cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
InP double heterostructure bipolar transistors with a quaternary collector for improved breakdown behavior

The authors have fabricated double heterostructure bipolar transistors (HBTs) which use an InP wide band-gap emitter and a quaternary collector. The quaternary composition was chosen to be that which gives a 1.13 eV bandgap used in lasers which operate at 1.1 /spl mu/m. This gap compares with the 1.35eV bandgap of the InP emitter and 0.75 eV for lattice-matched InGaAs. The composition for the quaternary was In: 0.87, Ga: 0.13, As: 0.29; P: 0.71. The collector was moved away from the base-collector junction to help improve the characteristics of the HBT. The devices exhibited good ideality factors with a gain of up to approximately 60 and breakdown voltages of about 8 V. Derived electron ionization coefficients are lower than literature values but depend strongly on the estimated fields in the collector. >
Some Algorithms Arising in the Proof of the Kepler Conjecture

By any account, the 1998 proof of the Kepler conjecture is complex. The thesis underlying this article is that the proof is complex because it is highly under-automated. Throughout that proof, manual procedures are used where automated ones would have been better suited. This paper gives a series of nonlinear optimization algorithms and shows how a systematic application of these algorithms would bring substantial simplifications to the original proof.
A high temperature Rankine binary cycle for ground and space solar engine applications

A Rankine cycle covering the range of plasma temperatures possible from a solar radiation boiler is studied. The working fluid is potassium. A binary cycle with potassium as the topping cycle fluid and a conventional steam cycle as the bottoming cycle for earth-based applications is analyzed. Operation in conjunction with a wave energy exchanger is considered.
Early oncological outcomes for bladder urothelial carcinoma patients treated with robotic-assisted radical cystectomy.

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4 OBJECTIVE • To determine oncological outcomes including early survival rates among unselected bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC) patients treated with robotic-assisted radical cystectomy (RRC). PATIENTS AND METHODS • Clinicopathologic and survival data were prospectively gathered for 85 consecutive BUC patients treated with RRC. • The decision to undergo a robotic rather than open approach was made without regard to tumor volume or surgical candidacy. • Kaplan–Meier survival rates were determined and stratified by tumor stage and LN positivity, and multivariate analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of survival. RESULTS • Patients were relatively old (25% >80 years; median 73.5 years), with frequent comorbidities (46% with ASA class ≥3). Of these patients 28% had undergone previous pelvic radiation or pelvic surgery, and 20% had received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. • Extended pelvic lymphadenectomy was performed in 98% of patients, with on average 19.1 LN retrieved. • On final pathology, extravesical disease was common (36.5%). • Positive surgicalmargins were detected in five (6%) patients, all of whom had extravesical tumors with perineural and/or lymphovascular invasion, and most of whom were >80 years old. • At a mean postoperative interval of 18 months, 20 (24%) patients had developed recurrent disease, but only three (4%) patients had recurrence locally. Disease-free, cancer-specific and overall survival rates at 2 years were 74%, 85% and 79%, respectively. Patients with low-stage/LN(−) cancers had significantly better survival than extravesical/LN(−) or any-stage/LN(+) patients, with stage being the most important predictor on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION • RRC can achieve adequately high LN yields with a low positive margin rate among unselected BUC patients. • Early survival outcomes are similar to those reported in contemporary open series, with an encouragingly low incidence of local recurrence, however long-term follow-up and head-to-head comparison with the open approach are still needed.
Changes occuring with the immobile liquid phase in gas-liquid chromatography. II. The effect of retention volumes.

Abstract The immobile liquid phase of a gas chromatographic column may undergo physical and chemical changes during conditioning and use. Chemical changes are those which affect the difference in chemical potential of a solute between the solution in the partitioning liquid and the vapor state. Macroscopic physical changes are those which change the total amount of liquid and/or its distribution on the support. Microscopic physical redistribution of partitioner occurs until the surface free energy of the liquid is minimal and uniform over the entire liquid surface. This latter redistribution is probably complete within a small fraction of the lifetime of the column. The assumption that the packing consists of impermeable solid particles coated with a uniform liquid film leads to the conclusion that a chemical change which affects Δμ° for the methylene groups of a homologous series changes the slope of the semi-logarithmic plot of retention volume vs. the number of carbon atoms in the molecule whereas the intercept is altered by either a change in Δμ° for the functional groups of the molecule or by a change in the effective cross-sectional area of the partitioner. Evidence is given that the change due to the latter can be calculated by finding the average amount of liquid on the column irrespective of its distribution. The effect of retention by more than one kind of immobile phase is discussed.
Balancing the Automatic Stay

This article discusses a Ninth Circuit Bankruptcy Appellate Panel decision holding that purchasers at a trustee sale can successfully have the stay that originally prohibited the sale annulled if the court finds that the equities are in their favor.
Identifying Frequency Domain Uncertainty Bounds for Robust Controller Design - Theory with Application to a Fixed-Bed Reactor

A methodology for computing frequency domain uncertainty bounds for single-input single-output systems is presented. This methodology is applied to the identification of a fixed-bed reactor. A robust controller with a single adjustable parameter is designed for the reactor using Internal Model Control (IMC) theory. The computed uncertainty bounds are experimentally validated using the IMC controller.
Interferences with semen detection by an immunoassay for a seminal vesicle-specific antigen.

A commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the SEMA® assay, for a seminal vesicle-specific antigen (SVSA) provides highly sensitive detection of semen. Here we show marked interference of proteins such as albumin, serum proteins, or mucin with the assay. This would substantially decrease the sensitivity for detecting semen mixed with other biological fluids such as blood or vaginal secretions.
Group theory and nuclear high spin phenomena

A microscopic interpretation of the coherent/critical phenomenon known as backbending, in which certain deformed nuclei, looked upon as rotating spheriods, show a marked increase in their effective moment of inertia at some critical value of the total angular momentum, is presented. As shell-model calculations in a basis constructed from a direct product of single-particle orbitals leads to matrix dimensionalities that are enormous, truncation is required. The complementary roles group theory and methods of statistical spectroscopy play in the selection of a physically significant coupling scheme are illustrated. A weak coupling model of the normal and abnormal parity orbitals organized into SU(3) and R(5) multiplets, respectively, shows pair alignment to be the primary mechanism responsible for backbending but band mixing can be competitive and lead to anomalous E2 behavior. Results for 126Ba are given.
Family Relationships of Older LGBT Adults

The study of older lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) adults and their families is a growing area of research and practice. This field addresses intersections of social structure and personal experience, beginning with the interaction of family and sexual minority status, and complicated by gender, race, social class, ability status, and other social locations. Older LGBT adults experience families in normative and non-normative ways. They have families of origin (i.e., the family one is born into), families of procreation (i.e., the family one creates, typically, through a committed union and the children they rear), and families of choice (i.e., the family one creates through converting friends into kin). Yet, there are unique aspects of what it means to be an aging LGBT individual that affect the emotional dynamics of family relationships, including the historical treatment of LGBT individuals, the increasing social climate of self-affirmation and public acceptance, and the policies that impact their lives.
Inert gas wave soldering evaluation

Production modules were soldered using adipic acid/isopropanol as a flux and atomized formic acid to further enhance oxide reduction over the molten soldered module. The objectives of the evaluation were to assess system capability, measurable performance versus conventional wave soldering equipment performance, and environmental impact. The system capability for overall machine performance, from belt speeds to repeatable solder heights and solder joints, has demonstrated the effectiveness of inert gas soldering over current conventional soldering technology. The inert gas system performance versus conventional process performance using production level product has demonstrated the feasibility the system has for production implementation by lowering the solder defect rate by a fourfold improvement. The positive environmental impact of inert gas soldering consists in reductions in volatile organic compounds, lead, and chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) emissions. Cost comparison of inert gas soldering to conventional wave solder systems is very favorable when total costs of the cleaning machines with CFCs and floor space are compared. >
Flexible transbronchial optical frequency domain imaging smart needle for biopsy guidance

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer related death. Macroscopic imaging techniques such as computed tomography are highly sensitivity at detecting small, ≤ 2cm, peripheral pulmonary lesions (PPLs) in the lung but lack the specificity necessary for diagnosis. Bronchoscopy is a procedure routinely performed to diagnose PPLs but is hindered with a low diagnostic yield due to challenging lesion localization. We have developed a flexible transbronchial optical frequency domain imaging (TB-OFDI) catheter that functions as a ‘smart needle’ to confirm the needle placement within the target lesion prior to biopsy. The TB-OFDI smart needle consists of a flexible and removable OFDI catheter that operates within a 21-gauge transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) needle. The OFDI catheter can be easily removed from the needle to facilitate subsequent aspiration or biopsy acquisition. The OFDI imaging core consists of an angled-polished ball lens with a spot size of 25 μm at a working distance of 160 μm from the catheter sheath. The ball-lens was designed to have an ellipsoid shape in order to compensate for the astigmatism caused by encasing the optics within a protective sheath. Transbronchial imaging of inflated excised swine lung parenchyma with the TB-OFDI smart needle yielded clear images of alveoli. In-vivo transbronchial imaging was also performed on three swine with artificial lesions injected transthoracially. Our results suggest that the TB-OFDI smart needle may be a useful tool for guiding biopsy acquisition to increase the diagnostic yield of PPLs.
What Is Creepy? Towards Understanding That Eerie Feeling When It Seems the Internet "Knows" You

With the proliferation of Big Data available, marketers, data brokers, data aggregators and online advertisers, are able to collect personal information and track behavior about consumers and deliv...
Eyewitness identification: Information gain from incriminating and exonerating behaviors.

An information-gain approach to the analysis and interpretation of eyewitness identification data is described. The information-gain analysis is grounded in Bayesian statistics, permitting the important role of prior probabilities to be explored. This approach also forces a more complete treatment of the data and reveals important patterns that have escaped previous attention in the eyewitness identification literature. Particularly important is the ability of information-gain analyses to make salient the exonerating value of eyewitness behaviors rather than just their incriminating value. Analyses of sample data sets show how the exonerating value of filler identifications and "not there" responses can actually exceed the incriminating value of identifications of the suspect at certain points in the distribution of prior probabilities.
Reexamination of Van Der Waals model for soft-core molecules☆

Abstract Van der Waals' assumption that the parameter a in his model is independent of density and temperature is reexamined for Lennard-Jones particles, using two different types of soft repulsive core potentials: the positive portion of the Lennard-Jones potential and the portion of the Lennard-Jones potential associated with the repulsive force. The latter core potential is found to give a nearly constant a. An analytic expression for a is given to account for the observed small density variation. It is applicable from about 25% of the triple-point density to the freezing density.
Group independent component analysis and functional MRI examination of changes in language areas associated with brain tumors at different locations.

Object This study investigates the effect of tumor location on alterations of language network by brain tumors at different locations using blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) fMRI and group independent component analysis (ICA). Subjects and Methods BOLD fMRI data were obtained from 43 right handed brain tumor patients. Presurgical mapping of language areas was performed on all 43 patients with a picture naming task. All data were retrospectively analyzed using group ICA. Patents were divided into three groups based on tumor locations, i.e., left frontal region, left temporal region or right hemisphere. Laterality index (LI) was used to assess language lateralization in each group. Results The results from BOLD fMRI and ICA revealed the different language activation patterns in patients with brain tumors located in different brain regions. Language areas, such as Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas, were intact in patients with tumors in the right hemisphere. Significant functional changes were observed in patients with tumor in the left frontal and temporal areas. More specifically, the tumors in the left frontal region affect both Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas, while tumors in the left temporal lobe affect mainly Wernicke’s area. The compensated activation increase was observed in the right frontal areas in patients with left hemisphere tumors. Conclusion Group ICA provides a model free alternative approach for mapping functional networks in brain tumor patients. Altered language activation by different tumor locations suggested reorganization of language functions in brain tumor patients and may help better understanding of the language plasticity.
A comparison of floating point summation methods

In the June 1970 issue of Communications, Linz [1] proposed a method of pairwise summing of numbers to reduce accumulated roundoff error. Linz compared his method with only a simple recursive summation. The Linz method should have also been compared with a method published in the January 1965 issue by Kahan [2], which is more accurate.This note compares the schemes by Linz and Kahan with the straight recursive summation. Comparisons of accuracy, speed and storage were carried out on an IBM 360/75 with various compiler optimization levels. (Linz' restriction to a binary exponent is not essential to his method.)
A 250-GHz microshield bandpass filter

A four-section, planar bandpass filter has been designed, fabricated and tested at 130-360 GHz. The filter is based on the microshield line, a half-shielded transmission line in which the conducting lines are supported on a 1.4-/spl mu/m-thick dielectric membrane. The insertion loss of the filter is less than 1.5 dB with a 58% relative bandwidth at 250 GHz, demonstrating the excellent performance of the microshield geometry. Also, a Monte Carlo routine was developed in conjunction with a semi-empirical/semi-analytical model to allow the S-parameters of the filter to be derived from scalar power measurements. >
Singlet oxygen production in the reaction of superoxide with organic peroxides

A selective chemiluminescent probe for singlet oxygen has been employed to detect and quantify singlet oxygen in the reactions of superoxide with organic peroxides. The production of singlet oxygen has been quantified in the reaction of superoxide with benzoyl peroxide (BP). No singlet oxygen was detected in the reactions of superoxide with cumyl peroxide, tert-butyl peroxide, or tert-butyl hydroperoxide. On the basis of these results and on the temperature dependence of the reaction, we proposed a mechanism for singlet oxygen formation in the reaction of superoxide with BP.
Some physiological effects of the insecticide Kepone in the laboratory mouse

Abstract This study was designed to determine the nature and extent of some of the physiologic effects of Kepone in the laboratory mouse. The collection of such data is important in the evaluation of the chronic effects of Kepone and other related compounds in mammals. Kepone, the copyrighted trade name for decachlorooctahydro-1,3,4-metheno- 2H -cyclobuta(6d)pentalen-2-one, is a chlorinated organic insecticide with the empirical formula of C 10 Cl 10 O.
Role of growth factors and their receptors in proliferation of microvascular endothelial cells.

Investigations over the last decade have established the essential role of growth factors and their receptors during angiogenesis. The biological significance of VEGF, EGF, and bFGF is mediated by their receptors, which belong to the family of tyrosine kinase receptors: Flt-1 (VEGFR-1), KDR (VEGFR-2), EGFR, FGFR-1, FGFR-2, FGFR-3, and FGFR-4. Deeper understanding of the mechanism of activation of these growth factor receptors has allowed the development of a new pharmacological strategy aimed at controlling cancer cell proliferation. The results of a large body of preclinical as well as early clinical studies conducted suggest that targeting the growth factor receptors could represent a significant contribution to cancer therapy.
ZOMBIES AND OTHER PROBLEMS: THEORY AND METHOD IN RESEARCH ON BILINGUALISM1

After a brief consideration of two perennial theories that have influenced research on bilingualism in American schools, this paper focuses on recent research using the Berko method to study acquisition of the English plural by Spanish-English bilinguals in grades 1 through 10, in San Antonio, Texas. Method and theory in two highly similar studies (Natalicio 1969, and Johnson 1973) are contrasted in detail in an attempt to explain the differences between the two studies' conclusions. Of special interest in the Johnson study are the differing statistical validities found in the same data evaluated by differing criteria, and the elicitation of some data that suggests that the Berko test is measuring a type of linguistic ability other than what it is often assumed to measure.
The use of contact heat evoked potential stimulator (CHEPS) in magnetoencephalography for pain research

Background Contact heat evoked potentials (CHEP) is a thermal stimulus modality used in pain research. We examine a commercial CHEP stimulator (CHEPS) that is designed to work in an fMRI environment, but poorly understood in the MEG environment. The CHEPS attains target temperatures rapidly using sophisticated control signals that unfortunately induce artifacts in the MEG. In this paper, we summarize our experiences using the CHEPS in MEG to study pain using an experimental paradigm, and propose a novel method for managing its artifact.
Surface effects on quantum dot-based energy transfer.

CdSe quantum dot (QD)-phthalocyanine (Pc) conjugates were prepared as energy transfer donor-acceptor pairs, and the efficiency of the energy transfer process in this system was investigated as a function of QD size and under different surface chemistry conditions. The kinetics and efficiency of the energy transfer process were studied by femtosecond time-resolved laser spectroscopy. We observed that the energy transfer efficiency does not follow a linear dependence on spectral overlap integrals as predicted by the Forster theory for molecules. This observation is found to be due to the involvement of QD surface states in the energy transfer process from the photoexcited QDs to the molecular energy acceptor.
Influence of residual casting solvent on the dissolution behavior of diazonaphthoquinone resists

Residual casting solvent present in resist films can have a profound effect on their dissolution behavior. We have used a radiolabeling technique to make quantitative measurements of solvent remaining in spin cast films after they have undergone different baking protocols. Films of poly (3-methyl-4-hydroxystyrene) were found to contain a significant fraction of propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (as much as 50% by weight) depending on the baking conditions. Films that were 1000 angstroms thick contained a higher percentage of residual solvent than films that were 1 micrometers . The solvent concentration in films containing a mixture of polymer and photoactive compound was a maximum for films containing 5 wt% PAC.
A new rapid assay for measuring deoxycytidylate- and deoxythymidylate-kinase activities.

Abstract A rapid assay for deoxycytidylate- and deoxythymidylate-kinase has been developed that is applicable also to the assay of other kinase enzymes with minor modifications. The method is based on the ability of a radioactive triphosphate nucleotide to adhere to a DEAE disc under conditions in which the corresponding radioactive monophosphate nucleotide is readily removed. This is accomplished by pretreatment of DE81 paper with dTMP for the assay of thymidylate kinase and subsequent washing with a solution composed of 4 m formic acid and 1 m m ammonium formate for assay of either enzyme. No pretreatment of DE81 paper is required for assay of dCMP-kinase.
A Study of the Overlap Among Document Representations

Most previous investigations comparing the performance of different representations have used recall and precision as performance measures. However, there is evidence to show that these measures are insensitive to an important difference between representations. To explain, two representations may perform similarly on these measures, while retrieving very different sets of documents. Equivalence of representations should be decided on the basis of similarity in performance and similarity in the documents retrieved. This study compared the performance of four representations in the PsycAbs database. In addition, overlap between retrieved sets was also computed where overlap is the proportion of retrieved documents that are the same for pairs of document representations. Results indicate that for any two representations considered, performance values differed slightly while overlap scores were also low, thus supporting the evidence that recall and precision as performance measures mask differences between the sets of retrieved documents. Results are interpreted to propose an optimal ordering of the representations and to examine the contribution of each representation given this combination.
Brevetoxin activation of voltage‐gated sodium channels regulates Ca2+ dynamics and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in murine neocortical neurons

Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) are involved in the generation of action potentials in neurons. Brevetoxins (PbTx) are potent allosteric enhancers of VGSC function and are associated with the periodic ‘red tide’ blooms. Using PbTx-2 as a probe, we have characterized the effects of activation of VGSC on Ca 2+ dynamics and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling in neocortical neurons. Neocortical neurons exhibit synchronized spontaneous Ca 2+
Differential role of 14-3-3 family members in Xenopus development

The 14-3-3 proteins are intracellular dimeric phosphoserine/threonine binding molecules that participate in signal transduction, checkpoint control, nutrient sensing, and cell survival pathways. Previous work established that 14-3-3 proteins are required in early Xenopus laevis development by modulating fibroblast growth factor signaling. Although this general requirement for 14-3-3 proteins in Xenopus early embryogenesis is established, there is no information about the specific role of individual 14-3-3 genes. Botanical studies previously demonstrated functional specificity among 14-3-3 genes during plant development. In this study, an antisense morpholino oligo microinjection approach was used to characterize the requirement for six specific 14-3-3 family members in Xenopus embryogenesis. Microinjection experiments followed by Western blot analysis showed that morpholinos reduced specific 14-3-3 protein levels. Embryos lacking specific 14-3-3 isoforms displayed unique phenotypic defects. In particular, reduction of 14-3-3 tau (τ) protein, and to a lesser extent, 14-3-3 epsilon (ϵ), resulted in embryos with prominent gastrulation and axial patterning defects and reduced mesodermal marker gene expression. In contrast, reduction of 14-3-3 zeta (ζ) protein caused no obvious phenotypic abnormalities. Reduction of 14-3-3 gamma (γ) protein resulted in eye defects without gastrulation abnormalities. Therefore, individual 14-3-3 genes have separable functions in vertebrate embryonic development. Developmental Dynamics 235:1761–1776, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Optimal Transport for the System of Isentropic Euler Equations

We introduce a new variational time discretization for the system of isentropic Euler equations. In each timestep the internal energy is reduced as much as possible, subject to a constraint imposed by a new cost functional that measures the deviation of particles from their characteristic paths.
A Finite Element Method Study of Eulerian Droplets Impingement Models

To compute droplet impingement on airfoils, an Eulerian model for air flows containing water droplets is proposed as an alternative to the traditional Lagrangian particle tracking approach. Appropriate boundary conditions are presented for the droplets equations, with a stability analysis of the solution near the airfoil surface. Several finite element formulations are proposed to solve the droplets equations, based on conservative and non-conservative forms and using different stabilization terms. Numerical results on single and multi-elements airfoils for droplets of mean volume diameter, as well as for a Langmuir distribution of diameters, are presented and validated against measured values
A Molecular bio-wire based multi-array biosensor with integrated potentiostat

One of the important factors determining the sensitivity of any biosensing system is successful integration of bio- molecular transducers with peripheral signal processing circuitry. In this paper we present an architecture of a multi-array biosensor that integrates molecular bio-wires based immunosensor with a multi-channel potentiostat array. The biosensor operates by converting binding events between antigen and antibody into a measurable electrical signal using polyaniline nanowires as a transducer. The electrical signal is measured using a multichannel potentiostat where each channel comprises of a semi- synchronous SigmaDelta modulator. Measured results using a fabricated potentiostat array demonstrate sensitivity down to 50 femtoampere range which makes it ideal for detecting pathogens at low concentration levels. Experiments using the biosensor array specific to Bacillus Cereus bacterium validate the functionality of the platform in detecting the pathogen at different concentration levels.
Reminiscences of a sociologist

The author tells of his drift from law and economics into sociology at a time when this field was not yet institutionalized in his native Germany. He describes his research experiences in European countries and in America. He shows how working on a variety of seemingly disconnected subjects contributed to his education as a sociologist. He also discusses his experiences as teacher and author during the first years of the Hitler regime.
Asymmetrical Effects of Music upon Spatial-Sequential Learning

Abstract Ninety-six consistently right-handed, male college students solved a tactual maze with either their left or their right hand. Compared with maze learning without music, maze learning was impeded during monaural music when the ear stimulated was ipsilateral to the hand used to run the maze, but maze learning was facilitated when the ear stimulated was contralateral to the hand used. Binaural music affected learning in the same way as left-ear monaural music. We suggest that monaural music presented to the ear ipsilateral to the maze-tracing hand produced intra-hemispheric competition for the attention of the hemisphere controlling that hand and thus impeded learning. Monaural music presented to the ear contralateral to the maze-tracing hand reduced the amount of interhemispheric competition acting on the hemisphere controlling the hand and thus facilitated learning. Binaural music preferentially engaged the right hemisphere and facilitated maze learning when the right hand was used, by reducing in...
Photoinhibition of Arousal in the Stick Insect Carausius

1. The phasmid Carausius assumes a stick posture (thanatosis) during the day but becomes active and feeds at night. Animals placed in darkness during the day start to arouse after a latency of 8–10 minutes, and about half are active after 12 minutes. 2. Light inhibits arousal. A flux of 4×109 hν sec-1 cm−2 at 483 nm increases the latency to the first arousal to about 12 minutes and the half-time to about 26 minutes. 3. The action spectrum for the inhibition of arousal peaks at 510–520 nm. Sensitivity falls gently toward the blue, more steeply to longer wavelengths, and is down 2 log units at 620 nm. 4. Animals with opaque screens on their eyes arouse quickly when placed in dim test lights that inhibit activity in normal controls. Therefore the eyes are the principal receptors. 5. Animals with eyes surgically removed show residual sensitivity to light. Therefore a higher-threshold, extra-optic receptor is also present. 6. Normally the insects integrate intensity over large areas of the visual field, for if they are placed on a reflecting substrate, illumination of the posterior half of the body is as effective in inhibiting arousal as light on the anterior end.
Energy storage in polymer chains under stress

The local conformation and storage of energy in individual polymer chains during a deformation of a bulk polymer sample are examined by the computer simulation of a relatively simple model. It is shown that as the interaction between the chain atoms and surrounding medium increases, rotational angle motion is suppressed during the deformation, and large amounts of energy are stored in backbone bond angle and bond length distortions. The relationship of this phenomena to Tg and the implications for chain relaxation are discussed.
Salt Particles and Raindrops in Hawaii

Abstract Particles of sea salt of different size in the marine air of Hawaii exhibit different ratios of iodine to chlorine, whereas raindrops of various sizes in Hawaii warm orographic showers contain iodine and chlorine in a relatively constant ratio. The mean value of the I/Cl ratio for raindrops (∼2.0 × 10−3) corresponds to the mean found among the smaller of the salt particles of weight range ∼10−12–10−14 gm. On the other hand, the mean I/Cl value among the giant salt particles of weight range of ∼10−8–10−12 gm is shown to be ∼3 × 10−4. It appears that raindrop growth occurs through coalescence among cloud droplets formed on the 10−12–10−14 gm salt particles. This result is interpreted to mean that in warm oceanic tradewind clouds giant salt nuclei may not, after all, be essential to the formation of raindrops.
Illustration of a three-step process for identifying the level and quality of empirical support for manualized treatments

This article illustrates a three-step process for identifying the level and quality of empirical support available for treatments for persons with communication disorders. This appraisal process is illustrated for a well-established manualized treatment (MT) used to treat children with autism, namely Lovaas and colleagues’ The Me Book (1981). The process involved a series of three steps, each of which is carefully described and illustrated: (a) conducting the search and selection for research articles relevant to the MT, (b) studying the corpus of articles for methodological quality, and (c) classifying the MT for its level of empirical support. The results of this three-step process identified this MT as having adequate empirical support to classify it as effective. The limitation of appraising only published peer-reviewed research was noted with respect to the possibility of publication bias. The process illustrated in this article may be applied to other treatments to improve the evidence-based practic...
Bleaching of Green Peas and Changes in Enzyme Activities of Seeds under Simulated Climatic Conditions

: The effects of simulated climatic conditions on green color loss of peas (Pisum sativum) and related enzyme activities were investigated. Seeds of 2 green pea cultivars showing different resistance to green color bleaching were subjected to light only, soaking in water without light, and soaking in water with light. Green color loss and chlorophyll loss were highest in seeds soaked in water and exposed to light, less in seeds soaked in water under dark conditions, and least in seeds exposed to light only. Increased chlorophyllase activity was associated with loss of green color and chlorophyll, whereas no significant relationship was found between chlorophyll loss and lipoxygenase or chlorophyll-degrading peroxidase activity. Susceptible and resistant cultivars had significant differences in green color, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll a/b ratio, and chlorophyll degradation kinetics constant when seeds were soaked in water and exposed to light. Enzyme activity was not significantly different between the cultivars. Soaking led to more green color loss, chlorophyll breakdown, and chlorophyllase activity than light exposure. Chlorophyllase may be the key enzyme responsible for green pea bleaching instead of the oxidative chlorophyll degradation pathway with lipoxygenase or chlorophyll-degrading peroxidase.
Recent advances in inducible gene expression systems

A means of controlling the level and timing of expression of specific genes in cultured cells or in animals would have broad applications. There has been recent progress in two very promising systems: problems due to the high background expression from tetracycline-responsive promoters have been solved by constructing tetracycline-sensitive transcriptional repressors; and new rapamycin analogues have been isolated that are capable of activating the FK506-inducible system but lack the cytostatic side effects of the original inducers. Both systems now provide opportunities for expressing toxic genes, growth arrest genes, and therapeutic products in a regulated fashion previously not possible.
Police custody deaths in Maryland, USA: An examination of 45 cases

Previous published research suggests there are a diverse, yet relatively consistent, set of factors present in sudden, unexpected, and initially inexplicable deaths in police custody. This retrospective analysis examines police custodial deaths in Maryland, USA. Police custody death is operationalized to include deaths which occurred suddenly and unexpectedly during police/citizen encounters. Only deaths for which the cause was initially undeterminable are included. Suicidal hanging, police shootings and fatal pursuits are not included. Review of the records at Maryland's Office of the Chief Medical Examiner indicates that 45 persons died suddenly and unexpectedly in the custody of the police, between 1990 and 2004. Commensurate with existing research, our analysis identifies multiple factors generally present in this type of police custody death. Although individual-specific, these factors include a relatively static constellation of behavioral (e.g., erratic and/or violent behavior, and physical struggle) and physical (e.g., stimulant abuse, natural disease, and obesity) dimensions. While the presence of these factors has been well-documented, their empirical significance, interactions and causal sequence have yet to be established. To increase the methodological rigor of subsequent research, we have developed a comprehensive, national custody death database by which multivariate models may be analyzed.
t10,c12-CLA decreases adiposity in peripubertal mice without dose-related detrimental effects on mammary development, inflammation status, and metabolism

The trans 10, cis 12-conjugated linoleic acid (10,12-CLA) isomer reduces adiposity in several animal models. In the mouse, however, this effect is associated with adipose tissue inflammation, hyperinsulinemia and hepatic lipid accumulation. Moreover, 10,12-CLA was recently shown to promote mammary ductal hyperplasia and ErbB2/Her2-driven mammary cancer in the mouse. Reasons for detrimental effects of 10,12-CLA on the mouse mammary gland could relate to its effect on the mammary fat pad (MFP), which is essential for normal development. Accordingly, we hypothesized that mammary effects of 10,12-CLA were mediated through the MFP in a dose-dependent manner. Female FVB mice were fed 10,12-CLA at doses of 0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, or 0.5% of the diet from day 24 of age, and effects on mammary development and metabolism were measured on day 49. The 0.5% dose reduced ductal elongation and caused premature alveolar budding. These effects were associated with increased expression of inflammatory markers and genes shown to alter epithelial growth (IGF binding protein-5) and alveolar budding (TNF-α and receptor of activated NF-κB ligand). The 0.5% dose also caused hyperinsulinemia and hepatic lipid accumulation. In contrast, the 0.1% 10,12-CLA dose had no adverse effects on mammary development, metabolic events, and inflammatory responses, but remained effective in decreasing adipose weights and lipogenic gene expression. These results show that a low dose of 10,12-CLA reduces adiposity in the mouse without negative effects on mammary development, inflammation, and metabolism, and suggest that previously reported detrimental effects relate to the use of excessive doses.
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES IN THE HAVERÖ METEORITE

Abundances of 15 major, minor, and trace elements have been determined in powders and interior chips derived from the Havero ureilite. The values are in close agreement with mean values for other ureilites, as reported in the literature. The powdered samples exhibited slightly higher abundances of O and Si than the interior chips. It is suggested that this may be due to alteration of the samples during the powdering process.
The charge-symmetry breaking NN interaction

Abstract The charge symmetry breaking nucleon-nucleon potential due to the π 0 γ exchange mechanism and that due to the np mass difference in the two-pion exchange mechanism is derived from the field theoretical amplitudes. The resulting potential is such as to make the pp interaction more attractive than the nn interaction.
We Cannot Ignore Nurses' Health Anymore: A Synthesis of the Literature on Evidence-Based Strategies to Improve Nurse Health

Nurses are known to suffer from health problems because of the physical and stressful nature of nurses' work. With the advent of health care reform and the increasing importance of nurses to quality and cost-effective health care, the health of nurses can no longer be ignored. The purpose of this synthesis of the literature is to determine what interventions and evidence-based practices have been found that support and improve the health of nurses. Whittemore and Knafl's integrative review methodology was chosen to guide the synthesis. Eighteen studies, all conducted in clinical settings, were identified. Interventions included on-site wellness, ergonomic and exercise programs; holistic practices, including Tai Chi and massage; the use of clinical supervision; mental health programs; and the use of minimal, no lift and lift-team programs. There is a critical need for more research specifically designed to improve the health and safety of the nursing workforce.
A fast 2-bit digitizer for radio astronomy

The design and performance details for a 2-bit digitizer operating at a 250-MHz clock rate are presented. The digitizer is part of a new correlator system for a three-element millimeter-wave interferometer. The performance of the digitizer circuit is analyzed in terms of threshold errors, indecision, sampling aperture width, and timing errors. For an input bandwidth of 125 MHz, digitizer distortion actually improves the sensitivity of the interferometer by about 0.3% but limits the dynamic range of the instrument to about 2*10/sup 3/. >
The zinc finger motif Conservation of chemical shifts and correlation with structure

Zinc fingers of the transcription factor IIIA (TFIIIA) type, in which zinc is co-ordinated by two cysteine and two histidine ligands (Cys2/His2), contain a length of helix packed against a β-hairpin. These zinc fingers comprise the wider range of structurally homologous proteins for which 1H chemical shifts are available. A number of key resonances have chemical shifts that are highly sensitive to tertiary structure and are conserved between these peptides. The high conservation of these fingerprint chemical shifts is correlated with the common global fold of Cys2/His2 zinc fingers. These chemical shifts are largely independent of primary structure and should facilitate NMR assignments for future zinc finger proteins, as well as provide a diagnostic signature for the characteristic Cys2/His2 zinc finger fold.
Real-Time Parameter Estimation in the Frequency Domain

A method for real-time estimation of parameters in a linear dynamic state space model was developed and studied. The application is aircraft dynamic model parameter estimation from measured data in flight for indirect adaptive or reconfigurable control. Equation error in the frequency domain was used with a recursive Fourier transform for the real-time data analysis. Linear and nonlinear simulation examples and flight test data from the F-18 High Alpha Research Vehicle HARV) were used to demonstrate that the technique produces accurate model parameter estimates with appropriate error bounds. Parameter estimates converged in less than 1 cycle of the dominant dynamic mode natural frequencies, using control surface inputs measured in flight during ordinary piloted maneuvers. The real-time parameter estimation method has low computational requirements, and could be implemented aboard an aircraft in real time.
DYNAMIC SYSTEM-OPTIMAL TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENT USING A STATE SPACE MODEL

Abstract We propose a new mathematical formulation for the problem of optimal traffic assignment in dynamic networks with multiple origins and destinations. This problem is motivated by route guidance issues that arise in an Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems (IVHS) environment. We assume that the network is subject to known time-varying demands for travel between its origins and destinations during a given time horizon. The objective is to assign the vehicles to links over time so as to minimize the total travel time experienced by all the vehicles using the network. We model the traffic network over the time horizon as a discrete-time dynamical system. The system state at each time instant is defined in a way that, without loss of optimality, avoids complete microscopic detail by grouping vehicles into platoons irrespective of origin node and time of entry to network. Moreover, the formulation contains no explicit path enumeration. The state transition function can model link travel times by either impedance functions, link outflow functions, or by a combination of both. Two versions (with different boundary conditions) of the problem of optimal traffic assignment are studied in the context of this model. These optimization problems are optimal control problems for nonlinear discrete-time dynamical systems, and thus they are amenable to algorithmic solutions based on dynamic programming. The computational challenges associated with the exact solution of these problems are discussed and some heuristics are proposed.
“The ears of the palefaces could not hear me”: Languages of self‐representation in Zitkala‐Sa's autobiographical essays

(1997). “The ears of the palefaces could not hear me”: Languages of self‐representation in Zitkala‐Sa's autobiographical essays. Prose Studies: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 58-76.
Diurnal births and perinatal behavior among wild patas monkeys: Evidence of an adaptive pattern

Data from a 2-year field study of patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) in Kenya support our earlier suggestion that diurnal births are a species-typical pattern of patas. In this respect patas are very unusual, as all existing information shows that nocturnal births are typical of both captive and freeranging monkeys. Patas do not give birth at night because to do so would render ineffective their night-resting strategy which reduces vulnerability to predation at night. Giving birth during the day, however, does not eliminate the risk of being preyed on; nor are all times of day equally favorable for giving birth. Our field data suggest that a patas female gives birth at those times of day when she is least likely to lose contact with her group or to encounter predators.
Another view of the social costs from rent seeking

No matter whether the Posner or the game theory approach for measuring rent-seeking losses is utilized, the trapezoidal social costs of monopoly are significantly greater than the Harberger deadweight triangle allocative efficiency losses. This means public policy can improve social welfare in any country by reducing nonnatural monopolies.
Cellulose nanocrystal isolation from tomato peels and assembled nanofibers

Pure cellulose has been successfully isolated from tomato peels by either acidified sodium chlorite or chlorine-free alkaline peroxide routes, at 10.2-13.1% yields. Negatively charged (ζ = -52.4 mV, 0.48 at% S content) and flat spindle shaped (41:2:1 length:width:thickness) cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were isolated at a 15.7% yield via sulfuric acid hydrolysis (64% H2SO4, 8.75 mL/g, 45 °C, 30 min). CNCs could be facilely assembled from dilute aqueous suspensions into highly crystalline (80.8%) cellulose Iβ fibrous mass containing mostly sub-micron fibers (ϕ = 260 nm) and few interconnected nanofibers (ϕ = 38 nm), with 21.7 m(2)/g specific surface and 0.049 m(3)/g pore volume. More uniformly nanofibers with average 42 nm width and significantly improved specific surface area (101.8m(2)/g), mesoporosity and pore volume (0.4m(3)/g) could be assembled from CNCs in 1:1 v/v tert-butanol/water mixture.
Mechanism for diamond nucleation and growth on single crystal copper surfaces implanted with carbon

The nucleation and growth of diamond crystals on single-crystal copper surfaces implanted with carbon ions is studied. Microwave plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor deposition is used for diamond growth. The single-crystal copper substrates were implanted either at room or elevated temperature with carbon ions prior to diamond nucleation. This procedure leads to the formation of a graphite film on the copper surface which greatly enhances diamond crystallite nucleation. A simple lattice model is constructed for diamond growth on graphite as 111 line (diamond) parallel to 0001 line (graphite) and 110 line (diamond) parallel to 1 1 -2 0 (graphite).