cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Kant and the Refutation of Subjectivism

In the Critique of Pure Reason Kant claims that he provided refutations of the subjectivist, “idealist,” or skeptical positions developed by such predecessors as Descartes, Berkeley, and Hume. Despite Kant’s efforts, however, these positions have remained quite influential into the present century. Recently some valuable new commentaries on the first Critique have encouraged reconsideration of Kant’s defense of realism.1 Typically, the authors of these commentaries attempt to derive from the text of the Transcendental Analytic a system of argumentation that genuinely reflects Kant’s procedure, and at the same time can claim the attention (perhaps the conviction) of contemporary epistemologists. Different writers, of course, show different degrees of concern with the historical soundness of their interpretations or ‘reconstructions’.
Designing Software Product Lines with UML 2.0: From Use Cases to Pattern-Based Software Architectures

This tutorial addresses how to develop objectoriented requirements, analysis, and design models of software product lines using the Unified Modeling Language (UML) 2.0 notation.
La normatividad de la naturaleza en Aristóteles y Santo Tomás. Physis y derecho natural en la filosofía clásica

This paper analyses the concept of «physis» that the classical philosophy —specifically Aristotle and Aquinas— exposes about the problem of «natural just». In this sense, the author pretends a review of the main theoretical and metaphysical implications of the existence of a normative nature in legal philosophy and ethics.
Cultivating environmental citizenship in teacher education

Research on environmental action projects in teacher education is limited. Furthermore, projects that emphasize the role of citizens and governments in environmental problem-solving are scarce. The purpose of this study was to explore how participating in a political environmental action project influenced pre-service teachers’ environmental citizenship. Following the steps of Project Citizen, an international civic education program, pre-service teachers learned about and proposed policy solutions to address excessive energy usage at their university. Analysis revealed growth in the pre-service teachers’ environmental citizenry, including their self-efficacy, values awareness, and ecological and civics literacy. Through critical appraisal of their local energy-yielding system, the pre-service teachers recognized energy conservation as a cultural problem with local and global implications, furthering their commitment to action-oriented environmental education.
Defining and interpreting intakes of sugars

This paper clarifies the myriad of terminologies used to describe intakes of sugars by American consumers. In addition, it carefully critiques information sources used to explain and interpret consumption levels. Sugars are incorporated into foods for their biological, sensory, physical, and chemical properties. By chemical definition, the sugars normally consumed are the monosaccharides and disaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose, sucrose, lactose, maltose, and trehalose. US governmental agencies use 4 terms to describe sugars: added sugars, caloric sweeteners, sugar, and sugars. Different sources are included when measuring sugars. Knowledge regarding intakes of sugars relies on food intake surveys (primarily dietary recalls) and economic food availability estimates. Although intake data may underestimate actual consumption, availability data tend to overestimate it. Furthermore, the sugars contents of many foods appearing in composition databases are derived from the summation of recipe ingredients rather than from actual measurements. Intakes of sugars over time (trends) must be viewed within the context of varying definitions, changes in food composition, changes in dietary intake methods, and acknowledged increases in the underreporting of intake. Agreement is needed to identify one common definition to describe intakes of sugars. Convergence between intake data and economic availability data would more accurately depict consumption. Precise amounts of sugars within currently available foods should be measured, not calculated. Without a common language, accurate and precise measurements, and consensus among scientists, educators, regulatory agencies, and the public, conversations regarding any health effects of sugars may lead to continued misunderstandings.
A Survey of the Utilitarian Aspects of Advanced Flowfield Diagnostic Techniques

A in electronics, material technology, and computers have made it possible to improve wind tunnel instrumentation at a rate commensurate with increasingly stringent demands for greater instrumentation accuracy and versatility in complex flowfields. As a result, the opportunity exists today to use diagnostic techniques that were not available a decade ago. It is necessary to learn enough about the strengths and weaknesses of each new technique to determine how and when to use it to good advantage. The literature contains ample information on the basic principles of operation, but many reports extol the virtues of the technique without discussing its limitations. Furthermore, there is a conspicuous absence of utilitarian information on cost, development time, and other considerations which may be important factors in deciding whether the technique should be applied to a specific flowfield measurement problem. In order to obtain practical information on advanced diagnostic techniques, a questionnaire was sent to all members of the Supersonic Tunnel Association (STA) requesting detailed responses to questions on technique capabilities, cost, source, supporting instrumentation, calibration procedures, data reduction requirements, development time, and manpower needs. Nineteen STA organizations from seven different countries returned more than sixty questionnaires which are summarized in this paper. Based on the returned questionnaires, the respondents have designated as "advanced" any diagnostic techniques incorporating nonintrusive (optical) measurements or requiring high data rates. The optical techniques surveyed in this paper include Raman and Rayleigh scattering, holography, interferometry, the electron beam, and laser velocimetry. In addition, completed questionnaires were received on timeresolved measurements from probes inserted into the flow, such as the hot-wire and rapid-response pressure probes. This survey paper cites basic references and reviews the operation, measurement capabilities, and utilitarian aspects of each of these advanced flowfield diagnostic techniques.
Necrosis and the Serpin Under't

Caspase proteases play essential roles in apoptotic cell death, while other proteases are active in necrotic cell death. In a recent paper in Cell, Luke et al. (2007) present findings demonstrating that a gene believed to be a natural protease inhibitor may have a role in preventing necrosis.
Dawsoniocolax bostrychiae (Choreocolacaceae, Gigartinales), an alloparasitic red alga new to Australia

Abstract The parasitic red alga Dawsoniocolax bostrychiae (Joly et Yamaguishi-Tomita) Joly et Yamaguishi-Tomita (Choreocolacaceae, Gigartinales), previously known only from Brazil, was observed on Bostrychia radicans (Montagne) Montagne from Florence Bay, Magnetic Island, Queensland, Australia. This is the first record of a Bostrychia parasite in the Indo-Pacific. In culture, the carpospores of D. bostrychiae successfully infected a B. radicans isolate from Sao Paulo, Brazil and tetrasporophytes that developed in this culture released tetraspores that germinated and formed viable gametophytes on B. moritziana (Sonder ex Kutzing) J. Agardh from Australia but not on B. binderi Harv. from Puerto Rico. The complete life-history of Dawsoniocolax was observed in culture.
A New X-ray Technic for Visualization of the Heart and Great Vessels

A new roentgenographic technic is described, utilizing a balloon fitted over the opening of a cardiac catheter; the latter may then be threaded into the heart chambers via a superficial vessel. Momentary inflation of the balloon with air or a contrast medium outlines the heart chambers for x-ray exposure.
Feedforward neural networks for fault diagnosis and severity assessment of a screw compressor

Abstract Using feedforward neural networks (FNNs), a fault diagnosis and severity assessment (FDIA) scheme for a screw compressor has been established. This FDIA method consists of non-linear model identification of the compressor and pattern classification of parameters of identified models corresponding to the various faulty conditions. First, a non-linear input/output model is identified in the form FNNs. Then an FNN classifies the FNN model into one of the possible faults or the baseline conditions. If the model is classified as a faulty one, another FNN is used to assess the severity of the fault. A fully automatic structure and weight learning algorithm for FNNs is utilised to identify an FNN non-linear model from operating data of the compressor. To establish training data for the classifiers, measurements of motor current and shaft speed were made under baseline conditions and faulty conditions such as various extents of gaterotor wear and increased rolling friction. Experimental results show that the scheme is capable of not only diagnosing the faults but also assessing the magnitude of faults.
Outpatient surgery in pediatric urology patient

Outpatient surgery in children with straightforward surgical problems has proved to be safe and cost effective. We have analyzed our experience in 138 consecutive "short-stay" surgical patients in terms of (1) cost effectiveness, (2) surgical procedure, and (3) complications. Selection of a patient for outpatient surgery requires a thorough preoperative evaluation as well as close cooperation between surgeon, anesthesiologist, and operating room staff.
Strain-compensated InAsP/GaInP multiple-quantum-well waveguide modulators and in situ monitored AlGaAs/AlAs mirrors grown by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract Gas-source molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is used to grow high-quality strain-compensated InAs x P 1 − x /G y In 1 − y multiple quantum wells on InP substrates for modulator applications at 1.3 μm wavelength. The composition of the InAs x P 1 − x well can be determined in situ by the As-to-In incorporation ratio from As- and In-induced intensity oscillations of reflection high-energy electron diffraction. Tensile Ga y In 1 − y P is used to compensate the compressive strain in the InAsP. A modified doping profile in a waveguide modulator is used to provide a better confinement of the depletion region in the p-i-n structure under reverse bias. An improved quantum-confined Stark effect is obtained. In situ monitoring and controlling reflectivity of the AlGaAs/AlAs quarter-wave mirrors is used for reflection-type modulators on GaAs.
Preventing a Nationally-Significant Oil Spill on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland

ABSTRACT As the Arctic becomes more heavily populated and more open to commercial shipping operations, the threat of an oil spill increases. On the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, both fixed and mobil...
Satellite instrument provides nighttime sensing capability

“This is not your father's low-light sensor,” Steve Miller, senior research scientist and deputy director of the Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, said at a 5 December news briefing at the AGU Fall Meeting. He and others at the briefing were showing off the nighttime sensing capability of the day/night band of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) of instruments onboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP) Earth-observing research satellite, a joint NASA and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellite that was launched on 28 October 2011. Noting that low-light satellite technology has been available for about 40 years, Miller said that the VIIRS day/night band “is truly a paradigm shift in the technology and capability.”
Predictors of gallstone formation after bariatric surgery: a multivariate analysis of risk factors comparing gastric bypass, gastric banding, and sleeve gastrectomy

Background Risk factors for gallstone formation in the general population have been well studied while those after weight reduction surgery are unknown. The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for the development of symptomatic gallstones after bariatric surgery.
AFSCME's Philadelphia story: municipal workers and urban power in the twentieth century, by Francis Ryan

AFSCME's Philadelphia story: municipal workers and urban power in the twentieth century, by Francis Ryan, Philadelphia, Temple University Press, 2011, ix + 308 pp. US$40.00 (cloth), ISBN 143990278X...
In Search of Excellence versus The 100 Best Companies to Work for in America: A Question of Perspective and Values

The article presents reviews of two books, “In Search of Excellence,” by T. J. Peters and R. H. Waterman, and “The 100 Best Companies to Work for in America,” by Ralph Katz, Milton Mokowitz, and Robert Levering.
Polyelectrolyte Complex Membranes for Prevention of Post-Surgical Adhesions in Neurosurgery

Adhesions are bands of tissue that can form after the surgery and bind together the surrounding tissue in the vicinity of the surgical site. In this work, polyelectrolyte complex (PEC)-based membranes were developed and investigated for their potential application as anti-adhesion barriers after neurosurgery. The adhesion and migration behavior of fibroblast and mixed neuronal cells were also investigated. Fibroblasts cells neither adhered nor migrated onto the PEC material after 5 days in vitro. Similar behaviors were observed for neurons and astrocytes cells. Swelling experiments of these membranes showed that the membranes are extremely hygroscopic and absorb significant amount of water. Membranes containing 70% alginate absorbed the highest amount of water (442 ± 24% of dry wet). PEC content was highest in 50% alginate containing membranes (87.1 ± 6.7%). The membrane’s mechanical properties were attributed to combined contribution of water absorption and PEC content. Drug release profiles were investigated using albumin as a model drug. Membranes containing 70% alginate showed highest initial drug release rate followed by membranes containing 60 and 50% alginate. Membranes were stable and did not dissolve for 1 month in phosphate buffer and lysozyme solutions.
Cognitive Deficits in Reading Comprehension (A Call for Research)

To identify cognitive process concomitants of reading comprehension, a Structure of Intellect (SOI) interpretation is proposed. The SOI categories in WISC subtests are described, and literature describing WISC subtests discriminating disabled readers is reviewed. Conclusions include a call for research for SOI concomitants of reading comprehension deficits.
Loss of expression of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase Va results in altered gene expression of glycosyltransferases and galectins.

We isolated mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) from N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase Va (GnT-Va) knockout mice and studied the effects of loss of expression of GnT-Va on asparagine-linked glycans (N-glycan) synthesis and the gene expression of groups of glycosyltransferases and galectins. Loss of GnT-Va expression caused aberrant expression of several N-glycan structures, including N-linked β(1,6) branching, poly-N-lactosamine, bisecting N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and sialic acid. Using quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR (qRT-PCR), altered gene expression of several groups of glycosyltransferases and galectins was observed in GnT-Va null MEFs, supporting the observed changes in N-glycan structures. These results suggest that genetic disruption of GnT-Va ultimately resulted in altered MEFs gene expression and decreased tumor progression associated with loss of GnT-Va observed may result in part from a combination of effects from these altered gene expressions.
Computer games in the developing world: the value of non-instrumental engagement with ICTs, or taking play seriously

This paper argues that it is important to study noninstrumental uses of ICT, including computer games. Specifically, the article presents the results of qualitative and quantitative work spanning eight years of investigation in Central Asia focused on computer gaming in public Internet cafes as well as private spaces. The results presented demonstrate that people do indeed play games in resource constrained environments. The paper demonstrates that games constitute a significant portion of the ICT ecology in developing regions and provide a pathway to people's "first touch" of a computer, that garners have more frequent interaction with technology than basic Internet users, that games bring more diverse users to computers by providing a pathway to ICT use for people with lower levels of education, and that games can motivate innovation in the technology space. Additionally, our findings indicate that both genders engage in game playing. The article makes the case that games can be a source of informal learning about ICT, and as such, games and gaming culture in the developing world merit further study.
Infant emotional engagement in video mediated interactions

The "social relevancy" of a video presentation is critical for learning in viewers between 6 months and 3 years of age, possibly because the (simulated) responsiveness and the meaningfulness of the presenters in these demonstrations elicit greater emotional engagement from children. This study aims to explore the impact of social contingency on the emotional engagement of infants and toddlers in video mediated interactions with emotionally meaningful individuals.
High-resolution absolute absorption cross sections of NO2 at 295, 573, and 673 K at visible wavelengths

Abstract Absolute absorption cross sections of nitrogen dioxide were measured with a resolution of 0.008 nm in 470–490, 520–534, 588–601, and 603–616 nm spectral regions at temperatures of 295, 573, and 673 K. An absolute error of ±10% is due principally to uncertainty in the NO2 concentration. Absorption cross sections were also measured at these temperatures in the 450–650 nm spectral region with a resolution of 0.075 nm with an error of ±10%. All data were corrected for thermal decomposition of NO2 at the elevated temperatures. The spectral features show broadening at elevated temperatures consistent with the breakdown of ΔK selection rules for higher rotational levels.
Application of the MuMATH(R) symbol manipulation system to chemically significant permutation groups

The symbol-manipulation system MuMATH has been applied to the algebraic problem of generating characters and irreducible representations of certain permutation groups which occur in the treatment of the quantum states of easily rearranged molecules. Character calculations are based on the methods of Dixon, in which calculations are done in modulo arithmetic; representations are recovered by induction as described by Altmann. These methods reduce the scale of the computation so that it may be accomplished within the limits of widely available microcomputers.
On the relationship between incoming solar radiation and daily maximum and minimum temperature

Abstract A relationship between atmospheric transmittance and the daily range of air temperature is developed. The relationship is Tt = A[1—exp(—BΔTc)] where Tt is the daily total atmospheric transmittance, ΔT is the daily range of air temperature, and A, B, and C are empirical coefficients, determined for a particular location from measured solar radiation data. Tests on three data sets indicate that 70–90% of the variation in daily solar radiation can be accounted for by this simple model.
SU-FF-I-72: Reducing PET Scan Duration By Improving SNR Using Super-Resolution Techniques

Objectives: Super resolution (SR) techniques reconstruct a high resolution image from a series of low resolution images taken from different points of view of the same object. The aim of this abstract is to compare the SNR of imagesreconstructed with and without SR processing versus total scan duration in an attempt to produce images of similar quality but with shorter scan duration. Methods: A NEMA/IEC phantom containing 6 spheres of varying diameters (1–3.7cm) was filled with F‐18 water and scanned on a DSTE PET/CT scanner. The phantom was scanned in LIST mode for 4 min in 2D and 3D using three different sphere‐to‐background ratios (SBR) (3, 5, and 8). The LIST data was then rebinned into 24 different scan durations in 10 sec increments and reconstructed into 128*128 matrix using OSEM (2 iterations, 21 subsets). In addition, for each scan duration, a 128*128 SR image was generated from 4 64*64 images by offsetting the pixel grid by a 4mm along the X and Y axes. SNR was then determined by drawing ROIs on all spheres and background on all images with and without SR processing for all SBRs and scan durations in both 2D and 3D. Results: For the same scan duration, the noise in images with SR processing is reduced by 19–35% while SNR is improved by 36–40% for all SBRs and scan modes. For the same SNR, scan duration with SR processing can be reduced by 31–41% for different SBRs and scan modes. Conclusion: SR processing produces images with superior SNR and noise content thereby allowing a reduction in PET scan duration while maintaining similar image quality to standard reconstruction. One specific application of SR processing is to improve the quality of gated PETimages.
Peptides are in the eye of the beholder

Neuroactive peptides, previously identified in central neurons and thought to be neurotransmitters or modulators, have been recently described in ocular tissues. The uvea (iris, ciliary body and choroid) contains extrinsic nerve fibers immunoreactive for substance P and VIP; exogenous application of these peptides evokes physiological reactions in the eye. At least eight neuroactive peptides have been localized to retinal neurons, generally the intrinsic, local-circuit amacrine cells. In the best studied retina, that of the pigeon, the local- ization of each peptide within a unique amacrine cell type implies that the multiple structural types described by Cajal are functionally distinctive neurons. Physiological explorations suggest functions for two of the retinal peptides, substance P and enkephalin, in visual information processing, and a biochemical study indicates that at least one peptide, somatostatin, is synthesized within the retina.
Mechanism of action and morphologic changes in the alveolar bone in response to selective alveolar decortication–facilitated tooth movement

Background and Purpose The aim of this study was to test if corticotomy-induced osteoclastogenesis and bone remodeling underlie orthodontic tooth movement and how selective alveolar decortication enhances the rate of tooth movement. Materials and Methods A total of 114 Sprague-Dawley rats were included in 3 treatment groups: selective alveolar decortication alone (SADc); tooth movement alone (TM); and "combined" therapy (SADc + TM). Surgery was performed around the buccal and palatal aspects of the left maxillary first molar tooth and included 5 decortication dots on each side. Tooth movement was performed on the first molar using a 25-g Sentalloy spring. Measurements were done at baseline (day 0: no treatment rendered) and on days 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 42. Microcomputed tomography, Faxitron analyses, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) of expressed mRNAs were used to assess changes. Results The combined group showed increased tooth movement ( P = 0.04) at 7 days compared with the tooth movement group with significantly decreased bone volume (62%; P = 0.016) and bone mineral content (63%; P = 0.015). RNA markers of osteoclastic cells and key osteoclastic regulators (M-CSF [macrophage colony-stimulating factor], RANKL [receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand], OPG [osteoprotegerin], calcitonin receptor [CTR], TRACP-5b [tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b], cathepsin K [Ctsk]) all showed expression indicating increased osteoclastogenesis in the combined group. RNA markers of osteoblastic cells (OPN [osteopontin], BSP [bone sialoprotein], OCN [osteocalcin]) also showed increased anabolic activity in response to the combination of alveolar decortication and tooth movement. Conclusions The data suggest that the alveolar decortication enhances the rate of tooth movement during the initial tooth displacement phase; this results in a coupled mechanism of bone resorption and bone formation during the earlier stages of treatment, and this mechanism underlies the rapid orthodontic tooth movement.
Fluorimetric detection after liquid chromatographic separation of benzophenanthridine alkaloids obtained from cultured cells

Abstract The detection by fluorimetry after liquid chromatographic (LC) separation of benzophenanthridine alkaloids extracted from Papaveraceae sp. cell culture samples was characterized and optimized. Maximum fluorescence was observed at 225 nm excitation and 410 nm emission wavelengths for most alkaloids studied (chelirubine, sanguinarine, chelerythrine, chelilutine, sanguilutine, sanguirubine and norsanguinarine). Under these conditions, the detection limits varied from 0.1 to 0.7 ng. The low detection limits and selectivity of fluorescence detection allowed alkaloids to be quantified by LC in crude cell extracts and medium samples obtained from different cultures without any pretreatment. The relative standard deviation of the LC method varied from 1.0 to 2.6% for the alkaloids assessed.
How not to derive ‘is’ from ‘could be’: Professor William Rowe on the ontological argument

Magicians are beings who can make the gods do what they want.1 They do not actually exist. Could they actually exist? If our 'could' is meant to express a sufficiently broad sort of possibility,2 the answer would seem to be 'yes'. They don't exist in the actual world but it is possible that they should. Not everyone would agree, however. William Rowe, for instance, has claimed: "If no existing things are magicians then no possible things are magicans", a magican being something that exists in and is a magician in the actual world.3 Rowe thus appears to claim that nothing could be an actually existent magician unless something were an actually existent magician. Since nothing is an actually existent magician we must say that the concept 'magican' or 'actually existent magician' is not exemplified by any possible thing: nothing could be an actually existent magician. This has a paradoxical sound, as Rowe admits: "We are inclined to think that only contradictory concepts like 'the round square' are not exemplified by any possible things."4 Indeed, it is not easy to think of what, other than some kind of internal incoherence, could account for a concept's not being exemplified by any possible thing. The account Rowe provides for 'magican'is:
The effects of retention interval on preschool children's short-term memory of verbal items

Abstract The short-term recall of word-triads was tested, comparing retention over three types of intervals within 24 preschoolers. Retention was significantly lower in the 16 sec unfilled interval condition than in the immediate test condition. This result, predicted from preschoolers' rehearsal deficiency, differs from those obtained in previous adult and child studies. A filled interval condition, requiring irrelevant verbal activity during the 16 sec period, significantly reduced recall from that of the unfilled interval condition. Recognition of the word items on a subsequent recognition test was greater than chance and was not affected by interval condition. This suggests that the condition effects in short-term recall did not disrupt the long-term storage of the items.
Identification and gene structure of an azurin-like protein with a lipoprotein signal peptide in Neisseria gonorrhoeae

We have determined the DNA sequence of a cloned gonococcal gene and found that the predicted protein sequence is highly homologous to the class of blue copper-containing proteins known as azurins. However, the 127 amino acid sequence homologous to azurin is preceded by two unusual structural features. The gene possesses a typical 17 residue lipoprotein signal peptide and the N-terminal 39 amino acids are very rich in proline and alanine. The azurin gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has recently been characterized and possesses an ordinary signal peptide susceptible to signal peptidase I, causing export of a soluble protein to the periplasm. In gonococcus it would appear that the homologous product becomes an outer membrane protein.
Interaction and Representation

We now have naturalistic understandings, at least in principle, of many phenomena that were once mysterious, such as of fire and life. Mental processes and properties, however, so far continue to resist naturalism. In part, this is due to the particular difficulty of naturalizing the normativity of mental phenomena, such as that of the truth and falsity of representation. Normativity is a particularly strong challenge to models of naturalistic emergence. There is a form of representation, however, that is naturally emergent in the organization of interactive systems. Interactive representation has claims to be the fundamental form of representation, from which all others are derivative. Interactivism offers a solution to the problem of the naturalistic normative emergence of representation.
Postreading Questioning and Middle School Students' Understanding of Literature.

The study examined the effectiveness of a “story map,” a questioning technique (Beck & McKeown, 1981) for improving students’ understanding of literature. Though the story map idea was widely adopted as a student-initiated strategy, the original story map—a teacher-generated, postreading questioning framework—was never empirically tested. This study examined the effects of using three postreading questioning conditions with stories from middle school anthologies: the story map, anthology questions, and no questioning. Results indicated a significant difference for comprehension between both questioning conditions and no questioning but no significant difference between the story map and anthology question treatments. However, the story map condition had a more positive effect on students’ enjoyment of the stories and their feeling of success in understanding them than the other conditions.
Effects of exposure to a 60-kV/m, 60-Hz electric field on the social behavior of baboons

We found in a previously reported study that exposure to a 30-kV/m, 60-Hz electric field had significant effects on the social behavior of baboons. However, it was not established whether or not the effects were related specifically to the 30-kV/m intensity of the field. A new experiment was conducted to determine whether or not exposure to a 60-Hz electric field at 60 kV/m would produce like changes in the baboons' social behavior. We exposed one group of eight male baboons to an electric field 12 hours a day, 7 days a week, for 6 weeks. A second group of eight animals was maintained under sham-exposure (control) conditions. Rates of performing on each of six categories of social behavior and on four categories of nonsocial behavior were used as criteria for comparing exposed with unexposed subjects and for within-group comparisons during three six-week experimental periods: Pre-Exposure, Exposure, and Post-Exposure. The results indicate that (1) during the exposure period, exposed animals exhibited statistically significant differences from controls in means of performance rates based on several behavioral categories; (2) across all three periods, within-group comparisons revealed that behaviors of exposed baboons were significantly affected by exposure to the electric field; (3) changes in performance levels probably reflect a stress response to the electric field; and (4) the means of response rates of animals exposed at 60 kV/m were higher, but not double, those of animals exposed at 30 kV/m. As in the 30-kV/m experiment, animals exposed at 60 kV/m exhibited significant differences in performances of Passive Affinity, Tension, and Stereotypy. Mean rates of performing these categories were 122% (Passive Affinity), 48% (Tension), and 40% (Stereotypy) higher in the exposed group than in the control group during exposure to the 60-kV/m field.
The enthalpies of vaporization and sublimation of exo- and endo-tetrahydrodicyclopentadienes at T=298.15 K

Abstract The vaporization enthalpies {ΔglHm (298.15 K)} of endo- and exo-tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene (THDCPD) have been measured by correlation gas chromatography. Values of (50.2±2.3) kJ · mol −1 and (49.1±2.3) kJ · mol −1 have been obtained for the endo and exo isomers, respectively. The sublimation enthalpy of the endo isomer { Δ g cr H m (298.15 K )=(51.2±2.4) kJ · mol −1 } has been obtained by combining fusion and vaporization enthalpies adjusted as necessary to T=298.15 K. Low-temperature d.s.c. studies of both isomers reveal solid-to-solid phase transitions. The endo isomer, which is a plastic crystal at room temperature, exhibits a solid-to-solid phase transition at T=214 K { Δ cr (1) cr (2) H m (214 K )=(10.7±0.13) kJ · mol −1 } and a melting temperature of 356.8 K { Δ l cr (1) H m (356.8 K )=(3.48±0.2) kJ · mol −1 } with some evidence of polymorphism. The exo isomer exhibits a solid phase transition at T=162.1 K { Δ cr (1) cr (2) H m (162.1 K )=(3.18±0.11) kJ · mol −1 } and a melting temperature of 183.2 K { Δ l cr (1) H m (183.2 K )=(1.20±0.04) kJ · mol −1 } . Enthalpies of vaporization and sublimation are combined with the respective enthalpies of formation previously reported to yield the following gas-phase values: for endo THDCPD, Δ f H ∘ m =−(61.9±3.2) kJ · mol −1 ; and for exo-THDCPD, Δ f H ∘ m =−(73.7±2.7) kJ · mol −1 .
Investigation of the structure and properties of polyisobutylene-based telechelic ionomers of narrow molecular weight distribution. II. mechanical

Sulfonated polyisobutylene (PIB) telechelic ionomers with narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD) have been recently developed, providing additional control over the structure and properties of these novel polymers. A small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) peak often associated with the aggregation of the ionic species in the bulk, and a secondary peak, were recently observed in the narrow MWD sulfonated PIB telechelics for the first time. SAXS evidence, given earlier as part I of this two-part series, suggests that compression-molded sulfonated PIB telechelic ionomers with a narrow MWD (M¯w/M¯n ≈ 1.15) may have a local secondary structure of ionic lamellae or cylinders, and no such structure is found in similar broad MWD (M¯w/M¯n ≈ 1.8) telechelics. It is shown that narrowing the MWD, which acts to promote locally continuous structure in the tri-arms, alters the character of the network, in that the modulus of the tri-arm telechelic systems increases and the elongation at break is lowered by narrowing the MWD or decreasing the M¯n. The tri-arms of the highest M¯n (49.5 kg/mol) exhibit strain hardening and the lowest modulus, highest-breaking stress, and highest elongation at break in the ionomers studied. The presence of local ionic structure is also indicated by stress relaxation experiments in which the long-term or near-equilibrium stress is seen to decrease when the MWD is broadened or M¯n increases. It is believed that the difunctional materials do not form extensive ionic networks at all, but principally chain-extend, as has also been found before. It is observed that the properties of a solution “blend” of narrow MWD ionomers that has the same counterion, M¯n, and polydispersity as a broad MWD system exhibits lower elongation to break, lower breaking stress, and modulus of narrow MWD systems relative to the broader MWD material. Dynamic mechanical data indicate that narrowing the MWD or decreasing M¯n increases the flow transition temperature and rubbery plateau modulus. The “blend” exhibits dynamic mechanical properties between the narrow and broad, having a higher flow transition temperature than the broad MWD, but lower than the narrow MWD, and a rubbery plateau modulus between the other two. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Factors affecting cyclization of alkenal-N-methylhydrazones used for trace aldehyde determination

Abstract Determination of trace reactive carbonyl compounds, such as alk-2-enals, is extremely difficult because they change readily during experimental processes. Therefore, some derivatization method is required. N -Methylhydrazine was reacted with but-2-enal, hex-2-enal and non-2-enal in various organic solvents with or without BF 3 -etherate reagent. The comparison of the resulting derivative pyrazolines and hydrazones varied in different solvents and BF 3 promoted cyclization of hydrazone to pyrazoline. Total yields of derivatives were best in methanol. All hydrazones were changed to pyrazolines by BF 3 in diethyl ether and pentane.
Toll-Like Receptor Initiated Host Defense against Toxoplasma gondii

Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular pathogen notable for its ability to establish a stable host-parasite relationship amongst a wide range of host species and in a large percentage of the human population. Toll-like receptor signaling through MyD88 is a critical pathway in initiating defense against this opportunistic protozoan and may also be a mediator of pathology during immune dysfunction. Other MyD88 independent signaling pathways are also involved in the host-parasite interaction. These responses can be triggered by the parasite itself, but interactions with the intestinal microbiota add additional complexity during enteric infection.
Analysis of self-body blocking effects in millimeter wave cellular networks

The millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum is a strong candidate carrier frequency for access channels in fifth generation cellular networks. Unfortunately, the human body heavily attenuates mmWave signals. This paper evaluates the impact of self-body blocking (the blocking of the direct link by the handset user's body) in mmWave cellular networks using a stochastic geometric network model. A mathematical model for self-body blocking is proposed, allowing for position changes, and used to compute signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) distributions with two possible user association rules. The results characterize how self-body blocking impacts the SINR coverage. Even including self-body blocking, mmWave cellular systems can still outperform convention systems at lower frequencies, in terms of the achievable rate, due to the larger bandwidth.
Transmission electron microscopy studies of electron beam co-evaporated Nb3Sn-Cu superconducting composites☆

Abstract The microstructure and growth morphology of electron-beam-deposited Nb 3 Sn is shown to be changed drastically by the co-evaporation of copper. The main parameters that affect the resulting microstructure of the Nb 3 Sn are the Cu:Nb 3 Sn ratio, the total deposition rate and the substrate temperature. The microstructure of the Nb 3 Sn-Cu composite observed in this study ranges from a two-phase mixture of equiaxed grains of the same diameter (180 A) in one case to long narrow rods enclosed by the copper phase in another case. The superconducting transition temperatures are changed only slightly over the range 0–92at.%Cu. The results of this study show that a variety of very-small-grained microstructure configurations can be obtained and they show promise of unique mechanical and superconducting properties.
The effect of solid surface tension and exposure to elevated hydrodynamic shear on Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilms grown on modified titanium surfaces

The solid surface tension of titanium was varied by using organosilane monolayers of various terminations, minimising differences in other material properties. Both the quantity of Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilms grown on the modified surfaces, and the percentage of biofilm remaining after exposure to hydrodynamic shear stress, varied significantly as a function of solid surface tension. The quantity of biofilm was less on chloropropyl-terminated surfaces than on an alkyl-terminated surfaces. However, the percentage of biofilm remaining after exposure to hydrodynamic shear stress (which depends on the adhesion and cohesion strengths of the biofilm) was less for the alkyl-terminated surface than for the chloropropyl-terminated surface, for one of the two sample sets analysed. These results demonstrate the importance of differentiating between the quantity of biofilm on a surface and the adhesion and cohesion strength of the biofilm, and may help explain discrepancies in the existing literature regarding the effect of solid surface tension on the propensity of a surface for microfouling.
Heparan sulfate regulates targeting of syndecan-1 to a functional domain on the cell surface.

In polarized B lymphoid cells, syndecan-1 is targeted specifically to a discrete membrane domain termed the uropod that is located at the cell's trailing edge. Within this functional domain, syndecan-1 promotes cell-cell adhesion and concentration of heparin binding growth factors. The present study reveals the surprising finding that targeting of syndecan-1 to uropods is mediated by its heparan sulfate chains and that targeting is regulated by cell surface events rather than solely by intracellular mechanisms. The addition of exogenous heparin or the treatment of polarized cells with heparitinase initiates a rapid and dramatic redistribution of uropod syndecan-1 over the entire cell surface, and a mutated syndecan-1 lacking heparan sulfate chains fails to concentrate within uropods. Interestingly, the heparan sulfate-bearing proteoglycans glypican-1 and betaglycan fail to concentrate in uropods, indicating that targeting may require heparan sulfate structural motifs unique to syndecan-1 or that the core protein of syndecan-1 participates in specific interactions that promote heparan sulfate-mediated targeting. These findings suggest functional specificity for syndecan-1 within uropods and, in addition, reveal a novel mechanism for the targeting of molecules to discrete membrane subcellular domains via heparan sulfate.
Rheological behavior of cross-linked waxy maize starch dispersions during and after heating.

Abstract A model was developed to describe the complex viscosity versus temperature (η ∗ –T) data on 5% (w/w) cross-linked waxy maize (CWM) starch dispersions (STDs) obtained over the frequency range (ω) 1.26–31.38 rad s−1 and temperature range 55–95°C. The 5% CWM starch dispersions had an onset gelatinization temperature at 60°C with a peak complex viscosity (η peak ∗ ) of 6.9 Pa s at 64°C. The lowest post-gelatinization complex viscosity (η∗) was about 0.85η peak ∗ at 80°C. The complex viscosity was related to the apparent viscosity using a Modified Cox–Merz rule. Flow tests on gelatinized 5% CWM STDs showed that the sample exhibited a combined time-dependent shear-thickening (antithixotropic) and time-dependent shear-thinning (thixotropic) behavior. The antithixotropic behavior, that appears to have resulted from a shear-induced structure formation, predominated when the level of shear stress imposed on the sample was less than 120–150 Pa.
Bioactivation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Carcinogens within the vascular Wall: Implications for Human Atherogenesis

Atherogenesis is a complex pathogenetic process involving a variety of structural and functional deficits within the arterial wall that culminate in the formation of fibrous atherosclerotic plaques. Cigarette smoking is potentially the most remediable contributor to cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Among the 4000 plus chemicals present in tobacco and tobacco smoke, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been firmly implicated in the etiology of atherosclerosis in experimental model systems. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for PAH-induced vascular injury are not well understood. In this review, we have focused on the mechanisms of bioactivation of PAHs in the vas-culature, and the possible role(s) of cytochrome P4501A and 1B enzymes in the formation of PAH-DNA adducts within the vessel wall, a phenomenon that may contribute to the development of atherosclerotic plaques in humans.
Analysis of compressive fracture in rock using statistical techniques: Part II. Effect of microscale heterogeneity on macroscopic deformation

Abstract We have performed a parameter-sensitivity analysis to evaluate the relative importance of different types of grain-scale heterogeneity on fracture processes and compressive strength in simulated compression tests of brittle, heterogeneous materials such as rock. This was done using a non-linear, rule-based model described in a companion paper. Results presented here indicate that heterogeneity in local stress field (due to grain shape and loading) has a first-order effect on macroscopic properties and is much more important than heterogeneity in site strength or location. In particular, increasing local stress heterogeneity lowers the mean ultimate strength following an inverse power law. Increasing heterogeneity in the lattice-site locations (i.e. irregular lattice spacing) decreases crack localization and decreases normalized crack strain energy. This result is consistent with the postulate that systems with increasing disorder require more energy to break. Heterogeneity in site-strength distribution had a relatively minor effect on macroscopic behavior. Peak strength is dependent on the mean site strength, not on the width of the site-strength distributions. This study also revealed that percolation thresholds are much lower than those predicted from stochastic fracture models. Consequently, statistical models for rock fracture must consider alternative percolation algorithms such as directed-bond percolation, because the standard percolation models may not be appropriate for analyzing systems where crack interaction dominates behavior at a low fraction of sites broken.
Early work in infrared imaging of underground and obscured objects

Several research programs aimed at infrared detection of underground and/or obscured objects were done by the Willow Run Laboratories of The University of Michigan in the 1960's. Airborne infrared line scanners were the major tools for field work. Examples discussed include: detection of concealed ice crevasses; delineation of volcanic thermal sub-structures; detection of small, hot fires under heavy canopy; imaging of underground voids leading to sink-holes in Florida; thermal imaging of ocean fronts; and thermal mapping of water-land boundaries beneath meters of snow.
Air Drying Characteristics of Apricots

The optimization of the drying of apricots was studied using four treatments: (1) blanching and drying; (2) sulfiting-blanching and drying; (3) blanching-sulfiting and drying; and (4) sulfiting-drying to 50% moisture-blanching and finish drying. Levels of sulfiting were from 0–2000 ppm SO2 and drying was done at 50° to 80°C. The quality of dried apricots was judged by extent of browning development and hardness determination. A surface response statistical design was applied to evaluate the optimum drying conditions. Sulfiting-drying, using 80–1000 ppm SO2 at any temperature in the range 50–80°C, was found to be the best treatment. Thus, sulfite was the major factor in controlling dry apricot quality and would be hard to reduce. Drying time was reduced by 50% when apricots were dried at 80°C compared to 50°C, and blanching reduced the time by 10 to 20%. Loss of SO2 was greater than 50% for all treatments.