cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of endogenous NADPH oxidases in airway and pulmonary vascular smooth muscle function.

Reactive oxygen species generated from NADPH oxidase(s) in airway smooth muscle cells and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells are important signaling intermediates. Nox4 appears to be the predominant gp91 homologue in these cells. However, expression of NADPH oxidase components is dependent on phenotype, and different homologues may be expressed during different functional states of the cell. NADPH oxidase(s) appear to be important not only for mitogenesis by these cells, but also for O2 sensing. The regulation of NADPH oxidase(s) in airway and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells has important implications for the pathobiochemistry of asthma and pulmonary vascular diseases.
The elements of crashworthiness: scope and actuality

An across-the board survey of several aspects of crashworthiness is attempted, being in part an update and an improvement to the balance of an early monograph on the subject of The crashworthiness of vehicles of which the writer was co-author (1). Attention is given to perceiving this subject as three interconnected disciplines—materials engineering and design, combustion and fire, and medical engineering or biomechanics—but only after discussing some general guiding principles and the engineer's responsibility for the vehicles he or she produces.The latter subjects, together with short separate sections on head injury, fire fundamentals with broad allusions to vehicle fire situations and studies of kinetic energy absorption systems, comprise Part 1 of the paper.Part 2 reviews some types of collision concentrating on those involving road vehicles but with some attention to the other main types identified. Some useful and provocative conclusions are finally drawn.The author has tried to provide a useful li...
Speech Physiology, Speech Perception, and Acoustic Phonetics

This textbook has been carefully designed to provide a thorough introduction to the study of speech. It assumes no technical background, and students from the wide variety of disciplines contributing to this new and exciting field will find the exposition always accessible. Each chapter progresses from simple examples to more detailed discussions of recent primary research and concludes with problem sets which student's will find interesting and enlightening. All the topics that are essential for a basic understanding of the field are covered - the physiological, biological, and neurological bases of speech; the physics of sound; the source-filter theory of speech production; and the principles underlying electrical and computer models of speech production. All students, whatever their area of special interest speech therapy, phonological theory, psycholinguistics. neurolinguistics, anthropology, etc. - will discover in this text the challenge and fascination of the scientific study of speech. The authors undoubtedly succeed in their explicit aim: not only, to prepare students to evaluate critically the latest research, but also to encourage them to undertake their own research projects.
Obtaining More Out of Less Text in CBI: Effects of Varied Text Density Levels as a Function of Learner Characteristics and Control Strategy.

Learning from expository text in computer-based instruction (CBI) was examined as a function of text density level (high, low, or learner-controlled) and learner characteristics in achievement, attitudes, and reading ability. Low-density text was found to be as effective for learning as high-density text, but was more popular among students and also reduced completion time. The highest achievement was obtained in the learner-control condition, with low-ability readers showing a greater tendency to select high-density text than did high-ability readers. Reading ability was also positively related to achievement in learning from high-density computer text and to preferences for learning from CBI relative to print. Based on the resulte, use of low-density text is suggested as a standard feature or learner-control option for CBI lessons.
The evaluation of irradiation therapy for nonmalignant uterine bleeding at the University of Virginia Hospital.

Abstract 1. 1. Three hundred forty-eight patients receiving pelvic irradiation for benign uterine bleeding have been presented. 2. 2. With the exception of two cases, 178, or 51.2 per cent of these patients have been followed from six months to twenty-one years after the initial treatment. 3. 3. There were 26 nonmalignant and 8 malignant complications which subsequently developed. 4. 4. One patient died as the result of intracavity irradiation in an unrecognized pelvic tuberculosis.
Initial Impacts of the Patient Care Networks of Alabama Initiative.

Objectives To estimate the effects of medical home support on the use of clinical services and Medicaid expenditures. Data Source Medicaid claims. Study Design A difference-in-differences model where changes in utilization and expenditures of the intervention group are compared to changes in the nonintervention group. Extraction Methods Using Medicaid claims from October 2010 through September 2013, service use and expenditures are measured for 12 months before and 21 months after implementation. Changes for four health status groups are examined separately. Principal Findings The introduction of community-based support was associated with a small reduction in use and no statistically significant overall effect on expenditures. However, among those with chronic and/or mental health conditions, there were modest, statistically significant increases in use of and expenditures for a range of ambulatory and inpatient health care services, while service use for those without these conditions declined. Emergency department use increased for all groups. Conclusions Community-based support for medical home practices is associated with a shift in the service mix provided to higher cost, more vulnerable subgroups in Medicaid. Such systems are unlikely to be associated with significant overall cost savings, at least in the short term, but may have other benefits.
Who is Kin?: Family Definition and African American Families

This article explores the ways in which African Americans, define family and kinship. Using data collected using ethnographic methods, issues such as the level of ongoing commitment to extended family structures, fictive kin status and obligations and pathways to kinship status are examined. This study has broad implications for the delivery of culturally appropriate services to African American individuals and families.
Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Black Women

Risk factors for breast cancer were examined in black women in a hospital-based case-control study of 529 black women with breast cancer and 589 controls. Late age at menarche was associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer. Women having 5 or more children had a reduced risk relative to that of women with fewer or no children. Late age at first birth was associated with an elevated risk of breast cancer. Among postmenopausal black women, obesity [as measured by body mass index (BMI)] was associated with an increased risk; among premenopausal women, there was no association of breast cancer with BMI. Women whose menopause occurred at or after age 50 were at increased risk relative to those whose menopause occurred earlier. There was no association between number of years of education and breast cancer in black women. History of benign breast disease and history of breast cancer in mother or sisters both were risk factors. The risk factor profile for breast cancer in black women was similar to that observed in whites.
Characterization of Shock Wave–Endwall Boundary Layer Interactions in a Transonic Compressor Rotor

The passage shock wave–endwall boundary layer interaction in a transonic compressor was investigated with a laser transit anemometer. The transonic compressor used in this investigation was developed by the General Electric Company under contract to the Air Force. The compressor testing was conducted in the Compressor Research Facility at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH. Laser measurements were made in two blade passages at seven axial locations from 10 percent of the axial blade chord in front of the leading edge to 30 percent of the axial blade chord into the blade passage. At three of these axial locations, laser traverses were taken at different radial immersions. A total of 27 different locations were traversed circumferentially. The measurements reveal that the endwall boundary layer in this region is separated from the core flow by what appears to be a shear layer where the passage shock wave and all ordered flow seem to end abruptly.
Q 2 dependence of diffractive ρ meson electroproduction

The Q 2 dependence of diffractive ρ meson electroproduction has been analyzed in the present paper. This dependence arises from the virtual photon–vector meson–reggeon vertex that is represented by a triangle of a quark loop. Integration over the quark loop produces a form involving a Spence function that is symmetric in the external masses connected to the triangle. In the Regge model, the vertex is considered a residue of the Regge pole. As the parameterization of the Regge residue is given by an exponential function of t times the residue at t=0 then, the vertex is reduced to an elementary function. Two pomeron models have also been adopted in the analysis. A reasonable agreement with the data has been achieved.
Magnetic susceptibility of californium ovides

Magnetic susceptibility measurements have been performed on the ovide system of californium. Poly crystalline samples of Cf2O3 (cubic and monoclinic), Cf7O12, CfO2 and BaCfO3 have been studied at magnetic fields up to 50 kG and temperatures between 4.2 and 340 K. All the ovides evhibit Curie-Weiss behavior above 100 K. In all cases, the paramagnetic effective moments are in reasonable agreement with the free-ion, intermediate-coupling value for the 3+ and 4+ charge states assigned on the basis of the stoichiometry. Antiferromagnetic ordering is observed in all these ovides at temperatures below 20 K. Crystal field effects are evident in the temperature range between about 20 and 100 K.
Fatal adult respiratory distress syndrome following successful treatment of pulmonary strongyloidiasis.

Hyperinfection with Strongyloides stercoralis occurs mostly in immunocompromised patients, including those treated with systemic steroids. A case of Strongyloides-induced adult respiratory distress syndrome was recently reported, and we now report a case in which fatal ARDS appeared to result from the successful therapy of massive parasitic infection. (Chest 1991; 99:772–74)
Syntheses of NF4+ salts derived from the lewis acids AlF3 and BeF2

Abstract The new salts NF 4 Be 2 F 5 and NF 4 AlF 4 were prepared from concentrated NF 4 HF 2 solutions and BeF 2 and AlF 3 respectively.
A voting model for the allocation of public goods: Existence of an equilibrium

Abstract It is well known that equilibria may not exist for majority voting over multidimensional policy spaces. This paper shows that certain institutional constraints can be imposed upon the voting process to ensure existence of a restricted equilibrium. A restricted equilibrium point must defeat only those points connected to it by one of an exogenously given set of linearly independent voting vectors. Using this procedure in a general equilibrium model to determine demands for public goods, existence of a general political equilibrium is proven. The equilibrium need not be Pareto optimal and may be manipulated by changing the vectors.
Changes in solubilizing power with concentration for various detergents

Abstract 1. 1. The solubilization of dyes by a series of very different detergents has been studied over a range of concentration for each detergent. 2. 2. The change in solubilizing power with change in concentration is very different for different detergents. Some show a pronounced maximum at a concentration at which they have just become colloidal. Some show maxima and minima, or other changes with concentration. 3. 3. It follows, in agreement with other evidence, that the micelles or colloidal particles in any one concentration of a detergent differ from those in other concentrations of the same detergent. There must be an equilibrium between different kinds of micelles present in the same solution, changing with concentration and other factors.
Relationship of symptom duration and survival in patients with carcinoma of the colon and rectum

The generally held belief that early diagnosis and treatment are associated with a greater proportion of localized tumors and better prospects of salvage is not supported in carcinoma of the large intestine. This study is not to be interpreted to mean that purposefully delayed treatment in an individual patient will improve his chances of survival. Its purpose is to place the emphasis on early diagnosis in its proper perspective. Entirely different methods of diagnosis need to be developed so as to be able to diagnose carcinoma of the large intestine during its presymptomatic phase.
Association between Obesity and Cancer: An Analysis Using the Competing Risk Regression Approach

Cox model has been the commonly used method in past analyses of association between obesity and the risk estimates of cancer in situations where the subjects have also died (or could die) of noncancer events (competing events). The Cox model does not address the presence of competing events convincingly. The competing risk approach accommodates the fact that individuals who died of other causes (competing events) will never die of cancer and thus provides more realistic estimates. This study uses the competing risk approach to study the association of obesity and cancer mortality and compare the analysis results with those based on the traditional Cox model. It was seen that while the cause-specific hazard rate of cancer is significantly higher for obese population compared to normal weight population, the difference is not significant using competing risk approach. We demonstrated that higher cause-specific hazard rate does not necessarily imply higher incidence rate and in situations involving competing events we recommend using competing risk approach in addition to the Cox regression model.
Commentary on "HER2/neu as a Predictive Factor in Breast Cancer"

analysis of HER2 receptor overexpression by a panel of 2 monoclonal and 2 polyclonal antibodies indeed demonstrated variability in the ability to predict response to trastuzumab plus paclitaxel.7 This is not surprising, given the potential for less specific polyclonal antibodies to cross-react with antigenic determinants other than HER2.8 An ongoing, prospective, randomized trial among women with metastatic breast cancer (CALGB 9840), among others, should untangle the “immunohistoconfusion” that presently exists. In this trial, tumor specimens are assessed for gene amplification and receptor overexpression with various antibodies, and serum is assayed serially for levels of circulating shed extracellular domain.9 It may well be that a functional assay that detects HER2 in its activated/phosphorylated state may be a more relevant assay10 for predicting response to certain systemic therapies. Methodologic issues aside, what as
Theory of the echelette grating. I

A formula for the spectral intensity distribution from the echelette grating is derived from the Kirchhoff theory and compared with previous derivations using the Huyghens approximation. Several numerical cases are calculated, and the formulas applied to the case of a plane surface.
The effect of various resuscitative regimens on hemorrhagic shock in puppies

Abstract Since shock secondary to hemorrhage is not infrequently encountered in the pediatric patient, a puppy model was devised to help measure and monitor cardiovascular and metabolic changes that occur before and after resuscitation from hypovolemic shock (mean arterial pressure of 50 mm Hg for 1 hr). Three resuscitation protocols were compared: whole blood (replacement: shed) 1:1, 5% albumin in Ringer's lactate 1:1, and Ringer's lactate 3:1. All dogs survived the experiment and responded similarly during the shock period. Thermal dilution cardiac output rose in all groups after resuscitation; however, in the Ringer's lactate and 5% albumin groups, cardiac output was statistically greater than that observed in the blood group. In all groups, pH and blood pressure approached but did not return completely to baseline levels after resuscitation. In addition, early resuscitation demonstrated a further decrease in pH (“hidden acidosis”) before it began to return toward normal as resuscitation progressed. This study suggests that the infusion of large volumes of Ringer's lactate or 5% albumin in Ringer's lactate are equally efficacious in the treatment of hemorrhage. However, 5% albumin seems to be preferable because it allows infusion of a smaller quantity of electrolyte solution with equivalent physiologic benefits.
Melanopsin—Shedding Light on the Elusive Circadian Photopigment

Circadian photoentrainment is the process by which the brain's internal clock becomes synchronized with the daily external cycle of light and dark. In mammals, this process is mediated exclusively by a novel class of retinal ganglion cells that send axonal projections to the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the region of the brain that houses the circadian pacemaker. In contrast to their counterparts that mediate image-forming vision, SCN-projecting RGCs are intrinsically sensitive to light, independent of synaptic input from rod and cone photoreceptors. The recent discovery of these photosensitive RGCs has challenged the long-standing dogma of retinal physiology that rod and cone photoreceptors are the only retinal cells that respond directly to light and has explained the perplexing finding that mice lacking rod and cone photoreceptors can still reliably entrain their circadian rhythms to light. These SCN-projecting RGCs selectively express melanopsin, a novel opsin-like protein that has been proposed as a likely candidate for the photopigment in these cells. Research in the past three years has revealed that disruption of the melanopsin gene impairs circadian photo- entrainment, as well as other nonvisual responses to light such as the pupillary light reflex. Until recently, however, there was no direct demonstration that melanopsin formed a functional photopigment capable of catalyzing G-protein activation in a light-dependent manner. Our laboratory has recently succeeded in expressing melanopsin in a heterologous tissue culture system and reconstituting a pigment with the 11-cis-retinal chromophore. In a reconstituted biochemical system, the reconstituted melanopsin was capable of activating transducin, the G-protein of rod photoreceptors, in a light-dependent manner. The absorbance spectrum of this heterologously expressed melanopsin, however, does not match that predicted by previous behavioral and electophysiological studies. Although melanopsin is clearly the leading candidate for the elusive photopigment of the circadian system, further research is needed to resolve the mystery posed by its absorbance spectrum and to fully elucidate its role in circadian photoentrainment.
Management cybernetics: total quality management

Discusses TQM (total quality management) and considers whether it is just a new fad and another buzzword. TQM is described as a focused, customizable process that allows the user to take one step at a time towards improvement. It should not be considered a fad, but an improvement process; and it is not “a” tool, but rather the process of using several tools to achieve its ends. Sets forth a simple definition of TQM and explores what TQM means to a potential user. Distinguishes TQM from other current trends (e.g. just‐in‐time and activity‐based costing systems) with which it is sometimes conjoined.
Performance of a non‐nuclear resonant frequency capacitance probe. III. error analysis

Abstract All techniques used to measure soil water content have errors associated with them. These errors are further propagated when soil volumetric water contents are numerically integrated over a number of depth intervals to estimate the soil water storage for the entire profile. Previous studies had field‐tested the performance of a commercial capacitance probe (Troxler Sentry 200‐AP). The probe was calibrated and the measured data on crop water use were compared with that reported previously in literature using other instruments. However, the errors associated with the field estimates of soil water storage and crop water use measured with the Sentry 200‐AP capacitance probe were not evaluated. The objective of this study was to analyze these associated errors. Equations were derived to evaluate the errors incurred in calculating the volumetric water content using the fitted field calibration curve for the Sentry 200‐AP capacitance probe and in the estimates of the crop water use. This study suggests ...
Purification of a prolactin inhibiting hormone and the revealing of hormone D-GHIH which inhibits the release of growth hormone.

Summary A prolactin inhibiting factor (hormone, PIF, PIH) has been purified from porcine hypothalami. Inhibition, in vitro , of prolactin release was observed at a dosage of approx. 10–100 ng, estimated on the basis of uv absorption. The same fraction at the same dosage also inhibited the release of the growth hormone. The entities behaving like PIH and GHIH were separated by high pressure liquid chromatography. The PIH activity was inactivated by pronase. The entity showing GHIH-activity and synthetic somatostatin appear to be different. Since hypothalamic hormones frequently show multiple activities, this entity is provisionally named hormone D-GHIH until it is chemically and biologically characterized. The D-GHIH designation merely defines the assay guiding isolation.
Goniometric measurements of a spray-painted barium sulfate reference panel

Abstract Goniometric measurements of a spray-painted barium sulfate reference panel were made to determine its Lambertian characteristics in the visible and near-infrared (400–1100 nm) range for zenith angles from 0° to 80°. Errors in Lambertian response varied with zenith angle and wavelength and ranged from 0 to 52% in the visible and .03 to 30% in the near-infrared. The non-Lambertian behavior of a reference panel can cause considerable error when its radiance data is used in the calculation of reflectance factors or in the characterization of irradiance conditions. A technique to correct calculated reflectance factors of field targets collected under clear sky conditions for the non-Lambertian response of a spray-painted barium sulfate reference panel is described.
Integrating a CD-ROM database in the accounting curriculum

Abstract This paper presents a methodology for keeping students abreast of a new information technology by integrating the use of optical media for storage and distribution into the accounting curriculum. Two student projects are presented which build proficiency in locating and organizing data in a database and in using intellectual skills to analyze that data. The authors found that these projects made the course material more relevant and meaningful for both the students and the instructor.
Solid-solution hardening of the ternary system Nb-Hf-W

Abstract Measurements of the yield stress as a function of the solute content are reported for a series of ultra-high vacuum degassed Nb-Hf-W single crystals tested at 900°K. Tests of alloys containing up to 10 a/o (Hf + W) show that the yield stress increases with solute content in a nearly linear manner and that the rate of hardening per solute addition is the highest for the most concentrated alloys. Although second-phase precipitates are not expected and are not observed by transmission electron microscopy techniques, the yield stress of the concentrated Nb-Hf-W alloys is sensitive to heat treatment. A phenomenological analysis of the solid-solution hardening of ternary alloys in terms of the binary alloy hardening increments is presented for the case in which the solute atoms have different strengths as obstacles to dislocation motion. The analysis predicts the observed strengthening at total solute concentrations of less than about 5 a/o, but the observed rate of hardening exceeds that predicted at ...
Coronary heart disease mortality and sudden death among the 35-44-year age group in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania.

Abstract Deaths among 35- to 44-year-old black and white men and women residing in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, were investigated. All coroner-certified nontraumatic deaths and practitioner-certified deaths coded as heart, cerebrovascular, or arterial disease, diabetes mellitus, and sudden or ill-defined causes were studied. Using autopsy, coroner, hospital, physician, and/or informant information about medical history, characteristics, and circumstances of death, physicians validated the deaths as due to coronary heart disease (CHD) or another cause. In 1984 to 1989, 616 deaths were investigated, 384 of which were sudden (within 24 hours of onset). Overall CHD mortality was 35.4/100,000/y for white males, 8.4/100,000/y for white females, 61.3/100,000/y for black males, and 19.5/100, 000/y for black females. Although rates varied widely, characteristics, circumstances, and disease history were similar across race-sex groups. CHD mortality was 73% higher in black than white males. Approximately 80% of CHD deaths were sudden.
Radiographic Laxity of the Trapeziometacarpal Joint Is Correlated With Generalized Joint Hypermobility

Purpose Increased joint laxity has been associated with the risk of ligament injury and development of osteoarthritis in large joints such as the knee, but this has not been investigated in depth in the hand. We hypothesized that generalized joint laxity would correlate with radiographic measures of trapeziometacarpal (TM) joint subluxation, as measured in carpometacarpal stress view radiographs. Methods We recruited volunteer subjects of all ages and examined them for generalized laxity using the Beighton-Horan index. A total of 163 subjects, 81 men and 82 women, with an average age of 48 years (range, 20–83 y), were examined. Each subject underwent a stress view radiograph of both TM joints using a previously described technique. Different examiners independently measured radial subluxation of the thumb metacarpal over the trapezium and the articular width of the thumb metacarpal and averaged them. The ratio of the radial subluxation to the articular width was calculated as a measure of radiographic TM laxity. Results The average Beighton score was 2 (range, 0–9). A total of 40 subjects had Beighton scores greater than 4. The mean stress view ratio was 0.31 (range, 0.06–0.58). When we calculated the Pearson correlation coefficient to assess the relationship between the stress view ratio and the Beighton score, a statistically significant correlation was demonstrated. Conclusions In normal volunteers generalized joint laxity is positively correlated with increased mobility of the TM joint, as demonstrated on carpometacarpal stress view radiographs. Type of study/level of evidence Diagnostic I.
EFFECT OF TIME AND TEMPERATURE UPON THE CHLORINATION OF FLINT FIRE CLAY

An experiment is described in which flint fire clays were chlorinated at fixed temperature between 500°C and 950°C and for varying periods of times. A replaceable condensing system permitted the rate of formation of the volatile chlorides to be studied.
Biosynthesis: Is it time to go retro?

Artificial biosynthetic pathways are typically assembled and optimized progressively, from earlier to later steps. This commentary highlights the potential of an alternate regressive method for biochemical pathway design and generation, inspired by the retro-evolution hypothesis and the concept of retrosynthesis. In addition to being a pathway design tool, 'bioretrosynthesis' has potential as a construction and optimization methodology.
Second-Best Linkages and the Gains from Global Reform of Manufactures Trade

The Uruguay Round’s built-in agenda for future WTO negotiations omitted further liberalization in manufactures, yet this paper shows that there are large potential gains to be had from such tariff cuts, especially in the developing countries. In order to fully estimate the benefits of adding industrial products to a future multilateral trade round, we need to take into account the levels of protection in other sectors—most notably agriculture and services—in which many trade flows are highly distorted. This paper examines the nature of the second-best linkages among sectors using a balance-of-trade function approach. The importance of these linkages is evaluated using a numerical general equilibrium model. It is found that, in most cases, the second-best spillovers do not greatly affect the results, implying that the estimated gains from manufacturing reforms will be largely independent of their sequencing. However, in a few regions, most notably the EU, the second-best effects play a significant role.
Strontium isotope composition of alpine-type ultramafic rocks in the Lake Chatuge District, Georgia—North Carolina

The 87Sr/86Sr ratios for a series of ultramafic rocks from the Lake Chatuge region range from 0.7023 to 0.7047, suggesting a direct upper mantle source and precluding a multiple differentiation origin for these alpine-type rocks. Higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7058–0.7068) for serpentinized rocks from this suite apparently reflect the influx of radiogenic 87Sr from the surrounding gneisses and schists during serpentinization.
Dentist unemployment—a Scandinavian reality

New lessons are being learned about the balance between the needs of the public and the changing roles of health professionals.
Minireview: Leptin and Development of Hypothalamic Feeding Circuits

The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH) is a critical component of the forebrain pathways that regulate energy homeostasis, and it plays a particularly important role in relaying leptin signal to other part of the hypothalamus. However, until recently, little was known about the development of these critical pathways. Recent work investigating the development of leptin-sensitive hypothalamic pathways suggests possible developmental mechanisms that may contribute to obesity later in life. Anatomic findings indicate that ARH circuits are structurally and functionally immature until the third week of postnatal life in mice. Recent data also suggest that leptin is required for normal development of ARH pathways and that this developmental activity of leptin is restricted to a neonatal window of maximum sensitivity that corresponds to a period of elevated leptin secretion. Thus, leptin may function to organize formation of hypothalamic circuitry in much the same way that sex steroids act on sexually dimorphic circuits. Perturbations in perinatal nutrition that alter leptin levels may, therefore, have enduring consequences for the formation and function of circuits regulating food intake and body weight.
CASCADING RANDOM WALKS

In this paper, we discuss a simple, Monte Carlo algorithm for the problem of checking whether a Quantified Boolean Formula (QBF) in Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF), with at most two literals per clause has a model. The term k-CNF is used to describe boolean formulas in CNF, with at most k literals per clause and the problem of checking whether a given k-CNF formula is satisfiable is called the k-SAT problem. A QBF is a boolean formula, accompanied by a quantifier string which imposes a linear ordering on the variables of that formula. The problem of finding a model for a QBF formula in CNF, with at at most k literals per clause is called the QkSAT problem. The QkSAT problem is PSPACE-complete, for k≥3. However, the Q2SAT problem can be decided in polynomial time; the graph-based procedure, discussed in [1], is the first such algorithm for this problem. This procedure requires the construction of a global implication graph, corresponding to the input formula and searching for certain paths in this graph. Hence the complete set of clauses must be part of the input. We propose an incremental, randomized approach for the Q2SAT problem that is essentially local in nature, in that the complete clausal set need not be provided at any time, in the presence of a verifier. We show that the randomized algorithm can be analyzed as a one-dimensional random walk, with one reflecting barrier and one absorbing barrier. On a Q2SAT instance with m clauses on n variables, our coin-flipping algorithm runs in time O(n2 · V(m, n)), where V(m, n) is the time required to verify that a given model satisfies the formula. Additionally, if the instance is satisfiable, the probability that our algorithm fails to find a model is less than one half. The design and analysis of a randomized algorithm for a problem, is important from both the theoretical and the practical perspectives. Randomized approaches tend to be simple and elegant, thereby making the process of checking correctness, effortless as well. The randomized approach discussed in this paper lays the groundwork for analyzing a number of problems related to 2CNF formulas and directed graphs. We remark that our work in this paper is the first randomized algorithm for a class of QBFs.
Structural conservation among three homologous introns of bacteriophage T4 and the group I introns of eukaryotes

Abstract Three group I introns of bacteriophage T4 have been compared with respect to their sequence and structural properties. The introns include the td intervening sequence, as well as the two newly described introns in the nrdB and sunY genes of T4. The T4 introns are very closely related, containing phylogenetically conserved sequence elements that allow them to be folded into a core structure that is characteristic of eukaryotic group IA introns. Similarities extend outward to the exon sequences surrounding the three introns. All three introns contain open reading frames (ORFs). Although the intron ORFs are not homologous and occur at different positions, all three ORFs are looped-out of the structure models, with only the 3' ends of each of the ORFs extending into the secondary structure. This arrangement invites interesting speculations on the regulation of splicing by translation. The high degree of similarity between the T4 introns and the eukaryotic group I introns must reflect a common ancestry, resulting either from vertical acquisition of a primordial RNA element or from horizontal transfer.
STRANGE BEDFELLOWS: DEAFNESS, LANGUAGE, AND THE SOCIOLOGY OF KNOWLEDGE

Most deaf children lack mundane knowledge of the world because of language deprivation and, sometimes, social isolation. Most of these children acquire language late and, therefore, remain longer in the Unwelt (the world of stimuli and physical objects) along with non-symboling animals. This ethnographic study of a State School for the Deaf (SSD) presents a picture of a relatively closed linguistic community and its limited fund of knowledge. Wittgenstein's (1973) aphorism, “The limits of my language mean the limits of my world”, is perfectly realized and illustrated at SSD. Some high school students did not know names for parts of a human face. The findings indicate that deaf children live in a world of “gaps” and “blanks” as they maneuver among a disproportionate number of physical (as opposed to social) objects. Their multiple sign language systems and funds of knowledge are relatively more holistic, concrete, and context-bound than are the language and knowledge systems of their English-speaking counterparts. Education at SSD is more a preparation for life at SSD than it is for life in the outlying economic and high-tech society.
Codium amphibium: a species of doubtful validity

Codium amphibium was described by Harvey (1844) on the basis of material sent to him by David Moore, who in turn had received it from the collector, William M'Calla. This material was said to grow 'on turfy banks at extreme high-water mark, near Roundstone, county Galway', and was described as comprising numerous erect, small (to 1/4 in. high), simple, cylindrical or subclavate, obtuse fronds arising from a mass of entangled, divaricately branched filaments densely aggregated into widely spreading patches. Harvey's illustration clearly shows the habit, but his drawing of utricles is neither diagnostic nor accurate [as judged from our study of the type material]. Harvey made particular note of the habitat, which he inferred would place the plant 'beyond the reach of the ordinary sea-level'. In a later work, Harvey (1846, pi. 35 B) illustrated this species with similar drawings and added nothing to the description except to extend the maximum height of the fronds to 'nearly half an inch'. Still later, Harvey (1849, p. 194) increased the maximum height of the fronds to an inch, modified ' simple' to ' usually simple, rarely emarginate or forked', added the locality 'at the head of Birtirbui Bay, Galway' and changed the habitat as follows: 'Turf banks, near high-water mark, but washed by every tide...' Kiitzing (1849, p. 502) furnished a description similar to the original one, based on an Irish specimen sent to him by Berkeley, probably topotype material. In his illustration of this material, Kiitzing (1856, pi. 96, fig. a) snowed an important character of the utricles: a tendency towards pointed apices.
Direct Observation of DPPC Phase Domain Motion on Mica Surfaces under Conditions of High Relative Humidity

Langmuir−Blodgett monolayers of L-α-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) doped with 1,1‘-dioctadecyl-3,3,3‘,3‘-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (diIC18) are studied under conditions of high relative humidity (RH). Monolayers transferred to a freshly cleaved mica surface in the liquid expanded (LE)−liquid condensed (LC) phase coexistence region of the pressure isotherm are studied with tapping-mode atomic force microscopy (TM-AFM), near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM), and confocal microscopy. As the RH is increased above 65%, the small LE and LC domains become mobile on the surface and aggregate to form larger domains of like phase. Analysis of the AFM images confirms that this process does not reflect phase transitions in the monolayer at increased RH but is driven by the energetically favorable decrease in the interfacial line energy of the lipid domains upon aggregation. NSOM measurements of the monolayer confirm that the evolution in the monolayer structure at high RH does not involve...
Latent collagenase in the ulcerating rabbit cornea.

“Latent” collagenase† has been activated by brief trypsin treatment of crude culture media protein from both ulcerating and non-ulcerating (normal) rabbit corneas. Collagenase activity generated in this way is able to cleave re-constituted collagen in fibrils and cleaves soluble collagen into 34- and 14-length fragments in the manner of the vertebrate collagenases. Collagenase activity has been generated also by trypsin treatment of molecular sieve fractions containing protein only slightly larger in size than the manifest collagenase of approximately 40 000 mol weight. Both latent and manifest collagenase treated with trypsin elute with an apparent molecular weight of 23 000 and are capable of being bound by the serum antiprotease, α2-macroglobulin. The nature of the latent collagenase is not known. It may be a complex of collagenase with an inhibitor, or it may be a zymogen.
Age Differences in the Effects of Conscious and Unconscious Thought in Decision Making

The roles of unconscious and conscious thought in decision making were investigated to examine both (a) boundary conditions associated with the efficacy of each type of thought and (b) age differences in intuitive versus deliberative thought. Participants were presented with 2 decision tasks, one requiring active deliberation and the other intuitive processing. Young and older adults then engaged in conscious or unconscious thought processing before making a decision. A manipulation check revealed that young adults were more accurate in their representations of the decision material than older adults, which accounted for much of the age-related variation in performance when the full sample was considered. When only accurate participants were considered, decision making was best when there was congruence between the nature of the information and the thought condition. Thus, unconscious thought was more appropriate when participants relied on intuitive rather than deliberative processing to make their decision, whereas the converse was true with conscious thought. Although older adults displayed somewhat less efficient deliberative processing, their ability to process information at the intuitive level was relatively preserved. Additionally, both young and older adults displayed choice-supportive memory.
Investigation of halogen determination in a helium capacitively coupled microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometer

The measurement of halogens by optical emission spectroscopy is difficult because the resonance lines occur in the vacuum–UV (VUV) region of the spectrum where oxygen and nitrogen absorb light and optical components are less efficient. However, plasmas still show promise as sources for the determination of halogens. Helium plasmas offer an advantage over argon plasmas since helium has a higher ionization potential (24.6 eV for He and 15.8 eV for Ar). Chlorine and fluorine have been measured by a helium hollow cathode discharge (He-HCD), helium capacitively coupled microwave plasma (He-CMP), helium microwave-induced plasma (He-MIP), argon and helium inductively coupled plasmas (ICP), and ICP-mass spectrometry. The majority of sample introduction techniques have involved using the effluent from a gas chromatograph, electrothermal vaporization, or volatile compound formation. Several researchers have used pneumatic nebulization. In this research, organic samples containing organic chlorine or fluorine compounds and aqueous samples of chloride or fluoride ions were introduced into the He-CMP with the use of pneumatic nebulization.
Quantum‐mechanical reaction rate constants from centroid molecular dynamics simulations: Barrier crossing in an asymmetrical double‐well

Quantum-mechanical reaction rate constants were calculated from centroid molecular dynamics (CMD) simulations, for the case of barrier crossing in an asymmetrical double-well potential bilinearly coupled to a harmonic bath. The calculation is based on a recently proposed formulation of the reaction rate constant in terms of the position-flux correlation function, which can be approximated via CMD in a well-defined manner. The predictions of CMD and various simplified versions of it are compared to exact results, which were obtained via the quasi-adiabatic propagator path integral (QUAPI) method, and/or path integral quantum transition state theory (PI-QTST). The predictions based on CMD are found to be in good agreement with both.
Demonstration of a multichannel optical interconnection by use of imaging fiber bundles butt coupled to optoelectronic circuits

Through five experiments, we demonstrate and characterize the basic functionality of imaging fiber bundles for optoelectronic chip-level interconnections. We demonstrate the transmission of spot arrays with spot sizes and a spot pitch roughly equal to 2 and 4 times the core pitch, respectively. We show that optoelectronic integrated circuits, including sources and detectors, can be butt coupled directly to fiber bundles without any additional optical elements. We demonstrate a 16-channel interconnect with -23 dB of cross talk, and we characterize the most significant optical loss mechanism. Finally, we show how imaging fiber bundles can be used to implement more complex interconnection structures by an example of a hybrid-bonded structure that implements a low-cost, high-connectivity solution for more advanced system architectures.
A Clarification of “Ascribed Status’and “Achieved Status”

(1969). A Clarification of “Ascribed Status” and “Achieved Status”. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 53-61.
Behavioral and anatomical analysis of vibration sensibility.

Abstract The essential role of the dorsal funiculus for the discrimination of vibration sensibility has been studied in four monkeys. Animals were trained to respond positively only to vibratory stimuli. Dorsal column section was then performed. All animals retained the ability to respond positively to vibratory stimulation and relearning did not appear to be necessary. The ability to inhibit responses to negative cues was diminished following surgery and never fully restored. A change developed in the animals' behavior characterized by wandering of interest and sudden inattentiveness. It is concluded that vibration sensibility can be discriminated in the absence of the dorsal funiculus.
Phase diagrams of epitaxial Pb(Zr,Ti)O 3 ultrathin films from first principles

An ab-initio-based approach, that includes strain, ferroelectricity, and tilting of the oxygen octahedra as degrees of freedom, is developed to investigate temperature-versus-misfit-strain and temperature-versus-composition phase diagrams of $\text{Pb}(\text{Zr},\text{Ti}){\text{O}}_{3}$ ultrathin films near their morphotropic phase boundaries. Many features---originating from the interplay between composition, strain, polarization and oxygen octahedra tilting---are observed. Examples of such features are (i) an unusual behavior of the Curie temperature as a function of the compressive strain; (ii) a very rich variety of low symmetry phases; and (iii) several multiphase points that are each associated with four phases.
Antigen responsiveness of an established human B-lymphoid cell line. I. Evidence for a surface receptor for Candida antigen detected by direct migration inhibition.

Abstract Responsiveness to a soluble crude Candida albicans antigen (CaAg) by a long-term human lymphoid cell line with B-cell characteristics (PGLC-33H) is demonstrated by the direct migration inhibition (DMI) assay. An inability to detect comparable CaAg responses in other tested B- and T-lymphoid cell lines suggests that this may be a specific response for PGLC-33H cells. CaAg responsiveness is completely abrogated by trypsinization of cells. Regeneration of CaAg responsiveness is temperature dependent, detectable in 8–14 hr in cells maintained at 37°C. Trypsinized cells kept at 4°C do not regain CaAg response. The rate of cell-CaAg interaction is rapid and not temperature dependent. Cells pulsed with CaAg at 37, 25, and 4°C demonstrate comparable DMI responses following a 2-min pulse with CaAg. These findings suggest that PGLC-33H cells have surface receptors for CaAg which result in the inhibition of cell migration upon exposure to antigen.
Waste-Heat Driven Miniature Absorption Refrigeration System Using Ionic-Liquid as a Working Fluid

An ionic-liquid (IL) is a salt in a liquid state usually with an organic cation and inorganic anion. ILs provide an alternative to the normally toxic working fluids in absorption systems, such as the ammonia/water system. They also eliminate the problems of poor temperature match, crystallization and metal-compatibility problems of the water/LiBr system. In the present study, an IL is explored the working fluid of a miniature absorption refrigeration system so as to utilize waste-heat within the system for low-cost, high-power electronics cooling. To determine performance benchmarks for the refrigerant/IL (e.g. [bmim][PF6 ]) pairs, system-level simulations have been carried out. An NRTL model was built and used to predict the solubility of the mixture as well as the mixture properties such as enthalpy and entropy. The properties of the refrigerants were determined using REFPROP 6.0. Saturation temperatures at the evaporator and condenser were 25°C and 50°C, respectively. Chip power was fixed at 100 W with the operating temperature set at 85°C. R32 gave the highest operating efficiency with the maximum coefficient of performance (COP) of ca. 0.55 while R134a and R152a showed comparable performance with the maximum COP of ca. 0.4 at the desorber outlet temperature of 80°C. When waste-heat is available for the system operation, R134a and R152a COPs were comparable or better than that of R32.Copyright © 2011 by ASME