cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tolerance of Seashore Paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum) and Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) on Putting Greens to Xonerate (amicarbazone)

On seashore paspalum and bermudagrass putting greens maintained at 7/32" at the Turfgrass Field Laboratory at Tarleton State University in Stephenville, TX, Xonerate 4 SC (amicarbazone) was applied at 2.8, 5.6, and 11.2 fl oz/A, and Xonerate 70 WG was applied at 4 oz/A on 6/03/2013. All treatments included a 2 week sequential application except 11.2 fl oz/A, and 5.6 fl oz/A was evaluated with and without a 2 week sequential application. Plots were evaluated from 6/03 to 8/15/2013 for chlorophyll indices and visual quality and for visual injury from 6/03 to 7/12/2013. Although no treatments caused unacceptable injury, there may be some susceptibility issues in seashore paspalum since plot boarders that received spray treatment overlap were injured. Xonerate 5.6 fl oz/A with a sequential application was the most injurious treatment followed by Xonerate 70 WG. Seashore paspalum was more susceptible to amicarbazone. Amicarbazone may have plant growth regulator properties as a period of rapid growth followed a 3.9"rain event resulting in scalping in bermudagrass near the end of the trial. Amicarbazone appeared to have a long soil residual as broadleaf weeds were suppressed greater than 60 days in an area where remaining spray solutions were applied.
Ethnic Conflict and Peacebuilding in Northeast India: A Decolonial Perspective

This chapter makes a case for decolonizing how we understand, study, and respond to violence. In making this case, I draw upon my activist ethnographic scholarship on ethnic conflict in the Garo Hills region of Northeast India. I argue that decolonizing the study of violence involves: scrutinizing how oppression and violence against particular communities are legitimized/naturalized; naming lived realities that are absent from dominant discourses of violence; interrogating linkages between macrosocial structures and everyday social suffering; and doing so while centring subjugated knowledges and subjectivities. Given that coloniality is maintained through knowledge production, cultural norms, common-sense logic and such other aspects of everyday life (Maldonado-Torres, Cultural Studies, 21:240–270, 2007), I foreground “everyday” as an analytical category. The chapter has three main sections, each shaped by a decolonial imperative. I begin the chapter by foregrounding the context of my ethnographic work. Historically, Southern contexts or the “periphery/colony” have been relegated to “case studies” vis-a-vis ascriptions of “objectivity” and “generalizability” that are rooted in the colonial imaginary and considered prerogatives of the Global North. Thus, the unapologetic centering of Southern context represents a disruption of dominant Euro-American knowledge conventions. Second, I will interrogate some gaps/ruptures that have important implications for decolonizing discourses of ethnic violence in (post)colonial contexts. This privileging of rupture rather than continuity is fundamental to a decolonial imaginary (Perez, The decolonial imaginary: Writing Chicanas into history. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN, 1999; Sandoval, Genders, 10:1–24, 1991). Informed by the exigencies of these rupturing spaces, I will finally examine “everyday” peace praxis as a decolonial alternative to conventional peacebuilding in Garo Hills. Across these sections, I will illustrate how recentering marginalized epistemic standpoints offers critical insights into how violence is legitimated as a mode of action while also pointing to sites of possibility.
Intensification of Diabetes Medications at Hospital Discharge and Clinical Outcomes in Older Adults in the Veterans Administration Health System.

Importance Transient elevations of blood glucose levels are common in hospitalized older adults with diabetes and may lead clinicians to discharge patients with more intensive diabetes medications than they were using before hospitalization. Objective To investigate outcomes associated with intensification of outpatient diabetes medications at discharge. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study assessed patients 65 years and older with diabetes not taking insulin who were hospitalized in the Veterans Health Administration Health System between January 1, 2011, and September 28, 2016, for common medical conditions. Data analysis was performed from January 1, 2020, to March 31, 2021. Exposure Discharge with intensified diabetes medications, defined as filling a prescription at hospital discharge for a new or higher-dose medication than was being used before hospitalization. Propensity scores were used to construct a matched cohort of patients who did and did not receive diabetes medication intensifications. Main Outcomes and Measures Coprimary outcomes of severe hypoglycemia and severe hyperglycemia were assessed at 30 and 365 days using competing risk regressions. Secondary outcomes included all-cause readmissions, mortality, change in hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c) level, and persistent use of intensified medications at 1 year after discharge. Results The propensity-matched cohort included 5296 older adults with diabetes (mean [SD] age, 73.7 [7.7] years; 5212 [98.4%] male; and 867 [16.4%] Black, 47 [0.9%] Hispanic, 4138 [78.1%] White), equally split between those who did and did not receive diabetes medication intensifications at hospital discharge. Within 30 days, patients who received medication intensifications had a higher risk of severe hypoglycemia (hazard ratio [HR], 2.17; 95% CI, 1.10-4.28), no difference in risk of severe hyperglycemia (HR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.33-3.08), and a lower risk of death (HR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.33-0.92). At 1 year, no differences were found in the risk of severe hypoglycemia events, severe hyperglycemia events, or death and no difference in change in HbA1clevel was found among those who did vs did not receive intensifications (mean postdischarge HbA1c, 7.72% vs 7.70%; difference-in-differences, 0.02%; 95% CI, −0.12% to 0.16%). At 1 year, 48.0% (591 of 1231) of new oral diabetes medications and 38.5% (548 of 1423) of new insulin prescriptions filled at discharge were no longer being filled. Conclusions and Relevance In this national cohort study, among older adults hospitalized for common medical conditions, discharge with intensified diabetes medications was associated with an increased short-term risk of severe hypoglycemia events but was not associated with reduced severe hyperglycemia events or improve HbA1ccontrol. These findings indicate that short-term hospitalization may not be an effective time to intervene in long-term diabetes management.
When Do Short Sellers Exit Their Positions

We construct novel measures of gross and net short covering to examine when short sellers exit their positions. We find that idiosyncratic limits to arbitrage, such as adverse stock price movements, volatility, and equity lending fees are associated with significantly higher position closures and lower price efficiency. Moreover, these position closures predict future return movements in the wrong direction, suggesting short sellers may be induced to exit too early. In contrast, we find little evidence that aggregate limits to arbitrage including VIX, funding liquidity, and market volatility affect gross or net short covering. The results show that firm-level limits to arbitrage are important determinants of trading behavior.
Identification and characterization of mutant thrombins

Publisher Summary Determination of the crystal structure for thrombin has provided an increased opportunity for understanding structure–function relationships for both the congenital mutants of thrombin and those prepared by site specific mutagenesis. Thus, the phenotypic expression of a prothrombin abnormality, which may be detected by routine screening tests as a deficiency in fibrinogen clotting activity, occurs only when both genes are altered. Because these mutants are rare and distinct, abnormalities inphenotypically affected individuals will frequently be heterozygous for two abnormal prothrombin genes. This chapter discusses the functional characterization of mutant thrombins, such as interactions at catalytic site, interaction at secondary specificity sites, and other functional alterations. The chapter also presents the structural characterization of mutant thrombins, such as identification of primary structural alterations, reduction, alkylation, enzymatic digestion, and peptide maps. In addition to the congenitally mutant thrombins, several other mutant thrombins have been prepared by site-specific mutagenesis and have been used to investigate specific questions regarding structure–function relationships in this enzyme.
Is the π Particle Responsible for the 41 meV Peak in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7

It is argued that there is no low-energy resonance associated with the {pi} operators introduced by Demler and Zhang. This implies that the Hubbard model does not possess an approximate SO(5) symmetry generated by these operators. Recent finite-size studies are reinterpreted accordingly. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Emergent constraint satisfaction through multi-agent coordinated interaction

We present a methodology, called Constraint Partition and Coordinated Reaction (CP&CR), for distributed constraint satisfaction based on partitioning the set of constraints into subsets of different constraint types. Associated with each constraint type is a set of specialised agents, each of which is responsible for enforcing constraints of the specified type for the set of variables under its jurisdiction. Variable instantiation is the joint responsibility of a set of agents, each of which has a different perspective on the instantiation according to a particular constraint type and can revise the instantiation in response to violations of the specific constraint type. The final solution emerges through incremental local revisions of an initial, possibly inconsistent, instantiation of all variables. Solution revision is the result of coordinated local reaction of the specialised constraint agents. We have applied the methodology to job shop scheduling, an NP-complete constraint satisfaction problem. Utility of different types of coordination information in CP&CR was investigated. In addition, experimental results on a benchmark suite of problems show that CP&CR performed considerably well as compared to other centralised search scheduling techniques, in both computational cost and number of problems solved.
Issues of Fact and Issues of Law

Undergraduate students need a rudimentary understanding of the difference between laws, facts, issues of law and issues of fact in order to understand how the legal system works and how it resolves disputes. Legal issues and factual issues, and the role they play is often confusing. This paper introduces the concept of the "value issue" which might be considered the "overall issue". Issues of law and fact can then be more easily understood when this concept of a value or overall issue is introduced to put them in context.
Granular Parakeratosis: A Comprehensive Review and a Critical Reappraisal

Granular parakeratosis (GP) is a rare, idiopathic, and benign skin condition that presents classically as erythematous to brown hyperkeratotic papules that can coalesce into plaques. Axillary GP was initially observed by Northcutt and colleagues and has since been described in various other areas of the body including other intertriginous and non-intertriginous sites. The term "granular parakeratosis" is now used to describe not only the skin condition, but also a distinctive histological reactive pattern on biopsy specimens that are either regarded as the disease itself, or merely as an incidental finding. Upon review of the current findings, opinions, and associations of this entity, we propose the reappraisal of GP as a reactive pattern, rather than a distinct entity.
Competition between the Cyanobacterium Limnothrix redekei and Some Spring Species of Diatoms under P‐Limitation

The nutrient saturated growth and the competition between Limnothrix redekei and some spring diatoms for phosphate were studied in semi-continuous cultures at 10 °C with a 6/18 h light/dark cycle and at 15 °C with a 12/12 light/dark cycle. Under these conditions in unialgal cultures, the maximum specific growth rate of Limnothrix redekei was two to three time lower than that of the diatoms. However, Limnothrix redekei was the superior competitor for phosphate under both conditions in mixed cultures. The diatoms in mixed cultures from each species with Limnothrix redekei were competitively displaced but at a different rate. This allowed the diatoms to be ranked in terms of their competitive ability for phosphate at 10 °C as follows: Synedra acus > Asterionella formosa > Stephanodiscus minutulus > Nitzschia acicularis > Cyclotella meneghiniana > Stephanodiscus neoastrea > Stephanodiscus hantzschii. The competitive ability of Limnothrix redekei at 15 °C was increased and the rank order of diatoms slightly changed. The hypothesis that cyanobacteria are promoted by phosphate because they are inferior competitors for phosphate is incorrect for Limnothrix redekei.
Regulation of protein kinase C activity by lipids.

Protein kinase C is activated by the simultaneous presence of phospholipid, a diglyceride, and Ca2+. Under physiological conditions the activity of the enzyme is regulated by the availability of di...
Oscillations of Mechanical and Electrical Systems

The equation of motion for a mechanical system comprised of a mass at the end of a string and vibrating in a viscous medium is compared to the analogous equation for an electrical system consisting of an R-L-C circuit. The distinction between natural and driven dynamics is carefully drawn. For natural motion the initial value problem is solved for the case of negligible viscous damping, negligible electrical resistance. The resonance phenomenon is brought out fully in connection with the analysis of forced motion, and the characteristics of resonance are related to those of natural motion, attention being drawn to the quality factor Q. A subsequent section is then devoted to an explanation of the operation of oscillators in general, and extended to a description of an actual pendulum clock. In the problems we treat natural motion for nonnegligible damping, and also introduce the Green’s function method of finding forced motion solutions.
Minimizing lipid signal bleed in brain 1H chemical shift imaging by post-acquisition grid shifting

Purpose Low spatial resolution in conventional 1H brain chemical shifting imaging (CSI) studies causes partial volume error (PVE) or signal “bleed” that is especially deleterious to voxels near the scalp. The standard spatial apodization approach adversely affects spatial resolution. Here, a novel automated post-processing strategy of partial volume correction employing grid shifting (“PANGS”) is presented, which minimizes residual PVE without compromising spatial resolution. Methods PANGS shifts the locations of the reconstruction coordinates in a designated region of image space—the scalp, to match the tissue “centers-of-mass” instead of the geometric centers of each voxel, by iteratively minimizing the PVE from the scalp into outside voxels. PANGS' performance was evaluated by numerical simulation, and in 3 Tesla 1H CSI human studies employing outer volume suppression and long echo times. Results PANGS reduced lipid contamination of cortical spectra by up to 86% (54% on average). Metabolite maps exhibited significantly less lipid artifact than conventional and spatially-filtered CSI. All methods generated quantitatively identical spectral peak areas from central brain locations, but spatial filtering increased spectral linewidths and reduced spatial resolution. Conclusion PANGS significantly reduces lipid artifacts in 1H brain CSI spectra and metabolite maps, and improves metabolite detection in cortical regions without compromising resolution. Magn Reson Med 74:320–329, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Discovery, Annotation, and Functional Analysis of Long Noncoding RNAs Controlling Cell-Cycle Gene Expression and Proliferation in Breast Cancer Cells

We describe a computational approach that integrates GRO-seq and RNA-seq data to annotate long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), with increased sensitivity for low-abundance lncRNAs. We used this approach to characterize the lncRNA transcriptome in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, including >700 previously unannotated lncRNAs. We then used information about the (1) transcription of lncRNA genes from GRO-seq, (2) steady-state levels of lncRNA transcripts in cell lines and patient samples from RNA-seq, and (3) histone modifications and factor binding at lncRNA gene promoters from ChIP-seq to explore lncRNA gene structure and regulation, as well as lncRNA transcript stability, regulation, and function. Functional analysis of selected lncRNAs with altered expression in breast cancers revealed roles in cell proliferation, regulation of an E2F-dependent cell-cycle gene expression program, and estrogen-dependent mitogenic growth. Collectively, our studies demonstrate the use of an integrated genomic and molecular approach to identify and characterize growth-regulating lncRNAs in cancers.
Leaf area dynamics of a boreal black spruce fire chronosequence.

Specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf area index (LAI) were estimated using site-specific allometric equations for a boreal black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) fire chronosequence in northern Manitoba, Canada. Stands ranged from 3 to 131 years in age and had soils that were categorized as well or poorly drained. The goals of the study were to: (i) measure SLA for the dominant tree and understory species of boreal black spruce-dominated stands, and examine the effect of various biophysical conditions on SLA; and (ii) examine leaf area dynamics of both understory and overstory for well- and poorly drained stands in the chronosequence. Overall, average SLA values for black spruce (n = 215), jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb., n = 72) and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx., n = 27) were 5.82 +/- 1.91, 5.76 +/- 1.91 and 17.42 +/- 2.21 m2 x kg-1, respectively. Foliage age, stand age, vertical position in the canopy and soil drainage had significant effects on SLA. Black spruce dominated overstory LAI in the older stands. Well-drained stands had significantly higher overstory LAI (P 40%) of total leaf area in all stands except the oldest.
Aqua Activities for High School Physical Education Classes

(2000). Aqua Activities for High School Physical Education Classes. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 71, No. 9, pp. 45-49.
Effects of Cognitive Feedback Components, Display Format, and Elaboration on Performance

Abstract Balzer, Sulsky, Hammer, and Sumner (1992) demonstrated that task information, rather than cognitive information or functional validity information, is the necessary component of cognitive feedback (CFB). We designed a laboratory experiment to replicate the effects of (CFB) components while jointly investigating the impact of CFB display format and CFB elaboration on performance. Undergraduates ( N = 323) were each randomly assigned to a single experimental condition in a 4 × 2 × 2 factorial design which manipulated the CFB components (TI, CI, TI + CI, or TI + CI + FVI), CFB display format (alphanumeric or graphic), and CFB elaboration (typical or augmented). The experimental task, procedures, and dependent measures were identical to Balzer et al. (1992). A main effect of CFB components was found, with results replicating the Balzer et al. findings that task information was necessary for improved performance. The main effects of CFB display format and CFB elaboration, as well as their interactions with each other and the CFB components, had little impact on judgment performance or reactions to feedback. Practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Corticosteroid-induced inhibition of adrenal androgen production in selected patients with prostate cancer.

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the effect of administration of corticosteroids on adrenal androgen production and the serologic markers of prostate cancer. Methods Six patients with prostate cancer who had a serum testosterone concentration that exceeded 20 ng/dL despite treatment with medical or surgical castration were treated with dexamethasone. All patients were asymptomatic, but four were demonstrating progressive increases in serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentrations. Dexamethasone, 1 mg at bedtime, was given initially and then increased to 1 mg twice daily if serum testosterone concentrations remained =10 ng/dL. The effect of treatment on PSA concentration was monitored. Results The mean testosterone concentration (and standard error of the mean) was 47.5 ± 7.9 ng/dL before administration of dexamethasone; this decreased to 5.2 ± 3.0 ng/dL during therapy (P = 0.002). The effect was rapid (overnight) and sustainable (for 6 months). Although the duration of follow-up is limited, PSA concentrations generally stabilized (23.5 ± 6.1 ng/mL at baseline in comparison with 15.6 ± 1.1 ng/mL approximately 2 months after initiation of dexamethasone therapy; P = 0.24). Two patients required 1 mg of dexamethasone twice daily to suppress serum testosterone levels to Conclusion Administration of corticosteroids in a manner opposing the normal circadian glucocorticoid production effectively and rapidly decreases adrenal androgen production in patients with prostate cancer treated with orchiectomy or luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists. This reduction of androgen production was generally associated with a decrease or stabilization of PSA concentrations in all patients with increased PSA levels. Overnight dexamethasone suppression testing is useful in determining the minimal effective dose.
SALES OF GOVERNMENT SECURITIES TO FEDERAL RESERVE BANKS UNDER REPURCHASE AGREEMENTS

EXPANSION OF THE NATIONAL debt has obliged the Federal Reserve authorities to re-examine techniques for conducting open-market operations. During the past two years extensive use has been made of repurchase agreements with dealers in government securities. Used frequently before the Great Depression, this type of openmarket operation had not until recently been reported for many years. Reappearance of repurchase transactions is noteworthy because open-market operations are currently of much greater importance than in the 1920's; and they are conducted with meticulous concern for the state of the government security market. Because the money market has altered greatly in the past twenty years, some importance attaches to the revival by central banking authorities of this method of dealing with money-market middlemen. "Government securities held under repurchase agreement" appears almost continuously on the Federal Reserve weekly statement. This suggests that the monetary authorities regard such transactions as peculiarly suited to discharge their responsibility to the money market and yet avoid the appearance of using their open-market powers to control the prices of government securities. At times the amount of government securities held under repurchase agreement has approached the volume of paper rediscounted for member banks. When one considers that there are only about twenty government security dealers, even the more typical amounts appear significantly large. Weekly changes in securities held under repurchase agreement have sometimes been as large as changes in government securities bought outright. The largest amount of repurchases was on December 31, 1952, when the figure reached $663 million.1 The first in the postwar series of this type of transaction appeared on the Federal Reserve weekly statement for June 29, 1949. The Federal Reserve authorities made only
An overview of pluralistic therapy with application to Hispanics

Abstract This paper pinpoints three critical questions in pluralistic counseling: Are the psychological differences between ethnic groups extensive enough to necessitate ethnic-specific therapeutic techniques?; How should we educate and measure effectiveness of pluralistic therapists?; What research is needed to close gaps of our understanding about pluralistic therapy? Study of Hispanic cultures provides many examples of maladjustment syndromes that are culturally-specific. These culturally-specific syndromes of maladjustment among Hispanics are used to illustrate directions for developing ethnic-specific therapeutic modalities. The characteristics of effective pluralistic therapists as delineated in social and psychological literature are summarized, and directions for future research are outlined.
Surface remodeling of trabecular bone using a tissue level model

We propose a two-dimensional mathematical model of trabecular bone remodeling that simulates the surface-based addition and removal of material in the actual physiological process. The model is based on a finite element representation of individual trabecular struts in which the material properties of the subtrabecular elements are constant. The remodeling stimulus is strain energy density, sensed and communicated through the osteocytic network as proposed by Mullender et al. We propose a modified osteocyte communication scheme that incorporates bone-lining cells and examines the implications of set point locations in one or the other of these two cell types. This model produces trabecular struts that align with its general loading direction. Placing the set point in the bone-lining cells rather than in the osteocytes makes the model more sensitive to changes in the other biological parameters. Introduction of a dead zone causes the model to reach a less oscillatory equilibrium in fewer iterations and produces better in-filling of trabecular strut intersections. The model gravitates to equilibrium states in which the average strain energy density is inversely proportional to the bone volume fraction to the 3.2 power.
Effect of nanometer-sized surface morphology upon electrochemical kinetics

Model calculations for the electrochemical kinetics of outer sphere electron transfer between redox ions and semiconductor and metal solids show that reaction rates can be strongly influenced by surface morphology and the dimension of this surface roughness relative to the size of the reactant. Employing spheres of nanometer dimension to model surface roughness at these surfaces, the rates of electron transfer reactions are calculated using electron transfer theory based on the assumption of a dielectric continuum. It is shown that the magnitude of the image charge induced by the reactant is influenced by the geometry of the environment about it, which can accelerate or decelerate kinetics for electron transfer by orders of magnitude. This simple approach serves to identify specific surface morphologies that merit further study. Its limitations are examined and the extent to which it may be extended to inner sphere electron transfer reactions is discussed. The results of this work imply that evaluation of electrocatalytic effects at surfaces must include an analysis of morphological effects upon electrochemical kinetics.
Coupled inductor, constant resistance, broadband delay filter

This paper develops a three-terminal delay filter whose topology is an interconnection of only ideally lossless, coupled inductors and capacitors. In the absence of significant capacitive loading at the input and/or output ports, the proposed filter emulates an allpass network whose low frequency delay is twice that afforded by the poles of the proposed circuit. Moreover, the driving point input and output impedances of the structure are frequency invariant resistances whose values over the frequency spectra of interest are independent of the envelope delays achieved. These impedance characteristics allow for the convenient implementation of a cascade of match-terminated delay filter sections, thereby allowing for reasonably large envelope delays without incurring bandwidth penalties in either the magnitude or the delay responses. An example demonstrates the feasibility of designing a filter providing zero frequency delays in the mid-hundreds of picoseconds that remain nominally constant for signal frequencies extending through a few gigahertz. Correspondingly, the magnitude responses of these delay structures offer 3-dB bandwidths that can be significantly larger than the frequencies at which the observed envelope delays decay monotonically to a user-defined percentage of their respective zero frequency values.
Community sensitivity to a hazardous waste facility

Abstract Community attitudes toward hazardous waste regulatory policies in general, and specific awareness and perception of a nearby hazardous waste facility, are examined in this paper. The study area is a middle-income residential neighborhood located in Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S.A. The study findings mirror earlier U.S. studies which show an intense anxiety toward hazardous and toxic materials land users and concern about the effectiveness of public policies designed to protect the public or ameliorate the negative impacts of hazardous material. Surprisingly, most residents are unaware of the nearby hazardous waste facility. A statistical analysis of the data finds that distance of the residence from the facility and educational attainment of the respondents are effective predictors of individual knowledge. The design of the nearby facility is a hypothesized explanation for the low level of saliency.
Reprocessing Silicon Carbide Inert Matrix Fuel by Molten Salt Corrosion

Silicon carbide is one of the prime matrix material candidates for inert matrix fuels (IMF) which are being designed to reduce plutonium and long half-life actinide inventories through transmutation. Since complete transmutation is impractical in a single in-core run, reprocessing the inert matrix fuels becomes necessary. The current reprocessing techniques of many inert matrix materials involve dissolution of spent fuels in acidic aqueous solutions. However, SiC cannot be dissolved by that process. Thus, new reprocessing techniques are required. This paper discusses a possible way for separating transuranic (actinide) species from a bulk silicon carbide (SiC) matrix utilizing molten carbonates. Bulk reaction-bonded SiC and SiC powder (1 μm) were corroded at high temperatures (above 850 °C) in molten carbonates (K2CO3 and Na2CO3) in an air atmosphere to form water soluble silicates. Separation of Ceria (used as a surrogate for the plutonium fissile fuel) was achieved by dissolving the silicates in boiling water and leaving behind the solid ceria (CeO2).
The trend in dielectric research

A resume of some of the important advances made during the past year in the fields of physics and chemistry as applied to the fundamental theory underlying successful electrical insulation.
Resective Epilepsy Surgery for Drug-Resistant Focal Epilepsy: A Review

Importance Epilepsy surgery is indicated for patients with focal seizures who do not respond to appropriate antiepileptic drug therapy consisting of 2 or more medications. Objectives To review resective surgery outcomes for focal epilepsy, to identify which patients benefit the most, and to discuss why epilepsy surgery may not be universally accepted. Evidence Review Medline and Cochrane databases were searched between January 1993 and June 2014 for randomized clinical trials, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and large retrospective case series (>300 patients) using Medical Subject Headings and indexed text terms. Fifty-five articles were included. Subpopulations and prognostic factors were identified. Systematic reviews for cognitive, psychiatric, quality-of-life, and psychosocial outcomes were included. Findings Two randomized clinical trials enrolling 118 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy found greater freedom from seizures with surgery when compared with continued medical treatment (58% vs 8% [n = 80] and 73% vs 0% [n = 38], P Conclusions and Relevance Epilepsy surgery reduced seizure activity in randomized clinical trials when compared with continued medical therapy. Long-term cognitive, psychiatric, psychosocial, and quality-of-life outcomes were less well defined. Despite good outcomes from high-quality clinical trials, referrals of patients with seizures refractory to medical treatment remain infrequent.
Treatment outcomes in REM sleep behavior disorder.

Objective REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is usually characterized by potentially injurious dream enactment behaviors (DEB). RBD treatment aims to reduce DEBs and prevent injury, but outcomes require further elucidation. We surveyed RBD patients to describe longitudinal treatment outcomes with melatonin and clonazepam.
pl5 INK4B is a potentia| effector of TGF-β-induced cell cycle arrest

TRANSFORMING growth factor-beta (TGF-β) inhibits cell proliferation by inducing a Gl-phase cell cycle arrest1. Normal progression through Gl is promoted by the activity of the cyclin-dependent protein kinases CDK4 and CDK6 (ref. 2), which are inhibited by the protein p16INK4. We have isolated a new member of the p16INK4 family, p15INK4B. p15 expression is induced ∼30-fold in human keratinocytes by treatment with TGF-β, suggesting that pi5 may act as an effector of TGF-β-mediated cell cycle arrest. The gene encoding p15 is located on chromosome 9 adjacent to the p16 gene at a frequent site of chromosomal abnormality in human tumours (9p21).
Constructing and evaluating a partially complete crossover design for a multi-dose study

Many times statisticians are called upon to modify or adapt well known designs or classes of designs to fit unique logistical constraints. A crossover design is presented for a multi-dose study through a modification of an incomplete block design. The rationale behind the construction is presented and methods of evaluating the efficiencies of the design are reviewed using a variety of assumptions regarding the nature of the treatment effects and carryover effects.
Examining How the Great Firewall Discovers Hidden Circumvention Servers

Recently, the operators of the national censorship infrastructure of China began to employ "active probing" to detect and block the use of privacy tools. This probing works by passively monitoring the network for suspicious traffic, then actively probing the corresponding servers, and blocking any that are determined to run circumvention servers such as Tor.We draw upon multiple forms of measurements, some spanning years, to illuminate the nature of this probing. We identify the different types of probing, develop fingerprinting techniques to infer the physical structure of the system, localize the sensors that trigger probing---showing that they differ from the "Great Firewall" infrastructure---and assess probing's efficacy in blocking different versions of Tor. We conclude with a discussion of the implications for designing circumvention servers that resist such probing mechanisms.
Migration and distribution of two populations of hippocampal granule cell precursors during the perinatal and postnatal periods.

Methacrylate-embedded sections and short-survival thymidine radiograms of the hippocampal dentate gyrus were examined in perinatal and postnatal rats in order to trace the site of origin and migration of the precursors of granule cells and study the morphogenesis of the granular layer. The densely packed, spindle-shaped cells of the secondary dentate matrix (a derivative of the primary dentate neuroepithelium) stream in a subpial position towards the granular layer of the internal dentate limb during the perinatal and early postnatal periods. By an accretionary process, the crest of the granular layer forms on day E21 and on the subsequent days the granular layer of the internal dentate limb expands progressively in a lateral direction. Granule cells differentiation, as judged by the transformation of polymorph, darkly staining small cells into rounder, lightly staining larger granule cells, follows the same gradient from the external dentate limb to the internal dentate limb. The secondary dentate matrix is in a process of dissolution by day P5. This matrix is the source of what will later become the outer shell of the granular layer composed of early generated granule cells. The thicker inner shell of the granular layer, formed during the infantile and juvenile periods, derives from an intrinsic, tertiary germinal matrix. On day E22, the dentate migration of the secondary dentate matrix becomes partitioned into two components: (a) the subpial component of extradentate origin, referred to in this context as the first dentate migration, and (b) the second dentate migration. The latter is distributed in the basal polymorph layer throughout the entire dentate gyrus and is henceforth recognized as the tertiary dentate matrix. The tertiary dentate matrix is prominent between days P3 and P10. It is postulated that the great increase in granule cell population during the infantile period is principally due to cells derived from this intrinsic matrix of the dentate gyrus. Between days P20 and P30 the tertiary dentate matrix disappears in the basal polymorph layer and henceforth proliferative cells become largely confined to the subgranular zone at the base of the granular layer. The subgranular zone is the source of granule cells produced during the juvenile and adult periods.
Modeling methyl methacrylate free radical polymerization in nanoporous confinement

Nanoconfinement of methyl methacrylate free radical polymerization is known to impact the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polymer produced, with results in the literature generally indicating an increase in molecular weight and a concomitant decrease in polydispersity index. In the present work, the mathematical model described by Verros et al. (2005) for free radical bulk polymerization of methyl methacrylate is extended to account for polymerization in nanopores. The model of Verros et al. (2005) incorporates diffusion effects and is capable of describing the conversion and the number- and weight-average molecular weights of the resulting poly(methyl methacrylate) as a function of polymerization time and process conditions. The model is extended by incorporating the effect of nanoconfinement on diffusivity using the scaling reported in the literature. The calculations indicate that nanoconfinement will lead to higher molecular weights and lower polydispersity, and the gel effect will occur earlier. The results are compared to experimental work and implications discussed.
Emetine inhibits glycolysis in isolated, perfused rat hearts.

This work was designed to test whether phosphofructokinase is a target for emetine action on the heart. The effects of 37, μM emetine on the activities of phosphofructokinase and hexokinase were measured in homogenates from perfused hearts. The action of increasing concentrations of emetine was determined in nonperfused heart homogenates. The effect of 37 μM emetine or control solutions on the concentration of fructose-6-phosphate and fructose-1,6-phosphate was measured. The effect of 37 μM emetine or control perfusion on the utilization of fructose-6-phosphate by phosphofructokinase in centrifugation supernatants of homogenates and in reconstituted 27,000g pellets was measured. Double-reciprocal plots of fructose-6-phosphate concentrations vs phosphofructokinase activities were plotted. Emetine decreased phosphofructokinase activity in homogenates from both perfused and nonperfused hearts. Emetine did not inhibit cardiac hexokinase activity. In homogenates from nonperfused hearts, the maximal inhibition with high concentrations of emetine was approx 50%. Emetine perfusion caused a simultaneous increase in the phosphofructokinase substrate fructose-6-phosphate and a decrease in the phosphofructokinase product fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. Phosphofructokinase and, consequently, glycolytic flux appear to be subcellular targets for emetine in the heart. Homogenate centrifugation studies indicate that emetine acts on bound rather than unbound phosphofructokinase. The inhibition may be uncompetitive in nature.
Assessing Psychiatric Adverse Effects during Clinical Drug Development

Throughout the phases of drug development, safety as well as efficacy measures are important to evaluate. Although it is well established that many types of medications that affect the central nervous system can influence emotional regulation and cognitive functioning, attention to potential psychiatric adverse effects of drugs — difficult to evaluate in animal models or short-term clinical trials — has typically been relegated to voluntary reporting of postmarketing clinical observations. Concern about, and regulatory responses to, potentially dangerous increases in suicidal thoughts and behaviour during treatment with antidepressants in younger patients over the past decade have brought renewed attention to the necessity of considering possible mental health complications of new medications at an earlier stage of development. Traditional postmarketing, spontaneous reporting of adverse effects is insufficient for this task. Increasingly, it is being supplemented by recently developed and refined valid and reliable rating scales suitable for monitoring that begins earlier in human testing of new drugs and is conducted prospectively rather than after the fact. This renewed focus on psychiatric adverse effects, especially suicidal ideation and actions, has led to regulatory actions in many countries highlighting putative mental health risks of several classes of drugs already on the market, including some for the treatment of acne, epilepsy and smoking dependence, and halting the development of other new compounds, such as novel agents for the treatment of obesity. Going forward, translational research holds the promise of better understanding of the biological and genetic underpinnings of these severe psychiatric adverse effects. Complementing this progress in the laboratory are advances in clinical and regulatory practice, most notably, the growing availability of electronic medical records and increasing harmonization of approach of drug regulatory bodies across countries. Together, these trends hold promise for a more complete appreciation of, and response to, threats posed to the benefit: risk of pharmacotherapy by medications with undesirable adverse effects, including those in the psychiatric as well as physical health spheres.
BASES OF INTERORGANIZATION CO-OPERATION: PROPENSITY, POWER, PERSISTENCE*

Co-operation may enable organizations to attain ends that they cannot achieve alone. However, the co-operating partners must have an unusual mix of (1) propensity, (2) power, and (3) persistence. Joint ventures are used in this article to elucidate these critical elements in the relationship.
Considerations for selecting a DSP processor (ADSP-2101 vs. TMS320C50)

Abstract Digital signal processing systems demand high performance processors, but high performance cannot be measured by a processor's multiplication/accumulation speed or MIPS rate alone. A DSP processor is often characterized by its MIPS rate, but since the instruction of one DSP device is not necessarily equivalent to that of another, a MIPS rating can be misleading. This application note compares the performance of two popular DSPs in five important areas.
Sensory evaluation of sweetened flavored carbonated milk beverages

Abstract Carbonated and noncarbonated, sweetened blueberry flavored milks were evaluated by a trained panel. The effect of carbonation and sweetener type (sucrose, high fructose corn syrup, aspartame, and pear concentrate) on flavor properties was measured. Carbonation enhanced the sensory rating of overall flavor intensity, sweetness, and blueberry flavor. Sweetener type had a significant effect on the sensory rating of viscosity but no effect on that of overall flavor intensity, sweetness, and blueberry flavor. A consumer-style panel evaluated carbonated beverages sweetened with the four different types of sweeteners. Approximately 50% of the panelists indicated that they liked the products. Carbonation and sweetness levels were near optimum; however, blueberry flavor level was judged to be too low. Sucrose and high fructose corn syrup were determined to be more acceptable sweeteners in the beverages than either aspartame or pear concentrate.
Thermal Reshaping of Gold Nanorods in Micelles

Gold nanorods are prepared in aqueous solution by an electrochemical method and are shape controlled by using capping micelles as described by Yu et al. (J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101 (34), 6661). Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) images are determined for these gold nanorods, taken from solutions heated to various temperatures in the range of 25−160 °C. Size and shape analysis of their TEM images showed that the mean aspect ratio of the nanorods in solution decreases with increasing temperature, mostly as a result of reduction in their length. Heating the dried nanorods themselves on a TEM slide to much higher temperatures does not produce any shape changes. This suggests that the observed relative instability of the longer nanorods in the micellar solutions is attributed to the relative instability of the micelles capping the longer gold nanorods. Following the change with time of the longitudinal surface plasmon absorption band of the gold nanorods at five different temperatures, the activation ener...
The effect of dexamethasone on plasma glucose and liver glycogen levels in premetamorphic Rana catesbeiana tadpoles and frogs

Abstract 1. 1. Premetamorphic Rana catesbeiana tadpoles and adult frogs demonstrate significant elevations in plasma glucose levels following dexamethasone (dex) injections. 2. 2. This response is greatest in the tadpole 24 hr after dex administration and is still detectable at 48 hr. 3. 3. Liver glycogen levels increase in the frog, but not in the tadpole, following daily injections of dex for five consecutive days. 4. 4. The response of the tadpole to dex occurs at a time when hepatic cytosolic glucocorticoid receptors have been observed, but when endogenous corticosterone is absent.
Growth hormone-releasing hormone agonists reduce myocardial infarct scar in swine with subacute ischemic cardiomyopathy.

Background Growth hormone–releasing hormone agonists (GHRH‐As) stimulate cardiac repair following myocardial infarction (MI) in rats through the activation of the GHRH signaling pathway within the heart. We tested the hypothesis that the administration of GHRH‐As prevents ventricular remodeling in a swine subacute MI model. Methods and Results Twelve female Yorkshire swine (25 to 30 kg) underwent transient occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (MI). Two weeks post MI, swine were randomized to receive injections of either 30 μg/kg GHRH‐A (MR‐409) (GHRH‐A group; n=6) or vehicle (placebo group; n=6). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and pressure–volume loops were obtained at multiple time points. Infarct, border, and remote (noninfarcted) zones were assessed for GHRH receptor by immunohistochemistry. Four weeks of GHRH‐A treatment resulted in reduced scar mass (GHRH‐A: −21.9±6.42%; P =0.02; placebo: 10.9±5.88%; P =0.25; 2‐way ANOVA; P =0.003), and scar size (percentage of left ventricular mass) (GHRH‐A: −38.38±4.63; P =0.0002; placebo: −14.56±6.92; P =0.16; 2‐way ANOVA; P =0.02). This was accompanied by improved diastolic strain. Unlike in rats, this reduced infarct size in swine was not accompanied by improved cardiac function as measured by serial hemodynamic pressure–volume analysis. GHRH receptors were abundant in cardiac tissue, with a greater density in the border zone of the GHRH‐A group compared with the placebo group. Conclusions Daily subcutaneous administration of GHRH‐A is feasible and safe in a large animal model of subacute ischemic cardiomyopathy. Furthermore, GHRH‐A therapy significantly reduced infarct size and improved diastolic strain, suggesting a local activation of the GHRH pathway leading to the reparative process.