cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Social Psychology of Tanning and Sunscreen Use: Self‐Presentational Motives as a Predictor of Health Risk1

To the extent that many people seek and maintain a suntan because they believe it makes them more attractive, people who are particularly motivated to make good impressions on others or to be seen as physically attractive are at increased risk for skin cancer. This study examined cognitive, motivational, and attitudinal predictors of two factors that are associated with increased risk for skin cancer: engaging in behaviors that increase one's exposure to UV radiation and inadequate use of sunscreen. Self-presentational motives involving a concern for one's personal appearance and the belief that being tan enhances one's attractiveness were the strongest predictors of the degree to which respondents exposed themselves to natural and artificial sources of UV radiation. Sunscreen use was best predicted by knowing someone with skin cancer. Implications for attempts to promote safe-sun practices are discussed.
Core safeguards for clinical research with adults who are unable to consent.

The National Bioethics Advisory Commission has proposed new safeguards for clinical research with adults who are unable to consent. Three other major U.S. groups have also proposed additional safeguards for this population, and existing Canadian and European guidelines already include such safeguards. While these six guidelines agree on some safeguards, they disagree on others. To allow important research to proceed while protecting adults who are unable to consent, it will be crucial to resolve these differences. This paper uses a side-by-side comparison of these six guidelines to highlight their major points of consensus, analyze their significant differences, and distill six core safeguards.
Terminal Trajectory Planning and Optimization for an Unpowered Reusable Launch Vehicle

A guidance scheme that employs a trajectory-planning algorithm has been developed for the terminal area energy management phase of an unpowered reusable launch vehicle. The trajectory-planning scheme computes a reference flight profile by piecing together several flight segments that are defined by a small set of geometric parameters. Iterating on three geometric parameters and propagating a test matrix of trajectories produces a set of feasible reference profiles that bring the vehicle from its current state to a desired approach and landing target state. Path constraints on states and controls are easily implemented in the propagation scheme, and simple numerical sorting is used to identify the optimal feasible path. Open- and closed-loop guidance commands are readily available once the best reference trajectory is de termined. The trajectory-planning algorithm is able to quickly generate new reference profiles for test cases with large variations in initial vehicle energy, initial heading, and vehicle drag. The effectiveness of the trajectory-planning algorithm is de monstrated by several numerical simulations. Next, optimal TAEM trajectories are obtained by using an inverse dynamics approach and nonlinear programming methods. These optimal paths exhibit reduced control effort (such as smaller bank angle profiles) when compared to the guided results, and suggest that significant improvements can still be achieved over a guidance method based on a geometric reference path.
Investigation of Additive Manufacturing Processes for the Manufacture of Parts With Designed Mesostructure

Low-density cellular materials, metallic bodies with gaseous voids, are a unique classification of material that have high strength, good energy absorption characteristics, good thermal and acoustic insulation properties, accompanied by an extremely low mass. Unfortunately, current cellular material, manufacturing processes severely limit a designer’s ability to control the part mesostructure, the material composition, and the part macrostructure. In this paper, the capability of existing commercially available Additive Manufacturing technologies to manufacture cellular materials is evaluated using the Preliminary Selection Decision Support Problem. Through this evaluation, the technologies that are most suitable for this class of materials are chosen. More importantly, the general material processing issues of these technologies are identified. Promising technical directions are also posed as a means of addressing the limitations of the currently available processing techniques.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Conversion of male gametophytes to hermaphrodites in the fern Ceratopteris richardii

Abstract Spores of the fern Ceratopteris richardii can develop as either males or hermaphrodites; the difference in sex is determined by the pheromone antheridiogen secreted by the hermaphrodite. During spore germination, the first spores to germinate are hermaphrodites, which will secrete antheridiogen into the surroundings. Antheridiogen will induce later germinating spores to develop as males. Previous studies have shown that antheridiogen is necessary for both induction and maintenance of males. In the present study, fully developed males were isolated from hermaphrodites in order to test the effects of various parameters on their conversion to hermaphrodites. The results show that in the absence of antheridiogen, males converted to hermaphrodites. However, males exposed to higher levels of antheridiogen converted more slowly than males exposed to lower levels. Furthermore, males exposed to antheridiogen for an extended period converted at a lower frequency than males exposed for a shorter period. Whe...
Diverse and Potent Chemokine Production by Lung CD11bhigh Dendritic Cells in Homeostasis and in Allergic Lung Inflammation

Lung CD11c(high) dendritic cells (DC) are comprised of two major phenotypically distinct populations, the CD11b(high) DC and the integrin alpha(E)beta(7)(+) DC (CD103(+) DC). To examine whether they are functionally distinguishable, global microarray studies and real-time PCR analysis were performed. Significant differences between the two major CD11c(high) DC types in chemokine mRNA expression were found. CD11b(high) DC is a major secretory cell type and highly expressed at least 16 chemokine mRNA in the homeostatic state, whereas CD103(+) DC highly expressed only 6. Intracellular chemokine staining of CD11c(high) lung cells including macrophages, and ELISA determination of sort-purified CD11c(high) cell culture supernatants, further showed that CD11b(high) DC produced the highest levels of 9 of 14 and 5 of 7 chemokines studied, respectively. Upon LPS stimulation in vitro and in vivo, CD11b(high) DC remained the highest producer of 7 of 10 of the most highly produced chemokines. Induction of airway hyperreactivity and lung inflammation increased lung CD11b(high) DC numbers markedly, and they produced comparable or higher amounts of 11 of 12 major chemokines when compared with macrophages. Although not a major producer, CD103(+) DC produced the highest amounts of the Th2-stimulating chemokines CCL17/thymus and activation-related chemokine and CCL22/monocyte-derived chemokine in both homeostasis and inflammation. Significantly, CCL22/monocyte-derived chemokine exhibited regulatory effects on CD4(+) T cell proliferation. Further functional analysis showed that both DC types induced comparable Th subset development. These studies showed that lung CD11b(high) DC is one of the most important leukocyte types in chemokine production and it is readily distinguishable from CD103(+) DC in this secretory function.
The Use of Synchronous Demodulation for the Measurement of Eye Movements by Means of an Ocular Magnetic Search Coil

This paper describes an eye position monitoring system that can be built using inexpensive components for the demodulator. It uses a two-frequency (f and 2f) technique which provides excellent channel separation with a miinimum of adjustment and wide dynamic signal range. Phasing errors produce no crosstalk effects for a pure sine-wave signal. It should be noted that this system will also work as a single-frequency two-phase system, merely by changing the driver unit.
An fMRI investigation of cortical contributions to spatial and nonspatial visual working memory.

The experiments presented in this report were designed to test the hypothesis that visual working memory for spatial stimuli and for object stimuli recruits separate neuronal networks in prefrontal cortex. We acquired BOLD fMRI data from subjects while they compared each serially presented stimulus to the one that had appeared two or three stimuli previously. Three experiments failed to reject the null hypothesis that prefrontal cortical activity associated with spatial working memory performance cannot be dissociated from prefrontal cortical activity associated with nonspatial working memory performance. Polymodal regions of parietal cortex (inferior and superior parietal lobules), as well as cortex surrounding the superior frontal sulcus (and encompassing the frontal eye fields), also demonstrated equivalent levels of activation in the spatial and object conditions. Posterior cortical regions associated with the ventral visual processing stream (portions of lingual, fusiform, and inferior temporal gyri), however, demonstrated greater object than spatial working memory-related activity, particularly when stimuli varied only along spatial or featural dimensions. These experiments, representing fMRI studies of spatial and object working memory in which the testing procedure and the stimuli were identical in the two conditions, suggest that domain-specific visual working memory processing may be mediated by posterior regions associated with domain-specific sensory processing.
Teología política: la autoridad de Dios

El autor defiende una version moderada de la teologia politica y moral. En su opinion, la autoridad y la soberania tienen un contenido independiente del marco religioso teologico, aunque estos conceptos encajen en una imagen teologica del mundo. Encajar en una imagen es confundir un modelo de realidad con la propia realidad, sin ser consciente de ello. Por tanto, lo que se plantea hacer el autor es analizar una idea de la autoridad como si estuviera representada por una imagen religiosa. Se trata ciertamente de una imagen, no de la imagen. Es la imagen de Dios como el ser supremo que toma decisiones sin que El sea el deliberador. El autor la denomina una imagen decisionista de Dios. Es la genealogia de la autoridad la que capta su interes. Avanza su genealogia sobre la idea de la autoridad en tres fases. Primero, trata de la autoridad de Dios. Segundo, de la autoridad de los mensajeros de la palabra de Dios. Finalmente, en tercer lugar, trata de la autoridad de la palabra de Dios, concretamente de la autoridad de las Escrituras.
Cod Fish, Walrus, and Chieftains

Just over a thousand years ago, Scandinavian voyagers crossed the grey waters of the North Atlantic to briefly explore the coast of North America. These now well - publicized transatlantic trips were part of larger economic, environmental, and social developments of the Viking Age, and were the product of an Iron Age chiefly society with a complex economy incorporating both classic “prestige goods” and “staple goods” components. The Viking Age expansion was the result of linked factors of economic intensification, military and technological advances, climate change, and intense competition among chiefly elites and between elites and commoners. The period saw escalating Nordic impact upon North-West Europe and a dramatic expansion of European settlement into the offshore islands of the North Atlantic. This paper will focus upon the economic development of two of the most western of the Norse Atlantic settlements, Iceland and Greenland, and seeks to bring fresh data to bear on the knotty problem of pre-state economics. In both examples, complex political and economic structures were supported through intensification in both domestic consumption and export to European markets. The particular resources, terrestrial and marine, domestic and wild, that were the subject of intensified economic effort differed in Iceland and Greenland. We examine the production and utilization of these resources and effects that changing demand for these products entailed for the fortunes of the Norse settlements of Iceland and Greenland, and for their would-be magnates.
Techniques of Experimentation

Since the publication of the second edition of this text in 2004, the primacy of genetically engineered animals has been firmly established. The creation of transgenic and knockout mice with a wide variety of genotypes has revolutionized the study of many disease entities, some of which could previously be modeled only in larger animal species. The complete sequencing of a number of pertinent genomes, including the mouse, guinea pig, rabbit, and dog, along with the associated emerging fields of transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, has led to an increasingly insightful and focused inquiry into the nature of life and disease. A foundation for these inquiries is the enduring need to define and manipulate the animal model, and the comparative medicine scientist or clinician is the agent who develops and implements the techniques and procedures that are the essential tools for discovery.
Problems in the History of Potosí

When does the history of Potosi really begin? If 1545 is taken, because the Spaniards first exploited the mine in that year, we must recognize that there was an interesting prehistory of Potosi stretching back to the earliest explorations through the Rio de la Plata region and from Peru, when Spanish captains searched eagerly for the legendary Sierra de La Plata, or hill of silver.47 The Guarani Indian invasion of the Inca Empire was perhaps motivated by the same desire. The semi-mythical Portuguese Aleixo Garcia in 1524 apparently reached the present site of Sucre with one of these expeditions; he may have learned of Potosi at that time.48 Even before 1545, therefore, the mountain of silver hidden high in the Andes seems to have acted as a powerful magnet drawing men by devious routes from far-away places.
Inhibition of renal sympathetic activity and heart rate by vasopressin in hemorrhaged diabetes insipidus rats

Hypotensive hemorrhage paradoxically decreases renal sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and heart rate (HR) in normal rats. Interruption of vagal reflexes by cervical vagotomy prevents these inhibitory responses but does not unmask expected increases in either renal SNA or HR. Arginine vasopressin (AVP), which increases markedly during hemorrhage, may also exert an inhibitory action on responses of renal SNA and HR to hemorrhage. We tested the hypothesis that inhibition of renal SNA and HR by hemorrhage is absent in AVP-deficient diabetes insipidus (DI) rats and is restored by intravenous AVP replacement (1 mU.kg-1.min-1 before hemorrhage and 10 mU.kg-1.min-1 during hemorrhage). We also determined whether vagotomy unmasks significant increases in renal SNA and HR during hemorrhage in DI rats and whether AVP replacement prevents these increases. Under chloralose anesthesia, hemorrhage to 50 mmHg mean arterial pressure for 8 min did not decrease renal SNA or HR in AVP-deficient DI rats but decreased (P less than 0.05) renal SNA and HR in normal Long-Evans rats and in DI rats receiving AVP replacement. After vagotomy, hemorrhage increased (P less than 0.05) renal SNA and HR in AVP-deficient DI rats but did not alter renal SNA or HR in Long-Evans rats and AVP-treated DI rats. Thus renal SNA and HR during hemorrhage were consistently higher (P less than 0.05) in AVP-deficient DI rats compared with Long-Evans or AVP-treated DI rats both before and after vagotomy. In addition, vagotomy attenuated the inhibitory action of AVP on the response of HR but not the response of renal SNA to hemorrhage in DI rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effect of oxaliplatin combined with fever-range whole-body thermal-therapy in a rat mammary adenocarcinoma in vivo

3847 BACKGROUND: Enhancement of the anti-cancer activity of several platinum agents when combined with thermal therapy (hyperthermia) is observed in a number of murine tumor models. We have shown in rats that optimal scheduling of platinum anti-tumor drugs with thermal therapy increases the therapeutic index (TI). This study investigated the scheduling effects of oxaliplatin (Ox), a promising new platinum drug, combined with fever-range whole-body thermal-therapy (FR-WB-TT) in vivo, in the clinically relevant MTLn3 rat mammary adenocarcinoma model. METHODS: Female Fischer 344 rats bearing an orthotopically implanted MTLn3 tumor (n = 6/group) were treated with Ox (11 mg/kg i.v.), Ox 24 h before FR-WB-TT (40°C for 6 h), Ox during (at start of) FR-WB-TT, and αx 24 h after FR-WB-ΤΤ. Anti-tumor effect was assessed by relative tumor volume (RTV) compared to control and tumor growth delay (TGD). Response was characterized as RTV
MACRO- AND MICROVASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS IN VITRO: MAINTENANCE OF BIOCHEMICAL HETEROGENEITY DESPITE LOSS OF ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS

Microvascular endothelial cells from bovine adrenal medulla and brain and macrovessel endothelial cells from bovine aorta were isolated and cultured under similar conditions in order to determine morphologic and biochemical heterogeneity in vitro. All three cell types exhibited nearly identical ultrastructural morphology and two-dimensional gel protein patterns of35S-methionine-labeled whole cells. Two-dimensional gel analysis of35S-methionine-labeled plasma membrane proteins however, revealed two-dimensional gel protein patterns unique to the tissue type from which the endothelial cells were isolated. This suggests that the functional significance of these specific endothelial cell types is manifested primarily in surface-associated proteins and that many of the differences are sustained in culture. To determine the potential of aorta, brain, and adrenal medulla endothelial cell (EC) cultures to respond to developmentally significant signals, morphology, growth pattern, and cell surface proteins were monitored in the presence and absence of growth factors. A 17 to 26% increase in cell density as well as an increase in the number of elongated and overlapping cells resulted when all three EC types were exposed to a mitogenic medium. Additionally, expression of specific glycoprotein profiles, as determined by Concanavalin A Western blotting of two-dimensional gels, was dependent on the presence or absence of growth factors in the medium. The ability to induce this morphologic and biochemical variation in the three endothelial cell types was maintained into later passage. Taken together, these data imply that endothelial cells isolated from different tissues exhibit and maintain biochemical heterogeneity and do not completely dedifferentiate into a common endothelial cell type in culture. Furthermore, expression of specific subsets of cell surface proteins is dependent on environmental conditions, and in some cases is both cell-type and media-type dependent. Thus, even though endothelial cells are considered terminally differentiated cells, there exists additional or “latent” heterogeneity in the ability of these different cells to respond to “developmental signals” (i.e. mitogenic medium) in vitro.
Employment-Based Health Promotion and Wellness Programs

Employers, facing renewed health care cost growth, may emphasize health promotion and wellness programs for their employees in order to control health care spending. This article assesses health promotion objectives, plan prevalence and effectiveness, and recently released regulations that will affect many of these programs. Objectives of the programs include improving and sustaining employee health, increasing worker productivity, recruiting and retaining good employees, improving employee morale, reducing absenteeism due to illness, and reducing health care costs. The programs target lifestyle behaviors that impact health, such as smoking, nutrition, exercise, and stress. Large companies are more likely than small companies to offer health promotion activities or programs, and case studies show declines in health risks and savings in health care costs. Recent regulations on financial rewards for wellness and privacy of health information provide a framework in which certain health promotion programs may operate.
How to deliver a gentle introduction to parsing: conference tutorial

This tutorial shows how to introduce parsing to students, so that they can apply well-known tools to build systems that will organize a sequence of input elements into an appropriate structure.
Effect of host size on adult size and sex ratio of Bracon mellitor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of the size of the host, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, on adult size, sex ratio, longevity, and fecundity of the ectoparasitoid Bracon mellitor Say. Adult size of B. mellitor was directly related to host size; larger parasitoids developed on larger host larvae. Host size also affected sex ratio so that predominately male wasps were produced on small hosts. The male bias on smaller hosts was caused by differential oviposition of male and female eggs by adult females. Female longevity and fecundity were directly related to adult size; larger females lived longer and subsequently produced greater numbers of progeny than smaller females.
ON THE SCHWARZ LEMMA IN EINSTEIN SPACES OF SEVERAL COMPLEX VARIABLES

The main theorem of the present note isTheorem 1.Let D be a simple domain of n complex variables(z)=(z~1,…,z~n)with Bergman metric(?)where(?)Let D be an Einstein space with constant Ricci curvature-1.Let w~((j))= f~((j))(z~1,…,z~n),j= 1,2,…,n be a pseudo-conformal mappingwhich maps D onto a domain D′in w-space.If we can define a Hermi-tian metric(?) in D′ such that the Ricci curvature of D′ defined by this metric is notgreater than -1 and ht holds on the boundary (?)D of D,where h,tare the determinants of the matrices H,T respectively.Then(?)holds in D where h_w is the determinant of H_w,(?)is the absolute value ofthe Jacobian of the analytic transformation w~((j))=f~((j))(z~1,…,z~n),j= 1,2,…,n.As a consequence of theorem 1,we haveTheorem 2.Let D be a simple domain of n complex variables(z)==(z~1,…,z~n).Let D be an Einstein space such that the determinant t ofmatrix T tends to infinity as z in D tends to the boundary of D.If w~((i))= f~((i))(z~1,…,z~n),i= 1,2,…,n is a pseudo-conformal mappingwhich maps D into a part of D, then(?)where t(z),t(w)denote the values of t at z,w respectively.Obviously,theorem 1 and theorem 2 are extensions of Schwarz-Cartanlemma~([2]),Schwarz-Pick-Ahlfors~([3])lemma and Schwarz-Bergman lemma~([4])inEinstein spaces of several complex variables.The applications of theorem 1 and 2 will be given elsewhere.
Survey on the High Risk Behaviors and HIV/Syphilis Infection among the Drug Users in Qingyuan City in 2007

[Objective]To understand HIV/syphilis prevalence and high risk behaviors among drug users in Qingyuan city during 2007,and to provide scientific evidence for the establishment of prevention and control measures against AIDS.[Methods] During June to December 2007,behavioral survey was conducted among all drug users in three drug detoxification centers in Qingyuan;serum samples were collected and screened by HIV antibody and syphilis antibody test.[Results] The 1073 investigated drug addicts were mainly males aged between 20 and 39;75.58% of them used vein injection,53.12% of which had injector sharing experiences;53.22% had ever sexual promiscuity;11.56%(66/571) used condom consistently,22.24%(127/571) used condom occasionally,66.20%(378/571) never used condom;the positive rates of HIV and syphilis antibody were 3.08%(33/1073) and 9.97%(107/1073) respectively;2 cases(0.19%) were infected with both HIV and syphilis.[Conclusion] The infection of HIV and syphilis were in a low prevalence among drug users in Qingyuan city,but the risk factors of HIV infection does commonly exist;effective measures should be taken to prevent HIV transmission among this population and the spreading from this population to other high risk population and common population.
In Vivo Cytotoxicity of Metallopurpurins to Bladder Tumors

We have recently described the use of purpurins in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer.1 The reported use of metallophthalocyanines as effective dyes in PDT2 encouraged us to study the potential use of metallopurpurins as photosensitizers in PDT.
Magnetic microstructure and magnetic properties of uniaxial itinerant ferromagnet Fe3GeTe2

Magnetic force microscopy was used to observe the magnetic microstructure of Fe3GeTe2 at 4 K on the (001) surface. The surface magnetic structure consists of a two-phase domain branching pattern that is characteristic for highly uniaxial magnets in the plane perpendicular to the magnetic easy axis. The average surface magnetic domain width Ds = 1.3 μm determined from this pattern, in combination with intrinsic properties calculated from bulk magnetization data (the saturation magnetization Ms = 376 emu/cm3 and the uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant Ku = 1.46 × 107 erg/cm3), was used to determine the following micromagnetic parameters for Fe3GeTe2 from phenomenological models: the domain wall energy γw = 4.7 erg/cm2, the domain wall thickness δw = 2.5 nm, the exchange stiffness constant Aex = 0.95 × 10−7 erg/cm, the exchange length lex = 2.3 nm, and the critical single domain particle diameter dc = 470 nm.
Cancer Disparities in Rural Appalachia: Incidence, Early Detection, and Survivorship.

Purpose To document cancer-related health disparities in Appalachia. Methods The current study investigated disparities in cancer incidence, mortality, and staging between rural Appalachians and those living outside of rural Appalachia. To accomplish this, mortality data for the United States from 1969 to 2011 were obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) using SEER*Stat. These data were used to compare trends in mortality between rural Appalachians, urban Appalachians, rural non-Appalachians, and urban non-Appalachians. Cancer incidence trends, staging, and survivorship data were compared across regions using the SEER-18 Program, which represented 28% of the US population and includes 2 Appalachian states: Georgia and Kentucky. Results Cancer mortality rates declined in all regions, but disparities remained such that rural Appalachia has the highest incidence, while urban non-Appalachia has the lowest. In all but 1 state, rural Appalachians had higher cancer mortality rates than urban non-Appalachians. Cancer incidence declined for all regions except rural Appalachia. Rural Appalachians had lower rates of early stage breast cancer diagnoses than their urban non-Appalachian counterparts. Finally, rural Appalachians had lower 3- and 5-year survival rates than their urban non-Appalachian counterparts. Conclusions Rural Appalachians are faced with poorer cancer-related health outcomes across the continuum of cancer care. A systematic effort is needed to reduce the burden of cancer for rural Appalachia. Additional research should explore reasons for the disparities that were observed.
Nonlinear modeling and simulation of single phase doubly salient permanent magnet generator

This paper presents the nonlinear modeling and simulation of a newly conceived doubly salient permanent magnet (DSPM) generator. Since a DSPM machine is highly nonlinear like a switched reluctance machine, utilization of generalized machine theory or lumped parameter modeling is not applicable. Utilization of first order approximations for inductance and back EMF waveforms in simulations does not yield an accurate analysis. Therefore, a numerical approach using cubic splines is developed to extract useful information such as position and current dependent inductance and back EMF terms from the flux linkage/current/rotor position relationship. This approach is inherently more accurate than using the first order approximations, and general enough that it can be applied to any other highly-nonlinear machines, such as a switched reluctance machine. The accuracy of the approach is also verified with experimental data.
Psychosocial stress alters the strength of reticulospinal input to the human upper trapezius.

This study is the first to quantify stress-evoked changes in the acoustic startle reflex in the upper trapezius muscle of humans, and our findings reveal a complex pattern of inhibitory and facilit...
Validation of Biofeedback Wearables for Photoplethysmographic Heart Rate Tracking.

The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of HR measurements by two commercial-use activity trackers in comparison to ECG. Twenty-four healthy participants underwent the same 77-minute protocol during a single visit. Each participant completed an initial rest period of 15 minutes followed by 5 minute periods of each of the following activities: 60W and 120W cycling, walking, jogging, running, resisted arm raises, resisted lunges, and isometric plank. In between each exercise task was a 5-minute rest period. Each subject wore a Basis Peak (BPk) on one wrist and a Fitbit Charge HR (FB) on the opposite wrist. Criterion measurement of HR was administered by 12-lead ECG. Time synced data from each device and ECG were concurrently and electronically acquired throughout the entire 77-minute protocol. When examining data in aggregate, there was a strong correlation between BPk and ECG for HR (r = 0.92, p 116 bpm, the BPk demonstrated an r = 0.77 and mean bias = -4.9 bpm (95% LoA 21.3, -31.0) while the FB demonstrated an r = 0.58 and mean bias = -12.7 bpm (95% LoA 28.6, -54.0). The BPk satisfied validity criteria for HR monitors, however showed a marginal decline in accuracy with increasing physical effort (ECG HR > 116 bpm). The FB failed to satisfy validity criteria and demonstrated a substantial decrease in accuracy during higher exercise intensities. Key points Modern day wearable multi-sensor activity trackers incorporate reflective photoplethymography (PPG) for heart rate detection and monitoring at the dorsal wrist. This study examined the validity of two PPG-based activity trackers, the Basis Peak and Fitbit Charge HR. The Basis Peak performed with accuracy compared with ECG and results substantiate validation of heart rate measurements. There was a slight decrease in performance during higher levels of physical exertion. The Fitbit Charge HR performed with poor accuracy compared with ECG especially during higher physical exertion and specific exercise tasks. The Fitbit Charge HR was not validated for heart rate monitoring, although better accuracy was observed during resting or recovery conditions.
Failure of anti-T-cell receptor V beta antibodies to consistently identify a malignant T-cell clone in Sézary syndrome.

Abstract Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) reacting with the human T cell receptor (TCR) V beta or V alpha region have been shown to be almost as specific as a private idiotypic MAb in identifying T cell clones. When available, V beta-specific MAbs offer the ease of immunofluorescence analysis to identify and quantitate expanded malignant or nonmalignant T cell populations without requiring polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology to evaluate expression of V beta gene families. The V beta expression of peripheral blood lymphocytes from twenty-three consecutive patients with Sezary syndrome has been analyzed by reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR. Ten patients had malignant T cell clones that expressed a TCR V beta corresponding to a commercially available anti-V beta antibody. Immunofluorescence staining with anti-V beta MAbs showed a direct correlation with RT-PCR results in seven of ten patients. No false positive reactivity was noted on immunofluorescence staining with any MAb. Cells from three patients, however, did not react with the corresponding anti-V beta MAb. These three cases expressed a TCR V beta from gene families containing a single member, ie, V beta 14, V beta 18, and V beta 20, yet MAbs reported to be specific for these regions failed to react with the T cell clone from these patients. Sequencing of the PCR product in these cases confirmed the RT-PCR results. Cells from two patients expressed a TCR using V beta 5.1-D beta 1.1 genes with different J-C segments. One patient's cells reacted with an anti-V beta 5.1 MAb (LC4) whereas the other patient's cells bound one-tenth the amount of this same MAb. These results indicate that currently available anti-TCR V region MAbs may not react consistently with T cell clones expressing the corresponding V region or may react with a low affinity making detection difficult. Differences in the J-C junction or in CDR3 may influence the binding of these MAbs. Until the false negative rate is reduced and the fine specificity and affinity of these MAbs is better characterized, both PCR and MAb studies will be required to reliably identify and quantitate clonal T cell populations.
Seasonal H3N2 and 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza A Viruses Reassort Efficiently but Produce Attenuated Progeny

Reassortment of gene segments between coinfecting influenza A viruses (IAVs) facilitates viral diversification and has a significant epidemiological impact on seasonal and pandemic influenza. Since 1977, human IAVs of H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes have cocirculated with relatively few documented cases of reassortment. We evaluated the potential for viruses of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) and seasonal H3N2 lineages to reassort under experimental conditions. Results of heterologous coinfections with pH1N1 and H3N2 viruses were compared to those obtained following coinfection with homologous, genetically tagged, pH1N1 viruses as a control. High genotype diversity was observed among progeny of both coinfections; however, diversity was more limited following heterologous coinfection. Pairwise analysis of genotype patterns revealed that homologous reassortment was random while heterologous reassortment was characterized by specific biases. pH1N1/H3N2 reassortant genotypes produced under single-cycle coinfection conditions showed a strong preference for homologous PB2-PA combinations and general preferences for the H3N2 NA, pH1N1 M, and H3N2 PB2 except when paired with the pH1N1 PA or NP. Multicycle coinfection results corroborated these findings and revealed an additional preference for the H3N2 HA. Segment compatibility was further investigated by measuring chimeric polymerase activity and growth of selected reassortants in human tracheobronchial epithelial cells. In guinea pigs inoculated with a mixture of viruses, parental H3N2 viruses dominated but reassortants also infected and transmitted to cage mates. Taken together, our results indicate that strong intrinsic barriers to reassortment between seasonal H3N2 and pH1N1 viruses are few but that the reassortants formed are attenuated relative to parental strains.IMPORTANCE The genome of IAV is relatively simple, comprising eight RNA segments, each of which typically encodes one or two proteins. Each viral protein carries out multiple functions in coordination with other viral components and the machinery of the cell. When two IAVs coinfect a cell, they can exchange genes through reassortment. The resultant progeny viruses often suffer fitness defects due to suboptimal interactions among divergent viral components. The genetic diversity generated through reassortment can facilitate the emergence of novel outbreak strains. Thus, it is important to understand the efficiency of reassortment and the factors that limit its potential. The research described here offers new tools for studying reassortment between two strains of interest and applies those tools to viruses of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 and seasonal H3N2 lineages, which currently cocirculate in humans and therefore have the potential to give rise to novel epidemic strains.
Chapter 7 – Neurodevelopment of the Executive Functions

Executive functions emerge from a number of regions in the brain’s frontal lobes working in concert with several subcortical structures. To the eye, this tissue may appear undifferentiated. The superordinate construct called “executive functions” refers to a diverse suite of skills that subserve two primary goals: to enable us to manage ourselves and to engage with the environment. Knowledge of these neural systems and how they develop in the brain and emerge in behavior is under active examination. Like many constructs associated with learning and behavior, executive functions have no universal definition. Irrespective of which definition one ascribes to, executive functions are how the brain uses natural capacities to set, manage, and attain goals. In general, the important task at hand is to determine how executive functions emerge and comingle with general (i.e., inhibitory control) and specific (i.e., language) cognitive processes in early life to promote competence across life and to determine the extent to which plasticity can be beneficially modified through training [150/150].
Socioeconomics affecting quality outcomes in Asian trauma patients within the United States

Abstract Introduction Asian-Americans and Pacific Islanders are often considered as a uniform group when examining race in health outcomes. However, the generally favorable economic outcomes in this group belie significant socioeconomic variance between its heterogeneous subgroups. This study evaluates the impact of socioeconomic status on the health outcomes of Asian trauma patients. Methods From 2012 to 2015, 52,704 Asians who presented to trauma centers were registered with the National Trauma Data Bank with known disposition. Chi2 and multivariate logistic regression analysis for mortality were performed controlling for age, gender, comorbidities, injury severity, insurance, race, and ethnicity. Negative binomial regression analysis with margins for length of stay (LOS) was performed. Subgroup analysis was done for polytrauma (Injury Severity Score >15, n = 14,787). Results Asians represent 1.8% of the trauma population. Uninsured Asians were 1.9 times more likely to die than privately insured Asians (P Conclusions Noteworthy socioeconomic disparities influence Asian trauma patients independent of their race. Mortality is affected by insurance status, despite controlling for injury severity and comorbidities.
Asphaltene aggregation due to waterflooding (A molecular dynamics study)

Abstract In the present study, we report our findings on various asphaltenes-water interactions at a high reservoir condition (550 K and 200 bar) and the role of water in asphaltene association during the waterflooding process. Molecular dynamics simulations are performed on oil/water and oil/brine systems. The oil phase is composed of asphaltenes (10 wt%) and ortho-xylene in which asphaltenes are entirely soluble. Seven different model-asphaltenes with diverse molecular weights, architectures, and heteroatom contents are employed. Interestingly, Results indicate that asphaltenes become less soluble in oil when water is partially misciblized in the oil phase. All model-asphaltenes containing nitrogen and/or oxygen atoms in their structures are prone to association. The driving force behind asphaltene aggregation is shown to be an asphaltene-water hydrogen bond. The utilization of the brine (3.5 wt% NaCl) instead of pure water induces a slight decrease in asphaltene propensity for aggregation due to salt-in effect. Results also suggest that face-to-face contact is the prominent stacking of asphaltene molecules in their aggregates.
Inward Rectifying Potassium Channels

Inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) channels exhibit little or no intrinsic voltage dependence, but their activity can be dramatically influenced by a number of ligands and naturally occurring channel blockers. Kir channels play a critical role in a number of physiological processes and genetic diseases, and recent structural descriptions of a bacterial Kir homolog and isolated domains of eukaryotic Kirs have contributed to our detailed understanding of the function and regulation of these channels. This article describes the critical structural features of Kir channels and the mechanisms underlying channel regulation by polyamine blockers and various ligands, including nucleotides, Gβγ subunits, and phospholipids.
Regional Distribution of Free Calcium in Selenite Cataract: Relation to Calpain II

The purpose of this experiment was to assess the roles of free, intracellular calcium and calcium-dependent neutral protease (calpain II, EC.34.22.17) in selenite nuclear cataract. Free calcium ion concentrations within lens nuclear fibers during selenite cataractogenesis increased to 3 pM on day 2 post-injection (clear lens) and to 108 nM at day 4 (nuclear cataract). Calpain II is known to be activated in vitro by calcium levels above 50 nM. 1 Calpain II activity was present in the lens nucleus at time periods preceding formation of selenite cataract. These data suggested that after selenite injection, calpain II was activated by elevated free calcium in the nucleus, and that calpain H-induced proteolysis of nuclear proteins was an important mechanism in selenite cataract. Calpain II levels were also observed to decrease in the nucleus during selenite cataractogenesis, probably due to autolysis. This was supported by the finding that incubation of purified lens calpain II with 100 nM calcium caused partial inactivation of the protease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 28:1702-1706,1987 Calcium levels in the lens were increased in a wide variety of experimental animal models of cataract 2 " 5 and in some human cataracts. 6 Recent data from the selenite model of nuclear cataract suggested that increased lens calcium may be a cause rather than an effect of cataract. 7 Total lens calcium increased more than 10-fold (dry weight basis) prior to cataract formation, while overall sodium and potassium concentrations were not appreciably changed. Increased lenticular calcium may stimulate proteolysis observed in selenite cataract by activation of calcium-dependent neutral protease (calpain II). 7 Proteolysis of a- and /3-crystallins, insoluble proteins and major membrane proteins occurred during formation of selenite nuclear opacity. Calpain II was purified from whole rat lenses, and the enzyme was found to be activated above 50 MM calcium ion. 1 However, no data are available to show whether calpain II activity is actually present in rat lens nucleus or if the intracellular levels of free calcium ion were high enough in selenite cataract to activate calpain II enzyme. The two purposes of the present report were: (1) to determine the regional distribution of calpain II in normal rat lens and in selenite cataract; and (2) to
Love between Therapist and Patient: A Review

To avoid the passions of love and hate between them, therapists and patients construct and preserve negative barriers of angry criticism, dissatisfaction, and sadomasochism. This review aims to help therapists tolerate and work with loving feelings between patient and therapist for the benefit of the patient.
Simulations of grain boundaries between ordered hard sphere monolayer domains: Orientation-dependent stiffness and its correlation with grain coarsening dynamics

The properties of grain boundaries (GBs) between ordered 2-d domains of a hard-sphere monolayer have been investigated using grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations. The capillary fluctuation method was used to determine the GB stiffness over a range of pressures, misorientations, and inclinations. Stiffness was found to be sensitive to misorientation (mismatch in the orientation angle of neighboring grains) but not to depend on inclination (angle between the boundary and the grain orientation). Excess area per GB length was observed to follow the same trend as stiffness with respect to grain misorientation and GB inclination angles. Dynamical studies of the evolution of bicrystalline or multicrystalline monolayers with simple geometries show that the calculated angle-dependent stiffnesses correlate well with the rate at which the evolving grain structure decreases the lengths of various GBs, in agreement with recent experimental results on monolayers of colloidal microspheres.
Dynein Light Chain DLC-1 Facilitates the Function of the Germline Cell Fate Regulator GLD-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans

Developmental transitions of germ cells are often regulated at the level of post-transcriptional control of gene expression. In the Caenorhabditis elegans germline, stem and progenitor cells exit the proliferative phase and enter meiotic differentiation to form gametes essential for fertility. The RNA binding protein GLD-1 is a cell fate regulator that promotes meiosis and germ cell differentiation during development by binding to and repressing translation of target messenger RNAs. Here, we discovered that some GLD-1 functions are promoted by binding to DLC-1, a small protein that functions as an allosteric regulator of multisubunit protein complexes. We found that DLC-1 is required to regulate a subset of GLD-1 target messenger RNAs and that DLC-1 binding GLD-1 prevents ectopic germ cell proliferation and facilitates gametogenesis in vivo Additionally, our results reveal a new requirement for GLD-1 in the events of oogenesis leading to ovulation. DLC-1 contributes to GLD-1 function independent of its role as a light chain component of the dynein motor. Instead, we propose that DLC-1 promotes assembly of GLD-1 with other binding partners, which facilitates formation of regulatory ribonucleoprotein complexes and may direct GLD-1 target messenger RNA selectivity.
Modeling and simulation of future capabilities with an automated computer-aided wargame:

This article explores the development and application of an automated computer-aided wargame to establish high-level capability requirements and concepts of operations for future Navy unmanned aeri...
Clinician Telephone Training to Reduce Family Tobacco Use: Analysis of Transcribed Recordings.

Background Family tobacco use and exposure are significant threats to the health of children and their families. However, few pediatric clinicians address family tobacco use and exposure in a routine and effective manner. The Clinical Effort Against Secondhand Smoke Exposure (CEASE) intervention was developed to tackle this gap between clinical need and clinical practice. Objective To review the main considerations and questions that clinicians and office staff expressed during telephone training to participate in CEASE. Methods This study was conducted in pediatric practices in 5 US states. Practices were recruited by the American Academy of Pediatrics (10 intervention, 10 control). Ten training calls were recorded and transcribed. The data was then coded inductively based on themes found in the transcripts. Results The data revealed that clinicians and staff were concerned about prescribing, dosing, and insurance coverage of nicotine replacement therapy; motivation for and methods to help families become tobacco-free; and the impact of the intervention on practice operations. Conclusion While the majority of clinicians and office staff were interested and enthusiastic about helping families become tobacco-free, they expressed concerns that could threaten implementation of family tobacco control strategies.