid scheme, can accommodate the current collider mass constraints on physics beyond the standard model with a tree-level light Higgs mass near 125 GeV. However, in this regime the model exhibits a little hierarchy problem, and one must permit fine-tunings that are of order 5%.
Prenatal stress reduces fertility and fecundity in female offspring

Female rats subjected to prenatal stress later experienced fewer conceptions, more spontaneous abortions and vaginal hemorrhaging, longer pregnancies, and fewer viable young than nonstressed rats. The offspring of the prenatally stressed rats were lighter in weight and less likely to survive the neonatal period. Prenatal stress may influence the balance of adrenal and gonadal hormones during a critical stage of fetal hypothalamic differentiation, thereby producing a variety of reproductive dysfunctions in adulthood.
Voltammetry of vanadyl sulfate hydrates in the absence of a deliberately added liquid phase

Abstract Charge-transfer processes in solid samples of VOSO 4 · χ H 2 O (χ = 3 or 5) were studied using an ultramicroelectrode as the indicator and a 3 mm diameter glassy carbon disk as a quasi-reference electrode. The use of the solid matrix facilitated the electron transfer process in the V(IV)/V(V) couple. In contrast to solution-phase systems, reversible cyclic voltammograms were obtained, and the electrode surface did not undergo rapid poisoning. Voltammetry indicated that the electrode process was diffusion controlled for χ = 5, but a surface-confined pathway predominated when χ = 3. From constant potential chronoamperometry with solid samples of VOSO 4 ·5 H 2 O, the apparent diffusion coefficient of charge propagation was 3 × 10 −7 cm 2 s −1 , and the population of trapping sites was 1 mol dm −3 . The redox conductivity of the solids was related to their crystallographic structures. The possibility of the existence of a liquid microphase in these solids is discussed.
Fighting for father: Fight club as cinematic psychosis

Drawing on the insights of Lacanian psychoanalysis, we argue that the film Fight Club can be understood as a mediation of a larger, cultural psychosis. In general, psychosis represents the failure of a paternal figure to bisect the intimate relation between an infant and its mother. We suggest the so-called masculine violence depicted by Fight Club reflects the protagonist's inability to establish an identity for himself as a result of a failed paternal intervention (“castration”). The consequent psychosis staged by Fight Club, we argue, is expressive of a larger, cultural decline of the father figure.
Release of antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes in the effluent and biosolids of five wastewater utilities in Michigan

The purpose of this study was to quantify the occurrence and release of antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) into the environment through the effluent and biosolids of different wastewater treatment utilities including an MBR (Membrane Biological Reactor) utility, conventional utilities (Activated Sludge, Oxidative Ditch and Rotatory Biological Contactors-RBCs) and multiple sludge treatment processes (Dewatering, Gravity Thickening, Anaerobic Digestion and Lime Stabilization). Samples of raw wastewater, pre- and post-disinfected effluents, and biosolids were monitored for tetracycline resistant genes (tetW and tetO) and sulfonamide resistant gene (Sul-I) and tetracycline and sulfonamide resistant bacteria. ARGs and ARB concentrations in the final effluent were found to be in the range of ND(non-detectable)-2.33 × 10(6) copies/100 mL and 5.00 × 10(2)-6.10 × 10(5) CFU/100 mL respectively. Concentrations of ARGs (tetW and tetO) and 16s rRNA gene in the MBR effluent were observed to be 1-3 log less, compared to conventional treatment utilities. Significantly higher removals of ARGs and ARB were observed in the MBR facility (range of removal: 2.57-7.06 logs) compared to that in conventional treatment plants (range of removal: 2.37-4.56 logs) (p 0.05). In biosolids, ARGs and ARB concentrations were found to be in the range of 5.61 × 10(6)-4.32 × 10(9) copies/g and 3.17 × 10(4)-1.85 × 10(9) CFU/g, respectively. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in concentrations of ARGs (except tetW) and ARB between the advanced biosolid treatment methods (i.e., anaerobic digestion and lime stabilization) and the conventional dewatering and gravity thickening methods.
The Missoula, Montana PM2.5 speciation study—seasonal average concentrations

Abstract The city of Missoula, located in a high mountain valley in western Montana, contains one of the largest populations of residents in the entire Rocky Mountain region completely enclosed by mountains. Due to the surrounding topography and meteorological conditions, Missoula often experiences elevated concentrations of PM 2.5 . Recently, dry summers have exacerbated August particulate loads by immersing the valley in smoke from forest fires. Through a serendipitous set of circumstances, concentrations of PM 2.5 (including chemical speciation) were measured throughout a yearlong program that captured both traditional urban particulates plus late summer forest fire particulates. This paper presents the results of the yearlong PM 2.5 sampling program in which filter samples were collected over 24-h periods every 12 days at two locations. For the first time, concentrations of the fine fraction were simultaneously measured on the opposite end of the valley in Frenchtown (nearly 18 miles west of Missoula), thus providing information on the dispersive properties of PM 2.5 in an enclosed airshed, and the spatial and seasonal variations within the Missoula Valley. Organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), trace elements, and ions were determined from the collected PM 2.5 filter samples. The average mass of ambient PM 2.5 , as well as concentrations of OC, EC, elements, and ions measured over the entire year (22/3/00–17/3/01) were nearly identical on both sides of the valley. The annual average of PM 2.5 was 15.4 μg m −3 at both Missoula's Boyd Park and at Frenchtown, with the highest concentrations of PM 2.5 measured during the summer (26/6/00–18/9/00) and winter (23/12/00–17/3/01) seasons. The summer PM 2.5 measurements were dominated by smoke from regional wildfires in Montana and Idaho, while thermal inversions in the valley contributed to the elevated winter concentrations.
The influence of neuroscience on US Supreme Court decisions about adolescents' criminal culpability

In the past 8 years, the US Supreme Court has issued landmark opinions in three cases that involved the criminal culpability of juveniles. In the most recent case, in 2012, a ruling prohibited states from mandating life without parole for crimes committed by minors. In these cases, the Court drew on scientific studies of the adolescent brain in concluding that adolescents, by virtue of their inherent psychological and neurobiological immaturity, are not as responsible for their behaviour as adults. This article discusses the Court's rationale in these cases and the role of scientific evidence about adolescent brain development in its decisions. I conclude that the neuroscientific evidence was probably persuasive to the Court not because it revealed something new about the nature of adolescence but precisely because it aligned with common sense and behavioural science.
The invasiveness of off-line memory checking

Memory checking is the task of checking the correctness of a sequence of "store" and "retrieve" operations. The operations are performed in a large unreliable memory. A checker using a much smaller but completely reliable memory tries to decide whether they were executed correctly. M. Blum, W. Evans, P. Gemmel, S. Kannan and M. Naor, has shown in 1991 that the off-line checking of a sequence of memory operations concerning a RAM consisting of n registers can be done, in a probabilistic sense, by a checker using only O(log n) reliable memory and a constant number of RAM operation per each "store" and "retrieve" operations (with log n word length), moreover no unproven cryptographic assumptions are needed in the proof. The probability of error will be polynomially small in n. The solution however requires the checker to store some extra information in the unreliable memory, that is, the checking protocol is invasive. (In this solution the time of each "store" operation must be stored together with the data and must be supplied to the checker at the time of the corresponding retrieve operation.) In this paper we prove that off-line memory checking, in the sense described above, is necessarily invasive, even if we make the problem somewhat easier for the checker to exclude trivial counter-examples. We show that even if the checker is allowed to read a constant number of registers from the large memory after each "store" or "retrieve" instruction, off-line non-invasive memory checking is not possible. Moreover for the case when the invasiveness consists of storing some extra information together with each piece of data and retrieving it together with the data we give a quantitative lower bound on the amount of extra "invasive" information stored in the memory. Namely, if the checker has O(log n) memory and the probability of error is polynomially small than the "invasiveness" of the mentioned method of [5] is optimal upto a constant factor. With other words the total number of extra bits that must be written in the memory is at least eT log T, where T is the number of store and retrieve operations. In the lower bounds we do not restrict the computational power of the checker at all, in fact we only assume that the checker is an n-way branching program with O(log n) bits of memory.
Universal scaling of the relaxation near a model glass transition.

We report dielectric measurements of the orientationally disordered crystalline phase of cyclo-octanol over the frequency range 1.3 mHz--5.5 kHz. The data show that cyclo-octanol exhibits a slow relaxation that is indistinguishable in every respect from that exhibited by a supercooled liquid near its glass transition. In particular, the data obey a scaling relationship reported by Nagel and co-workers for a variety of structural glasses. These results show that cyclo-octanol is an ideal model system for studies of the glass transition, and suggest that the scaling relationship is far more universal than expected.
The importance of the hydrophobic components of the binding energies in the interaction of ω‐amino acid ligands with isolated kringle polypeptide domains of human plasminogen

Three of the five kringle domains of human plasminogen (HPg), viz the first, fourth and fifth, exhibit significantly strong binding to omega-amino acids, such as epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) and transaminomethylcyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid (AMCHA). In all cases, ligand stabilization is due to ion dipole attractions of its charged groups with polypeptide side chains, as well as hydrophobic clustering of the ligand methylene groups with appropriate hydrophobic residues within the kringle domain. In order to estimate the significance of the hydrophobic components of ligand stabilization, we have sought a more detailed description of these binding interactions. The standard thermodynamic binding parameters, delta G degrees, delta H degrees and delta S degrees, for association of EACA and AMCHA with isolated recombinant kringle regions of HPg have been determined at several temperatures to evaluate the changes in standard heat capacities (delta C degrees p) accompanying these interactions. In each case, the delta C degrees p values of binding were negative and in the range -36 to -91 cal mol -1 K -1, reflective of the importance of the hydrophobic components of the binding process and their probable effects on surrounding water structure.
SYNTHESIS AND PKA EVALUATION OF MODEL PHOSPHONAMIDIC, PHOSPHONAMIDOTHIOIC,AND PHOSPHONAMIDODITHIOIC ACIDS

Abstract Select phosphonamidic acids were synthesized that vary in the stepwise replacement of the phosphoryl oxygens for sulfur. The pKa values and spectroscopic properties were briefly examined.
Management of a dying patient in group therapy

In the last few years there has been an increased interest in the psychosocial aspect as well as in the therapeutic needs of the dying patient. Although much has been written about the treatment of the dying patient, most of these works were done in the individual setting, either with out-patients or with hospitalized patients. However, relatively little attention has been paid to the treatment and management of the dying patient in a group therapy setting. In this paper the authors describe their experience in working with a dying patient in an ongoing therapy group. The effect on the group, on the individual patient and on the therapist are discussed. Moreover, the conflicting needs of the individual patients versus those of the remaining group members are discussed and compared to similar reports from the group therapy literature.
Macro- and microbehavioral response to viscosity among rats licking saccharin

Effects of viscosity upon licking were studied by providing rats with thick and thin.4% saccharin solutions in separate 1-h sessions. Volumetric intake/lick was greater for the thin than for the thick solution and was the only measure affected by viscosity. As the session progressed, the two solutions caused (1) comparable satiation effects, as evidenced by comparable decreases in several indices of the average rate of ingestion; (2) comparable decreases in the average duration of the lick; and (3) no reliable change in the average volumetric intake of the lick. The results were related to earlier comparisons of liquid food and saccharin and indicated that the differences produced by the latter solutions are not fully attributable to their differential viscosity.
Evolution of Galapagos Island Lava Lizards (Iguania: Tropiduridae: Microlophus)

Nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial genes (ND1, ND2, COI, and tRNAs) were determined for 38 samples representing 15 taxa of tropidurid lizards from the Galapagos Islands and mainland South America. Phylogenetically informative characters (759 of 1,956) were analyzed under Bayesian, maximum likelihood, and parsimony frameworks. This study supports the hypothesis that tropidurid lizards dispersed to the Galapagos on at least two separate occasions. One dispersal event involved an eastern Galapagos clade (Microlophus habelii and M. bivittatus, on Marchena and San Cristobal islands, respectively) the sister taxon of which is M. occipitalis from coastal Ecuador and Peru; the closest mainland relative of the western Galapagos clade was not unambiguously identified. The wide-ranging M. albemarlensis is revealed to be a complex of weakly divergent lineages that is paraphyletic with respect to the insular species M. duncanensis, M. grayii, and M. pacificus.
Interception of tetrahedral intermediates in Pd(II)-mediated cycloalkenylations of olefinic enol ethers

Abstract The tetrahedral intermediate 3 has been intercepted during Pd(II)-cycloalkenylation of olefinic enolsilane 1 (R=SiMe2t-Bu). In a related manner, the allyl and crotyl enol ethers 5–8 give with Pd(OAc)2 acetoxy tetrahydrofurans (9, 12, 14, 16), convertible to butyrolactones or furans; competing Pd(II)-mediated Claisen rearrangement was not observed. The intramolecular Pd(II)-cycloalkenylation of the ketene acetal 17 leads to δ-lactones 18 and 19.
Origin and Evolution of Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Genes

Influenza A, B, and C viruses are the etiological agents of influenza. Hemagglutinin (HA) is the major envelope glycoprotein of influenza A and B viruses, and hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) in influenza C viruses is a protein homologous to HA. Because influenza A virus pandemics in humans appear to occur when new subtypes of HA genes are introduced from aquatic birds that are known to be the natural reservoir of the viruses, an understanding of the origin and evolution of HA genes is of particular importance. We therefore conducted a phylogenetic analysis of HA and HE genes and showed that the influenza A and B virus HA genes diverged much earlier than the divergence between different subtypes of influenza A virus HA genes. The rate of amino acid substitution for A virus HAs from duck, a natural reservoir, was estimated to be 3.19 x 10(-4) per site per year, which was slower than that for human and swine A virus HAs but similar to that for influenza B and C virus HAs (HEs). Using this substitution rate from the duck, we estimated that the divergences between different subtypes of A virus HA genes occurred from several thousand to several hundred years ago. In particular, the earliest divergence time was estimated to be about 2,000 years ago. Also, the A virus HA gene diverged from the B virus HA gene about 4,000 years ago and from the C virus HE gene about 8,000 years ago. These time estimates are much earlier than the previous ones.
STAT6 in PMBL: pathogenic or passenger?

In this issue of Blood , Ritz and colleagues report that mutations in the transcription factor STAT6 are common events in PMBL. As the treatment of hematologic cancers evolves from nonspecific cytotoxic drugs to targeted rationally designed therapies, the necessity for identifying key molecular
Computational Aerodynamic Analysis of the Flow Field about a Hypervelocity Test Sled

Abstract : The flow field about the nose section of a hypervelocity test sled is computed using computational fluid dynamics. The numerical model of the test sled corresponds to the Nike O/U narrow gage sled used in the upgrade program at the High Speed Test Track facility, Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico. The high temperatures and pressures resulting from the aerodynamic heating and loading affect the sled structure and the performance of the vehicle. The sled transitions from an air environment to a helium environment at a speed of approximately 3,300 feet per second (Mach 3 in air, Mach 1.02 in helium) to reduce the effects of high Mach number flows. Steady, three-dimensional, inviscid flow solutions are computed for Mach numbers of 2 and 3 in air (2,200 and 3,300 feet per second), and for Mach numbers of 1.02, 2.5 and 3.1 in helium (3,300, 8,076 and 10,000 feet per second). Mesh adaptation is used to obtain a mesh-independent solution. Second-order solutions are obtained for the Mach 3 in air and Mach 1.02 in helium cases. The unsteady transition from air to helium at 3,300 feet per second is also modeled. Mach 3 in air computations are compared with analytical results.
Fabrication and optical properties of multilayer epitaxial ferroelectric nX(SrTiO 3 /PbTiO 3 ) thin films by the sol-gel technique

The sol-gel process was used to form ferroelectric epitaxial PbTiO 3 and SrTiO 3 thin films on single crystal SrTiO 3 substrates. In this study, optically transparent multilayer n$CHI[SrTiO 3 /PbTiO 3 ] thin films were grown successfully along the (001) direction on single crystal SrTiO 3 substrates. Lead titanium double alkoxide and strontium titanium double alkoxide were used as precursors. The layers of transparent PbTiO 3 films were obtained by heat treatment at 700 degree(s)C in PbO atmosphere, while the layers of SrTiO 3 were obtained at 800 degree(s)C in air. The average thickness of each PbTiO 3 or SrTiO 3 layer was measured by SEM analysis. The change of optical transmittance with wavelength for a sample with 12 (6$CHI[SrTiO 3 /PbTiO 3 ]) layers film was measured. The refractive index of PbTiO 3 and SrTiO 3 films grown on Si substrates was measured with respect to film thickness. The epitaxial growth of the PbTiO 3 thin films and SrTiO 3 thin films was investigated using XRD, HRTEM, and SEM analysis. The structure, growth parameters, and optical properties of the films are discussed.
10 CHARACTERIZATION OF A FOLATE-METHOTREXATE TRANSPORT-DEFICIENT CLONE OF LEISHMANIA DONOVANI

10 CHARACTERIZATION OF A FOLATE-METHOTREXATE TRANSPORT-DEFICIENT CLONE OF LEISHMANIA DONOVANI
Relationship of the child behavior checklist to an independent measure of psychopathology.

The parents of 28 patients with Tourette syndrome completed the Child Behavior Checklist. Severity of illness rankings were obtained from the therapist by use of the Q-sort method. Statistically significant positive correlations were obtained between several of the checklist measures and the measure of severity of illness. The results demonstrated a sensitivity of the checklist to variations in degree of dysfunction that if successfully replicated would indicate that the Child Behavior Checklist could be a valuable measure in research on treatment outcome.
Gangliosides and spinal cord ischemia secondary to aortic cross-clamping in the rat model.

Gangliosides, complex glycolipids of the nervous system cell membranes, have been found effective both in reducing the degree of ischemic injury and in stimulating neuronal regeneration during the recovery period. In order to investigate their neuroprotective effect during spinal cord ischemia, 60 male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent occlusion of the thoracic aorta and both subclavian arteries for 13 min. In the postoperative period, function of hindlimbs was appraised, daily for 30 days, by a deficit score (0-15). The animals were then killed and spinal cord injury was assessed by a histologic score (0-3) based on the degree of gray and white matter gliosis, number of motor neurons, and white matter myelination. The rats received intraperitoneal injection of placebo (n = 29) or GM-1 30 mg/kg (n = 31) daily, from 2 days prior to surgery to 15 days after. The scores of each group for each day were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance. The rate of recovery was better for GM-1 (P < 0.001) from the 15th to the 30th day. A trend was seen toward lower scores in the GM-1 group (P = 0.056). Mean histologic scores (placebo = 1.14 ± 0.23 SE, GM-1 = 1.58 ± 0.22 SE) did not differ (Wilcoxon, P = 0.17). The present data support the hypothesis that functional improvement after spinal cord ischemia due to aortic occlusion is enhanced by the administration of gangliosides. Optical microscopy could document only irreversible injury and might not be sensitive enough to detect subtle changes during recovery of neural elements. © 1995 Academic Press, Inc.
Design and animation of volume density functions

This paper describes the design and animation of volume density functions for creating images containing gases, solid textures and hypertextures. The development of functions for producing images and animations of gases is explained in detail. Procedures for modelling the geometry of various gases are described. Next, animation techniques for volume density functions are described and examples of the animation of these functions are presented, including steam rising from a teacup, wind effects, marble forming, and gas and liquid flow into an opening in a wall. Solid spaces are introduced as a unifying approach to describing and animating object attributes.
Low-dose co-trimoxazole for prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus disease

The efficacy and tolerability of low, intermittent doses of co-trimoxazole (160 mg trimethoprim and 800 mg sulfamethoxazole given Monday, Wednesday, Friday) for prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) was assessed retrospectively in 116 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex at high risk of PCP. 92% were receiving concomitant zidovudine. 71 with previous episode(s) of PCP were followed a mean of 18.5 months (range 3-42). 45 without past PCP but with depletion of CD4 cells to less than 200/microliters were observed for a mean of 24.2 months (range 9-40). PCP did not develop in any patient on co-trimoxazole. 33 (28%) had side-effects, mainly rash, pruritus, and nausea. 15 discontinued co-trimoxazole, but only 11 (9%), who withdrew in the first month, were clearly drug-intolerant. Thus, low-dose, thrice weekly co-trimoxazole completely prevents AIDS-associated PCP, is cost-effective, and well tolerated by more than 85% of patients. Controlled comparisons of this regimen with other prophylactic agents are warranted.
The effect of thermal stresses on the EMI (electromagnetic interference) shielding of conductive plastics

The electrical properties of a number of filled and coated plastics were examined after subjecting the materials to rigorous thermal cycling between -20 and 80 C. Filled compounds that obtained their conductivity through the addition of carbon based conductive fillers maintained their conductivity throughout the thermal cycling. Compositions which contained metal fillers were able to maintain their conductivity only when a high temperature thermally stable polymer was used as the polymer matrix. Plaques coated by a zinc arc spray or with acrylic paints containing graphite, silver, and nickel particles were unaffected by thermal cycling. Plaques coated with an acrylic paint containing copper particles lost most of their conductivity during the changes in sample temperature. 10 references.
Abnormal B lymphocyte delevopment, activation, and differentiation in mice that lack or overexpress the CD19 signal transduction molecule

CD19-deficient mice were generated to examine the role of CD19 in B cell growth regulation in vivo. Deletion of CD19 had no deleterious effects on the generation of B cells in the bone marrow, but there was a significant reduction in the number of B cells in peripheral lymphoid tissues. B cells from CD19-deficient mice exhibited markedly decreased proliferative responses to mitogens, and serum immunoglobulin levels were also significantly decreased. In contrast, mice that overexpressed CD19 had significant defects in early B cell development in the bone marrow, augmented mitogenic responses, and increased serum immunoglobulin levels. These experiments indicate that CD19 functions to define signaling thresholds for cell surface receptors that regulate B lymphocyte selection, activation, and differentiation.
Association between neighborhood need and spatial access to food stores and fast food restaurants in neighborhoods of Colonias

To determine the extent to which neighborhood needs (socioeconomic deprivation and vehicle availability) are associated with two criteria of food environment access: 1) distance to the nearest food store and fast food restaurant and 2) coverage (number) of food stores and fast food restaurants within a specified network distance of neighborhood areas of colonias, using ground-truthed methods. Data included locational points for 315 food stores and 204 fast food restaurants, and neighborhood characteristics from the 2000 U.S. Census for the 197 census block group (CBG) study area. Neighborhood deprivation and vehicle availability were calculated for each CBG. Minimum distance was determined by calculating network distance from the population-weighted center of each CBG to the nearest supercenter, supermarket, grocery, convenience store, dollar store, mass merchandiser, and fast food restaurant. Coverage was determined by calculating the number of each type of food store and fast food restaurant within a network distance of 1, 3, and 5 miles of each population-weighted CBG center. Neighborhood need and access were examined using Spearman ranked correlations, spatial autocorrelation, and multivariate regression models that adjusted for population density. Overall, neighborhoods had best access to convenience stores, fast food restaurants, and dollar stores. After adjusting for population density, residents in neighborhoods with increased deprivation had to travel a significantly greater distance to the nearest supercenter or supermarket, grocery store, mass merchandiser, dollar store, and pharmacy for food items. The results were quite different for association of need with the number of stores within 1 mile. Deprivation was only associated with fast food restaurants; greater deprivation was associated with fewer fast food restaurants within 1 mile. CBG with greater lack of vehicle availability had slightly better access to more supercenters or supermarkets, grocery stores, or fast food restaurants. Increasing deprivation was associated with decreasing numbers of grocery stores, mass merchandisers, dollar stores, and fast food restaurants within 3 miles. It is important to understand not only the distance that people must travel to the nearest store to make a purchase, but also how many shopping opportunities they have in order to compare price, quality, and selection. Future research should examine how spatial access to the food environment influences the utilization of food stores and fast food restaurants, and the strategies used by low-income families to obtain food for the household.
Mechanisms of Turbulence Transport in a Turbine Blade Coolant Passage With a Rib-Turbulator

This paper provides detailed measurements of the flow in a ribbed coolant passage, and attempts to delineate the important mechanisms that contribute to the production of turbulent shear stress and the normal stresses. It is shown that the separated flow behind the rib is dictated by large-scale structures, and that the dynamics of the large-scale structures, associated with sweep, ejection, and inward and outward interactions, all play an important role in the production of the turbulent shear stress. Unlike the turbulent boundary layer, in a separated shear flow past the rib, the inward and outward interaction terms are both important, accounting for a negative stress production that is nearly half of the positive stress produced by the ejection and sweep mechanisms. It is further shown that the shear layer wake persists well past the re-attachment location of the shear layer, implying that the flow between ribbed passages never recovers to that of a turbulent boundary layer. Therefore, even past re-attachment, the use of statistical turbulence models that ignore coherent structure dynamics is inappropriate.