cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Democracy and the Intersection of Prisons, Racism, and Capital

Rutgers University History Professor David Oshinsky's book entitled "'Worse Than Slavery': Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice" provides a historical study of criminal justice and its intersection with capital and racism, shedding light on the modern threat to democracy posed by the profit-driven prison industry. Oshinsky's book shows us that the intersection of penology, race, and capital insulated from the public eye is a threat to democracy. The problem of this intersection, however, is not merely part of Oshinsky's detailed account of the past; it is happening now and is the quintessential reason for an increased form of democratic oversight of the state's power to incarcerate. Without popular vigilance when it comes to this intersection, the social policy of the country as it relates to imprisonment is left to those with capital to reinforce the racism of the greater society. A monster is created that grows without any true reference to crime or safety. Clearly, in times such as these, we have a great deal to learn from this important book. In this essay, I review Oshinsky's book as both a backdrop for the current prison-industrial state's unprecedented growth and as a spring board for an analysis of these grave issues facing the nationwide criminal justice and penal system today. In Part II, I recount Oshinsky's depiction of the convict leasing system in the Jim Crow South. I then show that this institution's intersection of race, the criminal justice system, and capital provides insight into the explosion of the modern day prison industry and its effects in furthering racial supremacy. In Part III, I explore Oshinsky's history of Mississippi's handling of prisoners while paying close attention to the processes that brought about the reforms that have occurred. This history provides a jumping-off point for an examination of the current law as it pertains to access to prisons by the public. This necessary right of access is the only guarantor of democratic oversight in this particularly grave time of profit-driven expansion of prisons and the increasing incarceration of African Americans. Ultimately, "Worse Than Slavery" points us, in a way that only history can, to the necessity of vigilant democratic oversight of the state and its connection to capital and racism in the modern prison-industrial complex.
Distinguishing between an eavesdropper and component degradations in secure optical systems and networks

Advances in photonic technology drive the next generation communications network to be "mostly-optical" and able to transport an enormous aggregate client traffic, a good part of which is of high importance and sensitivity and thus classified. As such, the optical signal is of interest to eavesdroppers. However, interception of the optical medium affects the characteristics and the quality of the optical signal. The latter is also the result of simple photonic component degradation and impairment. Similarly, an increase of wavelength density in fiber increases the photon-matter interactions which also contribute to signal distortions. Therefore, in a multi-wavelength communications network, malicious interceptions may emulate parametric degradations of optical and photonic devices. Thus, the best defense is a good understanding of the degradation mechanisms in a secure optical link. In this paper we review degradation and failure mechanisms of optical components, we identify observable parameters and predictors, and we conclusively infer degradations/failures that affect the signal quality, service and network, so that a malicious interception can be distinguished from a degrading mechanism. We also present a cost effective and efficient remedial strategy for channel reassignment and/or switch to protection.
Effects of Hypoosmolality on Resistance to Blood Flow and upon Blood Pressure

The effects of hyperosmolality on the resistance to blood flow through intact vascular beds and upon blood pressure are now well established. The effects of hypoosmolality are less well established because it is difficult to produce an isolated reduction in plasma sodium concentration and hence osmolality in blood perfused vascular beds and in all of the blood of the intact animal. In early studies we reduced the osmolality of the blood entering the canine forelimb and kidney (Amer. J. Cardiol. 8, 533 (1961); Amer. J. Physiol. 217. 1216 (1969); Amer. J. Physiol. 220, 384 (1971)) by rapid intra-arterial infusion of hypoosmotic solutions of sodium chloride, dextrose and urea and compared the resistance responses with those seen during equally rapid infusions of isosmotic solutions of the same agents. Resistance was higher during infusion of the hypoosmotic solutions, particularly in kidney, and additional infusions while measuring lymphatic vessel pressure, perfusing with cell free fluids and administering papaverine suggested that, in the kidney, the difference results, to a large extent, from active vasoconstriction subsequent to osmotic shift of water into the vascular smooth muscle cells. In the intact dog, rapid intravenous infusion of Ringer’s solution low in sodium chloride content raised blood pressure while an equally rapid infusion of an isosmotic Ringer’s solution was without effect (Amer. J. Physiol. 218, 234 1970)).
Orthogonal Exponentials for Bernoulli Iterated Function Systems

We investigate certain spectral properties of the Bernoulli convolution measures on attractor sets arising from iterated function systems (IFSs) on ℝ. In particular, we examine collections of orthogonal exponential functions in the Hilbert space of square-integrable functions on the attractor. We carefully examine a test case λ = 3/4 in which the IFS has overlap. We also determine rational λ = a/b for which infinite sets of orthogonal exponentials exist.
A compact, high-gain Q-band stacked power amplifier in 45nm SOI CMOS with 19.2dBm P sat and 19% PAE

We present a compact, high-gain power amplifier (PA) that achieves high power and high output impedance through a 4-stacked architecture. By proper adjustment of device sizes and bias voltages, the optimum load impedance for maximum Psat is moved close to 50Ohm which eliminates the need for an output matching network. The single-stage PA exhibits a high gain of 16 dB which is more than twice the gain of previously reported PAs and 19.2dBm Psat and 19% PAE which are comparable to the state-of-the-art CMOS PAs at Q-band. The very compact area of 0.09 mm2 and the high gain makes this design a suitable unit PA to be used for further parallel power combining to reach Watt levels of output power.
3D Finger Biometrics

This paper investigates the use of the back surface of the hand, specifically the fingers, as a biometric feature. We focus our efforts on the index, middle and ring fingers. We use segmented 3D range images of the back of the hand. At each pixel lying on one of the these fingers, the minimum and maximum curvature values are calculated and then used to compute the shape index, resulting in a shape index image of each of the three fingers. The shape index images are then compared to determine the similarity between two images. We use data sets obtained over time to analyze the stability of this feature, and examine the performance of each finger as a separate biometric feature along with the performance obtained by combining them. Our approach yields good results indicating this approach should be further researched.
Towards a distributed memory implementation of Sisal

Sisal is a functional language for scientific applications implemented efficiently on shared memory, vector, and hierarchical memory multiprocessors. The current compiler assumes a flat, shared addressing space, and the runtime system is implemented using locks and shared queues. This paper describes a first implementation of Sisal on the nCUBE 2 distributed memory architecture. Most of the effort is focused on altering the runtime system for execution in a message passing environment and providing the Sisal compiler with a distributed shared memory. The authors give preliminary performance results and outline future work. >
Faster algorithms for optical switch configuration

All-optical networks using wavelength division multiplexing are increasingly coming to be regarded as the technology of choice for the next generation of wide-area backbone networks. These networks incorporate optical switches that employ the concept of Latin Routers for assigning wavelengths to routes. The issue of maximizing wavelength utilization at these switching devices is of great importance since it lends to significant improvements in overall network performance. In this paper we present two fast approximation algorithms-GREEDY and MATCH for the problem of maximizing wavelength utilization at Latin Routers. These are the first known polynomial-time approximation algorithms for the problem of maximizing the number of entries that can be added to a partially filled Latin Square that achieve non-trivial worst-case performance guarantees. These algorithms are easily implementable and have very small constants in their running times making them eminently suitable far actual use in real-world optical switches. We also provide strong experimental evidence to show that, in practice, these algorithms are near-optimal.
STM-induced void formation at the Al2O3/Ni3Al(1 1 1) interface

Under ultrahigh vacuum conditions at 300 K, the applied electric field and/or resulting current from an STM tip creates nanoscale voids at the interface between an epitaxial, 7.0 A thick Al2O3 film and a Ni3Al(1 1 1) substrate. This phenomenon is independent of tip polarity. Constant current (1 nA) images obtained at +0.1 V bias and +2.0 V bias voltage (sample positive) reveal that voids are within the metal at the interface and, when small, are capped by the oxide film. Void size increases with time of exposure. The rate of void growth increases with applied bias/field and tunneling current, and increases significantly for field strengths >5 MV/cm, well below the dielectric breakdown threshold of 12±1 MV/cm. Slower rates of void growth are, however, observed at lower applied field strengths. Continued growth of voids, to ∼30 A deep and ∼500 A wide, leads to the eventual failure of the oxide overlayer. Density functional theory calculations suggest a reduction–oxidation mechanism: interfacial metal atoms are oxidized via transport into the oxide, while oxide surface Al cations are reduced to admetal species which rapidly diffuse away. This is found to be exothermic in model calculations, regardless of the details of the oxide film structure; thus, the barriers to void formation are kinetic rather than thermodynamic. We discuss our results in terms of mechanisms for the localized pitting corrosion of aluminum, as our results suggest nanovoid formation requires just electric field and current, which are ubiquitous in environmental conditions.
Transforming growth factor-β inhibits Leydig cell steroidogenesis in primary culture

Abstract The effects of transforming growth factor (TGF) on Leydig cell steroidogenesis in primary culture were investigated. Basal testosterone levels were 3.7±0.54 ng/ml (mean±SE, N=7). In the presence of hCG (10 ng/ml), testosterone levels increased to 22.77±3.05 ng/ml. TGF-β caused a dose dependent inhibition of hCG-stimulated testosterone formation but without effects on basal levels. TGF-β also inhibited 8-bromo cyclic AMP-induced testosterone formation and hCG-stimulated cyclic AMP formation. In contrast, TGF-α had no effect on either basal or hCG-stimulated testosterone formation and did not modify the inhibitory effect of TGF-β. Present study indicates that TGF-β can modulate Leydig cell steroidogenesis.
Reaction order and activation energy of carbon oxidation during internal burning

The reaction order and activation energy of dense carbon spheres were determined by burning the spheres in dry air and oxygen at different temperatures. The spheres were 1/2″ dia. of high density (1.65 g/cc; BET area 0.3 m2/g; porosity 0.18) and high purity (ash
Interrelationships in the solvent extraction behaviour of scandium, thorium, and zirconium in certain tributyl phosphate-mineral acid systems

Abstract The extraction behaviour of Sc and that of Th in the aqueous HCl-TBP (tributyl phosphate) system differ sufficiently that these elements are readily separable. Although the respective extraction curves tend to converge as the HCl concentration is lowered, they do not intersect. In contrast, the Sc and Th extraction curves in the HNO3-TBP systems mutually cross. The complete Zr extraction curves have not been determined, but the Zr extraction curve in the HNO3-TBP system is shown to cross both the Sc and Th curves. Consequently, in this system, any one of the three elements may be separated as product from the other two as contaminants. In the HCl-TBP system, the TBP dependency of the extraction coefficients for Sc and Th are not readily interpretable. In the HNO3-TBP system the TBP dependencies are operationally fourth-power at high HNO3 concentrations and considerably less than fourth-power at intermediate and low HNO3 concentrations. The mutual separation of a ThSc mixture and of a ThZr mixture in the HCl-TBP system and the isolation of each of the three elements as product from a ScThZr mixture in the HNO3-TBP system are demonstrated.
Steroid hormones and risk of breast cancer

Background. More than three decades of epidemiologic studies have identi6ed numerous risk factors for breast cancer. These factors have been estimated to account for only 20-25% of disease occurrence. However, among these factors, several are related to sex steroid hormones: sex of the affected individuals (women), early age of menarche and late age of menopause, parity, late age at first pregnancy, and obesity in postmenopausal women. Methods. Theoretical models and laboratory data support hormonal mechanisms of carcinogenesis, particularly as they relate to proliferation of breast ductal epithelium and terminal end bud growth and differentiation in the lobules of the breast
Autism and congenital cytomegalovirus

Two cases of congenital cytomegalovirus infection associated with autism are reported. The viral hypothesis of autism is discussed along with a brief review of the literature. Suggestions are made for future research.
Concavity of Box-Cox log-likelihood function

In this article, we prove that, in the single sample case, the Box-Cox log-likelihood function for the power transformation parameter is strictly concave downward.
Bound states of rotons to impurities in He II

Rotons and impurities such as ions or solvated /sup 3/He particles can interact via dipolar forces from the flow fields of the roton and the motion of the impurity through the background fluid. Stable bound states of rotons to impurities can occur with near-zero total momentum. We give explicit results of bound-state calculations for solvated /sup 3/He, the positive helium ion, and the negative electron bubble.
The effect of calcium hydroxide and zinc oxide-eugenol on dentine in extracted human teeth

Abstract An in vitro investigation using clinical radiographs and microradiography was designed to test the effects of zinc oxide-eugenol and calcium hydroxide (Dycal) on sound and carious dentine in sixty-four previously extracted human teeth. No change in radiodensity was detected for the sound samples treated with calcium hydroxide or zinc oxide-eugenol or for the carious samples treated with zinc oxide-eugenol. Seven of the sixteen carious samples (42 per cent) treated with calcium hydroxide demonstrated, on microradiographs, a radiopaque area beneath the treatment site which was interpreted as a penetration of the calcium hydroxide into the carious dentinal tubuli.
The effects of reduced time limits on prolonged eating behavior

Abstract The present research investigated the effects of gradually reduced temporal limits on a child's prolonged eating behavior. A changing-criterion single-case design in both the home and other settings was used to assess the effects of the sequential series of reductions in the time limits allowed for reinforced meal completion. The instituted time limits produced reductions in the amount of time the child used to finish meals.
Stationary phases for packed-column supercritical fluid chromatography

Virtually all contemporary research using packed columns in SFC is performed with column packings and column dimensions optimized for high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) [1]. This catalyzed the early development of practical applications of packed column SFC and provided a variety of stationary phase chemistries to optimize individual separations with the limited selection of available supercritical fluids with favorable critical constants. The lack of a reliable theoretical framework for kinetic optimization of column parameters has also served to deflect attention from the question of whether columns designed for the separation of low-molecular-weight solutes with incompressible liquids are necessarily ideal for the typical separations most suited to SFC [2]. It is still too early to answer this question definitively but at least some positive statements can be made concerning column dimensions, packings, and operating conditions that are most useful for SFC.
Macrophage defect and inflammatory cell recruitment dysfunction in Salmonella susceptible C3H/HeJ mice.

Abstract C3H/HeJ mice are homozygous for the Lps d allele and, as a consequence, are hyporesponsive to all of the biological effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that have been studied. These mice die in the early phase of infection when inoculated with virulent Salmonella . This susceptibility is also regulated by the Lps d allele. The mechanism of Lps d - conferred Salmonella susceptibility was evaluated in these studies. The response of C3H/HeJ mice to S. typhimurium strains of differing virulence was compared in a series of in vivo experiments to the response of: (1) endotoxin-responsive ( Lps n ) mice that carry another Salmonella susceptibility gene ( Ity s ) and (2) endotoxin-responsive mice that carry a Salmonella resistance gene ( Ity r ). The C3H/HeJ mice (genotype Lps d /Ity r ) were more resistant than Lps n /Ity s mice to strains of S. typhimurium of reduced virulence but less resistant than Lps n /Ity r mice. In addition, C3H/HeJ macrophages cultured in vitro were less able to contain net salmonellae multiplication than were macrophages from Lps n /Ity r mice. Moreover, histopathological findings revealed that S. typhimurium -infected Lps d /Ity r animals recruited an abnormally low number of cells into their livers compared to either Lps n /Ity r mice or Lps n /Ity s mice. These data suggest that the susceptibility of C3H/HeJ mice may be the result of at least two Lps d -encoded defects: a decreased capacity of macrophages to restrict Salmonella growth and a reduced recruitment of inflammatory cells into liver.
Expression of human peripheral cannabinoid receptor for structural studies

Human peripheral-type cannabinoid receptor (CB2) was expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion with the maltose-binding protein, thioredoxin, and a deca-histidine tag. Functional activity and structural integrity of the receptor in bacterial protoplast membranes was confirmed by extensive binding studies with a variety of natural and synthetic cannabinoid ligands. E. coli membranes expressing CB2 also activated cognate G-proteins in an in vitro coupled assay. Detergent-solubilized receptor was purified to 80%–90% homogeneity by affinity chromatography followed by ion-exchange chromatography. By high-resolution NMR on the receptor in DPC micelles, it was determined that purified CB2 forms 1:1 complexes with the ligands CP-55,940 and anandamide. The receptor was successfully reconstituted into phosphatidylcholine bilayers and the membranes were deposited into a porous substrate as tubular lipid bilayers for structural studies by NMR and scattering techniques.
Logical organization of the honeywell H-290

The minneapolis-honeywell Regulator Company's H-290 is a general-purpose digital computer which is provided with input and output paths which make it particularly easy to relate the computer to sensing and control devices.
Graphic-digitizer analysis of axon spectra in ethmoidal and lingual branches of the trigeminal nerve.

Sections were removed from the lingual and ethmoidal nerves of cats and histologically prepared, and the fibers were analyzed under the light microscope. Neural dimensions were measured by a new technique, employing a graphic digitizer and computer. The outline of a neural structure was traced with the digitizer pen, and the total number of axons, their cross-sectional areas, shapes, diameter spectra, and locations within the nerve were calculated.
Delay analysis for multidimensional queueing processes in CSMA/CD local area networks

A CSMA/CD local area network consists of a single server (the channel) and multiple interacting queues of message packets. The message queueing process in a buffered,p-persistent CSMA/CD system is modeled as a multidimensional semi-Markov chain. An effective approximation method to compute the mean packet delay in equilibrium is developed, based on an exact joint probability generating function of the queue length vector at embedded Markov epochs. We also develop a simulation model to validate approximation results. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first in the literature that enables optimization of the control parameterp for the CSMA/CD system with more than two users.
Genetic Relationship of Stalk Strength and Ear Height in Maize

The rind penetrometer is an effective tool for measuring stalk strength in an effort to improve maize (Zea mays L.) germplasm for stalk lodging resistance. However, previous studies have indicated a significant negative correlation between rind penetrometer resistance (RPR) and ear height (EH). The correlation between RPR and EH is of interest in understanding response to selection for RPR. Has selection for high RPR resulted primarily in increased stalk strength per se and coincidentally lower ear heights, or has selection for high RPR resulted in lower ear heights and subsequently higher stalk strength? The objective of this study was to determine the genetic relationship between RPR and the correlated trait EH. To accomplish this goal, three F 2:3 populations were used to characterize and compare quantitative trait loci (QTL) for RPR, EH, and RPR adjusted for EH (RadjE). The original QTL analysis of RPR detected a total of 26 QTL across populations. Adjusting RPR for EH caused 11 of the original RPR QTL to lose their significance. However, the majority, 15 of 26, of the original RPR QTL remained significant as QTL for RadjE. Because EH clearly had an effect on RPR, adjusting RPR for EH likely resulted in more accurate descriptions of QTL for stalk strength per se. We have demonstrated that QTL analysis can be used to separate the effects of correlated traits from the genetic effects of the trait of interest, and recommend determining which correlated traits may influence measurement of the main trait before initiating a QTL experiment.
Vocabulary and verbal fluency of bilingual and monolingual college students

We assessed the English vocabulary and verbal fluency of college students who were either bilinguals who were born abroad and spoke English or monolingual speakers of English. We examined the relationship between age of arrival to the U.S. of bilinguals and their English vocabulary. The bilinguals' performance on English vocabulary was in the average range. However, despite arriving to the U.S. at a relatively young age, and having sufficient command of English to attend a competitive university, the bilinguals had lower receptive and expressive English vocabularies than their monolingual peers. Age of arrival was moderately correlated with English vocabulary scores. The younger the bilingual students were when they arrived to the U.S., the better their English vocabulary. Both groups had similar performance on phonetic fluency. However, the bilingual group performed significantly lower in semantic fluency. This pattern of performance in verbal fluency is consistent with that found in previous studies.
Functional aspects of Neandertal pedal remains.

The fossil foot remains of the Neandertals (immediate predecessors of anatomically modern humans in Europe and western Asia between about 100,000 and 35,000 to 40,000 years ago) indicate an overall...
May All Your Wishes Come True: A Study of Wishes and How to Recognize Them

A wish is "a desire or hope for something to happen." In December 2007, people from around the world offered up their wishes to be printed on confetti and dropped from the sky during the famous New Year's Eve "ball drop" in New York City's Times Square. We present an in-depth analysis of this collection of wishes. We then leverage this unique resource to conduct the first study on building general "wish detectors" for natural language text. Wish detection complements traditional sentiment analysis and is valuable for collecting business intelligence and insights into the world's wants and desires. We demonstrate the wish detectors' effectiveness on domains as diverse as consumer product reviews and online political discussions.
Metal-to-ligand charge transfer absorption in a rhenium(I) complex that contains a π-conjugated bipyridine acceptor ligand

Abstract This Letter describes a study of the absorption and electroabsorption spectroscopy of a complex consisting of the –Re I (CO) 3 Cl chromophore coordinated to the 4,4 ′ -{bis-[2,5-(dimethoxyphenyl)ethynyl]}-2,2 ′ -bipyridine ligand. The objective of the study is to explore whether Re → bipyridine metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excitation leads to electron delocalization into the π-conjugated 2,5-(dimethoxyphenyl)ethynylene moieties. The results indicate that the two low-energy absorption bands observed for the complex have a strong degree of charge transfer character; however, the bands are dominated by intraligand (IL) π,π * transitions. The spectroscopic data are consistent with possible configuration mixing between the lowest IL π,π * and MLCT transitions.
A discrete-time coordinated adaptive stabilizer for multimachine power systems

A digital PSS design technique for a multimachine power system suitable for easy integration into the power system control hierarchy at the generating plant level is presented in the paper. The adaptive inputs are obtained at each unit as feedback from local measurements, and the reference models in the proposed PSS scheme are designed to reflect the dynamic interaction between each generating unit (GU) and the multimachine system. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is demonstrated on a multimachine power system using computer simulation studies.
Research opportunities at the Advanced Light Source

Abstract The Advanced Light Source (ALS), now under construction at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, is a third-generation synchrotron radiation facility based on a low-emittance, 1.5-GeV electron storage ring with ten long straight sections available for insertion devices and, initially, 24 bend-magnet ports. Undulators will provide high-brightness radiation at photon energies from below 10 eV to above 2 keV; wiggler and bend-magnet radiation will extend the spectral coverage with high fluxes to above 10 keV. Scheduled to begin operations as a US Department of Energy national user facility in the spring of 1993, the ALS will support an extensive research program in which soft X-ray and ultraviolet radiation is used to study matter in all its varied gaseous, liquid and solid forms. Participating research teams to implement the initial scientific program have been selected.
Iterative Decoding of Orthogonal Space-Time Coded CPM Systems

We present an iterative decoding/demodulation technique for an orthogonal space-time coded continuous-phase modulation (OST-CPM) system. A low-complexity soft input and soft output (SISO) demodulator is developed based on the bidirectional soft output Viterbi algorithm (BSOVA) for the multiple antennas CPM systems. By taking advantage of the orthogonal structure, the complexity of extrinsic information extraction can be significantly reduced at each iteration.
The reversal sural artery neurocutaneous island flap in composite lower extremity wound reconstruction.

Reconstruction of the lower third of the leg and the forefoot remains a challenge due to a lack of regional muscle units and minimal subcutaneous tissues. Reverse island flaps have been applied to similar reconstructive problems in the upper extremity. Recently, the reverse sural artery neurocutaneous island flap has been utilized to reconstruct complex wounds of the lower extremity and forefoot in young and middle-aged individuals. We present our use of the flap in a patient cohort 65 years of age or older. Unique among this group was the high prevalence of diabetes and peripheral vascular disease. Nonetheless, the reverse sural artery neurocutaneous island flap proved a safe and reliable means of achieving wound closure..
Abstract 1176: The expression of RN7SK paralogs in tumors of renal cell carcinoma is associated with patient survival

Purpose: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults, and also the most lethal type of genitourinary cancer. RN7SK RNA, a highly expressed non-coding RNA, was originally found to negatively regulate the transcription elongation factor P-TEFb, which can activate RNA polymerase II and pre-mRNA processing. Previous studies have shown the important role of this machinery in growth control and tumorigenesis. In human genome, eleven homologous non-coding RN7SK RNAs (http://www.noncode.org) have been speculated to possess similar function, but no experimental data have been reported. In this study, we determined the function of these RN7SK paralogs and evaluated their association with RCC development and prognosis. Experimental Design: Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) was performed to determine the involvement of these RN7SK paralogs in the transcription elongation using antibody of LARP7, a RN7SK specific binding protein. Then, 114 paired tumor tissues and corresponding adjacent normal tissues from histologically confirmed RCC patients were used to measure the expression level of these predicted RN7SK RNAs by real-time PCR. Associations with overall survival, recurrence, and stage were analyzed with adjustment for age, gender, race, smoking status, family hypertension, and family history of cancer. Results: Co-IP results showed that eight of the eleven RN7SK paralogs were present in RN7SK ribonucleoprotein complex. Each detectable RN7SK RNA showed high expression level in both normal and tumor tissue, with significantly higher expression in tumor than in normal tissue except for n6233. High expression of n283 and n6233 was significantly associated with increased risk of death in RCC patients with hazard rations (HRs) of 3.23 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.33-7.82; p=0.009) and 2.23 (95% CI; 1.03-4.79; p=0.041), respectively. Four other RN7SK paralogs were also significantly associated with survival, including n206 (p=0.022), n274 (p=0.037), n283 (p=0.007), and n6233 (p=0.014). No significant associations were identified for recurrence risk for any of the eight RN7SKRNAs. N133 (p=0.0005) and n139 (p=0.02) showed significantly different expression level between early (stage II 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1176. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1176
From the vulnerable plaque to the vulnerable patient: imaging and clinical implications.

We are all familiar with the concept of atherosclerosis leading to arterial narrowing; subsequently, this stenosis results in decreased blood flow, with dire consequences for the upstream organ. The most commonly affected organs are the heart and the brain. More than 16 million people worldwide die every year from myocardial and cerebral infarctions (1). Atherosclerosis is a complex process that involves deposition of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular debris, and calcium. The deposition of these substances is accompanied by an active inflammatory process (2). Activated macrophages, T-lymphocytes, and adhesion molecules result in disruption of the inner fibrous caps of atherosclerotic plaques. Inflammation results in activation of matrix metalloproteinases, which are enzymes that disrupt the extracellular matrix. Disruption of the extracellular matrix leads to ulcerations and to neovascularization. These biochemical events do not negate the contribution of adverse flow mechanics, traditionally believed to be an important culprit in atherosclerotic disease. It is known that the site of fibrous cap rupture is also exposed to the highest mechanical shear stress (3). The mechanical effects of a plaque on blood flow are now also better understood. Traditionally, we have accepted the fact that a pronounced narrowing (more than 70% for the internal carotid arteries according to the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial classification) placed patients at risk of cerebral infarctions (1). This is not always accurate, and not as simple as it initially appeared. From cardiac studies, we know that the arterial lumen actually increases as a re-
Moduli spaces for covers of the Riemann sphere

Moduli spaces for covers of the Riemann sphere have been constructed in a joint work with M. Fried [FV1]. They were used to realize groups as Galois groups [FV1], [Vo1], and to determine the absolute Galois group of large fields [FV2]. Here we simplify and extend the construction of these moduli spaces.
Ultrasonographic features of normalization of the pylorus after pyloromyotomy for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the time course, early postoperative changes, and morphologic features of normalization of the pylorus after pyloromyotomy for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Methods: The subjects were 17 infants (9 boys, 8 girls) who underwent umbilical incision Ramstedt pyloromyotomy. The pyloric muscle mass was measured immediately before the operation and then at intervals from 3 days to 6 months after the operation using a 7.5-MHz ultrasound probe. Results: In longitudinal section, the dorsal part of the pyloric muscle thickened transiently and then thinned to normal values by 5 months after the operation. It was 5.1 ± 0.8 mm (mean ± SD) preoperatively, increased to 6.0 ± 0.3 mm by day 3 after the operation ( P P P P Conclusions: After pyloromyotomy for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, there is an early transient increase in muscle thickness within the first few postoperative days followed by a slow decrease that reaches normal thickness ( J Pediatr Surg 36:582-586. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Heidegger's "Fourfold" as a Critique of Idolatry

Heidegger's conception of "the fourfold," or Geviert , and the meaning of its various aspects ("earth and sky, divinities and mortals") is notoriously elusive. As a remedy to this situation I propose to read the fourfold as a programmatic blueprint for critiquing idolatry . Heidegger's central concern, I argue, lies with idolatrous aspirations toward immortality, which are typically generated in certain cultural milieus. To make this case, I will draw on recent commentaries by Julian Young and Mark Johnston as well as on one of Heidegger's near contemporaries, Georg Simmel. Specifi cally, Simmel's milieu-based analyses in Philosophical Culture (1911) provide the much needed illustrations that will allow us to render Heidegger's own culture-critical insights more concrete, with respect to the fourfold's dynamic structure and inner tensions.
An Investigation of the Action of Neutral Protamine Hagedorn Human Analogue Insulin in Dogs with Naturally Occurring Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Neutral Protamine Hagedorn human analogue insulin (Humulin N) is commonly used for treatment of canine diabetes mellitus (DM). However, blood glucose and serum insulin concentrations in Humulin N-treated dogs with naturally occurring DM have not been reported. Objective: To investigate blood glucose and serum insulin concentrations in the clinical setting of client-owned Humulin N-treated dogs with naturally occurring, well-regulated DM. Animals: Ten client-owned dogs with naturally occurring, well-regulated DM. Methods: In this clinical study, blood glucose and serum insulin concentrations were measured when dogs received food and insulin (T0), at approximately every half hour for the next 2 hours, and then approximately every 2 hours for an additional 8 hours. Insulin duration of action was defined as the number of hours from T0 to the lowest blood glucose concentration and until blood glucose concentration returned to an interpolated value of 70% of basal blood glucose concentration (Glucoseb). Results: Mean percent of insulin-induced blood glucose suppression was 49.9 ± 17.1% (median, 46%; range, 29–78%). Insulin duration of action ranged from 4 to 10 hours. Blood glucose concentration increased initially and returned to Glucoseb within 0.6–2.2 hours after T0 in 5 dogs. This initial blood glucose surge then was followed by blood glucose suppression in all 5 dogs. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: These results suggest that Humulin N administered SC twice daily is an effective mode of treatment for dogs with naturally occurring DM. Postprandial hyperglycemia is present in some well-regulated diabetic dogs treated with Humulin N.
Physical Map Location of the Rps1-k Allele in Soybean

Several genetic maps of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] have been developed during the past decade. Different markers have been used to construct these maps including restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), simple sequence repeat (SSR), and classical markers. However, virtually none of the maps and linkage groups developed has been associated with specific soybean chromosomes. For example, there are 13 single dominant resistance genes at 7 different loci that control Phytophthora sojae. These resistance genes (Rps genes) have not been located on any chromosomes, but several have been associated on classical and molecular maps. For example, the Rps1 locus is associated with molecular linkage group N. The objective of this study was to locate the Rpsl locus on a specific soybean chromosome using primary trisomic analysis. Crosses were made between 10 soybean trisomic lines and cv. Resnik (containing Rps1-k). The F 2 populations from trisomic parents were inoculated with race 3 of P. sojae to determine the ratio of resistant to susceptible plants. Nine of the F 2 populations tested segregated in a normal 3:1 ratio. The F 2 population of triplo 3 segregated in a 2:1 ratio, the expected segregation ratio for a single dominant gene if the gene is located on the extra chromosome, suggesting that the Rpsl locus is on chromosome 3. Thus, chromosome 3 corresponds to molecular linkage group N of the integrated genetic linkage map.
In vivo transcriptional governance of hair follicle stem cells by canonical Wnt regulators

Hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) regenerate hair in response to Wnt signalling. Here, we unfold genome-wide transcriptional and chromatin landscapes of β-catenin-TCF3/4-TLE circuitry, and genetically dissect their biological roles within the native HFSC niche. We show that during HFSC quiescence, TCF3, TCF4 and TLE (Groucho) bind coordinately and transcriptionally repress Wnt target genes. We also show that β-catenin is dispensable for HFSC viability, and if TCF3/4 levels are sufficiently reduced, it is dispensable for proliferation. However, β-catenin is essential to activate genes that launch hair follicle fate and suppress sebocyte fate determination. TCF3/4 deficiency mimics Wnt-β-catenin-dependent activation of these hair follicle fate targets; TCF3 overexpression parallels their TLE4-dependent suppression. Our studies unveil TCF3/4-TLE histone deacetylases as a repressive rheostat, whose action can be relieved by Wnt-β-catenin signalling. When TCF3/4 and TLE levels are high, HFSCs can maintain stemness, but remain quiescent. When these levels drop or when Wnt-β-catenin levels rise, this balance is shifted and hair regeneration initiates. © 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.
An analysis of the horizontal regime of denitrification in the eastern tropical North Pacific1

A method using isentropic analysis to estimate nitrate removals by denitrification in the oxygen deficient waters of the eastern tropical North Pacific agreed reasonably well with a technique based on vertical distributions. Dynamic computations permitted an estimate of the horizontal advective transport of these nitrate deficits out of the study region; such transport was a large fraction of the total, indicating that horizontal processes are important. The horizontal transports used in combination with estimates for vertical losses and horizontal diffusive losses yielded a denitrification rate of ⋍2 × 1013 g N yr‒1 for the portion of the eastern tropical North Pacific east of ⋍112°W. This value was in good agreement with estimates based on the application of respiration rates to the appropriate volumes of oxygen deficient water and with an estimate based on a vertical model.
Transport infrastructure rationale for carbon dioxide capture & storage in the European Union to 2050

Abstract Along with public transport modification, building and consumer efficiency, renewable energy and bio-fuels, among other greenhouse gas mitigation strategies within the European Union (EU), Zero Emission Power utilising Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is one of the key options to significantly reduce CO 2 quickly as the world begins the transition away from fossil fuels and high CO 2 emissions. Transporting CO 2 from capture locations to storage sites will play an integral part in the implementation of this strategy, as geography, urbanism, regulation, regionalism and currently installed transport systems challenge the ability of the EU and its member states to store billions of tonnes of CO 2 before the middle of this century. While the building of a CO 2 transportation infrastructure is the primary subject of this paper, no discussion of transport can begin without at least a brief discussion of how and where CO 2 will be safely and securely stored, and the identification and rationalization of the capture sites to the storage locations. Only after this exercise is complete can a transport infrastructure be devised that will safely deliver the captured CO 2 for long-term storage and sequestration. The EU Zero Emissions Technology Platform SSI workgroup report used the latest data available from public sources to identify within each EU member state, both the largest point sources of CO 2 emissions and the most likely storage locations. Early opportunities for success whereby relatively pure CO 2 streams might be captured with minimal cost and complexity were also identified. Lastly, the concept of the EU Flagship programme was rationalized to storage locations. Recommendations were given for the assigned tasks. Within this context the SSI workgroup reviewed options that might afford member states the opportunity to begin the construction of transport systems and how an EU wide storage infrastructure might be devised and evolve, including efforts for the EU Flagship Programme, as well as a discussion on what such an infrastructure would likely not become. The report used as its primary analogue the history of the currently installed natural gas pipeline system in Northwest Europe. Transport considerations used estimations from energy modelling of how much CO 2 might ultimately be stored by 2050 as a basis for the EU wide transport design. From that, geographical and urban considerations, physical movement and pressure limitations, CO 2 quality variations, regulatory impediments, legal options, economic unknowns and value chains, pubic acceptance and education, along with verifiable, certifiable storage locations, both offshore and onshore were used to create an overall transport scenario that may prove a workable option in the coming decades.
Erythropoietin and Hypothermia for Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

BACKGROUND: Erythropoietin is neuroprotective in animal models of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. We previously reported a phase I safety and pharmacokinetic study of erythropoietin in neonates. This article presents the neurodevelopmental follow-up of infants who were enrolled in the phase I clinical trial. METHODS: We enrolled 24 newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in a dose-escalation study. Patients received up to six doses of erythropoietin in addition to hypothermia. All infants underwent neonatal brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reviewed by a single neuroradiologist. Moderate-to-severe neurodevelopmental disability was defined as cerebral palsy with Gross Motor Function Classification System levels III-V or cognitive impairment based on Bayley Scales of Infant Development II mental developmental index or Bayley III cognitive composite score. RESULTS: Outcomes were available for 22 of 24 infants, at mean age 22 months (range, 8-34 months). There were no deaths. Eight (36%) had moderate-to-severe brain injury on neonatal MRI. Moderate-to-severe disability occurred in one child (4.5%), in the setting of moderate-to-severe basal ganglia and/or thalamic injury. Seven infants with moderate-to-severe watershed injury exhibited the following outcomes: normal (three), mild language delay (two), mild hemiplegic cerebral palsy (one), and epilepsy (one). All 11 patients with a normal brain MRI had a normal outcome. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to describe neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants who received high doses of erythropoietin and hypothermia during the neonatal period. The findings suggest that future studies are warranted to assess the efficacy of this new potential neuroprotective therapy.
Regulating Debilitating Emotions in the Context of Performance: Achievement Goal Orientations, Achievement-Elicited Emotions, and Socialization Contexts

A theoretical framework that incorporates emotional responses and emotion regulation into achievement goal theory is proposed as an alternative view to understanding the inconsistent pattern of findings linking achievement goal orientations to academic outcomes. In this critical review and synthesis, the relation of achievement goal orientations to debilitating emotional responses, as well as the use of emotion regulation strategies to alter debilitating emotions, is examined. Although mastery, performance-approach, and performance-avoidance goal orientations are considered, the regulation of debilitating emotions is proposed as especially critical for understanding how performance-approach goal orientations relate to academic-related processes and achievement. Finally, this framework is broadened to incorporate research on how the social context and intraindividual factors shape the resultant pattern of achievement goal orientations, emotional responses, and emotion regulation.