cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potential for promoting recurrent laryngeal nerve regeneration by remote delivery of viral gene therapy.

Objectives/Hypothesis: The aims of this study were to demonstrate the ability to enhance nerve regeneration by remote delivery of a viral vector to the crushed recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), to demonstrate the usefulness of a crushed RLN model to test the efficacy of viral gene therapy, and to discuss future potential applications of this approach. Study Design: Animal study. Methods: Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to two groups. In the experimental group, an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector carrying a zinc-finger transcription factor, which stimulates endogenous insulinlike growth factor I production (AAV2-TO-6876vp16), was injected into the crushed RLN. In the control group, an AAV vector carrying the gene for green fluorescent protein was injected into the crushed RLN. Unilateral RLN paralysis was confirmed endoscopically. At 1 week, laryngeal endoscopies were repeated and recorded. Larynges were cryosectioned in 15-μm sections and processed for acetylcholine histochemistry (motor endplates) followed by neurofilament immunoperoxidase (nerve fibers). Percentage nerve-endplate contact (PEC) was determined and compared. Vocal fold motion was evaluated by blinded reviewers using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Results: The difference between PEC on the crushed and uncrushed sides was statistically less in the experimental group (0.54 ± 0.18 vs. 0.30 ± 0.26, P = .0006). The VAS score at 1 week was significantly better in the experimental group (P = .002). Conclusions: AAV2-TO-6876vp16 demonstrated a neurotrophic effect when injected into the crushed RLN. The RLN offers a conduit for viral gene therapy to the brainstem that could be useful for the treatment of RLN injury or bulbar motor neuron disease.
Study of the reaction of maleic anhydride with Illinois bituminous coal

Abstract Maleic anhydride reacted with Illinois No. 6 bituminous coal (mf) at 200 and 250 °C resulted in a 22.5 and 39.3% increase in weight, respectively, which was based on the benzene-insoluble residue. The carboxyl group content of this coal residue, after it had been refluxed with water and demineralized, was 2.01 meq g −1 (459% increase) at 200 °C, and 2.74 meq g −1 at 250 °C (626% increase). If one assumes an average molecular weight of 2000 for bituminous coal, these results correspond to approximately 2 mol dienophile reacting with each mol of coal. Carboxyl group content of the insoluble coal residue was determined by the barium acetate method.
Clinical Characterization of Retinal Capillary Hemangioblastomas in a Large Population of Patients with von Hippel–Lindau Disease

Objective To report the epidemiology and ocular phenotype of retinal capillary hemangioblastomas associated with von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) disease in a large cohort of patients and to correlate patient and ocular characteristics to visual morbidity in this population. Design Cross-sectional study. Participants In 220 unrelated pedigrees, 335 patients affected with VHL disease and retinal capillary hemangioblastomas (RCHs) in at least 1 eye. Methods Demographics of the patient population were recorded and the ocular phenotype of each patient was obtained with a comprehensive ocular examination. Main Outcome Measures The patient population was characterized and the ocular phenotype described in relationship to tumor location, number, and extent of retinal involvement. Correlations between patient demographics, ocular phenotype, and visual function were analyzed. Results We detected RCHs unilaterally in 42.1% and bilaterally in 57.9% of patients. No correlation was detected between the age, gender, or laterality of involvement. Of involved eyes, 86.6% had tumors that could be individually visualized; of these, tumors were commonly found in the peripheral retina (84.7%) only, and less commonly in the juxtapapillary area (15.3%). The tumor count in the periphery averaged 2.5±1.8 per eye, with 25.2% of eyes having >1 quadrant of retinal involvement. Of involved eyes, 13.4% were enucleated or prephthsical; approximately 1 in 5 patients had ≥1 eyes so affected. Severe visual impairment (visual acuity ≤20/160) in affected eyes were more likely to be associated with increasing age, the presence of juxtapapillary lesions, and an increasing number and extent of peripheral lesions. Conclusions This large cohort of VHL patients with RCHs has enabled a systematic and quantitative characterization of the demographics, ocular features, and visual function in VHL disease. Clinical correlations between the visual morbidity and ocular features of the disease were also performed, producing measures that can help clinicians to estimate visual prognoses better based on the ocular phenotype of the disease.
Competition between electron-phonon attraction and weak Coulomb repulsion.

The Holstein-Hubbard model is examined in the limit of infinite dimensions. Conventional wisdom states that charge-density-wave (CDW) order is more strongly affected by Coulomb repulsion than superconducting order (SC) because of the pseudopotential effect. We find that the CDW-SC phase boundary does move toward half filling as the Coulomb repulsion increases, but, surprisingly, the CDW transition temperature is initially more robust against Coulomb repulsion than the superconducting transition temperature. This puzzling feature is resolved by an analysis of weak-coupling perturbation theory.
Student views of the school nurse's role in a secondary school condom availability program.

In Massachusetts the school committee of a Boston suburbs school board agreed to start a condom availability program at the communitys 2 high schools. A nurse researcher conducted 11 focus groups with 112 students to determine students attitudes and feelings so they can be incorporated in designing the program. Most students were White college-bound and professional-class. The nurse grouped most students by age gender and academic tracking into homogeneous groups. A common thread throughout the discussions was a need for respect from adults. Every focus group talked a lot about the risk of humiliation and loss of respect of adults if they took condoms. Students suggested that they would not use the program if it required individual counseling. Overall the students were concerned about the school nurses role in safer sex counseling. Sexually active females conveyed a positive relationship with the school nurse however. The lack of consistent nursing staff contributed to students doubts about building a relationship with the nurse. Students clearly identified an adult with whom they could feel comfortable talking about sexual matters as someone who would be relaxed nonjudgmental knowledgeable and available for discussion. Based on these findings the nurse researcher recommended that school nurses have more time to enhance skills in effective and sensitive sexuality counseling and devote more time to counseling and HIV prevention education. She also suggested that schools include more parent and student sexuality education. Developmentally appropriate HIV prevention education should be provided to all students in both junior and senior high schools each year. Final recommendations were intensive inservice education for school nurses anonymous condom availability and identification of other school and community personnel to support school nurses.
Drug Offenders’ Perceptions of Motivation: The Role of Motivation in Rehabilitation and Reintegration

This article presents a qualitative analysis of participants' perceptions of the importance of motivation in the detoxification and rehabilitation process. As part of an outcome evaluation of recovering drug addicts who participated in a prison-based therapeutic community, 39 participants (a nonrandomized subsample) are interviewed regarding their rehabilitation and reintegration experiences. Although many studies show that participation in prison-based drug treatment programs reduces the likelihood of recidivism, clients in this study suggest that other factors might be equally important, and in particular clients' own motivation to change their lives. This study raises some questions about the true ability of drug treatment programs to treat and rehabilitate drug-abusing offenders, diverting the emphasis from the treatment program itself to the participants' motivation to change. Findings are discussed in regard to prison-based drug treatment programs, after-release impediments encountered by inmates, and inmates' expectations of successful reintegration into the normative noncriminal society.
Chipping Away At Health: More On The Relationship Between Income And Child Health

Low-income children are in worse health than other children are. This paper explores the extent to which insults to health and activity limitations are responsible. In the most recent National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data, low-income children are more likely than other children to have virtually every measured chronic or acute condition and are more likely to be limited by these conditions. Mental health conditions are particularly common and limiting. But the higher incidence of measured conditions and limits does not explain all of the relationships between income and overall health status, which suggests that unmeasured illnesses and injuries are also involved.
Sorption of Nonionic, Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals to Mineral Surfaces

Equilibrium sorption coefficients (Kd) of a series of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and chlorobenzenes were measured on the pure mineral oxides α-Al2O3 and α-Fe2O3 using column chromatography. Sorbent surface area did not account for differences in the measured distribution coefficients (Kd) for a given compound on α-Fe2O3 and α-Al2O3. This observation indicates that the type of mineral surface is important in the sorption of nonionic, hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs). On both minerals, sorption was reversible as sorption isotherms of the PAHs were linear to at least 50% of solute aqueous solubility and the measured enthalpy of sorption similar to the compounds negative enthalpy of dissolution. Solution pH and the sign and magnitude of sorbent surface charge did not affect sorption, nor did a factor 50 change in ionic strength. The relationship between Kd and the aqueous activity coefficient, γsatw , was log Kd = 0.70 log γsatw + −10.68R 2 = 0.94 on α-Al2O3 and log Kd = 0.98 log γsatw + −11....
Dynamics of axisymmetric and poloidal flows in tokamaks

As a result of turbulence and finite Larmor radius effects, random radial currents are present in a tokamak plasma and these drive sheared axisymmetric poloidal flows. We model these currents with a noise source with given statistical properties and calculate the linear kinetic response to this source. Without collisions, there is no long term damping of these flows; when collisions are included, poloidal flows are damped. The mean square potential associated with these flows is given in terms of the linear response function we calculate and a model correlation function for the current source. Without collisions, the mean square flow increases linearly with time, but with collisions, it reaches a steady state. In the long correlation time limit, the collisionless residual flows are important in determining the mean square flow.
Computation of time response for linear networks: a novel approach

A novel technique is presented for analysing linear time-invariant networks. The method described is capable of both quantitative analysis, i.e. finding the time response of the network with prescribed initial conditions on the continuity variables and given driving functions, and qualitative analysis such as the investigation of network stability. The novel development of the paper offers the following advantages over conventional techniques: (i) it requires only DC analysis, (ii) it is recursive in nature, and (iii) it does not require writing or solving system differential or integro-differential equations.
Epithelial Growth by Rat Vibrissae Follicles In Vitro Requires Mesenchymal Contact via Native Extracellular Matrix

An in vitro assay utilizing the rat vibrissa anagen follicle as a model for studying the epithelial-mesenchymal interactions (EMI) in hair growth is described. Through selective disruption of the epithelial-mesenchymal interface, we investigate whether the specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) of the dermal papilla and basement membrane zone (BMZ) serves a crucial function in hair follicle EMI. Epithelial bulbs incubated intact within their follicular sheaths incorporate thymidine primarily into cells of the hair matrix and outer root sheath, as shown by autoradiography. However, after removal of its mesenchymal associations (dermal papilla and extrabulbar connective tissue), the epithelial bulb showed no incorporation. Neither externally added collagen (type I or IV) nor the basement membrane components in Matrigel could substitute for the growth supporting influence of native surrounding stroma. Mechanical separation of the bulb from the dermal papilla in the basement membrane zone inhibited thymidine incorporation by the epithelium even though mesenchyme was still in close proximity. Enzymatic digestion of the dermal papilla ECM and the basal lamina by Dispase, a fibronectinase and type IV collagenase, also inhibited bulb growth without evidence of cytotoxicity. These experiments suggest that direct epithelial to mesenchymal contact is required for the support of follicular epithelial growth in vitro and that specific ECM components, possibly fibronectin and/or type IV collagen, rather than diffusable factors alone, play a crucial role in the mechanism of hair follicle EMI. The in vitro system described here provides an alternative to developmental EMI models and may serve as a valuable tool for studying EMI in the adult mammalian organism.
Label-free microRNA detection based on exchange-induced remnant magnetization

We report a technique that is based on exchange-induced remnant magnetization for microRNA (miRNA) detection. In sequence-specific exchange reactions between label-free miRNA and magnetically labelled RNA with one mismatched base, the decrease in magnetization quantitatively represents the target miRNA. The detection limit reaches the zeptomole regime, with no amplification or washing procedures. Therefore, our technique will be suitable for precise miRNA profiling to aid in early diagnosis of cancers.
Theory of photon echoes in dressed atoms

Abstract A theory is presented which describes the formation of photon echoes in an atomic vapor when a cw laser field (the “dressing” field) drives an atomic transition while a sequence of pulses is applied to a coupled transition. It is found that, with a two-pulse excitation scheme, as many as nine echoes may be produced. The relationship of these “dressed-atom” echoes to conventional photon echoes is discussed.
Design For An Optical General Purpose Digital Computer

A design for an optical general purpose digital computer is presented. The basic approach involves decomposing the structure of a classical finite state machine into a logic unit, an interconnection array, and a latching unit. The logic unit is implemented with an optical NOR gate array. The NOR gate array involves projecting several binary images on a common surface, inverting, and thresholding the intensity of the result. Each pixel thus functions as a NOR gate. This NOR gate array is sufficient to establish a complete logical set. The interconnect array can be implemented with a hologram or conventional optics. Each pixel (x,y) is imaged to pixel (x,y-1), pixel (x+1,y-1), and pixel (x-2,y-1) on each cycle. This interconnection pattern is sufficient to establish a complete non-planar connective set. The latching unit serves as a memory. A delay is used as a memory in much the same manner as it was in earlier computers (mercury delay lines, CRT storage, etc.). The processor is programmed by customizing the interconnect pattern. This can be accomplished by tying the input of various optical NOR gates "high" with a customizing binary input image. This design illustrates how the parallelism of optics can be used to overcome the Von Neumann bottleneck which throttles the throughput of current computers.
In situ second harmonic generation measurements of the formation of ionically self-assembled monolayers

Recently, ionically self-assembled monolayers (ISAMs) of polymers with nonlinear optical chromophores have been shown to spontaneously exhibit a preferential ordering during the deposition process. This gives rise to a substantial second order nonlinear optical (NLO) response. Here, we use this second harmonic generation (SHG) to our advantage in the in situ study of the deposition of ISAMs. Upon immersion in the NLO-active polyelectrolyte solution, the SHG rises sharply over the first minute, demonstrating a rapid adsorption process. Immersion in the NLO-inactive partner polyelectrolyte leads to an instantaneous reduction in the SHG signal. We also show that the adsorption and ordering of a noncentrosymmetric nonlinear optical polymer increases with increasing PCBS concentration. These studies provide deeper understanding of the processes by which noncentrosymmetric order is formed in ISAM films and allows design of improved self-assembled nonlinear optical materials.
Applying information technology in global supply chains: cultural and ethical challenges

Cultural and ethical issues that arise in applying new information technology to link global supply chains are discussed. The internet, private exchanges, global satellite linkages, RFID and other forms of new technology hold great promise in terms of allowing global supply chains to operate more efficiently and provide faster response to demand. However, these new technologies also present some cultural and ethical challenges to firms operating in the global environment. There may be varying views among countries on goals, decision-making approaches, information sharing and trust and many other cultural differences. Managers in different countries also may have varying perspectives of what constitutes ethical business conduct which may impact use of market power, pricing, confidentiality, environmental protection, working conditions and other areas. These cultural and ethical differences complicate the application of new information technologies and must be dealt with by firms developing global supply chains to maximise the benefits of IT. This paper will explore such issues and suggest ways through which managers can deal with them.
Norepinephrine-induced contractions of the rat aorta in the absence of extracellular calcium—I. Effects of α-Adrenoreceptor blockers

Abstract 1. 1. The rat aorta responds biphasically to norepinephrine (NE) in calcium-free medium. The two components of the contraction (phasic followed by tonic) are dissociable, both are mediated by α-adrenoreceptors, and both are dependent on intracellular calcium derived from two distinct pools. 2. 2. The reversible α-blocker, phentolamine, inhibited NE-induced contractions in the presence and the absence of extracellular calcium with similar activity. 3. 3. After eliminating the phasic component of contraction, NE-induced tonic contractions in calcium-free medium were inhibited by phentolamine with competitive kinetics, with a resultant shift of the NE ED 50 to the right without depression of maximum-induced tension. The irreversible α-blocker, phenoxy-benzamine, exhibited noncompetitive kinetics, reducing the maximum NE-induced tonic tension without shifting the NE ED 50 . 4. 4. The K A of NE was 6.0 × 10 −8 M under calcium-free conditions, and corresponded to reported values determined in the presence of extracellular calcium. 5. 5. These findings indicate that the absence of extracellular calcium does not alter the affinity of NE binding to its α-receptor, but does create conditions resembling absence or unavailability of spare α-receptors.
Analyses of School Commuting Data for Exposure Modeling Purposes

Human exposure models often make the simplifying assumption that school children attend school in the same census tract where they live. This paper analyzes that assumption and provides information on the temporal and spatial distributions associated with school commuting. The data were obtained using Oak Ridge National Laboratory's LandScan USA population distribution model applied to Philadelphia, PA. It is a high-resolution model used to allocate individual school-aged children to both a home and school location, and to devise a minimum-time home-to-school commuting path (called a trace) between the two locations. LandScan relies heavily on Geographic Information System (GIS) data. With respect to school children attending school in their home census tract, the vast majority does not in Philadelphia. Our analyses found that: (1) about 32% of the students walk across two or more census tracts going to school and 40% of them walk across four or more census blocks; and (2) 60% drive across four or more census tracts going to school and 50% drive across 10 or more census blocks. We also find that: (3) using a 5-min commuting time interval — as opposed to the modeled “trace” — results in misclassifying the “actual” path taken in 90% of the census blocks, 70% of the block groups, and 50% of the tracts; (4) a 1-min time interval is needed to reasonably resolve time spent in the various census unit designations; and (5) approximately 50% of both the homes and schools of Philadelphia school children are located within 160 m of highly traveled roads, and 64% of the schools are located within 200 m. These findings are very important when modeling school children's exposures, especially, when ascertaining the impacts of near-roadway concentrations on their total daily body burden. As many school children also travel along these streets and roadways to get to school, a majority of children in Philadelphia are in mobile source-dominated locations most of the day. We hypothesize that exposures of school children in Philadelphia to benzene and particulate matter will be much higher than if home and school locations and commuting paths at a 1-min time resolution are not explicitly modeled in an exposure assessment. Undertaking such an assessment will be the topic of a future paper.
The metabolic demands of endosymbiotic chemoautotrophic metabolism on host physiological capacities

While chemoautotrophic endosymbioses of hydrothermal vents and other reducing environments have been well studied, little attention has been paid to the magnitude of the metabolic demands placed upon the host by symbiont metabolism and the adaptations necessary to meet such demands. Here we make the first attempt at such an evaluation, and show that moderate to high rates of chemoautotrophic or methanotrophic metabolism impose oxygen uptake and proton equivalent elimination demands upon the hosts that are much higher than is typical for the non-symbiotic annelid, bivalve and gastropod lineages to which they are related. The properties of the hosts are described and compared to determine which properties are associated with and predictive of the highest rates. We suggest that the high oxygen demand of these symbionts is perhaps the most limiting flux for the symbioses. Among the consequences of such demands has been the widespread presence of circulating and/or tissue hemoglobins in these symbioses that are necessary to support high metabolic rates in thioautotrophic endosymbioses. We also compare photoautotrophic with chemoautotrophic and methanotrophic endosymbioses to evaluate the differences and similarities in physiologies. These analyses suggest that the high demand for oxygen by chemoautotrophic and methanotrophic symbionts is likely a major factor precluding their endosymbiosis with cnidarians.
Measurement of Malabsorption of Carotenoids in Chickens with Pale-Bird Syndrome

Because pale-bird syndrome (PBS), defined as the failure of birds to realize the color potential of their diet, has been demonstrated to be caused by malabsorption or by hyperexcretion of carotenoids, a method for measuring malabsorption of carotenoids would be useful. The absorption of dietary canthaxanthin, a red diketocarotenoid, into serum during aflatoxicosis was measured in an experiment with a 2 x 9 factorial arrangement of treatments (0 and 5 micrograms of aflatoxin/g of diet; serum collected at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 24 h after a standard meal fed to four groups of 10 3-wk-old birds). Serum canthaxanthin levels determined by HPLC attained plateau values between 8 and 14 h after the meal. The absorption of canthaxanthin was depressed significantly (P less than .05) in birds with aflatoxicosis from 4 to 24 h after feeding the standard meal. Four field flocks diagnosed as having PBS were tested for malabsorption by intubating 10 birds with a standard amount of canthaxanthin and measuring serum canthaxanthin 12 h later. One flock had about 85% normally pigmented birds and 15% extremely pale birds, the second flock had a coccidiosis history, the third had a Newcastle disease history, and the fourth had a history of both coccidiosis and Newcastle disease. The flocks were 5- to 6-wk-old, received feed of the same manufacture, and their disease outbreaks had occurred 2 wk earlier.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Solubility studies of estrone in organic solvents using gas-liquid chromatography.

Abstract Solubilities of estrone in thirteen organic solvents were investigated at various temperatures, including 0°, 15°, 25°, 30°, and 40°C, depending upon boiling and freezing points. Gas chromatography, the method used, is compared to the method of evaporation of solvent and weighing of residue. Results and theory are discussed.
Mathematics Instruction in Resource Rooms: Instruction Time and Teacher Competence:

A survey of resource room teachers (N = 101) was used to determine: (a) the amount of time resource room teachers spend in mathematics instruction, (b) the amount of those teachers' formal training...
Activation of heterotrimeric G-proteins independent of a G-protein coupled receptor and the implications for signal processing

Heterotrimeric G-proteins are key transducers for signal transfer from outside the cell, mediating signals emanating from cell-surface G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR). Many, if not all, subtypes of heterotrimeric G-proteins are also regulated by accessory proteins that influence guanine nucleotide binding, guanosine triphosphate (GTP) hydrolysis, or subunit interactions. One subgroup of such accessory proteins (activators of G-protein signaling; AGS proteins) refer to a functionally defined group of proteins that activate selected G-protein signaring systems in the absence of classical G-protein coupled receptors. AGS and related proteins provide unexpected insights into the regulation of the G-protein activation-deactivation cycle. Different AGS proteins function as guanine nucleotide exchange factors or guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors and may also influence subunit interactions by interaction with GBgamma. These proteins play important roles in the generation or positioning of signaling complexes and of the regulation of GPCR signaling, and as alternative binding partners for G-protein subunits. Perhaps of even broader impact is the discovery that AGS proteins provide a foundation for the concept that heterotrimeric G-protein subunits are processing signals within the cell involving intrinsic cues that do not involve the classical signal input from a cell surface GPCR.
Low molecular weight viral RNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase III during adenovirus 2 infection

Abstract Nuclei isolated from human cells productively infected with adenovirus 2 have been shown to synthesize four low molecular weight RNA species which hybridize efficiently to viral DNA. One species corresponds to the 5.5S or VA RNA (Ohe, Weissman, and Cooke, 1969), and is designated V 156 . The other three species are novel and have been designated V 200 , V 140 , and V 130 , since they are approximately 200, 140, and 130 nucleotides in length, respectively. These viral RNAs retain their distinct electrophoretic properties after denaturation with formamide. RNA species with electrophoretic mobilities similar to those of the V 200 , V 156 , and V 140 RNAs have been found in the cytoplasmic fraction of cells at late times after adenovirus infection. In isolated nuclei, the V 200 , V 156 , V 140 , and V 130 RNAs are all synthesized by DNA-dependent RNA polymerase III, since synthesis is sensitive to high but not to low concentrations of α-amanitin. The synthesis of these low molecular weight RNAs continues for a prolonged period of time in isolated nuclei, suggesting that reinitiation occurs. Adenovirus 2 DNA fragments obtained by digestion with restriction endonucleases Eco RI and Sma I were used to map the location of the DNA sequences which encode the RNAs. All the low molecular weight RNAs hybridized to a region of the genome between 0.18 and 0.38 fractional lengths from the left end of the adenovirus genome, suggesting that the respective DNA sequences are clustered. Other nonviral low molecular weight RNAs are synthesized in nuclei isolated from infected cells. These include the cellular 5S rRNA species which was monitored by its hybridization to purified 5S DNA from Xenopus laevis.
A Contingency Perspective on Organizational Learning: Integrating Environmental Context, Organizational Learning Processes, and Types of Learning

Current research suggests that organizational learning (OL) occurs through different processes and describes various types of learning that are used in organizations. What is unclear, though, is what circumstances prompt an organization to engage in one learning process or the other. Equally confusing is the underlying relationship between learning processes and the types of learning. To address these issues, we develop a contingency model of organizational learning and suggest that perception of the environment influences the use of learning processes. We also show that differential emphasis on learning processes results in different types of learning. Our conceptual model connects perceptions of the environment, learning processes, and types of learning. The contingency framework offered in this article provides a more holistic perspective of OL and has implications for future research and management practice.
Synthesis of carbon‐14 labelled cis‐2‐amino‐1,9‐dihydro‐9‐[4‐(hydroxy‐methyl)‐2‐cyclopenten‐1‐YL]‐6H‐purine‐6‐one; [8‐14C]carbovir: A promising anti‐aids drug

The synthesis of the title compound (3) is described. Treatment of a solution of triethyl [14C]orthoformate in dry chloroform with cis-[4-(2,5-diamino-6-chloro-4-pyrimidinyl)-amino]-2-cyclopentenyl carbinol (1) afforded crude 2. Hydrolysis of crude 2 with 2 N sodium hydroxide gave 3 in 34% overall radiochemical yield with specific activity of 19.6 mCi/mmol.
Vertical Migration and Nighttime Distribution of Adult Bloaters in Lake Michigan

Abstract The vertical migration and nighttime vertical distribution of adult bloaters Coregonus hoyi were investigated during late summer in Lake Michigan using acoustics simultaneously with either midwater or bottom trawling. Bloaters remained on or near bottom during the day. At night, bloaters were distributed throughout 30–65 m of water, depending on bottom depth. Shallowest depths of migration were not related to water temperature or incident light. Maximum distances of migration increased with increasing bottom depth. Nighttime midwater densities ranged from 0.00 to 6.61 fish/1,000 m3 and decreased with increasing bottom depth. Comparisons of length distributions showed that migrating and nonmigrating bloaters did not differ in size. However, at most sites, daytime bottom catches collected a greater proportion of larger individuals compared with nighttime midwater or bottom catches. Mean target strengths by 5-m strata indicated that migrating bloaters did not stratify by size in the water column at ...
Apollo 13 Trajectory Reconstruction via State Transition Matrices

An iterative method of solving the perturbed Lambert boundary value problem using state transition matrices is documented and applied to reconstructing Apollo 13's as-flown circumlunar trajectory. Use of NASA Apollo trajectory elements as Lambert boundary values is validated. Abridged NASA Apollo trajectory element tables appear to be the only comprehensive as-flown Apollo program trajectory data available to present-day researchers. In their application to trajectory reconstruction, NASA Apollo trajectory elements are of great value to space historians and NASA's Vision for Space Exploration.
Chloral hydrate mediated inhibition of cell division and of proton synthesis.

Chloral hydrate (along with other anaesthetics and hypnotics) is an inhibitor of cell division. We have shown that chloral hydrate is also an inhibitor of protein synthesis. This inhibition is unlikely to be a result either of the disruption of cell division or of interference with the function of microtubules. The ability of chloral hydrate to inhibit cell division may result from its ability to inhibit protein synthesis.
Human pesticide blood levels as a measure of body burden and pesticide exposure.

Abstract Studies have been conducted on the variability and utility of whole blood and plasma organochlorine pesticide concentration measurements in man. Concentrations of p,p′-DDE, dieldrin, and β-hexachlorocyclohexane are remarkably consistent throughout the day. Minor increases in p,p′-DDE and p,p′-DDT serum concentrations were observed promptly following the ingestion of the evening meal. In random autopsy specimens, good correlations were found between blood and fat concentrations of p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDT, and β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH). The concentrations of these insecticides in plasma, when measured in 5 individuals repeatedly throughout a work week, were also remarkably consistent. Plasma pesticide measurements are preferred to whole blood measurements. Compared to United States residents, markedly elevated blood concentrations of β-HCH were observed in graduate students and postdoctoral fellows who had come from Formosa and Japan. Apparently, concentrations of organochlorine pesticides in the blood are in equilibrium with those in the tissue and measurement constitutes a highly useful and readily obtainable means of estimating body burdens and exposure.
Environmental and genetic variation in leaf anatomy among populations of Andropogon gerardii (Poaceae) along a precipitation gradient

UNLABELLED PREMISE OF THE STUDY Phenotypes of two Andropogon gerardii subspecies, big bluestem and sand bluestem, vary throughout the prairie ecosystem of North America. This study sought to determine the role of genetics and environment in driving adaptive variation of leaf structure in big bluestem and sand bluestem. • METHODS Four populations of big bluestem and one population of sand bluestem were planted in common gardens at four sites across a precipitation gradient from western Kansas to southern Illinois. Internal leaf structure and trichome density of A. gerardii were examined by light microscopy to separate genetic and environmentally controlled traits. Leaf thickness, midrib thickness, bulliform cells, interveinal distance, vein size, and trichome density were quantified. • KEY RESULTS At all planting sites, sand bluestem and the xeric population of A. gerardii had thicker leaves and fewer bulliform cells compared with mesic populations. Environment and genetic source population were both influential for leaf anatomy. Leaves from plants grown in mesic sites (Carbondale, Illinois and Manhattan, Kansas) had thicker midribs, larger veins, fewer trichomes, and a greater proportion of bulliform cells compared to plants grown in drier sites (Colby and Hays, Kansas). • CONCLUSIONS Water availability has driven adaptive variation in leaf structure in populations of A. gerardii, particularly between sand bluestem and big bluestem. Genetically based differences in leaves of A. gerardii indicate adaptive variation and evolutionary forces differentiating sand bluestem from big bluestem. Environmental responses of A. gerardii leaves suggest an ability to adjust to drought, even in populations adapted to mesic home environments.
Marine Outfall Performance. II: Stabilization and Case Studies

This paper, the second in a series, outlines the various methods that can be used to immobilize and protect an exposed outfall pipe that appears vulnerable to destabilizing agents such as waves, ice, logs, or fishing trawls. Measures covered include the placing of quarry rock or articulated concrete block mats, the driving of piles, and the installation of stapling arrangements. Case studies cover various specific outfalls where particular stabilization measures were employed. Environmental considerations are included.
Assay for Mitolactol and Its Bifunctional Alkylating Metabolites in Plasma

A method involving precolumn derivatization and high-performance liquid chromatography is described for the measurement of mitolactol levels in plasma. The basis of the assay is the reaction at pH 7.4 and 50°C of mitolactol with diethyldithiocarbamate to form 1,6-bis(diethyldithiocarbamoyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexane. This derivative is then extracted into chloroform, resolved by normal-phase chromatography, and detected by UV (254 nm) absorbance. The method quantitates the sum of mitolactol and its active bifunctional metabolites, bromoepoxydulcitol and dianhydrogalactitol, in plasma down to concentrations of 0.5 μM. The pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug in mice have been determined following the intraperitoneal injection of either 20 or 100 mg/kg of body weight. Absorption from the peritoneal cavity was largely complete by 5 min. Parameters obtained include a first-order elimination constant, k = 0.92 × 10−2 min−1 and an apparent volume of distribution, Vd = 0.78 L/kg. For a 100-mg/kg dose, the area under the concentration-time curve was 49 mM · min, and the mean peak drug concentration was reached at 40 min following intraperitoneal injection. Concentrations of mitolactol in total plasma and in plasma ultrafiltrates were identical, indicating that the drug is not (< 4%) reversibly bound to plasma proteins.
Anisotropic scattering in photorefractive materials: reply to comment

In response to Odoulov’s comment [ J. Opt. Soc. Am. B4, 1333 ( 1987)], we show that, for gratings established through the tensor photovoltaic effect, anisotropic scattering along the c axis in 3m crystals is not forbidden by symmetry.
Passive avoidance in prenatally X‐irradiated rats

Twenty-nine albino rats which had received 200 R of X irradiation on the 16th day of gestation were given together with 38 nonirradiated control animals, 4 trials in a passive avoidance conditioning situation. Irradiated animals showed significantly more passive avoidance behavior than did the controls. In a second experiment, animals from both groups were subsequently tested in a shuttle-box, active avoidance situation. Here, also, the irradiated animals showed more avoidance behavior than the controls. It was hypothesized that the findings are related to increased fearfulness in prenatally irradiated rats.
Nuclear Viscosity of Hot Rotating 240 Cf

In a detailed investigation of giant dipole resonance (GDR) γ-ray yield from 240Cf populated in the 32S + 208Pb reaction, the absolute γ-ray/fission multiplicities are extracted over a wide range of excitation energy and angular momentum. The enhanced yield of GDR decay γ rays has been analyzed within the framework of a modified statistical model containing the nuclear viscosity as a free parameter. The extracted nuclear dissipation coefficient is found to be independent of the temperature. Large constant dissipation during the saddle-to-scission path provides good fits to the γ-ray spectra.
Rehabilitation implications of non-traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage.

Objective: Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) remains an important cause of stroke in the rehabilitation population, whose incidence has not been changed by pre-morbid medical treatment. The understanding of the pathophysiological changes that occur after SAH has been more clearly defined, therefore the treatment and outcomes of these patients have undergone drastic changes over the past few years. The purpose of this review is to update and familiarize the rehabilitation professional on the state of the art treatment and common complications associated with this disease and how this may affect the rehabilitation programme. Also, the current literature on the outcomes of these patients will be reviewed to help advise the rehabilitation professional on potential predictors.Data sources: Literature review.Study selection: Articles of relevance to the current management of SAH.Data extraction: Information that was deemed significant in the understanding of the pathophysiology, treatment and results of outcomes i...
Life of the Party: The Origins of Regime Breakdown and Persistence under Single-Party Rule

This article develops a theory of single-party regime consolidation to explain the dramatic variation in longevity among these regimes. The strength of the opposition and rent scarcity during party consolidation, it argues, structure the choices available to elites as they decide how to build a support base. A weak opposition and ready access to rents makes a low-cost consolidation possible, but these conditions provide little incentive to build a robust coalition or strong party organization; this trajectory generates weak single-party rule that is likely to collapse in a crisis. Conversely, elites who face a powerful opposition and scarce rents have no choice but to offer potential allies access to policy-making and have powerful incentives to build a strong and broad-based party organization. Ruling parties that emerge from initial conditions like these prove more resilient during later crises. The author conducts an initial test of the argument against paired comparisons of Guinea-Bissau and Tanzania and of Indonesia and the Philippines.
High-fiber foods reduce periodontal disease progression in men aged 65 and older: the Veterans Affairs normative aging study/Dental Longitudinal Study.

Objectives: To determine whether foods that are good to excellent sources of fiber reduce periodontal disease progression in men. Design: Prospective, observational study. Setting: Greater Boston, Massachusetts, metropolitan area. Participants: Six hundred twenty-five community-dwelling men participating in the Department of Veterans Affairs Dental Longitudinal Study. Measurements: Dental and physical examinations were conducted every 3 to 5 years. Diet was assessed using food frequency questionnaires (FFQs). Mean follow-up was 15 years (range: 2�24 years). Periodontal disease progression on each tooth was defined as alveolar bone loss (ABL) advancement of 40% or more, probing pocket depth (PPD) of 2 mm or more, or tooth loss. Good and excellent fiber sources provided 2.5 g or more of fiber per serving. Multivariate proportional hazards regression estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of periodontal disease progression and tooth loss in relation to fiber sources, stratified according to age younger than 65 versus 65 and older, and controlled for smoking, body mass index, calculus, baseline periodontal disease level, caries, education, exercise, carotene, thiamin and caffeine intake, and tooth brushing. Results: In men aged 65 and older, each serving of good to excellent sources of total fiber was associated with lower risk of ABL progression (HR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.60�0.95) and tooth loss (HR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.53�0.97). Of the different food groups, only fruits that were good to excellent sources of fiber were associated with lower risk of progression of ABL (HR = 0.86 per serving, 95% CI = 0.78�0.95), PPD (HR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.91�0.99), and tooth loss (HR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.78�0.99). No significant associations were seen in men younger than 65. Conclusion: Benefits of higher intake of high-fiber foods, especially fruits, on slowing periodontal disease progression are most evident in men aged 65 and older.
Dynamics of external ocular blood flow studied by scanning angiographic microscopy.

The scanning angiographic microscope (SAM) provides a solution to the considerable technical difficulties associated with conventional episcleral fluorescein angiography. Standardised anterior segment fluorescein videoangiograms were performed using the SAM in each episcleral quadrant of the right eye in 6 normal subjects; frame-by-frame analysis proved important. Centripetal flow was seen in all 37 scleral perforating arteries investigated. Other features were the marked individual variability, much larger vertical anterior ciliary arteries, the high frequency of arteriovenous anastomoses, the complex flow patterns, the absence of a ‘watershed’ zone between anterior ciliary and posterior episcleral circulations, a characteristic and discontinuous distribution of ‘leaky’ episcleral veins, and the primacy of venous drainage into the plexus of muscular veins. Reports of retrograde blood flow in the anterior ciliary arteries in most fluorescein angiographic studies are probably incorrect, the result of unappreciated methodological problems. The SAM is an important advance on previous anterior segment fluorescein angiography techniques.
Properties of melting 3He: Specific heat, entropy, latent heat, and temperature

A sequence of experiments has been performed to measure thermal properties of liquid and solid 3 He between the temperatures 1 and 25 mK at melting curve densities. A two-phase mixture of 3 He sample was self-cooled by the Pomeranchuk method. A heat pulse technique was used, combined with measurements of pressure and volume, to yield separate determinations of liquid and solid properties: the specific heat of liquid 3 He in the normal Fermi liquid and superfluid phases; the entropy of solid 3 He above and through a nuclear magnetic transition at 1.10 mK; and an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale based on measurement of latent heat of conversion of liquid to solid.
Photoacoustic fibrinolysis: Pulsed-wave, mid-infrared laser-clot interaction

Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine whether a mid-infrared laser can induce selective fibrinolysis and to analyze the effect of altered fibrin structure (thin vs. thick fibers) on laser-clot interaction.
Selective reduction of condensed N-heterocycles using water as a solvent and a hydrogen source

The reduction of unprotected indoles and quinolines is described using water as a hydrogen source. The method is based on the application of a RANEY® type Ni–Al alloy in an aqueous medium. During the reaction the Al content of the alloy, used as reductants, reacts with water in situ providing hydrogen and a RANEY® Ni catalyst, thus the alloy serves as a hydrogen generator as well as a hydrogenation catalyst. The simplicity and efficacy of the method are illustrated by the selective reduction of a variety of substituted indoles and quinolines to indolines and tetrahydroquinolines, respectively.
Comment on "Correlations between isobaric and isochoric fragilities and thermodynamical scaling exponent for glass-forming liquids".

For nonassociated, glass-forming liquids and polymers, thermodynamic scaling of structural relaxation times and viscosities is an empirical fact, demonstrated by various groups for dozens of materials. The $P$ and $T$ invariance of the isochoric fragility follows directly from this scaling. Apparent inconsistencies with these statements were reported recently by Grzybowski et al. [A. Grzybowski, K. Grzybowska, J. Zio\l{}o, and M. Paluch, Phys. Rev. E 74, 041503 (2006)]; however, the putative inconsistencies arise from use at higher pressures of parameters to correlate the isobaric and isochoric fragilities that are valid only for ambient pressure.