cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enantioselective Synthesis of the Protein Phosphatase Inhibitor (−)-Motuporin

A highly convergent asymmetric synthesis of the protein phosphatase inhibitor motuporin 1a is described. Synthesis and coupling of the individual peptide fragments [34 + 35 → 51] followed by macrocyclization afforded the fully protected motuporin precursor 33, which is converted to the natural product by dehydration and ester hydrolysis. Six of the eight stereogenic centers associated with the natural product were introduced using asymmetric crotylsilane bond construction methodology. Our approach features an efficient Pd(0)-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction between a configurationally well-defined vinyl zinc intermediate 22 and an (E)-vinyl iodide 7, which afforded compound 43, resulting in the construction of the trisubstituted (E,E)-diene system of the motuporin side chain. Improved reaction conditions for macrocyclization in the formation of 33 are also detailed.
The Relation Between Managed Care Market Share and the Treatment of Elderly Fee-For-Service Patients with Myocardial Infarction

Abstract Purpose To determine if greater managed care market share is associated with greater use of recommended therapies for fee-for-service patients with acute myocardial infarction. Subjects and methods We examined the care of 112 900 fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries aged ≥65 years who resided in one of 320 metropolitan statistical areas and who were admitted with an acute myocardial infarction between February 1994 through July 1995. Use of recommended medical treatments and 30-day survival were determined for areas with low ( 30%) managed care market share. Results After adjustment for severity of illness, teaching status of the admission hospital, and area characteristics, areas with high levels of managed care had greater use of beta-blockers (relative risk [RR] for greater use=1.18; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06 to 1.29) and aspirin at discharge (RR = 1.05; 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.07), but less appropriate coronary angiography (RR = 0.93; 95% CI: 0.86 to 1.01) and reperfusion (RR = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.85 to 1.03) when compared with areas with low levels of managed care. Conclusions Medicare beneficiaries with fee-for-service insurance who resided in areas with high managed care activity were more likely to have received appropriate treatment with beta-blockers and aspirin, and less likely to have undergone coronary angiography following admission for myocardial infarction. Thus, the effects of managed care may not be limited to managed care enrollees.
Comparative chemistries of CO and NO oxidation over RuO2(110): insights from first-principles thermodynamics and kinetics

In this contribution, we review our plane wave, supercell density functional theory-based comparisons of CO and NO oxidation chemistry at a RuO2(110) surface. Base metal oxides have long been of in...
An inverse analysis method for design optimization with both statistical and fuzzy uncertainties

If the statistical data for the input uncertainties are sufficient to construct the distribution function, the input uncertainties can be treated as random variables to use the reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) method; otherwise, the input uncertainties can be treated as fuzzy variables to use the possibility-based design optimization (PBDO) method. However, many structural design problems include both input uncertainties with sufficient and insufficient data. This paper proposes a new mixed-variable design optimization (MVDO) method using the performance measure approach (PMA) for such design problems. For the inverse analysis, this paper proposes a new most probable/possible point (MPPP) search method called maximal failure search (MFS), which is an integration of the enhanced hybrid mean value method (HMV+) and maximal possibility search (MPS) method. This paper also improves the HMV+ method using an angle-based interpolation. Mathematical and physical examples are used to demonstrate the proposed inverse analysis method and MVDO method.
Posttranslational modifications, localization, and protein interactions of optineurin, the product of a glaucoma gene.

Background Glaucoma is a major blinding disease. The most common form of this disease, primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), is genetically heterogeneous. One of the candidate genes, optineurin, is linked principally to normal tension glaucoma, a subtype of POAG. The present study was undertaken to illustrate the basic characteristics of optineurin. Methodology/Principal Findings Lysates from rat retinal ganglion RGC5 cells were subjected to N- or O-deglycosylation or membrane protein extraction. The phosphorylation status was evaluated after immunoprecipitation. It was found that while phosphorylated, optineurin was neither N- nor O-glycosylated, and was by itself not a membrane protein. RGC5 and human retinal pigment epithelial cells were double stained with anti-optineurin and anti-GM130. The endogenous optineurin exhibited a diffuse, cytoplasmic distribution, but a population of the protein was associated with the Golgi apparatus. Turnover experiments showed that the endogenous optineurin was relatively short-lived, with a half-life of approximately 8 hours. Native blue gel electrophoresis revealed that the endogenous optineurin formed homohexamers. Optineurin also interacted with molecules including Rab8, myosin VI, and transferrin receptor to assemble into supermolecular complexes. When overexpressed, optineurin–green fluorescence protein (GFP) fusion protein formed punctate structures termed “foci” in the perinuclear region. Treatment of nocadazole resulted in dispersion of the optineurin foci. In addition, tetracycline-regulated optineurin-GFPs expressing RGC5 stable cell lines were established for the first time. Conclusions/Significance The present study provides new information regarding basic characteristics of optineurin that are important for future efforts in defining precisely how optineurin functions normally and how mutations may result in pathology. The inducible optineurin-GFP–expressing cell lines are also anticipated to facilitate in-depth studies of optineurin. Furthermore, the demonstrations that optineurin is an aggregation-prone protein and that the foci formation is microtubule-dependent bear similarities to features documented in neurodegenerative diseases, supporting a neurodegenerative paradigm for glaucoma.
Theory of dendritic growth—III. Effects of surface tension☆

Abstract The linear stability analysis of a dendrite tip, presented in the preceding paper, is generalized to include effects of surface tension. The equations of motion are studied numerically by both a forward integration method and an eigenvalue analysis. The most striking result of these computations is the appearance of sidebranching instabilities. For large enough growth velocities, the dendrite tip stabilizes, but the sidebranching instability persists. We argue that the state of dynamic stability proposed in the first paper of this series is achieved by means of a nonlinear coupling between the sidebranching mode and the extended deformations which govern the overall shape and growth velocity of the dendrite.
Forced Vibration of a Damped Combined Linear System

A new and general method for determining the exact undamped natural frequencies and natural modes of vibration, the orthogonality relation for the natural modes, and the response to arbitrary excitation for both damped and undamped combined linear systems is given. The method, based upon Green’s functions of the vibrating distributed subsystems, is demonstrated for a multiplicity of linear oscillators connected to a simple beam.
Radiation transport around axisymmetric blunt body vehicles using a modified differential approximation

A moment method for computing 3D radiative transport in axisymmetric thermochemical nonequilibrium flows is developed. The method uses the P-1 approximation to reduce the governing system of integro-differential equations to a coupled set of partial differential equations. The numerical solution of these equations for realistic variations of the radiation properties is discussed. Representative results from the method are shown and compared to tangent slab calculations. The agreement between the transport methods is found to be about 10 percent in the stagnation region, with the difference increasing along the flank of the vehicle.
Use of Hydrazine in the Hydrothermal Synthesis of Chalcogenides: the Neutral Framework Material [Mn2SnS4(N2H4)2]

The reaction system Mn/Sn/S/hydrazine/water at ∼150 °C afforded [Mn2SnS4(N2H4)2] (1). The compound has a unique neutral three-dimensional framework with bridging hydrazine ligands and a variety of interconnectivity modes between MnL6 (L = N, S) octahedra. The complex structure of 1 leads to strong antiferromagnetic interactions between the Mn2+ centers and ordering at ∼41 K. The stabilization of 1 underscores the high potential of hydrazine to promote the formation of novel chalcogenide materials under solvothermal conditions.
From infant to mother: Early disease environment and future maternal health

Abstract This paper investigates the connections between a woman's early life disease environment and her future health, socioeconomic status, and the health of her children. We exploit U.S. birth records, which can be linked to the post-neonatal mortality rates in the mother's state of birth and provide information on the outcomes of the mother and her infant. We find that exposure to disease in early childhood significantly increases the incidence of diabetes and is associated with worse socioeconomic status and maternal behaviors. We also find evidence of intergenerational transmission of maternal health shocks: among whites, higher exposure increases the probability of low birth weight infants. However, among blacks, higher maternal exposure reduces the incidence of low birth weight, possibly reflecting selection effects.
N-Nosyl oxaziridines as terminal oxidants in copper(II)-catalyzed olefin oxyaminations

We report that N-4-nosyl-3-phenyloxaziridine is an effective terminal oxidant for copper(II)-catalyzed oxyamination recently developed in our labs. This oxaziridine can be prepared on multi-gram scale and is easily purified by recrystallization. The products of oxyamination using this oxaziridine bear protecting groups that can be readily removed in high yields under mild conditions.
Evidence for a quark-gluon plasma at RHIC

This presentation is given in honor of Walter Greiner's 70th birthday, in recognition of the pioneering work of his "Frankfurt School" and their contributions to the field of heavy ion physics. Ultra-relativistic collisions of heavy nuclei at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) form an extremely hot system at energy densities greater than 5 GeV/fm3, where normal hadrons cannot exist. Upon rapid cooling of the system to a temperature T ~ 175 MeV and vanishingly small baryo-chemical potential, hadrons coalesce from quarks at the quark-hadron phase boundary predicted by lattice QCD. A large amount of collective (elliptic) flow at the quark level provides evidence for strong pressure gradients in the initial partonic stage of the collision when the system is dense and highly interacting prior to coalescence into hadrons. The suppression of both light (u,d,s) and heavy (c,b) hadrons at large transverse momenta, that form from fragmentation of hard-scattered partons, and the quenching of di-jets provide evidence for extremely large energy loss of partons as they attempt to propagate through the dense, strongly-coupled, colored medium created at RHIC.
On complex Banach manifolds similar to Stein manifolds

Abstract We give an abstract definition, similar to the axioms of a Stein manifold, of a class of complex Banach manifolds in such a way that a manifold belongs to the class if and only if it is biholomorphic to a closed split complex Banach submanifold of a separable Banach space.
Leadership and politics: a perspective from the Growth Commission

The paper attempts via case studies to illustrate the nature and importance of political structures and transitions in the course of rapid growth and development. The cases are drawn principally from Asia, where the pattern has often been a dominant single-party structure evolving into a full multi-party democratic structure. This results from the interaction of the politics and changes that result from the growth process itself, such as the emergence of politically active middle and entrepreneurial classes. The role of political leadership in managing, sequencing, and pacing these transitions is discussed. We do not yet have a general model for which these cases would be instances. The hope is that an in-depth understanding of the case dynamics will be a useful input to the development and testing of more general theories. Copyright 2009, Oxford University Press.
Gold nanocages: synthesis, properties, and applications.

Noble-metal nanocages comprise a novel class of nanostructures possessing hollow interiors and porous walls. They are prepared using a remarkably simple galvanic replacement reaction between solutions containing metal precursor salts and Ag nanostructures prepared through polyol reduction. The electrochemical potential difference between the two species drives the reaction, with the reduced metal depositing on the surface of the Ag nanostructure. In our most studied example, involving HAuCl4 as the metal precursor, the resultant Au is deposited epitaxially on the surface of the Ag nanocubes, adopting their underlying cubic form. Concurrent with this deposition, the interior Ag is oxidized and removed, together with alloying and dealloying, to produce hollow and, eventually, porous structures that we commonly refer to as Au nanocages. This approach is versatile, with a wide range of morphologies (e.g., nanorings, prism-shaped nanoboxes, nanotubes, and multiple-walled nanoshells or nanotubes) available upon...
Radiation events in astronomical CCD images

The remarkable sensitivity of depleted silicon to ionizing radiation is a nuisance to astronomers. 'Cosmic rays' degrade images because of struck pixels, leading to modified observing strategies and the development of algorithms to remove the unwanted artifacts. In the new-generation CCD's with thick sensitive regions, cosmic-ray muons make recognizable straight tracks and there is enhanced sensitivity to ambient gamma radiation via Compton-scattered electrons ('worms'). Beta emitters inside the dewar, for example high-potassium glasses such as BK7 , also produce worm-like tracks. The cosmic-ray muon rate is irreducible and increases with altitude. The gamma rays are mostly by- products of 40K decay and the U and Th decay chains; these elements commonly appear as traces in concrete and other materials. The Compton recoil event rate can be reduced significantly by the choice of materials in the environment and dewar and by careful shielding. Telescope domes appear to have significantly lower rates than basement laboratories and Coude spectrograph rooms. Radiation sources inside the dewar can be eliminated by judicious choice of materials. Cosmogenic activation during high-altitude fights does not appear to be a problem. Our conclusion are supported by tests at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory low-level counting facilities in Berkeley and at Oroville, California (180 m underground).© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Boundary maintenance in living systems theory and social entropy theory

Past analyses of social systems have too often relied upon obsolete dualities such as open system/closed system. The purpose of this paper is to provide a more comprehensive analysis of the full range of boundary-maintenance operations that are at work in the modern complex social system. I first analyse the role of the boundary in Living Systems Theory (LST), and then turn to the analysis and comparison of boundary maintenance in Social Entropy Theory (SET). Among the topics discussed are boundary control for matter-energy (M-E) flows, boundary control for information flows, types of information inflows across social-system boundaries, types of information outflows across social-systems boundaries and types of M-E inflows and outflows across social systems boundaries. Among the types of information inflows discussed are neutral, fatal, catalytic and cancelling. Among the types of information outflows discussed are obligatory, routine and formatted. Finally, some of the M-E inflows and outflows discussed are obligatory, optional and routine. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Buckling mode localization in a multi-span periodic structure with a disorder in a single span

Abstract This paper investigates the buckling mode localization in the periodic multi-span beam with disorder occurring in an arbitrary single span. The analytical finite difference calculus is used in conjunction with the conventional displacement method to derive the transcendental equations from which buckling load is calculated. The underlying treatment is general and the solution thus obtained is exact. Numerical results show that the buckling mode is highly localized in the vicinity of the disordered span of the beam.
Goldie Ranks of Skew Power Series Rings of Automorphic Type

Let A be a semprime, right noetherian ring equipped with an automorphism α, and let B: = A[[y; α]] denote the corresponding skew power series ring (which is also semiprime and right noetherian). We prove that the Goldie ranks of A and B are equal. We also record applications to induced ideals.
Condom Use and First-Time Urinary Tract Infection

We evaluated the effects of condom use, lubricated condom use, and spermicide use on risk of acquiring first urinary tract infection in a case-control study of sexually active college women ages 18-39 years. Cases (N = 144) were women with first urinary tract infection that was confirmed by culture recruited at the student health service; controls (N = 286) were women without a history of urinary tract infection who were randomly sampled from all women enrolled at the university. Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire regarding type and frequency of condom use during the previous 2 weeks. Condoms and spermicides usually were used in combination with each other or oral contraceptives. After adjusting for frequency of vaginal intercourse, using unlubricated condoms compared with using no birth control method strongly increased the risk of first urinary tract infection (odds ratio = 29.1; 95% confidence interval = 3.1-1,335). Using a lubricated condom (with or without spermicide in the lubricant) or a spermicidal cream or gel with an unlubricated condom was associated with two- to eightfold risk of first urinary tract infection. Unlubricated condom use was strongly associated with risk of first urinary tract infection, but this effect was largely neutralized by using a spermicidal cream or gel with the unlubricated condom or by using a lubricated condom.
Persistent current induced by magnetic impurities

We calculate the average persistent current in a normal conducting, mesoscopic ring in the diffusive regime. In the presence of magnetic impurities, a contribution to the persistent current is identified, which is related to fluctuations in the electron spin density. Assuming a spin-flip scattering rate which is comparable to the Thouless energy Ec and low temperature, this new contribution to the persistent current is of the order I ∼ Ec2(kTφ0), which is considerably larger than the persistent current induced by the electron-electron interaction.
Scaling, soil moisture and evapotranspiration in runoff models

Abstract The effects of small-scale heterogeneity in land surface characteristics on the large-scale fluxes of water and energy in the land-atmosphere system has become a central focus of many of the climatology research experiments. The acquisition of high resolution land surface data through remote sensing and intensive land-climatology field experiments (like HAPEX and FIFE) has provided data to investigate the interactions between microscale land-atmosphere interactions and macroscale models. One essential research question is how to account for the small scale heterogeneities and whether ‘effective’ parameters can be used in the macroscale models. To address this question of scaling, the probability distribution for evaporation is derived which illustrates the conditions for which scaling should work. A correction algorithm that may be appropriate for the land parametrization of a GCM is derived using a second order linearization scheme. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated.
Behavior-consistent real-time traffic routing under information provision

Collision avoidance support systems (CASS) are nowadays one of the main fields of interest in the area of road transportation. Among the different approaches, those systems based on vehicle cooperation to avoid collisions present the most promising perspectives. Works available in the current literature have in common that the performance of such solutions strongly relies on the operation of two on-board subsystems: navigation and communications. However, the performance of these two subsystems is usually underestimated when the whole solution is evaluated. Collision avoidance support applications can be considered among the most critical vehicular services, and this is the reason why this paper focuses on the performance issues of these two subsystems. Main issues regarding navigation and communication performance are discussed along the paper, and a study of the literature in the field is completed with the evaluation of different system prototypes. Communication and navigation tests in real environments yield further conclusions discussed in the paper.
Visible Light Photocatalysis of Radical Anion Hetero-Diels-Alder Cycloadditions.

We have discovered a photocatalytic intramolecular hetero-Diels–Alder reaction of tethered bis(enones). This transformation involves the intermediacy of an enone radical anion and constitutes the formal coupling of an electron-deficient heterodiene with an electronically mismatched enone dienophile. The diastereoselectivity and regioselectivity of the process are high, and the dihydropyran products are amenable to a variety of synthetically useful transformations.
Delocalization and Heisenberg's uncertainty relation

In the one-dimensional Anderson model the eigenstates are localized for arbitrarily small amounts of disorder. In contrast, the Aubry-Andre model with its quasiperiodic potential shows a transition from extended to localized states. The difference between the two models becomes particularly apparent in phase space where Heisenberg's uncertainty relation imposes a finite resolution. Our analysis points to the relevance of the coupling between momentum eigenstates at weak potential strength for the delocalization of a quantum particle.
Should Intangibles Be Measured: What Are the Economic Trade-Offs?

We investigate whether a firm’s intangible investments should be measured and separated from operating expenses. We find that the information extracted from accounting reports of investments and earnings is different when intangibles are measured and identified separately from operating expenses than when intangibles are left commingled with operating expenses. This difference in the market’s information causes a change in the behavior of market prices, inducing changes in the firm’s investments and cash flows. Thus, from a real effects perspective, measuring intangibles is not unambiguously desirable. We identify the conditions under which providing information on intangibles may be desirable. This study also shows the inadequacy of statistical associations between accounting numbers and prices as a basis for evaluating the desirability of measuring intangible investments. We show that the measurement of intangibles alters the very distribution of cash flows about which the measurement regime is seeking to provide information.
Stereoselectivities of Diels-Alder cycloadditions of π-facially nonequivalent dienes to MTAD, PTAD, and N-methylmaleimide: A theoretical study

Abstract 1,2,3,4,9,9-hexachloro-1α,4α,4aα,8aβ-tetrahydro-1,4-methanonaphthalene (1) and 1,2,3,4,9,9-hexachloro-1α,4α,6,7-tetrahydro-1,4-methanonaphthalene (2) undergo π-facially diastereoselective Diels-Alder reactions with 4-methyl- and 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione [MTAD and PTAD, respectively] and with N-methylmaleimide (NMM). In contrast with the results of AM1 calculations, those obtained via ab initio calculations performed at the HF/3-21G∗ level of theory predict that the computed Diels-Alder transition states are synchronous in all cases studied. Furthermore, these computational results account quantitatively for: (i) the observed π-facial selectivities of the various Diels-Alder reactions studied, (ii) the observed relative lack of dienophilic reactivity of NMM vis-a-vis MTAD and PTAD, and (ii) the observed enhanced diene reactivity of 1 vs. 2 in the reactions studied.
PHOTON-NEUTRINO INTERACTIONS

The cross sections for the processes $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\nu}$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\nu}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$, and $\ensuremath{\nu}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ are calculated with the aid of an effective Lagrangian derived from the standard model. These cross sections are shown to be much larger than the elastic cross section $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\nu})$ for photon energies $\ensuremath{\omega}g1\mathrm{keV}$. Possible astrophysical implications are discussed.
Spin-Resolved Electronic Structure Studies of Non-Magnetic Systems: Possible Observation of the Fano Effect in Polycrystal Ce

Using circularly polarized X-rays and true spin detection via a MiniMott Detector, preliminary evidence of strong spin specific effects has been observed in the valence bands of ultrathin films of non-magnetic Ce.
A model for chorus associated electrostatic bursts

The linear theory of the generation of electrostatic bursts of noise by electrons trapped in chorus wave packets is developed for a finite temperature electron beam and a Maxwellian elecron and ion background. The growth rates determined qualitatively in good agreement with those obtained by previous authors from a more idealized model. Two connected instability mechanisms seem to be occurring: a beam plasma (electron-ion two-stream) instability commonly associated with intensification of the chorus power levels, and a transitional or borderline resistive medium instability commonly associated with chorus hooks. The physical reasons for the two mechanisms is discussed. In the second case electron beams are difficult to identify in the particle data. An expression is obtained for the maximum growth rate in terms of the ratios of the beam and electron thermal velocities to the beam velocity, and of the beam density to plasma density. It is anticipated that this may allow the observed peak in the electrostatic noise spectrum to be used as a diagnostic for the beam characteristics. Previously announced in STAR as N84-12832
Urinary Incontinence and Urinary Tract Infection and Their Resolution With Treatment of Chronic Constipation of Childhood

Objectives To evaluate the frequency of urinary incontinence and urinary tract infection in children with chronic constipation and report on the resolution of these with treatment of the underlying constipation. Methods We evaluated the frequency of urinary incontinence and urinary tract infection in 234 chronic constipated and encopretic children before, and at least 12 months after, the start of treatment for constipation. Results Twenty-nine percent complained of daytime urinary incontinence and 34% of nighttime urinary incontinence. Urinary tract infection was present in 11% and was more commonly present in girls than in boys (33% vs 3%). Vesicoureteral reflux was present in four and megacystis in four of the 25 children who had a voiding cystourethrogram because of urinary tract infection. One girl who came in had constipation and acute urinary retention. The treatment for constipation consisted of disimpaction and maintenance treatment, which included the prevention of reaccumulation of stools and reconditioning to normal bowel habits through timed toilet sitting. Follow-up, at least 12 months after start of treatment for constipation, revealed that the constipation was relieved successfully in 52%. Relief of constipation resulted in disappearance of daytime urinary incontinence in 89% and nighttime urinary incontinence in 63% of patients, and disappearance of recurrent urinary tract infections in all patients who had no anatomic abnormality of the urinary tract. Conclusion Urinary symptoms were found in a significant number of children who had functional constipation and encopresis. With treatment of the constipation, most patients became clean and dry and further recurrence of urinary tract infections was prevented.
Viable methodologies for the synthesis of high-quality nanostructures

The development of environmentally benign methods for the synthesis of nanomaterials has become increasingly relevant as chemists look to shape a more sustainable future. In this critical review, we present current work towards developing alternative methods for synthesizing a wide range of high-quality nanomaterials with predictable and controllable size, shape, composition, morphology and crystallinity. In particular, we focus on the inherent advantages of utilizing porous membrane templates, ultrasonic and microwave irradiation, alternative solvent systems, as well as biologically-inspired reagents as reasonably cost-effective, environmentally responsible methods to generate metal, metal oxide, fluoride, sulfide, selenide and phosphate nanomaterials.
Identifying a forward-looking monetary policy in an open economy

I identify a forward-looking monetary policy function in a forecast-augmented VAR (FOAVAR) model by using forecasted macroeconomic variables, in addition to the realized variables used in a standard VAR. I find that forecasted variables play a greater role than realized variables in a central bank's policy decisions. I also find that a contractionary policy shock in the FOAVAR generates impulse responses of macroeconomic variables that are consistent with the predictions of economic theory, while the same shock causes a price puzzle and a delayed-overshooting response of the exchange rate in the standard model.
Representatives and districts

Why would any group want to have a decision-making body composed of representatives? The best answer is found in the “Anti-Federalist ideal” identified by Wood [1992]: if within-group benefits are highly correlated, a legislature composed of randomly chosen representatives that maximized its own well-being would maximize the well-being of the entire polity. This argument for representative government implies that the best districting schemes are the most segregated: within-district variance is minimized.
Cross-correlation lensing: Determining galaxy and cluster mass profiles from statistical weak lensing measurements

We present a new nonparametric method for determining mean 3D density and mass profiles from weak-lensing measurements around stacked samples of galaxies or clusters, that is, from measurement of the galaxy-shear or cluster-shear correlation functions. Since the correlation function is statistically isotropic, this method evades problems, such as projection of large-scale structure along the line of sight or halo asphericity, that complicate attempts to infer masses from weak-lensing measurements of individual objects. We demonstrate the utility of this method in measuring halo profiles, galaxy-mass and cluster-mass cross-correlation functions, and cluster virial masses. We test this method on an N-body simulation and show that it correctly and accurately recovers the 3D density and mass profiles of halos. We find no evidence of problems due to a mass sheet degeneracy in the simulation. Cross-correlation lensing provides a powerful method for calibrating the mass-observable relation for use in measurement of the cluster mass function in large surveys. It can also be used on large scales to measure and remove the halo bias and thereby provide a direct measurement of Ωmσ8.
Supersonic jet spectra of p-alkylphenols

Abstract Fluorescence excitation and dispersed fluorescence spectra of the S1 ← S0 transition of seven p-alkylphenols are reported. Vibrational assignments are made for benzene ring modes of each of the molecules. Multiple origin bands for several of the molecules are interpreted in terms of structural conformers and the most reasonable structures for these are discussed. The energies of the origin band for the dimer species (p-alkylphenol)·(H2O)1 are reported.
List decoding from erasures: bounds and code constructions

We consider the problem of list decoding from erasures. We establish lower and upper bounds on the rate of a (binary linear) code that can be list decoded with list size L when up to a fraction p of its symbols are adversarially erased. Such bounds already exist in the literature, albeit under the label of generalized Hamming weights, and we make their connection to list decoding from erasures explicit. Our bounds show that in the limit of large L, the rate of such a code approaches the "capacity" (1 - p) of the erasure channel. Such nicely list decodable codes are then used as inner codes in a suitable concatenation scheme to give a uniformly constructive family of asymptotically good binary linear codes of rate /spl Omega/(/spl epsiv//sup 2//log(1//spl epsiv/)) that can be efficiently list-decoded using lists of size O(1//spl epsiv/) when an adversarially chosen (1 - /spl epsiv/) fraction of symbols are erased, for arbitrary /spl epsiv/ > 0. This improves previous results in this vein, which achieved a rate of /spl Omega/(/spl epsiv//sup 3/log(1//spl epsiv/)).
Direct Synthesis of Previously Inaccessible Bridgehead Azabicyclics by Intramolecular Cyclization of α-Sulfonamido and α-Sulfonimido Radicals

Syntheses of the first bridgehead sultams and the only known bridgehead disulfonimide are described. Both approaches capitalize on the electrophilicity of α-sulfonyl radicals and their propensity to undergo intramolecular ring closure. Where double bonds are concerned, 5-exo and 6-exo pathways operate preferentially as long as structural strain is not excessive. When the reaction center is a carbon−carbon triple bond, the first cyclization gives rise to vinyl radicals that hold sufficient reactivity to capture solvent benzene. In the case of 45, this sequential reaction leads importantly to the introduction of a styrene functionality sufficiently activated to allow a second ring closure to be kinetically feasible. The solid-state structural features of 12 and 17 have been elucidated by X-ray crystallographic methods. Despite key differences from the norm in the alignment of the nitrogen lone pair relative to the adjacent sulfonyl groups, these compounds exhibit good hydrolytic stability. For 13, generatio...
Catalytic asymmetric vinylation of ketones.

This communication describes the catalytic asymmetric 1,2-addition of vinylzinc reagents to aromatic, α,β-unsaturated, and dialkyl ketones with enantioselectivities between 79 and 97% and with yields ranging from 84 to 98%. The products of these reactions are tertiary allylic alcohols with chiral quaternary centers that are useful in organic synthesis. The reaction involves hydrozirconation of a terminal alkyne, transmetalation to zinc, and addition to a ketone in the presence of a chiral titanium-based Lewis acid catalyst. The reactions proceed smoothly at room temperature in under 24 h.
Analysis of a free oscillation atom interferometer

We analyze a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC)-based free oscillation atom Michelson interferometer in a weakly confining harmonic magnetic trap. A BEC at the center of the trap is split into two harmonics by a laser standing wave. The harmonics move in opposite directions with equal speeds and turn back under the influence of the trapping potential at their classical turning points. The harmonics are allowed to pass through each other and a recombination pulse is applied when they overlap at the end of a cycle after they return for the second time. We derive an expression for the contrast of the interferometric fringes and obtain the fundamental limit of performance of the interferometer in the parameter space.
Age, size, and lead factors alone do not predict venous obstruction in children and young adults with transvenous lead systems.

Age, Size, and Lead Factors. Background: Venous occlusion is a recognized complication of transvenous pacing, and lead cross-sectional area indexed to body surface area (BSA) has been used to predict venous obstruction in children. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors and incidence of angiographic venous obstruction after transvenous lead implantation in both children and young adults. Methods: Contrast venography was obtained in 85 of 90 consecutive patients undergoing repeat pacemaker or ICD procedures from 2002 to 2004 at a single cardiac center. Venograms were graded as complete venous obstruction, significant partial obstruction (>70% with collaterals), or patent. Results: The cohort had a median age of 15.0 years at implant and was divided into two age groups: 3-12 years (n = 35) and 13 years and over (n = 50). After a median interval of 6.5 years, complete obstruction was seen in 11 of 85 patients (13%) and partial obstruction in another 10 patients (12%). No significant differences were seen in the incidence of obstruction between the two age groups although younger patients had a larger lead indexed to BSA ratio (6.82 vs 5.05, P = 0.005). There were no significant differences between obstructed and nonobstructed patients in relation to age, size, growth, or lead factors. Conclusion: Transvenous lead systems implanted in young children have a similar incidence of venous occlusion compared to older patients. Furthermore, patient age, body size, and lead characteristics at implant do not clearly predict venous occlusion.
Unusually Reactive and Selective Carbonyl Ylides for Three-Component Cycloaddition Reactions

Conditions are described for the Rh-catalyzed formation of highly functionalized dihydro- and tetrahydrofuran products via three-component reactions of aldehydes, α-alkyl-α-diazoesters, and dipolarophiles. The alkyl-substituted carbonyl ylides that are generated in this fashion are highly reactive in cycloaddition reactions and display a scope of reactivity that is much broader than the three-component reactions of carbonyl ylides derived from ethyl diazoacetate or α-aryl-α-diazoesters. The reactions of alkyl-substituted carbonyl ylides proceed with high regioselectivity and diastereoselectivity that are rationalized in terms of an asynchronous, endo-selective transition state.
A new route to 4-oxygenated isoxazolines. Application to the synthesis of 2-deoxy-2-aminobutose derivatives

The THP ether of 4,5-dihydro-3-nitro-4-isoxazolol, prepared by a sequential nitroaldol nitrosative cyclization strategy, was converted to a 4,5-dihydro-3-(dithiolanyl)isoxazole; subsequent LBH reduction gave a 95:5 diastereomeric mixture of 2-deoxy-2-aminothreose and -erythrose derivatives, respectively, which was cyclized to a mixture of tetrahydro-2H-1,3-oxazine-2-ones.
A simple and facile Heck-type arylation of alkenes with diaryliodonium salts using magnetically recoverable Pd-catalyst

The Heck-type arylation of alkenes was achieved in aqueous polyethylene glycol using a magnetically recoverable heterogenized palladium catalyst employing diaryliodonium salts under ambient conditions. The benign reaction medium and the stability of the catalyst are the salient features of this simple and facile protocol.
Present value tests of an intertemporal model of the current account

Abstract This paper first demonstrates that in a simple intertemporal open economy model, the current account is equal to the expected decline of the present discounted value of net output of a country. Net output is defined as gross domestic product less the sum of investment plus government spending. It then uses econometric methods for present value models to analyze the current account for four countries. In two of these countries, the model does a satisfactory job of explaining the current account.
Large deviations and renormalization for Riesz potentials of stable intersection measures

Abstract We study the object formally defined as (0.1) γ ( [ 0 , t ] 2 ) = ∬ [ 0 , t ] 2 | X s − X r | − σ d r d s − E ∬ [ 0 , t ] 2 | X s − X r | − σ d r d s , where X t denotes the symmetric stable processes of index 0 β ≤ 2 in R d . When β ≤ σ min { 3 2 β , d } , this has to be defined as a limit, in the spirit of renormalized self-intersection local time. We obtain results about the large deviations and laws of the iterated logarithm for γ . This is applied to obtain results about stable processes in random potentials.
The relative growth of the limb bones for Homo sapiens —As compared to anthropoid apes

For comparison with previously defined relative long bone lengths of growing anthropoid apes, the relative size increase of the raduus/humerus, tibia/femur and leg/arm lengths forHomo sapiens were determined. Results indicate thatHomo follows other Hominoidea during postnatal growth, maintaining general isometric patterns of relative long bone size increase within the proximal and distal segments of each limb. Variation between genera is primarily proportional, withHomo showing the relatively shortest radii and shorter tibae throughout growth. Between limbsHomo displays specializations toward disproportional increases of the lower limb, suggesting size required allometry for facilitative support.
Lightweight thread tunnelling in network applications

Active Network nodes allow for non-trivial processing of data streams. These complex network applications typically benefit from protection between their components for fault-tolerance or security. However, fine-grained memory protection introduces bottlenecks in communication among components. This paper describes memory protection in Expert, an OS for programmable network elements which re-examines thread tunnelling as a way of allowing these complex applications to be split over multiple protection domains. We argue that previous problems with tunnelling are symptoms of overly general designs, and we demonstrate a minimal domain-crossing primitive which nevertheless achieves the majority of benefits possible from tunnelling.
A Robust Controller for Second-Order Systems Using Acceleration Measurements

This paper presents a robust control design using strictly positive realness for second-order dynamic systems. The robust strictly positive real controller allows the system to be stabilized with only acceleration measurements. An important property of this design is that stabilization of the system is independent of the system parameters. The control design connects a virtual system to the given plant. The combined system is positive real regardless of system parameter uncertainty. Then any strictly positive real controllers can be used to achieve robust stability. A spring-mass system example and its computer simulations are presented to demonstrate this controller design. Robust performance property of this design is also demonstrated in a simple example.
Deletion of airway cilia results in noninflammatory bronchiectasis and hyperreactive airways

The mechanisms for the development of bronchiectasis and airway hyperreactivity have not been fully elucidated. Although genetic, acquired diseases and environmental influences may play a role, it ...
A remark on potentially semi-stable representations of Hodge-Tate type (0,1)

In this note we complement a part of a theorem of Fontaine-Mazur. We show that if $(V,\rho)$ is an irreducible finite dimensional representation of the Galois group $Gal({\bar K}/K)$ of a finite extension of $K\Q_p$, of Hodge-Tate type $(0,1)$ then it is potentially semi-stable if and only if it is potentially crystalline. This was proved by Fontaine-Mazur for dimension two and $p\geq 5$ by their classfication theorem.
The subgraph homeomorphism problem

Abstract We investigate the problem of finding a homeomorphic image of a “pattern” graph H in a larger input graph G. We view this problem as finding specified sets of edge disjoint or node disjoint paths in G. Our main result is a linear time algorithm to determine if there exists a simple cycle containing three given nodes in G (here H is a triangle). No polynomial time algorithm for this problem was previously known. We also discuss a variety of reductions between related versions of this problem and a number of open problems.
Profile-driven interfaces in 1+1 dimensions: periodic steady states, dynamical melting and detachment

Abstract We study the steady-state structure and dynamics of a 2-d Ising interface placed in an inhomogeneous external field with a sigmoidal profile which moves with velocity v e . In the strong coupling limit, the problem maps onto an asymmetric exclusion process involving motion of particles in 1-d with position-dependent right and left jump probabilities. For small v e , the interface is stuck to the field profile. As v e increases the profile detaches from the interface. At the transition point (and beyond), the interfacial structure and dynamics are characterized by the KPZ exponents. For small v e , on the other hand, the interface is macroscopically smooth with a vanishing roughness exponent α . The interfacial structure is periodic with a periodicity which depends on the orientation of the interface. For a fixed orientation this periodic structure “melts” as v e is increased. We determine the dynamical “phase-diagram” of this system in the v e -orientation plane.
Do Behavioral Biases Adversely Affect the Macro-economy?

We investigate whether the adverse effects of investors' behavioral biases extend beyond the domain of financial markets to the broad macro-economy. Focusing on the income risk-sharing role of financial markets, we find that risk sharing is higher (more than double) in U.S. states where investors are more sophisticated and exhibit weaker behavioral biases. The potential for risk sharing varies geographically, but states with better risk-sharing opportunities are able to achieve higher levels of risk sharing only when investors in those states are more sophisticated. Collectively, these results indicate that investors' aggregate behavioral biases and their lack of financial sophistication adversely affect the local macro-economy. The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for Financial Studies. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com., Oxford University Press.
The Impact of Economic Sanctions in the 1990s

The end of the Cold War served as a strating point for a true proliferation in the use of economic sanctions as an instrument of foreign policy. Diplomacy is increasingly resorting to economic sanctions [...]
New Applications of Dipolar Cycloaddition Chemistry Toward the Synthesis of Heterocycles

A new method for the preparation of β-lactams has been developed. The protocol involves 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrones with nitro substituted alkenes followed by a subsequent reorganization of the resulting 5-nitroisoxazolidine isomer. The utilization of α-silyl substituted amines as azomethine ylide equivalents has also been explored.