cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Management of Complex Arteriovenous Malformations Using a Novel Combination Therapeutic Algorithm

Importance Current therapeutic options for patients with extracranial head and neck arteriovenous malformations are limited. Surgical intervention, such as sclerotherapy or resection, often result in rapid recurrence and progression of disease. Objective To assess the efficacy and tolerability of sirolimus as an adjuvant therapy for endovascular embolization in the management of complicated extracranial head and neck arteriovenous malformations. Design, Setting, and Participants This case series examined 6 patients with extracranial head and neck arteriovenous malformations treated from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2017, at a multidisciplinary vascular anomalies clinic within Stanford Hospital and Clinics. Intervention Initiation of sirolimus at least 1 month prior to endovascular embolization, targeting a trough level of 10 to 15 ng/mL throughout the course of the endovascular embolization series and continued for at least 1 month after the series. Main Outcomes and Measures Clinical manifestations; disease progression and overall response to treatment were assessed via clinical evaluation and radiographic imaging. Results All 6 patients (4 male and 2 female patients; mean age, 24.5 years [range, 9-44 years]) responded favorably to the combination of sirolimus therapy followed by endovascular embolization, and 4 patients exhibited a near-complete response. The median duration of follow-up was 19 months (range, 6-40 months). One patient discontinued sirolimus soon after embolization and experienced regrowth of the arteriovenous malformation after 1 year. Sirolimus was resumed, which has stabilized his disease for more than 2 years. Mild adverse effects were noted in 4 patients. The combination therapy was well tolerated in all patients. One patient developed skin ulceration after embolization and required surgical debridement. Another patient developed pulmonary microthrombi after embolization with cyanoacrylate glue that resolved with a brief course of anti-inflammatory therapy. Conclusions and Relevance Although further prospective trials are needed, this report suggests the benefit of a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor as an adjuvant therapy for surgical embolization of complex, extracranial head and neck arteriovenous malformations. The optimal dosing and therapeutic duration of sirolimus treatment before and after embolization remain to be determined.
ESSA and School Improvement: Principal1 Preparation and Professional Development in a New Era of Education Policy:

School leadership, next to teacher quality, plays the largest role in improving the educational outcomes of students. As such, federal and state policies have sought to hold principals accountable ...
Analysis of the Leaf Essential Oil of Stauranthus perforatus from Monteverde, Costa Rica

The leaf essential oil of Stauranthus perforatus Leibm. (Rutaceae) from Monteverde, Costa Rica, was isolated by hydrodistillation and the chemical composition determined by GC–MS. The most abundant...
Interpersonal Feelings and Knowledge Seeking in China

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the roles of interpersonal feelings in knowledge seeking in China. Specifically, the study examined and tested the potential effects of two interpersonal feelings (j...
Will That Pulmonary Nodule Become Cancerous? A Risk Prediction Model for Incident Lung Cancer

This prospective investigation derived a prediction model for identifying risk of incident lung cancer among patients with visible lung nodules identified on computed tomography (CT). Among 2,924 eligible patients referred for evaluation of a pulmonary nodule to the Stony Brook Lung Cancer Evaluation Center between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2015, 171 developed incident lung cancer during the observation period. Cox proportional hazard models were used to model time until disease onset. The sample was randomly divided into discovery (n = 1,469) and replication (n = 1,455) samples. In the replication sample, concordance was computed to indicate predictive accuracy and risk scores were calculated using the linear predictions. Youden index was used to identify high-risk versus low-risk patients and cumulative lung cancer incidence was examined for high-risk and low-risk groups. Multivariable analyses identified a combination of clinical and radiologic predictors for incident lung cancer including ln-age, ln-pack-years smoking, a history of cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and several radiologic markers including spiculation, ground glass opacity, and nodule size. The final model reliably detected patients who developed lung cancer in the replication sample (C = 0.86, sensitivity/specificity = 0.73/0.81). Cumulative incidence of lung cancer was elevated in high-risk versus low-risk groups [HR = 14.34; 95% confidence interval (CI), 8.17-25.18]. Quantification of reliable risk scores has high clinical utility, enabling physicians to better stratify treatment protocols to manage patient care. The final model is among the first tools developed to predict incident lung cancer in patients presenting with a concerning pulmonary nodule.
Adjuvant radiotherapy after primary surgical resection in patients with adrenocortical carcinoma: Retrospective cohort analysis.

4641 Background: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy with high recurrence and mortality rates. The role of adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) to improve outcome remains unclear. Considering...
Electromagnetic Waves Through Disordered Systems: Comparison of Intensity, Transmission and Conductance

We obtain the statistics of the intensity, transmission and conductance for scalar electromagnetic waves propagating through a disordered collection of scatterers. Our results show that the probability distribution for these quantities x, follow a universal form, YU(x) =xne-xμ. This family of functions includes the Rayleigh distribution (when α=0, μ=1) and the Dirac delta function (α →+ ∞), which are the expressions for intensity and transmission in the diffusive regime neglecting correlations. Finally, we find simple analytical expressions for the nth moment of the distributions and for to the ratio of the moments of the intensity and transmission, which generalizes the n! result valid in the previous case.
The WORC Index and Predicting Treatment Failure in Patients Undergoing Primary Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair.

Background:Rotator cuff tears are common injuries that are reliably treated with arthroscopic repair, producing good to excellent results. The Western Ontario Rotator Cuff (WORC) index is a validat...
Identity Negotiation in Military Service Members

The identity of the hero and of military service members are often intricately linked in hegemonic civilian discourse. This connection is often created through popular media, such as film, and achievement recognition, such as the Medal of Honor. However, veteran identities are not limited to this connection, as there are multiple identities that a veteran can embody. This study takes a rhetorical approach through discourse analysis of an interview conducted with a Navy veteran in order to demonstrate the fluidity and multiplicity of identities that veterans constitute themselves as, as well as how the hero identity is negotiated. [1] This research received IRB approval from Hobart and William Smith Colleges.
Epinephrine-Induced Sickle Red Cell Adhesion and Vaso-Occlusion In Vivo Is Inhibited by the β-Adrenoceptor Blocker Propranolol.

Abstract Painful vaso-occlusive episodes in SCD are commonly associated with infection and other less definable stressors. Since epinephrine activates sickle red cell (SS RBC) adhesion in vitro, we studied the physiologic effect of adrenoceptor signaling activation by epinephrine on SS RBC adhesion to endothelium in vivo. We also investigated whether β-adrenoceptor blockade by propranolol would reduce adhesion and vaso-occlusion. Boluses of washed fluorescently labeled human SS RBCs, treated with epinephrine or vehicle in vitro, were infused into anesthetized athymic nude mice with window chambers implanted into their dorsal skin. Intravital microscopy of contralateral subdermal microvasculature was then performed to observe the dynamic interactions between flowing human SS RBCs and non-activated endothelium. Epinephrine induced human SS RBC adhesion, with frequent postcapillary obstruction. In contrast, neither sham-treated SS RBCs nor epinephrine-treated normal RBCs adhered appreciably to endothelium. Blood flow rates in venules of mice infused with epinephrine-treated SS RBCs was dramatically decreased, with fluxes of 19667±9048 and 6622±1494 circulating RBC/min/μm2 for sham-treated and epinephrine-treated cells, respectively (p=0.0074). SS RBC trapping in lung, spleen and kidney was assessed by fluorescence microscopy of frozen tissue sections collected 30 minutes post injection. Sham-treated SS RBCs were trapped to some degree in the lungs and spleen but only minimally in the kidney. However, epinephrine treatment markedly increased SS RBC trapping in all organs. To quantitate cell survival, sham-treated and epinephrine-treated SS RBCs labeled with different fluorescent dyes were co-infused into the same mouse. Blood samples were collected at intervals after infusion and analyzed by flow cytometry. Ten minutes after infusion, the percentage of circulating sham-treated SS RBCs was 3-fold higher than for epinephrine-treated cells, thus showing an inverse relationship between the percentage of circulating SS RBCs and the degree to which these cells were trapped in the organs studied. Finally, to determine whether propranolol can block epinephrine-induced SS RBC adhesion, SS RBCs were pretreated with propranolol, followed by treatment with epinephrine, then washed before infusion. Propranolol significantly inhibited the effect of epinephrine on SS RBC adhesion, resulting in markedly decreased obstruction of postcapillary vessels. Propranolol improved epinephrine-treated SS RBC circulation, with fluxes of 18809±7868, 3560±1443 and 16722±4985 circulating RBCs/min/μm2 for propranolol-treated, epinephrine-treated, and propranolol+epinephrine-treated cells, respectively (p
The effect on patient dose and image quality of simultaneous acquisition of high-resolution small field of view (FOV) and regular-resolution large FOV imaging modes of a dual-resolution imaging detector

A new imaging x-ray detector with 194μm pixel conventional FPD imaging mode for large area visualization with detector field-of-views (FOV) ranging from 12 inch to 6 inch and a 76μm pixel high resolution high-definition (Hi-Def) zoom mode for smaller region-of-interest (ROI) visualization with FOV’s from 3 to 1.5 inches in one detector panel was built to improve visualization of endovascular devices during neurovascular interventions. In this work we investigate the effect of simultaneous use of both imaging modes on entrance kerma area product (KAP) and scatter at the detector. The entrance KAP and the scatter reaching the detector during simultaneous acquisition is the same as the large FOV FPD mode acquisitions, both higher than just Hi-Def mode acquisition. When a 0.7mm thick differential ROI Cu attenuator with a circular 10mm hole was aligned to the Hi-Def detector area, the entrance air kerma is reduced by 70%. To study the effect of scatter on image quality, Hi-Def images of the devices such as guide catheter and stents placed on a head equivalent phantom were acquired with the x-ray field opened to 8inch FOV, with and without the grid. Compared to the 3 inch Hi-Def FOV, with the grid the contrast of the guide catheter tip was reduced by 11% when the FOV was opened to 8 inch; however, without the grid the reduction in contrast was 36%. With the ROI attenuator and no grid the contrast was reduced by 16% when the FOV was opened to 8inch.
Potentially Harmful Ionizing Radiation Exposure from Diagnostic Tests and Medical Procedures in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

Background Patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) may have significant potentially harmful ionizing radiation exposure (PHIRE) from diagnostic tests and medical procedures (DTMP) during their initial hospitalization. Methods In this single-center, retrospective, observational study, we evaluated the incidence of PHIRE using all patients with radiographically proven aSAH who survived hospitalization over a 6-year period. Patient data were then used to fit a full logistic regression model, a reduced-variable logistic regression model with least absolute shrinkage and selection operator penalty, and a nonparametric tree-based model. Testing data were then used to calculate each predictive model's accuracy. Results Of 192 patients included in this study, 69 (35.9%) met criteria for PHIRE. Patients with PHIRE were more likely to have a poor Hunt-Hess Score (40.6% vs. 12.2%, P Conclusions On the basis of our data, PHIRE occurs in approximately 35% of aSAH patients. The reduced-variable logistic regression model had the greatest predictive accuracy for PHIRE. Future studies should validate our findings and predictive models and, if our conclusions hold, further clarification of the risks of PHIRE and methods to reduce PHIRE should be investigated.
Critical Mass: Use of Pediatric Massive Transfusion Protocol after Catastrophic Cerebral Aneurysm Rupture

Introduction: Although less common than its adult counterpart, pediatric massive transfusion remains an active area of research to reduce patient harms. Massive transfusion is generally defined as the transfusion of the equivalent of one total blood volume (TBV) calculated as mL/kg based on the patient’s age group (e.g. 80mL/kg for infants) within 24 hours or half of total blood volume within 12 hours. Balanced transfusion, such as with a 1:1:1 (pRBC:platelet:plasma) transfusion ratio, is associated with improved survival in adult but not pediatric literature. Case Report: We present the case of a 9-month-old previously healthy …
Perianal Paget's disease: report of seven cases.

Seven cases of patients with Paget's disease of the anus are presented. The clinical picture is variable. Treatment and prognosis depend on the presence of an underlying invasive carcinoma. If present, treatment is directed toward the underlying carcinoma. If invasive carcinoma is not present, local excision with clear margins is sufficient. Patients who had Paget's disease of the anus without underlying invasive malignancy were cured, although multiple excisions were required. Patients who had perianal Paget's with invasive carcinoma that had already metastasized to the inguinal nodes did poorly, and all died despite treatment. When extramammary Paget's disease was associated with early localized invasive carcinoma the patients did well. The case for “cancer proneness” in extramammary Paget's disease is supported by this study. Seventy-one per cent of patients who had perianal Paget's disease had associated malignancies, and one patient had three separate carcinomas.
Empirical Modeling of the Redshift Evolution of the [{\rm{N}}\,{\rm{II}}]/Hα Ratio for Galaxy Redshift Surveys

We present an empirical parameterization of the [N ii]/Hα flux ratio as a function of stellar mass and redshift valid at 0 43.0 for galaxies at redshifts z ~ 1.5. This has implications for the prediction of Hα emitters for Euclid and WFIRST. We also study the impact of blended Hα and [N ii] on the accuracy of measured spectroscopic redshifts.
The “General Problem Solver” Does Not Exist: Mortimer Taube and the Art of AI Criticism

This article reconfigures the history of artificial intelligence (AI) and its accompanying tradition of criticism by excavating the work of Mortimer Taube, a pioneer in information and library sciences, whose magnum opus, Computers and Common Sense: The Myth of Thinking Machines (1961), has been mostly forgotten. To convey the essence of his distinctive critique, the article focuses on Taube's attack on the general problem solver (GPS), the second major AI program. After examining his analysis of the social construction of this and other “thinking machines,” it concludes that, despite technical changes in AI, much of Taube's criticism remains relevant today. Moreover, his status as an “information processing” insider who criticized AI on behalf of the public good challenges the boundaries and focus of most critiques of AI from the past half-century. In sum, Taube's work offers an alternative model from which contemporary AI workers and critics can learn much.
Thermal transport in superconducting niobium nitride: A first-principles study

Superconducting metallic transition-metal nitrides, especially from the family of NbNx, are promising in various applications. Due to the fact that the lattice constants and the crystal structures are similar to those of GaN, GaN/NbN heterostructures have been grown to combine the benefits of superconductors and semiconductors, where the thermal transport property is of great significance. In this Letter, the thermal transport property of metallic hexagonal NbN is studied using a first-principles approach with the consideration of both electron and phonon scatterings. It is interesting to find that unlike most metals, phonons play a bigger role in hexagonal NbN compared to electrons, due to a relatively small electron density of states near the Fermi level. At room temperature, our calculated thermal conductivity is close to the experimental data. Our findings can provide a deeper understanding of how heat is transported in metallic transition-metal nitrides and may help design semiconductor/superconductor heterostructures.
Book Review: Breaking Through Schizophrenia: Lacan and Hegel for Talk Therapy. Wilfried ver Eecke.

A book review of Wilfried Ver Eecke's 2019 work, Breaking Through Schizophrenia: Lacan and Hegel for Talk Therapy.
Reduction of central line-associated bloodstream infections in a large acute care hospital in Midwest United States following implementation of a comprehensive central line insertion and maintenance bundle.

Background:Central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) is a preventable medical condition that results in increased patient morbidity and mortality. We describe the impact of various qua...
Disparities in Health Care and the Digital Divide.

Disparities in health outcomes are a well documented and worrisome part of our health care system. These disparities persist in spite of, and are occasionally exacerbated by, new technologies that are intended to improve health care. This results in a “digital divide” in which populations that have poorer health outcomes continue to have poorer health outcomes despite technological improvements. In many ways, the digitical divide is already shrinking via improved access to internet and technology/process improvements. For example, people with schizophrenia, PTSD, and bipolar disorder have had their care successfully augmented by new technology. However, problems persist- being impoverished, female, and black all correlate with decreased probability of completing a telehealth visit, and millions of americans have insufficient internet access to complete telehealth visits. We must continue to utilize new technology in health care to improve outcomes, but we must also be wary to ensure those outcomes are equitable across different populations.
Behavioral Factors: Substance Use

Publisher Summary Substance use is an important risk factor associated with adolescent suicide attempts. Suicide attempters reported high rates of substance use, ranging from 23–42%. Overall, the researchers observed a strong relationship between substance abuse and attempted suicide. Only one study found that rates of substance use were not significantly higher in suicide attempters as compared to a group of nonsuicidal adolescents referred for psychiatric evaluation. It has found there is a significant association between suicidal behavior and substance use in adolescents. This chapter concludes that substance use is related to increased incidence, increased repetitiveness, increased seriousness of intent, and increased medical lethality of adolescent suicide attempts. In the past decade, many studies have explored the relationship between substance abuse and suicide attempts. The large number of these studies underscores the importance of substance abuse as a risk factor for suicidal behavior. This review approaches the literature from three different perspectives. Further, this chapter focuses on substance use among suicide attempters in various clinical samples, including attempters in inpatient and outpatient settings and delinquent or homeless youth. It examines suicide attempts in adolescent substance users. It studies the relationship between substance abuse and suicide attempts in adolescent community samples. By reviewing this diverse range of literature, it evaluates the role that substance use can play in suicidal behavior by adolescents.
Circuit mechanisms underlying memory encoding and retrieval in the long axis of the hippocampal formation

Circuits within the hippocampal formation are active during memory processing. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine multiple sites across the long axis of the hippocampal formation while subjects performed different phases of an associative memory task, learning to associate faces with names. Viewing faces and hearing names in isolation resulted in separate hippocampal activation patterns. Pairing faces with names resulted a spatially redistributed activation pattern, rather than a simple summation of the activation patterns resulting from viewing faces and hearing names in isolation. Recalling names when cued with faces reactivated a pattern similar to that found during paired training. Finally, the activation patterns representing faces and names were found to be experience dependent, emerging with repeated exposure. Interpreted in the context of hippocampal anatomy and physiology, these findings reveal hippocampal circuit mechanisms that underlie memory encoding and retrieval.
The future of PHENIX: upgrading to sPHENIX and beyond

sPHENIX is a major upgrade to the PHENIX detector enabling high-rate, large acceptance measurements of upsilons, direct photons and fully reconstructed jets in p-p, p-A and A-A collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). These detailed measurements will probe the Quark Gluon Plasma near its transition temperature, in a region of strongest coupling. The sPHENIX detector consists of hadronic and electromagnetic calorimetry, and charged particle tracking in conjunction with the recently acquired 1.5 tesla BaBar super-conducting solenoid. The sPHENIX acceptance of 2π in azimuth and |η | < 1.1 in pseudo-rapidity provides a factor of six improvement over the present PHENIX central spectrometer. Beyond being an excellent RHIC detector, sPHENIX provides an outstanding foundation for a detector focused on the physics of a possible future electron-ion collider at RHIC (eRHIC). In this talk we will discuss the physics potential of the sPHENIX detector, the design and technology choices for the sPHENIX calorimeters, and the conceptual design of a day-one detector for eRHIC.
Chapter 8 Statistical Estimation in Computer Simulation

Abstract A fundamental goal of a discrete-event simulation experiment is the computation of point and confidence interval estimators for various performance measures, such as means and quantiles. Data generated during a single simulation run are sample paths from serially correlated stochastic processes. This chapter presents various forms of point estimators for means and quantiles, and shows how the user can account for the dependencies in within-run data towards the computation of valid confidence intervals. Finally, this chapter reviews methods for estimating a density function using a random sample.
On Network Resource Management for End-to-End QoS

This article examines issues and challenges in building distributed Quality-of-Service (QoS) architectures. We consider architectures that facilitate cooperation between the applications and the network so as to achieve the following tasks. Applications are allowed to express in their own language their QoS (performance and cost) requirements. These application-specific requirements are communicated to the network in a language the network understands. Resources are appropriately allocated within the network so as to satisfy these requirements in an efficient, scalable, and reliable manner. Furthermore, the applications and the network have to cooperate “actively” (or continually) to be able to achieve these tasks under time-varying conditions.
Photothermal sensing techniques for thin-film characterization

Photothermal sensing techniques are widely used in materials characterization and are particularly useful for noninvasive inspection of thin film coatings. The specific applications include measuring optical absorption, characterizing thermal conductivity, detecting local defects, as well as monitoring laser-interaction dynamics and determining laser modification thresholds as well as thermal/acoustic impedance at boundaries of multilayers. This paper introduces the basic concepts and principles of photothermal sensing techniques, the various detection methods, and the progress made during the last a few years in applying these techniques to characterization of thin film coatings, particularly those for high power laser applications. The further potential and limitations of these techniques will also be discussed, with emphasis on spectroscopic studies and in-situ investigations.
Identification of Ergonomic-Related Hazards in an Industrial Sample Using the National Occupational Exposure Survey

The National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) was used to determine probabilities for 4 potential physical-agent and 10 potential ergonomic-related exposure hazards among a representative sample of U.S. industries. Potential physical-agent hazard exposures, principally whole-body and segmental vibration, were highest among railroad and heavy construction industries. Several construction industries had high probabilities of potential ergonomic-related exposure hazards, especially to the back and upper extremities.Establishments with 100 to 249 employees had the highest probability of potential exposures to the 2 types of hazards. Measures of safety and health climate did not differ consistently between high-hazard and low-hazard establishments. The approach taken in this paper may be used to help identify highrisk industries, evaluate interventions, and develop inspection strategies.
Corrigendum to “Animal Models for the Study of Rodent-Borne Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses: Arenaviruses and Hantaviruses”

We identified an error in our review “Animal Models for the Study of Rodent-Borne Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses: Arenaviruses and Hantaviruses” [1]. In Section 2.6 “Development of Low Containment Arenavirus Animal Models through Adaptation of Pichinde Virus to Hamsters and Guinea Pigs” the sentence, “This may be owed to similar receptor usage as NW arenavirus of clade A usurp α-dystroglycan for cellular entry, whereas clade B NW arenavirus bind transferrin receptor,” is incorrect. The correct sentence is “Clade C, but not clade A, new world arenaviruses usurp α-dystroglycan as their major receptor” (C. F. Spiropoulou, S. Kunz, P. E. Rollin, K. P. Campbell, and M. B. A. Oldstone, “New World arenavirus clade C, but not clade A and B viruses, utilizes α-dystroglycan as its major receptor,” Journal of Virology, vol. 76, no. 10, pp. 5140–5146, 2002). The receptor for the clade A viruses, including Pichinde virus, is unknown.
Effects of weathering and flue-curing on monocrotophos residues on tobacco.

Disappearance of monocrotophos from flue-cured tobacco was studied at three locations (Kinston, Clayton, and Reidsville, North Carolina) in 1973. Average residues on green tobacco leaves collected immediately after application were 41 and 84 ppm, respectively, for applicaton rates of 0.56 and 1.12 kg/ha. Levels declined to about 18 and 40 ppm for the two rates three days after application, to about 9 and 23 ppm at five days, and to about three and eight ppm at nine days. Conventional curing reduced residues on flue-cured tobacco by at least 99%.
Fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (FACE) of glycosaminoglycans

Abstract Objective Quantitation and analyses of the fine structure of glycosaminoglycans are increasingly important for understanding many biological processes, including those most critical for understanding skeletal biology. We have developed a novel procedure, fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (FACE), for determination of glycosaminoglycan fine structure and estimation of chain length. Design FACE utilizes enzymes that cleave glycosaminoglycans to create products, usually disaccharides, characteristic of the enzyme specificity. Each cleavage exposes a new reducing terminus that is fluorotagged by reductive amination with 2-aminoacridone. The tagged products are then displayed by electrophoresis, identified by their characteristic migration and chemistry, and quantitated by their molar fluorescence. Results Each class of glycosaminoglycan and the enzymes specific for each class are discussed. Specific application of the FACE technology is shown for analysis of the glycosaminoglycans on aggrecan isolated from knee cartilage of 5- and 68-year-old patients, and assessment of hyaluronan oligosaccharides. Conclusions The FACE technology is a powerful tool for analysis of all four classes of glycosaminoglycans obtained from a wide variety of biologic sources. While the FACE protocols are relative simple, they provide a wealth of information including quantitation in the pmole range, determination of fine structure, and estimation of chain length.
Slow variation of the amplitude of acoustic distortion at f2-f1 in awake rabbits.

Abstract A slow, reversible change in f 2 − f 1 distortion-product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) amplitude in the absence of correlated changes in 2 f 1 − f 2 DPOAE amplitude has been recently reported in anesthetized guinea pigs and gerbils, suggesting a dissociation in the generation of these two emissions. It was proposed that the observed changes in f 2 − f 1 amplitude may represent an efferent influence on cochlear mechanics [Brown A.M., Hear. Res., 34, 27–38, 1988]. In the present study, a search was made for similar changes in f 2 − f 1 amplitude in awake rabbits. Qualitatively similar variations in f 2 − f 1 DPOAE amplitude, in the absence of 2 f 1 − f 2 amplitude variations, were found in all ears tested, supporting the hypothesis of a dissociation of the generators of the two DPOAEs. The behavior of the f 2 − f 1 DPOAE amplitude changes observed here, however, provided no evidence of an efferent involvement.
Juje Jackie Siddi: “Barefoot Entrepreneur” of Haliyal, Uttara Kannada

This article offers a perspective on Siddi (Indians with African ancestry) life and community through the profile of Juje Jackie Siddi and his highly productive activities for his community. My previous studies addressed religious practices of the Siddis of Gujarat, India, and their uses in articulating a distinctive social and cultural identity. This article departs from such a focus on religion, and explores the life and work of Juje as a “barefoot entrepreneur” who uses skills and resources to create employment opportunities for his Siddi community. Juje's activities include working with local non-profit organisations and promoting athletics programmes for the benefit of Siddi youth in the village of Haliyal, located in the Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka state in southwest India.
HYDROPHOBICITY VERSUS ACTIVITY IN CROSSLINKED INTERFACIAL PEPTIDE INHIBITORS OF HIV-1 PROTEASE

Abstract Crosslinked peptides with amino functionality incorporated within the tethering moiety 2a-c , 3a-c were synthesized and tested as interfacial inhibitors of HIV-1 protease As part of a strategy to develop the novel method of dissociative inhibition as a viable pharmacological approach, compounds were made to test hydrophobicity and size requirements of the tethering moiety. In the case of crosslinked interfacial peptide inhibitors of HIV-1 protease, hydrophilic 2a-c and bulky hydrophobic 3a-c tethers decreased effectiveness by approximately 10- and 2-fold, respectively.
Microviscosity and wavelength effects on radical cage pair recombination

Abstract This study probed two aspects of the reactivity of geminate radical cage pairs formed by photolysis of Cp 2 ′ Mo 2 ( CO ) 6 (Cp′ = η 5 -C 5 H 4 CH 3 ). The first aspect studied examined whether the bulk viscosity has any predictive power in determining the magnitude of the cage recombination efficiency ( F cP ). Although there is a clear relationship between the magnitude of F cP and viscosity for systems where the bulk viscosity of the solution is altered by the addition of a non-macroscopic viscosity enhancer, the relationship is unclear for systems where the bulk viscosity is altered using polymeric viscosity enhancers. For this investigation, F cP values were measured using femtosecond pump–probe transient absorption spectroscopy. The results clearly indicate that bulk viscosity can change drastically without affecting F cP in systems containing small amounts of added polymers. The bulk viscosity is thus a poor parameter for predicting the cage effect in such systems. The second investigation looked at the effect of the photochemical excitation energy on F cP for the [Cp′(CO) 3 Mo , MoCp′(CO) 3 ] cage pair in hexane. The results showed that F cP increased when the wavelength of irradiation was changed from 546 nm to 436 nm, and then remained constant as the wavelength of irradiation was changed from 436 nm to 404 nm to 366 nm. These results are somewhat surprising because the recombination efficiencies for diatomic and triatomic molecules have been shown to decrease monotonically with increasing excitation energy. Two explanations are offered for the reverse wavelength dependence observed in this study. The first explanation invokes the different dynamic behaviors of the two excited states involved at the selected wavelengths, and the second invokes the different speeds of radical separation following irradiation at the selected wavelengths.
Introducing the hydra parallel programming system

Hydra PPS is a collection of annotations, classes, a runtime, and a compiler designed to provide Java programmers with a fairly simple method of producing programs for Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP) architectures. This paper introduces the basics of this new system including the basic constructs for this new programming language and the relationship between the Java VM, the compiler, the runtime, and the parallel program. Hydra will exploit parallelism when the underlying architecture supports it and will run as normal sequential Java program when the architecture does not have support for parallelism. Parallelism is expressed through events in Hydra, it is easy to use, and programs run efficiently on parallel architectures.
Phylogenetic relationships between the chlorophyll a/b binding protein (CAB) multigene family: an intra- and interspecies study.

The genome ofGlycine max (L.) Merr. cv. “Dare” contains a chlorophyll a/b binding (Cab) protein gene family consisting of 10 genes. The primary structures of two linkedCab genes (Cab 4 andCab 5) were determined. A comparison of the nucleic acid and predicted amino acid sequences ofCab 4 andCab 5 revealed a high degree of similarity (96% and 98%, respectively). Phylogenetic inferences drawn from sequence comparisons between previously characterized soybeanCab 1, 2, and 3 andCab 4 and 5 suggested that soybeanCab 3 was an evolutionarily distant member within this family. We further investigated the molecular evolution of theCab gene family by comparing nucleotide sequences from 25 differentCab genes representing diverse phylogenetic taxa including moncot and dicot species. Phylogenetic inferences from these data support existing morphological phylogenies in that all species within one family clustered together. These data suggested that the Solanaceae were more evolutionarily distant from the monocots than the Fabaceae and Brassicaceae. In addition, these data supported the theory thatCab Type I and II genes originated prior to divergence of the monocots and dicots.
The kinetics of “hot” nitrogen atoms in upper atmosphere neutral chemistry

Abstract The fate of suprathermal ground state nitrogen atoms produced by auroral electron bombardment of the thermosphere is investigated using a kinetic theory approach. The processes considered are thermaliiation, reactive collisions and transport. At neutral gas temperatures and densities encountered at altitudes below 150 km, thermalication is virtually complete in a fraction of a second, and N(4S) atoms acquire a Maxwellian distribution. Transport is unimportant during thermalication due to the short time constant and small scattering length. The reactive collision rate of N(4S) with O2 to produce NO molecules is very sensitive to the relative velocity of the reactants, and therefore to the form of the non-thermal velocity distribution fonction. Adopting a hard-sphere collision model to describe elastic collisions, and a best estimate for the reactive cross section with O2, it is found that the departure from a Mazwellian distribution is of little consequence for the odd nitrogen chemistry in the lower thermosphere.
A general perturbation formula for electromagnetic fields in presence of low volume scatterers

In several practically interesting applications of electromagnetic scattering theory like, e.g., scattering from small point-like objects such as buried artifacts or small inclusions in non-destructive testing, scattering from thin curve-like objects such as wires or tubes, or scattering from thin sheet-like objects such as cracks, the volume of the scatterers is small relative to the volume of the surrounding medium and with respect to the wave length of the applied electromagnetic fields. This smallness typically causes problems when solving direct scattering problems due to the need to discretize the objects and also when solving inverse scattering problems because small objects have very little effect on electromagnetic fields. In this paper we consider an asymptotic representation formula for scattered electromagnetic waves caused by low volume objects contained in some otherwise homogeneous three- dimensional bounded domain, assuming only that the scatterers are measurable and well-separated from the boundary of the domain. The formula yields a very general asymptotic model for electro- magnetic scattering due to low volume objects that can either be used to simulate the corresponding electromagnetic fields or as the foundation of efficient reconstruction methods for inverse scattering problems with low volume scatterers. Our analysis extends results originally obtained in (Y. Capde- boscq and M.S. Vogelius, A general representation formula for boundary voltage perturbations caused by internal conductivity inhomogeneities of low volume fraction. Math. Model. Numer. Anal. 37 (2003) 159-173) for steady state voltage potentials to time-harmonic Maxwell's equations.
Acridine sensitivity of bacteriophage T2: a virus gene affecting cell permeability.

Abstract Studies on the uptake of acridine dyes by Escherichia coli cells infected with bacteriophage T2 show a correlation between the potency of the dye as an inhibitor of bacteriophage multiplication and the amount of dye absorbed by the phage-infected cells. About one-third as much proflavine as purified acriflavine is taken up by the phage-infected cells. Still smaller amounts of other acridine dyes such as 9-aminoacridine and quinacrine are absorbed. The specificity of dye uptake is not due to selective permeability (as shown by experiments in which the permeability barriers of the cells are destroyed by heat or toluene) but rather to the selective absorption of the dyes by cellular binding substrates. The uptake of acriflavine is controlled by the viral gene pr , studied by Hessler (1963). The process of becoming permeable requires energy and protein synthesis during the first few minutes following phage infection, but the acriflavine need not be present during this period. After early protein synthesis, the process of dye uptake can proceed unaffected by energy poisons such as cyanide and iodoacetate. This suggests that the uptake of dye is not via a phage-induced acridine pump but is passive. The possibility that an acriflavine-binding substrate controlled by a phage gene is produced by the early protein synthesis is argued against by experiments with toluene which show that the dye-binding capacity of the cell is not greatly affected by phage infection. The pr gene appears to alter the permeability of the cell membrane to the dyes.
Estimating the number of persons who inject drugs in the united states by meta-analysis to calculate national rates of HIV and hepatitis C virus infections.

Background: Injection drug use provides an efficient mechanism for transmitting bloodborne viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Effective targeting of resources for prevention of HIV and HCV infection among persons who inject drugs (PWID) is based on knowledge of the population size and disparity in disease burden among PWID. This study estimated the number of PWID in the United States to calculate rates of HIV and HCV infection. Methods: We conducted meta-analysis using data from 4 national probability surveys that measured lifetime (3 surveys) or past-year (3 surveys) injection drug use to estimate the proportion of the United States population that has injected drugs. We then applied these proportions to census data to produce population size estimates. To estimate the disease burden among PWID by calculating rates of disease we used lifetime population size estimates of PWID as denominators and estimates of HIV and HCV infection from national HIV surveillance and survey data, respectively, as numerators. We calculated rates of HIV among PWID by gender-, age-, and race/ethnicity. Results: Lifetime PWID comprised 2.6% (95% confidence interval: 1.8%–3.3%) of the U.S. population aged 13 years or older, representing approximately 6,612,488 PWID (range: 4,583,188–8,641,788) in 2011. The population estimate of past-year PWID was 0.30% (95% confidence interval: 0.19 %–0.41%) or 774,434 PWID (range: 494,605–1,054,263). Among lifetime PWID, the 2011 HIV diagnosis rate was 55 per 100,000 PWID; the rate of persons living with a diagnosis of HIV infection in 2010 was 2,147 per 100,000 PWID; and the 2011 HCV infection rate was 43,126 per 100,000 PWID. Conclusion: Estimates of the number of PWID and disease rates among PWID are important for program planning and addressing health inequities.
Root Porosity Changes in Salix nigra Cuttings in Response to Copper and Ultraviolet-B Radiation Exposure

Cuttings of black willow (Salix nigra), a naturally occurring wetland species, are used for restoration and streambank stabilization. As an adaptation to their wetland habitat, this species develops aerenchyma tissue to avoid root anoxia. To determine the effects of combined copper and ultraviolet-B radiation exposure on aerenchyma tissue (measured as root porosity), black willow cuttings were grown hydroponically and exposed to three ultraviolet-B (UV-B) intensities and three Cu concentrations in a completely randomized 3 × 3 factorial design. While both UV-B (F 2,42 = 11.45; p = 0.0001) and Cu (F 2,42 = 6.14; p = 0.0046) exposure increased root porosity, total biomass decreased in response to both UV-B (F 2,43 = 3.36; p = 0.0441) and to Cu (F 2,43 = 4.03; p = 0.0249). Root biomass decreased only in response to Cu (F 2,41 = 3.41; p = 0.0427) resulting in a decrease in the root/shoot ratio (F 2,42 = 3.5; p = 0.0393). Copper exposure also resulted in a decrease in the number of leaves/shoot (F 2,42 = 7.03; P = 0.0023). No UV-B and Cu interaction was found. While the present research indicates the negative effects of Cu contamination and elevated UV-B intensities on S. nigra, it also points out potential mechanisms that S. nigra uses to alleviate these stresses.
Residues of a Career: Reflections on Anthropological Knowledge

have often wondered why I was elected to be a president of the Society for Psychological Anthropology (SPA). Compared to my fellow members of the ex-presidents' panel, my published contributions to the field are meager. Though I have done much research (some nine years in the field over a 45-year period), most of it has never reached the
Deep cavernous hemangioma of the neck

Abstract 1. 1. A brief review of the literature regarding hemangiomas has been presented, together with the prevalent views concerning their true nature. 2. 2. The personal case of a deep cavernous hemangioma of the cervical region, cured by operation, was given in detail. 3. 3. The differential diagnosis and treatment were discussed briefly. 4. 4. References to thirteen similar cases are offered.
Is nonsurgical management safe and effective for patients with microperforation caused by EMR

Is nonsurgical management safe and effective for patients with microperforation caused by EMR?
Endorsement of Remarriage Beliefs, Spousal Consistency, and Remarital Adjustment

The consistency of remarriage-related cognitions between stepfamily members has been posited to be of “primary importance” in functional stepfamily systems. This study evaluates the consistency tenant of the multidimensional cognitive development model using common remarriage beliefs. Using a sample of 447 newlywed remarried couples, results from hierarchical regressions indicate that individual endorsements of remarriage beliefs are more predictive of cohesion and consensus than is constancy of endorsement between husband and wife. Implications for the multidimensional cognitive development model and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Where Has the Small-Stock Premium Gone?

The authors compare the recent performance of various equity market capitalization-size groups. They place the underperformance of smaller stocks in a historical context and explore the cyclical nature of small-stock return premiums in an attempt to account for the historical, as well as the potential, underperformance. In the process, they address various arguments against expectations of superior small-stock returns.
Bioluminescence in vivo imaging of autoimmune encephalomyelitis predicts disease

Background Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is a widely used animal model to understand not only multiple sclerosis but also basic principles of immunity. The disease is scored typically by observing signs of paralysis, which do not always correspond with pathological changes.
[D03] kinesthetic physical interaction with a multi-handed tactile display

Summary form only given. Interaction with a virtual environment will be provided to a user through a device equipped with tactile feedback and six degree-of-freedom spatial position sensing. Our tactile feedback device uses three sliding plates positioned around the handle to provide skin stretch feedback to a user's palm. Our two-handed tactile feedback device allows for independent hand motions and while providing tactile feedback creates a feedback experience that is more kinesthetic in nature. Our device and demonstrations include cooperative multi-handed interactions that portray fundamental physical interactions such as mass, stiffness, and damping. These physical interactions are fundamental as they are the building blocks of virtually every dynamic model. Various virtual environments will be used to demonstrate these physical interactions.