cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiance data assimilation for operational snow and streamflow forecasting

Estimation of seasonal snowpack, in mountainous regions, is crucial for accurate streamflow prediction. This paper examines the ability of data assimilation (DA) of remotely sensed microwave radiance data to improve snow water equivalent prediction, and ultimately operational streamflow forecasts. Operational streamflow forecasts in the National Weather Service River Forecast Center (NWSRFC) are produced with a coupled SNOW17 (snow model) and SACramento Soil Moisture Accounting (SAC-SMA) model. A comparison of two assimilation techniques, the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) and the particle filter (PF), is made using a coupled SNOW17 and the microwave emission model for layered snow pack (MEMLS) model to assimilate microwave radiance data. Microwave radiance data, in the form of brightness temperature (TB), is gathered from the advanced microwave scanning radiometer-earth observing system (AMSR-E) at the 36.5 GHz channel. SWE prediction is validated in a synthetic experiment. The distribution of snowmelt from an experiment with real data is then used to run the SAC-SMA model. Several scenarios on state or joint state-parameter updating with TB data assimilation to SNOW-17 and SAC-SMA models were analyzed, and the results show potential benefit for operational streamflow forecasting.
Impact of subgrid-scale radiative heating variability on the stratocumulus-to-trade cumulus transition in climate models

Subgrid-scale interactions between turbulence and radiation are potentially important for accurately simulating marine low clouds in climate models. To better understand the impact of these interactions, the Weather Research and Forecasting model is configured for large eddy simulation to study the stratocumulus to trade cumulus (Sc-to-Cu) transition. Using the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment Atmospheric System Studies composite Lagrangian transition case and the Atlantic Trade Wind Experiment case, it is shown that the lack of subgrid-scale turbulence-radiation interaction, as is the case in current generation climate models, accelerates the Sc-to-Cu transition. Our analysis suggests that subgrid-scale turbulence-radiation interactions in cloud-topped boundary layers contribute to stronger production of temperature variance, which in turn leads to stronger buoyancy production of turbulent kinetic energy and helps to maintain the Sc cover.
Comparative Value of Orange Juice versus Lemonade in Reducing Stone-Forming Risk

Foods that are high in citrate content generally are assumed to deliver alkali load when consumed irrespective of the accompanying cation. The object of this randomized, crossover study was to compare the effects of orange juice with those of lemonade on acid-base profile and urinary stone risks under controlled metabolic conditions. Thirteen volunteers (nine healthy subjects and four stone formers) sequentially received distilled water, orange juice, or lemonade while on constant metabolic diet. Twenty-four-hour urine samples were collected for acid-base parameters and stone risk analysis. Orange juice but not lemonade provided alkali as evidenced by higher net gastrointestinal alkali absorption and higher urinary pH and citrate compared with control. Urinary calcium was not significantly different, but urinary oxalate was higher during the orange juice phase. The calculated supersaturation of calcium oxalate was lower in the orange juice phase compared with control. Calculated undissociated uric acid was lower in the orange juice phase compared with both control and lemonade phases. The calculated supersaturation of brushite was significantly higher in the orange juice phase compared with both control and lemonade phases. Despite comparable citrate content, this study showed that orange juice has greater alkalinizing and citraturic effects than lemonade. Consumption of orange juice was associated with lower calculated calcium oxalate supersaturation and lower calculated undissociated uric acid. This short-term study suggests that orange juice consumption could result in biochemical modification of stone risk factors; however, additional studies are needed to evaluate its role in long-term prevention of recurrent nephrolithiasis.
Walk the (Germ) Line

Germ cells possess the unique ability to transmit genetic information from generation to generation. In a recent paper, Curran et al. (2009) explore the possibility that some features of germ cells, including enhanced genomic stability, can be acquired by the soma as a mechanism to increase longevity.
Structural characterization of adrenal chromogranin A and parathyroid secretory protein-I as homologs☆

Abstract We have isolated and purified adrenal chromogranin A (Ch A) for the purpose of making structural comparisons to parathyroid secretory protein-I (SP-I), because our earlier data indicated these two molecules may be the same protein. An improved purification step, using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), has enabled us to demonstrate that both SP-I and Ch A consists of two species, one of approximately 72,000 Da and one of approximately 66,000 Da. The amino acid composition is the same for all four species. The difference in molecular mass is assumed to be due to carbohydrate content. Cyanogen bromide digestion of each of the four samples, followed by HPLC separation of the generated peptides, resulted in a chromatographic profile that was the same for each digest. Amino acid analysis of the eight peptide fragments obtained from each digest indicates that both species of Ch A and both species of SP-I yielded the same peptide mixtures following this cleavage reaction. One large (~ 50,000 Da) CNBr peptide was obtained and seven smaller ones, one of which contains cysteine. The large fragment behaved similarly to the intact molecule in a radioimmunoassay. HPLC separation of tryptic digests of Ch A (72,000 Da) and SP-I (72,000 Da) also resulted in elution profiles that were very similar to each other. Amino acid analysis revealed 23 peptides common to each digest. Ch A contained four peptides ranging in size from 4 to 30 residues that were not observed in the SP-I digest. SP-I contained two peptides, each with about 30 residues, that were not found in the Ch A digest. Nothing unusual was noted in any of the uncommon peptides. Thus, both a chemical and an enzymatic digestion of these molecules followed by analysis of the peptides generated, indicates that SP-I and Ch A are nearly identical homologs.
Critical role of active repression by E2F and Rb proteins in endoreplication during Drosophila development

E2F transcription factors can activate or actively repress transcription of their target genes. The role of active repression during normal development has not been analyzed in detail. dE2F1su89 is a novel allele of dE2F1 that disrupts dE2F1's association with RBF [the Drosophila retinoblastoma protein (Rb) homolog] but retains its transcription activation function. Interestingly, the dE2F1su89 mutant, which has E2F activation by dE2F1su89 and active repression by dE2F2, is viable and fertile with no gross developmental defects. In contrast, complete removal of active repression in de2f2;dE2F1su89 mutants results in severe developmental defects in tissues with extensive endocycles but not in tissues derived from mitotic cycles. We show that the endoreplication defect resulted from a failure to downregulate the level of cyclin E during the gap phase of the endocycling cells. Importantly, reducing the gene dosage of cyclin E partially suppressed all the phenotypes associated with the endoreplication defect. These observations point to an important role for E2F–Rb complexes in the downregulation of cyclin E during the gap phase of endocycling cells in Drosophila development.
Three islands and an archipelago: reciprocal interactions between humans and island ecosystems in Polynesia

Oceanic islands offer outstanding 'model systems' for investigating long-term dynamics between human populations and their ecosystems. Whilst the state factors involved in human-environment dynamics on islands are often simpler than on continents, the same essential processes are involved. This paper applies a comparative approach to understanding the reciprocal interactions between a set of four Polynesian island cases (Tikopia, Mangaia, Mangareva, Hawaiian Islands), over time scales of between one and three thousand years (kyr). In all cases, the island ecosystems were colonised by Polynesian populations derived from the same ancestral culture, with similar socioeconomic patterns. However, the ecosystems vary significantly in scale, geologic age, and other characteristics. Comparing the historical trajectories of these human-environment dynamics, as revealed by archaeological and palaeoecological study, provides insights into the relative impact of humans on pristine island ecosystems, the influence of environment on ecosystem vulnerability, and the ways in which societies have modified their economies, sociopolitical structures, and other aspects of culture in response to long-term environmental changes.
Income, Preferences, and the Dynamics of Policy Responsiveness

A variety of measures indicate that income inequality has grown significantly in the United States during the last three decades (APSA 2004; Brandolini and Smeeding 2006). In a flurry of recent research, scholars have attributed this trend to the failure of the national government to represent the preferences of ordinary citizens in general and less wealthy citizens in particular (APSA 2004; Bartels 2004; 2006; Gilens 2005), who participate in politics less consistently and contribute fewer resources to political candidates than their wealthier peers (Verba, Schlozman, and Brady 1995). The American Political Science Association's (APSA) Task Force on Inequality and American Democracy summarizes this representative failure hypothesis: “disparities in participation ensure that ordinary Americans speak in a whisper while the most advantaged roar” (2004, 2).
Enhancing the Performance of Symmetric-Key Cryptography via Instruction Set Extensions

In this paper, instruction set extensions for a reduced instruction set computer processor are presented to improve the software performance of the data encryption standard (DES), the triple DES, the international data encryption algorithm (IDEA), and the advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithms. The most computationally intensive operations of each algorithm are off-loaded to a set of newly defined instructions. The additional hardware required to support these instructions is integrated into the processor's data path. For each of the targeted algorithms, comparisons are presented between traditional software implementations and new implementations that take advantage of the extended instruction set architecture. Results show that the utilization of the proposed instructions significantly reduces program code size, and improves encryption and decryption throughput. Moreover, the additional hardware resources required to support the instruction set extensions increase the total area of the processor by less than 65%. Finally, it will be shown that the throughputs for triple DES, IDEA, and AES are approximately the same when accelerated via instruction set extensions. This allows for seamless and transparent algorithm agility as one algorithm may be easily replaced by another algorithm with minimal performance degradation.
Ring opening of 1,3,2-oxazaphospholidine-2-thiones with alkyl lithiums; synthesis of chiral phosphinothioic acids

Abstract Chiral phosphinothioic acids are prepared by a novel synthesis involving an unexpected P  O bond cleavage with retention of configuration at phosphorus.
Microphotometric characterization of phytoplankton and detrital absorption properties in the Sargasso Sea

Microphotometric techniques were used to characterize the spectral absorption properties of individual phytoplankton cells and detrital particles from two sites in the Sargasso Sea during spring 1985. Direct determinations of the absorption efficiency factor, Qa(λ), geometric cross-sectional area, G, and particle type were made for about 50 individual particles for each water sample analyzed. Large intrasample and intersample variations of Qa(λ) spectra for both phytoplankton and detrital particles were observed. For the mesotrophic northern station, mean values of Qa(λ) and G for phytoplankton cells showed insignificant vertical variations. For detrital particles, however, the mean geometric cross-sectional area decreased with depth while their mean Qa(λ) values increased. For the oligotrophic southern station these same relationships were observed, although more small-scale variability was apparent. The statistical comparison of the mean Qa(λ) values with the total particulate absorption coefficient spectrum, ap(λ), enabled quantification of the contributions phytoplankton and detrital materials made to ap(λ). Results showed that phytoplankton abundances accounted for ∼50–70% of the particulate absorption at 440 nm, although instances were observed where phytoplankton cells accounted for >90% of ap(440 nm). The reconstructed particulate absorption spectrum, âp(λ), compared favorably with the total ap(λ) indicating that nearly all of the optically relevant absorbing particulate material was sampled with the microphotometric technique.
Prostate progenitor cells proliferate in response to castration

Abstract Androgen-deprivation is a mainstay of therapy for advanced prostate cancer but tumor regression is usually incomplete and temporary because of androgen-independent cells in the tumor. It has been speculated that these tumor cells resemble the stem/progenitor cells of the normal prostate. The purpose of this study was to examine the response of slow-cycling progenitor cells in the adult mouse prostate to castration. Proliferating cells in the E16 urogenital sinus were pulse labeled by BrdU administration or by doxycycline-controlled labeling of the histone-H2B GFP mouse. A small population of labeled epithelial cells in the adult prostate localized at the junction of the prostatic ducts and urethra. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) showed that GFP label-retaining cells were enriched for cells co-expressing stem cell markers Sca-1, CD133, CD44 and CD117 (4- marker cells; 60-fold enrichment). FACS showed, additionally, that 4-marker cells were androgen receptor positive. Castration induced proliferation and dispersal of E16 labeled cells into more distal ductal segments. When naive adult mice were administered BrdU daily for 2 weeks after castration, 16% of 4-marker cells exhibited BrdU label in contrast to only 6% of all epithelial cells ( P P
Leveraging Social Network Analysis to Improve the Implementation of Evidence-Based Practices and Systems in Healthcare

In healthcare, evidence-based practice (EBP) integrates clinical expertise with the best available external evidence from systematic research. Yet even with the aid of technology, implementation of EBP in many settings remains a challenge. This paper combines research from the fields of healthcare implementation science and social networks to present an integrated framework for the study of EBP-related information systems. We explore the application of the framework to a complex healthcare collaborative, the MRSA infection control project, a project intended to foster the implementation of EBP's to reduce the spread of MRSA infections. We also consider how the framework can be used with other theories, to inform EBP-related information system implementations.
Identifying Patients Who Do Not Benefit From Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

> In this world, there are only two tragedies. One is not getting what one wants, and the other is getting it. > > —Oscar Wilde (1854–1900) Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has revolutionized the treatment of patients with severe and symptomatic aortic stenosis. Patients at extreme risk for open surgery (inoperable) have an absolute benefit in 1-year survival that exceeds 20%,1,2 and high-risk patients have outcomes that are noninferior to surgery for 2 years.3 Nonetheless, the 1- and 3-year mortality in extreme-risk patients who undergo TAVR is ≈30% and 50%, respectively.1 These patients did not derive the anticipated survival benefit from TAVR, and it would be beneficial to be able to predict this adverse outcome preprocedure. Article see p 240 In this regard, several investigations have identified factors that are associated with poor outcome after TAVR.4–12 These include noncardiac factors associated with mortality, as well as cardiac diseases and procedural complications (Table). Analyses of individual predictive factors are helpful in risk stratifying patients but have the weakness that they offer little practical help in the complex decision making of whether to offer TAVR to individual high-risk patients. View this table: Table. Factors Associated With Poor Outcome After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement For example, in the recently reported Italian multicenter registry of >1000 patients receiving TAVR with the CoreValve device, patients with moderate or severe mitral regurgitation (MR) had an ≈2-fold higher mortality at both 30 days and 1 year than those without significant MR.12 Modest improvement in …
Role of prostanoids in cerebrovascular responses during seizures in piglets

We examined the role of prostanoids to bicuculline-induced seizures in newborn pigs. Using the closed cranial window method and radioimmunoassay for prostanoids, we found that pial arterioles dilated during seizures; this dilation was associated with increased cortical periarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of prostaglandin E2, 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha, prostaglandin F2 alpha, and thromboxane B2. Using radioactive microspheres, we found cerebral blood flow (CBF) increased dramatically during seizures in piglets. To examine the effects of pharmacological blockade of cyclooxygenase, we determined CBF in piglets pretreated with indomethacin (5 mg/kg) and in a corresponding group of piglets made hypothermic to be sure preseizure CBF values were similar. In the hypothermic group, CBF increased during seizure, but the increase in CBF during seizure in the indomethacin group was reduced dramatically in all brain areas. We conclude that 1) bicuculline-induced seizures result in pial arteriolar dilation and increased CBF; 2) CSF levels of prostanoids increase during seizures; and 3) pretreatment with indomethacin severely blunts increases in CBF during seizures.
A Drosophila insulator protein facilitates dosage compensation of the X chromosome min-white gene located at autosomal insertion sites

The suppressor of Hairy-wing [su(Hw)] gene encodes a zinc finger protein that binds to a repeated motif in the gypsy retrotransposon. These DNA sequences, called the su(Hw)-binding region, have properties of an insulator region because they (1) disrupt enhancer/silencer function in a position-dependent manner and (2) protect the mini-white gene from both euchromatic and heterochromatic position effects. To gain further insights into the types of position effects that can be insulated, we determined the effects of the su(Hw)-binding region on dosage compensation of the X-linked mini-white gene. Dosage compensation is the process that equalizes the unequal content of X-linked genes in males and females by increasing the X-linked transcription level twofold in males. Transposition of X-linked genes to the autosomes commonly results in incomplete dosage compensation, indicating that the distinct male X chromatin environment is important for this process. We found that dosage compensation of autosomally integrated mini-white genes flanked by su(Hw)-binding regions was greatly improved, such that complete or nearly complete compensation was observed at the majority of insertion sites. The su(Hw) protein was essential for this enhanced dosage compensation because in a su(Hw) mutant background compensation was incomplete. These experiments provide evidence that the su(Hw)-binding region facilitates dosage compensation of the mini-white gene on the autosomes. This may result from protection of the mini-white gene from a negative autosomal chromatin environment.
Development of Specific Antisera for Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

A highly sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) not only is of considerable value in the detection of normal (Goldstein et al.,1968; Varma et al.,1971; Vaitukaitis et al.,1972) and ectopic pregnancies (Braunstein et al., 1978; Franchi-mont et al.,1978; Kosasa et al.,1973; Rasor and Braunstein, 1977; Milwidsky et al., 1978) but also is important in the diagnosis and management of hCG-producing neoplasms (Rutanen and Seppala, 1978; Vaitukaitis, 1979; Ross, 1977; Jones et al., 1975). Therefore, there have been continued efforts made toward the refinement of RIA for hCG by enhancing its sensitivity and specificity. Several basic advances including the purification and structural elucidation of various glycoprotein hormones and the techniques for radioisoptic labeling of proteins have contributed a great deal to the development of various assays for hCG. As the purified hCG (Bahl, 1969, 1973) became available, several assays based on the use of [125I]-hCG and anti-hCG were developed. While these assays served a useful purpose, they suffer from the limitation of cross-reactivity with other gonadotropins, in particular with human luteinizing hormone (hLH). The next breakthrough came when hCG was first dissociated into subunits and the subunits were separated (Swami-nathan and Bahl, 1970; Bahl, 1977; Morgan and Canfield, 1971). As a result, the structural elucidation of the subunits was accomplished (Bellisario et al., 1973; Carlsen et al., 1973; Kessler et al., 1979a,b; Morgan et al.,1975). It was recognized that whereas the a-subunits of all glycoprotein hormones were nearly identical (Bellisario et al,1973), the α-subunits had significant differences (Carlsen et al, 1973; Giudice and Pierce, 1978). Also, the β-subunit of hCG (hCG-/3) was found to have a unique feature of having at the carboxy terminus an additional 30-residue fragment that was missing from other hormones. This resulted in the use of anti-hCG-0 or anti-carboxy terminal peptide antisera in place of anti-hCG antiserum in the RIA for hCG. Although anti-hCG-β antiserum has the ability to discriminate between hCG and hLH, it has some cross-reactivity with the latter. Nevertheless, the assays based on antihCG-β are relatively more specific than those involving anti-hCG. On the other hand, the assays employing anti-carboxy terminal peptide are highly specific but lack sensitivity due to poor affinity of the antibody for hCG. Thus, it is clear that while anti-hCG-0 lacks specificity, the anticarboxy terminus lacks sensitivity. We have therefore attempted to modify hCG-0 so as to obtain a specific antigen and thereby a specific antibody for hCG RIA. This chapter describes the structure and function studies of hCG-β related to the development of the hCG-specific antigen. The properties of the antibody and its application to a specific RIA for hCG are also discussed.
Role of basolateral Na+-K+-Cl− cotransport in HCl secretion by amphibian gastric mucosa

In amphibians and mammals, luminal H+ secretion by the stomach requires Cl-. It is widely accepted that a basolateral Cl-/HCO3- exchanger in the acid-secreting oxyntic cell restores the Cl- deficit resulting from apical HCl secretion. In this study, we used reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to generate a 1,200-bp fragment specific to a basolateral isoform of the Na(+)-K(+)-Cl- cotransporter in the gastric fundus of Necturus maculosus. By Northern analysis, we observed that gastric mucosa expresses greater than fivefold higher levels of mRNA encoding this cotransporter than any other tissue in the gastrointestinal tract. Feeding results in > 100% increases in mRNA levels in acid-secreting fundic mucosa but does not alter mRNA levels in the neighboring and non-acid-secreting antral mucosa or duodenum. Flux measurements using in vitro fundic mucosae indicate that acid secretion requires Na+ in the nutrient (i.e., serosal side) perfusate, is modulated by changes in nutrient K+ levels, and is inhibited by nutrient solutions containing 50 microM bumetanide, a recognized blocker of Na(+)-K(+)-Cl- cotransport. These findings suggest that this basolateral transporter plays a dominant and previously unsuspected role in secretion of HCl across the apical membrane.
Bluetooth Essentials for Programmers

This book provides an introduction to Bluetooth programming, with a specific focus on developing real code. The authors discuss the major concepts and techniques involved in Bluetooth programming, with special emphasis on how they relate to other networking technologies. They provide specific descriptions and examples for creating applications in a number of programming languages and environments including Python, C, Java, GNU/Linux, Windows XP, Symbian Series 60, and Mac OS X. No previous experience with Bluetooth is assumed, and the material is suitable for anyone with some programming background. The authors place special emphasis on the essential concepts and techniques of Bluetooth programming, starting simply and allowing the reader to quickly master the basic concepts before addressing advanced features.
Variation in marital quality in a national sample of divorced women.

Previous work has compared marital quality between stably married and divorced individuals. Less work has examined the possibility of variation among divorces in trajectories of marital quality as divorce approaches. This study addressed that hole by first examining whether distinct trajectories of marital quality can be discerned among women whose marriages ended in divorce and, second, the profile of women who experienced each trajectory. Latent class growth analyses with longitudinal data from a nationally representative sample were used to "look backward" from the time of divorce. Although demographic and socioeconomic variables from this national sample did not predict the trajectories well, nearly 66% of divorced women reported relatively high levels of both happiness and communication and either low or moderate levels of conflict. Future research including personality or interactional patterns may lead to theoretical insights about patterns of marital quality in the years leading to divorce.
Natural Convection in an Enclosure with Micro Encapsulated Phase Change Material: Experimental and Numerical Study

The present work is a numerical and experimental study to investigate the effect of using micro-encapsulated phase change materials (MEPCMs) on the heat transfer characteristics of a liquid in a rectangular enclosure driven by natural convection. A comparison has been made between pure water and the MEPCM slurry. While the natural convection flow of pure water is induced due to the mere change in the density of the liquid, the MEPCM slurry flow is due to the combination of the density change of the carrier fluid as well as the change in the density of the MEPCM particles during its melting and solidification. The numerical model is validated against experimental measurements over a range of operating conditions.
MANAGEMENT OF RECURRENT CANCER OF THE CERVIX.

The patient who has recurrent or persistent carcinoma of the cervix after irradiation therapy has a fair chance of being cured by radical surgery (pelvic exenteration) if the lesion is still confined to the pelvis. The operation entails urinary and fecal diversion. Experience with 150 cases over a 10 year period indicates that 25 per cent of patients selected for the operation can be cured. Over-all operative mortality was 10 per cent but the risk has been reduced by almost half in recent years.
Intracavity injection lasing of a composite neodymium laser

Injection locking is very useful for obtaining high-power coherent laser signals. Usually, a weak external coherent laser beam derived from a stable master oscillator is injected into another high-power laser oscillator or amplifier. Both high-spectral-coherence and high-spatial-coherence laser beams of high powers can be obtained. In this paper we report, for the first time to our knowledge, the intracavity injection lasing of a composite laser that contains an Nd:YLF and an Ndrglass medium and the cooperative lasing behavior.
Deploying Delivery as Critical Method: Neo-Burlesque’s Embodied Rhetoric

Scholars have paid relatively little attention to material symbolic communication in analyzing rhetoric of the body, focusing primarily on the linguistic or on nonsymbolic materiality. Yet the body communicates via a range of material symbolic practices. Delivery offers an analytical framework for understanding the ways that performing bodies communicate in multiple symbolic codes. Through analysis of neo-burlesque, the essay argues that delivery as a critical method for embodied rhetoric highlights the complex interplay between spaces and bodies and audiences that construct particular genres, providing a wider rhetorical vocabulary to critiques of neo-burlesque and other contested sites of women’s erotic performance.
Professor Allitt's Mysterious Enthusiasm for Teaching UndergraduatesI'm the Teacher, You're the Student: A Semester in the University Classroom, by AllittPatrick. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004. 256 pp. $47.96 cloth. ISBN: 0-8122-3821-4. $15.96 paper. ISBN: 0-8122-1887-6.

Professor Allitt, who holds the Arthur Blank Chair for Teaching Excellence at Emory University, begins the preface to his memoir of a semester of college teaching tantalizingly: "It's a great job being a professor, and the best part of the job is the teaching." I expected him to report reveling in the give-and-take of Socratic dialogues with smart undergraduates. After all, Emory is one of the most selective universities in the United States. But this chronological account of 42 consecutive meetings of his history course at Emory, "The Making of Modem America: 1877-2000," provides scant evidence of smart undergraduates. Professor Allitt's students, although they must have gotten high enough grades in secondary schools to be admitted to Emory, come across as too ignorant to participate in meaningful dialogue. One, having never read a novel, believed that "novel" and "book" were synonyms. In addition to these misapprehensions, Professor Allitt faults the weaknesses of his students on written assignments:
Efficacy of Metarhizium anisopliae as a Curative Application for Black Vine Weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) Infesting Container-Grown Nursery Crops

Abstract The black vine weevil (BVW), Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) is a serious pest of nursery crops. The fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae (F52), is registered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for BVW control. The objectives of this study were to determine the efficacy of a curative drench application of M. anisopliae for controlling BVW larval infestations in container-grown nursery plants and the effect of temperature on the rate of fungal growth and speed of kill. Trials evaluating the efficacy of M. anisopliae as a curative application were performed in the spring of 2004 and 2005 as well as the fall of 2006. Laboratory studies were performed to quantify the impact of temperature (10, 15, 20, 24 and 28C) on fungal growth and speed of kill. Metarhizium anisopliae applied in the greenhouse and outdoors in 2004 were 92 and 30% effective, respectively. Fungal applications to container-grown plant material maintained outdoors in the spring of 2005 were nearly 100% effective 28 days after applicatio...
Understanding inks for porous-electrode formation

Scalable manufacturing of high-aspect-ratio multi-material electrodes are important for advanced energy storage and conversion systems. Such technologies often rely on solution-based processing methods where the active material is dispersed in a colloidal ink. To date, ink formulation has primarily focused on macro-scale process-specific optimization (i.e. viscosity and surface/interfacial tension), and been optimized mainly empirically. Thus, there is a further need to understand nano- and mesoscale interactions and how they can be engineered for controlled macroscale properties and structures related to performance, durability, and material utilization in electrochemical systems.
We Are Not Police: Public Librarians’ Attitudes about Making and Intellectual Property

This article presents findings from a survey and interviews with public librarians about intellectual property (IP) in makerspaces. The libraries had a variety of different makerspaces, including h...
Feminization of Love

The feminization of love is a limited twentieth-century US perspective on love which views love as a gendered concept. Traditional gender role socialization in the context of the family, in response to the needs of industrial capitalism, contributes to the prevailing epistemology on this subject. While both men and women love, the feminization of love as a way of knowing about love involves a conceptualization of love that is equated with traditional feminine characteristics and modes of expression. This conceptualization raises questions about the epistemology versus the practice of love and the fact that women and men love differently. Alternative conceptualizations of love include an androgynous view of love which can be realized only when unequal traditional gender roles and gendered socialization scripts within the family are abandoned. Keywords: culture; emotion; epistemology; gender roles; love
iShare: Blockchain-Based Privacy-Aware Multi-Agent Information Sharing Games for Cybersecurity

In this paper, we design, develop, and evaluate a novel information sharing (iShare) framework for cybersecurity with the goal of protecting confidential information and networked infrastructures from future cyber-attacks. The proposed iShare framework leverages the Blockchain concept used in Bitcoin systems where multiple organizations/agencies participate for information sharing (without violating their privacy) to secure and monitor their cyberspace. Note that the Bitcoin for financial transactions has already demonstrated that there is a trusted, auditable sharing with peer-to-peer communications accompanied by a public ledger. The main aim of the Blockchain-based iShare framework is to constantly collect high-resolution, cyber-attack information across organizational boundaries of which the organizations have no specific knowledge or control over any other organizations’ data or damage caused by cyber-attacks. In the proposed iShare framework, the decentralized nature of the Blockchain and digitally signed transactions ensure that an adversary cannot pose as a legitimate organization/user or cannot control/hamper the system because of the digital-signatures and cannot learn anything from the public ledger that has just hashed pointers. Moreover, we analyze the security attacks by outsiders (not participating in the iShare) using a Stackelberg game.
Relaxin Localization in Porcine and Bovine Ovaries by Assay and Morphologic Techniques

Relaxin is a polypeptide hormone produced primarily by the ovaries during pregnancy in several mammalian species. Investigations beginning more than 50 years ago on isolation of hormones from the corpus luteum eventually showed that the lipid-soluble fraction yields progesterone and estrogens, whereas the water-soluble fraction contains relaxin. A brief report by Hisaw in 1926 describes induced relaxation of the pubic ligament of virgin guinea pigs within 6 to 8 hours after the subcutaneous injection of blood serum from pregnant rabbits. Hisaw (1925) previously had documented the relaxation of the pubic bones during late pregnancy in the guinea pig by expansion of the connective tissue at the symphysis, allowing separation of the pubic bones. During the early postpartum period, the ligaments shortened, and the pubic symphysis again appeared similar to that found in unmated guinea pigs. In the spring-breeding pocket gopher, he noted that the pubic symphysis was lost, usually before pregnancy occurs, and that the interpubic ligament response was controlled by the ovary. Fevold et al. (1930) developed extraction and purification methods for this hormone and proposed the name relaxin. Several investigators questioned the existence of relaxin since pelvic relaxation could be produced in ovariectomized guinea pigs by estrogen alone or by combinations of estrogen and progesterone.
In vivo sliding distance on the metal‐on‐polyethylene total hip arthroplasty articulation using patient‐specific gait analysis

Metal-on-polyethylene (MoP) is the most commonly used bearing surface in primary total hip arthroplasty (THA). Polyethylene wear debris remains a major concern. Studies investigating the wear performance based on patient-specific in vivo kinematics and component orientation remains largely lacking. The primary goal of this study was to identify patterns of the distribution of sliding distance and cross-shear ratio among THA patients. A validated approach combining dual fluoroscopic imaging system and computed-tomography was utilized to quantify in vivo gait kinematics and component orientations in 48 total hips. The distribution of accumulated sliding distance and cross-shear ratio over the polyethylene bearing surface was calculated and analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA). Strong patient-specific variation in sliding distance and cross-shear ratio was observed. PCA detected two principal components (PCs) of the sliding distance that together contribute to 94.8% of the total variation. PCA detected four PCs that together contribute to 86% of the total variation of the cross-shear ratio. Regression analysis identified a positive association between cross-shear magnitude and axial and frontal range of motion (RoM). Increased cup inclination, stem anteversion, and reduced cup anteversion may lead to superiorly distributed high cross-shear region, potentially accelerating wear. Our study investigated, in vivo sliding distance and cross-shear pattern using a comprehensive patient-specific dataset and detected several wear indicators under in vivo conditions. These findings provided useful reference values that may help to assess wear in MoP THA patients. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:3151-3160, 2018.
Overview of Lead Management

Lead management describes a comprehensive approach to cardiac implantable electronic device lead utilization, encompassing lead and device selection, vascular access, implant techniques, handling lead failures and recalls, managing infectious and other complications, and performing device and lead extraction. Device and lead selection should be based on the latest guidelines and the available data to choose the optimal device system for each patient. Lead extraction is a highly specialized procedure and should be carried out by a team of personnel extensively trained in the procedure at centers with cardiac surgical support.
Rivastigmine does not alter cocaine-induced subjective effects or self-administration.

Abstract Background Acetylcholinergic (ACh) neurons interface with the mesolimbic dopamine pathway implicated in addiction, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEis) have been shown to reduce the immediate effects of cocaine and amount used. Our study is the first to examine if the safe and low-interaction AChEi rivastigmine (riv) alters the subjective effects produced by cocaine administration. Methods Cocaine-dependent subjects were randomized to daily placebo, riv 3 mg, or riv 6 mg, administered inpatient for 10 days. On day 1 (pre-dose) and day 9, subjects received both IV cocaine 40 mg or placebo in a randomized order with subsequent serial assessments of visual analog scale (VAS) subjective effects and pharmacokinetic measurements. On day 10 all participants received one baseline dose of cocaine 20 mg with assessment of subjective effects, and were then able to purchase additional doses at 15 min intervals with study earnings. Results 40 subjects were randomized to placebo (n = 16), riv 3 mg (n = 13), or riv 6 mg (n = 12). All subjects completed the study and there were no demographic differences between treatment groups. Pre- and post- treatment, there were no significant pharmacokinetic differences (blood levels of cocaine, BE, EME) following cocaine administration. In a two-way ANOVA, IV cocaine significantly increased positive VAS category ratings compared to placebo, but rivastigmine treatment at either dose had no significant effect on any VAS category ratings. Similarly, there was no significant rivastigmine effect on any category in the day 10 cocaine administration, and no effect on number of subsequent doses participants purchased. Conclusion Rivastigmine 3 or 6 mg had no significant effect on the subjective effects of cocaine after 9 days of treatment. This is an important finding as other drugs in the AChEi class (donepezil, Huperzine A) have produced significant results, but differ in their receptor specificity and PK parameters.
Clinical and Public Health Implications of 2019 Endocrine Society Guidelines for Diagnosis of Diabetes in Older Adults

OBJECTIVE Screening for diabetes is typically done using hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) or fasting plasma glucose (FPG). The 2019 Endocrine Society guidelines recommend further testing using an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in older adults with prediabetic HbA1c or FPG. We evaluated the impact of this recommendation on diabetes prevalence, eligibility for glucose-lowering treatment, and estimated cost of implementation in a nationally representative sample. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We included 2,236 adults aged ≥65 years without known diabetes from the 2005–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diabetes was defined using: 1) the Endocrine Society approach (HbA1c ≥6.5%, FPG ≥126 mg/dL, or 2-h plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL among those with HbA1c 5.7–6.4% or FPG 100–125 mg/dL); and 2) a standard approach (HbA1c ≥6.5% or FPG ≥126 mg/dL). Treatment eligibility was defined using HbA1c cut points (≥7% to ≥9%). OGTT screening costs were estimated using Medicare fee schedules. RESULTS Diabetes prevalence was 15.7% (∼5.0 million) using the Endocrine Society’s approach and 7.3% (∼2.3 million) using the standard approach. Treatment eligibility ranged from 5.4% to 0.06% and 11.8% to 1.3% for diabetes cases identified through the Endocrine Society or standard approach, respectively. By definition, diabetes identified exclusively through the Endocrine Society approach had HbA11c CONCLUSIONS Adopting the 2019 Endocrine Society guidelines would substantially increase the number of older adults classified as having diabetes, require significant financial resources, but likely offer limited benefits.
Abstract 281: A Network Meta-analysis Exploring High-intensity Atorvastatin In Contrast Induced Nephropathy

Introduction: The utility of pre-procedure statins prior to coronary angiography has been utilized as an adjunct in the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN). This has been attributed to...
Crystal structures of 6-cyclo-propyl-1,3-diphenylfulvene and 6-(2,3-di-meth-oxy-naphth-yl)-1,3-di-phenylfulvene.

The title compounds, 6-cyclo­propyl-1,3-diphenylfulvene, C21H18, [systematic name: 5-(cyclo­propyl­methyl­idene)-1,3-di­phen­yl­cyclo­penta-1,3-diene], 1, and 6-(2,3-di­meth­oxy­naphth­yl)-1,3-diphenylfulvene, C30H24O2, {systematic name: 5-[(3,4-di­meth­oxy­naphthalen-2-yl)methyl­idene]-1,3-di­phenyl­cyclo­penta-1,3-di­ene}, 2, were prepared from 1,3-di­phenyl­cyclo­penta­diene, pyrrolidine, and the corresponding aldehydes in an ethano­lic solution. Each structure crystallizes with one mol­ecule per asymmetric unit and exhibits the alternating short and long bond lengths typical of fulvenes. A network of C—H⋯C ring inter­actions as well as C—H⋯O inter­actions is observed, resulting in the compact packing found in each structure.
Health disparities in cervical cancer: Prevalence of high-risk HPV and cytologic diagnoses according to race.

BACKGROUND In the United States, the rate of cervical cancer is disproportionally higher in Hispanic and Black women compared with White women. In the current study, the authors compared human papillomavirus (HPV) testing and cytology results among Black and White women over a 24-month period. They then assessed the rates in young women in 2011 compared with 2017 according to race. METHODS The authors searched the gynecologic cytology case files for Black and White women treated at Johns Hopkins Hospital across all ages for a period of 24 months (2017-2019) and compared HPV results and cytologic interpretations. They then compared results among Black and White cohorts of young women (aged 21-29 years) in 2011 versus 2017. RESULTS A total of 26,302 specimens from January 2017 to January 2019, including 11,676 Black women and 14,626 White women, were reviewed. The most common HPV genotype(s) detected were non-HPV-16 and/or HPV-18 (non-16/18) high-risk HPV (hrHPV) (84% of positive results). Non-16/18 hrHPV was more common in Black women (1309 women; 15%) compared with White women (1075 women; 9%). Non-16/18 hrHPV was more commonly observed in association with atypical squamous cells, cannot rule out high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and/or high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC-H/HSIL) in HPV-positive Black women compared with White women (P = .007). Black women were found to have higher rates of HPV-positive Papanicolaou results and high-grade lesions, including carcinoma (P < .01). In the 2011 cohort, young Black women were found to have a higher rate of ASC-H/HSIL (P = .003) compared with White women. However, the difference was not noted in the 2017 cohort. There was a decrease in ASC-H/HSIL in 2017 compared with 2011, with a lower incidence of ASC-H/HSIL noted among Black women in 2017. CONCLUSIONS Black women appear to have a higher incidence of higher grade lesions, but the difference between Black and White cohorts was not found to be significant in young women in more recent years.
Global Analysis of Small Non-Coding RNA Populations across Tissues in the Malaria Vector, Anopheles gambiae

Malaria is a major global health problem, where the anautogenous female mosquito Anopheles gambiae serves as a major vector. In order to combat this devastating disease, understanding mosquito physiology is paramount. Numerous studies in the vector field demonstrate that small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play essential roles in numerous aspects of mosquito physiology. While our previous miRNA annotation work demonstrated expression dynamics across differing tissues, miRNAs represented less than 20% of all small ncRNAs in our small RNA-Seq libraries. To this end, we systematically classified multiple small ncRNA groups across mosquito tissues. Here we (i) determined a new enriched-midgut miRNA, (ii) updated the piRNA annotation in ovaries with a genomic map of unique-mapping piRNAs, (iii) identified pan-tissue and tissue-enriched mRNA-derived small ncRNAs, and (iv) assessed AGO1- and AGO2- loading of candidate small ncRNAs. Continued research will broaden our view of small ncRNAs and greatly aide in our understanding on how these molecules contribute to mosquito physiology.
A truly one-way lane for surface plasmon polaritons

Unidirectional and topological surface plasmon polaritons are currently attracting substantial interest and intense debate. Realistic material models and energy conservation considerations are essential to correctly understand extreme wave effects in non-reciprocal plasmonics, and to assess their potential for novel devices.