cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen Formation by the Biophotolysis of Water Via Glycolate and Formate

I am substituting for Professor H. G. Wood who was scheduled to chair this session but because of last minute commitments was unable to attend this meeting. Knowing his interests in the theme of this symposium I am sure he would have opened the session with a few remarks about some of the interesting research he is doing in the field of microbial metabolism. With your permission I will utilize some of his time to report some results we have obtained on the biophotolysis of water with the formation of hydrogen.
Predictors of significant effusion after permanent pacemaker placement

Introduction: Pericardial effusion, which can be a sign of cardiac perforation, may complicate permanent pacemaker (PPM) placement. Predictors of effusion have not been determined. We sought to elucidate predictors of significant post-PPM implant effusion. Methods: The Mayo Foundation echocardiography and pacemaker databases were cross-referenced. From 1995-2003 1724 PPMs were implanted. Fifty patients had a significant effusion and symptoms consistent with perforation after PPM placement. They were randomly matched with 100 patients without effusion after PPM placement. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Results: The strongest predictors of post-implant effusion were the use of a temporary transvenous pacemaker (TPM) (HR 3.2; 95% CI 1.6-6.1, p 0.005) or steroids use within 7 days (HR 4.1; 95% CI 1.08-42, p 0.04). Weaker predictors were use of helical screw ventricular leads (HR 2.8; 95% CI 1.6-4.0 p 0.02), BMI 20 (HR 2.5; 95% CI 1.3-5.0, p 0.005), older age (HR 1.4; 95% CI 1.1-2.0 per decade, p 0.04) and longer fluoroscopy times (HR 1.3; 95% CI 1.2-1.5 per minute, p 0.008.) Protective variables were right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) 35mmHg (HR 0.72; 95% CI 0.44-.96, p 0.01,) history of hypertension (HR 0.57; 95% CI 0.37-0.88 p 0.009), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HR 0.65; 95% CI 0.34-0.95, p 0.02) or BMI 30 (HR 0.62; 95% CI 0.41-0.93, p 0.01.) There was no difference between cases and controls in age (67 14 vs 66 12 years, p 0.48), EF (55 11 vs 57 12%, p 0.54), gender (52 vs 54% women, p 0.45), use of ASA (60 vs 59%, p 0.4) or warfarin (27 vs 25%, p 0.41); history of diabetes (27 vs 24%, p 0.45) or CAD (37 vs 39%, p 0.47); use of dual chamber PPM (88 vs 75%, p 0.09), use of atrial helical screwleads (66 vs 63%, p 0.38) or ventricular lead location (84 vs 83% apical, p 0.48.) Multivariate predictors were TPM (HR 2.7 1.4-3.8, p 0.01), helical screw leads (HR 2.5; 95% CI 1.4-3.8, p 0.04) and steroid use (HR 3.2; 95% CI 1.1-5.4, p 0.05.) RVSP 35mmHg was the only protective factor (HR 0.70; 95% CI 0.50-0.92, p 0.02.) Conclusion: TPM, helical screw ventricular leads, and steroid use are associated with PPM-related effusion. Elevated RVSP is protective. AB38-4 VENTRICULAR SEPTAL PACING REDUCES THE OCCURRENCE OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN UNSELECTED DUAL-CHAMBER PACED PATIENTS WITH HEART BLOCK Anna-Marie Marsh, BSc, Andre Ng, PhD, MRCP, *Howard J. Marshall, MD, FRCP and *Michael D. Gammage, MD, FRCP. University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom and Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Sampling designs for Landsat crop surveys

The problem of designing large scale crop surveys which utilize Landsat data is addressed in this paper. Emphasis is on stratification and sampling approaches designed to achieve preselected precisions while permitting manageable data processing and survey costs. A dynamic area sampling frame which is versatile and highly suited for sampling of Landsat data is discussed along with the use of rotation sampling for incorporating multiple years of information into the area estimation
Quantification of the in situ DRIFT spectra of Pt/K/γ-A12O3 NOx adsorber catalysts

Abstract A method to quantify DRIFT spectral features associated with the in situ adsorption of gases on a NOx adsorber catalyst, Pt/K/Al2O3, is described. To implement this method, the multicomponent catalyst is analysed with DRIFT and chemisorption to determine that under operating conditions the surface comprised a Pt phase, a pure γ-Al2O3 phase with associated hydroxyl groups at the surface, and an alkalized-Al2O3 phase where the surface –OH groups are replaced by –OK groups. Both DRIFTS and chemisorption experiments show that 93–97% of the potassium exists in this form. The phases have a fractional surface area of 1.1% for the 1.7 nm-sized Pt, 34% for pure Al2O3 and 65% for the alkalized-Al2O3. NO2 and CO2 chemisorption at 250 °C is implemented to determine the saturation uptake value, which is observed with DRIFTS at 250 °C. Pt/Al2O3 adsorbs 0.087 μmol CO2/m2and 2.0 μmol NO2/m2, and Pt/K/Al2O3 adsorbs 2.0 μmol CO2/m2and 6.4 μmol NO2/m2. This method can be implemented to quantitatively monitor the formation of carboxylates and nitrates on Pt/K/Al2O3 during both lean and rich periods of the NOx adsorber catalyst cycle.
Antagonism of ventricular arrhythmias induced by digitalis--a neural phenomenon.

Abstract d , l -Pronethalol, d -pronethalol, d , l -propranolol, d -propranolol, d , l -INPEA, d -INPEA and l -INPEA, drugs effective in antagonizing the digitalis-induced ventricular arrhythmia, were examined for neurodepressant properties. All of these agents produced depression of the motor nerve terminals of the soleus nerve of the cat. The more potent antiarrhythmics, pronethalol, propranolol and their respective d -isomers proved to be more potent depressants of motor nerve terminal function than the less antiarrhythmic INPEA and its d - and l -isomers. However, in all cases the neurodepressant dose range is identical with the antiarrhythmic dose range. This correlation between nerve terminal depression and blockade of digitalis-induced cardiac arrhythmias suggests that neurodepression plays a role in the antiarrhythmic action of these materials.
Electric Field Model: An Alternative Mechanism for Cell-to-Cell Propagation in Cardiac Muscle and Smooth Muscle

Cardiac muscle and visceral smooth muscle are similar in some regards, in that both tissues are composed of relatively short individual cells that interact in some way to allow the spread of excitation over all or much of the tissue, bringing about a synchronized and nearly simultaneous contraction of the cells to subserve a specific physiologic function. A prevailing view is that these short muscle cells possess low-resistance interconnections, which allows local-circuit action current to flow readily from one cell to the next, thereby allowing the propagation of excitation over the entire tissue. The gap junctions, which are observed morphologically, are thought to contain numerous low-resistance connections. However, gap junctions are not observed in hearts of lower vertebrates or in some visceral smooth muscles. Therefore, the questions arise of what their role is in propagation and whether an alternative mechanism for transfer of excitation from cell to cell might apply in some normal physiologic circumstances and in some pathophysiologic conditions. The case for such an alternative mechanism that is electrical in nature, but does not require low-resistance connections, is presented here. The arguments in support of low-resistance coupling in smooth muscle are provided by Alex Bortoff in his accompanying article.
Comparison of a CMOS-based and a CCD-based digital x-ray imaging system: Observer studies

The purpose of this study is to compare the performance of a complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS)-based digital x-ray imaging system with that of a charge-coupled device (CCD)-based system for small animal research. A CMOS-based digital x-ray imaging system was developed and tested. The core of this system is a detector module consisting of eight joint CMOS chips, each having a size of 512×1024 pixels with a readout unit on the side. The pixel size of the CMOS detectors is 0.048 mm. The contrast detail detectability of the CMOS-based system was studied using different phantoms, and compared with that of a CCD-based digital imaging system. The contrast detail curves of the CMOS-based image system, obtained from the observer-based studies, are highly comparable to the CCD-based imaging system, particularly at higher x-ray exposures. The images of fine structures of a mouse, acquired by the CMOS system, demonstrated the capability of the system in the studies of small animals. With integration potential, manufacturability, and low costs, the CMOS-based imaging systems could be used in animal studies and potentially become useful clinical tools for diagnosis.
Microcomputers in ecological modelling: A special issue dedicated to research, education and computer graphics

Abstract Papers in this special issue of Ecological Modelling describe software that is available from the authors either for free, for a moderate fee or as full fledged commercial programs. Some programs rely on commercial packages such as spreadsheets; some programs are used for educational purposes and others are used for scientific research. The common denominator of these papers is that they describe software that is relatively easy to use, is self-contained, has interesting applications and is available for distribution now. Each paper was peer-reviewed for its scientific content and each software program was also peer-reviewed. A paper has been accepted for publication only if both the paper itself and the software were deemed acceptable by independent reviewers. I therefore urge readers interested in applications to contact the individual authors to obtain copies of the software; only then will the purpose of this special issue be accomplished.
Primary Chondroma of the Lung: a Roentgenological and Pathological Study Based upon an Analysis of Forty Cases, with a Report of Two New Cases

(1926). Primary Chondroma of the Lung: a Roentgenological and Pathological Study Based upon an Analysis of Forty Cases, with a Report of Two New Cases. Acta Radiologica: Vol. 5, No. 6, pp. 475-499.
Colonic abscess and focal peritonitis secondary to India ink tattooing of the colon

Colonoscopy is the method of choice for removing most colonic polyps. At times, however, small polyps or tumors are detected which cannot be safely or completely removed by this procedure and are therefore referred for surgical resection. Many of these lesions are not visible or palpable to the surgeon, and resection must be planned on the basis of the endoscopist's estimation of the location of the lesion. Although colonoscopy is a highly sensitive means by which to detect lesions, it is less precise in anatomically localizing lesions to a specific area of the colon. Errors in endoscopic localization of lesions have led to blind removal of uninvolved segments of colon, leaving the lesion behind.2 In an attempt to improve the accuracy of anatomic localization, endoscopists have used metal clip placement,3 barium enemas,2 fluoroscopy,4 and intra-operative colonoscopy,5 with less than optimal results. Currently, some experts8 in the field of gastrointestinal endoscopy recommend endoscopic tattooing as an ideal way by which to mark the colon because it is simple, inexpensive, safe, and accurate. Endoscopic tattooing results in an easily visible serosal stain which allows the surgeon to accurately remove the involved segment of bowel. India ink has been the only agent used in this procedure because of the intensity and prolonged duration of the tattoo marks it produces. Although this localization method has been used since 1975, there is little information in the literature about it. To date, only 15 cases of India ink tattoos of the colon have been reported and no complications
Firing refractory material in rotary kilns with external heat exchangers

The use of external heat exchangers with rotary kilns is of great advantage when firing refractory material, on account of which they should be used more extensively.
c-Cbl, a Ubiquitin E3 Ligase That Targets Active β-Catenin: A NOVEL LAYER OF Wnt SIGNALING REGULATION *

Regulation of transcriptionally active nuclear β-catenin during the Wnt-on phase is crucial to ensure controlled induction of Wnt target genes. Several ubiquitin E3 ligases are known to regulate cytosolic β-catenin during the Wnt-off phase, but little is known about the fate of active nuclear β-catenin in the Wnt-on phase. We now describe ubiquitination of active β-catenin in the Wnt-on phase by a RING finger ubiquitin E3 ligase, Casitas B-lineage lymphoma (c-Cbl) in endothelial cells. c-Cbl binds preferentially to nuclearly active β-catenin in the Wnt-on phase via the armadillo repeat region. Wild-type c-Cbl suppresses and E3 ligase-deficient c-Cbl-70Z increases Wnt signaling. Wnt induces nuclear translocation of c-Cbl where it ubiquitinates nuclear β-catenin. Deletion of the c-Cbl UBA domain abrogates its dimerization, binding to β-catenin, Wnt-induced c-Cbl nuclear translocation, and ubiquitination of nuclear β-catenin. c-Cbl activity inhibits pro-angiogenic Wnt targets IL-8 and VEGF levels and angiogenesis in a β-catenin-dependent manner. This study defines for the first time c-Cbl as a ubiquitin E3 ligase that targets nuclearly active β-catenin in the Wnt-on phase and uncovers a novel layer of regulation of Wnt signaling.
Deep brain stimulation in the management of disorders of consciousness: a review of physiology, previous reports, and ethical considerations

Patients suffering from disorders of consciousness constitute a population that exists largely outside of the daily practice patterns of neurosurgeons. Historically, treatment has focused on nursing and custodial issues with limited neurosurgical intervention. Recently, however, deep brain stimulation has been explored to restore cognitive and physical function to patients in minimally conscious states. In this article, the authors characterize the physiological mechanisms for the use of deep brain stimulation in persistently vegetative and minimally conscious patients, review published cases and associated ethical concerns, and discuss future directions of this technology.
General analysis of two-mirror relay systems

The general two-mirror system used at finite conjugates is examined here. Relations for first-order geometric properties and third-order aberrations are given in terms of five design parameters: object distance, image distance, exit pupil size, and the two mirror magnifications. The conditions for aplanatic solutions are derived for conic mirrors. The curvatures of the astigmatic image surfaces are given, and the condition for anastigmatic solutions is derived. The relations are applied to infinite conjugate systems and spherical mirror systems as special cases.
A Systematic Approach to Higher-Order Necessary Conditions in Optimization Theory

Necessary conditions for an abstract optimization problem are derived under weak assumptions. The presence of a generalized critical direction in these conditions is the basis for deriving necessary conditions of arbitrary order for various concrete problems. Two applications are considered in detail. The first concerns first- and second-order necessary conditions for a constrained optimization problem in an infinite-dimensional vector space where the cost, equality and inequality functions possess differentials of a finite-dimensional one-sided character. The second application concerns first-, second- and third-order necessary conditions for a constrained optimization problem in a Banach space with Frechet differentiability hypotheses. In both applications normality conditions are not required. Several well-known results are generalized.
Testing CP and CPT violation in the neutral kaon system at a phi factory.

A general discussion of the gamut of CP- and CPT-violation tests that can be performed at a high-luminosity \ensuremath{\varphi} factory is presented. The results of simulations of the expected time distribution patterns of events in such a \ensuremath{\varphi} factory are displayed. Furthermore, we demonstrate by means of a global fit to all distributions that, at a \ensuremath{\varphi} factory with a total integrated luminosity of ${10}^{40}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$, it is possible to determine most of the presently measured CP- and CPT-violating parameters in the neutral kaon system to a considerably better (statistical) level than that of current measurements. Present tests of CPT violation are examined and are contrasted with what could be achieved at such a \ensuremath{\varphi} factory. While present data could mask a potentially large CPT violation, measurements at a \ensuremath{\varphi} factory will be able to disentangle all the CPT-violating quantities from each other, allowing one to test unambiguously each CPT-violating parameter to one part in ${10}^{4}$ and, in particular, to measure the mass difference between the ${\mathit{K}}^{0}$ and the K\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} $^{0}$ to one part in ${10}^{18}$ of their mass.
A shared-view web-based environment for training

Future classrooms and distance learning will likely be equipped with sophisticated tools to enable the virtual presence of students who are participating in lectures from remote locations. While partial solutions exist today, the complexities involved demand superior and scalable solutions. This paper describes a Virtual Training Environment (VTE) that targets Advanced Distance Learning (ADL). The goal is to develop a framework for virtual laboratories using Web-Based Simulation (WBS) in which the students join a class, collaborate with other students, and perform their training agenda. Simulation is a key component of the system, allowing the students to generate simulated objects and interact with them as part of their training task. In this system, offering a shared view of images and the display presents a challenge. Although digital video streaming could present a shared view, it cannot provide interactions between the students and the simulation environment as if they were in the lab. In this paper we present a shared view system and a prototype for the VTE that allows students at distance to share their view and interact with the simulator platform. The prototype provides a framework and proof of concept upon which numerous features can be added.
Practices for Developing Reflective Thinking Skills Among Teachers

According to Dewey (1933), reflective thought, as the essential component of reflective teaching practice, involves “active, persistent, and careful consideration of any belief or supposed form of ...
Skin and self-injury: a possible link between peripheral innervation and immune function?

The aim of this preliminary case study series was to investigate epidermal innervation in pediatric patients with significant neurological impairment and self-injurious behavior. We enrolled four pediatric patients with self-injury (two males, two females; mean age 12y, range 9-14y) and used archival specimens from healthy, age-matched children with typical development for comparison purposes. Epidermal nerve fiber density, peptide content, and mast cell degranulation patterns from non-damaged skin were tested between the patients and the comparison group. The male patients with self-injury had significantly increased epidermal nerve fiber densities, increased substance P positive fiber count and extensive mast cell degranulation compared with sex- and age-matched individuals with typical development. Our case series shows for the first time altered peripheral innervation from non-damaged tissue in children with significant self-injury and developmental disability compared with a healthy comparison group. Establishing the role of peripheral nociceptive and immune modulatory neural pathways may offer new treatment avenues for this devastating neurobehavioral disorder. Language: en
The Medical Doppler in Hand Surgery: Its Scientific Basis, Applications, and the History of Its Namesake, Christian Johann Doppler

The word Doppler is used synonymously in hand surgery for evaluating patency of vascular structures; however, the science and history behind the Doppler effect are not as well-known. We will present the theories behind the Doppler effect and the history of the person who made this discovery.
Assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma using apparent diffusion coefficient and diffusion kurtosis indices: preliminary experience in fresh liver explants.

Abstract Objectives The objective was to perform ex vivo evaluation of non-Gaussian diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) for assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), including presence of treatment-related necrosis, using fresh liver explants. Methods Twelve liver explants underwent 1.5-T magnetic resonance imaging using a DKI sequence with maximal b-value of 2000 s/mm2. A standard monoexponential fit was used to calculate apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and a non-Gaussian kurtosis fit was used to calculate K, a measure of excess kurtosis of diffusion, and D, a corrected diffusion coefficient accounting for this non-Gaussian behavior. The mean value of these parameters was measured for 16 HCCs based upon histologic findings. For each metric, HCC-to-liver contrast was calculated, and coefficient of variation (CV) was computed for voxels within the lesion as an indicator of heterogeneity. A single hepatopathologist determined HCC necrosis and cellularity. Results The 16 HCCs demonstrated intermediate-to-substantial excess diffusional kurtosis, and mean corrected diffusion coefficient D was 23% greater than mean ADC (P=.002). HCC-to-liver contrast and CV of HCC were greater for K than ADC or D, although these differences were significant only for CV of HCCs (P≤.046). ADC, D and K all showed significant differences between non-, partially and completely necrotic HCCs (P≤.004). Among seven nonnecrotic HCCs, cellularity showed a strong inverse correlation with ADC (r=−0.80), a weaker inverse correlation with D (− 0.24) and a direct correlation with K (r= 0.48). Conclusions We observed non-Gaussian diffusion behavior for HCCs ex vivo; this DKI model may have added value in HCC characterization in comparison with a standard monoexponential model of diffusion-weighted imaging.
How episodic is semantic memory

At the end of his Philosophical Investigations Wittgenstein (1963) notes that the confusion and barrennes of psychology is to be explained not by the youth of the science but by the conceptual confusions that underlie it. I think one could easily make a case for saying that questions concerning the distinction proposed by Tulving (1972) between episodic and semantic memory generally involve precisely such conceptual confusions. What I propose to do in this paper is first to illustrate such a confusion, and then to suggest a possible way round it.
Aging, Diabetes, and Renal Failure Catalyze the Oxidation of Lysyl Residues to 2-Aminoadipic Acid in Human Skin Collagen

The epsilon-amino group of lysyl residues oxidatively deaminates in the presence of alpha-dicarbonyl sugars and redox-active metals forming alpha-aminoadipic acid-delta-semialdehyde (allysine; Suyama's hypothesis), which can further oxidize into 2-aminoadipic acid. Here we show that 2-aminoadipic acid is significantly (P 2 nmol/mg collagen).
Galanthamine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor: a time course of the effects on performance and neurochemical parameters in mice.

Abstract The time course of the effects of the long-acting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, galanthamine, on a spatial navigation task and on AChE and acetylcholine (ACh) levels were investigated in mice. Mice received either saline or ibotenic acid injections into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (nBM). The control and nBM group were then trained to perform a modified Morris swim task and the time to find the hidden platform was recorded. The nBM group took significantly longer to find the platform than the control group in the reversal phase of testing. Galanthamine attenuated the performance deficit in the nBM-lesioned group in a time-dependent manner, with peak performance at four hours after injection of 5.0 mg/kg galanthamine IP. This dose impaired performance of the task in control mice, with the most severe deficits observed at two hours after injections when motor activity was severely reduced. Galanthamine (5.0 mg/kg IP) significantly decreased cortical AChE activity and significantly increased cortical ACh content in control mice in a time-dependent manner. The time courses of the neurochemical effects, however, did not correlate precisely with the behavioral time course. Galanthamine concentrations up to 1 × 10 −5 M did not affect choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity, [ 3 H]hemicholinium-3 (HCh-3) binding to the choline carrier, [ 3 H]quinuclidinylbenzilate (QNB) binding to muscarinic receptors, or [ 3 H]acetylcholine binding to nicotinic receptors in cortical homogenates. AChE activity was inhibited by galanthamine in cortical homogenates with an IC 50 of 4.1 × 10 −7 M. Galanthamine's ability to reverse cognitive deficits induced by nBM lesions, its relatively long half-life and its specificity of effects suggest that this drug may be effective in treating the central cholinergic deficits in Alzheimer's disease and related disorders.
Effect of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Frequency of Stroke in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke that is not included in the usual cardioembolic risk assessments for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of OSA on stroke rate in patients with AF. Patients with AF and new diagnoses of OSA were identified from retrospective chart review. Those with histories of stroke at the time of the sleep study were excluded. The primary outcome was the incidence of stroke, determined by a physician investigator blinded to the results of polysomnography. Subgroup analysis was performed among different CHADS₂ and CHA₂DS₂-VASc scores. Of 5,138 patients screened for OSA, 402 (7.7%) had AF and 332 (6.4%) met the inclusion criteria. Among the study population, the occurrence of first-time stroke was 22.9%. Ischemic stroke was more common in patients with OSA compared with patients without (25.4% vs 8.2% respectively, p = 0.006). After controlling for age, male gender, and coronary artery disease, the association between OSA and stroke remained statistically significant, with an adjusted odds ratio of 3.65 (95% confidence interval 1.252 to 10.623). A positive dose effect of the apnea-hypopnea index on the rate of stroke was observed (p = 0.0045). Subgroup analysis showed significantly higher rates of stroke in patients with CHADS₂ scores of 0 and CHA₂DS₂-VASc scores of 0 and 1 and co-morbid OSA. In conclusion, OSA in patients with AF is an independent predictor of stroke. This association may have important clinical implications in ischemic stroke risk stratification.
Interorganizational networks: The convergence of cooperative Competitors

This paper extends organizational communication research by considering external organizational issues. It analyzes the interorganizational network of real estate companies and the relationship of their network positions to organization‐level perceptions about the system. The network is divided into: (1) one group of organizations that were sparsely connected, and (2) stand‐alone organizations that were isolated from the prevailing group and each other. This interorganizational network analysis is grounded in institutionalization and resource dependence theory, vis‐a‐vis overlapping perceptions of the system, elicited by answers to open‐ended interviews. Results indicate institutionalized perceptions occurred for the group‐member organizations through indirect exposure to information in the environment. Specifically, organizations who shared similar roles in the network have convergent interpretations. These data support Mizruchi's (1993) theory that prominent organizations are more similar than those who...
Multiple Birth Risk Factors and the Distribution of Handedness

Summary In this study, we attempted to maximize the likelihood of replicating Bakan's (1971, 1977a) observations that left-handedness was more probable in college students who. were the progeny of “high-riskof ” births. To do this, the rela tionships between handedness and a combination of factors known to be associated with birth risk were computed. The observed relationships proved to be trivial and thus the validity of Bakan's hypothesis was questionned.
Comparison of Diagnostic Criteria for Female Bladder Outlet Obstruction

Purpose: There is no universally accepted definition of bladder outlet obstruction in women. We compared 5 contemporary urodynamic definitions and determined how well they correlated with each other and with clinical suspicion of bladder outlet obstruction.Materials and Methods: A total of 154 women who underwent videourodynamics were prospectively evaluated. Clinical obstruction was suspected when history, physical examination, symptoms and basic testing before urodynamics raised the suspicion. Women were classified as having obstruction based on 5 contemporary definitions, including 3 pressure flow cutoff point criteria, videourodynamic criteria and the Blaivas-Groutz nomogram. The McNemar Test was used to compare each definition to the others and to suspicion of clinical obstruction.Results: Of the women 91 were evaluable, including 26 (29%) with obstruction by videourodynamic criteria, 28 (31%) with obstruction by 1998 cut point criteria, 18 (20%) with obstruction by 2000 cut point criteria, 13 (14%) ...
Experiments on the Behaviour of an Axisymmetric Turbulent Boundary Layer with a Sudden Circumferential Strain

Mean velocity and mean turbulent field measurements are performed for the case of a three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer on an axially rotated cylinder. The cylinder model consists of two parts: a stationary section followed by a spinning afterbody. Techniques of hot-wire anemometry are employed, which yield complete mean velocity and turbulence measurements in skewed flows. The general behaviour of the three-dimensional boundary layer is first discussed: two asymptotic layers analogous to the two-dimensional wall and defect layers are observed; they are shown to evolve from the equations of mean motion. The hypothesis of scalar eddy viscosity is investigated in the light of these results. Using conventional length scale assumptions together with the Reynolds stress tensor equations, a prediction of curvature effects in the law of the wall region is developed; a result in the present case is a smaller slope of the semi-logarithmic portion of the law of the wall, No assumptions over and above those necessary for plane, two-dimensional flow are required for this analysis. The geometry of the model is such that a rapid change in mean rate of strain occurs along the streamlines. From the history of the components of the tensor, it is possible to draw some fundamental conclusions concerning the dynamics of the energy dissipation, diffusion and redistribution processes.
Does the TANF Work-First Initiative Help Low-Income Families Make Successful Welfare-to-Work Transitions?

Abstract A general argument is how states implement their TANF policy and the extent to which states build partnerships with local communities might affect the chances for low-income families to make a successful welfare-to-work transition. Using data gathered through a key-informant procedure, we find that many low-income families in Mississippi left the TANF rolls because the state implemented “front and back door” policy aimed at reducing caseloads rather than placing clients on a path to self-sufficiency. The results show that the state has failed to address the “true barriers” to work, such as a “mismatch” between training and available jobs, appropriate economic development and transportation and childcare needs. The results also indicate that shifting public responsibility to the clients and local communities will further compromise the well-being of many low-income families because, under TANF, they will pay the cost of their own disadvantage.
NEGATIVE EFFECT OF VASCULAR SHUNT ON RENAL AUTOTRANSPLANT IN CONJOINED TWINS IS REVERSIBLE AFTER SEPARATION

Primary renal allograft nonfunction may be caused by acute tubular necrosis, immunological rejection or vascular thrombosis. Renal autotransplantation engenders no risk of immunological rejection. We report a case of graR nonfunction following renal transplantation in conjoined twins, which reversed rapidly after separation. A mechanism is proposed to explain our observation. CASE REPORT Two-year-old female craniopagus conjoined twins were referred for separation of shared scalp, cranium, cerebral tissue and vessels (see figure). Cerebral venous and arterial angiography of 1 twin revealed a dominant, superior sagittal sinus and partial overlap of the middle cerebral artery distribution. Significant arteriovenous shunting was also present through scalp vessels. Preoperatively, the twins were neurologically intact. Spine and bladder function were normal. Sonography revealed bilateral renal atrophy in 1 twin. Renal scintigraphy demonstrated that 99% of renal function was localized to the twin with 2 normal kidneys. After considerable discus
The cochlear implant in preschool-aged children.

Long-term experience with the single-electrode cochlear implant has shown this device to provide signifi cant benefit with minimal risk to the deaf adult. Based on these findings, the decision was made to begin implanting children. As of September 1, 1982, 27 profoundly deaf children (ranging in age from 2.7 to 17.5 years) have received the cochlear implant. Test results are consistent with those found in adults, and the children have adapted well to using the device. Of particular interest are the results observed in the preschool-aged children, eight of whom have been implanted. Two of these children have now had the implant for a year. Findings to date indicate that progress with the implant is initially slower for the preschool-aged child than for older children and adults. In time, however, similar results are attained. Ultimately the younger children adapt even better to the device. These preliminary results are encouraging, but only long-term experience with a large number of subjects will better d...
Effects of Intravenous Levosimendan on Human Coronary Vasomotor Regulation, Left Ventricular Wall Stress, and Myocardial Oxygen Uptake

Background— Levosimendan is a calcium-sensitizing agent and an inodilator under current investigation in the treatment of decompensated heart failure. The effects of intravenous levosimendan on the human coronary vasculature, together with myocardial wall stress and oxygen uptake, have not been adequately studied. Methods and Results— Ten adult patients underwent right- and left-heart catheterization. Baseline coronary blood flow was determined with quantitative coronary angiography and an intracoronary Doppler-tipped guidewire. Myocardial oxygen uptake was measured with a coronary sinus catheter. Echocardiography was performed before and 30 minutes after an intravenous infusion of levosimendan (24-μg/kg bolus over 10 minutes) was begun. Pulmonary capillary wedge decreased 37% (P=0.009), cardiac output increased 9% (P=0.04), and systemic vascular resistance decreased 18% (P<0.001). Left ventricular ejection fraction increased 20% (P=0.009), and meridional systolic wall stress decreased 48% (P=0.009). Coro...
Comparison of BD Phoenix and bioMérieux Vitek 2 automated systems for the detection of macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance among clinical isolates of Staphylococcus.

Two automated systems, BD Phoenix and bioMerieux Vitek 2, were compared to a double-disk diffusion method for the detection of inducible resistance to clindamycin in Staphylococcus spp. Analysis of 524 clinical isolates revealed sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 99.6%, respectively, for Phoenix and 91.1% and 99.8%, respectively, for Vitek 2.
Correlation of induction-motor design factors

AN ANALYSIS of stator resistance, wire size, horsepower rating, and air-gap density as a function of the flux per pole per unit-length of lamination stacking, stator slot shape and slot insulation, rotor diameter, and flux densities in the stator teeth and core, is given in this paper.
APOLIPOPROTEIN SECRETION BY A NEWBORN PIGLET INTESTINAL CELL LINE (IPEC-1) IN RESPONSE TO FATTY ACID UPTAKE. † 754

APOLIPOPROTEIN SECRETION BY A NEWBORN PIGLET INTESTINAL CELL LINE (IPEC-1) IN RESPONSE TO FATTY ACID UPTAKE. † 754
How the Source of Audit Committee Accounting Expertise Influences Financial Reporting Timeliness

SUMMARY: This article summarizes “The Association between Characteristics of Audit Committee Accounting Experts, Audit Committee Chairs, and Financial Reporting Timeliness” (Abernathy, Beyer, Masli, and Stefaniak 2014), which investigates the association between audit committee members' accounting expertise and financial reporting timeliness. While we find a positive relation between audit committee accounting expertise and financial reporting timeliness, interestingly, we also find that accounting expertise gained from public accounting experience is associated with more timely financial reporting than accounting expertise gained from CFO experience. We discuss implications of these findings for auditors, companies, and regulators.
Spectral methods for capturing crystallographic texture evolution during large plastic strains in metals

Abstract About two decades ago, Bunge and Esling [Scripta Metall 1984; 18: 191–5] put forth a novel concept for capturing and simulating crystallographic texture evolution during large plastic strains on metals using an efficient spectral representation of the orientation distribution function. Although this methodology indicated promise, it was never evaluated critically by these authors, possibly because of the high demands it placed on computational resources. In this paper, the Bunge and Esling concept is revisited and evaluated critically for the first time for a range of deformation processes and starting textures. It is demonstrated that this technique is indeed potentially capable of providing good predictions, especially when the higher order terms in the Fourier expansion are included in the analysis.
Ca2+- and H+-dependent effects of crude bacterial phospholipase C on the hydroosmotic response of toad urinary bladder to serosal hypertonicity.

Phospholipase C (EC 3.1.4.3.) from Clostridium perfringens (crude extracts) was used to study the role of phospholipids in the osmotic permeability of the urinary bladder of the toad. When added to the serosal bath (430 mU/ml) it inhibited the effects of antidiurectic hormone (ADH) and exogenous cyclic AMP. Under the same conditions the increase in osmotic flow produced by serosal hypertonicity (SH) was slightly enhanced by the lipase. The hydroosmotic effect of SH was greatly potentiated by the lipase by decreasing 10-fold the Ca2+ concentration. The SH-induced flow was inhibited by the lipase if the Ca2+ or the H+ concentration was increased 10-fold, but not if the increase in positive charges was produced by a concentration of Mg2+. Phospholipase C had no effect on the action of either ADH or SH if added to the mucosal bath. Serosal neuraminidase or phospholipase A2 could not mimic the effect of phospholipase C on SH. The effect of phospholipase C on the response to SH was not modified if fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin was added to the bath. Therefore, the release of products of lipolysis into the bath do not seem to be responsible for the effects of phospholipase C on SH-induced water flow. The results suggest that the effects of the enzyme on the composition and rearrangement of lipids at the basolateral membrane produce modifications of the water flow. Ca2+ and H+ may modify the enzyme-substrate interaction, suggesting that different phospholipids may be differentially involved in the control of water permeability of the basolateral membrane. Changes in Ca2+ and H+ concentration may also activate or suppress different lipolytic enzymes of the nonhomogenous enzymatic complex employed. These results support the idea that ADH and SH converge in a final common site of action in order to increase the water permeability of the apical membrane, but they do so by activating different steps, SH acting mainly at a post-cyclic AMP site.
A Solution Processed Flexible Microcavity Laser

We report lasing from a flexible one-dimensional polymer microcavity embedded with InGaP/ZnS core/shell quantum dots realized via spin coating. Tunability of emission wavelength by bending the microcavity is also demonstrated.
Use of high-intensity focused ultrasound to control bleeding

Abstract Objective: High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has been shown to be effective in controlling hemorrhage from punctures in blood vessels. The objective of the current study was to investigate the capability of HIFU to stop bleeding after a more severe type of vascular injury, namely longitudinal incisions of arteries and veins. Methods: The superficial femoral arteries, common femoral arteries, carotid arteries, and jugular veins of four anesthetized pigs were exposed surgically. A longitudinal incision, 2 to 8 mm in length, was produced in the vessel. HIFU treatment was applied within 5 seconds of the onset of the bleeding. The HIFU probe consisted of a high-power, 3.5-MHz, piezoelectric transducer with an ellipsoidal focal spot that was 1 mm in cross section and 9 mm in axial dimension. The entire incision area was scanned with the HIFU beam at a rate of 15 to 25 times/second and a linear displacement of 5 to 10 mm. A total of 76 incisions and HIFU treatments were performed. Results: Control of bleeding (major hemosatsis) was achieved in all 76 treatments, with complete hemostasis achieved in 69 treatments (91%). The average treatment times of major and complete hemostasis were 17 and 25 seconds, respectively. After the treatment, 74% of the vessels in which complete hemostasis was achieved were patent with distal blood flow and 26% were occluded. The HIFU-treated vessels showed a consistent coagulation of the adventitia surrounding the vessels, with a remarkably localized injury to the vessel wall. Extensive fibrin deposition at the treatment site was observed. Conclusion: HIFU may provide a useful method of achieving hemostasis for arteries and veins in a variety of clinical applications. (J Vasc Surg 1999;29:533-42.)
Suggestions for a mathematical biology of some cultural developments

In connection with the author's previous studies on the effects of imitation in social behavior it is shown how, owing to such effects, two societies which are both characterized by the same distribution functions for different abilities and tastes may differ very greatly in their respective outputs of scientific and inventive work. The course of development which occurs in a given society may be determined by purely accidental initial conditions. A theory of quantitative relations between some cultural and socioeconomic quantities is suggested.
New observations on the mechanism of chip formation when machining titanium alloys

Abstract Titanium and other aerospace structural superalloys are extremely difficult to machine except at low cutting speeds because of rapid tool wear. To increase productivity it is necessary to understand the mechanics of chip formation when machining these alloys. In this paper we report some new findings towards that goal.
A unified approach to fault-tolerant routing

A theoretical study of the connectivity and fault tolerance of Cartesian product networks is presented. The theoretical results are used to synthesize provably correct adaptive fault-tolerant algorithms from ones written for the component networks. The theoretical foundations that relate the connectivity of a Cartesian product network, the connectivity of the component networks, and the number of faulty components are established. It is shown that the connectivity of a product network is at least the sum of the connectivities of its factor networks. Based on the constructive connectivity proof, an adaptive, generic, distributed algorithm that can perform successful point-to-point routing in product networks, in the presence of faults, is devised. A proof of correctness of the algorithm is provided. >
Valid Treatment Options for Osteoporosis and Osteopenia in HIV-Infected Persons:

Objective:To review clinical data on bone ossification agents that may be considered for use in the treatment of osteoporosis and osteopenia in HIV-infected patients.Data Sources:A literature search was performed using MEDLINE (1950-January 2008), EMBASE, PubMed, and abstracts from major HIV conferences (February 2001-October 2007). These searches were limited to human data published in English and used the key words bisphosphonates, calcitonin, raloxifene. teriparatide, HAART, osteopenia, osteoporosis, and HIV/AIDS. Additional articles were retrieved from citations of selected references.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Relevant information on the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of available treatment with hormonal and nonhormonal agents was selected. Greater emphasis was placed on randomized clinical trials than on retrospective studies.Data Synthesis:Osteoporosis in HIV-infected persons is at least as prevalent as in postmenopausal women, yet this population is not listed in pri...
Thrombospondin Plays a Vital Role in the Immune Privilege of the Eye

Purpose: The role of thrombospondin (TSP)-1 in TGF-β activation and T-cell suppression was studied in the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, a monolayer of pigmented cells that line the subretinal space, an immune-privileged site in the eye. Methods: Posterior eyecups were prepared by excising the anterior segment, lens, and retina from enucleated eyes of C57BL/6, thrombospondin-1 knockout (TSP-1KO), and TGF-β2 receptor II double-negative (TGF-β2 RII DN) mice, leaving behind a healthy monolayer of RPE resting on choroid and sclera. Serum-free medium was added to these RPE eyecups, and, after various time intervals, supernatants (SNs) were removed and tested. Results: SNs of an ex vivo culture of RPE cells from C57BL/6 mice were shown to inhibit both antigen and anti-CD3 activation of T cells, partially due to constitutive production of TGF-β and to the ability of RPE to activate the latent form of TGF-β. Activation of TGF-β was entirely dependent on TSP-1, also produced by RPE. SNs of RPE from TSP-1K...
Nonsurgical delay of skin flaps: Effect of a suture delay technique on blood flow and survival

Surgical delay is the only clinical means of improving survival of skin flap tissue, but it has inherent risks and costs of a surgical procedure. This study tested the hypothesis that any method of disrupting the circulation at the distal perimeter of a planned skin flap would induce collateral circulation from the base of the flap and thereby improve flap survival. The suture delay technique was performed on rats, and two outcome measures were used: blood flow patterns and skin flap survival. Blood flow patterns were tested before and after the suture technique by means of the base occlusion test. Flap survival in the suture delay group was compared with survival in acute and surgical delay control groups. Flap survival in the suture delay group (95.6% +/- 0.6%, n = 22) was significantly greater than in the acute control group (85.7% +/- 1.6%, n = 22) and was not different from that in the surgical delay model (95.2% +/- 0.5%, n = 21). Laser Doppler studies demonstrated a change in blood flow patterns. This study supports the theory that the mechanism of the delay phenomenon is the development of collateral blood from the base of the flap and suggests that the benefits of delay can be achieved with minimal surgical trauma.