cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Universal Health Insurance and its association with long term outcomes in Pediatric Trauma Patients.

Abstract Background Racial disparities in mortality exist among pediatric trauma patients; however, little is known about disparities in outcomes following discharge. Methods We conducted a longitudinal cohort study of children admitted for moderate to severe trauma, covered by TRICARE from 2006 to 2014. Patients were followed up to 90 days after discharge. All children 9 and 90 days of follow-up after discharge were included. Complications, readmissions and utilization of healthcare services up to 90 days after discharge were compared between Black and White patients. Results Of the 5192 children included, majority were White (74.6%, n = 3871), with 15.4% Black (n = 800) and 10.0% Other (n = 521). Most common injuries involved the extremities or the pelvic girdle followed by the head or neck. Complication and readmission rates were 3.6% and 8.9% within 30 days of discharge respectively and 4.4% and 9.3% within 90 days of discharge. 99.0% of children had at least one outpatient visit by 90 days. After adjusting for patient and injury characteristics no significant differences were detected between Black and White children in outcomes after discharge. Conclusions Universal insurance may help mitigate disparities in post discharge care in pediatric trauma populations by increasing access to outpatient services overall and within each racial group. Further studies are required to determine the appropriate timing and frequency of follow up care in order to achieve maximum reduction in use of acute care services after discharge.
Assessing the Usability of the Hart InterCivic eSlate During the 2016 Presidential Election

For the first time, the system usability of the eSlate–one of the most ubiquitous electronic voting machines used in US elections–was assessed in the field on election day 2016 using ISO 9241-11 me...
Negotiating State Schooling: An Unpredictable Educational Journey to Prosperity

Always asking you, ………….… Until I was grown up, I didn’t understand that your life wasn’t easy When……you leave, you……pretend it is easy ……and says “go home”, but ……with tears …… hold your warm hands… But you are not here… ………… …… I would sacrifice……to have you live long ……
Intensity modulated radiation therapy and surgery for Management of Retroperitoneal Sarcomas: a single-institution experience

Peri-operative radiation of retroperitoneal sarcomas (RPS) is an important component of multidisciplinary treatment. All retrospective series thus far included patients treated with older radiation therapy (RT) techniques including 2D and 3DRT. Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) allows for selective dose escalation while sparing adjacent organs. We therefore report the first series of patients with RPS treated solely with IMRT, surgery and chemotherapy. We hypothesized that IMRT would permit safe dose escalation and superior rates of local control (LC) in this high-risk patient population. Thirty patients with RPS treated with curative intent between 2006 and 2015 were included in this retrospective study. RT was administered either pre- or post-operatively and IMRT was used in all patients. Statistical comparisons, LC, distant metastasis (DM), and overall survival (OS) were calculated by Kaplan-Meier analysis and univariate Cox regression. Median follow-up time after completion of RT was 36 months (range 1.4-112). Median tumor size was 14 cm (range 3.6 - 28 cm). The most prevalent histologies were liposarcoma in 10 (33%) patients and leiomyosarcoma in 10 (33%) with 21 patients (70%) having high-grade disease. Twenty-eight (93%) patients had surgical resection with 47% having positive margins. Chemotherapy was administered in 9 (30%) patients. RT was delivered pre-operatively in 11 (37%) patients, and post-operatively in 19 (63%) with 60% of patients receiving a simultaneous integrated boost. Pre-operative median RT dose to the high-risk area was 55 Gy (range, 43–66 Gy) while median post-operative dose was 60.4 Gy (range, 45-66.6 Gy). There was one acute grade 3 and one late grade 3 toxicity and no grade 4 or 5 toxicities. Three year actuarial LC, freedom from DM, and OS rates were 84%, 64%, and 68% respectively. Positive surgical margins were associated with a higher risk of local recurrence (p = 0.02) and decreased OS (p = 0.04). Pre-operative RT was associated with improved LC (p = 0.1) with a 5-year actuarial LC of 100%. Administration of chemotherapy, timing of RT, histology or grade was not predictive of OS. Patients with RPS treated with peri-operative IMRT at our institution had excellent local control and low incidences of toxicity.
Rehabilitation of stroke patients with plegic hands: Randomized controlled trial of expanded Constraint-Induced Movement therapy

Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of an expanded form of Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (eCIMT) that renders CIMT, originally designed for treating mild-to-moderate upper-extremity hemiparesis, suitable for treating severe hemiparesis. Methods Twenty-one adults ≥1 year after stroke with severe upper-extremity hemiparesis (with little or no capacity to make movements with the more-affected hand) were randomly assigned to eCIMT (n = 10), a placebo-control procedure (n = 4), or usual care (n = 7). The participants who received usual care were crossed over to eCIMT four months after enrollment. The CIMT protocol was altered to include fitting of orthotics and adaptive equipment, selected neurodevelopmental techniques, and electromyography-triggered functional electrical stimulation. Treatment was given for 15 consecutive weekdays with 6 hours of therapy scheduled daily for the immediate eCIMT group and 3.5 hours daily for the cross-over eCIMT group. Results At post-treatment, the immediate eCIMT group showed significant gains relative to the combination of the control groups on the Grade-4/5 Motor Activity Log (MAL; mean = 1.5 points, P Conclusions This small, randomized controlled trial (RCT) suggests that eCIMT produces a large, meaningful, and persistent improvement in everyday use of the more-affected arm in adults with severe upper-extremity hemiparesis long after stroke. These promising findings warrant confirmation by a large RCT.
Specific effects of the Trier Social Stress Test on speech fluency in young and older adults

The notion that speech becomes less fluent during stressful speaking conditions has received little empirical test, and no research has tested this relationship in older adult participants. We analyzed speeches produced during the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) or during a less stressful placebo (pTSST) version of the task. We measured young and older adults' speech fillers (e.g., um), unfilled pauses (at least 1 s in duration), and other disfluencies (e.g., repetitions, repairs). Neither young nor older adult participants rated themselves as having greater stress in the TSST than pTSST condition, but behavioral effects were obtained. Participants in the TSST condition produced more mid-phrase speech fillers and unfilled pauses than participants in the pTSST condition. Young adults produced more unfilled pauses than older adults overall, and older adults produced more mid-phrase fillers than young adults. Critically, age group interacted with experimental condition, such that older speakers produced disproportionately more mid-phrase fillers than young adults in the TSST compared to the pTSST condition. In sum, the negative effects of the TSST on fluency were generally similar across age, but this specific age-related increase in mid-phrase fillers indicates that older adults' word retrieval may have been particularly negatively affected. Findings are generally consistent with previous research and add to understanding of how factors internal to the speaker (i.e., demographic, personality, and cognitive variables) and factors external to the speaker (i.e., variables regarding the situation, context, or content of speech) combine to affect speech fluency.
Fit and Feasibility: Adapting a Standardized Curriculum to Prepare Future Health Professionals to Address Alcohol Misuse:

Standardized screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) is effective when used by health care professionals to assess, educate, and intervene to address risky alcohol use. To ...
K-wire Pull-Out Force After Multiple Redirection Attempts

Purpose To evaluate if redirecting a Kirschner wire (K-wire) through the same proximal hole will weaken the pull-out force and to test if multiple redirections will result in a continued stepwise decrease in pull-out force. Methods An Instron was used to test the pull-out force of K-wires using the peak initial failure load as a measure of failure of K-wire fixation. K-wires 0.062 inches in diameter were inserted with an angled drill guide into a bicortical bone substrate. Trials were divided into 7 groups with the first group having the K-wires placed through both cortices and then tested without redirection. In groups 2–6, the K-wire was placed bicortically and then withdrawn and redirected through the same proximal hole with 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 redirections. A control group in which the K-wire was only unicortical was also tested. Results Compared with the control group of no redirects, any number of redirections weakened the pull-out force. There was no difference between redirected groups and the unicortical group. When comparing between redirections, there were no significant differences in pull-out force. Regression analysis showed that, after the first redirection, there was no stepwise change in pull-out force with additional redirection. Conclusions There was a significant decrease in pull-out force with any redirections, but there was no stepwise decrease in failure force after multiple redirections. The failure force of any redirection was similar to a unicortically placed wire. Clinical relevance Any K-wire redirection attempts in hand bone fixation can result in a considerably weakened construct.
The Content of Their Complexes: The Wounded Leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Barack Obama

Since his first appearance before the collective psyche at the 2004 Democratic National Convention, Barack Obama has been compared to Martin Luther King, Jr. While the content of their characters may be similar, this article takes up the dissimilar content of their complexes. In The Wounded Researcher, Robert Romanyshyn wrote, “A complex is a kind of wounding, and for the wounded researcher it is both the obstacle and the pathway into the unfinished business in the soul of his or her work.” This article extends Romanyshyn’s theory into the realm of leadership, exploring the marriage of a wounded leader (King and Obama) and a wounded collective (America) with the same complex. That this sympathetic complex may prove an obstacle and provide a pathway into the unfinished work in the soul of both the leader and his or her followers was certainly true with King; will it hold true with Obama?
Resveratrol Protects Against Hydroquinone-Induced Oxidative Threat in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells.

Purpose Oxidative stress in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells is associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Resveratrol exerts a range of protective biologic effects, but its mechanism(s) are not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate how resveratrol could affect biologic pathways in oxidatively stressed RPE cells. Methods Cultured human RPE cells were treated with hydroquinone (HQ) in the presence or absence of resveratrol. Cell viability was determined with WST-1 reagent and trypan blue exclusion. Mitochondrial function was measured with the XFe24 Extracellular Flux Analyzer. Expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit was evaluated by qPCR. Endoplasmic reticulum stress protein expression was measured by Western blot. Potential reactions between HQ and resveratrol were investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry with resveratrol and additional oxidants for comparison. Results RPE cells treated with the combination of resveratrol and HQ had significantly increased cell viability and improved mitochondrial function when compared with HQ-treated cells alone. Resveratrol in combination with HQ significantly upregulated HO-1 mRNA expression above that of HQ-treated cells alone. Resveratrol in combination with HQ upregulated C/EBP homologous protein and spliced X-box binding protein 1. Additionally, new compounds were formed from resveratrol and HQ coincubation. Conclusions Resveratrol can ameliorate HQ-induced toxicity in RPE cells through improved mitochondrial bioenergetics, upregulated antioxidant genes, stimulated unfolded protein response, and direct oxidant interaction. This study provides insight into pathways through which resveratrol can protect RPE cells from oxidative damage, a factor thought to contribute to AMD pathogenesis.
Epidemiological characteristics of human infection with avian influenza A (H7N9) in Guilin

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of human infection with H7N9 avian influenza in Guilin in recent years and to provide on-site data and data support for scientific prevention and control of the epidemic of H7N9 avian influenza infection. Methods A descriptive epidemiological method was used to collect the data about human infection with H7N9 avian influenza form three aspects, which were human infection cases in 2017, environmental monitoring for H7N9 avian influenza virus and sentinel surveillance of influenza-like cases. The epidemiological characteristics of human infection with H7N9 avian influenza in Guilin in 2017 were analyzed. Chi-square test was used to compare the positive rates of H7N9 avian influenza virus in environmental specimens. Results A total of six cases of confirmed human H7N9 infection including three deaths were reported in Guilin city in 2017. These cases were from five counties and districts and all occurred in winter and spring. The patients were middle-aged and old men. Most of them were farmers and had a clear history of poultry exposure before the onset of infection. No human H7N9 infection was reported in close contacts or in influenza-like cases. Conclusions H7N9 avian influenza infection in Guilin was characterized by high sporadicity, high incidence in winter and spring, and predominantly middle-aged and elderly men. Avian exposure history was a high risk factor for human infection with H7N9 avian influenza virus. All of the studied cases were severe cases. No human-to-human transmission was reported. Farmers, having a history of poultry slaughter, and underlying diseases were potential risks causing death. Live poultry markets were the main sources of infection, hence closing market could reduce the detection rate of H7N9 avian influenza virus. Strengthen the management of live poultry market and poultry environmental monitoring, closing live poultry markets when viral detection was positive, and suspending live poultry trading were effective measures to control the epidemic of H7N9 avian influenza infection and prevent transmission. Key words: H7N9 avian influenza; Epidemiological characteristics; Prevention and control measures
The Return of Historical Materialism

This chapter discusses the significance of historical materialism as a vibrant and potent paradigm that highlights, by contrast, the apparent moribund nature of formal-legalism, the failure of its practitioners, particularly those in social science disciplines, to articulate clearly their role as producers of knowledge, the ideologization of their relationship with the state and society. Their failure to do so is taken here as an endorsement to and validation of, implicitly or explicitly, the prevailing neoliberal global order and its mode of production that produced unprecedented global inequality, an order sustained by the US empire to maintain and consolidate its hegemony.
Checking the Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Case of Autoimmune Diabetes After PD-1 Inhibition in a Patient with HIV

Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated diabetes mellitus (ICI-DM) is a known immune-related adverse event (irAE) following treatment with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), with a reported 0.9% incidence. We hereby present the first case, to our knowledge, of ICI-DM following ICI use in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patient. In this case, a 48-year-old man with HIV stable on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma and initiated treatment with the PD-1 inhibitor nivolumab. His lymphoma achieved complete response after 5 months. However, at month 8, he reported sudden polydipsia and polyuria. Labs revealed a glucose level of 764 mg/dL and glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of 7.1%. Low C-peptide and elevated glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) antibody levels confirmed autoimmune DM, and he was started on insulin. Major histocompatibility complex class II genetic analysis revealed homozygous HLA DRB1*03-DQA1*0501-DQB1*02 (DR3-DQ2), which is a known primary driver of genetic susceptibility to type 1 DM. Autoimmune DM has been reported as an ICI-associated irAE. However, patients with immunocompromising conditions such as HIV are usually excluded from ICI trials. Therefore, little is known about such irAEs in this population. In this case, risk of ICI-DM as an irAE was likely increased by several factors including family history, a high-risk genetic profile, islet-related immunologic abnormalities, active lymphoma, and HIV infection with a possible immune reconstitution event. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for development of irAEs associated with ICI, particularly as use of these therapies broadens. Thorough investigation for presence of higher-risk features should be conducted and may warrant inclusion of pre-therapy genetic and/or autoantibody screening.
Estimating the Causal Effect of Entry on Generic Drug Prices Using Hatch–Waxman Exclusivity

Competition among generics helps keep drug prices low and control medical costs. Good estimates of the effect on price of the entry of another generic competitor would inform competition policy and test oligopoly theories. However, identifying the causal effect of entry is difficult since the number of firms that compete in a market is endogenously determined. We exploit provisions of the 1984 Hatch–Waxman Act to identify a causal effect. We find that ignoring endogenous selection into generic drug markets imparts a significant downward bias to the estimates of the effects of two and three competitors on generic drug prices.
Modeling of Covid-19 trade measures on essential products: a multiproduct, multicountry spatial price equilibrium framework

In this paper, we develop a unified variational inequality framework in the context of spatial price network equilibrium problems that handles multiple products with multiple demand and supply markets in multiple countries as well as multiple transportation routes. The model incorporates a plethora of distinct trade measures, which is particularly important in the pandemic, as PPEs and other essential products are in high demand, but short in supply globally. In the model, product flows as well as prices at the supply markets and the demand markets in different countries are variables that allows us to seamlessly introduce various trade measures, including tariffs, quotas, as well as price floors and ceilings. Qualitative properties are analyzed. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the impacts of the trade measures on equilibrium product path and link flows, and on prices, and demand and supply quantities. Given the relevance of the trade measures in the world today and discussions concerning the impacts, the framework constructed in this paper is especially timely.
Connectome-based Modeling of Mnemonic Discrimination in Younger and Older Adults

The ability to distinguish existing memories from similar perceptual experiences is a core feature of episodic memory. This ability is often examined using the Mnemonic Similarity Task in which people discriminate memories of studied objects from perceptually similar lures. Studies of the neural basis of such mnemonic discrimination have focused on hippocampal function and connectivity. However, default mode network (DMN) connectivity may also support such discrimination, given that the DMN includes the hippocampus, and its connectivity supports many aspects of episodic memory. Here, we used connectome-based modeling to identify associations between intrinsic DMN connectivity and mnemonic discrimination. We leveraged established discrimination deficits in older adults to test whether such age differences moderate network-wide relationships. Resting-state functional connectivity in the DMN predicted mnemonic discrimination ability outside the MRI scanner, especially among prefrontal and temporal regions and including several hippocampal regions. This predictive relationship was stronger for younger than older adults, with age differences primarily reflecting older adults' weaker temporal-prefrontal connectivity. These novel associations suggest that broader cortical networks including the hippocampus support mnemonic discrimination. They also suggest that disruptions within the DMN that emerge in healthy aging undermine the extent that the DMN supports this ability. These findings provide the first indication of how intrinsic functional properties of the DMN support mnemonic discrimination.
Stream restoration reduces elevated phosphorus levels in an urban watershed

Abstract Lake Erie is located in North America with its southern shoreline bordering Ohio, as well as parts of Michigan, Pennsylvania and New York. A one-year study investigated nutrient pollution in a Central Basin Lake Erie headwater tributary watershed near Cleveland Ohio. Results suggest that the 2019 annual phosphorus load entering Lake Erie from the Euclid Creek watershed was approximately 22,600 pounds, over four times the watershed’s target of 5545 pounds. Multiple upstream sites were the major nonpoint sources of nutrient pollution. Four sampling sites averaged phosphorus levels 12–15 times the watershed target of 0.05 mg/L. Leaking sanitary sewers in residential areas were believed to contribute more pollution than the three golf courses and the regional airport located within the watershed. The presence of the Cleveland Metroparks along the riparian corridor in the Main Branch significantly reduced (p
Improved Electrophile Design for Exquisite Covalent Molecule Selectivity

Covalent inhibitors continue to show therapeutic promise. However, off-target reactivity challenges the field. Extensive efforts have been exerted to solve this issue by varying the reactivity attributes of electrophilic warheads, with features such as reversibility or metabolic vulnerability. Here we report the development of a new approach to increase the selectivity of covalent probes and small molecule inhibitors that is independent of warhead reactivity features and can be used in concert with already-existing methods. Using the Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) inhibitor Ibrutinib scaffold for our proof-of-concept, we reasoned that increasing the steric bulk of fumarate-based electrophiles on Ibrutinib should improve selectivity via the steric exclusion of off-targets but ideally retain rates of cysteine reactivity comparable to that of an acrylamide. Using chemical proteomic techniques, we demonstrate that elaboration of the electrophile to a tert-Butyl (t-Bu) fumarate ester significantly decreases time-dependent off-target reactivity and abolishes time-independent off-target reactivity but retains BTK target engagement. While an alkyne-bearing probe analog of Ibrutinib has 247 protein targets, our t-Bu fumarate Ibrutinib probe analog has only 7 protein targets. Of these 7 targets, BTK is the only time-independent target. This 2-order-of-magnitude increase in selectivity is also conferred to the t-Bu inhibitor itself. By shotgun proteomics, we investigated the consequences of treatment with Ibrutinib and our t-Bu analog and discovered that only 8 proteins are downregulated in response to treatment with the t-Bu analog compared to 107 with Ibrutinib. Of these 8 proteins, 7 are also downregulated by Ibrutinib and a majority of these targets are associated with BTK biology. Taken together, these findings reveal a previously-unappreciated opportunity to increase cysteine-reactive covalent inhibitor selectivity through electrophilic structure optimization.
A complex relationship between intuitive eating and diet quality among university students.

Intuitive Eating (IE) theory posits eating in response to internal hunger, and satiety cues minimize impulses to over-consume foods. To assess this relationship, 758 university students (55% male) completed the Intuitive Eating Scale 2 (IES-2) and the Diet History Questionnaire II (DHQ). The IES-2 includes a total score and four subscale scores; unconditional permission to eat (UPE), reliance on hunger and satiety cues (RHSC), eating for physical rather than emotional reasons (EPR), and body food choice congruence (BFCC). Using multiple regression analysis, IE total was not related to diet quality. EPR (s =0.10, p ≤ .01) and BFCC (s =0.29, p ≤ .001) were positively related to diet quality. UPE (s = -0.15, p ≤ .001) and RHSC (s = -0.08, p ≤ .05) were negatively related to diet quality. This study found an antipodal relationship between the subscales of IE and diet quality among university students.
Target Fabrication of Opacity Experiments on Z for Weapons Science Applications

AbstractOpacity data are very important in high energy density physics experiments. Recent targets of alternating layers of either Al2Te3 or Mg/Sn with a CH tamper have been made for obtaining these data. These targets are geometrically simple in the half-moon configuration of the metal compound coating to the pure CH tamper but require stringent procedural requirements to fabricate to the purity requirements. These specific targets require mass ratios of elements that proved to be difficult to obtain while also having the requirement of being pinhole-free and oxygen-free.
Technology to Assess and Intervene on Weight-Related Behaviors with Bariatric Surgery Patients

Advances in technology have undoubtedly contributed to the obesity epidemic that is now affecting most developed countries, but technology may also be part of the solution to the obesity problem. This chapter describes ways in which technology has been used to better understand and intervene on weight-related behaviors. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and objective monitors of eating and physical activity behavior (e.g., accelerometers) are discussed as methods of studying behavior that have multiple advantages over traditional methods such as questionnaires, clinical interviews, and diaries. Examples are given of behavioral weight control programs using Internet, text-messaging, smartphone, and virtual reality technology. Current and future directions for use of these technologies with bariatric surgery patients are also discussed.
Predicting Grid Resource Performance Online

In this paper, we describe methods for predicting the performance of Computational Grid resources (machines, networks, storage systems, etc.) using computationally inexpensive statistical techniques. The predictions generated in this manner are intended to support adaptive application scheduling in Grid settings, and on-line fault detection. We describe a mixture-of-experts approach to non-parametric, univariate time-series forecasting, and detail the effectiveness of the approach using example data gathered from “production” (i.e. non-experimental) Computational Grid installations. See footnote for information on sources of support for this work.
Theology from Outside the Foxhole

A U.S. veteran of the 2003 Iraq War considers the notion of military heroism from a practical theological perspective. The particular dimensions of the soldier’s body as a site of possible heroism is explored. Comparison is made with the tradition of Christian martyrdom, including the sufferings of the Apostle Paul, and of Christ. It is argued that although heroism may require critical revision there remains a place for the ideal of military heroism because it can point to a divine truth behind it. In acknowledging the presence of suffering, the pursuit of heroism is recognised as a way of articulating the importance of suffering well.
Situationally Equivocal Eyewitness Evidence and the Violence of Crimes

Eyewitness evidence is amongst the most important types of evidence in investigative and juridical proceedings. Yet, eyewitness evidence frequently derives from observations made under situationally equivocal conditions, including such factors as darkness and physical obstruction of view. The effect of the violence of a given crime on potential jurors' evaluation of such equivocal evidence was addressed. A witness's identification of a suspect in a violent crime was generated in three versions, varying only in the level of violence of the crime. Respondents were more likely to accept this identification as accurate under more violent conditions and were also less likely to report noticing or considering equivocal aspects (darkness and physical obstruction) in situations of greater violence. Predisposing factors to judgement of guilt lay significantly in the acceptance of punishment as a viable deterrent to crime and of societal guilt for the criminal's behaviour, although political or religious orientations were not shown to influence these results, and none of these factors interacted with the violence of the crime to influence judgement of guilt or innocence. These findings indicate the importance of affective factors in judgements of guilt or innocence, especially when these judgements are based on situationally equivocal eyewitness evidence. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
British Rocket and Ramjet Engines: A Survey of Work to Date in This Important Field

ROCKET and ramjet engines have not the universal application that gas turbines command and possibly on this account they have not had, until recent years, the development effort which gave such amazing results in turbine powered aircraft. Nevertheless, they have demonstrated quite dramatically in various parts of the world that they are power plants to be reckoned with. In Great Britain, their value for aircraft was appreciated somewhat belatedly and events have since decreed that the promise they showed should be smothered before it could become a vital fact. On the other hand their importance for missiles was realized at the conclusion of the 1939–45 war, but again they were not encouraged on anything like the scale that present events show would have been justified. Because of this lack of encouragement, British rockets and ramjets, instead of leading the world, as do gas turbines, are struggling hard to provide a modest rate of progress.
Top management team demographic characteristics, business strategy, and firm performance in the US airline industry: The role of managerial discretion

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to focus on top management demographic characteristics, business strategy, and firm performance in the major US airlines.Design/methodology/approach – The relationships between management characteristics and business strategy are examined as well as the business strategy – firm performance relationships before and after airline deregulation. This is a longitudinal study (1972‐1995) that includes data from publicly available sources. Pooled cross‐sectional time series regression analyses were used with fixed‐effects to test specific hypotheses. The management demographics include age, tenure, education, and functional background. Business strategy was measured as low cost, differentiation, and scope. The study includes three measures of firm performance.Findings – There were significant management demographics‐business strategy relationships in the deregulatory period. There were also significant business strategy‐firm performance relationships with deregulation.Origi...
The Advertorial as a Tool of Mediated Public Diplomacy

This study examines Russia’s use of the advertorial as a strategic tool of public diplomacy. Our analysis of 303 advertorial news items published in supplemental sections of The Washington Post and The Times of India finds that, overall, Russian advertorials focused primarily on economics, culture, and international relations. However, the results point to greater diversity in issue promotion for the U.S. advertorials than for the Indian advertorials. Furthermore, we identified dissimilar attribute promotion strategies between the two advertorials. The Indian advertorials focused predominantly on Russia’s power attribute, whereas U.S. advertorials highlight Russia’s attributes as an innovative, developed, and investor-friendly nation. Research findings are discussed in the wider scope of mediated public diplomacy and international agenda-building scholarship.
Highlights of historical events leading to national surveillance of vaccination coverage in the United States.

The articles published in this special supplement of Public Health Reports provide examples of only some of the current efforts in the United States for evaluating vaccination coverage. So, how did we get here? The history of vaccination and assessment of vaccination coverage in the U.S. has its roots in the pre-Revolutionary War era. In many cases, development of vaccines, and attention devoted to the assessment of vaccination coverage, has grown from the impact of infectious disease on major world events such as wars. The purpose of this commentary is to provide a brief overview of the key historical events in the U.S. that influenced the development of vaccines and the efforts to track vaccination coverage, which laid the foundation for contemporary vaccination assessment efforts.
Simulation of Damage for Wind Turbine Blades Due to Airborne Particles

A mathematical model and simulation of airborne particle collisions with a 38 m, 1.5 MW horizontal axis wind turbine blade are presented. Two types of particles were analyzed, namely insects and sand grains. Computations were performed using a two-dimensional inviscid flowfield solver coupled with a particle position code. Three locations along the blade were considered and characterized by airfoils of the DU series. The insect simulations estimated the residual debris thickness on the blade, while sand simulations computed the surface erosion rate. Results show that the impact locations along the blade depend on angle of attack, freestream velocity, airfoil shape, and particle mass. Particles were found to collide primarily at the leading edge. The volume of insect debris per unit span was maximum at r/R = 0.75. The erosion rate due to sand was maximum on the low pressure side of the blade. An erosion rate approximately ten times higher was observed at r/R = 0.75, as compared with the section at r/R = 0....
Developmental Changes in Ovine Myocardial Glucose Transporters and Insulin Signaling Following Hyperthermia-Induced Intrauterine Fetal Growth Restriction:

Developmental changes in ovine myocardial glucose transporters and insulin signaling following hyperthermia-induced intrauterine fetal growth restriction (IUGR) were the focus of our study. Our obj...
Phase diagram and edge states of the ν = 5 / 2 fractional quantum Hall state with Landau level mixing and finite well thickness

The $\nu=5/2$ fractional quantum Hall effect is a system of intense experimental and theoretical interest as its ground state may host non-abelian excitations, but the exact nature of the ground state is still undetermined. We present the results of an exact diagonalization study of an electron system in the disk configuration including the effects of Landau level (LL) mixing and the finite thickness of the quantum well confining the electrons. The degeneracy between the two leading candidates for the ground state, the Pfaffian and anti-Pfaffian, is broken by interactions with a neutralizing background, in addition to the inclusion of two- and three-body interactions via LL mixing. As a result of the neutralizing background in the disc configuration, there is a phase transition from the anti-Pfaffian to the Pfaffian as LL mixing is turned on, in stark contrast to what is observed in a spherical geometry. The LL mixing leads to an increased charge $e/4$ quasihole size. LL mixing interactions are also shown to overcome the effects of edge reconstruction. Due to finite thickness effects, these properties are enhanced dramatically. We also find that only the Pfaffian and anti-Pfaffian states continue to possess energy gaps at finite width, while gaps for compressible stripe states close.
Explaining African-American Cell Phone Usage Through the Social Shaping of Technology Approach

African-Americans have been understood to be on the wrong side of the “digital divide”. Yet, African-Americans exhibit high rates of cell phone usage. This study attempts to explain this trend by applying a social shaping of technology approach. High rates by African-Americans are hypothesized to be powered by the cultural expectations of communicating with family and friends. Using nationally representative data, several conclusions were drawn. First, African-Americans have higher rates of cell phone usage for calling and texting, but not Internet usage. This holds after controlling for various factors associated with cell phone usage. Second, there is evidence that the high rate of usage by Hispanics is also grounded in cultural expectations. Finally, race and family structure interact to produce high rates of phone calling, but do not interact to produce high rates of texting.
Disaffected Pollyannas: The influence of positive affect on salary expectations, turnover, and long‐term satisfaction

Using a longitudinal sample of MBA graduates, the present study investigates why employeeswhoarehighinpositiveaffect(PA)sometimesdisplayhigherratesofturnover, as well as the consequences of frequent turnover for long-term satisfaction. Results show that high PA employees had higher salary expectations than other employees, and that the relationship between low salary and frequent turnover in the 4 years following graduation was stronger among employees higher in PA. High PA employees who changed organizations more frequently in the first 4 years following graduation reported lower job satisfaction and lower life satisfaction 8 years into their careers, a trend that was reversed for low PA employees.
Loglinear representation for multivariate choice data

Abstract This paper focuses on multivariate logistic representations of paired and multiple comparisons models. Bock's (1975) logistic model is chosen as a common framework for extending the Bradley-Terry-Luce model, Luce's model of first choices, the Babington–Smith and the Pendergrass-Bradley ranking models to accommodate multiple responses. Relationships between the responses are constrained to vary as an additive function of the objects being compared. The methodology is exemplified by analyzing bivariate choice data from a questionnaire study.
Transplantation: Pump it up: conserving a precious resource?

Determining the optimal method for preserving deceased-donor kidneys is crucial for improving long-term transplant success. A randomized, controlled trial has compared two methods—hypothermic machine perfusion and cold storage preservation.
Japan's Labor Market Reform after the Collapse of the Bubble Economy: Political Determinants of Regulatory Changes

This article analyzes Japan9s labor market reform in response to its protracted recession, focusing on the institutional configuration of policymaking. It argues that although the centralization of decision-making authority bypassed bureaucracy-led policymaking, policy coordination with coalition partners and political compromise with opposition parties prevented across-the-board labor market deregulation in Japan.
Absorption and fluorescence spectra of chlorophyll-proteins isolated from Euglena gracilis.

Abstract A spectroscopic study of chlorophyll-protein complexes isolated from Euglena gracilis membranes was carried out to gain information about the state of chlorophyll in vivo and energy transfer in photosynthesis. The membranes were dissociated by Triton X-100 and separated into fractions by sucrose gradient centrifugation and hydroxyapatite chromatography. Four different types of chlorophyll-protein complexes were distinguished from each other and from detergent-solubilized chlorophyll in these fractions by examination of their absorption, fluorescence excitation (400–500 nm) and emission spectra at low temperature. These types were: (1). A mixture of antenna chlorophyll a - and chlorophyll ab -proteins with an absorption maximum at 669 and emission at 682 nm; (2) a P -700-chlorophyll a -protein (chlorophyll: P -700 = 30 : 1), termed CPI with an absorption maximum at 676 nm and emission maxima at 698 and 718 nm; (3) a second chlorophyll a -protein (CPI-2) less enriched in P -700, with an absorption maximum at 676 nm and emission maxima at 680, 722 and 731 nm; (4) a third chlorophyll a -protein (CP a 1 ) with no P -700, absorption maxima at 670 and 683 nm, and an unusually sharp emission maximum at 687 nm. Treatment of CP a 1 with sodium dodecyl sulfate drastically altered its spectroscopic properties indicating that at least some chlorophyll-proteins isolated with this detergent are partially denatured. The results suggest that the complex absorption spectra of chlorophyll in vivo are caused by varying proportions of different chlorophyll-protein complexes, each with different groups of chlorophyll molecules bound to it and making up a unique entity in terms of electronic transitions.
Differential effects of imipramine in rats as a function of DRL schedule value.

Abstract Imipramine, a tricyclic anti-depressant, has selective effects on differential-reinforcement-of-low-response-rate (DRL) schedule performance as a function of schedule value. On a DRL 9-sec schedule of water reinforcement, imipramine at doses of 2.5 to 20.0 mg/kg resulted in no significant change in the number of reinforcements or responses. A dose of 5.0 mg/kg imipramine, given to rats performing on a DRL>72-sec schedule, produced a significant increase in the number of reinforcements and a concomittant decrease in responses. This effect was associated with a shift in the inter-response time (IRT) distribution to longer IRTs. Higher doses (20.0 and 40.0 mg/kg) decreased both response rate and reinforcement rate on the DRL 72-sec schedule. These findings demonstrate the importance of schedule parameters in determining the behavioral effects of imipramine.
HETEROZYGOSITY, SHELL LENGTH AND METABOLISM IN THE EUROPEAN MUSSEL, DREISSENA POLYMORPHA, FROM A RECENTLY ESTABLISHED POPULATION IN LAKE ERIE

Abstract 1. Genetic variation at seven polymorphic enzyme loci in a recently established North American population of the European zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, was high, with an average heterozygosity (H) of 0.307, and an average of 3.43 alleles per locus (range 2–6). 2. Mussel shell length was significantly correlated with multiple locus heterozygosity, although heterozygosity at these seven loci explained only 7% of the total variation in shell length. 3. Decreased mass-specific metabolic rate has been proposed as the mechanism whereby heterozygotes grow faster than homozygotes, however, mass-specific oxygen consumption was not significantly correlated with multiple locus heterozygosity. 4. The relationship between body size and heterozygosity is similar in this freshwater bivalve to previous reports for several species of marine molluscs.
Structure of the mouth of Hydra spp. A breach in the epithelium that disappears when it closes

When the mouth of a hydra is not open, the ectodermal and endodermal epithelia are each continuous over the oral surface. All cells are joined to all neighboring cells by septate junctions. A mouth forms when muscles stretch the center of the oral region and pull several cells into a thin lamella. Finally, cell attachments break. Rapidly (within one second) this breach expands as a round opening until it is approximately half the diameter of the surrounding column. Considerable rearrangment of the central cells, and therefore of their septate junctions, likely takes place rapidly as the mouth expands. A few cells may be lost from the epithelia. Closure of the mouth is slow and results in irregular thickening and wrinkling of the tissue. Final closure to restore histological continuity resembles wound healing more than occlusion typical of the mouths of other animals. The lack of a permanent mouth may be a primitive character or an adaptation to a simple body plan, and is shared by many hydrozoan polyps but not by more complex cnidarians.
Controls on coastal dune morphology, shoreline erosion and barrier island response to extreme storms

Abstract The response of a barrier island to an extreme storm depends in part on the surge elevation relative to the height and extent of the foredunes which can exhibit considerable variability alongshore. While it is recognized that alongshore variations in dune height and width direct barrier island response to storm surge, the underlying causes of the alongshore variation remain poorly understood. This study examines the alongshore variation in dune morphology along a 11 km stretch of Santa Rosa Island in northwest Florida and relates the variation in morphology to the response of the island during Hurricane Ivan and historic and storm-related rates of shoreline erosion. The morphology of the foredune and backbarrier dunes was characterized before and after Hurricane Ivan using Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis and related through Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA). The height and extent of the foredune, and the presence and relative location of the backbarrier dunes, varied alongshore at discrete length scales (of ~ 750, 1450 and 4550 m) that are statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. Cospectral analysis suggests that the variation in dune morphology is correlated with transverse ridges on the inner-shelf, the backbarrier cuspate headlands, and the historical and storm-related trends in shoreline change. Sections of the coast with little to no dune development before Hurricane Ivan were observed in the narrowest portions of the island (between headlands), west of the transverse ridges. Overwash penetration tended to be larger in these areas and island breaching was common, leaving the surface close to the watertable and covered by a lag of shell and gravel. In contrast, large foredunes and the backbarrier dunes were observed at the widest sections of the island (the cuspate headlands) and at crest of the transverse ridges. Due to the large dunes and the presence of the backbarrier dunes, these areas experienced less overwash penetration and most of the sediment from the beachface and dunes was deposited within the upper-shoreface. It is argued that this sediment is returned to the beachface through nearshore bar migration following the storm and that the areas with larger foredunes and backbarrier dunes have smaller rates of historical shoreline erosion compared to areas with smaller dunes and greater transfer of sediment to the washover terrace. Since the recovery of the dunes will vary depending on the availability of sediment from the washover and beachface, it is further argued that the alongshore pattern of dune morphology and the response of the island to the next extreme storm is forced by the transverse ridges and island width through alongshore variations in storm surge and overwash gradients respectively. These findings may be particularly important for coastal managers involved in the repair and rebuilding of coastal infrastructure that was damaged or destroyed during Hurricane Ivan.