cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Decent Respect for Religious Liberty and Religious Equality: Justice O'Connor's Interpretation of the Religion Clauses of the First Amendment

Justice O'Connor's interpretation of the religion clauses of the First Amendment presents a distinct and sophisticated understanding of these two controversial constitutional phrases. In important ways, however, there is both less and more here than initially meets the eye. Despite the conviction with which she presents her constitutional model in this area, O'Connor's religion clause jurisprudence is a work in progress. Her doctrinal approach is incomplete and continually evolving. Moreover, her analysis of certain specific questions is sometimes conclusory. Because they appear to rest so much on O'Connor's own unexplained intuitions, they are only modestly persuasive. Probably everyone familiar with her jurisprudence can identify particular religion clause cases where they would challenge her reasoning and results. Notwithstanding these criticisms, when one steps back from the intricacies of particular cases, it is clear that there is something of very real value that Justice O'Connor has brought to this constitutional enterprise. Her opinions, taken cumulatively, present a multi-dimensional vision that sets out the parameters of the appropriate relationship between religion and government in our society. That vision has a distinctive form and content. I also believe it has great substantive merit. Indeed, although I disagree with some of her religion clause decisions, ifl may be forgiven the vernacular flavor of the expression, I am very much a fan of Justice O'Connor in this area of constitutional law. Accordingly, in this brief essay, I consider it a privilege to be given the opportunity to describe and critically examine Justice O'Connor's interpretation of the Free Exercise Clause and the Establishment Clause in this Symposium issue of the McGeorge Law Review commemorating her twentieth anniversary as a Supreme Court Justice. The focus of the first section of this essay will be the substance of Justice O'Connor's religion clause opinions, with particular attention directed toward the "endorsement" analysis she employs in Establishment Clause cases. A second section addresses the form of O'Connor's interpretation of the religion clauses and her predisposition to utilize standards and balancing tests in this area. Finally, the essay concludes with a brief description of how Justice O'Connor's jurisprudence fits into the history of, and continuing debate over, the meaning of the religion clauses.
New 68ga hbed-bisphosponates and their derivatives as bone imaging agents

1106 Objectives Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using 68Ga labeled bisphosphonates to target bone metastasis may be a valuable tool for cancer diagnosis and for monitoring therapeutic treatment. Methods A series of 68Ga labeled derivatives of N,N′-bis[2-hydroxy-5-(carboxyethyl)benzyl]ethylenediamine-N,N′-diacetic acid (HBED-CC) containing one bisphosphonate group (1a) or derivatives of bisphosphonate-HBED-CC containing conjugated 2-glucosamine (1b), glycine (1c), alanine (1d), aspartic acid (1e), and glutamic acid (1f) were prepared. Results New HBED ligands, 1a-f, reacted rapidly in a sodium acetate buffer with [68Ga]GaCl3 eluted from a commercially available 68Ge/68Ga generator (pH 4, >95% labeling at room temperature in 5 min) to form [68Ga]1a-f. This labeling condition avoids the need for further purification. The biodistribution of [68Ga]1a-f in normal mice after an iv injection showed excellent bone uptake and retention comparable to that of [18F]NaF. MicroPET imaging studies in normal mice showed excellent uptake and retention for [68Ga]1a suggest that it is potentially a useful bone imaging for PET imaging. Conclusions The results suggest that [68Ga]1a-f may be suitable as bone imaging agents in humans, serving as alternatives to the current bone imaging agent of choice, [18F]NaF and [99mTc]MDP. These new agents, [68Ga]1a-f, would provide practical in vivo bone imaging in conjunction with PET without the need of a near-by cyclotron.
A Sparse Coding Interpretation of Neural Networks and Theoretical Implications

Neural networks, specifically deep convolutional neural networks, have achieved unprecedented performance in various computer vision tasks, but the rationale for the computations and structures of successful neural networks is not fully understood. Theories abound for the aptitude of convolutional neural networks for image classification, but less is understood about why such models would be capable of complex visual tasks such as inference and anomaly identification. Here, we propose a sparse coding interpretation of neural networks that have ReLU activation and of convolutional neural networks in particular. In sparse coding, when the model's basis functions are assumed to be orthogonal, the optimal coefficients are given by the soft-threshold function of the basis functions projected onto the input image. In a non-negative variant of sparse coding, the soft-threshold function becomes a ReLU. Here, we derive these solutions via sparse coding with orthogonal-assumed basis functions, then we derive the convolutional neural network forward transformation from a modified non-negative orthogonal sparse coding model with an exponential prior parameter for each sparse coding coefficient. Next, we derive a complete convolutional neural network without normalization and pooling by adding logistic regression to a hierarchical sparse coding model. Finally we motivate potentially more robust forward transformations by maintaining sparse priors in convolutional neural networks as well performing a stronger nonlinear transformation.
Thermal and hybridized magnons

Abstract The investigation of the fundamental excitations of magnetically ordered systems has been at the core of the scientific career of Sergio Rezende. Here, I briefly summarize some of our own recent work that often took inspiration from his research work. In particular, I discuss how heat transported by magnons can give rise to measurable spin currents and how magnons may hybridize with other dynamic excitations. Both of these topics are currently at the core of larger research efforts within the field of magnetism.
An examination of the relative reliability of changing prices income data

Recent studies by researchers, users, preparers, and regulators indicate a renewed interest in the financial reporting of changing prices. The purpose of this paper is to extend prior research in this area and to examine the relative reliability of various changing prices income data. An econometric index of measurement error is utilized to compare the relative reliability of historical cost nominal dollar, historical cost constant dollar, and current cost nominal dollar incomes from continuing operations during the 1979-1983 time period. The results indicate that the current cost nominal dollar income measure was more reliable than the historical cost nominal dollar income measure for several years. These results are consistent with the variety of present proposals to enhance the financial reporting of changing prices in the USA.
North American Fiddle Music: A Research and Information Guide

North American Fiddle Music: A Research and Information Guide is the first large-scale annotated bibliography and research guide on the fiddle traditions of the United States and Canada. These countries, both of which have large immigrant populations as well as Native populations, have maintained fiddle traditions that, while sometimes faithful to old-world or Native styles, often feature blended elements from various traditions. Therefore, researchers of the fiddle traditions in these two countries can not only explore elements of fiddling practices drawn from various regions of the world, but also look at how different fiddle traditions can interact and change. In addition to including short essays and listings of resources about the full range of fiddle traditions in those two countries, it also discusses selected resources about fiddle traditions in other countries that have influenced the traditions in the United States and Canada.
“Squirrel, if You're so Inclined”

AbstractThis paper examines how a rhetorical reading of recipes as narratives can reveal much about how recipe writers interpellate their audiences and what arguments they make about collective identity. I examined two iterations of Brunswick stew recipes from contemporary Southern lifestyle magazines Southern Living and Garden and Gun to see how these two magazines compare in their approach to food, composition of audience, and definitions of Southern identity. I found that the recipe writers of Southern Living used narrative elements in their recipes to reinforce the importance of cooking in the home, addressing the audience as busy suburban mothers, and defining authentic Southern identity as middle class and progressive. Garden and Gun's recipe narrative emphasized cooking in the restaurant, interpellating the audience as upwardly mobile and cosmopolitan. Both magazines use the recipe narrative to direct attention away from the South's “checkered past” and present a post-race New South.
Polarization-maintaining EDFA for optical sensing application, composed of PANDA fiber based low loss and low cross-talk optical components

A polarization-maintaining erbium-doped fiber amplifier (PM-EDFA) for optical sensing systems has been achieved with newly developed PANDA fiber based optical components. It employs 980 nm pumping for good noise performance. A noise figure of 4.1 dB and polarization crosstalk of less than -30 dB have been achieved with a gain of 22 dB.
Adenovirus-Based p53 Gene Therapy in Ovarian Cancer

Abstract Mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene are the most common molecular genetic abnormality to be described in ovarian cancer. To determine the feasibility of mutant p53 as a molecular target for gene therapy in ovarian cancer, we constructed an adenovirus vector containing the wild-type p53 gene. The ability of this adenovirus construct (Ad–CMV–p53) to express p53 protein was examined by Western blot analysis in the H358 lung cancer cell line, which has a homozygous deletion of the p53 gene. The ability of the adenovirus vector system to infect ovarian cancer cells was tested using an adenovirus containing the β-galactosidase reporter gene under the control of the CMV promoter (Ad–CMV–βgal). The ovarian cancer cell line 2774, which contains an Arg273His p53 mutation, was infected with Ad–CMV–βgal, and the infected cells were assayed for β-galactosidase activity after 24 hr. To test the ability of wild-type p53 to inhibit cell growth, the 2774 cell line was infected with Ad–CMV–p53 or Ad–CMV–βgal, and the effect of these agents on the growth of 2774 cells was determined using an in vitro growth inhibition assay. Western blot analysis of lysates from H358 cells infected with Ad–CMV–p53 showed expression of wild-type p53 protein. When 2774 cells were infected with Ad–CMV–βgal at a multiplicity of infection (m.o.i.) of 10 PFU/cell, >90% of cells showed β-galactosidase activity, demonstrating that these cells are capable of efficient infection by the adenovirus vector. Growth of 2774 cells infected with Ad–CMV–p53 was inhibited by >90% compared to noninfected cells. The ability of the adenovirus vector to mediate high-level expression of infected genes and the inhibitory effect of Ad–CMV–p53 on the 2774 cell line suggests that the Ad–CMV–p53 could be further developed into a therapeutic agent for ovarian cancer.
Chiral Ionic Liquids in Chromatographic Separation and Spectroscopic Discrimination

Chiral ionic liquids (CILs) are a subclass of ionic liquids (ILs) in which the cation, anion, or both may be chiral. The chirality can be central, axial, or planar. CILs possess a number of unique advantageous properties which are inherited from ionic liquids including negligible vapor pressure, wide liquidus temperature range, high thermal stability, and high tunability. Due to their dual functionalities as chiral selectors and chiral solvents simultaneously, CILs recently have been widely used both in enantiomeric chromatographic separation and in chiral spectroscopic discrimination. In this chapter, the various applications of CILs in chiral chromatographic separations such as GC, HPLC, CE, and MEKC are reviewed. The applications of CILs in enantiomeric spectroscopic discrimination using techniques such as NMR, fluorescence, and NIR are described. In addition, chiral recognition and separation mechanism using the CILs as chiral selectors or chiral solvents is also discussed.
Scientific Pathway for Compassion

This paper presents a scientific pathway for compassion. The framework presented is for individual, organizational, national, and global transformation and peace. With the framework, an individual may progress to any extent possible for a human being all the way to enlightenment. However, there may be an upper limit to how much progress is possible for specific nations or on a global scale but diligent pursuit of the ideas and concepts should lead to more compassionate nations and a more peaceful world.
First Enzyme of Histidine Biosynthesis and Repression Control of Histidyl-Transfer Ribonucleic Acid Synthetase of Salmonella typhimurium

The regulation of formation of histidyl-transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) synthetase was examined in strains of Salmonella typhimurium. When the first of the histidine-forming enzymes was wild type, the presence of 2-thiazolealanine in the growth medium prevented repression of histidyl-tRNA synthetase formation elicited by the addition of 1, 2, 4-triazole-3-alanine to these cultures. Conversely, thiazolealanine had no effect on repression of histidyl-tRNA synthetase formation by triazolealanine in hisG mutant strains. These data suggest a relationship between the control of histidyl-tRNA synthetase formation and the functional state of the histidine operon.
On internal representations in face recognition systems

Abstract This survey compares internal representations of the recent as well as more traditional face recognition techniques to classify them into several broad categories. The categories assessed include template matching and feature measurements, analysis of global and local facial features, and incorporation of interpersonal and intrapersonal variations of human faces. Analysis of the face recognition systems within those broad categories makes it possible to identify strong and weak sides of each group of methods. The paper argues that a fruitful direction for future research may lie in weighing information about facial features together with localized image features in order to provide a better mechanism for feature selection.
CRYOGENIC FLOW-METERING RESEARCH AT NBS

Abstract One very pressing cryogenic problem is that of cryogenic fluid flow measurement. An NBS programme, which focuses attention on the problem, has as its objectives to (1) establish present state-of-the-art by evaluating existing measurement methods, (2) establish methodology to maintain precision and accuracy of field-measurement devices, and (3) establish a comprehensive programme to develop new cryogenic fluid-measurement systems. The scope of this programme includes a precision measurement capability for measuring the flow of liquid nitrogen and liquid argon, a transfer of technology from the traditional cryogenic fluids to measuring the flow of liquefied natural gas and methane, and a concerted effort to develop new mass-flow measurements for cryogenic fluids such as slush or liquid hydrogen. Cryogenic flow-metering history is given as well as a description of three flow facilities that establish experimental confirmation of the cryogenic flow-measurement system under investigation.
Beyond the House of Quality: Dynamic QFD

Describes a dynamic approach to quality function deployment (QFD) that translates customer wants and needs into relevant product and process parameters. Using feedback loops, this new approach incorporates updated customer satisfaction data and dynamically links evolving requirements directly back into manufacturing and related processes. Updated customer requirements “peg” the key parameters in statistical process control charts. Introduces the concept, illustrates the mechanics of the approach, and describes how it benefited an IBM assembly plant.
Optical sectioning structured illumination microscopy with enhanced sensitivity

A new approach to reconstructing an optically sectioned image using structured illumination is presented. Compared to the algorithm proposed by Neil et al (1997 Opt. Lett. 22 1905), this method uses the same number of images to construct a final image with a flat linear transfer function at the cost of slightly more complexity in the reconstruction algorithm. Compared to other optical sectioning algorithms using structured illumination, this approach produces images with higher contrast and better image fidelity at low signal intensities.
Ultra-fast photonic packet switching with optical control

We report the demonstration of all-optical multi-bit address recognition at 250 Gb/s using a self-routing scheme. With bit period being only 4 ps, two address bits from each packet header were used for routing. Photonic packets can be removed(dropped) by a routing switch from network traffic at their destination. The packet-switching bit-error rate was measured to be less than 10-9.
Re: Long-term efficacy of sildenafil and tachyphylaxis effect.

Purpose: We observed that patients who initially responded to sildenafil frequently became resistant to it with time. We evaluated the long-term efficacy of sildenafil.Materials and Methods: A telephone survey was conducted of patients during the first year of sildenafil usage, and another one was completed 2 years later of the same group.Results: During the first survey, the etiology of impotence included post radical prostatectomy in 25, arterial insufficiency in 26, diabetes in 19, neurogenic impotence in 12, suspected venous leak in 9, proved venous leak in 7, Peyronie’s disease in 6 and unspecified in 47 patients. The overall improvement rate, which was defined as the ability to initiate and maintain erections for successful intercourse, was 74%. The dose necessary to achieve this response was 100 mg. sildenafil in 15% of patients, 50 mg. in 83% and 25 mg. in 2%. During the second survey, information was collected on 82 patients and only 43 (52%) had continued treatment. Of the 69 patients who report...
Teaching Video NeuroImage: Spasmodic dysphonia Adductor and abductor

Dystonia of the larynx is known as spasmodic dysphonia and there are two types: adductor and abductor (video).1 Both occur more often in women, with …
The comparative nutritive efficiency of intravenous amino acids and dietary protein in children with the nephrotic syndrome

Summary 1. Nitrogen balance studies of ten weeks' duration have been reported on four children with the nephrotic syndrome. 2. Replacement of 33 to 57 per cent of dietary protein nitrogen with nitrogen furnished by casein hydrolysate given intravenously increased slightly the efficiency of nitrogen utilization in these patients and within this range of substitution indicated that casein hydrolysate completely replaced dietary protein. 3. Intravenous administration to four nephrotic children of 30 to 42 Gm. of casein hydrolysate daily during alternate weeks for four injection periods was not followed by consistent increases in the concentration of plasma amino acids or plasma proteins. No adverse effects were noted. 4. Reactions encountered were limited to flushing of the skin, a sensation of warmth, abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting. The latter two reactions could generally be completely avoided by reducing the rate of administration. 5. Some of the physiologic effects following intravenous administration of casein hydrolysate were discussed. 6. We recommend the intravenous administration of casein hydrolysate as the primary therapeutic procedure in the treatment of nephrotic crises particularly when complicated by bacteriemia.
GAS-CORE REACTOR POWER TRANSIENT ANALYSIS.

The nuclear fuel in the gas-core reactor concept is a ball of uranium plasma radiating thermal photons. The photons are met by an inflowing hydrogen stream, which is seeded with submicron size, depleted uranium particles. A 'wall-burnout' condition exists if the thermal photons can reach the cavity liner because of insufficient absorption by the hydrogen. An analysis was conducted in order to determine the time for which the maximum steady state reactor power could be exceeded without damage to the cavity liner due to burnout. Wall-burnout time as a function of the power increase above the initial steady state condition is shown in a graph.
What's New in the Ubicomp Community?

Welcome to the inaugural column of Notes from the Community! This column offers a curated summary of interesting news and research in pervasive and mobile computing, with content drawn from submissions from community members and readers. Visit www.reddit.com/r/pervasivecomputing to join the discussion.
Intestinal tuberculosis in a child in an affluent society.

A rare case of intestinal tuberculosis occurring in a child in an affluent society is described. The radiographic appearances of the terminal ileum resembled those previously stated to be pathognomonic of Crohn's Disease.
Revealing the secret lives of cryptic species: Examining the phylogenetic relationships of echinostome parasites in North America

The recognition of cryptic parasite species has implications for evolutionary and population-based studies of wildlife and human disease. Echinostome trematodes are a widely distributed, species-rich group of internal parasites that infect a wide array of hosts and are agents of disease in amphibians, mammals, and birds. We utilize genetic markers to understand patterns of morphology, host use, and geographic distribution among several species groups. Parasites from >150 infected host snails (Lymnaea elodes, Helisoma trivolvis and Biomphalaria glabrata) were sequenced at two mitochondrial genes (ND1 and CO1) and one nuclear gene (ITS) to determine whether cryptic species were present at five sites in North and South America. Phylogenetic and network analysis demonstrated the presence of five cryptic Echinostoma lineages, one Hypoderaeum lineage, and three Echinoparyphium lineages. Cryptic life history patterns were observed in two species groups, Echinostoma revolutum and Echinostoma robustum, which utilized both lymnaied and planorbid snail species as first intermediate hosts. Molecular evidence confirms that two species, E. revolutum and E. robustum, have cosmopolitan distributions while other species, E. trivolvis and Echinoparyphium spp., may be more geographically limited. The intra and interspecific variation detected in our study provides a genetic basis for seven species groups of echinostomes which will help accurately identify agents of disease as well as reveal cryptic aspects of trematode biology.
Corresponding Characteristics and Circumstances of Collision-Involved Pedestrians in Hawaii

Correspondence analysis is used to explore the relationships between the characteristics and circumstances of collision-involved pedestrians in Hawaii. The purpose of this study is twofold. First, it is to apply and understand how best to use a powerful exploratory data technique (correspondence analysis) for safety research. The second purpose is to understand better the nature and causes of pedestrian accidents. The circumstances associated with pedestrian fault, serious injury, and the effects of location and temporal factors are examined. Correspondence analysis is a technique that allows one to examine the relationships between various discrete or categorical variables and to consider the effects of gender, age groupings, time, and location on pedestrian fault and injury. The technique is useful not only in clarifying the important relationships but also in designing appropriate strategies and interventions for the reduction of pedestrian accidents. The analysis suggests that greater emphasis be dire...
Interactive flutter analysis and parametric study for conceptual wing design

An interactive computer program was developed for wing flutter analysis in the conceptual design stage. The objective was to estimate the flutter instability boundary of a flexible cantilever wing, when well defined structural and aerodynamic data are not available, and then study the effect of change in Mach number, dynamic pressure, torsional frequency, sweep, mass ratio, aspect ratio, taper ratio, center of gravity, and pitch inertia, to guide the development of the concept. The software was developed on MathCad (trademark) platform for Macintosh, with integrated documentation, graphics, database and symbolic mathematics. The analysis method was based on nondimensional parametric plots of two primary flutter parameters, namely Regier number and Flutter number, with normalization factors based on torsional stiffness, sweep, mass ratio, aspect ratio, center of gravity location and pitch inertia radius of gyration. The plots were compiled in a Vaught Corporation report from a vast database of past experiments and wind tunnel tests. The computer program was utilized for flutter analysis of the outer wing of a Blended Wing Body concept, proposed by McDonnell Douglas Corporation. Using a set of assumed data, preliminary flutter boundary and flutter dynamic pressure variation with altitude, Mach number and torsional stiffness were determined.
Analysis of aspen foliage exposed to multiple stresses: ozone, nitrogen deficiency and drought

summary Two field experiments were conducted to examine the impact of a foliar stress (ozone, O3), alone or in combination with a resource stress, on carbon gain of aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). The first experiment involved nitrogen deficiency, and the second, drought stress. The patterns of change in leaf area, photosynthetic rate and carbon pain with leaf position from root to apex were altered by O3 alone. Net photosynthesis, and carboxylation capacity of older leaves decreased, and of younger leaves increased, in response to O3. Thus younger leaves partially compensated for the decreased photosynthetic capacity of older leaves. Physiological maturity and senescence were accelerated by O3. Whole plant carbon gain declined with O3 due to reductions in both leaf area and photosynthetic rate. Nitrogen deficiency alone decreased carbon gain via reductions in both leaf area and photosynthetic rate across leaf position. The effects of O3 and nitrogen deficiency together on both leaf area and photosynthetic rate were additive, Aspen seedlings compensated to O3 stress regardless of nitrogen level. Plant responses to both of these stresses may have been mediated by ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) content or activity, and thus indirectly by nitrogen content. In the second experiment, seedlings were subjected to drought during the first six weeks of exposure to O3 and were measured several weeks after termination of the drought treatment. Drought caused aspen seedlings to produce fewer and smaller leaves. After termination of drought, they produced larger new leaves, and net photosynthesis of most leaves was greater than in continuously well-watered plants. In plants not exposed to O3, enhanced photosynthetic rate partially compensated for the smaller leaf area. O3 generally decreased leaf area and photosynthesis, and hence carbon gain. The effects of prior exposure to drought and O3 together were additive for whole-plant photosynthetic rate, but less than additive for whole-plant leaf area.
The MIT-Bates large acceptance spectrometer toroid

Abstract The Bates Large Acceptance Spectrometer Toroid (BLAST) is a detector designed to study the spin-dependent electromagnetic response of few-body nuclei at momentum transfers up to 1 (GeV/c) 2 at the MIT-Bates Linear Accelerator Center's South Hall Ring (SHR). The BLAST detector consists of an eight-sector copper coil array producing a toroidal magnetic field, instrumented with two opposing wedge-shaped sectors of wire chambers, scintillation detectors, Cerenkov counters, neutron detectors, a lead-glass forward calorimeter, and recoil detectors. A status of the project is presented as well as highlights of the scientific program.
The effect of curative cryosurgery on the tumor-specific immune response of C57 mice.

Summary Immune stimulation after curative tumor cryosurgery performed on sarcoma-bearing C57 mice was found to last for a period of 12–19 days, as measured by lymphocytotoxicity studies. Measurements of spleen weights of cryosurgically treated mice showed similar results. Significant increases in spleen weights occurred within five days after cryosurgery (p
Particle-hole excitations in 16O in a relativistic field theory of nuclei☆

Abstract Low-lying negative parity excitations in 16 O are studied in an RPA calculation based on a self-consistent, relativistic Hartree ground state. The particle-hole interaction is prescribed by the underlying meson-bary on field theory, with no additional parameters. Retardation in the meson propagators is neglected, but the full Dirac matrix structure is maintained. Reasonable excitation spectra are obtained.
Lid abnormalities secondary to cerebral hemisphere lesions

Two patients developed bilateral ptosis and difficulty initiating lid elevation that could not be explained by the ptosis after right hemisphere infrarctions. The patients also had frontal release signs, and it is suggested that the lid abnormalities were secondary to bilateral cortical disease.
The binding of free oligopeptides to cyclodextrins: The role of the tyrosine group

The formation ofα-cyclodextrin (α-CD) and,β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) inclusion complexes with free tyrosine and the tyrosine residues within two free oligopeptides were investigated using steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy. The oligopeptides consist of five amino acids (pentapeptide) and the tyrosine residues are located at then-termini. The two peptides used in this study have well-known biological functions and are known to bind selectively to specific cell receptors. Cyclodextrins were used to model this receptor-peptide (protein-ligand) interaction. Equilibrium binding constants and the enthalpy and entropy of binding were recovered. Molecular size of the tyrosine-containing species and pH (7.0 vs. 10.0) were found to have little affect onα-CD binding. However, tyrosine binding toβ-CD was dependent on the size (free tyrosine vs. peptide), structure, and pentapeptide conformation.
Resolving the transition from negative to positive blood oxygen level-dependent responses in the developing brain

The adult brain exhibits a local increase in cortical blood flow in response to external stimulus. However, broadly varying hemodynamic responses in the brains of newborn and young infants have been reported. Particular controversy exists over whether the “true” neonatal response to stimulation consists of a decrease or an increase in local deoxyhemoglobin, corresponding to a positive (adult-like) or negative blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), respectively. A major difficulty with previous studies has been the variability in human subjects and measurement paradigms. Here, we present a systematic study in neonatal rats that charts the evolution of the cortical blood flow response during postnatal development using exposed-cortex multispectral optical imaging. We demonstrate that postnatal-day-12–13 rats (equivalent to human newborns) exhibit an “inverted” hemodynamic response (increasing deoxyhemoglobin, negative BOLD) with early signs of oxygen consumption followed by delayed, active constriction of pial arteries. We observed that the hemodynamic response then matures via development of an initial hyperemic (positive BOLD) phase that eventually masks oxygen consumption and balances vasoconstriction toward adulthood. We also observed that neonatal responses are particularly susceptible to stimulus-evoked systemic blood pressure increases, leading to cortical hyperemia that resembles adult positive BOLD responses. We propose that this confound may account for much of the variability in prior studies of neonatal cortical hemodynamics. Our results suggest that functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of infant and child development may be profoundly influenced by the maturing neurovascular and autoregulatory systems of the neonatal brain.
Aerosol elastic scatter signatures in the near- and mid-wave IR spectral regions

United States Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (Air Force Contract FA8721-05-C-0002)
Comparative susceptibility of subalpine firs to Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe

Abstract Subalpine fir (Abies Lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) and Rocky Mountain subalpine fir (Abies bifolia A. Murr.) are more susceptible to infection by Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium douglasii Engelm.) than previously reported. Temporary circular plots (6-m radius) were established around dominant, severely infected Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). Within plots, species, diameter at 1.37 m above the ground, and dwarf mistletoe rating (6-class system) were determined for each live tree over 1.37 m in height. Sixty-six percent and 15% of the subalpine fir and Rocky Mountain subalpine fir, respectively, sampled near large, severely infected Douglas-fir were infected. In contrast, over 90% of the Douglas-fir in the same plots were infected. Based on these results, subalpine fir is classified as a secondary host of Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe and Rocky Mountain subalpine fir is classified as an occasional host. Variation in the infection of subalpine fir by Douglas-fir dwarf mistle...
Isotopic composition of 244Pu fission xenon in meteorites: Reevaluation using lunar spallation xenon systematics

Abstract The isotopic composition of fission xenon in four meteorites (Pasamonte, Kapoeta, Angra dos Reis, and St. Severin) has been reevaluated. Spallation corrections have been made by means of spallation systematics based entirely on lunar data, with explicit allowance made for variations in the spallation xenon spectrum at different temperatures in thermal degassing experiments. The resulting best estimate of the fission Xe composition in St. Severin, Kapoeta, and Pasamonte is 128 Xe/ 129 Xe/ 130 Xe/ 131 Xe/ 132 Xe/ 134 Xe/ 136 Xe = 0/≲10/≡ 0/25/85/91.5/ ≡ 100.
STATE AND LOCAL VULNERABILITY TO CHANGES IN FEDERAL TRANSFER PAYMENTS

This paper uses historical lime-series for the individual slates to determine the extent of state and local vulnerability to major shifts in federal revenue sharing patterns. Our results suggest that the likely impact of federal revenue reduction will neither be uniform across the states nor fall most heavily on those states and localities most generally perceived to be in harms way.
Chromatographic methods for tetracycline analysis in foods

The tetracyclines have served for decades as an important class of antibiotics in food animal health and production. As such, they have also been a source of concern for residue monitoring authorities around the world. In response to this concern a number of microbial inhibition, immunoassay and bacterial receptor methods have evolved for the detection of this class of compounds in various foods of animal origin. However, these methods often lack specificity and are subject to false positive and false negative results. For these reasons a number of chromatographic methods for the separation and determination of the tetracyclines isolated from foods have been developed that are capable of identifying and quantifying individual tetracycline drugs. We present here an overview of tetracycline analytical methods, including microbial inhibition, immunoassay and receptor technologies for detection, techniques for isolation from food matrices, and thin-layer chromatographic, high-performance liquid chromatographic, gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric procedures for determination of this class of compounds. A discussion of the variables involved in such methodology and a review of method criteria are offered.
Detection of the quadrupole hyperfine structure in HCNH(

We report the first measurement of the electric quadrupole hyperfine structure of HCNH(+). The J = 1-0 transition of this interstellar molecular ion was observed toward the cold, dark cloud TMC-1, using the NRAO 12 m telescope at 74 GHz. The three hyperfine components of this transition were clearly detected and resolved, enabling the first experimental determination of the quadrupole coupling constant eqQ of HCNH(+). The value of this constant is calculated to be eqQ = -0.49 +/- 0.07 MHz. The column density of HCNH(+) toward TMC-1 was found to be N(tot) about 2.8 x 10 exp 13/sq cm, corresponding to a fractional abundance relative to H2 of f about 3 x 10 exp -9. This abundance is at least one order of magnitude higher than the predictions of ion-molecule chemistry. Detection of the hyperfine structure clearly establishes the presence of HCNH(+) in interstellar space.
Attenuated total internal reflection infrared microspectroscopy for the analysis of trace solutes in aqueous solutions

Abstract A method for the study of solutes in aqueous solutions using a micro-attenuated total internal reflection (ATR) accessory with microscopic condensation was investigated. The accessory employs a single bounce internal reflection element (IRE, Si or Ge) which focuses the infrared radiation to a 10-pl volume element. By microscopic condensation of the analyte into this volume element, detection limits in the parts per million regime were observed for polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyacrylic acid (PAA). The method was found to be linear over several orders of magnitude and could be implemented on a standard Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. Techniques to improve the method by placing a hydrophobic annulus on the IRE and the use of the device as an HPLC detector are discussed.
Community‐policing: utilizing the knowledge of organizational personnel

Questions the approaches used for evaluating the success of community‐policing in the USA. Finds that reliance on crime and arrest statistics is not adequate. One of the new measures “knowledge of organizational personnel”, is examined reporting on the interest in and acceptance of the community‐policing philosophy among police officers working in a pilot programe in Anchorage, Alaska. Findings suggest that police officers took satisfaction in some aspects of the work but were frustrated and uncertain about others. Support for the programme is linked to three issues: desire for professional development, a desire for knowledge of area covered and an interest in creative and proactive problem solving.
Heat generation in hydroxyapatite-coated implants as a result of CO2 laser application

Previous studies have demonstrated that heat may induce bone resorption and minimize the regenerative capacity of bone. This finding is of potential clinical importance because the carbon dioxide laser may often be used to surgically expose dental implants. However, little is known about the actual amount of heat generated at the implant-bone interface. This experiment measured heat generation on the surface of dental implants exposed to the carbon dioxide laser. A total of 90 trials were performed. A complete factorial (3×3×2) experimental design was used to evaluate the interactions among laser wattage output (4, 8, and 15 watts), duration of exposure time (1, 5, or 15 seconds) and variations in emission conditions (pulsed or continuous laser mode). Linear increases in temperature to temperatures greater than 50°C were observed with increases in wattage output or duration of exposure time. The pulse mode generated significantly less heat. The results of this study suggest that caution should be used when using the carbon dioxide laser for second stage dental implant surgery.
Sampling affects the detection of genetic subdivision and conservation implications for fisher in the Sierra Nevada

The small population of fisher (Pekania pennanti) in the southern Sierra Nevada is completely geographically and genetically isolated putting it at increased risk of extinction. Previous research using a clustered sampling scheme found a high amount of genetic subdivision within the southern Sierra Nevada population hypothesized to be caused by the Kings River Canyon. In this study, we use a larger and more geographically continuous set of genetic samples (n = 127) than was previously available to test this hypothesis and evaluate the genetic structure of the population. Both spatial and non-spatial population assignment models found three primary genetic clusters with moderate divergence between the clusters (FST = 0.05–0.13) at 10 microsatellite loci. These clusters appear to be associated with areas around the Kings River and Mountain Home State Demonstration Forest. One model also detected additional fine scale subdivision north of the Kings River that may be evidence of founder effects from a recent population expansion. The amount of population subdivision detected in this study is lower than previously found and indicates that while certain landscape features may reduce gene flow, these landscape features may be less of a barrier than initially thought. In the previous work, samples were collected in clusters which can inflate estimates of population structure by increasing the likelihood of oversampling related individuals. This study demonstrates how clustered sampling from a continuously distributed population can affect the assessment of population subdivision and influence conservation implications.
Optimization of support vector machine (SVM) for object classification

The Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a powerful algorithm, useful in classifying data into species. The SVMs implemented in this research were used as classifiers for the final stage in a Multistage Automatic Target Recognition (ATR) system. A single kernel SVM known as SVMlight, and a modified version known as a SVM with K-Means Clustering were used. These SVM algorithms were tested as classifiers under varying conditions. Image noise levels varied, and the orientation of the targets changed. The classifiers were then optimized to demonstrate their maximum potential as classifiers. Results demonstrate the reliability of SVM as a method for classification. From trial to trial, SVM produces consistent results.
Characterization of the 105K phase transition in flux-grown SrTiO3

Abstract An electron-paramagnetic-resonance study of the 105 K phase transition in a flux-grown low dislocation density SrTiO3 crystal is described. The rotational order parameter reveals no time-dependent effects, and the transition is within experimental accuracy continuous. These results agree with recent X-ray and neutron-scattering measurements of the lattice parameter, a = a(T c) × cos phi; being continuous at T c
Sites of cytochrome b‐563 reduction, and the mode of action of DNP‐INT and DBMIB in the chloroplast cytochrome b‐563/f complex

When ferredoxin is the reductant of cytochrome b-563 in the chloroplast cytochrome b-563/f complex, the reaction rate varies with pH in a manner which permits identification of a plastoquinone/plastosemiquinone couple as an intermediate in the reaction. The requirement for the inhibitor, DNP-INT, in this reaction, suggests that there are two sites in the complex where plastosemiquinone can react with cytochrome(s) b-563. The ineffectiveness of DBMIB in promotion of ferredoxin-mediated cytochrome b-563 reduction has led to a model where DBMIB and DNP-INT inhibit different electron transfer steps at the same, or overlapping, sites in the complex.
Synthesis of a Calicheamicin Deoxyaglycone Model by an Intramolecular Acetylide Cyclization

Abstract Reaction of enediyne aldehyde 16 with LiN(SiMe 3 ) 2 leads to intramolecular acetylide cyclization to the epimeric carbinols 17 comprising a deoxyaglycone model for the calicheamicins. NOE studies permit stereochemical assignments for these epimers, which in turn suggest that C-8 stereochemistry (calicheamicin numbering) assigned for the calicheamicins may require revision.
A numerical study of the convergence properties of ENO schemes

We report numerical results obtained with finite difference ENO schemes for the model problem of the linear convection equation with periodic boundary conditions. For the test function sin(x), the spatial and temporal errors decrease at the rate expected from the order of local truncation errors as the discretization is refined. If we take sin4(x) as our test function, however, we find that the numerical solution does not converge uniformly and that an improved discretization can result in larger errors. This difficulty is traced back to the linear stability characteristics of the individual stencils employed by the ENO algorithm. If we modify the algorithm to prevent the use of linearly unstable stencils, the proper rate of convergence is reestablished. The way toward recovering the correct order of accuracy of ENO schemes appears to involve a combination of fixed stencils in smooth regions and ENO stencils in regions of strong gradients —a concept that is developed in detail in a companion paper by Shu (this issue, 1990).
Hurricane Andrew: Psychological Distress among Shelter Victims

This study examined psychological distress and functioning among Hurricane Andrew victims who lost their homes and were living in shelters. Four and one-half weeks after Hurricane Andrew struck southern Florida, 89 (45 males, 44 females) Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites completed a questionnaire. The questionnaire asked for information about psychological and psychophysiological symptoms, use of mental health services, coping responses, and extent of preparation for the storm. The findings suggest that loss of home and property were related to distress and depression. About one-quarter of the sample were moderately depressed. Over one-third of the sample reported experiencing psychological and psychophysiological distress. Approximately one-half of the subjects did not take the hurricane warnings seriously. White subjects began preparing earlier for the storm, and evacuated their homes more frequently than did Black subjects. Implications of the findings and future research directions are discussed.
Temperature coefficients of the sodium transport system of isolated frog skin.

Abstract A study has been made of the temperature dependence of the active sodium transport system of the isolated abdominal skin of Rana pipiens . The method of measuring the current across the short-circuited skin has been used to determine the net sodium flux. In addition, potential measurements were made on the unshunted skin. Typical experiments illustrative of the observed temperature effects are presented. A skin, bathed on both sides by sodium Ringer's solution, was subjected to repeated gradual changes in temperature from 0–30°C while the current was monitored. The current was found to have a temperature coefficient of 6.9%/°C in the range 5–15°C, corresponding to a Q 10 of 2.0, but above 25°C the coefficient was negative and the transport system appeared relatively unstable. In other experiments the sodium concentration of the solution bathing the external skin surface was varied (substituting choline) from 0–100% sodium Ringer's solution, while the temperature was maintained constant at 20°, 10° and 2.5°C. The net sodium flux with 10-% sodium Ringer's solution showed temperature coefficient of 9–10%/°C. Analyzing the data in terms of a model carrier system, the stoichiometric dissociation constant of the carrier-sodium complex, the passive conductance, the active transport conductance, and the transport potential were computed. The dissociation constant shows no consistent temperature dependence. The two conductances show positive temperature coefficients of 4–5%/°C and 1–4%/°C respectively. The transport potential was found to increase with temperature by 7%/°C. The energy dissipation of the transport system is discussed with reference to reported oxygen consumption measurements of the frog skin. Our data suggest that the transport process becomes increasingly efficient as the temperature is lowered.