cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chest Pain and Costochondritis Associated with Vitamin D Deficiency: A Report of Two Cases

Vitamin D is integral for bone health, and severe deficiency can cause rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Although osteomalacia can cause severe generalized bone pain, there are only a few case reports of chest pain associated with vitamin D deficiency. We describe 2 patients with chest pain that were initially worked up for cardiac etiologies but were eventually diagnosed with costochondritis and vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D deficiency is known to cause hypertrophic costochondral junctions in children (“rachitic rosaries”) and sternal pain with adults diagnosed with osteomalacia. We propose that vitamin D deficiency may be related to the chest pain associated with costochondritis. In patients diagnosed with costochondritis, physicians should consider testing and treating for vitamin D deficiency.
CONCANAVALIN A BINDING PROTEINS OF LYMPHOID CELL SURFACE

A Concanavalin A binding protein of chicken lymphoid cells was isolated by affinity chromatography of intact lymphoid cells. This protein with a mol wt of 160,000 daltons revealed two peptides (30,000 and 20,000 daltons) in SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Animated Presentation of Pictorial and Concept Map Media in Biology

Intelligent tutoring systems are beginning to include more varied forms of media, but little is known about how to choose the appropriate media and whether or not it should be animated. This study used a 2 animated/static x 2 picture/concept map factorial design in order to evaluate the effect of animation and media type on conceptual knowledge, relational knowledge, and free recall. Learners on Mechanical Turk N = 208 were exposed to one of four conditions in which they viewed a modified Khan Academy video on cell parts. We found that animation induced higher learning gains when it comes to relational knowledge. For conceptual knowledge, animated concept maps outperformed animated pictures while static pictures produced slightly more learning than static concept maps. Our results indicate that using animations to slowly build complexity in visual displays is particularly important when the displays have a rich structure as in concept maps.
High Temperature Superconductivity and Instabilities

It is known that high temperature superconductors are unstable, Different models have been proposed to explain the high temperature superconductivity and instabilities. High pressure experiments in a hydrostatic environment testing these models are reviewed and discussed. New data on single crystalline V3Si and polycrystalline Nb3Sn1-xYx(Y = Al and Sb) are also included. Although no unique picture emerges at the present time, existing high pressure results tend to lend support to the electron model emphasizing the roles of electrons. Further experiments are proposed and planned for better understanding of the origin of high temperature superconductivity and instabilities, and their correlation.
A scalable active THz frequency multiplier chain in silicon with multi-phase sub-harmonic injection locking for bandwidth extension

This paper presents a multi-phase sub-harmonic injection locking technique for terahertz (THz) signal generation with bandwidth extension. Utilizing this multi-phase technique, a scalable and cascadable "active frequency multiplier" chain architecture is proposed to generate a THz signal from a lower-frequency reference source. A multi-ring system topology is also proposed to facilitate the implementation. As a proof-of-concept design, a cascaded three-stage three-phase second-order sub-harmonic injection locking oscillator chain is implemented in the IBM9HP SiGe BiCMOS process with ft/fmax of 300/350GHz. It achieves a maximum output power of −16.6dBm at 498GHz, a phase noise of −87dBc/ Hz at 1MHz offset, and a total 5.1% frequency tuning range, which is the largest frequency tuning range among all the reported 0.5THz silicon oscillator sources.
Why should inquiring minds want to know? : Meno problems and epistemological axiology

Soulevant a la lecture du «Menon» du Platon la question axiologique de la valeur du desir de connaissance de l'etre humain, l'A. etudie la nature, l'etendue et l'importance de la connaissance dans le cadre d'une reflexion socratique sur le statut de la recherche philosophique sur la cognition. Defendant l'hypothese selon laquelle l'epistemologie n'est pas fondamentale pour la comprehension de la relation entre l'esprit, le monde et le langage, l'A. rejette la centralite a priori accordee a l'epistemologie sur la philosophie, d'une part, et s'interroge sur le role de l'entendement et de la sagesse par rapport a la recherche de la verite, d'autre part
Rubber Chemicals from Cyclic Amines. IV. Thiocarbamyl Amine Disulfide Curing Agents

Abstract The cure properties of thiocarbamyl amine disulfide (I) as vulcanizing agents are influenced by the ionic and steric nature of both R and R′. The relative effects of various R and R′ are analogous to those of R and R′ in thiuram disulfides and dithioamines, respectively. However, the cure properties of I are dominated by the type of R rather than R′. Among the types of R investigated relatively longer scorch delay, slower cure rate and lower crosslink density are obtained, when R is morpholino or 3-azabicyclo(3.2.2)non-3-yl.
Sexually Selected Predatory and Mating Behavior of the Hangingfly, Bittacus stigmaterus (Mecoptera: Bittacidae)

The predatory and sexual behaviors of Bittacus stigmaterus Say under field conditions are described and compared to the same behaviors in 3 other Bittacus species. Sexual selection has apparently been important in the evolution of predatory and mating behavior in bittacids in general. Male genetic quality as a criterion of female choice is briefly discussed.
When Principals Conflict: Stakeholder Power, Executive Decision-Making, and the Manipulation of Pension Assumptions

Whereas the dominant theoretical perspective in corporate governance research attends to the conflicting interests between shareholders and executives, in practice executives must frequently adjudicate between the demands of multiple principals with conflicting interests. To investigate how executives cope with these conflicts, I examine how much firms claim they will earn on the assets in their defined benefit (DB) pension plans. In a DB arrangement, participating employees forgo wages in the present in order to receive post-retirement income and they rely on executives to properly fund and manage plan assets for future payout. Executives, however, can act opportunistically by increasing the amount they expect the firm to earn on plan assets, effectively lowering their pension expenses and boosting the firm’s earnings. Whether executives do so, I argue, is determined in part by the power and interests of employees and shareholders as well as the decision-making schemas of the CEO. Through a detailed analysis, I show that equity ownership by bank trusts and public pension funds and the presence of a CEO with a background in finance are associated with higher expected rates, while higher rates of firm unionization are associated with lower expected rates of return on such assets.
Working with Covariance: Using Higher-Order Factors in Structural Equation Modeling with Trust Constructs

Clarifying the “conceptual morass” of the social science of trust is a critical endeavor, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is an important tool for researchers seeking to investigate the relationships among and relative influence of the many trust constructs in this expanding literature. Problematically, however, the often conceptually overlapping nature of the constructs themselves can create covariance problems that are only exacerbated by SEM’s ability to partition shared and unshared variance among indicators. These challenges can, in some situations, entirely preclude researchers from using SEM to test theoretically important hypotheses. There are a number of potential strategies available to researchers to address these problems, notably including both item- and factor-level aggregation techniques. Importantly, however, these aggregation strategies often compromise many of the benefits that make SEM so attractive in the first place. We therefore recommend that researchers with strongly correlated latent constructs test a specific alternative model in which higher-order factors are used to predict the covariance among the latent factors. These models address the problems that arise from working with excessive covariance while preserving the conceptual and statistical distinctiveness of the lower-order factors and permitting researchers to test their independent influence on important outcomes. To aid in illustrating this approach, the chapter includes a real-world data example in which various alternative model specifications are tested, highlighting the utility of higher-order factor models for trust researchers.
“Mother’s Hopeless Illness”

When Samuel Bowles died, Dickinson felt that another blow had landed squarely on both her heart and on the Dickinson family’s collective well-being. Early in 1878, his funeral attended by Vinnie and Austin, the Dickinsons were still able to rejoice that Austin had survived his two-months of malaria more than a year earlier; and that Ned was learning to cope with what had clearly become his chronic attacks of epilepsy. In Dickinson’s rushed world of caring for her mother and the various members of Austin’s family, the years passed as if they were months.
Effect of order flow imbalance on market impact across market states

Every time a trader places an order to buy or sell a stock, this order causes reactions that change the market in highly complex ways. In theory these changes are always detrimental to the trader, causing the stock to become more expensive when buying and cheaper when selling. For large hedge funds, these costs have the potential to become a major obstruction to profitability when aggregated. Market impact models have been based on simple supply and demand, no arbitrage theory, and Brownian motion. These previous models have shown that the market impact of orders and trades can be largely explained using a linear model with Order Flow Imbalance (OFI), a simple measure of the buy/sell imbalance of quote orders placed to the National Best Bid and Offer (NBBO) in a window of time, as the sole predictor. By examining this relationship between OFI and price movement, previous studies have derived observable measures for the market impact of orders placed in a period of time, however these models are unsurprisingly noisy. Using a simple Brownian motion model for the movement of prices, we propose a new method for observing this price impact and compare it to previously accepted models. We then use this measure to examine how price impact varies across market states (i.e. volume, time of day, and spread).
Lizard Man Village: A Small Site Perspective on Northern Sinagua Social Organization

ABSTRACTA preliminary assessment of results from the excavation of Lizard Man Village, a small Sinagua pueblo and pit house site near Flagstaff, Arizona, suggests that the Sinagua were less hierarchically organized than some recent work has argued. Small sites like Lizard Man have a wider range of goods, facilities, and burials, and thus evidence of a greater participation in economic, ritual, and social systems than might be expected in a strongly centralized system.
Does the National Resident Match Program Rank List Predict Success in Emergency Medicine Residency Programs

Abstract Background Emergency medicine (EM) residency programs use nonstandardized criteria to create applicant rank lists. One implicit assumption is that predictive associations exist between an applicant's rank and their future performance as a resident. To date, these associations have not been sufficiently demonstrated. Objectives We hypothesized that a strong positive correlation exists between the National Resident Match Program (NRMP) match-list applicant rank, the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 and In-Training Examination (ITE) scores, and the graduating resident rank. Methods A total of 286 residents from five EM programs over a 5-year period were studied. The applicant rank (AR) was derived from the applicant's relative rank list position on each programs' submitted NRMP rank list. The graduation rank (GR) was determined by a faculty consensus committee. GR was then correlated to AR using a Spearman's partial rank correlation. Additional correlations were sought with a ranking of the USMLE Step Score (UR) and the ITE Score (IR). Results Combining data for all five programs, weak positive correlations existed between GR and AR, UR, and IR. The majority of correlations ranged between. When comparing GR and AR, there was a weak correlation of 0.13 ( p = 0.03). Conclusion Our study found only weak correlations between GR and AR, UR, and IR, suggesting that those variables may not be strong predictors of resident performance. This has important implications for EM programs considering the resources devoted to applicant evaluation and ranking.
Nonparametric functional concurrent regression models

Function-on-function regression refers to the situation where both independent and dependent variables in a regression model are of functional nature. Functional concurrent regression is a specific type of function-on-function regression that relates the response function at a specific point to the covariate value at that point and the point itself. Standard functional concurrent models are linear (a linear combination of the covariates is used), and often criticized due to their linearity assumption and lack of flexibility. This gives rise to nonparametric functional concurrent regression that models the response function at a specific point using a multivariate nonparametric function of both the point and the covariate value at that point. Such models allow for much more flexibility and predictive accuracy, especially when the underlying relationship is nonlinear. In the past decade, several methods have been proposed to perform estimation, prediction and inference in the nonparametric concurrent models using various methods such as spline smoothing, Gaussian process regression and local polynomial kernel regression. Such models have been shown to be useful tools in functional regression as well as stepping stone for further development. WIREs Comput Stat 2017, 9:e1394. doi: 10.1002/wics.1394 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Common evolutionary trends underlie the four-bar linkage systems of sunfish and mantis shrimp

Comparative biomechanics offers an opportunity to explore the evolution of disparate biological systems that share common underlying mechanics. Four-bar linkage modeling has been applied to various biological systems such as fish jaws and crustacean appendages to explore the relationship between biomechanics and evolutionary diversification. Mechanical sensitivity states that the functional output of a mechanical system will show differential sensitivity to changes in specific morphological components. We document similar patterns of mechanical sensitivity in two disparate four-bar systems from different phyla: the opercular four-bar system in centrarchid fishes and the raptorial appendage of stomatopods. We built dynamic linkage models of 19 centrarchid and 36 stomatopod species and used phylogenetic generalized least squares regression (PGLS) to compare evolutionary shifts in linkage morphology and mechanical outputs derived from the models. In both systems, the kinematics of the four-bar mechanism show significant evolutionary correlation with the output link, while travel distance of the output arm is correlated with the coupler link. This common evolutionary pattern seen in both fish and crustacean taxa is a potential consequence of the mechanical principles underlying four-bar systems. Our results illustrate the potential influence of physical principles on morphological evolution across biological systems with different structures, behaviors, and ecologies.
New Metrics for Economic Evaluation in the Presence of Heterogeneity: Focusing on Evaluating Policy Alternatives Rather than Treatment Alternatives

Background. Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) methods fail to acknowledge that where cost-effectiveness differs across subgroups, there may be differential adoption of technology. Also, current CEA methods are not amenable to incorporating the impact of policy alternatives that potentially influence the adoption behavior. Unless CEA methods are extended to allow for a comparison of policies rather than simply treatments, their usefulness to decision makers may be limited. Methods. We conceptualize new metrics, which estimate the realized value of technology from policy alternatives, through introducing subgroup-specific adoption parameters into existing metrics, incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) and Incremental Net Monetary Benefits (NMBs). We also provide the Loss with respect to Efficient Diffusion (LED) metrics, which link with existing value of information metrics but take a policy evaluation perspective. We illustrate these metrics using policies on treatment with combination therapy with...
Preliminary evidence supports circulating microRNAs as prognostic biomarkers for type 2 diabetes

Background:Circulating microRNAs are emerging as potential prognostic biomarkers for the development of type 2 diabetes. However, microRNAs are also associated with complications from impaired glucose metabolism (e.g. endothelial cell function). Prior studies have not evaluated for associations between trajectories of circulating microRNAs with trajectories of fasting blood glucose over time and the responses to behavioral interventions to reduce risk. This study performed longitudinal assessment of microRNAs and fasting blood glucose and identified relationships between microRNAs and behavioral risk reduction interventions. Methods:MicroRNAs (n = 353) were measured in subsets (n = 10, n = 8) of participants from previously completed clinical trials that studied behavioral risk reduction interventions. Fasting blood glucose trajectories were associated with changes in 45 microRNAs over 12 months. Results:Following a 3-month physical activity and dietary intervention compared with baseline, 13 microRNAs were differentially expressed. Seven microRNAs (i.e. miR-106b, miR-20b, miR-363, miR-486, miR-532, miR-92a and miR-93) were commonly identified between the two analyses. Conclusions:Further studies are needed to determine which microRNAs are prognostic biomarkers of risk for type 2 diabetes versus consequences of impaired glucose metabolism. Additional future directions of this research are to differentiate whether microRNAs are prognostic and/or diagnostic biomarkers for risk for type 2 diabetes and predictive biomarkers of responses to risk reduction interventions.
Microbiology in Clinical Pathology

Medical microbiology involves the identification of microorganisms for the diagnosis of infectious diseases and the assessment of likely response to specific therapeutic interventions. Major categories of organisms include bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. Microbiological methods combined with clinical symptoms, additional laboratory tests, and imaging techniques are used in combination to distinguish a true disease-associated infection from colonization with normal flora or other conditions, such as malignancies, inflammatory disorders, or autoimmune disorders, all of which have unique therapies and prognoses for the patient. Laboratories combine the use of traditional microscopy and culture methods, with a rapidly evolving set of molecular and proteomic techniques. Given the increase in immunocompromised patients due to an increase in transplantations, the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic, and the use of immunosuppressive agents to treat autoimmune disorders, diagnosis of microbial infections continues to be essential for many patients.
Atopic Dermatitis: Overview

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing, and pruritic disease that classically develops in early childhood. There appears to be many contributing factors in the development of this disease including both genetic and environmental interactions, which ultimately lead to impaired epidermal barrier function and immune dysregulation. AD has a variable presentation depending upon age, and the diagnosis is based on clinical history and diagnostic characteristics. When making the diagnosis of AD, it is important to exclude conditions that present with similar erythematous, scaling, and pruritic rashes. The mainstay of treatment focuses on the maintenance of the skin barrier through pharmacological and/or non-pharmacological means. In this chapter, we will review important factors in making the diagnosis and treatment options. We will also discuss common pitfalls that occur in the management of this disease.
Keynote Address: Genetics and Aging; The Werner Syndrome as a Segmental Progeroid Syndrome

The maximum lifespan potential is a constitutional feature of speciation and must be subject to polygenic controls acting both in the domain of development and in the domain of the maintenance of macromolecular integrity. The enormous genetic hererogeneity that characterizes our own species, the complexities of numerous nature-nurture interactions, and the quantitative and qualitative variations of the senescent phenotype that are observed suggest that precise patterns of aging in each of us may be unique. Patterns of aging may also differ sharply among species (for example, semelparous vs. multiparous mammals).
The Genetics of Systemic Sclerosis

Systemic sclerosis (SSc, scleroderma) is an autoimmune disease clinically characterized by progressive fibrosis in the skin and internal organs. While the pathogenesis of SSc is not completely understood, familial studies and genetic studies suggest that SSc is a complex polygenic disease. In the current review, we will discuss recent studies investigating genetic susceptibility to SSc. Candidate gene studies have identified critical immunoregulatory genes and gene regions including BANK1, FAM167A-BLK, IL23R, IRF5, STAT4, TBX21, and TNFSF4 as susceptibility genes for the development of SSc. More recently a genome-wide association study has been performed and identified CD247 (CD3-zeta) as a novel genetic risk factor for the susceptibility to SSc. Together these genetic association studies have substantially advanced our understanding of SSc pathogenesis and form the foundation for future studies seeking to understand the complexities of SSc.
Converter Topologies for Induction Motor Drives

Progress in the design of power electronic frequency converters has, in large part, been a result of the remarkable advances in the design of the power electronic switches themselves. Classification of the commutation process provides a convenient means to categorize the various converter circuits presently available for use in variable frequency induction motor drives. Five categories can be identified for realizing the commutation process in a three phase dc/ac converter: natural Commutation, resonant pulse commutation, device self commutation, resonant link commutation, quasi resonant link commutation. Based on this categorical procedure, the key converter topologies both in the past, present and future are summarized.
A CLINICIAN LOOKS AT THE TEARFILM

Today as we open the Second International Conference on the Lacrimal Gland, Tear Film, and Dry Eye Syndromes, I want us to let go of preconceived ideas, long-held dogma, and bias and to look to the future as we pursue basic knowledge about pathophysiology and regulation of the lacrimal and meibomian glands and the ocular surface, the causes of dry eye, and new treatments. Remember, the reason we are pursuing this knowledge is to help those who suffer from dry eye, our patients, and, perhaps, someday offer a cure for each of the different types of dry eye.
Governance of Nongovernmental Organizations: A Framework and Application to Poverty Programs in East Africa

This paper examines critical issues in the corporate governance of NGOs. A framework for analysis of governance of NGO poverty programs is developed. The emphasis is placed on the potential for divergence between de jure organizational structure and the de facto process of decision-making. Then, ten case studies of selected NGOs currently running poverty programs in sub-Saharan Africa are considered, each program locally operated but with various degrees of control by or linkages to international networks and funding sources. Programs were selected to span a wide range of sectors including microfinance, income generation, agricultural development, appropriate technology, education, public health, medical care, day care, and environmental protection and sustainability. To gain insights into de facto governance, the most important decision made by each of the ten NGOs over the past several years is examined. Generally, whichever party controlled the key sources of funding had the largest voice in the decision. Yet major advantages to giving the poor a larger voice in the governance of the programs that affect them are identified. The solution could be to find better ways to encourage, account for, and acknowledge the important contributions of the poor in poverty programs. While this paper focuses on poverty programs, some of the implications may apply to for-profit corporate governance in Africa, and to NGO governance in general.
Psychological Stress and Mitochondria: A Systematic Review.

Objective Mitochondria are multifunctional life-sustaining organelles that represent a potential intersection point between psychosocial experiences and biological stress responses. This article provides a systematic review of the effects of psychological stress on mitochondrial structure and function. Methods A systematic review of the literature investigating the effects of psychological stress on mitochondrial function was conducted. The review focused on experimentally controlled studies allowing us to draw causal inference about the effect of induced psychological stress on mitochondria. Results A total of 23 studies met the inclusion criteria. All studies involved male laboratory animals, and most demonstrated that acute and chronic stressors influenced specific facets of mitochondrial function, particularly within the brain. Nineteen studies showed significant adverse effects of psychological stress on mitochondria and four found increases in function or size after stress. In humans, only six observational studies were available, none with experimental designs, and most only measured biological markers that do not directly reflect mitochondrial function, such as mitochondrial DNA copy number. Conclusons Overall, evidence supports the notion that acute and chronic stressors influence various aspects of mitochondrial biology, and that chronic stress exposure can lead to molecular and functional recalibrations among mitochondria. Limitations of current animal and human studies are discussed. Maladaptive mitochondrial changes that characterize this subcellular state of stress are termed mitochondrial allostatic load. Prospective studies with sensitive measures of specific mitochondrial outcomes will be needed to establish the link between psychosocial stressors, emotional states, the resulting neuroendocrine and immune processes, and mitochondrial energetics relevant to mind-body research in humans.
Pulmonary Endarterectomy: Assessment of Operability, Surgical Description, and Post-op Care

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is defined as a mean pulmonary artery pressure ≥25 mm Hg and pulmonary artery wedge pressure ≤15 mm Hg in the presence of occlusive thrombi wit...
Coccothrinax viridescens (Arecaceae: Coryphoideae) , a new species

A new species of Coccothrinax is described and illustrated. Currently it is only known from cultivation, but it breeds true from seed. Consulted experts in the genus and palm specialists from Cuba and the Dominican Republic are unfamiliar with this species. Historical aspects point to a Cuban origin. It is currently being cultivated in various localities in South Florida and so far only known from this country. This palm is clearly distinguished by its compact crown, short petioles, tiny seed, almost imperceptible short costa and lack of a silvery abaxial leaf surface. A detailed description, illustration, and images are provided.
Fostering and Assessing Law Student Teamwork and Team Leadership Skills

Skills of teamwork and team leadership are foundational for many types of law practice, but how much instruction, supervised experience, assessment, and guided reflection on these two skills did each reader as a law student receive? Law schools’ formal curricula, in the author’s experience, historically have not given much attention to the development of these skills. There also has been little legal scholarship on how most effectively to foster law students’ growth toward later stages of teamwork and team leadership. Legal education must do better. What is the next step for the 58 law schools that have adopted a learning outcome on teamwork or team leadership (plus those that will later adopt this type of outcome)? In Part II, this article outlines the next steps that competency-based education requires for a law school to implement a teamwork and team leadership learning outcome. In Part III, the article presents a stage development model for law student teamwork and team leadership skills. Part IV explains how to use the stage development model in the curriculum so that students can understand the entire range of stages of development of teamwork and team leadership. The students can then self-assess their own current stage of development, and faculty and staff and a student’s team members can use the model to observe and assess a student’s current stage of development and give feedback to help the student grow to the next stage. Reflecting on self-assessment, teamwork experiences, and others’ feedback, a student can create a written professional development plan to grow to the next stage of teamwork and team leadership and get coaching on the plan. The student can also assess the evidence the student has to demonstrate his or her level of development to potential employers.
Observations of Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission Components in Adults With Hearing Loss.

Objectives Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) measured in the ear canal are composed of OAEs generated by at least two mechanisms coming from different places in the cochlea. Otoacoustic emission (OAE) models hypothesize that reduction of cochlear gain will differentially impact the components. The purpose of the current experiment was to provide preliminary data about DPOAE components in adults with hearing loss in relation to OAE models and explore whether evaluation of the relative amplitudes of generator and reflection components can enhance identification of hearing loss. Design DPOAEs were measured from 45 adult ears; 21 had normal hearing (≤15 dB HL) and 24 with mild-to-severe sensorineural hearing loss (>15 dB HL). The higher frequency primary (f2) was swept logarithmically between 1500 and 6000 Hz, and f2/f1 was 1.22. The two equal-level primaries varied from 55 to 75 dB SPL in 5 dB steps. The swept primary procedure permitted the measurement of the amplitude and phase of the DPOAE fine structure and the extraction of the two major components (generator and reflection) by varying the predicted delays of the analysis windows. Results DPOAE fine structure was reduced or absent in ears with hearing loss. DPOAE generator and reflection components were lower in ears with hearing loss than those with normal hearing, especially for the reflection component. Significant correlations were found between the generator component and hearing threshold but not between reflection levels and hearing threshold. Most ears with normal hearing had both components, but only a small number of ears with hearing loss had both components. Conclusions The reflection component is not recordable or low in level in ears with hearing loss, explaining the reduced or absent DPOAE fine structure. DPOAE generator components are also lower in level in ears with hearing loss than in ears without hearing loss. In ears that had both measurable generator and reflection components, the relationship between the two did not depend on the presence or absence of hearing loss. Because reflection components are not measurable in many ears with hearing thresholds >15 dB HL, stimuli that evoke other types of reflection emissions, such as stimulus-frequency or long-latency transient-evoked emissions, should be explored in conjunction with DPOAE generator components.
Single-cell RNA sequencing of murine islets shows high cellular complexity at all stages of autoimmune diabetes

Tissue-specific autoimmune diseases are driven by activation of diverse immune cells in the target organs. However, the molecular signatures of immune cell populations over time in an autoimmune process remain poorly defined. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we performed an unbiased examination of diverse islet-infiltrating cells during autoimmune diabetes in the nonobese diabetic mouse. The data revealed a landscape of transcriptional heterogeneity across the lymphoid and myeloid compartments. Memory CD4 and cytotoxic CD8 T cells appeared early in islets, accompanied by regulatory cells with distinct phenotypes. Surprisingly, we observed a dramatic remodeling in the islet microenvironment, in which the resident macrophages underwent a stepwise activation program. This process resulted in polarization of the macrophage subpopulations into a terminal proinflammatory state. This study provides a single-cell atlas defining the staging of autoimmune diabetes and reveals that diabetic autoimmunity is driven by transcriptionally distinct cell populations specialized in divergent biological functions.
Die Zusammenarbeit von Ingenieuren und Ärzten in der Unfallverhütung

Sicherheitstechnische Massnahmen sind eine der Voraussetzungen fur den Schutz des arbeitenden Menschen vor korperlichen Schadigungen. Da der Mensch aber selber in das System technischer Ablaufe integriert ist, stellt der umfassende Arbeitsschutz nicht nur eine interdisziplinare, sondern auch eine transdisziplinare Aufgabe dar. Die Unfallverhutung hat die drei Elemente Arbeitsmittel, Arbeitsablaufe und Menschen zu berucksichtigen sowie die drei Nahtstellen zwischen diesen Elementen. Es wird die Zusammenarbeit von Ingenieuren und Arzten bei der Arbeitsplatzbesichtigung, bei der Unfalluntersuchung und bei der Wiedereingliederung von Verunfallten behandelt.
Bayesian and influence function-based empirical likelihoods for inference of sensitivity in diagnostic tests:

In medical diagnostic studies, a diagnostic test can be evaluated based on its sensitivity under a desired specificity. Existing methods for inference on sensitivity include normal approximation-based approaches and empirical likelihood (EL)-based approaches. These methods generally have poor performance when the specificity is high, and some require choosing smoothing parameters. We propose a new influence function-based empirical likelihood method and Bayesian empirical likelihood methods to overcome such problems. Numerical studies are performed to compare the finite sample performance of the proposed approaches with existing methods. The proposed methods are shown to perform better in terms of both coverage probability and interval length. A real data set from Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ANDI) is analyzed.
Fuzzy bi-objective model for hazardous materials routing and scheduling under demand and service time uncertainty

We develop a fuzzy-based bi-objective optimisation model for hazardous materials (hazmat) vehicle routing and scheduling problem with time windows. The task is to find optimal links and routes to maintain a balance between safe and fast distribution of hazmats between origins and destinations through a transport network. We consider unknown probabilities for hazmat incidents along with a game-theoretic demon approach in a link-based model. Using the Nash game theory approach, an integrated routing and scheduling hazmat shipment problem is formulated. Since the formulated problem is a bi-objective model with travel time and population risk objectives, we also propose a solution method based on a hybrid Monte-Carlo simulation and fuzzy goal programming to obtain the set of Pareto optimal solutions. Computational results of a carefully crafted numerical example are also provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the developed mathematical model and the solution method in obtaining Pareto-optimal solutions.
Police Response to Children Present at Domestic Violence Incidents

Police response to domestic violence (DV) has continued to change and expand over the past several decades. Although DV was originally considered a private matter, it now represents one of the most common calls for service received by police agencies. While police response to DV incidents has improved substantially, intervention when children are present remains an undeveloped area of research and practice. The present study examined 345 police reports from an agency in the Northwestern United States to explore police response to DV incidents when children are present. Regression analyses indicated that child presence was a statistically significant predictor of victim-directed intervention, victim-directed follow-up, and arrest although in differing directions. While child presence increased the odds of victim-directed intervention and victim-directed follow-up, it decreased the odds of arrest. Findings further indicated that the frequency of police interaction with children present at DV incidents was minimal. Based on these findings, recommendations for policy and practice are discussed.
Excreted testosterone and male sexual proceptivity: A hormone validation and proof-of-concept experiment in túngara frogs

Abstract Conventional methods for sampling hormones often preclude strong inference experimental designs, including repeated measures of both hormones and behavior and balanced or simultaneous designs for hormone-behavior sampling. In amphibians there is an opportunity to non-invasively and repeatedly sample excreted steroids in the water. We examined testosterone (T) in tungara frogs (Physalaemus (=Engystomops) pustulosus) using minimally invasive water-borne methods. First, we validated procedures for the collection, extraction and measurement of T in adult males and females using pharmacological challenges coupled with estimates of parallelism and recovery determination. Next, we extended the timeline of sampling over 9 days in order to evaluate the kinetics of excretion (baseline phase, challenge phase, recovery phase), including the estimation of individual differences during baseline sampling. We also estimated concentrations of creatinine (Cr) in each water sample and evaluated whether correcting for this proxy of urine concentration significantly decreased error variance in T estimates. Lastly, we incorporated a standardized and repeated measures assay of male sexual proceptivity (phonotaxis) during the predicted peak T and recovery T timepoints. We found strong evidence supporting the utility of these methods for precise, biologically informative estimates of T in both sexes. Males had higher T than females and responded to pharmacological challenges by elevating T substantially within 48 h of challenge (hCG, GnRH). Males exhibited repeatability in baseline T and phonotaxis frequencies were positively associated with higher T. Adjusting T levels for the simultaneous measure of Cr significantly improved model fit, which in conjunction with marked variation in urine concentration, suggests that urine likely serves as the major source of excreted T. In summary, this proof-of-concept and methods study demonstrates the utility and accuracy of measuring water-borne T and behavior in amphibians.
Interactions between forms of fat consumption and restaurant bread consumption

How does fat consumption influence the consumption of companion foods such as bread? Adult restaurant goers who were randomly given olive oil for their bread used 26% more oil on each piece of bread compared to those who were given block butter, but they ended up eating 23% less bread in total. This finding illustrates one way in which fat intake can interact with the consumption of companion foods.
Chinese International Scholars' Work-Life Balance in the United States: Stress and Strategies.

Acculturative stress and strategies have been investigated with undergraduate international students in the United States. However, not much is known about scholars who come to the United States for advanced educational or career opportunities. Guided by Berry’s (2006) acculturative stress coping adaptation theory, the current study explored lived experiences of CISs through longitudinal interviews. Inductive analysis revealed themes about stressors that challenged work–life balance. Three types of coping strategies for these stressors were identified: (a) grandparents’ and spousal support, (b) mental strengths, and (c) planning ahead for the future of their family. Practical implications are discussed for supporting CISs. Findings of the current study expand our knowledge about CISs’ challenges and strategies for maintaining work–life balance.
Sunscreen: a brief walk through history

The sunscreens we see today were paved by our ancestors’ sun protection methods, followed by scientific discovery in the more recent era and the trials and errors of the sunscreen formulations that...
Patient Centered Studies Focused on Type 2 Diabetes Management, Education, and Family Support: A Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND Although a large amount of research has been conducted in diabetes management, many of the articles do not focus on patient-centered questions and concerns. To address this shortcoming, patients and various other stakeholders from three northern Mississippi communities co-created research questions focused on Type 2 diabetes management. OBJECTIVE To identify the diabetes management literature pertaining to each of the six patient-developed research questions from March 2010 to July 2020. METHODS A scoping review was conducted via PubMed to identify research articles from March 2010 to July 2020 focused on patient-centered Type 2 diabetes studies relevant to the six research questions. RESULTS A total of 1,414 studies were identified via the search strategy and 34 were included for qualitative analysis following article exclusion. For one of the research questions, there were no articles included. For the remaining research questions, the number of articles identified ranged from two to eleven. After analysis of the included articles, it was found that these questions either lacked extensive data or had not been implemented in the practice of diabetes management. CONCLUSION Additional research is warranted for three of the five questions, as current evidence is either lacking or contradictory. In the remaining two questions, it seems that adequate current research exists to warrant transitioning to implementation focused studies wherein data may be generated to improve sustainability and scaling of current programming.
Delineating Metropolitan Areas: Measuring Spatial Labour Market Networks Through Commuting Patterns

This chapter first discusses the necessity of defining metropolitan areas and current practice in several countries. It argues for the use of a simple algorithm that exploits cross-municipality commuting patterns. Municipalities are aggregated iteratively provided they send a share of their commuters above a given threshold to the rest of a metropolitan area. This algorithm is implemented on Colombian data and its robustness is assessed. Finally, the properties of the resulting spatial labour market networks are explored.
Switching and Stick Motions in an Extended Fermi-Acceleration Oscillator

The motion switching of the bouncing ball in a generalized Fermi oscillator is investigated through the theory of discontinuous dynamical systems. The analytical conditions of the motion switching are presented and illustration of periodic motions is given to show motion switching.
Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador: CAMPESINO ACCOUNTS OF INSURGENT PARTICIPATION

What our history has been! We have come to know what a movement is, we have won a cease-fire. We, as a cooperative, now we know what it is to be free. Land Defense Committee, Las Marias, 1992 Why did campesinos in Tenancingo and Usulutan support the FMLN and join insurgent organizations, despite the high costs of doing so? The Salvadoran insurgency was about land. Perhaps access to land, a key material interest of campesinos , accounts for why so many campesinos participated in the insurgency, thereby resolving the puzzle of collective action posed in the opening pages of this book. However, at the time the insurgent cooperatives were formed, residents of the case-study areas had access to land whether or not they participated, as long as they refrained from informing on insurgent activities and made occasional material contributions (which they also had to make to passing government forces). Thus during the middle and later years of the civil war, it was possible for those who did not support the rebels to reside in the case-study areas as “free riders” on the benefits of the insurgency. The benefits included improved working conditions in some areas and unprecedented access to land and freedom from the often capricious authority of landlords and security forces in others. But none of these benefits required participating in the insurgency beyond the coerced minimum contribution. In short, the material benefits of the insurgency took the form of a public good that was available to all residents.
Flavonoids and isoflavones

Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds with structural similarities to the oxygen heterocycle flavan. Members of this very diverse and ubiquitous group of plant molecules include flavones, isoflavans, flavonols, flavanols, flavanones, anthocyanins, and proanthocyanidins. The diversity of flavonoids is too great to assign them specific properties. It is particularly important to emphasize that many flavonoids are extremely toxic for humans. However, various flavonoids in edible foods are likely to promote health through antioxidant effects, actions on cellular signaling events, binding to sexhormone receptors, and modulation of detoxifying enzymes. Flavonoid-rich fruits and vegetables are likely to decrease risk of atherosclerosis, cancer, and osteoporosis. Many fruits and vegetables are rich in flavonoids. Well-researched examples include soybeans, onions, grapefruit, oranges, chocolate, and tea. Flavonoid absorption ranges from virtually nonexistent for some to extensive for others. Many flavonoids are rapidly broken down either in the intestine before absorption is completed or in the liver and other metabolically active organs. Retention of flavonoids in specific tissues and later release does not account for significant amounts available to tissues. The xenobiotic transporters at the basolateral membrane and the brush border membrane transport many conjugates of flavonoids. This means that active tubular secretion occurs in addition to glomerular filtration.
Logical Foundations of Psychoanalytic Theory

Freud has emphasized that Breuer’s “cathartic method (of therapy and clinical investigation) was the immediate precursor of psychoanalysis; and, in spite of every extension of experience and of every modification of theory, is still contained within it as its nucleus” (S.E. 1924, 19:194). 1 Josef Breuer used hypnosis to revive and articulate the patient’s memory of a repressed traumatic experience which had presumably occasioned the first appearance of a particular hysterical symptom. Thereby Freud’s mentor induced a purgative release of the pent-up emotional distress that had been originally bound to the trauma. And since such cathartic reliving of a repressed trauma seemed to yield relief from the particular hysterical symptom, Breuer and Freud hypothesized that repression is the sine qua non for the pathogenesis of the patient’s psychoneurosis (S.E. 1893, 2:6–7; 1893, 3:29–30).