cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-term classroom functioning and its association with neuropsychological and academic performance following traumatic brain injury during early childhood.

Objective The present study utilized ecobehavioral assessment to examine classroom functioning several years following early childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI) or orthopedic injury (OI) and its association with injury factors, neuropsychological abilities, and academic performance. Method Participants included 39 children with moderate to severe TBI and 51 children with OI sustained between ages 3 and 7 years. At 7.2 (± 1.3) years post injury, ecobehavioral assessment was used to examine classroom functioning. Additional outcomes included neuropsychological tests, parent and teacher ratings of dysexecutive behavior, and teacher ratings of academic performance. Groups were compared on measures controlling for demographic characteristics, and associations among outcomes were examined using linear regression. Results Children with TBI showed lower academic engagement relative to children with OI, as well as more frequent individual teacher attention for children with more severe injuries. For children with TBI, difficulties in classroom functioning were associated with lower cognitive flexibility and higher parent and teacher ratings of dysexecutive behavior. Lower scores on a test of fluid reasoning and a greater frequency of individual teacher attention were also associated with lower academic performance in children with TBI. Conclusions Difficulties in classroom functioning are evident several years after early childhood TBI and were associated with greater injury severity, neuropsychological weaknesses, and poorer academic performance. Children with impaired cognitive flexibility and fluid reasoning skills were at greatest risk for these difficulties and associated weaknesses in academic performance. Instructional interactions may be a potential target for intervention to promote academic progress in at-risk children. (PsycINFO Database Record
Molecular Testing in Thyroid Cancer

Cancer of the thyroid gland is associated with genetic aberrations including point mutations in BRAF, RET, and any of the RAS subtypes and chromosomal translocations involving known breakpoints in RET/PTC and PAX8/PPARγ. While the relationships between these molecular abnormalities and tumor carcinogenesis have been well characterized, their relationship to prognosis and usefulness in clinical care is less clear. In this chapter, we discuss the molecular aberrations, how they are detected, how they correlate with cytomorphological and histomorphological findings, and how useful the constellation of this information may be in current patient management. We also compare and contrast the currently available molecular testing strategies—the gene expression classifier and the somatic mutation panel—for stratifying risk in cytomorphologically indeterminate nodules biopsied by fine needle aspiration.
Digital Health and Obesity: How Technology Could Be the Culprit and Solution for Obesity

Advances in technology over the past century have directly contributed to the growing worldwide obesity epidemic. Streamlined food production, changes in the macronutrient profile of food, and mass marketing of unhealthy food to children have all contributed to an increase in caloric intake. Decreased physical activity and an increase in sedentary behavior both stem from industrialization of the workplace. Conversely technology can help integrate proven behavioral modification models into patients lifestyles and provide patients with biometric data previously unavailable. Web based interventions offer patients access to information and counseling on demand. Relatively new and gaining in popularity, wearables offer patients immediate access to vital signs, biometric data, and various other physiologic and social parameters. However popular they may be their efficacy is unproven and remains to be seen. Integrating technological advances and medical care will provide better treatments for obesity in the future.
Mechanism of Action of the Cytotoxic Asmarine Alkaloids.

The asmarines are a family of cytotoxic natural products whose mechanism of action is unknown. Here, we used chemical synthesis to reverse engineer the asmarines and understand the functions of their individual components. We found that the potent asmarine analog “delmarine” arrested the mammalian cell cycle in the G1 phase and that both cell cycle arrest and cytotoxicity were rescued by cotreatment with ferric and ferrous salts. Cellular iron deprivation was clearly indicated by changes in iron-responsive protein markers, and cytotoxicity occurred independently of radical oxygen species (ROS) production. Chemical synthesis allowed for annotation of the distinct structural motifs required for these effects, especially the unusual diazepine, which we found enforced an iron-binding tautomer without distortion of the NCNO dihedral angle out of plane. With this information and a correlation of cytotoxicity with logP, we could replace the diazepine by lipophilic group appendage to N9, which avoided steric clas...
Hybrid happening: Organizational reputations in corporate crises

Abstract Public relations professionals strive to develop mutually beneficial relationships among key publics that will result in favorable organizational reputations, but crises typically threaten those reputations. Much of public relations crisis research focuses on how to respond after a crisis, but drawing on Expectation Violation Theory (EVT), this research focuses on the expectations of stakeholders before a crisis and how they process information during a crisis. Drawing from reputation management research in marketing, it conceptualizes corporate reputations as encompassing associations related to corporate ability (CA) and corporate social responsibility (CSR). Reputation management research generally has investigated reputations as strong on either CA or CSR, but this research examines the effects of a “hybrid” reputation, which is strong in terms of both CA and CSR associations. The results of an experiment reveal that stakeholders’ responses during a crisis vary based on their expectations, how they perceive a hybrid reputation, and the crisis type. The study has theoretical implications regarding stakeholders’ information processing during a crisis, and it provides public relations professionals insights regarding how to cultivate and protect an organizational reputation.
Molybdenum Carbide, Oxycarbide and Nitride as Catalysts in the Activation of CO, N-N, C-C and H-H Bonds

The composition of molybdenum surfaces containing variable amounts of carbon, nitrogen, and/or oxygen determines their activity and selectivity in hydrogenolysis or synthesis of hydrocarbons. During ammonia synthesis, similar surface structures and compositions are reached at steady state on samples of molybdenum, its carbide, or an oxycarbide. In all three cases, the surface layers become a molybdenum nitride with a reactivity in the activation of dinitrogen resembling that of ruthenium.
Wartime Research by Ruby Payne-Scott at the Radiophysics Laboratory

Many of the male scientists of Australia had enlisted and were participating in the war in Europe beginning in September 1939. Thus as Australia became a major target for the Japanese armed forces in December 1941, women scientists had for the first time, an opportunity for employment outside the usual avenues in health services and education. In the 1930s, the University of Sydney Appointments Board had conducted surveys of job advertisements in major Australian newspapers, finding that sex was a major factor for most employers in choosing an applicant. Hence female science graduates were urged to learn to type and perform shorthand (Carey 2002). But Carey then writes of the 1941 Sydney Board:
Aggregating Results from Multiple Related Queries to Improve Web Search over Sessions

Traditional information retrieval systems are evaluated with the assumption that each query is independent. However, during their interactions with search engines, many users find themselves reformulating their queries in order to satisfy their information need. In this paper, we investigate the impact of using ranking aggregation in the context of session information retrieval. First, we identify useful sources for terms to be used as related queries. For each query, we generate related queries from various sources and use those multiple representations of a query to obtain several rankings that we combine using simple rank aggregation methods. We compare the effects of using each source and show that some sources can provide up to 46% increase in nDCG@10 over our dirichlet-smoothed language model baseline and our best result is competitive with all TREC Session track systems for 2011 and 2012.
Association between extent of simulated degeneration of C5-C6 disc and biomechanical parameters of a model of the full cervical spine: a finite element analysis study.

Purpose To delineate the association between extent of degeneration of the disc at C5-C6, simulated in a model of the full cervical spine, and biomechanical responses of the model. Methods A validated three-dimensional model of an intact, healthy, adult full cervical spine (C1-C7) was constructed. This model was then modified to create three models simulating mild, moderate, and severe grades of degeneration of the disc at C5-C6. For each of these four models, we used the finite element analysis method to obtain three biomechanical parameters at various tissues in the model, under seven different physiologically relevant loadings. Results For each of the biomechanical parameters, the results were expressed as relative change in its value when a specified combination of simulated degeneration model and applied loading was used, with respect to the corresponding value in the intact model. We introduced a new measure, which we designate the composite biomechanical performance index (CBPI), whose value incorporates all of the aforementioned relative changes. Conclusions We found that CBPI increased with increase in the severity of disc degeneration simulated. The clinical relevance of CBPI should be addressed in future work.
Primary Messages of DTC Advertising during the Product Life Cycle: A Case Study

Direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising, or the direct marketing of pharmaceutical drugs to health care consumers, is a controversial form of technical marketing communication that centers on the informative versus persuasive nature of the communications. An unaddressed dimension to the debate of DTC advertising is the influence of the technology innovativeness (specifically how new drugs that lack sufficient innovation and differentiation from other available products, or “me too” products) influences the content of DTC advertising and informs the informative versus persuasive debate. In this case study of Treximet, the evolution of the marketing messages was evaluated for nearly a decade (from the product launch in 2008 thorough 2018). The prominent information communicated in DTC advertising for this drug, was found to lack informative technical content and mislead consumers from biased conclusions drawn from incomplete information. Within a relatively short timeframe, the primary branding and product positioning of this “new” and “superior” technology diminished into branding as a second-choice drug. Thus, pharmaceutical drugs that lack sufficient technical innovation have DTC advertising that is rhetorically analogous to the advertising of non-technical consumer products and, alarmingly, emphasizes price incentives rather than informative content.
Conclusion to Part I

This chapter is a brief summary of the main claims in the first part of the book, stressing human self-deception.
Choice of Contact Points Modulates Sensorimotor Cortical Interactions for Dexterous Manipulation

ABSTRACT Humans are unique in their ability to perform dexterous object manipulation in a wide variety of scenarios. However, previous work has used a grasping context that predominantly elicits memory-based control of digit forces by constraining where the object should be grasped. For this ‘constrained’ grasping context, primary motor cortex (M1) is involved in storage and retrieval of digit forces used in previous manipulations. In contrast, when choice of digit contact points is allowed (‘unconstrained’ grasping), behavioral studies revealed that forces are adjusted, on a trial-to-trial basis, as a function of digit position. This suggests a role of online feedback that detects digit position, rather than memory, for force control. However, despite the ubiquitous nature of unconstrained hand-object interactions in activities of daily living, the underlying neural mechanisms are unknown. Using non-invasive brain stimulation and electroencephalography, we found the role of M1 to be sensitive to grasping condition. While confirming the role of M1 in storing and retrieving learned digit forces and position in ‘constrained’ grasping, we also found that M1 is involved in modulating digit forces to digit position in unconstrained grasping. Furthermore, we found that digit force modulation to position relies on sensorimotor integration mediated by primary sensory cortex (S1) and M1. This finding supports the notion of a greater contribution of somatosensory feedback of digit position in unconstrained grasping. We conclude that the relative contribution of memory and online feedback based on whether contact points are constrained or unconstrained modulates sensorimotor cortical interactions for dexterous manipulation.
“Consciousness” as a Vague Predicate

In “The Problems With Fixating on Consciousness in Disorders of Consciousness,” Fischer and Truog (2017) deftly challenge a prevailing orthodoxy within clinical neurology in guiding the taxonomy an...
Co-Integrated PIN-PMN-PT 2-D Array and Transceiver Electronics by Direct Assembly Using a 3-D Printed Interposer Grid Frame

Tiled modular 2-D ultrasound arrays have the potential for realizing large apertures for novel diagnostic applications. This work presents an architecture for fabrication of tileable 2-D array modules implemented using 1–3 composites of high-bandwidth (BW) PIN-PMN-PT single-crystal piezoelectric material closely coupled with high-voltage CMOS application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) electronics for buffering and multiplexing functions. The module, which is designed to be operated as a $\lambda $ -pitch 1.75-D array, benefits from an improved electromechanical coupling coefficient and increased Curie temperature and is assembled directly on top of the ASIC silicon substrate using an interposer backing. The interposer consists of a novel 3-D printed acrylic frame that is filled with conducting and acoustically absorbing silver epoxy material. The ASIC comprises a high-voltage switching matrix with locally integrated buffering and is interfaced to a Verasonics Vantage 128, using a local field programmable gate array (FPGA) controller. Multiple prototype $5 \times 6$ element array modules have been fabricated by this process. The combined acoustic array and ASIC module was configured electronically by programming the switches to operate as a 1-D array with elements grouped in elevation for imaging and pulse-echo testing. The resulting array configuration had an average center frequency of 4.55 MHz, azimuthal element pitch of $340~\mu \text{m}$ , and exhibited average −20-dB pulsewidth of 592 ns and average −6-dB fractional BW of 77%.
Developmental origins of sex differences in the neural circuitry of play

Social play consists of reciprocal physical interactions between conspecifics with many features conserved across species, including the propensity for males to engage in play more frequently and w...
Feasibility of Administering an Electronic Version of the National Youth Tobacco Survey in a Classroom Setting.

INTRODUCTION The National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) has successfully monitored tobacco product use patterns and correlates since 1999 among US students in grades 6 through 12 using a scannable paper-and-pencil format. We conducted a study to determine the feasibility and potential benefits of administering an electronic version of the NYTS in school settings. METHODS The pilot survey was administered by using 2 versions. Version 1 mimicked the scannable paper-and-pencil format with respect to design, formatting, and structure, but was administered on a tablet computer. Version 2 used an electronic survey design and formatting capabilities, which included programmed logic skips and tobacco product images. Chi-square and t tests were used to assess subgroup differences. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models were used to determine if the odds of ever and current tobacco product use differed between the 2 versions. RESULTS In total, 2,769 students completed version 1 or version 2. Three-quarters of respondents reported a strong preference for using an electronic device to take the NYTS (74.7%). Compared with version 1, version 2 reduced the mean time to complete the survey by 15% (P < .01), reduced the number of questions students needed to answer by 30% (P < .01), and removed 1.9% of inconsistent survey responses. A significant difference was observed for ever e-cigarette use between versions 1 (22.2%) and 2 (29.5%; P < .0001). No significant differences in ever or current use were observed for other tobacco products. CONCLUSION An electronic mode of administration is feasible and valid for conducting surveillance of tobacco product use among US youths.
V.10 – UNDERSTANDING SIMPLOIDS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents algorithms for splitting a simploid into a collection of simplices and splitting a simplex into a pair of simploids on opposite sides of a plane. A simploid is a polytope isomorphic to a product of simplices, that is, the vertices of a product of simplices can be moved around a bit, and the result is still a simploid if all the faces remain flat, and the incidence of vertices, edges, and faces does not change. In three dimensions, there are three kinds of simploids: the (3)-simploids, the (2, 1)-simploids, and the (1,1,1) simploids. Although a simploid is not necessarily a product, the structure is the same. Thus, algorithms for manipulating products of simplices, which often work by operating separately on the separate factors, are easily converted to algorithms for working on general simploids. A fundamental operation in constructive solid geometry is computing the intersection of two objects. When the objects are polytopes, the problem can be broken down further into many applications of a simplex/half-space intersection algorithm. In an application that works primarily with simplices, the simploid is a helpful intermediate step; the simploid can be decomposed into simplices immediately. On the other hand, an application that manipulates simploids can cut a simploid by a plane by decomposing the simploid into simplices and then cutting the simplices into simploids.
Systematic Review of Outcomes After Cochlear Implantation in Children With X-Linked Deafness-2:

ObjectiveOutcomes following cochlear implantation in children with X-linked deafness-2 are variable, resulting in challenges in appropriate preoperative counseling. To address this uncertainty, we ...
Life-cycle modeling of nutrient and energy recovery through mixed waste processing systems

Abstract There is increasing interest in recovering nutrients and energy from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). Given the costs associated with separate collection of OFMSW, and the potential difficulty in finding clean feedstocks, there are potential benefits in beneficial recovery of OFMSW as part of residual MSW. Therefore, this study compared the life-cycle impacts associated with management alternatives for recovering energy and/or nutrients from the OFMSW through mixed waste processing systems. The considered treatment alternatives include landfilling, mass burn waste-to-energy, gasification and syngas combustion (GC) for electricity production, gasification Fischer–Tropsch (GFT) for transportation fuel production, aerobic composting (AC), and anaerobic digestion (AD). Seven environmental impacts include global warming potential (GWP), cumulative energy demand, acidification, eutrophication, photochemical oxidation, ecotoxicity, and human toxicity were assessed for five sets of state and one U.S. national waste compositions. The mass burn waste-to-energy and GC scenarios generally have the lowest environmental impacts, while landfilling and GFT have the greatest impacts. Separating out organics for AC increased environmental impacts compared to sending them to GC, while sending them to AD decreased GWP and increased the other impacts. Sensitivity analyses suggest that these conclusions are generally robust to uncertainty in input values.
Imaging expression of prostate-specific membrane antigen and response to PSMA-targeted β-emitting radionuclide therapies in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer

Background Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) has demonstrated efficacy and tolerability with a dose-response effect in phase I/II trials in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). The need for positive PSMA imaging before PSMA-TRT to select patients is largely practiced, but its utility is not proven. Given target heterogeneity, developing a biomarker to identify the optimal patient population remains an unmet need. The aim of this study was to assess PSMA uptake by imaging and response to PSMA-TRT. Methods We performed an analysis of men with mCRPC enrolled in sequential prospective phase I/II trials of PSMA-TRT. Each patient had baseline PSMA imaging by planar 111 In and/or 177 Lu SPECT (N = 171) or 68 Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT (N = 44), but the results were not used to include/exclude treatment. Semiquantitative imaging scores (IS) on a 0-4 scale were assigned based on PSMA uptake in tumors compared to liver uptake. We compared the ≥50% PSA decline response proportions between low (0-1) and high (2-4) PSMA IS using the χ2 -test. We used multivariable logistic regression analysis to understand the relationship between independent and dependent variables, including IS, radionuclide activity (dose) administered, CALGB (Halabi) prognostic risk score, prior taxane use. Results 215 men with progressive mCRPC received PSMA-TRT as follows: 177 Lu-J591 (n = 137), 177 Lu-PSMA-617 (n = 44), 90 Y-J591 (n = 28), 177 Lu-J591 + 177 Lu-PSMA-617 (n = 6). High PSMA expression (IS 2-4) was found in 160 (74.4%) patients and was significantly associated with more frequent ≥ 50% PSA reduction (26.2 vs. 7.3%, p = .006). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, higher IS was associated with a ≥50% decrease in PSA, even after accounting for CALGB (Halabi) prognostic score, the dose administered, and previous taxane use (OR, 4.72; 95% CI, 1.71-16.85; p = .006). Patients with low PSMA expression (N = 55, 24.7%) were less likely to respond. Thirteen of 26 (50%) with no PSMA uptake (IS = 0) had post-PSMA-TRT PSA decline with 2 (7.7%) having ≥ 50% PSA declines. Conclusion Collectively, the data provide evidence in favor of the hypothesis that patients with high PSMA uptake and high administered radionuclide dose correlate with a higher chance of response.
Student Perceptions of Academic Librarians and the Librarian-Faculty-Student Dynamic: Minding our gaps

A survey concerning perceptions of academic librarians was conducted at a large, 4-year university with three populations: librarians, faculty, and undergraduate students. This paper presents resul...
Sufficient dimension reduction for populations with structured heterogeneity

A key challenge in building effective regression models for large and diverse populations is accounting for patient heterogeneity. An example of such heterogeneity is in health system risk modeling efforts where different combinations of comorbidities fundamentally alter the relationship between covariates and health outcomes. Accounting for heterogeneity arising combinations of factors can yield more accurate and interpretable regression models. Yet, in the presence of high-dimensional covariates, accounting for this type of heterogeneity can exacerbate estimation difficulties even with large sample sizes. To handle these issues, we propose a flexible and interpretable risk modeling approach based on semiparametric sufficient dimension reduction. The approach accounts for patient heterogeneity, borrows strength in estimation across related subpopulations to improve both estimation efficiency and interpretability, and can serve as a useful exploratory tool or as a powerful predictive model. In simulated examples, we show that our approach often improves estimation performance in the presence of heterogeneity and is quite robust to deviations from its key underlying assumptions. We demonstrate our approach in an analysis of hospital admission risk for a large health system and demonstrate its predictive power when tested on further follow-up data.
Improving MET Quality: Relationship Between Motives of Choosing Maritime Professions and Students' Approaches to Learning

The question of improving the quality of studies is a continual hot issue in every educational environment. In maritime education and training, this question is especially important because of international regulations of the maritime professions. Quality of studies is a multidimensional and complex phenomenon. It is influenced by a wide range of factors from labour market and current educational policy to individual students’ efforts and characteristics. Motives for choosing the maritime profession and approaches to learning are characteristics of an individual person. The quality of studies is influenced by a student's approach to learning. A deep approach to learning is related to higher quality of studies and a surface approach to lower quality. On the other hand, approaches to learning could be influenced by the motives for choosing the profession, which affect entire professional career planning. Both phenomena are important for the improvement of quality of studies. The relationship between motives for choosing the maritime profession and a student's approach to learning, in the context of quality of studies, is under investigation in this paper.
Adjunctive therapy with intravenous lipid emulsion and methocarbamol for permethrin toxicity in 2 cats

Objective To describe the use of an intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) as an adjunctive therapy in 2 cats with permethrin toxicity. Case Series Summary Two cats that presented with severe permethrin toxicity were treated with ILE as part of their treatment regimens. Both cats improved dramatically following therapy with decontamination, ILE, methocarbamol, and supportive care. New or Unique Information Provided This is the first reported use of ILE as an adjunctive treatment for cats with permethrin toxicity. Outcome was favorable in both cats and no adverse effects were noted from the ILE.
Ethnic Networks, Extralegal Certainty, and Globalisation: Peering into the Diamond Industry

For nearly one millenium, the diamond industry's distribution system remained largely unchanged. Ethnic networks, predominated by Jewish merchants, managed the downstream distribution system. Since state courts are unable to reliably enforce executory contracts for diamond sales, these networks succeeded because their community institutions were able to assert extralegal governance. But recent trends in the globalisation of commerce have introduced pressures that might cause the one thousand year-old system to unravel. Low-wage workers from India have displaced higher wage western merchants, consumer demands for political oversight has brought scrutiny to previously secretive networks, and the profitability of global branding campaigns has enabled DeBeers to implement a vertically integrated business strategy that skips the middleman and sells directly to consumers. Since these pressures represent the paradigmatic forces of globalisation, examining changes in the diamond industry offers insights both into the future of ethnic exchange and into globlisation itself.
An a priori study of the subfilter‐scale conservation equations for the stably stratified atmospheric surface layer

We perform an a priori analysis of the subfilter-scale (SFS) conservation equations for the stably stratified atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). Using data from the Horizontal Array Turbulence Studies (HATS) experiment, we build on previous studies by exploring in greater detail the scale dependence of the mean and root-mean-square (r.m.s.) values of the production terms in the SFS stress and flux budgets. Our analysis shows production terms that are the dominant generation mechanisms for the SFS stresses and fluxes in conditions of under-resolved turbulence, also contribute significantly to their fluctuation levels. From the fluctuation levels of the production terms, we infer that fluctuations in terms other than the production terms (i.e. advection, transport and destruction) must be associated with strong auto-correlations or cross-correlations (with the production terms) for filter widths much finer than the length-scale for the most energetic eddies. For filter widths too coarse to resolve the most energetic eddies, we are unable either to confirm or rule out this possibility. The dominant production terms in the SFS stress budgets, upon suitable scaling, exhibit limiting values as we approach the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) limit, i.e. when the turbulence resides entirely at the subfilter scales. The values in the RANS limit agree well with both existing analytical arguments and a previous LES study of the moderately convective ABL. The agreement between a priori and a posteriori statistics suggests consistency between the two methods is achievable in the RANS limit with the appropriate choice of scaling parameters.
Evaluation of Rhode Island's Family Independence Program, May 1996 - April 2000

We assess the impact of Rhode Island's Family Independence Program (FIP)on the employment and earnings from the Unemployment Insurance program. Our data are for all-female-headed households receiving Rhode Island cash assistance during the period May 1996 to April 2000. In all we have observations on 29,253 families for an average of 16.6 quarters. We estimate our models using a number of techniques and find that the major impact of FIP was to increase the likelihood that current and former cash assistance recipients would work. Our best estimate is that the impact of the many changes associated with FIP was to increase the likelihood of work by about 10%. Estimates also indicate that FIP increased the quarterly earnings of current and former cash assistance recipients. However, the estimated increase in quarterly earnings due to FIP was relatively modest (i.e., about $200 per quarter). During the study, earnings increased substantially (i.e., from a little over $1,000 per quarter to over $2,500 per quarter), but our results indicate that most of this increase was due to increases in the Rhode Island minimum wage, not to FIP.
Mass Killings and Genocide, Psychology of

This article describes influences that lead to violence as well as avenues to prevention and reconciliation. The influences include social conditions, the psychological reactions of groups of people to them, and the societal processes they generate. They include cultural characteristics, such as a history of devaluation of a group, past victimization and woundedness, and overly strong respect for authority. Great violence evolves progressively, making prevention possible. The article discusses avenues to prevention, reconciliation as a way of preventing of violence and renewed violence, and the role of active bystanders in prevention.
Abstract 1494: MicroRNAs encoded at the 14q32 cluster are associated with poor outcome in lung adenocarcinoma

The aim of this study was to determine whether different histologic subtypes of lung adenocarcinoma have distinct microRNA (miR) expression profiles and to identify miRs associated with aggressive subgroups of surgically-resected lung adenocarcinoma (AC). We profiled the miR expression of 91 surgically-resected lung adenocarcinomas and 10 matched nonmalignant lung tissues using TaqMan OpenArray Human microRNA panel. The top 3 prognostic miRs (miR-411, miR-370 and miR-376a) were validated by quantitative PCR in an independent cohort of 60 lung AC. To determine potential underlying biological processes associated with selected miRs, we used Affymetrix U133A gene expression microarray data from 51 miR profiled lung AC tumors. Two lung AC cells (SK-LU-1 and NCI-H2228) overexpressing miR-411 were transfected with miRCURY LNA microRNA power inhibitors for miR-411 or non-target using Lipofectamine RNAimax and plated into Boyden chambers for assessing cell migration. No significant differences in clinical characteristics were observed among the training (n=91) and the test set (n=60). Patients9 characteristics: 45% male; 86% smokers; 52% stage I, 25% stage II, 19% stage III and 3% stage IV; 26% adjuvant treatment. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of 356 expressed miRs identified 3 major clusters of lung AC that correlated with stage (P = 0.023), tumor differentiation (P Citation Format: Ernest Nadal, Jules Lin, Rishindra M. Reddy, Nithya Ramnath, Mark B. Orringer, Andrew C. Chang, David G. Beer, Guoan Chen. MicroRNAs encoded at the 14q32 cluster are associated with poor outcome in lung adenocarcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1494. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1494
Chapter 10 Separation of nucleic acids and oligonucleotides and sequencing of DNA Fragments by capillary electrophoresis

Publisher Summary The separation of molecules in capillary electrophoresis (CE) is based on the electrically driven flow of ions in solution. In most cases, CE exhibits greater speed and better efficiency and is easier to automate than are conventional slab-gel electrophoresis or liquid chromatography (LC). Two competing forces, electroosmotic flow (EOF) and electrophoretic mobility (μep), are involved in conventional capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). The EOF is generated by the ionized silanol groups on the fused silica capillary and moves in the direction of the cathode. The electrophoretic mobility is dependent on both the size and the charge of the analyte. The migration time is a result of the sum of these two forces. Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) involves the addition of a surfactant such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to the CE run buffer. This produces micelles with hydrophobic interiors and charged exteriors. Capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) can be considered a hybrid of slab-gel electrophoresis and CE because it consists of a solid gel network covalently anchored to the capillary surface.
Tools Made of Chicken (Gallus gallus f. domestica) Tibiotarsi Dating to the Early Islamic Period from al-Hadir, Syria

Two modified chicken tibiotarsi have been discovered in a rubbish pit dated to the second half of the 7th century AD (Early Islam, Umayyad period) at al-Hadir, in north-west Syria. They both exhibit similar use-wear marks. A detailed description of cut marks, fine striae and polish allows to reconstruct the processing of the bones. Extracted from two cocks' carcasses, the tibiotarsi were used in their entirety with slight manufacturing modifications. Use marks in the form of polish and fine scratches indicate that the bones were held in the hand and probably served as a spool for thread. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are High-Severity Fires Burning at Much Higher Rates Recently than Historically in Dry-Forest Landscapes of the Western USA?

Dry forests at low elevations in temperate-zone mountains are commonly hypothesized to be at risk of exceptional rates of severe fire from climatic change and land-use effects. Their setting is fire-prone, they have been altered by land-uses, and fire severity may be increasing. However, where fires were excluded, increased fire could also be hypothesized as restorative of historical fire. These competing hypotheses are not well tested, as reference data prior to widespread land-use expansion were insufficient. Moreover, fire-climate projections were lacking for these forests. Here, I used new reference data and records of high-severity fire from 1984–2012 across all dry forests (25.5 million ha) of the western USA to test these hypotheses. I also approximated projected effects of climatic change on high-severity fire in dry forests by applying existing projections. This analysis showed the rate of recent high-severity fire in dry forests is within the range of historical rates, or is too low, overall across dry forests and individually in 42 of 43 analysis regions. Significant upward trends were lacking overall from 1984–2012 for area burned and fraction burned at high severity. Upward trends in area burned at high severity were found in only 4 of 43 analysis regions. Projections for A.D. 2046–2065 showed high-severity fire would generally be still operating at, or have been restored to historical rates, although high projections suggest high-severity fire rotations that are too short could ensue in 6 of 43 regions. Programs to generally reduce fire severity in dry forests are not supported and have significant adverse ecological impacts, including reducing habitat for native species dependent on early-successional burned patches and decreasing landscape heterogeneity that confers resilience to climatic change. Some adverse ecological effects of high-severity fires are concerns. Managers and communities can improve our ability to live with high-severity fire in dry forests.
Scalable continual quality control of formative assessment items in an educational digital library: an empirical study

An essential component of any library of online learning objects is assessment items, for example, homework, quizzes, and self-study questions. As opposed to exams, these items are formative in nature, as they help the learner to assess his or her own progress through the material. When it comes to quality control of these items, their formative nature poses additional challenges. e.g., there is no particular time interval in which learners interact with these items, learners come to these items with very different levels of preparation and seriousness, guessing generates noise in the data, and the numbers of items and learners can be several orders of magnitude larger than in summative settings. This empirical study aims to find a highly scalable mechanism for continual quality control of this class of digital content with a minimalist amount of additional metadata and transactional data, while taking into account also characteristics of the learners. In a subsequent evaluation of the model on a limited set of transactions, we find that taking into account the learner characteristic of ability improves the quality of item metadata, and in a comparison to Item Response Theory (IRT), we find that the developed model in fact performs slightly better in terms of predicting the outcome of formative assessment transactions, while never matching the performance of IRT on predicting the outcome of summative assessment.
Quantum phase transition in a multicomponent Bose-Einstein condensate in optical lattices

We present a general lattice model for a multicomponent atomic Bose-Einstein system in an optical lattice. Using the model, we analytically study the quantum phase transition between the Mott insulator and a superfluid. A mean-field theory is developed from the Mott-insulator ground state. When the interspecies interactions are strong enough, the Mott insulator demonstrates the phase separation behavior. For weak interspecies interactions, the multispecies system is miscible. Finally, the phase diagram is discussed with emphasis on the role of interspecies interactions. The tip and the shape of the Mott insulator lobes do not depend on the interspecies interactions, but the latter indeed modify the position of the phase boundaries.
MiR-155 Induction by Microbes/Microbial Ligands Requires NF-κB-Dependent de novo Protein Synthesis

MiR-155 regulates numerous aspects of innate and adaptive immune function. This miR is induced in response to toll-like receptor ligands, cytokines, and microbial infection. We have previously shown that miR-155 is induced in monocytes/macrophages infected with Francisella tularensis and suppresses expression of the inositol phosphatase SHIP to enhance activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, which in turn promotes favorable responses for the host. Here we examined how miR-155 expression is regulated during infection. First, our data demonstrate that miR-155 can be induced through soluble factors of bacterial origin and not the host. Second, miR-155 induction is not a direct effect of infection and it requires NF-κB signaling to up-regulate fos/jun transcription factors. Finally, we demonstrate that the requirement for NF-κB-dependent de novo protein synthesis is globally shared by microbial ligands and live bacteria. This study provides new insight into the complex regulation of miR-155 during microbial infection.
Redox Regulation of Arabidopsis 3-Deoxy-d-arabino-Heptulosonate 7-Phosphate Synthase

The cDNA for 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase of Arabidopsis encodes a polypeptide with an amino-terminal signal sequence for plastid import. A cDNA fragment encoding the processed form of the enzyme was expressed in Escherichia coli. The resulting protein was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. The enzyme requires Mn2+ and reduced thioredoxin (TRX) for activity. Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) TRX f has an apparent dissociation constant for the enzyme of about 0.2 μm. The corresponding constant for TRX m is orders of magnitude higher. In the absence of TRX, dithiothreitol partially activates the enzyme. Upon alkylation of the enzyme with iodoacetamide, the dependence on a reducing agent is lost. These results indicate that the first enzyme in the shikimate pathway of Arabidopsis appears to be regulated by the ferredoxin/TRX redox control of the chloroplast.
A design-oriented model for the collapse resistance of composite floors subjected to column loss

Abstract A design-oriented model is proposed for computing the load-resisting capacity of composite steel–concrete floors subjected to interior column loss. The model is based on the premise that floor collapse is resisted through the development of membrane action in the slab elements and catenary forces in the steel beams. A number of simplifying assumptions are made in the model pertaining to the deformed shape of the system, development of failure-resisting mechanisms, and overall system behavior. The proposed model is incremental in nature and tracks the evolution of damage in a floor system loaded up to failure. The model is shown to be able to capture the effect of influential variables on collapse resistance. Key limitations on the model are highlighted and discussed.
Hitching a ride

Just as other parasites and extra‐chromosomal elements have evolved to co‐exist with their hosts, now it seems that a small circular plasmid, called the 2‐micron circle (2μ, after the contour length of its DNA), has co‐opted the chromosome segregation machinery of the budding yeast to ensure its own propagation. 2μ is an endogenous plasmid that confers no apparent selective advantage to the host. However, 2μ harbours two distinct mechanisms to ensure its safe passage at each cell division. The first is to increase its copy number per cell, by an ingenious strategy in which an internal cross‐over midway through replication results in ‘chasing polymerases’ that increase the copy number (Futcher, 1986). The second—revealed in a study by Hajra and colleagues, and published in the 11 September issue of the Journal of Cell Biology —is to incorporate a histone H3 variant (Cse4 in yeast, CENP‐A in mammals) and hitch a ride on the mitotic spindle (Fig 1; Hajra et al , 2006). Figure 1. Chromosome and 2‐micron circle segregation during mitosis. The centromeres on yeast chromosomes and the stable (STB) locus on the 2‐micron circle (2μ) are organized around a specialized histone H3 variant Cse4 (red dot; telophase). In G1, Cse4 is observed at kinetochores but not on 2μ. Coincident with S phase, new Cse4 is incorporated on sister kinetochores and 2μ (blue dots; metaphase). Attachment to the mitotic spindle is required for stable Cse4 assembly on 2μ in metaphase. Cse4‐mediated 2μ association with the mitotic spindle is responsible for segregation to the daughter cell at anaphase. 2μ remains associated with the spindle until the next cell cycle. Eukaryotic chromosome segregation mechanisms are microtubule‐based and rely on a random search and capture process that ensures all chromosomes are attached to the spindle. A powerful signalling cascade—the spindle checkpoint—prevents the onset of anaphase …
Collective and neutron-structure effects in the elastic scattering of vector polarized deuterons in the A=90 mass region

The analyzing power has been measured for elastic scattering of vector-polarized deuterons from /sup 92,94,96/Zr and /sup 92/Mo at E/sub d/ = 12 MeV. Previous measurements on /sup 88/Sr and /sup 98/Mo have been extended. The present data combined with published measurements on /sup 90,91/Zr and /sup 76,78,80,82/Se show that these angular distributions can be explained only if one considers both collective and neutron structure-dependent effects.
Dynamics and stability of matrix-converter based permanent magnet wind turbine generator

This paper proposes a boost configuration of wind turbine generation system based on matrix converters. The proposed boost configuration features i) the limitation of the voltage transfer ratio of 0.866 will not limit the terminal voltage at the stator winding under normal operating mode; and ii) low voltage ride through capability is enhanced when grid disturbances occur. The main attention of this paper is focused on the dynamics and stability issue of the matrix-converter based wind turbine generation system, which very much distinguishes itself from the systems that consist of voltage source inverters or current source inverters, where the dynamics of input and output state variables are naturally decoupled by the large-enough passive components in the dc link. Stability criterion that will guide proper design of the system is proposed and validated through numerical simulation.
Directional satellite thermal IR measurements and modeling of a forest in winter and their relationship to air temperature

Data assimilation methods applied to hydrologic models can incorporate spatially distributed maps of near surface temperature, especially if such measurements can be reliably inferred from satellite observations. Uncalibrated thermal IR imagery sometimes is scaled to temperature units to obtain such observations using the assumption that dense forest canopies are close to air temperature. For fully leafed deciduous forest canopies in the summer, this approximation is usually valid within 2C. In a leafless canopy, however, the materials views are thick boles and branches and the forest floor, which can store heat and yield significantly higher variations. Winter coniferous forests are intermediate with needles and branches being the predominant viewed materials. The US Dept of Energy's Multispectral Thermal Imager (MTI) is an experimental satellite with the capability to perform quantitative scene measurements in the reflective and thermal infrared region respectively. Its multispectral thermal IR capability enables quantitative surface temperature retrieval if pixel emissivity is known. MTI is pointable and targets multiple times in the winter and spring of 2001 at the Howland, Maine AmeriFlux research site operated by the University of Maine. Supporting meteorological and optical depth measurements also were made from three towers at the site. Directional thermal models of forest woody materials and needles are driver by the surface measurements and compared to satellite data to help evaluate the relationship between air temperature and satellite thermal measurements as a function of look angles, day and night.