cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Roles of heparan-sulphate glycosaminoglycans in cancer

Cell-surface/extracellular-matrix heparan-sulphate glycosaminoglycans (HSGAGs) are complex polysaccharides that are ubiquitous in nature, and that regulate several aspects of cancer biology, including tumorigenesis, tumour progression and metastasis. Recently gained insights into the structure of HSGAGs have extended our understanding of their role in the oncogenic process. At present, clinical trials are examining the anticancer properties of exogenous highly sulphated HSGAGs, including heparin and low-molecular-weight heparins, in addition to small oligosaccharide heparin mimetics. Combined with our more intricate understanding of HSGAG structure, this emerging structure–activity approach opens exciting avenues for the generation of polysaccharide-based anticancer therapeutics.
Hepatitis b e antigen and antibody: detection by radioimmunoassay in chimpanzees during experimental hepatitis b

Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and its antibody (anti-HBe) were evaluated using a sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) in weekly serum samples obtained from nine chimpanzees experimentally infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). In two chimpanzees with HBV infection with detectable hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAG) for less than five weeks, and in one chimpanzee with documented HBV infection with no detectable HBsAg, HBeAg was not detected; in all three, anti-HBe became detectable early in the infection. In six chimpanzees in which HGsAg was detected for 16 weeks or longer, HBeAg was detected early in the infection; in five, anti-HBe became detectable and HBeAg undetectable prior to the clearance of HBsAg. The sixth remained HGsAg-positive and HBeAg-positive for more than two years and never developed anti-HBe. These results confirmed the sensitivity of this RIA and its value in predicting the course of HBV infections.
Nail involvement in pemphigus vulgaris

Abstract Nail involvement in pemphigus vulgaris is relatively rare. We describe a case of severe pemphigus involving both the skin and oral mucosa in which an acute exacerbation was preceded by the onset of nail involvement of all 4 extremities. Nail involvement occurred in the form of hemorrhagic paronychia of multiple digits. Oral, cutaneous, and nail manifestations of the disease were all well controlled by systemic therapy. A review of the literature on nail involvement in pemphigus reveals that this involvement may be manifested in multiple ways, with chronic paronychia and onychomadesis being the most common. Involvement of the nail occurs most frequently either as part of the initial presentation, or just before or concurrent with a flare of pre-existing disease. Nail involvement, when it occurs, is usually present when the disease is severe. Topical therapy is insufficient, and systemic therapy is warranted. In the majority of cases, nail recovery is complete, with no residual damage. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;43:529–35.)
Moments for Tempered Fractional Advection-Diffusion Equations

This paper develops moment formulas for exponentially tempered, fractional advection-diffusion equations (TFADEs) that transition from anomalous to asymptotic diffusion limits over time. Exact analytical expressions or series representations for spatial moments up to the fourth order are derived by integral transform or asymptotic expansion approach. A fully Lagrangian solver, cross verified by an implicit Eulerian approach, is also developed to calculate numerically the complete evolution of moments for the TFADEs with complex initial and boundary conditions. Moment analysis identifies the diffusion equation that attracts the tempered anomalous diffusion in the long time limit. Fitting of moments measured at two end members of alluvial systems checks the applicability of moment analysis in understanding real diffusion.
On super splines and finite elements

Super splines are spaces of multivariate splines consisting of piecewise polynomials defined on triangulations, where the degree of smoothness enforced at the vertices is larger than the degree of smoothness enforced across the edges. Dimension formulae for super spline spaces are established, and the construction of explicit bases of locally supported splines is presented. In addition, it is shown that many classical finite-element spaces can be interpreted as super spline spaces, providing a link between spline theory and the highly applicable finite-element theory.
Potential roles of the medical ethicist in the clinical setting.

The medical ethicist is a fairly recent addition to the clinical setting. The following four potential roles of the clinical ethicist are identified and discussed: consultant in difficult cases, educator of health care providers, counselor for health care providers and finally patient advocate to protect the interests of patients. While the various roles may sometimes overlap, the roles of educator and counselor are viewed as being more congruent with the education and training of medical ethicists than are the roles of consultant and patient advocate.
Nociception and antinociception during the first week of life in mice: Sex differences and test dependence

Abstract This study demonstrates that reliable sex differences in nociceptive and antinociceptive mechanisms are present in even very young subjects. Sex differences were observed in mice tested either on the day of birth or 1 week later on basal tail-flick latency and morphine analgesic magnitude. Female mice had longer tail-withdrawal latencies; male mice demonstrated stronger analgesic responses to morphine. In addition, basal pain behavior and analgesic responsiveness differed between day-old and week-old animals on the hot plate, with day-old mice showing enhanced pain behavior and reduced morphine antinociception compared to week-old subjects. These findings further support the competence of pain processing circuitry in even very young subjects and highlight the early development of nociceptive and antinociceptive mechanisms. Perspective This study highlights the competence of nociceptive circuitry and the analgesic efficacy of morphine as early as the day of birth in mice, reinforcing the importance of evaluating and treating pain in even the youngest subjects. Sex differences were present, suggesting infant sex as one of several potential factors that predict the experience of procedural or pathological pain and analgesic requirement.
Electron-cluster interactions

Beam depletion spectroscopy has been used to measure absolute total inelastic electron-sodium cluster collision cross sections in the energy range fromE≈0.1 toE≈6 eV. The investigation focused on the closed shell clusters Na8, Na20, and Na40. The measured cross sections show an increase for the lowest collision energies where electron attachment is the primary scattering channel. The electron attachment cross section can be understood in terms of Langevin scattering, connecting this measurement with the polarizability of the cluster. For energies above the dissociation energy the measured electron-cluster cross section is energy independent, thus defining an electron-cluster interaction range. This interaction range increases with the cluster size.
Compiler-based data classification for hybrid caching

As chip multiprocessor systems incorporate an increasing number of cores, memory access latency, impacted by on-chip communication and remote data cache access, is becoming a critical bottleneck. To combat the problem, advanced cache organizations have been proposed as alternatives to traditional private and static non-uniform cache access (e.g. distributed shared) architectures. In this paper, we demonstrate how using fairly simple compiler analysis memory accesses can be classified into private data access and shared data access. In addition, we introduce a third classification of probably private access and demonstrate the impact of this category compared to traditional private and shared. The memory access classification information from the compiler analysis is then provided to the runtime system through the page table to facilitate a hybrid private-shared caching technique. The proposed cache mechanism distinguishes data access patterns and adopts different placement and search policies accordingly to improve the performance. Our analysis demonstrates that many applications have a significant amount of both private and shared data and that compiler analysis can identify the private data effectively for many applications.
Mean Distance in a Directed Graph

In this paper we study the mean of the distances in a directed graph and compare the results obtained with the corresponding results for undirected graphs. We derive a formula which enables the computation of best possible upper and lower bounds for the mean of the distances in a directed graph. Finally we present a table of values of the mean distance for small graphs and directed graphs.
The evolution of the Hughes tarsoconjunctival flap for lower eyelid reconstruction

The Hughes tarsoconjunctival flap was initially described in 1937. This flap is best used for reconstructing full-thickness defects involving the central portion of the lower eyelid. The evolution of this flap over the last 60 years is outlined. Several important modifications are presented; these modifications lead to decreased donor-site morbidity and improved recipient site outcome.
Comment on "Ascertainment adjustment in complex diseases".

Glidden and Liang [2002] have raised important issues regarding ascertainment adjustment in the framework of variance-components modeling for complex genetic traits. While the structure of the authors’ logistic variance-component model is simple, ascertainment issues arising with this model are likely analogous to ascertainment issues in more complex variance-component models commonly used for the analysis of either genetic disease data [Duggirala et al., 1997; Burton et al., 1999] or quantitative trait data [Amos, 1994; Almasy and Blangero, 1998]. Therefore, the results of Glidden and Liang [2002] are of importance both to investigators who design gene mapping studies, and to analysts who use variancecomponent methods to study genetic trait data. The authors first demonstrate that, if the ascertainment scheme is correctly modeled, ascertainment-adjusted parameter estimates from their logistic variancecomponent model for analyzing disease data reflect the true values of the populationbased parameter values rather than the sample-based parameter values. These results are analogous to those of Epstein et al. [2002], who used a similar logistic variancecomponent model initially proposed by Burton et al. [2000]. de Andrade and Amos [2000] showed similar results for the traditional linear variance-component method that assumed major gene, polygene, and environmental effects. In their example, de Andrade and Amos [2000] selected families in which one sibling had a trait value more extreme than 90% of the population, and properly accounted for ascertainment by dividing the unconditional likelihood by the likelihood that the selected
The particle-size distribution in the dust ejected from IRC +10216

We propose that in the outer envelope (more than 15 sec from the star) around IRC +10216 the grains are amorphous carbon spheres of radius a with a size distribution of the form n(a) approximately equals d(exp -3.5) exp (-a/a(sub 0)) and a(sub 0) approximately equals 0.10 micrometers. Small grains (a much less than a(sub 0)) are required to explain the shielding of circumstellar molecules against destruction by interstellar ultraviolet radiation. Larger grains (a much greater than a(sub 0)) are required to explain the observed circumstellar polarization at the K band. In this model approximately 0.1% of the mass in the ejected dust is contained in particles that are larger than 1 micrometer in diameter. If the size distribution of the ejected SiC particles is similar to the size distribution that we derive for the amorphous carbon grains, then at least some of the micron-sized SiC inclusions in meteorites thought to originate from mass-losing carbon stars may have been produced in the outflows from stars such as IRC +10216.
Pair-bond formation and breeding-site limitation in the convict cichlid, Archocentrus nigrofasciatus

Convict cichlids (Archocentrus nigrofasciatus) form pair bonds, are serially monogamous, and give biparental care to their offspring. Males and females may individually establish a breeding site before courtship, or they may form a pair and then obtain a breeding site together. Such sites are important resources for convict cichlids, and their availability often limits reproduction. Here, we examined if variation in breeding-site availability affected pair bonding between males and females and aggressive behaviors between bonded pairs. Groups of three males and three females were placed in large aquaria and randomly assigned to the following treatments: (1) the fish were provided with two breeding sites; (2) the fish were provided with two breeding sites throughout the experiment, one of which was later removed; (3) the fish were provided with one breeding site initially, and a second was later added; (4) the fish were provided with no breeding sites throughout the experiment. We found that pair bonds rarely formed when no breeding sites were provided; however, pair-bond formation was not limited by breeding-site number when at least one breeding site was available. In addition, there were no differences in aggression by paired individuals after breeding site manipulation, perhaps indicating that changes in the subsequent availability of breeding sites after pair formation did not influence a pair’s aggression.
Photo‐ and thermal‐oxidation of the nonwoven polypropylene fabric studied by FT‐IR photoacoustic spectroscopy

The photo- and thermal-oxidation of a nonwoven polypropylene fabric was investigated using Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FT-IR/PAS). The infrared spectroscopic data indicate that alcohol, peroxide, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, and anhydride were formed as the products of the thermal oxidation and photooxidation of the polypropylene fabric. Ester was also formed during the thermal oxidation process. The thermal oxidation was accelerated after an initiation period. It was found that thermal oxidation occurred homogeneously between the surfaces of the fabric and its bulk. For the polypropylene fabric irradiated by ultraviolet (UV) radiation, however, the highest degree of oxidation occurred in the surface of the fabric facing the UV radiation source. It was also found that the UV radiation at 254 nm caused photooxidation of polyropylene. No photooxidation was observed in the fabric exposed to the UV radiation at 350 nm under the same conditions. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fractionation of a water-based ferrofluid☆

Abstract Column chromatography of a water-based magnetic colloid produces fractions differing in their mean particle size. Particle size distributions of the fractions determined from electron micrographs are similar in shape to that of the original. Preliminary results of neutron scattering and magnetization measurements are presented.
The efficiency of certain production system implementations

The obvious method of determining which productions are satisfied on a given cycle involves matching productions, one at a time, against the contents of working memory. The cost of this processing is essentially linear in the product of the number of productions in production memory and the number of assertions in working memory. By augmenting a production system architecture with a mechanism that enables knowledge of similarities among productions to be precomputed and then exploited during a run, it is possible to eliminate the dependency on the size of production memory. If in addition, the architecture is augmented with a mechanism that enables knowledge of the degree to which each production is currently satisfied to be maintained across cycles, then the dependency on the size of working memory can be eliminated as well. After a particular production system architecture, PSG, is described, two sets of mechanisms that increase its efficiency are presented. To determine their effectiveness, two augmented versions of PSG are compared experimentally with each other and with the original version.
Satellite-Derived Surface Energy Balance Estimates in the Alaskan Sub-Arctic

The capabilities of the heat capacity mapping mission (HCMM) satellite are described, together with the numerical model used for data analysis. The HCMM carries the HCM radiometer for remote sensing in the visible and 0.55-1.1 micron wavelength regions, as well as in the 10.5-12.5 micron interval, with the swath being 720 km and each pixel being a square 500 m on a side. The HCMM is intended to aid in hydrological studies of soil moisture, runoff, and evapotranspiration estimates. Data are taken of the albedos and temperatures of vegetation, assuming that all reflection is diffuse. Corrections are made in the algorithm to account for sun angle and the spacecraft distance from the earth. Sample calculations are provided from scans of a coastal plain, mountains, and plateaus of Alaska.
Population genetics of the Federally Threatened Miccosukee gooseberry ( Ribes echinellum ), an endemic North American species

Ribes echinellum (Coville) Rehder (Miccosukee gooseberry; Grossulariaceae) is a Federally Threatened species known from only two localities: Jefferson County (Florida, FL) and McCormick County (South Carolina, SC). This perennial shrub, ca. 1 m tall, is deciduous, and reproduces both vegetatively (clonal growth) and sexually (seed production). Recent surveys of the FL population revealed a dramatic decline in plant numbers. To assist in conservation and management of this species in FL and SC populations, microsatellite genetic markers were used to identify genotypes and assess the genetic structure of R. echinellum. We genotyped seven microsatellite loci in 102 individuals: 74 collected in FL and 28 in SC. Unbiased heterozygosity was between 0.28 and 0.53. All seven loci were polymorphic, showing a range of 1.52–2.13 effective number of alleles per locus (mean = 1.75). The two populations of R. echinellum show low genetic diversity, especially in SC. Clonality was not widespread, but was higher in the SC population. Both populations show signatures of bottlenecks but isolation by distance was not evident. We found significant deviation from HW equilibrium, with higher number of heterozygotes than expected. However when HW test was done for the combined populations as two separate groups, only FL showed a significant HW test and for SC the test was non-significant. Bayesian analysis and FST values suggest high genetic divergence between the populations. These results are important for developing a recovery plan and an ex situ and reintroduction conservation programs.
The in-vivo response of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activation state and the pool sizes of photosynthetic metabolites to elevated CO2 inPhaseolus vulgaris L.

The short-term, in-vivo response to elevated CO2 of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase, EC 4.1.1.39) activity, and the pool sizes of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, 3-phosphoglyceric acid, triose phosphates, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate in bean were studied. Increasing CO2 from an ambient partial pressure of 360–1600 μbar induced a substantial deactivation of RuBPCase at both saturating and subsaturating photon flux densities. Activation of RuBPCase declined for 30 min following the CO2 increase. However, the rate of photosynthesis re-equilibrated within 6 min of the switch to high CO2, indicating that RuBPCase activity did not limit photosynthesis at high CO2. Following a return to low CO2, RuBPCase activation increased to control levels within 10 min. The photosynthetic rate fell immediately after the return to low CO2, and then increased in parallel with the increase in RuBPCase activation to the initial rate observed prior to the CO2 increase. This indicated that RuBPCase activity limited photosynthesis while RuBPCase activation increased. Metabolite pools were temporarily affected during the first 10 min after either a CO2 increase or decrease. However, they returned to their original level as the change in the activation state of RuBPCase neared completion. This result indicates that one role for changes in the activation state of RuBPCase is to regulate the pool sizes of photosynthetic intermediates.
Effectiveness of Services for Victims of International Human Trafficking: An Exploratory Evaluation

A program serving victims of human trafficking who were undocumented immigrants in the United States was evaluated using a logic model as a conceptual framework, and a pre-experimental, retrospective research design based on chart review and key informant interview. Outcomes for 43 clients were examined in the areas of housing, food, immigration status, mental health, health, English-speaking ability, education and employment status, and life skills. The program was found to improve clients’ lives in some areas while operating within a challenging environment. Implications for program improvement and future evaluations are discussed.
Beyond visualization of big data: a multi-stage data exploration approach using visualization, sonification, and storification

As the sheer volume of data grows exponentially, it becomes increasingly difficult for existing visualization techniques to keep pace. The sonification field attempts to address this issue by enlisting our auditory senses to detect anomalies or complex events that are difficult to detect via visualization alone. Storification attempts to improve analyst understanding by converting data streams into organized narratives describing the data at a higher level of abstraction than the input stream that they area derived from. While these techniques hold a great deal of promise, they also each have a unique set of challenges that must be overcome. Sonification techniques must represent a broad variety of distributed heterogeneous data and present it to the analyst/listener in a manner that doesn’t require extended listening – as visual “snapshots” are useful but auditory sounds only exist over time. Storification still faces many human-computer interface (HCI) challenges as well as technical hurdles related to automatically generating a logical narrative from lower-level data streams. This paper proposes a novel approach that utilizes a service oriented architecture (SOA)-based hybrid visualization/ sonification / storification framework to enable distributed human-in-the-loop processing of data in a manner that makes optimized usage of both visual and auditory processing pathways while also leveraging the value of narrative explication of data streams. It addresses the benefits and shortcomings of each processing modality and discusses information infrastructure and data representation concerns required with their utilization in a distributed environment. We present a generalizable approach with a broad range of applications including cyber security, medical informatics, facilitation of energy savings in “smart” buildings, and detection of natural and man-made disasters.
The influence of BrdU on interstitial cell differentiation in hydra.

Exposure of hydra to 3.25×10−3 M BrdU selectively altered differentiation in the animal's pluripotent I-cell population. It is suggested, therefore, that this analog may represent a valid probe to analyze the controls regulating cellular differentiation in in vivo populations of pluripotent cells.
Quantitative utilization of selected grasses by fall armyworm larvae

Food utilization by larvae of the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda [J. E. Smith]) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), showed greater consumption of corn (Zea mays L.) than pinto bean diet, ‘Tifton 10’, or ‘Coastal’ bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers.). Transfer of larvae from diet to susceptible grasses such as corn, ‘Tifton 10’ or ‘Coastal’ produced differences in growth rates as a result of food consumption rates. Transfer of larvae from diet to resistant grasses such as ‘common’ centipedegrass (Eremochola ophiuroides [Munro] Hack) ‘Tifton 292’ bermudagrass, and zoysiagrass (Zoysia sp.) reduced larval growth as a result of low consumption rates and/or greater metabolic expenditures. Larvae initially fed ‘Tifton 10’, ‘Coastal’, or centipedegrass before feeding on corn grew significantly faster than when they fed continuously on corn. RESUME Quantites de differentes plantes consommees par les chenilles de Spodoptera frugiperda Des chenilles de S. frugiperda ont consomme plus de mais (Zea mays), que d'un regime a base de Phaseolus vulgaris de la variete “Pinto”, ou de “Tifton 10”, ou de Cynodon dactylon de la variete “Coastal”. Des chenilles, transferees du regime artificiel sur des plantes sensibles comme le mais, le “Tifton 10” ou le “Coastal”, ont presente des taux de croissance differents provenant de modifications de leur consommation. Le transfert du regime a des plantes resistantes, telles que Eremochola ophiuroides, “Tifton 292”, C. dactylon et Zoysia sp., a entraine une diminution de la croissance larvaire par suite d'une plus faible consommation et/ou de depenses metaboliques plus elevees. Des chenilles ayant consomme du “Tifton 10”, du “Coastal” ou de l'E. ophiuroides avant de consommer du mais, se sont developpees significativement plus vite que celles qui s'etaient alimentees continuellement sur mais.
Effect of human gastrin infusion on gastric potential difference in man

Human gastrin I heptadecapeptide, infused intravenously to healthy volunteers in a dose of 0.5 μg/kg/hr, caused a prompt, significant reduction in gastric potential difference (decrease of mucosal negativity), with the peak change at 6 min. This decline in potential difference occurred at a time when the serum gastrin level was between 24 and 83 pg/ml; at the same time, scanning electron microscopic examination of fractographs of parietal cells demonstrated marked increase in canalicular membrane area. This study shows that the decrease in potential difference after gastrin occurs with serum gastrin levels which are in the physiologic range.
A boosting method for process fault detection with detection delay reduction and label denoising

In this paper we propose a novel fault detection algorithm for process control and maintenance that builds an ensemble of classifiers based on the modified AdaBoost technique. While seeking for the best fault detection accuracy, our algorithm also concentrates on reducing detection delay, which ensures safety and timely equipment service. In addition, the new algorithm can simultaneously detect and remove class-label noise in process data. Training is performed via iteratively optimizing an exponential cost function. The cost function also adaptively changes at each iteration, such that (1) the importance of the fault transition periods is increased to reduce the detection delay and (2) noisy samples are removed from training data. The algorithm was tested on a well known benchmark problem, the Tennessee Eastman Process (TEP), and compared to the baseline AdaBoost ensemble fault detector that does not pay specific attention to minimization of the detection delay and noise removal.
Understanding the Moral Person: Identity, Behavior, and Emotion

In this paper, the moral person is understood through the lens of identity theory in sociological social psychology. Identity theory helps identify the internal dynamics of individuals as moral persons by apprehending their self-views’, behavior, and emotions within and across situations. When the identity process is activated, the cognitive, behavioral, and affective dimensions of individuals inter-relate through a self-regulated control system. When this control system is laced with moral meanings, we see how moral persons emerge and are maintained or challenged in situations. I review studies that I carried out over 2 years that sampled over 3,000 individuals using survey and laboratory research. A series of hypothesis consistent with identity theory were tested to examine individuals’ moral identity, moral behavior, and moral emotions. The findings confirm the predictive power of identity theory in explaining the moral person. Future avenues for research are briefly discussed.
Influence of pH on Absorption of Nicotine from Urinary Bladder and Subcutaneous Tissues

SummaryThese experiments show that the hydrogen ion concentration plays an important roCle in the absorption of nicotine from both the urinary bladder and the subcutaneous tissues. The toxicity of nicotine given by these routes is appreciably decreased when the pH of the solution is reduced within a certain range. At similar pH levels nicotine is absorbed from the urinary bladder and from the stomach at essentially similar rates. Absorption of nicotine from the subcutaneous tissues is greater than from the urinary bladder when the alkaloid is injected at similar pH values, but the impossibility of controlling the factors which influence absorption from the subcutaneous tissues precludes direct comparison as to the role of the pH alone.A correlation is shown between the rate of absorption of nicotine from the urinary bladder and the calculated concentration of undis-sociated nicotine base in the solution injected.The ligated urinary bladder provides a technic for the study of factors influencing absorption...
Role of temperature in regulating timing of germination in soil seed reserves of Lamium purpureum L.

Summary Fresh seeds of Lamium purpureum L. were dormant at maturity, and when buried and exposed to natural seasonal temperature changes they exhibited an annual dormancy/non-dormancy cycle. During burial in summer, fresh seeds and those that had been buried for 1 year afterripened and thus were non-dormant by September and October; light was required for germination. During autumn and winter seeds re-entered dormancy, and during the following summer they became non-dormant again. Dormant seeds afterripened when buried and stored over a range of temperatures, becoming conditionally dormant at low (5, 15/6°C) and non-dormant at high (20/10, 25/15, 30/15 and 35/20°C) temperatures. Conditionally dormant seeds germinated to high percentages at 5, 15/6 and 20/10°C, while non-dormant seeds germinated to high percentages additionally at 25/15, 30/15 and 35/20°C. Low temperatures caused non-dormant seeds to re-enter dormancy, while high temperatures caused a sharp decline in germination only at 30/15 and 5°C. The temperature responses of L. purpureum seeds are compared to those of L. amplexicaule L.
Rate equations for the study of femtosecond intervalley scattering in compound semiconductors.

We present solutions to a set of rate equations for the electron dynamics after photoexcitation by a 2.0-eV laser in GaAs and InP. Results obtained, although simpler than full Monte Carlo solutions, closely follow the experimental data and provide insight into intervalley scattering. Calculations show that the net return time of electrons from the satellite L valleys into the \ensuremath{\Gamma} valley is not limited by the intervalley scattering rate, but is instead limited by the polar-optic-phonon scattering rate within the \ensuremath{\Gamma} valley. This shows that the time-dependent mobility and luminescence experiments depend on the L-valley depopulation rate, which differs from the L\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\Gamma} intervalley scattering rate. Results further suggest that the \ensuremath{\Gamma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}L scattering rate is faster than the polar-optic-phonon scattering rate.
Leveraging intensive longitudinal data to better understand health behaviors

Behavioral scientists have historically relied on static modeling methodologies. The rise in mobile and wearable sensors has made intensive longitudinal data (ILD) — behavioral data measured frequently over time — increasingly available. Consequently, analytical frameworks are emerging that seek to reliably quantify dynamics reflected in these data. Employing an input-output perspective, dynamical systems models from engineering can characterize time-varying behaviors as processes of change. Specifically, ILD and parameter estimation routines from system identification can be leveraged together to offer parsimonious and quantitative descriptions of dynamic behavioral constructs. The utility of this approach for facilitating a better understanding of health behaviors is illustrated with two examples. In the first example, dynamical systems models are developed for Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), a prominent concept in behavioral science that considers interrelationships between personal factors, the environment, and behaviors. Estimated models are then obtained that explore the role of SCT in a physical activity intervention. The second example uses ILD to model day-to-day changes in smoking levels as a craving-mediated process of behavior change.
The catalytic effect of peroxidases on the iodination of tyrosine in the presence of hydrogen peroxide.

Summary 1. Myeloperoxidase, horseradish peroxidase, and a thyroid peroxidase preparation (donor: hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.7) were each incubated with [14C]tyrosine (10 μM) and iodide (generally 20 μM) in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) with continuous addition of H2O2. 2. The catalytic effect of myelo- and horseradish peroxidase on the oxidation of iodide by H2O2 was followed in a spectrophotometer. 3. The results indicated that myelo- and horseradish peroxidase catalyzed the oxidation of iodide, but only myeloperoxidase also catalyzed the formation of the iodo tyrosines 4. Reaction conditions were found by which myeloperoxidase in 30 min catalyzed the formation of 11% monoiodotyrosine and 61% diiodotyrosine 5. The thyroid peroxidase preparation seeemed to be more similar to myeloperoxidase than to horseradish peroxidase 6. The results were discussed with respect to the formation of the iodotyrosines in vivo.
Acoustic emission monitoring of damage using high amplitude gains in carbon fibre reinforced poly(ether ketone ketone)

Acoustic emission testing (AET) is becoming an established test method for monitoring the damage accumulation process in composite materials [1-15]. AET involves acoustically coupling a number of piezoelectric sensors to the material being tested. These piezoelectric sensors convert the mechanical energy of the acoustic waves released by specific damage events in the material into electrical signals. The electrical signals are then amplified and analysed by a computer to obtain some information on the type of damage event taking place. The damage events which have been monitored using this technique include matrix cracking, fibre fracture and interracial failure. The total signal amplification during AET determines the signal to noise ratio. In order to filter out unwanted noise signals, a combination of a "threshold" and a "count filter" is used. The threshold level is the ultimate level below which any incoming signal is considered to be background noise. The count filter is used to filter out unwanted occasional high voltage spikes. When an incoming signal exceeds a preset threshold voltage, one "count" is recorded by the acoustic unit. Once an event has accumulated more counts than that imposed by the counts filter, it is considered an acoustic "hit". Noise signals typically have a lower number of counts than signals generated by damage events. Therefore, a combination of correct threshold levels and count filters can be used to remove all unwanted noise signals without masking useful damage accumulation data. Most of the acoustic emission tests described in the literature have been performed using a relatively low signal amplification (60-65 dB) and a relatively high count filter (5-10) [1-15]. In this paper, we have described acoustic monitoring of damage in AS4 carbon fibre reinforced poly(aryl ether ketone ketone) composites using relatively high signal amplifications (85 dB), a relatively low count filter (2), and a threshold level of 40dB. At these experimental conditions, we have observed unusual acoustic activity at very low strokes. Care was taken to ensure that this signal is not a mechanism or electrical artefact of the experimental setup or procedure. To our knowledge, this unusual initial acoustic activity has not been reported by other researchers.
Simplifying Pitot Traverses

Abstract This article details the advantages of traverses conducted with Pitot tubes and describes a device that will hold a Pitot tube in correct alignment to a round duct at predetermined insertion depths. With the device, one unaided individual can perform Pitot traverses without referring to traverse tables and do so with much better repeatability than is possible by hand. The device is suitable for use in the field and in the laboratory.
Fusion of visual and eddy current inspection results for the evaluation of corrosion damage in aircraft lap joints

The fusion of data from Edge of Light(EOL) and eddy current inspections of aircraft lap joints is investigated in this study. The pillowing deformation caused by corrosion products is estimated by the EOL technique first. Eddy current (ET) techniques, e.g. multi-frequency eddy current testing (MF-ET) and pulsed eddy current testing (P-ET), can provide depth-sensitive inspections of fuselage joints. The objective of this study is to investigate how the testing results obtained from the two different methods correlate to each other and what kind of complementary information is available in each result. This work contains two steps. First, the EOL inspection is quantified through a calibration process where a laser displacement sensor is used to provide the reference. The EOL estimation is for the total material loss while the eddy current or pulsed eddy current testing is employed to provide the complementary information on the remaining thickness. Second, the ET data are fused with the principle component analysis method and the results are calibrated by a calibration experiment. Finally, the bottom layer corrosion is estimated through the subtraction of EOL and ET results. The preliminary results are presented in this paper.
Conforming with ICAO safety oversight standards

Abstract Air transportation is a highly safe mode of transportation. In part, this has come about as technological advances have improved aircraft, navigation systems, and air traffic control. There have also been significant advances in relevant ergonomics and in aircrew training and practices. Institutional changes have also played their part. The establishment of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) after the Second World War included a commitment of signatories to abide by common measures to ensure safety in International Air Transportation. The Organization, however, has limited powers of enforcement. The International Aviation Safety Assessment (IASA) program was initiated by the US to ensure that countries with services involving the US meet ICAO safety oversight standards. This paper makes use of the IASA assessment procedure to examine factors that influence whether countries are conforming to ICAO safety standards. It adopts a basic econometric framework of analysis to pursue the topic.
CRIME AS HAZARD: PERCEPTIONS OF RISK AND SERIOUSNESS*

The study of crime suffers from an inattention to the social consequences of criminal acts. Conceiving crimes within the larger context of “hazard,” data are reported on the relative seriousness of conventional and white-collar crimes, as well as other hazards, using a sample of Washington state respondents. The results indicate that there is an inverse relationship between the perceived likelihood of a hazard and its seriousness. Generally, the more immediate the threat of a hazard, such as white-collar crimes, the more serious it is perceived to be. There are also implications from these consequences for perceptions of institutional effectiveness and interpersonal relationships. This suggests that future studies of the consequences of criminality, especially white-collar and corporate violations, might be directed toward the notions of risk and, eventually, social trust.
Datapath synthesis using genetic algorithm

Abstract The Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) synthesis is optimized using Genetic Algorithm (GA) for many types of ASICs including microprocessors, datapaths and ASIC floor plan layout. The implementation methodology of GA is developed after implementing several GA-based Datapath synthesis algorithms. The methodology is found to be very effective in Datapath synthesis problems. Global optimization of scheduling, allocation and datapath synthesis of HAL (Lee J, Hsu Y, Lin Y. A new integer linear programming formulation for the scheduling program in data path synthesis. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer-Aided Design, 1989;20–23) circuit using knowledge based GA are described here. The results of the above optimization are validated using conventional optimization methods.
Bispectral analysis of mesosphere winds

Abstract Spectral components exist in the measured winds whose presence is not easily explained through known production mechanisms. Since the atmosphere is non-linear it is likely that non-linear interactions between tides and planetary waves will result in modulation of the tides with the associated production of new spectral components, possibly at the sum and/or difference frequency of the original components. This process has been suggested in the literature and spectral analysis of mesosphere winds has produced spectral components with this sum and difference relation. In an effort to show that these spectral components have properties that are consistent with this non-linear production process, meteor winds measured with the UNH Meteor radar at Durham (71 °W, 43 °N) were subjected to bispectral analysis. Results which involve interactions between tidal components only are expected and easily explained. However, other results are surprising and it is shown that some interactions that are known to occur do not show up in the analysis.
Ion beam assisted formation of nanolayers

Abstract Periodic layers of various elements, such as Au/SiO2/Au, V2O3/SiO2 and VO/SiO2 were deposited and then bombarded by MeV ions to form nanolayers of nanocrystals. We have used the energy deposited due to the electronic excitation by post-irradiation to induce the nucleation of nanoclusters of metal ions in silica. The results were compared with post-annealing. The process of ion beam assisted nucleation of nanocluster was used to produce nanocrystals of Au in silica host. A formal treatment of ion beam induced diffusion is introduced with an appropriate diffusion coefficient.
Fellowship training as a modifier of the surgical learning curve

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the effects of fellowship training on a surgeon's learning curve for cancer control after open radical prostatectomy.MethodThe study cohort included 7,765 prostate cancer patients who underwent radical prostatectomy performed by 1 of 72 surgeons at four major U.S. acade
Culture Systems for Pluripotent Stem Cells

Pluripotent stem cells have the capacity to self renew and to differentiate to cells of the three somatic germ layers that comprise an organism. Embryonic stem cells are the most studied pluripotent stem cells. Pluripotent stem cells have also been derived from adult tissues. Both embryonic and adult stem cells represent valuable sources of cells for applications in cell therapy, drug screening and tissue engineering. While expanding stem cells in culture, it is critical to maintain their self-renewal and differentiation capacity. In generating particular cell types for specific applications, it is important to direct their differentiation to the desired lineage. Challenges in expansion of undifferentiated stem cells for clinical applications include the removal of feeder layers and non-defined components in the culture medium. Our limited basic knowledge on the requirements for maintaining pluripotency of adult pluripotent stem cells and the lack of appropriate markers associated with pluripotency hinders the progress toward their wide spread application. In vitro differentiation of stem cells usually produces a mixed population of different cell lineages with the desired cell type present only at a small proportion. Use of growth factors that promote differentiation, expansion or survival of specific cell types is key in controlling the differentiation towards specific cell lineages. A variety of bioreactors for cell cultivation exist and can be readily adapted for stem cell cultivation and differentiation. They provide a well-controlled environment for studying the process of stem cell propagation and differentiation. Their wide use will facilitate the development of processes for stem cell application.
Variational Asymptotic Modeling of the Thermal Problem of Composite Beams

The variational asymptotic method is used in this paper to construct models for thermal problem of composite beams under steady heat conduction. First, the original threedimensional heat conduction problem is reduced to be a two-dimensional thermal crosssectional analysis along with an optional one-dimensional heat conduction analysis. The one-dimensional heat conduction analysis exist only if the temperature is not prescribed at any point of the cross-section. Then we reduce the one-way coupled, three-dimensional thermoelasticity problem into a two-dimensional, one-way coupled thermoelastic crosssectional analysis and a one-dimensional, one-way coupled, thermoelastic beam analysis. The present theory is implemented into the computer program, VABS (variational asymptotic beam sectional analysis). Several examples are studied using the present theory and the results from VABS are compared with available analytical solutions and the threedimensional analysis using the commercial flnite element package ANSYS.
Photochemical crosslinking of bacteriophage T4 single-stranded DNA-binding protein (gp32) to oligo-p(dT)8: identification of phenylalanine-183 as the site of crosslinking

Using ultraviolet light, both the 33,000-dalton single-stranded DNA-binding protein from T4 bacteriophage (gp32) as well as a 25,000-dalton limited trypsin cleavage product of gp32 (core gp32*) that retains high affinity for single-stranded DNA can be crosslinked to an oligodeoxynucleotide, p(dT)8. After photolysis, a single tryptic peptide crosslinked to p(dT)8 was isolated by anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography. Gas-phase sequencing of this modified peptide gave the following sequence: Gln-Val-Ser-Gly-(X)-Ser-Asn-Tyr-Asp-Glu-Ser-Lys, which corresponds to residues 179-190 in gp32. Based on the absence of the expected phenylthiohydantoin derivative of phenylalanine 183 at cycle 5 (X) we infer that crosslinking has occurred at this position and that phenylalanine 183 is at the interface of the gp32:p(dT)8 complex in an orientation that allows covalent bond formation with the thymine radical produced by ultraviolet irradiation.
On Estimating the Cost of Accessing Records in Blocked Database Organizations

The estimation of the cost of processing a query using a particular access path under a given physical organization has important applications in integrated database environments. When records in a file are stored in fixed-length physical blocks in secondary storage, and mechanisms are available whereby a query can be resolved without the accessing of all of the records, an important measure of the cost of using a particular access path is the number of blocks that have to be accessed in referencing the records of interest. In this paper, a general formula is derived for the expected number of blocks on which a random sample of r records from a file containing n records (which may be of arbitrary lengths, and which may extend across block boundaries) will reside. The specialization of this formula to the case of fixedlength records is discussed. An approximation to this formula which is highly accurate for a wide range of parameters and which can be computed very efficiently is also provided.