cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Pathophysiology and Dangers of Silent Hypoxemia in COVID-19 Lung Injury.

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has been unprecedented on many levels, not least of which are the challenges in understanding the pathophysiology of these new critically ill patients. One widely-reported phenomenon is that of a profoundly hypoxemic patient with minimal to no dyspnea out of proportion to the extent of radiographic abnormalities and changes in lung compliance. This apparently unique presentation, sometimes called "happy hypoxemia or hypoxia" but better described as "silent hypoxemia", has led to the speculation of underlying pathophysiologic differences between COVID-19 lung injury and ARDS from other causes. We explore three proposed distinctive features of COVID-19 that likely bear on the genesis of silent hypoxemia, including differences in lung compliance, pulmonary vascular responses to hypoxia, and nervous system sensing and response to hypoxemia. In the context of known principles of respiratory physiology and neurobiology, we discuss whether these particular findings are due to direct viral effects or, equally plausible, are within the spectrum of typical ARDS pathophysiology and the wide range of hypoxic ventilatory and pulmonary vascular responses, and dyspnea perception in healthy people. Comparisons between lung injury patterns in COVID-19 and other causes of ARDS are clouded by the extent and severity of this pandemic, which may underlie the description of "new" phenotypes while limiting our ability to confirm these phenotypes by more invasive and longitudinal studies. However, given the uncertainty about anything unique in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 lung injury, there are no compelling pathophysiologic reasons at present to support a different therapeutic approach for these patients to the proven standards of care in ARDS.
Early post-transplant cutaneous bacillary angiomatosis in a kidney recipient: Case report and review of the literature.

Bacillary angiomatosis (BA) is an uncommon systemic disease caused by Bartonella henselae (BH) or Bartonella quintana (BQ) that occurs primarily in immunocompromised hosts. Few cases of BA recipients have been reported in adult solid transplant recipients over the years, with most cases presenting years after transplant. We describe a case of a kidney transplant recipient who developed cutaneous BA very early in the post-transplant period despite not having any exposures. Retrospective testing of donor and recipient's serum was performed and raised the concern for possible donor-derived infection. A literature review encompassing 1990 to present was also performed in order to better understand the clinical presentation, diagnostics and therapeutic approach of this unusual disease. Combined serology, histopathology and molecular testing (polymerase chain reaction [PCR]) were useful in diagnosing BA in our patient as serology alone might be unreliable. Macrolides or doxycycline for at least 3 months is the recommended therapeutic strategy; however, the optimal duration of treatment is not well established in transplant recipients. In our patient, we decided to use doxycycline for 1 year due to gradual resolution of lesions and ongoing immunosuppression. Patient responded successfully without any documented relapse.
COVID-Scraper: An Open-Source Toolset for Automatically Scraping and Processing Global Multi-Scale Spatiotemporal COVID-19 Records

In 2019, COVID-19 quickly spread across the world, infecting billions of people and disrupting the normal lives of citizens in every country. Governments, organizations, and research institutions all over the world are dedicating vast resources to research effective strategies to fight this rapidly propagating virus. With virus testing, most countries publish the number of confirmed cases, dead cases, recovered cases, and locations routinely through various channels and forms. This important data source has enabled researchers worldwide to perform different COVID-19 scientific studies, such as modeling this virus’s spreading patterns, developing prevention strategies, and studying the impact of COVID-19 on other aspects of society. However, one major challenge is that there is no standardized, updated, and high-quality data product that covers COVID-19 cases data internationally. This is because different countries may publish their data in unique channels, formats, and time intervals, which hinders researchers from fetching necessary COVID-19 datasets effectively, especially for fine-scale studies. Although existing solutions such as John’s Hopkins COVID-19 Dashboard and 1point3acres COVID-19 tracker are widely used, it is difficult for users to access their original dataset and customize those data to meet specific requirements in categories, data structure, and data source selection. To address this challenge, we developed a toolset using cloud-based web scraping to extract, refine, unify, and store COVID-19 cases data at multiple scales for all available countries around the world automatically. The toolset then publishes the data for public access in an effective manner, which could offer users a real time COVID-19 dynamic dataset with a global view. Two case studies are presented about how to utilize the datasets. This toolset can also be easily extended to fulfill other purposes with its open-source nature.
Chapter 10 Potassium and Acid-Base Balance

Publisher Summary Potassium (K) and hydrogen (H) ions undergo interactions in transport at both the cellular and renal levels, which appear to be crucial for the maintenance of normal homeostasis and which under certain conditions can lead to disordered regulation of either acid-base or K metabolism. The regulation of H ion homeostasis by the kidney is dependent upon several discrete but integrated processes, which includes bicarbonate transport by the proximal nephron; an H+ and probably also an bicarbonate (HCO 3 ), secretory mechanism at distal nephron sites, including the distal convoluted tubule, and the cortical and medullary collecting duct; and the capacity of the kidney to produce the major urinary buffer, ammonia. The alterations in K can modify urinary acidification by influencing renal ammonia (NH 3 ) production, the H+ secretory mechanism at distal nephron sites, and bicarbonate reabsorption by the proximal tubule. Under normal conditions, this interplay serves to sustain acid-base homeostasis in the face of deviations in K intake.
A method for zinger artifact reduction in high-energy x-ray computed tomography

Abstract In x-ray imaging, the interaction of stray x-rays with an imaging sensor may produce speckle-type noise (i.e. zingers) which produces artifacts in tomography reconstructions. Zinger reduction can be accomplished through detector design and image filtering. A standard method for zinger filtering exists but produces many false positives and high discrepancy with the true signal. An approach is proposed through selective temporal frame averaging in which zinger noise is removed with improvements over the standard method. The accuracy of the proposed approach is compared with a standard approach using simulated projections of a phantom containing known artificial zinger and locations density.
Partition of cells in two-polymer aqueous phases: a method forseparating cells and for obtaining information on their surface properties.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes an extremely sensitive method for the separation and sub fractionation of cell populations based on differences in their membrane surface properties (primarily surface charge). In addition, subtle changes in membrane surface properties can be traced that occur as a function of cell differentiation, maturation, age, growth and proliferation, metabolism, in vivo and in vitro treatments. Separation of soluble materials by differential partition between two immiscible phases is one of the classical purification procedures. If one introduces a mixture of substances (for example, A and B) into such a phase system and A is more soluble in the top phase while B is more soluble in the bottom phase, a separation of A and B can be effected. If A is almost exclusively in the top and B in the bottom, the separation is virtually complete in one extraction. If the differences in the relative solubilities of A and B in the top and bottom phases are not so extreme, then separation of the two substances can be achieved only by a multiple extraction procedure (for example, countercurrent distribution).
Fuzzy Controller Design and Stability Analysis for an Aircraft Model

Fuzzy control systems are generally considered applicable to processes that are mathematically ill-understood and where human experience is available for control rule synthesis. An equally important characteristic of fuzzy control is the ability to encompass qualitative and highly nonlinear control objectives. This ability makes fuzzy control applicable to processses for which the control objective cannot be adequately expressed in a form amenable to standard control synthesis methods. We describe a fuzzy roll controller design for Rockwell International's Advanced Technology Wing (ATW) aircraft model. The controller modulates six control surface on the ATW to achieve the desired roll rate while maintaining wing loads within safe bounds. The use of fuzzy control rules enabled highly flexible control behavior that operated the system close to the constraint limits, thereby achieving excellent roll performance. We also present a method of stability analysis for fuzzy control systems based on partitioning the state space and applying a Lyapunov stability criterion to the individual partitions. A subset of the control rules is analyzed using this method and shown to provide asymptotically stable control.
Helix formation between polyribonucleotides and purine nucleosides. 3. The effects of purine nucleosides in cell-free amino acid-incorporating systems.

The preceding paper in this series demonstrated that 2-aminoadenosine and adenosine form regular ordered structures with poly U or poly UC. The extent of interaction is dependent upon temperature and upon the concentration of the reactants. In the present paper we report that complementary ribosides influence the capacity of poly U or poly UC to direct amino acids into protein in cell-free systems from rat liver and Escherichia coli. Polyphenylalanine synthesis directed by poly U is inhibited in both systems. The incorporation of amino acids directed by poly UC is inhibited by 2-aminoadenosine in the system from rat liver but is stimulated in the system from E. coli. Both the inhibition and the enhancement of the capacity of the polymer to serve as messenger BNA depend upon temperature and upon the concentration of riboside, suggesting that both effects are due to the formation of ordered structure. 2-Aminoadenosine brings about a small but temperature-dependent inhibition of the incorporation of amino acids directed by natural endogenous messenger KNA in rat liver polysomes. 2-Aminoadenosine decreases the rate of degradation of poly U in the complete incorporating system from liver. The nucleoside also interferes with the binding of poly U to ribosomes. These opposing influences offer possible explanations for the observed effects of complementary nucleosides on polyribonucleotide-directed incorporation of amino acid into protein.
Enhancing the Human Factors Engineering Role in an Austere Fiscal Environment

An austere fiscal environment in the aerospace community creates pressures to reduce program costs, often minimizing or sometimes even deleting the human interface requirements from the design process. With an assumption that the flight crew can recover real time from a poorly human factored space vehicle design, the classical crew interface requirements have been either not included in the design or not properly funded, though carried as requirements. Cost cuts have also affected quality of retained human factors engineering personnel. In response to this concern, planning is ongoing to correct the acting issues. Herein are techniques for ensuring that human interface requirements are integrated into a flight design, from proposal through verification and launch activation. This includes human factors requirements refinement and consolidation across flight programs; keyword phrases in the proposals; closer ties with systems engineering and other classical disciplines; early planning for crew-interface verification; and an Agency integrated human factors verification program, under the One NASA theme. Importance is given to communication within the aerospace human factors discipline, and utilizing the strengths of all government, industry, and academic human factors organizations in an unified research and engineering approach. A list of recommendations and concerns are provided in closing.
Concise Review: Sowing the Seeds of a Fruitful Harvest: Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the only curative option for a number of malignant and nonmalignant diseases. As the use of hematopoietic transplant has expanded, so too has the source of stem and progenitor cells. The predominate source of stem and progenitors today, particularly in settings of autologous transplantation, is mobilized peripheral blood. This review will highlight the historical advances which led to the widespread use of peripheral blood stem cells for transplantation, with a look toward future enhancements to mobilization strategies.
Critical Race Theory: An Annotated Bibliography

The first bibliography to classify critical race theory law review articles and books under many headings and categories and provide a short description of the contents of each item. Updated two years later at 66 U. Colo. L. Rev. 159 (1995).
Development and evaluation of sustained-release ibuprofen-wax microspheres. I. Effect of formulation variables on physical characteristics

A congealable disperse phase encapsulation method was used to prepare sustained-release ibuprofen-wax microspheres. Microspheres prepared with paraffin wax, such as ceresine and micro-crystalline waxes, using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as dispersant had a tendency to aggregate, but the addition of wax modifiers (stearyl alcohol and glyceryl monostearate) greatly reduced aggregation. Optimum modifier and dispersant concentrations were 20% (w/w) and 5% (w/v), respectively. The particle size distribution of the microspheres was log-normal. An increase in modifier, dispersant concentration, emulsification stirring speed, or temperature shifted the size distribution toward finer particles. Microcrystalline wax required a higher emulsification temperature and produced finer particles than ozokerite wax. The recovery of drug from the different microsphere formulations varied between 71 and 92%. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of the single components and physical mixtures showed endothermic peaks at the respective melting-point ranges. The DSC of the ceresine and microcrystalline wax microspheres was similar to rescans of ternary mixtures of components of the microspheres with less prominent and lower melting temperatures than individual components or physical mixtures.
What's new in CS1 and CS2?

The participants will discuss the current state of introductory courses at their institution and we will then open up the panel for questions and discussion. There will be ample opportunity for audience participation.
Impact of VLSI/VHSIC on satellite on-board signal processing

Forecasted improvements in IC fabrication techniques, such as the use of X-ray lithography, are expected to yield submicron circuit feature sizes within the decade of the 1980s. As dimensions decrease, reliability, cost, speed, power consumption and density improvements will be realized which have a significant impact on the capabilities of onboard spacecraft signal processing functions. This will in turn result in increases of the intelligence that may be deployed on spaceborne remote sensing platforms. Among programs oriented toward such goals are the silicon-based Very High Speed Integrated Circuit (VHSIC) researches sponsored by the U.S. Department of Defense, and efforts toward the development of GaAs devices which will compete with silicon VLSI technology for future applications. GaAs has an electron mobility which is five to six times that of silicon, and promises commensurate computation speed increases under low field conditions.
Drought Management Planning

It is impossible to “manage” a naturally occurring drought, so “drought management” refers to managing resources, including water, to mitigate the adverse effects of droughts, which are certain to occur. Other resources that can be managed are food supplies, including animal feed, public facilities of various kinds, and economic resources to aid businesses, farmers, and citizens. Keywords: drought; drought management; food supplies; disaster; planning; water agencies; meteorological drought; hydrologic drought; contingency planning; vulnerability; shortage; hazard; emergency; water use; demand management
IFN-γ-Producing Dendritic Cells Are Important for Priming of Gut Intraepithelial Lymphocyte Response Against Intracellular Parasitic Infection

The importance of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) in immunoprotection against orally acquired pathogens is being increasingly recognized. Recent studies have demonstrated that Ag-specific IEL can be generated and can provide an important first line of defense against pathogens acquired via oral route. However, the mechanism involved in priming of IEL remains elusive. Our current study, using a microsporidial model of infection, demonstrates that priming of IEL is dependent on IFN-γ-producing dendritic cells (DC) from mucosal sites. DC from mice lacking the IFN-γ gene are unable to prime IEL, resulting in failure of these cells to proliferate and lyse pathogen-infected targets. Also, treatment of wild-type DC from Peyer’s patches with Ab to IFN-γ abrogates their ability to prime an IEL response against Encephalitozoon cuniculi in vitro. Moreover, when incubated with activated DC from IFN-γ knockout mice, splenic CD8+ T cells are not primed efficiently and exhibit reduced ability to home to the gut compartment. These data strongly suggest that IFN-γ-producing DC from mucosal sites play an important role in the generation of an Ag-specific IEL response in the small intestine. To our knowledge, this report is the first demonstrating a role for IFN-γ-producing DC from Peyer’s patches in the development of Ag-specific IEL population and their trafficking to the gut epithelium.
New approaches for managing antiphospholipid syndrome

Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are a family of autoantibodies directed against phospholipid-binding plasma proteins, most commonly beta(2)-glycoprotein-I. Primary thrombosis prevention in persistently aPL-positive individuals requires a risk-stratified approach; elimination of reversible thrombosis risk factors and aggressive prophylaxis during high-risk periods are crucial. The effectiveness of aspirin in persistently aPL-positive patients without vascular involvement is not supported by data from prospective, controlled studies. For the secondary prevention of thrombosis in persistently aPL-positive individuals, the current recommendation is life-long warfarin; however, determining the intensity and duration of warfarin treatment, as well as the role of alternative anticoagulants, requires further research. The effectiveness of high-intensity anticoagulation in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and vascular involvement is not supported by data from prospective, controlled studies. Patients with catastrophic APS usually receive a combination of anticoagulants, corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin and plasma exchange; however, despite this aggressive approach, the mortality rate remains high. Potential new approaches for the management of persistently aPL-positive patients include hydroxychloroquine, statins, rituximab, complement inhibition, and other targeted therapies that have been effective in experimental APS models.
Steady Planar Propagation of the Gasless SHS Reaction Producing Titanium Carbide

The investigation reported here concerns with an attempt to generalize the existing observations of the propagating gasless SHS process. A Damkohler number is realized to embody such main factors affecting the steady propagation speed as the thermal properties, stoichiometry of the reaction, carbon particle size, compression effect and the reactant diffusion. The governing equations in their nondimensional form are solved numerically to obtain steady propagation speeds and preheat lengths. These computed speeds and lengths are examined in the light of the existing knowledge of laminar flame propagation in gaseous reactant systems to discover a useful analogy.
Federal deficits and the conduct of monetary policy

Abstract The persistent Federal deficits of the seventies and eighties have been accompanied by economic analysis of those deficits. One conclusion from this work is that deficits force the Federal Reserve to increase the money stock. However, empirical studies have failed to detect this link between deficits and money growth. This article attempts to resolve this contradiction through analysis of the influence of deficits on the instruments actually employed in conducting monetary policy. It is found that persistent deficits do lead to reserve growth but not through the expected interest-rate channel.
On entropy estimates of contact forces in static granular assemblies

Abstract As an extension of previous work by others, this articles deals with maximum-entropy estimates for the statistics of static contact forces in assemblies of nearly rigid grains. As found in the previous works, the constraint of mean stress leads provisionally to a distribution of contact force that is exponential at large force. This behavior, found in various experiments and numerical simulations, does not depend on special models of force propagation postulated in the contemporary physics literature. Following K. Bagi [Behringer, R. Jenkins, J.T. (Eds.), Powders and Grains, Balkema, 1997, p. 251] consideration is also given to entropy maximization under the constraint of constant mean strain, which leads to a similar exponential tail in the distribution of particle displacements. In contrast to the previous works, it is emphasized that the exact form of the probability density depends on the statistical weight (a priori probability) assigned to elementary volumes in the state-space of contact forces or displacements. This leads to the conclusion that the large-force exponential is a general representation of maximum-entropy statistics arising from global constraints, whereas the state-space measure is dictated by local mechanics. A few examples of state-space measure are considered, and the resulting distributions are compared to previous experiment and simulation. A striking analogy is revealed between the force distribution in a static sphere assembly and the Maxwell–Boltzmann velocity distribution for gases. Based on the methods of statistical thermodynamics, a virtual-thermodynamic formalism is presented for complementary strain energies in granular statics. This involves no direct appeal to the concept of (static) granular temperature favored in certain statistical-physics literature. As a possible test of the general validity of the entropy principle in granular statics, the question is raised as to whether it can describe the heterogeneous two-phase structure found in photoelastic experiments and numerical simulations of granular assemblies.
What Can We Learn About the Ideology of the Newest Supreme Court Justices

In this article, we present a principled method for updating estimates of the ideology of Supreme Court justices based on each new vote they cast. We apply this method to the ideological positions of the newly appointed members of the Court: John Roberts, Samuel Alito, and Sonia Sotomayor. This approach allows us to gain not only an estimate of justices' ideologies but also a greater understanding of the level of uncertainty we should have about these values, including how much we can learn about a new justice's views after he or she has cast a given number of votes on the Court.
Abundance of the Parasitic Ant Solenopsis daguerrei (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in South America, a Potential Candidate for the Biological Control of the Red Imported Fire Ant in the United States

Abundance of the workerless parasitic ant Solenopsis daguerrei (Santschi) in fire ant populations was surveyed in southern and southwestern Brazil, eastern, central, and northern Argentina, western and northern Uruguay, central Paraguay, and Bolivia from 1974 to 1996. A total of 12,180 fire ant colonies was sampled from 726 collecting sites for the presence of adults or queens, or both, of the parasitic ant. The presence of the parasite in fire ant colonies within the area surveyed was very low. In Argentina, S. daguerrei occurred in the provinces of Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, and Entre Rios, in 1.4–7.0% of the colonies. In Brazil, the areas of Dourados, Campo Grande, and Rochedo, Mato Grosso do Sul contained 1–6.2% of parasitized colonies. In Uruguay, <1% of the colonies were parasitized. The parasite was not found in Paraguay and Bolivia. A new host ( S. macdonaghi Santschi) is reported for S. daguerrei . The field site with the highest presence of S. daguerrei (7%) was selected in Buenos Aires province for ecological studies. The low presence in its native areas should not discourage the potential use of this parasite as a biological control agent of imported fire ants in the United States.
Timing side channels for traffic analysis

Traffic analysis often requires direct observations of network connections at local vantage points. In this work, we show that traffic analysis can be performed remotely by taking advantage of a timing side channel. The timing side channel results from a shared resource, namely, the scheduler between two users. Utilizing Shannon equivocation as a privacy metric, we prove that one user can learn the complete traffic pattern of the other user if the scheduler employs a first come first serve (FCFS) policy. Moreover, we show the feasibility of a real system attack exploiting the timing side channel inside a home digital subscriber line (DSL) router. This demonstrates the magnitude of the threat timing side channels pose for traffic analysis.
The invariant measure for Anderson localized negative index metamaterials continuously disordered

We consider one-dimensional photonic bandgap structures with negative index of refraction materials modeled in every layer, or in every other layer. When the index of refraction is randomized, and the number of layers becomes large, the light waves undergo Anderson localization, resulting in confinement of the transmitted energy. Such a photonic bandgap structure can be modeled by a long product of random transfer matrices, from which the (upper) Lyapunov exponent can be calculated to characterize the localization effect. Furstenberg’s theorem gives a precise formula to calculate the Lyapunov exponent when the random matrices, under general conditions, are independent and identically distributed. Specifically, Furstenberg’s integral formula can be used to calculate the Lyapunov exponent via integration with respect to the probability measure of the random matrices, and with respect to the so-called invariant probability measure of the direction of the vector propagated by the long chain of random matrices. It is this latter invariant probability measure, so fundamental to Furstenberg’s theorem, which is generally impossible to determine analytically. Here we use a bin counting technique with Monte Carlo chosen random parameters from a continuous distribution to numerically estimate the invariant measure and then calculate Lyapunov exponents from Furstenberg’s integral formula. This result, one of the first times an invariant measure has been calculated for a continuously disordered structure made of alternating layers of positive and negative index materials, is compared to results for all negative index or equivalently all positive index structures.
Laterality in twins: the relationship between handedness and hemispheric asymmetry for speech.

The present study examined the relationship between dichotic listening performance and handedness in twins. The 53 monozygotic (MZ) and 35 dizygotic (DZ) pairs concordant for right-handedness displayed ear asymmetries and total correct scores comparable to those found in right-handed singletons. The left- and right-handed members of the 19 MZ and 8 DZ pairs discordant for handedness were also similar to left- and right-handed singletons, respectively, with regard to ear asymmetry and overall performance. These data demonstrate that the relationship between handedness and brain organization observed in both MZ and DZ twins is similar to that found in the singleton population. The pattern of intraclass correlations obtained suggests that handedness discordance may be associated with greater differences in ear asymmetry within MZ pairs than within DZ pairs, possibly reflecting differences in the etiology of discordance for handedness in the two groups. In contrast, MZ cotwins were more similar than DZ cotwins, regardless of handedness, when total correct performance was measured.
Magnetization in a rare‐earth spin glass

The difference between the thermo‐ and isothermal remanent magnetization in a spin glass has been called the clamped magnetization. Here I show that the clamped magnetization in the spin glass Y‐4 at.% Tb exists a few degrees above To. This fact supports the contention that the spin‐glass temperature does not signify a true phase transition.
Creating Social Presence in Online Environments

Recent literature has shown that social presence is one of the most significant factors in improving instructional effectiveness and building a sense of community. This chapter examines strategies for creating social presence within online environments.
Affect and Graphing Calculator Use.

Abstract This article reports on a qualitative study of six high school calculus students designed to build an understanding about the affect associated with graphing calculator use in independent situations. DeBellis and Goldin's (2006) framework for affect as a representational system was used as a lens through which to understand the ways in which graphing calculator use impacted students’ affective pathways. It was found that using the graphing calculator helped students maintain productive affective pathways for problem solving as long as they were using graphing calculator capabilities for which they had gone through a process of instrumental genesis ( Artigue, 2002 ) with respect to the mathematical task they were working on. Furthermore, graphing calculator use and the affect that is associated with its use may be influenced by the perceived values of others, including parents and teachers (past, present and future).
Contact prediction using mutual information and neural nets

Prediction of protein structures continues to be a difficult problem, particularly when there are no solved structures for homologous proteins to use as templates. Local structure prediction (secondary structure and burial) is fairly reliable, but does not provide enough information to produce complete three-dimensional structures. Residue-residue contact prediction, though still not highly reliable, may provide a useful guide for assembling local structure prediction into full tertiary prediction. We develop a neural network which is applied to pairs of residue positions and outputs a probability of contact between the positions. One of the neural net inputs is a novel statistic for detecting correlated mutations: the statistical significance of the mutual information between the corresponding columns of a multiple sequence alignment. This statistic, combined with a second statistic based on the propensity of two amino acid types being in contact, results in a simple neural network that is a good predictor of contacts. Adding more features from amino-acid distributions and local structure predictions, the final neural network predicts contacts better than other submitted contact predictions at CASP7, including contact predictions derived from fragment-based tertiary models on free-modeling domains. It is still not known if contact predictions can improve tertiary models on free-modeling domains. Available at http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/research/compbio/SAM_T06/T06-query.html.
Counseling Families With Twins: Birth to 3 Years of Age

The difficulties and demands facing parents of twins or other multiple births are significantly greater than those facing parents of children born singly. Even routinely day-to-day care is sometimes different from that of a singleton. With the added stress in the home, parents will benefit from the pediatrician9s advice on caring for their twins. Physicians need to be emotionally supportive and to offer suggestions such as changing breast-feeding technique, getting the father or other support person involved, and even linking these mothers with other mothers of twins. Discussion of feelings of inadequacy should be addressed during office visits. This study suggests a need for more physician education concerning management of multiple-birth infants. Providing health care alone is not sufficient in the management of twins. Attention to and guidance in a wide variety of twin care measures is important if the pediatrician is to provide optimal care for the children and families involved in multiple births.
Cerebral edema and intracranial pressure monitoring

With the wide acceptance of liver transplantation as a therapeutic alternative in fulminant hepatic failure (FHF), the successful management of patients with this syndrome has acquired a new urgency. Topping the list of medical problems is the development of brain swelling. Two decades after the recognition of its importance, brain edema and intracranial hypertension still constitute a major cause of death in these patients. In a more recent classification of FHF, brain edema was especially prominent in those subjects with "hyperacute failure," in whom a period of 7 days or less elapsed between the development of jaundice and encephalopathy. The goal of this review is to discuss two aspects of this clinical problem. On one hand, elucidation of its pathogenesis should lead to a more rational therapeutic approach; such an information would also be valuable to understand the relationship between hepatic encephalopathy and brain edema, a source of controversy. Studies of pathogenic mechanisms are difficult to perform in humans and animal models of FHF have proven valuable, as brain swelling can be detected with some regularity. On the other hand, an increasing array of techniques is now available in the intensive care setting to monitor patients with FHF. Of these, intracranial pressure monitoring has received the most critical attention. However, concerns with the risks of craniotomy and the need to acquire more dynamic information has led several groups to explore non-invasive methods that evaluate the consequences of intracranial hypertension. Their role, though potentially exciting, is still uncertain.
Metasomatic zones in metamorphic rocks

Abstract Prediction of a unique sequence of metasomatic zones that would develop by intergranular diffusion with local equilibrium is possible only for relatively simple systems, unless extensive thermochemical and kinetic information is available. The complexity of the problem for a given example will depend on what portion of the set of chemical components required to describe the example are ‘diffusing components’, that is, components that move relative to ‘inert markers’. Diffusing components are commonly K-components (Thompson, 1970) for the various local equilibria of a sequence of metasomatic zones, since diffusion tends to impose a monotonie variation of the chemical potentials of these components across the zones. The number of diffusing components may vary from zone to zone in a particular example, as may the number of diffusing components that are K-components. Calculation of the rate of growth of a specific sequence of zones is relatively straightforward only for cases where the zones are primarily due to the variation of the chemical potential of one independent diffusing component. Calculation of the material transfer involved in the growth of a sequence of zones, assuming a single sharp initial contact is meaningful only if ‘inert markers’ or a discontinuity in the otherwise-constant ratio of two components indicate the present location of the initial contact. Examination of some natural calc-silicate diffusion zones suggests that a diffusion-imposed gradient in the chemical potential of calcium is largely responsible for the observed zonation. Metasomatic zones developed at the boundaries of ultramafic bodies, however, are produced by diffusion-imposed chemical potential gradients of several components, notably silica and magnesia, the number varying from zone to zone.
Kinetic Modeling of Pt Catalyzed and Computation-Driven Catalyst Discovery for Ethylene Glycol Decomposition

Knowledge of the underlying mechanisms controlling oxygenate catalytic decomposition to synthesis gas can lead to the design of better catalysts and reactors, enabling the utilization of biomass feedstock for fuels and chemicals. This work studies the decomposition of ethylene glycol, as a simple surrogate to biomass-derived polyols, through the analysis of two catalytic kinetic models. First, a density functional theory (DFT) and statistical mechanical parametrized model of 81 reversible, elementary-like reactions is used to predict and understand ethylene glycol decomposition on Pt. Reaction path analysis indicates that while the majority of decomposition occurs through initial O–H bond breaking, initial C–H bond breaking is active at temperatures around 500 K. Further, sensitivity analysis shows that early dehydrogenation reactions (specifically HOCH2CH2O* → HOCH2CHO* + H*) are kinetically important reactions, rather than C–C bond breaking. We show that steady state reactor conditions open up new react...
Failure of Statistical Tests to Detect Assumption Violations in the Mark–Recapture Population Estimation of Brook Trout in Adirondack Ponds

Abstract Misleading mark–recapture population estimates were obtained in three field comparisons of the performance of the Assinica and Temiscamie strains of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis. Three and possibly four of the six assumptions required for the Jolly–Seber method of population estimation were violated. First, violation of the assumption that marked and unmarked fish have homogeneous probability of being captured was detected by comparisons of the proportion of marked trout present in seining samples with the proportion present when the ponds were drained. Second, violation of the assumption of homogeneous probability of recapture was detected by the Leslie test. Third, violation of the assumptions of homogeneous survival both between marked and unmarked fish and among marked fish occurred and was probably the primary cause of the misleading estimates. Petersen estimates based on recapture of marked fish at pond draining were calculated for comparative purposes and also failed to accurately gau...
Efficacy of an assessment instrument to measure affective and cognitive learning domains of students enrolled in food or nutrition courses

The purpose of the project was to evaluate the feasibility of using a public domain instrument, the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ), to assess affective and cognitive learning domains among volunteer students (n=44) enrolled in food and nutrition courses. Using SAS and alpha 0.01, significant Pearson's Product Moment Correlation Coefficients were calculated between the MSLQ scale, intrinsic motivation, and the following MSLQ scales: task value (r=0.55), metacognition (r=0.5) and time management (r=0.54). Correlations between task value and metacognition, students’ effort, rehearsal or elaboration learning strategies were r=0.48, 0.51, 0.55 and 0.58, respectively. Correlations between students’ effort and time management, metacognition and sense of self-efficacy were r=0.71, 0.73 and 0.48, respectively. Significant inverse correlations were identified between students’ fear of tests and their sense of self-efficacy (r=−0.50) or the effort expended to master learning (r=−0.40). Multiple regression analysis revealed that a three predictor variable model including metacognition, peer help and seeking help from the instructor explained 51.6% of the variance in scores of the first course exam (F =14.22, P=0.0001). Educators need to consider how cognitive and affective differences in learning processes influence curricular and instructional decisions in human nutrition and dietetics.
Power-aware resource allocation in high-end systems via online simulation

Traditionally, scheduling in high-end parallel systems focuses on how to minimize the average job waiting time and on how to maximize the overall system utilization. Despite the development of scheduling strategies that aim at maximizing system utilization, parallel supercomputing traces that span long time periods indicate that such systems are mostly underutilized. Much of the time there is simply not enough load to keep the system fully utilized, although time periods do exist where system utilization levels peak at nearly 95%. In this paper, we propose a new family of scheduling policies that aims at minimizing power consumption and cooling costs by selectively choosing to power down (or put in "sleep" mode) parts of the system during periods of low load. Our goal is the development of a scheduling mechanism that adaptively adjusts the number of processors to the offered load while meeting predefined service-level agreements (SLAs). This scheduling mechanism uses online simulation, i.e., lightweight simulation modules that can execute while the system and its scheduler are in operation, and can guide resource provisioning in parallel systems. Detailed experimentation using traces from the Parallel Workloads Archive indicates that the proposed online mechanism is a viable alternative to conserve energy while meeting performance-based SLAs.
Changes in negative cognitions mediate PTSD symptom reductions during client-centered therapy and prolonged exposure for adolescents ☆

Objective To assess whether changes in negative trauma-related cognitions play an important role in reducing symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression during prolonged exposure therapy for adolescents (PE-A).
Critical review of world policies for mental healthcare for children and adolescents.

Purpose of reviewPolicy development is essential for the development of child and adolescent mental health services. The gaps in policy and knowledge on how to develop policy have hindered the development of sustainable services.Recent findingsThe WHO has now objectively identified gaps in child and
How massive is the w particle

It is suggested that the mass of the hypothetical unit-spin charged particle mediating the weak interactions is \ensuremath{\sim}53 BeV.
Ice-Sheet Dynamics and Glacial History of Southeasternmost Baffin Island and Outermost Hudson Strait

Southeasternmost Baffin Island is mantled by Hudson Strait drift; it contains abundant limestone erratics and 20 to 50% carbonate in the matrix. To the northwest, it is replaced by drift dominated by locally derived rock of the Canadian Shield. The sense and orientation of ice-erosional features demonstrate that Hudson Strait drift is associated with northeasterly ice flow that crossed the tip of Meta Incognita Peninsula; local drift, associated with ice flow S10°W along the Hudson Strait coast, was derived from a dispersal center on the peninsula. Erratic lithologies contained in the Hudson Strait drift indicate a Labradorean provenance. Large-scale bedrock molding and the distribution of cirques indicate NE-flowing ice has been dominant throughout the middle and late Quaternary. Radiocarbon dates of in situ shells confirm that deglaciation began more than 11,000 yr ago, with the Frobisher Bay coast becoming ice free by 9300 yr ago. Five dates from Hudson Strait suggest that the strait was deglaciated before 9000 yr BP. However, ice from the Labradorean Sector recrossed Hudson Strait during the Cockburn Substage, about 8500 yr ago, damming drainage from the west. Final retreat of Labradorean ice from Baffin Island was complete by 8000 yr ago, at which time the sea was able to penetrate Hudson Bay.
Economic freedom and the impact of technology on productivity

A well-developed body of literature has detected positive effects of technology investments on economic growth. We contribute to this literature by studying the joint effects of technology and economic freedom on economic growth. Using two different time points, 1990 and 2000, and a sample of over 100 countries, we find that economic freedom enhances the effect of technology on economic growth. In fact, we find that the standalone effect of freedom is not as large as its interactive effect with technology.
Nanoscale Imaging of a Corrosion Reaction: Sulfuric Acid Droplets on Aluminum Surfaces

The morphological changes of the liquid and solid phases occurring during the corrosion of aluminum by sulfuric acid were imaged in situ with nanometer resolution using scanning polarization force microscopy and conventional atomic force microscopy. The rate of reaction between the acid and the metal is highly dependent on the relative humidity. At high relative humidities, a dramatic spreading of the liquid droplets is observed that is indicative of sulfuric acid-induced aluminum corrosion. The liquid layer consists of a mixture of aluminum sulfate product and sulfuric acid. At low relative humidity, an aluminum sulfate precipitate is formed which segregates from the unreacted liquid acid. This phase separation inhibits further corrosion, in agreement with the results of previous experiments using infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy. The results of these experiments offer new insights into the mechanisms of chemical corrosion at gas−liquid−solid interfaces.
Acute Renal Failure after Uterine Artery Embolization

Renal failure is a potential complication of any endovascular procedure using iodinated contrast, including uterine artery embolization (UAE). In this report we present a case of acute renal failure (ARF) following UAE performed as a treatment for uterine fibroids. The likely causes of ARF in this patient are explored and the possible etiologies of renal failure in patients undergoing UAE are reviewed.
Earnings management, stock issues, and shareholder lawsuits

Abstract Abnormal accounting accruals are unusually high around stock offers, especially high for firms whose offers subsequently attract lawsuits. Accruals tend to reverse after stock offers and are negatively related to post-offer stock returns. Reversals are more pronounced and stock returns are lower for sued firms than for those that are not sued. The incidence of lawsuits involving stock offers and settlement amounts are significantly positively related to abnormal accruals around the offer and significantly negatively related to post-offer stock returns. Our results support the view that some firms opportunistically manipulate earnings upward before stock issues rendering themselves vulnerable to litigation.
After-effects of goal shifting and response inhibition: A comparison of the stop-change and dual-task paradigms

In the present study, we tested three hypotheses that account for after-effects of response inhibition and goal shifting: the goal-shifting hypothesis, the reaction time (RT) adjustment hypothesis,...