cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-term responses of higher and lower risk youths to smoking prevention interventions.

Abstract Background. Adolescents at risk for cigarette smoking are difficult to reach with conventional interventions but have substantial exposure to the mass media. This study is the first to show that smoking prevention messages presented through the mass media can have large and durable effects on higher risk adolescents. Methods. Students in two communities received media and school interventions beginning in grades 5–7; those in matched comparison communities received school interventions. Media interventions were targeted to higher risk youths. School surveys were conducted before and after the interventions, in grades 4–6 and grades 8–10. Two years after interventions ended, when participants were in grades 10–12, school and telephone surveys were conducted to assess smoking status. Survey participants ( n = 2,860) were classified at baseline as having higher or lower risk for becoming a smoker. Results. Smoking prevalence within the higher risk sample was significantly lower for those receiving media–school interventions than for those receiving school interventions only (odds ratio = 0.71). Effects on the lower risk sample were similar in magnitude but marginally significant. Conclusions. Mass media and school interventions achieved lower smoking rates among higher risk youngsters 2 years following completion of the interventions. This strategy represents a uniquely effective method for communicating with a high-priority group.
Evolving models of medical knowledge and practice

The evolution of models for current medical knowledge and practice, with respect to their philosophical dimensions, is expounded upon herein—especially in terms of a shift away from viewing the patient as just a diseased entity or body part to a whole person. To that end, the metaphysical, epistemological, and ethical dimensions of the techno-scientific model, and its humanistic versions, and of holistic models are examined. The metaphysics of each model is first analyzed with respect to its presuppositions, since these presuppositions influence the entities, such as body and disease, which compose a medical model or worldview. Next, epistemological issues that face these medical models, particularly those driven by methodological procedures undertaken by epistemic agents to constitute medical knowledge and practice, are discussed. Finally, the ethical implications of each model, especially in terms of the physician–patient relationship, are investigated. The advantages and disadvantages of these different models for medical knowledge and practice as they evolve, particularly in terms of envisaging the patient as more than simply a diseased object or body part, are discussed in a concluding section.
The relation between the encoding of motion event information and viewpoint in English-accompanying gestures

Properties of motion events (e.g., path, manner) and point of view (e.g., character’s point of view, observer’s point of view) can both be encoded in co-speech gestures. How are these two dimensions of meaning associated? In an examination of English narrative data collected under controlled circumstances, we found that gestures encoding manner of motion were significantly more likely to appear in character viewpoint. Gestures encoding path (but not manner), on the other hand, were significantly more likely to occur in observer viewpoint. Gestures encoding both path and manner simultaneously were also significantly more likely to occur in observer viewpoint. We suggest that selection of point of view may have effects on the encoding of certain semantic features in gesture.
On Frequency-Domain and Time-Domain Input Shaping for Multi-Mode Flexible Structures

The technique of input shaping has been successfully applied to the problem of maneuvering flexible structures without excessive residual vibration. Because a shaper is designed such that vibration is eliminated at the end of the shaped input, a short shaper length means that vibration is eliminated sooner. As different shaper design methods yield different shapers, it is advantageous to know how the shaper lengths of these different methods compare. In this paper we draw comparisons between time-domain input shaping methods and frequency-domain input shaping methods after outlining conditions when non-negative amplitude shapers exist when using frequency-domain methods.
Real-time multipass MPEG video coding for video-on-demand over ADSL

There have been increasing market demands to develop more effective schemes for applying MPEG video coding standard to meet the challenges from the emerging applications. We present a real-time multi-pass MPEG video coding sys tem for constant bit rate (CBR) applications, such as Video-on-Demand (VoD) over ADSL. This scheme employs two MPEG encoders. Both encoders operate at the same CBR. The second encoder has a buffer to delay the input by an amount of time relative to the first encoder to create a look-ahead window. In encoding, the first encoder collects statistical and rate-quality characteristic information. An on-line processor then uses the collected information to derive the best coding strategy for the second encoder to encode the incoming frames in the look-ahead window. The second encoder uses the encoding parameters from the processor as the coding guide to execute the coding strategy and produce the compressed bitstream. Results on an IBM MPEG-2 encoder testing system with a 15 frame look-ahead window have shown that the scheme can obtain 0.6 to 1.6dB improvement in PSNR over the conventional single encoder on MPEG test video sources. Moreover, measured by the Tektronix Inc.'s Picture Quality Analysis (PQA) System, this scheme achieved 0.87 ~ 1.35 reduction in PQA index. The visual quality improvment is also very evident.
Molecular Epidemiology of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Isolates in Urban Detroit

To gain a better understanding of epidemiology of resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, we describe the molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream isolates in urban Detroit. Bloodstream isolates from July 2005 to February 2007 were characterized. Two hundred ten bloodstream isolates from 201 patients were evaluated. Patient characteristics were as follows: median age, 54 years; 56% male; and 71% African-American. Seventy-six percent of infections were health care associated, with 55% being community-onset infections and 21% hospital acquired, and 24% were community associated. The most common sources were skin/wound (25%), central venous catheters (24%), unknown source (20%), and endocarditis (9%). Ninety percent and 5% of isolates had a MIC of vancomycin of ≤1.0 mg/liter, using automated dilution testing and E-test, respectively. Six percent of isolates showed heteroresistance to vancomycin, all occurring with isolates having a vancomycin E-test MIC of ≥1.5 mg/liter. Results of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed 17 strain types. The predominant strains were USA100 (104 isolates) and USA300 (74 isolates). Forty-nine percent of the isolates had staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec II, and 56% had agr II. All USA300 isolates were positive for the Panton-Valentine leukocidin toxin genes and agr I. Forty-seven percent of USA300 bloodstream infections were health care associated (35% community onset and 12% hospital onset). USA300 strains were more common in injection drug users with skin/wound as the predominant source of infection. Thirty percent of the USA100 strains were closely related to vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates. The results of this study show that vancomycin MICs using automated dilution testing with Vitek-2 and E-test were highly discordant. Most methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains causing bacteremia are health care associated, commonly have MICs of vancomycin that are high within the susceptible range are not detected by routine automated dilution testing, and have significant diversity of molecular characteristics. USA100 strains that are closely related to vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) isolates and USA300 strains are common as causes of both hospital and community-onset infection. Infection control measures should focus not only on prevention of the spread of community strains in the hospital but also prevention of the spread of hospital strains associated with VRSA into the community.
Issues in Economic Theory an Attempt to Clarify

I. Controversies in economic theory are of varying importance, — The explanatory and instrumental aspects of economic theory, 335. — Changing facts and social theories, 337. — II. The place of "facts" in economic controversy, 339. — The relation of psychology to economic theory, 343. — Mechanistic and organic social theories as a source of controversy, 347. — Difficulties arising out of the organic analogy, 349. — III. The philosophy of "social control," 351. — IV. Chaotic possibilities of "viewpoints" in economics, 355. — Uses and limitations of the mechanistic view, 356. — Types of new "approaches" to economics, and their limitations, 359. — Sacrifices entailed in eliminating controversies, 360. — The scientific character of economics, old and new, 362.
Recombinant Moraxella bovoculi cytotoxin-ISCOM matrix adjuvanted vaccine to prevent naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis

A randomized, blinded, controlled field trial was conducted during summer 2006 in a northern California, USA, herd of beef cattle to evaluate the efficacy of a recombinant Moraxella bovoculi cytotoxin subunit vaccine to prevent naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK; pinkeye). A convenience sample comprised of 127 steers were administered a subcutaneous dose of either adjuvant alone (ISCOM matrices; control group) or recombinant M. bovoculi cytotoxin carboxy terminus adjuvanted with ISCOM matrices (MbvA group) and were boostered 21 days later. The steers were examined once weekly for 15 weeks for evidence of IBK. No significant difference in the cumulative proportion of corneal ulcerations was detected between groups. Compared to the control calves, the MbvA vaccinates had significantly higher increases in serum neutralizing titers to M. bovoculi hemolysin between week 0 and week 6. The prevalence of M. bovis isolations was higher from ulcerated eyes of calves vaccinated with MbvA as compared to control calves. Vaccination of calves against the carboxy terminus of M. bovoculi RTX toxin resulted in significant increases in serum hemolysin neutralizing titers and may modulate organism type cultured from ulcerated eyes of calves in herds where both M. bovis and M. bovoculi exist. Use of M. bovoculi antigens alone in vaccines to prevent IBK may not be beneficial in herds where IBK is associated with both M. bovoculi and M. bovis.
A Biomechanical Investigation of the Asymmetric Multiplier in the Revised NIOSH Lifting Equation

There is growing evidence, from epidemiological and biomechanical sources, that lifting performed in asymmetric postures is a risk factor for the development of a musculoskeletal injury. In the recent update of the NIOSH Lifting Guide, a linear Asymmetric Multiplier was added to account for this type of risk. The present study addresses the form of this Multiplier through analysis of several asymmetric lifting tasks. Both spinal loading and a derived metric of muscle injury risk were calculated as a function of asymmetry angle. The results suggest that there is a non-linear increase in injury risk with respect to asymmetry. Only moderate increases in risk were predicted for asymmetry of 0°–30°, and sharply increasing risk as asymmetry reaches 90°, implying that ergonomic intervention should be concentrated on tasks with the highest asymmetries.
Advective flow through membrane-aerated biofilms Modeling results

Membrane-aerated biofilms (MABs) have shown potential for removing contaminants from wastewater. However, the inability to control biofilm thickness and overcome mass transport limitations have prevented the commercial application of MABs in wastewater treatment. In this paper, we explore the merits of a novel configuration in which advective flow through an MAB is used to overcome these mass transport limitations and improve process performance. A steady-state, single-species model was developed to characterize the performance of a biofilm that was supplied substrate by advective flow. The MAB was supported by stitched hollow fiber fabric and the wastewater was pumped through the biofilm. The results show that oxygen flux across the membrane increases significantly and higher chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rates can be achieved. The effects of membrane spacing and oxygen partial pressure on the system performance were investigated. Model predictions indicate that high COD removal efficiencies can be achieved with effective contact times between the wastewater and biofilm on the order of minutes. These simple model predictions suggest there is merit in exploring the performance of this configuration experimentally.
Single bubble rising dynamics for moderate Reynolds number using Lattice Boltzmann Method

Dynamics of a single rising gas bubble is studied using a Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) based on the Cahn–Hilliard diffuse interface approach. The bubble rises due to gravitational force. However, deformation and velocity of the bubble depend on the balance of other forces produced by surface tension, inertia, and viscosity. Depending on the primary forces acting on the system, bubble dynamics can be classified into different regimes. These regimes are achieved computationally by systematically changing the values of Morton number (Mo) and Bond number (Bo) within the following ranges ð1 � 10 � 5 < Mo < 3 � 10 4 Þ and ð1 < Bo < 1 � 10 3 Þ. Terminal shape and Reynolds number (Re) are interactive quantities that depend on size of bubble, surface tension, viscosity, and density of surrounding fluid. Accurate simulation of terminal shape and Re for each regime could be satisfactorily predicted and simulated, since they are also functions of Mo and Bo. Results are compared with previous experimental results.
Response by sugar beet to irrigation, 1965–75

Sugar yield increases from irrigation in 19 experiments on a sandy-loam soil at Broom's Barn over an 11-year period were examined in relation to rainfall and to both potential and measured soil moisture deficit. Irrigation increased average yield from 7·6 to 8·3 t sugar/ha and in six of the years significantly increased yield by more than 1 t sugar/ha (15%). The experiments also tested plant density, nitrogen, harvest date and time and amount of irrigation. Without irrigation, maximum sugar yield was from a density of 74000 plants/ha but larger densities gave slightly more yield when irrigated. Irrigation affected the magnitude of response to nitrogen but 100 kg N/ha gave the most profitable yield increase, both with and without irrigation. Yield increases of about 1 t sugar/ha (15%) between early and late harvesting were also independent of irrigation. Early irrigation of 25 mm and 50 mm in June and July respectively increased yield in 4 of the 5 years but in all years applications in late summer did not increase sugar yield. The main factors controlling the yield response to irrigation were period and size of deficit. The soil type and summer rainfall at Broom's Barn were compared with those in 36 other experiments at five localities between 1947 and 1973; yield increases at Broom's Barn were smaller, probably because the others were on lighter soils.
Studies on Hatchability of Fertile Eggs from Hens Receiving a Linoleic Acid Deficient Diet

Abstract MILLER et al. (1963), Menge et al. (1963, 1965a, b), and Edwards (1963), all reported a reduction in hatchability of fertile eggs from hens receiving linoleic acid deficient diets as compared with fertile eggs from hens receiving from .5 to 3.0% linoleic acid. These findings showed that hatchability of fertile eggs may be reduced to zero when hens receive a diet containing less than 0.02% linoleic acid throughout the growing and laying period (Menge et al., 1963, 1965a,b). Also, early embryonic mortality, 0–7 days, was increased in eggs from deficient hens (Menge et al., 1965a), and there was an increase in hatchability when linoleic acid deficient eggs were incubated for 24 to 26 hours after the normal 21-day incubation period (Miller et al., 1963). Except for these observations, no other characteristics of reduced hatchability from a linoleic acid deficiency in the hen have been reported. This study was designed …
Evaluation of AHS throughput using SmartCap

Presents a method for analysis of automated highway throughput for AHS designs, including those with platooning. Simulation results are presented which show that increased information leads to higher throughput, and that a platooning design will have higher throughput than any individual vehicle design.
Workload characterization and prediction in the cloud: A multiple time series approach

Cloud computing promises high scalability, flexibility and cost-effectiveness to satisfy emerging computing requirements. To efficiently provision computing resources in the cloud, system administrators need the capabilities of characterizing and predicting workload on the Virtual Machines (VMs). In this paper, we use data traces obtained from a real data center to develop such capabilities. First, we search for repeatable workload patterns by exploring cross-VM workload correlations resulted from the dependencies among applications running on different VMs. Treating workload data samples as time series, we develop a co-clustering technique to identify groups of VMs that frequently exhibit correlated workload patterns, and also the time periods in which these VM groups are active. Then, we introduce a method based on Hidden Markov Modeling (HMM) to characterize the temporal correlations in the discovered VM clusters and to predict variations of workload patterns. The experimental results show that our method can not only help better understand group-level workload characteristics, but also make more accurate predictions on workload changes in a cloud.
A Qualitative Approach to Assessing Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge

Because technological pedagogical content knowledge is becoming an increasingly important construct in the field of teacher education, there is a need for assessment mechanisms that capture teachers’ development of this portion of the knowledge base for teaching. The paper describes a proposal drawing on qualitative data produced during lesson study cycles to assess teachers’ development of technological pedagogical content knowledge. The specific qualitative data sources include teachers’ written lesson plans, university faculty members’ reviews of lessons, transcripts and videos of implemented lessons, and recordings and transcripts of debriefing sessions about implemented lessons. Using these data sources, inferences about teachers’ technological pedagogical content knowledge are drawn and validated. An example of the implementation of this lesson study technological pedagogical content knowledge (LS-TPACK) assessment model is provided. The example includes inferences drawn about high school teachers’ technological pedagogical content knowledge in the context of two lesson study cycles that involved teaching systems of equations with graphing calculators. Reflections on the strengths and weaknesses of the LS-TPACK model are included from a qualitative perspective, as well as from a psychometric perspective.
BIIB022, a human antibody targeting human insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), enhances the anti-tumor activities of Tarceva in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and Rapamycin in sarcoma cell lines

4002 Antibodies to IGF-1R as inhibitors of PI3K/AKT survival pathway have shown evidence of objective responses in early clinical trials. BIIB022 is a fully human antibody specific to IGF-1R, constructed as a nonglycosylated IgG4P with G1-like hinge antibody, and currently in clinical trials for the treatment of patients with solid tumors. BIIB022 allosterically blocks interaction of IGF-1R with its ligands IGF-1 and IGF-2, and inhibits IGF-1R mediated signaling and tumor cell growth. In human pancreatic, lung and breast tumor xenograft models, BIIB022 exhibits single-agent anti-tumor activity. Previous studies have demonstrated cross-talk between IGF-1R and EGFR pathways and activation of IGF-1R pathway has been incriminated as one of the mechanisms of resistance to EGFR inhibitors. We therefore investigated the effect of BIIB022 in combination with Tarceva, an EGFR inhibitor approved for NSCLC. In a panel of NSCLC lines, BIIB022 as a single agent inhibited in vitro cell growth and in combination enhanced the growth inhibitory activity of Tarceva in approximately 50% of the cell lines tested. BIIB022 significantly increased the sensitivity of A549 cells to Tarceva with a >5 fold change in IC50, where the IC50 values for combination of Tarceva and BIIB022, and for Tarceva alone, were 0.99µM and 5.41µM respectively. Further signaling pathway analysis indicated that BIIB022 and Tarceva also additively inhibited phosphorylation of AKT. In A549 disseminated tumor model the combination of BIIB022 and Tarceva showed enhanced anti-tumor efficacy compared to single agent alone. In addition, effect of BIIB022 on other molecular targeted therapies was explored. Several rapamycin analogues targeting mTOR, a target downstream of PI3K/AKT, are in clinical trials and being evaluated as treatment for Sarcoma and other cancer types. Since inhibition of mTOR has been shown to induce IRS-1/IGF-1R signaling dependent feed-back activation of AKT, the effect of BIIB022 in combination with rapamycin was determined. In a panel of sarcoma and renal carcinoma lines tested, BIIB022 enhanced the anti-tumor activity of rapamycin by blocking the AKT phosphorylation induced by mTOR inhibition. Currently we are examining this combination in pre-clinical models. Taken together, our results support the evaluation of BIIB022 in combination with other molecular targeted therapies in the clinic.
How to Teach Education for Sustainability

The title of this chapter may appear a little daunting to many teaching practitioners. However, if we view theory as being about significant educational principles for informing effective teaching practice, then it is important to include in this book some theory related to the teaching and learning of education for sustainability (EfS).
Influence of the renal medullary circulation on the control of sodium excretion

Although the role of the renal medullary circulation in the control of urinary concentrating ability is well established, its potential influence on tubular sodium reabsorption is not generally recognized. Nearly 30 years ago, changes in the intrarenal distribution of blood flow were first proposed to contribute to the natriuretic response to volume expansion. However, the lack of reliable methods for studying medullary blood flow limited progress in this area. The recent development of laser-Doppler flowmetry and videomicroscopic techniques for the study of the vasa recta circulation has renewed interest in the role of medullary hemodynamics in the control of sodium reabsorption. Results of these studies indicate that changes in renal medullary hemodynamics alter renal interstitial pressure and the medullary solute gradient and play an important role in the natriuretic response to elevations in renal perfusion pressure, intravenous infusion of saline, and changes in tubular sodium reabsorption produced by vasoactive compounds. What is emerging from these studies is the view that changes in renal medullary hemodynamics represent an important but misunderstood and long-ignored factor in the control of tubular sodium reabsorption.
Hunt-Wesson and the Continuing Problem of Tax Arbitrage

In the Hunt-Wesson case, the taxpayer argued that California's rule for directly allocating certain interest deductions to a taxpayer's nonbusiness income without apportionment was an indirect method for taxing nonbusiness income having no nexus with California. Accepting this characterization of California's direct allocation rule, a unanimous U.S. Supreme Court held that the rule violated the Due Process Clause and the dormant Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution. California argued before the Court that it was not attempting through its direct allocation rule to tax nonbusiness income arising outside its borders. It contended that the rule was adopted in good faith to prevent taxpayers from artificially inflating their interest deduction, thereby artificially deflating their taxable income subject to California tax. In 1972, the California Supreme Court rebuffed a challenge to the direct allocation rule in the Pacific Telephone case. In upholding that rule, the court found that the legislative purpose of the rule was to prevent tax avoidance and that the rule was reasonably designed to achieve that purpose. The following example, similar in structure to an example provided by the California Supreme Court in Pacific Telephone, illustrates the type of tax avoidance scheme that the direct allocation rule was designed to defeat. TCo and GCo are domiciled in State D. They both earn business income of $300,000 in State B. TCo borrows $1 million from a bank at ten percent annual interest. It also purchases $1 million of nonbusiness preferred stock. TCo now has an interest deduction of $100,000 a year and has dividend income of $100,000 a year that is exempt from tax in State B. State B has no equivalent to California's direct allocation rule for interest. If State B allows TCo to deduct the interest from business income, then TCo will reduce its taxable income in State B by $100,000, from $300,000 to $200,000, and pay less tax than GCo, although both companies have the same amount of business income (computed without respect to TCo's interest expense).Conduct of the type engaged in by TCo in the above example is referred to as tax arbitrage. The taxpayer's victory in Hunt-Wesson means that states are limited in their ability to combat tax arbitrage. As explained in Part III of this article, direct allocation of interest is the only effective mechanism available to governments for combating tax arbitrage. The author believes, however, that the Court's decision in Hunt-Wesson is sufficiently limited in scope that it has not necessarily left the States defenseless in defending their tax base against taxpayers engaging in tax arbitrage.
A FLAWED VISION: SEX AND ROBUSTICITY ON KING ISLAND

Sim and Thorne (1990) report on the discovery of human skeletal remains, radiocarbon dated to 14,270Â±640 BP, from King Island in Bass Strait. Given the location of King Island, and the long debate over the biological origins of the Tasmanians (Pardoe 1991a; Brown in press a), the discovery and description of the King Island skeleton is of considerable historical significance. The skeleton was excavated under difficult circumstances and could only be retained for examination for a short period. On the basis of their assessment of the skeleton's size and robusticity Sim and Thorne conclude that the skeleton is that of a male, with an overall cranial morphology similar to Keilor and Thorne's (1977, 1980) 'gracile' Pleistocene population. Irrespective of the historical reality of this 'gracile' population an important issue in relation to Sim and Thorne's assessment of King Island is their identification of sex. As Pardoe (1991b) has recently pointed out, at least one earlier attempt to support the dual Pleistocene population model (Webb 1989) appears to be an artefact of a limited understanding of sexual dimorphism. There were indeed two human populations present in the Pleistocene of Australia, one of them more robust than the other, but these are called men and women.
Aβ40 has a subtle effect on Aβ42 protofibril formation, but to a lesser degree than Aβ42 concentration, in Aβ42/Aβ40 mixtures.

Recent findings suggest that the senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease may contain soluble amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) fibril precursors along with insoluble fibrils. These soluble Aβ species, including oligomers and protofibrils, have been well-studied in vitro and are formed via non-covalent self-assembly of Aβ monomers. While both 40- and 42-residue forms of Aβ are observed in the human body, the majority of the Aβ aggregation work has been conducted on Aβ42 or Aβ40 separately, with relatively few investigations of mixtures. In order to study the effect of different combinations of Aβ40 and Aβ42 on protofibril formation, mixtures of either dry solid peptide, or purified Aβ40 and Aβ42 monomer solutions were mixed together and protofibril/monomer distributions were quantified. Increases in the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio increased protofibril formation but the presence of Aβ40 in the mixed Aβ solutions had a significant negative impact on protofibril formation compared to equivalent solutions of pure Aβ42. Protofibril size was less affected, but β-sheet structure increased with protofibrils formed from higher Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio solutions. Direct measurement of Aβ42/Aβ40 ratios by C-terminal-selective ELISA found very little Aβ40 incorporated into protofibrils. The cumulative data emphasizes the critical importance of Aβ42, yet establishes Aβ40 as a regulator of Aβ42 aggregation.
On the Low Surface Tension of Lung Surfactant

Natural lung surfactant contains less than 40% disaturated phospholipids, mainly dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC). The mechanism by which lung surfactant achieves very low near-zero surface tensions, well below its equilibrium value, is not fully understood. To date, the low surface tension of lung surfactant is usually explained by a squeeze-out model which predicts that upon film compression non-DPPC components are gradually excluded from the air-water interface into a surface-associated surfactant reservoir. However, detailed experimental evidence of the squeeze-out within the physiologically relevant high surface pressure range is still lacking. In the present work, we studied four animal-derived clinical surfactant preparations, including Survanta, Curosurf, Infasurf, and BLES. By comparing compression isotherms and lateral structures of these surfactant films obtained by atomic force microscopy within the physiologically relevant high surface pressure range, we have derived an updated squeeze-out model. Our model suggests that the squeeze-out originates from fluid phases of a phase-separated monolayer. The squeeze-out process follows a nucleation-growth model and only occurs within a narrow surface pressure range around the equilibrium spreading pressure of lung surfactant. After the squeeze-out, three-dimensional nuclei stop growing, thereby resulting in a DPPC-enriched interfacial monolayer to reduce the air-water surface tension to very low values.
The Long-Term Value of Analysts' Advice in the Wall Street Journal'SInvestment Dartboard Contest

For nearly thirteen years, the Investment Dartboard column featured the stock recommendations of prominent equity analysts in a contest with the stocks selected by Journal staffers throwing darts. Over the life of the column, investors who rebalanced their portfolios according to the analysts' recommendations achieved higher terminal wealth, but a lower risk-adjusted return, than an investment in an S&P 500 index fund, but investors who bought and held the securities selected by darts achieved the greatest terminal wealth and risk-adjusted return. The darts out-performed the analysts on a nominal and risk-adjusted basis during the recent market decline, with darts and analysts generating higher nominal and risk-adjusted returns than the market index fund.
Research on Embedded Virtual Instrument Middleware

With the integrating of embedded technology and virtual instrument technology,the heterogeneity,adaptability and other issues in the embedded virtual instrument developing process have become increasingly prominent.A common embedded virtual instrument middleware(EVIM) was designed to reduce otherness among platforms and the resource waste.Middleware and software bus were adopted in the EVIM architecture.The interfaces that the call and service of component objects definition were unified to complete the transparent transportation of information on software bus.This architecture makes the advantages of EVIM in the embedded virtual instrument developing process more distinct.
What's New in Pediatric Organ Transplantation

Current progress in organ transplantation is offering new hope for children who have end-stage heart, lung, liver, intestinal, and renal failure. Immunosuppressive regimens have been improved, and newer immunomodulatory strategies are evolving. New areas of investigation, such as genetic modification of xenograft tissues and organs, and strategies to induce tolerance of organs will be key areas of discovery in the next years, leading to increasing involvement of the generalist in the care of children requiring or recovering from transplantation.
Organometallics in Superacidic Media: Characterization of Remarkably Stable Platinum–Methyl Bonds in HF/SbF5 Solution

The protolytic stability of (dfepe)PtMe2 (dfepe = (C2F2)2PCH2CH2P(C2F5)2) and cis-(dfmp)2PtMe2 (dfmp = (C2F5)2PMe) and NMR characterization of their corresponding products in SbF5–HF superacid solvent mixtures are reported. Dissolution of (dfepe)Pt(Me)2 in 10 mol % of SbF5–HF at −60 °C resulted in the clean protonolysis of a single Pt–Me bond to form the cationic methyl complex (dfepe)Pt(Me)+; further conversion of (dfepe)Pt(Me)+ to (dfepe)Pt2+ occurred upon warming to −20 °C and followed pseudo-first-order kinetics (k = [1.4(2)] × 10–2 min–1). In contrast, dissolution of the nonchelating analogue cis-(dfmp)2PtMe2 in 10 mol % of SbF5–HF at 20 °C evolved methane and cleanly produced the stable monomethyl complex trans-(dfmp)2Pt(Me)+. trans-(dfmp)2Pt(Me)+ is the most protolytically stable organometallic known: 33% conversion to the cis dicationic product cis-(dfmp)2Pt2+ requires 2 weeks in 10 mol % of SbF5–HF at 20 °C, whereas >90% conversion was observed in 30 h in 50 mol % of SbF5–HF. Dissolution of cis-(...
Treatment of experimental endocarditis due to multidrug resistant Enterococcus faecium with ciprofloxacin and novobiocin

The effectiveness of ciprofloxacin and/or novobiocin therapy was assessed for experimental endocarditis caused by three strains of Enterococcus faecium resistant to ampicillin, vancomycin, and aminoglycosides. Rabbits with endocarditis caused by two of the strains had a significant decrease in bacterial counts in vegetations when treated with both antibiotics. Further studies using combination therapy with ciprofloxacin plus novobiocin for multidrug resistant strains of E. faecium are warranted.
“Rolling Recruitment” of Endothelial Cell (EC) Activation in the Prothrombotic Nature of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT)

Abstract 536 HIT is an iatrogenic, prothrombotic, immune-mediated disorder associated with antibodies directed against platelet factor 4 (PF4) and heparin complexes. Once these pathogenic anti-PF4/heparin antibodies develop, they recognize and bind to antigenic complexes formed on cell surfaces composed of PF4 released from platelets bound to cell membrane glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Unlike platelets, which have only chondroitin sulfate on their surface, endothelial cells express mainly heparan sulfate resulting in a very high capacity to form PF4/GAG complexes and become targets for HIT antibodies. In fact, activation of endothelial cells by HIT antibodies was recognized almost 25 years ago (Cines et. al., 1987). We now show direct interaction of the HIT-like monoclonal antibody KKO with perithrombus endothelial cells, which propagates thrombosis following laser induced cremaster vessel injury in a passive immunization murine model of HIT. PF4 released from activated platelets at the site of laser injury binds rapidly and predominantly to the adjacent endothelium and is recognized by KKO in both transgenic mice expressing only human PF4 (hPF4+) and mice expressing hPF4 and human FcgRIIA on platelets (hPF4+/FcgRIIA+). These studies show that HIT-like antigenic complexes are present within thrombi prior to antibody exposure, predominantly localized to endothelial cells, which is consistent with their surface GAGs having higher affinity for PF4 than platelets. These endothelial cell surface PF4/GAG complexes, and with it KKO binding, are dissociated by high concentrations of intravenous heparin. Infusion of KKO in hPF4+/FcgRIIA+ mice but not in control mice, reinitiates growth of previously stable thrombi at sites of laser injury, leading to a significant increase in vascular occlusion (24/33 injuries, 73%, compared to 0/30 in control mice; P Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Reactions of Law Enforcement to LGBTQ Diversity Training

Knowledge about the ways in which employees respond to workplace diversity training can help in the preparation and delivery of the training. Few studies have looked at responses toward with lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) diversity training, in general, or with law enforcement, in particular. The present study examined reactions, specifically resistance and receptiveness, to an LGBTQ diversity training for approximately 120 law enforcement officers. Twenty subthemes about resistance were categorized into four overarching themes: perceptions of law enforcement, beliefs regarding LGBTQ community, defending law enforcement practices, and nonverbal forms of resistance. Seventeen subthemes about receptiveness were organized into five main themes: requesting elaboration from trainers, how law enforcement can support LGBTQ people, awareness and motivation to address LGBTQ community needs, appreciation for the training, and helping the trainers or training succeed. The results indicate that both resistance and receptiveness were present among participants. Further, some of the receptiveness and resistance is similar to what is found in the literature, while some of these reactions were unique to LGBTQ diversity training and working with law enforcement.
Spin-orbit scattering and quantum metallicity in ultrathin Be films

We compare and contrast the low-temperature magnetotransport properties of ultrathin, insulating Be films with and without spin-orbit scattering (SOS). Beryllium films have very little intrinsic SOS, but by ``dusting'' them with submonolayer coverages of Au, one can introduce a well-controlled SOS rate. Pure Be films with sheet resistance $Rg{R}_{Q}$ exhibit a low-temperature negative magnetoresistance (MR) that saturates to the quantum resistance ${R}_{Q}=h/{e}^{2}$. This high-field quantum metal phase is believed to represent a different ground state of the system. In contrast, the corresponding negative MR in Be/Au films is greatly diminished, suggesting that, in the presence of strong SOS, the quantum metal phase can only be reached at field scales well beyond those typically available in a low-temperature laboratory.
The winding path of protein methylation research: milestones and new frontiers

Protein methylation was discovered over 50 years ago, but only with the advent of genomic and proteomic technologies could its mechanisms and cellular functions be studied in detail. Shi and Murn discuss the seminal discoveries in protein methylation research and highlight future directions for this field.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Rochester Forensic Assertive Community Treatment Model

Objective:Forensic assertive community treatment (FACT) is an adaptation of the assertive community treatment model and is designed to serve justice-involved adults with serious mental illness. This study compared the effectiveness of a standardized FACT model and enhanced treatment as usual in reducing jail and hospital use and in promoting engagement in outpatient mental health services.Methods:Seventy adults with psychotic disorders who were arrested for misdemeanor crimes and who were eligible for conditional discharge were recruited from the Monroe County, New York, court system. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either FACT (N=35) or enhanced treatment as usual (N=35) for one year. Criminal justice and mental health service utilization outcomes were measured by using state and county databases.Results:Forty-nine participants (70%) completed the full one-year intervention period. Nineteen (27%) were removed early by judicial order, one was removed by county health authorities, and one di...
On magnetic structure of CuFe2Ge2: Constrains from the 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy

Abstract 57 Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy measurements were performed on a powdered CuFe 2 Ge 2 sample that orders antiferromagnetically at ∼ 175 K. Whereas a paramagnetic doublet was observed above the Neel temperature, a superposition of paramagnetic doublet and magnetic sextet (in approximately 0.5:0.5 ratio) was observed in the magnetically ordered state, suggesting a magnetic structure similar to a double- Q spin density wave with half of the Fe paramagnetic and another half bearing static moment of ∼ 0.5 - 1 μ B . These results call for a re-evaluation of the recent neutron scattering data and band structure calculations, as well as for deeper examination of details of sample preparation techniques.
The design space of strand displacement cascades with toehold-size clamps

DNA strand displacement cascades have proven to be a uniquely flexible and programmable primitive for constructing molecular logic circuits, smart structures and devices, and for systems with complex autonomously generated dynamics. Limiting their utility, however, strand displacement systems are susceptible to the spurious release of output even in the absence of the proper combination of inputs—so-called leak. A common mechanism for reducing leak involves clamping the ends of helices to prevent fraying, and thereby kinetically blocking the initiation of undesired displacement. Since a clamp must act as the incumbent toehold for toehold exchange, clamps cannot be stronger than a toehold. In this paper we systematize the properties of the simplest of strand displacement cascades (a translator) with toehold-size clamps. Surprisingly, depending on a few basic parameters, we find a rich and diverse landscape for desired and undesired properties and trade-offs between them. Initial experiments demonstrate a significant reduction of leak.
Gene Therapy for Angiogenesis in the Treatment of Cardiovascular and Peripheral Arterial Disease

Over the last quarter-century, numerous advances have been made in the understanding of the molecular and cellular processes that lead to the development of atherosclerosis. The respective roles of the endothelium, inflammatory mediators, and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of vascular disease are beginning to be better understood. As more is learned about the initiation of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, new targets for systemic therapies are being discovered. Several classes of medications have been shown to be beneficial in preventing adverse cardiovascular events in patients with cardiovascular disease. These medications include platelet inhibitors (aspirin and thienopyridines), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (“statins”).
Halogen Bonding Interactions: Revised Benchmarks and a New Assessment of Exchange vs Dispersion

We present a new analysis of exchange and dispersion effects for calculating halogen-bonding interactions in a wide variety of complex dimers (69 total) within the XB18 and XB51 benchmark sets. Contrary to previous work on these systems, we find that dispersion plays a more significant role than exact exchange in accurately calculating halogen-bonding interaction energies, which are further confirmed by extensive SAPT analyses. In particular, we find that even if the amount of exact exchange is nonempirically tuned to satisfy known DFT constraints, we still observe an overall improvement in predicting dissociation energies when dispersion corrections are applied, in stark contrast to previous studies (Kozuch, S.; Martin, J. M. L. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2013, 9, 1918−1931). In addition to these new analyses, we correct several (14) inconsistencies in the XB51 set, which is widely used in the scientific literature for developing and benchmarking various DFT methods. Together, these new analyses and revised...
A Genetically Encoded Ratiometric pH Probe: Wavelength Regulation-Inspired Design of pH Indicators.

Mutants of human cellular retinol-binding protein II (hCRBPII) were engineered to bind a julolidine retinal analogue for the purpose of developing a ratiometric pH sensor. The design relied on the electrostatic influence of a titratable amino acid side chain, which affects the absorption and, thus, the emission of the protein/fluorophore complex. The ratio of emissions obtained at two excitation wavelengths that correspond to the absorption of the two forms of the protein/fluorophore complex, leads to a concentration-independent measure of pH.
The Alps and the Carpathians

The principal elevated areas in Europe are i. the Central Uplands „Mittelgebirge“ and Plateaux, ii. the northwestern highlands and iii. the southern mountain ranges.
Plant Selection, Installation, and Management to Affect Groundwater

This quote from the Bible states what, up until recently, was thought to be a long-held observation—that trees growing near streams use surface water. We now know that trees near streams often use groundwater. Conversely, early observations indicated that a connection between plants and groundwater near surface water may exist, and that the occurrence of certain plants indicated the relative depth that groundwater could be found below land surface.
From Ape to Zebra

From serpent similes and Jacob’s sheep to the wild dogs that devour Jezebel, the Bible abounds with animal life. Indeed, the ubiquity of animals in biblical texts bespeaks a society in which animals were a critical and omnipresent feature of everyday life. Early scholarship on the Bible’s animals focused primarily on classifying species, but attention soon shifted to the literary and rhetorical use of animal imagery. More recently, there has been a good deal of discussion inspired by interests in contemporary animal rights concerning attitudes towards non-human animals in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
Biomedical Event Extraction based on Knowledge-driven Tree-LSTM

Event extraction for the biomedical domain is more challenging than that in the general news domain since it requires broader acquisition of domain-specific knowledge and deeper understanding of complex contexts. To better encode contextual information and external background knowledge, we propose a novel knowledge base (KB)-driven tree-structured long short-term memory networks (Tree-LSTM) framework, incorporating two new types of features: (1) dependency structures to capture wide contexts; (2) entity properties (types and category descriptions) from external ontologies via entity linking. We evaluate our approach on the BioNLP shared task with Genia dataset and achieve a new state-of-the-art result. In addition, both quantitative and qualitative studies demonstrate the advancement of the Tree-LSTM and the external knowledge representation for biomedical event extraction.
Genetic associations with age of menopause in familial longevity

AbstractObjective:We hypothesize that mechanisms associated with extended reproductive age may overlap with mechanisms for the selection of genetic variants that slow aging and decrease risk for age-related diseases. Therefore, the goal of this analysis is to search for genetic variants associated w
TCT-124 Gender Differences in Revascularization and 30-Day Readmissions After ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction in the United States: A Nationwide Readmissions Database Analysis

Heart disease is the leading cause of death for women in the United States. Women have higher rates of readmission after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctions (STEMIs) compared with men despite receiving standard care, contributing to increased morbidity and health care costs. This study aimed