cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Secrecy, Systemic Risk, and the Freedom of Information Act’s ‘Confidentiality’ Exemption

During the financial crisis, the Federal Reserve lent hundreds of billions of dollars to struggling banks and financial institutions. When journalists filed Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests seeking information about the loans, the Federal Reserve responded that the information was exempt from FOIA because it was commercial or financial, confidential, and obtained from private parties, thus satisfying the fourth FOIA exemption. Litigation of this question within the Second Circuit emphasized courts’ deep disagreement over the “confidentiality” exemption’s breadth. This paper argues that some courts’ broad interpretation of “confidentiality” is inappropriate given FOIA’s language, purpose, and legislative history. In justifying its decision to withhold the information, the Federal Reserve raised legitimate concerns about systemic risk at the height of the financial crisis – but the currently existing FOIA exemptions, properly construed, do not capture these concerns. Therefore, this paper argues that Congress should enact an additional “safety valve” exemption. The new exemption would allow courts to exempt particular information from disclosure in cases of extreme necessity, while not betraying legislative intent and principles of statutory interpretation by reading an existing exemption in an illogically broad manner.
Neurocritical care of myasthenic crisis

Myasthenic crisis (MC) is the most severe clinical manifestation of myasthenia gravis (MG). MC is defined as worsening MG symptoms which lead to respiratory failure and institutions of mechanical ventilation. MC is most commonly precipitated by infections (30–40% of cases). MC may occur in patients previously diagnosed but also may be the presenting event of MG. Therefore, it should be considered in every patient with respiratory failure of unknown cause particularly those with difficulty weaning off the mechanical ventilator. It is common practice to initiate a trial of noninvasive positive ventilation as a temporizing measure in patients with MG exacerbation who are expected to recover quickly and in whom immunotherapy can be instituted promptly. Once mechanical ventilation is started, patients should be treated with lung-protective ventilation (low tidal volumes, PEEP, and plateau pressures <30 cm H2O). Plasma exchange is the preferred initial treatment in the ICU to improve muscle strength and respiratory status.
Psychodynamic Perspectives of Sexual Perversion

In general, psychodynamic conceptualizations of sexual perversions have mirrored the periodic revisions and the major developments in psychoanalytic views over the past century. These developments can be understood as a progression from the earliest psychoanalytic paradigms—drive or instinctual—to more contemporary concerns with object-relational, interpersonal, and self psychological theory. Whereas earlier psychoanalysts focused on the primary dynamics of the Oedipal complex and accompanying castration anxiety, recent theorists concentrate on preoedipal concerns centering on separation anxiety and associated factors, such as early gender role, the rudimentary formation of the self, the significance of specific early traumatogenic events, and attachment and relational motifs.
Genetic Approaches to Aging in Budding and Fission Yeasts: New Connections and New Opportunities

Yeasts are powerful model systems to examine the evolutionarily conserved aspects of eukaryotic aging because they maintain many of the same core cellular signaling pathways and essential organelles as human cells. We constructed a strain of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that could monitor the distribution of proteins involved in heterochromatic silencing and aging, and isolated mutants that alter this distribution. The largest class of such mutants cause defects in mitochondria l function, and appear to cause changes in nuclear silencing separate from the well-known Rtg2p-dependent pathway that alters nuclear transcription in response to the loss of the mitochondria l genome. Mutants that inactivate the ATP2 gene, which encodes the ATPase subunit of the mitochondria l F1F0-ATPase , were isolated twice in our screen and identify a lifespan extending pathway in a gene that is conserved in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The budding yeast S. cerevisiae has been used with great success to identify other lifespan-extending pathways in screens using surrogate phenotypes such as stress resistance or silencing to identify random mutants, or in high throughput screens that utilize the deletion strain set resource. However, the direct selection of long-lived mutants from a pool of random mutants is more challenging. We have established a new chronological aging assay for the evolutionarily distant fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe that recapitulates aspects of aging conserved in all eukaryotes. We have constructed a novel S. pombe DNA insertion mutant bank, and used it to show that we can directly select for a long-lived mutant. The use of both the budding and fission yeast systems should continue to facilitate the identification and validation of lifespan extending pathways that are conserved in humans.
Role of supplementary cementitious material type in the mitigation of calcium oxychloride formation in cementitious pastes

AbstractPremature deterioration has been observed at some joints in concrete pavements. This joint damage has been attributed, in part, to a deleterious chemical reaction between chloride-based dei...
Toward a Nonideal Approach to Immigration Justice

Critics of so-called ideal theory argue that prevailing liberal egalitarian principles were constructed under idealized assumptions and thus are ill suited to real-world circumstances where such assumptions do not apply. Specifically, they raise three related objections: (1) ideal theory cannot help us understand current injustices in the actual, nonideal world, (2) ideal principles are not sufficiently action-guiding, and (3) ideal theory tends to reflect and perpetuate unjust group privilege. This chapter explores recent philosophical work on immigration in light of these criticisms. I argue that prominent arguments on both sides of the open borders debate are subject to the standard criticisms of ideal theory and thus that a nonideal approach to migration justice is urgently needed. I suggest several methodological desiderata for such an approach.
Performance engineering

Failure caused by poor performance renders a system just as useless as failure caused by functional errors, and can be even more expensive to correct. For many years, performance in software systems has been achieved through a ‘fix-it-later‘ approach, using optimisation and tuning techniques. Recent evidence shows that, with the increased use of highly complex, multi-layered, client/server, distributed architectures, these techniques cannot be relied on to deliver even the level of performance required during early operation when workloads are small, let alone over extended periods. This paper describes some of the ways in which performance can be ‘engineered‘ into systems — examples of how these techniques have been used in recent BT projects are included.
UNIT 4.1 Titering Antibodies

Flow cytometry using fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies has emerged as a major approach to automated cellular identification. One of the most important issues in immunophenotyping is using the correct amount of antibody. This unit presents techniques for ascertaining the optimal titer for individual, dual, and multiple antibodies used for simultaneous phenotyping, stressing the importance of quality control in making batches of antibody for routine use. Keywords: flow cytometry; monoclonal antibodies; antibody titration; immunophenotyping.
The physician's role in workers' compensation

This article reviews the medical literature and describes the author's personal experience with the physician's role in workers' compensation. Work disability costs approach $150 billion in the United States. Legal aspects of workers' compensation and the Americans with Disabilities Act are reviewed. The physician specializing in industrial medicine and occupational rehabilitation can be involved in any or all of several components of care: prevention, new employee screens, urgent care, rehabilitation of chronically disabled employees and determination of work·relatedness and disability. Each of these components is discussed in detail. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.
Perceptual sensitivity to, and electrophysiological encoding of, a complex periodic signal: effects of age.

AbstractObjective: The purpose of this study was to investigate perceptual and electrophysiological encoding of complex periodic signals as a function of age.Design: Two groups of adults completed ...
Numerosity: Forward and Reverse Stock Splits

Individuals have a tendency to fixate on large numbers and ignore other relevant information in their decision making process. The numerosity heuristic, a cognitive bias, is the first behavioral hy...
Ventricular arrhythmias in patients with biventricular assist devices.

Ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) are common in patients after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implant and are associated with worse outcomes. However, the prevalence and impact of VA in patients with durable biventricular assist device (BIVAD) is unknown. We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients with BIVADs to evaluate the prevalence of VA and their clinical outcomes. Consecutive patients who received a BIVAD between June 2014 and July 2017 at our medical center were included. The prevalence of VA, defined as sustained ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation requiring defibrillation or ICD therapy, was compared between BIVAD patients and a propensity-matched population of patients with LVAD from our center. The occurrence of adverse clinical events was compared between BIVAD patients with and without VA. Of the 13 patients with BIVADs, 6 patients (46%) experienced clinically significant VA, similar to a propensity-matched LVAD population (38%, p = 1.00). There were no differences in baseline characteristics between the two cohorts, except patients in the non-VA group who had worse hemodynamics (mitral regurgitation and right-sided indices), had less history of VA, and were younger. BIVAD patients with VA had a higher incidence of major bleeding (MR 3.05 (1.07–8.66), p = 0.036) and worse composite outcomes (log-rank test, p = 0.046). The presence of VA was associated with worse outcomes in both LVAD and BIVAD groups. Ventricular arrhythmias are common in patients with BIVADs and are associated with worse outcomes. Future work should assess whether therapies such as ablation improve the outcome of BIVAD patients with VA.
Self-esteem in time and place: how American families imagine, enact, and personalize a cultural ideal : by Peggy J. Miller and Grace E. Cho, New York, Oxford University Press, 2018, 290 pp., $58.00 (hardback), ISBN 9780199959723

Miller and Cho’s book is the first of its kind: it presents a richly layered and textured conceptualization and examination of one of America’s developmental ideals for children, namely, self-estee...
VATS vs Open Management of Pleural Empyema

Pleural empyema is a common surgical problem. Due to varied clinical scenarios based on the duration and stage of empyema, the optimal approach to management has been uncertain. With advances in thoracoscopic technology and skillsets, the success rate for video assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) decortication has improved in recent years. This data is based on evidence from observational studies and national database reviews. There are no formal randomized clinical trials for approach to decortication. While a minimally invasive approach is optimal, the primary goal is total decortication with complete lung reexpansion and evacuation of infection. A minimally invasive approach is appropriate and feasible in most situations. A low threshold for conversion to thoracotomy is needed if those outcomes cannot be met.
Assistive Technologies and Academic Success for Students with Dyslexia: A Literature Review

According to research, one in ten school-aged children is diagnosed with dyslexia (Shaywitz (2008) as cited in Wang et al. (2018)) and “15-20% of the population as a whole may have symptoms of dyslexia” (Cowen, 2016). With so many students impacted, what does research provide about the assistive technologies available to aide students diagnosed with dyslexia in academic success? This literature review was conducted to determine affordances for students of all ages who could use modern technology to become more successful at reading, writing, spelling, and language comprehension. Helping students succeed in compulsory education could afford students with dyslexia the opportunity for successful academic attainment in higher education. Research indicates “people with dyslexia are vastly under-represented in universities” (MacCullagh, Bosanquet, & Badcock, 2017). The opportunity for all students to have an equitable education should be a fundamental right and the following literature review analyzes the assistive technologies available to allow students with dyslexia to thrive in an educational setting.
AI-Supply chain Risk Management during Pandemic

Artificial intelligence (AI) was introduced to develop and create “thinking machines” that are capable of mimicking, learning, and replacing human intelligence. Since the late 1970s, AI has shown great promise in improving human decision-making processes and the subsequent productivity in various business endeavors due to its ability to recognize business patterns, learn business phenomena, seek information, and analyze data intelligently. Despite its widespread acceptance as a decision-aid tool, AI has seen limited application in supply chain management (SCM). To fully exploit the potential benefits of AI for SCM, this paper explores various sub-fields of AI that are most suitable for solving practical problems relevant to SCM. In so doing, this paper reviews the past record of success in AI applications to SCM and identifies the most fruitful areas of SCM in which to apply AI.
Volatile profiling of cacti: a preliminary assessment of the taxonomic and evolutionary significance of volatile compounds in Cylindropuntia, Grusonia, Consolea, Opuntia, Quiabentia, and Tacinga.

Volatile analyses of cacti have previously been performed on the flowers, fruits, and consumed stems. During our own investigations, we and others have observed that the cut stems of certain species of the Graveolens clade of Cylindropuntia emitted odors similar to those of rancid butter or cyanoacrylate. Some species of Consolea, Opuntia, Quiabentia, and Tacinga were found to produce similar odors. Fresh samples of Cylindropuntia and these other genera were collected, and the volatile compound profiles were analyzed by solid phase micro-extraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Linear discriminate analysis found the compounds to be characteristic of the odiferous cacti as the aldehydes hexanal, 2-hexenal, and nonanal; the alcohol phenethyl alcohol; the terpene β-phellandrene; the ketone β-ionone; and the diol 5-pentyl-1,3-benzenediol. Compounds characteristic of the non-odiferous cacti are the ketones 6-methyl-2-heptanone, 2-octanone, and 1,3-dihydro-5-methyl-2H-benzimidazol-2-one; the alkanes undecane, tridecane, pentadecane, and heptadecane; the aromatics p-cymene and 1,2,3,5-tetramethyl benzene; the esters octyl formate, methyl benzoate, and methyl salicylate; the aldehyde 2-octenal; the alcohol cyclooctyl alcohol; the imine methoxy-phenyl-oxime; the terpene 1-methyl-2-(2-propenyl)-benzene; and nine unknown compounds. Putative hybrid cacti were found to have a unique volatile profile in comparison to the parents. Additionally, differing infraspecific chromosome races, diploids (n = 11) and tetraploids (n = 22), were found to have differing volatile profiles with some compounds increasing with an increase in chromosome number while other compounds decreased with an increase in chromosome number.
Projection based model reduction for the immersed boundary method.

Fluid-structure interactions are central to many bio-molecular processes, and they impose a great challenge for computational and modeling methods. In this paper, we consider the immersed boundary method (IBM) for biofluid systems, and to alleviate the computational cost, we apply reduced-order techniques to eliminate the degrees of freedom associated with a large number of fluid variables. We show how reduced models can be derived using Petrov-Galerkin projection and subspaces that maintain the incompressibility condition. More importantly, the reduced-order model is shown to preserve the Lyapunov stability. We also address the practical issue of computing coefficient matrices in the reduced-order model using an interpolation technique. The efficiency and robustness of the proposed formulation are examined with test examples from various applications.
ChinaAS WTO Entry: Antidumping, Safeguards, and Dispute Settlement

This chapter assesses China's integration into the global trading system by examining areas of international political-economic "friction" associated with its increased trade. We use a number of newly constructed data sets to examine tensions associated with its rapidly increasing trade and the trade policy commitments that China and its trading partners have undertaken as part of its 2001 WTO accession. With respect to China's exports, we examine data on WTO members' use of antidumping and their discriminatory treatment of Chinese firms prior to and following accession. We conclude that the application of antidumping against China has become more discriminatory since its 2001 accession. Furthermore, evidence from a regression analysis rules out the theory that pre-accession discrimination is associated with foreign targeting of high import tariff Chinese products as a WTO accession negotiation strategy. We also provide evidence that WTO members are also discriminating against China's exports by substituting use of new import-restricting "China-safeguard" policy instruments. Next, with respect to China's imports, we examine data on China's antidumping use - now the WTO's fifth most frequent user of antidumping - by targeted sectors and countries. We also provide evidence from products within China's largest sectoral user of a positive relationship between the size of the accession year tariff liberalization and the subsequent resort to antidumping protection after accession. Finally, we examine China's experience in managing frictions associated with its growing role in world trade through formal WTO dispute settlement proceedings.
Atmospheric windows for HF laser radiation between 2.7 and 3.2 microns.

A high resolution computer model study of the atmospheric transmittance in the 2.7 to 3.2 micron region of the spectrum is described, whose purpose was to identify atmospheric windows for the HF laser wavelengths available in this region. Three HF lines corresponding to the transitions P(12), 1 to 0, P(6), 3 to 2, and P(4), 5 to 4 are identified as having transmittances of 0.70 or greater over a 1-km sea level path.
In search of technology readiness level (TRL) 10

Abstract The NASA nine-level technology readiness level (TRL) system's top level is reached by a system being proven through use in a space mission. NASA, though, is not just an organization that seeks to develop unproven technologies. Future space activities require technologies more akin to an airliner than an Apollo Capsule. This paper considers the need for a higher TRL category indicating a proven technology demonstrated through extended operations, and it discusses its definition and sufficiency.
The nested interpolation based grid file

Spatial representation of objects, points or boxes or otherwise, plays an important role in new applications of databases. In this paper we introduce a new structure for physically organizing a set of multidimensional points. This structure called the Nested Interpolation-Based Grid File (NIBGF) represents a synthesis and an improvement of results obtained in Interpolation-Based Grid Files (IBGF), BANG files, and K-D-B-trees. The data search space is decomposed into uniquely identifiable regions which may either be disjoint as in Interpolation-Based Grid Files or enclose each other as in the BANG files. In addition to possessing the symmetry of access and clustering properties, the Nested Interpolation-Based Grid File achieves a B-tree performance as far as the index is concerned even in the worst case and the BANG file performance as far as the data regions are concerned. These properties make the new structure suited for the representation of arbitrary objects and for efficient implementation of relational database operations.
Electronic Health Record Systems

After reading this chapter, you should know the answers to these questions: What is the definition of an electronic health record (EHR)? How does an EHR differ from the paper record? What are the functional components of an EHR? What are the benefits of an EHR? What are the impediments to development and use of an EHR?
Observations on Natural Resource Use and Conservation by the Shuar in Ecuador's Cordillera del Cóndor

Understanding how indigenous people use and manage natural resources is essential for promoting conservation on indigenous lands. I evaluated how one Shuar indigenous community in the Cordillera del Condor of Ecuador use woody taxa in mature and secondary forest, cultivate swidden land, value natural resources and view changes to their environment. Field research, conducted from January February of 2003, involved ethnobotanical survey methods and interviews with 25 community members. A total of 104 plant species were classified according to ethnobotanical use. Food, forage, construction and fuel were the most common use categories for forest plants. In the swidden plot, most plants were used for food, with native trees protected among a diversity of cultivars, primarily to attract wildlife. Mining is considered the biggest threat to conservation in the Cordillera del Condor’s proposed Shuar Protected Area and will need to be addressed by the Shuar, supporting NGOs and the Ecuadorian government.
The Fine Topology

The topology of a topological space is the class of open subsets of the space. If T1 and T2 are topologies on a space, T1 is said to be finer than T2 (and then T2 is said to be coarser than T1) if T2 ⊂ T1. For any family of extended real-valued functions on a space there is a coarsest topology making every member of the family continuous, namely, the intersection of all the topologies doing this. The fine topology of classical potential theory is defined as the coarsest topology on ℝ N making continuous every superharmonic function on ℝ N . It is easy to verify that the fine and Euclidean topologies coincide when N = 1 (see Chapter XIV for classical potential theory on ℝ), and we suppose from now on in this chapter that N > 1. Concepts relative to the fine topology will be distinguished by an “f”, for example, f lim sup, δ f A. From now on any otherwise unqualified topological concept will refer to the Euclidean topology. Since the fine topology is defined intrinsically in terms of superharmonic functions, it is not surprising that this topology plays a fundamental role in classical potential theory.
Bacterial recognition and signalling by the Drosophila IMD pathway

Summary Insects such as Drosophila rely entirely on innate immune responses to combat microbial pathogens. In particular, infection leads to the rapid and massive activation of anti-microbial peptide gene transcription. Drosophila utilize two NF-kappaB signalling pathways to control anti-microbial peptide gene expression, the IMD and Toll pathways. This review highlights recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of bacterial recognition utilized by both these pathways, and in deciphering the mechanisms of intracellular signalling in the IMD pathway. In particular, the peptidoglycan recognition proteins play a critical role in recognizing and discriminating different types of bacterial pathogens, and then activating either the Toll or IMD pathway. Throughout the article, the similarities and differences between Drosophila and mammalian innate immune pathways are discussed.
DIME: a direct manipulation environment for evolutionary development of software

This paper presents an overview of the DIME environment (DIrect Manipulation Environment) being developed by the author. The paper presents the DIME vision, its catalogue of evolutionary transformations-program transformations used by programmers during software maintenance-and scenarios of how they may be used by a programmer during software maintenance. The DIME system will provide for programmers what programmers provide for other computer users: a simple, intuitive, yet powerful way to transform data with the click of a mouse. It will place at the programmer's finger-tips-figuratively speaking-rigorous, formal transformations for creating, composing, analyzing, and modifying the architecture of a software system. Using DIME a programmer will radically overhaul the architecture of a software system just by point-and-click and drag-and-drop with the guarantee that the external behavior of the system is unchanged.
Discussion of Jill Scharff's Case Presentation

(2001). Discussion of Jill Scharff's Case Presentation. Psychoanalytic Inquiry: Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 483-488.
TOWARD A SOCIOLOGY OF SPACE: THE CONSTRAINED CHOICE MODEL*

Traditional ecology has been criticized because of its failure to link ecological factors to microscopic social variables. That criticism has led to increasing interest in, but only limited theoretical development toward, an egocentric approach. The paper attempts to develop a rudimentary theory of micro ecology. It presumes that two elemental macro ecological variables, density and segregation. have significance for human interaction. These elemental factors set the probability for choice behavior in the city. To demonstrate this point a set of logically interrelated propositions is contructed. This theoretical structure is then used to develop a taxonomy of social areas that summarix the distinctive differences in the urban experience of sub area residents of the city. Human action is played out within socially bounded spaces which set some of the conditions under which people operate within the community. The social sciences have devoted a great deal of attention to both the nature of the spatial order and the implications of this order for social structure and behavior. Until recently the sociological approach to urban territorial relations has been that of traditional ecology. In this macroscopic perspective, (what Theodorsen, 1961, refers to as orthodox or neo-orthodox ecology), cities are composed of natural areas, each having their own distinctive institutions, groups and behavioral characteristics (Burgess and Bogue, 1967). Variations in behavior patterns within natural areas are explained by the characteristic homogeneity of neighborhood social organization, which in turn is described as a product of the competition for scarce home sites. Through the mechanism of the land market, populations sort and sift themselves into unique areas creating both a social and spatial order (Hawley, 1950; Alonso, 1960). Critics of this approach contend that significant developments in urban sociology have been hindered by the essentially passive role accorded to space. While each area is described by its distinctive social characteristics, these characteristics are not seen as the result of intrinsic spatial factors but rather of the unique social order of
Gradient algorithm applied to laboratory quantum control

The exploration of a quantum control landscape, which is the physical observable as a function of the control variables, is fundamental for understanding the ability to perform observable optimization in the laboratory. For high control variable dimensions, trajectory-based methods provide a means for performing such systematic explorations by exploiting the measured gradient of the observable with respect to the control variables. This paper presents a practical, robust, easily implemented statistical method for obtaining the gradient on a general quantum control landscape in the presence of noise. In order to demonstrate the method's utility, the experimentally measured gradient is utilized as input in steepest-ascent trajectories on the landscapes of three model quantum control problems: spectrally filtered and integrated second harmonic generation as well as excitation of atomic rubidium. The gradient algorithm achieves efficiency gains of up to approximately three times that of the standard genetic algorithm and, as such, is a promising tool for meeting quantum control optimization goals as well as landscape analyses. The landscape trajectories directed by the gradient should aid in the continued investigation and understanding of controlled quantum phenomena.
SEX DIFFERENCES AND INITIAL READING PERFORMANCE

--400 school records were randomly seleaed from school files, equally divided between boys and girls. Kindergarten Letter Recognition and Number Readiness scores were then correlated with subsequent first-grade achievement. Regression equations were developed for half of each sample and applied to the other half. This produced Calibration and Cross-validation samples for each sex. Although girls' means were significantly higher than boys' the magnitude of difference was not deemed psychologically relevant. Sex did not moderate the relationships between any predictor with any criterion. Letter recognition and number readiness predicted first-grade reading with similar accuracy. Finally, each criterion correlated only slightly higher with several predictors combined than it did with each predictor separately.
Second auto-SCT for treatment of relapsed multiple myeloma.

High-dose therapy and auto-SCT remain integral in the initial treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), and are increasingly being applied for management of relapsed disease. We examined the outcomes in 98 patients undergoing salvage auto-SCT (auto-SCT2) for relapsed MM after receiving an initial transplant (auto-SCT1) between 1994 and 2009. The median age at auto-SCT2 was 60 years (range: 35–74). The median time between auto-SCT1 and auto-SCT2 was 46 months (range: 10–130). Treatment-related mortality was seen in 4%. The median PFS from auto-SCT2 was 10.3 (95% confidence interval (CI): 7–14) months and the median OS from auto-SCT2 was 33 months (95% CI: 28–51). In a multivariable analysis, shorter time to progression (TTP) after auto-SCT1, not achieving a CR after auto-SCT2, higher number of treatment regimens before auto-SCT2 and a higher plasma cell labeling index at auto-SCT2 predicted for shorter PFS. However, only a shorter TTP after auto-SCT1 predicted for a shorter OS post auto-SCT2. Hence, auto-SCT2 is an effective and feasible therapeutic option for MM patients relapsing after other treatments, especially in patients who had a TTP of at least 12 months after their auto-SCT1.
Microglial and neural differentiation in human teratomas.

Ten human teratomas arising outside the central nervous system (CNS) were studied using a panel of immunohistochemical, and lectin histochemical stains to determine the relationship of the presence of microglia to markers of neural maturity or differentiation. Microglia, identified by silver carbonate,Ricinus communis agglutinin-1 (RCA-1), or both were found in eight out of ten cases. They were common in mature areas which also had S-100, glial fibrillary acidic protein, vimentin, neurofilament, and synaptophysin immunostaining. Microglia were distinguished from macrophages in necrotic foci. Cells which were RCA-1 positive and silver carbonate positive were found in immature neural tissues but these lacked all typical features of microglia. These observations indicate that true microglia are frequent in nonCNS teratomas and that they are found in association with other indicators of neural maturation. The presence of possible precursors in immature areas suggests that microglia undergo maturation concurrent with neural differentiation in these tumors.
The influence of niobium supersaturation in austenite on the static recrystallization behavior of low carbon microalloyed steels

This work describes the effect of Nb supersaturation in austenite, as it applies to the strain-induced precipitation potential of Nb(CN), on the suppression of the static recrystallization of austenite during an isothermal holding period following deformation. Four low carbon steels, microalloyed with Nb, were used in this investigation. Three of the steels had variations in Nb levels at constant C and N concentrations. Two steels had different N levels at constant C and Nb concentrations. The results from the isothermal deformation experiments and the subsequent measurement of the solution behavior of Nb in austenite show that the recrystallization-stop temperature (TRXN) increases with increasing Nb supersaturation in austenite. Quantitative transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that the volume fraction of Nb(CN) at austenite grain boundaries or subgrain boundaries was 1.5 to 2 times larger than Nb(CN) volume fractions found within the grain interiors. This high, localized volume fraction of Nb(CN) subsequently led to high values for the precipitate pinning force (FPIN). These values forFPIN were much higher than what would have been predicted from equilibrium thermodynamics describing the solution behavior of Nb in austenite.
Genomic complexity and plasticity ensure Pseudomonas success.

Pseudomonas is a large and diverse genus of Proteobacteria that was first described in 1894. Members of the genus can be found in virtually every corner of the earth from the Arctic tundra to the tropical rainforests; from arid soils to rain clouds (Morris et al. , 2008; Wilhelm et al. , 2012). This incredible environmental adaptability is due to Pseudomonas 's extraordinary metabolic versatility. Pseudomonads can grow at temperatures ranging from 0 to 42 °C and can survive even more extreme temperatures. They have few nutritional requirements and can utilize a variety of carbon sources. Although pseudomonads grow optimally in aerobic environments, they can also utilize nitrogen for anaerobic respiration. Phenotypically, pseudomonads are characterized as Gram-negative, nonsporulating rods that are motile and possess a single polar flagellum. They can live as free-living planktonic cells or as members of a biofilm community and have the exceptional ability to translate microbial signals and environmental cues into niche-specific processes. One example of this exquisite perception is P. putida 's phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system (PTS), which is reviewed in this thematic issue of FEMS Microbiology Letters by Katharina Pfluger-Grau and Victor de Lorenzo. PTS is a complex multiprotein system that controls the post-translational regulation of proteins involved in metabolism, based on extracellular nutritional information and intracellular biochemical signals received by the bacterium. The ability of pseudomonads to sense and adapt to their environment results in an extraordinary range of activities, such as the secretion of many …
Separate vs. joint replenishment policies with maximum storage requirement costs

Abstract Multi-item inventory problems give rise to the possibility of time-phasing the replenishments of different items over the inventory cycle. Such a policy reduces the peak storage requirement, compared to a policy of simultaneous replenishment. This, in turn, increases the amount of warehouse space which is permanently available for leasing throughout the cycle. However, where cost savings may be achieved through combining setups of different items, as in the well known joint replenishment problem, such a time-phasing policy may increase total setup costs. This paper considers the two item joint replenishment problem, where a cost (equivalent to the opportunity cost of warehouse space) attaches to the peak storage requirement which occurs within the inventory cycle. Existing joint replenishment models do not consider such costs, but their consideration suggests that joint replenishment is not always optimal. We analyze possible policies under both joint and separate replenishment, and provide optimal closed form solutions. A numerical example to illustrate the tradeoff between joint and separate replenishment is provided.
Increases in Cortisol Are Positively Associated With Gains in Encoding and Maintenance Working Memory Performance in Young Men

AbstractPast studies have demonstrated that increases in cortisol secretion are associated with either enhancements or impairments of long-term memory, depending on the subprocess involved. However, working memory is generally studied as a unified system within the cortisol literature. The present study sought to determine if cortisol increases are positively associated with increases in performance in the encoding subprocess of working memory, and whether increases are positively or negatively associated with performance changes in the maintenance subprocess. Thirty-three young men (M = 19.4 years, SD = 0.89) participated in a change-detection task, consisting of a condition requiring encoding only and a condition requiring both encoding and maintenance. To elicit a cortisol response, participants completed the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) between two administrations of the task. Cardiovascular measurements and saliva samples were obtained before the TSST (T1), and mid-way between blocks of the second...
Constructing simple theories from propositional inventories

Abstract For better or worse, vast amounts of the research in the social sciences is done by researchers working independently of each other. Moreover, until quite recently, most of the data gathered has been of the correlational variety, relating two variables at a time. Consequently, those who try to make theoretical sense out of the vast amount of data often give up this task as hopeless. One way of alleviating this situation is through a propositional inventory: by bringing into one volume a large number of propositions that cover similar grounds. The late 1950s and the 1960s saw an upsurge in such inventories and this trend has continued into the 1970s.1 Yet even these inventories do not condense and organize the data sufficiently to permit one to develop theories from them. In this paper we shall describe and illustrate a procedure which permits one to construct simple theories from propositional inventories.
Effects of lodoxamide tromethamine on paraplegia that occurs after infrarenal aortic occlusion in the rabbit.

Abstract The antioxidant lodoxamide tromethamine was assessed for effects on experimental spinal cord ischemia in the rabbit. Lodoxamide (20 mg/kg/hr) or 0.9% sodium chloride was infused beginning 15 minutes before infrarenal aortic occlusion and continuing for 105 minutes. With an occlusion time of 20 minutes, eight of eight lodoxamide-treated animals and five of eight saline-treated animals regained function after reperfusion. However, by 48 hours after occlusion, seven of eight saline-treated animals were completely paralyzed, whereas only two of eight lodoxamide-treated animals were paralyzed. An ischemia time of 30 minutes exceeded the protective capacity of this treatment. These results suggest lodoxamide may be useful in alleviating ischemic damage to the spinal cord. (J VASC SURG 1987;6:572-7.)
Use of Sodium Chlorite to Combat Anchorworm Infestations of Fish

Abstract Sodium chlorite was safer and more effective than Dylox in eradicating lernaeid anchorworm parasites from freshwater fish. When the chlorite ion concentration, [ClO2 –], was maintained within the range of 20–40 mg/L, it was nontoxic to a wide spectrum of freshwater fish, and the treatment eradicated anchorworm from these fish in seemingly permanent fashion. This ion can be used to treat large water systems and the beneficial effects appear to be long-term. Other disease organisms (e.g., Epistylis spp.) are also eliminated by such treatment. A colorimetric method for monitoring the chlorite ion concentration of water samples is described.
Russian in Post-Soviet Central Asia: A Comparison with the States of the Baltic and South Caucasus

Abstract Since the collapse of the USSR, Russian-language skills have declined significantly throughout Central Asia among the titular and other local ethnic groups. Nevertheless, even in countries with minute Slavic minorities, Russian continues to be used for many different types of communication, and enjoys a high level of prestige, including in higher education and in top levels of professional, economic and political spheres. The use of Russian in elite domains and its association with high quality in Central Asia stands in contrast to the situation in the former Soviet republics of the Baltic and South Caucasus.
Nociceptive and antinociceptive responses to intrathecally administered nicotinic agonists

Abstract Activation of spinal nicotinic receptors evokes a prominent algogenic response. Recently, epibatidine, a potent nicotinic agonist, was found to display an antinociceptive response after systemic administration. To examine the spinal component of this action, effects of three nicotinic agonists—epibatidine, cytisine and nicotine—were given intrathecally (IT) and their antinociceptive activity was subsequently assessed. All agents elicited dose-dependent algogenic activity, characterized at lower doses by touch-evoked hyperactivity and at higher doses by intermittent vocalization and marked behavioral activity, with the rank order of potency being epibatidine>cytisine>nicotine. In addition, intrathecal epibatidine elicited a short-lasting, dose-dependent thermal antinociception. In contrast, the other nicotinic agonists at the highest usable dose failed to produce a significant antinociception. Mecamylamine, a nicotinic channel blocker, completely abolished the antinociceptive and algogenic responses of epibatidine. The competitive antagonist, α -lobeline, blocked both the analgesic and algogenic responses, but methyllycaconitine inhibited only the algogenic effects of epibatidine. Dihydro- β -erythroidine, also a competitive antagonist, had no effect on the initial intense algogenic responses. The analgesic response to epibatidine was neither inhibited by naloxone nor by atropine. 2-Amino-5-phosphopentanoic acid, a competitive N -methyl- d -aspartate receptor antagonist, did not affect the analgesic response to intrathecal epibatidine or the intense initial algogenic response. Upon repeated administration (30-min interval), epibatidine (1 μg, IT) exhibited marked and rapid desensitization to both the analgesic and algogenic responses which recovered within 8 h. Pretreatment with two consecutive doses of cytisine (5 μg, IT, 30-min apart) inhibited the agitation and analgesic actions of intrathecal epibatidine. Thus, we contend that in addition to the typical nociceptive response elicited by spinal nicotinic agonists, intrathecal epibatidine also exhibits a pronounced but short-lasting antinociception. The analgesic and algogenic responses to intrathecal epibatidine may be mediated by distinct subtypes of spinal nicotinic receptors as suggested by the antagonist studies.
Two Distinct Cellular Patterns In Cutaneous Necrotizing Angitis

Two distinct cellular patterns of necrotizing angiitis involving venules in skin of patients with clinically identical cutaneous lesions were appreciated by the 1 -mum-thick section technique. In those individuals with serum hypocomplementemia, there was a perivenular inflitrate composed predominantly of neutrophils with fibrin deposition and nuclear debris. In patients with normal serum complement levels, in addition to an infiltrate of neutrophils and fibrin deposition, perivenular lymphocytes in various stages of activation were prominent. In both patterns the venules and not the arterioles were affected, mast cells exhibited various degrees of hypogranulation, and basophils and eosinophils were recognized only rarely. Lesions of different clinical age obtained from one hypocomplelmentemic patient and one normocomplementemic patient exhibited consistent cellular patterns, as did a single crop of lesions biopsied twice, 24 hr apart, in a patient with hypocomplementemia. No patient with hypocomplementemia became normocomplementemic or vice versa with persistence of lesions.
Biliary atresia: how medical complications and therapies impact outcome

Biliary atresia (BA) is a progressive fibro-obliterative disease of the extrahepatic biliary tree that presents with biliary obstruction in the neonatal period. Untreated, BA is a uniformly fatal disease and, yet, even with our existing therapies, at least 50% of children with BA will undergo liver transplantation by the age of 2 years. Current treatment strategies are, at best, palliative; they focus on prompt diagnosis, supportive nutritional care and interventions for sequelae. The purpose of this article is to discuss the current treatment paradigm for BA and to assess the impact these strategies have on outcomes. As more children with BA survive into adulthood with their native liver, it is important to understand which factors predict good and poor outcomes.
Transforming programming-intensive courses with course-embedded research

In this paper, we discuss the Software Engineering Research Project (SERP) initiated at GGC College, a public four-year institution in southeastern United States. The long-term goal of SERP involves motivating students to pursue graduate degrees, research careers, or challenging industry work. Before students can engage in software engineering research, they need to develop a deeper appreciation for professional practice, scholarly literature, and research paradigms. To that end, we have identified activities to embed in two junior-level programming-intensive courses: Software Development I and Advanced Programming. Our three-pronged approach includes attendance at professional events, participation in a research project, and exposure to computing research at a leading research university. In this paper, we detail our goals and objectives for the SERP program, illustrate a course redesign for two of the courses, and provide initial results from a pilot study.
Evaluation of high voltage 15 kV SiC IGBT and 10 kV SiC MOSFET for ZVS and ZCS high power DC -DC converters

The advent of Silicon Carbide (SiC) devices has made possible high switching frequency operation of PWM power converters. In this paper, SiC devices are compared in detail with Si devices in a high power (1 MW) DC -DC converter application. The converter is designed as the building block for traction drives which requires it to operate at high power, high input voltage (11 kV) and low output voltage (800 V) levels. A dual active bridge (DAB) and a series resonant converter (SRC) topology are compared to achieve highly efficient operation. The performance and efficiency of these converters are compared by simulations using two different combinations of switches; the SiC combination consists of 10 kV/10 A SiC MOSFET at High Voltage (HV) side and 1200 V/100 A SiC MOSFET at Low Voltage side (LV), and the Silicon combination consists of 6.5 kV/10 A Si IGBT at HV side and 1200 V/100 A Silicon IGBT at LV side. For further understanding, efficiency analysis using the newly developed 15 kV/20 A SiC IGBT on the HV side is also carried out.