cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Interaction-based Convolutional Neural Network (ICNN) Towards Better Understanding of COVID-19 X-ray Images

The field of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) aims to build explainable and interpretable machine learning (or deep learning) methods without sacrificing prediction performance. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have been successful in making predictions, especially in image classification. However, these famous deep learning models use tens of millions of parameters based on a large number of pre-trained filters which have been repurposed from previous data sets. We propose a novel Interaction-based Convolutional Neural Network (ICNN) that does not make assumptions about the relevance of local information. Instead, we use a model-free Influence Score (I-score) to directly extract the influential information from images to form important variable modules. We demonstrate that the proposed method produces state-of-the-art prediction performance of 99.8% on a real-world data set classifying COVID-19 Chest X-ray images without sacrificing the explanatory power of the model. This proposed design can efficiently screen COVID-19 patients before human diagnosis, and will be the benchmark for addressing future XAI problems in large-scale data sets.
Peripheral Somatosensory Entrainment Modulates the Cross-Frequency Coupling of Movement-Related Theta-Gamma Oscillations.

Background: Motor control requires a reciprocal volley between somatosensory and motor systems, with somatosensory feedback being essential for the online updating of motor commands to achieve behavioral outcomes. However, this dynamic interplay among sensorimotor brain systems serving motor control remains poorly understood. Methods: To address this, we designed a novel somatosensory entrainment-movement task, which 25 adults completed during magnetoencephalography (MEG). Specifically, participants completed a quasi-paced finger-tapping paradigm while subthreshold electrical stimulation was applied to the right median nerve at a sensorimotor-relevant frequency (15 Hz) and during a second condition where no electrical stimulation was applied. The MEG data were transformed into the time-frequency domain and imaged by using a beamformer to evaluate the effect of somatosensory feedback (i.e., entrainment) on movement-related oscillations and motor performance at the single trial level. Results: Our results indicated spectrally specific reductions in movement-related oscillatory power (i.e., theta, gamma) during 15 Hz stimulation in the contralateral motor cortex during motor execution. In addition, we observed robust cross-frequency coupling within the motor cortex and further, stronger theta-gamma coupling was predictive of faster reaction times, irrespective of condition (i.e., stim vs. no stim). Finally, in the presence of electrical stimulation, cross-frequency coupling of movement-related oscillations was reduced, and the stronger the entrained neuronal populations (i.e., increased oscillatory power) were before movement onset, the weaker the inherent theta-gamma coupling became in the motor cortex. Discussion: This novel exogenous manipulation paradigm provides key insights on how the somatosensory system modulates the motor cortical oscillations required for volitional movement in the normative sensorimotor system.
Tea or Thrush?: A Case of Nonaccidental Oral Injury in an Infant

A 5-month-old girl child patient presented to the emergency department for oral thrush and poor feeding but instead demonstrated concern for abuse after physical exam, as findings were consistent with oral injury. Correct identification of the oral findings as traumatic necessitated navigating language and cultural issues before the mechanism of injury and abuse determination could be made. Exploring the involvement of other caregivers was a crucial piece for investigation of the clinical scenario. The incidence of child abuse and pediatric oral injuries concerning for abuse were reviewed in this case report.
The Implications of Power Mobility on Body Weight in a Veteran Population.

Background The prevalence of obesity is increasing in the United States. A common concern among health care providers is that prescribing a power mobility device (PMD) may decrease physical activity and lead to obesity and increasing morbidity. This study analyzes the effect of PMD prescriptions over a 2-year period on body mass index (BMI) and body weight in a population of veterans both as a whole and in BMI/age subgroups. Methods Prosthetics department medical records of veterans who received PMDs for the first time between January 1, 2011 and June 30, 2012 were reviewed. Of 399 records reviewed, 185 veterans met criteria for data analysis. The primary outcome measure was the change in BMI and body weight from time 1 (date of PMD prescription) to time 2 (2 years later). Results There was a significant decrease in BMI and weight in the first 2 years after receiving a PMD prescription. However, age moderated the relationship between BMI and time. Conclusions PMD use does not seem to be associated with significant weight change. Further studies using control groups and assessing comorbidities are needed.
The Experiencing Self

First of all, I am going to talk to you generally about the title for this lecture. And while I do this, I want each one of you to participate with me in an effort to grasp the meaning of what I am trying to say and to apply it to yourself. If you do this with me, we shall have a kind of dialogue in thought, so that my thoughts communicated in language will give you thoughts that parallel mine. You become then not my audience, but my collaborators in this conjoint effort to reach some understanding of what is central to our being, namely the experiencing self. An attempt will be made to see how far we can answer the question : What am I? This is a question which each of us can ask ourselves, and which is quite unashamedly a looking within ourselves—an attitude which is called subjective and introspective.
Tectonosedimentologic significance of the Upper Cretaceous Frontier Formation, north-central Wyoming

GENERAL INTRODUCTION 3 Study Area 3 Research Objectives 3 Study Methods 6 CHAPTER I. STRATIGRAPHY AND 9 SEDIMENTOLOGY OF THE UPPER CRETACEOUS FRONTIER FORMATION, NORTH-CENTRAL WYOMING ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION FACIES RELATIONSHIPSINTRODUCTION FACIES RELATIONSHIPS Lower Frontier Unit: Bighorn Basin Lower Frontier Unit; Powder River Basin Middle Frontier Unit : Bighorn Basin Middle Frontier Unit : Powder River Basin Significance of the Polymictic Conglomerate Upper Frontier Unit : Bighorn Basin Upper Frontier Unit: Powder River Basin ENVIRONMENT OF DEPOSITION Overall Depositional Environment 10 12 17 17 30
Validation of clinical testing for warfarin sensitivity: comparison of CYP2C9-VKORC1 genotyping assays and warfarin-dosing algorithms.

Responses to warfarin (Coumadin) anticoagulation therapy are affected by genetic variability in both the CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genes. Validation of pharmacogenetic testing for warfarin responses includes demonstration of analytical validity of testing platforms and of the clinical validity of testing. We compared four platforms for determining the relevant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in both CYP2C9 and VKORC1 that are associated with warfarin sensitivity (Third Wave Invader Plus, ParagonDx/Cepheid Smart Cycler, Idaho Technology LightCycler, and AutoGenomics Infiniti). Each method was examined for accuracy, cost, and turnaround time. All genotyping methods demonstrated greater than 95% accuracy for identifying the relevant SNPs (CYP2C9 *2 and *3; VKORC1 −1639 or 1173). The ParagonDx and Idaho Technology assays had the shortest turnaround and hands-on times. The Third Wave assay was readily scalable to higher test volumes but had the longest hands-on time. The AutoGenomics assay interrogated the largest number of SNPs but had the longest turnaround time. Four published warfarin-dosing algorithms (Washington University, UCSF, Louisville, and Newcastle) were compared for accuracy for predicting warfarin dose in a retrospective analysis of a local patient population on long-term, stable warfarin therapy. The predicted doses from both the Washington University and UCSF algorithms demonstrated the best correlation with actual warfarin doses.
Fine-needle aspiration in pediatric patients 12 years of age and younger: a 20-year retrospective study from a single tertiary medical center.

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is a well-established diagnostic tool in adult patients, and while in recent years it has gained popularity in the pediatric population, it is still far less universally accepted in children than in adults. A computerized search of our tertiary medical center's laboratory information system was performed for the 20-year period from 1992 to 2012. All FNAs in children 12 years of age and younger and all related surgical pathology reports were identified. Cytologic and histologic diagnoses were stratified into six diagnostic categories—benign, atypical, suspicious, malignant, cyst contents, and nondiagnostic—and then compared to determine the utility of FNA in this patient population. Four hundred and three FNAs in 389 patients were included in this study, of which there were 288 benign (71.5%), 8 atypical (2.0%), 10 suspicious (2.5%), 42 malignant (10.4%), 12 cyst contents (3.0%), and 43 nondiagnostic (10.6%) cases. The most common benign diagnoses were reactive lymph node and inflammatory infiltrate/abscess, while the most common malignant diagnoses were leukemia/lymphoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and neuroblastoma. Of the 127 FNAs (31.5%) with histologic follow-up, we identified just one false positive and one false negative case. Like FNA in adults, this study shows that the technique is both sensitive (97.2%) and specific (98.5%), and has high positive predictive (97.2%) and negative predictive (98.5%) values for diagnosing malignancy in childhood. As FNA is a simpler, less invasive, and more cost-effective procedure when compared with surgical biopsy, it represents a valuable diagnostic tool in the pediatric population. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:600–605. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transient response analysis of a fuzzy logic controller

The exponential-input describing function technique is utilized to investigate the transient response of a fuzzy controller. The symmetric features that fuzzy addition introduces in the decision table of a fuzzy control algorithm made possible the decoupling of the effects of the output error time sequences and, consequently, the representation of the algorithm by multilevel relays. Computer simulations were carried out on a second-order system to assess the performance of the controller, and determine the accuracy of the approximate solution. >
Amniotic fluid analysis in Rh-sensitized pregnancies☆

Abstract This paper delineates the results of analysis of 234 Rh-sensitized pregnancies. It is now possible to predict the outcome in an Rh-isoimmunized pregnancy based only on the mean amniotic fluid, Δ 450 ¯ . This is an improvement over past methods since it does not depend upon calculation of weeks of pregnancy.
Hungary's ‘third’ model

Emphasis which before 1968 was placed on central distribution of materials and tasks has been placed after 1968 on bargaining over financial quotas and financial methods of control. Plan bargaining best describes the Hungarian case in which the economic regulation system has become the subject for negotiation. However, using this notion of plan bargaining requires expanding the concept of plan to a definition broader than its usual meaning. In Hungary, the plan, in the traditional sense of a Soviet type of economic plan, was officially discontinued in 1968. Output levels have not been centrally determined since NEM was instituted. The scope and power of the planning authority in Hungary has diminished as well. However, the plan continues to be used today though it now serves more as a guide or reference keynoting macroeconomic goals of the Centre. Enterprises continue sending plan figures to the Planning Office, but this is more of an administrative formality in conformity with past practices and, for the most part, has no direct and formal role in determining resource allocation. Plan bargaining as a planning paradigm, of model-type description, does not conflict with Schweitzer's ‘Galbraithian-type’ of analysis which argues that ‘responsibility for supply’ is the central institution around which the Hungarian economy is organized. However, plan bargaining emphasizes what Schweitzer's analysis fails to recognize. That is, at the core of the system of economic planning in Hungary, institutions bargain over the control of the most powerful levers for adjusting the economy, namely, the economic regulators of price, credit, subsidy and tax. Bauer's argument, that the Hungarian economic system is on the one hand failling between an economy ineffectively organized around a plan, and on the other a market mechanism with a scope too limited for ensuring effective allocation of resources, fails to provide a description of the principles by which the Hungarian system is operating. Plan bargaining, as presented in this paper, provides a more specific description than either Bauer's or Schweitzer's of how economic planning is currently occurring in Hungary. The development is of notable theoretical and empirical interest, particularly to scholars studying economic planning systems from a comparative perspective.
The Performance of Multicomputer Interconnection Networks

The interdependency of nodes and multicomputer interconnection networks is examined using simple calculations based on the asymptotic properties of queueing networks. Methods are described for choosing interconnection networks that fit individual classes of applications. It is also shown how analytic models can be extended to benchmark existing interconnection networks.
Recommendations for Advancing Development of Acute Stroke Therapies Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable 3

Background— The development of acute stroke therapy has proven to be a daunting task, with a few successful and many unsuccessful trials. New strategies need to be considered to enhance the chances for success in future trials. Summary of Review— The third Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable (STAIR) conference focused on issues related to increasing the percentage of acute stroke patients who might be included in acute stroke therapy trials and ultimately treated with drugs proven to be effective. A second focus was directed at the need for implementing multimodality stroke trials and potential ways to organize such trials in the near future. Finally, concepts for organizing and implementing acute stroke trials that incorporate current, state of the art trial methodology were discussed. Conclusions— It is hoped that these suggestions will enhance future stroke trials and the development of effective, new acute stroke treatments that are maximally effective and utilized.
Advances in the growth and characterization of Ge quantum dots and islands

We review recent advances in the growth of Si1−xGex islands and Ge dots on (001) Si. We first discuss the evolution of the island morphology with Si1−xGex coverage and the effect of growth parameters or post-growth annealing on the shape of the islands and dots. We outline some of the structural and optical properties of Si1−xGex islands and assess progress in the determination of their composition and strain distribution. Finally, we discuss various approaches currently being investigated to engineer Si1−xGex quantum dots and in particular to control their size, density, and spatial distribution. For example, we show how C pre-deposition on Si (001) can influence the nucleation and growth of Ge islands.
Multi-Objective Hybrid Evolutionary Optimization with Automatic Switching Among Constituent Algorithms

In this work, a multi-objective hybrid optimizer is presented. The optimizer uses several multi-objective evolutionary optimization algorithms and orchestrates the application of these algorithms to multi-objective optimization problems, using an automatic internal switching algorithm. The switching algorithm is designed to favor those search algorithms that quickly improve the Pareto approximation and grades improvements using five criteria. A thorough testing of the reliability and accuracy of the multi-objective hybrid optimizer against a number of prominent multi-objective optimization algorithms and one hybrid optimizer confirmed that multi-objective hybrid optimizer performs reliably and accurately.
Effects of Sn grain structure on the electromigration of Sn−Ag solder joints

In this article, we investigated the effect of Sn grain structure on the electromigration (EM) reliability of Sn–2.5Ag (wt%) solder joints used in flip-chip packages. The electron backscattering diffraction technique was applied to characterize the Sn grain size and orientation of the solder joints. Failure analyses on Sn–2.5Ag solder joints after EM tests showed that the Sn grain structure was important in controlling the kinetics of the intermetallic compound growth and void formation under EM. Further microstructural analysis revealed that the grain sizes and orientations of the solder joints after multiple solder reflows were statistically different from those with a single solder reflow and resulted in an improved EM reliability. Thermal annealing effect was also investigated to separate the thermal effect from the EM-induced effect. Results obtained in this study demonstrated that EM reliability of Pb-free solder joints could be improved by optimization of the Sn grain structure.
Effect of intrauterine infusion of recombinant bovine interferon αI1 on luteal phase duration and oxytocin-induced release of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2α in postpartum beef cows

The objective of this study was to determine if oxytocin-induced release of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α; measured by the stable metabolite, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2α (PGFM)) was inhibited following intrauterine infusion of bovine interferon-αI1 (rboIFNαI1) into postpartum cows anticipated to have short estrous cycles following first ovulation postpartum. Cows expected to have short estrous cycles were assigned to receive twice daily intrauterine infusions of either placebo (SCP; n = 11) or 2 mg rboIFNαI1 (SCIFN; n = 14) on Days 1–16 following hCG injection (2500 IU; day 0) on Days 30 or 31 postpartum. On Day 5 following hCG, each cow was injected with 100 IU oxytocin (i.v.) to induce the release of uterine PGF2α (as measured by PGFM). Other treatment groups consisted of cows expected to have normal estrous cycle lengths following pretreatment with a 9 day norgestomet implant on Days 21 or 22 postpartum followed by hCG injection to induce ovulation. Cows expected to have normal estrous cycle lengths received twice daily intrauterine infusions of either placebo from Days 1 to 16 of the cycle and 100 IU oxytocin (i.v.) on Day 5 (NCPE; n = 11) or twice daily infusions of placebo (NCPL; n = 7) or rboIFNαI1 (NCIFN; n = 10), from Day 13 post-hCG injection until luteolysis. Oxytocin was injected (100 IU; i.v.) into cows in the NCPL and NCIFN groups on Day 16. The calculated areas under the curve (arbitrary PGFM units) were: 164 ± 18 units, 96 ± 16 units, 93 ± 18 units, 137 ± 27 units and 53 ± 20 units for SCP, SCIFN, NCPE, NCPL and NCIFN, respectively (SCIFN < SCP; NCIFN < NCPL; P < 0.015). Mean luteal phase length was calculated as the number of days from injection of hCG until progesterone declined to below 0.5 ng ml−1 and was: 6.7 ± 1.0 days, 10.5 ± 0.9 days, 12.0 ± 1.0 days, 18.0 ± 1.3 days and 20.7 ± 1.1 days for SCP, SCIFN, NCPE, NCPL and NCIFN, respectively (SCP < SCIFN = NCPE < NCPL = NCIFN; P < 0.01). In summary, luteal phase lengths were increased and oxytocin-induced release of PGFM was reduced by rboIFNαI1 infusion in cows anticipated to have short luteal phases.
Sulcus versus Capsular Bag Fixation of Posterior Chamber Lenses

The preference for capsular bag fixation of posterior chamber lenses over ciliary sulcus fixation is based on a number of disadvantages that have been recognized with the latter. These include: (1) decentration; (2) pupil capture; (3) posterior synechiae and synechiae at the margin of the optic; (4) posterior iris chafing syndromes; (5) erosion and perforation of the ciliary body; (6) haemorrhage in patients with haematological disorders; and (7) loop perforation through a peripheral iridectomy. However, there are some advantages of ciliary sulcus fixation. These include: (a) surgery is easier; (b) safer in eyes associated with zonular weakness; (c) can be used with surgical complications; (d) safer in eyes with positive vitreous pressure; (e) it is the only place for a secondary posterior chamber lens; and (f) explantation is easier.
Textbase and translation: The repertorium Columbianum

Cet article decrit un programme d'aide a la traduction concu pour le projet Nuova Raccolta Colombiana/repertorium Columbianum elabore conjointement par l'Italie et les Etats-Unis, pour traduire onze volumes du seizieme siecle rediges en italien, espagnol et latin concernant la decouverte de l'Amerique et les premieres traversees de l'Atlantique avant la conquete du Mexique (1521)
Abstract 2168: Components of metabolic syndrome and total cancer mortality

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Metabolic syndrome becomes more and more common primarily due to the epidemic of overweight and obesity in both developed and developing countries. Epidemiologic studies have shown that obesity increases the risk of several cancers. However, it largely remains unclear whether the components of metabolic syndrome are associated with total cancer mortality. Therefore, we sought to evaluate this important question in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Data on demographics, socioeconomics, lifestyle factors, and the components of metabolic syndrome were collected among 19,296 men and women aged 18 years or older (pregnant women excluded). Cancer mortality outcomes of these subjects were determined by linkage to the National Death Index (NDI), and the most recent year of the linkage was in 2010. A total of 1,111 cases of all sites of cancer have been documented during this period of time. Weighted Cox proportional hazards regression was used to compute relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for total cancer mortality in relation to the components of metabolic syndrome. After adjustment for age, sex, race, education, marital status, and cigarette smoking, subjects in the highest quartile (Q) of serum glucose experienced a 25% increased risk of total cancer when compared with those in the lowest quartile [RR (95% CI): 1.250 (1.247-1.253)]. The significant positive association was also observed for systolic blood pressure [Q4 vs. Q1: RR (95% CI): 1.278 (1.274-1.282)]. Conversely, a reduced risk of total cancer was found for high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol [Q4 vs. Q1: RR (95% CI): 0.798 (0.796-0.800)]. No apparent effect was detected for waist circumference and serum triglyceride. To our knowledge, the present study is among the first to demonstrate that some components of metabolic syndrome modulate the risk of total cancer among a representative population in the US. Our findings offer novel evidence for the potential role of metabolic syndrome in cancer carcinogenesis and mechanistic data for the associations between obesity and the risk of some cancers. Citation Format: Wambui G. Gathirua-Mwangi, Jianjun Zhang. Components of metabolic syndrome and total cancer mortality. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2168. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2168
Association of Illness with Prior Ingestion of Novel Foods

Rats were permitted to ingest a novel food and a familiar food. One hour later they were x-irradiated. When they were subsequently allowed to choose between these foods, their preference for the novel food was less than that exhibited by appropriate controls.
Wafer Scale Factories Using Assembled MEMS Robots

This paper presents recent research progress in the manufacturing of MEMS based robotic positioning technology. The goal is to configure a nanofactory consisting of multiple microrobots that combine high precision with high throughput along with other application-specific requirements such as strength, dexterity, and work volume. This requires design to satisfy part mobility and dexterous manipulation with high precision. The first microrobot called the Articulated Four Axes Microrobot (AFAM) is a 3D dexterous micromanipulator robot, and we describe nano indentation experiments using AFM tips mounted on the microrobot. By combining positioning data obtained using laser interferometers and SEM imaging of nano indentation data, precision metrics such as accuracy, repeatability and resolution of the AFAM robot are determined. Preliminary reliability findings are presented. The second robot type is the ARRIpede microcrawler, and we present recent progress in microrobot precision evaluation including motion resolution and repeatability. Using these two microrobots as basic positioning and manipulation units, a nanoassembly module concept for hybrid nano assembly applications is proposed. In this paper we present recent progress in fabricating, assembling and evaluating the basic microfactory modules.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
C4 Photosynthesis in Tree Form Euphorbia Species from Hawaiian Rainforest Sites

The (13)C (12)C isotope ratios and the leaf anatomy of 18 species and varieties of Euphorbia native to the Hawaian Islands indicated that all possess C(4) photosynthesis. These species range from small prostrate coastal strand shrubs to shrubs and trees in rainforest and bog habitats. The results show that C(4) photosynthesis occurs in plants from a much wider range of habitats and life-forms than has been previously reported.
A CD determination of the α-helix contents of the coat proteins of four filamentous bacteriophages: fd, IKe, Pf1, and Pf3

The CD spectra of four filamentous bacteriophages--fd, IKe, Pf1, and Pf3--were analyzed to determine the alpha-helix contents of their major coat proteins. Measured spectra included the 192-nm band so that analyses could be carried out over the full wavelength range of the reference spectra for protein secondary structures available (a) from globular proteins [J.T. Yang, C.S.C. Wu, and H.M. Martinez (1986) Methods in Enzymology 130, 208-269] and (b) from poly(L-lysine) [N. Greenfield and G.D. Fasman (1960) Biochemistry 8, 4108-4116]. Extended analyses were also performed with the addition of the spectrum of a model beta-turn to the Greenfield and Fasman reference set, with the spectrum of a short alpha-helix in the Yang et al. reference set, and with an estimate of the spectrum of Trp added to both reference sets. The reference set based on the simple poly(L-lysine) polypeptide, plus a spectrum of a model beta-turn or of Trp, gave reasonably good fits to the measured spectra for all four phages and yielded the largest percentages of alpha-helix. The class I phages--fd and IKe--had large percentages of alpha-helix of 98 +/- 2 and 97 +/- 5%, respectively, while the two class II phages--Pf1 and Pf3--had similar but smaller alpha-helix contents of 83 +/- 6 and 84 +/- 2, respectively. While these alpha-helix contents were within the ranges previously reported from CD spectra of these phages in solution, they were more precise, and they indicated that the coat proteins of the intact phages have CD spectra that are probably modeled better by the reference spectra of polypeptides than by those of globular proteins.
Delayed next turn repair initiation in native/non-native speaker English conversation

Prior research on repair in everyday conversation has shown that efforts directed at problems in hearing or understanding by someone other than the speaker of the trouble-source utterance are initiated in one main sequential environment: next turn relative to the trouble-source utterance (Schegloff et al. 1977). Here I examine a form of other-initiated repair which is delayed within next turn position, a form which is produced by non-native speakers of English (NNs) whose native language is Mandarin. Using the framework of conversation analysis (CA), I show that in native/non-native conversation (N-NN), other-initiated repair is not always done as 'early' as possible or what is 'possible' is markedly different. Nonetheless, the instances reported herein indirectly support the claim that the primary site of other-initiated repair is in the next turn relative to the trouble-source talk (Schegloff et al. 1977). In creating and recreating a sense of what is socially shared between them, native and non-native speakers in engagement with one another may orient to a greater potential for miscommunication and misunderstanding and work towards efforts, as displayed in the 'oral practice' (Hall 1993) of delayed NTRI, which aim at averting, avoiding, or correcting miscommunication and misunderstanding in the talk. CA may provide a sound foundation for the study of interaction in SLA, because it is based on those features of the context which are relevant for the participants
A brief office intervention is associated with improved health measures

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality for adults in developed countries. Many risk factors responsible for the development of cardiovascular disease are associated with behavior. We studied whether encouraging patients to be accountable for their own lifestyle choices would lead to improvements in subjective and objective health measures in 26 consecutive general cardiology clinic patients. Our hypothesis was, that after a simple brief cardiologist-initiated motivational discussion during a routine general cardiology clinic visit that included a weight loss "contract" signed by the patient, physician and a witness, patients would be more likely to lose weight or to remain the same weight as compared to historical controls. We found that intervention patients were more likely to lose weight or to remain the same weight, (p<0.01).
Relationship between the Surface Coverage of Spectator Species and the Rate of Electrocatalytic Reactions

Relationships between the surface coverage of spectator (blocking) species and the rate of the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR), the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and the bulk oxidation of dissolved CO on Pt(100) and Pt(111) single crystals in acidic electrolytes has been probed by cyclic voltammetry, in situ surface X-ray scattering (SXS), and ex situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) techniques. It is shown that the surface coverage by spectator species during the HOR and the ORR are the same as for the corresponding coverage obtained in the inert (Ar-saturated) environment. This observation is consistent with the proposition that the availability of active sites for H2 and O2 is determined almost entirely by the coverage of adsorbates from the supporting electrolyte and not by the active intermediates. Related electrochemical-SXS studies undertaken for bulk CO oxidation reveal that the maximum rate above the ignition potential is reached on a surface that is covered by ≈90% of an ordered CO adlay...
Polymer effects on microjet impact and cavitation erosion

THERE is a growing interest in using high molecular weight polymers as additives in various fluid-engineering systems. These activities are mainly stimulated by the anomalous drag reducing characteristics some high polymers exhibit in turbulent flows1. Early experiments also showed that polymeric additives suppress flow-generated cavitations2,3. An interesting question may therefore be raised as to the effects of high molecular weight polymers on cavitation erosion. We report here attempts made to examine such effects on static vibration-generated cavitation and flow cavitation.
Computer Program to Compute Salient Variable Similarity Index and Congruence Coefficients for Matching Factor Matrices

A computer program to compare factor matrices which have at least some variables in common is described. The program calculates both the salient variable similarity index and the congruence coefficient. The PLI program compares all factors in one matrix with all factors in the other matrix. There are no limits for the number of variables or factors in either matrix. The order of variables in one matrix may be changed to match the other and variables not shared by both matrices may be deleted.
156 Effects of Light and Nutrients on Periphyton Community Composition in a Hawaiian Stream

Streams in Hawaii are experiencing increasing anthropogenic impacts due to agriculture and urbanization via nutrient enrichment and riparian canopy removal. The effects of these factors on stream algal communities in Hawaii have rarely been studied using manipulative experiments. A study was conducted in a slightly impacted forested stream on Oahu, Hawaii, to examine the effects of nutrient enrichment and canopy cover on the benthic algal community, especially diatoms. Benthic algae were colonized onto nutrient-diffusing substrata in a factorial design with nitrate and phosphate enrichments, at high and low light levels at similar elevations. Algal productivity as measured by ash-free dry mass and chlorophyll a levels increased significantly with nitrate enrichment at the high light site. Pulse-amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorescence was used to estimate photosynthetic parameters in situ, and indicated a higher maximum photosynthetic rate for the algal community with nitrate enrichment at the high light site. Significant differences in diatom community composition were observed at low and high light sites, and several diatom species also responded significantly to either nitrate or phosphate enrichment at both sites. These results suggest that benthic stream algal communities in Hawaii may be significantly affected by human activities within watersheds.
Presheath and double layer-like structures in the core of an argon helicon plasma source with uniform magnetic fields

An argon helicon plasma source is operated at ∼3 mTorr neutral pressure, 500 W RF power, and 900 G axial magnetic field strength generating plasma densities of ∼1012 cm−3. A grounded plate is placed two antenna lengths down stream from the edge of the m = −1 helicon antenna. A double layer-like structure consisting of a localized axial electric field of approximately 8 V/cm over 1–2 cm is observed upstream from the grounded plate. The high potential side is shown to contain a population of relatively hot (Te ∼ 10 eV) electrons. The magnitude of the potential step is shown to be enough to trap the hot electrons. The interaction between the double layer-like structure and the plate's presheath is investigated.
Experimental investigation of designer working fluids in a flat heat pipe

Rising power densities of electronics has called for more advanced cooling solutions. In harsh environment electronics, thermal management is especially challenging due to reliability and geometric constraints. Heat pipes and other two phase cooling methods are promising passive thermal management technologies. This work explores a designer working fluid for use in phase change heat transfer devices. Different fluids are tested in a flat grooved heat pipe. The surface augmentation created by using these fluids is studied with microscopic imaging and elemental analysis. The performance results show enhancements over water and the surface characterization confirms previous chemical analysis, lending insight into the optimization process for these fluids.
Polarization-controllable and monolithically integrable optical waveguide devices

Polarization controllable semiconductor optical waveguide material/devices have been design and studied using different type of strained quantum well heterostructures in the active region of the waveguide. A phase modulator devices has demonstrated a linear relative phase shift between the TE and TM polarizations with a V(pi ) of approximately 4 V. Another electro-absorption waveguide modulator structure has shown a bias tunable polarization mode so that the polarization properties can be actively controlled. We are also developing a monolithic integration techniques using selective epitaxial growth to achieve band gap variation within the same wafer and therefore, fabric integrated passive and active waveguide systems without high cost regrowth or device coupling.
Multitarget detection using spatial synthesis joint transform correlation

A spatial synthesis method that improves accuracy of detection for joint transform multitarget recognition is discussed. The reference function used for the conventional joint transform correlation is replaced by a synthesized function for sharpening correlation profiles without the use of a filter in the Fourier domain. It is shown that the synthesized function can be truncated spatially to fit multiplereference applications and that the effectiveness of this technique is not affected by the number of references. The implementation of the synthesized function, effects caused by noise disturbance, background cluttering, and spectral fringe binarization are investigated.
Measurements of protein self-association as a guide to crystallization

The challenge of crystallizing proteins has led to a significant amount of research in understanding protein self-association and assembly. Arguably the most influential finding in this field in the past decade has been that weakly attractive protein interactions, characterized in terms of the osmotic second virial coefficient, correlate with solution conditions that are conducive to crystallization. Recent work in this area has focused on the development of more efficient techniques for measuring the second virial coefficient, as traditional characterization methods suffer from poor efficiency in terms of time and protein consumption. The resulting measurements have provided new insights into patterns of protein interactions and their relation to protein phase behavior.
Biochemistry of Packed Red Blood Cell Concentrates Stored in PAGGS‐Sorbitol Solution for 42 Days

. We investigated metabolic, blood gas and acid-base balance modifications of erythrocyte concentrates resuspended in PAGGS-sorbitol solution during 6 weeks of storage. Glucose utilization was impaired during the last 2 weeks, while the intraerythrocytic ATP level decreased only 50% from the 1st to the 6th week. The K+ and Hb concentration in the medium showed a progressive increase which was more pronounced during the last 2 weeks. The decrease in pH progressed to reach 6.27 at the 6th week of storage. Intraerythrocytic 2,3-DPG dropped rapidly in the course of the 1st week and the percentage of oxyhemoglobin showed a remarkable increase after the 1st week (90%). Our data suggest that erythrocyte concentrates in PAGGS-sorbitol should be transfused, for optimal efficacy, within 4 weeks.
Fire extinguishing ability of perfluoroalkylamines and perfluoroethers evaluated by a small cup burner method

Abstract The fire extinguishing abilities of (CF3)2NC2F5, (CF3)3N, (CF3)2NCHF2, CF3OC2F5, CF3OCHFCF3, and CF3OCFCF2 were evaluated using a small cup burner method. It was found that perfluoroalkylamines exhibit good fire extinguishing abilities.
Pseudoaneurysm in the hand of a three-year-old boy: a case report.

Abstract Background Post-traumatic, true aneurysm of the hand is a well-documented phenomenon. Hypothenar hammer syndrome is often a consequence of repeated blunt trauma to the palm, but a false aneurysm, or pseudoaneurysm, of the palm is much rarer. A pseudoaneurysm is often the result of focal penetrating trauma. Objectives The goal of this article is to describe a rare case of a child with a pseudoaneurysm of the superficial palmar arch and his subsequent surgical treatment. Case Report A 3-year-old boy sustained an accidental laceration to his palm while picking up a knife from a counter. The child was initially treated in a local Emergency Department (ED) with local wound care and Dermabond (Ethicon, Inc., Somerville, NJ). No imaging was undertaken at that time. The boy subsequently developed a large, pulsatile, painful mass in his palm near the site of injury, and he presented to our ED for evaluation. Using a combination of imaging modalities and a careful history, the boy was accurately diagnosed with a pseudoaneurysm of the superficial palmar arch. This lesion was subsequently successfully resected and repaired. The child has healed well after surgery, with no lasting sensory or motor deficits to the hand. To date, this is one of only two reported post-traumatic pseudoaneurysms of the palmar arch in a child in North America. Conclusion Although a rare phenomenon, pseudoaneurysm of the superficial palmar arch after local penetrating trauma remains an important item on the differential for patients presenting with palmar masses. Pseudoaneurysm can be effectively diagnosed and treated with excellent results.
CURRENT STATUS OF PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT AMONG LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE FACULTY IN VIRGINIA'S COMMUNITY COLLEGES

The objectives of this study were 1) to ascertain the methods currently employed by language and literature faculty in Virginia's community colleges for keeping abreast of new developments in their fields; 2) to determine the perceived effectiveness of these methods; and 3) to recommend steps that the Virginia Community College System (VCCS), state universities, and faculty might take to increase professional development participation and to improve the efficacy of current approaches to professional development. A series of personal interviews with community college language and literature faculty confirmed previous findings in the literature suggesting that community college faculty tend to identify themselves as teachers, not researchers, and therefore tend to engage in professional development activities designed to enhance teaching, not scholarship. Faculty interviewed during this study were largely uninvolved in professional development activities that would contribute to increased knowledge in the d...
Effect of inertia on the insoluble-surfactant instability of a shear flow

We study, for the case of the two-layer plane Couette flow, the effects of inertia on the recently found instability due to insoluble surfactants. The insoluble-surfactant instability takes place even when inertia is absent provided an interface or a free surface under a nonzero shear is laden with an insoluble surfactant. Considering a normal mode of the streamwise wave number alpha , the perturbation theory we construct is good for any alpha provided the Reynolds number is correspondingly small. Inertia is responsible for some notable effects, including the appearance of new regions of instability and stability. For long--and only for long--waves, the following growth-rate additivity property for the inertia and interfacial instabilities holds: the growth rate corresponding to some nonzero values of the Marangoni number M and the Reynolds number Re is the sum of two contributions, one corresponding to the same value of M but zero Re, and the other corresponding to the same (nonzero) Re but zero M. This violation of the additivity property is in contrast to the case of a surfactantless Couette flow where this property holds for all wave numbers. Thus these results provide a counterexample to a conjecture that this additivity property is a universal principle. Among other results, when the thinner layer is the less viscous one, there is a nonzero critical Marangoni number Mc for the onset of instability; this (long-wave) threshold Mc grows from zero with the Reynolds number. Also, varying the ratio of viscosities through certain characteristic values leads to changes in the topology of marginal-stability curves.
The infinite dimensional Evans function

Abstract We introduce generalized operator valued Jost solutions of first order ill-posed differential equations on Hilbert spaces. We then construct an infinite dimensional Evans function for abstract differential equations as a 2-modified Fredholm determinant of the operator obtained by adding the values at zero of the generalized operator valued Jost solutions. Next, we prove a formula that connects the 2-modified Evans determinant and the 2-modified determinant related to the Birman–Schwinger type operator associated to the ill-posed equation. Using this formula, we construct a holomorphic infinite dimensional Evans function for second order differential operators on infinite cylinders whose zeros are the eigenvalues of the differential operators.
Comparing Dioptric, Catoptric, And Catadioptric Reconnaissance Lenses Tailored For Silicon CCD Detectors

The advent of electro-optical reconnaissance sensors which incorporate silicon Charge Coupled Device (CCD) detectors has prompted the development of a number of objective lenses optimized to match their spectral and system-dominated requirements. All three classic types of optical systems (Dioptric, Catoptric and Catadioptric) fill special niches, so that the optimum choice for a specific application should properly be based upon operational requirements and physical constraints. Analyses are given to show how spectral optimization influences the optical design process. Comparisons of designs from among the three types are presented.
Motor unit synchronization in FDI and biceps brachii muscles of strength-trained males

Motor unit (MU) synchronization is the simultaneous or near-simultaneous firing of two MUs which occurs more often than would be expected by chance. The present study sought to investigate the effects of exercise training, muscle group, and force level, by comparing the magnitude of synchronization in the biceps brachii (BB) and first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscles of untrained and strength-trained college-aged males at two force levels, 30% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and 80% MVC. MU action potentials were recorded directly via an intramuscular needle electrode. The magnitude of synchronization was assessed using previously-reported synchronization indices: k', E, and CIS. Synchronization was significantly higher in the FDI than in the BB. Greater synchronization was observed in the strength-trained group with CIS, but not with E or k'. Also, synchronization was significantly greater at 80% MVC than at 30% MVC with E, but only moderately greater with CIS and there was no force difference with k'. Synchronization prevalence was found to be greater in the BB (80.1%) than in the FDI (71.5%). Thus, although the evidence is a bit equivocal, it appears that MU synchronization is greater at higher forces, and greater in strength-trained individuals than in untrained subjects.
In Whose Interests? An Examination of the Professional Ideology Revealed in the AICPA's State Cascade Project

ABSTRACT: After passage of the Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX), several U.S. states considered mirror legislation to restrict the activities of accounting firms at the state level. In response, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) undertook a counteroffensive program to this threatened coercive government intervention. The strategic response by the AICPA is a theoretically significant event that is relevant to our understanding of professions, professional associations, and professional ideology. Further, the event was an opportunity for the AICPA to reveal a changed perspective in response to the systemic disturbance of SOX. Accordingly, in this paper we examine rhetorical expressions AICPA used to legitimate their counterarguments and analyze the nature of the revealed professional ideology. We found no evidence that the AICPA reverted to a protective, guardian ideology as a strategic response. In contrast, the AICPA appealed generally to neo‐liberal political ideology and commercial ...