cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of luminance and texture motion on infant defensive reactions to optical collision

Abstract Infants saw a textured light area expand and contract on a dark rear-projection screen. The texture elements (15 black dots) expanded and contracted radially from the center of the screen as though they were on a single surface (single-depth display) or independent (multiple-depth display). None of the texture elements was on a “collision” trajectory with the infant's face. The single-depth display elicited greater defensive reactions (blinking and backward head movement) on expansion than contraction trials in both 4- to 8-week-olds and 10- to 14-week-olds. A different group of 4- to 8-week-olds did not exhibit greater overall blinking or backward head movement to expansion versus contraction of the multiple-depth display. The findings suggest that young infants utilize flow field information to distinguish between approaching subjective surfaces and voids in the regions between sparse texture.
Urinary excretion of amphetamine and 4′-hydroxyamphetamine by sprague dawley and dark agouti rats

Abstract Urinary excretion of amphetamine and 4′-hydroxyamphetamine has been studied in male and female Sprague Dawley (SD) and Dark Agouti (DA) rats. The DA rat is an animal model for the cytochrome P450 (P450) 2D poor metabolizer. Rats were given d-ampethamine sulfate (5 mg/kg, i. p.) and urines were collected at 12 hour intervals for extraction and analysis of the amphetamines by HPLC. There was no significant difference between the sexes of either SD and DA rats in urinary 4′-hydroxyamphetamine and amphetamine excretion, but significant differeces were seen between the two strains. The percentage of dose per ml urine recovered as 4′-hydroxyamphetamine from the urine over 24 hours was 11.1 and 9.1 in the SD male and female rats, and 2.3 and 2.5 in DA male and female rats, respectively. The percentage of dose per ml urine recovered as amphetamine was correspondingly lower in the SD male and female rats, 1.1 and 1.0, than that of the DA male and female rats, 5.9 and 5.0. These results support our hypothesis that P450 2D is involved in hepatic 4−hydroxydroxylation of amphetamine in rats.
The Impact of Systematic Variation of Cognitive Demand on Drivers' Visual Attention across Multiple Age Groups:

Recordings of drivers' gaze under three levels of cognitive demand were captured under actual driving conditions in individuals in their 20's, 40's and 60's. Changes in the allocation of visual attention between single-task driving and the three levels of cognitive secondary tasks are summarized. Under the conditions studied here, gaze centralization varies by task difficulty and appears predominantly in the horizontal plane. The degree of horizontal gaze centralization with added cognitive workload is not related to age in the relatively healthy individuals studied.
Modeling ethical attitudes and behaviors under conditions of environmental turbulence: The case of South Africa

This study explores the impact of environmental turbulence on relationships between personal and organizational characteristics, personal values, ethical perceptions, and behavioral intentions. A causal model is tested using data obtained from a national sample of marketing research professionals in South Africa. The findings suggest turbulent conditions lead professionals to report stronger values and ethical norms, but less ethical behavioral intentions. Implications are drawn for organizations confronting growing turbulence in their external environments. A number of suggestions are made for ongoing research.
Personality Disorder, Tendency to Impulsive Violence, and Suicidal Behavior in Adolescents

Inpatient suicide attempters (n = 37) were compared with never-suicidal psychiatric controls (n = 29) with respect to prevalence and severity of personality disorder, history of aggression and assaultive behavior, and other measures of impulsive violence. Attempters, compared with controls, were more likely to show evidence of personality disorder or trait, particularly those of the borderline type. Attempters showed greater number of borderline symptoms than did controls, even after removing the item relating to suicidality. There were no differences between the groups with respect to lifetime history of aggression, history of assaultive behavior, or self-report measures of a tendency to impulsive aggression. Those attempters with personality disorder were much more likely to have made a previous attempt. The apparently high prevalence of personality disorder among adolescent inpatient suicide attempters indicates that the social impairment associated with personality disorder be viewed as an important aspect of treatment.
Return of Myoplasmic Calcium (Ca) to Resting Levels following Stimulation of Fast- and Slow-Twitch Mouse Muscle Fibers

To study the processes underlying the relaxation and recovery of skeletal muscle, we have used the high affinity fluorescent Ca indicators fluo-3 and fluo-4 to measure Ca transients in fibers from mouse fast-twitch (EDL) and slow-twitch (soleus) muscles (16 oC). Single fibers on the surface of small bundles of fibers were injected with indicator, and fluorescence changes (ΔF) were recorded for up to 60 s following a single action potential (AP). The full-duration at half-maximum (FDHM) of ΔF and the early decay time constant from 50% peak ΔF were larger in slow-twitch than in fast-twitch fibers (∼220 and ∼320 ms, respectively, vs. ∼50 and ∼70 ms). These findings are consistent with the larger FDHM of the Ca transient in slow-twitch fibers (Baylor and Hollingworth, J. Physiol., 2003). Interestingly, on a time scale of seconds, the decay of ΔF to resting levels was much slower in fast-twitch than slow-twitch fibers (average time constants of ∼12 vs. ∼2 s). This long tail of the Ca transient in fast-twitch fibers, which can last up to 60 s, is consistent with the large concentration of the calcium binding protein parvalbumin in EDL but not soleus fibers. Modeling of myoplasmic Ca movements in fast-twitch fibers indicates that, 1 s after an AP, most (∼0.8) of the released Ca remains in the myoplasm where it is mainly (∼95%) bound to parvalbumin. Ca binding by parvalbumin helps to abbreviate the Ca transient during relaxation. However, because parvalbumin brings free [Ca] close to resting levels, the modeled activity of the Ca pump is low. In consequence, Ca pumping continues for tens of seconds, as Ca is slowly returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Supported by NIH and MDA.
Palatability of sugar solutions and dietary selection

Abstract Adult rats with ad lib access to a nutritionally complete diet and one of four sugar solutions differing in concentration and kind consumed more calories relative to control animals fed only the complete diet. Intake of the two components was adjusted by the rats in such a way as to permit nutritional balance and the development of a significant elevation in body weight. All four sugar solutions were equally effective in promoting a slight increase in caloric intake. These findings are discussed in relation to the view that the nutritional consequences of selected food items play a major role in determining intake.
Knowledge of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Screening Guidelines and Clinical Practices Among Gastroenterologists

Background Screening of high-risk patients for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) may result in early diagnosis and improved outcomes. Our aim was to assess gastroenterologists’ knowledge of HCC management guidelines established by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) and usual clinical practice.
Oxygen isotope compositions of intracaldera rocks: hydrothermal history of the Long Valley Caldera, California

The Bishop Tuff and associated rocks filling Long Valley Caldera, California represent a case where thick and relatively uniform geologic units of known initial compositions have been subjected to a strong geothermal fluid flux within an enclosed basin. Oxygen isotopic compositions within individual components of this ‘flux plate’ are used to characterize a magmatically driven paleohydrothermal system. Oxygen isotope ratios of silicate components analyzed with a laser-probe/mass-spectrometer system clearly illustrate the isotopic heterogeneity in the hydrothermally altered felsic volcanic rocks. The alteration resulted from moderately high-temperature hydrothermal activity. Hydrothermal activity is linked to periods of post-caldera-collapse volcanism and resurgence in the central caldera. In general, 18O depletion in the Bishop Tuff resulting from exchange with hydrothermal fluids proceeds as pumice matrix sanidine quartz due to progressive resistance to alteration. Samples from the Long Valley Exploratory Well (LVEW) centered on the resurgent dome show downward increasing exchange and disequilibrium over the well's 2000-m depth. A flanking well shows the opposite pattern over 1300 m depth. Oxygen isotope isopleths along a W-E vertical cross section of the caldera reveals convective circulation upwards and outwards from the central resurgent dome. A paleotemperature maximum of ~ 350 °C in LVEW and a geothermal gradient of ~ 130 °C/km are deduced from feldspar/water oxygen isotope fractionation equations using the pumice and sanidine components of the intracaldera volcanic rocks. This is consistent with the degree of alteration and the secondary mineralogy. Present-day temperature maximum in the well is ~ 100 °C, and the geothermal gradient is 50 °C/km. Fossil hydrothermal water, trapped in fluid inclusions in hydrothermal vein quartz hosted by intracaldera rocks, has a calculated oxygen isotope composition of − 10.2%. based on chemistry and trapping temperature. This is 4%. heavier than the average value for the present-day hydrothermal water and consistent with higher temperatures and water/rock ratios. Intrusive activity was initiated in the resurgent dome area soon after caldera collapse (760 ka), but migrated toward the western margin of the caldera, the locus of Holocene volcanism. Thus, the central hydrothermal system matured and waned as the heat sources from intrusions shifted westward. Geophysical evidence of renewed intrusive activity located beneath the resurgent dome may presage a future renewal of the cycle of hydrothermal activity in the central caldera region. Although the hydrothermal activity is complex and transitory, this history is normal for a large, relatively active caldera system such as Long Valley Caldera.
A model for erosion, sedimentation, and flexure with application to New Caledonia

Abstract We study the lithospheric response to erosion and sedimentation of periodic topography. We assume that the erosion follows a diffusivity law and that the lithosphere behavesas an elastic plate. The theory shows that for long wavelengths the final depth of a sedimentary basin can be six times the initial elevation of the ridges because the isostatic readjustments result in the erosion of both the ridges and their roots. Our model is applied to New Caledonia and its two neighboring basins (the Loyalty basin and the New Caledonia basin). In late Eocene time, New Caledonia was covered by an ultramafic sheet that is now almost completely eroded. The agreement between data and our results allows us to conclude that the erosion of this sheet may have been the principal cause of the uplift noted on the Island and explains the sediment thickness of the two basins. The diffusion coefficient for the erosion law derived from the data in New Caledonia is much higher than values obtained for North America but climatic conditions and the nature of the eroded rocks can explain this difference.
An Improved Process for the Production of Lansoprazole: Investigation of Key Parameters That Influence the Water Content in Final API†

An improved large-scale synthesis of lansoprazole 1 an anti-ulcer drug is described. The synthesis commences with condensation of 2-mercaptobenzimadazole 3 with 2-chloromethyl-3methyl-4-(2, 2, 2-trifluoro ethoxy) pyridine hydrochloride 2 using water as a solvent to yield thioether 4. Subsequently, 4 was selectively oxidized to 1 by using sodium hypochlorite, a mild, economic, and eco-friendly oxidizing agent. A systematic investigation of crystallization parameters in the final stage, which enabled us to control the water content in the final API to <0.10%, were also discussed. (As recommended by USP 28 monograph (The United States Pharmacopeia: USP 28: NF 23, 28th rev. of The Pharmacopeia of the U.S., 23rd ed. of The National Formulary; United States Pharmacopeial Convention; Rockville, MD, 2005; p 1110.)
Suppressed neutrophil oxidative activity in sepsis: a receptor-mediated regulatory response.

Abstract We have reported that neutrophils from patients with intraabdominal sepsis show suppressed superoxide production in response to soluble chemoattractants. To determine whether this could be a result of altered receptor function, neutrophil function studies and characterization of receptors were performed upon 22 patients recently operated upon for intraabdominal sepsis. Patient cells showed an absence of subagarose migratory response to activation serum (C5) but intact FMLP response. Superoxide production to FMLP was 5.3 ± 0.1 nmole FcC compared to 11.2 ± 0.1 nmole for laboratory normals. Addition of cytochalasin B reversed this. Scatchard analyses of patients' cells showed affinity of 55.5 ± 0.6 as compared to 36.5 ± 1.8 for controls. The number of receptors of cell was approximately 55,000 for both controls and patients. Internalization studies revealed significant increase in tritiated-FMLP uptake at room temperature. These results support the hypothesis that superoxide suppression is due to enhanced clearance of stimulant by enhanced internalization of the receptor-ligand complex.
An Approximation to Mean-Shift via Swarm Intelligence

Mean shift based feature space analysis has been shown to be an elegant, accurate and robust technique. The elegance in this non-parametric algorithm is mainly due to its simplicity in performing gradient ascent to estimate the modes in a multidimensional data. One characteristic aspect of mean shift is that the mode estimation is performed at each data point. Since it is important to describe the data in as succinct manner as possible, it is important to focus on modal points in the data instead of every data point. In this paper, we attempt to tackle the mean shift problem through a "mode centric" approach using swarm intelligence. Here, the mode estimation is cast as a problem of goal seeking for the swarm as it moves through the multidimensional data space. Local maxima/minima and plateaus are avoided through information exchange between each member of the swarm, thereby converging at the mode values efficiently.
Reaction of monkey mothers to long-term separation from their infants

Five pigtailed monkey mothers (Macaca nemestrina) were separated from their six-month-old infants. Mothers reacted initially with agitation. Eighteen days after separation several behavioral measures suggested depression. Two months after separation all measures returned to preseparation levels and showed no change after infants were reunited with their mothers.
Kinetics of the excretion of sulfonamides during therapeutic dosage regimens

Abstract The relationship between excretion rate of free and acetylated sulfonamides during therapy with this class of drugs was examined with respect to the usual dosage regimen employed, the kinetics of their absorption and metabolism, and with respect to the volumes of urine needed to be secreted to prevent crystalluria. The equations developed allow the calculation of the excretion rate of unchanged and acetylated sulfonamides at times of dosage and in the interval between doses. Using sulfathiazole, as an example, it was found that excretion rate of acetylsulfathiazole after administration of a sufficient number of doses to yield constant values for excretion rate of this material at times of dosage, was relatively independent of drug absorption rate. Similarly, excretion rate between doses was relatively independent of drug absorption rate and did not deviate too markedly from the rate at times of dosage. On the basis of these calculations, high rates of urine flow need to be maintained in order to prevent crystalluria. Calculations on excretion rate of unchanged sulfathiazole indicated that crystalluria due to this material is possible.
Pavlovian processes and response competition as determinants of avoidance response-prevention effects

Abstract Two experiments investigated the facilitation of avoidance extinction by exposure to lengthy (5-sec) shock during avoidance response prevention. In Experiment 1, animals exposed to light only or to light-shock pairings during response prevention showed equal facilitation of extinction relative to shock-only animals or to animals receiving no response prevention. Preshock rearing, directly antagonistic to the avoidance response, developed for shocked animals during response prevention and persisted during extinction for light-shock animals. Immediately before extinction, half of each group was permitted a single escape from a light-shock compound by means of the response previously required for avoidance. The only effect was upon the extinction performance of light-shock animals. Rearing was eliminated and extinction responding increased to a level far above that for any of the other animals. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the shock-only treatment affected the extinction performance and rearing of nonescape and escape animals in a manner entirely equivalent to the effects of the light-shock treatment of Experiment 1, provided stimulus conditions (light absent) were the same for all experimental phases. Thus, lengthy shock during avoidance response prevention simultaneously leads to the acquisition of competing behavior and enhances control by a warning signal or contextual stimuli over the avoidance response. Implications for the CS-only response-prevention treatment and the transfer of aversive control are discussed.
Conversion of the Enantiomers of Spiro[4.4]nonane-1,6-Diol into Both Epimeric Carbaspironucleosides Having Natural C1‘ Absolute Configuration

The enantiomers of spiro[4.4]nonane-1,6-diol have been transformed by different reaction pathways into the two possible carbaspironucleoside epimers with natural C1‘ absolute stereochemistry.
Dynamic Routing and Admission Control in High-Volume Service Systems: Asymptotic Analysis via Multi-Scale Fluid Limits

Motivated by applications in telephone call centers, we consider a service system model with m customer classes and r server pools. The model is one with doubly stochastic arrivals, which means that the m-vector ? of instantaneous arrival rates is allowed to vary both temporally and stochastically. Two levels of dynamic control are considered: customers may be either blocked or accepted at the time of their arrival, and then accepted customers of each class must be routed, either immediately upon acceptance or after some period of waiting, to a server pool that is qualified to handle that class. Customers who are made to wait before commencement of their service are liable to defect. The objective is to minimize the expected sum of blocking costs, waiting costs and defection costs over a fixed and finite planning horizon. We consider an asymptotic parameter regime in which (i) the arrival rates, service rates and defection rates are uniformly accelerated by a large factor ?, then (ii) arrival rates are increased by an additional factor g(?), and the number of servers in each pool is increased by g(?) as well. This produces a separation of time scales, justifying a pointwise stationary stochastic fluid approximation for our original system model. In the stochastic fluid approximation, optimal admission control and routing decisions are determined by a simple linear program that uses the current arrival rate vector ? as data. We explain how to implement the fluid model's optimal control policy in our original service system context, and prove that the proposed implementation is asymptotically optimal in the first-order sense.
Viscous Instabilities in the Western Boundary Layer

Abstract The stability of the western boundary layer is studied by idealizing it as a parallel flow and solving the Orr–Sommerfeld equation, generalized to include the gradient of planetary vorticity. The critical Reynolds number, at which the idealized flow first becomes unstable, is found to be between 20 and 100 depending on the details of the profile. The modes themselves are trapped within the boundary jet because their phase speeds exceed that of the fastest free Rossby wave with the same meridional wavenumber. However, in the important case of a jet with a broad exponential decay, corresponding to a highly inertial flow, we find that the phase speed of the critical mode exceeds that of a free Rossby wave by a very small amount. Consequently, the trapped mode has a very slowly decaying oscillatory tail and so is much wider than the basic state that supports it. The Reynolds stresses in the tail region induce a mean Eulerian flow opposite in direction to the basic state jet. However, Stokes drift is ...
What Will It Take to Initiate a Move Toward a More Aggressive Therapeutic Approach to Venous Thromboembolism

Abstract Recent decades have engendered significant advances in the treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, patients with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) continue to experience complications, highlighting the need for more effective approaches. A systematic approach involving prophylaxis, early detection, triage, risk assessment, and aggressive anticoagulation or lytic therapy can be of great clinical benefit. Articles in the current published literature report caval interruption, anticoagulant therapy, and catheter-directed lytic therapies (CDT) as being effective in clot resolution. More recently, more aggressive new treatment approaches have been considered for acute VTE. Patients who present with symptomatic pulmonary embolism (PE) appear more likely to die of recurrent PE and are nearly 4 times as likely (1.5% vs. 0.4%) to die of PE within the next year, compared with patients who present with acute DVT. Although heparins possess anti-inflammatory properties, they do not guarantee the prevention of damage to venous valves. Advances in caval filter technology have made them easier to insert, position accurately, and remove based on clinical reports. Thrombolysis has proved to hasten clot resolution, and is usually safe when there are no contraindications. However, only 54% of pulmonologists surveyed have ever used this therapy for PE and only 28% have used it for DVT. Clinical reports show considerable potential for this therapy to prevent clinical sequelae of DVT such as PE, postthrombotic syndrome and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Yet the adoption for this treatment has been slow and appears to be only in its early stages. The current standard of care does not promote direct lysis of thrombi, and anticoagulation therapy alone may not always be sufficient. Clinical evidence strongly suggests that CDT offers significant potential in promoting effective clot dissolution and removal. A new paradigm, including the identification and involvement of stakeholders and key players appears to be a crucial step. Evidence from rigorous clinical studies and randomized control trials should be reviewed by potential stakeholders, individual physician specialists, and organizational experts to develop a new treatment paradigm. Ideally, this would be a standardized protocol for thromboembolism that outlines a step-by-step comprehensive plan that ensures early detection and, when appropriate, careful consideration of aggressive clot resolution.
Cuotas de género, leyes electorales y elección de legisladoras en América Latina

El presente articulo utiliza datos a nivel de distrito de las elecciones de legisladores nacionales en 19 paises de America Latina para evaluar el efecto de las cuotas de genero, en conjunto con otras reglas electorales, sobre la eleccion de mujeres legisladoras. El trabajo actualiza y amplia un estudio previo utilizando datos correspondientes al ultimo turno de renovacion legislativa en los mismos 19 paises. La implementacion de cuotas de genero adecuadamente disenadas tiene un fuerte impacto positivo en la eleccion de mujeres: cuando cuotas bien disenadas estan en vigencia, el uso de listas cerradas da lugar a un mayor porcentaje de legisladoras electas (respecto a las listas abiertas), debido principalmente a la superioridad de los sistemas de listas cerradas cuando un partido logra dos asientos en un distrito.
Future Power Delivery Systems

Summary form only given. This presentation will focus on the current research aimed at development of future electric power delivery and management systems that will be needed for integrating highly distributed and scalable alternative generating sources and storage with existing power distribution systems.
Crime and punishment: A social welfare analysis

This article is a review and extension of the literature on the social welfare analysis of crime and punishment. Gary Becker's seminal article is summarized, and several extensions and criticisms of Becker's model are reviewed. It is shown that the nature of the underlying social welfare function is the crucial assumption in all of the literature. A more general model is then introduced, in which the utilities of victims of crime, criminals, and other citizens have different weights in a social welfare function.
Two-Dimensional Condensation of DNA Molecules on Cationic Lipid Membranes

DNA molecules adsorbed onto supported cationic lipid membranes are highly condensed. The 2-D condensation requires the presence of free DNA molecules in the solution for a period about 12 h, in which the ratio of adsorbed DNA to the free DNA is about 5% or less. Once condensed, the adsorbed DNA molecules remain on the membrane after removing free DNA molecules in the solution. The adsorption−condensation of both the linear and the circular forms of DNA onto the cationic membrane is independent of the length of DNA. For the condensed DNA, the interhelical distance increases with increase in the concentration of monovalent Na+ ions. The fluidity of the membrane is essential to induce the close packing of the adsorbed DNA. Possible mechanisms of our findings are discussed.
Vesicle trafficking plays a novel role in erythroblast enucleation

Enucleation of mammalian erythroblasts is a process whose mechanism is largely undefined. The prevailing model suggests that nuclear extrusion occurs via asymmetric cytokinesis. To test this hypothesis, we treated primary erythroblasts with inhibitors of cytokinesis, including blebbistatin, hesperadin, and nocodazole, and then assayed for enucleation. Although these agents inhibited cell-cycle progression and subsequent enucleation when added early in culture, they failed to block enucleation proper when added to postmitotic cells. These results suggest that contraction of the actomyosin ring is not essential for nuclear expulsion. Next, by ultrastructural examination of primary erythroblasts, we observed an accumulation of vacuoles in the cytoplasm proximal to the extruding nucleus. This finding led us to hypothesize that vesicle trafficking contributes to erythroblast enucleation. Here, we show that chemical inhibitors of vesicle trafficking block enucleation of primary erythroblasts without affecting differentiation, cell division, or apoptosis. Moreover, knock-down of clathrin inhibited the enucleation of late erythroblasts. In contrast, vacuolin-1, a small molecule that induces vacuole formation, increased the percentage of enucleated cells. Together, these results illustrate that vesicle trafficking, specifically the formation, movement, and subsequent coalescence of vacuoles at the junction of the nucleus and the cytoplasm, is a critical component of mammalian erythroblast enucleation.
315 MECHANISMS FOR SUPERIOR HYPEROXIC TOLERANCE IN NEWBORN STREPTOZOTOCIN OFFSPRING

Newborn offspring of streptozotocin-diabetic rats have surprisingly superior tolerance to hyperoxic exposure compared to control offspring (Ped. Res. 18:298A, 1984). By day 13 of exposure to 95-100% O2, 79% of streptozotocin offspring had survived, whereas only 20% of controls were alive, p<0.01. In order to determine the mechanism(s) of this improved survival, we examined baseline levels of whole lung disaturated phosphatidylcholine (DSPC) and antioxidant enzymes (AOE)(superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GP)); and DSPC, AOE and lung microscopic morphometry following 4½ days of hyperoxic exposure in newborn streptozotocin (S) and control (C) offspring. There was a significant elevation in DSPC in S offspring pre-exposure (5.30±0.76 vs. 3.71±p.42mg/g lung, p<0.05), but not in DSPC post-exposure (2.36±0.45 vs. 2.28±0.22). Although no differences in AOE were found pre-exposure, elevations in AOE in response to O2 were greater in S offspring. (Δ compared to pre-exposure Morphometric examination revealed a significantly smaller mean linear intercept in the O2-exposed S (1.46±.15) vs. C (1.87+ .01mm × 10−2)(p<0.01), indicating lesser O2 inhibition of alveolar formation. These results suggest that newborn S offspring may manifest increased survival in high O2 by increased ability to stimulate AOE and to preserve normal lung development.
Carbohydrate metabolism in flight muscle of thi tsetse fly (Glossina) and the blowfly (Sarcophagus part ii

Abstract 1. 1. Activities of the enzymes involved in the breakdown of triose phosphate to pyruvate in blowfly and tsetse-fly flight muscle have been, determined. The activities of these enzymes were between three and eight times as high in the former. Only traces of lactic dehydrogenase could be detected in the blowfly and none at all in the tsetse fly. 2. 2. The activity of L-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was only twice as high in die blowfly as in the tsetse fly. 3. 3. Glycolysis, as measured by the formation of pyruvate from glucose, giucose-6-phosphate, and fructose-6-phosphate, was very much higher in the blowfly than in the tsetse fly. 4. 4. These results indicate the possibility that L-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase may be a relatively important enzyme in the tsetse fly but that this insect relies on metabolic pathways other than glycolysis to supply energy for flight,
Next to leading order effective potential in the 2+1 dimensional Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model at finite temperature

The finite temperature effective potential in the 2+1 dimensional Nambu{endash}Jona-Lasinio model is constructed up to the next to leading order in the large {ital N} expansion, where {ital N} is the number of flavors in the model. The distinctive feature of the analysis is an inclusion of an additional scalar field, which allows us to circumvent the well known, and otherwise unavoidable problem with the imaginary contribution to the effective potential. In accordance with the Mermin-Wagner-Coleman theorem, applied to the dimensionally reduced subsystem of the zero Matsubara modes of the composite boson fields, the finite temperature effective potential reveals a global minimum at the zero of the composite order parameter. This allows us to conclude that the continuous global symmetry of the NJL model is not broken for any arbitrarily small, finite temperature. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Intimate partner violence against African American women: An examination of the socio-cultural context

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public health concern that affects an alarmingly high percentage of women. There is evidence to suggest that African American women are impacted by IPV at higher rates than are Caucasian women, yet little of the IPV literature addresses the cultural and structural factors that differentially affect African American and Caucasian couples. The present paper reviews the existing literature on IPV towards African American women, including prevalence, theories, risk factors for victimization, victims' psychological sequelae, barriers to service utilization, coping strategies, and interventions for survivors and perpetrators of IPV. Recommendations for counseling, research, and policy are explored.
Phase transition and dislocation nucleation in Cu–Nb layered composites during physical vapor deposition

Using classical molecular dynamics simulations, we have investigated the growth of {111} Cu on Nb {110} surface. Our results reveal that the deposited Cu layer initially grows as body-centered cubic (bcc) and Vernier misfits are observed in the interface of bcc Cu and bcc Nb. As it continues to grow, the bcc Cu {110} transforms into face-centered cubic (fcc) Cu {111}. The phase transition starts after the bcc Cu layer has accumulated about 3 monolayers and is finished depending on deposition parameters. Nuclei of fcc Cu {111} form in the top surface of Cu and grow in plane and toward the interface. Partial dislocations in the fcc Cu layer nucleate during the late stage of the transition, and the stacking faults grow as the Cu layer thickens.
Transport mechanisms of larval and pelagic juvenile bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) from South Atlantic Bight spawning grounds to Middle Atlantic Bight nursery habitats

In this study we examined the mechanisms by which Pomatomus saltatrix (Pisces: Pomatomidae) larvae and pelagic juveniles are transported from South Atlantic Bight spawning grounds to Middle Atlantic Bight estuarine nursery habitats. Data on larval and pelagic juvenile distributions, estuarine juvenile recruitment, hydrography, wind speed and direction and satellite-derived, sea surface temperature were used to examine potential larval transport mechanisms. On the basis of these analyses, a scenario for northward transport of P. saltatrix was developed. Gulf Stream-associated flow moves P. saltatrix larvae northeastward from their South Atlantic Bight spawning grounds. Larval transport from the Gulf Stream to the Middle Atlantic Bight shelf edge occurs in warm-core ring streamers, but some more developed individuals may swim across. Finally, P. saltatrix pelagic juveniles actively swim across the Middle Atlantic Bight shelf, a behavior initiated when the surface shelf-slope temperature front dissipates in late spring. This scenario predicts that the number of South Atlantic Bight-spawned P. saltatrix juveniles entering estuaries (i.e. recruitment) is determined in part by warm-core ring streamer activity. The timing of recruitment, however, is determined almost entirely by the timing of the dissipation of the surface shelf-slope temperature front.
A Class of Nonhydrostatic Global Models.

Abstract A Cartesian, small- to mesoscale nonhydrostatic model is extended to a rotating mountainous sphere, thereby dispensing with the traditional geophysical simplifications of hydrostaticity, gentle terrain slopes, and weak rotation. The authors discuss the algorithmic design, relative efficiency, and accuracy of several different variants (hydrostatic, nonhydrostatic, implicit, explicit, elastic, anelastic, etc.) of the global model and prepare the ground for a future “global cloud model”—a research tool to study effects of small- and mesoscale phenomena on global flows and vice versa. There are two primary threads to the discussion: (a) presenting a novel semi-implicit anelastic global dynamics model as it naturally emerges from a small-scale dynamics model, and (b) demonstrating that nonhydrostatic anelastic global models derived from small-scale codes adequately capture a broad range of planetary flows while requiring relatively minor overhead due to the nonhydrostatic formulation of the governing...
Full spectrum absorption through 1eV-tuning in a p-i (MQW)-n high efficiency solar cell

Demonstration of a highly successful new solar cell design is pursued in this letter. We propose a new high efficiency solar cell design, consisting of two cells in tandem: the top cell is a triple n+ - n - p hetero-junction and the bottom one is a p - i - n multi-quantum well cell tuned at 1eV through appropriate (narrow-wide gap) hetero-layers. Both PV sub-units may stand (with individual collection efficiency values at 19.7 and 22.19% respectively) alone as individual solar cells, but in this case they contribute solar photon absorption from the visible to the infrared sector of the solar spectrum. Tuning at 1eV offers a chance for solar photon absorption at long wavelengths (especially at 1,240 nm), while small variation of quantum well widths generates optical gap variation in the neighborhood near and above of the mentioned value. Absorption edge tuning is a reasonable selection for long wavelength absorption (at 1ev and beyond). Efficiency values above the 40% threshold seem to be feasible with improvements of this design. We conclude that for a suitable selection of well width values, most (if not all) of the long IR solar spectrum can be absorbed.
Phonological Recoding in Lexical Decision at Recognition Threshold

The phonological recoding model of lexical access was tested in two experiments. In Experiment 1, college students were presented words and nonwords at recognition threshold for lexical decision. Nonwords homophonous with real words (homophonous nonwords) and nonwords nonhomophonous with real words (nonhomophonous nonwords) were used. The phonological recoding model predicts more errors on homophonous nonwords as a result of false matches in the subjects' internal lexicons. Blocks of items with homophonous nonwords led to significantly poorer performance as measured by percent correct and d'. Experiment 2 was a replication of Experiment 1 with the addition of a spelling test to eliminate poor spellers. The d' measure again supported the phonological recoding model. These data were compared to those of Stanovich and Bauer (1978) which led to a conclusion against phonological recoding. This discrepancy was considered in light of the task differences, and the presence of a mask was thought to be important. T...
Experimental Assessment of Factors Influencing Microhabitat Selection by the Two Tidepool Fishes Oligocottus maculosus and O. snyderi

Oligocottus maculosus Girard and O. snyderi Greeley are two similar tidepool fishes with differing, but overlapping, intertidal distribution patterns. The factors influencing microhabitat selection and distribution patterns were experimentally assessed to elucidate the mechanisms by which the two species partition the resources of the intertidal environment. O. snyderi displays a much more rigid substrate-cover requirement. This, combined with its stenothermal nature serve to strongly restrict the intertidal distribution of this species. O. maculosus has a more generalized substrate-cover requirement and is also known to be eurythermal and euryhaline. Thus, O. maculosus is a ubiquitous intertidal species. Other behavioral attributes of O. maculosus, such as its tide-related locomotor activity and preference for shallow water, facilitate its particular intertidal distribution pattern. Similar depth preferences or tide-related activity were not observed in O. snyderi. Interspecific competition and related agonistic behavior were absent from both species and are probably not important to their microhabitat selection and intertidal distribution patterns.
Preparation and characterization of plasma‐polymerized N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone films

Preparation dans un reacteur a ecoulement continu de couches minces hydrophiles, homogenes, a structure tres ramifiee. Relation lineaire entre la vitesse de deposition et la vitesse d'ecoulement de la pyrrolidone. Composition du film homogene a travers le reacteur, avec une teneur en azote inversement proportionnelle a la puissance du plasma et a l'angle de contact
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma presenting as submandibular swelling and palatal ulceration

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma frequently produces cervical lymphadenopathy, and much less frequently involvement of the nonlymphoid tissues of the head and neck region. This report describes a case ofsystemic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that first presented as an asymptomatic submandibular swelling combined with a firm, ulcerated palatal mass. Physical examination and radiologic studies indicated involvement of anterior and posterior cervical lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and periaortic tissues. Histologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic studies of the palatal tissue and iliac bone marrow showed the neoplasm to be a diffuse, small, cleaved lymphocytic lymphoma of B-cell origin.
Compact printed-on-CD UHF RFID tag antennas

In this paper, we present custom design of UHF RFID tag antennas for the identification of stacked in a package CDs. The main challenge of such a design has been the size minimization of the antenna elements since the tag is allowed to occupy a circular area of 33.5 mm in diameter on the central part of an actual CD free from metallization. At the same time, tag antennas have been optimized for the required direct complex impedance matching with the IC chip.
The choice of tracking features in ultrasound-based strain imaging analysis

In order to quantify the left ventricular (LV) strain variation from echocardiographic data, the use of the underlying radio frequency (RF) signal is sometimes proposed to provide higher estimation precision than the B-scan signal. In this paper, we argue that this approach is appropriate only when the deformation between two successive frames is very small. In the analysis of large deformation (such as cardiac deformation), the advantage of using RF signal disappears. Simulation and phantom studies show that the B-scan signal is more robust to frame-to-frame decorrelation than the RF signal when the correlation coefficient of the corresponding RF signal is lower than a threshold value, which is typically equal to 0.985.
Lidase treatment of spinal cord transected rats

Russian investigators have recently reported clinical recovery of enzyme treated, spinal cord transected rats. Using the exact protocols outlined by Matinian and Andreasian, we repeated a portion of their experiment using a Lidase preparation manufactured in the USSR. Animals were evaluated for return of bladder function, clinical evidence of hind limb motor function, cortical evoked response after sciatic nerve stimulation, and axonal transport of cortically injected tritiate proline by regenerated corticospinal axons. The only difference between treated and control animals was that the mean total body weight of the treated animals increased more than that of controls (p less than 0.05). No animal walked, had return of voluntary motor activity, showed cortical evoked response, or had evidence for transport of tritiated proline over regenerated corticospinal axons.
Examining Infants' Cortisol Responses to Laboratory Tasks among Children Varying in Attachment Disorganization: Stress Reactivity or Return to Baseline?.

Cortisol is a hormone involved in mounting a stress response in humans. The evidence of stress reactivity among young children has been mixed, however. In the present study, the order of two laboratory tasks (i.e., Strange Situation and play) was counterbalanced, and home saliva samples were obtained. Saliva samples were also collected upon the children's arrival at the laboratory and at 40, 65, and 80 min after arrival. The authors examined changes in cortisol using piecewise hierarchical linear modeling, testing whether observed increases reflected a return to baseline or stress reactivity. An interaction between attachment disorganization and task emerged, such that disorganized infants showed increases in cortisol in response to the stressor compared with play, whereas organized infants did not show cortisol reactivity to either task. Implications for the buffering effects of maternal care on stress reactivity are discussed.
Nonenzymatic Browning via the Maillard Reaction in Foods

Nonenzymatic glycosylation of human hemoglobin has recently received increased attention because of its relevance to diabetes mellitus. The reaction of carbohydrates and protein, often called the Maillard reaction, is well known in the food industry. The Maillard reaction is actually a complex scheme of many reactions and is the primary type of nonenzymatic browning that can occur in dehydrated or semimoist foods during storage. This reaction results from reducing compounds, primarily sugars, reacting with proteins, peptides, amino acids, or free amine groups and results in changes in the aesthetic, functional, and nutritional properties of the food in which the reaction occurs. In the present review, no attempt is made to cover all the literature. Rather, attention is given to the various chemical and physical factors that can affect the Maillard reaction in foods. Chemical factors include the type and amount of initial reactant species, pH, water content or water activity, and the presence of substances such as liquid humectants and bisulfite. In addition physical factors such as processing and storage temperature, atmospheric oxygen, and packaging during storage can affect the Maillard reaction in foods.
Delayed Generation of Antibodies Mediating Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Specific Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity in Vertically Infected Infants

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) antibody titers were serially measured from birth to 24 months in the plasma of 14 intrapartum-infected and 10 uninfected infants born to HIV-1-infected women. The mean ADCC antibody titers measured at birth in infected and uninfected infants were similar (10 -3.9 and 10 -4.0 , respectively), suggesting that ADCC antibodies did not protect infants from the intrapartum transmission of HIV-1. In infected infants, ADCC titers at birth did not predict subsequent clinical disease course. The active production of HIV-1-specific ADCC antibodies was detected in most infected infants only after 12 months of age, well after the loss of passively acquired maternal ADCC antibody. The delayed production of ADCC antibodies in infancy may account, in part, for the less efficient control of viral replication and more rapid disease progression following vertical infection compared with that in adults.
A classification of one-dimensional cellular automata using infinite computations

This paper proposes an application of the Infinite Unit Axiom and grossone, introduced by Yaroslav Sergeyev (see Sergeyev (2003, 2009, 2013, 2008, 2008) 15-19]), to classify one-dimensional cellular automata whereby each class corresponds to a different and distinct dynamical behavior. The forward dynamics of a cellular automaton map are studied via defined classes. Using these classes, along with the Infinite Unit Axiom and grossone, the number of configurations that equal those of a given configuration, in some finite central window, under an automaton map can now be computed. Hence a classification scheme for one-dimensional cellular automata is developed, whereby determination in a particular class is dependent on the number of elements in their respective forward iteration classes.
Radical hysterectomy with preoperative intracavitary therapy for stage IB squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix.

Abstract A retrospective study of 119 patients, ranging from 30 to 69 years of age, was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of preoperative radium for patients with Stage IB squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix; (Intl. Federation of Gynecologists & Obstetricians, 1974), who underwent radical hysterectomy. Sixty one patients who had radical hysterectomy without preoperative radium were compared to 58 patients who received preoperative radium. The patients receiving radium systems had an uncorrected 5 year survival rate of 90% while the patients without preoperative radium had an 80% 5 year rate of survival. This difference in survival was judged to be secondary to the greater incidence of lymphatic invasion and residual tumor in the surgical specimens of the patients who did not receive preoperative radium. In the group of patients that was treated with intracavitary radium therapy preoperatively, 5% had recurrences in the pelvis, while in the group treated with surgery alone, 15% had recurrences in the pelvis. The occurrence of significant gastrointestinal and urinary tract complications was identical in the two groups.