cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The product of the tobacco mosaic virus resistance gene N: Similarity to toll and the interleukin-1 receptor

The products of plant disease resistance genes are postulated to recognize invading pathogens and rapidly trigger host defense responses. Here we describe isolation of the resistance gene N of tobacco that mediates resistance to the viral pathogen tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). The N gene was isolated by transposon tagging using the maize Activator transposon. A genomic DNA fragment containing the N gene conferred TMV resistance to TMV susceptible tobacco. Sequence analysis of the N gene shows that it encodes a protein of 131.4 kDa with an amino-terminal domain similar to that of the cytoplasmic domain of the Drosophila Toll protein and the interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) in mammals, a nucleotide-binding site (NBS), and 14 [corrected] imperfect leucine-rich repeats (LRR). The sequence similarity of N, Toll, and IL-1R suggests that N mediates rapid gene induction and TMV resistance through a Toll-IL-1-like pathway.
Protein-chromophore interactions: spectral shifts report the consequences of mutations in the bacterial photosynthetic reaction center

Features of the low temperature absorption spectra of reaction centers from a large family of Rhodobacter capsulatus strains carrying site-specific mutations at the M208Tyr and L181Phe positions are presented. Through systematic analysis of the observed electronic transitions (with accompanying vibronic bands), the primary effects of many of the mutations have been identified and explained in terms of the reaction center structure. Some of the observed shifts are comparable to those that have been seen in other systems as a result of formation of hydrogen bonds or hexacoordination of the central Mg atom in bacteriochlorophyll species. Shifts of the Qy and Qx bacteriochlorophyll bands are also seen as a result of distant mutations near the quinones that change the charge distribution of the reaction center. We include kinetic data which show that the spectral and kinetic characteristics of different cofactors can be modulated depending on the particular amino acid that is substituted at the M208 site.
Revisiting Gust Averaging Time and Gust Effect Factor in ASCE 7

AbstractA peak gust–based wind map was first introduced in ASCE 7-95 to replace the fastest mile wind speed used in earlier versions of the ASCE 7 standard based on wind records using the National ...
Sensor calibration of a SAW resonator for absolute humidity measurements in microelectronic packages

Abstract This paper describes sensor calibration of a SAW resonator using the NIST two-pressure humidity generator as the reference standard. It involves saturating a continuous steam of air with vapor from pure water in the saturator at a constant pressure and temperature. The saturated air then flows through an expansion valve where it is isothermally expanded into a test chamber at a lower pressure, usually atmospheric pressure. The SAW sensor is connected to an outlet of the test chamber. Accurate measurements of the pressure and temperature within the saturator and the SAW sensor are made to determine the water-vapor content of the air stream in the sensor. Changes in resonance frequency of the sensor are measured as a function of water-vapor concentration in moist air in the range 2000–7000 ppmv, corresponding to absolute humidity of water-vapor density of 1.4–4.8 g m−3.
The aesthetics of gameplay: a lexical approach

What does it mean to appreciate gameplay? When we judge a game's gameplay, what are the elements or characteristics of gameplay that we should focus our attention on? We report on a study that analyzed the use of the term gameplay in hundreds of thousands of user-submitted game reviews on a popular online website. Using Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques we identified and extracted the adjectives that modified "gameplay", and then clustered those adjectives based on the words (nouns, verbs and adjectives) which appeared in the surrounding contexts. Our analysis of the resulting clusters shows a surprising richness in the variety of words used to describe gameplay, but more importantly we identify a popular aesthetic of gameplay. The primary elements of gameplay aesthetics are pacing, complexity, cognitive accessibility, scope, demand, and impact. This aesthetic provides two things: empirical support for the importance and centrality of the concepts we've outlined towards understanding gameplay, and evidence of the differences in language for describing gameplay between players and designers/scholars.
Recruitment of Engaged Couples for Premarital Counseling: An Empirical Examination of the Importance of Program Characteristics and Topics to Potential Participants.

The recent emphasis on prevention in helping couples to avoid marital distress may be limited by lack of participation in prevention programs by engaged couples. The purpose of this study is to und...
Attenuation of the bidirectional effects of chlordiazepoxide and FG 7142 on conditioned response suppression and associated cardiovascular reactivity by loss of cortical cholinergic inputs.

Rationale: Basal forebrain cortical cholinergic projections have been hypothesized to mediate the enhanced cardiovascular defensive response initiated by the putative anxiogenic benzodiazepine receptor (BZR) partial inverse agonist FG 7142 (FG). The present study was designed to test the broader hypothesis that the integrity of this cholinergic projection is required for the mediation of the bidirectional modulatory effects of BZR agonists and inverse agonists on anxiety and associated cardiovascular reactivity. Objectives: The interactions between the effects of 192 IgG-saporin-induced lesions of basal forebrain corticopetal cholinergic neurons and of the BZR agonist chlordiazepoxide (CDP) and FG on the performance of rats tested in a conditioned suppression paradigm and on associated cardiovascular reactivity were assessed. Methods: Lesioned and control animals were equipped with a telemetric device to record heart rate, trained in an operant lever task, and then tested for suppression of responding during presentation of a conditioned stimulus (CS) and a general contextual cue that was previously associated with shock. FG, CDP (8 mg/kg) and vehicle were administered IP in separate extinction sessions. Results: In control animals, operant responding was suppressed during presentation of the CS and contextual cue. Administration of FG enhanced this suppression, while CDP attenuated it. Lesions attenuated overall response suppression as well as the modulatory effects of BZR ligands on responding during presentation of the contextual stimulus. Likewise, lesions attenuated the cardioacceleratory response to the contextual stimulus and the ability of the BZR ligands to modulate this response. Conclusions: The behavioral and autonomic responses to anxiety-related stimuli, as well as the modulatory effects of BZR ligands, are mediated in part via cortical cholinergic inputs.
Control of magnetic, nonmagnetic, and superconducting states in annealed Ca(Fe 1 − x Co x ) 2 As 2

We have grown single-crystal samples of Co substituted CaFe${}_{2}$As${}_{2}$ using an FeAs flux and systematically studied the effects of annealing/quenching temperature on the physical properties of these samples. Whereas the as-grown samples (quenched from 960${\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$C) all enter the collapsed tetragonal phase upon cooling, annealing/quenching temperatures between 350 and 800${\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$C can be used to tune the system to low-temperature antiferromagnetic/orthorhomic or superconducting states as well. The progression of the transition temperature versus annealing/quenching temperature ($T$-${T}_{\mathrm{anneal}}$) phase diagrams with increasing Co concentration shows that, by substituting Co, the antiferromagnetic/orthorhombic and the collapsed tetragonal phase lines are separated and bulk superconductivity is revealed. We established a 3D phase diagram with Co concentration and annealing/quenching temperature as two independent control parameters. At ambient pressure, for modest $x$ and ${T}_{\mathrm{anneal}}$ values, the Ca(Fe${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$Co${}_{x}$)${}_{2}$As${}_{2}$ system offers ready access to the salient low-temperature states associated with Fe-based superconductors: antiferromagnetic/orthorhombic, superconducting, and nonmagnetic/collapsed tetragonal.
231 AUDITORY BRAINSTEM RESPONSE AUDIOMETRY (ABR) IN NEONATES

Delayed intervention in hearing-impaired infants may diminish ultimate speech and language development. A program for identifying hearing-impairment using ABR was initiated for neonates in the intensive care nursery. Hearing in 81 neonates whose birth weights ranged from 800 to 3980 grams was tested using ABR. Infants were tested when they achieved a post-conceptional age of 34 weeks or within 1 week of birth. Normal binaural hearing (30 dB HL) was found in 64/81 (79%). Hearing abnormalities were detected in 17/81 (21%) and included: mild monaural hearing loss (no response at 30 dB) in 5 neonates (6.2%); mild binaural hearing loss in 5 other neonates (6.2%); moderate binaural hearing loss (no response at 40 dB) in 3 neonates (3.7%); moderately-severe or severe binaural hearing loss (no response at 60 dB) in 4 neonates (4.9%). The expected incidence of hearing loss in a normal nursery poulation is <1%. The high incidence of hearing loss observed in this study suggests that formal ABR be performed in the ICN prior to discharge.
Diel food utilization by woundfin, Plagopterus argentissimus , in Virgin River, Arizona

Woundfin, Plagopterus argentissimus, fed predominantly on simuliid larvae during the day, and shifted to the larger Hydropsyche spp. at night. Ephemeropteran larvae were eaten nearly uniformly throughout the 24 hour period. Mean weight of food consumed varied from 20–40 mg per individual (0.7–2.5% body weight) throughout the 24 h period. Our estimated daily ration of about 8% body weight, at temperatures that varied between 15–25°C, is based upon our measure of mean gut contents over a 24h period, combined with intestinal evacuation rates suggested for other cyprinids in the literature. The relatively continuous feeding pattern suggests a foraging strategy that would minimize competition with other species for food during June, a period of minimum annual food abundance in Virgin River.
There's Madness in Your Method: A Philosophical Exploration into the Thought of Paul Feyerabend and Its Implications for Music Education.

Drawing on the work of the philosopher of science Paul Feyerabend, this paper argues that the popular yet mistaken notion of scientific method has had a deleterious effect on music education by discouraging us from embracing conflict or pursuing counterinductive ways of thinking about music. Feyerabend argues that knowledge advances not according to principles traditionally associated with scientific method, but rather as a result of ad hoc hypotheses, counterinduction, and contradictions that are recognised between partly overlapping theories that are mutually inconsistent. Ignoring this truth results in the erasure of all but abstract forms of knowledge acquired through methodical investigation, which occurs when educators put all of their faith in method and ignore musical knowledge that escapes articulation or measurement. Yet tacit or informal musical knowledge can be seen as the artistic equivalent of the ad hoc propositions that are required, ultimately, to advance knowledge.
Treatment of Cranial Base Meningiomas with Linear Accelerator Radiosurgery

OBJECTIVE: Radiosurgery is increasingly being used to treat cranial base tumors. Since 1989, 55 patients with cranial base meningiomas were treated at Stanford University Medical Center with linear accelerator radiosurgery. An analysis of the clinical and radiographic results of this patient population was the focus of this study. METHODS: The mean patient age was 55.1 years (range, 28-82 yr). The mean tumor volume was 7.33 cm 3 (range, 0.45-27.65 cm 3 ). The radiation dose averaged 18.3 Gy (range, 12-25 Gy), delivered with an average of 2.2 isocenters (range, 1-5). Patients were evaluated retrospectively through clinic notes from follow-up examinations, and residual tumor volume was measured during follow-up imaging studies. The length of follow-up averaged 48.4 months (range, 17-81 mo). RESULTS: Tumor stabilization after radiosurgery was noted in 38 patients (69%), shrinkage in 16 patients (29%), and enlargement in only 1 patient (2%). The results of follow-up magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated decreased central contrast uptake in 11 meningiomas (20%), possibly indicating evidence of central tumor necrosis or tumor vessel obliteration. Neurological status was improved in 15 patients in the series (27%) and unchanged in 34 patients (62%). Three patients (5%) died during the follow-up period, all as a result of causes other than tumor progression. Three patients (5%) developed new permanent symptoms (one patient with seizures, one patient with mild right hemiparesis, and one patient with both vagal and hypoglossal nerve palsy). All other complications were transient, including partial trigeminal nerve palsy in seven patients and diplopia in three patients. The 2-year actuarial tumor control rate was 98%. CONCLUSION: Although our follow-up period is short, this experience corroborates previous reports that radiosurgery can be used to ablate selected small cranial base meningiomas, with good clinical results and modest morbidity.
A 500 Mb/s 10/32 channel, 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS VCSEL driver with built-in self-test and clock generation circuitry

We have designed and fabricated 10 and 32 channel CMOS VCSEL driver ICs with built-in self-test and clock generation circuitry. The circuit design and silicon parts are available to the research community through the Optoelectronics Industry Association (OIDA).
Immunohistochemical identification of HTLV-III antigen in brains of patients with AIDS.

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) has been isolated from neural tissues and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with neurological syndromes associated with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the virus may be directly involved in the pathogenesis of the syndromes. To detect HTLV-III antigen in neural tissues from patients with AIDS, immunoperoxidase studies using a goat anti-HTLV-III serum were performed on frozen tissue sections of brain, spinal cord, and nerve from 13 patients with AIDS or HTLV-III–related neurological syndromes. HTLV-III was cultured from neural tissues or CSF in 11 of 13 of these patients. HTLV-III antigen was detected in the brains of 5 patients with AIDS and in none of the 13 non-AIDS control subjects. Rare positively stained cells were seen, frequently associated with capiilaries and often located near microglial nodules. Morphologically, the cells resembled monocyte/macrophages and were found most frequently in the cortex of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes. These results provide further evidence that the subacute encephalitis of AIDS is associated with central nervous system infection by HTLV-III and that monocyte/macrophages are among the infected cell populations.
Comparison of ticarcillin and piperacillin in Kenney's semen extender

Ticarcillin and piperacillin were compared to determine their effect on sperm motility and bacterial growth of equine semen samples diluted in Kenney's glucose skim milk semen extender. Each ejaculate (n=11) was divided into three portions and glucose skim milk semen extender solution was added. The control semen extender solution contained extended semen and no antibiotic, whereas ticarcillin and piperacillin solutions contained extended semen plus 1.0mg/mL of ticarcillin or piperacillin, respectively. An aliquot was removed (1h after collection) to evaluate sperm motility and microbial concentration. All three solutions were stored at 4 degrees C and aliquots were obtained at 24 and 48 h to determine sperm motility and microbial concentration. Mean percentages of motile and progressively motile sperm did not differ significantly among control and antibiotic-containing solutions after storage. Control-extended semen samples from ejaculates of stallions (n=11) were contaminated with aerobic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. In solutions that contained either antibiotic, growth of these microbes was inhibited after 1, 24, and 48 h at 4 degrees C. Semen samples from stallions (n=5) were extended with Kenney's glucose skim milk extender containing no antibiotic, ticarcillin or piperacillin and then inoculated with approximately 5 x 10(2)CFU/mL Klebsiella pneumoniae or Pseudomonas aeruginosa; there was no significant difference between antibiotics in the inhibition of microbial growth. In conclusion, piperacillin was an appropriate alternative to ticarcillin in extenders for equine semen.
An Inventory Theoretic Model of Freight Transport Demand

The model in this paper is intended to explain the choice of transport made by shippers, as well as their total demand for transportation services. The optimal choice of mode is shown to involve a trade-off among freight rates, speed, dependability variance in speed and en-route lossage. It is shown that faster, more dependable service simply reduces the shipper's or receiver's inventories, including his safety stock and his inventory in transit. Hence inventory theory makes possible a direct comparison of the four attributes on which mode selection is based and leads to a model of rational choice in transport demand. The resulting model is suitable for statistical estimation given adequate data.
An acyclic analogue to Heawood's theorem

The concept of acyclic coloring was introduced by Grunbaum [5] and is a generalization of point arboricity.A proper k-coloring of the vertices of a graph Gis said to be acyclic if G contains no two-colored cycle. The acyclic chromatic number of a graph G, denoted by a(G), is the minimum value of k for which G has an acyclic k-coloring. Let a(n) denote the maximum value of the acyclic chromatic number among all graphs of genus n. In [5], Grunbaum conjectured that a(0) = 5 and proved that a(0)≤9. The conjecture was proved by Borodin [3] after the upper bound was improved three times in [7], [1] and [6]. In [2], we proved that a(1)≤a(0) + 3. The purpose of this paper is to prove the followingTheorem. Any graph of genus n>0 can be acyclically colored with 4n + 4 colors.It is not known for any n>0 whether a(n)>H(n), the Heawood number [8].
The United States and Myanmar: a ‘boutique issue’?

Myanmar has been one of a number of countries that the new American Executive branch selected for policy reconsideration. The Obama administration's review of relations with Myanmar, characterized as a ‘boutique issue’ during the presidential campaign, has received considerable attention in 2009, and in part was prompted by quiet signals sent by both sides that improved relations were desirable. Begun as an intense policy review by various agencies, it has been supplemented by the first visits in 15 years to the country by senior US officials. The policy conclusion, that sanctions must remain in place but will be supplemented by dialogue, is a politically realistic compromise given the strong congressional and public antipathy to the military regime and the admiration for Aung San Suu Kyi, whose purported views have shaped US policies. US claims of the importance of Myanmar as a security and foreign policy concern have also been a product of internal US considerations as well as regional realities. US—Burmese relations since independence have been strongly influenced by the Cold War and China, whose strategic interests in Myanmar have been ignored in the public dialogue on policy until recently, with US policy focused on political and human rights concerns. Attention is now concentrated on parliamentary and local elections to be held in 2010, after which the new constitution will come into effect and provide the military with a taut reign on critical national policies while allowing opposition voices. Future relations will be strongly influenced by the transparency and freedom both of the campaigning and vote counting, and the role—if any—of the opposition National League for Democracy. Strong scepticism exists in the US on prospects unless the Burmese institute extensive reforms. The Burmese military, presently controlling all avenues of social mobility, will have a major role in society for decades. The article initially evaluates US policies towards Myanmar prior to 1988, when a military coup marked a negative shift in US—Myanmar relations, from cooperation to a US sanctions regime. It looks at the influence China's involvement in Myanmar and the role Aung San Suu Kyi have had on the formulation of US policy towards the country and assesses the prospects for the US-Myanmar relationship under the Obama administration.
Effect of vicinal substrates on the growth and device performance of quantum dot solar cells

Abstract During quantum dot (QD) growth, substrate misorientation has been shown to play a role in the QD growth mechanism, changing their size, shape and density. Since various misorientation angles are used in production of solar cells, this work investigates QD enhanced GaAs p-i-n solar cells grown using the Stranski–Krastanov (SK) growth method on substrates misoriented either 2° or 6° off the (100) in the [ 1 1 ¯ 0 ] direction. Results of this work show that 2° misoriented samples have a lower critical thickness for InAs QD formation as compared to the 6° misorientation: ∼1.7 monolayers (ML) versus∼1.8 ML, respectively. In addition, the 6° substrates showed a more uniform QD density and size distribution of QDs without significant QD coalescence. Photoluminescence of both substrate types shows that the QD ground state transitions are similar in wavelength. Results of the solar cells under one sun illumination show that QD cells grown on both 2° and 6° substrates have higher short-circuit current density than comparable cells without QD and maintain a high open-circuit voltage. The QD contributed short-circuit current density was normalized for QD size and density for both the 2° and 6° samples. Values of 360 A/cm2 per cm3 of InAs and 400 A/cm2 per cm3 of InAs were found for the 2° and 6° samples, respectively. For both substrate types, the reduced number of coalesced QDs promoted effective strain balancing, while the increased QD density lead to strong QD absorption.
Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis Solved and Unsolved Problems

It is still a matter of dispute whether pyloric stenosis is of congenital origin or not. In his classical study of one thousand children in 1946, Wallgren was able to demonstrate that the evacuation time of the stomach as studied by X-ray technique is completely normal in the first week of life in those children who later develop typical pyloric stenosis. Obviously the term “congenital” should be omitted in the clinical name of the disease. This question as well as other problems related to pyloric stenosis are discussed in the following paper on the basis of 165 consecutive cases observed at the Samariten Children's Hospital. Stockholm.
Single-Feeding Response of Chinook Salmon Fry to Potential Feed Intake Modifiers

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the effects of various potential feed intake modifiers on initial feed consumption by spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Feed intake was immediately and significantly influenced when glycine, trimethylamine, or betaine was added to experimental diets. Results support the notion that glycine enhances feed intake, whereas trimethylamine and betaine decrease it. The reduced consumption of diets containing betaine, which has often been described as a feeding attractant, may have been a response to the chemical form of this compound used in this study (betaine hydrochloride) and may not occur if the free form of betaine is used.
Seasonal variability of stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of organisms in a North Pacific Bay

Abstract A survey of δ13C and δ15N of organic carbon and nitrogen in net phytoplankton, zooplankton, juvenile demersal fish and benthic fauna and sediments was made during the spring production cycle in Auke Bay and Fritz Cove marine embayments located in southeastern Alaska. The δ13C and δ15N values of net phytoplankton (>73 μm) increased during the spring bloom from −20·6±0·1%. (δ13C) and + 3·3±0·6%. (δ15N) during the prebloom stage to −18·1±0·2%. (δ13C) and +6·9±0·1%. (δ15N) following the bloom peak. Phytoplankton δ13C and δ15N values were significantly correlated with each other and increased with tempearture [+0·71%. per °C (δ13C) and +0·58%. per °C (δ15N)]. Phytoplankton and δ15N values were also correlated with a decline in ambient nitrate concentration suggesting that nitrate was the primary nitrogen source fueling the spring bloom. Net macrozooplankton (>505 μm) δ13C and δ15N values varied during the spring production cycle in a manner similar to phytoplankton, from −21·2%. (δ13C) and +7·2%. (δ15N) during the prebloom stage to −18·2%. (δ13C) and +8·2%. (δ15N) following the bloom peak. The δ13C values of macrozooplankton (> 165 μm) were, on average, 0·5%. (Fritz Cove) to 0·7%. (Auke Bay) heavier than their presumed phytoplankton food. Macrozooplankton were also on average +3·2%. enriched with 15N over phytoplankton. Values of δ13C for juvenile Auke Bay flathead sole (80–100) mm) averaged −17·2±0·2%. and for juvenile pollock (120–130 mm) averaged −17·8±0·2%., which were 3·1%. and 2·5%., respectively, more positive than phytoplankton and 2·4%. and 1·8%., respectively, more positive than macrozooplankton (> 165 μm). Sole δ15N values averaged +14·9±1·5%. and for pollock +13·8±1·9%., 7·1%. and 6·0%., respectively, more positive than zooplankton. The δ13C values of Auke Bay sedimentary carbon (−20·8±0·6%.) were slightly depleted in 13C compared to Auke Bay net phytoplankton and δ15N values of sedimentary nitrogen (+5·9±1·0%.) were slightly enriched in 15N over phytoplankton suggesting that phytoplankton supply the major portion of both carbon and nitrogen to Auke Bay sediments. Benthic invertebrates exhibited a wide range of δ13C (−20·8 to −14·3%.) and δ15N (+7·5 to +12·8%.) values. Much of the variability is explained by the trophic positions of the animals. The δ13C and δ15N values of adult Auke Bay Macoma nasuta exhibited significant seasonal shifts in δ13C and δ15N which were negative and opposite to the positive seasonal shifts in δ13C and δ15N of phytoplankton and zooplankton. Meiofauna (>98% nematodes) did not exhibit a seasonal shift in δ13C and δ15N as did phytoplankton, zooplankton and Macoma nasuta.
REPORT ON ASSAYS OF KNOWN QUANTITIES OF ANDROSTERONE BY THE CHICK METHOD1

THE PRECEDING PAPER (1) contains a detailed description of our technique for the bioassay of androgens by means of the comb growth reaction in the baby chick. In that publication, it was emphasised that the applicability of the method is limited to the dosage range of 10 to 50 micrograms of androsterone, such low concentrations being attained by dissolving the crystalline material in a suitable volume of sesame oil. From the statistical analysis of the data, however, it was anticipated that greater accuracy would be obtained within the range 20 to 40 ng than outside it. In order to test the reliability of our method, we have performed a series of 39 determinations with known quantities of crystalline androsterone, in the usual way, using a group of 16 to 18 chicks for each unknown. None of these data was ineluded in the 10 series of experiments on which the dose’response equation was based.
Characterization of a γ-glutamyl transpeptidase positive subpopulation of endothelial cells in a spontaneous tube-forming clone of rat cerebral resistance-vessel endothelium

A spontaneous tube-forming clone of rat cerebral resistance-vessel endothelium was characterized in long-term serial culture. In this study, a clone, RV-150 ECT, of cerebral resistance vessel endothelial cells in long-term culture has been shown to have a subpopulation of gamma-GTP positive cells that are present in all cultures regardless of confluency status or tube-forming stages. In pre-confluent and confluent cultures, the gamma-GTP positive cells are few in number, stain weakly, and are randomly distributed in the monolayers. In monolayer post-confluent cultures, gamma-GTP positive cells increase in number, stain strongly, and begin to show signs of non-random distributions. In early post-confluent cultures that have become a mixture of monolayer and multilayer cells, there is a further increase in gamma-GTP positive cells which begin to form distinct groupings. In mid post-confluent cultures, the multilayered areas of the culture have begun clustering to form clear multicellular aggregates. The gamma-GTP positive cells at this stage are reduced in number and are predominantly associated with the cell clusters. In late post-confluent cultures, the multicellular clusters develop clear cell cords between/among the clusters. At this stage the gamma-GTP positive cells are associated exclusively with cell clusters. With cord development, the gamma-GTP positive cells are associated with both clusters and cords, and are reduced in number apparently because of selective degeneration of these cells. The results of this study demonstrate that a phenotypically distinct subpopulation of endothelial cells exhibits characteristic features of the blood-brain barrier, namely gamma-GTP. The ability of these cells to express this property in long-term serial culture suggests that this may represent a useful in vitro model to study the growth and differentiation of blood-brain barrier vessels.
A BELT PAPER KYMOGRAPH WITH A THREE SPEED GEAR SHIFT.

1. Herein has been described and illustrated a belt paper kymograph, electrically driven, and provided with a three speed gear shift. 2. By the use of this gear shift the operator may instantaneously change the speed of his paper from intermediate to high speed which is four times faster or to low speed which is four times slower. 3. By the arrangement of gears here shown no clutch or clutch lever is needed, and the operator may readily alter the speed by the use of either hand. 4. Although this gear box may appear somewhat complicated and difficult to construct it was built by junior and senior college students in mechanical engineering
UNINTENDED PREGNANCY: Consequences and Solutions for a Worldwide Problem

Unintended pregnancy is a worldwide problem that affects women, their families, and society. Unintended pregnancy can result from contraceptive failure, non-use of contraceptive services, and, less commonly, rape. Abortion is a frequent consequence of unintended pregnancy and, in the developing world, can result in serious, long-term negative health effects including infertility and maternal death. In many developing countries, poverty, malnutrition, and lack of sanitation and education contribute to serious health consequences for women and their families experiencing an unintended pregnancy. Regardless of the cause, unintended pregnancy and its negative consequences can be prevented by access to contraceptive services including emergency contraception, safe and legal abortion services, and a society that allows women to determine their own reproductive choices. Addressing unintended pregnancy and its substantial human and dollar costs should be a priority in every country. The availability of reliable contraception for all, regardless of age or ability to pay, is an essential first step. Women and adolescents require access to age-appropriate and culturally sensitive reproductive health care services, including emergency contraception. Access to safe, legal abortion services is necessary to impact the staggering maternal mortality rates worldwide. Midwives throughout the world provide the majority of care for women of reproductive age. It is essential to identify those at risk for unintended pregnancy, provide the services they require, and remain diligent to ensure that those women and their families have safe options to consider when faced with an unintended pregnancy. In 1920, Magaret Sanger said, “No women can call herself free who does not control her own body.” Although great strides have been made to improve the health and status of women since Ms. Sanger spoke those words, there remains much work to be done.
Nonstomatal Inhibition of Photosynthesis at Low Water Potentials in Intact Leaves of Species from a Variety of Habitats

Mesophyll resistance to CO2 uptake was calculated from gas exchange data on intact leaves of 12 species of woody plants. Plants studied were native to habitats ranging from streamsides to deserts. Gas exchange measurements were made at light saturation and constant temperature to eliminate possible effects of light and temperature on estimates of mesophyll resistance. Cuticular transpiration was measured and used in calculation of stomatal resistances from whole leaf transpiration rates. In all species examined, an increase in mesophyll resistance was observed as leaves dried. The increase in mesophyll resistance in all cases occurred at the same water potential as the initial decline in net photosynthesis, and was accompanied by an increase in stomatal resistance.
Feasibility of using bevacizumab with radiation therapy and temozolomide in newly diagnosed high-grade glioma.

Introduction Bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), has shown promise in the treatment of patients with recurrent high-grade glioma. The purpose of this study is to test the feasibility of using bevacizumab with chemoradiation in the primary management of high-grade glioma. Methods and Materials Fifteen patients with high-grade glioma were treated with involved field radiation therapy to a dose of 59.4 Gy at 1.8 Gy/fraction with bevacizumab 10 mg/kg on Days 14 and 28 and temozolomide 75 mg/m 2 . Subsequently, bevacizumab 10 mg/kg was continued every 2 weeks with temozolomide 150 mg/m 2 for 12 months. Changes in relative cerebral blood volume, perfusion-permeability index, and tumor volume measurement were measured to assess the therapeutic response. Immunohistochemistry for phosphorylated VEGF receptor 2 (pVEGFR2) was performed. Results Thirteen patients (86.6%) completed the planned bevacizumab and chemoradiation therapy. Four Grade III/IV nonhematologic toxicities were seen. Radiographic responses were noted in 13 of 14 assessable patients (92.8%). The pVEGFR2 staining was seen in 7 of 8 patients (87.5%) at the time of initial diagnosis. Six patients have experienced relapse, 3 at the primary site and 3 as diffuse disease. One patient showed loss of pVEGFR2 expression at relapse. One-year progression-free survival and overall survival rates were 59.3% and 86.7%, respectively. Conclusion Use of antiangiogenic therapy with radiation and temozolomide in the primary management of high-grade glioma is feasible. Perfusion imaging with relative cerebral blood volume, perfusion-permeability index, and pVEGFR2 expression may be used as a potential predictor of therapeutic response. Toxicities and patterns of relapse need to be monitored closely.
Effect of Point Imperfections on Lattice Thermal Conductivity

The consequences of a simple, phenomenological, theory of lattice thermal conductivity with respect to the effect of point imperfections are summarized. The experimental results of Berman et al. on the effect of varying the concentration of ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$ on the conductivity of lithium fluoride are analyzed in detail.
Parallel Synthesis of bis-heterocyclic isoxazolylmethyl- and isoxazolinylmethylpyrazoles.

The solution-phase parallel synthesis of a 136-member library of isoxazol(in)e-CH2-pyrazoles is described. X-ray crystallographic structure determination verified the regioselectivities of the N-alkylation and nitrile oxide 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition steps. The construction of these pharmaceutically relevant heterocycles on solid support under microwave irradiation is also demonstrated. The resulting library of drug-like compounds has been added to the National Institutes of Health repository (∼10 mg of each with ≥90% purity) for pilot-scale biomedical studies with bioassay data available at the National Center for Biotechnology Information PubChem database. A subset of these compounds has been broadly screened by Dow AgroSciences for herbicidal, fungicidal, and insecticidal activity.
Percutaneous infundibuloplasty: management of calyceal diverticula and infundibular stenosis.

Calculi in calyceal diverticula or behind stenotic renal infundibula are generally managed with percutaneous extraction. Percutaneous infundibuloplasty, a relatively noninvasive technique, is advocated to drain and eradicate the potentially infected space and can be performed at the same time as stone extraction. A communication between the diverticulum and renal pelvis is created by passing a transjugular cholangiographic needle under fluoroscopic or visual guidance, dilating the tract with a balloon catheter, and placing a stent until uroepithelial coverage has occurred. Stenotic infundibula are dilated in a like fashion. During 7 years, six (60%) of 10 patients with such "neoinfundibula" draining calyceal diverticula remained patent for at least 2 years. In two more patients (20%), both the calyceal diverticular cavity and neoinfundibulum were obliterated; in only one patient (10%) was there a residual cavity after the neoinfundibulum became obstructed. One patient was lost to follow-up. Long-term corr...
Dead before detection: addressing the effects of left truncation on survival estimation and ecological inference for neonates

Summary 1. Neonate survival is a key life history trait, yet remains challenging to measure in wild populations because neonates can be difficult to capture at birth. Estimates of survival from neonates that are opportunistically captured might be inaccurate because some individuals die before sampling, resulting in data that are left truncated. The resulting overestimation of survival rates can further affect ecological inference through biased estimates of covariate effects in survival models, yet is not addressed in most studies of animal survival. Here, we quantify the effects of left truncation on survival estimates and subsequent ecological inference. 2. Vaginal implant transmitters (VITs) enable capture of ungulates at birth, yielding data without left truncation. The effects of left truncation on survival estimation were quantified using age-dependent survival models for VIT and opportunistically captured neonatal deer. Differences in daily survival rates (DSRs) and cumulative survival probability were calculated for the first 70 days of life. In addition, left truncation was simulated by removing fawns that died during the first 1 or 2 days of life from the VIT-caught sample, isolating the effect of left truncation. 3. Cumulative probability of survival during the first 70 days of life was overestimated by 7–23% for fawns caught opportunistically compared with those caught by VIT, depending on model design. Differences in DSRs were large at age 1 day, but had converged by age 30 days. Simulated left truncation resulted in overestimates of survival of up to 31%. Model selection and covariate coefficients were strongly affected by left truncation, producing spurious ecological inference, including changes to sign and/or magnitude of inferred effects of all covariates. 4. We recommend (i) every effort be made to capture neonates; (ii) consistent capture methods, using at least in part non-truncating techniques, be implemented across years and study areas; and (iii) exclusion of left-truncated data from survival estimates until DSRs converge with those calculated from non-truncated data. This work emphasizes the importance of accounting for left truncation in survival estimation for any species with strong age-dependent survival in order to prevent biased conclusions produced by sampling method rather than true ecological effects.
Relation of Anthropometric Measurements to Ovarian Cancer Risk in a Population-based Case–control Study (United States)

Objective To examine the relationship between anthropometric measures and ovarian cancer by menopausal status.
Facile Conjugation of Biomolecules onto Surfaces via Mussel Adhesive Protein Inspired Coatings

Immobilization of biomolecules onto surfaces is important in many of the biological and physical sciences, including cell and molecular biology, analytical chemistry, and in applied and interdisciplinary fields such as medical diagnostics, tissue engineering, and bioprocess engineering.[1-4] Strategies for biomolecule immobilization onto surfaces generally exploit either noncovalent or covalent reactions. Noncovalent methods allow reversible immobilization of biomolecules under specific conditions, and include physical adsorption and affinity immobilization. Some widely adapted examples are (strep)avidin-biotin, nitriloacetic acid (NTA)-histidine, and DNA-DNA interactions.[5-8] In contrast, covalent immobilization of molecules onto surfaces typically relies on conjugation reactions between ‘active’ functional groups, such as N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)[9] or maleimide,[10] and companion target moieties, such as amines and sulfhydryls. For reactions involving biomolecules performed in aqueous solvents, susceptibility of NHS, maleimide, and other activating groups to hydrolysis during storage and reaction can lead to low efficiency of surface bioconjugation.[11,12] In this study, we report a facile two-step aqueous approach to immobilization of biomolecules onto surfaces. The approach involves simple dip-coating of a biomimetic polymer thin film onto a substrate, followed by conjugation of biomolecules to the biomimetic polymer film. The method exploits the latent reactivity of the biomimetic polymer thin film towards nucleophiles, is unaffected by water, and allows for discrimination between nucleophiles on the basis of pKa.
Relation of surface interactions to first-wall and in-vessel-component (IVC) design and materials performance in fusion devices

Abstract Surface interactions affect the choice of in-vessel-component (IVC) materials and their coatings. Limiters, divertor components, special armor, and the first wall are subject to plasma and neutral atom bombardment at rates up to 5 × 10 23 particles/s with particle energies ranging from several tens of eV to 2–5 keV, depending on plasma edge conditions. Neutral beam injection leads to bombardment of special beam dumps with 10–200 keV particles. Special events such as a plasma disruption can deposit hundreds of joules/cm 2 in a time of 2 to 20 ms on the limiter and first wall. Wall-produced medium or high Z impurities are detrimental to the plasma energy balance and to plasma MHD stability. Quantitative results are described to illustrate anticipated component response. Criteria are summarized which affect the design and choices of materials and coatings for in-vessel-components and the first wall. Illustrative design approaches are drawn from recent tokamak research, particularly from work on the international tokamak reactor, INTOR, and the U.S. fusion engineering device, FED.
Elemental composition of simulated in situ oil shale retort water

The abundances are given of 47 elements in 23 unfiltered retort waters from three simulated in situ retorts and of 17 elements in the dissolved and particulate fraction of 11 of these waters. For most of the unfiltered waters, the carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur occur at concentrations greater than 0.1 percent; aluminum, arsenic, calcium, iron, potassium, sodium, nickel, and chlorine occur at concentrations greater than 1 ppm and less than 0.1 percent; and all other measured elements occur at concentration of less than 1 ppm. The particulate fraction in these waters ranges from 203 to 2984 mg/litre, and, in most waters, iron, nickel, potassium, and calcium occur at concentrations that are greater than 0.1 mg/ltre. (Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur were not measured in the particulates). All other measured elements (titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, gallium, arsenic, selenium, bromine, rubidium, strontium, yttrium, mercury, and lead) typically occur at concentrations of less than 0.05 mg/litre in the particulates. 21 refs.
Uranyl diphosphonates with pillared structures.

A series of five uranyl diphosphonates with pillared and canted pillared structures have been prepared and characterized. These compounds are constructed from UO6 tetragonal bipyramids and UO7 pentagonal bipyramids that are bridged by the diphosphonate anions. All of these compounds fluoresce at room temperature.
Limitations of a Young Science

The centennial of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake is a natural time to reflect on the past, present, and future of seismology. We've come far in little more than the hundred years since the first seismometers were developed in the late 1800's. We've learned a lot about Earth structure and are making progress in using that knowledge to understand the Earth's composition and dynamics. Similarly, we've learned much about the phenomenon of earthquakes and a reasonable amount about the tectonic processes that cause them, and are starting to learn about the physics of the earthquake process. [I]nferences we draw from the short earthquake history available... have serious limitations and leave many questions unanswered. Still, it's useful to recall how short one hundred years is compared to the time scales of many Earth processes. The planet is billions of years old, plate motions that cause earthquakes haven't changed much in the past few million years, and earthquake histories on many faults seem complicated on scales of many hundreds or thousands of years. As a result, inferences we draw from the short earthquake history available—even adding historical and paleoseismic data—have serious limitations and leave many questions unanswered. We all know this and can think of examples. While discussing the 1906 earthquake, we recognize that modern seismicity maps don't show the southern segment of the San Andreas on which its 1857 cousin occurred. We realize that we know of this earthquake from historical accounts, and know from paleoseismic data that this fault segment has had a complicated and irregular earthquake history over the past 2,000 years. This example from the most studied fault system on Earth illustrates why it's worth bearing in mind the short records available, recognizing the limitations they pose for our ability to understand earthquakes, and accepting that the Earth …
Surfactant-enhanced adsorption of organic compounds by layered double hydroxides

Abstract Clay-based adsorbents were synthesized by incorporating anionic surfactants, sodium octylsulfate (SOS), sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), sodium 4-octylbenzenesulfonate (SOBS), and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS), into magnesium aluminum layered double hydroxide (Mg–Al LDH) via ion exchange. Adsorption isotherms indicated the amount of surfactants intercalated decreased in the order: SDS>SOBS>SDBS>SOS. X-ray diffraction analysis of the organo-LDHs revealed that surfactant molecules could adopt various configurations within the Mg–Al LDH interlayer space, with SOS forming bilayers whereas others exhibited monolayer arrangements. Intercalation of surfactants into Mg–Al LDH resulted in a decrease in surface area as determined by BET analysis. The products were also examined for their ability to adsorb organic pollutants. The adsorption results indicated that both 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane could be adsorbed by all of the organo-LDHs studied, presumably due to partitioning, with adsorption affinity dependent upon the type of surfactant used. Adsorption results indicated anionic surfactants intercalated into Mg–Al LDH form a more effective partition phase than octanol.