cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are coastal managers ready for climate change? A case study from estuaries along the Pacific coast of the United States

Abstract A key challenge for coastal resource managers is to plan and implement climate change adaptation strategies inlight of uncertainties and competing management priorities. In 2014, we held six workshops across estuaries along the Pacific coast of North America with over 150 participants to evaluate resource managers' perceived level of understanding of climate change science, where they obtain information, how they use this knowledge, and their preparedness for incorporating climate change into their management decisions. We found that most resource managers understood the types of climate change impacts likely to occur in their estuaries, but often lacked the scientific information to make decisions and plan effectively. Managers stated that time, money, and staff resources were the largest obstacles in their efforts. Managers identified that they learned most of their information from peers, scientific journals, and the Internet and indicated that sea-level rise was their greatest concern. There was, however, variation in managers' levels of readiness and perceived knowledge within and among workshop locations. The workshops revealed that some regions don't have the information they need or the planning capacity to effectively integrate climate change into their management, with eight out of fifteen site comparisons showing a significant difference between their level of preparedness (F5,26 = 6.852; p = 0.0003), and their willingness to formally plan (F5,26 = 12.84; p = 0.000002). We found that Urban estuaries were significantly different from Mixed Use and Rural estuaries, in having access to information and feeling more prepared to conduct climate change planning and implementation (F2,29 = 17.34; p = 0.00001). To facilitate climate change preparedness more comprehensive integration of science into management decisions is essential.
University Influence in Urban Food Systems

This themed issue of Metropolitan Universities journal illustrates how urban universities lead and contribute to food system teaching and learning; research and innovation; outreach and engagement; and resource stewardship. Common themes emerging in this issue include the essential approach of collaboration; the value of diverse voices and perspectives; the influence of distinct urban contexts; and the complexity of food security and other system issues.
Evaluation of the molecular mechanisms associated with cytotoxicity and inflammation after pulmonary exposure to different metal-rich welding particles.

AbstractWelding generates a complex aerosol of incidental nanoparticles and cytotoxic metals, such as chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe). The goal was to use both in vivo and in vitro methodologies to determine the mechanisms by which different welding fumes may damage the lungs. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated by intratracheal instillation (ITI) with 2.0 mg of gas metal arc-mild steel (GMA-MS) or manual metal arc-stainless steel (MMA-SS) fumes or saline (vehicle control). At 1, 3, and 10 days, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed to measure lung toxicity. To assess molecular mechanisms of cytotoxicity, RAW264.7 cells were exposed to both welding fumes for 24 h (0–100 μg/ml). Fume composition was different: MMA-SS (41% Fe, 29% Cr, 17% Mn, 3% Ni) versus GMA-MS (85% Fe, 14% Mn). BAL indicators of lung injury and inflammation were increased by MMA-SS at all time points and by GMA-MS at 3 and 10 days after exposure. RAW264.7 cells exposed to MMA-SS had elevated generation of reac...
Lipid oxidation by heart mitochondria from young adult and senescent rats

1. State-3 (i.e. ADP-stimulated) rates of O2 uptake with palmitoylcarnitine, palmitoyl-CoA plus carnitine, pyruvate plus malonate plus carnitine and octanoate as respiratory substrate were all diminished in heart mitochondria isolated from senescent (24-month-old) rats compared with mitochondria from young adults (6 months old). By contrast, State-3 rates of O2 uptake with pyruvate plus malate or glutamate plus malate were the same for mitochondria from each age group. 2. Measurements of enzyme activities in disrupted mitochondria showed a decline with senescence in the activity of acyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.2 and 6.2.1.3), carnitine acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.7) and 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.35), but no change in the activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.21) or acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.3). 3. Measurement of dl-[3H]carnitine (in)/acetyl-l-carnitine (out) exchange in intact mitochondria showed decreased rates when the animals used were senescent. However, this followed from a decreased intramitochondrial pool of exchangeable carnitine, such that calculated first-order rate constants for exchange were identical in mitochondria from the two age groups. 4. The decline in acyl-CoA synthetase activity is thought to be the reason for the diminished rate of O2 uptake with octanoate in senescence. The decline in carnitine acetyltransferase activity is considered to be the cause of the diminished rate of O2 uptake with acetylcarnitine or with pyruvate plus malonate plus carnitine as substrate. The mechanism of the diminished rate of O2 uptake with palmitoylcarnitine in senescence is discussed.
Abstract 19105: Predictors of Poor Functional Status One Year Following Cardiac Rehabilitation

Introduction: Functional status is known to significantly improve after participating in cardiac rehabilitation. However, even when participants adhere to rehabilitation, many individuals do not improve in their ability to perform everyday activities such as walking. The purpose of this study was to explore predictors of poor functional status in participants who participated in a cardiac rehabilitation program and 12-month cognitive-behavioral intervention study designed to support behavior change. Methods: Using a study arm database, a secondary analysis was performed on the 25% of participants with the lowest six-minute walk test scores (N=73). Walk scores ranged from 80 feet to 996 feet walked in six minutes. Linear regression was used to predict total feet walked during the six-minute walk. Study arm was controlled for in the analysis. Age, gender, Charlson comorbidity index score, weight, New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class, and total number of exercise hours reported were considered as potential predictors. The sample mean age was 72.6 years old ( SD =7.8, Range =56-89). The sample consisted of 51% men, 49% women, 86% Caucasian, and 14% minority. The majority of the sample was NYHA Class I (74%). Class II made up 14%, Class III made up 11%, and Class IV was 1% of the sample. Results: Predictors of poor functional status were age ( β =-.343; p β =.338; p β =-.308, p β =-.277; p Conclusions: Findings indicated that as age increased, functional status decreased. Similarly as weight increased, functional status decreased. Men were found to have better functional status than women. Furthermore, as NYHA class increased, functional status decreased. Interestingly, comorbidity score and total number of exercise hours reported were not a predictor of functional status. Study arm had no impact on functional status in regard to these variables. Further exploration of these predictors are needed to improve functional status in older patients with cardiac disease.
Estimating causal effects from a randomized clinical trial when noncompliance is measured with error

Noncompliance or non-adherence to randomized treatment is a common challenge when interpreting data from randomized clinical trials. The effect of an intervention if all participants were forced to comply with the assigned treatment (i.e., the causal effect) is often of primary scientific interest. For example, in trials of very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes, policymakers are interested in their effect on smoking behavior if their use were to be compelled by regulation. A variety of statistical methods to estimate the causal effect of an intervention have been proposed, but these methods, including inverse probability of compliance weighted (IPCW) estimators, assume that participants' compliance statuses are reported without error. This is an untenable assumption when compliance is based on self-report. Biomarkers (e.g., nicotine levels in the urine) may provide more reliable indicators of compliance but cannot perfectly discriminate between compliers and non-compliers. However, by modeling the distribution of the biomarker as a mixture distribution and writing the probability of compliance as a function of the mixture components, we show how the probability of compliance can be directly estimated from the data even when compliance status is unknown. To estimate the causal effect, we develop a new approach which re-weights participants by the product of their probability of compliance given the observed data and the inverse probability of compliance given confounders. We show that our proposed estimator is consistent and asymptotically normal and show that in some situations the proposed approach is more efficient than standard IPCW estimators. We demonstrate via simulation that the proposed estimator achieves smaller bias and greater efficiency than ad hoc approaches to estimating the causal effect when compliance is measured with error. We apply our method to data from a recently completed randomized trial of VLNC cigarettes.
Inflammation-Induced, STING-Dependent Autophagy Restricts Zika Virus Infection in the Drosophila Brain

Summary The emerging arthropod-borne flavivirus Zika virus (ZIKV) is associated with neurological complications. Innate immunity is essential for the control of virus infection, but the innate immune mechanisms that impact viral infection of neurons remain poorly defined. Using the genetically tractable Drosophila system, we show that ZIKV infection of the adult fly brain leads to NF-kB-dependent inflammatory signaling, which serves to limit infection. ZIKV-dependent NF-kB activation induces the expression of Drosophila stimulator of interferon genes (dSTING) in the brain. dSTING protects against ZIKV by inducing autophagy in the brain. Loss of autophagy leads to increased ZIKV infection of the brain and death of the infected fly, while pharmacological activation of autophagy is protective. These data suggest an essential role for an inflammation-dependent STING pathway in the control of neuronal infection and a conserved role for STING in antimicrobial autophagy, which may represent an ancestral function for this essential innate immune sensor.
Peasants in Anthropology

Peasants are small-scale agriculturalists who usually consume most of what they produce and thus differ from farmers who produce primarily cash crops. Peasants typically exist in subordinate relationships with non-peasants who receive surplus products and labor from them. From the rise of early civilizations until the widespread use of modern industrial farming, peasants in rural areas have provided much of the food and other basic material resources consumed in cities. Peasants have provided recruits for armies throughout history and until recently peasants, migrating from rural areas, replenished urban populations. Anthropologists became increasingly interested in peasants within the Post-World War II context of the Cold War when much anthropological work with peasant communities was informed by theories of modernization and economic development and took the form of applied anthropology. Other anthropological currents based on theories of dependency, world system theory, and articulation examined how peasant communities were de-developed by their association with modern sectors. Anthropological attention to “peasants” per se has waned with the realization that migration and partial and full incorporation into wage labor, non-agrarian self-employment, and the informal economy have greatly dissolved and diversified peasant forms of livelihood and their corresponding cultural forms and identities.
What Makes Great Boards Great

In the wake of meltdowns at WorldCom, Tyco, and Enron, enormous attention has been focused on the companies' boards. It seems inconceivable that business disasters of such magnitude could happen without gross or even criminal negligence on the part of board members. And yet a close examination of those boards reveals no broad pattern of incompetence or corruption. In fact, they followed most of the accepted standards for board operations: Members showed up for meetings; they had money invested in the company; audit committees, compensation committees, and codes of ethics were in place; the boards weren't too small or too big, nor were they dominated by insiders. In other words, they passed the tests that would normally be applied to determine whether a board of directors was likely to do a good job. And that's precisely what's so scary, according to corporate governance expert Jeffrey Sonnenfeld, who suggests that it's time for some new thinking about how corporate boards operate and are evaluated. He proposes thinking not only about how to structure the board's work but also about how to manage it as a social system. Good boards are, very simply, high-functioning work groups. They're distinguished by a climate of respect, trust, and candor among board members and between the board and management. Information is shared openly and on time; emergent political factions are quickly eliminated. Members feel free to challenge one another's assumptions and conclusions, and management encourages lively discussion of strategic issues. Directors feel a responsibility to contribute meaningfully to the board's performance. In addition, good boards assess their own performance, both collectively and individually.
Imaging and visualization of the polarization state of the probing beam in polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography

We propose a simple and efficient method of color-encoded Stokes parameters to visualize the polarization states for polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) of biological tissue. In this method, polarization states of the probing light are detected and described in the Stokes domain. Three primary colors of red, green, and blue are used to code Stokes parameters of Q, U, and V, respectively, which can be used to represent and visualize each unique polarization state. A strategy that uses the polarization state as the PS-OCT imaging parameter is first introduced to obtain high contrast images of the birefringent samples. Then, color-based automatic segmentation of birefringent components from 3D scanned tissue volume is proposed to isolate the network of the 3D nerve bundles in a mouse brain without cutting the brain into slices. Experimental validation and demonstrations are given by imaging ex vivo mouse tail and brain tissues to show the usefulness of proposed polarization state imaging and segmentation methods.We propose a simple and efficient method of color-encoded Stokes parameters to visualize the polarization states for polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) of biological tissue. In this method, polarization states of the probing light are detected and described in the Stokes domain. Three primary colors of red, green, and blue are used to code Stokes parameters of Q, U, and V, respectively, which can be used to represent and visualize each unique polarization state. A strategy that uses the polarization state as the PS-OCT imaging parameter is first introduced to obtain high contrast images of the birefringent samples. Then, color-based automatic segmentation of birefringent components from 3D scanned tissue volume is proposed to isolate the network of the 3D nerve bundles in a mouse brain without cutting the brain into slices. Experimental validation and demonstrations are given by imaging ex vivo mouse tail and brain tissues to show the usefulness of proposed polarization state ima...
Giving birth to touch devices

A finger swipe to control your device---what could be simpler? Yet bringing that simple concept to commercial success was anything but simple. Here's a story for those who seek to make an impact.
Population dynamics of eastern oysters in the Choptank River Complex, Maryland during 1989–2015

Abstract The eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) fishery in the Choptank River Complex (CRC), Maryland supports a large fishery. The CRC is also host to some of the largest oyster restoration projects in the world. Yet the relative effects of harvest and restoration on the population dynamics of eastern oyster in the CRC have not been assessed. We developed stage-based population models for each region of the CRC in AD Model Builder using dredge survey and harvest data provided by Maryland Department of Natural Resources from 1989 to 2015. Patterns in exploitation rates over time varied among regions. Abundance generally decreased during 1989–2003 and increased thereafter. Recruitment was greatest in the late 1990s, 2010, and 2012, which led to increases in abundance. Natural mortality was low across all regions during 2004-2015. Habitat, recruitment, and abundance declined 50–70% during 1989–2015, but fishery effort increased in years with higher abundance.
Memory management in JAVA

The Java programming language has been a major language used in the industry and adopted by academia in introductory courses of computer science programs. Its capability of garbage collection has led many students to a false perception that, since the language automatically collects all unused objects, the programmer would not need to pay attention to memory management. Computer science educators have not emphasized enough the importance of memory management and some have totally ignored it. This is evidenced in student assignments and in textbooks written for the first three courses of the ACM Computer Science curriculum. This paper tries to bring memory management to the front of computer science education by first presenting the concept of object loitering and then introducing Java's three different types of references (soft, weak, and phantom references), which are designed to help in solving common memory management problems. This paper is not aimed to provide a comprehensive coverage on the three types of Java reference; rather it intends to bring the awareness of them to all computer science educators.
Cost-effectiveness of Different Strategies for Offering Influenza Vaccination in the Pediatric Emergency Department

Purpose: Pediatric influenza causes significant economic burden in the United States. Influenza vaccination (IV) is known to be cost-saving, but many children remain unvaccinated. Routine IV in the pediatric emergency department (PED) may increase overall vaccination rates and decrease costs. We sought to compare the cost-effectiveness of 4 different strategies for PED-based IV: offering vaccine to all patients, to patients age 0-5 …
Umrechnung der Versuchswerte auf Normalverhältnisse

Um Abnahmeversuche an verschiedenen Anlagen miteinander vergleichen zu konnen, mussen die Hauptwerte auf die gleichen Temperaturgrenzen umgerechnet werden. Eine solche Umrechnung ist haufig auch bezuglich der Umlaufzahl notig, da diejenige wahrend der Messung gewohnlich nicht ganz ubereinstimmt mit der vorgesehenen.
Becca's Investigation.

my eleven-year-old daughter, Becca, was doing her mathematics homework one night, she called me into her room. "Dad, do you think* 36 χ 8' is the same as 48 χ 6'?" "Well, I'm not sure," I said. And before I could do any furtherfiguring, she announced, "Well, it is. See," pointing to these two problems on her worksheet. Becca had just solved 36 χ 8, and then when she encountered 48 χ 6 about eight problems later, the product of 288 seemed familiar. The coincidence intrigued her, and so she had called me into her room to share this observation.
Left ventricular mass in a patient with severe heart failure

Abstract Introduction Cardiac masses have a wide range of etiologies with the most common being thrombi and less commonly tumors. However, in Sub-Saharan Africa other etiologies not commonly seen in developed countries such as endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) must be considered. EMF is a disease process associated with poverty, a poor diet, and eosinophilia although its pathology is poorly understood. Case report We report a case of a 53-year-old male with a history of dilated cardiomyopathy who presented to a Ugandan Emergency Department in respiratory distress. Bedside echocardiography was performed which revealed a large mass in the apex of the left ventricle. The patient was subsequently given supplemental oxygen and intravenous furosemide, however he later died while in the emergency department due to limited resources and lack of definitive care. Discussion The list of potential etiologies of cardiac masses is widely variable, and in settings such as Sub-Saharan Africa, this list must be expanded to include possible diagnoses such as EMF. EMF is a diagnosis that should be considered in patients presenting with respiratory distress and a cardiac mass present on echocardiography, such as the case presented here. The limited opportunities for medical personnel to diagnose cardiovascular disease can be made more efficient by the use of diagnostic imaging devices which are portable, yet capable of diagnosing the most common local pathologies [9-11].
Regulation by Shaming: Deterrence Effects of Publicizing Violations of Workplace Safety and Health Laws

Publicizing firms' socially undesirable actions may enhance firms' incentives to avoid such actions. In 2009, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) began issuing press releases about facilities that violated safety and health regulations. Using quasi-random variation arising from a cutoff rule OSHA followed, I find that publicizing a facility's violations led other facilities to substantially improve their compliance and experience fewer occupational injuries. OSHA would need to conduct 210 additional inspections to achieve the same improvement in compliance as achieved with a single press release. Evidence suggests that employers improve compliance to avoid costly responses from workers.
Path Integrals and Holism

This paper argues that the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics suggests a form of holism for which the whole (total ensemble of paths) has properties that are not strongly reducible to the properties of the parts (the single trajectories). Feynman’s sum over histories calculates the probability amplitude of a particle moving within a boundary by summing over all the possible trajectories that the particle can undertake. These trajectories and their individual probability amplitudes are thus necessary in calculating the total amplitude. However, not all possible trajectories are differentiable, thus suggesting that they are not physical possibilities, but only mathematical entities. It follows that if the possible differentiable trajectories are taken to be part of the physical system, they are not sufficient to calculate the total probability amplitude. The conclusion is that the total ensemble is weakly non-supervenient upon the physically possible trajectories.
Endo-phenotyping of COPD patients.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous syndrome and may comprise several different phenotypes that are driven by different molecular mechanisms (endotypes). Several differe...
The politics of transitional justice in Latin America: power, norms, and capacity building

Ezequiel A. Gonzalez-Ocantos’ The Politics of Transitional Justice in Latin America: Power, Norms, and Capacity Building, part of the Cambridge Elements in Politics and Society in Latin America ser...
Hemodynamic response to transseptal transcatheter mitral valve replacement in patients with severe mitral stenosis due to severe mitral annular calcification

Objectives We aimed to investigate the invasive hemodynamic changes with transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) in patients with severe mitral stenosis due to severe mitral annular calcification. Background The hemodynamic response to TMVR in patients with mitral stenosis related to degenerative mitral annular calcification has not been fully elucidated. Methods We conducted retrospective review of patients who underwent successful transseptal TMVR with balloon-expandable valves for symptomatic severe mitral stenosis due to mitral annular calcification at our institution between January 2014 and February 2020. Invasive hemodynamic measurements were obtained both before valve implantation (predeployment) and after (postdeployment). Results Eighteen patients (age 72 ± 10 years, 44% female) were included for the analysis. There was a significant reduction in mean left atrial pressure (23.7 ± 5.6 mmHg versus 20.6 ± 4.8 mmHg; p = .01), left atrial v-wave (mean 39.3 ± 10.2 mmHg versus 32.9 ± 9.9 mmHg; p = .01), and an increase in systemic mean blood pressure (72.6 mmHg ±11.2 versus 79.5 ± 9.9 mmHg; p = .02) postdeployment compared to predeployment. Patients who had symptom improvement at 30-day follow-up tended to have greater reduction in mean left atrial pressure (4.4 ± 4.4 mmHg versus 0.5 ± 5.2 mmHg; p = .16) and v-wave (8.6 ± 9.0 mmHg versus 0.7 ± 8.4 mmHg; p = .10) compared to those who did not experience improvement of symptoms. Conclusions Transseptal TMVR for severe mitral stenosis due to mitral annular calcification is associated with reductions in mean left atrial pressure and left atrial v-wave, and an increase in systemic arterial pressure.
Perceptions of Persons who Stutter before and after Attending Support Group Meetings

Abstract The authors surveyed members of a stuttering support group to assess the perceptions of persons who stutter (PWS) before and after attending support group meetings as well as factors that may be involved in sustainability of support groups for PWS. The group leadership incorporated into meetings, principles that would be most salient to helping PWS in a support group environment. The group integrated many of the 11 key therapeutic principles proposed by Yalom (1995) for effective group counselling and group therapy. Preliminary data indicate that involvement in the support group resulted in more positive feelings about being called a PWS and being a PWS and lessened the impact that stuttering has on a member's life. Participants reported that they gained hope, confidence, self-esteem, and a positive outlook as a result of attending support group meetings. Overall, it appears that the views of the respondents were consistent with several of Yalom's principles. The members believed that their involvement in meetings led them to positively change their views about stuttering and their own acceptance of their stuttering.
The development of predatory aggression and defense in the domestic cat (Felis catus): III. Effects on development of hunger between 180 and 365 days of age

The effects of hunger on the development of attack and defense between 180 and 365 days of age were examined. Hunger was found to facilitate pawing attack and to intensify lethal biting of front targets of prey. The form of attack facilitation by hunger was not merely to increase intensity of all attack behaviors, however. Behavioral changes were better understood within the context of the reactions of the prey to attack, the developmental history of a given attack component, the use of a given behavior had for the attacking cat, and defensive predispositions arising early in the life of the cats. Defensive withdrawal by cats from prey was attenuated by hunger. The likelihood of lethal attacks was found to vary with the degree of decrease of defensiveness shown in response to hunger. A dynamic model of equilibrium of the opposing motivations of attack and defense was proposed to account for the findings in the series of three reports.
Self-aligned chip-to-chip optical interconnections in ultra-thin 3D glass interposers

This paper presents the modeling, design and demonstration of a three-dimensional polymer waveguide (3D WG) that couples two optical through-package vias (TPVs) in a 3D ultra-thin glass interposer for chip-to-chip optical communications. Coupling of the device is enabled using positive and negative sloped, 45° total internal reflection (TIR) micro-mirrors. The simulated coupling efficiency is within 0.5 dB for 45±5°. A novel inclined UV photolithography process is proposed to fabricate the microstructures simultaneously with self-alignment. The alignment is inherent because it is resolved prior to inclined photolithography during the planar patterning of double-sided metallization layers. The new process is experimentally demonstrated using commercially available PCB manufacturing technologies. The measured alignment tolerance between the optical via and the polymer waveguide is within 2.5 um across the entire panel. Fifty micron tall polymer WGs at 20 ∼ 60 um width with 45 degree entry and exit turning surfaces are fabricated on 150um thick glass substrate. Rounded waveguide sidewalls and inadequate adhesion are observed, which requires further process development to allow high quality optical measurements.
Governing by Network: The New Shape of the Public Sector

A fundamental, but mostly hidden, transformation is happening in the way public services are being delivered, and in the way local and national governments fulfill their policy goals. Government executives are redefining their core responsibilities away from managing workers and providing services directly to orchestrating networks of public, private, and nonprofit organizations to deliver the services that government once did itself. Authors Stephen Goldsmith and William D. Eggers call this new model "governing by network" and maintain that the new approach is a dramatically different type of endeavor that simply managing divisions of employees. Like any changes of such magnitude, it poses major challenges for those in charge. Faced by a web of relationships and partnerships that increasingly make up modern governance, public managers must grapple with skill-set issues (managing a contract to capture value); technology issues (incompatible information systems); communications issues (one partner in the network, for example, might possess more information than another); and cultural issues (how interplay among varied public, private, and nonprofit sector cultures can create unproductive dissonance). Governing by Network examines for the first time how managers on both sides of the aisle, public and private, are coping with the changes. Drawing from dozens of case studies, as well as established best practices, the authors tell us what works and what doesn't. Here is a clear roadmap for actually governing the networked state for elected officials, business executives, and the broader public.
Rationale for growing southern pine seedlings at low seedbed densities

Although most bare-root pine seedlings in the Southern United States are grown at seedbed densities near 300/m2, the density used in other regions of the world is often less than 200/m2. One rationale for growing seedlings at lower seedbed densities is based on the desire to reduce the time required for successful stand establishment. Achieving a one- to two-year advancement in stand establishment can result in an additional 15 to 30 m3/ha within 15 to 20 years. Although seedling grade studies have demonstrated similar gains in volume production at ages 10 to 30 years, the findings from these studies are not widely known. The rationale in the Southern United States for growing at higher seedbed densities appears to be based on: (1) misinformation regarding the performance of morphologically improved seedlings; (2) a desire to minimize seedling and planting costs; and (3) density recommendations that are not based on volume growth in the field.
APPLIED USE OF HIGH RESOLUTION IMAGERY FOR HUMAN SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT IN SOUTH SUMATRA, INDONESIA

ABSTRACT The availability of extremely high resolution images offers an unprecedented opportunity to use such images to monitor, maintain and ultimately preserve and rehabilitate the natural environment throughout the life cycle of oil and gas projects. The variety of images available range from optical images such as Landsat ETM1 imagery (14.25 meter/pixel), IKONOS2 imagery (1 meter/pixel) and QuickBird3 imagery (0.6 meter/pixel). These optical images have sufficient spatial and spectral resolution to detect different vegetation types (e.g. old growth vs. new plantations), cleared vegetation caused by logging or human habitat expansion, burned areas due to fire and vegetation stress caused by spills from oil pipelines or storage vessels. These images are also useful for identifying potential pollutant sources such as abandoned wells, old drilling pits or other remediation targets, as well as potential pollutant receptors. Areas which have perpetual cloud cover, such as South Sumatra, of Indonesia, can be...
Combining Source-Location Privacy and Routing Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been widely used in various applications for continuous event monitoring and detection. The WSNs communication is generally event-driven. While confidentiality of the message content can be ensured through content encryption, it is much more difficult to adequately protect the source-location information of the event. For WSNs, source-location privacy service is further complicated by the fact that the sensor nodes consist of low-cost and low-power radio devices, computationally intensive cryptographic algorithms (such as public-key cryptosystems) and large scale broadcasting-based protocols are not suitable for WSNs. On the other hand, exposure of the source-location can jeopardize the successful deployment of WSNs. In this paper, we propose a scheme to provide both source-location privacy and routing efficiency through routing to an intermediate node selected from a hierarchical connected dominating set (CDS) of the network. The CDS represents the backbone of the network and the nodes in the CDS are located in different regions of the network. As a result, choosing nodes from the CDS can ensure the intermediate node to be away from the actual message source node. The selection of the intermediate node can effectively prevent the adversary from performing routing trace back attack to identify the message source node. In addition, this design guarantees a high message delivery ratio and a high message delivery efficiency.
Rearrangement of the benzyl benzoate molecular ion to lose H2O

The molecular ion of benzyl benzoate undergoes several decompositions, two of which are the loss of H2O and COOH·. To study these processes, the mass and IKE spectra of benzyl benzoate together with various deuterated benzyl benzoates and some of its isomers were studied. Evidence is presented to support the rearrangement processes of the molecular ion. A decomposition scheme is proposed to explain the observed transitions.
Inorganic nitrogen processing and assimilation in a forested wetland

A field study was conducted to assess the capacity of a lower Mississippi Valley, USA forested wetland to process and assimilate inorganic N. Elevated levels of N-15 labeled NH4 + and NO3 − -N were added to field plots and emissions of 15N2 and N2O and NH4 +- and NO3 − -N concentrations in the floodwater were measured over a 67 d study period. Results are given which show the forested wetland soil can remove significant quantities of NH4 + and NO3 − from the surface water by assimilation and denitrification processes.
A method for flight-test determination of propulsive efficiency and drag

A flight-test method is described from which propulsive efficiency as well as parasite and induced drag coefficients can be directly determined using relatively simple instrumentation and analysis techniques. The method uses information contained in the transient response in airspeed for a small power change in level flight in addition to the usual measurement of power required for level flight. Measurements of pitch angle and longitudinal and normal acceleration are eliminated. The theoretical basis for the method, the analytical techniques used, and the results of application of the method to flight-test data are presented. Flight-test data showed performance parameters measured with a standard deviation of about 0.8% for propulsive efficiency, 0.3% for parasite drag coefficient, and 8% for the airplane efficiency factor, e.
Tinker, tailor, soldier, patient: work attributes and depression disparities among young adults.

Abstract Prior studies have consistently found the occurrence of depression to be higher among persons with lower socio-economic status (SES), but causal mechanisms for this relationship are often not well understood. For example, while depression has been shown to increase during spells of unemployment, little work has been done on job attributes that may be related to depression among employed people early in their careers. This study links the 1992 wave of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort—which included Depression symptom scores on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) instrument—to the US Department of Labor's new occupational characteristics O*Net dataset. The resulting dataset includes information regarding depression, SES, and specific attributes of jobs held by the young adult respondents. Job attributes included measures of social status, interpersonal stressors, and physical conditions. Multivariate analysis revealed that for young men, higher job status is associated with lower CES-D scores. Higher scores on the opposition scale, which measures the extent to which employees are obliged to take a position opposed to others, is associated with higher CES-D scores. For young women, physically uncomfortable or dangerous jobs are associated with more depressive symptoms. Results are stratified by race/ethnicity. For Black men, unlike for White men or Latinos, job security is associated with fewer depressive symptoms; and for Latino men, but not for Black or White men, physically uncomfortable or dangerous jobs are associated with more depressive symptoms. For Black women, job status is associated with fewer depressive symptoms. We conclude that part of the SES–depression relationship may arise from the psychosocial aspects of jobs, which we have found to be significantly and meaningfully associated with depressive symptoms among employed young adults.
Comparison of gas chromatography and immunoassay methods for the detection of atrazine in water and soil

Abstract Leachate and soil samples collected from different tillage systems were analyzed for atrazine using gas chromatography (GC) and an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on magnetic particle technology. Solid‐phase extraction (SPE) was used to concentrate atrazine residues in leachate samples and soil extracts before GC analysis. Atrazine concentrations determined by GC ranged from 0.1 to 600 μg L‐1 for water samples and from 1.0 to 700 μg kg‐1 for soil samples. Atrazine concentrations in 92 leachate samples as determined by ELISA were well‐correlated (R= 0.97) with GC levels over the entire concentration range. Soil samples (215) were prepared and analyzed by three combinations of extraction/detection methods: 1)conventional extraction for GC / detection by GC analysis; 2)conventional extraction for GC / detection by ELISA analysis; 3)extraction for ELISA using a commercially available field kit / detection by ELISA analysis. Methanol (MeOH) in water was the common extractant. Although ...
Leptin Resistance in Vagal Afferent Neurons Inhibits Cholecystokinin Signaling and Satiation in Diet Induced Obese Rats

Background and Aims The gastrointestinal hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) plays an important role in regulating meal size and duration by activating CCK1 receptors on vagal afferent neurons (VAN). Leptin enhances CCK signaling in VAN via an early growth response 1 (EGR1) dependent pathway thereby increasing their sensitivity to CCK. In response to a chronic ingestion of a high fat diet, VAN develop leptin resistance and the satiating effects of CCK are reduced. We tested the hypothesis that leptin resistance in VAN is responsible for reducing CCK signaling and satiation. Results Lean Zucker rats sensitive to leptin signaling, significantly reduced their food intake following administration of CCK8S (0.22 nmol/kg, i.p.), while obese Zucker rats, insensitive to leptin, did not. CCK signaling in VAN of obese Zucker rats was reduced, preventing CCK-induced up-regulation of Y2 receptor and down-regulation of melanin concentrating hormone 1 receptor (MCH1R) and cannabinoid receptor (CB1). In VAN from diet-induced obese (DIO) Sprague Dawley rats, previously shown to become leptin resistant, we demonstrated that the reduction in EGR1 expression resulted in decreased sensitivity of VAN to CCK and reduced CCK-induced inhibition of food intake. The lowered sensitivity of VAN to CCK in DIO rats resulted in a decrease in Y2 expression and increased CB1 and MCH1R expression. These effects coincided with the onset of hyperphagia in DIO rats. Conclusions Leptin signaling in VAN is required for appropriate CCK signaling and satiation. In response to high fat feeding, the onset of leptin resistance reduces the sensitivity of VAN to CCK thus reducing the satiating effects of CCK.
Remobilization of barium in continental margin sediments

Abstract The rate of Ba release from California continental margin sediments has been measured, using an in situ benthic flux chamber, and the range of values (25–50 nmol cm−2 y−1) is larger than any previously published benthic flux estimate for this element. The magnitude of the Ba flux suggests that a significant fraction of the Ba raining from the euphotic zone is recycled at the seafloor. Ba:Si regeneration ratios from these margin sediments increase with depth, demonstrating that Ba is decoupled from Si during the earliest stages of diagenesis. On the other hand, Ba regeneration rates and CaCO3 dissolution rates covary; the coupling between these two constituents is supported by the observation that the Ba: CaCO3 dissolution flux ratio (1.7 ± 0.4 × 10−3) is independent of bottomwater depth—even in sediments underlying the oxygen minimum zone along the continental margin. Furthermore, this flux ratio is consistent with both the water column Ba:alkalinity ratio for the world's ocean, as well as the Ba:CaCO3 ratio in sediment-trap solid phases from the Equatorial Pacific (1.1–2.2 × 10−3). However, the constancy of the Ba:alkalinity ratio over geologic time remains in question, because the mechanism that controls this relationship remains a mystery. Our flux measurements suggest that diagenesis does not significantly influence the Ba:Ca ratio in the upper 0.5 mm of Pacific sediments, thereby supporting the idea of using the Ba concentration in surface-dwelling benthic forams as a proxy for deep-water chemical conditions ( Lea and Boyle , 1989, 1990). On the other hand, we predict that if a foraminifer lives 0.5 mm or more below this interface, then diagenetic effects could influence the Ba:Ca ratio that foram species would record. The carrier phase of the particulate Ba reactive during early diagenesis does not appear to be organic matter, oxyhydroxides, or calcium carbonate, but rather a mineral phase related to marine barite or perhaps celestite.
Direct Serum Injection and Analysis of Drugs with Aqueous Mobile Phases Containing Triethylammonium Acetate

Abstract The use of aqueous mobile phases containing only moderate concentrations of triethylammonium acetate (TEAA) permits the direct injection of untreated plasma sample onto the chromatographic column without causing the precipitation of proteins and the consequential clogging of the analytical column. Furthermore, the TEAA modifier can be used in place of the organic modifier to manipulate the retention of the drugs. The potential usefulness of this technique for the analysis of drugs in biological fluids is demonstrated and discussed.
Orographically Induced Stationary Waves: Dependence on Latitude

Abstract A general circulation model (GCM) with idealized boundary conditions is used to study the effects of a mountain's latitudinal position on the stationary wave response. In each of a series of experiments the only asymmetry in the boundary conditions is a Gaussian-shaped mountain with an e-folding width of 15° latitude placed at 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60° latitude in separate integrations. The stationary wave response in the GCM is analyzed using a linearized primitive equation model, a 3D wave-flux vector, and a barotropic ray-tracing technique. Stationary waves in the GCM are generated by modifications to the diabatic heating field, termed thermal forcing, and by obstructing the surface winds, termed mechanical forcing. With a mountain at 0° latitude, latent heating anomalies provide the forcing mechanism. In the 15° mountain experiment, forcing by anomalous latent heating is also found, but mechanical forcing (which occurs within the easterlies) seems to dominate. In the 30°, 45°, and 60° mounta...
Three-dimensional numerical simulation of single event upset of an SRAM cell

Charge collection mechanisms in PMOS and NMOS transistors irradiated by single energetic ions and the corresponding response of an SRAM (static random-access memory) cell have been simulated. For an ion track through a p-channel, the RC network within the cell and the strength of the n-channel pull-down device will limit the amount of charge collected. In the case of the n-channel pull-down device, the direction of the ion strike (toward or away from the source) plays a major role in the upset of the cell. An ion path toward the source upsets at a lower LET (linear energy transfer) than one away from the source. This is the result of additional electrons injected from the source due to barrier lowering. >
NMR Tools for Determining the Structure of Plutonium Materials

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is an extremely powerful method for determining molecular structures in a rapid and nondestructive way. The technique is typically applied to nuclei that have a spin quantum number of ½, which fortunately includes many of the nuclei in organic molecules, such as 1H, 13C, and 31P. NMR spectroscopy yields different signals for specific nuclei—“chemical shifts”—because different local arrangements of nearby nuclei and electronic bonds perturb the local magnetic field of a nucleus. The patterns of chemical shifts can be determined for compounds of known structure, and structures of unknown compounds can often be ascertained on the basis of the number and location of signals in the spectrum; their relative intensity of signal reflects the number of nuclei experiencing that specific chemical environment. The last of the heavy nuclei with I = ½ for which the NMR spectrum was undetermined has been 239Pu, despite decades of effort, but on page 901 of this issue, Yasuoka et al. ( 1 ) report a technique for 239Pu NMR.
Management of stage IIIB breast cancer.

Systemic treatments with hormones and/or chemotherapy attained outstanding success in producing objective regressions of local and distant metastases of breast cancer. With these demonstrations, similar therapies were employed in the adjuvant setting for stage II patients resulting in improved disease-free and overall survival (1,2). For locally advanced disease, systemic treatments caused substantial shrinkage of unresectable primary tumors (3,4). Because of the poor prognosis of stage III breast cancer, a positive approach to its management has been neglected or at least variable. This has been associated, in part, with the changing of staging systems of breast cancer. Further confusion occurred with clinical trials that incorporated stages IIB and III breast cancer. For clarification in this report, reference will be made to stage IIIB breast cancer (5,6). Stage IIIB breast cancer consists of tumors of any size with direct extension to the chest wall or skin (T4) with axillary node involvement (N1 and ...