cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethanol-induced alteration of dopamine metabolism in rat liver.

Abstract Ethanol alters the metabolism of dopamine such that the final product is no longer predominantly the acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), but is a mixture of the acid and the alcohol derivative, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol (DOPET). The ratio of DOPAC/DOPET produced in rat liver slices incubationed with [ethylamine-2-14C]dopamine hydrochloride in the absence of ethanol is ca. 10, while in the presence of ethanol it is 0.25. Addition of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) inhibitors prevents the alteration in metabolism. Changing the NAD/NADH ratio of the liver cytosol by adding lactate to the incubation medium does not cause an alteration in the metabolism of dopamine. Acetaldehyde addition in the presence or absence of ADH inhibitors does not enhance the production of the alcohol derivative, though there was a small decrease in DOPAC levels. Thus, neither the decreased liver cytosol NAD/NADH ratio nor the preferential oxidation of acetaldehyde over 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetaldehyde (DOPAL) can explain the ethanol-induced alteration in dopamine metabolism. 3-Etiocholan-3β-o1-17-one, an alternative substrate for ADH, whose product of oxidation is neither a substrate nor an inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase, mimics the effect of ethanol such that in its presence the metabolism of dopamine to its alcohol derivative is enhanced. An increased reduction of DOPAL by the NADPH-dependent aldehyde reductase cannot explain the dramatic enhancement of DOPET formation observed in the presence of ethanol or the sterol because the NADPH/ NADP ratio is normally very high in the liver. Due to the unique enzyme mechanism of ADH, in which the rate-limiting step of the reaction is the release of NADH from the enzyme, a finite concentration of the enzyme-NADH complex will exist during alcohol metabolism. We propose that the biogenic aldehyde binds to this form of ADH and is reduced.
Harnessing rivers of wind: A technology and policy assessment of high altitude wind power in the U.S.

Abstract This paper provides an assessment of the commercialization potential for high altitude wind power (HWP). Several technological and policy barriers are identified that may affect the development and deployment of the technology in the US. Technical barriers include electrical transmission from high altitudes and the development of viable methods of energy storage to address intermittency. Non-technical barriers include the lack of a carbon price in the US, which provides an advantage to embedded technologies and widens the ‘valley of death.’ A variety of stakeholders are analyzed in order to understand potential impacts upon the development of HWP. Many fossil fuel producers and utility companies have been leveraging political authority to lobby against a carbon tax, which could be crucial for broad deployment of renewable energy technologies. The combination of technical and non-technical barriers indicates that commercialization of HWP is unlikely in the short term. Commercialization would require major policy shifts at the federal level and advances in S&T. Recommendations are provided to increase federal investment in applied research through additional funding for the Advanced Research Projects Agency—Energy (ARPA-E). It is also recommended that ARPA-E create a matching fund to assist in the commercialization of renewable energy technologies.
Teaching Basic Library Skills: Past Tense, Future Perfect

Over the past decade, academic librarians have identified increasingly sophisticated learning objectives for programs of bibliographic instruction. The new objectives include the use of conceptual frameworks, the development of skills in topic analysis and problem solving, and the study of scholarly communication and bibliographic structure in a particular field of knowledge. As these objectives gain acceptance in library instruction programs nationwide, the old, familiar objectives, such as learning how to use an index, have become the target of growing criticism.
Very low rate compression of speckled SAR imagery

Synthetic aperture radars produce coherent, and speckled, high resolution images of the ground. Because modern systems can generate large amounts of imagery, there is substantial interest in applying image compression techniques to these products. In this paper, the authors examine the properties of speckled imagery relevant to the task of data compression. In particular, they demonstrate the advisability of compressing the speckle mean function rather than the literal image. The theory, methodology, and an example are presented.
Medial Impingement of the Ankle in Athletes

Context:Medial impingement syndrome of the ankle is common in the athletic population. A marginal osteophyte on the leading edge of the medial talar facet and a corresponding “kissing” osteophyte on the tibia, in front of the medial malleolus, may abut and cause pain and limited dorsiflexion.Background:Palpation of the talar osteophyte and standard imaging—especially, the oblique view of the foot—are useful in making the diagnosis. Surgical removal of the osteophyte may be necessary.Conclusions:Ankle impingement is commonly seen in running and jumping sports, especially if the athlete has a subtle cavus foot. It may be associated with ankle instability, osteochondritis dissecans of the talus, and stress fractures of the foot.
Functional vector generation for HDL models using linear programming and 3-satisfiability

Our strategy for automatic generation of functional vectors is based on exercising selected paths in the given hardware description language (HDL) model. The HDL model describes interconnections of arithmetic, logic and memory modules. Given a path in the HDL model, the search for input stimuli that exercise the path can be converted into a standard satisfiability checking problem by expanding the arithmetic modules into logic-gates. However, this approach is not very efficient. We present a new HDL-satisfiability checking algorithm that works directly on the HDL model. The primary feature of our algorithm is a seamless integration of linear-programming techniques for feasibility checking of arithmetic equations that govern the behavior of datapath modules, and 3-SAT checking for logic equations that govern the behavior of control modules. This feature is critically important to efficiency, since it avoids module expansion and allows us to work with logic and arithmetic equations whose cardinality tracks the size of the HDL model. We describe the details of the HDL-satisfiability checking algorithm in this paper. Experimental results which show significant speedups over state-of-the-art gate-level satisfiability checking methods are included.
Canonical quantization without conjugate momenta

In the traditional form of canonical quantization, certain field components (not having “conjugate” momenta) must be regarded as noncanonical. This long-known distinction enters modern gauge theories, when they are canonically quantized as by Kugo and Ojima. We avoid that peculiarity by not using any conjugate “momenta” at all. In our formulation, canonical quantization can be related to Feynman's path integral.
Examining the use case as genre in software development and documentation

The practice of outsourcing among organizations frequently involves external companies or consultants introducing texts (or in rhetorical genre theory terms, genres) as means of transforming work practices in the company who sought expert help from the outside. Such an abrupt-seeming introduction of unfamiliar texts upon workers, either within or across organizations, characterizes a practice I call "genre dumping." This practice, however, contrasts with the rhetorical genre theory perspective that sees genres as typified actions that respond to situations that recur. While such theoretical perspectives may help us understand how genres function and/or evolve in extant situations, they may not be sufficient for describing what happens when texts are imposed upon workers with the purpose of creating situations entirely new to those people and with the expectation that the text type (i.e., genre) will enable the new situation to stabilize and recur over time. For example, in software development, the practice of genre dumping is exemplified by a growing trend in which companies are adopting use cases to learn or begin using object-oriented or iterative design methodologies. In fact, the use case genre features its own large and growing body of literature and is popular for its perceived richness and informality in iterative design approaches. However, much of the use case literature voices problems that can arise with the adoption of use cases. As a means of beginning to assess the function of use cases in a particular software project in which genre dumping has occurred, this paper reports on a descriptive analysis of two use cases used in that project. Discussed here are implications for (a) practice apropos of the use of use cases in development and documentation and (b) theory apropos of notions of generic recurrence and communicative success and the phenomenon of genre dumping.
Yield components, harvest index and plant type in relation to yield differences in field pea genotypes

The effectiveness of yield components, harvest index and morphological characteristics as selection criteria among four field pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes was examined. Genotypes were grown at a wide range of plant populations (9 to 400 plants m-2) to maximise environmental diversity. Both biological and seed yields approximately doubled from 9 to 100 plants m-2. This response flattened from 100 to 400 plants m-2. Differences among the genotypes were found only at 225 and 400 plants m-2. Analysis of the yield components highlighted the plasticity and large genotype by environment interactions of field peas. The numbers of pods per plant and peas per pod were maximised when each genotype was grown as spaced plants, but the low plant numbers meant seed yields per unit area were at their lowest. Genotypic differences for plant harvest index (PHI) were also only found at 225 and 400 plants m-2. Broad sense heritability estimates indicated that direct selection for PHI was not feasible. The inference from the yield component and PHI results was that alternative selection criteria such as physiological or morphological characteristics may be necessary for improved yield potential. Classification of each genotype indicated that low seedling vigour may be a positive attribute for crop plants of semi-leafless and conventionally leafed field peas. Selection based on any single plant attribute is unlikely to lead to dramatic improvements in the yield potential of field peas. Selection should be based on plant characteristics rather than on differences in yield components.
Towards An Erotics of the Psyche

Every mythic figure suggests a unique mode of selfawareness. The work of Carl Jung and Thomas Mann helps us understand how a psychology imagined from the perspective of Eros differs from one visioned in relation to another divinity such as Zeus or Aphrodite. A study of their writing suggests an erotics of the psyche, different from the logics of the psyche with which we are more familiar and also from an aesthetics of the psyche. As Nietzsche helped us recognize the continued liveliness of Apollo and Dionysos, so they recall us to an appreciation of the full range of Eros' significance as it was known in ancient Greece. We appreciate why for the Greeks to tell the story of Psyche is to tell a story which necessarily includes Eros. Because Eros is the god of transformative love, there is not only an erotics of the psyche but a psychotics of eros. Eros implies encounter with the dark but not abandonment to it, release from narcissism and from single vision. ACH mythical tradition, each mythic personage suggests a unique mode of self-awareness. Carl Kerenyi suggests that the imagination truly sensitive to mythology is able to "perceive realms of human existence in their dominant figures" and "to enter into these figures."' There are many different mythical illuminations of the psyche: A psychology visioned in relation to Zeus might be a hierarchical one which stressed the value of the ego's ordering power. A psychology imagined from Aphrodite's perspective might be one which lured us to fascinated absorption in the images produced by the fecund unconscious. Each god represents a different aspect. Walter Otto conveys with great beauty how each of the Greek divinities is a totality, a whole world: *This paper was presented at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Religion, October 1975, Chicago, Illinois. 'Alexander Gelley, tr., Mythology and Humanism: The Correspondence of Thomas Mann and Karl Kerenyi (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1975), p. 7. CHRISTINE DOWNING (Ph.D., Drew University) is chairperson of the Religious Studies Department at San Diego State University. Her publications include "Sigmund Freud and the Greek Mythological Tradition" (JAAR, March 1975) which represents an overview of an important section of her forthcoming study of Freud and Jung, A Poetics of the Psyche.
Friendship to the Death in Rural Thai Society

With reference to a growing literature on interpersonal relations in peasant societies, Foster has asserted that peasants typically exhibit the following characteristics: distrust of the intentions of others; noncooperativeness; inability or unwillingness to seek interpersonal involvement; and friendlessness. He notes in addition the widespread occurrence of what might be termed a deus ex machina complex: a heavy reliance on patron-client relationships in a variety of critical situations, and an emphasis on luck or magic as explanations of either success or failure. Here I shall comment only upon the first of these two clusters of traits.
Physiological responses to emersion in the intertidal green crab, Carcinus maenas (L.)

The green shore crab, Carcinus maenas, undergoes on average 6 h periods of emersion during each low-tide cycle during the summer months. Under those conditions, the crab is cut off from its normal water environment and is exposed to potential stress from a suite of environmental and physiological changes: dehydration, compromised gas exchange and resultant internal hypoxia and hypercapnia, thermal stress, and ammonia toxicity. This study examined the comprehensive responses of the green crab in water and to a 6 h emersion period laboratory simulation of a tidal cycle followed by a 1 h re-immersion period, measuring indicators of dehydration, hemolymph osmolality, oxygen uptake, hemolymph acid–base status, heart and ventilatory rate, and hemolymph ammonia and ammonia excretion. Green crabs showed physiological responses of varying magnitude to 6 h of emersion. Individuals were found in the field exclusively under rocks and large clumps of seaweed where temperatures were approximately half those of exposed ...
Configuration control of a mobile dexterous robot: real-time implementation and experimentation

This paper describes the design and implementation of a real-time control system with multiple modes of operation for a mobile dexterous manipulator. The manipulator under study is a kinematically redundant seven degree-of-freedom arm from Robotics Research Corporation, mounted on a one degree-of-freedom motorized platform.
Photovoltaic effects in temperature-dependent Fermi-level movement for GaAs(110)

This paper describes how illumination influences the measured band bending when different amounts of Ti and Bi are deposited on n-type and p-type GaAs(110) with different dopant concentrations for temperatures 20\ensuremath{\le}T\ensuremath{\le}300 K. Synchrotron radiation photoemission results show that photon fluxes used routinely in Schottky-barrier formation studies induce measurable photovoltages. These photovoltages depend on the amount of band bending, the type of doping, the dopant concentration, and the metal overlayer. These photovoltages contribute a nonequilibrium component of band bending, especially at low temperature.
Determination in gas chromatography—mass spectrometry data of mass spectra free of background and neighboring substance contributions

Abstract The determination in a g.c.—m.s. data matrix by singular value analysis and least squares of the mass spectra of the substances present and of their corresponding resolved g.c. peak profiles has been supplemented by the determination of a background for each mass, assumed to be constant over 10–12 contiguous scans. The norm for the g.c. peaks has been changed to a maximum of one so that the mass spectral intensities are proportional to the true ion currents at the respective g.c. peak maxima. Complete resolved spectra are computed by using all measured masses. Examples are given of close resolutions (less than one scan separation) and multiple overlap resolution (8 overlapping substances). The method is compared with other published clean-up methods.
The Local Discontinuous Galerkin Method for the Fourth-Order Euler---Bernoulli Partial Differential Equation in One Space Dimension. Part I: Superconvergence Error Analysis

In this paper we develop and analyze a new superconvergent local discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) method for approximating solutions to the fourth-order Euler---Bernoulli beam equation in one space dimension. We prove the $$L^2$$ L 2 stability of the scheme and several optimal $$L^2$$ L 2 error estimates for the solution and for the three auxiliary variables that approximate derivatives of different orders. Our numerical experiments demonstrate optimal rates of convergence. We also prove superconvergence results towards particular projections of the exact solutions. More precisely, we prove that the LDG solution and its spatial derivatives (up to third order) are $$\mathcal O (h^{k+3/2})$$ O ( h k + 3 / 2 ) super close to particular projections of the exact solutions for $$k$$ k th-degree polynomial spaces while computational results show higher $$\mathcal O (h^{k+2})$$ O ( h k + 2 ) convergence rate. Our proofs are valid for arbitrary regular meshes and for $$P^k$$ P k polynomials with $$k\ge 1$$ k ? 1 , and for periodic, Dirichlet, and mixed boundary conditions. These superconvergence results will be used to construct asymptotically exact a posteriori error estimates by solving a local steady problem on each element. This will be reported in Part II of this work, where we will prove that the a posteriori LDG error estimates for the solution and its derivatives converge to the true errors in the $$L^2$$ L 2 -norm under mesh refinement.
Environmental Conditions Causing Milled Rice Kernel Breakage in Medium-Grain Varieties

Milled rice kernels have been shown to rapidly fissure and eventually break when exposed to certain air conditions (Stermer 1968, Kunze and Hall 1967, Siebenmorgen et al 1998). Milled kernels rapidly gain or lose moisture from the environment depending on the air temperature and relative humidity (RH) of the surrounding air, as well as the moisture content (MC) of the kernels (Kunze and Choudhary 1972, Lu et al 1993). This moisture migration into or out of the kernel causes tensile or compressive stresses to occur in the starchy endosperm of the milled kernel (Stermer 1968). Depending on the moisture gradient between the kernel and the equilibrium MC of the surrounding air, these stresses can cause kernels to fissure during postmilling operations. This, in turn, can lead to kernel breakage and a significant reduction in head rice yield (HRY) (Autrey et al 1955). Past research (Siebenmorgen et al 1998) identified critical parameters causing milled rice kernel breakage in long-grain varieties. A test apparatus and an experimental procedure were developed that quantified kernel breakage as a function of air temperature and RH, kernel MC, exposure duration, and kernel temperature in long-grain varieties. As a continuation of identifying factors that lead to milled rice breakage, the relative fissuring response of two medium-grain varieties with a range of MC exposed to various air conditions representing milling environments were determined.
China Turns to the Sea: Changes in the People's Liberation Army Navy Doctrine and Force Structure

As China's economy continues to expand, its policies and interests change and evolve. Today, Chinese economic and political interests span the globe from Africa to Latin America and the South Pacific. The country has grown more dependent on foreign energy sources in once marginal places such as Angola. Access to resources such as oil and natural gas are now at the forefront of Chinese security policy. While access to markets and regions where massive Chinese investment is occurring is equally important, these new challenges have led to some important changes in China's security and military posture, particularly its naval strategy. While diplomacy and economic power are still the most practical alternatives available to China to defend its interests, several Chinese military and civilian observers now openly discuss other alternatives, such as the eventuality of using military power to defend these interests. This is particularly visible in the People's Liberation Army Navy, where a more ambitious and con...
Synthesis and characterization of fluorinated benzoxazole polymers with high Tg and low dielectric constant

Next generation microelectronic packaging requirements are driving the need to produce increasingly lower dielectric constant materials while maintaining high thermal stability and ease of processing. Efforts have focused on the synthesis and analysis of new polymers with the goals of high thermal stability [degradation temperature (T d ) > 400 °C, low glass-transition temperature (T g ) > 350 °C], low water uptake (< 1%), solubility in selected organic solvents, dielectric constant less than 2.5, and low thermal expansion coefficient. These stringent combined goals have been largely achieved with flexible aromatic benzoxazole polymers. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding between pendant hydroxyl groups and the double-bond nitrogen of the benzoxazole has been exploited to increase the polymer T g , whereas the incorporation of perfluoroisopropyl units effectively decreases the dielectric constant. Out-of-plane impedance measurements on films of materials in this family (38-134 μm thick) have resulted in typical dielectric values of 2.1-2.5 at 1 MHz, depending on copolymer ratios and functionalizations. Results have been correlated with optical waveguide measurements of films 4-μm thick to determine film anisotropy and the high-frequency dielectric constant, and have been corroborated by in-plane interdigitated electrode dielectric measurements on samples 0.75 μm thick. Candidate materials exhibited extremely low water uptake (0.2%) even after submersion in boiling water for several days. Dynamic mechanical analysis of the polymers enabled the determination of the influence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding on the T g and loss tangent magnitude. Finally, the coefficient of thermal expansion has been examined and correlated with copolymer constitution.
High-energy effective action from scattering of QCD shock waves

At high energies, the relevant degrees of freedom are Wilson lines--infinite gauge links ordered along straight lines collinear to the velocities of colliding particles. The effective action for these Wilson lines is determined by the scattering of QCD shock waves. I develop the symmetric expansion of the effective action in powers of strength of one of the shock waves and calculate the leading term of the series. The corresponding first-order effective action, symmetric with respect to the projectile and target, includes both up and down fan diagrams and pomeron loops.
Optic nerve invasion of retinoblastoma. Metastatic potential and clinical risk factors.

Background. Optic nerve invasion is one of the predictors for retinoblastoma metastases. This study was designed to investigate the risk of optic nerve invasion and clinical features that may identify those children with optic nerve invasion. Methods. We reviewed the charts of 289 children with retinoblastoma treated initially with enucleation. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the risk for metastases from varying degrees of optic nerve invasion and to assess the clinical and histopathologic predictors of optic nerve invasion. Results. There were 84 eyes (29%) with optic nerve invasion. The invasion was prelamina cribrosa in 44 cases (15%), up to but not posterior to the lamina cribrosa in 21 cases (7%), posterior to the lamina cribrosa but not to the cut end of the optic nerve in 17 cases (6%), and to the site of optic nerve transection in 2 cases (1%). Patients with optic nerve invasion were more likely to develop metastasis (P = 0.0016), particularly those with invasion to the postlaminar and cut section of the optic nerve (P = 0.0001). Development of metastasis was not statistically associated with laminar or prelaminar involvement. If those patients with choroidal invasion simultaneous with optic nerve invasion were excluded from evaluation, the presence of optic nerve invasion alone was not significant for development of metastasis. The clinical factors found to be predictive for optic nerve invasion from a univariate analysis included exophytic growth pattern (P = 0.011), elevated intraocular pressure (> 22 mm Hg) (P = 0.02), and tumor thickness greater than or equal to 15 mm (P = 0.03). The histopathologic factor significantly associated with optic nerve invasion (univariate analysis) was simultaneous choroidal invasion (P = 0.001). A trend toward an association with optic nerve invasion was found with vitreous hemorrhage (P = 0.06), iris neovascularization (P = 0.10), and poorly differentiated retinoblastoma (P = 0.07). A multi-variate analysis showed the most significant clinical factors to be exophytic growth pattern (P = 0.002), tumor thickness greater than or equal to 15 mm (P = 0.01), and vitreous hemorrhage (P = 0.05). Conclusions. Optic nerve invasion of retinoblastoma beyond the lamina cribrosa is associated with a greater metastatic risk. Large exophytic retinoblastoma with secondary glaucoma is at highest risk for optic nerve invasion.
Coordinate regulation of an extended chromosome domain.

Abstract Spitz et al. (2003)([this issue of Cell ]) describe the properties of a novel cis -regulatory DNA element, the global control region (GCR), which regulates gene expression over distances of several hundred kilobases at the mouse HoxD complex. The GCR provides an explanation for the colinear genetic linkage and expression of individual Hox genes within developing limbs.
QUENCH ECHOES IN LENNARD-JONES AND RUBIDIUM FROZEN FLUIDS--TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE ANHARMONIC BEHAVIOR

We have found a new echo phenomenon that appears in molecular dynamics simulations of a solid. The echo appears in the behavior of the temperature after the system recovers from two abrupt quenches. This effect can be explained in terms of classical normal mode analysis of the system. We have applied these echo techniques to the study of close packed glasses with Lennard-Jones and rubidium interatomic potentials. We have been able to study the degree of anharmonic behavior in the system as a function of temperature as the sample is heated from the glass to the liquid state. We have also studied this behavior when the attractive and repulsive terms in the Lennard-Jones potential are varied.
Log-amplitude covariance for waves propagating through very strong turbulence

In the limit of asymptotically strong scattering, the log-amplitude covariance is calculated for a zero-mean complex Gaussian field. This calculation does not agree with the predictions of the heuristic theory. The value of log-amplitude measurements and theory is questionable when the scattering is strong.
Mantle viscosity beneath the Galapagos 95.50°W propagating rift

Detailed geophysical surveys in the vicinity of the Galapagos 95.5 deg W propagating rift tip establish the opening history of the rift and its velocity of propagation. These data together with a theory for mantle upwelling into slowly widening lithospheric cracks constrain the viscosity of the asthenosphere beneath the propagating rift to be less than about 10 to the 17th to 10 to the 18th Pa s.
Structural inference in political science datasets

Sociopolitical databases provide a rich source of high-dimensional data with hidden spatial-temporal structure; for example countries voting for/against certain UN resolutions is a manifestation of the underlying political alignment among nations. We introduce the notion of diffusion distance as a natural measure in such datasets. and applied diffusion maps to databases of intergovernmental organizations' memberships and UN roll calls. Examination of the embeddings from these data across time reveals interesting historical narratives, suggesting the results serve as a proxy for analysis of security and terrorism datasets.
Ultrahigh vacuum temperature-programmed desorption of CO and D2 from silica-supported ruthenium: Evidence for spillover of D2

The ultrahigh vacuum temperature-programmed desorption of D/sub 2/ and CO from silica-supported Ru was studied. Features attributed to D/sub 2/ spillover were observed for doses at temperatures above 323 K. The CO desorption spectra were broad and indicated a very heterogeneous distribution of adsorption sites but no spillover. The desorption of predosed D/sub 2/ from coadsorbed D/sub 2/ + CO showed that CO displaces weakly bound D(a) causing the D/sub 2/ desorption peak to shift to higher temperatures. Preadsorbed D(a) caused no changes in the desorption of CO. A small amount of CD/sub 4/ desorbed when CO and D were coadsorbed. The potential catalytic role of the spillover D(a) is discussed.
American Indian Identity and Blood Quantum in the 21st Century: A Critical Review

Identity in American Indian communities has continually been a subject of contentious debate among legal scholars, federal policy-makers, anthropologists, historians, and even within Native American society itself. As American Indians have a unique relationship with the United States, their identity has continually been redefined and reconstructed over the last century and a half. This has placed a substantial burden on definitions for legal purposes and tribal affiliation and on American Indians trying to self-identify within multiple cultural contexts. Is there an appropriate means to recognize and define just who is an American Indian? One approach has been to define identity through the use of blood quantum, a metaphorical construction for tracing individual and group ancestry. This paper will review the utility of blood quantum by examining the cultural, social, biological, and legal implications inherent in using such group membership and, further, how American Indian identity is being affected.
An algorithm for minimizing a differentiable function subject to box constraints and errors

We consider the problem of minimizing a differentiable function ofn parameters, with upper and lower bounds on the parameters. The motivation for this work comes from the optimization of the design of transient electrical circuits. In such optimization, the parameters are circuit elements, the bound constraints keep these parameters physically meaningful, and both the function and gradient evaluations contain errors. We describe a quasi-Newton algorithm for such problems. This algorithm handles the box constraints directly and approximates the given function locally by nonsingular quadratic functions. Numerical tests indicate that the algorithm can tolerate the errors, if the errors in the function and gradient are of the same relative size.
Statistical significance testing for the association of magnetometer records at high-, mid- and low latitudes during substorm days

Abstract In recent years, the interaction of the auroral substorms with the equatorial and mid-latitude currents has been the subject of extensive research. We introduce a new statistical technique that allows us to test at a specified significance level whether such a dependence exists, and how long it persists. This quantitative statistical technique, relying on the concepts and tools of functional data analysis, uses directly magnetometer records in one minute resolution, and it can be applied to similar geophysical data which can be represented as daily curves. It is conceptually similar to testing the nullity of the slope in the straight line regression, but both the regressors and the responses are curves rather than points. When the regressors are daily high latitude H-component curves during substorm days and the responses are daily mid- or low latitude H-component curves, our test shows significant dependence (the nullity hypothesis is rejected) which exists not only on the same UT day but also extends into the next day for strong substorms.
Further psychometric evaluation of the Japanese version of an academic self-concept scale.

In the present study, the author replicated earlier research (Paik & Michael, 1999) seeking additional information on the reliability and construct validity of a Japanese academic self-concept scale, a 70-item questionnaire comprising 5 subscales (Aspiration, Anxiety, Academic Interest and Satisfaction, Leadership and Initiative, and Identification vs. Alienation). A sample of 196 Japanese high school students completed the scale. Internal consistency reliability for the 5 subscales ranged from .75 to .87. Confirmatory factor analyses performed on several alternative models showed that the a priori 5-factor model fit the observed data best-a finding consistent with the previous study. Results of Z tests revealed statistically significant score differences between genders and between high and low academic achievers.
The effects of cytochalasin D on differentiating muscle in culture

Abstract The spontaneous contractility of myotubes is enhanced by cytochalasin D (CD), which also causes myotobes to constrict and retract. Within an hour, large accumulations of filament masses appear in the cortical cytoplasm; they are later sequestered by fusion of sarcoplasmic membranes. More prolonged treatment induces the formation of many leptomerie bodies. The myofibrils of differentiating myotubes are disoriented by CD, but stacking of thick and thin filaments is not affected. In developed myotubes the orientation of myofibrils is maintained. Small pulsating myotubes can dcvelop in the continued presence of CD. After short exposure, effects of CD are rapidly reversible but after long exposure recovery is delayed or incomplete.
Carbon dioxide efflux accompanies release of fertilization acid from sea urchin eggs.

“Fertilization acid” is released from sea urchin eggs upon fertilization and decreases the pH of the surrounding seawater. In bicarbonate-free artificial seawater flushed with nitrogen gas, the pH shift still occurs but returns to the original value in a few minutes, suggesting that the released acid is volatile. A likely candidate for a volatile acid is carbon dioxide released from the eggs. Therefore, the total CO2 content of seawater was measured pre- and post-fertilization and was found to be correlated stoichiometrically with released proton equivalents, leading to the conclusion that fertilization acid is largely carbon dioxide. Manometric analysis of cell extracts and ashed eggs suggest that the carbon dioxide may be stored in the unfertilized egg as an inorganic carbonate.
Low temperature growth of GaAs1−yBiy epitaxial layers

Abstract A comparative study is presented of the effect of reactant sequencing during the metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy of GaAs 1− y Bi y on epilayer composition and structural properties. The simultaneous introduction of precursors was compared with a pulsed or alternating reactant flow. Pulsed growth resulted in a more controlled incorporation of Bi into the GaAs epitaxial layers and led to a more well-defined superlattice structure as determined by X-ray diffraction. The effect of growth temperature (370–420 °C) and precursors flow rate on the film properties and Bi incorporation was determined. While growth rate of GaAs decreased with decreasing growth temperature, the GaAs 1− y Bi y growth rate was almost temperature insensitive over this investigated temperature range. The catalytic effect of Bi metal or the trimethyl bismuth reactant on the decomposition and incorporation of Ga is considered to rationalize this observed behavior. The specific choice of reactant flow and temperature can strongly influence the material properties of the GaAs 1− y Bi y films. These observations suggest the possibility of the growth of GaAs 1− y Bi y hetero-structures at the temperatures below what was assumed to be the lowest possible temperature for the growth of GaAs.
Photoneutron polarization studies of the giant M1 resonance in $sup 208$Pb

The photoneutron polarization from states near threshold was measured, for the first time, for the reaction $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}(\ensuremath{\gamma}, {n}_{0})^{207}\mathrm{Pb}$ throughout the neutron energy range 500 to 1000 keV. Spin and parity assignments were made for these states. The giant $M1$ resonance in $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ was found to be less fragmented than previously thought. The data suggest that there is some "missing" $M1$ strength in $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$.
A factorial analysis of input parameters using finite element techniques

A two-level factorial design was performed to evaluate the effect of three key input parameters in a finite element analysis of a forging process. A series of “computer experiments” were performed that simulated the forging of a subscale jet engine disk, and these results were then compared with an actual disk forging.
Did duty hour reform lead to better outcomes among the highest risk patients

Background Earlier work demonstrated that ACGME duty hour reform did not adversely affect mortality, with slight improvement noted among specific subgroups.
X-band performance of three-dimensional, selectively laser sintered waveguides

In this paper, the feasibility of using selective laser sintering to create high-frequency metallic structures is investigated. Two WR90 waveguides are fabricated directly from a CAD drawing using an automated laser sintering tool from e-Manufacturing Solutions (EOS). The waveguide performance is measured from 8 GHz to 12 GHz and compared to a standard commercially available brass waveguide and the differences in loss performance will be used to extract an effective conductivity of the laser fabricated parts, both prior to and after polishing the critical surfaces. Polishing the inside of the waveguides demonstrates the available performance of the casting alloy used and the impact of the natural surface roughness on the performance of parts fabricated using the EOS powder-based laser sintering process. Overall, a performance comparable to the brass waveguide is achieved.
Cotton embryogenesis: The pollen tube in the stigma and style

The ultrastructure and composition of the pollen tube of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) growing in the tissues of the stigma and style of the flower were examined. The distal portion of the tube is densely cytoplasmic and contains the vegetative nucleus and the two sperms. The vegetative nucleus is highly convoluted and the membrane contains many pores and connections with the ER. No organized nucleolus is present but 4–6 membrane-bound, protein containing bodies are found in the nucleus. Mitochondria containing numerous cristae are abundant in the cytoplasm. Dictyosomes are also plentiful and are engaged in the production of many large vesicles. Rough ER is conspicuous and polysomes are found in the cytoplasm. Plastids are few in number, poorly developed, and contain little starch. Many uniform, small vesicles are found throughout the cytoplasm. Lipid bodies frequently with small vesicles associated with them are found in the tube. In the proximal region vacuoles form and the cytoplasm becomes pressed against the wall. In the transition zone the ER frequently becomes distended and filled with protein. The wall has two distinct layers: one strongly PAS positive, the other faintly PAS positive. The inner wall is apparently formed by the deposition of large dictyosome vesicles. Plug structure and development were studied.
Chandra observations of two pulsars PSR 0628-28 and PSR 1813-36

Abstract PSR 0628-28 is an X-ray emitting radio pulsar which was observed with the advanced CCD imaging spectrometer (ACIS) on board Chandra on 2001 November 4 and on 2002 March 25 for 2000 and 17,000 s, respectively. The source countrate was 0.0111 ± 0.0013 counts per second. The spectral distribution of counts can be described by several model fits. A blackbody fit yields a temperature kT =2.69 +0.09 −0.09 ×10 6 K together with N H =0.082 +0.04 −0.03 ×10 22 cm −2 and a powerlaw fit yields a photon index of γ =2.65 +0.28 −0.29 with a hydrogen column density of N H =0.13 +0.028 −0.021 ×10 22 cm −2 . Confirming the previous ROSAT pointed observation of PSR 1813-36, there was no positive detection from the 30 ks Chandra ACIS observation on 2001 October 25. We obtained an upper limit for the countrate of 2.3×10 −4 counts per second.
A memristor-based nonvolatile latch circuit.

Memristive devices, which exhibit a dynamical conductance state that depends on the excitation history, can be used as nonvolatile memory elements by storing information as different conductance states. We describe the implementation of a nonvolatile synchronous flip-flop circuit that uses a nanoscale memristive device as the nonvolatile memory element. Controlled testing of the circuit demonstrated successful state storage and restoration, with an error rate of 0.1%, during 1000 power loss events. These results indicate that integration of digital logic devices and memristors could open the way for nonvolatile computation with applications in small platforms that rely on intermittent power sources. This demonstrated feasibility of tight integration of memristors with CMOS (complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor) circuitry challenges the traditional memory hierarchy, in which nonvolatile memory is only available as a large, slow, monolithic block at the bottom of the hierarchy. In contrast, the nonvolatile, memristor-based memory cell can be fast, fine-grained and small, and is compatible with conventional CMOS electronics. This threatens to upset the traditional memory hierarchy, and may open up new architectural possibilities beyond it.
Pronoun disambiguation: Accessing potential antecedents

Two general classes of pronoun disambiguation processes are considered. In reading “Jack threw a snowball at Phil, but he missed,” both possible antecedents of “he” (“Jack” and “Phil”) may be accessed initially. Or, the actual antecedent alone may be accessed after sufficient semantic context is encoded. To evaluate these alternatives, a yes-no-probe recognition task was used to measure priming of the potential antecedents in sentence comprehension. Subjects read sentences similar to the example and were presented a test word immediately following each sentence. Response times for the actual antecedent (“Jack”) and nonantecedent (“Phil”) probes were obtained. Results indicated that the nonantecedent as well as the antecedent was activated (accessed) in pronoun disambiguation. This conclusion was not affected by the ordering of the antecedent and nonantecedent in the first clause.
Using non-invasive quantitative echocardiography during weaning trials to assess left ventricular recovery on mechanical assist devices

compare pulsatile and nonpulsatile flow generated by LVADs with outflow to the ascending aorta and descending aorta. Methods: An in vitro mock circulatory loop, driven by either a pulsatile or a nonpulsatile LVAD was anastomosed to transparent aortic models at either ascending or descending aortic position. The aortic valve was kept closed modeling no native cardiac output. Normal saline was used as a blood substitute. Methylene blue dye was injected to illustrate flow patterns in the ascending aorta and aortic arch. Dye washout time was used as a marker of flow stagnation and potential thrombogenicity. Cardiac output, afterload and coronary flow were measured. Results: Dye washout times for 5 L/min flow rate were 2.0 0.8, 2.0 0.7, 5.0 0.8, and 8.0 4.4 sec for pulsatile ascending (PA), continuous ascending (CA), pulsatile descending (PD), and continuous descending (CD), respectively. Coronary flow was 265, 312, 310, and 286 ml/min for PA, CA, PD, and CD, respectively. Dye washout times for 4 L/min flow rate were 3.0 1.0, 3.0 0.8, 14.0 3.8, and 25.0 9.1 sec for PA, CA, PD, and CD, respectively. Coronary flow was 210, 240, 225, and 233 ml/min for PA, CA, PD, and CD, respectively. Conclusion: LVAD descending aortic anastomosis and retrograde aortic flow is associated with significantly increased (P 0.001) flow stagnation in the ascending aorta. This may increase the risk for thromboembolism in patients solely relying on retrograde aortic flow. There were no differences in coronary flow across the study groups.
Performance of quantized composite filters in a joint transform correlator

The use of a simulated annealing algorithm to design quantized composite reference function (QCRF) filters is presented. Since the QCRF filters are spatial domain filters using finite quantization levels, they can be implemented at the output spatial light modulator of a joint transform correlator. The performance of the QCRF filters has been tested, in which we have shown that the detectability, accuracy, discriminability, and reliability improve as the quantization of the filter increases.
Identifying Congenital Heart Disease in the Emergency Department: A Case of Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return

An 8-day old male infant is sent to the emergency department by his pediatrician for weight loss, pallor, and respiratory distress. On arrival, the infant was found to be in shock. The infant was resuscitated and an echocardiogram revealed infradiaphragmatic total anomalous pulmonary venous return. This article will provide an overview of the prevalence, classification, clinical manifestations, diagnostic workup, and management of total anomalous pulmonary venous return.
InAs quantum dots based solar cell: Multi-excitons

A stack of 10 InAs quantum dot layers has been incorporated into an In x Ga 1-x As(p doped)/InAs/In x Ga 1-x As(n doped) heterojunction semiconductor device using molecular beam epitaxy. Atomic force microscopy revealed quantum dots of sizes 20 to 50 nm and heights of 2 to 5 nm. The density was 2x1010 quantum dots per cm2 per layer. This device, when compared to In x Ga 1-x As (p doped)/In x Ga 1-x As(n doped) homojunction device with no InAs quantum dot layers, showed a 20 fold increase in the photocurrent density under 50 W lamp illumination however the open circuit voltage dropped. Exponential increase in the photocurrent might have been an effect of multiple exciton generation (carrier multiplication) due to discrete electronic wave functions in the nanometer sized InAs quantum dots.