cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CT Screening for Lung Cancer: Update 2008

Screening for a cancer should be considered when the cancer is significant in terms of incidence and mortality, treatment of early stage disease is better than treatment of late stage disease, and there is a screening regimen that provides for earlier diagnosis rather than later, symptom-prompted diagnosis. Lung cancer qualifies as it kills more people than any other cancer worldwide. In the United States it kills more people than colon, breast, and prostate cancer combined and more women than breast cancer. The fundamental concepts of screening are presented. Screening for a cancer is a repetitive process, starting with the baseline round followed by repeat rounds of screening at set intervals. The regimen of screening defines the initial diagnostic test and the sequence of tests to be performed leading to a rule-in diagnosis of the cancer. The regimen should provide lead time of the diagnosis of the cancer. The regimen for the first, baseline round may be different from the regimen for the repeat rounds as the former is inherently different from the subsequent repeat rounds. Baseline screening identifies a greater proportion of cancers with a longer latent (asymptomatic) phase than repeat screening, called length bias. Length bias exists for any screening program, regardless of the design of the study or the cancer. Repeat rounds of screening identify the same proportion of cancer diagnoses found in absence of screening for people having the same risk of the cancer and these repeat rounds of screening can be pooled. It is also a consequence of length bias that cancers found in repeat rounds are earlier in their latent phase than those of the baseline round, a less frequently mentioned consequence. Overdiagnosis bias, another bias of screening, can occur in two ways: 1) a 'cancer' detected by the screening, pathologically proven, that is not life-threatening even when not resected and 2) a genuine life-threatening cancer that is diagnosed and treated but the person dies of another disease or accident. This bias can be addressed in various ways, including by the regimen of screening and by following those who refuse treatment. As screening is pursuit of early diagnosis followed by early treatment, both the diagnostic and treatment performance can be addressed separately. Key diagnostic performance measures of the regimen are: 1) the proportion of screen-diagnoses among all diagnoses and 2) the stage distribution of the diagnosed cancers. These performance measures are unaffected by the frequency of lung-cancer diagnoses and thus also unaffected by the enrollment criteria. The key prognostic performance measure is the curability rate which is provided by the long-term follow-up of all diagnosed cases of lung cancer, regardless of stage and treatment. It can also be estimated by the proportion in Stage I multiplied by the curability rate in Stage I. Finally this report provides a summary of the diagnostic and prognostic performance measures available from the screening trials to date.
Durable oncologic outcomes after radiofrequency ablation: experience from treating 243 small renal masses over 7.5 years.

BACKGROUND: Long-term oncologic outcomes for renal thermal ablation are limited. The authors of this report present their experience with radiofrequency ablation (RFA) therapy for 243 small renal masses (SRMs) over the past 7.5 years. METHODS: The authors' institutional, prospectively maintained RFA database was reviewed to determine intermediate and long-term oncologic outcomes for patients with SRMs (generally <4 cm) who underwent RFA. Particular attention was placed on patients who had a minimum 3 years of follow-up. Patients were excluded from the analysis if they had received previous treatment for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) on the ipsilateral kidney or if they did not have at least 1 imaging study available for follow-up. RESULTS: Two hundred eight patients (with 243 SRMs) who had no evidence of previous ipsilateral renal cancer treatment underwent RFA and had follow-up imaging studies available for review. Overall, tumor size averaged 2.4 cm, and follow-up ranged from 1.5 months to 90 months (mean, 27 months). Of the 227 tumors (93%) that underwent preablation biopsy, RCC was confirmed in 79%. The initial treatment success rate was 97%, and the overall 5-year recurrence-free survival rate was 93% (90% for 160 patients who had biopsy-proven RCC). During follow-up, 3 patients developed metastatic disease, and 1 patient died of RCC, yielding 5-year actuarial metastasis-free and cancer-specific survival rates of 95% and 99%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: RFA provided successful treatment of SRMs and produced a low rate of recurrence as well as prolonged metastasis-free and cancer-specific survival rates at 5 years after treatment. Although longer term follow-up of RFA will be required to determine late recurrence rates, the current results indicated a minimal risk of disease recurrence in patients who are >3 years removed from RFA. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Preliminary findings of the Viking gas exchange experiment and a model for Martian surface chemistry

Earlier results reported from the Viking Lander-1 experiment are reexamined and interpreted in terms of a model of the Martian soil surface morphology and chemistry. Major events in the gas exchange experiment (GEX) first cycle are tabulated and data are presented on the sample processing and transport environments experienced by the soil samples. Oxygen and CO2 evolved from humidified Martian soil in GEX and slight changes in N2 present are investigated. A soil model involving iron oxide coating on silicate material is entertained to yield a mechanistic explanation of the experimental findings, and invocation of biotic processes is eschewed.
Deconstructing nucleotide binding activity of the Mdm2 RING domain

Mdm2, a central negative regulator of the p53 tumor suppressor, possesses a Really Interesting New Gene (RING) domain within its C-terminus. In addition to E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, the Mdm2 RING preferentially binds adenine base nucleotides, and such binding leads to a conformational change in the Mdm2 C-terminus. Here, we present further biochemical analysis of the nucleotide-Mdm2 interaction. We have found that MdmX, an Mdm2 family member with high sequence homology, binds adenine nucleotides with similar affinity and specificity as Mdm2, suggesting that residues involved in nucleotide binding may be conserved between the two proteins and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding may have similar functional consequences for both Mdm family members. By generating and testing a series of proteins with deletions and substitution mutations within the Mdm2 RING, we mapped the specific adenine nucleotide binding region of Mdm2 to residues 429-484, encompassing the minimal RING domain. Using a series of ATP derivatives, we demonstrate that phosphate coordination by the Mdm2 P-loop contributes to, but is not primarily responsible for, ATP binding. Additionally, we have identified the 2' and 3' hydroxyls of the ribose and the C6 amino group of the adenine base moiety as being essential for binding.
Use of Antioxidant Nutrients in the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes, or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), is increasingly common throughout the world. The World Health Organization has predicted that between 1997 and 2025, the number of diabetics will double from 143 million to about 300 million. The incidence of NIDDM is highest in economically developed nations, particularly the U.S., where approximately 6.5% of the population (17 million people) have either diagnosed or undiagnosed diabetes. The two most important factors contributing to the development of NIDDM are obesity and physical inactivity. The leading cause of mortality and morbidity in people with NIDDM is cardiovascular disease caused by macro- and microvascular degeneration. Current therapies for NIDDM focus primarily on weight reduction. Indeed, several investigations indicate that 65% to 75% of cases of diabetes in Caucasians could be avoided if individuals in this subgroup did not exceed their ideal weight. The success of this approach has been, at best, modest. An alternate approach to the control of Type 2 diabetes is to arrest the progress of the pathology until a cure has been found. To this end, some investigators suggest that dietary antioxidants may be of value. Several studies in humans and laboratory animals with NIDDM indicate that vitamin E and lipoic acid supplements lessen the impact of oxidative damage caused by dysregulation of glucose metabolism. In this brief review, we discuss the incidence, etiology, and current therapies for NIDDM and further explore the usefulness of dietary antioxidants in treating this disorder.
Numerical investigation of the uniqueness of phase retrieval

Both a new iterative grid-search technique and the iterative Fourier-transform algorithm are used to illuminate the relationships among the ambiguous images nearest a given object, error metric minima, and stagnation points of phase-retrieval algorithms. Analytic expressions for the subspace of ambiguous solutions to the phase-retrieval problem are derived for 2 × 2 and 3 × 2 objects. Monte Carlo digital experiments using a reduced-gradient search of these subspaces are used to estimate the probability that the worst-case nearest ambiguous image to a given object has a Fourier modulus error of less than a prescribed amount. Probability distributions for nearest ambiguities are estimated for different object-domain constraints.
High-Spin Ni3Fe2(CN)6 and Cu3Cr2(CN)6 Clusters Based on a Trigonal Bipyramidal Geometry†

The synthesis and characterization of two new cyano- bridged cluster compounds, (Tp2(cyclen)3Ni II 3Fe III 2(CN)6)(BF4)4 (1) and ((Me3tacn)5Cu II 3Cr III 2(CN)6)(ClO4)6 (2), are reported. The structure of each cluster is based upon a trigonal bipyramidal ge- ometry, and ferromagnetic coupling between constituent metal ions is shown to give rise to S 4a ndS 9 /2 ground states, respec- tively. A room-temperature assembly reaction generates a purple form of compound 2, wherein two cyanide stretching frequencies in the infrared spectrum (νCN 2094, 2156 cm 1 ) indicate partial isomerism of the cyanide bridging ligands. The X-ray crystal struc- ture confirms this isomerism via examination of the C and N ther- mal parameters. At 40 °C, a metastable green form of the com- pound is instead isolated, for which a single cyanide stretch at νCN 2156 cm 1 is consistent with an unisomerized cluster. The temperature-dependence of the magnetization under varying appl- ied field reveals significant axial anisotropy in compound 1, with a significant axial zero-field splitting while compound 2 shows no zero-field splitting in either isolated form. In line with the observed anisotropy, AC magnetic susceptibility measurements performed on compound 1 reveal a frequency-dependent out-of-phase signal suggestive of single-molecule magnet behavior.
A Proteasome Cap Subunit Required for Spindle Pole Body Duplication in Yeast

Proteasome-mediated protein degradation is a key regulatory mechanism in a diversity of complex processes, including the control of cell cycle progression. The selection of substrates for degradation clearly depends on the specificity of ubiquitination mechanisms, but further regulation may occur within the proteasomal 19S cap complexes, which attach to the ends of the 20S proteolytic core and are thought to control entry of substrates into the core. We have characterized a gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae that displays extensive sequence similarity to members of a family of ATPases that are components of the 19S complex, including human subunit p42 and S. cerevisiae SUG1/ CIM3 and CIM5 products. This gene, termed PCS1 (for proteasomal cap subunit), is identical to the recently described SUG2 gene (Russell, S.J., U.G. Sathyanarayana, and S.A. Johnston. 1996. J. Biol. Chem. 271:32810– 32817). We have shown that PCS1 function is essential for viability. A temperature-sensitive pcs1 strain arrests principally in the second cycle after transfer to the restrictive temperature, blocking as large-budded cells with a G2 content of unsegregated DNA. EM reveals that each arrested pcs1 cell has failed to duplicate its spindle pole body (SPB), which becomes enlarged as in other monopolar mutants. Additionally, we have shown localization of a functional Pcs1–green fluorescent protein fusion to the nucleus throughout the cell cycle. We hypothesize that Pcs1p plays a role in the degradation of certain potentially nuclear component(s) in a manner that specifically is required for SPB duplication.
Vascular Complications of Pancreatitis: Role of Interventional Therapy

Major vascular complications related to pancreatitis can cause life-threatening hemorrhage and have to be dealt with as an emergency, utilizing a multidisciplinary approach of angiography, endoscopy or surgery. These may occur secondary to direct vascular injuries, which result in the formation of splanchnic pseudoaneurysms, gastrointestinal etiologies such as peptic ulcer disease and gastroesophageal varices, and post-operative bleeding related to pancreatic surgery. In this review article, we discuss the pathophysiologic mechanisms, diagnostic modalities, and treatment of pancreatic vascular complications, with a focus on the role of minimally-invasive interventional therapies such as angioembolization, endovascular stenting, and ultrasound-guided percutaneous thrombin injection in their management.
Modulation of the alternative complement pathway in patients with Gram-negative bacteraemia

Summary Concentrations of C3b inactivator (C3bINA) and β1H globulin, two proteins which regluate turnover of the alternative complement pathway, have been measured in the sera of 38 patients with Gram-negative bacteraemia at the onset of fever, prior to the onset of shock. The mean serum concentrations of these two proteins was reduced compared with normal controls (t = 1.8250, P < 0.05 for C3bINA; t =3.9555, P< 0.005 for β1H These reductions were most pronounced in those patients who subsequently developed shock, with or without a fatal outcome. Serum levels of C3bINA and β1H correlated well with levels of C3 factor B, but only poorly with C4. C3bINA, but not β1H, also correlated with properdin. As a result of these findings it has been suggested that low serum concentrations of C3bINA and β1H in Gram-negative bacteraemia, may predispose to excessive alternative pathway turnover.
Modification profiles of bacterial genomes

DNAs were prepared from twenty-six bacterial species and digested with a variety of restriction endonucleases to determine what modifications the DNAs carry. Several general conclusions could be made: 1) First, in no instance was the DNA of a restriction enzyme. 2) The specificity of the DNA modification was the same as that of its restriction counterpart; there were no cases of the DNAs being modified against a less specific class of restriction enzymes. 3) In most (but not all) cases, the resistance of a bacterium's DNA to its own restriction enzyme could be generalized to include resistance to all other restriction enzymes with the same specificity (isoschizomers). 4) DNA modified within the central tetramer of a recognition sequence is usually protected against cleavage by all related hexameric enzymes possessing that central tetramer. Only three families of DNA presented in this study disobey this rule. 5) Finally, a significant number of cases emerge where bacterial DNA carries a modification but no corresponding restriction endonuclease activity.
Narrative Patterns: Uses of Story in the Third Age of Knowledge Management

This paper draws on a six-year programme of research and practice, in IBM Institute for Knowledge Management, which has been recently patented and is shortly to be offered under licence as a body of method to practitioners in the field of knowledge management. It argues that we are entering a third age of knowledge management in which the focus on tacit–explicit conversions, exemplified by the SECI model of Nonaka and Takeuchi, is no longer adequate, and leads to an excessive focus on codification, or disembodiment of knowledge from the knowledge holder. In the third generation, we recognise that people always know more than they can say, and will always say more than they can write down. This leads to a separation of context from content management and a new focus on the management of narrative, or colloquially, story. This paper summarises ways in which narrative databases can be constructed, and more critically indexed, using high-abstraction emergent properties such as archetypes and myth objects. In addition to established uses of narrative in communication management, radical new work in the application of narrative techniques to decision support, partially replacing scenario planning through the creation of context filters is also described. While some aspects are explored in depth, others are summarised and references provided by the author to other papers where more details can be found.
Instructional Case: General Host: Accounting for a Bond Refunding

This assignment, which involves accounting for a simple bond refunding, achieves several objectives. First, it reinforces basic concepts in bond accounting, such as cash flows, book values, interest expense and gains/losses from early extinguishment. Second, it leads students to critically analyze an article from the popular business press. Third, it illustrates many important issues in financial accounting, such as earnings management, the relationship between earnings and stock prices, and economic consequences. Students are asked to read “Paper Money” from Forbes' “Numbers Game” column. The article describes General Host's bond exchange offer and questions the recognition of a gain in such circumstances. The case assignment requires students to carefully analyze the bond exchange and to question many of the authors' assumptions about the economic impacts of the exchange offer. I have used this case successfully in undergraduate intermediate accounting classes and in an introductory financial accounting...
Combined Approaches to Endoscopic Retrograde Biliary Access After Failed Transpapillary Approach

The term “combined procedure,” sometimes also referred to as “rendezvous procedure,” refers to a variety of techniques employing passage of a guidewire, catheter, or stent into and beyond a duct or cavity to facilitate entry to the same lumen via another route. The various antegrade routes for performance of biliary rendezvous procedures to enable retrograde access from below include: percutaneous transhepatic access by radiographic guidance, trans-cystic duct access during laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and transduodenal or transgastric access during endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS). Pancreatic rendezvous procedures are primarily EUS guided via the stomach. Traditional rendezvous procedures are successful 80–100% of the time. This article reviews the indications, techniques, and outcomes of combined procedures, with emphasis on the traditional biliary version following percutaneous transhepatic access.
Meeting the demand for IT employees: can career choice be managed?

Statistics from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics suggest that the demand for IT workers will continue to increase for the foreseeable future. Unfortunately, the supply of IT graduates, as measured through a sample of universities in the southeastern U.S suggest that the number of IT majors appears to have leveled off at level that will not meet the demand. This paper presents one organization's efforts at designing an innovative student internship program that will hopefully both entice students to major in IT, but also serve as the conduit to place these IT majors into IT positions. Social Cognitive Career Theory, a variant of Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, is enlisted to help explain how such a program can serve both as a recruiting tool as well as a retention tool.
Colossal dielectric and electromechanical responses in self-assembled polymeric nanocomposites

An electroactive polymer nanocomposite, in which high dielectric constant copper phthalocyanine oligomer (o-CuPc) nanoparticles are incorporated into the block polyurethane (PU) matrix by the combination of “top down” and “bottom up” approaches, was realized. Such an approach enables the nanocomposite to exhibit colossal dielectric and electromechanical responses with very low volume fraction of the high dielectric constant o-CuPc nanofillers (∼3.5%) in the composite. In contrast, a simple blend of o-CuPc and PU composite with much higher o-CuPc content (∼16% of o-CuPc) shows much lower dielectric and electromechanical responses.
History and Development of Interpenetrating Polymer Networks

An interpenetrating polymer network, IPN, is defined as a combination of two polymers in network form, at least one of which is synthesized and/or crosslinked in the immediate presence of the other. While closely related to other multicomponent polymer materials such as the polymer blends, grafts, and blocks, the IPN’s can be distinguished from them in two ways: (1) An IPN swells, but does not dissolve in solvents, and (2) creep and flow are suppressed. The IPN topology is compared with that of other multicomponent polymer structures in Figure 1.
Changes in GABA b modulation during a theta cycle may be analogous to the fall of temperature during annealing

Changes in GABAB modulation may underlie experimentally observed changes in the strength of synaptic transmission at different phases of the theta rhythm (Wyble, Linster, & Hasselmo, 1997). Analysis demonstrates that these changes improve sequence disambiguation by a neural network model of CA3. We show that in the framework of Hopfield and Tank (1985), changes in GABAB suppression correspond to changes in the effective temperature and the relative energy of data terms and constraints of an analog network. These results suggest that phasic changes in the activity of inhibitory interneurons during a theta cycle may produce dynamics that resemble annealing. These dynamics may underlie a role for the theta cycle in improving sequence retrieval for spatial navigation.
Black hands and white hearts: Italian immigrants as ‘urban racial types’ in early American film culture

Through the concept of ‘character’ or ‘urban racial type’, traversing literature, science and metropolitan life, Bertellini reconsiders early American cinema's colour-based biracialism epitomized by D.W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation (1915). In the New York-based film industry race also emerged from the city's dense intermingling of ‘white ethnics’ and broader shifts in epistemological emphasis – from inheritance to the environment. If Italian immigrants were racialized as innately violent in early gangster films, after 1915 heartbreaking melodramas of destitution and misfortunes adopted instead a combination of still othering and universal characterizations.Half the people in ‘the Bend’ are christened Pasquale…When the police do not know the name of an escaped murderer, they guess at Pasquale and send the name out on alarm; in nine cases out of ten it fits. Jacob Riis, 1890I like to play the Italian because his costume, his mannerisms, his gestures, and his unlikeness to the everyday people of the street make him stand out as a romantic and picturesque person. Actor and director George Beban, 1921
The Effects of Interactive Whiteboards (IWBs) on Student Performance and Learning: A Literature Review.

Many K-12 and higher-ed schools in both the United States and the United Kingdom have made a substantial investment in interactive whiteboard technology. Interactive whiteboards (IWBs) are generally perceived by students and teachers as a positive addition to the classroom learning environment. While there is support for links between IWBs and increases in student motivation, questions remain about the relationship between IWBs, student learning, and achievement. In this study a literature review was conducted to better understand the research to date in this area. Several common themes surfaced including the effect of IWBs on pedagogy, motivation, interaction, perception, learning, and achievement. In addition, the research suggests that these effects are related to contextual factors such as teacher training, teacher confidence, school culture, technical support, and lesson preparation and practice time. An IWB framework is suggested and directions for future research are also discussed.
Characterization of Ritonavir-Mediated Inactivation of Cytochrome P450 3A4

Ritonavir is a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitor and an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 3A4, the major human hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme. Given the potent inhibition of CYP3A4 by ritonavir, subtherapeutic doses of ritonavir are used to increase plasma concentrations of other HIV drugs oxidized by CYP3A4, thereby extending their clinical efficacy. However, the mechanism of inhibition of CYP3A4 by ritonavir remains unclear. To date, data suggests multiple types of inhibition by ritonavir, including mechanism-based inactivation by metabolic-intermediate complex formation, competitive inhibition, irreversible type II coordination to the heme iron, and more recently heme destruction. The results presented here demonstrate that inhibition of CYP3A4 by ritonavir occurs by CYP3A4-mediated activation and subsequent formation of a covalent bond to the apoprotein. Incubations of [(3)H]ritonavir with reconstituted CYP3A4 and human liver microsomes resulted in a covalent binding stoichiometry equal to 0.93 ± 0.04 moles of ritonavir bound per mole of inactivated CYP3A4. The metabolism of [(3)H]ritonavir by CYP3A4 leads to the formation of a covalent adduct specifically to CYP3A4, confirmed by radiometric liquid chromatography-trace and whole-protein mass spectrometry. Tryptic digestion of the CYP3A4-[(3)H]ritonavir incubations exhibited an adducted peptide (255-RM K: ESRLEDTQKHR-268) associated with a radiochromatic peak and a mass consistent with ritonavir plus 16 Da, in agreement with the whole-protein mass spectrometry. Additionally, nucleophilic trapping agents and scavengers of free oxygen species did not prevent inactivation of CYP3A4 by ritonavir. In conclusion, ritonavir exhibited potent time-dependent inactivation of CYP3A, with the mechanism of inactivation occurring though a covalent bond to Lys257 of the CYP3A4 apoprotein.
The established intimin receptor tir and the putative eucaryotic intimin receptors nucleolin and β1 integrin localize at or near the site of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 : H7 adherence to enterocytes in vivo

For enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 to adhere tightly to the intestinal epithelium and produce attach and efface (A/E) lesions, the organism must express the adhesin intimin and insert the bacterially encoded translocated intimin receptor Tir into the plasma membrane of the host enterocyte. Additionally, some reports based on tissue culture experiments indicate that intimin has affinity for the eucaryotic proteins nucleolin and beta1 integrin. To address the potential biological relevance of these eucaryotic proteins in the infection process in vivo, we sought to compare the proximity of Tir, nucleolin, and beta1 integrin to regions of EHEC O157:H7 attachment in intestinal sections from three different inoculated animals: piglets, neonatal calves, and mice. Piglets and neonatal calves were chosen because intimin-mediated adherence of EHEC O157:H7 and subsequent A/E lesion formation occur at high levels in these animals. Mice were selected because of their ease of manipulation but only after we first demonstrated that in competition with the normal mouse gut flora, an EHEC O157:H7 strain with a nonpolar deletion in the intimin gene was cleared faster than strains that produced wild-type or hybrid intimin. In all three animal species, we noted immunostained Tir beneath and stained nucleolin closely associated with adherent bacteria in intestinal sections. We also observed immunostained beta1 integrin clustered at locations of bacterial adherence in porcine and bovine tissue. These findings indicate that nucleolin and beta1 integrin are present on the luminal surface of intestinal epithelia and are potentially accessible as receptors for intimin during EHEC O157:H7 infection.
Growth status of schoolchildren in a rural Zapotec community in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, in 1968 and 1978

SummaryStature, weight, arm circumference, triceps skinfold and estimated mid-arm muscle circumference were compared in schoolchildren, 6 to 14 years of age, in 1968 and 1978. The children were resident in a rural Zapotec-speaking community in the Valley of Oaxaca in southern Mexico. There were no differences in stature, weight and arm circumference over the ten-year period. Triceps skinfold and estimated mid-arm muscle circumference showed small, significant changes. Multiple classification analysis, adjusting for age and sex variation, indicated that schoolchildren in 1978 were slightly heavier and fatter, but also slightly shorter and less muscular than children in 1968. Results of this follow-up survey indicate little improvement in the growth status of rural Zapotec schoolchildren over ten years from 1968 to 1978, and are consistent with adult stature data which show little evidence of secular change over 80 years.
A new cell structure for sub-quarter micron high density flash memory

A new cell structure named ACT (Asymmetrical Contactless Transistor) is proposed for high density data storage applications which require low voltage, low power consumption and fast program/erase. The ACT cell with a lightly doped source and heavily doped drain realizes a simple virtual ground array using the Fowler-Nordheim (FN) tunneling mechanism for both program and erase. A self-aligned floating-gate wing technology is introduced to increase gate coupling ratio in word-line direction without sacrificing cell area. A cell area as small as 0.39 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ with a coupling ratio of 0.55 is obtained using 0.3 /spl mu/m process technology. The low programming current of the ACT cell enables multiple programming to be used and thus it is possible to achieve fast programming (<1 /spl mu/s/byte) with a low single supply voltage (<3 V). A good disturb immunity in program, erase and read modes is also obtained.
The control of variable-speed wind turbine generators

The problem of smooth control of electrical power from a large wind turbine generator to an electrical utility system grid is discussed. A control system is proposed which is applicable to either induction or synchronous machines asynchronously coupled to the grid through a controllable DC current link. A power limiting strategy is developed which spills powers at high wind velocities without recourse to blade pitch control mechanisms.
Introduction: How the Study of Neurobiological and Genetic Factors Can Enhance Our Understanding of Mathematical Cognitive Development

In this introductory chapter, we examine some of the basic issues concerning the use of brain imaging methods and interpretations of the data they generate, as well as the ways in which these considerations may influence the study of mathematical cognitive development. We begin by providing a brief history of brain imaging research in this field, followed by a discussion of the importance of adopting a developmental perspective. Then we review various criticisms of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the dominant technique employed by the authors in this volume, and summarize a recent analysis that reveals the major limitations of these claims. Next, we describe some specific ways in which neuroimaging can inform cognitive theories. Finally, we chronicle major developments in the field of genetics, describe some of the interpretive challenges associated with behavioral genetic designs, and make recommendations concerning how cognitive science and behavioral genetics can best move forward in the age of molecular genetics and neuroscience.
Discourse and Discharge: Linguistic Analysis and Abuse of the 'Exemption by Declaration' Process in Bankruptcy

In Taylor v. Freeland & Kronz, the United States Supreme Court interpreted section 522(1) of the Bankruptcy Code according to its "plain meaning" and permitted a debtor to exempt $110,000 that was ineligible for exemption under substantive exemption law. The decision of the Court was premised on the fact that there was no timely objection to the claim of exemption. Although conceding that its decision might tempt debtors to claim exemptions in property ineligible for exemption on the chance that the trustee and creditors would fail to object in time, the Court cataloged a number of other remedies, including denial of discharge for false claims or false statements and criminal prosecution for perjury, that it suggested would be applicable to deter bad faith claims of exemption.This Article undertakes a law and linguistics analysis of the false claim, false statement, and perjury issues in the context of bad faith claims of exemption. Following a description of the process for exempting property in Chapter 7 cases and a description of basic rules regarding residual remedies that the Supreme Court suggested remain viable for false statements made in the exemption process despite 522(1), conversational implicature analysis drawn from linguistics is applied to develop insights about elements of those remedies.The concept of a "false" statement (a requirement of a false oath, perjury, and bankruptcy crimes) is assessed from the perspective of linguistics. It is argued that upon commencing a bankruptcy case, the debtor begins a communicative process with the bankruptcy court, creditors, and the trustee. This process occurs initially through the verified bankruptcy schedules that the debtor files. This communicative process is fundamentally a conversational exchange in which the debtor conveys meaning through the use of conversational implicature. This bankruptcy discourse, like other talk exchanges, operates in accordance with linguistic principles. Therefore, linguistic principles may be applied in the bankruptcy context to determine whether the debtor makes a false statement when filing a fictitious exemption declaration.
The Gift of the Archive

In her reflections on archival research, Antoinette Burton notes that "the face-to-face encounter with archival collections can raise the intellectual stakes of a project," locating specific material within charged contexts of larger struggles (Archive Stories, 11). Burton's observation suggests that archival work pushes our thinking "outward" that is, toward larger contexts within which our own small territory of investigation gets reframed. Yet, Thomas Osborn, reflecting on archival research, comments, "Archive reason is a form of reason that is devoted to the detail" ("Ordinariness of the Archive," 58). His observation suggests that archival work carries us "inward," toward more finely honed investigations. Both scholars are correct, I think, though their insights stand against each other: my paper looks into the contradictory yet productive tension between the giant sweep of the larger struggles to which Burton gestures, and the tight focus on details to which Osborn alludes. Using the Emma Goldman Papers Project at Berkeley and the Joseph Labadie Collection at the University of Michigan as examples, this paper reflects on the dynamic tension between the particular and the general, and the need for each to mediate the other, that is the ambiguous gift of the archive.
Role of Adjuvant Therapy in a Population-Based Cohort of Patients With Early-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer.

PurposeData on optimal adjuvant therapy after complete resection of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) are limited, and in particular, there have been no studies evaluating the role of adjuvant chemotherapy, with or without prophylactic cranial irradiation, relative to no adjuvant therapy for stage T1-2N0M0 SCLC. This National Cancer Data Base analysis was performed to determine the potential benefits of adjuvant chemotherapy with and without prophylactic cranial irradiation in patients who undergo complete resection for early-stage small-cell lung cancer.Patients and MethodsOverall survival of patients with pathologic T1-2N0M0 SCLC who underwent complete resection in the National Cancer Data Base from 2003 to 2011, stratified by adjuvant therapy regimen, was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards analysis. Patients treated with induction therapy and those who died within 30 days of surgery were excluded from analysis.ResultsOf 1,574 patients who had pT1-2N0M0 SCLC during the study period, 9...
Bernini's Borghese Sculptures: Another View

As modern scholarship has shown, the three famous statues that Bernini executed for Cardinal Scipione Borghese — the Pluto and Persephone, the David, and the Apollo and Daphne — were not freestanding originally but placed next to walls. The purpose of this essay is to show that it does not necessarily follow that the statues were meant to be seen from a single, ideal viewpoint and that their content was meant to be grasped in a sudden or dramatic moment. An alternative way of seeing the statues is proposed, based on new evidence of the statues' precise locations and the relation that at least one of these works bears to contemporary narrative poetry.
Alteration of 14C-Dextroamphetamine Sulfate Absorption by Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition∗

SummaryAcetazolamide treatment does not increase the permeability of the blood-brain barrier to 14C-d-amphetamine but does alter the absorption of this drug from intraperitoneal and intraduodenal injection sites. The increased rate of absorption of d-amphetamine from the duodenum is inferred to be the result of a pH change produced by the inhibition of carbonic anhydrase.
Gender and psychotropic drug use.

OBJECTIVES Although studies have documented women's greater use of prescribed psychotropic drugs, few have explicitly examined how women and men differ in psychotropic drug use. This study examines gender differences in aggregate psychotropic drug use, as well as use of specific therapeutic categories, and explores how other factors explaining psychotropic drug use vary by gender. METHODS Using 1989 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) data, logistic regression analysis is used to estimate the probability of psychotropic drug use in aggregate and for four therapeutic categories--anxiolytics, sedative-hypnotics, antidepressants, and antipsychotics. For equations where gender is statistically significant, separate logistic regression equations are estimated to determine the explanatory variables that vary by gender. RESULTS The probability of receiving any psychotropic drug is 55% greater in office visits by women than those by men, all else constant. Further, gender is a positive and significant predictor of anxiolytic and antidepressant use. Variables estimating anxiolytic and antidepressant use that differ by gender include diagnosis, physician specialty, and payment source for the office visit. CONCLUSIONS Findings confirm research that has demonstrated that women are more likely than men to receive any psychotropic drug in office-based care. This gender differential holds only for anxiolytics and antidepressants. In addition, there were significant differences in the predictors of drug use for women and men.
Length Optimization of Coring Tube at Different Curvature Wellhole

The longer rock core can be taken by long coring tube in the horizontal well,but coring tube will occur bending deformation and bear greater bending stress through the curvature.Three-dimensional finite element model is established to analyze the load and the deformation of coring tube with large deformation and non-linear contact theory of ANSYS software.The length of the coring tube is optimized at different curvature and a new passing ability assessment study method is provided.
A Case of Pulmonary Mucormycosis Mimicking Bilateral Pulmonary Edema on Chest X-ray

Pulmonary mucormycosis is an uncommon, but important opportunistic fungal infection associated with diabetes mellitus, leukemia, lymphoma and other immunocompromised states. Mucor species grow best in acidic-high glucose medium. which explaining the particular susceptibility of diabetic patient who are ketoacidic. Early consideration of this diagnosis, along with aggressive diagnostic evaluation, is critical to effective therapy and patient survival. We have experienced a case of pulmonary murcomycosis mimicking bilateral pulmonary edema on chest Xray that associated with diabetic ketoacidosis. A brief review of the literature was given.
Investigation of the titer level of hepatitis B antibody in Uygur and Han children in Urumqi

Objective The objective of the study was to assess the titer level of hepatitis B antibody in Uygur and Han children in Urumqi, so to provide a reference for the prevention and control of hepatitis B in Urumqi. Methods 350 children aged between 1and 7, including 255 Han and 95 Uygur children, were selected by random cluster sampling. ELISA was used to determine the content of hepatitis B surface antibodies. Results Positive rate of hepatitis B surface antibody varied among children of different ethnics and in different age groups(P0.05), and titer level of hepatitis B surface antibodies differed between ethnics(P0.05). No significant difference in hepatitis B surface antibody titer was observed between different age groups and gender(P0.05).Conclusion Immunization with hepatitis B vaccine for ethnic minorities and older children should be strengthened to improve its protective effect against hepatitis B.
Ethnic identity, school connectedness, and achievement in standardized tests among Mexican-origin youth.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the association between school connectedness and performance in standardized test scores and whether this association was moderated by ethnic private regard. METHOD The study combines self-report data with school district reported data on standardized test scores in reading and math and free and reduced lunch status. Participants included 436 Mexican-origin youth attending a middle school in a southwestern U.S. state. Participants were on average 12.34 years of age (SD = .95) and 51.8% female and 48.2% male. RESULTS After controlling for age, gender, free and reduced lunch status, and generational status, school connectedness and ethnic private regard were both positive predictors of standardized test scores in reading and math. Results also revealed a significant interaction between school connectedness and ethnic private regard in predicting standardized test scores in reading, such that participants who were low on ethnic private regard and low on school connectedness reported lower levels of achievement compared to participants who were low on ethnic private regard but high on school connectedness. At high levels of ethnic private regard, high or low levels of school connectedness were not associated with higher or lower standardized test scores in reading. CONCLUSION The findings in this study provide support for the protective role that ethnic private regard plays in the educational experiences of Mexican-origin youth and highlights how the local school context may play a role in shaping this finding. (PsycINFO Database Record
Standing Surgical Procedures of the Foot

Surgical conditions of the foot occasionally can be managed in the standing horse. This article discusses the surgical techniques that may be employed to treat selected foot problems in the ambulatory horse. Surgical conditions that are addressed include cracks of the hoof wall, avulsion of the coronary band, penetrating wounds in the region of the frog, necrosis of the collateral cartilage, osteitis and sequestration of the distal phalanx, keratoma, gravel, and laminitis.
Perceptual content is indexed to attention

Attention seems to raise a problem for pure representationalism, the view that phenomenal content supervenes on representational content. The problem is that shifts of attention sometimes seem to bring about a change in phenomenal content without a change in representational content. I argue that the representationalist can meet this challenge, but that doing so requires a new view of the representational content of perception. On this new view, the representational content of perception is always relative to a way of attending. I call this the attention-indexed view of perceptual content.
The Library Publishing Coalition: organizing libraries to enhance scholarly publishing

Library-based publishing efforts are gaining traction in academic and research libraries across the world, primarily in response to perceived gaps in the scholarly publishing system. Though publishing is a new area of work for libraries, it is often a natural outgrowth of their existing infrastructure and skill sets, leveraging the institutional repository as publishing platform and repositioning librarians’ skills as information managers. For decades, these initiatives were primarily ad hoc and local, limiting the potential for library publishing to effect significant change. In 2013, over 60 academic and research libraries collectively founded the Library Publishing Coalition (LPC), a professional association expressly charged with facilitating knowledge sharing, collaboration and advocacy for this growing field. This article offers an overview of library publishing activity, primarily in the US, followed by an account of the creation and mission of the LPC, the first professional association dedicated wholly to the support of library publishers.
Hepatocerebral Degeneration or Valproate Toxicity

Six children with refractory seizures and focal neuronal damage who died of liver failure are reported from the Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO.
Improved radiation detectors on 4H-SiC epilayers by edge termination

We report the development of an edge termination by depositing thin Si3N4 passivating film on 4H-SiC epilayer based radiation detector. The edge termination method is shown to be very effective for improving both the detector leakage current and radiation detection performance compared with that of a conventional detector fabricated from the same parent wafer. The detector leakage current was found to have improved two orders of magnitude. Significant improvement in radiation detection performance was shown from alpha spectroscopy measurements prior and subsequent to Si3N4 edge termination. Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS) measurements revealed a reduction in life-time killing defects of detectors with Si3N4 edge termination which could be related to the observed improvements in radiation detection performance.