cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring performance: a strategy to improve programs.

This article stresses the importance of evaluation as a tool for improving the design and implementation of effective programs to reduce iron deficiency anemia and to advocate for their continued and increased support. Current concepts in program evaluation are applied to the specific issues relevant to iron programs. Evaluations should be designed to meet the needs of specific audiences (e.g., community members, program implementers, policymakers, donors and researchers) and to answer specific questions. Evaluations might answer questions about provision, coverage or impact. The choice of indicators for evaluating impact of iron programs is discussed and illustrated with recent examples. Evaluation design can be broadly categorized as monitoring, plausibility evaluations and probability evaluations. These designs differ in cost and also in the strength of evidence that they provide; however, each has appropriate uses. It is important to document program costs in the evaluation process as policymakers and donors weight impact against costs. To be useful, evaluation findings must be disseminated, usually to multiple audiences. This requires allocation of time and resources and attention to the needs of various stakeholders.
Linear adaptive infrared image fusion

We introduce a new adaptive image fusion algorithm to address the decomposition level problem in the multiresolution fusion technique. The fusion scheme consists of two parallel processes which are linearly combined on a spatially adaptive basis: lowpass fusion to exploit the inherent target-background discrimination capability of infrared sensors and highpass fusion to capture texture and shape details leveraging the visible band imagery. The weighting coefficients for each process are determined by maximizing a no-reference fusion quality metric. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm against a variety of practical infrared fusion tasks where it delivers tangible performance gains relative to several well-known state of the art fusion techniques.
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering and spontaneous Raman scattering diagnostics of nonequilibrium plasmas and flows

The paper provides an overview of the use of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and spontaneous Raman scattering for diagnostics of low-temperature nonequilibrium plasmas and nonequilibrium high-enthalpy flows. A brief review of the theoretical background of CARS, four-wave mixing and Raman scattering, as well as a discussion of experimental techniques and data reduction, are included. The experimental results reviewed include measurements of vibrational level populations, rotational/translational temperature, electric fields in a quasi-steady-state and transient molecular plasmas and afterglow, in nonequilibrium expansion flows, and behind strong shock waves. Insight into the kinetics of vibrational energy transfer, energy thermalization mechanisms and dynamics of the pulse discharge development, provided by these experiments, is discussed. Availability of short pulse duration, high peak power lasers, as well as broadband dye lasers, makes possible the use of these diagnostics at relatively low pressures, potentially with a sub-nanosecond time resolution, as well as obtaining single laser shot, high signal-to-noise spectra at higher pressures. Possibilities for the development of single-shot 2D CARS imaging and spectroscopy, using picosecond and femtosecond lasers, as well as novel phase matching and detection techniques, are discussed.
A History of Swahili

THE BUCK SCHOLAR FEBRUARY, 1971 chosen the lingua franca of Tanzania and adopted as a sort of model African lanuage by Afro-Americans for the same reason. The growing world status of Swahili neither competes for nor precludes the importance or international possibilities of any other African language. Nor do I have the key with which to open reliable projections as to the ultimate destiny of Swahili in the black world. Let it suffice to say that just as black people are among the dynamic forces presently influencing the destiny of the world, so Swahili is. Therefore, it is important that we understand exactly what it is, how and why it has come from among us, and how black people are relating to its presence. As an educator, I am charged with delivering facts and encouraging critical analysis. As black people, together, it is our responsibility to use these facts in determining and shaping our destiny. Therefore, the destiny of Swahili in the black world will be decided by us as a people. There are those African language experts and historians who would try to set an approximately correct period as to the birth of Swahili on the East Coast of Africa. This always strikes me as ludicrous and presumptuous because languages are not born in their ultimate form under the kinds of migratory and dynamic cultural interaction
What Is Happening to Applied Entomology

In a period of less than 25 years the image of our profession has been transformed from one of relatively obscure respectability to one of prominent status. Exciting research developments are constantly high-lighted in the public press, and the impact of rapid progress in insect control is continually related to exciting developments in world health, improved food quality, and increased production.
Tunable Coarse Graining for Monte Carlo Simulations of Proteins via Smoothed Energy Tables: Direct and Exchange Simulations.

Many commonly used coarse-grained models for proteins are based on simplified interaction sites and consequently may suffer from significant limitations, such as the inability to properly model protein secondary structure without the addition of restraints. Recent work on a benzene fluid (Lettieri, S.; Zuckerman, D. M. J. Comput. Chem. 2012, 33, 268−275) suggested an alternative strategy of tabulating and smoothing fully atomistic orientation-dependent interactions among rigid molecules or fragments. Here we report our initial efforts to apply this approach to the polar and covalent interactions intrinsic to polypeptides. We divide proteins into nearly rigid fragments, construct distance and orientation-dependent tables of the atomistic interaction energies between those fragments, and apply potential energy smoothing techniques to those tables. The amount of smoothing can be adjusted to give coarse-grained models that range from the underlying atomistic force field all the way to a bead-like coarse-grain...
Dinosaurs of the lost continent.

The article discusses the discovery of fossil evidence of distinct communities of large dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous period in an area of the western U.S. once comprising the Laramidia landmass, focusing on an excavation at the Kaiparowits Formation in Utah. Scientists have questioned how these dinosaurs could have coexisted in such a small geographical area, as the large body sizes and species diversity indicated by the fossils should have been constrained by the available resources in their home range. It is suggested that dinosaurs may have had a lower metabolic rate than previously thought, or that Late Cretaceous vegetation was more abundant, diverse, or nutritious than present-day plants in the area. INSETS: Dinosaur Diversity;Dinosaur Diversity.
Self-recording in treatment of obesity: a three-year follow-up.

A major consideration in the treatment of obesity is the maintenance of weight losses over time ( 3 ) . Inspection of recent reviews of behavioral approaches to weight control shows that no study, either single-subject o r group-design, has demonstrated weight-loss maintenance for a period longer than 1 yr. (1 , 2 ) . This paper describes the use of selfrecording in treatment of obesity and reports 3-yr. follow-up data. The client was a 22-yr.-old male graduate student with a problem of chronic obesity. Initially the student weighed 236 lb. and was 6 ft. tall. H e reported a 10-yr. history of unsuccessful attempts at weight reduction, including eight separate diets such as The Mayo Clinic and low-carbohydrare diets which resulted in brief, rapid weight loss but long-term failure to maintain body weight. The client's weight had ranged from approximately 255 to 235 Ib., with a mean of 245 Ib., during the previous year. The client was instructed to keep a daily log, recording in a 11X 8%-in. spiral notebook his weight, the date, any food eaten, the time the food was eaten and where eaten. The recording was to be done prior to ingesting food. The client was not instructed that he would derive any therapeutic benefit from this procedure. After 2 wk., the client had lost 7 Ib. Self-recording continued as before for 1 0 wk., at which time it was mutually agreed that the subject had reached an appropriate body weight, considering his heavy skelated frame. During treatment weekly meetings were held with the therapist. Each of these was a 15to 30-min. discussion with social reinforcement for progress. The subject's weight reduced from 236 Ib. on February 14, 1975 to 214 lb. on May 5, 1775, a loss of 23 Ib. O n June 8 , 1978 the client weighed 210 Ib. Over the 3-yr. span the net weight loss was 26 lb. Review of the client's log showed a detailed account with careful daily entries for the 3-mo. treatment. Reliability of the self-recording was not formally assessed, but clinical observations suggested the client had been accurate and consistent. Self-recording appeared to affect substantial weight loss and impressive maintenance of weight loss. Perhaps the major point of this case study was the very long maintenance of weight loss. While it is clear that much work will be required to identify the factors which enabled this client to maintain his weighr loss, this case suggests that, at least for some over-weight individuals, maintenance of weight loss is possible.
Metabolic effects of phenethyldiguanide, a new hypoglycemic compound.

SummaryWhen phenethyldiguanide (PEDG) is administered to guinea pigs, it produces hypoglycemia accompanied by depletion of liver glycogen with no increase in muscle glycogen. PEDG causes decreased blood urea formation and decreased non-protein nitrogen excretion in the urine. It also produces an early and significant rise in blood lactic acid. From studies made on surviving slices of guinea pig liver, it is evident that PEDG increases lactic acid formation and increases glycogen depletion, but it does not affect glucose output. PEDG also exerts an effect on isolated rat diaphragm, increasing glucose uptake, increasing lactic acid production, decreasing glycogen formation, and decreasing oxygen uptake.
The Inhibitory Effect of Imidocarb on Experimental Anaplasmosis in Splenectomized Calves

Summary The development of acute infections of Anaplasma marginale in splenectomized calves was inhibited by subcutaneous injection of imidocarb [3,3′-bis-(2-imidazolin-z-yl)-carbanilide dihydrochloride] in single doses of 2·5, 5·0, or 10·0 mg./kg. A single dose of 25·0 mg./kg. administered orally was not effective. Six untreated calves died from acute anaplasmosis, whereas 6 calves treated by the subcutaneous route survived. There was a rapid decrease in numbers of Anaplasma bodies in the blood following the injection of imidocarb.
Detection of Legionella Pneumophila in Low Respiratory Tract Infection in Children Less Than 5 Years Old

Objective To study the present situation of legionella pneumophila(Lp) infection of low respiratory tract infection in children less than 5 years old.Methods Three hundred hospitalized patients with the diagnosis of low respiratory tract infection were enrolled in the study,191 males,109 females,aged 27 d to 5 years old,course from 1 d to 6 months.Serum antibody(IgM,IgG) of Lp serogroup 1-7 was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Results In the patients,17 cases were positive,and the positive rate was 5.67%.Of the 17 children,the males(n=11) and females(n=6) did not significantly influence the positive rate(5.76% vs 5.50%).Four of them were between 27 days and 1 year old;7 were 1 to 3 years old,6 were 3 to 5 years old.The positive rates were significantly different among the 3 groups(2.53% vs 7.37% vs 12.77%) and tendentially increased following the increase of age(χ2=7.8164 P0.05).The spring and winter seasons(n=7),or summer and autum seasons(n=10) did not significantly affect the positive rates(5.19% vs 6.06%).Univariate analysis demonstrated that the positive rates were different between children come from cities(n=11) or countyside(n=6)(11.83% vs 2.90%).Conclusions There are certain cases of Lp infection in children less than 5 years old in low respiratory tract infection.The infection rates are different among children of different ages and tendentially increased following the increase of age.Children coming from urban areas have a higher positive rate than those coming from rural areas.
Analysis of Genetic Diversity Among Cortinarius spp. from Helanshan Using RAPD Markers

Genetic diversity among 43 strains of Cortinarius was analyzed by RAPD using seven primers selected from 17 test primers previously shown to display specific and stable amplification patterns.A total of 79 RAPD bands were detected,of which 68(86.1%) were polymorphic.A dendrogram was constructed using the amplification data that separated the strains into two groups at a coefficient value of 0.63.The two groups consisted of 41 C.rufo-olivaceus strains and two of C.caerulescens.The 41 C.rufo-olivaceus strains exhibited greater genetic diversity with a maximum similarity coefficient of 0.956 and a minimum similarity coefficient of 0.515.RAPD analysis separated the 41 strains into seven groups at a coefficient value of 0.68,and the method was therefore deemed effective in reflecting genetic diversity among members of this species.
Thrombolysis in the Treatment of Lower Extremity Occlusive Disease

The development of new thrombolytic agents and increased experience in the use of these drugs has enhanced limb salvage, especially in patients who have undergone multiple lower extremity bypass procedures. This article reviews the indications for such therapy and critically assesses both complications and efficacy of treatment.
Regulation of high-conductance anion channels by G proteins and 5-HT1A receptors in CHO cells

This study addresses the mechanisms responsible for regulation of high-conductance anion channels by GTP binding proteins in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Single-channel currents were measured in inside-out membrane patches using patch-clamp techniques. Anion-selective channels with a unitary conductance of 381 +/- 8 pS activated spontaneously in 48% of excised patches. In patches with no spontaneous channel activity, addition of GppNHp, a nonhydrolyzable analogue of GTP, activated channels in 8 of 12 studies, and in patches with spontaneous channel activity, GppNHp increased open probability in 4 of 4 experiments. In contrast, GDP beta S, a nonhydrolyzable GDP analogue, inhibited both spontaneous and GppNHp-induced channel activity. In patches without spontaneous channel activity, addition of cholera toxin activated channels in five of eight studies. Interestingly, pertussis toxin had a similar effect, activating channels in five of seven previously quiescent patches. To further evaluate the possible role of inhibitory G proteins in channel regulation, activity was measured in cell-attached patches in cells transfected with the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor, which is coupled to effector mechanisms through a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein. Stimulation of 5-HT1A-transfected cells with the receptor agonist (+/-)-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin caused a transient decrease in open probability in either standard or high-potassium solutions. In aggregate, these findings suggest that both cholera and pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins contribute to regulation of high-conductance anion channels in CHO cells.
Assessment of body force effects in flow condensation, Part I: Experimental investigation of liquid film behavior for different orientations

Abstract Body force effects in flow condensation vary depending on channel orientation and fluid mass velocity, making the design of systems intended to operate in multiple orientations more complicated than those at a fixed orientation. This study examines the effects of body force on liquid film development for flow condensation of FC-72 in horizontal, vertical upflow, and vertical downflow orientations. Two test sections are utilized, one capable of providing high-speed imaging of liquid film development, and the other designed to allow detailed measurements of flow condensation heat transfer coefficient. High speed imaging shows that for low FC-72 mass velocities, flow regimes differ significantly among the three orientations, with vertical upflow exhibiting falling film behavior, horizontal flow showing stratification, and vertical downflow displaying annular co-current flow. For the case of low mass velocity horizontal flow, interfacial disturbances in the form of a sinusoidal wave are clearly visible with wavelengths on the order of 1–10 mm. As mass velocity is increased, the liquid film is seen to exhibit similar behavior for all three orientations due to interfacial shear stress negating body force effects. Heat transfer measurements reinforce these trends, with circumferential variations in heat transfer coefficient present for horizontal flow at low mass velocities, and differences in the axial variations in heat transfer coefficient seen when comparing vertical upflow to vertical downflow. As mass velocity is increased, differences in heat transfer coefficient are reduced, with the highest mass velocities exhibiting almost no variation with orientation. This convergence of values indicates the ability of interfacial shear stress to mitigate body force effects at sufficiently high mass velocities.
The Biological Basis for Nonunions.

Impaired healing can occur in association with 5% to 10% of fractures[1][1],[2][2], resulting in delayed union or nonunion and having a devastating impact on the patient’s quality of life ([Figs. 1-A][3] and [1-B][4])[3][5]. Nonunion represents a failure of the biological process of fracture
RHB-104 triple antibiotics combination in culture is bactericidal and should be effective for treatment of Crohn’s disease associated with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) has been implicated as an etiological agent of Crohn’s disease (CD), a debilitating chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Clarithromycin (CLA), clofazimine (CLO), rifabutin (RIF) and other antibiotics have been used individually or in combinations with other drugs to treat mycobacterial diseases including CD. The treatment has varied by regimen, dosage, and duration, resulting in conflicting outcomes and additional suffering to the patients. RHB-104, a drug formula with active ingredients composed of (63.3 %) CLA, (6.7 %) CLO, and (30 %) RIF, has been recently subjected to investigation in an FDA approved Phase III clinical trial to treat patients with moderate to severe CD. In this study, we determined the efficacy of RHB-104 active ingredients against MAP strains isolated from the blood, tissue, and milk of CD patients. Based on fluorescence quenching technology using the Bactec MGIT Para-TB medium, we determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CLA, CLO, RIF individually and in dual and triple combinations against 16 MAP clinical strains and 19 other mycobacteria. The MIC of all drugs against 35 different mycobacteria ranged between 0.25–20 μg/mL. However, the MIC of RHB-104 active ingredients regimen was the lowest at 0.25–10 μg/mL compared to the MIC of the other drugs at 0.5–20 μg/mL. The components of RHB-104 active ingredients at their individual concentrations or in dual combinations were not effective against all microorganisms compared to the triple combinations at MIC level. The MIC of CLA–CLO, CLA–RIF, and CLO–RIF regimens ranged between 0.5–1.25 μg/mL compared to 0.25 μg/mL of bactericidal effect of the triple combination. The data clearly demonstrated that lower concentrations of the triple combination of RHB-104 active ingredients provided synergistic anti-MAP growth activity compared to individual or dual combinations of the drugs. Consequently, this is favorable and should lead to tolerable dosage that is desirable for long-term treatment of CD and Mycobacterium avium complex disease.
The Case of Government Workers

We have said little about government workers so far. And the reason is simple: while our findings for those with a graduate education and professionals are strikingly consistent and large, our findings for government workers are far more inconsistent and mixed.
Bulk Carrier Safety

During the past ten years, more than 700 crewmen have died as a result ofBulk Carrier casualties. Following a rash of25 Bulk Carrier losses in 1990 and 1991, The American Bureau of Shipping (ABS), The International Association of Classification Societies (IACS), and various other segments of the marine industry initiated measures in an attempt to correct this situation. During the next several years another II Bulk Carrier losses (resulting in the death of 174 crewmen), indicated that these measures, although improving the situation, did not go far enough to solve the problem. A close examination of the vessels involved indicated that the overwhelming majority ofthe bulk carriers were in excess of is years old While inadequate maintenance and improper loading have been likely contributory factors, it is apparent that present Bulk Carrier designs have not matched expectations as these vessels age. At ABS a study to investigate the response of the Bulk Carrier hull structure was undertaken in an attempt to understand the causes of the structural weaknesses which may have contributed to these losses. In applying a first principles approach of using representative and realistic dynamic loads, the critical areas, including hold frames and end brackets, corrugated transverse bulkheads, cross deck structures and fore end structures were studied This study resulted in the development ofa a new complete, flexible, and integrated strength criteria for design and assessment ofBulk Carrier hull structures. The approach encompasses: (1) the loading criteria, (2) the strength criteria for minimum scantling requirements, and (3) the strength assessment procedures incorporating failure criteria dealing with material yielding, buckling/ultimate strength and fatigue. In this paper, an overview ofthis new strength standard is presented and the procedures to rectify problem areas unique to bulk carriers are discussed.
Toward agent-based models for pre-harvest food safety

The safety of fresh produce is a concern because many types of produce are consumed raw, and the incidence of produce-borne diseases appears to be increasing. Good agricultural practices (GAPs) can limit the chances for contamination of produce, but farms are open systems where interactions with surrounding lands can override benefits from GAPs. The extent to which interactions between farms and the surrounding landscape contribute to sporadic disease is not yet clear, but outbreaks have arisen from contamination of produce by wildlife, manure, or irrigation water. We hypothesize that the ability to control transmission of pathogens to produce, before harvest, partially depends on understanding the dynamics of pathogen populations, with some landscapes exhibiting combinations of characteristics that increase pathogen dispersal to croplands. The landscape processes leading to contamination are difficult to predict with current techniques. In this perspectives paper, we advance a foundation for modeling food contamination processes in agricultural landscapes using a combination of remote-sensing technologies and ecological modeling of pathogen dispersal, enabled by geographic information systems. With the development of predictive models, cultivation practices can be adapted to local conditions to reduce food contamination by controlling the connectivity between foodborne pathogen reservoirs and food production blocks on farms.
Ventilation Strategies Including High Frequency Jet Ventilation

The number of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions performed outside of the operating room requiring anesthesia services has expanded several fold over the last several decades. With advances in medical research, new technology, and the increasing survival of complicated and elderly patients the role of the anesthesiologist in providing non-operating room anesthesia will continue to expand. Recent studies and advances in non-traditional ventilation techniques including lung-protective ventilation, jet ventilation and non-invasive ventilation have a promising outlook for current and future utilization in non-operating room anesthesia. It will continue to be the responsibility of the anesthesiologist to provide the same standard of care that a patient would receive in the operating room, including the use of capnography and assessment of adequate ventilation, to ensure safe outcomes in a higher risk patient population in the non-operating room environment.
Development and first results of the width-tapered beam method for adhesion testing of photovoltaic material systems

A fracture mechanics based approach for quantifying adhesion at every interface within the PV module laminate is presented. The common requirements of monitoring crack length and specimen compliance are circumvented through development of a width-tapered cantilever beam method. This technique may be applied at both the module and coupon level to yield a similar, quantitative, measurement. Details of module and sample preparation are described and first results on field-exposed modules deployed for over 27 years presented.
Kaluza-Klein model with spontaneous symmetry breaking: Light-particle effective actionand its compactification scale dependence

We investigate decoupling of heavy Kaluza-Klein (KK) modes in an Abelian Higgs model with space-time topologies R{sup 3,1}xS{sup 1} and R{sup 3,1}xS{sup 1}/Z{sub 2}. After integrating out only the heavy KK modes we find the one-loop, light-particle (irreducible) effective action (LPEA) for the zero-mode fields. We find that in the R{sup 3,1}xS{sup 1} topology the heavy modes do not decouple in this low-energy effective action, due to the zero mode of the 5th component of the 5D gauge field A{sub 5}. Because A{sub 5} is a scalar under 4D Lorentz transformations, there is no gauge symmetry protecting it from getting mass and A{sub 5}{sup 4} interaction terms after loop corrections. In addition, after symmetry breaking, we find that the effective action has new divergences in the A{sub 5} mass that did not appear in the symmetric phase. The new divergences are traced back to the gauge-goldstone mixing that occurs after symmetry breaking. We find that when considering low-energy physical processes, however, the divergences of the zero-mode loop diagrams will cancel the divergences in the effective action, rendering the radiatively corrected couplings finite. Although, this clears up the extra divergences in the A{sub 5} sector, the gauge coupling still has amore » different compactification scale dependence in the A{sub 5} then it does in the A{sub {mu}} sector, leading to an explicit violation of decoupling. If instead of the LPEA one considers the Wilsonian effective action by integrating out zero modes of momenta |p|>M (M is the mass of the lowest KK excitation) in addition to the heavy modes, then decoupling is manifest. However, as is well known the price is the difficulty in maintaining 4D Lorentz and gauge invariance. In order to get a more sensible effective theory in the LPEA formalism, we investigate the S{sup 1}/Z{sub 2} compactification. With this kind of compact topology, the A{sub 5} zero mode disappears. With no A{sub 5}, there are no new divergences and the heavy modes decouple. We also discuss the dependence of the couplings and masses on the compactification scale, and derive a set of renormalization group-like equations for the running of the effective couplings with respect to the compactification scale. It is found that magnitudes of both couplings decrease as the scale M increases.« less
Application of the normalized curvature ratio to an in-service structure

Fiber optic sensors (FOS) offer numerous advantages for structural health monitoring. In addition to being durable, lightweight, and capable of multiplexing, they offer the ability to simultaneously monitor both static and dynamic strain. FOS also allow for the instrumentation of large areas of a structure with long-gages sensors which helps enable global monitoring of the structure. Drawing upon these benefits, the Normalized Curvature Ratio (NCR), a curvature based damage detection method, has been developed. This method utilizes a series of long-gage fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain sensors for damage detection of a structure through dynamic strain measurements and curvature analysis. While dynamic SHM methods typically rely up frequency and acceleration based analysis, it has been found that strain and curvature based analysis may be a more reliable means for structural monitoring. Previous research was performed through small scale experimental testing and analytical models were developed and provided promising results for the NCR as a potential damage sensitive feature. Based on this success, this research focuses on the application of the NCR to an existing in-service structure, the US202/NJ23 highway overpass located in Wayne, NJ. The overpass is currently instrumented with a series of long-gage FBG strains sensors and periodic strain measurements for dynamic events induced by heavy weight vehicles have been recorded for more than 5 years. This research shows encouraging results and the potential for the NCR to be used as a simplistic metric for damage detection using FBG strain sensors.
Rhizomes of the classroom: Enabling the learners to become the curriculum

Oftentimes, when we conceive of a course, we begin with the idea that there is some core knowledge that we, as professionals, should teach to those who are apprenticing in our classrooms. This content then drives our decisions for instructional design and instructional activities. An overreliance on content-based approaches is potentially problematic in that they don’t necessarily promote a state where the learner is self-motivated in the classroom. Motivation comes from external factors and pressures. This chapter aims to create an activity that helps move the learner away from an external locus of motivation, namely the instructor, and help the learner transition to a learning environment where the learners in the classroom set a large portion of the specifics of the curriculum, within the context of predefined learning objectives for their course. The aim thus becomes a way of providing the learner with an experience rather than a predefined block of knowledge. This activity’s goal is to introduce the learner to learning theories, learning approaches, and methodologies that they can then apply to their own organizational and learning contexts.
Review of salinity effects on abundance, growth, and survival of nearshore life stages of pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus duorarum)

Abstract The pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus duorarum) has been selected as an ecological indicator to assess ecological effects on estuaries of implementation of the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan that seeks to restore historical freshwater flows and nearshore salinity regimes in southern Florida. Concern over altered freshwater delivery impacts on pink shrimp productivity was expressed as early as the 1960s. The present review assessed pink shrimp scientific literature of the past 75+ years (>500 publications) to glean information relevant to understanding potential influence of freshwater management on pink shrimp productivity. The review was organized around “Essential Fish Habitat” metrics concerning abundance, growth, survival, distribution, productivity, and behavior. It summarizes previous pink shrimp field, laboratory, and modeling studies. Where possible, statistical analyses and meta-analyses of previously published data were performed to investigate consistency among independent findings. Pink shrimp occur in a wide range of salinities (0.5–67 ppt). A majority of studies (53.3%) reported maximal abundance between ∼20 to 35 ppt salinities. One laboratory study reported maximal growth at 30 ppt. Meta-analysis of reported growth rates did not yield results due to non-convergence of regression models. Reported survival was maximal at ∼30 ppt and remained high (>80% survival) across salinities of ∼15 to 40 ppt. A regression model that combined survival data across studies confirmed a previously reported parabolic relationship between salinity and survival; in this regression, 35 ppt maximized survival. Productivity, conditional upon survival and growth, was maximized at polyhaline (18–30 ppt) conditions. Inshore hypersalinity (>40 ppt) may elicit young pink shrimp behavioral cues counterproductive to settlement in nearshore areas. Virtually no information exists regarding postlarval pink shrimp movement or preference relative to salinity gradients. Realization and preservation of nearshore polyhaline conditions and elimination of hypersalinity should maximize growth, survival, and density, thus improving pink shrimp productivity. New and updated statistical models predicting pink shrimp distribution, abundance, growth, survival, and productivity relative to salinity conditions are needed to better guide freshwater management decisions.
Examining Police Officer Work Stress Using the Job Demands–Resources Model:

Policing has long been recognized as a stressful, emotionally trying, and sometimes dangerous occupation. Job stress is related to several harmful outcomes for officers, and ultimately police organ...
Exploring Vertical Wilderness in the Acoustic Environment

Hearing sounds of nature is an important motivation for visitors to National Parks, such as Grand Teton National Park (GRTE; Newman et al. 2015). Furthermore, managers are required to provide park visitors with an enjoyable soundscape experience. In 2006, Pilcher and Newman conducted a study on visitor perceptions of soundscapes in highly trafficked locations in GRTE, the Jenny Lake boat dock and Inspiration Point. While this study used similar methods, it aimed to better understand the influence of soundscapes to a unique visitor group -- climbers on the Grand Teton. This iconic climbing destination is located in an area that is potentially susceptible to anthropogenic or human caused noise interruptions because of its proximity to an airport and heavily used highways. In the summer of 2015 researchers from Penn State University used a combination of qualitative interviews and listening exercises with climbers to identify sounds that were being heard during their climbing experience and their emotions related to those sounds. These data provide managers with information about sounds that could be prioritized when managing for an optimal soundscape experience.
THIRTY-DAY READMISSION AFTER LEFT VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE IN THE UNITED STATES

Readmissions after Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are common and contribute to increased healthcare utilization and costs. Patients undergoing LVAD (International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Revision-CM codes 37.66) from January-November 2014 who survived the index hospitalization
The Roles of Social Anxiety and Sexual Communication in Marriage Relationships

Past research shows strong connections between sexual satisfaction, sexual communication, and relationship satisfaction in romantic couples. However, social anxiety tends to inhibit communication and self-disclosure about sensitive topics, including sex. In this research, I aimed to determine the role social anxiety plays in sexual satisfaction, sexual communication, and relationship satisfaction in married couples. I hypothesized that social anxiety would not have strong impacts on sexual satisfaction, sexual communication, and relationship satisfactionin married couples because of the familiarity that comes along with marriage. 16 heterosexual couples, or 32 individuals, completed a five-section survey to measure each individual’s sexual satisfaction, relationship satisfaction, sexual communication satisfaction, fear of intimacy, and social anxiety. Results showed significant moderate correlations between social anxiety and every other variable: sexual satisfaction, r(30) = -.44, p= .01; relationship satisfaction, r(30) = -.43, p= .01; sexual communication, r(30) = -.47, p< .01; and fear of intimacy, r(30) = .55, p< .01. Socially anxious individuals also reported significantly decreased sexual satisfaction compared to non-anxious individuals. Implications for future research are discussed.Keywords:social anxiety, sexual satisfaction, relationship satisfaction, sexual communication, fear of intimacy, marriage
The length of food chains

The energy which plants capture from the sun during photosynthesis may end up in the tissues of a hawk via a bird the hawk has eaten, the insects eaten by the bird, and the plant on which the insects fed. The plant-insect-bird-hawk system is called a food chain, and each stage a trophic level. More generally, the trophic levels are called producers (plants), herbivores or primary consumers (the insects), carnivores or secondary consumers (the bird) and top-carnivores or tertiary consumers (the hawk).
SAFE AND WARM WOOD HEAT

ABSTRACT : Homebuilders have traditionally pushed fireplaces as status symbols. Fireplaces are aesthetically pleasing and have an air of romance about them. However, a recent study at Georgia Tech has shown that fireplace efficiency averages 15.7%, too low to consider heating a home with wood. An airtight woodstove, on the other hand, has an efficiency of 50% to 60%. As prices for conventional home heating fuels skyrocket, more and more prospective homeowners are looking to wood as a space heating fuel. This paper will address strategies aimed at encouraging the homeowner to accept woodstoves. These strategies include: • Knowing the safety regulations governing installation of woodstoves and chimneys. • Designing a home around a woodstove rather than hiding it in a corner. • Using aesthetically pleasing woodstoves with innovative ideas for proper shielding of combustible walls. • Preparing a safety information package on proper operation and maintenance. • Coordinating a community effort to encourage the safe use of woodstoves.
Taming the Stability-Constrained Performance Optimization Challenge of Distributed On-Chip Voltage Regulation

Distributed on-chip voltage regulation is promising for addressing many IC power delivery challenges. However, complex interactions between active regulators and the surrounding parasitic passive RLC network cause stability concern. The recently developed hybrid stability technique provides a unique opportunity for coping with stability of distributed on-chip regulation and enabling efficient localized system design. However, the inherent conservativeness of the hybrid stability theorem (HST) leads to large pessimism in stability evaluation and hence causes overdesign. In this paper, the above challenge is addressed by extending the HST with an optimal frequency-dependent system partitioning technique which can significantly reduce the amount of pessimism in stability analysis. To put the proposed approach on a firm theoretical footing, we prove that the partitioning technique removes the conservativeness without altering the physical system and key theoretical properties of the partitioned blocks are maintained under certain constraints. Upon this, an efficient stability-ensuring power delivery design methodology using an automated design flow is developed to significantly improve power delivery performance. Within a large design space, the proposed approach ensures stability and improves system performance by up to 53%, measured by a figure of merit (FOM), when compared to the classical phase margin design approach, which provides no guarantee of stability. Furthermore, on average our approach boosts the FOM by 113% while consuming 11% less power compared to a reference hybrid stability approach.
A radial calibration window for analytical ultracentrifugation

Analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) is a first-principles based method for studying macromolecules and particles in solution by monitoring the evolution of their radial concentration distribution as a function of time in the presence of a high centrifugal field. In sedimentation velocity experiments, hydrodynamic properties relating to size, shape, density, and solvation of particles can be measured, at a high hydrodynamic resolution, on polydisperse samples. In a recent multilaboratory benchmark study including data from commercial analytical ultracentrifuges in 67 laboratories, the calibration accuracy of the radial dimension was found to be one of the dominant factors limiting the accuracy of AUC. In the present work, we develop an artifact consisting of an accurately calibrated reflective pattern lithographically deposited onto an AUC window. It serves as a reticle when scanned in AUC control experiments for absolute calibration of radial magnification. After analysis of the pitch between landmarks in scans using different optical systems, we estimate that the residual uncertainty in radial magnification after external calibration with the radial scale artifact is ≈0.2 %, of similar magnitude to other important contributions after external calibration such as the uncertainty in temperature and time. The previous multilaboratory study had found many instruments with errors in radial measurements of 1 % to 2 %, and a few instruments with errors in excess of 15 %, meaning that the use of the artifact developed here could reduce errors by 5-to 10-fold or more. Adoption of external radial calibration is thus an important factor for assuring accuracy in studies related to molecular hydrodynamics and particle size measurements by AUC.
The Line Islands Experiment: Its place in tropical meteorology and the rise of the fourth school of thought

The Line Islands Experiment has resulted in unique and comprehensive data for studies of the meteorology of the equatorial Pacific. It is one of several recent field programs in tropical meteorology designed to attack the central problem of scale interactions, especially the role of convective and mesoscale systems. Some of the recent evidence is reviewed that indicates the importance of these interactions in understanding the non-steady state aspects of tropical disturbances. A variety of results from the Line Islands Experiment are summarized, with emphasis on their relevance to the planning of GARP tropical experiments.
Neuroinvasive West Nile Virus Post–Heart Transplantation: A Case Report

First described in the United States in the late 1990s, West Nile virus (WNV) infection following solid organ transplantation is a rare but life-threatening complication. The many ways in which WNV may be acquired, patient specific risk factors, and variability in clinical severity present challenges to health care providers caring for these patients.
Learning Contextual Hierarchical Structure of Medical Concepts with Poincairé Embeddings to Clarify Phenotypes.

Biomedical association studies are increasingly done using clinical concepts, and in particular diagnostic codes from clinical data repositories as phenotypes. Clinical concepts can be represented in a meaningful, vector space using word embedding models. These embeddings allow for comparison between clinical concepts or for straightforward input to machine learning models. Using traditional approaches, good representations require high dimensionality, making downstream tasks such as visualization more difficult. We applied Poincare embeddings in a 2-dimensional hyperbolic space to a large-scale administrative claims database and show performance comparable to 100-dimensional embeddings in a euclidean space. We then examine disease relationships under different disease contexts to better understand potential phenotypes.
High-dose nitrogen mustard (HN2) with autologous nonfrozen bone marrow transplantation in advanced malignant melanoma. A phase I trial.

In a Phase I trial patients with advanced malignant melanoma were treated with high-dose nitrogen mustard (HN2) and autologous bone marrow transplantation. Three patients were entered into the protocol. After procurement of 1.1--5.5 x 10(5) committed stem cells (CFU-C) per kg body wt, 33 mg/m2 of HN2 was administered i.v. as a bolus. Forty-eight hours later the noncryopreserved bone marrow was reinfused i.v. Side effects consisted of nausea, vomiting, anorexia, alopecia, phlebitis, hepatotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. Cardiotoxicity and hypocalcemia were encountered as unanticipated side effects not described so far by using lower dosages of HN2. Granulocytopenia of less than 10 x 10(9)/l and thrombocytopenia of less than 50.0 x 10(9)/l lasted for a mean of 10 and 8 days, respectively. Measureable disease present in two of three patients did not respond to the dose of HN2 used in this protocol. This study shows that hematologic recovery was shorter than previously reported in studies using HN2 without autologous bone marrow transplantation. The nonhematologic side effects of this dose of HN2, however, were severe and preclude the use of higher doses.
Multi-shot Person Re-identification through Set Distance with Visual Distributional Representation

Person re-identification aims to identify a specific person at distinct times and locations. It is challenging because of occlusion, illumination, and viewpoint change in camera views. Recently, multi-shot person re-id task receives more attention since it is closer to real-world application. A key point of a good algorithm for multi-shot person re-id is the temporal aggregation of the person appearance features. While most of the current approaches apply pooling strategies and obtain a fixed-size vector representation, these may lose the matching evidence between examples. In this work, we propose the idea of visual distributional representation, which interprets an image set as samples drawn from an unknown distribution in appearance feature space. Based on the supervision signals from a downstream task of interest, the method reshapes the appearance feature space and further learns the unknown distribution of each image set. In the context of multi-shot person re-id, we apply this novel concept along with Wasserstein distance and jointly learn a distributional set distance function between two image sets. In this way, the proper alignment between two image sets can be discovered naturally in a non-parametric manner. Our experiment results on three public datasets show the advantages of our proposed method compared to other state-of-the-art approaches.
Suboptimal Comparison of Partitions

The distinction between classification and clustering is often based on a priori knowledge of classification labels. However, in the purely theoretical situation where a data-generating model is known, the optimal solutions for clustering do not necessarily correspond to optimal solutions for classification. Exploring this divergence leads us to conclude that no standard measures of either internal or external validation can guarantee a correspondence with optimal clustering performance. We provide recommendations for the suboptimal evaluation of clustering performance. Such suboptimal approaches can provide valuable insight to researchers hoping to add a post hoc interpretation to their clusters. Indices based on pairwise linkage provide the clearest probabilistic interpretation, while a triplet-based index yields information on higher level structures in the data. Finally, a graphical examination of receiver operating characteristics generated from hierarchical clustering dendrograms can convey information that would be lost in any one number summary.