cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The clot thickens (or not)

In this issue of Blood , Gratacap and colleagues analyze the effects of the multikinase inhibitor dasatinib on platelets, helping to explain the occurrence of bleeding related to its use for CML patients resistant to or intolerant of imatinib.[1][1] In addition, by virtue of careful experimentation using multiple functional platelet assays, these authors are paving the way for the development of kinase inhibitors as antithrombotic agents. [1]: #ref-1
Behavior analysis: A needed perspective in teacher education

(1985). Behavior analysis: A needed perspective in teacher education. The Teacher Educator: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 15-25.
Quantifying Cooperativity via Geometric Gyration-Based Metrics of Coupled Macromolecules

AbstractOne of the issues introducing a concept of cooperativity between coupled macromolecules is the lack of a quantitative measure. Motivated by the descriptive parameters of the gyration tensor (S), here the authors propose new metrics for the degree of cooperativity between molecules based on the deviation of gyration and the properties of a gyration compensator tensor (ΔS), encompassing the size, shape, and orientation of coupled macromolecules. These metrics include the slip (an indication of size difference), differential anisotropy (comparing shape), and skew (defining misorientation). To maintain both generality and transferability of the analysis, rather than focus on a specific material system, in this work the authors consider the geometry of a bead-spring model of molecular chains. The framework is then used to analyze a computational model of generic coupled macromolecules with variable cross-link density and length to define the transition from uncoupled to cooperative. A critical number o...
Materials approaches for modulating neural tissue responses to implanted microelectrodes through mechanical and biochemical means

Implantable intracortical microelectrodes face an uphill struggle for widespread clinical use. Their potential for treating a wide range of traumatic and degenerative neural disease is hampered by their unreliability in chronic settings. A major factor in this decline in chronic performance is a reactive response of brain tissue, which aims to isolate the implanted device from the rest of the healthy tissue. In this review we present a discussion of materials approaches aimed at modulating the reactive tissue response through mechanical and biochemical means. Benefits and challenges associated with these approaches are analyzed, and the importance of multimodal solutions tested in emerging animal models are presented.
The immediate impact of the Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation (COURAGE) trial on the management of stable angina.

Background The Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation (COURAGE) trial confirmed that percutaneous coronary intervention is no better than optimal medical therapy for the prevention of major adverse cardiac events in patients with stable angina. The impact of these findings on clinical practice remains unknown. Hypothesis Clinicians may more frequently opt for medical rather than procedural therapy of stable angina in response to the COURAGE trial. Methods Clinical information was collected from patients with stable angina referred to our hospital for cardiac catheterization between January 1, 2007 and June 18, 2007 (n = 332). Catheterization referral volume and the use of medications and coronary revascularization were compared before and after the release of the COURAGE trial. Results There was a significant increase in anti-ischemia medication use prior to catheterization referral following the COURAGE trial (mean = 1.31 [SD 0.83] medications pre-COURAGE, mean = 1.54 [SD 0.84] medications post-COURAGE, P = 0.012). Among 217 patients with coronary disease on catheterization, treatment with medication rather than percutaneous or surgical revascularization increased after COURAGE (11.1% pre-COURAGE vs 23.0% post-COURAGE, P = 0.03). There was also a significant decrease in referral volume following the COURAGE trial (3.12 referrals/day pre-COURAGE vs 2.51 referrals/day post-COURAGE, P = 0.034). Conclusions The COURAGE trial immediately impacted the management of stable angina. Catheterization referral volume decreased, medication use increased, and the use of medical therapy rather than revascularization increased among patients with coronary disease. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Developmental Loss of the Acute Inhibitory Effect of Melatonin on the in Vitro Pituitary Luteinizing Hormone and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Responses to Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone*

The effects of melatonin on the pituitary LH and FSH responses to LHRH were studied in culture with the use of pituitary cells from female rats 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 days of age and from adult male and female rats, long term ovariectomized rats, and ovariectomized animals pretreated with estradiol benzoate (5 μg/day for 5 days). Dispersed anterior pituitary cells were prepared by enzymatic dissociation with collagenase and hyaluronidase and were cultured in serum-containing medium for 22 h before use. After removal of serum, the cells were incubated for an additional 3 h in either control medium or medium containing LHRH (10-8 M), melatonin (10-6 M), or LHRH (10-8 M) and melatonin (10-10-10-66 M). Medium LH and FSH concentrations were determined by double antibody RIA. Melatonin significantly inhibited LHRH-induced LH and FSH release by pituitary cells from 5-, 10-, and 15-day-old animals. The minimal effective dose of melatonin was generally between 10-10-10-9 M, and maximal suppression to approximately ...
Mapping Residual Structure in Intrinsically Disordered Proteins at Residue Resolution Using Millisecond Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange and Residue Averaging

Measurement of residual structure in intrinsically disordered proteins can provide insights into the mechanisms by which such proteins undergo coupled binding and folding. The present work describes an approach to measure residual structure in disordered proteins using millisecond hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange in a conventional bottom-up peptide-based workflow. We used the exchange mid-point, relative to a totally deuterated control, to quantify the rate of H/D exchange in each peptide. A weighted residue-by-residue average of these midpoints was used to map the extent of residual structure at near single-residue resolution. We validated this approach both by simulating a disordered protein and experimentally using the p300 binding domain of ACTR, a model disordered protein already well-characterized by other approaches. Secondary structure elements mapped in the present work are in good agreement with prior nuclear magnetic resonance measurements. The new approach was somewhat limited by a loss of spatial resolution and subject to artifacts because of heterogeneities in intrinsic exchange. Approaches to correct these limitations are discussed.
Sensitivity of landscape metrics to pixel size

Analysis of diversity and evenness metrics using land cover data are becoming formalized in landscape ecology. Diversity and evenness metrics are dependent on the pixel size (scale) over which the data are collected. Aerial photography was interpreted for land cover and converted into four raster data sets with 4, 12, 28, and 80m pixel sizes, representing pixel sizes up to that available on Landsat-MSS. Analysis of covariance was used to determine the effect of changing pixel size on landscape metrics. The results indicate that landscape metrics should not be dramatically affected by the change in pixel size up to 80m, provided that identical land cover classifications could be generated by sensors with different spatial resolving powers (e.g. Landsat-TM and MSS).
Performance models for unreliable flexible manufacturing systems

Abstract This paper deals with the analysis and application of queueing models for single and multi stage flexible manufacturing systems that are subject to resource failure. Exact results are derived for the single stage queueing system. Two approximations are presneted for the multi stage queueing system as a closed network. We validate the approximations by comparing their performance estimates against the exact global balance solution.
The segregation of cancer-causing genes in human populations.

Abstract Cancer can arise through genetic damage of a variety of sorts, including recessive and dominant mutations, large chromosomal rearrangements, and the inability of cells to repair damaged DNA. Many of these events can be studied by standard methods of genetic analysis and thereby furnish the means to localize the gene to a specific region in the human genome. However, conventional methods of segragation analysis cannot provide the molecular and cellular understanding of the process of gene action essential to informed intervention. Here, recent advances in molecular biology, immunology and biochemistry hold promise of providing the understanding of how normal cells control their replication and why cancer cells do not. Heretofore these techniques have been largely restricted to modest-sized studies, but the requisite assays have now reached a level of development that makes practicable large clinical and population-based studies. Collectively, through these rapidly evolving techniques of new methods of prevention, diagnosis and therapy, and a better awareness of the events that order the lives of our cells.
What Is Stress

(1994). What Is Stress? Quest: Vol. 46, The Academy Papers No. 27. Physical Activity and Stress, pp. 1-7.
A duoprocess theory of concept learning

Abstract A theory of concept learning which separates the learning process into attribute identification and paired-associate learning stages in proposed and applied in detail to a 4-choice conjunctive task. The quantitative predictions of the theory were found to be as good as a model by Bower and Trabasso, 1964 , Trabasso and Bower, 1964 who viewed learning in terms of one-dimensional subproblems. The duoprocess model has two advantages over the subproblem learning theory. It has more plausible process assumptions with reference to the 4-choice conjunctive task and its process assumptions are general enough to permit application of the model to a variety of concept learning tasks.
New cold nuclear fusion theory and experimental tests

A theory of neutron-induced tritium-deuterium fusion at room temperature is developed, based entirely on previously measured cross-sections of known nuclear reactions. The fusion process involves self-sustaining chain reactions: (1)n+6Li →4He+T and/orn+7Li→4He+T+n, and (2) T+D →4He+n, in Li-D plasma or pellet surrounded by Li and other blankets and by neutron reflectors. The recent results of cold deuterium fusion reported by Fleischmann, Pons, and Hawkins are described in terms of this fusion process. Experimental evidence and tests of the chain reaction hypothesis are described.
Variability of the total radiation belt electron content

[1] To quantify radiation belt variability, while de-emphasizing internal transport, the total number of electrons in the outer belt has been computed from data taken on the Polar satellite as a function of time throughout 1998 and of kinetic energy in the range 0.8 to 6.4 MeV. Changes in this electron content are resolved on timescales from ∼1 day to several months. The variability is greatest at the higher energies, with several distinct (factor ≲103) injections followed by extended (≲100 day) periods of decay. Time-dependent magnetic field models are unable to accurately remove changes caused by adiabatic variations, but calculations based on a modified dipole field show that this can be achieved. Corrections are also made for radial transport conserving an adiabatic invariant. They show that seemingly small injections at high L may really be of comparable magnitude to large injections at low L.
Regulation of cholecystokinin receptors in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus: sex steroid hormone effects

Quantitative autoradiography was used to analyze cholecystokinin receptor (CCK-R) binding in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) of gonadectomized rats treated with estrogen or testosterone. In the rostral VMH, sex steroids did not affect binding levels. In the caudal VMH, in both gonadectomized male and female rats, the levels of CCK-R binding were decreased 24 h after injection of 50 μg of estrogen benzoate but were not changed after injection of 300 μg of testosterone propionate. We hypothesize that these changes in CCK-R binding in the VMH reflect ligand-induced down-regulation that result from an estrogen-facilitation of stimulated CCK release in the VMH.
Bottom-up proteome analysis of E. coli using capillary zone electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry with an electrokinetic sheath-flow electrospray interface

The Escherichia coli proteome was digested with trypsin and fractionated using SPE on a C18 SPE column. Seven fractions were collected and analyzed by CZE-ESI-MS/MS. The separation was performed in a 60-cm-long linear polyacrylamide-coated capillary with a 0.1% v/v formic acid separation buffer. An electrokinetic sheath-flow electrospray interface was used to couple the separation capillary with an Orbitrap-Velos operating in higher-energy collisional dissociation mode. Each CZE-ESI-MS/MS run lasted 50 min and total MS time was 350 min. A total of 23 706 peptide spectra matches, 4902 peptide IDs, and 871 protein group IDs were generated using MASCOT with false discovery rate less than 1% on the peptide level. The total mass spectrometer analysis time was less than 6 h, the sample identification rate (145 proteins/h) was more than two times higher than previous studies of the E. coli proteome, and the amount of sample consumed (<1 μg) was roughly fourfold less than previous studies. These results demonstrate that CZE is a useful tool for the bottom-up analysis of prokaryote proteomes.
Fair is Fine, but More is Better: Limits to Inequity Aversion in the Domestic Dog

Research with domestic dogs provides a unique approach for exploring the evolution of fairness and justice. Not only are dogs descended from highly social canids; they have also been bred for cooperative tasks with humans. Dogs act cooperatively in social play and are skilled on other social cognitive tasks. It is reasonable to ask whether dogs behave in ways similar to primates in other social contexts. In particular, do dogs perceive and respond to unfairness or injustice, a skill potentially borne of long-term affiliation with and selection by humans? Using a revised test of inequity aversion which looks at advantageous and disadvantageous inequity, the current research investigated the behavior of 38 domestic dogs. Subject dogs and a control dog approached two trainers in turn: one who rewarded them equally for sitting on command and one who rewarded them unequally—either over-rewarding or under-rewarding the control dog. After familiarization with the trainers, subjects chose which trainer to approach by themselves. Subjects preferred the over-rewarding trainer over the fair trainer; they had no preference between the under-rewarding and the fair trainer. Further analyses found that length of ownership, subjects’ age, and cooperative work experience reversed the approach preference, predicting preference for the fair trainer—though breed did not. These results suggest that the precursory sensitivity, which dogs showed to iniquitous outcomes in prior research, does not extend to both advantageous and disadvantageous inequity and does not hold when the subject is continually rewarded. Dogs selected a trainer who had treated them “unfairly,” yet who presented a potentially greater opportunity for future rewards. When the stakes were high, dogs showed a greater sensitivity to the quantity of a reward than to the fairness of a reward.
Efficacy of fenbendazole against naturally acquired Raillietina cesticillus infections of chickens.

Summary Birds were obtained from a commercial broiler operation where birds were naturally infected with Raillietina cesticillus at an incidence of 40%. Fenbendazole was added to the diet for six consecutive days at 30, 60, 120 or 180 mg/kg or at 60 or 120 mg/kg for 3 days. Birds were necropsied over a 3‐day period beginning 4 days after fenbendazole withdrawal. Anthelmintic efficacies for the 6‐day regimens of fenbendazole at the dietary rates of 30, 60, 120 and 180 mg/kg were 76, 73, 77 and 95%, respectively. In regard to the 3‐day regimens of fenbendazole, efficacies were 48 and 51% for the 60 and 120 mg/kg diets, respectively. Fenbendazole did not affect the palatability of the diet nor induced any adverse effects.
MO-D-I-609-02: Performance Evaluation of Magnetic Field Homogeneity in MRI

Purpose: Poor main (Bo) magnetic field homogeneity (MFH) leads to artifacts in MR images. The ACR MRI QC Manual mandates annual checks of MFH, suggesting tests using spectral line widths (FWHM) and phase-difference (Δφ)maps. A new method for determining MFH is proposed and compared with standard methods using three different phantoms. Method and Materials: Small receiver bandwidth (BW) in the presence of poor MFH leads to geometric distortions because gradients are reduced to the level of the Bo inhomogeneities. The proposed bandwidth-difference (ΔBW) method compares the distortion for small and large BW acquisitions to determine the MFH. Data were acquired using a 3T system and FFE pulse sequence scanned twice with BW's of 50 Hz and 501Hz, respectively. MFH was measured from the shift of landmarks between the two BW acquisitions. Data were compared with data from the FWHM and Δφ methods. Results: Measured FWHM = 0.06 ppm@13.5cm DSV for the manufacturer's phantom, 0.27 ppm over the 19cm(diam) × 15cm(length) ACR phantom and 0.07ppm@27.9cm DSV in our spherical homogeneity phantom. The Δφ images showed pronounced areas of poor MFH near the corners of the ACR phantom, which were not evident in the other phantoms. The ΔBW method could not be used in phantoms without landmarks, but in the ACR phantom MFH was measured to be 0.43 ppm in the axial direction and 0.86 ppm in the saggital direction. In the spherical phantom ΔBW measurements show MFH=0.16 ppm@15.3 cm DSV to 0.32 ppm@18.83cm DSV. Conclusion: Spectral line width measurements of MFH on spherical phantoms can be useful however the acquired data are only for one DSV. The ΔBW method produces measurements of MFH at various DSV values that can be obtained from a single set of phantom images.
Stochastic calibration of sensors in turbulent flow fields

The calibration of high-bandwidth sensors is typically carried out in an steady environment or at least a well-controlled unsteady flow. A simple technique for calibration of sensors in flow fields with arbitrary unsteadiness (such as a turbulent field) is described. Although the method requires a DC reference measurement at each calibration point, the resulting calibration is accurate for both average and unsteady measurements up to the full bandwidth of the sensor. Applications and limitations of the technique are also discussed.
Trends and patterns in research and development expenditures in the United States

This paper is a review of recent trends in United States expenditures on research and development (R&D). Real expenditures by both the government and the private sector increased rapidly between the mid-1970s and the mid-1980s, and have since leveled off. This is true of both overall expenditures and expenditures on basic research, as well as funding of academic research. Preliminary estimates indicate that about $170 billion was spent on R&D in the United States in 1995, with approximately 60% of that funding coming from the private sector and about 35% from the federal government. In comparison to other countries, we have historically spent more on R&D relative to our economy than other advanced economies, but this advantage appears to be disappearing. If defense-related R&D is excluded, our expenditures relative to the size of the economy are considerably smaller than those of other similar economies.
THE EFFECTS OF ROTATION ON THE RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF THE CANINE CARDIAC SILHOUETTE IN DORSAL RECUMBENCY

Cardiac mensuration was done on thoracic radiographs of Beagles to determine the effects of rotation on the cardiac silhouette in dorsal recumbency. As the thorax became more rotated, surfaces of the heart not normally seen were projected, making interpretation of cardiac changes unreliable. A positioning standard based on the relationship of the dorsal spinous processes to the vertebral body was developed. If the tips of the dorsal spinous processes were within the bounds of the vertebral bodies, the radiographs were suitable for cardiac interpretation. If the tips of the dorsal spinous processes were outside the bounds of the vertebral bodies, there was enough rotation to make interpretation unreliable. A microcomputer, digitizer pad, and a BASIC language program were used to input, store, and calculate the various cardiac mensuration parameters.
The Debate on the Early ‘Armenian Question’ 1877–1896: Strengths, Weaknesses, Lacunae and Ways Forward

Scholars are divided on the role that international diplomacy played in ethnic conflict in eastern Anatolia after 1877. While some scholars generally argue that British intervention in Ottoman poli...
Biosynthesis and Characterization of 14C-Enriched Flavonoid Fractions from Plant Cell Suspension Cultures

A range of radiolabeled anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, and other flavonoids were accumulated by cell suspension cultures of two plant species, ohelo (Vaccinium pahalae) and grape (a Vitis hybrid, Bailey Alicant A), after providing uniformly labeled [(14)C]sucrose to the medium. Approximately 15% of administered label was recovered in a series of flavonoid-rich fractions varying in composition. Anthocyanins, and monomers to oligomers of proanthocyanidins, were labeled effectively and characterized from both species. Most of the proanthocyanidin oligomers were based on the flavan-3-ols (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin. Cyanidin and peonidin glycosides were the dominant forms of anthocyanins in both species. Whereas the predominant form of flavonoids identified from ohelo cell cultures was proanthocyanidins, grape cell cultures produced mostly anthocyanins. The labeled phytochemicals were produced for use in subsequent in vivo animal feeding studies to gauge their bioavailability and accumulation in target organs.
Irradiation performance of polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon®) in a mixed fast neutron and gamma radiation field

Abstract Samples of polytetrafluoroethylene have been irradiated with a mixed field of fast neutrons and gamma rays using the MIT Research Reactor. Dose levels from ∼0.3 to ∼50×106 Gy for gamma and from ∼0.13 to 80×104 Gy for fast neutrons were used. Weight loss, fluorine loss, and swelling were measured quantitatively. Subjective mechanical property tests were also performed to assess embrittlement. Aside from high levels of embrittlement, no large changes, ≳1.5%, were observed in the properties which were assayed even at the highest doses.
Functional Abnormality of Sodium Channel Interacting Proteins in Arrhythmogenesis

The gene SCN5A encodes the α subunit protein NaV1 which forms the pore through which flows most Na current (INa) in the heart. In addition to the α subunit the SCN5A-macromolecular complex (MMC) is composed of up to four β subunits and many more channel interacting proteins (ChIPs) which interact directly with SCN5A or through intermediary adapter proteins. Mutations in SCN5A have been implicated to cause inherited arrhythmias such as LQTS type 3 (LQT3) by increasing late INa, and Brugada syndrome (BrS) type 1 and other arrhythmia syndromes by decreasing peak INa. More recently mutations in as many as 8 different proteins of the MMC have been implicated as causes of LQTS and BrS. Among these are the gene CAV3 encoding caveolin 3 as a cause of LQTS (LQT9), and SCN5A encoding syntrophin α1 as a cause of LQTS (LQT12). This presentation will discuss how mutations found in LQT9 and LQT12 patients increased late INa by a mechanism involving increased direct nitrosylation of SCN5A. The delineation of these pathways has implications for basic research by yielding insights into the regulation of cardiac electrogenesis, and implications for clinical research by suggesting new candidate genes for genotyping inherited arrhythmia and by suggesting therapeutic targets for arrhythmia therapy.
``Hot Topics'' in astrophysics

Three current topics in astrophysics are described here on the occasion of the joint meeting of the American Association of Physics Teachers and the American Astronomical Society (Jan. 7-11, 2001, San Diego, Calif.). Many equally exciting topics--ranging from the dozens of newly discovered planets of sunlike stars to evidence suggesting that the expansion of the universe is accelerating--could have been chosen. The topics discussed are: (1) the habitability of Mars, (2) black holes, galaxy bulges, and the X-ray background, and (3) the greatest explosions since the Big Bang.
Independent observations corroborate surface air temperature record

One of the most important foundations of scientists' understanding of global climate change is the land surface air temperature record, the long-term observations of air temperature measured 2 meters above the ground. These observations have been made around the world, for more than a century in some places. The air temperature records have shown a long-term warming trend due mainly to anthropogenic climate change, and variability seen in the air temperature record is used to guide models of the future climate.
DNA double-strand breaks in mutagenesis

The DNA-double-strand break (dsb) appears to be the major lesion involved in chromosomal aberration formation. It is also very likely that the DNA dsb is the dominant lesion involved in radiation-induced mutagenesis. The dsb has been implicated as the primary lesion responsible for the induction of large deletions and, to a lesser extent, large insertions, small deletions, and frameshift mutations. It is still unclear, however, whether the dsb is directly induced by the ionizing radiation or whether it is the result of a step in the cellular repair pathways for other types of DNA lesions. There is still too little information available to propose a definitive mechanism for the production of the observed alterations. Here the authors review the types of mutations induced by low-linear energy transfer (LET) ionizing radiations, with an emphasis on those DNA sequence alterations and genomic rearrangements that are thought to be associated with dsb. We will then discuss the techniques being used to understand the involvement of DNA dsb in mutagenesis when no other DNA lesions are induced. 29 refs.
Proteasome blockers inhibit protein breakdown in skeletal muscle after burn injury in rats.

1. Burn injury stimulates ubiquitin-dependent protein breakdown in skeletal muscle. The 20S proteasome is the proteolytic core of the 26S proteasome that degrades ubiquitin conjugates. We examined the effects of the proteasome inhibitors N -acetyl-l-leucinyl-L-leucinal-l-norleucinal (LLnL), lactacystin and β-lactone on protein breakdown in muscles from burned rats. 2. A full-thickness burn of 30% total body surface area was inflicted on the back of rats. Control rats underwent a sham procedure. After 24 ;h, extensor digitorum longus muscles were incubated in the absence or presence of 20S proteasome blocker and protein turnover rates and ubiquitin mRNA levels were determined. 3. LLnL resulted in a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of total protein breakdown in incubated muscles from burned rats. Lactacystin and β-lactone blocked both total and myofibrillar muscle protein breakdown. In addition to inhibiting protein breakdown, LLnL increased ubiquitin mRNA levels, possibly reflecting inhibited proteasome-associated RNase activity. 4. Inhibited muscle protein breakdown caused by LLnL, lactacystin and β-lactone supports the concept that the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway plays a central role in burn-induced muscle proteolysis. Because the proteasome has multiple important functions in the cell, in addition to regulating general protein breakdown, further studies are needed to test the role of proteasome blockers in the treatment or prevention of muscle catabolism.
ON THE MASS GAUGE INVARIANCE

Some consequences of gauge invariance are explored on the assumption that no experimentel measurement determines the phase of mass of an elementary particle. If the mass has a phase factor the phase could be removed by an adequate gauge transformation without any alteration in the physical situation. It is concluded that the principle of mass gauge invariance can be complementary to partial invariance. (W.D.M.)
IEE Science, Education & Management Division: Chairman's address. Physics in the service of the engineer

The exceptional periods when physics research readily led to innovations of vast consequence in engineering, such as the period of solid-state research which led to the transistor, have tended to obscure the valuable role of physics in providing steady support to technological development. In an attempt to redress the balance, the stress in this review has been placed on the evolutionary role of physics, as illustrated by examples drawn from a few selected fields. In lighting, assistance from materials science, discharge physics and optics has led to major improvements in the performance of lamps and associated equipment. The practicability of homopolar machines, where the principle dates back to Faraday's disc, depends to no small extent on progress made by physicists working closely with engineers in solving the slipring problem. Microwave radar ushered in a virtually new engineering field supported by a still widening range of solid-state and other components, of which gyromagnetic ferrites and special dielectrics are typical examples. Applicable over the whole of engineering are the physical methods of materials characterisation, such as X ray techniques and mass spectrometry, hitherto mainly operated by the specialist but now also moving into the hands of the engineer, for example, in process control and automation. A concluding look at the future outlines some of the newer developments in applied physics, especially in solid-state physics and optics, in relation to present and foreseeable engineering requirements. There is a final brief reference to the educational implications as more physicist-engineers take their place in the profession.
Alterations of the glutathione redox cycle status in fumonisin B1-treated pig kidney cells

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) causes equine leukoencephalomalacia, porcine pulmonary edema, and liver tumors and chronic nephritis in rats. To investigate mechanisms by which FB1 induces toxicity, effects of FB1 on cellular glutathione (GSH) redox status and GSH depletion on FB1 toxicity in pig kidney (LLC-PK1) cells were studied. Treatment of LLC-PK1 cells with 50 microM FB1 for 24 hours significantly decreased cellular GSH contents from 56 +/- 3.2 to 42.7 +/- 4.4 nmol/mg protein (p < 0.05) and increased the activities of glutathione reductase (GR) from 25.7 +/- 2.4 to 35.7 +/- 5.0 mumol NADPH/mg protein (p < 0.05). The activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSHpx), catalase, and Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) were not changed by this treatment. Treatment of LLC-PK1 cells for 12 hours with 0.1 mM buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), a selective inhibitor of the enzyme gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase that catalyzes the rate-limiting reaction in de novo GSH synthesis, decreased cellular GSH levels to about 20% of that found in the control cells. The cells pretreated with 0.1 mM BSO for 12 hours were significantly sensitized to the FB1 cytotoxicity as determined by a long-term survival assay (p < 0.05). The results demonstrate that FB1 changes GSH redox cycle status in LLC-PK1 cells, and GSH may play a role in cytoprotection against FB1 toxicity.
A fatty acid condensing enzyme from Physaria fendleri increases hydroxy fatty acid accumulation in transgenic oilseeds of Camelina sativa

Co-expression of a lesquerella fatty acid elongase and the castor fatty acid hydroxylase in camelina results in higher hydroxy fatty acid containing seeds with normal oil content and viability. Producing hydroxy fatty acids (HFA) in oilseed crops has been a long-standing goal to replace castor oil as a renewable source for numerous industrial applications. A fatty acid hydroxylase, RcFAH, from Ricinus communis, was introduced into Camelina sativa, but yielded only 15 % of HFA in its seed oil, much lower than the 90 % found in castor bean. Furthermore, the transgenic seeds contained decreased oil content and the germination ability was severely affected. Interestingly, HFA accumulation was significantly increased in camelina seed when co-expressing RcFAH with a fatty acid condensing enzyme, LfKCS3, from Physaria fendleri, a native HFA accumulator relative to camelina. The oil content and seed germination of the transgenic seeds also appeared normal compared to non-transgenics. LfKCS3 has been previously characterized to specifically elongate the hydroxylated ricinoleic acid to lesquerolic acid, the 20-carbon HFA found in lesquerella oil. The elongation reaction may facilitate the HFA flux from phosphatidylcholine (PC), the site of HFA formation, into the acyl-CoA pool for more efficient utilization in triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis. This was demonstrated by increased HFA accumulation in TAG concurrent with reduced HFA content in PC during camelina seed development, and increased C20-HFA in HFA-TAG molecules. These effects of LfKCS3 thus may effectively relieve the bottleneck for HFA utilization in TAG biosynthesis and the feedback inhibition to fatty acid synthesis, result in higher HFA accumulation and restore oil content and seed viability.
Surgical management of the wrist in children with cerebral palsy and traumatic brain injury

In selected patients, operations to balance the wrist improve function and health-related quality of life. Wrist arthrodesis can improve wrist position and facilitate hygiene. Surgery can optimize function for patients with grasp/release with their wrist in neutral prior to surgery. However, wrist procedures often require additional surgery to extrinsic finger flexors and extensors to optimize postoperative outcomes.
Marriage, bereavement and mortality: the role of health care utilization.

Abstract There is ample evidence that bereavement is associated with heightened mortality. Regardless of whether this strong association is truly causal, little is known about the factors contributing to it. This study begins to unpack the black box of the bereavement–mortality puzzle by investigating the extent to which heath behaviors and health care utilization patterns vary among chronically ill elderly males living with a spouse and those who are widowed, and by asking whether these differences contribute to the well-documented correlation between widowhood and health deterioration. In order to separate the effect of health care utilization from other potential channels it uses a unique dataset of doctor–patient encounters that allows in-depth analysis of the organization and effectiveness of medical care. Changes in health care utilization attributable to bereavement have a negative effect on survival but account for a small part of the overall negative effect of widowhood on longevity.
Los Estados Unidos y América Latina en la década del 60

La consideracion retrospectiva de las relaciones de los EEUU con America Latina durante la decada del 60 se ha centrado en la Alianza para el Progreso y la crisis de misiles de Cuba. Esta ultima ha sido analizada y vuelta a analizar como un caso de estudio en la toma de decisiones y como un punto critico en la confrontacion nuclear entre los EEUU y la Union Sovietica. Recientemente se efectuo una serie de encuentros politicos y academicos, los cuales significaron una revaluacion de la crisis en una atmosfera nostalgica. Todos los participantes recordaron el episodio dentro del contexto de las relaciones Este-Oeste. El hecho de que Cuba formaba parte de America Latina escasamente fue parte de sus reconstrucciones de los eventos. Los academicos que participaron en estos encuentros eran especialistas en temas de seguridad nacional, o en asuntos sovieticos o militares. Los latinoamericanos y los latinoamericanistas fueron notorios por su ausencia. Por contraste, nadie parece interesado en celebrar el vigesimo quinto aniversario de la Alianza para el Progreso, o el decimotercer aniversario del Social Progress Trust Fund. A estas alturas, la mayoria de los academicos consideran que todo el esfuerzo constituyo un noble fracaso, un proyecto bien intencionado destinado desde el principio al fracaso por inercia, oposicion conservadora en este y otros paises del hemisferio, y una contradiccion implicita entre el llamado a una reforma fundamental y el temor a la inestabilidad. Tal interpretacion confiere a la politica y al esfuerzo para ejecutarla la imagen de una aberracion. De tal forma, se han efectuado pocos intentos para entender los origenes de la politica, mucho menos para evaluar su impacto sobre el hemisferio y sobre las relaciones entre las naciones de America Latina y los Estados Unidos. Este es un error. El presente trabajo intenta comprender ambos episodios, y otros acaecidos durante la decada, en el amplio contexto y la dinamica historica de las relaciones interamericanas. Este contexto incluye un analisis de la politica de los EEUU durante la decada, pero no puede ser limitado a tal
Development of a quantum cascade laser-based sensor for non-invasive CO 2 monitoring

A novel device is proposed for the non-invasive measurement of CO 2 utilizing reflectance of the skin surface by a mid-infrared quantum cascade laser. We demonstrate CO 2 detection in a polymer at levels of biological importance.
Joint routing, MAC, and link layer optimization in sensor networks with energy constraints

We consider sensor networks where energy is a limited resource so that energy consumption must be minimized while satisfying given throughput requirements. Moreover, energy consumption must take into account both the transmission energy and the circuit processing energy for short-range communications. We emphasize that the energy efficiency must be supported across all layers of the protocol stack through a cross-layer design. In this context, we analyze energy-efficient joint routing, scheduling, and link adaptation strategies that maximize the network lifetime. We propose variable-length TDMA schemes where the slot length is optimally assigned according to the routing requirement while minimizing the energy consumption across the network. We show that the optimization problems can be transformed into or approximated by convex problems that can be efficiently solved using known techniques. The results show that multihop routing schemes are more energy-efficient when only transmission energy is considered, but single-hop transmissions may be more efficient when the circuit processing energy is considered.
Willard Waller’s Sociology of Teaching Reconsidered “What Does Teaching Do to Teachers?”

Willard Waller’s (1932/1976) classic account of what teaching does to teachers is examined through the lens of psychoanalytic theory in conjunction with Ovid’s myth of Narcissus. Parallel themes within the two texts are analyzed and interpreted as suggesting that narcissistic psychological processes played a part in distorting teachers’ personalities in the 1930s. Role expectations and tasks associated with being a teacher, it is suggested, reinforced a narcissistic pattern of behavior that influenced identity formation and teacher stereotypes. Transformation is considered in light of contemporary psychoanalytic understandings of narcissistic disturbances and interpretations of the Narcissus myth, recent relevant research in cognitive science, and implications for transforming educational practice.
Distribution of β-amyloid and amyloid precursor protein in the brain of spawning (senescent) salmon: a natural, brain-aging model

Brain amyloid precursor protein (APP), a normal constituent of neurons, glial cells and cerebrospinal fluid, has several proposed functions (e.g., in neuronal growth and survival). It appears, however, that altered processing of APP is an initial or downstream step in the neuropathology of brain aging, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Down's syndrome (DS). Some studies suggest that proteolytic cleavage of APP, producing beta-amyloid (Abeta(1-42)), could have neurotoxic or neuroprotective effects. In this study, we utilized antibodies to human APP(695) and Abeta(1-42,) and Congo red staining, to search for amyloid deposition in the brain of semelparous spawning kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka kennerlyi). Intracellular APP(695) immunoreactivity (APP-ir) was observed in brain regions involved in gustation (glomerulosus complex), olfaction (putative hippocampus, olfactory bulb), vision (optic tectum), the stress response (nucleus preopticus and nucleus lateralis tuberis), reproductive behavior (nucleus preopticus magnocellularis, nucleus preopticus periventricularis, ventral telencephalon), and coordination (cerebellum). Intra- and extra-neuronal Abeta(1-42) immunoreactivity (Abeta-ir) were present in all APP-ir regions except the nucleus lateralis tuberis and Purkinje cells of the cerebellum (coordination). Thus, the relationship between APP and Abeta deposition during brain aging could shed light on the processing of APP into Abeta, neurodegeneration, and possible protection of neurons that are functioning in spawning but senescent salmon. Pacific salmon, with their predictable and synchronized life history, could provide research options not available with the existing models for studies of brain aging and amyloidosis.
Antimicrobials Against Streptococci, Pneumococci and Enterococci

Streptococci, pneumococci and enterococci are Gram-positive bacteria, which cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans, and can also reside in their human host without causing disease. Streptococci are usually classified by their haemolytic reactions (beta-, alpha- and nonhemolytic) or Lancefield antigen groups A, B, C, F, G and L. Enterococci were actually once classified as Group D streptococci, but as a result of chemotaxic and molecular studies are now considered to be a separate genus. Although effective antibiotic treatments exist, threats to public health are posed by antibiotic-resistant strains of these bacteria. Organisms can be intrinsically resistant to antibiotics or can become resistant through acquisition of mutations or genes, which render a particular antimicrobial agent ineffective in killing or suppressing the organism. This article will describe diseases caused by streptococci, pneumococci and enterococci, and discuss the antimicrobial agents used to combat infections with these organisms. Key Concepts: Streptococci, pneumococci and enterococci are extremely common among humans and are capable of causing a wide range of disease. Group A streptococci cause millions of skin and throat infections per year and are especially common in school-aged children. Group A streptococci are usually easily treatable but may become invasive causing serious disease or death. Group B streptococci are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in newborns, however rigorous screening and prophylactic treatment of pregnant women, and monitoring and treatment of infections in newborns have radically reduced Group B streptococcal disease. Pneumococci are the leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia and otitis media. Enterococci are a frequent cause of nosocomial infections and are usually multiply resistant to antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial resistance in streptococci, pneumococci and enterococci is a major healthcare problem worldwide, illustrating the need for development of effective agents against these organisms and prudent use of all antibiotics. Keywords: antibiotics; streptococci; pneumococci; enterococci; antibiotic resistance
Fast converging adaptive detection of Doppler-shifted, range-distributed targets

A generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) for the adaptive detection of a target or targets that are Doppler-shifted and distributed in range is derived. The unknown parameters associated with the hypothesis test are the complex amplitudes in range of the desired target and the unknown covariance matrix of the additive interference, which is assumed to be characterized as complex zero-mean correlated Gaussian random variables. The target's or targets' complex amplitudes are assumed to be distributed across the entire input data block (sensor /spl times/ range). The unknown covariance matrix is constrained to have the reasonable form of the identity matrix (the internal noise contribution) plus an unknown positive semidefinite (psdh) matrix (the external interference contribution). It is shown via simulation for a variety of interference scenarios that the new detector has the characteristic of having a bounded constant false alarm rate (CFAR), i.e., for our problem, the probability of false alarm P/sub F/ for a given detection threshold is bounded by the P/sub F/ that results when no external interference is present. It is also shown via simulation that the new detector converges relatively fast with respect to the number of sample vectors K necessary in order to achieve a given probability of detection P/sub D/.
An Empowerment-Based Diabetes Self-management Education Program for Hispanic/Latinos A Quasi-experimental Pilot Study

PurposeThe purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the effects of a culturally sensitive, empowerment-based diabetes self-management education program for Spanish-speaking Hispanic/Latinos.Meth...
Stiff ode slovers: a review of current and coming attractions

Stiff ordinary differential equation (ODEs) can now be solved more or less routinely. This review is intended for the user who is interested in learning how to solve these systems of equations. Consequently, this review explains what stiff ODEs are and where they arise. It tells what is expected of the solftware and sketches how it works. So, several tried and true, as well as experimental, numerical methods are outlined. Perhaps the most salient feature is a set of examples that has been compiled during the last 15 years. These examples include several prototypical problems. The problems are deliberately tractable in size, yet display features of much larger problems in science and engineering. In each case, the choice of the software package, the ODE solver, is given. These choices are based on the author's combined experience and take into account problem structure. This then is a brief handbook which could be used to learn or to teach the pragmatics of numerically solving stiff ODEs. This work should be useful to line scientists, scientific computing managers, and to students. copyright 1987 Academic Press, Inc.