cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reactive Pendant Mn═O in a Synthetic Structural Model of a Proposed S4 State in the Photosynthetic Oxygen Evolving Complex

The molecular mechanism of the Oxygen Evolving Center of photosystem II has been under debate for decades. One frequently cited proposal is the nucleophilic attack by water hydroxide on a pendant Mn═O moiety, though no chemical example of this reactivity at a manganese cubane cluster has been reported. We describe here the preparation, characterization, and a reactivity study of a synthetic manganese cubane cluster with a pendant manganese-oxo moiety. Reaction of this cluster with alkenes results in oxygen and hydrogen atom transfer reactions to form alcohol- and ketone-based oxygen-containing products. Nitrene transfer from core imides is negligible. The inorganic product is a cluster identical to the precursor, but with the pendant Mn═O moiety replaced by a hydrogen abstracted from the organic substrate, and is isolated in quantitative yield. 18O and 2H isotopic labeling studies confirm the transfer of atoms between the cluster and the organic substrate. The results suggest that the core cubane structur...
Costume and Representation: Creating the Femme Fatale in American Film Noir

Early film noir is characterized by a portrayal of the world that is inherently threatening and dangerous, and the protagonist is often at the mercy of dark forces. The role of the villain may be attributed to abstract concepts such as fate or late capitalism as well as to individuals, men and women alike. It is frequently embodied by the character best known as the femme fatale, the "evil seductress" who does not hesitate to manipulate the situation to her advantage. In this research, the femme fatale characters from "Double Indemnity" (1944), "The Postman Always Rings Twice" (1946), and "Out of the Past" (1947), are discussed to analyze their visual presence on screen with emphasis on lighting, characterization and costume.
Symbolic Analysis for Increased Program Execution Performance

High end parallel and multi-core processors rely on compilers to perform the necessary optimizations and exploit concurrency in order to achieve higher performance. However, source code for high performance computers is extremely complex to analyze and optimize. In particular, program analysis techniques often do not take into account complex expressions during the data dependence analysis phase. Most data dependence tests are only able to analyze linear expressions, even though non-linear expressions occur very often in practice. Therefore, considerable amounts of potential parallelism remain unexploited. In this talk we propose new data dependence analysis techniques to handle such complex instances of the dependence problem and increase program parallelization. Our method is based on a set of polynomial time techniques that can prove or disprove dependences in source codes with non-linear and symbolic expressions, complex loop bounds, arrays with coupled subscripts, and if-statement constraints. In addition our algorithm can produce accurate and complete direction vector information, enabling the compiler to apply further transformations. To validate our method we performed an experimental evaluation and comparison against the I-Test, the Omega test and the Range test in the Perfect and SPEC benchmarks. The experimental results indicate that our dependence analysis tool is accurate, efficient and more effective in program parallelization than the other dependence tests. The improved parallelization results into higher speedups and better program execution performance in several benchmarks.
Our Distributed Selves: An Interview with Professor J. Lorand Matory

On May 16 and 17, 2017, the Transforming Anthropology staff had the pleasure of visiting the “Sacred Arts of the Black Atlantic” collection, which features the living art and ritual objects of Dr. J. Lorand Matory, the Lawrence Richardson Professor of Cultural Anthropology at Duke University, and also to celebrate the eleventh year of his seminal book, Black Atlantic Religion (Princeton University Press, 2005). During the tour and discussion with Professor Matory, Transforming Anthropology's team was able to explore this extensive showcasing of African and African-inspired religious artifacts, as well as to delve more deeply into his philosophy of “distributed self.” This two-day tour and discussion ended with an hour-long interview with Professor Matory about both his collection and his scholarship on African inspired religions. As part of TA's special forum on race and religion, we highlight an extended excerpt of the interview, conducted by two of the journal's editorial interns, Khytie Brown (KB) and Adrian Hernandez-Acosta (AHA). The interview centers on how Professor Matory models his philosophy of “live dialogue,” and the role of objects in mediating relationships among people, spirits, and their gods. To listen to the interview, check out the Transforming Anthropology podcast (https://soundcloud.com/transformanthro).
Anti-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a reductase necrotizing myopathy masquerading as a muscular dystrophy in a child.

Introduction Immune-mediated necrotizing myopathies (IMNMs) are characterized by progressive weakness, elevated serum creatine kinase levels, and necrotizing myopathic features on muscle biopsy. Presence of highly specific autoantibodies against signal recognition particle (SRP) or 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl- coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) can aid in recognition and confirmation of IMNMs. Methods In this study we describe a boy with HMGCR-positive necrotizing myopathy and highlight the clinical features of the patient. Results In contrast to most adults, the patient described had a more indolent disease course, reminiscent of a muscular dystrophy. Intravenous immunoglobulin monotherapy resulted in a dramatic clinical response with return to normal strength. Conclusions Systematic consideration of IMNMs and testing for relevant autoantibodies in children with suspected but genetically unconfirmed muscular dystrophy may help improve diagnostic accuracy and allow timely treatment with potentially highly effective immunotherapies. Muscle Nerve 56: 175–179, 2017
Involvement of a host Cathepsin L in symbiont-induced cell death.

The cathepsin L gene of the host squid, Euprymna scolopes, is upregulated during the first hours of colonization by the symbiont Vibrio fischeri. At this time, the symbiotic organ begins cell death-mediated morphogenesis in tissues functional only at the onset of symbiosis. The goal of this study was to determine whether Cathepsin L, a cysteine protease associated with apoptosis in other animals, plays a critical role in symbiont-induced cell death in the host squid. Sequence analysis and biochemical characterization demonstrated that the protein has key residues and domains essential for Cathepsin L function and that it is active within the pH range typical of these proteases. With in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry, we localized the transcript and protein, respectively, to cells interacting with V. fischeri. Activity of the protein occurred along the path of symbiont colonization. A specific Cathepsin L, nonspecific cysteine protease, and caspase inhibitor each independently attenuated activity and cell death to varying degrees. In addition, a specific antibody decreased cell death by ~50%. Together these data provide evidence that Cathepsin L is a critical component in the symbiont-induced cell death that transforms the host tissues from a colonization morphology to one that promotes the mature association.
Dermatologic considerations in pediatric transplant recipients.

Purpose of review The pediatric transplant patient population is growing as the number of solid organ transplants and indications for hematopoietic stem cell transplant increase. Understanding cutaneous sequelae of pediatric transplant and treatment strategies to manage these outcomes is vital to the care of these patients. Recent findings Important work in the past year enhances our understanding of the cutaneous implications of pediatric transplantation, including further work in areas of malignancy, infection, and graft versus host disease as well as newly reported risks. Summary This review highlights recent developments in the recognition and management of dermatological complications of pediatric transplant that will be useful for the practicing pediatrician or dermatologist.
Microarchitecture of the HP9000 Series 500 CPU

The HP9000 Series 500 computer uses a fully-integrated 32-bit processing system based on five custom NMOS VLSI circuits that operate at a frequency of 18 MHz. These chips include a 32-bit CPU, an I/O processor, a memory controller, a 128K-bit RAM, and a clock driver (1). The CPU and I/O processor are both microprogrammed. The I/O processor provides a high-performance input/output data path for the system peripherals. The I/O processor handles eight DMA channels and has an I/O bus bandwidth of 5.1M bytes/s when transfering at maximum rate. The memory controller chip can control 256K bytes of RAM and do single-bit error correction and double-bit error detection. A memory controller can map each of 16 16K-byte blocks of memory to its desired position in the address space and can “heal” up to 32 bad memory locations. The 16K x 8-bit RAM chip has redundant rows and columns for yield improvement and can handle pipelined memory accesses. The clock chip generates two nonoverlapping 18 MHz clock signals from a 36 MHz sine wave. A clock chip is used with each CPU, 1/0 processor, and memory controller/RAM subsystem.
Membrane Lipid Biosynthesis in Purple Bacteria

Membranes are essential to all living cells. They provide the boundary to the surrounding environment, allow the controlled exchange of compounds through membrane transporters, and serve as a matrix for membrane associated enzymes and protein complexes involved in the generation of energy or communication with the environment. Biomembranes are built from amphipathic, polar lipids that either on their own or in mixtures with other lipids spontaneously form a bilayer in aqueous solutions. Proteins are embedded into this lipid matrix serving many different functions. Photosynthetic purple bacteria have a very rich complement of membrane lipids including phospholipids not commonly found in bacteria such as phosphatidylcholine, glycolipids typical for plant chloroplasts such as sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, and the betaine and ornithine lipids. These latter lipids lack phosphorus presumably allowing purple bacteria to outcompete other organisms in a phosphorusdepleted environment. Advances in the genetic analysis of lipid metabolism of purple bacteria and related bacteria of the α-proteobacteria group have provided us with many genes encoding enzymes for the biosynthesis of polar membrane lipids beyond those described for Escherichia (E.) coli. Lipid genes discovered first in Rhodobacter (Rba.) sphaeroides include the sqd genes required for sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol biosynthesis and the bta genes required for betaine lipid biosynthesis. Similar approaches in the closely related bacterium Sinorhizobium (Sr.) meliloti in combination with genome comparison provided the genes of purple bacteria encoding proteins of ornithine lipid biosynthesis and a new pathway for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. Advances in the analysis of membrane associated protein complexes gave new insights into specific interactions of lipids with these complexes.
Curvature-Dependent Conductance Resonances in Quantum Cavities

Conductance in planar quantum cavities is known to exhibit resonances which depend on the dimensions of the cavity and the applied electric and magnetic fields. We demonstrate that these resonant features are also highly sensitive to the curvature of the cavity, and suggest that these curved quantum cavities, fabricated on flexible substrates, have potential applications as MEMS components or highly-responsive sensors.
Revisiting the Prevalence of Associated Copathologies in Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability: Are There Any Predictors of Outcome?

Background: Multiple ankle pathologies have been found to coexist with chronic lateral ankle ligament instability, but their prevalence varies widely in the literature. The purpose of this study is...
Understanding the increase in opioid overdoses in New Hampshire: A rapid epidemiologic assessment.

Abstract Background New Hampshire (NH) has had among the highest rates of fentanyl-related overdose deaths per capita in the United States for several years in a row—more than three times the national average in 2016. This mixed-methods study investigated drug-using practices and perspectives of NH residents who use opioids to inform policy in tackling the overdose crisis. Methods Seventy-six participants from six NH counties completed demographic surveys and semi-structured interviews focused on drug-using practices and perspectives, including use precursors, fentanyl-seeking behaviors, and experiences with overdose. Rigorous qualitative methods were used to analyze interview data including transcription, coding and content analysis. Descriptive statistics were calculated on quantitative survey data. Results Eighty-four percent of interviewees had knowingly used fentanyl in their lifetime, 70 % reported overdosing at least once, and 42 % had sought a batch of drugs known to have caused an overdose. The majority stated most heroin available in NH was laced with fentanyl and acknowledged that variability across batches increased overdose risk. Participants reported high availability of fentanyl and limited access to prevention, treatment, and harm reduction programs. There was widespread support for expanding education campaigns for youth, increasing treatment availability, and implementing needle exchange programs. Conclusions A confluence of factors contribute to the NH opioid overdose crisis. Despite consensus that fentanyl is the primary cause of overdoses, individuals continue to use it and affirm limited availability of resources to address the problem. Policies targeting innovative prevention, harm reduction, and treatment efforts are needed to more effectively address the crisis.
Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of bi-direction pedestrian flow with different walk speeds

Abstract This paper presents a two-dimensional (2D) cellular automaton model for bi-direction pedestrian flows with different walk speeds based on the exclusion principle and Arrhenius microscopic dynamics. This model implements pedestrians’ movement rules based on each pedestrian’s surrounding conditions and their walking preferences and speeds. Although the decision-making process of pedestrians is more complex and adaptive to dynamic conditions than vehicular flows, our rules can reflect the behaviors of pedestrians at the microscale, such as moving forward, stopping to wait, lane switching, passing others, back stepping, etc. while attaining realistic emergent macroscale activity. We employ an efficient list-based kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) algorithm to evolve the pedestrian system. The simulation results exhibit transitions between three phases: freely flowing, lane formation, and fully jammed phases as a function of initial density of pedestrians. In the phase of lane formation, we can observe the phenomenon that faster pedestrians exceed the slower ones through a narrow walkway. At different phases the relationships of density–flow and density–velocity are different from each other. The KMC simulations reported here are compared with those from other well-known pedestrian flow models and the corresponding empirical results from real traffic.
Ethics (Informed Consent and Conflicts of Interest)

The aim of clinical trials is to obtain generalizable knowledge that can be used to advance healthcare. The ethical issues in clinical trials arise when human subjects, who may not directly benefit from the research, are faced with the risk of being exploited or harmed. Additional ethical challenges pertain to informed consent of subjects and conflicts of interest of physician-investigators. The current ethical standards for research are based on guidelines and laws which were a necessary response to historical abuses of participants in the name of science. In this chapter, a framework for evaluating clinical research for ethical deficits is discussed, as are challenges in upholding ethical principles, including in obtaining informed consent from research participants as well as in navigating conflicts of interest.
290 – Glutamate carboxypeptidase II

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the structural chemistry and the biological aspects of glutamate carboxypeptidase II. This enzyme was first characterized in the rat nervous system by its hydrolysis of the neuropeptide N-acetylaspartylglutamate and was termed N-acetylated-alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase. The prostate cancer marker known as the prostate-specific membrane antigen also possesses NAALADase activity. Subcellular fractionation of brain reveals enrichment of the enzyme in neurosynaptosomal complexes. Electron microscopy localizes glutamate carboxypeptidase II immunoreactivity to the outer surface of the plasma membrane. The results indicate that the rat enzyme is expressed exclusively in astrocytic glial cells. Prostate-Specific Membrane (PSM) was characterized originally as the ligand of the monoclonal antibody 7E11.C5, which exhibited immunohistochemical staining restricted among human tissues to the prostate epithelium. The analyses have reported 7E11.C5 immunoreactivity and/or positive RNAase protection assays with PSM-derived probes in human salivary gland, brain, small intestine, seminal plasma and blood serum. Two gene loci closely related to PSM have been identified on human chromosome 11. The PSM form of glutamate carboxypeptidase II is expressed in normal and neoplastic prostate epithelial cells, and PSM has been examined for utility in the diagnosis, assessment and treatment of prostatic carcinoma.
Samuelson hypothesis, arbitrage activity, and futures term premiums

The Samuelson hypothesis asserts that futures volatility increases as maturity decreases. On the basis of 10 US commodity futures and by capturing the dynamics of the futures volatility terms structure with three factors, we show that in most markets the slope factor is strongly negative in certain periods and at best only weakly negative in other periods. High inventory levels are found to correspond to flatter volatility term structures in seven futures. This finding is consistent with the linkage between carry arbitrage and the Samuelson hypothesis. We also find that a flatter volatility term structure corresponds to lower absolute futures term premiums.
Comparison of Voltage Control by Inverters for Improving the PV Penetration in Low Voltage Networks

Voltage rise caused by reverse power flows and intermittency in renewable power is the main limiting factor for integration of photovoltaic(PV) generation in low voltage networks. Inverter voltage control techniques have been developed to provide effective voltage control and support higher penetration integration of PV generation. In this paper, the common Volt-VAR control, PF(P) and Q(U) control of photovoltaic inverter methods are detailed compared. A set of simulation study-cases have been designed based on a generic LV grid model, which is considered as representative for the Bornholm network. Observations of the influence of different Volt-VAR control strategies upon different electrical parameters on hosting capacity increase potential have been performed. Results show that inverter controls can greatly contribute the integration of PV in LV networks in the perspective of avoiding overvoltage.
Posttraumatic Dizziness: Navigating the Maze Towards Accurate Vestibular Diagnosis and Treatment.

Objective Highlight the importance of establishing a differential diagnosis to identify and treat multiple origins of dizziness in a patient following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Patient 73-year-old man with TBI and temporal bone fracture developed posttraumatic bilateral multiple canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). Intervention Multi-disciplinary diagnostic evaluation and vestibular rehabilitation (VR) treatment focused on canalith repositioning maneuvers (CRMs) and central adaptation. Main outcome measures Diagnostic imaging, audiometric testing, clinical evaluation including video recordings of patterns of nystagmus, Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI). Results Systematic clinical examination identified multiple semicircular canal BPPV in addition to a suspected underlying unilateral hypofunction. Treatment focused on the appropriate CRMs and adaptation exercises. DHI scores improved significantly and patient returned to work and recreational activities. Conclusion This Clinical Capsule Report highlights the importance of a comprehensive clinical evaluation of the TBI patient with dizziness when making an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan. Due to the complexity of differentiating between multiple canal BPPV in addition to other central and vestibular disorders, it is imperative for the clinician to have a clear understanding of nystagmus patterns for multicanal BPPV as well as other vestibular pathology.
Urinary creatinine as a possible index of muscular activity.

Abstract The urinary excretion of creatinine was investigated in a group of obese and nonobese college students to estimate lean muscle mass and apparent physical activity. The obese students excreted significantly more creatinine and had higher creatinine coefficients than the nonobese indicating greater muscle mass presumably due to increased physical activity or an increase in muscle tissue to support and move the excess adipose tissue. This group also had greater creatinine-height indexes. Creatinine levels, therefore, may be useful to characterize and assess the physical activity profiles of individuals. It also may be a useful index to estimate or predict physical fitness and/or physical performance on a fat-free basis.
Societal factors contributing to infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a veteran population.

BACKGROUND Veterans have a higher incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) compared to the general population. The objective of this study is to evaluate the association of societal factors on the risk of chlamydia or gonorrhea. METHODS This retrospective cohort study evaluated data from Veteran Health Administration. Patients tested for chlamydia or gonorrhea between January 2009 and January 2019 were included. Descriptive statistics and regression were used to evaluate societal factors. RESULTS A total of 1,232,173 tests for chlamydia or gonorrhea were performed. There were 51,987 (4.2%) positive cases with 74.18% for chlamydia and 24.96% for gonorrhea. In 13.6% of veterans with reported military sexual trauma, there was no difference in risk of positivity (p = 0.39). Veterans with a history of combat had lower odds of testing positive (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.91-0.97). Tests in veterans who were married had a 24% less chance of positivity (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.74-0.79) compared to tests in divorced veterans. Positive number of cases increased each year. CONCLUSION Sexually transmitted infections are a growing concern. Gender, age, ethnicity, marital status, and race are societal identifiers which influence likelihood of STI acquisition.
Computer Reconstruction of Invertebrate Nerve Cells

The use of computer graphics as an aid in the study of nerve cell architecture has become increasingly useful. Computer displays can serve not only to visualize the three-dimensional structure of neurons but also to quantify their important anatomical parameters. The ease with which such measurements can be made provides a new and important tool to those of us hoping to correlate the structure of single and identifiable nerve cells with their functional properties and development. We are in a position to make such correlations in our laboratory with a fair degree of precision for two reasons. The first is that we use invertebrate preparations in which we can identify specific cells and return to them repeatedly. The second is the great advance made in the techniques of intracellular staining. Once electrophysiological measurements have been made, identifiable neurons can be selectively stained for cytoarchitectural studies at both the light and electron microscopic levels.
Circumscriptive theories: a logic-based framework for knowledge representation

The use of circumscription for formalizing commonsense knowledge and reasoning requires that a circumscription policy be selected for each particular application: we should specify which predicates are circumscribed, which predicates and functions are allowed to vary, what priorities between the circumscribed predicates are established, etc. The circumscription policy is usually described either informally or using suitable metamathematical notation. In this paper we propose a simple and general formalism which permits describing circumscription policies by axioms, included in the knowledge base along with the axioms describing the objects of reasoning. This method allows us to formalize some important forms of metalevel reasoning in the circumscriptive theory itself.
Interaction Between a Vortex and a Turbulent Boundary Layer in a Streamwise Pressure Gradient

The effect of a moderate adverse pressure gradient on the interaction between a single streamwise vortex and a turbulent boundary layer is investigated experimentally. Quantitative characterization of vortex properties based on measurements of the mean cross-flow velocity components is attained. Growth of the vortex core is observed, followed by a flattening of the core shape which occurs when the core radius becomes comparable to the distance of the vortex center from the surface. The adverse pressure gradient causes an increase in the rate of core growth and, therefore, a stronger distortion of the core shape. Turbulence properties are even more strongly disturbed by an adverse pressure gradient than by constant pressure.
Bagging and Boosting

Bagging and boosting are examples of ensemble learning methods from data mining. These methods combine the predictions of many different models (usually of the same type) into an ensemble prediction. For classification problems, the normal combining technique is voting, taking the modal prediction of all the models as the ensemble prediction. For regression problems, averaging or other summaries of the various model outputs can be used. In principle, bagging and boosting can be applied to any class of models, although the most widely studied class of models to which bagging and boosting have been applied are decision trees. The result of bagging is an estimate that has reduced variance when compared to the predictions of the individual models. Boosting, by contrast, appears to be able to reduce both the bias and the variance of the predictions. Both methods share the disadvantage, however, that the resulting model is not as interpretable as the constituent models because they average over a large collection of predictions. Keywords: machine learning; data mining; model averaging; bootstrap; committee of models
Mechanism of cellular damage by virus: a study of antihistamine drugs. I. Murine hepatitis virus and liver explant cultures.

Abstract 1. 1. Antihistamine drugs, notably diphenhydramine, afford considerable protection against liver injury caused by MHV3 virus (Gledhill virus). 2. 2. This protective effect is obtained both in vivo and in vitro . The evidence strongly supports the view that protection is not dependent upon a direct effect on the virus or on its multiplication. 3. 3. It is suggested that hepatitis virus has a twofold action on the liver: one a specific action, and the second a nonspecific component which is inhibited by antihistamine drugs, and which is common to many types of cellular injury. The nature of this common component is discussed. 4. 4. Under the protective influence of diphenhydramine, an artificial carrier state has been induced in the cell-virus system. Up to a point, this is reversible, and removal of the drug leads to cell destruction. After this point, the virus fails to destroy the cells. This final state has been studied to see if resistance to further infection has been conferred upon the cells.
Comparative Genomic Hybridization Analysis of Sperm DNA Apoptosis After Exposure to Heat Shock

Purpose: A DNA disc chip assay based on comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was developed to measure sperm DNA integrity. The objective was to correlate DNA integrity of heat-treated sperm with the sperm capacitation index (CI) determined from the sperm penetration assay. Methods: Basic semen and kinematic parameters were measured (N = 6). Sperm were washed in two-layer colloid suspensions and split portions incubated at either 37°C (control) or 40°C for 4 h. Single-stranded DNA of heated sperm were stained in SYBR Gold and hybridized to bisbenzimide (Hoechst 33342) stained control DNA in a membrane disc. Fluorescent intensities of the discs were measured and correlation analyses with sperm parameters performed. Results: Sperm CI was positively correlated (R = 0.737) with sperm DNA integrity. Two populations of sperm could be discerned: low capacitating sperm that initiated apoptosis and high capacitating sperm unaffected by heat shock treatment. The remaining parameters were not related to sperm DNA stability. Conclusions: Fragile DNA were found in a population of sperm associated with poor capacitation characteristics and apoptosis was observed after heat treatment. The results suggested that sperm dysfunction might be due to apoptotic sperm DNA resulting from an elevated temperature in the surroundings. The data suggested that the second population of high capacitating sperm induced chaperones such as heat shock proteins hsp 70 to protect against apoptosis.
The Changing Face of China

Huang Shu-min. The Spiral Road: Change in. Chinese Village Through the Eyes of. Communist Party Leader. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989. xiv. 222 pp. $35.00 (cloth); $15.95 (paper).
The effects of teleportation on recollection of the structure of a virtual world

Teleportation is a virtual world navigation technique that allows users to travel at an infinite velocity from one lo-cation to another. Unfortunately, teleportation is known to cause disorientation in many users. This paper reports on an experiment designed to explore the relationship between teleportation and recollection of the structure of a virtual world when users are provided with a map navigation aid. Thirty-six subjects were divided into two groups (teleportation and free roam) and asked to collect objects in a virtual world. The results of the study showed that subjects who navigated with teleportation completed the task significantly faster than those who free roamed, with no difference between groups in the number of errors. However, when the map was removed, subjects who previ-ously teleported committed significantly more errors and took longer than those in the free roam group. There were no differences between groups on either of the post trial map drawing or map labeling exercises.
Intraspecific seed interactions alter seedling emergence of Lespedeza cuneata under field conditions

There is growing recognition that seeds influence one another prior to, or shortly after, germination. Both interspecific and intraspecific seed–seed interactions have been reported, but for the latter, the evidence is almost exclusively from laboratory and greenhouse studies so that it is unclear whether such intraspecific seed interactions occur under field conditions. We tested how Lespedeza cuneata seed density influenced seedling emergence within a native grassland located in Kansas, USA and whether this response was related to seed leachate. The percentage of L. cuneata seedlings that emerged under field conditions was negatively related to seed density. After confirming this pattern in the greenhouse, we found that at low seed densities, addition of seed leachate had similar effects on seedling emergence as high seed densities in the absence of leachate. Our results provide some of the best evidence to date, that intraspecific seed density can influence seedling emergence in the field and that these effects are likely linked to seed leachate.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of affective disorders—III. Tolerability, safety and pharmacoeconomics:

The clinical use of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) is often complicated by toxicity and safety problems due to their effects on multiple mechanisms of action, many of which are unnecessary for therapeutic effect. The development of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), with their selective mode of action, has resulted in a class of antidepressant drugs possessing an improved side-effect profile, while retaining good clinical efficacy. Their introduction into clinical practice has led to enhanced patient compliance with antidepressant therapy and the ability to maintain treatment over longer periods of time at an adequate therapeutic dose. Although, as a result of their selective action, side-effects associated with SSRI therapy are minimised, distinct variations between individual SSRIs in terms of their tolerability profiles have been observed. The wealth of clinical data now available has revealed differences in their potential to cause psychiatric and neurological side-effects, dermatological reactions, anticholinergic side-effects, changes in body weight, sexual dysfunction, cognitive impairment, discontinuation reactions and drug-drug interactions. Patients who suffer from concomitant depression and physical illness may experience different tolerability profiles, in addition to the greater likelihood that they will be receiving concomitant medications with the potential for pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions with coadministered SSRI therapy. In addition, the safety margin of SSRIs in overdose may vary within the group. Knowledge of the differences that exist among the SSRIs in respect of tolerability and safety will aid physicians in the selection of the most beneficial treatment strategy for their patients. A successful clinical outcome leads to a reduced economic burden for the patient, their family and the healthcare services. Thus, pharmacoeconomic considerations are also important in choosing antidepressant therapy. The SSRIs, despite relatively higher prescription costs, have been demonstrated to be a more cost-effective option than the TCAs. Furthermore, there is evidence that the emerging clinical differences between SSRIs may translate into significantly different economic outcomes within the group.
Ridge, Bulk, and Medium Response: How to Kill Models and Learn Something in the Process

Abstract In these proceedings, we highlight experimental data (published and preliminary) related to jet quenching and the response of the medium to this deposited energy. Signatures in two- and three-particle hadron correlations indicate interesting structures near the trigger particle in azimuth and over a broad range in pseudo-rapidity, often termed ‘the ridge’, and conical-like structures separated in azimuth opposite to the trigger particle. We review numerous theoretical interpretations of the ridge in particular with a critical eye for the key properties that allow one to discriminate between, or rule out, certain physical pictures and models (and hopefully learn something in the process).
Barriers to Mental Health Care Utilization for U.S. Cambodian Refugees

Asian Americans encounter barriers to mental health care, some of which are structural, whereas others may be cultural. Using data from a probability sample (N = 490) drawn from the largest Cambodian refugee community in the United States, the authors assessed the extent to which structural and cultural barriers were experienced. Surprisingly, a relatively small proportion endorsed commonly cited cultural barriers such as distrust of Western care (4%) and greater confidence in alternative care (5%), whereas most endorsed structural barriers such as high cost (80%) and language (66%). Among those with a probable diagnosis, a similar pattern was found. Findings suggest that structural, not culturally based, barriers are the most critical obstacles to care in this U.S. Cambodian refugee community.
CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIONS OF DISCRETE AMENABLE GROUPS ON AMENABLE SUBFACTORS OF TYPE II

We prove a classification result for properly outer actions σ of discrete amenable groups G on strongly amenable subfactors of type II, N ⊂ M, a class of subfactors that were shown to be completely classified by their standard invariant , in [27]. The result shows that the action σ is completely classified in terms of the action it induces on . As an application of this, we obtain that inclusions of type IIIλ factors, 0 < λ < 1, having discrete decomposition and strongly amenable graph, are completely classified by their standard invariant.
Developing an HIV cytotoxic T-lymphocyte vaccine: issues of CD8 T-cell quantity, quality and location.

Issues of quantity, quality and location impact the ability of CD8 T cells to mediate protection from infection. These issues are considered in light of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccination. Methods are reviewed that result in 100- to 1000-fold higher frequencies of vaccine-specific memory CD8 T cells than that achieved by current HIV/SIV vaccine approaches. Data demonstrating that location within mucosal tissues has a direct impact on memory CD8 T-cell function are discussed. Arguments are made that establishing memory CD8 T cells within mucosal sites of transmission, a priori to natural infection, may be essential for conferring optimal and rapid protection. Lastly, it is proposed that heterologous prime-boost vaccination with recombinant live replicating vectors, which has the potential to induce tremendous numbers of cytolytic memory CD8 T cells within mucosal tissues, would provide a far more stringent test of the hypothesis that memory CDS T cells could, in principal, form the basis for a preventative HIV vaccine.
Global control of hepatitis C: where challenge meets opportunity

We are entering an important new chapter in the story of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. There are clear challenges and opportunities. On the one hand, new HCV infections are still occurring, and an estimated 185 million people are or have previously been infected worldwide. Most HCV-infected persons are unaware of their status yet are at risk for life-threatening diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), whose incidences are predicted to rise in the coming decade. On the other hand, new HCV infections can be prevented, and those that have already occurred can be detected and treated--viral eradication is even possible. How the story ends will largely be determined by the extent to which these rapidly advancing opportunities overcome the growing challenges and by the vigor of the public health response.
Risk factors for maintenance hemodialysis patients undergoing elective and emergency abdominal surgery

Purpose To identify the risk factors for morbidity and mortality after elective and emergency abdominal surgeries in maintenance hemodialysis patients.
The new science of strategy execution:how incumbents become fast, sleek wealth creators

Strategy execution is emerging as one of the critical sources of sustainable competitive advantage in the twenty‐first century. As a result, strategy execution can no longer take a back seat to strategy formulation. Success depends on a new strategic paradigm that includes world‐class, strategy‐execution skills such as managing the development and implementation of a portfolio of initiatives, synchronizing internal processes with market rhythms, and avoiding disruptions by handling the ripple effect of organizational change. At a strategic and operating level, these practices improve all of the classic drivers of shareholder wealth.
Notch in lymphopoiesis and T cell polarization.

Notch is essential for T lineage cell differentiation. Three new papers look at when Notch signaling is required and how it affects different cell types.
Performance Evaluation of Four Cell Flow Chambers: How Well Is Stress Controlled at a Cellular Level?

Fluid structure interactions at the cellular level are poorly understood yet they appear to be universal across tissue types and may hold the key to unraveling mechanisms of mechanotransduction at a cellular and subcellular level. Due to practical difficulties in studying cells in situ during normal physiologic activity, cell perfusion chambers have been developed to simulate physiologic fluid flow in vitro. While this approach has obvious advantages for unraveling cell signaling pathways in mechanotransduction, little is known with regard to how well these in vitro flow profiles emulate actual physiologic flow. The purpose of this computational study was to compare the local stress imparted through fluid flow in four cell perfusion chambers. From the computational models, in each chamber, varying velocity components cause the local shear stress imparted to the cells to vary as a function of location, and in fact only a limited number of cells are exposed to target stress. Due to differences in flow regimes between the four chambers, comparison between experimental data obtained using different perfusion chambers may be inappropriate.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Overdose of risperidone

Risperidone is an investigational antipsychotic agent currently being tested in an international multicenter drug trial. We report the first case of a risperidone overdose in an apparent suicide attempt. This was without serious clinical side effects and manifested mainly as ECG abnormalities.
Mechanisms of resistance in anaerobes and new developments in testing

Anaerobic bacteria currently demonstrate increased resistance to antimicrobial agents, primarily by the production of beta-lactamase. A number of species of Bacteroides, most notably those in the Bacteroides fragilis group, produce these enzymes. A few species of Fusobacterium and Clostridium produce beta-lactamase as well. Fortunately, this mechanism of resistance is readily overcome by administering beta-lactamase inhibitors coupled with a beta-lactam antibiotic that would otherwise be inactivated. Other types of resistance encountered in anaerobic bacteria include inactivating enzymes such as chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, plasmid-mediated transferable multiple-drug resistance, changes in porin molecules in the outer membrane of the bacterial cell, decreased uptake of drug by other mechanisms, changes in the target organs such as penicillin-binding proteins, and decreased reduction of the antibiotic to an active intermediate product. In many institutions, certain drugs such as cefoxitin, clindamycin, and piperacillin, which were previously active against almost all strains of B. fragilis, are now effective against only 70 to 85% of this group of anaerobes. Drugs with essentially 100% activity against most anaerobic bacteria include chloramphenicol, imipenem, metronidazole, and the combinations of a beta-lactam antibiotic plus a beta-lactamase inhibitor such as ampicillin plus sulbactam and amoxicillin or ticarcillin combined with sodium clavulanate. This paper also discusses the indications for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of anaerobes as well as problems encountered with testing techniques that are currently being used.
Solution‐Focused Family Therapy With Three Aggressive and Oppositional‐Acting Children: An N = 1 Empirical Study

The efficacy of Solution-Focused Family Therapy (SFFT) for helping three families with aggressive and oppositional-acting children (aged 8-9) was examined. The N = 1 multiple-baseline design with three replications used validated measures, a treatment manual, and a treatment integrity measure. The interventions lasted from four to five sessions. SFFT appeared to be effective with the families at post-treatment and 3-month follow up.
Analysis of process parameters effects on friction stir welding of dissimilar aluminum alloy to advanced high strength steel

Abstract Thin sheets of aluminum alloy 6061-T6 and one type of Advanced high strength steel, transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steel have been successfully butt joined using friction stir welding (FSW) technique. The maximum ultimate tensile strength can reach 85% of the base aluminum alloy. Intermetallic compound (IMC) layer of FeAl or Fe3Al with thickness of less than 1 μm was formed at the Al–Fe interface in the advancing side, which can actually contribute to the joint strength. Tensile tests and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results indicate that the weld nugget can be considered as aluminum matrix composite, which is enhanced by dispersed sheared-off steel fragments encompassed by a thin intermetallic layer or simply intermetallic particles. Effects of process parameters on the joint microstructure evolution were analyzed based on mechanical welding force and temperature that have been measured during the welding process.
Common genetic mechanisms in alcohol, drug, and mental disorder comorbidity

Comorbid drug and mental disorders were assessed in 63 monozygotic (MZ) and 67 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs. DSM-III alcohol dependence was heritable in males when probands had a comorbid DSM-III drug or mental disorder but not when probands had only alcohol dependence. For males, significantly higher cross-MZ than cross-DZ correlations were found between alcohol dependence in probands and certain mental and drug disorders in cotwins. In contrast, females showed higher within-twin than cross-MZ correlations and similar cross-MZ and cross-DZ correlations between alcohol dependence and all mental and drug disorders. These results suggest comorbidity between alcohol and certain drug and mental disorders in males in epidemiological surveys may be due in part to genetic influences.
ONE-EYED MEN IN THE KINGDOM OF THE BLIND

Like most kids of my age and time, I was a pack rat in my youth, collecting toy cars, trucks, and tanks; comic books; baseball cards; postage stamps, and … chronological tables. Unfortunately for my later financial well-being, I kept—and kept up with—only the last. I remember little specific about the primal urge to collect these lists, but I remember enough to recall that I was entirely naive at the beginning. I wanted exotic names, exotic places, and exotic dates. Most of all I wanted dates . It did not disturb me in the least when I found out that Arakan was founded in 2666 BC, and that a complete list of its rulers until 1784 A.D. had been preserved for my edification. A strictly successive treatment of the thirty dynasties of pharaonic Egypt was infinitely preferable to new-fangled efforts to reduce this chronology by over 2000 years by shortening reigns and insisting that more than one dynasty ruled at a time. It seemed only natural to me that scores of European bishoprics were able to trace their episcopal lines right back to immediately post-New Testament times. I must have seen historical time as an infinitely replicable vacuum that needed to be filled This idyll did not last very long—a sea change was all too soon in arriving. It probably was not an epiphany, but a gradual realization that I was encountering other lists of the same offices that were replete with gaps, disagreements, and question marks rather than dates.