cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric Loading Promotes Early Signs of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration in Large Animal Organ Culture

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a complex pathology, involving alterations in mechanical and biological function. Mechanical injury to IVDs may contribute to the development of IVD degeneration, and can arise following excessive loading or repeated exposure to loading levels which are not instantaneously damaging. Lateral bending and flexion produced the highest maximum shear strains in human IVDs and are considered the motions that place the IVD at greatest risk of injury (1). The biological response of the IVD to combined bending and compression has been examined in vivo in rat and mouse tail bending models demonstrating structural disruption, apoptosis and remodeling (2,4). However, there are practical limitations to current in vivo studies, as it can be difficult to apply repeated bending loads to the disc in vivo, and few large animal models exist capable of tracking the early biological, structural and compositional changes from asymmetrical loading. IVD organ culture allows control over mechanical boundary conditions and investigation of cellular responses to loading while the IVD remains largely intact, and allows the use of large animal models which more closely mimic the nutritional and compositional nature of human IVDs.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
GaAs(110) terrace-width distributions and kink formation

Scanning-tunneling-microscopy studies of [1\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}12] and [11\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0] step structures on cleaved GaAs(110) show that [1\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}12] steps are straight whereas [11\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0] steps are made up of kinks along [1\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}12]. These step and kink structures are very different from those on Si surfaces. Through quantitative analysis of terrace-width and kink-length distributions, we show that [11\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0] steps are weakly interacting while kinks are noninteracting.
Chemical and Hydrologic Factors in the Excavation of Limestone Caves

Various hydrologic and chemical processes have been investigated in an attempt to explain the development of caves in the region just beneath the water table (shallow-phreatic zone). Special attention was paid to the differences between the Darcy flow of granular aquifers and the laminar or turbulent flow of limestone aquifers, and to the ways in which water in the limestone aquifer may become undersaturated with respect to calcite. The pattern of flow in a limestone aquifer, although dependent on the boundary conditions, is similar under Darcy, laminar, or turbulent flow, provided the aquifer is wide relative to its depth and the permeability distribution is homogeneous. Although the vadose water which supplies an aquifer is often saturated or supersaturated with respect to calcite, such water may become undersaturated by being cooled or by being mixed with water which is in equilibrium with a lower P co 2 . The water of surface streams may be undersaturated with respect to calcite and may enter the aquifer by capture or by backflooding from effluent streams. The supply of vadose water to a limestone aquifer is commonly irregular. In an area where no water crosses the water table, flow in the aquifer will be nearly horizontal and water from sources adjacent to the area will follow shallow flow-paths. If such water is undersaturated with respect to calcite, caves will be excavated. Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, was probably formed by undersaturated water spilling from an impermeable bed. After reaching the water table, this water followed shallow-phreatic paths in the area beneath the impermeable bed. Backflooding from the Green River may have aided in the excavation of the cave.
Cockpit display of hazardous weather information

Information transfer and display issues associated with the dissemination of hazardous weather warnings are studied in the context of wind shear alerts. Operational and developmental wind shear detection systems are briefly reviewed. The July 11, 1988 microburst events observed as part of the Denver Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR) operational evaluation are analyzed in terms of information transfer and the effectiveness of the microburst alerts. Information transfer, message content and display issues associated with microburst alerts generated from ground based sources (Doppler Radar, Low Level Wind Shear Alert System, and Pilot Reports) are evaluated by means fo pilot opinion surveys and part task simulator studies.
Citation analysis of randomized experiments in criminology and criminal justice: a research note

In recent years multiple studies have used citation analysis as a way to examine the most cited scholars and works in criminology and criminal justice and its subfields. This study is the first to focus on the most cited randomized experiments in criminological research. Using citation counts from both Social Science Citation Index and Google Scholar, and multiple sources of randomized experiments, I present the most cited experiments in six areas: policing, courts, corrections, schools, community, and early prevention. Experiments published in non-criminological (e.g., medical) journals tend to be the most cited, and early prevention research is generally cited most frequently of the six categories. I conclude by considering possible reasons why certain experiments are more cited than others.
CHLOROPHYLL PHOTOCHEMISTRY IN CONDENSED MEDIA—II. TRIPLET STATE QUENCHING AND ELECTRON TRANSFER TO QUINONE IN LIPOSOMES*

— The fate of excitation energy and electron transfer to quinones within Chl-a-containing phosphatidyl choline liposomes has been investigated. The bilayer membrane of the liposome stabilizes the Chl triplet state, as evidenced by a three-fold increase in the lifetime over that observed in ethanol solution. The relative triplet yield follows the relative fluorescence yield, indicative of quenching at the singlet level. Triplet state lifetimes are markedly shortened as the Chl concentration is increased, demonstrating that quenching occurs at the triplet level as well. This process is shown to be due to a collisional de-excitation. In the presence of quinones, the Chl triplet reduces the quinone resulting in production of long-lived electron transfer products. The percent conversion of Chl triplet to cation radical when benzoquinone is employed as acceptor is approximately 60 ± 10%, which is slightly less than in ethanol solution (70 ± 10%). The lifetime of the radical, however, can be as much as 1900 times longer. With respect to potentially useful photochemical energy conversion, the magnitude of this increased lifetime is far more significant than is the decreased radical yield.
RAG1 and RAG2 in V(D)J recombination and transposition.

RAG1 and RAG2 are the key components of the V(D)J recombinase machinery that catalyses the somatic gene rearrangements of antigen receptor genesduring lymphocyte development. In the first step of V(D)J recombination—DNA cleavage—the RAG proteins act together as an endonuclease to excise the DNA between two individual gene segments. They are also thought to be involved in the subsequent DNA joining step. In vitro, the RAG proteins catalyze the integration of the excised DNA element into target DNA completing aprocess similar to bacterial transposition. In vivo, thisreaction is suppressed by an unknown mechanism. The individual roles of RAG1 and RAG2 in V(D)J recombination and transposition reactions are discussed based on mutation analyses and structure predictions.
Detecting outliers in interval data

Outlier detection has become an important data mining problem in many applications, including customer management and fraud detection. In recent years, many algorithms have been developed for discovering outliers in large databases. However, to our knowledge, no algorithm exists for discovering outliers in interval data. In this paper, we propose an efficient algorithm to detect distance-based outliers in interval data. We perform empirical studies on real and simulated interval datasets to evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm in identifying meaningful outliers.
Institutional Affiliation and Satisfaction Among Feminist Professors; Is There an Advantage to Women's Colleges?

Do feminist professors of psychology who teach at women's colleges derive more satisfaction from their academic lives than feminist professors who teach at coed colleges or at (coed) universities? If one assumes that gynocentric environments are more pleasing to feminists, the answer should be “yes.” Using questionnaire and interview data from 76 self-identified feminist psychology professors, we tested the expectation that feminist women teaching at women's colleges are more satisfied than their counterparts elsewhere. We found that feminist professors were generally satisfied with their pedagogical situations and were generally dedicated to and successful at teaching. Institutional affiliation produced little difference in satisfaction or practice, but feminists at women's colleges generally did feel more supported than feminists elsewhere.
Bulbous renal vein: An additional cause of renal pseudotumor

The case of a patient with a bulbous renal vein is presented. This case is of interest because the bulbous renal vein simulated the appearance of a suprahilar renal mass. Angiographic documentation demonstrates the “mass” to be another form of renal pseudotumor. The need for angiography to establish a definitive diagnosis is stressed.
A note on operations on fuzzy numbers

Abstract The note gives a counterexample showing that Theorem 1 of Dubois and Prade ( Fuzzy Sets and Systems 2 (1979) 327–348) is not valid and we point out a slightly stronger condition to correct the result.
A comparison of nonlinear control techniques for continuous stirred tank reactors

Abstract Globally linearizing control, a differential geometry-based technique (continuous), and nonlinear predictive control, an optimization-based approach (discrete), are compared for temperature control of a classical exothermic CSTR. The two strategies can be tuned to have identical performance for setpoint changes or measured disturbances when there are no bounds on the manipulated variable. As the sample time is decreased, the two approaches also yield identical performance for unmeasured disturbances or uncertain models. However, NLPC performs better in the presence of constraints on the manipulated variable. An open-loop observer for the unmeasured state variable (composition) has been used. The system studied is minimum-phase, allowing a filtered deadbeat control law for the nonlinear predictive control strategy.
Leukemic transformation in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia: a single-institution experience with 91 cases

Among 2333 consecutive patients with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM) seen at our institution, 91 fulfilled the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for leukemic transformation (LT). All episodes of LT were myeloid in origin (acute myeloid leukemia [AML]) with all French-American-British (FAB) subtypes represented except M3; the most frequent subtypes were M7 (25.4%), M0 (22.4%), and M2 (17.9%). Cytogenetic studies during LT were available in 56 patients and revealed a clonal abnormality in 51 (91%): 30 patients had complex karyotype, 2 had core-binding factor gene lesions, and 18 had abnormalities of chromosome 5 or 7. Karyotypic evolution was documented in the majority of the patients in whom serial analysis was possible. In general, LT was fatal in 98% of the cases after a median of 2.6 months (range, 0-24.2 months). Twenty-four patients received AML-like induction chemotherapy that resulted in no complete remission: 41% reverted into chronic-phase disease and the incidence of treatment-related mortality was 33%. The remaining 67 patients received either supportive care alone (48 patients) or low-intensity chemotherapy (19 patients). Overall, survival was similarly poor in all 3 treatment categories. The outcome of LT in MMM with current therapies is dismal and either supportive care alone or appropriate clinical trials should be considered.
Heterogeneity of vasomotor response to acetylcholine along the human coronary artery.

Objectives. In view of the segmental occurrence of coronary atherosclerosis, we postulated that acetylcholine may cause heterogeneous vasomotion, depending on the extent of vessel analyzed, criteria for change in vessel caliber and dose of drug administered. Background. Previous studies have reported that acetylcholine causes constriction of atherosclerotic arteries. This dysfunction of endothelium-dependent dilation may be seen without angiographically detectable disease. Methods. We developed algorithms to quantitate the dimensions of a single coronary artery over virtually its entire length during a control state and during graded doses of intracoronary acetylcholine. On the basis of triplicate control angiograms, the limit of detection of a change from control diameter was 0.31 mm (≥2 SD). Results. Analysis of multiple segments (each 5.6 ± 1.1 [mean ±SD]mm) along a single coronary artery revealed a heterogeneous response to acetylcholine in 27 of 31 patients at the 10−4mol/liter dose and in 29 of 31 patients when responses at 10−6, 10−5and 10−4mol/liter doses were combined; in this latter analysis, constriction and dilation in the same vessel occurred in 45% of the patients. With acetylcholine, most of 349 segments demonstrated no change, but the greatest frequency of vasoconstriction (24.6%) and vasodilation (6.9%) was seen at the 10−4mol/liter dose. Inducible vasomotion was observed as far distally as 7.3 cm from the site of acetylcholine infusion. Conclusions. Response to intracoronary acetylcholine with mild coronary disease is heterogeneous; disparate dimensional responses may occur in different segments of the same vessel. Inclusion of all analyzable regions of a coronary artery and the use of a reproducibility limit for quantitative angiography are optimal for assessment of segmental coronary vasomotion.
Psychosocial recovery after head injury

Psychosocial recovery after head injury was prospectively examined at 1 and 12 months postinjury in a group of 102 hospitalized adult head-injured patients representing a broad range of head injury severity. For comparison purposes, 102 friend controls were used. Outcome was assessed with a battery of psychosocial measures including the Sickness Impact Profile, the Head Injury Symptom Checklist, and the Modified Function Status Index. The results indicate that head-injury patients experience significant psychosocial problems (eg, ability to return to work, resume leisure activity, concentrate and remember information, feelings of irritability) at both 1 and 12 months postinjury but these difficulties improve over time. Whereas improvements occur in both psychosocial and physical areas of functioning, improvements are greater in the physical area. The nature and extent of difficulties seen vary as a function of head injury severity, and time from injury to observation. Finally, the results suggest that not all problems reported by head-injured patients are solely related to the injury (eg, irritability, anxiety, fatigue, or headaches).
Uranium extremophily is an adaptive, rather than intrinsic, feature for extremely thermoacidophilic Metallosphaera species

Thermoacidophilic archaea are found in heavy metal-rich environments, and, in some cases, these microorganisms are causative agents of metal mobilization through cellular processes related to their bioenergetics. Given the nature of their habitats, these microorganisms must deal with the potentially toxic effect of heavy metals. Here, we show that two thermoacidophilic Metallosphaera species with nearly identical (99.99%) genomes differed significantly in their sensitivity and reactivity to uranium (U). Metallosphaera prunae, isolated from a smoldering heap on a uranium mine in Thuringen, Germany, could be viewed as a “spontaneous mutant” of Metallosphaera sedula, an isolate from Pisciarelli Solfatara near Naples. Metallosphaera prunae tolerated triuranium octaoxide (U3O8) and soluble uranium [U(VI)] to a much greater extent than M. sedula. Within 15 min following exposure to “U(VI) shock,” M. sedula, and not M. prunae, exhibited transcriptomic features associated with severe stress response. Furthermore, within 15 min post-U(VI) shock, M. prunae, and not M. sedula, showed evidence of substantial degradation of cellular RNA, suggesting that transcriptional and translational processes were aborted as a dynamic mechanism for resisting U toxicity; by 60 min post-U(VI) shock, RNA integrity in M. prunae recovered, and known modes for heavy metal resistance were activated. In addition, M. sedula rapidly oxidized solid U3O8 to soluble U(VI) for bioenergetic purposes, a chemolithoautotrophic feature not previously reported. M. prunae, however, did not solubilize solid U3O8 to any significant extent, thereby not exacerbating U(VI) toxicity. These results point to uranium extremophily as an adaptive, rather than intrinsic, feature for Metallosphaera species, driven by environmental factors.
Crustal Stress in Iceland

Hydrofracturing stress measurements have been carried out to about 0.4 km in two boreholes in Quaternary volcanic rocks in Reykjavik, Iceland, on the flank of the Reykjanes-Langjokull continuation of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The measurements indicate a dominant orientation of σH max approximately perpendicular to the axial rift zone, in contrast to earthquake focal mechanism solutions from within the axial rift zone of the Reykjanes Peninsula. In one hole (H32) a depth-dependent change in stress orientation is indicated, with σ1 horizontal above a depth of about 0.25 km, and vertical below it; however the orientation of σH max remains unchanged. The data thus suggest reconciliation of an apparent conflict between the dominantly compressive indications of shallow overcoring stress measurements and dominant extension as required by focal mechanism solutions. The measured stresses are supported by the more reliable of overcoring measurements from southeast Iceland, and by recent focal mechanism solutions for the intraplate Borgarfjordur area. A fundamental change in crustal stresses appears therefore to occur as a function of distance from the axis of the axial rift zone. The data seem reasonably explicable in terms of a combination of thermoelastic mechanisms associated with accretion and cooling of spreading lithosphere plates. Stresses directly associated with the driving mechanisms of plate tectonics apparently do not dominate the observed stress pattern.
Tetrahydro-β-carboline micro-injected into the hippocampus induces an anxiety-like state in the rat

Abstract Guide cannulae for bilateral micro-injection were implanted stereotaxically in the rat to rest just dorsal to the hippocampus. Following recovery, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline (THBC) hydrochloride in a concentration of 10 or 50 ng was infused bilaterally into the animal's hippocampus in a volume of 3.0 μl. In the control condition, the artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) vehicle was micro-injected into the hippocampus and a sham injection was made prior to the CSF or THBC infusion. The behavioral response of the rat was examined subsequently in an open-field chamber, in terms of the number of grid squares crossed, duration of grooming time and instances of freezing-immobilization during the test interval of 7.5 min. Other behaviors recorded included the appearance of tail rigidity and the number of fecal boluses excreted. The intra-hippocampal infusion of the 10 ng dose of β-carboline reduced the motor activity of the rat whereas the higher dose of THBC increased the duration of the freezing-immobilization. THBC failed to alter significantly the grooming activity of rats or their rate of defecation. Following repeated micro-injections of 50 ng of THBC, the duration of freezing-immobilization gradually decreased, but the response itself remained essentially intact. These results suggest that the well-known anxiogenic action of certain of the β-carboline class of aldehyde adducts may be mediated in part by neurons in the hippocampus, or the constituent pathways of this limbic system structure, or both.
The hydrothermal-convection systems of kilauea: an historical perspective

Abstract Kilauea is one of only two basaltic volcanoes in the world where geothermal power has been produced commercially. Little is known about the origin, size and longevity of its hydrothermal-convection systems. We review the history of scientific studies aimed at understanding these systems and describe their commercial development. Geothermal energy is a controversial issue in Hawai'i, partly because of hydrogen sulfide emissions and concerns about protection of rain forests.
BEYOND PATRIARCHY? THEORISING GENDER AND CLASS

This paper questions recent attempts by feminists to move theory beyond patriarchy, addressing the charge by Pollert that the concept of patriarchy impoverishes analysis of gender and class. In place of patriarchy, the author advocates an alternative feminist historical materialist analysis of hegemonic practices as the means for excavating gender and class from lived experience. This mode of historical materialist theorising rejects the concept of patriarchy as unnecessarily abstract and unable to advance knowledge about the construction of gender in practice. A theory of practice can make sense of the mess of everyday life, and focus research on gendered bodies, spaces and experiences.
Thermal effects on the gain in free-electron lasers

Abstract The effect of an axial energy spread on the linearized gain in free-electron lasers is considered for planar wiggler configurations in both the Raman and high-gain Compton regimes in the idealized one-dimensional limit. A thermal function is obtained by a linearized Vlasov-Maxwell analysis which applies to both the fundamental and the harmonics. The electron beam is assumed to be monoenergetic with a pitch angle spread, and is described by the inclusion of nonvanishing canonical momenta by means of a Gaussian distribution. The planar wiggler configuration admits interactions at odd harmonics as well as the fundamental, and a general dispersion equation is derived which includes the thermal effect at each harmonic as well as the fundamental.
Bt Toxin Resistance from Loss of a Putative Carbohydrate-Modifying Enzyme

The development of resistance is the main threat to the long-term use of toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) in transgenic plants. Here we report the cloning of a Bt toxin resistance gene, Caenorhabditis elegans bre-5 , which encodes a putative β-1,3-galactosyltransferase. Lack of bre-5 in the intestine led to resistance to the Bt toxin Cry5B. Wild-type but not bre-5 mutant animals were found to uptake toxin into their gut cells, consistent with bre-5 mutants lacking toxin-binding sites on their apical gut. bre-5 mutants displayed resistance to Cry14A, a Bt toxin lethal to both nematodes and insects; this indicates that resistance by loss of carbohydrate modification is relevant to multiple Bt toxins.
Gastroduodenal ulceration following active immunization with prostaglandin E2 in dogs. Role of gastric acid secretion.

Abstract In this study we present evidence to suggest that gastroduodenal mucosal defects may occur in gastric fistula dogs actively immunized with PGE 2 -thyroglobulin conjugate. One of four PGE 2 -immunized dogs developed a chronic pyloroduodenal ulcer with penetration into the pancreas and the other three had endoscopic evidence of gastric and/or duodenal erosions. In contrast, no gastroduodenal mucosal defects were senn in control dogs immunized with thyroglobulin alone. Occurence of gastroduodenal ulcers or erosions was temporally related to formation of specific antibody to PGE 2 suggesting that PGE 2 antibody may be responsible for lesion formation. An increase in gastric acid secretion was not observed in PGE 2 -immunized dogs. Thus, it is likely that mucosal defects occur as a result of an impairment of PGE 2 -mediated mucosal defense mechanism. Since gastroduodenal lesions can be visualized by endoscopy, the dog may prove to be useful in studying the role of endogenous PG in ulcer disease.
Deuterium isotope effect on the heats of hydration of barium chloride

Abstract Heats of solution of barium chloride, its mono- and dihydrates, and the deuterated hydrates at 25°C have been measured and combined to calculate the deuterium isotope effect on the heats of hydration of barium chloride. Substitution of D 2 O for H 2 O in the hydrates enhances the heats of dehydration by 1–2%.
Induction and identification of disulfide-intact and disulfide-reduced β-subunit of Shiga toxin 2 from Escherichia coli O157:H7 using MALDI-TOF-TOF-MS/MS and top-down proteomics

The disulfide-intact and disulfide-reduced β-subunit of Shiga toxin 2 (β-Stx2) from Escherichia coli O157:H7 (strain EDL933) has been identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-TOF-MS/MS) and top-down proteomic analysis using software developed in-house. E. coli O157:H7 was induced to express Stx2 by culturing on solid agar media supplemented with 10–50 ng mL−1 of ciprofloxacin (CP). Bacterial cell lysates at each CP concentration were analyzed by MALDI-TOF-MS. A prominent ion at mass-to-charge (m/z) ∼7820 was observed for the CP concentration range: 10–50 ng mL−1, reaching a maximum signal intensity at 20 ng mL−1. Complex MS/MS data were obtained of the ion at m/z ∼7820 by post-source decay resulting in top-down proteomic identification as the mature, signal peptide-removed, disulfide-intact β-Stx2. Eight fragment ion triplets (each spaced Δm/z ∼33 apart) were also observed resulting from backbone cleavage between the two cysteine residues (that form the intra-molecular disulfide bond) and symmetric and asymmetric cleavage of the disulfide bond. The middle fragment ion of each triplet, from symmetric disulfide bond cleavage, was matched to an in silico fragment ion formed from cleavage of the backbone at a site adjacent to an aspartic acid or glutamic acid residue. The flanking fragment ions of each triplet, from asymmetric disulfide bond cleavage, were not matched because their corresponding in silico fragment ions are not represented in the database. Easier to interpret MS/MS data were obtained for the disulfide-reduced β-Stx2 which resulted in an improved top-down identification.
Comparison of dehydrogenase polymer (DHP) lignin with native lignin from gymnosperm wood by thermochemolysis using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)

Abstract When analyzed by the TMAH thermochemolysis procedure and solid-state 13C NMR, DHP guaiacyl lignin is found to yield products which are somewhat similar to those observed in fresh or degraded gymnosperm lignin. The relative amounts of the various TMAH products, particularly the stereoisomeric pairs of 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl-trimethoxypropane, however, are not identical, perhaps indicating that disordered and randomly polymerized DHP lignin is not similar to a possibly more ordered network in natural lignin.
Digital phase tightening for millimeter-wave imaging

A new technique called digital phase tightening reduces phase noise from receiver front-end circuits to allow precise phase estimation for digital beamforming in millimeter-wave (MMW) imaging applications. This is achieved by leveraging the large ratio between the MMW carrier frequency and the relatively low frame rates in imaging applications. By mixing down to an intermediate frequency (IF) and then averaging over many samples to estimate the phase, we reduce phase noise and attain phase error of the MMW beamformer in the femtosecond range. A test chip demonstrating the phase tightening concept was designed and fabricated using 0.13µm CMOS, and we show that an RMS error of 3.5fs is feasible with this technique.
Photochemistry at structured surfaces: a classical electromagnetic approach

Abstract This review article discusses several important aspects of photochemistry at structured metallic surfaces. The electromagnetic field above the surface is calculated using the Rayleigh expansion. Conditions under which this expansion is valid and simplifying approximations which make it easier to use are discussed in detail. This formalism is then applied to three different but related phenomena. First, the photodissociation rate of a molecule above a surface is calculated for laser frequencies at or near the surface plasmon resonance. It is found that there is an optimal molecule-surface distance for photodissociation. Then the absorption lineshape of a molecule is considered, where both Fano and Lorentzian lineshapes are found to be distorted as the molecule approaches the surface. Finally, laser-induced periodic deposition is discussed, and a model is developed to describe the growth rate of a cadmium grating.
Electron Injection Studies of Radiation Induced Positive Charge in MOS Devices

Avalanche injection and internal photo-emission techniques have been used to study the capture of electrons by positive charges introduced into the oxide layers of MOS capacitors. These two techniques have been used to study the positive charge in Al gate and poly-Si gate capacitors. The electron capture crosssection of this charge has been found to depend on the composition of the interface; positive charge at the Si interface tends to have a coulombic electron capture cross-section (~ 4×10-13cm2), while that at the alumninum interface has a non-coulombic electron capture crosssection (? 10-14cm2). The location of the positive charge induced by radiation under positive or negative bias has been determined in a completely non-destructive manner by photocurrent-voltage experiments. It has been found that under a positive irradiation bias, positive space charge accumulates within ~ 50 A of the Si-SiO2 interface, while under a negative bias, the space charge is within ~ 50 A of the Al-SiO2 interface. In both cases there is evidence for some charge at the other interface introduced by the irradiation.
The use of healing abutments for the fabrication of cement-retained, implant-supported provisional prostheses.

This article describes the intraoral preparation of healing abutments for use as prefabricated abutments for a cement-retained, implant-supported prosthesis. After the healing abutments are prepared, an impression is made with irreversible hydrocolloid, and the provisional restoration is fabricated indirectly. This technique is an easy and economical alternative for the fabrication of provisional fixed partial dentures or crowns but may be contraindicated for severely misaligned implants. (J Prosthet Dent 2002;87:333-5.)
Peer-to-peer Wireless Sensor Network Data Acquisition System with Pipelined Time Division Scheduling

In this paper, we introduce a peer-to-peer sensor network (P2PWSNDAS) architecture with pipelined time division scheduling for sensor data acquisition from an ad hoc wireless sensor network (WSN). P2PWSNDAS takes a service-oriented, data-centric view of the deployed WSN. The wireless sensors that constitute the WSN measure physical attributes of the environment they are deployed in such as temperature, pressure, vibration, toxic chemical, biological agents, etc. In our architecture, we assume that the entire WSN can be divided into sets of `sensor-clusters'. Each cluster has a gateway or base station that aggregates data from its sensor cluster. The gateways themselves which constitute the middleware layer between the WSN and end point clients are designed to form an IP-based distributed peer-to-peer (P2P) overlay network. Clients query the gateways for real-time sensor data via a publish/subscribe/notify paradigm implemented at the gateways, and they can also concurrently receive notifications on alarms/events of interest. Another contribution we report in this paper is a Pipelined Time-division Model (PTM) scheduling for continuous energy-aware MAC-layer communication between a gateway and its sensors. Our PTM scheduling algorithm is particularly targeted towards wireless sensors such as the MICA2 series [4] that have multi-channel radio transceivers.
T. S. Eliot, Anthropologist and Primitive

T. S. Eliot (1888–1965), a poet of genius, closely followed developments in the social sciences. From the viewpoint of early modern anthropology, important features of his poems resemble the qualities of the “primitive mentality” conjectured by Levy-Bruhl, whose work (along with Tylor's, Frazer's, Wundt's, Durkheim's, and Rivers‘) Eliot carefully and critically studied. To recover fundamental cultural unities, Eliot became, in effect, a philosophical anthropologist and, in poetry, a quasi-primitive as well. [anthropology and literature, history of anthropology, T. S. Eliot, Lucien Levy-Bruhl]
AIM analysis and the form of the bond-valence equation

The bond-valence model (BVM) posits an inverse relationship between bond valence (essentially bond order) and bond length, typically described by either exponential or power-law equations. To assess the value of these forms for describing a wider range of bond lengths than found in crystals, we first assume that the bond critical point density (ρ b , reported in e − /A 3 ) is at least roughly proportional to bond valence. We then calculate ρ b -distance curves for several diatomic pairs using electronic structure calculations (CCSD/aug-cc-pVQZ) and Atoms-In-Molecules (AIM) analysis. The shapes of these curves cannot be completely described by the standard exponential and power-law forms, but are well described by a three-parameter hybrid of the exponential and power-law forms. The ρ b -distance curves for covalent bonds tend to exhibit exponential behavior, while metallic bonds exhibit power-law behavior, and ionic bonds tend to exhibit a combination of the two. We next use a suite of both experimental and calculated (B3LYP/Def2-TZVP) molecular structures of oxo-molecules, for which we could infer X-O bond valences of ~1 or ~2 v.u., combined with some crystal structure data, to estimate the curvature of the bond valence-length relationship in the high-valence region. Consistent with the results for the ρ b -distance curves, the standard forms of the bond valence-length equation become inadequate to describe high-valence bonds as they become more ionic. However, some of these systems demonstrate even higher curvature changes than our three-parameter hybrid form can manage. Therefore, we introduce a four-parameter hybrid form, and discuss possible reasons for the severe curvature. Although the addition of more parameters to the bond valence-length equation comes at a cost in terms of model simplicity and ease of optimization, they will be necessary to make the BVM useful for molecular systems and transition states.
The Choice Between High-Pressure and Low-Pressure Steam Power in America in the Early Nineteenth Century

In the early nineteenth century, five versions of stationary steam engines were in widespread use. In America, the high-pressure engine was dominant in the West, but on the eastern seaboard the low-pressure engine was viable. In Britain, the low-pressure engine was overwhelmingly dominant. Here we analyze the evidence on cost and performance of high- and low-pressure engines, and show that fuel-price and interest-rate differentials were sufficient to explain the distribution of steam engine types in America.
Radial addressing of nanowires

We introduce radial encoding of nanowires (NWs), a new method of differentiating and controlling NWs by a small set of mesoscale wires for use in crossbar memories. We describe methods of controlling these NWs and give efficient manufacturing algorithms. These new encoding and decoding methods do not suffer from the misalignment characteristic of flow-aligned NWs. They achieve comparable effective pitch and resulting memory density with axially encoded NWs, while avoiding potential cases of address ambiguity and simplifying NW preparation. We also explore hybrid axial/radial encodings and show that they offer no net benefit over pure codes.
Two Dimensional Photonic Crystal Modes and Resonances in Three-dimensional Structures

We present three-dimensional analysis of two-dimensional guided resonances in photonic crystal slab structures. This analysis leads to a new understanding of the complex spectral properties of such systems. Specifically, we calculate the dispersion diagrams, the modal patterns, and transmission and reflection spectra of these resonances. From these calculations, a key observation emerges involving the presence of two temporal pathways for transmission and reflection processes. Using this insight, we introduce a general physical model that explains the essential features of complex spectral properties. Finally, we show that the quality factors of these resonances are strongly influenced by the symmetry of the modes, and the strength of the index modulation.
On Bonded Inclusions With Circular or Straight Boundaries in Plane Elastostatics

It is shown that the solution, in plane elastostatics, for an infinite domain with a bonded circular inclusion (heterogeneous problem), may be obtained from the solution of the corresponding homogeneous problem merely by substitution into a simple algebraic expression (heterogenization)
Bimolecular electron and energy transfer reactivity of exchange-coupled dinuclear iron(III) complexes.

Bimolecular quenching between photosensitizers and exchange-coupled transition metal complexes has been studied in an effort to experimentally establish a link between Heisenberg spin exchange and chemical reactivity. The acceptors are members of the oxo/hydroxo-biscarboxylato class of dinuclear Fe III compounds, where protonation of the oxo bridge provides a means for modulating the magnitude of spin exchange within the cluster. Photoexcitation of solutions containing Ru II polypyridyl sensitizers and the Fe III complexes results in quenching of emission from the 3 MLCT excited state of the Ru II chromophores; nanosecond time-resolved absorption measurements demonstrate that quenching occurs, in part, by electron transfer. Decoupling electron transfer driving force (¢G0 ET ) from changes in the magnitude of spin exchange was achieved by varying the bridging carboxylate to afford a series of complexes of the form [Fe2O(H)(O2CR)2(Tp)2] n+ (n ) 0, 1, 2). Electrochemical measurements reveal a greater than 500 mV shift in cluster reduction potential across the series (i.e., R ) CH3 to CF3), whereas variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements demonstrate a corresponding invariance in spin exchange between the metal centers (Joxo )- 119 ( 4c m -1 and Jhydroxo )- 18 ( 2c m -1 for H )- 2JS1‚S2). Structural analyses suggest that reorganization energies (I) associated with electron transfer should be identical for all molecules within a given series (i.e., oxo or hydroxo bridged); likewise ¢I between the series is expected to be small. A comparison of quenching rates for the two extended series firmly establishes that neither reorganization energy nor electron transfer driving force considerations can account for differences in reactivity between oxobridged (large spin exchange) and hydroxo-bridged (small spin exchange) quenchers. Upon consideration of energy transfer contributions, it is determined that reactivity differences between the oxo- and hydroxo-bridged quenchers must lie in the relative rates of Dexter energy transfer and/or electron transfer, with the origin of the latter linked to something other than ¢G0 ET or I. Finally, the extent to which spin exchange within the dinuclear Fe III quenchers can be identified as the key variable influencing these reactivity patterns is discussed.
CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 liquids: Chemical and isotopic effects of Mg and Si evaporation in a closed system of solar composition

A method is shown for calculating vapor pressures over a CMAS droplet in a gas of any composition. It is applied to the problem of the evolution of the chemical and Mg and Si isotopic composition of a completely molten droplet having the composition of a likely refractory inclusion precursor during its evaporation into the complementary, i.e. modified solar, gas from which it originally condensed, a more realistic model than previous calculations in which the ambient gas is pure H2(g). Because the loss rate of Mg is greater than that of Si, the vapor pressure of Mg(g) falls and its ambient pressure rises faster than those of SiO(g) during isothermal evaporation, causing the flux of Mg(g) to approach zero faster and MgO to approach its equilibrium concentration sooner than SiO2. As time passes, δ25Mg and δ29Si increase in the droplet and decrease in the ambient gas. The net flux of each isotope crossing the droplet/gas interface is the difference between its outgoing and incoming flux. δ25Mg and δ29Si of this instantaneous gas become higher, first overtaking their values in the ambient gas, causing them to increase with time, and later overtaking their values in the droplet itself, causing them to decrease with time, ultimately reaching their equilibrium values. If the system is cooling during evaporation and if mass transfer ceases at the solidus temperature, 1500 K, final MgO and SiO2 contents of the droplet are slightly higher in modified solar gas than in pure H2(g), and the difference increases with decreasing cooling rate and increasing ambient pressure. During cooling under some conditions, net fluxes of evaporating species become negative, causing reversal of the evaporation process into a condensation process, an increase in the MgO and/or SiO2 content of the droplet with time, and an increase in their final concentrations with increasing ambient pressure and/or dust/gas ratio. At cooling rates <∼3 K/h, closed-system evaporation at Ptot ∼ 10−3 bar in a modified solar gas, or at lower pressure in systems with enhanced dust/gas ratio, can yield the same δ25Mg in a residual CMAS droplet for vastly different evaporated fractions of Mg. The δ25Mg of a refractory residue may thus be insufficient to determine the extent of Mg loss from its precursor. Evaporation of Mg into an Mg-bearing ambient gas causes δ26Mg and δ25Mg of the residual droplet to fall below values expected from Rayleigh fractionation for the amount of 24Mg evaporated, with the degree of departure increasing with increasing fraction evaporated and ambient pressure of Mg. δ26Mg and δ25Mg do not depart proportionately from Rayleigh fractionation curves, with δ25Mg being less than expected on the basis of δ26Mg by up to ∼1.2‰. Such departures from Rayleigh fractionation could be used in principle to distinguish heavily from lightly evaporated residues with the same δ25Mg.
Adaptable and intelligent control system implementations with microprocessors

The authors describe the most appropriate I/O (input/output) interface schemes for representative microprocessors. They also present some typical applications such as control timing generation, feedback control system, data coding, and display applications. They use the most popular 16/32 bit microprocessors such as the Intel 8086 and Motorola 68000 families in their case studies. >
Interleukin-1β Inhibits Phospholamban Gene Expression in Cultured Cardiomyocytes

Phospholamban is a key regulatory protein that defines diastolic function. Proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) can depress contractility and intracellular Ca2+ currents and transients. An alteration in phospholamban expression is a possible pathway by which these cytokines modulate cardiac function. To test this hypothesis, primary cultures of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were incubated with IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, or both, and the level of phospholamban transcripts was examined by Northern blot analyses. Phospholamban transcript levels were decreased approximately equal to 50% (P < .0001) in cells exposed to 2 ng/mL IL-1 beta (20 hours), whereas TNF-alpha had no effect. Western blot analyses showed that IL-1 beta also reduced phospholamban protein levels (60% of control, P < .0001). The effects on transcript levels were gene specific; IL-1 beta induced transcripts for inducible NO synthase (iNOS), did not alter GAPDH transcripts, and reduced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (65% of control, P < .001) transcripts. Cardiomyocytes treated with IL-1 beta showed no alterations in basal contractile parameters (maximum velocity of contraction and relaxation and maximal amplitude of contraction) but were unresponsive to beta-adrenergic stimulation. Studies performed in the presence of second-messenger inhibitors showed that the effect of IL-1 beta on phospholamban transcript levels was blocked by dexamethasone, was insensitive to inhibitors of iNOS, cyclooxygenase, or tyrosine kinases, but was enhanced by the addition of the protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine. These data demonstrate that IL-1 beta alters the expression of phospholamban, a key regulator of cardiac contractility, at both the transcript and protein levels. The results suggest novel mechanisms by which IL-1 beta may modify cardiac function.
Heterotopic nasopharyngeal brain tissue associated with cleft palate

Heterotopic brain tissue in a cleft palate is a very rare developmental anomaly. We present the eighth case reported worldwide with a review of the literature and suggestions on the management of this unusual condition.
Issues of Money Management for the Learning Disabled Adolescent in Transition to Adulthood

Many students with learning disabilities who exhibit difficulties in developing good money management skills can benefit from a variety of specific interventions.
ASSASSINATION. PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND SOCIAL PATHOLOGY.

Certain personality traits and Psychopathologic characteristics are common to persons who undertake assassination of a president of the United States. Such persons are socially alienated and it behooves the medical profession to understand the causes of such behavior and to develop a cure for them, as well as to provide the means of preventing this “social disease.”
The Wonders of Technology Teaching Becomes Virtual

At present, the teaching of patternmaking usually takes place in a lecture-lab setting in which the instructor teaches the steps and students duplicate the work. Patternmaking courses are slowly moving toward an Internet-based format, for which students no longer attend class sessions at a certain time or place. Such innovative ways of providing education have, however, typically been provided through a text-based format. How should visual topics such as patternmaking be dealt with, now and in the future? This article explores the possibilities for use of animation software for teaching patternmaking and projects its use into the future, suggesting immersive virtual reality and holograms as teaching technologies. An examination of current research and application of these technologies and of ways they may play a role in the future of education is presented.
Characterization of Alumina Optical Waveguides Grown by Ion Beam Assisted Deposition for SPARROW Biosensors

Dielectric optical films with minimal surface roughness are required for biosensing applications since the coupling characteristics often used in signal transduction are dependent on the quality of the waveguides. This paper describes the fabrication and characterization of alumina-based optical waveguides for biomolecular detection devices. Alumina (Aluminum Oxide) Al2O3 waveguides were chosen for their moisture stability and refractive index. Planar alumina optical waveguides were deposited on Borofloat substrates by a vacuum evaporation process using an ion beam assisted deposition technique. The deposited films showed RMS roughness of 0.3 nm - 0.5 nm and a range of refractive indices varying from 1.62 to 1.654 as a function of varying ion beam parameters such as oxygen flow rates and drive currents. The propagation losses for the TE0 (Transverse Electric) mode of the alumina films at 632.8 nm wavelength were found to vary between 2 dB/cm n 6 dB/cm at a wavelength of 632.8 nm for TE0 polarization as a function of ion beam parameters. It is shown that these factors influence the optical film quality and hold the potential for achieving further waveguide performance improvement for biosensing applications.