cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Room-temperature ionic liquids: new solvents for f-element separations and associated solution chemistry

Abstract Ionic liquids (ILs) are composed of organic cations and either organic or inorganic anions that remain liquid over a wide temperature range, including room temperature. IL characteristics can be dramatically adjusted (e.g., hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic) by changing the anion type, or subtly altered by changing the length or number of alkyl groups appended to the cation. Changing alkyl chain lengths in the 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium cation, in combination with PF 6 − or N(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 − anions, produces hydrophobic ILs with rheological properties suitable for their use in liquid/liquid separations. Actinides exhibit significant partitioning to these ILs from aqueous solutions with the addition of an extractant (e.g., octyl(phenyl)- N , N -diisobutylcarbamoylmethyl phosphine oxide) to the IL. Ionic liquids can, thus, be considered for actinide chemistry as a new class of materials with adjustable solvent characteristics, unique properties, and the potential for enhancing the principles of “green” chemistry in various chemical processes. Here we highlight the unique physical properties of some ILs and their use in liquid/liquid separations.
Mixed unities in the Antidosis of Isocrates

T he goal of this essay is to present an argument for the unity of Isocrates' l speech Antidosis which takes into account its complexity. Isocrates recognized the unusual nature of the discourse he was creating and talked explicitly about its complexity and the need for the reader's careful attention. To argue for the unity, or cohesion, of the speech, I will examine Isocratean notions of unity specifically, especially in the use of stylistic terminology related to mixtures. Then I shall examine how these ideas fall in with ideas of unity more generally in Greek composition. After examining these approaches, we can then look at the progress within the Antidosis and its particular sense of cohesion on both structural and thematic levels. The two levels of structure and theme are intimately related, and thus will need to be treated together. In attending to the issues proposed, I hope to set out some ideas on how Isocrates perceives unity to function, how notions of unity are affected by the rhetorical situation, how multiple ideas can be unified in one discourse, and finally how this discourse can demonstrate Isocratean methods of rhetorical composition. The speech presents an important example of the possibilities of expanding discourse to serve multiple functions. As such, the speech and its mixed unities can be relevant to ideas about the discourse of modem times as well as ancient. About 354/3 BC Isocrates created the fiction of defending himself before a jury in his speech known as the Antidosis. The speech responds to an actual antidosis procedure in which Isocrates had been asked to finance from his private estate a public expense known as a liturgy. Through this rather elaborate antidosis procedure, an Athenian citizen who was asked to finance a liturgy could request that another citizen take over that burden if the latter were more financially capable. The latter then had the option to finance the liturgy or exchange estates. If the challenged person refused the two options, the issue would go to a court (MacDowell 162-4). This antidosis procedure, as a question of one's private estate, would be handled as a private case (MacDowell 58). That is, this was a private dispute between two individuals. But when Isocrates found himself in such a situation, being asked to take on someone else's liturgy, this private litigation also raised the question of his history of public service. Isocrates defended his willingness to take on liturgies (15.5, 15.158),1 but he saw the charge as a broader attack on his public life and as evidence of confusion or envy on the part of most Athenians. He states in the opening of the Antidosis:
A column on the history and culture of geophysics

I had a lot of work to do on arrival at the University of Houston in January 2008: planning classes, finding a house, managing a move from Saudi Arabia, and much more. You would think there could be a transition period to ramp up research, but that was a luxury cut short by a stranded Department of Energy (DOE) project—original principal investigator (PI) gone, interim PI wanting out, subcontractors performing erratically, matching funds not paid, and most of the money spent with a full year remaining. In short, it was a rescue operation. I stepped in to PI the project that centered on something I knew nothing about, geologic CO2 sequestration.
Chemistry of atmospheres formed during accretion of the Earth and other terrestrial planets

Abstract We used chemical equilibrium and chemical kinetic calculations to model chemistry of the volatiles released by heating different types of carbonaceous, ordinary and enstatite chondritic material as a function of temperature and pressure. Our results predict the composition of atmospheres formed by outgassing during accretion of the Earth and other terrestrial planets. Outgassing of CI and CM carbonaceous chondritic material produces H2O-rich (steam) atmospheres in agreement with the results of impact experiments. However, outgassing of other types of chondritic material produces atmospheres dominated by other gases. Outgassing of ordinary (H, L, LL) and high iron enstatite (EH) chondritic material yields H2-rich atmospheres with CO and H2O being the second and third most abundant gases. Outgassing of low iron enstatite (EL) chondritic material gives a CO-rich atmosphere with H2, CO2, and H2O being the next most abundant gases. Outgassing of CV carbonaceous chondritic material gives a CO2-rich atmosphere with H2O being the second most abundant gas. Our results predict that the atmospheres formed during accretion of the Earth and Mars were probably H2-rich unless the accreted material was dominantly CI and CM carbonaceous chondritic material. We also predict significant amounts of S, P, Cl, F, Na, and K in accretionary atmospheres at high temperatures (1500–2500 K). Finally, our results may be useful for interpreting spectroscopic observations of accreting extrasolar terrestrial planets.
Inducible Priming Phosphorylation Promotes Ligand-independent Degradation of the IFNAR1 Chain of Type I Interferon Receptor

Phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination and ensuing down-regulation and lysosomal degradation of the interferon α/β receptor chain 1 (IFNAR1) of the receptor for Type I interferons play important roles in limiting the cellular responses to these cytokines. These events could be stimulated either by the ligands (in a Janus kinase-dependent manner) or by unfolded protein response (UPR) inducers including viral infection (in a manner dependent on the activity of pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum kinase). Both ligand-dependent and -independent pathways converge on phosphorylation of Ser535 within the IFNAR1 degron leading to recruitment of β-Trcp E3 ubiquitin ligase and concomitant ubiquitination and degradation. Casein kinase 1α (CK1α) was shown to directly phosphorylate Ser535 within the ligand-independent pathway. Yet given the constitutive activity of CK1α, it remained unclear how this pathway is stimulated by UPR. Here we report that induction of UPR promotes the phosphorylation of a proximal residue, Ser532, in a pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum kinase-dependent manner. This serine serves as a priming site that promotes subsequent phosphorylation of IFNAR1 within its degron by CK1α. These events play an important role in regulating ubiquitination and degradation of IFNAR1 as well as the extent of Type I interferon signaling.
Evaluating Journal Quality and the Association for Information Systems Senior Scholars’ Journal Basket via Bibliometric Measures: Do Expert Journal Assessments Add Value?

Information systems (IS) journal rankings and ratings help scholars focus their publishing efforts and are widely used surrogates for judging the quality of research. Over the years, numerous approaches have been used to rank IS journals, approaches such as citation metrics, school lists, acceptance rates, and expert assessments. However, the results of these approaches often conflict due to a host of validity concerns. In the current scientometric study, we make significant strides toward correcting for these limitations in the ranking of mainstream IS journals. We compare expert rankings to bibliometric measures such as the ISI Impact Factor™, the h-index, and social network analysis metrics. Among other findings, we conclude that bibliometric measures provide very similar results to expert-based methods in determining a tiered structure of IS journals, thereby suggesting that bibliometrics can be a complete, a less expensive, and a more efficient substitute for expert assessment. We also find strong support for seven of the eight journals in the Association for Information Systems (AIS) Senior Scholars’ “basket” of journals. A cluster analysis of our results indicates a two-tiered separation in the quality of the highest quality IS journals — with MISQ, ISR, and JMIS belonging, in that order, to the highest A tier. Journal quality metrics fit nicely into the sociology of science literature and can be useful in models that attempt to explain how knowledge disseminates through scientific communities.
The Effect of Low Earth Orbit Atomic Oxygen Exposure on Phenylphosphine Oxide-Containing Polymers

Thin films of phenylphosphine oxide-containing polymers were exposed to low Earth orbit aboard a space shuttle flight (STS-85) as part of flight experiment designated Evaluation of Space Environment and Effects on Materials (ESEM). This flight experiment was a cooperative effort between the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) and the National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA). The thin film samples described herein were part of an atomic oxygen exposure experiment (AOE) and were exposed to primarily atomic oxygen (~1 X 1019 atoms/cm2). The thin film samples consisted of three phosphine oxide containing polymers (arylene ether, benzimidazole and imide). Based on post-flight analyses using atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and weight loss data, it was found that atomic oxygen exposure of these materials efficiently produces a phosphate layer at the surface of the samples. This layer provides a barrier towards further attack by AO. Consequently, these materials do not exhibit linear erosion rates which is in contrast with most organic polymers. Qualitatively, the results obtained from these analyses compare favorably with those obtained from samples exposed to atomic oxygen and or oxygen plasma in ground based exposure experiments. The results of the low Earth orbit atomic oxygen exposure on these materials will be compared with those of ground based exposure to AO.
Pluralism, exclusivism, and the theoretical virtues

This paper argues that John Hick's commitment to the moral principle of altruism undermines his pluralistic claim that all of the major world religions are equally efficacious from a soteriological perspective. This argument is placed in a context of a discussion evaluating the theoretical virtues of various hypotheses about religious diversity.
The Effect of Route of Anvil Insertion on Stricture Rates with Circular Stapled Gastrojejunostomy During Laparoscopic Gastric Bypass

A higher incidence of gastrojejunal (GJ) anastomotic strictures has been reported following laparoscopic gastric bypass (LRYGB) with the 21 mm compared to 25 mm circular stapler. We hypothesized that the rate of stricture formation is affected by route of anvil insertion and its position relative to the gastric pouch staple line [trans‐gastric above staple line (trans‐gastric) vs. trans‐oral through staple line (trans‐oral)] following LRYGB. Retrospective review of consecutive patients who underwent LRYGB with circular stapled GJ studied in four groups: trans-gastric‐21 mm, trans-gastric‐25 mm, trans-oral‐21 mm, and trans-oral-25 mm. Primary outcome studied was GJ stricture; secondary outcomes were results with endoscopic therapy and weight loss at 12 months. Predictors studied were age, gender, body mass index (BMI), comorbidities, and operative technical factors including anvil size and insertion route. Regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of GJ stricture. Eight hundred seventy-six patients underwent LRYGB. Seventy-six (8.7 %) developed a GJ stricture. The highest stricture rate occurred in the trans-gastric‐21 mm group (17 %, p < .01 for all comparisons). Stricture rates were similar for trans-gastric‐25 mm (8.4 %), trans-oral‐21 mm (5.2 %), and trans-oral‐25 mm (1.6 %) groups. Independent predictors of stricture were: trans-gastric‐21 mm (OR 10.9, 95%CI 1.4–85.1; p = .022) and age (OR 0.97, 95%CI 0.95–0.99; p = .002). Endoscopic dilation relieved symptoms in all patients. There was no difference in %EWL at 12 months in patients with and without a stricture. We conclude that the trans-oral-21 mm anvil is associated with a low stricture rate. With the advantage of smaller abdominal wall wound, trans-oral‐21 mm may be the preferred size and route of anvil insertion.
Special issue on optimization in military applications

Optimization methods have been historically applied to a wide variety of military problems, including military transportation and logistics, emergency response, sensor deployment, target detection, cyberdefense, and more. Meanwhile, the diverse problems in military and defense applications exhibit special structures and features that have inspired the development of new optimization methodologies, in particular in network optimization, game theory, stochastic and dynamic control. The aim of this special issue was to solicit original, high-quality papers that address emerging trends and advances in the theories and applications of optimization methods for defense and national security. We have received many submissions and, after a rigorous peer review process, 18 papers were selected for publication. These papers cover problems of military resource planning, staff scheduling, dispatching, vehicle/aircraft routing, set covering, and network interdiction. The related methods vary from stochastic programming, integer programming, and convex programming, to stochastic control, machine learning, and meta-heuristics. In particular, the majority of
5‐Dehydro‐1,3‐quinodimethane: A Hydrocarbon with an Open‐Shell Doublet Ground State

electrons, that is, an “open-shell doublet.” Although low-spin, open-shell states occur in molecules containing transition metals, the ground states of organic molecules are rarely of this type. Organic biradicals can have open-shell singlet ground states, depending on the orbital structure, but DMX is the first example of an organic triradical with an open-shell doublet ground state. Qualitatively, the preference for the open-shell doublet ground state in DMX can be understood by considering the electronic structures in m-xylylene (MX) and a,3-dehydrotoluene (DHT). The MX biradical has a triplet ground state with two ferromagnetically coupled electrons in two p molecular orbitals (Figure 1). DHT, also shown in Figure 1, is a sp biradical with singlet-coupled unpaired electrons, a result of spin polarization that favors antiferromagnetic coupling. The features responsible for the MX and DHT ground state multiplicities are also present in DMX. The p system is similar to that of MX, such that it should contain two ferromagnetically coupled electrons. Likewise, the interaction between the s and p systems resembles that in DHT, and should therefore have a preference for antiferromagnetic coupling. The net result is a hydrocarbon with a spp, openshell doublet, ground state configuration (Figure 1). More rigorously, the electronic structure of triradicals is described by the three-electrons-in-three-orbitals model. Different occupations of three nearly degenerate triradical orbitals result in one quartet and eight doublet low-lying states. The eight lowest energy electronic states of DMX are shown in Figure 2. Orbital near-degeneracies in the triradical
Beliefs About Technology and the Preparation of English Teachers: Beginning the Conversation

The May 2005 National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE) Conference on English Education (CEE) Leadership and Policy Summit brought together over 75 past, present, and future leaders of CEE from across the United States to Georgia State University to rethink issues related to the preparation and continuing professional development of English language arts teachers and teacher educators (see the Leadership and Policy Summit home page). [Editor's note: URLs for hotlinks can be found at the end of this paper in the Resources section.]
The SERS Activity of a Supported Ag Nanocube Strongly Depends on Its Orientation Relative to Laser Polarization

Silver nanocubes with sharp or truncated corners were synthesized, deposited on silicon substrates, and functionalized with Raman-active thiols for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) studies. The use of substrates with registration marks allowed us to correlate the SERS spectra from individual nanocubes to their physical parameters revealed by high-resolution SEM imaging. We observed dramatic variations in SERS intensity when the nanocubes were oriented at different angles relative to the polarization of excitation laser. This angular dependence was less significant when the nanocubes were truncated and became nearly spherical in profile. Numerical calculations were employed to confirm our observations, and to attribute the source of variation to the difference in near-field distribution between different laser polarizations.
Genetic relationships between Candida albicans strains isolated from dental plaque, trachea, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from mechanically ventilated intensive care unit patients

Candida albicans often resides in the oral cavity of healthy humans as a harmless commensal organism. This opportunistic fungus can cause significant disease in critically ill patients, such as those undergoing mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit (ICU) having compromised local airway defense mechanisms. The goal of this study was to determine the intra- and inter-patient genetic relationship between strains of C. albicans recovered from dental plaque, tracheal secretions, and the lower airway by bronchoalveolar lavage of patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. Three pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing methods were used to determine the genetic relatedness of the C. albicans strains, including electrophoretic karyotyping (EK) and restriction endonuclease analysis of the genome using SfiI (REAG-S) and BssHII (REAG-B). The C. albicans isolates from dental plaque and tracheo-bronchial sites from the same patient were genetically indistinguishable and retained over time, whereas strains from different patients usually separated into different genotypes. Among the three methods, REAG-B proved to be the most discriminatory method to differentiate isolates. The finding of genetically similar strains from the oral and tracheo-bronchial sites from the same patient supports the notion that the oral cavity may serve as an important source for C. albicans spread to the trachea and lung of mechanically ventilated patients.
Dynamic resource allocation with finite buffer constraint in broadband OFDMA networks

This paper presents a dynamic resource allocation scheme for OFDMA-based wireless broadband networks. The problem of maximizing the total packet throughput subject to individual user's outage probability constraint is formulated. The proposed algorithm assumes a finite buffer for the arrival packets and dynamically allocates the radio resource based on users' channel characteristics, traffic patterns and QoS requirements. By performing the radio resource allocation into two steps, namely bandwidth allocation and channel assignment, efficient admission control is realized with low complexity. Specifically, the number of channels to be assigned to each user is first determined based on its traffic requirement and the average SNR. The second stage of the algorithm finds the best channel allocation for the users. Simulations show that the algorithm yields significant lower outage probability and higher throughput than existing multiple access methods.
Stabilization and tracking control of friction dynamics of a one-dimensional nanoarray

Friction can be manipulated by applying perturbations to accessible elements of a sliding system. The dynamics of a one dimensional nanoarray is described by a set of coupled nonlinear equations. We discuss the feedback control problem of the nano particle dynamics that is subjected to a simple periodic form of the substrate potential and linear inter-particle forces. Specifically, we design two control laws which render the closed-loop system globally asymptotically stable and globally tracking any constant velocity respectively. The controls are functions of physically accessible variables, the position and velocity of the center mass of the nanoarray. Simulations show satisfactory closed-loop responses.
Prophetic Words for Psychologists: Particularity, Ethics and Peace

This essay seeks to consider the implications of the prophetic voice of Abraham Joshua Heschel. We argue that Heschel’s work offers important correctives to some of modern psychologies’ universalizing and reductive assumptions and activities. Specifically, we show that Heschel argues for an anthropology characterized by particularity, with a unique emphasis on the person’s standing in relation to God. Relatedly, we show how Heschel’s understanding challenges us to recognize that ethics is to precede ontology. Lastly, this primacy of ethics leads to a prophetic challenge toward becoming people of peace, systemically as well as individually. We conclude by applying Heschel’s admonishment to recent, specific activities of injustice and violence within the field of psychology. Heschel’s arguments are reviewed in a spirit of ecumenism, to pursue the ends of peace as a profession and as a society.
Identification of optimum sites for power system stabilizer applications

Many existing methods of identifying the optimum sites for installing power system stabilizers (PSSs) in multimachine systems are restricted to (1) the sequential PSS application, which considers the enhancement of damping of just one critical electromechanical mode at a time; (2) the eigenstructure analysis of the open-loop system, which does not take the control matrix (i.e. the B matrix in the linearized model x=Ax+Bu for power systems) into consideration. A method of identifying the optimum sites for installing power system stabilizers is described that can identify the optimum sites for installing PSSs so that several electromechanical modes are damped out simultaneously and that take both the eigenstructure of the open-loop system and the control matrix into consideration. >
The Generic/Nongeneric Distinction Influences How Children Interpret New Information About Social Others

These studies investigate how the distinction between generic sentences (e.g., “Boys are good at math”) and nongeneric sentences (e.g., “Johnny is good at math”) shapes children’s social cognition. These sentence types are hypothesized to have different implications about the source and nature of the properties conveyed. Specifically, generics may be more likely to imply that the referred-to properties emerge naturally from an internal source, which may cause these properties to become essentialized. Four experiments (N = 269 four-year-olds and undergraduates) confirmed this hypothesis but also suggested that participants only essentialize the information provided in generic form when this construal is consistent with their prior theoretical knowledge. These studies further current understanding of language as a means of learning about others.
Quantitation of growth-altered cell populations (tumor-initiation sites) induced in open-ended rat tracheal implants by split doses of benzo[a]pyrene

The numbers of tumor-initiation sites (TIS) induced by split doses of benzo[a]pyrene (BAP) in open-ended rat tracheal implants (OETI) were quantitated as the average number of growth-altered cell populations isolated per carcinogen-exposed OETI. These growth-altered cell populations were identified as primary cell cultures which survive in medium lacking a pyruvate supplement, a condition in which normal tracheal cells die. The OETI were exposed to an average total dose of 1450 micrograms BAP, which was delivered twice weekly from 170-, 76- or 41-micrograms BAP-gelatin pellets over 4.5, 9 or 18 weeks respectively. OETI exposed for 4.5 or 9 weeks had 0.33 TIS/trachea when growth-altered cell populations were selected at 14 days from the first and second outgrowth cultures. An additional 1.0-1.17 TIS/OETI were detected if selection was delayed until 63 days in the third and fourth outgrowth cultures. In contrast, 2.0 TIS/trachea were selected after 14 days of culture from OETI pre-exposed for 18 weeks, and an additional 2.50/trachea were detected if selection was delayed to 28-63 days of culture. The TIS from this last group were also distinguished by more rapid growth and a large number of multiple cell cultures from the same explant, which indicated that more than one TIS was present on the explant and/or the growth-altered cell population had expanded enough to appear in more than one outgrowth culture. These growth-altered cell populations had also acquired a high degree (83%) of subculturability, i.e. immortality. These results suggest that OETI exposed repeatedly for a long duration had many TIS of which many had received multiple hits necessary for rapid progression of neoplasia. A large number of TIS were induced by a 4.5-week exposure, when the total BAP dose was doubled to 2934 micrograms. In this case a total of 5.75 TIS were induced per OETI. However, the cell cultures grew slowly, few multiple cultures were obtained, and only 52% of the growth-altered cell populations were subculturable.
A Risk-Continuum Categorization of Product Use Among US Youth Tobacco Users.

INTRODUCTION To examine prevalence and correlates of five mutually exclusive tobacco-use patterns among US youth tobacco users. METHODS A nationally representative sample of tobacco users (N = 3202, 9-17 years) was classified into five product-use patterns. Weighted multinominal and multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine prevalence of product-use patterns by gender, race and ethnicity, and grade level; and associations between product-use patterns and perceived accessibility of tobacco products, exposure and receptivity to pro-tobacco marketing, social benefits of smoking, and tobacco-associated risks. RESULTS Dual use (ie, use of two product categories) was the most prevalent pattern (30.5%), followed by non-cigarette combustible only (26.7%), polytobacco (ie, use of three product categories; 17.5%), cigarette only (14.9%), and noncombustible only (10.4%) use. Product-use patterns differed by gender, race, and ethnicity. Compared to cigarette only users, dual and polytobacco users were more likely to be exposed to and be receptive to pro-tobacco marketing, and were less likely to acknowledge tobacco-use related risks (Ps < .05). CONCLUSIONS Curbing tobacco use warrants research on users of more than one tobacco-product categories according to the risk-continuum categorization. IMPLICATIONS We present a risk-continuum categorization of product-use patterns among tobacco users not older than 17 years. We classify tobacco users into five mutually exclusive product-use patterns: cigarette only users, non-cigarette combustible only users, noncombustible only users, dual use, and polytobacco use. This categorization overcomes limitations in current literature on tobacco-use patterns, which include exclusion of certain products (eg, e-cigarettes) and product-use patterns (eg, exclusive users of non-cigarette products), and inconsistent classification of tobacco users. It is parsimonious yet complex enough to retain differential characteristics of sub-tobacco users based on number (single, dual, polytobacco) and categories (cigarettes, non-cigarette combustibles, noncombustibles) of tobacco products consumed.
Perrier, Nestle and the Agnellis

SUBJECT AREAS: Corporate valuation (WACC method), corporate governance (and takeover laws) in Europe, corporate control contests in Europe, assessing and evaluating cross-holdings and cultural aspects of alliance structures, EU competition law. CASE SETTING: 1992, France/Italy/Switzerland, Beverages and Food. REQUEST FOR COPIES: To receive a free copy of the case and teaching note (hard copy only) write or email to author, and mention FEN. Synopsis The French mineral water company, Perrier SA, has recently undergone financial and stock price difficulties resulting from its famous 'benzene scandal.' This leads to a bid from the Agnellis of Italy. The Agnelli bid is effected indirectly through two French companies with whom they are allied. Their bid is contested by Nestle and its French ally, BSN. Nestle's chances of success seem slim, since the Agnellis and their allies control nearly 50% of Perrier. Nestle files two lawsuits in French courts challenging Agnelli and its allies. The European Union (EU) competition authorities also enter the picture. There are numerous personalities and institutions on both sides. Complicating matters is a complex and fluid structure of alliances and cross-holdings. The case requires students to undertake a valuation of Perrier from Nestle's perspective, in a context that involves an interplay of personalities, alliance structures, cultural factors, and laws. It also requires them to make assessments of likely court outcomes given French corporate law, the implications of the evolving competition law in the EU, and the governance implications. Teaching The case involves a valuation using the WACC method. Students must also grapple with issues such as disentangling a complex set of crossholdings, who the 'insiders' and 'outsiders' are in the French corporate scene, what the likely outcomes of the court and antitrust decisions are. The case allows for generalizations about the Continental European styles of governance and their market for corporate control, especially as contrasted with the Anglo-American system. It is ideal in a 2nd-level corporate finance, international finance, or corporate governance course. It can be taught as part of a sequence of sessions on comparative governance, valuation, and the market for corporate control in different parts of the world. This sequence of sessions is best positioned toward the end of the course.
Transient immunodeficiency during asymptomatic Epstein-Barr virus infection

In vivo and in vitro humoral and cellular immune responses were studied in a 2 1/2-year-old girl immediately before, during, and after an asymptomatic infection with Epstein-Barr virus. During the acute EBV infection, the patient's peripheral blood mononuclear cells were deficient in immunoglobulin synthesis and suppressed the in vitro immunoglobulin synthesis of normal allogeneic cells. In vitro mitogen transformation of lymphocytes was reduced. In vivo antibody responses to the T cell-dependent antigens bacteriophage phi X 174 and Keyhole limpet hemocyanin were markedly depressed. These studies suggest that suppressor cells induced during acute EBV infection not only suppress immunoglobulin synthesis in vitro, but also interfere with in vivo antibody synthesis.
HIPAA, HITECH, and Protected Health Information

T he Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) defines protected health information (PHI) and then restricts its use and disclosure by covered entities to specific circumstances with varying levels of authorization, depending on the intended use and extent of PHI associated
Erosion of Sintered WC-Co Alloys

ABSTRACT The effects of WC grain size in the range of 0.9–3.0 μm and Co contents of 4.5 to 11.3 wt % on the erosion of sintered WC-Co alloys was investigated using a sandblaster-type erosion tester employing 240 grit Al 2 O 3 particles carried in an air stream at velocities of 30–100 ms -1 and impact angles of 20°–90°. Limited SEM studies were made of the surface damage produced by the erosion. No clear effect of WC grain size on the erosion rate E R WC-Co (g/g) was established. The effects of volume fraction of Co(f Co ), particle velocity (v) and angle of impact (α) on E R WC-Co was given by E R WC-Co = a + bf Co = a + b 90 f Co + (b-b 90 )f Co where a = A(v sinα) 2 , b 90 = B(v sinα) 3.2 and (b-b 90 ) = C(v cosα) 2 , A, B and C being constants, a was identified with E R WC . Assuming a rule of mixtures, E R Co = [A(v sinα) 2 + B(v sinα) 3.2 ] + C(v cosα) 2 . The results are discussed in terms of existing theories of the erosion of ductile and brittle materials.
Fiber-Reinforced Tubular Composites by Chemical Vapor Infiltration*

A forced-flow thermal-gradient chemical vapor infiltration process has been developed to fabricate composites of thick-walled tubular geometry common to many components. Fibrous preforms of different fiber architectures (3-dimensionally braided and filament wound) have been investigated to accommodate components with different mechanical property requirements. This paper will discuss the fabrication of tubular, fiber-reinforced SiC matrix composites and their mechanical properties.
Oscillations of upper-air circulation and anomalies in the surface climate of the tropics

Variations of upper-air circulation related to anomalies in the surface climate of the tropics are studied mainly on the basis of radiosonde and surface observations during 1960–79. Monthly anomalies of sea surface temperature (SST), sea level or station pressure (SLP/STP), 850 and 200 mb height and wind, and 200/850 mb thickness are examined by running mean plots and spectral analysis.
Two-color multiparametric method for flow cytometric DNA analysis. Standardization of spectral compensation.

Spectral overlap of green fluorescence signals into the red detector (red-minus-green compensation) is one potential source of variation in two-color flow cytometric DNA analysis. Suboptimal compensation in a two-color propidium iodide (PI)/fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) system may be observed if compensation is adjusted using an inappropriate standard, or if changes to fluorescence detector high-voltage settings are made without corresponding readjustment of fluorescence compensation. To quantitate the influence of red-minus-green compensation on the quality of DNA histograms, data from 60 dual PI/cytokeratin (CK)-FITC stained carcinomas were acquired in parallel using two compensation standards: a PI/CK-FITC-stained T24 cell line calibrator overstained to achieve a high-intensity green fluorescence standard (HIGFS) with manually set compensation and automated compensation settings derived from commercial phycoerythrin/low intensity FITC beads (LIGF). Both compensation standards gave similar DNA hyperdiploidy results (DNA index, 1.1-2.8). However, LIGF standard yielded two falsely hypodiploid peaks (DNA index, .7 and .9). Eight left-skewed peaks became DNA diploid and symmetric, respectively, with the HIGFS. Use of HIGFS lowered the coefficient of variation percentage in 95% of cases, the greatest differences (maximum, 3.4%; mean, 1.81%) in tumors of highest intensity CK-FITC. The authors concluded that use of cell-based compensation standards (HIGFS) with intense green signals that mimic clinical tumor samples will avoid spurious aneuploidy and maximize resolution of near-diploid abnormalities.
Correlation between Immunoreactive Growth Hormone and Prolactin Activity in Human and Simian Pituitary Cell Cultures

SummaryPituitary glands from human fetal and neonatal, and fetal monkey sources were established in tissue culture. Growth hormone (GH) was measured by immunoassay in the spent media from the tissue cultures and compared with prolactin activity of the media determined by bioassay. Both GH levels and prolactin activity declined over the first few weeks of culture, although in some flasks GH continued to be assayable in subculture for several months. These results do not support the concept that human GH and prolactin are two separate and distinctive hormones in fetal and neonatal primate pituitary glands.We are indebted to Dr. William R. Lyons for carrying out the pigeon crop sac assays for prolactin and to Dr. Alfred Wilhelmi, Emory University; Dr. Maurice Raben, New England Medical Center; and the National Pituitary Agency for the human growth hormone used in these studies.
The Interplay of Antigen Affinity, Internalization, and Pharmacokinetics on CD44-Positive Tumor Targeting of Monoclonal Antibodies

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) offer promise as effective tumor targeting and drug delivery agents for cancer therapy. However, comparative biological and clinical characteristics of mAbs targeting the same tumor-associated antigen (TAA) often differ widely. This study examined the characteristics of mAbs that impact tumor targeting using a panel of mAb clones specific to the cancer-associated cell-surface receptor and cancer stem cell marker CD44. CD44 mAbs were screened for cell-surface binding, antigen affinity, internalization, and CD44-mediated tumor uptake by CD44-positive A549 cells. It was hypothesized that high-affinity, rapidly internalizing CD44 mAbs would result in high tumor uptake and prolonged tumor retention. Although high-affinity clones rapidly bound and were internalized by A549 cells in vitro, an intermediate-affinity clone demonstrated significantly greater tumor uptake and retention than high-affinity clones in vivo. Systemic exposure, rather than high antigen affinity or rapid interna...
Little fish, big catch: zebrafish as a model for kidney disease

The zebrafish, Danio rerio , is a relevant vertebrate model for biomedical research and translational studies because of its broad genetic conservation with humans. In recent years, scientists have formulated a growing list of zebrafish kidney disease paradigms, the study of which has contributed a multitude of insights into the basic biology of human conditions and even identified potential therapeutic agents. Conversely, there are also distinctive aspects of zebrafish biology lacking in higher vertebrates, such as the capacity to heal without lasting scar formation after tissue damage and the ability to generate nephrons throughout their lifespan, which makes the zebrafish uniquely suited to study regeneration in the context of the kidney. Here, we review several informative zebrafish models of kidney disease and discuss their future applications in nephrology.
Quantification of Gas-Wall Partitioning in Teflon Environmental Chambers Using Rapid Bursts of Low-Volatility Oxidized Species Generated in Situ.

Partitioning of gas-phase organic compounds to the walls of Teflon environmental chambers is a recently reported phenomenon than can affect the yields of reaction products and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) measured in laboratory experiments. Reported time scales for reaching gas-wall partitioning (GWP) equilibrium (τGWE) differ by up to 3 orders of magnitude, however, leading to predicted effects that vary from substantial to negligible. A new technique is demonstrated here in which semi- and low-volatility oxidized organic compounds (saturation concentration c* < 100 μg m–3) were photochemically generated in rapid bursts in situ in an 8 m3 environmental chamber, and then their decay in the absence of aerosol was measured using a high-resolution chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) equipped with an “inlet-less” NO3– ion source. Measured τGWE were 7–13 min (rel. std. dev. 33%) for all compounds. The fraction of each compound that partitioned to the walls at equilibrium follows absorptive partitio...
Microbiological quality of bottled drinking water in Guangxi during 2003-2008

Objective:To evaluate the microbial contamination of bottled drinking water sold in Guangxi.Methods:Water samples were assessed by national standard methods.Results:Out of the total 2225 samples examined during a period of 6 years,254(11.40%) did not meet the national standards and 133(5.98%) were found to be contaminated with bacteria.Among the 207 samples obtained from supervision,82(39.61%) were unqualified and 33(15.94%) had bacterial contamination,while 172(8.52%) were unqualified and 100(4.96%) had bacterial contamination in the 2018 samples submitted by the manufacturers.Conclusion:There are statistically significant differences(P0.005) in the rates of unqualified products and bacterial contamination between the 6 years.The disqualification rate of the supervision samples is higher than that of the samples submitted by manufacturers themselves.
SPECIALIZATION AND HISTORICAL SYNTHESIS: Lord Acton and Berr

[By the end of the last century historians were swamped by the monographic output of their colleagues and by the work of scholars in related fields—sociology, anthropology, psychology, and economics. The individual historian no longer had the command of all of history, or even of that substantial part which his forbears had possessed as a matter of course. The historian, like other specialists too, was in danger of knowing more and more about less and less. To combat these dangers efforts were made to find new syntheses, both by bringing together several specialists in one collaborative effort and by combining several disciplines to arrive at a broader view of the whole.
Digital libraries as phenotypes for digital societies

The research and development community has been actively creating and deploying digital libraries for more than two decades and many digital libraries have become indispensable tools in the daily life of people around the world. Today's digital libraries include interactive multimedia and powerful tools for searching and sharing content and experience. As such, digital libraries are moving beyond personal intellectual prostheses to become much more participative and reflective of social history. Digital libraries not only acquire, preserve, and make available informational objects, but also invite annotation, interaction, and leverage usage patterns to better serve patron needs. These various kinds of usage patterns serve two purposes: first, they serve as context for finding and understanding content, and second, they themselves become content that digital libraries must manage and preserve. Thus, digital library research has expanded beyond technical and informational challenges to consider new opportunities for recommendations, support of affinity groups, social awareness, and cross-cultural understanding, as well as new challenges related to personal and group identity, privacy and trust, and curating and preserving ephemeral interactions. This trend makes digital libraries cultural institutions that reveal and hopefully preserve the phenotypes of societies as they evolve. This talk will illustrate this theoretical perspective with examples from our experience with the Open Video Digital Library over the past decade and with recent extensions (VidArch Project) that harvest YouTube video as a strategy for preserving cultural context for digital collections.
Intimate Partner Violence is Associated with Voluntary Sterilization in Women

Abstract Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) may interfere with women's use of preferred forms of contraception, resulting in unwanted pregnancies forcing women to seek permanent sterilization. A history of child sexual abuse (CSA) presages the risk for IPV in adulthood setting the stage for adverse reproductive outcomes. Objective: To determine whether CSA and IPV are associated with women's voluntary sterilization when adjusting for demographics and reproductive health history. Methods: This cross-sectional study is based on in-person interviews of women (N = 278) drawn from outpatients surveyed in more than 10 different clinics (N = 2465). Women's history of gender-based violence and bilateral tubal ligation (BTL) were assessed. Results: About half of the women had a past history of IPV and 29% disclosed CSA. CSA predicted later entry into an abusive relationship (odds ratio [OR] = 6.7). Sterilization was reported by 19.6%. Parity (3+ children), having had an abortion, and receipt of welfare we...
Solving the Problem of Overdiagnosis.

My patients’ fear of breast cancer is palpable. I see them fret over whether or not to have a mammogram, worry about false positive abnormalities, and struggle to pay for diagnostic evaluations for which they are not reimbursed. This collateral damage of screening is obvious to clinicians. However, increasing evidence now indicates a less obvious outcome of cancer screening — overdiagnosis of diseases that would never cause symptoms or death. The presence and effects of overdiagnosis are less tangible, buried in population statistics rather than patient encounters. Overdiagnosis of breast cancer has been suggested on the basis of multiple studies . . .
The Association between Sexually Transmitted Infections, Length of Service and Other Demographic Factors in the U.S. Military

Background Numerous studies have found higher rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among military personnel than the general population, but the cumulative risk of acquiring STIs throughout an individual’s military career has not been described. Methods Using ICD-9 diagnosis codes, we analyzed the medical records of 100,005 individuals from all service branches, divided in equal cohorts (n = 6,667) between 1997 and 2011. As women receive frequent STI screening compared to men, these groups were analyzed separately. Incidence rates were calculated for pathogen-specific STIs along with syndromic diagnoses. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the individuals within each accession year cohort; repeat infections were censored. Results The total sample included 29,010 females and 70,995 males. The STI incidence rates (per 100 person-years) for women and men, respectively, were as follows: chlamydia (3.5 and 0.7), gonorrhea (1.1 and 0.4), HIV (0.04 and 0.07) and syphilis (0.14 and 0.15). During the study period, 22% of women and 3.3% of men received a pathogen-specific STI diagnosis; inclusion of syndromic diagnoses increased STI prevalence to 41% and 5.5%, respectively. In multivariate analyses, factors associated with etiologic and syndromic STIs among women included African American race, younger age and fewer years of education. In the overall sample, increasing number of years of service was associated with an increased likelihood of an STI diagnosis (p<0.001 for trend). Conclusion In this survey of military personnel, we found very high rates of STI acquisition throughout military service, especially among women, demonstrating that STI-related risk is significant and ongoing throughout military service. Lower STI incidence rates among men may represent under-diagnosis and demonstrate a need for enhancing male-directed screening and diagnostic interventions.