cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A role for gelsolin in actuating epidermal growth factor receptor- mediated cell motility

Phospholipase C-gamma (PLC gamma) is required for EGF-induced motility (Chen, P., H. Xie, M.C. Sekar, K.B. Gupta, and A. Wells. J. Cell Biol. 1994. 127:847-857); however, the molecular basis of how PLC gamma modulates the actin filament network underlying cell motility remains undetermined. We propose that one connection to the actin cytoskeleton is direct hydrolysis of PIP2 with subsequent mobilization of membrane-associated actin modifying proteins. We used signaling-restricted EGFR mutants expressed in receptor-devoid NR6 fibroblast cells to investigate whether EGFR activation of PLC causes gelsolin mobilization from the cell membrane in vivo and whether this translocation facilitates cell movement. Gelsolin anti-sense oligonucleotide (20 microM) treatment of NR6 cells expressing the motogenic full-length (WT) and truncated c'1000 EGFR decreased endogenous gelsolin by 30-60%; this resulted in preferential reduction of EGF (25 nM)-induced cell movement by > 50% with little effect on the basal motility. As 14 h of EGF stimulation of cells did not increase total cell gelsolin content, we determined whether EGF induced redistribution of gelsolin from the membrane fraction. EGF treatment decreased the gelsolin mass associated with the membrane fraction in motogenic WT and c'1000 EGFR NR6 cells but not in cells expressing the fully mitogenic, but nonmotogenic c'973 EGFR. Blocking PLC activity with the pharmacologic agent U73122 (1 microM) diminished both this mobilization of gelsolin and EGF-induced motility, suggesting that gelsolin mobilization is downstream of PLC. Concomitantly observed was reorganization of submembranous actin filaments correlating directly with PLC activation and gelsolin mobilization. In vivo expression of a peptide that is reported to compete in vitro with gelsolin in binding to PIP2 dramatically increased basal cell motility in NR6 cells expressing either motogenic (WT and c'1000) or nonmotogenic (c'973) EGFR; EGF did not further augment cell motility and gelsolin mobilization. Cells expressing this peptide demonstrated actin reorganization similar to that observed in EGF-treated control cells; the peptide-induced changes were unaffected by U73122. These data suggest that much of the EGF-induced motility and cytoskeletal alterations can be reproduced by displacement of select actin-modifying proteins from a PIP2-bound state. This provides a signaling mechanism for translating cell surface receptor-mediated biochemical reactions to the cell movement machinery.
Distribution and partial characterization of ice-active molecules associated with sea-ice diatoms

Macromolecular ice-active substances (IASs) that cause pitting of ice-crystal surfaces were previously shown to be associated with two species of Antarctic sea-ice diatom. Here it is shown that IASs are associated with many, if not all, sea-ice diatoms of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, are present in the bottom layer of sea ice in rough proportion to the density of cells, and exist in winter-grown, algae-containing sea ice in different parts of the Southern Ocean and in at least one location in the Arctic. The IASs are retained to varying degrees by dialysis tubing with 50-, 100- and 300-kDa molecular weight cut-offs, suggesting a large molecular weight range, and have a solute requirement (∼≥200 mOsm/kg) for activity. The IASs occur as smears on both native and denaturing electrophoretic gels, which further suggests a heterogeneous nature. One apparently pure sample contained carbohydrate and protein (at an approximate 3:2 ratio on a weight basis), suggesting that the IASs are glycoproteins. The IASs preferentially bind to ice crystals, as they are concentrated in the ice phase of partially frozen solutions.
The ecology of bird communities

The two volumes of John Wiens' Ecology of Bird Communities have applications and importance to the whole field of ecology. The books contain a detailed synthesis of our current understanding of the patterns of organisation of bird communities and of the factors that may determine them, drawing from studies from all over the world. By emphasizing how proper logic and methods have or have not been followed and how different viewpoints have developed historically and have led to controversy, the scope of these books are extended far beyond the study of birds. Processes and Variations discusses the way in which bird community patterns have been interpreted. This second volume examines how the complexity and variability of natural environments may influence efforts to discern and understand the nature of these communities. Graduate students and professionals in avian biology and ecology will find these volumes a valuable stimulus and guide to future field studies and theory development.
CLASS SIZE AND CO‐ORDINATED INSTRUCTION*

Summary. The hypotheses tested were that there would be significant differences in student achievement and preference for section, attributable to class size and co-ordinated instruction. Students were freshmen psychology students (N = 682). Students were randomly assigned to three types of instructional groups: large-experimental (LE), small-experimental (SE), and small-control (SC). For the LE and SE groups instructional materials and assignments were co-ordinated. The major criterion measure tested for cognitive change beyond the acquisition of information. In the main, there were no significant differences in achievement or preferences. However, students consistently perfer small classes (p < .001) when asked directly about this factor, although other responses are not consistent with this expression of attitude.
Old Testament Scholarship in Prospect

APREDICTION as to the future course of Old Testament study, or even as to its objectives, can only be a very personal testament. It is much easier to describe the past than to unveil the future, and even the past presents different faces because of the different spectacles worn by those who look. Furthermore, any statement regarding the future involves one immediately in basic issues regarding the meaning of Old Testament study in modern culture. How does one study and teach the Old Testament today; how will he do so in the years ahead, and for what purpose? There are more and better Bible teachers in our universities, colleges and seminaries than ever before in our country's history, and that number will continue to grow. Since the last war even our academic pagans appear to have been surrendering gradually to the view that religion is indeed an important part of Western culture. It therefore possesses the right to at least a minor spot in any curriculum that analytically reflects on the values of our society. At least this viewpoint seems to be gaining some ground against those who think of any and all religion as sectarian credulity and propaganda. As a result religion departments in our state universities are growing in number and size, and will probably continue to do so. In what way and for what purpose will the Old Testament be studied and taught in such an environment? Before the last war the answer to this question was comparatively easy. We in this country, suffering from a cultural lag in biblical scholarship and only rather dimly aware of what was going on in Europe, seemed very largely to believe that the major questions regarding Old Testament introduction were settled. Even in courses at the college level we began more and more to expound J, E, D and P, and we assumed that the purpose of it all was to trace the growth of monotheism and of religious and ethical ideals from the primitivism of J and pre-J to the heights of insight to be discovered in Second Isaiah and Job. Teaching a course in the Old Testament was quite simple and interesting; it was presenting a vital link in the chain of progress, which by and large was the chief clue to the meaning of our past.
Controlling the Surface Chemistry of Graphite by Engineered Self-Assembled Peptides

The systematic control over surface chemistry is a long-standing challenge in biomedical and nanotechnological applications for graphitic materials. As a novel approach, we utilize graphite-binding dodecapeptides that self-assemble into dense domains to form monolayer-thick long-range-ordered films on graphite. Specifically, the peptides are rationally designed through their amino acid sequences to predictably display hydrophilic and hydrophobic characteristics while maintaining their self-assembly capabilities on the solid substrate. The peptides are observed to maintain a high tolerance for sequence modification, allowing control over surface chemistry via their amino acid sequence. Furthermore, through a single-step coassembly of two differently designed peptides, we predictably and precisely tune the wettability of the resulting functionalized graphite surfaces from 44° to 83°. The modular molecular structures and predictable behavior of short peptides demonstrated here give rise to a novel platform f...
Combined vasodilator and inotropic therapy of heart failure: Experimental and clinical concepts

Vasodilators facilitate ventricular emptying by affording earlier onset of left ventricular (LV) ejection and increased stroke volume with achievement of a reduced end-systolic pressure and volume. Agents with positive inotropic properties increase stroke volume by shifting the end-systolic pressure-volume curve to the left through augmented force and velocity of contraction. With impedence reduction, improvement in pump performance occurs concomitant with reduced cardiac energy requirements (MVO2); positive inotropic agents most circumstances increase MVO2. The combination of a vasodilator and positive inotropic agent, as opposed to either alone, in the conscious animal shifts to the left and increases the slope of the LV end-systolic pressure-volume relation. Cardiac efficiency, defined by the slope of the relation between stroke volume and systolic tension, is increased by the combination of the drugs. In clinical heart failure, nitroprusside alone lowers LV preload with a modest increase in cardiac output (CO); dopamine markedly increases CO with little fall in LV preload. In combination the two agents achieve the individual beneficial effects of each drug, and cardiac efficiency indices are improved. Thus combined vasodilator and inotropic therapy appears to have a sound physiologic rationale and clinically documented beneficial effect superior to either modality alone.
Analogical scaffolding and the learning of abstract ideas in physics: An example from electromagnetic waves

This paper describes a model of analogy, analogical scaffolding, which explains present and prior results of student learning with analogies. We build on prior models of representation, blending, and layering of ideas. Extending this model's explanatory power, we propose ways in which the model can be applied to design a curriculum directed at teaching abstract ideas in physics using multiple, layered analogies. We report on a recent empirical study that motivates this model. Students taught about electromagnetic waves in a curriculum that builds on the model of analogical scaffolding posted substantially greater gains pre- to postinstruction than students taught using a more traditional (non-analogy-based) tutorial (21% vs 7%).
The genetics of pyoderma gangrenosum and implications for treatment: a systematic review

Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare neutrophilic dermatosis characterized by painful skin ulcerations for which treatment can be challenging. The genetic basis of PG may provide a better understanding of the disease and new targets for treatment. We systematically reviewed the published literature regarding the syndromes and genetic mutations associated with PG. A literature search was performed through the clinical queries PubMed (National Library of Medicine) database and the Cochrane database. The studies were assessed and then categorized as relating to syndromes or specific gene mutations. Two hundred and eight articles were identified, describing 823 cases of PG. A total of 537 (65·2%) cases were associated with inflammatory bowel disease, 133 (16·1%) with polyarthritis and 103 (12·5%) with haematological disorders. Thirty-one cases of pyogenic arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum and acne, and its variants, were identified. Two patients had mutations in MTHFR and two had mutations in JAK2. Fourteen (1·7%) cases were familial. PG responded to different treatments depending on the setting. For example, treatment with B vitamins improved PG in cases of mutations in MTHFR, whereas patients with myelodysplastic syndrome improved with thalidomide treatment. PG can occur in isolation, associated with systemic disease or as part of various syndromes. Different genetic causes may be best treated with particular treatments. Understanding its genetic basis can help elucidate new potential targets for drug development.
Differential Glycosylation of the 5A11/HT7 Antigen by Neural Retina and Epithelial Tissues in the Chicken

The 5A11/HT7 antigen, a member of the immunoglobulin supergene family, has been implicated in heterotypic cell-cell interactions during retina development. Immunopurified 5A11 antigen isolated from Nonidet P-40-solubilized retina membranes had two components as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), a 45.5-kDa doublet and a 69-kDa polypeptide. Immunoreactive bands of 46-50 kDa were recognized following SDS-PAGE of detergent-solubilized membrane proteins from liver, kidney, and erythrocytes. Treatment with N-glycosidase F (EC 3.2.2.18) converted the 45.5-50-kDa immunoreactive polypeptides from all tissues to 32 kDa, indicating that the observed differences in molecular mass were due to differences in glycosylation. N-Glycosidase F treatment also converted the 69-kDa form from retina to 46 kDa, indicating a different polypeptide core than the 32-kDa species. Treatment with endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H (EC 3.2.1.96) resulted in modest increases in electrophoretic mobility due to hydrolysis of high mannose or hybrid oligosaccharides and lack of hydrolysis of complex oligosaccharides resistant to endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H digestion. Immunoreactivity was retained after deglycosylation. Much of the difference in molecular weight could be attributed to variations in sialylation. The higher molecular mass species of the 45.5-kDa doublet from retina and the polypeptides from other tissues were susceptible to neuraminidase (EC 3.2.1.18) and O-glycosidase (endo-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase; EC 3.2.1.97) digestion. Labeling with elderberry bark lectin (specific for alpha 2,6-linked sialic acid) was confined to the higher molecular mass species of the 45.5-kDa doublet and was considerably greater in antigen derived from epithelia rather than neural retina. In paraffin sections of chick retina, elderberry bark lectin staining was confined to the retinal pigmented epithelium, photoreceptor cells, and bipolar cells with no staining of the Muller cells, which bear the bulk of the 5A11 antigen. These results indicate tissue-specific posttranslational modifications, particularly differences in sialylation of antigen-bearing polypeptides.
Critical issues in multidatabase systems

Abstract For many applications, a multidatabase approach constitutes an attractive alternative to a single, integrated database. In this paper we describe our experiences gained in the course of the development of experimental multidatabase systems: OMNIBASE, at the University of Houston and InterBase at Purdue University. We concentrate on the problems of query processing and multidatabase transaction management and discuss solutions that were developed within both projects. We identify the main issues related to supporting updates spanning across multiple autonomous databases and define an extended transaction model suitable for heterogeneous computing environments. Then we review the major outstanding research problems and discuss the directions of further research in the area of multidatabase systems.
Correlation between limitation of growth ofPachysolentannophilus on D-xylose with the formation of ethanol and other products

The formation of ethanol, xylitol, ribitol, arabitol and acetic acid from D-xylose byPachysolentannophilus correlated with the limitation of growth. The correlation was consistent with these products being secondary metabolites.
Latinos facing racism: discrimination, resistance, and endurance

The book is analytically and empirically rich and at the same time very readable. Empirically, the book is based on interview data from seventy-two Latino respondents (middle-class professionals fr...
Association between hepatitis B vaccine antibody response and CD4 reconstitution after initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected persons.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine antibody response has been associated with reduced risk of AIDS or death. However, it is unknown whether HBV vaccine responsiveness is associated with improved immune reconstitution during treatment with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). We evaluated the relationship between HBV vaccine response status and CD4 reconstitution on cART in the U.S Military HIV Natural History Study.
Assessing black carbon's effects on climate

Black carbon aerosol, commonly known as soot, plays an important role in Earth's climate system by absorbing solar radiation, affecting cloud processes, and influencing melting of snow and ice. In fact, after carbon dioxide, black carbon is the second most important individual climate forcing agent in the industrial era, a new study indicates. Large sources of black carbon emissions include burning of forests, industrial and residential burning of coal and biomass for fuel, and burning of diesel fuels for transportation.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Correctional Health Care:

Two thirds of all felons released from state prisons are rearrested within 3 years. This appalling recidivism rate explains the intense and growing interest on the topic of desistance from crime. Yet, inexplicably, one of the major factors affecting desistance from crime and the recidivism rate has received scant attention. That factor is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This article establishes the widespread prevalence of ADHD in the prison system and the critical importance of identifying and treating ADHD as an essential component for any best practice models for preventing crime and reducing recidivism. It also examines the major mechanisms whereby ADHD increases the risk for crime and recidivism.
Identification of a novel peptidoglycan hydrolase CwlM in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Abstract Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a major global pathogen whose threat has increased with the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. The cell wall of M. tuberculosis is thick, rigid, and hydrophobic, which serves to protect the organism from the environment and makes it highly impermeable to conventional antimicrobial agents. There is little known about cell wall autolysins (also referred to as peptidoglycan hydrolases) of mycobacteria. We identified an open reading frame (Rv3915) in the M. tuberculosis genome designated cwlM that appeared consistent with a peptidoglycan hydrolase. The 1218-bp gene was amplified by PCR, cloned and expressed in E. coli strain HMS174(DE-3), and its gene product, a 47-kDa recombinant protein, was purified and partially characterized. Purified CwlM was able to lyse whole mycobacteria, release peptidoglycan from the cell wall of Micrococcus luteus and Mycobacterium smegmatis, and cleave N-acetylmuramoyl- l -alanyl- d -isoglutamine, releasing free N-acetylmuramic acid. These results indicate that CwlM is a novel autolysin and identify cwlM as the first, to our knowledge, autolysin gene identified and cloned from M. tuberculosis. CwlM offers a new target for a unique class of drugs that could alter the permeability of the mycobacterial cell wall and enhance the effectiveness of treatments for tuberculosis.
Multiple-process behavioral synthesis for mixed hardware-software systems

Abstract: Systems composed of microprocessors interacting with ASICs are necessarily multiple-process systems, since the controller in the microprocessor is separate from any controllers on the ASIC. For this reason, the design of such systems offers an opportunity to exploit not only hardware-software tradeoffs, but concurrency tradeoffs as well. The paper describes an automated iterative improvement technique for performing concurrency optimization and hardware-software tradeoffs simultaneously. Experimental results illustrate that addressing these two issues simultaneously enables us to identify a number of interesting cost/performance points that would not have been found otherwise.
Second-order Raman scattering in diamond up to 1900 K.

Polarization-resolved second-order Raman spectra of type-IIa natural diamond for the temperature range 300--1900 K are presented. They are compared with similar measurements made on chemical-vapor-deposition-produced diamond. The high-temperature behavior of the measured critical points for this synthetic diamond sample is very similar to that of the natural diamond sample. Most of the observed optical phonons are found to have a thermal and self-energy shift comparable to that of the longitudinal-transverse-optical (LTO) mode in diamond.
Experiential Ethics: A Blueprint for Personal and Corporate Ethics

There is a tendency to think of ethics as a universal body of principles governing human behavior. Richard R. Niebuhr challenges this universalist perspective by examining the development of human consciousness as an individual enterprise originating in immediate human experience. His conclusions lead us towards an understanding of conscience as likewise individual and experiential. It also enables us to identify a corporate consciousness or conscience which accounts for, yet prescinds, individual differences. In effect, Niebuhr's thinking in these matters provides us with a chart or blueprint for better ethical decision-making in business situations.
The Clinical Features of Atrial Flutter and Their Therapeutic Implications

Analysis of 71 patients with atrial flutter delineated two categories of patients. One group (40 patients) had severe decompensated heart disease. Another group (31 patients) was free of structural heart disease or had disease not severe enough to result in congestive failure. Of the latter group 23 had an acute noncardiac illness. In 14 it was a disease of the bronchopulmonary system. Those patients with severe heart disease seldom reverted without electrical countershock during the first five days after hospital admission. The majority of the latter group reverted within five days without such therapy. Those observations are useful to the clinician who must select therapy for his patient with atrial flutter. Failure to appreciate this variability may lead to conflicting or misleading reports regarding the efficacy of newer forms of therapy.
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES OF SPINY POCKET MICE (HETEROMYIDAE: HETEROMYINAE) BASED ON ALLOZYMIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL DATA

Abstract The subfamily Heteromyinae (spiny pocket mice) represents a well-defined monophyletic group within the rodent family Heteromyidae. Although 2 genera of spiny pocket mice, Heteromys and Liomys, are recognized in the subfamily, no phylogenetic analysis has demonstrated their reciprocal monophyly. A recent study using DNA-sequence data from the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b suggested that Liomys is paraphyletic but included few species of Heteromys. Here, we conduct phylogenetic analyses of the subfamily with dense taxonomic sampling using allozymic data from a previous study and external and cranial morphological data; our aim is to assess generic monophyly and elucidate phylogenetic structure within the genera, to the degree possible with these data. We also reidentify selected voucher specimens from the allozymic study. Parsimony-based analyses indicate 3 clades in the subfamily: (A) Liomys irroratus, L. pictus, and L. spectabilis; (B) L. adspersus and L. salvini; and (C) all examined species o...
Integrating Social Science and Behavioral Genetics: Testing the Origin of Socioeconomic Disparities in Depression Using a Genetically Informed Design

Objectives. We tested 3 hypotheses—social causation, social drift, and common cause—regarding the origin of socioeconomic disparities in major depression and determined whether the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and major depression varied by genetic liability for major depression.Methods. Data were from a sample of female twins in the baseline Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders interviewed between 1987 and 1989 (n = 2153). We used logistic regression and structural equation twin models to evaluate these 3 hypotheses.Results. Consistent with the social causation hypothesis, education (odds ratio [OR] = 0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.66, 0.93; P < .01) and income (OR = 0.93; 95% CI = 0.89, 0.98; P < .01) were significantly related to past-year major depression. Upward social mobility was associated with lower risk of depression. There was no evidence that childhood SES was related to development of major depression (OR = 0.98; 95% CI = 0.89, 1.09; ...
Moon-based Advanced Reusable Transportation Architecture

37th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference And Exhibit Salt Lake City, UT, July 8-11, 2001.
Race and Schizophrenia Diagnoses in Four Types of Hospitals

Overdiagnosis of schizophrenia is a mental health disparity that negatively affects Black clients in terms of increased risk of hospitalization and incorrect drug therapy. The present study investi...
Split parturition observed in a captive North American brown bear (Ursus arctos).

Reproductive physiology in North American ursids is characterized by mating from spring to early summer, delayed implantation, and birth during hibernation. During spring 2008, a captive adult female brown bear was mated with two adult males. Pregnancy was determined by elevated progesterone concentrations during late fall before hibernation. Two male cubs were born on December 31, 2008, and a third female cub was born 17 days later on January 16. All were successfully raised and all were confirmed to have identical paternity. When normalized to age, cub growth rates did not differ. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of markedly different birth dates in a single litter of brown bear cubs. Zoo Biol 31: 255–259, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High-resolution records of methane hydrate dissociation: ODP Site 893, Santa Barbara Basin

Abstract Sediment records from ODP Site 893 (Santa Barbara Basin) have documented brief, negative carbon isotopic excursions in the late Quaternary in planktonic and benthic foraminifera. These excursions were interpreted as evidence of major releases of methane from the marine hydrate reservoir, affecting the entire water column and likely reaching the atmosphere. These carbon isotopic excursions are further recorded in the δ13C values and concentration of lipid biomarkers of marine methanotrophs in the basin. Three previously described carbon isotopic excursions are re-examined during this study, at a resolution of every 3–7 years. The original isotopic excursions were sampled at a resolution of once every 50–70 years. Examination using light microscopy and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) indicates that specimens in this study are in excellent condition, with no apparent evidence of postdepositional diagenesis or alteration of the foraminiferal shells. Alternative hypotheses to account for these conspicuous carbon isotopic excursions include postdepositional carbonate diagenesis of the excursion intervals, and changes in surface ocean productivity and carbon export to the sediments. In this study, we further test the hypothesis that these excursions record the primary signal of methane in the water column by intensive analyses of the previously described carbon isotopic excursions. All four carbon isotopic excursions studied are associated with interstadial warming in the basin, time periods that are associated with shifts in the benthic foraminiferal assemblages toward low oxygen fauna. At high resolution, δ13C excursions appear very brief (5–10 years duration), and within this time, planktonic and benthic species record a significant shift in δ13C composition (planktonics to −3‰ and benthics to −6‰). Excursion events are synchronous in benthic and planktonic species within the resolution of these records. In one interval studied (∼37.5 ka), the bulk organic carbon δ13C records a 1‰ negative shift, in concert with the carbon isotopic excursion in benthic and planktonic foraminifera, consistent with a carbon isotopic shift of photosynthetically derived marine organic carbon. We suggest that alternate explanations invoking changes in productivity and/or postdepositional alteration of these intervals cannot account for the entire magnitude of the carbon isotopic excursion nor the diversity of evidence presented here. Thus, methane hydrate destabilization remains a compelling hypothesis to explain the conspicuous δ13C excursions observed in ODP Site 893 and similar late Quaternary excursions described elsewhere.
Learning Radical Planning: The Power of Collective Action:

This article examines how citizens in authoritarian political contexts learn radical planning for social transformation. After identifying a series of gaps in the radical planning literature, the a...
Participants' free-hand drawings of a target face can influence recognition accuracy and the confidence–accuracy correlation

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of participants' free-hand drawings on recognition accuracy and confidence for targets presented in a standard recognition paradigm and a lineup identification task. For both experiments, drawing a target influenced recognition accuracy and the confidence–accuracy correlation. In Experiment 1, the confidence–accuracy correlation was higher for participants completing a drawing than controls. Experiment 2 examined the drawings in relation to participants' decision to choose from the lineups. Once choosing was statistically controlled, the confidence–accuracy correlation for drawers was not higher than controls. These results suggest that the drawing influences the confidence–accuracy correlation by decreasing the likelighood of erroneously rejecting a target-present lineup. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Familial occurrence of congenital pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas in octogenarian siblings without telangiectasis

Abstract In 1897, Churnton 1 described congenital pulmonary arteriovenous (AV) fistulae in a 12-year-old boy. In 1896, Rendu proposed that the familial epistaxes and telangiectases reported by Legg in 1876 were 2 expressions of a single hereditary disorder. 2 In 1907, Osler 3 and Weber 4 formalized the relation that became known as the Rendu-Osler-Weber disease. A decade later, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectases were firmly associated with pulmonary AV fistulas. 2 While isolated congenital pulmonary AV fistulas (i.e., without hereditary telangiectasis) are rare, isolated familial congenital pulmonary AV fistulas were unknown until our experience with the following 2 patients.
Self-Enforcing Consititutions: With an Application to Democratic Stability in America's First Century

Most students of constitutions focus on normative questions or study the effects of particular constitutional provisions. This paper falls into a third and much smaller tradition that attempts to study what makes some constitutions more likely to survive. This paper develops a theory of self-enforcing constitutions and then applies it to the early United States. But for the issue of slavery, constitutional democracy in the United States was self-enforcing by about 1800. Nonetheless, crises over slavery threatened the nation on numerous occasions. The Civil War decisively ended slavery as a source of political division, allowing self-enforcing democracy (for white males) to reemerge following the Compromise of 1877.
God, freedom, and evil : Perspectives from religion and science

This paper develops analogies concerning the evolution of dissipative structures in nonequilibrium thermodynamics to interpret irrational human behavior in which one finds a lack of correspondence between the invested means and the consequences observed. In an attempt to positively explain the process of cooperation between the free human person and interacting God, I use philosophical categories of Whitehead's process philosophy in an aesthetic model that opposes composition and performance in a musical symphony. Certainly, the essence of human freedom can be expressed in neither thermodynamical nor aesthetic terms. The models proposed can, however, facilitate our understanding of the mutual relations between God's action in the world and the drama of human free choice of moral evil.
Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches

Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design provides an overview of the five main traditions of qualitative research. The author explains the uniqueness of each approach and its applicability to different types of inquiry. Illustrative examples from public health and social science fields are provided. The book details study design, question development, data collection and analysis, and summarizing and interpreting results, and how the research process differs according to each approach. This resource can serve as a useful guide for public health practitioners and graduate-level students interested in the theory and practice of rigorous qualitative research.
Factors Associated With the Questions About Behavior Function for Functional Assessment of Low and High Rate Challenging Behaviors in Adults With Intellectual Disability

The assessment of maintaining variables with the goal of developing prosocial intervention plans has become a driving force in the intellectual disabilities (ID) literature. One particularly crucial variable is whether the behavior is low or high rate and whether the challenging behavior is best characterized by self-injury or aggression. Because low rate behaviors present such a challenge to experimental functional analysis, checklist data in the form of the Questions About Behavior Function (QABF) may therefore be particularly useful. The reliability, frequency, and related characteristics of aggression and self-injury of 95 adults with ID were studied. High rate behaviors were reliable, but reliability of QABF functions varied with respect to the challenging behavior assessed. Individual items had higher interrater reliability for aggression compared to self-injury.
Entrainment in a shear-free turbulent mixing layer

Results from a direct numerical simulation of a shear-free turbulent mixing layer are presented. The mixing mechanisms associated with the turbulence are isolated. In the first set of simulations, the turbulent mixing layer decays as energy is exchanged between the layers. Energy spectra with E(k) ∼ k2 and E(k) ∼ k4 dependence at low wavenumber are used to initialize the flow to investigate the effect of initial conditions. The intermittency of the mixing layer is quantified by the skewness and kurtosis of the velocity fields: results compare well with the shearless mixing layer experiments of Veeravalli & Warhaft (1989). Eddies of size of the integral scale (k3/2/∈) penetrate the mixing layer intermittently, transporting energy and causing the layer to grow. The turbulence in the mixing layer can be characterized by eddies with relatively large vertical kinetic energy and vertical length scale. In the second set of simulations, a forced mixing layer is created by continuously supplying energy in a local region to maintain a stationary kinetic energy profile. Assuming the spatial decay of r.m.s. velocity is of the form u &∞ yn, predictions of common two-equation turbulence models yield values of n ranging from -1.25 to -2.5. An exponent of -1.35 is calculated from the forced mixing layer simulation. In comparison, oscillating grid experiments yield decay exponents between n = -1 (Hannoun et al. 1989) and n = -1.5 (Nokes 1988). Reynolds numbers of 40 and 58, based on Taylor microscale, are obtained in the decaying and forced simulations, respectively. Components of the turbulence models proposed by Mellor & Yamada (1986) and Hanjalic & Launder (1972) are analysed. Although the isotropic models underpredict the turbulence transport, more complicated anisotropic models do not represent a significant improvement. Models for the pressure-strain tensor, based on the anisotropy tensor, performed adequately.
Simultaneous Observation of Phase-Stepped Images for Photoelasticity Using Diffraction Gratings

Phase-stepped photoelasticity is a powerful method for full-field stress analysis, but sequential collection of the multiple required images limits the technique to static loading applications. We have developed a system that utilizes diffraction gratings to collect four phase-stepped images simultaneously with a single camera for transient loading applications. Two adjacent, perpendicularly oriented, 1D Ronchi rulings are placed after a transparent sample to split the light into equal intensity beams for each diffraction order. The four beams that are diffracted once in the x direction and once in the y direction transmit through arrays of analyzing polariscope elements, with different combinations of fast-axis orientations for four phase-stepped images. The mirrors and imaging lenses in the system work in concert to focus each beam onto separate quadrants of the same CCD. We demonstrate the system for stress analysis of compressive loading of a Homalite-100 disk and of a Homalite-100 plate with a central hole. This system has the potential for photoelastic analysis of time-dependent materials and of dynamic events, when equipped with a high-speed camera.
A systematic review of near real-time and point-of-care clinical decision support in anesthesia information management systems

Anesthesia information management systems (AIMS) are sophisticated hardware and software technology solutions that can provide electronic feedback to anesthesia providers. This feedback can be tailored to provide clinical decision support (CDS) to aid clinicians with patient care processes, documentation compliance, and resource utilization. We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed articles on near real-time and point-of-care CDS within AIMS using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols. Studies were identified by searches of the electronic databases Medline and EMBASE. Two reviewers screened studies based on title, abstract, and full text. Studies that were similar in intervention and desired outcome were grouped into CDS categories. Three reviewers graded the evidence within each category. The final analysis included 25 articles on CDS as implemented within AIMS. CDS categories included perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis, post-operative nausea and vomiting prophylaxis, vital sign monitors and alarms, glucose management, blood pressure management, ventilator management, clinical documentation, and resource utilization. Of these categories, the reviewers graded perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis and clinical documentation as having strong evidence per the peer reviewed literature. There is strong evidence for the inclusion of near real-time and point-of-care CDS in AIMS to enhance compliance with perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis and clinical documentation. Additional research is needed in many other areas of AIMS-based CDS.
Childhood Misfortune, Personality, and Heart Attack: Does Personality Mediate Risk of Myocardial Infarction?

Objective Previous research has revealed a link between childhood experiences and adult health, but the mechanisms underlying this relationship are less clear. To elucidate this relationship, we investigated the pathway from childhood misfortune to nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) via individual differences in personality. Method Longitudinal data were drawn from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States, which sampled 3,032 men and women aged 25-74 years at baseline. Big 5 personality traits and multiple measures of childhood misfortune were used to assess whether personality mediated the effect of childhood misfortune on MI risk. Results A series of proportional hazards models revealed that neuroticism mediated the effect of additive childhood misfortune on adult MI risk. Discussion Childhood misfortune may be formative in the development of personality, which, subsequently, can be consequential to health. These findings highlight the salient roles of early-life experiences and personality to shape health and aging.
Rapid assessment of average ratios: application to turnover studies

The calculation of a set of ratios from two sets of paired experimental data is a common practice. The ratio of the averages of two sets is in general not equal to the average of the ratios of individual pairs, and there is no predictable relation if both sets of data are unspecified real numbers. However, we prove here that the ratio of averages is the minimum bound for the average of ratios if the numerators of each ratio are identical. This is the practice for many steady-state turnover experiments, and thus summary data can be reliably utilized in this case.
Tunable Modulus Structures utilizing Fluidic Flexible Matrix Composites: Analytical and Experimental Investigations

2MC structures are based upon fluid-filled flexible matrix composite tubes, and previous investigations have shown that several orders of magnitude change in modulus can theoretically be achieved by opening and closing the inlet valve to the tubes. In this paper, a simple analytical model of the F 2 MC system is developed that captures the dynamics of the composite tube, the servovalve, and the flow rate of the fluid through the valve. A combined observer/regulator control system is determined using linearized equations of motion and is applied to the nonlinear system. Analysis and experimental results demonstrate that the F 2 MC system can track a desired force-displacement curve using active valve control.
Rights, Boundaries, and the Bonds of Community: A Qualified Defense of Moral Parochialism

One effect of the cosmopolitan turn in recent political philosophy is that widely held beliefs and intuitions are being called into question. My purpose here is to scrutinize one of these beliefs—that we should attend to the needs of our compatriots before the needs of the foreigners—from the perspective of a rights-based theory. After sketching a theory that takes the right of autonomy as its cornerstone, I consider four arguments that might support the intuition that compatriots take priority. Only one of the four is sound, I conclude, and even this argument, the argument from reciprocity, supports the intuition only in a highly qualified form.
Paving the way for NFV: simplifying middlebox modifications using StateAlyzr

Important Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) scenarios such as ensuring middlebox fault tolerance or elasticity require redistribution of internal middlebox state. While many useful frameworks exist today for migrating/ cloning internal state, they require modifications to middlebox code to identify needed state. is process is tedious and manual, hindering the adoption of such frameworks. We present a framework-independent system, StateAlyzr, that embodies novel algorithms adapted from program analysis to provably and automatically identify all state that must be migrated/cloned to ensure consistent middlebox output in the face of redistribution. We find that StateAlyzr reducesman-hours required for code modification by nearly 20×. We apply State-Alyzr to four open source middleboxes and find its algorithms to be highly precise. We find that a large amount of, but not all, live state matters toward packet processing in these middleboxes. StateAlyzr's algorithms can reduce the amount of state that needs redistribution by 600- 8000× compared to naive schemes.
Several critical issues about response to A (H1N1) influenza

正当人类面对全球金融危机和经济衰退的艰难时刻,又突然遭遇一种新的流感病毒变异株感染流行的挑战,颇有些不知所措.WHO最初将此称之为猪流感,世界动物卫生组织(OIE)提出反对,理由是感染和流行是人间的事,与猪无关.为此WHO旋即更名为甲型(H1N1)流感.几天后,加拿大政府又宣布,该国检测证实了人甲型(H1N1)流感病毒传染给猪群的事实,看来并非与猪无关.这只是一个例子,说明甲型(H1N1)流感对人类还是一团谜,谜底可能需要一定的时间才能逐个揭开.最需要的是认真观察、思索、研究和交流.以下面就预防控制甲型(H1N1)流感的几个关键问题提出见解,与同行讨论。
Persistent-current switch for pancake coils of rare earth-barium-copper-oxide high-temperature superconductor: Design and test results of a double-pancake coil operated in liquid nitrogen (77–65 K) and in solid nitrogen (60–57 K)

We present design and test results of a superconducting persistent current switch (PCS) for pancake coils of rare-earth-barium-copper-oxide, REBCO, high-temperature superconductor (HTS). Here, a REBCO double-pancake (DP) coil, 152-mm ID, 168-mm OD, 12-mm high, was wound with a no-insulation technique. We converted a ∼10-cm long section in the outermost layer of each pancake to a PCS. The DP coil was operated in liquid nitrogen (77–65 K) and in solid nitrogen (60–57 K). Over the operating temperature ranges of this experiment, the normal-state PCS enabled the DP coil to be energized; thereupon, the PCS resumed the superconducting state and the DP coil field decayed with a time constant of 100 h, which would have been nearly infinite, i.e., persistent-mode operation, were the joint across the coil terminals superconducting.
Advanced propulsion systems for space flight.

For flights over lunar and planetary distances, propulsion systems producing more total impulse per unit mass of propellant and unit mass of vehicle than provided by chemical rocket engines are desirable. Among many different nonchemical space propulsion systems considered only two have reached a level of significant development. These systems are the nuclear fission rocket, and the electric rocket. A third system, the nuclear fusion rocket, may come into being after the problem of controlling the fusion reaction has been solved.
Noriko Manabe, The Revolution Will Not Be Televised: Protest Music after Fukushima

Noriko Manabe’s book on protest music since the triple disaster at Fukushima in 2011 takes its title from the seminal 1970 song-poem by Gil Scott-Heron, ‘The Revolution Will Not Be Televised’. The ...
Challenging Gender Inequality Within the State: Policy Agencies and Quota Laws in Latin America

As part of democratization, Latin American nations created institutions to increase women’s political representation and to promote gender equality. This chapter compares the implementation and success of the national gender machinery in Chile (Servicio Nacional de la Mujer) to Argentina’s pioneering gender quota law. Both institutional mechanisms succeded in representing women's interest in certain policy areas. Yet, neither policy agencies nor gender quotas can fully combat women’s marginalization within the apparatus of the state as a whole. The chapter suggest that institutional layering, meaning the evolution of new formal rules and informal practices, can either challenge or uphold elite mes's dominance over the policy agenda.