cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
First, Do No Harm

Returning to the concept presented at the beginning of this paper, in an era when for many people the quality and longevity of life have never been better, why are there increasing levels of dissatisfaction with life? According to Thomas (1974), "there is something fundamentally, radically unhealthy about all this. We do not seem to be seeking more exuberance in living as much as staving off failure, putting off dying. We have lost all confidence in the human body. The new consensus is that we are badly designed, intrinsically fallible, vulnerable to a host of hostile influences. We live in danger of falling apart at any moment and are therefore always in need of surveillance and propping up." Certainly health educators cannot accept all the blame for this contemporary fad; however, they may contribute to the phenomenon by implicitly suggesting that people are entitled to some idealized level of health and wellness which includes halcyon days immune from the pain and ravages of life in the real world.2+ Henry David Thoreau offered a perceptive view of how life should be experienced when he wrote: "I did not wish to live what was not life, living is so dear; nor did I wish to practice resignation, unless it was quite necessary.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Toward ice-relative navigation of underwater robotic vehicles under moving sea ice: Experimental evaluation in the Arctic sea

This paper addresses the problem of ice-relative navigation of underwater robotic vehicles for oceanographic missions under moving sea ice. We define the ice-relative navigation problem and report a novel underwater robot vehicle, Nereid-UI, and its navigation system designed for under-ice oceanographic operations in ice-covered seas. The goal of Nereid-UI is to enable deployments in polar ocean regions traditionally considered difficult or impossible to access such as the ice-ocean interface in marginal ice zones, the water column of ice-covered seas, and the water column underlying ice shelves. This paper also reports the navigation results of Nereid-UI's first under-ice sea trials and science operations conducted under moving multi-year sea ice off the ice breaker Polarstern in the Arctic Ocean at 83° N 6° W — about 200 km NE of Greenland.
Acoustic Clutter in Continental Shelf Environments

Abstract : Acoustic clutter is the primary problem encountered by active sonar systems operating in Continental Shelf environments. Clutter is defined as any returns from the environment that stand prominently above the diffuse and temporally decaying reverberation background and so can be confused with or camouflage returns from an intended target such as an underwater vehicle. Many environmental factors may contribute to acoustic clutter and adversely affect the performance of tactical Navy sonar by introducing false alarms in the system. In order to develop adaptive algorithms or technology to mitigate acoustic clutter, it is critical to identify, understand, and be able to accurately model the leading order physical mechanisms which cause clutter in existing sonar systems. The long-term goal of this program is to determine and understand the physical mechanisms that cause acoustic clutter in continental shelf environments and to use this knowledge to develop predictive tools to enhance the detection, localization and classification of underwater targets.
On 'A Tutorial Comparison of Three Multivariable Stability Margins'

A recent paper by A. Wilson and C.D. Johnson [1] compares the three multivariable stability margins developed by R.W. Bass, J.C. Doyle and M.K. Safonov, commonly represented by p, /spl mu/ and K/sub m/, respectively. The general discussion is regarded by three present author as correct, fair, and illuminating. However, the tutorial example, from which some 'conclusions' were drawn, consisted of a comparison of the allowable parameter regions for perturbed or uncertain parameters derived by the three approaches; unfortunately, this comparison utilized the structured versions of /spl mu/ and K/sub m/ and varied the natural frequency and damping ratio of an optimally tuned second-order oscillator to demonstrate that the unstructured (or 'norm-bounded') version of p gives results about 40 db worse than obtainable by either of the other two margins. This paper sets the record straight by pointing out that by use of a structured version of p one obtains parameter regions roughly a third the size of those obtainable with /spl mu/ and about a fourth the size of those obtainable with K/sub m/ (which are the exact linear stability boundaries). Also there is a reason why the /spl mu/-domain is smaller than the K/sub m/-domain (because it allows unmodeled linear dynamics and transport lag), and there is an acceptable reason why the p-domain is smaller than the /spl mu/-domain (because it allows arbitrarily time-varying coefficients and arbitrary [Lipschitzian] nonlinearities as well as true time-delays, and it guarantees invariance of the overshoot factor in the perturbed system). Each type of analysis discloses both overlapping and non-overlapping information, and so a thorough analysis benefits from the information provided by all three tools.
Total Direct Medical Expenses and Characteristics of Privately Insured Adolescents Who Incur High Costs.

Importance Accountable care payment models aim to reduce total direct medical expenses for high-cost patients through improved quality of care and preventive health services. Little is known about health care expenditures of privately insured adolescents, especially those who incur high costs. Objectives To assess health care expenditures for high-cost adolescents and to describe the patient characteristics associated with high medical costs. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted of data from January 1 to December 31, 2012, of 13 103 privately insured adolescents aged 13 to 21 years (mean [SD] age, 16.3 [2.4] years; 6764 [51.6%] males) at 82 independent pediatric primary care practices in Massachusetts. Analysis was conducted from April 1, 2014, to April 1, 2015. Main Outcomes and Measures We compared demographic (age, sex, median income by zip code) and clinical (obesity, behavioral health problem, complex chronic condition) characteristics between high-cost (top 1%) and non–high-cost adolescents. We assigned high-cost adolescents to clinical categories using software from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality to describe clinically relevant patterns of spending. Results Total direct medical expenses were $41.2 million for the entire cohort and a median $1167 per patient. A total of 132 (1.0%) patients with the highest costs accounted for 23.6% of expenses of the cohort, with a median $52 577 per patient. Mental health disorders were the most common diagnosis in high-cost patients; 78 (59.1%) of these patients had at least 1 behavioral health diagnosis. Pharmacy costs accounted for 28.4% of total direct medical expenses of high-cost patients; primary care accounted for 1.0%. Characteristics associated with being a high-cost patient included having 1 complex chronic condition (relative risk [RR], 6.5; 95% CI, 4.7-9.0), having 2 or more complex chronic conditions (RR, 23.5; 95% CI, 14.2-39.1), having any behavioral health diagnosis (RR, 3.6; 95% CI, 2.6-5.1), and obesity (RR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.3-3.0). Conclusions and Relevance Total direct medical expenses for privately insured high-cost adolescents are associated with medical complexity, mental health conditions, and obesity. Cost reduction strategies in similar populations should be tailored to these cost drivers.
Coping with Distrust in a Study of Intergenerational Puerto Rican Families in New York City

This paper discusses the way in which a research team coped with the problem of respondents' distrust during a field study of intergenerationally linked Puerto Rican families in New York City. Distrust was mitigated by the presence of bilingual and bicultural interviewers who had a genuine interest in the Hispanic community, the opportunities given to skeptical interviewees to test the veracity of the research team's statements, the efforts to make the interviews enjoyable to the interviewee, the interviewers' adaptation to generational differences, and compliance with cultural amenities. The presentation of the field team's experiences in coping with distrust is intended as a contribution to an understanding of how to solve certain problems specific to data collection in urban-based field studies and as a means of stimulating informed discussion of the topic.
Neighborhood Perceptions Are Associated With Tobacco Dependence Among African American Smokers

Introduction: The animal and human research literatures suggest that deprived environmental conditions may be associated with drug dependence, but the relation of neighborhood perceptions with a multidimensional measure of tobacco dependence has not been previously studied. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between neighborhood perceptions (neighborhood problems and neighborhood vigilance) and tobacco dependence among smokers as measured by the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives-68 (WISDM).
INTERNAL COOLING OF METAL‐CUTTING TOOLS

The copyright of this paper belongs to the Society of Manufacturing Engineers of Dearborn, Michigan, by whose kind permission it is reproduced here. It was written for their Creative Manufacturing Engineering Programmes. The internal method of cooling metal‐cutting tools is explained and it is shown that this method can provide 50% reduction in wear on the flank surfaces of cutting tools. A sintered copper wick shim also effects improvement.
Thermoregulation and evaporative cooling in the cicada Okanagodes gracilis (Homoptera: Cicadidae).

1. 1.Okanagodes gracilis uses a combination of physiological and behavioral mechanisms to regulate body temperature (Tb) to a prescribed range. 2. 2. High thermal tolerances (48.6°C Tb) and evaporative cooling permit the species to remain active during the hottest parts of the day. 3. 3. The regression of Tb on ambient temperature (Tb) (Y = 0.142X + 34.63) intersects the isothermal line at 40.4°C, below the shade-seeking value of 41.2°C. 4. 4. In the laboratory, weight (water) loss is faster at higher (46°C) than at lower (43°C) temperatures; the cicadas were able to survive mass losses of 25% in the laboratory. 5. 5. Pores in the dorsal thorax and abdomen are the probable sites of water loss. 6. 6. O. gracilis is the first cicada reported that is able to continue activity while simultaneously feeding and evaporatively cooling. 7. 7. Behavioral mechanisms of thermoregulation and the possible thermoregulatory value of the species' coloration are discussed.
The relative importance of disturbance and exotic‐plant abundance in California coastal sage scrub

Many ecosystems of conservation concern require some level of disturbance to sustain their species composition and ecological function. However, inappropriate disturbance regimes could favor invasion or expansion of exotic species. In southern California coastal sage scrub (CSS) fire is a natural disturbance, but because of human influence, frequencies may now be unnaturally high. Other anthropogenic disturbances such as grazing also occur in reserve areas. Managers charged with imposing or tolerating fire or other disturbance within their reserves are concerned that habitat quality may be degraded by an increasing abundance of exotic plants. We used vegetation monitoring data from Camp Pendleton, California, USA, to assess the correlation between past disturbances (frequent fire, agriculture, or grazing and mechanical disturbances) and current exotic species abundance in CSS. We found that disturbance history was only modestly related to exotic abundance overall, but fire frequency showed the strongest association. We also examined whether cover and richness of various native plant life forms (woody species, perennial herbs, and annual herbs) were more strongly influenced by disturbance history or by exotic-plant abundance. Native plant responses varied among life forms, but woody species and annual herbs were generally more strongly and negatively associated with exotic abundance than with disturbance. Effective CSS conservation will require developing means to curb the negative impacts of exotic plants, which may abound with or without severe or recent disturbance. Additionally, more focus should be given to understory herbs showing sensitivity to invasion. Though understudied, native herbs comprise the greatest portion of plant diversity in CSS and are critical to preservation of the community as a whole.
Effects of flotation solutions on sodium o-phenyl phenate injury to pears and on incidence of postharvest decay

Abstract ‘Comice’ pears ( Pyrus communis ) were immersed in dump tank solutions for pear flotation containing calcium lignosulfonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium phosphate + potassium pyrophosphate, calcium chloride or sodium sulfate as flotation agents, alone or with 0.15 or 0.30% sodium o -phenyl phenate (SOPP). Phytotoxicity associated with SOPP was dependent on the flotation agent, the concentration of SOPP, duration of exposure and the solution temperature. Combinations of flotation agents in varying proportions, with SOPP, generally increased the incidence of phytotoxicity, although specific combinations of flotation agents did not result in fruit injury. Most flotation agents provided some control of decay in ‘Bosc’ pears inoculated with Penicillium expansum or Botrytis cinerea . Decay control generally improved with increasing concentrations of SOPP, but superior flotation agent/SOPP combinations were not identified.
Using Motivational Interviewing Within the Early Stages of Group Development

This article presents developmentally appropriate applications of Motivational Interviewing (MI; Miller & Rollnick, 2002) for use in preparing group members for the working stages of group. Practical strategies are offered for using MI to facilitate an atmosphere of trust, recognize member readiness for change, identify and resolve members’ ambivalence, help group members identify personal goals, navigate members’ resistance, enhance members’ motivation to change, and strengthen members’ commitment to change. Additionally, this article discusses the theoretical tenets, considerations, and limitations for this model of group counseling.
Role of nitric oxide in the defenses of Crassostrea virginica to experimental infection with the protozoan parasite Perkinsus marinus

Abstract We investigated the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the responses of the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica , to the protozoan parasite Perkinsus marinus , causative agent of Dermo disease . P. marinus induced a slight but significant increase in NO production by oyster hemocytes in vitro , comparable to the increase induced by the immune stimulants phorbol myristrate acetate (PMA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). P. marinus also activated the NO response in oysters in vivo , as shown by induction of a protein reacting with a universal NO synthase (NOS) antibody in hemocytes and the presence of high levels of nitrite in plasma. Treatment of experimentally infected oysters with the NOS inhibitor, N ω - nitro- l -arginine methyl ester ( l -NAME) resulted in a transient decrease in NO levels in oyster plasma and a significant increase in the number of parasites at early time points after infection. The NO donor, S -nitroso- N -acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP) caused a significant inhibition in the proliferation of P. marinus cultured cells after 24 h of incubation. These results indicate that NO has a role in decreasing parasite loads at early time points after infection.
On Conditions at a Bonded Interface between Iwo Membranes

For a bonded interface between two membranes, which are considered as material surfaces, it is shown that the continuity of displacements can be represented by the requirement that the tangential strain and the change in curvature and torsion be matched across the interface for the case of infinitesimal deformation. The reduction of these conditions for a two-dimensional bonded interface is also discussed. Finally, it is demonstrated that the continuity of the displacements may not be replaced by the conditions involving only strains.
Identification of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Markers Associated with Cortisol Response to Crowding in Rainbow Trout

Understanding stress responses is essential for improving animal welfare and increasing agriculture production efficiency. Previously, we reported microsatellite markers associated with quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting plasma cortisol response to crowding in rainbow trout. In this study, our main objectives were to identify single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with cortisol response to crowding in rainbow trout using both GWAS (genome-wide association studies) and QTL mapping methods and to employ rapidly expanding genomic resources for rainbow trout toward the identification of candidate genes affecting this trait. A three-generation F2 mapping family (2008052) was genotyped using RAD-seq (restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing) to identify 4874 informative SNPs. GWAS identified 26 SNPs associated with cortisol response to crowding whereas QTL mapping revealed two significant QTL on chromosomes Omy8 and Omy12, respectively. Positional candidate genes were identified using marker sequences to search the draft genome assembly of rainbow trout. One of the genes in the QTL interval on Omy12 is a putative serine/threonine protein kinase gene that was differentially expressed in the liver in response to handling and confinement stress in our previous study. A homologue of this gene was differentially expressed in zebrafish embryos exposed to diclofenac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and an environmental toxicant. NSAIDs have been shown to affect the cortisol response in rainbow trout; therefore, this gene is a good candidate based on its physical position and expression. However, the reference genome resources currently available for rainbow trout require continued improvement as demonstrated by the unmapped SNPs and the putative assembly errors detected in this study.
A Distributed Intelligence Automatic Test System for PATRIOT

An automatic test system supporting high volume production testing of diverse state-of-the-art electronic assemblies is described. The test complex consists of a centralized computer system communicating to a network of satellite stations, each structured as "Intelligent Test Centers" dedicated to a particular family of assemblies (e.g., analog, digital, microwave). Allocation of resources and tasks have been distributed for optimum efficiency of production testing. This paper describes the organization and characteristics of the test system. Test center operation is explained with emphasis given to unique man-machine interactive features designed for on-line generation, examination, and maintenance of Unit-Under-Test (UUT) programs. Details are presented of the test language, RATEL, used for UUT programming. Other aspects that are discussed include test data and UUT program characteristics.
Self-Disclosure, Participation, and Perceived Cohesiveness in Small Group Interaction

In small, same-sex, undergraduate discussion groups (N = 23), self-disclosure was associated significantly with perceived group cohesiveness, but not participation. Only males' self-disclosure (Jourard's questionnaire) was associated with perceived cooperation, and only females' self-disclosure was associated significantly with perceived norms and influence. Contrary to expectation, participation was associated significantly only with males' perceived group cohesiveness including perceived cooperation, ideas, norms, liking, and influence.
Serial structures as response items in paired-associate learning

In three different experiments, 16 names were paired with four response items which represented a serial structure. The items were “HS diploma,” “B.A.,” “M. A.,” and “Ph.D.” for Experiment 1; “city,” “county,” “state,” and “country” for Experiment 2; and “city,” “county,” “country,” and “continent” for Experiment 3. Results for each experiment showed that the end items were learned faster in terms of trials to a criterion and errors before criterion. Forward association errors were highly related to corresponding backward association errors for Experiments 2 and 3. In the same two experiments errors involving “county” and “country” were markedly different, which was interpreted as further evidence of the effect of a previously learned serial structure upon paired-associate learning.
Vibrational resonances below 5 MeV in the fission of 240Pu

Abstract Using the 239 Pu(d, pf) reaction, the next lower K π = 0 + vibrational resonance below 5 MeV in the deformed potential of 240 Pu was located at 4.55 MeV. The resultant spacing of fission vibrations near 5 MeV in the second minimum is 500 keV. A resonance at 4.70 MeV is interpreted as the K π = 0 − vibration coupled to the 4.55 MeV K π = 0 + state, which yields E ( K π = 0 − ) = 150 keV relative to the ground state of the second minimum.
Responses of isolated vela of nudibranch larvae to inducers of metamorphosis

Larvae of the aeolid nudibranch Phestilla sibogae metamorphose in response to a water-soluble factor derived from their adult prey, the coral Porites compressa. Destruction of the velum, a ciliated larval swimming and feeding organ, is one of the major morphogenic events that occurs during metamorphosis. Previous work established that whole larvae metamorphose in response to the natural coral-derived inducer (CI) and to choline, and shed the velum without completing metamorphosis in response to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In the present study, excised velar lobes were maintained in vitro while their responses to known inducers of metamorphosis were examined. In this way direct tissue-level morphogenic effects of inducers could be discerned. Isolated velar lobes were unaffected by CI and by choline (5 mM). “Donor” larvae (each of which had supplied a single velar lobe used in these experiments) and unoperated controls lost their vela in response to both treatments. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that morphogenic effects of CI are mediated by the central nervous system. H2O2 (0.2 mM) caused disintegration of isolated velar lobes, and caused nearly all donor and unoperated larvae to shed their vela. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Preparing Nurses to Care for the Fatally Ill

Resume En raison des conditions sociales et technologiques modifiees, les soins aux moribonds est devenu, aux Etats-Unis, un probleme hospitalier de plus en plus complexe et, en meme temps, un probleme d'education, difficile pour les ecoles d'infirmieres. Les facteurs suivants jouent un role: (1) la primaute des objectifs de sauvetage de la vie dans les cultures de nursing et hospitaliere, (2) les decisions difficiles imposees aux infirmieres en cas d'incompatibilite des soins donnes dans le but de guerir et ceux donnes en vue de garder le malade dans un etat confortable jusqu'a la mort, (3) la limitation des contacts avec la mort, eprouvee par les jeunes gens qui, de nos jours, deviennent des infirmieres et (4) le manque relatif d'instruction sur la facon dont il faut converser avec des moribonds sur des sujets qui sont etrangers a l'infirmiere (ces interactions surviennent couramment dans les hopitaux). Il y a d'abondantes preuves que les ecoles d'infirmieres ne presentent pas de programmes prevus visant a developper, chez les eleves, les capacites requises pour faire face aux aspects du travail ou la mort joue et qui produit des tensions. En supposant qu'une meilleure education des infirmieres mene a l'amelioration des soins aux moribonds, on peut recommander cinq modifications: (1) Comme la premiere annee d'etudes est la periode cruciale du developpement de l'identite, un programme d'enseignement bien etudie et coordonne, axe sur les soins aux moribonds, est necessaire pendant cette periode. (2) Des tâches d'observation de moribonds bien etudiees sont a recommander avant que l'eleve assume la responsabilite comme infirmiere et un systeme de tâches est requis pour eviter qu'une eleve ait une tâche "ecrasante". (3) Le choc emotionnel provenant de la presence de la mort doit etre reconnu et un milieu reconfortant doit etre cree pour les eleves. (4) Des mesures specifiques sont necessaires pour la preparation de professeurs de nursing en tant qu'elles ont trait aux soins a donner aux moribonds. (5) Des innovations dans le domaine des tâches sont necessaires dans les hopitaux afin d'agir contre la tendance qu'ont actuellement les infirmieres bien preparees et psychologiquement orientees de se retirer du travail hospitalier en raison des possibilites limitees d'obtenir de satisfaction personnelle et des recompenses professionnelles.
HITTING TIME IN AN ERLANG LOSS SYSTEM

In this article, we develop methods for estimating the expected time to the first loss in an Erlang loss system. We are primarily interested in estimating this quantity under light traffic conditions. We propose and compare three simulation techniques as well as two Markov chain approximations. We show that the Markov chain approximations proposed by us are asymptotically exact when the load offered to the system goes to zero. The article also serves to highlight the fact that efficient estimation of transient quantities of stochastic systems often requires the use of techniques that combine analytical results with simulation.
The thromboxane A2 mimetic U46619 worsens canine myocardial hypoperfusion during exercise in the presence of a coronary artery stenosis.

Objective: The aim was to test the hypothesis that thromboxane A2 can cause vasoconstriction of coronary resistance vessels during exercise in hypoperfused regions of myocardium distal to an arterial stenosis. Methods: Eight adult mongrel dogs were studied. Chronically instrumented animals with a left circumflex coronary artery Doppler flow meter, hydraulic occluder, and indwelling catheter underwent treadmill exercise at heart rates of 190-200 beats·min−1. Myocardial blood flow was measured with microspheres during unimpeded arterial inflow and in the presence of a coronary stenosis which decreased distal pressure to 42-45 mm Hg. Measurements were repeated during infusion of the thromboxane A2 analogue, U46619. Results: When the occluder was partially inflated to produce a stenosis, blood flow in the region perfused by the stenotic artery was 58(SEM 6)% of flow in the normally perfused region (p<0.01). U46619 (0.01 μg·kg−1·min−1) caused a further 21(7)% decrease in blood flow in the region perfused by the stenotic artery (p<0.05). The vasoconstriction produced by U46619 was uniform across the left ventricular wall from epicardium to endocardium. U46619 did not significantly decrease myocardial blood flow in the absence of a coronary stenosis. Conclusions: Even during hypoperfusion produced by a flow limiting arterial stenosis, the coronary resistance vessels remain responsive to the vasoconstrictor effect of thromboxane A2. Liberation of thromboxane A2 during platelet activation at the site of a proximal coronary stenosis may worsen myocardial hypoperfusion by causing vasoconstriction of the distal resistance vessels.
An information-theoretic neural model based on concepts in Chinese medicine

This paper presents a linear information-theoretic model for neural signal processing using Chinese philosophical ideas, in particular Yin and Yang. The main goal is to provide a mathematical model that can explain neural activity in accordance with concepts in traditional Chinese medicine. As yet, the lack of such models has prevented a more formal explanation of the efficacy of traditional treatments related to the nervous system, such as acupuncture. According to the proposed model, a synapse performs a linear operation on its input. This operation, when plotted in polar coordinates, follows the shape of a Yin-Yang symbol. Synaptic learning becomes synonymous with adapting the size and rotation of the Yin-Yang symbol. The model distinguishes between the perceived input and the actual input. Both, perception and reality, coincide in the golden ratio. Learning thus becomes a process of aligning perception with reality, which is a novel learning concept.
Structure of arsenic-treated indium phosphide (001) surfaces during metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy

We have studied the initial stages of heterojunction formation during the metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy of indium arsenide on indium phosphide. Exposing an InP (001) film to 10 mTorr of tertiarybutylarsine below 500 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C results in the deposition of a thin InAs layer from 1.5 to 5.0 atomic layers thick (2.3--7.5 \AA{}). The surface of this epilayer remains atomically smooth independent of arsenic exposure time. However, in an overpressure of tertiarybutylarsine at or above 500 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, the arsenic atoms diffuse into the bulk, creating strained InAsP films. These films form three-dimensional island structures to relieve the built-up strain. The activation energy and pre-exponential factor for arsenic diffusion into indium phosphide have been determined to be ${E}_{d}=1.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2\mathrm{eV}$ and ${D}_{o}=2.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}/\mathrm{s}.$
Synthesis and lipase catalyzed hydrolysis of thiolesters of 2‐, 3‐ and 4‐methyl octanoic acids

Racemic 2-, 3- and 4-methyloctanoic acids were synthesized. The 2-mercaptoethanol S-esters of these branched acids, and of octanoic acid, were exposed to lipases of the fungiCandida rugosa andAspergillus niger. Reactions were followed spectrophotometrically using Ellman's Reagent. Branching at the 3-position retards lipolysis more severely than at either the 2- or 4-positions. Features of the assay method are discussed with reference to titrimetry.
The wire scanner system of the final focus test beam at SLAC

Abstract The system of wire scanners in use at the FFTB at SLAC is described. In addition to the scanners themselves, there is a discussion of detectors for the scattering from the wires, and of the procedure for handling beam spots of large aspect ratio.
Ranatuerins: Antimicrobial Peptides Isolated from the Skin of the American Bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana

Nine peptides, termed ranatuerins 1-9, with antimicrobial activity towardsStaphylococcus aureus,were isolated from an extract of the skin of the adult American bullfrog,Rana catesbeiana.In common with other cytolytic peptides from Ranid frogs, (e.g. ranalexin, gaegurins, brevinins), ranatuerins 1 and 4 contain an intramolecular disulfide bridge forming a heptapeptide ring whereas in ranatuerins 2 and 3 the disulfide bridge forms a hexapeptide ring. The structurally related ranatuerins 5-9 comprise 12 - 14 amino acids and show sequence similarity towards the hemolytic peptides A1 and B9 previously isolated from the skin ofRana esculenta.Of the peptides purified, ranatuerin 1 (SMLSVLKNLGKVGLG FVACKINKQC) showed the broadest spectrum of antimicrobial action with inhibitory activity againstS. aureus, Escherichia coliandCandida albicans.
Spinal location of ascending lamina I axons in the macaque monkey

Abstract Ascending axons of lamina I neurons were identified at upper cervical and thoracic levels in 10 macaque monkeys after confined anterograde tracer injections in the superficial cervical or lumbar dorsal horn. Lamina I axons in the contralateral spinal white matter were of particular interest, because these include spinothalamic tract (STT) axons. These were clearly concentrated in the middle of the lateral funiculus, that is, in the location of the classically described lateral STT of humans. At the C1-2 level, they were more ventrally located. There was evidence of a general topography, in that lumbar axons were located superficially and cervical axons were located medially. There was some dispersion, in that a few axons were also found more dorsally and more ventrally (especially at the midthoracic level), and there was some variability between cases. In addition, ascending axons were more widely distributed in the ipsilateral white matter. These observations are consistent with prior anterograde findings in the cat. Together with clinical and other evidence, these observations indicate that lamina I neurons have an integral role in the effects of spinal lesions on pain, temperature, and itch sensations.
Adsorption of Small Molecules in LTA Zeolites. 1. NH3, CO2, and H2O in Zeolite 4A

We have developed force fields for the calculation of adsorption of NH3, CO2, and H2O on zeolite 4A by performing Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo simulations to fit experimental isotherms at 298 K. The calculated NH3 and CO2 isotherms are in excellent agreement with experimental data over a wide range of temperatures and several orders of magnitude in pressure. We have calculated isotherms for H2O in 4A using two different models and have found that H2O saturates zeolite 4A even at pressures as low as 0.01 kPa for the range of temperatures studied. We have studied the geometry of the adsorption sites and their dependence on loading. At low pressures, CO2 molecules adsorb with their longitudinal axis pointing toward the center of the supercage, whereas at higher pressures, the two oxygen atoms are equidistant from the Na atom in the binding site.
Popular Music, Television, and Generational Identity.

Le culte du passe auquel on assiste aujourd'hui dans la musique populaire peut s'expliquer par l'importance demographique des « baby-boomers » et paradoxalement par l'evolution technologique qui placent la « rock generation » dans un eventail large allant des enfants aux quinquagenaires. Le narcissisme de generation et les medias reconstituent alors une mythologie des annees soixante melant la contestation au mythe de l'eternel adolescent, associes aux metaphores les plus frappantes telles que « sex, drugs and rock'n'roll » . L'A. montre cependant que l'exploitation mediatique forcenee de cette musique est loin d'etre fidele aux engagements d'une generation, notamment lorsqu'elle poursuit des fins publicitaires a visee non musicale. L'A. montre divers aspects des alterations causees au message musical initial : perte de l'impact initial, son « FM » , ainsi que divers produits derives tels que le clip video ou les cartoons. Pour l'A., la reconciliation a tout prix entre le passe et le present masque a peine le desir de recuperation et de neutralisation de la contre-culture par le biais de la nostalgie
LONG‐TERM SOIL AND VEGETATION RECOVERY IN FIVE SEMIARID MONTANA GHOST TOWNS*

Five semiarid Montana ghost towns abandoned for more than 45 years were studied to understand better the nature of soil and vegetation recovery following severe human impacts. Discriminant analysis was used to interpret and classify variation among land-use intensity groups. Recovery at the five towns was strongly linked to the degree of the initial soil disturbance, vegetation type, and precipitation. Recovery of the vegetation to ambient conditions was far from complete in all but one town.
Isotope Ratio-Based Profiling of Microbial Folates

Folate metabolism, which is responsible for one-carbon transfer reactions in critical cellular processes including thymidine biosynthesis, is among the most important targets of antibiotic and anticancer drugs. Analysis of intracellular folates is complicated by three different types of folate modification: oxidation/reduction, methylation, and polyglutamylation. Here we present a method for quantifying the full diversity of intracellular folates by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The method begins with folate extraction using −75 °C methanol:water, with ascorbic acid and ammonium acetate added to prevent folate interconversion. The extract is then separated using hydrophilic interaction chromatography with an amino column, ionized by positive mode electrospray, and analyzed on a triple quadrupole instrument using multiple reaction monitoring. The method has been used to profile the folate pools in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with absolute levels of selected folates in E. coli measured by spiking extracts of cells fed uniformly 13C-glucose with purified, unlabeled folate standards. An isotope-ratio-based approach has been applied to study the effects of trimethoprim, a clinically important antibiotic that blocks bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. In addition to causing the expected increase in oxidized and decrease in reduced folates, trimethoprim triggered a dramatic and previously unrecognized shift towards shorter polyglutamate chain lengths. This finding highlights the potential for analysis of the full spectrum of cellular folates by MS/MS to unveil novel biological phenomena.
Economic Reforms, Social Policy, and the Family Economy in Chile

Chile's long tradition of welfare programs included “generous” benefits for many working women. The social security system, however, perpetuated significant forms of gender and class inequality. In the 1970s and 1980s, poverty was greatly increased by sweeping market reforms. The military government responded to the high social costs with a minimal safety net which targeted expectant mothers, small children and the extremely poor, but was inadequate for most of the population. After the return of democracy, income distribution has improved in the 1990s. Yet, much needs to be done to promote family well-being through effective and participatory social policies.
Change of direction of dipolar field in dilute Ising system: Paradoxical concentration independence

Abstract The local dipolar field produced by fluctuating Ising spins cannot change direction unless it is produced by two or more such spins. Nonetheless, I show that the change of orientation is independent of concentration in a dilute system. The implications fo for zero-field muon spin and NMR relaxation are discussed.
Enzyme Structures: DNA repair flips out

New insights into the workings of the repair enzymes that police the genome for damage to DNA come from the recently determined structures of two uracil-DNA glycosylases.
Mass spectrometry of perfluoroalkylated Buckminsterfullerene: a case for sequential gas phase double electron capture

Abstract Electron attachment mass spectra of the products of fluoroalkyl radical additions to C 60 show intense molecular ions as well as ions produced by attachment of two electrons to the gas phase molecules. Remarkably, little fragmentation is observed for these fluorocarbon derivatized fullerenes, suggesting that electron attachment is occurring on the highly electron deficient C 60 rather than the fluorocarbon side chains. Perfluoroalkylated C 60 compounds are sufficiently volatile to be used as mass references for high-mass electron attachment mass spectrometry. These compounds are also found to produce molecular ions by negative ionization matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry.
Visual receptive fields of single striate cortical units projecting to the superior colliculus in the cat

Summary Single units in the striate cortex of anesthetized, paralyzed cats were activated antidromically by electrical stimulation of the superior colliculus and their receptive fields were plotted and studied. These corticotectal neurons were found to lie in layer V and, based on standard criteria 21,22,30 , the majority were complex cells. Most of the corticotectal neurons were driven about equally by the two eyes and none were strictly monocular. All of the corticotectal neurons were orientation selective, a large proportion were direction selective and they tended to have large receptive fields. The corticotectal units differed from most other cortical cells in that they lacked any clear summation with stimulus length and, in general, responded very well to small moving spots. The data reinforces the idea, based on ablation studies 4,32,42 that direction selectivity and the effectiveness of the ipsilateral eye in driving collicular units are dependent on binocular, direction selective inputs from the striate cortex. The data were also discussed from the point of view of information sorting within the visual cortex and its efferent projections.
Unusual Evolution of Acquired Infundibular Stenosis in Patients with Ventricular Septal Defect Clinical and Morphologic Observations

Hemodynamic and cardiac morphologic observations were made on two patients with ventricular septal defect who showed unusual evolution of obstruction to right ventricular outflow. Both patients developed progressive infundibular stenosis, one in the presence of a spontaneously closing ventricular septal defect and the other after operative closure of the defect. Light and electron microscopic examination of resected infundibular muscle revealed hypertrophy and abnormal shapes and arrangements of cardiac muscle cells. These abnormalities resembled those found in left ventricular outflow tract muscle of patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. It is suggested that the patterns of distribution and growth of these abnormal cells in the right ventricular outflow tract may lead to localized hypertrophy and to development of progressive infundibular obstruction in some patients with ventricular septal defect.
Numerical analyses of breech pressure chambers with cavities or semi-elliptical cracks

Abstract Numerical failure analyses are presented for jet engine starter's breech pressure chambers. Several models with and without semi-elliptical flaws are investigated by using a three-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element program. Some results are compared with the corresponding experimental strain measurements. These analyses provide yielding and burst pressure, and other information which relate to the cause of the premature failure in the breech pressure chambers. A slight modification in the geometry of the cylindrical pressure vessel with quasi-spherical head is shown to drastically reduce the yielding and burst pressures especially for large pre-existing semi-elliptical cracks.
Cervical stenosis: a developmental anomaly with quadriparesis during football

As seen by the graphic depiction of F.M.'s sagittal diameter (Fig. 3) and by the photographs of his air myelogram, cervical sagittal stenosis should be looked for and thought of as an underlying anatomic anomaly in the athlete who has recurrent episodes of "pinched nerve" with flexion and hyperextension of his cervical spine during blocking or tackling. It is significant that the patient underwent two "normal" cervical spine x-rays before tomograms and air myelogram pointed out the sagittal stenosis of his cervical canal. Sagittal stenosis must be thought of and looked for strenously in the athlete competing in high velocity collision sports where recurrent neck and upper extremity complaints are too often attributed to the pinched nerve complex and a "horseshoe" collar is the remedy. Language: en
Rod outer segment (ROS) renewal as a mechanism for adaptation to a new intensity environment. I. Rhodopsin levels and ROS length

This study outlines the time course of cellular changes which occur within the renewal process of the rod cell during a switch to a new cyclic intensity environment. In the following experiments we demonstrate that by using the renewal process. Sprague-Dawley rats switched to a new cyclic intensity can adjust both the length of the outer segment and the amount of rhodopsin per retina. Previously it was established that the rod outer segment (ROS) length is not constant when animals are exposed to an intensity different from their normal environment. In the present study, we investigated how changes in ROS length were achieved by the rod cell. We noted that soon after a change in intensity, the ROSs were always shortened. This occurred when rats were switched either to a higher or lower light intensity than their rearing level. A final ROS length was achieved within 21 days (approximately two turnover periods). This length change required decreased disk removal in animals switched to a low light to achieve a lengthened ROS. In animals moved to a higher light intensity, however, disk removal rate did not change but ROS length did shorten, suggesting a change in disk addition. It is known that rhodopsin levels are up- and down-regulated with changes in environmental lighting. In this study, rhodopsin levels of animals switched from a low, cyclic intensity of 3 lx into a more intense cyclic light, 200 lx, dropped dramatically within 7 days to the rhodopsin value of an animal reared in the higher intensity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Allergic reactions to dipasic.

Each Dipasic tablet contains 47.2 mgm. of INH and 52 mgrn. of PAS in chemical combination. This substance was first investigated pharmacologically and bacteriologically by Smith and Wiederkehrl who found, by in vitro testing, that various dilutions of tubercle bacilli, resistant to streptomycin and INH, were sensitive to GEWO 339; and they claimed further that its effectiveness in vivo exceeded that of a physical mixture of INH and PAS. In addition, it has been found that, under certain conditions, Dipasic may split to form free PAS and INH.** s
Additive Functions on Arithmetic Progressions

Etude de la majoration en moyenne d'une classe de fonctions additives sur les progressions arithmetiques
A new fourth-order Fourier-Bessel split-step method for the extended nonlinear Schrödinger equation

Fourier split-step techniques are often used to compute soliton-like numerical solutions of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation. Here, a new fourth-order implementation of the Fourier split-step algorithm is described for problems possessing azimuthal symmetry in 3+1-dimensions. This implementation is based, in part, on a finite difference approximation ? ? FDA of 1 r ? ? r r ? ? r that possesses an associated exact unitary representation of e i 2 λ ? ? FDA . The matrix elements of this unitary matrix are given by special functions known as the associated Bessel functions. Hence the attribute Fourier-Bessel for the method. The Fourier-Bessel algorithm is shown to be unitary and unconditionally stable.The Fourier-Bessel algorithm is employed to simulate the propagation of a periodic series of short laser pulses through a nonlinear medium. This numerical simulation calculates waveform intensity profiles in a sequence of planes that are transverse to the general propagation direction, and labeled by the cylindrical coordinate z. These profiles exhibit a series of isolated pulses that are offset from the time origin by characteristic times, and provide evidence for a physical effect that may be loosely termed normal mode condensation. Normal mode condensation is consistent with experimentally observed pulse filamentation into a packet of short bursts, which may occur as a result of short, intense irradiation of a medium.
Relationship between dietary intake of organic chemicals and their concentrations in human adipose tissue and breast milk.

Octanol-water partition coefficients have been correlated with the bioaccumulation of organic chemicals in biological systems. It is demonstrated that the bioaccumulation of organics in human tissues was positively correlated with their octanol-water partition coefficients. The regression equations depicting this relationship were used to estimate the extent of past human exposure for the general population of the U.S. to organics for which measured background tissue concentrations are available. This technique provides an additional tool for evaluating the nature and extent of human exposure to environmental contaminants.