cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A model for freeze–thaw cycling of the South Pole Station exterior sheathing

An infrared survey [Phetteplace, G. 2006. An Infrared Survey of the South Pole Station Modernization Project, Final Project Report to National Science Foundation, US Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH.] of the new South Pole Elevated Station revealed evidence of excessive air exfiltration in some locations. Despite the relatively low indoor humidity normal in the South Pole Station, typically less than 10% relative humidity (RH), there was concern that excessive exfiltration could result in moisture accumulation within the building walls. While the accumulation and freezing of moisture at any point in the wall section could be problematic, what was felt to be of greater concern was the potential for repeated freeze-thaw cycling near the exterior oriented strand board (OSB) sheathing due to the significant diurnal temperature cycling of the siding during the Antarctic summers. The intense solar radiation conditions on vertical surfaces at the low Antarctic summer sun angles results in very high solar fluxes, and surface temperatures can rise well above freezing even in ambient temperatures that are -20 °C or lower. Typical building energy analysis methods are not suited to analysis of this problem for a variety of reasons. Thus we constructed a finite difference heat transfer model of the wall section with a full compliment of realistic boundary conditions for the South Pole application. The base case of the planned wall section and various potential retrofits were evaluated with the model using actual weather data for six summer seasons. The results show that under the worse case summer season the base case wall section would see approximately 44 freeze-thaw cycles. That number would be reduced to only 12 with the addition of either 25 mm of extruded polystyrene foam insulation, or 19 mm of plywood and 13 mm of the same insulation. Over a 25 year period these same additions to the exterior of the building would reduce the number of freeze-thaw cycles by over a factor of six.
Origin and early history of Die Methode des Eichzusatzes or The Method of Standard Addition with primary emphasis on its origin, early design, dissemination, and usage of terms

The Method of Standard Additions or The Standard Addition Method, often referred to by its acronym as just SAM, is a proverbial workhorse in both inorganic and organic quantitative analytical chemistry and in related disciplines such as geochemistry. Its advantage in mitigating the effects of matrix interferences compared with the calibration curve approach is well known and is one of its major benefits. It is presented in virtually all standard textbooks on analytical chemistry in varying degrees of complexity. Yet the story of how it originated, and by whom, is not well known. It is generally believed that it originated in the early 1950s, introduced by spectroscopists. We have determined that the priority of its use and discovery apparently belongs exclusively to Hans Hohn (1906– 1978), a mining chemist, dating from the exposition of the method in his 1937 book on polarography, Chemische Analysen mit dem Polarographen. How the method became established in other disciplines quite different from polarography is not completely clear. It is likely that it was rediscovered independently in at least two separate disciplines, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and atomic spectroscopy, almost simultaneously in 1953, 16 years after Hohn’s original description.
Workplace Hazards and Prevention Options From a Nonrandom Sample of Retail Trade Businesses

Employer commitment is a key factor in an effective safety program, yet limited research has focused on the safety priorities of retail store managers. To address this, the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recruited 4 experienced ergonomists, who met and interviewed 9 retailers in different parts of the eastern USA. The reports from the 9 interviews were used to document the hazards facing retailers and the interventions they attempted. Those interviewed were managers/owners of establishments that ranged from a small bakery with 11 employees to a supermarket with 85 or more employees. The main hazards across all establishments included overexertion, contact-with-objects, and falls-to-the-same-level. We also compared the retailers’ perceptions of safety hazards with injuries from actual hazards as supplied by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. This report provides insight into the retailers’ perceptions of safety hazards as well as their commitment to the prevention of workplace injuries.
Nucleic acid aggregation geometry and the possible evolutionary origin of ribosomes and the genetic code

Abstract It is proposed that the primitive translational complex responsible for the evolutionary origin of the genetic code was an ordered RNA aggregate, stabilized not only by base-pairing, but also by the multivalent ionic interactions known to be responsible for bundle aggregation and condensation of DNA. A triplet code is the logical consequence of the structural symmetry and information coding capacity and efficiency of the proposed class of aggregates. The model requires rod-like adaptor, or primitive transfer RNA, molecules, and predicts that they were about 42 nucleotides in length. There are plausible reasons for preferring 5′ → 3′ reading of the message, and for favoring a primitive GNC code. It is further proposed that the primitive coding aggregate was the starting point for the evolution of ribosomes, and that the vestigial skeleton of the early translational complex may be discernible in present ribosomes. Amino acid specificity in coding interactions could have been generated spontaneously in a “bootstrap” process, given formation of an RNA aggregate in which RNA adaptors act as catalytic cofactors in the synthesis of peptides having appreciable catalytic activity for RNA synthesis and amino acid activation.
Fear-potentiated startle using three conditioned stimulus modalities

The capacities of three different conditioned stimulus modalities (light, noise, and airflow produced by a fan) to produce fear-potentiated startle were evaluated. Previous experiments have shown that following either light-shock or noise-shock pairings, both the light and noise conditioned stimuli acquire the ability to potentiate the acoustically elicited startle response in rats (the so-calledfear-potentiated startle effect). In Experiment 1, the ability of airflow produced by a fan to act as a conditioned stimulus was investigated. Rats were given either paired or impaired fan-shock training followed by a test for fear-potentiated startle. The fan conditioned stimulus potentiated startle only in the group given explicit fan-shock pairings. In Experiment 2, we evaluated the discriminability of the three conditioned stimulus modalities. Rats were given light, noise, or fan-shock pairings and were subsequently tested for fear-potentiated startle with the trained conditioned stimulus as well as the two remaining novel conditioned stimuli. Only the trained conditioned stimulus potentiated startle. These results show that fear-potentiated startle can be produced with three discriminable conditioned stimulus modalities, allowing the future use of fear-potentiated startle in the investigation of higher order conditioning phenomena.
Optimizing the Formation of the Quality Improvement Teams through a Data Mining–Based Methodology

[This abstract is based on the author's abstract.]A data mining-based methodology is proposed for designing and allocating the quality improvement teams in manufacturing enterprises. The technique first groups related quality problems, then assigns the ..
Chemical and oxygen isotope composition of natural and artificial pseudotachylyte: role of water during frictional fusion

Abstract Pseudotachylyte samples from the Long Ridge fault, North Carolina, the Homestake shear zone, Colorado, the Fort Foster fault, Maine, and experimentally produced frictional melt were analyzed for major elements and O isotopes using an electron microprobe and laser microprobe, respectively. The pseudotachylytes display a δ18O range of +5.9–+10.7‰ (Standard Mean Ocean Water, SMOW) and are both isotopically lighter and heavier than their respective host rocks. In general, the isotopic composition of bulk pseudotachylyte (pt), in the absence of water–rock interaction, can be modeled as δ 18 O bulk pt =∑(X frag δ 18 O frag )+∑(X min δ 18 O min ) where Xfrag refers to the volume fraction of unmelted mineral fragments and Xmin refers to the volume fraction of minerals that undergo melting. Mineral-melt isotopic fractionation is considered to be small and less than 1‰. The majority of pseudotachylyte isotopic compositions can be explained as a disequilibrium partial melt of the protolith rock comprising melted feldspar and micas plus a small proportion (∼10%) of unmelted quartz clasts. In contrast, the Long Ridge fault samples are substantially depleted in 18O (by up to 4‰) relative to their host rock, which is best explained by closed system water–rock interaction of a pore fluid at 100°C with a melt at 1000°C and a water/rock weight ratio of 0.2. This fluid is also inferred to have caused oxidation of the pseudotachylyte melts, producing the hematite characteristic of this location.
Exciton dissociation and interdot transport in CdSe quantum-dot molecules

One of the most important parameters that determine the transport properties of a quantum dot array is the exciton dissociation energy, i.e., the energy $\ensuremath{\Delta}E$ required to dissociate an exciton into an electron and a hole localized in different dots. We show that a pseudopotential calculation for a dot molecule, coupled with a basic configuration interaction calculation of the exciton energy levels, provides directly the exciton dissociation energy, including the effects of wave function overlap, screened Coulomb attraction between the electron and the hole in different dots, and polarization effects. We find that $\ensuremath{\Delta}E$ decreases as the interdot distance decreases and as the dielectric constant of the medium increases.
N -representability and stationarity in time-dependent density-functional theory

To construct an $N$-representable time-dependent density-functional theory, a generalization to the time domain of the Levy-Lieb (LL) constrained-search algorithm is required. That the action is only stationary in the Dirac-Frenkel variational principle eliminates the possibility of basing the search on the action itself. Instead, we use the norm of the partial functional derivative of the action in the Hilbert space of the wave functions in place of the energy of the LL search. The electron densities entering the formalism are $N$-representable, and the resulting universal action functional has a unique stationary point in the density at that corresponding to the solution of the Schr\"odinger equation. The original Runge-Gross (RG) formulation is subsumed within the current formalism. Concerns in the literature about the meaning of the functional derivatives and the internal consistency of the RG formulation are allayed by clarifying the nature of the functional derivatives entering the formalism.
New algorithms for nonlinear generalized disjunctive programming

Abstract Generalized disjunctive programming (GDP) has been introduced recently as an alternative model to MINLP for representing discrete/continuous optimization problems. The basic idea of GDP consists of representing discrete decisions in the continuous space with disjunctions, and constraints in the discrete space with logic propositions. In this paper, we describe a new convex nonlinear relaxation of the nonlinear GDP problem that relies on the use of the convex hull of each of the disjunctions involving nonlinear inequalities. The proposed nonlinear relaxation is used to reformulate the GDP problem as a tight MINLP problem, and for deriving a branch and bound method. Properties of these methods are given, and the relation of this method with the logic based outer-approximation method is established. Numerical results are presented for problems in jobshop scheduling, synthesis of process networks, optimal positioning of new products and batch process design.
Configuration-space performance anomaly depiction

Complex distributed systems (like those based on J2EE platforms) are designed to perform well for a variety of application workloads and configuration settings. In practice, however, the system performance may not meet the expectation at all execution conditions. This short paper describes our research on depicting performance anomaly manifestations over a large execution condition space for distributed systems. Specifically, we provide a case examination of our research target and describe our work in three areas---performance anomaly identification, configuration-space anomaly depiction, and the utilizations of depiction results.
Evidence that the actin site is impaired by Ca2+-activated degradation of the heavy chain of dystrophic myosin.

Abstract At pathophysiological concentrations of Ca2+, the heavy chain of dystrophic myosin was degraded by an endogenous protease. This was not the case for normal myosin. However, normal myosin was a substrate of Ca2+-activated neutral protease (CAF) from platelets. This indicated that the endogenous protease in preps of dystrophic myosin was CAF. The pathophysiological effect of heavy chain degradation was restricted to the actin site. Under Vmax conditions hydrolytic activities remained within the normal range, whereas the Kapp of actin for myosin increased 3-fold following extensive heavy chain degradation of dystrophic myosin. Removal of those heavy chain fragments which were soluble at low inoic strength restored Kapp to normal levels.
Transsynaptic response of the lateral geniculate nucleus and the pattern of degeneration of the nerve terminals in the Rhesus monkey after eye enucleation

Summary The response of the lateral geniculate neurons to deafferentiation and the anterograde degeneration of the optic terminals have been studied in rhesus monkeys following unilateral and bilateral eye enucleation. The principal features of the transneuronal changes are vacuolation of the perikaryon, chromatolysis, reduction and alterations of mitochondria, nuclear infoldings, proliferation of neurotubules, overall reduction in the cell size, paucity of the dendritic arborization, postsynaptic watery dendrites and profiles with tubulo-vesicular structures. Dark transformation with preservation of filaments was also reported to precede the process of phagocytosis of the filamentous degenerating optic nerve terminals. Other findings related to enucleation were disappearance of axon terminals of other than optic origin, presence of boutons with crowded synaptic vesicles, and glial reaction. ‘Seepage’ of altered substances from the degenerating optic nerve terminals to the postsynaptic site and the multiple mini-traumata induced to the postsynaptic neuron during the phagocytosis of optic nerve terminals engulfed together with fragments of postsynaptic cytoplasm, are considered possible pathogenetic mechanisms of transneuronal degeneration. A chain reaction of transneuronal degeneration may be responsible for the severe reduction of the dendritic arborization.
Intracerebral hemorrhage complicating urokinase infusion into an occluded aortocoronary bypass graft

Selective infusion of urokinase into occluded coronary bypass vein grafts is effective in restoring patency. We report the occurrence of intracerebral hemorrhage complicating an intra-graft urokinase infusion protocol. The patient had known cerebral vascular structural pathology without recent clinical complications. Caution with the use of thrombolysis in this setting is suggested.
Concentration-ingestion relations of morphine-adulterated food and morphine solution.

Four groups (n=16/group) of rats were given ad libitum access to morphine-adulterated food in one of four different concentrations (1, 2, 3, or 4 mg morphine HCl/g milled food). Half of the subjects in each group were given ad libitum water while the other half were provided with sucrose morphine (1 mg morphine HCl/ml 10% sucrose). Daily measures of body weight, food, liquid, caloric, and morphine intake were recorded for each animal. All eight treatment regimens were effective in inducing physical dependence on morphine as shown by: a) a preference for the morphinized food (1 and 2 mg/g groups) or, b) observable withdrawal signs in rats which failed to maintain their daily morphine intake (3 and 4 mg/g groups) in a subsequent choice test between plain food and morphine-adulterated food at the respective concentration. Caloric intake for all groups was similar to a non-drugged control group. It is concluded that opiate dependence can be achieved by adulterating both the food and liquid regimen of the rat with morphine.
Spectroscopic Investigation of Peridinin Analogues having Different π-electron Conjugated Chain Lengths: Exploring the Nature of the Intramolecular Charge Transfer State

The lifetime of the lowest excited singlet (S1) state of peridinin and many other carbonyl-containing carotenoids and polyenes has been reported to depend on the polarity of the solvent. This effect has been attributed to the presence of an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) state in the manifold of excited states for these molecules. The nature of this ICT state has yet to be elucidated. In the present work, steady-state and ultrafast time-resolved optical spectroscopy have been performed on peridinin and three synthetic analogues, C33-peridinin, C35-peridinin, and C39-peridinin, which have different numbers of conjugated carbon−carbon double bonds. Otherwise, the molecules are structurally similar in that they possess the same functional groups. The trends in the positions of the steady-state and transient spectral profiles for this systematic series of molecules allow an assignment of the spectral features to transitions involving the S0, S1, S2, and ICT states. A kinetics analysis reveals the lifeti...
Photoelastic stress separation along lines of symmetry

By utilizing the compatibility and equilibrium field equations a differential relationship for the variation of the separated stress components along a line of symmetry is derived. This is in terms of only normal-incidence isochromatic data and does not use any isoclinic data. Its application to two problems using experimental data is demonstrated.
Prediction of a high-density phase of SiO2 with a high dielectric constant

We have studied a cubic phase of SiO2 with an inverse-Ag2O-type structure by first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. The electronic structure, dielectric, mechanical, and thermodynamic properties of this cubic phase are studied in detail. Our calculations show that this cubic phase composed of corner-shared SiO4 units has a density of 3.6–3.7 g/cm, higher than any known tetrahedrally-coordinated SiO2 phases (cf. Devine et al. [1]). It also has high optical and static dielectric constants of 3.34 and 9.73, respectively. Moreover, its lattice constant differs by only 1–2% from Si(100) surfaces, making it a suitable candidate for a defect free Si/SiO2 superlattice. The calculated phonon dispersion demonstrates that the structure is at least locally stable. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Constitutive equations for a simple shear flow of a disk shaped granular mixture

Abstract Constitutive equations are derived for a granular flow of disk shaped solids in a 2-dimensional, simple shear field. Binary collisions are assumed to be the major mechanism for momentum transfer. Stresses are computed as the average rate of momentum transfer across a surface due to the interparticle collisions. Stresses are formulated explicitly in terms of the shearing rate, concentration of solids, and the physical properties of the solid constituent. The anisotropic collision distribution on the circumference of the disks due to the mean flow gradient is explicitly quantified. The frictional impact during collisions is treated in sufficient detail so that the singularity which existed in previous constitutive equations [1, 2] is removed. This detailed analysis of collision geometry and its effect upon frictional dissipation includes important considerations that have not been included in the numerical simulation models of Campbell and Brennen [3] where particles, after impact, are considered to not have any relative tangential velocity. This assumption by Campbell and Brennen will most likely be the technique by which frictional effects will be commonly handled in the future. Hence the present study will provide an important reference for assessing the effects of using simplifying assumptions when determining frictional effects during particle collisions. The constitutive relationships developed in this investigation are compared to data obtained from computer simulated experiments [3]. The result of the 2-dimensional analysis has practical applications in the study of ice flows on a river surface as reported in [4] and in the conveyance of bulk solids in chutes. Except for geometric complications, the procedure developed in the analysis can be extended to 3-dimensional flows of spherical particles.
Core transcriptional regulatory circuitry in human hepatocytes

We mapped the transcriptional regulatory circuitry for six master regulators in human hepatocytes using chromatin immunoprecipitation and high-resolution promoter microarrays. The results show that these regulators form a highly interconnected core circuitry, and reveal the local regulatory network motifs created by regulator–gene interactions. Autoregulation was a prominent theme among these regulators. We found that hepatocyte master regulators tend to bind promoter regions combinatorially and that the number of transcription factors bound to a promoter corresponds with observed gene expression. Our studies reveal portions of the core circuitry of human hepatocytes.
Actinomyces meyeri presenting as an asymptomatic lung mass.

A 55-year-old man was admitted to the hospital for an elective herniorrhaphy. A significant past history of smoking and alcohol abuse was noted. The patient had no other complaints but a routine chest X-ray revealed an isolated left upper lobe mass. Laboratory tests were unrevealing and the impression was that the patient had a carcinoma. The surgical specimen consisted of a lobular mass containing multiple microabscesses. Grains consistent with actinomycosis were seen and the cultures grew out Actinomyces meyeri. There was no other evidence of disease.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF KINETIC MECHANISMS AFFECTING H2 + F2 LASER PERFORMANCE

Computer simulations of pulsed H2 + F2 chemical laser performance have been made with a comprehensive model of VRT relaxation mechanisms in HF. The study includes an in-depth analysis of the role of vibrational to rotational, rotational to rotational, vibrational to vibrational and rotational and vibrational to translational relaxation mechanisms in HF lasers. The study also examines the effect of rotational to rotational lasing on P-branch laser energy. The model is used to assess the strengths and weakness in our current understanding of HF relaxation kinetics through comparisons with experiment. Model predictions are found to be in good agreement with experiment.
Transforming matrices and divisors generated by them

Over a commutative domain of elementary divisors, each matrix is a product of invertible matrices and a certain diagonal matrix, which are called, respectively, transforming matrices and a canonical diagonal form. We establish necessary and sufficient conditions when all divisors of the matrix that have a canonical diagonal form given beforehand are described using only transforming matrices.
The reaction of 2-trifluoromethyl-3,3-difluorooxaziridine with nucleophiles.

Abstract The facile reactions of CF 3 NCF 2 O with a variety of non-fluorinated nucleophiles are discussed. CF 3 NCF 2 O + Nu - → CF 3 N(Nu)C(O)F + F - Reactions with alcohols, carboxylic acids, mercaptans, amines, KSCN, KCN, NaN 3 and NaOCN were carried out. All except NaN 3 and NaOCN were reactive and the expected compounds were isolated in most cases. Subsequent reaction of CF 3 N(Nu)C(O)F with additional nucleophile was observed in many cases forming CF 3 N(Nu)C(O)Nu. With CH 3 CO 2 H, the latter reaction forms CH 3 C(O)F and the novel amine CF 3 N(H)OC(O)CH 6 3 . Ten new compounds are reported with characterization by IR, NMR and physical properties.
Measurements of population densities of metastable and resonant levels of argon using laser induced fluorescence

We present a new approach to measure population densities of Ar I metastable and resonant excited states in low temperature Ar plasmas at pressures higher than 1 Torr. This approach combines the time resolved laser induced fluorescence technique with the kinetic model of Ar. The kinetic model of Ar is based on calculating the population rates of metastable and resonant levels by including contributions from the processes that affect population densities of Ar I excited states. In particular, we included collisional quenching processes between atoms in the ground state and excited states, since we are investigating plasma at higher pressures. We also determined time resolved population densities of Ar I 2 p excited states by employing optical emission spectroscopy technique. Time resolved Ar I excited state populations are presented for the case of the post-discharge of the supersonic flowing microwave discharge at pressures of 1.7 and 2.3 Torr. The experimental set-up consists of a pulsed tunable dye lase...
Defining and classifying serial murder in the context of perpetrator motivation

The last several decades have seen increased research attention to the subject of serial murder. Unfortunately, an empirical understanding of serial homicide continues to be impeded by difficulties in establishing a working definition for serial murder. Current definitions for serial homicide tend to focus on frequency and timing of homicide behaviors, and thus leave some confusion as to which groups of individuals should be included under the heading of serial murders. This article suggests alterations to the definition of serial murder, which focus not only on frequency and timing of homicide behaviors, but also on the motivation and context of those behaviors.
Influence of ANG II on cytoplasmic sodium in cultured rabbit nonpigmented ciliary epithelium

Angiotensin (ANG) II receptors have been reported in the nonpigmented ciliary epithelium (NPE) of the eye. In cultured NPE, we found ANG II caused a dose-dependent rise of cytoplasmic sodium. The s...
Genetically-defined metabolic reprogramming in cancer.

Oncogenes and tumor suppressors regulate cell metabolism. Evidence demonstrates that tumorigenic mutations in these genes tend to orchestrate metabolic activity into a platform that promotes cell survival, growth, and proliferation. Recent work has shown that some metabolic enzymes are also mutated in cancer, and that these mutations may influence malignancy directly. Thus, these enzymes seem to function as oncogenes and tumor suppressors, and would appear to be compelling targets for therapeutic intervention. Here, we review several enzymes mutated in cancer – phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenases 1 and 2, succinate dehydrogenase, and fumarate hydratase – and discuss exciting new work that has begun to pull back the curtain on how mutations in these enzymes influence tumorigenesis.
Physical stress and bacterial colonization

Bacterial surface colonizers are subject to a variety of physical stresses. During the colonization of human epithelia such as on the skin or the intestinal mucosa, bacteria mainly have to withstand the mechanical stress of being removed by fluid flow, scraping, or epithelial turnover. To that end, they express a series of molecules to establish firm attachment to the epithelial surface, such as fibrillar protrusions (pili) and surface-anchored proteins that bind to human matrix proteins. In addition, some bacteria – in particular gut and urinary tract pathogens – use internalization by epithelial cells and other methods such as directed inhibition of epithelial turnover to ascertain continued association with the epithelial layer. Furthermore, many bacteria produce multilayered agglomerations called biofilms with a sticky extracellular matrix, providing additional protection from removal. This review will give an overview over the mechanisms human bacterial colonizers have to withstand physical stresses with a focus on bacterial adhesion.
Electrocardiographic changes simulating a myocardial infarction after cardiac transplantation

A 39-year-old man with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and New York Heart Association Class III heart failure symptoms underwent orthotopic cardiac transplantation. Post-operatively, he developed an anteroseptal infarct pattern on the electrocardiogram (ECG), without regional wall motion abnormalities according to echocardiography. This pseudo-infarct pattern on ECG resolved within 6 months without coronary intervention or sequelae. It is postulated that these ECG changes were caused by increased left ventricular wall thickness due myocardial wall edema and reperfusion injury after cardiac transplantation.
Keynes's Approach to Money: An Assessment After Seventy Years

This paper first examines two approaches to money adopted by Keynes in the General Theory. The first is the more familiar ‘supply and demand’ equilibrium approach of Chapter 13 incorporated within conventional macroeconomics textbooks. Indeed, even Post Keynesians utilizing Keynes's ‘finance motive’ or the ‘horizontal’ money supply curve adopt similar methodology. The second approach of the General Theory is presented in Chapter 17, where Keynes drops ‘money supply and demand’ in favor of a liquidity preference approach to asset prices that offers a more satisfactory treatment of money's role in constraining effective demand. In the penultimate section, I return to Keynes's earlier work in the Treatise on Money as well as the early drafts of the General Theory to obtain a better understanding of the nature of money. I conclude with policy implications.
Reported Prevalence of Evidence-Based Instructional Practices in Special Education

The federal mandate for use of evidence-based practice in schools focuses attention on the frequently discussed research-to-practice gap in education. The current study examined the frequency with which evidence-based practices are engaged in the education of pupils with disabilities. In sum, 174 special education teachers and 333 school psychologists completed a 12-item survey in which they rated the frequency of various practices used in special education. Respondents reported that direct instruction is the most frequently used instructional methodology and that perceptual-motor training is the least frequent. However, some practices with little empirical support (e.g., modality instruction) are reportedly used with some frequency, and special education teachers reported using ineffective approaches (social skills training) as frequently as they did those approaches with a strong research base (applied behavior analysis). Thus, these data present some reason for optimism, although special education does not appear to be immune to a research-to-practice gap.
Current Saturation in Cds

A calculation of the high electric fields found in domains beyond the onset of current saturation in piezoelectric semi-conductors is outlined. The calculation is a first principles one, deriving from Feynman’s exact polaron mobility formula. Special attention is given to explaining the motives behind an iteration scheme, that uses a classical like, constant drift velocity path as a zero-order approximation. The electrons are found to bunch in drifting localized potentials.
Use of a soft-core processor in a hardware/software codesign laboratory

This paper describes our experience to date and current plans for a senior-level microelectronics laboratory course on hardware/software codesign. The course utilizes an open-source, soft-core processor deployed on the FPX platform as an integral component of the students' designs. Students write software to execute on a Leon SPARC-compatible processor and write VHDL to implement hardware-accelerated computational functions in FPGA hardware.
Islam in Kazakhstan: a survey of contemporary trends and sources of securitization

This essay examines the nature of Islam in Kazakhstan and its role in contemporary Kazakh society and politics. It highlights the unique place of Islam in the social and individual experiences of Kazakhs who see Islamic religion as a ‘way of life’, and illuminates several interrelated qualities of the Kazakh religion, such as a strong association of religious identity with ethnic identity of Kazakhs, interpenetration of religious canons with indigenous traditions and a growing tendency toward ‘individualization’ and ‘intimization’ of Islam. Another goal of the paper is to shed light on the worrisome process of the securitization of Islam. The latter phenomenon refers to a discursive practice of presenting Islam as a threat to Kazakhstan despite the prevalence of ‘moderate’ and apolitical manifestations of Islam in the republic. The study documents political interests surrounding securitization of Islam and the context which made the invocation of security in relation to Islam possible.
Nonlinear Aeroelasticity and Unsteady Aerodynamics

In this von Karman lecture, a subject is addressed whose foundations were significantly influenced by the work of Theodore von Karman. A classic paper by von Karman and Sears first considered the determination of aerodynamic forces on an airfoil undergoing general time-dependent motion. Also, early in his career, von Karman investigated fundamental issues in structural mechanics and derived the celebrated von Karman plate equations for determining the large (nonlinear) deflections of an elastic plate under a distributed force. Finally, he authored a widely cited paper on the importance of nonlinearities for engineers and engineering. In this lecture, these themes are recalled and the current state of the art in nonlinear aeroelasticity and unsteady aerodynamics is discussed. Several of the most significant nonlinearities arising in a structure or in an aerodynamic flow field are identified. Recent and relevant theoretical and experimental studies are reviewed and future developments are projected that are expected to have a significant impact on our ability to understand and beneficially use nonlinear dynamic aeroelastic behavior
The persistence in international real interest rates

In this paper, we investigate the degree of persistence in quarterly postwar tax-adjusted ex post real interest rates for 13 industrialized countries using two recently developed econometric procedures. Our results show that international tax-adjusted real interest rates are typically very persistent, with the lower bound of the 95% confidence interval for the sum of the autoregressive coefficients very close to 0.90 for nearly every country. A highly persistent real interest rate has important theoretical implications. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comprehension Monitoring: What the Teacher Should Know

(1987). Comprehension Monitoring: What the Teacher Should Know. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 38-41.
Structure-based activity prediction for an enzyme of unknown function

With many genomes sequenced, a pressing challenge in biology is predicting the function of the proteins that the genes encode. When proteins are unrelated to others of known activity, bioinformatics inference for function becomes problematic. It would thus be useful to interrogate protein structures for function directly. Here, we predict the function of an enzyme of unknown activity, Tm0936 from Thermotoga maritima, by docking high-energy intermediate forms of thousands of candidate metabolites. The docking hit list was dominated by adenine analogues, which appeared to undergo C6-deamination. Four of these, including 5-methylthioadenosine and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), were tested as substrates, and three had substantial catalytic rate constants (10(5) M(-1 )s(-1)). The X-ray crystal structure of the complex between Tm0936 and the product resulting from the deamination of SAH, S-inosylhomocysteine, was determined, and it corresponded closely to the predicted structure. The deaminated products can be further metabolized by T. maritima in a previously uncharacterized SAH degradation pathway. Structure-based docking with high-energy forms of potential substrates may be a useful tool to annotate enzymes for function.
International Emergency Medicine: A Review of the Literature from 2007

The subspecialty of international emergency medicine (IEM) continues to grow within the United States, just as the specialty of emergency medicine (EM) continues to spread to both developed and developing countries around the world. One of the greatest obstacles, however, faced by IEM researchers and practitioners alike, remains the lack of a high-quality, consolidated, and easily accessible evidence-base of literature. In response to this perceived need, members of the Emergency Medicine Resident Association (EMRA) International Emergency Medicine Committee, in conjunction with members of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) International Health Interest Group, have embarked on the task of creating a recurring review of IEM literature. This publication represents the third annual review, covering the top 30 IEM research articles published in 2007. Articles were selected for the review according to explicit, predetermined criteria that included both methodologic quality and perceived impact of the research. It is hoped that this annual review will act as a forum for disseminating best practices, while also stimulating further research in the field of IEM.
PERFORMING THE VOYAGE OUT: VICTORIAN FEMALE EMIGRATION AND THE CLASS DYNAMICS OF DISPLACEMENT

Debates about female emigration to the British colonies throughout the Victorian era routinely capitalize on the crucial role women could play in consolidating the empire through the civilizing mission. Advocates of female emigration frequently publicized the benefits of "matrimonial colonization," a rendering of what is now called republican moth erhood that defines women's place in the nation in terms of their domestic and reproductive roles.1 The founding in 1862 of the Female Middle Class Emigration Society (FMCES) by two educated middle-class women, Maria Rye and Jane Lewin, marked a departure from this conventional approach to female emigration. The work of the FMCES was carried out in the spirit of energy and determination that characterized the period of growing feminist activity in the 1860s, when the British rhetoric about "superfluous" women was reaching the tenor of a national crisis.2 While campaigns for improving female education and employ ment opportunities were long-term solutions to the problem, emigration offered a more immediate palliative. Concerned primarily with the plight of single, middle-class women, Rye and Lewin saw in emigration an alternative plot to the tragic denouement in poverty and spinsterhood that awaited a large proportion of Britain's population of single, unem ployed women. Ignoring the civilizing mission and the inducements for genteel women to marry or to become domestic servants in the colonies,3 Rye and Lewin instead focused on creating a class-differentiated access into colonialism by enabling single middle-class women, most of whom were governesses, to emigrate safely and to obtain professional employment in the colonies, most often in Australia and New Zealand.4 A letter Rye published in the Times discussing the purpose of the FMCES clearly demonstrates her dramatic departure from the rhetoric of the civilizing mission. Here, Rye inserts her female emigrants into a heroic discourse of colonialism commonly reserved for men:
Saralasin infusion in screening patients for renovascular hypertension

The usefulness of screening patients for renovascular hypertension by infusion of saralasin, a competitive antagonist of angiotensin II, was evaluated. Responses were compared in 19 patients with proved renovascular hypertension and in 34 without renovascular hypertension, as indicated by renal arteriography and renal venous renin studies. Saralasin infusion was carried out in the morning after furosemide, 80 mg by mouth, had been given the previous evening. Seventy-five percent of patients with and 12 percent of those without renovascular hypertension had a reduction in diastolic pressure of 5 mm Hg or more during saralasin infusion; only 45 percent of patients with and 6 percent of those without renovascular hypertension had a reduction of 10 mm Hg or greater during infusion. In comparison, 80 percent of patients with and 18 percent of those without renovascular hypertension had a positive intravenous pyelogram. The predictive value of a positive saralasin test (5 mm Hg or greater reduction in diastolic pressure) was calculated for varying prevalence rates of renovascular hypertension with use of Bayes theorem. The results indicate that when the prevalence rate of renovascular hypertension among hypertensive patients is 5 percent, only 25 percent of positive saralasin tests will correctly predict its presence.
Automatic Segmentation of Whole Breast Using Atlas Approach and Deformable Image Registration

Purpose To compare interobserver variations in delineating the whole breast for treatment planning using two contouring methods. Methods and Materials Autosegmented contours were generated by a deformable image registration-based breast segmentation method (DEF-SEG) by mapping the whole breast clinical target volume (CTVwb) from a template case to a new patient case. Eight breast radiation oncologists modified the autosegmented contours as necessary to achieve a clinically appropriate CTVwb and then recontoured the same case from scratch for comparison. The times to complete each approach, as well as the interobserver variations, were analyzed. The template case was also mapped to 10 breast cancer patients with a body mass index of 19.1–35.9 kg/m2. The three-dimensional surface-to-surface distances and volume overlapping analyses were computed to quantify contour variations. Results The median time to edit the DEF-SEG–generated CTVwb was 12.9 min (range, 3.4–35.9) compared with 18.6 min (range, 8.9–45.2) to contour the CTVwb from scratch (30% faster, p = 0.028). The mean surface-to-surface distance was noticeably reduced from 1.6 mm among the contours generated from scratch to 1.0 mm using the DEF-SEG method (p = 0.047). The deformed contours in 10 patients achieved 94% volume overlap before correction and required editing of 5% (range, 1–10%) of the contoured volume. Conclusion Significant interobserver variations suggested a lack of consensus regarding the CTVwb, even among breast cancer specialists. Using the DEF-SEG method produced more consistent results and required less time. The DEF-SEG method can be successfully applied to patients with different body mass indexes.
Mass Rising From the Back of the Head

A female born at 37 5 ∕ 7 weeks' gestation has a mass arising from the back of her head. ### Prenatal History: ### Birth History:
Out of the Labyrinth, Into the Race: The Other Discourse of Chicano=Mexicano Difference

In an issue of Inscriptions entitled “Traveling Theory, Traveling Theorists,” James Clifford and Vivek Dhareshwar alternately pose the questions: What counts as theory in specific traditions? Who counts as a theorist? How do different populations, classes and genders travel? What kinds of knowledges, stories and theories do they produce? In this essay I will address some of these questions within a specific Chicano context by examining an intellectual and cultural movement that follows a semi-public route; reconfigures the intellectual/theoretical; transports populations, classes, nations, and genders “selectively;” and lays one of the foundations for an authoritative tradition and epistemology in Chicano Studies. As my title suggests, I am referring here to me movement “out of the labyrinth into the race” that enabled a selective incorporation of Octavio Paz and his essay, THE Labyrinth of Solitude (1961) into a Chicano movement discourse which featured Difference.
Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease, Caregiving, and Family Dynamics

With the aging of society, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) poses a potential public health crisis. This potential crisis has spurred research on making an early diagnosis of AD. Progress has been made in identifying AD risk factors, including those involving genetics. This progress has led to hope that prevention models might work in AD as they have in cancer and heart disease. These trends offer exciting new directions in AD research. However, the potential impact of these trends on AD caregivers has received little consideration. The goal of this chapter is to explore the potential impact of early diagnosis, advances in genetics, and prevention models on AD caregivers. An examination of what is currently known in these areas will be followed by discussion of the research, education, practice, and policy needs these trends have created. Finally, we will speculate about future directions in AD caregiving that may result from early diagnosis and prevention efforts.
Teaching Surgery Residents the Skills to Communicate Difficult News to Patient and Family Members: A Literature Review

Abstract Background: Trainees and practicing physicians alike find breaking bad, sad, or difficult news to a patient or family member as one of the most challenging communication tasks they perform. Interpersonal and communication skills are a core competency for resident training. However, in disciplines where technical skills have a major emphasis, such as surgery, the teaching of communication skills may not be a priority. Objective: The objective of our study is to review literature in order to identify best practices and learning modalities used to teach surgery trainees the communication skills regarding delivery of difficult news to patients and family members. Methods: The criteria for inclusion in this literature review were that the study (1) addresses surgeons' training (nontechnical skills) in breaking difficult news to patient and/or families, (2) describes a teaching modality or intervention targeted to teach surgery residents how to deliver difficult news to patient/family, and (3) is publi...
The yeast response to heat shock

Yeast respond to cytotoxic thermal stress via the activation of a gene expression program governed by dedicated stress-responsive transcription factors. Rapid synthesis of heat shock proteins serves to protect proteins and cellular functions from the deleterious effects of heat. We review the intricacies of heat shock gene expression, with emphasis on the transcription factor Hsf1p. New investigations into heat shock protein functions within the cell are discussed, focusing on the Hsp90 chaperone system and the role of chaperones in prion formation and propagation. We close with new insights into the links between stress responses and aging.