cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prolonging Cell-Free Protein Synthesis by Selective Reagent Additions

Factors causing the early cessation of protein synthesis have been studied in a cell-free system from Escherichia coli. We discovered that phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP), the secondary energy source for ATP regeneration, and several amino acids are rapidly degraded during the cell-free protein synthesis reaction. The degradation of such compounds takes place even in the absence of protein synthesis. This degradation severely reduces the capacity for protein synthesis. The lost potency was completely recovered when the reaction mixture was supplied with additional PEP and amino acids. Of the 20 amino acids, only arginine, cysteine, and tryptophan were required to restore system activity. Through repeated additions of PEP, arginine, cysteine,and tryptophan, the duration of protein synthesis was greatly extended. In this fed-batch reaction, after a 2 h incubation, the level of cell-free synthesized chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) reached 350 microg/mL, which is 3.5 times the yield of the batch reaction. Addition of fresh magnesium further extended the protein synthesis. As a result, through coordinated additions of PEP, arginine, cysteine, tryptophan, and magnesium, the final concentration of cell-free synthesized CAT increased more than 4-fold compared to a batch reaction. SDS-PAGE analysis of such a fed-batch reaction produced an obvious band of CAT upon Coomassie Blue staining.
Relationship between the Hard-Sphere Fluid and Fluids with Realistic Repulsive Forces

We consider the equilibrium statistical mechanics of classical fluids in which the potential energy is decomposable into repulsive pair interactions. A generalized cluster expansion is derived relating the thermodynamic and structural properties of such systems to those of the hard-sphere fluid. The expansion is ordered by a softness parameter $\ensuremath{\xi}$ which is essentially the range of intermolecular distances in which the difference between the Mayer $f$ functions for the repulsive potential and an appropriate reference hard-sphere potential is nonzero. The first (lowest-order) approximation generated by the expansion equates the free energy and $y(r)$ for the fluid to the respective functions appropriate to a system of hard spheres with diameter $d$. Here $y(r)=g(r) {e}^{+\ensuremath{\beta}u(r)}$, where $g(r)$ and $u(r)$ denote the radial distribution function and repulsive pair potential, respectively. A prescription is given for choosing a temperature- and density-dependent diameter $d$ in the reference hard-sphere fluid so that the first approximation for the free energy contains errors of order ${\ensuremath{\xi}}^{4}$ only, and the corrections to the first approximation for $g(r)$ are of order ${\ensuremath{\xi}}^{2}$. The method is used to calculate the properties of a fluid whose intermolecular potential varies as ${r}^{\ensuremath{-}12}$. The repulsive potential that produces the repulsive forces in the Lennard-Jones potential is also studied. Since the properties of the hard-sphere fluid are known from the results of computer calculations and conveniently summarized by analytic equations, the application of the first approximation is numerically very simple. With this approximation, the results obtained for both model systems agree closely with those obtained by Monte Carlo calculations.
Characterization of 1,3-β-glucanase and 1,3;1,4-β-glucanase genes from Phytophthora infestans

Abstract Three putative exo-1,3-β-glucanase genes (Piexo1, Piexo2, Piexo3), one endo-1,3-β-glucanase (Piendo1) and one endo-1,3;1,4-β-glucanase (Piendo2) gene were cloned and characterized from the oomycete Phytophthora infestans. Southern hybridization revealed that Piexo1, Piexo2, Piexo3, and Piendo2 are single copy, and that Piendo1 is encoded by two copies. Furthermore, the analyses showed that for each gene, one or two closely related gene family members were present. The genes contain no introns. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the promoter regions (200 nt upstream of ATG start codon) showed that the regions have 56–81% similarity to a 16-nt core sequence hypothesized to be the initiation of transcription point in oomycetes. The predicted molecular weights (32–83 kDa), iso-electric points (4.2–6.7) and amino acid sequences of the five proteins are diverse. All the genes are expressed in in vitro grown mycelia and sporangia, as well as during infection of potatoes. Further, Piendo1 and Piendo2 are also expressed in germinating cysts, and Piendo2 in zoospores.
Russia's New Business Groups and State Power

An American political scientist investigates the redistribution of property in Russia after the 1998 financial crash. Making extensive use of Russian and Western documentary sources, as well as three research trips that included formal and informal discussions with politicians, scholars, and journalists, the article examines both the rise of new major players in the Russian political economy and the transformation of old ones. The study includes both industrial and agricultural economic groups, as well as the ambiguous role of the state in both sectors.
A 2-D, diffusion-based, wetland flow model

Abstract Surface water flow in wetlands occurs typically in a low gradient environment where topographic and flow resistance variations control the discharge distribution. It is within this fluid mechanical regime that the biochemical processes constituting wetland ecology take place. Presented herein are the basics of a mathematical model that takes advantage of the hydraulics typical of wetlands. The resulting model, in the form of a 2-D, non-linear diffusion equation, allows incorporation of spatial variations in flow resistance and topography. The applicability of the model to one- and two-dimensional wetland type flow is demonstrated using two cases: a laboratory experiment and a wetland pond. Results illustrate the versatility of the formulation and the important influence of topography variations on flow depth and velocity variations. The use of a fixed rectangular calculation domain to simulate the flow pattern in wetlands with irregular wet boundaries is the most significant practical aspect of the WETFLOW model. Future research will concentrate on dealing with extreme heterogeneity in the elevation and flow resistance distributions, through a combination of measurements and use of stochastic fractals to represent property distributions ( Molz and Boman, 1993 , Water Resour. Res., 29: 3769–3774). Experimental studies are needed to quantify the relationship of flow resistance to different combinations of slope, water depth, and a suitable measure of vegetation density for a wetland ecosystem.
The Differential Performance Effects of Healthcare Information Technology Adoption

This article examines the relationship between the adoption of healthcare information technology (HIT) and a hospital's operational performance. Combining primary survey data from Florida hospitals and secondary data from two government agencies responsible for hospital certification and licensing, the authors find differential performance effects for different clusters of HIT: administrative, clinical, and strategic. Only clinical HIT investments were found to have a statistically significant positive effect on operational performance.
Torsional split Hopkinson bar tests at strain rates above 104s−1

The torsional split Hopkinson bar is used for testing materials at strain rates above 104s−1. This strain rate, which is an order of magnitude higher than is typical with this technique, is obtained by using very short specimens. Strain rates of 6.4×104s−1 have been achieved with specimens having a gage length of 0.1524 mm. Results from tests on 1100 aluminum show an increase in rate sensitivity as the strain rate increases.
Nondestructive Material Characterization of a Free-Space-Backed Magnetic Material Using a Dual-Waveguide Probe

A free-space-backed dual-waveguide probe measurement technique is introduced to determine nondestructively the complex permittivity and permeability of an unknown material. The purpose of this new measurement technique is to complement the existing PEC-backed dual-waveguide probe material-characterization method. Provided in this paper is the theoretical development of the new technique and its experimental validation. It is shown, by applying Love's equivalence theorem, that a system of coupled magnetic field integral equations can be formulated and subsequently solved for the dominant mode reflection and transmission coefficients using the method of moments. Also included in the theoretical development of the new technique is a derivation of the dyadic Green's function for a magnetic-current-excited two-medium grounded-slab environment. Last, experimental complex permittivity and permeability parameters extracted for two magnetic-shielding materials are presented and analyzed to validate the new technique.
Echo/Doppler and hemodynamic correlates of vasodilator responsiveness in primary pulmonary hypertension.

To determine correlates of acute vasodilator responsiveness in primary pulmonary hypertension, we retrospectively studied 25 patients, comparing 41 resting echo/Doppler and nine resting catheterization variables with the maximal reduction in pulmonary vascular resistance achieved during vasodilator trials. Twelve vasodilators were tested (mean, 5.6 drugs per patient; range, three to eight). Eight patients were vasodilator responsive, as defined by a reduction in pulmonary vascular resistance ≥30 percent in response to at least one agent. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed only Doppler pulmonic peak flow velocity to be an independent correlate of responsiveness (p 60 cm/s. Seven often patients with both RAP ≤10 and PV >60 and one of the 15 remaining patients were vasodilator responsive (p (Chest 1991; 99:1066-71)
Regression Models With Parametrically Weighted Explanatory Variables

This paper describes linear regression models with parametrically weighted explanatory variables and related logistic regression models that estimate parameters characterizing (1) the effects of weighted variables on the dependent variable and (2) weights for the components of weighted variables. The models also characterize parsimoniously the interaction effects between weighted variables and covariates on the dependent variable by the use of various constraints on parameters. In particular, the models are concerned with testing the significance of variation with covariates in the weights of weighted variables separately from the significance of variation with those covariates in the effects of weighted variables.The usefulness of these models in sociological research is demonstrated by an illustrative analysis of the class identifications of married working women using education, occupational prestige, and income as three variables weighted between own and spousal attributes, and using year, age, race, ...
THE ANTAGONISM BETWEEN ACETIC ACID AND THE CHLORIDES OF SODIUM, POTASSIUM, AND CALCIUM AS MANIFESTED IN DEVELOPING FUNDULUS EMBRYOS

1. Developing Fundulus embryos react in much the same way to mixtures of acetic acid in salt solutions whether their membranes are removed or not. It is therefore not necessary to assume any specific role for the membrane. 2. The primary toxic effect of acetic acid is to kill the surface of the embryo; heart stoppage is due to penetration of the acid after the surface has been injured. 3. The salt (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2) antagonizes the acetic acid by slowing or preventing the killing of the surface of the embryo. 4. If embryos are immersed in certain KCl-acetic acid mixtures, the surface killing effect of the acid is antagonized but at the same time the KCl penetrates and stops the heart in the manner which is characteristic of a KCl solution alone.
Early Retirement and Functional Impairment from a Multi-Ethnic Perspective

The overall purpose of the present study was to identify differences between the early retired and the nonretired among three ethnic groups: Whites, Blacks, and Mexican Americans. Analysis focused on a community-based sample of 1,146 residents of San Diego County aged 45 to 64 years. Three categories of variables that were hypothesized to contribute to early retirement were examined: demographic characteristics, self-reported health measures, and Older American Resource and Service (OARS)based objective summary ratings of functional impairment. Results were consistent with the literature and indicated that functional impairment was higher for the early retired within each of the ethnic groups. For both retirement status groups, Mexican Americans reported the most impairment of the three ethnic groups. Discriminant analysis was used to identify the predictive value of the three categories of variables for early retirement status and yielded the following results: age, gender, and the mental health OARS obj...
Earth's plasmasphere awaits rediscovery

The plasmasphere is a high-density, toruslike inner magnetospheric region whose configuration and dynamics are highly sensitive to disturbance activity in the solar-terrestrial environment. Although many space scientists consider the plasmasphere to be a phenomenon of modest geophysical importance, one that has long been relatively well measured and understood, I disagree. The dynamic plasmasphere remains a theater of discovery as well as an arena for problem solving. It is geophysically important and offers many exciting and largely unmet challenges to both the experimenter and the theorist.
Thyroidectomy using monitored local or conventional general anesthesia: an analysis of outpatient surgery, outcome and cost in 1,194 consecutive cases.

Critical appraisal of safety, feasibility, and economic impact of thyroidectomy procedures using local (LA) or general anesthesia (GA) is performed. Consecutive patients undergoing thyroidectomy procedures were selected from a prospective database from January 1996 to June 2003 of a single-surgeon practice at a tertiary center. Statistical analyses determined differences in patient characteristics, outcomes, operative data, and length of stay (LOS) between groups. A cohort of consecutive patients treated in 2002–2003 by all endocrine surgeons at the institution was selected for cost analysis. A total of 1,194 patients underwent thyroidectomy, the majority using LA (n = 939) and outpatient surgery (65%). Female gender (76%), body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 (29%), median age (49 years), and cancer diagnosis (45%) were similar between groups. Extent of thyroidectomy (59% total) and concomitant parathyroidectomy (13%) were similarly performed. GA was more commonly utilized for patients with comorbidity [15% vs. 10%, Anesthesia Society of America (ASA) ≥3; P < 0.001], symptomatic goiter (13% vs. 7%; P = 0.004), reoperative cases (10% vs. 6%; P = 0.01), and concomitant lymphadenectomy procedures (15% vs. 3%; P < 0.001). GA was associated with significant increase in LOS ≥24 hours (17 % vs. 4%) or overnight observation (49 % vs. 14%), P < 0.001. Operative room utilization was significantly associated with type of anesthesia (180 min vs. 120 min, GA vs. LA, P < .001) and impacted to a lesser degree by surgeon operative time (89 minutes vs. 76 minutes, GA vs. LA; P = .089). Overall morbidity rates were similar between groups (GA 5.8 % vs. LA 3.2%). The actual total cost (ATC) per case for GA was 48% higher than for LA and 30% higher than the ATC for all procedures (P = 0.006), with the combined weighted average impacted by more LA cases (n = 217 vs. 85). These data from a large, unselected group of thyroidectomy patients suggest LA results in similar outcomes and morbidity rates to GA. It is likely that associated LA costs are lower.
Full scale wake and boundary layer instrumentation feasibility study

Abstract Fluid-flow measuring devices intended for full scale use were designed and tested. One device consisted of a rake supporting different types of pitot tubes. This will be used to obtain a velocity profile of the boundary layer of a test ship. The other device was a five-hole pitot tube that was used in a wake survey. The pressure transport medium (i.e. the medium that carried the pressure signal from the pitot tube to the pressure transducer) was air instead of water. This proved to be successful, as the results indicate.
Loyalty to loyalty: Josiah Royce and the genuine moral life

Mathew A. Foust New York, Fordham University Press 2012, US$50.00 (hardback), 236 pp. ISBN 978-0-8232-4269-6 Russian artist Ivan Aivazovsky’s powerful oil painting, Moonlit Seascape with Shipwreck ...
Magnesium reduces free radicals in an in vivo coronary occlusion-reperfusion model

Abstract Objective. This study demonstrated that magnesium (Mg) reduces free radicals after a brief coronary occlusion-reperfusion sequence. Background. Magnesium has been shown to reduce infarct size in patients with acute myocardial infarction. We hypothesized that this action of Mg occurs through its action on free radicals. Methods. Eighteen mongrel dogs were studied (nine control, nine receiving Mg). Catheters were placed into the coronary sinus for continuous blood withdrawal. A Varian E-4 electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer was used to monitor the ascorbate free radical (AFR) signal in the coronary sinus blood; AFR is a measure of total oxidative stress. Occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery for 20 min was followed by reperfusion. The study animals received 4 g Mg intravenously starting at 15 min of occlusion (5 min before reperfusion) and continuing during reperfusion. Results. Results are presented as percent change from baseline ± SEM. Magnesium blunted the peak AFR increase: at 4 min of reperfusion there was a 4.7 ± 3.3% increase in AFR signal in the dogs receiving Mg versus an 18.2 ± 3.3% increase in the control animals (p Conclusions. Magnesium attenuates AFR increase after an occlusion-reperfusion sequence. To our knowledge this is the first in vivo real-time demonstration of Mg’s impact on free radicals.
Electrical resistivity of chromium-ruthenium alloys☆

Abstract Electrical resistivity, ρ, has been studied as a function of temperature, T, for chromium alloys containing 6.6, 8.3, 10.1, 11.4 and 14.0 at.% ruthenium. The onset of antiferromagnetism causes large anomalies in the ρ vsT curves. The Neel temperature, TN which is the temperature at which dρ dT is a minimum, has been calculated for the above samples and also for the chromium-ruthenium alloys studied earlier. The Neel temperature is seen to increase rapidly up to the 3.0 at.% level, remain approximately constant for several percent, and then decrease with increasing solute content. The behavior of TN with ruthenium content and the general features of the ρ vs. T curves can be approximately understood from the viewpoint of the electron and hole Fermi surfaces of chromium and their changes as the electron concentration is increased.
A shape-navigated image deformation model for 4D lung respiratory motion estimation

Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for cancers in the lung remains challenging due to the complicated respiratory dynamics. We propose a shape-navigated dense image deformation model to estimate the patient-specific breathing motion using 4D respiratory correlated CT (RCCT) images. The idea is to use the shape change of the lungs, the major motion feature in the thorax image, as a surrogate to predict the corresponding dense image deformation from training.
Interpretation of Pancreatic Lipase Analyses of Cow's Milk Fat Triglyceride Structure

Abstract Initially, cow's milk fat was digested at various temperatures with two levels of pancreatic lipase, but this was unsuccessful in eliminating intermolecular specificity. Next, the fatty acid compositions of the monoglycerides (MG) from similar digestions were determined by gas-liquid chromatography as methyl and butyl esters. These were found to vary with the extent of hydrolysis, the short-chain fatty acids being present in lesser proportions in the MG after extensive hydrolysis. The differing compositions were attributed to preferential digestion of certain triglyceride (TG) species and to the nonrandom distribution of fatty acids in the 2 position among TG classes. Subsequently, this was confirmed when residual TG from a milk fat-pancreatic lipase digestion were submitted to a second digestion and the resulting MG compared to those obtained in the initial lipolysis. During these studies, the presence of butyric acid (4:0) in the 2 position of milk fat TG was also observed. Therefore, possible preferential acyl migration of 2-position 4:0 was investigated by analysis of the free fatty acids (FFA) and MG resulting from digestion of a mixture of synthetic glyceryl-2-butyrate -1,3- dipalmitate and triolein. As indicated by some 2-position 4:0 observed in the FFA, migration possibly occurred, but evidence for preferential migration was inconclusive.It is concluded that for intact cow's milk fat triglycerides, quantitative calculations of the 1,3-random, 2-random type are not valid.
Applying Biomechanics in Physical Education

Physical educators teach a wide variety of human movements, and biomechanics provides a rationale critical for evaluating technique and prescribing intervention to help young people improve. Biomechanics also allows physical educators to identify exercises and physical activities that contribute to the physical development of various muscle groups and fitness components. This chapter illustrates how biomechanical knowledge and the nine principles of biomechanics can be integrated with other sport sciences in qualitative analysis of human movement. Five skills commonly taught in physical education are discussed, and the various tasks of qualitative analysis (Knudson & Morrison, 2002) are emphasized in the examples. Real movement performances and typical teaching cues are used to show how biomechanics is applied to real-world physical education. Qualitative analysis is a critical evaluative and diagnostic skill that can be employed for improvement of movement in physical education.
Regulation of Staphylococcal Superantigen-Like Gene, ssl8 Expression in Staphylococcus aureus strain, RN6390

Staphylococcal superantigen-like (SSL) proteins, which are encoded by a cluster of eleven ssl genes, contribute to the Staphylococcus aureus virulence. Recently we reported ssl8 expression profiles in seven clinically important strains-MW2, USA300FPR3757, MSSA476, Newman, RN6390, Mu50, and N315-and showed the differential expression of ssl8 in Newman, RN6390, and USA300FPR3757 strains, despite harboring identical allelic forms of ssl8, suggesting the roles for different regulatory elements for this gene in different S. aureus strains. In this communication, using RN6390, a common laboratory S. aureus strain and its isogenic knockout mutant strains of agr, sae, sarA, sigB, rot, and the agr-/sigB (-) double mutant, we showed that SarA and Rot are inducer and repressor, respectively, for ssl8 expression in RN6390. This is in contrast to the Newman strain, where ssl8 is positively regulated by Sae but negatively by Agr, indicating the variable expression of ssl8 in clinical strains is more likely due to strain-specific regulatory elements.
Codeword optimization for uplink CDMA dispersive channels

We present the application of greedy interference avoidance methods to codeword optimization in the uplink of a code division multiple access (CDMA) system in which the channel between a given user and the base station receiver is assumed known and stable for the duration of the transmission. Repeated application of greedy interference avoidance monotonically increases sum capacity and yields an optimal codeword ensemble that satisfies a simultaneous water-filling distribution. However, algorithms for codeword optimization based on the greedy interference avoidance procedure are in general different from water-filling schemes. We illustrate the algorithms with examples and look at properties of optimal codeword ensembles.
Archaebacterial Relationships of the Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Gene Reveal Mosaicism of Giardia intestinalis Core Metabolism

Abstract A gene encoding a putative GTP-specific phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase has been cloned and sequenced from the type I amitochondriate protist Giardia intestinalis. The deduced amino acid sequence is related most closely to homologs from hyperthermophilic archaebacteria and only more distantly to homologs from Eubacteria and Metazoa. Most enzymes of Giardia core metabolism, however, are related more closely to eubacterial and metazoan homologs. An archaebacterial relationship has been noted previously for the unusual acetyl-CoA synthetase (ADP-forming) of this organism. The results suggest that phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and acetyl-CoA synthetase have been acquired from different sources than most enzymes of Giardia core metabolism.
Evaluation of rubidium chloride and cesium chloride incorporated in a meridic diet to mark Diatraea grandiosella (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) for dispersal studies

Southwestern corn borers, Diatraea grandiosella Dyar, were reared on a control meridic diet and diets that incorporated rubidium chloride (RbCl) or cesium chloride (CsCl) at the rate of 1000 μg/g (1 g/liter of wet diet) to evaluate the effects on biology of D. grandiosella and to determine whether the resulting adults are marked with the rubidium (Rb) and cesium (Cs) physiological markers. The effects of RbCl and CsCl on survival, diet consumption, larval and pupal weight, developmental time, adult deformity, adult longevity, fecundity, and adult dry weight were generally minor and seldom reached statistically significant proportions. Males and females mated successfully when paired in different combinations across treatments. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer and neutron activation analysis were both effective in detecting Rb and Cs in male and female adults reared on RbCl and CsCl diets. Rb and Cs concentrations of males and females reared on RbCl and CsCl diets were above the background levels found in adults reared on the control diet. Rb and Cs can be used as physiological markers to mark D. grandiosella in dispersal experiments.
Hawaiian submarine manganese-iron oxide crusts—A dating tool?

Black manganese-iron oxide crusts form on most exposed rock on the ocean floor. Such crusts are well developed on the steep lava slopes of the Hawaiian Ridge and have been sampled during dredging and submersible dives. The crusts also occur on fragments detached from bedrock by mass wasting, on submerged coral reefs, and on poorly lithified sedimentary rocks. The thickness of the crusts was measured on samples collected since 1965 on the Hawaiian Ridge from 140 dive or dredge localities. Fifty-nine (42%) of the sites were collected in 2001 by remotely operated vehicles (ROVs). The thinner crusts on many samples apparently result from post-depositional breakage, landsliding, and intermittent burial of outcrops by sediment. The maximum crust thickness was selected from each dredge or dive site to best represent crusts on the original rock surface at that site. The measurements show an irregular progressive thickening of the crusts toward the northwest-i.e., progressive thickening toward the older volcanic features with increasing distance from the Hawaiian hotspot. Comparison of the maximum crust thickness with radiometric ages of related subaerial features supports previous studies that indicate a crust-growth rate of about 2.5 mm/m.y. The thickness information not only allows a comparison of the relative exposure ages of two or more features offshore from different volcanoes, but also provides specific age estimates of volcanic and landslide deposits. The data indicate that some of the landslide blocks within the south Kona landslide are the oldest exposed rock on Mauna Loa, Kilauea, or Loihi volcanoes. Crusts on the floors of submarine canyons off Kohala and East Molokai volcanoes indicate that these canyons are no longer serving as channelways for down-slope, sediment-laden currents. Mahukona volcano was approximately synchronous with Hilo Ridge, both being younger than Hana Ridge. The Nuuanu landslide is considerably older than the Wailau landslide. The Waianae landslide southwest of Oahu has yielded samples with the greatest manganese-iron oxide crusts (9.5 mm thick) and therefore apparently represents the oldest submarine material yet found in the study area. The submarine volcanic field 100 km southwest of Oahu is apparently younger than the Waianae landslide.
Food Insecurity Is Associated with Diet and Bone Mass Disparities in Early Adolescent Males but Not Females in the United States

Food insecurity is associated with decreased nutrient intake and poor health and possibly low bone mass in children. The purpose of this study was to formally investigate the relationship of diet, bone mass, and food insecurity among children aged 8-19 y (n = 5270). The data used in this cross-sectional study were drawn from children participating in the NHANES 2001-2004. Data were collected from homes and NHANES mobile examination centers across the United States. Food security status was classified using the US Children's Food Security Scale and the US Household Food Security Scale. Dietary measures were quantified by 24-h dietary recall and bone mineral content (BMC) was determined with whole body DXA. Results indicated that males 8-11 y from households with food insecurity among children were 2.5 times [OR = 2.5 (95% CI = 1.1-5.8)] more likely to have fewer than the USDA Food Guide recommended servings of dairy foods, 2.3 times [OR = 2.3 (95% CI = 1.3-4.0)] more likely to have less than the estimated average requirement for calcium intake, and more likely to have a significantly lower estimated total body (P = 0.04), trunk (P = 0.05), lumbar spine (P = 0.02), pelvis (P = 0.05), and left arm (P = 0.05) BMC compared with males 8-11 y old from households with food security among children. Calcium-related dietary factors and BMC did not differ among females by food security status. These results are evidence that health disparities persist among 8- to 11-y-old, food-insecure boys. Successful interventions to improve diet and bone health and reduce food insecurity among children are a continuing need in the United States.
All quiet on the neuronal front: NMDA receptor inhibition by prion protein

Steele. 2008. J. Cell Biol. doi:10.1083/jcb.200803152 [OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2] [1]: {openurl}?query=rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1083%252Fjcb.200803152%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F18443224%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%
Pour une sociologie culturelle foucaldienne... de la peur

Nous exposons trois dimensions complementaires d’une sociologie culturelle d’inspiration foucaldienne : l’analyse de la culture comme incarnation subjective ; l’analyse des modes d’objectivation et des processus de subjectivation ; et l’analyse textuelle comme lecture productrice de sens. Nous demontrons comment ces trois dimensions peuvent etre mises au service d’une sociologie culturelle de la peur. La sociologie culturelle proposee comprend la culture a travers les jeux de verite et leurs effets de realite — effets concrets mais non obligatoires de la creation culturelle, dont les effets de pouvoir, de savoir et de subjectivite. Nous suggerons une exploration plus poussee des dimensions emotionnelles et affectives de la culture. En conclusion, nous entamons une reflexion sur l’exercice de la peur dans l’epoque contemporaine.
Maturation of Nitrogenase: a Biochemical Puzzle

The nitrogenase enzyme catalyzes the reductive breakage of the very strong triple bond of N2 to generate NH3 in a process known as biological nitrogen fixation. Biological nitrogen fixation is an essential step in the nitrogen cycle in the biosphere, and it is a major contributor to the nitrogen
Issues in Designing and Conducting Clinical Trials for Reward Disorders: A Clinical View

Publisher Summary For those individuals who abuse substances, reward deficits appear to be a product of their substance abuse and these resulting states might be considered reward deficit disorders. Whether the initial urge to use these substances is a reward disorder because the normal rewards that life offers are insufficient is an interesting question that presents a host of challenges when designing clinical studies to test such a hypothesis. This chapter examines the issues in designing and conducting clinical trials in patients who might be considered to have reward deficit disorders and attempts to enrich the design of these clinical trials by drawing on the pre-clinical and clinical perspectives of this conceptualization of a reward deficit. Research using animal models has provided enormous input into developing clinical treatments for drug abuse. This type of research can be used in at least two ways: (1) to investigate and delineate the neuropharmacological effects of the drug exposure and (2) to test whether a pharmacological agent can alter the behavioral effects of the drug in a manner consistent with reduction of drug intake in addicts. While these approaches to illuminating potential new treatments for drug abuse appear straightforward, there are many difficulties inherent in translating findings from animal research to the treatment of humans. The chapter discusses the issues involved in animal research including the advantages and limitations of this approach, describes the behavioral techniques used in this field, presents the ways in which evidence gained from this approach can inform clinical trials, and examines new treatment strategies for addiction.
The influence of spatial structure and socio-economic factors on migration rates

Willis K. G. (1972) The influence of spatial structure and socio-economic factors on migration rates. A case study: Tyneside 1961–1966, Reg. Studies 6, 69–82. The 1961 and 1966 Census indicate wide variations in migration rates per 1000 population, though precise analysis is hampered by census tabulation by local authority areas. Numerous theoretical studies have emphasized the importance of the structure of space in which migration occurs, but these have lacked practical application in Britain. From examination of rates on Tyneside, it is shown that spatial structure has a negligible influence on composite migration rates, economic and social factors accounting for most of the variance. A method of analysing a matrix of inter-local authority migration is proposed by which the relative importance of space over localized areas is indicated. Non-linear models are suggested as more applicable in analysing the size and composition of migration streams.
The Effect of Environment on Thermal Barrier Coating Lifetime

While the water vapor content of the combustion gas in natural gas-fired land-based turbines is ~10%, it can be 20–85% with coal-derived (syngas or H2) fuels or innovative turbine concepts for more efficient carbon capture. Additional concepts envisage working fluids with high CO2 contents to facilitate carbon capture and sequestration. To investigate the effects of changes in the gas composition on thermal barrier coating (TBC) lifetime, furnace cycling tests (1-h and 100-h cycles) were performed in air with 10, 50, and 90 vol. % water vapor and CO2-10% H2O and compared to prior results in dry air or O2. Two types of TBCs were investigated: (1) diffusion bond coatings (Pt-diffusion or Pt-modified aluminide) with commercial electron-beam physical vapor-deposited yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) top coatings on second-generation superalloy N5 and N515 substrates and (2) high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) sprayed MCrAlYHfSi bond coatings with air plasma-sprayed YSZ top coatings on superalloys X4, 1483, or 247 substrates. For both types of coatings exposed in 1-h cycles, the addition of water vapor resulted in a decrease in coating lifetime, except for Pt-diffusion coatings which were unaffected by the environment. In 100-h cycles, environment was less critical, perhaps because coating failure was chemical (i.e., due tomore » interdiffusion) rather than mechanical. As a result, in both 1-h and 100-h cycles, CO2 did not appear to have any negative effect on coating lifetime.« less
Novel method for inducing rapid, controllable therapeutic hypothermia in rats using a perivascular implanted closed-loop cooling circuit.

Abstract Background Hypothermia is the most potent protective therapy available for cerebral ischemia. In experimental models, cooling the brain even a single degree Celsius alters outcome after global and focal ischemia. Difficulties translating therapeutic hypothermia to patients with stroke or after cardiac arrest include: uncertainty as to the optimal treatment duration; best target-depth temperature; and longest time delay after which therapeutic hypothermia won’t benefit. Recent results from human clinical trials suggest that cooling with surface methods provides insufficient cooling speed or control over target temperature. Comparison with existing methods Available animal models incorporate surface cooling methods that are slow, and do not allow for precise control of the target temperature. New method To address this need, we developed a rapid, simple, inexpensive model for inducing hypothermia using a perivascular implanted closed-loop cooling circuit. The method allows precise control of the target temperature. Results Using this method, target temperature for therapeutic hypothermia was reached within 13 ± 1.07 min (Mean ± SE). Once at target, the temperature was maintained within 0.09 °C for 4 h. Conclusions This method will allow future experiments to determine under what conditions therapeutic hypothermia is effective, determine the optimal relationship among delay , duration , and depth , and provide the research community with a new model for conducting further research into mechanistic questions underlying the efficacy of therapeutic hypothermia.
Distance in graphs - Taking the long view

The detour distance between two vertices u and v in a connected graph G is the length of a longest v u − path in G. We survey results and some open questions on detour distance, including connections of this distance to domination, coloring and Hamiltonian properties of graphs.
Effect of large doses of the oral contraceptive Enovid on cholesterol metabolism in the rat

Short-term effects of the oral contraceptive drug, Enovid, a mixture of estrogenic and progesterone compounds, have been determined in experiments on male and female rats. Oral administration of large doses for 7 days resulted in marked decreases of cholesteryl esters in plasma accompanied by only slight elevations of hepatic cholesterol content. Cholesteryl esters were also much lower in adrenals and ovaries, organs which are usually responsible for steroid hormone biosynthesis. At the same time, cholesterol-esterifying activity in plasma was substantially increased. Enovid administration was shown also to affect the fatty acid composition of sterol esters remaining in plasma, adrenals, and ovaries. The concentration of linoleate and arachidonate was significantly decreased in plasma sterol esters, whereas the concentrations of arachidonate and docosatetraenoate in adrenals and of docosatetraenoate in ovaries were significantly lowered. All of the changes reported were more pronounced in the female than in the male rat. It is hypothesized that the decreased levels of cholesteryl ester found in the organs investigated, together with the increase in plasma cholesterol-esterifying activity, are probably associated either with changes in cholesterol biosynthesis and(or) transport or with an increase in cholesterol transformation to other steroids and excretion. These possibilities are now under investigation.
Evaluation of a Lag Schedule of Reinforcement in a Group Contingency to Promote Varied Naming of Categories Items with Children.

We compared the effects of Lag 0 and Lag 1 schedules of reinforcement on children's responses naming category items in a group context and subsequent responses emitted during individual testing in which the schedule of reinforcement remained Lag 0. Specifically, we measured response variability and novel responses to categories for 3 children who demonstrated the lowest level of variability during an initial individual Lag 0 testing session. An additional 3 children who emitted a high level of variability during initial individual Lag 0 testing sessions served as peers during group sessions. Results showed that participants conformed to the Lag 1 schedule and were more likely to repeat peer responses in the group and during individual testing in the Lag 1 condition. Furthermore, the reinforcement schedule in effect during group sessions affected participants' varied responses during individual testing, during which the reinforcement schedule remained unchanged.
Time-dependence of the effect of X-irradiation on the formation of glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase and other dehydrogenases in the developing rat brain.

Abstract X-irradiation (100–1500 r) administered to the heads of rats 8–30 days of age inhibited the development of glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (l-glycerol 3-phosphate–NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.8) in the brain stem and cerebral hemispheres. At 40 days of age and older no effect was observed. This inhibition was a delayed phenomenon, dose-dependent and with no recovery. It is proposed that the inhibition of enzyme formation is related to radiation damage caused to DNA. Actinomycin D inhibited the development of glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase in a manner similar to ionizing radiation. Four other dehydrogenases also showed age-dependent radiosensitivities. `Malic enzyme' (EC 1.1.1.40), lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) and malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) ceased to be radiosensitive at about 8 days of age and isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP) (EC 1.1.1.42) at 16 days. The correlation between developmental increase in enzyme activity and radiosensitivity held closely for glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase and to a smaller extent for the others.
Hernia Management in the Athlete.

� Groin injuries are common in sports because of the forces exerted around the pelvis in high-level athletes. � The approach to athletic groin pain requires a multidisciplinary approach involving sports orthopedists, athletic trainers, and surgeons. � Surgeons who evaluate athletes with groin pain should be well versed in the differential diagnosis and evaluation strategies. � Surgery for athletic pubalgia/sport’s hernia is appropriate for athletes who fail to respond to conservative management and who have appropriate findings on imaging and physical examination.
Sonographic-Pathologic Correlation for Punctate Echogenic Reflectors in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma What Are They?

Objectives It is commonly held that punctate nonshadowing echogenic foci on sonography, often termed microcalcifications, represent psammoma bodies. We aimed to determine the validity of this supposition by correlating the presence of punctate echogenic foci on sonography with their presence at histopathologic examination. Methods We examined 51 nodules (surgically proven papillary thyroid carcinoma) by sonography and histopathologic examination. On the latter, nodules were examined for evidence of psammomatous calcifications, dystrophic calcifications, and colloid. Two subspecialty-trained radiologists with 2 and 25 years of experience in sonography, respectively, reviewed the sonograms for the presence and distribution of punctate echogenic foci. Results All nodules contained colloid at histologic examination. Twenty of the papillary carcinomas lacked any calcification at pathologic examination. In the remaining 31 nodules with calcifications, 13 had psammomatous calcifications only; 6 had both coarse and psammomatous calcifications; and 12 had only coarse calcifications. The presence of punctate echogenic foci on sonography was 74% sensitive, was 46% to 53% specific, and had a positive predictive value of only 45% to 48% for the presence of psammomatous calcifications. The computed 2-tailed P value indicated that the punctate echogenic foci-to-psammoma body correlation was not statistically significant. Conclusions The sonographic signature commonly referred to as “microcalcifications” may represent a variety of entities, including psammomatous calcifications, dystrophic calcifications, and eosinophilic colloid; for this reason, “punctate echogenic foci” would be a more accurate term.
At Home in Two Countries: The Past and Future of Dual Citizenship (Introduction)

How did dual citizenship evolve from traitorous to trendy? Dual nationality was once considered an offense against nature, an abomination on the order of bigamy. It was the stuff of titanic battles between the United States and European sovereigns. As those conflicts dissipated, dual citizenship continued to be the object of loyalty and misplaced security concerns. Only recently has the status largely shed the opprobrium to which it was once attached.The first monograph on the status in several generations, AT HOME IN TWO COUNTRIES charts the transformed understanding of dual citizenship from strong disfavor to general acceptance. Today, the state lacks both the capacity and the incentive to suppress the status as citizenship becomes more like other forms of membership. Dual citizenship allows many to formalize sentimental attachments. For others, it’s a new way to game the international system. The introduction opens with the author’s own experience acquiring dual citizenship. It then outlines the book’s consideration of dual citizenship in historical and contemporary perspective.
The Power and Influence of Frames

What is the Leader-Negotiator (L-N's) “secret weapon”—frames. The complexity and power of frames are explored in this chapter. This chapter covers what frames are and highlights the “awesome power of the listening ear” by describing six frames that filter information. How filters override and influence how we classify information is further explained, connecting with Chapter 5 , the need for Effective Questioning. To better understand the limitations of frames, we take a trip with Mohandas K. Gandhi from Britain to Germany. Four examples of framing and reframing illustrate the use of frames in everyday business activity. The chapter concludes that one frame will not fit all contexts.
Antibody Based Therapies in Acute Leukemia

Despite great progress in the curative treatment of acute leukemia, outcomes for those with relapsed and/or chemotherapy-refractory disease remain poor. Current intensive cytotoxic therapies can be associated with significant morbidity and novel therapies are needed to improve outcomes. Immunotherapy based approaches provide an alternative mechanism of action in the treatment of acute leukemia. Due to cell surface antigen expression, leukemia in particular is amenable to targeted therapies, such as antibody-based therapy. Based on the potential for non-overlapping toxicity, the possibility of synergistic action with standard chemotherapy, and by providing a novel method to overcome chemotherapy resistance, antibody-based therapies have shown potential for benefit. Modifications to standard monoclonal antibodies, including drug conjugation and linkage to T-cells, may further enhance efficacy of antibody-based therapies. Identifying the ideal timing for incorporation of antibody-based therapies, within standard regimens, may lead to improvement in overall outcomes. This article will provide an overview of antibody-based therapies in clinical development for the treatment of acute leukemia in children and adults, with a particular focus on the current strategies and future developments.
Metal detector use in archaeology: An introduction

Metal detectors are simple, effective, and inexpensive remote sensing tools with real value to archaeologists. The archaeologists is presented an overview of how to use a metal detector and outlines the physical principles that govern metal detectors and their limits. Examples of the use of detectors in inventory, testing, and excavation are drawn from the literature and from the authors’ experience.