cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Manufacturing Job Loss in U.S. Deindustrialized Regions—Its Consequences and Implications for the Future: Examining the Conventional Wisdom

The loss of manufacturing jobs in the United States has been widely noted in the popular press as well as in public policy debate. We examine several of the most prominently made assertions about manufacturing decline and its consequences for deindustrializing metropolitan areas and find not all of them supported by the data. In particular, we find that, given their industrial structure some of these areas performed better than expected, that long-term economic distress was not inevitable, that manufacturing remains an important component in many metropolitan area economies, and that much of the growth in the service sector is based upon or complementary to the existence of manufacturing. We also find that low growth in these deindustrialized areas was due more to these regions losing their market share of individual industries to other U.S. regions than it was to the areas having an adverse industrial structure, that economies that were more diversified in 1980 did not have greater employment growth from 1980-2011 than those that were less diverse, and that declines in manufacturing did result in a movement of jobs from relatively high-wage to relatively low-wage industries and thus a decline in earnings per jobs.
A Optimal Design of the Second Grade Level Net in Fuo shan

The paper introduces the optimal design of the second grade level net in Fuoshan,expounds the evaluating method on accuracy for different net pattern based on the principle of indirect balancing and the computing function of the EXCEL matrix,and selects a pattern which meets the needs of national norm for net form,the density of point,accuracy and reliability.
EXPERIMENT AND APPLICATION OF SLAB WIDTHREDUCTION PREDICTION MODEL ON ROUGHINGSTANDS OF HOT STRIP MILL

Based on previous works on experiments with Pb and FEM simulation,the productive experiments were carried out for mathematical deformation model study for width reduction process on roughing stands of hot strip mill at Benxi,a new rolling schedule has been developed and put into practice,as the result the width tolerance has been improved greatly
Urological Dysfunction in Patients with Diastematomyelia

AbstractLittle information exists concerning voiding dysfunction associated with diastematomyelia (splitting of the spinal cord). We present 27 patients 4 days to 62 years old (mean 13 years) who underwent neurosurgical intervention for treatment of this disorder. Of these patients 14 had urological evaluation, with 11 having undergone video urodynamics. Nine patients had minimal urological manifestations. No patient had a urodynamically proved hostile bladder nor evidence of upper urinary tract deterioration. In our experience, patients with a spinal cord fixation syndrome resulting from diastematomyelia not associated with a meningomyelocele appear to have a relatively benign course in terms of the urological manifestations. However, due to the lack of reports concerning the urological findings in this occult dysraphic state, we still suggest upper and lower urinary tract evaluation and followup.
Cryopreservation of human spermatozoa correlations of ultrastructural sperm head configuration with sperm motility and ability to penetrate zona-free hamster ova

Freezing and storage of human male gametes is associated with a reduction in the overall semen quality and establishment of pregnancy. This study was done to evaluate the integrity of sperm head ultrastructure (SHU) with computerized and vapor freezing. Comparisons were made between the effect of cryopreservatives glycerol (G) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) on SHU. Twelve ejaculates from five proven fertile donors were studied with the use of routine semen analysis, zona-free hamster ova, and SHU. Both cooling processes, regardless of the preservative used, significantly reduced sperm function and the number of SH with intact plasma membranes. The staged cooling technique was substantially superior to vapor freezing in all parameters analyzed ( P r = 0.98; P
Prostaglandin blockade blunts the natriuresis of elevated renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure

Previous studies have shown that renal interstitial volume expansion (RIVE) increases renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure and urinary sodium excretion. In the present study we investigated whether blockade of prostaglandin synthesis inhibits the increase in fractional sodium excretion induced by RIVE. Expansion of the renal interstitial volume was achieved by injecting 50 microliters of 2.5% albumin solution into a polyethylene matrix chronically implanted in the left kidney. Fractional sodium excretion (FENa), renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure (PI), and urinary prostaglandin excretion (UPGE2) were measured before and after RIVE in eight control, seven meclofenamate-treated, and eight indomethacin-treated rats. RIVE in the control animals resulted in significant increases in PI (delta + 4.2 +/- 0.8 mmHg), in FENa (delta + 1.02 +/- 0.27%), and in UPGE2 (% delta + 150 +/- 38%) without significant changes in glomerular filtration rate. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis with meclofenamate or indomethacin attenuated the natriuretic response and blocked the increase in UPGE2 associated with RIVE. In summary, direct increases in renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure increase UPGE2 and urinary sodium excretion. This natriuretic response is markedly diminished by inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. These studies suggest that prostaglandin synthesis may have an important role in mediating the natriuretic effect of increased renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure during renal interstitial volume expansion.
Scrotal Implantation of the Inflatable Penile Prosthesis

AbstractErectile impotence has been a problem for the patient and a frustration for the physician since the beginning of medical history. The inflatable penile prosthesis rapidly is becoming the standard for treatment of organic erectile impotence. A technique is described for implantation through a single midline scrotal incision. Intra-abdominal reservoir placement is possible through this incision. The technique shortens operative time and hospital stay, and minimizes postoperative patient discomfort. Of the 31 patients who have been managed in this way the postoperative course for 18 is more than 12 months. The results as judged by patient and sexual partner have been excellent to date.
Theory of Manganites: the Key Role of Phase Segregation

Recent computational and mean-field studies of models for manganese oxides have revealed a rich phase diagram, not anticipated in early calculations in this context. In particular, the transition between the antiferromagnetic insulator of the hole-undoped limit and the ferromagnetic metal at finite hole-density was found to occur through a mixed-phase process, with coexisting nanometer size clusters. More recently, the influence of disorder on the first-order transitions present in non-disordered manganite models has been shown to lead to giant cluster coexistence, as reported in several experiments. The size of the clusters can be very large since the two competing phases have the same electronic density. The results are illustrated using the random field Ising model. A plethora of experimental data for manganites and other materials are consistent with the phase segregation scenario. Overall it is concluded that inhomogeneities are the key ingredient regulating the physics of manganites. The ideas are general and should apply not only to manganites but to other compounds as well.
Abstract IA20: Reduced expression of MYC increases longevity and enhances healthspan

MYC is a highly pleiotropic transcription factor whose deregulation promotes cancer. We find that Myc haploinsufficient (Myc+/–) mice exhibit increased lifespan. They show resistance to several age-associated pathologies, including osteoporosis, cardiac fibrosis and immunosenescence. They also appear to be more active, with a higher metabolic rate and healthier lipid metabolism. Transcriptomic analysis reveals a gene expression signature enriched for metabolic and immune processes. The ancestral role of MYC as a regulator of ribosome biogenesis is reflected in reduced protein translation, which is inversely correlated with longevity. We also observe changes in nutrient and energy sensing pathways, including reduced serum IGF-1, increased AMPK activity, and decreased AKT, TOR and S6K activities. In contrast to observations in other longevity models, Myc+/– mice do not show improvements in stress management pathways. Our findings indicate that MYC activity has a significant impact on longevity and multiple aspects of mammalian healthspan. Citation Format: John M. Sedivy. Reduced expression of MYC increases longevity and enhances healthspan. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Myc: From Biology to Therapy; Jan 7-10, 2015; La Jolla, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2015;13(10 Suppl):Abstract nr IA20.
University of Michigan Department of Microbiology and Immunology Recognized as a “Milestones in Microbiology” Site

On 22 October 2015, the University of Michigan Department of Microbiology and Immunology became the twelfth Milestones in Microbiology site designated by ASM. The Milestones program, established to promote greater awareness and appreciation of microbiology, recognizes institutions with a strong history of significant contributions advancing the field of microbiology.
[18F]ML-10 PET: Initial Experience in Glioblastoma Multiforme Therapy Response Assessment

The ability to assess tumor apoptotic response to therapy could provide a direct and prompt measure of therapeutic efficacy. 18F-labeled 2-(5-fluoro-pentyl)-2-methyl-malonic acid ([18F]ML-10) is proposed as a positron emission tomography (PET) apoptosis imaging radiotracer. This manuscript presents initial experience using [18F]ML-10 PET to predict therapeutic response in 4 patients with human glioblastoma multiforme. Each patient underwent [18F]ML-10 PET and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before (baseline) and at ∼2-3 weeks after therapy (early-therapy assessment). All PET and MRI data were acquired using a Siemens BioGraph mMR integrated PET/MRI scanner. PET acquisitions commenced 120 minutes after injection with 10 mCi of [18F]ML-10. Changes in [18F]ML-10 standard uptake values were assessed in conjunction with MRI changes. Time-to-progression was used as the outcome measure. One patient, ML-10 #4, underwent additional sodium-23 (23Na) MRI at baseline and early-therapy assessment. Siemens 3 T Magnetom Tim Trio scanner with a dual-tuned (1H-23Na) head coil was used for 23Na-MRI, acquiring two three-dimensional single-quantum sodium images at two echo times (TE). Volume-fraction-weighted bound sodium concentration was quantified through pixel-by-pixel subtraction of the two single-quantum sodium images. In the cases presented, [18F]ML-10 uptake changes were not clearly related to time-to-progression. We suggest that this may be because the tumors are undergoing varying rates of cell death and growth. Acquisition of complementary measures of tumor cell proliferation or viability may aid in the interpretation of PET apoptosis imaging.
How Do You Want That Insulator

An expert chef can take ordinary foods and bring out extraordinary flavors and textures, usually through a combination of the right ingredients and exacting cooking techniques. If the electrical conductivity of a material can be thought of as the flavor of a dish, nature can serve up specialties, such as ceramic insulators that become superconductors when served cold and when the ingredients (the chemical components) are carefully tuned. Superconductivity is an example of an emergent quantum phenomenon—one that is created by the coordinated motion of many particles ( 1 ). On page 560 of this issue, Xu et al. ( 2 ) report how tuning the composition of normal insulators can turn them into topological insulators, which are another example of materials exhibiting emergent quantum phenomena ( 3 – 5 ). This result has important implications for the promise of topological insulators in lower-power devices that rely on electron spin rather than charge.
A Two-Tiered Strategy for Preventing Complications of Bereavement in the First Thirteen Months Post-Loss: A Pilot Study Using Peer Supports with Professional Therapist Back-up

This feasibility and acceptance pilot study for preventing complications of bereavement within the first year post loss recruited 20 adult grievers within 9 months of becoming bereft and assigned consenting subjects to peer supporters trained by a non-profit bereavement support organization for weekly or bi-weekly telephone-based peer support until month 13 post-loss. Subjects who met DSM-5 criteria for major depressive disorder or showed an Inventory of Complicated Grief (ICG) score exceeding 19, 6 months or more post loss, were assigned to 12 to 16 weeks of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) with an experienced therapist. Eight and six subjects completed the protocol assigned to peer support and IPT, respectively, with pre/post Patient Health Questionnaire-9 scores of 5.38 (2.45) versus 3.25 (4.13) (p = 0.266) and 16.67 (7.17) versus 8.40 (5.73) (p =0.063); and pre/post ICG scores of 12.50 (4.72) versus 5.00 (2.51) (p = 0.016) and 35.17 (5.12) versus 8.4 (5.73) (p = 0.063). Implications of this two-tiered model of early intervention for preventing complications of grief are discussed.
Corrosion Control of Modern Light Rail Transit (LRT) Systems

Since the introduction of electrified transit systems in the United States there has been a number of advancements in the field of corrosion control related to light rail transit (LRT) systems. Modern day direct current (dc) powered LRT systems have been designed with a variety of corrosion control features built-in.Most of the research into corrosion control and the mitigation of stray currents known as electrolysis in the early days of electrified transit systems first appeared extensively in papers prepared and presented by personnel of the National Bureau of Standards. This research has led to better protection against corrosion of transit systems and nearby structures throughout the years.Due to the ever increasing number of transit systems being built or upgraded, it’s essential to incorporate the installation, testing and monitoring of corrosion control measures in these transit systems. By integrating these corrosion control features into the design of LRT systems and subsystems, it will help to prevent premature corrosion failures on LRT fixed facilities and other structures. This paper identifies the main causes of corrosion and how corrosion control can be implemented into the design of LRT systems to prevent damage to the transit system and other structures.Copyright © 2017 by ASME
Metabolites and microbial composition of stool of women with fecal incontinence: Study design and methods

AIMS This paper aims to report the rationale, design, and the specific methodology of an ongoing nested observational study that will determine the association of the metabolite and microbial composition of stool with fecal incontinence (FI). METHODS Eligible cases are participants with FI enrolled in the Controlling Anal Incontinence in women by Performing Anal Exercises with Biofeedback or Loperamide (CAPABLe) trial, a Pelvic Floor Disorders Network trial across eight clinical centers in the United States. Women of similar age without FI in the last year served as controls. All subject collected stool samples at the baseline and 24-week visit at home using a standardized collection method. Samples were shipped to and stored at centralized laboratories. RESULTS Specimen collection commenced December 2014 and was completed in May 2016. Fecal water and DNA has been extracted and is currently being analyzed by targeted metabolic profiling for stool metabolites and 16S rRNA gene sequencing for stool microbiota. CONCLUSIONS This article describes the rationale and design of a study that could provide a paradigm shift for the treatment of FI in women.
Swimming rhythm generation in the caudal hindbrain of the lamprey

Although it has been well established that locomotor rhythm generation occurs in the spinal cord of vertebrates, it was unknown whether the hindbrain of the adult vertebrate nervous system can also...
Additional Koan/Anagram II Results

The previous chapters have used the layout results of several representative circuits to illustrate the functional capabilities of the KOAN placer and the ANAGRAM II router. This chapter describes the tools in the context of a complete analog layout system. We begin this discussion with an overview of the KOAN/ANAGRAM II system. We then move on to make same additional comparisons between KOAN/ANAGRAM II results and manual layouts. We demonstrate the technology independence of the system by presenting a layout in a BiMOS technology and we show a very encouraging fabrication example of a high-performance operational amplifier. We conclude the chapter by describing a novel re-spacing capability which we have developed to enhance the robustness of the KOAN/ANAGRAM II layout system.
Porous adsorbents for vehicular natural gas storage: a review

Methane adsorption data (both experimental and simulated) under conditions of direct relevance for vehicular natural gas storage, i.e., at 500 psig and ambient temperature, has been compiled from the literature for various microporous adsorbents and discussed in this work. Characterization of microporosity has been briefly reviewed, followed with a discussion on the porous structure of natural gas adsorbents. A common trend of gravimetric methane adsorption capacity scaling with surface area among the diverse microporous adsorbents (viz., coals, carbons, zeolites, silica gel and an MCM-41 type material) is demonstrated. Further, it is substantiated and emphasized that increasing the adsorbent surface area on a volumetric basis is very important for vehicular natural gas storage where the fuel storage volume is a constraint. The effect of other adsorbent properties such as heat of adsorption and heat capacity on the natural gas storage capacity is also discussed.
Leveraging Patient-Reported Outcomes Using Data Visualization.

Background Health care organizations increasingly use patient-reported outcomes (PROs) to capture patients' health status. Although federal policy mandates PRO collection, the challenge remains to better engage patients in PRO surveys, and ensure patients comprehend the surveys and their results. Objective This article identifies the design requirements for an interface that assists patients with PRO survey completion and interpretation, and then builds and evaluates the interface. Methods We employed a user-centered design process that consisted of three stages. First, we conducted qualitative interviews and surveys with 13 patients and 11 health care providers to understand their perceptions of the value and challenges associated with the use of PRO measures. Second, we used the results to identify design requirements for an interface that collects PROs, and designed the interface. Third, we conducted usability testing with 12 additional patients in a hospital setting. Results In interviews, patients and providers reported that PRO surveys help patients to reflect on their symptoms, potentially identifying new opportunities for improved care. However, 6 out of 13 patients reported significant difficultly in understanding PRO survey questions, answer choices and results. Therefore, we identified aiding comprehension as a key design requirement, and incorporated visualizations into our interface design to aid comprehension. In usability testing, patients found the interface highly usable. Conclusion Future interfaces designed to collect PROs may benefit from employing strategies such as visualization to aid comprehension and engage patients with surveys.
A semi-analytical method for oblique gust - cascade interaction

Abstract A semi-analytical method is proposed for calculating the response of a linear cascade with spanwise mean flow subject to oblique gusts. It is developed based on the boundary value problems defined by Lloyd and Peake (AIAA paper 2008–2840). A gust strength parameter is introduced and the correct three-dimensional (3-D) response is obtained. The classic similarity rules are extended; the approach can be used to extend any 2-D methods to account for oblique gusts and 3-D mean flows. It is validated against analytical approximations for single-airfoil and cascade responses. The method is used to investigate the effect of gust angle α g on the unsteady lift and the sound field. It is found that as α g increases, the 2-D equivalent response varies slightly. However, the 3-D lift is amplified by factor 1 / cos α g , and the spanwise phase variation increases. Cascade effects are also studied. The inter-blade phase angle (IBPA) is important even for very low solidity. As the solidity increases, the chordwise distribution of lift is no longer leading-edge dominant. Cascade effects are small only when the cascade blade count is lower than a limit. A statistics analysis reveals that Mach number is the most important parameter for determining this blade count limit, and frequency is the least important.
CELAM and the emerging reception of the “Bridge Theology” of Pope Francis: from Marcos Gregorio Mcgrath to the Latin American church today

The Second Vatican Council has a special significance in Latin America. This is especially true due to the influence of the document Gaudium et Spes (The Church in the Modern World). This took place at the Medellin Conference (1968) when Bishop Marcus Gregorio McGrath, C.S.C., pointed to this influence through his keynote address “The Signs of the Times.” He was prepared for this moment through his earlier theological training in Europe and his pastoral missions, especially in Chile and Panama. It was his earlier practice of Catholic Action among young lay persons that led him into the “bridge theology” that was to be promoted further by Pope Francis.
Studying Homeless and Incarcerated Persons: A Comparative Account of Doing Field Research With Hard-to-Reach Populations

In this article, I discuss the process of conducting research with two vulnerable and hard-to-reach populations (homeless and incarcerated men) in three research locations characterized by varying levels of gatekeeping: a prison, public streets in an urban city, and a residential facility for homeless men. I argue that, despite the obstacles to independent research that gatekeepers (officials who can grant or deny researchers access to participants) pose, research with vulnerable, hard-to-reach populations in different field sites reveals some of the benefits of using field sites characterized by gatekeeping and strict rules to which researchers must adhere. Many of these benefits, however, go unacknowledged in discussions of access in qualitative studies—especially in the penological literature. I conclude that, instead of shying away from qualitative prison studies, researchers should take advantage of the benefits that prisons offer as field sites.
Knowledge, motivations, expectations, and traits of an African, African-American, and Afro-Caribbean sequencing cohort and comparisons to the original ClinSeq® cohort.

Racial minority populations are underrepresented in genomics research. This study enrolled African-descended individuals in a sequencing study and reported their characteristics. We purposively recruited 467 individuals self-identified as African, African American, or Afro-Caribbean to the ClinSeq® study and surveyed them about knowledge, motivations, expectations, and traits. Summary statistics were calculated and compared with data from the study’s original cohort, which was primarily White and self-referred. Recruitment took five years and 83% of enrollees completed the survey. Participants had modest knowledge about benefits and limitations of sequencing (xs = 5.1, ranges: 0–10), and less than the original cohort (x = 7.5 and 7.7, respectively). Common motivations to enroll were learning information relevant to personal health (49%) or family members’ health (33%), and most had realistic expectations of sequencing. Like the original cohort, they had high levels of optimism, openness, and resilience. Early adopters may have relatively consistent personality traits irrespective of majority/minority status and recruitment methods, but high levels of genomics knowledge are not universal. Research should determine whether recruitment and consent procedures provide adequate education to promote informed choices and realistic expectations, which are vital to ethical research and increasing genomics research participation in underrepresented communities.
Endocardial Notch Signaling Promotes Cardiomyocyte Proliferation in the Regenerating Zebrafish Heart through Wnt Pathway Antagonism

Summary Previous studies demonstrate that the regenerative zebrafish heart responds to injury by upregulating Notch receptors in the endocardium and epicardium. Moreover, global suppression of Notch activity following injury impairs cardiomyocyte proliferation and induces scarring. However, the lineage-specific requirements for Notch signaling and full array of downstream targets remain unidentified. Here, we demonstrate that inhibition of endocardial Notch signaling following ventricular amputation compromises cardiomyocyte proliferation and stimulates fibrosis. RNA sequencing uncovered reduced levels of two transcripts encoding secreted Wnt antagonists, Wif1 and Notum1b, in Notch-suppressed hearts. Like Notch receptors, wif1 and notum1b are induced following injury in the endocardium and epicardium. Small-molecule-mediated activation of Wnt signaling is sufficient to impair cardiomyocyte proliferation and induce scarring. Last, Wnt pathway suppression partially restored cardiomyocyte proliferation in hearts experiencing endocardial Notch inhibition. Taken together, our data demonstrate that Notch signaling supports cardiomyocyte proliferation by dampening myocardial Wnt activity during zebrafish heart regeneration.
Quantification of α-Acids in Fresh Hops by Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

This publication describes a method for the quantification by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of resinous compounds known as α-acids found in freshly harvested, unprocessed hops. This method provides consistent, efficient, and accurate results as well as the theories and rationale involved in HPLC method development. A system of quality checks was utilized as well as the validation of numerous developmental variables. By starting with a theoretical approach in preparation, extraction, and instrumental techniques and then further developing these practices by experimentation, a reproducible method was developed. Following the validation, fresh cascade hops grown in Sonoma County were analyzed during the 2017 harvest season and found to be within the predicted range specific to this cultivar. This method encompasses the techniques necessary to analyze fresh or dried hops, considering variability between different laboratories.
Stem cell therapy for stress urinary incontinence

Stress urinary incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine on effort or physical exertion. It is a highly prevalent condition affecting both men and women. Treatment is performed in a step-wise a...
Case 65: A Cyst in Fourth Ventricle

A 15-year-old boy (60 kg, 5 ft) presents for the removal of a neurocysticercosis cyst from the fourth ventricle. The surgical approach is a transsphenoidal approach. The patient is otherwise healthy, with no allergies. General anesthesia is induced in a routine manner. Anesthesia maintenance is with N2O in oxygen with isoflurane 0.6% and remifentanil 0.05 μg/kg/min. The surgery is progressing as planned. Unfortunately after opening the fourth ventricle, the surgeons find it very difficult to remove the cyst.
Finite Trees Inside Thin Subsets of \({\mathbb R}^{d}\)

Bennett, Iosevich and Taylor proved that compact subsets of \({\mathbb R}^d\), \(d \ge 2\), of Hausdorff dimensions greater than \(\frac{d+1}{2}\) contain chains of arbitrary length with gaps in a non-trivial interval. In this paper we generalize this result to arbitrary tree configurations.
Issues of Justice and Risk: Setting Stopping Criteria in Cluster-Randomized Trials

Justice issues are typically about the fair distribution of benefit or risk within relevant populations and their subgroups. In this case, there is a potential unfair risk burden: Provider racial/e...
Access barriers to genetic services for Spanish‐speaking families in states with rapidly growing migrant populations

Hispanics are among the fastest growing U.S. population segments, accounting for the majority of growth since 2000. Hispanics are heterogeneous and include foreign-born and U.S. citizens, monolingual fluent English speakers, monolingual Spanish-speakers, multilingual speakers, and socioeconomically and educationally diverse subgroups. States within the central United States (U.S.), referred to as the Heartland, have numerically small Hispanic populations, but rapidly growing Hispanic populations that are expanding faster than the overall U.S. Hispanic population. The Hispanic populations across the U.S. are widely known to be medically underserved. This qualitative study identifies barriers native Spanish-speakers experience when locating and accessing genetic services for their children. After providing informed consent, 29 parents in three Heartland states were interviewed and asked about their awareness of available genetic services, utilization of available services and difficulties they encountered when using them. Interviewees reported delayed genetic service referrals, limited availability and inadequate interpretation services, verbal and written communication problems during clinic visits, culturally incongruent healthcare expectations and limited appreciation for how genetic services benefit them. Necessary efforts to understand and improve genetic service access and usefulness for Hispanic populations are underway in the Heartland and elsewhere and should continue to be expanded.
VHF Antenna Far-Field Pattern Measurements at 60 MHz Using an Outdoor Antenna Range for Europa Clipper Mission

Improvements to measurements of a VHF folded dipole operating at 55–65 MHz to be used as part of a radar for a mission to one of Jupiter's moons, Europa, are presented. Previous measurements using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) or small unmanned aerial system (sUAS) are improved upon by reducing systematic errors and more accurately tracking distances within the measurement system on an outdoor measurement range at Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Details of the measurement system setup are presented along with a brief discussion of error sources. Comparing previously collected measurement data with the new measurements reveal an improvement of approximately 0.4 dB in accuracy with an improvement in over 1 dB for error budgets.
Citizen Journalism and Public Cynicism toward Police in the USA

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the source of media imagery on participant cynicism toward the police and explore the relationship between media source and the severity of sanctions imposed on police as a result of the portrayed actions. Participants (N = 93) completed a semantic differential scale measuring participants’ attitudes toward members of various occupations followed by a survey to measure baseline cynicism. Then, participants viewed a video of police behavior which was manipulated according to media source and completed a second cynicism measure and demographic survey. Participants were then asked whether to impose a sanction on the police officers. Results indicated that there were no differences in cynicism between groups prior to viewing the video; however, there were statistically significant differences in cynicism between groups after exposure to Citizen Video Journalism (CVJ) from different media sources revealing that cynicism was greater with the group that viewed CVJ from the social media source than from the broadcast media source. Furthermore, results indicated statistical significance between groups and severity of sanctions imposed on police after CVJ video exposure.
Cardiac fibroblast activation during myocardial infarction wound healing: Fibroblast polarization after MI

Cardiac wound healing after myocardial infarction (MI) evolves from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory to reparative responses, and the cardiac fibroblast is a central player during the entire transition. The fibroblast mirrors changes seen in the left ventricle infarct by undergoing a continuum of polarization phenotypes that follow pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and pro-scar producing profiles. The development of each phenotype transition is contingent upon the MI environment into which the fibroblast enters. In this mini-review, we summarize our current knowledge regarding cardiac fibroblast activation during MI and highlight key areas where gaps remain.
Hydrogen doping in wide-bandgap amorphous In–Ga–O semiconductors

Microscopic mechanisms of the formation of H defects and their role in passivation of under-coordinated atoms, short- and long-range structural transformations, and the resulting electronic properties of amorphous In–Ga–O with In : Ga = 6 : 4 are investigated using computationally-intensive ab initio molecular dynamics simulations and accurate density-functional calculations. The results reveal a stark difference between H-passivation in covalent Si-based and ionic oxide semiconductors. Specifically, it is found that hydrogen doping triggers an extended bond reconfiguration and rearrangement in the network of shared polyhedra in the disordered oxide lattice, resulting in energy gains that outweigh passivation of dangling O-p-orbitals. The H-induced structural changes in the coordination and morphology favor a more uniform charge density distribution in the conduction band, in accord with the improved carrier mobility measured in H-doped In–Ga–O [W. Huang et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2020, 117, 18231]. A detailed structural analysis helps interpret the observed wide range of infrared frequencies associated with H defects and also demonstrate that the room-temperature stability of OH defects is affected by thermal fluctuations in the surrounding lattice, promoting bond migration and bond switching behavior within a short picosecond time frame.
Perceived barriers to Chagas disease screening among a diverse group of prenatal care providers.

Background Chagas disease is a vector borne infection of poverty endemic to Latin America which affects an estimated 40,000 women of child-bearing age in the United States (US). In the US Chagas disease is concentrated among individuals who have lived in endemic areas. Prenatal diagnosis and treatment are needed to prevent congenital transmission. The objective of this study was to assess perceived barriers to Chagas disease screening among prenatal care providers in Obstetrics/Gynecology and Family Medicine Departments of a tertiary care safety-net hospital caring for a significant at-risk population. Methodology/principal findings An anonymous survey was distributed to 178 Obstetrics/Gynecology and Family Medicine practitioners. Of the 66 respondents, 39% thought Chagas screening was very important, and 48% somewhat important as a public health initiative. One third judged screening patients during clinic visits as very important. Most respondents (64%) reported being familiar with Chagas disease. However, only 32% knew how to order a test and only 22% reported knowing what to do if a test was positive. Conclusions/significance These findings will be incorporated into measures to facilitate full implementation of Chagas screening, and can inform initiatives at other centers who wish to address this deeply neglected infection among their patient families. Greater integration of information on Chagas disease screening and treatment in medical and nursing education curricula can contribute to addressing this disease with the focus that its potentially fatal sequelae merit.
Automated Alignment with Respect to a Moving Inductive Wireless Charger

Wireless charging is an attractive technology that often promises increased mobility for electrical devices. However, commonly-available wireless charging systems are generally intolerant to misalignment between the charger and the receiving device due to the need for inductive coupling between the two, defeating the promise of mobility. Many techniques have been studied to address this issue, including improved electrical circuits, novel charger coil designs, and the use of sensors for detecting misalignment. In this paper, a new arrangement of sensing coils is used to detect lateral misalignment between a moving wireless charger and a mobile robot. Data from the sensing coils are used in a dual-loop control of the robot. The inner loop controls the robot velocities and consists of a linear quadratic regulator with integral action. The outer loop provides reference velocities to the inner loop based on the readings of the sensing coils. Using this method, an experimental mobile robot maintains alignment within 2 cm with respect to a 5-W wireless charger that moves up to 0.145 m/s. This automated alignment method is a low-cost solution that enables mobile systems, such as autonomous vehicles, to wirelessly charge while the charger is moving.
Urban lowlands: a history of neighborhoods, poverty, and planning

In Urban Lowlands, Steven Moga provides an important and highly readable comparative case study analysis of four lowland communities: Harlem Flats, New York; Black Bottom, Nashville; Swede Hollow, ...
Res Judicata and Unclaimed Foreign Copyright Infringement

This article focuses on one discrete issue concerning the doctrine of res judicata: whether the doctrine can be expanded to cover previously unraised foreign copyright infringement claims—claims that arose under the law or laws of a foreign (non-forum) country or countries and that the plaintiff did not raise in its prior litigation. The article focuses on U.S. law and considers whether such an expansion might occur given the current scope of res judicata in the United States, and if so, what the implications of the expansion would be for transnational copyright enforcement, such as in cases of copyright infringements on the internet. The article uses Computer Associates v. Altai as an illustrative scenario, discusses i.a. some existing projects on conflict of laws/private international law issues in IP cases, such as the ALI Principles, the CLIP Principles, and the ILA Guidelines, and considers the effects of the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Petrella on res judicata.
The Future of United States Securities Regulation in an Age of Technological Uncertainty

The evolution of information technology will determine the future structure of the world's financial markets. A nuanced appreciation of technology and its implications for financial markets is therefore essential to the design of a successful, modern securities regulation regime. Although the SEC currently ranks as among the most successful federal agencies in responding to changes in information technology, its ability to stay abreast of new developments is open to question. The agency appears to lack an adequate number of staff that are adept in more advanced implications of information technology. It also has no articulated technology strategy. This paper expands on the need to develop a technology strategy and provides five distinct examples of initiatives that could emerge from a more affirmative approach to information technology. These examples suggest: (1) a software-based open architecture redesign of EDGAR; (2) a more aggressive role for the SEC in the definition of financial XML and its integration into the disclosure regime; (3) the use of an open API structure to resolve market fragmentation issues generated by the emergence of ECNs and other novel marketplaces; (4) the application of Internet technology to provide individualized trading risk measures that could be responsive to the agency's concerns regarding suitability; and (5) the application of on-line authentication techniques to reduce the risk of "counterfeit" disclosures, such as those which adversely affected Emulex's and Pairgain's stock prices.
Innate immune activation of CD4 T cells in salmonella-infected mice is dependent on IL-18.

Production of IFN-γ by CD4 T cells is generally thought to be mediated by TCR triggering, however, Ag-nonspecific activation of effector CD8 T cells has been reported in infection models. In this study, we demonstrate that Ag-experienced CD4 T cells in the spleen of Salmonella -infected mice acquire the capacity to rapidly secrete IFN-γ in response to stimulation with bacterial lysate or LPS. This innate responsiveness of T cells was transient and most apparent during, and immediately following, active Salmonella infection. Furthermore, innate T cell production of IFN-γ in response to bacterial lysate or LPS was Ag independent and could be induced in Listeria -infected mice and in the absence of MHC class II expression. IL-18 was required for maximal innate responsiveness of CD4 T cells in Salmonella -infected mice and for optimal bacterial clearance in vivo. These data demonstrate that CD4 T cells acquire the capacity to respond to innate stimuli during active bacterial infection, a process that may contribute significantly to amplifying effector responses in vivo.
Object Perception: Generative Image Models and Bayesian Inference

Humans perceive object properties such as shape and material quickly and reliably despite the complexity and objective ambiguities of natural images. The visual system does this by integrating prior object knowledge with critical image features appropriate for each of a discrete number of tasks. Bayesian decision theory provides a prescription for the optimal utilization of knowledge for a task that can guide the possibly sub-optimal models of human vision. However, formulating optimal theories for realistic vision problems is a non-trivial problem, and we can gain insight into visual inference by first characterizing the causal structure of image features-the generative model. I describe some experimental results that apply generative models and Bayesian decision theory to investigate human object perception.
Medical Device Regulation in China and the US: A Comparison and a Look Forward

This paper explores the history and development of medical device regulation in both the United States and China. Through a detailed investigation of the path each country undertook to arrive at its current state of medical device regulation, it reveals the political and societal barriers each encountered and how these barriers forced regulation in the two countries to develop in two different ways. Due to situational and cultural circumstances, both countries have reacted to both domestic and international stimuli in some very similar and other vastly different ways. Strengths and weaknesses of the regulatory policies and agencies that have emerged in reaction to these stimuli are evaluated in hopes of revealing how much influence situational circumstances have upon a fundamentally identical technology. Ultimately, we formulate a critical understanding of what must be required for China’s medical device industry to “catch-up” to international expectations.
A stochastic model for particle impingements on orbiting spacecraft

A general methodology for simulating particle impingements on orbiting spacecraft is developed. Major steps in the modeling process are presented as (1) modeling objective, (2) construction of the spacecraft geometrical model, (3) simulation of the particles in the space environment, (4) particle impact and subsequent events of interest, and (5) results of the simulation. A simulation of the expected meteoroid impingements on the Hubble Space Telescope and the resulting angular momentum transfers which can cause telescope pointing disturbances is given to illustrate these methods.
Burford Abstention and Judicial Policymaking

The Supreme Court held in Burford v. Sun Oil Co. that federal courts, through an exercise of equitable discretion, could abstain from asserting subject matter jurisdiction over challenges to state administrative agency orders. Since Burford, the Court has failed to reconcile abstention with either Congress’s subject matter jurisdiction statutes or the Constitution, which both arguably require federal courts to exercise jurisdiction when the subject matter is proper. Instead of relying on equitable discretion, I believe federal courts can and should ground Burford abstention in constitutional and statutory restrictions on the types of power that federal courts may exert. Article III of the Constitution and the federal question, diversity, and removal jurisdiction statutes require federal courts to abstain from asserting jurisdiction when doing so would require federal courts to take nonadjudicative action.
Photoionization spectra of CH3I and C2H5I perturbed by CF4 and c-C4F8: electron scattering in halocarbon gases

Photoionization spectra of CH3I and C2H5I doped into perturber halocarbon gases CF4 (up to a perturber number density of 6.1?1020?cm-3) and c-C4F8 (up to a perturber number density of 2.42?1019?cm-3) disclosed a redshift of the dopant autoionizing features that depends linearly on the perturber number density. In the case of CF4, which is transparent in the spectral region of interest, this redshift was verified from the dopant photoabsorption features as well. From the perturber-induced energy shifts of the dopant Rydberg states and ionization energies, the zero-kinetic-energy electron scattering lengths for CF4 and c-C4F8 were found to be -0.180?0.003?nm and -0.618?0.012?nm, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first measurements of zero-kinetic-energy electron scattering lengths for both CF4 and c-C4F8. From these zero-kinetic-energy electron scattering lengths, we find that the zero-kinetic-energy electron scattering cross sections are ? = 4.1?0.2?10-15?cm2 and 4.8?0.2?10-14?cm2 for CF4 and c-C4F8, respectively.
ABSENCE OF A CHLORAMPHENICOL-INSENSITIVE PHASE OF STREPTOMYCIN ACTION

Plotz, Paul H. (Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.) and Bernard D. Davis. Absence of a chloramphenicol-insensitive phase of streptomycin action. J. Bacteriol. 83:802–805. 1962.—Previous findings have suggested the possibility that the damaging effect of streptomycin on the bacterial cell membrane is only preliminary to an intracellular lethal action. Since the membrane effect requires protein synthesis, a two-stage action might be recognized if the second stage did not require protein synthesis. Indeed, it has been reported that Escherichia coli cells, pretreated with streptomycin, are not protected by chloramphenicol from subsequent killing by streptomycin in a nitrogen-free medium. However, we were unable to confirm this report or to observe any chloramphenicol-insensitive phase of streptomycin action in a growth medium. It is, therefore, not yet possible to decide whether the lethal event occurs at the membrane or within the cell.
RENAL PROSTAGLANDINS IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS

Abstract Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis at the prostaglandin synthetase and phospholipase steps could account for acute changes in renal function which are sometimes induced in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (S.L.E.) by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and high-dose corticosteroids, respectively. Renal function in S.L.E. patients seems to be more susceptible to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis than in normal subjects. This susceptibility, in conjunction with increased urinary excretion of prostaglandin compounds, indicates that renal function in S.L.E. patients may depend on enhanced renal prostaglandin production for the maintenance of renal haemodynamics.