cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Moderator Roles of Coping Style and Identity Disclosure in the Relationship Between Perceived Sexual Stigma and Psychological Distress

The current study examined whether the association between perceived sexual stigma and psychological distress is influenced by individuals' level of identity disclosure and their typical coping strategies. Regression analyses were conducted with data from a survey of 79 gay men and lesbians. Results revealed a 3-way interaction between participants' perceived level of stigma, the extent of their identity disclosure, and their utilization of avoidant coping strategies in predicting their endorsement of depressive symptoms. Findings also revealed an interaction between participants' perceived level of stigma, the extent of their identity disclosure, and their utilization of problem-solving coping strategies in predicting their endorsement of depressive symptoms. The implications are discussed with regard to various models of minority stress.
Waste-to-Energy Power Plants

The sections in this article are 1 The Problems of Solid-Waste Production and Treatment 2 The Opportunities 3 Alternative Methods of Recovering Energy From Wastes 4 Conclusion
Variation of Cats under Domestication: Genetic Assignment of Domestic Cats to Breeds and Worldwide Random Bred Populations

Summary Both cat breeders and the lay public have interests in the origins of their pets, not only in the genetic identity of the purebred individuals, but also in the historical origins of common household cats. The cat fancy is a relatively new institution with over 85% of its 40–50 breeds arising only in the past 75 years, primarily through selection on single-gene aesthetic traits. The short, yet intense cat breed history poses a significant challenge to the development of a genetic marker–based breed identification strategy. Using different breed assignment strategies and methods, 477 cats representing 29 fancy breeds were analysed with 38 short tandem repeats, 148 intergenic and five phenotypic single nucleotide polymorphisms. Results suggest the frequentist method of Paetkau (single nucleotide polymorphisms = 0.78, short tandem repeats = 0.88) surpasses the Bayesian method of Rannala and Mountain (single nucleotide polymorphisms = 0.56, short tandem repeats = 0.83) for accurate assignment of individuals to the correct breed. Additionally, a post-assignment verification step with the five phenotypic single nucleotide polymorphisms accurately identified between 0.31 and 0.58 of the misassigned individuals raising the sensitivity of assignment with the frequentist method to 0.89 and 0.92 for single nucleotide polymorphisms and short tandem repeats respectively. This study provides a novel multistep assignment strategy and suggests that, despite their short breed history and breed family groupings, a majority of cats can be assigned to their proper breed or population of origin, that is, race.
OPPONENTS' SIZE INFLUENCES MATERNAL AGGRESSION

20 female Long-Evans rats were tested for aggression on the day they gave birth. Only 30% of females tested with male intruders appreciably larger than themselves bit their opponents, and none showed offensive behaviors. By contrast, 80% of females tested with smaller males bit the intruders, and all of these used male-like offensive tactics. All attacked intruders exhibited defensive behavior, and all but one emitted ultrasonic vocalizations usually associated with pain. None of the males retaliated against the females. It is suggested that the size of the larger males evokes fear and that fear reduces offensive tendencies.
Microstructure-controllable Laser Additive Manufacturing Process for Metal Products

Abstract Controlling the cooling rate of alloy during solidification is the most commonly used method for varying the material microstructure. However, the cooling rate of selective laser melting (SLM) production is constrained by the optimal parameter settings for a dense product. This study proposes a method for forming metal products via the SLM process with electromagnetic vibrations. The electromagnetic vibrations change the solidification process for a given set of SLM parameters, allowing the microstructure to be varied via magnetic flux density. This proposed method can be used for creating microstructure-controllable bio-implant products with complex shapes.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION ON PLASMA DIFFUSION IN THREE DIMENSIONS.

Three-dimensional plasma numerical simulation on cross-field diffusion has been performed for cases with closed and nonclosed field lines of force. For the former case, the diffusion essentially takes the form found for two dimensions showing the three regions of diffusion, while for the latter, the diffusion follows the classical theory to stronger fields. However, the diffusion is always enhanced above the classical level when the magnetic field exceeds a critical value.
PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF ABNORMAL ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC CHANGES DURING REGADENOSON STRESS TESTING IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING

Ischemic electrocardiographic (IECG) changes during Regadenoson stress testing are uncommon but its clinical significance is unclear. Recent studies with dipyridamole and adenosine stress testing have reported a benign prognosis in the setting of IECG and normal myocardial perfusion imaging (NMPI).
Direct In Vitro Determination of the Patellofemoral Contact Force for Normal Knees

Results of the direct in vitro measurement of the full three-dimensional representation of the patellofemoral contact force and the point of application on the patella of the resultant contact force for eleven normal knees are presented. The applied knee moment versus flexion angle pattern was similar to that experienced when rising from a chair. There was a wide variability of the details of the patellofemoral force interaction among the specimens tested. The magnitude of the resultant contact force increased approximately linearly with flexion angle for some knees while in others the force leveled off or decreased at higher flexion angles. The change in direction of the resultant contact force with respect to the patella was relatively small compared to the angular rotation of the patella. The medial-lateral component of the contact force exhibited substantial variability among knees. The direction of this force (medially or laterally directed) varied among knees and, in some knees, changed direction as a function of flexion angle. The point of application on the patella of the resultant contact force migrated superiorly from 20 to 90 deg flexion. About 90 deg flexion this point tended to migrate inferiorly. The only significant and consistent effect of varying the direction of the quadriceps extension force was a change in the medial-lateral component of the contact force. In all cases, the tendency to sublux laterally increased when the extensor force was rotated 10 deg laterally and decreased when the extensor force was rotated 10 deg medially.
Bcl-2 acts subsequent to and independent of Ca2+ fluxes to inhibit apoptosis in thapsigargin- and glucocorticoid-treated mouse lymphoma cells.

The mechanism by which Bcl-2 inhibits apoptosis is unknown. One proposal is that Bcl-2 regulates intracellular Ca2+ fluxes thought to mediate apoptosis. In the present study, we investigated Bcl-2's mechanism of action by determining the effect of Bcl-2 on intracellular Ca2+ fluxes in the WEHI7.2 mouse lymphoma cell line, which does not express Bcl-2, and its stable transfectant, W.Hb12, which expresses a high level of Bcl-2. Treatment with the endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin produced marked alterations in intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis in both WEHI7.2 and W.Hb12 cells, including elevation of free cytosolic Ca2+, endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pool depletion, capacitative entry of extracellular Ca2+, and increased loading of Ca2+ into mitochondria. Similar changes in intracellular Ca2+ occurred spontaneously in both cell lines following exponential growth. In both situations, W.Hb12 cells maintained optimal viability despite marked alterations in intracellular Ca2+, whereas WEHI7.2 cells underwent apoptosis. Treatment with the glucocorticoid hormone, dexamethasone, induced apoptosis in WEHI7.2 cells, but not in W.HB12 cells, even though dexamethasone treatment did not alter intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis in either cell line. These findings indicate that Bcl-2 acts downstream from intracellular Ca2+ fluxes in a pathway where Ca(2+)-dependent and Ca(2+)-independent death signals converge.
The effect of tube gastrostomy on gastroesophageal reflux in patients with esophageal atresia

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) occurs frequently in infants with esophageal atresia (EA). The definitive management is primary repair and often includes tube gastrostomy. The recent finding of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure changes with tube gastrostomy suggests that GER might be related to gastrostomy rather than EA per se. To evaluate this thesis, two populations of patients from different children's hospitals were reviewed: EA with and without routine gastrostomy. The two populations were similar with respect to number of infants, associated anomalies, distribution in the Waterston classification, morbidity, and mortality. One hundred sixteen patients were studied. Of the 66 survivors who underwent gastrostomy and repair of EA, 30 were found to have GER (45.5%) and 12 required fundoplication (18.2%). Of 31 surviving patients who underwent repair of EA without gastrostomy, 11 had GER (35.5%) and four required fundoplication (12.9%). These data suggest that tube gastrostomy does not significantly contribute to the GER associated with EA.
Electrodeposition of actinide compounds from an aqueous ammonium acetate matrix. Experimental development and optimization

Abstract Electrodeposition is a technique routinely employed in nuclear research for the preparation of thin solid films of actinide materials used in accelerator beam bombardments, irradiation studies, or as radioactive sources. This study investigates the deposition of both lanthanides and actinides from an aqueous ammonium acetate electrolyte matrix. Electrodepositions were performed primarily on stainless steel disks, with yield analysis evaluated using γ-spectroscopy. Experimental parameters (run time, current density, voltage, electrolyte concentration, and initial analyte mass) were studied and modified to optimize the uniformity and adherence of the deposition while maximizing yield. The procedure utilized samarium as the plating material, both with and without a radioactive tracer. Surface characterization studies were performed by scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, radiographic imaging, and x-ray diffraction.
The AIDS Epidemic in Malawi and its Threat to Household Food Security

AIDS is one of the factors that threaten household food security in rural Malawi. Interviews with respondents from a random sample of 65 rural Malawi households suggest that the threat of AIDS to household food security lies in its impact on social immunity the collective resistance against problems. Social immunity is rooted in social capital endowments the reciprocity and redistribution opportunities embedded in networks of interpersonal ties. Favorable social capital endowments engender significant sharing of labor food income and time among households and mitigate the negative effect of AIDS on the food security of any specific household. However when the spread of AIDS reaches an epidemic threshold it makes illness and death so extensive that ties in the extended family networks get fractured social capital endowments become unfavorable reciprocity and redistribution are undermined social immunity is weakened and food security gets compromised. Results of this research suggest that as of 1996 there were signs that the epidemic was approaching threshold levels in rural Malawi. The results also suggest that the analysis of the impact of AIDS and initiatives aimed at controlling that impact should not just be undertaken at the household level but more importantly at the extended family level. (authors)
Environmental responsibility and changing power dynamics

As an increasing number of firms seek to become more environmentally responsible, they discover that their relationships with key stakeholders are subject to fundamental change. This changing power dynamic results in shifting resource dependencies, casting a shadow of realpolitik on an area typically characterised by cooperation, 'green-ness', and social responsibility. Using the resource dependence theory as a foundation, this article seeks to develop a framework explaining the changing power networks among firms attempting to increase their level of environmental responsibility. Emphasis is placed on the focal firm's suppliers and regulators, since they play key roles for the changing firm.
Therapeutic jurisprudence and the resolution of value conflicts: what we can realistically expect, in practice, from theory.

This article assesses the criticisms of therapeutic jurisprudence that it cannot resolve value conflicts, especially between autonomy rights and therapeutic values, or, less radically, that it has not provided a general method for resolving conflicts. Grounded in general jurisprudential principles about conflict resolution, including novel developments respecting the meaning of weighing and balancing, the article rejects the criticisms as unfounded. The article also develops and critiques arguments maintaining that therapeutic jurisprudence cannot resolve certain value conflicts because the values are incommensurable. The argument is illustrated by examples concerning the right to refuse treatment, and jurisprudential analyses of that right. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
Side Channels in Multi-Tenant Environments

Due to the massive adoption of computing platforms that consolidate potentially distrustful tenants' applications on common hardware---both large (public clouds) and small (smartphones)---the security provided by these platforms to their tenants is increasingly being scrutinized. In this talk we review highlights from the last several years of research on a long-suspected but, until recently, largely hypothetical attack vector on such platforms, namely side-channel attacks. In these attacks, one tenant learns sensitive information about another tenant simply by running on the same hardware with it, but without violating the logical access control enforced by the platform's isolation software (virtual machine monitor or operating system). We will then summarize various strategies we have explored to defend against side-channel attacks in their various forms, both inexpensive defenses against specific attacks and more holistic but expensive protections.
Genes encoding the Ti β subunit of the antigen/MHC receptor undergo rearrangement during intrathymic ontogeny prior to surface T3-Ti expression

Abstract To obtain further information about the ontogeny of the T-cell antigen/MHC receptor, a Ti β subunit cDNA probe and heteroantisera specific for the Ti α and Ti β subunits were utilized to characterize human T-lineage cells. Analysis of thymic tumors and normal thymocytes at both the DNA and protein levels demonstrates that Ti β gene rearrangement is evident in stage II (T11+T6+T3-) and stage III (T11+T6-T3+), but not stage I (T11+T6-T3-) thymocytes. In contrast, surface expression of Ti α and Ti β molecules is exclusively restricted to stage III thymocytes. Thus human T-lineage ontogeny is characterized by an orderly series of differentiation steps wherein Ti β gene rearrangement precedes surface expression of the T3-Ti molecular complex.
The implications of cache affinity on processor scheduling for multiprogrammed, shared memory multiprocessors

In a shared memory multiprocessor with caches, executing tasks develop "affinity" to processors by filling their caches with data and instructions during execution. A scheduling policy that ignores this affinity may waste processing power by causing excessive cache refilling.Our work focuses on quantifying the effect of processor reallocation on the performance of various parallel applications multiprogrammed on a shared memory multiprocessor, and on evaluating how the magnitude of this cost affects the choice of scheduling policy.We first identify the components of application response time, including processor reallocation costs. Next, we measure the impact of reallocation on the cache behavior of several parallel applications executing on a Sequent Symmetry multiprocessor. We also measure, the performance of these applications under a number of alternative allocation policies. These experiments lead us to conclude that on current machines processor affinity has only a very weak influence on the choice of scheduling discipline, and that the benefits of frequent processor reallocation (in response to the changing parallelism of jobs) outweigh the penalties imposed by such reallocation. Finally, we use this experimental data to parameterize a simple analytic model, allowing us to evaluate the effect of processor affinity on future machines, those containing faster processors and larger caches.
Mechanism of Nitridation of Silicon Powder in a Fluidized‐Bed Reactor

Direct nitridation of 400 μm average-sized silicon granules, composed of 2 μm average-sized particles, was carried out in a fluidized-bed reactor. Nitridation progress was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM photomicrographs suggested that the formation of surface nitride layers on individual silicon particles and the subsequent spallation of these layers were the dominant process of the direct nitridation of silicon. The spallation was modeled based on a simple crack theory, and the critical thickness of nitride layers leading to spallation was estimated to be 57 nm. This agreed reasonably well with the experimentally observed values of 20–100 nm.
Overview 14 Creep fracture in ceramic polycrystals—II. effects of inhomogeneity on creep rupture

Abstract Creep rupture in ceramics occurs by the nucleation, growth and coalescence of cavities in localized, inhomogeneous arrays. The cavities grow by diffusive mechanisms; a process which has previously been analyzed for uniform cavity distributions. Experimental results indicate that the inhomogeneity exerts substantial perturbations upon the failure sequence and hence, on the failure time. The failure sequence in the presence of inhomogeneity effects is examined in this paper. A model is developed that accounts for the experimentally observed damage accumulation features and predicts the influence of inhomogeneity upon the failure time.
Teaching Educational Assistants to Facilitate the Multisymbol Message Productions of Young Students Who Require Augmentative and Alternative Communication

Purpose Many classroom educational assistants (EAs) have a significant amount of responsibility in carrying out educational plans for children who use augmentative and alternative communication (AA...
Expertise, attention, and memory in sensorimotor skill execution: impact of novel task constraints on dual-task performance and episodic memory.

Two experiments explored the attention and memory processes governing sensorimotor skill. Experiment 1 compared novice and experienced golf putting performance in single-task (putting in isolation)...
Cultural influences on diagnosis and perception of Tourette syndrome in Costa Rica.

ABSTRACT Background and Objectives Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder in which the pattern of symptom presentation can vary greatly between individuals. Although globally described, TS has not been well characterized in many parts of the world. Differences in individual and cultural perceptions of TS may impact its expression and recognition in some countries, confounding the identification of affected individuals. This study examines the phenomenology and presentation of TS in Costa Rica. Method Clinical data on 85 Costa Rican subjects with TS (aged 5–29 years) initially recruited for a genetic study between 1996 and early 2000 were obtained by direct interview and review of medical records. Results The clinical characteristics of TS were similar to that found elsewhere. The gender ratio was 4.6:1, the mean age of onset was 6.1 years, and 20% of subjects had coprolalia. However, the perceived impact of TS was different. Many subjects denied that their TS caused impairment or distress, even when objective evidence of impairment was available. Conclusions TS in Costa Rica is phenomenologically similar to TS seen in other parts of the world, but differs in perceived impairment. In other countries where cultural forces affect disease definition, close scrutiny of symptom expression and possible adjustment of phenotype definition may be important.
Reducing the Incidence of Pressure Ulcers: Implementation of a Turn-Team Nursing Program

This study examined the effects a structured program designed to reduce pressure ulcers among patients in a midsized geriatric hospital. A select group of caregivers were organized into a "turn team that was responsible for preventive pressure ulcer care. Patient and staff data were collected during 6-month trial period. Subsequent analysis showed patient referrals to the staff enterostomal nurse and average length of stay, as well compensable musculoskeletal injuries among all staff declined. In addition, concerns the program might lead to an increased incidence of nosocomial infections were not substantiated.
Displacement of salt by the Laurentide Ice Sheet

Abstract In central New York, deformation of salt of the Salina Formation by the Laurentide Ice Sheet is shown by a thinning of the salt stratum in and near the outcrop zone where it was overridden by the ice sheet and by a thickening down-dip near the glacial limit. Less definitive suggestions of deformation by glacial overriding of the Salina outcrop zone in northeastern Ohio are seen in salt-cored anticlines in the vicinity of the glacial limit. In the lower peninsula of Michigan, isopachs of salt curve around Saginaw Bay, which suggests that the salt was displaced southwestward, away from the bay, by pressure of the Saginaw lobe of the ice sheet. All but one of the major Paleozoic salt deposits of North America lie in a zone that girdles two-thirds of the Canadian Shield from where glacial erosion removed all but occasional outliers of Phanerozoic strata.
Influence of non-quenching collisions upon saturated resonance fluorescence

Abstract When an analyte atomic vapour is irradiated by a monochromatic laser beam with sufficient energy density, the excited atom population (and hence fluorescence intensity) may approach saturation. Non-quenching collisions that change the Doppler shift of an excited atom may decrease by one or two orders of magnitude the amount of energy density necessary to achieve a given degree of saturation. A steady state theory is developed that allows predictions to be made from collisional rate constants.
Biochemical basis for the low sensitivity of the rat heart to digitalis.

The concentration of cardiac glycosides to produce positive inotropic effects in the rat heart is markedly higher than that in other species. Such a low digitalis sensitivity of the rat heat is attributed to the low affinity of cardiac Na+, K+-ATPase for digitalis in this species. In the present study the biochemical cause which is responsible for the formation of the unstable complex between the glycosides and Na+, K+-ATPase or positive inotropic, receptor in the rat heart was examined using Na+, K+-ATPase preparations obtained from rat hearts, guinea-pig hearts and rat brains as well as isolated, electrically stimulated atrial preparations obtained from these animals. Monensin, which alters transmembrane Na+ movements without interacting with the cardiotonic sites on Na+, K+-ATPase, had equivalent potencies in guinea-pig and rat hearts. Cassaine, which lacks a lactone ring but interacts with cardiotonic sites on Na+, K+-ATPase, increased the force of contraction in guinea-pig hearts at low, but in rat hearts only at high, concentrations. AY-22,241 (Actodigin) and prednisolone-3,20-bisguanylhydrazone (PBGH) bind to cardiotonic sites on Na+, K+-ATPase and had a similar spectrum as cassaine in these two species. Actodigin has an altered lactone ring resulting in a marked reduction of the inotropic potency, and PBGH is devoid of this structure. With the latter agent, the rabbit was as insensitive as the rat, although both rabbit and guinea-pig are equally sensitive to digitalis. K+ delayed the development of the positive inotropic action of ouabain with a minimal effect on the plateau response in guinea-pig hearts. In rat hearts, however, K+ markedly lowered the plateau response without affecting the time course of the response. These results indicate that the low sensitivity of the rat heart to digitalis is due to a difference in the glycoside binding sites on Na+, K+-ATPase; but the difference cannot be explained by the lack of a lactone ring complementary binding sites. The difference seems to result from the absence of lipid barrier which regulates the rate of release of cardiac glycosides from their binding sites on Na+, K+-ATPase.
Cross-layer traffic grooming for optical networks with hybrid layer-one and layer-zero signal regeneration

We present a cross-layer traffic grooming algorithm that balances layer-one and layer-zero signal regeneration capability to achieve the lowest network design cost. The cross-layer approach shows good cost reduction compared to the traditional non-cross-layer approach.
A 1000-year sediment record of recurring hypoxia off the Mississippi River: The potential role of terrestrially-derived organic matter inputs

Abstract A suite of inorganic and organic geochemical tracers and a low-oxygen tolerant benthic faunal index (‘PEB’) were measured in a 14 C-dated 2+ m long gravity core collected on the Louisiana shelf adjacent to the Mississippi River delta to study potential millennium-scale low-oxygen events. Periodic down-core excursions in the PEB index throughout the core suggest recurring, natural bottom water low-oxygen events that extend back ∼ 1000 14 C years. Select trace element and biomarker distributions in these same sediments were examined as potential tracers of past hypoxic events and to help distinguish between marine versus terrestrial processes involved in organic carbon production. In discrete sediment horizons where the PEB index was elevated, redox-sensitive vanadium concentrations were consistently depleted, excursions in sedimentary δ 13 C suggest periodic, preferential terrestrial inputs, and the concentrations of two sterol biomarkers (sitosterol and β-stigmasterol) also showed concurrent enrichments. If the PEB index successfully records ∼ 1000 14 C year-scale low-oxygen events, then the distribution of these geochemical tracers can be interpreted to corroborate the view that naturally occurring low-oxygen bottom water conditions have existed on the inner Louisiana continental shelf, not only in recent times, but also over at least the last 1000 14 C years. These data support the general hypothesis that historic, low-oxygen bottom water conditions on the Louisiana shelf are likely tied to periods of increased fluvial discharge and associated wetland export in the absence of modern river levees. Enhanced river discharge and associated material export would both stimulate enhanced in situ organic carbon production and foster water column stratification. Such periodic elevated river flows during the last millennium can be linked to climate fluctuations and tropical storm activity.
Stochastic adaptive control using multiple models for improved performance in the presence of random disturbances

The use of multiple models for adaptively controlling an unknown continuous-time linear system was proposed in Narendra and Balakrishnan (IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 1994; 39(9):1861–1866). and discussed in detail in Narendra and Xiang (IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 2000, 45(9):(1669–1686) Technical Reports 9801 and 9803, Centre for System Science, Yale University, 1998). Recently, the same concepts were extended to discrete-time systems, both for the noise free case as well as when a stochastic disturbance is present, and the convergence of the algorithms was established. In this paper we consider structurally different estimation models, and use the multiple models approach to select, on-line, the one that results in the best performance of the overall system for the given disturbance characteristics. The principal objective of the paper is to demonstrate that the convergence of these schemes can be treated in a unified manner. Simulations are included towards the end of the paper to indicate the improvement in performance that can be achieved using such schemes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of diets high in walnuts and flax oil on hemodynamic responses to stress and vascular endothelial function.

Background: Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk, although the mechanisms are incompletely understood. In a previous article, we showed significant reductions in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and several markers of inflammation with increasing intake of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) from walnuts and flax.Objective: To examine effects of ALA on cardiovascular responses to acute stress, flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery, and blood concentrations of endothelin-1 and arginine-vasopressin (AVP).Design: Using a randomized, crossover study design, cardiovascular responses to acute stress were assessed in 20 hypercholesterolemic subjects, a subset of whom also underwent FMD testing (n = 12). Participants were fed an average American diet (AAD) and 2 experimental diets that varied in the amount of ALA and linoleic acid (LA) that they contained. The AAD provided 8.7% energy from PUFA (7.7% LA, 0.8% ALA). On the LA diet, saturated fat was reduced, a...
Syntactic frozenness in processing and remembering idioms.

Abstract Three experiments examined the effect of syntactic frozenness on understanding and memory for idiomatic expressions. In Experiment 1 we established a frozenness continuum by asking subjects to judge whether idioms in different syntactic forms maintained their idiomatic meanings. The results of Experiment 2 indicated that subjects processed idiomatic expressions more quickly than they did nonidiomatic, control strings. Moreover, subjects are faster at processing frozen idioms than they are at understanding flexible ones. The final experiment found that the degree of syntactic frozenness has an effect on memory for idioms in that flexible idioms were recalled more often than were frozen ones. These data overall support the idea that idioms are part of the normal lexicon, but are accessed differentially according to their degree of syntactic frozenness.
The diagnostic and statistical manual: sacred text for a secular community?

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is the most widely used diagnostic system by mental health professionals in North America. It provides a shared language and paradigm by which practitioners view clients. Can it be argued that the DSM represents a sacred text and defines a worldview for an identifiable community of mental health professionals? In what ways is the relationship between this community and document similar to and different from the relationships that explicitly religious communities maintain with their sacred texts?
IRAS galaxies and the large-scale structure in the CfA slice

The spatial distributions of the IRAS and the optical galaxies in the first CfA slice are compared. The IRAS galaxies are generally less clustered than optical ones, but their distribution is essentially identical to that of late-type optical galaxies. The discrepancy between the clustering properties of the IRAS and optical samples in the CfA slice region is found to be entirely due to the paucity of IRAS galaxies in the core of the Coma cluster. The spatial distributions of the IRAS and the optical galaxies, both late and early types, outside the dense core of the Coma cluster are entirely consistent with each other. This conflicts with the prediction of the linear biasing scenario.
Spinoza's infinite extension

Abstract My examination of Spinoza's arguments for the infinity of extended substance (physical space) lead to a comparison of his views with the anti-Kantian arguments offered by Moritz Schlick, and finally to some general remarks concerning Spinoza's concept of infinite magnitude, and its limitations from a contemporary perspective.
Anti-HER2/neu IgG3-(IL-2) and anti-HER2/neu IgG3-(GM-CSF) promote HER2/neu processing and presentation by dendritic cells: implications in immunotherapy and vaccination strategies.

Abstract HER2/ neu , a transmembrane glycoprotein overexpressed in several types of human cancers, is a potential target for active immunotherapy. However, this protein and especially its extracellular domain (ECD HER2 ), is weakly immunogenic and is poorly processed by dendritic cells (DCs). Previously, we showed that anti-HER2/ neu IgG3–(IL-2) and anti-HER2/ neu IgG3–(GM-CSF) fusion proteins can enhance the immunogenicity of ECD HER2 in mice, and that the non-covalent physical association between each antibody fusion proteins and ECD HER2 was critical to elicit optimal protective immunity against HER2/ neu expressing tumors. We now use the professional antigen-presenting DCs to investigate the effect of the antibody fusion protein binding to ECD HER2 on its trafficking and presentation. We found that when the extracellular domain of HER2/ neu fused to ovalbumin (OVA–ECD HER2 ) is bound by HER2/ neu -specific antibody–(IL-2) or antibody–(GM-CSF) fusion proteins, the bound antigen is more efficiently processed by murine bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and presented to OVA-specific T-cells than the unbound OVA–ECD HER2 . We also found that ECD HER2 bound by anti-HER2/ neu IgG3–(IL-2) is very efficiently internalized and that the internalized ECD HER2 is not retained in the early endosomal compartments but traffics to the antigen-processing compartments. These results are consistent with our earlier in vivo studies and suggest that both antibody–(IL-2) and antibody–(GM-CSF) fusion proteins can be used to enhance the immune response to poorly immunogenic antigens including tumor-associated antigens (TAAs).
Binding of monoclonal antibodies to the nuclear estrogen receptor in intact nuclei

Abstract A monoclonal antibody to calf uterus cytoplasmic estrogen receptor shows a specifically displaceable and saturable binding to intact nuclei of mouse uterus after estradiol stimulation. The binding is complete after 3 hr at 0°C. The binding of the antibody correlates with the exchange-able estradiol binding activity of the nuclei over a 4-hr time course following in , vivo injection of 17β-estradiol.
Critical care education matrix revisited.

Abstract Determining what should be the minimal education required for transport teams continues to be a challenge for many programs. Professional associations, such as the Air and Surface Transport Nurses Association, have established standards for qualifications for adult, pediatric, neonatal, and maternal transport that describe the qualification, competencies, and continuing education of these transport teams (Table 1).
Towards a framework for network control composition

IP networks nowadays perform many functions in addition to best-effort datagram forwarding. These functions are typically achieved via an ad hoc combination of distributed protocols, database- and tool-driven router configurations, and manual configurations. In such an ad hoc system, it is difficult to anticipate any potential harmful interactions among the control functions or to provide any behavioral assurances.What kind of a framework will enable the composition of network control functions for sophisticated yet robust network control? Is it possible to have a framework in which each network control function is implemented as an independent application that runs on top of an operating platform, where the operating platform serves as an interface between the applications and the underlying network routers, provides services to facilitate the composition of applications, and ensures that network-wide operational invariants are not violated by the actions of the applications?Using an application example to illustrate, we discuss some challenges that underlie the design of such a potential operating platform. We hope this article will stimulate discussions on more principled approaches for network control composition.
Samuel Johnson's "Love of Truth" and Literary Fraud

In James Boswell's Life of Johnson, for May 1776, the following exchange appears, important for the light it sheds on Johnson's attitude toward literary deception: "We spoke of Chatterton. BOSWELL. 'Has not, Sir, his poetry a claim on our esteem for its poetical spark?' JOHNSON. 'No, Sir; such claim as he had on our esteem he has forfeited through his imposture, and his poetical spark is extinguished by his disregard for truth. Chatterton's poetry can no more be beautiful than Ossian's; both are calculated to deceive credulity. There is no pleasing deception, for no man will willingly be deceived. No, Sir; his productions merit no commendation."' This passage is illuminating for several reasons: first, it suggests that Johnson thought of Thomas Chatterton and James Macpherson as engaged in the same fraudulent enterprise; second, it shows the degree to which Johnson's aesthetics are bound up in his epistemology. But the most noteworthy thing about the passage is that Johnson never said it, nor did Boswell ever record it-I created it out of whole cloth for this essay. Mine is, I think, a reasonable counterfeit. The diction and the syntax are not a bad approximation of Johnsonese, or at least Boswell's version of it. Its success, however, depends not on any intrinsic merits it may have, but on the presumption of honesty and integrity that readers of scholarly essays implicitly extend to their authors. Readers appreciate the chance to verify the au-
Chemistry of Ferroelectric Surfaces

It has been recognized since the 1950s that the polar and switchable nature of ferroelectric surfaces can potentially lead to polarization direction-dependent surface chemistry. Recent theoretical studies and advances in growing high quality epitaxial ferroelectric thin films have motivated a flurry of experimental studies aimed at creating surfaces with switchable adsorption and catalytic properties, as well as films whose polarization direction switches depending on the gas phase environment. This research news article briefly reviews the key findings of these studies. These include observations that the adsorption strengths, and in certain cases the activation energies for reactions, of polar molecules on the surfaces of ferroelectric materials are sensitive to the polarization direction. For bare ferroelectric surfaces, the magnitudes of these differences are not large, but are still comparable to the energy barrier required to switch the polarization of ∼10 nm thick films. Highlights of a recent study where chemical switching of a thin film ferroelectric was demonstrated are presented. Attempts to use the ferroelectric polarization to influence the behavior of supported catalytic metals will also be described. It will be shown that the tendency of the metals to cluster into particles makes it difficult to alter the chemical properties of the metal surface, since it is separated from the ferroelectric by several layers of metal atoms. An alternate approach to increasing the reactivity of ferroelectric surfaces is suggested that involves modifying the surface with atoms that bind strongly to the surface and thus remain atomically dispersed.
Oxidation of the ketoxime acetoxime to nitric oxide by oxygen radical-generating systems.

Ketoximes undergo a cytochrome P450-catalyzed oxidation to nitric oxide and ketones in liver microsomes. In addition, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) can catalyze the oxidative denitration of the >C=N-OH group of amidoximes. The objective of this work was to characterize the oxidation of a ketoxime (acetoxime) and to assess the ability of NOS to catalyze the generation of nitric oxide/nitrogen monoxide (*NO) from acetoxime. Acetoxime was oxidized to NO2- (and NO3-) by microsomes enriched with several P450 isoforms, including CYP2E1, CYP1A1, and CYP2B1. Nitric oxide was identified as an intermediate in the overall reaction. Superoxide dismutase and catalase significantly inhibited the reaction. Exogenous iron increased the microsomal generation of NO2- from acetoxime, while metal chelators (desferrioxamine, EDTA, DTPA) inhibited it. A Fenton-like system (Fe2+ plus H2O2, pH 7.4) consumed acetoxime with production of NO2- and NO3-, whereas oxidation by superoxide or by H2O2 was inefficient. The results presented suggest a role for hydroxyl radical-like oxidants in the oxidation of acetoxime to nitric oxide. O-Acetylacetoxime and O-tert-butylacetoxime were not oxidized by a Fenton system or by liver microsomes to any significant extent. Formation of the 5,5'-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide/. OH adduct by a Fenton system was significantly inhibited by acetoxime, while O-acetylacetoxime and O-tert-butylacetoxime were inactive. These results suggest that the. OH-dependent oxidation of acetoxime initially proceeds via abstraction of a hydrogen atom from its hydroxyl group, as opposed to the oxidation of its >C=N- function. HepG2 cells with low levels of expression of P450 did not significantly produce NO2- from acetoxime, while HepG2 cells expressing CYP2E1 did, and this generation was blocked by a CYP2E1 inhibitor. Acetoxime was inactive either as a substrate or as an inhibitor of iNOS activity. These results indicate that reactive oxygen species play a key role in the oxidation of acetoxime to. NO by liver microsomes by a mechanism involving H abstraction from the OH moiety by hydroxyl radical-like oxidants and suggest the possibility that acetoxime may be an effective producer of. NO primarily in the liver by a pathway independent of NOS.
Between Russell and Hilbert: Behmann on the Foundations of Mathematics

After giving a brief overview of the renewal of interest in logic and the foundations of mathematics in Gottingen in the period 1914-1921, I give a detailed presentation of the approach to the foundations of mathematics found in Behmann's doctoral dissertation of 1918, Die Antinomie der transfiniten Zahl und ihre Auflosung durch die Theorie von Russell und Whitehead. The dissertation was written under the guidance of David Hilbert and was primarily intended to give a clear exposition of the solution to the antinomies as found in Principia Mathematica. In the process of explaining the theory of Principia, Behmann also presented an original approach to the foundations of mathematics which saw in sense perception of concrete individuals the Archimedean point for a secure foundation of mathematical knowledge. The last part of the paper points out an important numbers of connections between Behmann's work and Hilbert's foundational thought.
Extending Beef Bullock Restructured Steaks with Soy Protein, Wheat Gluten or Mechanically Separated Beef

Nine blends were formulated from young bullocks to contain 0, 10 or 20% mechanically separated beef (MSB), textured soy protein (TSP) or vital wheat gluten (VWG), (Control = no extender). All blends were analyzed for chemical, sensory and visual properties. Control and extended, restructured steaks were not different in juiciness, tenderness or cohesiveness scores or for calcium content. Blends extended with TSP or VWG had a high incidence of off-flavor and all extended, restructured steaks had less desirable visual properties than control blends. Storage life was not affected by type or level of extender. Restructured steaks extended with MSB were not equal to the control, but were superior to TSP or VWG extended steaks.
Multicasting in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks are embedded networks that are highly restricted to energy, bandwidth and processing power. Even though wireless sensor networks operate with limited resources, sensor nodes are required to do more functions compared to nodes in other data networks. Sensor nodes work as both hosts for processing sensed data and routers for forwarding packets. To decrease such a workload in sensor nodes, we propose a multicasting method that minimizes the number of transmission and forwarding in each sensor node. The proposed multicasting algorithm is simulated in the TOSSIM simulator and implemented with Crossbow MICA2 microsensors.
Hindered gas-phase partitioning of trichloroethylene from aqueous cyclodextrin systems: implications for treatment and analysis.

Chemically enhanced flushing has shown great promise for attenuating subsurface nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) contamination. One particular chemically enhanced remediation technology is cyclodextrin enhanced flushing (CDEF). CDEF has been demonstrated as a viable alternative to conventional and innovative remediation methods. However, the presence of cyclodextrin (CD) in solution complicates the treatment and analysis of volatile organic compounds, such as trichloroethylene (TCE). The principal reason for the complications is the presence of TCE in three compartments instead of two, i.e., the aqueous solution, the vapor phase, and complexed inside the soluble CD molecule. Aqueous TCE−CD systems were examined at various concentration and temperature conditions and their respective Henry's law constants were measured. The presence of CD significantly decreased Henry's law constant of TCE. On the basis of these results, a quantitative model was developed to predict the additional effort that becomes necessa...
GENERALIZATION OF INHIBITION IN THE ORIENTING RESPONSE

The effects of presenting different numbers of standard stimuli (SS) upon the orienting responses (ORs) to test stimuli (TS) that vary in SS-TS similarity were examined. Sokolov's theory of the OR was interpreted as predicting an interaction between the number of SS presentations and SS-TS differences. The prediction was not supported. The data did indicate that (1) prior presentation of SS reduced the ORs to subsequently presented TS and (2) within sequences of SS and TS, OR habituation occurred. SS–TS differences were not significant. The results suggested that theories that assume precise generalization of habituation reconsider that assumption.
Vapor pressure and vaporization thermodynamics of scandium trifluoride

Abstract The vapor pressure of scandium trifluoride is measured using a calibrated Knudsen effusion mass spectrometer. The vapor pressure of ScF3 (s) between 1159 and 1411 K is log 10 P ( atm ) = {− (17774 ± 85) T } + (8.698 ± 0.068) The vaporization enthalpy and entropy are 81.3 ± 0.4 kcal mol−1 and 39.8 ± 0.3 cal K−1 mol−1 respectively at 1275 K. The present vapor pressures give a second-law value ΔH° (298.15 K) of 85.2 ± 2.8 kcal mol−1 for the reaction ScF3 (s) = ScF3 (g) . The corresponding third-law value is Δ°(298.15 K) = 89.7 ± 2.7 kcal mol−1, computed using an estimated value of S° (298.15 K) for ScF3 (s) of 23.4 ± 2.0 cal K−1 mol−1. A selected thirdlaw vaporization enthalpy, ΔH°(298.15 K) = 89.9 ± 2.7 kcal mol−1, and Δf°(298.15 K) =-295.3 ± 3.1 kcal mol−1 for ScF3 (g) reported in the literature give Δunf°(298.15 K) = −385.2 ± 4.1 kcal mol−1 for ScF3 (s) . This result is compared with enthalpies of formation obtained from calorimetric and e.m.f. measurements and with values derived from previously reported vapor pressure results.