cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The inhibition of photochemical smog—IX. Model calculations of the effect of (C2H5)2NOH on C2H4-NOx atmospheres

Abstract Computer modelling of C 2 H 4 -NO x atmospheres with and without (C 2 H 5 ) 2 NOH present have been performed. The reaction scheme consists of 102 reactions and 45 reaction species plus N 2 , which is unreactive. No perceptible reaction occurs unless HNO 2 is present, which can photodecompose to give HO radicals. HNO 2 is produced from the reaction of H 2 O, NO and NO 2 . It is assumed that the equilibrium is rapidly maintained through heterogeneous reactions. For systems with no H 2 O present, an artificial HO-source term must be included. A number of calculations for C 2 H 4 -NO x systems were made for conditions of various dilution factors, (C 2 H 5 ) 2 NOH concentrations and feed rates, and various initial [NO]/[NO 2 ] ratios. If NO 2 is present initially it can photodecompose in air to produce a low level of O 3 which in turn reacts with (C 2 H 5 ) 2 NOH to give HO radicals. This can accelerate the onset of ultimate O 3 formation. However if sufficient (C 2 H 5 ) 2 NOH is present or it is added before NO 2 is produced, it delays O 3 production. Under ‘real’ atmospheric conditions which include dilution and diurnal variation in the sun's intensity, second-day effects are not important.
A Rationale for Treatment of Hereditary Vitamin D-resistant Rickets with Analogs of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3

Hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets (HVDRR) is caused by heterogeneous inactivating mutations in the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Treatment of HVDRR patients with high doses of oral calcium and supraphysiologic doses of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) has had limited success. In this study we explored the use of vitamin D analogs as a potential therapy for this disorder. The rationale for the use of vitamin D analogs is that they bind the VDR at different amino acid residues than 1,25D3, and their ability to modulate VDR functions differs from that of the natural hormone. In this report, we examined the VDR from three HVDRR patients with mutations in the ligand-binding domain of the VDR (histidine 305 to glutamine, arginine 274 to leucine, and phenylalanine 251 to cysteine) for their responses to two vitamin D analogs, 20-epi-1,25D3 and 1β-hydroxymethyl-3-epi-16-ene-26a,27a-bishomo-25D3(JK-1626-2). Our results reveal that vitamin D analogs partially or completely restore the responsiveness of the mutated VDR. Analog treatment seemed to be more successful when the mutation affects the amino acids directly involved in ligand binding rather than amino acids that contribute to a functional VDR interface with dimerization partners or coactivators of transcription.
Direct Trainee Observation: Opportunities for Enhanced Physician–Patient Communication and Faculty Development

En-hanced PPR leadsto a reduction inphysician burnout,malpractice suits, and healthcare costs, meanwhileheightening the capacity to fully understand the patient’sillness and concerns, which may be reﬂected in widelyvisible patient satisfaction web sites. Increasing patientvolumes, perceived attitudes toward particular diagnoses,and insufﬁcient attention by regulatory bodies in chargeof education and training has limited professionalgrowth in this critical area. The complex, multidimen-sional nature of gastrointestinal (GI) presentations, in-crease in the number of comorbid conditions, andchange in accountability in clinical practice has reener-gized the discussion for providing efﬁcient, high-qualitycare. Training at all levels, from the ﬁrst-year medicalstudent to an established faculty member or communitypractitioner, is critical in successful implementation ofeffective communication skills, which can lead to aneffective PPR. This is important across all medical spe-cialties, but more so in subspecialties such as gastroen-terology and hepatology, ﬁelds where communication isof vital importance owing to complex clinical presenta-tions, and higher frequency of functional disorders, in-vasive testing, and management plans.The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Edu-cation (ACGME) released revised common program re-quirements that went into effect on July 1, 2012.
Finite-element analysis of a weld-penetration problem

The stress concentration factor for a weld penetration defect is calculated by the finite-element method. A stress intensity factor is computed by use of the finite-element solution and the J-integral. The results are compared with experimental results.
Energy transfer in adsorption. II. Model calculations

Model calculations are presented for the condensation of gases on metal surfaces for several mechanisms of gas-surface energy transfer. The mechanisms considered are classical and quantum-mechanical momentum transfer to the substrate, excitation of substrate electrons, and coupling to internal degrees of freedom of the gas molecules. Sticking coefficients are computed as functions of the interaction potential, adsorbate and substrate mass, and gas and surface temperatures. The dependence of the sticking coefficient on these parameters may be different for different mechanisms of energy transfer.
Individual tree crown and stand development in Pinus taeda under different fertilization and irrigation regimes

Abstract We examined individual tree foliage mass and branch demography for 13 years in a Pinus taeda L. stand growing on a nutrient poor, well drained sandy soil with a 2 × 2 factorial of fertilization and irrigation treatments replicated four times. Branch level foliage mass was estimated using equations derived from 2500 destructively sampled branches with branch basal diameter, crown location, age and treatment as independent variables. Branch diameter and crown location were measured for all live branches on 80 trees (20 in each treatment) each year for 13 years. Maximum dormant season individual tree foliage mass was 5.4 and 10.7 kg tree−1 in the control and fertilized and irrigated treatments, respectively. The maximum fertilized and irrigated individual tree foliage mass was achieved 3 years after treatment initiation when apparent light and space limitations prevented additional increase in individual tree foliage mass. Individual stem volume increment was linearly related to individual tree foliage mass and individual tree foliage mass was reduced by the presence of large nearby trees. Branch diameter and number were significantly increased by fertilization (52 branches tree−1, 11% increase, 19.8 mm branch−1, 14% increase). Branch longevity was significantly reduced by fertilization; branches survived 6.6 and 5.4 years for the non-fertilized and fertilized treatments, respectively. Branch size, number and longevity in the fertilized treatments would not be likely to reduce stem quality. In stands where nutrients and water were adequate and light and space limitations developed, individual tree foliage mass development could be increased with thinning. However, individual tree foliage mass development was limited much earlier in stand development than heretofore thought. Waiting to thin until stand conditions currently used to trigger thinning (to avoid density dependent mortality) would promote overall stand growth at the expense of crop tree growth. Individual tree foliage mass was correlated with branch development and branches in the lower crown half were more likely to die, had a lower carbon balance due to low light and high respiring tissue relative to photosynthesizing tissue. This combination of factors indicated that pruning may be a likely tool to manage crown development and insure that crop trees have a high value stem. The balance between individual stem growth and stand growth may need to be reevaluated in the context of currently used intensive silvicultural regimes.
Focus on molecules: rod photoreceptor cGMP-gated cation channel.

The rod photoreceptor cGMP-gated cation (rod CNG) channel is an essential component of phototransduction and also may play a critical role in maintenance of photoreceptor outer segment structural integrity. It is a non-selective cation channel that belongs to the superfamily of voltage-gated channels, and the subfamily of cyclic nucleotide gated channels (Kaupp and Seifert, 2002). This channel is composed of a heterotetramer consisting of three α-subunits (encoded by the CNGA1 locus; also called A subunit) and one β-subunit (encoded by the CNGB1 locus; also called the B subunit; Genbank IDs for Murine and Human mRNA: α-subunit 34328042, 71143140; β-subunit 28386104, 4502918; uniprot IDs for Murine and Human proteins are: α-subunit P29974, P29973; β-subunit Q9UMG2, Q80XL8) arranged around a central pore. The αand β-subunits are the products of separate genes whose loci are designated CNGA1 and CNGB1. The CNGB1 locus is complex encoding multiple alternatively spliced transcripts that are expressed in several diverse tissues (Ardell et al., 2000). For example, an olfactory tissue specific transcript encodes a βsubunit variant that is required for normal channel function of the olfactory cyclic nucleotide gated channel.
Single-Boundary Iteration for Polynomial Invariants

In an earlier paper [1] we show that if a family of oriented links obey an iterative pattern, their HOMFLY polynomials satisfy a homogeneous linear recurrence relation. This also holds for Kauffman polynomials. Here we prove the result using a different construction which in some cases yields a recurrence relation of much lower order, thereby drastically reducing the amount of computation required to obtain explicit polynomials for individual members or a general formula for the entire family.
Hydrothermal heat flux of the “black smoker” vents on the East Pacific Rise

Abstract Active hydrothermal vents have been discovered on the East Pacific Rise at 21°N [1]. The most spectacular of the vents jet out 350°C water at flow rates of several meters per second. The heat loss associated with a single vent of this type is three to six times the total theoretical heat loss for a 1-km segment of ridge out to 1 m.y. age. This underscores the importance of hydrothermal circulation in the heat budget of mid-ocean ridges. It also requires that vent activity of this type be highly episodic rather than steady state.
Modelling the Diversity of Extrasolar Terrestrial Planets

As we prepare to undertake the observational search for extrasolar terrestrial planets, theoretical modeling studies can help to prepare us for the likely diversity of the extrasolar terrestrial planets. This diversity may arise as a function of planetary system architecture and formation history, which results in a variety of initial planetary properties, as well as stellar, planetary and biological evolutionary processes. Modeling of the physical and chemical processes of the planetary environment, and their interaction with the parent star, allows us to understand the nature of the planetary characteristics that indicate habitability and life, and how these manifest in the planetary spectra. Here we present disk-averaged spectra of planets in our own solar system, and models of the Earth through several eons to understand the types of planetary characteristics that are likely to be observed by planned planet detection and characterization missions.
Xylan Biosynthesis: News from the Grass

Plant cell wall polysaccharides are critical components of numerous products in our everyday life. Because of this, modification of their constituent components offers unique opportunities for product improvement and economic advancement. Xylans are one of these polysaccharides that have a variety
An analysis of an electromagnetically driven confined vortex with high positive radial Reynolds numbers

Flow behavior in an electromagnetically driven confined vortex with high positive radial Reynolds numbers
The aggregation kinetics of an electrostatically stabilized dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicle system

Abstract Two aspects of phospholipid vesicle aggregation are examined: the low rate at which it occurs, even at high electrolyte concentrations, and its unusual temperature dependence. A comparison of experimental data with theoretical calculations suggests that phospholipid vesicles aggregate into a shallow minimum, resulting in weak, reversible aggregation. The incorporation of a hydration effect gives the total interaction potential the necessary features for such behavior. The temperature dependence of the aggregation kinetics appears to result from a temperature dependence of the effective Hamaker constant and the hydration parameters.
Bow Shocks, Wiggling Jets, and Wide-Angle Winds: A High-Resolution Study of the Entrainment Mechanism of the PV Cephei Molecular (CO) Outflow

We present a new set of high-resolution molecular-line maps of the gas immediately surrounding various Herbig-Haro (HH) knots of the giant HH flow HH 315 from the young star PV Cephei. The observations, aimed at studying the entrainment mechanism of the 2.6 pc-long HH 315 flow, include IRAM 30 m maps of the 12CO (2-1), 12CO (1-0), and 13CO (1-0) lines, with beam sizes of 11'', 21'', and 22'', respectively. We compare the morphology and the kinematics of the outflow gas, as well as the temperature and momentum distribution of the molecular outflow, with those predicted by different entrainment models. With our detailed study we are able to conclude that jet bow shock entrainment by an episodic stellar wind, with a time-varying axis, produces most of the high-velocity molecular outflow observed far from the source. In addition, near PV Cep we find evidence for a poorly collimated, wide-angle molecular outflow and a collimated, wiggling jet-like molecular outflow. We propose that the poorly collimated component is entrained by a wide-angle wind and the collimated component is entrained by a variable jet with internal working surfaces. If this picture is true, then a stellar wind model that allows for the coexistence of a wide-angle component and a collimated (jetlike) stellar wind component is needed to explain the observed properties of the PV Cep outflow. The wiggling axis of the redshifted molecular outflow lobe indicates that the outflow ejection axis is changing over time. We find that the timescale of the axis variation shown by the molecular outflow lobe is about a factor of 10 less than that shown by the large-scale optical HH knots.
Quayle saves Landsat program

With a last-minute budget reprieve from the Bush administration, Landsats 4 and 5, the sole public U.S. source of detailed satellite images of Earth, have another six months of life. The impending shutoff of the satellites on March 31 without an infusion of funds has focused attention on the public—private partnership that manages the Landsat program. EOSAT , Inc., the private corporation that operates Landsats 4 and 5, needs $9.4 million to maintain the satellites until the end of the fiscal year in October. As it has in previous years, t h e Reagan administration included no money in its FY 1989 budget to keep the spacecraft working, a n d the Bush administration has not amended that policy. Congress has restored operating funds in the past, but this time it was the National Space Council, headed by Vice President Dan Quayle, that released a statement saying that federal agencies that are many of the biggest customers for remote sensing data from the satellites will pay at least some of the costs. Under the plan the rest would be supplied by EOSAT, which markets Landsat data.
A deletion mutant of bacteriophage f1 containing no intact cistrons

Abstract The isolation, purification, and characterization of a deletion mutant of bacteriophage f1 is described. The deletion covers about 65% of the f1 genetic map. This defective mutant grows well in the presence of f1 as a helper virus, but is unable to rescue any f1 mutant. Such inability is shown to be due to the absence of any intact cistrons. The mutant undergoes genetic recombination with f1. Propagation of the mutant via mass transfer leads to a population of defective particles of a vast heterogeneity. Conditions for cloning the mutant and for its maintenance in a homogeneous state are described.
Conventional description of unconventional Coulomb-crystal phase transitions in three-dimensional classical O(N) spin ice

We study the phase transition between the high-temperature Coulomb phase and the low-temperature staggered crystal phase in three-dimensional classical $O(N)$ spin-ice model. Compared with the previously proposed means CP(1) (complex projective model) formalism on the Coulomb-crystal transition of the classical dimer model, our description based on constrained Ginzburg-Landau formalism is more conventional, due to a fundamental difference between the $O(N)$ spin ice and the dimer model. The situations with cubic symmetry as well as easy-plane and easy-axis anisotropies are all studied. A systematic $ϵ=4\ensuremath{-}d$ expansion is used to study the universality class of the phase transitions.
Combined Loss of INK4a and Caveolin-1 Synergistically Enhances Cell Proliferation and Oncogene-induced Tumorigenesis ROLE OF INK4a/CAV-1 IN MAMMARY EPITHELIAL CELL HYPERPLASIA

Tumorigenesis is a multistep process that involves a series of genetic changes or "multiple hits," leading to alterations in signaling, proliferation, immortalization, and transformation. Many of the molecular factors that govern tumor initiation and progression remain unknown. Here, we evaluate the transformation suppressor potential of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) and its ability to cooperate with a well established tumor suppressor, the INK4a locus. To study the effects of loss of caveolin-1 on cellular transformation, we established immortalized primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) expressing and lacking caveolin-1 by interbreeding Cav-1 (+/+) and Cav-1 (-/-) mice with INK4a (-/-) mice. Analysis of these cells reveals that loss of caveolin-1 confers a significant growth advantage, as measured via cellular proliferation and cell cycle analysis. Loss of caveolin-1 in the INK4a (-/-) genetic background results in constitutive hyperactivation of the p42/44 MAP kinase cascade, decreased expression of p21(Cip1), as well as cyclin D1 and PCNA overexpression, consistent with their hyperproliferative phenotype. Importantly, in cells lacking Cav-1 expression, transformation by activated oncogenes (H-Ras(G12V) or v-Src) results in increased tumor growth in vivo (up to >40-fold). Finally, INK4a (-/-)/Cav-1 (-/-) mice demonstrate disturbed mammary epithelial ductal morphology, with hyperplasia, increased side-branching, and fibrosis. Our results provide important new evidence for the transformation suppressor properties of Cav-1 and the first molecular genetic evidence that Cav-1 cooperates with a tumor suppressor, namely the INK4a genetic locus.
On Super-Novae.

The extensive investigations of extragalactic systems during recent years have brought to light the remarkable fact that there exist two well-defined types of new stars or novae which might be distinguished as common novae and super-novae. No intermediate objects have so far been observed.
The Absorption of Carbon Dioxide By Unilluminated Leaves

In the process of photosynthesis as carried out by the higher plants, the leaf absorbs carbon dioxide from the air and transforms it into organic matter. This assimilation of carbon dioxide is accomplished through a number of intermediate steps and any complete analysis of the mechanism of this process requires that the carbon be traced through these consecutive steps. Obviously the first step is the absorption of carbon dioxide from the air. The critical experiments of Blackman (4) demonstrated that the carbon dioxide of the air enters the leaf through the stornata. At first this view was difficult to accept because it seemed impossible that the volume of carbon dioxide necessary to maintain active photosynthesis could diffuse through such a small area. The stomatal area in the sunflower leaf is only 3.75 per cent, of the total.
Effect of blackbody radiation on the threshold for two-electron photodetachment of H -

The threshold law of the titled process, which is of the same form as that for electron-impact ionization of H, can experimentally be contaminated by simultaneous single photodetachment and Rydberg excitation of the residual atom, followed by ionization of the Rydberg atom by (room-temperature) blackbody photons. This gives a signal indistinguishable from direct double photodetachment. The correction is here calculated and shown to be finite at the double photodetachment threshold, and to have, possibly, an implication about the form of the threshold law itself. However, at room temperature its contribution is found to be small as it pertains to a recently initiated experiment at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility for available energies greater than a millivolt above threshold. The temperature dependence of the correction is shown to be large (k/B/T) to the 7/2; thus at higher temperatures the effect may be observable.
Robust Prediction and Outlier Detection for Spatial Datasets

Spatial kriging is a widely used predictive model for spatial datasets. In spatial kriging model, the observations are assumed to be Gaussian for computational convenience. However, its predictive accuracy could be significantly compromised if the observations are contaminated by outliers. This deficiency can be systematically addressed by increasing the robustness of spatial kriging model using heavy tailed distributions, such as the Huber, Laplace, and Student's t distributions. This paper presents a novel Robust and Reduced Rank Spatial Kriging Model (R$^3$-SKM), which is resilient to the influences of outliers and allows for fast spatial inference. Furthermore, three effective and efficient algorithms are proposed based on R$^3$-SKM framework that can perform robust parameter estimation, spatial prediction, and spatial outlier detection with a linear-order time complexity. Extensive experiments on both simulated and real data sets demonstrated the robustness and efficiency of our proposed techniques.
D-C series motor speed-torque curves

FOR many years control-circuit designers have used a method of calculating d-c series motor speed-torque curves which was described by A. A. Merrill in the General Electric Review, October 1933. Speed and torque are calculated with the following formulas
Traveling With Purpose

Traveling has many purposes, including seeing new places, visiting friends, relaxing, or recreating. For educational travel, one of the best experiences is a multi-experiential tour of small groups...
Computers and Concepts in Physics: An N.S.F. Summer Institute

This article concerns a National Science Foundation project which centered around a summer institute for high school physics teachers. The dual focus of the institute was on computational programs in instructional physics and on concepts in physics. Twenty teachers from eleven states participated in this program. This article describes the summer program and its follow-up, and lists a wide variety of microcomputer projects which the participants developed. These projects are available to any interested physics teacher who writes the author and supplies a double-sided diskette.
Screening Indicators Identify Neonates At High Nutritional Risk

Abstract Identifying infants at high nutritional risk is often difficult in the nursery setting due to various protocols and monthly rotation of staff. In this time of healthcare cost containment, it is essential that dietitians effectively utilize their time by concentrating efforts on patients at nutritional risk. We sought to ascertain what factors could consistently identify high risk infants and allow dietitians to prioritize their patient load. Nutrition risk factors for the neonate were identified to be the following: NPO without TPN > three days, enteral volume 2000 gms, weight gain 20% of birthweight in the first week of life, albumin 600 u/L. A total of 479 infants were screened from December 1994 through February 1995. Of the 479 infants screened, 23% (114) were identified at risk. Of the 114, 78% displayed slow weight gain, 9% had inadequate enteral volume, 6% had low albumin, 5% had elevated alkaline phosphatase, and 1 patient had a low phosphorus. Prior to the implementation of this screening tool, the dietitian spent an estimated 13.5 hours per week screening/assessing infants. Using the above parameters, the diet technician now identifies infants at risk, and the dietitian spends only 6.5 hours per week providing thorough assessments. This results in a 47% reduction of dietitian time. This tool effectively identifies a significant number of infants with slow weight gain and other nutritional risk factors allowing the dietitian to prioritize assessments. Neonatal centers should recognize the benefits of a nutritional screening tool for the identification of high risk infants and the improved utilization of dietitians.
Vibration of two cantilever beams clamped at one end and connected by a rigid body at the other

This study presents the pure bending and coupled bending-torsional vibration characteristics of a beam structure which consists of two cantilever beams and a rigid body at their free ends. This structure is available in many mechanical structures such as robots, space constructions, and optical pickup actuators in optical disc drives (ODDs). In order to depict the vibration of the beam structure originating from the deflection and torsion of two beams, the motion equations and continuity conditions are analytically induced by using energy conservation. In the process that the free vibration problem is solved, two independent characteristic equations are obtained. The former is an equation for the pure bending vibration of two beams, and the latter is for their coupled bending-torsional vibration. It is proved that these characteristic equations are exact by comparing natural frequencies obtained from FEM. As natural frequencies are described in many dimensional variations, the relation between vibration characteristics and the dimensions of the given system is also investigated. Finally, resonant frequencies from test results are presented to confirm the validation of this study for a new type optical pickup actuator.
An extended beam theory for smart materials applications. Part II: Static formation problems

In this paper we further develop the theory of the extended Timoshenko beam model, as first introduced in Part I [5] of this work, with particular emphasis on applications of the model in formation theory [11], [12]. We begin with formal development of the equilibrium equations of static formation theory in the context of the extended Timoshenko model, giving a rigorous discussion of existence, uniqueness, and regularity of weak solutions with appropriate assumptions on the coefficients. We continue to obtain the fundamental duality relationship in the context of weak solutions and indicate its usefulness in investigations of approximate formability. Optimal formation problems and corresponding necessary conditions for optimality are discussed. We conclude with a discussion of a particular problem of joint optimization of controls and actuator densities in the context of a prismatic extended Timoshenko beam and we present the results of some computational studies.
Number of lymph nodes removed during modified radical neck dissection for papillary thyroid cancer does not influence lateral neck recurrence

Background This study examines the relationship between the number of lymph nodes removed during modified radical neck dissection and the incidence of disease recurrence. Methods A retrospective review of 117 patients with papillary thyroid cancer and lateral neck involvement (levels 2–5) who underwent modified radical neck dissection was performed. Data were analyzed for patient demographics, operative procedure, lymph node involvement, complications, radioactive iodine therapy, and disease recurrence. Results Of 117 patients who underwent modified radical neck dissection, the median follow-up of the entire study group was 25 months (range, 1–256 months). Recurrent disease was found in 8% of patients, with a median time to recurrence of 35 months. The median number of lymph nodes removed during modified radical neck dissection was similar in recurrent and nonrecurrent patients (P = .78). There was also no difference in the median number of positive lymph nodes removed (P = .14) between these 2 groups. On multivariate analysis, however, the number of positive lymph nodes (odds ratio, 1.16 [95% confidence interval, 1.01–1.34]) and tumor size (odds ratio, 1.60 [95% confidence interval, 1.03–2.49]) were independent predictors of recurrence of disease after modified radical neck dissection. Conclusion Recurrence of papillary thyroid cancer after modified radical neck dissection is unrelated to the number of lymph nodes removed. This study suggests that attempts to maximize the number of lymph nodes removed during modified radical neck dissection for papillary thyroid cancer may not be necessary.
Wood enhancement treatments. I: Impregnation of southern yellow pine with melamine-formaldehyde and melamine-ammeline-formaldehyde resins

Abstract Southern yellow pine (SYP) was impregnated with melamine-formaldehyde (MF) or melamine-ammeline-formaldehyde (MAF) resins. The dimensional stability, strength properties, weathering, fire resistance and chemical resistance of the impregnated wood were examined. The wood treated with two commercial MF resins or with a synthesized MAF resin exhibited greatly enhanced dimensional stability, fire resistance and resistance to weathering. The chemical resistance increased moderately.
Advances in IR sensors for tactical sensing

Use of infrared cameras for unattended ground sensors and related applications provide challenges not normally required in hand held systems. This paper discusses the current state of amorphous silicon (a-Si) microbolometer technology as it relates to unattended ground sensor applications. Raytheon has used a-Si detector technology to develop a 160×120 a-Si based infrared camera. This camera, which was originally targeted towards unattended applications, is now in production at Raytheon for hand-held commercial applications. This paper discusses the typical requirements that face unattended ground sensors and how Raytheon's current 160×120 a-Si camera is positioned to meet these requirements.
Relativity and quantum theory

It is shown that Einstein’s generalized theory of gravitation as modified by the author contains integral and half integral spin fields. A constant of the dimension of a length plays a basic role in distinguishing between Boson and Fermion type fields.
Soil Microbial Community Response to Corn Stover Harvesting Under Rain-Fed, No-Till Conditions at Multiple US Locations

Harvesting of corn stover (plant residues) for cellulosic ethanol production must be balanced with the requirement for returning plant residues to agricultural fields to maintain soil structure, fertility, crop protection, and other ecosystem services. High rates of corn stover removal can be associated with decreased soil organic matter (SOM) quantity and quality and increased highly erodible soil aggregate fractions. Limited data are available on the impact of stover harvesting on soil microbial communities which are critical because of their fundamental relationships with C and N cycles, soil fertility, crop protection, and stresses that might be imposed by climate change. Using fatty acid and DNA analyses, we evaluated relative changes in soil fungal and bacterial densities and fungal-to-bacterial (F:B) ratios in response to corn stover removal under no-till, rain-fed management. These studies were performed at four different US locations with contrasting soil-climatic conditions. At one location, residue removal significantly decreased F:B ratios. At this location, cover cropping significantly increased F:B ratios at the highest level of residue removal and thus may be an important practice to minimize changes in soil microbial communities where corn stover is harvested. We also found that in these no-till systems, the 0- to 5-cm depth interval is most likely to experience changes, and detectable effects of stover removal on soil microbial community structure will depend on the duration of stover removal, sampling time, soil type, and annual weather patterns. No-till practices may have limited the rate of change in soil properties associated with stover removal compared to more extensive changes reported at a limited number of tilled sites. Documenting changes in soil microbial communities with stover removal under differing soil-climatic and management conditions will guide threshold levels of stover removal and identify practices (e.g., no-till, cover cropping) that may mitigate undesirable changes in soil properties.
Explaining momentum profits with an epidemic diffusion model

We show that information diffusion is a function of its dissemination and assimilation. Whereas dissemniation is a function of observable factors such as volume and price volatility, assimilation is dependent on unobservable factors such as the usefulness and reliability of information. We find that buying low volume (or low volatility) past losers and shortselling low volume (or low volatility) past winners generates a positive net return across the entire sample period and especially during bear markets. Second, buying high volatility past winners and shortselling high volatility past losers generates a positive net return, especially during bear markets.
Effects of three neurochemical stimuli on delayed feeding and energy metabolism.

Abstract Infusions of norepinephrine (NE), the gamma-aminobutyric acid agonist, muscimol (MUS), or neuropeptide Y (NPY) into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus all increase food intake. Such feeding may be due to direct activation of behavioral processes driving ingestion and/or to alterations in nutrient metabolism that feeding serves to normalize. To examine these possibilities, male Sprague–Dawley rats received PVN infusions of vehicle, 20 nmol NE, 1 nmol MUS or 100 pmol NPY at dark onset, then food intake was measured under three feeding conditions: (1) 1 and 2 h immediately after injections, (2) 1 h after a 1 h delay between injections and access to food, and (3) 1 h after a 1 h feeding delay, but with injections occurring just before presenting food. Measures of energy expenditure (EE) and respiratory quotients (RQs) in the absence of food were made over 2 h in parallel experiments. Results confirmed that NE, MUS and NPY all increased dark-onset feeding, but only NPY increased intake above control levels after a 1 h feeding delay. No neurochemically-induced changes in EE were observed, nor were there changes in RQs after NE or MUS. However, NPY reliably enhanced RQs from 30 to 120 min of testing. Our findings imply that NE and MUS initiate relatively immediate, short-term feeding that is not associated with changes in nutrient metabolism and does not summate with cues stimulated by delayed access to food. NPY initiates more protracted feeding temporally linked to enhanced carbohydrate metabolism. This may indicate that part of NPY’s feeding stimulatory effects are secondary to physiological processes driving ingestion.
Kinetic effects on ion transport at the membrane-solution interface

Abstract The ability of the membrane-solution interface to maintain local equilibrium when transport occurs is investigated. A simple model is considered, in which the ion-exchange membrane is in contact with a uni-univalent electrolyte and no solvent flux occurs. Local equilibrium at the interface is investigated as a function of the rate of interfacial transport. The rate of interfacial transport is reduced by decreasing the ion diffusion coefficients in the membrane. To obtain an approximate solution of the Nernst-Planck and Poisson equations for transport in the double layer, a method is developed whereby the Poisson equation is replaced by its integral formulation, Gauss's law. It is found that, when ion diffusion coefficients are 100 times smaller in the membrane than in solution, the interfacial potentials may differ from those predicted by assuming local equilibrium, and the reverse-biased interface loses selectivity. The coion concentration in the membrane and transport number are larger than they would be if local equilibrium were maintained. Departures from local equilibrium are larger for coion than for counterion transport, and decrease as the selectivity of the membrane increases.
The science mission of the Hubble Space Telescope

Abstract If there ever were a more appropriate subject for Vistas in Astronomy than a discussion of Space Telescope on the eve of its launch, then we are unsure what it might be. The Hubble Space Telescope is designed to provide for astronomers on Earth a decidedly new vista—by looking far back into the past with unprecedented accuracy. As Space Telescope operations now begin, we expect to inaugurate a whole new era of discovery, an era that will probably see Space Telescope, among many unexpected scientific advances not planned, map better the Hubble flow, measure Hubble's constant to an accuracy of 10 percent, determine the deceleration parameter and the value of Ω, specify the age of the Universe, explore directly the ancient epoch of galaxy formation, image black hole environments, seek extrasolar planetary systems, and, in the words of Galileo, resolve many other “wondrous things” in our richly endowed Universe.
Intrathoracic granular cell tumour in a dog

Multiple granular cell tumours occurred diffusely throughout the pleura of an adult German Shepherd Dog. The growths were scattered over the surface of the lungs, mediastinum and diaphragm. Histologically, the masses consisted of plump cords of cells with eosinophilic, weakly PAS-positive cytoplasmic granules. Electron microscopically, the granules consisted of a pleomorphic population of electron-dense granules. The predilection site in the dog is the tongue and this is the first report of an intrathoracic, pleural site of granular cell tumours in the dog.
Neoplastic effect of vinyl chloride in mouse lung—Lower doses and short-term exposure

Neoplastic pulmonary effects of lower doses of vinyl chloride (0 = control, 1, 10, 100, 300, and 600 ppm) and short-term exposure (4 weeks) by inhalation have been studied by light and electron microscopy in 220 mice. Except for dead or seriously sick animals, a large majority of the animals were sacrificed at three different stages: immediately after exposure, 12 weeks later, and 40 or 41 weeks after exposure. Six mice (4: 600 ppm, 2: 0 ppm) were kept longer than 41 weeks to examine the effects of the chemical after a long-term recovery period. Alveologenic tumors were first observed 10 weeks after exposure to 600 ppm. In the subgroups exposed to higher concentrations (600 and 300 ppm) the incidence of tumors was higher and their appearance was earlier than in the subgroups exposed to lower concentrations (100, 10, and 1 ppm). These findings indicated a dose-response relationship for incidence of alveologenic tumors, and the latency period was inversely related to dose. By light and electron microscopy, there was no obvious evidence that tumor cells were derived from Clara cells of the terminal bronchioles. Rather, neoplastic cells in both the tubulopapillary and adenomatous forms of the pulmonary tumors possessed all or some of the ultrastructural characteristics of type II alveolar cells, based on observations of mitochondria, microvilli, osmiophilic lamellar bodies, and other criteria. Type II alveolar cells are therefore considered to be the most sensitive in mice to the neoplastic effect of vinyl chloride.
Sharp-Line Donor-Acceptor Pair Spectra in AlSb

We have observed sharp-line donor-acceptor pair spectra (type I) in Se-doped AlSb. We analyze the spectra quantitatively by using a known solution of the Schr\"odinger equation for an electron bound to a dipole of finite charge separation. Excellent agreement is obtained between the theoretically predicted and experimentally observed spectra for the parameters ${E}_{g}=1.69$ eV, ${E}_{D}=0.15$ eV, ${E}_{A}=0.04$ eV, and an electron Bohr radius ${a}_{e}=4.28$ \AA{}.
Measuring data locality in internal sorting algorithms

A method for measuring data locality in four common sorting algorithms is investigated. A modification of the heap data structure exhibiting improved locality is also introduced.
Barotropic-Baroclinic Instability of Mean Zonal Wind During Summer Monsoon

Barotropic-Baroclinic instability of horizontally and vertically shearing mean monsoon flow during July is investigated numerically by using a 10-layer quasi-geostrophic model. The most unstable mode has a wavelength of about 3000 km and westward phase speed of about 15 m sec−1. The most dominant energy conversion is from zonal kinetic energy to eddy kinetic energy. The structure of the most unstable mode is such that the maximum amplitude is concentrated at about 150 mb and the amplitude at the lowest layers is negligibly small. Barotropic instability of the zonal flow at 150 mb seems to be the primary excitation mechanism for the most unstable mode which is also similar to the observed westward propagating waves in the upper troposphere during the monsoon season. The results further suggest that Barotropic-Baroclinic instability of the mean monsoon flow cannot explain the occurrence of monsoon depressions which have their maximum amplitude at the lower levels and are rarely detected at 200 mb.
Autoradiographic differentiation of multiple benzodiazepine receptors by detergent solubilization and pharmacologic specificity.

Abstract We have used light microscopic autoradiography to localize differentially Type 1 and 2 benzodiazepine receptors using pharmacologic and detergent treatment techniques. The triazolopyridazine CL218872 has preferential affinity for Type 1 receptors from which it displaces [ 3 H]flunitrazepam selectively. In biochemical experiments [ 3 H]flunitrazepam binding sites with pharmacologic properties of Type 2 receptors are preferentially solubilized from brain membranes by detergents. We have now treated rat brain slices either with CL218872 or 2% sodium cholate and evaluated the autoradiographic distribution of [ 3 H]flunitrazepam-labeled receptors. Whether calculated from the drug or detergent treated preparations, the relative densities of apparent Type 1 and 2 receptors are the same. Thus differential sensitivity to detergent solubilization distinguishes the same two populations of receptors as Type 1 and 2 specific drugs.
EFFECT OF X-RAY DOSE ON THE GROWTH RATE AND DELAY OF THE FIRST POST-IRRADIATION DIVISION IN A STRAIN OF PARAMECIUM AURELIA.

Paramecium is particularly useful in the investigation of the effects of radiation on growth and division. Its size and moderately long generation-time permit accurate accounting of growth. Kimball, Geckler and Gaither1 have reported an extensive investigation of division effects induced by mustards, ultra-violet light and X-rays on Paramecium aurelia and Paramecium caudatum. The action of ultra-violet light they observed is rather complex and is in general accord with the action of this agent on a number of protozoa2–4 (including my investigations5,6). However, a series of X-ray experiments has shown some differences from the type of division effects observed by Kimball et al. in X-irradiated Paramecium aurelia, perhaps because a different strain was used.
Bilateral paralysis of the vocal cords: symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.

THE opportunity has been afforded me to examine the larynx of a large number of patients before and after thyroidectomy. Twentyfive years ago, and over a period of approximately three years, it was my duty in connection with an active surgical service to make preoperative examinations of the vocal cords of all patients who were to undergo thyroidectomy and, ten to fourteen days later, to make corresponding postoperative examinations of the same patients. These examinations were made by indirect laryngoscopy. If a postoperative examination revealed that the patient had experienced paralysis of a vocal cord, inquiry was made regarding any untoward symptoms he might have suffered during the early postoperative days. Careful records of the replies were kept until a series of 88 such cases had been accumulated. For comparison, corresponding records for patients who had not suffered vocal cord paralysis were kept. When 1,300 such records were available, this control series was terminated. Analysis of the record...
Gallbladder epithelial cells that engraft in mouse liver can differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells

We tested the hypothesis that well-differentiated gallbladder epithelial cells (GBECs) are capable of engrafting and surviving in murine liver and acquire phenotypic characteristics of hepatocytes. GBECs isolated from transgenic mice that constitutively express green fluorescent protein (GFP) were either cultured before transplantation or transplanted immediately following isolation. Recipient mice with severe-combined immunodeficiency underwent retrorsine treatment and either partial hepatectomy before transplantation or carbon tetrachloride treatment following transplantation. From 1 to 4 months following transplantation, the livers of recipient mice contained discrete colonies of GFP + cells. Most GFP + cells surrounded vesicles, were epithelial cell-like in morphology, and expressed the biliary epithelial markers cytokeratin 19 and carbonic anhydrase IV. Subpopulations of GFP + cells resembled hepatocytes morphologically and expressed the hepatocyte-specific markers connexin-32 and hepatic nuclear factor-4α, but not cytokeratin 19 or carbonic anhydrase IV. At 4 months, cells in GFP + colonies were not actively proliferating as determined by proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression. Thus, GBECs are capable of engrafting and surviving in damaged mouse livers, and some can differentiate into cells with hepatocyte-like features. These findings suggest that environmental cues in the recipient liver are sufficient to allow a subpopulation of donor GBECs to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells in the absence of exogenous transcriptional reprogramming. GBECs might be used as donor cells in a cell transplantation approach for the treatment of liver disease.