cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Legal trends in bioethics.

I have reconsidered the format of this col-umn since I first wrote it 17 years ago. I havetried to make it more useful by organizing theinformation with busy readers in mind who mayonly be looking for information relevant in theirjurisdictions. I have given each section a head-ing that reflects the potential practical ramifi-cations of the material it contains. I have di-vided entries up by jurisdiction, and underlinedthe status of the case, regulation, or law. Fur-thermore, each entry is a very brief synopsis toallow readers to glance through sections quicklyand then follow up on their own if a particulardevelopment is of interest.No entry should be relied upon withoutreading the full text of the law, regulation, orcase in question or without checking if any morerecent developments have superseded the onesreported here. Also, please remember to be cau-tious about what entries might or might not bebinding in your jurisdiction. Usually, jurisdic-tion is determined by the location of the medi-cal institution, but that is not always the case.The law of the patient’s state of residency, ifdifferent than the law where the healthcare in-stitution is located, may also be relevant as mayother jurisdictional factors.This column is called “Legal Trends in Bio-ethics,” so I will begin each section with a briefstatement of developing changes. I have avoidedlegal references and citations in these introduc-tory paragraphs to make them easier to read.Readers who would like references for any partof these paragraphs are welcome to e-mail meif an internet search for such references provesfruitless. Usually these introductory paragraphswill be only two or three sentences long, but, inthis, my first “Legal Trends” in almost 15 years,I take the liberty of describing what has hap-pened in a much broader space of time than willbe the case in future columns.The individual synopses given in this first“Legal Trends” are for developments from Julythrough December 2006. Future columns willprovide updates in three-month increments.Sigrid Fry-Revere, PhD, JD, is Director of Bioethics Stud-ies at the Cato Institute, Washington, D.C., sfryrevere@cato.org. © 2007 by The Journal of Clinical Ethics. All rightsreserved.Readers who learn of cases, laws, or regu-lations that they would like reported in thiscolumn are encouraged to e-mail SigridFry-Revere at sfryrevere@cato.org.
A comparison of acute mouse hindlimb injuries between tourniquet- and femoral artery ligation-induced ischemia-reperfusion.

Abstract The tourniquet or femoral artery ligation is widely used to stop extremity hemorrhage or create a bloodless operating field in the combat scenario and civilian setting. However, these procedures with subsequent reperfusion also induce ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injuries. To fully evaluate animal models of limb IR injuries, we compared tourniquet- and femoral artery ligation-induced IR injuries in the hindlimb of mice. In C57/BL6 mice, 3 h of unilateral hindlimb ischemia was induced by placement of a rubber band at the hip joint or a surgical ligation of the femoral artery. The tourniquet or femoral artery ligation was then released, allowing for 24 h of reperfusion. Compared to the femoral artery ligation/IR, the tourniquet/IR induced more severe skeletal muscle damage, including muscle necrosis and interruption of muscle fibers. There was no gastrocnemius muscle contraction in tourniquet/IR, while femoral artery ligation/IR markedly weakened gastrocnemius muscle contraction. Motor nerve terminals disappeared, and endplate potentials (EPPs) were undetectable in tourniquet/IR, whereas femoral artery ligation/IR only induced mild impairment of motor nerve terminals and decreased the amplitude of EPPs. Additionally, western blot data showed that proinflammatory cytokine levels (IL-1β and TNF-α) were higher in the tourniquet/IR than that in femoral artery ligation/IR. Moreover, tourniquet/IR caused significant tissue edema and dilation of lymphatic vessels in the hindlimb, compared to femoral artery ligation/IR. The above data demonstrated that tourniquet/IR-induced acute hindlimb injuries are more severe than those induced by femoral artery ligation/IR. This suggests that future investigators should determine which hindlimb IR model (tourniquet/IR or femoral artery ligation/IR) is optimal depending on the purpose of their study.
Medical Management for Eustachian Tube Dysfunction in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVE Medical treatment for eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD) is varied, with physician preference driving treatment choice and limited guidance for these options. An evaluation of the efficacy of medical management (MM) for ETD is warranted. METHODS A systematic review of three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Embase) was performed through December 2020. Adults treated nonsurgically for ETD were included. Exclusion criteria were as follows: patulous ETD, ETD deriving from craniofacial anomalies, or surgical treatment. Data were extracted independently by two reviewers according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. A meta-analysis of continuous measures, proportions, and risk ratio was conducted. RESULTS Twelve articles were identified by systematic review, with either level 2 or 3 evidence. A meta-analysis of available data was performed on nine studies. A pooled cohort found 50.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 41.7-59.0) of patients experienced symptomatic improvement with MM. ETDQ-7 scores improved in a clinically nonsignificant manner by -0.88 (95% CI, -1.12 to -0.64) following medical treatment. Further, MM benefited from subacute and chronic symptoms in 30% to 64% and 11% to 50% of cases, respectively. Intranasal corticosteroids (INCS) were not efficacious, improving only 11% to 18% of chronic cases. Therapies such as Politzer devices and Valsalva therapy had minimally beneficial results. CONCLUSION Our review did not find any level 1 evidence for MM of ETD in adults. Available evidence indicates INCS are ineffective for chronic symptoms and the efficacy of nonsurgical options for subacute ETD has yet to be determined. Further randomized controlled trials are needed to discern efficacy of single-agent medical therapies. Laryngoscope, 2021.
Internal Hernia After Laparoscopic Antecolic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass.

Background We evaluated the incidence and presentations of internal hernias (IH) after laparoscopic antecolic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) at our institution. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of 594 patients who underwent laparoscopic antecolic RYGB at our institution between December 2004 and December 2010. Results Five hundred ninety-four patients underwent laparoscopic antecolic RYGB with a mean follow-up of 50.5 months. Thirty-six patients developed 37 IH (6.2 %) requiring surgical intervention. Mean age of IH patients was 36.9 years. Thirty-one out of 36 were female. Mean preoperative BMI was 44.3 Kg/m(2). The mean time of presentation after their RYGB was 25.9 months. The mean % excess body weight loss at time of presentation was 54.0 %. Twenty-five out of 37 of IH occurred at Petersen's space; 9/37 IH occurred under the jejunojejunostomy; three patients had hernias at both locations. Mesenteric swirling was the most common CT scan finding in 20/36 (55.6 %). Six out of 36 CT were initially read as normal; however, on retrospective review by a radiologist, abnormalities indicating IH were found in 4/6. Patients presented with different degrees of acuity: 6/37 with chronic abdominal pain and 28/37 with acute abdominal pain. Bowel necrosis was found in 3/37. Conclusion IH is a serious and potentially fatal complication of RYGB. Presentation can vary from chronic abdominal pain to bowel necrosis. CT is helpful in providing diagnosis; however, careful attention to the specific signs of small bowel volvulus, such as mesenteric swirl sign, should be given. IH should be considered in RYGB patients who present with even vague symptoms.
Prehensile pushing: In-hand manipulation with push-primitives

This paper explores the manipulation of a grasped object by pushing it against its environment. Relying on precise arm motions and detailed models of frictional contact, prehensile pushing enables dexterous manipulation with simple manipulators, such as those currently available in industrial settings, and those likely affordable by service and field robots.
Industrial Hygiene and Biomonitoring in the Agricultural Workplace

In agricultural hygiene, unique issues develop because of the dispersed work environment, the low prevalence of unionization and medical benefits, and the high prevalence of seasonal employment. Mechanical safety hazards and chemical exposures occur only intermittently and in widely dispersed locations. Therefore, agricultural hygiene often requires measurements of dermal exposure and measurements of environmental residues of pesticide applications. Plasma and RBC cholinesterase measurements are also routinely made on workers exposed to specific classes of pesticides. Biomonitoring can complement hygiene measurements in field investigations. As in industrial hygiene, failure to adequately monitor hazardous airborne contaminants can have catastrophic consequences. Keywords: agricultural hygiene; industrial hygiene; biomonitoring; airborne contaminants; pesticide; American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists; biological exposure indices; skin testing
7.00x Introduction to Biology: The Secret of Life MITx on edX Course Report - 2013 Spring

This report describes 7.00x: Introduction to Biology - The Secret of Life, one of the first 11 courses offered by MITx on edX, a platform for delivering massive open online courses (MOOCs). Offered in the Spring of 2013, the content of 7.00x reflects the topics taught in introductory biology courses at MIT and many biology courses around the world. This report describes the course structure, in terms of the number of basic e-text, auto-graded problems, and video components. Following a methodology established for analysis of the first 17 HarvardX and MITx courses (Ho et al, HarvardX and MITx: The first year of open online courses), course registrants are described in terms of viewed, explored, and certified sub-populations, together with demographics. The diversity of student activity in the course, and the persistence of student interactions with the courseware, are addressed. The report concludes with descriptions of special features in 7.00x, including descriptions of a variety of new interactive problem types aimed at introductory biology.
Correlates of Preincarceration Health Care Use Among Women and Men in Jail

Although women and men in jails bear a burden of health problems, little is known about factors associated with their health care use. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of preincarceration health care use with 596 jail inmates. Descriptive statistics and correlates of participants’ health care use were assessed. A year before incarceration, 54% of participants used an emergency room, 24% were hospitalized, and 39% used primary care. Correlates of health care use included gender, health insurance status, and drug dependence. For participants without mental health problems, use was associated with living in neighborhoods where a higher percentage of residents did not complete high school. Findings suggest individual and community factors that can be targeted by reentry programs to improve health care use after jail.
PERCEPTION BIBLIOGRAPHY: IX. PSYCHOLOGICAL INDEX, NO. 6, 1899.

AARS, K . B. R. Der aesthetische Farbensinn bei Kindern. Z. f . paed. Psychol., 1899, 1 , 173-179. (307)' AITKEN, E. H. T h e frve windows o f the soul: or, thoughts on perceiving. London: J . Murray, 1898. (1195) ALT, F. Ueber psychische Taubheit. rlfondssch f . Ohrenheilk., 1899, 33, 529-537. ( 2 1 0 7 ) ANGELL; F., & HARWOOD, H. Experiments on discrimination of clangs for different intervals of time. Amer. I . Psycho/., 1899, 11, 67-79. ( 1 4 1 7 ) BECHTEREW, W. [Abnormal sensations and obsessive hallucinations.1 Obozr. Psichiat., 1899, 4. ( 2114) BECK, A. Ueber kuenstlich hervorgerufene Farbenblindheit. Pflueg. Arch, f , d. ges. Physiol., 1899, 76 , 634-640. ( 1213) BELLANGER, J. Contributzon a I'etude de la diplopie monoculaire. Paris: Jouve 8; Boyer, 1899. ( 2 1 1 5 ) BENOIST, E: dontribution a I'etude de I'audition coloree. Paris: Maloine, 1899. ( 1 196) Bibliographic der psycho-physiologischen Literatur des Jahres 1897. Z. f . P~ychol., 1899, 19, 337-468. (124) BID WELL,.^. On the formation of multiple images in the normal eye. Proc. Roy. SOL., 1899, 64, 241-245. (1215) BIDWELL, S. Multiple vision. Nature, 1899, 59, 559-561. ( 1214 ) BLANCHARD, D. H. Some deterministic implications of the psychology of attention. Phil. Rev., 1899,8, 23-39. ( 1391) BOURDON, B. Les objets paraissent-ils se rapetisser en s'elevant audessus de l'horizon? Annee Psychol., 1898 (1899) , 5, 55-64. (1469.) BRAUNSCHWEIGER. Die Lehre von der Afifmerksamkert i n der Psrcholoaie des X'Vlllce?~ lahrhunderts. Leiozie: Haacke. 1899. 1392 1 , . \ . BUCH, -E. Ueber die " ~ e ~ c h m e l z u n g " von ~ m ~ f j n d u n ~ e n , besonders bei Klangeindruecken. Phil. Stud., 1899, 15, 1-66, 183-278. (1404) BUCK. A. F. Observations on the overestimation of vertical as c o m ~ a r e d with horizontal . lines. Univer. of Chicago Contrib. to Phil., 1899, 2 ( 2 ) , 7 i l . ( 1470 ) CALEY, H., et d. A discussion on visual tests. Brit. Med. I., 1899, 2, 766-770. (1218) CALKINS, M. W. Attributes of sensation. Psychol. Rev., 1899, 6 , 506-514. (1200) CATELL, J. M . The time of perception as a measure of the intensity of light. Proc. Amer. Assn Adv. Sci., 1898 ( 1 8 9 9 ) , 48 , 95.. (Abstract) (1423) CHABOT, C. Les variations de I'artention a I'ecole prlmalre. Rev. Pedag., 1899, 44 , 346351. ( 3 1 7 ) CLAPAREDE, E. Perception strereognostique et stereoagnosie. Annee Psychol., 1898 ( 1 8 9 9 ) . 5, 65-81. ( 2123) CLAVIERE, J . L'audirion coloree. Annee Psychol., 1898 ( 1899) , 5 , 161-178. Ann. d . Sc. Psych., 1899, 9 , 237-251. (1201) COHN, H. Die Sehleistungen von 30,000 Breslauet Schulkindern. Breslau: S. Schottlaender, 1899. ( 3 1 8 ) COLEGROVE, F. W. Notes on mental standards of length. Amer. I. Psychol., 1899, 10,
Duncan Black: The founding father 23 May 1908 – 14 January 1991

The main purpose of this paper is to discuss Duncan Black's work and his role in founding public choice. Nevertheless, I'd like to start by making a few personal remarks. Duncan Black was a wonderful person. All who knew him liked and admired him. His very important work, and as the rest of this paper will indicate his work was important, came from selecting an important problem which no one had previously dealt with and concentrating on it. No Nobel Prize winners can actually claim to have had more effect on a discipline than he had on his newly invented field of study. Turning to his actual work, he quite literally is the founder of public choice. The first six articles which can be regarded as public choice were all written by him. Further, Kenneth Arrow, then a very young member of the economics profession, was given one of his papers to referee by Econometrica and this may well have attracted his attention to the problems which made him famous. He gives considerable credit to Black in that book. Anthony Downs was a student of Arrow who wrote his pioneering book as a doctoral dissertation under Arrow. We have here a fairly clearcut chain of influence.
Stand characteristics of inter-cropped loblolly pine and black locust

Abstract Inter-cropping conifers and hardwoods provides greater economic flexibility, biological diversity and aesthetic benefits, relative to traditional, single species plantations. This study evaluates the biological feasibility of inter-cropping loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.). Seedlings of both species were established from 1-0 seedlings in pure stands and 25:75, 50:50 and 75:25 mixtures under tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) cover or maintained weed-free conditions. Both species established well under weed-free conditions but black locust survival and growth were severely reduced by herbaceous cover. After 5 years, herbaceous cover reduced mean stem volume 45% and 88% for loblolly pine and black locust, respectively, relative to weed-free conditions. When grown in mixture, both species had larger stem volume, and crown volume, relative to monocultures. Height to the lowest living branch decreased for both species as the proportion of pine decreased. In loblolly pine, live crown ratio increased and stem height:diameter ratio decreased as the proportion of pine decreased, indicating that intensity of competition for aboveground resources was directly related to the proportion of pine in these stands. Pine foliar N did not vary with stand type or herbaceous cover. The results of this study suggest that mixed stands of loblolly pine and black locust can be established from seedlings, provided herbaceous vegetation is controlled. If the present growth patterns continue, inter-cropping will result in the production of merchantable trees of both species earlier than in monoculture stands.
In praise of anesthesia: Two case studies of pain and suffering during major surgical procedures with and without anesthesia in the United States Civil War-1861–65

Background The United States Civil War (1861-1865) pitted the more populous industrialized North (Union) against the mainly agricultural slaveholding South (Confederacy). This conflict cost an enormous number of lives, with recent estimates mentioning a total mortality greater than 700,000 combatants [1]. Although sulfuric ether (ETH) and chloroform (CHL) were available since Morton's use of the former in 1846 and the employment of the latter in 1847, and even though inhalational agents were used in Crimean war (1853-1856) and the Mexican-American War (1846-1848), the United States Civil War gave military surgeons on both sides the opportunity to experience the use of these two agents because of the large number of casualties. Methods Research of historic archives illustrates the dramatic control of surgical pain made possible with introduction of two general anesthetic and analgesic drugs in 1846 and 1847. Results An appreciation of the importance of anesthesia during surgical procedures can be noted in the poignant and at times hair raising cases of two left arm amputations carried out under appalling circumstances during the United States Civil War. In the first-case the amputation was delayed for nearly five days after the wounding of Private Winchell who served in an elite sharpshooter brigade and was captured by the Confederate Army during battle. The amputation was performed without anesthesia and the voice of the Private himself narrates his dreadful experience. The postoperative course was incredible as he received no analgesia and survived a delirious comatose state lying on the ground in the intense summer heat. Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson was a famous ascetic Confederate General who helped defeat the Union forces at the Battle of Chancellorsville on May 2, 1863. In the ensuing near-darkness, Jackson was fired upon by his own friendly troops where he suffered multiple gunshot wounds on his right hand as well as a ball in the upper humerus of the left arm similar to that of Private Winchell. Transported to a field hospital about thirty miles away, the evacuation was carried out under artillery fire and the General dropped from the stretcher at least twice before arriving at the field hospital. There, a team of surgeons operated on "Stonewall", using open drop chloroform, the surgery taking 50 min, anesthesia times of one hour with General Jackson awake and speaking with clarity shortly after the termination of the anesthesia. A brief explanation of the use of anesthetics in the military environment during the Crimean, Mexican American and the United States Civil War is also presented. Conclusion and implications Two case stories illustrate the profound improvement in surgical pain made possible with ether and chloroform only 160 years ago. Surgeons and patients nowadays have no ideas what these most important improvements in modern medicine means, unless "reliving" the true hell of pain surgery was before ether and chloroform.
A practical approach to coverage control for multiple mobile robots with a circular sensing range

This paper presents a practical approach to coverage planning with multiple circular mobile sensors. Our approach provides a scalable solution with respect to distance, sensor's range, time, and nonholonomic constraints. In addition to achieving complete and near optimal coverage, our approach also autonomously controls each mobile robot to avoid all moving and stationary obstacles. Our solution relies on the Art Gallery Problem's (AGP) concept and Traveling Salesman Problem's (TSP) concept which are NP-hard. Our approach follows six steps. First, given an arbitrary number of statically circular objects, apply the Delaunay Triangulation Method on the objects. Second, apply the Circular Waypoint Coverage Placement algorithm, based on the sensing range, to find the Cartesian coordinate of waypoint required for each face. Third, apply the traveling salesman algorithm to find the desirable tour. Fourth, apply the Novel Previous-Next Waypoints Coverage Constraint (PNWCC) algorithm to reduce the distance and angle among all waypoints in the tour, while maintaining complete coverage. Each and every waypoint may move to a different position or delete as a result of this step. Fifth, apply a cubic Spline algorithm to smooth the tour. Sixth, apply the Trajectory Planning Technique to steer the mobile robots from the given desired initial position and orientation to the desired final position and orientation collision-free and on time.
The possible role of ticks as vectors of Leptospirae. II. Infection of the ixodid ticks, Dermacentor andersoni and Amblyomma maculatum, with Leptospira pomona

Abstract 1. 1. The ixodid ticks, Dermacentor andersoni and Amblyomma maculatum , became infected with Leptospira pomona after ingesting a heavy suspension of leptospirae in Verwoort's medium. 2. 2. The organisms penetrated the gut wall and infected salivary glands, central ganglion and genital system of the ticks. Leptospirae could not be detected in developing eggs. 3. 3. When fed individually or in groups on weanling guinea pigs, infected ticks of both species transmitted L. pomona . 4. 4. Attempts to infect ticks by feeding them on infected hamsters were unsuccessful; although leptospirae were ingested with the hosts' blood, they did not survive more than 10 days.
Creep behavior and threshold stress of an extruded Al–6Mg–2Sc–1Zr alloy

Abstract Creep experiments were performed on extruded Al–6Mg–2Sc–1Zr (wt.%) alloy in a temperature range of 423–533 K. A threshold type creep behavior was measured and explained by observed dislocation-particle interactions. The experimental threshold stress values at various temperatures were compared with existing theoretical models. None of the available models could account for the decrease in threshold creep strength with increasing temperature.
Sequencing, processing, and localization of the petunia CMS-associated mitochondrial protein

Summary The petunia mitochondrial fused gene (pcf), which is associated with cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), is composed of sequences derived from atp9, coxll, and an unidentified reading frame termed urfS. Pcf transcripts are modified by editing at 11 sites. Codon usage and nearest neighbor analysis suggest that the urfS region is not derived originally from a plant mitochondrial coding region. Although the gene contains an open reading frame coding for a 43 kDa protein, a 25 kDa gene product has previously been identified (Nivison and Hanson, 1989). N-terminal sequencing revealed that the 25 kDa protein is encoded within the urfS portion of pcf and that its actual molecular mass is 19.5 kDa. Through pulse-chase labeling of protein in isolated mitochondria, the 25 kDa protein was found to be processed from a 43 kDa precursor protein representing the entire pcf gene sequence. Antibodies to synthetic peptides encoded by the atp9 and coxll portions of pcf recognized petunia ATP9 or COXII but no other mitochondrial proteins on immunoblots. Controlled proteolysis experiments showed that both the 43 kDa precursor and the 25 kDa protein are soluble or loosely associated with membranes. Thus, the 25 kDa protein appears to be the only pcf-encoded protein that accumulates in mitochondria.
Oceanic response around the Yucatan Peninsula to the 2005 hurricanes from remote sensing

Hurricanes Emily, Stan and Wilma made landfall along the Yucatan Peninsula (YP) in 2005 impacting regional coastal environments. The effects of these hurricanes on the coastal and oceanic waters around the YP were examined using multiple satellite sensor data such as winds from QuikSCAT, sea surface temperature (SST) from MODIS, and biooptical properties from the SeaWiFS ocean color sensor. QuikSCAT wind data revealed the hurricane paths along with typical changes in wind speed and direction and improved interpretation of the SST and ocean color data. SST imagery before and after hurricanes landfalling indicated variable extent of upper ocean cooling that varied with the hurricane track and its intensity. An examination of SeaWiFS-derived backscattering coefficient at 443 nm, an optical indicator of suspended particulate matter concentrations showed elevated levels of surface suspended material following the hurricane passages in both nearshore and offshore waters, likely due to resuspension and offshore transport. The use of multi-satellite data provided a greater understanding of the response and changes in sea surface properties to hurricanes in the YP.
Do Financial Literacy Classes Help? An Experimental Assessment in a Low-Income Population

ABSTRACTAlthough programs designed to increase financial literacy are widely promoted, there is little evidence of their impact on financial knowledge or behavior. The present study used an experimental design to examine the effectiveness of a financial literacy course for low-income individuals receiving services in a nonprofit residential program. Participants were randomly assigned either to a 4-week financial literacy course (n = 17) or a wait-list control group (n = 16). They then completed measures designed for the purposes of this study assessing financial knowledge (e.g., which loan payments should take priority), negative behaviors (e.g., overdrawing a financial account), and positive behaviors (e.g., leaving money in a savings account). Results of this randomized experiment confirmed that the course increased both financial knowledge and positive financial behaviors, thereby lending support for the continued use of such financial education programs. Attrition was high in this study, however, and...
Effect on runway performance of reinforcement contingencies established to empty goal-box placements

Abstract In order to investigate the hypothesis that rats discriminate nonreinforced goal-box placements from runway trials and to show that such differentiation can affect resistance to extinction, animals received partial reinforcement during acquisition and placements to an unbaited goal box either ( a ) positively, ( b ) negatively, or ( c ) randomly related to reinforced runway (R) trials. During acquisition, animals in conditions a and b ran faster on R trials than on nonreinforced runway trials. The subjects in condition c showed the greatest resistance to extinction. Reinstatement of the placement procedure after extensive extinction testing produced an immediate increment in runway performance for the animals in condition a . These results clearly indicated that rats are capable of differentiating placement events from runway trials, and that such differentiation can affect resistance to instruction.
Multi-dimensional differential imaging with FE-CARS microscopy

Abstract Focus-engineered coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (FE-CARS) microscopy is used to visualize microscopic samples with differential imaging contrast in both longitudinal and lateral directions. Multi-dimensional contrast is achieved by applying a one-dimensional π-phase step in the transverse beam profile of the Stokes beam. The observed longitudinal differential contrast results from fortuitous phase-matching at axial interfaces and is highly sensitive to the resonant part of the third-order susceptibility. Based on phase-sensitive recordings of the vibrational spectrum of dimethyl sulfoxide in the CH3-stretching range, it is shown that FE-CARS uniquely probes the spectral phase of the Raman bands of the sample.
Partitioning of NOy species in the summer Arctic stratosphere

Volume mixing ratio profiles of the quantitatively significant NO y species NO, NO 2 , HNO 3 , HNO 4 , ClNO 3 and N 2 O 5 were measured remotely from 8 to 38 km by the JPL MkIV FTIR solar absorption spectrometer during balloon flights from Fairbanks, Alaska (64.8°N, 147.6°W) on May 8 and July 8. 1997. The observed ratio of NO x (NO+NO 2 ) to NO y (total reactive nitrogen) is 10 to 30% greater than calculated by a steady state model using standard photochemistry constrained by MkIV measurements of long lived precursors (e.g., H 2 O, CH 4 , CO and N 2 O) and SAGE II aerosol surface area. The persistence of this discrepancy to 38 km altitude suggests that processes involving aerosols, such as the reduction of HNO 3 on the surface of soot particles, cannot be the sole explanation. The most likely resolution to this discrepancy is that the rate of NO 2 +OH +M→HNO 3 +M (the dominant sink of NO x in the Arctic stratosphere during times of near continuous solar illumination) is significantly slower than the currently recommended rate.
Time to Resumption of Driving After Implantation of an Automatic Defibrillator (from the Dual chamber and VVI Implantable Defibrillator (DAVID) Trial)

The time to resumption of driving after insertion of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) was evaluated in the Dual Chamber And VVI Implantable Defibrillator trial. Most patients were advised not to drive for 3 to 6 months after the ICD was implanted. Patients were surveyed at 3-, 6-, or 9-month intervals to characterize their driving habits, with 101 of 137 (73.7%), 98 of 146 (67.1%), and 79 of 135 (58.5%) responding. Of respondents, 82% recalled being told not to drive for a specified time after ICD implantation. These patients generally obeyed recommendations (association between recommended time and time of resumption, p <0.001) from medical personnel.
A national survey of persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) pollutants in the United States milk supply

A national survey of persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) pollutants in the United States milk supply
Mining Electronic Health Records

Initial efforts to mine electronic health records are unlikely to yield many Eureka insights, but there are many opportunities for improving the delivery, efficiency, and effectiveness of healthcare.
Effects of cortical polarization on visual discriminations

The performance of rats on various visual tasks was studied while the normal d-c fields of their cerebral cortex were altered by means of external polarizing currents. The experimental groups, when compared to nonpolarized controls, were not significantly impaired in the acquisition of either a brightness or a pattern discrimination. An analysis of variance on the scores of a pattern-reversal problem fell just short of statistical significance (p < 0.06). A closer analysis of the reversal scores showed that only the group that was cathodally polarized on visual cortex was significantly different from the controls (p < 0.002, two-tailed Mann Whitney U-test).
Collaborations in leadership: the nurse case management and nursing administration connection.

Purpose/objectives With a multiple decade's long surge in managed care and the growth of case management as a profession, there is increasing recognition of the leadership role that case managers employ daily as they coordinate and facilitate patient-centered initiatives. Now, more than ever, case managers are being called upon to further expand their leadership capabilities and take a more active role in professional partnering to ensure the continued attainment of clinical, fiscal, and quality outcomes. Primary practice settings All settings, particularly acute care hospitals and integrated delivery systems. Implications for case management practice The collaboration between nurse case managers and nursing administration provides a framework for the establishment of a collegial and supportive working relationship: one that is built on the strength of mutual goals, shared leadership abilities, respect, and professional loyalty.
An automated programmable platform enabling multiplex dynamic stimuli delivery and cellular response monitoring for high-throughput suspension single-cell signaling studies

Cell signaling events are orchestrated by dynamic external biochemical cues. By rapidly perturbing cells with dynamic inputs and examining the output from these systems, one could study the structure and dynamic properties of a cellular signaling network. Conventional experimental techniques limit the implementation of these systematic approaches due to the lack of sophistication in manipulating individual cells and the fluid microenvironment around them; existing microfluidic technologies thus far are mainly targeting adherent cells. In this paper we present an automated platform to interrogate suspension cells with dynamic stimuli while simultaneously monitoring cellular responses in a high-throughput manner at single-cell resolution. We demonstrate the use of this platform in an experiment to measure Jurkat T cells in response to distinct dynamic patterns of stimuli; we find cells exhibit highly heterogeneous responses under each stimulation condition. More interestingly, these cells act as low-pass filters, only entrained to the low frequency stimulus signals. We also demonstrate that this platform can be easily programmed to actively generate arbitrary dynamic signals. We envision our platform to be useful in other contexts to study cellular signaling dynamics, which may be difficult using conventional experimental methods.
A New Receptor Potential of the Monkey Retina with no Detectable Latency

CONE and rod receptor potentials, with characteristic differences in decay rate, have recently been isolated and identified in monkey retinas by Brown and Watanabe1,2. In both cone and rod cases the leading edge of the receptor potential was shown to produce the rising phase of the a-wave in the local electroretinogram (ERG). The shortest-recorded latency of the a-wave was reported as 1.7 msec1, based on unpublished observations of Ogden and Brown in the cat. An intervening process was therefore suggested to occur between the photochemical reactions of the outer segment and the onset of the cone or rod receptor potential2. The hypothesis was advanced that the receptor potentials are due to active depolarization of the proximal receptor terminals, which are the presynaptic membranes to second order neurones1,2; this is the retinal level at which the electrical sink of these potentials was found. In this hypothesis the response latency is assumed due to conduction time through the receptor cell, and evidence was presented suggesting an intracellular conduction route2.
Abstract 2042: TOB1 promotes cell survival in estrogen-independent estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Antiestrogens are the most widely administered endocrine agents for the treatment of estrogen receptor (ER)-expressing breast cancers, such as tamoxifen, fulvestrant and aromatase inhibitor. However, most initially responsive breast tumors acquire resistance and become estrogen-independent. To find potential therapeutic target(s) against drug resistance, we performed siRNA library screening studies to identify cell survival determinants in estrogen independent cell lines from 631 ER network related genes. LCC1 and LCC9 cells, derivatives of MCF-7, are estrogen-independent. LCC1 cells are sensitive to fulvestrant and tamoxifen. LCC9 cells are resistant to fulvestrant and cross-resistant to tamoxifen. A number of genes selectively support the survival of estrogen-independent tumor cells, including TOB1 (Transducer of ErbB2). TOB1 gene knockdown significantly inhibited (>50%) estrogen-independent cell growth in LCC1 and LCC9 cells, but had much less effect on the survival of MCF-7 cells (10%). These cell lines have similar levels of Tob1 protein. TOB1 knockdown did not cause apoptosis or autophagy. DNA replication was reduced and G1 to S phase transition was blocked by TOB1 knockdown in the estrogen-independent cell lines. Next, we studied cell-signaling pathways that regulate cell cycle transition. Cyclin D1 was upregulated and activated by TOB1 knockdown in estrogen-independent cells, but not in MCF-7 cells. Therefore, cyclin D1 might be involved in G1/S transition blockage induced by Tob1 inhibition. TOB1 knockdown also activated cell cycle checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) and induced DNA damage. Our data demonstrated that Tob1 promotes cell survival after ER+ breast cancer cells acquire estrogen-independence, which might be mediated by cyclin D1. Citation Format: Yong-Wei Zhang, Rochelle Nasto, Robert Clarke, Louis M. Weiner. TOB1 promotes cell survival in estrogen-independent estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2042. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2042
Semi-regular graph automorphisms and generalized quadrangles

Abstract We use topological techniques to verify the existence of non-trivial semi-regular automorphisms of certain graphs, and use this to obtain a characterization of certain families of Moufang quadrangles.
Nurses' Use of Nonpharmacologic Techniques with Hospitalized Children

Pediatric nurses are often present with children who are in discomfort or pain, and are essential to successful management of this pain. Selected nonpharmacologic techniques are effective in reducing children's discomfort and pain, and thus have value in nursing practice. In a descriptive, exploratory study, 54 pediatric nurses responded to a questionnaire that elicited self-report of their use of five nonpharmacologic techniques: distraction, focusing on breathing, focusing on relaxing, imagery, and changing perceptions of painful stimuli. Content analysis indicated that (a) nurses' lack of time and heavy workload impede their use of nonpharmacologic techniques; (b) nurses' most frequent use of nonpharmacologic techniques is with children undergoing painful procedures; and (c) nurses perceive parents as helpful in implementing nonpharmacologic techniques with children. Implications for nursing practice, education, and research are discussed.
Generation of sulfur ylides by the desilylation of α-trimethylsilylbenzyl sulfonium salts

Abstract The [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of sulfur ylides derived via the desilylation of several α-trimethylsilylbenzyl sulfonium salts has been studied. The initially formed ylide was found to rapidly equilibrate with the thermodynamically more stable ylide. In the absence of trapping reagents, a Sommelet-Hauser type rearrangement occurs.
Evidence that eaq− + H3Oaq+ does give H Atoms

THE production of hydrogen atoms in radiolysed water and the interconversion between H and eaq− are well established. Kongshaug, Steen and Cercek have reported what seemed to them to be evidence that eaq− + H3Oaq+ did not give H atoms and that the major fraction of the residual hydrogen in γ-radiolysed water were not H atoms1. We wish to question this evidence and to present an electron spin resonance identification of the H atoms produced both directly by the radiolysis of water and from the reaction of eaq− with acids.
Penny-packing and two-dimensional codes

We consider the problem of packingn equal circles (i.e., pennies) in the plane so as to minimize the second momentU about their centroid. These packings are also minimal-energy two-dimensional codes. Adding one penny at a time according to the greedy algorithm produces a unique sequence of packings for the first 75 pennies, and appears to produce optimal packings for infinitely many values ofn. Several other conjectures are proposed, and a table is given of the best packings known forn≤500. For largen, U~?3n2/(4?).
Fertility, development, and family planning, 1970-1980: an analysis of cases weighted by population.

A series of related studies (Freedman and Berelson 1976; Mauldin and Berelson 1978; and Tsui and Bogue 1978) have presented empirical findings based on multiple regression analysis which indicated that family planning program effort (FP) as measured by an index developed by Lapham and Mauldin (1972) was the single most important predictor of (or influence on) fertility reduction in less-developed countries (LDCs). The basic results have been confirmed repeatedly. A more extensive data set was used to extend the analysis to a comparison of results of corss-sectional models circa 1970 and 1980. The study builds upon the results of past studies yet differs from them in several ways. All the variables in the present study were measured at 2 points in time: circa 1970 and circa 1980 allowing a comparison between cross-sectional models for 1970 and 1980. Among the cases included in this multivariate analysis was China a country usually excluded for lack of data. The analysis was extend to 85 countries. Cases were weighted by population having the effect of increasing the impact of larger countries such as India and China on the outcome of the analysis. Total fertility rate (TFR) was used as an indicator of fertility. For 1970 family planning program effort had the strongest direct influence on fertility (a result consistent with previous studies). Life expectancy at birth was the other direct influence. The direct influence of life expectancy at birth was less than that of family planning but the total influence was greater. After life expectancy and family planning school enrollment and relative educational status of women had the strongest indirect and total influences. The other variables all had a positive influence on fertility. When the total variance attributable was considered directly and indirectly to each of the independent variables urbanization carlorie supply and per capita gross national product all accounted for less than 5% of the variance in fertility all of it indirect. Life expectancy family planning and school enrollment each explained (directly plus indirectly) more than 10% of the variance in fertility. The pattern differed somewhat for 1980. Calorie supply per capita gross national product and relative educational status of women had no influence direct or indirect on fertility. Also for 1980 life expectancy had a stronger direct influence on fertility than family planning. Overall life expectancy at birth family planning program effort and total school enrollment emerged as the principal influences on fertility.
Sphingomyelin Favors. Precipitation of Negatively Charged Liposomes in 1 mM Ca2

AbstractEarlier studies showed that calcium and sphingomyelin increase in aortic intimal tissue with age. Liposomes having different aortic phospholipid concentrations were prepared to ascertain if the increase in calcium might have arisen from increased permeability to calcium. None of these liposomes were permeable to calcium, however, liposomes that contained sphingomyelin and carried an excess negative charge imparted by dicetylphosphate aggregatively precipitated out of suspension in 1 mM calcium chloride. The extent of precipitation was higher at higher sphingomyelin concentration but decreased as temperature increased. Cardiolipin with two negative charges per molecule supplied enough negative charge at 5 mol % to allow sphingomyelin containing liposomes to precipitate out of a 1 mM calcium chloride suspension. Precipitation also occurred when dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (with a transition temperature similar to sphingomyelin) replaced sphingomyelin in acidic liposomes.
Tracking 3D puzzle pieces for collaborative learning environments

Children naturally learn about their world by manipulating objects within it. Playing with blocks and puzzles helps to develop their understanding of spatial relationships and other mathematical concepts. Using physical objects also allows them to work and learn in groups. Yet sometimes they need outside intervention from an adult or knowledgeable guide to help them learn more and stay engaged longer. Unfortunately, instructors often have too many students to give each one adequate attention. Our work focuses on developing computer-based "guides on the side" that can "watch" as children play with physical puzzles, and offer help or suggestions as needed. Our approach is to use the physical puzzle pieces as parts of a tangible interface. With our system, children are free to explore and collaborate without a computer, yet they can benefit from the computer's instruction as they need it. We have successfully implemented and tested a 2D Tangram puzzle using this approach [Scarlatos 2002].
Electron drift velocities in molecular-gas-rare-gas mixtures

The drift velocity of electrons in mixtures containing a molecular gas in a rare-gas diluent has been calculated as a function of $\frac{E}{N}$ (ratio of the electric field to neutral number density) and of molecular-gas concentration using a numerical solution of the Boltzmann transport equation. The results agree well with available experimental data where gas purity was strictly controlled. In argon, it is shown that very small amounts of a molecular additive can drastically alter the behavior of the electron drift velocity. The curves exhibit a local maximum with respect to $\frac{E}{N}$ and an absolute maximum with respect to molecular concentration. A useful formula for the mobility has been derived, which explains the peculiar behavior of the electron drift velocity in these gas mixtures.
Room temperature quantum corrals

Abstract We have developed a methodology by which we can mass produce quantum corrals on Cu(111) surfaces. Specifically, we show that islands of an atomic nitrogen-induced reconstruction demonstrate highly directional island growth. Due to the rotational symmetry of the surface, these islands can collide in such ways so as to create between them areas of the clean surface in the form of trapezoids, triangles and parallelograms. Within areas of the clean surface, standing electron waves can be observed.
Flunarizine Blocks Elevation of Free Cytosolic Calcium in Synaptosomes following Sustained Depolarization

Gerbil cerebral cortical synaptosomes loaded with the fluorescent calcium probe FURA-2 were used to study depolarization-induced presynaptic cytosolic free calcium concentration, as an in vitro model of cerebral ischemia. The depolarization-induced increase in intrasynaptosomal cytosolic free calcium concentration is not sodium-dependent or sodium channel-dependent and may be due to an influx of extrasynaptosomal calcium resulting from a cadmium- and omega-conotoxin-sensitive, nickel-, nifedipine-, and nimodipine-insensitive voltage-regulated channel. The depolarization-induced increase in intrasynaptosomal free cytosolic calcium concentration is also inhibited by flunarizine, a calcium antagonist that has protective effects in animal models of cerebral anoxia and ischemia. Our results suggest that presynaptic calcium uptake following depolarization may be mediated in part by an N-type channel. Flunarizine may block presynaptic calcium accumulation, in part, by blocking this N-type channel; this blockade ...