cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mining legacy across a wetland landscape: high mercury in Upper Peninsula (Michigan) rivers, lakes, and fish

A geographic enigma is that present-day atmospheric deposition of mercury in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan is low (48%) and that regional industrial emissions have declined substantially (ca. 81% reduction) relative to downstate. Mercury levels should be declining. However, state (MDEQ) surveys of rivers and lakes revealed elevated total mercury (THg) in Upper Peninsula waters and sediment relative to downstate. Moreover, Western Upper Peninsula (WUP) fish possess higher methyl mercury (MeHg) levels than Northern Lower Peninsula (NLP) fish. A contributing explanation for elevated THg loading is that a century ago the Upper Peninsula was a major industrial region, centered on mining. Many regional ores (silver, copper, zinc, massive sulfides) contain mercury in part per million concentrations. Copper smelters and iron furnace-taconite operations broadcast mercury almost continuously for 140 years, whereas mills discharged tailings and old mine shafts leaked contaminated water. We show that mercury emissions from copper and iron operations were substantial (60–650 kg per year) and dispersed over relatively large areas. Moreover, lake sediments in the vicinity of mining operations have higher THg concentrations. Sediment profiles from the Keweenaw Waterway show that THg accumulation increased 50- to 400-fold above modern-day atmospheric deposition levels during active mining and smelting operations, with lingering MeHg effects. High MeHg concentrations are geographically correlated with low pH and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), a consequence of biogeochemical cycling in wetlands, characteristic of the Upper Peninsula. DOC can mobilize metals and elevate MeHg concentrations. We argue that mercury loading from mining is historically superimposed upon strong regional wetland effects, producing a combined elevation of both THg and MeHg in the Western Upper Peninsula.
Blood coagulation monitoring using acoustic levitation

Impaired blood coagulation can result from a variety of conditions including severe trauma, illness or surgery, and can cause life-threatening bleeding or thrombotic disorders. As a result, instruments which measure functional changes in blood properties upon activation of the clotting cascade are crucial to assess coagulopathies in various disease states. Thromboelastography (TEG) is the gold standard for whole blood coagulation monitoring. TEG requires the blood to be in contact with the sample holder and sensor, leading to a variety of potential artifacts in the results. Acoustic levitation provides non-contact containment and manipulation. We have levitated microliter drops of blood, and employed a drop eigenmodal oscillation technique in order to infer viscoelastic material properties of blood as it coagulates. By comparing our results with TEG results on the same samples, we are able to illustrate certain advantages of the levitation technique. [Work supported by NSF grant # 1438569.]
Upper Lip Asymmetry During Smiling: An Analysis Using Three-Dimensional Images.

Objective The aim of this study was to use three-dimensional images to determine the presence of upper lip asymmetry at rest and during smiling in a group of individuals with no history of orthodontics or facial cosmetic surgery. Methods Standardized three-dimensional frontal resting and smiling images of 54 volunteers were analyzed using the 3dMDvultus software (3dMD, Atlanta, GA). Measurements were made from the soft tissue nasion, ipsilateral ala, subnasale, and menton to the right and left commissures of the lip. A 2.5 mm or greater difference between the right and left sides was defined as an asymmetry. The agreement on the presence or absence of asymmetry between the subjects' states of rest and smiling was determined by the McNemar's chi-squared test. Statistical significance was defined as p Results Menton was the most stable facial landmark to evaluate the upper lip symmetry at rest and during smiling (p=0.002). Using menton as a landmark, only one of the 54 subjects showed asymmetry while resting, but 12 (22%) showed asymmetry when smiling. Conclusion As part of treatment planning for orthodontics or orthognathic surgery, patients should be evaluated for the upper lip symmetry during resting and smiling. The presence of asymmetry during smiling is a significant clinical problem that needs to be recognized so that patients can be informed about the effect it can have on the final esthetic result.
A Struggle to Inquire without Becoming an Un-Critical Non-Criminologist

This article explores effects that getting toknow those involved in child custody strugglesover allegations of sexual abuse, and survivorsof ritual abuse and mind control (RA/MC), havehad on the development of my own theory of howto make peace in the face of violence on theone hand and on how I am receivedprofessionally on the other. The discussionprovides background of how I came to beinvolved with these survivors and why I inferthat I am considered deviant for listening tothem while other criminologists focus ongenerating ``knowledge'' based on people theyhardly know. I conclude by reflecting on someinsights for peacemaking criminology gainedfrom RA/MC survivors who have built trusting,trustworthy lives with partners and friends,and who offer lessons on what it takes to moveaway from sadism and toward compassion – totransform a culture into greater community andless violence.
The Nile in Egypt

The following chapters deal with the geological history of the river which followed a course closely associated with the present-day Nile Valley. The valley seems to have been cut during late Miocene time. The earlier pre-late Miocene rivers which drained the elevated lands of Egypt do not seem to have been associated with the valley in its present form and, therefore, do not constitute the subject of this work. Relics of these earlier rivers are preserved in fluviatile sand and gravel spreads and in deltaic sediments recorded in several places in northern Egypt. The earliest of the fluviatile Tertiary deposits date back to late Eocene and early Oligocene time. They are in the form of a 310 to 470 m thick section of deltaic and associated offshore and barrier beach deposits (Qasr el-Sagha and Qatrani formations) in the Faiyum region to the north of Birket Qarun at an elevation of 350 m above sea level. The Faiyum deltaic deposits have been extensively studied (Beadnell, 1905; Vondra, 1974).
1,4-Dioxane in drinking water: emerging for 40 years and still unregulated

Abstract The likely human carcinogen 1,4-dioxane was first detected in drinking water more than 40 years ago, and a recent analysis suggests that almost 30 million people in the United States receive drinking water with 1,4-dioxane levels above the health-based reference concentration of 0.35 μg/L. The widespread occurrence of 1,4-dioxane has exposed the need for developing and implementing management and treatment approaches that protect drinking water sources and prevent human exposure to 1,4-dioxane through drinking water. In this review, we highlight recent advances in analytical methods, understanding of occurrence, and treatment processes. Findings are discussed in the context of managing 1,4-dioxane as a drinking water contaminant, and recommendations are made to address important knowledge gaps.
Type 1 diabetes onset at young age is associated with compromised bone quality.

Abstract Women with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are at increased risk for fracture. We studied the association of T1D and young age at T1D onset (T1D onset before 20 years) on bone structural quality. 24 postmenopausal women with T1D (mean age 60.9 years, mean T1D duration 41.7 years) and 22 age, sex- and body mass index (BMI)-matched controls underwent dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measured areal bone mineral density (aBMD) at the lumbar spine, hip and distal radius. Bone mass, geometry and estimated bone strength were assessed at distal and shaft of non-dominant radius and tibia using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Postmenopausal women with T1D had lower trabecular volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) (LSM ± SEM; 166.1 ± 8.2 vs 195.9 ± 8.3 mg/cm3, p = 0.02) and compressive bone strength (24.6 ± 1.8 vs 30.1 ± 1.9 mg2/mm4, p = 0.04) at the distal radius compared to controls adjusting for age, BMI and radius length. At the distal radius, patients with young onset T1D had lower total vBMD (258.7 ± 19.7 vs 350.8 ± 26.1 mg/cm3, p = 0.02) and trabecular vBMD (141.4 ± 11.6 vs 213.6 ± 15.4 mg/cm3, p = 0.003) compared to adult onset T1D patients adjusting for age, BMI and the radius length. At the tibial shaft, young onset T1D patients had larger endosteal circumference (39.1 ± 1.2 vs 32.1 ± 1.6 mm, p = 0.005) with similar periosteal circumference (67.1 ± 0.9 vs 65.1 ± 1.2 mm, p = 0.2) resulting in reduced cortical thickness (4.4 ± 0.1 vs 5.2 ± 0.1 mm, p = 0.004) compared to adult onset T1D patients adjusting for age, BMI and the tibia length. There was no difference in the lumbar spine, femoral neck, total hip and distal radius DXA-measured aBMD between subjects with T1D and controls. T1D is associated with lower trabecular vBMD at the distal radius. T1D onset before age 20 is associated with cortical bone size deficits at the tibial shaft.
A Comparison of Virtual Reality Classroom Continuous Performance Tests to Traditional Continuous Performance Tests in Delineating ADHD: a Meta-Analysis

Computerized continuous performance tests (CPTs) are commonly used to characterize attention in attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Virtual classroom CPTs, designed to enhance ecological validity, are increasingly being utilized. Lacking is a quantitative meta-analysis of clinical comparisons of attention performance in children with ADHD using virtual classroom CPTs. The objective of the present systematic PRISMA review was to address this empirical void and compare three-dimensional (3D) virtual classroom CPTs to traditional two-dimensional (2D) CPTs. The peer-reviewed literature on comparisons of virtual classroom performance between children with ADHD and typically developing children was explored in six databases (e.g., Medline). Published studies using a virtual classroom to compare attentional performance between children with ADHD and typically developing children were included. Given the high heterogeneity with modality comparisons (i.e., computerized CPTs vs. virtual classroom CPTs for ADHD), both main comparisons included only population comparisons (i.e., control vs. ADHD) using each CPT modality. Meta-analytic findings were generally consistent with previous meta-analyses of computerized CPTs regarding the commonly used omission, commission, and hit reaction time variables. Results suggest that the virtual classroom CPTs reliably differentiate attention performance in persons with ADHD. Ecological validity implications are discussed pertaining to subtle meta-analytic outcome differences compared to computerized 2D CPTs. Further, due to an inability to conduct moderator analyses, it remains unclear if modality differences are due to other factors. Suggestions for future research using the virtual classroom CPTs are provided.
Tandem radical reactions of isonitriles with 2-pyridonyl and other aryl radicals: Scope and limitations, and a first generation synthesis of (±)-camptothecin

Abstract Photolysis of N-propargyl-6-halo-2-pyridones and related aromatic halides in the presence of aryl isonitriles provides tetra- and penta-cyclic products in a single step by a sequence of radical addition to the isonitrile followed by two cyclizations. The scope and limitations of the process are described along with a first generation synthesis of racemic camptothecin.
Land market valuation of groundwater

Abstract We estimate irrigation premiums and implicit marginal valuations of water in-storage using parcel-level transaction data for land sales in the Kansas portion of the High Plains Aquifer. We find that agricultural land values are 53% higher for irrigated parcels than non-irrigated parcels on average and that the irrigation premium has increased at an average rate of 1.0 percentage points per year over the sample period (1988–2015). Spatial heterogeneity in irrigation premiums is explained by differences in saturated thickness of the aquifer. Water in-storage is capitalized into land prices at average marginal values ranging from $3.42/acre-ft to $15.86/acre-ft.
Review of Advances in Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence

In this chapter, we review principles of metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF), including critical experimental support for the Unified Plasmon-Fluorophore description for the mechanism of MEF. By this description, two routes of enhancement exist for a fluorophore coupled with a metal nanoparticle: namely enhanced absorption and enhanced emission. Literature reports included in this chapter describe the characteristics of a coupled system that influence the efficiency of MEF, including: nanoparticle morphology, distance dependence, the excitation volume effect (EVE) to name but just a few. Reported changes in the photophysical properties of free-space fluorophores, namely improved quantum yields and photostability, for these optimized systems establish MEF as a highly competitive technology for multifarious applications. Subsequently, various applications for MEF systems are highlighted, including MEF-based immunodiagnostics, bioluminescence assays, and the potential for MEF in photodynamic therapy. MEF can also find utility in the development of fluorescence-based electronics as a substitute for potentially toxic quantum dot technologies. Herein we include an effective overview of its principles and a glimpse into prospective advantages of MEF in application.
A critical appraisal of modern police interrogations.

Let me begin with a story that already has historic value in the annals of wrongful convictions. This was an infamous case that took place in 1989 in New York City. Known as the ‘Central Park jogger case’, it involved a young woman, an investment banker, who was beaten senseless, raped and left for dead. It was a heinous crime that horriﬁed the city. The victim’s skull had multiple fractures, her eye socket was crushed and she lost three quarters of her blood. Defying the odds, she survived; but to this day, she is completely amnesic for the incident. Soon thereafter, solely on the basis of police-induced confessions taken within 72 hours of the crime, ﬁve African-and Hispanic-American boys, 14-16 years old, were convicted of the attack and sentenced to prison. There were no physical traces of the defendants at the crime scene and no traces of the scene on them. At the time, however, it was easy to understand why detectives aggressively interrogated the boys, some of whom were ‘wilding’ in the park that night.
Migrant Tenure Abroad and the Differential Impact of Remittances for Entrepreneurship in Developing Countries

We use social identity and agency logic to theorize and test hypotheses about how migrants’ different abilities and motivations tied to tenure abroad change the impact of their remittances on venture investment back home. Regression and related analyses of remittances to 33 developing countries from 2001–2010 indicate that, for migrants residing abroad for less (more) than a year, remittances significantly increase new business founding rates (venture-funding availability). Our results suggest that migrants’ tenure abroad shifts remittance-based venture investment activity in ways consistent with shifting importance in migrants’ dual social identities and their related entrepreneurial abilities and motivations. Shorter-term migrants identifying more with their home countries remit to found ventures that provide livelihoods upon their return. Longer-term migrants identifying more with their host countries remit to fund ventures from afar that provide individual financial returns and, perhaps, social returns derived from assisting home-country family members, local communities, and the broader homeland.
Semiconductor Laser Integration for Octave-Span Kerr-Soliton Frequency Combs

We report octave spanning frequency combs generated by self-injection locking a distributed feedback laser to a Kerr microresonator. This method benefits from mitigated thermal transients and eliminates an optical isolator which simplifies photonic integration.
Pulmonary function in extremely low birth weight infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia before hospital discharge.

OBJECTIVE To compare pulmonary function in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) studied at 34-36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) with a reference group of "healthy" infants born at 34-36 weeks. We hypothesized that ELBW infants have decreased functional residual capacity (FRC) and respiratory compliance (Crs). STUDY DESIGN Pulmonary function testing was performed at 34-36 weeks PMA in infants with BPD and within 96 h of age in infants delivered at 34-36 weeks. RESULTS Twenty BPD patients and 20 healthy infants were studied. FRC (18.9 versus 26.2 mL/kg; adjusted 95% CI 5.0, 10.9; P < 0.001) and Crs (0.80 versus 1.29-mL/cm H2O/kg; 95% CI 0.31, 0.71; P < 0.001) were decreased in BPD patients. Respiratory resistance was increased in BPD patients. CONCLUSIONS ELBW infants with BPD have decreased pulmonary function compared to healthy infants delivered at 34-36 weeks. This suggests that infants with BPD have smaller lung volumes.
Moral Responsibility, Alternative Possibilities, and Acting on One’s Own

Frankfurt-style cases (FSCs) have famously served as counterexamples to the Principle of Alternative Possibilities (PAP). The fine-grained version of the flicker defense has become one of the most popular responses to FSCs. Proponents of this defense argue that there is an alternative available to all agents in FSCs such that the cases do not show that PAP is false. Specifically, the agents could have done otherwise than decide on their own, and this available alternative is robust enough to ground moral responsibility. In this paper, I argue that, when relying on definitions of ‘on one’s own’ within the literature on FSCs, a case can be constructed in which the agent could not have done otherwise than make a decision on his own. Insofar as this new case is successful, it will be able to avoid arguments about robustness while showing that moral responsibility does not require alternative possibilities of the type argued for by proponents of the fine-grained version of the flicker defense.
Role of Pre-Embedded Associated Memory in Generation of Optical Illusions

This paper focuses on how our pre-embedded associated memories take part in the generation of optical illusions. According to this study optical illusions are more related to associated memories of brain, rather than optical factors. Associated memory means sets of memories associated with different objects and situations. For that, whenever we see a cup, we expect to see 'tea' or 'coffee' within it. Or whenever we look at the sky we anticipate to see 'stars' or 'clouds' in it. Retrieval of these associated memories may be triggered reflexively. Optical illusion takes the route to deceive the retrieval of the firmly embedded associated memory. Whenever we see an image, we cannot concentrate on every point of it. We concentrate our vision on a particular point, which is known as focal point. Our peripheral vision is partly constructed on imagination from experience and understanding of overall impression of the image. Our focal vision though challenges impossibility, our peripheral vision does not challenge impossibility, instead it lies between possibility and impossibility. In case of a firmly pre-embedded associated memory, our mind often perceives the image according to the pre-instituted memory and knowledge, rather than actual image, particularly in peripheral vision.
Cyber-Vulnerability Analysis for Real-Time Power Market Operation

With the rapid advancement and integration of communication and sensor technologies, power system operation is becoming more vulnerable to cyberattacks, particularly attacks in which malicious data could induce catastrophic consequences on market operations. Financial risks, as well as the potential physical damages, raise growing concerns about the reliable operation of the electricity market. Existing market-targeting cybersecurity research has focused on developing attack strategies or detection schemes. However, the lack of cyber-vulnerability analysis (CVA) hinders operators from systematically evaluating the real-time (RT) market-clearing model and identifying potential threats from a cybersecurity perspective. This article proposes a comprehensive CVA model for delivering a detailed analysis of four aspects of vulnerability: highly probable cyberattack targets, devastating attack targets, risky load levels, and mitigation ability under different degrees of defense. Users can simulate interactions between attackers and defending operators under different attack events, and the corresponding market settlements are also obtained. The proposed bilevel model is recast into mixed-integer linear programming through Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions. A simulation study on an IEEE-30 bus system demonstrates the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed CVA model.
A GRAMMAR BASED METHODOLOGY TO SUPPORT THE ADAPTIVE REUSE OF HISTORIC BUILDINGS: THE CASE STUDY OF THE SOBRADO BUILDING TYPE

Abstract. The historical center of Sao Luis is host to a diverse historic and urban ensemble, reminiscent of the 18th and 19th centuries. The architectural typology which can be found there illustrates the strong influence drawn from the Portuguese style known as Pombalino, developed during the reconstruction process of Lisbon after the 1755 earthquake. Due to the historical relevance of these buildings which encapsulate this period in time, it is important to preserve and maintain the buildings located in this region. Adaptive reuse projects have an important role to play in preserving architectural ensembles like this. The first part of the adaptive process is to document and understand the original configuration of the building with the aim of maintaining the elements with historical relevance. Therefore, this project proposes the use of a shape grammar approach to analyze floor plans, aiming to further contribute to adaptive reuse projects for ‘Sobrado’ buildings. The process focuses specifically on a case study building and aims to document and identify the specific placement of elements in the floor plan in an effort to provide a deeper understanding of future adaptive reuse.
Exploring the presence of multiple abnormal non-motor features in patients with cervical dystonia

Abstract This study’s aim was to investigate prevalence of four non-motor symptoms in patients with cervical dystonia and healthy controls to explore whether the presence of multiple non-motor features is associated with cervical dystonia diagnosis. Fifteen patients with cervical dystonia and 15 healthy controls underwent non-invasive testing of spatial discrimination threshold, temporal discrimination threshold, vibration-induced illusion of movement, and kinesthesia. All spatial discrimination threshold, temporal discrimination threshold, and vibration-induced illusion of movement measures were converted to standardized Z scores with scores >2.0 considered abnormal. Any incorrect kinesthesia response was considered abnormal. Prevalence of each abnormal non-motor feature was compared between groups using a chi-squared test. A higher proportion of patients with cervical dystonia had abnormal spatial discrimination threshold (p = 0.01) and abnormal kinesthesia (p = 0.03) scores compared to healthy control subjects. There were no significant differences between the proportion of patients with cervical dystonia versus healthy controls for abnormal temporal discrimination threshold (p = 0.07) or abnormal vibration-induced illusion of movement (p = 0.14). Forty-seven percent of patients with cervical dystonia (7/15) demonstrated one abnormal non-motor feature, 20% (3/15) displayed two abnormal features, and 13% (2/15) displayed three abnormal features. Kinesthesia was the only non-motor feature identified as abnormal in the control group (20%, 3/15). All four tests demonstrated high specificity (80–100%) and low-moderate sensitivity (13–60%). These findings suggest that non-motor feature testing, specifically for spatial discrimination threshold and kinesthesia, could be a highly specific diagnostic tool to inform cervical dystonia diagnosis. Further investigation is needed to confirm these findings.
Calcium-Binding Proteins and the Molecular Basis of Calcium Action

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the ways in which calcium is bound to a protein as well as the role of calcium in protein function. Proteins that contain γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) are discussed as an example of proteins that bind calcium mainly by bidentate chelation. Prothrombin is the prototypical Gla-containing plasma protein, especially with regard to structural characteristics and calcium- and phospholipid-binding properties. Lectins are proteins that have no known enzymatic activity, but exhibit numerous biological activities that are related to their ability to bind carbohydrates in the presence of divalent cations. The proposed roles for calcium and the postulated calcium-binding sites are based on homology with concanavalin A (Con A). A variety of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester, phosphodiester, and peptide bonds bind calcium ions. The calcium-binding hydrolytic enzymes include many hydrolytic enzymes, but mechanistic and crystallographic data are available only for phospholipase A 2 , staphylococcal nuclease, thermolysin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin. The vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein structure indicates that intracellular calcium-modulated proteins may utilize other structures for calcium-binding.
Text Localization and Text Segmentation in Images, Videos and Web Pages

Multimedia data is the fastest growing media type in many areas and especially on the Internet. The text in videos is one powerful high-level index for retrieval. Efficient indexing and retrieval of digital video is an important aspect of multimedia databases. Detecting, extracting and recognizing text can build such an index. Segmenting and recognizing text in the non-text parts o f w e b pages is also a very important issue. More and more w e b pages present text in images. Existing text segmentation and text recognition algorithms cannot extract the text. Thus, all existing search engines cannot index the content o f image-rich web pages properly! A new, robust, and true multi-resolution approach to localizing and segmenting text in videos and images is proposed in this paper. It has been tested extensively on large variety o f video sizes such 352×240 up to 1920×1280 and a large representative set of video sequences such as home videos, newscast, title sequences and commercials as well as images.
The efficacy and cost effectiveness of embryo cryopreservation compared with other assisted reproductive techniques

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and cost effectiveness of embryo cryopreservation compared with other assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs). Design Retrospective review of medical records and health care costs. Setting Tertiary care academic medical school ART program. Patients For determination of the efficacy of cryopreserved ET, we analyzed 610 patients undergoing the first 1,000 oocyte retrievals in our program. For determination of cost effectiveness, we analyzed the costs associated with 334 initiated ART cycles in 1992. Main Outcome Measures The ongoing pregnancy rate (PR) per initiated cycle and per oocyte retrieval. The medical costs associated with each procedure. Results The transfer of cryopreserved embryos increased the ongoing PR per oocyte retrieval by 6.6%. Transfer of cryopreserved embryos was cost effective compared with other ARTs. The cost per delivery for cryopreserved ETs was between 25% and 45% that of a fresh cycle. Conclusions Including embryo cryopreservation in an ART program can improve PRs and lower the ultimate cost per delivery.
An angular frequency dependent filter for PET reconstruction

PET image quality is often limited by the presence of noise and blur. In this paper, we developed an angular frequency dependent filter for improving reconstruction of PET images. Our results indicated that the proposed filter outperforms the conventional method in terms of both visual quality and quantitative accuracy. In addition, the proposed filter can automatically adjust its degree of smoothing according to the count level of the input PET data.
The Emergence of Exacted Conservation Easements

This article traces the development and increased use of exacted conservation easements. Although exacted conservation easements are an extension of the conservation easement phenomenon, they do not embody the freedom of contract associated with other conservation easements and often tie directly to regulation of property. Thus, the exacted conservation easement is a tool that directly conflicts with many of the goals that gave rise to its emergence. The article concludes by questioning the practice of exacting conservation easements because of inherent conflicts with state conservation easement statutes, which did not contemplate the use of conservation easements as a tool of government regulation.
Rapid clearance of Giardia lamblia DNA from the gut after successful treatment

To assess the time it takes for a real-time PCR to become negative after treatment of a Giardia lamblia infection, we evaluated two consecutive follow-up samples from 75 infected patients. Approximately 1 week after treatment all samples tested negative, indicating rapid clearance of parasitic DNA after successful treatment.
The rotational spectra, hyperfine interactions, and 17O magnetic shieldings of 17O16O16O, 16O17O16O, and 17OS16O

Abstract Measurement of the rotational spectra of 17 O 16 O 16 O and 16 O 17 O 16 O have been extended to allow the determination of a complete set of sextic centrifugal distortion constants for both molecules. A near degeneracy of the 3 12 and 4 04 levels of 17 O 16 O 16 O causes strong perturbations of the hyperfine patterns, gives rise to perturbation-allowed ΔJ = 2 transitions, and provides an accurate determination of x ab . This has allowed the calculation of the angle between the principal axis of the quadrupole tensor and the OO bond. The 17 O spin-rotation interactions of 17 OS 16 O have been measured for comparison with the corresponding values in O 3 , and improved values of the quadrupole coupling have been obtained. Paramagnetic shielding and chemical shifts for 17 O have been calculated from the spin-rotation constants for both compounds.
Sun sensing on the Mars exploration rovers

NASA will send two identical scientific rovers to different locations on Mars in 2003. Two Panorama Cameras (Pancams) are included in the nine cameras on each rover. One function of these Pancams is to image the Sun in order to determine its vector relative to the rover. The vector is determined by centroiding the solar image. This vector is used, in combination with information from an inclinometer, a clock, and ephemeris data, to determine north, and to point the high gain antenna at Earth and provide a reference for the inertial measurement unit that is used for rover navigation. The Pancams, their detectors, optics, electronics, and the Sun detection/centroiding algorithm are described. The required accuracies are shown and an error budget is constructed to demonstrate that the Pancam meets these requirements. The functions and performance of the Pancams are verified at a dedicated solar observing facility. The facility, its calibration, and the transformation of the intensity and angular subtense of the Sun at Mars, are described.
Media and Popular Culture

The influence of media and popular culture in the lives of the young is an issue of enduring interest and importance. The main controversies within this area are reviewed in this chapter, with three emphases. We cover a wide range of media, but much of our attention goes to television because it is typically the medium with which the young spend the most time. We draw largely on academic research in child development, social psychology, sociology, and communication. Finally, we identify the applications of research on policy making and in parenting. Using these three emphases, we cover five topics: the allocation of time and attention to televisual media, scholastic performance, television advertising, violent entertainment, and two issues of current concern and interest-the development of codes warning parents about the violent, adult, or sexual content of media, and the role of new electronic media in the delivery of popular culture. Our review of the social scientific research points clearly to a substantial role for media in the lives of young people and reveals a number of occasions in which this evidence is used to inform public policy and shape rules for the use of media in the home. Keywords: advertising effects; cognitive stages; media use; media violence and aggression; meta-analysis; Piaget; television violence
Filtración bacteriana de los materiales provisionales empleados en endodoncia

Objetivo: Estudiar la capacidad de sellado bacteriano de los materiales de restauracion provisional comunmente empleados en endodoncia. Metodo y materiales: Este estudio investigo los materiales Cavit (3M ESPE), Ketac (3M ESPE), DuoTemp (Coltene/Whaledent), y una tecnica de combinacion que empleaba Ketac y Cavit. Se seleccionaron aleatoriamente cien molares y se montaron en un dispositivo que aislaba la porcion coronaria del diente. Los materiales de restauracion provisional se colocaron en la cavidad de acceso siguiendo las instrucciones de los fabricantes. A las muestras se les aplico Streptococcus mutans, y los resultados se tabularon durante 4 semanas. Resultados: Cavit y DuoTemp fueron los materiales que mejor se comportaron, y Ketac el de peor comportamiento. Sin embargo, despues de 14 dias, todos los materiales presentaron filtracion en mas de la mitad de las muestras. Conclusion: No puede recomendarse ningun material como superior a los demas a la hora de garantizar un sellado fiable despues de 14 dias.
Splitting hESC/hiPSC lines with EDTA in feeder free conditions

Individualization leads to severe cell death in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). This phenomenon leads to difficulties in handling cells in applications such as passaging, cryopreservation and transfection, and the treatment with ROCK inhibitors has been found to effectively improve cell survival. However, enzymatic dissociation and ROCK inhibitor treatment could bring potential complication in cell maintenance. An enzyme-free dissociation method was developed to passage stem cells and achieve robust cell survival in dependent of drug treatment.
Tomosynthesis via Total Variation Minimization Reconstruction and Prior Image Constrained Compressed Sensing (PICCS) on a C-arm System

Recently, foundational mathematical theory, compressed sensing (CS), has been developed which enables accurate reconstruction from greatly undersampled frequency information (Candes et. al. and Donoho). Using numerical phantoms it has been demonstrated that CS reconstruction (e.g. minimizing the l1 norm of the discrete gradient of the image) offers promise for computed tomography. However, when using experimental CT projection data the undersampling factors enabled were smaller than in numerical simulations. An extension to CS has recently been proposed wherein a prior image is utilized as a constraint in the image reconstruction procedure (i.e. Prior Image Constrained Compressed Sensing - PICCS). Experimental results are demonstrated here from a clinical C-arm system, highlighting one application of PICCS in reducing radiation exposure during interventional procedures while preserving high image quality. In this study a range of view angles has been investigated from very limited angle aquisitions (e.g. tomosythesis) to undersampled CT acquisitions.
Noradrenaline Enhances Signal-to-Noise Ratio of Inhibitory Inputs in the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus

What are the mechanisms that enhance the response to behaviorally relevant external stimuli? In this issue of Neuron, Kuo and Trussell show that in the dorsal cochlear nucleus, noradrenaline functions to simultaneously reduce spontaneous inhibitory inputs while increasing evoked inhibition.
Standardizing catch and effort data: a review of recent approaches

The primary indices of abundance for many of the world's most valuable species (e.g. tunas) and vulnerable species (e.g. sharks) are based on catch and effort data collected from commercial and recreational fishers. These indices can, however, be misleading because changes over time in catch rates can occur because of factors other than changes in abundance. Catch-effort standardization is used to attempt to remove the impact of these factors. This paper reviews the current state of the art in the methods for standardizing catch and effort data. It outlines the major estimation approaches being applied, the methods for dealing with zero observations, how to identify and select appropriate explanatory variables, and how standardized catch rate data can be used when conducting stock assessments.
Dopamine transporter loss in 6-OHDA Parkinson's model is unmet by parallel reduction in dopamine uptake.

The dopamine transporter (DAT) regulates synaptic dopamine (DA) in striatum and modulation of DAT can affect locomotor activity. Thus, in Parkinson's disease (PD), DAT loss could affect DA clearance and locomotor activity. The locomotor benefits of L-DOPA may be mediated by transport through monoamine transporters and conversion to DA. However, its impact upon DA reuptake is unknown and may modulate synaptic DA. Using the unilateral 6-OHDA rat PD model, we examined [(3)H]DA uptake dynamics in relation to striatal DAT and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein loss compared with contralateral intact striatum. Despite >70% striatal DAT loss, DA uptake decreased only ∼25% and increased as DAT loss approached 99%. As other monoamine transporters can transport DA, we determined if norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT) differentially modulated DA uptake in lesioned striatum. Unlabeled DA, NE, and 5-HT were used, at a concentration that differentially inhibited DA uptake in intact striatum, to compete against [(3)H]DA uptake. In 6-OHDA lesioned striatum, DA was less effective, whereas NE was more effective, at inhibiting [(3)H]DA uptake. Furthermore, norepinephrine transporter (NET) protein levels increased and desipramine was ∼two-fold more effective at inhibiting NE uptake. Serotonin inhibited [(3)H]DA uptake, but without significant difference between lesioned and contralateral striatum. L-DOPA inhibited [(3)H]DA uptake two-fold more in lesioned striatum and inhibited NE uptake ∼five-fold more than DA uptake in naive striatum. Consequently, DA uptake may be mediated by NET when DAT loss is at PD levels. Increased inhibition of DA uptake by L-DOPA and its preferential inhibition of NE over DA uptake, indicates that NET-mediated DA uptake may be modulated by L-DOPA when DAT loss exceeds 70%. These results indicate a novel mechanism for DA uptake during PD progression and provide new insight into how L-DOPA affects DA uptake, revealing possible mechanisms of its therapeutic and side effect potential.
Electrochemical Behavior of Ion Exchange Resin Membrane Electrodes

Membrane electrodes have been studied for some time, and an adequate theory for permeable membranes has been developed by Meyer and Sievers (4) and Teorell (7). The theory has been recently improved and enlarged by Scatchard (6) to include water transfer through the membrane electrode. Marshall (2, 3, 5) has described membranes prepared from different clays and has modified the Teorell-Meyer-Si evers theory to bring it into accord with membranes which are not permeable to water. The heats of adsorption of ions upon the membranes has also been introduced by Marshall in order to explain the experimental membrane potentials which are obtained with simple mixtures of ions. Wyllie and Patnode (8) have described the preparation and electrochemical behavior of membranes prepared from various cation exchange materials using polystyrene and methyl methacrylate as bonding agents. The study reported here describes the preparation of membranes from a number of different cation and anion exchange materials and their electrochemical behavior. Resins were selected which contained different functional groups. Amberlite IR-120, Dowex 50, Permutit Q, Amberlite IRC-50, Permutit H, Duolite CS-100, and Deca]so represented the cation exchangers, and Amberlite IRA-400 and Dowex-2 were the anion exchangers chosen.
INFANTS OF ADOLESCENTS AND NEED FOR NEONATAL SPECIAL CARE. † 1593

Infants of adolescent mothers may have increased neonatal complications, but the reasons for this phenomenon are not well understood. We undertook a survey of neonatal morbidity among infants of adolescent mothers at a regional perinatal center. During Oct. `94 - Sept. `95, 8920 live births and 162 infant transports were recorded. 803 (8.8%) of these were born to mothers 2500 g, infants of teen mothers were not more likely to require SCN care than were infants of adult mothers. Severity of illness scores (Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology, SNAP) were calculated for the population of highest risk preterm infants (BW<1500 g), for all SCN-admitted teen births, and for a matched sample of SCN-admitted adult births. No differences were found between teen and adult infant groups for SNAP on day 1 or day 3, nor was there a significant difference in length of stay. We conclude that the increased utilization of neonatal special care services by infants of adolescent mothers is due to the increased risk of low birth weight within the adolescent group. Larger infants of adolescent mothers were neither sicker nor more likely to require SCN care than infants of adult mothers.Table
A Comparison of Density-Based and Modulus-Based In Situ Test Measurements for Compaction Control

This paper presents and compares the results from a series of in situ density-based and modulus-based compaction control tests that were conducted during construction of a coarse-grained soil embankment. To simulate current construction practices as closely as possible, these in situ tests were performed on an embankment that was constructed and compacted by a vibratory smooth drum roller in a series of lifts. During construction of the test embankment, the compaction process was monitored using the nuclear density gauge device and a number of alternative modulus-based devices, including the lightweight deflectometer, the dynamic cone penetrometer, and the soil stiffness gauge. Comparison of the in situ test results illustrates that point-to-point variability in measured values is quite common for each of these test devices, to varying degrees for the different devices that were examined. Consistent increases in measured soil properties from pass-to-pass of the compactor are considered critical for proper control of the compaction process, with some devices faring better than others in this area of performance. The measured modulus values correlated poorly to the nuclear density gauge dry unit weights, and also correlated poorly with other measured moduli when the results from different devices were compared. This lack of agreement was likely caused by a variety of factors including: variations in the magnitude of strain and rate of strain application between the different modulus-based devices, variations in the tested volume between the different devices, and variations in the local moisture content and matrix suction conditions. Finally, the effect of soil moisture content was shown to be critically important when interpreting the results from modulus-based tests, and the utility of multiple regression analyses was explored for including this effect.
[As7M(CO)3]3– M = Cr, Mo, W: Bonding and Electronic Structure of Cluster Assemblies with Metal Carbonyls

Understanding the factors controlling the band gap energy of cluster-assembled materials is an important step toward nanoassemblies with tailored properties. To this end, we have investigated the band gap energies of cluster assemblies involving arsenic clusters bound to carbonyl charge-transfer complexes, M(CO)3, M = Cr, Mo, W. The binding of a single charge-transfer complex is shown to have a small effect on the band gap energy because the arsenic lone pair orbital and metal carbonyl orbitals are closely aligned in energy, resulting in a gap similar to the original cluster. The band gap energy is also found to be insensitive to the architecture of the assembled material. In the case where two charge-transfer complexes are bound to the cluster, the bottom of the conduction band is shown to be localized on a solvent molecule bound to the metal carbonyl.
Status of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory is a 1,000 ton heavy water Cerenkov detector under construction in Sudbury, Canada. Two v reactions on deuterium, one flavour-independent and the other restricted to the electron flavour, will allow model-independent tests of solar v oscillations and, if a supernova occurs in our galaxy, direct searches for vμ and vτ masses down to 20eV. The status of construction and the methods developed to extract the v signals are discussed.
Large-Scale Hybrid Simulations of Particle Acceleration at a Parallel Shock

Using one-dimensional hybrid simulations with very large spatial domains, we study the acceleration of protons by a parallel collisionless shock to energies higher than have been obtained previously with self-consistent plasma simulations of this type. Energy spectra and energetic particle fluxes are determined for four simulations with different-sized spatial domains. We find that the density of energetic particles upstream decays with distance from the shock and approaches a constant. The energetic particles also excite magnetic fluctuations. We find that the variance of these transverse fluctuations decreases with distance from the shock into the upstream region. This implies that the mean free path, λ, of the energetic particles increases with distance from the shock. Since our simulations are spatially limited, the downstream energy spectra are expected to deviate from a power law and become exponential at a characteristic energy Ec. However, we find that because λ increases with distance upstream, Ec is smaller than expected from a simple application of the diffusive theory (which assumes a constant mean free path and a free-escape boundary). Our results are qualitatively consistent with diffusive theories of the coupling of the particles and self-generated waves. However, in contrast to these theories, the hybrid-simulated energetic particle flux approaches a constant at some point far upstream, rather than vanishing, as assumed in the diffusion theory.
Simple Method for the Covalent Immobilization of Graphene

We present a simple and efficient method to immobilize graphene on silicon wafers using perfluorophenylazide (PFPA) as the coupling agent. Graphene sheets were covalently attached to PFPA-functionalized wafer surface by a simple heat treatment under ambient conditions. The formation of single and multiple layers of graphene were confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and optical and atomic force microscopy. Evidence of covalent bond formation between graphene and PFPA decorated silicon wafer was given by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and sonication treatment.