cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Transmutation of Platinum by Deuterons

The radioactivity induced in platinum by 5 MV deuterons is composite in character. Chemical separations of the active elements together with an analysis of the decay curves establish that at least two radioactive isotopes each of iridium and platinum are formed. The decay periods of the former are about 28 min. and 8.5 hrs. while the latter have periods in the neighborhood of 49 min. and 14.5 hrs. Inasmuch as the platinum activity emits both positrons and electrons it seems reasonable to ascribe the activities to the isotopes ${\mathrm{Pt}}^{193}$ and ${\mathrm{Pt}}^{197}$ resulting from neutron capture. The active iridium isotopes are probably formed in reactions involving deuteron capture and alpha-particle emission, and the likely radioactive isotopes are ${\mathrm{Ir}}^{194}$ and ${\mathrm{Ir}}^{196}$. The transmutation functions for the reactions leading to iridium isotopes exhibit maxima indicative of resonance penetration of the platinum nucleus by the deuteron; the nature of the transmutation functions for the reactions giving platinum isotopes is not made certain by these experiments, because of the relative weakness of the platinum activities.
The relationship of young adolescent children's depression inventory cdi scores to their social and cognitive functioning

The relationship of young adolescents' scores on the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) to subjective and objective indices of their social and cognitive functioning was examined. Subjects were 89 young adolescents (11–15 years old), their parents, and their social studies teachers. The correlations of adolescents' CDI scores with recent school grades, objective ratings of overt social behavior, and measures of adolescent social and cognitive competence as perceived by the adolescent, both parents, and the teacher were examined. CDI scores were significantly and negatively correlated with school grades, behavioral ratings of positive social communication, and adolescent, mother, father, and teacher perceptions of the adolescents' social and cognitive competence. The relationship of these findings to those of other CDI validity studies is discussed.
Monochromatic polarized coherent emitter enhanced by surface plasmons and a cavity resonance

In this paper we propose and analyze a design of multilayer nanostructure that could be used as a tunable monochromatic polarized thermal emitter in the visible region for any direction with large temporal coherence and spatial coherence extending into the far field. The thermal emitter has a cavity that is surrounded by a thin silver grating having converging-diverging channel on one side and by a one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystal (PhC) on the other side. The large coherence length is achieved by making use of the coherence properties of the surface waves. Due to the nature of surface waves the new multilayer structure can attain the spectral and directional control of thermal radiation with only $p$ polarization. Finite element method was used for analyzing the emission properties of the thermal emitter. The resonance condition inside the cavity is extremely sensitive to the wavelength, which would then lead to high emission in a very narrow wavelength band. Such simple 1D multilayer structure should be easy to fabricate and have applications in photonic circuits, thermophotovoltaics and potentially in energy efficient incandescent sources.
Testing for Chronic Kidney Disease: A Position Statement From the National Kidney Foundation

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common in the United States. The estimated prevalence of CKD in US adults was 11.7% ± 0.8% in 2000, based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Global estimates for CKD prevalence are less certain, but recent studies in Europe, Australia, and China suggest a high prevalence. The most common risk factors for CKD include diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, a family history of CKD, and age greater than 60 years. Major outcomes of CKD include progression to kidney failure, development of complications of impaired kidney function, and increased risk for cardiovascular disease. CKD is usually silent until its late stages, thus many patients with CKD are detected only shortly before the onset of symptomatic kidney failure, when there are few opportunities to prevent adverse outcomes. Earlier detection allows for more time for evaluation and treatment but requires explicit testing strategies for asymptomatic individuals at increased risk. In the majority of patients, CKD can be detected with 2 simple tests: a urine test for the detection of proteinuria and a blood test to estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). These 2 tests facilitate detection of CKD by all physicians by allowing for identification of CKD without first requiring determination of its cause. Understanding the strengths and limitations of CKD testing is critical for appropriate implementation of these recommendations. Application of CKD testing in national and international screening and surveillance programs could improve public health related to CKD.
Global Trends and Variability in Soil Moisture and Drought Characteristics, 1950–2000, from Observation-Driven Simulations of the Terrestrial Hydrologic Cycle

Abstract Global and regional trends in drought for 1950–2000 are analyzed using a soil moisture–based drought index over global terrestrial areas, excluding Greenland and Antarctica. The soil moisture fields are derived from a simulation of the terrestrial hydrologic cycle driven by a hybrid reanalysis–observation forcing dataset. Drought is described in terms of various statistics that summarize drought duration, intensity, and severity. There is an overall small wetting trend in global soil moisture, forced by increasing precipitation, which is weighted by positive soil moisture trends over the Western Hemisphere and especially in North America. Regional variation is nevertheless apparent, and significant drying over West Africa, as driven by decreasing Sahel precipitation, stands out. Elsewhere, Europe appears to have not experienced significant changes in soil moisture, a trait shared by Southeast and southern Asia. Trends in drought duration, intensity, and severity are predominantly decreasing, but ...
Sorption of Air Pollutants onto Textiles

A review of research reported in the literature on the sorption of SO2 onto textiles and related materials is presented. The detrimental effects of pollutants on the me chanical and aesthetic properties of textiles have been well documented and are also briefly noted; however, there is a consistent lack of data on the rate and extent of sorption of air pollutants onto textiles. Sorption rates, expressed as deposition ve locities (νg), are affected by the environmental chamber used for exposure. There are differences in sorption that may be attributed to fiber type and also to the geometry of the textile structure (i.e., fiber, yarn, fabric) on exposure. These factors, however, have not been systematically assessed and although the process of sorption by polymer films has been examined, the corresponding mechanisms of sorption/desorption phe nomena for textile structures have not been elucidated. The literature reviewed also shows that most studies of fibers have been primarily concerned with the sorption ...
APPLICATIONS OF STEM INSTRUMENTS FOR SURFACE STUDIES

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) instruments have some particular advantages as compared with the more common transmission electron microscopes for some applications to surface research. Imaging of surfaces and mapping of the elemental distributions on surfaces with spatial resolutions approaching 1 nm are possible in an ultrahigh-vacuum STEM instrument when the low-energy secondary electrons or the Auger-emitted electrons are collected with high efficiency. In the imaging of surface layers on thin-film substrates, viewed in transmission, the use of a thin annular detector in STEM may greatly enhance the contrast, as illustrated by the case of the imaging of very thin nanocrystalline carbon layers on much thicker amorphous SiO2 films. The scanning reflection mode in a STEM instrument can provide some useful forms of contrast in images of surface structure. Standing wave fields can be formed on the surfaces of crystals with electrons, as with X-rays, one advantage of the electron case being that the standing wave fields may be imaged. Two new forms of electron holography, involving a STEM instrument and suitable for the study of surface structure, are proposed.
Urinary calcium excretion by neomycin-treated dogs

Abstract Two groups of adult beagle dogs were treated with neomycin sulfate iv at doses of 11 and 22 mg/kg. Urine volume and calcium excretion were monitored. Serum calcium was determined in the dogs given the higher dose of antibiotic. Urinary calcium excretion was increased in both dosage groups, while urine volume increased only in the dogs given 22 mg/kg of neomycin. Neomycin had no effect on serum calcium in either of the two groups of treated dogs. It is postulated that the antibiotic complexed tubular calcium, thus preventing active reabsorption of the mineral in the proximal tubule, where two thirds of the filtered calcium load is normally reabsorbed. The trend toward diuresis may be due to tubular retention of equimolar amounts of water by the complexed calcium. On the basis of these results, caution is advised in treating with neomycin calcium-compromised animals such as postpartum cows and bitches.
Convolution picture of the boundary conditions in photon migration and its implications in time-resolved optical imaging of biological tissues

To model the effect of a tissue–air boundary on time-resolved optical measurements, a convolution picture is presented based on the photon migration picture. It is demonstrated that the boundary conditions (either index matched or index mismatched) can be formulated as a spatiotemporal convolution of two terms, with the first being identical to the solution in the infinite medium and the second being independent of the original light source. The conditions under which the spatial convolution part in the second term becomes negligible are also determined, thus permitting the complete separation of the two terms by use of a temporal Laplace or Fourier transformation. This result is promising, since it suggests a method of removing the effect of the boundary conditions in the applications of time-resolved optical imaging (in both the time domain and the frequency domain) in biological tissues.
A crystal plasticity finite element analysis of texture evolution in equal channel angular extrusion

Abstract This study demonstrates the capability of the crystal plasticity finite element (CPFE) approach in texture predictions during equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE). A CPFE model was applied to simulate the texture evolution in one-pass ECAE of pure aluminum and copper. Boundary conditions corresponding to simple shear at the interaction plane of the die were imposed to the sample to approximate the deformation during its passage through the die channel. The performance of this approach is evaluated through quantitative comparison of the simulated textures with measurements by neutron diffraction and predictions from a visco-plasticity self-consistent model. The predicted local variation of deformation as a result of grain interactions is discussed in relation to the simulated textures.
Lipid binding ridge on loops 2 and 3 of the C2A domain of synaptotagmin I as revealed by NMR spectroscopy

The C2A domain of synaptotagmin I, which binds Ca2+ and anionic phospholipids, serves as a Ca2+ sensor during excitation-secretion coupling. We have used multidimensional NMR to locate the region of C2A from rat synaptotagmin I that interacts, in the presence of Ca2+, with phosphatidylserine. Untagged, recombinant C2A was double-labeled with 13C and 15N, and triple-resonance NMR data were collected from C2A samples containing either Ca2+ alone or Ca2+ plus 6:0 phosphatidylserine. Phospholipid binding led to changes in chemical shifts of backbone atoms in residues Arg233 and Phe234 of loop 3 (a loop that also binds Ca2+) and His198, Val205, and Phe206 of loop 2. These residues lie along a straight line on a surface ridge of the C2A domain. The only other residue that exhibited appreciable chemical shift changes upon adding lipid was His254; however, because His254 is located on the other side of the molecule from the phospholipid docking site defined by the other residues, its shifts may result from nonspecific interactions. The results show that the "docking ridge" responsible for Ca2+-dependent membrane association is localized on the opposite side of the C2A domain from the transmembrane and C2B domains of synaptotagmin.
IMMUNIZATION OF PEDIATRIC ONCOLOGY PATIENTS WITH HAEMOPHILUS INFLUFNZAE TYPE B (HIB) POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE

Although at increased risk for Hib infection, there are limited data concerning safety and immunogenicity of Hib polysaccharide vaccine in children with malignancies. 43 children with malignancies (19 with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, ALL, age 3-20y;15 with Hodgkins Disease, HD, s/p splenectomy, age 16-22y; 9 with other malignancies, age 2-19y) received 25mg vaccine SQ (b CAPSA-I, Praxis Biologies). At time of vaccination, patients were not receiving induction chemotherapy and were not neutropenic. The vaccine was extremely well tolerated with no side effects in anyof 43 children. Prevacclnation anti-PRP antibody (by RIA) was<0.15 meg/ml in 8 of 19 with ALL (geo mean 0.25mcg/ml), 2 of 15 with HD (geo mean 0.70) and 2 of 10 with other malignancy (geo mean 0.58). Inadequate response (Imo postvaccination Ab level of< 1mcg/ml) was found in 10 of 18 with ALL (geo mean 1.1mcg/ml, 4 of 19 had< 0.15mcg/ml), 5 of 11 with HD (geo mean 2.1) and 3 of 8 with other malignancies (geo mean 1.71). There was no significant correlation between postvaccination Ab level and age, sex, serum IgG, IgM IgA, absolute lymphocyte or granulocyte count for any of the groups. There was a positive correlation between log pre-and log postvaccination Ab level for all 3 groups (p<.05). For ALL patients, there was a significant negative correlation between no. months of chemotherapy and log post-immunization Ab (p<.01). Thus, immunization with Hib polysaccharide vaccine cannot be relied upon to protect these patients from Hib disease.
Sphingolipid and Glycosphingolipid Metabolic Pathways in the Era of Sphingolipidomics

Much has been made about J. L. W. Thudichum’s colorful, and one could say clairvoyant, naming of sphingosine “in commemoration of the many enigmas which it presented to the inquirer” in his 1884 treatise The Chemistry of the Brain(1) because many of the riddles of sphingolipids (as the broader field was later named)(2) remained unanswered for the following century. This changed radically over the past several decades as researchers explored, and ultimately established, what seemed at the time to be radical concepts: that sphingolipids are not just structural elements of cells but also participate in intra- and extracellular signaling; that not only the complex glycan headgroups, but also the lipid backbones, are highly specified metabolically and have selective biochemical functions; and that even the longest known function of these lipids, as structural components of the “fluid mosaic” of cell membrane lipids, is not so simple, and often involves the dynamic clustering of sphingolipids in nontraditional microdomains referred to as rafts. We still know only a fraction of their secrets, but this enlightenment has defined models for thinking about these compounds that remove them from their enigmatic “black box.” Now, a major challenge is to keep up with the rapid growth in knowledge about the sphingolipidome, that is, the ensemble of all sphingolipids.(3) A major goal of the review is to help the reader more easily grasp the metabolic interrelationships that account for the tens of thousands of molecular subspecies (and perhaps more) that appear in nature, with a focus on mammals. The magnitude of this subject precludes the inclusion of all of the enzymes and metabolites, and the author apologizes for the omission of many interesting topics. To put this information in context, there is a brief background discussion of their structures and functions, which have been dealt with also in a recent Chemical Reviews article(4) on the chemicophysical features of sphingolipids and raft formation, and by excellent reviews on sphingolipid signaling5,6 and the biological functions of complex glycosphingolipids.7−10
High Expression and Activation of MAP Kinase-activated Protein Kinase 2 in Cardiac Muscle Cells

Recently, three mammalian mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, ERK, SAPK/JNK, and p38/HOG-1 have been identified, each with apparently unique signal transduction pathways. The p38 MAP kinase mediates an intracellular stress-activated signaling pathway by regulating down-stream molecules, such as MAP kinase-activated protein (MAPKAP) kinase 2. To study the tissue specificity of MAPKAP kinase 2, mRNA blots containing multiple human tissues were hybridized with a specific oligonucleotide probe corresponding to human MAPKAP kinase 2. The Northern blot analysis revealed that two mRNA species of MAPKAP kinase 2, with sizes of 4.8 and 3.3 kb, were expressed in high levels in both human heart and skeletal muscle tissues. To better understand how MAPKAP kinase 2 is regulated in myocardium, cultured rat cardiac myoblast (H9c2) cells were stimulated with heat shock, H2O2-induced oxidative stress, or phorbol ester (PMA). Enzymatic activity of cellular MAPKAP kinase 2 in the cell lysates was evaluated using an in vitro kinase assay. Exposure of H9c2 cells to heat shock or oxidative stress induced a transient increase of cellular MAPKAP kinase 2 activity, which reached its peak level within 5 min. In contrast, stimulation of H9c2 cells with PMA, a potential myocardial hypertrophic factor, induced a sustained increase of cellular MAPKAP kinase 2 activity that was detectable for over 1 h. In addition, in vitro protein phosphorylation analysis with recombinant MAPKAP kinase 2 showed that small heat shock protein (hsp25) served as a major substrate molecule for the kinase in H9c2 cells and the protein phosphorylation of cellular hsp25 was stimulated by H2O2-induced oxidative stress or PMA treatment in intact H9c2 cells. Moreover, exposure of H9c2 cells to H2O2-induced oxidative stress or PMA rapidly activated cellular p38 MAP kinase as detected by the induced protein phosphorylation of the kinase. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that MAPKAP kinase 2 may be involved in stress-activated signal transduction in myocardium.
Entamoeba histolytica: Recognition of α- and β-galactose by the 260-kDa adherence lectin☆

Evaluation directe de la capacite de la lectine 260 dDa de E. histolytica a reconnaitre les saccharides contenant les α et les β-galactoses
An interpretation of the flower of petalostemon (leguminosae)

There is no clearly defined disjunction betweenPetalostemon andDalea, and evidence from vegetative anatomy, floral morphology, and chromosome number indicates a common ancestry. Yet it is apparent thatPetalostemon represents a highly specialized branch within the heterogeneous daleoid complex. Such specialization has resulted in the loss of a whorl of stamens and migration of 4 petals to the apex of the staminal tube. The species ofDalea possessing petalostemoid characteristics appear to arise from diverse sections of the genus and probably represent specialized and independent, albeit somewhat convergent evolutionary trends. A complete reassessment of the placement ofPetalostemon must await revision of the remainder of the daleoid complex but it is desirable at present to redefine the generic delimitations ofPetalostemon to exclude all taxa possessing more than 5 stamens as well as those with petal insertion substantially below the apex of the staminal tube. The reticulate, often convergent pathways taken by the evolutionary processes in many groups often makes generic lines somewhat indistinct. This is certainly true in many groups of legumes and emphatically true in other plant families (e.g. Cruciferae, Graminae). Therefore, at least more than one viewpoint of what constitutes generic delimitation in a particular taxon is admissible. The alternative to the present disposition ofPetalostemon, as advocated by Shinners (1949) and more recently by Barneby (1965), would be to reduce it to some subgeneric ranking withinDalea; but again, the same problems would be encountered only at a different taxonomic level. The acceptance ofPetalostemon as herein defined seems to result in a reasonably natural genus of perennials, easily definable from the diverse genusDalea.
Optimal surgical treatment for moyamoya disease in adults: direct versus indirect bypass

Moyamoya disease is a chronic cerebrovascular occlusive disorder that results in severe morbidity and death. There is much controversy surrounding the optimal treatment for adult patients with the disorder. There have been no randomized trials to assess the efficacy of any single surgical treatment, and existing case series suffer from inadequate power, selection bias, and inherent differences in patient characteristics. In this article the authors review the literature concerning the optimal surgical treatment of adult patients with moyamoya disease.
Weight-Related Distress in the Early Months After Childbirth

The purpose of this study was to assess the extent of weight-related distress reported by new mothers and to explore associations of anthropometric and psychosocial variables with feelings about weight. New mothers' (N = 227) written descriptions of feelings about their weight were categorized using content analysis. More than 40% were somewhat satisfied with their weight, another 40% were mildly dissatisfied, and 8% experienced weight-related distress. Higher prepregnancy body mass index, larger gestational weight gain, higher current postpartum body mass index, less healthy lifestyle, and greater body image dissatisfaction were associated significantly with more dissatisfied/distressed feelings about weight. Results support the need for greater attention to the psychosocial significance of weight after childbirth.
Prüftechnik in der Kupferhalbzeugindustrie

Kurzfassung Die technologischen Eigenschaften von Halbzeugen aus Kupfer und Kupferlegierungen hangen neben der chemischen Zusammensetzung auch von den Parametern der thermo-mechanischen Herstellprozesse ab. Mess-, Pruf- und Regeltechnik dient dabei neben der Uberprufung der Qualitat vor allem der Prozessoptimierung. Nach einem Uberblick der ublicherweise zum Einsatz kommenden Pruftechnik werden vor allem anwendungsspezifische Prufverfahren erlautert. Exemplarisch werden die Kontaktwiderstandsmessung an Steckverbinderwerkstoffen sowie Gerate zur Bestimmung der Biegewechselfestigkeit von Drahten in Seewasseratmosphare vorgestellt. Zur Bestimmung des Umformvermogens der Werkstoffe ist die Messung der Flieskurve (auch temperatur- und geschwindigkeitsabhangig) von Bedeutung. Ein dafur selbst entwickelter Torsionsplastometer-Messplatz wird mit Anwendungsbeispielen beschrieben.
To the ends of the earth: Acquisitions work in the Library of Congress overseas offices

The Library of Congress maintains six overseas offices for acquisitions and preservation purposes. The offices are located in Brazil, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Kenya, and Pakistan and collectively acquire, catalog, microfilm and deliver hundreds of thousands of documents per year to the Library of Congress and over one hundred Cooperative Acquisitions Program participants. The article focuses on the acquisitions, cataloging, automation, and preservation roles of the offices, in addition to the Cooperative Acquisitions Program. A brief profile of each office is given at the end of the article.
Fatigue Crack Propagation Evaluation of Several Commercial Grade Propylene Polymers

ABSTRACT Results of an experimental evaluation of commercial propylene polymers' performance under cyclic loading are reported. Experiments were conducted on one extrusion grade homopolymer and one impact block copolymer. The influence of thermal annealing was taken into account on the homopolymer. A laboratory-made mechanical fatigue unit capable of applying sinusoidal displacement was used to conduct fatigue tests on precracked specimens in three points bending at room temperature. Materials exhibit different crack propagation modes. The neat homopolymer displays discontinuous-catastrophic crack propagation. Both copolymer and annealed homopolymer show longer fatigue lifetime but faster propagation rates than the neat homopolymer. The annealed homopolymer also propagates in a step-like way whereas the block copolymer displays a continuous crack propagation mode in which the crack advances regularly as cycling proceeds. A noticeable crack front damage (identified as stress whitening) is developed at the ...
Loading frequency and microstructure interactions in intergranular fatigue crack growth in a disk Ni-based superalloy

Abstract The paper examines the role of the loading frequency on the dwell fatigue crack growth mechanism in the super-solvus nickel-based superalloy, ME3. This is accomplished by carrying out a set of crack growth experiments in air and vacuum at three temperatures; 650 °C, 704 °C and 760 °C using a dwell loading cycle with hold time periods up to 7200 s imposed at the maximum load level. Results of these tests show that the transitional transgranular/intergranular loading frequency is 0.1 Hz, and are used to determine the apparent activation energy of the time-dependent crack growth process. Analysis of this energy in both air and vacuum showed that the intergranular cracking is governed by a mechanism involving grain boundary sliding. This mechanism is explained in terms of absorption of dissociated lattice dislocations into grain boundary dislocations. The gliding of these dislocations under shear loading is assumed to cause grain boundary sliding. A condition for this mechanism to occur, is that a critical minimum distance exists between slip bands impinging the affected grain boundary. This condition is examined by correlating the slip band spacing (SBS) and loading frequency using a model based on minimum strain energy accumulation within slip bands and that a unique configuration of number and spacing of bands exists for a given plastic strain. The model outcome expressed in terms of SBS as a function of loading frequency is supported by experimental measurements at both high and low loading frequencies. Results of the model show that a saturation of SBS, signifying a condition for intergranualr cracking, is reached at approximately 3 μm which is shown to coincide with the transitional loading frequency of 0.1 Hz.
Conditions for ethanol precipitation of active 50 S ribosomal subunits from Escherichia coli

Abstract Escherichia coli 50 S ribosomal subunits lose activity when precipitated by ethanol from fractions obtained in sucrose density gradient sedimentation. This loss of activity is due to a partial extraction of protein L7 L12 caused by the presence of high sucrose concentrations. Partial extraction also occurs in the absence of added salt or sucrose at low magnesium concentrations. Fully active 50 S subunits can be obtained if the sucrose is diluted to a concentration of 10% or less and the magnesium concentration raised to 20 m m before the addition of ethanol.
Social Incentives and the Preservation of Reputation in Public-Spirited Collective Action

Large-scale cooperation can often be manufactured out of small- scale relationships. People frequently cooperate in large-scale ventures in order to protect their reputations in everyday relationships, since an esteemed reputation has considerable instrumental value in a community. Moreover, regular social interaction is conducive not only to the develop- ment of obligations and commitments, but also to the formation of other- regarding interests. These arguments are illustrated with a series of examples from the civil rights movement in the United States and other instances of collective action.
Pathway of oxidative folding of bovine α-interferon: Predominance of native disulfide-bonded folding intermediates

Bovine alpha-interferon (BoINF-alpha) is a single polypeptide protein containing 166 amino acids, two disulfide bonds (Cys1-Cys99 and Cys29-Cys138), and five stretches of alpha-helical structure. The pathway of oxidative folding of BoINF-alpha has been investigated here. Of the eight possible one- and two-disulfide isomers, only two nativelike one-disulfide isomers, BoINF-alpha (Cys1-Cys99) and BoINF-alpha (Cys29-Cys138), predominate as intermediates along the folding pathway. More strikingly, alpha-helical structures formed almost quantitatively before any detectable formation of a disulfide bond. This is demonstrated by the observation that fully reduced BoINF-alpha (starting material of oxidative folding) and reduced carboxymethylated BoINF-alpha both exhibit alpha-helical structure content indistinguishable form that of native BoINF-alpha. The folding mechanism of BoINF-alpha appears to be compatible with the framework model, in which secondary structures fold first, followed by docking (compaction) of preformed secondary structural elements yielding the native structure.
Reduced efficacy of 8-OH-DPAT's inhibition of lordosis behavior by prior estrogen treatment.

Abstract The effects of bilateral VMN infusion with the 5-HT 1A receptor agonist, (±)-8-hydroxy-2-(di- n -propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT; 200, 1000, or 2000 ng), on lordosis behavior were examined in hormonally primed ovariectomized rats. When rats were given a single injection with 25 μg estradiol benzoate followed 48 h later with 500 μg progesterone, inhibition of lordosis behavior was evident at all doses of 8-OH-DPAT. However, when rats were treated with 25 μg estradiol benzoate followed 7 days later with a second injection of 25 μg estradiol benzoate and then progesterone, none of the doses of 8-OH-DPAT effectively inhibited lordosis behavior. In some rats, cannulae were located near the most rostral portion of the VMN. In these rats, there was no effect of the second estrogen treatment on the response to 8-OH-DPAT. Therefore, a second experiment was performed to specifically evaluate the effects of two estradiol benzoate treatments on the response to bilateral 8-OH-DPAT infusion in the rostral VMN. In contrast to the reduced effectiveness of the 8-OH-DPAT infusion in the mid to caudal VMN in rats given two injections with estradiol benzoate, 2000 ng 8-OH-DPAT continued to effectively inhibit lordosis behavior following the 5-HT 1A receptor agonist's infusion into the more rostral areas. These findings are discussed in relation to earlier studies in which the potency, but not the efficacy, of 8-OH-DPAT was reduced following systemic treatment with the 5-HT 1A receptor agonist.
Metallographic preparation technique for electrodeposited IronZinc alloy coatings on steel

Abstract A method for preparing cross-sectional metallographic samples for electrodeposited ironzinc coatings on steel is presented. Specimen preparation is performed using a pH-controlled polishing medium and stringent cleansing techniques. Light optical and scanning electron micrographs of electrogalvanized and 7 and 18 w/o Fe electrodeposited ironzinc coatings are described with respect to the microstructure.
Role of glycosylation in the transport of recombinant glycoproteins through the secretory pathway of lepidopteran insect cells.

Cell lines established from the Lepidopteran insect Spodoptera frugiperda (e.g., Sf9) are used routinely as hosts for the expression of foreign proteins by baculovirus vectors. Previously, we showed that human tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) was expressed, N-glycosylated, and secreted by Sf9 cells infected with a recombinant baculovirus (Jarvis DL, Summers MD: Mol Cell Biol 9:214-223, 1989). We also showed that t-PA secretion was blocked by tunicamycin (TM), an inhibitor of N-glycosylation, but not by castanospermine (CS) or N-methyldeoxynojirimycin, inhibitors of the initial steps in N-linked oligosaccharide processing. This suggested that the addition, but not the processing, of N-linked oligosaccharides is required for the secretion of recombinant t-PA from baculovirus-infected Sf9 cells. In this study, we present a more generalized evaluation of the role of N-glycosylation in the transport of recombinant glycoproteins through the Sf9 cell secretory pathway. Several different secretory or membrane-bound glycoproteins were expressed in control, TM-treated, or CS-treated Sf9 cells, and their appearance in the medium or on the cell surface was measured. The results showed that TM blocked the transport of some, but not all, of these proteins, whereas CS did not block the transport of any. This suggests that N-glycosylation is sometimes required for the transport of recombinant glycoproteins through the Sf9 secretory pathway, while processing of the oligosaccharides is not. At least two other proteins, p80 and p31, consistently coimmunoprecipitated with the nonglycosylated precursors of recombinant glycoproteins expressed in TM-treated Sf9 cells. Neither was antigenically related to any of the recombinant proteins. Relatively larger amounts of p80 and p31 were coprecipitated when transport was completely blocked by TM compared to when transport was only reduced or was unaffected. These results suggest that p80 and p31 block the transport of some nonglycosylated glycoprotein precursors in TM-treated Sf9 cells by binding to them and producing transport-incompetent heterooligomeric complexes. If this speculation is correct, then p80 and p31 are functionally analogous to the mammalian immunoglobulin heavy chain binding/glucose-regulated 78 kilodalton protein (BiP/GRP78).
An approximation algorithm for circular arc colouring

We consider the problem of colouring a family of n arcs of a circle. This NP-complete problem, which occurs in routing and network design problems, is modelled as a 0-1 integer multicommodity flow problem. We present an algorithm that routes the commodities in the network by augmenting the network with some extra edges which correspond to extra colours. The algorithm, which relies on probabilistic techniques such as randomized rounding and path selection, is a randomized approximation algorithm which has an asymptotic performance ratio of 1+1/e (approximately 1.37) except when the minimum number of colours required is very small (O(\ln n) ). This is an improvement over the best previously known result [7], which is a deterministic approximation algorithm with a performance ratio of 3/2. The substantial improvement is valuable, for instance in wavelength allocation strategies in communication networks where bandwidth is a precious resource.
Traps for reflected Brownian motion

Consider an open set D ⊂ R d , d ≥ 2, and a closed ball B ⊂ D. Let E x TB denote the expectation of the hitting time of B for reflected Brownian motion in D starting from x ∈ D. We say that D is a trap domain if supx E x TB =∞ .A domain D is not a trap domain if and only if the reflecting Brownian motion in D is uniformly ergodic. We fully characterize the simply connected planar trap domains using a geometric condition and give a number of (less complete) results for d> 2.
Error, bias, and long-branch attraction in data for two chloroplast photosystem genes in seed plants.

Sequences of two chloroplast photosystem genes, psaA and psbB, together comprising about 3,500 bp, were obtained for all five major groups of extant seed plants and several outgroups among other vascular plants. Strongly supported, but significantly conflicting, phylogenetic signals were obtained in parsimony analyses from partitions of the data into first and second codon positions versus third positions. In the former, both genes agreed on a monophyletic gymnosperms, with Gnetales closely related to certain conifers. In the latter, Gnetales are inferred to be the sister group of all other seed plants, with gymnosperms paraphyletic. None of the data supported the modern ‘‘anthophyte hypothesis,’’ which places Gnetales as the sister group of flowering plants. A series of simulation studies were undertaken to examine the error rate for parsimony inference. Three kinds of errors were examined: random error, systematic bias (both properties of finite data sets), and statistical inconsistency owing to long-branch attraction (an asymptotic property). Parsimony reconstructions were extremely biased for third-position data for psbB. Regardless of the true underlying tree, a tree in which Gnetales are sister to all other seed plants was likely to be reconstructed for these data. None of the combinations of genes or partitions permits the anthophyte tree to be reconstructed with high probability. Simulations of progressively larger data sets indicate the existence of long-branch attraction (statistical inconsistency) for third-position psbB data if either the anthophyte tree or the gymnosperm tree is correct. This is also true for the anthophyte tree using either psaA third positions or psbB first and second positions. A factor contributing to bias and inconsistency is extremely short branches at the base of the seed plant radiation, coupled with extremely high rates in Gnetales and nonseed plant outgroups. M. J. Sanderson,* M. F. Wojciechowski,*† J.-M. Hu,* T. Sher Khan,* and S. G. Brady
Structural properties of optimal scheduling in prioritized Discrete Event Systems with real-time constraints

We consider a class of prioritized Discrete Event Systems (DES) that involves the control of resources allocated to tasks under real-time constraints. This is motivated by power-limited wireless environments where the objective is to minimize energy consumption while guaranteeing that task deadlines are always met. We discover several structural properties of the optimal sample path of such DES. The structural properties can be used to reduce the search space of the brute-force search and may possibly lead to a more efficient decomposition algorithm. Using the structural properties, we also propose a greedy algorithm which is shown numerically near optimal.
The energy budget in a valley nocturnal flow

Calculations of radiative transfer within a V-shaped valley show that the radiative cooling of the valley air is greater than the cooling over a flat surface. The measured cooling of a drainage flow in a deep, steep-walled valley is compared to calculations of radiative transfer within the same valley. It is found that cooling throughout the full watershed of the valley, instead of only within the steep walled part of the valley, must be considered to account for the energy loss of air passing through the valley. Some 10% to 20% of this energy loss occurs as a result of direct radiative cooling of the air. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.1987.tb00303.x
Underwater measurement of narrowband sound power and directivity using Supersonic Intensity in Reverberant Environments

Abstract A laboratory underwater acoustic measurement technique, Supersonic Intensity in Reverberant Environments (SIRE), is developed analytically and validated experimentally and numerically. Unlike standard free or diffuse field techniques, SIRE enables the measurement of narrowband sound power and directivity in an environment with inexact field conditions. The technique takes advantage of underwater vector sensors, measuring only acoustic pressure and the normal component of particle velocity/acceleration, and supersonic wavenumber filtering in the near field of a source. The result is outward-propagating acoustic waves separated from interfering incoming and/or evanescent waves. The SIRE technique was experimentally applied to monopole and dipole sources and the results are compared with theory and standard methods. SIRE is shown to accurately measure radiated sound power to within the limits of ANSI S12.51 and to accurately measure the directivity indices of simple sources to within ±3 dB. A coupled finite element/boundary element model of a point-driven, thin-walled cylinder is also developed to establish the limitations of the SIRE technique. The model results show that the measurement standoff distance should be less than the reciprocal of the largest wavenumber in the frequency band of interest. Furthermore, the maximum measurement grid spacing must be less than twice the standoff distance.
Intermetallic compound growth on Ni, Au/Ni, and Pd/Ni substrates with Sn/Pb, Sn/Ag, and Sn solders [PWBs]

The growth mechanism of the Ni/sub 3/Sn/sub 4/ intermetallic compound (IMC) during aging was studied with three different solders (100Sn, Sn-3.5Ag, and Sn-37Pb) on three different substrates (Ni, Ni/Au, and Ni/Pd), at the temperatures of 75, 100, 125, and 160/spl deg/C from 1 to 36 days. The growth rates of Ni/sub 3/Sn/sub 4/ with Sn on Ni and Ni/Au substrates were similar, growing to about 6 /spl mu/m after 36 days at 160/spl deg/C, but only to about 1-2 /spl mu/m after 36 days at a temperature below 100/spl deg/C. The growth rate of Ni/sub 3/Sn/sub 4/ with Sn-37Pb on Ni/Au substrate was close to that with Sn for the same substrates. However, the Sn-3.5Ag solder showed a slower growth rate of Ni/sub 3/Sn/sub 4/ on both Ni and Ni/Au substrates, resulting in only about half the thicknesses when compared to Sn on the same substrates. In addition to the Ni/sub 3/Sn/sub 4/ compound, a PdSn/sub 4/ compound was observed on the NiPd substrates. The growth rate of Ni/sub 3/Sn/sub 4/ on the Ni/Pd substrate is much slower than that on either the Ni or the Ni/Au substrate, possibly due to the existence of the PdSn/sub 4/ layer between Ni and the solder. At temperatures lower than 100/spl deg/C, there is hardly any Ni/sub 3/Sn/sub 4/ detected for Sn-3.5Ag and Sn-37Pb solders for up to 36 days. The apparent activation energies, Q, are in the range of 3 to 12.8 Kcal/mole, and Q for Ni/sub 3/Sn/sub 4/ with Sn is the highest for the three solders on both the Ni and Ni/Pd substrates, and those for Sn-3.5Ag the lowest. However, Q for Ni/sub 3/Sn/sub 4/ growth with Sn-3.5Ag is the highest on the Ni/Au substrate. A thick Ni/sub 3/Sn/sub 4/ layer may pose potential reliability issues as evidenced by the fractured morphology of the intermetallics due to a 10.7% volume shrinkage during the transformation from solid phase Sn and Ni to the Ni/sub 3/Sn/sub 4/ compound.
Characterization of the new osmotic mutants (os) which originated during genetic transformation in Neurospora crassa.

Inositol independent ( inl + ) strains were obtained either as transformants following treatment of the inositol requiring ( inl ) strains of Neurospora crassa with the wild-type DNA or as revertants without any DNA treatment. A significant number of the inositol-independent transformants were also found to have acquired additional mutations called osmotics ( os ) which made them unable to grow on 1 m-NaCl medium. None of the inositol-independent revertants were found to possess such osmotic mutations and their growth remained unaffected by the presence of NaCl. Many of the osmotic mutants described here were found to be new alleles of the previously known os–1 mutation on the linkage group I of Neurospora crassa . The remainder were found to map at two new genetic loci designated as os-6 and os-7 ; these loci were found to be closely linked to os–1 . Among the new osmotic mutants only os-1 and os-6 mutants showed intragenic complementation. The mechanism of DNA-induced mutation during transformation is discussed.
Application of Subset Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model for Short-Term Freeway Traffic Volume Forecasting

Traffic volume is one of the fundamental types of data that have been used for the traffic control and planning process. Forecasting needs and efforts for various applications will be increased with the deployment of advanced traffic management systems. With the importance of the short-term traffic forecasting task, numerous techniques have been utilized to improve its accuracy. The use of the subset autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model for short-term traffic volume forecasting is investigated. A typical time-series modeling procedure was employed for this study. Model identification was carried out with Akaike's information criterion. The conditional maximum likelihood method was used for the parameter estimation process. Two white noise tests were applied for model verification. From the analysis results, four time-series models in different categories were identified and used for the one-step-ahead forecasting task. The performance of each model was evaluated using two statistical error estimates. Results showed that all time-series models performed well with reasonable accuracy. However, it was observed that the subset ARIMA model gave more stable and accurate results than other time-series models, especially a full ARIMA model. It is believed that the use of a subset ARIMA model could increase the accuracy of the short-term forecasting task within time-series models.
The Primary Sequence of Rhesus Monkey Rhadinovirus Isolate 26-95: Sequence Similarities to Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus and Rhesus Monkey Rhadinovirus Isolate 17577

The primary sequence of the long unique region L-DNA (L for low GC) of rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (RRV) isolate 26-95 was determined. The L-DNA consists of 130,733 bp that contain 84 open reading frames (ORFs). The overall organization of the RRV26-95 genome was found to be very similar to that of human Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). BLAST search analysis revealed that in almost all cases RRV26-95 coding sequences have a greater degree of similarity to corresponding KSHV sequences than to other herpesviruses. All of the ORFs present in KSHV have at least one homologue in RRV26-95 except K3 and K5 (bovine herpesvirus-4 immediate-early protein homologues), K7 (nut-1), and K12 (Kaposin). RRV26-95 contains one MIP-1 and eight interferon regulatory factor (vIRF) homologues compared to three MIP-1 and four vIRF homologues in KSHV. All homologues are correspondingly located in KSHV and RRV with the exception of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). DHFR is correspondingly located near the left end of the genome in RRV26-95 and herpesvirus saimiri (HVS), but in KSHV the DHFR gene is displaced 16,069 nucleotides in a rightward direction in the genome. DHFR is also unusual in that the RRV26-95 DHFR more closely resembles HVS DHFR (74% similarity) than KSHV DHFR (55% similarity). Of the 84 ORFs in RRV26-95, 83 contain sequences similar to the recently determined sequences of the independent RRV isolate 17577. RRV26-95 and RRV17577 sequences differ in that ORF 67.5 sequences contained in RRV26-95 were not found in RRV17577. In addition, ORF 4 is significantly shorter in RRV26-95 than was reported for RRV17577 (395 versus 645 amino acids). Only four of the corresponding ORFs between RRV26-95 and RRV17577 exhibited less than 95% sequence identity: glycoproteins H and L, uracil DNA glucosidase, and a tegument protein (ORF 67). Both RRV26-95 and RRV17577 have unique ORFs between positions 21444 to 21752 and 110910 to 114899 in a rightward direction and from positions 116524 to 111082 in a leftward direction that are not found in KSHV. Our analysis indicates that RRV26-95 and RRV17577 are clearly independent isolates of the same virus species and that both are closely related in structural organization and overall sequence to KSHV. The availability of detailed sequence information, the ability to grow RRV lytically in cell culture, and the ability to infect monkeys experimentally with RRV will facilitate the construction of mutant strains of virus for evaluating the contribution of individual genes to biological properties.
WHEN BUTLER'S THEOREM FOR GROUPS HOLDS FOR MODULES

W hen R is a Noetherian domain of Krull dimension I with quotient field Q, we show that the following are equivalent: (i) Butler's Theorem for abelian groups holds for R-modules; (ii) every submodule of Q is determined up to quasi-isomorphism by its height function; and (iii) the integral closure of R is finitely generated over R, and for each maximal ideal M of R, there exists a unique maximal ideal in the integral closure lying over M.