cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lincoln's Last Speech: Wartime Reconstruction and the Crisis of Reunion. By Louis P. Masur. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2015. 247 pp.

Lincoln's Last Speech: Wartime Reconstruction and the Crisis of Reunion. By Louis P. Masur. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2015. 247 pp. Richard Hofstadter once wrote of the Emancipation Proclamation that it had "all the moral grandeur of a bill of lading" (The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It [New York: Vintage Books Edition, 1989], p. 169). Abraham Lincoln's final speech, remarks on reconstruction delivered two days after Lee's surrender and three days before the president's assassination, is liable to the same denigration, both in terms of its plodding prose style and its ambivalent-seeming ethics. In Lincoln's Last Speech, Louis P. Masur has written a masterful account of that text, but the book is less a rhetorical analysis of the speech's style than a patient unfolding of its background. The great surprise of the April 11, 1865, speech is how little it says about the triumph of Union forces. It would seem that Lincoln failed here to fit his words to his audience and occasion, a key rhetorical objective. Before him that night, after all, were hundreds of ordinary citizens, eager to celebrate the North's victory and keen to recriminate the South. But Lincoln does little of that. The majority of the speech, in fact, concerns what now seems like a minor controversy: the refusal of the 38th Congress to seat the recently elected representatives of Louisiana's loyal citizens. The main question at issue in the speech is this: "Can Louisiana be brought into proper practical relation with the Union sooner by sustaining or by discarding her new State Government?" (p. 193). For those present that night, this focus must have seemed "peculiar" (p. 163). Also surprising is Lincoln's approach to the topic, which is full of deflections and disavowals. Referring to his 1863 Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, he reminds his listeners that that plan was only "a plan" (p. 190), that he forbears "any public expression" upon the question of whether "the seceding States, so called, are in the Union or out of it" (p. 191), and that he himself would prefer that the new Louisiana constitution be better than it is. Still, Lincoln asks, would it not be wiser to take the new government and try "to improve it" rather than reject it (p. 191), to save "the already advanced steps" rather than run "backward over them" (p. 192)? The nation has no choice, Lincoln argues, but to begin with "disorganized and discordant elements," especially because there is the "small additional embarrassment" that "the loyal people" themselves differ about Reconstruction (p. 189). Expecting to be congratulated, Lincoln's audience was chastened. But if his focus on Reconstruction seems odd, given the context, Lincoln had been thinking about, and acting on, that topic all along. Looking back, we think of Reconstruction as the period after the Civil War; but Lincoln had been waging both war and peace from the moment the first states seceded. …
Effect of diabetes mellitus on sleep quality

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a highly prevalent condition affecting about 347 million people worldwide. In addition to its numerous clinical implications, DM also exerts a negative effect on patient's sleep quality. Impaired sleep quality disrupts the adequate glycemic control regarded as corner stone in DM management and also lead to many deleterious effects causing a profound impact on health related quality of life. This article outlines various factors leading to impaired sleep quality among diabetics and delineates how individual factor influences sleep. The article also discusses potential interventions and lifestyle changes to promote healthy sleep among diabetics.
Gene and virotherapy for hematological malignancies

Recent years have seen a transformation in the treatment of hematological malignancies. Advances in gene therapy and molecular techniques and significant gains in computational abilities have supported the rapid development of safer and better tolerated therapies for many patients with hematologic cancers. In this review, we discuss novel applications of gene therapy, including immunomodulation and gene silencing, and report on the rise of oncolytic viruses for use in the treatment of malignancies arising in cells of the blood, lymph, and marrow. We discuss the relationship of the tropism of wildtype viruses and their oncolytic behavior as well as the tumoricidal and immunostimulatory properties of a number of attenuated and recombinant viruses currently in clinical development in countries around the world. While we have focused on promising virotherapy applications for future development, we also present a historical perspective and identify areas of potential clinical and regulatory practice change. We outline several of the virus systems being developed for applications in hematology, and summarize efficacy data in the context of ongoing or future human clinical testing. We also present the advantages and limitations of gene and virus therapy, including challenges and opportunities for improved treatment tolerability and outcomes for patients with hematologic malignancies.
Contract for educational services between a college of pharmacy and private hospitals

A fee-per-student reimbursement system for clinical clerkships that evolved between a college of pharmacy and a private community hospital is described. The faculty member is a hospital employee with the college compensating the hospital on a per-student basis for the provision of clerkship instruction. Both the hospital and the college were concerned about the allocation of costs, responsibility for the supervision of the program and personnel, and finding a way to accommodate their different goals and objectives. The hospital provides (1) the necessary clinical training facilities and resources for the clerkship program, (2) 60 hr/yr of drug-therapy lectures, and (3) 40 hr/yr of release time to attend faculty and department meetings at the college. The hospital employs the clinical pharmacist to provide clinical services to its family medicine center and the clerkship program. A written contract specifies the responsibilities of both parties, and an addendum is negotiated annually to state the actual fees, number of students per year, and number of hours spent in lectures and committee participation at the college. The contractual relationship has been extended successfully to four other sites. The college and the hospital have found this reimbursement approach to be flexible, effective in promoting organizational communication, and mutually beneficial in allowing both organizations to achieve their goals.
Should we stop using theophylline for the treatment of the hospitalized patient with status asthmaticus

Recent reviews and editorials have indicated that theophylline may not be effective for the therapy of acute severe asthma. This judgment is primarily based on data comparing the efficacy of theophylline to inhaled beta 2-agonists in the emergency room treatment of asthma. The authors believe that it is inappropriate to extrapolate data from short-term studies in the emergency room setting to the hospitalized patients with status asthmaticus. Studies of hospitalized patients in which the patients were monitored for at least 24 hours all demonstrate a positive therapeutic effect for theophylline. The possible reasons for the discrepancies between hospitalized patients and emergency room patients are discussed. Theophylline is still recommended for the management of the hospitalized patient with status asthmaticus.
Determination of bensulfuron methyl in rice and crayfish by liquid chromatography with a column- and eluant-switching system and UV detection

Bensulfuron methyl (an active ingredient of Londax herbicide) was determined in rice and crayfish by liquid chromatography with column switching (LC-CS), using a simple extraction and cleanup scheme. After bensulfuron methyl was extracted from sample with methylene chloride, the extract was concentrated, cleaned up, and reconstituted into acetonitrile-water (1 + 1, v/v). The extract was further cleaned up chromatographically, and then bensulfuron methyl was quantitatively determined by reversed-phase LC using a column- and eluant-switching system and UV detection at 254 nm. Bensulfuron methyl was recovered at 90 ± 8% over a range of 0.008 to 1.0 ppm from fortified samples of polished rice, rice grain, rice straw, rice hull, rice bran, aspirated grain fractions, and crayfish. Method quantitation limits were 0.008 ppm for polished rice and rice grain ; 0.02 ppm for rice hull, rice bran, aspirated grain fractions, and crayfish ; and 0.05 ppm for rice straw.
Targeting the epigenome: Screening bioactive compounds that regulate histone deacetylase activity.

Scope Nutrigenomics is a rapidly expanding field that elucidates the link between diet-genome interactions. Recent evidence demonstrates that regulation of the epigenome, and in particular inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs), impact pathogenetic mechanisms involved in chronic disease. Few studies, to date, have screened libraries of bioactive compounds that act as epigenetic modifiers. This study screened a library of 131 natural compounds to determine bioactive compounds that inhibit Zn-dependent HDAC activity. Methods and results Using class-specific HDAC substrates, we screened 131 natural compounds for HDAC activity in bovine cardiac tissue. From this screen, we identified 18 bioactive compound HDAC inhibitors. Using our class-specific HDAC substrates, we next screened these 18 bioactive compounds against recombinant HDAC proteins. Consistent with inhibition of HDAC activity, these compounds were capable of inhibiting activity of individual HDAC isoforms. Lastly, we report that treatment of H9c2 cardiac myoblasts with bioactive HDAC inhibitors was sufficient to increase lysine acetylation as assessed via immunoblot. Conclusion This study provided the first step in identifying multiple bioactive compound HDAC inhibitors. Taken together, this report sets the stage for future exploration of these bioactive compounds as epigenetic regulators to potentially ameliorate chronic disease.
Anaphylaktische Reaktion auf Sevofluran am Arbeitsplatz

Wir berichten von einer 31-jahrigen Anasthesieschwester, welche nach akzidentellem Kontakt mit Sevofluran schwere anaphylaktische Reaktionen zeigte. Wir diagnostizierten eine Sevofluran-Sensibilisierung. Die Anasthesieschwester meidet seitdem strikt OP-Raume mit Einsatz von Sevofluran.
Cheryl Misak, Cambridge Pragmatism: From Peirce and James to Ramsey and Wittgenstein

Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 368pp. $50.00 Hardcover. ISBN 978-0-19-871207-7 Reviewed by John Capps
Geometric Optics for Rayleigh Pulses in Nonlinear Elasticity

An amplitude equation for weakly nonlinear surface pulses in nonlinear elasticity was introduced by Lardner (Int J Eng Sci 21:1331–1342, 1983). This was a nonlocal, Burgers-type equation with a very complicated integral kernel. Hunter (Contemp Math 100:185–202, 1989) derived a similar equation for first-order conservation laws and proposed a solvability condition for this equation. Benzoni-Gavage (Differ Integral Equ 22(3–4):303–320, 2009) proved the sufficiency of this condition for local well-posedness in Sobolev spaces. More recently, in a general variational setting that includes elasticity, Benzoni-Gavage and Coulombel (Amplitude equations for weakly nonlinear surface waves in variational problems. arXiv:1510.01119 and this proceedings, 2015) derived the amplitude equation for surface pulses (and proved its well-posedness) directly from the second-order formulation of the equations. The solution of the amplitude equation for surface pulses in nonlinear elasticity gives the leading term of an approximate geometric optics solution to the underlying elasticity equations. Previous work has left open the question of whether exact surface pulse solutions to these equations exist on a time interval independent of the wavelength ɛ, and also the question of whether the approximate solutions constructed in earlier work converge in some sense to the exact solutions as ɛ → 0. Here we describe joint work with Coulombel and Williams (Geometric optics for surface waves in nonlinear elasticity. Memoirs of the AMS, to appear) that resolves both questions. This work is dedicated to my friend and collaborator Guy Metivier on the occasion of his 65th birthday.
It's the emotions, Stupid! Anger about the economic crisis, low political efficacy, and support for populist parties

Abstract This study examines the impact of anger about the economic crisis on electoral participation and voting behavior. Previous work on emotions has consistently underlined the mobilization potential of anger. The economic crisis has generated widespread anger, but political disengagement, rather than mobilization, and growing support for populist parties have emerged as the dominant effects. This is because the impact of anger about the crisis is moderated by political efficacy. Among citizens with low efficacy, anger decreased electoral participation and fueled support for populist parties. In contrast, among citizens with high efficacy, anger promoted participation and increased support for mainstream opposition parties. I use the 2005–2010 British election panel, which allows me to address endogeneity concerns, control for pre-crisis engagement and other negative emotions, and perform causal mediation analysis. This work contributes to the study of emotions and voting behavior; support for populist parties; and the political consequences of the crisis.
Genetic Etiologies of Mental Retardation: Issues for Interventions and Interventionists

This paper outlines some practical implications of new work on the behavioral effects of genetic mental retardation disorders. After describing historical and definitional issues concerning so-called “behavioral phenotypes,” we use Down syndrome and Williams syndrome to illustrate how specific genetic disorders might differentially predispose individuals to particular, etiology-related behaviors. We then explore educational and other intervention implications of such etiology-related behaviors, before ending with a discussion of the area's critical unresolved issues.
Arthroscopy in Rheumatology: Time for a New Look?

Since the introduction of endoscopic inspection of joints in the 1960s, a few rheumatologists have sought to apply the technique to our patients. Surgical applications under arthroscopic guidance swept away simple arthroscopy in the 1970s1. Attempts to acquire full arthroscopic skills in the 1980s led rheumatologists at several institutions to enter operating rooms (OR) and apply arthroscopic techniques to a variety of clinical situations encountered in rheumatology, particularly arthroscopic debridement for knee osteoarthritis (OA) and major synovectomy for refractory knee synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)2. Advances in instrumentation that permitted arthroscopy to be performed in a procedure room or office setting fueled a surge of interest in the early 1990s, with highly popular instructional courses sponsored by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and private concerns. Arthroscopy study group meetings became a regular part of every national ACR yearly meeting. The nationwide burden of knee arthritis coupled with … Address correspondence to Dr. R.W. Ike, 300 N. Ingalls, SPC 5422, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5422, USA. E-mail: rike{at}umich.edu, rike{at}med.umich.edu
Radiation therapy in primary testicular lymphoma (PTL): Does practice match the standard of care?

7544Background: National guidelines recommend contralateral testicular radiation as part of therapy for primary testicular lymphoma (PTL) regardless of stage, yet adherence to this in clinical prac...
Magnetic circular dichroism studies XXXII

CNDO calculations of the MCD spectra of 7- and 9-methyladenine have been carried out in two approximations. A minor modification of the CNDO/S method of Jaffe and coworkers shows an improvement over Jaffe's parameterization with respect to band separations and the signs of the MCDB terms, but is not applicable ton→ π* transitions.
Olympic or Sacred? The Controversy over the Flame at the Inaugural 1951 Pan-American Games and Its Aftermath

AbstractIn 1951, Buenos Aires hosted the inaugural Pan-American Games. On February 25 of that year, a Greek athlete carried a flame flown specially from his country onto the stadium where the event...
Milestones as a Guide for Academic Career Development.

Background and objectives Faced with a limited supply of applicants for faculty positions, increasing demands for residency faculty, and a growing number of programs, our program has increasingly filled ranks with recent residency graduates with broad scope but limited experience and training in academics. These early-career clinicians often require further mentorship as they seek advancement in clinical skills and development of teaching and scholarly activity skill sets. Methods To educate our recent residency graduates in teaching/scholarly activity skills, and to provide a career trajectory, we created a process to guide their maturation with milestones using the six core competencies from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. The milestones consist of four levels of clinician/academician maturation. Each competence has goals and activities for each level of development. We validated the milestones using our physician faculty assessing time spent in academic medicine and academic rank. Results Faculty of higher academic rank scored higher in all competencies than faculty of lower academic rank. Correlation between systems-based practice and years in academics demonstrated statistical significance, and all other categories showed nonsignificant associations. Conclusions The milestones are consistent with faculty academic development and career progression, and may serve as a guide for career advancement and as a guideline for professional progression for residency clinicians. Further testing for validation in other family medicine programs is necessary, but preliminary findings indicate this milestone project may be of service to our profession.
Using Human Eye Gaze Patterns as Indicators of Need for Assistance from a Socially Assistive Robot

With current growth in social robotics comes a need for well developed and fine tuned agents which respond to the user in a seamless and intuitive manner. Socially assistive robots in particular have become popular for their uses in care for older adults for medication adherence and socializing. Since eye gaze cues are important mediators in human-human interactions, we hypothesize that gaze patterns can be applied to human-robot interactions to identify when the user may need assistance. We reviewed videos (N = 16) of robot supported collaborative work to explore how recognition of gaze patterns for an assistive robot in the context of a medication management task can help predict when a user needs assistance. We found that mutual gaze is a better predictor than confirmatory request, gaze away, and goal reference. While eye gaze serves as an important indicator for need for assistance, it should be combined with other indicators, such as verbal cues or facial expressions to sufficiently represent assistance needed in the interaction and provide timely assistance.
Privacy Norms within the Internet of Things Using Contextual Integrity

The collection of devices networked via the internet, also referred to as the Internet of Things, is poised to grow in adoption. With this rise has come equally increasing concerns for security and privacy. Considering Nissenbaum's framework of Contextual Integrity, we examined users' perceptions of IoT environmental and wearable devices to investigate acceptable norms surrounding privacy perceptions. We present results from a qualitative analysis of an interview study of 19 parent-young adult dyads to give insights on how privacy norms in context of two IoT environments were varying across two generations. We strongly believe understanding these variations can inform IoT system designs and government policies concerning the privacy and management of IoT devices.
Circulating Endothelial Cells As a Marker of Vascular Injury in Pediatric Patients

Introduction Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD) and GVHD are major causes of morbidity and mortality in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. Current strategies to identify these complications involve surveilling markers of immune activation and organ function. Unfortunately, these processes are frequently identified after organ damage has occurred, creating the need for a timelier marker of disease. Circulating endothelial cells (CECs) have been shown to directly reflect vascular injury and are a potential tool for identifying early evidence of endothelial damage. Our study quantifies and characterize CECs in pediatric patients undergoing HSCT and aims to identify the timing of peak vascular injury relative to transplant as well as the relationship between CECs and post-transplant vascular complications. Methods CEC analysis was performed prior to and after stem cell infusion. All patients had central venous catheters. CEC identification was done on whole blood using Invitrogen M-450 Tosylactivated Dynabeads coupled to a CD146 antibody. Confirmatory staining after immunomagnetic isolation was done using acridine orange and propidium iodide (AOPI). CEC identification criteria are shown in Figure 1. Two reviewers quantified CECs by morphology and bead number. Negative controls were done using healthy donor blood. Results CEC testing was done on 8 HSCT patients (Fanconi Anemia=1, AML=2, ALL=2, ICF-1 syndrome=1, Hemoglobin Hammersmith=1 and macrophage activation syndrome=1). 6 conditioning regimens were myeloablative and 2 were reduced intensity. CEC quantification for individual patients is shown in Figure 2. The vast majority of patients (n=7) had a peak CEC value prior to day 14, including 4 patients whose peak value occurred prior to stem cell infusion. Clinical complications are described in Figure 2. The two highest CEC values recorded were in patients with severe complications, including cardiac arrest (Patient 5, 124 CECs/mL) and death (Patient 7, 84 CECs/mL). The individual difference between lowest recorded CEC value and peak CEC value was also greatest in these patients (Patient 5, 120 CECs/mL; Patient 7, 80 CECs/mL). Mean CEC values for HSCT patients and controls are shown in Figure 3. Conclusion CECs reliably peaked within the first 2 weeks of HSCT suggesting marked vascular injury occurs in this timeframe. CEC count peaked prior to stem cell infusion in half of these patients, which implies a large component of vascular injury is driven by the conditioning process. As predicted, the highest CEC values recorded were in patients with grave complications, including one patient who died from multiorgan system failure. Continued data collection will be informative as to whether the nature of these peaks or characteristics of the CECs themselves will predict future vascular complications.
Phosphate Metabolism in Health and Disease

Phosphorus, a 5A element with atomic weight of 31, comprises just over 0.6% of the composition by weight of plants and animals. Three isotopes are available for studying phosphorus metabolism and kinetics. 31P is stable, whereas the radioactive isotope 33P has a half-life of 25 days and 32P has a half-life of 14 days. Phosphate ester and phosphoanhydride are common chemical linkages and phosphorus is a key element in organic molecules involved in a wide variety of essential cellular functions. These include biochemical energy transfer via adenosine triphosphate (ATP), maintenance of genetic information with nucleotides DNA and RNA, intracellular signaling via cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and membrane structural integrity via glycerophospholipids. However, this review focuses on the metabolism of inorganic phosphorus (Pi) acting as a weak acid. Phosphoric acid has all three hydrogens attached to oxygen and is a weak diprotic acid. It has 3 pKa values: pH 2.2, pH 7.2, and pH 12.7. At physiological pH of 7.4, Pi exists as both H2PO4(−) and HPO4(2−) and acts as an extracellular fluid (ECF) buffer. Pi is the form transported across tissue compartments and cells. Measurement of Pi in biological fluids is based on its reaction with ammonium molybdate which does not measure organic phosphorus. In humans, 80% of the body phosphorus is present in the form of calcium phosphate crystals (apatite) that confer hardness to bone and teeth, and function as the major phosphorus reservoir (Fig. 1). The remainder is present in soft tissues and ECF. Dietary phosphorus, comprising both inorganic and organic forms, is digested in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Absorbed Pi is transported to and from bone, skeletal muscle and soft tissues, and kidney at rates determined by ECF Pi concentration, rate of blood flow, and activity of cell Pi transporters (Fig. 2). During growth, there is net accretion of phosphorus, and with aging, net loss of phosphorus occurs. The bone phosphorus reservoir is depleted and repleted by overall phosphorus requirement. Skeletal muscle is rich in phosphorus used in essential biochemical energy transfer. Kidney is the main regulator of ECF Pi concentration by virtue of having a tubular maximum reabsorptive capacity for Pi (TmPi) that is under close endocrine control. It is also the main excretory pathway for Pi surplus which is passed in urine. Transcellular and paracellular Pi transports are performed by a number of transport mechanisms widely distributed in tissues, and particularly important in gut, bone, and kidney. Pi transporters are regulated by a hormonal axis comprising fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D (1,25D). Pi and calcium (Ca) metabolism are intimately interrelated, and clinically neither can be considered in isolation. Diseases of Pi metabolism affect bone as osteomalacia/rickets, soft tissues as ectopic mineralization, skeletal muscle as myopathy, and kidney as nephrocalcinosis and urinary stone formation.
Chapter 14 – QUEUEING PROCESSES

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the underlying concepts and methods of several continuous time versions of queuing processes. The general queuing model embodies a physical structure. Customers arrive at random times to some facility and request service of some kind. Queuing processes are classified according to: (1) input distribution (input process), the distribution of the pattern of arrivals of customers in time, or more specifically, the distribution of time between arrivals, (2) service distribution, the distribution of time to serve a customer, and (3) queue discipline, the number of servers and the organization of line and service. In most models, the discipline is “first come, first served” with service for a customer beginning as soon as he reaches the head of the line. The term “random arrival” is sometimes used to indicate that the input distribution is Poisson, more precisely, the events corresponding to the arrival of customers from a Poisson process. This implies that the inter-arrival distribution is exponential.
Christ on the Psych Ward

Like the works of Monica A. Coleman, Sarah Griffith Lund, and Kathryn Green-McCreight, David Finnedgan-Hosey offers a theologically rich and poetic reflection on mental illness from his personal st...
Soils of Antarctica: A key to past environments

Abstract Nonlithified soils from the present to the early Miocene were examined in the Transantarctic Mountains (TAMs). Once Antarctica separated and became increasingly isolated from Gondwana, an icehouse climate began in the early Oligocene. The climate of the TAMs has become increasing hyperarid since the early Pliocene. In the early Miocene, Nothofagus-Podocarpaceae forests underlain by Gelisols enriched in silt developed in the TAMs. A soil evolutionary sequence exists in the TAMs from the late Holocene through the Pliocene that includes Glacic Haploturbels on ice-cored Holocene drift, Typic Haploturbels on late Pleistocene surfaces, Typic Anhyorthels on middle Pleistocene surfaces, Salic Anhyorthels on early Pleistocene surfaces, and Petrosalic Anhyorthels on Pliocene surfaces. These changes reflect gradual sublimation of ice in ice-cored drift and ice-wedge polygons, a recovery of the surface from cryoturbation, accumulation of salts, and eventual development of a salt pan. Soils of the TAMs are undergoing rapid change as the climate warms, including loss of semipermanent snowbanks, an expansion of the hyporheic zone, flushing of salts from soils along valley walls, and the development of thermokarst.
Vowel harmony and positional variation in Kyrgyz

While it is well known that the phonetic realization of a segment may differ by position, it is unclear how positional variation interacts with vowel harmony, the imperative that vowels be identical along some phonological dimension. Pearce (2008, 2012) contends that phonological harmony blocks phonetic reduction, suggesting that phonology dictates phonetic realization for this class of assimilatory patterns. This paper investigates harmony and vowel reduction in Kyrgyz, finding that non-initial vowels are more centralized than their initial-syllable counterparts. The potential sources for this reduction, including initial strengthening, supralaryngeal declination, predictability, and undershoot are discussed. The proposed predictability-based analysis provides an analysis of reduction based on phonological knowledge and representations.
Bankruptcy and Low Cost Carrier Expansion in the Airline Industry

This paper studies how financial distress affects competition and how incumbent bankruptcy affects the growth of rivals, specifically in the context of airline bankruptcies. I begin by studying whether bankrupt airlines put competitive pressures on rivals by cutting fares and maintaining or expanding capacity on the 1000 most popular domestic routes from 1998-2008. The results suggest that, although bankrupt legacy airlines reduce fares, they also reduce capacities significantly. Low-cost carrier (LCC) rivals do not match the fare cuts and expand capacities by 13-18% above trend growth. The significant capacity reductions associated with legacy airline bankruptcies create growth opportunities for LCC rivals. This indicates the existence of barriers that have limited LCCs from expanding faster and more extensively. The LCC expansion during rivals' bankruptcies is even greater when I consider the 200 most popular airports instead of the 1000 most popular routes. During legacy airlines' bankruptcy, non-LCC rivals reduce capacities on the routes affected by the bankruptcy but expand at the affected airports. A likely explanation for this result is that non-LCCs avoid 'bankruptcy' routes as more competitive pressure is expected with increasing presence of LCCs, but they pick up the gates or time slots given up by the bankrupt airlines to expand on other routes. On balance the total route capacity on the 1000 popular routes shows only a modest decrease during bankruptcy and eventually recovers, but the capacity mix changes in favor of LCCs. Overall, I find little evidence that distressed airlines toughen competition and lower industry profitability. LCC's capacity growth during legacy rivals' bankruptcy suggests the existence of market frictions in competition.
Secrets of Successful Grant Writing to Support Rural Special Education Programs.

This article explains the process of identifying grant funding sources and writing a grant proposal and attempts to demystify the process as it relates to grant funding in special education and dis...
A field study in triple immunization (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus). Estimation of 3 antibodies in infant sera from a single heel puncture using agglutination techniques.

Summary A useful field study in multiple immunization was described, which was carried out within the routine of a private pediatric practice with a minimum of inconvenience to the child. This was made possible by the high sensitivity of the agglutination techniques whereby reliable antibody titers to three antigens, diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine, were obtained for each treatment group from single heel punctures. The methods were described and the evidence of their validity discussed. The validity of the hemagglutination method is supported by the facts that the results show clear dependence on the number of antigen doses injected and a reasonable decline in time after the last antigen injection.
Passage of a weak vortex sheet through an oblique shock

The two-dimensional problem of the passage of a free vortex sheet of weak strength through an oblique shock wave of finite strength is investigated. Conditions are established which define the changes of the strength and shape of the vortex sheet after its passage through the shock wave in terms of the shock strength and the angle between the shock wave and the vortex sheet.
SLIC (Simple Line Interface Calculation)

SLIC is an alternating-direction method for the geometric approximation of fluid interfaces. It may be used in one, two, or three space dimensions, and it is characterized by the following features: (1) Fluid surfaces are represented locally for each mixed- fluid zone, and these surfaces are defined as a composition of one space dimensional components, one for each coordinate direction. (2) These onedimensional components are composed entirely of straight lines, either perpendicular to or parallel to that coordinate direction. (3) The one-dimensional surface approximations for a mixed fluid cell are completely determined by testing whether or not the various fluids in the mixed cell are present or absent in the zone just to the left and to the right in the coordinate direction under consideration. (4) Because of the completely one-dimensional nature of the SLIC interface description, it is relatively easy to advance the fluid surfaces correctly in time. With the SLIC fluid-surface definitions, it should be possible to incorporate any one space dimensional method for advancing contact discontinuities. This makes SLIC very practical for the numerical solution of fluid dynamical problems.
Soil Strain Measurement Using Inductance Coil Method

Past field experience using the inductance coil system for soil strain measurement is summarized. The purpose is to illustrate the usefulness of measuring strain as well as to show the advantages and limitations of the instrumentation system. The examples include soil compaction, soil-structure interaction, and traffic-induced strains.
Nonequilibrium dynamics of fluctuating lines

Depinning is a non-equilibrium critical phenomenon involving an external force and a pinning potential. When the force is weak the system is stationary, trapped in a metastable state. Beyond a threshold force the (last) metastable state disappears and the system starts to move. While there are many macroscopic mechanical examples, our interest stems from condensed matter systems such as Charge Density Waves (CDWs)1, interfaces2, and contact lines3. In CDWs, the controlling parameter is the external voltage. A finite CDW current appears only beyond a threshold applied voltage. Interfaces in porous media, domain walls in random magnets, are stationary unless the applied force (magnetic field) is sufficiently strong. A key feature of these examples is that they involve the collective depinning of many degrees of freedom that are elastically coupled. As such these problems belong to the realm of collective critical phenomena, characterized by universal scaling laws. We shall introduce these laws and the corresponding exponents below for the depinning of a line (interface or contact line).
Endocannabinoids mediate muscarine-induced synaptic depression at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction

Endocannabinoids (eCBs) inhibit neurotransmitter release throughout the central nervous system. Using the Ceratomandibularis muscle from the lizard Anolis carolinensis we asked whether eCBs play a similar role at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction. We report here that the CB(1) cannabinoid receptor is concentrated on motor terminals and that eCBs mediate the inhibition of neurotransmitter release induced by the activation of M(3) muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors. N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide, a CB(1) antagonist, prevents muscarine from inhibiting release and arachidonylcyclopropylamide (ACPA), a CB(1) receptor agonist, mimics M(3) activation and occludes the effect of muscarine. As for its mechanism of action, ACPA reduces the action-potential-evoked calcium transient in the nerve terminal and this decrease is more than sufficient to account for the observed inhibition of neurotransmitter release. Similar to muscarine, the inhibition of synaptic transmission by ACPA requires nitric oxide, acting via the synthesis of cGMP and the activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is responsible for the majority of the effects of eCB as inhibitors of phospholipase C and diacylglycerol lipase, two enzymes responsible for synthesis of 2-AG, significantly limit muscarine-induced inhibition of neurotransmitter release. Lastly, the injection of (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-N-(4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenamide (an inhibitor of eCB transport) into the muscle prevents muscarine, but not ACPA, from inhibiting ACh release. These results collectively lead to a model of the vertebrate neuromuscular junction whereby 2-AG mediates the muscarine-induced inhibition of ACh release. To demonstrate the physiological relevance of this model we show that the CB(1) antagonist N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide prevents synaptic inhibition induced by 20 min of 1-Hz stimulation.
Chemical Fluid Deposition: A Hybrid Technique for Low‐Temperature Metallization

Chemical fluid deposition (CFD) is a novel approach to metal deposition that involves the chemical reduction of organometallic compounds in supercritical carbon dioxide to yield high purity films at low temperature. Since supercritical CO2 can exhibit densities that approach those of a liquid solvent while retaining the transport properties of a gas, CFD is essentially a hybrid technique that uniquely blends the advantages of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and electroless plating. Here, we describe the deposition of high-purity films of Pt, Pd, Au, and Rh onto inorganic and polymer substrates by the reduction of appropriate precursors in CO2 at 60 °C.
Immunologic and clinical features of 25 Amish patients with RMRP 70 A → G cartilage hair hypoplasia

Cartilage-hair hypoplasia is a short limbed skeletal dysplasia associated with impairments in host-defense. To better understand the clinical heterogeneity of this disorder, we studied 25 Amish patients with homozygous mutations in RMRP (RMRP 70 A>G). Despite mutation homogeneity, eight (32%) patients had severe or recurrent infections, two (8%) of these children underwent bone-marrow transplantation for combined immunodeficiency, and the remainder were healthy. Features distinguishing patients who underwent bone marrow transplantation from others were shorter birth length, and lower serum IgG, undetectable serum IgA, and elevated circulating NK cells before 2 years of age. Irrespective of clinical phenotype, most patients had lymphopenia and reduced lymphocyte proliferation to mitogens in vitro. Our cohort analysis suggests that many patients with cartilage-hair hypoplasia are at risk for infection susceptibility particularly during the first 2 years of life. Gauging this risk is difficult, and thus careful monitoring of all patients with cartilage-hair hypoplasia is warranted.
Law And Ethics In Islamic Bioethics

While the scope of Islamic Jurisprudence (fiqh) covers, broadly speaking, two areas of human-God (‘ibadat) and human-human (mu’amalat) relations, ethics undergirds the entire value system of the religious law in Islam. Throughout its history Islamic jurisprudence has been guided by the normative system derived from religious texts that has enabled jurists at different times to provide fresh rulings by engaging in ethical analysis as well as textual hermeneutics of the foundational sources of these norms and apply them to the changed circumstances of everyday life of Muslim societies. The growing fatawa literature bears testimony to the ever expanding horizons of human need to be guided by the spiritual and moral values embedded in Islamic religious texts. In more recent years with the emphasis on secular ethics that denies any role to religious ethics to guide moral life of the people, Muslim legal scholars have begun to reexamine the fundamental aspects of Islamic ethics, and the ways in which Muslim jurists in the past have incorporated essentially religious-ethical dimension of Islamic thought in their legal methodology. However, with a circumscribed role for human reason, traditional religious ethical discourse among Muslim scholars tends to be inadequate in terms of providing justificatory reasoning that undergirds secular ethics. Whether the jurists promote reason-based or revelation-based inquiry, they have, explicitly or implicitly, engaged in adapting ethical values in providing extraordinary solutions in medical practice and research. This paper undertakes to investigate critical relationship between law and ethics in Islamic religious thought as an important methodology in Islamic bioethics. In a number of new proposals for extensive legal methodology, the ethical dimension of Islamic thought is either conspicuously missing or poorly articulated. The study of Muslim rationalist or traditionalist theology is necessary for the emergence of extensive legal methodology. Modern issues related to neuroscience or human personhood can be resolved only when human rational capacity to make ethical decisions is acknowledged as part of the divine endowment for human perfection.
Fine resolution signatures of coniferous and deciduous trees at C band

Abstract A very fine resolution frequency-modulated, continuous-wave (FM-CW) radar scatterometer with a range resolution of 11 -5 cm and a footprint 20 cm in diameter at a range of 4-5 m was used to investigate the backscattering and attenuation sources in sugar maple, pin oak and pine trees at incidence angles of 30° and 50° with vertical, horizontal and cross polarizations. Constituent defoliation to isolate the primary backscatter sources indicated that, at vertical'and horizontal polarizations, branchlets and stems account for a major portion of the backscatter and attenuation. With cross-polarization the backscatter was very sensitive to the linear features of the branches (i.e. petioles, stems and branchlets) and not the leaves but, at this polarization, the leaves accounted for all of the attenuation. For pine trees, needles dominated the backscatter and accounted for most of the attenuation. Cones also showed significant backscattering. It was shown that the moisture content, size and relative ori...
To whom do positive norm and negative norm of reciprocity apply? Effects of inequitable offer, relationship, and relational-self orientation ☆

Various theories have been proposed to account for people’s reciprocity behavior in social exchange. The current research is designed to delineate the conditions under which and for whom the relational theoretical explanation is most applicable. We hypothesize that while people in general show positive (negative) reciprocity responses toward favorable (unfavorable) inequitable treatments from others, such a tendency varies depending on the relationship with the exchange counterpart, and their own relational-self orientation. While we used country (China vs. the US) as a proxy for participants’ relational-self orientation in Study 1, this orientation was directly assessed in Study 2. Results from both studies showed consistent support for our hypothesis. Implications of these findings to literatures in reciprocity and social exchange are discussed.
A finite element model for rolling contact fatigue of refurbished bearings

Bearing refurbishing has become a popular method of extending the life of rolling element bearings. In the refurbishing process the raceways of the bearing may be ground to remove any surface damage prior to repolishing and reassembly with larger sized rolling elements. In the current study a continuum damage mechanics finite element model was developed to quantify the damage in original and refurbished bearings. After calculating the damage accumulation for a set number of contact cycles with the original bearing geometry, refurbishing is simulated by removing a layer of the original surface. The refurbished microstructural model is then subjected to additional computational contact cycles until a fatigue crack reaches the surface, signifying failure. This model preserves the fatigue damage accumulated prior to refurbishing and evaluates its influence on the refurbished bearing fatigue life. All refurbished bearing surfaces showed a significant amount of life after refurbishing with L10 lives from the point of refurbishment, varying from 20% to 94% of the original L10 life. The results indicate that the remaining life of the refurbished bearing population is inversely related to the time before refurbishing and is proportional to the depth of the regrinding. Results obtained from this investigation are in good agreement when compared to the Lundberg-Palmgren bearing life equation modified for analyzing the life of a refurbished bearing.
The effect of raindrop clustering on collision‐induced break‐up of raindrops

The impact of raindrop clustering on raindrop mean free paths, mean times between raindrop collisions, and raindrop collision rates is examined using prior observations of raindrop pair cross-correlation functions and raindrop size distributions (RSDs). Variations in observed RSDs cause collision rates to vary by more than a factor of 2.5 for identical rain rates; effects due to raindrop clustering also increase collision rates by 2.5 times or more. High uncertainty in the factor of 2.5 and its variability exists because observations of raindrop inter arrival times, upon which observations of clustering are based, are relatively rare. Clustering increases collision rates because large raindrops in preferred or clustered regions overtake smaller drops in the same regions. The form of the RSD has a significant impact on the collision frequency because the spread in raindrop fall speeds, and hence the ability of large drops to overtake small ones, depends highly on the RSD. Depending on the form of the RSD that develops at precipitation onset, numerical models suggest that there can be sufficient raindrop interactions to approach equilibrium distributions generated from the opposing forces of coalescence and break-up for rain rates higher than about 50 mm h−1. However, equilibrium distributions do not occur in nature, most likely because the large spread in fragment size distributions generated for a specific pair of colliding raindrops causes substantial local variations in RSDs. Significant sampling times under conditions of heavy rain would be required to return to the form of an equilibrium distribution from statistical effects alone, if it indeed existed. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Three-dimensional polarization ray tracing, retardance

The retardance associated with a three-by-three polarization ray tracing matrix P is analyzed. A method to separate the geometrical transformation from the “physical” retardance is presented using a non-polarizing ray tracing matrix Q.
Isolation and properties of beta-endorphin-(1-27), N alpha-acetyl-beta-endorphin, corticotropin, gamma-lipotropin and neurophysin from equine pituitary glands.

Beta-endorphin-(1–27), Nα-acetyl-beta-endorphin, corticotropin, gamma-lipotropin and neurophysin have been isolated from the equine pituitary and characterized.