cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Childbirth Education in the 1990s and Beyond

Childbirth education has been evolving for centuries. It has been a part of the experience of pregnancy and birth since the beginning of time, although it did not exist in the formal structure that exists today. It began in response to a need to improve prenatal care and maternal-infant outcomes. It experienced an awakening fueled by the women's movement and the grass roots consumer movement between 1960 and 1980 and had an impact on the development of family-centered maternity care. It has been influenced by institutional control in the 1980s and 1990s. Throughout these decades the goals of childbirth education have changed and evolved. As we near the year 2000, childbirth education approaches a crossroads and faces many challenges for the future. A number of factors will influence the direction that childbirth education takes in the next century. These factors include demographic trends, health care reform, the philosophy of health care providers, goals and responsibilities of consumers, goals of educational programs, consumer access to education programs, the philosophy and role of childbirth educators, research, and standards of practice.
Influence of the Cerebral Cortex on the Cuneate Nucleus of the Monkey

NEARLY all neurones in the dorsal column nuclei of the cat are either excited or inhibited by stimulation of the pericruciate cortex1–3, the excitation being carried entirely by the pyramidal tract, while inhibition involves an additional route2,3. The cortically excited neurones occupy deep and rostral sites in the dorsal column nuclei, near the pyramidal terminations4,5, while the cortically inhibited neurones are found more superficially. The latter, usually hair-sensitive neurones, possess peripheral inhibitory surrounds6; they may be identified with the cluster neurones, receiving large synaptic terminals7. The former are more often touch-sensitive or pressure-sensitive neurones possessing peripheral facilitatory surrounds6. Thus, neurones excited from one region of cortex are similarly excited from other cortical regions, ipsilateral and contralateral; the same rule holds for inhibition1,2. Few neurones have been observed with both types of cortical influence or with no cortical influence whatever.
Transparent financial disclosure and SFAS No. 142

Purpose – This paper seeks to examine whether companies are providing transparent financial disclosures in compiling with the provisions of SFAS No. 142, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets”, and to determine whether the adequacy of these disclosures is impacted by firm size.Design/methodology/approach – The authors conducted a random sample of companies that reported goodwill impairments for the first year of adoption of SFAS No. 142. The firms were then stratified into three groups according to asset size. Subsequent analysis consisted of assessing the financial transparency of companies' goodwill reporting practices in total and by firm size, utilizing an approach suggested in Adams.Findings – The study's findings suggest that many companies are not willing to provide additional voluntary disclosures to improve financial transparency, despite having the necessary information easily accessible. It also found that compliance with the provisions of SFAS 142 was sporadic and unpredictable.Originality/val...
Gynecologic diseases get their genes.

New mouse models of ovarian cancer and endometriosis have been created, defining the genetic relationship between these two gynecologic diseases (pages 63–70).
Metabolic Pathways of Steroids in Insects

This paper discusses sterol metabolism and utilization in insects with particular emphasis on the two known major metabolic pathways for steroids in insects: (1) The conversion of C$\_{28}$ and C$\_{29}$ plant sterols to cholesterol, including a comprehensive survey of the intermediates involved in the conversion of phytosterols to cholesterol, certain inhibitors of phytosterol metabolism, and the end products of sterol metabolism in insects. (2) The biosynthesis and metabolism of the steroid moulting hormones of insects (ecdysones), including the present state of our knowledge of the sterol precursors of the ecdysones, the ecdysteroid intermediates in their biosynthesis, and the inactivation of the ecdysteroids in insects. The biological and physiological significance of these metabolic pathways in insects is discussed, as well as their relationship to analogous pathways in plants and vertebrates.
Minority nurses in leadership positions: A call for action

Abstract The percentage of minority heath professionals is a serious problem in the United States. Of special concern is the small number of minority nurses in leadership positions. Affirmative action is proposed along with recommendations for various top-level national nursing organizations and governmental agencies.
On weak and strong conjugacy in the antisymmetry principle

The concept of conjugate irreducible subspaces in the algebras of permutation groups is expressed in such a way that it emphasizes the existence of conjugate pathways along a chain of subgroups of permutations. The new expression is shown to be equivalent to parity conjugation and incorporates the notion of conjugate pathways in a natural and consistent manner. The example of the Aufbau chain of symmetric subgroups is used to show how the conjugacy of pathways may be useful in the symmetry adaptation of the spatial and spin parts of Fermion state functions. It is also employed to show that one may arrive at a quantitative statement that clearly expresses the conjugacy constraints placed upon a Fermion state function in order for it to satisfy the antisymmetry principle. A simple example of these conjugacy conditions is presented. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1039. Targeted Catabolic Gene Knockdown Using RNA Interference in Chondrocytes Abrogates the IL-1β Response for Arthritis Control

Introduction: Acute cartilage injury and early osteoarthritis (OA) are characterized by an imbalance in cartilage catabolic and anabolic processes. This study evaluated small-interfering RNAs (siRNA) to enhance IGF-I anabolic activity by reduced IGF-BP3 sequestration of IGF-I, and IL-1|[beta]| knockdown to reduce IL-1|[beta]| and degradative MMP fluxes.
Dual-gate silicon carbide (SiC) lateral nanoelectromechanical switches

We present demonstration and experimental results of four-terminal nanoscale electromechanical switches with a novel dual-gate design in a lateral configuration based on polycrystalline silicon carbide (poly-SiC) nanocantilevers. The switches operate at both room temperature and high temperature up to T 500oC in ambient air with enhanced control over the distributed electrostatic actuation force, and also enable recovery from stiction at contact. We have experimentally demonstrated multiple switching cycles of these nanomechanical switches with different actuation control schemes, and active release from stiction by exploiting a repulsive mechanism. In combination with modeling of cantilever deflection, the experiments help reveal the coupled electromechanical behavior of the device when making contact during switching operations, and suggest possible correlation between the switch degradation observed over cycles and the elastic deformation of nanocantilevers.
Microcalorimetric, Infrared Spectroscopic, and DFT Studies of Ethylene Adsorption on Pd and Pd/Sn Catalysts

Microcalorimetric and infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) measurements for the adsorption of ethylene on Pd/SiO2 and Pd/Sn/SiO2 catalysts (4 wt % Pd, Pd/Sn = 3) have been performed at temperatures of 300, 263, and 233 K. In addition, microcalorimetric measurements were made for H2 and CO adsorption and FTIR studies were conducted of CO adsorption at 300 K on these catalysts. Quantum chemical calculations employing density functional theory (DFT) were performed using Pd10 and Pd6Sn4 clusters. Ethylene adsorption on the catalysts results in the formation of ethylidyne species, di-σ-bonded ethylene, and π-bonded ethylene species at 300 K, with initial heats of adsorption of 160 and 110 kJ/mol for the Pd and Pd/Sn catalysts, respectively. Only di-σ-bonded ethylene and π-bonded ethylene species form at 263 and 233 K, with the π-bonded ethylene species dominating. The initial heats of ethylene adsorption are equal to 110 and 102 kJ/mol on Pd/SiO2 at 263 and 233 K, respectively; and these values are equal to 90 and 85...
The number of labeled k-dimensional trees

Abstract The graphs known as trees have natural analogues in higher dimensional simplicial complexes. As an extension of Cayley's formula n n−2 , the number of these k -dimensional trees on n -labeled vertices is shown to be ( n k ) ( kn−k 2 +1) n−k−2 .
The fear of recording a negative physical examination.

The recording of the physical examination should be simplified. Teaching of a physical examination must include proper evaluation of each organ system regardless of the length of the medical record.
539 PRESUMPTIVE EVIDENCE FOR THE PRESENCE OF 2 ACTIVE X CHROMOSOMES IN A BALANCED X-AUTOSOLL TRANSLOCATION

In human somatic cells, X chromosomes in excess of one are late replicating. In balanced X-autosome translocation, the general rule is that the normal X is late replicating. We are reporting the first such translocation in which there is no late replicating X in 1/3 of cells analyzed. A 6-year-old girl with the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome has a balanced, de novo, X;1 translocation (G-banded karyotype is 46,X,t(X;1) (Xpter→ Xq26::1q12→ lqter; lpter→ 1q12::Xq26→ Xqter). Using the BrdU terminal pulse method followed by acridine orange or Hoechst 33258 stain and giemsa in 2 successive lymphocyte cultures, the normal X was identified as late replicating in approximately 66% of metaphases. In the remaining 34% of cells, neither the normal X nor the Xt appeared to be late replicating. In these cells, regions of chromosomes 4 and 13, known to be late replicating, are clearly identifiable. In no case did the small Xq portion in the reciprocal translocation chromosome appear as late replicating. This finding serves as presumptive evidence for the presence of 2 active X chromosomes in a balanced X-autosome translocation. Supported in part by NIH grants # RR75 and CA 19834
A comparative study of uncertainty methods for legal reasoning

This paper is based on the premise that legal reasoning involves an evaluation of facts, principles, and legal precedent that are inexact, and uncertainty-based methods represent a useful approach for modeling this type of reasoning. By applying three different uncertainty-based methods to the same legal reasoning problem, a comparative study can be constructed. The application involves modeling legal reasoning for the assessment of potential liability due to defective product design. The three methods used for this study include: a Bayesian belief network, a fuzzy logic system, and an artificial neural network. A common knowledge base is used to implement the three solutions and provide an unbiased framework for evaluation. The problem framework and the construction of the common knowledgebase are described. The theoretical background for Bayesian belief networks, fuzzy logic inference, and multilayer perceptron with backpropagation are discussed. The design, implementation, and results with each of these systems are provided. The fuzzy logic system outperformed the other systems by reproducing the opinion of a skilled attorney in 99 of 100 cases, but the fuzzy logic system required more effort to construct the rulebase. The neural network method also reproduced the expert's opinions very well, but required less effort to develop.
The Saccharomyces Retrotransposon Ty5 Influences the Organization of Chromosome Ends

Retrotransposons are ubiquitous components of eukaryotic genomes suggesting that they have played a significant role in genome organization. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, eight of 10 endogenous insertions of the Ty5 retrotransposon family are located within 15 kb of chromosome ends, and two are located near the subtelomeric HMR locus. This genomic organization is the consequence of targeted transposition, as 14 of 15 newly transposed Ty5 elements map to telomeric regions on 10 different chromosomes. Nine of these insertions are within 0.8 kb and three are within 1.5 kb of the autonomously replicating consensus sequence in the subtelomeric X repeat. This suggests that the X repeat plays an important role in directing Ty5 integration. Analysis of endogenous insertions from S.cerevisiae and its close relative S.paradoxus revealed that only one of 12 insertions has target site duplications, indicating that recombination occurs between elements. This is further supported by the observation that Ty5 insertions mark boundaries of sequence duplications and rearrangements in these species. These data suggest that transposable elements like Ty5 can shape the organization of chromosome ends through both transposition and recombination.
Thermal Testing of Organic Fluids for Supercritical Thermal Energy Storage Systems

Concentrating solar power (CSP) continues to advance as worldwide interest in renewable energy continues to grow. CSP technologies, including parabolic troughs, power towers, and dish/engines, provide the unique potential for low-cost thermal energy storage that will ensure that renewable energy can become cost-competitive with traditional fossil fuel sources on a large scale and comprise a significant portion of the global energy portfolio.The challenge is to develop cost-effective thermal energy storage to ensure that renewable energy can become a major part of the national and global energy supply. Storage fluid selection is a critical decision that must fulfill a number of criteria to not only provide long-term reliability, but also to remain cost-competitive in the power generation arena. The state-of-the-art thermal storage design uses a 2-tank molten salt configuration. However, most molten salt mixtures have a relatively high freezing temperature, which poses some system design issues. Additionally, the price of molten salt mixtures is steadily increasing. Current laboratory and industry research efforts have shifted focus to exploration of alternative storage fluids to significantly reduce costs.In this study, several storage fluid candidates have been selected based on an attractive combination of thermodynamic properties, cost, and availability. In this paper, rapid screening of fluid candidates is reported, and an expanded series of thermal cycling and supercritical characterization experiments have been planned and are being implemented to determine the long-term durability of the fluid candidates over a range of operating temperatures for extended periods of time. Commercial-grade materials were used, and in the case of naphthalene and biphenyl, the testing procedure was carefully controlled to prevent sublimation of the sample. This paper presents the results of a study investigating the thermal stability of several organic fluids. Samples were extracted and chemical analyses such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gas chromatography (GC) were conducted to observe degradation behavior and decomposition pathways. The rapid screening phase provided a timely and effective filter of the best-performing fluid candidates for supercritical thermal energy storage.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
The importance of soot particles and nitrous acid in oxidizing SO2 in atmospheric aqueous droplets

Abstract Soot particles catalyze the oxidation of SO 2 H 2 O, HSO 3 − , and SO 2− 3 species at the same rate; however, the rate of production of sulfate is not constant at a constant partial pressure of SO 2 . The rate decreases as the pH decreases because the total concentration of S(IV) in aqueous droplets decreases as the pH decreases. The sulfate production rate has a complex dependence on the concentration of S(IV) and is not very sensitive to a change in SO 2 concentration at normal atmospheric conditions. The oxidation of SO 2 by HNO 2 in atmospheric water droplets first produces hydroxylamine disulfonate, which undergoes acid-catalyzed hydrolysis to form sulfate and hydroxylamine monosulfonate. The latter can react with HNO 2 and would then end up as nitrous oxide and sulfate Model calculations have been made comparing the relative importance of the sulfate production mechanism by soot particles and nitrous acid with other mechanisms involving liquid water. The results indicate that both soot and HNO 2 mechanisms can be very important when the lifetime of the atmospheric aqueous droplets is long.
Development and characterization of a miniature PEM fuel cell stack with carbon bipolar plates

Abstract This paper details the fabrication and testing of a fuel cell stack using a novel manufacturing approach for creating carbon bipolar plates. The fundamental fabrication techniques have been described in a previous contribution [1]. The initial paper characterized a single cell. In this work, the fabrication techniques are utilized to fabricate a three-cell fuel cell stack. Operating data in different operating conditions is measured and presented. Information on cell performance at different operating temperatures and pressures is included. The methodology for the fuel cell characterization is presented.
Fetal brain injury after maternal carbon monoxide intoxication Clinical and neuropathologic aspects

In a model of brain damage in the rhesus monkey fetus, carbon monoxide inhalation by the mother was used to produce graded fetal hypoxia. Four fetuses with aterial oxygen contents of 2.1 to 2.4 ml per 100 ml during the most severe insult hour appeared neurologically normal, and their brains contained no lesions. A single animal with an intermediate degree of hypoxia was moderately abnormal; its brain showed extensive necrosis of the basal ganglia. Four fetuses with arterial oxygen contents of 1.6 to 1.8 ml per 100 ml during the most severe insult hour showed profound clinical deficits, and on postmortem examination the brains were markedly swollen and showed an extensive hemorrhagic necrosis. The fetal brain exhibits a high threshold to the effects of sustained hypoxia, but once a critical level of deoxygenation is exceeded, extensive brain damage with early death results.
Invariance of factorial validity of a job performance scale

On ajob performance appraisal scale comprising 25 4-choice items in Likertstyle format, factor analyses of intercorrelations of item ratings by one group of supervisors and of intercorrelations of item ratings by a second independent group of supervisors six months later for the same sample of 615 unskilled female textile workers yielded four identifiable matched dimensions of Assertive Commitment, Identification with Significant Others, Sense of Responsibility, and Productivity/Industriousness. Congruence coefficients of .98, .90, .94, and .96, respectively, for these four factor dimensions across two rater groups lent support to the invariance of factorial validity of the scales.
Randomized Clinical Trial of Antibiotic Therapy for Antenatal Pyelonephritis

Objective: The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate the efficacy of a therapeutic course of intravenous antibiotics followed by oral antibiotics vs. intravenous antibiotics alone to prevent recurrent urinary tract infection. Methods: Pyelonephritis was documented by strict criteria in 67 pregnant women who were then treated with appropriate intravenous antibiotics until afebrile and asymptomatic for 48 h. Women were then randomized to completion of a 10-day course of oral nitrofurantoin 100 mg qid or no further antibiotic therapy. Urine cultures (UC) were obtained 2 and 6 weeks after discharge, and at delivery. A positive UC or readmission for pyelonephritis was considered endpoints for participation in the study. Antibiotic suppression was not used. Results: Readmission for pyelonephritis prior to the 2-week follow-up visit occurred in 2/36 (5.6%) women randomized to the oral therapy group compared to 4/31 (12.9%) in the no oral treatment group (P = 0.29). At the 2-week follow-up visit, 6/31 (19.4%) women had a positive UC in the oral therapy compared to 8/26 (30.1%) in the no oral treatment group but this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.31). Conclusions: Completion of 10 days of antibiotic therapy with oral medication does not significantly reduce the risk of recurrent pyelonephritis immediately post-parenteral treatment. Women in the no oral treatment group had a non-significant increase in positive UC at the 2-week follow-up visit. The high rates of recurrent urinary tract infection during pregnancy in both groups underscore the need for regular UC and for the possible role of oral antibiotic suppression.
The interaction of CO with monolayer potassium on Ru(001) studied by thermal desorption and metastable quenching spectroscopy

Abstract From metastable quenching spectroscopy (MQS) and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) we find that CO adsorbs well at 100 K on a monolayer of K deposited on Ru(001), but the sticking coefficient becomes negligible as the adsorption temperature is raised to 200 K. However once a (CO + K) layer has been prepared at 100 K, it remains stable up to temperatures as high as 500 K. In addition to the known CO and K MQS features, we also observe a peak which is not present with either of these adsorbates alone. Within the framework of the rehybridization model proposed by others, this peak may originate from the 1b 2 orbital of rehybridized CO molecules.
Receptive Vocabulary and Cross-Language Transfer of Phonemic Awareness in Kindergarten Children

The authors investigated the influence of language proficiency on the cross-language transfer (CLT) of phonemic awareness in Spanish-speaking kindergarten students and assessed Spanish and English receptive vocabulary and phonemic awareness abilities. Correlation results indicated positive correlations between phonemic awareness across languages; CLT occurred. To investigate the role of proficiency in native language (L1) in CLT, the authors disaggregated the sample into two groups by L1 receptive vocabulary. No evidence for CLT of phonemic awareness emerged among children with below-average L1 skills. Regression results indicated that L1 receptive vocabulary predicted phonemic awareness performance of children's language of instruction. The authors suggest that prereading skills may transfer from L1 to L2 following a different pattern in children lacking L1 proficiency. Further investigation of CLT among children with below-average L1 skills is needed.
Clonal mast cell disease not meeting WHO criteria for diagnosis of mastocytosis: clinicopathologic features and comparison with indolent mastocytosis

Clonal mast cell disease not meeting WHO criteria for diagnosis of mastocytosis: clinicopathologic features and comparison with indolent mastocytosis
Weight gain as a consequence of living a modern lifestyle: a discussion of barriers to effective weight control and how to overcome them.

Objective The purpose of this commentary is to discuss modern lifestyle factors that promote weight gain and to suggest methods for clinicians to more effectively educate patients about weight management.
Age-dependent tolerance to an endogenous tumor-associated antigen

Immunologic tolerance to endogenous antigens reduces antitumor responses. Gp70 is an endogenous tumor-associated antigen (TAA) of the BALB/c-derived colon carcinoma CT26. We found that expression of gp70 mRNA is detectable in tissues of mice 8 months of age and older. We showed that expression of gp70 establishes immunologic tolerance and affects antitumor immunity in a similarly age-dependent manner using gp70-deficient mice. We found that tumors grew in all gp70-sufficient mice, while approximately half of gp70-deficient mice controlled tumor growth with endogenous T-cell responses. Protection in gp70-deficient mice correlated with more robust gp70-specific CTL responses, and increased numbers and avidity of responding antigen-specific T cells after vaccination. We conclude that immunosurveillance may decline with age due to increased or de novo peripheral expression of endogenous TAAs.
Manual Muscle Testing: A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other causes of critical illness often have generalized weakness, reduced exercise tolerance, and persistent nerve and muscle impairments after hospital discharge. Using an explicit protocol with a structured approach to training and quality assurance of research staff, manual muscle testing (MMT) is a highly reliable method for assessing strength, using a standardized clinical examination, for patients following ARDS, and can be completed with mechanically ventilated patients who can tolerate sitting upright in bed and are able to follow two-step commands. (7, 8) This video demonstrates a protocol for MMT, which has been taught to ≥ 43 research staff who have performed >800 assessments on >280 ARDS survivors. Modifications for the bedridden patient are included. Each muscle is tested with specific techniques for positioning, stabilization, resistance, and palpation for each score of the 6-point ordinal Medical Research Council scale. Three upper and three lower extremity muscles are graded in this protocol: shoulder abduction, elbow flexion, wrist extension, hip flexion, knee extension, and ankle dorsiflexion. These muscles were chosen based on the standard approach for evaluating patients for ICU-acquired weakness used in prior publications. (1,2).
Age-related changes in intestinal permeability and gut microbiota after ischemic stroke

Modafinil is awakefulness promoting agent used in the treatment of narcolepsy. It is also beneficial in patients with multiple sclerosis and with Parkinson's disease who complain of fatigue and sleepiness. We and others have shown that patients with MS-related fatigue have a deficit of arousal that can be corrected by modafinil. The mechanisms of action of modafinil are not clearly elucidated, but it is known to target the dopamine transporter, and to enhance the availability of dopamine and catecholamine neurotransmitters. The wakefulness promoting effect is dependent on the presence of Dopamine receptor 1. Functional magnetic resonance studies in humans have implicated the thalamus, a gray matter component of the brain known to degenerate in MS, in the effects of modafinil. Behavioural and histological evidence suggests a neuroprotective effect of modafinil in experimental models of Parkinson's disease, and is conformed in other models of neurodegeneration. Based on this we first performed a retrospective review of MS patients on long term modafinil compared with matched MS controls without modafinil treatment and showed a slower progression of disability on modafinil, supporting a neuroprotective effect. In the present study, we investigated the effect of modafinil on MOG35-55 induced EAE in C57Bl/6 mice. Modafinil 33 mg/kg twice weekly intraperitoneally from the day of immunization showed a trend towards reducing EAE scores in the chronic phase (p = 0.06). In a subsequent set of experiments modafinil given in daily doses of 100 or 50 mg/kg from the development of EAEwith a score of 1 or higher, significantly reduced disease severity (p = 0.008 and 0.021 respectively). Gene expression profiling in the thalamus showed up-regulated expression of a number of genes associated with neuroprotection, in particular genes involved in the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. Further potential immunomodulatory and neuroprotective mechanisms are investigated and discussed.
Inter-relationships among childhood BMI, childhood height, and adult obesity: the Bogalusa Heart Study.

Inter-relationships among childhood BMI, childhood height, and adult obesity: the Bogalusa Heart Study
Electrophysiological study of projections from mesencephalic central gray matter to forebrain in the rabbit.

Abstract An electrophysiological study has been made of pathways from mesencephalic central gray to forebrain in sixteen rabbits. Attention was focussed on those potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of central gray which, on the basis of latency (less than 7 msec), stability to high-frequency stimulation, and resistance to barbiturate anesthesia or anoxemia, were considered to be mediated by direct fibers. Such responses had a relatively limited distribution, being mainly confined to the hypothalamus, although they were also obtained from caudate nucleus and thalamus. Responses of a different type were recorded in the tuberal region of the hypothalamus, consisting of an initial small component of short latency (sometimes biphasic), followed by a broad wave. Whereas the initial components were depressed by barbiturate, the broad component increased in amplitude and duration. The present study suggests that the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus and periventricular-diencephalic system of fibers may be an important afferent pathway to the hypothalamus, including the rostral portion of the latter and the hypothalamohypophyseal system.
Hydraulically Amplified Magnetostrictive Actuator for Active Engine Mounts

A bidirectional magnetostrictive actuator with millimeter stroke and a blocked force of ± 22 N has been developed based on a simple hydraulic magnification mechanism. The purpose of the actuator is to replace the electromagnetic actuator in active engine mounts. The Terfenol-D actuator has a flat free displacement response up to 200 Hz and a flat blocked force response over a frequency range of at least 10 to 500 Hz. The actuator promises to deliver a much broader frequency bandwidth than commercial electromagnetic actuators.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Production of human antithyroglobulin in vitro, IV. Specific stimulation by antigen.

Peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients whose serum contains antithyroglobulin are capable of producing antithyroglobulin (anti-Tg) in vitro when stimulated with insol-ubilized Tg and suboptimal amounts of pokeweed mitogen. Antigen stimulation of anti-Tg production was demonstrated in 6 of 10 experiments in which a 1:10,000 dilution of pokeweed mitogen was also included. Larger concentrations of antigen appeared to inhibit anti-Tg synthesis. Regulation of antigen-stimulated anti-Tg production by the patients' T cells was not different from regulation by the T cells of normal subjects. Both T help and T suppression of antigen-induced antibody synthesis was demonstrated with patients' T cells. These experiments continue to provide evidence that production of the autoantibody anti-Tg is related to an abnormality of B cells.
Child Sexual Abuse: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Case Management

Treatment for child victims of sexual abuse is a complex and sometimes lengthy process involving members of numerous social service agencies. Coordination of services can be accomplished through the use of a multidisciplinary team approach to case management. The author provides information about the roles of various team members as well as suggestions for organizing a child sexual abuse multidisciplinary team.
Assessment of the qualitative variation in bacterial microflora among compartments of the intestinal tract of dogs by use of a molecular fingerprinting technique

Objective—To evaluate the qualitative variation in bacterial microflora among compartments of the intestinal tract of dogs by use of a molecular fingerprinting technique. Animals—14 dogs (similarly housed and fed identical diets). Procedure—Samples of intestinal contents were collected from the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, and rectum of each dog. Bacterial DNA was extracted from the samples, and the variable V6 to V8 region of 16S ribosomal DNA (gene coding for 16S ribosomal RNA) was amplified by use of universal bacterial primers; polymerase chain reaction amplicons were separated via denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Similarity indices of DGGE banding patterns were used to assess variation in the bacterial microflora among different compartments of the intestine within and among dogs. Bacterial diversity was assessed by calculating the Simpson diversity index, the Shannon-Weaver diversity index, and evenness. Results—DGGE profiles indicated marked differences in bacterial composition o...
Molecular contrast in optical coherence tomography using a pump-probe technique and a optical switch suppression technique

We describe two novel technique for contrast enhancement in optical coherence tomography (OCT) which enables molecular specific imaging. The first, a pump-probe technique, is employed in which a pulsed pump laser is tuned to ground-state absorption in a molecule of interest. The location of the target molecule population is derived from the resulting transient absorption of OCT sample arm light acting as probe light. Preliminary results exhibiting contrast enhancement in cross-sectional OCT images using methylene blue dye are presented. The second method is an optical switch suppression technique based on the use of a transmembrane protein called bacteriorhodopsin. Initial experiments indicate that biochemical optical switches, such as bacteriorhodopsin, are excellent contrast agent candidates for molecular contrast OCT.
THE USE OF ANTHOLOGIES IN THE STUDY OF LITERATURE

THE arguments against anthologies are familiar and obvious. Instead of an intense intimate friendship with the choicest flowers in the garden of literature, it is felt that they give us the bird's-eye view from the far-off airship that takes in everything and penetrates nothing. Or perhaps the reader may be compared to a traveller in an express train, rushing through provinces but never knowing a personality. Books of selections, it is argued, are scrappy and superficial. And so they are, compared with the intensive study of complete masterpieces. If education may be defined (in part) as a process of learning something about everything and everything about something, the anthology may lay no claim to contributing to the second half of the process. The question arises whether the first half is not an important half,-whether or not the extensive survey has virtues that intensive dissection has not. There are vistas unknown to the pedestrian (and even less familiar to the microscopist) which the airship embraces; mountain ranges seen in panorama-even be they dim, distant, and hastily glimpsedmay have a charm other than that we feel in the minute study of crater or rock crystal. It is something to read a bit of Malherbe and Musset in the same year and to compare them; Voltaire sets off Chateaubriand and Lamartine; Descartes and Lammenais, Racine and Hugo, gain in meaning when met in quick succession and contrasted. The course that can accomplish this broad view in any real sense without the help of a book of selections must be exceptional indeed. If compromise, or a combination of processes, be not wholly out of order, the anthology may prove, after all, a friend rather than an enemy. Such, at least, are the feelings animating these remarks, which are based upon an experience that has fundamentally modified an earlier prejudice against the anthology as a means of instruction in literature. And at this point it may be proper for us to remember that the French, who are not precisely a stupid or
“Look for the Union Label”: Exploring the Contradictions and Complications in LGBT Terminology

This article is an exploration of the implications of the gay label applied to LGBT persons and how that label surpasses all others in its implications. The author’s particular focus is on the decades since World War II, where religious, legal, and political definitions all got mixed together into a melange of cleavages affecting everything from the most definitive national and international proclamations to the personal behavior and beliefs of gay and straight individuals.
Synthesis and mesomorphic behaviour of oxo[5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-n-dodecylphenyl)porphinato]molybdenum(V)

Abstract Oxochlor0[5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-n-dodecylphenyl)porphinato]molybdenum(V) wav synthesised and found to exhibit a mesophase of lamellar type. This is the first discotic metallomesogen possessing two different axial groups. The effect of the axial ligands on the mesomorphic properties was preliminary discussed in comparison with the results of the hydroxoaluminum analogue.
A rejoinder and addendum to Hayashi (2011) regarding the systematics and biology of the turtle and whale barnacles (Cirripedia: Balanomorpha: Coronuloidea)

Barnacles of the superfamily Coronuloidea are obligate commensals of motile marine animals (Newman & Ross, 1976). Excepting the coronuloid genus Chelonibia Leach, the species included in this superfamily occur strictly upon marine vertebrates, particularly sea turtles and whales (Frick et al., 2011). Chelonophilic (turtle-associated) and cetophilic (whale-associated) coronuloids produce highly-ornamented shells with elaborations that enable these barnacles to grasp the skin of the host (Frick et al., 2010a). These same ornamentations are also useful characters for elucidating taxonomic affinities within the Coronuloidea (Darwin, 1854; Pilsbry, 1916; Ross & Frick, 2007).
Delivery mode is a major environmental determinant of stress urinary incontinence: results of the Evanston-Northwestern Twin Sisters Study.

Objective We studied a large cohort of identical twin sisters, utilizing the unique properties of a twin research design to explore the relationship between obstetrical delivery mode and stress urinary incontinence. Study design An anonymous 67-item survey was completed by 271 identical twin pairs (n = 542) at the world's largest annual gathering of twins. Logistic regression for repeated binary measures was used to evaluate risk factors and accounting for shared genetics within pairs. Results The twins had a mean age of 47.1 years (range 15 to 85 years), and stress urinary incontinence was reported by 51.8%. Stress urinary incontinence was associated with age ( P = .001), parity ( P = .001), obesity ( P = .002), and birth mode, with vaginal delivery conferring a considerable increase in stress urinary incontinence risk relative to cesarean section (odds ratio 2.28, 95% confidence interval 1.14 to 4.55, P = .019). Conclusion Vaginal delivery mode represents a potent determinant of stress urinary incontinence, carrying more than twice the risk of cesarean section. This study of identical twins provides new insight into the epidemiology of female incontinence.
Social security and conflict within the family

A husband and wife, though benefitting from marriage, may yet misappropriate some of the spouse's assets rather than let all be saved. In a Nash equilibrium, family savings may therefore be lower than what each spouse would prefer. Social Security, which is a form of forced, secure saving, can therefore increase welfare.
Humic acids buffer the effects of urea on soil ammonia oxidizers and potential nitrification

Humic acids (HAs) play an important role in the global nitrogen cycle by influencing the distribution, bioavailability, and ultimate fate of organic nitrogen. Ammonium oxidation by autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) is a key process in ecosystems and is limited, in part, by the availability of [Formula: see text]. We evaluated the impact of HAs on soil AOB in microcosms by applying urea (1.0%, equal to 10 mg urea/g soil) with 0.1% bHA (biodegraded lignite humic acids, equal to 1 mg/g soil), 0.1% cHA (crude lignite humic acids) or no amendment. AOB population size, ammonium and nitrate concentrations were monitored for 12 weeks after urea and HA application. AOB densities (quantified by real-time PCR targeting the amoA) in the Urea treatments increased about ten-fold (the final abundance: 5.02 × 10(7) copies (g of dry soil)(-1)) after one week of incubation and decreased to the initial density after 12 weeks incubation; the population size of total bacteria (quantified by real-time PCR with a universal bacterial probe) decreased from 1.12 × 10(10) to 2.59 × 10(9) copies (g of dry soil)(-1) at week one and fluctuated back to the initial copy number at week 12. In the Urea + bHA and Urea + cHA treatments, the AOB densities were 4 and 6 times higher, respectively, than the initial density of approximately 5.07 × 10(6) copies (g of dry soil)(-1) at week 1 and did not change much up to week 4; the total bacteria density changed little over time. The AOB and total bacteria density of the controls changed little during the 12 weeks of incubation. The microbial community composition of the Urea treatment, based on T-RFLP using CCA (canonical correspondence analysis) and pCCA (partial CCA) analysis, was clearly different from those of other treatments, and suggested that lignite HAs buffered the change in diversity and quantity of total bacteria caused by the application of urea to the soil. We hypothesize that HAs can inhibit the change in microbial community composition and numbers, as well as AOB population size by reducing the hydrolysis rate from urea to ammonium in soils amended with urea.
Stable siRNA-mediated silencing of ATM alters the transcriptional profile of HeLa cells.

Abstract The ATM protein, which is mutated in the inherited disease ataxia telangiectasia (AT), is a key regulator of the cells’ DNA damage response. AT cells also exhibit constitutive activation of transcriptional regulators such as p53, E2F, AP1, and NFκB. Inactivation of ATM may therefore alter the cells’ transcriptional profile. ATM expression in HeLa cells was silenced with siRNA expressed from a plasmid based vector, generating a stable cell line, HeLaATM601. HeLaATM601 cells displayed minimal levels of ATM protein and had a 10-fold increase in sensitivity to ionizing radiation. DNA microarray analysis demonstrated that 35 genes were upregulated and five genes were downregulated in HeLaATM601 cells. Genes upregulated in the absence of ATM included interferon-response proteins, cell cycle regulators, integral membrane proteins, and adhesion and extracellular matrix proteins. Using real-time PCR, these genes were also upregulated in cells derived from AT patients. Inactivation of the ATM protein therefore has a significant impact on the transcriptional profile of the cell.
Ca-Al rich phases in the allende meteorite

Allende meteorite showing presence of Ca-Al-rich glasses associated with other crystalline phases
U.S. Policy toward South Asia and Tibet during the Early Cold War

Events in South Asia in the 1950s and early 1960s had a long-term impact on the Cold War and on relations among the countries involved—China, India, Pakistan, the United States, and the Soviet Union. This article provides an overview of U.S. relations with South Asian countries during the early Cold War. It highlights the connections between U.S. policy priorities and commitments in South Asia on the one hand and developments in Tibet on the other. The article considers how U.S. policy priorities and actions in South Asia shaped, and were shaped by, China's reassertion of control over Tibet in the early 1950s and by the frictions that emerged between India and China in 1959 as a result of Beijing's brutal crackdown in Tibet.
The Interest Convergence Principle and the Integration of Major League Baseball

The integration of Major League Baseball (MLB) in 1947 has long been considered a triumph in America’s ongoing battle with racism and racial discrimination. An undeniably significant accomplishment, Branch Rickey’s signing of Jackie Robinson to the Brooklyn Dodgers organization in 1946 indubitably evokes altruistic feelings of racial progress in America. However, Bell’s interest convergence principle argues that elite Whites in America will not further the status of Black Americans without receiving equal or greater benefit in return for their so-called altruism. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to provide readers with a worthwhile and critical new perspective regarding the integration of MLB by analyzing it through the lens of the interest convergence principle.
Immediate list recall as a measure of short-term episodic memory: insights from the serial position effect and item response theory.

The serial position effect shows that two interrelated cognitive processes underlie immediate recall of a supraspan word list. The current study used item response theory (IRT) methods to determine whether the serial position effect poses a threat to the construct validity of immediate list recall as a measure of verbal episodic memory. Archival data were obtained from a national sample of 4,212 volunteers aged 28–84 in the Midlife Development in the United States study. Telephone assessment yielded item-level data for a single immediate recall trial of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT). Two parameter logistic IRT procedures were used to estimate item parameters and the Q1 statistic was used to evaluate item fit. A two-dimensional model better fit the data than a unidimensional model, supporting the notion that list recall is influenced by two underlying cognitive processes. IRT analyses revealed that 4 of the 15 RAVLT items (1, 12, 14, and 15) were misfit (p < .05). Item characteristic curves for items 14 and 15 decreased monotonically, implying an inverse relationship between the ability level and the probability of recall. Elimination of the four misfit items provided better fit to the data and met necessary IRT assumptions. Performance on a supraspan list learning test is influenced by multiple cognitive abilities; failure to account for the serial position of words decreases the construct validity of the test as a measure of episodic memory and may provide misleading results. IRT methods can ameliorate these problems and improve construct validity.
The Inflamed Liver and Atherosclerosis: A Link Between Histologic Severity of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Increased Cardiovascular Risk

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in the Western world. It encompasses a spectrum of disease ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Growing evidence links NAFLD to cardiovascular (CV) disease; however, the association between the histologic severity of NAFLD and CV risk remains poorly understood. To assess the relationship between severity of liver injury and CV risk markers in a large, well-characterized group of patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD. Our cohort consisted of 83 consecutive patients undergoing liver biopsy for clinical suspicion of NAFLD. Patients were subsequently divided into three groups: normal biopsy (n = 11) simple steatosis (n = 36), and NASH (n = 36). CV risk markers included: triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol/HDL, and low-density lipoprotein/HDL ratios. All lipid ratios were found to be significantly associated with NAFLD (p < 0.05) after adjusting for age and gender. More importantly, there was a stepwise, statistically significant increase in lipid ratios from patients with normal biopsies to patients with simple steatosis to those with NASH (p < 0.05). A positive correlation was found between the lipid ratios and NAFLD activity score (NAS) as well as the individual histological features of the NAS (steatosis, inflammation, and ballooning) with the strongest correlation being with NAS (rho (95% CI) 0.41 (0.21, 0.62), p < 0.001). In patients with NAFLD, the histologic severity of liver injury and inflammation is strongly associated with an increased CV risk and an atherogenic lipid profile.