cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Expectation-Maximization algorithm for Rice-Rayleigh mixtures with application to noise parameter estimation in magnitude MR datasets

Magnitude magnetic resonance (MR) images are noise-contaminated measurements of the true signal, and it is important to assess the noise in many applications. A recently introduced approach models the magnitude MR datum at each voxel in terms of a mixture of up to one Rayleigh and an a priori unspecified number of Rice components, all with a common noise parameter. The Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm was developed for parameter estimation, with the mixing component membership of each voxel as the missing observation. This paper revisits the EM algorithm by introducing more missing observations into the estimation problem such that the complete (observed and missing parts) dataset can be modeled in terms of a regular exponential family. Both the EM algorithm and variance estimation are then fairly straightforward without any need for potentially unstable numerical optimization methods. Compared to local neighborhood- and wavelet-based noise-parameter estimation methods, the new EM-based approach is seen to perform well not only in simulation experiments but also on physical phantom and clinical imaging data.
Aqueous Room Temperature Metal-Catalyzed Living Radical Polymerization of Vinyl Chloride

This paper describes the room-temperature living radical polymerization (LRP) of vinyl chloride in H2O/THF in the presence of Cu0 or CuI salts as catalysts, tren or PEI as ligands, and iodoform as initiator. The disproportionation reaction 2CuI + L → Cu0 + CuII(L) is the crucial step, as it continuously provides the active species for both the initiation (Cu0) and the reversible termination step (CuII). Mn was found to increase linearly with conversion and is in good agreement with Mth, with the Mw/Mn being approximately 1.5.
Dusky dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) subgroup distribution: are shallow waters a refuge for nursery groups?

Mammalian young are especially vulnerable to harm because of their small size, poorly developed survival skills, and strong dependence on maternal care. Tactics for rearing young, including avoiding harm, vary largely by environment type. Off Kaikoura, New Zealand, mother–calf pairs of dusky dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obscurus (Gray, 1828)) are often found in small groups with other mother–calf pairs, with calves of roughly the same age. These groups, termed “nursery groups”, may distance vulnerable calves from hazards associated with males seeking mating opportunities, predation by sharks and killer whales (Orcinus orca (L., 1758)), and boat traffic. We conducted systematic boat-based surveys to determine the relative distribution of dusky dolphin group types, predators, and boats in the area. Nursery groups were encountered in shallow waters (≤20 m) significantly more often than in deeper waters (p < 0.001). Boats were found more in shallow water, while predators were almost exclusively encountered in dee...
Assessing the association between two spatial or temporal sequences

This paper deals with the codispersion coefficient for spatial and temporal series. We present some results and simulations concerning the codispersion coefficient in the context of spatial models. The results obtained are immediate consequences of the asymptotic normality of the sample codispersion coefficient and show certain limitations of the coefficient. New simulation studies provide information about the performance of the coefficient with respect to other coefficients of spatial association. The behavior of the codispersion coefficient under additively contaminated processes is also studied via Monte Carlo simulations. In the context of time series, explicit expressions for the asymptotic variance of the sample version of the coefficient are given for autoregressive and moving average processes. Resampling methods are used to compute the variance of the coefficient. A real data example is presented to explore how well the codispersion coefficient captures the comovement between two time series in ...
156 MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE (MVP) SYNDROME IN DUCHENNE'S PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY

Cardiac status was prospectively evaluated non-invasively in 20 male children, each with clinical, biochemical, electromyographic and muscle-biopsy evidence of Duchenne's progressive muscular dystrophy. A nonejection systolic click, confirmed by phonocardiography, was identified in 7 patients (3 with midsystolic murmur as well) and suggested the presence of MVP syndrome. Echocardiography supported this diagnosis in all 7 patients and in 4 others without systolic click. An abrupt midsystolic posterior motion (> 3mm) was noted in 5 patients, while a smooth, pansystolic, anteriorly concave (“hammock-like”) posterior motion of the leaflet > 3mm from the CD line was recorded for all 11 patients. Additional findings were: multiple sequence lines in 6 patients and posterior coaptation of the mitral leaflet near the left atrial wall in 6.
Infestation of Irradiated White Oaks by the Solitary Oak Leaf miner, Camieraria hamadryadella (Lepidoptera: Gracilariidae)

On isolated shoots of white oak exposed to 20–30 roentgens per day in 2 gradients of gamma irradiation, solitary oak leafminer, Cameraria hamadryadella (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Gracilariidae), densities (sample means for 2nd-generation mines per 100 leaves and standard errors of the means) were 220±33 in 1967, 167±67 in 1968, and 16±4 in 1969. During the same years, on white oaks exposed to less than 3 roentgens per day, the densities were 48±7, 35±5, and 3.8±1.7 for leaves on branches 1–3 m high and 20±2, 9.1±1.1, and 1.0±0.2 for leaves collected on the ground.
Morphological correlates of behavioral abnormalities in experimental congenital brain damage

Abstract Interference with cell proliferation during central nervous system development has been shown to have permanent effects on both anatomy and behavior. Treatment with 5-azacytidine on the 16th day of embryonic life leads to behavioral abnormalities usually associated with hippocampal damage. Treatment on embryonic day 18 also leads to some functional changes characteristic of animals with hippocampal lesions, but not the same ones seen after the earlier treatment. Anatomically, both groups were “small for date” and remained significantly smaller than controls throughout life. Brain weight was significantly reduced after treatment on the 16th day of gestation but not on the 18th. Labeling with [3H]thymidine at the same stages indicated that neurons for several central nervous system structures are produced on those treatment days. Histological measurements of those structures in azacytidine-treated animals revealed significant reductions in frontal cortex, lateral septum, pyramidal cell layer of hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and width of hippocampus, and whole brain in animals treated on embryonic day 16. The later treatment reduced only the lateral septum, dentate gyrus, and width of whole brain. In the earlier treatment group, the anatomy of animals with aberrant behavior was compared with the anatomy of animals which behaved more like controls. Within the treatment group, brain weight, body weight, and size of CA3 and CA4 of the pyramidal cell layer were significantly correlated with abnormal behavior. The results emphasize the close relationship between the extent and location of cell loss and the behavioral effects of prenatally induced brain damage.
The phlebographic demonstration of venous thrombosis occurring during the treatment of scoliosis.

The application of plaster casts to the trunk plays an important part in the management of severe scoliosis. The edge of these casts may impair venous drainage from the limbs and predispose to thrombosis, as in the three illustrative cases. A further case shows the possibility of a pelvic halo ring device causing similar venous compression. Steps should be taken to prevent this venous impingement from occurring, both at the time of cast application and afterwards.
Growth of the blue-green algae virus LPP-1 under conditions which impair photosynthesis

Abstract The growth of blue-green algae virus LPP-1 has been studied under conditions that impair photosynthesis in the host, Plectonema boryanum. Virus replication occurs in the dark, but the burst size is decreased to 15% of that observed in the light. The inhibitor of photosystem II, DCMU, lengthens the latent period by several hours and reduces the burst size to 60–70% of uninhibited controls. An inhibitor of electron transport, CCCP, abolishes viral growth completely. These results are interpreted to mean that (a) cyclic phosphorylation can supply most of the energy requirements for viral reproduction and (b) P. boryanum has a low level of energy production in the dark which, although insufficient for cellular growth and division, can fuel a small burst of virus.
QoSRT: a Quality of Service Routing Tree for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

Given the weighted graph G(V, E), let the weight of each link represents the bandwidth of that link. We define a quality of service routing tree (QoSRT) for the weighted graph G(V, E), as a subgraph G'(V,E') such that G' is a tree, and for any pair of nodes u and v in G' there exist a path between u and v, with all edges from E', and the bottleneck of the path is maximized. We also define a virtual backbone (VBB) for the graph G'(V, E') as a connected subgraph G"(V',E'), where V'subeV, and each node in V is either in V' or adjacent to at least one node in V'. In this paper, we propose a novel distributed algorithm to construct a QoSRT and its corresponding VBB. Both reactive and proactive efficient routing schemes are proposed to run over the QoSRT and its VBB, and to provide an optimal QoS path for any pair of nodes in the graph. The nodes of the VBB maintain the routing tables for proactive routing, and manage the routing discovery for reactive routing. The QoSRT and its VBB are constructed with optimal O(nlogn) messages
Speakers' Perceptions of Code Choice in a Foreign Language Academic Department

The focus of this paper is on speakers' rationalisations of their everyday linguistic choices as members of a multilingual academic department in the US. Given the monolingual macro-context, the myriad of native languages spoken by participants, and the professional stake in language competence, the question of how speakers arrive at language choices is examined through in-depth interviews with participants (n=12). Results indicate that participant dyads characteristically have a dominant language, but occasionally switch to the non-dominant variety. While most of the factors and motivations speakers identify can be situated in existing frameworks for code choice, my central argument is that community-wide explanations are inadequate for this group of speakers. Rather, I argue that micro-norms characterising interlocutor dyads emerge through the negotiation of perceived norms, cultural beliefs and language preferences. An important feature of dyadic norms is their mutability, within situations as well as ...
Sulfur contents of the parental metallic cores of magmatic iron meteorites

Abstract Magmatic iron meteorites are thought to be samples of the central metallic cores of asteroid-sized parent bodies. Sulfur is believed to have been an important constituent of these parental cores, but due to the low solubility of S in solid metal, initial S-contents for the magmatic groups cannot be determined through direct measurements of the iron meteorites. However, experimental solid metal-liquid metal partition coefficients show a strong dependence on the S-content of the metallic liquid. Thus, by using the experimental partition coefficients to model the fractional crystallization trends within magmatic iron meteorite groups, the S-contents of the parental cores can be indirectly estimated. Modeling the Au, Ga, Ge, and Ir fractionations in four of the largest magmatic iron meteorite groups leads to best estimates for the S-contents of the parental cores of 12 ± 1.5 wt% for the IIIAB group, 17 ± 1.5 wt% for the IIAB group, and 1 ± 1 wt% for the IVB group. The IVA elemental fractionations are not adequately fit by a simple fractional crystallization model with a unique initial S-content. These S-content estimates are much higher than those recently inferred from crystallization models involving trapped melt. The discrepancy is due largely to the different partition coefficients that are used by the two models. When only partition coefficients that are consistent with the experimental data are used, the trapped melt model, and the low S-contents it advocates, cannot match the Ge and Ir fractionations that are observed in IIIAB iron meteorites.
Effect of graphite as a co-dopant on the dehydrogenation and hydrogenation kinetics of Ti-doped sodium aluminum hydride

Abstract The synergistic effect of graphite as a co-dopant on the dehydrogenation and hydrogenation kinetics of Ti-doped NaAlH 4 has been observed for the first time. According to temperature programmed desorption curves obtained at 2 °C/min, the dehydrogenation temperature in the 90–150 °C range decreased by as much as 15 °C for NaAlH 4 co-doped with 10 wt.% graphite (G) and up to 4 mol% TiCl 3 compared to similarly doped and ball milled samples without graphite. Constant temperature desorption curves at 90 and 110 °C obtained for NaAlH 4 co-doped with 2 mol% TiCl 3 and 10 wt.% G also, respectively, revealed improvements in the dehydrogenation kinetics of 6.5 and 3.0 times that of a similarly prepared sample without graphite. In contrast, graphite as a single dopant was essentially inactive as a catalyst. The effects of graphite persisted through dehydrogenation/hydrogenation cycling, and through the addition of aluminum (Al) powder, which was added to mitigate irreversible kinetic and capacity losses during cycling. A sample of NaAlH 4 co-doped with 2.0 mol% TiCl 3 , 10 wt.% G and 5 wt.% Al exhibited perhaps the best dehydrogenation and hydrogenation rates to date. The observed phenomena were interpreted in terms of some of the unique properties of graphite: graphite might be playing a dual role by serving as a mixing agent manifested through lubrication phenomena (i.e., graphene layer slippage and breakage), and as a micro-grinding agent manifested through the formation of carbide species, both during high energy ball milling. In these capacities, graphite may have caused the Ti particles to be more finely ground and hence more dispersed over the surfaces of the NaAlH 4 particles and also the graphite particles themselves. Graphite might also be imparting an electronic contribution through the interaction of its facile π-electrons with Ti through a hydrogen spillover mechanism, whereby it back donates some electrons to Ti, which further facilitates hydrogen bond formation and cleavage through this Ti species. Research is continuing with graphite as a co-dopant.
Women's Work? The Distribution and Prestige of Portfolios in the Canadian Provinces

Historically not only have women cabinet ministers in Western democracies been few in number, but they have generally been limited to “women's ministries” such as education, health, social services, and culture. This article systematically investigates the responsibilities and prestige of portfolios that women cabinet ministers in the ten Canadian provinces have held over a 21-year period, 1976–1997, an era in which their share of cabinet positions rose from less than 4% to almost 25%. Although still concentrated in traditional women's ministries, they have diversified the portfolios they hold. Using a tri-fold classification of portfolios into (1) important, (2) middle range, and (3) junior positions, we find that women increasingly have achieved more prestigious portfolios, perhaps a reflection of the reduced number of cabinet positions in the 1990s and more concerted attempts to promote women. But the law of increasing disproportion still exists, at least in overall terms of the relative prestige of cabinet positions.
Ethanol enhances neurite outgrowth in primary cultures of rat cerebellar macroneurons

Effects of ethanol on neurite outgrowth and morphometry were investigated in primary cultures of rat cerebella. Cell cultures were prepared from cerebella on embryonic day 17 (E17) for treatment with a series of ethanol concentrations (50, 75, 100, 150 and 200 mM). Ethanol did not reduce neuronal survival or attachment to the substrate at any of the concentrations that were used. Treatment with 75 mM ethanol significantly enhanced neurite outgrowth. Measurements from dissociated cultures exposed to 75 mM ethanol immediately after plating showed a significant increase in the percentage of neurite-bearing cells after 8 and 24 h in vitro. Measurements of the area and perimeter of neuronal cell bodies in dissociated cell cultures showed that the cell bodies of ethanol-treated neurons were also larger than those of control neurons. Ethanol was also associated with significant increases in the total neuritic length per cell and in the length of the longest neurite in each cell. The mean number of neurite branches was also greater in the ethanol-treated neurons. Measurements from suspension cell cultures, in which dissociated cells were suspended overnight in the presence of 75 mM ethanol prior to plating, corroborated these results. These findings suggest that ethanol may have distinct effects on neurite initiation and outgrowth and branching. The cellular mechanisms involved and the functional significance of these effects are currently not known. The present results also indicated that high concentrations of ethanol (150-200 mM) and long periods of exposure (4-7 days) were required to produce toxic effects on neurons and glial cells in this system.
Spectroscopic flame temperature measurements and their physical significance—V. Experimental determination of relative transition probabilities for 43 Fe I lines in the 3450-3950 Å wavelength region

Abstract Relative transition probabilities, as measured by the atomic emission spectroscopic technique, have been redetermined for 43 lines of Fe I under experimental conditions that in principle should yield accurate values. The Fe free-atoms are formed in a high temperature environment that has been shown to be isothermal and optically thin under the experimental conditions employed. The temperature of the iron atoms was measured by the reversal method, and the emission measurements were made so that the values obtained were strictly proportional to the line radiances. The high degree of correlation of the values reported with those obtained by the hook method is indicative of the overall reliability of these sets of data.
A family study of primary hypertension—Final report☆

Abstract A study was made of 1,056 spouses, siblings and children of 100 patients with primary hypertension and of 121 normotensives to ascertain the prevalence of hypertension among relatives and the characteristics of those who develop it. Women were found to be more susceptible, a familial concentration was confirmed and mating combinations appeared related to disease in offspring. Hypertensives and normotensives could not be differentiated on the basis of personal or environmental factors. In close to one-fifth of the relatives the presence or absence of primary hypertension could not be ascertained with certainty from a single examination and, even after repeated observations, remained uncertain in 7 per cent. The findings are consistent with but do not establish a genetic etiology.
Reynolds Number Effects on Shock-Wave Turbulent Boundary-Layer Interactions

An experiment is described that tests and guides computations of a shock-wave turbulent boundary-layer interaction flow over a 20° compression corner at Mach 2.85. Numerical solutions of the time-averaged NavierStokes equations for the entire flow field, employing various turbulence models, are compared with the data. Each model is evaluated critically by comparisons with the details of the experimental data. Experimental results for the extent of upstream pressure influence and separation location are compared with numerical predictions for a wide range of Reynolds numbers and shock-wave strengths.
Women, Democracy and Globalization in North America. By Jane Bayes, Patricia Begné, Laura Gonzalez, Lois Harder, Mary Hawkesworth, and Laura Macdonald

For a series on comparative politics, Jane Bayes and her coauthors have written a text that is long overdue: the comparative history and politics of Canada, Mexico, and the United States, with women at the center, in the global neoliberal era. The book offers a deep critique both of economic neoliberalism (not the peculiar U.S. use of the term liberalism) and of traditional conceptions of democracy, which, they argue, should become “thicker” in women-inclusive, gender-mainstreamed ways. While the book focuses on secondary research rather than new, original research, it repackages the traditional ways that feminist researchers, especially Americanists, view the three nations of North America.
Skew handling techniques in sort-merge join

Joins are among the most frequently executed operations. Several fast join algorithms have been developed and extensively studied; these can be categorized as sort-merge, hash-based, and index-based algorithms. While all three types of algorithms exhibit excellent performance over most data, ameliorating the performance degradation in the presence of skew has been investigated only for hash-based algorithms. However, for sort-merge join, even a small amount of skew present in realistic data can result in a significant performance hit on a commercial DBMS. This paper examines the negative ramifications of skew in sort-merge join and proposes several refinements that deal effectively with data skew. Experiments show that some of these algorithms also impose virtually no penalty in the absence of data skew and are thus suitable for replacing existing sort-merge implementations. We also show how sort-merge band join performance is significantly enhanced with these refinements.
High peak pulse power operation of the OK-4/Duke XUV FEL

A 1 GeV electron storage ring dedicated for UV-VUV FEL operation was commissioned last year at the Duke University Free Electron Laser Laboratory. The XUV FEL project, based on the collaboration of the Duke FEL Laboratory and Budker Insititute for Nuclear Physics (Novosibirsk, Russia) is described. The OK-4 UV FEL has arrived from Novosibirsk at the Duke FEL laboratory and is in the process of installation. The main parameters of the DFELL storage ring, the OK-4 optical klystron, and the experimental set-up are presented. The parameters of the UV-VUV FEL are given and the possible future upgrades to this system are discussed. We have studied the dynamics of giant pulse generation in the Duke/OK-4 UV FEL. We have developed a new macro-particle code for giant pulse simulation including all known mechanisms of storage ring FEL interaction. Results of these giant pulse simulations are presented in the paper. A new mechanism of 'super-pulse' generation was discovered during these studies. It allows the generation of peak power up to 10 gigawatts using 'phase- space' refreshment of the electron beam caused by synchrotron motion.
The Films of Samuel Fuller: If You Die, I'll Kill You! By Lisa Dombrowski. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2008

There's an old saying, that a man may be judged by the company he keeps. If we extend that to film directors and claim that the people who pay tribute to them may judge them, then Sam Fuller was a ...
The probability distribution and the expected value of a stopping variable associated with one-sided cusum procedures for non-negative integer valued random variables

The structure of a stopping variable N based on one-sided CUSUM procedures is analyzed. Stopping occurs when a Markovian sequence of maxima of partial sums {M } crosses a certain boundary. On the basis of a recursive relationship between the Mn+1 and Mn a recursive equation is derived for the determination of the defective distributions Kn(x) = P{M ≤ x, N ≤n} . This recursive equation yields a recursive algorithm for the determination of P {N > n} . The paper studies the case when the basic random variables are non-negative integers-valued. In these cases the values of P{N > n} and E{N} can be determined by solving proper systems of linear equations.
A low-power double edge-triggered flip-flop with transmission gates and clock gating

In recent years, energy saving techniques have become critical in hardware designs, especially for mobile devices. This paper has reviewed several previous designs of double edge-triggered flip-flops, and has proposed a transmission-gate-based double edge-triggered flip-flop with a clock-gating function. Comparing to the previous work of double edge-triggered flip-flops, the proposed one saved 33.14% power on average (switching activity factor = 0–0.4) and it can save up to 97.85% power compared to conventional single edg-etriggered flip-flops when the input is idle. In addition, the proposed design also improved performance by reducing Clk-to-Q latency by 0.21 ns.
Semiclassical quantum mechanics. III. The large order asymptotics and more general states

Abstract We solve the time dependent Schrodinger Equation iℏ( ∂ψ ∂t ) = −(ℏ 2 /2m) Δψ + Vψ modulo errors which have L2 norms on the order of ℏ 1 2 for arbitrarily large l. The initial conditions we consider are fairly general states whose position and momentum uncertainties are proportional to ℏ 1 2 .
A mathematical model of polymeric controlled drug release and transport in the brain

A two-dimensional finite-element model was developed to simulate the transport and clearance of drugs released from polymers into the brain. This computer model includes the effects of diffusion and bulk flow of interstitial fluid, metabolism and capillary uptake, and is responsive to various controlled release scenarios and anatomical variation. The capability of this model is illustrated by examining the transport of three compounds of interest for neurological applications.
The Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge In British North America, 1730–1775

Three major Protestant missionary organizations—the Company for the ropagation of the Gospel in New England (the NEC, founded 1649), the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (SPG, founded 1701), and the Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge (SSPCK, founded 1709)—all played significant roles in Christianizing and civilizing the inhabitants of British North America. The New England Company had the longest history and is the oldest Protestant missionary organization. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts sent no fewer than three hundred missionaries to America between 1701 and 1783. While the NEC and the SPG have received scholarly attention, the Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge has been virtually ignored.
PETALS: a visual interface for landmine detection

Post-conflict landmines have serious humanitarian repercussions: landmines cost lives, limbs and land. The primary method used to locate these buried devices relies on the inherently dangerous and difficult task of a human listening to audio feedback from a metal detector. Researchers have previously hypothesized that expert operators respond to these challenges by building mental patterns with metal detectors through the identification of object-dependent spatially distributed metallic fields. This paper presents the preliminary stages of a novel interface - Pattern Enhancement Tool for Assisting Landmine Sensing (PETALS) - that aims to assist with building and visualizing these patterns, rather than relying on memory alone. Simulated demining experiments show that the experimental interface decreases classification error from 23% to 5% and reduces localization error by 54%, demonstrating the potential for PETALS to improve novice deminer safety and efficiency.
The functional heterogeneity of CD8+ cells defined by anti-CD45RA (2H4) and anti-CD29 (4B4) antibodies

The monoclonal antibodies, anti-2H4(CD45RA), and anti-4B4(CD29), along with UCHL1-(CD45RO), identify reciprocal populations of CD4 cells with distinct suppressor inducer (CD45RA+CD29-CD45RO-) and helper inducer (CD45RA-CD29+CD45RO+) functions. Although the CD8+ population is known to contain precytotoxic, cytotoxic, suppressor, and some natural killer cells, the exact phenotypic identities of these functional CD8 subsets has not been established. In this study, we tried to determine whether these monoclonal antibodies could distinguish functionally distinct subsets of cells within the CD8+ population. For this purpose, whole T cells or fractionated T cells were sensitized with irradiated allogeneic non-T cells for 6 days, following which, CD8+ or CD8+CD11b- cells were isolated and cellular functions such as suppressor, killer precursor, and killer effector activity were assessed. The results showed that both class I-restricted alloantigen-specific killer effector and killer precursor cells belonged to the CD8+CD11b-CD45RA-CD29+ population. Moreover, these killer effector cells expressed the CTL-associated S6F1 molecule, an epitope of the LFA-1 antigen. In contrast, suppressor effector cells belonged to the CD8+CD11b-CD45RA+CD29- cell population. Although the UCHL1 antigen has been reported to define the CD4+CD29+ helper inducer cell, over 90% of allo-activated CD8+ cells expressed this antigen, whereas only 40-60% of these cells expressed either CD45RA or CD29 antigens. These results suggest that anti-CD45RA and anti-CD29 antibodies may provide useful tools for distinguishing between suppressor effector versus killer effector and killer precursor cells within the CD8+CD11b- population.
TWA + PLANS Strategies for Expository Reading and Writing: Effects for Nine Fourth-Grade Students:

Understanding and writing about expository material is difficult for many students. Content classroom activities and assessment tasks, however, are often structured within a framework of student reading followed by extended written response. This multiple probe design across subjects study examined the expository comprehension and informative writing performance of 9 fourth-grade low-achieving students, 4 with disabilities and 5 without disabilities, following Self-Regulated Strategy Development (SRSD) instruction for TWA (Think before reading, think While reading, think After reading) and PLANS (Pick goals, List ways to meet goals, And, make Notes and Sequence notes). Student performance, as measured by oral and written retells, improved and was maintained following instruction. Students also liked the strategies as well as instruction, and believed that TWA + PLANS improved their reading and writing.
THERMODYNAMICS OF THE PRIMARY REACTIONS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Abstract. It appears to be widely believed that fundamental thermodynamic limitations prevent the products of the primary electron transfer reactions of photosynthesis from exceeding the reactants in energy by more than about 0.7 hv0 where v0 is the frequency of the lowest energy absorption band of the reaction center. Specifically, in photosynthetic bacteria, where hv0? 1.34 eV, it is often said that the midpoint redox potentials of the primary electron donor and acceptor cannot differ by more than about 0.9 eV. This is incorrect. A simple expression is developed for δμ, the increase in the partial molecular free energy of an absorber under illumination. The magnitude of δμ gives one no information about the nature of the photochemical reactions that can result from excitation of the absorber. It puts no limits on the midpoint redox potentials of the reactants. However, knowing δμ does allow one to calculate the concentrations of the products if the system comes to equilibrium during illumination.
Equation of state of N 2 and Ne near their critical points. Scaling, corrections to scaling, and amplitude ratios

Five stacked parallel plates forming four capacitors were used to measure the density at four different heights for nitrogen and neon near their critical points. Measurements were made on fluid samples with an average density very close to the critical value in a temperature range $\ensuremath{-}5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}ltl1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ where $t$ is the reduced temperature $\frac{(T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c})}{{T}_{c}}$. These measurements allow simultaneous determinations of (1) the coexistence curve, (2) isothermal compressibility both in one-phase ($Tg{T}_{c}$) and the two-phase region ($Tl{T}_{c}$), and (3) the density as a function of chemical potential of these fluids. For data outside the gravitationally rounded region, power-law analyses including correction to scaling terms were used. Data in the gravitationally rounded region were analyzed with the use of the restricted cubic model. Consistent results in ${T}_{c}$ (on the order of 0.2 mK) and the leading amplitudes were found between data in these two regions. In addition to the leading exponent $\ensuremath{\beta}$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ we also determined from our data the correction to scaling exponent $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ and three universal amplitude ratios. Our values for these quantities are in good agreement with theoretical predictions.
Identification of the Sites of Incorporation of [3H]Ethidium Diazide within the Torpedo Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Ion Channel†

The binding sites of ethidium, a noncompetitive antagonist of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), have been localized in the Torpedo nAChR in the desensitized state by use of a photoactivatible derivative, [(3)H]ethidium diazide. At 10 microM [(3)H]ethidium diazide, incorporation into the alpha-, beta-, and delta-subunits was inhibited by the presence of phencyclidine (PCP). Within the alpha-subunit, the incorporation was mapped to a 20-kDa fragment beginning at alphaSer-173 and containing the first three transmembrane segments, alphaM1, alphaM2, and alphaM3. Further digestion of this fragment generated two fragments with PCP-inhibitable incorporation, one containing alphaM1 and one containing both alphaM2 and alphaM3. Within alphaM2, specific incorporation was present in alphaLeu-251 and alphaSer-252, residues that have been previously shown to line the lumen of the ion channel. Digestion of the delta-subunit with S. aureus V8 protease generated a 14-kDa and a 20-kDa fragment, both of which began at Ile-192 and contained PCP-inhibitable labeling. The 14-kDa fragment, containing deltaM1 and deltaM2, was further digested to generate a 3-kDa fragment, containing deltaM2 alone, with PCP-inhibitable incorporation. Digestion of the 20-kDa fragment, which contained deltaM1, deltaM2, and deltaM3, generated two fragments with incorporation, one containing the deltaM1 segment and the other containing deltaM2 and deltaM3. These results establish that in the desensitized state of the nAChR, the high-affinity binding site of ethidium is within the lumen of the ion channel and that the bound drug is in contact with amino acids from both the M1 and M2 hydrophobic segments.
The drying of Titan's dunes: Titan's methane hydrology and its impact on atmospheric circulation

[1] We explore the effect of a finite reservoir of methane on Titan's atmospheric circulation, precipitation patterns, and surface methane content. We develop a soil model that accounts for the methane cycle in the surface-atmosphere system, and we implement this surface model in a two-dimensional model of the Titan's atmosphere. Seasonal oscillations in latitude of the large-scale circulation accomplish net drying of the low-latitude surface by diverging methane vapor from low latitudes to higher latitudes. Simulations with an initially deep methane reservoir indicate this mechanism is able to dry ∼1.75 meters of liquid methane per Titan year from the low-latitude surface. The existence of low-latitude desert morphologies suggests that the system has had sufficient time to completely remove the surface methane by this mechanism. We then varied the reservoir size, focusing on initial depths of 30 meters of liquid methane or less and compared the results to available observations. The climate system has an abrupt transition to a warmer state with less precipitation and nearly global surface drying near the level at which the atmosphere can store the majority of the methane reservoir as vapor or around 6.5 meters of equivalent liquid methane for our particular choice of parameters. A comparison of our model results with Huygens' observations suggests Titan's climate mimics a state in which most of the methane inventory with direct access to the atmosphere (i.e., excluding underground sources) is stored in the atmosphere.
Engineering Neural Interfaces for Rehabilitation of Lower Limb Function in Spinal Cord Injured

Recent progress in neural interface technologies and demonstration of direct cortical control of robotic arm or computer cursor for simple movement has generated high expectation of rapid development of cortically controlled neuroprosthetics to improve motor function in subjects with severe neurological deficits. However, several challenging engineering and biological issues remain to be resolved before a practical system can be developed for patients to receive real benefit. The ability of neural systems to adapt to changes and learn new functions should be taken into consideration in the design and development of neuroprosthetics so that the two systems can cooperatively work together to accommodate continued changes (neural degeneration or functional improvement) in a human user. An intelligent neural interface should be able to activate residual function and facilitate adaptation and learning ability of the neural system. Current efforts in developing wireless and networked neural interfaces and utilizing smart materials and sensors will revolutionize the future design of neuroprosthetics and advance the investigation of brain function. This report reviews two recent projects in activating residual neural functions and investigating brain control of lower limb functions.
Cooperative Learning: An Approach for Large Enrollment Courses.

Consideration of the benefits, requirements, and potential drawbacks of cooperative learning in large enrollment, college courses.
Optimizing the time course of brachytherapy and other accelerated radiotherapeutic protocols

Abstract Purpose: It is likely that early-responding tissues, such as tumors, repair sublethal damage more rapidly than do late-responding tissues. This difference can be exploited to design protocols with a significantly improved therapeutic advantage for accelerated radiotherapeutic regimens, including brachytherapy. Methods and Materials: The time course of potential protocols is computer optimized, maximizing the therapeutic difference between tumor-control probability ( TCP ), and normal-tissue complication probability ( NTCP ). These quantities are evaluated with the linear-quadratic model, using clinically derived parameters. The optimization is performed by individually adjusting doses in different parts of the treatment, maximizing the therapeutic advantage. In the main calculations, half times for damage repair were T12(late) = 4 h, T12(early) = 0.5 h. Two component (fast/slow) repair processes were also investigated. Results: Protocols determined by optimization have significantly greater therapeutic advantage than continuous low-dose rate ( CLDR ) protocols of the same overall dose and time. The optimized protocols are either (a) acute-dose/gap/ CLDR /gap/acute-dose; or (b) a series of acute doses separated by 3–4 h. As a typical example, results are given for 60 Gy/120 h CLDR brachytherapy, which is assumed to give NTCP = 0.2 and TCP = 0.8. Under our assumptions, optimized regimes, with the same overall time and dose, produce an NTCP of ∼ 0.11 and TCP of ∼ 0.83, a significant therapeutic gain over CLDR . Conclusion: Difference in repair rates between early- and late-responding tissues can be exploited to produce clinically practical protocols that are significantly superior to current regimens. Such optimized protocols produce slightly better tumor control than CLDR with the same overall dose and time, significantly less late damage, and similar early normal-tissue sequellae. Temporal optimization, thus, promises to be a powerful tool in designing better treatment protocols.
On the applicability of the third integral of motion

Discussion of the resonance case of the motion of a star in an axisymmetric galactic potential where the frequencies alpha sub 1 and alpha sub 2 are rationally dependent. A rigorous procedure is set forth to demonstrate the existence of a family of invariant curves on which a mapping of this motion can be based, with the aid of a third integral of motion.
Extending the reach of hydrodynamics for relativistic heavy ion collisions

Recent and ongoing improvements to hydrodynamic treatments at RHIC are extending the physics reach of hydrodynamics, and improving the phenomenology. Here, the links between technological improvements and the extension of physics are emphasized.
Expression of a VHC kappa chimaeric protein in mouse myeloma cells.

The heavy (H) and light (L) chains of antibodies consist of variable (V) and constant (C) regions. The V regions of the heavy and light chains form the antibody combining site1,2. To determine whether a V region could be functional when joined to a polypeptide other than its own C region, we constructed a chimaeric gene encoding the V region of a mouse heavy chain and the C region of a mouse κ light chain (VHCκ). The heavy-chain gene is derived from an A/J mouse hybridoma cell line 36-65 whose antibody product (γ1, κ) is specific for the hapten azophenylarsonate3. We report here that, when introduced into a mouse myeloma cell line, the chimaeric gene is expressed and a protein of the expected molecular weight is secreted into the medium. As light chains tend to dimerize4,5 we expected that the VHCκ protein might associate with light chain from the cell line 36-65 to form an antibody-binding molecule. Affinity binding experiments and Ka determination indicate that this is the case. Dimers of this type offer a novel and interesting alternative to existing antibody-binding molecules.
Latent Functions of Enfranchising the Disenfranchised Griever.

Abstract In Kenneth Doka's Disenfranchised Grief, papers examined a bellwether of our times, disenfranchised grief. One variety is the grief felt by people with no socially legitimate right to grieve. The increasing prominence of this kind of grief stems from the extra-familial relationships that are coming more and more to constitute our personal lives. The recommendation implicit in most analyses is to enlarge the circle of legitimate grievers. This article explores the latent functions of enfranchising the disenfranchised griever. This issue is a specific case of a more general problem: the allocation of sympathy and support in any person's dying.
Leaf Protein Concentrates: A Comparison of Protein Production Per Acre of Forage With That From Seed and Animal Crops

The essential amino acid production for ten crops harvested for forage and fifteen crops harvested for seed was calculated from average crop yields in the United States for the ten-year period of 1953 to 1962. Highest yields per acre of essential amino acids were calculated from forages which could be processed into leaf protein concentrates. Alfalfa produced the highest yield per acre of essential amino acids of the twenty major crops; soybean seed was second. The calculated yields of edible protein and essential amino acids of leaf protein from corn were equal to or greater than the protein from the corn seed and several times that from animals fed the corn grain. At the present time, leaf protein concentrate may not be able to compete in cost with the by-product protein concentrates such as soybean meal, cottonseed meal, peanut meal, linseed meal, or tankage for feeding farm animals. However, further study of the production of leaf protein concentrates should be made to assure protein supplies for those regions where other adequate protein sources are lacking.
Effects of phosphates on shell growth and calcium carbonate crystal formation

Abstract Measurements were carried out on the effects of four inorganic phosphates on the rate of CaCO3 crystallization in vitro and on shell growth of the marine bivalve Rangia cuneata and the freshwater gastropod Helisoma duryi. The rate of in vitro crystallization was determined in inorganic artificial extrapallial fluids by measuring proton release as CaCO3 forms from Ca2+ and HCO3−. Concentrations of phosphates having a significant inhibitory effect on the rate of in vitro CaCO3 crystallization were as follows: sodium orthophosphate, 1.25 × 10−6 M (0.15 ppm); sodium hexametaphosphate, 3.6 × 10−8 M (0.015 ppm); tetrasodium pyrophosphate, 5.6 × 10−7 M (0.15 ppm); pentasodium tripolyphosphate, 4.1 × 10−7 M (0.15 ppm); and ATP 1.0 × 10−6 M. Sodium hexametaphosphate, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, and pentasodium tripolyphosphate were found to inhibit markedly the incorporation of 45Ca into the growing edge of Rangia during 24 h exposure. However, the concentrations required to produce a significant decrease in 45Ca deposition were four to six orders of magnitude greater than the concentration required to produce an effect on in vitro crystallization. Sodium orthophosphate was without effect on 45Ca deposition in Rangia at concentrations as high as 1500 ppm. Shell growth and mortality of Helisoma exposed to these four phosphates were followed during a 1-mth period. Pentasodium tripolyphosphate and tetrasodium pyrophosphate were the most inhibitory, causing a decreased growth rate and an increase in mortality at concentrations as low as 15 ppm. Fertilized eggs developed and hatched in all four phosphate compounds at 15 ppm and 150 ppm but did not develop in 1500 ppm of any compound.
Compact and low loss silicon-on-insulator rib waveguide 90° bend

A compact and low loss silicon-on-insulator rib waveguide 90° bend is designed and demonstrated. An interface realized by a trench filled with SU8 at the corner of a waveguide bend effectively reflects incoming light through total internal reflection (TIR). In order to accurately position the SU8-filled trench relative to the waveguide and reduce sidewall roughness of the interface, electron beam lithography (EBL) is employed while inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching (ICP RIE) is used to achieve a vertical sidewall. The measured loss for TE polarization is 0.32 dB±0.02 dB/bend at a wavelength of 1.55 µm.
Eye orientation during visual discrimination learning by humans.

Motion pictures were taken of the eyes of human Ss as they learned simultaneous two-choice pattern discriminations. Each trial was analyzed in two parts: the pre-stimulus phase (time before the onset of the stimuli) and the stimulus phase (time during which the stimuli were present). Ss looked more at one of the two discriminanda (the left or right) during one or both of those phases of the trial. These gaze-position preferences were not accompanied by response-position preferences, nor were there any correlations between eye, hand, and gaze preferences. In addition, all Ss looked more at the correct than at the incorrect stimulus.
The beneficial effect of tin and antimony on the magnetic properties of boron silicon-iron

Abstract Grain growth restraint in boron silicon-iron, a prerequisite for secondary recrystallization, is provided by boron, nitrogen and sulphur. It is shown that the addition of tin or antimony, elements known to segregate to grain boundaries in iron, greatly reduces the amount of sulphur required for the development of high induction.