cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compact, precise digital to analog converter arrays in a low cost, low precision short channel CMOS process

A useful circuit topology for the realization of compact, precise digital to analog converters is presented. The converter architecture uses digital correction to obtain good precision in an inexpensive, non-precision, short channel, digital CMOS process. We present the results of tests performed on the versions of the digital to analog converter test structures fabricated to date. These results are compared with HSPICE Monte Carlo simulations. Large arrays of D to A converters can be fabricated in several inexpensive low precision CMOS processes with thermal stability and trainable linearity characteristics adequate for a wide variety of applications.
Racing speeds of quarter horses, thoroughbreds and Arabians.

Summary Reasons for performing study: While Quarter Horses are recognised as the fastest breed of horse, direct comparisons to race times with other breeds can be misleading. Quarter Horse races begin when the starting gates open. Thoroughbred and Arabian races begin a short distance from the gates after horses have started running. This study compared speeds of these breeds as they accelerate from the starting gates and during the middle and end of races. Objectives: To compare racing speeds of the 3 breeds, and to compare speeds during various segments of the races. Methods: Video tapes of races were obtained from a local track. The various race segments were viewed and the winning horse timed by 5 individuals. Fastest and slowest times were removed and the 3 remaining times averaged. Results: Quarter Horses averaged faster speeds than Thoroughbreds even when Thoroughbreds were raced at a distance (402 m) similar to Quarter Horse races. Both breeds were substantially faster than Arabians. Quarter Horses racing 336 m or less gained speed in each segment of the race while Arabians and Thoroughbreds racing 1006 m ran fastest during the middle of the race and had decreased their speed in the final segment of the race. Conclusions: Despite similar race times reported for 402 m, Quarter Horses averaged faster speeds than Thoroughbreds when timed from a standing start. In short races, both breeds accelerate throughout the race. Arabians, despite being known for endurance, had slowed by the end of the race. Potential relevance: This study demonstrates that Quarter Horses achieve faster racing speeds than do other breeds. It also reveals a potential flaw in race-riding strategy as a more consistent pace throughout the Arabian and longer Thoroughbred races may be more efficient and result in a faster overall race time.
Synoptic weather pattern controls on temperature in Alaska

[1] Data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research and European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts 40 year reanalyses are used to relate large-scale synoptic circulation patterns to local weather at several locations across Alaska. These results are compared to available National Weather Service observations to demonstrate the utility of this method such that it can be applied in future work at locations where local observations are not available. The focus of these comparisons is on surface observations of temperature. The results from the two reanalysis data sets match well to each other and to the observations. Synoptic patterns associated with warm/cold days at five National Weather Service stations representing different climate regions throughout Alaska are identified. In addition, a method to attribute a change in climate to circulation and noncirculation differences is applied to a known climate shift, the Pacific climate shift of 1976, which was associated with an increase in temperatures throughout Alaska. The results from this analysis show that general warming rather than changes in circulation is primarily responsible for the increase in temperatures after 1976.
Who Is Testing Whom? Ten Suggestions for Managing the Disruptive Behavior of Young Children During Testing

Children exhibiting extremely disruptive behavior constitute a large percentage of those referred for testing. These children often are challenging to test, even for the experienced examiner, becau...
Social defeat stress-induced sensitization and escalated cocaine self-administration: The role of ERK signaling in the rat ventral tegmental area

Intermittent social defeat stress can induce neuroadaptations that promote compulsive drug taking. Within the mesocorticolimbic circuit, repeated cocaine administration activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). The present experiments examine whether changes in ERK phosphorylation are necessary for the behavioral and neural adaptations that occur as a consequence of intermittent defeat stress. Rats were exposed to four brief intermittent defeats over the course of 10 days. Ten days after the last defeat, rats were challenged with cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline, and ERK activity was examined in mesocorticolimbic regions. To determine the role of ERK in defeat stress-induced behavioral sensitization, we bilaterally microinjected the MAPK/ERK kinase inhibitor U0126 (1 μg/side) or vehicle (20 % DMSO) into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) prior to each of four defeats. Ten days following the last defeat, locomotor activity was assessed for the expression of behavioral cross-sensitization to cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p.). Thereafter, rats self-administered cocaine under fixed and progressive ratio schedules of reinforcement, including a 24-h continuous access “binge” (0.3 mg/kg/infusion). We found that repeated defeat stress increased ERK phosphorylation in the VTA. Inhibition of VTA ERK prior to each social defeat attenuated the development of stress-induced sensitization and prevented stress-induced enhancement of cocaine self-administration during a continuous access binge. These results suggest that enhanced activation of ERK in the VTA due to brief defeats is critical in the induction of sensitization and escalated cocaine taking.
Symmetry Effects in the Spacing of Nuclear Energy Levels

The results of Wigner on mass defects and stability relations make possible a calculation of level density for intermediate nuclei ($Al60$) which takes properly into account the dependence of nuclear energies on symmetry character. In general, a configuration of neutrons and protons in single-particle orbits contains many different types of symmetry compatible with the exclusion principle. The various symmetry types arising from one configuration all have the same kinetic energy, but differ in potential energy; decreasing symmetry (increasing number of nodes) is associated with decreasing potential energy. Level densities for the different nuclear types are tabulated. The results indicate a marked increase of density for increasing isotopic number in an isobaric series. Transmutation experiments on isobars should make possible a test of the theory.
Convergence criteria for a sequence of semi-groups

Let A j be a sequence of infinitesimal generators of contraction semi-groups on a Banach space X whose resolvents converge strongly:I-A J 1?R. We show that if R is injective, then the semi-groups converge strongly on the closure of the range of Rin X. In the reflexive Banach space case, the range of R is dense. Injectivity of R is equivalent to "graph convergence" of the sequencE Aj. We give simple proofs of known results of Trotter and of Glimm and Jaffe.
Solution structure and dynamics of the human-Escherichia coli thioredoxin chimera: insights into thermodynamic stability.

We have determined the high-resolution solution structure of the oxidized form of a chimeric human and Escherichia coli thioredoxin (TRXHE) by NMR. The overall structure is well-defined with a rms difference for the backbone atoms of 0.27 ± 0.06 A. The topology of the protein is identical to those of the human and E. coli parent proteins, consisting of a central five-stranded β-sheet surrounded by four α-helices. Analysis of the interfaces between the two domains derived from the human and E. coli sequences reveals that the general hydrophobic packing is unaltered and only subtle changes in the details of side chain interactions are observed. The packing of helix α4 with helix α2 across the hybrid interface is less optimal than in the parent molecules, and electrostatic interactions between polar side chains are missing. In particular, lysine−glutamate salt bridges between residues on helices α2 and α4, which were observed in both human and E. coli proteins, are not present in the chimeric protein. The or...
Vapor transport of solids by vapor phase reactions

Abstract A relatively rigorous theoretical analysis is developed for the quasi-equilibrium diffusion controlled case of transport of solids by means of reaction with a “vapor solvent” in the presence of a temperature gradient. The treatment is based upon a combination of the usual forms of the equilibrium constant and the diffusion equations with the equation of continuity. An improvement over the method of SCHAFER et al is obtained, inasmuch as it is not necessary to assume an average diffusion coefficient applying to all species in the vapor phase. It is further shown that the results of this analysis may be expressed in convenient analytical form for the limiting cases of very large or very small equilibrium constant. From these results, it is deduced that the variation of the rate of transport with temperature or pressure ought to show a maximum. The quasi-equilibrium theory is then extended to include the effects of finite surface reaction rates. This extension is essentially based only upon the law of mass action as it applies to surface reaction rates. The steady state rate of transport is shown to be given in terms of the quasi-equilibrium rate multiplied by a factor containing the surface reaction rate coefficients, in the limit of small temperature gradients. A discussion of the information obtainable from these results and various experimental measurements is also given. It is seen that determination of the temperature and pressure dependences of the steady state rate of transport can yield information about surface reaction rates. It is also shown that a measurement of the dependence of transport rate on substrate area allows a direct determination of the surface rate.
Dynamic abnormal grain growth in tantalum

Abstract Dynamic abnormal grain growth (DAGG) is a phenomenon that produces one or more very large, abnormal grains during plastic deformation of polycrystalline material at high temperatures. DAGG was previously observed in commercial-purity molybdenum (Mo) and was used to produce large Mo single crystals of centimeters in length. The present investigation is the first to demonstrate DAGG in commercial-purity tantalum (Ta) sheet, another body-centered-cubic refractory metal. DAGG occurs in Ta at temperatures from 1450–1850 °C across strain rates from 3×10 −5 to 5×10 −4 s −1 . Grain boundary migration rates during DAGG in Ta are on the order of 10 mm/min. DAGG produces large abnormal grains preferentially oriented with the 〈101〉 direction approximately parallel to the tensile axis. A unique observation of this investigation is a preponderance of Σ3 special boundary character along the boundaries of large abnormal grains produced in Ta through DAGG. The propensity toward this special boundary character is a result of a relatively large grain size and strong texture in the polycrystalline material prior to DAGG and the typically low energy of Σ3 boundaries, which suppress boundary migration.
“The Persnicketiness of Memory”: Jonathan Safran Foer's Audaciously Imaginative Jewish Memorial Book

This article argues that Jonathan Safran Foer's postmodern Holocaust novel Everything Is Illuminated constitutes a fictional Jewish memorial book. Earlier critics have emphasized the magical realist elements of Everything Is Illuminated but have overlooked the influence of the Jewish memorial book, a literary genre both testimonial and folkloric, on Foer's depiction of shtetl life and its destruction during the Holocaust. Jewish memorial books, encyclopedic record books composed by Holocaust survivors, memorialize, with deep nostalgic longing, the lost inhabitants and culture of their annihilated ancestral villages. Foer's inventive adaptation of the genre exemplifies and problematizes the efforts of survivors' descendants to memorialize a culture they never experienced firsthand. Through the novel's superlative and even absurd representations of the shtetl, Foer tests the ability of fiction to function as an imaginative form of testimony. To traverse the spatial and temporal distance between the Holocaust descendant and the buried shtetl life, Foer's fictional Jewish memorial book represents time as fluid and history as provisional: in Everything Is Illuminated the past is as open-ended and unresolved as the future. This provisional sense of history creates spaces where the descendant-writer can gain a limited imaginative access to the past.
Orientational disorder and electronic states in C60 and A3C60, where A is an alkali metal.

Orientational disorder appears to persist in solid C{sub 60} even at low temperature, and similar static disorder is likely to exist in {ital A}{sub 3}c{sub 60}. The effects of such disorder on their electronic structures are studied by three-band tight-binding models for the C{sub 60} and {ital A}{sub 3}C{sub 60} conduction bands. The densities of states for the disordered systems are quite different from those in the ordered systems. Participation-ratio analyses suggest that most of the states are delocalized, but there should nonetheless be a host of experimental consequences associated with short mean free paths.
HIV Prevalence and Risk Behaviors among Patients Attending Los Angeles County Tuberculosis Clinics: 1993–1996

Abstract PURPOSE: This study aimed to describe prevalence of and risk factors for HIV among persons with newly diagnosed class III (confirmed) and class V (suspected) cases of tuberculosis (TB) patients in Los Angeles County. METHODS: HIV testing was performed on 1307 blood specimens after routine tests were completed at six TB clinics in Los Angeles County. HIV test results were matched to demographic and risk behavior information by use of an unlinked study methodology. RESULTS: The overall HIV prevalence rate was 10.8%. By demographic characteristics, the highest prevalence rates were observed among persons born in the United States (15.7%), males (14.1%), blacks (14.3%), and those aged 30–44 years (14.4%). Confirmed TB cases (14%) were more likely to be HIV-infected than were suspect cases (9.6%). Risk behaviors associated with positive HIV serostatus included the injection of nonprescription drugs, having sex with an injection drug user, and use of noninjection forms of heroin, cocaine, and tranquilizers. Men who have sex with men were more likely to be HIV-infected than were heterosexual males. CONCLUSIONS: HIV testing and counseling should be a standard of care in TB clinics. The observed high HIV prevalence rate reinforces the importance of designing prevention strategies that specifically target patients with TB.
Infectious disease and women's health.

Scott Hultgren and Jennifer Elam introduce a new initiative that will take an interdisciplinary and translational approach to studying those infections that primarily affect women.
Pulsed resonant laser interaction in three level systems

Abstract We present a simple treatment for three level transitions excited by a doubly resonant laser pulse. Explicit solutions are derived in special cases. For the strong pulse case we show that the wavefunction can be expressed as a precessing vector.
Hexavalent chromium content in stainless steel welding fumes is dependent on the welding process and shield gas type.

Occupational exposure to welding fumes is a known health hazard. To isolate elements in stainless steel welding fumes with high potential for adverse health outcomes, fumes were generated using a robotic gas metal arc system, using four shield gases of varying oxygen content. The objective was to measure CrVI concentrations in a broad spectrum of gas metal arc welding processes, and identify processes of exceptionally high or low CrVI content. The gases used were 95% Ar/5% O2, 98% Ar/2% O2, 95% Ar/5%CO2, and 75% He/25% Ar. The welder was operated in axial spray mode (Ar/O2, Ar/CO2), short-circuit (SC) mode (Ar/CO2 low voltage and He/Ar), and pulsed axial-spray mode (98% Ar/2% O2). Results indicate large differences in CrVI in the fumes, with Ar/O2 (Pulsed) > Ar/O2 > Ar/CO2 > Ar/CO2 (SC) > He/Ar; values were 3000 ± 300, 2800 ± 85, 2600 ± 120, 1400 ± 190, and 320 ± 290 ppm respectively (means ± standard errors for 2 runs and 3 replicates per run). Respective rates of CrVI generation were 1.5, 3.2, 4.4, 1.3, and 0.46 µg/min; generation rates were also calculated in terms of µg CrVI per metre of wire used. The generation rates of CrVI increased with increasing O3 concentrations. Particle size measurements indicated similar distributions, but somewhat higher >0.6 µm fractions for the short-circuit mode samples. Fumes were also sampled into 2 selected size ranges, a microspatter fraction (≥0.6 µm) and a fine (<0.6 µm) fraction; analysis indicated that CrVI is primarily associated with particles <0.6 µm. The conclusion of the study is that CrVI concentrations vary significantly with welding type and shield gas type, and this presents an opportunity to tailor welding practices to lessen CrVI exposures in workplaces by selecting low CrVI-generating processes. Short-circuit processes generated less CrVI than axial-spray methods, and inert gas shielding gave lower CrVI content than shielding with active gases. A short circuit He/Ar shielded process and a pulsed axial spray Ar/O2 process were both identified as having substantially lower CrVI generation rates per unit of wire used relative to the other processes studied.
Magnetic and electrical properties of a new chromium telluride phase: CrTe2

Abstract A new material, CrTe2, is prepared by using a rapid precipitation metathesis reaction between the Zintl material K2Te2 and CrCl2 in solution. The d.c. conductivity of this material exhibits semiconductivity and is dominated by the variable range hopping mechanism over a wide temperature region. This material undergoes a transition to a spin glass state at 18 K, that is characterized by d.c. susceptibility measurement as well as the behavior of the remanent at magnetization fields in the range 0–5 Tesla.
Microindentation of aluminum

A simple model was developed to correlate the plastic energy dissipated in microindentation to the applied load and the average dislocation density underneath the indentation. The model predicted that the plastic energy dissipated in a loading-unloading cycle was proportional to the 3/2 power of the indentation load as well as to the 3/4 power of the average dislocation density underneath the indentation. The experimental results from the microindentation tests of the annealed Al and the equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE)-deformed Al supported the proposed model. A variation of the microhardness to the various sections of the ECAE-deformed Al was observed, suggesting that the Al rod was deformed to varying degrees of plastic deformation after only a single ECAE pass. The hardness of the most severely deformed sample showed the highest hardness, and the annealed sample showed the lowest hardness. Also, plastic recovery was observed in the indentation of the ECAE-deformed Al, which suggested a kind of Bauschinger effect took place.
A résumé of progress in insulation research

Steadily pioneering uncharted paths, the continuing efforts of those directing and participating in the uncovering and correlation of new knowledge in the field of dielectrics are laying foundations for the further development of electrical apparatus. A brief insight into someof these activities is given here.
Molecular axes and planes as an Eigenvalue problem

A statistical approach is used to define the long molecular axis and the main molecular plane. While the concept of molecular axis and plane is immediately useful for simple rod-like or planar molecules, it can be easily generalized to arbitrary molecules as well as molecular subgroups. From the molecular axes and planes, the orientation of the molecule with respect to the lattice as well as intermolecular orientations can be characterized. The method is applied for a comparison of pentacene and para-quinquephenyl crystal structures.
Spin, torsion, forces

A theory of gravitation with torsion that is derived from a potential is developed. An explicit material action is presented that gives rise to the correct conservation laws and equations of motion. It is shown that the Noether identities yield the same conservation laws as the Bianchi identities, and the Papapetrou method is used to develop the propagation equations and the force law. The equations are put in the nonrelativistic limit and the 3-vector formulation is displayed.
Indentation Size Effect (ISE) in Copper Subjected to Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD)

The characteristic length scale of deformation in copper specimens subjected to severe plastic deformation (SPD) through surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) was studied with indentation experiments. Annealed copper disks were shot peened with 6-mm diameter tungsten carbide spheres with an average velocity of 2.3 m/s for 15 minutes in a vibrating chamber. The SMAT-treated specimens were cross-sectioned, and the exposed face was studied under nanoindentation in order to determine the effect of dislocation density on surface hardness and indentation size effect (ISE). Since the specimen preparation of the exposed face involved mechanical polishing, which in turn introduced additional SPD on the indenting face, the effect of mechanical polishing on hardness measurement was investigated first. To this end, the mechanically polished specimens were subjected to various durations of electrochemical polishing. Hardness measurements on these specimens showed that the effect of mechanical polishing was substantial for both microindentation and nanoindentation, the impact being significantly larger for nanoindentation. Consequently, the measured depth of influence of the SMAT process, determined on specimens subjected to longer durations of electrochemical polishing, shows larger values compared to those previously reported in the literature. The ISE shows a bilinear relationship between the square of hardness and the reciprocal of indentation depth. The slope of this behavior, corresponding to smaller indentation loads, which is a measure of the ISE associated with a strain gradient, shows a power-law relationship with an increase in the distance away from the SMAT surface, instead of the constant value expected with the Nix–Gao type model.
Increased corticotropin-releasing factor immunoreactivity in select brain sites following kainate-elicited seizures

The literature has focused on the localization, regulation and function of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-expressing neurons localized in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of hypothalamus. However, less information is available on the expression, regulation, and function of CRF at extrahypothalamic sites. The current study examined the induction of CRF in extrahypothalamic brain sites following generalized clonic seizures induced by kainic acid. At 24 h post seizure onset, there was a marked increase of CRF immunolabeled perikarya in select brain areas, which contained little, if any, CRF in control brains. This CRF-like labeling was observed in olfactory structures such as the main olfactory bulb (internal granular layer), anterior olfactory nucleus, and deep layers of piriform cortex. Other sites of increased CRF-like immunoreactivity included the tenia tecta, inner layers of cingulate cortex, lateral septum, dorsal endopiriform nucleus, fundus striatum, and nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract. Additionally, CRF-like labeling was atypically increased in the amygdala (lateral and basolateral amygdaloid nuclei) and hippocampal formation (pyramidal cells of regions CA1/CA3 and polymorph cells within the dentate hilus). An association between the increased CRF immunoreactivity and neuropathological processes, characteristic of this seizure model, is hypothesized and discussed.
Developmental changes in the human visual system as reflected by the latency of the pattern reversal VEP

Abstract Pattern reversal visually evoked potentials (VEPs) were recorded from 439 infants and young children ranging in age from 1 month to 5 years in response to large and small checks. Qualitative analysis of the VEP wave form showed that the first major positive component, P1, is consistently present at all ages, while the frequency of occurrence of later positive components is more variable. The proportion of infants showing late positive components increases with age; by 1 year, the frequency of occurrence of late components for large checks is more adult-like than for small checks. The latency of P1 was analyzed quantitatively. Results showed that P1 latency decreases rapidly during the first year of life for both large and small checks and that the time course of the latency change differs as a function of check size. VEPs to large checks attain adult-like P1 latency values by about 1 year of age, while the P1 latency of VEPs to small checks has still not reached adult levels by 5 years of age. Data from 12 infants tested longitudinally between 1 and 7 months of age using both checkerboards and square wave gratings show no difference in P1 latency between checkerboards and gratings comprised of large (30–240 min) pattern elements, but for patterns with small (7.5 and 15 min) elements, P1 latency to checks is significantly longer than P1 latency to stripes. These results are explained on the basis of the difference in the fundamental spatial frequency between checks and stripes.
Spontaneous Mandarin speech understanding using Utterance Classification: A case study

As speech recognition matures and becomes more practical in commercial English applications, localization has quickly become the bottleneck for having more speech features. Not only are some technologies highly language dependent, there are simply not enough speech experts in the large number of target languages to develop the data modules and investigate potential performance related issues. This paper shows how data driven methods like Utterance Classification (UC) successfully address these major issues. Our experiments demonstrate that UC performs as well as or better than hand crafted Context Free Grammars (CFGs) for spontaneous Mandarin speech understanding, even when applied without linguistic knowledge. We also discuss two pragmatic modifications of the UC algorithm adopted to handle multiple choice answers and to be more robust to feature selections.
Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of the Stability of Two Small Gaseous Dicarboxylate Dianions: Acetylene Dicarboxylate and Succinate

The stability of two small dicarboxylate dianions, (O2C-C=C-CO2)2- (AD2-) and (O2C-CH2CH2-CO2)2- (SD2-)has been studied in the gas phase using electrospray mass spectrometry, photoelectron spectroscopy, and ab initio calculations. Despite their similar charge-separation and size, AD2- was observed abundantly, whereas SD2- was very difficult to detect. Our ab initio calculation predicts that AD2- has a D2d structure with 0.418 eV adiabatic and 0.69 eV vertical electron binding energies, compared to the experimental values of 0.30 (0.10) eV and 0.60 (0.10) eV, respectively. SD2- was found to have a C2h structure with a negative adiabatic electron binding energy (-0.086 eV). Our detailed theoretical analysis indicates that while the two excess charges in SD2- are completely localized on the terminal carboxylate groups, there is significant delocalization of the excess charges into the -CC-pi-type orbitals in AD2-. The D2d structure of the AD2- dianion allows each carbonoxylate to interact with one of the two perpendicular pi-type orbitals of the acetylene moiety, thus providing extra stabilization while minimizing the Coulomb repulsion.
Perceivers as realists, talkers too: Commentary on papers by Strange, Diehl et al., and Rakerd and Verbrugge☆

Abstract The preceding papers emphasize the importance of information in the speech signal that reflects movement. In addition, R. Diehl et al. (Journal of Memory and Language26, 564–573) suggest that perception is responsive to the coarticulatory overlap of segments. These findings are concordant with a view that the components of phonology as perceived and produced are essentially gestural rather than postural. Each paper is reviewed in the light of what can be added from studies of the production of speech and the perception of other speechlike signals. The conclusion is reached that a viable approach to understanding speech perception is one that views listeners as realists, extracting information from the acoustic speech signal that specifies what talkers do.
Deregulating Self-Regulated Shared Atm Networks

The development of shared ATM networks raises important issues of competition, cooperation and standardization. Sharing necessarily involves cooperation among competing ATM owners and card issuing financial institutions. Networks adopt rules that regulate members' pricing decisions also involve issues of standardization and competition. In particular, most networks make ATM owners sell at wholesale by mandating of interchange fees to replace retail market competition among ATM owners. Networks argue that these rules are necessary to present consumers with a standardized product instead of the chaos of the marketplace and to maintain the integrity of the complementary products offered by members. These are, of course, similar to the standardization and compatibility issues raised in other networks contexts. The paper analyzes the need for this system of fixed interchange fees and sets out a proposal to replace the current system with free market price competition by ATM owners.
Epigenetic changes brought about by perinatal stressors: a brief review of the literature.

Abstract Introduction: Numerous studies employing various animal models have found that perinatal stress, encountered in utero during sensitive developmental stages or shortly after birth, disrupts both sexual differentiation and sexual behavior in offspring. The biochemical, cellular, genetic and epigenetic events which are involved in the organismal response to perinatal stress are currently under investigation. Methods, Results and Discussion: In this review, the reader is introduced to perinatal stressors as a toxicological phenomenon, and several recently characterized epigenetic responses to said stressors are discussed.
CYP1A-catalyzed uroporphyrinogen oxidation in hepatic microsomes from non-mammalian vertebrates (chick and duck embryos, scup and alligator)

Uroporphyrin (URO) accumulation in the liver of animals treated with polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAH) is associated with increased microsomal oxidation of uroporphyrinogen catalyzed by rodent CYP1A2 and by a similar form in chicken, CYP1A5. The planar biphenyl, 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) stimulates uroporphyrinogen oxidation (UROX) in chick hepatic microsomes, but inhibits UROX activity in hepatic microsomes from mice and rats pre-induced by CYP1A2. Here we investigated whether TCB would stimulate or inhibit UROX in other non-mammalian species. UROX was stimulated 1.5-3-fold by TCB and 2-4-fold by 3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl in hepatic microsomes from duck, alligator and scup treated with inducers of CYP1A. Hexachlorobenzene stimulated chick UROX, but was ineffective with microsomes from the other species. The stimulation of UROX by TCB was also observed in chick hepatocyte cultures. Pretreatment with up to 5 nM TCB induced CYP1A, but did not result in accumulation of URO. However, URO did accumulate if additional (post-induction) TCB was added along with 5-aminolevulinic acid. In this post-inductional TCB treatment, cycloheximide was included to prevent further induction of CYP1A. In duck hepatocytes, pretreatment with 25 nM TCB resulted in URO accumulation from 5-aminolevulinic acid. Post-induction TCB was not required and caused no further increase in URO accumulation. The differences in PHAH stimulation of UROX among the non-mammalian species have implications in the evolutionary changes in CYP1A, as well as the mechanism of development of PHAH-stimulated uroporphyria in different species.
Fox Squirrel Survival in Urban and Rural Environments

A number of studies on mammalian species that have adapted to urban areas suggest survival may be higher for urban populations than rural populations. We examined differences in fatalities between an urban and rural population of fox squirrels (Sciurus niger). We radiocollared (n = 50 rural, n = 78 urban) fox squirrels during approximately 2 years. We found monthly survival of rural fox squirrels (Ŝ = 0.936) was lower than urban fox squirrels (Ŝ = 0.976) over the same 12-month period. Nonetheless, when comparing a 24-month period of survival data on urban squirrels with an 18-month period on the rural squirrels (periods overlapped for 12 months), survival rates were more similar between urban (Ŝ = 0.938) and rural squirrels (Ŝ = 0.945). Our data suggest that sex and season may influence survival of urban squirrels and not rural squirrels. We also found that cause of fatalities differed between the urban and rural squirrels, with >60% of fatalities on the rural site caused by predation. In contrast, 60% of urban fox squirrel fatalities were caused by motor vehicle collisions. This study illustrates the need to advance our ability to understand, predict, and mitigate effects of urbanization on wildlife resources.
Expression of novel basement membrane components in the developing human kidney and eye.

The distribution of two novel human, basement-membrane (BM) collagens has been characterized by immunohistochemical analysis of developing and mature tissue using monoclonal antibodies specific for the non-collagenous (NC1) domain of each molecule. A distribution more restricted than that of type IV collagen was observed. In the kidney, the 28K parent molecules appear relatively late, at the early capillary-loop stage of glomerular development, whereas type IV collagen is present in all BM, including those of the ureteric bud, S-form, primitive glomerulus, and vessels. Antibody to the Alport familial nephritis antigen (a 26K peptide), which is missing from epidermal BM and glomerular BM in Alport syndrome, reacted with the ureteral bud BM and all stages of glomerular BM development from the early capillary-loop stage onward, but not with BM of more primitive glomeruli (vesicles and S forms). In the human fetal eye, the collagen molecules from which the 28K NC1 peptides are derived appear later in development than type IV collagen. They are present in trace amounts in Bruch's membrane but are not detected until after birth in the retinal internal limiting membrane and cuticular and non-pigmented epithelial BM of the ciliary process. In contrast, the BM of the lens capsule and Descemet's membrane were reactive with anti-28K antibodies early in development. In all instances, the 28K peptides are detected in BM that also contain the Alport antigen, although the latter is present in some BM not containing the 28K peptides. The distribution of Alport antigen and type IV collagen in developing eye is similar to that observed in the mature eye. The 28K parent molecules appear to be expressed in concert with the maturation of the BM, coincident with fusion of glomerular endothelial and epithelial BM, whereas the lens capsule BM and Descemet's membrane contain these restricted components much earlier in gestation.
Birefringence and stress relaxation in polyisobutylene

Relaxation of birefringence and stress in simple extension has been studied for polyisobutylene at -26.0°C and 25.0°C for extension ratios ranging from about 1.2 to 2.0. The dependence of both the stress and birefringence on the extension ratio, for a given time, is well described by equations of the Mooney–Rivlin form. The Mooney–Rivlin treatment of the birefringence experiments was found to reinforce but not add to information available from the stress-relaxation experiments alone. At 25.0°C, the stress-optical coefficient is found to be stress dependent. Possible explanations of this behavior are discussed. An experiment is also reported in which the birefringence is observed under zero stress immediately after cutting a strained sample. The zero stress birefringence is believed to be due to regions of stress-induced crystallization taking a finite time to melt after the stress is removed.
FATAL BOWEL NECROSIS IN TWO POLYCYTEMIC TERM NEONATES

We observed 2 term neonates with polycythemia (hematocrit > 70%) who developed necrotizing entercolitis (NEC) in the first week after birth. Both required laparotomy, after which the surgeons stated that the entire bowel appeared nonviable. Both had been fed formula exclusively and both received full feedings (≥ 160 mL/kg/day) by 72 hr after birth.
A novel function for cadherin 11/osteoblast-cadherin in vascular smooth muscle cells: modulation of cell migration and proliferation.

Objective Intimal hyperplasia is a common cause of vein graft failure in cardiovascular surgery. The molecular basis for intimal hyperplasia remains poorly defined. We have previously identified, by gene chip analysis of vein grafts, increased messenger (mRNA) for the adhesion molecule cadherin 11/osteoblast-cadherin (CDH11). The function of CDH11 in vascular cells is unknown. The aim of the present study is to confirm CDH11 expression in vein grafts and characterize its role in vascular remodeling. Methods Cephalic vein interposition grafts were implanted in a canine model and harvested at predetermined time points. CDH11 protein expression was determined by immunohistochemistry. Early passage human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were used for in vitro studies. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to assess cellular CDH11 mRNA levels. CDH11 signaling was inhibited by either transfection with silencing RNA targeting CDH11 or with a blocking antibody to CDH11. Cellular migration was evaluated and cellular proliferation was assessed. Results Expression of CDH11 was increased in medial SMCs of vein grafts recovered at 7, 14, and 30 days after surgery compared with control veins from the same animals. In vitro CDH11 mRNA was up-regulated 1.8 ± 0.2-fold ( P = .003) in SMCs after treatment with tumor necrosis factor-α. Cellular migration was attenuated by inhibition of CDH11 both with a blocking antibody (0.67 ± 0.09; P = .063) and gene knockdown mediated by small interfering RNA (0.67 ± 0.14; P = .036). SMC proliferation decreased by 3.1-fold ( P = .006) in the presence of CDH11-blocking antibody. Knockdown of CDH11 mediated by small interfering RNA resulted in a 1.3-fold ( P = .018) decrease in proliferation. Conclusions CDH11 is up-regulated in SMC in vivo and in vitro as part of the response to injury. Inhibition of CDH11 decreases SMC migration and proliferation, two pathogenic effectors of intimal hyperplasia.
Materials to deliver the promise of fusion power – progress and challenges

Abstract High-performance reduced-activation materials are crucial for fulfillment of the promise of fusion to provide safe, economical, and environmentally acceptable energy. Three reduced activation structural materials have emerged as promising candidates, based on 8–9Cr ferritic/martensitic steels, V–Cr–Ti alloys, and SiC/SiC composites. Due to advances in understanding how to control and engineer the nanoscale phase stability required for harsh neutron irradiation environments, these reduced activation materials have unirradiated properties that are superior to commercially available analogs. Perhaps the most important accomplishment to date from fusion materials research is the radiation effects knowledge base. Models of radiation effects and supporting experiments highlight the critical role of helium production on the microstructural stability and lifetime of irradiated materials. The proposed International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility (IFMIF) would fill a critical need for fusion materials development.
The mercury-sensitized photochemical reaction of H2 with N-trimethylborazine: Evidence for free radicals in the preparation of 1,2-Di(3′,5′-dimethylborazinyl)ethane

Abstract The mercury-sensitized photolysis of hydrogen with N-trimethylborazine using 2537 A radiation produces a new borazine derivative 1,2-di(3′,5′-dimethylborazinyl)ethane (DMBE). This compound is identified by mass, i.r., 1H and 11B NMR and u.v. spectral data. The reaction proceeds by a free radical mechanism initiated by hydrogen atoms. The existence of two borazine radicals, (CH3)3N3B3H2·(R1) and H3B3N3(CH3)2CH2·(R2), are postulated.
Guilty or Not Guilty? A Look at the “Simulated” Jury Paradigm1

Three experiments examined the effects of real versus hypothetical consequences on juridic decision-making. Real consequences subjects believed their judgments would actually determine what happened to the defendant, while hypothetical consequences subjects believed the study simply dealt with jury decision-making. In Experiment I, the defendant's character attractiveness had no influence on guilt judgments made by real consequences subjects but did so for hypothetical consequences subjects. In addition, character attractiveness affected recommendations of punishment for both real and hypothetical consequences subjects. In Experiment II, the defendant's physical attractiveness influenced neither real nor hypothetical consequences subjects on either the guilt or punishment measures. Experiment III showed that real consequences subjects recalled more situational evidence of the case than did hypothetical consequences subjects. In all three studies, more guilty verdicts occurred in the real consequences condition than in the hypothetical consequences condition. It was concluded that much current research on hypothetical juries may be misleading and that more attention should be given in the future to the variable of real versus hypothetical consequences. Possible mediating factors leading to real and hypothetical consequences differences were explored.
A 20 atmosphere imaging xenon gas scintillation drift chamber

Abstract We describe the high pressure xenon imaging gas scintillation drift chamber with waveshifting fiber readout, a novel detector for hard X-ray (30 keV to at least 300 keV) observations. This technique promises good energy resolution (24%/√ E (keV) FWHM), excellent imaging ( ∼ 200 μ m FWHM), and very high sensitivity due to large effective area and low backgrounds. We describe a balloon-borne payload for astrophysical observations based on this concepts called SIGHT (Scintillation Imaging Gas-filled Hard X-ray Telescope). Along with the good energy resolution, SIGHT offers imaging of diffuse sources to 1.5 arc min and 3σ sensitivity as good as 3 × 10 −5 γ cm −2 s −1 (line) and 4 × 10 −6 γ cm −2 s −1 keV −1 (continuum) at 70 keV for 10 4 s observing time with a full BGO shield. We finally examine the potential for future evolution of the concept.
Utility Theory and Agrarian Societies

Neo‐classical utility theory has withstood several decades of sustained criticism. Its success has been due (1) to the ability of the theory to represent an essentially non‐analytical process by analytical methods, and (2) to the fact that the theory was developed for, and applied to, advanced market economies where the simplifying assumptions are most appropriate. It is argued below that the neo‐classical formulation is inappropriate in societies where agrarian traditions predominate and that, consequently, economic policies based on such an approach have frequently been misdirected.
The interaction of radiation-generated radicals with myoglobin in aqueous solution—V. The indirect action of 2-methyl-2-hydroxypropyl radicals on oxymyoglobin

Abstract The interaction of radiation-generated 2-methyl-2-hydroxypropyl radicals (derived from t -butyl alcohol) with oxymyoglobin has been examined at pH 7.3. In N 2 O-saturated solutions, oxymyoglobin is converted to the ferri and ferryl derivatives of myoglobin; the production of ferrylmyoglobin is essentially eliminated when catalase is present in solution during irradiation. In deaerated solutions containing catalase, oxymyoglobin is converted to both ferro- and ferrimyoglobin during irradiation. When added O 2 is initially present, all compositional changes occur after irradiation; the presence of catalase diminishes, but does not eliminate, the extent of these postirradiation conversions of oxymyoglobin to the ferri and ferryl derivatives. These observations are interpreted in terms of the scavenging of the 2-methyl-2-hydroxypropyl radicals by O 2 to generate their peroxy analogs, which causes a displacement of the equilibrium between oxy- and ferromyoglobin. The peroxy radicals decay to produce H 2 O 2 , an organic peroxide, and other products. These peroxides subsequently react with ferromyoglobin to produce the ferryl form; the rate of the reaction increases with decreasing [O 2 ] as [ferromyoglobin] increases. This reaction is sufficiently fast in deaerated solution that substantial conversion of ferromyoglobin to ferrylmyoglobin occurs during the time of irradiation. The formation of the ferryl derivative in the presence of unconverted ferromyoglobin drives a concurrent synproportion reaction which produces ferrimyoglobin. Overall, no direct interaction of 2-methyl-2-hydroxypropyl radicals, nor their peroxy analogs, with myoglobin is indicated; all reactivity is accountable by the peroxide products of these radicals.
Turnover and synthesis of diamine oxidase (DAO) in rat tissues. Studies with heparin and cycloheximide.

Abstract High diamine oxidase (DAO) and histamine activity are present in rat intestine, thymus and adrenals, and a close correlation exists between the two activities in these tissues ( Biochem. Pharmac. 24 , 979 (1975)). The distribution of histaminase in normal and germ-free rat tissues and the release of this enzyme from intestine, thymus and adrenals was investigated in further detail with a tritium-release assay. Contrary to previous reports, histaminase activity was detected in brian, in the hypothalamus, thalamus and medulla but not in cortex and cerebellum. The enzyme was released by heparin into blood from intestine and adrenals but not from thymus. In high doses, heparin produced almost complete (>80 per cent) depletion of the enzyme in intestine within 1 hr. The enzyme activity reappeared and returned to normal levels by 24 hr. Prior administration of cycloheximide prevented the repletion of enzyme activity. The time course of the responses to the drugs suggested that DAO is synthesized continuously at a relatively rapid rate ( t 1 2 ∼ 10 hr ). Studies in vitro indicated that DAO unlike monoamine oxidase diffuses from the mucosal surface into the lumen of the gut. DAO may therefore have a role in deaminating diamines of bacterial origin in the intestinal contents.