cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patterns in Internet Meme Production

The sharing of Internet memes is increasingly popular form of expressing opinions and complex sentiments in an easily understood image. Marketers are exploiting the attention memes generate by enlisting meme influencers to create memes to promote products. I develop a machine learning algorithm that classifies meme images scraped from the meme aggregation sub-Reddit forums to generate a panel of meme posts. The data reveal time-series patterns in meme proliferation and quality, competition for attention across memes, learning-by-doing in meme creation, and potential mechanisms of the learning-by-doing. These findings suggest that the market for meme influencer will tend to be concentrated and may tend to become a superstar market.
Rapamycin administration during an acute heat stress challenge in growing pigs.

Study objectives were to determine the effects of rapamycin (Rapa) on biomarkers of metabolism and inflammation during acute heat stress (HS) in growing pigs. Crossbred barrows (n = 32; 63.5 ± 7.2 kg body weight [BW]) were blocked by initial BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 environmental-therapeutic treatments: 1) thermoneutral (TN) control (n = 8; TNCon), 2) TN and Rapa (n = 8; TNRapa), 3) HS control (n = 8; HSCon), or 4) HS and Rapa (n = 8; HSRapa). Following 6 d of acclimation to individual pens, pigs were enrolled in two experimental periods (P). During P1 (10 d), pigs were fed ad libitum and housed in TN conditions (21.3 ± 0.2°C). During P2 (24 h), HSCon and HSRapa pigs were exposed to constant HS (35.5 ± 0.4°C), while TNCon and TNRapa pigs remained in TN conditions. Rapamycin (0.15 mg/kg BW) was orally administered twice daily (0700 and 1800 hours) during both P1 and P2. HS increased rectal temperature and respiration rate compared to TN treatments (1.3°C and 87 breaths/min, respectively; P 0.10). However, the insulin:FI increased in HS relative to TN treatments (P = 0.04). Plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) increased in HS relative to TN treatments; although this difference was driven by increased NEFA in HSCon compared to TN and HSRapa pigs (P 0.31). The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was increased in HS relative to TN pigs (P = 0.02); however, a tendency for reduced NLR was observed in HSRapa compared to HSCon pigs (21%; P = 0.06). Plasma C-reactive protein tended to differ across treatments (P = 0.06) and was increased in HSRapa relative to HSCon pigs (46%; P = 0.03). Circulating haptoglobin was similar between groups. In summary, pigs exposed to HS had altered phenotypic, metabolic, and leukocyte responses; however, Rapa administration had limited impact on outcomes measured herein.
Invariance Testing of the Disablement in the Physically Active Scale Short Form-10.

INTRODUCTION Psychometrically sound instruments are needed to accurately track treatment effectiveness and assess quality of patient care. The Disablement in Physically Active Scale Short Form-10 (DPAS-10) was developed as a more parsimonious version of the DPA Scale to assess disablement in the physically active. Psychometric assessment of the DPAS-10 has not been completed; specifically, scale properties must be assessed in a sample of individuals who only respond to the 10-item scale at multiple time points. OBJECTIVES To assess the psychometric properties of the DPAS-10 using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and invariance procedures across multiple time points. METHODS Confirmatory factor analyses and longitudinal invariance tests were conducted. RESULTS The DPAS-10 met contemporary fit index recommendations and demonstrated longitudinal invariance; however, localized fit issues suggest further modification is needed. CONCLUSION Adoption of the DPAS-10 into widespread clinical practice and research is not recommended until further psychometric testing and scale modification is performed.
O -Glycan Complexity and Analysis

The chapter outlines robust qualitative and quantitative methods for their analysis. As there is no equivalent of N -glycanase for O -glycans, the focus is on the chemical release of O -linked glycans. The released glycans are characterized with a focus on tandem mass spectrometry (MS) approaches including identification and relative quantification. Given their relatively small size compared with N -linked glycans, promising approaches have and are being developed for the direct analysis of glycopeptides. These methods require purified glycoproteins or extremely simple mixtures that are defined first by glycomics and proteomics. The recent development of technological platforms for the direct This chapter illustrates the great diversity and biological functions of O -linked glycans observed in mammals. O -Glycans are attached to serine and threonine residues of the polypeptide, though modification of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine is observed in limited cases. They have no common core structure from which they are elaborated and many of them use a defined consensus sequence on the polypeptide that they modify. There is no single enzyme that can remove all, or even most, of the O -linked glycans from a complex mixture. For all of these reasons, O -linked glycan analysis has lagged behind N -linked glycan analysisanalysis of O -glycans from complex mixtures at high sensitivity and some of the future endeavors for the glycobiology field as it relates to O -linked glycans are illustrated.
Vector transform video coding for packet switched networks

Video-compression-algorithm-based block and vector transformations for prioritized packet switched networks are described. It is demonstrated that for a fixed high priority bandwidth this algorithm maintains a superior minimum quality video service compared to purely block-based coding techniques with only a small increase in the computational load. Simulations on digitized video support these claims. >
Mechanisms of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastric damage: Actions of therapeutic agents

Abstract All nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) used in the treatment of rheumatic diseases may cause gastric mucosal damage. Although the best-studied agent is aspirin, the mechanisms by which it damages the gastric mucosa are not fully understood. However, it is thought that the drug Impairs mucosal defenses by penetrating the protective mucous and bicarbonate layers and damaging the epithelial lining cells. In turn, gastric acid is permitted to pour through the breached defenses. This "back-diffusion" of acid further injures cells and destroys capillaries and venules. This local damaging effect is pH dependent and is contributed to by the acid secretion of the stomach. Other mechanisms by which aspirin may induce or contribute to mucosal injury include inhibition of mucosal prostaglandin synthesis, reduction and alteration of mucus secretion, reduction of bicarbonate secretion, interference with cell turnover, as well as systemic effects such as platelet dysfunction. The mechanism by which nonaspirin NSAIDs cause gastrointestinal damage is uncertain. All are known to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, which could contribute to their toxicity since prostaglandins found in the stomach both inhibit acid secretion and have mucosal defensive effects. Partial protections against aspirin-induced or other NSAID-induced gastric mucosal damage has been demonstrated, at least in some studies, by sucralfate, prostaglandins, omeprazole and histamine (H 2 )-receptor antagonists. Sucralfate appears to act primarily on local defensive mechanisms; its antisecretory effects are minimal. Prostaglandins exert a protective effect at both antisecretory and nonantisecretory (cytoprotective) doses, indicating that either or both mechanisms may be involved. The most recently studied agent, omeprazole, is the most potent of all acid inhibitors; it may also be cytoprotective, possibly as a result of its effects on sulfhydryl groups. Prostaglandins and omeprazole are not available in the United States and their potential side effects may limit their use in patients with chronic rheumatic diseases. Protection by H 2 -receptor antagonists is mostly related to reduction of acid secretion, though a cytoprotective effect may occur.
Evaluating a model of auditory masking for applications in audio coding

This investigation evaluates the adequacy of an excitation pattern (EP) model of auditory-masking to account for a masking condition commonly observed in the digital coding of audio signals: namely, the masking of quantization noise by either speech or musical sounds. This condition is modeled as a case of masking of a spectrally complex target by a multi-component complex masker (either speech or musical sounds). The evaluation focuses on the extent to which the EP model accounts for the 10-15 dB excess masking observed when multiple maskers occur simultaneously. Excitation-pattern predictions of the masking effects of two-component maskers were compared with predictions of masking-additivity models which closely predict experimental data. The EP model underestimates the combined effects of the two maskers both when the masker frequency components fall within the signal auditory-filter bandwidth, and when they fall outside this bandwidth. A correction for masking additivity may be needed prior to applying the EP model to audio-coding situations.
1, 25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D 3 (1, 25(OH) 2 D 3 ) SUPPRESSES THE IN VITRO PROLIFERATION AND IM1UNOQABULIN PRODUCTION BY NORMAL HUMAN PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELLS

1, 25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D 3 (1, 25(OH) 2 D 3 ) SUPPRESSES THE IN VITRO PROLIFERATION AND IM1UNOQABULIN PRODUCTION BY NORMAL HUMAN PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELLS
1,2,2‐Trifluorostyrene

[447-14-3] C8H5F3 (MW 158.12) InChI = 1S/C8H5F3/c9-7(8(10)11)6-4-2-1-3-5-6/h1-5H InChIKey = SUTQSIHGGHVXFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N (monomer for the preparation of polymers and copolymers that have application as ion exchange membranes for fuel cell separators)1, 2 Alternate Name: phenyltrifluoroethylene. Physical Data: colorless liquid, b.p. 68–70 °C/75 mm Hg.3 Solubility: soluble in most of the common organic solvents (THF, ether, hexanes, DMF, dioxane, benzene, etc). Preparative Methods: synthesis of 1,2,2-trifluorostyrene in good yield and high purity has been a difficult task.2-4 The most efficient preparation involved palladium(0)[Pd(PPh3)4] catalyzed cross-coupling of the trifluorovinylzinc reagent (CF2CFZnX) with iodobenzene.5 The trifluorovinylzinc reagent was generated either by direct insertion of zinc into bromotrifluoroethylene (CF2CFBr) (eq 1)5a, b or by in situ metallation/transmetallation of the readily available halocarbon 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) with LDA in presence of zinc chloride (eq 2).5c Another high-yield preparation utilized dehydrohalogenation of C6H5CH(X)CF3 type precursor (where X = F, Cl) with a selective base like LiHMDS (the base should not consume the product styrene) to afford 1,2,2-trifluorostyrene.6 (1) (2) Purification: purified by column chromatography (silica gel and pentane as eluent) or by distillation under reduced pressure.5, 6 Handling, Storage, and Precaution: undergoes thermal cyclodimerization above 80 °C. Gradually decomposes to benzoic acid with the liberation of HF when exposed to air or moisture.2
The voluntary provision of a pure public good: The case of reduced CFC emissions and the Montreal Protocol

Abstract This paper applies the theory of the voluntary provision of a pure public good to the behavior of nations to curb chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) emissions during the late 1980s. By devising an empirical test, we determine that these cutbacks in emissions are consistent with Nash behavior. When taste parameters are controlled, the relationship between emission cutbacks and national income is nearly linear as implied by the theory. If the sample is purged of potential outliers, then the linear relationship results. A significant taste parameter is the extent of political and civil freedoms, while a marginally significant parameter is geophysical position in terms of latitude.
On cyclic autocorrelation based spectrum sensing for cognitive radio systems in Gaussian noise

Detection of cyclostationary primary user (PU) signals in white Gaussian noise for cognitive radio systems is considered based on looking for a cycle frequency at a particular time lag in the cyclic autocorrelation function (CAF) of the noisy PU signal. We explicitly exploit the knowledge that under the null hypothesis of PU signal absent, the measurements originate from white Gaussian noise with possibly unknown variance. Our formulation allows us to computationally simplify the spectrum sensing detector, obviating the need for estimating an unwieldy covariance matrix needed in prior works. We consider both single and multiple antenna receivers. A performance analysis of the proposed detector is carried out. Supporting simulation examples are provided using an OFDM PU signal and they verify our performance analysis and also show that our approaches either outperform or are at least as good as existing approaches while being computationally much cheaper.
On the polite function of ¿me entiendes? in Spanish

Abstract Data selected from natural conversations in Spanish show that ?me entiendes? ‘do you understand me?’ may be used as an interpersonal discourse marker (DM) to express the speaker's (S) polite attitude towards the hearer (H) in situations which require mitigation. The paper establishes two general patterns of the use of ?me entiendes?: (1) sentence-medial type, characteristic for utterances which carry a more impositive illocutionary force and (2) sentence-final type, used in less impositive utterances in relation to the H. It is argued that a conceptual expression, such as ?me entiendes?, may be grammaticalized as a DM encoding interpersonal distance between participants of a conversation, which may be a manifestation of linguistic politeness in utterances whose force is attenuated.
Exclusion mapping of the benign hereditary chorea gene from the Huntington's disease locus: report of a family

A Greek family is presented in which seven members suffered from benign hereditary chorea (a rare autosomal dominant non-progressive chorea without dementia). All patients and three informative healthy relatives were submitted to DNA analysis using probes from loci linked to Huntington's disease. The results confirm one previous suggestion that these two disorders are not allelic and that they should be considered as two distinct genetic entities.
Chemoattractants provoke monocyte adhesion to human mesangial cells and mesangial cell injury.

Chemoattractants provoke monocyte adhesion to human mesangial cells and mesangial cell injury. Infiltration of glomerular mesangium by monocytes/macrophages is a prominent pathologic finding in many forms of glomerulonephritis (GN). While the mechanism(s) by which infiltration occurs is incompletely understood, monocyte adhesion to glomerular endothelial cells, provoked by inflammatory mediators, appears to be an important early step. In the present study, we assessed the influence of chemotactic peptides (C5a) and lipids (LTB 4 and PAF) on adhesion of human monocytes and mesangial cells, to determine if mesangial cells (glomerular pericytes with smooth muscle properties) represent potential targets for adhesion of chemoattractant-activated monocytes following their diapedesis from the intravascular space. C5a and LTB 4 provoked rapid (onset 4 -induced monocyte adhesion was inhibited (∼54%) by mAb against the common beta CD18 subunit of CD11/CD18 leukocyte integrins, while mAb against monocyte L-selectin was without effect. MAb against unique CD11 subunits were used to determine the relative contributions of different CD11/CD18 integrins. In this regard, adhesion was inhibited by mAb against CD11b (∼41%), and CD11c (∼23%), but not CD11a. MAb against mesangial cell ICAM-1 afforded ∼27% reduction in adhesion, while mAb against VCAM-1, E-selectin, and P-selectin were without effect. GM-CSF, a cytokine generated by monocytes and mesangial cells, also provoked CD11/CD18-dependent adhesion, and primed monocytes to the actions of chemoattractants. Furthermore, priming of monocytes with GM-CSF appeared to promote mesangial cell injury during subsequent monocyte-mesangial cell coincubations. The adhesion-promoting actions of chemoattractants with monocytes were additive with those of cytokines with mesangial cells (that is, TNF-induced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression). These data indicate that mesangial cells support adhesion of monocytes in vitro, and that chemotactic peptides and lipids act in concert with cytokines to promote adhesion and mesangial cell injury. Mesangial cells may be targets for monocyte adhesion in vivo and regulate monocyte trafficking during glomerular inflammation.
The Demise of Community and Ecology in the Pacific Northwest: Historical Roots of the Ancient Forest Conflict

The Pacific Northwest has become the site of a bitterly fought struggle over the future of the remaining 10% of the region's ancient, or “old growth,” forests. The remaining stands of these forests are important components of the local economy and of the region's ecology. The article begins with a brief description of the economic and ecological crises which are now coming to fruition as a result of the loss of 90% of these forests. It then provides a description of the cultural heritage and sense of community which is being lost in the small, timber-dependent communities of the region—a social crisis resulting from the economic and ecological crises. In conclusion, the article argues that all of these crises should be understood as resulting from the political, economic, and historical circumstances which facilitated the emergence of the largest and wealthiest timber ownership.
Spontaneous gonadotropin and testosterone concentration profiles in prepubertal and pubertal boys : temporal relationship between luteinizing hormone and testosterone

ABSTRACT: To investigate the detailed pattern of change in circulating gonadotropin and testosterone concentrations around the onset of puberty and to determine the temporal relationship between the gonadotropin and testosterone secretion, plasma gonadotropin and testosterone were measured at 20-min intervals for 24 h in 21 normal short boys. The obtained plasma hormone concentrations were analyzed by Cluster pulse detection algorithm, cosinor analysis, and cross-correlation analysis. The 21 subjects were divided into the prepubertal (n = 16) and early pubertal (n = 5) groups. All subjects showed nocturnal LH and FSH pulses and had significant circadian LH and FSH rhythms. Except for six boys of prepubertal group, all subjects showed nocturnal testosterone pulses and had significant circadian testosterone rhythms. The acrophase (clocktime of maximal value) of circadian testosterone rhythm was 0308–0428 h. Cross-correlation analysis demonstrated significant positive cross-correlations between LH and testosterone that were maximum at a testosterone lag of 60–120 min. Further, to eliminate intrinsic autocorrelations within the LH and testosterone time series, we filtered the data before subjecting them to the cross-correlation analysis. As a result, significant positive cross-correlations were found at a testosterone lag of 40 min in 10 peripubertal boys. We conclude that testosterone concentration profiles are pulsatile and show marked circadian rhythm well before the onset of puberty. LH and testosterone time series are significantly coupled when testosterone lags LH by about 40 min. This time lag might correspond to the time for synthesizing and secreting testosterone in Leydig cells after binding of LH to the Leydig cell receptors.
Feasibility of an osteochondral allograft for biologic glenoid resurfacing

Background: Concerns regarding insufficient press fit and glenoid vault cortical blowout make glenoid osteochondral allografting uncommon. We used 3-dimensional computed tomography modeling to test glenoid osteochondral allografting feasibility. Materials and methods: Sixteen cadaveric shoulders without osteoarthritis underwent computed tomography scans to create 3-dimensional models. The diameter of circular center-based reaming reaching the medial endosteal surface at depths of 4, 6, and 8 mm and the clock face position of the most shallow points were calculated. Demographic factors associated with graft diameter were analyzed by step-wise multiple regressions. Results: Shallower graft depths allowed larger graft diameters (P < .001). With a graft depth of 4 mm, 56% of glenoids allowed 20-mm-diameter grafts and 94% accommodated 16-mm grafts versus 31% and 75%, respectively, for a graft depth of 6 mm and 13% and 38%, respectively, for a graft depth of 8 mm. Increasing graft depth decreased graft glenoid coverage: mean coverage was 51.9% � 12.2%, 36.3% � 12.9%, and 23.8% � 14.2% for 4-, 6-, and 8-mm depths, respectively. The glenoid’s most shallow point was between the 1:30 clock face position and 3-o’clock position in reference to a right shoulder in 69%, 75%, and 44% of glenoids for 4-, 6-, and 8-mm depths, respectively. Although female gender, patient height, and glenoid height and width were associated with graft diameter, multiple regression analysis showed that patient height was the only independent variable associated with accommodated graft diameter at depths of 4, 6, and 8 mm (P ¼ .001, P ¼ .001, and P ¼ .003, respectively). Conclusion: Most glenoids support center-based grafts of 16 to 20 mm in diameter at a depth of 4 mm, covering an average of 51.9% of the glenoid. Accommodated graft size decreases as reaming depth increases.
The Silent Treatment

Usually, the assorted beeps and tones coming from your computer's speaker are useful warnings or alerts. However, in the case of an otherwise useful program (read game), the programmer may have been carried away with the ability to make clever noises come out of the PC's speaker. As it happens, there is a way to make an irritatingly audible program shut up. Using DEBUG, you can alter the code of the program so that the program won't issue commands to the speaker at all.
CT for the evaluation of carcinomas in the colon and rectum

The role of conventional CT in assessing patients with colorectal tumors is well established. The low accuracy of CT for identifying early stages of primary colorectal cancers prevents the routine use of CT for preoperative staging. Nevertheless, CT is useful in examining patients suspected of having extensive disease, in deciding whether a patient will benefit from preoperative radiation, in designing radiation ports, and in detecting complications related to the neoplasm. For recurrent colorectal neoplasm, CT has the premier role. CT surpasses colonoscopy in detecting early masslike tumor recurrence at the anastomotic site because of its extrinsic component, and CT and MRI are the only methods that can fully evaluate cases of total abdominoperineal resection. After total abdominoperineal resection, however, CT cannot determine with certainty that a soft tissue density in the surgical bed represents recurrent tumor. In patients with colorectal neoplasms, preliminary results with multiplanar and three-dimensional reconstructions of helical CT images are promising, but their role needs further investigation.
Dynamics of Bleomycin Interaction with a Strongly Bound Hairpin DNA Substrate, and Implications for Cleavage of the Bound DNA

Recent studies involving DNAs bound strongly by bleomycins have documented that such DNAs are degraded by the antitumor antibiotic with characteristics different from those observed when studying the cleavage of randomly chosen DNAs in the presence of excess Fe·BLM. In the present study, surface plasmon resonance has been used to characterize the dynamics of BLM B2 binding to a strongly bound hairpin DNA, to define the effects of Fe3+, salt, and temperature on BLM–DNA interaction. One strong primary DNA binding site, and at least one much weaker site, were documented. In contrast, more than one strong cleavage site was found, an observation also made for two other hairpin DNAs. Evidence is presented for BLM equilibration between the stronger and weaker binding sites in a way that renders BLM unavailable to other, less strongly bound DNAs. Thus, enhanced binding to a given site does not necessarily result in increased DNA degradation at that site; i.e., for strongly bound DNAs, the facility of DNA cleavage...
A stochastic theory of adiabatic invariance

LetI be a set of invariants for a system of differential equations with an ordero(e) vector field. When order e perturbations of zero mean are added to the system we show that, under suitable regularity and ergodicity conditions,I becomes an adiabatic invariant with maximal variations of order one on time scales of order 1/e2. In the stochastically perturbed case,I behaves asymptotically (for small e) like a diffusion process on 1/e2 time scales. The results also apply to an interesting class of deterministic perturbations. This study extends the results of Khas'minskii on stochastically averaged systems, as well as some of the deterministic methods of averaging, to such invariants.
Inferring weighted and directed gene interaction networks from gene expression data using the phi-mixing coefficient

In this paper, we present a new algorithm for reverse-engineering gene interaction networks (GINs) from expression data, using the so-called phi-mixing coefficient between two random variables. Unlike existing methods, the GINs constructed using the algorithm presented here have edges that are both directed and weighted. The GIN constructed is, in a very specific sense, a minimal network that is compatible with the data. Several GINs have been constructed for various data sets in lung cancer, ovarian cancer and melanoma. Lung cancer and melanoma networks have been validated by comparing their predictions against the output of ChIP-seq data. The neighbors of three transcription factors (ASCL1, PPARG and NKX2-1) in lung cancer, and one transcription factor SOX10 in melanoma, are significantly enriched with ChIP-seq genes compared to pure chance.
Diffuse smooth muscle proliferation of the lungs with severe pulmonary hypertension

We describe the second example of a distinctive clinicopathologic syndrome of severe pulmonary hypertension and interstitial lung disease caused by diffuse smooth muscle proliferation of the lungs (DSMPL) occurring in a 44-year-old man of normal intelligence with no cutaneous or neurological lesions. The smooth muscle proliferation involved the walls of bronchioles, alveoli, small pulmonary arteries, and pulmonary veins. DSMPL is distinct from pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis and tuberous sclerosis, and does not appear to be neoplastic or reactive. The lesions are probably best regarded as multiple hamartomas or "native benign nodular smooth muscle proliferations."
Phonemic-similarity effects in good vs. poor readers.

Experiments 1–4 examined immediate serial recall of rhyming and nonrhyming items by normal and poor readers in Grades 2–4. Children with generally low achievement were excluded from the poor-reader groups, so that the achievement deficit of the poor readers was centered in reading. The poor readers did not differ from the normal readers in their susceptibility to phonemic similarity either with letter lists or with word lists. Children low in both achievement and intelligence were included in Experiment 3, and they also showed normal susceptibility to phonemic similarity, except that phonemic-confusion effects were reduced when task-difficulty levels were high. Experiment 5 further demonstrated that the serial-recall task is relatively insensitive to phonemic-similarity effects when difficulty levels are high. Previous results suggesting that poor readers are relatively insensitive to phonemic similarity in such tasks may have been an artifactual consequence of marked differences in overall task difficulty for the groups compared. Implications of variations in sample-selection procedures also are discussed.
Mild redox complementation enables H2 activation by [FeFe]-hydrogenase models.

Mild oxidants such as [Fe(C5Me5)2]+ accelerate the activation of H2 by [Fe2[(SCH2)2NBn](CO)3(dppv)(PMe3)]+ ([1]+), despite the fact that the ferrocenium cation is incapable of oxidizing [1]+. The reaction is first-order in [1]+ and [H2] but independent of the E1/2 and concentration of the oxidant. The analogous reaction occurs with D2 and proceeds with an inverse kinetic isotope effect of 0.75(8). The activation of H2 is further enhanced with the tetracarbonyl [Fe2[(SCH2)2NBn](CO)4(dppn)]+ ([2]+), the first crystallographically characterized model for the Hox state of the active site containing an amine cofactor. These studies point to rate-determining binding of H2 followed by proton-coupled electron transfer. Relative to that by [1]+, the rate of H2 activation by [2]+/Fc+ is enhanced by a factor of 104 at 25 °C.
Regulatory properties of pyruvate kinase in human cells grown in tissue culture

Abstract Pyruvate kinase (E. C. 2.7.1.40) from human embryonic lung tissue, WI-38, has a pH optimum range of 7.0 to 7.2. This enzyme was found to be activated 2.1, 5.0 and 2.5 fold by fructose-1,6-diphosphate, KC1, and NH 4 Cl, respectively, and unaffected by NaCl. Even though the degree of activation by these effectors is different, they all cause an increase in maximal velocity and increase the affinity of the enzyme for phosphoenolpyruvate. ATP and L-alanine were found to inhibit maximal velocity by 40% and 70%, respectively, and in a non-competitive manner with respect to both substrates. Speculation is offered on the physiological effect of these modulators on glycolysis and glyconeogenesis.
Pharmacotherapy to reducevisceral fat

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death of men and women in the United States. The accumulation of visceral adipose tissue, as opposed to subcutaneous fat, increases the risk of developing CVD and metabolic disease. Because visceral adipose tissue uniquely contributes to the pathophysiology of CVD and insulin resistance, waist circumference is now being considered as a more useful marker of potential health risks associated with overweight and obesity than body mass index. Weight loss, particularly a reduction in waist circumference, improves insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, and serum adipocytokines, thereby reducing the risk of developing chronic disease and CVD.
Isotropic analysis of grid-turbulence

Abstract The principles of self-similar isotropic turbulence are applied to the analysis of grid-decay. In particular it is theoretically established that energy-transfer occurs in only two distinct invariant modes. The decay constant of third-order correlations is posed in terms of the “amounts” of each mode present in the decay. This constant is determined empirically, and is found to be relatively insensitive to changes in Re. The related decay of turbulence intensity is computed.
Influence of HFE variants and cellular iron on monocyte chemoattractant protein-1.

Background Polymorphisms in the MHC class 1-like gene known as HFE have been proposed as genetic modifiers of neurodegenerative diseases that include neuroinflammation as part of the disease process. Variants of HFE are relatively common in the general population and are most commonly associated with iron overload, but can promote subclinical cellular iron loading even in the absence of clinically identified disease. The effects of the variants as well as the resulting cellular iron dyshomeostasis potentially impact a number of disease-associated pathways. We tested the hypothesis that the two most common HFE variants, H63D and C282Y, would affect cellular secretion of cytokines and trophic factors.
Why do Japanese beetles defoliate trees from the top down

The Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, an introduced polyphagous scarabaeid, is an important pest of woody landscape plants and fruit crops in the eastern United States. A striking aspect of the beetle’s behavior is its tendency to congregate on particular plants, often nearly defoliating them, while other suitable hosts in the vicinity are only lightly damaged (Fleming, 1972). Feeding almost always begins at the top of a plant, regardless of its height, and proceeds downward (Fleming, 1972).
Impact of the television marketplace on the structure of major league baseball

This study examined the historical development and the present state of the economic relationship between Major League Baseball and the television industry. It considered how that relationship is being altered by the use of alternative television technologies such as cable and satellite. Of particular interest are the structural problems that television has caused Major League Baseball and the impact of these problems.
On the probability density of the envelope of a sum of random vectors

Abstract A most efficient way to calculate the probability density for the projection of the sum of n sinusoidal waves with differing amplitudes and phases that are uniform in (0, 2π) is to expand it in a Fourier series. The corresponding series for the envelope of such a series is known to be a Fourier-Bessel series. It is difficult, however, to calculate moments of the envelope from this series. It is shown that by relating the probability density of the envelope to that of the projection one can find moments of the envelope in an easily computable form. It is also possible to calculate an approximate form for the density function for the envelope amplitude near its maximum value. A generalized expansion is developed, valid when the probability density function depends on both angle and radial distance.
Backspallation due to ablative recoil generated during Q-switched Er:YAG ablation of dental hard tissue

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the suitability of Q-switched Er:YAG radiation with a pulse duration of approximately 150 ns for caries ablation in dental enamel and dentin. The rate and efficiency of ablation were determined at various laser fluences via perforation of enamel and dentin thin slabs. Peripheral thermal and acoustic damage was evaluated using optical and electron microscopy. Enamel and dentin were ablated with extremely high precision without peripheral thermal damage using these short laser pulses. However, mechanical damage resulted from stress transients produced during the ablative process which caused fracture s in dentin and enamel on the back side of the perforated tissue samples. The thickness of the layer of spallated dentin increased linearly with deposited energy consistent with proposed models. The possibility of acoustic-mechanical damage may limit the maximum single pulse energy that may be deposited when using short pulsed Er:YAG lasers for hard tissue use. This work was supported by NIH/NIDR Grant R29DE12091.
Reliability models based on bivariate exponential distributions

Abstract Motivated by reliability applications, we derive the exact distributions of R = X + Y and W = X / ( X + Y ) and the corresponding moment properties when X and Y follow five flexible bivariate exponential distributions. The expressions turn out to involve several special functions.
Cortical end-stopped perceptive fields: Evidence from dichoptic and amblyopic studies

Psychophysical length and width spatial interactions associated with a line target were measured in normal observers dichoptically and in observers with naturally acquired amblyopia to investigate the neural locus of end-stopped perceptive fields. Results show (1) interocular transfer of psychophysical end-stopping, flank-inhibition, and length and width summation; and (2) severe, but significantly different, loss of end-stopping and flank-inhibition in the central visual fields of amblyopic eyes. Together, these results suggest a cortical basis for end-stopped perceptive fields, and that psychophysical end-stopping and flank-inhibition are a consequence of distinct cortical inhibition. The damaging effects of amblyopia on end-stopping and flank-inhibition are weaker and less different from each other under transient conditions. Our results provide further evidence supporting the suggestion that end-stopped perceptive fields are the psychophysical analogs of cortical end-stopped receptive fields.
The Electoral Salience of Trade Policy: Experimental Evidence on the Effects of Welfare and Complexity

Why do some trade policies become electorally salient while others do not? While much of the literature argues that citizens act as a domestic constraint in the formation of trade policy, a general consensus has emerged that trade is most often a nonsalient issue among voters. This poses a paradox. On the one hand, trade models hinge upon voters’ rational self-interest and preferences for varying levels of protectionism to keep their governments accountable. On the other hand, the conditions by which trade becomes salient to these very voters in the first place are both undertheorized and untested. Using experimental evidence, I argue that two dimensions of a trade policy affect the likelihood of that issue becoming electorally salient. First, policies with large welfare effects should be more salient. Second, more complex issues should be less salient because such agreements are more likely to obfuscate an individual’s ability to discern its effects. I find support for my hypotheses that a trade policy’s...
Noise, neural codes and cortical organization

Cortical circuitry must facilitate information transfer in accordance with a neural code. In this article we examine two candidate neural codes: information is represented in the spike rate of neurons, or information is represented in the precise timing of individual spikes. These codes can be distinguished by examining the physiological basis of the highly irregular interspike intervals typically observed in cerebral cortex. Recent advances in our understanding of cortical microcircuitry suggest that the timing of neuronal spikes conveys little, if any, information. The cortex is likely to propagate a noisy rate code through redundant, patchy interconnections.
Theory of meson exchange potentials for nuclear physics

Abstract A diagrammatic technique for relating the nucleon-nucleon potential description to an underlying meson exchange description is explained. Because potentials are instantaneous interactions and meson exchange interactions time delayed a special type of diagram, the folded diagram, is needed. We illustrate the general rules by calculating some one- and two-meson exchange contributions to the potential, and some one-meson exchange contributions to the effective operator for proton-proton bremsstrahlung. The potential is Hermitian and defined so that the solution of Schrodinger's equation gives correctly the phase shifts for energies below the first inelastic threshold. The effective operator, when used in conjunction with these solutions, permits calculation of other observables. The well-known off-energy-shell ambiguity for elastically equivalent potentials corresponds to our discovery of a class of such diagrammatic expansions. We are able to find one that is much simpler than any other, and hence, preferred for practical calculations. The two-meson exchange contribution to the potential, using this prescription, is examined in the case of spinless “nucleons” exchanging scalar, isoscalar mesons, and in the case of nucleons exchanging pions. In the former case we find a substantial cancellation; we use the latter calculation to compare our method to that of Partovi and Lomon. The one-meson exchange terms of the effective operator are shown to contain terms that are “potential-dependent;” these terms have the important role of correcting the theory so that off-shell ambiguities of the potential will not affect physical observables.
Lesser metatarsal V-osteotomy for chronic intractable plantar keratosis. Retrospective analysis of 40 procedures.

The authors studied 40 V-osteotomies of the lesser metatarsal performed for chronic intractable plantar keratosis. They discuss the effectiveness of the V-osteotomy for this deformity as well as other findings such as whether or not fixation of the osteotomy yields a better result (i.e., a lower incidence of complications). The results show that the V-osteotomy had limited effectiveness for this condition and resulted in a high complication rate.
The significance of early postoperative duplex studies following carotid endarterectomy.

This study was conducted to evaluate the significance of duplex ultrasound performed soon after carotid endarterectomy. The records of patients with 150 carotid endarterectomies and postoperative duplex ultrasound within 24 h were reviewed. Eleven (7.3%) had abnormal studies with > or =50% stenosis. Two patients with abnormal studies sustained a perioperative stroke and three patients underwent reoperation for persistent lesions (P or =50% stenosis demonstrate significant association with postoperative stroke or reoperation, as well as with ischemic changes on brain imaging studies. Earlier detection with intraoperative duplex would probably be more advantageous than postoperative duplex ultrasound.
Diastereofacially selective enolate Claisen rearrangements of [4−7-η4-(1-acyloxy-2,4,6-octatrienyl)]tricarbonyliron complexes

Abstract The enolate Claisen rearrangements of 1–4 exhibit very high diastereofacial selectivity with the developing CC bond forming anti to the Fe(CO) 3 substituent.
Progress on high-power high-brightness VCSELs and applications

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are attractive for many pumping and direct-diode applications due to combined advantages in low cost, high reliability, narrow and thermally stable spectrum, high power scalability, and easy system integration, etc. We report our progress on electrically pumped, GaAs-based, high- power high-brightness VCSELs and 2D arrays in the infrared wavelength range. At 976nm, over 5.5W peak CW output and 60% peak power conversion efficiency (PCE) were demonstrated with 225um oxide-confined device. For 5x5mm arrays, peak PCE of 54% and peak power of >450W at 976nm, peak PCE of 46% and peak power of >110W at 808nm were achieved respectively under QCW conditions. External cavity configuration was used to improve the VCSEL brightness. Single mode output of 280mW and 37% PCE were realized from 80um device. For large 325um device, we obtained single mode (M2=1.1) CW output of 2.1W, corresponding to a brightness of 160MW/cm2*sr. Three major areas of applications using such VCSELs are discussed: 1. High brightness fiber output; 2. High power, high efficiency green lasers from 2nd harmonic generation. 3.34W green output with 21.2% PCE were achieved; 3. Pumping solid state lasers for high energy pulse generation. We have demonstrated Q-switched pulses with 16.1mJ at 1064nm and 4.9mJ with 1W average power at 473nm.
"Stalk"ing the etiology of rectal bleeding.

Question: A 59-year-old African American man previously treated with brachytherapy for prostate cancer presented to the emergency department with a 3-day history of rectal bleeding. He denied abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, or other gastrointestinal symptoms. He had never experienced a similar episode in the past. Physical examination was unremarkable aside from the rectal examination, which showed a small amount of light brown stool with streaks of red blood. Laboratory studies revealed a mild microcytic anemia (hematocrit, 39%; mean corpuscular volume, 79 fL) with normal iron panel. The patient had no family history of colon cancer and had undergone an average-risk screening colonoscopy 8 years previously at another hospital, remarkable only for diverticulosis. Radiation proctitis was suspected and a colonoscopy was performed. The colonoscopy demonstrated nonbleeding, mild radiation proctitis, diverticulosis, and small internal hemorrhoids and, more interestingly, a long stalk (10 cm) with a 2.5-cm, bulbous end extending from the sigmoid colon to the rectosigmoid junction (Figure A). The overlying mucosa appeared normal. The bulbous end and the majority of the stalk were removed by snare cautery
James F. Crow (1916-2012)

James Franklin Crow pioneered population genetics and influenced policy in human genetics. He was a scholar, citizen, and friend, who touched the lives of students, colleagues, musicians, and many others. He was born on 18 January 1916 in Phoenixville, Pennsylvania. After receiving his bachelor's degree from Friends University in 1937 and his Ph.D. in genetics from the University of Texas at Austin in 1941, he joined the faculty at Dartmouth College. In 1948, he moved to the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he remained fully active until his death on 4 January 2012 at the age of 95.
Probabilistic analysis of the longest Hamiltonian tour problem

In this paper we study the probabilistic behavior of the farthest neighbor heuristic for finding the longest Hamiltonian tour in a graph. We assume the edge weights are independent random variables uniformly distributed in [0,1]. If F, is the length of the heuristic tour and L, the optimal tour then Fn/Ln 1 a.s. as n α. We also show that Ln/n 1 a.s. as n ∞.
Variations in Leaf Soluble Amino Acids and Ammonium Content in Subtropical Seagrasses Related to Salinity Stress

A survey of leaf soluble amino acids was conducted for four subtropical seagrasses grown at several salinities. Proline functioned as an organic osmoticum in Halodule wrightii Aschers., Thallasia testudinum Banks ex Koenig, and Ruppia maritima L., while alanine functioned in an osmoregulatory capacity in Halophila engelmanni Aschers. When light-and salinity-induced variations in leaf NH4 and amide-N levels were compared in Halodule, Thalassia, and Halophila, ability to regulate leaf NH4 levels was correlated with osmoregulatory capacity and maintenance of selected amino acid contents.
A töredezett (kulturális) test írása Polcz Alaine "Asszony a fronton" című művében

In this paper I will discuss Alaine Polcz’s Asszony a fronton (1991) ‘ Woman on the Front,’ subtitled Egy fejezet az eletemb?l ‘A Chapter from My Life,’ as an extreme example of self-contradictory life writing, offering a fragmented self-representation of the author’s subjectivity through the narrative itineraries of both her privatized and publicized body through the last year of the Second World War. The term life writing is a particularly useful categorization for this text, since Hungarian critics have referred to it variously, sometimes in the same article, as ‘memoir, novel, autobiographical novel, documentary novel, memorial records’(memoar, regeny, oneletrajzi regeny, dokumentum regeny, emlekiratok). I will consider how Polcz narrativizes her identity in the two parts of her story. In the first, writing about her young married life with an abusive alcoholic husband during wartime Transylvania in 1944-45 she is unable to step outside the conventional romance plot, narrating her life in terms of the most conservative conceptualization of heterosexual femininity and wifehood, premised on self-renunciation. At the same time, she subverts her surface story of masochistic other-centeredness with manipulation of gaps and secrets, creating an ongoing tension between the concealed and revealed.
Gender Differences in Research Patterns Among PhD Economists

This study is based on a 1996 survey of PhD economists working in the academic and nonacademic sectors since 1989. Despite a raw gender difference in all types of research output, the male dummy variable proves statistically significant in predicting only one publication measure. In a full sample and faculty subsample, number of years since receipt of PhD, publication in a refereed journal as a graduate student, and the total number of presentations made in professional forums were consistently, positively related to research productivity. The importance of other independent variables varies by research output. Typically unavailable variables such as workload, time use, submissions data, and family circumstances are also examined.
CAN ABORTION MORTALITY BE ELIMINATED? WE BELIEVE THE ANSWER IS YES

Abortion mortality is an important global public health problem but a relatively neglected area of epidemiologic study. Deaths and complications from unsafe abortion are commonplace in many countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates about 22 million unsafe abortions are performed worldwide each year and about 47,000 women die from unsafe abortion and 99% of these deaths occur in less developed regions of the world.