cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Addendum to "Renormalization-group-improved Yennie-Frautschi-Suura theory"

The expression for the real infrared function $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{B}$ in an earlier paper is extended in this addendum to obtain the complete expression for $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{B}$. This will facilitate comparison of the results in the earlier paper with those in its recent applications to SLAC Linear Collider and CERN LEP physics, wherein the non-infrared-divergent parts of $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{B}$ have been found to be numerically important for the highest precision. These latter parts of $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{B}$ were omitted earlier for pedagogical reasons. Hence, they are given in this addendum for reasons of practice.
Ca2+-induced fusion of phospholipid vesicles monitored by mixing of aqueous contents

Ca2+ has a central role in various cellular phenomena involving membrane fusion1–3. However, little is known about the mechanisms involved. Model membrane systems such as phospholipid vesicles have been used extensively to study the mechanism of membrane fusion at the molecular level4. For example, phosphatidylserine (PS) vesicles have been shown to undergo massive aggregation and structural rearrangements on addition of Ca2+, with eventual formation of large cochleate structures5–8. Although these structures do not retain appreciable internal volume, their formation has been proposed to result from fusion of the initial vesicles5–8. The significance of the PS–Ca2+ system as a model for biological membrane fusion has been questioned recently by Ginsberg9. Based on the observation that divalent cations induce the release of contents from PS vesicles but fail to bring about the uptake of a marker from the medium, he proposes that the vesicles are ruptured completely during interaction with divalent cations and reassemble subsequently to form large non-vesicular structures. The present study demonstrates that the question raised by Ginsberg9 is not particularly relevant to the phenomenon concerned, and that his experimental observations do not allow the exclusive conclusion that Ca2+ induces lysis of PS vesicles rather than fusion.
Characterization of limits of Bayes procedures

Abstract For the problem of estimating the natural parameter of a p-dimensional exponential family, a characterization of regular limits of Bayes procedures is obtained which generalizes results of Sacks [14], Brown [3], and Berger and Srinivasan [1]. The form is deduced under regularity conditions for the loss function which are more general than squared error. As a corollary it is then stated that the class of procedures with this form is a complete class. The parameter space may be open, and when it is closed, the limits of Bayes procedures are generalized Bayes.
DISTURBANCE-MEDIATED COMPETITION AND THE SPREAD OF PHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS IN A COASTAL MARSH

In recent decades the grass Phragmites australis has been aggressively in- vading coastal, tidal marshes of North America, and in many areas it is now considered a nuisance species. While P. australis has historically been restricted to the relatively benign upper border of brackish and salt marshes, it has been expanding seaward into more phys- iologically stressful regions. Here we test a leading hypothesis that the spread of P. australis is due to anthropogenic modification of coastal marshes. We did a field experiment along natural borders between stands of P. australis and the other dominant grasses and rushes (i.e., matrix vegetation) in a brackish marsh in Rhode Island, USA. We applied a pulse disturbance in one year by removing or not removing neighboring matrix vegetation and adding three levels of nutrients (specifically nitrogen) in a factorial design, and then we monitored the aboveground performance of P. australis and the matrix vegetation. Both disturbances increased the density, height, and biomass of shoots of P. australis, and the effects of fertilization were more pronounced where matrix vegetation was removed. Clear- ing competing matrix vegetation also increased the distance that shoots expanded and their reproductive output, both indicators of the potential for P. australis to spread within and among local marshes. In contrast, the biomass of the matrix vegetation decreased with increasing severity of disturbance. Disturbance increased the total aboveground production of plants in the marsh as matrix vegetation was displaced by P. australis. A greenhouse experiment showed that, with increasing nutrient levels, P. australis allocates proportionally more of its biomass to aboveground structures used for spread than to belowground struc- tures used for nutrient acquisition. Therefore, disturbances that enrich nutrients or remove competitors promote the spread of P. australis by reducing belowground competition for nutrients between P. australis and the matrix vegetation, thus allowing P. australis, the largest plant in the marsh, to expand and displace the matrix vegetation. Reducing nutrient load and maintaining buffers of matrix vegetation along the terrestrial-marsh ecotone will, therefore, be important methods of control for this nuisance species.
Country-Risk Assessment System in Banks: Patterns and Performance

The country-risk assessment function in U.S. banks has risen in importance with the recent growth in international lending. This paper, which is based on a field study of 50 U.S. banks, identifies 4 common organizational types of country-risk assessment, probes their strengths and weakness, examines their determinants, and analyzes the importance of organizational and technical development to various dimensions of system performance.
Inter-Response Times in categorized free recall

Free recall of categorized word lists was subjected to an analysis of Inter-Response Times (IRTs). Earlier results, which showed a clear difference between IRTs occurring within a conceptual category and IRTs occurring at the transition between categories, were replicated. The inclusion of a new experimental condition allowed inferences to be made about constituent processes which produce the between-category IRTs. The inferred processes were combined into a model which, it was shown, produced IRT data comparable to that observed in the experiment.
Sublingual L-hyoscyamine for duodenal antimotility during ERCP: a prospective randomized double-blinded study

Background ERCP is often made difficult by duodenal motility. Glucagon is typically used to inhibit this motility. L-hyoscyamine is an antimuscarinic, anticholinergic agent shown to be a feasible intravenous alternative to glucagon. Objective Demonstrate whether pre-ERCP sublingual L-hyoscyamine reduces the amount of glucagon required to complete ERCP. Design Randomized, double-blinded clinical trial of 200 participants assigned to receive L-hyoscyamine 0.5 mg or a placebo sublingually before ERCP. Comparative costs were determined. Setting Tertiary referral university hospital in the intermountain west. Patients Mix of inpatients and outpatients. Main Outcome Measurements The amount of supplemental glucagon required to complete ERCP was recorded, along with procedural outcomes and adverse effects. Results The 2 groups (101 L-hyoscyamine, 99 placebo) were equally matched in terms of patient and procedure characteristics. There was a decrease in the amount of glucagon required to complete ERCP in the L-hyoscyamine group versus the placebo group, but the reduction was not statistically significant. No differences in complication rates, procedural difficulty, success rates, adverse drug effects, or patient disposition existed between the L-hyoscyamine and placebo groups. Limitations Procedures were performed by more than 1 endoscopist, and rescue glucagon was administered at the sole discretion of the endoscopist; this introduced variation in glucagon administered among the participants. Conclusions Preprocedure administration of sublingual L-hyoscyamine did not reduce the amount of glucagon required to complete ERCP.
The Aloha Shirt and Ethnicity in Hawai'i

AbstractHawaii's aloha shirt features brightly colored textiles; this article presents the design evolution of these textiles used in the aloha shirt for each decade from its origin in the 1930s to 2000. Based on a study of over 1,000 shirts and textiles, this study shows that Hawaiian prints and the aloha shirt developed as a result of contributions from several, ethnic groups in multiethnic Hawai'i where there is no ethnic majority. Throughout the decades of the twentieth century, the Hawaiian prints featured in the aloha shirt provided visual testimony to the importance of ethnicity in Hawai'i. This article posits that in a multiethnic society, ethnic dress can function symbolically as a cultural marker representing inclusivity rather than exclusivity. In Hawai'i, the aloha shirt has become a symbol of a pan-ethnic identity and visualy separates insiders from outsiders. To those who live in Hawai'i, it is a visible symbol of their multiethnic heritage.
The Goldilocks Problem of the specificity of visual phenomenal content

Existentialist accounts maintain that visual phenomenal content takes the logical form of an existentially quantified sentence. These accounts do not make phenomenal content specific enough. Singularist accounts posit a singular content in which the seen object is a constituent. These accounts make phenomenal content too specific. My account gets the specificity of visual phenomenal content just right. My account begins with John Searle's suggestion that visual experience represents an object as seen, moves this relation outside the scope of the existential quantifier and then replaces it with the relation of objects being ‘present as accessible’, as described by Alva Noe.
Pairing and spin distribution effects on the yrast line

Abstract The shape of the yrast line in the paired region is studied on the basis ofthe uniform model and of two extreme spin projection distributions. It is shown that the form of the yrast line depends strongly upon the assumed spin projection distribution.
Relative weighting of positive and negative information and confidence in reports of behavioral intentions

Trait descriptions that varied in polarity from a neutral description were formed in order to compare the relative weights of positive and negative traits on reports of behavioral intentions (BIs). Forty-four Ss made marital BI judgments, and 82 Ss reported employ BIs. Negative traits were weighted more heavily than positive traits. Confidence in BI reports increased as the descriptions increased in polarity, but negative information did not consistently evoke more confidence than positive information. Hypotheses suggesting different patterns of responses to marital and employ BIs were not supported.
Expression of 3-OH trichothecene acetyltransferase in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and effects on deoxynivalenol

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused primarily by Fusarium graminearum, has been the most destructive disease of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in the USA since the early 1990s, resulting in large economic losses for growers. The fungus produces the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON), a protein synthesis inhibitor, which is harmful to humans and livestock. Chemically modifying DON could reduce DON accumulation in the grain. We introduced Tri101, which encodes a 3-OH trichothecene acetyltransferase that converts DON to a less toxic acetylated form, into the cultivar ConlonthroughparticlebombardmentofcallusinanattempttodetoxifyDON.Southernanalyses confirmedsixindependentintegrationsofTri101 intothebarleygenome. Northern,Western andtrichothecene acetyltransferase activityanalysesconfirmedtheinheritanceandexpressionofTri101 in the progenies of three independent transgenic lines. Greenhouse tests of T3 and T4 transgenic lines showed a reduction in DON concentration; however, field tests of T4 transgenic lines showed no reduction in DON accumulation. The field tests also showed the presence of somaclonal variation in the transgenic plants. The backcrossed transgenic lines were tested in the field and showed no reduction in DON accumulation. The backcrossed transgenic lines had reduced trichothecene acetyltransferase activity compared to the T4 lines and DON levels comparable to wildtype Conlon barley under field tests. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
Effect of Synthetic Vitamin K Compounds on Prothrombin Concentration in Man

SummaryThree synthetic vitamin K compounds were administered to 26 patients with hypoprothrombinemia. Following treatment the prothrombin concentration: (1) was markedly elevated in 11 patients with obstructive jaundice, (2) was not elevated in 8 and only slightly elevated in 3 patients with chronic diseases of the liver; (3) was not elevated in 1 patient, and after an initial delay was elevated in 1 patient with acute diseases of the liver; (4) was moderately elevated in 2 patients, one with non-tropical sprue, and the other with gastro-colic fistula. When considered in terms of the dosages employed, there were no significant qualitative differences in the relative effectiveness of the three compounds. No untoward reactions were observed except that the patients receiving large doses of 4-amino-2-methyl-naphthol-hydrochloride complained of slight burning pain at the site of injection.
Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of granulocytic sarcoma: a clinicopathologic study of 27 cases.

BACKGROUND Because of morphologic similarities, the differential diagnosis of granulocytic sarcoma (GS) in fine-needle aspiration (FNA) specimens includes non-Hodgkin or Hodgkin lymphoma, extramedullary hematopoiesis, poorly differentiated carcinoma, and infection. METHODS Twenty-six FNAs and 1 pleural effusion fluid specimen of GS obtained from 23 patients were reviewed for cytomorphologic features and clinical characteristics. The cases were categorized as blastic, immature, or mature GS based on the population of the cells present on the smears. RESULTS The patients included 18 men and 5 women (mean age, 54 years). Aspiration sites included subcutaneous or soft tissue (15 cases), lymph nodes (5 cases), bones (3 cases), testis (1 case), ileum (1 case), and liver (1 case). One sample of pleural effusion fluid also was included. Review of the patients' clinical history revealed that GS was secondary to chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in 17 patients, was secondary to chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) in 2 patients, and was secondary to acute myelogenous leukemia in 2 patients. GS preceded the manifestation of CML in one patient and of CMML in another patient. Based on the proportions of cells, morphologic classification was attempted and revealed blastic GS in 8 aspirates and 1 pleural effusion fluid specimen, immature GS in 13 aspirates, and mature GS in 5 aspirates. Twelve of 22 specimens from extranodal sites (55%) demonstrated lymphoglandular bodies in the background. Five aspirates showed rare eosinophilic myelocytes. Auer rods were not identified in any of the aspirates. Immunophenotypic and histochemical studies confirmed myeloid and/or myelomonocytic differentiation. CONCLUSIONS GS especially can be confused with non-Hodgkin lymphoma because of morphologic similarities of the blasts to large cell lymphoma, the presence of lymphoglandular bodies, and the rarity of Auer rods and eosinophilic myelocytes. In conjunction with careful cytomorphologic evaluation, knowledge of the patient's clinical history and use of appropriate immunophenotypic studies should lead to a correct diagnosis. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2000;90:364–372. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
Enhanced delivery of chemotherapy to tumors using a multicomponent nanochain with radio-frequency-tunable drug release.

While nanoparticles maximize the amount of chemotherapeutic drug in tumors relative to normal tissues, nanoparticle-based drugs are not accessible to the majority of cancer cells because nanoparticles display patchy, near-perivascular accumulation in tumors. To overcome the limitations of current drugs in their molecular or nanoparticle form, we developed a nanoparticle based on multicomponent nanochains to deliver drug to the majority of cancer cells throughout a tumor while reducing off-target delivery. The nanoparticle is composed of three magnetic nanospheres and one doxorubicin-loaded liposome assembled in a 100 nm long chain. These nanoparticles display prolonged blood circulation and significant intratumoral deposition in tumor models in rodents. Furthermore, the magnetic particles of the chains serve as a mechanical transducer to transfer radio frequency energy to the drug-loaded liposome. The defects on the liposomal walls trigger the release of free drug capable of spreading throughout the entir...
Regulation of bovine adipose tissue metabolism during lactation. 4. Dose-responsiveness to epinephrine as altered by stage of lactation.

Abstract Adaptations in adipose tissue lipolysis responsiveness to doses of epinephrine were determined in first lactation Holstein cows. Subcutaneous adipose tissue was biopsied at −30, −15, 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 d about first calving. Glycerol and fatty acid release from tissue triglycerides were determined in vitro in the presence of 10 −8 to 10 −4 M epinephrine. Basal lipolysis increased postpartum and remained elevated through 240 d of lactation. Glycerol release in response to graded doses of epinephrine increased from 30 d prepartum to 30 d postpartum and remained elevated through 240 d. The highest net response was reached at 120 d and was maintained to 240 d. Increases during lactation were noted in actual glycerol release, net response (stimulated minus basal activity), and maximum net response (calculated from reciprocal plots). Maximal and submaximal response of fatty acid release to epinephrine increased post partum with maximal adaptation occurring by 30 d and remaining elevated through 240 d. Maximum net response of glycerol release at 30 d was related positively (r = .73) to milk energy secretion and negatively to energy intake (r = −.57) and energy balance (r= −.79). Net maximum free fatty acid response at 120 d related positively (r = .89) to milk energy secretion and negatively (r = −.81) to energy balance. The epinephrine responsiveness of adipose tissue increases during lactation in a manner consistent with whole body energy inputs and outputs.
Insulin-like growth factor-I action on hypothyroid rat pituitary cells: suppression of triiodothyronine-induced growth hormone secretion and messenger ribonucleic acid levels.

T3 stimulates in vitro GH secretion, whereas somatomedins have been shown to suppress GH. We, therefore, tested the effects of a recombinant human insulin-like growth factor analog (IGF-I; Thr 59) on T3-induced GH secretion. Pituitary monolayer cultures were derived from 4- to 7-week surgically thyroidectomized male rats and grown in hypothyroid medium stripped of T3 and T4. Hypothyroid pituitary cell monolayers secreted low levels of GH (200 ng/ml-72 h). GH secretion was stimulated (185% of T3-free controls) by the addition of T3 (0.1 nM) during 48 h of incubation. IGF-I (up to 13 nM) did not alter basal GH secretion, but inhibited the induction of GH by T3. IGF-I (0.65 nM) suppressed the 3.5-fold induction of GH by 0.25 nM T3 by 35% (p <O.001), whereas maximal (68%) GH suppression was seen with 6.5 nM IGF-I (p <0.001). The inhibition of T3-induced GH by IGF-I occurred after 24 h. By 72 h, IGF-I (3.25 nM) suppressed GH stimulation by up to 1 nM T3 [213 ± 12 (±SE) vs. 88 ± 8 ng GH/104 cells]. Insulin, epi...
An ocean-bottom seismometer suitable for arrays

Abstract We have developed a cheap and simple three-component ocean-bottom seismometer. One vertical and two horizontal seismometers are levelled in a boat floating on thick silicone oil in the lower half of a buoyant spherical pressure case. Signals are compressed by recording the bipolar square root directly on magnetic tape moving at 1 mm s −1 . The nominalbandwidth is 2 to 100 Hz, and a special 24-cm reel of tape will run for 500 h. Fast emplacement is obtained by lodging the buoyant spheres in heavy flower-pot shaped concrete anchors that have stable descent characteristics. Five successful drops have been made with two prototypes in epoxy resin spheres, and clear arrivals from shots and earthquakes have been received.
Ozona sandstone, Val Verde Basin, Texas: Synorogenic stratigraphy and depositional history in a Permian foredeep basin

The Ozona sandstone is a record of Permian synorogenic sedimentation in a foreland basin. The Ozona comprises terrigenous clastic slope and basin systems overlain by mixed clastic-carbonate shelf-ramp systems. Ozona sandstones form low-permeability gas reservoirs in Crockett County, Texas. I used wire-line logs and cores to map Ozona genetic stratigraphy and to reconstruct the depositional and tectonic history during the final phase of the Ouachita orogeny. Ozona depositional systems are composed of sandy turbidite channel and lobe genetic facies enclosed in laterally extensive muddy turbidite sheets and hemipelagic drapes. Channel and lobe complexes and turbidite sheets together form basin-floor apron systems. Coeval slope systems are mud-dominated products of mass transport processes. Sediment dispersal systems evolved from point sourced to line sourced.Ozona sequence development was primarily controlled by tectonic uplift and subsidence. Stratal geometries, facies associations, sediment input patterns, and depocenter locations are stable within sequences, but they change across sequence boundaries in response to tectonically driven changes in basin geomorphology. Onlapping stratal geometries in the lower sequence record excess accommodation space in the study area as plate convergence progressed from south to north. Offlapping strata in the middle and upper sequences formed in response to reduced accommodation space and intraforeland uplift in the north. At the base of each sequence, sandstone depocenters step toward the thrust belt in response to thrust-sheet loading and foredeep subsidence, but within each sequence, depocenters migrate away from the thrust belt. Foredeep migration through time provides a predictive tool for locating Ozona reservoir analogs farther south in Val Verde Basin.
Evidence-based practice and the ethics of discretion:

• Summary: The purported purpose of literature in the helping professions is to contribute to helping clients. Most authors who prepare articles are employed in universities and colleges which claim to value the pursuit of truth. Yet the professional literature is rife with inflated claims of what ‘we know’ and ‘do not know’ as well as distortions of ideas and issues. Nowhere is this more obvious than in the steady misrepresentation of the process and philosophy of evidence-based practice (EBP). Authors have exercised their discretion to misinform rather than to inform readers about this new idea that is so compatible with social work values and obligations described in professional codes of ethics (for example, to involve clients as informed participants and to be competent) and so sensitive to practitioners’ need for tools that enable them to meet ethical obligations in a context of uncertainty and lack of resources when making life-affecting decisions.• Findings: Evidence-based practice was developed t...
The Impact of Climate Change on Crop Yields in Sub-Saharan Africa

This study estimates of the impact of climate change on yields for the four most commonly grown crops (millet, maize, sorghum and cassava) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). A panel data approach is used to relate yields to standard weather variables, such as temperature and precipitation, and sophisticated weather measures, such as evapotranspiration and the standardized precipitation index (SPI). The model is estimated using data for the period 1961-2002 for 37 countries. Crop yields through 2100 are predicted by combining estimates from the panel analysis with climate change predictions from general circulation models (GCMs). Each GCM is simulated under a range of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) assumptions. Relative to a case without climate change, yield changes in 2100 are near zero for cassava and range from –19% to +6% for maize, from –38% to –13% for millet and from –47% to –7% for sorghum under alternative climate change scenarios.
MO‐D‐201B‐03: Evolutionary Trends in Indirect Detection X‐Ray Imager Technology Punctuated by Adaptive Innovation: From Active Matrix Flat‐Panel Imagers to Single‐Photon‐Counting Area Detectors

From initial conception in the 1980's to widespread clinical implementation over the last decade, active matrix, flat‐panel imagers (AMFPIs) have ridden an incredible technological wave associated with the thin‐film electronics used in active matrix, liquid crystal displays. Despite the many benefits and advantages of contemporary AMFPIs, constraints imposed by their physical construction, performance and cost encourage further innovation. Some possible sources for such innovation originate from recent developments in thin‐film electronics driven by the display industry's need for ever‐larger area, brighter, less expensive, less power‐hungry, and flexible devices. In this presentation, the design and limitations of AMFPIs will be reviewed, a variety of conceivable technological directions for overcoming these limitations will be presented, and the potential capabilities of future x‐ray imagers will be discussed. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the basic principles, as well as the fundamental limits, of present‐day active matrix, flat‐panel x‐ray imagers 2. Understand the possible evolution of imager development 3. Understand the potential capabilities of future imagers
Regulatory factors in hormonally induced polyarteritis nodosa in rats

Diffuse polyarteritis was induced in rats by the long-term administration of estrogen and follicle-stimulating hormones. Tumorous changes also appeared in the anterior pituitary gland which were associated with cortical adenoma of the adrenal. It was postulated that mineralo-corticoid secretions of the latter played a role in the pathogenesis of the vasculitis. Polyarteritis nodose esseva inducite in rattos per le administration a longe vista de estrogeno e hormones folliculo-stimu-lante. Alterationes tumorose appareva etiam in le glandula pituitari anterior, associate con adenoma cortical del glandula adrenal. Esseva postulate que secretiones mineralocorticoide del glandula adrenal habeva un rolo in le pathogenese del vasculitis.
Adaptive absorbing boundary conditions for high accuracy scattering

Two kinds of absorbing boundary conditions (ABCs) are described in the literature: global ABCs that provide exact results but generate dense matrices on the boundary, and local ABCs that provide approximate results but generate sparse matrices. Both kinds of ABCs may be used to truncate solution regions to finite size with finite element or finite difference methods. However, heretofore, developers had to choose between the high accuracy but slow speed of global ABCs, or the low accuracy but high speed of local ABCs. The paper proposes a new, adaptive approach for generating local ABCs. In this adaptive procedure, the scattered field is computed iteratively and the parameters defining the local ABC at each point on the boundary adapt to the local characteristics of the scattered field. The result is a ABC with high efficiency because it maintains the sparsity of the finite element or finite difference matrix, yet it provides high accuracy because the local parameters ate adjusted to converge to exact results. >
Primary social relationships influence the development of the hypothalamic--pituitary--adrenal axis in the rat.

Abstract In the developing rodent, there is a period from about days 4 to 14 when the adrenal response to stress is either minimal or non-existent. This has been designated as the stress hyporesponsive period (SHRP). Numerous experiments have demonstrated that maternal factors are critical for the regulation of the pup's hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and the maintenance of the SHRP. Following 24 h of maternal deprivation, the neonatal rat shows elevated basal levels of corticosterone (CORT) and exhibits a robust CORT and ACTH response to mild stress. Further, c- fos mRNA in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is enhanced following stress in deprived pups. At least three aspects of maternal behavior play a role in the regulation of the HPA axis during development. Tactile stimulation appears capable of inhibiting most of the brain-related changes that occur following maternal deprivation. Feeding is essential for maintaining the adrenal-unresponsive and reduces the sensitivity of the adrenal to ACTH. Passive contact suppresses the response to stress. In the adult, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is the major neuropeptide that controls pituitary ACTH secretion. In the maternally deprived pup, CRH gene transcription is downregulated and arginine vasopressin (AVP) appears to assume the major regulatory hormone that modulates ACTH. These data all indicate that maternal factors are responsible for actively inhibiting the endocrine responses to stress postnatally. Thus, during development, most of the peripheral and central stress-responsive systems are capable of being activated. However, under conditions of normal dam–pup interactions, these responses are mostly suppressed by the dam's behavioral interaction with the pups.
On the problem of time jitter in sampling

There are many communication as well as control systems--in fact, an increasing number of them--in which at some stage a continuous data source is sampled "periodically," at the nominal rate of 2 W samples a second, W being the highest frequency component of the data. There are, generally speaking, two kinds of errors introduced by the sampling mechanism: errors in amplitude and errors in timing, or "time jitter." This paper is concerned with the latter. We assume a random model for the jitter. We begin with a study of the properties of the jittered samples for both deterministic and stochastic signals. Depending on the stochastic properties of the jitter, the presence of a discrete component in the signal may give rise to new discrete components as a result of jitter. Generally speaking, however, the effect of jitter is to produce a (frequency) selective attenuation as well as a uniform spectral density component. The more correlation in the jitter, the less the spectral distribution is affected. Various measures of the "error" due to jitter are estimated. Thus the error may be the mean square in the fitted samples or some linear or nonlinear operation thereof. Also, weighted mean-square errors are considered, and general methods of estimating these errors are developed. The problem of optimal use of the jittered samples is next considered. Interpreting the optimality to be in the mean-square sense, an explicit solution for optimal linear operation is obtained. Also for a wide class of signals it is shown that jitter does not affect the nature of the optimal operations; linear operations, for instance, remain linear, although with different weights. To illustrate the methods an example drawn from telemetry is given, where the timing is derived from the zero crossings of a sine wave and the time jitter is taken as due to noise. The jitter is highly correlated and the results involve some lengthy calculations.
Decisions to have a baby by HIV-infected women.

As the epidemiologic picture of HIV changes to include increased numbers of women of childbearing age, particularly those of African American heritage and thosefrom rural southern cultures, those who provide services to these women need to understand the processes used by HIV-infected women to make reproductive decisions. Focus-group data with subsequent content analysis were used to discover themes surrounding pregnancy decisions among 22 women in two predominantly rural southeastern states. The results both validated and amplified previous findings and added new perspectives. The analyses revealed six overarching themes: spiritual and religious beliefs, knowledge and beliefs about HIV: previous experience with childbearing attitudes offamilies and sex partners, personal health, and intrapersonal motivation to have a baby.
A Transcriptional Insulator Element, the su(Hw) Binding Site, Protects a Chromosomal DNA Replication Origin from Position Effects

Eukaryotic chromosomes are organized into domains of activity for both transcription and DNA replication. Transcriptional "border," or "insulator," elements have been implicated in mediating the organization of transcriptional domains. However, the DNA sequence elements which might demarcate domains of DNA replication activity are unknown. su(Hw) protein binding sites [su(Hw)BSs] are potent transcriptional insulator elements which can block enhancer action, as well as positive and negative chromosomal position effects. Here we report that flanking su(Hw)BSs can also create a chromosomal domain permissible for activity of the chorion gene DNA replication origin. During Drosophila oogenesis the chorion (eggshell) gene loci are amplified approximately 80-fold through repeated initiation of DNA replication. The cis-acting amplification control element, on the third chromosome (ACE3), is required for high levels of amplification initiating at the nearby major origin of replication, Ori-beta. A transgenic chorion locus construct containing ACE3 and Ori-beta was able to amplify but was extremely sensitive to position effects: only 7 of 21 independent insertions amplified >10-fold. The inclusion of flanking su(Hw)BSs in the construct dramatically protected DNA replication from position effects: 31 of 31 insertions now amplified >10-fold, and this protection was reduced in a su(Hw) mutant background. Amplification was equal on both sides of the su(Hw)BS, demonstrating that replication fork passage is not significantly impeded by these sites. Inclusion of only a single su(Hw)BS in the construct did not detectably protect the chorion gene DNA replication origin from position effects.
Initiating a Hospital-Wide Pediatric Sedation Service Provided by Emergency Physicians:

Advanced diagnostic procedures, imaging studies, and therapeutic procedures have combined to substantially increase the need for pediatric sedation. The objective of this study is to describe the initiation of a hospital-wide (nonemergency department) pediatric deep sedation service provided by pediatric emergency physicians. This article describes a consecutive cohort of pediatric patients undergoing deep sedation provided by a new hospital sedation service (excluding the emergency department). The results of 133 pediatric deep sedations are described. Propofol was used for most sedations. Mean infusion times were 55 minutes for MRI scans and 13 minutes for heme-oncology procedures. The risk of adverse events was low. This case series of pediatric deep sedation patients describes the initiation of a hospital-wide pediatric sedation service utilizing pediatric emergency physicians, which has resulted in improved patient care, and improved financial performance of several hospital units. The risk of adverse events is low if proper precautions are taken.
A Review of “Democracy and the Vote in British Politics, 1848–1867: The Making of the Second Reform Act”

Historians have engaged in the debate about British democratization since the self-examination of the Great Reform Act in the mid-nineteenth century. Various studies have looked at the three major ...
On the parallel version of the successive approximation method for quasilinear boundary value problem

The convergence properties of the successive approximation method to solve a quasilinear two points boundary value problem is studied. The successive approximation method is used to solve the parallel/multiple version of the problem. Conditions which assure the convergence of the method and error bound are given.
The evolution of synaptically generated waves in one- and two-dimensional domains

We study the onset and evolution of waves in an integrate-and-fire network of synaptically coupled neurons in one- and two-dimensional domains which are restricted to firing one spike. We determine the critical size of initial excitation of the network necessary for the onset of propagation. We also determine the ignition time. We derive an integro-differential equation for the evolution of the firing time as a function of spatial position. We use the evolution equation to understand propagation failure. We compare the behavior of the integrate-and-fire model with a biophysically based model. Finally, we show that weak heterogeneity has similarly weak effects on the firing times.
Polycrystalline surface properties from spherical crystallites: Ag, Au, Cu and Pt

We have performed a series of atornistic simulations of nearly spherical, crystalline (fee) clusters of Ag, Au, Cu and Pt as a function of temperature and cluster size. Since both a spherical cluster and a random polyctystal expose all possible surfaces equally, this provides a plausible approach for determining the surface properties of random (non-textured) polycrystalline metals and to find a simple expression to relate these average surface properties to the oft calculated properties of high symmetry/low index surfaces. Atomic clusters with radii greater than approximately 4~2, yield cluster average surface energies and surface stresses are within a few percent of those obtained from very large clusters. The variation of the cluster average surface properties with cluster size is dominated by a geometrical effect associated with the discrete spacing between atomic planes and that the differences associated with differences in the atomic bonding between different elements is small, at least for the four elements considered herein. Comparison of the cluster average surface free energy with those of the more commonly studied high symmetry flat {loo), {110), and the (111) surfaces suggest two useful approximations for the average surface free
Thermal effects on motor control and in vitro muscle dynamics of the ballistic tongue apparatus in chameleons

Temperature strongly affects whole-organism performance through its effect on muscle contractile rate properties, but movements powered by elastic recoil are liberated from much of the performance decline experienced by muscle-powered movements at low temperature. We examined the motor control and muscle contractile physiology underlying an elastically powered movement - tongue projection in chameleons - and the associated muscle powered retraction to test the premise that the thermal dependence of muscle contractile dynamics is conserved. We further tested the associated hypothesis that motor control patterns and muscle contractile dynamics must change as body temperature varies, despite the thermal robustness of tongue-projection performance. We found that, over 14-26°C, the latency between the onset of the tongue projector muscle activity and tongue projection was significantly affected by temperature (Q(10) of 2.56), as were dynamic contractile properties of the tongue projector and retractor muscles (Q(10) of 1.48-5.72), supporting our hypothesis that contractile rates slow with decreasing temperature and, as a result, activity durations of the projector muscle increase at low temperatures. Over 24-36°C, thermal effects on motor control and muscle contractile properties declined, indicating that temperature effects are more extreme across lower temperature ranges. Over the entire 14-36°C range, intensity of muscle activity for the tongue muscles was not affected by temperature, indicating that recruitment of motor units in neither muscle increases with decreasing temperature to compensate for declining contractile rates. These results reveal that specializations in morphology and motor control, not muscle contractile physiology, are responsible for the thermal robustness of tongue projection in chameleons.
Ultrastructural and biochemical changes in brown fat in cold-exposed rats.

During the first 3 days of exposure of rats to 5°C, the nitrogen concentration of interscapular brown fat increased by 50% and remained at this elevated level for the duration of the 8-wk observation period, while the mass of tissue increased fourfold. The concentration of both DNA and RNA per unit nitrogen reached a maximum after 3 days, then declined; however, the total quantity of each continued to rise. The concentration of various respiratory enzymes decreased during the first few days and then increased, but at different rates. The morphological changes in mature brown fat cells during cold acclimation were observed to be: a reduction in fat droplet size during the first 3 days, followed by a gradual increase in size through 6 wk in the cold; a continual increase in the amount of intermitochondrial ground substance during the first 3 wk, with increased granularity and glycogen content after 1 wk; initial disappearance of glycogen between mitochondria, followed by the reappearance of a few isolated particles in the intermitochondrial ground substance after 1 wk in the cold; initial increase in the density of intramitochondrial matrix for the first 3–4 days, followed by a gradual return to the control density; loss in integrity of mitochondrial outer membranes during the first 4 days, followed by gradual but incomplete restoration; temporary loss of the dense material in lipid droplets during the first 24 hr, with return after 1 wk in the cold; and a 40% increase in mitochondrial diameter within 1 day, followed by a decrease in diameter within 1 wk to a constant value about 15% larger than the controls.
Macrophage and lymphocyte functions are down-regulated in newborn rabbits.

We have developed an animal model for con- genital syphilis. Treponema pallidum is injected in- travenously into pregnant rabbits and fetuses are infected in utero. As a prelude to characterizing the immunologic consequences of fetal infection, it was necessary to cx- pand on the baseline information about newborn rabbit immune capabilities. Studies were undertaken to deter- mine splenic macrophage and T lymphocyte functions with emphasis on newer immunologic parameters. New- borns aged 2 weeks were compared to adults. Macrophage capabilities in newborn rabbits differed from those of their adult counterparts. These cells produced similar basal levels of interleukin 1 (IL-i) but failed to respond to the IL-i stimulants of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or T. pallidum. Macrophages also exhibited diminished levels of la expression and increased levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secretion. T lymphocyte functions were altered in newborn spleen preparations. Following concanavalin A (Con A) stimulation, interferony production was half that of adults; in direct contrast, IL-2 production was twice that of adults. Con A-induced lymphocyte prolifer- ation was markedly decreased in newborn preparations. This diminished response resulted from down-regulation rather than immaturity. When newborn splenic cells were stimulated with Con A in the presence of indomethacin, anti-transforming growth factor (anti-TGF), or exogenous IL-1/IL-2, better proliferation resulted. PGE2, which is well established as a down-regulator of newborn immune functions in human and mouse systems, also appears to play a role in suppressing newborn rabbit functions. TGF is a potent suppressor of a number of adult immunologic reactions. This is the first documentation of the potential role of this factor in down-regulating newborn immune capabilities. These findings provide a framework for fu- ture investigations of our congenital syphilis model. J. Leukoc. Biol. 51: 151-156; 1992.
Acquiring Pronouns in a Second Language: Evidence for Hypothesis Testing

Gundel and Tarone (1981) studied the acquisition of pronouns by Chinese and Spanish speaking adults learning English. On the basis of this study it was proposed that when L1 and L2 differ in the relative order of object pronoun and verb, the acquisition of direct object pronouns proceeds in three stages: ( 1 ) direct transfer of the native language pattern; ( 2 ) zero anaphora, i.e. no overt form at all, in direct object position; ( 3 ) the correct L2 pattern. The present paper presents further evidence for this proposal, and hence for a hypothesis-testing view of second language acquisition, on the basis of longitudinal data from English speaking children learning French in the Toronto French Immersion Program.
From the Six‐Party Talks to a Northeast Asian Security Regime?: Cooperative Threat Reduction Strategies and Institutional Development

Are there relevant lessons from the Nunn Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction case that can inform counterproliferation policy versus the nuclear weapons threats presented by North Korea? During the 1990s, there were various attempts by the Clinton Administration to innovate in national security policymaking. Innovations were attempted in peace operations, the interagency process, and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Were the 1990s Clinton policy leadership efforts in stopping the threats of WMD proliferation in North Korea, India, Pakistan, Iran and Iraq all policy failures that could have been prevented? Could more effective Clinton Administration policy leadership have made US counterproliferation efforts more successful? This paper focuses on the Clinton Administration’s Counterproliferation Policy Initiative in the development and implementation of the Nunn Lugar programs for Cooperative Threat Reduction with Russia and the Former Soviet Republics. This case study uses institutionalist theory to explore using a cooperative strategy approach for building a counterproliferation regime in Northeast Asia. The analytical framework includes an examination of the Nunn Lugar, or Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs, from policy relevance and instrumental relevance perspectives. Overall, this paper’s findings suggest the significance of institution and organization-building approaches for improving counterproliferation policymaking. The option suggested here is to nurture a small group of like-minded states and statesmen (the six parties), focused around one specific functional area (counterproliferation), to build effective rules, organizations and enforcement mechanisms for developing an effective Northeast Asian security regime.
Erratum to "Attenuation of cue-induced cigarette craving and anterior cingulate cortex activation in bupropion-treated smokers: a preliminary study" [Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 130 (2004) 269–281]

Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 300 Medical Plaza, Suite 2200, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA Positron Emission Tomography Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Physics, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA