cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statin Use in Older Adults with Stable Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease.

Background/objectives Older adults (>75 years of age) represent two-thirds of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) deaths. The 2013 and 2018 American multi-society cholesterol guidelines recommend using at least moderate intensity statins for older adults with ASCVD. We examined annual trends and statin prescribing patterns in a multiethnic population of older adults with ASCVD. Design Retrospective longitudinal study using electronic health record (EHR) data from 2007 to 2018. Setting A large multi-specialty health system in Northern California. Participants A total of 24,651 adults older than 75 years with ASCVD. Measurements Statin prescriptions for older adults with known ASCVD were trended over time. Multivariable regression models were used to identify predictors of statin prescription (logistic) after controlling for relevant demographic and clinical factors. Results The study cohort included 24,651 patients older than 75 years; 48% were women. Although prescriptions for moderate/high intensity statins increased over time for adults over 75, fewer than half of the patients (45%) received moderate/high intensity statins in 2018. Women (odds ratio (OR) = 0.77; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.74, 0.80), patients who had heart failure (OR = 0.69; 95% CI = 0.65, 0.74), those with dementia (OR = 0.88; 95% CI = 0.82, 0.95) and patients who were underweight (OR = 0.64; 95% CI = 0.57, 0.73) were less likely to receive moderate/high intensity statins. Conclusions Despite increasing prescription rates between 2007 and 2018, guideline-recommended statins remained underused in older adults with ASCVD, with more pronounced disparities among women and those with certain comorbidities. Future studies are warranted to examine reasons for statin underuse in older adults with ASCVD.
Born to Choose: The Origins and Value of the Need for Control

Belief in one's ability to exert control over the environment and to produce desired results is essential for an individual's well being. It has been repeatedly argued that the perception of control is not only desirable, but it is likely a psychological and biological necessity. In this article, we review the literature supporting this claim and present evidence for a biological basis for the need for control and for choice—that is, the means by which we exercise control over the environment. Converging evidence from animal research, clinical studies, and neuroimaging work suggest that the need for control is a biological imperative for survival, and a corticostriatal network is implicated as the neural substrate of this adaptive behavior.
What's at Stake? Understanding the Role of Home Equity in Flood Insurance Demand

Millions of properties in the U.S. are exposed to increasing threats from natural disasters. Yet, a large majority of at-risk homes are uninsured against the costliest disaster: flooding. Floods cause elevated rates of mortgage delinquency and default that can impact the broader housing finance system. In this paper, we explore the connection between homeowners' stake in their homes and their demand for flood insurance. To isolate the causal effect of home equity on food insurance demand, we study the response of flood insurance take-up to sudden house price changes over the housing boom and bust in the 2000s. We find that flood insurance take-up follows the dynamics of house prices in each market over the boom-bust cycle, with a home price elasticity around 0.33. A series of heterogeneity and robustness checks suggest that the role of mortgage default as implicit insurance is the most plausible mechanism for the positive relationship. We conclude by discussing the implications of our results for the effects of climate change on real estate and financial markets as well as for optimal disaster insurance policy.
Publication practices during the COVID-19 pandemic: Biomedical preprints and peer-reviewed literature

The coronavirus pandemic introduced many changes to our society, and deeply affected the established in biomedical sciences publication practices. In this article, we present a comprehensive study of the changes in scholarly publication landscape for biomedical sciences during the COVID-19 pandemic, with special emphasis on preprints posted on bioRxiv and medRxiv servers. We observe the emergence of a new category of preprint authors working in the fields of immunology, microbiology, infectious diseases, and epidemiology, who extensively used preprint platforms during the pandemic for sharing their immediate findings. The majority of these findings were works-in-progress unfitting for a prompt acceptance by refereed journals. The COVID-19 preprints that became peer-reviewed journal articles were often submitted to journals concurrently with the posting on a preprint server, and the entire publication cycle, from preprint to the online journal article, took on average 63 days. This included an expedited peer-review process of 43 days and journals production stage of 15 days, however there was a wide variation in publication delays between journals. Only one third of COVID-19 preprints posted during the first nine months of the pandemic appeared as peer-reviewed journal articles. These journal articles display high Altmetric Attention Scores further emphasizing a significance of COVID-19 research during 2020. This article will be relevant to editors, publishers, open science enthusiasts, and anyone interested in changes that the 2020 crisis transpired to publication practices and a culture of preprints in life sciences.
Injectable sodium pentobarbital: Stability at room temperature

Abstract Introduction Sodium pentobarbital (Nembutal) is a barbiturate used in research as an anesthetic in many animal models. The injectable form of this drug has lately become difficult to procure and prohibitively expensive. Due to this lack of availability, researchers have begun to compound injectable sodium pentobarbital from so-called “nonpharmaceutical” pentobarbital. Some oversight agencies have objected to this practice, claiming a lack of quality control and degradation of the drug. We sought with this study to establish both: 1) a protocol for the preparation of injectable sodium pentobarbital, and 2) standard operating procedures to monitor the quality of the preparation and degradation of the drug over time. Methods Our preparation consists of a mixture of sodium pentobarbital in alkaline aqueous solution, propylene glycol, and ethanol. Pentobarbital content in this preparation was assayed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). We also assayed pentobarbital content over time in preparations of various ages up to 6 years old. Results We determined that the drug degraded at a maximum of 0.5% per year in our preparation (alkaline water/propylene glycol/ethanol) when stored in the dark at room temperature. A yellow discoloration developed after about 2 years, which we have arbitrarily determined disqualifies the preparation from use as an anesthetic. Attempts to spectroscopically assay this discoloration were not successful. Chemicals Pentobarbital sodium (CID: 14075609)
Performance Assessment of Geo-triggering in Small Geo-fences: Accuracy, Reliability, and Battery Drain in Different Tracking Profiles and Trigger Directions

Abstract Geo-fencing has been predicted to be a multi-billion dollar market inareas such as retail, ambient intelligence, entertainment, healthcare, etc. Businesses have been adopting geo-fencing technology, and now there are several platform providers such as Google, Qualcomm, Esri, Urban Airship, and others. These tools are continuing to attract application developers; however, best practices for choosing the specific performance options within this technology is still ambiguous. For example, Esri provides a geo-trigger service that allows developers to send targeted messages to users when they enter, exit, or dwell in a geo-fenced area. This service also provides the ability to choose higher levels of accuracy or battery saving by offering different location tracking profiles. This paper investigated two geo-trigger tracking profiles (Fine and Adaptive) to assess their performance in small, outdoor, geo-fenced areas; these two profiles are the most accurate but vary in their battery-use. The results show the Adaptive tracking profile to provide 100% reliability and average accuracy of 68.53 meters in geo-fences between 20-70 meter radii. In addition, the Adaptive tracking profile saved 15.20% battery-life while the user is stationery and 9.23% while the user is moving.
Oxidative metabolism of the carcinogen 6-fluorobenzo[c]phenanthrene: effect of a K-region fluoro substituent on the regioselectivity of cytochromes P-450 in liver microsomes from control and induced rats

Oxidative metabolism of the carcinogen 6-fluorobenzo[c]phenanthrene (6-FB[c]Ph) was compared with that of benzo[c]phenanthrene (B[c]Ph) to elucidate the enhancement of carcinogenicity of B[c]Ph by the 6-fluoro substituent. Liver microsomes from untreated (control), phenobarbital-treated, and 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats metabolized 6-FB[c]Ph at rates of 3.5, 1.5, and 7.7 nmol of products/nmol of cytochrome P-450/min, respectively. The rates of metabolism of B[c]Ph by the same microsomes were 2.9, 1.6, and 5.5 nmol of products/nmol of cytochrome P-450/min, respectively. Whereas the K-region 5,6-dihydrodiol was the major metabolite of B[c]Ph, the major metabolite of 6-FB[c]Ph was the K-region 7,8-oxide, which underwent slow rearrangement to an oxepin. Thus, the 6-fluoro substituent blocks oxidation at the 5,6-double bond and inhibits hydration of the K-region 7,8-oxide by epoxide hydrolase. Substitution with fluorine at C-6 caused an almost 2.5-fold increase in the percentages of the putative proximate carcinogens, i.e. benzo-ring dihydrodiols with bay-region double bonds, when liver microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats were used. Little or no increase was observed in their formation by liver microsomes from control or phenobarbital-treated rats. Interestingly, liver microsomes from control rats formed almost 3-fold as much 3,4-dihydrodiol as isosteric 9,10-dihydrodiol. The R,R-enantiomers of the 3,4- and 9,10-dihydrodiols and the S,S-enantiomer of the 7,8-dihydrodiol were predominantly formed by all three microsomal preparations.
Adaptive wide area protection of power systems

Studies of major blackouts reveal that power system protection devices have contributed to a majority of system disturbances. This leads to efforts of improving protection philosophy. Analysis shows that conventional protection relies on coordination among stand­ alone relays to obtain a dependability-biased component-protection scheme. Whereas it is more desirable and also feasible nowadays for an integrated approach to both component and system protection, provided modern relays possessing the ability of sharing information and applying intelligence in decision-making. This dissertation proposes the adaptive protection concept for wide area systems. The scope of the research includes identifying and developing the desired architecture, intelligent algorithms and communication needs that facilitate the protection system to avoid and reduce the impact of system emergencies. The purpose of this research work is to conceptualize and nurture adaptive protection concept for wide area systems, and to conduct feasibility studies to make this concept practically viable. Several case studies are conducted to show the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive protection scheme. In addition, voltage stability, which is a classic wide area problem, can be alleviated with the proposed concept. Steady state and transient simulation studies provided encouraging results. The detailed decision-making algorithms are simulated in several examples for validation of the concept.
Processing and Composition Control of Weak-Acid-Resin-Derived Fuel Microspheres

The current recycle fissile fuel for steam cycle high-temperature gas-cooled reactors in the U.S. is derived from weak acid ion-exchange resin microspheres loaded with uranyl ions. This material offers great versatility in the control of chemical and physical properties through careful process control. Processing the upgraded loaded resin begins with thermal decomposition or carbonization, which yields finely dispersed UO/sub 2/ in a porous carbon matrix. This step requires a controlled heating rate from 350 to 450/sup 0/C, and is complete by approximately 900/sup 0/C. If carbide or mixed-oxide/carbide fuel is desired, carbothermic reduction, or conversion, is done at 1500 to 1750/sup 0/C. This step reduces the UO/sub 2/ to UC/sub 2/ to optimize irradiation performance. Physical properties after carbonization correlate with the observed thermogravimetric behavior. The mercury density, volume decrease, weight loss, bulk density, carbon content, and particle size depend strongly on the particular heating rate employed through the 350 to 450/sup 0/C region. The conversion process generally follows the anticipated thermodynamic behavior for removal of carbon monoxide based on its partial pressure. The particular phases present after conversion can be manipulated by controlling the conversion temperature or by additions of hydrogen or carbon monoxide to the fluidizing gas.
Preface: Development Policy and Development Economics: An Introduction*

Publisher Summary Anyone who undertakes to produce a volume of surveys in economic development must confront the question: Does the world really need another one? The field changes over time and, one hopes, knowledge accumulates. So, one motive is the desire to cover the more recent advances. And indeed, economic development has been one of the most dynamic and innovative fields within economics in recent years. While one primary goal is to inform policy makers, it also hoped that the volume will assist scholars in designing research agendas that are informed by policy questions, in particular, by the gaps in knowledge that would speak to major policy issues. The development field has always been one in which the worlds of research and practice are in close relationship with each other and move in tandem. The large number of PhD economists who work in international organizations such as the World Bank and the influence of academia among developing-country officialdom ensure that ideas emanating from the ivory tower often find quick application. But equally important, in principle, is the reverse feedback—the need to tilt researchers' attention on the questions that are, or should be, on the policy agenda. The organization of the present volume around policy issues is designed to make a contribution toward both of these goals.
Comparison of Breast Percent Density Estimated from Digital Mammograms and Central Reconstructed Tomosynthesis Slice Images

We analyzed breast percent density (PD) estimated from 35 women with existing or recently detected abnormalities. Analyzed were digital mammograms (DM) and the central digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) reconstructed slices. PD was estimated from the breast contralateral to cancer. We have examined the effect of modifying the DBT reconstruction filter on the accuracy of dense tissue segmentation; we selected the filter that effectively reduced image intensity overshoot near the breast edge, which interfered with segmentation. The Pearson correlation coefficient between PD estimates from DM and the central reconstructed DBT slices was r = 0.90. The corresponding quadratic-weighted kappa coefficient was i¾?= 0.78, indicating substantial agreement. The observed results are comparable with the agreement between PD estimates from DM and the central DBT projection images (r = 0.89 and i¾?= 0.74). This suggests that PD is robust to variations in acquisition conditions.
Measuring Functional Improvement after Total Knee Arthroplasty Requires both Performance-Based and Patient-Report Assessments: A Longitudinal Analysis of Outcomes

The purpose was to explore the responsiveness of both patient-report and performance-based outcome measures to determine functional changes during the acute and long-term postoperative recovery after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). One hundred patients scheduled for unilateral TKA underwent testing preoperatively and at 1 and 12 months postoperatively using the Delaware Osteoarthritis Profile. All physical performance measures decreased initially after surgery then increased in the long term; however, the perceived function did not follow the same trend, and some showed an increase immediately after surgery. Patient-report measures were variable, with no to small response early, but had excellent long-term responsiveness that was twice as large as performance measures. Patient perception fails to capture the acute functional declines after TKA and may overstate the long-term functional improvement with surgery.
Interocular intermittence, retinal illuminance, and apparent depth displacement of a moving object.

A moving object was viewed in delayed, interocularly intermittent exposures of equal duration to the two eyes. A range of period-of-common view was presented in conjunction with two levels of luminance manipulated by optical filter. This approach was used to obviate the “average luminance difference” inherent in the use of unequal exposure durations to the two eyes. Apparent depth displacements of the path of the moving object were obtained for combinations of period-of-common view and luminance not specific to either the Mach-Dvořak or Pulfrich-Fertsch phenomena. Physical delay of interocular intermittence was found to be additive with interocular average luminance difference in the sense that the “dimmed eye” was equivalent to the “lead eye.” Increased apparent depth was obtained for physical delay when overall luminance was decreased. An explanation of the results based on interocular interaction is suggested.
Inducing and Measuring Bridging in Telechelic Polymer Brushes

We investigate bridging in a telechelic polymer brush in solution using the Milner−Witten−Cates self-consistent mean-field model. For an uncompressed brush between flat, parallel plates, the equilibrium number of bridges is predicted to be proportional to (R/L0)2, where R is the root-mean-square end-to-end distance and L0 is the equilibrium brush height. Upon compressing this system, a much higher number of bridges form. For moderate compression L0 − L such that ξ ≪ L0 − L ≲ L0/2, where ξ is the interpenetration depth between two opposing brushes, the number of bridges is proportional to (L0 − L)(R/L0)2/3. Changing the geometry of the system from flat, parallel plates to crossed cylinders changes the way the number of bridges scales with compression distance. In the crossed cylinder configuration, under moderate compression M such that ξ ≪ M ≲ L0/2, the number of bridges is proportional to M2(R/L0)2/3. If the two surfaces are pulled apart with a fixed number of bridges, the tensile force is approximately ...
Importance of Central Issues and Students' Positive Evaluation of Life Events

To increase our understanding of stress-resistance factors in college students, we examined whether the importance attached to certain issues would distinguish among 123 students who evaluated recent stressful life events positively or negatively. For a subsample of undergraduate students, 16 positive evaluators considered Intimacy and Adventure less important than 24 negative evaluators.
The link between monetary policy and stock and bond markets: evidence from the federal funds futures contract

This study examines the simultaneous response of both stock and bond market returns to changes in the CBOT 30-day federal funds futures rate. It is found that changes in the federal funds futures rate are negatively related to both stock and bond returns. It is also found that positive and negative changes in the federal funds futures rate have symmetric effects on the bond market, but somewhat asymmetric effects on the stock market.
Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repairs Using Suture Anchors

Arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs using titanium-alloy suture anchors are a new treatment option for active patients with shoulder injuries. Shoulder arthroscopy and arthroscopic repair procedures are alternative treatments to traditional open surgical procedures for Bankart lesions and rotator cuff tears. Distinct advantages of arthroscopic repair techniques include decreased patient tissue trauma and morbidity rates and shortened recovery and rehabilitation periods.
Future directions in macroergonomics

The origin and initial development of macroergonomics as a formal area of research and practice is reviewed, including initial methodologies and applications. Macroergonomics is defined. The synergistic nature of systems and the potential of macroergonomics for effecting 60% or greater improvements in various organizational effectiveness criteria are described. Macroergonomic interventions that have achieved these kinds of results are cited as initial validation of the synergism hypothesis. Future directions in macroergonomics are postulated, including the empirical basis or rationale for each. Included are macroergonomics as a change agent function, total quality management (TQM) strategy, human-centred work system design approach, and preventive occupational health methodology. Macroergonomics is seen as being in a period of rapid development and expansion.
Practical reasoning about knowledge states for open world planning with sensing

We present a representation for reasoning and planning with an incomplete state description (open-world) called PSIPLAN-S. The presented formalism has several properties critical for application domains with a large degree of incompleteness in the state description, particularly, in domains with a large or unknown set of all objects. The formalism offers (1) considerably expressive state and goal description language, that includes limited universal quantification, (2) representation of sensing actions and knowledge goals, (3) a correct and complete state update procedure, and (4) complete reasoning within a substantial subset of the language. The approach is illustrated by examples from a working system.
COPT6 Is a Plasma Membrane Transporter That Functions in Copper Homeostasis in Arabidopsis and Is a Novel Target of SQUAMOSA Promoter-binding Protein-like 7

Among the mechanisms controlling copper homeostasis in plants is the regulation of its uptake and tissue partitioning. Here we characterized a newly identified member of the conserved CTR/COPT family of copper transporters in Arabidopsis thaliana, COPT6. We showed that COPT6 resides at the plasma membrane and mediates copper accumulation when expressed in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae copper uptake mutant. Although the primary sequence of COPT6 contains the family conserved domains, including methionine-rich motifs in the extracellular N-terminal domain and a second transmembrane helix (TM2), it is different from the founding family member, S. cerevisiae Ctr1p. This conclusion was based on the finding that although the positionally conserved Met106 residue in the TM2 of COPT6 is functionally essential, the conserved Met27 in the N-terminal domain is not. Structure-function studies revealed that the N-terminal domain is dispensable for COPT6 function in copper-replete conditions but is important under copper-limiting conditions. In addition, COPT6 interacts with itself and with its homolog, COPT1, unlike Ctr1p, which interacts only with itself. Analyses of the expression pattern showed that although COPT6 is expressed in different cell types of different plant organs, the bulk of its expression is located in the vasculature. We also show that COPT6 expression is regulated by copper availability that, in part, is controlled by a master regulator of copper homeostasis, SPL7. Finally, studies using the A. thaliana copt6-1 mutant and plants overexpressing COPT6 revealed its essential role during copper limitation and excess.
Design of reconfigurable fault-tolerant VLSI/WSI processor array structures

Abstract This paper presents a new reconfiguration technique for VLSI/WSI processor arrays. The fault-tolerant capabilities of both interstitial redundancy and time redundancy are combined to provide optimal reconfiguration. Results obtained through Monte Carlo simulations show that with the proposed reconfiguration technique, a very high yield and chip area utilization is achieved. It is also shown that in the presence of harsh environments, where a high rate of transient faults occur, the proposed algorithm is more robust compared to the existing approaches.
New Fungicides and Application Strategies Based on Inoculum and Precipitation for Managing Stone Fruit Rust on Peach in California.

In greenhouse and field studies, rust on cling peach caused by Tranzschelia discolor was significantly reduced on leaves and fruit compared with that on controls by foliar applications of wettable sulfur, an agricultural oil, a substituted aromatic (e.g., chlorothalonil), as well as benzimidazole (e.g., benomyl, thiophanate-methyl), sterol biosynthesis inhibiting (e.g., myclobutanil, propiconazole, tebuconazole), and strobilurin (e.g., azoxystrobin) fungicides. The timing of treatments was a significant factor in reducing disease in most trials. Protective programs using wettable sulfur, tebuconazole, or azoxystrobin applied after stem lesion detection (ASLD) and before forecasted rains were highly effective. In the most effective programs for managing the disease, however, these fungicides were applied after stem lesion detection and occurrence of rainfall. Under highly conducive field environments for disease, single applications of azoxystrobin or tebuconazole at ASLD were significantly more efficacious than sulfur. Dormant treatments of liquid lime sulfur, chlorothalonil, or thiophanate-methyl/agricultural oil, however, were ineffective in reducing the disease during the subsequent spring and summer seasons. This is the first management program for rust on cling peach that utilizes inoculum and precipitation events to optimize timing of fungicide applications.
Anhydrous proton conductivity in hydrogen alkali thiogermanates

Abstract Ionic conductivities have been investigated for mixed hydrogen alkali thiogermanates possessing the adamantane-like Ge 4 S 10 4− structural complex anion. Anhydrous compounds of the form H x M 4− x Ge 4 S 10 (M=K and Rb) and H x Cs 4− x Ge 4 S 10 · y H 2 S for 0≤ x ≤4 and 0≤ y ≤1 were synthesized using a novel preparation method involving reacting the respective alkali thiogermanate glass or adamantane-like crystalline phase with liquid hydrogen sulfide. The reaction products were characterized by mass, thermogravimetric analysis, and Raman and infrared spectroscopies. Conductivity values in the range of 10 −10 to 10 −5 S/cm were determined from a.c. impedance measurements of the protonated phases below a typical thermal decomposition temperature of ∼175 °C. The decrease in ionic conductivity above the decomposition temperature is consistent with the loss of mobile protons as hydrogen sulfide. Higher proton mobility in the mixed hydrogen alkali thiogermanates vs. the anhydrous thiogermanic acid H 4 Ge 4 S 10 may be partially attributed to lower decomposition temperatures and increased hydrogen bonding.
Parental divorce and the change in drinking behavior from high school to college

192 men and 289 women (college students) provided information about their drinking behavior both currently and in their senior year in high school. These data were analyzed by students' sex and family structure. Currently men drank significantly more than women. No differences for family structure were noted. Students from divorced families drank less currently, while students from intact families drank more currently than they did as seniors in high school. This was true for more men than women. Results support the position that current drinking behavior may be associated with a decrease in parental or adult supervision which is experienced earlier for those whose parents have divorced and later (upon entering college) for those students whose parents have not divorced. Language: en
Growth Rate of Calcite Steps As a Function of Aqueous Calcium-to-Carbonate Ratio: Independent Attachment and Detachment of Calcium and Carbonate Ions

Growth rates of monolayer-height steps on the {1014} calcite surface have been measured as a function of the aqueous calcium-to-carbonate ratio. The maximum growth rates of the two common crystallographic orientations were found to deviate from the ideal stoichiometric ratio of 1:1, and dissolution features were observed under supersaturated solutions containing high calcium-to-carbonate ratios. To explain these phenomena, a theory is applied that treats the rates of attachment and detachment of aqueous calcium and carbonate ions separately. The resultant attachment rate constants are 1−3 orders of magnitude smaller than the water exchange rate of the constituent aqueous ions, suggesting that ligand-exchange processes may directly drive attachment. The broader implication is that the saturation state alone is not adequate to fully describe the rates of the multiple, independent reactions that occur on mineral surfaces under these conditions.
IUGS Group gathers geodata

An international group of scientists organized under the aegis of the International Union of Geological Science (IUGS) will try to inventory existing geoscience data bases around the world and test the waters for a new information service based on ongoing research. The IUGS Joint Working Group, composed of geologists and information scientists from Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union, France, Italy, and the United States, met September 14–16, 1987, in Vienna, Austria. The group put together a questionnaire to help determine the extent and distribution worldwide of factual and bibliographic information in the geosciences. Ghassan Rassam, group member and AGU Director of Public Information and Marketing, said, “Our intent is to increase the availability of scientific information to earth scientists, and to decrease the redundancy of different data bases now in place.”
Ophthalmologic abnormalities on FDG-PET/CT: a pictorial essay.

Positron emission tomography (PET) using [18F]-2-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG) diagnoses, stages, and restages many cancers and is often better than anatomic imaging alone. However, abnormalities within the orbit present a challenge in evaluation, mainly due to the subtle findings on PET/computed tomography (CT). In addition, this region is typically at the edge of the field of view for the standard base of skull to upper thigh FDG-PET/CT scans. The aim of this pictorial essay is to illustrate several subtle and apparent abnormalities within the orbit that can have a profound impact on patient management and follow-up.
Capillary electrophoresis of longer-chain polyphosphates

Abstract Capillary electrophoretic separations of sodium polyphosphates with anion chain lengths from 1 to >30 are presented. A buffer containing pyromellitic acid, triethanolamine and hexamethonium hydroxide gives a high resolution separation of linear and cyclic polyphosphate species. Distinct separation patterns can be obtained in 20 min for glassy sodium phosphates with number-average chain lengths from 5 to 44. The preliminary electrophoretic separations presented here should be useful for the rapid characterization of complex polyphosphate mixtures.
The Nature of the Epidermal Growth Produced by the First Application of 12-0-Tetradecanoyl-Phorbol-13-Acetate on the Skin of Mice Initiated with Dimethylbenzanthracene

One of the important areas of investigation today concerning skin chemical carcinogenesis in mice is the nature of the epidermal growth produced by the application of a tumor promoter on initiated mouse skin. We have investigated the kinetics of epidermal growth following a single application of 17 nmoles of 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in the back skin of CD-1 female mice initiated with 200 nmoles of dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA). Within 5 hr after the application of TPA there is an increase in epidermal wet weight and total protein (protein/unit area of epidermis) which reached their peak of 3 to 4× that of normal between 3 and 4 days. Total DNA begins to significantly increase somewhat slower than epidermal wet weight and total protein, but reaches its peak of about 2× increase above normal by day 2. All these parameters remain elevated until 7 days after TPA treatment when they begin to return toward normal levels. But, by day 10, the end of the experimental period, they are still significantly elevated above normal levels. Within 3 hr after TPA application, a slight hyperplasia is seen, as evidenced by small increases in the number of nucleated cell layers, the total number of epidermal nuclei/mm interfollicular epidermis (IFE) and the number of suprabasal nuclei/mm IFE. This modest hyperplasia is transient and is lost by 8 hr. Then the principal hyperplasia appears with marked increases in the number of nucleated cell layers, the total number of nuclei/mm IFE and the number of suprabasal nuclei/mm IFE which by day 2 reach their peak of about 2-3× normal. During the transient hyperplasia and the early phase of the principal hyperplasia one sees considerable epidermal cell damage as evidenced by cytoplasmic vacuolization, nuclear pyknosis, and the separation of the epidermis from the dermis. This period of damage is associated with a decrease in the number of basal nuclei/mm IFE. A small increase in mitotic activity of the basal epidermal cells is seen at 3 hr at the time the transient hyperplasia occurs. Mitotic activity decreases to below normal levels by 5 hr, and then, as the principle hyperplasia begins to be produced, epidermal mitotic activity increases markedly, reaching a peak at day 1. A Comparison of the epidermal growth produced by the first application of TPA in initiated mouse skin with that in normal mouse skin, suggests that the overall growth produced by the first application of TPA in initiated mouse skin is of greater duration than that produced by TPA in normal mouse skin.
Platelet storage: efforts to extend the shelf life of platelet concentrates

Transfusion medicine, platelets cannot be ed by blood substitutes. Circulating platelets must respond quickly to changes in blood flow and blood-vessel injury to promote normal hemostasis. Adhesion of platelets at the site of vessel endothelial rupture is mediated through platelet membrane glycoprotein receptors. The integrity of these surface adhesion receptors and the signal-transduction pathways of activation will determine, in large part, how platelet functions in hemostasis. The deterioration of these systems during storage leads to a compromise of function known as the ‘platelet-storage lesion'.
X-ray Scattering from Magnetically and Structurally Rough Surfaces

We present expressions for the resonant magnetic X-ray scattering (XRMS) by surfaces possessing roughness and analyze both the structural and magnetic roughness of a surface, as well as their correlation. We demonstrate that the leading contribution to the difference (ΔI) in the diffuse scattering between left- and right-circularly polarized light for a rough surface vanishes unless the structural and magnetic roughnesses are correlated, to leading order in the magnetization. The effects of magnetic domain structure and magnetic dead layers on the surface scattering are also discussed.
Religiously Conservative Citizens and the Ideal of Conscientious Engagement: A Comment on Wolterstorff and Eberle

Nicholas Wolterstorff and Christopher J. Eberle have defended the view that the ethics of liberal citizenship allows citizens to publicly support the passage of coercive laws based solely on their religious convictions. They also develop positive conceptions of virtuous citizenship that place moral limits on how citizens may appeal to their religion. The question I address in this essay is whether the limits they impose on citizens’ appeals to their religion are adequate. Since Eberle’s “ideal of conscientious engagement” provides us with the most extensive statement of these limits, it is the primary focus of my attention here. My conclusion is that in its current form, Eberle’s ideal is not constraining enough. In the first section, I argue that Eberle’s ideal does not require citizens to be self-critical enough about their religious and political commitments. In the second section, I highlight a conflict between Eberle’s ideal and the need for citizens to respect the religious freedom of their fellow citizens. I argue that the way to resolve this conflict is to adopt a more fine-grained conception of religious reasons and to hold that citizens should not rely on religious reasons of certain kinds. In the final section, I argue that laws punishing or discouraging homosexual conduct (which Eberle’s ideal would apparently allow) violate what Wolterstorff calls “the Idea of liberal democracy” and so are not the kind of proposal that virtuous citizens can defend.
On solutions of some non-linear differential equations arising in third grade fluid flows

Abstract Numerical solutions for a class of non-linear second order differential equations arising in third grade fluid flows between rotating cylinders are obtained. Furthermore, using the Schauder theory and perturbation technique, existence, uniqueness and analyticity results are established. Moreover, the exact analytical solutions (in integral form) are obtained and are compared with the corresponding numerical solutions. The results obtained for the flow characteristics reveal many interesting behaviors that warrant further study of the effects of rotation on the flow characteristics.
Heat Shock Protein 90α–Dependent Translocation of Annexin II to the Surface of Endothelial Cells Modulates Plasmin Activity in the Diabetic Rat Aorta

The goals of this article were (1) to identify cell surface proteins whose expression was regulated by diabetes and (2) to assess their contribution to diabetic complications. We purified heat shoc...
Microsomal interactions between iron, paraquat, and menadione: effect on hydroxyl radical production and alcohol oxidation.

The addition of menadione or paraquat to rat liver microsomes resulted in about a threefold increase in the production of hydroxyl radical (.OH) as reflected by the increased oxidation of 2-keto-4-thiomethylbutyric acid (KMBA) to ethylene. This increase was not sensitive to Superoxide dismutase but was blocked by catalase. The increase occurred in the absence of added iron and was not affected by the potent iron chelating agent, desferrioxamine, which suggests the possibility that .OH was produced from an interaction between H2O2 and the paraquat or menadione radical. Menadione and paraquat were especially effective in stimulating the oxidation of KMBA in the presence of certain iron chelates such as ferric-ADP, -ATP, or -EDTA, but not ferric-desferrioxamine, -citrate, or -histidine, or unchelated iron. In fact, ferric-ADP or -ATP only stimulated .OH production in the presence of menadione or paraquat. In the presence of ferric-EDTA, the greater than additive increase of .OH production was sensitive to catalase, but not to superoxide dismutase, suggesting the possibility of reduction of ferric-EDTA by paraquat or menadione radical. The interactions with ferric adenine nucleotides may increase the catalytic effectiveness of menadione or paraquat in producing potent oxidants such as the hydroxyl radical, and thus play a role in the toxicity associated with these agents. Paraquat and menadione had little effect on the overall oxidation of ethanol by microsomes. Microsomal drug metabolism was decreased by menadione or paraquat. As a consequence, the effect of these agents on the microsomal oxidation of ethanol was complex since it appeared that paraquat and menadione stimulated the oxidation of ethanol by a .OH-dependent mechanism, but inhibited the oxidation of ethanol by a cytochrome P-450-dependent oxidation pathway. Experiments with carbon monoxide, ferric-EDTA, and 2-butanol plus catalase tended to verify that microsomal oxidation of alcohols was increased by a .OH-dependent pathway when menadione or paraquat were added to microsomes.
Field Tests And Signature Analysis Of An Imaging CO 2 Laser Radar

A coherent, imaging CO2 laser radar has been built and tested in the field. This laser radar uses a single-waveguide CO2 laser and heterodyne detection. Two acousto-optic frequency shifters generate the IF frequency. An acousto-optic standing-wave device provides the 15 MHz intensity modulation used for ranging. The sensor includes a two-axis, dual-aperture galvonometer scanner with selectable field of view and depression angles. The optical system fits on an easily transportable 3 ft by 4 ft optical bench. Both reflectance and range images are produced. The range imagery analysis shows a range resolution of approximately one foot. Statistical analysis of the reflectance data from a military truck, the dirt ground, and an asphalt road shows that they are Rayleigh distributed. The reflectivities of these objects are determined to be around two percent through comparison with laboratory reflectometer measurements.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A numerical bifurcation study of friction effects in a slip-controlled torque converter clutch

Friction plays a key role in the efficiency and stability of the slip-controlled torque converter clutches. The effects of friction on the dynamics and stability of a slip-controlled torque converter clutch system using a bifurcation-analysis-based approach is presented in this paper. A three degree-of-freedom nonlinear driveline model with integral feedback action to control the clutch slip speed has been utilized for this study. The clutch interface friction is dependent on the slip speed and is a function of the static friction constant, μ0, the low velocity friction constant μ1, and the low velocity exponential rate, γ. Using one-parameter numerical continuation, local Hopf bifurcations of the subcritical type are observed as the friction parameters μ1 and γ were varied at low slip speeds. The continuation results are verified using simulations of the full nonlinear model. Stick-slip and undesirable oscillations of the model inertia elements are observed for certain parameter values. As the slip speed is increased, the bifurcation instability occurs at an increasingly higher value of μ1 signifying an improved tolerance of negative friction gradient at higher slip speeds. Smaller exponential rates γ are tolerated at higher slip speeds before the bifurcation instability occurs. For the range of parameter values considered, no bifurcations occur for a slip speeds higher than 3.4 and 4.5 rad/s with μ1 and γ as the continuation parameters, respectively. These values of slip speeds are much lower than the system’s first mode of torsional vibration of 16 Hz (≈100 rad/s).
The role of CD95 system in chemotherapy

Abstract Chemotherapy of malignant tumors, including acute leukemias, is largely based on empirical data and clinical experience. In recent years, it has become clear that anticancer drugs induce apoptosis in target cells. Activation of the CD95 system initiated by induction of CD95 ligand/receptor interaction has been shown to contribute to drug-induced apoptosis in certain systems. However, some groups also have shown that drug-induced apoptosis occurs independently of CD95 triggering. Drug-induced activation of apoptotic pathways appears to include parallel or sequential activation of death receptor systems and, most importantly, changes in mitochondrial function with concomitant release of apoptogenic factors. Activation of downstream caspases, such as caspase 3 or caspase 9, seems to be the most critical mediator of a drug-induced cell death. The identification of the crucial elements of drug-induced apoptosis and activation of effector caspases will certainly provide new insights into the molecular determinants of chemosensitivity or chemoresistance of malignant tumors and leukemias.
Family Conflict, Mood, and Adolescents' Daily School Problems: Moderating Roles of Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms

Using daily diary data, this study examined cross-day associations between family conflict and school problems and tested mediating effects of daily negative mood and moderating effects of psychological symptoms. For 2 weeks, parents and adolescents (N = 106; Mage = 15.4) reported daily conflict; adolescents reported daily negative mood and school problems. Results indicated bidirectional, multiday spillover between parent–adolescent conflict and school problems with daily negative mood statistically accounting for spillover both within and across days. Externalizing symptoms strengthened links between father–adolescent conflict and school problems, whereas depressive and anxious symptoms strengthened links between parent–adolescent conflict and daily negative mood. By demonstrating cross-domain transmission of daily problems, these findings highlight the salience of everyday events as possible intervention targets.
Effects of lifestyle physical activity in adults with fibromyalgia: results at follow-up.

Fibromyalgia (FM), a chronic, multidimensional disorder characterized by persistent, widespread body pain and ten-derness,1 affects about 2% of the US population and occurs about 8 times more in women than in men.2 Fibromyalgia can hamper day-to-day functioning and is a major cause of disability.3 In a previous report,4 we evaluated the effects of 12 weeks of lifestyle physical activity (LPA; it involves working toward meeting the US Surgeon General’s 1996 Physical Activity Recommendations5 of accumulating at least 30 minutes, above one’s usual activity, of moderate-intensity physical activity 5–7 days a week by integrating short bouts of activity into the day, such as increasing the amount of walking, performing more yard work, or using the stairs) on pain, function, fatigue, and other outcomes in adults with FM. We found that, compared with education controls, the LPA participants increased their average daily step count by 54%, reduced their functional deficits, as assessed by the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire6 (FIQ), by 18%, and reduced their pain by 35%. In this article, we report the results of 6- and 12-month follow-up assessments of physical activity, pain, functional deficits, fatigue, depression, tender points, 6-minute walk test, and perceived improvement.
The effects of Zn-vapor or Te-vapor heat treatment on the luminescence of ZnTe

We report cathodoluminescence measurements which show the effects of Zn-vapor or Te-vapor heat tretments on the edge emission and deep-center luminescence of vapor-phase-grown ZnTe. Prior to heat treatment, the 80 K luminescence of our as-grown material showed strong edge emission near 2.36 eV and weaker deep-center luminescence bands near 1.87 and 1.59 eV. The Te-vapor heat treatments induced a new luminescence band near 2.08 eV. The 1.59 eV band was enhanced by heat treatment in Te vapor and weakened by heat treatment in Zn vapor; this supports our earlier attribution of this band to a Vzn-related complex. In contrast, the initially weak red band near 1.87 eV was strongly enhanced by heat treatment, whether in either Zn vapor or Te vapor, followed by more rapid cooling than accorded the as-grown crystal. We thus conclude that the red band does not originate from a native-defect-related complex. The red luminescence is efficient and dominates the ZnTe spectrum from liquid nitrogen to room temperature. The electron-beam-current dependence, temperature dependence, and frequency-domain kinetics of the red band are reported following both Zn-vapor and Tevapor heat treatment. The red luminescence is attributed to recombination at isoelectronic 0 centers, the 0 being redistributed from precipitates to Te sublattice sites by the heat treatment and subsequent rapid cooling.