cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stability of the Early Components of the Averaged Electroencephalic Response.

The early components of the averaged electroencephalic response (AER) were examined at three-hour intervals in eight normal hearing adults over a single, sleepless 24-hour span. During each of the ...
Update 2001: Skeletal muscle ventricles: left ventricular apex to aorta configuration

Abstract As Originally Published in 1993: Skeletal Muscle Ventricles: Left Ventricular Apex to Aorta Configuration Huiping Lu, MD, Robert Fietsam, Jr, MD, Robert L. Hammond, MD, Hidehiro Nakajima, MD, Frank W. Mocek, MD, Gregory A. Thomas, MD, Renato Ruggiero, MD, Hisako Nakajima, MD, Michael Colson, MS, and Larry W. Stephenson, MD Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, and Medtronics, Inc, Minneapolis, Minnesota Abstract—Skeletal muscle ventricles (SMVs) were constructed from the latissimus dorsi muscle in 6 dogs. After 3 weeks of vascular delay followed by 6 weeks of 2-Hz continuous electrical conditioning, a valved conduit was placed between the left ventricular apex and the SMV and a second valved conduit, between the SMV and the aorta. The SMV was stimulated to contract during diastole at a 1:2 ratio with the heart. The SMV pumped 47% of the systemic blood flow initially (0.73 ± 0.23 versus 1.54 ± 0.42 L/min) and 40% after 3 hours. Skeletal muscle ventricle stimulation resulted in a 58% increase in mean diastolic pressure initially (52 ± 9 to 82 ± 11 mm Hg; p
Determination of the lifetime of the Mercury 6/3/P-1 state

A pulsed tunable dye laser was used for a high resolution experimental study of mercury fluorescence from the 6(3)P-1 state. The output of the dye laser was frequency doubled into the 253.7 nm region using a potassium pentaborate crystal. Exponential decays were separately observed for each of the five individual components of the hyperfine structure and the effects of the trapping of resonance radiation on the observed lifetime of the 6(3)P-1 state of mercury were investigated for each resolvable component. Within experimental error, the natural radiative lifetime of the 6(3)P-1 state was found to be independent of the hyperfine component irradiated and a value of 122 + or 2 nsec was obtained, consistent with results found by other methods.
Testing a Subjective Metric of Situation Awareness

The present research tested a subjective situation awareness (SA) metric, called the SA-SWORD technique. The SA-SWORD technique was an SA adaptation of a subjective workload assessment tool (called the Subjective WORkload Dominance (SWORD) technique). The utility of the SA-SWORD technique was tested in a simulator evaluation of cockpit displays, using Air Force pilots as subjects. Two displays were compared: the Fire Control Radar (FCR) display, and the Horizontal Situation Format (HSF) display. The FCR display provided a functional simulation of current air-to-air radar displays. The HSF was a map-like display that combined data-linked information from outside sources (e.g., an AWACS) with the aircraft's own data to provide a bird's-eye, symbolic view of the entire area. Following collection of the performance data, SA-SWORD scores were collected. Pilots rated their SA higher when using the HSF display, than when using the FCR display. An implication of the current results is that subjective SA metrics c...
On a generalized language for file organization and manipulation

I would like to speak on what I call a unified or generalized language for file organization and manipulation. I call it unified because some ideas from which disk file languages were developed are perfectly applicable to magnetic tape files, and would be a great improvement on the way we address files on magnetic tape today.
Bovine interleukin 2 (IL-2) production and activity on bovine and murine cell lines

Abstract Long-term growth of T cell cultures requires addition of Interleukin 2 (IL-2). In order to maintain bovine cultures, optimal conditions for bovine IL-2 production were defined using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM). Irradiation and preculture enhanced IL-2 production possibly by reducing suppressor activity. IL-2 activity was also detected in Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1-stimulated cultures. Unlike mitogen-stimulated cultures, a wide variation in IL-2 activity was seen between supernatants produced by virus-stimulated cells from different animals indicating the clonal nature of antigen specific cells from individuals. Bovine IL-2-dependent cells used to quantitate IL-2 activity were characterized as: PNA + , esterase negative, H4 + (anti Ia-like), B29 + (anti-pan T cell), and C5 − (anti-monocyte). The observations that bovine IL-2 can maintain activated murine cells, CTLL-20 and HT-2, could lead to the replacement of rat IL-2 with bovine IL-2 in long-term murine cultures. Conditions described here result in large volumes of active medium.
Temporal Expression of the Chondrogenic and Angiogenic Growth Factor CYR61 During Fracture Repair

The repair of a fractured bone is a complex biological event that essentially recapitulates embryonic development and requires the activity of a number of different cell types undergoing proliferation, migration, adhesion, and differentiation, while at the same time expressing a host of different genes. To identify such genes, we employed differential display and compared messenger RNA (mRNA) populations isolated from postfracture (PF) day 5 calluses to those of intact rat femurs. One such gene in which expression was up-regulated at PF day 5 is identified as CYR61, a member of the CCN family of secreted regulatory proteins. CYR61 is a growth factor that stimulates chondrogenesis and angiogenesis. We show that its mRNA expression during fracture repair is regulated temporally, with elevated levels seen as early as PF day 3 and day 5, rising dramatically at PF day 7 and day 10, and finally declining at PF day 14 and day 21. At the highest peak of expression (PF day 7 and day 10, which correlates with chondrogenesis), CYR61 mRNA levels are approximately 10-fold higher than those detected in intact femurs. Similarly, high protein levels are detected throughout the reparative phase of the callus, particularly in fibrous tissue and periosteum, and in proliferating chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and immature osteocytes. The secreted form of CYR61 also was detected within the newly made osteoid. No labeling was detected in hypertrophic chondrocytes or in mature cortical osteocytes. These results suggest that CYR61 plays a significant role in cartilage and bone formation and may serve as an important regulator of fracture healing.
Regime Changes in Stock Returns

This paper models stock returns as a function of three components: a constant expected return, the impact of the mechanism for executing trades, and a rational expectations error. We examine changes in these parameters using Goldfeld and Quandt's (1976) deterministic switching based on time. This method not only allows us to learn if and when the regression structure changes, but also provides a measure of the speed of transition from one regime to the other. We find that, regardless of the sample period, all regime shifts are due to changes in the estimated variance of the error. This is true even if the ex post return on the stock portfolio or the estimated rate of compensation for financing costs changes substantially. In addition, these structural shifts occur during substantial changes in the business environment, driven by important political decisions. We interpret these findings as suggesting that government policy strongly affects the volatility of the stock market.
Quantum chemical study of ester aminolysis catalyzed by a single adenine: a reference reaction for the ribosomal peptide synthesis.

Herein we report the results of a HF/6-31+G** and B3LYP/6-31+G** computational investigation of the title reaction for the peptide bond synthesis catalyzed by a single adenine. This system constitutes a reference reaction to study the basic chemical events that have been proposed to occur at the peptidyl transferase active site of ribosomes on the basis of structural determinations (Science 2000, 239, 920−931). Thus, the analysis of the geometry, charge distribution, and energetics of the critical structures involved in this title reaction yields insight into the catalytic mode of action of RNA molecules. Our computational results give further support to the hypotheses that the activated nucleotide A2451 in the ribosome acts as a base catalyst and that this role is similar to that of the His residue in the catalytic triad of serine proteases.
Microprogramming for computer graphics

Interactive computer graphics (graphics) is the construction, storage, retrieval, manipulation, alteration and analysis of pictorial data, using an on-line display console with manual input (interaction) devices. Among such input devices are the alphanumeric and function keyboards for typing text and activating preprogrammed subroutines respectively, and the light pen and data tablet for identifying and entering graphic data by means of pointing and drawing.
Multiple forms of U2 snRNA coexist in the silk moth Bombyx mori.

Eight U2 snRNA variants were isolated from several Bombyx mori U2-specific RT-PCR libraries. U2 sequences and secondary structures were generated and examined in terms of potential RNA and protein interactions. Analysis indicated that nucleotide changes occurred in both stem/loop and single-stranded areas. Changes in the double stranded areas were either compensatory, single substitutions (e.g. C U) or prevented the double-stranded formation of one or two base pairs. The polymorphisms were clustered in moderately conserved regions. Some of the changes observed generated stronger base pairing. Inter-species conserved protein or RNA-binding sites were relatively unaffected. No polymorphic sites were found in known functional sequences. Bombyx mori and Drosophila melanogaster U2 sequences are 95% and 70% similar at the 5'- and the 3'-ends of the molecule, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of the U2 sequences demonstrates remarkable conservation across species.
Temporally and regionally disparate differences in plasmin activity by tranexamic acid.

Background A major complication associated with cardiac surgery is excessive and prolonged bleeding in the perioperative period. Improving coagulation by inhibiting fibrinolysis, primarily through inhibition of plasmin activity (PLact) with antifibrinolytics such as tranexamic acid (TXA) has been a pharmacological mainstay in cardiac surgical patients. Despite its almost ubiquitous use, the temporal and regional modulation of PLact profiles by TXA remain unexplored. Accordingly, the present study developed a fluorogenic-microdialysis system to measure in-vivo dynamic changes in PLact following TXA administration in a large animal model.
Effect of variable gain on computerized texture analysis on digitalized mammograms

Computerized texture analysis of mammographic images has emerged as a means to characterize breast parenchyma and estimate breast percentage density, and thus, to ultimately assess the risk of developing breast cancer. However, during the digitization process, mammographic images may be modified and optimized for viewing purposes, or mammograms may be digitized with different scanners. It is important to demonstrate how computerized texture analysis will be affected by differences in the digital image acquisition. In this study, mammograms from 172 subjects, 30 women with the BRCA1/2 gene-mutation and 142 low-risk women, were retrospectively collected and digitized. Contrast enhancement based on a look-up table that simulates the histogram of a mixed-density breast was applied on very dense and very fatty breasts. Computerized texture analysis was performed on these transformed images, and the effect of variable gain on computerized texture analysis on mammograms was investigated. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used as a figure of merit to assess the individual texture feature performance in the task of distinguishing between the high-risk and the low-risk women for developing breast cancer. For those features based on coarseness measures and fractal measures, the histogram transformation (contrast enhancement) showed little effect on the classification performance of these features. However, as expected, for those features based on gray-scale histogram analysis, such as balance and skewnesss, and contrast measures, large variations were observed in terms of AUC values for those features. Understanding this effect will allow us to better assess breast cancer risk using computerized texture analysis.
Acute Dopaminergic Inhibition of Aldosterone Secretion Is Independent of Angiotensin II and Adrenocorticotropin

To clarify whether dopaminergic inhibition of aldosterone secretion is physiologically dependent on stimuli from tropic hormones, we attempted to block angiotensin II (All)- and ACTH-mediated increases in the plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) with dopamine in normal human subjects. The effect of dopamine on metoclopramide-induced aldosterone secretion also was studied. Six normal male subjects in metabolic balance on a 150 meq/ day sodium and 60 meq/day potassium intake received All infusion at 2, 4, and 6 pmol/kg·min, each dose for 30 min, on each of 2 consecutive days. On the first day, the subjects received a vehicle infusion from 60 min before to the end of the All infusion; on the second day, dopamine (4 μg/kg·min) was substituted for vehicle. All in the presence of vehicle increased PAC from 5.4 ± 1.3 to 19.9 ± 2.9 ng/100 ml; All in the presence of dopamine increased PAC from 4.8 ± 0.5 to 19.5 ± 1.8 ng/100 ml (P = NS). After an interval of 3 weeks on an ad libitum diet, the same protocol was re...
Time course of C-reactive protein and inflammatory mediators after neonatal surgery.

Objective To characterize the perioperative course of C-reactive protein (CRP) and inflammatory mediators in neonates ≤44 weeks’ corrected gestational age. Study design Prospective study of CRP and inflammatory mediators interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α in 55 neonates undergoing thoracic or abdominal surgery. Results In the absence of infection, CRP increased after surgery, peaking on post-operative day 2. The perioperative patterns of CRP differed by diagnosis and inflammatory state. Surgery alone did not cause an increase in CRP because in 13 of 55 infants (24%), CRP remained r = 0.398, P = .004). The additional inflammatory mediators measured were not informative. Conclusions The range and time course of perioperative CRP differ by diagnosis. Serial measurements may be more informative than CRP magnitude.
Melanoma and genetics.

As the incidence of malignant melanoma continues to increase and with the completion of the sequencing of the human genome, there have been increasing efforts to identify the “melanoma gene(s).” Although some patients and families have significantly increased risks due to genetic predisposition, most melanoma cases are sporadic and likely result from low to moderate risk genetic factors. This review focuses on the genes that cover the greatest risk of developing melanoma. It is important to remember that many—if not most—cases of melanoma are the result of undiscovered variants. The strongest genetic risk for the development of melanoma results from heritable alterations in cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) gene, which encodes two separate but related proteins, p16/INK4a and p14/ARF. These proteins help regulate cell division and apoptosis, both of which are necessary to maintain cellular homeostasis. Other important genes include CDK4/6 and retinoblastoma (RB1), which encode downstream proteins in the same pathway as p16/INK4a and p14/ARF. Finally, we discuss the relative importance of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene as a moderate risk factor for melanoma. Although great advances have been made in understanding the molecular basis and genetic predisposition of melanoma, many questions still remain to be answered. Someday soon, it will be possible to predict a patient's risk of melanoma by DNA analysis; however, it is important to reconcile our tremendous technologic capabilities with documented clinical utility.
Dual-process theories of decision-making: A selective survey

Brain modularity is a key concept in neuroscience. It challenges the common view of the single coherent self adopted in many disciplines, including economics. Multi-process theories of decision-making rely on the existence of several brain systems interacting with each other to revisit standard paradigms of choice, propose choices that fit the behavioral data better, and offer testable predictions. In this paper, we present a selective review of our recent research in this area. We focus on constrained optimization models rather than the computational models extensively used in neuroscience.
Less Really Is More for Adults Learning a Miniature Artificial Language

Abstract Three experiments provide support for a key prediction of Newport's (1988, 1990) “Less Is More” hypothesis. Adults were found to learn a miniature artificial language better when they were initially presented with only small segments of language than when they were presented immediately with the full complexity of the language. Adults who were presented initially with individual words and only later with complex “sentences” composed of several such words learned the meanings and morphology of those words better than did adults who were presented with sentences throughout learning. The externally imposed constraint of processing only small segments of language is conjectured to be similar to the internal processing constraints of children that have been proposed to aid children in their acquisition of language.
Gross Abnormalities in Chicks Fed Amino Acid Deficient Diets

Abstract EXPERIMENTS are being conducted at this station to determine by chick tests which amino acids are most limiting in the protein of certain feedstuffs used in commercial poultry rations. In our recent tests, a commercial feedstuff was used to provide 14 percent protein in the semi-purified rations fed. The feedstuff was supplemented with an amino acid mixture that gave an 18 percent protein basic ration with a balanced mixture of the essential amino acids. The amino acid mixture provided a greater fraction of the chick’s requirement for a given amino acid when the feedstuff being studied was relatively more deficient in that amino acid. Each essential amino acid in the basic ration’s amino acid mixture was removed in turn to produce the other rations fed. Chick growth rate was decreased most by removal of the amino acids most deficient in the feedstuff being studied. Abnormal feather development was noted when …
Hepatic enzyme activities in weanling rats with ventromedial and dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions

Weanling rats received bilateral electrolytic lesions in the ventromedial (VMN) or dorsomedial (DMN) hypothalamic nuclei; sham-operated rats served as controls. The animals were maintained under standard conditions for 13–;17 days post-operatively and killed by decapitation. In addition, to measurements of weight gain and linear growth, Lee Index, and food intake, and activities of several hepatic enzymes and hepatic protein content were determined in untreated rats and in animals injected with 20 mg/kg cortisol 4 hours prior to sacrifice. In accordance with previously established data, weanling rats with VMN lesions did not gain more weight or eat more than their controls but became obese and retarded in linear growth. Weanling rats with DMN lesions showed both reduced ponderal and linear growth and were hypophagic but had normal body composition. Rats with VMN lesions had significantly increased activities of alanine transaminase (AT), serine dehydratase (SD), and hepatic protein; tryptophan oxygenase (TO) was decreased. In VMN-lesioned rats treatment with cortisol decreased tyrosine aminotransferase (TKT) and liver protein. Lesions in the DMN increased AT and liver protein but left TKT unchanged. Cortisol induced TO and TKT in comparison with vehicle-treated DMN rats. In another experiment, hepatic alanine tranaminase (AT) and fructose-1,6,diphophatase (FDPase) were found to be elevated, but levels of pyruvate carboxylase (PC), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and plasma glucagon were normal in rats with VMN lesions. The failure to find changes in 2 key gluconeogenic enzymes suggests that the enhanced gluconeogenesis in VMN rats demonstrated in a previous study depends more on substrate availability than on changes in enzyme activity. The data suggest that the central nervous system plays a role in the regulation of certain enzymes involved in protein metabolism.
Pupillary Responses of Repressers and Sensitizers to Sexual and Aversive Stimuli

The pupillary responses of repressers, neutrals and sensitizers were compared across neutral, aversive, male sexual and female sexual pictorial stimuli. The a priori hypothesis that sensitizers would evidence a greater magnitude of pupillary dilation (or perceptual vigilance) than repressers to the sexual and aversive stimuli was not confirmed. The possibility that variability in pupillary responses rather than directionality might provide a more meaningful index of threat reaction was also contraindicated insofar as all assumptions regarding homogeneity of variance were found to be tenable. A significant effect did obtain, however, for the stimulus-content variable corroborating previous research findings that pupillary dilation is related to the affective arousal value of visual stimulation independent of brightness contrast.
Influence of Spectral Filters on Height, Leaf Chlorophyll, and Flowering of Rosa × hybrida ‘Meirutral’

Abstract Growth of Rosa × hybrida ‘Meirutral’ under different spectral filters was evaluated. Two filters that altered far-red (730 nm)/red (660 nm) light (FR/R) were developed. One, a blue textile dye, increased FR/R by filtering out a portion of red light. The second, a salt (copper sulfate) decreased FR/R by filtering out a greater portion of far-red than red light. A third filter that did not alter light quality was the control. The filters were installed in specially built growth chambers. Photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) was adjusted to equal values in each chamber. Plants were significantly shorter and had higher leaf chlorophyll when grown under the reduced FR/R filter. The number of flower buds and number of buds showing color at termination of the experiment was not affected by light quality treatments.
Reduced yield stress for zirconium exposed to iodine: reactive force field simulation

Iodine-induced stress-corrosion cracking (ISCC), a known failure mode for nuclear fuel cladding, occurs when iodine generated during the irradiation of a nuclear fuel pellet escapes the pellet through diffusion or thermal cracking and chemically interacts with the inner surface of the clad material, inducing a subsequent effect on the cladding’s resistance to mechanical stress. To complement experimental investigations of ISCC, a reactive force field (ReaxFF) compatible with the Zr-I chemical and materials systems has been developed and applied to simulate the impact of iodine exposure on the mechanical strength of the material. We show that the material’s resistance to stress (as captured by the yield stress of a high-energy grain boundary) is related to the surface coverage of iodine, with the implication that ISCC is the result of adsorption-enhanced decohesion.
The Evaluative Dynamics of Multimodal Composing

Abstract This article examines the turn toward multimodality by presenting findings from a semester-long ethnographic study of an upper-level college English course that requires students to compose multimodal Internet texts using Adobe Flash Professional. The analysis of participants’ attributions of value to Flash clarifies why students were motivated to pursue some goals and not others when faced with numerous choices related to the composition of their multimedia projects. The value students attributed to Flash tended to arise from three sources: 1) students’ sense of Flash's professional potency; 2) students’ interest in creating interactive elements and visual effects; and 3) the technical challenges students faced while learning the program. Students tended to attribute more value to the visual and interactive elements of their multimodal projects than to research and written content. These findings help substantiate scholars’ calls for truly integrated approaches to teaching multimodal composition, approaches that help students develop the nuanced recognition that all elements of their multimodal compositions are crucial and must work together. The author argues that such recognition might be cultivated through the writing of value statements, wherein students reflect on the evaluative dynamics that shape their goals and choices.
Differential association and substance use: Assessing the roles of discriminant validity, socialization, and selection in traditional empirical tests

Although the correlation between personal and perceived peer substance use remains among the strongest in criminology, the discriminant validity of personal and perceived peer measures remains to b...
The Role of Product Architecture in the Manufacturing Firm

Product architecture is the scheme by which the function of a product is allocated to physical components. This paper further defines product architecture, provides a typology of product architectures, and articulates the potential linkages between the architecture of the product and five areas of managerial importance: (1) product change; (2) product variety; (3) component standardization; (4) product performance; and (5) product development management. The paper is conceptual and foundational, synthesizing fragments from several different disciplines, including software engineering, design theory, operations management and product development management. The paper is intended to raise awareness of the far-reaching implications of the architecture of the product, to create a vocabulary for discussing and addressing the decisions and issues that are linked to product architecture, and to identify and discuss specific trade-offs associated with the choice of a product architecture.
The Diagonal Sum Rule and Averaged Eigenfrequencies

Summary The average value of the eigenfrequencies of a multiplet, split by a linear, aspherical perturbation, is the multiplet's degenerate eigenfrequency belonging to an unperturbed, spherically symmetric Earth. This result is a consequence of the diagonal sum rule. Methods are proposed to analyse simultaneously a large number of seismograms to recover any particular line in the multiplet structure. The diagonal sum rule can be used to find the multiplet's degenerate eigenfrequency. The frequency perturbations are then constraints on lateral heterogeneities in the Earth.
Analytical model of GaAs MESFET's

A simple analytical model of GaAs MESFET's is proposed. The model is based on the assumption that the current saturation in GaAs MESFET's is related to the stationary Gunn domain formation at the drain side of the gate rather than to a pinchoff of the conducting channel under the gate. The saturation current, channel conductance, transconductance, charge under the gate, gate-to-source and drain-togate capacitances, cutoff frequency, characteristic switching time, power-delay product, and breakdown voltage are calculated in the frame of this model. The results are verified by two-dimensional computer calculations. They agree well with the results of the computer analysis and experimental data for a 1-µm gate GaAs MESFET. It is shown that a stray gate-to-drain and gate-to-source capacitance sets up a limitation of a gate length which must be larger than or about 0.1 µm for a GaAs MESFET.
Quantitative Research Methods, Study Quality, and Outcomes: The Case of Interaction Research

This article constitutes the first empirical assessment of methodological quality in second language acquisition (SLA). We surveyed a corpus of 174 studies (N = 7,951) within the tradition of research on second-language interaction, one of the longest and most influential traditions of inquiry in SLA. Each report was coded for methodological features, statistical analyses, and reporting practices associated with research quality, and the resulting data were examined both cumulatively and over time. The findings indicate not only strengths and weaknesses but a possible relationship between study quality and outcomes; improvements over time and methodological trends are also noted. In addition to providing direction for future research and research practices, the study's findings are discussed and contextualized within the research culture of SLA.
HABITAT AND NESTING SUCCESS OF BLUE JAYS (CYANOCITTA CRISTATA): IMPORTANCE OF SCALE

Abstract Nesting success of birds often is influenced by habitat features surrounding nests. However, few studies have investigated habitat influences at multiple levels and spatial scales. We examined the relationship between Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata) nesting success and habitat at three levels (macrohabitat, microhabitat, and nest site) and at three different scales within the microhabitat level (3.1, 0.3, and 0.07 ha circular plots surrounding nests) in central Florida. We defined successful nests as those fledging at least one offspring. An eight-fold difference in probability of nesting success existed among seven distinct macrohabitats, with Mayfield success estimates ranging from 8 to 63%. However, no difference in number of fledglings per nest existed among macrohabitats when unsuccessful nests were excluded from the analysis. Macrohabitats in which nests were more often successful had more extensive slash pine (Pinus elliottii) forest. Logistic regression analyses indicated that slash pine c...
Effects of magnesium sulfate treatment on perinatal calcium metabolism: I. Maternal and fetal responses

Serial maternal and cord blood determinations of the ions and hormones involved in calcium homeostasis were made in pre-eclamptic women treated with intravenous magnesium sulfate. A 4 gm loading dose followed by 1 to 2 gm/hr caused maternal serum magnesium concentrations to rise 150%, to levels of 3.3 to 4.5 mEq/L, and ionized calcium levels to fall 16%, to 1.89 mEq/L. The hypocalcemia evoked a 35% increase in maternal parathyroid hormone concentration without significantly altering calcitonin. Changes in total calcium paralleled those of ionized calcium; phosphorus levels were not affected by magnesium infusion. At the time of delivery the offspring of these women were hypermagnesemic and relatively hypocalcemic, although less so than their mothers. Fetal ionized calcium levels, although lower with magnesium treatment than in control subjects, were within the lower limits of the normal range, which perhaps explains why the fetus did not respond with increased PTH or decreased calcitonin output. These results indicate that the principal maternal response to magnesium-induced hypocalcemia involves increased parathyroid hormone secretion which tends to preserve maternal calcium homeostasis, while the fetus is partially protected from hypermagnesemia and hypocalcemia by the placenta.
Creep and Oxidation Behavior of Modified CF8C-Plus with W, Cu, Ni, and Cr

The microstructures of modified CF8C-Plus (Fe-19Cr-12Ni-0.4W-3.8Mn-0.2Mo-0.6Nb-0.5Si-0.9C) with W and Cu (CF8CPWCu) and CF8CPWCu enhanced with 21Cr + 15Ni or 22Cr + 17.5Ni were characterized in the as-cast condition and after creep testing. When imaged at lower magnifications, the as-cast microstructure was similar among all three alloys as they all contained a Nb-rich interdendritic phase and Mn-based inclusions. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis showed the presence of nanoscale Cu-rich nanoprecipitates distributed uniformly throughout the matrix of CF8CPWCu, whereas in CF8CPWCu22/17, Cu precipitates were found primarily at the grain boundaries. The presence of these nanoscale Cu-rich particles, in addition to W-rich Cr23C6, nanoscale Nb carbides, and Z-phase (Nb2Cr2N2), improved the creep strength of the CF8CPWCu steel. Modification of CF8CPWCu with Cr and Ni contents slightly decreased the creep strength but significantly improved the oxidation behavior at 1073 K (800 °C). In particular, the addition of 22Cr and 17.5Ni strongly enhanced the oxidation resistance of the stainless steel resulting in a 100 degrees or greater temperature improvement, and this composition provided the best balance between improving both mechanical properties and oxidation resistance.
A Laboratory Module on Radiometry, Photometry and Colorimetry for an Undergraduate Optics Course

The bachelor’s degree in Physics at Loyola University Chicago requires both an upper-division course in Optics as well as a companion Optics Laboratory course. Recently, the laboratory course has undergone dramatic changes. Traditional weekly laboratories have been replaced with three laboratory modules, where students focus on a single topic over several weeks after which the students submit a laboratory report written in the style of a journal article following American Institute of Physics style manual. With this method, students are able to gain a deeper understanding of the specific topic areas of radiometry, photometry and colorimetry, lens design and aberrations, and polarization and interference while using industry-standard equipment and simulation software. In particular, this work will provide the details of the laboratory module on radiometry, photometry and colorimetry where students use a photoradiometer and integrating sphere to characterize the optical properties of an LCD monitor, light bulb and a fiber optic light source calculating properties such as luminous flux, luminous intensity, luminance, CIE color coordinates, NTSC ratio, color temperature and luminous efficacy.
Rest-Only Myocardial CT Perfusion in Acute Chest Pain

OBJECTIVES Cardiac computed tomography perfusion (CTP) using stress testing is an emerging application in the field of cardiac computed tomography. We evaluated patients with acute chest pain (CP) in the emergency department (ED) with evidence of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), defined as >70% stenosis on coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) and confirmed by invasive coronary angiography (ICA), to evaluate the applicability of resting CTP in the acute CP setting. METHODS From January to December 2013, 183 low-intermediate risk symptomatic patients with negative cardiac biomarkers and no known CAD underwent a rapid CCTA protocol in the ED. Of these, 4 patients (1.4%) had obstructive CAD (≥70% stenosis) on CCTA confirmed by ICA. All 183 CCTA studies were evaluated retrospectively with CTP software by a transmural perfusion ratio (TPR) method with a superimposed 17-segment model. A TPR value <0.99 was considered abnormal based on previously published data. RESULTS A total of four patients were included in this pilot analysis. The duration from resolution of CP to performance of CCTA ranged from 1.6 to 5.0 hours. Three patients underwent revascularization, two with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and one with coronary artery bypass grafting. The fourth patient was managed with aggressive medical therapy. Two patients had multivessel obstructive CAD and two patients had single-vessel CAD. The first patient underwent CCTA 5 hours after resolution of CP symptoms. CCTA demonstrated noncalcified obstructive CAD in the mid-LAD and mid-right coronary artery. ICA showed good correlation by quantitative coronary assessment (QCA) in both vessels and the patient underwent PCI. CTP analysis demonstrated perfusion defects in the LAD and right coronary artery territories. The second patient underwent CCTA 1.6 hours after resolution of CP symptoms with findings of obstructive ostial left main CAD. ICA confirmed obstructive left main CAD by QCA and intravascular ultrasound. The patient underwent revascularization with coronary artery bypass grafting. CTP demonstrated perfusion defects in the anterior and lateral wall segments. The third patient was evaluated for CP in the ED with CCTA demonstrating single-vessel CAD 10 hours after resolution of symptoms with findings of a noncalcified obstructive stenosis in the mid-LAD. The patient subsequently underwent ICA demonstrating good correlation to the CCTA findings in the LAD by QCA. CTP analysis revealed perfusion defects in LAD territory. He was successful treated with PCI. The final patient underwent CCTA 5.4 hours following resolution of CP with the finding of an intermediate partially calcified stenosis in the distal LAD. ICA was performed, with fractional flow reserve demonstrating a hemodynamically insignificant distal LAD at 0.86. CTP detected a perfusion defect in the LAD territory. CONCLUSIONS When positive, rest CTP may have value in the risk stratification of patients presenting to the ED with nontraumatic acute CP.
CO2 flux in arctic and alpine dry tundra: comparative field responses under ambient and experimentally warmed conditions.

We compared growing season CO2 flux patterns between botanically similar arctic and alpine dry tundra ecosystems in Alaska and Colorado under ambient and experimentally warmed conditions. Measureme...
A Cutoff Prevented Ad-hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing Protocol

A Cutoff Prevented Ad-hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector(CP_AOMDV) routing protocol was proposed.To avoid the loss of RREP messages for forw arding to the source node in AOMDV,the CP_AOMDV solves the problem of forw ard path cutoff by establishing the reverse auxiliary path of link_joint.Meanw hile,the CP_AOMDV makes the source node reply to the destination node w ith a new ACK message w hich changes the reverse auxiliary path of link_joint to a link_disjoint reverse path.The results show that it is obviously better than AOMDV and OAOMDV in packet delivery ratio,average delay and routing cost.
Predictors of Participation in the Family Check-Up Program: a Randomized Trial of Yearly Services from Age 2 to 10 Years.

A key challenge of community-based prevention programs is engaging families in the context of services settings involving children and families. The Family Check-Up (FCU) program is designed to engage families in parenting support appropriate to their level of need by use of assessment-enhanced motivational interviewing. This study involved families screened for risk who were seeking services at women, infant, and children's offices in three geographical regions (N = 731). Families in the randomized intervention group (N = 367) were offered the FCU yearly, from age 2 through 10. The results of multivariate modeling indicated that caregivers reporting high levels of perceived caregiving stress (i.e., depression, low parenting satisfaction, daily hassles) participated at a higher rate in two critical components (feedback and follow-up support interventions) of the FCU program over the 8-year trial period than caregivers reporting lesser degrees of stress. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of family-centered programs for the prevention of child behavior problems and directions for future research.
On Advancing Women Within Marketing Management: The Importance of Mentoring

A survey of 19 pairs of male and female junior marketing executives found that females reported less satisfactory mentoring from the same supervisors. This perceived differential treatment was not attributable to their managers attitudes towards women in management. However, managers with positive attitudes were better mentors for both male and female subordinants.
Do You Have “Connections” at the Courthouse? An Original Survey on Informal Influence and Judicial Rulings in Morocco

Under what conditions do citizens of developing countries view judges as neutral and fair or biased and arbitrary? This study addresses this topic through an original, nationally representative survey from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Conducted in Morocco, the survey is the first of its kind to gauge attitudes about how a citizen’s informal influence facilities getting favorable rulings from judges. It finds that 82 percent of respondents believe that citizens with “connections”—known as wasta in Arabic—get favorable rulings. Yet some citizens more strongly value informal influence, especially rural individuals, women, and ethnic minorities. The survey shows that believing in informal influence considerably lowers citizen trust in the authoritarian regime’s courts and institutions, which some scholars consider an asset for democratization. However, because the citizens most likely to value informal influence are marginalized or embedded in regime clientelism, their low trust may not easily tra...
Gaseous Reactions in Adsorbed Water Present on Transition Metal Oxides

Water from ambient atmosphere is known to adsorb naturally on the surfaces of many transition metal oxides, and this adsorbed water is known to affect electrical, optical, and many functional properties such as catalytic activities. However, the nature of this underlying interaction remains unknown. In this work, we report a new type of semiconductor-adsorbed water interaction in metal oxides that is known as “electrochemical surface transfer doping”, a phenomenon that has previously been observed in hydrogen-terminated diamond. Herein, the adsorbed water on the metal oxide allows dissolution of gaseous species and induces charge transfer processes at the oxide/adsorbed-water interface. We further elucidate, using in situ infrared photoluminescence, electrical resistance, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the role of vacancy defects in the catalytic process by directly monitoring the charge transfer process between gaseous species and vacancies in defective metal oxides such as p-type nickel oxide and...
Relationships and Sexuality: How is a Young Adult with an Intellectual Disability Supposed to Navigate?

Individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities have historically not had access to sexual education curriculums. Furthermore, while parents are often hesitant to provide instruction themselves, all stakeholders acknowledge that this population is at a high risk for sexual abuse. This population does have sexual feelings and the desire to have relationships with others. Therefore a need for accurate information on this topic to stay safe and healthy is imperative. This study focused on evaluating a curriculum over 3 years, with a total of 53 participants with a mean age of 20.68 years old. The curriculum included topics on relationships and boundaries, anatomy, sexual intercourse, sexual transmitted infections, and abuse red flags. The results include statistically significance for pre and posttest for the intervention groups, with no significance for the control group. Interviews with participants reveal socially validity of the topics. The discussion section highlights the importance of this subject for the participants and underscores the demand for additional replication. Future research should consider assessments and maintenance of skills learned.
Environmental exposures are hidden modifiers of anti-viral immunity.

Abstract Significant advances have been made recent years elucidating antiviral immune mechanisms that protect the host from viral infection. Similarly, our understanding of how viruses bind, enter, and replicate within host cells has continued to grow. Yet, viruses continue to take a toll on human health. The influence of chemicals in the environment is among key factors that influence outcomes of viral infection. There is a growing appreciation of the effects that exogenous environmental chemical exposures have on the immune system and antiviral immunity. Epidemiological studies have linked a variety of chemical exposures to poorer health, increased incidence of infection, and worsened vaccine responses. However, the mechanisms that govern these associations are not well understood, limiting our ability to predict or mitigate the effects of environmental exposures on public health. This brief review focuses on recent advances in the field, highlighting novel in vitro and in vivo findings informed by past foundational studies. Furthermore, current information suggests avenues of investigation that have yet to be explored, but which will significantly impact on our understanding about how environmental exposures impact viral defenses, vaccine efficacy, and the spread of contemporary and emerging viral pathogens.
Learning to Generate Move-by-Move Commentary for Chess Games from Large-Scale Social Forum Data

This paper examines the problem of generating natural language descriptions of chess games. We introduce a new large-scale chess commentary dataset and propose methods to generate commentary for individual moves in a chess game. The introduced dataset consists of more than 298K chess move-commentary pairs across 11K chess games. We highlight how this task poses unique research challenges in natural language generation: the data contain a large variety of styles of commentary and frequently depend on pragmatic context. We benchmark various baselines and propose an end-to-end trainable neural model which takes into account multiple pragmatic aspects of the game state that may be commented upon to describe a given chess move. Through a human study on predictions for a subset of the data which deals with direct move descriptions, we observe that outputs from our models are rated similar to ground truth commentary texts in terms of correctness and fluency.
Advantages and disadvantages of a monolithic repository: a case study at google

Monolithic source code repositories (repos) are used by several large tech companies, but little is known about their advantages or disadvantages compared to multiple per-project repos. This paper investigates the relative tradeoffs by utilizing a mixed-methods approach. Our primary contribution is a survey of engineers who have experience with both monolithic repos and multiple, per-project repos. This paper also backs up the claims made by these engineers with a large-scale analysis of developer tool logs. Our study finds that the visibility of the codebase is a significant advantage of a monolithic repo: it enables engineers to discover APIs to reuse, find examples for using an API, and automatically have dependent code updated as an API migrates to a new version. Engineers also appreciate the centralization of dependency management in the repo. In contrast, multiple-repository (multi-repo) systems afford engineers more flexibility to select their own toolchains and provide significant access control and stability benefits. In both cases, the related tooling is also a significant factor; engineers favor particular tools and are drawn to repo management systems that support their desired toolchain.
Yeast spindle pole body duplication gene MPS1 encodes an essential dual specificity protein kinase.

Abstract The MPS1 gene has been previously identified by a mutant allele that shows defects in spindle pole body (SPB) duplication and cell cycle control. The SPB is the centrosome-equivalent organelle in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and it nucleates all the microtubules in the cell. We report the isolation of the MPS1 gene, which encodes an essential protein kinase homolog. The MPS1 open reading frame has been fused to those that encode the LexA protein or the GST protein and both of these constructs function in yeast. The fusion proteins have been affinity-purified from yeast extracts and the GST chimeric protein has been found to be a phosphoprotein. Both proteins have been used to demonstrate intrinsic in vitro protein kinase activity of Mps1p against exogenous substrates and itself (autophosphorylation). A mutation predicted to abolish kinase function not only eliminates in vitro protein kinase activity, but also behaves like a null mutation in vivo, suggesting that kinase activity contributes to the essential function of the protein. Phosphoamino acid analysis of substrates phosphorylated by Mps1p indicates that this kinase can phosphorylate serine, threonine and tyrosine residues, identifying Mps1p as a dual specificity protein kinase.