cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wide-band relativistic Doppler effect visualization

One of the most visible aspects of special relativity is the relativistic Doppler effect --- the dependence of observed radiation wavelengths upon the velocity of the source and the viewing conditions.In this paper, we present a flexible and efficient method to simulate the Doppler shift. This new method has the following features:• Surface properties and light composition are represented by splines as functions of wavelength. The entire electromagnetic (EM) spectrum can therefore be represented efficiently.• Doppler shift and shading operations are performed through the manipulation of spline coefficients. The evaluation of the spline functions is carried out at the end of each shading loop to generate the display R, G, B values.This method simplifies the management of the shift and reduces the calculations necessary to maintain a spectral description of lights and surfaces.The study of astrophysical phenomenon, which are being color-shifted by individual recession velocity and by the expansion of the universe, requires the use of knowledge about the Doppler effect. Our simulations may contribute visual insight and understanding that enhances such knowledge.
Reply to Lane and Ersson, French Politics: The Virtues of Majoritarian Democracy

Contrary to Jan-Erik Lane and Svante Ersson's claims, the French Fifth Republic is a majoritarian but not extremely majoritarian democracy. Moreover, diachronic and comparable-cases analyses show that its government performance is that of a fairly typical majoritarian system: clearly inferior to that of the average consensus democracy, especially as far as basic elements of democratic quality are concerned. The French case therefore confirms, rather than weakens, the conclusions based on the large-N statistical analyses in my 1999 book “Patterns of Democracy”.
Influence of cold-rolling texture and heating rate on {1 1 0}〈0 0 1〉 development in inhibitor-free 3%Si–Fe sheets

Abstract This paper presents cold-rolling and annealing methods to obtain a high-magnetic induction in inhibitor-free 0.1-mm-thick 3% silicon–iron sheets containing 18 or 150 ppm sulfur. In case of the two-step cold-rolling, the sheets containing 150 ppm sulfur showed a strong {1 0 0} final texture at 400 °C/h, and some fraction of {1 1 0} component was observed at 25 °C/h. However, three-step cold-rolling resulted in a sharp {1 1 0}〈0 0 1〉 final texture at 25 °C/h. This is due to the difference in intensity ratio of {1 0 0}〈0 1 1〉 to {1 1 1}〈1 1 2〉 in the cold-rolling texture which influences the nucleation of {1 1 0}〈0 0 1〉 component and the selective growth kinetics of various grains. In case of 18 ppm sulfur, the final texture was mainly composed of a sharp {1 1 0}〈0 0 1〉 component even at 400 °C/h, due to the relatively low segregation concentration.
Probing the intrinsic electronic structure of the bis(dithiolene) anions [M(mnt)2]2- and [M(mnt)2]1- (M = Ni, Pd, Pt; mnt = 1,2-S2C2(CN)2) in the gas phase by photoelectron spectroscopy.

A detailed understanding of the electronic structure of transition metal bis(dithiolene) complexes is important because of their interesting redox, magnetic, optical, and conducting properties and their relevance to enzymes containing molybdenum and tungsten bis(dithiolene) centers. The electronic structures of the bis(dithiolene) anions [M(mnt)2]n- (M = Ni, Pd, Pt; mnt = 1,2-S2C2(CN)2; n = 0−2) were examined by a combination of photodetachment photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) and density functional theory calculations. The combined experimental and theoretical data provide insight into the molecular orbital energy levels of [M(mnt)2]2- and the ground and excited states of [M(mnt)2]1- and [M(mnt)2]. Detachment features from ligand-based orbitals of [M(mnt)2]2- occur at similar energies for each species, independent of the metal center, while those arising from metal-based orbitals occur at higher energies for the heavier congeners. Electronic excitation energies inferred for [M(mnt)2]1- from the PES exper...
Comparison of the macrocyclic effect for ether hosts in aqueous and organic solvents

Equilibrium constants and enthalpies of host-guest complexation have been determined by calorimetry for cyclic and acyclic polyether hosts with a variety of guests and solvents. The thermodynamic parameters for complexation of group I cation guests by crown ethers in water solvent may be correlated to the hydration enthalpy and relative sizes of cation and ether. The macrocyclic effect is observed for cation-ether systems in water solvent but not for the complexation of malononitrile by ethers in nonpolar aromatic or alcohol solvent
Laser-assisted synthesis and optical properties of bismuth nanorods

Abstract Infrared absorption, temperature-dependent electrical resistance and magneto-resistance measurements of Bi nanowires (diameter
Solid solutions in the system Ag2S–Ag2Se

Optical, electron microprobe, and x-ray diffraction analysis of 88 samples of various compositions between Ag2S and Ag2Se synthesized at high temperature in sealed quartz tubing indicates the presence of two solid-solution series in this system at ambient (room) conditions. One series extends from Ag2S to approximately Ag2S0.4Se0.7 and has the Ag2S-III-type structure (monoclinic). The second series ranges from Ag2S0.3Se0.7 to Ag2Se and is characterized by the Ag2Se-II-type structure (orthorhombic). Members of both series, in appropriate proportions, characterize the apparent compositional gap between the two solid solutions. Gradual shifts in the locations of the x-ray diffraction peaks along the compositional gradient of each solid solution revealed an expansion of the d-spacing as the larger Se ion was substituted for S in the Ag2S-III-type structure and a contraction as S was substituted for Se in the Ag2Se-II-type structure. The reported discrete phase, Ag4SSe (aguilarite, orthorhombic), appears to be simply a member of the monoclinic Ag2S-III-type solid solution.
Dual-frequency focused ultrasound using optoacoustic and piezoelectric transmitters for single-pulsed free-field cavitation in water

Pulsed ultrasonic cavitation is a promising modality for non-contact targeted therapy, enabling mechanical ablation of the tissue. We demonstrate a spatio-temporal superposition approach of two ultrasound pulses (high and low frequencies) producing a tight cavitation zone of 100 μm in water, which is an-order-of-magnitudes smaller than those obtained by the existing high-amplitude transducers. Particularly, laser-generated focused ultrasound (LGFU) was employed for the high-frequency operation (15 MHz). As demonstrated, LGFU plays a primary role to define the cavitation zone. The generation rate of cavitation bubbles could be dramatically increased up to 4.1% (cf. 0.06% without the superposition) with moderated threshold requirement.
Ruthenium Red—p-Phenylenediamine Staining of Monolayers to Facilitate Handling and Selection of Specific Cells for Transmission Electron Microscopy

The handling of monolayers for transmission electron microscopy has presented many problems, the main one being difficulty in visualizing the monolayers after polymerization of their plastic embedment following conventional glutaraldehyde-osmium fixation. The application of ruthenium red-p-phenylenediamine during processing intensely darkened cells which could be examined and photographed either in 95% ethanol or following Spurr monolayers when re-embedding, and permitted precise localization of monolayers within flat embedding molds when trimming and thin sectioning for transmission electron microscopy. Increased color density is the combined result of more complete retention of soluble elements during initial fixation by ruthenium red and the formation of a colored reaction product between the bound ruthenium red and osmium which is further intensified by p-phenylenediamine.
An approach to teaching Java using computers

This paper describes how the use of computers in the classroom (using studio teaching) can help students to better understand Java programming concepts during classroom presentations. Students learn by three methods: auditory, visual, and kinetic. Studio teaching uses all three methods, but relies mostly on the kinetic method. Students actually practice the programming concepts in the classroom on the computer as the instructor presents them. The studio teaching method helps the average-to-poor scholastic achievers the most, while high-achieving students seemed to do just as well with the typical lecture-style format. The disadvantage of studio teaching is that it is expensive to equip labs with computers, and more time is needed to present the material to the students. Also, it takes time for students to practice programming concepts on the computer in class.
Prenatal ultrasound detection of intra-abdominal pulmonary sequestration with postnatal MRI correlation

Extralobar pulmonary sequestration is part of the spectrum of bronchopulmonary-foregut malformations. Intra-abdominal pulmonary sequestration has been described as a cause of a fetal abdominal mass [1–3]. We report a case of intra-abdominal pulmonary sequestration with associated elements of cystic adenomatoid malformation and a gastric duplication cyst detected on prenatal ultrasound with postnatal magnetic resonance imaging correlation.
Application of thermodynamic factors in analysis of particle coarsening kinetics in Fe-Cu and Co-Cu

Abstract The classical Lifshitz, Slyozov, and Wagner (LSW) theory has been modified by several authors to take account of a finite volume fraction of particles. Somewhat different dependencies of the coarsening rate constant on the volume fraction are predicted by these modified theories. To resolve these discrepancies, coarsening rates in the Fe–Cu and Co–Cu systems are measured and the interfacial energy was determined from the classical coarsening equation, volume fraction modified equations, and an equation containing additional thermodynamic factors. These values are compared with independently measured interfacial energy values and good agreement is found with volume fraction modified theories containing the thermodynamic factor. The dependency of the rate constant on volume fraction predicted by these theories is also found to be in good agreement with experiment. The volume fraction and thermodynamic factor modified models are applied to the analysis of coarsening data in the literature for the Ni...
Vanadate inhibition of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase and other ATPases.

Abstract Vanadate is a potent inhibitor of the Ca2+-ATPase activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum in the presence of A-23187. The purified enzyme is sensitive to vanadate even in the absence of the ionophore. Ca2+ and norepinephrine protect the enzyme against inhibition of vanadate. The nonspecificity of vanadate is emphasized by the finding of inhibition of several other ATPases including the Ca2+Mg2+-ATPases of the ascites and human red cell plasma membranes, Mg2+-ATPase of the ascites plasma membrane, and the K+-ATPases of E. coli and hog gastric mucosal cell membranes. The ascites plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (an ecto ATPase) and mitochondrial ATPase are not inhibited by vanadate.
The business of eliminating mistakes

Outlines the role of statistical process control in US industry to ensure high quality products. >
Reconstruction of swan neck deformities after proximal interphalangeal joint arthroplasty

Background The authors report the use of a single slip of the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) as a hemitenodesis through the A2 pulley in treating swan neck deformities after previous unconstrained proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) arthroplasty.
Growth of crazes in glassy polymers

Abstract Craze extension measurements have been made: (α) in unoriented commercial glassy polystyrene and polymethyl-methacrylate under uni-axial tension at both room temperature and – 20°C; and (6) in a special grade of unoriented polystyrene free of any additives, under a large variety of multi-axial states of stress, also at both room temperature and – 20°C. In all cases, an asymptotic constant velocity behaviour was observed in which the velocity correlated only with the maximum principal tensile stress in the field. A theoretical model is presented for craze growth in which craze matter is produced by a mechanism of a repeated interface convolution at the craze tip. This model accounts for all the features of the observed behaviour. It is shown, however, that at very high stresses nearing that of general yield, another mechanism based on independent pore formation at the craze tip will give a faster growth rate and should be preferred in that range where wide-spread intrinsic crazing can occur, or wh...
Systematic Analysis of Clinician-Patient Interactions: A Critique of Recent Approaches With Suggestions for Future Research

Clinician-patient interactions are an important, but poorly understood, feature of our personal health care system. Attributes of these interactions have been shown to affect the health care process and appear as well to be amenable to change, furnishing a rationale for their study. Communications theory provides useful guidelines for systematic analysis. Systems of interaction analysis should take account of information transfer occurring on different levels through a variety of behaviors, incorporate interaction context and sequence into categorization schemes, deal with the unique characteristics of clinical encounters, and lend themselves to clinical teaching. Application of these guidelines to three representative systems (Bales' Interaction Process Analysis, Stiles' Verbal Response Modes, and Katz's Resource Exchange Analysis) illustrates diverse strengths and weaknesses. Future research on clinician-patient interactions should include the development of new analysis systems, a broader research time frame, increased emphasis on antecedents of interactions, and implementation of controlled trials.
Infrared Parametric Amplification Using a Quasi-Microwave Approach to Phase-Matching

Current nonlinear optical experiments employ birefringence to compensate for the refractive index dispersion to increase the constructive interaction length. Most of the semiconductors have large nonlinear susceptibility coefficients; however, lack the necessary birefringence. Their use has been inhibited by the lack of means to satisfy the phase-match condition for efficient nonlinear interactions. A quasi-microwave approach for the optical region is reported as a means to fulfill the phase-match condition. This approach employs a nonlinear dielectric transmission line with dimenaions comparable to tie wavelength wherein control of the polarization, kind and order of mode is exercised.
Depression and hostility as predictors of long-term outcomes among opiate users.

Aims This study used data from the national Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Studies (DATOS) to investigate the associations that pre-treatment depression and hostility have with drug use and criminal behavior at 1 year and 5 year follow-up in patients with and without additional treatment involvement in the year prior to each follow-up. Design Following a naturalistic, non-experimental evaluation design, admissions to methadone treatment were followed up approximately 1 and 5 years later. Data analysis was conducted using multiple logistic regression. Setting Eighteen programs from DATOS were included. Participants An analytic sample consisting of 727 patients at 1 year follow-up and 432 patients at 5 year follow-up was included. Findings Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that greater depression predicted less drug use in the year preceding each follow-up, whereas greater hostility predicted increased drug use and more arrests at each follow-up. Furthermore, these predictive relationships appeared only among individuals not involved in additional treatment. Conclusions Depression and hostility showed opposite associations with outcomes, underscoring the need to assess these psychological conditions separately and tailor treatment plans appropriately.
The Development of Cellular Junctions in the Drosophila Embryo

The pattern and development of cellular junctions in the different tissues of the Drosophila embryo from the blastoderm stage until hatching were analyzed. The cellular junctions found include: gap junctions, two types of septate junctions, and several types of cell-cell and cell-substrate adherens junctions. During early and mid embryogenesis (stages 4 to 13) only spot adherens junctions, gap junctions, and zonulae adherentes prevail. Scattered spot adherens junctions are already formed at the blastoderm stage. During and shortly after gastrulation, spot adherens junctions become concentrated at the apical pole and fuse into continuous zonulae adherentes in the posterior endoderm and the ectoderm. In addition to the zonulae adherentes, ectodermally derived epithelia possess scattered gap junctions and form pleated septate junctions and hemiadherens junctions during late embryogenesis (stages 14 to 17). Mesenchymal tissues (i.e., all nonepithelial tissues of the embryo, including the neural primordium and, transiently, the mesoderm and endoderm) possess both spot adherens junctions and gap junctions at a low frequency. Initially, the midgut epithelium does not establish a junctional complex and possess only gap junctions and spot adherens junctions. Only late in development does a circumferential smooth septate junction develop; zonulae adherentes are missing. The various derivatives of the mesoderm express spot adherens junctions, hemiadherens junctions, and gap junctions, but never zonulae adherentes or septate junctions. After organogenesis, several different types of tissue-specific adherens junctions are formed, among them connecting hemiadherens junctions (between gut epithelium and visceral muscle and early during the formation of the muscle tendon junction), muscle tendon junctions (between somatic muscle and tendon cells), fasciae adherentes (between the cells of both the visceral muscle and the dorsal vessel), and autocellular nephrocyte junctions (in nephrocytes). Interesting exceptions to the general pattern of junctional development are provided by the outer epithelial layer of the proventriculus and the Malpighian tubules. Both tissues develop as typical ectodermal epithelia and possess zonulae adherentes. During late embryogenesis, both epithelia lose the zonulae adherentes and form smooth rather than pleated septate junctions, thereby expressing a junctional complex similar to that of the endodermally derived midgut epithelium.
The co-existence of biogenic amines and neuropeptides in the type I cells of the cat carotid body.

Abstract The mammalian carotid body consists of preneural type I (glomus) cells synaptically coupled to afferent axon terminals and enveloped by type II (sustentacular) cells. Recent studies indicate the presence of multiple putative neurotransmitters in this arterial chemoreceptor organ. A double-labeling immunocytochemical technique was utilized which allows simultaneous visualization of two neurochemicals in a single cell. The issue of transmitter co-occurrence in type I cells of the cat carotid body was addressed using specific antibodies for seven neurochemical agents: tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine-β-hydroxylase, choline acetyltransferase, serotonin, substance P, met-enkephalin and chromogranin. A high degree (> 70%) of co-localization was observed for most pairs of markers, indicating the co-existence of multiple neuroactive agents in type I cells of the cat carotid body. The intensity of staining varied greatly among cells but formed a pattern. Thus, for tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-β-hydroxylase, the majority of double-labeled type I cells exhibited equivalently low or high levels of both, while for the neuropeptides unequal levels of the two markers predominated. Neuropeptides also co-existed in type I cells with catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes and with serotonin. The functional significance of such patterns of multiple co-existence involving biogenic amines and neuropeptides is discussed. Our results indicate a high degree of co-occurrence of reaction product for amine-synthesizing enzymes (tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine-β-hydroxylase and choline acetyltransferase), the indoleamine serotonin, and the neuropeptides substance P and met-enkephalin.
GPO recalls of depository documents A review

Abstract Since the very early 1980s, various government agencies have increasingly issued requests to depository libraries directly or through the Government Printing Office (GPO) to destroy or return certain distributed documents. This article cites recalled documents and explores the reasons for their recall. Most recalls fall into one of five problem categories: military security, administrative and operational security, falsified data, outright censorship, and environmental security. Specific reasons for recall are seldom given and must be inferred by examining specific titles. Librarians have shown little published interest in the subject of recalls, but an informal survey indicated general compliance with the recall requests. The GPO also has said little except to ask agencies to direct the recalls through the federal Depository Library Program. It is concluded that the GPO should take a more active role in reviewing agencies' requests, since many recall requests have been of doubtful value, and that government documents librarians should assess recalls on a case-by-case basis.
Influence of Nonionic Surfactant on Attached Biofilm Formation and Phenanthrene Bioavailability during Simulated Surfactant Enhanced Bioremediation

Surfactant effects on preformed attached biofilm formation and the biodegradation of soil-sorbed phenanthrene were monitored using a continuously flowing flowcell system. Thirty-two flowcell reactors were constructed to monitor phenanthrene degradation and biofilm formation under five different surfactant concentrations. Initially, all flowcell reactors were operated without surfactant for 25 days to allow for the formation of an attached bacterial biofilm on phenanthrene spiked soil; after that, a model nonionic surfactant (Triton X-100) was applied to the flowcell reactors at five different concentrations (0, 100, 200, 500, and 1000 mg/L), which represent concentrations below (0 and 100 mg/L) and above (200, 500, and 1000 mg/L) the critical micelle concentration (cmc). The results obtained in this study reveal that bacterial biofilm formation with extracellular polymeric substances was the strategy of bacteria to utilize partially soluble PAHs. However, in the presence of surfactant, this strategy was modified. The presence of surfactant at all concentrations changed the physiological aspects of the attached biofilm, and the bioavailability of the phenanthrene increased with the addition of surfactant above the cmc.
L-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy of some Ni enzymes: probe of Ni electronic structure

Abstract L-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy has been used to study the electronic structure of Ni in the Ni–Fe hydrogenases and CO-dehydrogenases under a variety of conditions. The L-edge spectra are interpreted by comparison with the spectra of Ni model complexes and by ligand field multiplet simulations to examine the Ni oxidation and electronic spin states. The spectra for Ni in oxidized Desulfovibrio gigas and Pyrococcus furiosus enzymes are consistent with a covalent Ni III species. All of the reduced hydrogenases in this study exhibit a high spin Ni II spectrum, and no Ni I has been observed. In contrast to hydrogenases, the native Clostridium thermoaceticum CO-dehydrogenase has a low spin Ni II and exhibits a clearly different spectral multiplet. Spectroscopy of Ni enzymes using a 15-eV resolution STJ detector and using the new ALS beamline 4.0.2 with a 0.2 eV energy resolution show great promises for future biological L-edge spectroscopy.
Spin glasses with attitude: Opinion formation in a partisan Erdős-Rényi world

We explore the role of partisan influence in the emergence of consensus opinions in connected populations. Such scenarios arise in many modern settings-political interactions and online forums provide two instances-and there is a long-standing interest in modeling the dynamics of opinion evolution in such systems. By overlaying an external party-based bias on a spin glass inspired structure we show how party discipline tends to persist in the presence of independents, explore the role of neighborhood size in influencing dynamics, and exhibit conditions under which defections from party ranks are enabled.
Counterexample to the hypothesis of functional similarity between tactile and visual pattern perception.

In earlier work, the author has demonstrated that tactile pattern perception and visual pattern perception exhibit many parallels when the effective spatial resolution of vision is reduced to that of touch, thus supporting the hypothesis that the two pattern senses are functionally similar when matched in spatial bandwidth. The present experiments demonstrate a clear counter-example to this hypothesis of functional similarity. Specifically, it was found that the lateral masking effect of a surround on tactile character recognition increases when the surround changes in composition from solid lines to dots, whereas for vision, recognition performance goes in the opposite direction. This finding necessitates some modification of the model of character recognition proposed by the author (Loornis, 1990) as it applies to the sensing of raised tactile patterns. One possible modification would be to incorporate, as the initial stage of pattern transformation, the continuum mechanics model for the skin that was developed by Phillips and Johnson (1981b).
The Functional Micro-organization of Grid Cells Revealed by Cellular-Resolution Imaging

Establishing how grid cells are anatomically arranged, on a microscopic scale, in relation to their firing patterns in the environment would facilitate a greater microcircuit-level understanding of the brain's representation of space. However, all previous grid cell recordings used electrode techniques that provide limited descriptions of fine-scale organization. We therefore developed a technique for cellular-resolution functional imaging of medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) neurons in mice navigating a virtual linear track, enabling a new experimental approach to study MEC. Using these methods, we show that grid cells are physically clustered in MEC compared to nongrid cells. Additionally, we demonstrate that grid cells are functionally micro-organized: the similarity between the environment firing locations of grid cell pairs varies as a function of the distance between them according to a "Mexican hat"-shaped profile. This suggests that, on average, nearby grid cells have more similar spatial firing phases than those further apart.
Immunocytochemical localization of ecdysteroids in the life history stages of Schistosoma mansoni.

Abstract 1. 1. Sporocysts, cercariae and adults of S. mansoni exhibit focal immunoreactivity against anti-ecdysone serum in an indirect immunofluorescence assay. 2. 2. In adult males immunoreactivity is limited to cell bodies and linear connections in the parenchyma surrounding the intestinal caeca. 3. 3. In both unisexual and paired mature females part of the lining of the ootype is reactive, especially near the entrance of the vitelline duct; this demonstrates that females can make ecdysteroids without male contact. 4. 4. Adult worms cultured completely in vitro show a similar pattern of reactivity. 5. 5. Immunoreactivity is strong in cercariae, but is essentially absent in miracidia.
Internally mixed soot, sulfates, and organic matter in aerosol particles from Mexico City

Soot particles, which are aggregated carbonaceous spherules with graphitic structures, are major aerosol constituents that result from burning of fossil fuel, biofuel, and biomass. Their properties commonly change through reaction with other particles or gases, resulting in complex internal mixtures. Using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) for both imaging and chemical analysis, we measured ~8000 particles (25 samples) with aerodynamic diameters from 0.05 to 0.3 μm that were collected in March 2006 from aircraft over Mexico City (MC) and adjacent areas. Most particles are coated, consist of aggregates, or both. For example, almost all analyzed particles contain S and 70% also contain K, suggesting coagulation and condensation of sulfates and particles derived from biomass and biofuel burning. In the MC plumes, over half of all particles contained soot coated by organic matter and sulfates. The median value of the soot volume fraction in such coated particles is about 15%. In contrast to the assumptions used in many climate models, the soot particles did not become compact even when coated. Moreover, about 80% by volume of the particles consisting of organic matter with sulfate also contained soot, indicating the important role of soot in the formation of secondary aerosol particles. Coatings on soot particles can amplify their light absorption, and coagulation with sulfates changes their hygroscopic properties, resulting in shorter lifetimes. Through changes in their optical and hygroscopic properties, internally mixed soot particles have a greater effect on the regional climate of MC than uncoated soot particles.
Fourier transform UV, visible, and infrared spectra of supersonically cooled CN radical

Abstract The CN radical has been observed by Fourier transform spectroscopy in the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared regions of the spectrum. The radical was formed in a corona discharge of acetonitrile seeded in an inert carrier gas (helium or argon) at the throat of a pinhole nozzle and expanded into the vacuum chamber. The emission was resolved with a Bruker IFS-120 HR spectrometer. The B - X and A - X electronic transitions were observed from approximately 27 000 to 2500 cm −1 . The B - X 0-0 band exhibited an anomalous rotational intensity distribution which cannot be described by a simple rotational temperature. This provides insight into the mechanisms of CN formation in our source. Vibrational levels up to v = 15 in both electronic states are observed. Such high vibrational excitation would require temperatures near 10 000 K. The population distribution appears nearly Boltzmann for low vibrational levels, albeit a high temperature, and deviates markedly at high vibrational levels.
Regulation of endogenous chloride conductance in xenopus oocytes

Summary Radiotracer ( 86 Rb, 125 I) efflux measurements and intracellular microelectrode recording were performed to study the cellular mechanisms that regulate the endogenous ionic conductances in Xenopus oocytes. Addition of isoproterenol (Iso, 10 −5 M) caused a marked increase in 86 Rb efflux, with a time course that is in good agreement to Iso-elicited membrane hyperpolarization. Thus, radiotracer efflux measurement appears to be a sensitive assay method to study stimulus-secretion coupling in oocytes. 125 I efflux was suppressed by the Cl − channel blocker diphenylamine-2-carboxylate, but was insensitive to bumetanide. Elevation of ambient [Ca 2+ ] from 0.4 to 10 mM resulted in an eminent increase in 125 I efflux for up to ∼20 min. Acetylcholine (10 −5 M), which mobilizes cell Ca 2+ , also enhanced 125 I efflux. Iso although increased intracellular cAMP level ∼2-fold, but showed no stimulatory effect on 125 I efflux. Addition of 8-(-4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP (1 mM), or of forskolin (10 −5 M) plus the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine (2 × 10 −4 M), also failed to enhance 125 I efflux. These results suggest that, in sharp contrast to the mechanisms for Cl-conductance regulation in mammalian Cl − -secreting epithelia, the endogenous Cl − conductance in Xenopus oocytes is, under normal physiological conditions, primarily regulated by intracellular Ca 2+ -rather than a cAMP-mediated signaling mechanism.
Antitumour efficacy of VEGFR2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor correlates with expression of VEGF and its receptor VEGFR2 in tumour models.

During the development of indazolylpyrimidines as novel and potent inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor-2 (VEGFR2) tyrosine kinase, we observed that some human tumour xenografts are more sensitive to VEGFR2 kinase inhibitors than others. A better understanding of the basis for this differential response may help to identify a predictive marker that would greatly aid in the identification of a suitable patient population for treatment. One representative compound from the indazolylpyrimidine series is GW654652 that inhibited all three VEGFRs with similar potency. The inhibition of VEGFR2 kinase by GW654652 was about 150 to >8800 more potent than the inhibition of eight other kinases tested. GW654652 inhibited VEGF- and bFGF-induced proliferation in endothelial cells with an IC50 of 110 and 1980 nM, respectively, and has good pharmacokinetic profile in mouse and dog. We investigated the association between VEGF and VEGFR2 expression and the antitumour efficacy of GW654652, in various xenograft models. Statistically significant associations were observed between the antitumour efficacy of GW654652 in xenografts and VEGF protein (P=0.005) and VEGFR2 expression (P=0.041). The oral dose of GW654652 producing 50% inhibition of tumour growth (ED50) decreased with increasing levels of VEGF (r=−0.94); and, in contrast, the ED50 increased with the increased expression of VEGFR2 (r=0.82). These results are consistent with the observed inverse correlation between VEGF and VEGFR2 expression in tumours. These findings support the hypothesis that VEGF and VEGFR2 expression by tumours may predict the therapeutic outcome of VEGFR kinase inhibitors.
Temporal pattern discrimination in the cat

Abstract Sensory capacities exist in lower animals that appear to be primitive antecedents of higher order perceptual abilities in man. Temporal pattern discrimination, an example of one such sensory capacity, has been the subject of a number of behavioral studies in the cat. These behavioral studies have implicated the insular-temporal region of the cat cortex in the perception of temporal sequences of stimuli in at least three different sense modalities. Recent anatomical and electrophysiological data suggest that a convergence of subcortical and transcortical projections onto the cells of insular-temporal cortex give this brain region its unique characteristics.
Nodal-Dependent Mesendoderm Specification Requires the Combinatorial Activities of FoxH1 and Eomesodermin

Vertebrate mesendoderm specification requires the Nodal signaling pathway and its transcriptional effector FoxH1. However, loss of FoxH1 in several species does not reliably cause the full range of loss-of-Nodal phenotypes, indicating that Nodal signals through additional transcription factors during early development. We investigated the FoxH1-dependent and -independent roles of Nodal signaling during mesendoderm patterning using a novel recessive zebrafish FoxH1 mutation called midway, which produces a C-terminally truncated FoxH1 protein lacking the Smad-interaction domain but retaining DNA–binding capability. Using a combination of gel shift assays, Nodal overexpression experiments, and genetic epistasis analyses, we demonstrate that midway more accurately represents a complete loss of FoxH1-dependent Nodal signaling than the existing zebrafish FoxH1 mutant schmalspur. Maternal-zygotic midway mutants lack notochords, in agreement with FoxH1 loss in other organisms, but retain near wild-type expression of markers of endoderm and various nonaxial mesoderm fates, including paraxial and intermediate mesoderm and blood precursors. We found that the activity of the T-box transcription factor Eomesodermin accounts for specification of these tissues in midway embryos. Inhibition of Eomesodermin in midway mutants severely reduces the specification of these tissues and effectively phenocopies the defects seen upon complete loss of Nodal signaling. Our results indicate that the specific combinations of transcription factors available for signal transduction play critical and separable roles in determining Nodal pathway output during mesendoderm patterning. Our findings also offer novel insights into the co-evolution of the Nodal signaling pathway, the notochord specification program, and the chordate branch of the deuterostome family of animals.
Osteogenic replacement of tricalcium phosphate ceramic implants in the dog palate.

Abstract The effects of tricalcium phosphate implants in surgically created cleft palates in Beagle dogs were studied. Radiographic studies indicated evidence of resorption of the ceramic and no alteration of normal growth patterns. Histologic studies showed definite implant replacement by normal appearing bone tissue.
Anomalously small resistivity and thermopower of strongly compensated semiconductors and topological insulators

In the recent paper, we explained why the maximum bulk resistivity of topological insulators (TIs) such as Bi${}_{2}$Se${}_{3}$ is so small [B. Skinner, T. Chen, and B. I. Shklovskii, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 176801 (2012)]. Using the model of completely compensated semiconductor we showed that when the Fermi level is pinned in the middle of the gap the activation energy of resistivity is $\ensuremath{\Delta}=0.3({E}_{g}/2)$, where ${E}_{g}$ is the semiconductor gap. In this paper, we consider a strongly compensated $n$-type semiconductor. We find the position of the Fermi level $\ensuremath{\mu}$ calculated from the bottom of the conduction band ${E}_{c}$ and the activation energy of resistivity $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ as a function of compensation $K$, and show that $\ensuremath{\Delta}=0.3({E}_{c}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\mu})$ holds at any $0l1\ensuremath{-}K\ensuremath{\ll}1$. In the same range of relatively high temperatures, the Peltier energy (heat) $\ensuremath{\Pi}$ is even smaller: $\ensuremath{\Pi}\ensuremath{\simeq}\ensuremath{\Delta}/2=0.15({E}_{c}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\mu})$. We also show that at low temperatures, the activated conductivity crosses over to variable range hopping (VRH) and find the characteristic temperature of VRH, ${T}_{\mathrm{ES}}$, as a function of $K$.
Axon plasticity in the mammalian central nervous system after injury

It is widely recognized that severed axons in the adult central nervous system (CNS) have limited capacity to regenerate. However, mounting evidence from studies of CNS injury response and repair is challenging the prevalent view that the adult mammalian CNS is incapable of structural reorganization to adapt to an altered environment. Animal studies demonstrate the potential to achieve significant anatomical repair and functional recovery following CNS injury by manipulating axon growth regulators alone or in combination with activity-dependent strategies. With a growing understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating axon plasticity, and the availability of new experimental tools to map detour circuits of functional importance, directing circuit rewiring to promote functional recovery may be achieved.
Microstructural and Magnetic Characterization of Ni Films with In-Plane Anisotropy Induced by Ion Bombardment During Growth

Ni films 250 to 1500 A thick are prepared on polished amorphous quartz substrates in ultrahigh vacuum by ion beam sputter deposition. The growing film is bombarded simultaneously with Xe+ ions at an oblique angle of incidence. The structural and magnetic modifications are studied for different film thicknesses as a function of Xe+ ion energies (50–200 eV) and relative flux of arriving Ni atoms/Xe ions at the substrate. Lattice spacings and degree of texturing are determined by x-ray diffraction. Magnetic in-plane anisotropy is determined by longitudinal magneto-optic Kerr effect measurements. Our results show that an uniaxial in-plane magnetic anisotropy is induced with the hard magnetization direction parallel to the plane of incidence of the secondary Xe+ ions, and a (111) texture with an increased plane spacing of 0.5% is measured. The microstructure of the film and the magnitude of the anisotropy is sensitive to film thickness and flux ratio. For films prepared without secondary ion bombardment, the plane spacings correspond to those for bulk Ni, and isotropic magnetic behavior is observed.
Objective Optimization of Weather Radar Networks for Low-Level Coverage Using a Genetic Algorithm

AbstractThe current Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) radar network is approaching 20 years of age, leading researchers to begin exploring new opportunities for a next-generation network in the United States. With a vast list of requirements for a new weather radar network, research has provided various approaches to the design and fabrication of such a network. Additionally, new weather radar networks in other countries, as well as networks on smaller scales, must balance a large number of variables in order to operate in the most effective way possible. To offer network designers an objective analysis tool for such decisions, a coverage optimization technique, utilizing a genetic algorithm with a focus on low-level coverage, is presented. Optimization is achieved using a variety of variables and methods, including the use of climatology, population density, and attenuation due to average precipitation conditions. A method to account for terrain blockage in mountainous regions is also pre...
Biased immunoglobulin light chain use in the Chlamydophila psittaci negative ocular adnexal marginal zone lymphomas.

Ocular adnexal mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas (OAMALTL) are the most common lymphomas of the eye. The potential roles for specific antigens in these lymphomas are still controversial. Previously we examined IGHV usage and mutations in Chlamydophila (C) psittaci-negative OAMALTL, demonstrating biased use of the IGHV4 family and IGHV4–34 gene and evidence for antigen selection. Herein, we examined the IGKV/IGLV gene usage and mutations in 34 C. psittaci-negative OAMALTL originating from the orbit (15), conjunctivae (14), and lacrimal gland (5). Clonal potentially functional IGKV/IGLV gene sequences were identified in 30 tumors (18 kappa and 12 lambda). An overrepresentation of the IGKV4 family (P < 0.01) was observed. The IGKV3–20*01 allele was used at a greater frequency than in normal peripheral blood B-lymphocytes (P = 0.02) and commonly paired with the IGHV4–34 allele. Twenty-seven of the 30 unique light chain sequences displayed mutations from germline and evidence for antigen selection. Overall our findings demonstrate that in C. psittaci-negative OAMALTL there is a biased usage of IGKV families and genes, which harbor somatic mutations. These findings and the specific paring between the IGKV3–20*01 and IGHV4–34 alleles suggest that specific antigens could play an important role in the pathogenesis of these lymphomas. Am. J. Hematol. 88:379–384, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A spatially explicit degree-day model of Rift Valley fever transmission risk in the continental United States

A spatially explicit degree-day model was used to evaluate the risk of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) transmission by mosquitoes to humans and livestock within five target states in the continental United States: California, Minnesota, Nebraska, New York, and Texas. A geographic information system was used to model potential virus transmission based on a 12-day moving window assessment of the extrinsic incubation period theorized for RVFV in the United States. Risk of potential virus transmission in each state was spatially evaluated on a 10-km grid using average historical daily temperature data from 1994 to 2003. The highest levels of transmission risk occur in California and Texas, with parts of these states at risk of RVFV transmission for up to 8 months per year. Northern Minnesota, central New York, and most of coastal and high-elevation California are at low to null risk. Risk of impact to the livestock industry is greatest in California, Texas, and Nebraska. A standard global climate model was used to evaluate future risk in the year 2030 in Nebraska, and showed an increase of transmission risk days from approximately 3 to 4 months per year.
Multiple Exciton Generation in Colloidal Silicon Nanocrystals

Multiple exciton generation (MEG) is a process whereby multiple electron-hole pairs, or excitons, are produced upon absorption of a single photon in semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) and represents a promising route to increased solar conversion efficiencies in single-junction photovoltaic cells. We report for the first time MEG yields in colloidal Si NCs using ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy. We find the threshold photon energy for MEG in 9.5 nm diameter Si NCs (effective band gap E g ) 1.20 eV) to be 2.4 ± 0.1Eg and find an excitonproduction quantum yield of 2.6 ± 0.2 excitons per absorbed photon at 3.4Eg. While MEG has been previously reported in direct-gap semiconductor NCs of PbSe, PbS, PbTe, CdSe, and InAs, this represents the first report of MEG within indirect-gap semiconductor NCs. Furthermore, MEG is found in relatively large Si NCs (diameter equal to about twice the Bohr radius) such that the confinement energy is not large enough to produce a large blue-shift of the band gap (only 80 meV), but the Coulomb interaction is sufficiently enhanced to produce efficient MEG. Our findings are of particular importance because Si dominates the photovoltaic solar cell industry, presents no problems regarding abundance and accessibility within the Earth’s crust, and poses no significant environmental problems regarding toxicity.
Effects of “Short-Term” versus “Long-Term” L-Dopa Therapy in Parkinsonism on Critical Flicker Frequency:

This study investigated shorter and longer range effects of L-Dopa therapy in parkinsonism on critical flicker frequency (CFF) scores. Three equated groups of 15 Ss were selected to include “short-term,” “long-term,” L-Dopa patients and a control group. Binocular CFF thresholds were obtained for each S on two separate occasions. Results indicate that: (1) the control group scored significantly higher on CFF indicating superior neural integration when compared with the “short-term” or “long-term” L-Dopa group; (2) the “short-term” L-Dopa group scored significantly higher than the “long-term” L-Dopa group demonstrating better cerebral efficiency. Evidence suggests that a peculiar clinical state interfering with neural transmission may develop in parkinsonian patients on L-Dopa therapy prolonged 2 yr. or more.
From geometry to lighting to material models

Image-based rendering and modeling has lead to major advances in computer graphics. Using images as input has enabled the creation of more realistic and convincing computer generated images. Many of the current image-based rendering algorithms, however, use primarily geometric information. The next logical step are to incorporates more photometric information, including lighting and material properties. Material properties are particularly important, since understanding the optical properties of materials - or appearance models - requires interdisciplinary research involving expertise in both vision and graphics. In this paper, we review the current work and suggest directions for future research.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.