cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inefficient substrate utilization: a mechanism of cachexia in cancer.

Abstract Definition of mechanisms of cachexia and inanition in cancer should improve treatment. To determine the interrelationships between tumor substrate metabolism, caloric intake, and body weight, 24 Buffalo rats were studied. Twelve rats had Morris 7777 tumors implanted and twelve were controls. Animals had daily weights and rat chow intake measured. When tumor-bearing animals lost significant weight ( P t test), they were sacrificed with a control animal. The liver from experimental and control animals and the hepatoma from the thigh were excised, homogenized, and mitochondria were isolated. The adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-stimulated respiratory activity (state 3) and ADP-independent respiratory activity (state 4) of mitochondria were determined. The Respiratory Control Index (RCI) was calculated as the most sensitive indicator of mitochondrial oxygen-substrate metabolism. Tumor-burdened rats and controls had statistically equivalent chow consumption ( P > 0.05). Tumor mitochondria demonstrated reduced rates of state 3 and state 4 oxygen consumption and RCIs were statistically less than control liver tissue ( P
Hydrophilization of polypropylene films by using migratory additives

Linear and branched hydrophilic additives of various molecular weights (MWs) were extruded with polypropylene (PP) to make blend films. The surface-modifying additives included polyethylene glycol (PEG), hydroxyl-terminated four-arm polyethylene oxide (PEO), and a commercial hydrophilic additive, Irgasurf HL560. Films were extruded by using a twin-screw microcompounder at 200°C, and the resulting film thickness was 100 μm. Attenuated total reflectance (ATR)-FTIR spectrometry and water contact angle measurements were performed on the film surfaces over time to investigate the additive migration behavior. Although ATR-FTIR detected concentration increases for all additives in the subsurface region, there was no significant improvement in surface hydrophilicity for the PEGs and four-arm PEOs in the same period of time as water contact angles were measured on the surfaces. Among the linear additives, low MW PEG (1 kDa) was found to migrate faster than the high MW varieties. The linear PEG and four-arm PEO with MW higher than 2 kDa did not exhibit significant migration to the surface within a month. Irgasurf was found to change the surface wettability effectively in a relatively short time. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 13:57–64, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Numerical simulation of the decay of turbulent swirling flow in a constant volume combustion bomb

Abstract Two different computational fluid dynamics programs were used to simulate the decay of turbulent swirling flow in a constant volume combustion bomb by solving the full Navier-Stokes equations. These calculations were performed both for model validation and for understanding the experimental results. Calculations have been done in both two and three dimensions, and they used both algebraic and one-equation subgrid scale turbulence models. The results are in satisfacotry agreement with the measurements of both swirl velocity and temperature. Predictions of secondary flows are presented also.
Aia Pavilion System Interactions

Abstract This paper will discuss the assembly and construction process of the AIA pavilion, a 180sf lightweight structure in the French Quarter of the historic city of New Orleans. The paper will demonstrate how parametric software, such as Grasshopper can inform fabrication and material systems. It will explain the fabrication process of a pavilion in detail and make an argument for plastic as a material that not only responds to the malleable characteristic of digital tools but also to environmental issues.
An explanation of the relationship between adults’ work trip mode and children’s school trip mode through the Heckman approach

Most studies on children’s travel hypothesize that the characteristics of children, households, schools, and neighborhoods exogenously affect their travel mode to school. This study makes an additional assumption that children’s mode to school and household adults’ travel mode to work are interrelated because of a lifestyle choice made by parents and caregivers. With this assumption, Heckman probit models were used with data from the 2009 US National Household Travel Survey to predict household adults’ travel mode to work and children’s travel mode to school jointly. It found strong evidence that household adults’ decision to drive to work significantly increases the probability of children being dropped off at school and decreases their likelihood of walking and bicycling, but not vice versa. As adults’ mode choice is more fundamental in the household decision-making process, the study suggests that children’s mode choice studies should not ignore how parents or caregivers travel to work.
Arginine‐rich cell‐penetrating peptides

Arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptides are short cationic peptides capable of traversing the plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells. While successful intracellular delivery of many biologically active macromolecules has been accomplished using these peptides, their mechanisms of cell entry are still under investigation. Recent dialogue has centered on a debate over the roles that direct translocation and endocytotic pathways play in internalization of cell-penetrating peptides. In this paper, we review the evidence for the broad range of proposed mechanisms, and show that each distinct process requires negative Gaussian membrane curvature as a necessary condition. Generation of negative Gaussian curvature by cell-penetrating peptides is directly related to their arginine content. We illustrate these concepts using HIV TAT as an example.
EARLY PREDICTION OF NEURODEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOME IN SYMPTOMATIC CONGENITAL CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) INFECTION. † 1068

Twenty-four children with virologically confirmed symptomatic congenital CMV infection were prospectively studied to assess the predictive value of central nervous system (CNS) signs, symptoms, and radiographic abnormalities on neurodevelopmental outcome. Outcome was assessed by serial age-appropriate IQ testing and by complete physical, neurologic, and developmental examinations (mean age at most recent followup 4.4 yrs., range 11 mos. - 9 yrs.). Early CNS abnormalities seen were: abnormal head CT scan 22 patients, congenital sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) 11, microcephaly 9, chorioretinitis 6, seizures 1, and other neurologic abnormalities(hypo/hypertonia, jitteriness, tremors) 11. The sum of CNS abnormalities for each patient was designated as that patient's CNS score, with scores of 0-6 possible (CNS score range 0-5, mean 2.5). Mental retardation (MR) (IQ 90(p<0.05).
Resistance of Field Strains of Beet Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Arizona and California to Carbamate Insecticides

Beet armyworms, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), were collected from spinach, Spinacia Oleracea L., lettuce, Lactuca sativa L., cantaloupe, Cucumis melo L., and alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., and their F1 progeny were evaluated for resistance to methomyl and thiodicarb. No resistance or high levels of resistance were detected to methomyl by using a topical bioassay. Agricultural areas containing a large hectarage of produce crops where methomyl is extensively used throughout most of the year primarily yielded the highest levels of resistance. The highest level of resistance detected came from a strain collected in Imperial County, CA, having a resistance ratio of 552-fold. Low levels of resistance were primarily associated with areas with a small hectarage of produce crops. Detection of high levels of methomyl resistance represents a dramatic shift in susceptibility since 1989. Beet armyworms collected from alfalfa before and after an insecticide application containing methomyl exhibited 101-fold and 450-fold resistance, respectively, suggesting selection for resistance. Beet armyworm strains resistant to methomyl were found cross-resistant to thiodicarb when using a diet incorporation bioassay. However, resistance ratios for thiodicarb never exceeded 5-fold. Similarly, when methomyl was bioassayed using a diet incorporation technique resistance ratios never exceeded 5-fold suggesting that the diet incorporation bioassay may underestimate the severity of resistance or that methomyl resistance may involve cuticular penetration.
Requirement for HDM2 Activity in the Rapid Degradation of p53 in Neuroblastoma

The wild type p53 tumor suppressor protein is rapidly degraded in normal cells by MDM2, the ubiquitin ligase that serves as the key regulator of p53 function by modulating protein stability. Cellular exposure to genotoxic stress triggers the stabilization of p53 by multiple pathways that converge upon interference with MDM2 function. In this study, we first investigated the ability of HDM2 (MDM2 human homologue) to degrade endogenous p53 in neuroblastoma (NB). Although the p53 protein in NB has been reported to be constitutively stabilized, we find that HDM2 in NB is functional and facilitates the rapid turnover of p53 in nonstressed cells via the proteasome pathway. Second, we examined the relationship between p53 and HDM2 in the adriamycin-mediated stabilization of p53 in NB. We demonstrate that while p53 stabilization depends neither upon the phosphorylation of specific N-terminal sites nor upon dissociation from HDM2, it requires inactivation of functional HDM2. In support of this notion, p53 stabilization following adriamycin resulted in an inhibition of both p53 ubiquitination and HDM2 ligase activity. Taken together, these data implicate a requirement for enzymatic inactivation of HDM2 as a novel mechanism for p53 stabilization in the DNA damage response pathway.
Broad-band coupling unit for power-line carrier with associated potential device

The aperiodic coupling unit and potential device described here have a performance that substantially exceeds the minimum requirements set forth in the AIEE Standard Number 31. Their use also eliminates several difficulties present in the conventional installation.
Chronic administration of electroconvulsive shock effects on mouse-killing activity and brain monoamines in rats.

Abstract Mouse-killing by rats is blocked by chronic administration of electroconvulsive shock. Antidepressive drugs also block mouse-killing by rats. Thus, mouse-killing by rats may be under the control of mechanisms analogous to human depression. Whole brain concentrations of norepinephrine were higher in rats that received ECS.
Performance of Some Radio Systems in the Presence of Thermal and Atmospheric Noise

The performance of several basic types of communication systems are determined experimentally, and in some cases theoretically, under typical conditions with steady or fading carriers, and in the presence of thermal or atmospheric noise. The relative efficiency of various carriers and the interference factor of various types of noise are found to be dependent upon the characteristics of the particular communication system as well as the characteristics of the carrier and noise themselves. Methods are considered for calculating errors expected from a given system, based upon the amplitude distribution of the noise envelope.
User-Generated Content as a Research Mode in Tourism and Hospitality Applications: Topics, Methods, and Software

The rapid growth of information generated by consumers of tourism and hospitality services calls for a systematic review of how user-generated content (UGC) has been applied in tourism and hospitality research. This study surveyed 122 peer-reviewed journal articles and conference proceedings that used UGC as a data source. The study investigates (a) the scope of the tourism and hospitality issues that are addressed using available UGC; (b) the methods that have been applied to UGC data to achieve research objectives; and (c) the software that has been used to collect UGC and extract information from large UGC data sets. The study also presents the emerging topics and challenges in UGC research.
Possitive and negative secondary ion mass spectra and mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectra of some amides, amines and related compounds: Mechanisms in molecular sims

Abstract Organic nitrogen-containing compounds (M) supported on noble metals (C) can be sputtered by ion impact and identified as their adducts with the metal, (C + M)+. Molecular weights are evident from this and other forms of the molecular ion, including the product of hydrogen substitution in (C + M)+ by a metal atom (2C + M — H)+, the protonated molecule (M + H)+, and the molecular ion, M+. Copper and silver cationized molecules typically show less fragmentation than their protonated analogs and provide the best means, of characterizing the analyte. Fragment ions in SIMS (secondary ion spectra) are shown to arise via unimolecular dissociation of sputtered ions by direct examination of the dissociations of these ions, or of their analogs generated by chemical ionization. The negatively charged ions generated in SIMS and in mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry (MIKES) also show similar fragmentations. Ion-beam-induced reactions, which can contribute ions of significant abundance to SIMS spectra obtained at high primary ion current densities, can be reduced or eliminated by using low ion currents and/or by analysis from a matrix of a salt such as ammonium chloride. The salt matrix not only reduces intermolecular reactions and so simplifies SIMS spectra, but also decreases the detection limit.
BOLTED JOINT CLAMPING FORCE VARIATION DUE TO AXIAL VIBRATION

Recent experiments and analyses have revealed that threaded fasteners subjected to axial vibration can experience either loosening or tightening. In this paper, the authors examine the variation of clamping force in a single-bolt assembly model due to axial vibration. Specifically, the effect of vibration level and initial pre-load on clamping force is studied. It is found that the clamping force can remain steady, decrease, or increase when the assembly is subjected to axial vibration. However, changes in clamping force are generally transient and a steady value is reached over time.
Standardless Analysis - Better but Still Risky

Today, many vendors have replaced “first principles” standardless analysis with standardless analysis based on “remote standards.” Rather than relying on pure physics modeling, “remote standards” rely on standards collected on a canonical detector that are then adapted to match the performance characteristics of the detector in your laboratory. Rather than having to normalize every result to 100 % to compensate for poor knowledge of certain physical processes, some vendors actually can and do report the analytical total when there system has been suitably calibrated. While there are theoretical reasons why remote standards will never match the performance of true standards-based analysis, “remote standards” are a large step forward. However, not all vendors implement remote standards and no vendor documents sufficiently well what they actually do to turn our spectra into measures of composition. These shortcomings make us wonder to what extent a scientific endeavor can be based on black box software that has never been evaluated by an independent third-party to validate its reliability.
Peripheral vs central circulation times during CPR: A pilot study

The circulation time during closed chest cardiac compression was studied using Cardio-Green injected in either the right antecubital vein or right subclavian vein during CPR. Arterial blood was obtained from a right femoral arterial catheter at 30-second intervals for five minutes following injection. Six patients, in two groups, comprised the study population. The arterial sample for Cardio-Green after central venous injection revealed a high concentration of the dye at 30 seconds and an emerging second peak at five minutes. After peripheral injection, no peak concentration of the dye was achieved during the five-minute sampling method. Our preliminary study indicates reduced concentrations and significant delay in arrival of injected agents that are introduced at a peripheral intravenous site during closed chest compression.
Two-dimensional pulsatile hemodynamic analysis in the magnetic resonance angiography interpretation of a stenosed carotid arterial bifurcation

A two‐dimensional pulsatile hemodynamic analysis based on the finite‐element technique was performed on a minimally stenosed carotid artery to identify the possible explanation for the differences in the x‐ray and magnetic resonance carotid angiograms of a patient. The magnetic resonance angiogram was obtained by applying the maximum intensity projection algorithm to axial slices, acquired using the time‐of‐flight principle. The differences in the x‐ray and magnetic resonance depictions were interpreted based on velocity profile, wall shear stress, and streamline data provided by the hemodynamic analysis. The specific contribution of the stenosis was further isolated from that of the bifurcation by comparing the flow patterns within the stenotic artery with those of its normal counterpart. The Doppler spectral velocity wave form of the patient constituted the basis for the pulsatile flow velocity specification. The analysis took into consideration the non‐Newtonian viscosity of blood. The numerical procedure was validated through different convergence criteria and through shear stress comparisons. The importance of hemodynamic analyses in relation to magnetic resonance angiography was further discussed along with possible shortcomings of the technique.
Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs) as Gene Carrier System for Rat Model of Human Glioma

Background Due to their unique property to migrate to pathological lesions, stem cells are used as a delivery vehicle for therapeutic genes to tumors, especially for glioma. It is critically important to track the movement, localization, engraftment efficiency and functional capability or expression of transgenes of selected cell populations following transplantation. The purposes of this study were to investigate whether 1) intravenously administered, genetically transformed cord blood derived EPCs can carry human sodium iodide symporter (hNIS) to the sites of tumors in rat orthotopic model of human glioma and express transgene products, and 2) whether accumulation of these administered EPCs can be tracked by different in vivo imaging modalities.
Studies on the fluorescence properties of acetylnaphthalenes in water

Abstract The fluorescence properties of 2-acetylnaphthalene (2-AN), 1-acetylnaphthalene (1-AN) and 5-(4-bromo-1-naphthoyl)pentyltrimethylammonium bromide (BNK5+) in water have been investigated. The origins for this study are conflicting reports in the literature concerning the fluorescence behavior of the latter two molecules. We have determined that slight contamination (∼1%) of these molecules with the corresponding 2-isomer can result in a fluorescence emission dominated by the impurity. When 1-AN and BNK5+ are extensively purified, they both show fluorescence maxima in the region 425–430 nm, only slightly blue-shifted (
Insect cell physiology.

Viruses from the genus Baculovirus, are attractive as pesticides and as vectors for producing foreign proteins in insect cells. because insect cells are relatively easy to cultivate, faithfully perform some of the post-translational modifications, allow for complex formation to take place between the two proteins coexpressed in cultures infected with two hybrid viruses, and often can produce large quantities of proteins, baculovirus technology has found its way to a number of undustrial applications for expression of a variety of proteins (see review Murhammer, 1991; O’Reilly et al., 1992). In addition to proteins, production of baculovirus itself as insecticide represents a major potential for use of insect cell cultures (Wood, 1995). The final product yield whether a protein or the virus, is influenced by several factors such as the cell line (eg. Lynn & Hink, 1980; McIntosh & Grasela, 1984; Hink et al., 1991; Wickham et al., 1992) and virus type (Fraser, 1989), passage number of virus (Wickham et al., 1991), medium composition (eg. Cho et al., 1989; Hink et al., 1991), dissolved oxygen concentration (eg. Scott et al., 1992; Wang et al., 1993), time and the multiplicity of infection (MOI) (Licari & Bailey, 1991; Bedard et al., 1994) nature of protein (Hink et al., 1991), cell density (Wickham et al., 1992) and stage of growth and metabolism (eg. Caron et al., 1990; Lindsay et al., 1992; Reuveny et al., 1993). Despite significant advance in the genetics of Baculovirus/insect cell expression system, our understanding of cellular physiology during preand post infection is relatively limited. An expanded understanding of metabolic features of insect cells will prove extremely useful to the bioprocess and biochemical engineers who work towards improving insect cell culture productivity. Several recent articles have addressed consumption of carbohydrate and amino acid and formation of the metabolic by-products in insect cell cultures. Those studies, reviewed first in this article, have significantly enhanced the metabolic knowledge of insect cells. Substantially more insights, however, may be obtained by a regirous analysis of primary metabolic pathways. Our recent work (Ferrance et al., 1993), has demonstrated the feasibility of metabolic flow analysis for insect cell growth in a serum-free medium. This manusscript also provides a summary of metabolic pathway analysis and highlights the assumptions, describes the lessons learned, and ourlines the future work in a more critical fashion than is available in ferrance et al. (1993). Finally, future research directions critical for attaining detailed metabolic insights are outlined in the last section of this manuscript.
Quantum magneto-oscillations in a two-dimensional Fermi liquid

Quantum magneto-oscillations provide a powerful tool for quantifying Fermi-liquid parameters of metals. In particular, the quasiparticle effective mass and spin susceptibility are extracted from the experiment using the Lifshitz-Kosevich formula, derived under the assumption that the properties of the system in a nonzero magnetic field are determined uniquely by the zero-field Fermi-liquid state. This assumption is valid in three dimensions (3D) but, generally speaking, erroneous in 2D where the Lifshitz-Kosevich formula may be applied only if the oscillations are strongly damped by thermal smearing and disorder. In this work, the effects of interactions and disorder on the amplitude of magneto-oscillations in 2D are studied. It is found that the effective mass diverges logarithmically with decreasing temperature signaling a deviation from the Fermi-liquid behavior. It is also shown that the quasiparticle lifetime due to inelastic interactions does not enter the oscillation amplitude, although these interactions do renormalize the effective mass. This result provides a generalization of the Fowler-Prange theorem formulated originally for the electron-phonon interaction.
Alcohol use among injured patients aged 12 to 18 years.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the scope of alcohol use among a population of injured adolescents. METHODS: A convenience sample of injured patients aged 12-18 years seen at a pediatric ED was tested for the presence of alcohol. Injured patients seen within 6 hours of their injuries were asked to submit urine samples for testing using reagent strips. Data were collected from the patient, out-of-hospital emergency care personnel, and parents regarding the circumstances of the injury. RESULTS: Of the 243 injured patients who were tested during an 8-month period, 231 were included in the final analysis. Ninety patients (39%) were alcohol-positive. The mean age of the alcohol-positive group was 16.0 +/- 1.64 years, compared with 15.3 +/- 1.8 years for the alcohol-negative group (p
HYPERIMMUNE PLASMA THERAPY FOR ECHO TYPE 5 CHRONIC VIRAL MENINGITIS IN X-LINKED HYPO-γ-GLOBULINEMIA

HYPERIMMUNE PLASMA THERAPY FOR ECHO TYPE 5 CHRONIC VIRAL MENINGITIS IN X-LINKED HYPO-γ-GLOBULINEMIA
Association of ATRX with pericentric heterochromatin and the Y chromosome of neonatal mouse spermatogonia

Establishment of chromosomal cytosine methylation and histone methylation patterns are critical epigenetic modifications required for heterochromatin formation in the mammalian genome. However, the nature of the primary signal(s) targeting DNA methylation at specific genomic regions is not clear. Notably, whether histone methylation and/or chromatin remodeling proteins play a role in the establishment of DNA methylation during gametogenesis is not known. The chromosomes of mouse neonatal spermatogonia display a unique pattern of 5-methyl cytosine staining whereby centromeric heterochromatin is hypo-methylated whereas chromatids are strongly methylated. Thus, in order to gain some insight into the relationship between global DNA and histone methylation in the germ line we have used neonatal spermatogonia as a model to determine whether these unique chromosomal DNA methylation patterns are also reflected by concomitant changes in histone methylation.
WE-A-17A-05: Differences in Applicator Configuration and Dwell Loading Between Standard and Image-Guided Tandem and Ring (T&R) HDR Brachytherapy

Purpose: To investigate differences in: (i) relative location of the tandem and the ring compared to a rigid standard applicator model; and (ii) relative loading and changes in loading pattern between standard and image-guided planning. Methods: All T and R insertions performed in 2013 in our institution under CT- or MR-guidance were analyzed. Standard plans were generated using library applicator models with a fixed relationship between ring and tandem, standardized uniform dwell loading and normalization to point A. The graphic plans and the associated standard-plan dwell configurations were compared: the rings were rigidly registered, and the residual tandem shift, rotation and maximum distance between plan tandem dwell and corresponding model tandem dwell were calculated. The normalization ratio (NR = the ratio of graphic versus standard-plan total reference air kerma [TRAK]), the general loading difference (GLD = the difference between graphic and standard ratios of the tandem versus the ring TRAK), and the percent standard deviation (SD% = SD/mean) of the tandem and the ring TRAK for the graphic plan (all standard-plans SD% = 0) were calculated. Results: 71 T and R were analyzed. Residual tandem shift, rotation and maximum corresponding dwell distance were 1.2±0.8mm (0.4±0.4mm lateral, 0.9±0.8mm craniocaudal, 0.4±0.3mm anterior-posterior),more » 2.3±1.9deg and 3.4±2.3mm. NR was 0.86±0.11 indicating a lower overall loading of the graphic compared to the standard plans. GLD was -0.12±0.16 indicating a modest increased ring loading relative to the tandem in the graphic plans. SD% was 2.1±1.6% for tandem and 2.8±1.9% for ring, indicating small deviations from uniform loading. Conclusion: Variability in the relative locations of the tandem and the ring necessitates the independent registration of each component model for accurate digitization. Our clinical experience suggests that graphically planned T and R results on average in a lower total dose to the patient, and in an increased relative loading of the ring component.« less
Neural correlates of the jamming avoidance response (JAR) in the weakly electric fish Eigenmannia

Abstract Fish of the genus Eigenmannia generate weak electric fields by discharging their electric organ at rather stable, although individually different frequencies between 250 and 700 Hz. Electroreceptors on the body surface monitor local current flow, and primary afferents relay this information to somatotopically ordered, laminated structures in the brain. An object that differs electrically from the surrounding water distorts the animal's electric field, and the ensuing pattern of alterations of current flow on the fish's body surface represents the electric image of the object. This form of ‘seeing' with the body surface is called electrolocation and enables the animal to operate in the dark and in waters of poor visibility. The electrolocation of objects is impeded when electric signals of animals with similar discharge frequencies interfere. By shifting its signal frequency away from that of its neighbor and thus increasing the magnitude of the difference frequency to values beyond 10 Hz, a fish can avoid the detrimental effects of jamming. Eigenmannia has been found to discriminate the sign of difference frequencies of less than 0.1 Hz, resolve differences in the timing of stimulus events as small as 500 ns, and detect interfering stimuli of less than one thousandth of its own field intensity. The Jamming Avoidance Response (JAR) has served as a model system and behavioral assay for the study of central nervous processing of sensory information. Intracellular and light- and electron-microscopical studies have related morphological and functional properties of neurons in laminated structures that process spatial and temporal patterns of sensory information relevant for the JAR.
Phylogenomics Supports a Cellularly Structured Urancestor

Cells and viruses are structured and harbor complex organization. This manifests in intra- and extracellular compartments such as reticuli and periplasmic spaces, storage and energy-harvesting organelles such as acidocalcisomes and mitochondria, and specialized structures that hold genomic repositories such as nuclei and capsids. Structural phylogenomic reconstruction of the protein repertoire of the common ancestor of life, the urancestor, suggests these entities that existed 2.9 billion years ago were not only complex from a structural and functional point of view, but were also cellularly structured. We also provide support to the existence of urancestral storage organelles that were analogous to acidocalcisomes. These cellular structures probably accumulated compounds that stored energy in their phosphoanhydride bonds, such as polyphosphates. These energy-rich compounds necessary for thioester and pyrophosphate intermediates would have channeled the abundant redox energy of early Earth to the early metabolic needs of the primordial cells. Our findings are compatible with a relatively complex urancestral cell and with abundant microfossil evidence supporting the existence of primordial microbial communities as far back as 3.4 billion years ago. Results highlight the centrality of the cellular compartment and bioenergetics in the early evolutionary stages of life.
NARROW-LINEWIDTH PASSBAND FILTER FOR ULTRAVIOLET ROTATIONAL RAMAN IMAGING

We present a narrow-passband spectral filter capable of frequency-resolved imaging of rotational Raman light scattering with strong spectral rejection of out-of-band Raman, Rayleigh, and Mie scattering. The filter is based on mercury-vapor absorption, and subsequent resonant fluorescence and has a passband of less than 1 cm-1. It is paired with an injection-seeded, cavity-locked, frequency-tripled Ti:sapphire laser that produces >30 mJ/pulse of single-mode, tunable light in the vicinity of 253.7 nm. The laser and filter are combined to spectrally resolve scattering from individual rotational Raman lines of nitrogen and oxygen.
Typhoid fever. An epidemic with remarkably few clinical signs and symptoms.

• A major common-source, foodborne epidemic of typhoid fever occurred in San Antonio, Tex, in the fall of 1981, involving 80 verified cases. We summarize the clinical course of our 34 patients who had a nonspecific symptom complex that included at the initial examination fever (32 patients, 93%), headache (19 patients, 57%), diarrhea (11 patients, 33%), and anorexia (ten patients, 30%). The most common initial diagnoses were urinary tract and upper respiratory tract infections. The subsequent isolation of Salmonella typhi from blood cultures was usually unexpected. Physical findings were different from two previous series originating in the United States. Hepatomegaly was noted in only 7% (two patients), splenomegaly was noted in 13% (four patients), and rose spots were noted in 5% (two patients) of the patients. Liver function test results, however, were abnormal in 32 (95%) of the 34 patients (mean SGOT, 155 IU/mL). Typhoid fever, as seen in this outbreak, was notable for its nonspecific and mild manifestation and uniformly favorable outcome. (Arch Intern Med1984;144:533-537)
FEV6 as an alternative for FVC in detecting airflow obstruction in COPD patients undergoing six minute Walk test

Forced expiratory volume in 6 seconds (FEV6) could complement forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) for detecting airflow obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Our aim is to evaluate the use of the FEV1/ FEV6 and FEV6 as an alternative for FEV1/FVC and FVC in the detection of dynamic hyperinflation during six minute walk test (6MWT). Sixty-two ambulatory and clinically-stable COPD patients were randomized to this cross-over study. One group of 31 patients performed the spirometry by FVC first, then measuring FEV6, before and after 6MWT. The other 31 patients initiated the maneuver of FEV6 first, then followed by FVC, during the 6MWT. FVC, FEV1, inspiratory capacity (IC), FEV6 and FEV1/FEV6 were recorded. FEV6 and FEV1/FEV6 were strongly correlated with FVC (r=0.907, n=62, p<0.0001) and FEV1/FVC (r=0.865, n=62, p<0.0001) before 6MWT. Values of FEV6 and FEV1/FEV6 were also strongly related to FVC (r=1.00, n=62, p<0.0001) and FEV1/FVC (r=0.809, n=62, p<0.0001) after 6MWT. We found that FVC showed good correlation to pre-exercise IC (r=0.697, n=62, p<0.0001) and post-exercise IC (r=0.642, n=62, p<0.0001). The value of FEV6 also have similar correlation with pre-exercise IC (r=0.593, n=62, p<0.0001) and post-exercise IC (r=0.584, n=62, p<0.0001). The delta IC was correlated with delta FEV6 (r=-0.357, n=62, p=0.004), however, was not related to delta FVC (r=-0.093,n=62, p=0.470).In conclusion, FEV6 and FEV1/FEV6 can be used as a valid alternative for FVC and FEV1/FVC to detect airway limitation or dynamic hyperinflation during 6MWT.
Tsotsis: On Law, the Outlaw, and the Postcolonial State

It is hardly in our power to change the form of the state and impossible to abolish it because, vis-?-vis the state, we are, precisely, powerless. In the myth of the founding of the state as set down by Thomas Hobbes, our descent into powerlessness was voluntary: in order to escape the violence of internecine warfare without end (reprisal upon reprisal, vengeance upon vengeance, the vendetta), we individually and severally yielded up to the state the right to use physical force (right is might, might is right), thereby entering the realm (the protection) of the law. Those who chose and choose to stay outside the compact become outlaw.
Role of transcranial Doppler in optimizing treatment of cerebral vasospasm in subarachnoid hemorrhage.

This study was undertaken to evaluate the role of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in arterial blood pressure management during hypervolemia/hypertension/ hemodilution therapy in patients with vasospasm from subarachnoid hemorrhage and correlate this data with neurologic outcome. The study included 18 adult patients, Hunt and Hess grades III-IV. Complete neurologic assessment was performed. Transcranial Doppler indices were calculated by standard formulas. On the basis of our results, resistance area product can be used to estimate the optimal arterial blood pressure in hypervolemia/hypertension/hemodilution therapy. An increase in the cerebral blood flow index was associated with better performance on neurologic examination. Estimated cerebral perfusion pressure from transcranial Doppler data analysis showed poor correlation with cerebral perfusion pressure derived from direct measurement of intracranial pressure in patients with cerebral vasospasm (ρ = 0.15; 95% CI, 0.11-0.39; P = .2590).
Designing and implementing intelligent database applications-a case study

State-of-the-art research and implementation efforts being conducted in the area of expert database systems with the goal of developing intelligent and effective applications is examined. Various approaches taken to integrate expert systems and database systems are discussed. Next, a real-world application developed by the author using one of the outlined techniques is discussed in detail. This application consists in the implementation of a comprehensive computerized system to automate the educational activities of the American Red Cross. The insights gleaned from this effort are presented. The most important lesson learned was to stop thinking about rules in abstract terms and visualize them instead, as any other valid entity (or object) as a part of the overall data model. >
Interoperable access of remote sensing data through NWGISS

This paper describes the interoperable, personalized, on-demand data access and services (IPODAS) of remote sensing data provided by NASA HDF-EOS Web GIS Software Suite (NWGISS). NWGISS is a web-based, multiple OGC-standard compliant data distribution system. Currently, NWGISS consists of following components: a Web Map Server, a Web Coverage Server, a Catalog Server, a Web Coverage Client, and a Toolbox. Those components can work either independently or collaboratively. Executables of all NWGISS components are free to any users.
Design and modeling of a reversible 3-phase to 6-phase induction motor for improved survivability

In this investigation, a design has been developed for a 6-phase induction machine, which is based on an existing 3-phase design. This approach involves reconfiguration of an existing 3-phase induction machine into a 6-phase winding design using the same stator core lamination structure. This redesigned motor was simulated, using a time-stepping finite-element (TSFE) technique, under open-loop controller operation with different types of phase-loss scenarios such as loss of adjacent phases and the loss of nonadjacent phases. A comparative analysis of the motor performance, under these various phase-loss conditions of the 6-phase configuration versus the healthy 6-phase case, is presented. The analysis of the torque-ripple content with the help of current-space vector concepts was used. The results show that the ripple content in the torque is found to be a much lesser problem for the 6-phase configuration in comparison to the 3-phase configuration under phase-loss conditions.
Classification of Polyene Antibiotics According to Chemical Structure and Biological Effects

Fourteen polyene antibiotics and six of their semisynthetic derivatives were compared for their effects on potassium (K(+)) leakage and lethality or hemolysis of either Saccharomyces cerevisiae or mouse erythrocytes. These polyene antibiotics fell into two groups. Group I antibiotics caused K(+) leakage and cell death or hemolysis at the same concentrations of added polyene. In this group fungistatic and fungicidal levels were indistinguishable. Group I drugs included one triene (trienin); tetraenes (pimaricin and etruscomycin); pentaenes (filipin and chainin); one hexaene (dermostatin); and one polyene antibiotic with unknown chemical structure (lymphosarcin). Group II antibiotics caused considerable K(+) leakage at low concentrations and cell death or hemolysis at high concentrations. The fungistatic levels were clearly separable from fungicidal. This group included the heptaenes (amphotericin B, candicidin, aureofungin A and B, hamycin A and B), and five of their semisynthetic derivatives (amphotericin B methyl ester, N-acetyl-amphotericin B, hamycin A and B methyl esters, and N-acetyl-candicidin). Nystatin, classified as a tetraene, and its derivative, N-acetyl nystatin, also were in this group.
Controlling direct-to-consumer advertising, professional promotion and the price of pharmaceutical drugs

Direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising is the most visible and controversial part of contact between patients and the pharmaceutical manufacturers but it is only part of the current promotional mix. Advertising in medical journals, detailing (direct sales calls on physicians) and distribution of free samples are all used along with DTC advertising to induce product demand. In this paper, I exploit a new data set on pharmaceutical promotion (Donohue, Cevasco, and Rosenthal 2007) to estimate two state space models: one model explains the dynamics of pharmaceutical promotion and another investigates the impact of pharmaceutical promotion on the market for pharmaceutical products. Simulation results suggest that limitations on professional detailing and free samples (not DTC advertising) could reduce cyclical instability of pharmaceutical promotion. However, the pharmaceutical market does not behave as a competitive market, that is, while promotion increases sales, prices have no statistically significant negative feedback effect on sales. As a result, promotional controls will reduce sales but not prices. Market failure suggests a range of interventions that might be applied to pharmaceutical pricing.
Object identification based on filtering

The authors use an acoustic experiment to test a method for identifying radar or sonar targets based on information from the target's impulse response function. The new algorithm uses a long modulated pulse of relatively low resolution. Using concepts from the field of dynamics, the algorithm measures the similarity between a signal reflected from a target and a previously recorded reference. The authors conducted acoustic experiments with some simple objects to validate the algorithm, although the actual target identification method could be used for radar or sonar.
Odorant production and persistence of Escherichia coli in manure slurries from cattle fed zero, twenty, forty, or sixty percent wet distillers grains with solubles.

Corn ethanol production removes starch and concentrates the remaining nutrients, including CP and minerals. When wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS) are fed to cattle in place of corn, CP and minerals often exceed dietary needs. This may increase N emission, P run-off, and odor production. These vari- ables are evaluated in this study. Crossbred steers (n = 160; 434 ± 8 kg) were assigned in a completely random- ized block design to 9 × 9 m pens with concrete floor (10 animals/pen; 4 pens/treatment). Steers were fed a finishing diet that contained 0, 20, 40, or 60% WDGS on a DM basis, and provided 13.3, 15.5, 20.6, or 24.9% CP, respectively. Two kilograms of manure slurry (14 to 23% DM) were collected from each pen monthly (Aug. 20, Sep. 24, and Oct. 22). Samples were analyzed im- mediately for odorants, DM, pH, NH 3, total alcohol, l- lactate, and concentrations of generic Escherichia coli. After incubation of the samples at 22°C for 2, 4, 7, 10, 15, 21, and 28 d, samples were analyzed for methane production in addition to the above characteristics. Be- fore incubation, NH3, H2S, indole, phenol, isovalerate, isobutyrate, and acetate increased (P < 0.01) with in- creasing amounts of WDGS in the diet. Other odor- ants, including skatole, caproate, valerate, butyrate, and propionate, were greater (P < 0.01) in manure slurries from cattle fed 20 or 40% WDGS, compared to 0% WDGS. The l-lactate was greater (P < 0.01) in slurries from cattle fed 0% WDGS (447 µmol/g of DM) compared with the other treatment slurries (14 to 15 µmol/g of DM). After incubation, l-lactate contributed to lowered slurry pH (6.3, 7.1, 7.6, and 8.2, respectively, for 0, 20, 40, and 60% WDGS), which inhibited mi- crobial fermentation, E. coli persistence, and methane production. Because of the favorable, more neutral pH in the 40 and 60% WDGS slurries, many of the odorant compounds were rapidly converted to methane during a 28-d static incubation. Escherichia coli O157:H7 inocu- lated into subsamples of the manure slurries exhibited behavior similar to that of naturally present generic E. coli, surviving in greater numbers longer (P < 0.05) in 20 and 40% WDGS slurries than in 0% WDGS. These data indicate feeding WDGS can increase odorants in manure slurries and extend the persistence of E. coli.
Noninvasive High Field MRI Brain Imaging of the Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis)

Abstract This report documents the application of high field magnetic resonance imaging to viewing the central nervous system of garter snakes (12–43 g) with emphasis on the vomeronasal and olfactory systems. Slices in all three planes were taken in lightly sedated snakes showing many major neural structures with resolution down to less than 60 µm. The images were obtained as 8 or 16 serial slices with slice spacings of 0.25 mm and 0.25 mm thick and were processed to a 256 × 256 matrix with a field of view (FOV) of 14 or 25 mm. The vomeronasal organs, main and accessory olfactory bulbs, telencephalon, cortex, tectum, medulla, cerebellum, spinal cord, and other major features of the brain are clearly defined in the images. The value of noninvasive neural imaging in comparative and experimental studies of squamate reptiles will become increasingly recognized as the technology is further developed but can be effectively employed at present.
Improving Social Determinants of Health: Effectiveness of a Web-Based Intervention

Introduction Although patients who experience health-related social problems such as food insecurity are at increased risk for negative health outcomes, there are few systems for screening and intervention. The study aimed to determine whether a web-based intervention can (1) connect youth to services to address these problems and (2) increase their resolution. Design Prospective intervention study. Setting/participants A total of 401 youth, aged 15–25 years, from an urban adolescent/young adult clinic were recruited. Intervention A self-administered, web-based tool was developed to screen participants for problems in nine health-related social domains, identify and provide feedback about potential problems, and facilitate a patient-centered selection process of recommended local health and human service agencies to assist in addressing selected problems (conducted in 2008–2010). Follow-up phone calls 1–2 months later determined if patients had contacted recommended agencies and resolved their top-priority problem. Main outcome measures Outcome measures included prevalence of identified problems, selected problems, and priority problem selected by domain. We also examined frequencies of referral agencies contacted and resolution of priority problem at time of follow-up analysis conducted in 2011–2013. Results Seventy-eight percent (313/401) of youth selected at least one problem to address. The most frequent domains selected as priority were income security (21%); nutrition/fitness (15%); and healthcare access (15%). Eighty-three percent (259/313) were reached at follow-up; overall, 40% contacted a selected agency and 47% reported "completely" or "mostly" resolving their priority problem. Conclusions When provided with services to address health-related social problems, the majority of youth choose to receive help, with nearly half successfully addressing their priority concern. Further research to understand the barriers to contacting and utilizing services is needed. A technology-based patient-centered feedback and referral system for social determinants of health can facilitate screening and connect patients with resources to address these problems.
The Food and Drug Administration and the Limits of Contraceptive Drug Use: The Experimental and Criminal Justice Use of Depo-Provera

Depo-Provera is a three month injectable female contraceptive drug, a product of The Upjohn Company, that held out the promise that it could play a important role in chemically controlling the behavior of sex offenders who molest children. The Food and Drug Administration has never ap-proved the drug for this purpose, a prerequisite for the agency to granting the drug approval. The story of the drug's use by clinical psychologists and psychiatrists since 1966 and by state trial court judges as a probation and parole condition can be told by Dr. Judith Weisz, a reproductive biolo-gist at the University of Pennsylvania's Hershey Medical Center, and Roger Gauntlett, an Upjohn heir, who was ordered by a Michigan judge to use the drug as a probation condition.