cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maximizing jammer effectiveness for evaluating the performance of adaptive nulling array antennas

A theory is developed which is used to find interference source distributions which maximize consumption of the degrees of freedom for N -channel adaptive nulling arrays with arbitrary element positions. For a given number of interference sources, after proper positioning, these sources represent a maximally stressed environment for the adaptive array degrees of freedom. The interference covariance matrix eigenvalues are shown to have a direct bearing on the number of degrees of freedom consumed as well on the adaptive cancellation. Numerical examples are given showing that certain source geometries produce the situation where little or no adaptive cancellation is possible due to the available degrees of freedom being severely taxed.
Coming to Terms With Coparenting: Implications of Definition and Measurement

Coparenting is a complex construct that shares characteristics with other areas of the family system. In an effort to increase clarity surrounding conceptualizations of coparenting, definitions are proposed based on the external (the who, what, and where) and the internal (the what) structures that bound the coparenting construct. A framework of 4 coparenting dimensions that cross methodological boundaries is presented, and includes coparenting solidarity, coparenting support, undermining coparenting, and shared parenting. In analyses of data collected longitudinally from 62 couples when children were aged 6 months and 3 years, the coparenting dimensions were for the most part significantly associated between and within mothers and fathers. Notably, undermining coparenting was negatively related to coparenting support for fathers, but unrelated for mothers. Links between several distinct indicators within each coparenting dimension and marital outcomes were assessed to demonstrate the ramifications for choosing one measure of coparenting over another.
Potent tumoricidal effects of a human cytotoxic T-cell line (TALL-104) against prostate cancer

The human TALL-104 cell line possesses major histocompatibility complex non-restricted cytotoxic activity against a large variety of tumor targets. Adequate therapies for prostate cancer that has spread outside its capsule are lacking. In order to identify effective therapies for this problem, we investigated the antiproliferative effects of TALL-104 cells against three prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, PC-3, DU-145). A Cr-51-release: cytotoxicity assay showed that TALL-104 cells were very cytotoxic against the prostate cancer cells. For example, at a 1:1 ratio of TALL-104 cells to prostate cancer cells, the percent release of Cr-51 at 18 h were 50, 40, and 45% for LNCaP, PC-3, and DU-145, respectively. Analysis by inhibition of clonogenic growth of prostate cancer cells also showed that TALL-104 cells were extremely effective. For instance, a short-term (4 h or 18 h) pre-incubation of TALL-104 cells with these tumor cells at the effector to target ratio of 10:1 prior to clonogenic assay resulted in a substantial reduction in clonogenic tumor growth (90%, 65%, and 50% clonal growth inhibition for LNCaP, PC-3, and DU-145, respectively). Further experiments using both Cr-51 release and clonogenic assays showed that irradiated TALL-104 cells were also effective in their anti-prostatic cancer activities. We also examined if TALL-104 cells plus a chemotherapeutic agent might complement each other in their cytotoxic effects. Preincubation of prostate cancer cell targets with etoposide (0.2-20 mu g/ml) for 18 h markedly increased their susceptibility to TALL-104 lysis. The anti-tumor efficacy of TALL-104 cells was also demonstrated in vivo utilizing the BNX murine model engrafted with subcutaneous PC-3 prostate cancer cells. A substantial reduction in PC-3 tumor cell progression was observed in mice injected with irradiated TALL-104 cells (1x10(7) cells intraperitoneally or intratumorally for 5 days beginning on days 24 and 45 after implantation) as compared to mice injected with tumors only. Taken together, these findings suggest that TALL-104 cells may be utilized as a potent anti-tumor agent, either alone or in combination with other agents (such as etoposide) in metastatic prostate cancer.
Testing the effects of delinquent peers and self‐control on disruptive behaviors in the college classroom

While many studies have examined the effects of disruptive behaviors in the secondary classroom, few have focused on disruptive behaviors in the college classroom. Also, no study has examined whether concepts from criminological theories (i.e., self‐control and delinquent peer association) predict disruptive behaviors in the classroom, controlling for delinquent behaviors outside of the classroom. Using self‐reported data from 705 college students, this study found that delinquent peer association, low self‐control, and delinquency were all significantly related to a participant’s level of disruptive classroom behaviors. These results highlight the need for further investigation of disruptive behaviors in the college classroom.
Maternal behaviors: central integration or independent parallel circuits? Theoretical comment on Popeski and Woodside (2004).

Blocking nitric oxide (NO) production, by 3rd ventricle administration of a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 250 μg/5 μl, postpartum [pp]) decreased milk ejections in Day 10 pp rats. On Day 4 pp, L-NAME treatment eliminated pup retrieval and at both stages of lactation suppressed maternal aggression. Fewer rats treated with L-NAME on Day 10 pp retrieved 4-day-old pups than controls, although all nursed older litters. Following exposure to a mobile intruder, Fos expression was lower in the medial preoptic area and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in L-NAME-treated rats than in controls but was lower in the medial amygdala only following exposure to an anaesthetized in:ruder. Thus, the elevated levels of NO observed in lactation may contribute to the mechanism(s) that mediate maternal behavior and aggression.
Selection rule violation, anisotropy, and anomalous intensity of two-photon absorption lines in Gd3+:LaF3

Abstract Fluorescence detection following excitation with a pulsed dye laser is used to measure relative cross sections of 14 two-photon transitions within the 4f7 configuration of the Gd3+ ion in LaF3. The transition intensities 8 S 7 2 → 6 I J , are anomalously large and strongly anisotropic and in three cases violate the selection rule ΔJ ⩽ 2. J-mixing of 4f7 levels by the crystal field appears inadequate to explain this behavior, and an explanation employing crystal field mixing of levels of the 4f6 5d configuration, which serve as intermediate states, is proposed.
Role of protein kinase C β and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor in malignant pleural mesothelioma: Therapeutic implications and the usefulness of Caenorhabditis elegans model organism

Purpose: To examine the role of both protein kinase C (PKC)-β and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2 in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) using respective inhibitors, enzastaurin and KRN633. Materials and Methods: MPM cell lines, control cells, and a variety of archived MPM tumor samples were used to determine the protein expression levels of PKC-β, VEGFR-2, VEGF, and p-AKT. Effects of enzastaurin and KRN633 on phosphorylation status of key signaling molecules and viability of the mesothelioma cells were determined. The common soil nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans , was treated with enzastaurin to determine its suitability to screen for highly potent kinase inhibitors. Results: PKC-β1, PKC-β2 and VEGFR-2/KDR were overexpressed in MPM cell lines and MPM tumor tissues. Enzastaurin treatment resulted in significant loss in viability of VEGF induced cell proliferation; however, the effect of KRN633 was much less. Enzastaurin also dramatically decreased the phosphorylation of PKC-β, its downstream target p-AKT, and surprisingly, the upstream VEGFR-2. The combination of the two drugs at best was additive and similar results were obtained with respect to cell viability. Treatment of C. elegans with enzastaurin resulted in clear phenotypic changes and the worms were hypermotile with abnormal pattern and shape of eggs, suggesting altered fecundity. Conclusions: PKC-β1 and VEGFR-2 are both excellent therapeutic targets in MPM. Enzastaurin was better at killing MPM cells than KRN633 and the combination lacked synergy. In addition, we show here that C. elegans can be used to screen for the next generation inhibitors as treatment with enzastaurin resulted in clear phenotypic changes that could be assayed.
The Invader assay for SNP genotyping.

The Invader® assay uses a structure-specific flap endonuclease (FEN) to cleave a three-dimensional complex formed by hybridization of allele-specific overlapping oligonucleotides to target DNA containing a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site. Annealing of the oligonucleotide complementary to the SNP allele in the target molecule triggers the cleavage of the oligonucleotide by cleavase, a thermostable FEN. Cleavage can be detected by several different approaches. Most commonly, the cleavage product triggers a secondary cleavage reaction on a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) cassette to release a fluorescent signal. Alternatively, the cleavage can be detected directly by use of fluorescence polarization (FP) probes, or by mass spectrometry. The invasive cleavage reaction is highly specific, has a low failure rate, and can detect zeptomol quantities of target DNA. While the assay traditionally has been used to interrogate one SNP in one sample per reaction, novel chip- or bead-based approaches have been tested to make this efficient and accurate assay adaptable to multiplexing and high-throughput SNP genotyping.
MECHANISMS OF THYROID HORMONE ACTION: Implications for the Clinical Manifestation of Thyrotoxicosis

Serum thyroid hormone concentrations alone do not explain the variability and severity of the range of symptoms observed in thyrotoxic patients. Despite gaps in our understanding of the links between the clinical manifestations of thyrotoxicosis and the underlying mechanisms, much has been learned. A limited number of markers directly reflect T3 action. The future elucidation of T3 targets that mediate these effects should ultimately lead to additional clinical markers of tissue-specific T3 action. The availability of such tests should allow for more specific treatment of individual patients.
Using vocabularies of motives to facilitate relationship marketing: The context of the Winnebago Itasca Travelers Club

This study examines how the Winnebago Itasca Travelers (WIT) Club attracts new customers and builds customer loyalty by using vocabularies of motives and core framing activities. Utilising social m...
Preschool language disorders and subsequent language and academic difficulties

Sixty-three language-disordered children first evaluated in their preschool years were followed four to five years after initial diagnosis. At follow-up approximately 40% of these children continued to present speech and language problems and approximately 40% presented other learning problems. Preschool levels of language comprehension, formulation, semantics, syntax, phonology, and speech production were found to be moderately correlated to subsequent class placement in the elementary grades. Duration of preschool therapy was not related to either the severity of preschool language disorder or to any subsequent speech, language, or academic abilities. Duration of school therapy was related to severity of phonologic deficit as rated during the preschool years and to all follow-up ratings for speech, language, and academic abilities.
New vanadium tris(tert-butoxy)siloxy complexes and their thermolytic conversions to vanadia-silica materials

The V(IV) alkoxysiloxy complexes (tBuO)3VOSi(OtBu)3 (1) and (tBuO)2V[OSi(OtBu)3]2 (2) were synthesized via the silanolysis of V(OtBu)4 with 1 and 2 equiv of HOSi(OtBu)3, respectively. Complexes 1 and 2 are efficient single-source molecular precursors to homogeneous V/Si/O materials via the thermolytic molecular precursor method. The thermal transformations of these complexes occurred at low temperatures (≤160 °C), via the elimination of isobutene as the major carbon-containing product. Thermolyses of 1 in the solid state and in solution (forming a xerogel in the latter case) yielded V/Si/O materials (VOSi1ss and VOSi1xg, respectively) with low surface areas (30−40 m2 g-1). After calcination at 400 °C in O2, these materials exhibited powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns consistent with the presence of V2O5. Similar thermolyses of 2 yielded V/Si/O materials (VOSi2ss and VOSi2xg) that exhibited higher surface areas (up to 170 and 70 m2 g-1, respectively) and V2O5 crystallite formation after calcination a...
Characterization of N-terminal processing of group VIA phospholipase A2 and of potential cleavage sites of amyloid precursor protein constructs by automated identification of signature peptides in LC/MS/MS analyses of proteolytic digests.

Dysregulation of proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) contributes to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease, and the Group VIA phospholipase A2 (iPLA2β) is the dominant PLA2 enzyme in the central nervous system and is subject to regulatory proteolytic processing. We have identified novel N-terminal variants of iPLA2β and previously unrecognized proteolysis sites in APP constructs with a C-terminal 6-myc tag by automated identification of signature peptides in LC/MS/MS analyses of proteolytic digests. We have developed a Signature-Discovery (SD) program to characterize protein isoforms by identifying signature peptides that arise from proteolytic processing in vivo. This program analyzes MS/MS data from LC analyses of proteolytic digests of protein mixtures that can include incompletely resolved components in biological samples. This reduces requirements for purification and thereby minimizes artifactual modifications during sample processing. A new algorithm to generate the theoretical signature peptide set and to calculate similarity scores between predicted and observed mass spectra has been tested and optimized with model proteins. The program has been applied to the identification of variants of proteins of biological interest, including APP cleavage products and iPLA2β, and such applications demonstrate the utility of this approach.
Attitudes Toward Imported and Domestic Apparel Among College Students: The Fishbein Model and External Variables

The purpose of this study was to test the role of external variables on attitudes toward imported and domestic apparel among college students by utilizing Fishbein's Attitude Model. External variables included demographics, clothing attitudes, students' self-perceptions, and level of fashion involvement. Data were obtained from a questionnaire that was completed by 741 students enrolled in randomly selected classes at a major Western university. Statistical analysis of results included t-tests, stepwise multiple regression, and stepwise discriminant analysis. The attitude toward imported clothing was influenced by the level of fashion involvement, the prestige clothing attitude, the social activities clothing attitude, and social acceptance, in that order of importance. The attitude toward domestic clothing was influenced by the level offashion involvement, social acceptance, the social activities clothing attitude, and the garment styling clothing attitude, in that order of importance. Overall, students ...
Global performance management in MNCs: a research note

The recent focus on performance management of MNCs is evidenced by a number of publications devoted to the topic. Yet, there is limited evidence-based management knowledge on the topic. The conceptual frameworks that have been developed have mainly focused on culture. Although hypotheses have been suggested, there is limited empirical research on the topic. Seven suggestions are made for future IHRM research with regard to PM in MNCs.
Spacecraft potential effects on the Dynamics Explorer 2 satellite

The relationship between the plasma environment and spacecraft potential is examined for the Dynamics Explorer 2 (DE 2) spacecraft in an attempt to improve the accuracy of ion drift measurements by the retarding potential analyzer (RPA). Because of the DE 2 orbit characteristics (apogee near 1000 km and perigee near 300 km) and the configuration of conducting surfaces on the spacecraft, thermal electrons and ions constituted the only significant contributions to the charging currents to the spacecraft surface for the majority of geophysical conditions encountered. The geomagnetic field had considerable effect on the spacecraft potential due to magnetic field confinement of the electrons as well as to the V x B electric field resulting from the movement of the spacecraft across magnetic field lines. Using a database of inferred spacecraft potentials from the RPA, measured electron temperatures from the Langmuir probe (LANG), and calculated V x B electric fields, we derive an algorithm for determining the spacecraft potential (at the location of the RPA on the spacecraft) for any point of the DE 2 orbit. Knowledge of the spacecraft potential subsequently allows us to retrieve relatively accurate ion drifts from the RPA data.
X-ray emission rates in the hartree-slater approximation

X-ray emission rates for the filling of inner-shell vacancies have been calculated for all elements from Z=6 to Z=100 with nonrelativistic Hartree-Slater wavefunctions. Results are presented for all shells, K, L, … Q, for electric dipole transition only.
Validation of a Low-Back Disorder Risk Model in a Prospective Study of Ergonomic Interventions into Manual Materials Handling Jobs

Few tools used to evaluate the low-back disorder (LBD) risk of manual materials handling (MMH) tasks have assessed their predictive ability. Only valid and accurate tools can reliably determine if an ergonomic intervention will reduce injury. This study evaluated how well a LBD Risk model predicted LBD rate changes of modified jobs. A prospective cohort was used to study 36 repetitive, MMH jobs (32 having had an ergonomic intervention and four comparison jobs having no such change). Employees' trunk motions and work place factors were observed pre- and post-intervention, and the jobs' LBD rates were recorded for these periods. Results indicated a significant correlation between changes in the jobs' predicted LBD Risk values and changes in their actual LBD rates. Linear and Poisson regression models predicted a change in a job's LBD rate and the number of LBDs, respectively, as a function of the job's risk change. This prospective study also showed which ergonomic interventions reduced the jobs' mean LBD r...
Redescription of the Hispaniolan ladybird genus Bura Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and justification for its transfer from Coccidulinae to Sticholotidinae

The Hispaniolan genus Bura Mulsant is removed from Coccidulinae and placed in Sticholotidinae. The characteristics which justify this transfer are discussed and an historical review of the classification of the Sticholotidinae is presented. Bura is diagnosed and redescribed, and its affinities to other Sticholotidini are discussed. Illustrations of key generic characters are provided.
The Response of Exchange Rate Pass-Through to Market Concentration in a Small Economy: The Evidence from Korea

This paper finds that domestic market concentration in Korea, a small country, systematically affects pass-through of individual industries. The estimates suggest that exchange rates are only partially passed on to import prices in Korea. The evidence implies that imperfect competition is relevant for the exchange rate pass-through, even in a small economy. This finding has important implications for issues such as inflationary effects of depreciation and the effect of trade liberalization.
Dirhodium(II) Tetrakis(perfluorobutyrate)

[73755-28-9] C16F28O8Rh2 (MW 1057.98) InChI = 1S/4C4HF7O2.2Rh/c4*5-2(6,1(12)13)3(7,8)4(9,10)11;;/h4*(H,12,13);;/q;;;;2*+2/p-4 InChIKey = BNCXPORMMOBRMR-UHFFFAOYSA-J (catalyst for carbenoid reactions of diazo compounds,1 hydrosilylation of alkenes and alkynes,2 and silylcarbonylation of alkynes3) Physical Data: λ 626 nm, ɛ 248 (CH2Cl2).4 Solubility: sol MeCN, DMSO, pyridine, benzene, CH2Cl2, alkenes. Form Supplied in: anhydrous form is green; hydrate is blue. Preparative Methods: from Dirhodium(II) Tetraacetate by ligand displacement in refluxing perfluorobutyric acid containing perfluorobutyric anhydride.5 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: air stable, very hygroscopic; stored in desiccator.
Olfactory Cilia: Linking Sensory Cilia Function and Human Disease

The olfactory system gives us an awareness of our immediate environment by allowing us to detect airborne stimuli. The components necessary for detection of these odorants are compartmentalized in the cilia of olfactory sensory neurons. Cilia are microtubule-based organelles, which can be found projecting from the surface of almost any mammalian cell, and are critical for proper olfactory function. Mislocalization of ciliary proteins and/or the loss of cilia cause impaired olfactory function, which is now recognized as a clinical manifestation of a broad class of human diseases, termed ciliopathies. Future work investigating the mechanisms of olfactory cilia function will provide us important new information regarding the pathogenesis of human sensory perception diseases.
EVALUATION OF THE CURRENT TREND OF NALIDIXIC ACID SUSCEPTIBILITY IN TYPHOIDAL SALMONELLAE; A MARKER OF THERAPEUTIC FAILURE FOR THE FLUOROQUINOLONES

Background and Objectives: Typhoid is a major health problem faced by the developing countries like Pakistan. More than 20 million cases are reported annually worldwide. Currently fluoroquinolones are the drugs of choice to treat typhoid fever. In vivo resistance to fluoroquinolones leading to therapeutic failure is developing rapidly and is becoming a major concern for the clinicians. The objective of this study was to determine the sensitivity pattern of Nalidixic acid over the last four years
Segregation of Fischer–Tropsch reactants on cobalt nanoparticle surfaces

Using scanning tunnelling microscopy, we have visualized the segregation of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, the two reactants in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis, on cobalt nanoparticles at catalytically relevant coverages. Density functional theory was used to interrogate the relevant energetics.
Low frequency noise in phase change materials

Low frequency noise (LFN) is particularly well-adapted for studies of phase change memory cells as it is generated in the cells' amorphous volume alone. The latter is known to have a very high concentration of localized traps and the charge transport proceeds via hopping in a random network of traps. LFN is proposed to be generated by variation in the configuration of the traps' structure. The spectral power density of LFN (i) is of the 1/f type, (ii) varies as the cell current square, (iii) is inversely proportional to the cell thickness. Some results of the LFN dependence on the cells' resetting conditions and structure are also discussed.
lin-8, Which Antagonizes Caenorhabditis elegans Ras-Mediated Vulval Induction, Encodes a Novel Nuclear Protein That Interacts With the LIN-35 Rb Protein

Ras-mediated vulval development in C. elegans is inhibited by the functionally redundant sets of class A, B, and C synthetic Multivulva (synMuv) genes. Three of the class B synMuv genes encode an Rb/DP/E2F complex that, by analogy with its mammalian and Drosophila counterparts, has been proposed to silence genes required for vulval specification through chromatin modification and remodeling. Two class A synMuv genes, lin-15A and lin-56, encode novel nuclear proteins that appear to function as a complex. We show that a third class A synMuv gene, lin-8, is the defining member of a novel C. elegans gene family. The LIN-8 protein is nuclear and can interact physically with the product of the class B synMuv gene lin-35, the C. elegans homolog of mammalian Rb. LIN-8 likely acts with the synMuv A proteins LIN-15A and LIN-56 in the nucleus, possibly in a protein complex with the synMuv B protein LIN-35 Rb. Other LIN-8 family members may function in similar complexes in different cells or at different stages. The nuclear localization of LIN-15A, LIN-56, and LIN-8, as well as our observation of a direct physical interaction between class A and class B synMuv proteins, supports the hypothesis that the class A synMuv genes control vulval induction through the transcriptional regulation of gene expression.
Computational models of child language learning: an introduction

This special issue showcases recent work on the computational modeling of child language acquisition. Together, these nine papers provide testimony to the scientific value of corpus-driven computational modeling. Each of the papers presents a clear, mechanistic model that can be tested, refined or rejected on the basis of publicly available data and/or replicable experiments. However, for many readers, the multiple formalisms and technicalities involved in this type of work can serve as barriers to evaluating the nature of the contributions being made. Therefore, it is my goal in this introduction to summarize what I see as the important take-home messages delivered by each of the nine projects. Hopefully, this overview will encourage the reader to turn then to the details of each of the nine contributions. Of the nine papers included here, eight base their analysis on the corpora of spontaneous adult–child interactions made available through the Child Language Data Exchange System (CHILDES). These CHILDES corpora provide two types of information crucial to the modeling enterprise. First, they document in detail the naturalistic development of language in the child. Second, these corpora provide a good sampling of the adult speech that serves as input to the child’s language learning mechanisms. Given these two empirical bases, the job of the computational modeler is to determine a set of algorithms that can take the child-directed speech (CDS) as input and produce the learner’s output (LO) at successive developmental levels. We can refer to this approach as input–output (I–O) modeling. In its simplest form, I–O modeling tends to view language learning as an emergent, data-driven process. However, there is ample room within this same computational framework for precise statements regarding the operation of non-emergentist innate constraints, parameters, principles and universals. Furthermore, complex features of situational context, social understandings and recent dialog history can, in principle, be quantified and coded as features of the input. More generally, as long as long as all these pieces of the Language Acquisition Device (LAD; Chomsky 1965) are fully specified, all
VISUALIZATION OF FLUID FLOW DURING HEAT TRANSFER TO NEAR-CRITICAL FLUIDS

This paper reports a flow visualization study of the transport phenomena of a free-convection dominated channel flow during heat transfer to fluids in the thermodynamic super-critical regime. Visualization shows that critical opalescence is present at the thermodynamic critical point (±0.0003 reduced temperature and ±0.0001 reduced pressure). Temperature measurements of the fluid show a thin thermal boundary layer along the heated surface during the heat transfer to the near-critical fluids and a thermal slow down at the critical point.
A petiole sap nitrate test for broccoli

Abstract Nitrogen (N) status of vegetable crops is often monitored by analysis of dried plant tissues. However, dry tissue analysis often causes a significant delay between sampling and analysis. This study was conducted to examine the accuracy of a portable nitrate meter for determining petiole sap nitrate (NO3) contents, and the relationship between NO3‐N concentration in fresh petiole sap and in dried petiole tissue of broccoli grown in southern Arizona during the 1993–94 and 1994–95 winter growing seasons. Experiments were factorial combinations of three irrigation rates and four N rates, both ranging from deficient to excessive. Petioles were sampled throughout each season, and split for sap and dry tissue analysis. A linear correlation was obtained between the two measurements in both seasons, with no consistent effect due to irrigation treatment or crop maturity. The regression coefficients did not differ among seasons. Therefore, a combined regression equation: Y=343+0.047X (r2 = 0.799) was derive...
A useful form of the Barankin lower bound and its application to PPM threshold analysis

A form of Barankin's greatest lower bound on estimation error [7] is obtained, which is easy to compute and easy to interpret. This gives a lower bound on estimation error for non-linear modulation systems in an additive Gaussian noise back-ground. Threshold effects are included. This bound is applied to a set of pulse-position modulation waveforms designed to reduce threshold effects. It is shown that these signals do, in fact, offer reduced threshold levels (e.g., \approx 3.5 dB) with very small ( \approx \frac{1}{2} dB) degradation in large signal performance.
Molecular Epidemiology of Neisseria meningitidis Isolates from an Outbreak of Meningococcal Disease among Men Who Have Sex with Men, Chicago, Illinois, 2003

We characterized five Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C isolates from a Chicago outbreak of meningococcal disease that occurred in 2003 among a community of men who have sex with men. Isolates from this outbreak were identical to each other but distinct from the clone that caused a similar outbreak in Canada in 2001.
Fuzzy controllers compared with linear digital controllers

The purpose of any control system is to control the outputs of a plant in a manner described by the inputs to the control system. If a mathematical model for the plant is known, engineers can find the best linear controller to elicit the desired response. Linear controllers are well understood because they are described with solvable equations based on linear combinations of the inputs, outputs, and their derivatives. Other types of controllers are theoretically possible, but do not lend themselves to direct mathematical analysis. One such alternative to linear control is fuzzy control. Using fuzzy logic, a controller can be designed that outperforms linear controllers. The nonlinearities introduced, however, make it difficult to characterize the control system and therefore to determine relative stability or the optimality of the design. >
The Political Economy of Immigration Policies and Politics

What is the motivation for emigrants to leave behind the security of their families and the familiarity of their homeland? Which countries do they decide to go to? Why does America inspire the dreams of so many immigrants? And, is, on net, the United States benefiting from immigration? Finally, which policies will lead to the optimal level of immigration and will these policies be supported by the populace?
Re-Design of Boundary Layer Ingesting Offset Inlet via Passive Flow Control Manner

*† An effective re-design of a flush-mounted boundary-layer-ingesting (BLI) offset inlet has been conducted with a CFD-based automated design process. The BLI offset inlet can have two negative impacts on the inlet efficiency. One is the interaction of incoming flow and inlet configuration outside the inlet. The flow compression during the ingestion results in weak boundary layer and lip separation at the junction of cowl-lip and bottom surface. The other is related to counter rotating flow and flow separation, as found in the conventional offset inlets. To achieve desired inlet performance, i.e., minimization of distortion and maximization of total pressure recovery, two design strategies for flow control are taken by focusing on two regions, located respectively external and internal of the inlet. In order to enhance the boundary layer structure favorably and prevent an abrupt growth, the shape of bottom wall is modified upstream and near the entrance. In addition, the swirling flow inside the inlet is treated with vortex generators (VGs). For an extended design space, a large number of design parameters are necessary for the first design strategy. Thus, we employ the adjoint-based gradient optimization method for its efficiency. On the other hand, as for VG configuration design, it is more important to consider the non-linearity of design space than the number of parameters. Thus, a meta-model assisted GA is applied with the position of VGs as design variables. This paper demonstrates the efficacy of both flow control concepts on the basis of high-fidelity Navier-Stokes simulation of the flow. The physical interpretation of the resulting configuration with respect to the inlet performance is elaborated.
Surgical anaesthesia for Caesarean section with a subdural catheter.

This case report describes a radiologically proven subdural catheter placed in a term parturient, which consistently performed as an epidural catheter for both labour analgesia as well as surgical anaesthesia. The patient was a 26-yr-old, 52.7 kg, 140 cm healthy woman with a 39 wk intrauterine pregnancy. At initiation of epidural blockade, and for many hours throughout labour, an appropriate volume and concentration of local anaesthetic achieved an appropriate analgesic sensory level (10 ml bupivacaine 0.25%, bilateral T10 sensory level). However, for Caesarean section, while an appropriate volume and concentration of local anaesthetic achieved an appropriate surgical anaesthetic sensory level (15 ml bupivacaine 0.5%, bilateral T4 sensory level), there was no demonstrable motor blockade (0 on the Bromage scale). The Caesarean section was performed without incident, and without the need for supplemental intravenous opioids or anxiolytics. We report the case to question the commonly held beliefs of subdural catheter presentation. We questioned the catheter position, and proved its subdural placement, only after larger volumes of higher concentration local anaesthetic did not achieve expected goals. It is possible that a high percentage of epidural catheters may be subdural, unbeknownst to the practitioner.
What should young Black children know about race? Parents of preschoolers, preparation for bias, and promoting egalitarianism

This qualitative study of 26 African American parents and caregivers of preschool children sought to address gaps in the current literature by exploring how the intersection of parents’ racism experiences and social class may play a role in race-related socialization during the early years. Analysis of narrative interviews revealed that egalitarianism surfaced as the most common content of racial socialization (ethnic-racial socialization) messages. We also found that preparation for bias emerged as qualitatively different for the working- and middle-class African Americans, however, and thus, we argue that the ways in which working- and middle-class African American parents of preschoolers made sense of their experiences with racism and discrimination were different and that this shaped their preparation for bias messages differently. To provide a contrast for illustrating this argument, we detail working- and middle-class participants’ use of egalitarianism messages in relationship to their stories abou...
Effect of Thymosin Fraction 5 on Purine Enzymes and Surface Markers in Lymphocytes from Normal Individuals and Homosexuals with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Thymosin fraction 5 has numerous immunomodulatory effects, including the induction of Ly-123+ phenotype expression from Thy-1+ mouse thymocytes (Ahmed et al., 1978) and augmentation of E-rosette-forming cells in both cancer patients (Schafer et al., 1976) and children with primary immunodeficiencies (Wara et al., 1975). In addition, thymosin has been shown to induce various enzyme changes in lymphocytes, such as the appearance of TdT in mouse bone marrow (Pazmino et al., 1978) and elevations in 5′-nucleotidase (5′-NT) in human thymocytes (Cohen et al., 1981).
Clinical Pathway Applied in Hospital Infection Control

OBJECTIVE To apply the clinical pathway in hospital infection control in order to cut down the development of hospital infection.METHODS To take clinical pathway combined with clinic,to establish scientific,effective and standard measures to reduce hospital infection.RESULTS To practice clinical pathway could raise medical quality,rationally utilize the health resources,decrease economy burden of the patient and control hospital infection.CONCLUSIONS It′s of practical importance to promote the hospital infection management through clinical pathway.
Ultrafast laser pulse heating of metallic photocathodes and its contribution to intrinsic emittance

Abstract The heating of the electronic distribution of a copper photocathode due to an intense drive laser pulse is calculated under the two-temperature model using fluences and pulse lengths typical in RF photoinjector operation. Using the finite temperature-extended relations for the photocathode intrinsic emittance and quantum efficiency, the time-dependent emittance growth due to the same photoemission laser pulse is calculated. This laser heating is seen to limit the intrinsic emittance achievable for photoinjectors using short laser pulses and low quantum efficiency metal photocathodes. A pump-probe photocathode experiment in a standard 1.6 cell S-band gun is proposed, in which simulations show the time dependent thermal emittance modulation within the bunch from laser heating can persist for meters downstream and, in principle, be measured using a slice emittance diagnostic.
‘The Remains of Ireland’s Loneliest Martyr’: The Commemoration of the Connaught Rangers Mutiny

On 3 July 1920, the India Office received two ‘clear the line’ telegrams from the Government of India, which featured urgent reports on the behavior of two companies of British Army regiments stationed in the Punjab. The Government reported that a company of the Connaught Rangers, stationed at the Wellington barracks in Jullundur, had refused to work on 28 June as a protest against the activities of the British Army in Ireland, ‘where they consider their friends are being oppressed.’ The attitude of the men, according to the telegram, was respectful, and the soldiers had deposited their arms in one of the barracks and placed a guard in charge. They were, however, ‘obdurate in their refusal to perform any military duty.’ After hearing word of the events at Jullundur, members of the Connaught Rangers stationed at Solon similarly refused to perform any military duties. They too handed in their arms, but on the evening of 1 July, some 30 members of the company attempted to recapture them from the armory. The guard, members of the same company as the mutineers, opened fire, killing two men and wounding another. The incident effectively brought the mutiny to an end, and the Government of India was able to report that ‘the detachment has been disarmed and all is now reported quiet.’1
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with more human cancers than any other virus. Induction of the cancer results from immune disorders that reflects either an increase or decrease in immunologic responses. At least a dozen malignancies been found at increased rate in individuals with HIV infection. Eight and perhaps nine of these are linked to a viral infection. Three of these cancers, Kaposi's sarcoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, invasive cervical cancer were among the first diseases linked to the AIDS diagnosis.
Christ Symbolism in Zakes Mda’s Ways of Dying

(2013). Christ Symbolism in Zakes Mda’s Ways of Dying. Journal of the African Literature Association: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 4-23.
The Impact of the Federal Technology Transfer on the Commercialization Process Conflict of Interest

Like Roger Lewis (see p. 109), this paper focuses primarily on the DOE component of federal technology transfer and, in that area, the issue of conflict of interest.
Pointwise mutual information quantifies intratumor heterogeneity in tissue sections labeled with multiple fluorescent biomarkers.

Background: Measures of spatial intratumor heterogeneity are potentially important diagnostic biomarkers for cancer progression, proliferation, and response to therapy. Spatial relationships among cells including cancer and stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are key contributors to heterogeneity. Methods: We demonstrate how to quantify spatial heterogeneity from immunofluorescence pathology samples, using a set of 3 basic breast cancer biomarkers as a test case. We learn a set of dominant biomarker intensity patterns and map the spatial distribution of the biomarker patterns with a network. We then describe the pairwise association statistics for each pattern within the network using pointwise mutual information (PMI) and visually represent heterogeneity with a two-dimensional map. Results: We found a salient set of 8 biomarker patterns to describe cellular phenotypes from a tissue microarray cohort containing 4 different breast cancer subtypes. After computing PMI for each pair of biomarker patterns in each patient and tumor replicate, we visualize the interactions that contribute to the resulting association statistics. Then, we demonstrate the potential for using PMI as a diagnostic biomarker, by comparing PMI maps and heterogeneity scores from patients across the 4 different cancer subtypes. Estrogen receptor positive invasive lobular carcinoma patient, AL13-6, exhibited the highest heterogeneity score among those tested, while estrogen receptor negative invasive ductal carcinoma patient, AL13-14, exhibited the lowest heterogeneity score. Conclusions: This paper presents an approach for describing intratumor heterogeneity, in a quantitative fashion (via PMI), which departs from the purely qualitative approaches currently used in the clinic. PMI is generalizable to highly multiplexed/hyperplexed immunofluorescence images, as well as spatial data from complementary in situ methods including FISSEQ and CyTOF, sampling many different components within the TME. We hypothesize that PMI will uncover key spatial interactions in the TME that contribute to disease proliferation and progression.
JC Polyomavirus Attachment and Entry: Potential Sites for PML Therapeutics.

JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a significant human pathogen that causes an asymptomatic infection in the kidney in the majority of the population. In immunosuppressed individuals, the virus can become reactivated and spread to the brain, causing the fatal, demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). There are currently limited treatment options for this fatal disease. Attachment to receptors and entry into host cells are the initiating events in JCPyV infection and therefore an attractive target for therapeutics to prevent or treat PML. This review provides the current understanding of JCPyV attachment and entry events and the potential therapeutics to target these areas. JCPyV attachment and entry to host cells is mediated by α2,6-linked lactoseries tetrasaccharide c (LSTc) and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors (5-HT2Rs), respectively, and subsequent trafficking to the endoplasmic reticulum is required for infection. Recently, vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, and small molecules have shown promise as anti-viral and PML therapies. This review summarizes our current understanding of JCPyV attachment, entry, and trafficking and the development of potential PML therapeutics that inhibit these critical steps in JCPyV infection.
Tuning chain interaction entropy in complex coacervation using polymer stiffness, architecture, and salt valency

Oppositely-charged polyelectrolytes can undergo a liquid–liquid phase separation in a salt solution, resulting in a polymer-dense ‘coacervate’ phase that has found use in a wide range of applications from food science to self-assembled materials. Coacervates can be tuned for specific applications by varying parameters such as salt concentration and valency, polyelectrolyte length, and polyelectrolyte identity. Recent simulation and theory has begun to clarify the role of molecular structure on coacervation phase behavior, especially for common synthetic polyelectrolytes that exhibit high charge densities. In this manuscript, we use a combination of transfer matrix theory and Monte Carlo simulation to understand at a physical level how a range of molecular features, in particular polymer architecture and stiffness, and salt valency can be used to design the phase diagrams of these materials. We demonstrate a physical picture of how the underlying entropy-driven process of complex coacervation is affected by this wide range of physical attributes.
Brain Activity in Mindfulness Depends on Experience: a Meta-Analysis of fMRI Studies

Mindfulness and mindful meditation have become widely used approaches in clinical psychology. The growing use of these techniques has increased demand in research examining the foundations of mindfulness and its treatment efficacy. In particular, understanding the neurological mechanisms associated with mindfulness practice is an important area of research. To better understand these mechanisms, this meta-analytic study examines brain activity associated with practicing mindful meditation. Further, we examined the influence of experience on neural correlates by analyzing studies utilizing naive participants separately from studies examining experienced meditators. Literature review was used to identify studies examining mindful mediation using fMRI. Twenty-one studies were selected, with a total of 22 contrasts. Eleven contrasts used novice participants and 12 used experienced participants. Using activation likelihood estimate methods, we found that, across all contrasts, foci of consistent activity related to mindful meditation were found in the frontal regions, anterior cingulate, and insula. In contrasts utilizing novice participants, a focus was found in the insula. Foci in the medial frontal gyrus and globus pallidus were observed in the experienced participant contrasts. These findings are consistent with the literature on cognitive and motor skill learning and support the idea that mindfulness is a learnable skill.
Safety and efficacy of intravitreal injection of steroid and antibiotics in the setting of cataract surgery and trabecular microbypass stent

Purpose To evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravitreal administration of a steroid and antibiotics during cataract surgery compared with the typical postoperative topical regimen in preventing postoperative inflammation, pain, cystoid macular edema (CME), and endophthalmitis. Setting Private practice, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA. Design Retrospective case series. Methods The study group included eyes that had an intravitreal injection of triamcinolone–moxifloxacin–vancomycin at the time of cataract surgery with concomitant trabecular microbypass stent insertion. The control eyes had the same procedure but were prescribed topical antibiotics, steroids, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs postoperatively. Data were recorded preoperatively and 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively. Primary outcomes included the number of glaucoma medications, intraocular pressure (IOP), and IOP spikes of at least 15 mm Hg from baseline. Results There were 234 eyes in the study group and 249 eyes in the control group. The mean reduction in glaucoma medications was 0.24 drops in the study group and 0.80 drops in the control group 3 months postoperatively, whereas the mean IOP reduction was 2.59 mm Hg in the study group and 3.63 mm Hg in the control group. Pressure spikes were detected at 54 (5.7%) of 936 postoperative visits in the study group and at 37 (3.7%) of 996 visits in the control group. There were no cases of severe inflammation, CME, infection, or retinal detachments. Conclusions Both groups had similar postoperative pressure reductions and incidence of IOP spikes. The results indicate that intravitreal injections of a steroid and antibiotics might be a safe option for glaucomatous eyes having cataract surgery with trabecular microbypass stent insertion.