cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hemispheric patterns in visual search

A visual search paradigm was employed to examine hemispheric serial and parallel processing. Stimulus arrays containing 4, 9, or 16 elements were tachistoscopically presented to the right visual field-left hemisphere (RVF-LH) or left visual field-right hemisphere (LVF-RH). Subjects judged whether all of the elements within an array were physically the same (all X's) or whether one (O) was different from the rest. Left hemisphere presentations were processed more quickly and accurately than LVF-RH presentations for all stimulus conditions. As the number of array elements increased, more errors and longer response times were obtained for different stimulus items whereas fewer errors and somewhat shorter response times were obtained for same stimulus items. These and previous results suggest that the left hemisphere obtains an advantage for visual search because of that hemisphere's superiority for fine-grained feature analysis rather than because of a fundamental hemispheric serial/parallel processing dichotomy.
Demographics Identification: Variable Extraction Resource (DIVER)

Lack of standardization in representing phenotype data generated in different studies is a major barrier to data reuse for cross study analyses. To address this issue, we developed DIVER, a tool that identifies and standardizes demographic variables in dbGaP, based on simple natural language processing and standardized terminology mapping. In its evaluation using variables (N=3,565) from a range of pulmonary studies in dbGaP, DIVER proved to be an effective approach to standardizing dbGaP variables by successfully identifying demographic variables with high rates of recall and precision (98% and 94%, respectively). In addition, DIVER correctly modeled 79% of the identified demographic variables at the core semantic level. Examination of variables that DIVER could not handle shed light on where our tool needs enhancement so it can further improve its semantic modeling accuracy. DIVER is an important component of a system for phenotype discovery in dbGaP studies
Two Views of the New China

‘‘To nationalize oil painting and to modernize Chinese painting: in my view these are two sides of the same face.’’—Wu Guanzhong (as quoted by Merguerian 2012) In this issue of EcoHealth, we celebrate our biennial meeting in Kunming with two works representing one of China’s most enigmatic artists, Wu Guangzhong. These two images represent, to many of us from the West, our dominant view of China—a country that has been catapulted from an essentially medieval society into the twentyfirst century superpower it now is, in the matter of a few decades. These two visions of Chinese society are clearly visible in the contrast between rural China and cities like Shanghai or Beijing. Far from the cities that consume their produce, farmers still work the same rice paddies that were hacked out of the mountainsides over 2,000 years ago, with the same cattle. Their children, perhaps, work in the factories and financial centers that drive China’s industrial and technological power. They wear handmade Italian suits, drink French wine and listen to rap music, as their grandfathers tarry a while and draw on their clay pipes. This is the China that Guanzhong celebrates and the China that remains a fascination to the rest of the world. Of course, this view of China is naive in a number of ways. Firstly, the society that China represented prior to the collapse of the Empire was complex, highly structured, and deep. Layers of hierarchy flowed down from the Emperor’s Forbidden City to envelop peasant life. A complex political structure allowed this large country to function and from a young age, the ambitious would work ceaselessly to take the difficult examinations and raise themselves up to the esteemed position of a Mandarin in this system. Secondly, the changes that seem to us, in the West, to have happened over the past three or four decades really grew during rapid industrialization under Mao. The opening up of the centralized state economy to trade with the West simply allowed us to see these changes, and watch them accelerate. Guanzhong also saw these changes. He watched as a flood of seasonal workers moved to the cities to build highrise homes. And he did more than watch, he painted. He painted in the traditional style, using delicate brushwork to portray the architecture in the rural towns—black and white with the occasional flash of color. He used the same brushwork to depict the new architecture, with the same colors trickling through them. His art is not a political statement, nor a statement on cultural change. It is simply a statement about what is. And as we look closer into Guanzhong’s art, we see his
Poor Glycemic Control is Associated with Reduced Prostate Specific Antigen Concentrations in Men with Type 1 Diabetes

Purpose: Previous studies have revealed lower prostate specific antigen concentrations in men with type 2 diabetes, paralleling the reported lower prevalence of prostate cancer in diabetic men. Data are lacking on prostate specific antigen in men with type 1 diabetes whose insulin and obesity profiles differ from those with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this study we examined the relationship between long-term glycemic control and prostate specific antigen in men with type 1 diabetes mellitus.Materials and Methods: Total prostate specific antigen was measured at one time in 639 men in the EDIC, the observational followup of participants in the DCCT. The relationship between DCCT/EDIC weighted mean hemoglobin A1c and log prostate specific antigen was assessed using linear regression modeling after adjusting for age, body mass index, total testosterone, statin and thiazide medication use, diabetes duration, and DCCT randomization arm and cohort.Results: Median subject age was 52 years, body mass index was 28...
Testosterone and its metabolites modulate 5HT1A and 5HT1B agonist effects on intermale aggression

Our understanding of the neurochemical and neuroendocrine systems' regulating the display of offensive intermale aggression has progressed substantially over the past twenty years. Pharmacological studies have shown that serotonin, via its action at 5HT1A and/or 5HT1B receptor sites, modulates the display of intermale aggressive behavior and that its effects serve to decrease behavioral expression. Neuroendocrine investigations, in turn, have demonstrated that male-typical aggression is testosterone-dependent and studies of genetic effects, metabolic function and steroid receptor binding have shown that facilitation of behavioral displays can occur via independent androgen-sensitive or estrogen-sensitive pathways. Remarkably, there have been virtually no studies that examined the interrelationship between these facilitative and inhibitory systems. As an initial step toward characterizing the interaction between the systems, studies were conducted that assessed hormonal modulation of serotonin function at 5HT1A and 5HT1B receptor sites. They demonstrated: (1) that the androgenic and estrogenic metabolites of testosterone differentially modulate the ability of systemically administered 8-OH-DPAT (a 5HT1A agonist) and CGS12066B (a 5HT1B agonist) to decrease offensive aggression; and (2) when microinjected into the lateral septum (LS) or medial preoptic area (MPO), the aggression-attenuating effects of 1A and 1B agonists differ regionally and vary with the steroidal milieu. In general, the results suggest that estrogens establish a restrictive environment for attenuation of T-dependent aggression by 8-OH-DPAT and CGS 12066B, while androgens either do not inhibit, or perhaps even facilitate, the ability of 5HT1A and 5HT1B agonists to reduce aggression. Potential mechanisms involved in the production of these steroidal effects are discussed and emerging issues that may impact on efforts to develop an integrative neurobiological model of offensive, intermale aggression are considered.
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome associated with a history of alcohol abuse: coincidence or consequence?

Background This 47-year observational study suggests that sporadic Zollinger-Ellison (Z-E) syndrome, particularly duodenal wall gastrinomas (DWG), is associated with a history of alcohol abuse. Methods Thirty-nine consecutive Z-E patients were followed from 1962 through 2010. The drinking patterns of these patients were assessed and compared with 3,786 community controls. Results Thirty-five patients had extrapancreatic gastrinomas (34 DWG and/or paraduodenal lymph nodes, 1 antral gastrinoma). Total gastrectomy was done in 24; 9 underwent less extensive operations to remove DWG, and 2 patients had no operations. There were no deaths from tumor progression. Four patients presented with pancreatic gastrinoma (PG) and liver metastasis, all died from tumor progression. Alcohol abuse (>50 g/d) was documented in 81% of patients with DWG and/or paraduodenal lymph nodes. The drinking patterns (drinks per day) of DWG patients were significantly different: DWG vs community control—abstainers, 3% vs 24%; 1–2 drinks, 16% vs 62%; 3–5 drinks, 29% vs 12%; and ≥6 drinks, 52% vs 2.5% (P Conclusion Alcohol abuse is strongly associated with and may be a risk factor for sporadic Z-E with extrapancreatic DWG. Liver metastases and tumor deaths were not observed in this subgroup, supporting the concept that DWG and PG are different tumor entities.
The Proportion of Work-Related Emergency Department Visits Not Expected to Be Paid by Workers' Compensation: Implications for Occupational Health Surveillance, Research, Policy, and Health Equity

Objective. To examine trends in the proportion of work-related emergency department visits not expected to be paid by workers' compensation during 2003–2006, and to identify demographic and clinical correlates of such visits. Data Source. A total of 3,881 work-related emergency department visit records drawn from the 2003–2006 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys. Study Design. Secondary, cross-sectional analyses of work-related emergency department visit data were performed. Odds ratios and 95 percent confidence intervals were modeled using logistic regression. Principal Findings. A substantial and increasing proportion of work-related emergency department visits in the United States were not expected to be paid by workers' compensation. Private insurance, Medicaid, Medicare, and workers themselves were expected to pay for 40 percent of the work-related emergency department visits with this percentage increasing annually. Work-related visits by blacks, in the South, to for-profit hospitals and for work-related illnesses were all more likely not to be paid by workers' compensation. Conclusions. Emergency department-based surveillance and research that determine work-relatedness on the basis of expected payment by workers' compensation systematically underestimate the occurrence of occupational illness and injury. This has important methodological and policy implications.
Specificity of Milk Lipase Toward the Primary Ester Groups of Some Synthetic Triglycerides

Summary Two symmetrical triglycerides, 2-oleoyl dipalmitin and 2-palmitoyl diolein, were synthesized and then subjected to hydrolysis at pH 6.6 by milk lipase. The results indicate that milk lipases preferentially hydrolyze the primary hydroxyl esters of synthetic long-chain triglycerides.
A study of decision making among U.S. psychiatric nurses.

The purpose of this study was to describe psychiatric nurses' decision making and to test a Finnish instrument. A 56-item survey was mailed to 351 psychiatric nurses with a return rate of 48%. A varimax factor analysis showed 5 factors (intuitive, self-confidence, interpretive, collected information, and analytic processing) with alphas ranging from .71 to .85. Results indicate U.S. psychiatric nurses extensively use intuitive interpretive decision making and cultural bias needs to be considered when using a foreign instrument. Further research is needed to refine this instrument and describe psychiatric nurses' decision making.
CAF-1-induced oligomerization of histones H3/H4 and mutually exclusive interactions with Asf1 guide H3/H4 transitions among histone chaperones and DNA

Anti-silencing function 1 (Asf1) and Chromatin Assembly Factor 1 (CAF-1) chaperone histones H3/H4 during the assembly of nucleosomes on newly replicated DNA. To understand the mechanism of histone H3/H4 transfer among Asf1, CAF-1 and DNA from a thermodynamic perspective, we developed and employed biophysical approaches using full-length proteins in the budding yeast system. We find that the C-terminal tail of Asf1 enhances the interaction of Asf1 with CAF-1. Surprisingly, although H3/H4 also enhances the interaction of Asf1 with the CAF-1 subunit Cac2, H3/H4 forms a tight complex with CAF-1 exclusive of Asf1, with an affinity weaker than Asf1-H3/H4 or H3/H4-DNA interactions. Unlike Asf1, monomeric CAF-1 binds to multiple H3/H4 dimers, which ultimately promotes the formation of (H3/H4)(2) tetramers on DNA. Thus, transition of H3/H4 from the Asf1-associated dimer to the DNA-associated tetramer is promoted by CAF-1-induced H3/H4 oligomerization.
The Maximal Symmetric Ring of Quotients

Abstract The maximal symmetric ring of quotients Q σ ( R ), as defined by Utumi, is a symmetric version of the maximal ring of quotients of R . For the most part, we study this ring when R = K [ G ] is a group algebra. For example, we show that if G is a free product of groups and if R = K [ G ] is a domain, then Q σ ( R ) is usually equal to R . On the other hand, there are certainly groups for which Q σ ( R ) is properly larger than R and we construct a number of such examples.
Stress ulceration in the intensive care unit: use of H2-receptor antagonists.

SUMMARY H2-receptor antagonist drug therapy is the mainstay of peptic ulcer treatment in the USA. About 75 % of patients in intensive care units receive parenteral H2-antagonists. The rationale for their use is that parenteral H2-antagonists offer about a four-fold protective effect compared with placebo against significant upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Parenteral administration of H2-receptor antagonists appears to be preferred to oral antacid or sucralfate regimens because of ease of administration and, perhaps, lower treatment costs. Recommended dosage schedules for intravenously administered H2-receptor antagonists are at fixed intervals, 6- to 8-h intervals for cimetidine and ranitidine and 12-h intervals for famotidine. These dosage schedules assume a fixed dose-response relationship (i.e. a given dose of H2-antagonist results in equivalent acid suppression throughout the circadian, or 24-h, period). However, human basal gastric acid secretion exhibits circadian variation, with peak rates occurring during the evening hours. Recent evidence from 24-h continuous intragastric pH studies in fasting patients with healed duodenal ulcer suggests that larger doses of intravenous H2-antagonists are required in the evening than in the morning to achieve equivalent acid suppression. These findings are consistent with a changing H2-antagonist dose/acid-inhibiting response over the circadian period. Continuous infusion has the advantage of providing consistent and sustained suppression of gastric acid secretion in patients at risk for stress ulceration. Results of a double-blind, randomized, crossover study indicated that equally effective suppression of acidity and time-to-onset of pharmacological effect can be achieved with and without priming bolus doses of ranitidine, and presumably other H2-receptor antagonists as well. Furthermore, continuous intravenous H2-antagonist therapy, compared with intravenous bolus administration, appears to offer more effective control of 24-h pH at a reduced cost. These cost savings may be augmented by administration of the H2-antagonist with the patient's total parenteral nutrition.
Robust optic nerve segmentation on clinically acquired CT

The optic nerve is a sensitive central nervous system structure, which plays a critical role in many devastating pathological conditions. Several methods have been proposed in recent years to segment the optic nerve automatically, but progress toward full automation has been limited. Multi-atlas methods have been successful for brain segmentation, but their application to smaller anatomies remains relatively unexplored. Herein we evaluate a framework for robust and fully automated segmentation of the optic nerves, eye globes and muscles. We employ a robust registration procedure for accurate registrations, variable voxel resolution and image fieldof- view. We demonstrate the efficacy of an optimal combination of SyN registration and a recently proposed label fusion algorithm (Non-local Spatial STAPLE) that accounts for small-scale errors in registration correspondence. On a dataset containing 30 highly varying computed tomography (CT) images of the human brain, the optimal registration and label fusion pipeline resulted in a median Dice similarity coefficient of 0.77, symmetric mean surface distance error of 0.55 mm, symmetric Hausdorff distance error of 3.33 mm for the optic nerves. Simultaneously, we demonstrate the robustness of the optimal algorithm by segmenting the optic nerve structure in 316 CT scans obtained from 182 subjects from a thyroid eye disease (TED) patient population.
The effect of alkalosis upon the mechanical and metabolic response of the rat heart to hypoxia.

Abstract In order to study the effects of alkalosis on cardiac function and metabolism during hypoxia, isolated rat hearts were studied in a working rat heart apparatus. Hearts were subjected to hypoxia by perfusing with a bicarbonate buffer equilibrated with 50% oxygen. Respiratory alkalosis (pH 7.8) was caused by lowering the pCO2, and metabolic alkalosis (pH 7.8) by increasing the bicarbonate content of the perfusion medium. During hypoxia metabolic alkalosis was associated with improved left ventricular pressure and rate of pressure rise as compared with hearts perfused at pH 7.4. Improved function continued into the recovery period (95% O2, pH 7.4) in hearts that had been alkalotic during hypoxia. During hypoxia respiratory alkalosis was associated with early protection of pressure and velocity characteristies, but this was not sustained. The major protective effects of respiratory alkalosis were on cardiac output, external cardiac work, and external efficiency. Recovery was not improved by prior respiratory alkalosis. Neither respiratory or metabolic alkalosis during hypoxia were associated with increased oxygen consumption or lactate production. However, the lactate-pyruvate ratio in the effluent medium was lower in both sets of hypoxic alkalotic hearts than in controls. These results suggest that alkalosis does protect cardiac function during hypoxia. The protection does not appear to be due to improved energy delivery, but to enhanced utilization. There appears to be a qualitative difference between the effects of respiratory and metabolic alkalosis on the responses of hypoxic hearts.
Monitoring of asthma control in children.

Purpose of review The focus in managing asthma has undergone a paradigm shift from the concept of assessing severity to assessing control. The recent Practice Parameter on attaining optimal asthma control highlights the need to titrate the step-care management of asthma to the level of control assessed at each clinic encounter. Recent findings Recent advances in the monitoring of asthma control in children include the use of questionnaires such as the Childhood Asthma Control Test, use of biomarkers such as fractional concentration of exhaled nitric oxide, sophisticated hand-held electronic monitoring of lung function such as peak flow and forced expiratory volume, indicators of lung growth and bronchial hyper-responsiveness such as post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume, outcomes-utilization data, markers of atopy, and electronic measures of adherence. Summary Three recent proof-of-concept studies in adults have demonstrated the relevance of criteria other than guidelines-recommended asthma symptoms and pulmonary function tests. These studies used airway hyper-responsiveness, sputum eosinophilia, and fraction of exhaled nitric oxide as indices to facilitate fine-tuning of asthma control and use of controller-inhaled steroids. The next logical step would be to determine the applicability of these and other measures to children in both research and clinical settings.
A Green's function approach to deriving non-reflecting boundary conditions in molecular dynamics simulations

Computer simulations of atomic scale processes in solids are often associated with the issue of spurious reflection of elastic waves at the boundaries of a molecular dynamics domain. In this paper, we propose an approach to emulate non-reflecting boundary conditions in atomistic simulations of crystalline solids. Harmonic response of the outer, non-simulated, region is accurately represented by a memory function, related to the lattice dynamics Green's function. The outward wave flow is cancelled due to work done by the corresponding response forces. Performance of method, dependent on a series of method parameters, is illustrated on a benchmark problem. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Object-oriented mathematical programming and symbolic/numeric interface

Abstract The Axiom language is based on the notions of “categories”, “domains” and “packages”. These concepts are used to build an interface between symbolic and numeric calculations. In particular, an interface to the NAG Fortran Library and Axiom's algebra and graphics facilities is presented. Some examples of numerical calculations in a symbolic computational environment are also included using the finite element method. While the examples are elementary, we believe that they point to very powerful methods for combining numeric and symbolic computational techniques.
GroundWinds Hawaii: Applications for wind profiles derived from an ultraviolet lidar in Hawaii

The goal of the GroundWinds program is to develop and demonstrate technology for a future space-based LIDAR system that will measure the vertical structure of global wind profiles (Nardell and Hayes 2000). The only current source of such data is from balloonborne radiosondes, which are common over the U.S. mainland but rare over the oceans. A satellite system would provide wind measurements distributed all over the globe. Because the air over the Pacific is largely free of aerosols, the NOAA observatory on Mauna Loa at 3-km altitude is an ideal site for testing the optics, hardware, and detectors needed for the satellite system. The GroundWinds Hawaii system is scheduled to begin operations in fall 2001 and can operate day or night. Thereafter, LIDAR team plans continued operations to provide calibration support for the satellite system when it flies.
When Cryptographers Turn Lead into Gold

At its core, a cryptographer's job is to "transmutate" trust: just as alchemists turn lead into gold, cryptographers transmutate trust in one or more assumptions into trust in some other simpler and better-defined assumptions, the ones on which the security of complex monolithic systems rely. Because we can enforce and verify the resulting assumptions' validity more easily, such transmutation makes those systems more secure at a higher assurance. Unlike alchemists, though, cryptographers have successfully constructed some of the building blocks (such as public-key encryption and digital signatures) that play a make-or-break role in many of today's security-critical infrastructures. In this installment of Crypto Corner, we'll look at how cryptographers transmutate trust, identify some of the reasons why they sometimes fail, and investigate how they could do a better job
Constraints and missing reactions in the urea cycle

The stoichiometric relations in a series of biochemical reactions are summarized by a stoichiometric number matrix (with a column for each reaction) and a conservation matrix (with a row for each constraint). These two matrices for a series or cycle of biochemical reactions are related because the columns of the stoichiometric number matrix are in the null space of the conservation matrix, and the rows of the transpose of the conservation matrix are in the null space of the transpose of the stoichiometric number matrix. The conservation matrix for a system of biochemical reactions is of interest because it shows the nature of the constraints in addition to the conservation of atoms and groups. Constraints beyond those for the conservation of atoms and groups indicate "missing reactions" that do not occur because the enzymes involved couple reactions that could occur and still conserve atoms and groups. The interpretation of conservation matrices and stoichiometric matrices for a reaction system is complicated by the fact that they are not unique. However, their row-reduced forms are unique, as are their dimensions, which represent the number of reactants and number of independent reactions. Two matrices that look different contain the same information if they have the same row-reduced form. The urea cycle, which involves five enzyme-catalyzed reactions, and its net reaction are discussed in terms of the linear constraints produced by enzyme catalysis. A procedure to obtain a set of conservation equations that will yield the correct net reaction is described.
Stereotactic Radiosurgery in the Treatment of Recurrent CNS Lymphoma

Background Central nervous system lymphoma (CNSL) is typically treated with chemotherapy and external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). Optimal management of recurrent CNSL is poorly defined. Objective We aim to determine the effectiveness of stereotactic radiosurgery in the treatment of recurrent CNSL. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of patients having stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for recurrent intracranial CNSL between 1999 and 2011. Results Fourteen patients (20 tumors) underwent SRS. The median patient age was 71 years (range, 18–82 years). Seven patients (50%) had primary CNSL. All had received prior chemotherapy, and nine patients (64%) had undergone prior whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) with a median dose of 40 Gy in 25 fractions. The median preoperative Karnofsky Performance Score was 80. The median tumor volume was 6.7 cm 3 (range, 0.5–37.7); the median margin dose was 15.5 Gy (range, 10–18). Eleven patients (79%) had tumor regression ( n = 11) shown on MRI after SRS. The median overall survival after SRS was 9.5 months. No patient had a major radiation-related complication. Conclusion Stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with recurrent CNSL is well tolerated and has a high rate of radiographic response. A marginal dose of 15.5 Gy or greater, a Karnofsky score of 80 or greater, and the absence of pre-SRS WBRT were associated with significantly longer overall survival. Stereotactic radiosurgery may be beneficial as an initial salvage therapy in the treatment of recurrent CNSL for properly selected patients.
Ground state surface formation of Cl2 in the dissociation of CCl4 and CHCl3 and comparisons with Br species

Abstract The formation of molecular chlorine from the ground state dissociation of CCl 4 and CHCl 3 was investigated at the M06, MP2 and CCSD(T) levels of theory, all using the cc-pVTZ basis set. All levels of theory showed the presence of two transition states and an ion-pair isomer intermediate. The presence of the isomer in the dissociation pathway is in agreement with previous studies on the ground state dissociation of similar halocarbons.
Detecting Encrypted Stepping-Stone Connections

Stepping-stone attacks are often used by network intruders to hide their identities. In a stepping-stone attack, attacking commands are sent indirectly to the victim through a chain of compromised hosts acting as "stepping stones." In defending against such attacks, it is necessary to detect stepping-stone connections at the compromised hosts. The use of encrypted connections by the attacker complicates the detection problem and the attacker's active timing perturbation and insertion of chaff make it even more challenging. This paper considers strategies to identify stepping-stone connections when the attacker is able to encrypt the attacking packets and perturb their timing. Furthermore, the attacker can also add chaff packets in the attacking stream. The paper first considers stepping-stone connections subject to packet-conserving transformations by the attacker. Two activity-based algorithms are proposed to detect stepping-stone connections with bounded memory or bounded delay perturbation, respectively. These algorithms are proven to have exponentially decaying false alarm probabilities if normal traffic can be modelled as Poisson processes. It is shown that the proposed algorithms improve the performance of an existing stepping-stone detection algorithm. This paper then addresses the detection of stepping-stone connections with both timing perturbation and chaff. Robust algorithms are developed to deal with chaff evasion. It is proven that the proposed robust algorithms can tolerate a number of chaff packets proportional to the size of the attacking traffic, and have vanishing false alarm probabilities for Poisson traffic. Simulations using synthetic data are used to validate the theoretical analysis. Further results using actual Internet traces are shown to demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithms
Chronic Hypertension in Pregnancy

This article reviews the potential risks associated with pregnancy among women with chronic hypertension and recommended treatment before and during pregnancy. Current recommendations regarding medications are reviewed.
Emotional intelligence and impulsive aggression in Intermittent Explosive Disorder

Emotional intelligence (EI) relates to one's ability to recognize and understand emotional information and then, to use it for planning and self-management. Given evidence of abnormalities of emotional processing in impulsively aggressive individuals, we hypothesized that EI would be reduced in subjects with Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED: n = 43) compared with healthy (n = 44) and psychiatric (n = 44) controls. The Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) was used to assess both Experiential EI and Strategic EI. Strategic, but not Experiential, EI was lower in IED compared with control subjects. These differences were not accounted for demographic characteristics, cognitive intelligence, or the presence of clinical syndromes or personality disorder. In contrast, the relationship between IED and Strategic EI was fully accounted for by a dimension of hostile cognition defined by hostile attribution and hostile automatic thoughts. Interventions targeted at improving Strategic EI and reducing hostile cognition will be key to reducing aggressive behavior in individuals with IED.
Work smarter, not harder: a tutorial on designing and conducting simulation experiments

Simulation models are integral to modern scientific research, national defense, industry and manufacturing, and in public policy debates. These models tend to be extremely complex, often with thousands of factors and many sources of uncertainty. To understand the impact of these factors and their interactions on model outcomes requires efficient, high-dimensional design of experiments. Unfortunately, all too often, many large-scale simulation models continue to be explored in ad hoc ways. This suggests that more simulation researchers and practitioners need to be aware of the power of designed experiments in order to get the most from their simulation studies. In this tutorial, we demonstrate the basic concepts important for designing and conducting simulation experiments, and provide references to other resources for those wishing to learn more. This tutorial (an update of previous WSC tutorials) will prepare you to make your next simulation study a simulation experiment.
The effect of growth rate, phosphorus concentration, and temperature on N2 fixation, carbon fixation, and nitrogen release in continuous cultures of Trichodesmium IMS101

With the use of continuous culture systems, rates of dinitrogen (N 2) and carbon (C) fixation and nitrogen (N)and C-based doubling times were assessed in TrichodesmiumIMS101 growing exponentially at steady state dilution rates of 0.10, 0.20, and 0.33 d 21 (doubling times of 10, 5, and 3 d—within the range reported for natural populations). Rates of C fixation, N 2 fixation, and N release were examined in replicate culture systems with several techniques. Biomass-specific C uptake varied little with population doubling time, but N 2 fixation and N release varied markedly among treatments. Total daily gross N2 fixation rates and estimated N release rates were higher in cultures with higher dilution rates. Cultures grown at lower dilution rates had higher daily C : N 2 fixation ratios and lower N release rates. Consistent with other studies, it was estimated that Trichodesmium released about 80‐90% of their recently fixed N 2 during growth. Turnover of cellular C estimated from carbon fixation was a good estimator of population growth rates in steady state cultures, whereas turnover of cellular N estimated from gross or net N 2 fixation was not. Small changes in temperature (248C vs. 288C) did not appear to affect gross N2 fixation, whereas inorganic phosphorus (1 vs. 5 mmol L 21 ) supply had a large effect on N2 fixation. These results suggest that continuous culture systems are excellent for elucidating physiological responses of Trichodesmium under ecologically relevant growth conditions and provide a framework for assessing highly variable field estimates of N2 and C fixation.
Barrier membranes with tipped impermeable flakes

Diffusion of carbon dioxide through silicone-polycarbonate membranes containing oriented mica flakes is proportional to the square of the volume fraction of the flakes, to the square of the aspect ratio, and to the square of the cosine of the angle at which the flakes are oriented. These experiments are consistent with Monte Carlo simulations. The simulations allow investigation of more complex geometries, including other flake orientations and polydisperse flake sizes.
Direct Detection of Nitroxyl in Aqueous Solution Using a Tripodal Copper(II) BODIPY Complex

The synthesis, photophysical properties, and a biological application of BODIPY-triazole 1 (BOT1) are described. BOT1 juxtaposes a BODIPY fluorophore with a tripodal ligand platform via a triazole bridge. The triazole linker is afforded by azide−alkyne “click” chemistry and comprises the third arm of the tripodal architecture. BOT1 binds Cu2+ in aqueous solution to form a CuII[BOT1] complex in which emission from the BODIPY moiety is efficiently quenched. This complex exhibits a prompt turn-on response when exposed to nitroxyl, and this emission response is specific to HNO over other reactive nitrogen and oxygen species. Notably, CuII[BOT1] does not fluoresce in the presence of nitric oxide, making this system the first discrete molecular probe capable of detecting HNO over NO under physiologically relevant conditions. Fluorescence microscopy experiments establish that CuII[BOT1] is membrane-permeable and can successfully signal the presence of HNO in live cells.
The Development and Validation of the Student Opinion Inventory Factor Scales

A description is given of the development of the Student Opinion Inventory (SOI), an instrument designed to measure attitudes of students in secondary schools toward several aspects of their schools. The purposes of this investigation were to determine the concurrent validity of the SOI factor scales and to examine the reproducibility of the reliability estimates found in pilot studies of the instrument. Responses to the SOI from 367 students indicated that 5 of the 6 factor scales of the SOI possessed some concurrent validity. Furthermore, the obtained reliabilities of the factor scales were relatively high for attitudinal measures and closely reproduced reliability estimates established by the final pilot study of the instrument.
Spatial energy market risk analysis. I. An introduction to downside risk measures

The paper concentrates on the analysis of semivariance (SV) as a market risk measure that is incorporated in mean-semivariance (MSV) portfolios. The advantage of SV over variance as a risk measure is analyzed. In addition, the relationship of the SV with the lower partial movements is discussed. Despite its problems, the MSV provides a more logical measure of risk than the mean-variance method. A risk model is proposed in the paper as a basis for risk assessment in short-term energy markets. Transaction costs and other practical constraints are also included in the model. The first part of the joint paper conducts an extensive literature search and analysis of the semivariance risk measure and other related downside risk measures.
Threshold Functions for Random Graphs on a Line Segment

We look at a model of random graphs suggested by Gilbert: given an integer $n$ and $\delta > 0$, scatter $n$ vertices independently and uniformly on a metric space, and then add edges connecting pairs of vertices of distance less than $\delta$ apart.We consider the asymptotics when the metric space is the interval [0, 1], and $\delta = \delta(n)$ is a function of $n$, for $n \to \infty$. We prove that every upwards closed property of (ordered) graphs has at least a weak threshold in this model on this metric space. (But we do find a metric space on which some upwards closed properties do not even have weak thresholds in this model.) We also prove that every upwards closed property with a threshold much above connectivity's threshold has a strong threshold. (But we also find a sequence of upwards closed properties with lower thresholds that are strictly weak.)
Water Quality, Health, and Human Occupations

OBJECTIVE. To introduce evidence of the critical link between water quality and human occupations. METHOD. A participatory action research design was used to complete a three-phase project. Phase 1 included mapping the watershed of Letcher County, Kentucky. Phase 2 consisted of surveying 122 Letcher County health professionals. Phase 3, the primary focus of this article, consisted of interviews with Letcher County adults regarding their lived experiences with water. The Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process (American Occupational Therapy Association, 2002) was used to structure questions. The Model of Occupational Justice provided the theoretical framework for presentation of the results. RESULTS. The watershed in Letcher County, Kentucky, is polluted as a result of specific coal mining practices and a lack of adequate infrastructure. As a result, citizens experience occupational injustice in the forms of occupational imbalance, occupational deprivation, and occupational alienation.
Collaboration through industry standards for manufacturing success

System-on-chip designs are challenging design-to-manufacturing integrated tool suites that were thought to be comprehensive. Emerging methodologies and continued complexity of new designs keep pushing electronic design automation tools and automatic test equipment platforms beyond past limitations. Greater integration of new tools and platforms are based in immerging industry standards. How these standards are beginning to be used to integrated tools and platforms into viable solutions is the focus of this paper.
Across Zomia with merchants, monks, and musk: process geographies, trade networks, and the Inner-East–Southeast Asian borderlands

For several decades, theorists have challenged notions of geographical space as fixed, instead arguing that spatial scales and regional configurations respond to transformations in politics and economies. This has raised questions about permanent regional studies configurations (such as Southeast Asia), sparking the proposal of ‘Zomia’, an alternative region focusing on Asia’s highland borderlands. Building on these developments, this article employs ‘process geography’ methodologies to reconstruct trading networks through the mountains and river valleys of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Inner Asia’s Kham, East Asia’s Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces, and Southeast Asia. In doing so, it reveals who traded commodities, on what scales they operated, and how their increasingly complex networks were imbricated with state and local power. These networks linked Zomian communities to Chinese and global transformations and influenced local cultural and political changes, suggesting that studies of mobility can uncover hidden geographies of social, political, and cultural change.
De lange characteristics for the fresh-water turtleChrysemys picta picta, and the pigeonColumba livia

Abstract Temporal modulation transfer functions for two turtles and six pigeons were determined behaviorally. The results for both organisms show the now familiar low and high frequency attenuation. However, the visual system of the pigeon does not behave the same as the human or monkey at high frequencies. Low frequency attenuation in turtles is sharper than in pigeon, monkey, or man.
Transgenic mouse models in carcinogenesis research and testing.

Abstract Double transgenic mice bearing fusion genes consisting of mouse albumin enhancer/promoter-mouse c- myc cDNA and mouse metallothionein 1 promoter-human TGF-α cDNA were generated to investigate the interaction of these genes in hepatic oncogenesis and to provide a general paradigm for characterizing both the interaction of nuclear oncogenes and growth factors in tumorigenesis. In addition, these mice provide an experimental model to test how environmental chemicals might interact with the c- myc and TGF-α transgenes during the neoplastic process. We show experimental evidence that co-expression of TGF-α and c- myc transgenes in mouse liver promotes overproduction of ROS and thus creates an oxidative stress environment. This phenomenon may account for the massive DNA damage and acceleration of hepatocarcinogenesis observed in the TGF-α/c- myc mouse model. Also, the role of mutagenesis in hepatocarcinogenesis induced by 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5- f )-quinoxaline (MeIQx) was demonstrated in C57BL/lacZ (Muta™ Mice) and double transgenic c- myc /lacZ mice that carry the lacZ mutation reporter gene. The MeLQx hepatocarcinogenicity was associated with an increase in in vivo mutagenicity as scored by mutations in the lacZ reporter gene. These results suggest that transgenic mouse models may provide important tools for testing both the carcinogenic potential of environmental chemicals and the interaction/cooperation of these compounds with specific genes during the neoplastic process.
Social Information Processing and Cardiac Predictors of Adolescent Antisocial Behavior

The relations among social information processing (SIP), cardiac activity, and antisocial behavior were investigated in adolescents over a 3-year period (from ages 16 to 18) in a community sample of 585 (48% female, 17% African American) participants. Antisocial behavior was assessed in all 3 years. Cardiac and SIP measures were collected between the first and second behavioral assessments. Cardiac measures assessed resting heart rate (RHR) and heart rate reactivity (HRR) as participants imagined themselves being victimized in hypothetical provocation situations portrayed via video vignettes. The findings were moderated by gender and supported a multiprocess model in which antisocial behavior is a function of trait-like low RHR (for male individuals only) and deviant SIP. In addition, deviant SIP mediated the effects of elevated HRR reactivity and elevated RHR on antisocial behavior (for male and female participants).
Paediatric safety of azithromycin : worldwide experience

Adverse events and laboratory abnormalities were monitored over 35 days after the commencement of treatment in 45 open studies conducted in Europe, South America, Africa and Asia. These studies were to assess the clinical efficacies of azithromycin and comparator antimicrobial agents in the treatment of paediatric acute bacterial infections. Children (6 months-16 years of age) had been treated with an oral suspension of azithromycin (10 mg/kg given once daily for 3 consecutive days) or with the approved oral dosing regimen of the comparator (amoxycillin, co-amoxiclav, cefixime, cefaclor, clarithromycin, erythromycin, penicillin V, cloxacillin, or roxithromycin ). Adverse events were recorded in 232/2655 (8.7%) children treated with azithromycin and in 180/1844 (9.8%) who received comparator treatment. The majority of the treatment-related adverse events were classed as being of only mild or moderate severity and were gastrointestinal: 140 (5.3%) in azithromycin- and 120 (6.5%) in comparator-tr eated children. Co-amoxiclav was responsible for proportionately more of such events than any other agent. Treatment was discontinued prematurely due to an adverse event in 34 (1.3%) azithromycinand in 31 (1.7%) comparator-treated children. Incidences of clinically significant laboratory abnormalities were low and occurred with comparable frequency in both treatment groups. The present analysis confirms that azithromycin can be safely used to treat bacterial infections in children of all ages.
Polyadenylylation of stored mRNA in cotton seed germination.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that much of the mRNA used by germinating cotton cotyledons in the first several days of germination is transcribed in embryogenesis but not used until germination begins. It considers the body of mRNA to code for proteins unique to the germination process rather than representing mRNA functioning in embryogenesis and carried over undergraded into germination. In fact, a specific enzyme, unique to germination, arises from this “stored” mRNA. The chapter attempts to determine by several methods whether preexisting mRNA is polyadenylylated during the first 24 hours of germination. The first of these involved measuring the relative extent of incorporation of [ 32 P] phosphate and [2- 3 H] adenosine into the mRNA portion and poly (A) portion of mRNA (A,) of cotyledons during the hours 10–20 of germination. This was done by isolating mRNA (A n ) from extracts of the tissue on oligo( dT)-cellulose columns using standard techniques. The mRNA portion of the molecules was digested with ribonucleases A and T 1 and the poly (A) portion was recovered by oligo (dT)-cellulose chromatography. The chapter summarizes that the values obtained in the experiments for the true mass-average mRNA chain-length and for the relative amounts of preexisting and newly synthesized mRNA that is polyadenylylated during the first day of germination. Although there is considerable variation in the latter values depending on the method of evaluation used, in every case the polyadenylylation of preexisting RNA is suggested.
Re-Visioning the Past and Re-Sourcing the Future: The Unresolved Historiographical Struggle in Roman Catholic Scholarship and Authoritative Teaching

During twenty years of teaching at a Jesuit university in an ecumenical Ph.D. programme focused on historical theology, I have observed a profound unresolved problem in Roman Catholic theological scholarship. Framed very simply, it is this: since the rise of historical consciousness among Roman Catholics during the nineteenth century, conflicting historiographical assumptions about the Christian past have led to tensions and divisions among Roman Catholic scholars and church authorities. My purpose here is to diagnose this unresolved challenge and propose a mode of analysis for intra-ecclesial dialogue.