cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
333 EFFECT OF CAPTOPRIL ON POTASSIUM INDUCED ALDOSTERONE SECRETION IN NEWBORN LAMBS

The role of endogenous angiotensin-II (A-II) production in modulation of potassium (K+) induced increase in serum aldosterone concentration (Aldo) was studied in chronically-catheterized newborn lambs 10-14 days of age. Captopril (5 ug/kg/min) was given to one group of lambs (Exp) to block the conversion of angiotensin-I (A-I) to A-II, whereas the control group (C) received only 5% dextrose in water (0.1 ml/min). All lambs received dexamethasone phosphate (0.1 mg/kg/dose) 12 hours and 2 hours prior to potassium infusion (KCl) to suppress adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) secretion. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. Blockade of A-II formation by captopril was documented by 1) at least 90% inhibition of vasopressor response (from 25±8 mmHg pre- to 2±2 mmHg post-captopril) to a bolus of A-I (1 ug/kg) without altering vasopressor response (26±8 mmHg) to A-II (0.5 ug/kg); 2) decrease in baseline serum A-II (from 68.1±41.2 to 46.2±18.5 pg/ml); and 3) increase in baseline plasma renin activity (from 13.7±4.4 to 157±138 ng/ml/hr). KCl (1.80±0.09 mEq/kg) in C increased serum K+ (from 3.8±0.1 to 5.5±0.4 mEq/L, p<0.001) and Aldo (from 22.6±11.8 to 97.3±46.6 pg/ml, p<0.001). KCl (1.77±0.03 mEq/kg) in Exp increased serum K+ (from 3.9±0.4 to 5.7±0.6 mEq/L, p<0.001) in a similar fashion to C, but the increment in Aldo (from 22.7±19.3 to 55.2±61.6 pg/ml, p<0.05) was suppressed relative to C. These data suggest that endogenous A-II is a modulater of K+-induced aldosterone secretion in ACTH suppressed newborn lambs.
MODIFICATION OF HYPNOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY THROUGH AUDIO-TAPE RELAXATION TRAINING: PRELIMINARY REPORT

Summary.-Previous research has shown that hypnosis' is a fairly stable phenomenon and recent attempts at improving hypnotic performance after some type of training have had little success. However, it is speculated that audio-taped deep-muscle relaxation training may be a useful device for improving hypnotic performance. 12 moderately susceptible Ss (score 4 to 8) improved significantly on the Harvard group scale after three training sessions. The technique may improve hypnotic performance of Ss low in susceptibility. Susceptibility to hypnosis, when measured by some standard procedure, appears to be a fairly stable phenomenon (Hilgard, 1965) ; some people are able to be profou?dly hypnotized and others are not. This observed stability, where Ss consistently score as high, moderate, or low susceptible, raises the question of whether susceptibility can be modified. In general, studies attempting to modify susceptibility through some type of training have not supported the belief that a low-susceptible S can be trained to improve (Cooper, Schubot, Banford, & Tart, 1967; As, Hilgard, & Weitzenhoffer, 1963; Shor, Orne, & O'Connell, 1962). However, Sachs and Anderson (1967) suggest training Ss in the waking state to experience phenomena traditionally associated with the hypnotic trance may improve susceptibility. In their study, if S could not experience immobilization of the arm, he was trained to experience this phenomenon by placing weights on his arms, thereby creating the feeling one would have if such a suggestion was given in the trance state. Gains in hypnotic performance with this technique were moderate, and the authors advocate this technique with low-susceptible Ss. Based on the Sachs and Anderson study, it is speculated that a training device which simulates the experience of not only hypnotic phenomena but also the hypnotic trance may result in even greater modification. Such a training device appears to be deep-muscle relaxation which strongly resembles hypnosis in instructional cues, procedure, and experience. Supporting this view of strong similarities Litvak (1970) reports that hypnosis and relaxation training rely heavily on task motivational instructions, imagination, and suggestion. Moreover, Wickrameskera ( 197 1 ) found significant increases in susceptibility when elecuomyographic (EMG) feedback was paired with taped verbal insuuctions to relax. In this study another group was also given the taped verbal instructions to relax but this group did not show increases in susceptibility. However, this latter group, labeled control, was given "false or noncontingent" EMG
Differences between pair-wise and multi-sequence alignment methods affect vertebrate genome comparisons

Producing complete and accurate alignments of multiple genomic sequences is complex and prone to errors, especially with sequences generated from highly diverged species. In this article, we show that multi-sequence (as opposed to pair-wise) alignment methods are substantially better at aligning (or 'capturing') all of the available orthologous sequence from phylogenetically diverse vertebrates (i.e. those separated by relatively long branch lengths). Maximum gains are obtained only when sequences from many species are aligned. Such multi-sequence alignments contain significant amounts of exonic and highly conserved non-exonic sequences that are not captured in pair-wise alignments, thus illustrating the importance of the alignment method used for performing comparative genome analyses.
Sleep quality deteriorates over a binge--abstinence cycle in chronic smoked cocaine users.

In cocaine dependent individuals, changes in subjective and objective sleep quality accompany their characteristic binge–abstinence cycle. Preliminary studies suggest that sleep quality may decline with prolonged abstinence. Reported here are results of the most extensive study to date on sleep abnormalities during cocaine binge and confirmed abstinence under controlled conditions. The purpose of the current study was to use an experimental, inpatient model of the cocaine binge and abstinence cycle to examine the course and magnitude of sleep disturbances during cocaine use and abstinence. Five inpatient non-treatment seeking cocaine users completed 3 baseline days of drug abstinence followed by 3 days of medically monitored “binge” cocaine use, and then 15 days of drug abstinence. Physiological sleep was recorded with polysomnography and the Nightcap ambulatory monitor, while subjective sleep was assessed by questionnaire. Across 3 days of binge cocaine use and 15 subsequent days of confirmed drug abstinence, mean sleep duration, efficiency and latency changed in the direction of poorer sleep quality. In contrast, subjective reports of sleep quality remained unchanged across the same period. Physiological sleep quality deteriorated from days when cocaine was used across the first 2 weeks of confirmed drug abstinence. In contrast, subjective reports of sleep quality remained unchanged across the same period. We postulate that this dissociation between objective and subjective sleep quality results from a cocaine-use related disruption of the sleep homeostat. Worsening sleep quality during cocaine abstinence may contribute to the risk of relapse and its treatment may offer novel therapeutic strategies for cocaine dependence.
Enamel Demineralization Tests with Some Standard Foods and Candies

To indicate the cariogenic potential of some standard foods and confections, their ability to demineralize powdered enamel or enamel sections was tested by incubation with mouth organisms in saliva or plaque. With a few exceptions, the amounts of demineralization produced by the tested substrates in either a closed or flowing system fell within relatively narrow ranges.
Lower extremity kinetics during stair ambulation in patients with and without patellofemoral pain

Abstract Objective . To compare lower extremity kinetics during stair ascent and descent in subjects with and without patellofemoral pain. Design . A cross-sectional study utilizing a control group. Background . The patellofemoral joint reaction force (the resultant force between the quadriceps muscle force and patellar ligament force) increases with quadriceps force and knee flexion angle. Consequently, patients with patellofemoral pain may employ compensatory strategies to minimize pain and reduce patellofemoral joint reaction forces during activity. Methods . 10 individuals with a diagnosis of patellofemoral pain and 10 individuals without pain participated. Subject groups were matched on sex, age, height, and body mass. Anthropometric data, three dimensional kinematics, and ground reaction forces were used to calculate lower extremity sagittal plane moments (inverse dynamics) while subjects ascended and descended stairs at a self-selected pace. Differences in kinetic variables between groups were assessed using 2×2 (group × stair condition) analysis of variance. Results . Subjects with patellofemoral pain had decreased peak knee extensor moments during stair ascent and descent. There were no group differences in peak hip, ankle, or support moments, however, subjects with patellofemoral pain had decreased cadence (descent) compared to controls. Conclusion . Subjects with patellofemoral pain had reduced peak knee extensor moments, suggesting that quadriceps avoidance was employed to reduce patellofemoral joint reaction forces. The lack of group differences in peak moments at the hip and ankle suggests that secondary compensation did not occur exclusively at the hip or ankle in this group of subjects with patellofemoral pain. Relevance statement Because stair ambulation is often used to evaluate the reproducibility of symptoms and to identify abnormal movement patterns indicative of patellofemoral pain, knowledge of lower extremity mechanics during stair negotiation is necessary to better characterize compensatory behavior in this population.
The CC stretching band ν6 of allene-d4

Abstract The infrared spectrum of C 3 D 4 was measured in the region of the paralled band of the CC stretching vibration ν 6 centered at ν 0 = 1920.2332 cm −1 on a high-resolution Fourier transform spectrometer and deconvolved to a linewidth of ∼ 1 2 of the Doppler width (∼0.0023 cm −1 ). The high resolution reveals the presence of strong perturbations in the K = 4 and K = 8 to 12 levels of the ν 6 upper state. For a quantitative treatment of the observed transitions, a Hamiltonian matrix including six different perturbing states was constructed and used to refine the 6 spectroscopic constants of the ν 6 state and 20 of the constants for the perturbing states. Measurement of the hot band ν 6 + ν 11 − ν 11 whose band center is at 1916.200 cm −1 yielded the anharmonic constant x 6,11 = −4.033 cm −1 .
The half-life of mRNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The decay kinetics of mRNA was studied in a yeast temperature-sensitive mutant, ts136, which is defective in cytoplasmic RNA production at 37° C. The disappearance of the synthetic capacity of mRNA was determined by withdrawing equal volumes of ts136 cell culture and pulse-labelling with [35S]methionine at various time intervals after the shift to 37° C from 23° C. The synthesized proteins were separated on a two-dimensional gel electrophoretic system and then quantitatively analyzed for their incorporated radioactivities by scintillation counting. Our results show that yeast mRNAs have divergent functional half-lives ranging from 4.5 to 41 min, with an average value of 22 min. Each mRNA exhibits a simple exponential decay with its own characteristic decay pattern. Of the approximately 500 major polypeptides made by yeast cells, which are detectable on autoradiograms of the gels, 80 were arbitrarily selected and the mRNAs coding for those polypeptides were examined for their decay kinetics.
Closer to the Source: Notch and the Nature of Thymus-Settling Cells

Questions regarding T cell development have recently received much attention, but the earliest intrathymic differentiation steps in adult mice have remained controversial. Three new papers together show that for at least some thymus-settling precursors, the loss of B lineage potential occurs in the thymus, and Notch acts on multipotent progenitors early after thymic entry.
The Structural Basis of Endocannabinoid Oxygenation by Cyclooxygenase-2 *

The cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) oxygenate arachidonic acid (AA) in the committed step of prostaglandin biogenesis. Substitutions of I434V, H513R, and I523V constitute the only differences in residues lining the cyclooxygenase channel between COX-1 and COX-2. These changes create a hydrophobic pocket in COX-2, with Arg-513 located at the base of the pocket, which has been exploited in the design of COX-2-selective inhibitors. Previous studies have shown that COX-2, but not COX-1, can oxygenate endocannabinoid substrates, including 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG). To investigate the isoform-specific structural basis of endocannabinoid binding to COX-2, we determined the crystal structure of the 2-AG isomer 1-arachidonoyl glycerol (1-AG) in complex with wild type and R513H murine (mu) COX-2 to 2.2 and 2.35 A, respectively, and R513H muCOX-2 in complex with AA to 2.45 A resolution. The 2,3-dihydroxypropyl moiety of 1-AG binds near the opening of the cyclooxygenase channel in the space vacated by the movement of the Leu-531 side chain, validating our previous hypothesis implicating the flexibility of the Leu-531 side chain as a determinant for the ability of COX-2 to oxygenate endocannabinoid substrates. Functional analyses carried out to compliment our structural findings indicated that Y355F and R513H muCOX-2 constructs had no effect on the oxygenation of 1-AG and 2-AG, whereas substitutions that resulted in a shortened side chain for Leu-531 had only modest effects. Both AA and 1-AG bind to R513H muCOX-2 in conformations similar to those observed in the co-crystal structures of these substrates with wild type enzyme.
Modulating locomotor adaptation with cerebellar stimulation

Human locomotor adaptation is necessary to maintain flexibility of walking. Several lines of research suggest that the cerebellum plays a critical role in motor adaptation. In this study we investigated the effects of noninvasive stimulation of the cerebellum to enhance locomotor adaptation. We found that anodal cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied during adaptation expedited the adaptive process while cathodal cerebellar tDCS slowed it down, without affecting the rate of de-adaptation of the new locomotor pattern. Interestingly, cerebellar tDCS affected the adaptation rate of spatial but not temporal elements of walking. It may be that spatial and temporal control mechanisms are accessible through different neural circuits. Our results suggest that tDCS could be used as a tool to modulate locomotor training in neurological patients with gait impairments.
Dissecting Cowbird Song Potency: Assessing a Song's Geographic Identity and Relative Appeal

and Summary To investigate the acoustic elements that constitute song potency in cowbirds, a playback experiment was carried out using the female cowbird's copulatory posture as a bioassay of song potency. Experimentally altered versions of the song of an Molothrus ater obscurus male were presented to M. a. ater and M. a. obscurus females. Song elements of special interest were those thought to communicate a male's geographic status and those indicating song quality. Several song elements were critical to the communication of inter- and intraspecific information. Moreover, the data demonstrate that the same semantic information (e. g., geographic identity or relative appeal) may be mediated through different song structures for the two subspecies. Finally, the data reveal a new song parameter relying upon the operation of the cowbird's two voices that contributes to song potency. This latter finding may represent the first functional test of the two voice phenomenon in passerines. Zusammenfassung Die Begattungsreaktionen gefangengehaltener Weibchen der beiden Kuhstar-Unterarten Molothrus ater ater und M. a. obscurus auf die Tonband-wiedergabe eines M. a. obscurus-Gesangs wurden untersucht. Der Gesang wurde experimentell verandert, um die Rolle verschiedener akustischer Elemente zu isolieren. Der Gesang des Kuhstars enthalt mindestens zwei Informationen; eine betrifft die geographische Herkunft, die andere die Qualitat oder Anziehungskraft des Gesangs. Weibchen der beiden Unterarten reagierten charakteristisch verschieden auf Veranderungen des Gesangs und sprachen auf verschiedene Gesangstrukturen an. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, das der Gesang des Kuhstars hierarchisch aufgebaut ist und das die Weibchen Gesange an mehreren Merkmalen der Gesangsstruktur unterscheiden.
The Evolving Classification of Dementia: Placing the DSM-V in a Meaningful Historical and Cultural Context and Pondering the Future of “Alzheimer’s”

Alzheimer’s disease is a 100-year-old concept. As a diagnostic label, it has evolved over the 20th and 21st centuries from a rare diagnosis in younger patients to a worldwide epidemic common in the elderly, said to affect over 35 million people worldwide. In this opinion piece, we use a constructivist approach to review the early history of the terms “Alzheimer’s disease” and related concepts such as dementia, as well as the more recent nosological changes that have occurred in the four major editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual since 1952. A critical engagement of the history of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia, specifically the evolution of those concepts in the DSM over the past 100 years, raises a number of questions about how those labels and emergent diagnoses, such as Neurocognitive Disorders and Mild Cognitive Impairment, might continue to evolve in the DSM-V, due for release in 2013.
Combination of variable frequency train stimulation and K/sup +/ channel blockade to augment skeletal muscle force

Several innovative approaches are being used to optimize the input-output relationship of muscle, including nonlinear stimulation paradigms and altering muscle membrane ion channel conductances. We tested the hypothesis that the combination of the K/sup +/ channel blocker, 3,4-diaminopyridine (DAP), and variable frequency train (VFT) stimulation improves muscle force to a greater extent than either modality alone. Studies were done in vitro on rat diaphragm muscle and contractions were quantified with respect to peak force, mean force, and force area. DAP increased all three force parameters by >50% during conventional 10-20-Hz stimulation, whereas VFT stimulation improved contractile performance for peak force only. When combined, DAP and VFT stimulation augmented peak force to a significantly greater extent than either modality alone. However, this came at a cost of a moderate decline in force area relative to DAP alone, although mean force was preserved. These force increases were generally well-maintained over the course of short-term repetitive stimulation. Thus, VFT stimulation and K/sup +/ channel blockade interact in a complex manner to modulate skeletal muscle force. The utility of the combined intervention for functional electrical stimulation may be greatest for mechanical tasks requiring high force levels early during the contraction.
Stochastic control for economic models: past, present and the paths ahead

Abstract On the 30th anniversary of a meeting between engineers and economists at Princeton University to discuss the potential application of stochastic control methods to economics, this paper provides a review of past, present and paths ahead. The events surrounding some of the key developments of the past are described along with a discussion of the present state of the research and of paths for future research. The paper is structured around the primary methods for solving quadratic-linear economic stochastic control models, namely open loop, classical control, handcrafted feedback rules, optimal feedback, min–max control, optimal feedback rules with parameter uncertainty and dual control. The paper also includes a discussion of software developments in economic stochastic control modeling.
Evaluation of noise properties in PSF-based PET image reconstruction

The addition of accurate system modeling in PET image reconstruction results in images with distinct noise texture and characteristics. In particular, the incorporation of point spread functions (PSF) into the system model has been shown to visually reduce image noise, but the noise properties have not been thoroughly studied. This work offers a systematic evaluation of noise and signal properties in different combinations of reconstruction methods and parameters. We evaluate two fully-3D PET reconstruction algorithms: (1) OSEM with exact scanner line of response modeled (OSEM+LOR), (2) OSEM with line of response and a measured point spread function incorporated (OSEM+LOR+PSF), in combination with the effects of 4 post filtering parameters and 1-10 iterations. We used a modified NEMA IQ phantom, which was filled with 68Ge and consisted of 6 hot spheres of different sizes with a target/background ratio of 4:1. The phantom was scanned 50 times in 3D mode on a clinical system to provide independent noise realizations. Data were reconstructed with OSEM+LOR and OSEM+LOR+PSF using different reconstruction parameters. With access to multiple realizations, 4 metrics are adopted to quantify the noise characteristics in the reconstructed images. Image roughness and the standard deviation image are measures of the pixel-to-pixel variation, while NEMA and ensemble noises quantify the region-to-region variation. In addition to 4 noise metrics, we also evaluate signal to noise performance with accepted signal strength measures (recovery coefficient, SNR for quantitation), and study the relations between different metrics. From the analysis results, a linear correlation is observed between NEMA noise and ensemble noise for all different combinations of reconstruction methods and parameters, suggesting that NEMA style noise is a reasonable surrogate for ensemble noise when multiple realizations of scans are not available in practice. At the same number of iterations, the addition of PSF reduces image roughness for unfiltered images by roughly 35%, while the addition of PSF does not reduce NEMA style or ensemble noise. When noise is measured across realizations, the PSF based method offers slightly improved (7%) signal to noise performance across a range of reconstruction parameters.
Postnatal confirmation of prenatally diagnosed trisomy 16 mosaicism in two phenotypically abnormal liveborns

Two phenotypically abnormal liveborns in whom trisomy 16 mosaicism was diagnosed prenatally by amniocentesis are described. Analysis of a percutaneous umbilical blood sample in one case revealed a normal chromosomal complement. Ultrasound examinations performed at the time of amniocentesis were normal. Serial sonography during the late second and third trimesters demonstrated progressive intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) in both fetuses and a cardiac defect in one. At birth, both infants had dysmorphic features and multiple congenital anomalies. Trisomy 16 mosaicism was confirmed postnatally in both infants in skin fibroblasts; however, peripheral blood samples contained only chromosomally normal cells. The two mosaic trisomy 16 cases described in this report, together with the five confirmed cases reported previously, demonstrate the need for caution in the counselling of patients when trisomy 16 mosaicism is diagnosed prenatally in amniotic fluid samples. Such cases potentially can result in the birth of dysmorphic infants with significant birth defects, growth retardation, and possible developmental disabilities.
Adolescent Obesity, Overt and Relational Peer Victimization, and Romantic Relationships

This study specifically tests the hypotheses that obese adolescents are more frequent victims of peer aggression and are less likely to develop romantic relationships. Measures of overt and relational victimization, as well as dating status and satisfaction, were collected for a group of 416 ninth- through twelfth-grade students (51.7% girls). Body mass index was computed for each teen based on self-reported height and weight data. Results revealed that obese boys reported more overt victimization and obese girls reported more relational victimization compared with their average-weight peers. Obese girls were also less likely to date than their peers. However, both obese boys and girls reported being more dissatisfied with their dating status compared with average-weight peers. These results suggest that obese adolescents are at greater risk for mistreatment by peers and may have fewer opportunities to develop intimate romantic relationships; this may contribute to the psychological and health difficulties frequently associated with obesity.
Influence of S-adenosylmethionine pool size on spontaneous mutation, dam methylation, and cell growth of Escherichia coli.

Escherichia coli strains that are deficient in the Ada and Ogt DNA repair methyltransferases display an elevated spontaneous G:C-to-A:T transition mutation rate, and this increase has been attributed to mutagenic O6-alkylguanine lesions being formed via the alkylation of DNA by endogenous metabolites. Here we test the frequently cited hypothesis that S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) can act as a weak alkylating agent in vivo and that it contributes to endogenous DNA alkylation. By regulating the expression of the rat liver SAM synthetase and the bacteriophage T3 SAM hydrolase proteins in E. coli, a 100-fold range of SAM levels could be achieved. However, neither increasing nor decreasing SAM levels significantly affected spontaneous mutation rates, leading us to conclude that SAM is not a major contributor to the endogenous formation of O6-methylguanine lesions in E. coli.
Strategy as Vector and the Inertia of Coevolutionary Lock-in:

To examine the consequences of a period of extraordinary success for the long-term adaptive capability of a firm's strategy-making process, this comparative longitudinal study of Andy Grove's tenure as Intel Corporation's chief executive officer (CEO) documents how he moved Intel's strategy-making process from an internal-ecology model to the classical rational-actor model during 1987-1998. His creation of a highly successful strategy vector pursued through an extremely focused induced-strategy process led to coevolutionary lock-in with the personal computer market segment, in which Intel's strategy making became increasingly tied to its existing product market. Intracompany analysis of four new business development cases highlights the inertial consequences of coevolutionary lock-in. The paper examines implications of coevolutionary lock-in in terms of its effect on balancing induced and autonomous strategy processes and exploitation and exploration in organizational learning.
Short- and long-term consequences of larval stage exposure to constantly and ephemerally elevated carbon dioxide for marine bivalve populations

Abstract. While larval bivalves are highly sensitive to ocean acidification, the basis for this sensitivity and the longer-term implications of this sensitivity are unclear. Experiments were performed to assess the short-term (days) and long-term (months) consequences of larval stage exposure to varying CO2 concentrations for calcifying bivalves. Higher CO2 concentrations depressed both calcification rates assessed using 45Ca uptake and RNA : DNA ratios in Mercenaria mercenaria and Argopecten irradians larvae with RNA : DNA ratios being highly correlated with larval growth rates (r2>0.9). These findings suggested that high CO2 has a cascading negative physiological impact on bivalve larvae stemming in part from lower calcification rates. Exposure to elevated CO2 during the first four days of larval development significantly depressed A. irradians larval survival rates, while a 10-day exposure later in larval development did not, demonstrating the extreme CO2 sensitivity of bivalve larvae during first days of development. Short- (weeks) and long-term (10 month) experiments revealed that individuals surviving exposure to high CO2 during larval development grew faster when exposed to normal CO2 as juveniles compared to individuals reared under ambient CO2 as larvae. These increased growth rates could not, however, overcome size differences established during larval development, as size deficits of individuals exposed to even moderate levels of CO2 as larvae were evident even after 10 months of growth under normal CO2 concentrations. This "legacy effect" emphasizes the central role larval stage CO2 exposure can play in shaping the success of modern-day bivalve populations.
Genetic effects on tolerance to acute cold stress in red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus L.

Genetic eiects on cold-stress tolerance were assessed for red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), an economically important sciaenid ¢sh in the southern USA. Thirty- ¢ve families were generated via 'natural'spawning of multiple sets of ¢ve breeders (three damstwo sires) in individual brood tanks. Oispring from the 35 families were transferred abruptly from an accli- mation temperature of � 24 1 Ct o 5.71C and main- tained subsequently at an average temperature of 6.5 1C. Oispring were assigned a posteriori to indivi- dual brood¢sh (dam and sire) based on genotypes at nuclear-encoded microsatellites. Heritability of the survival^time probability function was estimated using a proportional hazard approach and an animal- additive model. The estimated heritability was 0.20 (95% CI: 0.07^0.40), indicating a signi¢cant genetic component to acute cold-stress tolerance in red drum.
Effects of tasks on users' perceptions of the content of a web-based IR system

Finding relevant information is a major goal that motivates people to seek information using an IR system. Therefore, it is important to understand how people perceive the content of a system while interacting with it to solve specific problems. This article presents a preliminary study on users' perceptions of the content of a web-based IR system and the effects of tasks on their perceptions.
Management of Individuals with Parkinson's Disease: Rationale and Case Studies

In this article, we present a systematic approach to physical therapy management of individuals with Parkinson's disease. This approach is based on a model that relates knowledge of the underlying pathology of the disease to impairments and disability. We discuss use of the model to evaluate, interpret, and treat impairments and disabilities of the patient with Parkinson's disease. We emphasize the relative influence of impairments that arise directly from the neuroanatomical pathology and those that arise indirectly through subsequent musculoskeletal alterations. We illustrate the use of the model in setting goals and in developing a treatment program. Two case studies are presented to illustrate the application of this approach to specific patient care. These case studies suggest the efficacy of physical therapy initiated early in the disease process. The first case study illustrates improvements of balance, gait, and functional movement made by an individual who was not yet receiving medication for Parkinson's disease. The second case study illustrates improvements of balance, gait, and functional movement made by an individual who was already receiving medication for the disease. These case studies illustrate the dramatic improvements that can be achieved in the patient with Parkinson's disease.
Developmental variation in DNA methylation in poplar (Populus trichocarpa)

Using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing (MeDIP-seq), we analyzed DNA methylation patterns in the P. trichocarpa genome in relation to four biological processes: bud dormancy and release, mature organ maintenance, in vitro organogenesis, and methylation suppression. Here, we report results from Illumina sequencing of nine sampled tissues, each representing 1 to 2 biological replicates. We sequenced 26M – 97M reads per tissue type, and validated our MeDIP-seq results using bisulfite sequencing of selected targets. Unique MeDIP-seq reads covered ~30-60% of genome space at an average depth of 4 to 12 reads/nucleotide. Transposons and other repeat elements were enriched within the methylated fraction of the genome. The pattern of gene model methylation showed higher methylation at promoters, in the middle of coding regions, and 3’ to ends of genes, similar to that observed in other plant and animal species. Numbers of methylated genes identified varied widely by tissue type. We produced summary data for genome methylation in P. trichocarpa, including the distribution of methylation across chromosomes (Fig. 1) and in and around genes. The intensity of methylation was highly heterogeneous within and between chromosomes. One-third of the genome, analyzed as 1 kb tiled windows, was differentially methylated among tissues. An example of a chromosomal region with differential methylation is shown in Fig. 2. Promoter methylation was more frequent than gene body methylation. Male catkins differed from the other tissues in that gene body methylation was more prevalent than promoter methylation, and two
A ‘Demented Work Ethic’ and a ‘Lifestyle Firm’: Discourse, Identity, and Workplace Time Commitments

One key to understanding the contours of late modernity is to examine workers’ allocations of time to their organizations. In this article, I frame workplace time commitments as the outcome of two forces: individuals’ efforts to portray a positive and distinctive identity (identity work) and the organizational and social discourses shaping those identities (identity regulation). Analysis of interviews with 53 employees from two distinct organizations shows that identity work and identity regulation related to workplace time commitments are not the result of totalizing managerial discourses, but are influenced by the arrays of discursive resources proffered by both locales and organizational practices. Importantly, these arrays tend to ‘tilt’ toward agency or structure in the conceptions of the individual–organization relationship they afford. Based on this finding, I argue that studies of workplace control and resistance should examine the features of such arrays of discursive resources, that understandin...
The law of the instrument.

guide surgical myectomy for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011;142:53-9. 21. Maron BJ, Wolfson JK, Roberts WC. Relation between extent of cardiac muscle cell disorganization and left ventricular wall thickness in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 1992;70:785-90. 22. Maron BJ, Spirito P, Shen WK, Haas TS, Formisano F, Link MS, et al. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and prevention of sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. JAMA. 2007;298:405-12. 23. Valeti US, Nishimura RA, Holmes DR, Araoz PA, Glockner JF, Breen JF, et al. Comparison of surgical septal myectomy and alcohol septal ablation with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:350-7. 24. Talreja DR, Nishimura RA, Edwards WD, Valeti US, Ommen SR, Tajik AJ, et al. Alcohol septal ablation versus surgical septal myectomy: comparison of effects on atrioventricular conduction tissue. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:2329-32. 25. Noseworthy PA, Rosenberg MA, Fifer MA, Palacios IF, Lowry PA, Ruskin JN, et al. Ventricular arrhythmia following alcohol septal ablation for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2009;104:128-32. 26. ten Cate FJ, Soliman OI, Michels M, Theuns DA, de Jong PL, Geleijnse ML, et al. Long-term outcome of alcohol septal ablation in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a word of caution. Circ Heart Fail. 2010;3: 362-9.
Trichosporon asahii Infection in a Patient with Metastatic Prostate Cancer as an Example of an Emerging Fungal Pathogen

Patient: 59-year-old white man. Chief Complaint: Nausea, constant urge to urinate, and intermittent lower back pain that wraps around his right iliac crest and down his right anterior thigh to the level of his right knee. History of Present Illness: The patient sought radiation oncology consultation for his metastatic prostate cancer. He has had nephrostomy tubes and ureteral stents implanted to help with his bilateral uropathic manifestations. Two days earlier, his ureteral stent was removed and sent for culture during the replacement of his malfunctioning nephrostomy tubes; Trichosporon asahii had been cultured from the stent. Previous Medical History: Castration-resistant prostate cancer with bone metastasis, left upper abdominal shingles, recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), chronic anemia due to chemotherapy, and obstructive bilateral uropathy. Family History: Mother had breast cancer and father had lung cancer and heart disease. Physical Examination Findings: The patient was alert and oriented. There was a small, soft, compressible nodule, or cyst, in the posterior supraclavicular region. His lungs were clear, and his pulse had a regular rate and rhythm. Principle Laboratory Findings: [Table 1][1]. * UTIs : urinary tract infections GC : guanine-cytosine EPS : extracellular polysaccharide GXM : glucuronoxylomannan SAB : sabouraud dextrose [1]: #T1
Wild dogs

Things become complicated when two wild dogs discover the remains of a giant dinosaur skeleton in the African plains.
Measuring CSF Flow in Chiari I Malformations

Cardiac-gated Phase Contrast MR (PC MR) is used in the evaluation of the Chiari I malformation to assess the CSF flow though the foramen magnum. Images may show reduced CSF flow posterior to the spinal cord in patients with a Chiari I malformation. MR images however do not differentiate with sufficient accuracy between symptomatic and asymptomatic Chiari I malformations. In the presence of the Chiari I malformation, CSF velocities are elevated. Measuring the velocity of flow and determining the degree of inhomogeneity in CSF flow aid in the detection of clinically significant flow abnormalities.
Optimal dynamic dispatch of surplus gas among buffer boilers in steel plant

As valuable energy in iron- and steel-making process, by-product gas is widely used in heating and technical processes in steel plant. After being used according to the technical requirements, the surplus by-product gas is usually used for buffer boilers to produce steam. With the rapid development of energy conservation technology and energy consumption level, surplus gas in steel plant continues to get larger. Therefore, it is significant to organize surplus gas among buffer boilers. A dynamic programming model of that issue was established in this work, considering the ramp rate constraint of boilers and the influences of setting gasholders. Then a case study was done. It is shown that dynamic programming dispatch gets more steam generation and less specific gas consumption compared with current proportionate dispatch depending on nominal capacities of boilers. The ignored boiler ramp rate constraint was considered and its contribution to the result validity was pointed out. Finally, the significance of setting gasholders was studied.
Phonon–spin scattering and magnetic heat transport in the quasi-one-dimensional spin − 1 2 antiferromagnetic chain compound CuSb 2 O 6

We report measurements of thermal conductivity $(\ensuremath{\kappa})$ on single crystals of the quasi-one-dimensional $\text{spin}\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}$ anitferromagnetic chain compound ${\mathrm{CuSb}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ and its nonmagnetic analog ${\mathrm{ZnSb}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ in the temperature range $5\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}\ensuremath{\le}T\ensuremath{\le}300\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. A substantially lower $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ for ${\mathrm{CuSb}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ compared to that of ${\mathrm{ZnSb}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ has its origin in resonant phonon--spin scattering involving excitation of a two-level system $(\text{energy}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\text{scale}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\sim}100\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K})$ associated with the onset of local spin order at $T\ensuremath{\le}150\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. Anisotropy in $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ for the ${\mathrm{CuSb}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ also emerges at $T\ensuremath{\le}150$ K and might be associated with a magnetic contribution to heat transport. A magnetic mean free path comparable to that of other $\text{spin}\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}$ linear-chain compounds $(\ensuremath{\sim}0.3\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m})$ is implied.
Behavioral functioning in cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome: Risk factors and impact on parenting experience

The present study is an investigation of behavioral functioning in children with cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome (CFC). CFC is a rare single-gene disorder associated with cardiac disease, characteristic skin and facial features, intellectual disability, and neurological complications such as seizures and structural brain anomalies. Emotional and behavioral features of CFC have not been systematically investigated. We aimed to identify key variables that contribute to psychopathology during childhood and adolescence, and to examine the impact of challenging behaviors on the caregiving experience. Parents of 34 children and adolescents with CFC completed standardized broadband measures of child emotional and behavioral functioning, as well as measures of sensory modulation, functional communication, and caregiver stress. Results indicate that children with CFC syndrome are at heightened risk for psychopathology, with attention problems, social difficulties, and unusual behaviors (e.g., obsessive thoughts, strange behaviors, repetitive acts) found to be especially prevalent. Behavioral challenges in children with CFC syndrome were significantly associated with a history of obstetric complications and with problems modulating sensory information. With regard to the impact of child neurocognitive and behavioral issues on the caregiving experience, parent self-reported stress was significantly higher among parents of children who engaged in more problem behaviors, and lower among parents whose children could communicate effectively with others. Results of this study suggest avenues to help families cope with CFC-related stressors and enhance overall functioning. In particular, this study highlights the need for educational and treatment interventions aimed at addressing sensory needs, increasing functional communication, and identifying and managing challenging behaviors. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lacrimal gland inflammatory cytokine gene expression in the botulinum toxin B-induced murine dry eye model.

Purpose To determine the effect of keratoconjunctivitis sicca, induced by botulinum toxin-B (BTX-B), on the inflammatory cytokine gene expression in the lacrimal gland (LG). And to determine the effect of various topical anti-inflammatory agents on the resulting cytokine levels. Methods Forty-two mice (eight-week-old, female, CBA/J) were divided into six groups. Four groups were injected with BTX-B into both lacrimal glands, one group was injected with saline into both LG (Sal, n=7), and one group served as an uninjected control (Con, n=7). The four groups of BTX-B injected mice were then assigned to a treatment group: 1. no additional treatment (BTX), 2. artificial tear treatment (AT), 3. Cyclosporine A (CSA) treatment, and 4. fluorometholone (FM) treatment (n=7 in each group). Corneal fluorescein staining was evaluated one, two, and four weeks after injection. LGs were harvested after two weeks (groups Con, Sal, and BTX) and four weeks (groups AT, CSA, and FM) after injection. Gene microarray analysis for inflammatory cytokines and their receptors, real time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and immunofluorescent staining with anti-mouse CD3e monoclonal antibody were then performed on LG tissue. Results BTX-B injection into the LG effectively induced dry eye in mice two and four weeks following injection. Microarray data identified the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, IL-12, and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and toll-interacting protein (Tollip) as candidates for validation by real time RT-PCR. MIF and IL-12 expression were elevated in BTX-B injected mice at weeks 2 and 4 regardless of treatment. Tollip and IL-1 expressions were increased in some groups after BTX-B injection regardless of the treatment type. Other cytokines showed no significant changes. LG structures were well maintained without significant T lymphocyte infiltration in all groups. Conclusions Ocular surface change induced by BTX-B injection resulted in an altered expression of various inflammatory cytokines in our murine dry eye model. Alteration of the pathology-induced cytokine profile by topical therapy is reported.
Pancreatitis-Related Pancreatic Masses: Chronic Pancreatitis

Differentiating a benign from a malignant pancreatic mass is necessary to choose appropriate therapy. This distinction is not easy as symptoms and imaging findings may be quite similar. Up to 10 % of patients with chronic pancreatitis may form a visible mass or develop symptoms quite suggestive of cancer, such as obstructive jaundice. The optimal approach to these patients is not known but involves knowledge of mass-forming pancreatitis as an entity, tumor markers (CA 19-9), and the appropriate use of high-quality cross-sectional imaging and endoscopic ultrasonography. Despite careful evaluation, some patients with benign disease will still be referred for pancreatic resection due to diagnostic uncertainty for presumed malignancy. New techniques are needed, and these will likely be improved analysis of EUS images and molecular tools to examine fine-needle aspiration specimens.
The relation between renal acidification and bicarbonate reabsorption. A view of CO2-mediated secretion in renal and other epithelia

The chief purpose of this paper is to place the facts of renal acidification and bicarbonate reabsorption in vertebrates into quantitative perspective. To do this we must consider the chemistry of the hydration of carbon dioxide or of the hydroxylation of carbon dioxide, the properties of renal secretory cells, and the role of carbonic anhydrase in these processes.
The impact of web-based product comparison agent on choice overload in online individual decision-making

Consumers who use interactive Web applications called product comparison agents (PCAs) may be overwhelmed by information and decisions to make, leading to an inability to choose or dissatisfaction with the ultimate choice, a state of “choice overload.” Two experiments were designed to test the choice overload hypothesis. Eight choice tasks of different size were presented to subjects. By observing the decision quality, decision time, and decision confidence, we confirmed our hypothesis that choice overload exists when the decision-making task exceeds 24 choices and 5 attributes. Subjects were given different decision-making tools (sorting and short-listing) and conditions (refreshing of information) to deal with the same choice task within the choice-overload range obtained from initial experiment. The use of PCAs required more decision-making effort and resulted in less decision satisfaction than when only one decision-making tool was provided. We believe these findings are relevant to the development of new PCAs, the psychology of decision-making, and the advancement of consumer behavior research.
Using the Universal Design for Learning Approach in Science Laboratories To Minimize Student Stress

This commentary discusses how the principles of universal design for learning (UDL) can be applied in the science laboratory with an emphasis on assisting students who experience stress in the laboratory environment. The UDL approach in the laboratory is based on three elements: open-mindedness, supportive communication, and analysis and adaptation of laboratory curriculum. “Supportive communication”, a novel element of our approach comprising interaction methods adapted from counseling therapy, is introduced. A brief discussion of a workshop for chemistry faculty and graduate students on the UDL approach is presented.