cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intergenerational Concepts of Adolescent Sexuality: Implications for Community‐Based Reproductive Health Care with Haitian Immigrants

Intergenerational conflict occurs when immigrant parents hold different values from those of their more rapidly acculturating offspring. These conflicts frequently involve disparate views related to sex roles and reproduction. A community-based study of 19 immigrant Haitian parent-adolescent pairs in South Florida compared their attitudes and values about sexuality and reproduction. Data were obtained through focused, open-ended interviews. Content analysis procedures at the level of words and phrases facilitated the categorization of responses. Data revealed considerable differences between parents and adolescents about the sources and types of information learned about reproduction and contraception, when such information is learned, and expectations regarding premarital sexual intercourse. Both parents and adolescents lacked accurate biomedical information about contraception, placed responsibility for contraceptive use primarily on the female partner, considered reproduction a natural rather than a medical event, and believed parents have the major responsibility for educating children about reproduction and contraception. Implications for culturally-appropriate health care center on increasing the role of the public health nurse in health education, minimizing intergenerational and intercultural conflict, and engaging the Haitian immigrant community in the promotion of reproductive health.
Radioisotopes and vertebral augmentation: dosimetric analysis of a novel approach for the treatment of malignant compression fractures.

Abstract Purpose Vertebral compression fractures (VCFs), a major cause of morbidity and debilitating pain, often results from secondary tumor metastases to the skeleton. Vertebral augmentation is a palliative technique developed to treat VCFs and involves the injection of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) to augment the fractured vertebral body. The authors investigate the feasibility of radionuclide therapy coupled with vertebral augmentation to treat both the tumor metastases and VCFs. Six therapeutic radioisotopes, uniformly mixed in a PMMA bolus, were investigated for their dosimetric properties. Methods and materials The MCNP5 Monte Carlo computer code was used to characterize the therapeutic dosimetric distribution within a cortical bone phantom for a 1 mm radial bolus of isotope-infused PMMA. Based on these data, the minimum activity required for a therapeutic treatment was calculated. Results The dosimetry from beta emitting Y-90, P-32, and Ho-166 decreased to 10% of its maximum therapeutic dose (R10%) after traveling 1.20 mm, 1.03 mm, and 0.97 mm, respectively, through cortical bone. Low photon energy I-125 had a slightly larger calculated R10% of 1.32 mm. Although F-18 and Tc-99m exhibited a more uniform distribution (R10% = 1.72 mm and 1.94 mm, respectively), the lower dosimetric gradients resulted in significantly greater therapeutic implant activities relative to the other isotopes studied in this report. Conclusions Radionuclide therapy coupled with vertebral augmentation is shown to be a feasible technique for the treatment of secondary skeletal metastases and its resulting side effects. Future studies will include a full clinical investigation to determine optimal treatment isotope(s).
Mid-wavelength InAsSb detectors based on nBn design

The development of InAsSb detectors based on the nBn design for the mid-wave infrared (MWIR) spectral region is discussed. Comparisons of optical and electrical properties of InAsSb photodetectors with two different barrier material, namely, AlAs 0.15Sb0.75 (structure A) and AlAs0.10Sb0.9 (structure B) are reported. The dark current density in the AlAs0.15Sb0.85 is lower possibly due to the larger valence band offset. Clear room temperature spectral responses is observed and a specific detectivity (D*) of 1.4x1012 and 1.01x1012 cmHz1/2/W at 0.2 V, and a responsivity of 0.87 and 1.66 A/W under 0.2 V biasing at 77 K and 3.5 μm, assuming unity gain, was obtained for structures A and B, respectively.
Center, median, and centroid subgraphs

The median and centroid of an arbitrary graph G are two different generalizations of the branch weight centroid of a tree. As such, they are closely related, but they can actually be disjoint. On the one hand, they are, for example, always contained in the same block of any connected graph G. However, they can be arbitrarily far apart. Specifically, given any three graphs H, J, and K, and a positive integer k ≥ 4, there exists a graph G with center, median, and centroid subgraphs isomorphic to H, J, and K, respectively, and the distance between any two of these subgraphs is at least k. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Networks 34: 303–311, 1999
Law and individualism in medieval England

(1986). Law and individualism in medieval England. Social History: Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 287-301.
Fabricating large arrays of microwells with arbitrary dimensions and filling them using discontinuous dewetting

This paper describes the fabrication of large (up to 45 cm2) arrays of microwells, with volumes as small as ∼3 fL/well and densities as high as 107 wells/cm2. These arrays of microwells are formed by casting an elastomer, poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), against “masters” prepared by photolithography; arrays of microwells in other polymers can be formed by using a master consisting of posts in PDMS. A straightforward technique, discontinuous dewetting, allows wells to be filled rapidly (typically on the order of 104 wells/s) and uniformly with a wide range of liquids. Several rudimentary strategies for addressing microwells are investigated, including electroosmotic pumping and gaseous diffusion.
Effect of internal magnetic structure on energetic ion confinement in tokamaks.

For the tokamak magnetic confinement concept, theory has predicted a distinct relationship between the plasma shape, the internal magnetic structure, and the presence or absence of fast ion losses in the presence of plasma instabilities. We have, for the first time, carried out measurements of the magnetic safety factor profile, [ital q]([ital r]), in plasmas unstable to a specific instability, the so-called fishbone'' mode. The experimental equilibria reconstructed from these data have been used to demonstrate that when the plasma is unstable to fishbones, the fast ion confinement properties depend strongly on the radius of the magnetic surface where [ital q]([ital r])=1.
P‐197L: Late‐News Poster: 0° to 100° in 33 ms: Electronically‐Adjustable Throw Angle in a Scanning Fiber Pico Projector

Mobile pico projectors need to project on surfaces at a variety of distances, for which different throw angles produce optimal image size and brightness. By electronically adjusting the peak drive voltage to our 1-mm x 9-mm scanning fiber engine, we demonstrate rapid (resolution-maintaining) rescaling of throw angles up to 100°.
Investigation of the process factor space on bias-enhanced nucleation of diamond on silicon

The influence of the process parameters on bias-enhanced nucleation of diamond on silicon was studied. When low pressures ( 25 Torr) resulted in poor diamond film uniformities. A well defined process zone was determined in which a short bias duration (< 20 min) may be utilized to obtain enhanced diamond nucleation densities and improved diamond film uniformities. The process factors responsible for these optimum responses were a pressure of ∼20 Torr and a bias voltage of ∼−320 V d.c. using a 5%CH4-H2 gas mixture.
Phthalonitrile‐based high temperature resin

An aromatic, diether-linked phthalonitrile resin, prepared from 4,4′-bis(3,4-dicyanophenoxy)biphenyl, exhibits excellent thermo-oxidative properties. The resin is easily processed from the melt of the monomer in a controlled manner as a function of the amine curing agent and processing temperatures. Polymerization occurs by a cyclic addition reaction without the formation of volatile by-products. The polymerization reaction can be stopped at a prepolymer stage. The prepolymer can be stored indefinitely at ambient conditions without further reaction. The modulus and viscoelastic properties of the resin were found to be a function of the postcuring conditions.
The Study of the Influence of Intra-Abdominal Pressure to Manual Materials Handling

This research selects the lifting task to be the main subject. Four experiments were designed to measure which among lifting postures, lifting heights, waist-belt, and breathing control significantly influences intra-abdominal pressure (Gallagher, 1991; Lavender, Andersson and Natarajan, 1999). The experimental results were taken to be the recommendations of the manual materials handling work design. The research findings reveal that the symmetrical stoop posture is the most significant to the intra-abdominal pressure within all lifting postures. When the lifting height is increased, the intra-abdominal pressure produced relatively goes up. Also, the combination of symmetrical stoop posture, waist-belt use, and inspiration and holding at the same time is the most efficient in carrying out lifting tasks. Simultaneously, the research discovers that for any posture, the volume of the intra-abdominal pressure is much bigger when using the waist-belt compared to when it is not used. Therefore, the waist-belt design for the lifting works might be the future research approach.
Alternating Block Copolymers Consisting of Oligo(phenylene) and Oligo(ethylene glycol) Units of Defined Length: Synthesis, Thermal Characterization, and Light-Emitting Properties

Polymers containing conjugated oligo(phenylene) segments of defined length alternating with solubilizing regions of di- to hexa(ethylene glycol) have been synthesized using a Suzuki coupling protocol. Soluble and characterizable materials with up to four benzene rings linked together have been formed without the inclusion of conjugation-disrupting solubilizing side chains. The polymers were generated with weight-averaged molecular weights as high as 158 000 g/mol as determined by GPC-LS. The thermal and luminescence properties of these materials were studied in order to determine how these properties varied with the lengths of the two types of blocks. While the terphenyl polymers were amorphous, the quaterphenyl polymers exhibited multiple transitions in their DSC thermatograms. Polarized light microscopy and X-ray diffractometry were used to investigate this behavior. All of the polymers fluoresced strongly in the blue region of the visible spectrum with a 40 nm red shift in emission between solution and solid-state spectra. UV-visible and fluorescence studies were performed at different concentrations and in solvent/nonsolvent mixtures in order to study possible causes for this spectral shift, which appears to be due to the presence of ground state aggregates.
Consumer collaboration, patient-defined outcomes and the preparation of Cochrane Reviews

Objectives To identify the extent to which the Cochrane Collaboration involves consumers (patients, carers, patient and non-patient members of patient/consumer organizations) as members of Cochrane Review Groups (CRGs); to explore the emphasis CRGs place on identifying and collecting information on outcomes identified by patients as being important indicators of quality and effectiveness of treatment and care (‘patient-defined outcomes’). Method A postal questionnaire designed by The College of Health, a UK patient organization, was sent in January 1998 to all CRGs registered with the Cochrane Collaboration on 1 January 1998 (n = 42). Results and conclusions Replies were received from 35 CRGs, a response rate of 83% and 33 questionnaires (79%) were completed. The survey revealed that CRGs varied in the extent to which they had recruited consumer members: almost one third of respondents said their CRG did not have any consumer members. There was also no apparent consensus across CRGs on the importance attached to identifying and collecting information on patient-defined outcomes or on integrating such information into their activities. It is hoped that differences between CRGs may inform discussions as to whether and how the Cochrane Collaboration might address the issue of patient-defined outcomes in the future.
Ductility of thin metal films on polymer substrates modulated by interfacial adhesion

When a laminate of a thin metal film on a tough polymer substrate is stretched, the metal film may rupture at strains ranging from a few percent to a few tens of percent. This variation in the ductility of the metal film is modulated by the adhesion of the metal/polymer interface. To study this modulation, here we use the finite element method to simulate the co-evolution of two processes: debonding along the interface and necking in the metal film. We model the interface as an array of nonlinear springs, and model the metal and the polymer as elastic–plastic solids. The simulation shows that necking of the film is accommodated mainly by interfacial sliding, rather than interfacial opening. Depending on the resistance of the interface to sliding, the metal film can exhibit three types of tensile behavior: the film slides and ruptures at a small strain by forming a single neck, the film slides and deforms to a large strain by forming multiple necks, and the film deforms uniformly to a very large strain without sliding and necking. 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Through the Hourglass Darkly: Time in Traditional France

Francoise Zonabend. The Enduring Memory: Time and History in a French Village. Translated by Anthony Forster. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984. xii + 218 pp. $26.50 (cloth).
Unsupervised Topic Modelling for Multi-Party Spoken Discourse

We present a method for unsupervised topic modelling which adapts methods used in document classification (Blei et al., 2003; Griffiths and Steyvers, 2004) to unsegmented multi-party discourse transcripts. We show how Bayesian inference in this generative model can be used to simultaneously address the problems of topic segmentation and topic identification: automatically segmenting multi-party meetings into topically coherent segments with performance which compares well with previous unsupervised segmentation-only methods (Galley et al., 2003) while simultaneously extracting topics which rate highly when assessed for coherence by human judges. We also show that this method appears robust in the face of off-topic dialogue and speech recognition errors.
Relationships between stream water chemistry and military land use in forested watersheds in Fort Benning, Georgia

Abstract Within a military land activity context, relationships between stream water chemistry and watershed land use, topography and vegetation were explored at the Fort Benning Military Installation, Georgia. Water quality parameters, including pH, temperature, conductivity, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus, total organic carbon, chloride, and total suspended solids, were routinely measured in seven watersheds from October 2001 to September 2003. Military land use was categorized by the bare ground extent, road network, and designated military zones in each watershed as well as by soil characteristics and forest type. Natural watershed variables, area and soil texture, influenced the stream water pH and total phosphorus, respectively. The stream water total phosphorus, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total organic carbon, and total suspended solids were well predicted by at least one aspect of military management as an explanatory variable. Stream water total Kjeldahl nitrogen and total organic carbon were negatively correlated with military land extent. While the military land extent did not show significant relationships with either total phosphorus or chloride, the road network used to support military training had significant relationships with both total phosphorus and chloride.
Problem Drinking among College Students: A Review of Recent Research

Abstract Research examining collegiate problem drinking from 1975–1985 is reviewed. Eight topics are distinguished pertaining to the definition and correlates of problem drinking: consumption patterns; self-identification as a problem drinker; motivations; negative consequences; personality characteristics; family, peers, and environment; long-term consequences of problem alcohol use; and male-female differences in problem drinking. Reported prevalences of problem drinking range from a low of 6% to a high of 72%, with most studies suggesting that approximately 20–25% of students have drinking problems. This variability may be explained in large part by divergent conceptual and operational definitions of problem drinkers across studies. Problem drinkers are characterized relative to nonproblem drinkers as impulsive, prone to deviant behavior, less oriented towards academic success, more independence-seeking, and more likely to drink for escapist (rather than sociability) reasons. The influential role of co...
Centric occlusion and the free-way space☆

Abstract We can conclude from the evidence we have, that free-way space is a physiologic necessity. We cannot successfully insert splints, be they removable or fixed, or increase vertical dimension by crown and bridge prosthesis, unless the normal free-way space is maintained after the treatment. Therefore, many cases of mutilated occlusion must be rehabilitated without increasing the vertical dimension of centric occlusion. Establishing a more normal plane of occlusion and restoring a more normal occlusal anatomy will result in bringing the case to a successful conclusion.
Nearly logarithmic-time parallel algorithms for the class of +or-2/sup b/ ASCEND computations on a SIMD hypercube

Recently, the author has studied two important classes of algorithms requiring +or-2/sup b/ communications: +or-2/sup b/-descend, and +or-2/sup b/-ascend. Let N=2/sup n/ be the number of PEs in a SIMD hypercube which restricts all communications to a single fixed dimension at a time. He has developed an efficient O(n) algorithm for the descend class, and also obtained a simple O(n/sup 2//logn) algorithm for the ascend class, requiring O(logn) words of local memory per PE. In the present paper he presents two new algorithms for the ascend class on a SIMD hypercube. The first algorithm runs in O(n/sup 1.5/) time and requires O(1) space per PE. The second algorithm, which is discussed only briefly, runs in O(n square root n/log n) time and requires O(logn) space per PE. >
High and Rising Health Care Costs. Part 4: Can Costs Be Controlled While Preserving Quality?

Several interrelated strategies involving physician leadership and participation have been proposed to contain health care costs while preserving or improving quality. These include programs targeting the 10% of the population that incurs 70% of health care expenditures, disease management programs to prevent costly complications of chronic conditions, efforts to reduce medical errors, the strengthening of primary care practice, decision support tools to avoid inappropriate services, and improved diffusion of technology assessment. An example of a cost-reducing, quality-enhancing program is post-hospital nurse monitoring and intervention for patients at high risk for repeated hospitalization for congestive heart failure. Disease management programs that target groups with a chronic condition rather than focusing efforts on high-utilizing individuals may be effective in improving quality but may not reduce costs. Error reduction has great potential to improve quality while reducing costs, although the probable cost reduction is a small portion of national health care expenditures. Access to primary care has been shown to correlate with reduced hospital use while preserving quality. Inappropriate care and overuse of new technologies can be reduced through shared decision-making between well-informed physicians and patients. Physicians have a central role to play in fostering these quality-enhancing strategies that can help to slow the growth of health care expenditures.
AO-38. Point of care measurement of hemoglobin and hematocrit in newborn infants using a blood gas analyzer

Objective: To assess the reliability of measuring hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) in neonates using a point of care blood gas analyzer. Methods: Hb and Hct results were compared between the point of care blood gas analyzer (OMNI-S, Roche) and laboratory values on 131 paired blood samples, collected from 67 newborns. The bias and limits of agreement were assessed with the Bland Altman method. Paired results were classified in four therapeutic groups according to the Canadian Pediatric Society (CPS) guidelines for blood transfusion; the percent of agreement and weighed kappa were calculated. Results: The mean difference between paired samples was – 0.14 g/dl (± 1.4) and -0.11% (± 8.8) for Hb and Hct respectively; 97% of Hb and 77.4% of Hct values fell within the acceptable limits of the Clinical Laboratories Improvement Amendment. The correlation coefficient between the paired results was 0.95 (P 0.0005) and 0.84 (P 0.0005) respectively. The data distribution in the four CPS groups showed a high level of agreement for Hb (86.3%) and less for Hct (65%) corresponding to a weighted kappa of 0.75 and 0.45 respectively. The disagreement between the Hb and Hct pairs modified the clinical indication of blood transfusion in 2.3% and 3.2% respectively. Conclusion: Our data showed a high level of agreement between paired Hb values measured by the blood gas analyzer and the laboratory permitting its routine use in the point of care setting. The wide limits of agreement between Hct values hinder its clinical use.
Membrane-protein interactions in cell signaling and membrane trafficking.

▪ Abstract Research in the past decade has revealed that many cytosolic proteins are recruited to different cellular membranes to form protein-protein and lipid-protein interactions during cell signaling and membrane trafficking. Membrane recruitment of these peripheral proteins is mediated by a growing number of modular membrane-targeting domains, including C1, C2, PH, FYVE, PX, ENTH, ANTH, BAR, FERM, and tubby domains, that recognize specific lipid molecules in the membranes. Structural studies of these membrane-targeting domains demonstrate how they specifically recognize their cognate lipid ligands. However, the mechanisms by which these domains and their host proteins are recruited to and interact with various cell membranes are only beginning to unravel with recent computational studies, in vitro membrane binding studies using model membranes, and cellular translocation studies using fluorescent protein-tagged proteins. This review summarizes the recent progress in our understanding of how the kinet...
Synthesis of YMnO3 thin films from alkoxy-derived precursors

Abstract Precursor solution for YMnO3 thin films were prepared through the reaction of yttrium iso-propoxide and manganese iso-propoxide in the ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGMME). The YMnO3 films were prepared by spin coating on substrates and crystallized via rapid thermal annealing. Phase purity of YMnO3 films depended on the heat-treatment ambient. Hexagonal YMnO3 thin film with fine and smooth surface was successfully synthesized using the solution of yttrium and manganese iso-propoxides and heat-treating at 750°C in vacuum ambient. The orientation of YMnO3 films depended on substrate, and YMnO3 film on Pt/sapphire C substrate had c-axis orientation.
A formal approach to requirements based testing in open systems standards

Experience with an innovative approach to requirements based testing in the IEEE POSIX arena is presented. The work described in this paper is based on a full scale conformance test suite development for the standard IEEE Std 10035-The Ada Language Binding to POSIX. The approach taken in this work is based on a formal description of test requirements which can be automatically translated into executable tests by the Clemson Automated Testing System (CATS). A brief design overview of CATS, as well as a design taxonomy for the testing requirements is presented. Lessons learned from this experienced recommendations for future work conclude the paper.
Clinical Benefits of Paid Work Activity in Schizophrenia

Although indirect support can be found for the clinical benefits of work, it has not been studied in randomized designs, nor have critical variables been manipulated. One such variable is pay incentive. The authors present a study of 150 subjects with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder who were randomized into Pay ($3.40/hour) and No-Pay conditions and offered 6-month work placements within a Department of Veterans Affairs medical center. Subjects participated in a work-related support group and were evaluated weekly on symptom measures. Results indicated that Pay subjects worked more hours and earned more money than No-Pay subjects. Pay subjects showed more total symptom improvement at followup, and more improvement, particularly on positive and emotional discomfort symptoms. They also had a significantly lower rate of rehospitalization than No-Pay subjects. Participation in work activity was closely associated with symptom improvement. Participators showed more total symptom improvement at followup than partial participators or nonparticipators, and more improvement, particularly on positive, hostility, and emotional discomfort symptoms. We concluded that pay increased participation and that, in this study, participation in work activity was primarily responsible for symptom reduction.
"But Others Do It!": Do Misperceptions of Schoolmate Alcohol and Marijuana Use Predict Subsequent Drug Use Among Young Adolescents?

We examined the effects of perceived prevalence of drug use among same-age peers on adolescents' subsequent drug use. In 7th grade, participants estimated prevalence of alcohol and marijuana use among 7th-grade students in their school, reported own use of these drugs, receipt of offers to use these drugs, and frequency of contact with peers who use these drugs. In 8th grade, participants reported their frequency of alcohol and marijuana use. Although perceived prevalence of drug use predicted subsequent alcohol and marijuana use when controlling for actual prevalence, these effects disappeared once participants' prior levels of drug use and proximal peer contacts were considered. Implications of findings for intervention programs aiming solely to increase accuracy of perceived prevalence estimates are discussed.
XRF AND INAA DETERMINATIONS OF MAJOR AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF JAPAN IGNEOUS AND SEDIMENTARY ROCK STANDARDS

Major and trace element analyses have been obtained by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence for the Geological Survey of Japan Igneous rock series and selected samples from the Sedimentary rock series reference samples. Additional trace element data for the Igneous rock series were obtained by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Samples were analyzed multiple times for 10 major elements (with loss-on-ignition) and the following trace elements; As, Ba, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Eu, Ga, Hf, La, Lu, Nb, Nd, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sm, Sr, Ta, Tb, Th, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn and Zr.
Confinement of gene drive systems to local populations: a comparative analysis.

Mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue fever pose a major health problem through much of the world. One approach to disease prevention involves the use of selfish genetic elements to drive disease-refractory genes into wild mosquito populations. Recently engineered synthetic drive systems have provided encouragement for this strategy; but at the same time have been greeted with caution over the concern that transgenes may spread into countries and communities without their consent. Consequently, there is also interest in gene drive systems that, while strong enough to bring about local population replacement, are unable to establish themselves beyond a partially isolated release site, at least during the testing phase. Here, we develop simple deterministic and stochastic models to compare the confinement properties of a variety of gene drive systems. Our results highlight several systems with desirable features for confinement—a high migration rate required to become established in neighboring populations, and low-frequency persistence in neighboring populations for moderate migration rates. Single-allele underdominance and single-locus engineered underdominance have the strongest confinement properties, but are difficult to engineer and require a high introduction frequency, respectively. Toxin–antidote systems such as Semele, Merea and two-locus engineered underdominance show promising confinement properties and require lower introduction frequencies. Killer-rescue is self-limiting in time, but is able to disperse to significant levels in neighboring populations. We discuss the significance of these results in the context of a phased release of transgenic mosquitoes, and the need for characterization of local ecology prior to a release.
Specific locus mutagenesis of human mammary epithelial cells by ultraviolet radiation.

SummaryTissue and locus specificity of mutation induction was studied in human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC). Primary HMEC from normal tissue, as well as immortalized HMEC (184B5) derived from normal HMEC, were cultured under identical conditions and exposed to 10 J/m2 ultraviolet (UV) radiation (254 nm peak wavelength), which produced approximately 50% mean survival in all cell strains and lines tested. UV radiation was found to induce mutations at the Na+-K+ ATPase locus as determined by ouabain-resistance in both normal and immortalized HMEC. Mutation frequencies measured in these cells following UV exposure were similar to those reported for human diploid fibroblasts. In addition, mutation induction was investigated at the hypoxanthine–guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) locus in normal and immortalized HMEC. Induced mutations at the HPRT locus as determined by 6-thioguanine resistance in normal primary HMEC were not observed following UV radiation. In contrast, mutation induction was observed ...
Mendelian randomization studies: using naturally randomized genetic data to fill evidence gaps.

Purpose of reviewMendelian randomization studies have the potential to transform our understanding of cardiovascular medicine by generating naturally randomized data that can fill evidence gaps when a randomized trial would be either impossible or impractical to conduct. Here, we review recent Mende
Standardized Global Advertising, a Call as Yet Unanswered

A number of advertising spokesmen have strongly recommended a truly “international” approach to advertising for firms operating outside the United States. This article describes how U.S. internatio...
Reverse ballistics penetration of Kevlar® fabric with different indenters at different loading rates:

In this study, the mechanical load on a bullet-shaped indenter when impacted by a single-ply Kevlar fabric was experimentally investigated using a reverse ballistics method at both quasi-static and...
Salinity-sensitivity evaluation in ultra-low permeability sandstone reservoir and its application.

Taking cores from Yaoyingtai Changling Depression in the south of Songliao Basin as subjects, salinity sensitivity evaluation tests were conducted by increasing and decreasing fluid salinity. Salinity sensitive characteristic and damage mechanism in ultra-low permeability sandstone were investigated. In this structure, the reservoir is arkose sandstone, and the porosity is 6%~16%, the permeability is 0.01×10~ -3 ～10×10~ -3 μm~2, pore throat median radius is 0.01~0.54 μm, the clay mineral concentration is 0.8%~ 6.5%, with the illite of 20%~90% and the illite/smectite of 4%~36%. Test results indicated that the matrix salinity-sensitive is from weak to moderate and that of the fracture is strong. Then potassium formate based zwitterionic polymer drilling fluid was optimized, and shielding temporary plugging technique was selected to protect productive formation. In-situ using in 3 wells showed that, in the target formation, the average caliper enlargement rate was 0.66%, 5.78% reduced comparing with adjacent wells; the for- mation skin factor is 1.75, which is evidently lower than those wells without using this technology (4.54).
Removal of electrolytes from institutionally packaged foods

Soaking and rinsing resulted in significant (p less than .01) reductions in sodium and potassium concentrations of peeled potatoes and hard-cooked eggs packed in brines containing sodium compounds and packaged for institutional use. In this study, no significant differences (p greater than .01) were found between soaking and rinsing in deionized water and in tap water; however, tap water can vary greatly in sodium and potassium content. Sodium and potassium levels of chopped lettuce dipped in sodium hypochlorite were not significantly (p greater than .01) affected by soaking and rinsing procedures. However, the sodium and potassium levels of the processed lettuce were not high relative to the levels of unprocessed lettuce before soaking and rinsing.
Inflammatory responses to alcohol in the CNS: nuclear receptors as potential therapeutics for alcohol-induced neuropathologies

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), which results from ethanol exposure during pregnancy, and alcohol use disorder (AUD), which includes both binge and chronic alcohol abuse, are strikingly common and costly at personal and societal levels. These disorders are associated with significant pathology, including that observed in the CNS. It is now appreciated in both humans and animal models that ethanol can induce inflammation in the CNS. Neuroinflammation is hypothesized to contribute to the neuropathologic and behavioral consequences in FASD and AUD. In this review, we: 1) summarize the evidence of alcohol-induced CNS inflammation, 2) outline cellular and molecular mechanisms that may underlie alcohol induction of CNS inflammation, and 3) discuss the potential of nuclear receptor agonists for prevention or treatment of neuropathologies associated with FASD and AUD.
Feature-based attention resolves depth ambiguity.

Perceiving the world around us requires that we resolve ambiguity. This process is often studied in the lab using ambiguous figures whose structures can be interpreted in multiple ways. One class of figures contains ambiguity in its depth relations, such that either of two surfaces could be seen as being the “front” of an object. Previous research suggests that selectively attending to a given location on such objects can bias the perception of that region as the front. This study asks whether selectively attending to a distributed feature can also bias that region toward the front. Participants viewed a structure-from-motion display of a rotating cylinder that could be perceived as rotating clockwise or counterclockwise (as imagined viewing from the top), depending on whether a set of red or green moving dots were seen as being in the front. A secondary task encouraged observers to globally attend to either red or green. Results from both Experiment 1 and 2 showed that the dots on the cylinder that shared the attended feature, and its corresponding surface, were more likely to be seen as being in the front, as measured by participants’ clockwise versus counterclockwise percept reports. Feature-based attention, like location-based attention, is capable of biasing competition among potential interpretations of figures with ambiguous structure in depth.
Introduction: A New Hope

This chapter might be subtitled “Ethics, Poetics, and the Power of a Weak Community.” It considers the phenomenon of the ethical critique of mindfulness-based programs (MBPs), particularly from within the MBP community itself, and attempts to define the motivation for it. Defining ethics, with Aristotle, as the least precise of all the sciences, the chapter introduces a poetics of MBP pedagogy as a more useful approach to such thinking. Applying poetics, the actions of the pedagogy are shown to generate qualities that allow the class to be with and in the experience of the moment. These qualities are suggested as virtues that shape the experience of the classroom. These virtues result in the generation of a form of community that is strongly bonded, yet also weakly bounded, making it a safe and productive place for those who dissent from inside or who are vulnerable outside the community. The chapter ends with a question about the utility of such a community structure for the scholarly, scientific, and pedagogical enterprise of the MBPs overall.
Full-Duplex Self-Backhaul Small Cell: Capacity Gain and Traffic Adaptation

Wireless backhaul, a cost-effective alternative to fiber, is becoming an attractive candidate for high-speed 5G deployment. Unlike half-duplex (HD) small cells that require either extra spectrum or well-designed time-frequency sharing to provide wireless backhaul, full-duplex (FD) self-backhaul small cells can reuse the same time-frequency resource to flexibly deliver low latency connections for both backhaul and small cell access. Additionally, FD capability simplifies the signaling design to coordinate backhaul and access transmission, thus reducing the overall network maintenance complexity. This paper investigates the performance advantage of FD self-backhaul over its HD counterpart. Our analysis shows that FD can achieve the most gain in scenarios where spectrum resource is under-utilized with HD small cells. Simulation results demonstrate that FD self-backhaul small cells can potentially achieve >1.8× spectral efficiency gain in overlay small cell deployments and around 5× latency reduction under imbalanced network loading conditions.
Closing the Achievement Gap by Detracking

Achievement follows from opportunities, Ms. Burris and Mr. Welner a s s e rt, and the persistent practice of tracking denies a range of o p p o rtunities to large numbers of students. That a dispro p o rtionate number of these students are minorities is one of the underlying reasons that the achievement gap has remained so persistent. The authors describe how a diverse suburban district in New York narrowed the gap by offering its high-track curriculum to all students.
The Totality of Organism and Environment

As Sullivan clearly stated in Conceptions of Modern Psychiatry (1953), it is artificial to say that the living cell in the uterus is one thing, and its necessary environment another. He asserted that the cell manifests the basic categories of biological process. Its potentialities are almost “stupefying.” Although the cell is a demonstrable entity, it lives and starts the realization of its potentialities living “communally” with, or by means of, the uterine environment. This environment, from a relative position in time and space, flows through the living cell, becoming of its very life in the process. And the cell “flows and grows through the environment, establishing in this process its particular career-line as an organism”. Since Sullivan put great emphasis on the organization of personality, it seems wise to stress the importance of organization at every phase of the organism’s growth.
Integrating a Social Justice Perspective in Economics Education: Creating a Distinctly Catholic Education

This paper suggests a way of creating a distinctly Catholic economics education by integrating a social justice perspective into the curriculum through writings from Catholic Social Thought (CST). In so doing, we argue that students of economics will gain a more thorough understanding of the economics discipline. Moreover, a grounding in CST will help business and economics students better negotiate the conflicting view of markets they encounter in the “disconnect” between business courses and humanities/social science core courses. The thesis of the paper is that CST can be a useful mechanism by which to instill a social justice perspective in economics education and to motivate educators to be clear and complete in discussing assumptions that underlie economic theory. We explore reasons economics educators have been reluctant to use tools such as CST to inform their discussion of economic theory. We use the subdiscipline of welfare theory and in particular assumptions regarding the common good, preference satisfaction, and individual and social utility to distinguish between perspectives from CST and what is taught as modern economic theory. Finally we offer some simple curricular changes that can be accomplished with little cost, which can lead to three bold accomplishments: creating a distinctly Catholic economics education, improving students’ understanding of their discipline, and diminishing the frustration and confusion students feel when they encounter disconnected messages about the effects of markets and the promotion of social justice.
Investigation of Matrix Effects in Laboratory Studies of Catalytic Ozonation Processes

A systematic study investigating the effects of water matrices on heterogeneous catalytic ozonation processes was conducted in a semibatch reactor at initial pH 7.00 ± 0.20. Specifically, three mat...
Analysis of single nucleotide variants in CRISPR-Cas9 edited zebrafish embryos shows no evidence of off-target inflation

Abstract Therapeutic applications of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing have spurred innovation in Cas9 enzyme engineering and single guide RNA (sgRNA) design algorithms to minimize potential off-target events. While recent work in rodents outlines favorable conditions for specific editing and uses a trio design to control for the contribution of natural genome variation, the potential for CRISPR-Cas9 to induce de novo mutations in vivo remains a topic of interest. In zebrafish, we performed whole exome sequencing (WES) on two generations of offspring derived from the same founding pair: 54 exomes from control and CRISPR-Cas9 edited embryos in the first generation (F0), and 16 exomes from the progeny of inbred F0 pairs in the second generation (F1). We did not observe an increase in the number of transmissible variants in edited individuals in F1, nor in F0 edited mosaic individuals, arguing that in vivo editing does not precipitate an inflation of deleterious point mutations.
Accounting Certification in Central Asia

Ever since the fall of the Berlin Wall and the implosion of the Soviet Union, centrally planned economies in Eastern and Central Europe and Central Asia have been struggling to convert their economic systems from central planning to the market. One facet of this transition is accounting certification. Under the old Soviet system there was not much need for accounting certification because Soviet accounting resembled bookkeeping more than the developed accounting systems used in advanced market economies. After the transition began, accounting certifications began to emerge but their quality was questionable, at best. It was possible to purchase accounting certification, which destroyed credibility. A few years ago the United States Agency for International Development started implementing accounting education and certification programs in some of the former Soviet republics. This paper reports on the progress that has been made in the area of accounting certification in the five Central Asian republics.
Linking code readability, structure, and comprehension among novices: it's complicated

Novices' functionally-correct code is often redundant, verbose, or un-idiomatic. Such code could indicate shallow understanding of the programming language, or unfamiliarity with experts' preferences for code structure. Understanding why novices write poorly is important for designing instruction and tools to help novices write elegantly. 231 novices judged style and readability for sets of code snippets targeting seven topics. Within each set, functionality was the same, but the writing followed either common novice patterns or a more elegant, "expert" pattern. Overall, 76% of novices thought the "expert" snippets had the best style, but only 64% said those snippets were most readable. However, comprehension was similar for both "expert" and novice patterns, regardless of readability preferences. This suggests that students who prefer novice patterns do not necessarily have deep misunderstandings about the programming language. One topic included a code-writing task, and students' readability preferences were predictive of their code-writing patterns, suggesting that readability preferences reflect writing choices rather than comprehension. Thus, novices may benefit from lightweight tools that identify common patterns and suggest an "expert" solution, while helping them see that the "expert" solution is more readable than they think.
Distribution of photosynthetically fixed 14 C in perennnial plant species of the northern Mojave Desert

The distribution of photosynthate among plant parts subsequent to its production is needed to fully understand behavior of vegetation in any ecosystem. The present study, undertaken primarily to obtain information on transport of assimilates into roots of desert vegetation, was conducted in the northern Mojave Desert, where the mean annual rainfall is about 10 cm. Shoots of Ambrosia dumosa (A. Gray) Payne plants were exposed to 14 CO 2 in1971, and the distribution of 14 C in roots, stems, and leaves was subsequently measured at 1 week, 2 months, and 5months. Only about 12 percent of the 14 C photosynthate was stored in the root. Much of that stored in stems was available for new leaf growth. Photosynthate was labeled with 14 C for 24 plants representing eight species in 1972. Results showed that after 127 days the mean percentage of 14 C in roots as compared with the estimate of that originally fixed was 11.8; the percentage in stems was 43.8. The mean ratio of root to root plus stem for 14 C was 0.212, but this value was only half that of the ratio for actual weights of these parts of field plants. The correlation coefficient for ( 14 < C in roots)/( 14 C in root + stem) × (dry wt of root)/ (dry wt of root + stem) was +0.89. Small stems were the major storage organ for the 14 C. To check the validity of the 14 C data, root growth of eight perennial desert plants grown in the glasshouse was followed as plants increased in size. The mean percent of the whole plant that was root for eight species was 17.7 percent. The mean proportion of the increase in plant weights that went below ground for the eight species was 19.5 percent. This value is higher than the fraction of 14 C found below ground, and therefore the 14 C technique underestimates the movement of C to roots. Results of an experiment designed to test the value of the 14 C-pulse technique for determining current root growth for some perennial species from the desert indicated that the transition part of roots where root growth continued after exposure to 14 C was highly labeled. Old growth contained less 14 C than new growth.
On Basic Logical Knowledge: Reflections on Paul Boghossian’s “How Are Objective Epistemic Reasons Possible?‘

§1. Frege wrote that "There is nothing more objective than the laws of arithmetic".2 Acceptance of the objectivity of logic, mathematics, and of epistemic norms generally—norms determining when particular beliefs are justified, or knowledgeable, and which beliefs commit one to which others—used to be orthodoxy. Paul Boghossian is concerned to respond to its increasing disesteem among thinkers in the humanities and social sciences. "The suspicion is widespread", he writes, "that what counts as knowledge in one cultural, or broadly ideological, setting need not count as knowledge in another."3 He takes it that, unimpressive though the characteristic statements of and arguments for this relativistic outlook may often be, they nevertheless draw attention to a genuine intellectual challenge. I agree. Nor is the seriousness of the challenge qualified by its contemporary connection with post-modernist or ‘post-analytic' orientations. In