cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TRANSMISSION AND LINE BROADENING OF RESONANCE RADIATION INCIDENT ON A RESONANCE ABSORBER

Abstract The transmission of resonance radiation emitted from a source of finite thickness and passing through an external resonance absorber is discussed. The transmission integral is examined for both a linear and a Gaussian distribution of radioactive atoms in the source. Several special cases are presented, and the general case is evaluated by numerical integration. Over the range of values considered, the transmitted line shape closely approximates a Breit-Wigner curve whose width is greater than the natural width of the transition. This line broadening, caused by resonance absorption in the source and in the external absorber, is presented graphically as a function of source and absorber thickness.
Quantum fields for reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces

Abstract The general formalism for quantum fields on any reproducing kernel Hilbert space is presented, along with a discussion of the operator and distribution properties of those fields. Galilean and Poincare examples are given along with considerations of the general relativistic cases.
Double Sensing by Atrial Automatic Tacbycardia‐Terminating Pulse Generator

This report describes two cases of double sensing of the P and QRS signals by an implanted atrial bipolar automatic burst tachycardia-terminating puise generator (Inlermedics CyherTach 60) used for the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia. Double sensing occurred during normai sinus rhythm at a rate slower than the tachycardia detection criterion and caused inappropriate delivery of burst stimulation. These observations underscore the importance of the far-field QRS signal in the detection of supraventricular tachycardia by automatic puise generators sensing the atrial eiectrogram.
Should primaries be considered victims or police

This paper investigates spectrum-jail-based enforcement from the perspective of a primary. We first treat the primary as a victim, to understand the expense of protecting primaries in different situations. In all cases, the overhead can be limited by reducing the rate of wrongful convictions. We then allow the primary to participate in its own protection – ideally, we want the primary to report interference but otherwise operate as though the secondary were not present. However, the primary can report interference when there is none; it can also transmit “gibberish” to claim more than its required transmit time. Because the primary will be affected in some way by secondary presence, it unfortunately has incentive to use these behaviors to kick the secondary out of the band. Crying wolf, an obviously undesirable behavior, is too easily done if reporting is free. So, it must be countered by making reporting interference sufficiently expensive. “Gibberish,” on the other hand, requires more serious thought because it is not easily deterred and may in fact be useful in encouraging compatible subcontracting. Finally, we show that both primary and secondary do better with better coexistence strategies, so the jail system gives natural incentives for better receiver designs, registration in a database, or other approaches for making coexistence simpler.
Molecular size distribution and spectroscopic characterization of humic substances

Abstract Spectroscopic examination of four humic substances and their molecular size (MS) fractions indicates that differences in the UV-VIS spectra, as measured by the ratio of absorbances at 465 and 665 nm (E4/E6), can be correlated to MS, as determined by ultrafiltration. However, the usefulness of the E4/E6 ratio is limited as a process-monitoring parameter, because of its strong concentration dependence in the dilute concentration range (below 10 g/m 3 ). UV absorbance at 254 nm was found to be a good surrogate parameter for dissolved organic carbon. The chemical composition, as determined by the IR spectra, does not measurably differ after ultrafiltration of the humic substances into MS fractions.
Singular finite elements for the sudden‐expansion and the die‐swell problems

The singular finite element method is used to solve the sudden-expansion and the die-swell problems in order to improve the accuracy of the solution in the vicinity of the singularity and to speed up the convergence. The method requires minor modifications to standard finite element schemes, and even coarse meshes give more accurate results than refined ordinary finite element meshes. Improved normal stress results for the sudden-expansion problem have been obtained for various Reynolds numbers up to 100
Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in children

Hepatocellular carcinoma is a relatively uncommon tumor in children which is usually advanced in stage at presentation and responds poorly to chemotherapy. Optimal treatment includes complete surgical resection. The role of liver transplantation in the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma in children is not fully defined. The purpose of this review is to discuss the important and unique aspects of hepatocellular carcinoma in children and review the available outcome data on liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in children. Overall survival of children with hepatocellular carcinoma is 20–40%. Complete surgical resection is frequently limited by tumor size, location, extent, and underlying liver disease. Only 20–30% of children may actually be able to achieve complete resection. Total hepatectomy and liver transplantation are indicated for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma localized to the liver, with patient survival of 70–80% at 1 year and 60–70% at 5 years. Recurrent or metastatic tumor accounts for the majority of patient mortality after transplant. Current outcomes of liver transplantation for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma in children are encouraging. Further studies are needed to define tumor and patient characteristics that will optimize the role of liver transplantation in pediatric hepatocellular carcinoma.
Where do we store the memory representations that guide attention

During the last decade one of the most contentious and heavily studied topics in the attention literature has been the role that working memory representations play in controlling perceptual selection. The hypothesis has been advanced that to have attention select a certain perceptual input from the environment, we only need to represent that item in working memory. Here we summarize the work indicating that the relationship between what representations are maintained in working memory and what perceptual inputs are selected is not so simple. First, it appears that attentional selection is also determined by high-level task goals that mediate the relationship between working memory storage and attentional selection. Second, much of the recent work from our laboratory has focused on the role of long-term memory in controlling attentional selection. We review recent evidence supporting the proposal that working memory representations are critical during the initial configuration of attentional control settings, but that after those settings are established long-term memory representations play an important role in controlling which perceptual inputs are selected by mechanisms of attention.
Effects of reunited diverged regulatory hierarchies in allopolyploids and species hybrids

The evolutionary fate of polyploids (especially plants) immediately following their formation has recently received renewed attention by several research groups. An increasing body of work demonstrates that genome rearrangements, epigenetic alterations, and changed gene expression levels often accompany polyploidization. New data indicate that altered gene expression patterns can occur in polyploids with few signs of genome reorganization, suggesting a mechanism involving interactions of diverged regulatory hierarchies.
Modeling flashover of AC outdoor insulators under contaminated conditions with dry band formation and arcing

This paper presents a theoretical model for evaluating flashover performance of insulators under contaminated conditions. The model introduces several new features when compared with existing models such as, the formation of dry bands, variations in insulator geometry and surface wettability. The electric field distribution obtained from software for 3-Dimensional models along with form factor are used to determine the dimensions of the dry bands and the onset of arcing. The model draws heavily from experimental measurements of flashover voltage and surface resistance under wet conditions of porcelain and composite insulators. The model illustrates the dominant role played by the insulator shape and housing material on the flashover performance.
Allergic fungal sinusitis: Problems in diagnosis and treatment†

Although first described in 1983, allergic Aspergillus sinusitis (AAS) has yet to gain wide recognition among otolaryngologists and pathologists. We have treated three patients with a history of asthma, nasal polyposis, and recurrent pansinusitis who fit the description of allergic Aspergillus sinusitis. Histopathologically, mucinous material with abundant eosinophils and Charcot-Leyden crystals ("allergic mucin") is interspersed with fungal hyphae. Immunologic characteristics include serum total immunoglobulin E (IgE) elevation, increased RAST classes, and cutaneous reactivity to molds. A retrospective analysis of the histopathology of 82 patients with chronic sinusitis was also undertaken. Eleven additional patients with classic allergic mucin were identified, but were found to be without evidence of fungal elements. The clinical features of all 14 patients are reviewed revealing the spectrum of disease. The difficulties of diagnosis and a therapeutic protocol which includes wide local debridement and postoperative use of systemic steroids are discussed.
Activity Recognition for the Digital Home

Home networked devices enable a wide range of daily activities including multiplayer gaming, movie downloading, and music streaming as well as modern conveniences such as home automation, wireless networking, and Internet access. Nevertheless, for most of us the futuristic digital home we see in movies isn't a reality.
Effects of Fathers' Absence and Birth Order on Aggressive Behavior of Young Male Children:

Aggression scores were obtained for 50 inner-city Hispanic males. An analysis of variance indicated a statistically significant interaction between birth order and number of parents in the household. Post hoc analysis indicated that last-born subjects reared in low-income families with fathers absent displayed more aggressive behavior than firstborn, middle-born, or last-born subjects in families with fathers present. Moreover, there was an indication that firstborn and middle-born subjects in families with fathers absent may be more aggressive than their counterparts in families with fathers present. These results suggest that birth order should be considered in studies of the behavior and personality development of males in father-absent families. Research designs should differentiate between last-born and middle-born siblings.
Evidence for a major gene influencing risk of pancreatic cancer.

Family history of pancreatic cancer, the fifth leading cause of cancer death in the United States, confers a 1.5-13-fold higher risk of developing pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic cancer is associated with several genetic syndromes, including hereditary breast cancer (BRCA2), familial atypical multiple mole melanoma (FAMMM) syndrome, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, hereditary pancreatitis, and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). However, these syndromes explain little of the observed familial aggregation of pancreatic cancer. We performed complex segregation analysis on 287 families ascertained through an index case diagnosed with pancreatic cancer at the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions between January 1, 1994 and December 31, 1999. We tested for the presence of a major gene controlling either the "age-at-onset of pancreatic cancer" of "susceptibility to pancreatic cancer," and incorporated smoking data on kindred members as a covariate. We found evidence for involvement of a major gene in the etiology of pancreatic cancer. Whether inheritance was modeled as "age-at-onset" or "susceptibility," nongenetic transmission models were strongly rejected. However, modeling "age-at-onset" provided a better fit to the observed data than did modeling "susceptibility." The most parsimonious models included autosomal-dominant inheritance of a rare allele. Under the age-at-onset model, approximately 0.7% of the population appears to be at high risk of developing pancreatic cancer due to this putative gene, whereas 0.4% of the population is at high risk under the susceptibility model. Inclusion of smoking as a covariate did not significantly improve the fit of these models. This hospital-based segregation analysis of pancreatic cancer found evidence supporting the role of a rare major gene influencing risk of pancreatic cancer.
Effects of Gastric and Surgical Insertions of Dummy Ultrasonic Transmitters on Juvenile Chinook Salmon in Seawater

Abstract The objective of this study was to develop guidance for tagging methods for juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in their first ocean year by evaluating the effects of tagging during this critical life stage. We compared survival over 42 d among juvenile hatchery Chinook salmon receiving surgically implanted dummy ultrasonic transmitters (equivalent to VEMCO V7-1 L tags) ranging from 2.6% to 8.8% of body mass with that of fish receiving gastrically implanted tags. Survival was significantly lower in fish receiving gastrically implanted transmitters (21%) than for the gastric-sham (66%), surgery (61%), surgery-sham (58%), and control treatments (90%). Survival was also significantly higher in the control treatment than in all other treatments. The results of this study indicate that surgical insertion into the peritoneal cavity is the preferred method of transmitter implantation in juvenile Chinook salmon in their first ocean year and that the transmitters should be less than 5.8% of t...
Parental Depression and Divorce and Adult Children’s Well-Being: The Role of Family Unpredictability

We examined how parental depression and divorce are associated with anxiety and depression among college students (N = 126; 83% female; 89% Caucasian). Participants provided retrospective recollections of their parents’ depression, and they completed The Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale and portions of the Trait Anxiety Scale. In addition, they filled out the brief Marlow-Crowe Social Desirability Scale and the Retrospective Family Unpredictability Scale. Parental depression related to students’ depression, and aspects of family unpredictability (unpredictable money, maternal discipline, and paternal nurturance) mediated this relationship. Parental depression also related to students’ anxiety, however family unpredictability was not a strong mediator of this relationship. Finally, students reporting parental divorce did not report elevated depression or anxiety scores, although parental divorce did relate to perceptions of parental depression. We discuss implications and ideas for treatment and future research.
Genome-wide expression profiling of the Arabidopsis female gametophyte identifies families of small, secreted proteins.

The female gametophyte of flowering plants, the embryo sac, develops within the diploid (sporophytic) tissue of the ovule. While embryo sac–expressed genes are known to be required at multiple stages of the fertilization process, the set of embryo sac–expressed genes has remained poorly defined. In particular, the set of genes responsible for mediating intracellular communication between the embryo sac and the male gametophyte, the pollen grain, is unknown. We used high-throughput cDNA sequencing and whole-genome tiling arrays to compare gene expression in wild-type ovules to that in dif1 ovules, which entirely lack embryo sacs, and myb98 ovules, which are impaired in pollen tube attraction. We identified nearly 400 genes that are downregulated in dif1 ovules. Seventy-eight percent of these embryo sac–dependent genes were predicted to encode for secreted proteins, and 60% belonged to multigenic families. Our results define a large number of candidate extracellular signaling molecules that may act during embryo sac development or fertilization; less than half of these are represented on the widely used ATH1 expression array. In particular, we found that 37 out of 40 genes encoding Domain of Unknown Function 784 (DUF784) domains require the synergid-specific transcription factor MYB98 for expression. Several DUF784 genes were transcribed in synergid cells of the embryo sac, implicating the DUF784 gene family in mediating late stages of embryo sac development or interactions with pollen tubes. The coexpression of highly similar proteins suggests a high degree of functional redundancy among embryo sac genes.
Cobalt Deficiency in Cattle in the North Eastern Region of Wisconsin

Summary 1.Cobalt deficiency, characterized by unthriftiness and anemia, has been observed in cattle in Northeastern Wisconsin. 2.This deficiency was corrected by the feeding of salt containing one ounce of cobalt sulfate (CoSO 4 · 7H 2 O) per 100 pounds. When this salt mixture is incorporated into the grain at a level of one per cent, it will supply about 3mg. of elemental cobalt per day when five pounds of grain are consumed. Good results were also secured by the daily feeding of one teaspoonful of a solution made by dissolving one ounce of either cobalt sulphate or cobalt chloride in one gallon of water. 3.The normal range of the hemoglobin level of calves, heifers, and cows was 9.5 to 12.5 grams per 100 cc. of blood. 4.The tolerance for cobalt in this species was high. Feeding as much as 50mg. of cobalt per day produced no polycythemia.
Strabismus Associated with Glaucoma and Glaucoma Surgery

(2001). Strabismus Associated with Glaucoma and Glaucoma Surgery. American Orthoptic Journal: Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 2-10.
Transcription Factor STAT3 and Type I Interferons Are Corepressive Insulators for Differentiation of Follicular Helper and T Helper 1 Cells

Summary Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are required for the establishment of T-dependent B cell memory and high affinity antibody-secreting cells. We have revealed herein opposing roles for signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and type I interferon (IFN) signaling in the differentiation of Tfh cells following viral infection. STAT3-deficient CD4 + T cells had a profound defect in Tfh cell differentiation, accompanied by decreased germinal center (GC) B cells and antigen-specific antibody production during acute infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. STAT3-deficient Tfh cells had strikingly increased expression of a number of IFN-inducible genes, in addition to enhanced T-bet synthesis, thus adopting a T helper 1 (Th1) cell-like effector phenotype. Conversely, IFN-αβ receptor blockade restored Tfh and GC B cell phenotypes in mice containing STAT3-deficient CD4 + T cells. These data suggest mutually repressive roles for STAT3 and type I IFN signaling pathways in the differentiation of Tfh cells following viral infection.
Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1α Protein Negatively Regulates Load-induced Bone Formation

Mechanical loads induce profound anabolic effects in the skeleton, but the molecular mechanisms that transduce such signals are still poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (Hif-1α) is acutely up-regulated in response to exogenous mechanical stimuli secondary to prostanoid signaling and Akt/mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) activation. In this context, Hif-1α associates with β-catenin to inhibit Wnt target genes associated with bone anabolic activity. Mice lacking Hif-1α in osteoblasts and osteocytes form more bone when subjected to tibia loading as a result of increased osteoblast activity. Taken together, these studies indicate that Hif-1α serves as a negative regulator of skeletal mechanotransduction to suppress load-induced bone formation by altering the sensitivity of osteoblasts and osteocytes to mechanical signals.
Dobutamine stress echocardiography: single center studies vs. meta-analysis vs. the real world.

In this issue of the Journal of American Society of Echocardiography, Geleijnse and colleagues from the Thoraxcenter in Rotterdam present an extensive meta-analysis of studies evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of dobutamine stress echocardiography. The authors analyzed the results of 62 studies published between 1991 and 2006, including 6881 patients with angiographic correlation for coronary anatomy. Approximately two thirds of the study subjects had angiographic coronary disease. This extensive meta-analysis confirms the accuracy reported in several smaller similar analyses. For the total cohort of analyzed patients, sensitivity was 0.812, and specificity was 0.822. Both values are in line with pooled data from other analyses and are equivalent to the sensitivity and specificity seen with exercise echocardiography and stress radionuclide techniques, and generally superior to those seen with electrocardiographic testing alone. The authors provide multiple subgroup analyses, including those based on year of publication, technical factors, definition of positive results, and other factors, and provide what some may consider to be unexpected findings. Before attempting to place this meta-analysis in context, it is important to understand how dobutamine stress echocardiography (and stress testing in general) is used in clinical practice and also to appreciate several unique characteristics of dobutamine stress echocardiography. Cardiovascular stress testing, including dobutamine stress echocardiography, is used for multiple purposes, including screening for occult coronary disease. Screening may be undertaken in the general asymptomatic population (often inappropriately) or in high-risk or symptomatic patients. Stress testing is also used for determining the functional significance of known coronary artery disease and for assessing prognosis, either prior to noncardiac surgical procedures or following coronary events. Depending on the specific indication for stress testing, protocols are often varied, and the need to either continue or discontinue antianginal therapy will vary with the indication for testing, as may the target endpoints with respect to cardiovascular performance. For example, if a cardiovascular stress test is to be undertaken for general screening in an asymptomatic individual with cardiovascular risk factors, ideally this should be done in the absence of b-blockers or other therapy that may mask an ischemic response, and the stress test should be carried to maximum tolerated cardiovascular workload. In this setting, any evidence of inducible ischemia on electrocardiography or cardiac imaging would be presumptive evidence of an obstructive coronary lesion and further patient management on the basis of these results. Conversely, for a patient with known coronary artery disease on medical therapy, the purpose of a cardiovascular stress test is often to determine the adequacy of therapy and the residual ischemic burden at workloads anticipated to be
Quantum oscillations in the attenuation of transverse ultrasonic waves in field-cooled chromium

Abstract Quantum oscillations in the attenuation of 300 MHz transverse ultrasonic waves have been measured at 1·2°K in single crystals of chromium which were previously cooled through the Neel temperature in the presence of a 55 kG magnetic field directed along one of the [100] crystalline axes (field-cooling). Frequencies of the quantum oscillations were determined at 5 deg intervals in each of two major planes by computer analysis of the data between 38 and 49 kG. The variation of quantum oscillation frequencies as the relative angle between the measuring field direction and crystalline axes varied was found to be consistent with the picture that field-cooling produces a single antiferromagnetic domain state and showed that the Fermi surface of chromium is considerably altered by the onset of antiferromagnetism. Several quantum oscillation frequencies have values equal to integral multiples of one particular frequency branch. Other branches appear to have frequencies equal to the sums of pairs of lower frequencies. Discussion of these results is presented.
Aluminium coordination to calmodulin: thermodynamic and kinetic aspects

Abstract Calmodulin is an acidic, Ca (II)-binding protein (about 17 000 d) which plays a key role in regulating a broad spectrum of target enzymes in eukaryotic cells. Within each lobe of the dumbbell-shaped molecule there are two adjacent Ca(II)-binding domains, which form a single cooperative unit. Hydrophobic forces are crucial for interfacing the Ca(Il)-activated regulatory protein with its target enzyme. Presumably not involving the four specific Ca(II)-binding domains on calmodulin, binding of AI(III) to calmodulin generates considerable dehydration entropies. AI(IIl)-triggered changes in the α-helix content of calmodulin are involved in the mismatch between calmodulin and its target protein. By altering calmodulin's internal dynamics, Al(III) apparently interferes with the proteins capacity to search out conformational substates suitable for proper docking with a specific target protein.
Investigation of nonlinear optical properties of ion-implanted and high-pulse laser deposition SiC:Ge:waveguide

The feasibility of using the combined advantage of ion implantation and laser ablation to form a waveguide has been investigated in SiC implanted with Oxygen 2 MeV wiht concentration of 2-3 × 10 17 ions/cm 2 and Au 2+ 2 MeV with concentration of 1x10 16 ions/cm 2 . Then a 2-micron Ge thin film was deposited on the surface with pulsed laser ablation to form a multilayer waveguide. It is shown that the waveguide acts as a laser wavelength differentiator under thermal stress achieving high selcitivy of wavelength in 9.6 micron using CO 2 laser. Electron paramagnetic results ffor this material will be presented as well to show the possible sites of doped and implanted ions.
A Plea for Stability

Author's summary.— Could a radically shifting language enrolment be in part stabilized by submitting to all students and advisers a statement of aims and objectives in each language?)
Discordant changes in plasma ACTH and β-lipotropin/β-endorphin levels in Clshing's disease patients with depression

SUMMARY Cushing's Disease is often associated with a depressive syndrome, with mood, vegetative, and cognitive abnormalities of variable severity. In 11 patients with (pituitary ACTH-dependent) Cushing's disease (10 women, 1 man), we studied the relationship between severity of the depressive syndrome and concordance of changes in ACTH and 13-1ipotropin/13-endorphin ([~-LPH/13-E) levels at baseline and in response to metyrapone and dexamethasone. For each condition, blood samples were drawn at 0800h, 1200h, 1600h, and 2200h. Six patients were categorized as mildly depressed (mean [+ SD] depressed mood score = 0.17+ 0.4; modified Hamilton Depression scale score = 7.6 + 4.5) and five as severely depressed (mean depressed mood score = 2.4 + 0.5; modified Hamilton Depression scale score = 15 + 5.6) (p< 0.05). ACTH and ~-LPI-I/[3-E were measured by radioimmunoassay. For each experimental condition, changes in levels were scored as concordant if the two peptides moved in parallel between sampling points. There was a relationship between greater severity of depression and more frequent discordant changes in ACTH and [3-LPI-I/~I-E levels: The six patients with mild depression exhibited 23 concordant and 3 discordant change patterns, while the five patients with severe depression showed 8 concordant and 15 discordant patterns. The mean percentage of concordant patterns per patient differed significantly between the two groups (mildly depressed=90.0+ 16.7; severely depressed=34.6 + 8.7 (p<0.001). When each study condition was examined separately, differences in the frequency of concordance between the groups reached significance during the post-metyrapone phase and with 8.0 mg dexamethasone administration. These initial findings, taken together with data in related areas, suggest that greater diversity in regulation and cosecretion of ACTH and ~-LPH/13-E may occur than is currently suspected. Such diversity may play a role in the relationship between HPA axis dysregulation and mood disorders.
Dynamics of reaction-diffusion systems and applications

Abstract The dynamics of a system of arbitrary number of nonlinear parabolic equations in terms of the quasisolutions of the corresponding system of elliptic equations is discussed. The conclusions for the general system are used to study the coexistence and permanence of a three-species predator-prey model and a food-chain model arising from ecology.
Peer-Video Modeling: Teaching Chained Social Game Behaviors to Children with ASD

There is considerable research focusing on remediating social deficits in children with autism. Learning to engage in childhood games such as Duck Duck Goose with peers fosters a multitude of other positive social outcomes. The present study examined peer-video modeling as an intervention to teach two common childhood social games with two participants on the autism spectrum. The games involved chained gross motor behaviors that were performed in an interactive small group setting. Performance was measured by total percentage of correct responding as outlined in a task analysis of the games. Children′s performance of chained gross motor behaviors increased across both social games, suggesting peer-video modeling is an effective method in teaching chained social game behaviors.
On the relationship between dense water formation and the “Meridional Overturning Cell” in the North Atlantic Ocean

Abstract We analyze the three-dimensional structure of the Meridional Overturning Cell (MOC) in a numerical model of the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. The MOC is found to consist of several downward branches: some associated with dense water formation driven by surface buoyancy forcing (Labrador Sea, northern Norwegian Sea and Barents Sea), and some associated with interior mixing processes in the model (most notably entrainment of thermocline waters into the dense overflows at the Greenland–Scotland Ridge). Two experiments with altered surface buoyancy conditions are performed, both resulting in a change in the dense water formation rate in the Labrador Sea. A change of the same sign is observed in the strength of the MOC (and thus in the meridional heat flux); however, the change is less (20–50%) than would be expected from the change in the dense water formation rate. The MOC and the rate of dense water formation at higher latitudes seem not to be tightly linked on the decadal time scale. Instead, significant changes in the volume of water masses may take place. Taking this phenomenon into account may improve the interpretation of the chain of events that constitutes a climate oscillation, whether it be observed in models or in nature.
Using ultrasonic wave reflection to measure solution properties

Ultrasonic wave reflection coefficients of aqueous solutions were measured using high-impact polystyrene as a buffer material to provide enhanced sensitivity over metal or ceramic buffer materials. The wave reflection values showed linear reduction when the concentration of chemical species in solution was increased, but a distinct relation between concentration and reflection coefficient was obtained for each solute species tested. However, more unified relationships were observed between reflection coefficient and other solution parameters - solution density, acoustic impedance, and P-wave velocity - that were consistent for all solution species. Based on this behavior an expression to compute solution density solely from reflection coefficient is derived, which can be applied to estimate solution density in solutions of unknown solute species and concentration when other measurements, such as wave velocity, are not possible.
The Role of Speech Discrimination in Developmental Sound Substitutions.

Fourteen two-year-olds (M=2; o) were presented with minimal word pairs in a new and highly efficient experimental perception paradigm. The data provide a preliminary view of the relative difficulty of various minimal phonological contrasts for children. The study specifically focuses on perception of some phonological contrasts which usually are actualized and some which usually are not actualized in two-year-old child productions. The data suggest that perceptual difficulties probably play a substantial role in some childhood speech errors, but little, if any, role in others.
Cultural Competence Models and Cultural Competence Assessment Instruments in Nursing A Literature Review

The author reviewed cultural competence models and cultural competence assessment instruments developed and published by nurse researchers since 1982. Both models and instruments were examined in terms of their components, theoretical backgrounds, empirical validation, and psychometric evaluation. Most models were not empirically tested; only a few models developed model-based instruments. About half of the instruments were tested with varying levels of psychometric properties. Other related issues were discussed, including the definition of cultural competence and its significance in model and instrument development, limitations of existing models and instruments, impact of cultural competence on health disparities, and further work in cultural competence research and practice.
Death Blow to Jim Crow: The National Negro Congress and the Rise of Militant Civil Rights. By Erik S. Gellman. (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2012. Pp. xiii, 354. $39.95.)

In this new study, the author argues that the National Negro Congress (NNC) played a leading role in the late 1930s through the mid‐1940s‐era Popular Front: a coalition of labor, civil rights leade...
25.7 A 2.4GHz 4mW inductorless RF synthesizer

Recent developments in RF receiver design have eliminated all on-chip inductors except for that used in the local oscillator. This paper addresses this "last inductor" problem and proposes an integer-N synthesizer architecture that achieves a phase noise and a figure of merit (FOM) comparable to those of LC-VCO-based realizations.
SLOW MOTIONS IN LIPID BILAYERS : DIRECT DETECTION BY TWO-DIMENSIONAL SOLID-STATE DEUTERIUM NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

Two-dimensional solid-state 2H NMR spectroscopy of specifically deuteriated lipids is used to detect and to characterize the rate and mode of slow motions in two lipid bilayer systems. Lateral diffusion of lipid molecules over the curved surface of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes can be detected by two-dimensional exchange 2H NMR and it is shown that molecular orientational exchange is complete on the timescale of 100 ms. In contrast, it is shown that for the glycolipid 1,2-di-O-tetradecyl-3-O-Beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol (beta-DTGL), there is no evidence of a corresponding orientational exchange in the liquid-crystalline phase suggesting that this lipid forms relatively flat bilayers. In the gel phase of hydrated multibilayers of beta-DTGL, a slow (10(3) s(-1)) whole molecule axial motion is demonstrated at 40 degrees C. Comparison of the experimental and simulated 2D-NMR ridge patterns suggests that large angle jumps about the long molecular axis, rather than small step Brownian diffusion, can best account for the 2D-exchange spectra of beta-DTGL in the gel phase. The significance of this technique for the study of dynamics in other biological systems is discussed.
Sphingomyelinase D activity of brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa) venom as studied by 31P-NMR: effects on the time-course of sphingomyelin hydrolysis

Abstract M. L. Merchant, J. F. Hinton and C. R. Geren. Sphingomyelinase D activity of brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa) venom as studied by 31P-NMR: effects on the time-course of sphingomyelin hydrolysis. Toxicon 36, 537–545, 1998.—The time-course for the hydrolysis of the D linkage of chicken egg yolk sphingomyelin in a Triton X-100 mixed micelle and of lysophosphotidylcholine micelles, as catalyzed by brown recluse spider venom and brown recluse spider toxin, was followed by phosphorous-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The overall rate of hydrolysis of sphingomyelin in mixed micelles was found to be an order of magnitude faster than the hydrolysis of lysophosphotidylcholine. Incorporation of lysophosphotidylcholine into mixed micelles with Triton X-100 inhibited the lipase activity of brown recluse spider venom and brown recluse spider venom toxin. The effects of increased rates of overall reaction were observed with increased temperature and also with decreased ionic strength. The presence of divalent calcium ions was found to be necessary for hydrolytic activity, but only in catalytic amounts (less than 1 mM).
The Sensory and Coping Intervention for Women Newly Diagnosed with Metastatic Breast Cancer

Preparatory information at the time of metastatic breast cancer diagnosis can be used to enhance patients’ coping ability. Women with metastatic breast cancer evaluated a multimedia educational intervention designed to provide sensory and coping information regarding illness. Twenty women with metastatic breast cancer evaluated the materials. The intervention was evaluated very favorably and women identified the materials as needed information. However, they expressed dislike of content outlining possible concerns suggesting future iterations include only positive content. Findings confirm the acceptability and usability of these materials for further testing and ultimately for integration into cancer care practice.
Term Infant Who Has a Congenital Scalp Defect

A term infant who has a congenital scalp defect. ### Prenatal and Birth Histories A term male infant is born to a 17-year-old gravida 1, para woman through normal vaginal delivery at 37 weeks’ gestational age. The infant cried immediately after birth, and routine care was given. Apgar scores were 9 at both 1 and 5 minutes of age. Although the mother had received inadequate prenatal care, she had no other medical or surgical problems. Her prenatal laboratory test results included negative HIV rapid plasma reagin and hepatitis B; she was immune to rubella. Her maternal family history was significant for extremity and skin-related malformations, including mother (scalp and foot deformities in small toes in both feet), aunt (scalp defect only), and cousin (foot deformities only). Because of prolonged premature rupture of membranes, the infant was treated empirically with antibiotics for 72 hours. His hospital course otherwise remained unremarkable.
Indwelling urethral catheter and mortality in frail elderly women living in community.

Aim: Urinary incontinence is one of the most common, disruptive and often disabling conditions aiecting frail older people living in community. The aims of present study were to describe the prevalence of bladder catheter in a population of older women living in community and to examine the relationship between urinary catheter and mortality. Methods: This was an observational cohort study. We analyzed data from the Italian Silver Network Home Care project that collected data on patients admitted to Home Care programs. A total of twelve Home Health Agencies participated in such project evaluating the implementation of the Minimum Data Set for Home Care (MDS-HC) instrument. A total of 1,004 women were enrolled in the present study. The main outcome measures were prevalence of bladder catheter and 1-year survival according to catheterization. Results: The prevalence of incontinent patients with bladder catheter was 38.1%. Incontinent patients with indwelling bladder catheter did not show signi¢cant diierence for age and comorbidity while they showed a signi¢cant higher level of physical and functional impairment, as expressed by higher score in activities of daily living (ADL) scale (6.5 � 1.3 vs. 5.5 � 2.2, P < 0.001) and higher prevalence of sensory impairment, pressure ulcers (44% vs. 12%, P < 0.001), and urinary tract infections (21% vs. 10%, P < 0.001). After adjusting for age and for all the variables signi¢cantly diierent between catheterized and not-catheterized subjects at baseline, subjects with indwelling bladder catheter were more likely to die compared to those without catheter (RR, 1.44; 95% CI 1.01^ 2.07). Conclusions: Catheterization has an important prognostic implication for frail old women living in the community, independent of age and other clinical and functional variables. A failure in decreasing the unnecessary bladder catheter use and the duration of catheterization among frail incontinent women should be considered an indicator of poor quality of care. Neurourol. Urodynam. 23:697 ^701, 2004. 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Activation of Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress response in macrophages by hypochlorous acid

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), a potent oxidant generated when chlorine gas reacts with water, is important in the pathogenesis of many disorders. Transcription factor Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response represents a critical cellular defense mechanism that serves to maintain intracellular redox homeostasis and limit oxidative damage. In the present study, the effect of HOCl on Nrf2 activation was investigated in macrophages, one of the target cells of chlorine gas exposure. Exposure of RAW 264.7 macrophages to HOCl resulted in increased protein levels of Nrf2 in nuclear extractions, as well as a time- and dose-dependent increase in the expression of Nrf2 target genes, including heme oxygenase-1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO-1), glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), and glutathione synthetase (GS). Additionally, intracellular glutathione (GSH), which is the prime scavenger for HOCl in cells, decreased within the first hour of HOCl exposure. The decline was followed by a GSH rebound that surpassed the initial basal levels by up to 4-fold. This reversal in GSH levels closely correlated with the gene expression profile of GCLC and GS. To study the mechanisms of Nrf2 activation in response to HOCl exposure, we examined the effects of several antioxidants on Nrf2-mediated response. Pretreatment with cell-permeable catalase, N-acetyl-L-cysteine or GSH-monoethyl ester markedly reduced expression of NQO-1 and GCLC under HOCl challenge conditions, suggesting intracellular ROS-scavenging capacity affects HOCl-induced Nrf2 activation. Importantly, pre-activation of Nrf2 with low concentrations of pro-oxidants protected the cells against HOCl-induced cell damage. Taken together, we provide direct evidence that HOCl activates Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response, which protects cells from oxidative damage.
Modulation of photon-echo intensities by electric fields: Pseudo-Stark splittings in alexandrite and YAlO 3 : Er 3 +

We describe and demonstrate a method for performing ultrahigh-resolution optical spectroscopy in the time domain which utilizes modulations in the intensity of the two-pulse photon echo in the presence of a perturbation that splits the optical transition frequencies of two or more subgroups of ions. The method is applied to a measurement of the pseudo-Stark effect in alexandrite and ${\mathrm{YAlO}}_{3}$:${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$. Stark shifts of \ensuremath{\simeq}100 kHz are observed, but the technique is capable of resolutions 10 kHz in some systems.
Similarities in the Metabolism of Alloxan and Dehydroascorbate in Human Erythrocytes

Abstract The β-cell toxin alloxan is reduced within cells to dialuric acid, which may then decompose to release damaging reactive oxygen species. We tested whether such redox cycling of alloxan occurs in the human erythrocyte, a cell with stronger antioxidant defenses than β-cells. Erythrocytes incubated with increasing concentrations of alloxan progressively accumulated dialuric acid, as measured directly by HPLC with electrochemical detection. At concentrations up to 2 mM, alloxan decreased cellular GSH slightly, but did not affect erythrocyte contents of ascorbate or α-tocopherol. Intracellular H2O2 generation, measured as inhibition of endogenous catalase activity in the presence of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (aminotriazole), was decreased by alloxan. Despite its failure to induce significant oxidant stress in erythrocytes, 2 mM of alloxan doubled the activity of the hexose monophosphate pathway (HMP). This likely reflected consumption of reducing equivalents during reduction of alloxan to dialuric acid. Alloxan pretreatment enhanced the ability of erythrocytes to reduce extracellular ferricyanide while protecting α-tocopherol in the cell membrane from oxidation by ferricyanide. Ninhydrin, a hydrophobic derivative of alloxan, showed similar effects, but caused progressive GSH depletion and cell lysis at concentrations above 50 μM. The ability of alloxan to enhance ferricyanide reduction and to spare α-tocopherol suggests that dialuric acid or other reducing species within the cells can protect or recycle α-tocopherol and donate electrons to a transmembrane transfer process. This behavior resembles that observed for the dehydroascorbate (DHA)/ascorbate pair, and leads to the unexpected conclusion that alloxan increases the reducing capacity of the erythrocyte.
Tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-dependent sodium channels in identified muscle afferent neurons

Muscle afferents are critical regulators of motor function (Group I and II) and cardiovascular responses to exercise (Group III and IV). However, little is known regarding the expressed voltage-dep...
The effects of an lh-rh antagonist ([N-Ac-D-Trp1,3,D-p-Cl-Phe2,D-Phe6,D-Ala10]-LH-RH) during the preovulatory period of the rhesus monkey

Abstract Seven regularly cycling rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were used in this experiment. The animals were followed during two consecutive cycles. During the first cycle (control), the animals did not receive any treatment and the date of ovulation was determined by using daily total serum estrogens and serial laparoscopies. In the second cycle, the animals received 1 mg daily of [N-Ac-D-Trp 1,3 , D-p-Cl-Phe 2 ,D-Phe 6 ,D-Ala 10 ]-LH-RH by intramuscular injection from days 10 to 14. The date of ovulation was determined by using the same methodology as the control cycle. Blood samples were drawn daily from day 8 of the cycle until the onset of menses, and the serum was used to measure total estrogens, progesterone and LH. A significant delay of the preovulatory LH peak and ovulation occurred in 5 of the 7 animals resulting in a proportional increase in cycle length as compared to the control cycle. No changes in cycle length or date of LH peak occurred in the other 2 animals. One of them did not present signs of ovulation as determined by laparoscopy (no recognizable stigma or corpus luteum). Progesterone production and length of the luteal phase were not affected by the treatment.
The Gifted Infant: Tantalizing Behaviors and Provocative Correlates:

Molecular behaviors of auditory perception, crying activity, and visual attention among infants during the first few months reflect individual differences and suggest relationships with later measures of cognitive competence. The matrix of pre- and perinatal biological and sociocultural correlates are reviewed in relation to infants who ore subsequently identified as gifted.