cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Standard Astronomical Sources for the Space Telescope

The Space Telescope (ST) will require many types of standard sources for a diverse range of calibrations to be performed after launch. The scientific instruments are sensitive to a wide range of wavelengths from 1050 to 11,000A and encompass a broad range of measurement capabilities including astrometry, photometry, imaging, polarimetry, and spectroscopy. To verify proper operations of each instrument and to provide quantitative calibrations, a diverse range of standard sources and fields are required. In order to select targets that satisfy the requirements of the Instrument Definition Teams and the long term responsibilities of the Science Institute, six groups containing a total of 25 astronomers are defining the calibration targets to be observed after launch. The six categories of ST standard sources are: 1 Ultraviolet Spectrophotometric 2 Ground Based Spectrophotometric and Photometric 3 Wavelength 4 Astrometric 5 Polarimetric 6 Spatially Flat Field The data in these categories will be collected from the literature or through new observing programs as appropriate. These six reports of the working groups outline the calibrations and proposed targets for all of the scientific instruments on ST. the collected data on each set of standard sources should be published in the refereed literature.
Prereferral School-Based Teams: How Effective Are They?.

The authors of this article describe a rural education project in which school personnel from a tri-school district participated in developing school based prereferral teams. Project staff provided...
Discrimination due to race and gender in the youth labor market: is it a double jeopardy?

A wage decomposition method is used to examine components of average wage differentials in the youth labor market, letting both race and gender vary. Issues of selection bias and computation of the nondiscriminatory wage are addressed. Findings indicate that bias in the youth labor market focuses more on gender than race. However, until researchers devise consistent methods of estimating the source, amount, and direction of discrimination, policy makers face difficulty devising procedures to correct discriminatory wage differences.
A RE-EVALUATION OF EVOLUTIONARY STASIS BETWEEN THE BIVALVE SPECIES CHIONE EROSA AND CHIONE CANCELLATA (BIVALVIA: VENERIDAE)

r-Demonstrating stasis in the fossil record has proven to be problematic with respect to both data collection and analysis. A previous approach is morphometric analysis of lineages sampled temporally and geographically. A hypothesis of stasis is apparently supported if morphological distances between descendent species and ancestral species are no greater than those between geograph- ically distant samples of the descendent species. Evidence presented in this paper conflicts with such interpretations for at least one bivalve lineage, Chione erosa-Chione cancellata, of the late Neogene of tropical America. The direction and magnitude of mor- phological variance were quantified between two geographically distant groups of C. cancellata from the Recent, and compared to Pleistocene samples of C. cancellata and Pliocene samples of C. erosa. The results indicate that, although the magnitude of intraspecific geographic variation is as great as interspecific temporal variation, the species are morphologically discrete groups. The direction of morphological variance is as important as its magnitude, and interpretations overlooking this point are at best equivocal.
Using 3D Line Segments for Robust and Efficient Change Detection from Multiple Noisy Images

In this paper, we propose a new approach to change detection that is based on the appearance or disappearance of 3D lines, which may be short, as seen in a new image. These 3D lines are estimated automatically and quickly from a set of previously-taken learning-images from arbitrary view points and under arbitrary lighting conditions. 3D change detection traditionally involves unsupervised estimation of scene geometry and the associated BRDF at each observable voxel in the scene, and the comparison of a new image with its prediction. If a significant number of pixels differ in the two aligned images, a change in the 3D scene is assumed to have occurred. The importance of our approach is that by comparing images of lines rather than of gray levels, we avoid the computationally intensive, and some-times impossible, tasks of estimating 3D surfaces and their associated BRDFs in the model-building stage. We estimate 3D lines instead where the lines are due to 3D ridges or BRDF ridges which are computationally much less costly and are more reliably detected. Our method is widely applicable as man-made structures consisting of 3D line segments are the main focus of most applications. The contributions of this paper are: change detection based on appropriate interpretation of line appearance and disappearance in a new image; unsupervised estimation of "short" 3D lines from multiple images such that the required computation is manageable and the estimation accuracy is high.
Representations of Rank Two Affine Hecke Algebras

This paper gives a complete analysis of the irreducible representations of affine Hecke algebras of rank two when the parameter q is not a root of unity. The irreducible representations are classified in terms of the Kazhdan-Lusztig classification and the relation to the Springer correspondence is given in detail. Each irreducible representation is constructed explicitly. These results are used in a crucial way in the classification of calibrated representations of general affine Hecke algebras as done in [Ra1] and [Ra4]. Though the same methods can be used to handle the very few root of unity cases (q2k = 1, k = 0, 1, 2, and also k = 3 in type A2, k = 4 in type B2 and k = 3,6 in type G2) which have different representations, this extra analysis is not completed in this paper.
Aging of women alters S‐verapamil pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of S-verapamil were studied in 25 healthy nonsmoking women ranging in age from 23 to 33 years (young) and from 63 to 79 years (elderly) after 15-minute intravenous infusions of 0.10 to 0.11 mg/kg. S-Verapamil clearance decreased in an age-related manner (15.7 ± 3.5 ml/min/kg in young women versus 12 ± 1.5 ml/min/kg in elderly women; p < 0.0004) and elimination half-life values increased in an age-related manner from 347 ± 97 minutes in young women to 453 ±153 minutes in elderly women (p < 0.05). Neither volume of distribution beta, steady-state volume of distribution, nor protein binding were altered by age. S-Verapamil decreased blood pressure (p < 0.0001), increased PR intervals during sinus rhythm (p < 0.0001), and transiently increased heart rate (p < 0.0001) in both young and elderly subjects. Age-related differences in responses were seen for mean (p < 0.03) and systolic blood pressure (p < 0.002) (greater decreases in the elderly), heart rate (less increase in the elderly; p < 0.0001), and PR intervals during sinus rhythm (less prolongation in the elderly; p < 0.0001). In summary, aging alters S-verapamil pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in women. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1994) 55, 509–517; doi:10.1038/clpt.1994.64
Screening depressives for causative medical illness; the example of thyroid function testing: I. Literature review, meta‐analysis, and hypothesis generation

There is ample evidence that thyroid disease causes mood symptoms. However, little is known regarding the prevalence of hypo- and hyperthyroidism among mood disordered patients. Such data are necessary in order to develop rational screening strategies for reversible causes of depression. To investigate the prevalence of thyroid disease in mood disordered patients we conducted a comprehensive review of the literature to determine prevalence rate far hypo- and hyperthyroidism in three types of samples, focusing on clinical thyroid disease, as contrasted with sub clinical forms of the disorders for reasons discussed in detail in the body of this report. 1) In unselected general population and ambulatory medical clinic samples, prevalence rates for hypo- and hyperthyroidism were found to be highly dependent upon age and gender. Somatic thyroid symptoms, but not symptoms of fatigue or depression, increased the yield of thyroid Junction screening in studies which investigated the issue. 2) Two studies were available specifically on fatigued general medical samples, and only one on ambulatory depressives. Rates of hypo- and hyperthyroidism did not differ from the meta-analysis-derived prevalence rates for general population and medical clinic samples. 3) Analysis of inpatient depressive studies revealed a bimodal distribution of prevalence rates, with the bulk of studies reporting negligible rates of hypo- or hyperthyroidism. Sample size was modest in most of the inpatient studies, and no factors could be identified which predicted increased rates of hypo- or hyperthyroidism among inpatient depressives. We therefore hypothesize that although hypo- and hyperthyroidism produce mood symptoms in a high proportion of affected persons, major depressives may not comprise an enriched sample for hypo- or hyperthyroidism. If so, screening guidelines for the general population, rather than routine screening of all depressives, may be the appropriate testing strategy. Limitations of the current data are discussed in light of conceptual and methodological issues in testing strategy development. Depression 1:210-219 (1993). © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sulfonamido tripods: tuning redox potentials via ligand modifications

Abstract A series of FeII–OH2 complexes were synthesized with ligands based on the tetradentate sulfonamido tripod N,N′,N″-[2,2′,2″-nitrilotris(ethane-2,1-diyl)]-tris-({R-Ph}-sulfonamido). These complexes differ by the substituent on the aryl rings and were fully characterized, including their molecular structures via X-ray diffraction methods. All the complexes were five-coordinate with trigonal bipyramidal geometry. A linear correlation was observed between the electronic effects of each ligand, given by the Hammett constants of the para-substituents, and the potential of the FeII/FeIII redox couple, which were determined using cyclic voltammetry. It was found that the range of redox potentials for the complexes spanned approximately 160 mV.
On the Formation of Dispersoids during Rapid Solidification of an AI-Fe-Ni Alloy

Examination of the effect of rapid solidification velocity on the microstructure of Al-3.7 wt pct Ni-1.5 wt pct Fe has revealed a new mechanism for the formation of discrete second phase particles in rapidly solidified alloys. Cellular growth of α-Al occurs with the intercellular phase, Al9(Fe, Ni2 in two distinct morphologies. At low velocity (<50 cm/sec) the phase is continuous in the growth direction while at higher velocity discrete rounded particles are observed. Analysis of the orientation relationship and the number of variants which exists between phases leads to the proposal of a mechanism where liquid droplets are deposited by the grooves of a moving cellular interface. These droplets solidify subsequently to form the rounded second phase particles.
Properties of r-modes in the sun

Global oscillations of the Sun (r-modes) with very long periods ∼ 1 month are reviewed and studied. Such modes would be trapped in an acoustic cavity formed either by most of the convective envelope or by most of the radiative interior. A turning point frequency giving cavity boundaries is defined and the run of eigenvalues for angular harmonics l ≤ 3 are plotted for a conventional solar convection zone. The r-modes show equipartition of oscillatory energy among shells which each contain one antinode in the radial dimension. Toroidal motion is dominant to at least the 14th radial harmonic mode. Viscosity from convective turbulence is strong and would damp any mode in just a few solar rotations if it were the only significant nonadiabatic effect. ‘Radial fine splitting’ which lifts the degeneracy in n is very small (20 nHz or less) for all n ≤ 14 trapped in the envelope. But, if splitting could be detected, we would have a valuable new constraint on solar convection theories.
Abundance of Diurnal Raptors on Open Space Grasslands in an Urbanized Landscape

We conducted point counts of diurnal raptors on Boulder, Colorado, grasslands for three winters and summers, and compared results to landscape features of the count areas. Four wintering species were scarce on plots that included significant amounts of urban habitat, with a critical landscape threshold at about 5-7% urbanization: Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis), Rough-legged Hawk (B. lagopus), and Prairie Falcon (Falco mexicanus). Counts of the first three species also were positively correlated with proximity of the count plots to the nearest colony of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). Two breeding species, the Red-tailed Hawk (B. jamaicensis) and Swainson's Hawk (B. swainsoni), were more abundant on plots dominated by lowland hayfields and tallgrass prairies, as opposed to upland mixed and shortgrass prairies. They, along with the ubiquitous American Kestrel (Falco sparverius), were not sensitive to the amounts of urbanization (up to 30%) that occurred in the landscapes sampled. Results of this study suggest that urban open space grasslands can support sizable populations of most diurnal raptors, as long as prey populations persist, but that some species are highly sensitive to landscape urbanization.
Characterization by 1H NMR of glycosidic conformations in the tetramolecular complex formed by d(GGTTTTTGG)

We have conducted two dimensional NOESY studies on the molecule d(G2T5G2) to characterize the structure of the tetramolecular complex previously identified by calorimetric and spectroscopic studies (1). Analysis of the NOE and exchange cross peaks observed in the NOESY spectra establishes the formation of structured conformations at low temperature (5 degrees C). Significantly, within each strand of these structured conformations, the G1 and G8 residues adopt syn glycosidic torsion angles, while the G2 and G9 residues adopt anti glycosidic torsion angles. Consequently, any structure proposed for the tetramolecular complex of d(G2T5G2) must have alternating G(syn) and G(anti) glycosidic torsion angles within each strand. The implications of this observation for potential structures of the tetramolecular complex of d(G2T5G2) are discussed.
International Capital Movements and the Theory of Tariffs and Trade

I. Introduction, 1. — II. The model, 3. — III. Full optimization and complete specialization, 8. — IV. Full optimization and incomplete specialization, 10. — V. Optimal tax policy with free trade, 16. — VI. Optimal tariff policy with mobile capital, 23. — VII. Summary and conclusions, 31.
Estrogen Inhibits Cardiac Hypertrophy: Role of Estrogen Receptor-β to Inhibit Calcineurin

Estrogen has been reported to prevent development of cardiac hypertrophy in female rodent models and in humans. However, the mechanisms of sex steroid action are incompletely understood. We determined the cellular effects by which 17-estradiol (E2) inhibits angiotensin II (AngII)-induced cardiac hypertrophy in vivo. Two weeks of angiotensin infusioninfemalemiceresultedinmarkedhypertrophyofthe left ventricle, exacerbated by the loss of ovarian steroid hormones from oophorectomy. Hypertrophy was 51% reversed by the administration of E2 (insertion of 0.1 mg/21-d-release tablets). The effects of E2 were mainly mediated by the estrogen receptor (ER) -isoform, because E2 had little effect in ERnull mice but comparably inhibited AngII-induced hypertrophy in wild-type or ER-null mice. AngII induced a switch of myosin heavy chain production from to , but this was inhibited by E2 via ER. AngII-induced ERK activation was also inhibited by E2 through the -receptor. E2 stimulated brain natriuretic peptide protein expression and substantially prevented ventricular interstitial cardiac fibrosis (collagen deposition) as induced by AngII. Importantly, E2 inhibited calcineurin activity that was stimulated by AngII, related to E2 stimulating the modulatory calcineurin-interacting protein (MCIP) 1 gene and protein expression. E2 acting mainly through ER mitigates the important signaling by AngII that produces cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in female mice. (Endocrinology 149: 3361–3369, 2008)
Solvent effects on electronic transitions in several coumarins

Abstract Absorption and emission energies of four coumarins (coumarins 1, 102, 152, 153) in a variety of alcohols and aprotic solvents are analyzed in terms of the solvatochromic parameter and dielectric continuum models. Although the results for all four solutes are well described using the empirical solvatochromic parameters, some deviations from the predictions of the more theoretically based approach are observed in alcohol solvents, particularly for those coumarins expected to exhibit better hydrogen-bond-accepting ability.
Coronary blood flow regulation in the prediabetic metabolic syndrome

This study tested whether the pre-diabetic metabolic syndrome impairs coronary blood flow control sufficiently to alter the balance between coronary blood flow and myocardial metabolism. Experiments were conducted in dogs instrumented with catheters in the aorta, coronary sinus, and left ventricle and with flow transducers around the circumflex coronary artery and aorta. Coronary blood flow, myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO(2)), cardiac output, aortic pressure, left ventricular pressure and heart rate were measured at rest and during treadmill exercise in normal, control and high fat fed dogs. High fat feeding for approximately six weeks increased body weight 15%, increased aortic blood pressure 10%, and induced insulin resistance. Fasting plasma insulin levels were increased 2.4-fold while plasma glucose concentration was unchanged relative to controls (5.0 +/- 0.3 mM). The cardiac index increased with exercise but was not altered by high fat feeding. The metabolic syndrome reduced the slope of the relationship between coronary blood flow and MVO(2) ( P < 0.0001) and decreased coronary venous PO(2) at a given level of MVO(2) ( P < 0.05). These findings indicate that the metabolic syndrome impairs the balance between myocardial oxygen delivery and metabolism by tonically vasoconstricting the coronary circulation.
Effects of Manipulating Objects in Modeling Films on Selection of Imitative Response Class

40 black boys in kindergarten individually observed one of four films: a model, (1) swinging a baseball bat, (2) pantomime swinging, (3) swinging a nonbat-like stick or (4) exercising (an activity-...
The perceptual interaction of graphical attributes: Configurality, stimulus homogeneity, and object integration

Researchers have proposed that graphical efficacy may be determined, in part, by the nature of the perceptual interactions that exist between attributes used to create graphical displays. One extreme type of interaction isintegrality, in which two or more physical dimensions are represented as a single psychological dimension in the observer. An alternative type of interaction isconfigurality, in which a global emergent dimension is availableto the observer in addition to the component attributes. Thirteen stimulus sets, each composed of attributes commonly used in the design of graphs, were submitted to the performance-based diagnostics of integrality and configurality. Analyses suggest a continuum of configurality among the present stimulus sets, with little evidence for integral graphical attributes. The configural pattern of results was more common when two identical dimensions were paired (homogeneous stimuli) than when two different dimensions were paired (heterogeneous stimuli). However, there was no evidence that pairs of dimensions belonging to a single object (object integration) were any more configural than dimensions belonging to different objects. Object integration was, however, consistently related to inefficient performance in tasks requiring the filtering of one of two component dimensions.
Adaptive control of nonlinear processes using parallel computation

Taking into account recent developments in microprocessor technology an adaptive control procedure is proposed that incorporates computers with the facility for large scale parallel processing. In particular, a non-gradient based procedure for finding the optimal initial costate vector is extended for online adaptations. The performance of the proposed adaptive controller is then demonstrated using a modified time varying Van der Pol process.
The partitioning of phosphoramide mustard and its aziridinium ions among alkylation and P-N bond hydrolysis reactions

NMR (1H and 31P) and HPLC techniques were used to study the partitioning of phosphoramide mustard (PM) and its aziridinium ions among alkylation and P-N bond hydrolysis reactions as a function of the concentration and strength of added nucleophiles at 37 degrees C and pH 7.4. With water as the nucleophile, bisalkylation accounted for only 10-13% of the product distribution given by PM. The remainder of the products resulted from P-N bond hydrolysis reactions. With 50 mM thiosulfate or 55-110 mM glutathione (GSH), bisalkylation by a strong nucleophile increased to 55-76%. The rest of the PM was lost to either HOH alkylation or P-N bond hydrolysis reactions. Strong experimental and theoretical evidence was obtained to support the hypothesis that the P-N bond scission observed at neutral pH does not occur in the parent PM to produce nornitrogen mustard; rather it is an aziridinium ion derived from PM which undergoes P-N bond hydrolysis to give chloroethylaziridine. In every buffer studied (bis-Tris, lutidine, triethanolamine, and Tris), the decomposition of PM (with and without GSH) gave rise to 31P NMR signals which could not be attributed to products of HOH or GSH alkylation or P-N bond hydrolysis. The intensities of these unidentified signals were dependent on the concentration of buffer.
Myofibroblasts and hyalinized collagen as markers of skin disease in systemic sclerosis.

Objective To investigate the correlation between the degree of dermal fibrosis and myofibroblast infiltration using clinical assessments of skin thickness and hardness in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Methods Eleven patients with diffuse SSc and 10 healthy controls were evaluated using the modified Rodnan skin thickness score and durometry (hardness measurement). Biopsy samples were obtained from the dorsal mid-forearm in all subjects at the baseline visit and again 6–12 months later in patients with SSc. Five of the patients with SSc received treatment with cyclophosphamide (CYC) in the interval between skin biopsies. Biopsy sections were assessed for myofibroblast and hyalinized collagen content by 2 blinded observers. Results Myofibroblast and hyalinized collagen scores each correlated with the forearm skin score (r = 0.83, P < 0.0001 and r = 0.78, P < 0.0001, respectively) and with the forearm durometry score (r = 0.72, P < 0.0004 and r = 0.69, P < 0.0008, respectively). The change in the dermal hyalinized collagen score correlated with the change in the forearm durometry score (r = 0.74, P < 0.0213). The myofibroblast score decreased in all 5 patients who received CYC and increased in those receiving non-CYC treatments (P < 0.01 for the difference). Conclusion Myofibroblasts play an important role in the pathogenesis of fibrosis, and our data imply that quantification of myofibroblasts and hyalinized collagen in skin may be a useful outcome measure in clinical studies of SSc.
Respiratory failure in cancer patients with influenza A (H1N1) is associated with poor prognosis

During the spring of 2009, the influenza A (H1N1) virus emerged, resulting in an estimated 12,000 deaths in the United States. We aimed to describe the critically ill patients with cancer who developed 2009 H1N1 in a comprehensive cancer center.
WHY DOES THE SIZE OF REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES DECLINE THROUGH TIME IN HYDROPHYLLUM APPENDICULATUM (HYDROPHYLLACEAE)?: DEVELOPMENTAL CONSTRAINTS VS. RESOURCE LIMITATION'

A commonly observed pattem in plants is that the size of some reproductive structures declines through a single flowering season. The experimental design of this study allowed me to determine whether architectural constraints or resource limitation is responsible for the seasonal declines in flower size, inflorescence size, and seed weight in the biennial Hydrophyllum appendiculatum (Hydrophyllaceae). Plant resource status was manipulated by varying the number of inflorescences pollinated (two vs. all). Architectural constraints were inferred by comparing the rates of decline in size of reproductive structures in plants that underwent either high or low pollination intensity. The data demonstrated that the relative importance of resource limitation and developmental constraints is trait-specific. Even when not resource stressed, all traits exhibited a seasonal decline, demonstrating that ontogenetic changes occurred in plant architecture. Yet, for two traits, inflorescence size and seed weight, the temporal decline was significantly more severe for heavily pollinated plants. In contrast, the decline in flower size through time was identical in both pollination treatments. Thus, the size of flowers is buffered from the resource status of the plant. These findings illustrate the importance of considering the physical limitations of plant architecture when investigating pattems of plant reproduction.
1334 INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY OF INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE (IVH) OVER A THREE YEAR PERIOD

We examined the trend in incidence and mortality of IVH in low birthweight infants from 1981-1983. During this time we admitted 343 infants with a birthweight ≤1500gms, 317 having cranial ultrasonography or autopsy information available regarding IVH. There were no differences in the mean birthweights, incidence of SGA, proportion inborn, or percentage of infants receiving mechanical ventilation during the 3 years. In 1983 34% of infants ≤1500g had a birthweight <1000g vs 22% in 1981 (p<.05). Despite this, the incidence of IVH decreased from 62% in 1981 to 49% in 1983 (p<.05). This decrease was accounted for primarily by a reduced incidence of severe hemorrhages (grades 3 and 4) from 19% to 10% (p<.05) while the incidence of minor hemorrhages (grades 1 and 2) remained essentially the same. Further analysis revealed that the decrease was most evident in the infants with a birthweight of 1000-1500g in whom the incidence of severe hemorrhages decreased from 14% to 4% (p<.05). The mortality rate for all patients with IVH remained similar during the 3 years but for patients with a severe hemorrhage mortality decreased significantly from 56% in 1981 to 10% in 1983 (p<.03). Although the incidence and mortality for IVH in a large population have changed significantly over a 3 year period, the reasons for this are not apparent. Caution should be exercised in attributing such changes to therapeutic interventions.
PRACTICAL MEANS OF IMPLEMENTING VEHICLE NOISE CONTROL. III

Some detailed engine modifications to reduce noise are discussed, but the main area for noise reduction lies in palliative treatment. Such treatments include the use of absorbent materials in the existing engine compartment and with additional engine covers. This, however, has many practical difficulties from design, production and service viewpoints. In developing exhaust systems the noise radiated by the pipes and muffler casings has to be considered in addition to the gas noise emitted from the tail pipe. Cooling fan noise can also be a problem, particularly in static noise tests required by the Federal Republic of Germany and Switzerland. Transmission noise, mainly from the exposed gear box in a commercial vehicle, becomes important as engine noise is reduced. Finally, turbocharging is mentioned.
Urban, low-income, African-American and hispanic youths’ negative experiences with condoms: Implications for nursing intervention

The rate of HIV infection is increasing rapidly and significantly among African-American and Hispanic youths in low income urban areas. This article reports finding from a study of negative experiences with using condoms reported by a subsample of 975 condom users from a household probability sample of low-income urban African-American and Hispanic youths in Detroit. Participants reported using a condom at least once over the preceding year. 568 were African-American and 407 were Hispanic they were of mean age 19.7 years and they were almost equally represented by male and female respondents. An 85% response rate was realized in interviews for both ethnic groups over the period February 1991 to July 1991. 40% reported condom breakage 73% reported either condom breakage or slippage 84% reported being always aware that the condom was on 45% reported reduced sensation when using condoms and 29% reported that a condom was too small or too tight. A mean number of 4 negative experience was reported. These findings therefore point to the difficulty encountered by these youths in effectively using condoms. These difficulties combined with the host of negative experiences may discourage the future use of condoms in this population. To minimize the extent to which current condom users move away from use all effort must be made to reach out and encourage condom use among youths in clinic hospital and school settings. Specific directions should be provided or how to use condoms correctly and sexually active individuals should be encouraged to practice putting them on.
Transient Decomposition-Recombination Dynamics of Dissociating and Ionizing Gases

A generic gas AB, initially at a relatively high temperature, undergoes a spatially homogeneous, constant-volume decomposition-recombination reaction represented by AB + M $\rightleftharpoons$ A + B + M. The complete time-history of this variable temperature reaction is calculated by employing high activation energy asymptotic analysis developed originally for thermal explosion problems. The evolution of the reaction is described in terms of an initiation period with small changes in the mixture temperature and composition, a longer major decomposition period during which most of the conversion of AB to A and B occurs, and an extended final period during which recombination becomes important as the system relaxes to the equilibrium state. Explicit timescales are derived for each of the distinct reaction processes. The analytically derived solution agrees quantitatively with the numerical solution and qualitatively with experimental results.
Seeking provenance of information using social media

Social media propagates breaking news and disinformation alike fast and on an unsurpassed scale. Because of its democratizing nature, social media users can easily produce, receive, and propagate a piece of information without necessarily providing traceable information. Thus, there are no means for a user to verify the provenance (aka sources or originators) of information. The disinformation can cause tragic consequences to society and individuals. This work aims to take advantage of characteristics of social media to provide a solution to the problem of lacking traceable information. Such knowledge can provide additional context to received information such that a user can assess how much value, trust, and validity should be placed in it. In this paper, we are studying a novel research problem that facilitates the seeking of the provenance of information for a few known recipients (less than 1% of the total recipients) by recovering the paths it has taken from its originators. The proposed methodology exploits easily computable node centralities of a large social media network. The experimental results with Facebook and Twitter datasets show that the proposed mechanism is effective in correctly identifying the additional recipients and seeking the provenance of information.
Development of the clinical next-generation sequencing industry in a shifting policy climate

Development of the clinical next-generation sequencing industry in a shifting policy climate
Arsenite and arsenate adsorption on ferrihydrite : Surface charge reduction and net OH- release stoichiometry

Arsenite [As(III)] and arsenate [As(V)] are highly toxic inorganic arsenic species that represent a potential threat to the environment and human health. Iron oxides including poorly crystalline oxides, e.g., ferrihydrite, play a significant role in controlling dissolved As concentration and limit the mobility and bioavailability of As(III) and As(V). Adsorption occurs by ligand exchange of the As species for OH2 and OH- in the coordination spheres of surface structural Fe atoms. The objective of this study was to evaluate H+/OH- release stoichiometry and changes in surface charge properties of the adsorbent during the adsorption of arsenite and arsenate on ferrihydrite in the pH range of 4−10. This information, which is not directly accessible through spectroscopic studies, provides important clues to bonding mechanism. While arsenate adsorption resulted in the net release of OH- at pH 4.6 and 9.2, arsenite adsorption resulted in net OH- release at pH 9.2 and net H+ release at pH 4.6. The amount of H+ or...
Alpha-hemolytic streptococcal bacteremia : a review of 203 episodes during 1980-1991

This is a review of 203 episodes of α-hemolytic streptococcal bacteremia during a 12-year period (1980–91) in a large community teaching hospital in the USA. There were 87 male and 116 female patie...
Nondestructive Readout with a Field-Mesh Image Orthicon

A method has been found at the Dearborn Observatory for nondestructive readout of the stored image in a field-mesh type of image orthicon. The method works with all field-mesh types tested. The sensitivity is essentially the same as that achievable with the longest (leakage-limited) exposure times, but readout is carried on at 30 frames per sec. Resolution for point objects is estimated to be about 100 TV lines for the faintest objects. Distributed objects are displayed approximately in terms of intensity gradients in one spatial direction.
Orthographic Consistency Affects Spoken Word Recognition at Different Grain-Sizes

A number of previous studies found that the consistency of sound-to-spelling mappings (feedback consistency) affects spoken word recognition. In auditory lexical decision experiments, words that can only be spelled one way are recognized faster than words with multiple potential spellings. Previous studies demonstrated this by manipulating feedback consistency of rhymes. The present lexical decision study, done in English, manipulated the spelling of individual vowels within consistent rhymes. Participants recognized words with consistent rhymes where the vowel has the most typical spelling (e.g., lobe) faster than words with consistent rhymes where the vowel has a less typical spelling (e.g., loaf). The present study extends previous literature by showing that auditory word recognition is affected by orthographic regularities at different grain sizes, just like written word recognition and spelling. The theoretical and methodological implications for future research in spoken word recognition are discussed.
Effects of signed versus unsigned internally administered questionnaires for managers

Abstract An assessment was made of the effects of signed and unsigned questionnaires on return rates and response patterns to sensitive and nonsensitive items when respondent confidentiality was not promised. The subjects were 126 grocery store managers who responded to a job attitude questionnaire internally administered by their firm's personnel office. Response patterns were found to be influenced by signing questionnaires. There were no differences in response rates between groups.
Sufficient condition for absence of the sign problem in the fermionic quantum Monte Carlo algorithm

Quantum Monte-Carlo (QMC) simulations involving fermions have the notorious sign problem. Some well-known exceptions of the auxiliary field QMC algorithm rely on the factorizibility of the fermion determinant. Recently, a fermionic QMC algorithm has been found in which the fermion determinant may not necessarily factorizable, but can instead be expressed as a product of complex conjugate pairs of eigenvalues, thus eliminating the sign problem for a much wider class of models. In this paper, we present general conditions for the applicability of this algorithm and point out that it is deeply related to the time reversal symmetry of the fermion matrix. We apply this method to various models of strongly correlated systems at all doping levels and lattice geometries, and show that many novel phases can be simulated without the sign problem.
Origins of Thermophilicity in Endoglucanases

Endoglucanases are involved in the initial stages of cellulose breakdown--an essential step in the bioprocessing of lignocellulosic plant materials into bioethanol. Although these enzymes are economically important, we currently lack a basic understanding of how some endoglucanases can sustain their ability to function at elevated temperatures needed for bioprocessing, while others with the same fold cannot. In this study, we present a detailed comparative analysis of both thermophilic and mesophilic endoglucanases in order to gain insights into origins of thermophilicity. We used the CAZy (Carbohydrate-Active enZymes) database to build our endoglucanase protein data sets and analyzed their sequences and structures. Our results demonstrate that thermophilic endoglucanases and their mesophilic counterparts differ significantly in their amino acid compositions. Strikingly, these compositional differences are specific to protein folds and enzyme families and lead to modification in hydrophobic, aromatic, and ionic interactions in a fold-dependent fashion. However, when it comes to thermophilicity, there is a caveat of applying general heuristic rules to specific proteins: although thermophilicity in endoglucanases is usually conferred through altering amino acid composition, in some cases even a single-point mutation is sufficient to convert a mesophilic protein into a thermophilic protein. Here, we provide fold-specific guidelines to control thermophilicity in endoglucanases that will make production of biofuels from plant biomass more efficient.
The measurement of flow-induced surface displacement on a compliant surface by optical holographic interferometry

Flow-induced surface displacements that form on a singlelayer passive isotropic viscoelastic compliant surface as a result of the interaction with a turbulent boundary layer are measured by non-intrusive optical holographic interferometry in connection with an interactive fringe-processing system. The purpose for developing this method is to obtain the instantaneous topographic features of a whole field of the displacements of the compliant surface. Information about dimensions of the “foot prints” of the turbulence on the compliant surface are obtained in the form of line contours and isometric phase maps. These experimental data are essential in order to determine statistical measures of the random topography of the compliant surface. Furthermore, by coupling with the simultaneous measurements of the turbulence field, the physics of the alteration of the turbulent boundary layer by the undulating surface can then be better understood.
Transient stage oxidation of MCrAlY bond coat alloys in high temperature, high water vapor content environments

Abstract In order to evaluate the effect of water vapor on transient stage oxidation of MCrAlY (M Ni and Co) bond coats, short-term exposures were carried out on thermally sprayed and cast alloy specimens at 1125 °C in a range of N 2 –O 2 –H 2 O environments, and resultant thermally grown oxide (TGO) development was evaluated. On cast metal specimens, for which the three-phase alloy dispersion is coarse, growth of unwanted (Ni,Co)(Al,Cr) 2 O 4 spinel was primarily correlated spatially to the Al-poor phases, namely γ, while the preferred TGO product, α-alumina, correlated to the Al-rich β phase. At higher water vapor contents, spinel nucleated and grew out past the γ boundaries to develop above β, too. By thresholding plan view BSE images of TGO surfaces, the amount of spinel vs. alumina surface area coverage was quantified. Spinel coverage was correlated to increasing P H 2 O , increasing P O 2 and, for the highest surface coverage observed, a combination of high P H 2 O and low P O 2 . When a worst case spinel-creating environment of 30 vol.% H 2 O and 10 vol.% O 2 was presented to the more commercially relevant (i.e. sprayed) version of CoNiCrAlY, complete spinel coverage was achieved, indicating that what is often thought of as a long-term spinel growth problem related to Al-depletion of the bond coat, can be created in several hours. Water vapor may enhance transient spinel growth by extending the lifetime of the metastable γ- and δ-alumina phases, the defect spinel structure of which promotes the diffusion of Cr, Co and Ni cations to the TGO surface, whereupon they participate in the development of non-ideal oxides such as spinel. All exposures were carried out without a yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) top coat present.
Ganglioside GM1 sensitizes tumor cells to growth inhibitory glycopeptides

Abstract We have purified and characterized a glycopeptide from surfaces of brain cortex cells that inhibits cellular protein synthesis in normal but not transformed cells. Data are presented that correlate the ability of C3H fibrosarcoma 1316 cells to avoid the inhibitor's activity with a reduced cellular level of the ganglioside GM1. When 1316 cells were incubated with GM1 under conditions in which the ganglioside is incorporated into the cells, the cells became sensitive to the inhibitor, Similar experiments with ceramide resulted in no change in 1316 sensitivity. In addition, when 1316 cells were incubated with GM1 for 18 h, they apparently metabolized GM1 to simpler gangliosides and lost their sensitivity to the glycopeptide inhibitor.
Harpin, elicitor of the hypersensitive response produced by the plant pathogen Erwinia amylovora

A proteinaceous elicitor of the plant defense reaction known as the hypersensitive response was isolated from Erwinia amylovora, the bacterium that causes fire blight of pear, apple, and other rosaceous plants. The elicitor, named harpin, is an acidic, heat-stable, cell-envelope-associated protein with an apparent molecular weight of 44 kilodaltons. Harpin caused tobacco leaf lamina to collapse and caused an increase in the pH of bathing solutions of suspension-cultured tobacco cells. The gene encoding harpin (hrpN) was located in the 40-kilobase hrp gene cluster of E. amylovora, sequenced, and mutated with Tn5tac1. The hrpN mutants were not pathogenic to pear, did not elicit the hypersensitive response, and did not produce harpin.
Laparoscopic and computed tomography-guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of renal tissue: acute and chronic effects in an animal model.

Abstract Objectives. To evaluate the laparoscopic and percutaneous delivery of impedance-based radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of the kidney by studying the acute and chronic clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic effects in the porcine model. Methods. Eight kidneys from 4 pigs underwent laparoscopic RFA. Six kidneys from 3 additional pigs received computed tomography (CT)-guided, percutaneous RFA. CT scans were performed immediately after RFA and before harvest at 2 hours, 24 hours, 3 weeks, and 13 weeks. The gross, radiographic, and histopathologic changes were recorded for each period. Results. Grossly, the RFA lesions were sharply demarcated, measuring 3 to 5 cm. Two major complications (14%) occurred (one urinoma, one psoas muscle injury) in 14 ablations. No deaths or significant blood loss occurred as a result of RFA. Radiographically, the immediate CT scanning demonstrated small perinephric hematomas and wedge-shaped defects. Delayed CT showed nonenhancing defects up to 5 cm. Color-flow and power Doppler were unable to distinguish significant tissue changes during RFA. The histopathologic evaluation revealed marked inflammation surrounding the necrotic regions in the early lesions; chronic lesions were characterized by dense fibrosis. The tissue temperatures ranged from 62° to 118°C in the area of ablation. Conclusions. RFA is readily delivered laparoscopically or percutaneously with minimal morbidity. Impedance-based application of radiofrequency energy allows monitoring and control of ablation. Using a multi-antenna probe, areas of tissue up to 5 cm can be completely destroyed. The RFA lesion can be monitored as a nonenhancing cortical defect on CT.
Papaverine hydrochloride: effects on HIV replication and T-lymphocyte cell function

Abstract Papaverine hydrochloride (PAP) has previously been shown to have a potent inhibitory effect on the replication of viruses such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) and measles. In this report the effect of PAP on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication and T lymphocyte cell function were examined. MT4 cells infected with HIV strain 3b were incubated with serial dilutions of PAP (1–30 μM). At selected times postinfection HIV replication was measured by reverse transcriptase activity (RT) or HIV p24 Ag. PAP significantly inhibited HIV replication by more than 99% at doses of 30 μM with an CD 50 and ED 50 of 32 μM and 5.8 μM respectively. The mechanism of inhibition of HIV caused by PAP appeared independent from its ability to increase intracellular levels of cAMP and was not mediated via a direct effect on RT activity. To examine T cell function, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from normal donors were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or CMV Ag in the presence or absence of PAP (1–30 μM). At selected times proliferative response to PHA and CMV Ag were determined by [ 3 H]thymidine uptake. In addition, interferon (IFN) gamma and interleukin 2 (IL2) response to mitogens were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). PAP enhanced PHA induced IFN production at doses of 1–10 μM and CMV Ag induced IFN production at doses of 1–3 μM. Higher doses were inhibitory. PAP did not affect IL-2 production or IL2 receptor expression and had an inhibitory effect on mitogenic responses.
Remembrance of Things Past: Trust and the Obligations of the Intellectual

This article depicts what academe might look like in 2027, traces the roots of the problem, and suggests how to overcome them. He focuses in particular on access and shared governance. The text considers how theories of social capital and trust might inform the challenges that higher education faces, delineates the parameters of organizational trust and trustworthiness, and concludes with an outline of responsibilities that intellectuals have to meet to ensure the trust extended to colleges and universities.