cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nature and Development of Membrane Systems in Food Vacuoles of Cellular Slime Molds Predatory upon Bacteria

Hohl, Hans R. (University of Hawaii, Honolulu). Nature and development of membrane systems in food vacuoles of cellular slime molds predatory upon bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 90:755-765. 1965.-During the digestion of bacteria by the myxamoebae of cellular slime molds, systems of concentric lamellae begin to appear within the food vacuoles. Each constituent lamella is a unit membrane of 75 to 85 A thickness. A study of these lamellae in Dictyostelium discoideum and Polysphondylium pallidum reveals that most of them do not represent original membranes of the ingested bacteria but are formed mainly in two ways. (i) After swelling and partial digestion of the bacteria, the first membranes appear adjacent to pre-existing membranes, e.g., the membrane lining the food vacuole and the cytoplasmic membrane surrounding the bacterium. Progressive addition of lamellae leads to the formation of the systems of concentric lamellae. (ii) After digestion of the bacteria has proceeded to a high degree, the concentric lamellae are formed spontaneously from clouds of amorphous material through condensation and orientation of precursor material. The study shows that, in biological systems, unit membranes may be formed from amorphous material through template action of pre-existing membranes, and does not necessarily involve fusion of membrane-bound vesicles.
Erythropoietin, forkhead proteins, and oxidative injury: Biomarkers and biology

Oxidative stress significantly impacts multiple cellular pathways that can lead to the initiation and progression of varied disorders throughout the body. It therefore becomes imperative to elucidate the components and function of novel therapeutic strategies against oxidative stress to further clinical diagnosis and care. In particular, both the growth factor and cytokine erythropoietin (EPO), and members of the mammalian forkhead transcription factors of the O class (FoxOs), may offer the greatest promise for new treatment regimens, since these agents and the cellular pathways they oversee cover a range of critical functions that directly influence progenitor cell development, cell survival and degeneration, metabolism, immune function, and cancer cell invasion. Furthermore, both EPO and FoxOs function not only as therapeutic targets, but also as biomarkers of disease onset and progression, since their cellular pathways are closely linked and overlap with several unique signal transduction pathways. Yet, EPO and FoxOs may sometimes have unexpected and undesirable effects that can raise caution for these agents and warrant further investigations. Here we present the exciting as well as the complex role that EPO and FoxOs possess to uncover the benefits as well as the risks of these agents for cell biology and clinical care in processes that range from stem cell development to uncontrolled cellular proliferation.
Comparisons between pseudospectral and radial basis function derivative approximations

Fourier-based pseudospectral (PS) methods have been used since the 1970s for obtaining spectrally accurate solutions to partial differential equations (PDEs) in periodic geometries. Radial basis functions (RBFs) were introduced about the same time for interpolation on scattered nodes in irregular geometries. As was later recognized, they can also be used for accurate numerical solution of PDEs. Although the main strength of RBFs lies in their outstanding geometric flexibility, also offering possibilities of spectral accuracy over irregularly shaped finite domains, it is still of interest to compare them against Fourier-based PS methods in the extremely simple geometries (infinite or periodic domains) where the latter can also be used. Mostly by means of heuristic arguments and graphical illustrations based on Fourier analysis and numerical experiments, we show that there are notable differences (more pronounced in increasing numbers of dimensions) in how the two spectral approaches approximate derivatives.
The body in the corpus

Allan Bell calls on hermeneutics to enliven the relation between discourse analysts and the materials they study, exploring the image of the analyst ‘standing before’ a corpus, prepared to be transformed by it. The ingredient of desire must be added to the account, as well as the embodied scenario of interpretation. These elements are mobilized to situate Bell’s rereading of Babel and of empire.
TRPC-mediated actin-myosin contraction is critical for BBB disruption following hypoxic stress

Hypoxia-induced disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the result of many different mechanisms, including alterations to the cytoskeleton. In this study, we identified actin-binding proteins involved in cytoskeletal dynamics with quantitative proteomics and assessed changes in subcellular localization of two proteins involved in actin polymerization [vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP)] and cytoskeleton-plasma membrane cross-linking (moesin). We found significant redistribution of both VASP and moesin to the cytoskeletal and membrane fractions of BBB endothelial cells after 1-h hypoxic stress. We also investigated activation of actin-myosin contraction through assessment of phosphorylated myosin light chain (pMLC) with confocal microscopy. Hypoxia caused a rapid and transient increase in pMLC. Blocking MLC phosphorylation through inhibition of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) with ML-7 prevented hypoxia-induced BBB disruption and relocalization of the tight junction protein ZO-1. Finally, we implicate the transient receptor potential (TRP)C family of channels in mediating these events since blockade of TRPC channels and the associated calcium influx with SKF-96365 prevents hypoxia-induced permeability changes and the phosphorylation of MLC needed for actin-myosin contraction. These data suggest that hypoxic stress triggers alterations to cytoskeletal structure that contribute to BBB disruption and that calcium influx through TRPC channels contributes to these events.
Purα as a cellular co‐factor of Rev/RRE‐mediated expression of HIV‐1 intron‐containing mRNA

To ensure successful replication, HIV-1 has developed a Rev-mediated RNA transport system that promotes the export of unspliced genomic RNA from nuclei to cytoplasm. This process requires the Rev responsive element (RRE) that is positioned in the viral transcript encoding Env protein, as well as in unspliced and singly spliced viral transcripts. We identified Purα, a single-stranded nucleic acid binding protein as a cellular partner for Rev that augments the appearance of unspliced viral RNAs in the cytoplasm. A decrease in the level of Purα expression by siRNA diminishes the level of Rev-dependent expression of viral RNA. Through its nucleic acid binding domain, Purα exhibits the ability to interact with the multimerization and RBD domains of Rev. Similar to Rev, Purα associates with RRE and in the presence of Rev forms a complex with slower electrophoretic mobility than those from Rev:RRE and Purα:RRE. The interaction of Purα with RRE occurs in the cytoplasm where enhanced association of Rev with RRE is observed. Our data indicate that the partnership of Purα with Rev is beneficial for Rev-mediated expression of the HIV-1 genome.
Textile sensor for monitoring vital signs

In this paper, we describe the development of a textilebased design of the microwave coupler for vital signs monitoring and measuring changes in lung water contents. We also describe preliminary results from human clinical study using the developed textile coupler. Benchmarking results using an FDA approved medical device, Propaq LT and a blood pressure cuff, have shown the feasibility of accurately detecting the heartbeat and respiration rates as well as stroke volume from a single microwave measurement. Some of the design and implementation issues such as the coaxial feed and termination of the microwave sensor, contact with human skin issues, as well as the DSP algorithm for extracting the vital signs are discussed. Comparative results between reflection (single coupler) vs. transmission (two sensors), are also presented and discussed.
A Descriptive Analysis of Intervention Research in Emotional and Behavioral Disorders from 1980 through 1999

The current study was conducted to examine the trends involved with experimental intervention research designed to modify behaviors of children and youth with emotional and/or behavioral disorders (EBD). Trends are summarized and compared to the intervention research that has been conducted in developmental disabilities (DD). The contents of 10 journals published between 1980 and 1999 were analyzed. Descriptive dimensions of the research including participant demographics, settings, research designs, dependent and independent variables, intervention agents, and measures of ecological validity were investigated. In addition, the databases were examined to determine whether interventions were based on individualized processes of assessment. The results showed strikingly similar trends across interventions with EBD and DD participants. The discussion addresses the general status of intervention research across both populations, as well as the importance of extending the current research to examine additional variables and measures with various populations.
Defining the limits of physiological plasticity: how gene expression can assess and predict the consequences of ocean change

Anthropogenic stressors, such as climate change, are driving fundamental shifts in the abiotic characteristics of marine ecosystems. As the environmental aspects of our world's oceans deviate from evolved norms, of major concern is whether extant marine species possess the capacity to cope with such rapid change. In what many scientists consider the post-genomic era, tools that exploit the availability of DNA sequence information are being increasingly recognized as relevant to questions surrounding ocean change and marine conservation. In this review, we highlight the application of high-throughput gene-expression profiling, primarily transcriptomics, to the field of marine conservation physiology. Through the use of case studies, we illustrate how gene expression can be used to standardize metrics of sub-lethal stress, track organism condition in natural environments and bypass phylogenetic barriers that hinder the application of other physiological techniques to conservation. When coupled with fine-scale monitoring of environmental variables, gene-expression profiling provides a powerful approach to conservation capable of informing diverse issues related to ocean change, from coral bleaching to the spread of invasive species. Integrating novel approaches capable of improving existing conservation strategies, including gene-expression profiling, will be critical to ensuring the ecological and economic health of the global ocean.
Scaling Issues for Energy and Communication in Large Networks of Small Sensors

Interesting and important optimization problems arise in systems that are simultaneously very large and very small, for example, very large networks of very small sensors. Regarding energy and information, smaller nodes carry less onboard energy than larger nodes, and they are worse antennas for communication at longer wavelength, i.e., lower energy per photon, so they have smaller total information communication capacity. Regarding energy and lifetime, i.e., ratio of stored energy to baseline power demand, a node's baseline power demand usually scales as a smaller power of its linear dimension than does its energy storage capacity, so its operating time -and, if it is mobile, its operating range -usually falls more rapidly than linearly with smaller size. Depending on operating scenarios -e.g., whether or not you expect a mobile entity's speed to be independent of its size -and constraints - e.g., whether the system as a whole can use only a limited quantity of some critical material -tradeoffs arise between node size and node spacing. Node spacing affects both the power required to communicate between nodes, and the spatial density of gathered environmental data, often the essential measure of the deployed network's effectiveness. This paper demonstrates a general approach to analyzing -hence optimizing in the face of specified constraints -the competing consequences of large and small size, and examines them briefly but explicitly in plausible practical implementations.
Relation of symptom-induced impairment with other illness parameters in clinic-referred youth.

Objective To examine the relation of caregiver ratings of psychiatric symptom-induced impairment with number and severity of symptoms and informant agreement in consecutive child psychiatry outpatient referrals. Methods Parents and teachers completed a broadband DSM-IV-referenced rating scale with disorder-specific impairment for 636 youth (6–18 years). Illness parameters included impairment, number and severity of symptoms, and their combination (symptom + impairment) as well as categorical (cut-off) and dimensional scoring. Results Agreement between impairment and other illness parameters showed considerable variation as a function of type of parameter, disorder, and informant, but to lesser extent age and gender. Many youth who met impairment cut-off for specific disorders did not meet symptom cut-off. Conversely, most youth who met symptom cut-off were impaired. Symptom cut-off evidenced greater convergence with impairment cut-off than combined symptom + impairment cut-offs. Severity of impairment was moderately to highly correlated with number and severity of symptoms. Parents' and teachers' ratings indicated little disorder-specific agreement about youth who met impairment cut-off, symptom cut-off, or combined symptom + impairment cut-off. Therefore, sole reliance on one informant greatly underestimates the pervasiveness of impairment. Conclusion Findings are consistent with the notion that each illness parameter represents a unique conceptual construct, which has important clinical and research implications.
The Potential Wind Power Resource in Australia: A New Perspective

Australia’s wind resource is considered to be very good, and the utilization of this renewable energy resource is increasing rapidly: wind power installed capacity increased by 35% from 2006 to 2011 and is predicted to account for over 12% of Australia’s electricity generation in 2030. Due to this growth in the utilization of the wind resource and the increasing importance of wind power in Australia’s energy mix, this study sets out to analyze and interpret the nature of Australia’s wind resources using robust metrics of the abundance, variability and intermittency of wind power density, and analyzes the variation of these characteristics with current and potential wind turbine hub heights. We also assess the extent to which wind intermittency, on hourly or greater timescales, can potentially be mitigated by the aggregation of geographically dispersed wind farms, and in so doing, lessen the severe impact on wind power economic viability of long lulls in wind and power generated. Our results suggest that over much of Australia, areas that have high wind intermittency coincide with large expanses in which the aggregation of turbine output does not mitigate variability. These areas are also geographically remote, some are disconnected from the east coast’s electricity grid and large population centers, which are factors that could decrease the potential economic viability of wind farms in these locations. However, on the eastern seaboard, even though the wind resource is weaker, it is less variable, much closer to large population centers, and there exists more potential to mitigate it’s intermittency through aggregation. This study forms a necessary precursor to the analysis of the impact of large-scale circulations and oscillations on the wind resource at the mesoscale.
Scattering From Multilayer Rough Surfaces Based on the Extended Boundary Condition Method and Truncated Singular Value Decomposition

Electromagnetic scattering from rough surfaces has been investigated extensively for the past decades. There exist analytical solutions to rough surface scattering such as small perturbation method (SPM) or Kirchhoff approximation (KA). These solutions, however, are limited to either small or large roughness regimes. Recent efforts have been put forth to study electromagnetic scattering of multilayer rough surface in the application of deep soil moisture and ice property estimation. In this paper, multilayer rough surface scattering is analyzed based on the extended boundary condition method (EBCM) and truncated singular value decomposition. The method of extended boundary condition can accurately handle scattering from a slightly rough surface. For mild and large roughness regime, ill-conditioned matrices can arise from EBCM. In this paper, we present a regularization scheme to mitigate this ill-conditioning effect via truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD).The truncation parameters are set to enforce power conservation relations across all rough interfaces. Bistatic scattering coefficients are then obtained by incoherently averaging the power computed from the resulting Floquet modes in the scattering directions. Therefore, the electromagnetic wave interactions in multilayer rough surfaces are analyzed in a systematic way. Finally, the results are validated against the analytical SPM solution to two-rough-interface rough surface scattering. In addition, the formulation is extended to solve scattering from three-rough-interface rough surfaces. Several results are reported
The treatment of Sézary syndrome

The results of treatment programs were studied in forty patients with Sezary syndrome. Thirty-three patients died. The principal treatment was a low-dose chlorambucil and prednisone regimen. Patients so treated lived longer from diagnosis of erythroderma (median survival, 6.2 yr) than did patients on other regimens (median survival, 3.05 yr). The addition of x-ray or chemotherapeutic programs did not increase significant long-term benefit. Seven patients receiving chlorambucil and prednisone had remission (1 yr or more); most patients had partial remission, but two patients did not have a response to this program. The complications of sepsis, progressive disease, and lymphoma occurred both in patients who were and in those who were not treated with chlorambucil and prednisone. We believe that a regimen of low-dose chlorambucil and prednisone is satisfactory treatment that can be the basis for comparison of new therapeutic approaches to Sezary syndrome.
Clustering algorithms for multi-level address hierarchies

Hierarchical addresses are fundamental to the scalability of Internet routing. The explosive of the Internet has strained the initial two-level hierarchy and led to the development of more flexible divisions between levels (CIDR) and larger addresses (IPv6). Equally, important are algorithms and protocols to systematically assign addresses with appropriate hierarchical structure to allow route aggregation. This paper describes and analyzes two algorithms for clustering network nodes into a multi-level address hierarchy. We evaluate the resulting address assignment with respect to routing table size, path length and concentration of traffic. We also explicitly recognize the need for "robustness" or "slack" the assignment to accommodate future changes in topology. Our evaluation includes both single- and multi-domain topologies.
Adipokines are associated with lower extremity venous disease: the San Diego population study.

Summary. Background: Obesity is a risk factor for venous disease. We tested the associations between adipokines and the presence and severity of venous disease. Methods: Participants for this analysis were drawn from a cohort of 2408 employees and retirees of a university in San Diego who were examined for venous disease using duplex ultrasonography. From this cohort, a case-control study sample of all 352 subjects with venous disease and 352 age-, sex- and race-matched subjects without venous disease were included in this analysis. All subjects completed health history questionnaires, had a physical examination with anthropometric measurements and had venous blood analyzed for adipokines. Results: After adjustment for age, sex and race, those with venous disease had significantly higher levels of body mass index (BMI), leptin and interleukin-6. Levels of resistin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were also higher but of borderline significance (0.05 < P < 0.10). Compared with the lowest tertile and with adjustment for age, sex, race and BMI, the 2nd and 3rd tertiles of resistin (odds ratios, 1.9 and 1.7, respectively), leptin (1.7 and 1.7) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (1.4 and 1.7) were associated with increasing severity of venous disease. Conversely, a 5k g m )2 increment in BMI was associated with a higher odds ratio (1.5) for venous disease, which was independent of the adipokines included in this study. Conclusions: Both obesity and adipokines are significantly associated with venous disease. These associations appear to be independent of each other, suggesting potentially different pathways to venous disease.
Characterization of Psychrotrophic Bacterial Contamination in Commercial Buttermilk

Abstract The extent to which fresh and stored commercial buttermilk was contaminated with psychrotrophic bacteria was determined with pour plates of crystal violet tetrazolium agar incubated at 7°C for 10 days. Fresh buttermilk samples were obtained from six dairy plants on 5 days during 3 mo. For these samples, psychrotrophic counts ranged from less than 10 to 86,000/ml. After samples were refrigerated for 14 days, counts ranged from less than 10 to 1,200/ml. Microbial isolates from the medium were identified, and their ability to reduce diacetyl was determined. The diacetyl content of fresh buttermilk ranged from undetectable to 8.6 µ/ml and declined after 7 and again after 14 days of refrigerated storage. The concentration of diacetyl in refrigerated buttermilk may be influenced by psychrotrophic contamination, but no consistent pattern was observed. Species of Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Acineto-bacter, Escherichia, and Actinobacillus genera were isolated from the buttermilk. Isolates of these genera reduced diacetyl at 21°C in 24h 30 to 40%, 25 to 75%, 26%, 45%, and 48%. Yeast isolated from the buttermilk reduced 58% of the diacetyl under these conditions. Microbial contaminants of buttermilk have the potential to affect adversely flavor quality.
Healing changes in clear corneal cataract incisions evaluated using Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography.

Purpose To evaluate the long-term wound-healing changes in clear corneal cataract incisions using Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). Setting Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA. Design Case series. Methods Multiple OCT images were obtained in consecutive eyes that had phacoemulsification 1 day to 180 months previously. The incision midpoint was measured with OCT. The presence of Descemet membrane detachment, posterior wound gape, and posterior wound retraction was assessed. The depth of wound retraction along the incision and the radial length of the incision were measured. The percentage of wound retraction relative to radial incision length was calculated. Results Descemet membrane detachment was present in 37.1% of eyes 1 day postoperatively and in 4.5% of eyes at 1 to 3 months ( P =.005); it was absent after 3 months. Posterior wound gape appeared in 85.7% of eyes at 1 day and in 31.8% at 1 to 3 months ( P P Conclusion Descemet membrane detachment and posterior wound gape appeared in the early postoperative period and persisted for up to 3 months, whereas posterior wound retraction developed later and was present in more than 90% of eyes after 3 years, indicating long-term wound remodeling. Financial Disclosure Dr. Koch has financial interest with Alcon Laboratories, Abbott Medical Optics, Calhoun Vision, and Optimedica. No other author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Relationship Between Leaf Area Index and Yield in Double-Crop and Full-Season Soybean Systems

Previous research indicates a correlation between leaf area index (LAI) and yield of full-season soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill], which is a single crop planted early in the season. Leaf area index values of at least 3.5-4.0 in the reproductive stages are required for maximum potential yield. It is unknown how yields of double-crop soybean, which is planted late into harvested small grain fields, respond to changes in leaf area index. We hypothesized that double-crop soybean would be more sensitive to defoliation than full-season soybean. This study used linear and linear plateau models to describe the yield response of full-season and double-crop soybean to reductions in leaf area index through manual defoliation, and evaluated the yield response of double-crop soybean to reductions in leaf area index through natural insect defoliation. From 15 manual defoliation experiments over 3 yr, significant linear decreases in yield occurred in both full-season and double-crop soybean when leaf area index values were below 3.5-4.0 by developmental stages R4 to R5, whereas yields usually reached a plateau at higher leaf area index levels. Average yield loss was 769 +/- 319 kg ha(-1) for each unit decrease in leaf area index below the plateau; average maximum yield was 3,484 +/- 735 kg ha(-1). From eight field experiments over 2 yr, insect defoliators had no effect on double-crop soybean yield; leaf area index levels were above 4.0 by the developmental stage when leaf area index estimates were taken (R3 to R6). Therefore, double-crop soybean that maintains leaf area index values above the 3.5-4.0 critical level by mid-reproductive developmental stages can tolerate defoliating pests.
The Role of Protein Deimination in Epigenetics

Accumulating evidence suggests that epigenetic factors exemplified by histone posttranslational modification (PTM) cooperate with DNA sequence to control a diverse range of biological processes, including cell differentiation and reprogramming, organism development, and tissue homeostasis. Protein deimination of nucleosomal histones is a relatively less-characterized form of histone PTM. However, it appears to play a unique and incompletely understood role in epigenetics. At a molecular level, histone deimination directly antagonizes arginine methylation on histone tails, thereby interfering with the transcriptional consequences of such an effect. In addition, deimination can also affect the activity of important histone-modifying enzymes, such as the acetyl transferase p300, consequently amplifying the transcriptional outputs. In physiological or pathological conditions, histone deimination mediates chromatin decondensation and elicits cell-specific innate immune response in neutrophils; increased histone deimination has been observed in the normal-appearing white matter of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. In this chapter, we first review the concepts in epigenetics and then discuss the roles that protein deimination play in human health and disease.
Sustaining Screening of Key Health Risk Factors in New York State Mental Health Clinics After Implementation of the Health Indicator Initiative

Objective:Screening data on obesity and smoking among adult outpatients in state-operated clinics were collected and analyzed by the New York State Office of Mental Health to determine relationships between demographic and clinical risk factors and obesity and smoking. Predictors of weight loss and smoking cessation were examined.Methods:Individuals enrolled in 2010–2012 with two or more valid body mass index measures and two or more valid smoking measures (N=22,574) were selected. Chi square tests examined associations between demographic and clinical risk factors and obesity and smoking. Multivariable logistic regression identified predictors of weight loss and smoking cessation.Results:The prevalence of obesity and smoking was 45% and 50%, respectively. The odds of losing weight or remaining at a stable weight were higher among males (versus females), individuals ages ≤49 (versus ≥50), smokers (versus nonsmokers) at baseline, and individuals with diabetes (versus without diabetes). The odds of gaining ...
Selective Inhibition of Sintering

SIS is a new method of building 3D objects using powder sintering. The method is capable of making plastic parts without the use of laser. An Alpha machine has been constructed and preliminary studies have been carried out to prove the concept and to explore the process variables and their impacts. Various polymers including polystyrene and polyester have been successfully used in our experiments. The approach should be feasible for a variety of polymers.
Elementary Representation Theory in Hilbert Space

Almost all the material presented in this chapter is essential for the understanding of at least one of the topics treated in the remaining chapters. It is advisable to be familiar with the contents of Sections 1–5 before continuing beyond Section V.4. The first four sections of Chapter V are independent of the material presented in the current chapter.
Micellar Rate Effects: What We Know and What We Think We Know

Chemical reactivity in micelles and similar association colloids (microemulsions and vesicles) is generally treated in terms of pseudophase models with micelles and water regarded as distinct reaction regions. Overall rate (and equilibrium) constants depend upon reactant concentrations in each pseudophase and the appropriate rate (or equilibrium) constants. Quantitative treatments fit observed variations of overall rate constants with concentrations of surfactant, reactant, and for ionic reactions, of added electrolyte. Reactive and inert counter-ions compete and the competition is described by a pseudophase ion-exchange (PIE) model, or by solution of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation (PBE) with allowance for specific ion-micelle interactions. These treatments, and those based on direct estimation of reactant concentrations at micellar surfaces, show that second order rate constants are, with few exceptions, similar at micellar surfaces and in water. Bimolecular co-ion reactions are strongly inhibited by ionic micelles, but there is a small residual rate because there is a finite concentration of co-ions at the micellar surface, despite unfavorable coulombic interactions. Double rate maxima are seen in a few reactions of hydrophobic substrates, probably because submicellar complexes of cationic surfactant and substrate react with anionic reagents.
Enterococci levels in the Bronx River during dry and wet weather conditions

The purpose of this project was to understand fecal microorganism contamination in the Bronx River within New York City and how it is affected by combined sewer overflow (CSO) events. Nine sites along the Bronx River were sampled throughout the summer of 2014 during wet and dry weather conditions. The samples were analyzed for enterococcus fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) concentration. The data revealed that wet weather enterococci concentrations are as 3 to 28 times greater than dry weather concentrations. The highest enterococci concentrations were found where the river enters Bronx County from Westchester County and near a storm water outfall. The positive correlation shown between the amount of rainfall and the FIB concentrations verifies that CSO and storm water discharges are a major source of FIB contamination in the river.
Blood magnesium constancy with vitamin B-6 supplementation in pre- and post-menopausal women

Plasma and erythrocyte (RBC) magnesium was unchanged in ten premenopausal and seven postmenopausal subjects during the 48-day controlled study where vitamin B-6 intake was either 2.3 mg or supplemented to 10.4 mg per day. Dietary magnesium was kept at 240 to 270 mg per day throughout. All subjects were within reported normal ranges during all experimental periods for plasma and RBC magnesium. These results suggest that at usual intakes, vitamin B-6 does not influence the levels of plasma and RBC magnesium in normal women.
The Interactions Between Clinical Informatics and Bioinformatics: A Case Study

For the past decade, Stanford Medical Informatics has combined clinical informatics and bioinformatics research and training in an explicit way. The interest in applying informatics techniques to both clinical problems and problems in basic science can be traced to the Dendral project in the 1960s. Having bioinformatics and clinical informatics in the same academic unit is still somewhat unusual and can lead to clashes of clinical and basic science cultures. Nevertheless, the benefits of this organization have recently become clear, as the landscape of academic medicine in the next decades has begun to emerge. The author provides examples of technology transfer between clinical informatics and bioinformatics that illustrate how they complement each other.
Garbage and Democracy

Abstract In the 1890s, before community development existed as a theory or profession, some citizens in Chicago organized for reform on a citywide scale. Their goals were to compel the municipal government to clean up its garbage problem and to strengthen democracy. Two new organizations-the first founded by women and the second, by women and men together-tackled the garbage issue, using strategies of self-help and of targeting the state sector. Some progress was made in the garbage problem, particularly once reformers started campaigning against corrupt aldermen, but working-class people were never drawn into the campaign after the first year. Middle-class women, however, were significantly empowered by the effort.
A Geriatric Nutrition Clinic: Addressing the Nutritional Needs of the Elderly Through an Interdisciplinary Team

(1996). A Geriatric Nutrition Clinic. Journal of Nutrition For the Elderly: Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 33-42.
Suppression of Heliothis spp. on Cotton by using Bacillus thuringiensis, Baculovirus heliothis, and Two Feeding Adjuvants

The application of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner and Baculovirus heliothis to cotton suppressed Heliothis spp. populations an average of 28% compared with the untreated check during field tests in 1980. The addition of the feeding adjuvants Coax® and Gustol® to the microbial insecticides increased the control by reducing the number of larvae by 46% in 1979 and 54% in 1980. The two feeding adjuvants Gustol® and Coax® improved efficacy of the microbial insecticides, but neither proved better than the other. In addition, spray combinations of B. heliothis + B. thuringiensis + feeding adjuvants did not prove to be superior to either pathogen alone + feeding adjuvants. For full-season use, the Heliothis spp. control in cotton using the microbials plus feeding adjuvants was not adequate compared with the insecticide standard permethrin. Significantly higher yields and lower Heliothis spp. populations were found With permethrin.
Full‐thickness porcine burns infected with Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa can be effectively treated with topical antibiotics

Burn and blast injuries are frequently complicated by invasive infections, which lead to poor wound healing, delay in treatment, disability, or death. Traditional approach centers on early debridement, fluid resuscitation, and adjunct intravenous antibiotics. These modalities often prove inadequate in burns, where compromised local vasculature limits the tissue penetration of systemic antibiotics. Here, we demonstrate the treatment of infected burns with topical delivery of ultrahigh concentrations of antibiotics. Standardized burns were inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. After debridement, burns were treated with either gentamicin (2 mg/mL) or minocycline (1 mg/mL) at concentrations greater than 1,000 times the minimum inhibitory concentration. Amount of bacteria was quantified in tissue biopsies and wound fluid following treatment. After six days of gentamicin or minocycline treatment, S. aureus counts decreased from 4.2 to 0.31 and 0.72 log CFU/g in tissue, respectively. Similarly, P. aeruginosa counts decreased from 2.5 to 0.0 and 1.5 log CFU/g in tissue, respectively. Counts of both S. aureus and P. aeruginosa remained at a baseline of 0.0 log CFU/mL in wound fluid for both treatment groups. The findings here demonstrate that super-therapeutic concentrations of antibiotics delivered topically can rapidly reduce bacterial counts in infected full-thickness porcine burns. This treatment approach may aid wound bed preparation and accelerate time to grafting.
Biomass Composition Combustion Performance in CFB Boilers

The technologies based on fluidized bed biomass combustion are becoming increasingly popular.Biomass-fired CFB may suffer from bed agglomeration.Ash composition together with sulfur and chlorine contents in biomass fuels are the main factors having an impact on the risk of bed agglomeration in fluidized bed boilers,and on the rate of boiler fouling,deposit formation,slagging,and superheater corrosion.On the basis of ash composition,the biomass fuels can be divided into three groups having significant differences in combustion.This paper reviews in light of experience what are the main differences in fuel and ash properties and how the fuels from each group can be fired in CFB boilers.
The Relationship Between Retail Advertising and Published Quality Ratings in a State’S Lodging Sector

For some time economic and marketing research has examined the relationships between the level of advertising expenditures and product quality. The primary result of all this research has been conflicting theoretical perspectives and empirical findings. For some products and circumstances it does appear that the higher the advertising expenditure level, the higher is the relative quality level of the product being advertised (Nelson 1970, 1974, Klein and Leffler 1981). In other cases, there appears to be a more “perverse” (Schmalensee 1978, Comaner and Wilson 1979) relationship where the highest expenditure levels belong to those manufacturers producing the lowest quality goods.
Recent Developments in Soil Compaction

Compaction is required for the base layer of pavements, for embankment fills, for retaining walls’ backfills, and for fill around pipes. The field of compaction has seen a number of developments in the last 10 years including intelligent compaction, modulus based compaction control, and uneven roller compaction. These three developments are the basis of this chapter.
Probabilistische Analyse von Optimierungs-Algorithmen

Optimierungsalgorithmen werden dazu konzipiert, um bestimmte Optimierungsprobleme (oder Klassen von solchen Problemen) effizient und zuverlassig zu losen. In den meisten Fallen stehen zu diesem Zweck mehrere Algorithmen zur Auswahl. Wir wollen hier diskutieren, welche Gesichtspunkte fur diese Auswahl masgebend sein konnten. Insbesondere wollen wir auf solche Kriterien eingehen, die mit Hilfe von probabilistischer Analyse von Algorithmen gewonnen werden konnen.
The Origin of Woltman's Sign of Myxedema (P05.256)

OBJECTIVE: We aim to outline the historical observation of abnormal reflexes in patients with myxedema, define Dr. Woltman9s involvement, and its relationship to the eponym of Woltman9s sign of myxedema. BACKGROUND: Abnormalities of muscle stretch reflexes in myxedematous patients were mentioned in the late 19th century without formal descriptions. The first objective description of this was published by William Calvert Chaney in 1924. Neurologist Henry Woltman worked with Chaney during this time. Although first described by Chaney, the eponym "Woltman9s sign of myxedema" was ultimately applied to this finding. DESIGN/METHODS: We evaluated original publications outlining the investigation and description of reflexes in myxedema, reviewed bibliographic information about William Calvert Chaney, analyzed the research of Henry Woltman, and evaluated the practice and personnel in the Mayo Clinic Section of Neurology during his tenure. RESULTS: Chaney served as a fellow in internal medicine at the Mayo Clinic from 1919 to 1922, and then as a first assistant until leaving in 1924. He served in the Section of Neurology for 3 months during his fellowship, and worked under Woltman during that time. Chaney published the first description of the delayed relaxation phase of muscle stretch reflexes in patients with myxedema in 1924. He wrote that it had been noticed by Mayo neurologists "for a number of years" prior to publication. Other Mayo neurologists decades later wrote that Woltman suggested Chaney measure the reflex, although Woltman had no authorship, was unmentioned in the manuscript, and offered no description himself before Chaney. The eponym "Woltman9s sign of myxedema" was first applied to this finding in the text "Clinical Examinations in Neurology" in 1956 at the time of Woltman9s retirement. CONCLUSIONS: Woltman9s sign of myxedema serves as an homage to a colleague at retirement rather than a designation of importance regarding discovery. Disclosure: Dr. Burkholder has nothing to disclose. Dr. Klaas has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kumar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Boes has nothing to disclose.
Optimal output synchronization of nonlinear multi-agent systems using approximate dynamic programming

Optimal output synchronization of multi-agent leader-follower systems is considered. The agents are assumed heterogeneous so that the dynamics may be non-identical. An optimal control protocol is designed for each agent based on the leader state and the agent local state. A distributed observer is designed to provide the leader state for each agent. A model-free approximate dynamic programming algorithm is then developed to solve the optimal output synchronization problem online in real time. No knowledge of the agents' dynamics is required. The proposed approach does not require explicitly solving of the output regulator equations, though it implicitly solves them by imposing optimality. A simulation example verifies the suitability of the proposed approach.
Comparative sequence analysis of Cyclospora cayetanensis apicoplast genomes originating from diverse geographical regions

Cyclospora cayetanensis is an emerging coccidian parasite that causes endemic and epidemic diarrheal disease called cyclosporiasis, and this infection is associated with consumption of contaminated produce or water in developed and developing regions. Food-borne outbreaks of cyclosporiasis have occurred almost every year in the USA since the 1990s. Investigations of these outbreaks are currently hampered due to lack of molecular epidemiological tools for trace back analysis. The apicoplast of C. cayetanensis, a relict non-photosynthetic plastid with an independent genome, provides an attractive target to discover sequence polymorphisms useful as genetic markers for detection and trace back analysis of the parasite. Distinct differences in the apicoplast genomes of C. cayetanensis could be useful in designing advanced molecular methods for rapid detection and, subtyping and geographical source attribution, which would aid outbreak investigations and surveillance studies. To obtain the genome sequence of the C. cayetanensis apicoplast, we sequenced the C. cayetanensis genomic DNA extracted from clinical stool samples, assembled and annotated a 34,146 bp-long circular sequence, and used this sequence as a reference genome in this study. We compared the genome and the predicted proteome to the data available from other apicomplexan parasites. To initialize the search for genetic markers, we mapped the raw sequence reads from an additional 11 distinct clinical stool samples originating from Nepal, New York, Texas, and Indonesia to the apicoplast reference genome. We identified several high quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and small insertion/deletions spanning the apicoplast genome supported by extensive sequencing reads data, and a 30 bp sequence repeat at the terminal spacer region in a Nepalese sample. The predicted proteome consists of 29 core apicomplexan peptides found in most of the apicomplexans. Cluster analysis of these C. cayetanensis apicoplast genomes revealed a familiar pattern of tight grouping with Eimeria and Toxoplasma, separated from distant species such as Plasmodium and Babesia. SNPs and sequence repeats identified in this study may be useful as genetic markers for identification and differentiation of C. cayetanensis isolates found and could facilitate outbreak investigations.
Pattern Mixture Models for Quantifying Missing Data Uncertainty in Longitudinal Invariance Testing

Many psychology applications assess measurement invariance of a construct (e.g., depression) over time. These applications are often characterized by few time points (e.g., 3), but high rates of dr...
Does Diffusion Make an Institutionally Contested Practice Legitimate? Shareholder Responses to Downsizing in Japan, 1973–2005:

Despite predictions to the contrary, institutionally contested practices are sometimes disseminated broadly. Does diffusion indicate they have achieved legitimacy in the eyes of key constituents? The conventional view regards diffusion as a process of legitimization and suggests that unconventional practices gain legitimacy following diffusion. Building on recent studies that view diffusion as an outcome of political struggle, we instead argue that political contestation ramps up as controversial practices are disseminated, making it difficult for them to gain wide acceptance. Their diffusion threatens the stability of preexisting institutional arrangements, and constituents who remain supportive of the status quo react negatively. We test our argument by examining shareholders’ response to downsizing in Japan, a practice that is highly controversial given the deeply entrenched norm of lifetime employment. Our analysis of panel data on 1,791 Japanese firms between 1973 and 2005 shows that neither domestic...
Postembryonic development of the sea spider Ammothella biunguiculata (Pycnogonida, Ammotheidae) endoparasitic to an actinian Entacmaea quadricolor (Anthozoa, Stichodactylidae) in Izu Peninsula, Japan

Postembryonic developmental stages of an endoparasitic pycnogonid, Ammothella biunguiculata in Izu Peninsula, Japan are described. Eleven stages were identified beginning with a protonymphon larva attached to the male oviger. We found endoparasitic individuals in the host actinian from the second to tenth instar, and forms in the ninth stage to adult were found free-living. This indicates a transition from being endoparasitic to free-living during the ninth to tenth instar stages. The first instar protonymphon attached to the adult male oviger has a gland duct on the anterior margin of each chelifore scape which completely disappears with the second instar. The disappearance of the chelifore gland duct coincides with the beginning of an endoparasitic stage in the development of this species. Although the larval morphology and the postembryonic development of pycnogonids have been summarized by several authors, the present study concludes that much remains to be learnt.