cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clofibrate and vascular smooth muscle: Actions on rabbit aorta preparations

Abstract Clofibrate (Atromid-S) has been found to inhibit the contractility of isolated rabbit aortic muscle rings produced by exposure to either norepinephrine, histamine or angiotensin. The inhibitory effect of clofibrate is seen optimally in Krebs medium containing low, 5 × 10 −5 M, calcium but is not found in medium containing 2.5 × 10 −3 M calcium. In contrast, clofibrate does not inhibit contractions triggered by depolarizing concentrations of K + , in either low or normal Ca medium. Since only receptor-mediated contractions are inhibited, it is suggested that the actions of clofibrate in aorta influence an event common to receptor-linked contractions, possibly by interfering with the utilization of membrane-bound calcium.
Palladacycle Chemistry on the Edge of Naphthalene and Triphenylene: Alkyne Cycloadditions and Autocatalytic Coupling

The four-membered palladacycle Pd(PEt3)2(1,8-naphthalenediyl) (3) and the five-membered palladacycle Pd(PEt3)2(1,12-triphenylenediyl) (4) were prepared from Pd(PEt3)2Cl2 and the appropriate dilithio reagent. Both palladacycles are thermally unstable, decomposing autocatalytically at 100 °C to palladium black, Pd(PEt3)3, and perylene (for 3) or dinaphtho[def,pqr]tetraphenylene (for 4). In the presence of PhCCPh, the decomposition is slowed and the cycloaddition products 1,2-diphenylacenapthylene (for 3) and 4,5-diphenylbenzo[e]pyrene (for 4) are formed, along with the decomposition products. Kinetic data again indicate autocatalytic behavior. The decomposition and cycloaddition reactions are faster in the presence of dioxygen but are arrested by the addition of PEt3 or mercury, consistent with colloidal palladium (detected by TEM) catalysis. Further reactions of the previously reported platinum analogue of 3 are also reported. The thermally stable platinacycle Pt(PEt3)2(1,8-naphthalenediyl) (1) decomposes ...
Hydroxyphaseollin and related isoflavanoids in the hypersensitive resistance reaction of soybeans to pseudomonas glycinea

Abstract The hypersensitive reaction (HR) of soybean leaves to incompatible races of Pseudomonas glycinea was typified by rapid accumulation of the isoflavanoid compounds hydroxyphaseollin, coumestrol, daidzein and sojagol. The same compounds accumulated in response to inoculation with the non-pathogen P. lachrymans . In contrast, compatible races of P. glycinea led to delayed appearance of the isoflavanoids and the levels attained were 10% or less of those in resistant leaves. Accumulation of the isoflavanoids in resistant leaves was chronologically related to the restriction of bacterial multiplication. Cyclic-3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate at pH8 caused both the HR and isoflavanoid accumulation when supplied to leaves with normally compatible P. glycinea races. Hydroxyphaseollin possessed antibacterial properties in vitro at 25 to 100 parts/10 6 , concentrations that are less than 10% of those occurring in resistant soybean leaves. Coumestrol also inhibited colony development by P. glycinea in bioassays. Pronounced electrolyte loss did not occur in incompatible P. glycinea -soybean combinations, but was observed at the time of symptom appearance in leaves inoculated with compatible races. The data indicated that the HR of soybean leaves to P. glycinea was not related to permeability alteration but instead to the inducible accumulation of isoflavanoids.
Salinity tolerance of stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae).

Effects of salinity on the survival, growth, and development of stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), were investigated in the laboratory. Larvae failed to develop to pupation when reared in media containing a salinity of 40 parts per thousand (ppt) sodium chloride (NaGl). Maximum salinity supporting larval development equaled the salinity of seawater (34 ppt); the larval LC50 was 24.2 ppt. Deleterious effects of high salinity decreased as larvae matured. Six-day-old larvae reared at a salinity of 34 ppt weighed 79% less than controls, compared with a 36% difference in 9-d-old larvae; by pupation, the difference was only 24%. Salinity did not influence the duration of larval, pupal, or adult stages. Survival of pupae was unimpaired despite a slight increase in number of pupal deformities, and normal adults emerged. Eggs were highly tolerant to saline. They hatched at salinity concentrations lethal to larvae; >50% hatch occurred even when eggs were maintained at 80 ppt NaCl. Sensitivity of larvae to salinities close to that of seawater might be important for control of stable flies inhabiting marine areas.
Towards estimation error guarantees for distinct values

We consider the problem of estimating the number of distinct values in a column of a table. For large tables without an index on the column, random sampling appears to be the only scalable approach for estimating the number of distinct values. We establish a powerful negative result stating that no estimator can guarantee small error across all input distributions, unless it examines a large fraction of the input data. In fact, any estimator must incur a significant error on at least some of a natural class of distributions. We then provide a new estimator which is provably optimal, in that its error is guaranteed to essentially match our negative result. A drawback of this estimator is that while its worst-case error is reasonable, it does not necessarily give the best possible error bound on any given distribution. Therefore, we develop heuristic estimators that are optimized for a class of typical input distributions. While these estimators lack strong guarantees on distribution-independent worst-case error, our extensive empirical comparison indicate their effectiveness both on real data sets and on synthetic data sets.
Characterization of the thermal conductivity of La0.95Sr0.05CoO3 thermoelectric oxide nanofibers

Thermoelectric oxide nanofibers prepared by electrospinning are expected to have reduced thermal conductivity when compared to bulk samples. Measurements of nanofibers’ thermal conductivity is challenging since it involves sophisticated sample preparation methods. In this work, we present a novel method suitable for measurements of thermal conductivity of a single nanofiber. A microelectro-mechanical (MEMS) device has been designed and fabricated to perform thermal conductivity measurements on a single nanofiber. A special Si template was designed to collect and transfer individual nanofibers onto a MEMS device. Pt was deposited by a focused ion beam to reduce the effective length of a prepared nanofiber. La0.95Sr0.05CoO3 nanofibers with diameters of 140 nm and 290 nm were studied and characterized using this approach at room temperature. Measured thermal conductivities yielded values of 0.7 W·m−1·K−1 and 2.1 W·m−1·K−1, respectively. Our measurements in La0.95Sr0.05CoO3 nanofibers confirmed that a decrease of linear dimensions has a profound effect on its thermal conductivity. Open image in new window
Lymphocyte Subset Reconstitution in Pediatric Liver Recipients Induced with Steroid-Free Rabbit Anti-Human Thymocyte Globulin

Multiple measurements of lymphocyte subsets in 91 children treated with steroid-free tacrolimus, and rabbit anti-human thymocyte globulin induction demonstrate early reconstitution of T-cytotoxic cells, and gradual reconstitution of all other subsets, which is complete after one yr. Rejection-prone children demonstrate significantly higher counts of lymphocytes and all subsets prior to liver transplantation, and may exemplify one basis for enhanced baseline immunocompetence.
Hormone-dependent brain development.

Abstract Hormones may be defined as chemical messengers that are produced in specialized cells and exert biological effects on other cells of the same organism by acting either locally (as local hormones) or on distant target cells (as systemic hormones). Hence, neurotransmitters may be regarded as local hormones of the brain, and two different hormonal actions can be distinguished for neurotransmitters as well as for systemic hormones: (1) transient, i.e. reversible activational or inactivational effects and (2) persistent, i.e. more or less irreversible differentiational or organizational effects, if the hormones act during critical developmental periods, especially of the brain. Abnormal levels of systemic hormones and neurotransmitters produced by genetic defects or deficient environments and occurring during brain differentiation can act as ‘teratogens’. They lead to malorganizations of the brain and permanent dysfunctions of fundamental processes of life, such as reproduction, metabolism, and/or information processing. Such malorganizations of the brain appear to be preventable by improving the external environment and/or by diagnosing and correcting abnormalities of systemic hormones and neurotransmitters during brain development. These principles of ‘teratophysiology and teratopsychology’ open new possibilities for preventive therapy.
Walking technicolor beyond the ladder approximation.

We prove that in the scale-invariant limit of walking technicolor the fermion dynamical mass function falls off exactly as 1/p when the gauge coupling \ensuremath{\alpha} just reaches the critical value required to trigger spontaneous chiral-symmetry breaking. The proof is given to all orders in \ensuremath{\alpha}.
ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF THE INP(110) SURFACE : AN INVERSE PHOTOEMISSION STUDY

Abstract The unoccupied electronic structure of the InP(110) surface has been investigated with k -resolved inverse photoemission spectroscopy. Two surface states were detected, partly dispersing in the projected bandgap, with energy positions that agree rather well with optical spectroscopy data. The measured band dispersions, however, are in poor agreement with existing band calculations for InP(110), whereas some recent self-consistent, quasiparticle calculations for GaAs(110) and GaP(110) present surface state bands with shapes similar to that measured.
Early returns on an institutional repository: an exploration of the validity and functionality of pocketknowledge

This poster presentation will reflect qualitatively on the challenges and opportunities of PocketKnowledge (http://pocketknowledge.tc.columbia.edu/home.php) as an institutional repository.The main question explored is whether such repositories are best understood as new competitors in the academic publishing world or as on-going documentations of the larger intellectual life of the institution. The early experience of one such repository, PocketKnowledge - a social archive developed and implemented by EdLab, a research unit of the Gottesman Libraries, Teachers College Columbia University - reveals that users are motivated not only to participate in an institutional repository, but also to document their intellectual life understood more broadly than publication. This suggests that the latter understanding of an institutional repository is a more reasonable, incremental expectation in what is surely an uphill battle against the long-established prestige of publishing in printed academic journals, and that institutional repositories such as PocketKnowledge should consider the strategic addition of functionalities that can highlight the intellectual life of the institution, not simply the intellectual production of its members.
Estimating the incidence of dementia from two-phase sampling with non-ignorable missing data.

Two-phase sampling designs have been used in the field of psychiatry to estimate prevalence and incidence of a rare disease such as dementia and Alzheimer's disease. In a longitudinal study on dementia, since the repeated two-phase sampling is conducted several years after the baseline wave, some subjects may die before the follow-up wave, thus their disease status prior to death is missing. There are reasons to suggest that the missing due to death is non-ignorable. Estimation of disease incidence from longitudinal dementia study has to appropriately adjust for data missing by death as well as the sampling design used at each study wave. In this paper we adopt a selection model approach to model the missing data by death and use a likelihood approach to derive incidence estimates. A modified EM algorithm is used to deal with data from sampling selection. The non-parametric jack-knife variance estimator is used to derive variance estimates for the model parameters and the incidence estimates. The proposed approaches are applied to data from the Indianapolis-Ibadan Dementia Study.
Gender and the JRME.

It is insufficient to discuss gender and mathematics exclusively from a narrowly inscribed form of scholarship or even from only a research viewpoint. Research on gender and mathematics must be concerned with an issue much broader than what is usually considered the domain of scholarship, and that issue is the roles of women and girls in our world, in particular as those roles are influenced by mathematics. The JRME does not exist in isolation from the remainder of society, and its impact extends from researchers in mathematics education to teacher educators, teachers, policy makers, and many others. This is not the first time those of us who publish in its pages have considered these issues. Fennema (1974) published her first article in the JRME about gender in 1974, a manuscript that had been presented previously at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association (with fear and trembling, we might add). At the end of the presentation, a friendly member of the audience who is still a respected member of the mathematics education community said, "Eliz, you have done a nice review, but what difference does it make?" Since that time, together with several other researchers, we have spent a large proportion of our professional lives, both individually and collectively, attempting to answer that question and to convince others that the issue should be of critical concern to mathematics education. We have tried to
The Influence of Ambivalence on Adolescents' Reactions to Anti-Drug Messages

Ambivalence characterizes many adolescents' attitudes toward marijuana use. This study investigated the effects of ambivalence on adolescents' reactions to anti-drug messages. Two hypotheses suggested by past research were tested, one concerning the general vulnerability of ambivalent attitudes to persuasion, the other concerning the effect of ambivalence on message elaboration. Three hundred and eighty-six (386) adolescents ages 12 to 18 were exposed to anti-drug messages. Their marijuana use intentions and other related cognitions, as well as their responses to the messages, were assessed afterwards. Results provided relatively consistent support for the general vulnerability hypothesis—that high ambivalence participants reported greater agreement with the anti-drug messages and more anti-drug intentions and attitudes. No effect of ambivalence on message elaboration was detected. The implications of the findings for anti-drug communication campaigns are discussed.
The summertime low-level jet and marine boundary layer structure along the California coast

Abstract This paper examines the strong, summertime northerly low-level jet (LLJ) that frequently exists along the California coast. The persistent synoptic-scale pressure distribution (North Pacific high to the west, thermal low to the east) and baroclinity created by the juxtaposition of the heated continent and the cool marine layer produce the mean structure of this LLJ. Strong diurnal thermal forcing, coupled with topographic influences on the flow, modulate the jet structure, position, and intensity. A mesoscale model is used to examine many of the complex facets of the LLJ flow dynamics. Several sensitivity studies, in addition to a control experiment, aid in this investigation. Principal findings of this study include the following. The pronounced east–west slope of the marine planetary boundary layer (MPBL) is not due primarily to colder SST values along the coast. Dynamically forced low-level coastal divergence, coupled with synoptic-scale divergence, appears to be dominant in determining MPBL i...
Drawing with constraints

The success of constraint-based approaches to drawing has been limited by difficulty in creating constraints, solving them, and presenting them to users. In this paper, we discuss techniques used in theBriar drawing program to address all of these issues. Briar's approach separates the problem of initially establishing constraints from the problem of maintaining them during subsequent editing. We describe how non-constraint-based drawing tools can be augmented to specify constraints in addition to positions. These constraints are then maintained as the user drags the model, which allows the user to explore configurations consistent with the constraints. Visual methods are provided for displaying and editing the constraints.
Vitamin C Functionalized Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) for Free Radical Scavenging

Abstract In the present work, a strategy was developed to use mild and highly selective enzymatic methods to covalently couple the primary hydroxyl group of vitamin C with methyl methacrylate monomer, followed by a second enzymatic reaction catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase to polymerize the vinyl monomer yielding a vitamin C functionalized poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Vitamin C, L‐ascorbyl methylmethacrylate and PMMA, when used at concentrations up to 133 µM, fully scavenged 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picryl hydrazyl free radicals (0.2 mM). Thus, the formation of vinyl polymers with active pendent antioxidant compounds, in this case vitamin C, retained an ability to scavenge radicals while in polymeric form. The functionalized antioxidant on a PMMA backbone has implications for consumer‐related applications like foods, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products.
Which pediatricians are providing care to America's children? An update on the trends and changes during the past 26 years.

Objective To determine the current proportion of pediatric primary care and specialty visits being conducted by pediatricians versus other providers. Study design We used data from 1980–2006 National Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys (NAMCS) to examine trends in office visits by patients 0 to 17 years of age. During our years of interest, the total number of visits in NAMCS by children ranged from 2597 to 9220 per year. Results Overall, the percentage of all nonsurgical physician office visits for children 0 to 17 years of age made to general pediatricians increased from 61% in 1996 to 71% in 2006 and those to nonpediatric generalists fell from 28% to 22%. The greatest changes between 2000 and 2006 occurred in the adolescent age group where the proportion of visits to general pediatricians increased from 38% to 53%. Conclusions Pediatricians continue to provide most primary care visits for children in the United States. For the first time, pediatricians now provide most visits for adolescents.
Conceptions of Science Teacher Mentoring and Mentoring Practice in an Alternative Certification Program

Conceptions of mentoring held by six mentors and six beginning science teachers in an alternative certification program were explored qualitatively by means of case studies and phenomenography. Interviews with the six mentors and six beginning teachers produced 379 statements that were grouped into six conceptual categories. The categories of apprenticeship, personal support, and colearning revealed the variation in how mentors and beginning teachers conceptualized school-based mentoring. The conceptions functioned as referents for their mentoring practice. Mentoring as apprenticeship was the dominant conception among both the beginning teachers and mentors. The findings of this study imply that conceptions of mentoring held by mentors and beginning science teachers should be considered when organizing the school-based component of alternative certification programs.
Nonlinear decay and instability of a nonuniform finite-amplitude plasma wave

The effects of spatial nonuniformities in the amplitude of a decaying finite‐amplitude plasma wave are examined. It is found that the usually neglected, but experimentally important, initial damping (or growth) of the finite‐amplitude wave may have important consequences upon the decay process. The mode‐coupling equations are solved for both forward‐scattering and back‐scattering type decay processes. The latter case is particularly interesting, since both amplification in space, and instability in time, of the perturbed waves may occur in the presence of damping mechanisms. Calculations are presented which show that longitudinal waves with frequencies in the vicinity of cyclotron harmonics may be subject to such instabilities.
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN GASTROINTESTINAL DYSFUNCTION AND NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS. 1783

Bacterial colonization of the human gut starts during birth and goes through continuous dynamic changes throughout life. Although remedies for numerous bacterial, viral, and parasitic intestinal diseases are available, there is still a severe lack of prevention and proper management of these cases. 12.2 million children die every year from preventable causes, far more than those dying from AIDS and Ebola infection combined. On the other hand, very low birth weight preterm infants are surviving due to the recent developments in medicine. Many life threatening infections are being combated with new generation antibiotics. In the process of giving higher emphasis to artificial methods based on curative medicine some very complex natural events in life are now circumvented.
The quantum Hall effect in graphene from a lattice perspective

Abstract The recent quantum Hall experiments in graphene have confirmed the theoretically well-understood picture of the quantum Hall conductance in fermion systems with continuum Dirac spectrum. In this paper we take into account the lattice, and perform an exact diagonalization of the Landau problem on the hexagonal lattice. At very large magnetic fields the continuum Dirac argument fails completely and the Hall conductance, given by the number of edge states present in the bulk gaps of the spectrum, is dominated by lattice effects. As the field is lowered, the experimentally observed situation is recovered through a phenomenon which we call band collapse. As a corollary, for low magnetic field, graphene will exhibit two qualitatively different quantum Hall effects (QHEs): at low filling, the QHE will be dominated by the “relativistic” Dirac spectrum and the Hall conductance will be odd-integer; above a certain filling, the QHE will be dominated by a non-relativistic spectrum, and the Hall conductance will span all integers, even and odd.
Effects of insulin-induced hypoglycemia on plasma and cerebrospinal fluid levels of ir-β-endorphins, ACTH, cortisol, norepinephrine, insulin and glucose in the conscious dog

Abstract This study was designed to assess effects of insulin-induced hypoglycemia of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of immunoreactive (ir) β-endorphins, adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), cortisol, norepinephrine, insulin, and glucose in the conscious, overnight fasted dog. Dogs received either an intravenous infusion of saline or insulin (5 mU/kg/min) for 3 h. Infusion of saline alone in conjunction with acute sampling of CSF caused no measurable perturbations of glucose homeostasis. Insulin infusion caused a 60% drop in both plasma and CSF glucose. Plasma levels of ir-β-endorphins, ACTH and cortisol rose markedly. CSF levels of ir-β-endorphins and ACTH also increased. While the magnitude of the increase was smaller than that in the plasma, it was greater than would be expected if crossover of the peptides from the plasma were the sole source of the increase. Hypoglycemia also induced elevations in CSF cortisol and insulin. In addition, there was a 45% decrease in CSF norepinephrine in spite of large elevations of norepinephrine in the plasma. We conclude that hypoglycemia is associated with marked changes in central as well as peripheral levels of neuroendocrine factors. The importance of these changes in mediating acute and long-term responses to hypoglycemia remains to be established.
Thin bases in additive number theory

Abstract The set A of nonnegative integers is called a basis of order h if every nonnegative integer can be represented as the sum of exactly h not necessarily distinct elements of A . An additive basis A of order h is called thin if there exists c > 0 such that the number of elements of A not exceeding x is less than c x 1 / h for all x ≥ 1 . This paper describes a construction of Shatrovskii˘ of thin bases of order h .
Host dynamics determine responses to disease: additive vs. compensatory mortality in a grasshopper–pathogen system

Disease is often expected to limit host populations, but diseases do not always dramatically reduce host numbers and often have no effect. The impact of a fungal pathogen (Entomophaga grylli pathotype 1) on grasshopper (Camnula pellucida) populations was studied in a field experiment. We tested whether the effects of disease on grasshopper survival were additive, with disease mortality summing with other mortality sources to determine the total population mortality rate; or whether they were compensatory, where disease mortality simply replaces mortality from other sources so that the total population mortality rate remains unchanged. We examined grasshopper survival in relation to differences in disease exposure, host density levels, and host developmental stage. The effects of disease varied with grasshopper developmental stage and density. Disease mortality increased by 60% at high grasshopper density compared to low-density treatments, and decreased when grasshoppers fully matured. Despite increased rates of disease mortality at high densities, the total mortality rate was not notably higher in diseased grasshoppers (87%) compared to disease-free counterparts at high densities (83%), indicating that a large percentage of disease mortality simply replaced mortality from food limitation. Additive responses were supported in early and late instars, with disease exposure resulting in decreased grasshopper survival. In contrast, the effect of disease on adults was inconclusive. Yet, the disease did not affect adult survival, suggesting that adult disease mortality is compensatory. Therefore, disease reduction of grasshopper populations (additive mortality) is more likely to occur during earlier developmental stages, when hosts are most vulnerable to disease, and at low host densities when food is abundant. Combined, our results emphasize the importance of host dynamics and food availability in how this host–pathogen system responds to disease. Accordingly, compensatory vs. additive mortality may need to be considered when examining how disease ultimately affects host population dynamics.
Induction of nephrotoxicity by high doses of gentamicin in diabetic rats.

AbstractRats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus (DM) are resistant to aminoglycoside (AG) nephrotoxicity presumably because of defective transport and accumulation of drug by proximal tubular cells. To test this hypothesis we injected DM rats with saline or with gentamicin, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg per day for 6 days, to determine if the renal cortical concentration of gentamicin could be raised to toxic levels. Nephrotoxicity was assessed by monitoring for evidence of accelerated lipid peroxidation in the renal cortex, for elevation of the serum creatinine concentration, and for evidence of proximal tubular cell injury and necrosis by light and electron microscopy. At 100 mg/kg per day renal cortical gentamicin was 454 ± 85 μg/g. Except for an increase in renal cortical phospholipids these rats manifested no evidence of accelerated lipid peroxidation or elevation of serum creatinine. At 200 mg/kg per day renal cortical gentamicin rose to 636 ± 20 μg/g. These rats manifested mild functional and ...
Probing local environments of tryptophan residues in proteins: comparison of 19F nuclear magnetic resonance results with the intrinsic fluorescence of soluble human tissue factor.

F nuclear magnetic resonance ( 19 F NMR) of 5-fluorotryptophan (5F-Trp) and trypto- phan (Trp) fluorescence both provide information about local environment and solvent exposure of Trp residues. To compare the information provided by these spectroscopies, the four Trp residues in recombinant soluble human tissue factor (sTF) were replaced with 5F-Trp. 19F NMR assignments for the 5F-Trp residues (14, 25, 45, and 158) were based on comparison of the wild-type protein spectrum with the spectra of three single Trp-to-Phe replacement mutants. Previously we showed from fluorescence and absorption difference spectra of mutant versus wild-type sTF that the side chains of Trp14 and Trp25 are buried, whereas those of Trp45 and Trp158 are partially exposed to bulk solvent (Hasselbacher et al., Biophys J 1995;69:20-29). 19 F NMR paramag- netic broadening and solvent-induced isotope-shift experiments show that position 5 of the indole ring of 5F-Trp158 is exposed, whereas that of 5F-Trp45 is essentially inaccessible. Although 5F-Trp incorpora- tion had no discernable effect on the procoagulant cofactor activity of either the wild-type or mutant proteins, 19 F NMR chemical shifts showed that the single-Trp mutations are accompanied by subtle changes in the local environments of 5F-Trp resi- dues residing in the same structural domain. Pro- teins 1999;37:709-716. r 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Combining multiple tracking modalities for vehicle tracking at traffic intersections

This paper presents a camera-based system for tracking vehicles at outdoor scenes such as traffic intersections. Two different computer vision modalities, namely, the connected regions obtained through region segmentation and color analysis, obtained through a mean-shift tracking procedure are combined sequentially using an extended Kalman filter to provide the position of each target. Data association ambiguities arising in blob tracking are handled by using oriented bounding boxes and a joint probabilistic data association filter. We show that the above tracking formulation can provide reasonable tracking despite the stop-and-go motion of vehicles and clutter in traffic intersections.
COMPUTERIZED SIMULATION AND THE SYSTEMIC SCIENCES

The systemic sciences, be they politico‐socio‐econometric, medico‐systemic, psycho‐neurological, or ecologico‐environmental, must be founded on a computer science that permits not only the expeditious and conscientious modelling of collections of natural phenomena, but also a methodology which ensures that computerized simulation models are stringently verified and assiduously validated by both their authors and their critics. The paper delineates the operational procedure by which simulation models can be well‐written, yet, despite their complexity, subjected to the scrutiny of the entire scientific community in order that they be deemed credible mimics of the complex systems that they describe. The important aspects and evolutionary development of computational linguistics are placed in the context of providing ad hoc simulation languages especially amenable to the systemic scientist. In this context, the role, and value of the use of, the telecommunications technology to the verification and validation of the computerized models of the systemic scientists are delineated.
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSISOF ADULT ASTHMA

Asthma is a chronic disease that usually responds well to appropriate therapy. Asthma is also common, with a prevalence of approximately 5% in most adult populations. 59 Often patients and physicians equate wheezing, shortness of breath, and cough with the diagnosis of asthma. These symptoms are far from specific to asthma, and failure to make the correct diagnosis may result in morbidity from both the inadequately treated underlying disease and the side effects from inappropriate use of asthma medications. Asthma is often complicated by one or more additional diagnoses that, if not recognized and treated, may result in worsening asthma control. This article first outlines the clinical hallmarks that characterize asthma. It also address various asthma "masqueraders" (outlined in Table 1), focusing primarily on clinical presentation and diagnostic approaches. Finally, conditions that commonly complicate and aggravate moderate to severe asthma are addressed.
Cognitive impairment following status epilepticus and recurrent seizures during early development: support for the “two-hit hypothesis”

Prolonged seizures in immature rats result in minimal behavioral consequences when the animals are studied later in life. Likewise, early-onset seizures are associated with minimal morphological changes. However, it is known that seizures early in life result in changes in the brain that make it more vulnerable to subsequent seizure-induced injury (the so-called two-hit hypothesis). Whether this heightened vulnerability occurs immediately after the first seizure is not known. In this study, immature rats were exposed to status epilepticus (SE) followed by a series of 25 flurothyl-induced seizures, SE alone, 25 flurothyl-induced seizures alone, or no seizures. Rats exposed to SE and flurothyl seizures performed significantly poorer in the water maze 2 weeks following the last seizure compared with the other groups. No histological lesions were seen in any of the four groups. This study suggests that SE renders the immature brain vulnerable to further seizure-induced injury and this enhanced vulnerability occurs very quickly after the SE.
Improved outdoor augmented reality through “Globalization”

Despite the major interest in live tracking and mapping (e.g., SLAM), the field of augmented reality has yet to truly make use of the rich data provided from large-scale reconstructions generated by structure from motion. This dissertation focuses on extensible tracking and mapping for large-scale reconstructions that enables SfM and SLAM to operate cooperatively to mutually enhance the performance. We describe a multi-user, collaborative augmented reality system that will collectively extend and enhance reconstructions of urban environments at city-scales. Contrary to current outdoor augmented reality systems, this system is capable of continuous tracking through areas previously modeled as well as new, undiscovered areas. Further, we describe a new process called globalization that propagates new visual information back to the global model. Globalization allows for continuous updating of the 3D models with visual data from live users, providing data to fill coverage gaps that are common in 3D reconstructions and to provide the most current view of an environment as it changes over time. The proposed research is a crucial step toward enabling users to augment urban environments with location-specific information at any location in the world for a truly global augmented reality.
Compiler-directed leakage reduction in embedded microprocessors

Compiler-directed power gating is an approach in which sleep instructions are inserted appropriately at compile time into the application code to selectively deactivate the functional units in microprocessors during their idle periods to reduce power dissipation due to leakage. Although the effect of code transformations on dynamic and system power has been investigated and reported in the literature, such a study is lacking in the context of power gating. In this paper, we investigate and report how the leakage savings in both integer and floating point units can be improved using machine-dependent and independent optimizations in a compiler-directed power gating framework. In our study, it is ensured that power gating is applied only when the leakage savings are considerably more than the various overheads incurred in its implementation. The target embedded processor is modeled on the ARMv4 architecture, which is modified to support the power gating of its arithmetic functional units. For experimentation, GCC is used as the compiler infrastructure and Simplescalar-ARM is used as the detailed architectural simulator for reporting power and performance metrics for embedded applications belonging to the MiBench and MediaBench benchmark suites. Experimental results suggest that the additional savings in leakage energy due to one or more of the optimizations may vary largely depending on the benchmark. Moreover, the overhead of sleep instructions can be reduced by up to 50 times by performing procedure inlining.
Analysis of human enamel genes: insights into genetic disorders of enamel.

Abstract A number of inherited craniofacial diseases are known to be associated with gene mutations. Inherited genetic disorders of enamel formation called ameiogenesis imperfecta (AI) affect the human population with a prevalence of 1 in 14,000 in the United States. Amelogenins, the major proteins in developing enamel matrix of mammalian teeth, have been suggested to participate in normal enamel matrix biomineralization, as well as with abnormal biomineralization such as seen in AI. The complementary DNA for mouse amelogenin gene (AMEL) has been cloned, characterized, and used as a probe to establish the chromosomal locations of AMEL for mouse and man. The human AMEL gene sequences have been located to the distal short arm p22.1 → p22.3 region of the X chromosome, and the pericentrometric region of the Y chromosome. An assignment of human AMEL gene to the X chromosome p22 region together with a recent assignment of the X-linked AI disease locus to the Xp22.2 region support the association of the AMEL-X g...
Periosteum in regeneration of palatal defects

The influence of the periosteum on the regeneration of palatal bone was investigated in this study. Eighty, 8-week-old, purebred beagle dogs were assigned randomly to four groups: (1) unoperated dogs as a group control; dogs in which the mid-third of the palate was surgically removed and (2) left unrepaired (unrepaired controls); (3) repaired with mucosal flaps; (4) repaired with mucoperiosteal flaps. Five animals from each group were killed at 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery and coronal sections examined under light microscopy. Among the animals with complete soft tissue healing, 8 of 12 dogs from Group 2, 11 of 20 from Group 3, and 10 of 19 from Group 4 showed complete bone regeneration. No significant differences were found overall in bone thickness and bone density measurements between Group 3 and Group 4. Histologically, a well-differentiated periosteum was present on the maxilla at 4 weeks, even in animals in which the periosteum had not been preserved in the original flap. These results suggest that maintaining the periosteum at surgical closure does not influence bone regeneration in beagles up to 12 weeks of age. We suggest that osteoprogenitor cells, migrating from the undisturbed local periosteum adjacent to the defect, were responsible for the new bone growth in our study.
Out-of-plane losses of line-defect photonic crystal waveguides

A numerical model is presented for computing the out-of-plane losses of a general class of two-dimensional photonic crystals superimposed. onto a slab confinement structure. The usefulness of this model is demonstrated by calculating the propagation loss of a single-row-defect waveguide composed of hexagonal air holes etched into two different slab structures. The results are interpreted in terms of a simple coupled-mode-theory picture in which loss is due to resonant coupling between the fundamental and certain radiative slab modes. These calculations show that low-loss photonic crystal waveguides should be possible by carefully designing the slab waveguide.
Main-group pallasites: Thermal history, relationship to IIIAB irons, and origin

We have determined metallographic cooling rates below 975 K for eight main group (MG) pallasites from Ni profiles across taenite lamellae of known crystallographic orientation in metallic regions with Widmanstatten patterns. Comparison with profiles generated by modeling kamacite growth gave cooling rates ranging from 2.5 to 18 K/Myr. Relative cooling rates were also inferred from the sizes of cloudy zone particles in 28 MG pallasites (86-170 nm) and tetrataenite bandwidths in 20 MG pallasites (1050-2170 nm), as these parameters are positively correlated with each other and negatively correlated with the metallographic cooling rates. These three different techniques show that MG pallasites cooled below 975 K at significantly diverse rates. Since samples from the core-mantle boundary should have indistinguishable cooling rates, MG pallasites could not have cooled at this location. Group IIIAB irons, which were previously thought to be core samples from the MG pallasite body, have faster cooling rates (� 50-350 K/Myr) and smaller cloudy zone particle sizes and tetrataenite bandwidths. This shows that IIIAB irons cooled faster than MG pallasites and could not plausibly be from the same body. The absence of related iron meteorites and achondrites and our thermal constraints suggest that MG pallasites cooled at diverse depths in a pallasitic body consisting of well-mixed olivine and metallic Fe-Ni. Such a body may have formed during an impact on a differentiated asteroid or protoplanet that mixed olivine mantle fragments with residual Ir-poor molten metal from the out- ermost part of a core that chemically resembled the IIIAB core and was � 80% fractionally crystallized. Separation of the solid core and most of the associated mantle may have resulted from a grazing hit-and-run impact with a larger protoplanet or asteroid. Thermal calculations suggest that the radius of the pallasitic body was 400 km but the likely presence of a regolith would reduce this estimate considerably. 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Effects of silvicultural treatments on Cerulean Warbler (Dendroica cerulea) abundance in southern Indiana

Abstract The Cerulean Warbler (Dendroica cerulea), a once common summer inhabitant and breeder in southern Indiana, has declined at both the local and continental population levels. Because Cerulean Warblers tend to nest in large deciduous trees, they are especially at risk due to deforestation of mature tree stands. Few studies have examined the effects of specific silvicultural practices (i.e., group and single tree selection harvesting methods) on the distribution and abundance of the Cerulean Warbler. During the summers of 2005 and 2006, Cerulean Warblers were surveyed within the Morgan-Monroe and Yellowwood state forests, as well as the Hoosier National Forest in southern Indiana. Three treatment types were surveyed; unharvested reference sites (stands 35–100+ years old) were compared with single tree selection treatments and treatments where a combination of group and single tree selection was used (stands 2–30 years old). Mean bird abundance was estimated from bird surveys to determine if trends exists between silvicultural regimes and Cerulean Warbler abundance. Cerulean Warblers were located in all treatment types, with no significant differences (p = 0.654) in abundance among treatment types examined (unharvested – 0.36, single tree – 0.46, group and single tree combination – 0.36). These results suggest that uneven-age management practices, such as single tree and group selection harvesting, provide suitable breeding habitat for Cerulean Warblers.
Elastic Reciprocity and Symmetry Constraints on the Stress Field Due to a Surface-Parallel Distribution of Dislocations

Elastic reciprocity and geometric symmetry are used to constrain the expressions for stresses due to introduction of line dislocations near a half-space surface. Specically, a relationship is shown to exist between the changes induced by dislocations of orthogonal Burgers vectors (normal and parallel to the free surface). These results are used to address inconsistencies of solutions in the literature.
Repellency of Milled Aromatic Eastern Red Cedar to Domiciliary Cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae and Blattidae)

Repellency and toxicity of milled aromatic eastern red cedar, Juniperus virginiana L., flake board were evaluated against the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae), the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattidae), and the smokybrown cockroach, Periplaneta fuliginosa (Serville) (Dictyoptera: Blattidae). Cedar flake board was repellent to B. germanica in Ebeling choice-box tests but was not repellent to either P. americana or P. fuliginosa . The degree of repellency for B. germanica increased linearly (P 63% of the cockroaches repelled. Cedar boards did not cause cockroach mortality in continuous-exposure tests. Cedar flake boards may be useful as a repellent in indoor cockroach integrated pest management.
Accountability and Coercion: Is Justice Blind When It Runs for Office?

Through their power to sentence, trial judges exercise enormous authority in the criminal justice system. In 39 American states, these judges stand periodically for reelection. Do elections degrade their impartiality? We develop a dynamic theory of sentencing and electoral control. Judges discount the future value of retaining office relative to implementing preferred sentences. Voters are largely uninformed about judicial behavior, so even the outcome of a single publicized case can be decisive in their evaluations. Further, voters are more likely to perceive instances of underpunishment than overpunishment. Our theory predicts that elected judges will consequently become more punitive as standing for reelection approaches. Using sentencing data from 22,095 Pennsylvania criminal cases in the 1990s, we find strong evidence for this effect. Additional tests confirm the validity of our theory over alternatives. For the cases we examine, we attribute at least 1,818 to 2,705 years of incarceration to the electoral dynamic.
Statistical Discriminants from Two-Dimensional Grids of Regional P/S Spectral Ratios

Abstract This paper describes a statistical methodology for earthquake/explosion discrimination using two-dimensional (2D) grids (frequency of S against frequency of P ) of regional P / S ratios. A method similar to that of scan statistics is developed by applying a counting rule on an N -length bitmap image of the 2D plots. An average density of bits is computed for explosions in the training set; it is assumed that each bitmap cell represents an independent sample taken from a Bernoulli process. A hypothesis test H 0 : explosion is designed, and a p value (a statistical measure) indicating the degree of membership of a new event to the explosion population is computed. A statistical method is presented that allows construction of p values under the null hypothesis that the event in question is an explosion. The field of view is the lower-right triangular corner plot for P / S ratios closely related to the high-frequency P to low-frequency S discriminant. The plot is converted to a bit map, and bits are summed and treated as a Bernoulli random variable. Using a set of calibration data, the background density of bits for explosions can be estimated and used to compute p values for new events. Importantly, the p values from the 2D P / S ratios can be naturally combined with other p values from other discriminants constructed under the same hypothesis to form a multivariate discriminant as in Anderson et al. (2007).