cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavioral sensitization following a single apomorphine pretreatment — selective effects on the dopamine release process

Abstract Once daily subchronic pretreatments with the dopamine (DA) agonist apomorphine (APO) increase striatal DA synthesis and metabolism. Such changes imply that adaptation to APO do not dissipate completely with in 24 h. In the present report we evaluated the effects of a single APO treatment 24 h prior to euthanasia on behavior and on striatal DA synthesis, metabolism, release and receptor binding. The single APO pretreatment reduced DA release from striatal synaptosomes. In contrast, striatal DA synthesis, metabolism, and the high-affinity binding of DA to the D2 receptor were unaltered 24 h after agonist pretreatment. At this time the stereotypic response to a subsequent APO challenge was enhanced. This adaptive pattern is different from that observed 60 min following an acute APO pretreatment, when high-affinity D2 binding is reduced. The pattern 24 h following a single APO pretreatment is also different from that observed following subchronic agonist dosing, when stereotypic behavior is enhanced, while basal DA synthesis and metabolism are increased.
Income Inequality, Human Capital, and Income Growth: Evidence from a State-Level VAR Analysis

We use Granger causality and impulse response analysis to examine the relationship between income inequality, human capital attainment, and income growth using annual state-level data over the period 1929–2000. We find consistent evidence that the income share of the top decile Granger-causes income growth, but only weak evidence that income growth Granger-causes the top decile income share. Moreover, an impulse response analysis indicates that income growth responds negatively to permanent changes in the income share of the top decile. These findings appear to have important regional variations, however, with the more densely populated Eastern states showing the strongest associations. We also find evidence that years of schooling may Granger-cause income levels, but little evidence that years of schooling Granger-causes the top decile income share.
Why David sometimes wins: leadership, organization, and strategy in the California farm workers movement The union of their dreams: power, hope and struggle in Cesar Chavez’s farm worker movement

by Marshall Ganz, New York, Oxford University Press, 2009, 368 pp., $34.95 ISBN 978-0195162011 The union of their dreams: power, hope and struggle in Cesar Chavez’s farm worker movement, by Miriam ...
Finite amplitude shear waves in some non-newtonian fluids

Abstract A comparison is made of the constitutive equations of Rivlin and Ericksen, Reiner and Rivlin, Oldroyd, and a linear viscoelastic relation, by using them in solving the problem of finite-amplitude lowfrequency oscillation of a flat plate bounding a semi-infinite body of fluid. For the purpose of this problem, the Oldroyd equation can be converted into the form of a Rivlin-Ericksen equation. The latter contains as special cases the other two constitutive equations mentioned. The effects of stress-relaxation and non-linearity are discussed.
Congruence of disposition after emergency department intubation in the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey.

Study objective The National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) includes a large nationally representative sample of emergency department (ED) visits that is widely used for research. This study investigates the frequency of apparent NHAMCS disposition discrepancies for visits with intubation. Methods Using 10 years' worth of NHAMCS data composed of 348,367 ED visits, those recorded as including intubation were evaluated for congruence of disposition, which was expected to be either death or admission to a critical care unit. Results Of the 875 ED patients recorded as having intubation performed, 27% had incompatible dispositions: 81 (9%) were recorded as discharged and 153 (17%) as admitted to a non–critical care unit. Cross-reference with free text chief complaint descriptions and International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision diagnoses codes indicated errors in recording both intubation and admission. Conclusion One fourth of NHAMCS ED visits with intubation have an ED disposition incompatible with this procedure.
Acute miliary tuberculosis of the skin in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

In human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons the clinical and radiographic appearance of pulmonary tuberculosis is frequently atypical, and extrapulmonary involvement is more frequent. We describe what we believe is the first case of a human immunodeficiency virus-infected person with acute miliary tuberculosis of the skin.
An Examination of Optimism, Pessimism, and Performance Perfectionism as Predictors of Positive Psychological Functioning in Middle-Aged Adults: Does Holding High Standards of Performance Matter Beyond Generalized Outcome Expectancies?

Based on a multifunctional model of perfectionism (E. Chang, Cognitive Ther Res, 30:677–697, 2006), this study examined the relations between performance perfectionism, optimism, pessimism, and positive psychological functioning (e.g., self-acceptance, positive relations with others, and personal growth) in a sample of 246 middle-aged adults. Results from correlational analyses indicated that positive aspects of performance perfectionism, especially positive self-oriented performance perfectionism, were positively associated with positive psychological functioning, whereas negative aspects of performance perfectionism, especially negative selforiented performance perfectionism, were negative associated with positive psychological functioning. In addition, results of conducting regression analyses indicated that although optimism and pessimism were significant predictors of positive psychological functioning in middle-aged adults, the inclusion of positive and negative self-oriented performance perfectionism significantly augmented the prediction models examined. These findings point to a need to consider multiple determinants (including optimism, pessimism, and performance perfectionism) when studying positive psychological functioning in middle-aged adults.
Case report 531

Bringing a 9-year-old boy to his family physician, the child's parents recounted that he had complained of pain in the left knee for nearly one year. The pain was said to occur only in the daytime, usually in the morning, and was occasionally accompanied by swelling of the medial aspect of the knee. The symptoms did not limit function, however, and both the child and family had elected to wait until the end of the school year before consulting the family physician. Radiological studies of the left knee (Figs. 1 and 2) showed a radiolu-
A nanopore-ARROW biosensor for life detection

Recent developments in nanopore analysis of macromolecules and liquid-core optical waveguides have the potential to allow fabrication of fully planar optofluidic labs-on-a-chip. Nanopores are able to detect single molecules of biopolymers such as DNA and proteins, and liquid-core antiresonant reflecting optical (ARROW) waveguides also have this capability. We are developing an instrument that combines the strengths of both approaches which we believe will lead to a high-performance, low-cost instrument suitable for life detection on planetary surfaces such as Mars and Europa.
Intracanal Distribution Patterns of Sealers After Lateral Condensation

The purpose of this study was to examine coverage patterns of sealer on canal walls and between gutta-percha cones after lateral condensation. Ninety extracted teeth with single canals were evenly and randomly divided into three sealer groups (Roth's, Sealapex, AH 26). Canals were cleaned and shaped, then coated with one of the three sealers followed by lateral condensation of gutta-percha. The teeth were placed into 100% humidity at 37 degrees C. After 4 months the roots were notched and fractured longitudinally and the dentin lifted to expose the gutta-percha sealer and dentin walls. Qualitative assessment was in the apical and coronal as to the amount and the pattern of sealer coverage. Coverage was categorized by the amount and location as follows: (a) no sealer; (b) slight-partial; (c) moderate-partial; or (d) complete coverage. Sealer was frequently absent between gutta-percha cones and the canal wall and at times absent between cones, with a general moderate-partial coverage. No sealer group demonstrated complete coverage; however, AH 26 showed more consistent moderate-partial distribution. Coverage was better in the coronal. In conclusion, none of the three sealers showed a continuous layer between the primary gutta-percha obturant and the canal wall or in spaces between cones.
Investigation of stiffness and microstructure of joints soldered with gas-oxygen torch infrared methods

The stiffness of soldered connectors fabricated with the gas-oxygen torch technique was compared with those fabricated with the infrared technique. Untreated solder materials were used as controls. Untreated solder materials of gold-palladium, palladium-silver, and chromium-cobalt alloys exhibited significantly higher stiffness than the soldered specimens fabricated with either method. There was no significant difference between the gas-oxygen torch and the infrared groups of the gold-palladium and palladium-silver alloys. Photomicrographs revealed that the soldered specimens displayed porosities. For the chromium-cobalt alloy, the infrared group demonstrated significantly higher stiffness than the gas-oxygen torch group. Photomicrographs also disclosed that the chromium-cobalt alloy soldered with the gas-oxygen torch technique had a significant heat-affected zone.
TGFβ and cancer metastasis: an inflammation link

Dysregulated transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling is observed in a variety of human cancers. TGFβ is produced in large quantities by many tumor types and is known to be pro-oncogenic. Therapeutic strategies directed against TGFβ signaling using neutralizing antibodies and small molecular inhibitors have been developed. However, TGFβ is also found to function as a tumor suppressor. This switch from a tumor suppressor in premalignant stages of tumorigenesis to a tumor promoter in later stages of the disease poses great challenges in TGFβ-targeted cancer therapy. It remains unclear what mechanisms underlie the dual role of TGFβ and what factors mediate the switch. In the past, most work on dissecting underlying mechanisms was focused on differential regulation of signaling pathways by tumor cell autonomous TGFβ signaling. Recent progress in elucidating TGFβ effects on host immune/inflammatory reactions in the tumor microenvironment and distant organs brings exciting new perspectives to the field.
Sensitivity to stress-relevant stimuli in posttraumatic stress disorder.

Abstract This study investigated perceptual and physiological sensitivity to stimuli semantically associated with trauma in 10 Vietnam combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We used an auditory recognition task in which subjects were presented with target words related to Vietnam stressors (e.g., Firefight), phonetically similar words (e.g., Firefly), and neutral words (e.g., Fingertips). Skin conductance responses (SCRs) occuring to detected targets were also measured. Ten combat and 10 noncombat veterans with other psychiatric disorders served as control subjects. We hypothesized that, in comparison to controls. PTSD subjects should: (a) detect more stress targets than neutral targets, (b) exhibit larger SCRs to detected stress targets than to detected neutral targets, and (c) misperceive phonetically similar words as stress words. Although all groups detected more stress than neutral targets, only PTSD subjects exhibited enhanced SCRs to detected stress targets. This suggests that retrieval of trauma-related information from memory is accompanied by physiological responses consistent with fear in subjects with PTSD.
The United States and Turkish Nationalism: Investments and Technical Aid during the Atatürk Era

The important role of American business interests and technical assistants in Kemalist Turkey's drive for economic modernization forms the basis for an excellent illustration of the interaction of governments and businessmen in developing countries.
Quality Management of Base and Subgrade Materials with Seismic Methods

The acceptance criteria for compacted geomaterials (such as base and subgrade) are typically based on adequate in-place density. Unfortunately, the design of a given project is based on engineering parameters, such as strength and stiffness. A procedure based on seismic techniques to measure the modulus layer by layer shortly after placement is presented. The major advantage of seismic methods is that similar results are anticipated from the field and laboratory tests as long as the material is tested under comparable conditions. This unique feature of seismic methods in material characterization is particularly significant in quality control and quality assurance for ground treatment before, during, and after construction. Simplified field and laboratory tests are suggested that can be performed and interpreted rapidly and nondestructively so that problem materials can be identified before construction and any problems during the construction process can be adjusted. The field and laboratory methods are incorporated so the results can be readily reconciled without any scaling or simplifying assumptions. The simplified laboratory tests can be used to develop the ranges of acceptable properties for a given material. Nondestructive field tests can be performed to determine whether the contractor has achieved the minimum specified stiffness. A concept that uses seismic nondestructive testing technology to evaluate compacted materials and describes the equipment and setups developed for implementing the technology in both field and laboratory tests is presented. The methods have shown promise as practical tools for use by the highway and construction industries. Currently, the procedure is being implemented on a trial basis by the Texas Department of Transportation.
“Enemy Aliens” and “Silk Stocking Girls”: The Class Politics of Internment in the Drive for Urban Order during World War I

This article focuses on the two national internment programs developed in the United States during World War I from the vantage point of Portland, Oregon, and argues that they unfolded locally. Both the male enemy aliens at risk of internment and the girls and women who experienced confinement due to sexual activity tended to be poor. Authorities deemed that they were, or were likely to become, radicals or prostitutes—but that they were not to be prosecuted as such. Officials could banish or track them more easily as threats to the war effort, rather than as threats to urban social stability and economic development. Scholars of the home front have ignored the evolution of local-federal partnerships to track or intern these two groups and have so far failed to establish how local perceptions of the dangerous poor shaped cooperation with wartime federal authority.
Liquefaction caused by the 2009 Olancha, California (USA), M5.2 earthquake

The October 3, 2009 (01:16:00 UTC), Olancha M5.2 earthquake caused extensive liquefaction as well as permanent horizontal ground deformation within a 1.2 km^2 area earthquake in Owens Valley in eastern California (USA). Such liquefaction is rarely observed during earthquakes of M ≤ 5.2. We conclude that subsurface conditions, not unusual ground motion, were the primary factors contributing to the liquefaction. The liquefaction occurred in very liquefiable sands at shallow depth (< 2 m) in an area where the water table was near the land surface. Our investigation is relevant to both geotechnical engineering and geology. The standard engineering method for assessing liquefaction potential, the Seed–Idriss simplified procedure, successfully predicted the liquefaction despite the small earthquake magnitude. The field observations of liquefaction effects highlight a need for caution by earthquake geologists when inferring prehistoric earthquake magnitudes from paleoliquefaction features because small magnitude events may cause such features.
SECRETORY AND DECIDUAL CHANGES INDUCED IN THE ENDOMETRIUM OF OOPHORECTOMIZED WOMEN BY ADMINISTRATION OF ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE

THERE have been relatively few studies of the histologic response of the human endometrium to progesterone and only one or two in which serial biopsies have been employed to demonstrate the endometrial histology before and during progesterone therapy. Earlier studies of Neustaedter (1) and of Elden (2) using total doses of 12 to 60 rabbit units ofprogestin, produced largely negative results. Kaufmann (3) used corpus luteum extracts indoses of 10 rabbit units daily for eight days and reported the induction of secretory changes in the uterus of a castrate woman. Salmon, Walter and Geist (4) reported 5 patients treated with oral anhydro-hydroxy-progesterone (pregneninolone) in whom, even though there was only one biopsy, a good secretory endometrium seemed to have been induced after eight days. These women had been given estrogen for ten weeks prior to the pregneninolone treatment. Ryden (5) in a comparative study of several estrogens, terminated some of his study intervals by giving a total dose of 25 to 65...
Transient Osteosclerosis Associated with Sodium Valproate

Summary A 15-year-old boy on sodium valproate presented with pain in the extremities which had not responded to aspirin. X-ray of the long bones showed increased density in the metaphyses. After discontinuation of the drug his symptoms and the x-ray abnormalities disappeared. RESUME Osteosclerose transitoire associee au valproate de sodium Des douleurs des extremites insensibles a l'aspirine sont apparues chez un garcon de 15 ans sous traitement de valproate de sodium. Les radiographics des os longs ont montre un accroissement diffus d'opacitye interessant les metaphyses des os longs. Les symptomes et les anomalies radiographiques ont disparu apres arret du traitement. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Vorubergehende Osteosklerose im Zusammenhang mil Sodium Valproat Ein 15 jahriger Junge, der mit Sodium Valproat behandelt wurde, klagte uber Gliederschmerzen, die nicht auf Aspirin ansprachen. Rontgenaufnahmen der langen Rohrenknochen zeigten vermehrte diffuse Verdichtungen im Bereich der Mataphysen der Rohrenknochen. Nach Absetzen der Medikation verschwanden die Symptome und die Rontgenbefunde. RESUMEN Osteoesclerosis transitoria asociado con valproato sodico Un muchacho de 15 anos que tomaba valproato sodico presento dolor en las extremidades que no respondia a la aspirina. La radiologia de los huesos largos mostro una densidad difusa aumentada que afectaba las metafisis de los huesos largos. Despues de interrumpir el farmaco, los sintomas clinicos, y los hallazgos radiologicos desa-parecieron.
Cumulative exposure estimates for polychlorinated biphenyls using a job-exposure matrix.

Abstract PCB exposure has been associated with increased risk for cancer, neurological disease, and for birth defects in children exposed in utero. Because of the long half-lives of PCB congeners, they remain a public health problem in the United States 30 years after being banned. Workers ( n = 3569) at an Indiana capacitor manufacturing plant were exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from 1957 to 1977. The purpose of this work was to develop a period-specific job-exposure matrix (JEM) for a follow-up epidemiologic study investigating the increased risks for cancer previously observed in the cohort. Methods : We used eight exposure determinants to estimate PCB exposures systematically. Work history, job description, capacitor production factors, PCB usage trends, and air sample data were used to develop the JEM in four steps: (1) all job titles ( n = 884) were assessed for exposure determinants, (2) jobs with similar exposure determinants were grouped, (3) for each job exposure category, exposure intensity (high–medium–low-background) and frequency (continuous–intermittent) were qualitatively rated separately for inhalation and dermal exposure, and (4) for each job exposure category, the product of intensity (based on air sampling data) and frequency (fraction of day exposed) was calculated. The JEM was then modified for two eras of different PCB exposure conditions. Results : The resulting JEM consists of inhalation and dermal exposure values for 19 job exposure categories. Conclusion : The JEM showed an exposure–response trend associated with increased brain cancer mortality in the epidemiologic study.
Computed School Assignments in a Large District

The US Supreme Court decisions of 1954 on de jure segregation of schools, and recent decisions denying de facto segregation and barring "freedom-of-choice" pupil assignment, have forced school districts to devise plans for integrating public schools. Finding a feasible method of achieving racially balanced schools is difficult at best. A great number of factors must be taken into consideration. Recently, we have applied three linear programming models to a large school district 45 elementary schools, 20,000 students; they demonstrate the extent to which desegregation can be attained at moderate cost. The problems discussed in this paper include the collection and organization of data, and the problem formulation modifications necessary to conform to computer programs and storage limits. Some resulting assignment patterns are shown. Objective functions and reasonable constraints are suggested, but these can be modified. More important than the solution of a single problem is the fact that each solution represents a policy or point of view. School authorities, judges, and the public can see the logical implications of each point of view and select school assignment plans on a rational basis.
Ratio of L K X-Ray Intensities in Thallium-204 Decay

The ratio of $L$ and $K$ x-rays of mercury resulting from orbital-electron capture in high-specific-activity sources of 4-year ${\mathrm{Tl}}^{204}$ has been measured with a gas proportional counter and NaI(Tl) scintillation spectrometer. The intensity ratio was found to be $\frac{{I}_{L}}{{I}_{K}}=0.46\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04$. If one accepts a value of 0.524 for the $\frac{L}{K}$ electron capture ratio from the theoretical results of Brysk and Rose, the mean $L$-fluorescence yield of mercury becomes ${\overline{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{L}=0.34\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04$. A study was made of the possible effect of fluorescent x-ray excitation owing to the noncarrier-free nature of the source; among sources of equal radioactive strength ranging in superficial density from 0.54 to 2.21 mg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ in inert thallium nitrate solids, no appreciable change in the x-ray intensities was detected.
An investigation of possible effects of high-frequency ultrasound on cellular integrity of cultured fibroblasts

Several investigators have demonstrated the feasibility of imaging at the cellular level using acoustical microscopy. It has also been proposed that acoustical microscopy technology might be adopted for in vivo applications. Before such applications are implemented, it is important to demonstrate that any major deleterious effects are highly unlikely. To this end, we have repeatedly scanned NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblasts in culture using an Olympus UH3 acoustical microscope operating at 600 MHz. No adverse effects were observed even after exposures for 1 h. Spatial peak temporal averaged intensities were estimated to be below 300 mW/cm2.
Impact of breast density on the presenting features of malignancy.

Purpose To determine the relationship between breast density, presenting features and molecular subtype of cancer, and surgical treatment received.
Applying Software Design Methodology to Instructional Design

The premise of this paper is that computer science has much to offer the endeavor of instructional improvement. Software design processes employed in computer science for developing software can be used for planning instruction and should improve instruction in much the same manner that design processes appear to have improved software. Techniques for examining the software development process can be applied to an examination of the instructional process. Furthermore, the computer science discipline is particularly well suited to these tasks. Thus, computer science can develop instructional design expertise for export to other disciplines to improve education in all disciplines and, eventually, at all levels.
Market Orientation and the Learning Organization

Effective organizations are configurations of management practices that facilitate the development of the knowledge that becomes the basis for competitive advantage. A market orientation, complemen...
Temporal upsampling of performance geometry using photometric alignment

We present a novel technique for acquiring detailed facial geometry of a dynamic performance using extended spherical gradient illumination. Key to our method is a new algorithm for jointly aligning two photographs, under a gradient illumination condition and its complement, to a full-on tracking frame, providing dense temporal correspondences under changing lighting conditions. We employ a two-step algorithm to reconstruct detailed geometry for every captured frame. In the first step, we coalesce information from the gradient illumination frames to the full-on tracking frame, and form a temporally aligned photometric normal map, which is subsequently combined with dense stereo correspondences yielding a detailed geometry. In a second step, we propagate the detailed geometry back to every captured instance guided by the previously computed dense correspondences. We demonstrate reconstructed dynamic facial geometry, captured using moderate to video rates of acquisition, for every captured frame.
Transformation of myeloma into Ph1-negative CML with plasma cell antigens

We report a patient in whom Ph1-negative chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) developed 15 years after the diagnosis of myeloma. Combined staining of morphologically myeloid elements in the peripheral blood for myeloid and plasmacytoid antigens revealed double-marker expression, suggesting that the two neoplasms arose from a common originator cell.
Presence of antibodies to the hepatitis B surface antigen is associated with an excess risk for hepatocellular carcinoma among non‐Asians in Los Angeles County, California

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) exhibits a more than 50-fold variation in incidence worldwide. High-risk regions include East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, while non-Asians in the United States constitute a low-risk population. We assessed 111 cases of histologically confirmed HCC and 128 community control subjects among non-Asians of Los Angeles County for the presence in serum of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibodies to HBsAg (anti-HBs), antibodies to the hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), HBV DNA, and antibodies to the hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV). Anti-HCV positivity was significantly associated with a 12.6-fold increase in HCC risk (95% confidence limits = 4.7, 33.6). As expected, the presence of serum HBsAg and the presence of anti-HBc in the absence of anti-HBs were both positively associated with the risk of HCC. But most interestingly, among our study subjects, the presence of anti-HBs in the absence of HBsAg and HBV DNA (indicative of a resolved infection) was significantly related to a 4.7-fold increased risk for HCC (95% confidence limits = 2.2, 9.4). Overall, any serological evidence of prior HBV exposure was associated with a 9.4-fold elevation in HCC risk (95% confidence limits = 4.7, 18.7). The data also demonstrate a synergistic effect of HBV and HCV infections on the risk of HCC. We estimate that about 55% of HCC cases occurring in non-Asians of Los Angeles can be attributed to infection by the hepatitis B and/or C viruses.
Understanding Migraine through the Lens of Maladaptive Stress Responses: A Model Disease of Allostatic Load

The brain and body respond to potential and actual stressful events by activating hormonal and neural mediators and modifying behaviors to adapt. Such responses help maintain physiological stability ("allostasis"). When behavioral or physiological stressors are frequent and/or severe, allostatic responses can become dysregulated and maladaptive ("allostatic load"). Allostatic load may alter brain networks both functionally and structurally. As a result, the brain's responses to continued/subsequent stressors are abnormal, and behavior and systemic physiology are altered in ways that can, in a vicious cycle, lead to further allostatic load. Migraine patients are continually exposed to such stressors, resulting in changes to central and peripheral physiology and function. Here we review how changes in brain states that occur as a result of repeated migraines may be explained by a maladaptive feedforward allostatic cascade model and how understanding migraine within the context of allostatic load model suggests alternative treatments for this often-debilitating disease.
Timing replacement decisions under discontinuous technological change

We consider the problem of deciding whether to keep a piece of equipment or replace it with a more advanced technology in an environment of technological change. Our model assumes that the costs associated with the presently available technology and future technologies are known, but that the appearance times of future technologies are uncertain. We develop a procedure for computing the optimal keep-or-replace decision that iteratively incorporates a technological forecast. For a certain class of situations, we show that our approach requires the minimum possible amount of forecasted data.
Tourism as a cultural domain. The case of Taos, New Mexico.

Abstract This paper offers an analysis of tourism as a cultural domain through a combination of hierarchical clustering and multidimensional scaling procedures not previously used together in touristic studies. The data for the study were gathered from interviews with 89 tourists who completed a card-sorting task for fifty items selected as representative of the range of real behavioral choices available to visitors to the Taos region. The two solutions presented, based on the U-statistic and the KYST program, are in reasonably good agreement and also correlate well with an earlier analysis reported in this journal (Kemper 1979). The approach used here not only enhances ethnographic understanding of tourism as a cultural domain and complements field research carried out using more traditional participant-observation and survey interview methodologies, but also offers a number of valuable applications for conceptualizing and marketing tourism.
A foldamer approach to targeting membrane bound helical states of islet amyloid polypeptide

A small molecule, protein mimetic based approach is shown to specifically inhibit lipid catalysed self-assembly of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP). The lipid-bound oligomerization of this peptide is implicated in cellular dysfunction of insulin secreting β-cells in type II diabetes.
Monitoring ultradian changes in cardiorespiratory control in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) is commonly employed to track changes in autonomic nervous system and respiratory activity during sleep. However, conventional HRV spectral indices can be seriously confounded by inter-subject differences or intra-individual changes in ventilation and ventilatory pattern, especially in subjects with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). We highlight the approach we have undertaken to circumvent this problem by introducing “respiration-adjusted” spectral indices of HRV. Since fluctuations in sleep state also affect HRV considerably, we describe a method for combining the information derived from sleep staging and the information derived from cardiorespiratory measurements. We also introduce a new complementary index of autonomic function, BRS PTT , based on measurements of heart period and pulse transit time. We demonstrate that this surrogate measure of baroreflex gain correlates well with the corresponding measures of baroreflex sensitivity based on noninvasive blood pressure measurements. Our experience to date suggests that BRS PTT , along with respiration-adjusted spectral measures of HRV, are useful as clinical tools for assessing autonomic dysfunction in OSAS.
Dependent unit vectors

SUMMARY A unit vector with m elements may be thought of as representing a direction in a space of m dimensions. In this paper, we show how to construct pairs of dependent unit vectors having prescribed marginal distributions. Given two sets of unit vectors, we propose an analysis for correlation between the two sets. The analysis presented herein is distribution free under a broad class of null distributions and thereby improves on an analysis recently suggested by Stephens (1979).
Numerical approximations using Chebyshev polynomial expansions: El-gendi's method revisited

We present numerical solutions for differential equations by expanding the unknown function in terms of Chebyshev polynomials and solving a system of linear equations directly for the values of the function at the extrema (or zeros) of the Chebyshev polynomial of order N (El-gendi's method). The solutions are exact at these points, apart from round-off computer errors and the convergence of other numerical methods used in solving the linear system of equations. Applications to initial value problems in time-dependent quantum field theory, and second-order boundary value problems in fluid dynamics are presented.
Acute in vivo elevation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-1 decreases plasma free IGF-I and muscle protein synthesis.

This study examined whether the acute elevation of IGF-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) decreases the plasma free IGF-I concentration and alters in vivo rates of muscle protein synthesis and glucose uptake. The plasma concentration of human IGFBP-1 was increased to approximately 95 ng/ml in conscious catheterized rats infused iv with human IGFBP-1 for 4 h. Infusion of IGFBP-1 also increased the concentration of endogenous (e.g. rat) IGFBP-1 in the blood, and this response was associated with a 2- to 3-fold elevation of IGFBP-1 mRNA in liver and kidney. IGFBP-1 did not significantly alter the plasma concentration of total IGF-I, but decreased circulating free IGF-I levels by about 50%. IGFBP-1 decreased protein synthesis in the predominantly fast-twitch gastrocnemius muscle (20%), and this change resulted from a decreased translational efficiency that was associated with a decreased phosphorylation of S6K1, but not 4E-BP1. Complementary studies demonstrated that IGFBP-1 also decreased the rates of protein synthesis under basal conditions and in response to stimulation by IGF-I when added in vitro to the fast-twitch epitrochlearis muscle. In contrast, IGFBP-1 did not alter in vivo-determined rates of protein synthesis in the slow-twitch soleus muscle, heart, liver, or kidney. The infusion of IGFBP-1 did not significantly alter the plasma glucose or lactate concentration or the whole body rate of glucose production or disposal. The above-mentioned changes were not mediated indirectly by changes in the plasma insulin or corticosterone concentrations, decreased high energy phosphate content in muscle, or hepatoxicity produced by the infused IGFBP-1. These results demonstrate that acute in vivo elevation in IGFBP-1, of the magnitude observed in various catabolic conditions, is capable of selectively decreasing protein synthesis in fast-twitch skeletal muscle and up-regulating the hepatic and renal syntheses of IGFBP-1 per se. Hence, elevations in circulating and tissue levels of IGFBP-1 may be an important mediator for the muscle catabolism observed in various stress conditions.
Proterometra macrostoma (Trematoda: Azygiidae): Functional morphology of the tegument of the redia

Abstract Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to study the tegument of the redia of Proterometra macrostoma . The predominant feature of the tegument is the presence of orderly arranged channels giving the tegument a honeycomb appearance in thin sections. The channels are closely apposed like stacked cylinders and lie perpendicular to the basal lamina. The channels are about 0.75 μm long by 0.2 μm in diameter each opening to the outside by a small pore. Mitochondria are located between the basal lamina and the bases of the channels. The free surface of the tegument is amplified secondarily by annular folds and small unbranched mierovilli. In vitro experiments were then designed to test the biophysical properties of this unusual tegument with respect to the flow of water and solutes through the channels. Addition of 5 m m glucose stimulated the uptake of 14 C-mannitol suggesting that a concentration gradient of 14 C-mannitol was generated in the channels.
Daughters of the Hills: legacies of colonialism, nationalism and religious communalism in the Chakma Raj family, Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bengal c. 1900–1972

This article examines the turbulent twentieth-century history of the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) of East Bengal through the cosmopolitan life stories of Rani Benita Roy of the Buddhist Chakma Raj and her daughters, c. 1900–1972. These accounts address questions of women's education, religious conversion, marriage, migration and subsequent immigration against the broader canvas of colonialism, post-colonial nation-state building and tribal identity in South Asia. Originally, a remote hinterland of the colonial province of Bengal inhabited by 13 indigenous tribal communities (Buddhist, Hindu, Christian and animist); the CHT shares a geographic border with contemporary Myanmar (earlier Burma) and eastern India as well as linguistic, racial and ethnic ties with Southeast Asia. The peoples of the region have historically lived a relatively semi-autonomous existence under first Mughal and then later British imperialism. After India's Independence from Great Britain in 1947 and subsequent Partition on religious...
Unusual thoracic problems in patients with malignancies: case 2. Malignant mesothelioma in a patient with long-standing pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.

A 45-year-old white male was diagnosed with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) when he was 31 years old. He was treated with periodic bronchoalveolar lavage to remove large volumes of proteinaceous material from his lungs (last lavage in December 2002). In September 2003, he presented with a 6-week history of right-sided pleuritic chest pain, progressive shortness of breath, and weight loss of 14 kgs over the previous 2 months. Chest radiographs revealed bilateral alveolar infiltration with a right pleural effusion. Initial computed tomography of the chest showed bilateral air-space disease, and a right pleural effusion. There was no pleural thickening or lymphadenopathy. At thoracentesis, 1,500 mL of hemorrhagic pleural fluid was removed. The fluid reaccumulated in 48 hours, requiring a video-assisted thoracoscopy, drainage, and pleurodesis with talc. At thoracoscopy, a 3-cm mass was seen in the superior segment of the right lower lobe, and pleural implants were biopsied. He was referred to our facility with a diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. The patient was a nonsmoker with no family history of cancer or exposure to asbestos. On examination, he was using oxygen at 2 l/min. His breath sounds were diminished on the right side. A repeat computed tomography scan (Figs 1A and 1B) showed pleural implants, areas of PAP, as well as a mass in the right lung with hilar adenopathy. Pathologic exam (Figs 1C and 1D) revealed clusters of malignant mesothelial cells that were strongly positive for calretinin stain, consistent with a diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. Treatment for mesothelioma was instituted with chemotherapy consisting of cisplatin and pemetrexed on an expanded-access program. The patient has had a marked decrease in the mass and adenopathy, and no longer required oxygen after two cycles of chemotherapy. PAP is a rare condition with an estimated annual incidence and prevalence of 0.36 and 3.70 cases per million population, respectively. This disorder is a disease of alveolar macrophage dysfunction caused by excessive intraalveolar surfactant accumulation. The signaling pathways in these macrophages are turned on by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating–factor. PAP has been described in association with congenital disorders, immunodeficiency states, hematologic malignancies, myelodysplastic syndrome, infection with Pneumocystis carinii, and inorganic dust exposure. There are no previously reported cases of PAP associated with mesothelioma. However, changes resembling those of alveolar proteinosis have been reported in the lung adjacent to
Isolated colonocyte metabolism of glucose, glutamine, n-butyrate, and β-hydroxybutyrate in malnutrition

Abstract The colonic mucosa may be especially vulnerable during starvation and malnutrition, as luminal nutrients make the greatest contribution to its energy production. To investigate possible metabolic changes in the colonic mucosa during nutrient restriction, we studied substrate utilization by colonocytes isolated from three groups of 6-wk-old rats: control, fasted (72 h), and chronically malnourished animals. Isolated colonocytes were incubated with nonlabeled and 14 C-labeled substrates (glucose, glutamine, n -butyrate, or β-hydroxybutyrate). Substrate oxidation and net increase of intermediary metabolites were reduced in fasted and malnourished animals. The effect of fasting on substrate oxidation was greater than that of chronic malnutrition for all substrates tested except n -butyrate. The total ketone body concentrations and β-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate ratios were higher in the fasted and malnourished groups than in controls. The findings suggest that the colonic mucosa responds to nutrient deprivation by a general reduction of oxidative metabolism that is associated with an altered redox state.
Overview of the cellular immunity against JC virus in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.

The human polyomavirus JC (JCV) infects most healthy adults without causing any disease. In the setting of severe deficit of cell-mediated immunity, such as in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), malignancies or in organ transplant recipients, JCV can reactivate and cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a deadly demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. The humoral immune response, measured by the presence of virus-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the blood or by intrathecal synthesis of IgG in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), is unable to contain the progression of PML. CD4+ T lymphocytes recognize extracellular viral proteins that have been degraded into peptides through the exogenous pathway and presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules at the surface of antigen-presenting cells. Consistent with their underlying immunosuppression, the proliferative response of CD4+ T lymphocytes to mitogens or JCV antigens is reduced in PML patients. CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognize intracellularly synthesized viral proteins that have been degraded into peptides through the endogenous pathway, and presented on MHC class I molecules at the surface of virus-infected cells. One of such JCV peptide, the VP1(p100) ILMWEAVTL, has been characterized as a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope in HLA-A *0201 + PML survivors. Staining with the corresponding A *0201/JCV VP1(p100) tetrameric complex showed that VP1(p100)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 5/7 (71%) PML survivors had JCV-specific CTL, versus none of 6 PML progressors (P = .02). This cellular immune response may therefore be crucial in the prevention of PML disease progression and the tetramer staining assay may be used as a prognostic marker in the clinical management of these patients.
Population Growth in a Kenya Community

Population figures based on surveys conducted in 1957 and 1967 are presented for the Gusii community of “Nyansongo” in southwestern Kenya. The figures suggest a considerable increase in population, possibly even greater than that for Kenya as a whole, which has one of the highest rates of natural increase in Africa. The social consequences of such an increase are referred to, and emphasis is given to the need for ethnographic restudy of communities.
Information services for smart grids

Interconnected and integrated electrical power systems, by their very dynamic nature are complex. These multifaceted systems are subject to a host of challenges - aging infrastructure, generation availability near load centers, transmission expansion to meet growing demands, distributed resources, dynamic reactive compensation, congestion management, grid ownership vs. system operation, reliability coordination, supply and cost of natural resources for generation, etc. Other types of challenges facing the industry today include balancing between resource adequacy, reliability, economics, environmental constraints, and other public purpose objectives to optimize transmission and distribution resources to meet the needs of the end users. The goal is to provide a vision for a comprehensive and systematic approach to meeting the grid management challenges through new information services. These services will have as the heart of their data streams a sensor web enablement that will make the grid a part of the semantic Web.
Changes in predicted muscle coordination with subject-specific muscle parameters for individuals after stroke

Muscle weakness is commonly seen in individuals after stroke, characterized by lower forces during a maximal volitional contraction. Accurate quantification of muscle weakness is paramount when evaluating individual performance and response to after stroke rehabilitation. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of subject-specific muscle force and activation deficits on predicted muscle coordination when using musculoskeletal models for individuals after stroke. Maximum force generating ability and central activation ratio of the paretic plantar flexors, dorsiflexors, and quadriceps muscle groups were obtained using burst superimposition for four individuals after stroke with a range of walking speeds. Two models were created per subject: one with generic and one with subject-specific activation and maximum isometric force parameters. The inclusion of subject-specific muscle data resulted in changes in the model-predicted muscle forces and activations which agree with previously reported compensation patterns and match more closely the timing of electromyography for the plantar flexor and hamstring muscles. This was the first study to create musculoskeletal simulations of individuals after stroke with subject-specific muscle force and activation data. The results of this study suggest that subject-specific muscle force and activation data enhance the ability of musculoskeletal simulations to accurately predict muscle coordination in individuals after stroke.