cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A simple and flexible model to calculate annual merit raises for health sciences faculty

Abstract Purpose The objective of this study was to develop and implement a simple and flexible mathematical model to generate merit-based salary increases as a percentage of the faculty base salaries, with the flexibility to choose the range of merit raises. Methods Annual faculty performance scores, faculty base salaries, and available salary increase pool were used in a relatively simple linear model to determine the individual faculty merit raises as a percentage of their base salary. The core model allows the selection of a slope value that determines how steeply the merit raise changes with a change in the performance score. The application of the method to different scenarios, including random and non-random distribution of salaries and performance scores, was also tested. More advanced versions of the core model, where the slope value is calculated based on various criteria, are presented in an appendix. The models were incorporated into spreadsheets, which automatically calculate percent merit raises for different input scenarios. Results The developed method successfully estimates percent merit raises for individual faculty to precisely match the available merit pool fund. Additionally, merit raises simulated for scenarios with different slopes indicate that the range of distribution of percent merit raise is directly proportional to the slope, i.e., doubling the slope doubles the difference in the percent merit raises for the faculty with the lowest and highest performance scores. The application of the method to different scenarios indicates that the method is robust and independent of the available merit raise pool or distribution patterns of the salaries and performance scores among faculty. Conclusion Faculty merit raises may be easily calculated using a relatively simple model, which may be applied to a variety of cases where flexibility in the degree of distribution of raises is desired.
Hesitant Adaptive Search

Hesitant adaptive search (HAS) extends the ideas of PAS by accommodating hesitation, or pausing, at objective function values for both continuous and discrete problems. At each iteration the HAS algorithm can either generate a point in the improving region with a certain “bettering” probability, or it “hesitates” and stays at the current point. PAS is a special case of HAS, occurring when the bettering probability is equal to one. The HAS algorithm goes a step further than PAS in modeling stochastic algorithms, because it allows hesitation at each iterate which may represent rejecting a sampled point. The bettering probability depends on the objective function value, so it can capture the realistic effect of it being harder to find an improving point as the objective function value gets smaller.
Nicotinamide mononucleotide redox cofactor system enables aldehyde accumulation in Escherichia coli

It is challenging to biosynthesize industrially important aldehydes, which are readily consumed by the numerous alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) in cells. In this work, we demonstrate that a nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN+)-dependent redox cofactor cycling system enables aldehyde accumulation in Escherichia coli crude lysates and whole cells. By specifically delivering reducing power to a recombinant enoate reductase, but not to endogenous ADHs, we convert citral to citronellal with minimal byproduct formation (98% and 83% product purity in crude lysate- and whole cell-based biotransformation, respectively). We envision the system9s universal application to lower the noise in biomanufacturing by silencing the host9s metabolic background.
Chapter 40 – Wilson Disease

Wilson disease or hepatolenticular degeneration has a prevalence of 1 in 33,000 and presents with cirrhosis, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and, more rarely, multisystem disease due to abnormal copper accumulation. Initial hepatic disease is seen in 40% including children in the second decade, while neurologic (40%), psychiatric (20%), or mixed presentations are more typical of adults in the third or fourth decade. Hepatic symptoms range from chronic hepatitis to acute liver failure; neuropsychiatric symptoms from personality changes to tremors, dystonia, choreoathetosis, or even psychosis. The triad of low ceruloplasmin, high urine copper, and Kayser–Fleischer ring differentiates Wilson disease from other copper accumulation states, the diagnosis confirmed by DNA test showing mutation of ATP7B membrane ATPase that transports copper into the Golgi apparatus. Therapy with penicillamine, trientine, zinc, or liver transplant for refractory disease is very effective and underlines the importance of early diagnosis in affected patients and their at-risk siblings.
Synoptic Characteristics of 14-Day Extreme Precipitation Events across the United States

AbstractAlthough significant improvements have been made to the prediction and understanding of extreme precipitation events in recent decades, there is still much to learn about these impactful ev...
In vitro nucleus pulposus tissue model with physicochemical stresses.

Intervertebral discs (IVDs) are exposed to changes in physicochemical stresses including hydrostatic and osmotic pressure via diurnal spinal motion. Homeostasis, degeneration, and regeneration in IVDs have been studied using in vitro, ex vivo, and animal models. However, incubation of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells in medium has limited capability to reproduce anabolic turnover and regeneration under physicochemical stresses. We developed a novel pressure/perfusion cell culture system and a semipermeable membrane pouch device for enclosing isolated NP cells for in vitro incubation under physicochemical stresses. We assessed the performance of this system to identify an appropriate stress loading regimen to promote gene expression and consistent accumulation of extracellular matrices by bovine caudal NP cells. Cyclic hydrostatic pressure (HP) for 4 days followed by constant HP for 3 days in high osmolality (HO; 450 mOsm/kg H2O) showed a trend towards upregulated aggrecan expression and dense accumulation of keratan sulfate without gaps by the NP cells. Furthermore, a repetitive regimen of cyclic HP for 2 days followed by constant HP for 1 day in HO (repeated twice) significantly upregulated gene expression of aggrecan (P < .05) compared to no pressure and suppressed matrix metalloproteinase-13 expression (P < .05) at 6 days. Our culture system and pouches will be useful to reproduce physicochemical stresses in NP cells for simulating anabolic, catabolic, and homeostatic turnover under diurnal spinal motion.
E3A/D Airborne Warning and Control Systems (AWACS) Component

This AWACs unit exists in Geilenkirchen Germany and provides intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) support to NATO. It is integral in identifying threats both in the air and on the ground. It does so in the immediate proximity of NATO member nations and formations, as well as providing over-the-horizon ISR support to the Alliance. It has been used repeatedly in real-world operations that include support to the United States immediately following the 9/11 attacks, in the air war in Libya, and other events. This chapter provides readers with an overview of this component.
Nucleotide Biosynthesis Links Glutathione Metabolism to Ferroptosis Sensitivity

Abstract Nucleotide synthesis is a metabolically demanding process essential for cell division. Several anti-cancer drugs that inhibit nucleotide metabolism induce apoptosis. How inhibition of nucleotide metabolism impacts non-apoptotic cell death is less clear. Here, we report that inhibition of nucleotide metabolism by the p53 pathway is sufficient to suppress the non-apoptotic cell death process of ferroptosis. Mechanistically, stabilization of wild-type p53 and induction of the p53 target gene CDKN1A (p21) leads to decreased expression of the ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) subunits RRM1 and RRM2. RNR is the rate-limiting enzyme of de novo nucleotide synthesis that reduces ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides in a glutathione-dependent manner. Direct inhibition of RNR conserves glutathione which can then be used to limit the accumulation of toxic lipid peroxides, preventing the onset of ferroptosis. These results support a mechanism linking p53-dependent regulation of nucleotide metabolism to non-apoptotic cell death.
Development of an ultrasound-guided transgluteal injection of the pudendal nerve in cats: a cadaveric study

Abstract Objective To develop an ultrasound-guided interfascial plane technique for injection of the pudendal nerve near its sacral origin in cats. Study design Prospective, randomized, anatomical study. Animals A group of 12 feline cadavers. Methods Gross and ultrasound anatomy of the ischiorectal fossa, the pudendal nerve relationship with parasacral structures, and the interfascial plane were described. Computed tomography was employed to describe a cranial transgluteal approach to the pudendal nerve. Bilateral ultrasound-guided injections were performed in eight cadavers using low [(LV) 0.1 mL kg–1] or high volume [(HV) 0.2 mL kg–1] of ropivacaine–dye solution. Dissections were performed to determine successful staining of the pudendal nerve (>1 cm) and inadvertent staining of the sciatic nerve, and any rectal, urethral or intravascular puncture. Pudendal nerve staining in groups LV and HV were compared using Fisher's exact and Wilcoxon rank-sum test as appropriate (p = 0.05). Results The pudendal nerve and its rectal perineal and sensory branches coursed through the ischiorectal fossa, dorsomedial to the ischiatic spine. The pudendal nerve was not identified ultrasonographically, but the target plane was identified between the sacral transverse process, the ischiatic spine, the pelvic fascia and the rectum and it was filled with dye solution. Both branches of the pudendal nerve were completely stained 75% and 87.5% in groups LV and HV, respectively (p = 1.00). The dorsal aspect of the sciatic nerve was partially stained in 37% of injections in group HV. Rectal or urethral puncture, and intravascular injection were never observed. Conclusions and clinical relevance In cats, ultrasound-guided cranial transgluteal injection successfully stained the pudendal nerve in at least 75% of attempts, regardless of injectate volume. Group HV had a greater probability of sciatic nerve staining.
Imperial Boundaries: Cossack Communities and Empire-Building in the Age of Peter the Great

Introduction 1. Beyond borders, between worlds: Russian Empire and the making of the Don Steppe Frontier 2. People and power on the frontier: liberty, diversity, and de-centralization in the Don region to 1700 3. A middle ground between autonomy and dependence: the raiding economy of the Don Steppe Frontier to 1700 4. Boundaries of integration or exclusion? Migration, mobility, and state sovereignty on the southern Frontier to 1700 5. Testing the boundaries of imperial alliance: co-operation, negotiation and resistance in the era of Razin (1667-81) 6. Between Rus' and Rossiia: realigning the boundaries of Cossack communities in a time of migration and transition (1681-95) 7. The era of Raskol: religion and rebellion (1681-95) 8. Incorporation without integration: the Azov Interlude (1695-1711) 9. From frontier to borderland: the demarcation of the Steppe and the delegitimation of raiding (1696-1710) 10. Boundaries of land, liberty, and identity: making the Don region legible to imperial officials (1696-1706) 11. The Bulavin uprising: the last stand of the old Steppe (1706-9) 12. Reshaping the Don in the imperial image: power, privilege, and patronage in the post-Bulavin era (1708-39) 13. Closing the Cossack community: recording and policing the boundaries of group identity (1708-39) 14. A borderline state of mind: the closing of the Don Steppe frontier (1708-39) Afterword.
Multi-atlas label fusion with augmented atlases for fast and accurate segmentation of cardiac MR images

Quantitative analysis of cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR) images requires accurate segmentation of myocardium. Although recent multi-atlas segmentation approaches have done a good job improving segmentation accuracy, they also increase the computational burden, which degrades their clinical utility. In this paper, we proposed a novel multi-atlas segmentation framework using an augmented atlas technique that is able to increase segmentation accuracy without increasing computational complexity. This is achieved by using roughly aligned neighborhood slices to improve patch-based label fusion accuracy. We evaluated the proposed approach on the MICCAI SATA Segmentation Challenge CAP dataset. Our results demonstrate that the proposed technique can achieve segmentation accuracy comparable to the state-of-the-art algorithms in much smaller amount of time.
EIC Electron Beam Polarimetry Workshop Summary

A summary of the Precision Electron Beam Polarimetry Workshop for a future Electron Ion Collider (EIC) is presented. The workshop was hosted by the University of Michigan Physics Department in Ann Arbor on August 23–24, 2007 with the goal to explore and study the electron beam polarimetry issues associated with the EIC to achieve sub‐1% precision in polarization determination. Ideas are being presented that were exchanged among experts in electron polarimetry and source & accelerator design to examine existing and novel electron beam polarization measurement schemes.
A moving belt divertor concept with applications to ITER

A moving belt divertor concept allows the removal of the high heat fluxes expected in ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor), and reduces the effects of plasma erosion by presenting a larger surface area which is uniformly exposed to the plasma. Several candidate belt materials have been identified which allow the use of rollers of practical sizes. Slight tilting of adjacent belts in the toroidal direction allows access between belts for coolant inlets/outlets and roller drive mechanisms, by providing regions of shadow relative to the incident plasma ions. Potentially serious electromagnetics issues introduced by the belt motion may be mitigated by the choice of a sufficiently resistive belt material and/or by toroidal electrical segmentation of the belt. Thus, the scoping analyses performed indicate that a belt divertor concept is feasible for a near-term fusion reactor such as ITER. Among the advantages offered by the belt divertor concept is the possibility of continual surface maintenance, including the removal of the redeposited carbon-tritium layer and the deposition of sacrificial carbon. >
ThermoTRP channels and beyond: mechanisms of temperature sensation

We possess an acute sense of temperature. Most of us seek shade on a hot summer day, prefer a warm shower to a cold one, and enjoy red wines served at a temperature of 15–18°C. Thermosensation not only affects our comfort, but is also essential for the survival of most organisms. We are now beginning to uncover the molecular identity of proteins that confer thermosensation. The thermoTRPs, a subset of transient receptor potential ion channels are activated by distinct physiological temperatures, and are involved in converting thermal information into chemical and electrical signals within the sensory nervous system.
Sperry, Roger Walcott (1913–94)

This paper reviews the major scientific contributions of Nobel Laureate Roger W. Sperry, whose collective studies revolutionized our understanding of brain function. His early work, beginning in the 1940s, culminated with the publication of his Chemoaffinity Theory in the mid-1960s. This theory holds that neural networks are determined by a genetically controlled chemical code. The ‘hard-wired’ nature of this network results in a specific, highly adaptive range of behavior, which is unalterable by training. His next series of studies related to the anatomic basis of neocortical information processing. He was able to show, in several simple, yet ingenious experiments, that perception is dependent upon vertically oriented cortical columns. The work, which resulted in the Nobel Prize (1981), relates to the function of connections between the 2 brain halves, and the lateralization of cognitive abilities in humans. These studies led to his final major contribution, which holds that consciousness is an ‘emergent state’ resulting from, but greater than, the sum of all the neuronal activity which produced it. This conscious state—the mind—continuously feeds back onto the brain by way of ‘downward causation,’ resulting in a continuous, highly dynamic process of change in neuronal activity from one moment to the next.
Fat metabolism in higher plants. The function of acyl thioesterases in the metabolism of acyl-coenzymes A and acyl-acyl carrier proteins.

Abstract Extracts of avocado mesocarp rapidly desaturate stearyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) to free oleic acid. In addition to stearyl-ACP desaturase activity, the extracts contained a very active acyl thioesterase. After this activity was separated by ammonium sulfate fractionation from stearyl-ACP desaturase, over 95% of the desaturase product (18:1) was recovered as 18:1-ACP. The thioesterase was much more active toward 18:1-ACP than toward the other acyl-ACPs and acyl-CoAs tested. Long chain acyl thioesterase activity was present in a variety of plant cells, photosynthetic as well as nonphotosynthetic. The possible role of acyl thioesterases in regulating plant biosynthetic reactions involving lipids is discussed.
REACTION-SPECTROSCOPY STUDIES OF THE ACTINIDE ELEMENTS. III. LEVELS IN $sup 241$Pu AND $sup 243$Pu.

Properties of levels in $^{241}\mathrm{Pu}$ and $^{243}\mathrm{Pu}$ were determined by ($d,p$) and ($d,t$) reactions on targets of $^{240}\mathrm{Pu}$ and $^{242}\mathrm{Pu}$. The reactions $^{240}\mathrm{Pu}(n,\ensuremath{\gamma})^{241}\mathrm{Pu}$ and $^{241}\mathrm{Pu}(d,{d}^{\ensuremath{'}})^{241}\mathrm{Pu}$ were also studied. On the basis of these data, single-particle assignments are made for levels in $^{241}\mathrm{Pu}$ and $^{243}\mathrm{Pu}$. Single-particle spectra, extracted from the data by means of a pairing-force calculation, are compared both with those of the isotonic nuclides and with the single-particle spectra calculated from a deformed Woods-Saxon potential.
Urinary incontinence due to unconscious abdominal contractions

ogists in 1990 than there are now, but numbers should be appropriate. I do not know what a “surplus” is, or how you tell when you have it. In conclusion, the new wisdom that the laws of supply and demand will operate in medical care is true, and it is already happening. Finally, if today’s and tomorrow’s well-trained obstetrician-gynecologists have to compete with other physicians and other providers, so be it. We will be successful, and the health care of women will be the better as a result. 2. REFERENCES Bane, F.: Physicians for a Growing America, Report of the Surgeon General’s Consultant Group on Medical Education, Publication 709, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1959. Rogers, D. E., Blendon, R. J., and Moloney, T. W.: Who needs Medicare? N. Engl. J. Med. 307:13, 1982. Physician Requirements-1990, for Obstetrics-Gynecologv, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Nli‘IS, HRP-O&03455, Washington, D. C., 1981. Third ReDort to the President and Congress, Status of Health Prbfessions Personnel, Bureau of”Health Professions, DHHS Publication No. (HRA) 82-2, Washington, D. C., p. 4-122. AMA Newsletter, 14, No. 35. Chicago. Nov. 1, 1982.
Massive, low‐temperature hydrothermal flow from a basaltic outcrop on 23 Ma seafloor of the Cocos Plate: Chemical constraints and implications

[1] Systematic variations in pore water chemical and thermal profiles from sediment gravity cores indicate the presence of a “cool” (10–20°C) ridge-flank hydrothermal system within basement surrounding Dorado outcrop, a small basaltic edifice on 23 Ma seafloor of the Cocos Plate. Dorado outcrop is located within a 14,500-km2 region of cool seafloor, where 60–90% of the lithospheric heat is removed advectively. Pore water chemical profiles from sediments on and near Dorado outcrop indicate a range of diffusive, advective, and diagenetic influences, including evidence for upward fluid seepage at up to several meters per year. The chemical composition of fluid that discharges from Dorado outcrop is only slightly different from that of bottom seawater. Pore water nitrate and geological constraints suggest a minimum volumetric flux per unit width of basement of 1800 m3 a−1 cm−1 and a total seawater flow through Dorado outcrop of ∼3000 kg a−1. This flow rate is orders of magnitude greater than that estimated from Baby Bare outcrop, a similarly sized basement edifice on younger seafloor on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. The nearest likely basement recharge site is Tengosed Seamount located ∼20 km away. Calculated rates for the specific discharge at Dorado outcrop are consistent with young 14C ages, suggesting a residence time in basement no greater than a few hundred years. If the fluid exiting from Dorado outcrop is characteristic of ridge-flank hydrothermal circulation in general (cool, relatively unaltered), these systems can have an important influence on global geochemical budgets for many solutes (e.g., chloride, magnesium, sulfate, potassium, lithium, boron, silica, phosphate, manganese, and iron) because the rate of fluid discharge is so large. Ridge flank fluids having the same composition of fluid exiting Dorado outcrop also may contribute to subseafloor microbial processes within basaltic basement and the overlying sediment, and suggest that oxidation reactions within basaltic crust can continue well beyond 10 Ma in some settings.
Space Electrochemical Research and Technology Conference, 2nd, Cleveland, OH, Apr. 11-13, 1989, Proceedings

Attention is given to topics of advanced concepts, hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells and electrolyzers, nickel electrodes, and advanced rechargeable batteries. Papers are presented on human exploration mission studies, advanced rechargeable sodium batteries with novel cathodes, advanced double-layer capacitors, recent advances in solid-polymer electrolyte fuel cell technology with low platinum loading electrodes, electrocatalysts for oxygen electrodes in fuel cells and water electrolyzers for space applications, and the corrosion testing of candidates for the alkaline fuel cell cathode. Other papers are on a structural comparison of nickel electodes and precursor phases, the application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for characterizing the degradation of Ni(OH)2/NiOOH electrodes, advances in lightweight nickel electrode technology, multimission nickel-hydrogen battery cell for the 1990s, a sodium-sulfur battery flight experiment definition study, and advances in ambient-temperature secondary lithium cells.
Retro-convection enhanced delivery to increase blood to brain transfer of macromolecules

A retro-convection enhanced delivery (R-CED) method has been developed to improve the entry of intravenously administered therapeutics within solid brain tumors. R-CED uses an osmotic gradient to withdraw brain interstitial fluid (ISF) in a controlled manner via an implanted microdialysis catheter. Withdrawal of ISF increases the local tissue specific gravity in normal brain and increases twofold the extravasation of intravenous Evans blue (EB) albumin in normal brain and in an orthotopic 9L tumor. R-CED also increases the extravasation of 70 nm fluorescent liposomes fivefold in the 9L tumor. Thus the transmembrane osmotic gradient induces movement of substances in the blood into the tissue parenchyma. Following probe removal, the magnitude of the R-CED effect on EB-albumin extravasation decreases to control values within 1.5 h in normal brain; however, the effect persists beyond 6 h in the tumor. There was no evidence of histologic damage to the neurons at either 6 h or 2 weeks after R-CED. These studies establish the feasibility of applying R-CED to increase the distribution of systemically administered drugs in both the normal tissue-tumor margin as well as in the central tumor core, holding forth the possibility of improved antitumor drug efficacy.
Pineal function during ethanol intoxication, dependence, and withdrawal

Pineal melatonin and serotonin content were determined during one to four days of continuous intoxication, and during the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. The nocturnal rise in pineal melatonin was blunted in continuously intoxicated animals, however this was found to be unrelated to duration of treatment. The initial dependent-intoxicated phase of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome produced a reduction of nocturnal pineal melatonin content with a concomitant elevation in pineal serotonin. The overt withdrawal phase of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome had no effect on pineal melatonin or serotonin content. This data suggests that ethanol may perturb pineal melatonin synthesis either directly, or indirectly by altered receptor function. Contrary to our expectations the pineal may not be a useful model to probe the physiology of increased noradrenergic neurotransmission produced by ethanol withdrawal.
Tectonic insights from an Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous stretched-clast conglomerate, Caborca–Altar region, Sonora, Mexico

Abstract The ranges directly northeast of Caborca and Altar preserve a 2000+ m-thick folded section of the Altar Formation, composed of ductilely deformed Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous polymict conglomerate, sandstone, mudstone, and andesite. Stratigraphic relationships indicate that this section, which accumulated in a 60 km-long northwest-trending basin, is broadly correlative with the Glance Conglomerate. Coarse (boulder–cobble) detritus in the lower part of the section was shed from prominent highlands consisting of the Middle Jurassic magmatic arc and the Neoproterozoic–Paleozoic miogeocline. In the pebbly upper part of the section, abundant sandstone, mudstone, lacustrine(?) carbonate, and felsic tuff interstratified with andesite flows, and breccias record lower-energy depositional conditions interrupted locally by volcanism. By the time of Bisbee Sea incursion into northwestern Mexico, the Jurassic arc source had disappeared and the miogeoclinal source was topographically subdued. The Lower Cretaceous Morita Formation, which conformably overlies the Altar Formation along a gradational contact, records marine transgression that accompanied regional subsidence. Significant northeast–southwest contraction affected the Altar Formation, Bisbee Group, and Upper Cretaceous strata between 71 and 51 Ma. Characteristics of this Laramide event include asymmetric, northeast-verging folds and thrusts accompanied by penetrative southwest-dipping stretched-clast foliation or cleavage and greenschist-facies metamorphism. Mid-Tertiary normal faults overprint the compressional structures such that deeper levels of the stratigraphy are juxtaposed against shallower levels, and axial planes of major range-scale folds are rotated about horizontal axes relative to one another.
Metrics for evaluating human information interaction systems

Society today has a wealth of information available due to information technology. The challenge facing researchers working in information access is how to help users easily locate the information needed. Evaluation methodologies and metrics are important tools to assess progress in human information interaction (HII). To properly evaluate these systems, evaluations need to consider the performance of the various components, the usability of the system, and the impact of the system on the end user. Current usability metrics are adequate for evaluating the efficiency, effectiveness, and user satisfaction of such systems. Performance measures for new intelligent technologies will have to be developed. Regardless of how well the systems are and how usable the systems are, it is critical that impact measures are developed. For HII systems to be useful, we need to assess how well information analysts work with the systems. This evaluation needs to go beyond technical performance metrics and usability metrics. What are the metrics for evaluating utility? This paper describes research efforts focused on developing metrics for the intelligence community that measure the impact of new software to facilitate information interaction.
MAPK-ing out the pathways in lung stem cell regulation.

Methods to isolate and characterize stem cell populations from the lung are emerging, making it possible to begin to map out the pathways that are required for stem cell function in the adult lung. A new study by Ventura et al. (2007) points to a requirement for MAPK14 (also known as p38α) in regulation of lung stem or progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation.
Map errors that could account for deviations from a uniform intensity of land change

Intensity Analysis is a mathematical framework that compares a uniform intensity to observed intensities of temporal changes among categories. Our article summarizes Intensity Analysis and presents a new method to compute the minimum hypothetical error in the data that could account for each observed deviation from a uniform intensity. A larger hypothetical error gives stronger evidence against a hypothesis that a change is uniform. The method produces results for five groups of measurements, which are organized into three levels of analysis: interval, category, and transition. The method applies generally to analysis of changes among categories during time intervals, because the input is a standard contingency table for each time interval. We illustrate the method with a case study concerning change during three time intervals among four land categories in northeastern Massachusetts, USA. Modelers can perform the analysis using our computer program, which is free.
Optimal base stock policies and truck capacity in a two-echelon system

With the recent trend toward just-in-time deliveries and reduction of inventories, many firms are reexamining their inventory and logistics policies. Some firms have dramatically altered their inventory, production, and shipping policies with the goal of reducing costs and improving service. Part of this restructuring may involve a specific contract with a trucking company, or it may entail establishing in-house shipping capabilities. This restructuring, however, raises new questions regarding the choice of optimal trucking capacity, shipping frequency, and inventory levels. In this study, we examine a two-level distribution system composed of a warehouse and a retailer. We assume that demand at the retailer is random. Since the warehouse has no advance notice of the size of the retailer order, inventory must be held there as well as at the retailer. We examine inventory policies at both the warehouse and the retailer, and we explicitly consider the trucking capacity, and the frequency of deliveries from the warehouse to the retailer. Both linear and concave fixed transportation costs are examined. We find the optimal base stock policies at both locations, the optimal in-house or contracted regular truck capacity, and the optimal review period (or, equivalently, delivery frequency). For the case of normally distributed demand we provide analytical results and numerical examples that yield insight into systems of this type. Some of our results are counterintuitive. For instance, we find some cases in which the optimal truck capacity decreases as the variability of demand increases. In other cases the truck capacity increases with variability of demand. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Subpolar Mode Water in the northeastern Atlantic: 1. Averaged properties and mean circulation

[1] Subpolar Mode Waters (SPMW) in the eastern North Atlantic subpolar gyre are investigated with hydrographic and Lagrangian data (surface drifters and isopycnal floats). Historical hydrographic data show that SPMWs are surface water masses with nearly uniform properties, confined between the ocean surface and the permanent pycnocline. SPMWs represented by densities 27.3σθ, 27.4σθ, and 27.5σθ are present in the eastern subpolar gyre and are influenced by the topography and the regional circulation. Construction of an absolute surface stream function from surface drifters shows that SPMWs are found along the mean path of each of the several branches of the North Atlantic Current (NAC) and their density increases gradually downstream. The Rockall Trough branch of the NAC carries 27.3σθ, 27.4σθ, and 27.5σθ SPMW toward the Iceland-Faroe Front. In the Iceland Basin, the Subarctic Front along the western flank of the Rockall Plateau carries a similar sequence of SPMW. The western side of the Central Iceland Basin branch of the NAC, on the other hand, veers westward and joins the East Reykjanes Ridge Current, feeding the 27.5σθ SPMW on the Reykjanes Ridge. The separation among the various NAC branches most likely explains the different properties that characterize the 27.5σθ SPMW found on the Reykjanes Ridge and on the Iceland-Faroe Ridge. Since the branches of the NAC have a dominant northeastward direction, the newly observed distribution of SPMW combined with the new stream function calculation modify the original hypothesis of McCartney and Talley (1982) of a smooth cyclonic pathway for SPMW advection and density increase around the subpolar gyre.
STUDIES ON NUCLEAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN TETRAHYMENA PYRIFORMIS: I. RNA Synthesis in Macro- and Micronuclei.

Tetrahymena in the log phase of growth were pulse labeled with uridine-3H, fixed in acetic-alcohol, extracted with DNase, and embedded in Epon. 0.5-µ sections were cut, coated with Kodak NTB-2 emulsion, and developed after suitable exposures. Grains were counted above macronuclei, above 1000 micronuclei, and above 1000 micronucleus-sized "blanks" which were situated next to micronuclei in the visual field by means of a camera lucida. An analysis of grain counts showed that micronuclei were less than ½000 as active as macronuclei on the basis of grains per nucleus. Since micronuclei contained, on the average, about ½0 as much DNA as macronuclei, micronuclear DNA had less than 1% of the specific activity of macronuclear DNA in RNA synthesis. However, even this small amount of apparent incorporation was not significantly different from zero. Comparisons of the frequency distributions of labeled micronuclei with those of micronuclear "blanks" showed no evidence of a small population of labeled nuclei such as might be expected if micronuclei synthesized RNA for only a brief portion of the cell cycle. We conclude from these studies that there is no detectable RNA synthesis in Tetrahymena micronuclei during vegetative growth and reproduction.
Transient mixed convection adjacent to a vertical flat surface

Abstract Numerical calculations of the time-varying temperature and velocity profiles are presented for transient aiding mixed convection flow adjacent to a vertical flat surface. The initial condition for the transient is a uniform temperature Blasius flow. An explicit finite-difference scheme was used to calculate time-varying flow and temperature fields which result from two energy input conditions, the sudden generation of a uniform heat flux in the surface material and from a step and uniform change in the temperature of the surface. Transient response was calculated for both surface conditions at Prandtl numbers of 0.72 and 7.6, nominally air and water. For the uniform-flux input condition, response was calculated for values of the surface thermal capacity parameter, Q ∗ , which correspond to both the one dimensional conduction and the true convection transient regimes. For the uniform, surface temperature condition, the transient always corresponds to the 1-dim. conduction regime. In such a regime, the calculated profiles indicate that both transient temperatures and velocities locally exceed the eventual steady state values. The steady-state profiles for the uniform heat input condition, in air, are in good agreement with the results of previous studies of steady state mixed convection flow.
Getting Along with a Little Help from My Friends

The successful launching of the Russian satellite Sputnik in October 1957 changed the course of American science and my future. The shock waves reached my high school in Freeport, NY, a complacent suburb on the south shore of Long Island notable for its easy access to New York City and Jones Beach State Park. The school was uninspiring; its heroes were the athletes and cheerleaders, who were objects of admiration and respect especially by those outside their circle. Fear gripped the nation. We had been told we were winning the missile race, but the glittering new star in the evening sky blinked undeniable evidence that we were behind. Something had to be done. Overnight, science became a national priority. Our principal, a former high school athletic star, grasping for familiarity, announced to the school that the Russians had launched something the size of a basketball. Local engineers from Grumann and Republic Aviation took the challenge more seriously and, energized by the national dread of Soviet technological superiority, taught advanced math courses pro bono at our school. One even switched jobs and became a teacher at the high school. Overnight, the cheerleaders took an interest in the smart kids. A family friend, Jacob Yamins, perhaps the only Bohemian in town, noticed my growing interest in science and invited me to visit his laboratory at National Dairy. An organic chemist trained at the Massachusetts Institutes of Technology (MIT), Yamins was working on a test for phenylketonuria and the synthesis of l-DOPA, on which he pinned his hopes for a cure for Parkinson disease. His stories about similar studies in laboratories working on the same problems in Baltimore, St. Louis, and Berkeley sparked my interest in metabolism and supported my growing awareness that there was a lot going on outside of our town. Yamins took an interest in my education and channeled me toward his alma mater, Amherst College. A friend from high school, Harold Varmus, then a freshman at the college, encouraged me to come and avoid becoming “…just another grind in Harvard Yard.”
Metal-Cavity Nanolasers and NanoLEDs

We present the theory and experiment of metal-cavity nanolasers and nanoLEDs flip-chip bonded to silicon under electrical injection at room temperature. We first review the recent progress on microand nanolasers. We then present the design rule and our theoretical model. We show the experimental results of our metal-cavity surface-emitting microlasers and compare with our theoretical results showing an excellent agreement. We found the important contributions of the nonradiative recombination currents including Auger recombination, surface recombination, and leakage currents. Finally, experimental demonstration of electrical injection nanoLEDs toward subwavelength nanoscale lasers is reported. key words: nanolasers, nanoLEDs, microcavity, plasmonic waveguides, metal cavity
Isolation and characterization of a UDPase from cerebellum.

Abstract 1. A UDPase (nucleoside diphosphate phosphodydrolase, EC 3.6.1.6) was purified 468-fold from rat cerebellum by ammonium sulfate precipitation and column chromatography. 2. The purified enzyme had an optimum pH of 7.7 and required a divalent cation for activity. 3. The order of relative activity for nucleoside diphosphates as substrates was 5′-UDP > 5′-dUDP > 5′-CDP > 5′-dCDP > 5′-GDP > 5′-IDP > 5′-ADP > 5′-dGDP > 5′-dADP. No hydrolysis of nucleoside monophosphate occurred. 4. The enzyme had a Km of 0.1 mM and a ν max of 3.3 μmoles/h per mg protein with 5′-UDP as substrate at pH 7.6. 5. The UDPase was inhibited by 7.5 · 10−3 M nucleosides, the order of greatest inhibition was adenosine > thymidine > uridine > inosine > guanosine . The enzyme was also inhibited by 10 mM NaF, 10 mM FeCl3, and 10 mM HgCl2. 6. Nucleoside triphosphates inhibited the enzyme. The concentration (mM) required to reduce the activity 50% was UTP (0.8), ATP (1.4), GTP (6.8) ITP (12.5) and CTP (42.0) with 3 mM 5′-UDP as substrate.
1s-2p Transitions in Mg Bombarded with 21-MeV Oxygen Ions

A thick Mg target was bombarded by a 21-MeV oxygen-ion beam. Nine $1s\ensuremath{-}2p$ transitions were observed with an energy resolution of 1.26 eV. Relative to the 1253.6-eV $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1,2}$ reference energy, the energies of the other observed transitions in units of eV were 1261.5, 1268.5, 1270.7, 1273.3, 1281.0, 1283.0, 1293.0, and 1295.4. By comparing with Hartree-Fock-Slater calculations, the five groups of peaks were found to correspond to $1s\ensuremath{-}2p$ ($K\ensuremath{\alpha}$) transitions with initial configurations ${(1s)}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{(2p)}^{\ensuremath{-}n}$ for $n=0, 1, 2, 3, \mathrm{and} 4$. The transition for the ${(1s)}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{(2p)}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ initial configuration was not observed in this experiment. This can be attributed to self-absorption in the target since the ${(1s)}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{(2p)}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ $K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ transition energy lies above the $K$ absorption edge.
Normal glucocorticoid fast feedback following chronic 50% corticosterone pellet treatment

Abstract Rapid effects of glucocorticoids on adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) secretion were first demonstrated by Dallman and Jones. Glucocorticoid fast feedback is believed to be dependent upon brain feedback sites, particularly the hippocampus. The current studies are part of a series of studies examining the links between hippocampal adrenal steroid receptor changes and changes in fast feedback. Our previous studies have demonstrated that chronic stress and chronic corticosterone injections are capable of diminishing the fast feedback effect of injected glucocorticoids on ACTH secretion. The current studies explore whether administration of a different form of exogenous corticosterone, a 50% corticosterone pellet, a treatment that leads to constant corticosterone levels of 7–8 μg/dl, was capable of affecting fast feedback. Rats were studied both before and after the implantation of the 50% corticosterone pellets. Administration of cortisol at the initiation of restraint stress resulted in decreased ACTH release over the course of 30 min in both the morning and afternoon before implantation of corticosterone pellets. Following the implantation of 50% corticosterone pellets, the overall ACTH stress response was diminished in both the morning and the afternoon. However, cortisol injection at the initiation of restraint stress continued to exert fast feedback effects on ACTH secretion. These studies suggest that constant low plasma corticosterone concentrations of 6–7 μg/dl are able to inhibit the overall stress response but not the ability to respond to fast feedback. This contrasts with our previous studies with a corticosterone injection paradigm which produced abnormalities in glucocorticoid fast feedback.
Defining the future of multi-gigabit mmWave wireless communications

The widespread availability and use of digital multimedia content has created a need for multi-gigabit wireless connectivity that current commercial standards cannot support. This has driven demand for a single standard that can support advanced applications such as wireless display and docking, as well as more established usages such as network access..In this talk, we introduce the Wireless Gigabit (WiGig) Alliance, which was formed to meet this need by establishing a unified specification for wireless communication at multi-gigabit speeds. The WiGig Alliance has produced a specification designed to drive a global ecosystem of interoperable products, defining PHY, MAC, and protocol adaptation layers for wireless communication in 60 GHz frequency band
Mapping of the mouse Rar loci encoding retinoic acid receptors RARα, RARβ and RARγ

Nuclear retinoic acid receptors RARα, RARβ and RARγ are transcription factors that bind all-trans retinoic acid as their ligand and mediate its action by activating particular set of genes that contain retinoic acid responsive elements in their promoter-enhancers. We have mapped genetic loci for these genes using restriction fragment length variants (RFLVs) in interspecific backcross mice. None of the Rar loci cosegregated with each other or with the new subclass of retinoid receptors, Rxr loci. Rara mapped to mChr 11, Rarb mapped to mChr 14, and Rarg mapped to mChr 15. The results are consistent with the previous reports and the human data in terms of syntenic homology between mouse and human chromosomes.
OAIster: a “no dead ends” OAI service provider

OAIster, at the University of Michigan, University Libraries, Digital Library Production Service (DLPS), is an Andrew W. Mellon Foundation grant‐funded project designed to test the feasibility of using the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI‐PMH) to harvest digital object metadata from multiple and varied digital object repositories and develop a service to allow end‐users to access that metadata. This article describes in‐depth the development of our system to harvest, store, transform the metadata into Digital Library eXtension Service (DLXS) Bibliographic Class format, build indexes and make the metadata searchable through an interface using the XPAT search engine. Results of the testing of our service and statistics on usage are reported, as well as the issues that we have encountered during our harvesting and transformation operations. The article closes by discussing the future improvements and potential of OAIster and the OAI‐PMH protocol.
Controlling powdery mildew on cucurbit rootstock seedlings in the greenhouse with fungicides and biofungicides

Abstract Powdery mildew ( Podosphaera xanthii ) affects seedlings of inter-specific hybrid squash ( Cucurbita moschata × Cucurbita maxima ) and bottle gourd ( Lagenaria siceraria ) used as rootstocks to graft seedless watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus ). Because powdery mildew grows primarily on the leaf surface where contact fungicides are effective, biofungicides may be effective preventative treatments for powdery mildew. The objectives of this study were to determine which biofungicides, organic fungicides, and conventional synthetic fungicides provided the best control of powdery mildew and least phytotoxicity on cucurbit rootstock seedlings in the greenhouse. Sixteen treatments (six biopesticides, four additional organic-approved fungicides, and six conventional synthetic fungicides) were tested. Four experiments were conducted and all were repeated once. Hybrid squash ‘Strong Tosa’ seedlings were used in the first three experiments, and bottle gourd ‘Emphasis’ seedlings were used in experiment four. In experiments one, two, and four, seedlings were sprayed three times at 5-day intervals and exposed to powdery mildew continuously after the first application. In the third experiment, seedlings were exposed to inoculum for 7 days, sprayed once, and held in a humidity chamber for 7 days under conditions used for healing after grafting. The most effective organic-approved fungicides were sulfur and fish oil + sesame oil, and the most effective conventional fungicides were penthiopyrad, myclobutanil, and cyprodinil plus fludioxonil. Quinoxyfen was phytotoxic to cotyledons of both species, and tebuconazole stunted both species. To manage powdery mildew, one or two preventative applications of sulfur or fish oil + sesame oil and one application of myclobutanil or penthiopyrad, if needed, are recommended.