cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Small Bowel Tumors

Although rare, small bowel tumors may cause significant morbidity and mortality if left undetected. New endoscopic modalities allow full examination of the small bowel with improved diagnosis. However, isolated mass lesions may be missed by capsule endoscopy or incomplete balloon-assisted enteroscopy. Therefore the use of radiologic imaging and intraoperative enteroscopy for diagnosis should not be forgotten. Endoscopic resection of small bowel polyps and certain vascular tumors is possible but requires proper training. Advances in endoscopic tools are likely to broaden the endoscopic management of small bowel tumors. This article describes the general features of small bowel tumors, clinical presentation, and diagnostic tests followed by a description of the more common tumor types and their management.
Effects of Four Psychological Primary Colors on Anxiety State

Effects of the four psychological primary colors were assessed by randomly assigning 40 undergraduates (13 male, 27 female) to 4 treatment groups, with each group receiving either red, yellow, green, or blue illumination. Anxiety state was assessed at 5-min. intervals using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The red and yellow groups had significantly higher A-state scores than the blue and green groups, and these values did not change significantly during the 15-min. testing session.
Atmospheric Aerosols over a Southwestern Region of Texas

Speciated samples of PM2.5 were collected at the Big Bend site from July of 2003 to June 2006 and the McDonald Observatory site from July of 2003 to August of 2005 in southwestern Texas, respectively, by the US Environmental Protection Agency. A total of 175 samples for the Big Bend site and 105 samples for the McDonald Observatory site with 52 species were measured; however, 30 and 32 species from the Big Bend and McDonald Observatory sites, respectively, were excluded because of too much below-detection-limit data. Due to the laboratory change about November 1 of 2004 and possible analytical artifacts, phosphorous was excluded as well. Among the species excluded, 31 species are common to both sites. The two data sets were analyzed by positive matrix factorization to infer the sources of PM observed at the two sites. The analysis resolved five source-related factors for Big Bend and four for McDonald Observatory. Sulfate-rich secondary aerosol, coal burning, motor vehicle/road dust, and a mixed factor were identified as common sources to both sites. The other factor identified for Big Bend is related to soil. Sulfate mainly exists as ammonium salts. The sulfate-rich secondary aerosols account for about 62% and 66% of the PM2.5 mass concentration at the two sites, respectively. The highest concentration of Si associated with Ca, Fe, $${\text{SO}}_4^{2 - } $$ , and organic carbon at the two sites was possibly attributed to the coal-fired power plants in the region. Basically, the factor of sulfate and coal burning at the two sites showed similar chemical composition profiles and seasonal variation that reflect the regional characteristics of these sources. The regional factors of sulfate, coal burning, and soil showed predominantly low-frequency variations; however, the area-related and/or local factors showed both high and low frequency variations. The motor vehicle/road dust and the mixed factors were likely to be area-related and/or local source.
Hypertension during reduction of long-term steroid therapy in young subjects with asthma

Corticosteroids can induce hypertension, which reportedly remits as the drug is withdrawn. We studied nine patients with steroid-requiring asthma, aged 9 to 16 years, who had elevated blood pressures during corticosteroid treatment. Unlike in previous studies, all nine patients developed hypertension during corticosteroid reduction. Diastolic blood pressures were 50 to 84 mm Hg during maximum corticosteroid therapy (1 to 4 mg/kg/day); these values were in the normal range for seven of the nine patients and in the high normal range for the other two patients. Maximum diastolic pressures were 100 to 120 mm Hg, 1 to 8 weeks after corticosteroid reduction was started. Hypertension occurred at 0% to 70% of their maximum corticosteroid dose. Corticosteroid reduction was the only medication change. Renal causes of hypertension were excluded. Six patients had levels of renin and aldosterone measured before onset of treatment. All six patients had elevated levels of renin, and five patients had elevated levels of aldosterone. Blood pressure elevations were resistant to diuretic therapy but responded rapidly to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Caretakers of subjects with asthma need to be aware that hypertension may occur both during maximum corticosteroid use and during corticosteroid reduction.
Behavioral states may be associated with distinct spatial patterns in electrocorticogram

To determine if behavioral states are associated with unique spatial electrocorticographic (ECoG) patterns, we obtained recordings with a microgrid electrode array applied to the cortical surface of a human subject. The array was constructed with the intent of extracting maximal spatial information by optimizing interelectrode distances. A 34-year-old patient with intractable epilepsy underwent intracranial ECoG monitoring after standard methods failed to reveal localization of seizures. During the 8-day period of invasive recording, in addition to standard clinical electrodes a square 1 × 1 cm microgrid array with 64 electrodes (1.25 mm separation) was placed on the right inferior temporal gyrus. Careful review of video recordings identified four extended naturalistic behaviors: reading, conversing on the telephone, looking at photographs, and face-to-face interactions. ECoG activity recorded with the microgrid that corresponded to these behaviors was collected and ECoG spatial patterns were analyzed. During periods of ECoG selected for analysis, no electrographic seizures or epileptiform patterns were present. Moments of maximal spatial variance are shown to cluster by behavior. Comparisons between conditions using a permutation test reveal significantly different spatial patterns for each behavior. We conclude that ECoG recordings obtained on the cortical surface with optimal high spatial frequency resolution reveal distinct local spatial patterns that reflect different behavioral states, and we predict that similar patterns will be found in many if not most cortical areas on which a microgrid is placed.
Assessing management support for worksite health promotion: psychometric analysis of the leading by example (LBE) instrument.

Abstract Purpose Describe the development of the leading by example (LBE) instrument. Methods A total of 135 responses from employees of a private corporation working at 11 different worksites were factor analyzed in 2005. Exploratory factor analysis was used to obtain an initial factor structure. Factor validity was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis methods. A second sample was collected in 2006 from the same population (N = 178) and was used to confirm the factor structure via confirmatory factor analysis. Cronbach's α and item-total correlations provided information on the reliability of the factor subscales. Results Four subscales were identified: business alignment with health promotion objectives, awareness of the health-productivity link, worksite support for health promotion, and leadership support for health promotion. Factor by group comparisons revealed that the initial factor structure was effective in detecting differences in organizational support for health promotion across dif...
CEO compensation and bank risk Is compensation in banking structured to promote risk taking

Abstract This paper examines whether executive compensation in banking is structured to promote risk taking. We find that, on average, bank CEOs receive less cash compensation, are less likely to participate in a stock option plan, hold fewer stock options, and receive a smaller percentage of their total compensation in the form of options and stock than do CEOs in other industries. Cross-sectional differences in the structure of compensation contracts within banking are also examined. We find a positive and significant relation between the importance of equity-based incentives and the value of the bank's charter. This result is inconsistent with the hypothesis that compensation policies promote risk taking in banking.
P-x measurements for ethanol-n-heptane-isobutanol at 303-15 K

Abstract Vapor—liquid equilibrium data are reported for ethanol—n-heptane—isobutanol and its three constituent binary systems at 303.15 K. The measurements were made using a Van Ness apparatus, and results are reported in the form of total pressure versus liquid phase composition. The data were smoothed using Barker's method, and expressions for the excess Gibbs free energy of the liquid phase, which represent the binary and ternary results to within experimental error, are presented.
The Geological Sciences at Harvard University from 1788 to 1850

Formal course instruction in mineralogy and geology began in Harvard College in 1788 with Benjamin Waterhouse. He also assembled in the 1780's a reference and teaching collection of minerals, rocks, and ores—the first natural history collection at Harvard—that, following a gift by an English friend, J. C. Lettsom, became a cynosure of the College. Following Waterhouse's dismissal in 1812, the instruction was carried on by John Gorham until 1824. Waterhouse, his colleague Aaron Dexter, and Gorham all were professors in the Harvard Medical School, established 1782. The latter two men successively held an endowed chair therein, the Erving Professorship of Chemistry and Materia Medica. They produced some notable graduates: Parker Cleaveland in 1799, Lyman Spalding in 1797, Joseph Green Cogswell in 1806, John White Webster in 1811, John Fothergill Waterhouse in 1813, and Samuel Luther Dana and James Freeman Dana in 1813.Following years of futile effort by the Administration to establish a professorship of mine...
Fermentation of cellodextrins to ethanol using mixed-culture fermentations.

The potential for enhancing ethanol production from cellodextrins by employing mixed-culture (Candida wickerhamii-Saccharomyces cerevisiae) fermentations was investigated. Initially, ethanol production was monitored in fermentation medium containing 50 g/l glucose plus 45 g/l cellobiose. Inoculum levels and times of inoculum addition were varied. Of the conditions tested, the most rapid rates of ethanol formation occurred in fermentations in which either C. wickerhamii and S. cerevisiae were coinoculated at a ratio of 57 : 1 cell/ml or in fermentations in which a 10-fold-greater S. cerevisiae inoculum was added to a pure culture C. wickerhamii fermentation after one day incubation. These conditions were used to attempt to enhance fermentations in which cellodextrins produced by trifluoroacetic acid hydrolysis of cellulose served as the sole carbon source. Cellodextrins that were not further purified after cellulose hydrolysis contained compounds that were slightly inhibitory to C. wickerhamii. In this case the mixed-culture fermentations produced 12-45% more ethanol than a pure culture C. wickerhamii fermentation. However, if the substrate was treated with Darco G-60 charcoal, the toxic materials were apparently removed and the pure culture C. wickerhamii fermentations performed as well as the mixed-culture fermentations.
Globalization and the Community College

The community college movement has been eager to embrace the accelerating changes brought about by global capital and facilitated by information technology. Leadership for the community college role in globalization has been cultivated by the American Association of Community Colleges and the League for Innovation in the Community College. As the administrators of publicly funded community colleges view themselves as managers and CEOs in a competitive market for education, the colleges look to private industry for funding. Meanwhile, the voice of the community college is nearly silent with regard to environmental destruction and human rights abuses e xacerbated by globalization. This article will focuse on the role of community colleges in facilitating and cheerleading the corporate global economy while attenuating dissenting world views that would promote a more just and sustainable future.
Miniature laser Doppler anemometers using solid state laser diodes

A single component continuous wave (CW) heterodyne laser Doppler anemometer (LDA) was constructed based on solid state technology for use in fluid dynamic research. The system design was motivated by the need for a miniature system capable of withstanding harsh operating environments. Such environments are often unavoidable when measuring high temperature combustion flows and when performing measurements in the field. With the recent advancements in solid state laser diodes and solid state avalanche photo diodes (APD), it is possible to construct miniature laser Doppler anemometers employing only solid state technology. Such systems have the advantages of small size, light weight, low power consumption, low cost, and ruggedness. The subject of the current research was to evaluate a visible laser diode's abilities and limitations in such a miniaturized LDA system. A basic one dimensional LDA was designed, constructed and thoroughly tested employing a 10 milliwatt visible (670 nm) laser diode. The problems specifically associated with the use of a laser diode as a source are discussed, and their solutions presented. Data for the LDA evaluation measurements in a free jet facility is presented, and the results are compared to measurements obtained by hot-wire and five-hole probes. The miniature solid state LDA system was found to possess accuracies of 2% for mean velocities and accuracies of 5 - 20% for RMS turbulent velocities. Overall, the miniature LDA system with the solid state laser diode was found to be capable of accurate fluid dynamic measurements, and it appears to hold promise in enabling LDA measurements in before impractical situations.
Self-strained piezothermoelastic composite beam analysis using first-order shear deformation theory

Abstract The static response of beams constructed of graphite–epoxy and piezoelectric laminae (hybrid laminate) subjected to electric field and thermal (i.e. self-strained) loading is considered. Two theoretical formulations are considered: uncoupled which ignores the `direct piezoelectric effect' (induced electric field due to variation in stress), and `coupled' which includes the direct piezoelectric effect. A hierarchical finite element approximation of the governing equations using reduced material stiffness coefficients is developed. The electromagnetic potential is assumed to vary piecewise linearly through each piezoelectric lamina and the lamina surface that is in contact with a structural lamina is assumed to be grounded. Beam displacement theory is based on Reissner–Mindlin shear deformation theory. Sample problems are presented demonstrating the accuracy of the developed finite element model, and the response of hybrid laminates to self-strained loading.
Perioperative pulmonary aspiration is infrequent and low risk in pediatric anesthetic practice

Recent studies have reported perioperative pulmonary aspiration in pediatric practice to be an uncommon problem associated with low morbidity and mortality. This paper examines the recent publications in both the adult and pediatric literature and looks at some of the potential risk factors involved, both patient and anesthetic, in the development of aspiration of gastric contents. We also look at the risk of severe morbidity following pulmonary aspiration and speculate on possible reasons behind the assertion that pulmonary aspiration in pediatric anesthetic practice is rare and a low-risk event.
Ultrastructural examination of diffuse and specific tectopulvinar projections in the tree shrew.

Two pathways from the superior colliculus (SC) to the tree shrew pulvinar nucleus have been described, one in which the axons terminate in dense (or specific) patches and one in which the axon arbors are more diffusely organized (Luppino et al. [1988] J. Comp. Neurol. 273:67– 86). As predicted by Lyon et al. ([2003] J. Comp. Neurol. 467:593– 606), we found that anterograde labeling of the diffuse tectopulvinar pathway terminated in the acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-rich dorsal pulvinar (Pd), whereas the specific pathway terminated in the AChE-poor central pulvinar (Pc). Injections of retrograde tracers in Pd labeled non-γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic wide-field vertical cells located in the lower stratum griseum superficiale and stratum opticum of the medial SC, whereas injections in Pc labeled similar cells in more lateral regions. At the ultrastructural level, we found that tectopulvinar terminals in both Pd and Pc contact primarily non-GABAergic dendrites. When present, however, synaptic contacts on GABAergic profiles were observed more frequently in Pc (31% of all contacts) compared with Pd (16%). Terminals stained for the type 2 vesicular glutamate transporter, a potential marker of tectopulvinar terminals, also contacted more GABAergic profiles in Pc (19%) compared with Pd (4%). These results provide strong evidence for the division of the tree shrew pulvinar into two distinct tectorecipient zones. The potential functions of these pathways are discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 510:24 – 46, 2008.
Exploration of multifrontal method with GPU in power flow computation

Solving sparse linear equations is the key part of power system analysis. The Newton-Raphson and its variations require repeated solution of sparse linear equations; therefore improvement in efficiency of solving sparse linear equations will accelerate the overall power system analysis. This work integrates multifrontal method and graphic processing unit (GPU) linear algebra library to solve sparse linear equations in power system analysis. Multifrontal method converts factorization of sparse matrix to a series of dense matrix operations, which are the most computational intensive part of multifrontal method. Our work develops these dense kernel computations in GPU. Example systems from MATPOWER and random matrices are tested. Results show that performance improvement is highly related to the quantity and size of dense kernels appeared in the factorization of multifrontal method. Overall performance, quantity and size of dense kernels from both cases are reported.
Reactivity to aversive stimuli as a function of alterations in body weight in normal and gonadectomized female rats

Abstract Two studies compared the quinine aversion and shock thresholds of intact and gonadectomized female rats. Using food deprivation to modify body weight, the first study measured the reactivity of gonadectomized and intact rats at the same weight level and compared their behavior to a food deprived, but heavier, gonadectomized group. While maintained at the same weight levels, no differences in either shock thresholds or quinine aversion were found between gonadectomized and intact animals. The heavier gonadectomized group showed decreased reactivity on both measures. The second study manipulated body weight with gonadal hormones. Estrogen and the combination of estrogen and progesterone maintained the body weight of gonadectomized rats at the level of the intact control group. During this period the reactivity of both estrogen injected groups was not different from the control group. Progesterone had no effect on weight gain and the progesterone injected group did not differ in reactivity from an oil injected gonadectomized group. Both the progesterone and oil injected gonadectomized groups were heavier and showed less reactivity to both shock and quinine. These results were interpreted as direct support for previous work suggesting that the effects of alterations in gonadal hormones are mediated by the weight changes attendant on hormone level changes and are not direct effects of gonadal hormones, themselves.
Microlaparoscopy: a comparative study of diagnostic accuracy

Abstract Objective: To investigate the diagnostic accuracy of microlaparoscopy in comparison to laparoscopy with a standard 10-mm laparoscope. Design: Prospective evaluation by two independent observers. Setting: Academic Medical Center. Patient(s): Ten patients scheduled to undergo diagnostic laparoscopy for the indications of infertility and/or chronic pelvic pain. Intervention(s): Two surgeons were present for each operation. Diagnostic laparoscopy was performed using the Microlap 2-mm laparoscope (Imagyn Medical Inc., Laguna Niguel, CA). Standard diagnostic laparoscopy was then performed using a 10-mm laparoscope. After each procedure, each surgeon reported his or her observations in a confidential manner to a third person to record. Main Outcome Measure(s): Endometriosis and adnexal adhesions were staged. Observations made with the microlaparoscope were compared with those obtained with a standard 10mm laparoscope for each surgeon. The observations of both surgeons were also compared with each other's to evaluate interobserver differences. Result(s): Operative findings reported by each individual surgeon using the microlaparoscope correlated with the operative findings reported using the larger laparoscope. Scores for both endometriosis and adnexal adhesions did not differ in any significant way. Endometriosis scores differed by no more than 6 points, and adhesion scores differed by no more than 2 points, with no subsequent change in severity classification for either finding. Furthermore, when comparing the additional operative findings of the two surgeons, no difference was noted when using either the microlaparoscope or a standard 10-mm laparoscope. Conclusion(s): The diagnostic accuracy achieved with microlaparoscopy is comparable to that achieved with standard 10-mm laparoscopy.
Real-time texture synthesis by patch-based sampling

We present an algorithm for synthesizing textures from an input sample. This patch-based sampling algorithm is fast and it makes high-quality texture synthesis a real-time process. For generating textures of the same size and comparable quality, patch-based sampling is orders of magnitude faster than existing algorithms. The patch-based sampling algorithm works well for a wide variety of textures ranging from regular to stochastic. By sampling patches according to a nonparametric estimation of the local conditional MRF density function, we avoid mismatching features across patch boundaries. We also experimented with documented cases for which pixel-based nonparametric sampling algorithms cease to be effective but our algorithm continues to work well.
Age-related changes in mechanisms accounting for low levels of polyclonally induced immunoglobulin secretion in humans.

Abstract The mechanisms accounting for low levels of T-cell-dependent polyclonal IgG secretion in old and young human adults were compared. In elderly donors, in contrast to young donors, low levels of IgG secretion by unfractionated mononuclear cells (MNCs) did not correlate with functional suppressor activity of “panning”-enriched T8+ cells. Levels of IgG secretion by MNCs did not correlate either with proportions of T8+ or T4+ cells in the MNC population or with the functional helper activity of panning-enriched T4+ cells, in either old or young age groups. In young donors suppression mediated by either 2 or 5 × 104 T8+ cells of “low” IgG secretors (80.2 ± 4.8 and 90.2 ± 1.9%) was significantly greater than that induced by T8+ cells of “high” secretors (41.8 ± 5.7 and 71.0 ± 4.0%). Among elderly donors, suppression mediated by either 2 or 5 × 104 T8+ cells was reduced in both the low IgG secretion (31.9 ± 5.3 and 52.3 ± 7.0%) and high IgG secreting (14.9 ± 7.2 and 46.8 ± 5.7%) compared to the corresponding young donor subgroup. Levels of suppression mediated by 2 × 104 T8+ cells were suggestively lower in the high IgG secreting elderly subgroup compared to the low secreting subgroup (P
Prospective evaluation of adverse reactions to iodine-containing contrast media after ERCP.

Background The incidence of contrast media reactions administered at the time of ERCP is unknown. Despite the lack of formal recommendations, numerous types of prophylactic regimens are routinely used in patients with a history of prior reactions to intravascular contrast media. Objective Our purpose was to document the incidence of contrast media reactions at the time of ERCP and to determine whether various perceived risk factors are predictive of adverse reactions. Design Prospective study. Setting Tertiary academic center. Patients A total of 601 patients undergoing ERCP as clinically indicated. Interventions ERCP done with full-strength high osmolality contrast media. No prophylactic medications were given to any patient. Main Outcome Measurements Adverse reactions to contrast media. Results Six hundred one patients were enrolled. Eighty patients had prior documented reactions to intravascular contrast media (39 mild, 21 moderate, 20 severe). Of the 80 patients, 15 additionally reported shellfish allergy, and 46 reported allergic diathesis. Of the 521 patients with no prior reaction to intravascular contrast, 215 reported other history of allergic reaction. Forty-nine were allergic to shellfish, and 166 had underlying allergic diathesis. At ERCP, 277 patients had cholangiograms, 48 pancreatograms, and 276 both. The average volume of contrast per ERCP was 22 mL. No adverse reactions associated with the administration of contrast media at the time of ERCP were observed in any of the patients. Conclusions The incidence of adverse reaction to iodine-containing contrast media administered at the time of ERCP even in patients considered to be at high risk is exceedingly low. The use of prophylactic regimens before ERCP appears to be unnecessary.
Gene Therapy for Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation After Arterial Injury

Accumulation of vascular smooth muscle cells as a consequence of arterial injury is a major feature of vascular proliferative disorders. Molecular approaches to the inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation in these settings could potentially limit intimal expansion. This problem was approached by introducing adenoviral vectors encoding the herpesvirus thymidine kinase (tk) into porcine arteries that had been injured by a balloon on a catheter. These smooth muscle cells were shown to be infectable with adenoviral vectors, and introduction of the tk gene rendered them sensitive to the nucleoside analog ganciclovir. When this vector was introduced into porcine arteries immediately after a balloon injury, intimal hyperplasia decreased after a course of ganciclovir treatment. No major local or systemic toxicities were observed. These data suggest that transient expression of an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a cytotoxic drug locally may limit smooth muscle cell proliferation in response to balloon injury.
On the determination of sulfur by charged particle activation analysis

An analytical method is described for the determination of trace amounts of sulfur by charged particle activation analysis. The method consists of proton irradiation followed by a rapid radiochemical separation of the product nuclide,34m Cl. This procedure has been applied to a number of pure metal samples which range in sulfur content from 0.3 to 30 ppm. All analyses were repeated several times to ensure consistent results and to better evaluate experimental detection limits and systematic errors. The results indicate that sulfur determinations can be performed at a concentration of less than 1.0 ppm. Activation curves are presented for the reactions S(d,x)34mCl, S(p,x)34mCl, and the interfering reaction35Cl(p, pn)34mCl.
Evaluation of Bayes risk weighted vector quantization with posterior estimation in the detection of lesions in digitized mammograms

The automated detection of suspicious tissue in digital mammograms can provide a useful aid to diagnosis by permitting a radiologist to see all regions deemed suspicious by the computer. The authors apply to digital mammography a method that combines aspects of data compression techniques based on clustering and decision trees together with algorithms for classification and regression. The idea is to use a distortion measure in a clustering algorithm that includes both squared error for general appearance and average Bayes risk for classification accuracy. The algorithm structure is that of a vector quantization compression system that incorporates Bayes risk into the optimization algorithm. >
Flecainide: long-term treatment using a reduced dosing schedule.

Abstract Flecainide was initially prescribed at a dose of 200 mg twice daily, but after early toxicity in patients with ventricular tachycardia (VT), the dosage was reduced to 100 mg twice daily. The effects of flecainide were studied in 40 patients (29 men and 11 women, mean age 62 ± 2 years, ejection fraction 45 ± 3%) who underwent programmed electrical stimulation to determine the efficacy of flecainide in preventing VT chronically at the reduced dose. Sustained VT was induced in 21 patients and nonsustained VT in 19. Flecainide prevented VT induction in 26 patients (65%). At a mean dose of 1.5 ± 0.1 mg/kg, prolongation occurred in the effective refractory period of the first (280 ± 5 vs 249 ± 5 ms) and second (254 ± 6 vs 209 ± 9 ms) extrastimuli (p
Graph-based Semi-Supervised Learning Algorithms for NLP

While labeled data is expensive to prepare, ever increasing amounts of unlabeled linguistic data are becoming widely available. In order to adapt to this phenomenon, several semi-supervised learning (SSL) algorithms, which learn from labeled as well as unlabeled data, have been developed. In a separate line of work, researchers have started to realize that graphs provide a natural way to represent data in a variety of domains. Graph-based SSL algorithms, which bring together these two lines of work, have been shown to outperform the state-of-the-art in many applications in speech processing, computer vision and NLP. In particular, recent NLP research has successfully used graph-based SSL algorithms for PoS tagging (Subramanya et al., 2010), semantic parsing (Das and Smith, 2011), knowledge acquisition (Talukdar et al., 2008), sentiment analysis (Goldberg and Zhu, 2006) and text categorization (Subramanya and Bilmes, 2008). Recognizing this promising and emerging area of research, this tutorial focuses on graph-based SSL algorithms (e.g., label propagation methods). The tutorial is intended to be a sequel to the ACL 2008 SSL tutorial, focusing exclusively on graph-based SSL methods and recent advances in this area, which were beyond the scope of the previous tutorial. The tutorial is divided in two parts. In the first part, we will motivate the need for graph-based SSL methods, introduce some standard graph-based SSL algorithms, and discuss connections between these approaches. We will also discuss how linguistic data can be encoded as graphs and show how graph-based algorithms can be scaled to large amounts of data (e.g., web-scale data). Part 2 of the tutorial will focus on how graph-based methods can be used to solve several critical NLP tasks, including basic problems such as PoS tagging, semantic parsing, and more downstream tasks such as text categorization, information acquisition, and sentiment analysis. We will conclude the tutorial with some exciting avenues for future work. Familiarity with semi-supervised learning and graph-based methods will not be assumed, and the necessary background will be provided. Examples from NLP tasks will be used throughout the tutorial to convey the necessary concepts. At the end of this tutorial, the attendee will walk away with the following: • An in-depth knowledge of the current state-of-the-art in graph-based SSL algorithms, and the ability to implement them. • The ability to decide on the suitability of graph-based SSL methods for a problem. • Familiarity with different NLP tasks where graph-based SSL methods have been successfully applied. In addition to the above goals, we hope that this tutorial will better prepare the attendee to conduct exciting research at the intersection of NLP and other emerging areas with natural graph-structured data (e.g., Computation Social Science). Please visit http://graph-ssl.wikidot.com/for details.
Time Interval and Continuous Testing of Stimuli Responsive Hydrogels

Researchers have investigated hydrogels as potential materials for biological monitoring. Hydrogel compositions have been designed to respond to changes in temperature, pH, glucose concentration and ionic strength concentration. Hydrogels designed to respond to changes in environmental conditions have demonstrated their ability to respond via a swelling or shrinking action. This swelling behavior can be exploited using a variety of signal transduction methods. While this technology shows promise, the degradation of hydrogel materials has not yet been characterized with respect to the shelf life of hydrogel samples or to their use in continuous testing. A series of experiments were performed to test hydrogels stored for extended periods of time then subjected to oscillatory testing, and the results have been analyzed to determine whether hydrogels can be used for extended periods of time for biological sensing applications.
Mechanisms of Transmitter Action in the Vertebrate Central Nervous System

The sections in this article are: 1 Historical Considerations 2 Identification of Specific Messengers for Neuronal Pathways 2.1 Criteria for Neurotransmitters 3 Mechanisms of Neuronal Excitability and Synaptic Transmission 3.1 Membrane Ion Channels 3.2 Conventional Synaptic Mechanisms 3.3 Unconventional Messenger Mechanisms 3.4 Neuromodulator Action 3.5 Neuromediator or Second-Messenger Actions 4 Experimental Strategies 4.1 Measures of Cell Excitability as Indices of Transmitter Action 4.2 Methods of Drug Application 4.3 Comparison of In Vivo and In Vitro Preparations 4.4 Anatomical Description of Selected Brain Regions 5 Effects of Neuromessengers and Comparison with Endogenous Transmitters in Selected Brain Regions 5.1 Amino Acids 5.2 Monoamines 5.3 Nucleosides and Nucleotides 5.4 Peptides 5.5 Other Peptides: Special Problems of Peptide Electrophysiology 5.6 Peptides for Future Study 6 Factors Accounting for Variability in Response to Transmitters 6.1 Pathway Stimulation 6.2 Exogenous Application of Messengers 7 Integration: Synaptic Interactions and Coexistence of Neuromessengers 7.1 Spatial Domain 7.2 Temporal Domain 7.3 Mechanistic Domain 7.4 Cotransmitters 8 Conclusions: Speculations on Need for Diversity of Messages
Radar open systems architecture and applications

This paper presents the radar open systems architecture (ROSA) that has been used successfully in building the prototype Cobra Gemini radar and is currently being used to modernize four unique signature radars at the Kwajalein Missile Range (KMR) and three unique radars at the Millstone Hill radar facility. ROSA embraces the OS model by decomposing a radar into functional building blocks constructed using COTS hardware. This decomposition provides loosely coupled operational subsystem components that, when tied together using well-defined interfaces, form a complete radar processing and control system. Building blocks can be easily added or modified to allow new technology insertion, with minimal impact on the other elements of the radar system. More importantly, existing radar building blocks can be shared and used to create new radars or to modernize existing systems. This modular OS architecture can lead to improvements in time-to-market, reduced cost, and increased commonality.
Case study in RSFQ design: fast pipelined parallel adder

We present a design for parallel pipelined carry-lookahead Kogge-Stone 32and 64-bit integer adders with the traditional concurrent flow timing scheme, and the results of its gate-level logical simulation using a VHDL model, with parameters reduced from the physical-level simulation of RSFQ cells. The design uses only five different types of bit processing blocks and is easily scalable to any length of the operands. The multi-pulse logic representation together with interchanging logical polarity between pipeline stages is used to simplify the design of the blocks, which contain only two types of clocked RSFQ gates: an inverter and a D-flip-flop. Simulations show that in the absence of thermal fluctuations and random parameter spread the clock frequency of the adder implemented in the projected 0.8 /spl mu/m Nb-trilayer technology could be as high as 150 GHz. However, an approximate account of these factors shows that in order to achieve a 99% adder fabrication yield and a 10/sup -25/ adder error rate the maximal frequency should be reduced to 60 GHz for 1.5% Josephson junction spread and to 52 GHz for 3% spread. Adder latency is close to 260 ps for 32 bits and 320 ps for 64 bits. We plan to re-design the adders to increase their speed.
Justifications for Caregiving in White, Asian American, and Native Hawaiian Grandparents Raising Grandchildren

Discussion. Justifications for raising grandchildren appear to dif fer among groups based on racial identification. Findings elucidate cultural justification for caregiving in understudied GRG populations and suggest that justifications for caregiving are configured differently in GRG and family caregivers for older adults. Future studies should examine justifications for caregiving in GRG of other races.
Outcomes in ambulatory chronic systolic and diastolic heart failure: A propensity score analysis

Background Prior studies demonstrating significant difference in outcomes in systolic and diastolic heart failure (HF) are often limited to hospitalized acute HF patients, and may be confounded by residual bias. In this analysis, we examined long-term mortality and hospitalization in a propensity score matched cohort of ambulatory chronic systolic and diastolic HF patients. Methods Of the 7788 patients in the Digitalis Investigation Group trial, 6800 had systolic HF (ejection fraction >45%) and 988 had diastolic HF (ejection fraction >45%). We restricted our analysis to 7617 patients without valvular heart disease: 916 diastolic HF and 6701 systolic HF. Propensity scores for diastolic HF, calculated for each patient by a non-parsimonious multivariable logistic regression model, were used to match 697 diastolic HF with 2091 systolic HF patients. Matched Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for outcomes in diastolic (versus systolic) HF. Results During a median 38-month follow-up, compared with 32% mortality in systolic HF, 23% of diastolic HF patients died (HR=0.70; 95% CI=0.59-0.84; P P P =.001). All-cause hospitalizations occured in 64% of systolic and 67% of diastolic HF patients (HR=0.99; 95% CI=0.87-1.11; P =0.801). Respective HR (95%CI) for cardiovascular and HF hospitalizations were 0.84 (0.73-0.96; P =.011) and 0.63 (0.51-0.77; P Conclusions Despite lower mortality and cardiovascular morbidity, diastolic HF patients had similar overall hospitalizations as in systolic HF. Ejection fraction should be assessed in all HF patients to guide therapy, with special attention to non-cardiovascular morbidity in diastolic HF.
Differences in access to health care services among adults in rural america by rural classification categories and age

: Objective: To study differences in excess to health care services between different population groups in rural areas of the United States. Design: Using data from the 1994 National Health Interview Survey and the 1991 Area Resource File, we examined the differences in excess with seven measures: having a regular source of care, having a usual place of care, having health insurance coverage, delaying medical care because of cost for all rural residents; number of doctor visits, number of hospital discharges and length of hospital stay per discharge for those who reported their health as being either poor or fair. Rural residents were classified by ages and grouped into four rural classification categories that were characterised along two dimensions: adjacent to a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) (yes/no) and inclusion of a city of at least 10 000 people (yes/no). Setting: Rural areas Subjects: Rural populations. Results: Residents aged 18–24 years had the worst access to services and the residents aged 65 years and over had the best access to services when measured by regular source of care, a usual place of care and health insurance status. Compared to those aged 50–64 years, residents aged 25–49 years were less likely to report having health insurance and more likely to report delaying seeking medical care because of costs. Rural residents who lived in a county adjacent to an MSA generally were less limited in access than those who lived in a county not adjacent to an MSA. Conclusions: Rural America is not a homogeneous entity in many aspects of the access to health care services.
Temporal multi-modal mean

A temporal reasoning technique is presented for scene analysis. Rather than simply classifying everything in a scene as either dynamically moving foreground or long-lasting, stationary background, a temporal model is used to place each scene object in time relative to each other. It attributes each scene object with temporal information, such as object age and observability (i.e., how often it is observed). This technique provides richer information about temporal scene events than traditional foreground/background segmentation. It builds on an existing low-cost adaptive background modeling technique that makes it suitable for embedded, real-time platforms.
The Glucose Transporter 4 FQQI Motif Is Necessary for Akt Substrate of 160-Kilodalton-Dependent Plasma Membrane Translocation But Not Golgi-Localized γ-Ear-Containing Arf-Binding Protein-Dependent Entry into the Insulin-Responsive Storage Compartment

Newly synthesized glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) enters into the insulin-responsive storage compartment in a process that is Golgi-localized gamma-ear-containing Arf-binding protein (GGA) dependent, whereas insulin-stimulated translocation is regulated by Akt substrate of 160 kDa (AS160). In the present study, using a variety of GLUT4/GLUT1 chimeras, we have analyzed the specific motifs of GLUT4 that are important for GGA and AS160 regulation of GLUT4 trafficking. Substitution of the amino terminus and the large intracellular loop of GLUT4 into GLUT1 (chimera 1-441) fully recapitulated the basal state retention, insulin-stimulated translocation, and GGA and AS160 sensitivity of wild-type GLUT4 (GLUT4-WT). GLUT4 point mutation (GLUT4-F5A) resulted in loss of GLUT4 intracellular retention in the basal state when coexpressed with both wild-type GGA and AS160. Nevertheless, similar to GLUT4-WT, the insulin-stimulated plasma membrane localization of GLUT4-F5A was significantly inhibited by coexpression of dominant-interfering GGA. In addition, coexpression with a dominant-interfering AS160 (AS160-4P) abolished insulin-stimulated GLUT4-WT but not GLUT4-F5A translocation. GLUT4 endocytosis and intracellular sequestration also required both the amino terminus and large cytoplasmic loop of GLUT4. Furthermore, both the FQQI and the SLL motifs participate in the initial endocytosis from the plasma membrane; however, once internalized, unlike the FQQI motif, the SLL motif is not responsible for intracellular recycling of GLUT4 back to the specialized compartment. Together, we have demonstrated that the FQQI motif within the amino terminus of GLUT4 is essential for GLUT4 endocytosis and AS160-dependent intracellular retention but not for the GGA-dependent sorting of GLUT4 into the insulin-responsive storage compartment.
C5a contributes to intraocular inflammation by affecting retinal pigment epithelial cells and immune cells

Background The complement activation molecule C5a has been found in the eye and is implicated in the pathogenesis of ocular inflammatory diseases. In this study, the authors sought to investigate C5a9s effects on human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and on the interaction between RPE cells and PBMCs. Methods Arising retinal pigment epithelia cell line-19 and PBMCs isolated from healthy donors were used in this study. Western blot, real-time PCR and cell surface receptor staining were used to detect C5a receptor expression. Real-time PCR was used to detect cytokine mRNA expression. A thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide assay was used to detect cell viability. Cells were stained with Annexin V and 7-aminoactinomycin D for an apoptosis assay. Cell proliferation was measured using a tritiated thymidine incorporation assay. Results C5a receptors were present on RPE cells, and receptor expression was increased by pro-inflammatory cytokines. C5a suppressed RPE cells9 production of transforming growth factor β2, an important immunosuppressive agent in the eye. In addition, the viability of RPE cells was decreased in the presence of C5a, and this effect was not due to apoptosis. C5a increased proliferation of PBMCs and upregulated their production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Finally, C5a decreased RPE cells9 ability to suppress immune cell proliferation. Conclusion The results provide a direct link between complement activation and intraocular inflammation. This line of information may help to understand the mechanism of the pathogenesis of intraocular inflammatory diseases. Moreover, the authors show that a close, reciprocal interaction between the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system may be involved in the development of such diseases.
Physics Opportunities at a Muon Collider

1 I Want to Believe... • That elementary particle physics will prosper for a 2nd century with laboratory experiments based on innovative particle sources. • That a full range of new phenomena will be investigated: – mass ⇒ a 2nd 3× 3 (or larger?) mixing matrix. – Precision studies of Higgs bosons. – A rich supersymmetric sector. – ... And more ... • That our investment in future accelerators will result in more cost-effective technology, capable of extension to 10’s of TeV of constituent CoM energy. • That a Muon Collider [1, 2] based on ionization cooling is the best option to accomplish the above.
Incorporating group correlations in genome-wide association studies using smoothed group Lasso

In genome-wide association studies, penalization is an important approach for identifying genetic markers associated with disease. Motivated by the fact that there exists natural grouping structure in single nucleotide polymorphisms and, more importantly, such groups are correlated, we propose a new penalization method for group variable selection which can properly accommodate the correlation between adjacent groups. This method is based on a combination of the group Lasso penalty and a quadratic penalty on the difference of regression coefficients of adjacent groups. The new method is referred to as smoothed group Lasso (SGL). It encourages group sparsity and smoothes regression coefficients for adjacent groups. Canonical correlations are applied to the weights between groups in the quadratic difference penalty. We first derive a GCD algorithm for computing the solution path with linear regression model. The SGL method is further extended to logistic regression for binary response. With the assistance of the majorize-minimization algorithm, the SGL penalized logistic regression turns out to be an iteratively penalized least-square problem. We also suggest conducting principal component analysis to reduce the dimensionality within groups. Simulation studies are used to evaluate the finite sample performance. Comparison with group Lasso shows that SGL is more effective in selecting true positives. Two datasets are analyzed using the SGL method.