cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Arachidonic acid metabolism: A primer for head and neck surgeons

The arachidonic acid metabolites, or eicosanoids, are a large series of lipid-derived mediators capable of producing a multitude of physiologic effects in the local environment. They play important roles in a variety of signaling pathways in endocrinology, immunology, and oncology. A significant body of work in this area has occurred in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck over the past 15 years. This review will attempt to familiarize the head and neck surgical oncologist with the basic biochemical steps in the formation of these compounds, newer developments in the field of eicosanoid biochemistry, and related experimental evidence of the roles of these substances in head and neck cancer.
The rate coefficients for the thermal decomposition of CCl3O2NO2

Abstract The thermal decomposition of CCl 3 O 2 NO 2 has been reevaluated based on new rate data for the reaction of Cl + NO 2 . The revised rate coefficient for CCl 3 O 2 NO 2 thermal decay at about 1 atm total pressure (mainly N 2 ) is 1.42 × 10 16 × exp(−11500/T) s −1 from 268–298 K.
Simultaneous bootstrap of mesonic and baryonic trajectories in DTU

Abstract We present a mechanism for achieving a simultaneous bootstrap of both mesons and baryons within the framework of Dual Topological Unitarization (DTU). Our model conforms to the rules required for a bootstrap theory of quarks as recently proposed. Our main results are equal-splitting relations such as α ϱ − α Δ = α Δ − α B , where B designates b aryonium and a new hierarchy of couplings.
Pathway‐Dependent Melting in a Low‐Molecular‐Weight Polyethylene‐block‐Poly(ethylene oxide) Diblock Copolymer

In a low-molecular-weight polyethylene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PE-b-PEO) diblock copolymer, two pathway-dependent melting processes were observed: Upon slow benting, the PE lamellar crystals melted at 97 °C into a disordered state. However, when the temperature rapidly jumped to above the melting point (e.g. 100°C), the PE lamellar crystals transformed directly into an ordered lamellar melt, followed by an isothermal conversion into a disordered melt. This isothermal order-to-disorder transition was explained by superheating of the PE crystals using a G-T diagram. A schematic G-T diagram explaining the pathway-dependent double melting for a crystalline polyethylene-block-poly-(ethylene oxide) copolymer.
Lessons from the Assembly Line

Defining the right product at the right moment is important. But how long it takes to develop and introduce that product can have a dramatic impact on both customer satisfaction and ROI. Here's a metaphorical approach to streamlining the process.
Trisomy 5 mosaicism in amniotic fluid with normal outcome

A case of prenatally diagnosed true mosaicism for trisomy 5 with a clinically normal outcome is presented. Trisomy 5 was detected in 23% of cells obtained by amniocentesis, but it was not detected from cells obtained by fetal blood sampling. While in this case the finding at amniocentesis did not reflect the status of the fetus, care must be exercised in reaching this conclusion in all cases.
Building a lightweight eyetracking headgear

Eyetracking systems that use video-based cameras to monitor the eye and scene can be made significantly smaller thanks to tiny micro-lens video cameras. Pupil detection algorithms are generally implemented in hardware, allowing for real-time eyetracking. However, it is likely that real-time eyetracking will soon be fully accomplished in software alone. This paper encourages an "open-source" approach to eyetracking by providing practical tips on building a lightweight eyetracker from commercially available micro-lens cameras and other parts. While the headgear described here can be used with any dark-pupil eyetracking controller, it also opens the door to open-source software solutions that could be developed by the eyetracking and image-processing communities. Such systems could be optimized without concern for real-time performance because the systems could be run offline.
Solar radiative transfer in cirrus clouds. I - Single-scattering and optical properties of hexagonal ice crystals. II - Theory and computations of multiple scattering in an anisotropic medium

The light scattering and absorption programs of Cai and Liou (1982) and Takano and Jaweera (1985) are extended to include hexagonal ice crystals randomly and horizontally oriented in space. The scattering and polarization results for the ice crystals are calculated. The results are compared with measurement data. The single-scattering properties for horizontally oriented columns and plates are presented and used to explain halos and arcs observed in the atmopshere. In the second section, the theory and computations for multiple scattering in cirrus clouds containing oriented ice crystals are presented. The radiative transfer in clouds composed of horizontally oriented ice crystals is formulated. Also, reflected and transmitted intensities, planetary albedo, and polarization in multiple scattering by ice crystals are discussed.
Simultaneous stabilization and optimization of unknown, time-varying systems

Extremum Seeking (ES) has a long history as a tool for locating the extremum points of unknown functions. Recently, by using the ES method to seek the minimum of Lyapunov functions, the ES approach has been demonstrated as a tool for stabilization of unknown systems, removing the distinction between optimization and stabilization. This work combines the dual aspects of the ES method for simultaneous stabilization and optimization. The resulting control scheme optimizes the output of unknown maps, of unknown and possibly unstable, time-varying dynamic systems. Intuitively the approach can be thought of as achieving trajectory tracking of an unknown trajectory, which is the time-varying optimal point of a time-varying map, despite the influence of unstable system dynamics. The motivation for this is the control of an autonomous vehicle, which is chasing a source whose trajectory is unknown, but which is somehow detectable with the detection strength dropping off as a function of distance, physical examples of which may be electric charge, temperature, or chemical concentration. The destabilizing terms may be thought of as unknown environmental variables, such as wind or fluid flow, which may push the autonomous vehicle away from its desired path. Obviously, the multi-dimensional results presented here can be applied to more abstract systems, with many dimensions, such as the states (voltages, currents...) of multiple components of complicated circuits operating in unknown conditions. The results presented guarantee that the system's state will converge to and remain ultimately bounded within some local max/min of the unknown, time-varying output function. In the case of the output having a global max/min ultimate boundedness to within a neighborhood of the global extremum is guaranteed.
A Study of Grazing Incidence Configurations and Their Effect on X-Ray Diffraction Data

In recent years, grazing incidence angle attachments have been shown to be very useful in the phase identification of thin polycrystalline films. These devices are sold commercially as attachments to standard powder diffractometers. The attachment normally consists of a long soller slit assembly and a flat crystal monochromator. The soller slit with or without the monochromator is mounted on the diffracted beam side. In this paper we discuss the effects of different configurations from collimator to monochromator on diffraction data. An understanding of these effects is essential in order to obtain more reliable information on phase transformations, crystallite size, microstrain, and residual stress studies.
Water and Methanol Adsorption on MgO(100)/Mo(100) Studied by Electron Spectroscopies and Thermal Programmed Desorption

The adsorption of methanol (CH3OH) and water (D2O) on the MgO(100)/Mo(100) surface at 100 K has been studied by metastable impact electron spectroscopy (MIES), ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS (HeI)), and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). To acquire detailed information regarding the initial stages of adsorption, TPD data, providing information about the relative surface coverage and the molecule-surface interaction, are compared directly with MIES data, which provide information about the electronic structure of the adsorbed molecules. For water adsorption, a prominent multilayer desorption feature develops in the TPD before the entire surface is covered, indicating 3D growth on the partially covered MgO(100)/Mo(100) surface. On the other hand, the formation of a methanol multilayer desorption feature coincides with complete coverage of the surface.
Neuropathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease: clinical diagnoses in 394 cases.

In the absence of pathognomonic clinical features, the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains one of exclusion of other dementias. We investigated the clinical diagnoses among 394 neuropathologically confirmed AD cases in a dementia brain bank. Most patients were correctly diagnosed as AD (348 or 88%). Among the misdiagnosed patients, AD was mistaken for a primary depressive disorder in 14, multi-infarct dementia in 13, Parkinson's disease in nine, and alcoholic dementia in four. The number of misdiagnosed AD patients did not differ between physician specialties but was greater among AD patients with agitation, depression, paranoia, or delusions. This retrospective study suggests that the diagnostic sensitivity for AD is high among a cross-section of practicing physicians and that an important factor in mistaking AD for another illness is unfamiliarity with the potential psychiatric symptoms of AD. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1991;4:26-29).
Concepts and transformational knowledge.

The effect of exposure to principled change in concept formation was investigated in four experiments. In Experiment 1, participants were trained on either patterns that transformed systematically or control patterns that were distorted randomly. Training on transformational patterns produced concepts that were more resistant to false intrusions and decay. Experiment 2 separated the relative influences of transformational knowledge and pairwise similarity. Participants were able to identify the next pattern in a transformational sequence even though the foils were closer to the training patterns. Experiment 3 investigated whether participants use transformational information in a speeded categorization task. Participants were faster at classifying patterns that continued a transformational path than patterns that fell off the path, only if they had trained on the transformational patterns in a systematic order. Experiment 4 used multidimensional scaling to explore the psychological structure of transformational knowledge following training. Analyses revealed clear evidence of a transformational path with systematic training. Implications for theories of similarity and categorization are discussed.
Retest reliability of self-reported daily drinking: form 90.

Objective: Historically, drinking was described in terms of the binary state of drinking or abstinence. More recently, drinking is viewed as a dynamic process, a trajectory of multiple fluctuations between drinking and abstinence across time. Modeling that kind of dynamic requires measuring individuals' drinking longitudinally during extended periods at cadences that capture the oscillations. Retrospective timeline followback instruments, such as the Form 90, capture self-reported drinking on a daily basis. However, prior reliability estimates were based on variables averaged across cadences of 30 days. This study expands the evaluation of retest reliability to daily reports of drinking. Method: A secondary analysis of previously published data was conducted. The analysis sample (n = 70) consisted of treatment seeking adult men (80%) and women. Initial interview data were collected using the Form 90. Participants were re-interviewed 2 days later by different interviewers. A 90-day retrospective window was...
Exploring the dynamic nature of procrastination: A latent growth curve analysis of academic procrastination

A growing body of research suggests that academic procrastination is a dynamic behavior that follows a curvilinear trajectory over time. In this research, we examined whether there are inter-individual differences in this trajectory, the extent to which these differences can be predicted by other variables, and the relationship between temporal changes in procrastination and academic outcomes. We collected multi-wave data from 303 students regarding their actual procrastination behavior and test performance during an academic semester, as well as single measurements of their self-reported levels of trait procrastination, conscientiousness, and neuroticism. Using latent growth curve modeling, we found that high and low procrastinators followed the same trajectory over time, that the self-report measures did not predict temporal changes in procrastination and test performance, and that procrastination behavior was negatively related to test performance throughout the semester. The implications of these findings for trait-based theories of procrastination, and the measurement of procrastination in general, are discussed.
Hedging or speculation in derivative markets: the case of energy futures contracts

This study examines whether hedging or speculation is the principal motive behind trading in energy futures markets. This question is important since facilitating risk allocation is considered to be one of the main benefits of the futures markets, while excess speculation in futures markets could destabilize the underlying spot market. Studying the linkage between volume and subsequent price movements leads to the conclusion that hedgers dominate speculators in all of the markets examined.
Social change in the aftermath of successful minority influence

This chapter describes a programme of research on group dynamics in the aftermath of successful minority influence that reverses minority and majority positions within a group. Supporting the authors' gain - loss asymmetry model of change, converging evidence suggests that loss of the majority position generates strong disidentification from the superordinate group whereas gaining the majority position does not yield comparable identification. This overall decrease in identification is associated with a general increase in hostility, reduced helpfulness, and a desire to exit the group. Thus groups may be especially fragile following internal changes in the majority - minority positions. Additional research suggests that such a pattern of reactions to majority - minority change is a specifically group phenomenon (versus aggregates of individuals) and occurs when majority - minority reversals follow the attitude change of existing group members (versus an influx of new members). New majorities will increase...
Analysis and Experimental Evaluation of In-Fill Steel-Stud Wall Systems under Blast Loading

To be able to develop and advance blast-retrofit technologies, it is crucial first to be able to develop prediction methodologies and engineering design tools. Therefore, this paper will present the analytical modeling and experimental evaluation of steel-stud wall systems under blast loads. The results of the static full-scale wall tests, as well as the component tests, are used to evaluate the structural performance of the walls and provide recommendations for blast-retrofit systems. The analytical and experimental static results are used to develop the static resistance function for the wall systems, which is incorporated into a single degree of freedom dynamic model. The dynamic model will enable designers to predict the level of performance of the wall system under any explosion threat level. The analytical model conservatively predicted the measured field results with a maximum difference of 20%. The paper will discuss the performance of blast-retrofit wall systems under static and dynamic field tests simulating large vehicle bombs.
Theravada Buddhism and Catholicism: A social historical perspective on religious change, with special reference toCentesimus Annus

Centesimus Annus raises the issue of the relationship of religion to practical conduct. This paper constructs the issue; illustrates the construction with materials from Theravada Buddhist cultures; and applies the construction toCentesimus Annus. This is an exercise in social history.
Acute and subacute effects of miconazole nitrate on hepatic styrene oxide hydrolase and cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase activities in male and female AKR/J mice

Abstract The imidazole-containing anti-fungal drug, miconazole nitrate, was shown to enhance hepatic microsomal styrene oxide hydrolase and inhibit several cytohrome P -450-dependent monoxygenase activities in the AKR/J mouse. Miconazole was a more potent inhibitor of cytochrome P -450-dependent monooxygenase activities in microsomes from male than female mice, and inhibitory potency also varied with substrate. When administered in vivo miconazole nitrate stimulated epoxide hydrolase activity, but had a substrate-dependent biphasic effect on cytochrome P -450-dependent monooxygenase activities. Monooxygenase activities with benzo[ a ]pyrene and benzphetamine were inhibited to varying degrees in liver homogenate and hepatic microsomes from mice sacrificed 45 min after miconazole administration. After repeated administration of miconazole, liver weight, microsomal protein yield and cytochrome P -450 were increased, as were specific monooxygenase activities with ethoxycoumarin and ethoxyresorufin, but benzphetamine N -demethylase activity was decreased. These results suggested that a metabolite of miconazole was responsible for the inhibition of benzphetamine N -demethylase. It was of special interest that ethoxyresorufin O -deethylase activity was induced in the AKR/J mouse by miconazole, since the AKR/J mouse is not responsive to induction by aromatic hydrocarbons.
Dioxin-like effects observed in male rats following exposure to octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) during a 13-week study☆

Abstract Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant which has been reported to be nontoxic following acute exposure but has recently been shown to accumulate upon repeated exposure. To determine if this accumulation results in toxic effects, male Fischer 344 rats were treated with 50 μg/kg [14C]OCDD by gavage for 10, 20, 40, or 65 times (once a day, 5 days/week) and terminated 3 days postexposure. OCDD accumulated linearly with increasing number of doses and the liver was the major depot, while the adipose served as a secondary sink. Hepatic accumulation resulted in alteration of several biochemical parameters. In animals given 65 doses of OCDD, 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity was elevated 40-fold over controls. Total cytochrome P-450 content doubled and exhibited a 2-nm blue-shift in the Soret maximum for the CO-reduced complex. Treatment-related cytoplasmic fatty vacuolization in the liver was observed concomitant with the biochemical alterations. Thus, subchronic exposure to OCDD appears to cause effects similar to those observed following exposure to low levels of TCDD, but is only 1 100 – 1 1000 as potent. Such a potency, given the persistent environmental levels to which man may be exposed during a lifetime, suggests that OCDD may pose a potential risk to human health.
Elasto-plastic finite element analysis of fretting stresses in pre-stressed strip in contact with cylindrical pad

An elasto-plastic analysis of fretting stresses in a pre-stressed strip in contact with a cylindrical pad is studied using a finite element solver, ABAQUS. The pad and the strip are made from a titanium alloy. A bilinear elasto-plastic isotropic hardening model with a von Mises yield surface is employed to characterize the material behavior of the titanium alloy. This model is first verified through comparison with an analytical elastic solution. Various parameters, such as friction coefficient, the normal force applied on the top of the pad, tangential force applied to the left side of the pad, and bulk tension applied on the right edge of the strip, are adopted to study the influences of these parameters on fretting stresses to understand the implication and importance of elasto-plastic analysis in fretting fatigue experiments.
Water and carbon dioxide adsorption at olivine surfaces

Abstract Divalent cation-rich silicate minerals such as olivines have a high potential for carbonation reaction and thus their reactivity with water/carbon dioxide mixed fluids is critical to understanding chemical interactions relevant to carbon dioxide capture and sequestration. Therefore, plane-wave density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to simulate water and carbon dioxide adsorption at the (010) surface of five olivine minerals, namely, forsterite (Mg2SiO4), calcio-olivine (Ca2SiO4), tephroite (Mn2SiO4), fayalite (Fe2SiO4), and Co-olivine (Co2SiO4). Adsorption energies per water molecule obtained from energy minimizations varied from − 100 kJ mol− 1 for tephroite to − 148 kJ mol− 1 for calcio-olivine at sub-monolayer coverage and became less exothermic as coverage increased. In contrast, carbon dioxide adsorption energies at sub-monolayer coverage ranged from − 44 kJ mol− 1 for fayalite to − 83 kJ mol− 1 for calcio-olivine. Therefore, the DFT calculations show a strong driving force for carbon dioxide displacement by water at the surface of all olivine minerals in a competitive adsorption scenario. Additionally, adsorption energies for both water and carbon dioxide were found to be more exothermic for the alkaline-earth (AE) olivines than for the transition-metal (TM) olivines and to not correlate with the solvation enthalpies of the corresponding divalent cations. However, a correlation was obtained with the charge of the surface divalent cation indicating that the more ionic character of the AE cations in the olivine structure relative to the TM cations leads to greater interactions with adsorbed water and carbon dioxide molecules at the surface and thus more exothermic adsorption energies for the AE olivines. For calcio-olivine, which exhibits the highest divalent cation charge of the five olivines, ab initio molecular dynamics simulations showed that this effect leads both water and carbon dioxide to react with the surface and form hydroxyl groups and a carbonate-like species, respectively.
Channeling and adherence with alendronate and risedronate among chronic glucocorticoid users

Despite the efficacy of bisphosphonates to reduce fractures in high risk populations, bisphosphonate adherence among chronic glucocorticoid users has received limited attention. Moreover, perceived differences in GI tolerability may lead physicians to preferentially prescribe particular bisphosphonates. Among chronic glucocorticoid users (>60 days of therapy) enrolled in managed care, we identified individuals initiating therapy with alendronate or risedronate during 2001–2004. Multivariable logistic regression and proportional hazards models were used to examine factors associated with channeling patients to risedronate (versus alendronate) and with discontinuation (>3-month gap without refill). The Medication Possession Ratio (MPR) was calculated as the filled days of medication divided by the interval of time between prescriptions. Of 1,158 glucocorticoid users initiating bisphosphonate therapy, demographic characteristics of alendronate users (n=754) and risedronate users (n=404) were similar for age (mean 53 years) and gender (approximately 80% female). Past history of a GI symptom or event was associated with risedronate receipt (OR=2.24, 95% CI 1.15–4.35). After multivariable adjustment, rates of discontinuation (mean time to discontinuation approximately 18 months) and adherence (mean MPR=73%) were similar between users of the two bisphosphonates. Younger age, greater medical comorbidity, and lack of BMD testing were significantly associated with discontinuation. Overall persistence rates were suboptimal for bisphosphonate use among chronic glucocorticoids users and did not differ significantly by drug. Newer strategies to promote long-term adherence are needed to improve osteoporosis therapeutic effectiveness.
MIMIC For Millimeter Wave Integrated Circuit Radars

A significant program is currently underway in the U.S. to investigate, develop and produce a variety of GaAs analog circuits for use in microwave and millimeter wave sensors and systems. This represents a "new wave" of RF technology which promises to significantly change system engineering thinking relative to RF Architectures. At millimeter wave frequencies, we look forward to a relatively high level of critical component integration based on MESFET and HEMT device implementations. These designs will spawn more compact RF front ends with colocated antenna/transceiver functions and innovative packaging concepts which will survive and function in a typical military operational environment which includes challenging temperature, shock and special handling requirements.
An instrument transfer function approach to atomic force microscopy for surface metrology

In using the frequency domain as a unified platform for representing topology of the sample and capabilities of an instrument, it is shown that instrument transfer functions, when applied to scanned probe instruments such as the atomic force microscope, serve as a powerful design and analysis tool. An instrument transfer function approach is proposed to capture the characteristics of atomic force microscopes (AFM) for sample surface metrology applications. Two practical case studies for metrology of micro and nanomanufacturing areas of research are presented. First, we examined the problem of merging multiple data sets for metrology of polymer-based microfluidic devices. A methodology for the design of registration markers for data alignment is proposed using a spatial frequency-domain framework to determine parameters such as fiducial marker size and pitch. Second, accurate interpretation of atomic force microscope data in micro and nanochannel measurements in biological applications is presented.
Comparative studies of 5α-reductase inhibitors within MCF-7 human breast cancer cells

Abstract We have compared the inhibitory effects of six synthetic steroid analogs (17β-carboxy-4-androsten-3-one benzylanilide (VP-1), 17α -acetoxy-6-methylene-4-pregnene-3, 20-dione (VP-2), 6-methylene-4-pregnene-3, 20-dione (VP-3), 17β-acetoxy-6-methylene-4-androsten-3-one (VP-4), 17β -acetoxy-16, 16-dimethyl-6-methylene-4-androsten-3-one (VP-5), and 3β-hydroxy-16-methylene-5-androsten-17-one (VP-6)) upon 5α-reductase activity within MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and rat prostate. Enzyme assays were performed by quantifying the amounts of [3H]5α-androstan-3α-17β-diol and/or [3H]dihydrotestosterone formed from 40 nM [3H]testosterone within each system. Five μM concentrations of VP-2 and VP-3 inhibited prostatic 5α-reductase by 55 and 65%, respectively, whereas the other analogs showed little activity. In contrast, each of the six analogs was active against MCF-7 homogenate 5α reductase activity. VP-2 and VP-4 demonstrated approx 65 and 70% inhibitions, respectively, whereas the other four compounds inhibited enzyme activity by 40–55% in this system. These results suggest that rat prostate and MCP-7 cells contain different 5α-reductase isozymes. When these agents were examined for 5α-reductase inhibitory activity following 1 h preincubations with intact MCF-7 cultures, VP-1 and 3 demonstrated potencies similar to those in MCF-7 homogenate. The other compounds, however, were far less active under these conditions. Longer culture preincubations (16 h) were associated with substantially increased VP-6 potency, moderate increases for VP-4 and 5, but no change in VP-2 activity. Additional studies examining the abilities of these agents to bind to MCF-7 androgen receptor (AR) and progesterone receptor (PR) revealed moderate AR binding activities of VP-2, 3, and 4, and substantial PR binding for VP-2 and 3. Finally, VP-4 failed to inhibit estrogen-dependent MCF-7 PR synthesis, suggesting that it has no androgenic activity despite its ability to interact with MCF-7 AR.
Shear Thickening in Dilute Polymer Solutions: Transient Analysis

Abstract Transient shear properties of dilute polymer solutions are investigated in the shear rate regions where shear thickening can occur. Comparison of transient rheological and optical data with the two coupled Maxwell modes model offers insight into the physical mechanisms that give rise to this anomalous behavior. Specifically, shear thickening occurs due to the deterioration of the size and anisotropy of structures deformed at lower shear rates. Coincident theoretical and experimental discontinuities in the transient profiles of the dichroic orientation angle appear to confirm the prior statement.
Geriatric Depression Scale vs. Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression in a Sample of Anxiety Patients

ABSTRACT We administered the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) to twenty-two elderly, cognitively intact subjects who met DSM-III-R criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder. The sample comprised 14 males and 8 females, with a mean age of 66.05 years. The two scales had a low intercorrelation (Pearson's r = .33). The GDS in our sample appeared much more sensitive in eliciting depressive symptoms than the HAM-D. Frequently reported symptoms of depression in this elderly sample were well represented on the Geriatric Depression Scale. For example, most of the patients reported diminished social activities with accompanying malaise and boredom. Cognitive and affective symptoms were also widely reported. In contrast, these symptoms are not assessed as thoroughly on the HAM-D, with few items addressing these symptoms.
Properties of cardiac Ileak induced by photosensitizer-generated reactive oxygen

Abstract We reported previously that photomodification of single frog cardiac cells by Rose Bengal induces a time-independent current, designated Ileak, having a linear current-voltage (I/V) relationship. The purpose of the present study is to better characterize the properties of Ileak. Initially, Ileak has a reversal potential (ER) near −70 mV, but with time, ER shifts toward a final value near 0 mV. This shift in ER is accompanied by a marked increase in conductance (slope of I/V relationship). Evidence is presented that the depolarizing shift in ER with time during photomodification results from a loss of membrane selectivity allowing sodium to make an increasing contribution to Ileak. Potassium also contributes to Ileak, as indicated by marked depolarizing shifts in ER following replacement of intracellular potassium with either cesium or tetraethylammonium. Since these results occur in calcium-free external media, the depolarizing shifts in ER and conductance are not related to activation of a calcium-dependent nonselective cation channel. However, Ileak does have some properties similar to nonselective cation currents recently reported to be activated by membrane breakdown products such as arachidonic acid and lysophosphoglycerides.
Dissecting the uncinate fasciculus: disorders, controversies and a hypothesis.

The uncinate fasciculus is a bidirectional, long-range white matter tract that connects lateral orbitofrontal cortex and Brodmann area 10 with the anterior temporal lobes. Although abnormalities in the uncinate fasciculus have been associated with several psychiatric disorders and previous studies suggest it plays a putative role in episodic memory, language and social emotional processing, its exact function is not well understood. In this review we summarize what is currently known about the anatomy of the uncinate, we review its role in psychiatric and neurological illnesses, and we evaluate evidence related to its putative functions. We propose that an overarching role of the uncinate fasciculus is to allow temporal lobe-based mnemonic associations (e.g. an individual’s name + face + voice) to modify behaviour through interactions with the lateral orbitofrontal cortex, which provides valence-based biasing of decisions. The bidirectionality of the uncinate fasciculus information flow allows orbital frontal cortex-based reward and punishment history to rapidly modulate temporal lobe-based mnemonic representations. According to this view, disruption of the uncinate may cause problems in the expression of memory to guide decisions and in the acquisition of certain types of learning and memory. Moreover, uncinate perturbation should cause problems that extend beyond memory to include social–emotional problems owing to people and objects being stripped of personal value and emotional history and lacking in higher-level motivational value.
The Inter-Agency Consultative Group scientific campaigns

Abstract The Inter-Agency Consultative Group (IACG) for Space Sciences was formed in 1981 and until 1986 coordinated the six space missions to Halley's Comet. The present focus of IACG activity is the coordination of various missions by planning and conducting scientific campaigns. The Third IACG campaign makes use of the unprecedented constellation of solar, magnetospheric and heliospheric space missions that IACG member agencies have operating in 1996–1998 to produce significant contributions to the study of solar events - coronal mass ejections (CMEs) in particular. The campaign addresses CME origin and development, their propagation through the solar corona and interplanetary space, and their effect in the Earth's magnetosphere, ionosphere, and atmosphere. In order to achieve a basic understanding of the disturbance produced by such events it is also necessary to understand features of the quiet Sun, some of which produce disturbances in interplanetary space and in geospace of the same order of magnitude as coronal mass ejections. The scientific objectives of the campaign are the study of: 1. • The “quiet” state of the corona and solar wind; 2. • Origin and evolution of CMEs, including the search for their triggering mechanisms and their evolution through the corona; 3. • Propagation of solar variability features through interplanetary space; and 4. • Effects in geospace. The latter element addresses quiet Sun effects, i.e., those due to current sheets and to coronal holes and the resulting high speed solar wind streams. It also deals with disturbed Sun effects, in particular those due to CMEs and those due to solar flares. An important aspect is the potential application to human technology and the near-Earth environment, such as space weather predictions and lower atmosphere effects. This paper describes several recent results pertinent to Campaign 3 and discusses planning for future efforts with emphasis on “geoeffectiveness” of solar disturbances.
Periplasmic metal-resistance protein CusF exhibits high affinity and specificity for both CuI and AgI.

The periplasmic protein CusF, as a part of the CusCFBA efflux complex, plays a role in resistance to elevated levels of copper and silver in Escherichia coli. Although homologues have been identified in other Gram-negative bacteria, the substrate of CusF and its precise role in metal resistance have not been described. Here, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) was used to demonstrate that CusF binds with high affinity to both CuI and AgI but not CuII. The affinity of CusF for AgI was higher than that for CuI, which could reflect more efficient detoxification of AgI given the lack of a cellular need for AgI. The chemical shifts in the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of CusF−AgI as compared to apo-CusF show that the region of CusF most affected by AgI binding encompasses three absolutely conserved residues: H36, M47, and M49. This suggests that these residues may play a role in AgI coordination. The NMR spectra of CusF in the presence of CuII do not indicate specific binding, which is in agreem...
Fabrication of Patterned Carbon Nanotube Field Emission Surfaces on SiC Substrates

This work focuses on the patterning of SiC substrates prior to carbon nanotube (CNT) formation using the surface decomposition growth method for the purpose of improving the field emission capabilities of the resultant CNT film. The thermal decomposition of silicon carbide (SiC) substrates is an established approach to create highly dense arrays of vertically aligned CNTs. The attractiveness of this growth approach is that the CNTs form without the aid of a catalyst metal, yielding potentially defect free CNTs ideal for various applications. Due to the high temperature anneals (1400-1700oC) and moderate vacuum conditions (10−2 – 10−5 Torr) necessary for the thermal decomposition process to initiate on the SiC substrate, patterning CNT outcroppings ideal for enhancing the surface’s field emission properties is more difficult when compared to metal catalyst based chemical vapor deposition growth processes on silicon substrates. The intent of the SiC patterning is to reduce field screening effects between neighboring emission sites during field emission while maintaining a high emission site density. Specifically, the SiC substrate is etched to form μm scale pillars on the SiC surface. Experimental findings show that SiC substrates patterned with μm scale pillars can be decomposed to form CNT topped field emission sites, yielding a field emission substrate that outperforms a non-patterned SiC/CNT film. A turn-on electric field of 4.0 V/μm was measured.
Reliable Systems on Unreliable Fabrics

The continued scaling of silicon fabrication technology has led to significant reliability concerns, which are quickly becoming a dominant design challenge. Design integrity is threatened by complexity challenges in the form of immense designs defying complete verification, and physical challenges such as silicon aging and soft errors, which impair correct system operation. The Gigascale Systems Research Center Resilient-System Design Team is addressing these key challenges through synergistic research thrusts, ranging from near-term reliability stress reduction techniques to methods for improving the quality of today's silicon, to longer-term technologies that can detect, recover, and repair faulty systems. These efforts are supported and complemented by an active fault-modeling research effort and a strong focus on functional-verification methodologies. The team's goal is to provide highly effective, low-cost solutions to ensure both correctness and reliability in future designs and technology nodes, thereby extending the lifetime of silicon fabrication technologies beyond what can be currently foreseen as profitable.
Phytotransformation of 2,4‐Dinitrotoluene in Arabidopsis thaliana: Toxicity, Fate, and Gene Expression Studies in Vitro

Basic knowledge of the plant transformation pathways and toxicity of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) will assist in the design and assessment of a phytoremediation strategy. This study presents the toxicity and fate of 2,4-DNT and gene expression in response to 2,4-DNT exposure using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, an increasingly popular system for genetic and biochemical studies of phytotransformation of explosives. From the results of biomass and root growth assays for toxicity, 2,4-DNT was toxic to the plants at concentrations as low as 1 mg/L. In the uptake study, 95% of the initial 2,4-DNT was removed by 15-day-old seedlings from liquid media regardless of the initial 2,4-DNT concentrations while 30% accounted for the adsorption to the autoclaved plant materials. The mass balance was over 86% using [U-14C]2,4-DNT, and the mineralization by the plants was less than 1% under sterile conditions during 14 days of exposure. The percentage of the bound radioactivity increased from 49% to 72% of the radioactivity in the plants, suggesting transformed products of 2,4-DNT may be incorporated into plant tissues such as lignin and cellulose. Monoaminonitrotoluene isomers and unknown metabolites with short retention times were detected as transformed products of 2,4-DNT by the plants. Most (68%) of the radioactivity taken up by the plants was in the root tissues in nonsterile hydroponic cultures. Glutathione and expression of related genes (GSH1 and GSH2) in plants exposed to 2,4-DNT were 1.7-fold increased compared to untreated plants. Genes of a glutathione S-transferase and a cytochrome P450, which were induced by 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene exposure in previous studies, were upregulated by 10- and 8-fold, respectively. The application of phytoremediation and the development of transgenic plants for 2,4-DNT may be based on TNT phytotransformation pathway characteristics because of the similar fate and gene expression in plants.
Part VI: Incorporation and change: The case of the midwife in the United States.

(1981). Part VI: Incorporation and change: The case of the midwife in the United States. Medical Anthropology: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 73-88.
The Evolution of Contingent Cooperation

Reciprocal altruism has been proposed as a foundation of cooperation in humans. The core feature of reciprocity is the contingent relationship between acts of giving and receiving among social partners. However, contingency has remained largely an elusive concept with little empirical scrutiny. Food sharing in smallscale, nonmarket societies is a classic context for examining conditional cooperation. The debate concerning whether food sharing is a crucial component of household provisioning or a form of display geared toward personal benefit hinges on whether food is given conditionally. Several forms of contingency are defined here, and it is shown that a significant contingency relationship exists in food exchange among two groups of forageragriculturalists, the Ache of Paraguay and the Hiwi of Venezuela. Exchange imbalances tend to favor lowerproducing families, close kin, and nearby neighbors. These results have implications for understanding fairness in forager societies.
The Economic Integration of Women A Cross-National Investigation

This research examines the relationship between economic development and the integration of women into economic activity in 162 countries. Polynomial regression using indices of femaleness for major industrial sectors and occupational categories assesses this relationship. The data suggest no clear-cut linear or curvilinear relationship. Economic development appears to be unrelated to the integration of women into important sectors of the national economy, namely the agricultural, mining and manufacturing sectors. The data suggest that economic development is also unrelated to the integration of women in production occupations and the important decision-making category of administration and management. Of the seventeen areas of economic activity examined in this article, economic development appears to be related to only two areas. Higher levels of economic development are associated with higher levels of integration of women in clerical occupations and in the transport, storage, and communication sector ...
EPOXYEICOSATRIENOIC ACIDS AND THEIR SULFONIMIDE DERIVATIVES STIMULATE TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION AND INDUCE MITOGENESIS IN RENAL EPITHELIAL CELLS

In our present studies utilizing a well characterized proximal tubule cell line, LLCPKcl4, we determined that all four EET regioisomers (5,6-EET, 8,9-EET, 11,12-EET, and 14,15-EET) stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation, with 14,15-EET being the most potent. In contrast, no mitogenic effects were seen with arachidonic acid, other cP450 arachidonate metabolites (12R-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12R-HETE), 14,15-dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (14,15-DHET), or 20-HETE), or lipoxygenase metabolites (5S-HETE, leukotriene B4, or lipoxin A4). We found that their metabolically more stable sulfonimide (SI) analogs (11,12-EET-SI and 14,15-EET-SI) were also potent mitogens. In addition 14,15-EET-SI also increased cell proliferation as well as expression of both c-fos and egr-1 mRNA. The protein kinase C and A inhibitors, H-7 and H-8, or the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin, had no effect upon 14,15-EET-induced [3H]thymidine incorporation, but the selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein, significantly inhibited it. Immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting demonstrated increased tyrosine phosphorylation of PI3-kinase and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) within 1 min of EET administration. EETs also stimulated association of PI3-kinase with EGFR. PI3-kinase inhibitors, wortmannin and LY 294002, markedly inhibited 14,15-EET-SI-stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation. In addition, 14,15-EET-SI administration stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of src homologous and collagen-like protein (SHC) and association of SHC with both growth factor receptor-binding protein (GRB2) and EGFR. Mitogen-activated protein kinase was also activated within 5 min. Pretreatment of the cells with the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor, PD98059, inhibited the 14,15-EET-SI-stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation. Moreover, immunoblotting indicated that 14,15-EET stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of the specific pp60c-src substrate p120 and c-Src association with EGFR. 14,15-EET increased src kinase activity within 1 min. Our data indicate that EETs are potent mitogens for renal epithelial cells, and the mitogenic effects of the EETs are mediated, at least in part, by the activation of Src kinase and initiation of a tyrosine kinase phosphorylation cascade.
FreeSim_Mobile: A novel approach to real-time traffic gathering using the apple iPhone™

In this paper, we present a preliminary application for the iPhone™ [2] that uses the built-in GPS receiver along with the web capabilities utilizing a V2I architecture to send a continuous flow of data to a central server where FreeSim [13–15], a real-time traffic simulator, applies the proportional model algorithm [18] to determine the time to traverse a roadway in order to report in real-time the current flow of traffic. At the University of Alaska, Anchorage, we currently have vehicle tracking devices installed in 80 probe vehicles that traverse the Anchorage area. The high cost associated with vehicle tracking devices makes it difficult to penetrate a large vehicular network on limited funds, so we must look towards other available technologies, such as the constantly-expanding cellular network. In this paper we look at the iPhone™ 3G capability of reporting accurate and reliable locations by describing our sample application and comparing its reported GPS accuracy to the existing vehicle probes we have. We will then present a study of its performance of calculating an accurate traffic flow where a chosen section of roadway was driven. Drivers equipped with an iPhone™ 3G cellular phone and a vehicle tracking device manually timed how long it took to travel along the test road section. The vehicle tracking devices report speed and location every 10 seconds whereas the iPhone™ is capable of reporting the location every second, though we were receiving it every eight seconds. From this data, we calculated the amount of time to traverse the test roadway section using the proportional model algorithm and compared it to the actual amount of time it took to traverse the test roadway section. We found that the vehicle tracking device had an average error factor of 4.43% from the actual time to traverse the roadway section (as determined by the stopwatch), whereas the iPhone™ was found to have an error factor of 4.18%. The outcome of the case study is used to determine that the iPhone™ is relatively as accurate as a vehicle tracking device, though it is important to note that the iPhone™ is more limited than a device attached to a vehicle in the data it can obtain to only reporting its location.