cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Separation of Liposome Populations Differing in Phosphoinositide Content by Chromatography on Immobilized Neomycin

A method is presented by which liposomal populations can be separated based on their content of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). Neomycin is reductively coupled to sepharose 2B and used as the stationary phase in column chromatography. Liposomes of egg lecithin (EL) plus acidic phospholipid containing as little as 10 mol% PIP2 are quantitatively retained in 0.2 M NaCl, while liposomes containing other anionic lipids are recovered to 70–97%. It is possible that lipid redistribution of the bilayers upon contact with the sepharose:neomycin adduct may result in the formation of multiple populations, and the percent retention by the column for each of the EL:phosphoinositide liposomes would be determined by the new equilibrium established as a result of these interactions. When mixed liposomal populations were chromatographed, the recovery in the 0.2 M NaCl eluates was the sum of the individual recoveries, and there is no signficant interchange of lipids between the two liposome populations. It is suggested that this procedure may be useful in the preparation of asymmetric liposomes by facilitating separation of populations devoid of PIP2 in the outer leaflet from unreacted liposomes after enzymatic treatment of symmetric PIP2-containing liposomes.
Pharmacokinetics of substrate uptake and distribution in murine brain after nasal instillation

Purpose. This study was conducted to develop a physiologically relevant mathematical model for describing brain uptake and disposition of nasally administered substrates.
Nd:YAG laser in kidney surgery

The paper presents the way laser light affects tissue, especially kidney tissue. Animal experiments include the use of Nd:YAG laser in kidney surgery. When the outcome of these experiments turned out to be good Nd:YAG laser was used to operate on kidneys in 45 human patients. The results of a five-year follow-up period of these patients let Nd:YAG laser be considered a good tool to cut and coagulate renal parenchyma.
From Classic to Classy: Changing Fashions in Street Names

Street names in Athens, Georgia, are of two kinds: older, traditional, central, commemorative, directional = “classic,” and newer, innovative, suburban, evocative, given by real-estate developers for their commercial appeal = “classy.” The city of Athens is the site of the University of Georgia, the State Botanical Garden, the Georgia Museum of Art, and notably a double-barreled cannon, which was supposed to fire two chain-linked cannon balls simultaneously, but which succeeded on its trial shot only in demolishing a fence and killing a cow. The city was consolidated with Clarke County, yielding a population of some 120,000.
Controlling Site Selectivity in Palladium-Catalyzed C–H Bond Functionalization

Effective methodology to functionalize C–H bonds requires overcoming the key challenge of differentiating among the multitude of C–H bonds that are present in complex organic molecules. This Account focuses on our work over the past decade toward the development of site-selective Pd-catalyzed C–H functionalization reactions using the following approaches: substrate-based control over selectivity through the use of directing groups (approach 1), substrate control through the use of electronically activated substrates (approach 2), or catalyst-based control (approach 3). In our extensive exploration of the first approach, a number of selectivity trends have emerged for both sp2 and sp3 C–H functionalization reactions that hold true for a variety of transformations involving diverse directing groups. Functionalizations tend to occur at the less-hindered sp2 C–H bond ortho to a directing group, at primary sp3 C–H bonds that are β to a directing group, and, when multiple directing groups are present, at C–H si...
FTIR study of novel palladium trimethylphosphinecarbonyl clusters encaged in zeolite y

Abstract Green palladium trimethylphosphinecarbonyl (TMPC) clusters in zeolite Y have been prepared using a “ship-in-a-bottle” method. Trimethylphosphine (TMP) ligands stabilize palladium clusters of small nuclearity; they preferentially coordinate to the corner palladium atoms. Absorption bands of triply-bonded carbonyl (1886 cm−1) are observed only for samples with initially large palladium nuclearity (n>4). Bands at 1960 and 1950 cm−1, attributed to doubly-bonded carbonyl in a butterfly configuration, dominate the IR spectra. The palladium core in palladium TMPC clusters is electron-rich, in comparison to palladium single crystals, due to electron donation from phosphorus to the palladium. The spectra of the zeolite engaged clusters differ from those reported for Pd TAPC (A  alkyl such as ethyl and butyl) clusters in solution with nuclearity varying from 4 to 38. Zeolite encaged Pd TMPC clusters are stable at 200°C in a flow of H2+CO. At 3000°C, the TMP ligands decompose and poison the palladium particles.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF WIC BENEFITS TO THE DIETS OF PRESCHOOL CHIDREN: THE NATIONAL WIC EVALUATION

THE RELATIONSHIP OF WIC BENEFITS TO THE DIETS OF PRESCHOOL CHIDREN: THE NATIONAL WIC EVALUATION
Phases and phase transitions of the hydrated phosphatidylethanolamines.

Abstract LIPIDAT is a computerized database providing access to the wealth of information scattered throughout the literature concerning synthetic and biologically derived polar lipid polymorphic and mesomorphic phase behavior. Here, a review of the LIPIDAT data subset refering to hydrated phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) is presented together with an analysis of these data. The PE subset represents 14% of all LIPIDAT records. It includes data collected over a 38-year period and consists of 1511 records obtained from 203 articles in 35 different journals. An analysis of the data in the subset has allowed us to identify trends in synthetic PE phase behavior reflecting changes in lipid chain length, chain unsaturation (number, isomeric type and position of double bonds), chain asymmetry and branching, type of chain-glycerol linkage (ether vs. ester) and headgroup modification. Also included is a summary of the data concerning the effect of pH, stereochemical purity, and different additives such as salts, saccharides, alcohols, amino adds and alkanes on PE phase behavior. Information on the phase behavior of biologically derived PE is also presented. This review includes 236 references.
Incidence and morbidity of cholelithiasis in patients receiving chronic octreotide for metastatic carcinoid and malignant islet cell tumors

BACKGROUND Octreotide, a long-acting somatostatin analogue, has demonstrated clinical utility in patients with carcinoid syndrome and malignant islet cell tumors of the pancreas. Prior studies have reported a greater than expected incidence of cholelithiasis in patients treated with octreotide for acromegaly. This study attempted to determine the incidence and morbidity of cholelithiasis in a group of patients with metastatic carcinoid or malignant pancreatic islet cell tumors who were receiving chronic therapy with octreotide. METHODS Forty-four of 55 patients on investigational protocols with octreotide were eligible for chart review; 10 patients were excluded due to prior cholecystectomy and 1 patient due to asymptomatic cholelithiasis at presentation. Patients fell into three treatment groups. The low dose (LD) group was comprised of 17 patients receiving 150 μg of subcutaneous octreotide 3 times a day. Twenty-one patients received high dose (HD) therapy comprised of 500 μg given 3 times a day. The low dose-high dose (LD-HD) group was comprised of 6 patients who had their dose escalated from 150 μg to 225-500 μg of octreotide 3 times a day. RESULTS The overall incidence of cholelithiasis and/or gallbladder sludge was found to be 52.3% in all 3 treatment groups. Three of the 44 patients (6.8%) had symptomatic disease requiring emergency cholecystectomy. Five other patients underwent elective or incidental gallbladder surgery. The incidence of cholelithiasis in the LD, LD-HD, and HD groups was 35.3%, 66.6%, and 61.9%, respectively. The incidence of acute cholecystitis in the three groups was 11.8%, 0%, and 4.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Although greater than 50% of patients receiving octreotide developed cholelithiasis, a much smaller percentage of patients had symptomatic gallbladder disease. Patients receiving chronic octreotide treatment require monitoring for the development of gallstones. However, prophylactic cholecystectomy is not indicated, unless it is performed in conjunction with bowel resection or cytoreductive hepatic surgery. Cancer 1997; 79:830-4. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Neurogenesis in the anterior olfactory nucleus and its associated transition areas in the rat brain.

Abstract Neurogenesis in the rat olfactory peduncle was examined with [ 3 H]thymidine autoradiography. Animals in the prenatal groups were the offspring of pregnant females given an injection of [ 3 H]thymidine on two consecutive gestation days. Nine groups of embryos were exposed to [ 3 H]thymidine on embryonic days (E) E13–E14, E14–E15, … E21–E22, respectively. One group of postnatal animals was given four consecutive injections of [ 3 H]thymidine on postnatal days (P) P0-P3. On P60, the percentage of labeled cells and the proportion of cells originating during either 24 or 48 hr periods were quantified at seven anatomical levels through both the anterior olfactory nucleus and the transition areas. A caudal (older) to rostral (younger) neurogenetic gradient is found both within and between structures in the olfactory peduncle. Neurons in the dorsal, lateral, and ventral-lateral transition areas are generated mainly between E14 and E19, those in the anterior olfactory nucleus mainly between E15 and E21. Only 3–4% of the neurons in the most anterior pars lateralis and pars dorsalis originate after birth. All parts of the anterior olfactory nucleus show a strong superficial (older) to deep (younger) neurogenetic gradient (the “outside-in” pattern). In contrast, neurons in the ventral—lateral transition area and in the dorsal transition area originate in a deep to superficial neurogenetic gradient (the “inside-out” pattern), suggesting that these areas are, in reality, primary olfactory cortex. The lateral transition area is truly “transitional”, showing no neurogenetic gradient along the superficial-deep plane. The medial transition area originates between E15 and E19 in a center (older) to edge (younger) “sandwich” neurogenetic gradient along the rostrocaudal plane, a pattern apparently unrelated to neurogenetic gradients in other olfactory peduncle structures. These data suggest that characteristic patterns of neurogenesis, namely the “insideout” vs the “outside-in” gradients, permit the assignment of different structures to cortical vs ganglionic cytoarchitectonic components of the olfactory relay system.
Engineering Strength, Porosity, and Emission Intensity of Nanostructured CdSe Networks by Altering the Building-Block Shape

The effect of primary particle shape on the porosity, mechanical strength, and luminescence intensity of metal chalcogenide aerogels was probed by comparison of CdSe aerogels prepared from spherical and rod-shaped particles. Rod-shaped particles yield aerogels with polymeric morphologies in contrast to the colloidal morphology obtained from spherical particles. Relative to the colloidal analogues, the polymeric CdSe aerogels exhibit twice the surface area, a doubling of the complex viscosity for 5 wt % aerogel-PDMS composites, and a 25-fold increase in emission intensity. Altering the shape of the building block from which nanostructured networks are assembled is an effective way to tune the basic properties of metal chalcogenide semiconducting aerogels.
Oxidation of methane by a biological dicopper centre

Vast world reserves of methane gas are underutilized as a feedstock for the production of liquid fuels and chemicals owing to the lack of economical and sustainable strategies for the selective oxidation of methane to methanol. Current processes to activate the strong C-H bond (104 kcal mol(-1)) in methane require high temperatures, are costly and inefficient, and produce waste. In nature, methanotrophic bacteria perform this reaction under ambient conditions using metalloenzymes called methane monooxygenases (MMOs). MMOs thus provide the optimal model for an efficient, environmentally sound catalyst. There are two types of MMO. Soluble MMO (sMMO) is expressed by several strains of methanotroph under copper-limited conditions and oxidizes methane with a well-characterized catalytic di-iron centre. Particulate MMO (pMMO) is an integral membrane metalloenzyme produced by all methanotrophs and is composed of three subunits, pmoA, pmoB and pmoC, arranged in a trimeric alpha(3)beta(3)gamma(3) complex. Despite 20 years of research and the availability of two crystal structures, the metal composition and location of the pMMO metal active site are not known. Here we show that pMMO activity is dependent on copper, not iron, and that the copper active site is located in the soluble domains of the pmoB subunit rather than within the membrane. Recombinant soluble fragments of pmoB (spmoB) bind copper and have propylene and methane oxidation activities. Disruption of each copper centre in spmoB by mutagenesis indicates that the active site is a dicopper centre. These findings help resolve the pMMO controversy and provide a promising new approach to developing environmentally friendly C-H oxidation catalysts.
Nerve growth factor (NGF) regulation of estrogen receptors in explant cultures of the developing forebrain

Estrogen profoundly affects the organization of the nervous system. Its receptor, a nuclear transcription factor, is widely expressed in the developing forebrain. Earlier work established that forebrain estrogen target neurons coexpress nerve growth factor (NGF) receptors and receptor mRNA. The present study examined the regulation of forebrain estrogen receptors by NGF, using organotypic cultures of the developing cerebral cortex and basal forebrain. NGF significantly increased nuclear estrogen binding in cortical but not basal forebrain explants. Both cortical and basal forebrain explant cultures express the NGF receptor, TrkA. However, our earlier observation that developing cortical neurons, unlike basal forebrain neurons, widely coexpress mRNAs for NGF and its cognate receptors, suggests that in the present study cortical neuronal responses to exogenous NGF may have been primed by autocrine mechanisms. Alterations in nuclear estrogen binding but not estrogen receptor mRNA levels suggests that NGF may regulate cortical estrogen receptors posttranscriptionally.
Anti-HIV Activity of Defective Cyanovirin-N Mutants Is Restored by Dimerization

Cyanovirin-N (CV-N) is a two-domain, cyanobacterial protein that inhibits human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) at nanomolar concentrations by binding to high mannose sugars on the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120. The wild type protein can exist as a monomer or a domain-swapped dimer with the monomer and dimer containing two or four sugar binding sites, respectively, one on each domain. Here we demonstrate that monomeric, single binding site mutants are completely inactive and that a single site, whether located on domain A or B, is insufficient to impart the antiviral activity. Linking inactive, monomeric proteins in a head-to-head fashion by an intermolecular disulfide bond or by creating an exclusively domain-swapped dimer via a hinge residue deletion restored antiviral activity to levels similar to that of wild type CV-N. These findings demonstrate unequivocally that multisite binding by CV-N type lectins is necessary for viral inhibition.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies of Human Time Perception: A Primer

The study of the neural basis of time perception has seen a resurgence of interest within the past decade. A variety of these studies have included the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), a noninvasive technique for stimulating discrete regions of the surface of the brain. Here, the results of these studies are reviewed and their conclusions are interpreted within a context-dependent framework. However, the use of TMS as an investigatory technique has much unexplored potential that may be particularly beneficial to the study of time perception. As such, considerations are made regarding the design of TMS studies of time perception and future directions are outlined that may be utilized to further elucidate the neural basis of timing in the human brain.
Intact Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance: implications for the role of executive function in schizophrenia.

Objectives. The present study sought to examine patients with schizophrenia who are able to perform adequately on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), which is a test that is usually challenging for individuals with schizophrenia due to common problems in executive function. Method and design. Patients' WCST performance was classified as either ‘intact’ (fewer than 15% perseverative errors) or ‘impaired’ (15% or greater). Individuals with intact performance (N=61; 36.3%) and impaired performance (N=107; 63.7%) were then compared on several clinical and socio-demographic variables in order to determine how those with intact executive function differed from those with impaired executive function as measured by the WCST. Results. Patients with intact performance were more similar than different from patients with impaired performance. Only negative symptoms as assessed by Andreasen's Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) scores were found to differ significantly between these two groups while the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF), and positive symptom scores as assessed by Andreasen's Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) approached significance. Patients with schizophrenia with intact WCST performance had a lower mean negative symptom score and a lower mean HDRS score than patients with schizophrenia with impaired WCST performance. The two groups were alike with respect to Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores, age at first hospitalization, mean number of previous hospitalizations and their families' years of education. A binary logistic regression indicated that differences between the group of individuals with intact performance and the group of individuals with impaired performance were attributable to full-scale IQ. Conclusions. Those with ‘intact’ WCST performance exhibited fewer negative symptoms and had lower HDRS scores than those with ‘impaired’ performance, but both differences were attributable to full-scale IQ based on a binary logistic regression. It is this latter finding that is considered to be the most salient finding of this paper.
Brightness Characterization of Internal Endomembrane Proteins by Z-Scan Fluorescence Fluctuation Spectroscopy

Traditionally, fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy (FFS) has been used to quantify the stoichiometry of soluble proteins in the nucleus and the cytoplasm of mammalian cells by brightness analysis. The development of z-scan FFS broadened the capability of brightness analysis to include proteins distributed across stratified layers, such as the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane. In this work, we further extend z-scan FFS to study proteins that reside on or within internal endomembranes, including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane/lumen and the nuclear envelope/perinuclear space. Experimentally, we place a 20 amino acid ER signal sequence in front of EGFP (SS-EGFP); the complex is translated into the lumen of the ER where of the signal sequence is cleaved, leaving EGFP to diffuse within the ER and nuclear envelope. The brightness of SS-EGFP is determined by performing z-scan FFS measurements where corrections are applied for both the thin layer geometry and coexcitation of adjacent layers. Additionally, we create and test a tandem dimeric EGFP protein (SS-EGPF2) to establish a model for calibrating brightness and stoichiometry. Finally, we test the limits of our technique and apply z-scan FFS to characterize the brightness of other proteins found within the endomembrane system. This research was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (R01GM064589) and the National Science Foundation (PHY-0346782).
Natural disasters : what is the role for social safety nets?

The frequency of dramatic natural shocks around the world is a reminder that governments and the international community need to do more to prevent and mitigate the human misery and economic costs that result from such calamities. Natural disaster risk management is a multi-sectoral endeavor to mitigate disasters. Social risk management moves the focus away from the disaster to explore how the society manages hazards. In this, safety nets can play a part. Safety nets here refer to income support programs targeted to the neediest (either as a result of ongoing poverty or the effect of the disaster itself) as a preventive measure, and in the recovery and rebuilding phase; not to emergency relief which is a vital first response and a different area of expertise. Such programs can operate through different modalities - cash, kind, public workfare; be targeted more or less broadly, and be implemented by a range of actors.
Experimental Study of Quantum Dynamics in a Regime of Classical Anomalous Diffusion

The correspondence between a quantum system and the underlying classical dynamics is a topic of fundamental importance. The paradigm system for the study of this correspondence is the kicked rotor, because of the simplicity of its equations of motion and the wealth of knowledge available on the classical system. One particularly interesting aspect of the kicked rotor is the existence of accelerator modes, which lead to Levy flights in generic phase-space trajectories [1,2]. These Levy flights can have a strong influence on the global transport properties of a system, and have been recently employed in the understanding of a subrecoil laser cooling scheme for atoms [3] and the motion of particles in a nonuniform fluid flow [4]. In the classical kicked rotor, the effects of the accelerator modes become most important in the long-time limit, because they account for a relatively small area in phase space. However, recent theoretical work has shown that these structures can have a dramatic effect in the quantum case, because of the nonlocal nature of the wave functions [5]. In this Letter, we study an experimental realization of the quantum kicked rotor, where cold cesium atoms are “kicked” by a periodically pulsed standing wave of fardetuned light. Previous work with sodium atoms has established this system as an excellent setting for the study of quantum chaos [6,7]. In this previous work, we observed dynamical localization, which is the quantum suppression of the classical chaotic momentum diffusion; the hallmark of this effect is a localized momentum distribution with an exponential profile. Here, we report the experimental study of the atomic momenta as a function of the pulse amplitude and period. We observe the oscillations in the momentum distribution widths that are expected from theory. We also observe that for certain kick amplitudes where accelerator modes are present in the classical phase space, the momentum distributions do not have the expected exponential form over the time scale of our experiment [8]. These results, which form the main focus of this Letter, suggest a correlation between classical anomalous diffusion and the observed quantum dynamics.
Responses to Injustices by Hong Kong Chinese College Students

Abstract Hong Kong Chinese college students' cognitive responses to a person who gained some benefits from an unfair act for which he or she was not accountable were investigated. The results show that, despite it being evident to the subjects that the advantaged person was not responsible for the unfair act, they derogated that person's integrity. Moreover, though the one who benefited from the unfair act could attribute the benefit as unexpected gain, he or she still felt guilty. Subjects who imagined themselves to have lost in a fair competition for promotion also derogated the person who was promoted. This pattern of results suggests that blame assignment among Hong Kong Chinese college students may have been independent of causation and responsibility inferences.
New Methods of Range Measuring Doppler Radar

This paper describes several methods of phase modulation radar in which the Doppler effect provides a carrier for range information. It is shown that these methods yield simple radar systems capable of measuring both the range and the speed of a target down to essentially zero distance. In contrast to conventional radars, only a nominal transmission bandwidth is required even under conditions where the echo is much weaker than the direct transmitter to receiver leakage signal. Special emphasis is given to the case where the phase modulation on the radar signal is accompanied by a certain amount of incidental amplitude modulation. Even then, however, a simple radar system results, the operating principles of which are experimentally verified. It is thus indicated that range can be measured down to a few feet using a transmission bandwidth of less than 1 Mc.
Stage‐Dependent Protein Composition in the Life Cycle of Synchronous Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, a Ciliate Fish Parasite1

The sequential development of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet, 1876 at 22°C was monitored from detachment from the fish through to infective tomites using one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Methods are described for synchronizing I. multifiliis cells to permit the collection of large numbers of cells at stages during mitotic division. The electrophoretic protein patterns of the encysted stage differ from those of the tomite stage as well as from those of the other measured intervals.
Gathering the Harvest: Assessing Indirect and Cumulative Effects for the Ohio River Bridges Project

Public and regulatory agency scrutiny of large-scale infrastructure projects has grown in recent years. There is national attention on the issues of urban expansion and the preservation of open space and fragile ecosystems. This has made the substantive assessment of indirect impacts and cumulative effects an increasingly important component of environmental studies conducted under the auspices of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). This article describes the NEPA assessment of indirect impacts and cumulative effects as conducted for the proposed Ohio River Bridges Project in the Louisville, Kentucky, metropolitan area. The project's size and complexity required the detailed study of many NEPA environmental issues. These issues included the range of alternatives to meet varied transportation needs, land use and community impacts, environmental justice concerns, aesthetics, potential effects on National Register historic properties and districts, water quality, wetlands, and threatened and endangered species, among others. The project captured the interest of local and regional residents, business and property owners, civic leaders, local interest groups, and national environmental organizations. In this article, three objectives are accomplished. First, the article presents an overview of indirect and cumulative effects analysis and the mandate to do them. Second, the article presents a seven-step assessment process for indirect impacts and cumulative effects. This method is adapted from Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) guidance that identifies resources affected, other major actions, geographic limits and time frames for analysis, and the methods, tools, and techniques used to analyze each resource. And third, the article presents some of the results or specific outputs of the indirect and cumulative effects analysis (ICEA) for this important project and briefly discusses potential mitigation options that have been considered.
Bioelectric Stimulation of Bone Formation: Methods, Models, and Mechanisms

The use of electromagnetic fields and currents to enhance the growth of bone tissue and to help heal difficult fractures continues to gain increasing attention. The literature reveals many differing techniques and animal models and a dearth of studies of the mecha-nism(s) that might explain the phenomenon. The present review attempts to approach the subject from the point of view of methods used, rather than its historical development. It is meant as a guide and primer, relying on the bibliography for further detail. After surveying the technqiues and their features, and the model experiments that have been used to demonstrate bone growth, an outline of the possible mechanisms is presented in the hope that a basic understanding and unification of underlying principles might someday evolve from the empirical approach of the past.
Effects of Smoking on Benzo(a)pyrene Metabolism by Human Placental Microsomes

Placentas were collected at term from a series of 21 women. Thirteen were smokers, and eight were nonsmokers. Microsomes were prepared and used in the following studies of benzo( a )pyrene metabolism: aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, epoxide hydrase, high-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of benzo( a )pyrene metabolites, and DNA binding. DNA-binding adducts were further characterized by Sephadex LH-20 chromatography. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity was much higher in smokers than in nonsmokers. Epoxide hydrase activity with styrene oxide as the substrate showed no difference between smokers and nonsmokers. High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis showed much greater formation of dihydrodiols, quinones, and phenols by microsomes from smokers. The amount of benzo( a )pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol was almost equal to the amount of phenols produced by the microsomes of the smokers. Sephadex LH-20 analysis of DNA binding resulted in only one major benzo( a )pyrene-DNA adduct when microsomes from smokers were used; this peak corresponds to benzo( a )pyrene 7,8-diol-9,10-oxide bound to DNA nucleoside(s).
Next-to-next-to-leading-order collinear and soft gluon corrections for t-channel single top quark production

I present the resummation of collinear and soft-gluon corrections to single top quark production in the $t$ channel at next-to-next-to-leading logarithm accuracy using two-loop soft anomalous dimensions. The expansion of the resummed cross section yields approximate next-to-next-to-leading-order cross sections. Numerical results for $t$-channel single top quark (or single antitop) production at the Tevatron and the LHC are presented, including the dependence of the cross sections on the top quark mass and the uncertainties from scale variation and parton distributions. Combined results for all single top quark production channels are also given.
The local industrial complex? Questioning the link between local foods and energy use

Local food has become the rising star of the sustainable agriculture movement, in part because of the energy efficiencies thought to be gained when food travels shorter distances. In this essay I critique four key assumptions that underlie this connection between local foods and energy. I then describe two competing conclusions implied by the critique. On the one hand, local food systems may need a more extensive and integrated transportation infrastructure to achieve sustainability. On the other hand, the production, transportation, and consumption of local foods are fundamentally as reliant on fossil fuels as are long distance foods. A more holistic approach to energy use in the food system is needed to determine which particular sociotechnical factors optimize energetic sustainability.
“Get It, Catalog It, Promote It”: New Challenges to Providing Access to Special Collections

It is becoming a cliche to state that as research library collections become more homogenous—through the consolidation of purchasing (such as widespread availability of the same electronic serials) and through the increase in digital content accessible to library users regardless of institutional affiliation—special collections will be what sets apart one library from another. This prediction has become so common that it even figures in published library satires. 1 Administrators seem to be hearing this message as well. In his plenary address at the 2005 RBMS Preconference, Steven E. Smith, Director of the Cushing Memorial Library and Archives at Texas . . .
Pathology of Naturally Occurring Chlamydiosis in African Clawed Frogs (Xenopus laevis)

Chlamydiosis was diagnosed in six African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) from a tank of laboratory-bred frogs experiencing sudden deaths. Gross findings were hepatomegaly, distention of the gall bladder, and splenomegaly. Hepatic lesions were present in each frog and were characterized by mononuclear cell infiltrates, necrosis of hepatocytes, Kupffer's cell proliferation, and sinusoidal fibrin thrombi. Cholestasis, hemosiderin-laden Kupffer's cells, parenchymal infarction, and multinucleated hepatocytes were less common findings. Other lesions included degenerative and inflammatory changes in the kidneys, epicarditis and myocarditis, and reticuloendothelial cell proliferation, lymphoid depletion, and necrosis in the spleens. Intracytoplasmic inclusions typical of chlamydiae were seen by light microscopy in hepatocytes and reticuloendothelial cells of the spleen. Electron microscopy demonstrated that these inclusions were composed of three distinct types of particles consistent with the life stages described for chlamydiae.
Damping Models for Shear Beams with Applications to Spacecraft Wiring Harnesses

Spacecraft wiring harnesses can fundamentally alter a spacecraft’s structural dynamics, necessitating a model to predict the coupled dynamic response of the structure and attached cabling. Although a beam model including first-order transverse shear can accurately predict vibration resonance frequencies, current time domain damping models are inadequate. For example, common proportional damping models result modal damping that depends unrealistically on the frequency. Inspired by a geometric rotation-based viscous damping model that provides frequency independent modal damping in an Euler–Bernoulli formulation, a viscous damping model with terms associated with the shear and bending angles is presented. The model provides modal damping that is approximately constant in the bending-dominated regime (low mode numbers), increasing by at most 6% for a particular selection of bending and shear angle-based damping coefficients. In the shear-dominated regime (high mode numbers), damping values increase linearly ...
Modeling the relationship between LVAD support time and gene expression changes in the human heart by penalized partial least squares

Motivation: Heart failure affects more than 20 million people in the world. Heart transplantation is the most effective therapy, but the number of eligible patients far outweighs the number of available donor hearts. The left mechanical ventricular assist device (LVAD) has been developed as a successful substitution therapy that aids the failing ventricle while a patient is waiting for the donor heart. We obtained genomics data from paired human heart samples harvested at the time of LVAD implant and explant. The heart failure patients in our study were supported by the LVAD for various periods of time. The goal of this study is to model the relationship between the time of LVAD support and gene expression changes. Results: To serve the purpose, we propose a novel penalized partial least squares (PPLS) method to build a regression model. Compared with partial least squares and Breiman's random forest method, PPLS gives the best prediction results for the LVAD data.
Implementing Pediatric Growth Charts into an Electronic Health Record System

Electronic health record (EHR) systems are increasingly being adopted in pediatric practices; however, requirements for integrated growth charts are poorly described and are not standardized in current systems. The authors integrated growth chart functionality into an EHR system being developed and installed in a multispecialty pediatric clinic in an academic medical center. During a three-year observation period, rates of electronically documented values for weight, stature, and head circumference increased from fewer than ten total per weekday, up to 488 weight values, 293 stature values, and 74 head circumference values (p < 0.001 for each measure). By the end of the observation period, users accessed the growth charts an average 175 times per weekday, compared to 127 patient visits per weekday to the sites that most closely monitored pediatric growth. Because EHR systems and integrated growth charts can manipulate data, perform calculations, and adapt to user preferences and patient characteristics, users may expect greater functionality from electronic growth charts than from paper-based growth charts.
Payload maximization for open chained manipulators: finding weightlifting motions for a Puma 762 robot

Although the dynamic equations of motion of open-chained robot systems are well known, they are seldom taken into account during the planning of motions. In this work, we show that the dynamics of a robot can be used to produce motions that extend the payload capability beyond the limit set by traditional methods. In particular, we develop a point-to-point weightlifting motion planner for open-chained robots. The governing optimal control problem is converted into a direct, SQP parameter optimization in which the gradient is determined analytically. The joint trajectories are defined by B-spline polynomials along with a time-scale factor. The algorithm is applied to a Puma 762 robot, with its physical limitations incorporated into the formulation. The torque limits are formulated as soft constraints added into the objective function while the position and velocity limits are formulated as hard, linear inequality constraints, on the parameters. The solutions obtained with our algorithm extend the robot's payload capability while reducing the joint torques. Interestingly, nearly all the trajectories found pass through singular configurations, where large internal forces from the robot are applied to the payload and little torque is needed from the motors.
Percutaneous aortic valves: effective in inoperable patients, what price in high-risk patients?

The use of methods for insertion of percutaneous valves has increased more rapidly than anticipated, particularly in view of the fact that there were early problems with both clinical and animal research. Indeed, preliminary trials with the transapically inserted aortic valves were associated with a high risk of embolization. There were 3 likely reasons for this. (1) There was no calcification in the aortic valve to anchor the stent, (2) the juvenile animals had a pliable annulus, and (3) some of the earlier devices were covered with a smooth cloth. Furthermore, the transfemoral venous approach pioneered by Cribier and colleagues was associated with problems related to the complexity of the transseptal approach, which also required making the device snake through the left ventricle, resulting in both a high incidence of stroke and death. Nevertheless, the perseverance of Webb and associates resulted in the development of the retrograde transfemoral aortic approach, which has become the method of choice whereby 50% to two thirds of devices are inserted. At the same time, CoreValve, now owned by Medtronic (Minneapolis, Minn), developed a retrograde transfemoral approach that has also resulted in many devices being inserted. In total, some 15,000 devices have now been inserted in patients around the world. For a valve procedure to be accepted into practice, 4 criteria are required: (1) Insertion is easy, (2) the procedure is safe, (3) the result has an acceptable effective orifice area, and (4) the long-term durability and survival is good. Research continues on whether the new percutaneous valves meet these criteria. For the transapical approach, an anterior–lateral thoracotomy is made in the fifth or sixth intercostal space with or without a rib resection (Figure 1). Purse-string sutures are then placed in the left ventricular apex. At the same time, a transfemoral venous pacing wire is inserted, and a transarterial pigtail fed up into the aortic root. Next, a needle followed by a short guide wire is inserted in the left ventricle: The needle is removed, a size 14 sheath is inserted, the wire is removed, and a Berman balloon catheter under fluoroscopy is fed into
Trench DRAM structures for the analysis of two- and three-dimensional leakage phenomena

Two- and three-dimensional leakage phenomena in moderately and heavily doped and gate diode structures are analyzed using a novel set of macro-array trench DRAM (dynamic random-access memory) capacitor storage nodes and planar MOS drain structures. Heavily doped gated diode structures (trench and planar) are used for the analysis of the gate-induced thermal generation mechanism and band-to-band tunneling. The results are relevant for understanding the leakage phenomena in trench DRAM and MOSFET drain structures. >
Cardiovascular Autonomic Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease

Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) often have signs or symptoms of impaired reflexive regulation of the circulation, including orthostatic intolerance from orthostatic hypotension (OH). Regardless of levodopa treatment, patients with PD + OH have abnormal blood pressure responses to the Valsalva maneuver and markedly decreased baroreflex–cardiovagal gain. In contrast, only a minority of patients without OH have abnormal Valsalva responses, and baroreflex–cardiovagal gain is often within normal limits. All patients with PD + OH have reduced sympathetic noradrenergic innervation of the left ventricular myocardium, and most of those without OH also have diffuse or localized loss of cardiac sympathetic innervation. In PD patients with localized denervation, denervation is earlier or more prominent in the inferolateral wall or apex than in the anterobasal septum, consistent with a retrograde, centripetal pathogenetic process. Plasma levels of the sympathetic neurotransmitter, norepinephrine and its main neuronal metabolite, dihydroxyphenylglycol, are lower in PD + OH than in PD without OH, indicating a smaller complement of sympathetic nerves in PD + OH; however, patients with pure autonomic failure (PAF) have even lower norepinephrine and dihydroxyphenylglycol levels, suggesting more extensive noradrenergic denervation in PAF than in PD + OH. These findings contrast with those in multiple system atrophy (MSA), which can be difficult to distinguish clinically from PD + OH, because most MSA patients have intact cardiac and overall noradrenergic innervation. Therefore, PD involves not only loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons but also a peripheral catecholaminergic lesion with loss of postganglionic sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. Recent studies have reported a lack of association of cardiac noradrenergic with striatal dopaminergic denervation across individual patients and a closer association of loss of sense of smell with the peripheral noradrenergic than nigrostriatal dopaminergic lesions. Bases for cardioselectivity of sympathetic denervation in PD and for the seeming independence of central dopaminergic and peripheral noradrenergic denervation are subjects of current research.
Hardware Trojan horse benchmark via optimal creation and placement of malicious circuitry

This paper proposes Hardware Trojan (HT) placement techniques that yield challenging HT detection benchmarks. We develop three types of one-gate HT benchmarks based on switching power, leakage power, and delay measurements that are commonly used in HT detection. In particular, we employ an iterative searching algorithm to find rarely switching locations, an aging-based approach to create ultra-low power HT, and a backtracking-based reconvergence identification method to determine the non-observable delay paths. The simulation results indicate that our HT attack benchmarks provide the most challenging representative test cases for the evaluation of side-channel based HT detection techniques.
Part 4.1: The Personal and Political Value of Autonomy

Part IV. Section 1. The Personal and the Political Value of Autonomy: Disparities in autonomy competency number among the many ways in which women and men in western societies are unequal. Meyers holds that although personal autonomy is not the sole or paramount value, medial autonomy is not only a personal good, but is also a political good.
The Neuropsychological Examination of Alcohol and Drug Abuse Patients

The neuropsychological examination has been developed to identify, measure, and describe behavioral changes associated with brain dysfunction. As noted in other chapters in this book, in the neuropsychological examination particular attention is paid to altered higher cortical functions such as abstracting, memory, information processing, problem solving, perceptual spatial analysis, construction, calculating ability, language skills, and sensory-perceptual and sensory-motor functioning. Acute doses of alcohol and other psychoactive drugs may produce temporary and reversible impairment in one or more of these functions. The neuropsychological examination may be used to determine which functions are affected by acute doses of a given drug, but such studies are more in the nature of clinical research with groups of subjects rather than clinical assessment of individuals. In contrast, the chronic use of alcohol and certain other drugs can result in a relatively enduring (at least not easily reversible) impairment in selected higher cortical functions. For persons suffering from such conditions, the individual clinical neuropsychological examination provides information of relevance to diagnosis, treatment, outcome, and rehabilitation. Considering that in the United States there are some 9 to 10 million problem drinkers (Seltzer, 1980; Stinnett, 1977), that depressant drugs are among those most commonly prescribed (Jaffe, 1975), that marijuana smoking is rampant in younger people, and that other mind-altering drugs such as “acid,” cocaine, or heroin are used by tens of thousands (Freedman, 1980; Grinspoon & Bakalar, 1980; Ramsey, 1977), the contributions of the neuropsychologist to what appear to be continuing problems in our culture will be in demand for decades ahead.