cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Levels of p53 in Epstein-Barr virus-infected cells determine cell fate: Apoptosis, cell cycle arrest at the G1/S boundary without apoptosis, cell cycle arrest at the G2/M boundary without apoptosis, or unrestricted proliferation

The marked increases in p53 and p21/WAF1 levels that occur during Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and the generation of immortal B lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) do not lead to growth arrest or apoptosis, although increasing wild-type (wt) p53 levels in EBV-infected cells by transfection or DNA damage induce these effects. We hypothesized that the concentration of p53 relative to that of LMP1 determines whether EBV-infected B cells undergo growth arrest and apoptosis. Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were evaluated in LCL expressing varying p53 levels achieved by treating the cells with increasing concentrations of cisplatin, and we supplemented this approach with experiments in EBV-infected Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) cells transfected with a temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant human p53 and studies in LCL infected with recombinant adenoviruses expressing wt and ts mutant p53. Small increases in p53 and p21/WAF1 led to cell cycle arrest at the G2/M boundary, but not to apoptosis; moderate increases resulted in growth arrest at the G1/S boundary, also without apoptosis; and large increases also induced apoptosis. These results confirm the hypothesis and reveal unanticipated complexities in cell cycle regulation by p53.
In vitro Dimroth rearrangement of 1-(2-carboxyethyl) adenine to N6-(2-carboxyethyl)adenine in single-stranded calf thymus DNA

The new adduct N6-(2-carboxyethyl)adenine (N6-CEA) was prepared from 1-(2-carboxyethyl)adenine (1-CEA) by base catalyzed (Dimroth) rearrangement of 1-CEA. The structure of N6-CEA was assigned on the basis of UV spectra and electron impact and isobutane chemical ionization mass spectra. When the carcinogen beta-propiolactone was reacted in vitro with calf thymus DNA, 1-CEA but not N6-CEA was detected on paper chromatograms following acid hydrolysis of the DNA. When BPL-reacted single-stranded DNA was incubated at pH 11.7 (37 degrees C, 18 h) prior to acid hydrolysis, it was found that 1-CEA was completely converted to N6-CEA in DNA by Dimroth rearrangement, whereas no conversion occurred at pH 7.5. The extent of Dimroth rearrangement at various pHs and temperatures was determined for 1-CEA, 1-methyladenine (1-MeA), 1-(2-carboxyethyl)-deoxyadenosine-5'-monophosphoric acid (1-CEdAdo5'P) and the phosphodiester 5'-O-(2-carboxyethyl)phosphono-1-(2-carboxyethyl)deoxyadenosine (1-CE-Ado-5'-P-CE).
Effect of SKF 525-A on drug absorption in rats.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanism whereby SKF 525-A inhibits the absorption of orally administered drugs in rats. It was found that SKF 525-A decreases the gastric emptying rate of polyethylene glycol 4000 and the absorption rate of orally administered sulfacetamide but that it does not affect the rate of absorption of sulfacetamide introduced directly into the rat small intestine. It is concluded therefore that the SKF 525-A-induced decrease in drug absorption is due to inhibition of gastric emptying.
Tectonic controls on atmospheric, climatic, and biological evolution 3.5-2.4Ga

Abstract This paper presents a speculative scenario for the evolution of the earth's surface environment and biological community 3.5–2.4 Ga based on the geologic record and its interpretation. Available geologic evidence suggests that the earth's climate before 3.2 Ga was hot, probably 60–73 °C, as a result of a CO 2 and CH 4 greenhouse. The early biological community was probably dominated by anoxygenic photosynthetic thermophiles. Cyanobacteria, if they evolved before 3.1 Ga, would have struggled to survive at such high temperatures. As a result, the atmosphere contained extremely low levels of O 2 and Δ 33 S shows wide departures from 0 indicating mass independent fractionation of S isotopes in the upper atmosphere. This hot early climate collapsed 3.1–3.0 Ga due to growth of large new blocks of continental crust (cratons), the weathering of which resulted in the depletion of atmospheric CO 2 and eventual drawdown of CH 4 due to formation and rainout of methane aerosols. Cooling may have culminated in glaciation about 3.0–2.9 Ga. This climatic catastrophe and attendant changes in atmospheric composition drove a major biological revolution 3.0–2.7 Ga characterized by the emergence of new low-temperature taxa, including cyanobacteria, and their spread throughout surface environments at the expense of extreme thermophiles, including methanogens. During a period of general tectonic stability, 3.0–2.7 Ga, the earth's surface was characterized by overall clement conditions with temperatures 2 after 2.75 Ga and by 2.7 Ga surface temperatures had returned to >60 °C. Cyanobacteria were again suppressed, O 2 production waned, and atmospheric mass independent fractionation is again indicated by extreme variations in Δ 33 S. These conditions persisted, perhaps intermittently, until about 2.5–2.4 Ga, when weathering and erosion of vast new blocks of continental crust formed about 2.65–2.6 Ga caused the second, and probably last collapse of a >60 °C surface climate. Broad tectonic, climatic, and biological events 3.5–2.9 Ga are remarkably parallel to those of the Late Archean and Paleoproterozoic 2.75–2.2 Ga and Neoproterozoic 1.0–0.50 Ga. These ∼500-myr long cycles of greenstone volcanism and crustal generation; climatic and atmospheric instability; and biological innovation reflect the long-term interaction of the tectonic, atmospheric, climatic, and biological components of the earth's surface system. They suggest that the evolution of the earth's interior, expressed through its control on the formation of large blocks of continental crust, has influenced atmospheric composition and climate which in turn have provided a fundamental control on the timing and directions of biological evolution throughout earth history.
Can source code auditing software identify common vulnerabilities and be used to evaluate software security

Software vulnerabilities are a growing problem (c.f. MITRE's CVE, http://eve.mitre.org). Moreover, many of the mistakes leading to vulnerabilities are repeated often. Source code auditing tools could be a great help in identifying common mistakes, or in evaluating the security of software. We investigated the effectiveness of the auditing tools we could access, using the following criteria: number of false positives, false negatives by comparison to known vulnerabilities, and time required to validate the warnings related to vulnerabilities. Some of the known vulnerabilities could not be found by any code auditor, because they were fairly unusual or involved knowledge not contained or codified in the source code. The coding problems that could be identified consisted of string format vulnerabilities, buffer overflows, race conditions, memory leaks, and symlink attacks. However, we found it extremely time-consuming to validate warnings related to the latter four types, because the number of false positives was very high, and because it was not easily apparent if they were real vulnerabilities. These required that the code be audited locally, by people familiar with the code, and carefully inspected to see if the values could be manipulated in such a way as to produce malicious effects. However, the string format vulnerabilities were much easier to recognize. In small and medium scale projects, the open source program Pscan was useful in finding a mix of coding style issues that could potentially enable string format vulnerabilities, as well as actual vulnerabilities. The limitations of Pscan were more obvious in large scale projects like OpenBSD, as more false positives occurred. Clearly, auditing source code for all vulnerabilities remains a time-consuming process, even with the help of the current tools, and more research is needed in identifying and avoiding other common mistakes.
DSM-5 grief scorecard: Assessment and outcomes of proposals to pathologize grief

Where does grief stand diagnostically, now that the dust has settled and the DSM-5 has been approved? The DSM-5 Task Force considered an unprecedented series of proposals to identify grief-related mental disorders where now there are assumed to be normal variations. The proposals taken together had the potential to transform psychiatry's conceptualization of grief and the clinician's response to bereaved patients. Targets for pathologization included both depressive symptoms during grief and grief itself – the yearning, disbelief, and other experiences distinctive of grief. Four grief-related proposals made it to the final leg of the DSM-5 revision process, a major event in itself. Here I review the proposals, assess their validity, and present the Task Force's final decisions, providing an overview of the status of grief post-DSM-5.
Acute myocardial infarction in early pregnancy: definition of myocardium at risk with noncontrast T2-weighted cardiac magnetic resonance

We report a case of a 34-year-old woman who had a left anterior wall myocardial infarction develop in the first trimester of pregnancy. Despite urgent and successful revascularization, she demonstrated persistent segmental wall motion abnormalities by transthoracic echocardiography. To manage this patient safely through pregnancy with a better definition of myocardium at risk, a cardiac magnetic resonance examination was performed. This identified a large territory of acutely edematous myocardium in addition to providing accurate volumetric measurements of left ventricular size and function. Because of her gravid state, gadolinium was not administered nor was it required to delineate the region of myocardium at risk.
Mph1 and Mus81-Mms4 Prevent Aberrant Processing of Mitotic Recombination Intermediates

Homology-dependent repair of double-strand breaks (DSBs) from nonsister templates has the potential to generate loss of heterozygosity or genome rearrangements. Here we show that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mph1 helicase prevents crossovers between ectopic sequences by removing substrates for Mus81-Mms4 or Rad1-Rad10 cleavage. A role for Yen1 is only apparent in the absence of Mus81. Cells lacking Mph1 and the three nucleases are highly defective in the repair of a single DSB, suggesting that the recombination intermediates that accumulate cannot be processed by the Sgs1-Top3-Rmi1 complex (STR). Consistent with this hypothesis, ectopic joint molecules (JMs) accumulate transiently in the mph1Δ mutant and persistently when Mus81 is eliminated. Furthermore, the ectopic JMs formed in the mus81Δ mutant contain a single Holliday junction (HJ) explaining why STR is unable to process them. We suggest that Mph1 and Mus81-Mms4 recognize an early strand exchange intermediate and direct repair to noncrossover or crossover outcomes, respectively.
Spontaneous rhabdomyosarcoma in a rhesus monkey

In an adult male rhesus monkey, a large pelvic mass causing lysis of the ilium and destruction of pelvic musculature was diagnosed as a spontaneous rhabdomyosarcoma by the use of histological, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical techniques.
Characteristics of US drought and pluvials from a high‐resolution spatial dataset

Anomalous precipitation can be a devastating natural disaster having significant impacts on economies, society and the environment. This study examines the spatial and temporal characteristics of anomalous precipitation throughout the United States to obtain a greater understanding of drought/pluvial regimes, including intensity, duration and spatial coverage based on a high-resolution precipitation dataset. With the help of the parameter-elevation regression on independent slopes model (PRISM), approximately 4 km data for the United States is used to construct the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) and the standardized precipitation index (SPI) for the period 1895–2003. Increased resolution from the PRISM dataset shows that drought/pluvial areas are not as homogeneous as seen in previous studies based on climate divisions and larger scales. While size, duration and locations of drought/pluvial events are influenced by the index used, the largest annual drought/pluvial events occur more frequently in the central United States, with a higher percentage of extreme values occurring in the western portion of the country. Four large pluvial events have occurred in the United States during the study period, with three of these having occurred during the past 30 years. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Collapsar: a VM-based honeyfarm and reverse honeyfarm architecture for network attack capture and detention

The honeypot has emerged as an effective tool to provide insights into new attacks and exploitation trends. However, a single honeypot or multiple independently operated honeypots only provide limited local views of network attacks. Coordinated deployment of honeypots in different network domains not only provides broader views, but also create opportunities of early network anomaly detection, attack correlation, and global network status inference. Unfortunately, coordinated honeypot operation require close collaboration and uniform security expertise across participating network domains. The conflict between distributed presence and uniform management poses a major challenge in honeypot deployment and operation. To address this challenge, we present Collapsar, a virtual machine-based architecture for network attack capture and detention. A Collapsar center hosts and manages a large number of high-interaction virtual honeypots in a local dedicated network. To attackers, these honeypots appear as real systems in their respective production networks. Decentralized logical presence of honeypots provides a wide diverse view of network attacks, while the centralized operation enables dedicated administration and convenient event correlation, eliminating the need for honeypot expertise in every production network domain. Collapsar realizes the traditional honeyfarm vision as well as our new reverse honeyfarm vision, where honeypots act as vulnerable clients exploited by real-world malicious servers. We present the design, implementation, and evaluation of a Collapsar prototype. Our experiments with a number of real-world attacks demonstrate the effectiveness and practicality of Collapsar.
Wavelet coding of images using trellis-coded quantization

The discrete wavelet transform has recently emerged as a powerful technique for decomposing images into various multiresolution approximations. An image is decomposed into a sequence of orthogonal components, the first being an approximation of the original image at some 'base' resolution. By the addition of successive (orthogonal) 'error' images, approximations of higher resolution are obtained. Trellis coded quantization (TCQ) is known as an effective scheme for quantizing memoryless sources with low to moderate complexity. The TCQ approach to data compression has led to some of the most effective source codes found to date for memoryless sources. In this work, we investigate the use of entropy-constrained TCQ for encoding wavelet coefficients at different bit rates. The lowest-resolution sub-image is quantized using a 2-D discrete cosine transform encoder. For encoding the 512 X 512, 8- bit, monochrome 'Lenna' image, a PSNR of 39.00 dB is obtained at an average bit rate of 0.89 bits/pixel.
Spatial and Temporal Expression of a Polysphondylium Spore-Specific Gene

Abstract In the cellular slime mold Polysphondylium spherical masses of cells are periodically released from the base of the culminating sorogen. These whorls undergo a morphogenetic transformation from spherical to radial symmetry, marked by the early emergence of a radially symmetric prepattern on the whorl surface. In previous experiments, morphogenesis was followed by observing prestalk cell markers. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of a spore coat gene whose expression pattern is the negative image of the prestalk pattern. To study the molecular mechanism of sp-45 gene regulation, we have cloned and analyzed the sp-45 promoter. Deletion analysis localized a single positive regulatory element (PRE) to a 106-bp fragment between positions −246 and −352 of the upstream coding sequence. This fragment can be further divided into a promoter-proximal and promoter-distal PRE and a 29-bp sequence between them. The distal PRE can regulate prespore expression when fused to a nonfunctioning basal promoter. The distal PRE contains two adjacent essential elements, a Gr box (GTGATATAGTGG) and a TA box (TAATATATT). Each element can drive prespore cell-specific reporter gene expression independently when incorporated into a nonfunctional promoter. Our results also show that prespore cell-specific gene expression is solely under positive regulation, with no evidence for spore-specific enhancers or cis-acting negative regulatory elements. By fusing GFP to the C-terminus of sp-45, we have demonstrated that the graded gene expression of SP45 in the sorogen is regulated by a sequence lying within the sp-45 coding sequence. The temporal and spatial expression pattern of this protein, taken together with the prestalk expression pattern, demonstrates unambiguously that the radial symmetries that emerge in the whorl are established by a system of positional coordinates and that cell sorting plays little if any role in this process.
The Relevance of Fatalism in the Study of Latinas’ Cancer Screening Behavior: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Background Fatalism has been identified as a dominant belief among Latinos and is believed to act as a barrier to cancer prevention. However, controversy exists over the utility of the construct in explaining health disparities experienced by disadvantaged populations above the influence of structural barriers such as low socioeconomic status (SES) and limited access to health care.
Exercise training attenuates aging-associated increases in collagen and collagen crosslinking of the left but not the right ventricle in the rat.

The purpose of this study was to compare the independent and interactive effects of age and exercise training on selected parameters of the right ventricle (RV), left ventricular septum (LVS) and left ventricular free-wall (LVFW) extracellular matrix. Specifically, we evaluated collagen and collagen crosslinking (hydroxylysylpyridinoline, HP) concentrations in the myocardial extracellular matrix in young adult, Y (5.5 months) and old, O (25.5 months) male Fischer 344 rats. Rats were assigned to either a sedentary control (YC, OC) or an exercise training group (YT, OT). Rats were trained for 45 min/day, 5 days/week, for 10 weeks at ≅70% of maximal oxygen consumption. Following the training regimen, rats were sacrificed and their hearts were dissected into the RV, LVS and LVFW. Training resulted in a significant hypertrophy of the left ventricle (LV) but not RV relative to body weight. In young rats, collagen concentration was significantly higher (P<0.01) in RV compared to LVS, but not LVFW. With aging, collagen concentration increased significantly (P<0.05) in both ventricles, but more so in LV than RV so that differences in percent collagen observed between chambers in both YC and YT rats no longer existed in OC and OT animals. This aging effect was attenuated by training in the LVS but not the LVFW, so that collagen concentration, while higher in this region of the LV in OT compared to YT rats, was also lower than that seen in the LVS of OC rats. HP crosslink concentration in the LVS and LVFW, but not the RV of OC rats was significantly elevated above corresponding values seen in YC rats (P<0.05 or greater). In YT rats, training had no effect on HP crosslinking concentration in any of the three regions of the heart. However, in OT rats, training completely prevented the age-associated increase in crosslinking seen in both the LVS and LVFW of OC animals. These findings illustrate the different responses of the RV, LVS and LVFW extracellular matrix components, collagen and HP crosslinking, to both aging and training in the rodent.
Adjustment costs, learning, and indeterminacy

Abstract I compare the adjustment cost and learning approaches to resolving indeterminacy of perfect foresight equilibrium in a continuous time model with local indeterminacy. Rapid learning tends to select different perfect foresight equilibria of the original model than does the inclusion of vanishing adjustment costs. This difference has implications for the dynamic response of the economy to unanticipated shocks.
Efficient stack allocation for tail-recursive languages

The Scheme dialect of Lisp [9] is properly tail-recuraiwit relies entirely on procedure calls to express iteration. In Scheme, a tail-recursive procedure call (that is, a call in which the calling procedure does not do any further processing of the returned due) is essentially a goto that passes arguments, sa was first pointed out by Steele [13]. In a prop erly tail-recursive language, there is no need for any explicit iteration constructs such as do or vhile; these can all be defined in terms of ordinary procedure calls. As elegant as tail-recursion may be from the perspective of the programmer or the theoretician, it poses challenges for the compiler designer. One of the crucial decisions in the design of a compiler is the formation of a strategy for memory allocation and deallocation. An important aspect of this strategy is the treatment of memory locations used to hold the bindings of local variables. Because local variables play a significant role in most computer languages, their treatment can have a noticeable impact on a program’s execution speed and run-time space requirements. Compilers for many block-structured languages use a simple strategy when allocating local variables: stack allocation. This strategy is supported by hardware on many computers, and by software mechanisms such as the aceem link and the display. However, the standard methods for implementing stack allocation assume that the language is not tail-recursive, and a straightforward application of these methods to a tailrecursive language can result in non-tail-recursive compiled code.’ This paper describes stack-allocation techniques for compiling tail-recursive languages. We do not claim that these are the only techniquea that can be used to solve the prob lem, nor do we compare them to other techniques. Instead, we use our techniques as a concrete example to demonstrate that it is possible to implement stack allocation of local variables without sacrificing tail recursion, which to our knowledge has not previously been shown. We have implemented these techniques in the MIT
Moisture distribution between whole corn, endosperm and germ by various methods of conditioning

Summary Moisture distribution between whole corn, endosperm, and germ was determined when the corn is conditioned by three methods namely: equilibrium moisture content, controlled total moisture, and a soaking method. Corn endosperm adsorbed more water than germ at lower relative humidities. But, at higher relative humidities, corn germ adsorbed much more water than endosperm. By controlling the total moisture content of the corn kernel, a greater moisture content differential between endosperm and germ was obtained. This greater moisture content differential is desirable for obtaining the higher yield of germ and the endosperm by degerming the corn kernel.
Nanoplasmonic directional couplers and Mach-Zehnder interferometers

Abstract We present a novel design and analysis of two nano-scale plasmonic devices: a directional coupler and a Mach–Zehnder interferometer. The designs of the two devices are based on our recent work on the air-gap coupler that resulted in high coupling efficiency between a dielectric waveguide and a plasmonic waveguide. The two devices are embedded between two dielectric waveguides and operate at optical telecom wavelengths. The overall efficiency was 37% for a 2×2 directional coupler switch and above 50% for the proposed designs for a Mach–Zehnder Interferometer. The efficiency in the proposed devices can be increased using broader plasmonic waveguides.
''Fossil'' Martian weathering.

Mars surface coloration attributed to limonite as fossil weathering product of hydrosphere during early period in planetary evolution
Electrochemical properties and temperature dependence of a recombinant laccase from Thermus thermophilus

The electrochemical properties of a laccase from Thermus thermophilus HB27 (Tth-laccase) were characterized. The gene encoding the laccase was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. One-step purification of the corresponding apo-enzyme was achieved by nickel-affinity chromatography. Copper was incorporated into the apo-laccase as the cofactor to yield the holo-enzyme. The temperature-dependent catalytic activity of the laccase was investigated by spectrophotometric as well as electrochemical methods. Specifically, the catalytic properties of the enzyme were characterized by employing a photometric assay based on the oxidation of the substrate 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS). The electroactive substrate ABTS can be also monitored by cyclic voltammetry, thus allowing for determination of the enzymatic activity electrochemically. It was found that the recombinant laccase exhibited higher activity as the temperature increased up to 65 °C. Spectroscopic studies of Tth-laccase based on circular dichroism and fluorescence measurements are consistent with a thermally stable secondary structure of the protein.
Identification of Exosite-Targeting Inhibitors of Anthrax Lethal Factor by High-Throughput Screening

Summary Protease inhibitor discovery has focused almost exclusively on compounds that bind to the active site. Inhibitors targeting protease exosites, regions outside of the active site that influence catalysis, offer potential advantages of increased specificity but are difficult to systematically discover. Here, we describe an assay suitable for detecting exosite-targeting inhibitors of the metalloproteinase anthrax lethal factor (LF) based on cleavage of a full-length mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MKK) substrate. We used this assay to screen a small-molecule library and then subjected hits to a secondary screen to exclude compounds that efficiently blocked cleavage of a peptide substrate. We identified a compound that preferentially inhibited cleavage of MKKs compared with peptide substrates and could suppress LF-induced macrophage cytolysis. This approach should be generally applicable to the discovery of exosite-targeting inhibitors of many additional proteases.
A computational study of reconstruction algorithms for diffraction tomography: Interpolation versus filtered-backpropagation

From the standpoint of reporting a new contribution, this paper shows that by using bilinear interpolation followed by direct two-dimensional Fourier inversion, one can obtain reconstructions of quality which is comparable to that produced by the filtered-backpropagation algorithm proposed recently by Devaney. For an N × N image reconstructed from N diffracted projections, the former approach requires approximately 4N FFT's, whereas the backpropagation technique requires approximately N2FFT's. We have also taken this opportunity to present the reader with a tutorial introduction to diffraction tomography, an area that is becoming increasingly important not only in medical imaging, but also in underwater and seismic mapping with microwaves and sound. The main feature of the tutorial part is the statement of the Fourier diffraction projection theorem, which is an extension of the traditional Fourier slice theorem to the case of image formation with diffracting illumination.
Long-term follow-up study of coronary reconstruction with multiple stents

Abstract Background Conventional balloon angioplasty of very long de novo coronary lesions or very long coronary dissection caused by angioplasty is associated with low success and high complication rates. Multiple intracoronary stents have been used to treat both conditions, although long-term efficacy has not been defined. Methods and Results Between June 1993 and December 1995, 47 consecutive patients underwent native coronary angioplasty and stenting with 4 or more stents covering at least 2 consecutive diseased coronary segments. Preangioplasty and poststenting diameter stenoses were 81% ± 13% and 21% ± 12%, respectively. Reference vessel diameters were 3.53 ± 0.55 mm proximal to the stents and 2.95 ± 0.62 mm distal to the stents. Average lesion length was 63 ± 20 mm. The number of stents used was 4.5 ± 1 per vessel (from 4 to 7). Gianturco Roubin I stents were used in all patients. Coronary Palmaz-Schatz stents were used as supplementary stents in 3 patients. Angiographic success was 100%. In-hospital outcomes include 1 death, 1 coronary bypass surgery, no Q-wave myocardial infarction, and 7 non–Q-wave myocardial infarctions. Long-term follow-up at 430 ± 199 days was completed in all patients. Thirty-five (76%) patients were asymptomatic, 8 (17%) had class 1 or 2 angina, 1 had a myocardial infarction, 13 (28%) underwent repeat angioplasty, 2 patients had subsequent elective bypass surgery, and 3 died during follow-up. Conclusions Multiple intracoronary stents for very long lesions or dissection can be performed with acceptable immediate and long-term outcomes. (Am Heart J 1999;137:292-7.)
Estimating the probability of CO2 plumes encountering faults

Calculating the Probability of Injected Carbon Dioxide Plumes Encountering Faults Preston D. Jordan 1* , Curtis M. Oldenburg 1 and Jean-Philippe Nicot 2 Earth Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, California 94720 Bureau of Economic Geology Jackson School of Geosciences University of Texas Austin, Texas 78713 Abstract One of the main concerns of storage in saline aquifers is leakage via faults. In the early stages of site selection, site-specific fault coverages are often not available for these aquifers. This necessitates a method using available fault data to estimate the probability of injected carbon dioxide encountering and migrating up a fault. The probability of encounter can be calculated from areal fault density statistics from available data, and carbon dioxide plume dimensions from numerical simulation. Given a number of assumptions, the dimension of the plume perpendicular to a fault times the areal density of faults with offsets greater than some threshold of interest provides probability of the plume encountering such a fault. Application of this result to a previously planned large-scale pilot injection in the southern portion of the San Joaquin Basin yielded a 3% and 7% chance of the plume encountering a fully and half seal offsetting fault, respectively. Subsequently available data indicated a half seal-offsetting fault at a distance from the injection well that implied a 20% probability of encounter for a plume sufficiently large to reach it. Corresponding author: E-mail: pdjordan@lbl.gov; phone: (510) 486-6774; Fax: (510) 486-5686
Confidentiality in psychological practice

Confidentiality has long been a comerstone of trust in the professional relationship between psychologists and their clients. Developments in computer technology, litigation, insurance reimbursement schemes, and changing lifestyles are forcing psychologists to reconsider and refine their approach to respecting this important ethical principle. This article reviews basic concepts on the matter, and discusses these in light of evolving issues in practice, technology, and the law. Some contrasts in legal and ethical aspects of confidentiality between Australia and the United States are discussed. Recommendations for enhancing attention to confidentiality in one's practice are included.
Acute adrenal insufficiency in the patient with burns

Acute adrenal insufficiency is an uncommon but devastating complication of severe burn injury. The diagnosis is rarely made antemortem. Acute, fatal, adrenal insufficiency developed in three patients among 807 critically ill patients with burns treated at this institution during the past 6 years. Thermal injuries elevate corticosteroid secretion for weeks after injury, severely stressing the adrenal glands. Overload of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is thought to make this system unusually vulnerable to acute infarction. Although the actual mechanism of adrenal hemorrhage is not clear, the combination of excessive adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation and hemodynamic instability have been implicated in its evolution. Survival may be too short for characteristic Addisonian metabolic changes to develop. Acute adrenal insufficiency is a rare event that is historically associated with meningococcemia, although any life-threatening illness may precipitate this catastrophe. Therefore, when a sudden deterioration in the patient with thermal injuries is encountered, adrenal insufficiency must be considered.
A168: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus In‐Hospital Mortality Risk Across Ages: A National Estimate

Background/Purpose: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) mortality rates in the U.S. have improved dramatically over the past 50 years, with estimated 5-year survival rates in childhood-onset SLE (cSLE) increasing from 95%. However, current mortality risk for hospitalized individuals with SLE across all age groups has not been described. The goal of this study was to assess mortality risk among hospitalized children and adults with SLE, and to compare these rates to age- and sex-specific all-cause mortality, using a nationwide hospital discharge dataset. Methods: Data derive from the 2011 National Inpatient Sample (NIS), the largest all-payer inpatient health care database in the United States. The NIS contains all discharge data from more than 1,000 hospitals, which approximates a 20 percent stratified sample of all U.S. acute-care non-federal hospitals, including children's hospitals. All hospitalizations of non-pregnant individuals age 5 years and older were included in the analysis. Lupus hospitalizations were identified by a discharge ICD-9 diagnosis code of 710.0. We calculated age-specific standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) to compare the risk of all-cause in-hospital mortality among individuals with SLE to the risk of in-hospital mortality among all patients. Results: A total of 6,157,972 hospitalizations were included in the analysis, of which 39,635 carried a discharge diagnosis of SLE. Lupus hospitalizations included 242 hospitalizations of children age 5–14, 2,225 hospitalizations of youth age 15–24, and 4,610 hospitalizations of young adults age 25–34. Hospitalized individuals with SLE were younger (mean age 52 v. 61 years), more likely to be female (89% v. 53%), and less likely to be white (52% v. 71%). Among 148,507 deaths in the total sample, 709 carried a discharge diagnosis of SLE. There were no deaths among hospitalized children with SLE age 5–14, 14 deaths among youth age 15–24, and 54 deaths among young adults age 25–34. The SMR for hospitalizations of individuals with SLE was highest for ages 25–34 (2.3, 95% CI 1.7–3.0, Figure 1), followed by ages 15–24 (1.65, 95% CI 0.9–2.78), and 35–44 (1.4, 95% CI 1.1–1.9). Adults 45 or older with SLE did not have significantly elevated mortality risk. Conclusion: In this large national dataset, there were no in-hospital deaths among children under age 15 with SLE, which supports previous findings that mortality rates in childhood-onset SLE have improved significantly. However, across all ages, young adults with SLE had the greatest excess mortality risk. It is not known whether these young adults have recent-onset SLE, or longstanding cSLE. Further work is needed to unravel whether this excess mortality results from disease severity, disease damage, poor health care transitions or other factors.
Solvation in simulated annealing and high‐temperature molecular dynamics of proteins: A restrained water droplet model

The use of explicit water molecules in simulations of protein systems in solution at high temperatures (e.g., in simulated annealing protocols) is complicated by the temperature-dependent changes in the physical properties of water. We propose a new protocol for such simulations based on a solvation model in which a spherical harmonic restraint is applied to a water shell surrounding the primary solvent sphere containing the polypeptide. The performance of different force constants, applied in water shells of different widths, was tested in simulations at temperatures ranging from 300 to 500 K. The best results were obtained when small force constants (0.0007–0.002 kcal/mol A2) were applied to 5-A water shells surrounding the primary water sphere constructed to accommodate the solute and water at the appropriate density. With an atom-based 14-A cut-off this solvation model reproduces structural and dynamic properties of water in the range of temperatures tested here. Thus, the internal pressure is very well maintained during cooling in simulated annealing protocols, and the small force constants eliminate the potential artifacts of the surface effects and prevent the water molecules from evaporating in simulations at high temperature. The restrained water droplet model described here is computationally more economical than periodic boundary conditions (PBC) and is preferable to the PBC method in which the size of the box has to be adjusted to maintain the experimental density if simulations are performed at different temperatures. Its application is illustrated in the study of the extracellular domain of the receptor protein for the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). This receptor belongs to the family of seven transmembrane domain proteins involved in signal transduction from the extracellular environment into the cell. The extracellular loops (ECLs) connecting the seven transmembrane (TM) domains are exposed to aqueous solvent and play a key role in binding GnRH to its receptor. The solvation model was used in a successful simulated annealing protocol that explored the conformational space of the interacting ECLs. We show that the resulting secondary structure of ECL 3 is supported by experimental data and depends on hydrophobic interactions that appear only in an appropriate representation of the solvent but cannot be obtained from the commonly used simulations in vacuum with the solvent modeled solely through a dielectric constant. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 77: 174–186, 2000
Rate of the reaction of hydroxyl radical with acetylene

The kinetics of the decay of hydroxyl radicals in the presence of excess acetylene were studied at pressures in the vicinity of 1 torr and at ambient temperature in a tubular discharge-flow reactor. Hydroxyl radicals were produced by the reaction of atomic hydrogen with nitrogen dioxide, H + NO2 OH + NO. The concentration of hydroxyl was followed by line absorption photometry at 308.939 nm and 308.328 nm. Second-order rate coeffcients were determined in two sets of experiments. The initial concentration ratio [C2H2]0/[OH]0 was in the range of 2.3 to 13.2 in the first set, and 14 to 125 (owing to greater hydroxyl detection sensitivity) in the second set. Values of the second-order rate coefficient obtained were nk5 = (2.9 ± 0.3) × 10−13 cm3/molec-sec in the first set, and nk5 = (2.1 ± 0.6) × 10−13 cm3/molec-sec in the second set, where n is the stoichiometric coefficient of OH. A value of the bimolecular rate constant k5 = (2.0 ± 0.6) × 10−13 cm/molec-sec is consistent with both sets of data, as well as an earlier determination.
Dimensional crossover of Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations in thin films of gray tin.

We have studied the Shubnikov--de Haas oscillations in n-type gray tin films in which several size-effect-quantized subbands are relevant. The observed oscillations at oblique magnetic-field angles become increasingly two-dimensional in character as the film thickness decreases. In addition, frequencies associated with nonextremal cross sections of the Fermi surface are observed.
Clustered subset selection and its applications on it service metrics

Motivated by the enormous amounts of data collected in a large IT service provider organization, this paper presents a method for quickly and automatically summarizing and extracting meaningful insights from the data. Termed Clustered Subset Selection (CSS), our method enables program-guided data explorations of high-dimensional data matrices. CSS combines clustering and subset selection into a coherent and intuitive method for data analysis. In addition to a general framework, we introduce a family of CSS algorithms with different clustering components such as k-means and Close-to-Rank-One (CRO) clustering, and Subset Selection components such as best rank-one approximation and Rank-Revealing QR (RRQR) decomposition.From an empirical perspective, we illustrate that CSS is achieving significant improvements over existing Subset Selection methods in terms of approximation errors. Compared to existing Subset Selection techniques, CSS is also able to provide additional insight about clusters and cluster representatives. Finally, we present a case-study of program-guided data explorations using CSS on a large amount of IT service delivery data collection.
Living With A Deficit: Indio, California

This article is a case study of the California city of Indio which has been deficit spending for the past five years. The article explores the causes of Indio's deficit, the resulting coping policies, and the effects on, and expectations of, Indio's citizens. The article suggests that Indio's problems are indicative of fiscal problems in many similar cities; the suggested solutions for Indio may be instructive for similar cities.
Clinical Trial of FK 506 Immunosuppression in Adult Cardiac Transplantation

The new immunosuppressive agent FK 506 was used as primary immunotherapy in conjunction with low-dose steroids and azathioprine in 72 patients subsequent to orthotopic cardiac transplantation. Overall patient survival at a mean follow-up of 360 days was 92%. The number of episodes of cardiac rejection (grade 3A or greater) within 90 days of transplantation was 0.95 per patient. The actuarial freedom from rejection at 90 days was 41%. Achievement of this level of immunosuppression is comparable with that of cyclosporine-based triple-drug therapy with OKT3 immunoprophylaxis. Thirty percent of patients were tapered off all steroids, and the average steroid dose in the group who received steroids was 8.6 mg of prednisone per day. The incidence of infection reflected the diminished necessity for steroids: seven major infections (10%) and 11 minor infections (16%). Renal dysfunction occurred during the perioperative period in most patients in this trial. However, the incidence of hypertension was 54% compared with 70% during the cyclosporine era. Ten adults underwent successful rescue therapy with FK 506 after cardiac rejection refractory to conventional immunotherapy. Side effects of FK 506 were notably few, and the results of the trial are encouraging for the future of the cardiac transplant recipient.
A Novel SNARE N terminal Domain Revealed by the Crystal Structure of Sec22b

Intra-cellular membrane fusion is facilitated by the association of SNAREs from opposite membranes into stable alpha-helical bundles. Many SNAREs, in addition to their alpha-helical regions, contain N-terminal domains that likely have essential regulatory functions. To better understand this regulation, we have determined the 2.4-A crystal structure of the 130-amino acid N-terminal domain of mouse Sec22b (mSec22b), a SNARE involved in endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi membrane trafficking. The domain consists of a mixed alpha-helical/beta-sheet fold that resembles a circular permutation of the actin/poly-proline binding protein, profilin, and the GAF/PAS family of regulatory modules. The structure is distinct from the previously characterized N-terminal domain of syntaxin 1A, and, unlike syntaxin 1A, the N-terminal domain of mSec22b has no effect on the rate of SNARE assembly in vitro. An analysis of surface conserved residues reveals a potential protein interaction site. Key residues in this site are distinct in two mammalian Sec22 variants that lack SNARE domains. Finally, sequence analysis indicates that a similar domain is likely present in the endosomal/lysosomal SNARE VAMP7.
Acoustic measurement of the Deepwater Horizon Macondo well flow rate

On May 31, 2010, a direct acoustic measurement method was used to quantify fluid leakage rate from the Deepwater Horizon Macondo well prior to removal of its broken riser. This method utilized an acoustic imaging sonar and acoustic Doppler sonar operating onboard a remotely operated vehicle for noncontact measurement of flow cross-section and velocity from the well’s two leak sites. Over 2,500 sonar cross-sections and over 85,000 Doppler velocity measurements were recorded during the acquisition process. These data were then applied to turbulent jet and plume flow models to account for entrained water and calculate a combined hydrocarbon flow rate from the two leak sites at seafloor conditions. Based on the chemical composition of end-member samples collected from within the well, this bulk volumetric rate was then normalized to account for contributions from gases and condensates at initial leak source conditions. Results from this investigation indicate that on May 31, 2010, the well’s oil flow rate was approximately 0.10 ± 0.017 m3 s-1 at seafloor conditions, or approximately 85 ± 15 kg s-1 (7.4 ± 1.3 Gg d-1), equivalent to approximately 57,000 ± 9,800 barrels of oil per day at surface conditions. End-member chemical composition indicates that this oil release rate was accompanied by approximately an additional 24 ± 4.2 kg s-1 (2.1 ± 0.37 Gg d-1) of natural gas (methane through pentanes), yielding a total hydrocarbon release rate of 110 ± 19 kg s-1 (9.5 ± 1.6 Gg d-1).
Effects of medium composition and carbon dioxide on circadian conidiation in neurospora.

Efforts to significantly perturb the timing mechanism, and thus the period, of the rhythm responsible for circadian conidiation in bd, a strain of Neurospora crassa, by altering the medium composition have been unsuccessful. Various salt solutions, sugars, and amino acids do, however, have pronounced effects on growth and conidiation, and thus on the expression and persistence of rhythmicity.Aeration stimulates conidiation in growth-tube cultures, thereby allowing experiments which demonstrate that nearly all strains and species of Neurospora are capable of circadian conidiation. These results extend to Neurospora the generalization that physiological and developmental regulation in all eukaryotic organisms has a circadian component. Aeration also increases the persistence of circadian conidiation suggesting that the damping of rhythmicity previously observed on certain media represents the cessation of conidiation, rather than the stopping of a timing mechanism.Aeration is apparently effective in that it maintains CO(2) levels in growth-tube cultures below a critical concentration. Carbon dioxide was shown to inhibit conidiation in both wildtype and bd strains, with the latter being about 200 times more resistant than the former.
Semi-Blind Multiuser Detection Based on Subspace Constrained LMS for MC-CDMA Uplink

In this paper, a new semi-blind multiuser detection algorithm based on subspace constrained least mean-squared (LMS) is proposed for multicarrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) uplink system. This proposed detector makes use of the spreading sequences of all known users to impose multiple constraints on the minimum output energy (MOE) multiuser detection so that the interference within the cell can be suppressed. A subspace constrained LMS algorithm is proposed to obtain the MOE weight vector adaptively. To reduce the computational complexity, an improved projecting approximation subspace tracking with deflation (PASTd) algorithm is developed for adaptive signal subspace estimation. Computer simulations show that the performance of the proposed semi-blind multiuser detection is significantly superior to that of the LMS-based blind multiuser detection