cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Addition of New Therapeutic Agents to an Established Type 2 Diabetes Simulation Platform for Therapy Optimization: A Bayesian Model-Based Approach

Abstract Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) typically take blood glucose level lowering oral or injectable therapeutic agents to treat their condition. Titration and timing of administration of these agents can be difficult under optimal conditions. Largely because of these challenging tasks, less than half of patients with T2DM under therapy are reaching desired glycemic targets. Computer simulations have been shown in both types of diabetes to be powerful tools to design and test optimal therapies. However, the diversity of available therapeutic agents makes the construction of such a platform challenging. In this manuscript, we present a methodology to integrate pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of anti-diabetic drugs into an existing T2DM population simulation platform to optimize therapy dosage and timing, and inform clinical trial designs; the mixture of insulin glargine and a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP1-RA) was used as an example. The platform was augmented with several drug-specific new/modified sub-models and the associated parameter distributions were derived from various blood measurements collected during clinical studies. The joint model parameter distribution of the augmented platform was obtained by fitting simulated glucose profiles on 2000 days of glucose sensor data in a novel Bayesian framework. The resulting platform was then validated by reproducing glucose distributions from a large clinical study, originally excluded from the training data. Finally, simulation experiments of optimal administration timing of the studied mixture were run.
Assessing how in vitro assay types predict in vivo toxicology data.

In vivo animal bioassays are increasingly being supplemented with in vitro assays to serve as the new standard for chemical toxicity tests. Despite this shift, investigators face challenges related...
A data-driven model for building energy normalization to enable eco-feedback in multi-family residential buildings with smart and connected technology

In this paper, we present a new unit-level data-driven modelling approach to normalize heating and cooling (HC) energy usage in multi-family residential buildings based on easily accessible data fr...
International graduate students and cultural competency in counselling services: directions for health practitioners

International graduate students deal with an array of stress when arriving in the United States for the purpose of their studies. This stress relates to various difficulties with regards to their a...
There Is No Measurement Problem for Humeans

The measurement problem concerns an apparent conflict between the two fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, namely the Schrodinger equation and the measurement postulate. These principles describe inconsistent behavior for quantum systems in so-called "measurement contexts." Many theorists have thought that the measurement problem can only be resolved by proposing a mechanistic explanation of (genuine or apparent) wavefunction collapse that avoids explicit reference to "measurement." However, I argue here that the measurement problem dissolves if we accept Humeanism about laws of nature. On a Humean metaphysics, there is no conflict between the two principles, nor is there any inherent problem with the concept of "measurement" figuring into the account of collapse.
How a Virtual Scribe Program Improves Physicians’ EHR Experience, Documentation Time, and Note Quality

Off-site virtual scribes employed by Yale New Haven Health Northeast Medical Group cut in half the time spent by physicians on patient-visit notes and reduced the physician-contributed character co...
Functional Assessment in Rehabilitation Medicine

Medical rehabilitation addresses problems in the measurement of human function and health-related quality of life as well as problems in diagnosis and measurement of impairment. This article summarizes basic principles of measurement relevant to medical rehabilitation and presents examples of standards for development of measures and for their application in clinical practice. Measurement and clinical evaluation in medical rehabilitation need to be grounded in principles of validity and reliability. Improved measurement tools will secure the scientific basis of medical rehabilitation and enhance its long-term growth.
A generic energy optimization framework for heterogeneous platforms using scaling models

Mobile platforms are becoming highly heterogeneous by combining a powerful multiprocessor system-on-a-chip (MpSoC) with numerous other resources, including display, memory, power management IC, battery and wireless modems into a compact package. Furthermore, the MpSoC itself is a heterogeneous resource that integrates many processing elements such as CPU cores, GPU, video, image, and audio processors. Platform energy consumption and responsiveness are two major considerations for mobile systems, since they determine the battery life and user satisfaction, respectively. As a result, energy minimization approaches targeting mobile computing need to consider the platform at various levels of granularity. In this paper, we first present power consumption, response time, and energy consumption models for mobile platforms. Using these models, we optimize the energy consumption of baseline platforms under power, response time, and thermal constraints with and without introducing new resources. Finally, we validate the proposed framework through experiments on Qualcomm's Snapdragon 800 Mobile Development Platforms.
A Multi-Case Study of Student Perceptions of Online Course Design Elements and Success

Course design is viewed as a critical component of student success in online classes. The purpose of this qualitative multi-case study was to examine student perceptions of course design elements that supported student success. The study included three data sources for each of the three cases: responses to questionnaires, written responses during online peer discussions, and course data/documents. The course studied was a prerequisite to student teaching in the post-baccalaureate online teacher certification program at a small, rural, Midwestern university. Guiding this research was the idea that a fundamental pedagogical shift is needed for online student success due to asynchronous communication and the necessity of extensive course preplanning. Looking through this lens, findings unique to supporting online learning were uncovered. Case study students placed great value on strong course organization, time-flexible feedback, confidence in the instructor’s content ability and consistent support, and relevance of both feedback and coursework.
Aspartate transcarbamylase. A study by transient nuclear magnetic resonance of the binding of succinate to the native enzyme and its catalytic subunit.

Abstract A transient nuclear magnetic resonance method has been used to measure the rate at which succinate, a competitive inhibitor of l-aspartate, binds to the aspartate transcarbamylase of Escherichia coli and to its catalytic subunit. In the presence of catalytic subunit and carbamyl phosphate, the relaxation time T2 for succinate is greatly shortened, while the relaxation time T1 is not affected much. In an analogous experiment with inorganic phosphate in place of carbamyl phosphate, T2 is also greatly shortened and, in both instances, the relaxation times are independent of the nuclear magnetic resonance frequency. The expressions for relaxation in the presence of chemical exchange were examined for limiting cases of frequency independence. Two limiting cases could be distinguished by the opposite dependences of T2 on temperature, and it was demonstrated clearly that succinate exchanges slowly with the enzyme-carbamyl phosphate complex, but rapidly with the enzyme phosphate complex. For exchange of succinate with the catalytic subunit-carbamyl phosphate complex, a bimolecular rate constant of 2.3 x 105 m-1 sec-1 at 33° for binding of succinate and an activation energy of 12 kcal per mole for dissociation of succinate from the complex were found. The exchange of succinate with the catalytic subunit-phosphate complex was too rapid to permit measurement of the rate constant by nuclear magnetic resonance methods, but a rotational correlation time of 0.73 x 10-8 sec at 33° was determined for the ternary complex. The results indicate that succinate has relatively free access to the active site of the subunit-phosphate complex and is bound rigidly. The unusually slow bimolecular rate constant for binding of succinate to the subunit-carbamyl phosphate complex may indicate that a conformational change is concerted with binding. A fast bimolecular step, followed by a slow step, cannot be ruled out entirely, but the concentration of the intermediate complex is probably low (less than 2%). For the native enzyme, the rate constant for binding of the last molecule of succinate to the complex with carbamyl phosphate is 1.9 x 105 m-1 sec-1 at 33°, with an activation energy of 8 kcal per mole for dissociation of succinate from the complex. The rotational correlation time for the native enzyme-phosphate-succinate complex is 2.2 x 10-8 sec at 33°. These results, very similar to those obtained with the catalytic subunit, indicate that the regulatory subunits have little influence on the properties of the active sites when the native enzyme is saturated with succinate.
Differential expression of angiopoietin-1 and angiopoietin-2 in colon carcinoma. A possible mechanism for the initiation of angiogenesis.

BACKGROUND Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) are important regulators of endothelial cell (EC) survival. Current models suggest that an increase in Ang-2 expression in ECs leads to the initiation of angiogenesis. The authors hypothesized that the imbalance of Ang-1 and Ang-2 activities in colon carcinoma leads to a net gain in Ang-2 function. METHODS Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses and immunofluorescent double-staining were performed to examine human colon carcinoma cell lines, surgical specimens, normal mucosa, and liver metastases for the expression of Ang-1 and Ang-2. RESULTS RT-PCR analyses revealed that 7of 18 colon carcinoma cell lines expressed Ang-1, and 14 of 18 colon carcinoma cell lines expressed Ang-2 (P < 0.05). Of the surgical specimens from patients with colon carcinoma, 6 of 11 specimens expressed Ang-1, and 11 of 11 specimens expressed Ang-2 (P < 0.05). However, Ang-1 and Ang-2 were expressed with relative equal frequency in normal mucosa (P = 0.62). Immunofluorescent staining (n = 20 specimens) revealed the presence of Ang-2 protein in normal mucosa and tumor epithelium, but Ang-1 was expressed only in normal mucosa. A similar pattern was found for hepatic colorectal metastases. Double staining for Ang-1 or Ang-2 and cytokeratin-22 (an epithelial marker) demonstrated that Ang-1 was produced by uninvolved, normal colonic epithelium, whereas Ang-2 was produced by normal and malignant colonic epithelium. CONCLUSIONS In patients with colon carcinoma, Ang-2 is expressed ubiquitously in tumor epithelium, whereas expression of Ang-1 in tumor epithelium is rare. The net gain of Ang-2 activity is possibly an initiating factor for tumor angiogenesis. Cancer 2001;92:1138–43. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
La economía política del ingreso de México al TLC

In this paper, we derive three lessons from Mexico’s experience. First, deep reforms like trade liberalization are not likely to happen by government decree. Instead, they usually come about when the unanimous blocking of reform by powerful elites breaks down. In the case of Mexico, this happened during a fiscal crisis, when some groups tried to displace other groups in order to capture a greater share of fiscal revenue. Second, in the presence of entrenched elites, the sustainability of reform depends on the existence of new groups that benefit from the new status quo and have enough power to defend it. Thus, the speed of successful reform is determined by the speed with which new groups are consolidated. Initially, Mexico limited radical liberalization to the manufacturing sector. The government has only recently begun to undertake serious liberalization in the services and agriculture sectors. The third lesson we take from Mexico is that the importance of formal agreements like NAFTA lies not so much in the ability of these agreements to reduce average important tariffs among their parties and improve their terms of trade vis a vis the rest of the world, as claimed by the optimal tariff literature, but in that they serve as commitment devices to force reforms to continue.// En este ensayo obtenemos tres lecciones de la experiencia de Mexico. Primero, no es probable que se realicen reformas profundas como la liberacion economica por un mero decreto gubernamental. Por lo contrario, tales reformas suelen ocurrir cuando se derrumba el bloqueo unanime de la reforma por parte de elites poderosas. En el caso de Mexico, esto ocurrio durante una crisis fiscal, cuando algunos grupos intentaron desplazar a otros a fin de captar una porcion mayor de la recaudacion fiscal. Segundo, cuando hay elites arraigadas, la permanecia de la reforma depende de la existencia de nuevos grupos que se beneficien del nuevo status quo con poder suficiente para defenderlo. Por lo tanto, la celeridad de la reforma exitosa se determina con la rapidez con la que se consoliden grupos nuevos. Al principio, Mexico limito la liberacion radical al sector manufacturero. Solo recientemente el gobierno ha empezado a emprender en serio la liberacion en los sectores de servicios y agricultura. La tercera leccion que obtenemos es que la importancia de los acuerdos formales como el TLC no reside tanto en la capacidad de estos convenios para reducir los aranceles promedios entre sus partes y mejorar sus terminos de intercambio frente al resto del mundo, como sostiene la bibliografia del arancel optimo, sino en el hecho de que sirven como instrumentos de compromiso para impulsar la continuacion de las reformas.
Does Liberalization Promote Competition

Using firm-level data from India, this paper investigates the distributional effects of deregulation on firm size and profitability. The data suggest that average firm size declines significantly in industries that deregulated entry. Firm entry leads occurs from the left hand tail of the size distribution with more small firms entering the market while the largest incumbent firms get significantly bigger following deregulation. Quantile regressions show that the shift in the distribution of firm size is non-linear with average firm size increasing till around the 15th percentile, and then getting significantly smaller till the 90th percentile while the largest percentile (95%) gets significantly bigger over the sample period. The marginal entry of small firms is consistent with an increase in competition following entry deregulation. Consistent with a decline in monopoly power, the Herfindahl index of firm sales also shows a significant decline. While summary statistics suggest a decline in average firm profits, quantile regressions show significant non-linearity and a heterogeneous impact of deregulation on profitability.
A Hybrid Scoring Function for Protein Multiple Alignment

Previous algorithms for motif discovery and protein alignment have used a variety of scoring functions, each specialized to find certain types of similarity in preference to others. Here we present a novel scoring function that combines the relative entropy score with a sensitivity to amino acid similarities, producing a score that is highly sensitive to the types of weakly-conserved patterns that are typically seen in proteins. We investigate the performance of the hybrid score compared to existing scoring functions. We conclude that the hybrid is more sensitive than previous protein scoring functions, both in the initial detection of a weakly conserved region of similarity, and given such a similarity, in the detection of weakly-conserved instances.
Facial Challenges to State and Federal Stautes

Courts can hold a statute unconstitutional either on its face or as-applied, and the standards courts use significantly affect the likelihood of a successful constitutional challenge. In this article, Professor Dorf analyzes the Supreme Court's facial challenge doctrine, which purports to restrict facial challenges to those cases in which a statute can be constitutionally applied in "no set of circumstances." Professor Dorf argues first that all persons have a right to be judged by a valid rule of law, and that the Court's current facial challenge doctrine can only be squared with this right if the Court is employing a presumption of severability-that unconstitutional aspects of a statute can be severed from constitutional ones by a process of judicial interpretation. Professor Dorf then discusses the limits imposed on this presumption of severability by both substantive constitutional law and institutional concerns. In analyzing the former, he argues that the First Amendment overbreadth doctrine, which the Court has recognized limits the applicability of the "no set of circumstances" test, should be and in fact has been applied outside the First Amendment context in a manner inconsistent with the facial challenge rule. He also argues that the facial challenge rule is inconsistent with principles of federalism, as it prevents federal courts from giving proper deference to state courts on issues of state law. Professor Dorf concludes that the Court's "no set of circumstances" test does not accurately reflect the Court's facial challenge doctrine, and recommends that the Court eschew categorizing constitutional challenges as either facial or as-applied, focusing instead on the underlying substantive and institutional issues.
Primary sclerosing cholangitis: One disease or several?

Watch a video presentation of this article Watch the interview with the author Figure 1. Answer questions and earn CME
Embracing Web 2.0: Archives and the Newest Generation of Web Applications

Archivists are converting physical collections to digital formats and displaying surrogates of these primary sources on their websites. Simultaneously, the Web is moving toward a shared environment that embraces collective intelligence and participation, which is often called Web 2.0. This paper investigates the extent to which Web 2.0 features have been integrated into archival digitization projects. Although the use of Web 2.0 features has not yet been widely discussed in the professional archival literature, this exploratory study of college and university repository websites in the United States suggests that archival professionals are embracing Web 2.0 to promote their digital content and redefine relationships with their patrons.
Evaluating epidemiologic evidence of the effects of food and nutrient exposures

The objective of this paper is to discuss some of the issues to be considered when evaluating and interpreting epidemiologic evidence from observational studies that collect data on dietary intake. The assessment of such evidence should include consideration of the study design, sample selection, and the measurements of exposure and disease. The degree and type of error in nutrient data can lead to analytic problems and potentially be a source of bias either toward or away from the null value. Because methods of statistical correction and adjustment for error, such as energy adjustment, cannot necessarily completely compensate for sources of bias in dietary data, additional research should be conducted on sources of error in dietary data. Published research using reported dietary data should include a discussion of potential sources of error and their effect on the results. The most useful studies are likely to be those designed to address a clearly defined prior hypothesis about a specific diet-disease relation. Because of the potential for bias and confounding, observational epidemiologic studies of diet and outcome cannot generally provide decisive evidence by themselves either for or against specific hypotheses. Although randomized clinical trials of the effects of specific nutrients or dietary modifications are not always feasible, they provide more definitive results and should generally be considered more valid than observational studies using self-reported dietary intake. Well-designed observational epidemiologic studies using self-reported dietary intake can provide valuable data to support or challenge hypotheses derived from clinical or laboratory data and to suggest further directions for investigation.
Coarsening kinetics in finite clusters

We address the problem of diffusional interactions in a finite sized cluster of spherical particles for volume fractions ${V}_{V}$, in the range 0-0.01. We determined the quasistatic monopole diffusion solution for $n$ particles distributed at random in a continuous matrix. A global mass conservation condition is employed, obviating the need for any external boundary condition. The numerical results provide the instantaneous (snapshot) growth or shrinkage rate of each particle, precluding the need for extensive time-dependent computations. The close connection between these snapshot results and the coarse-grained kinetic constants are discussed. A square-root dependence of the deviations of the rate constants from their zero volume fraction value is found for the higher ${V}_{V}$ investigated. The behavior is consistent with predictions from the diffusion Debye-H\"uckel screening theory. By contrast, a cube-root dependence, reported in earlier numerical studies, is found for the lower ${V}_{V}$ investigated. The roll-over region of the volume fraction where the two asymptotics merge depends on the number of particles $n$ alone. A theoretical estimate for the roll-over point predicts that the corresponding ${V}_{V}$ varies as ${n}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, in good agreement with the numerical results.
An Eikonal Solver in Tilted TI media

Summary We present a finite difference (FD) scheme for the computation of first arrival traveltime on regular grid for transversely isotropic (TI) media. The variable axis of symmetry (providing for dipping TI media) TI eikonal equation is solved by a FD scheme in the celerity domain. Numerical computations illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed TI eikonal solver.
The design of potent, selective, non-covalent, peptide thrombin inhibitors utilizing imidazole as a S1 binding element

Modeling of neutral or mildly basic functional groups in the S1 site of thrombin led to the targeting of imidazole as a S1 binding element and correctly predicted the optimal chain length for connecting this group with the S2 and S3 binding elements. Derivatives of 4-(3-aminopropyl)-imidazole can be selective inhibitors of thrombin demonstrating potent anticoagulant activity.
Probing pH-Tuned Morphological Changes in Core−Shell Nanoparticle Assembly Using Atomic Force Microscopy

This paper reports novel findings of an investigation of pH-tuned morphological changes in a core−shell gold nanoparticle assembly derived from hydrogen-bonding at the encapsulating shells. Our strategy couples the selective assembly of such hydrogen-bonding-linked nanoparticles at patterned substrates with the capability of atomic force microscopy to detect the nanostructural changes in the pH-tuned interfacial process. The selective assembly on a monolayer-patterned substrate provided an ideal imaging platform with an internal standard from the unassembled areas. The detection of significant and reversible changes of both friction and height in the nanoparticle-assembled areas provided new insights into understanding of ionic fluxes and solvation effect within the nanoporous structure, which have important implications to the design of nanoparticle-based interfaces for nanostructured catalysis and molecular recognition.
Guest Editorial for Journal of Perinatology Supplement on the Gadchiroli Field Trial

Neonatal health in developing countries has only recently emerged as a public health priority. In the 1980s and 1990s, the "Child Survival Revolution" focused on interventions that showed the greatest potential to reduce mortality and morbidity among children under 5 years of age. The implementation of several child survival programs — including childhood immunizations, antibiotics to treat pneumonia, oral rehydration fluids to control diarrheal disease,and nutrition monitoring and intervention — led to steady decreases in child mortality in many countries. Since parallel improvements in neonatal survival were small, many in the public health community then believed that neonatal interventions could only be effective in countries with better and easily accessible health care facilities. Thus, as under-five mortality decreased overall, neonatal deaths made up an increasing share of under-five mortality.
Characterization of mimivirus NAD+-dependent DNA ligase

Abstract Mimivirus, a parasite of Acanthamoeba polyphaga , is the largest DNA virus known; it encodes a cornucopia of proteins with imputed functions in DNA replication, modification, and repair. Here we produced, purified, and characterized mimivirus DNA ligase (MimiLIG), an NAD + -dependent nick joining enzyme homologous to bacterial LigA and entomopoxvirus DNA ligase. MimiLIG is a 636-aa polypeptide composed of an N-terminal NAD + specificity module (domain Ia), linked to nucleotidyltransferase, OB-fold, helix–hairpin–helix, and BRCT domains, but it lacks the tetracysteine Zn-binding module found in all bacterial LigA enzymes. MimiLIG requires conserved domain Ia residues Tyr36, Asp46, Tyr49, and Asp50 for its initial reaction with NAD + to form the ligase–AMP intermediate, but not for the third step of phosphodiester formation at a preadenylylated nick. MimiLIG differs from bacterial LigA enzymes in that its activity is strongly dependent on the C-terminal BRCT domain, deletion of which reduced its specific activity in nick joining by 75-fold without affecting the ligase adenylylation step. The ΔBRCT mutant of MimiLIG was impaired in sealing at a preadenylylated nick. We propose that eukaryal DNA viruses acquired the NAD + -dependent ligases by horizontal transfer from a bacterium and that MimiLIG predates entomopoxvirus ligase, which lacks both the tetracysteine and BRCT domains. We speculate that the dissemination of NAD + -dependent ligase from bacterium to eukaryotic virus might have occurred within an amoebal host.
Direct quantification of cannabinoids and cannabinoid glucuronides in whole blood by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

The first method for quantifying cannabinoids and cannabinoid glucuronides in whole blood by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) was developed and validated. Solid-phase extraction followed protein precipitation with acetonitrile. High-performance liquid chromatography separation was achieved in 16 min via gradient elution. Electrospray ionization was utilized for cannabinoid detection; both positive (Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol [THC] and cannabinol [CBN]) and negative (11-hydroxy-THC [11-OH-THC], 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC [THCCOOH], cannabidiol [CBD], THC-glucuronide, and THCCOOH-glucuronide) polarity were employed with multiple reaction monitoring. Calibration by linear regression analysis utilized deuterium-labeled internal standards and a 1/x2 weighting factor, yielding R2 values >0.997 for all analytes. Linearity ranged from 0.5 to 50 μg/L (THC-glucuronide), 1.0–100 μg/L (THC, 11-OH-THC, THCCOOH, CBD, and CBN), and 5.0–250 μg/L (THCCOOH-glucuronide). Imprecision was 50.5%, and bias within ±13.1% of target for all analytes at three concentrations across the linear range. No carryover and endogenous or exogenous interferences were observed. This new analytical method should be useful for quantifying cannabinoids in whole blood and further investigating cannabinoid glucuronides as markers of recent cannabis intake.
Field Experiments in Social Psychology: Message Framing and the Promotion of Health Protective Behaviors

In this article, the authors present the case for field experimentationin social psychology primarily by describing a program of research concerned with psychological aspects of health communication and persuasion. In particular, the authors are most interested in when and for whom are messages emphasizing the benefits of a health behavior (these are called gain-framed messages) more persuasive and motivating than messages emphasizing the costs of not engagingin a behavior(these are called loss-framed messages), andvice-versa. This line of research is as theoretically driven as most laboratory investigations in social psychology, and it involves experimental approaches with random assignment, control groups, and the like. However, most of this work recruits participants in ecologically interesting contexts such as community clinics and housing developments. These especially vulnerable individuals are followed for sufficient periods of time to allow for the assessment of the influence of these health messages on relevant health behaviors such as obtaining a mammogram or acquiring condoms.
The Black Muslims in America

This new edition of Lincoln's classic study details the formation and development of the Black Muslim movement through its wide-ranging expressions in America today, focusing especially on Louis Farrakhan's movement as the true successor to the original Nation of Islam founded by Elijah Muhammad.
Consumer lending and deposit abuses.

Because efficiency and low-cost production are hallmarks of a competitive market, any consumer market failing to exhibit these attributes is subject to government scrutiny and possible regulation. Most existing consumer protection offered by regulations of financial institutions emphasizes financial disclosure: requiring all relevant information about the true cost of banking services to be available to customers to aid them in choosing the most appropriate financial service provider. Financial disclosures encourage consumer shopping and should lead to a more efficient, competitive market. The authors investigate three consumer abuses that may be curtailed with increased financial disclosure and regulation: (1) double interest on home equity loans, (2) excessive automated teller machine fees, and (3) potential delays in posting refunded debit card transactions. The findings of the continued existence of these abuses suggest that it is likely that prohibition of certain fees and charges is needed and that ...
Plasma-Enhanced Processing Of Diamond Films

The myth exists that plasma processing is synonymous with dirty processing. while plasma processing can be a dirty Process, it can also be an exceptionally clean process. Diamond etching by a Plasma process is, in tact, a cleaner process than experienced in any other semiconductor by any other means --- the residue (carbon monoxide) is gaseous and the etch recess/trough is exceptionally clean and undamaged. Artifact diamond films are grown by highly non-thermal equilibrium processes. Most of these processes are plasma processes. Virtually all types of plasmas have been used to synthesize diamond. Among the most-used types are R.F., D.C., and remote plasmas. Plasmas are also used to provide in situ cleaning of the substrate surface prior to growth. Although the diamond surface is one of exceptionally high surface energy (virtually nothing sticks to it) and requires comparatively little cleaning, the economical growth of diamond requires non-diamond substrates which do require cleaning. Artifact diamond grown by various plasma processes are compared with each other and with other growth methods.
The social acceptance of the ex-mental hospital patient.

The belief that the public stigmatize, stereotype, and reject the former mental hospital patient has been so pervasive among professionals that it has formed the framework of reference for major studies dealing with attitudinal social distance from the exmental hospital patient. Using a different approach, it is shown that the sociological characteristics of the patient rather than their normative characterization may be the significant variable for consideration.
THYROIDAL UTILIZATION OF RADIOIODINE IN THE WHITE-THROATED SPARROW AND WEAVER FINCH

The fate of radioiodine injected into white-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis) collected in November, or weaver finches (Euplectes afer taha) collected in February or May, was followed. The thyroid of the white-throated sparrows accumulated an average maximum of about 60% of the injected dose within 6 hours. It was unusual in the high proportion of monoiodotyrosine formed. The February weaver finches concentrated 73% of the injected ‘131 in their thyroids, the May finches 57%. Additional dietary iodine did not significantly affect the thyroidal uptake. Thyroxine given to Euplectes did not appreciably affect the distribution of ‘131 in the different chemical fractions in the the Tyroid, but reduced uptake almost 100-fold from 57% to a maximum of 0.59%. Both species formed thyroxine as well as triiodothyronine. The proportion of administered radioiodine found as thyroxine in the thyroid of the weaver finch was unusually small, 10.7% in February and 2.4% in May, although in white-throated sparrows it...
A Brief Survey of Right-and Left-Handedness

(1917). A Brief Survey of Right- and Left-Handedness. The Pedagogical Seminary: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 19-35.
TH-A-137-08: On the Validity of Target Density Overrides for RapidArc Lung SBRT Treatment Planning

Purpose: It is common practice to calculate lung SBRT plans on free breathing CT scans. Recently, literature has suggested using time average scans or ITV density overridden scans to more accurately calculate dose in lung. We evaluate each of these techniques. Methods: A free breathing (FB) and 4D‐CT were acquired for a Quasar Motion Phantom with lung insert and 3 cm spherical target (Modus Medical Devices Inc, Canada). Target motion was set to ± 1cm parallel to CT table travel at 16 cycles per minute. An ITV was defined on the 4D‐CT with a PTV defined as a 5 mm expansion. RapidArc plans giving 1000 cGy to 96–97% of the PTV in two arcs were created on four image sets: the time average, FB, FB with the ITV set to tissue density, and FB with the PTV set to tissue density. Plans were delivered on a Varian TrueBeam STx (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA) and measured on EBT3 film placed in the phantom target. Reference dose distributions that accounted for film motion were created for each plan by shifting the dose in 2 mm steps over the range of motion and convolving these shifted doses. The film was analyzed in with a gamma metric of 1mm/1%. Results: The passing gamma percentages were 77.9%, 83.6%, 89.1%, and 92.7% for the FB, time average, ITV, and PTV plans, respectively. Profiles along the direction of travel showed hot spots of 5‐10% above the predicted dose just outside the target for the FB and average plans. The ITV plan showed similar hot spots ∼2% above predicted dose. The PTV profile was in good agreement with predicted dose. Conclusion: Though this study is a greatly simplified case, it shows that planning to a tissue density target in lung may produce the most accurate dose predictions.
Visual search and contextual cueing: differential effects in 10-year-old children and adults

The development of contextual cueing specifically in relation to attention was examined in two experiments. Adult and 10-year-old participants completed a context cueing visual search task (Jiang & Chun, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 54A(4), 1105–1124, 2001) containing stimuli presented in an attended (e.g., red) and unattended (e.g., green) color. When the spatial configuration of stimuli in the attended and unattended color was invariant and consistently paired with the target location, adult reaction times improved, demonstrating learning. Learning also occurred if only the attended stimuli’s configuration remained fixed. In contrast, while 10 year olds, like adults, showed incrementally slower reaction times as the number of attended stimuli increased, they did not show learning in the standard paradigm. However, they did show learning when the ratio of attended to unattended stimuli was high, irrespective of the total number of attended stimuli. Findings suggest children show efficient attentional guidance by color in visual search but differences in contextual cueing.
Partial Differential Equations and Bivariate Orthogonal Polynomials

In 1929, S. Bochner identified the families of polynomials which are eigenfunctions of a second-order linear differential operator. What is the appropriate generalization of this result to bivariate polynomials? One approach, due to Krall and Sheffer in 1967 and pursued by others, is to determine which linear partial differential operators have orthogonal polynomial solutions with all the polynomials in the family of the same degree sharing the same eigenvalue. In fact, such an operator only determines a multi-dimensional eigenspace associated with each eigenvalue; it does not determine the individual polynomials, even up to a multiplicative constant. In contrast, our approach is to seek pairs of linear differential operators which have joint eigenfunctions that comprise a family of bivariate orthogonal polynomials. This approach entails the addition of some “normalizing" or “regularity" conditions which allow determination of a unique family of orthogonal polynomials. In this article we formulate and solve such a problem and show with the help of Mathematica that the only solutions are disk polynomials. Applications are given to product formulas and hypergroup measure algebras.
Fatality after Use of Alphaprodine in Analgesia for Dental Surgery: Report of Case

Alphaprodine hydrochloride, in doses of 12 and 6 mg, was injected during an hour into the buccal mucosa of a 28-month-old child who was having dental surgery. Although coma and severe respiratory depression occurred in the patient, adequate treatment—especially sufficient artificial respiratory ventilation—was delayed for more than two hours. A narcotic antagonist (nalorphine hydrochloride or levallorphan tartrate) was not administered conjointly and was not immediately available; when it was administered, it did not significantly alter the condition. The resulting persistent hypoxia led to edema and hemorrhage of the lungs and the brain; this made every further emergency measure at the intensive care unit unsuccessful. About six hours after the first administration of alphaprodine, the child suffered sudden irreversible cardiorespiratory arrest that probably was due to herniation of the metencephalon because of the pronounced cerebral edema.
Modulation of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone-Sensitive Rat Testicular Adenylate Cyclase Activity by Guanyl Nucleotides

We have studied modulation of FSH-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity in testes of immature rats by guanyl nucleotides. Highly purified hFSH alone stimulated adenylate cyclase activity 2.2-fold over basal levels. Addition of the GTP analog, 5'-guanylyl imidodiphosphate [Gpp(NH)p], caused an additional 2.8-fold augmentation of adenylate cyclase activity to 6 times over basal levels and 3.7 times greater than that seen in the presence of Gpp(NH)p alone. GTP did not significantly stimulate basal levels of adenylate cyclase and augmented FSH stimulated activity by 1.4-fold; other nucleotides were without effect. Half-maximum activation of adenylate cyclase in each instance was produced by approximately similar concentrations of either guanyl nucleotide (about 10 μM). The Km for hormone activation of adenylate cyclase was nearly the same in the presence and absence of Gpp(NH)p. Maximum adenylate cyclase stimulation in the presence of nucleotide and/or hFSH was always less than obtained by fluoride alone. Of a...
Deformation strengthening of grain-boundary sliding in a Pb-62wt%Sn alloy

Abstract Direct observation in a scanning electron microscope of the evolution of the grain-boundary sliding (GBS) process in a Pb-62wt%Sn eutectic alloy during superplastic deformation in shear is reported. The distribution of GBS along the shear surface is found to be inhomogeneous and there is evidence of coupling of the processes of GBS and grain-boundary migration. The rate of GBS increases at small stages of strain (up to about 0·8) and decreases thereafter, indicating that the GBS process is eventually accompanied by strain hardening. The observations are compatible with the dislocation model for GBS.
Rescue of infectivity by in vitro transcapsidation of rotavirus single-shelled particles.

We investigated the possibility of rescuing the infectivity of noninfectious single-shelled rotavirus particles by in vitro transcapsidation. The soluble outer capsid proteins VP4 and VP7 were prepared by EDTA treatment of double-shelled (ds) particles of SA11-4F (G serotype 3), followed by removal of single-shelled (ss) particles by three sequential rounds of centrifugation. Ss-particles of B223 (G serotype 10) were prepared by two cycles of EDTA treatment of ds-particles followed by iospycnic CsCl gradient purification. A trace of infectivity (<1000 PFU/ml) was always detected in the preparations of ss-particles, while no detectable infectivity (<5 PFU/ml) was present in the preparations of outer capsid proteins. By mixing soluble outer capsid proteins VP4 and VP7 purified from SA11-4F and ss-particles of B223 at acidic pH (5.4), ds-like, transcapsidated particles were obtained. The transcapsidated particles were indistinguishable from genuine ds-particles by negative stain electron microscopy. However, the particles had a density intermediate between that of ds- and ss-particles. Protease-resistance studies revealed that VP7 was assembled onto transcapsidated particles in a resistant (native) form, but VP4 associated with the particles was completely protease sensitive. Viral infectivity was rescued by in vitro transcapsidation as indicated by a 500- to 1000-fold increase over background. The increased infectivity was neutralized by antiserum against SA11 (outer capsid donor), but not by antiserum against B223 (ss-particle donor). The transcapsidated particles formed small plaques like the B223 parent, and all the infectious progeny viruses contained the B223 genome. These results strongly indicate that the observed increase of infectivity was the result of in vitro transcapsidation.
Building blocks for a polarimeter-on-a-chip

Abstract For the “Primordial Anisotropy Polarization Pathfinder Array (PAPPA)” balloon flight project, we have designed and made thin-film niobium microstrip circuits as building blocks for a “polarimeter-on-a-chip” in which superconducting transmission lines are used to couple millimeter wave signals from planar antennas to superconducting transition edge sensor (TES) detectors. Our goal is to demonstrate technology for precision measurements of the polarization of the cosmic microwave background. To enable characterization and verification of our microstrip components, we have incorporated waveguide probes on each chip that can bring millimeter wave signals from a room temperature vector network analyzer to the superconducting circuits on the chip and back again for S-parameter measurements. We have designed a planar antenna and RF choke on the probes to efficiently couple radiation between waveguide and thin-film microstrip. To support the probe antennas in waveguides, we sculpted thin silicon cantilevers that extend from an edge of each silicon chip into a pair of waveguides within a specially designed split-block mount. This technique will allow us to make calibrated measurements at low temperatures of the velocity, impedance, and loss properties of our niobium transmission lines, the frequency response of microstrip filters, hybrid couplers, or terminations, and the performance of integrated detectors.
Motion in media with percolation thresholds

Sites on a lattice are randomly denoted "good" or "bad" with probability $p$ and ($1\ensuremath{-}p$), respectively. A particle confined to the good sites executes a random walk with nearest-neighbor hopping. We give a method for obtaining the diffusion constant $D$ for all $p$, based upon the real-space renormalization group; $D$ is seen to vanish as $p$ approaches the percolation threshold ${p}^{*}$. We find $D$ for all $p$ on a triangular lattice and we investigate the $p\ensuremath{\sim}{p}^{*}$ regime, where $D$ is found to vary as ${\ensuremath{\xi}}^{\ensuremath{-}x}f(\frac{\ensuremath{\omega}}{{\ensuremath{\xi}}^{\ensuremath{-}y}})$, $x\ensuremath{\sim}0.48$, $y\ensuremath{\sim}2.48$, and $\ensuremath{\xi}$ is the correlation length. Accordingly, $D$ vanishes as ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{0.65}$, $\ensuremath{\epsilon}=|p\ensuremath{-}{p}^{*}|$, and anomalous diffusion occurs on the percolation cluster with the mean-square displacement varying as ${t}^{0.81}$. Further analysis of our earlier theory of the Lorentz gas (where the scatterers define a continuum percolation problem), based upon the self-consistent repeated ring approximation, is shown also to yield the scaling form of $D$ with $D\ensuremath{\sim}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{0.5}$, $\ensuremath{\epsilon}=\frac{|\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{*}|}{{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{*}}$, where $\ensuremath{\rho}$ is the reduced density, and with the mean-square displacement at ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{*}$ increasing as ${t}^{\frac{2}{3}}$ in two and three dimensions.
Microbiological and chemical analyses of ice collected from a commercial poultry processing establishment

A study was conducted to evaluate the microbiological and chemical characteristics of ice collected from a commercial poultry further processing facility. During each of 3 visits, the following ice samples were collected: 1) freshly prepared, unused ice; 2) product-contact ice from ice-packed poultry parts; 3) product-contact ice from ice-packed poultry that had been visibly inspected and condemned as not for reuse; and 4) product-contact ice from ice-packed poultry that had passed visible inspection and had been prepared for reuse by washing (rinse with potable water and drain). The overall pattern for lowest to highest numbers of total aerobic microorganisms, coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacteriaceae was as follows: unused ice < washed ice < product-contact ice < condemned ice. Mean levels of total aerobic microorganisms, coliforms, and Enterobacteriaceae in the unused ice were 0.3, 0.4, and 0.4 log10 cfu/mL, respectively. No E. coli was detected in the unused or washed ice, and levels were 0.5 and 1.5 log10 cfu/mL in the product-contact and condemned ice samples, respectively. Mean levels of bacteria enumerated in condemned ice were 0.8, 1.0, and 0.6 log10 cfu/mL higher than the levels of bacteria found in product-contact ice for coliforms, E. coli, and Enterobacteriaceae, respectively. Washing and draining the product-contact ice decreased counts by 0.9, 0.7, 0.5, and 1.7 log10 cfu/mL for total aerobic microorganisms, coliforms, E. coli, and Enterobacteriaceae, respectively. All of the ice samples had similar pH values (pH 6.1 to 6.4). Unused and washed ice were not significantly different for total solids, total suspended solids, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and chemical oxygen demand. Condemned ice contained the highest concentration of total solids, total suspended solids, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and chemical oxygen demand, with levels more than 3 times that found in product contact ice. Data from the present study demonstrate that visible contamination in ice corresponds with increased microbiological and chemical contamination. Product-contact ice may be washed and the washing procedure can reduce the bacterial, solids, nitrogen, and organic loads.