cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
European transport over the next 25 years

Abstract Despite the slow-down in economic growth rates it seems clear that the volume of traffic in Europe will have approximately doubled by the year 2000. A simple doubling of the existing infrastructure to cope with this increase is seen as unlikely for a number of reasons, mainly because of environmental factors, and the long lead times required. The author looks at two possibilities: restrictions on road use, and a major restructuring of the railways —namely to reserve the main lines of the existing rail system for goods traffic. The latter would triple current peak goods-carrying capacity. A new high-speed transport system should be constructed to cope with the passenger traffic. This would be much cheaper than constructing new motorways and would consume less energy.
Double‐blind controlled trials of Cronassial in chronic neuromuscular diseases and ataxia

We report three 12-month, double-blind, three-phase studies comparing the effect of placebo and 40 mg and 100 mg IM daily of purified bovine brain gangliosides (Cronassial) in chronic neuromuscular diseases. Thirty patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, 16 with idiopathic polyneuropathy, and 30 with spinocerebellar degeneration had neuromuscular function measured monthly by quantitative testing of motor and sensory function, coordination, and electrophysiologic factors. Analysis of these studies, and of longer term (up to 2 years) open studies of 100 mg daily of Cronassial in 67 patients failed to show therapeutic efficacy of Cronassial. Statistical power calculations indicated that five of the 37 measures had greater than a 70% chance of detecting a 20% difference in the rate of progression of the active-drug and placebo groups. A number of measures significantly improved during prolonged placebo treatment, suggesting that the placebo effect has a strong influence on “objective” measures of neuromuscular function.
HD-DBMS: an approach to integrating heterogeneous distributed database systems in the office environment

Advances in communication technology and inexpensive hardware are spreading the use of distributed information systems and in particular distributed databases. There has also been a lot of interest and substantial investment in the use of personal computers. This has led to the development of microcomputer based database management systems (DBMS). These DBMS's differ in their underlying data models and their data definition, manipulation and security capabilities. As part of the development of an Office Information System a need was felt to integrate the available microcomputers and their databases. This paper provides an overview of our approach to integrate these heterogeneous microcomputer based database management systems. The innovative features incorporated in the design include: To support the existence of overlapping (non-disjoint) data fragments at different nodes leading to very flexible data distribution options and thus improving locality of reference and efficiency of query processing.To support the existing data models and applications; our system acts as a front-end to the existing local DBMS.To exploit LAN capabilities for query optimization.
In vivo detoxification of cyanide by cystathionase γ-lyase

Abstract The results of several in vitro studies have suggested that the enzyme cystathionase γ-lyase (EC 4.4.1.1) may function in the endogenous detoxification of cyanide; however, this possibility has not been investigated in vivo . If cystathionase γ-lyase is involved in the endogenous detoxification of cyanide, it logically follows that inhibiting cystathionase γ-lyase should increase the toxicity of cyanide. To test this hypothesis, the activity of cystathionase γ-lyase was inhibited with a suicide inhibitor, 2-amino-4-pentynoic acid (propargylglycine). The activity of liver cystathionase γ-lyase activity was decreased 96.8% by administration of propargylglycine, indicating that the propargylglycine treatment was effective. The propargylglycine treatment did not alter the activity of thiosulfate:cyanide sulfurtransferase (EC 2.8.1.1) or 3-mercaptopyruvate:cyanide sulfurtransferase (EC 2.8.1.2), two other enzymes that have been proposed to be involved in the detoxification of cyanide. The ld 50 of cyanide in rats treated with propargylglycine was 5.14 ± 0.029 mg NaCN/kg, which was significantly ( P ld 50 of cyanide determined in control rats. The results of these studies suggest that cystathionase γ-lyase may participate in the detoxification of cyanide in vivo .
Retail market structure scenarios and their strategic applications

To survive these turbulent times, retailers must do more than respond to changing competitive conditions - they must anticipate them. This article is focused on constructing scenarios for retailing formats in the growth stage of the life cycle. Such scenarios are derived largely by integrating available theoretical and empirical research. They afford insights into the evolution of geographical competitive patterns and provide a sound basis for territorial growth and entrenchment planning.
Developmental Pathways to Conduct Disorder: Implications for Future Directions in Research, Assessment, and Treatment.

Research has indicated that there are several common pathways through which children and adolescents develop conduct disorder, each with different risk factors and each with different underlying developmental mechanisms leading to the child's aggressive and antisocial behavior. The current article briefly summarizes research on these pathways, including one that onsets in adolescence and seems to be an exaggeration of normal adolescent rebellion against authority. The other two pathways typically involve conduct problems that onset early in childhood but differ on whether the child shows significant levels of callous-unemotional traits or whether the child shows significant problems in emotional and behavioral regulation. Important directions for future research on these pathways are highlighted, as well as implications of these pathways for assessing and diagnosing children and adolescents with conduct disorder. In particular, diagnostic criteria should recognize the importance of callous-unemotional traits for distinguishing a distinct subgroup of youths with the disorder. Finally, implications for the prevention and treatment of conduct disorder are discussed, especially the need for interventions that are comprehensive and individualized to the characteristics of children and adolescents in the various developmental pathways.
Of Newsletters and Scholarly Journals

Social Work is a cautionary tale of what happens to a journal when it accedes to pressure for a professionally comforting publication. Pardeck and Meinert’s (1999) data make a strong case for dropp...
Evaluation of a 15-Inch Minimum Length Limitfor Walleye Angling in Northern Wisconsin

Abstract In 1990 the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources implemented a 15-in (1 in = 2.56 cm) minimum length limit for walleyes Stizostedion vitreum on waters throughout the state, excluding some lakes where walleyes demonstrated slow growth or high mercury contamination. To determine if management goals for the regulation had been met, we examined the effects on lakes with self-sustaining walleye populations in the ceded territory of Wisconsin, specifically effects on population structure, exploitation, and angler catch and harvest. We compared creel survey data from up to 19 lakes sampled before and after the regulation had been implemented, including lakes affected by (N = 13) and exempted (N = 6) from the 15-in regulation. We also compared postregulation (1990–1998) creel and biological data from up to 76 lakes that were both affected and exempted. Effects of tribal harvest, which occurred on all of these 76 lakes but was not subject to the same length limit, were also examined using postregulat...
Microscopic observations of formation processes of clathrate-hydrate films at an interface between water and carbon dioxide

The formation processes of clathrate-hydrate film are observed at the interface between water and carbon dioxide using microscopy. After a certain induction period, the hydrate film propagates from nucleation points along the interface. A second film propagation is sometimes observed immediately after the primary propagation, which illustrates the molecular distribution near the interface. The dendrite growth following the film coverage of the interface in both phases suggests that the hydrate film grow mainly in the water phase. The propagation rates are determined from video images and are found to depend on the supercooling. This result and the bubble formation on the hydrate film following film propagation indicate that the rate-determining process is mainly heat diffusion from the reaction sites. A film thickness of 0.13 μm is estimated using the heat diffusion model.
LEVELS OF COENZYME A IN THE LIVER OF NORMAL COWS AND OF COWS SUFFERING FROM PRIMARY KETOSIS.

HIGHLY significant changes have been shown in the levels of four members of the citric acid cycle (pyruvate, citrate, α-oxoglutarate and succinate) in the serum of cows suffering from primary ketosis1. It was suggested that there may be interference with the reactions of the citric acid cycle, involving the conversion of pyruvate and α-oxoglutarate to citrate and succinate respectively. Furthermore, it was suggested as a working hypothesis that the cause of such an interference may be a deficiency of a co-factor or co-factors common to both oxidative decarboxylation reactions, such as coenzyme A. During the winter of 1962–63 coenzyme A levels were estimated in the livers of 7 cows suffering from spontaneous primary ketosis and compared with the corresponding levels in the livers of 7 normal cows at the same stage of lactation.
Language representation in the human brain: evidence from cortical mapping.

The manner in which the human brain processes grammatical-syntactic and lexical-semantic functions has been extensively debated in neurolinguistics. The discreteness and selectivity of the representation of syntactic-morphological properties in the dominant frontal cortex and the representation of the lexical-semantics in the temporo-parietal cortex have been questioned. Three right-handed adult male neurosurgical patients undergoing left craniotomy for intractable seizures were evaluated using various grammatical and semantic tasks during cortical mapping. The sampling of language tasks consisted of trials with stimulation (experimental) and without stimulation (control) from sites in the dominant fronto-temporo-parietal cortex The sampling of language implicated a larger cortical area devoted to language (syntactic-morphological and lexical-semantic) tasks. Further, a large part of the fronto-parieto-temporal cortex was involved with syntactic-morphological functions. However, only the parieto-temporal sites were implicated with the ordering of lexicon in sentence construction. These observations suggest that the representation of language in the human brain may be columnar or multilayered.
Homosexuality in the early novels of Nageeb Mahfouz.

Nageeb Mahfouz is the earliest novel in Arabic to focus on the homosexual protagonist in his writing. Although the topic is objectionable in Islam, Mahfouz explores homosexuality in a sensitive manner, and reveals the transformation in his views regarding the dilemma of the homosexual protagonist in a hostile environment.
Testing consistency of vapor‐liquid equilibrium data in P‐T‐X space

A systematic method of calculating and presenting the results of consistency tests is given and illustrated on the methane-ethane system in the space of −140 to 60°F and 100 to 700 psia. The results indicate incompatibility of error levels between isobars and isotherms. Also, different arrangements of terms in the thermodynamic differential equations were sometimes found to produce different levels of inconsistency for the same space. Results are analyzed and discussed. On decrit une methode systematique de calculer et de presenter les resultats des essais de consistance; on l'illustre dans le cas du systeme methane-ethane sur une echelle de pressioas absolues de temperature de −140°F 60°F et une echelle de pressions absolues de 100 a 700 livres au pouce carre. Les resultats obtenus indiquent une inconciliabilite des degres d'erreur entre les isobares et les isothermes. On a aussi trouve quc parfois differentes dispositions des termes dans les equations differentielles therniodynamiques produisaient differents degres d'inconsistance pour la meme echelle. On analyse les resultats obtenus et les discute.
Avoidance of ribonucleotide-induced mutations by RNase H2 and Srs2-Exo1 mechanisms

Srs2 helicase is known to dismantle nucleofilaments of Rad51 recombinase to prevent spurious recombination events and unwind trinucleotide sequences that are prone to hairpin formation. Here we document a new, unexpected genome maintenance role of Srs2 in the suppression of mutations arising from mis-insertion of ribonucleoside monophosphates during DNA replication. In cells lacking RNase H2, Srs2 unwinds DNA from the 5' side of a nick generated by DNA topoisomerase I at a ribonucleoside monophosphate residue. In addition, Srs2 interacts with and enhances the activity of the nuclease Exo1, to generate a DNA gap in preparation for repair. Srs2-Exo1 thus functions in a new pathway of nick processing-gap filling that mediates tolerance of ribonucleoside monophosphates in the genome. Our results have implications for understanding the basis of Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome, which stems from inactivation of the human RNase H2 complex.
Syntheses of photoactive analogues of adenosine diphosphate (hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidinediol and photoaffinity labeling of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase.

Two isomeric azidoadenosyl analogues of adenosine diphosphate (hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidinediol [ADP-HPD; Slama, J. T., et al. (1995) J. Med. Chem. 38, 389−393] were synthesized as photoaffinity labels for poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase. 8-Azidoadenosine diphosphate (hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidinediol (8-N3-ADP-HPD) inhibited the enzyme activity by 50% at ca. 1 μM, a concentration 80-fold lower than that where the isomeric 2-azidoadenosine diphosphate (hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidinediol did. [α-32P]-8-N3-ADP-HPD was therefore synthesized and used to photoderivatize poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase. Irradiation of recombinant poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase and low concentrations of [α-32P]-8-N3-ADP-HPD with short-wave UV light resulted in the covalent incorporation of the photoprobe into the protein, as demonstrated by gel electrophoresis followed by autoradiography or acid precipitation of the protein followed by scintillation counting. No photoincorporation occurred in the absence of UV light. The photoincorporation...
Experimental investigation of scalability and transport in In 0.7 Ga 0.3 As multi-gate quantum well FET (MuQFET)

Compound semiconductors such as In 0.7 Ga 0.3 As and InSb are being actively researched as replacement for silicon channel materials for logic applications due to their superior transport properties [1,2]. Planar III–V quantum-well FETs have already demonstrated with superior performance than the state-of-the art Si MOSFETs for low supply voltage (Vcc) applications [1–3]. A key research challenge remains in addressing the scalability of III-V based quantum-well FETs to sub-14 nm node logic applications while still maintaining their excellent transport advantage. In this study, we demonstrate quasi-ballistic operation of non-planar, multi-gate, modulation doped, strained In 0.7 Ga 0.3 As quantum well FET (MuQFET), combining the electrostatic robustness of multi-gate configuration with the excellent electron mobility of high mobility quantum well channel, In 0.7 Ga 0.3 As (Figure 1).
High-Energy Nucleon-Nucleon Collisions

The single virtual beson exchange interaction model is applied to high- energy inelastic nucleon-nucleon collisions over an energy range of several orders of magnitude. The phase space is discussed simply in terms of three "natural" phase-space variables, and a simple, exact formula is given for the "upper" boundary of these variables. Tbe probability for a particular final- state configuration is then discussed in terms of the available phase spaoe, the magnitude of the phase-space factor, and the magnitude of the average total "cross-section" factors that occur in this model. Qualitative feaures of experimental data for incident nucleon laboratory energies of 10, 10/sup 2/, and lO/sup 3/ Bev can be understood on the basis of this model. (auth)
An Expanded Dataset of Hurricane Eyewall Sizes and Slopes

AbstractUsing airborne Doppler radar data from 39 flights into hurricanes from 2004 to 2010, the authors examine the outward slope of the eyewall, revisiting the recent studies of Stern and Nolan. The slope of the radius of maximum winds (RMW) is found to increase nearly linearly with size and is uncorrelated with intensity. The slope of the eyewall absolute angular momentum surface M increases with increasing size (strong correlation) and decreases with increasing intensity (weak to moderate correlation). Two other measures of eyewall slope are also investigated: the 20-dBZ reflectivity isosurface (dBZ20) and the radius of maximum azimuthal-mean updraft (RWMAX). The slopes of both dBZ20 and RWMAX increase with their size. The slope of dBZ20 decreases with intensity, though the correlation is weak, while the slope of RWMAX is uncorrelated with intensity. The absolute angular momentum decreases on average along the RMW by 9% from 2- to 8-km heights. With this larger dataset, the previous results are genera...
Precautions in warming light therapy as an adjuvant to postoperative flap care

Warming lights, circulating-water blankets, space heaters, and the Bair Hugger are used by surgeons in the perioperative period to maintain a patients core body temperature. Warming lights in particular are often used by plastic surgeons to augment the postoperative vasodilatation of reconstructive flaps by increasing the ambient temperature of the area around the flap. A review of the literature fails to elucidate even anecdotal experience regarding the actual intensity of thermal energy directly imparted to tissues from these modalities with respect to distance. The purpose of our study was to quantify actual tissue temperatures generated, as a function of distance, with the Emerson warming light. Our interest in this is a result of a full-thickness burn which occurred to a portion of a pedicled TRAM flap used for breast reconstruction when a warming light was inadvertently positioned, during the course of the first postoperative night, at a distance less than that recommended by the manufacturer. A biological model was created simulating a sympathectomized flap and the temperature curves generated by Emerson warming lights were recorded by calibrated glass bulb thermometers at 15 min intervals for distances of 32 and 71 cm using both focused and defocused light beams. The distance of 32 cm was used as a parameter as it was the distance noted between the patient and the warming light when the TRAM flap burn occurred. Temperatures obtained at a distance of 32 cm rose to 120 degrees F (48.8 degrees C) within 30 min for the focused beam and 118 degrees F (48 degrees C) after 1 h for the defocused beam. This exceeds the temperature at which tissue necrosis is known to occur (111.2 degrees F/44 degrees C). However, temperatures obtained at 71 cm for the focused and defocused beams plateaued at 93.2 and 96.8 degrees F (34 and 36 degrees C) respectively, which is well within physiologic limits and below the temperature resulting in tissue necrosis. Our conclusion is that warming lights can be successfully used as a safe adjuvant in order to optimize flap vasodilatation without compromising the thermal threshold of tissue damage if maintained at the manufacturer's minimum recommended distance of 71 cm. If this source of thermal energy is used, however, strict precautions and nursing guidelines must be instituted to maintain this minimum distance parameter and prevent patient morbidity.
Education as a moderator of goal setting effectiveness

Abstract The majority of empirical support for Locke's (1968) goal setting theory is based on a series of well designed and rigorous laboratory experiments with educated college students performing rather simple arithmetic and memorization tasks. There is little known about what role educational attainment plays in responsiveness to goal setting in a field setting. A sample of 128 skilled technicians working under an assigned goal setting program were studied in order to learn about the moderating impact of education on the relationship between performance and six goal setting properties. Speculation is advanced as to why education is an important moderator variable for specific types of goal setting properties.
The Return of the Frequency Sweep: Designing Adiabatic Pulses for Contemporary NMR

Frequency-modulated (FM) pulses that function according to adiabatic principles are becoming increasingly popular in many areas of NMR. Often adiabatic pulses can extend experimental capabilities and minimize annoying experimental imperfections. Here, adiabatic principles and some of the current methods used to create these pulses are considered. The classical adiabatic rapid passage, which is a fundamental element upon which all adiabatic pulses and sequences are based, is analyzed using vector models in different rotating frames of reference. Two methods to optimize adiabaticity are described, and ways to tailor modulation functions to best satisfy specific experimental needs are demonstrated. Finally, adiabatic plane rotation pulses and frequency-selective multiple spin-echo sequences are considered.
Furnace N2O oxidation process for submicron MOSFET device applications

Abstract The mobility and reliability characteristics of submicron nMOSFETs with oxynitride gate dielectric of various oxide thicknesses (50, 80 and 120 A), and oxidation temperatures (907, 957 and 1057°C) grown in a conventional furnace have been investigated. Oxynitride gate devices show higher mobility than that of control oxide devices under high normal field. The oxynitride devices exhibit much less degradation (ΔGm/Gm and ΔVt) under channel hot-electron stress. Based on lifetime extrapolation, non-LDD MOSFETs using this new oxynitride dielectrics are predicted to have lifetime substantially longer than 10 years under 3.3 V operation.
Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to IgM of Pacific herring ( Clupea pallasii )

Abstract Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) have a central role in the North Pacific ecosystem as a forage fish species and are natural reservoirs of several important finfish pathogens, including Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV). Here, we report the identification of the gene encoding the immunoglobulin mu (IgM) heavy chain, as well as the development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that specifically react with Pacific herring IgM. Pacific herring immunoglobulin was purified and consisted of heavy and light chains of approximately 80 and 25 kDa. Three hybridoma clones were initially identified by ELISA as reactive with purified immunoglobulin but only one clone was able to detect an 80 kDa protein in Pacific and Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) whole plasma by denaturing western blot. However, all three MAbs were able to precipitate an 80 kDa protein from Pacific herring and LCMS sequencing of peptide fragments derived from this protein matched the predicted amino acid sequence of the cloned, heavy chain gene. In addition, two of the MAbs stained cells within the putative lymphocyte gates for the spleen, anterior kidney and posterior kidney but were not reactive for myeloid/granulocyte gates, which is consistent with these MAbs reacting with surface IgM+ B-cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report of IgM-related gene sequences and anti-IgM monoclonal antibodies from any member of the family Clupeidae. The antibodies produced in this study are critical for achieving our long-term goal of conducting serological surveillance to assess pathogen exposure in natural populations of Pacific herring.
A cluster-space visual interface for arbitrary dimensional classification of volume data

In volume visualization, users typically specify transfer functions to classify the data and assign visual attributes to each material class. Higher-dimensional classification makes it easier to differentiate material classes since more data properties are considered. One of the difficulties in using higher-dimensional classification is the absence of appropriate user interfaces. We introduce an intuitive user interface that allows the user to work in the cluster space, which shows the material classes with a set of material widgets, rather than work in the transfer function space. This interface not only provides the user the capability to specify arbitrary-dimensional transfer functions, but also allows the user to operate directly on the classification and visualization results.
Blood pressure response with fixed-dose combination therapy: comparing hydrochlorothiazide with amlodipine through individual-level meta-analysis.

Background Although fixed-dose combination drug therapy is commonly used to treat hypertension, the efficacy of head-to-head comparisons of dual fixed-dose combinations has not been well described. We hypothesized that when used in combination with an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) olmesartan medoxomil, hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) will be as effective as the dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (CCB) amlodipine to lower both clinic and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure (BP). Furthermore, we hypothesized that response to ARB along with HCTZ or ARB along with CCB may be heterogeneous depending on clinical characteristics. Methods An individual-level meta-analysis was performed among 559 individuals treated with dual combination therapy in five trials. A forced titration scheme was used in each of these trials and blood BP was measured both in the clinic and outside using 24-h ambulatory BP monitors. Results The mean age was 62 years, 55% were men, 46% had diabetes mellitus, 17% were black, clinic BP averaged 159.5/89.5 mmHg and 24-h ambulatory BP 145.0/82.5 mmHg. Overall, baseline-adjusted lowering of mean 24-h ambulatory BP was 22.0/11.7 mmHg. BP reductions were similar between ARB along with HCTZ and ARB along with CCB groups. However, clinic BP was lowered 4.3/1.8 mmHg more with ARB along with CCB combination (28.4/13.0 mmHg drop) than with ARB along with HCTZ combination (24.1/11.2 mmHg drop). The white coat effect (WCE) was therefore mitigated 3.8/1.7 mmHg more with ARB along with CCB combination. Heterogeneity in ambulatory BP response was noted. Compared with men, women had a greater ambulatory and clinic BP lowering with either combination. ARB along with HCTZ produced a greater BP-lowering effect among men, elderly, nonobese and nondiabetic. On the contrary, ARB along with CCB produced a greater BP-lowering effect among women, young, obese and diabetic individuals. This heterogeneity in response was often undetectable with clinic BP measurements. In multivariable analysis, sex and diabetes mellitus remained independent measures of heterogeneity. Conclusion Overall, the combination of olmesartan and HCTZ is as effective as olmesartan and CCB in lowering 24-h, daytime, and night-time ambulatory BP. However, greater lowering is noted with the olmesartan and CCB combination for clinic BP. Thus, out-of-office BP monitoring is necessary to provide better assessment of overall BP and response to treatment. Women and diabetic individuals may have slightly better 24-h ambulatory BP response with the olmesartan and CCB combination therapy.
P-glycoprotein status of favorable-histology Wilms' tumor predicts treatment outcome

Patients with advanced-stage favorable-histology (FH) Wilms' tumor have a 4-year relapse-free survival rate of 70% to 90% after resection and chemotherapy of actinomycin D, vincristine, and doxorubicin. These three agents are actively pumped out of cells by P-glycoprotein (Pgp). The authors studied whether Wilms' tumor expresses Pgp and if the degree of Pgp expression correlates with treatment outcome. At the time of diagnosis, eight blinded paraffin-embedded FH and four anaplastic (ANA) Wilms' tumor sections were immunogold-labeled with a Pgp monoclonal antibody (17F9). Four of the FH-tumor patients had had relapse (FH+) according to the National Wilms' Tumor Study-3 protocol. Negative-relapse FH-tumor patients (FH-) had at least 6 years of follow-up. All 12 Wilms' tumors stained positive for Pgp. Both differentiated tubular structures and blastemal elements expressed Pgp. By the pathologist's score and the computerized cell image analysis, the degree of Pgp staining was greater at the time of diagnosis in FH+ tumors than in FH- tumors (P < .03; Mann-Whitney test). There was no statistically significant difference between ANA and FH+ or FH- tumors. These results show that both FH and ANA Wilms' tumors express Pgp, with higher levels of Pgp expression found in FH patients who had relapse. Current chemotherapeutic protocols, using Pgp-sensitive agents, may not be optimal for all FH Wilms' tumor patients.
Intrinsic oscillations of neocortex generated by layer 5 pyramidal neurons

Rhythmic activity in the neocortex varies with different behavioral and pathological states and in some cases may encode sensory information. However, the neural mechanisms of these oscillations are largely unknown. Many pyramidal neurons in layer 5 of the neocortex showed prolonged, 5- to 12-hertz rhythmic firing patterns at threshold. Rhythmic firing was due to intrinsic membrane properties, sodium conductances were essential for rhythmicity, and calcium-dependent conductances strongly modified rhythmicity. Isolated slices of neocortex generated epochs of 4- to 10-hertz synchronized activity when N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated channels were facilitated. Layer 5 was both necessary and sufficient to produce these synchronized oscillations. Thus, synaptic networks of intrinsically rhythmic neurons in layer 5 may generate or promote certain synchronized oscillations of the neocortex.
Finger photoplethysmography during the Valsalva maneuver reflects left ventricular filling pressure.

It is often challenging to assess cardiac filling pressure clinically. An improved system for detecting or ruling out elevated cardiac filling pressure may help reduce hospitalizations for heart fa...
Digital Light Processing update: status and future applications

Digital Light Processing (DLP) projection displays based on the Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) were introduced to the market in 1996. Less than 3 years later, DLP-based projectors are found in such diverse applications as mobile, conference room, video wall, home theater, and large-venue. They provide high-quality, seamless, all-digital images that have exceptional stability as well as freedom from both flicker and image lag. Marked improvements have been made in the image quality of DLP-based projection display, including brightness, resolution, contrast ratio, and border image. DLP-based mobile projectors that weighted about 27 pounds in 1996 now weight only about 7 pounds. This weight reduction has been responsible for the definition of an entirely new projector class, the ultraportable. New applications are being developed for this important new projection display technology; these include digital photofinishing for high process speed minilab and maxilab applications and DLP Cinema for the digital delivery of films to audiences around the world. This paper describes the status of DLP-based projection display technology, including its manufacturing, performance improvements, and new applications, with emphasis on DLP Cinema.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a Phenazine N-oxide

The preparation and crystal structure of 8-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]phenazine5-oxide (1) are described. Compound 1 formed dark purple crystals from deeply colored solution in methanol. Crystal plates were in the triclinic system, P-1 space group with unit cell parameters a = 6.9514(8), b = 9.1568(10), c = 10.2067(11), α = 84.509(2), β = 82.936(2), γ = 72.357(2) and a cell volume of 613.25(12) A−3. The title compound which contains the first example of the extensively conjugated pyrrolo-phenazine N-oxide system exhibits strong light absorption in the green to cyan wavelength range which disappears upon protonation. The synthesis, optical properties and crystal structure of the title compound is described.
Entropy-Based Mesh Refinement, II: A New Approach to Mesh Movement

This work presents an entropy-based monitor function for mesh movement with an application to the Euler Equations. The entropy variables provide an alternate description of the system and are used in conjunction with the conserved variables to develop a monitor function which is shown to be an ecient method of detecting waves. Two moving mesh algorithms are examined: a Gauss-Seidel iterative method and an Arbitrary LagrangianEulerian method. Numerical results in 1D and 2D are used to demonstrate their ability.
Political and social incorporation of public housing residents: Challenges in HOPE VI community development

The purpose of this paper is to examine the implementation process of Housing Opportunities for People Everywhere (HOPE) VI for two developments in the Southwest and to explore its impact on the rights of dispersed residents. Drawing on the concept, “right to the city,” this paper describes the participation of residents and their right to appropriate space and the role of Community and Supportive Services (CSS) in facilitating those rights. As a measure of residents’ right to participation, this paper examines whether the residents played a significant role during the redevelopment phases. Next, it looks at the residents’ potential for place making. This paper concludes that the residents’’ right to participation and place making were not inherent in HOPE VI implementation, but that CSS could enhance both rights in future programs.
LOCALIZED MODEL SELECTION FOR REGRESSION

Research on model/procedure selection has focused on selecting a single model globally. In many applications, especially for high-dimensional or complex data, however, the relative performance of the candidate procedures typically depends on the location, and the globally best procedure can often be improved when selection of a model is allowed to depend on location. We consider localized model selection methods and derive their theoretical properties. This research was supported by U.S. National Science Foundation CAREER Grant DMS0094323. We thank three referees and the editors for helpful comments on improving the paper.
A common VLDLR polymorphism interacts with APOE genotype in the prediction of carotid artery disease risk

The genetic factors associated with carotid artery disease (CAAD) are not fully known. Because of its role in lipid metabolism, we hypothesized that common genetic variation in the very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) gene is associated with severe CAAD (>80% stenosis), body mass index (BMI), and lipid traits in humans. VLDLR was resequenced for variation discovery in 92 subjects, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (tagSNPs) were chosen for genotyping in a larger cohort (n = 1,027). Of the 17 tagSNPs genotyped, one tagSNP (SNP 1226; rs1454626) located in the 5' flanking region of VLDLR was associated with CAAD, BMI, and LDL-associated apolipoprotein B (apoB). We also identified receptor-ligand genetic interactions between VLDLR 1226 and APOE genotype for predicting CAAD case status. These findings may further our understanding of VLDLR function, its ligand APOE, and ultimately the pathogenesis of CAAD in the general population.
Measurements of ultrasonic backscattered spectral centroid shift from spine in vivo: methodology and preliminary results

We have developed a technique to measure backscattered ultrasound from lumbar vertebrae using a commercial ultrasound scanner. The spectral centroid shift between the spine and reference phantom data is an index of attenuation within the spine. From measurements from 11 vertebrae, we found a correlation coefficient of r = -0.61 between spectral centroid shift and bone mineral density (BMD). This negative correlation is expected as denser, more highly attenuating bone would be expected to produce greater downshifts in spectral centroid. This is the first technique performing quantitative ultrasound measurements on trabecular bone in the spine. This study shows that (1) acquisition of ultrasonic backscatter data from human spine in vivo is feasible, and (2) spectral centroid shift exhibits a moderate negative correlation with BMD in accordance with expectations.
Shame, violence, and perpetrators' voices

Fostering shame in societies may not curb violence, because shame is alienating. The person experiencing shame may not care enough about others to curb violent instincts. Furthermore, men may be less shame-prone than are women. Finally, if shame is too prevalent in a society, perpetrators may be reluctant to talk about their actions and motives, if indeed they know their own motives. We may be unable accurately to discover how perpetrators think about their own violence.
Tolerability of gemcitabine and carboplatin doublet therapy in cats with carcinomas.

Background: This study was performed to determine the toxicity of gemcitabine-carboplatin doublet therapy in cats with carcinomas. Hypothesis: Gemcitabine and carboplatin are safe in tumor-bearing cats. Animals: Twenty cats with spontaneously occurring carcinomas. Methods: A cohort of 6 cats received gemcitabine (2 mg/kg IV) on days 1, 8, and 15 and carboplatin (10 mg/kg IV) immediately after gemcitabine on day 1 of a 21-day cycle. A 2nd cohort of 14 cats received carboplatin 4 hours after gemcitabine on day 1 and gemcitabine on day 8 but not day 15. The cycles were repeated every 21 days. Results: Cats in the 1st cohort received a median of 3.75 cycles per animal (range, 1–6). Two cats (33.3%) developed grade 3 or 4 neutropenia, 1 (16.7%) grade 4 thrombocytopenia, and 1 (16.7%) grade 3 gastrointestinal toxicity. Gemcitabine dose reductions and treatment delays occurred in 1 and 4 cats, respectively. Cats in the 2nd cohort received a median of 2 cycles per animal (range, 0.5–10). Two cats (14.3%) had grade 3 or 4 neutropenia and 1 (7.1%) had grade 3 and 4 gastrointestinal toxicity. One cat required gemcitabine dose reduction and 6 had treatment delays. In the 2nd cohort, of 11 cats with measurable tumors, there was 1 complete response (pancreatic carcinoma) and 1 partial response (squamous cell carcinoma, receiving concurrent nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Gemcitabine-carboplatin combination appears moderately well tolerated in tumor-bearing cats. Minimal patient benefit suggests that alternative schedules or combinations of gemcitabine with other agents should be explored.
Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation complicating coccidioidal pneumonia

A patient was treated for lobar pneumonia due to coccidioidomycosis. When the pneumonia recurred, the patient was found to have an arteriovenous malformation, which had become infected. Complete resolution was achieved with resection and postoperative amphoterecin B therapy.
Synthesis, resolution, and determination of the absolute configuration of the enantiomers of cis-4,5-dihydroxy-1,2-dithiane 1,1-dioxide, an HIV-1NCp7 inhibitor.

Abstract The anti-HIV activity of (±)-cis-4,5-dihydroxy-1,2-dithiane 1,1-dioxide [(±)-cis-1,1-dioxo-[1,2]-dithiane-4,5-diol, NSC-624151] and its attack on the zinc finger domain of the HIV-1 nucleocapsid p7 (NCp7) protein has been established [Rice, W. G.; Baker, D. C.; Schaeffer, C. A.; Graham, L.; Bu, M.; Terpening, S.; Clanton, D.; Schultz, R.; Bader, J. P.; Buckheit, R. W.; Field, L.; Singh, P. K. Turpin, J. A. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1997, 41, 419]. In order to determine which enantiomer of NSC-624151 is the more active component, the compound was resolved via its bis-‘Mosher ester’, which was prepared via its reaction with two equiv of (−)-(R)-α-methoxy-α-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetyl chloride. The diastereoisomeric esters were separated, and each ester was hydrolyzed to yield enantiomers with α D 21 +151° (c 0.5, MeOH) and α D 21 −146° (c 0.5, MeOH). Single-crystal X-ray analysis of the (−)-bis-‘Mosher ester’ showed that the (−)-enantiomer is the (4S, 5R)-compound. The (−)-enantiomer (NSC 693195) was ca. twice as active (EC50 8.8±0.2 μM) as its (+)-counterpart (NSC 693194) (EC50 16.2±2.4 μM) in the XTT assay against HIV-1. All three compounds were found to be approximately equally effective in promoting Zn ejection from the NCp7 zinc finger. As the more anti-HIV active enantiomer is only slightly more active than the racemic form, it appears to offer no advantages over the racemic form.
Assessment of split-beam-type tests for mode III delamination toughness determination

Four split-beam-type tests are proposed for determining the mode III delamination toughness of laminated composite materials. Each test is first assessed via three dimensional finite element analysis. Experimental evaluations are then conducted, for which two different unidirectional carbon/epoxy materials are considered. For either material, it is shown that the same mode III toughness is obtained by the four different tests, provided that specimens with the same delamination length are tested. However, when a single test configuration is utilized to investigate the effect of delamination length, the apparent mode III toughness is observed to decrease with increasing delamination length. In order to understand the mechanisms behind this, transverse section cuts were taken at the delamination front of tested specimens. Photomicroscopic examinations of these cross sections revealed matrix cracks at the delamination front that were oriented at an inclination of \(45^{\circ }\) to the plane of the delamination. Based on previous observations of mode III crack initiation in homogeneous materials, it is hypothesized that these matrix cracks initiate prior to or concurrent with delamination advance, and therefore are responsible for the observed geometry-dependence of the mode III delamination toughness in laminated polymeric composites.
Cohort Dynamics of Walleye Pollock in Shelikof Strait, Gulf of Alaska, during the Egg and Larval Periods

Abstract We estimated population parameters for early life stages of walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma from 1981 ichthyoplankton samples collected in Shelikof Strait, Alaska. Instantaneous mortality of eggs was high before peak spawning (about 0.40/d) and decreased to about 0.10/d toward the end of the spawning season. This change can be explained in part by decreasing numbers of cannibalistic juvenile and adult walleye pollock in the spawning area. The mortality of larvae 4–10-mm in standard length was generally less (about 0.09/d) than that of eggs. Total egg production estimates from egg sampling and hydroacoustic surveys of adults were 6.62 × 1014 and 7.17 × 1014, respectively. Egg surveys resulted in good agreement with other methods for estimating walleye pollock biomass. Total spawner biomass estimated by the egg production method was 3.1 million tonnes, which was not substantially different from the hydroacoustic (3.4 million tonnes) or cohort analysis (2.4 million tonnes) estimates. Simulated...
A scoring methodology for quantitatively evaluating the quality of double patterning technology-compliant layouts

A Double Patterning Technology (DPT)-aware scoring methodology that systematically quantifies the quality of DPTcompliant layout designs is described. The methodology evaluates layouts based on a set of DPT-specific metrics that characterizes layout-induced process variation. Specific metrics include: the spacing variability between two adjacent oppositely-colored features, the density differences between the two exposure masks, and the stitching area's sensitivity to mask misalignment. These metrics are abstracted to a scoring scale from 0 to 1 such that 1 is the optimum. This methodology provides guidance for opportunistic layout modifications so that DPT manufacturability-related issues are mitigated earlier in design. Results show that by using this methodology, a DPT-compliant layout improved from a composite score of 0.66 and 0.78 by merely changing the decomposition solution so that the density distribution between the two exposure masks is relatively equal.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Health: The weighty costs of non-caloric sweeteners.

Analyses in mice and humans indicate that non-caloric artificial sweeteners may promote obesity-associated metabolic changes by changing the function of the bacteria that colonize the gut. See Article p.181 We have been using non-caloric artificial sweeteners for more than a century. Today the food industry is using them in ever-greater quantities in 'diet' foodstuffs and they are recommended for weight loss and for individuals with glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eran Elinav and colleagues show that consumption of the three most commonly used non-caloric artificial sweeteners — saccharin, sucralose and aspartame — directly induces a propensity for obesity and glucose intolerance in mice. These effects are mediated by changes in the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota; deleterious metabolic effects can be transferred to germ-free mice by faecal transplantation and can be abrogated by antibiotic treatment. The authors demonstrate that artificial sweeteners can induce dysbiosis and glucose intolerance in healthy human subjects, and suggest that it may be necessary to develop new nutritional strategies tailored to the individual and to variations in the gut microbiota.
Determinants of fruit and seed set in Pavonia dasypetala (Malvaceae)

Female reproductive success (fruit and seed set) in Pavonia dasypetala (Malvaceae) was only weakly related to pollinator attentiveness (number of pollinator visits and number of pollen grains deposited on stigmas). This result has implications for field studies of pollination: observational measures of pollinator attentiveness do not necessarily provide an, accurate basis for inferring reproductive success. Further, these results indicate that, although pollination is essential for seed set in this species, reproduction is not limited by pollination. Many flowers that were visited numerous times by hummingbirds and that received pollen in excess of the number of ovules per flower failed to produce fruits. If pollen is limiting, it is pollen quality rather than quantity that is inadequate. Patterns of reproduction in this species were as predicted if resource availability limits seed set (Stephenson 1981): (1) among mature fruits there was an excess of fruits with full seed set (4 or 5 seeds) and (2) probability of fruit, set decreased over the reproductive season. However, resource availability was not the only determinant of seed set in this species: there was also variation among individuals that seems unrelated to either pollen or resource availability. Reproductive success thus appears to be determined by several factors and cannot be described as simply pollen or resource limited.
The Social Integration of Baalei Teshuvah

This article focuses on the perceptions of baalei teshuvah, Jews who were raised with little identification with Judaism as a religious system and subsequently became Orthodox, as an example of the social integration of a group that migrates from one community to another. The baalei teshuvah participants perceived themselves as unique and distinct from those who were raised Orthodox and preferred to associate with others like themselves. They experienced a mixture of pride in their own religious fervor and embarrassment over their lack of knowledge compared with those who grew up Orthodox. At the same time they expressed ambivalent feelings toward Jews who were raised Orthodox. Immigration theory and the concepts of human, social, religious, and spiritual capital are used to discuss the baalei teshuvah's marginal status and preference to associate with other baalei teshuvah.