cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tissue-Specific and Light-Mediated Expression of the C4 Photosynthetic NAD-Dependent Malic Enzyme of Amaranth Mitochondria

In the C4 dicotyledonous grain plant amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus), a mitochondrial NAD-dependent malic enzyme (NAD-ME; EC 1.1.1.39) serves a specialized and essential role in photosynthetic carbon fixation. In this study we have examined specialized photosynthetic gene expression patterns for the NAD-ME [alpha] subunit. We show here that the [alpha] subunit gene is preferentially expressed in leaves and cotyledons (the most photosynthetically active tissues), and this expression is specific to the bundle-sheath cells of these tissues from the earliest stages of development. Synthesis of the [alpha] subunit polypeptide and accumulation of its corresponding mRNA are strongly light-dependent, but this regulation is also influenced by seedling development. In addition, light-dependent accumulation of the [alpha] subunit mRNA is regulated at transcriptional as well as posttranscriptional levels. Our findings demonstrate that the NAD-ME of amaranth has acquired numerous complex tissue-specific and light-mediated regulation patterns that define its specialized function as a key enzyme in the C4 photosynthetic pathway.
Structuring the design experience

A description is given of a workshop intended to help engineering faculty explore methods of structuring both projects and specific task assignments for engineering design courses. Emphasis is on the needs of students in the second and third years. The workshop will include a mix of short presentations, group exercises, and discussions. The presenters plan to address the workshop primarily to the needs of engineering faculty who began their teaching careers with assignments to analytical courses, but who now, because of the retirement of older colleagues, must step into design classes. The workshop will focus on three major topics: defining and incorporating objectives for design courses on behavioral terms; ways in which individual students differ in personality and learning style, and why this should be reflected in a variety of design activities and challenges; and selected techniques from design theory and quality control that design instructors may find useful as classroom techniques. >
Thermal mechanisms of laser micromachining of indium tin oxide

A critical review of pulsed laser micromachining of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) films on glass substrates is presented. The thermal mechanisms responsible for ITO micromachining are discussed, including the roles of melting, thermo-capillary flow of molten ITO, and vaporization. The importance of flexible displays now motivates research of ITO on flexible polymer substrates. Experimental results of Nd:YAG micromachining of ITO on PET substrates are presented. The results show distinct differences from the case of glass substrates. Ablated sections have complete ITO removal with little damage to the PET substrate. The edges of the ablated sections have no melt ridge build-up as seen on glass substrates. Results are interpreted in terms of the thermal and mechanical properties of the film and substrate.
Motivational Factors Affecting Volunteer Intention in Local Events in the United States

The present study measures distinct components of volunteer motivation affecting volunteers’ intention to continue volunteering. Specifically, it develops a model that uses five factors of volunteer motivation to predict volunteer intention within structural equation modeling. The findings collected from volunteers within a local community show that the proposed model meets the criteria of validity and reliability in satisfactory model fits. The salient factors of altruistic value, ego enhancement, personal development, and community concern are found to have significant positive effects on volunteers’ intention; social adjustment is found to not be significant. The implications of findings and its relations to local event volunteerism are discussed.
Wideband chirp modulation for FH-CDMA wireless systems: coherent and non-coherent receiver structures

In this paper, we propose a novel signaling scheme based on wideband time-varying chirp signals for frequency-hopped code division multiple access (FH-CDMA) techniques. Our new method has been motivated by the inherent resistance of chirp signals against channel imposed distortions as chirps are bandwidth efficient and robust to fading. Specifically, we combine FH-CDMA with chirp modulation such that every user is identified by a unique set of chirp rates as well as a unique pseudo-noise sequence. Our simulations for additive white Gaussian noise and Rayleigh fading channels successfully demonstrate an increase in performance due to a decrease in multiple access interference. We also propose a signal processing based, non-coherent receiver structure when the chirp rate information is corrupted at the receiver.
The returns from rent-seeking: campaign contributions, firm subsidies and the Byrd Amendment

This is the first empirical study to examine Congressional support of a new law that distributes antidumping duties to protected firms. Because the law produces a transparent measure of how much each firm was rewarded for its efforts to secure the bill's passage, it provides researchers with a unique opportunity to study the link between the expected financial returns to firms, campaign contributions, and Congressional behaviour. Our results indicate that campaign contributions from beneficiaries increased the likelihood that lawmakers would sponsor the law, while contributions from the law's beneficiaries increased with the rewards they expected to receive. Ceci est la premiere etude empirique examinant le support par le Congres americain d'une nouvelle loi qui distribue les droits anti-dumping collectes aux entreprises protegees. Parce que la loi produit une mesure transparente de la recompense versee a une entreprise pour ses efforts de lobbying afin de s'assurer que la loi est mise en vigueur, cela permet aux chercheurs d'etudier le lien entre les rendements financiers anticipes pour les entreprises, leurs contributions aux campagnes electorales, et les actions du Congres. Les resultats indiquent que les contributions aux campagnes electorales en provenance des beneficiaires potentiels accroissent la probabilite que les legislateurs vont supporter la loi, et que les contributions en provenance des beneficiaires de la loi s'accroissent a proportion que la taille de la recompense anticipee s'accroit.
Micdroscopic computation in human brain evolution

When human psychological performance is viewed in terms of cognitive modules, our species displays remarkable differences in computational power. Algorithmically simple computations are generally difficult to perform, whereas optimal routing or "Traveling Salesman" Problems (TSP) of far greater complexity are solved on an everyday basis. It is argued that even "simple" instances of TSP are not purely Euclidian problems in human computations, but involve emotional, autonomic, and cognitive constraints. They therefore require a level of parallel processing not possible in a macroscopic system to complete the algorithm within a brief period of time. A microscopic neurobiological model emphasizing the computational power of excited atoms within the neuronal membrane is presented as an alternative to classical connectionist approaches. The evolution of the system is viewed in terms of specific natural selection pressures driving satisfying computations toward global optimization. The relationship of microscopic computation to the nature of consciousness is examined, and possible mathematical models as a basis for simulation studies are briefly discussed.
Water and civilization: using history to reframe water policy debates and to build a new ecological realism

Abstract This article invites policy makers to reframe some familiar policy debates on water through using history. While violence has and will continue around water, water is far more humanity’s learning ground for building community than it is a cause of war. Increased interdependence through water sharing plans and infrastructure networks can be seen as increases of our flexibility and capacity to respond to exigencies of nature and reduce our vulnerability to events such as droughts and floods and thereby increase security. The history of social organization around river basins and watersheds is humanity’s richest records of our dialogue with nature. It is among the most fertile areas for learning about how the political and technical interact. The spatial and functional characteristics of the river basins influenced human settlement and interaction long before the idea of the river basin started to be formalized into legal and administrative terms. The direction of flow of rivers influenced the movement of civilization. Rivers have been crucial to means of communication leading to the formation of political units. The article concludes with calling for new ethics in water management. It calls for an ethic built on: a sense of purpose and on an active co-designing with nature and not solely on preservation; a balance between humans and technology and among structural and on-structural approaches; and a new balance of the sacred and utilitarian in water.
Future engineering faculty: How do they think about teaching?

Although many preparing future faculty programs exist, engineering graduate students interested in the professorate often have few opportunities to approach their teaching as a scholarly activity. While much research on educators' conceptions of teaching in higher education exist, little of this research has focused on the conceptions of engineering educators and even less on the conceptions of engineering graduate students. In the Engineering Teaching Portfolio Program, graduate students in engineering who are interested in faculty careers discuss and reflect about their teaching within the context of creating individual teaching portfolios that can be used for faculty job searches. Using a qualitative research design, these engineering graduate students were observed during the peer-led, peer-facilitated program sessions, and were later interviewed about how their experiences in the teaching portfolio program influenced their teaching. In this paper, lessons from a pilot offering of ETPP about fifteen graduate students' conceptions of teaching were focused upon
Teaching NeuroImages: Unilateral clubbing in hemiplegia

A 64-year-old man was evaluated for seizures due to traumatic brain injury 25 years previously. Physical examination revealed aphasia, right hemiplegia, and clubbing of all fingers of the hemiplegic arm (figures 1 and 2). Digital clubbing is a bulbous beaked fingertip deformity due …
Approaching the adolescent patient from a psychodevelopmental framework.

Providing care to adolescents in a sensitive flexible and developmentally oriented manner requires time interest and a good understanding on the part of the providers of the features of psychosocial developmental maturation. Providers often regard adolescence as one long dysfunctional period. In truth one might better consider adolescence to be three unique periods each with its own defining characteristics through which adolescents transition. Early adolescence occurs from ages 12 to 14. These teens are in middle or junior high school. Middle adolescence ages 15 to 17 includes most of the high school years. Late adolescence spans from 18 to 21 years of age. These young adults are either in college or are working. Each period has its own cognitive and behavioral features. Successful relating to adolescents in all age groups requires an understanding of the unique psychosocial characteristics of each phase. (excerpt)
Development and Verification of an Analytical Solution for Forecasting Nonlinear Kinematic Flood Waves

A new approximate analytical solution to the nonlinear kinematic wave equation is proposed. The solution has been derived by combining an implicit solution obtained with the method of characteristics with analytical decomposition and successive approximation. The new solution was verified favorably with a finite-difference approximation. A field verification via a comparison with observed storm hydrographs from the Schuylkill River near Philadelphia indicated that with constant lateral flow the nonlinear model reasonably predicted the observed flow rates, except during periods of intense rainfall. An improved nonlinear model that accounts for variable lateral flow due to changing effective precipitation is proposed. Numerical measures of accuracy indicated that the new variable-rate nonlinear model performs better than the constant lateral flow and the linear kinematic wave model. The linear kinematic wave model produced poor forecasts, especially in the flow time and flood-peak time. The new solution is ...
What is the Right Model for Designing Parallel Algorithms

In some ways, the title of this position paper is a moot question. The reason is that most all parallel algorithms are described in terms of the PRAM abstraction, which is a practice that is not likely to change in the near future. Although there are many types of PRAMs, and there is much debate over what kind of concurrent reading and writing (if any) is most reasonable, the basic idea of the PRAM abstraction is the same: the underlying network architecture of the parallel machine is ignored, and packet routing is given as a unit cost primitive.
Relation of the iron oxidizer, Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, to thiosulfate.

Colmer, Arthur R. (Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge). Relation of the iron oxidizer, Thiobacillus ferrooxidans , to thiosulfate. J. Bacteriol. 83: 761–765. 1962.—A restudy has been made of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans secured from the acid drainage of some northern West Virginia coal mines. Cultures isolated from ferrous iron agar and then subcultured for 85 consecutive transfers in thiosulfate broth during a period of 14 months were able to use ferrous iron as their energy source when returned to ferrous iron broth. Thiosulfate utilization was quantitatively followed by iodine titration and pH change; ferrous iron oxidation was quantitatively determined by use of 1,10-phenanthroline. Characteristic colonial forms were produced by T. ferrooxidans growing on thiosulfate agar irrespective of whether the inoculum was from iron broth or thiosulfate broth. Images
Large marine ecosystem fisheries management with particular reference to Latin America and the Caribbean Sea

Abstract Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) addressing the management of living marine resources have a long history, beginning in 1811 with the North Pacific Fur Seal Convention followed by the International Pacific Halibut Convention in 1924. Following the expansion of fisheries after WWII, RFMOs proliferated and after the general acceptance of a 200 mile extended jurisdiction in the mid- 1970s many more nations became involved. There are approximately 17 RFMOs (depending on the definition of “management”) of the over 40 marine Regional Fisheries Bodies (RFBs) identified by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. The Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) approach has roots in the experience of the International Commission for the Conservation of Northwest Atlantic Fisheries (now defunct and replaced by the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO)) which pioneered ecosystem based fisheries management. The LME approach to the assessment of coastal ocean goods and services was included in the operational guidelines for project proposals by the International Waters Focal Area of the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) in 1995. LMEs have fisheries as one of five major components to be addressed under the modular assessment and management framework for LME project development. As LME Programs enter the stage where they need to move to develop their governance responsibilities, the relationship with existing RFMOs is critical. This paper examines possibilities for this interaction with special attention to Latin American and Caribbean LMEs particularly in relation to their three northeastern LMEs. Possible inferences from the experiences of the coastal states of the US are also addressed, considering the Gulf and Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commissions as a pseudo RFMO with the states assuming a role similar to countries.
Use of common analgesics is not associated with ovarian cancer survival

Background:Use of analgesics has been associated with lower risk of ovarian cancer, but to date, very few studies have explored the association between analgesics and ovarian cancer survival. Methods:We examined the relationship between self-reported pre-diagnostic use of aspirin, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen and overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), ascites at the time of primary treatment, and persistence of disease after primary treatment among 699 women diagnosed with epithelial ovarian carcinoma. The associations between use of these medications and OS and PFS were estimated using Cox-proportional hazards models. We utilized unconditional logistic regression models to estimate associations between medication use and presence of ascites and persistence of disease. Results: Pre-diagnostic intake of aspirin, both low-dose and regular-dose, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen were not associated with any of the outcomes of interest. Conclusions:Our results indicate a lack of association between pre-diagnostic intake of selected analgesics and OS, PFS, presence of ascites at the time of primary treatment, and persistence of disease after primary treatment. Impact: Pre-diagnostic intake of analgesics may not be associated with ovarian cancer outcomes.
Ethnic Disparities in Trends in High BMI Among California Adolescents, 2003–2012

Introduction Because California is home to one in eight U.S. children and accounts for the highest Medicaid and Children's Health Insurance Program spending, childhood obesity trends in California have important implications for the entire nation. California's racial/ethnic diversity and large school-based data set provide a unique opportunity to examine trends by race/ethnicity, including understudied Asian and American Indian youth, which has not been possible using national data sets. This study examined racial/ethnic disparities in prevalence of high BMI from 2003 to 2012. Methods This observational study included 11,624,865 BMI records from repeated cross-sections of fifth-, seventh-, and ninth-graders who underwent California's school-based fitness testing. Analyses conducted in 2015 used logistic regression to identify trends in prevalence of high BMI (BMI ≥85th, 95th, and 97th percentiles) and differences in trends by race/ethnicity from 2003 to 2012. Results African American and Hispanic girls and American Indian boys increased in prevalence of high BMI, whereas non-Hispanic white and Asian youth and Hispanic boys decreased in prevalence of high BMI ( p -values p -values Conclusions Based on California's statewide data, there is evidence that racial/ethnic disparities in prevalence of high BMI have widened over time. Minority youth have either decreased more slowly or increased in prevalence compared with non-Hispanic white youth. There continues to be an urgent need for policies and interventions that effectively reduce racial/ethnic obesity prevalence disparities.
ATTRIBUTES RELATED TO COLLEGE STUDENTS' ATTITUDES

Attitudes of 2,624 college students toward working with children with disabilities were identified.
Experimental studies on PHB as scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering used in augmentation rhinoplasty

Objective To study on PHB as scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering used in augmentation rhinoplasty.Methods Culture the chondrocytes isolated from auricular cartilage of New Zealand rabbits in vitro.Proliferate and harveste the chondrocytes,and then seed them into scaffolds of PHB.After incubation for 1 week,the complexs were implanted into the subperiosteum tissue of the nose of the rabbits.The specimens were dissected and examined macroscopically and histologically after 4 and 8 weeks.Only the PHB scaffolds along do the same as control.Results New mature cartilage was observed in the scaffold in the experimental group,and the histological examination revealed the chondrocytes had continued to proliferate,and produced much extracellular matrix as time went on.While no new mature cartilage was observed in the control group.Conclusion Engineered-cartilage using PHB as the scaffold can be used as the implanted material in augmentation rhinoplasty.
On UCAV's Air-to-Air Autonomous Attack

In air-to-air autonomous attack,the Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicles( UCAV) has the disadvantages of small attack zone,poor mobility,and time lag of information link. To solve the problems,an approach of autonomous attack was proposed aimed to improve attack precision and combat effectiveness.Kinematic and dynamic models of UCAV and the guided missile were formed based on the characteristics of air-to-air autonomous attack. The attack zone and no-escape zone were calculated out by using the pattern search algorithm,through which the optimum launch position was indicated. To arrive at the optimum launch position,sliding mode control was used to design the process of autonomous attacking occupation,which was simulated later. The simulation result demonstrates that UCAV can arrive at the optimum launch position in a short time with stable gesture,and attack the target effectively.
The pathology of marginal vitamin A deficiency in calves.

SUMMARY Forty-eight male Holstein calves averaging 79 days of age were fed 6 different levels (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 μg.) of carotene per pound of body weight daily at 2 caloric intakes for a 12 or a 24-week period. Papilloedema was present in 7 and pituitary cysts in 5 of 8 calves receiving 10 μg. daily. In the 8 calves receiving 20 μg. daily, 3 had marked, 1 slight papilloedema and 2 a cystic pituitary. Both groups had increased keratinization of prepuce, reticulum and rumen. Of the calves on the 30 μg. intakes, 2 had marked and 2 slight papilloedema and 1 a cystic pituitary. Calves on higher carotene levels hadinconsistent changes. The pathological changes correlated well with the low vitamin A content of the liver, the increased cerebrospinal fluid pressures and the parotid duct metaplasia, reported previously.
Policy Change Through Parent and Consumer Leadership Education

This study examines the impact of intensive training in leadership and advocacy skills on the level of knowledge about services and supports, advocacy activity, and the clarity of vision for the fu...
Modulation of neuroinflammation and pathology in the 5XFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease using a biased and selective beta-1 adrenergic receptor partial agonist.

Abstract Degeneration of noradrenergic neurons occurs at an early stage of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). The noradrenergic system regulates arousal and learning and memory, and has been implicated in regulating neuroinflammation. Loss of noradrenergic tone may underlie AD progression at many levels. We have previously shown that acute administration of a partial agonist of the beta-1 adrenergic receptor (ADRB1), xamoterol, restores behavioral deficits in a mouse model of AD. The current studies examined the effects of chronic low dose xamoterol on neuroinflammation, pathology, and behavior in the pathologically aggressive 5XFAD transgenic mouse model of AD. In vitro experiments in cells expressing human beta adrenergic receptors demonstrate that xamoterol is highly selective for ADRB1 and functionally biased for the cAMP over the β-arrestin pathway. Data demonstrate ADRB1-mediated attenuation of TNF-α production with xamoterol in primary rat microglia culture following LPS challenge. Finally, two independent cohorts of 5XFAD and control mice were administered xamoterol from approximately 4.0–6.5 or 7.0–9.5 months, were tested in an array of behavioral tasks, and brains were examined for evidence of neuroinflammation, and amyloid beta and tau pathology. Xamoterol reduced mRNA expression of neuroinflammatory markers (Iba1, CD74, CD14 and TGFβ) and immunohistochemical evidence for microgliosis and astrogliosis. Xamoterol reduced amyloid beta and tau pathology as measured by regional immunohistochemistry. Behavioral deficits were not observed for 5XFAD mice. In conclusion, chronic administration of a selective, functionally biased, partial agonist of ADRB1 is effective in reducing neuroinflammation and amyloid beta and tau pathology in the 5XFAD model of AD.
Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion Model to Study Pulmonary Tissue Extracellular Microvesicle Profiles

Background Extracellular microvesicles (EVs) are being increasingly studied for their diagnostic potential. We investigated the feasibility of studying the kinetics and tissue-specific profiles of pulmonary EVs in the context of ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) used for salvaging marginal lungs for transplantation. Methods Perfusate from six marginal donor lungs placed on EVLP was collected at the following time points: 0, 10, and 60 minutes after and after perfusate exchange with Steen Solution; 120 and 180 minutes. Three lungs were successfully recovered for transplantation (transplant group), and three were not recoverable (nontransplant group). Perfusate EVs were isolated using methods of size exclusion chromatography, ultrafiltration, and ultracentrifugation. EVs were analyzed on NanoSight nanoparticle detector for quantity, size distribution, and surface expression of pulmonary tissue-specific markers. EV cargoes were profiled using mass spectrometry, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and Western blot analysis. Results Time course analysis showed EV presence by 10-minute time point. EV median size was smaller in the transplant group (165 nm versus 212 nm, p = 0.04). EV cargo analysis on Western blot analysis, RT-PCR, and NanoSight showed contribution from monocytes (CD14), endothelium (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1), and pulmonary parenchyma (epithelial cell adhesion molecule) into the perfusate total EV pool. Mass spectrometry showed differences in the EV protein cargoes of the transplant group versus the nontransplant group. Conclusions EVLP system provides a platform to understand the kinetics of pulmonary EVs in an isolated fashion. Donor lung recovery may be associated with changes in EV size distribution and proteomic profiles. Pulmonary tissue-specific EV profiling using the EVLP system may provide insights into EV contribution to pulmonary pathologic processes.
Digital Rights Management and Hardware Market Power

Digital Rights Management (DRM) is employed by firms as a way of reducing illegal copying. In this paper we investigate the idea that it can also be associated with an increase in market power in the hardware market. In our main analysis content and hardware are complementary goods, where there are multiple hardware sellers and one of the hardware sellers owns a DRM technology that can be developed into a DRM system that makes legal content incompatible with hardware that does not employ the system. Our primary result is that the hardware producer who initially owns the DRM technology may employ closed DRM to gain market power in the hardware market because this is an efficient way to monetize its initial ownership of the technology. We also show that, depending on whether or not the content developer has positive bargaining power, the introduction of DRM may or may not result in an increase in content development. In addition to investigating these ideas in a number of related theoretical settings, we also consider the social welfare aspects of the argument and discuss its relevance for understanding the early history of Apple's iPod.
The Role of the International Court of Justice in Addressing Climate Change: Some Preliminary Reflections

What role might international adjudication play in addressing climate change? Thus far, the international climate change regime has developed primarily through negotiations, marked most recently by the adoption of the Paris Agreement and decisions by the Montreal Protocol parties and the International Civil Aviation Organization to address hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and aviation emissions respectively, two very rapidly growing sources of greenhouse gas emissions. Despite the Trump Administration's repudiation of the Paris Agreement, it remains our best hope of addressing climate change internationally. But adjudication could also play a constructive role, not as a substitute for the negotiations but as a complement. The essay explores the relationship between adjudication and negotiation, and how an ICJ advisory opinion could work with rather than against the grain of the negotiations.
DLATK: Differential Language Analysis ToolKit

We present Differential Language Analysis Toolkit (DLATK), an open-source python package and command-line tool developed for conducting social-scientific language analyses. While DLATK provides standard NLP pipeline steps such as tokenization or SVM-classification, its novel strengths lie in analyses useful for psychological, health, and social science: (1) incorporation of extra-linguistic structured information, (2) specified levels and units of analysis (e.g. document, user, community), (3) statistical metrics for continuous outcomes, and (4) robust, proven, and accurate pipelines for social-scientific prediction problems. DLATK integrates multiple popular packages (SKLearn, Mallet), enables interactive usage (Jupyter Notebooks), and generally follows object oriented principles to make it easy to tie in additional libraries or storage technologies.
Maps of mayhem: Strategic location and deadly violence in civil war

Disaggregated studies of civil violence attempt to predict where violence is most likely to break out within states, but have been limited by a near-exclusive focus on political, economic, and acce...
“Models in Meteorology and Climatology” Fifty Years on

A review is presented of contributions made by the author and graduate students over the fifty years since the publication of a chapter on “Models in meteorology and climatology” by the author in 1967. Advances in the applications of general circulation models, remote sensing, and climate change and paleoclimatology are briefly described in the context of the development of climate science. Publication of the first use of a GCM to simulate Ice Age climate is noted. The application of optical and passive microwave remote sensing to mapping snow cover, glaciers, sea ice and frozen ground are discussed. Our focus was particularly on Arctic conditions. Many of the algorithms were developed in association with the National Snow and Ice Data Center that the author directed from 1976 to 2008.
How does Hemoglobin Create Such Diverse Functionality of Physiological Relevance

Hemoglobin (Hb) without heterotropic effectors or stripped Hb, is an O2-carrier with a high-affinity (P50 100 mmHg, KR from 10 to 0.005 /mmHg, KT from 0.3 to 0.005 /mmHg, KR/KT from 1 to >500, and ΔH+ up to −4.4 H+/Hb. Such enhanced functionality of Hb of physiological relevance is accomplished through pH-dependent asymmetric binding of heterotropic effectors to R(oxy)- and T(deoxy)-quaternary structures of Hb, which cause pH-dependent differential modulations/reductions of KR and KT, respectively. No changes in high-resolution static crystallographic T(deoxy)- and R(oxy)-quaternary and tertiary structures of Hb and their heme environment, as well as the axial coordination structures of the deoxy-heme (νFe-His = 215 /cm) and the oxy-heme (νFe-O2 = 567/cm) in solution, are observed, despite KT and KR values are changed as much as 100- and 2,000-folds, respectively. Thus, the assumption that the low-affinity state is caused by the inter-dimeric salt-bridge-linked constraints, the out-of-plane shift of the heme Fe, and the allosteric core constraint in the T(deoxy)-Hb is no longer valid. Although these constraints are completely absent in R(oxy)-Hb, its O2-affinity is modulated as much as 2,000-folds by its interaction with heterotropic effectors. The effector-linked modulation of thermal fluctuation of the protein may be responsible.
HIFO by Asset Type

The article investigates the benefit of highest-in, first-out (HIFO) accounting when selling shares of various asset classes. The tax benefit of HIFO accounting is statistically and economically significant. NASDAQ, emerging market, and real estate indexes earn greater HIFO tax benefits than other types of assets, with the bond index having the least benefit. While the results themselves give practitioners some information about the benefit of share accounting, they are useful in other aspects of financial planning, such as after-tax asset allocation and asset tax location.
The use of animal-assisted therapy in combination with physical therapy in an inpatient rehabilitation facility: A case report

Abstract Background Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) is a growing form of intervention in the field of rehabilitation often with the goals of decreasing pain, anxiety, and depression. There is a lack of literature on the use of AAT in inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRF). Purpose This intrinsic case report describes the use of AAT in combination with physical therapy (PT) in the treatment of a middle-aged female status-post spinal surgery. Materials and methods This patient was treated with standard of care physical and occupational therapy in an IRF with the addition of AAT within 32% of the therapy sessions. AAT sessions focused on sitting and standing tolerance, standing balance, endurance, ambulation, stair negotiation and kitchen mobility. Clinical measures included the 6 Minute Walk Test (6MWT), the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) total score and the FIM motor subscale score. Clinical findings From admission to discharge from the IRF, change was noted in the areas of sitting tolerance, total FIM score, the motor subscale score of the FIM, and on 6MWT distance. Due to other therapies simultaneously occurring, no conclusions on AAT as a treatment can be made. AAT did provide more opportunities for this patient to engage in therapeutic activities. Conclusion AAT was used during PT, in attempt to facilitate participation and distract from pain in order to work on therapeutic activities and achieve the patient's functional goals. This case report can be used as a model for other IRF therapy programs interested in AAT, can provide information about a therapeutic modality and hopefully will inspire future rigorously designed research studies.
MEASURE, QUALITY, AND OPTIMUM SCALE

Publisher Summary The comparability of utility has a solid basis in the concept of “the same individual,” who chooses without ever changing his mind. Moreover, in the case of utility measurability concerns only one element: all others, the commodities involved, are assumed to possess a definite measure—an assumption generally though not absolutely true to facts. Both these simplifying conditions are not present in the productive sector where one needs a measure for both products and factors and where comparability must rest on an objective instead of a subjective basis. Cardinality requires a structure with respect to which subsumption and subtraction should have a definite operational meaning distinct from the arithmetic manipulation of the ordinal scale. This point has an important bearing upon the prevalent view, originated by Pareto, that comparability of utility differences leads to a meaningful utility scale which leaves only the origin and the scale unit arbitrary.
Treatment of Vasculitis

Vasculitis, in general, is the inflammation of blood vessels. When involving the central or peripheral nervous system, diagnosis and treatment can be difficult due to variable presentations, lack of highly sensitive and specific diagnostic tests, and vasculitis mimics. A prompt diagnosis with initiation of treatment is essential for the prevention of morbidity and mortality. This chapter covers several vasculitides that can affect the central and peripheral nervous system with the main focus on treatments.
Comparative Biochemistry of C1-Carriers

C1-compounds of oxidation levels from CO2 to CH4 are important in the metabolism of all cells. They are precursors or products of the biosynthesis and biodegradation of purines, pyrimidines, several amino acids and methylated compounds. In addition modification methylases alters DNA, methylation processes are involved in regulation of Chemotaxis, and protein synthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotic organelles such as the mitochondrian and the chloroplast is initiated by formyl-methionyl-tRNA. Many reactions of C1-compounds involve C1-carriers; the most commonly known are biotin, tetrahydrofolate, corrinoids and S-adenosyl methionine. Newly discovered C1-carriers found in methanogenic bacteria are coenzyme M, methanofuran, and tetrahydromethanopterin. C1-carriers are central in the newly ascertained pathways of autotrophic CO2 fixation in several types of anaerobic bacteria and of the syntheses of acetate and methane from CO2 in acetogenic and methanogenic bacteria. Recent reviews cover the acetate synthesis from CO2 in acetogens [1,2] and the formation of methane from CO2 [3,4]. In this presentation I wish to discuss the roles of C1-carriers in the acetogens and the methanogens.
Stability of U5Si4 phase in U-Si system: Crystal structure prediction and phonon properties using first-principles calculations

Abstract U-Si systems have recently received considerable attention due to the potential application of U3Si2 as a high-density fuel under an accident tolerant fuel initiative. However, the thermodynamic stability of the more recently reported adjacent U5Si4 phase is uncertain and could play a significant role in fuel performance. In this work, the enthalpy of formation of the phase predicted by density functional theory (DFT) using the DFT + U formalism is used with an evolutionary algorithm (USPEX) to evaluate stability and possible atomic structures for U5Si4. The structure of U-Si convex hull phases and the confirmed U3Si2 structure were predicted providing confidence in the reliability of the evolutionary algorithm, as well as to obtain a convex hull with comparable enthalpies of formation. Subsequently, the code was applied to the U5Si4 composition for cells with 18 and 36 atoms, predicting a 36-atom hexagonal symmetrized unit cell with space group P6/mmm as the lowest-energy configuration, agreeing with that experimentally reported for U5Si4. Yet, phonon calculations using the density functional perturbation theory formalism, demonstrated that the predicted structure is dynamically unstable, exhibiting negative vibrational modes for the uranium. These indicated that generated shears are directed toward the formation of potential uranium octahedral sites, analogous to those occupied by carbon atoms in U20Si16C3. It was thus concluded that omitting the U5Si4 phase from assessed U-Si phase equilibria is currently justified.
Gender Differences in Intra-articular and Extra-articular Injuries Associated with Acute Anterior Cruciate Ligament Ruptures.

Females are well known to have a two to nine times increase in relative risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture as compared with males. However, there is limited literature available regarding the rates of associated intra-articular and extra-articular injuries associated with ACL ruptures. The purpose of this study was to investigate the gender differences in intra-articular and extra-articular injuries associated with ACL ruptures in an acute setting. Therefore, in the cross-sectional study of consecutive patients, all patients who underwent ACL reconstruction in a single institution were identified if they had a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) done within 6 weeks of sustaining the injury and if their injury was sustained during sports activities. Patients were excluded if they had prior surgery in the affected knee, including revision ACL reconstructions. A musculoskeletal MRI radiologist blinded to the study's purpose then reported the incidence of ligamentous injuries, meniscal tears, chondral injuries, and bone contusions. Correlations were then performed between the patient's gender and the prevalence of these associated injuries. A total of 304 patients were included in the study. Comparison between males and females revealed no gender differences for the associated intra-articular and extra-articular injuries of acute ACL rupture. These include the prevalence of medial collateral ligament injuries (p = 0.118), lateral collateral ligament injuries (p = 0.445), medial meniscus injuries (p = 0.874), lateral meniscus injuries (p = 0.612), chondral injuries (p = 0.331), medial (p = 0.143) and lateral femoral condyle bone contusions (p = 0.246), and medial (p = 0.787) and lateral tibial plateau bone contusions (p = 0.765). In conclusion, males and females have similar rates of associated intra-articular and extra-articular injuries after ACL rupture in the acute setting. These include associated collateral ligament injuries, meniscal injuries, chondral injuries, and bone contusions. The level of evidence is Level II.
Clinical presentation of pediatric oligodendrogliomas

Abstract Pediatric oligodendroglioma is a low-grade glioma that remains relatively rare when compared to adults. Retrospective studies have clearly defined the most common presenting symptoms and tumor locations. Delays in diagnosis are likely to occur given the nature of pediatric oligodendroglioma. Prospective studies are required to better understand the “time-clock” with respect to progression of symptoms requiring further intervention.
Does Bipartisanship Pay? Executive Manipulation of Legislative Coalitions During the George W. Bush Presidency

Signing statements have become a common tool used by modern presidents to manipulate the implementation of public policy. Most previous work assumes that the inter-branch environment explains the p...
Loaded objects: addressing gun violence through art in the gallery and beyond

Gun violence impacts our experience of public spaces, including how we represent and memorialize tragic events stemming from guns in public ways. Immediate memorials, complete with flowers and other ephemera, frequently appear at the sites of gun violence, at times to be followed by permanent memorials with contemplative spaces and names of victims etched in stone. While communicating loss and grief, both of these strategies usually evade any real political action or consideration of the complexities of gun violence or its causes. Mirroring the stalemate in our political dialogue around guns and their proliferation, our dominant strategies of memorialization similarly offer little more than “thoughts and prayers”. In what ways can contemporary art break through these evasions and even prompt dialogue or change around the complex array of issues that arise with the increased presence of guns in American society? How can art generate experiences for viewers that allow for a more complex consideration of gun-related violence than the cycle of grief seen in immediate and permanent memorials? In this paper, I survey works of art that produce possibilities for transformative conversation around the issue by considering guns as what Bruno Latour calls “actants”. I begin by examining guns in the gallery, first offering a new readings of Chris Burden’s Shoot (1971) and Marina Abramovic’s Rhythm 0 (1974), both of which notoriously included real firearms, and then turning to sculptural projects that literally disarm guns, rendering them deliberately strange and prompting complex conversations about their material presence in American life. I then shift focus towards the public sphere to consider works by Krzysztof Wodiczko, Jenny Holzer, and Michael Rakowitz, artists who rewire established circuits of monumental commemoration, public space advertising, and vernacular immediate memorials to generate a sense of distance, and even a safe space for dialogue in the public realm.
Worlds Apart? Reassessing von Uexküll’s Umwelt in Embodied Cognition with Canguilhem, Merleau-Ponty, and Deleuze

Jakob von Uexkull’s (1864-1944) account of Umwelt has been proposed as a mediating concept to bridge the gap between ecological psychology’s realism about environmental information and enactivism’s emphasis on the organism’s active role in constructing the meaningful world it inhabits. If successful, this move would constitute a significant step towards establishing a single ecological-enactive framework for cognitive science. However, Uexkull’s thought itself contains different perspectives that are in tension with each other, and the concept of Umwelt is developed in representationalist terms that conflict with the commitments of both enactivism and ecological psychology. One central issue shared by all these approaches is the problem of how a living being experiences its environment. In this paper, we will look at Uexkull’s reception in French philosophy and highlight the different ways in which the concept of Umwelt functions in the work of Georges Canguilhem, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and Gilles Deleuze. This analysis helps clarify different aspects of Uexkull’s thought and the deeper philosophical implications of importing his concepts into embodied cognitive science. This paper is part of a recent trend in which enactivism engages with continental philosophy in a way that both deepens and transcends the traditional links to phenomenology, including most recently the thought of Georg W. F. Hegel and Gilbert Simondon. However, no more than a brief outline and introduction to the potentials and challenges of this complex conceptual intersection can be given here. Our hope is that it serves to make more explicit the philosophical issues that are at stake for cognitive science in the question of experienced environments, while charting a useful course for future research.
Defending Against Multiple and Unforeseen Adversarial Videos

Adversarial examples of deep neural networks have been actively investigated on image-based classification, segmentation and detection tasks. However, adversarial robustness of video models still lacks exploration. While several studies have proposed how to generate adversarial videos, only a handful of approaches pertaining to the defense strategies have been published in the literature. Furthermore, these defense methods are limited to a single perturbation type and often fail to provide robustness to Lp-bounded attacks and physically realizable attacks simultaneously. In this paper, we propose one of the first defense solutions against multiple adversarial video types for video classification. The proposed approach performs adversarial training with multiple types of video adversaries using independent batch normalizations (BNs), and recognizes different adversaries by an adversarial video detector. During inference, a switch module sends an input to a proper batch normalization branch according to the detected attack type. Compared to conventional adversarial training, our method exhibits stronger robustness to multiple and even unforeseen adversarial videos and provides higher classification accuracy.