cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
First Report of Dry Bean Anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) Race 73 in North Dakota.

Dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Pintoba) plants showing typical anthracnose symptoms were observed in three commercial fields in North Dakota (Towner, Steele, and Pembina counties) in July 2001. Disease incidence in all fields ranged from 5 to 20%. The fungus was isolated from leaves and pods on potato dextrose agar and identified as Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magnus) Lams.-Scrib. (3). Pathogenicity and race identification were determined on a set of 12 standard differentials (2). Three isolates, one from each county, were grown for 7 days in Mathur's medium. Spores were suspended in water and Tween 80 (0.1% vol/vol) and adjusted to 106 spores per ml. Thirty 2-week-old seedlings of each differential were inoculated with each isolate on the adaxial side of the primary leaves using a Paasche airbrush. Inoculated plants were incubated in moist chambers for 5 days at 20°C under 14 h of fluorescent light and then moved back to the greenhouse. Disease reaction was assessed 3 days later. Isolates of C. lindemuthianum races 7 and 73 obtained from J. Kelly (Michigan State University) were used as positive controls. Inoculations were repeated once. All three North Dakota isolates and the positive control for race 73 produced sporulating lesions on the differentials 'Michelite', 'Cornell 49242', and 'Mexico 222'. No lesions were observed in the other differentials. An unidentified anthracnose race retrieved from a single plant in 1982 constitutes the first report of the presence of anthracnose in North Dakota (4). In 1992, Michigan breeding materials infected with race 73 were planted in North Dakota (1); upon detection, the infected plants were destroyed and the fields quarantined. The epidemics observed in the 2001 season, developed in sites distant from the places where the Michigan materials were planted and have been associated with a single seed source. To our knowledge, the presence of anthracnose race 73 reported here constitutes the first report of anthracnose in commercial dry bean fields in North Dakota. References: (1) J. D. Kelly et al. Plant Dis. 78:892, 1994. (2) M. A. Pastor-Corrales. Phytopathology 81:694, 1991. (3) B. C. Sutton, The Coelomycetes, CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK, 1980. (4) J. R. Venette and P. A. Donald. Bean Improv. Coop. 26:24, 1983.
Search Theory and the Manufacturing Progress Function

A theory based upon random search within a fixed population of technological possibilities is used to explain the manufacturing progress function. The theory is consistent with the power function relation between unit costs and cumulative output that has frequently been observed. It is also consistent with initial rates of improvement smaller than those predicted later by the power function relation, the eventual cessation of cost reduction, and an irregularity of improvements. Existing theories in the literature either fail to agree with the main empirical phenomena or else assume precisely what they attempt to explain.
Molecular medicine: how, what, and when?

Integrating molecular medicine into clinical practice will create many challenges. But the existing genetic testing paradigm may not be the right model for introducing these new technologies. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2007) 82, 376–378. doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100349
Stepfather-stepchild Relationship Quality The Stepfather's Demand for Conformity and the Biological Father's Involvement

Using data from the National Survey of Families and Households, the authors investigate how a stepfather's demand for conformity from a stepchild influences stepfather-stepchild relationship quality. Drawing from normative resource theory as well as from Coleman's theory of social capital, the authors consider whether the effect depends on the social capital that the stepchild derives from his or her relationship with the biological father. The authors find that when the stepchild's social capital from this relationship is great, the stepparent's demand for conformity negatively affects stepfather-stepchild relationship quality. Otherwise, its effect is positive.
Characteristic speeds and influences of cross-sectional warpings on high-speed beam-foundation structures

Abstract A railgun is a high-speed mechatronic system that is often modeled as an armature moving on a conductive elastic rail integrated with an elastic insulator. Three characteristic speeds (critical, shear, and bar speeds) play the key role in structural dynamics of such a beam-foundation structure, but their actual causes and physical implications have not clearly revealed in the literature. This paper proposes a generalized dynamic stiffness method for analysis, investigates the wave dynamics of beam-foundation systems, and provides detailed derivations, reasoning and numerical simulations to reveal the actual causes and physical implications of these characteristic speeds. A most-studied rail launcher is used in numerical simulations. We point out some errors in the literature about these speeds and reveal the important role of shear rotation in wave dynamics of beam-foundation structures. Moreover, two-dimensional sectional analysis is proposed and performed to reveal the influences of cross-sectional warpings on these characteristic speeds. Results show that cross-sectional warpings play important roles in dynamics of high-speed beam-foundation structures because they decrease the longitudinal wave speed and increase the torsional wave speed at high frequencies. Moreover, the elastic foundation causes each of the flexural wave and the torsional wave to have a critical speed.
FFT algorithms for prime transform sizes and their implementations on VAX, IBM3090VF, and IBM RS/6000

Variants of the Winograd fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm for prime transform size that offer options as to operational counts and arithmetic balance are derived. Their implementations on VAX, IBM 3090 VF, and IBM RS/6000 are discussed. For processors that perform floating-point addition, floating-point multiplication, and floating-point multiply-add with the same time delay, variants of the FFT algorithm have been designed such that all floating-point multiplications can be overlapped by using multiply-add. The use of a tensor product formulation, throughout, gives a means for producing variants of algorithms matching computer architectures. >
Manufacturing flat coil configurations for stepper motors

An increasing number of stepper motor coils are becoming small, thin and rectangular. Many of these can be wound by either fly winding or spindle winding. To aid in selecting a manufacturing process, the spindle winding process for these coils is analyzed, a proposal to improve it is suggested, and the spindle and fly winding processes are compared.
The Price Incentive to Smuggle and the Cocoa Supply in Ghana, 1950-96

From the early 1960s to the early 1980s, the officially recorded production of cocoa in Ghana declined by 60 percent. During the 1983-95 Economic Recovery Program, however, cocoa production doubled. Although these developments have inspired much empirical research, most of the studies have been unable to explain the medium-term persistence of cocoa output to remain below its estimated capacity level. The paper argues that the price incentive to smuggle can explain as much as one-half of the observed decline in output and the subsequent recovery. A cointegration analysis and a dynamic error-correction model of cocoa supply support the analysis.
Multiple sclerosis therapeutic strategies Start safe and effective, reassess early, and escalate if necessary

![Graphic][1] Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a serious disease that, if left untreated, often leads to disability and reduced quality of life.1 Some of the newer and emerging MS therapies (e.g., natalizumab, fingolimod) hold potential for enhanced efficacy in comparison to more established treatments (i.e., interferon and glatiramer acetate).2 However, the increased efficacy appears to sometimes come at the costs of safety and monitoring. In assessing the risk/benefit ratio for the individual patient, clinicians must synthesize many factors to decide upon an ideal treatment strategy. Acknowledging that there may be the rare patient with fulminant and rapidly disabling early MS who may need a highly effective treatment at the beginning, agents with considerable safety concerns should generally be used as “second line.” The initiation of a safe and effective first-line agent should include a comprehensive plan for monitoring disease activity, with potential for rapid changes in therapy if necessary. ### Rationale for a stepped approach to treat patients with MS 1. New agents will require several years and tens of thousands of patients before we understand their full safety profile. While recent phase III MS clinical trials are relatively large and reasonably long, important adverse events may be discovered only after the approved medicine is launched. Serious safety concerns may be missed if they are uncommon or associated with a long latency. For example, the … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Study of pion-hyperon resonances by dispersion relations in the unphysical sheet

Abstract A procedure has been developed for the study of resonances in multichannel two-particle systems. It is shown that the S matrix in the angular-momentum representation can be diagonalized by a real orthogonal transformation in the physical energy region, where all channels under consideration are open. The analytic properties of the transformation matrix and of the eigenamplitudes are examined in detail. The scattering matrix is continued across the physical section of the unitarity cut into the unphysical sheet, and the condition for the occurrence of resonance poles in that sheet is determined in general. Using the pion-hyperon scattering problem as an illustration of the calculational procedure, we find the locations of the singularities of the partial-wave amplitudes from the double-spectral representation and calculate explicity the nearby singularities, which are used to determine the analytic structure of the eigen-amplitudes in the unphysical sheet. We put in a conjugate pair of resonance poles, the real part of whose positions is regarded as a parameter of the theory; the imaginary part, being the half-width of the resonance, is related to the coupling constants by dispersion relations. The branching ratio is inferred from the orthogonal matrix that effects the diagonalization.
The Aquarius-IIU system

A description is given of Aquarius IIU, a complex system integrating a high-performance symbolic microprocessor, an instruction prefetcher, snooping data and instruction caches, a VME bus interface, and a set of controllers. Aquarius IIU is based on the high performance VLSI-PLM chip that runs the Warren abstract machine instruction set. Many of these nodes have been connected using a shared bus to form a multiprocessor which has its own shared memory and snooping caches and is used as a backend Prolog engine to the host (SUN3/160). On every node, there are two controllers per data and instruction cache that cooperate to support Berkeley's snooping cache-lock state protocol, which minimizes bus traffic associated with locking blocks. The nodes share memory using the signals of the VME bus; the page faults and memory management are handled by the host. A top-down method was used in the design of the Aquarius IIU node, while a bottom-up method was used in the simulations. In designing and simulating complex systems such as the Aquarius IIU, the procedure followed was found to be advantageous. >
Phylogeny, evolution and classification of the giant water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Hydrophilini: Hydrophilina)

The hydrophiline subtribe Hydrophilina is composed of nearly 200 described species, including all known water scavenger beetles over 15 mm in length. Found in all biogeographic regions, the lineage is the most recognizable group in the family due to its large size and presence of a sternal keel. A phylogenetic analysis of Hydrophilina based on 80 adult morphological characters supports the reciprocal monophyly of most genera, including Tropisternus Solier, Sternolophus Solier, Hydrophilus Geoffroy, and Hydrobiomorpha (s. str.) Blackburn. The monophyly of Hydrochara Berthold was not resolved. The subgenus Brownephilus Mouchamps of the genus Hydrobiomorpha is elevated to generic rank and suggested to subtend (Hydrophilus+ Hydrobiomorpha (s. str.)). A newly discovered taxon from Venezuela, Protistolophus spangleri gen. et sp. nov., is described and resolved as the earliest diverging lineage of the Hydrophilina. A revised generic classification of the Hydrophilina is proposed, including a key and revised diag...
Numerical Modeling of the I-V Characteristic of Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistors (CNT-FETs)

Using derived equations for the potential description for carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNT-FETs), basic semiconductor equations for carbon nanotubes have been used to model the charge transport. The carbon nanotube has been modeled as a line of charge, and a numerical model has been implemented for the current transport. This numerical model uses MATLAB capabilities to solve the given current and voltage equations numerically and presents I-V characteristics for any given CNT-FET.
Ethanol Induced Dose-Dependent Vasoconstriction in Unanesthetized Lambs

Low doses of 95% ethanol (.03 ml/kg/min), infused intravenously into chronically instrumented lambs, rapidly caused severe pulmonary vasoconstriction and moderate systemic vasoconstriction at low blood alcohol levels. The effect of ethanol was dose dependent. Pulmonary vascular effects of 70% ethanol, but not of 95% ethanol were ameliorated by 100% oxygen. From these data, we speculate that ethanol may have a competitive interaction with the cellular mechanism(s) that transduce oxygen induced pulmonary vasodilation.
Response of lead metaniobate acoustic emission sensors to gamma irradiation

Piezoelectric (PE) acoustic emission (AE) sensors were exposed to hundreds of kGy from Co-60 gamma rays. Recalibration of gamma-irradiated sensors showed a sensitivity decline of 8.4% per 100 kGy. Exposure of lead metaniobate disc specimens, the sensor ferroelectric material, to /spl sim/1 MGy revealed a capacitance increase and PE voltage (g/sub 33/) coefficient decrease with gamma dose. The planar coupling factor (k/sub p/) and mechanical quality factor (Q/sub m/) exhibited small reductions. The AE sensors were also subjected to nuclear radiation from a pulse reactor.
Illness history: Not associated with remission during treatment of major depression in 515 mood disorder patients.

Abstract Background There is suggestive evidence that prior illness history may have little association with response to long-term treatment in bipolar disorder (BD) or recurrent major depressive disorder (MDD), but relationships of illness-history to treatment-response in acute episodes of depression require further testing. Methods We tested for associations of selected measures of illness history with remission during treatment of an acute index episode of major depression in 515 mood-disorder patients (327 MDD, 188 BD), using bivariate and multivariate methods. Results Remission of depression was more likely with lesser initial symptom-severity and bipolar diagnosis, but not related to years since illness-onset, previous depressions or episodes (based on counts, yearly rates, or %-of months ill), or other indices of illness-severity (hospitalization, co-morbidity, suicide attempt). Conclusions Likelihood of response to standard treatments for acute major depressive episodes in MDD or BD appeared to be largely independent of prior illness-history.
Categories of Resistance to Greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) Biotype K in Wheat Lines Containing Aegilops tauschii Genes

The wheat lines (cultivars) 'Largo', 'TAM110', 'KS89WGRC4', and 'KSU97-85-3' conferring resistance to greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), biotypes E, I, and K were evaluated to determine the categories of resistance in each line to greenbug biotype K. Our results indicated that Largo, TAM110, KS89WGRC4, and KSU97-85-3 expressed both antibiosis and tolerance to biotype K. Largo, KS89WGRC4, and KSU97-85-3, which express antixenosis to biotype I, did not demonstrate antixenosis to biotype K. The results indicate that the same wheat lines may possess different categories of resistance to different greenbug biotypes. A new cage procedure for measuring greenbug intrinsic rate of increase (r(m)) was developed, by using both drinking straw and petri dish cages, to improve the efficiency and accuracy of r(m)-based antibiosis measurements.
Effects of Nutrient Supply on Citrus Resistance to Root Herbivory by Diaprepes abbreviatus L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Abstract We treated two citrus cultivars with a complete fertilizer diluted to 25, 100, 200, or 400 ppm N to test whether increasing fertilizer concentration alters root and leaf chemistry and decreases resistance of citrus to root-feeding larvae of Diaprepes abbreviatus L. Roots and leaves of better-nourished ‘sour orange’ (Citrus aurantium L.) had larger amounts of total proteins and increased activities of enzymes associated with resistance than did plants given 25 ppm N. The fertilizer effect was less consistent for ‘Swingle citrumelo’ (C. paradise Macf. × Poncirus trifoliate L.), which has greater resistance to D. abbreviatus. Herbivory increased root protein content and peroxidase but decreased activities of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase, which are enzymes associated with resistance to microbial pathogens. When significant, the effect of root herbivory on enzyme activities in leaves was opposite the effects on roots. Fertilizer and herbivory rarely interacted, indicating enzyme induction was not a f...
Echocardiography in Clinical Trials for TAVR: Getting to the Core of the Matter.

The science and practice of rigorous quantitative echocardiography has never been more important than in the era of transcatheter treatment of structural heart disease and specifically transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Indeed, one of the most important roles of echocardiography is in
Methodological Issues in Randomized Controlled Trials for the Treatment of Psychiatric Comorbidity in Medical Illness

This chapter discusses how medical illness can influence outcomes in standard randomized controlled trial (RCT) methodology. We review how medical illness can affect the occurrence, identification, and measurement of psychiatric disorders and how medical illness and environmental factors can affect psychiatric symptoms longitudinally over the course of an RCT. Finally, we argue that when outcomes for RCTs of validated psychological and behavioral treatments are substantially smaller among medical populations than among non-medical populations, the problem may lie in our ability to accurately identify the psychiatric disorder in that population, rather than in the intervention. We will discuss the implications of this for RCT design.
Syndromic surveillance for influenza in Tianjin, China: 2013–14

Background Diverse sources of syndromic surveillance including over-the-counter (OTC) drug sales, hospital and school-based influenza-like illness (ILI) and Baidu search queries estimate influenza activity in Tianjin, China. The purpose of this study was to determine which syndromic surveillance systems had the strongest correlation with laboratory-confirmed influenza activity. Methods Data were obtained from sentinel hospitals and laboratories; sentinel hospitals also reported percentage of ILI. OTC sales and school-based ILI absentee data were provided by public pharmacies and schools. Baidu search queries for influenza surveillance were analyzed. Spearman correlation analysis examined correlations of syndromic systems with laboratory-confirmed data. Results Syndromic data for hospital ILI%, OTC sales and school-based ILI correlated well with laboratory data (r = 0.732, 0.490 and 0.693, respectively; P < 0.05). Baidu, the predominant Chinese Internet service, searches for 'influenza', 'cough' and 'fever' correlated best with laboratory-confirmed activity; queries for 'fever' were strongest (r = 0.924, P < 0.001). Correlations between school-based ILI and laboratory-confirmed influenza increased from 0.693 to 0.795 after a 1-week lag (P < 0.05). Conclusions A Baidu query of 'fever' provided the strongest correlation to laboratory surveillance. School-based ILI absence reporting detected influenza virus activity 1 week earlier than laboratory confirmation. Use of diverse syndromic surveillance systems in conjunction with traditional surveillance systems can improve influenza surveillance.
Fatal Disseminated Infection with Aspergillus terreus in Immunocompromised Hosts

Aspergillus terreus is widespread in the environment but only uncommonly infects humans. It can cause cutaneous and subcutaneous infections, and several cases of local invasive disease have been reported; to our knowledge, however, only five cases of disseminated disease have been documented previously. We describe here four additional patients with disseminated disease caused by A. terreus. All four had an underlying hematologic or lymphoreticular malignancy, were immunocompromised secondary to prolonged neutropenia or immunosuppressive therapy, and had invasive pulmonary disease (a circumstance supporting a respiratory route of infection). Despite treatment with amphotericin B, all four patients died. When recovered from clinical specimens, A. terreus should not routinely be dismissed as a saprobe, particularly in immunocompromised hosts.
Intraoperative laparoscopic complications. Are we getting better

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess various intraoperative and postoperative complications associated with laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Specifically, the impact of surgical experience and procedure type on complications was analyzed. METHODS: All patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery were analyzed by age, sex, surgical indications, procedure performed, procedure length, intraoperative and postoperative complications, incidence and causes for conversion, duration of postoperative ileus, and length of hospital stay. Patients were classified for type of procedure and chronologically into four consecutive groups. Procedures were also categorized into four different groups: GI, total abdominal colectomies; GII, segmental resections; GIII, diverting procedures; GIV, others (abdominoperineal resection, Hartmann's creation or closure, anterior resection, and rectopexy). RESULTS: Between August 1991 and October 1995, 167 patients of a mean age of 49.6 (15–88) years underwent laparoscopic colorectal procedures. All procedures were electively performed. Common indications for surgery included inflammatory disease in 70 (42 percent), neoplasia in 56 (33 percent), functional bowel disorders in 30 (18 percent), and other forms of colorectal disorders in 11 (7 percent) patients. The most significant variable affecting intraoperative laparoscopic complication rate was surgical experience measured as the time interval during which surgery was performed (P =0.02). Total complication rate decreased from 29 percent during the first period to 11 percent by the second period (P <0.04) and 7 percent during the third period (P <0.005). Thus, the learning curve appeared to have required more than 50 cases to achieve. Moreover, even after performance of 94 (1991–1993) procedures in GI and GIV, these procedures were associated with higher complication rates than were those procedures in GII and GIII (P =0.04). CONCLUSION: Surgical experience and case selection are the most critical variables by which the surgeon can decrease the intraoperative laparoscopic complication rate.
Zika meets its match

The Zika virus has come to dominate public and scientific consciences, and has already had substantial political, social, and economic impacts. Clinically, Zika has been shown to drive fetal microcephaly and other birth defects. Discovering a vaccine for those at risk—especially in the Americas,
Craniosynostosis Syndromes: Genetics to Imaging

Craniosynostosis is seen in 1 of every 2,000 births, with associated craniofacial deformities that produce significant anatomic and functional impairment. In isolated craniosynostosis, the classic clinical appearances and surgical approaches are well established. However, syndromic craniosynostosis presents with compound anatomic malformations and multisystem involvement, greatly complicating diagnosis and therapy. In such cases, imaging and genomic analysis can assist greatly in preoperative diagnosis and follow-up. This article will review the current literature on radiologic manifestations and genetic etiologies of major craniosynostosis syndromes.
Twenty Five Years of DNA Repair

This Congress and, in particular, this article is dedicated to the memory of Alexander Hollaender, a pioneer in the fields of radiation biology and the effects of radiation on nucleic acids. Hollaender died on December 6, 1986, shortly before his 88th birthday on December 19. His pioneering work led to the identification of nucleic acids as genetic material and to the existence of recovery following irradiation long before DNA was known to be important or its structure was known.
Phase Behavior of an Fc-Fusion Protein Reveals Generic Patterns of Ion-Specific Perturbation on Protein-Protein Interactions

Modulation of phase separation temperature (Tph) for liquid-liquid phase separation of an Fc-fusion protein was studied at pH values below, near, and above its pI where the net charge of the protein was positive, neutral, and negative, respectively, in KF, KCl, KSCN, and MgCl2 solutions. At the pH value near the pI, the monotonic drop in Tph for all the salt solutions suggests that both the anion and cation can disrupt attractive protein-protein interactions, effectively salting-in the protein. At the pH below or above the pI, the counter-ion neutralizes the net charge on the protein. The neutralization reduces repulsive protein-protein interactions while the co-ion effectively strengthens them. Then, salting-in behavior appears after the completion of charge neutralization. Last, the complex ion-specific modulation on Tph could be rationalized through the rankings of SCN- > Cl- > F- and Mg2+ > K+ for their interactions with the protein throughout the pH conditions.
Three Dimensional In Vitro Tumor Platforms for Cancer Discovery

Traditional experimental platforms to study cancer biology consist of two-dimensional (2D) cell culture systems and animal models. Although 2D cell cultures have yielded fundamental insights into cancer biology, they do not provide a physiologically representative three-dimensional (3D) volume for cell attachment and infiltration. These systems also cannot recapitulate critical features of the tumor microenvironment including hemodynamics, matrix mechanics, cellular crosstalk, and matrix interactions in a dynamic manner, or impose chemical and mechanical gradients. While animal models provide physiologic fidelity, they can be highly variable and cost prohibitive for extensive biological investigation and therapeutic optimization. Furthermore, the interplay of many different microenvironmental variables, such as growth factors, immune reaction, and stromal interactions, make it difficult to isolate the effect of a specific stimulus on cell response using animal models. Due to these limitations, 3D in vitro tumor models have recently emerged as valuable tools for the study of cancer progression as these systems have the ability to overcome many of the limitations of static 2D monolayers and mammalian systems. Initial 3D in vitro models have consisted of static 3D co-culture platforms and have been successful in providing a deeper insight compared to animal and static 2D systems. However, the majority of these existing systems lack the presence of physiological flow, a pivotal stimuli in tumor growth and metastasis and important consideration for transport of diagnostic or therapeutic agents. In order to consider the influence of flow on cancer progression microfluidic platforms are being widely used. The integration of microfluidic technology and microfabrication techniques with tumor biology has resulted in complex 3D microfluidic platforms capable of investigating various key stages in cancer evolution including angiogenesis and metastasis. 3D microfluidic platforms are able to provide a physiologically representative tumor environment while allowing for dynamic monitoring and simultaneous control of multiple factors such as cellular and extracellular matrix composition, fluid velocity and wall shear stress, and both biochemical and mechanical gradients.
Diffractive production of pi - pi - pi + in 200-GeV/c pi -N interactions.

This paper analyzes ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$N events from Fermilab experiment E-580, using 200-GeV/c particles on a segmented target of plastic scintillator. Starting with 48 657 triggers, data-quality cuts and a cut on missing mass squared of ${M}^{2}$16 ${\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$ lead to a final sample of 7205 events. The ${x}_{F}$ distribution of the 3\ensuremath{\pi} system shows almost all events in a sharp peak at ${x}_{F}$=1, suggesting the presence of beam diffraction into three pions. The overall t' distribution is fit to the sum of three exponential terms corresponding to coherent diffraction from carbon nuclei, diffraction from individual nucleons, and background. Cross sections per nucleon and exponential slopes are reported for each of the three components as a function of 3\ensuremath{\pi} effective mass. The cross section for diffraction from the nucleons in the target is 0.34\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04 mb/nucleon. The cross section for coherent diffraction from carbon is 1.08\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.12 mb/nucleus. The exponential slope for diffraction is observed to decrease with increasing 3\ensuremath{\pi} effective mass. The fraction of coherent carbon diffraction in the total cross section is observed to decrease with increasing 3\ensuremath{\pi} effective mass. In the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ effective-mass spectrum the ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}$(770) and ${f}^{0}$(1270) are observed and their cross sections per nucleon are calculated. In the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ effective-mass spectrum the ${A}_{1}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$/${A}_{2}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ and ${A}_{3}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ enhancements are observed and a cross section for the ${A}_{3}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ is calculated.
Use of Coal Combustion by-Products (CCBP) in Horticultural and Turfgrass Industries

Coal combustion by-products (CCBP) include fly ash, bottom ash (cinders) and various desulfurization by-products. They contain plant nutrients, have variable capacities to neutralize soil acidity, and may improve physical properties of mineral soils. They have been usefully applied in agricultural, horticultural, turfgrass and land reclamation settings. However, inherent traits of CCBP such as bulkiness, excess trace metal concentrations, inconsistent availability of P, and low content of N and K make CCBP an untenable fertilizer supplement. Likewise, utilization of municipal biosolids (sewage sludge) can be problematic due to trace metal levels and undesirable nutrient ratios. Therefore, this study was initiated in early 2000 to determine the feasibility of blended CCBP and biosolids/biosolid products for use as growth media for horticultural ornamentals and turfgrass sod. Trace element concentrations in mixes used for both soil amendment and sod media were below USEPA regulatory limits. In the sod production component, growth media were uniformly spread to heights of 2, 3, and 4 cm on compacted subsoil, sprigged with bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. x C. transvaalensisBurrtDavy var. ‘TifSport’ (formerly Tift 94)], and maintained under ideal commercial sod field conditions. Following a maturation period of 99 d, sod was harvested and installed at the Georgia Experiment Station in Griffin. Remaining sod were destructively analyzed for determination of their physicochemical attributes. Field data collected from the ornamental beds showed yield and quality of flowers grown on CCBP-amended soil to outperform the commercially-amended soil under limited fertility conditions. Post-installation evaluations of sod made in April, 2001 did not reveal significant differences in rooting strength by mixture or sod thickness. All finished CCBPcontaining sod retained significantly more volumetric water (ψm<-80 kPa), while possessing 26–39% less gross (wet) weight than the control mix sod. The finished sod grown in selected combinations of bottom ash, fly ash, and biosolids possessed significantly greater biomass than the control sod mix, while requiring less supplemental fertilization. Utilization of the described CCBP-mixes as supplemental growth media in bermudagrass sod production was successful and may be a significant advantage when compared to some SE US soils. These experimental observations, in tandem with similar published results, indicate that utilization of CCBP in horticulture and turfgrass industries is technically feasible and environmentally-sound.
Activation of the Complement System

The complement system is a mediator of a number of biologically important reactions which range from cytotoxicity of antibody-sensitized cells, bacteria, and viruses to mediation of inflammatory processes. The components of the system are a number of normal serum proteins which are present in the circulation as functionally inactive precursor molecules. Activation is the term applied to the process which enables these proteins to participate in a complement reaction. Activation is not a single event, rather it is a dynamic process, as each component must be activated under appropriate conditions in a certain sequence in order to sustain an ongoing complement reaction.
Cold weather injuries among U.S. soldiers in Alaska: a five-year review.

Cold weather injury (CWI) reports covering 272 U.S. Army soldiers from September 1990 to May 1995 were reviewed. First- and second-degree frostbite accounted for 99.3% of all injuries. Although some soldiers had extensive lost duty time from their injuries, no one suffered tissue loss during the 5-year period. Fifty-one percent of injuries occurred during field training. Thirty-six percent occurred while engaging in garrison activities, including physical training, which accounted for 15% of all CWIs. Twelve percent of all injuries occurred during off-duty time. Seventy-one percent of CWIs occurred when the wind-chill factor was at or below -20 degrees F (-29 degrees C). Male African-American soldiers appear to be significantly more susceptible to frostbite than male Caucasian soldiers, especially with regard to frostbite of the distal extremities (relative risk = 3.94; 95% confidence interval = 2.77-5.59). Other identified risk factors include inadequate clothing, wet clothing, dehydration, inactivity, fatigue, and previous CWIs.
Libraries in the Year 2000

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses how changes of a fundamental nature will be experienced by libraries because of the pressures of economy, technology, and sociology in future. Practical everyday economics requires managers to reexamine library missions and practices. As inflation is translated into wages, construction, utilities, and purchases, every opportunity to decrease or even to stabilize the budget must be considered. Space use must be minimized and avoidable labor content eliminated. The library, or other information service entity, was created by its society to serve one or more purposes and is supported by that society on the basis of the importance of that purpose and the effectiveness of the library in fulfilling it. Thus, much of the change on the horizon can be related to change in the place of the library in its society and to the need for minimizing the portion of the societal resource which information service consumes. Libraries that simply provide the service of delivering items or facts upon request will no longer be adequate and thus will be likely to lose budgetary support.
Influence of molecular shape on self-diffusion under severe confinement: A molecular dynamics study

Abstract We have investigated the effect of molecular shape and charge asymmetry on the translation dynamics of confined hydrocarbon molecules having different shapes but similar kinetic diameters, inside ZSM-5 pores using molecular dynamics simulations. The mean square displacement of propane, acetonitrile, acetaldehyde, and acetone in ZSM-5 exhibit two different regimes – ballistic and diffusive/sub-diffusive. All the molecules except propane exhibit sub-diffusive motion at time scales greater than 1 ps. The intermediate scattering functions reveal that there is a considerable rotational-translational coupling in the motion of all the molecules, due to the strong geometrical restriction imposed by ZSM-5. Overall the difference in shape and asymmetry in charge imposes severe restriction inside the ZSM-5 channels for all the molecules to different extents. Further, the behavior of molecules confined in ZSM-5 in the present study, quantified wherever possible, is compared to their behavior in bulk or in other porous media reported in literature.
Case-Based PowerPoint to Improve Knowledge and Comfort of Having Code Status Discussions by Physician Assistant and Nurse Practitioner Students.

Background:Little is known about how certain educational interventions may improve informed code status discussions by physician assistant (PA) and nurse practitioner students.Methods:This is a pro...
A parametric resonator with low threshold excitation for vibration energy harvesting

Abstract A parametric resonator for vibration energy harvesting is presented. Despite large responses from parametric resonance, two major drawbacks of parametric resonance harvesters are the high threshold excitation and narrow bandwidth. We addressed these two shortcomings by adding magnetic nonlinearity to the system. The proposed vibration energy harvester consists of two piezoelectric cantilevers beams, each with a magnetic tip. By controlling the distance between the two magnets, the threshold excitation level needed to trigger the parametric resonance decreases. Combining the softening and hardening behavior of the two magnetically coupled beams increases the frequency bandwidth. In addition, the amplitude of the response increases with the merger of the direct and parametric resonances of the two beams. We present a mathematical model of the system consisting of two lumped systems coupled by the magnetic force. The coupled governing equations are solved numerically, analytically, and are verified by experiments. Unique characteristics of wider bandwidth, larger response, and lower threshold excitation occur at the low frequency because of the added magnetic nonlinearity to the two-beam system. These properties can improve the efficiency of vibration energy harvesters.
Advocacy and Public Policy Perceptions and Involvement of College Health Promotion Students

Understanding the advocacy and public policy training needs of our future health promotion workforce is crucial if we are to prepare them to meet their professional responsibilities. The purpose of this study was to examine health promotion students' advocacy/public policy involvement, training, and perceptions. Electronic surveys were disseminated nationwide to college students in health education and closely related programs. Of 477 student respondents, the most frequently indicated advocacy/public policy activity engaged in was voting (56%). The greatest benefit to advocacy was indicated as creating public awareness, while the most prevalent barrier reported was lack of familiarity with the legislation process. Less than one third of students reported receiving any training; however, training and the number of training sources were associated with greater involvement (p < .05). Comparisons by academic classification indicated that graduate students participated in more advocacy activities and reported significantly more benefits, barriers, knowledge, and self-efficacy compared with undergraduates. Regression analysis indicated that knowledge, self-efficacy, perceived benefits, and total number of training sources were significant predictors of advocacy involvement in both graduate and undergraduate student models, with age also contributing significantly to the graduate student model. Findings emphasize the need for increased training at earlier education levels to increase knowledge, self-efficacy, and advocacy/public policy involvement.
Care Coordination for Patients on Chronic Opioid Therapy Following Surgery: A Cohort Study.

MINI: This study sought to examine if early care-coordination between a patient's surgeon and usual prescriber of long-term opioid therapy could mitigate high-risk opioid prescribing following surgery. In this national cohort, 74.3% of chronic opioid users were exposed to episodes of high risk prescribing following surgery. Having a usual preoperative opioid prescriber and visiting this prescriber within 30 days after surgery was associated with decreased odds of having multiple prescribers in the postoperative period. Objective To describe if patients with chronic opioid use with a consistent usual prescriber (UP) prior to surgery and if early return to that UP ( Summary background data Over 10 million people each year are prescribed opioids for chronic pain. There is little evidence regarding coordination of opioid management and best practices for patients on long-term opioid therapy patients following surgery. Methods The study design is a retrospective cohort study. We identified 5749 commercially insured patients aged 18 to 64 with chronic opioid use who underwent elective surgery between January 2008 and March 2015. The predictors were presence of a UP and early return ( 100 mg OME). Results In this cohort, 73.8% of patients were exposed to high risk prescribing postoperatively. Overall, 10% of patients did not have a UP preoperatively, and were more likely to have prescriptions from multiple prescribers (OR 2.23 95% CI 1.75-2.83) and new long acting opioid prescriptions (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.05-2.71). Among patients with a UP, earlier return was associated with decreased odds of receiving prescriptions from multiple prescribers (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.68-0.95). Conclusion Patients without a UP prior to surgery are more likely to be exposed to high-risk opioid prescribing following surgery. Among patients who have a UP, early return visits may enhance care coordination with fewer prescribers.
Composted biosolids for golf course turfgrass management: Impacts on the soil microbiome and nutrient cycling

Abstract Land application of biosolids is a primary means of recycling human waste products globally; however, because biosolids are also heavily enriched with nutrients and pollutants, it is necessary to consider the environmental impacts of land applications in various agro-ecosystems. To reduce costs and divert waste, biosolids from Joint Base Lewis-McChord, a military installation south of Tacoma, WA, USA, are composted with organic materials derived from the base itself. The potential for turfgrass management using the composted biosolids was tested in a field study at the military recreation facility, Eagles Pride golf course. The composted biosolids were surface-amended to golf course fairways (n = 3) at a rate of 46 Mg ha−1, in split applications, fall and spring, over two years, 2015 and 2016. Soil bacterial and fungal community responses were evaluated in amended and unamended soils from each fairway, along with soil chemical properties, including soil pH, total carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), and the C:N ratio. Soil microbial community analysis on soils sampled pre- and post-amendment did not demonstrate changes in community structure as a result of the composted biosolids application. Differences observed in soil microbial community structure appears to reflect edaphic and vegetative differences between fairways. Generally, correlations between soil properties and bacterial community OTUs were stronger than those with fungal OTUs, and predicted bacterial community functional analysis revealed several KO term groups were significantly correlated with soil TC and TN. Turfgrass biomass was unaffected, while leaf tissue N was increased by 4.5 and 10.6% in 2015 and 2016, respectively. These results suggest that amendment with composted biosolids does not strongly impact microbial communities across two years; however, long-term amendment could have affects that are not detected during this short-term study.
Secreted noncollagenous proteins of bone

Abstract Bone differs from soft connective tissues in that it is composed of a mineralized hydroxyapatite phase and an organic phase. Although the organic matrix of bone consists primarily of collagen(s) (as reviewed early in this volume), the existence of other secreted noncollagenous components was first postulated by Herring and co-workers in the 1960s. Historically, using degradative techniques, a variety of carbohydrate-containing moieties were extracted and partially characterized. A major breakthrough in the isolation and characterization of noncollagenous proteins of bone came with the development of “dissociative” techniques whereby proteins could be extracted in an intact, nonaggregated form. Although they are not as abundant as so-called structural components such as collagen, their importance in bone physiology cannot be underestimated. This is emphasized by the identification of mutations in a number of these proteins that result in abnormal bone. This chapter discusses secreted noncollagenous proteins found in bone matrix. Since the publication of the previous edition of this work in 2008, substantial additions have been made to include recently reported functional studies, inclusion of noncollagenous proteins that were not previously considered, and new information regarding the developing area of bone–muscle/fat/pancreas/testis cross-talk signaling and the role that these proteins play in those interactions.
Human papillomavirus-associated squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx or hypopharynx: Clinical outcomes and implications for laryngeal preservation.

Abstract Objectives Human papillomavirus (HPV) can be detected in approximately 25% of squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the larynx and hypopharynx. Though HPV is associated with improved survival and disease control in patients with oropharyngeal SCC, the role of HPV as a marker of favorable treatment outcomes in laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer is unclear. Materials and Methods Patients treated for laryngeal or hypopharyngeal SCC were reviewed. HPV status detected by p16 and/or HPV DNA PCR were abstracted from the medical record. A subset of samples (stage III-IV treated with primary radiotherapy) was retrospectively tested for p16 and HPV DNA. Overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and locoregional control (LRC) were determined and compared between HPV-positive (p16+, PCR+ or both) and HPV-negative (p16- or PCR-) patients. Results In total, 279 patients were identified, 94 of which were tested for HPV. Eighty-two (87%) were negative and 12 (13%) were positive for HPV. At 3 years, there were no significant differences in OS (72% v. 83%), DFS (60% v. 71%) and LRC (80% v. 89%). Performance status, smoking history and stage predicted for OS, while performance status and stage predicted for DFS. Analysis of patients treated with primary radiotherapy revealed non-significantly higher rates of laryngeal preservation at 3 years (75% v. 100%). Conclusion HPV was detected in 13% of tested laryngeal/hypopharyngeal cancers. HPV does not appear to significantly impact survival or disease control in patients with SCC of the larynx or hypopharynx. Non-significant improvements in laryngeal preservation were observed in HPV-positive patients.