cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Structural Barrier to Transition: A Note on Input- Output Tables of Centrally Planned Economies

The paper argues that a key legacy of the Soviet-type command economy is the highly inefficient, often value- destroying, structure of factor use and economic interaction. This structure was sustainable only by virtue of distorted prices and the force of command that maintained interactions necessary to its continued operation, but was as far from mutually beneficial for the agents involved. Yet, as illustrated in examples, Input-Output tables could be drawn up displaying sectoral average-cost covering in those prices, thereby hiding economic irrationality of the interactions. When liberalization frees prices and renders agents responsible for their own survival, the non-viability of the inherited structure of production is revealed, forcing a breakdown of economic interaction and spiralling price increases as each agent tries to cover true costs despite the inability of the technological structure to produce output valued above those costs, as again illustrated in a series of examples. This generates a cost-push inflation that can only be dealt with by substantial restructuring at both the firm and industry level, requiring an investable surplus which the inherited structure of production cannot produce.
Sunspot random walk and 22‐year variation

[1] We examine two stochastic models for consistency with observed long-term secular trends in sunspot number and a faint, but semi-persistent, 22-yr signal: (1) a null hypothesis, a simple one-parameter log-normal random-walk model of sunspot-number cycle-to-cycle change, and, (2) an alternative hypothesis, a two-parameter random-walk model with an imposed 22-yr alternating amplitude. The observed secular trend in sunspots, seen from solar cycle 5 to 23, would not be an unlikely result of the accumulation of multiple random-walk steps. Statistical tests show that a 22-yr signal can be resolved in historical sunspot data; that is, the probability is low that it would be realized from random data. On the other hand, the 22-yr signal has a small amplitude compared to random variation, and so it has a relatively small effect on sunspot predictions. Many published predictions for cycle 24 sunspots fall within the dispersion of previous cycle-to-cycle sunspot differences. The probability is low that the Sun will, with the accumulation of random steps over the next few cycles, walk down to a Dalton-like minimum. Our models support published interpretations of sunspot secular variation and 22-yr variation resulting from cycle-to-cycle accumulation of dynamo-generated magnetic energy.
Independence in Appearance and in Fact: An Experimental Investigation*

In this study, we use experimental markets to assess the effect of the Security and Exchange Commission's (SEC's) new independence rule on investors' perceptions of independence, investors' payoff distributions, and market prices. The new rule requires client firms to disclose in their annual proxy statements the amount of nonaudit fees paid to their auditors. The new disclosure is intended to inform investors of auditors' incentives to compromise their independence. Our experimental design is a 2 3 between-subjects design, where we control the presence (unbiased reports) or absence of auditor independence in fact (biased reports). While independence in fact was not immediately observable to investors, we controlled for independence in appearance by varying the public disclosure of the extent of nonaudit services provided by the auditor to the client. In one market setting, investors were not given any information about whether the auditor provided such nonaudit services; in a second setting, investors were explicitly informed that the auditor did not provide any non-audit services; and in a third setting, investors were told that the auditor provided nonaudit services that could be perceived to have an adverse effect on independence in fact. We found that disclosures of nonaudit services reduced the accuracy of investors' beliefs of auditors' independence in fact when independence in appearance was inconsistent with independence in fact. This then caused prices of assets to deviate more from their economic predictions (lower market efficiency) in the inconsistent settings relative to the no-disclosure and consistent settings. Thus, disclosures of fees for nonaudit services could reduce the efficiency of capital markets if such disclosures result in investors forming inaccurate beliefs of auditor independence in fact - that is, auditors appear independent but they are not independent in fact, or vice versa. The latter is the maintained position of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), which argued against the new rule. Further research is needed to assess the degree of correspondence between independence in fact and independence in appearance.
M 31, M 33 and the Milky Way: Similarities and Differences

The large galaxies in the Local Group, as all disk galaxies, have diverse stellar populations. A better understanding of these differences, and a physical understanding of the causes, requires more detailed study of the older populations. This presents a significant challenge to GAIA but the scientific returns are also significant.
Non- epidermidis coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia: clinical predictors of true bacteremia

In order to explore the clinical significance and risk factors for true bacteremia caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) other than Staphylococcus epidermidis, a retrospective cohort study of 160 patients with at least one blood culture positive for non-epidermidis CNS was performed. True bacteremia was diagnosed in 32 (20%) of the patients. On multivariate analysis the following factors were associated with true bacteremia: (i) more than one positive blood culture, (ii) presence of a central venous catheter, and (iii) methicillin resistance. The results of this study indicate that non-epidermidis CNS can cause significant bloodstream infections.
Book review of “Imaging in Cellular and Tissue Engineering” edited by Y Hanry Yu and Nur Aida Abdul Rahim

This article is a review of the book “Imaging in Cellular and Tissue Engineering” (ISBN-13: 978-1439848036, $149.95, 298 Pages, 114 Illustrations) edited by Y Hanry Yu and Nur Aida Abdul Rahim published by the CRC Press (Taylor&Francis) in 2013. The contents of the book and its relevance to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are discussed in this invited review.
Absorption of Free and Combined Fatty Acids.

SummaryEvidence is presented which suggests that free FA are at least as rapidly absorbed as those of the readily hydrolyzable glycerides when the rate is measured either by increased blood fat levels or by disappearance of available lipid from the intestinal tract. The absorptive rate appears to be more related to the degree of hydrolysis of the intestinal lipid than to its state of emulsification. Conditions which promote lipolysis increase the rate of fat absorption. These findings support the hypothesis that the major part of the fat absorbed probably is in the form of free FA.
Scholarly Productivity of Editors of Social Work and Psychology Journals

This study explored the scholarly productivity of editors of selected social work and psychology journals. Analysis indicated that editors of psychology journals had statistically significantly greater scholarly achievement than editors of social work journals. These findings suggest that scholarly achievement as measured appears to be of less importance in appointing editors to the five selected social work journals than in appointing editors to the five selected psychology journals.
The electroneutral Na+-(K+)-Cl− cotransport family

Recently the molecular identification of the major electroneutral sodium-potassium-chloride entry mechanisms present on apical membranes of distal nephron segments of the mammalian kidney, on basolateral membranes of many non-renal epithelial cells and on certain non-epithelial tissues has been achieved. These transporters represent a major pathway for cellular uptake of chloride critical for chloride absorptive and secretory processes and for cell volume regulation following cell shrinkage. In the mammalian kidney, these sodium-coupled chloride cotransporters represent the major target sites for clinically useful diuretics including the "loop" diuretics [furosemide (Lasix) and bumetanide (Bumex)] and thiazides (such as, chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide and metolazone). Although these Na-(K)-Cl cotransporters exhibit functional and pharmacological differences, they clearly evolved from a common ancestral gene and thus form a new gene family. This information is already advancing our understanding of the evolution, structure and function of these transporters both in renal handling of sodium and in hypertension.
Behavior and Design: A Memoir

The article provides archival comments on 15 years of behavioral research and architectural design that Mr. Ewing Miller, A.l.A., and I undertook cooperatively from 1958 through 1973. Applications of the research results to design situations were numerous. A description of some applications to university student-residence facilities is given.
Structural cleavages, electoral competition and partisan divide: A Bayesian multinomial probit analysis of Chile's 2005 election

The transformations in Chile's party structure since 1989 have led several authors to examine the main cleavages shaping partisan divisions and the impact of different factors on citizens' party preferences. Previous studies, however, failed to analyze the effect of these variables on actual vote choice and neglected the influence of election-specific factors. In order to address these issues, we implement a Bayesian multinomial probit model to analyze Chile's 2005 election. We show that, while both socio-demographic variables and attitudes towards democracy affected voter behavior, the latter were the main determinants of the choice between Chile's two main political coalitions. In addition, we find that the presence of a second conservative candidate, together with voters' strategic considerations, significantly affected candidate choice. These results cannot be accounted for by analyses focused on citizens' party identification or by methodologies that ignore the effect of substitution patterns between candidates on voters' electoral behavior.
Effect of time interval between repeated brief coronary artery occlusions on arrhythmia, electrical activity and myocardial blood flow.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether short (5 minute) serial left anterior descending coronary artery occlusions produced consistent changes in ST segment elevation, bipolar electrogram variables, myocardial blood flow and incidence of arrhythmia when separated by short (3 minute) or long (> 40 minute) periods of reperfusion. In eight adult control dogs, neurally decentralized and paced at 150 beats/min, occlusions separated by greater than 40 minutes resulted in consistent changes in endocardial and epicardial electrogram activity, ST segment elevation and incidence of arrhythmia. In the same dogs, left anterior descending coronary artery occlusions following a short period of reperfusion demonstrated significantly less (p These data suggest that the time interval between repeated left anterior descending coronary artery occlusions must be carefully controlled to eliminate artifactual changes in electrophysiologic variables being measured. In addition, improvement in the electrophysiologic variables seen after short reperfusion could not be attributed to increased myocardial blood flow to the ischemic zone or electrode site, suggesting that other mechanisms must be involved.
Lanelok: Detection Of Lane Boundaries And Vehicle Tracking Using Image-Processing Techniques - Part I: Hough-Transform, Region-Tracing And Correlation Algorithms

The purpose of this study was to develop image-processing techniques for detecting lane boundaries and vehicle tracking using an on-board video camera. It resulted in several algorithms which process the image of the road scene to extract the position of lane markers and estimate the position of the lane boundaries and the position of the vehicle within the lane. The following algorithms were developed to process the camera's output: a Hough-transform algorithm, a region-tracing algorithm, and a vehicle-tracking algorithm. These algorithms were successfully tested on 3000 real road images, including some with missing and discontinuous markers. This capability to estimate lane boundaries will play a key role in the development of advanced automotive functions such as collision warning, collision avoidance and automatic vehicle-guidance.
GAMMASPHERE-correction technique for detector charge trapping

GAMMASPHERE uses 110 very large germanium detectors. Such detectors exhibit charge trapping effects on energy resolution initially due to a native electron trap that is present in virtually all germanium. Furthermore, radiation damage is a serious problem in GAMMASPHERE experiments, producing hole traps that degrade resolution and eventually require annealing to restore the original performance. The technique discussed here uses the current pulse shape from a detector to develop a parameter related to the radius of the largest interaction in the "track" of a gamma ray in the detector. Since the charge trapping loss in a signal can be related to the distance carriers travel, the "radius" parameter can be used by software to apply a trap correction to the signal. >
Philosophy for children and the reconstruction of philosophy

In this paper I trace the dialogical and narrative dimensions of the philosophical tradition and explore how they are reconfigured in the notion of community of philosophical inquiry (CPI), the mainstay of the collection of novels and discussion plans known as Philosophy for Children. After considering the ontology and epistemology of dialogue, I argue that narrative has replaced exposition in our understanding of philosophical discourse and that CPI represents a narrative context in which truth comes to represent the best story, in a discursive location in which there are always multiple stories. Finally, I raise the issue of children's philosophical voice. Can children philosophize, and if they can, do they do so in a voice different from adults'? If so, what are the distinctive features of that voice? I assert that it is children's historical marginalization in the Western construction of rationality that now – as that rationality undergoes its crisis – makes of them, like women and other “natives,” privileged strangers to the tradition, who are, through CPI, enabled to enter it through dialogue and narrative.
Chemical constitution of the oils from superior and inferior flaxseeds. (a) (b)

All seed oils of the Bison flax variety contained a higher percentage of oleic acids and a lower percentage of linolenic acids than the Abyssinian Yellow flax variety. Abyssinian Yellow seeds yielded oils which contained a relatively low percentage of oleic acid and a higher per cent of linolenic acid than the Bison variety grown in the same locality.
The determinant of a hypergeometric period matrix and a generalization of Selberg's integral

In an earlier paper [D. Richards, Q. Zheng, Determinant formulas for multidimensional hypergeometric period matrices, Adv. in Appl. Math. 29 (2002) 137-151] on the determinants of certain period matrices, we formulated a conjecture about the determinant of a certain hypergeometric matrix. In this article, we establish this conjecture by constructing a system of linear equations in which that determinant is one of the variables. As a consequence, we obtain the value of an integral which generalizes the well-known multidimensional beta integral of A. Selberg [A. Selberg, Bemerkninger om et multipelt integral, Norsk. Mat. Tidsskr. 26 (1944) 71-78] and some hypergeometric determinant formulas of A. Varchenko [A. Varchenko, The Euler beta-function, the Vandermonde determinant, the Legendre equation, and critical values of linear functions on a configuration of hyperplanes. I, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Mat. 53 (1989) 1206-1235, English translation, Math. USSR-Izv. 35 (1990) 543-571; A. Varchenko, The Euler beta-function, the Vandermonde determinant, the Legendre equation, and critical values of linear functions on a configuration of hyperplanes. II, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Mat. 54 (1990) 146-158, English translation, Math. USSR-Izv. 36 (1991) 155-167].
Characterization of cyclodextrins using ion‐evaporation atmospheric‐pressure ionization tandem mass spectrometry

A tandem mass spectrometer equipped with the pneumatically-assisted electrospray (ion spray) liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry interface and an atmospheric-pressure ionization source was used for characterization of underivatized cyclic oligosaccharides. Protonated singly charged molecular ions were generated via ion-evaporation mechanism(s). The formation of doubly charged molecular ions from the model compounds appears to be related to the channel diameter of these cyclic oligosaccharides. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was used to study collision-induced dissociation of the protonated molecule and showed exclusive cleavage of the glycosidic bond. The molecular weights of these oligosaccharides as well as the number of sugar units were confirmed by MS/MS. The potential application of MS/MS for target compound analysis was demonstrated by the parent-ion scan method with a synthetic mixture.
Sinkholes formed by piping into buried channels

Abstract Piping-induced sinks in flood-irrigated alfalfa fields on the distal part of a compound alluvial fan in California's Central Valley lack discharge conduits. It is suggested that all inflow and sediment are dispersed underground in former distributary channels that are now buried.
A Blend of Different Tastes: The Language of Coffeemakers:

Shape grammars, utilizing function labels, are shown to be applicable to product design. A grammar that describes a language of coffeemakers is presented and shown to generate a large class of coff...
The annual cycle in luteinizing hormone in the plasma of intact and castrated white-crowned sparrows, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii.

In castrated male Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii the annual pattern of concentration of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the plasma is very similar temporally with that of intact controls. However, the increase in vernal concentration in castrates begins somewhat earlier and becomes fourfold greater than that of intact controls. This clearly indicates a negative feedback by testicular hormones on the system that controls the formation and release of LH by the pars distalis. Since the low level of LH in the plasma of castrates in July is not significantly different from that of the intact controls, it must be concluded that this negative feedback has no significant role in the development of the photorefractoriness that terminates the annual reproductive period and for which the etiology remains unclear.
Endobronchial Valves for the Treatment of Emphysema

Although lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) improves quality of life, pulmonary function, exercise ability, and even survival for selected patients, several bronchoscopic procedures are being developed to reduce the morbidity and mortality. For heterogeneous emphysema, bronchial blockers, bronchial valves, and biologic glue have been used in an attempt to emulate volume reduction. So far, the results are encouraging, though not as significant as LVRS. For homogeneous emphysema, airway bypass stents seem to be effective. This article reviews the results for the current procedures under investigation.
Striatal cells containing aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase: an immunohistochemical comparison with other classes of striatal neurons

Abstract In a previous study, we described a population of striatal cells in the rat brain containing aromatic l -amino acid decarboxylase, the enzyme involved in the conversion of l -DOPA into dopamine. We have also presented evidence that these cells produce dopamine in the presence of exogenous l -DOPA. In this paper, we further characterize these striatal aromatic l -amino acid decarboxylase-containing cells in order to determine whether they form a subclass of one of the known categories of striatal neurons or if they represent a novel cell type. Using immunohistochemical methods, we compared the morphology and distribution of the aromatic l -amino acid decarboxylase-immunolabeled cells with those of other classes of striatal neurons. Our results show that both the morphology and distribution of aromatic l -amino acid decarboxylase-immunolabeled cells are very distinctive and do not resemble those of cells labeled for other striatal neuronal markers. Double-labeling procedures revealed that aromatic l -amino acid decarboxylase cells do not co-localize somatostatin or parvalbumin, and only a very small percentage of them co-localize calretinin. However, the population of aromatic l -amino acid decarboxylase cells label intensely for GABA. Overall, our results suggest that these aromatic l -amino acid decarboxylase-containing cells represent a class of striatal GABAergic neurons not described previously.
Identifying new therapeutic targets via modulation of protein corona formation by engineered nanoparticles.

Background We introduce a promising methodology to identify new therapeutic targets in cancer. Proteins bind to nanoparticles to form a protein corona. We modulate this corona by using surface-engineered nanoparticles, and identify protein composition to provide insight into disease development. Methods/Principal Findings Using a family of structurally homologous nanoparticles we have investigated the changes in the protein corona around surface-functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) from normal and malignant ovarian cell lysates. Proteomics analysis using mass spectrometry identified hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) that is found exclusively on positively charged AuNPs (+AuNPs) after incubation with the lysates. We confirmed expression of HDGF in various ovarian cancer cells and validated binding selectivity to +AuNPs by Western blot analysis. Silencing of HDGF by siRNA resulted s inhibition in proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. Conclusion We investigated the modulation of protein corona around surface-functionalized gold nanoparticles as a promising approach to identify new therapeutic targets. The potential of our method for identifying therapeutic targets was demonstrated through silencing of HDGF by siRNA, which inhibited proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. This integrated proteomics, bioinformatics, and nanotechnology strategy demonstrates that protein corona identification can be used to discover novel therapeutic targets in cancer.
Electroabsorption in single quantum well GaAs laser structures

The electric field dependent spectral properties of a GaAs graded barrier quantum well heterostructure laser are measured for the first time. Data are presented which show that the electroabsorption below the band gap is due to states in the confinement layers which are perturbed by the quantum well under high field conditions. This effect, which is intermediary between the quantum confined Stark effect and bulk Franz–Keldysh effect, should be present in all quantum well systems with shallow wells in short, high field depletion regions.
Tumor Size Predicts Survival Within Stage IA Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Study objectives The basic premise of CT screening is that size is an important determinant of survival in lung cancer. We sought to examine this hypothesis within stage IA non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods A retrospective analysis of all patients with pathologically confirmed stage IA NSCLC resected from 1991 to 2001 was conducted. All but seven patients underwent anatomic lung resection and mediastinal lymph node dissection. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to estimate the 5-year overall and disease-specific survival probability stratified by tumor size. The influence of age, gender, histology, and tumor size on survival was also analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards regression model. Results There were 244 patients (mean age, 66.7 years; 45.1% were men). Lobectomy was performed in 229 patients, segmentectomy in 8 patients, and wedge resection in 7 patients. Operative mortality was 0.4%. Histologic breakdown was as follows: adenocarcinoma (59.4%), squamous (18.9%), bronchoalveolar (15.2%), large cell (4.5%), and poorly differentiated (2.0%). The median follow-up time for all patients was 2.6 years. The 5-year survival probability for all patients was 71.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 63.6 to 78.6%). For 161 patients with tumor sizes 2.0 cm (p = 0.03 by log-rank test). The overall 5-year disease-specific survival was 74.9% (95% CI, 67.6 to 82.2%). Disease-specific survival was 81.4% (95% CI, 73.3 to 89.4%) for patients with tumors 2.0 cm. Conclusions These data suggest that size within stage IA is an important predictor of survival and that further substaging should be considered.
Music and the art of prosody

Prosodic structures in poetry are mirrored, to a great extent, in music. This essay suggests a teaching strategy that sets poems to song in order to stimulate interest in poetic structure and understanding of rhythm and musicality in performance.
Quantitative Evaluation of Bones in Murine MPS VII After Replacement Therapy Using Chemically Modified Enzyme

Mucopolysaccharidosis type VII is a lysosomal storage disease caused by deficiency of lysosomal beta-glucuronidase, which participates in degradation of glycosaminoglycans. Glycosaminoglycans storage in mucopolysaccharidosis type VII causes a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations that affect the central nervous system, bone, and viscera. Enzyme replacement therapy effectively clears storage in viscera. However, clearance of storage in central nervous system is limited by the blood brain barrier. Nonetheless, recent studies showed that a chemically modified form of beta-glucuronidase, called PerT-GUS, reduced central nervous system storage. Although clearance of storage in cartilage is also limited by the avascularity of the articular surface and growth plate, prior work showed improvement of skeletal disease in mucopolysaccharidosis type VII mice treated from birth with native beta-glucuronidase. To evaluate the effectiveness of PerT-GUS in reducing the skeletal pathology, we treated mucopolysaccharidosis type VII mice from birth with PerTGUS. Micro-CT and X-rays demonstrated marked improvements in bone lesions of legs, ribs, and spine of treated mice. Quantitative histopathological assay revealed improvements in glycosaminoglycan storage and in morphology of articular and epiphyseal cartilage. Thus, PerT-GUS therapy from birth, like treatment with native betaglucuronidase, may reduce disability caused by bone dysplasia in addition to addressing central nervous system storage.
Influence of divalent cations on the conformation of phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides: a circular dichroism study

Phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) have been extensively investigated in vivo and in vitro for antisense control of gene expression. It has been shown that cellular uptake of phosphorothioate ODNs in some in vitro cell systems increases in the presence of divalent cations. In this work, we analyze the conformation of phosphorothioate ODNs and specific changes induced in it by various divalent cations using circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. CD data were obtained with several phosphorothioate ODNs in the absence and presence of the divalent cations Mg(2+), Ca(2+), Sr(2+), Ba(2+) and Mn(2+). All CD spectra indicated stable conformations of the ODNs in solution. The spectra were strongly dependent on ODN sequence and composition. Some ODNs such as T(23) and another with 'random' distribution of bases showed CD spectra characteristic of B-form DNA. Other ODNs which had at least three consecutive guanines in their sequences exhibited spectra characteristic of parallel G-tetraplexes. CD spectra of antisense ODNs exhibited specific responses to divalent cations. Changes in the conformation were not simply due to ionic strength effects. Mn(2+) diminished secondary structure in some ODNs. Group II divalent ions stabilized the parallel G-tetraplexes, and Mg(2+) generally had the weakest stabilizing efficiency. Each sequence/ion combination had a specific response so these effects cannot be generalized. These sequence-dependent, divalent ion-sensitive, and structurally unique solution conformations may be related to ion-mediated ODN uptake.
Main Injector Particle Production Experiment (MIPP) at Fermilab

The Main Injector Particle Production Experiment at Fermilab uses particle beams of charged pions, kaons, proton and anti-proton with beam momenta of 5 to 90 GeV/c and thin targets spanning the periodic table from (liquid) hydrogen to uranium to measure particle production cross sections in a full acceptance spectrometer with charged particle identification for particles from 0.1 to 120 GeV/c using Time Projection Chamber, Time of Flight, multicell Cherenkov, and Ring Imaging Cherenkov detectors and Calorimeter for neutrons. Particle production using 120 GeV/c protons from Main Injector on the MINOS target was also measured. We describe the physics motivation to perform such cross section measurements and highlight the impact of hadronic interaction data on neutrino physics. Recent results on forward neutron cross sections and analysis of MINOS target data are also presented.
Classification and Similarity of Multidimensional Stimuli

Classification and similarity judgments for a set of multidimensional stimuli were compared for different types of stimulus dimensions. The results show that these judgments are in general related to each other but are not always related in a simple fashion to the discriminability of the stimulus dimension. Moreover, S did not always use the dimension he judged most dissimilar for classification, although he judged the dimension he used for classification as having more dissimilar magnitudes than did Ss who classified by a different dimension. The results suggest that Ss use different methods for perceptually organizing different stimulus sets.
Quantitative Elemental Analysis of Art Objects by Energy-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Techniques have been developed for the analysis of glass and metal objects for up to 35 elements in a few minutes for aiding the curator in determining the authenticity of many museum objects. No samples are removed nor are the objects altered by the measurements. Trace elements present as impurities in older pieces and absent in modern forgeries as well as the major constituents can be measured with accuracies at least as high as wet chemical and spectrographic methods generally employed in museum laboratories. Tables of instrument response to 71 elements presented together with empirical corrections for matrix effects permit direct calculations of weight percentages within 20% of all the elements present. Employment of reference standards and the use of the principal element as an
Everything you ever wanted to know about awards.

My favorite service activities are award committees. I have served on and/or chaired several national award committees. I enjoy the opportunity this form of service gives me to learn more about my peers, many of whom are so very talented. That said I find my service on these committees very frustrating at times. Many awards for which there should rightly be many nominees are undersubscribed. Over the years I have seen very few women and minorities nominated even though there are many who should be nominated and in receipt of awards. Another frustration is seeing deserving nominees passed over simply because of a poorly prepared nomination packet or a weak nominating letter. Considering the value that we place on professional awards in academe, I have been somewhat surprised that there have not been any columns or articles published that discuss professional awards: explaining the nomination process, 10.1007/s00216-008-2190-x http://springerlink.com/content/n7q640u225p7469x/fulltext.html
Polarization of Luminescence in NaCl: Pb 2 + and KCl: Pb 2 +

The polarized luminescence of ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{2+}$ impurity-vacancy complexes in NaCl and KCl induced by excitation with polarized light has been studied. A single emission band at 340 nm of predominantly tetragonal symmetry was found in KCl: Pb; this emission decreased and shifted in wave-length during aging. Three emission bands were found in NaCl: Pb at 315, 380, and 460 nm. The 315-nm emission was at its maximum intensity after quenching and the 380-nm band was the first to appear upon aging with the 460-nm band appearing later. The 315-nm emission was found to originate from centers of both tetragonal and orthorhombic symmetry. Both the 380- and 460-nm bands are due to centers of trigonal symmetry. We have assigned the 340-nm band in quenched KCl and the 315-nm band in NaCl to isolated Pb-vacancy dipoles. We conclude that in KCl the vacancies are predominantly next-nearest neighbors to the impurity while in NaCl both nearest- and next-nearest-neighbor sites are comparable. The 380-nm emission band appears to be due to trimers of dipoles in a hexagon arrangement in {111} plane in agreement with the model of Dryden and Harvey. That the origin of the 460-nm band is due to higher aggregates is not well established.
The significance of elevated early follicular-phase follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels: Observations in unstimulated in vitro fertilization cycles

Objective: Our objective was to determine the effect of elevated early follicular-phase serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels on follicle growth and oocyte maturity in unstimulated in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles.
Selected aspects of homeobox gene function during mammalian development

The genetic pathways of development are only beginning to be revealed. But the tools now exist to allow the rapid isolation of genes that carry sequence motifs such as the homeobox, zinc finger or basic-helix loop helix that can mark genes of special developmental significance. Expression patterns are readily determined by in situ hybridization and in vivo developmental functions can be analyzed by generating mice with targeted mutations. Upstream regulators of genes can be identified by finding proteins that bind to cis-regulatory elements. Downstream targets are more difficult to find but there are polymerase chain reaction approaches to define sequences bound by transcription factors and subtractive library approaches to finding specific targets. Although an enormous amount of work remains to be done it is clear that the basic techniques necessary to understand the genetic program of mammalian development are now available. As these techniques are applied and refined we will elaborate the genetic regulatory pathways of organogenesis. This will be deeply satisfying from an intellectual perspective. It will also lead to a better understanding of birth defects and to better treatments of a variety of diseases that involve organ malformation or deterioration.
Water fluxes in nerve fiber.

The hydrostatic (L p ) and osmotic (L PD ) filtration coefficients and the efflux rates of tritiated water were measured in the giant axon ofLoligo vulgaris. TheL p was 8 to 14×10−8 cm/sec/cm H2O and theL PD was two orders of magnitude smaller (3 to 6×10−10 cm/sec/cm H2O). In axons whose diameter was ∼500 μ, the time (t 1/2) required for a reduction in the axonal labeled water activity to one half its initial value was 38 to 48 sec. The rate limiting structure for solute flux was made ineffective by (1) storing the axon in isosmotic KF at 0–2 °C for one month to one year or by (2) fixing the axon in 2–4% glutaraldehyde for 3 to 7 hr. The criteria of ineffectiveness of the rate limiting structure for solute flux were (1) a reduction ofL PD to immeasurably low values, (2) the absence of electrical properties characteristic of a plasmalemma, and (3) a marked increase in the rate of efflux of Na22. In such impaired axons theL p and thet 1/2 of tritiated water efflux were unaffected. This independence of solute and solvent flux in conjunction with the finding that the hydraulic conductivity determined by bulk osmotic and hydrostatic pressure gradients is not equivalent (i.e.,L PD /L P ≪1) indicate that the rate limiting structures for solute and solvent flux are in series. Solvent fluxes appear to be surface-limited, not bulk-limited. We have been unable to resolve whether the surface structure involved in limiting solvent flux is the sheath (Schwann layer and adhering connective tissue) and/or the cortical layer of the axoplasmic gel.
The Scope of the Treatment of Composition in the Twelfth- and Thirteenth-Century Arts of Poetry

STUDIES of the twelfthand thirteenth-century arts of poetry have heretofore emphasized similarities in the treatises in order to provide a unified picture of instruction in the writing of poetry in the schools of the time.' This was justified by the need to demonstrate the significance of these works to the scholarly world. Such a presentation had however certain drawbacks: there is more emphasis on similarities than on differences among the treatises; and, stemming partly from this tendency, the length of an author's treatment of different subjects more often serves as a gauge of their relative importance than do really significant indications, such as the general plan of the treatise, the emphasis placed by the author himself on different parts of his work, and deliberate subordination of one subject to another. Thus the means of amplification and abbreviation, the three styles and the two forms of ornamentation, and description generally those parts of rhetoric included by mediaeval grammarians and rhetoricians under the heading elocutio were adequately summarized and explained. But the treatment of invention and disposition seemed to most critics completely inadequate; here the authors had very little to say of real significance.2 That they say little is certainly true; and, as the same scholars found in studying the arts of poetry, their instruction is not very inspired or inspiring. There is the well-known distinction between natural and artificial order (in Geoffrey of Vinsauf and John of Garland), as well as the alternative zeugma and hypozeuxis (in Matthew of Vend6me and Eberhard the German) as recommended ways to begin a poem. Still, an important problem is raised by the little that is said about disposition. How, in fact, does one explain two fundamentally distinct ways to begin a poem, the one pure embellishment and related to the sentence structure of the first few lines, the other more truly compositional in that it is concerned with the orderly arrangement of the poem's contents? That Geoffrey of Vinsauf and John of Garland say nothing of zeugma and hypozeuxis may not seem surprising. But how is one to explain the total silence of Matthew of Vend6me on natural and artificial order? This concept was well established in mediaeval poetics by Matthew's time,3 and he must have known of it if he studied composition under Bernard
To whom it may concern : the transmission and function of chemical signals in Lemur catta

The goals of this study were to investigate the transmission and possible functions of chemical signals in intragroup communication among ring-tailed lemurs, Lemur catta. In particular, I examined the effects of sex on these processes because sexual selection theory predicts specific functions for chemical signals. I recorded all interactions with 214 scent marks of 11 male and 9 female ring-tailed lemurs during the first 10 min following their deposition. I found that 62% of these scent marks were investigated with a median latency of 30 s and that 89% of investigated scents were also counter-marked by the receiver. The type of focal scent mark (male or female anogenital and male antebrachial mark) had a significant effect on both the timing and type of response. Males investigated and counter-marked female scents more often than vice versa, but significant second-order transitions suggested that the behavior of an animal was not only influenced by the immediately preceding scent mark and that a scent is not completely masked by a counter-mark. There was no evidence for an audience effect, and only social rank of female senders had an effect on receivers. Variation in the response of receivers across reproductive seasons as a function of senders' sex indicated that female scents may function in mate attraction and competition among females, whereas male scents may be primarily used in intrasexual competition. Three main conclusions emerged. First, the exchange of olfactory signals within groups was highly structured and surprisingly efficient. Second, olfactory signals may constitute general mesasages whose transfer is partly controlled by the receiver. Finally, sexual selection theory provides a useful theoretical framework for functional examinations of mammalian olfactory communication.
Thermoelectric properties of dilute PbTe-GeTe alloys

Stablen-type alloys significantly superior to PbTe over the temperature range 300° to 800°K have not yet been reported. While in many cases alloying of PbTe with other materials lowered its thermal conductivity, the degradation of the electrical properties more than offset this gain. A study will be described indicating that the figure-of-merit in an alloy system can reach a maximum at low alloy concentrations (<15 pct) rather than at high concentrations by maximizing the difference in atomic mass and lattice parameter of the two alloying materials. This concept led to the selection of the PbTe-GeTe system for investigation. Experimental results in this system will be compared to theoretical predictions and evaluated. Results will be discussed of optimization of both alloy composition and doping, and of the preparation ofn-type alloys with a figure-of-merit roughly 40 pct greater than PbTe in the range 300° to 800°K. The solubility ofp-type dopants were found to decrease on alloying such that carrier concentrations required for high temperature operation could not be achieved.
Decompositions of Edge-Colored Complete Graphs

We prove an asymptotic existence theorem for decompositions of edge-colored complete graphs into prespecified edge-colored subgraphs. Many combinatorial design problems fall within this framework. Applications of our main theorem require calculations involving the numbers of edges of each color and degrees of each color class of edges for the graphs allowed in the decomposition. We do these calculations to provide new proofs of the asymptotic existence of resolvable designs, near resolvable designs, group divisible designs, and grid designs. Two further applications are the asymptotic existence of skew Room d-cubes and the asymptotic existence of (v, k, 1)-BIBDs with any group of order k?1 as an automorphism group.
Bex1 Participates in Muscle Regeneration by Regulating Myogenic Satellite Cell Differentiation

Bex1 protein is upregulated in regenerating muscle and interacts with calmodulin, a Ca 2+ -binding protein involved in cell cycle regulation. Following cardiotoxin-induced injury the regenerating muscle of Bex1 knock-out mice exhibits prolonged cell proliferation and delayed cell differentiation compared to wildtype mice. To gain insight into this process, we compared the regenerating myogenic morphologies of Bex1 knock-out and wild-type mice at several time points. Bex1-positive cells were identified by double immunofluorescence staining. These studies demonstrated that a population of cells that are Bex1- positive after injury are c-Met/basal lamina-positive and Mac-1-negative indicating that they are derived from at least a subset of myogenic progenitor/satellite cells but not invading immune cells. In addition, in regenerating muscle, Bex1 co-localizes with calmodulin in the cytoplasm of the late myoblast or early myotube stage of myogenesis. These results suggest that Bex1 participates in muscle regeneration through the regulation of satellite cell proliferation and differentiation by its interaction with calmodulin. Current studies of Bex1 may provide a new molecular tool for the identification of activated satellite cell and open the way to new or improved therapeutic regimens against progressive muscular atrophy.
Vibrations of a beam on elastic foundation

Das Schwingungsproblem eine auf elastischer Grundlage liegenden Balkens wird analysiert fur den Fall, das der Balken gleichformig und von unendlicher Lange ist und das eine alternierende Last an einem Punkt angreift, der sich mit konstanter Geschwindigkeit entlang des Balkens verschiebt. Die Nautur der ungedampften Schwingungen wird eingehend untersucht, wobei die das System charakterisierenden kritischen Parameter definiert werden. Die Anwendung der Theorie auf Probleme, die die Deformation von Eisenbahnschienen betreffen, wird kurz angedeutet. An analysis is made of the problem of vibrations of a beam on elastic foundation, when the beam is uniform and of infinite length and is subject to an alternating load whose point of application moves with constant velocity along the beam. The nature of the vibrations in the case of no damping is investigated in detail, and critical parameters characteristic of the system are defined. Application of the theory to problems regarding deformations of railway tracks is briefly indicated.
Validity of transabdominal sonography in the detection of a two-vessel umbilical cord.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the validity of transabdominal ultrasound in the detection of a two-vessel and a three-vessel umbilical cord. METHODS: The ultrasound and pathology databases were collated between January 1, 1999, and December 31, 2000. Only those cases with ultrasound and pathology information concerning the number of vessels in the umbilical cord were included for analysis (group 1). In addition, 27 cases with a two-vessel umbilical cord were included from the ultrasound database before January 1, 1999, for which pathologic information was also obtained (group 2). RESULTS: A total of 1295 ultrasound/pathology reports were entered from January 1, 1999, through December 31, 2000; 268 cases did not have complete information, leaving 1027 for analysis (group 1). The visualization rate of the number of vessels in the umbilical cord increased from 15 to 17 weeks’ gestation (74.1–97.6%; P CONCLUSION: The detection rate of either a two-vessel or three-vessel umbilical cord is best achieved between 17 and 36 weeks’ gestation. In the majority of two-vessel umbilical cords that were called three-vessel, an appropriate transverse image of the umbilical cord was not obtained.
Mean-field analysis of intra-unit-cell order in the Emery model of the CuO 2 plane

Motivated by recent experiments on high-${T}_{c}$ cuprate superconductors pointing toward intra-unit-cell (IUC) order in the pseudogap phase, we investigate three distinct intra-unit-cell-ordering possibilities: nematic, nematic-spin-nematic, and current-loop order. The first two are Fermi-surface instabilities involving a spontaneous charge and magnetization imbalance between the two oxygen sites in the unit cell, respectively, while the third describes circulating currents within the unit cell. We analyze the three-band Emery model of a single CuO${}_{2}$ layer including various on-site and nearest-neighbor interactions within a self-consistent mean-field approach. We show how these on-site and further-neighbor repulsions suppress or enhance particular IUC orders. In particular, we show that the attractive interactions necessary for nematic and nematic-spin-nematic orders in one-band models have their natural microscopic origin in the O-O on-site and nearest-neighbor repulsions in the three-band model. Finally, we find that while the nematic and nematic-spin-nematic orders cannot coexist in this framework, the loop-current order can coexist with nematic order.