cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards a classification of the effects of disorder on materials properties

Abstract Many ‘interesting’ correlated electron materials exhibit an unusual sensitivity of measured properties to external perturbations, and in particular to imperfections in the sample being measured. It is argued that in addition to its inconvenience, this sensitivity may indicated potentially useful properties. A partial classification of causes of such sensitivity is given.
The Refractive Index of Water for Electromagnetic Waves Eight to Twenty-Four Centimeters in Length

Wave-lengths were measured in air and water for continuous waves produced by magnetron and positive grid oscillators. Although high in absolute value, the index of refraction thus determined shows a decrease with increasing frequency, indicating a start of the drop toward the infrared value.
Optical properties of PbTe and PbSe

We report optical properties of PbTe and PbSe as obtained from first-principles calculations with the Tran-Blaha modified Becke-Johnson potential. The results are discussed in relation to existing experimental data, particularly in relation to the temperature dependence of the band gap.
Nanopore with Transverse Nanoelectrodes for Electrical Characterization and Sequencing of DNA.

Abstract A DNA sequencing device which integrates transverse conducting electrodes for the measurement of electrode currents during DNA translocation through a nanopore has been nanofabricated and characterized. A focused electron beam (FEB) milling technique, capable of creating features on the order of 1 nm in diameter, was used to create the nanopore. The device was characterized electrically using gold nanoparticles as an artificial analyte with both DC and AC measurement methods. Single nanoparticle/electrode interaction events were recorded. A low-noise, high-speed transimpedance current amplifier for the detection of nano- to picoampere currents at microsecond time scales was designed, fabricated and tested for future integration with the nanopore device.
Parallel path aspects of transmission modeling

This paper examines the present methods and power system modeling techniques available to address the effects of parallel load flows resulting from various firm and short-term energy transactions. A survey of significant methodologies is conducted to determine the present status of parallel flow transaction modeling. The strengths and weaknesses of these approaches are identified to suggest areas of further modeling improvements. The motivating force behind this research is to improve transmission system transfer capability assessment accuracy by suggesting a real-time modeling environment that adequately represents the influences of parallel flows while recognizing operational constraints and objectives.
Refined, Motivic, and Quantum

It is well known that in string compactifications on toric Calabi–Yau manifolds one can introduce refined BPS invariants that carry information not only about the charge of the BPS state but also about the spin content. In this paper we study how these invariants behave under wall crossing. In particular, by applying a refined wall crossing formula, we obtain the refined BPS degeneracies for the conifold in different chambers. The result can be interpreted in terms of a new statistical model that counts “refined” pyramid partitions; the model provides a combinatorial realization of wall crossing and clarifies the relation between refined pyramid partitions and the refined topological vertex. We also compare the wall crossing behavior of the refined BPS invariants with that of the motivic Donaldson–Thomas invariants introduced by Kontsevich–Soibelman. In particular, we argue that, in the context of BPS state counting, the three adjectives in the title of this paper are essentially synonymous.
The Origins of causal perception: Evidence from postdictive processing in infancy

Abstract The currency of our visual experience consists not only of visual features such as color and motion, but also seemingly higher-level features such as causality—as when we see two billiard balls collide, with one causing the other to move. One of the most important and controversial questions about causal perception involves its origin: do we learn to see causality, or does this ability derive in part from innately specified aspects of our cognitive architecture? Such questions are difficult to answer, but can be indirectly addressed via experiments with infants. Here we explore causal perception in 7-month-old infants, using a different approach from previous work. Recent work in adult visual cognition has demonstrated a postdictive aspect to causal perception: in certain situations, we can perceive a collision between two objects in an ambiguous display even after the moment of potential ‘impact’ has already passed. This illustrates one way in which our conscious perception of the world is not an instantaneous moment-by-moment construction, but rather is formed by integrating information over short temporal windows. Here we demonstrate analogous postdictive processing in infants’ causal perception. This result demonstrates that even infants’ visual systems process information in temporally extended chunks. Moreover, this work provides a new way of demonstrating causal perception in infants that differs from previous strategies, and is immune to some previous types of critiques.
Finite element models for rock fracture mechanics

A finite element model for the prediction of discrete fracture propagation in rock structures loaded in compression is presented. The model integrates any one of three theories for mixed-mode fracture initiation; it contains an energy balance algorithm for predicting crack increment length, and incorporates recent developments in finite element stress-intensity factor computation. The predictions of the model are compared with the observed fracture response of a real rock structure. Results show that the model accurately predicts both stable and unstable fracture progagations observed experimentally.
Cracks cleave crystals

The problem of finding what direction cracks should move is not completely solved. A commonly accepted way to predict crack directions is by computing the density of elastic potential energy stored well away from the crack tip, and finding a direction of crack motion to maximize the consumption of this energy. I provide in this letter a specific case where this rule fails. The example is of a crack in a crystal. It fractures along a crystal plane, rather than in the direction normally predicted to release the most energy. Thus, a correct equation of motion for brittle cracks must take into account both energy flows that are described in conventional continuum theories and details of the environment near the tip that are not.
Near-Infrared Galaxy Counts to J and K ~ 24 as a Function of Image Size*

We have used the Keck 10 m telescope to count objects as a function of image size in two high Galactic latitude fields covering 1.5 arcmin2 and reaching 50% completeness depths of K = 24 and J = 24.5 for stellar sources. Our counts extend ~1 mag deeper in K than those of surveys with other telescopes; complement other Keck surveys in the K-band that provide counts at comparable or shallower depths but that have not utilized image structure; and extend by several magnitudes the J-band counts from brighter surveys using smaller telescopes that cover larger areas. We find the surface density of objects at K = 23 to be higher than previously found (~500,000 mag-1 deg-2), but at K 50−1 kpc). The numbers of observed counts rise most steeply for these smaller objects, which dominate the counts fainter than K = 22.3 and J = 23.3. However, the greatest excess relative to no-evolution models occurs for the apparently larger objects, which have a median J-K of ~1.5. At these depths, the size and colors of such objects correspond equally well to luminous (≥0.1L*) blue galaxies at 1 < z < 4, or progressively more diffuse, blue, low-luminosity (0.001-0.1L*) galaxies at z < 1. The majority of these sources are too faint for spectroscopic measurement. Based on optical colors, we can rule out the possibility that the excess is caused by very low luminosity (<0.0001L*) red galaxies at z < 0.25. We also find a deficit of galaxies with red J-K colors corresponding to nonevolving, luminous, early-type (i.e., red envelope) galaxies at 1 < z < 3. Even assuming that the deficit is caused by their appearance as blue galaxies, they could account for only 10%-30% of the excess of large, blue galaxies. The nature and redshift distribution of excess large and small galaxy populations at K = 24 and J = 24.5 remain indeterminate from these data alone.
Residential Hedonic Models: A Rational Expectations Approach to Age Effects

Abstract This paper develops a rational expectations framework for interpreting the coefficient on age in a standard hedonic model. The model demonstrates that there are two components to the age coefficient: a pure cross-sectional depreciation component and a demand-side component that changes over time. We also show that a constant quality price index with age constant can be estimated by using any repeat sales database that contains the year of construction (or property age). When Fairfax County data are fitted to the model, the time series of age coefficients is non-stationary: they change from negative in the early 1980s to positive in the late 1980s; we infer that the demand-side component dominated in the latter period.
EJECTA KNOT FLICKERING, MASS ABLATION, AND FRAGMENTATION IN CASSIOPEIA A*

Ejecta knot flickering, ablation tails, and fragmentation are expected signatures associated with the gradual dissolution of high-velocity supernova (SN) ejecta caused by their passage through an inhomogeneous circumstellar medium or interstellar medium (ISM). Such phenomena mark the initial stages of the gradual merger of SN ejecta with and the enrichment of the surrounding ISM. Here we report on an investigation of this process through changes in the optical flux and morphology of several high-velocity ejecta knots located in the outskirts of the young core-collapse SN remnant Cassiopeia A using Hubble Space Telescope images. Examination of WFPC2 F675W and combined ACS F625W + F775W images taken between 1999 June and 2004 December of several dozen debris fragments in the remnant's northeast ejecta stream and along the remnant's eastern limb reveal substantial emission variations ('flickering') over timescales as short as nine months. Such widespread and rapid variability indicates knot scale lengths {approx_equal} 10{sup 15} cm and a highly inhomogeneous surrounding medium. We also identify a small percentage of ejecta knots located all around the remnant's outer periphery which show trailing emissions typically 0.''2-0.''7 in length aligned along the knot's direction of motion suggestive of knot ablation tails. We discuss the nature ofmore » these trailing emissions as they pertain to ablation cooling, knot disruption, and fragmentation, and draw comparisons to the emission 'strings' seen in {eta} Car. Finally, we identify several tight clusters of small ejecta knots which resemble models of shock-induced fragmentation of larger SN ejecta knots caused by a high-velocity interaction with a lower density ambient medium.« less
Hipparcos Astrometric Orbit and Evolutionary Status of HR 6046

The previously known, 6 yr single-lined spectroscopic binary HR 6046 has been speculated in the past to contain a compact object as the secondary. A recent study has redetermined the orbit with great accuracy and shown that the companion is an evolved but otherwise normal star of nearly identical mass to the primary, which is also a giant. The binary motion was detected by the Hipparcos mission but was not properly accounted for in the published astrometric solution. Here we use the Hipparcos intermediate data in combination with the spectroscopic results to revise that solution and establish the orbital inclination angle for the first time, and with it the absolute masses MA = 1.38 M⊙ and MB = 1.36 M⊙. Aided by other constraints, we investigate the evolutionary status and confirm that the primary star is approaching the tip of the red giant branch, while the secondary is beginning its first ascent.
The Effect of Disability Insurance Receipt on Labor Supply

This paper exploits the effectively random assignment of judges to Disability Insurance cases to estimate the causal impact of Disability Insurance receipt on labor supply. We find that benefit receipt reduces labor force participation by 26 percentage points three years after a disability determination decision, although the reduction is smaller for older people, college graduates, and those with mental illness. OLS and instrumental variables estimates are similar. Furthermore, over 60 percent of those denied benefits by an administrative law judge are subsequently allowed benefits within ten years, showing that most applicants apply, reapply, and appeal until they get benefits.
Dust-induced Systematic Errors in Ultraviolet-derived Star Formation Rates

Rest-frame far-ultraviolet (FUV) luminosities form the "backbone" of our understanding of star formation (SF) at all cosmic epochs. These luminosities are typically corrected for dust by assuming that the tight relationship between the UV spectral slopes (β) and the FUV attenuations (AFUV) of starburst galaxies applies to all star-forming galaxies. Data from seven independent UV experiments demonstrate that quiescent, "normal" star-forming galaxies deviate substantially from the starburst galaxy β-AFUV correlation in the sense that normal galaxies are redder than starbursts. Spatially resolved data for the Large Magellanic Cloud suggest that dust geometry and properties, coupled with a small contribution from older stellar populations, cause deviations from the starburst galaxy β-AFUV correlation. Folding in data for starbursts and ultraluminous infrared galaxies, it is clear that neither rest-frame UV/optical colors nor UV/Hα colors help significantly in constraining the UV attenuation. These results argue that the estimation of SF rates from rest-frame UV and optical data alone is subject to large (factors of at least a few) systematic uncertainties because of dust, which cannot be reliably corrected for using only UV/optical diagnostics.
The origin of refractory minerals in comet 81P/Wild 2

Abstract Refractory Ti-bearing minerals in the calcium-, aluminum-rich inclusion (CAI) Inti, recovered from the comet 81P/Wild 2 sample, were examined using analytical (scanning) transmission electron microscopy (STEM) methods including imaging, nanodiffraction, energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Inti fassaite (Ca(Mg,Ti,Al)(Si,Al)2O6) was found to have a Ti3+/Ti4+ ratio of 2.0 ± 0.2, consistent with fassaite in other solar system CAIs. The oxygen fugacity ( log f O 2 ) of formation estimated from this ratio, assuming equilibration among phases at 1509 K, is −19.4 ± 1.3. This value is near the canonical solar nebula value (−18.1 ± 0.3) and in close agreement with that reported for fassaite-bearing Allende CAIs (−19.8 ± 0.9) by other researchers using the same assumptions. Nanocrystals of osbornite (Ti(V)N), 2–40 nm in diameter, are embedded as inclusions within gehlenite, spinel and diopside in Inti. Vanadium is heterogeneously distributed within some osbornite crystals. Compositions range from pure TiN to Ti0.36V0.64N. The possible presence of oxide and carbide in solid solution with the osbornite was evaluated. The osbornite may contain O, but C is not present at detectable levels. The presence of osbornite, likely a refractory early condensate, together with the other refractory minerals in Inti, indicates that the parent comet contains solids that condensed closer to the proto-sun than the distance at which the parent comet itself accreted. The estimated oxygen fugacity and the reported isotopic and chemical compositions are consistent with Inti originating in the inner solar system like other meteoritic CAIs. These results provide insight for evaluating the validity of models of radial mass transport dynamics in the early solar system. The oxidation environments inferred for the Inti mineral assemblage are inconsistent with an X-wind formation scenario. In contrast, radial mixing models that allow accretion of components from different heliocentric distances can satisfy the observations from the cometary CAI Inti.
Time optimal contour tracking for machine tool controllers

A decomposition procedure was used to optimize feedrate and voltage control of biaxial contouring systems. The optimization procedure takes into account the contour-error, voltage, and current constraints while tracking the contour in minimum time. The tracking time is first minimized with respect to the feedrate profile using a nominal linear-quadratic-regulator type of controller. Using the feedrate profile obtained, the controller is tuned by minimizing a certain objective function with respect to the Q and R weighting matrices. The process is repeated until no further improvements can be obtained in tracking time. The use of iterative decomposition avoids mismatch in sensitivity since the feedrate profile has significant effects on the constraints and tracking time, while the weighting matrices have significant effects only, on the constraints. The procedure was tested and evaluated using a model of a representative biaxial DC motor system. >
Charge Transfer Induced Polarity Switching in Carbon Nanotube Transistors

We probed the charge transfer interaction between the amine-containing molecules hydrazine, polyaniline, and aminobutyl phosphonic acid and carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNTFETs). We successfully converted p-type CNTFETs to n-type and drastically improved the device performance in both the ON- and OFF-transistor states, utilizing hydrazine as dopant. We effectively switched the transistor polarity between p- and n- type by accessing different oxidation states of polyaniline. We also demonstrated the flexibility of modulating the threshold voltage (Vth) of a CNTFET by engineering various charge-accepting and -donating groups in the same molecule.
Enhancement of Sisyphus cooling using a bichromatic standing wave

We show that Sisyphus cooling in a one-dimensional gray optical lattice can be improved by using a bichromatic standing wave that increases the efficiency of cooling as compared to typical lattices. Using the time of flight technique to determine the velocity distribution of all the atoms, we calculate the efficiency by measuring the fraction of all atoms that are cooled by the lattice. We show that the efficiency depends on the relative displacement between the two standing waves formed by the two colors. The optimal configuration of the bichromatic light field yields a 40% improvement in efficiency compared to typical optical lattices, while maintaining the same atomic temperature.
Antimalarially potent, easily prepared, fluorinated endoperoxides

Abstract Three or four step chemical synthesis and in vitro antimalarial testing showed crystalline, thermally stable, bicyclic endoperoxides 3c and 4c to be potent antimalarials, having approximately 15% of the antimalarial activity of the clinically used, complex, sesquiterpene, lactone, natural product artemisinin (qinghaosu, 1 ). A novel mechanism involving reactive alkylating agents is proposed to account for the ability of endoperoxides 3c and 4c to kill malaria parasites.
High-temperature Au implantation into Ni-Be and Ni-Si alloys

Effects of implantation temperature and target composition on depth distribution of implanted species were investigated. Au[sup +] ions were implanted at 300 keV into polycrystalline Ni-Be and Ni-Si alloys between 25 and 700C to a dose of 10[sup 16] cm[sup [minus]2]. Depth distributions of Au were analyzed with RBS using He+ at both 1.7 and 3.0 MeV, and those of the other alloying elements by SIMS. Theoretical modeling of compositional redistribution during implantation at elevated temperatures was also carried out with the aid of a comprehensive kinetic model. The analysis indicated that below [approximately]250C, the primary controlling processes were preferential sputtering and displacement mixing, while between 250 and 600C radiation-induced segregation was dominant. Above 600C, thermal-diffusion effects were most important. Fitting of model calculations to experimental measurements provided values for various defect migration and formation parameters.
Absorption-line evaluation methods for wavelength standards

Two methods for absorption line (peak) evaluation based on center of gravity (CG) calculations are described and compared using spectra of the NIST standard reference material (SRM) 1921(a) characterization measurements. These methods are (1) calculating the CG of 50% of the absorption line and (2) an extrapolated center of gravity (ECG) method designed to determine the line minimum (peak maximum) location. Important parameters used in both methods are evaluated. The importance of the spectral data spacing on the accuracy of the CG calculation is examined in detail and quantified for the 1921a lines. The effects of the range of data as well as the fitting routine used in the extrapolation process (in the ECG method) on the final line minimum are examined. A comparison of the absorption line values determined from the SRM 1921(a) spectra by the two methods is presented.
QCD and string theory

This talk begins with some history and basic facts about string theory and its connections with strong interactions. Comparisons of stacks of Dirichlet branes with curved backgrounds produced by them are used to motivate the AdS/CFT correspondence between superconformal gauge theory and string theory on a product of Anti-de Sitter space and a compact manifold. The ensuing duality between semi-classical spinning strings and long gauge theory operators is briefly reviewed. Strongly coupled thermal SYM theory is explored via a black hole in 5-dimensional AdS space, which leads to explicit results for its entropy and shear viscosity. A conjectured universal lower bound on the viscosity to entropy density ratio, and its possible relation to recent results from RHIC, are discussed. Finally, some available results on string duals of confining gauge theories are briefly reviewed.
Noninvasive evaluation of pericardial effusion composition by computed tomography.

Background Measurement of the hematocrit (HCT) and total protein (TP) of pericardial fluid can be of critical importance in the management of pericardial effusion (PE) but requires pericardiocentesis. There has been no systematic study of computed tomography (CT) Hounsfield density (HD) measurement for the noninvasive evaluation of PE composition. Methods We performed CT-guided pericardiocentesis in 53 patients to obtain simultaneous measurement of the PE HD, HCT, and TP. We determined the relationship of PE HCT to the following variables: (1) the average of the mean HD in 5 regions of interest (ROIs) within the PE; (2) the maximum PE HD; (3) the difference between the average effusion region of interest HD and the ventricular blood pool HD. We also correlated PE HD with PE HCT and TP to assess their contribution to the PE CT HD. Results The average of the HD measured in up to 5 regions within the PE was the best predictor of PE HCT ( r = 0.84). Addition of ventricular blood pool HD and venous HCT to the regression did not improve prediction of PE HCT over average PE HD alone. Pericardial effusion HD was unrelated to PE TP. There was a statistically significant difference in the PE HD among 8 categories of underlying disease etiology in the population. Excluding postcardiotomy cases (n = 22) in which PE etiology is known before pericardiocentesis, visceral or vascular rupture was associated with the highest HD values. Hounsfield density >30 HU had a sensitivity of 100%, specificity 70%, and predictive value 33% for this condition in the remaining cases (n = 31). Conclusions Computed tomography is a rapid and accurate method for noninvasive estimation of pericardial fluid HCT and may be helpful in guiding both the acute management and differential diagnosis of PE.
q-Rook Polynomials and Matrices over Finite Fields

Connections betweenq-rook polynomials and matrices over finite fields are exploited to derive a new statistic for Garsia and Remmel'sq-hit polynomial. Both this new statisticmatand another statistic for theq-hit polynomial ? recently introduced by Dworkin are shown to induce different multiset Mahonian permutation statistics for any Ferrers board. In addition, for the triangular boards they are shown to generate different families of Euler?Mahonian statistics. For these boards the ? family includes Denert's statisticden, and gives a new proof of Foata and Zeilberger's Theorem that (exc,den) is equidistributed with (des,maj). Thematfamily appears to be new. A proof is also given that theq-hit polynomials are symmetric and unimodal.
A New Approach to Identifying the Most Powerful Gravitational Lensing Telescopes

The best gravitational lenses for detecting distant galaxies are those with the largest mass concentrations and the most advantageous configurations of that mass along the line of sight. Our new method for finding such gravitational telescopes uses optical data to identify projected concentrations of luminous red galaxies (LRGs). LRGs are biased tracers of the underlying mass distribution, so lines of sight with the highest total luminosity in LRGs are likely to contain the largest total mass. We apply this selection technique to the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and identify the 200 fields with the highest total LRG luminosities projected within a 3.'5 radius over the redshift range 0.1 ≤ z ≤ 0.7. The redshift and angular distributions of LRGs in these fields trace the concentrations of non-LRG galaxies. These fields are diverse; 22.5% contain one known galaxy cluster and 56.0% contain multiple known clusters previously identified in the literature. Thus, our results confirm that these LRGs trace massive structures and that our selection technique identifies fields with large total masses. These fields contain two to three times higher total LRG luminosities than most known strong-lensing clusters and will be among the best gravitational lensing fields for the purpose of detecting the highest redshift galaxies.
New perspectives on self-linking

Abstract We initiate the study of classical knots through the homotopy class of the nth evaluation map of the knot, which is the induced map on the compactified n-point configuration space. Sending a knot to its nth evaluation map realizes the space of knots as a subspace of what we call the nth mapping space model for knots. We compute the homotopy types of the first three mapping space models, showing that the third model gives rise to an integer-valued invariant. We realize this invariant in two ways, in terms of collinearities of three or four points on the knot, and give some explicit computations. We show this invariant coincides with the second coefficient of the Conway polynomial, thus giving a new geometric definition of the simplest finite-type invariant. Finally, using this geometric definition, we give some new applications of this invariant relating to quadrisecants in the knot and to complexity of polygonal and polynomial realizations of a knot.
Diastereoselective perfluoroalkylation of chiral imide enolates with perfluoroalkyl iodides mediated by triethylborane

Abstract The perfluoroalkylation of lithium enolates of chiral N -acyloxazolidinones with perfluoroalkyl iodides mediated by triethylborane proceeds with good diastereomeric excess (55%–93% de).
Conference summary: Quantum chromodynamics at small x

The range of electroproduction kinematics xBj = Q2/(2p·q) ≧ 10−4 at Q2 ≧ 10 GeV2 accessible at the HERA e – p collider will provide a challenging high energy testing ground for quantum chromodynamics in a regime where the gluon distribution of the proton is expected to saturate and new types of multi-scattering higher twist contributions to structure functions become important. In this summary I give a brief overview of the recent theoretical work presented at the Hamburg conference.
Impact of modeled versus satellite measured tropical precipitation on regional smoke optical thickness in an aerosol transport model

[1] Aerosol and climate models are dependent on the parameterizations of the underlying meteorological model. Precipitation schemes in global meteorological models are designed to close the regional water budget, without concern for representative wet removal. By substituting numerical model precipitation for a multi-satellite precipitation dataset, we demonstrate the impact of modeled versus satellite-derived precipitation on aerosol optical depth (AOD) in the Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System (NAAPS). The model and satellite-derived precipitation are shown to have similar precipitation amounts, but the precipitation area from the model is about twice that in the satellite data. The resulting difference in scavenging results in an increase in mid-visible AOD of about 20–200% in parts of Southeast Asia and South America during the burning seasons (or 0.1–0.2 in AOD). This suggests that care must be taken when combining free-running model and remote sensing data to evaluate smoke-cloud interactions or to estimate source magnitudes.
Application of the β-azidonation reaction to the enantioselective synthesis of the lycorane Amaryllidaceae alkaloids

Abstract The prochiral ketone 5 was treated with the lithium salt of (+)-bis(α-methylbenzyl)amine, followed by triisopropylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate to give 10 (96%). β-Azidonation of 10 with (PhIO) n TMSN 3 rapidly produced 11 (95%) as a mixture of trans- and cis- diastereomers in a 3.5:1 ratio. Reduction of 11 with LiAlH4 followed by TsCl NaH gave 13. N-Alkylation of 13 with 1,2-dibromoethane followed by radical cyclization led to 15, which was converted into the lycorane derivative 22. The absolute configuration of 22 was determined by the x-ray crystal structure of the p-bromobenzoate 24.
The equivalence theorem and global anomalies

Abstract In the presence of some forms of global anomalies, the equivalence theorem, which relates the interactions of longitudinal gauge bosons to those of the Goldstone bosons, is not always valid. This can occur when the Goldstone sector gauge an anomaly which is cancelled in the gauge currents by the effects of a different sector of the theory. The example of the standard model without Higgs particles is used to illustrate this phenomena.
Experimental and numerical study of transonic turbine cascade flow

A comprehensive study of the flowfield through a two-dimensional cascade of high-pressure turbine blades is presented. The experimental studies were carried out on a cascade of 11 blades in a blow-down tunnel. The static pressure was measured on the cascade side wall and on the blade surfaces. Total pressure and total temperature measurements were taken upstream of the cascade. Shadowgraph pictures were taken for a study of the trailing-edge shock structure and for the turbulent transition location. A single-plate interferometer technique with a new evaluation method was used for density field measurement. For the numerical studies the full Navier-Stokes equations were solved on a nonperiodic C grid. In the attached boundary layer, the turbulence was modeled by an extension of the Clauser eddy viscosity model developed for compressible flow. In the trailing edge and wake region, the Baldwin-Lomax model was used. Good agreement between the measured and the calculated results was obtained for most aspects of the flowfield.
Mini High-Velocity Clouds

Neutral hydrogen mapping of several small, very low column density high-velocity clouds (HVCs), using the Arecibo telescope, is reported. Some were found serendipitously superposed at distinct velocities on larger HVCs; others were found to comprise the four most isolated low column density sources in the observations of Lockman et al. but proved to be individually much smaller than the Green Bank 140 Foot (43. m) telescope beam. We call these clouds "mini-HVCs" to distinguish them from the larger and denser compact high-velocity clouds (CHVCs). Peak column densities are typically a few times 1018 cm-2 averaged over the Arecibo 32 beam, and diameters to our detection limit ~1018 cm-2 range from 9' to 35'. These column densities and angular diameters overlap with those for CHVCs but are typically smaller. We consider three possibilities: (1) that most mini-HVCs are related to the Magellanic Stream, (2) that most mini-HVCs are part of M31's retinue of CHVCs, and (3) that the mini-HVC are simply the low column density tail of the distribution of CHVCs. None of these possibilities can be rejected as yet, given the selection biases in our sample. We also discuss controversies about the amount of ionized hydrogen in CHVCs and mini-HVCs, which may be mainly ionized, and the implications of these small clouds for Lyman limit systems.
COULOMB GAS ON THE HALF PLANE

Abstract The Coulomb-gas description of minimal models is considered on the half plane. Screening prescriptions are developed by the perturbative expansion of the Liouville theory with imaginary coupling and with Neumann boundary condition on the bosonic field. To generate the conformal blocks of more general boundary conditions, we propose the insertion of boundary operations.
Order Independence for Iterated Weak Dominance

Abstract In general, the result of the elimination of weakly dominated strategies depends on order. We define nice weak dominance . Under nice weak dominance, order does not matter. We identify an important class of games under which nice weak dominance and weak dominance are equivalent, and so the order under weak dominance does not matter. For all games, the result of iterative nice weak dominance is an upper bound on the result from any order of weak dominance. The results strengthen the intuitive relationship between backward induction and weak dominance and shed light on some computational problems relating to weak dominance. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Number: C72.
In search of durable peace: the Comprehensive Peace Agreement and power sharing in Sudan

This paper analyses the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) signed between the Government of the Republic of the Sudan and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army, as a political alternative where decisive victory is untenable and situates this agreement in the larger context of North and South Sudan politics. The essay examines the CPA and argues that the agreement created the political condition for the democratic transformation in Sudan by laying the basis for the relationship between levels of government and people through new constitutions at the national, South Sudan, and local levels. The paradigm of Survivor's Justice is used to analyse the CPA as one alternative model for resolving conflict through a demand for a political solution that is rooted in the New Sudan Framework. The paper argues that the CPA was reflective of the Survivor's Justice Model which sought to settle political violence through a reform of the state. It contextualises and problematises the agreement by critically analysin...
Periodic Schur process and cylindric partitions

Periodic Schur process is a generalization of the Schur process introduced in [OR1]. We compute its correlation functions and their bulk scaling limits, and we discuss several applications, including asymptotic analysis of uniform measures on cylindric partitions, time-dependent extensions of the discrete sine kernel, and bulk limit behavior of certain measures on partitions introduced in [NO] in connection with supersymmetric gauge theories
Effect of coagulation on laser light distribution in myocardial tissue

The changes in total reflection and transmission of porcine myocardium due to thermal coagulation were measured during tissue heating in a temperature-controlled water bath, at different temperature ranging between 54 degree(s)-63 degree(s)C. At 633 nm, the measurements yield a picture of continuous decrease in transmission and a peak with a subsequent fall (approximately 10% from the peak) in reflection measurements of the tissue during coagulation process. Utilizing these measurements and an inverse solution to the radiative transfer equation, the optical properties of tissue, absorption, (mu) a , and effective scattering, (mu) s =(mu) s (1-g) were calculated. A one-dimensional diffusion approximation was used to demonstrate the effects of thermally induced changes in the optical properties of tissue on light distribution in tissue. The pattern of changes in (mu) a and (mu) s seem to indicate that several simultaneous rate processes may be responsible for tissue coagulation. A postulate is put forward to use one such rate process to characterize threshold thermal damage to porcine myocardium and the accompanying protein denaturation.
Fullerenes from the geological environment.

By means of high-resoluton transmission electron microscopy, both C60 and C70 fullerenes have been found in a, carbon-rich Precambrian rock from Russia The fullerenes were confirmed by Fourier transform mass spectrometry with both laser desorption and thermal desorption/electron-capture methods to verify that the fullerenes were indeed present in the geological sample and were not generated by the laser ionization event. The mass spectra were measured under conditions sufficient to resolve the 13C/12C isotopic ratios for C60 and C70 and indicate that these ratios correspond to the normal range of isotopic values.
Studies on dopamine-β-hydroxylase in mental disorders

Publisher Summary In the past, several theories have evolved concerning the role of adrenergic neurotransmitters in psychotic disorders. Sympathetic nervous discharge has been associated with affective states of fear and anxiety in humans. This chapter presents the studies on dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DβH) in mental disorders. DβH is the enzyme responsible for the final step in norepinephrine biosynthesis. Radioimmunoassay of human serum DβH could be used in monitoring changes of sympathetic activity in various physiological and pathological states. As genetic studies in schizophrenia have shown that hereditary factors are important in the etiology of the disease, it is possible that variations in serum DβH levels caused by hereditary differences may mask changes caused by the disease.
Approximating the Expansion Profile and Almost Optimal Local Graph Clustering

Spectral partitioning is a simple, nearly-linear time, algorithm to find sparse cuts, and the Cheeger inequalities provide a worst-case guarantee of the quality of the approximation found by the algorithm. Local graph partitioning algorithms [ST08, ACL06, AP09] run in time that is nearly linear in the size of the output set, and their approximation guarantee is worse than the guarantee provided by the Cheeger inequalities by a poly-logarithmic $\log^{\Omega(1)} n$ factor. It has been an open problem to design a local graph clustering algorithm with an approximation guarantee close to the guarantee of the Cheeger inequalities and with a running time nearly linear in the size of the output. In this paper we solve this problem, we design an algorithm with the same guarantee (up to a constant factor) as the Cheeger inequality, that runs in time slightly super linear in the size of the output. This is the first sub linear (in the size of the input) time algorithm with almost the same guarantee as the Cheeger's inequality. As a byproduct of our results, we prove a bicriteria approximation algorithm for the expansion profile of any graph. Let $\mu(S)=\sum_{v\in S} d(v)$ be the volume, and $\phi(S):=|E(S, \over line{S})|/\mu(S)$, be the conductance of a set $S$ of vertices. If there is a set of volume at most $\gamma$ and conductance $\phi$, we can find a set of volume at most $\gamma^{1+\eps}$ and conductance at most $O( \sqrt{\phi/\eps} )$, for any $\eps>0$. Our proof techniques also provide a simpler proof of the structural result of Arora, Barak, Steurer [ABS10], that can be applied to irregular graphs. Our main technical tool is a lemma stating that, for any set $S$ of vertices of a graph, a lazy $t$-step random walk started from a randomly chosen vertex of $S$, will remain entirely inside $S$ with probability at least $(1-\phi(S)/2)^t$. The lemma also implies a new lower bound to the uniform mixing time of any finite states reversible markov chain.
A 3-Stranded Quantum Algorithm for the Jones Polynomial

Let K be a 3-stranded knot (or link), and let L denote the number of crossings in K. Let ei and 6 2 be two positive real numbers such that e 2 < 1. In this paper, we create two algorithms for computing the value of the Jones polynomial V K (t) at all points t = exp(iφ) of the unit circle in the complex plane such that |φ| ≤ 2π/3. The first algorithm, called the classical 3-stranded braid (3-SB) algorithm, is a classical deterministic algorithm that has time complexity O (L). The second, called the quantum 3-SB algorithm, is a quantum algorithm that computes an estimate of V K (exp(iφ)) within a precision of e 1 with a probability of success bounded below by 1 - e 2 . The execution time complexity of this algorithm is O (nL), where n is the ceiling function of (In (4/e 2 )) /2e 2 1 . The compilation time complexity, i.e., an asymptotic measure of the amount of time to assemble the hardware that executes the algorithm, is O(L).
Effect of exercise on development of atherosclerosis in swine.

Abstract Two groups of female and 2 groups of male miniature pigs (11 per group) were used to study the effect of exercise on the development of atherosclerosis. The pigs were maintained on a diet low in cholesterol and fat until 16 months of age at which time this study was initiated. One pig was randomly selected from each group and necropsied immediately before the study was initiated. The cardiovascular systems were examined for atherosclerosis. None was found. One group of each sex was trained and conditioned for sustained exercise on a treadmill. When the animals were reasonably well conditioned after 3 weeks of exercise all groups were fed an atherogenic diet. The trial was of 22 months duration. Feeding the atherogenic ration increased the blood lipids in all groups. However, the differences in the serum cholesterol, triglycerides, total lipids and plasma fibrinogen between the groups of each sex were not significant. Differences between males and females were significant. There were significant differences in the extent of atherosclerosis between the exercised and the non-exercised pigs. Weight of the hearts in relation to body weight was slightly greater in the exercised than in the non-exercised pigs but the differences were not significant. This may have been due partly to the greater amount of fat on hearts from non-exercised pigs. Coronary arteries were also slightly larger in the non-exercised pigs. The exercised pigs consumed more of the diet, gained less weight, had less atherosclerosis, and less total body fat than the non-exercised pigs.
Practical asymmetric synthesis of aklavinone

Abstract A practical synthesis of( + )-aklavinone, the aglycone of antitumor antibiotic aclacinomycin A, is achieved by using the asymmetric aldol reaction of 6a to 10a as the key step.
Approximation errors in truncated dimensional decompositions

The main theme of this paper is error analysis for approximations derived from two variants of dimensional decomposition of a multivariate function: the referential dimensional decomposition (RDD) and analysis-of-variance dimensional decomposition (ADD). New formulae are presented for the lower and upper bounds of the expected errors committed by bivariately and arbitrarily truncated RDD approximations when the reference point is selected randomly, thereby facilitating a means for weighing RDD against ADD approximations. The formulae reveal that the expected error from the S-variate RDD approximation of a function of N variables, where $0 \le S < N < \infty$, is at least $2^{S+1}$ times greater than the error from the S-variate ADD approximation. Consequently, ADD approximations are exceedingly more precise than RDD approximations. The analysis also finds the RDD approximation to be sub-optimal for an arbitrarily selected reference point, whereas the ADD approximation always results in minimum error. Therefore, the RDD approximation should be used with caution.
Improving Stabilized Zirconia with Strontium Gallate

Use of Sr[sub 2]Ga[sub 2]O[sub 5] as a sintering aid in the synthesis of polycrystalline yttria-stabilized zirconia yields well-sintered samples at 1,350 C; it also essentially eliminates the grain-boundary resistance. The overall oxide-ion conductivity is improved by about 10% at 800 C at a lower manufacturing cost. However, aging of the bulk electrolyte remains a problem.
A metapopulation model with private property and a common pool

Abstract A metapopulation illustrated by barnacles has a spatial distribution and a two-stage life cycle in the model developed here. Space limits expansion. Introducing a profitable harvest activity of adults leads to harvest at only one site, a solution driven by biological increasing returns. The model is of interdisciplinary interest because the natural resource has common property characteristics in its larval stage, but a private property character in its adult stage. The model permits economic valuation of lost habitat.
Gomory Integer Programs

The set of all group relaxations of an integer program contains certain special members called Gomory relaxations. A family of integer programs with a fixed coefficient matrix and cost vector but varying right hand sides is a Gomory family if every program in the family can be solved by one of its Gomory relaxations. In this paper, we characterize Gomory families. Every TDI system gives a Gomory family, and we construct Gomory families from matrices whose columns form a Hilbert basis for the cone they generate. The existence of Gomory families is related to the Hilbert covering problems that arose from the conjectures of Sebo. Connections to commutative algebra are outlined at the end.
The Doped Two-Chain Hubbard Model

The properties of the two-chain Hubbard model doped away from half-filling are investigated with the density matrix renormalization group. The charge gap is found to vanish, but a finite spin gap phase exists over a range of interchain hopping strength t⊥. In this phase, there are modified dx2-y2 pairing correlations which exhibit a power law decay while both the 2kF spin and charge correlations are short range. Above a critical value of t⊥, the system behaves as a Luttinger liquid.