cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Decentralized Multi-agent Algorithm for the Set Partitioning Problem

A decentralized algorithm for solving set partitioning problems (SPP) has numerous applications in multi-agent systems. Apart from its relevance for problems of operations research, the SPP is equivalent to clustering of agents as well as the generation of coalition structures. SPADA, the algorithm proposed in this paper, does not use central metrics, relies exclusively on local agent knowledge, and respects agent autonomy. By trying to increase its own benefit, each subset of agents, representing a coalition or cluster, contributes to establishing a suitable partitioning. Agents are at liberty to decide if they want to join or leave a subset. All operations that change the composition of these subsets or the acquaintances of agents can be mapped onto a graph that represents these relations. The algorithm is evaluated in a scenario of decentralized energy management where it is used as a self-organization mechanism. The evaluations show that the quality of the partitioning is within 10% of the solutions found by a particle swarm optimizer with global knowledge.
GROWTH AND PLASTICITY OF CORTICAL DENDRITES

Publisher Summary The studies of the visual cortex of adult rats have described the morphology of Golgi-impregnated neurons and their ultrastructure and synaptic connections. This chapter discusses the changes in the geometry of cortical cell types during normal development. The morphological, functional, and chemical properties of cortical neurons are influenced throughout life by factors resulting through their interaction with the environment. This chapter presents the study of the development of the three-dimensional dendritic geometry of layer IV nonpyramidal neurons and layer II pyramidal neurons in Golgi-Cox preparations. Both cell types appear highly indifferentiated during most of the first week of postnatal life. The growth of dendrites occurs from the end of the first week to the middle of the third postnatal week when the nonpyramidal and pyramidal cells achieve their dendritic configuration. The only growth that continues after this stage of development is the elongation of the terminal dendrites. Through these segments, cortical cells retain the ability for plasticity at least through a part of adult life. The elaboration of dendrites of nonpyramidal and pyramidal neurons in the visual cortex of the rat occurs for the most part from the end of the first week until the middle of the third week of postnatal life.
Pavlovian conditioning of drug reactions: some implications for problems of drug addiction.

This paper reviews the classical conditioning of drug reactions, with special emphasis on the relationship of this phenomenon to drug addiction. Several aspects of drug addiction such as drug craving, high relapse tendencies, and the recurrence of withdrawal symptoms are reviewed and interpreted in light of classical conditioning theory and data. A theory is proposed that attempts to account for various aspects of the addictive process. The implications and empirical methods for testing this theory are outlined.
Non-European World Views

In the last chapter, we considered the Classical Greek world view that focused on the Earth as the center of the universe (and the solar system). This model was adopted by the Romans, and after the fall of Rome it continued on in Byzantium. It was also taken up and developed further by Islamic countries. Gradually, the model was reincorporated back into Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance from Islam (largely through Spain) and from Byzantium (largely through Venice), and the tradition continued its development from then on. This story will be discussed in Chapter 4.
Age-Related Alterations in Olfactory Structure and Function

The sense of smell, in addition to contributing to aesthetics and to the overall quality of life, largely determines the flavor of foods and protects the organism from such hazards as leaking gas, spoiled food, and smoke. It is therefore of both practical and medical importance to understand the nature of age-related changes in human olfactory function and, when possible, to correct underlying dysfunctions. Age-related alterations in this primary sensory system are of particular significance when one considers that the number of persons in the American population over the age of 65 years has increased from 3.1 million in 1900 to 24.1 million in 1978 and will likely exceed 32 million by the year 2000 (Brody and Brock, 1985).
2.18 – Promiscuous Ligands

Computational and experimental high-throughput screening are frequently used to discover new leads for drug design. Although novel ligands have been identified by these methods, it has become clear that screening hit lists are plagued by false positives. These nuisance compounds are ultimately found to be developmental dead-ends and are abandoned, often after considerable effort has been invested in them. Much work over the last decade has been devoted to exploring the origins of false-positive screening hits, and ligand promiscuity has emerged as one such cause. Well-known mechanisms of promiscuity include reactive species and privileged substructures. More recently, it has been found that some nonspecific screening hits form aggregates of 30–1000 nm in diameter. It has been proposed that these aggregate particles are responsible for the promiscuous behavior of many false positives and that aggregate-forming compounds may be widespread among screening hits. This chapter will review the known mechanisms of ligand promiscuity with an emphasis on the recently described model of aggregation. Experimental and computational methods for identifying promiscuous compounds will be described, and some outstanding questions in the field will be considered.
Brønsted acidic ionic liquid catalyzed one-pot conversion of cellulose to furanic biocrude and identification of the products using LC-MS

Abstract The degradation of cellulose was studied using 1-(3-propylsulfonic)-3-methylimidazolium chloride and 1-(4-butylsulfonic)-3-methylimidazolium chloride acidic ionic liquids as catalysts in acetone at 120 °C for 3.5 h. The products were analyzed using LC-MS with a C18 column and 0.1% formic acid in water - methanol as the eluent solvent. Eleven cellulose degradation products were identified in the furanic biocrude formed using mass spectroscopy. The identified compounds include: 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), seven products formed from aldol condensation of HMF with one to three acetone molecules, one furfural-acetone aldol product and two HMF ether products. The percent conversions of cellulose to the furanic biocrude product for the two catalysts 1-(3-proylsulfonic)-3-methylimidazolium chloride and 1-(4-butylsulfonic)-3-methylimidazolium chloride were 25.7 and 19.3% respectively.
Mouse exophthalmic chronic orbital inflammatory disease. Induction by human leucocyte intracellular Mollicutes.

Mollicutes are cell wall deficient bacteria which may be overlooked or confused with viruses because of indistinct light microscopic morphology, poor staining, difficulty in cultivation, and the ability to pass 0.450 micron filters. As they have a distinctive ultrastructural appearance they can be identified using transmission electron microscopy [TEM]. Using TEM vitreous leucocytes from chronic endogenous uveitis patients may demonstrate non-cultivable intracellular 0.005–1.0 micron mollicute-like organisms [MLO], some of which develop into distinctive cell walled cocci, 0.5–0.7 micron in diameter. Inoculation of those MLO containing human vitreous into mouse eyelids produces chronic cardiac and uveal vasculitis with orbital inflammation. Similar MLO are found within the mouse lesional leucocytes. This report describes the chronic orbital inflammation with vasculitis in 67 of 100 of those MLO inoculated mice versus 0 of 200 controls (P<0.05). Exophthalmos with inflammation also occurred in 12 of those 67 mice (P<0.05). MLO were found within orbital lesional leucocytes of 10 of 10 of those mice using a TEM versus 0 of 10 controls. The results indicate that vasculitis and exophthalmos were important features of this MLO induced mouse orbital inflammation. The implication of these results for human idiopathic chronic orbital inflammatory disease is discussed.
Zombies, Ghosts & Hollywood Accounting: Intangibles and Intellectual Property Strategies

Film and television projects are frequently not profitable, at least as defined contractually in characteristic industry contracts. The “Hollywood accounting” treatment that generates these outcomes is both curious and often complex. Even highly successful film and television projects, from the films Star Wars: Return of the Jedi and Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix to television programs such as Who Wants To Be A Millionaire?, The Walking Dead, and Supernatural, which have all grossed significant amounts of revenues, have all been characterized as generating no profits, at least as defined in industry contracts, which has significant consequences for those entitled to profit participations. Contractual entitlements to a percentage of profits of course depend on having profits to begin with. Firms in the film and television sector have significant flexibility in how they characterize both revenues and costs. This flexibility is in part a consequence of the high degree of intangibility in that pervades film and television businesses. Practices within the industry also typically involve significant business dealings within entertainment industry corporate umbrellas. How revenues and costs from such intra-group transactions are accounted for has been a key source of a number of disputes. Disputes surrounding profit definitions in film and television highlight both the impact of intangibility and contract interpretation within the creative industries more generally.
NBS Standards for Pressure, Temperature, and Humidity

A summary is presented of the metrological activities in the Heat Division of the National Bureau of Standards, covering the calibration and other service activities in temperature, pressure, and humidity, together with adescription of some representative examples of related current research and developmental work.
Extensive Form Games

Because all players choose their strategies simultaneously, normal form representations of games are static. Many applications in political science, however, involve players choosing strategies sequentially. Although it is possible to model these situations as games in the normal form, it is often easier and more satisfying to use the extensive form, which treats time explicitly. To motivate the extensive form, consider the following application. A is a colony controlled by B . Country B generates revenue from control of A 's oil fields and from direct taxes on A 's residents. In the first stage, A decides whether to R evolt or C onsent to the status quo. If A revolts, B decides whether to G rant independence or to S uppress the revolution. If B suppresses, the situation escalates into a war. In the event of war, A wins with probability p . At stake is control of the lucrative oil field, which generates a payoff of 4 to the side that controls it. Starting a revolution costs A one unit if B does not suppress. Suppression by B costs each side 6 units. If A does not revolt, B can continue to T ax A 's residents at 2 units or it can E liminate these taxes. Table 7.1 gives the payoffs from each of the possible outcomes. A 's payoff is listed first. If we modeled this game in the normal form, we would ignore that B knows A 's choice when B makes its decision.
Experimental Investigation on Control of an Infinitely Variable Transmission System for Tidal Current Energy Converters

High operation performance of a tidal current energy converter (TCEC) requires a gear transmission with a continuously variable speed ratio for low-speed and high-torque conditions. A nonlinear closed-loop control combined with an integral time-delay feedback control is developed to adjust the speed ratio of an infinitely variable transmission (IVT) system for TCECs. A speed ratio control for the IVT system involves a forward speed controller and a crank length controller for different tidal current speed ranges. The time-delay control is designed to reduce speed fluctuations of the output speed of the IVT with an accurate speed ratio. Experimental investigation was carried out to test the validity of the proposed control strategy for the IVT system. An instrumented rotation speed measurement system is designed so that quantities needed for the time-delay control variable can be measured. Experimental results show that the speed ratio of the IVT with the proposed control strategy can achieve an excellent tracking response for the desired constant output speed and reduce speed fluctuations of the output speed of the IVT by the time-delay feedback control.
A crew of listeners with no more than “slight” hearing loss who exhibit binaural deficits also exhibit reduced amounts of binaural interference

Listeners having, at most, “slight” hearing loss, specifically those having absolute thresholds at 4 kHz exceeding 7.5 dB HL, have been shown to exhibit deficits in binaural detection that appear to stem from increased levels of stimulus-dependent, additive internal noise [Bernstein and Trahiotis (2016). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 140, 3540–3548; Bernstein and Trahiotis (2018). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 144, 292–307]. This study assessed whether such listeners exhibit greater susceptibility to “binaural interference.” NoSo and NoSπ tone-in-noise detection thresholds were measured for stimuli centered at 4 kHz in the absence of any interfering stimuli and in the presence of simultaneously gated diotic or interaurally uncorrelated noise centered at 500 Hz. Results indicated that listeners exhibiting elevated NoSπ thresholds (typical of those in “>7.5 dB groups”), actually exhibit less binaural interference than do those exhibiting lower NoSπ thresholds typical of those in “≤7.5 dB HL” groups. That outcome cannot be explained by a “ceiling effect” stemming from interferer-induced loss of the ability to utilize binaural cues to detect the signal. The relatively smaller amounts of binaural interference exhibited by listeners with relatively elevated NoSπ thresholds notwithstanding, it is argued that the interference they do exhibit may place them at a distinct disadvantage in everyday listening environments.
A Case Study of Power and the Eroticized Transference–Countertransference

This study of power in the eroticized transference–countertransference presents two sessions in the middle stage of an analysis of a woman struggling with issues of anxiety about her own power and a belief that her love and desires are destructive, toxic, and murderous. The case is presented from a neo-Kleinian/relational perspective in which the analytic strategy focuses on the development of enactments and transitional experiences and the use of evocative, presentational language, in contrast to a more traditional interpretive strategy in which discursive language concentrates on historical explanation and the differentiation of fantasy and reality. The two contiguous sessions begin with the patient's concerns about the bad behavior of the analyst and his male colleagues at an institute group-process conference. These reservations reflect the patient's anxieties about potential destructiveness and aggression, her resentment about the unfairness of men's sense of social and professional privilege, and th...
Experimental Determination of Photofission Neutron Multiplicities for 235U, 236U, 238U, and 232Th Using Monoenergetic Photons

The prompt neutron multiplicities for photofission of the four isotopes 235U, 236U, 238U, and 232Th have been measured with monoenergetic photons over the energy range from 5.5 to 18 MeV using the ...
Nonlinear Applications of Low Order C°-Elements for Plates and Shells

Two types of low order mixed elements, i.e. a 3-node triangle and a 5-node quadrilateral, have been developed previously for the linear elastic analysis of plates and shells. These elements are suitable for the analysis of both moderately thick and thin walled structures without having any locking difficulty (either in membrane or shear). These elements are extended to geometrically nonlinear applications using an updated Lagrangian formulation. Nonlinearities include both large deflections and rotations, but the strains are still assumed to be small. Several specific examples are given to demonstrate the nonlinear analysis capabilities of the elements, particularly for severely deformed plate/shell structures.
Using Media to Teach About Language

The number of documentaries being made about language has recently increased. Many of these have tremendous value in informal educational settings, but using them in classroom contexts in the United States often proves somewhat tricky. There are concerns about curricular fit, educational goals, potentially incendiary portrayals of topics, etc. High-stakes testing further reduces the likelihood that language-related documentaries will be used in schools, especially among populations who may benefit most from exposure to sociolinguistic perspectives. This article offers an evaluation of the usefulness of recent and older media in teaching about language in formal educational contexts. From this review emerges an incipient roadmap for adapting media so that it will be attractive to teachers and improve the likelihood that teachers will be successful incorporating said media in their classrooms.
Skin Marking in Upper Blepharoplasty: Avoiding Pitfalls

At surgery, the skin marking is probably one of the most important steps and therefore warrants careful attention to detail. The placement of the skin incision is crucial to the perceived success of the surgery postoperatively as the eyelid crease is the most distinguishing feature of the upper lid. I prefer to mark the incisions with a fine-tip marking pen prior to injection of local anesthetic to avoid distortion of the tissues from the anesthetic. The eyelid crease heights are first measured and compared on both upper eyelids. If they are symmetric and appropriate for gender (8–11 mm for women, 6–8 mm for men), the creases are marked with the pen (Figure 20.1). Occasionally, the crease heights are asymmetric, contain double lines, or are discontinuous. Therefore, careful comparison between the two sides will help guide the proper placement. In addition, if involutional ptosis is also present, the eyelid crease will be anatomically elevated up to height of 15–20 mm (due to dehiscence of the anterior fibers of the levator aponeurosis that attach to dermis and skin at the level of the lid crease). Placement of the incision at these elevated crease levels would result in a suboptimal and unnatural appearance to the eyelids. Open image in new window Figure 20.1 Measuring and marking the eyelidcrease incision from the eyelid margin.
An approach for solving the parameters setting problem

A fundamental problem in modeling biological phenomena is choosing the parameter values which give the model its best predictive capability. A general approach is presented that automatically determines locally optimal parameter values to most closely match the model's behavior with the experimentally observed behavior. As a proof of the concept, the method is applied to the Hodgkin-Huxley model of the membrane action potential. >
Phytotransformation of trinitrotoluene (TNT) and distribution of metabolic products in Myriophyllum aquaticum

Dissolved [U-ring-C]2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, when exposed to Myriophyllum aquaticum plants, was transformed with approximately 30% of products recovered in the aqueous medium, regardless of incubation period. The remaining fraction was retained inside of the plant and was distributed throughout various anatomical structures. After five days of incubation the plant associated fraction became increasingly resistant to extraction with methanol. The plant associated accumulation of C was highest in roots.
Hemocompatibility Assessment of 3C-SiC for Cardiovascular Applications

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the study of the hemocompatibility of single-crystal SiC, which was conducted at the University of South Florida. It begins with an overview of biocompatibility vis a-vis the cardiovascular system. The research is focused along three complementary tracks—blood platelet adhesion, protein attachment, and endothelial cell adhesion. Biocompatibility is the required property of materials and systems that are intended to be in contact with biological matter and to perform according to the system design, and without interfering with the integrity of the tissue(s) and biological matter that such material is in contact with and without generating any adverse reactions. Silicon (Si) has long been used in the construction of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices. The limitations of how compatible a material is when in contact with tissue(s) are determined by the application, such as tissue engineering, implantable sensors, and drug delivery. To date, few crystalline semiconductor materials have been assessed for their biocompatibility. Crystalline semiconductor materials are of special interest for the development of biomedical sensors that can be in intimate contact with the human body. Therefore biocompatible sensing materials are critical to the development of implantable biomedical devices and this research was dedicated to evaluating the biocompatibility of such materials for use in the cardiovascular system.
Methods of Assigning Marks for Proficiency in Physical Education at Amherst College

(1905). Methods of Assigning Marks for Proficiency in Physical Education at Amherst College. American Physical Education Review: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 115-120.
Cold-Induced Hypertension

Hypertension, tachycardia and cardiac hypertrophy develop in rats exposed to mild cold (5 degrees C, 41 degrees F) for 1 to 3 weeks. Elevation of blood pressure (BP) during cold exposure is sodium dependent, although the rats still have an elevation of BP with a minimum of NaCl in their diet. Drugs that interfere with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system at various levels (propranolol, clonidine, captopril, losartan and spironolactone) are able to prevent the development of cold-induced hypertension (CIH). Plasma renin activity (PRA) increases during the first 3 weeks of exposure to cold and then gradually decreases toward control level. Increased blood pressure and dipsogenic sensitivity to administration of angiotensin II (Ang II) have been demonstrated during the first 3 weeks of exposure to cold suggesting an upregulation of Ang II receptors when PRA is elevated. Additional studies have shown greater Fos-like immunoreactivity in the diencephalon of cold-exposed compared to warm-acclimated rats after 1 hr i.v. infusion of Ang II (333 ng/kg/min). Thus, most characteristics of cold-induced hypertension mimic those of hypertension induced experimentally by chronic administration of large doses of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) and salt. The results suggest that CIH is a mineralocorticoid-induced hypertension and that various levels of the RAA system contribute.
Liquid phase epitaxy of magnetic garnets

Abstract In designing rare earth iron garnet compositions for magnetic bubble applications it is usually necessary to deal with no fewer than three cations and often as many as six. LPE has become the dominant process for making garnet films from PbO-B 2 O 3 -Fe 2 O 3 fluxed melts. Flux constituents further increase the complexity of the design problem by introducing two more components. Fortunately, thermodynamics reduces the film growth problem to the simpler dimensions of a solid garnet crystallizing in a liquid fluxed melt. For epitaxy, the Pb impurity in films has a significant effect on the lattice match (fit) between a film and its substrate. A mismatch can influence film properties and the growth process as well. This factor is only of concern to the bulk crystal grower when seed crystals are employed. Garnet films can be grown on a variety of gallium garnets which have been pulled and prepared as polished wafers with high perfection only equalled in Si wafer preparation. Isothermal LPE growth is now uniformly practiced and is mainly responsible for the good reproducibility and uniformity of film products. Indeed, some of the most precise and reproducible crystal growth data ever assembled have originated from magnetic garnet studies. Interestingly, more practitioners seem to agree on what happens than on why it happens. Two kinetics models are compared by numerical methods. The relative merits of horizontal versus vertical plane dipping are discussed briefly in terms of both theory and engineering potentials. In summary, the presentation is concerned with the differences among us, the problems we face, and the apparent alternatives.
Domain-Specific Intolerance of Uncertainty in Socially Anxious and Contamination-Focused Obsessive–Compulsive Individuals

Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) has been increasingly recognized as a transdiagnostic factor across anxiety disorders and depression and is associated with substantial cognitive, behavioral, and emotional impairment. IU is typically construed as a dispositional tendency to view ambiguous stimuli and unknown outcomes as unacceptably threatening regardless of context, but recent findings suggest that the domain in which uncertainty is encountered may be relevant. Taking that research to the next step, the aim of the present study was to determine whether IU is more salient in concern-congruent versus incongruent domains and whether domain-specific IU is a better predictor of anxiety symptoms than trait IU. A total of 102 undergraduates were recruited into analog socially anxious (SA), obsessive–compulsive contamination (OCC), and nonanxious control (NAC) groups based on responses to measures of SA and OCC symptoms. Both groups reported more domain-congruent IU than trait IU or domain-incongruent IU. The SA ...
Rapid response optical ion/gas sensors using dimer–monomer metalloporphyrin equilibrium in ultrathin polymeric films coated on waveguides

Abstract Optical sensors with rapid response times (1–2 s) toward solution phase chloride and gas phase amine species are described. The sensors are based on the incorporation of indium(III) octaethylporphyrin (In(III)[OEP]) within ultrathin polymeric films (
Identification of field isolates of Rhizoctonia solani to detect quantitative resistance in rice under greenhouse conditions

The rates of in vitro hyphal growth of Rhizoctonia solani isolates, and their pathogenicity were evaluated to identify R. solani isolates that are suitable to detect quantitative resistance in rice. The isolates of R. solani were purified from the infected rice and two grass species in Arkansas over three years. Among 200 Rhizoctonia-like isolates, 102 isolates were identified as R. solani, and confirmed using a ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers’ marker. The rates of in vitro hyphal growth of the 102 R. solani isolates ranged from 1.17 to 1.89 mm/h, of which only 13.7% were significantly different from each other. The rates of in vitro hyphal growth of eight selected isolates were correlated with lesion lengths (r = 0.86 at P = 0.005 9 and r = 0.93 at P = 0.000 1) on the detached leaves of rice cultivars of Jasmine 85 (resistant) and M202 (susceptible), respectively. The eight isolates were selected based on the mean values of the maximal (1.89), median (1.54) and minimal (1.17) rates of hyphal growth. Two isolates that consistently exhibited significant differences in the rates of the hyphal growth were selected to examine the aggressiveness of isolates in micro-chambers. Using a micro-chamber, the slow growing isolates separated susceptible cultivars from moderately resistant cultivars better than the fast growing isolates. In contrast, the differences in disease reactions between both R. solani isolates were undetected using a standard field evaluation method. We suggest that the slow growing isolates are more useful than the fast growing isolates for detecting quantitative resistance with the micro-chamber method.
Toughness after Interrupted Quench

We discuss data from a range of heat-treatable aluminum alloys, showing both yield strength and fracture toughness vs time at temperature of interrupted quench. Drop in toughness occurs at much shorter hold time than drop in strength. Concurrently the fracture becomes more intergranular. When later the yield strength falls, fracture becomes more transgranular, and toughness may rise. We attribute this pattern to two mechanisms: 1) Early quench precipitates nucleated on grain and/or subgrain boundaries grow to size sufficient to initiate fracture under tension, long before they withdraw significant solute from subsequent age-hardening. 2) Later quench precipitates nucleated on dispersoids and/or dislocations withdraw solute relatively uniformly, reducing matrix yield strength while increasing matrix ductility. We propose that quantitative modeling of change in strength and toughness with change in quench, requires multiple C-curves for multiple types of quench precipitates, and nonlinear relation of toughness to amount of boundary quench precipitate.
Non-localization and localization ROC analyses using clinically based scoring

We are investigating the potential for differences in study conclusions when assessing the estimated impact of a computer-aided detection (CAD) system on readers' performance. The data utilized in this investigation were derived from a multi-reader multi-case observer study involving one hundred mammographic background images to which fixed-size and fixed-intensity Gaussian signals were added, generating a low- and high-intensity signal sets. The study setting allowed CAD assessment in two situations: when CAD sensitivity was 1) superior or 2) lower than the average reader. Seven readers were asked to review each set in the unaided and CAD-aided reading modes, mark and rate their findings. Using this data, we studied the effect on study conclusion of three clinically-based receiver operating characteristic (ROC) scoring definitions. These scoring definitions included both location-specific and non-location-specific rules. The results showed agreement in the estimated impact of CAD on the overall reader performance. In the study setting where CAD sensitivity is superior to the average reader, the mean difference in AUC between the CAD-aided read and unaided read was 0.049 (95%CIs: -0.027; 0.130) for the image scoring definition that is based on non-location-specific rules, and 0.104 (95%CIs: 0.036; 0.174) and 0.090 (95%CIs: 0.031; 0.155) for image scoring definitions that are based on location-specific rules. The increases in AUC were statistically significant for the location-specific scoring definitions. It was further observed that the variance on these estimates was reduced when using the location-specific scoring definitions compared to that using a non-location-specific scoring definition. In the study setting where CAD sensitivity is equivalent or lower than the average reader, the mean differences in AUC are slightly above 0.01 for all image scoring definitions. These increases in AUC were not statistical significant for any of the image scoring definitions. The results on the variance analysis differed from those observed in the other study setting. This investigation furthers our understanding of the relationships between non-localization-specific and localization-specific ROC assessment methodologies and their relevance to clinical practice.
An accelerated inversion algorithm using the resolvent matrix method

Abstract A new inversion algorithm is proposed in this paper based on the resolvent matrix method. The basic steps in our algorithm involve partitioning the original matrix into smaller blocks and finding inverse of a sequence of matrices of small dimensions and matrix multiplications. This inversion algorithm has been applied to invert large general matrices. The efficiency of our algorithm has been compared to two standard inversion routines (NAG F01AAF and ESSL DGEICD, both vectorized). The inversion scheme presented has the versatility to allow for the sparseness and symmetry of the matrix.
Gingival enhancement in fixed prosthodontics. Part II: Microbiologic findings

This study assessed the changes of the subgingival/marginal microflora during fixed prosthodontic procedures and evaluated the effect of adjunctive rinsing with 0.12% chlorhexidine on the subgingival/marginal microflora during fixed prosthodontic treatment. Thirty patients scheduled for fixed prosthodontics were randomly assigned to either rinsing with 15 ml of tap water b.i.d. (control) or rinsing with 15 ml of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate b.i.d. (experimental). Subgingival and marginal plaque was analyzed at baseline, before crown preparation (2 weeks), before crown cementation (5 weeks), and 2 weeks after cementation (7 weeks). The fixed prosthodontic procedures alone altered the subgingival and marginal microbiota toward a more health-associated flora. Adjunctive rinsing twice daily with 0.12% chlorhexidine had a significantly greater effect in reducing putative periodontal pathogens compared with the control regimen. This medication was a useful adjunct to regular oral hygiene during fixed prosthodontic procedures by permitting the establishment and maintenance of a microflora compatible with periodontal health.
A correlational study of stimulability, oral form discrimination and auditory discrimination skills in children

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to determine the relationship between stimulability, oral form discrimination and auditory discrimination skills in children. The Carter-Buck Prognostic Speech Test, Ringel, Burk and Scott's oral form discrimination task and the Goldman-Fristoe-Woodcock Test of Auditory Discrimination were administered to 49 articulatory defective children. Results of their performances on these tests indicate that: (1) stimulability is significantly correlated with oral form discrimination skills but is not significantly correlated with auditory discrimination abilities; and (2) oral form discrimination is not significantly correlated with auditory discrimination. Implications of these findings and suggestions for future inquiry are discussed.
A study of wrong-sign single muon production inv μ-nucleon interaction

We report on a search forv μ-induced events where the single emerging muon carries lepton number opposite that of the incident neutrino. The rate and kinematic quantities of the candidate events are compared with known backgrounds from $$\bar v_\mu $$ -induced charged current interactions and ν-induced interactions that produce dileptons. We derive an upper limit on the rate of wrong-sign single muon production relative to the rate ofv μ charged current interactions to be 1.6×10−4 fory 0.5 (90% CL). These upper limits enable us to constrain exotic sources of wrong-sign muons such as the charm component of the nucleon sea, flavor changing neutral currents and lepton number violating processes. Finally, the rate and kinematic properties of these events are compared with those of the neutrino-induced opposite-sign dimuon events.
Industrial Pollution Prevention! A Critical Review

"An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure." Trite? Maybe, but this proverb is coming to be increasingly recognized as a rallying cry for U.S. environmental programs. The Administrator of the...
A Load-Based Depth-Sensing Indentation Technique for Elastic-Plastic Material Mechanical Property Evaluation

A load-based depth-sensing micro-indentation technique has been developed for material mechanical properties evaluation including elastic modulus, yield stress, strain hardening exponent and stress-strain curve. Based on a Hertzian contact mechanics approach, this load-based depth-sensing micro-indentation technique does not require system compliance calibration or the use of high precision depth sensors. Furthermore a unique, material independent, indentation based load-depth algorithm has been developed accounting for both elastic and elastic-plastic deformation of the material beneath the indenter. This algorithm, found to be a function of material yield stress, strain hardening exponent and elastic modulus, is shown to be the basis for obtaining a stress-strain curve. Finite element analyses of multiple materials with various mechanical properties were employed to examine and develop the fundamental indention based relationships between these variables and the load/depth curve needed to extract the stress-strain diagram. In addition, experimental results obtained with this load-based micro-indentation technique were found to yield accurate material mechanical properties (elastic modulus, strain hardening, yield strength) at room and elevated temperatures (up to 1200°C).Copyright © 2010 by ASME
An upper audio band based low data rate communication modem

Readily available audio interfaces on mobile devices (speakers and microphones) can be used to communicate data over a short range without the need for expensive infrastructure, using the imperceptible upper audio band (16–20KHz) of frequencies. A multi-tone Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) modulation is proposed for communication over the upper audio band. Error rate performance results for Multi-tone FSK modulation over white Gaussian noise channels are reported. Test results with a prototype modem developed are given. A sensing and spectrum access mechanism for devices with audio interfaces is proposed using protocol sequences.
High Resolution Euler Solvers Based on the Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element Method

The I-D, quasi I-D and 2-D Euler solvers based on the method of space-time conservation element and solution element are used to simulate various flow phenomena including shock waves, Mach stem, contact surface, expansion waves, and their intersections and reflections. Seven test problems are solved to demonstrate the capability of this method for handling unsteady compressible flows in various configurations. Numerical results so obtained are compared with exact solutions and/or numerical solutions obtained by schemes based on other established computational techniques. Comparisons show that the present Euler solvers can generate highly accurate numerical solutions to complex flow problems in a straightforward manner without using any ad hoc techniques in the scheme.
Magnetic field enhancement of generation-recombination and shot noise in organic light emitting diodes

We have studied the effect of magnetic field on noise in series of 2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene-based organic light emitting diodes with dominant hole injection, dominant electron injection, and balanced electron and hole injection. The noise spectra of the balanced devices revealed the generation-recombination (g-r) noise term, which we associated with bimolecular electron-hole recombination. The presence of the g-r noise term is correlated with the strong organic magnetoresistance (up to 25%) observed in the balanced devices. The noise spectra also have the shot noise contribution with the Fano factor 0.25–0.4. We found that time constant of the g-r term decreases and the magnitude of shot noise increases when magnetic field is applied. This behavior can be consistently explained within the polaron-polaron model of organic magnetoresistance. We have not found any evidence that the magnetoresistance in studied devices is affected by traps.
Using long runs as predictors of semantic coherence in a partial document retrieval system

We propose a method for dealing with semantic complexities occurring in information retrieval systems on the basis of linguistic observations. Our method follows from an analysis indicating that long runs of content words appear in a stopped document cluster, and our observation that these long runs predominately originate from the prepositional phrase and subject complement positions and as such, may be useful predictors of semantic coherence. From this linguistic basis, we test three statistical hypotheses over a small collection of documents from different genre. By coordinating thesaurus semantic categories (SEMCATs) of the long run words to the semantic categories of paragraphs, we conclude that for paragraphs containing both long runs and short runs, the SEMCAT weight of long runs of content words is a strong predictor of the semantic coherence of the paragraph.
Salicylate intoxication in infants and children

Summary 1. Five cases of salicylate intoxication are presented. 2. In four of the five cases the intoxication occurred during therapeuticadministration of the salicyl compound. 3. Unusually large quantities of alkali may be required to correct the acidosis of salicylate intoxication because of the intense and persistent ketosis. 4. The importance of glycogen depletion specifically associated with the increased metabolic activity due to salicylates in the development of ketosis and acidosis is suggested, and the effect of this on prevention and treatment of the intoxication is discussed.
Vacuum UV and soft x-ray optical emissions from electron impact on metals.

Spectrograms from 2200 to 20 A of optical emissions produced by a simple lamp using fast (3-10-keV) electron impact on tungsten and tantalum targets are presented. The lamp dissipated up to 5 kW/sq cm on the target surface, simultaneously cleaning the surface and generating bremsstrahlung in the soft X-ray region with 3-keV electron impact and longer wavelength transition radiation at the higher energy. In both the bremsstrahlung and transition radiation modes, the lamp emissions were of sufficient strength and reproducibility to qualify the two mechanisms as potential processes for use in a secondary standard light source. Calculated spectral distributions of transition radiation for normally incident electrons on tungsten, tantalum, and aluminum targets, with a viewing direction 45 deg from the normal, are also shown.
Myocardial High-Energy Phosphate Replenishment during Ischemic Arrest: Aerobic versus Anaerobic Metabolism

Abstract An in vivo, isolated pig heart preparation was used to study the effect of L-glutamate added to crystalloid and blood potassium cardioplegia on the myocardial high-energy phosphate compounds, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate (CP). Studies were performed during a three-hour arrest interval and during 60 minutes of reperfusion. Levels of ATP remained at or above control levels during arrest in animals receiving either unmodified blood or glutamate-enriched crystalloid cardioplegia. While glutamate significantly improved the ability of the crystalloid solution to preserve ATP during arrest, when added to blood, it contributed to a depressed ATP after a three-hour arrest. Creatine phosphate declined during arrest in all animals, but those receiving unenriched blood cardioplegia consistently had the highest levels ( p p p With reperfusion, the only group of animals displaying depressed levels of ATP and CP was that receiving glutamate-enriched blood cardioplegia.
Creating Public Science With the From Earth to the Universe Project

The authors propose formalizing an entity for the sciences and science communication that is akin to public art in the humanities: public science. Public science might be able to play a role in enhancing and supporting society’s relationship with science by embedding science content into everyday experiences. The authors examine one project and its potential impact in public science. From Earth to the Universe has placed astronomy images in “nontraditional” science communication venues such as parks and airports. From Earth to the Universe could serve as a model for a type of public science, an attempt to make science accessible to nonexperts in public spaces.
Calibration of beam deflection produced by cellular forces in the 10(-9)--10(-6) gram range.

An experimental procedure and method of analysis are presented for calibration of a thin-beam force transducer. The beam transducer can be produced and calibrated with a minimum coefficient of 10 ng (10(-5) dyne) force per micron (10(-4) cm) deflection, i.e., kB approximately 0.1 dyne/cm. Since beam deflections on the order of 0.1 micron can be detected, forces of a few nanograms can be resolved. Such forces are common in mechanical experiments on microscopic bodies, e.g., biological cells, artificial membrane capsules, droplets, etc.
Where is the World Heading? Shaping a New International System

Attempting to understand the way in which the international system evolves and what the main forces that shape its future progress are, is always a complicated endeavour. In the present article, based on the presentation made at the Conference “Sir Hersch Lauterpacht ‐ Lawyer of Two Cultures”, organized by the Embassy of the Republic of Poland and the Lauterpacht Centre for International Law of the University of Cambridge, the author undertakes this daunting task. Whereas Kissinger argued that there exist only two paths to stability, hegemony or equilibrium, in this article it is argued that this does not reflect the current reality and challenges of the 21st century. By analysing the current forces and challenges of the modern international community the author of the present article strives to derive certain conclusions as to where the world is heading and what would be the shape of the international system.
Transaction tax and stock market behavior: evidence from an emerging market

This study examines the impact of a stamp tax rate increase on market behavior, using data from two stock exchanges in China. We find that when the tax rate increases from 0.3 to 0.5% (which implies that the transaction cost increases by about 1/3) trading volume decreases by 1/3. This implies an elasticity of turnover with respect to a stamp tax of −50% and an elasticity of turnover with respect to transaction cost of −100%. The markets’ volatility significantly increases after the increase in the tax rate. Furthermore, the change in the volatility structure indicates that the markets become less efficient in the sense that shocks are less quickly assimilated in the markets.
Improving Egg Quality Through Michigan R.O.P Breeders—A Progress Report

Abstract INTERIOR egg quality is an economic characteristic often overlooked in the selection of breeding stock. For many years, breeders have selected for increased numbers of eggs, increased size of eggs, uniformity of shape, uniformity of shell color and apparent shell strength. These are obvious measurable economic egg characteristics which can be observed readily, and selection for these desirable traits has resulted in the greatest returns to producers of market eggs. A number of egg handlers have expressed the opinion that interior quality of eggs purchased from producers has declined in the past few years (Benjamin, 1951). One of the factors contributing to this decline was reported as a lack of breeding effort. Any concentrated effort on the part of breeders must have some economic reward. In the case of interior egg quality the reward should be fewer blood and meat spots and better albumen quality, thereby increasing the average price …
Direct fractionation of genes by preparative electrophoresis of Bacillus subtilis DNA

Discontinuous electrophoresis through agarose has been shown to be a satisfactory method for preparation of biologically active restriction fragments from milligram quantities of DNA. The DNA is obtained in sufficient quantity for: (1) direct use in genetic transformation, (2) the production of multiple-dimensional restriction analyses, or (3) use as a high-resolution hybridization probe.