cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Auditory filter shapes at high frequencies

The shape of the auditory filter was estimated at center frequencies of 4, 12, 14, and 16 kHz for normally hearing subjects, using the notched‐noise method. A specially designed sound delivery system was used to generate a high‐frequency masking noise with a flat spectrum. For all test frequencies, the auditory filter shapes were estimated at a noise spectrum level (N0) of 40 dB. The mean equivalent rectangular bandwidths (ERBs) of the auditory filter at 4, 12, and 14 kHz were close to the extrapolated values given by Glasberg and Moore [Hear. Res. 47, 103–108 (1990)]. At 16 kHz, the mean ERB was close to the extrapolated value given by Moore and Glasberg [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 74, 750–753 (1983)]. At 12 and 14 kHz, the auditory filter shapes were also estimated at a noise spectrum level of 50 dB. The mean ERBs of the auditory filter were wider for the higher spectrum level, consistent with previous results obtained at lower center frequencies.
The Economics of Agricultural Economics

AS an economist addressing other economists, it seems natural to me to use our basic analytical tools as a framework for discussing future challenges to our profession. Thus, an evaluation of the supply and demand for the services of agricultural economists seems to me to be an interesting and useful intellectual enterprise. In a time of rapid change, the probability of failing to anticipate major market shifts and adjust to them seems great. For economists, such a failure would be inexcusable. The stories are legion about physicians too busy to notice their own health problems. It would be unfortunate if we were too preoccupied to apply a modest amount of economic analysis to the services we supply-just as we analyze such factors. I am concerned today about the well-being of the profession; I am concerned because I believe that a relative decline in our position would reflect our failure to meet adequately the needs of the society we serve. This is not to imply that the market test of a profession's performance is the only valid one, but we cannot ignore such a test in an economy responsive to consumers of both public and private services. My underlying assumption is that science-social or otherwise-exists to serve man and not vice versa. Thus, it is my belief that our success and ultimate rewards will be related to our ability, as a profession, to provide meaningful answers to mankind's important problems in the decades ahead. The impetus for these thoughts initially came from two sources. The first was T. W. Schultz's stimulating Fellows lecture at the 1968 annual meeting [4]. His theme involved the application of traditional supply and demand analysis to institutions. My parallel regards the supply and demand for professional services, some of which are profoundly affected by our institutions and the changes or rigidities in them. It assumes, however, that such institutions are within our control and that our supply of services is thus largely self-determined.
Determination of Chloride by Flame molecular Absorption Spectrometry with Continuum Source and Self-Reversal Background Correction

Abstract The use of continuum source and self-reversal background correction were investigated for flame molecular absorption spectrometry (MAS). Chloride was determined by MAS using the aluminum monochloride molecule in a conventional flame atomic absorption spectrometer. Absorbance of this molecule was monitored in a lean nitrous oxide/acetylene flame at 261.4 nm using a lead hollow cathode lamp as the excitation source. Characteristic masses of 210, 260, and 820 mg/L were observed for no background correction, continuum source correction, and self-reversal correction, respectively. The ability of the techniques to correct for interferences caused by high concentrations of fluoride and sodium was investigated. The self-reversal technique was shown to remove interferences at concentration levels up to 10,000 mg/L. Chloride was determined in chloroacetic acid using calibration with chloride standards; continuum source correction had the best recovery value. These results suggest that both correction metho...
The lncRNA DRAIC/PCAT29 locus constitutes a tumor suppressive nexus

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) are emerging as major regulators of cellular phenotypes and implicated as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Here, we report a novel tumor-suppressive locus on human chromosome 15q23 that contains two multiexonic lncRNA genes of 100 kb each: DRAIC (LOC145837) and the recently reported PCAT29. The DRAIC lncRNA was identified from RNA-seq data and is downregulated as prostate cancer cells progress from an androgen-dependent (AD) to a castration-resistant (CR) state. Prostate cancers persisting in patients after androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) select for decreased DRAIC expression, and higher levels of DRAIC in prostate cancer are associated with longer disease-free survival (DFS). Androgen induced androgen receptor (AR) binding to the DRAIC locus and repressed DRAIC expression. In contrast, FOXA1 and NKX3-1 are recruited to the DRAIC locus to induce DRAIC, and FOXA1 specifically counters the repression of DRAIC by AR. The decrease of FOXA1 and NKX3-1, and aberrant activation of AR, thus accounts for the decrease of DRAIC during prostate cancer progression to the CR state. Consistent with DRAIC being a good prognostic marker, DRAIC prevents the transformation of cuboidal epithelial cells to fibroblast-like morphology and prevents cellular migration and invasion. A second tumor-suppressive lncRNA PCAT29, located 20 kb downstream of DRAIC, is regulated identically by AR and FOXA1 and also suppresses cellular migration and metastasis. Finally, based on TCGA analysis, DRAIC expression predicts good prognosis in a wide range of malignancies, including bladder cancer, low-grade gliomas, lung adenocarcinoma, stomach adenocarcinoma, renal clear cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, skin melanoma, and stomach adenocarcinoma. Implications: This study reveals a novel tumor-suppressive locus encoding two hormone-regulated lncRNAs, DRAIC and PCAT29, that are prognostic for a wide variety of cancer types. Mol Cancer Res; 13(5); 828–38. ©2015 AACR.
Single High-Dose Rectal Acetaminophen in Children

OBJECTIVETo determine whether there is sufficient evidence to support the use of one-time high-dose (>30 mg/kg) rectally administered acetaminophen to control postoperative pain in children.DATA SOURCESLiterature was accessed through MEDLINE (1966–May 2004) and bibliographic searches.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTIONAll articles identified from the data sources were evaluated and all studies regarding the use of greater than 30 mg/kg of acetaminophen in children were included for this review.DATA SYNTHESISA single high dose of rectally administered acetaminophen has been used in children to control postoperative pain. Ten randomized controlled trials and pharmacokinetic studies evaluating the use of greater than 30 mg/kg of rectally administered acetaminophen in children were identified and reviewed. Each study had a unique objective. The studies also differed substantially in regard to design, study population, dosing, rectal formulation used, and monitoring.CONCLUSIONSDue to limited study data, wide s...
Zinc-regulated genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed by transposon tagging.

The biochemistry of human nutritional zinc deficiency remains poorly defined. To characterize in genetic terms how cells respond to zinc deprivation, zinc-regulated genes ( ZRG 's) were identified in yeast. Gene expression was probed using random lacZ reporter gene fusions, integrated by transposon tagging into a diploid genome as previously described. About half of the genome was examined. Cells exhibiting differences in lacZ expression on low or moderate (~0.1 vs. 10 μm) zinc media were isolated and the gene fusions were sequenced. Ribonuclease protection assays demonstrated four- to eightfold increases for the RNAs of the ZAP1, ZRG17 ( YNR039c ), DPP1, ADH4, MCD4 , and YEF3B genes in zinc-deficient cells. All but YEF3B were shown through reporter gene assays to be controlled by a master regulator of zinc homeostasis now known to be encoded by ZAP1. ZAP1 mutants lacked the flocculence and distended vacuoles characteristic of zinc-deficient cells, suggesting that flocculation and vacuolation serve homeostatic functions in zinc-deficient cells. ZRG17 mutants required extra zinc supplementation to repress these phenotypes, suggesting that ZRG17 functions in zinc uptake. These findings illustrate the utility of transposon tagging as an approach for studying regulated gene expression in yeast.
Influence of Surface Heat Flux Ratio on Heat Transfer Augmentation in Square Channels With Parallel, Crossed, and V-Shaped Angled Ribs

The effect of wall heat flux ratio on the local heat transfer augmentation in a square channel with two opposite in-line ribbed walls was investigated for Reynolds numbers from 15,000 to 80,000. The square channel composed of ten isolated copper sections has a length-to-hydraulic diameter ratio (L/D) of 20. The rib height-to-hydraulic diameter ratio (e/D) is 0.0625 and the rib pitch-to-height ratio (P/e) equals 10
A 1.1µW 2.1µVRMS input noise chopper-stabilized amplifier for bio-medical applications

A low-noise chopper amplifier for bio-signal recording is described. Potential applications include many-electrode implantable ECG acquisition systems along with EEG, EMG and ECoG bio-signals. Designed in 0.13µm CMOS, the two-stage amplifier uses a folded cascode topology with a low-impedance node chopping technique combining both voltage and current-mode chopping for an optimal noise and bias current tradeoff while significantly reducing ripple from the 40 KHz chopper modulation signal. Experimental results show an amplifier with digitally programmable gain from 40 – 83 dB, bandwidth from 340 – 7.5 KHz and high pass cutoff of 170 mHz, while dissipating only 1.1 µW from a 1.2 V supply. The inputreferred noise is 2.1 µVrms integrated over a 100 mHz – 100 KHz bandwidth with a noise efficiency factor of 3.28.
The Recruitment and Support of Latino Faculty for Tenure and Promotion

Retaining and supporting Latino faculty is a challenge for many colleges and universities in the United States. This article focuses on the unique experiences faced by Latino junior faculty, when p...
Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Community: The 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma

Methods: A representative sample of 2181 persons in the Detroit area aged 18 to 45 years were interviewed by telephone to assess the lifetime history of traumatic events and PTSD, according to DSM-IV. Posttraumatic stress disorder was assessed with respect to a randomly selected trauma from the list of traumas reported by each respondent, using a modified version of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, Version IV, and the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results: The conditional risk of PTSD following exposure to trauma was 9.2%. The highest risk of PTSD was associated with assaultive violence (20.9%). The trauma most often reported as the precipitating event among persons with PTSD (31% of all PTSD cases) was sudden unexpected death of a loved one, an event experienced by 60% of the sample, and with a moderate risk of PTSD (14.3%). Women were at higher risk of PTSD than men, controlling for type of trauma. Conclusions: The risk of PTSD associated with a representative sample of traumas is less than previously estimated. Previous studies have overestimated the conditional risk of PTSD by focusing on the worst events the respondents had ever experienced. Although recent research has focused on combat, rape, and other assaultive violence as causes of PTSD, sudden unexpected death of a loved one is a far more important cause of PTSD in the community, accounting for nearly one third of PTSD cases. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55:626-632
Using Wikipedia for Hierarchical Finer Categorization of Named Entities

Wikipedia is one of the largest growing structured resources on the Web and can be used as a training corpus in natural language processing applications. In this work, we present a method to categorize named entities under the hierarchical fine-grained categories provided by the Wikipedia taxonomy. Such a categorization can be further used to extract semantic relations among these named entities. More specifically, we examine instances of different kinds of Named Entities picked from Wikipedia articles categorized under 55 categories. We employ a Maximum Entropy based method to perform supervised learning that learns from local context of a named entity as well as a higher-level context such as hypernyms/hyponyms from Wikipedia and WordNet.
SEX-OF-RATER BIAS IN CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF ORGANIC BRAIN DAMAGE USING THE BENDER-GESTALT AND MEMORY-FOR-DESIGNS TESTS

Although there are many reported sex differences in cognitive style, there has been no examination of the sex of the rater as a possible source of error in the clinical diagnosis of organic brain damage. In the present study, 4 male and 4 female Ph.D. clinical psychologists (Raters) judged the unidentified Bender-Gestalt and Memory-for-Designs protocols of 15 male and 15 female neuropsychiatric patient-Ss. Judgments of both male and female Raters correlated highly with objective scoring of the same protocols. However, the females found significantly more organicity than the males. The relative agreements of ratings of both tests with a medical criterion of organicity are discussed in terms of the two currently opposing schools of thought.
Central, peripheral and resistance arterial reactivity: fluctuates during the phases of the menstrual cycle

The purpose of this study was to document the temporal changes in vascular reactivity occurring simultaneously in central, peripheral and microvascular resistance arteries in the same cohort of women during the normal menstrual cycle. Twenty-three (n = 23) women (mean age (+/-SD) = 19 +/- 1 y) were tested during four phases of a normal menstrual cycle. Delineation of the four phases occurred as follows: (1) the early follicular phase; (2) the late follicular (LF) phase; (3) the early luteal (EL) phase; and (4) the late luteal phase. Non-invasive measurement of central hemodynamics and peripheral artery pulse wave velocity (PWV) were performed using applanation tonometry. Measurement of peripheral endothelial function was determined by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) testing in the brachial artery and venous occlusion plethysmography in the forearm and calf resistance arteries. Additionally, plasma NOx and 17beta-estradiol (E) concentrations were measured. Both central (aortic) and peripheral blood pressure (BP) were lowest (P < 0.05) during the LF phase and BP reduction was sustained (P < 0.05) into the EL phase. The timing and amplitude of the reflected pressure wave were attenuated only during the LF phase (P < 0.05). No temporal changes were observed in either central (carotid-femoral) or peripheral PWV (femoral-dorsalis pedis, carotid-radial). Peak forearm and calf blood flow during reactive hyperemia were greatest in LF. Brachial FMD was greatest during the LF phase (P < 0.05). Plasma E and NOx concentrations were highest during the LF phase (P < 0.05). Young premenopausal women experienced an overwhelming pattern of reduced BP and increased systemic vascular reactivity during the LF phase prior to ovulation.
Sharing the Wealth: When Should Firms Treat Customers as Partners?

Marketers often stress the importance of treating customers as partners. A fundamental premise of this perspective is that all parties can be weakly better off if they work together to increase joint surplus and reach Pareto-efficient agreements. For marketing managers, this implies organizing marketing activities in a manner that maximizes total surplus. This logic is theoretically sound when agreements between partners are limitless and costless. In most consumer marketing contexts (business-to-consumer), this is typically not true. The question I ask is should one still expect firms to partner with consumers and reach Pareto-efficient agreements? In this paper, I use the example of a firm's choice of product configuration to demonstrate two effects. First, I show that a firm may configure a product in a manner that reduces total surplus but increases firm profits. Second, one might conjecture that increased competition would eliminate this effect, but I show that in a duopoly firm profits may be increasing in the cost of product completion. This second result suggests that firms may prefer to remain inefficient and/or stifie innovations. Both results violate a fundamental premise of partnering--that firms and consumers should work together to increase total surplus and reach Pareto-efficient agreements. The model illustrates that Pareto-efficient agreements are less likely to occur if negotiation with individual partners is infeasible or costly, such as in business-to--consumer contexts. Consumer marketers in one-to- many marketing environments should be wary of treating customers as partners because Pareto--efficient agreements may not be optimal for their firm.
Probing the role of N-linked glycans in the stability and activity of fungal cellobiohydrolases by mutational analysis

The filamentous fungi Trichoderma reesei and Penicillium funiculosum produce highly effective enzyme mixtures that degrade the cellulose and hemicellulose components of plant cell walls. Many fungal species produce a glycoside hydrolase family 7 (Cel7A) cellobiohydrolase, a class of enzymes that catalytically process from the reducing end of cellulose. A direct amino acid comparison of these two enzymes shows that they not only have high amino acid homology, but also contain analogous N-linked glycosylation sites on the catalytic domain. We have previously shown (Jeoh et al. in Biotechnol Biofuels, 1:10, 2008) that expression of T. reesei cellobiohydrolase I in a commonly used industrial expression host, Aspergillus niger var. awamori, results in an increase in the amount of N-linked glycosylation of the enzyme, which negatively affects crystalline cellulose degradation activity as well as thermal stability. This complementary study examines the significance of individual N-linked glycans on the surface of the catalytic domain of Cel7A cellobiohydrolases from T. reesei and P. funiculosum by genetically adding or removing N-linked glycosylation motifs using site directed mutagenesis. Modified enzymes, expressed in A. niger var. awamori, were tested for activity and thermal stability. It was concluded that N-linked glycans in peptide loops that form part of the active site tunnel have the greatest impact on both thermal stability and enzymatic activity on crystalline cellulose for both the T. reesei and P. funiculosum Cel7A enzymes. Specifically, for the Cel7A T. reesei enzyme expressed in A. niger var. awamori, removal of the N384 glycosylation site yields a mutant with 70% greater activity after 120 h compared to the heterologously expressed wild type T. reesei enzyme. In addition, similar activity improvements were found to be associated with the addition of a new glycosylation motif at N194 in P. funiculosum. This mutant also exhibits 70% greater activity after 120 h compared to the wild type P. funiculosum enzyme expressed in A. niger var. awamori. Overall, this study demonstrates that “tuning” enzyme glycosylation for expression from heterologous expression hosts is essential for generating engineered enzymes with optimal stability and activity.
Use of psychiatric emergency services and enrollment status in a public managed mental health care plan.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of acute-care psychiatric patients who visited the emergency department at a large public hospital in terms of the patients' enrollment status in the region's public managed mental health care plan. The results of the analyses were expected to provide information about the degree and types of access to care for individuals who are and are not enrolled in the plan. METHODS: Data were collected over a seven-month period for 2,419 patients who visited a large, inner-city crisis triage unit. Patients were grouped according to whether they were currently enrolled, previously enrolled, or never enrolled in the public managed mental health care plan. Univariate and logistic regression models were used to determine differences between the three groups. RESULTS: In general, patients who were currently enrolled in the plan had a higher rate of functional psychosis, past use of psychiatric services, and functional disability and lower r...
Heavy Ion Characterization of a Radiation Hardened Flip-Flop Optimized for Subthreshold Operation. J. Low Power Electron. Appl. 2012, 2, 168-179

We have found the following error in the title of this article which was recently published in J. Low Power Electron. Appl. [...]
Body Size, Adaptation and Function

This is a brief discussion of the "small but healthy" hypothesis proposed by David Seckler in the early 1980s. Four basic points are made. First, adults in developing countries have small body sizes largely as a result of poor diets and infection during childhood. Therefore, to acclaim small body sizes as a desirable attribute for populations is also to affirm that its causes are desirable. Second, monitoring the growth of children is widely recognized as an excellent tool for detecting health problems. Growth retardation, rather than an innocuous response to environmental stimuli, is a warning signal of increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Third, the conditions which give rise to stunted children also affect other aspects such as cognitive development. Finally, stunted girls who survive to be short women are at greater risk of delivering growth retarded infants with a greater probability of dying in infancy. For all these reasons, small is not healthy.
QUALITY ASSURANCE IN MEDICAL IMAGING

The philosophy and general test methods that can be used on a routine basis to assure the quality of medical imaging systems are summarized in this article. Quality assurance must be observed throughout the entire imaging process from the initial order for a particular procedure to the generation, interpretation, and reporting of results. Key areas of concern include the optimization of the decision process (selection of the proper imaging procedure or sequence of procedures); the utilization of contrast agents, pharmaceuticals (including radiopharmaceuticals), and pharmacologically enhanced imaging procedures; the biodistribution and dosimetry; and the possible side effects of external agents.
School-based exposure to hazardous air pollutants and grade point average: A multi-level study

The problem of environmental health hazards around schools is serious but it has been neglected by researchers and analysts. This is concerning because children are highly susceptible to the effects of chemical hazards. Some ecological studies have demonstrated that higher school-level pollution is associated with lower aggregate school-level standardized test scores likely, related to increased respiratory illnesses and/or impaired cognitive development. However, an important question remains unexamined: How do school-level exposures impact individual children's academic performance? To address this, we obtained socio-demographic and grades data from the parents of 1888 fourth and fifth grade children in the El Paso (Texas, USA) Independent School District in 2012. El Paso is located on the US-side of the Mexican border and has a majority Mexican-origin population. School-based hazardous air pollution (HAP) exposure was calculated using census block-level US Environmental Protection Agency National Air Toxics Assessment risk estimates for respiratory and diesel particulate matter (PM). School-level demographics were obtained from the school district. Multi-level models adjusting for individual-level covariates (e.g., age, sex, race/ethnicity, English proficiency, and economic deprivation) and school-level covariates (e.g., percent of students economically disadvantaged and student-teacher ratio) showed that higher school-level HAPs were associated with lower individual-level grade point averages. An interquartile range increase in school-level HAP exposure was associated with an adjusted 0.11-0.40 point decrease in individual students' grade point averages (GPAs), depending on HAP type and emission source. Respiratory risk from HAPs had a larger effect on GPA than did diesel PM risk. Non-road mobile and total respiratory risk had the largest effects on children's GPA of all HAP variables studied and only mother's level of education had a larger effect than those two variables on children's GPA. The five school-level demographic indicators were only weakly associated with GPA. The study findings indicate the need for regulations on school siting and adjacent land uses to protect children's environmental health.
Protective clothing for pesticide operators: part II – data analysis of fabric characteristics

Development of objective measurements is an important requirement for establishing performance-based standards for protective clothing used while handling pesticide. This study, the second in a two-part series, reports on the work completed to evaluate the performance of approximately 100 fabrics that are either used or have the potential to be used for garments worn by operators while applying pesticides. Part I, published separately, provides an overview of these issues and describes research undertaken to select a test chemical for use in subsequent studies. The goals of this study were first to develop a comprehensive approach to evaluate the performance of garments currently being used by pesticide operators, and second, to use the laboratory and field data in the development of performance specifications.
Tools for a Formal Mentoring Program: A Guide Every Mentee in Coaching Can Use

Mentoring is crucial for the development of competent coaches (Jones, Harris, & Miles, 2009), and athletic departments and sport organizations are encouraged to use this process that links an inexperienced coach with a veteran mentor coach (Megginson & Clutterbuck, 1995). Mentored coaches benefit from gaining insight and wisdom into their profession and from building important relationships with significant others in the department or organization (Pastore, 2003). In this paper, we provide an overview of mentoring and give practical tools for implementing or strengthening a formal mentoring program. As such, relative worksheets for use by mentee and mentor coaches have been included in the appendices of this paper.
Cinnamyl alcohol and analogs as attractants for corn rootworms (Coleoptera: chrysomelidae)

Field tests in corn with baited sticky traps focused on changes in species specificity and magnitude of response for Diabrotica barberi Smith and Lawrence and D. virgifera virgifera LeConte when candidate lures varied by functional group, chain length, aryl substitents, saturated and unsaturated sidechains, and isosteric replacement. Cinnamyl alcohol, a major component of the blossom volatiles of Cucurbita maxima Duchesne, and its parakairomone (active synthetic analog), 3-phenyl-1-propanol, were significantly more attractive to D. barberi than eugenol in corn and were also attractive to D. barberi than eugenol in corn and were also attractive to D. cristata (Harris) in a reclaimed prairie. Neither compound was appreciably attractive to adult western corn rootwoorms D. v. virgifera and, as previously reported, cinnamyl alcohol is only slightly attractive to adult southern corn rootworms, D. undecimpunctata howardi Barber. The spectrum of rootworm responses to cucurbit blossom components and structurally related compounds amplifies the coevolutionary relationships between Diabroticites and Cucurbitaceae, shows the chemosensory specificity of odor-conditioned behavior in Diabrotica ssp., and illustrates the potential of parakairomones as practical insect lures
Inhibitory Effect of Urine Extracts on Gastric Secretion

ConclusionsFrom the urine of normal individuals there can be extracted a substance which when given intravenously inhibits gastric secretion stimulated by histamine. This gastric secretory depressant is inactivated by heating for 4 hours at 99°C. When given subcutaneously, the daily amount found effective for protection against the Mann-Williamson ulcer is too small a dosage to reduce gastric secretion.2 Extracts of urine from ulcer patients do not protect against the experimental ulcer but do reduce gastric secretion. From this and other data it would seem probable that the apparent beneficial effect on Mann-Williamson ulcers previously reported may be due to some factor in the urine extract other than the one which inhibits gastric secretion. We do not as yet know the nature of the substances nor what organ or mechanism of the body is responsible for their elaboration.
Relational Framing Theory

Relational framing theory identifies two dimensions of relational communication that aid people in interpreting messages in interactions: the dominance–submissiveness frame, which refers to the extent to which people control or influence one another, and the affiliation–disaffiliation frame, which refers to the extent to which people have positive regard or liking for one another. These dimensions act as cognitive frames, aiding people in making sense of interactions and filling in missing information when messages are unclear. The two frames are in competition with one another: when one is used, the other frame is inhibited. A final dimension of relational communication, called involvement, acts to intensify the salient frame and differentiate between degrees of strength for the substance of the interaction. Keywords: communication theory; interpersonal communication; interpersonal theory; relational communication
Design of a Modified Microstrip Patch Yagi Antenna

A broadband microstrip patch Yagi antenna is presented in this paper.It can achieve a greate relative impedance bandwidth and good pattern by using square patch and adding parasitic patch.The operational frequency is 12 GHz.Ansoft HFSS simulation results indicate that this modified antenna can achieve 27.5%(VSWR≤2) relative impedance bandwidth on condition that other parameters are the same.The ultra-wideband property of the antenna bandwidth is realized and the antenna meets the requirement of the wireless communication equipment in a project.
Regular Programming for Quantitative Properties of Data Streams

We propose quantitative regular expressions QREs as a high-level programming abstraction for specifying complex numerical queries over data streams in a modular way. Our language allows the arbitrary nesting of orthogonal sets of combinators: a generalized versions of choice, concatenation, and Kleene-iteration from regular expressions, b streaming serial composition, and c numerical operators such as min, max, sum, difference, and averaging. Instead of requiring the programmer to figure out the low-level details of what state needs to be maintained and how to update it while processing each data item, the regular constructs facilitate a global view of the entire data stream splitting it into different cases and multiple chunks. The key technical challenge in defining our language is the design of typing rules that can be enforced efficiently and which strike a balance between expressiveness and theoretical guarantees for well-typed programs. We describe how to compile each QRE into an efficient streaming algorithm. The time and space complexity is dependent on the complexity of the data structure for representing terms over the basic numerical operators. In particular, we show that when the set of numerical operations is sum, difference, minimum, maximum, and average, the compiled algorithm uses constant space and processes each symbol in the data stream in constant time outputting the cost of the stream processed so far. Finally, we prove that the expressiveness of QREs coincides with the streaming composition of regular functions, that is, MSO-definable string-to-term transformations, leading to a potentially robust foundation for understanding their expressiveness and the complexity of analysis problems.
Dysregulation of the dopamine system in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and depression

The dopamine system is unique among the brain's modulatory systems in that it has discrete projections to specific brain regions involved in motor behaviour, cognition and emotion. Dopamine neurons exhibit several activity patterns - including tonic and phasic firing - that are determined by a combination of endogenous pacemaker conductances and regulation by multiple afferent systems. Emerging evidence suggests that disruptions in these regulatory systems may underlie the pathophysiology of several psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and depression.
The Etiopathogensis of Primary Glaucoma

Glaucoma has been considered as an elevated intraocular pressure that is not compatible with health and function of the eye. Recent studies have added to our understanding and primary glaucoma is now considered as an ocular condition of decreased visual function, manifested by a visual field loss that is associated with an unphysiological intraocular pressure.
Children and Adolescents with Mobility Limitations

A group of children with special health care needs, those with mobility limitations, is the focus of this chapter. We discuss the impact of mobility limitation in childhood and adolescence among those who were either born with a mobility limiting condition or those who acquired a mobility limitation at a very young age. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of common important concerns and issues in the lives of children growing up with a mobility limitation. Included are related medical issues; potential treatment approaches; developmental transitioning; quality of life, pain, and depression; and finally abuse and the importance of advocacy as it relates to mobility limitation and participation in childhood and adolescence. Throughout the chapter, the normalization of the developmental experience of the child with a mobility limitation is considered and explored.
Do They Preach Water But Drink Wine? Examining “The Corruption Dragon” in Kenyan Journalism

ABSTRACTThis was a national survey conducted in 2012–2013 (N = 504) that examined the prevalence of corruption in journalism practice in Kenya. Findings show that a majority of respondents (74%) believe that corruption is rife in Kenyan media. Nearly 46% of Kenyan journalists learned the art of corruption through the source–journalist relationship, followed by the legacy inherited from older generations (20.3%). Cash money (40%) is the most common form of corruption—and politicians are the top bribe-givers to local journalists, followed by businesspeople. More than 77% of Kenyan journalists say corruption in the local media compromises objective journalism.
CAPACITY FOR HEART FAILURE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: ANALYSIS OF THE ACCESS, BOTTLENECKS, COSTS, AND EQUITY STUDY IN KENYA AND UGANDA

Background: Heart failure is a major cause of disease burden in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). There is an urgent need for better strategies for heart failure management in this region. However, there is little information on the capacity to diagnose and treat heart failure in SSA. Objective: To provide
Pharmacological erection program using prostaglandin E1.

AbstractA total of 72 impotent patients entered into a pharmacological erection program using prostaglandin E1. Of the men 35 (49%) used prostaglandin E1 on a regular basis, while 37 (51%) failed to continue in the program beyond the in-office dose titration period. In patients who continue to use prostaglandin E1 the median duration of drug use is 7 months, with a range of 2 to 28 months. There have been no instances of cavernous fibrosis, systemic reaction or chemical priapism (erection present longer than 4hours) in any patient. Only 8 men (11%) were unable to achieve an adequate erection with prostaglandin E1 injections.The most common adverse effect of prostaglandin E1 was penile pain after injection. The incidence of severe pain leading to drug discontinuation was 17% (12 of 72 patients) while mild to moderate pain occurred in 22% (16 of 72). Over-all, intracavernous prostaglandin E1 injections appear to be a safe, effective treatment for impotence in most men.
Enhancing the physical modeling capability of open-source MFIX-DEM software for handling particle size polydispersity: Implementation and validation

Abstract Multiphase flows are ubiquitous in many industrial processes. The inherent coupling of different phases poses many unique challenges in predicting and effectively controlling these processes. Hence, computational modeling and simulation offers a viable approach to overcome these challenges. In this study, we present recent development efforts for enhancing the physical modeling capabilities of an open-source computational modeling tool for real life industrial multiphase processes by enabling particle-size polydispersity and demonstrating with an associated validation study. The proposed implementation was performed in MFIX open-source framework due to its unique feature of tightly integrated computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method solvers for simulating coupled continuum fluid and granular flows. We have implemented the polydispersity feature in a minimally invasive way and provided means to allow easy specification of an arbitrary particle size distribution function, which also enables the user to easily handle an arbitrary number of solid phases, each possessing a distinct arbitrary particle-size distribution. To establish the credibility of improvements, we have carried out a preliminary verification and validation (V&V) study for the polydispersity feature by employing a hopper bin discharge problem, which is frequently encountered in industrial applications. Specifically, two types of micro-glass beads with distinct size distributions are used to fill the hopper in two possible packing arrangements, i.e., well-mixed and layered configurations, with varying mass (particle number) ratios. The experimentally obtained discharge dynamics (e.g., normalized discharge mass fraction for one of the phases versus the overall discharge mass fraction) for different systems is found to be in excellent agreement with the corresponding simulation results.
A transwell assay that excludes exosomes for assessment of tunneling nanotube-mediated intercellular communication

Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are naturally-occurring filamentous actin-based membranous extensions that form across a wide spectrum of mammalian cell types to facilitate long-range intercellular communication. Valid assays are needed to accurately assess the downstream effects of TNT-mediated transfer of cellular signals in vitro. We recently reported a modified transwell assay system designed to test the effects of intercellular transfer of a therapeutic oncolytic virus, and viral-activated drugs, between cells via TNTs. The objective of the current study was to demonstrate validation of this in vitro approach as a new method for effectively excluding diffusible forms of long- and close-range intercellular transfer of intracytoplasmic cargo, including exosomes/microvesicles and gap junctions in order to isolate TNT-selective cell communication. We designed several steps to effectively reduce or eliminate diffusion and long-range transfer via these extracellular vesicles, and used Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis to quantify exosomes following implementation of these steps. The experimental approach outlined here effectively reduced exosome trafficking by >95%; further use of heparin to block exosome uptake by putative recipient cells further impeded transfer of these extracellular vesicles. This validated assay incorporates several steps that can be taken to quantifiably control for extracellular vesicles in order to perform studies focused on TNT-selective communication.
Single-step enzyme processing of soybeans into intact oil bodies, protein bodies and hydrolyzed carbohydrates

Abstract To maximize value and minimize waste in soy processing, all major soybean components, i.e., oil, protein and carbohydrate, should be collected and utilized. Existing processing was originally designed to maximize oil extraction. It tends to make protein and carbohydrate separation from remaining meal more difficult and reduce their value. In this study, a single-step sonication-assisted enzyme processing was developed to separate and collect intact oil bodies, protein bodies and hydrolyzed carbohydrates from soybeans. Confocal laser scanning microscopic observations confirmed enzymatic destruction of cell wall and separation of oil bodies and protein bodies by centrifugation. Distributions of oil, protein and carbohydrate were quantitated in the top oil/cream layer, bottom protein-enriched precipitates, and the middle aqueous solution. Effects of the soybean particle size and the concentration of an Aspergillus niger enzyme were investigated. A pulsed ultrasonic treatment at 1.5 W/ml, for 5 min every 3 h during the enzyme processing, was found to significantly improve the performance and separation of oil bodies from protein. 87% of oil bodies were collected from cracked particles of 0.42–1.19 mm in size using, per g particles, 2 ml enzyme that contained 0.62 FPU/ml cellulase, 93 U/ml xylanase, 5.8 U/ml pectinase and 6.4 U/ml α-galactosidase.
The secret life of Bacon Tait, a white slave trader married to a free woman of color

Bacon Tait made his mark as one of the more significant slave traders working in the Richmond market, most notably in the 1820s and 1830s. Born close to the end of the eighteenth century into a mod...
Design Techniques for Hardware Trojans Prevention and Detection at the Register-Transfer Level

Outsourcing design development and extensive usage of untrusted intellectual properties make modern complex designs highly susceptible to hardware Trojan insertion at the register-transfer level. As existing pre-silicon verification techniques are not designed toward hardware Trojans, there is need for hardware Trojan prevention and detection techniques at the register-transfer level to ensure the trustworthiness of designs. This chapter reviews and discusses some of proposed techniques for hardware Trojan prevention and detection at the register-transfer level.
Visible spectrum polarization characterization of Equus zebra hartmannae hide

Recent interest in understanding the ability of zebras to deter biting flies has generated research into understanding the mechanisms by which these flies fail to target the striped animal. Several theories exist, including the model that the polarization properties of scattered light from their coats may play a role. Here, we report on the analysis of Equus zebra hartmannae and a commercially available fly deterrent sheet, characterized in the visible spectrum. Results contribute to a quantitative understanding, analysis/interpretation of polarotaxis and the development of potential applications.
Abortion and Virtue Ethics

What can contemporary virtue ethics say about the problem of abortion? In what follows I attempt to answer that question by considering both what has been said and what we may further argue from a virtue-focused perspective. We begin by comparing virtue ethics to the two other dominant approaches in normative ethics. I then consider what some important virtue ethicists have said about abortion in particular, especially Rosalind Hursthouse. After recognizing the many contributions her analysis offers, I also note some of the deficiencies in her approach, particularly in her attempt to bracket the problems of fetal status and women’s rights. Finally, in light of these criticisms I attempt to extend a virtue ethics analysis to embrace a more robust recognition of the humanity of the fetus and the attendant demand of a near absolute prohibition on abortion.
Alternative Models of Quantum Computation

This chapter surveyed many superficially different models of quantum computation, which turned out to be polynomially equivalent to one another. This equivalency frees experimentalists to choose whichever model of quantum computation best fits the quantum physical phenomena they have at their disposal and over which they can exert control. We do not yet know which model of quantum computing will lead to the first genuinely scalable universal quantum computer.
The Origins and Early Evolution of Epidemiologic Research in Cardiovascular Diseases: A Tabular Record of Cohort and Case-Control Studies and Preventive Trials Initiated from 1946 to 1976

This article serves as a ready reference guide to the pioneering formal studies in cardiovascular disease (CVD) epidemiology initiated during 3 decades of the subject's evolution into an established academic field that contributed to the public health. The article is not intended to be a history of CVD epidemiology or an editorial about its significance. The appended tables include the titles and starting dates of the early studies, the names of their principal investigators, and references to a single defining article from each. The early observational studies of CVD epidemiology provided a widely useful CVD risk-factor paradigm. The early clinical trials justified the more definitive preventive trials of the 1980s and beyond. This early research in populations, along with others in clinics and laboratories, led to greater understanding of the causes of CVD, to a vigorous practice of preventive cardiology, and to national policy and programs of health promotion, all of which were coincident with a 50-year decline in CVD mortality rates.
Dynamic Imaging of Small Molecule Induced Protein-Protein Interactions in Living Cells with a Fluorophore Phase Transition Based Approach.

Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) mediate signal transduction in cells. Small molecules that regulate PPIs are important tools for biology and biomedicine. Dynamic imaging of small molecule induced PPIs characterizes and verifies these molecules in living cells. It is thus important to develop cellular assays for dynamic visualization of small molecule induced protein–protein association and dissociation in living cells. Here we have applied a fluorophore phase transition based principle and designed a PPI assay named SPPIER (separation of phases-based protein interaction reporter). SPPIER utilizes the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and is thus genetically encoded. Upon small molecule induced PPI, SPPIER rapidly forms highly fluorescent GFP droplets in living cells. SPPIER detects immunomodulatory drug (IMiD) induced PPI between cereblon and the transcription factor Ikaros. It also detects IMiD analogue (e.g., CC-885) induced PPI between cereblon and GSPT1. Furthermore, SPPIER can visualize bifunctiona...
Deaminative Reductive Cross-Electrophile Couplings of Alkylpyridinium Salts and Aryl Bromides

A nickel-catalyzed reductive cross-coupling of alkylpyridinium salts and aryl bromides has been developed using Mn as the reductant. Both primary and secondary alkylpyridinium salts can be used, and high functional group and heterocycle tolerance is observed, including for protic groups. Mechanistic studies indicate the formation of an alkyl radical, and controlling its fate was key to the success of this reaction.
Komplikationen der Ptosis-Chirurgie

Im Idealfall sollte der Patient nach chirurgischer Behandlung der Ptosis Augenlider haben, die nicht deformiert sind, bei Blick in alle Richtungen vollkommen symmetrisch funktionieren, normalen synchronen Lidschlag und symmetrische Lidfalten von normaler Kontur zeigen (Beard).