cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal evolution of the support “Promoter” effect in Rh/La2O3

Suppression of CO chemisorption and the rates of ethane hydrogenolysis and cyclopropane hydrogenation along with a {minus} 1-eV shift in the Rh 3d{sub 5/2} binding energy were observed for a 200{degree}C-reduced Rh/La{sub 2}O{sub 3} catalyst compared to Rh/SiO{sub 2}. These results are consistent with the decoration model proposed for the metal-support interaction between La{sub 2}O{sub 3} and noble metals, where the decoration species play the role of a promoter. The presence of these effects after such a mild pretreatment suggests that dissolution of the support by acidic precursor solutions during impregnation/drying and/or migration of support species during the early stages of reduction are probably the primary causes of the decoration. The extent of decoration appeared to be increased upon reduction of the La{sub 2}O{sub 3}-supported catalyst at 400{degree}C as evidenced by a further suppression of CO chemisorption and cyclopropane hydrogenation rate. H{sub 2} uptake, which greatly exceeded CO uptake after the 200{degree}C reduction suggesting spillover of H{sub 2} to decorating species and/or the support, increased further after a 400{degree}C reduction indicating an increased capacity of the decorating species and support for spillover H{sub 2}. This thermal modification of the decorative overlayer occurs concurrent with the dehydration of La(OH){sub 3} tomore » La OOH and La{sub 2}O{sub 3} and the Rh-catalyzed decomposition of La{sub 2}(CO{sub 3}){sub 3}, those compounds which constitute the support after impregnation and/or exposure to air.« less
Indications for revision of artificial urinary sphincter and modifiable risk factors for device-related morbidity.

Aims The aim of the study is to evaluate the causes for artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) failure in a contemporary series, and to detect modifiable risk factors for device-related complications. The aim is to also report outcome after AUS revision. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of consecutive patients who underwent AUS revision at a tertiary care institution by a single surgeon from 2006 to 2011. There were 53 AUS revisions performed on 34 patients at a median age of 69 years. Results Urethral atrophy was the most common indication for revision. Fourteen patients (41%) underwent more than one revision. Seven patients had urethral catheterization in the setting of an active AUS while admitted to a non-urologic service; these patients all developed cuff erosion. Fifty-four percent of urethral erosions were associated with such traumatic catheterizations. After revision, 80% of patients with an AUS in place were using one or no pad daily at mean follow up of 27 months. Conclusion Urethral atrophy remains the most common reason for AUS revision. More than half of all urethral erosions are secondary to urethral catheterization in the setting of an active sphincter, suggesting that some of the risk of device-related morbidity may be modifiable. Neurourol. Urodynam. 32: 63–65, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Knowledge, Naturalism, and Cognitive Ethology: Kornblith’s Knowledge and its Place in Nature

This paper explores Kornblith’s proposal in Knowledge and its Place in Nature that knowledge is a natural kind that can be elucidated and understood in scientific terms. Central to Kornblith’s development of this proposal is the claim that there is a single category of unreflective knowledge that is studied by cognitive ethologists and is the proper province of epistemology. This claim is challenged on the grounds that even unreflective knowledge in language-using humans reflects forms of logical reasoning that are in principle unavailable to nonlinguistic animals.
Cl− Channels in Basolateral TAL Membranes. XIX. Cytosolic Cl− Regulates mmClC-Ka and mcClC-Ka Channels

We evaluated the effects of culturing mouse MTAL cells under conditions that suppressed steady-state cytosolic Cl− on chloride channels fused into bilayers from basolateral vesicles of cultured MTAL cells. We used two agents to suppress Cl− entry: 10−6 M PGE2 and 10−4 M bumetanide. Basolateral Cl− channels from control cultured MTAL cells exhibited the signature characteristics of mmClC-Ka channels: increased open-time probability (P o) either by raising cytosolic-face [Cl−] or, at 2 mM cytosolic Cl−, by adding (ATP + PKA), and first-order conductance kinetics. Either 10−6 M PGE2 or 10−4 M bumetanide in culture media reduced steady-state MTAL cytosolic Cl−. Chloride channels from these cells exhibited characteristics unique to CTAL mcClC-Ka channels, namely: no augmentation of P o either by raising cytosolic Cl− or with cytosolic (ATP + PKA), and multi-ion occupancy. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR and real-time quantitative PCR showed that culturing MTAL cells with 10−6 M PGE2 or 10−4 M bumetanide reduced mRNA levels encoding mmClC-Ka but not mRNA levels encoding mcClC-Ka. However, when MTAL cells were cultured under control conditions, and then pre-incubated for 60 minutes with 10−4 M bumetanide, cytosolic Cl− fell acutely but Cl− channels exhibited characteristics of mmClC-Ka channels. Thus PGE2 and bumetanide, both of which lower steady-state MTAL cytosolic Cl− concentrations, inhibit either the transcriptional and/or the translational processes for mmClC-Ka synthesis.
Recent Researches concerning the Etiology, Propagation, and Prevention of Yellow Fever, by the United States Army Commission

The efficient control of the spread of yellow fever is a matter of such vast practical importance, both from the hygienic and commercial point of view—not only for the countries where this disease prevails as an epidemic, but also for those in which, after importation, it may assume epidemic proportions—that it has seemed appropriate to bring together in this paper a summary of the work thus far accomplished by the United States Army Commission 1 on the Island of Cuba, during the years 1900 and 1901, in order that English and Colonial readers who have not, perhaps, had access to the original contributions published in different American journals, may be able to form an intelligent opinion concerning the permanent value of this work. It will also afford opportunity for recording the more recent confirmatory observations made by others concerning the mode of transmission of yellow fever discovered by the Commission, and for calling attention to the results already obtained by the U.S. Army Medical Department in the suppression of this disease, especially in the city of Havana, through the enforcement of sanitary measures based on these later researches.
Imaging electrons in a magnetic field

Abstract We present simulations of an imaging mechanism that reveals the trajectories of electrons in a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG), as well as simulations of the electron flow in zero and small magnetic fields. The end goal of this work is to implement the proposed mechanism to image the flow of electrons inside a ballistic electron device from one specific point (A) to another (B) in a 2DEG, using a low-temperature scanning probe microscope with a charged tip. The tip changes the electron density in the 2DEG beneath it and deflects the electrons traveling nearby, thereby changing the conductance from point A to point B. The simulations presented here show that by measuring the transmission of electrons from A to B versus tip position, one can image the electron flow. This forward scattering mechanism is well suited for imaging in a magnetic field, in contrast to previous probes that depended on backscattering. One could use this technique to image cyclotron orbits in an electron-focusing geometry, in which electrons travel from point A to point B in semi-circular paths bouncing along a wall. Imaging the motion of electrons in magnetic fields is useful for the development of devices for spintronics and quantum information processing.
Revealed preference and linear utility

We study a Linear Axiom of Revealed Preference (LARP) that characterizes the consistency of a choice function with respect to a preference order satisfying the independence axiom. In addition, LARP characterizes lexicographic linear utility rationality when the choice space is a convex subset of a finite-dimensional real vector space, and LARP characterizes linear utility rationality when the choice space corresponds to a finite choice experiment.
Limitations on the possibility of distinct Planck constants

Previously published experimental data for the neutron de Broglie wavelength relation, quantized Hall resistance, and Rydberg constant are consistent with conventional quantum mechanics and its unique value for the Planck constant. The experimental data also place stringent requirements on alternatives to quantum theory.
Long-Range Electronic Interactions at a High Temperature: Bromine Adatom Islands on Cu(111)

Long-range electronic interactions between Br adatom islands, which are formed at $\ensuremath{\sim}600\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$, on Cu(111) are mediated by substrate surface-state electrons at that elevated temperature. Using scanning tunneling microscopy at 4 K, we have quantified nearest neighbor island separations and found favored spacings to be half-multiples of the Fermi wavelength of Cu(111). The strong interaction potential and decay length of the interisland interactions are discussed in terms of the interaction of Br with the substrate surface state.
Galilean argumentation and the inauthenticity of the Cigoli letter on painting vs. sculpture

Abstract This essay is partly a case study of the role of logic in historiography. It is also partly a test case for the thesis of a Galilean correspondence between aesthetic attitude and scientific thought, advanced by Panofsky, Koyre, and Heilbron. Intrinsically, it is a discussion of the authenticity of the letter to Cigoli dated 26 June 1612, widely attributed to Galileo, containing argumentation about the relative aesthetic merits of painting and sculpture. I undertake a systematic analysis of the letter’s method of argument, comparing and contrasting it with Galileo’s. I argue that the letter does have some Galilean characteristics: critical reasoning; ad hominem argumentation, in the seventeenth-century sense; and appeal to experimentation. However, the letter falls short of the typical Galilean open-mindedness, fair-mindedness, and clarity; crucially, it uses several illative terms which Galileo never uses, and does not use the one he uses most often. The latter features outweigh the former. Moreover, I discuss some aspects of the letter’s substantive content, primarily a theory of vision that disregards the dynamics of perspective and the faculty of binocularity, which Galileo understood and exploited very well. My novel argument vindicates an old judgment of Favaro, who doubted the letter’s authenticity.
Antigen‐binding B cells and polyreactive antibodies

The present experiments were initiated to see if cells capable of binding antigens could make polyreactive antibodies. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled self and non-self antigens were incubated with B cells from normal individuals. Antigen-binding cells were separated from non-antigen-binding cells by flow cytometry, immortalized with Epstein-Barr virus and analyzed at the clonal level for their capacity to make polyreactive antibodies. Four to six times more cells making polyreactive antibodies were found in the B cell subset that bound antigens than in the B cell subset that did not bind antigens. The majority of the polyreactive antibodies were of the immunoglobulin (Ig)M isotype. Immunoflow cytometry revealed that cell lines making polyreactive antibodies bound a variety of antigens (e.g., insulin, IgGFc and beta-galactosidase), whereas cell lines making monoreactive antibodies bound only a single antigen. The binding of antigens to B cell lines that made polyreactive antibodies could be inhibited (range, 28%-57%) by both homogeneous and heterogeneous antigens. Both CD5+ and CD5- antigen-binding B cells made polyreactive antibodies, but the frequency was slightly higher in the CD5+ antigen-binding (85%) as compared to the CD5- antigen-binding (50%) population. Comparison of CD5+ B cells that bound antigens with CD5+ B cells that did not bind antigens showed that approximately 86% of the former, but only 15% of the latter, made polyreactive antibodies. It is concluded that cells capable of binding a variety of different antigens can make polyreactive antibodies and that antigen binding is a good marker for identifying polyreactive antibody-producing cells.
Reemergence of self-induced abortions

Two cases of adolescent females attempting self-induced abortions are presented. Many ramifications and complications of illegal abortions are discussed as they affect the patient and society. In addition, we discuss the future of medical education as well as the economic aspects of health care in relationship to illegal abortions.
Postdiapause Development and Prediction of Hatch of Ageneotettix deorum (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

Phenological predictions of life stages of rangeland grasshoppers can be improved with models that predict egg hatch. We investigated the postdiapause development and hatch of the grasshopper Ageneotettix deorum ( Scudder) in the grasslands of southwest Montana during a 3-yr period. Postdiapause embryonic development rates were estimated by exposing eggs to 12 different constant temperature regimes from 9 to 42°C. We used the population model design system to generate a development rate function and to predict hatch at one site in southwestern Montana for 3 yr and at another site in southwestern Montana for 2 yr. When estimated hatch was compared with field occurrence of 1st instars, the 50% occurrence dates were very similar; within 2.0 ± 1.8 d for all 5 comparisons. The results of our investigations should enhance the ability of decision support systems for grasshopper management to provide forecasts to land managers and pest advisors.
Effect of pneumoperitoneum on the recovery from intense neuromuscular blockade by rocuronium in healthy patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery.

Background This study investigated the effect of pneumoperitoneum on the recovery from intense neuromuscular blockade by rocuronium in healthy patients undergoing laparoscopic abdominal surgery.
Privacy protected knowledge management in services with emphasis on quality data

Improving productivity of practitioners through effective knowledge management and delivering high quality service in Application Management Services (AMS) domain, are key focus areas for all IT services organizations. One source of historical knowledge in AMS is the large amount of resolved problem ticket data which are often confidential, immensely valuable, but majority of it is of very bad quality. In this paper, we present a knowledge management tool that detects the quality of information present in problem tickets and enables effective knowledge search in tickets by prioritizing quality data in the search ranking. The tool facilitates leveraging of knowledge across different AMS accounts, while preserving data privacy, by masking client confidential information. It also extracts several relevant entities contained in the noisy unstructured text entered in the tickets and presents them to the users. We present several experimental evaluations and a pilot study conducted with an AMS account which show that our tool is effective and leads to substantial improvement in productivity of the practitioners.
Uncoupling physical and chemical cues: The independent roles of scale cover size and kairomone concentration on host selection byAphytis melinus DeBach (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)

The ectoparasitoidAphytis melinus initially selects its host, California red scale,Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Homoptera: Diaspididae), using characteristics of the host’s cover before assessing the quality of the scale body beneath. Host suitability is known to increase with host size until the scale insect reaches maturity, after which it is no longer available for parasitism. The wasp uses a combination of scale cover size and a kairomone,O-caffeoyltyrosine, in the cover for initial assessment. Under natural conditions these two factors are frequently coupled. We quantified the relative importance of cover size and kairomone concentration independently by removing and selectively reapplying controlled doses of syntheticO-caffeoyltyrosine to scale covers of known size. In the absence of the kairomone, wasps did not discriminate among scale covers differing in size. Wasps showed a curvilinear response to kairomone dose for each scale cover age group. Wasps preferred low doses ofO-caffeoyltyrosine on young, small scale covers, and high doses on old, large scale covers. The ability of wasps to respond quantitatively to the kairomone may be used in the field to differentiate small second-instar from larger and more suitable third-instar scale insect larvae.
The ending of optical lithography and the prospects of its successors

This presentation starts from recounting the history of optical lithography since its >[email protected] days until the sub-100nm era. To increase resolution and keep depth of focus in check, the wavelength has been shortened from 436, to 365, 248, and 193nm, numerical aperture has increased from 0.15 to 0.93, the universal resolution indicator k"1, reduced from 0.8 to 0.3. There seems to be little room to extend optical lithography. Fortunately, water immersion of 193nm light paved the way to 1.35NA. Recent full-chip results from a 0.85NA, 193nm immersion scanner and remaining issues with immersion lithography are shown. From this point on, optical lithography is starting its ending. The techniques to prolong its ending, such as high-index immersion fluid and lens material, polarized illumination, mask solid immersion, double exposures, and pitch splitting are discussed. Potential successors to optical lithography include EUV lithography, high-voltage and low-voltage e-beam direct write systems. Their pros and cons and financial impacts are given.
Identifying the effects of cannibalization on the product portfolio

Purpose – The need for studying the effects of cannibalization and its importance has been established in the literature, especially, since an assessment of the expected cannibalization effect of a new product can help in deciding on suitable times for new product introduction and promotions. However, quantitative measures that can be easily monitored and interpreted are not commonly available.Design/methodology/approach – This study uses parametric measures to help identify and investigate the effects of cannibalization. It proposes a predictive framework that may be used to investigate the effects of cannibalization. A case study, with real data from a consumer beverage company, illustrates the practical applicability of the model.Findings – The parametric measures developed helped to identify the level of product cannibalization at the product, product group, family and brand levels in the portfolio.Originality/value – Marketing strategists who can identify the victims of cannibalization in the product...
Neuropathology of Acquired Cerebral Trauma

The neuropathology of traumatic brain injury is reviewed. First, various definitional statements of what constitutes brain injury are reviewed, which include the degree to which level of consciousness is altered, the degree of post-traumatic amnesia, and the presence of physiological, radiological, or physical exam findings. The understanding of the neuropathological @fects of brain injuly has been greatly advanced by neuroimaging techniques, and these are reviewed in the context of illuminating structural aberrations of the central nervous system that may accompany traumatic brain injury. It is argued that by knowing the underlying structural abnormalities, a better appreciation of the resultant narropsychological impairment may be achieved. The main neuropathological features that result in trauma-related brain damage are reviewed. These include damage that occurs as a result of the skull-brain interface, cerebral edema, ischemia and hypoxia, and hemorrhage, which are reviewed along with the neuropathol...
Security sector governance and the rule of law

This article analyses problems that contribute to the corruption of the Syrian security sector and offers recommendations for reforms. An in-depth look at issues with the Syrian security, police, military, intelligence, and judiciary sectors is provided. It is argued that the need for an institutional framework to exist is imperative for a post-Assad transitional period Syria. The article proposes implementing the recommendations set forth by the government defense anti-corruption index to move toward a more democratic Syria.
Linear regression analyses of ozone and sulphur dioxide in ambient air

Abstract Linear regression analyses were performed on ozone and sulphur dioxide concentrations measured in real time. The predicted values of O3 and SO2 from these regression equations were close to the observed values. The relationship between O3 and SO2 is explained on theoretical considerations: sulphur dioxide absorbs light and forms an excited electronic state of molecular oxygen which readily combines with O-atoms.
Heparin-Bonded Circuits Decrease Myocardial Ischemic Damage: An Experimental Study

Abstract Background . Heparin-bonded cardiopulmonary bypass circuits reduce complement activation, but their effect on myocardial function is unknown. This study was undertaken to determine whether heparin-bonded circuits reduce myocardial damage during acute surgical revascularization. Methods . In 16 pigs, the second and third diagonal vessels were occluded with snares for 90 minutes followed by 45 minutes of cardioplegic arrest and 180 minutes of reperfusion with the snares released. During the period of coronary occlusion, all animals were placed on percutaneous bypass followed by standard cardiopulmonary bypass during the periods of cardioplegic arrest and reperfusion. In 8 pigs, heparin-bonded circuits were used, whereas 8 other pigs received nonbonded circuits. Results . Animals treated with heparin-bonded circuits had the best preservation of wall motion scores (3.5 ± 0.3 versus 2.3 ± 0.2; 4=normal to −1 = dyskinesis; p p 2 O (1.7% ± 0.7% versus 6.1% ± .5%; p p Conclusions . We conclude that heparin-bonded circuits significantly decrease myocardial ischemic damage during acute surgical revascularization. (Ann Thorac Surg 1997;63:1701–5)
Archaeological Artifact and Biomolecule Affiliation: Testing The Consequences of Cleaning

Molecular preservation in the archaeological record has been recognized and documented inseveral cases. The association of protein, lipid and DNA remnants on artifacts requires anew level of care in the excavation and conservation of materials. The removal of blood from a series of experimental tools made of quartzite and obsidian is shown by a simple water washing procedure. Attempts at stabilizing the blood with time and temperature did little to alter its removal. It is suggested that the normal procedures utilized onsite andin postexcavation treatment can be detrimental to the recovery of information at the molecular level.
Beta and gamma rhythms go with the flow

Information flows through visual areas in opposite directions during "bottom-up" intake of current stimuli and "top-down" processes such as attention or memory. In this issue of Neuron, Bastos et al. (2015) report that rhythms of different frequencies coordinate bottom-up and top-down information streams.
Three-dimensional broadband terahertz synthetic aperture imaging

Terahertz (THz) technology holds great promise for applications such as explosives detection and nondestructive evaluation. In recent years, three-dimensional (3-D) THz imaging has been considered as a potential method to detect concealed explosives due to the transparent properties of packaging materials in the THz range. Another important advantage of THz systems is they measure the electric field directly. They are also phase coherent, supporting synthetic aperture (SA) imaging. In this paper, a near-field synthetic aperture THz imaging system is investigated for its potential use in detecting hidden objects. Frequency averaging techniques are used to reduce noise side-lobe artifacts, and improve depth resolution. System depth resolution is tested and characterized for performance. It will be shown that, depending on system bandwidth, depth resolution on the order of a few hundred microns can be achieved. A sample consisting of high-density polyethylene and three ball-bearings embedded inside is imaged at multiple depths. 3-D images of familiar objects are generated to demonstrate this capability.
Commercial observation satellites: broadening the sources of geospatial data

Commercial observation satellites promise to broaden substantially the sources of imagery data available to potential users of geospatial data and related information products. We examine the new trend toward private firms acquiring and operating high-resolution imagery satellites. These commercial observation satellites build on the substantial experience in Earth observation operations provided by government-owned imaging satellites for civilian and military purposes. However, commercial satellites will require governments and companies to reconcile public and private interests in allowing broad public access to high-resolution satellite imagery data without creating national security risks or placing the private firms at a disadvantage compared with other providers of geospatial data.
Some future trends in gas and liquid chromatography

Conception des colonnes. Les divers detecteurs: spectrometrie de masse, IR, Raman et autres. Appareillages bon marche
Delta Operator Eigenstructure Assignment for Reconfigurable Control of a Tailless Aircraft

This paper applies eigenstructure assignment to fault detection and control of a tailless aircraft. An earlier continuous time eigenstructure assignment flight controller is extended to the unified delta operator model. A new result is proposed that extends disk gain and phase margins to the delta operator system. An earlier fault detection observer is extended to the unified delta operator model; a new, less conservative, bound on the observer residuals is proposed; and an optimization is performed over both eigenvalues and eigenvector parameters. A reconfigurable control scheme is proposed by combining the new fault detection observer with the new eigenstructure assignment flight controller. A novel eigenstructure assignment reconfiguration is proposed in which the gains are switched to new recomputed gains to achieve satisfactory time responses. Then, an optimization is performed to achieve specifications on the disk gain and phase margins. Then, the gains are switched to a second set of gains when the...
Bivariate normal distribution fitting on discontinuity orientation clusters

A bivariate normal density function has been used to represent discontinuity orientation cluster distributions. Goodness-of-fit tests should be performed in order to make decisions on the representation of discontinuity clusters by theoretical probability distributions. In the literature, graphical procedures are available to fit a bivariate normal distribution to discontinuity clusters. However, these procedures assume no correlation between the two orientation parameters. In this paper (a) a numerical procedure, and (b) a semigraphical procedure are given to perform a ϰ2 goodness-of-fit test for bivariate normal distributions having nonzero correlation coefficient between the two parameters. These procedures were applied to a selected discontinuity cluster. The semigraphical procedure was found to be a time-consuming process. On the other hand, rapid computation can be done with the computer program developed for the numerical method. Sensitivity of the ϰ2 test results of theIXJ grid setup was investigated. Mean orientation estimation for the cluster based on the equal area polar projection was compared with the estimation based on the moment estimate method. For the cluster analyzed, estimations of bivariate normal parameters\(\bar \theta\) and\(\bar \phi\), based on the equal-area polar projection, and values based on the moment estimation method were found to be different up to about 6.7% of the values based on the moment estimation method.
Surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis may improve sleep and sexual function

Objectives/Hypothesis: This study was designed to evaluate the impact of surgery on the sexual function and sleep function of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Study Design: A retrospective review of a cohort of prospectively enrolled patients with chronic rhinosinusitis who have undergone endoscopic sinus surgery. Methods: Each patient completed the Rhinosinusitis Disability Index (RSDI) prior to surgery and at least nine months following endoscopic sinus surgery, and the preoperative and postoperative scores for the questions related to sleep and sexual activity were evaluated. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to assess the magnitude and direction of change between observation points. Results: Mean response scores regarding sexual activity between preoperative (1.1 ± 1.0) and postoperative scores (0.7 ± 0.8) are significantly different (P < .001). Mean response scores regarding sleep dysfunction between preoperative (2.4 ± 1.0) and postoperative scores (1.5 ± 1.1) are also significantly different (P < .001). For both questions, a higher frequency of subjects responded "never" and "almost never" in the postoperative period compared with preoperative measures. Conclusions: Using the questions from the RSDI, there is an improvement in scores of sexual function and sleep after surgery for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Further, more in-depth evaluations of these potential benefits are needed.
Preventive Cardiology and Its Potential Influence on the Early Natural History of Adult Heart Diseases: The Bogalusa Heart Study and the Heart Smart Program

Observations from pediatric epidemiology studies over the past 20 years document that atherosclerosis and essential hypertension begin in childhood. Evidence of coronary artery disease and hypertensive cardiovascular renal disease is found and relates strongly to clinical cardiovascular risk factors. Obesity, especially central obesity, and hyperinsulinemia are commonly found, and these cluster with other risk factors. Lifestyles, such as poor eating behavior and tobacco usage, also begin early and influence cardiovascular risk. The implication from these pediatric observations is that intervention should begin early to prevent unhealthy lifestyles and encourage adoption of healthy behaviors. Where adult heart diseases pervade the major part of the United States population and other industrialized cultures, various epidemiologic strategies of prevention are needed. A high-risk, clinical approach can be applied to individuals with heart disease or to individuals with underlying risk factors and their families. Primary and secondary prevention are both important and should be implemented by primary care physicians. A population approach is also needed because of the widespread occurrence of heart disease. A public health approach to prevention can occur through health education and health promotion programs. Physicians should play a role in encouraging prevention for the general population. The future direction of Preventive Cardiology for our nation rests on educating children to adopt and maintain healthy lifestyles. The Bogalusa Heart Study has made a major contribution in providing the background information for that direction.
Vertebral height restoration in osteoporotic compression fractures: kyphoplasty balloon tamp is superior to postural correction alone.

Introduction Kyphoplasty has been shown to restore vertebral height and sagittal alignment. Proponents of vertebroplasty have recently demonstrated that many vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) are mobile and positional correction can lead to clinically significant height restoration. The current investigation tested the hypothesis that positional maneuvers do not achieve the same degree of vertebral height correction as kyphoplasty balloon tamps for the reduction of low-energy VCFs.
Alterations in body composition in acromegaly

Acromegaly is a condition characterized by growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) hypersecretion, and is associated with boney overgrowth, and soft tissue abnormalities due to anabolic, lipolytic, and sodium retaining actions of GH. GH and IGF-1 excess is associated with alterations in body composition, including an increase in body water and lean body mass, and a reduction in body fat. Achievement of biochemical control of the disease results in a reduction in body water and fat-free mass, and an increase in body fat. BMD is generally increased in acromegaly, though the anabolic effect of GH excess on bone is reduced, if not negated, by the presence of hypogonadism, particularly with regard to the trabecular compartment. Further studies are necessary to determine the effect of long-term biochemical control on bone density in subjects with acromegaly.
Characteristics of solder joints under fatigue loads using piezomechanical actuation

Crack initiation and growth characteristics of solder joints under fatigue loads are investigated using piezomechanical actuation. Cracks in solder joints, which can cause failure in microelectronics components, are induced via piezoelectricity in piezo-ceramic bonded joints. Lead-zirconate-titanate ceramic plates and eutectic Sn-Pb solder bonded in a double-lap shear configuration are used in the investigation. Electric field across each piezo-ceramic plate is applied such that shear stresses/strains are induced in the solder joints. The experiments show that cracks initiate in the solder joints around defects such as voids and grow in length until they coalesce with other cracks from adjacent voids. These observations are compared with the similar thermal cycling tests from the literature to show feasibility and validity of the current method in investigating the fatigue characteristics of solder joints. In some specimens, cracks in the piezo-ceramic plates are observed, and failure in the specimens generally occurred due to piezo-ceramic plate fracture. The issues encountered in implementing this methodology such as low actuation and high processing temperatures are further discussed.
Apoptosis and liver diseases: recent concepts of mechanism and significance.

Abstract Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a highly conserved mechanism that plays an essential role in numerous normal developmental and regulatory processes and disease states. It is mediated by a variable interaction among several components of the cell, including cell surface death receptors, the caspase cascade, mitochondrial metabolism and energetics, and the cytoskeleton. Even in those instances in which cell surface death receptors play a role, mitochondria are often central to the process, not only in mediating the death program, but in initiating it as well. In regard to mitochondrial involvement, a key role is hypothesized for an interaction among AMP-activated protein kinase, cytoskeletal intermediate filaments, and mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids. This proposed interaction may be a critical element in the pathogenesis of intramitochondrial oxidative stress, diminished inner membrane potential (ΔΨm), and other mitochondrial changes that contribute to cell death. Apoptosis may participate in a wide variety of disease processes, ranging from chemical and physical injury to viral infection and cancer, but its mechanistic and functional relationship to these conditions remains incompletely understood. Despite this, an understanding of the mechanisms involved and of the identity of potential pharmacologic targets is increasing, and warrants an optimistic view of their potential for clinical application.
Nanoparticles for Selective Laser Desorption/Ionization in Mass Spectrometry:

The selective desorption/ionization of analytes using nanomaterials is investigated using metallic nanoparticles. By replacing the sodium citrate capping of gold nanoparticles with self-assembled monolayers, we are able to both enhance analyte ionization and selectively capture analytes. Capping gold nanoparticles with a monolayer of 4-mercaptobenzoic acid enhances analyte ionization while greatly decreasing chemical noise resulting from alkali adducted species. Selective capture and sequential desorption/ionization of the peptide bradykinin (1–7) from a two peptide mixture is achieved using β-cyclodextrin capped gold nanoparticles. Finally, by switching from gold to silver nanoparticles, we are able to ionize both folic acid and amphotericin B. These results demonstrate that through careful control of nanoparticle surface chemistry and composition one can achieve selective analyte ionization for MS applications.
An alternative approach to linearly constrained adaptive beamforming

A beamforming structure is presented which can be used to implement a wide variety of linearly constrained adaptive array processors. The structure is designed for use with arrays which have been time-delay steered such that the desired signal of interest appears approximately in phase at the steered outputs. One major advantage of the new structure is the constraints can be implemented using simple hardware differencing amplifiers. The structure is shown to incorporate algorithms which have been suggested previously for use in adaptive beamforming as well as to include new approaches. It is also particularly useful for studying the effects of steering errors on array performance. Numerical examples illustrating the performance of the structure are presented.
Cigarette Smoking and Prostate Cancer Recurrence After Prostatectomy

Toward the establishment of evidence-based recommendations for the prevention of prostate cancer recurrence after treatment, we examined the association between smoking and prostate cancer recurrence in a retrospective cohort study of 1416 men who underwent radical prostatectomy. Surgeries were performed by a single surgeon at Johns Hopkins Hospital between January 1, 1993, and March 31, 2006. Smoking status at 5 years before and 1 year after surgery was assessed by survey. Prostate cancer recurrence was defined as confirmed re-elevation of prostate-specific antigen levels, local recurrence, metastasis, or prostate cancer death. The cumulative incidence of recurrence was 34.3% among current smokers, 14.8% among former smokers, and 12.1% among never smokers, with a mean follow-up time of 7.3 years. Men who were current smokers at 1 year after surgery were more likely than never smokers to have disease recurrence after adjusting for pathological characteristics, including stage and grade (hazard ratio for recurrence = 2.31, 95% confidence interval = 1.05 to 5.10). This result suggests an association between cigarette smoking and risk of prostate cancer recurrence.
Selection Procedure for Mutants Defective in the β-Methylgalactoside Transport System of Escherichia coli Utilizing the Compound 2R-Glyceryl-β-d-Galactopyranoside

A procedure has been devised that allows selection of mutants defective in the β-methylgalactoside transport system ( mgl ) of Escherichia coli . This procedure utilizes the compound 2R-glyceryl-β-d-galactopyranoside (glycerylgalactoside), which is known to be transported by only two transport system in E. coli , namely, the lactose and the β-methylgalactoside transport systems. Mutants lacking glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ( glpD ) are sensitive to glycerol. Similarly, mutants lacking uridine diphosphate-galactose-4-epimerase ( galE ) are sensitive to galactose. Glycerylgalactoside is an inducer of the lactose operon and also a substrate for β-galactosidase. Thus, a mgl + glpD galE lacY strain will not grow in the presence of glycerylgalactoside owing to accumulated glycerol-3-phosphate, galactose-1-phosphate, and uridine diphosphate-galactose. We have constructed such a strain and shown that mgl mutants can be obtained by selecting for those that grow in the presence of glycerylgalactoside. Images
Activities in Pit-1 determine whether receptor interacting protein 140 activates or inhibits Pit-1/nuclear receptor transcriptional synergy.

Pituitary-specific transcription of the evolutionarily related rat (r) GH and PRL genes involves synergistic interactions between Pit-1 and other promoter-binding factors including nuclear receptors. We show that Pit-1/thyroid hormone receptor (TR) and Pit-1/estrogen receptor (ER) synergistic activation of the rGH and rPRL promoters are globally similar. Both synergies depend upon the same activation functions in Pit-1 and also require activation function-2 conserved in TR and ER. The activation function-2 binding protein, RIP140, previously thought to be a nuclear receptor coactivator, strongly inhibits both Pit-1/TR and Pit-1/ER synergy. RIP140 inhibition is profoundly influenced, in a promoter-specific fashion, by a synergism-selective function in Pit-1: deletion of Pit-1 amino acids 72–100 switches RIP140 to an activator of Pit-1/ER and Pit-1/TR synergy at the rPRL promoter but not at the rGH promoter. Pit-1 amino acids 101–125 are required for RIP140 inhibition or activation again only at the rPRL pr...
Protected amino acids as novel low-molecular-weight displacers in cation-exchange displacement chromatography.

Although the ability to carry out simultaneous concentration and purification in a single displacement step has significant advantages for downstream processing of pharmaceuticals, a major impediment to the implementation of displacement chromatography has been the lack of suitable displacer compounds. An important recent advance in the state of the art of displacement chromatography has been the discovery that low-molecular-weight dendritic polymers can be successfully employed as displacers for protein purification in ion-exchange systems. In this article, protected amino acid esters (based on arginine and lysine) are shown to be useful displacers for protein purification in cation-exchange systems. A dynamic affinity plot is employed to evaluate the affinity of these low-molecular-weight compounds under dis-placement conditions. In contrast to large polyelectroyte displacers, the efficacy of these low-molecular-weight displacers was shown to be dependent on both the initial carrier salt concentration and the displacer concentration. In addition to the funcamental interest generated by low-molecular-weight displacers, it is likely that these displacers will have significant operatioal advantages as compared with large polyelectrolyte displacers. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Local replication of simian immunodeficiency virus in the breast milk compartment of chronically-infected, lactating rhesus monkeys

Breast milk transmission remains a major mode of infant HIV acquisition, yet anatomic and immunologic forces shaping virus quasispecies in milk are not well characterized. In this study, phylogenic analysis of envelope sequences of milk SIV variants revealed groups of nearly identical viruses, indicating local virus production. However, comparison of the patterns and rates of CTL escape of blood and milk virus demonstrated only subtle differences between the compartments. These findings suggest that a substantial fraction of milk viruses are produced by locally-infected cells, but are shaped by cellular immune pressures similar to that in the blood.
Seed size variation within Zostera marina L. (Zosteraceae)

In 1997 and 1998 seeds were collected from the seagrass, Zostera marina L. (Zosteraceae) from Long Island, New York, USA (var. typica), Shaw Island, Washington, USA (var. latifolia) and Izembek Lagoon, Alaska, USA (var. izembekensis) to determine if seed size varied between the varieties, if seed size varied within the same variety, and if the relationship between seed length and seed weight was linear. Measurements of seed length revealed statistically significant differences in this metric between varieties associated with smaller intertidal plants (var. typica and var. izembekensis) and larger plants from the subtidal region (var. latifolia). It was also found that seed length varied within the same variety and verified that the cross-sectional shape of these seeds was primarily elliptical. Using seed cross-sectional area and weight from a randomly selected batch of seeds from the three locations sampled in 1998, a linear model was created to determine seed weight and seeds from var. latifolia were found to be heavier than seeds from var. typica. The potential advantage of heavy seeds for subtidal seeds in search of safe sites is discussed, together with the merit of using the model to calculate the weight of other elliptical seeds within the Zosteraceae and other seagrass families. © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2003, 142, 281–288.
A Social Support Intervention for Parents of Children with Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results of a Randomized Trial

Evaluated a 15-month social support intervention for mothers of children with JRA. Five mentors (mothers of young adults who have had JRA since childhood) were linked to mothers of children with JRA ages 2 to 11 for purposes of enhancing specific types of social support and overall mental health. The total number of reported mental health symptoms decreased in the experimental group and remained the same in the control group. The experimental group showed greater improvement on all indices of support relative to the control group. Trends in the data consistently favored the experimental group, but differences between the experimental and control group were statistically significant on few of the outcome measures. Results provide tentative evidence for positive effects of mentoring interventions for this population of parents.
Progress Towards the Synthesis of Pyrimidodiazepine-Based Folates as Potential Inhibitors of Glycinamide Ribonucleotide Formyltransferase

Folic acid is an essential vitamin necessary for proper cell division and growth. Once inside the cells, it is reduced to 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid, and this is the precursor for a number of important folate cofactors. One such cofactor is 10-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid, which plays a critical role in the de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides. One of the earlier steps in the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway involves the conversion of glycinamide ribonucleotide (GAR) to N-formylglycinamide ribonucleotide (FGAR). This conversion involves the transfer of the formyl group from 10-formyl THF to the primary amino group of GAR via a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction through a tetrahedral intermediate. The formyl carbon atom of FGAR is destined to become the C-8 carbon atom of inosine monophosphate from which all of the purine nucleotides are derived. The GAR to FGAR reaction is catalysed by the enzyme glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT). Inhibition of this enzyme would therefore result in a breakdown of de novo purine biosynthesis and this is the biochemical rationale for selecting GARFT as a biochemical target site for antitumor chemotherapy.
The Behavior of Foundations in an Organizational Frame: A Case Study

Until relatively recently, there has been little serious historical scholarship or organizational analysis concerning foundations. This article examines the experience of the Ford Foundation in creating and implementing a large new grant-making initiative applying three models of organizational behavior: the rational actor model, a bureaucratic politics model, and an organizational process model. The article provides a preliminary analysis of the strength of these models for illuminating the way foundations operate and shape their grant-making programs. Large foundations are complex institutions whose decisions may not always be optimal on some public interest or cost-benefit calculus. At a time when public affairs professionals find themselves turning to private foundations for solutions, an understanding of internal dynamics may help in building public-private partnerships on a realistic footing.