cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infection and Co-infection Rates of Anaplasma phagocytophilum Variants, Babesia spp., Borrelia burgdorferi, and the Rickettsial Endosymbiont in Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) from Sites in Indiana, Maine, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin

In total, 394 questing adult blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae), collected at four sites were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for five microbial species: Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia microti, Babesia odocoilei, Borrelia burgdorferi, and the rickettsial I. scapularis endosymbiont. Identities of genetic variants of A. phagocytophilum were determined by sequencing a portion of the 16S DNA. In 55% of infected ticks (193/351), a single agent was detected. In 45% (158/351), two or more agents were detected; 37% harbored two agents and 8% harbored three agents. One male tick, collected from Ft. McCoy, WI, harbored all four microbial genera. The highest rates of co-infection were by the Ixodes endosymbiont and B. burgdorferi (95/351). Two species of Babesia co-occurred within a single tick population in Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve, Wells, ME, whereas only B. odocoilei was found in other tick populations. Only A. phagocytophilum human anaplasmosis variant was detected in questing ticks from Tippecanoe River State Park, IN; from Wells; and Ft. McCoy, whereas a single infected tick from Presque Isle, PA, was infected by AP-Variant 1. Partially engorged ticks from deer in Tippecanoe River State Park were all infected with AP-Variant 1. Frequency of infections with each agent varied among populations. Rates and types of co-infections were not significantly different from random except for the Ixodes endosymbiont and B. burgdorferi in male ticks, which co-occurred less frequently than expected. Thus, I. scapularis hosts an array of pathogenic and symbiotic agents and potential evidence of interactions among microbial species was observed.
First-Principles Calculated Phase Diagram for Nanoclusters in the Na−Al−H System: A Single-Step Decomposition Pathway for NaAlH4

We present first-principles calculations of the phase diagram of small clusters composed of Na, Al, and H and determine their decomposition pathways as functions of Na:Al ratio and cluster size up to eight formula units. We consider ionic clusters of AlH3, NaH, and NaAlH4 and include as decomposition products metallic clusters of Na, Al, and mixed Na−Al. Small clusters of Na3AlH6 are found to be unstable because of a Jahn−Teller distortion that destabilizes the constituent [AlH6]3− anions and causes them to split into two H− ions and [AlH4]−. Cluster geometries for ionic clusters were obtained by relaxing prototype electrostatic ground state (PEGS) structures using density-functional theory calculations; vibrational free energy was also calculated for each of the clusters. We find that small clusters of AlH3 increase in stability with smaller cluster size from enthalpies of around 51 to 160 kJ/mol H2 for eight and one formula unit (fu), respectively. In contrast, small clusters of NaH have an enthalpy of ...
A new needle on the block: EchoTip ProCore endobronchial ultrasound needle

Endobronchial ultrasound has become the first choice standard of care procedure to diagnose benign or malignant lesions involving mediastinum and lung parenchyma adjacent to the airways owing to its characteristics of being real-time and minimally invasive. Although the incidence of lung cancer has been decreasing, it is and will be the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the next few decades. When compared to other cancers, lung cancer kills more females than breast and colon cancers combined and more males than colon and prostate cancers combined. The type of lung cancer has changed in recent decades and adenocarcinoma has become the most frequent cell type. Prognosis of lung cancer depends upon the cell type and the staging at the time of diagnosis. The cell type and molecular characteristics of adenocarcinoma may allow individualized targeted treatment. Other malignant conditions in the mediastinum and lung (eg, metastatic lung cancers and lymphoma) can be biopsied using endobronchial ultrasound needles. Endobronchial ultrasound needle biopsies provides mostly cytology specimens due to its small sizes of needles (22 gauge or larger) which may not give enough tissue to make a definitive diagnosis in malignant (eg, lymphoma) or benign conditions (eg, sarcoidosis). EchoTip ProCore endobronchial needle released in early 2014 provides histologic biopsy material. Larger tissue biopsies may potentially provide a higher diagnostic yield and it eliminates mediastinoscopy or other surgical interventions. Here we aim to review bronchoscopic approach in the diagnosis of mediastinal lesions with emphasis of EchoTip ProCore needles.
Contact Pressure Study of N95 Filtering Face-piece Respirators Using Finite Element Method

AbstractRespirators protect workers from hazardous airborne particles. It is important to evaluate respirator comfort and fit for all workers of diverse anthropometry as contact pressure plays a vital role. This paper presents the procedure and results of studying contact pressure of N95 filtering face-piece respirators (FFR) by using a finite element method. Finite element models of respirators and headforms have been improved based on a previous study. The headform model contains a skin layer, muscle layer, and bone layer. The whole facial area is divided into four parts (two areas for cheeks, one area for upper forehead, and one area for chin). Two N95 FFR models (one is one- size-fits-all and the other FFR has two sizes, i.e., small and medium/large) are used to simulate the interaction between the respirator and the headform. The results show that the respirator with two sizes provides better contact pressure distribution than the one-size-fits-all respirator. It has also been shown that the one-size...
Age-Related Effects of Training on Developing a System Representation

Technology varies in complexity and requires different types of training for proper use. The present study focuses on the design of training materials to facilitate the development of a system representation of a complex task which may improve product usage. Previous research suggests that understanding the structure, or representation, of a complex system may help in performing infrequent tasks and troubleshooting system failures. The type of training participants receive may facilitate the development of task components necessary to enhance the skills needed for navigation which includes understanding the system representation. The current study examines two questions 1) does the type of training received affect the development of a system representation? and 2) are there age-related differences in the training effects? The discussion of the results will focus on training and age differences on the assessment measures which assess different aspects of learning.
On the origin of vorticity in magnetic particle suspensions subjected to triaxial fields.

We have recently reported that two classes of time-dependent triaxial magnetic fields can induce vorticity in magnetic particle suspensions. The first class – symmetry-breaking fields – is comprised of two ac components and one dc component. The second class – rational triad fields – is comprised of three ac components. In both cases deterministic vorticity occurs when the ratios of the field frequencies form rational numbers. A strange aspect of these fields is that they produce fluid vorticity without generally having a circulating field vector, such as would occur in a rotating field. It has been shown, however, that the symmetry of the field trajectory, considered jointly with that of the converse field, allows vorticity to occur around one particular field axis. This axis might be any of the field components, and is determined by the relative frequencies of the field components. However, the symmetry theories give absolutely no insight into why vorticity should occur. In this paper we propose a particle-based model of vorticity in these driven fluids. This model proposes that particles form volatile chains that follow, but lag behind, the dynamic field vector. This model is consistent with the predictions of symmetry theory and gives reasonable agreement with previously reported torque density measurements for a variety of triaxial fields.
Heterogeneity of Aberrant O-Glycosylation of IgA1 in IgA Nephropathy

IgA nephropathy (IgAN), a frequent cause of end-stage renal disease, is an autoimmune disease wherein immune complexes consisting of IgA1 with galactose-deficient O-glycans (Gd-IgA1; autoantigen) and anti-glycan autoantibodies deposit in the glomeruli and induce renal injury. Serum IgA1 has three to six clustered O-glycans, some of which may be deficient in galactose and thus expose terminal or sialylated N-acetylgalactosamine. Patients with IgAN usually have elevated serum levels of Gd-IgA1. The mechanisms involved in production of Gd-IgA1 are not fully understood.
Macroepidemiological contributions to quantitative risk assessment

Macroepidemiology is the study of all inputs into national patterns and determinants of disease, including economic, social, and political factors. Macroepidemiology complements and enhances the usefulness of quantitative risk assessment by increasing risk communication and understanding among policy-makers and the affected public. Macroepidemiological applications include qualitative risk assessment, mapping of relative risk within a country and assessment of surveillance systems.
Insomnia as a Moderator of Response to Time in Bed Restriction for Augmenting Antidepressant Treatment: A Preliminary Investigation.

Background: There are complex, bidirectional associations between major depressive disorder and insomnia. In the present study, we evaluated insomnia as a moderator of response to antidepressant therapy in the context of a sleep manipulation (time in bed restriction) for major depressive disorder. Methods: Fifty-eight adults with major depressive disorder received 8 weeks of fluoxetine 20–40 mgs and were randomized to 8 hr time in bed (8h TIB) or 6 hr time in bed (6h TIB) for the first 2 weeks (participants in the 6h TIB condition were further randomized to a delayed bedtime (Late Bedtime) or advanced rise time (Early Rise Time) group). Insomnia was assessed at baseline using the Insomnia Severity Index. Depression symptom severity was determined by the clinician-rated 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD-17), completed weekly. Results: A group by time interaction was observed whereby HAMD-17 scores were higher for participants assigned to the 6h TIB group (without insomnia, weeks 3 through ...
Assessing Early Number Learning in Play.

In this paper the authors demonstrate how play can serve as a space for assessing and promoting children’s mathematical thinking. Analyzing data from a larger study of professional development to support culturally and developmentally responsive mathematics teaching in preschool, we found that through Learning Stories, a holistic narrative assessment tool, teachers describe how they explicitly identify the mathematical practices children engage with during play. The structure of Learning Stories provided teachers with a way to think about how they identify and reflect on children’s mathematical practices and, based on that understanding, develop strategies for supporting children’s mathematical understanding. The purpose of this paper is not to argue for play as the only space for teaching and assessing mathematics in preschools but to provide evidence of what is possible when teachers attend to children’s mathematical thinking and mathematize play.
Speaking History: Oral Histories of the American Past, 1865-Present. By Sue Armitage and Laurie Mercier

In this sweeping account of the American past, historians Sue Armitage and Laurie Mercier offer readers a critical counternarrative to traditional textbooks in US history. The authors, in introduci...
Towards trajectory anonymisation using multi-dimensional index structures

Trajectory datasets are increasingly available due to the technological advances in location-sensing devices, wireless technologies, and hand-held devices. However, the datasets also causes consumer privacy concerns. This paper addresses the privacy issues by using the internal structure of R-tree, a multi-dimensional index structure. The benefit of using R-tree is that it clusters trajectories in a way that their bounding spatiotemporal extension is minimised, thus achieving better quality in the anonymised database. This is a desirable property of the resulting anonymised database. In order to improve the quality of service requirements, a novel algorithm has been proposed.
Teaching is Breaking Bread: Biblical Metaphor, Educational Vision, and Bernard's Evocation of Learning:

One of the basic ways of articulating normative visions of teaching and learning is through orienting metaphors that bid to orient our perceptions and actions. Teaching and learning may be presented in terms evoking gardening, coaching, guiding, parenting, filling containers, or any of a range of other educational metaphors, each of which generates a particular field of associations and expectations that color our view of educational processes. Some of these metaphors have theological roots and overtones, and may generate perceptions that draw together faith and educational processes. At the beginning of a famous series of sermons, 12th century theologian Bernard of Clairvaux speaks of teaching as breaking bread, a metaphor arising in significant measure from his intimate familiarity with the language of the Bible. This article explores the perceptions of teaching that may be evoked by Bernard's use of this metaphor and how this connection to biblical imagery evokes Christian intuitions about the teaching...
Renal failure after placement of an articulating, antibiotic impregnated polymethylmethacrlyate hip spacer

A 58-year-old male presented with native joint septic arthritis of the hip and osteomyelitis. After treatment with an articulating antibiotic spacer, he developed acute renal failure requiring dialysis. He continued to have elevated serum tobramycin levels exclusively from the antibiotic spacer elution as no intravenous tobramycin was used. Subsequent explantation was required to correct his renal failure. Although renal failure after antibiotic impregnated cement placement is rare, the risk of this potential complication should be considered preoperatively and in the postoperative management of these patients.
The role of cytochrome b5 in mixed function oxidations: effect of microsomal binding of the hemoprotein on hepatic N-demethylations.

Incubation of rat cytochrome b5 (D-b5) with rat liver microsomes resulted in specific binding of the hemoprotein. The bound hemoprotein was rapidly reduced by NADH. The NADH cytochrome c reductase activity in these preparations increased in proportion to the amount of cytochrome. In contrast to D-b5, which inhibited N-demethylation and the NADH synergism, the binding of cytochrome b5 preparations, reconstituted from heme and apocyto-chrome b5 had no effect on either the NADPH-dependent N-demethylation of aminopyrine or ethylmorphine or the NADH synergism observed with rat liver microsomes. In addition, manganese protoporphyrin-apocytochrome complex, when bound to microsomes in amounts equivalent to D-b5, showed no effect on N-demethylation activity. These results suggest that homogeneous cytochrome b5 contains contaminating amounts of tightly bound detergent which presumably is removed during the extraction of the heme from the apocytochrome.
External validation of a biomarker and clinical prediction model for hospital mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome

Mortality prediction in ARDS is important for prognostication and risk stratification. However, no prediction models have been independently validated. A combination of two biomarkers with age and APACHE III was superior in predicting mortality in the NHLBI ARDSNet ALVEOLI trial. We validated this prediction tool in two clinical trials and an observational cohort. The validation cohorts included 849 patients from the NHLBI ARDSNet Fluid and Catheter Treatment Trial (FACTT), 144 patients from a clinical trial of sivelestat for ARDS (STRIVE), and 545 ARDS patients from the VALID observational cohort study. To evaluate the performance of the prediction model, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), model discrimination, and calibration were assessed, and recalibration methods were applied. The biomarker/clinical prediction model performed well in all cohorts. Performance was better in the clinical trials with an AUC of 0.74 (95% CI 0.70–0.79) in FACTT, compared to 0.72 (95% CI 0.67–0.77) in VALID, a more heterogeneous observational cohort. The AUC was 0.73 (95% CI 0.70–0.76) when FACTT and VALID were combined. We validated a mortality prediction model for ARDS that includes age, APACHE III, surfactant protein D, and interleukin-8 in a variety of clinical settings. Although the model performance as measured by AUC was lower than in the original model derivation cohort, the biomarker/clinical model still performed well and may be useful for risk assessment for clinical trial enrollment, an issue of increasing importance as ARDS mortality declines, and better methods are needed for selection of the most severely ill patients for inclusion.
Institutions and Solidarity: Wild Rice Research, Relationships, and the Commodification of Knowledge

In this paper I express pessimism about the ability of universities and other knowledge-producing institutions to be in genuine solidarity with food justice and food-sovereignty movements, given the way these institutions treat knowledge as a commodity. Using a distinction between worldviews that treat knowledge as a commodity with worldviews that do not, I endeavor to understand a particular case concerning attitudes toward knowledge about wild rice and their role in the struggle to repair the relationship between University of Minnesota researchers and the Anishinaabe people. The tendency to treat knowledge as a commodity is hard to avoid within universities and other knowledge-producing institutions, given entrenched norms that support the colonizing role these institutions historically have played. Attention to the effects of commodifying knowledge ought to be a priority if we are interested in producing knowledge that supports rather than harms movements for liberation, sovereignty, and justice.
Fyn Signaling Is Compartmentalized to Dopamine D1 Receptor Expressing Neurons in the Dorsal Medial Striatum

The tyrosine kinase Fyn plays an important role in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. Here we report that Fyn is activated in response to 15 minutes D1 receptor (D1R) but not D2 receptor (D2R) stimulation specifically in the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) of mice but not in the other substriatal regions, the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) and the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Once activated Fyn phosphorylates its substrate GluN2B, and we show that GluN2B is phosphorylated only in the DMS but not in the other striatal regions. Striatal neurons are divided into D1R expressing medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and D2R expressing MSNs. Thus, to explore the cell-type specificity of this signaling pathway in the DMS, we developed a Cre-dependent Flip Excision (FLEX) approach to knockdown Fyn in D1R MSNs or D2R MSNs, and proved that the D1R-dependent Fyn activation is localized to DMS D1R MSNs. Importantly, we provide evidence to suggest that the differential association of Fyn and GluN2B with the scaffolding RACK1 is due to? the differential localization of Fyn in lipid rafts. Our data further suggest that differential cholesterol content in the three striatal regions may determine the region specificity of this signaling pathway. Together, our data show that the D1R-dependent Fyn/GluN2B pathway is selectively activated in D1R expressing MSNs in the DMS, and that the brain region specificity of pathway depends on the molecular and cellular compartmentalization of Fyn and GluN2B.
Stellar halos in Illustris: probing the histories of Milky Way-mass galaxies

The existence of stellar halos around galaxies is a natural prediction of the hierarchical nature of the LambdaCDM model. Recent observations of Milky Way-like galaxies have revealed a wide range in stellar halo mass, including cases with no statistically significant detection of a stellar halo, as in the case of M101, NGC3351 and NGC1042. We use the Illustris simulation to investigate the scatter in stellar halo content and, in particular, to study the formation of galaxies with the smallest fraction of this diffuse component. Stellar halos are far from spherical, which diminishes the surface brightness of the stellar halo for face-on disks. Once accounting for projection effects, we find that the stellar halo fraction f_SH correlates strongly with galaxy morphology and star formation rate, but not with environment, in agreement with observations. Galaxies with the lowest stellar halo fractions are disk-dominated, star-forming and assemble their dark matter halos on average earlier than galaxies with similar stellar masses. Accreted satellites are also lower in stellar mass and have earlier infall times than centrals with high f_SH. In situ rather than accreted stars dominate the stellar halos of galaxies with the lowest stellar halo fractions, with a transition radius from in situ to accretion-dominated r~45 kpc. Our results extrapolated to real galaxies such as M101 may indicate that these galaxies inhabit old halos which endured mergers only at higher redshifts and evolved relatively unperturbed in the last ~10 Gyrs.
Parent Perceptions of Community Autism Spectrum Disorder Stigma: Measure Validation and Associations in a Multi-site Sample.

In this study we developed a brief, English/Spanish bilingual parent-reported scale of perceived community autism spectrum disorder (ASD) stigma and tested it in a multi-site sample of Latino and non-Latino white parents of children with ASD. Confirmatory factor analysis of the scale supported a single factor solution with 8 items showing good internal consistency. Regression modeling suggested that stigma score was associated with unmet ASD care needs but not therapy hours or therapy types. Child public insurance, parent nativity, number of children with ASD in the household, parent-reported ASD severity, and family structure, were associated with higher stigma score. The scale and the scale’s associations with service use may be useful to those attempting to measure or reduce ASD stigma.
The effect of development on the pattern of A1 and A2a-adenosine receptor gene and protein expression in rat peripheral arterial chemoreceptors.

1995; Montoro et al., 1996; Wyatt et al., 1995). Reduction of K+ conductance in response to hypoxia is the signal that triggers Type I cell depolarization, Ca entry, and secretion of neurotransmitters that bind to receptors on the first order sensory nerve endings of the carotid sinus nerve with cell bodies in the petrosal ganglion {(Gonzalez et al., 1994;Gonzalez et al., 1992). These first order sensory neurons (chemoafferents) project to second order neurons within the nucleus tractus solitarii (nTS), which send projections to the muscles of respiration. While the cascade of molecular and cellular events occurs in multiple CB preparations from multiple mammalian species, key aspects of the cascade are still unknown, particularly identification of the specific oxygen sensor within the Type I cell that initiates the cascade and the specific excitatory neurotransmitter systems that are involved in chemoexcitation. Furthermore, in multiple immature mammalian species, including human infants, hypoxic chemosensitivity matures during the first several weeks of postnatal life. Specific mechanisms mediating that maturation are unknown. Adenosine (ADO) is an ubiquitous molecule that is released from metabolically active cells by facilitated diffusion or is generated extracellularly by degradation of released ATP (Zimmermann & Braun, 1996). ADO levels increase in response to hypoxia. ADO modifies cellular function by binding to specific cell-surface receptors. All four identified ADO-Rs (A1-R, A2a-R, A2bR, and A3-R) are members of the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). A1and A3-Rs interact with pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins (Gi and Go), inhibit adenylyl cyclase (AC), and hyperpolarize cells by G proteincoupled K channels, whereas A2aand A2b-Rs interact with G proteins and
Two Configurations of Personality Development and Psychopathology: Etiologic and Therapeutic Implications

David Shapiro, in an unpublished paper titled: On two fundamental categories of psychopathology,notes that he and I via “different routes,” have “arrived at the same conclusion that there are two fundamental categories of psychopathology.” Shapiro notes “a general congruence” of his concepts of a “rigid mode” and a “passive-reactive mode” (e.g., Shapiro, 1981, 2000) and my formulations of anaclitic and introjective configurations of personality development, personality organization and psychopathology (e.g., Blatt, 1974, 1990, 1991, 2006, 2008; Blatt and Shichman, 1983). But Shapiro also notes that “on a certain important point concerning both etiology and dynamics… [we] clearly diverge” and he discusses our divergence about “the dynamics of psychopathology and perhaps also its etiology.” This paper articulates more fully this divergence and why I, in contrast to Shapiro, think it important to include aspects of the etiology and dynamics in formulations of the two configurations of psychopathology. I briefly cite studies that demonstrate the validity of some the assumptions about the etiology and dynamics of the anaclitic and introjective configurations of personality organization and psychopathology and how these assumptions facilitate the articulation of a theoretically coherent and comprehensive model of psychological development, personality organization and psychopathology that has etiologic as well as therapeutic implications.
The Tenure Process in LIS: A Survey of LIS/IS Program Directors

This survey addressed the experience of receiving tenure through the personal narratives of directors of Library and Information Science schools in the USA. Fifty-five respondents were asked, based on their experience, to rank the emphasis of the variables operating in tenure. Participants agreed that the granting of autonomy via tenure was an opportunity to exercise academic freedom. With tenure came the responsibility to contribute as a citizen of the institutional and disciplinary communities of the profession. The most prominent factor in determining tenure and promotion decisions for LIS faculty is demonstration of research productivity through peer-reviewed publications: articles, books and conference proceedings. Teaching and service are also important components of academic life. It was found that collaboration underpinned collegiality and created an environment conducive to research. In turn, the stability and collegiality of a tenured position made the institution work as a teaching and learning environment.
Antipredator behavior and cue recognition by multiple Everglades prey to a novel cichlid predator

Novel predator introductions are thought to have a high impact on native prey, especially in freshwater systems. Prey may fail to recognize predators as a threat, or show inappropriate or ineffective responses. The ability of prey to recognize and respond appropriately to novel predators may depend on the prey's use of general or specific cues to detect predation threats. We used laboratory experiments to examine the ability of three native Everglades prey species (Eastern mosquitofish, flagfish and riverine grass shrimp) to respond to the presence, as well as to the chemical and visual cues of a native predator (warmouth) and a recently-introduced non-native predator (African jewelfish). We used prey from populations that had not previously encountered jewelfish. Despite this novelty, the native warmouth and nonnative jewelfish had overall similar predatory effects, except on mosquitofish, which suffered higher warmouth predation. When predators were present, the three prey taxa showed consistent and strong responses to the non-native jewelfish, which were similar in magnitude to the responses exhibited to the native warmouth. When cues were presented, fish prey responded largely to chemical cues, while shrimp showed no response to either chemical or visual cues. Overall, responses by mosquitofish and flagfish to chemical cues indicated low differentiation among cue types, with similar responses to general and specific cues. The fact that antipredator behaviours were similar toward native and non-native predators suggests that the susceptibility to a novel fish predator may be similar to that of native fishes, and prey may overcome predator novelty, at least when predators are confamilial to other common and longer-established non-native threats.
Pharmacology of Intravenous Anesthetic Agents

Learn the relative advantages of each of the commonly used intravenous induction agents (propofol, etomidate, ketamine, thiopental) iscuss the pharmacokinetic properties of each of the commonly used intravenous opioids (fentanyl, morphine, hydromorphone, remifentanil) Understand the differences between depolarizing and nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers
Rehabilitation following total shoulder arthroplasty

Successful outcome of total shoulder arthroplasty depends on a well-designed and a well-executed physical therapy program. For maximal benefit, the program is usually initiated immediately after surgery and follows a logical pattern of joint mobilization followed by muscle strengthening. The process proceeds through a series of well-defined phases. The patient must see himself or herself as the active agent in the program, a concept that is enhanced by a discussion and demonstration of the therapy goals before surgery. Because of a unique understanding of the therapy requirements, the surgeon should remain intimately involved with the patient and therapist, frequently evaluating progress and outcomes of the exercises. When a well-performed surgical procedure is supplemented with a well-designed and frequently monitored therapy program, an excellent outcome of shoulder replacement should be expected.
The Foundation Principles of Classical Mechanics

Dynamics is the theory of motion and the forces and torques that produce it. This theory integrates our earlier studies of kinematics, the geometry of motion, with certain fundamental laws of nature that relate force, torque, and motion. In this chapter the primitive concepts of mass and force introduced in Chapter 1 are related to motion through some basic principles commonly known as Newton’s laws. Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727) in his Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), often referred to as simply the Principia, published in 1687, formalized and extended earlier achievements of others by creating an axiomatic structure for the foundation principles of mechanics. By the organization of problems around his fundamental laws, Newton successfully demonstrated the application of his theory to the study of problems of mechanics of the solar system. He thus began the idea that the motions of bodies may be deduced from a few simple principles.
Abstract 5195: Increased circulating tumor cell (CTC) clusters are associated with significantly higher levels of HER2 expression and metastasis in stage III/IV breast cancer

Introduction: Molecular and genomic characterization of CTCs may help to understand breast cancer prognosis and predict treatment benefit, especially for metastatic or recurrent disease. Overexpression of HER2 protein has been associated with rapid cell division and the metastasis and prognosis of advanced breast cancer in the clinic. Herein, we report a correlation between the detection of CTC clusters and HER2 overexpression in otherwise biomarker negative disease. Methods: 146 whole blood samples (7.5ml/each) were collected from 95 patients with stage III/IV breast cancer at baseline, before and after systemic therapy. All samples were transported and stored at 15-30 °C in EDTA tubes. CTC enrichment and enumeration were performed in FDA approved semi-automated fluorescence CELLTRACKS ANALYZERII® System (Janssen Diagnostics) by using CELLSEARCH® CXC Kit (Cell Search) contains ferrofluid-based capture reagent particles with a magnetic core surrounded by a polymeric layer coated with antibodies targeting the Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM) antigen for capturing CTCs. Furthermore, it includes immunofluorescent staining reagents including Anti-CK-PE which is specific for the intracellular protein cytokeratin in epithelial cells, DAPI stains the cell nucleus, anti-CD45-APC is specific for leukocytes, and anti-HER-2/neu-FLU is specific for HER-2/neu antigen. The CTCs were classified based on morphology and correct phenotype as CK+, EpCAM+, DAPI+ and CD45-. Database of CTCs was generated and linked with clinical database. Kruskal-Wallis test was used for statistics. Results: Of the 146 samples analyzed, 80 samples contained CTCs, among which 54 cases did not form clusters (Group 1), 11 samples had 1-5 clusters (Group 2), and 15 had >5 clusters (Group 3). The average ratio of CTCs/ total EpCAM+ was directly correlated with the number of clusters and were reported as 15.36%, 25.32% and 43.65% for the 3 cohorts respectively (P Conclusion: We demonstrate that patients with detectable CTCs clusters in comparison with CTCs with no or low numbers of clusters, high levels of CTCs clusters (> 5 clusters/7.5ml blood) is a strong indicator for more aggressive of CTCs with high level of HER2 expression, which tend to be more aggressive in metastasis and worse prognosis than HER2-negative breast cancers. Along with and cancer stage and HER2 status, CTCs clusters helps determine your treatment options in clinic. Citation Format: Qiang Zhang, Youbin Zhang, Lisa Flaum, Lorenzo Gerratana, William Gradishar, Leonidas Platanias, Massimo Cristofanilli. Increased circulating tumor cell (CTC) clusters are associated with significantly higher levels of HER2 expression and metastasis in stage III/IV breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5195.
Tunable UV upgrade on OMEGA EP

The OMEGA EP laser has been upgraded to provide a UV wavelength-tunable beam to support the study of wavelength detuning for the mitigation of cross-beam energy transfer in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion. The beamline delivers up to 0.5 TW in pulses up to 1-ns duration (0.1 TW up to 2.5 ns), to either the OMEGA or OMEGA EP target chambers with wavelength tunable from 350.2 to 353.4 nm. The upgrade leverages the existing optical parametric amplification (OPA) system in the short-pulse front end of OMEGA EP Beamline 1 for amplification of a new tunable, narrowband fiber front end over a broad spectral range. The tunable OPA output is spatially shaped to form a round OMEGA-like beam, which is amplified in the OMEGA EP beamline, then frequency tripled and characterized using the existing OMEGA EP long-pulse infrastructure. A new 3ω beam-transport system intercepts the tunable UV beam near the OMEGA EP target chamber and image relays it to the P9 port of the OMEGA target chamber for joint shots with the OMEGA 60-beam laser. Commissioning of the tunable UV capability has been completed, and four experimental campaigns have been supported with the tunable beam
Principles-Focused Evaluation: The GUIDE.

In Principles-Focused Evaluation: The GUIDE, Michael Quinn Patton comprehensively explores principles-focused evaluation (PF-E), an emerging strand of developmental evaluation (“evaluating innovati...
Results of a prospective multicenter controlled study comparing surgical outcomes of microscopic versus fully endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery for nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: the Transsphenoidal Extent of Resection (TRANSSPHER) Study

OBJECTIVE: Many surgeons have adopted fully endoscopic over microscopic transsphenoidal surgery for nonfunctioning pituitary tumors, although no high-quality evidence demonstrates superior patient outcomes with endoscopic surgery. The goal of this analysis was to compare these techniques in a prospective multicenter controlled study. METHODS: Extent of tumor resection was compared after endoscopic or microscopic transsphenoidal surgery in adults with nonfunctioning adenomas. The primary end point was gross-total tumor resection determined by postoperative MRI. Secondary end points included volumetric extent of tumor resection, pituitary hormone outcomes, and standard quality measures. RESULTS: Seven pituitary centers and 15 surgeons participated in the study. Of the 530 patients screened, 260 were enrolled (82 who underwent microscopic procedures, 177 who underwent endoscopic procedures, and 1 who cancelled surgery) between February 2015 and June 2017. Surgeons who used the microscopic technique were more experienced than the surgeons who used the endoscopic technique in terms of years in practice and number of transsphenoidal surgeries performed (p 0.2). New hormone deficiency was present at 6 months in 28.4% (19/67) of the microscopic surgery patients and 9.7% (14/145) of the endoscopic surgery patients (p < 0.001, OR 3.7, 95% CI 1.7-7.7). Microscopic surgery cases were significantly shorter in duration than endoscopic surgery cases (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Experienced surgeons who performed microscopic surgery and less experienced surgeons who performed endoscopic surgery achieved similar extents of tumor resection and quality outcomes in patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. The endoscopic technique may be associated with lower rates of postoperative pituitary gland dysfunction. This study generally supports the transition to endoscopic pituitary surgery when the procedure is performed by proficient surgeons, although both techniques yield overall acceptable surgical outcomes.■ CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE Type of question: therapeutic; study design: prospective cohort trial; evidence: class III.Clinical trial registration no.: NCT02357498 (clinicaltrials.gov).
Simplification and defaults affect adoption and impact of technology, but decision makers do not realize it

Abstract A field experiment (N = 6976) examines how enrollment defaults affect adoption and impact of an education technology that sends weekly automated alerts on students’ academic progress to parents. We show that a standard (high-friction) opt-in process induces extremely low parent take-up (
Comparison of Two Item Preknowledge Detection Approaches Using Response Time

Response time (RT) has been demonstrated to be effective in identifying compromised items and test takers with item preknowledge. This study compared the performance of the effective response time (ERT) approach and the residual based on the lognormal response time model (RES) approach in detecting the examinees with item preknowledge using item response time in a linear test. Three factors were considered in this study: the percentage of examinees with item preknowledge, the percentage of breached items, and the percent decrease of response time of the breached items. The results suggest that the RES approach not only controls the Type I error rate below 0.05 for all investigated conditions, but also flag the examinees with item preknowledge sensitively.
The structure, function, and regulation of papillomaviral genes in infection and cervical cancer.

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes developments in the understanding of the molecular biology of papillomaviral infection, with emphasis on the control of critical events in human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical cancer at the level of viral gene transcription. It discusses papillomaviral replication systems and the genes involved in viral replication, and briefly reviews the interactions between viral and cellular proteins involved in neoplastic transformation. The chapter also describes cellular and viral factors involved in the control of papillomaviral gene expression, and speculates how they jointly interact to direct the expression of viral replication and transformation genes in active infection, viral latency, and cervical cancer. Progress in studies on the function of HPV genes not only has provided new insights on the role of HPV infection in cervical carcinogenesis, but also has established the molecular biology of genital HPVs as an exciting model for investigations on the molecular mechanisms of cell transformation, cell cycle control and transcriptional gene regulation.
Street smarts: measuring intercity road quality using deep learning on satellite imagery

High-quality roads are the scaffolding for prosperous and healthy societies, and accordingly garner huge investments from governments every year. However, current techniques to monitor those investments tend to be time-consuming, laborious, and expensive, placing them out of reach for many developing regions. In this work, we develop a model for monitoring the quality of road infrastructure using satellite imagery, enabling much larger scale and much lower costs than are achievable with current methods. For this task, we harness two trends: the increasing availability of high-resolution, often-updated satellite imagery, and substantial improvement in accuracy and performance of neural network-based methods for executing computer vision tasks. In this study, we train a model for intercity road quality prediction using a unique dataset of road quality measurement labels (57 roads, total length is 7000km) throughout the Republic of Kenya combined with corresponding 50cm resolution satellite imagery. Using a variety of neural network architectures, we create and evaluate regression models for predicting road quality. Our results show a best-case R2 value of 0.79 for the regression problem using a standard train-test split and an R2 value of 0.35 for the substantially harder held-out regression problem which has the added potential to generalize more readily to other contexts. We further demonstrate the potential of our measurement technique with a large-scale case study (for 322 towns throughout Kenya) that shows a positive relationship between incoming road quality and nighttime illumination, a common proxy measurement for local economic activity. These results indicate the possibility to measure road quality at an unprecedented scale, providing insight into the contribution of high-quality roads to many societal development indicators.
A TRANSREGIONAL PERSIANATE LIBRARY: THE PRODUCTION AND CIRCULATION OF TADHKIRAS OF PERSIAN POETS IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES

The tadhkira (biographical anthology) represents one of the most prolific and prevalent categories of texts produced in Islamicate societies, yet few studies have sought to understand the larger processes that governed their production and circulation on a transregional basis. This article examines and maps the production, circulation, and citation networks of tadhkiras of Persian poets in the 18th and 19th centuries. It understands tadhkiras of Persian poets as a transregional library that served as a repository of accessible and circulating texts meant to be incorporated, reworked, and repackaged by a cadre of authors separated by space and time. By relying on a macroanalytical approach, quantifiable data, and digital mapping, this article highlights the overall construction of the transregional library itself, the impact of state disintegration and formation on its constitution, and the different ways authors on opposite ends of the Persianate world came to view this library by the end of the 19th century.
Priority-Aware SFC Provisioning in Fog Computing

Fog computing paradigms are proposed to overcome delay limitations associated with cloud computing. This is accomplished by transferring the computational and storage resources, relaying and caching services from the cloud to the edge of the network. This in turn reduces delays and latencies and alleviates overloads at cloud nodes. Furthermore, virtualization technologies such as network function virtualization (NFV) facilitate accessing and sharing fog nodes by various services and applications. When using these technologies, service function chain (SFC) provisioning presents an important factor in providing such applications. Hence this paper presents a first study on SFC provisioning in NFV-based fog networks that takes into account shortest-path and load balancing to achieve efficient resources utilization. Batch requests are sorted based upon various priority-aware criteria, i.e., highest and lowest resources requirements for functions, as well as random sorting. Hence, the goal here is to achieve efficient SFC provisioning while identifying the best sorting technique for mapping batch requests onto the fog nodes.
Criticality and Susceptibility Indexes for Resilience-Based Ranking and Prioritization of Components in Interdependent Infrastructure Networks

AbstractIn infrastructure networks, each of the constituent infrastructure components (nodes and links) has its own significance. The extent to which each node is important to the network largely v...
Infectious Disorders of the Anus and Rectum

This chapter discusses the epidemiology, patients who are at risk, mode of transmission, incubation time, pathophysiology, and the diagnosis and treatment of infectious anorectal disorders. These infectious disorders include Chlamydia and lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), Gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes simplex, and venereal warts. In most, the most common mode of transmission is sexual activity.
Counseling on Access to Lethal Means-Emergency Department (CALM-ED): A Quality Improvement Program for Firearm Injury Prevention.

Author(s): Mueller, Kristen L.; Naganathan, Sonya; Griffey, Richard T. | Abstract: Introduction: Suicide is the 10th leading cause of death in the United States, with firearms reported as the cause of death in up to 50% of these cases. Our goal was to evaluate the feasibility of the Counseling on Access to Lethal Means intervention in the Emergency Department (CALM-ED) by non-physician personnel.Methods: We conducted this single-center, prospective, quality improvement study (QI) in an urban, academic ED with over 90,000 annual patient visits. The study looked at adult patients who were discharged after presenting to the ED with suicidal crisis. Assessment of access to lethal means was conducted at the bedside, followed by a counseling session regarding safe storage of lethal means and follow-up via telephone call 48-72 hours after ED discharge. We collected data on patient’s sociodemographics, psychiatric history, access to lethal means, lethal means storage methods, the patient’s specific plans for lethal means storage after discharge, and post-discharge follow-up care.Results: Of 215 eligible patients, 166 voluntarily agreed to participate in CALM-ED, of whom 84 (51%) reported access to lethal means. Following the intervention, 75% of patients described a specific storage plan for their lethal means. Patients with and without access to firearms were equally likely to participate in the follow-up telephone call.Conclusion: An ED-based CALM QI intervention is feasible for implementation by non-physician personnel and is well received by patients and families. This intervention has the potential to help saves lives at times of suicide crisis.