cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ice-lubricated gravity spreading of the Olympus Mons aureole deposits

The huge aureole deposits and the perimeter scarp of Olympus Mons in the Tharsis region of Mars were first observed by Mariner 9. It is pointed out that no other Martian volcano approaches the size of Olympus. Hypotheses of aureole formation are discussed and evaluated. It is concluded that gravity-sliding and gravity-spreading models for the Olympus Mons aureoles can account qualitatively for the observations regarding surface morphology, structure, and size. The presence of the basal scarp can also be understood. However, the proposed models require detachment between the aureoles and the substrate. In the present investigation, the proposal is made that widespread detachment may have occurred within a basal layer containing approximately 10 percent by volume of interstitial or interbedded ice.
Public and Private Responsibilities: Home and Community-Based Services in the United Kingdom and Germany

In the late 1980s, the United States, the United Kingdom and Germany had roughly the same system of financing and delivering long-term care. In contrast to the United States, the United Kingdom and Germany enacted radical reform. The United Kingdom converted an open-ended, means-tested national entitlement for institutional care to a block grant to local governments, whereas Germany enacted a nationally uniform, non-means-tested social insurance program. This article analyzes the post-reform experience of the United Kingdom and Germany with respect to issues of financing, assessment and case management, and the availability of home and community-based services. Policy implications for the United States are developed. (Journal of Aging and Health 1999 August; 11(3): 417-444).
The Effects of Furazolidone and Vitamin E on Turkey Reproduction

Abstract FURAZOLIDONE, N (5 nitro-2-fur-furylidene) 3-amino-2-oxazolidone, a nitrofuran compound has proved valuable in the control of salmonella and histomonas infections in turkeys. The drug level recommended for prevention of these diseases is 0.011% incorporated into the feed. Using this level for turkeys from 10-12 weeks of age Moore et al. (1954) found no detrimental effects on fertility, hatchability or egg production. However, when the same level was fed to males from one day of age Redman and Smyth (1957) found approximately 13% of the birds to be sexually immature at 296 days of age. Those attaining semen production were delayed by approximately one week. Using a level of 0.02% furazolidone Cooper and Skulski (1955) reported a significant testes weight decrease in 12 week old White Leghorn cockerels. Complete sexual involution was accomplished in 20 week old White Rock males following administration of the drug at a 0.066% level for 7 weeks …
Distinct Ca2+-dependent Properties of the First and Second C2-domains of Synaptotagmin I (∗)

Synaptotagmin I (SytI) is a synaptic vesicle protein that binds Ca2+ and is essential for fast, Ca2+-dependent neurotransmitter release in the hippocampus, suggesting that it serves as a Ca2+ sensor for exocytosis. Although SytI has two cytoplasmic C2-domains, only the first C2-domain was shown to exhibit Ca2+ regulation; it binds phospholipids and syntaxin in a Ca2+-dependent manner. By contrast, the second C2-domain is inactive in these assays and only binds putative interacting molecules in a Ca2+-independent manner. We have now discovered in a yeast two-hybrid screen for SytI-interacting molecules that the C2-domains of SytI interact with themselves. Using immobilized recombinant C2-domains from SytI and SytII, we found that only the second but not the first C2-domains of these synaptotagmins are capable of affinity-purifying native rat brain SytI and that this binding is Ca2+-dependent, suggesting that only the second C2-domain is capable of a Ca2+-triggered self-association. A relatively high Ca2+ concentration (>100 μM) is required for binding in the presence of Mg2+; Sr2+ and Ba2+ but not Mg2+ can substitute for Ca2+. Our data suggest that the second C2-domain of SytI is also a Ca2+-regulated domain similar to the first C2-domain but with distinct binding activities.
The Gender Prism: Pedagogical Foundations for Reducing Sex Stereotyping and Promoting Egalitarian Male-Female Relationships in Management

"The glass ceiling" is one of the major barriers to female managers' advancement, resulting from the reluctance of men to relate to them as organizational equals (due in large part to sex stereotyp...
Patterns of avian viral multiplication and associated membrane histopathology in the chorioallantois of developing chick embryo.

The growth in the chorioallantois of the chick embryo of a variant strain of avian pox virus of canary origin was studied in connection with the histopathological membrane development induced by such infection. The events following inoculation of the agent could be summarized some-what as follows. There is first a phase of disappearance of infective virus (0–14 hours) followed by a period during which little infective agent can be recovered (14–24 hours). There is then a phase during which rapid synthesis of virus occurs (24–72 hours), the maximum growth period in this phase (48–72 hours) paralleled by a rapid proliferation of ectodermal cells and massive mesodermal hyperplasia. Finally, there is the stage (72–136 hours) in which the rate of virus synthesis appears to have decreased, the virus titer remaining fairly constant, while the lesions become confluent and the membrane much thickened.
Variable Coded Modulation software simulation

This paper reports on the design and performance of a new Variable Coded Modulation (VCM) system. This VCM system comprises eight of NASA's recommended codes from the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) standards, including four turbo and four AR4JA/C2 low-density parity-check codes, together with six modulations types (BPSK, QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-APSK, 32-APSK, 64-APSK). The signaling protocol for the transmission mode is based on a CCSDS recommendation. The coded modulation may be dynamically chosen, block to block, to optimize throughput.
A perspective on the future of gifted education

This article offers a critique of gifted education as well as a perspective on future directions. The author discusses two issues from the past that have hindered the development of the field, two issues that reflect problems in gifted education today, and a perspective on the future. The future of gifted education will depend on a new paradigm for conceptualizing giftedness. This paradigm is seen to come from developmental psychology and will attend to affective development as well as cognitive development.
PET/CT in radiation oncology

PET/CT is an effective tool for the diagnosis, staging and restaging of cancer patients. It combines the complementary information of functional PET images and anatomical CT images in one imaging session. Conventional stand-alone PET has been replaced by PET/CT for improved patient comfort, patient throughput, and most importantly the proven clinical outcome of PET/CT over that of PET and that of separate PET and CT. There are over two thousand PET/CT scanners installed worldwide since 2001. Oncology is the main application for PET/CT. Fluorine-18 deoxyglucose is the choice of radiopharmaceutical in PET for imaging the glucose uptake in tissues, correlated with an increased rate of glycolysis in many tumor cells. New molecular targeted agents are being developed to improve the accuracy of targeting different disease states and assessing therapeutic response. Over 50% of cancer patients receive radiation therapy (RT) in the course of their disease treatment. Clinical data have demonstrated that the information provided by PET/CT often changes patient management of the patient and/or modifies the RT plan from conventional CT simulation. The application of PET/CT in RT is growing and will become increasingly important. Continuing improvement of PET/CT instrumentation will also make it easier for radiation oncologists to integrate PET/CT in RT. The purpose of this article is to provide a review of the current PET/CT technology, to project the future development of PET and CT for PET/CT, and to discuss some issues in adopting PET/CT in RT and potential improvements in PET/CT simulation of the thorax in radiation therapy.
A new high-temperature plasma ion source for the TRISTAN isol facility

Abstract A vigorous program of ion-source development at TRISTAN has led to several types of ion sources that are especially suited to extended operation at a reactor-based ISOL facility. The latest of these is a high-temperature plasma ion source in which a 5-g 235 U target is located in the cathode and can be heated to 2500° C. The ion source has a lifetime of > 1000 h and produces a wide array of elements, including palladium. Off-line investigations indicate that the source functions primarily in an electron impact mode of ionization and exhibits typical ionization efficiencies of > 30% for xenon.
Abnormal Internal/External and Varus/Valgus Rotations in ACL-Reconstructed Knees During Running: Analysis by High Frame-Rate Stereo-Radiography

The effectiveness of ACL reconstruction for restoring normal joint mechanics is poorly understood, especially during physically demanding tasks. For this study, 3D kinematics of ACL-reconstructed and contralateral (uninjured) knees were assessed during down-hill running, using a unique high frame rate stereo-radiography system. Though anterior/posterior tibial translation was restored to normal levels, significant rotational abnormalities were identified in the ACL-reconstructed knees in both the coronal and transverse planes.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Identification of estrone in pomegranate seeds

Abstract Estrone was isolated from pomegranate seeds and its identity was confirmed by thin-layer chromatography in three solvent systems and by four color reactions. Three derivatives were prepared and had the same chromatographic characteristics in three solvent systems as the corresponding derivatives from authentic estrone. The biological potency of this material was also comparable to that of estrone. Pomegranate seeds are the richest plant source of steroidal estrogens yet found.
Abstract A71: Smoking and breast cancer survival among New Mexican Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women.

The association of smoking with breast cancer mortality is not well established. Results from the few studies to date are mixed. Data for ethnic minorities are sparse. The current study examined the association of active cigarette smoking with breast cancer and non-breast cancer mortality in a pooled sample of 1,368 New Mexico Hispanic women (n=556) and non-Hispanic white (NHW) women (n=812) diagnosed with a first primary invasive breast cancer from two case-control studies: the New Mexico Women9s Health Study (NMWHS: 1992-1994) and the 4-Corner9s Breast Cancer Study (4-CBCS: 1999-2004). The cases were ascertained by the New Mexico Tumor Registry. Baseline data were collected for smoking exposure and other relevant covariates (age, study, alcohol intake, body mass index, menopausal status, family history, parity, energy intake and expenditure). The National Death Index was used to determine vital status through December 31, 2008. A total of 312 deaths occurred over an average of 9.2 years of follow-up (NMWHS, 12.4; 4-CBCS, 7.2); 188 were breast cancer deaths. The prevalence of current and former smoking was 13% and 25% in Hispanic women compared to 16% and 32% in NHW women. Thirty-three percent of NHW women smoked for more than 13 pack-years versus 16% of Hispanic women. Hazard ratios were calculated using Cox Proportional analysis adjusting for the covariates. Cigarette smoking status (former, current) and pack-years were not associated with breast cancer mortality in Hispanic women. However, there was a non-significant positive association in NHW women who smoked (current: HR, 1.42, 95% CI 0.83-2.41; pack-years >13: HR, 1.42; 95% CI 0.90-2.24). In contrast, there were significant positive associations with non-breast cancer mortality in H women (pack-years >13: HR, 2.95; 95% CI 1.52-5.75) and NHW women (pack-years >13: HR, 2.08; 95% CI 1.25-3.45). These results do not support an association of smoking with breast cancer mortality, particularly in Hispanic women. However, smoking is significantly associated with non-breast cancer mortality in women diagnosed with breast cancer. Citation Format: Kathy B. Baumgartner, Christina Pinkston, Avonne Connor, Stephanie Denkhoff, Dongyan Yang, Richard N. Baumgartner. Smoking and breast cancer survival among New Mexican Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fifth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2012 Oct 27-30; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(10 Suppl):Abstract nr A71.
Mercury distribution in ancient and modern sediment of northeastern Bering Sea

Abstract Reconnaissance sampling of surface and subsurface sediment to a maximum depth of 80 m below the sea floor shows that typical values of 0.03 p.p.m. and anomalies of 0.2–1.3 p.p.m. mercury have been present in northeastern Bering Sea since Early Pliocene time. Values are highest in modern beach (maximum 1.3 and mean 0.22 p.p.m. Hg) and nearshore subsurface gravels (maximum 0.6 and mean 0.06 p.p.m. Hg) along the highly mineralized Seward Peninsula and in clayey silt rich in organic matter (maximum 0.16 and mean 0.10 p.p.m. Hg) throughout the region. Although gold mining may be partly responsible for high mercury levels in the modern beach near Nome, Alaska (maximum 0.45 p.p.m.), equally high or greater concentrations of mercury occur in buried Pleistocene sediments immediately offshore (maximum 0.6 p.p.m.) and in modern unpolluted beach sediments at Bluff (maximum 1.3 p.p.m.); this suggests that the contamination effects of mining may be no greater than natural concentration processes in the Seward Peninsula region. The mercury content of offshore surface sediment, even adjacent to mercury-rich beaches, corresponds to that of unpolluted marine and fresh-water sediment elsewhere. The normal values that prevail offshore may be attributable to entrapment of mercury-bearing heavy minerals on beaches near sources and/or dilution effects of offshore sedimentation. The few minor anomalies offshore occur in glacial drift derived from mercury source regions of Chukotka (Siberia) and Seward Peninsula; Pleistocene shoreline processes have reworked the drift to concentrate the heavy metals. The distribution pattern of mercury indicates that particulate mercury-bearing minerals have not been widely dispersed from onland deposits in quantities sufficient to increase mercury levels above normal in offshore sediments of Bering Sea; however, it shows that natural sedimentary processes can concentrate this mercury in beaches of the coastal zone where there already is concern because of potential pollution from man's activities.
Cdc48/p97 mediates UV-dependent turnover of RNA Pol II

Cdc48/p97 is an essential ATPase whose role in targeting substrates to the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) remains unclear. Existing models posit that Cdc48 acts upstream of UPS receptors. To address this hypothesis, we examined the association of ubiquitin (Ub) conjugates with 26S proteasomes. Unexpectedly, proteasomes isolated from cdc48 mutants contain high levels of Ub conjugates, and mass spectrometry identified numerous nonproteasomal proteins, including Rpb1, the largest subunit of RNA Pol II. UV-induced turnover of Rpb1 depends upon Cdc48-Ufd1-Npl4, Ubx4, and the uncharacterized adaptor Ubx5. Ubiquitinated Rpb1, proteasomes, and Cdc48 accumulate on chromatin in UV-treated wild-type cells, and the former two accumulate to higher levels in mutant cells, suggesting that degradation of Rpb1 is facilitated by Cdc48 at sites of stalled transcription. These data reveal an intimate coupling of function between proteasomes and Cdc48 that we suggest is necessary to sustain processive degradation of unstable subunits of some macromolecular protein complexes.
Teaching Students with Moderate Intellectual Disability Who Are Emergent Readers to Comprehend Passages of Text

A modified system of least intrusive prompting was used to teach middle school students with moderate intellectual disability who were emergent readers to comprehend short passages of text. Text passages were summaries of the chapters of age-appropriate novels rewritten for a beginning reading level. Time delay was used to teach the participants to pair WH words to their definition. A modified system of least intrusive prompting was used to teach strategies for answering comprehension questions. All participants improved the number of correct responses for both rules definitions and comprehension responses from baseline to intervention. Additionally, probes collected during the session prior to the introduction of a new book indicated comprehension skills generalized to new untaught books.
The individual therapist's contribution to psychotherapy process and outcome

Abstract A selected body of psychotherapy research is reviewed with the intent of illustrating the importance of the individual therapist to treatment process and outcome. It is suggested that particular therapy techniques have not been shown to be especially important in the therapy process and outcome despite the fact that they have been the central focus of research during the last decade. Current outcome research designs treat the unique influence exerted by the therapist as “error” variance rather than an integral part of the change process. Despite this tendency, evidence supporting the importance of individual therapists is widespread. Although the study of individual therapists has little methodological or theoretical appeal, it is concluded that further study of particular therapists is a logical and empirically defensible necessity. Points for further research are suggested.
Adsorption behavior of linear and cyclic genetically engineered platinum binding peptides.

Recently, phage and cell-surface display libraries have been adapted for genetically selecting short peptides for a variety of inorganic materials. Despite the enormous number of inorganic-binding peptides reported and their bionanotechnological utility as synthesizers and molecular linkers, there is still a limited understanding of molecular mechanisms of peptide recognition of and binding to solid materials. As part of our goal of genetically designing these peptides, understanding the binding kinetics and thermodynamics, and using the peptides as molecular erectors, in this report we discuss molecular structural constraints imposed upon the quantitative binding characteristics of peptides with an affinity for inorganics. Specifically, we use a high-affinity seven amino acid Pt-binding sequence, PTSTGQA, as we reported in earlier studies and build two constructs: one is a Cys-Cys constrained “loop” sequence (CPTSTGQAC) that mimics the domain used in the pIII tail sequence of the phage library construct...
Extractive industries, livelihoods and natural resource competition: Mapping overlapping claims in Peru and Ghana

Abstract Taking the cases of Peru and Ghana, this paper examines overlaps between the extraction of minerals, oil and gas on the one hand, and river basins, agricultural land use, and protected areas on the other hand. In particular the paper considers how far such overlaps can be revealed and analyzed on the basis of (relatively) accessible and affordable data, without having to use more expensive data generated by remote sensing or fieldwork. We use concessions as our indicator of the presence of extractive industry activity, focusing on both mineral and hydrocarbon concessions, and areas of exploration and of active resource exploitation. High portions of agricultural land use in both countries are located within areas that are subject to mineral or hydrocarbon concessions (38% in Peru, 39% in Ghana), predominantly within areas in which exploration activities are permitted or occurring (36% in Peru, 35% in Ghana). While overlaps between concessions and areas protected for conservation were much smaller (10% for Peru, 2% for Ghana), concessions overlapped with a larger portion of titled indigenous communities in Peru (35%). These findings help visualize the geographies of uncertainty and risk that the expansion of extractive industry creates for populations dependent on agriculture, land, water and other resources in areas affected by concessions. The visualizations – and the evidence of quite different degrees of overlap, depending on the type of resource in question – suggest the relative strength of different modes of land and resource governance in the face of extractive industry. Notwithstanding their well-documented fragilities, institutions for habitat conservation seem to have been better able to resist pressures on them from the extractive sector than do those for regulating water resources, agricultural land and indigenous communities which appear far less able to moderate the expansion of resource extraction.
A Dispositional Approach to Work–School Conflict and Enrichment

The purpose of this study was to investigate a dispositional model of the work–school interface. In particular, we examined the relationship between core self-evaluations (CSEs) and proactive personality with both work–school conflict (WSC) and work–school enrichment (WSE) as well as a variety of work and school outcomes. 314 employed college students were surveyed about their experiences managing work and school roles. Structural equation modeling showed that CSEs were related to both WSC and WSE as well as school outcomes, whereas proactive personality was related to WSE and job and school outcomes but not WSC. WSC was negatively related to school performance, whereas WSE was positively related to school and job satisfaction as well as school performance. Organizations, universities, and researchers should be aware that dispositional variables influence perceptions of work and school roles as well as important outcome variables, and that further intervention efforts may be needed to help students manage work and school roles. Past studies have demonstrated that job characteristics influence the work–school interface, but this study is among the first to demonstrate that dispositional factors also relate to WSC and WSE.
A Guide for the Perplexed: Scientific Educational Research, Methodolatry, and the Gold Versus Platinum Standards

The discussion opens by characterizing recent discourse about empirical educational research as the “new Babel” – critics, using different theoretical vocabularies and making different deep assumptions about the nature of social life, are failing to communicate with each other. After locating some of the critical positions on a left-right continuum, the main discussion focuses upon the end of this continuum where there are located the recent attempts to restore rigor in educational research by using the so-called “gold standard” of randomized field trials. It is argued that positions at this end of the continuum misrepresent the nature of science, and some examples are mentioned briefly to convey the point that it is fruitful to view scientists as making convincing cases, cases that appeal to a wide variety of evidence. The assessment of scientific cases is called the “platinum standard”.
Cost-Benefit Evaluation of House Fly (Diptera:Muscidae) Control in Caged Layer Poultry Houses

House fly (Musca domestica L.) control was determined in small-unit, commercial, caged layer poultry houses. Cyromazine was the most cost effective treatment (4 per bird per season) and provided the highest level of control. Larviciding and adulticiding with dimethoate, fenthion and dimethoate, permethrin and dimethoate, and stirofos provided good fly control, and these treatments were moderately cost effective. The use of dichlorvos-stirofos provided only marginal fly control and was not cost effective. Early-season manure removal, combined with more selective insecticide use would provide the caged layer producer with a more effective management strategy for controlling house flies in small-unit operations.
CXCR4/CD184 immunoreactivity in T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas with an overall Th1- Th2+ immunophenotype.

We performed an immunohistochemical analysis of CXCR4/CD184 expression in frozen and paraffin-embedded sections of human peripheral T-cell lymphomas that exhibit a composite Th1 T-cell–like or Th2 T-cell–like immunophenotype, based on expression of Th1-associated markers (CXCR3, CD134/OX40, and CD69) and Th2-associated markers (CD30 and CCR4). In 66 cases examined, CXCR4/CD184 expression correlated significantly with immunoreactivity for other markers of Th2 differentiation ( P < .0001). Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, which typically expresses markers of Th2 differentiation, was immunoreactive for CXCR4/CD184 in 22 (88%) of 25 cases. Tumors previously identified as exhibiting a composite Th1-like immunophenotype, which include angioimmunoblastic lymphoma, lymphoepithelioid lymphoma, and other peripheral T-cell lymphomas now termed unspecified, were positive for CXCR4/CD184 in 7 (17%) of 41 cases. These results are consistent with previous findings that a subset of peripheral T-cell lymphomas can be divided into Th1-like and Th2-like categories based on immunoreactivity with a limited set of markers. Our findings also suggest that CXCR4/CD184, which is expressed by a number of malignant neoplasms and may have a role in tumor metastasis, may have a similar function in CXCR4+ T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas.
A divergent approach to the synthesis of the yohimbinoid alkaloids venenatine and alstovenine

The yohimbinoid alkaloids continue to receive considerable attention from the synthetic community because of their interesting chemical structures and varied biological activity. Although there are several elegant syntheses of certain members of this group of alkaloids, a truly unified approach has yet to be developed. In short, general approaches to this compound class are hampered by a lack of complete control in setting the C(3) stereocentre at a late stage. Herein, we report that a functionalized hydrindanone enables a divergent strategy that builds on existing precedent to address this long-standing challenge. Utilizing an aminonitrile intermediate, the stereochemistry at C(3) of the yohimbinoid skeleton can be controlled effectively in a Pictet-Spengler reaction. We applied this approach to the first total syntheses of the C(3) epimeric natural products venenatine and alstovenine.
Seeking a theory of the human companion animal bond

AbstractWhile studies of human/animal interactions have generated much creditable research, have produced a considerable body of related experimental data, and have pointed to many fruitful future lines of inquiry, their authors have been accused of having no theoretical foundations. But studies of the human/companion animal bond (H/CAB) already undertaken have been based on animal/animal, human/human, and human/object relationships as analogous theories most likely to provide the comprehensive inductive, deductive, and functional theoretical bases needed.In order to arrive at a more encompassing theory that can be used to organize data and results, to explain obtained results, and to generate reliable predictions for data not yet obtained, the present weaknesses in each of the models need to be rigorously analyzed for likenesses and differences, and those data that do not seem to fit any of the model analogues must be pinpointed for more exacting research.
Glucose enhancement of LDL oxidation is strictly metal ion dependent.

Abstract Recent evidence suggests that lipoprotein oxidation is increased in diabetes, however, the mechanism(s) for such observations are not clear. We examined the effect of glucose on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation using metal ion–dependent and –independent oxidation systems. Pathophysiological concentrations of glucose (25 mM) enhanced copper-induced LDL oxidation as determined by conjugated diene formation or relative electrophoretic mobility (REM) on agarose gels. Similarly, iron-induced LDL oxidation was stimulated by glucose resulting in 4- to 6-fold greater REM than control incubations without glucose. In contrast, glucose had no effect on metal ion–independent LDL oxidation by aqueous peroxyl radicals. The effect of glucose on metal ion–dependent LDL oxidation was associated with enhanced reduction of metal ions, and in the case of iron-induced LDL oxidation, was completely inhibited by superoxide dismutase. The effect of glucose was mimicked by other reducing sugars, such as fructose and mannose, and the extent to which each sugar enhanced LDL oxidation was closely linked to its metal ion–reducing activity. Thus, promotion of LDL oxidation by glucose is specific for metal ion–dependent oxidation and involves increased metal ion reduction. These results provide one potential mechanism for enhanced LDL oxidation in diabetes.
Improved triceps substitute brace.

The new improved triceps substitute brace is light, strong, fits the upper extremity better, and permits pronation and supination of the forearm. It weighs 16 oz. (480 g.) as compared with the weight of our previous brace of 28 oz. (840 g.). The elbow spring is adjustable allowing increase or decrease in the tension of the triceps replacement action. The illustrations 1-4 describe the details of construction. The indications for the use of the brace are mentioned.
Understanding the Improved Electrochemical Performances of Fe-Substituted 5 V Spinel Cathode LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4

Partial substitution of Fe for Ni alone or both for Ni and Mn in the 5 V spinel cathode LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 has been investigated by characterizing the samples by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), charge−discharge measurements in lithium cells, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), chronoamperometry (CA), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The Fe-substituted samples exhibit remarkably superior cycling performances and higher rate capabilities than the pristine LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4. The greatly enhanced electrochemical performances by the Fe substitution are attributed to the (i) stabilization of the structure with cation-disorder in the 16d octahedral sites of the spinel lattice, (ii) suppression of the formation of a thick solid-electrolyte interfacial (SEI) layer due to the Fe-enrichment and Ni-deficiency on the surface, (iii) production of Mn3+ and the consequent enhancement in electronic conductivity, and (iv) much reduced polarization loss arising from bo...
Effect of dietary protein on prepubertal mammary development in rapidly growing dairy heifers

The objective was to determine whether increased dietary protein would enhance mammary development in prepubertal heifers fed for rapid body growth (1.2 kg/d). Fifty-four Holstein heifers (weighing approximately 134 kg) were assigned to one of three treatments. Heifers were fed a total mixed ration with metabolizable energy at 2.85 Mcal/kg and metabolizable protein at low, standard, or high concentrations (37, 41, or 44 g/Mcal of metabolizable energy, respectively) from 3.5 mo of age until slaughter at approximately 46 d after puberty. Heifers fed low, standard, and high protein gained 1130, 1170, and 1180 g/d, respectively. Dietary protein did not affect age or weight of heifers at puberty or slaughter, withers height gain, or carcass composition. Average mammary parenchymal DNA content for heifers on diets of low, standard, and high protein was 595, 619, and 670 mg/100 kg of body weight, respectively, and was not significantly different. However, for heifers that attained puberty early, those fed low protein had 33% less parenchymal DNA than those fed high protein, even though their body growth and carcass composition were not compromised. We conclude that dietary protein does not have a major effect on mammary development of rapidly grown prepubertal heifers, provided the diet contains adequate protein for normal body growth. But we suggest that feeding low-protein diets increases the risk of impaired mammary development when heifers are fed for rapid growth and attain puberty early and that the new National Research Council guidelines for protein relative to energy seem adequate for optimal mammary development.
Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation for Osteochondritis Dissecans in the Knee

Full-thickness cartilage defects, whether the result of a traumatic event or caused by osteochondritis dissecans (OCD), can result in a painful, debilitating problem for patients and a quandary for orthopedic surgeons. Marrow stimulation techniques can produce short- to mid-term symptomatic relief; however, the fibrocartilaginous repair tissue that is produced with these measures lacks the mechanical and viscoelastic properties of hyaline cartilage. Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) for OCD lesions has shown durability of the articular repair with excellent mid- to long-term clinical outcomes. Proper patient selection as well as correcting concomitant pathology (femoral-tibial malalignment, patella maltracking, ligamentous instability, and meniscal insufficiency) is paramount to the success of ACI. Subchondral bone deficiency such as encountered with deep OCD lesions may require an additional bone-grafting procedure, which can be performed in a concurrent or staged fashion. Postoperative compliance with weight-bearing and rehabilitation protocols is necessary to protect the integrity of the repair tissue. Results of ACI for OCD lesions are encouraging and should be considered when the native osteochondral fragment cannot be salvaged.
Pattern of selected calcium‐binding proteins in the vestibular nuclear complex of two rodent species

The distribution of immunoreactivity to calbindin, calretinin, and parvalbumin in the vestibular nuclear complex and the adjacent nucleus prepositus hypoglossi was studied in rats and gerbils. The distribution of stained fibers was the same for both rodent species. All three calcium-binding proteins were present in vestibular afferents. However, none of the three proteins were present in all afferent fibers. Many fibers were labeled in the vestibular nerve and in fascicles of the descending vestibular nucleus, as well as ascending fibers in the superior vestibular nucleus and fibers directed to the medial vestibular nucleus. Labeled terminals were present in the medial vestibular nucleus, especially along the ventricular border, in the neuropil of the superior vestibular nucleus, and scattered in the descending and ventral portions of the lateral vestibular nucleus. Calbindin- and parvalbumin-positive terminals, but not calretinin-positive terminals, were present in the neuropil of the dorsal lateral vestibular nucleus, especially surrounding the large neuronal somas. Some of these terminals are presumably from cerebellar Purkinje cells, which were also labeled by both antibodies. The pattern of parvalbumin immunoreactivity was slightly different from that of calbindin, indicating that parvalbumin might be contained in additional fibers. Some neurons in the vestibular nuclear complex were labeled with antibodies to calretinin, but few cells were stained with either calbindin or parvalbumin antibodies. The largest group of calretinin-positive cells was a cluster of small- to medium-sized neurons located in a densely stained mesh of dendrites and terminals in the medial vestibular nucleus, adjacent to the ventricular border.
Three-column osteotomies of the lower cervical and upper thoracic spine: comparison of early outcomes, radiographic parameters, and peri-operative complications in 48 patients

To evaluate and compare early radiographic and clinical outcomes of lower cervical and upper thoracic three-column osteotomies (3CO) for cervicothoracic kyphosis correction. Patients who underwent 3CO at the cervicothoracic junction at two institutions were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups: lower cervical osteotomy (LCO) and upper thoracic osteotomy (UTO: T1–T5). Operative data, radiographic alignment, peri-operative complications, and clinical outcomes were compared between the groups. Forty-eight patients [male: 24; female: 24; average age 61 years (range 18–92 years); mean follow-up: 22 months] met inclusion criteria. A total of 24 pedicle subtraction osteotomies and 24 vertebral column resections were performed. Compared to UTO, LCO operative time was significantly shorter, average ICU and hospital stays were significantly longer, and the average pre-operative cervical sagittal vertical axis (SVA) and kyphosis were significantly greater (p < 0.05). For both groups, there was significant improvement in cervical SVA, cervical lordosis, segmental angle, Neck Disability Index (NDI), SRS Activity, and pain visual analog score (p < 0.05). Reoperation rates were similar between the groups (LCO: 33.3 %; UTO: 18 %, p = 0.28). Significantly, more patients required tracheostomy/gastrostomy tubes after LCO (3 vs. 0 in the UTO group, p = 0.03). Three-column posterior osteotomies at the cervicothoracic junction restored regional sagittal alignment and improved quality of life in this series of patients with rigid cervicothoracic deformity, albeit with high complication rates. Lower cervical osteotomies provided greater cervical SVA correction and were shorter operations, although they were associated with more complications and longer hospital and ICU stays compared to upper thoracic osteotomies.
Matrix composition effects on the tensile properties of tungsten-molybdenum heavy alloys

Tungsten-base heavy alloys are liquid-phase sintered from mixed tungsten, nickel, and iron powders. The sintered product is a composite consisting of interlaced tungsten and solidified matrix (W-Ni-Fe) phases. These alloys are most useful in applications requiring high density, strength, and toughness. The design of improved tungsten heavy alloys has been the subject of several research investigations. Much success has taken place through improved processing, but parallel compositional studies have resulted in new microstructure-property combinations. As part of these investigations, the Ni/Fe ratio has been varied, with the general conclusion that optimal strength and ductility occur with a ratio between 2 and 4. Brittle intermetallic phases can form outside of this composition range. Historically, a 7/3 Ni/Fe ratio has been selected for processing studies. Recently, others reported higher ductilities and impact energies for 90 and 93 pct W heavy alloys with the 8/2 Ni/Fe ratio. Alternatively, these alloys can be strengthened by both solid solution and grain size refinement through incorporation of molybdenum, tantalum, or rhenium. These additions are soluble in both the tungsten and matrix phases and retard solution-reprecipitation during liquid phase sintering. In this study, the alloy composition was varied in the nickel/iron ratio and molybdenum was partially substitutedmore » for tungsten. The sintered tensile properties are assessed vs these compositional variations.« less
Categorization of foods as "snack" and "meal" by college students

The cognitive representation of a food as being a “snack” or a “meal” influences eating behavior. We found previously that subjects who considered a particular food to be a ‘snack’ ate significantly more calories when tested later than subjects who considered the same foods as a ‘meal’. We conducted two surveys to determine the categorization of foods as “snacks” or “meals”. Survey 2 included a larger variety of foods with detailed descriptions and a response option of “never tried”. Both surveys found that potato chips, crackers, cookies, and nuts were consistently viewed as snacks, while soups, burritos, pizza, and pancakes were consistently viewed as meals. Useful for future research are foods we found that students varied in considering a snack or meal. Survey 1 found that half the respondents viewed toast, cheese on toast, muffins, and French fries as snacks and the other half as meals. Similarly, in Survey 2 potato salad, toast with jam, English muffin, cinnamon rolls, and nachos were categorized almost equally as snack and meal. These foods can be used in studies looking at the effects of categorizing a food as a meal or snack on other behaviors or categorization, while controlling for the food item.
WE-D-T-6E-09: Machine Learning for the Geometry/Intensity Relationship in IMRT

Purpose: We present a feasibility study for breast IMRT showing that, given enough training examples of patient CTimages and corresponding plans, machine learning algorithms can predict a good plan for a new patient's geometry directly, without explicit numerical optimization and dose calculation. Method and Materials: From an expert's clinical plans for 22 patients, the features determining the optimized intensities were identified. We applied four machine learning algorithms (nonlinear regression, support‐vector machines, k‐nearest‐neighbors, and barycentric interpolation) to automatically discover the relationship between the beamlet intensities and the input features on CTimages. This was learned on a beamlet‐by‐beamlet basis to decrease the input and output dimensionality. Results were evaluated by comparing the predicted intensity and dose distributions to those from the clinical plan (ground truth). Results: First, the plan for each patient was learned from all remaining patients' plans. The average beamlet error (averaged over all patients) for the best method (support‐vector) was −0.16%, with an average absolute error of 2.07%. D95 and D05 (97.1% and 105.3%, respectively), and V95 (97.6%) values for the support‐vector method differed insignificantly from the expert's plans at the 5% significance level. A second experiment using smaller training sets and larger testing sets yielded an average error of 0.22% and an average absolute error of 2.27%, respectively, indicating that a few well‐selected training datasets are adequate to learn the relationships. Plans could be predicted in <10 seconds. Conclusion: While the breast IMRT problem is relatively simple, this work indicates that machine learning has potential to ease the computational burden of IMRT in more complex sites (e.g. prostate, head and neck), where reducing the time for optimization parameter adjustment would be clinically beneficial. Funded in part by National Cancer Institute grant 5P01CA59017‐13 and the NSF Center for Subsurface Sensing and Imaging Systems, grant EEC‐9986821.
Percutaneous hepatic biopsy in suspected pancreatic carcinoma

Pancreatic neoplasms often present with hepatic lesions as well as a pancreatic mass, as seen on abdominal computed tomography examination. To obtain histologic diagnosis, we advocate computed tomography-directed biopsy of the liver lesion instead of the pancreatic mass because of the increased accuracy and safety of hepatic biopsy as compared with pancreatic biopsy.
Direct contact heat transfer between immiscible liquids in turbulent pipe flow

This paper reports on an experimental study of the direct contact heat transfer between oil and water in turbulent pipe flow under nonboiling conditions. Data were taken by a new technique, namely, monitoring on a very fast response recorder the output of a small thermocouple placed in the two-phase flow. The variables studied were the liquid velocity, the pipe diameter, the water volume fraction, and, to a lesser degree, the interfacial tension and the oil viscosity. A successful semiempirical method of correlating the data is also presented.
A Flexible Approach to the Preparation of Polymer Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering

Porous polyester thermoset xerogels have been produced via sol-gel chemistry as a first step in the development of sol-gel derived tissue engineering scaffolds templated by replica molding and/or salt leaching. The pore structure of these untemplated thermosets is tunable and can be altered independent of or in tandem with alterations in composition. Cytocompatibility studies on these xerogels imply the effects of both pore size and materials chemistry, with fully aliphatic polyesters with large pore structures allowing the growth of mammalian cells. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first report examining the preparation and potential of sol-gel derived porous polymer xerogels as tissue engineering scaffolds.
Finite element methods for constrained problems in elasticity

Several different variational formulations of boundary-value problems with constraints are discussed, with particular reference to constrained problems in elasticity. Special attention is given to exterior penalty methods. A discussion of the conditions necessary for penalty methods to provide a basis for stable and convergent finite element methods is given. In particular, the use of reduced integration is discussed and criteria on the order of reduced integration rules sufficient to produce stable and convergent schemes are described. Applications of reduced integration-penalty methods to incompressible elasticity problems and contact problems are described.
Perinatal death: bereavement interventions used by US and Spanish nurses and midwives

Background: Little research has been published from a global perspective regarding needs of nurses and midwives related to perinatal bereavement. Objective: To identify needs and concerns of US and Spanish nurses and midwives who have worked with perinatal death and to identify the bereavement interventions they use to help families with this experience. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Data were collected in 2011 from US (n=44) and Spanish (n=15) nurses and midwives via a questionnaire. Results: Statistically significant differences between the nurses/midwives in each country were found regarding needs relating to knowledge, communication skills and managing personal feelings. Interventions of accompanying, listening, offering keepsakes, baptism discussion, and funeral planning were also found to be significantly different between the two groups. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate a continued need to increase the standard and consistency of perinatal bereavement care worldwide. Bereav...
Cycling, stressed-out and nervous: cellular functions of c-Abl

c-Abl, the product of the cellular homologue of the transforming gene of Abelson murine leukaemia virus, has been a protein in search of a purpose for over two decades. Because c-Abl is implicated in the pathogenesis of several human leukaemias, understanding the functions of Abl is an important goal. Recently, biochemical and genetic approaches have converged to shed new light on the mechanism of regulation of c-Abl kinase activity and the multiple roles of c-Abl in cellular physiology. This review summarizes our current understanding of the many facets of c-Abl biology, emphasizing recent studies on Drosophila and mammalian Abl.
Using Daily Horoscopes to Demonstrate Expectancy Confirmation

Prior expectations can lead a person to process information in a biased manner such that the expectations are confirmed. Despite its prevalence in everyday judgments, people lack insight into expectancy confirmation processes. The classroom demonstration we describe uses daily horoscopes to demonstrate the powerful effect that expectations can have on judgments. More students reported that the events of a recent day most closely matched the prediction for their particular astrological sign when the astrological signs were presented along with the predictions than when they were not. Students reported that the demonstration was interesting, and 95% of the students correctly answered a question regarding the phenomenon on a subsequent examination.
Symposium: CAP-Plus for Big Data

Data intensive parallel applications are harder to protect against transient software and hardware failures compared to traditional parallel applications. Due to the need for distributed data replication, the CAP Conjecture and Theorem define the ultimate limits for data intensive application's reliability, availability and overall scalability. This paper examines the two assumptions in the proof of CAP Theorem and proposes a statistic multiplexing paradigm for eliminating the reliability, availability and scalability limits of data intensive parallel applications.