cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two theories of historical materialism

G. A. Cohen and Jiirgen Habermas are at opposite ends of the spectrum of Marxist theory. This is not simply a matter of Cohen having been schooled in the Anglo-American ("analytic") tradition of philosophy while Habermas comes to Marx via Hegel, hermeneutics, and other concerns of Continental philosophy. The more interesting contrast lies in their radically different versions of historical materialism. For Cohen technological advance is the "motor" of history, pushing forward changes in the political, legal, and cultural spheres. Habermas, however, asserts that changes in the structure of moral-practical consciousness are at the center of historical development, and that these changes cannot be reduced to mere functions of technological growth.
A balanced scorecard model with incremental analysis for the motor homes industry based on survey results

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a balanced scorecard model methodology to develop an approach for decision making for the motor homes industry that is used to communicate and evaluate achievement of the corporate mission and strategy. The index, success indicator, gives management a “bottom line” result including non‐financial as well as financial measures based on the targeted improvement efforts as well as the actual result. The comprehensive set of measures helps to focus their organization's strategic objectives in the areas of financial, customer, learning, and growth.Design/methodology/approach – The qualitative analysis and the quantitative survey of the motor homes industry were summarized to develop generalized measures and applications as a basic for formulating a special balanced scorecard model.Findings – Various financial, customer, learning, and growth metrics were identified for a possible template for an actual balanced scorecard.Research limitations/implications – This p...
Apical migration of oral epithelium in experimental dehiscence wounds.

Abstract The purpose of the present investigation was to determine if the placement of free mucosal grafts would delay the apical migration of oral epithelium into surgically created dehiscence wounds. Dehiscence wounds, measuring 8 × 6 mm, were surgically created on the mandibular canines of 5 beagle dogs. The exposed root surface was then curetted and horizontal grooves were made, one at a point just below the gingival sulcus and the other at the apical border of the dehiscence. Experimental teeth received free alveolar mucosal grafts while the contralateral teeth served as controls. The grafts were placed with the epithelial side against the tooth surface to bridge the dehiscence at the level of the coronal notch and were sutured in place. The flaps were then repositioned (over the mucosal grafts) and sutured. Apical migration of the oral epithelium, after 10 days, was assessed histologically using the coronal and apical grooves as points of reference. The oral epithelium was detected in the coronal one half of the dehiscence, in both the control and experimental teeth. There were no significant differences observed between the two. suggesting that the placement of a mucosal graft, as described here, provides little benefit in delaying apical migration of oral epithelium. The fact that the epithelium failed to reach the apical half of the dehiscence may indicate that features of this wound model may help our understanding of epithelial cellular kinetics operative in periodontal wound healing.
Ecological correlates of social organization in a communally breeding bird, the acorn woodpecker, Melanerpes formicivorus

Acorn woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus) were studied during the summers of 1976 and 1977 in the Chiricahua Mountains of Arizona to determine the ecological correlates of variations in unit size, storage behavior, and home range. Unit size varied from two to five adults, acorn storage capacity varied from 0 to 5,000 individual holes per unit, and home range size varied from 5.2 to 51.2 ha.
Antibiotics: Recover the lost art of drug discovery

Bacterial evolution is overwhelming our antibiotic defences, says Kim Lewis. Using modern technology to replicate past success might tip the balance in our favour.
Model independent method for determination of the DIS structure of free neutron

Abstract We present a model independent procedure for extracting deep-inelastic structure function of “free” neutron from the electron–deuteron scattering with protons produced in the target fragmentation region of the reaction. This procedure is based on the extrapolation of t, which describes the invariant momentum transfered to the proton, to the unphysical region corresponding to the mass of the struck neutron. We demonstrate that the impulse approximation diagram of the reaction has a pole at this limit with a residue being proportional to the “free” neutron structure function. The method is analogous to that of Chew and Low for extraction of the “free” pion–pion and neutron–neutron cross sections from p ( π , p ) X and d ( n , n ) p n reactions, respectively. We demonstrate that in the extrapolation the final state interaction amplitudes are smooth functions of t and have negligible contribution in the extracted “free” nucleon structure function. We also estimate the range of the recoil nucleon momenta which could be used for successful extrapolation procedure.
On sums of graph games with last player losing

The purpose of this paper is to find the general class of graph games with last player losing which may be solved by an analogue ofBouton's [1901] solution. Moreover, it can be shown that this class contains all subtraction games, as well asLasker's [1931] nim and several other games. Games such asKayles andDawson's [1935] game with last player losing are not treated by the method of this paper and are still unsolved.
An Electronic Office Design for the Busy Applied Anthropologist

Over the past year I have done all of my work as an anthropologist in an electronic office. This work includes analyzing complex field data, designing data gathering forms, writing articles for publication, illustrating the articles with various diagrams, lecturing, grading papers, consulting, and carrying on the usual correspondence of a university professor. Before I first sat down in this electronic office on the day that I got a Macintosh 512K computer through my department, I spent considerable time reading computer journals and reviews of programs, learning to use the programs that seemed promising to me, evaluating their potential for a university anthropologist, and then designing the electronic office to aid me in performing all my usual tasks as well as some of my less usual but troublesome tasks.
Development of Gender Differences in Physical Activity

The development of gender differences in physical activity was reviewed using the categories of motor performance, motor activity, physical activity, and health related physical fitness. Gender differences in motor performance were related to age in 12 of 20 tasks, resulting in three types of developmental curves. Most differences are suggested as being environmentally induced prior to puberty but influenced by a biology–environment interaction after puberty. The level of motor activity is higher in boys even in infancy, and gender differences increase across childhood and adolescence. This suggests that heredity influences initial differences but interacts with environmental circumstances as children grow and develop. Boys from several countries are observed to be more physically active than girls, probably accounting in part for their better performance on physical fitness tests. Boys perform better than girls on three of the four measures of health related physical fitness: mile run, chin-ups, and sit-...
Habitual sleep variability, not sleep duration, is associated with caloric intake in adolescents

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the associations between objectively measured habitual sleep duration (HSD), habitual sleep variability (HSV), and energy and snack intake in adolescents. Methods We used data from 324 adolescents who participated in the Penn State Child Cohort follow-up examination. Actigraphy was used over seven consecutive nights to estimate nightly sleep duration. The seven-night mean and standard deviation of sleep duration were used to represent HSD and HSV, respectively. The Youth/Adolescent Food Frequency Questionnaire was used to obtain the daily average total energy, protein, fat, and carbohydrate intake, and number of snacks consumed. Linear regression models were used to investigate the associations between habitual sleep patterns and caloric, protein, fat, and carbohydrate intake. Proportional odds models were used to associate habitual sleep patterns with snack consumption. Results After adjusting for age, sex, race, body mass index (BMI) percentile, and smoking status, an increased HSV was associated with a higher energy intake, particularly from fat and carbohydrate. For example, with a 1-h increase in HSV, there was a 170 (66)-kcal increase in the daily total energy intake. An increased HSV was also related to increased snack consumption, especially snacks consumed after dinner. For instance, a 1-h increase in HSV was associated with 65% and 94% higher odds of consuming more snacks after dinner during school/workdays and weekends/vacation days, respectively. Neither energy intake nor snack consumption was significantly related to HSD. Conclusion High habitual sleep variability, not habitual sleep duration, is related to increased energy and food consumption in adolescents. Maintaining a regular sleep pattern may decrease the risk of obesity in adolescents.
On the Misuse of Statistics: A Reply to Hirschfeld et al.

cast doubt on the findings of Divale and Harris' 1976 article were drawn from raw data made available to Hirschfeld upon his request. All the raw data used by Divale and Harris were made available. However, Hirschfeld et a!. chose to ignore the bulk of this information in order to concentrate on a small part of it, the part that deals with South American societies. On an ad hoc basis, Hirschfeld et a!. select parts of this small portion, criticize Divale and Harris' use of the familiar I test, and perform a series of complex statistical analyses employing a test widi which most social scientists are un­familiar. Nowhere do they come to grips with the theory relating male supremacy
Utility of Gene Rearrangements in Lymphoid Malignancies

Molecular genetic study of lymphoid neoplasms by Southern blotting or polymerase chain reaction permits the ready detection of gene rearrangements. Clonal rearrangements of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes identify neoplasms of B- and T-cell lineage, respectively. Additionally, lymphoma-specific chromosome translocations involving oncogenes are detected with the same molecular techniques. Probes are currently available to study the c-myc translocations of Burkitt's lymphoma, the bcl-2 translocations of follicular lymphomas, and the bcl-1 translocations of centrocytic lymphoma.
EFFICIENT TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE POLICY

This paper offers a different perspective on paying for and investing in the transportation infrastructure. Making efficient use of current transportation capacity will reduce the need for massive public investment in airports and roads and will prevent the recurrence of infrastructure problems.
Synthesis and biological activity of selective pipecolic acid-based TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE) inhibitors

A series of novel, selective TNF-alpha converting enzyme inhibitors based on 4-hydroxy and 5-hydroxy pipecolate hydroxamic acid scaffolds is described. The potency and selectivity of TACE inhibition is dramatically influenced by the nature of the sulfonamide group which interacts with the S1' site of the enzyme. Substituted 4-benzyloxybenzenesulfonamides exhibit excellent TACE potency with >100x selectivity over inhibition of matrix metalloprotease-1 (MMP-1). Alkyl substituents on the ortho position of the benzyl ether moiety give the most potent inhibition of TNF-alpha release in LPS-treated human whole blood.
Ramsey numbers of stars versus wheels of similar sizes

We study the Ramsey number R(W"m,S"n) for a star S"n on n vertices and a wheel W"m on m+1 vertices. We show that the Ramsey number R(W"m,S"n)=3n-2 for n=m,m+1, and m+2, where m>=7 and odd. In addition, we give the following lower bound for R(W"m,S"n) where m is even: R(W"m,S"n)>=2n+1 for all n>=m>=6.
PREDICTION EQUATIONS DO NOT ELIMINATE SYSTEMATIC ERROR IN SELF-REPORTED BODY MASS INDEX

PLANKEY MICHAEL W, JUNE STEVENS, KATHERINE M FLEGAL, PHILIP F RUST. Prediction equations do not eliminate systematic error in self-reported body mass index. Epidemiological studies of the risks of obesity often use body mass index (BMI) calculated from self-reported height and weight. The purpose of this study was to examine the pattern of reporting error associated with self-reported values of BMI and to evaluate the extent to which linear regression models predict measured BMI from self-reported data and whether these models could compensate for this reporting error. We examined measured and self-reported weight and height on 5079 adults aged 30 years to 64 years from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Measured and self-reported BMI (kg/m2) was calculated, and multiple linear regression techniques were used to predict measured BMI from self-reported BMI. The error in self-reported BMI (self-reported BMI minus measured BMI) was not constant but varied systematically with BMI. The correlation between measured BMI and the error in self-reported BMI was −0.37 for men and −0.38 for women. The pattern of reporting error was only weakly associated with self-reported BMI, with the correlation being 0.05 for men and −0.001 for women. Error in predicted BMI (predicted BMI minus measured BMI) also varied systematically with measured BMI, but less consistently with self-reported BMI. More complex models only slightly improved the ability to predict measured BMI compared with self-reported BMI alone. None of the equations were able to eliminate the systematic reporting error in determining measured BMI values from self-reported data. The characteristic pattern of error associated with self-reported BMI is difficult or impossible to correct by the use of linear regression models.
Attributions and arousal as predictors of maternal discipline

A model of the development and maintenance of overreactive and lax parental discipline styles was tested in a sample of 40 mothers of toddlers by assessing mothers' arousal to and attributions for videotaped scenes of children expressing negative affect and by examining these data in relation to self-reported parenting style. The dysfunctionality of mothers' child-centered attributions for the child negative affect accounted for a significant portion of the variance in mothers' emotional arousal and their overreactive/harsh parenting. However, the dysfunctionality of mothers' mother-centered attributions did not account for a significant portion of the variance in mothers' lax parenting. These findings suggest that emotions and cognitions play important roles in maintaining overreactive or harsh parenting. Interventions aimed at altering parenting behavior may be more effective if they address emotional arousal and attributions as well as teach appropriate parenting strategies.
Unusual ocular involvement in acute disseminated histiocytosis X.

A white infant was born with acute disseminated histiocytosis X. Clinical ocular examination at birth revealed thickening of the irides with a nodular lesion of the right iris and a focal linear discoloration of the left iris. The pupils showed minimal dilatation following instillation of mydriatics. The child died at 7 days of age; histopathologic examination revealed massive infiltration of histiocytes in the iris, choroid, and meninges of the optic nerve. This pattern of ocular involvement is rare in acute disseminated histiocytosis X. There was involvement by similar cells of the skin, visceral organs, and brain. This association of anterior uveal involvement with severe though clinically unrecognized visceral involvement has been described previously, but not emphasized. Recognition of the ocular involvement may be helpful in the diagnosis, and contribute to the early institution of therapy.
Zacopride and its optical isomers produce stereoselective antagonism of a 2-methylserotonin discriminative stimulus.

Abstract The serotonin 5-HT 3 receptor antagonist effects of zacopride and its optical isomers were evaluated in rats trained to discriminate 5.0 mg/kg of 2-methylserotonin (2-Me 5-HT) from saline in a 2-lever operant task. Zacopride and its enantiomers potently antagonized the 2-Me 5-HT stimulus; on the basis of 50% inhibition (ID 50 ) of drug lever responding the order of potency is S(−)-zacopride (ID 50 = 0.05 μ g/kg) > (±)-zacropride (ID 50 = 0.60 μg/kg) > R(+-zacopride (ID 50 = 1.6 μ g/kg). The stereoselectivity and potency ratio of zacopride's isomers for antagonizing the 2-Me 5-HT stimulus parallels their previously reported results in binding studies. It is concluded that zacopride's isomers produce antagonism of a 2-Me 5-HT stimulus by stereoselective interaction at 5-HT 3 receptors and that stereochemical factors are important in evaluating the stimulus properties of 5-HT 3 agents.
Photo-induced current measurement for the characterized of deep-level traps in lattice-matched MODFETs on InP substrate

Abstract This paper describes a measurement setup developed for the characterization of deep-level traps in field-effect transistors (FETs) using the photo-induced current spectroscopic technique (PICS) including the steady-state and pulsed drain biasing. This technique and the conventional DLTS technique have been applied to a GaAs MESFET, and two lattice-matched modulation-doped FETs based on InP substrate to demonstrate its usefulness. In the MESFET structure, the PICS technique identified electron emissions at 0.72 and 0.81 eV and hole emission at 0.45 eV, whereas the DLTS technique identified an acceptor level at 0.42 eV. In one of the MODFETs the PICS technique identified electron emissions at 0.69 and 0.71 eV, whereas the DLTS technique identified an acceptor level at 0.39 eV. In the second MODFET structure, the PICS technique identified electron emissions at 0.40 and 0.71 eV, and the DLTS technique identified donor traps at 0.37 and 0.40 eV and an acceptor trap at 0.22 eV. The PICS and DLTS results are interpreted using the so-called Frank-Condon shift that exists between the optical and thermal emissions.
CALM3 Mutation Associated with Long QT Syndrome

Each year, more than 400,000 cases (>1,000 per day) of sudden cardiac death (SCD) are reported in the United States.1 The majority of these SCD cases and more than 10% of all natural deaths are due to cardiac arrhythmias.2 One condition that affects approximately 1 in 2,000 individuals and is known to cause these potentially lethal arrhythmias is long QT syndrome (LQTS).3 LQTS, a disorder of ventricular myocardial repolarization, is characterized by the prolongation of the heart rate-corrected QT interval (QTc) on an ECG, which can precipitate torsades de pointes (a subtype of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia) and as a result syncope, seizures, or SCD, in the setting of a structurally normal heart.2 LQTS is an inherited disorder, and approximately 80% of LQTS has been elucidated genetically. Accordingly, its genetic basis remains elusive in as many as 20% of patients.4 Here, we describe a case of severe LQTS in a young subject exhibiting profound QT prolongation (QTc > 650 ms) in which commercial genetic testing was negative. Recently, whole exome sequencing (WES) analysis has been used to successfully pinpoint the novel genetic cause of a variety of diseases when the genetic cause is still unknown.4, 5 Due to a negative family history, seemingly healthy parents, and normal parental ECGs, WES was performed on the trio (index case and his parents), and the results were filtered to include either novel sporadic or rare recessive variants. A sporadic p.D130G mutation in CALM3 was identified as the most likely cause of the patient’s LQTS.
4-D Seismic Reservoir Simulation In a South Timbalier 295 Turbidite Reservoir, Gulf of Mexico

4-D seismic reservoir simulation combines the analysis of 4-D (time-lapse) seismic changes measured in an oil and gas field with 3D elastic seismic modeling, reservoir characterization and fluid flow simulation to better understand drainage patterns of oil, gas and water into wells and to identify bypassed pay. We have solved this poorly constrained, inverse problem and arrived at a selfconsistent reservoir simulation that minimizes error and predicts 4-D seismic changes similar in space, time, and magnitude to those observed in a complex, intertwined, turbidite channel reservoir in the South Timbalier 295 field, Gulf of Mexico. Particle flow produced from the seismic reservoir simulation predicts that drainage was complex, with a pressure drop in the reservoir to below the bubble point producing a gas cap nearby the producing wells. Brightened seismic amplitudes both downdip and updip of the wells indicate that the gas coming out of solution filled the most permeable of the tubular turbidite channels. Poor oil migration downdip suggests the need for water injection, which the operator instituted in 1997 to recover this downdip oil and repressurize the reservoir. Additional production drilling must be placed precisely to target the tubular turbidite channels not filled with gas. The seismic reservoir simulation suggests that this enhanced recovery strategy should be successful. As we get better and better at 4-D seismic reservoir simulation, we should get more and more of the original oil-in-place from complex reservoirs.
Consciousness, Volition, and the Neuropsychology of Facial Expressions of Emotion

Abstract Although we have learned much about the neuropsychological control of facial expressions of emotion, there is still much work to do. We suggest that future work integrate advances in our theoretical understanding of the roles of volition and consciousness in the elicitation of emotion and the production of facial expressions with advances in our understanding of its underlying neurophysiology. We first review the facial musculature and the neural paths thought to innervate it, as well as previous attempts at understanding the neural control of facial expressions of emotion, focusing on the voluntary-involuntary dichotomy and studies of hemispheric specialization. In the second section, we discuss four major aspects of the psychology of facial expressions of emotion that have particular import to their neurophysiological substrates. We offer these as a starting point for a better integration of psychological and neurophysiological perspectives in considering the neuropsychological control of facial expressions of emotion.
Identification of microsatellite markers in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum

We isolated and characterized microsatellite markers for the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, an important model species for studies in various areas of evolutionary biology and ecology. A microsatellite-enriched genomic library was constructed and screened with single stranded oligonucleotide probes [(CCT)17, (AAT)17 and (CAG)17]. Forty-five primer pairs were designed of which 19 pairs produced successful amplification. Polymorphism screening involved beetles from five beetle strains and revealed 15 polymorphic and four monomorphic markers. The development of polymorphic microsatellite markers will facilitate future ecological and genetic studies involving T. castaneum beetles.
Generalizations of the spectral theorem for matrices. II. matrix polynomials over arbitrary fields

Abstract The spectral theorem for matrices is generalized to matrix polynomials over arbitrary fields. An associated theory of generalized interpolation with respect to a set of prime polynomials is developed, and Drazin inverses are used to identify the spectral components. These results are then used to state the spectral theorem for functions of real matrices.
Predicting Recidivism in Homicide Offenders Using Classification Tree Analysis

Given the severity of the crime and the lengthy sentences often accompanying convictions, homicide tends to be seen as the culminating event in a criminal career. In an attempt to better understand the types of individuals who commit homicide, many studies have examined the offense history of those convicted of murder and manslaughter. Only recently have researchers begun to realize that in some cases homicide is not an end point in the trajectory of one's criminal career but rather a potential predictor in a continuing criminal career. Building on existing research, the present study uses a sample of 320 homicide offenders convicted, sentenced, imprisoned, and released in New Jersey from 1990 to 2000 to assess which factors predict future recidivism. We find that classification tree analysis in random forests outperform logistic regressions in classification and prediction of recidivism.
Affinity chromatography of glucose dehydrogenase.

Porcine liver β-d-glucose dehydrogenase, a multi-functional protein, has been purified to apparent homogeneity. The enzyme has been separated from the endoplasmic reticulum using Triton X-114 and further purified using NAD to release glucose dehydrogenase from a NADP-linked sepharose column. The purified enzyme is capable of producing both NADH and NADPH in vivo as indicated by kinetic studies.
Decreased induction of an hepatic mRNA by phorbol esters after insulin desensitization

Abstract Insulin and phorbol esters rapidly induce the transcription and cytoplasmic accumulation of a specific mRNA (p33) in rat hepatoma cells. We have studied the effects of insulin desensitization on the regulation of p33 gene expression by insulin and phorbol esters. Insulin desensitization is associated with down-regulation of the insulin receptor and post-receptor defects. When cells were treated with insulin (5 × 10−7 M) for 24 h, a > 50% reduction in insulin binding was observed and insulin's stimulation of p33 transcription and cytoplasmic mRNA levels was prevented. The induction of p33 gene transcription and mRNA levels by phorbol esters was also decreased. Beta-tubulin gene expression was unaffected by insulin or phorbol esters and the stimulatory effect of dexamethasone on p33 gene expression was not impaired. Since insulin desensitization impaired phorbol esters' induction of p33 gene expression, one intracellular defect in insulin-desensitized cells may include an alteration in protein kinase C-dependent events.
Opioid therapy for the treatment of refractory pain in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood. In this Viewpoint, Dr Connelly and Dr Schanberg discuss the limited knowledge regarding the widespread occurrence of pain in children with arthritis. Research into treatment with opioids in these patients has fostered clinical myths inhibiting optimum patient care.
Heart transplantation versus continuous-flow left ventricular assist device: comprehensive cost at 1 year.

Abstract Background With health care reform firmly on the horizon, it is critical to understand the costs associated with new technologies such as continuous-flow left ventricular assist device (CF-LVAD) compared with well established treatments such as heart transplantation (HT). Scarce data exist describing the costs of these 2 therapies after 1 year of support. Methods and Results The study population consisted of 20 consecutive subjects who underwent implantation of a CF-LVAD and 20 consecutive subjects who underwent HT and survived ≥1 year. Comprehensive cost calculation included all direct and indirect costs from day of operation through 365 days and were inflation adjusted to 2010 US dollars. Hospital charges were converted to costs with the use of hospital-specific cost-to-charge ratios and were analyzed by time segment as well as cost center. The total 1-year cost was higher in the CF-LVAD group, although this difference did not reach statistical significance ($369,519 [interquartile range [IQR] $321,020–$520,395] vs $329,648 [IQR $278,924–$395,456]; P = .242). In both groups, the index admission constituted >50% of the total 1-year cost and the major drivers of expense by cost center were organ/device acquisition, room and board, and professional fees. Conclusions Patients surviving to 1 year on CF-LVAD support accrued costs similar to those of HT recipients; however, the total cost, at more than one-third of a million dollars, remains high. Reduction in the postoperative length of stay offers an avenue for significant cost savings.
Protective Social Services: Alaska's Response to Meeting the Safety Needs of Its Population

This article explores the interrelated issues and policies represented in the pluralistic mix of government, private nonprofit, for profit, and Native Alaskan organizations responding to the safety needs of Alaska's population. It assesses the provision of social services in responding to the need for health care, preventing crime, and interpersonal violence. Recognized is the need for partnerships to be formed between government and other social service providers in the State in order to be successful. The article will conclude by considering future prospects that may exist for the amelioration of these issues both nationally and in the state.
Wind observations of foreshock cavities: A case study

[1] We present a case study of plasma, energetic particle, and magnetic field perturbations seen by Wind in the dawn foreshock on 19 April 1996. A comparison with the results of hybrid simulations confirms model predictions for a diamagnetic cavity flanked by regions of enhanced density and magnetic field strength but filled with a suprathermal ion population. In contrast to previously reported hot flow anomalies, flow velocities within the foreshock cavities are nearly identical to those in the ambient solar wind, ion temperatures do not rise greatly, thermal pressures are only slightly greater than those in the ambient solar wind, and the events do not lie centered upon interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) tangential discontinuities intersecting the bow shock. We attribute the cavities to the diamagnetic effects of ions Fermi accelerated within the foreshock. A review suggests that foreshock cavities are far more common than hot flow anomalies.
Identification and Validation of Proteinase 3 and Latent Matrix-Metalloproteinase 9 as Potential Biomarkers for Chronic Lung Transplant Rejection

This study examined potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and early detection of chronic allograft rejection after lung transplantation. Protein ratios in pooled samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from lung transplant recipients at different stages of pre- and postchronic rejection were determined by iTRAQ labeling and mass spectrometry. The potential biomarkers were validated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay. Two hundred sixty-five proteins were identified, about two thirds of which showed more than a twofold difference between a pooled control sample (individuals who did not develop chronic rejection in 100 months) and a pooled sample from those with chronic rejection. Proteinase 3 (PR-3) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) were validated by ELISA assay of 124 individual samples. PR-3 and the latent form of MMP-9 (proMMP9) both demonstrated a specificity of 92% with sensitivities of 76% and 82%, respectively, for disease diagnosis; both were also predictors of developing chronic rejection up to 15 months before diagnosis. While immunoglobulin M (IgM) was upregulated in the pooled samples, individual sample analysis revealed that this arose from outlier values. iTRAQ can be used to detect a large number of proteins in pooled samples for the discovery of potential biomarkers, but the findings must be validated with technology capable of distinguishing broadly based changes from outcomes as a result of a few extreme cases. The proteins identified in this study expanded the panel of potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and prediction of chronic rejection and provided additional insight into the mechanism of the disease.
Searching from the top down: ageing and attentional guidance during singleton detection.

Previous investigations of adult age differences in visual search suggest that an age-related decline may exist in attentional processes dependent on the observer's knowledge of task-relevant features (top-down processing). The present experiments were conducted to examine age-related changes in top-down attentional guidance during a highly efficient form of search, singleton detection. In Experiment 1 reaction times to detect targets were lower when target features were constant (feature condition) than when target features were allowed to vary between trials (mixed condition), and this reaction time benefit was similar for younger and older adults. Experiments 2 and 3 investigated possible interactions between top-down and bottom-up (stimulus-driven) processes. Experiment 2 demonstrated that search times for both age groups could be improved when targets varied on an additional feature from distractors (double-feature condition) but only when top-down control was available (feature search). In Experimen...
Infection Prevention in Long‐Term Care: A Systematic Review of Randomized and Nonrandomized Trials

The purpose of this systematic review was to critically review and synthesize current evidence and the methodological quality of nonpharmacological infection-prevention interventions in long-term care (LTC) facilities for older adults. Two reviewers searched three electronic databases for studies published over the last decade assessing randomized and nonrandomized trials designed to reduce infections in older adults in which primary outcomes were infection rates and reductions of risk factors related to infections. To establish clarity and standardized reporting of findings, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist was used. Data extracted included study design, sample size, type and duration of interventions, outcome measures reported, and findings. Two reviewers independently assessed study quality using a validated quality assessment tool. Twenty-four articles met inclusion criteria; the majority were randomized control trials (67%) in which the primary purpose was to reduce pneumonia (66%). Thirteen (54%) studies reported statistically significant results in favor of interventions on at least one of their outcome measures. The methodological clarity of available evidence was limited, placing them at potential risk of bias. Gaps and inconsistencies surrounding interventions in LTC are evident. Future interventional studies need to enhance methodological rigor using clearly defined outcome measures and standardized reporting of findings.
Selfadjoint extensions of Jacobi matrices of limit-circle type

Abstract A boundary condition at ∞ is constructed which characterizes all selfadjoint extensions of the minimal closed operator associated with a Jacobi matrix of limit-circle type.
Behavioral effects of serotonin depletion and of p-chlorophenylalanine (a serotonin depletor) in rats.

Comparison of rats given single or multiple injections of p-chlorophenylalanine (PCA) was used to assess non-serotonergic actions of the drug as well as providing information on the behavioral effects of serotonin (5-HT) depletion. In Experiment I all groups acquired an active avoidance response in accordance with decreased levels of 5-HT in the CNS and independently of probable PCA or phenylalanine levels. In Experiment II 5-HT depletion facilitated passive avoidance; again, independently of PCA levels. In Experiment III rats were run in an open field for 15 min with or without periods of extra stimulation by intense light or sound. Serotonin-deficient animals were more active than controls under conditions of extra stimulation but slightly less active without extra stimulation. Experiment IV showed that PCA in doses that do not reduce ad libitum drinking can depress quinine intake. It is suggested that 5-HT depletion makes rats more “reactive” to external stimulation.
The Origins of Sexually Transmitted HIV Among Men Who Have Sex with Men

Although it is known that most HIV-1 infections worldwide result from exposure to virus in semen, it has not yet been established whether transmitted strains originate as RNA virions in seminal plasma or as integrated proviral DNA in infected seminal leukocytes. We present phylogenetic evidence that among six transmitting pairs of men who have sex with men, blood plasma virus in the recipient is consistently more closely related to the seminal plasma virus in the source. All sequences were subtype B, and the env C2V3 of transmitted variants tended to have higher mean isoelectric points, contain potential N-linked glycosylation sites, and favor CCR5 co-receptor usage. A statistically robust phylogenetically corrected analysis did not detect genetic signatures reliably associated with transmission, but further investigation of larger samples of transmitting pairs holds promise for determining which structural and genetic features of viral genomes are associated with transmission.
Indirect effects of fish on foraging behaviour and leaf processing by the isopod Lirceus fontinalis

SUMMARY 1. We examined whether the isopod, Lirceus fontinalis, an important facultative shredder in low-order streams in the eastern United States, responded to chemical cues of the skin mucus of five fish species varying in relatedness and feeding habits, and if fish-induced alterations in the foraging activity of isopods indirectly affected leaf processing. 2. In the laboratory, isopods generally responded to the presence of fish mucus by reducing their activity. Isopods were most responsive in water containing the skin mucus of predatory sunfish (Lepomis) and least responsive in water treated with mucus from algivorous stonerollers (Campostoma anomalum). 3. Rates of leaf disc breakdown by isopods in the laboratory were significantly reduced when isopods were exposed to chemical cues of confined green sunfish (L. cyanellus). 4. The rate of leaf processing in a fishless reach of a headwater stream was four to five times greater by isopods 7—10mmTL (total length) than those ≤ 5mm TL. Rates of leaf processing by isopods in low-order streams may be affected directly by the size structure of the isopod population and indirectly by the presence of fish.
TeacherInsight and the Selection and Hiring of Bilingual Speakers of English

Although the use of structured interview protocols for selecting and hiring teachers is not new, the use of online screeners such as the TeacherInsight interview is relatively recent and becoming more common. These online tools are being used not only to screen candidates for full-time teaching positions but also to filter out candidates for substitute teaching and student teaching internships. This article traces the development of the TeacherInsight interview, examines studies linking high performance on the interview to student achievement and successful teaching, and discusses its impact on prospective teachers, especially bilingual and second language users of English. The proprietary nature of the TeacherInsight, lack of feedback to applicants, and its use as a high-stakes assessment tool lead to questions about the predictive validity of this tool, the consequences of its use, and its place in the teacher selection and hiring process.
Kinetics of Proton Transfer from Benzoylnitromethane and 1,2-Diphenyl-2-nitroethanone to Various Bases. Resonance, Inductive, Solvation, Steric, and Transition State Hydrogen-Bonding Effects on Intrinsic Rate Constants.

The replacement of a hydrogen in nitromethane and in phenylnitromethane by the PhCO group has a strong acidifying effect, i.e., PhCOCH2NO2, 5, is 5.8, 6.6, and 8.6 pKa units more acidic than CH3NO2...
A blind reanalysis of a random subset of NCI bioassay studies: Agreement between rats and mice: Introduction to symposium

Abstract Three groups of statisticians were asked to reanalyze a random subset of 25 companion rat and mouse NCI bioassay studies. Initially, the correspondence between rat and mouse studies was not given. After each group devised decision rules for declaring carcinogenicity, applied the rules, and reported the results, the correspondence was disclosed. Three complicated and different decision rules were devised. These decision rules differed extensively not only in their mathematical detail, but also in their biological end points. Each appeared reasonable, but they produced very different results. For example, the probability of a compound being declared positive ranged from 31 to 96%. Previously, the NCI had declared 46% of the studies positive. Many features of the analysis of long-term studies are explored in the three accompanying papers.
Crystal structure of human uroporphyrinogen III synthase.

Uroporphyrinogen III synthase, U3S, the fourth enzyme in the porphyrin biosynthetic pathway, catalyzes cyclization of the linear tetrapyrrole, hydroxymethylbilane, to the macrocyclic uroporphyrino gen III, which is used in several different pathways to form heme, siroheme, chlorophyll, F 430 and vitamin B 12 . U3S activity is essential in all organisms, and decreased activity in humans leads to the autosomal recessive disorder congenital erythropoetic porphyria. We have determined the crystal structure of recombinant human U3S at 1.85 A resolution. The protein folds into two α/β domains connected by a β‐ladder. The active site appears to be located between the domains, and variations in relative domain positions observed between crystallographically independent molecules indicates the presence of flexibility that may be important in the catalytic cycle. Possible mechanisms of catalysis were probed by mutating each of the four invariant residues in the protein that have titratable side chains. Additionally, six other highly conserved and titratable side chains were also mutated. In no case, however, did one of these mutations abolish enzyme activity, suggesting that the mechanism does not require acid/base catalysis.
Tapped-Line Coupled-Transmission-Lines with Applications to Combline and Interdigital Filters

Exact, general, open-wire-line equivalent circuits for tapped-line combline and interdigital arrays are derived using a combination of graph-transformations and induction. A significant feature of the equivalent circuits is that they do not require commensurate length sections. The equivalent circuit for tapped-line interdigital arrays is utilized to develop new design equations for tapped-line interdigital filters. Computed responses for five and twenty percent bandwidth designs show considerably improved VSWR's compared to designs based on previous procedures.
Diminution of phagocytosed perfluorocarbon emulsions using perfluoroalkylated polyethylene glycol surfactant.

Abstract Perfluorocarbon emulsions have been considered as potential blood substitutes for years due to their high capacity of dissolving respiratory oxygen and carbon dioxide. However, they have been reported to associate with side effects (e.g., flu-like syndrome) after being injected into animal's bloodstream. The cause of these side effects is related to the phagocytosis of perfluorocarbon emulsions by cells (e.g., macrophages). Inspired by the approach of using polyethylene glycol (PEG) to camouflage liposomes, we synthesized a perfluoroalkylated PEG (R F -PEG) surfactant to provide steric hindrance for decreasing phagocytosis of perfluorocarbon emulsions. The R F -PEG surfactant along with Pluronic F-68 and egg yolk phospholipid mediated perfluorocarbon emulsions were incubated individually with J774A.1 macrophages to examine the degree of phagocytosis. 19 F NMR studies were used to quantitatively determine the amount of perfluorocarbon emulsions phagocytosed by macrophages. Results showed that the degree of phagocytosis was diminished to a large extent for perfluorocarbon microparticles emulsified by the R F -PEG surfactant.
A comparison of three methods of oral reconstruction.

• A protocol is presented that was designed to provide comparative data on the two primary oral cavity functions affected by surgery: speech and swallowing. Three types of reconstruction (skin grafts, hemitongue flaps, and myocutaneous flaps) and results of a series of tests given to 15 surgical patients with T2 and T3 tongue and/or floor of mouth lesions were evaluated. The patients who had split-thickness skin grafts had the best oral function results. The study suggests that tongue mobility is the most significant variable in determining postoperative speech results. ( Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1987;113:496-500)
Lipopolysaccharide preconditioning induces robust protection against brain injury resulting from deep hypothermic circulatory arrest.

Objective Delayed preconditioning genetically reprograms the response to ischemic injury. Subclinical bacterial lipopolysaccharide acts through preconditioning, powerfully protecting against experimental stroke. We investigated the potential for lipopolysaccharide to protect against brain injury related to cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods Neonatal piglets were blindly and randomly preconditioned with lipopolysaccharide (n = 6) or saline (n = 6). Three days later, they experienced 2 hours of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest before being weaned and supported anesthetized for 20 hours in an intensive care setting. Controls included cardiopulmonary bypass without deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (n = 3) and no cardiopulmonary bypass (n = 3). Brain injury was quantified by light and fluorescent microscopy (Fluoro-Jade; Histo-Chem, Inc, Jefferson, Ark). Results All animals were clinically indistinguishable before surgery. Perioperative and postoperative parameters between experimental groups were similar. No control animal scored falsely positive. Histologic scores were 0.33 ± 0.21, 0.66 ± 0.42, and 0.5 ± 0.24 in the cortex, basal ganglia, and hippocampus, respectively, in the lipopolysaccharide-treated animals but significantly worse in all saline control animals (1.33 ± 0.21, P P = .09; and 6.0 ± 1.5, P Conclusion This is the first evidence that lipopolysaccharide can precondition against cardiopulmonary bypass–related injury. Because lipopolysaccharide preconditioning is a systemic phenomenon offering proven protection against myocardial, hepatic, and pulmonary injury, this technique offers enormous potential for protecting against systemic neonatal injury related to cardiopulmonary bypass.