cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance analysis of the Bayesian data reduction algorithm

This paper compares the performance of the recently proposed Bayesian data reduction algorithm (BDRA) with a rigorously trained automated feed-forward back-propagation artificial neural network (ANN) classifier on a number of benchmark problems. Using the UCI Machine Learning Repository, six two-group classification problems were examined: Wisconsin breast cancer disease, glass identification, ionosphere, IRIS plant, Pima Indian diabetes and liver disorders. Using re-sampling process to reduce sample bias, the two classifiers were compared along the dimensions of in-sample classification, test-sample classification, dimensionality reduction and training time requirements. Significant differences between performances were determined by pair-wise repeated measures t-tests between means. The results indicated that the BDRA consistently outperformed the neural network in dimensionality reduction and training time requirements, while obtaining, with the exception of one database, comparable classification rates. For benchmarking purposes, both the BDRA and ANN were compared with a step-wise linear regression classification model.
Relationship between Measures of Working Memory Capacity and the Time Course of Short-Term Memory Retrieval and Interference Resolution.

The response-signal speed–accuracy trade-off (SAT) procedure was used to investigate the relationship between measures of working memory capacity and the time course of short-term item recognition. Highand low-span participants studied sequentially presented 6-item lists, immediately followed by a recognition probe. Analyses of composite list and serial position SAT functions found no differences in retrieval speed between the 2 span groups. Overall accuracy was higher for high spans than low spans, with more pronounced differences for earlier serial positions. Analysis of false alarms to recent negatives (lures from the previous study list) revealed no differences in the timing or magnitude of early false alarms, thought to reflect familiarity-based judgments. However, analyses of false alarms later in retrieval indicated that recollective information accrues more slowly for low spans, which suggests that recollective information may also contribute less to judgments concerning studied items for low-span participants. These findings can provide an explanation for the greater susceptibility of low spans to interference.
The Theory and Practice of Citations Analysis, with Special Reference to Law and Economics

This review essay surveys the use of citations analysis in the economic analysis of law. The advantages and drawbacks of citations as data are discussed, the principal applications of citations analysis as a management tool and as a tool for testing hypotheses are canvassed, and the use of human capital and other economic models to provide a framework for the interpretation of citations and citation patterns is explained.
Ethnozoology and the future of sociology

Three questions are explored regarding ethnozoology’s place in sociology. First, why has sociology been slow to explore this subject or to give it much credibility? Resistance by sociologists to ethnozoology is strikingly ironic, given the discipline’s willingness in recent years to consider the plight of virtually every human minority. Although androcentric and conservative biases no doubt are part of this resistance, it is suggested that significant resistance comes from sociologists involved in the study of various oppressed groups. Second, what has sociology done to study ethnozoology so far? Acritique is made of prior attempts to categorize research in this area along topical lines. Instead, the value of theoretically organizing this literature is advocated. Finally, how should sociology proceed with ethnozoological research? An argument is made for increasing applied research. Two exemplars are provided, including the trend by police to racially profile urban pit‐bull owners and the growth of uneasiness among veterinary students who resist the traditional use of animals as educational tools.
Autologous Cell Delivery to the Skin-Implant Interface via the Lumen of Percutaneous Devices in vitro

Induced tissue regeneration around percutaneous medical implants could be a useful method to prevent the failure of the medical device, especially when the epidermal seal around the implant is disrupted and the implant must be maintained over a long period of time. In this manuscript, a novel concept and technique is introduced in which autologous keratinocytes were delivered to the interfacial area of a skin-implant using the hollow interior of a fixator pin as a conduit. Full thickness human skin explants discarded from surgeries were cultured at the air-liquid interface and were punctured to fit at the bottom of hollow cylindrical stainless steel fixator pins. Autologous keratinocytes, previously extracted from the same piece of skin and cultured separately, were delivered to the specimens thorough the interior of the hollow pins. The delivered cells survived the process and resembled undifferentiated epithelium, with variations in size and shape. Viability was demonstrated by the lack of morphologic evidence of necrosis or apoptosis. Although the cells did not form organized epithelial structures, differentiation toward a keratinocyte phenotype was evident immunohistochemically. These results suggest that an adaptation of this technique could be useful for the treatment of complications arising from the contact between skin and percutaneous devices in vivo.
Production and stabilization of cells of Bacillus popilliae and Bacillus lentimorbus.

Abstract Bacillus popilliae and B. lentimorbus grew most rapidly and to the greatest extent in aerated cultures at 30 to 32 C with oxygen absorption rates of 1 mmole of O2 per min per liter, or above. The control of pH also increased the maximal populations attained. Media were developed which consistently produced cell populations of about 109 within 24 to 48 hr in aerated cultures of these two species. The acetic acid produced in highly aerated cultures was shown not to be responsible for the rapid loss of cell viability in stationary phase cultures. However, H2O2 was very lethal to cells of B. popilliae, and this species is known to have the capacity to produce it. Stationary-phase cells were partially stabilized by reducing the availability of oxygen after 24 hr of incubation on a shaker, and the addition of low levels of glucose further stabilized the cells. The most stable cells were those produced in a medium in which 4% Trypticase (BBL) and 0.1% barbituric acid were incorporated. A high percentage of these cells contained refractile bodies visible under a phase microscope. Although these bodies were not heat-resistant and lacked other characteristics of endospores, cells in cultures containing them had reasonably high viability for extended periods, as compared with those in control cultures.
A Stochastic Mixed-Integer Programming approach to the energy-technology management problem

As the development and population of North America continues to grow, the demand for environmentally friendly or clean energy generation is becoming more of an issue. We present a model that addresses the energy technologies that may continue to be used and new clean energy technologies that should be introduced in energy generation. The approach involves a Stochastic Mixed-Integer Program (SMIP) that minimizes cost and emission levels associated with energy generation while meeting energy demands of a given region. The results provide encouraging outcomes with respect to cost, emission levels, and energy-technologies that should be utilized for future generation.
Approach to sedation in the ICU

Sedation is fundamental to the care of ICU patients. Many practitioners undervalue the importance of sedation on patient outcome. Sedation must be approached methodically. To do this, the clinical team must understand the various components comprising a sedation regimen and the pharmacologic options available to meet the patients’ needs. Once the appropriate pharmacological course has been determined, an instrument must be chosen to measure the effectiveness of the treatment. There exists a multitude of scales by which to assess sedation. This review should facilitate the clinician in developing a systematic approach to sedation and offer ways to assess the treatment effectiveness.
Functional nucleus pulposus-like matrix assembly by human mesenchymal stromal cells is directed by macromer concentration in photocrosslinked carboxymethylcellulose hydrogels

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is associated with several pathophysiologic changes of the IVD, including dehydration of the nucleus pulposus (NP). Tissue engineering strategies may be used to restore both biological and mechanical function of the IVD following removal of NP tissue during surgical intervention. Recently, photocrosslinked carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) hydrogels were shown to support chondrogenic, NP-like extracellular matrix (ECM) elaboration by human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) when supplemented with TGF-β3; however, mechanical properties of these constructs did not reach native values. Fabrication parameters (i.e., composition, crosslinking density) can influence the bulk mechanical properties of hydrogel scaffolds, as well as cellular behavior and differentiation patterns. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of CMC macromer concentration (1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 % weight/volume) on bulk hydrogel properties and NP-like matrix elaboration by hMSCs. The lowest macromer concentration of 1.5 % exhibited the highest gene expression levels of aggrecan and collagen II at day 7, corresponding with the largest accumulation of glycosaminoglycans and collagen II by day 42. The ECM elaboration in the 1.5 % constructs was more homogeneously distributed compared to primarily pericellular localization in 3.5 % gels. The 1.5 % gels also displayed significant improvements in mechanical functionality by day 42 compared to earlier time points, which was not seen in the other groups. The effects of macromer concentration on matrix accumulation and organization are likely attributed to quantifiable differences in polymer crosslinking density and diffusive properties between the various hydrogel formulations. Taken together, these results demonstrate that macromer concentration of CMC hydrogels can direct hMSC matrix elaboration, such that a lower polymer concentration allows for greater NP-like ECM assembly and improvement of mechanical properties over time.
Location-Based Service (LBS) System Analysis and Design

Advances in GPS, personal locator technology, Internet and network technology, and the rapidly growing number of mobile personal devices are helping to drive the fast growth of mobile e-commerce, we refer to as m-commerce. A special case of m-commerce is enabled with location based services (LBS) where often the actual position of the terminal is used in the service provision. In this chapter, we concentrate on the analysis and design issues and techniques for the LBS. We give a brief introduction of LBS and its applications and present the most important user, system, and infrastructure requirements. We also pres- ent the architecture and database design issues in LBS systems and study the performance an LBS system and evaluate its properties.
Serum Beta Hydroxybutyrate Concentrations in Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease, Hyperthyroidism, or Hepatic Lipidosis.

Background Ketones, including beta hydroxybutyrate (BHB), are produced in conditions of negative energy balance and decreased glucose utilization. Serum BHB concentrations in cats are poorly characterized in diseases other than diabetes mellitus. Hypothesis Serum BHB concentrations will be increased in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD), hyperthyroidism (HT), or hepatic lipidosis (HL). Animals Twenty-eight client-owned cats with CKD, 34 cats with HT, and 15 cats with HL; 43 healthy cats. Methods Prospective observational study. Serum BHB concentrations were measured at admission in cats with CKD, HT, and HL, for comparison with a reference interval established using healthy cats. Results of dipstick urine ketone measurement, when available, were compared to BHB measurement. Results Beta hydroxybutyrate was above the reference interval (<0.11 mmol/L) in 6/28 cats (21%) with CKD, 7/34 cats (20%) with HT, and 11/15 cats (73%) with HL, significantly exceeding the expected 2.5% above the reference interval for healthy cats (P < .001 for all groups). Elevations were mild in CKD and HT groups (median BHB 0.1 mmol/L for both groups, 80th percentile 0.12 and 0.11 mmol/L, respectively), but more marked in HL cats (median BHB 0.2 mmol/L, 80th percentile 0.84 mmol/L). None of 11 cats with increased serum BHB concentration having urine dipstick analysis performed within 24 h of sampling for BHB were ketonuric. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Increases in serum BHB concentrations occur in cats with CKD, HT, and HL, and might provide an useful index of catabolism.
Forecasting Using the Linear Regression Model

This technical note explains how to use a linear regression model to construct a point-and-interval forecast of an uncertain dependent variable.
Wireless leak detection using airborne ultrasonics and a fast-Bayesian tree search algorithm with technology demonstration on the ISS

This paper presents a wireless leak detection and localization system, based on airborne ultrasonic acoustics and a fast-Bayesian inference technique. Leaks caused by micrometeoroid and orbital debris are major concerns for mission safety on the ISS and other pressurized space structures. A sensor system was designed and constructed to observe these ultrasonic signals and localize the leak. A novel algorithm combining angle of arrival, Bayesian inference, and tree-search is presented to calculate the leak location with any desired accuracy. Prototype of the leak detector will be demonstrated on the ISS in the 2016/2017 time frame, collecting valuable ultrasonics data in microgravity environments. Leak location calculations, system design, and preliminary results are presented in this paper.
Symposium Summary: Fragmentation and Star Formation in Molecular Clouds

This Symposium on fragmentation and star formation has dealt with the heart of the study of molecular clouds, which is how they form stars. This problem is one of the most profound and challenging problems in all of astrophysics. The complexity of the interstellar medium adds to its difficulty and we cannot expect a quick and easy solution. Nonetheless, the reports presented at this Symposium indicate that substantial progress is being made in this field.
Derivation of Mie Theory of Light Scattering

The Mie's theory of light scattering by a small spherical particle was reviewed in details. It is a classic theory in which the light is treated as an electromagnetic wave, and the incident light activates oscillation of polarized charge in a sphere which results in a radiation of electromagnetic wave as the scattered light. The mathematical realization of the theory consists of some steps as: (1) vector wave equation is derived from Maxwell's equations, (2) general solution of the vector wave equation is obtained on spherical coordinates, (3) plane wave as incident light is expanded on the spherical coordinates, (4) scattered wave from the sphere satisfying the boundary conditions is obtained. Each step was explained in details in the review.
Investigation of the Effects of Non-Equilibrium Plasma Discharges on Temperature and OH Concentrations in Low- Pressure Premixed Flames

In this paper, we investigate the effects of nanosecond, repetitively-pulsed, non-equilibrium plasma discharges on laminar, low-pressure, premixed burner-stabilized hydrogen/O2/N2 and hydrocarbon/O2/N2 flames using OH laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). Two different plasma sources, both of which generate uniform, low-temperature, volumetric, non-equilibrium plasma discharges, are used to study changes in temperature and radical species concentrations when non-equilibrium plasmas are directly coupled to conventional hydrogen/hydrocarbon oxidation and combustion chemistry. Qualitative imaging of flame chemiluminescence indicates that during plasma discharge, lean hydrocarbon flames “move” upstream in addition to showing a broadening of the flame chemiluminescence. For the same plasma discharge and flame conditions, quantitative results using spatially-resolved OH LIF and multi-line, OH LIF-thermometry show significant increases in ground-state OH concentrations in the preheating zones of the flame. More specifically, for a particular axial position downstream of the burner surface, the OH concentration increases, which also can be viewed as an effective “shift” of the OH profiles towards the burner surface. The increase in OH concentration is conceivably due to an enhancement of the lowertemperature kinetics including O atom, H atom and OH formation kinetics and temperature rise due to the presence of the low-temperature, nonequilibrium plasma.
Using Solver to Estimate Aquifer Parameters for Non-Leaky and Leaky Unsteady Confined Aquifer TestsEstimating Aquifer Parameters

Aquifer testing of confined aquifers has been used for many years to aid with the determination of the key aquifer parameters, including transmissivity, storativity, and leakance. A myriad of published methodologies have been previously developed. Some of these solutions have led to the development of expensive, proprietary software. Others require development of complex numerical models, while still others require complex calculus using inverse Laplace transforms or numerical inversion. Two common aquifer testing problems are the determination of aquifer parameters for non-leaky and leaky confined aquifers. A simple alternative approach using new computer tools can be used to estimate the aquifer parameters for both non-leaky and leaky confined aquifers given transient drawdown data from a nearby observation well. The proposed alternative methodology uses Microsoft Excel and Solver to inverse model likely best-fit aquifer parameters. The approach does not require Visual Basic or Visual Basic Assistant (VBA) programming or numerical inversion. It adapts recently published analytical approaches and uses a simple least-squares error minimization approach using the sum of square terms in combination with the evolutionary genetic solution algorithm available in Solver. It is particularly useful for teaching undergraduate geoscience or engineering majors due to its accessibility. The results provided compare favorably to other published methods.
Computational Study of Human-Amylin Induced Calcium Dysregulation in Cardiac Myocytes Characteristic of Pre-Diabetes

Diabetes is associated with deposition of amylin peptide in a range of biological tissue distal from pancreatic cells, where it is known to form ion-permeable aggregates. In the heart, human amylin has been shown to increase the rate of inward calcium leak into cardiomyocytes. This ‘pre-diabetic state’ was demonstrated to significantly alter Ca2+ homeostasis, raising the hypothesis that increased sarcolemmal (SL) membrane permeance due to pre-diabetic up-regulated amylin expression a) is sufficient to amplify cytosolic Ca2+ transients and b) is associated with elevated SR Ca2+ (SR load). In this computational model, we fitted a voltage-dependent leak formula to experimental recordings from [Despa, S et al. Circ. Res., vol. 110, no. 4, pp. 598-608,2012] to mimic the effects of amylin-enhanced SL permeation on cytosolic Ca2+ loading and overall homeostasis using a murine EC coupling model [Morotti et al, J Physiol. 2014 Mar 15;592:1181-97]. We found that above-normal influx of extracellular Ca2+ into the myocyte due to amylin infiltration of the sarcolemma (SL) overloads the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and ultimately leads to larger cytosolic Ca2+ transients than control conditions. We further identified several excitation-contraction components whose activities are modulated as result of increased Ca2+ loading, including the ryanodine receptor and potassium channels. These studies provide quantitative estimation of the impact of amylin aggregates on Ca2+ dysregulation, as well as to help unravel the molecular mechanisms of pre-diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Voltage Collapse Risk Assessment of AC-DC Power System

Risk theory is applied to AC-DC power system voltage stability analysis.By integrating the probability of voltage collapse and its consequence,we calculate the voltage collapse risk of power system on various load levels.Then,the influence of different transmission capacity and control modes of DC lines on the voltage collapse risk is discussed.Finally,an example of optimized capacity of SVC demonstrates that the voltage collapse risk assessment method may contribute to coordinating the security and economy of power systems and be widely applied prospect.
A Collaborative Approach to Self-Study Research in Physical Education Teacher Education

Self-study is a self-focused, improvement-oriented approach to understanding one’s own professional practices while also forging recommendations for the larger community of learners within a discipline. Faculty in teacher education have been engaging in self-study research since the early 1990s, and the approach has recently been adopted by faculty working in physical education teacher education. The purpose of this research note is to advocate for the use of self-study as part of a larger research agenda focused on understanding faculty development and experiences within physical education teacher education. We connect the self-study of teacher education practices to occupational socialization theory and discuss the ways in which self-study can help faculty think more critically about their work as it relates to teaching, research, and service. We also discuss best practices for self-study and lessons learned as they relate to an ongoing research project. We close by discussing implications of self-study...
Hydrocephalus associated with childhood nonaccidental head trauma.

OBJECTIVE The incidence of posttraumatic ventriculomegaly (PTV) and shunt-dependent hydrocephalus after nonaccidental head trauma (NAHT) is unknown. In the present study, the authors assessed the timing of PTV development, the relationship between PTV and decompressive craniectomy (DC), and whether PTV necessitated placement of a permanent shunt. Also, NAHT/PTV cases were categorized into a temporal profile of delay in admission and evaluated for association with outcomes at discharge. METHODS The authors retrospectively reviewed the cases of patients diagnosed with NAHT throughout a 10-year period. Cases in which sequential CT scans had been obtained (n = 28) were evaluated for Evans' index to determine the earliest time ventricular dilation was observed. Discharge outcomes were assessed using the King's Outcome Scale for Childhood Head Injury score. RESULTS Thirty-nine percent (11 of 28) of the patients developed PTV. A low admission Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score predicted early PTV presentation (within 1 week). A majority of PTV/NAHT patients presented with a subdural hematoma (both convexity and interhemispheric) and ischemic stroke, but subarachnoid hemorrhage was significantly associated with PTV/NAHT (p = 0.011). Of 6 patients undergoing a DC for intractable intracranial pressure, 4 (67%) developed PTV (p = 0.0366). These patients tended to present with lower GCS scores and develop ventriculomegaly early. Only 2 patients developed hydrocephalus requiring shunt placement. CONCLUSIONS PTV presents early after NAHT, particularly after a DC has been performed. However, the authors found that only a few PTV/NAHT patients developed shunt-dependent hydrocephalus.
Sub-millimeter wave low-profile imaging modules (SLIMs)

We propose a compact, low profile imaging array for active imaging applications and focused illumination capability. As such, the object scene is illuminated and imaged by the same array. The new topology allows for the implementation of densely packed, large-format sensors that operate in the millimeter (mmW) and sub-mmW region. RF sources, antennas, and ultra-fast detectors are integrated on a single wafer substrate and with the help of RF switches the array can produce real-time images. This planar active imaging sensor is compatible with low profile portable electronics and can be particularly useful for near field imaging applications where bulky focusing elements are not necessary.
Effectiveness of Universal School-Based Mental Health Awareness Programs Among Youth in the United States: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND: Stigmatizing attitudes toward mental illness and low mental health literacy have been identified as links to social adversity, and barriers to seeking and adhering to treatment among adolescents suffering from mental illness. Prior research has found that it is possible to improve these outcomes using school-based mental health awareness interventions. The purpose of this study was to review empirical literature pertaining to universal mental health awareness interventions aiming to improve mental health related outcomes among students enrolled in US K-12 schools, especially minorities vulnerable to health disparities. METHODS: PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, PUBMED, and reference lists of relevant articles were searched for K-12 school-based mental health awareness interventions in the United States. Universal studies that measured knowledge, attitudes, and/or help-seeking pertinent to mental health were included. RESULTS: A total of 15 studies were selected to be part of the review. There were 7 pretest/post-test case series, 5 nonrandomized experimental trial, 1 Solomon 4-groups, and 2 randomized controlled trial (RCT) designs. Nine studies measuring knowledge, 8 studies measuring attitudes, and 4 studies measuring help-seeking, indicated statistically significant improvements. CONCLUSIONS: Although results of all studies indicated some level of improvement, more research on implementation of universal school-based mental health awareness programs is needed using RCT study designs, and long-term follow-up implementation.
Landlords avoid tenants who pay with vouchers

This paper uses a correspondence experiment with fictional housing applicants to test how landlords respond to tenants paying with a subsidized voucher. Landlords respond positively to those wishing to pay by voucher only half as often as to those indicating no such desire. Within the set of apartments eligible for voucher rent limits, the voucher penalty increases with monthly rent. Landlord behavior places quantitatively important restrictions on the quantity and type of apartments available to voucher recipients.
Street Connectivity and Obesity Risk: Evidence From Electronic Health Records.

Introduction This study aimed to determine the feasibility of using electronic health record (EHR) data from a federally qualified health center (FQHC) to assess the association between street connectivity, a measure of walkability for the local environment, and BMI obtained from EHRs. Methods The study included patients who visited Daughters of Charity clinics in 2012–2013. A total of 31,297 patients were eligible, of which 28,307 were geocoded. BMI and sociodemographic information were compiled into a de-identified database. The street connectivity measure was intersection density, calculated as the number of three-way or greater intersections per unit area. Multilevel analyses of BMI, measured on 17,946 patients who were aged ≥20 years, not pregnant, had complete sociodemographic information, and a BMI value that was not considered an outlier, were conducted using random intercept models. Results Overall, on average, patients were aged 44.1 years, had a BMI of 30.2, and were mainly non-Hispanic black (59.4%). An inverse association between BMI and intersection density was observed in multilevel models controlling for age, gender, race, and marital status. Tests for multiple interactions were conducted and a significant interaction between race and intersection density indicated the decrease in BMI was strongest for non-Hispanic whites (decreased by 2) compared with blacks or Hispanics (decreased by 0.6) ( p =0.0121). Conclusions EHRs were successfully used to assess the relationship between street connectivity and BMI in a multilevel framework. Increasing street connectivity levels measured as intersection density were inversely associated with directly measured BMI obtained from EHRs, demonstrating the feasibility of the approach.
Does cervical cerclage decrease preterm birth in twin pregnancies with a short cervix

AbstractPurpose: To determine if use of cerclage in twin gestations with mid-trimester short cervix is associated with decreased preterm birth rate.Study design: This is a retrospective cohort of twin gestations identified with cervical length of ≤2.5 cm before 24 weeks of gestation through the perinatal ultrasound database of two institutions from 2008 to 2014. Patients with and without cerclage were compared for a primary outcome of preterm birth at <35 weeks. A pre-planned sub-group analysis of patients with cervical length ≤1.5 cm was also performed.Results: Eighty-two patients were included; 43 received cerclage, 39 did not. Mean gestational age at cerclage placement was 20.8 weeks. There was no significant difference in rate of preterm birth <35 weeks between the groups (34.9% versus 48.7%, respectively). In the sub-group analysis of patients with cervical length ≤1.5 cm, there was a significant decreased risk of preterm birth <35 weeks [37% versus 71.4%; adjusted RR 0.49 (0.26–0.93)].Conclusion: Ce...
Plea Bargaining at The Hague

Plea bargaining has come to The Hague. For most of its existence, the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) shunned plea bargains. However, under pressure from United Nations member states and the impending deadline for the resolution of its caseload, the ICTY has increasingly relied on plea bargains in recent months. This Article exposes the deficiencies in guilty plea procedures at The Hague, particularly those designed to assess whether a plea is fully informed and voluntary. In a series of case studies, the Article argues that judicial questioning techniques have exploited the vulnerable state of defendants appearing before the court - a disadvantage further entrenched by defense counsel who are unfamiliar with the process of plea bargaining. The inadequacies of plea bargaining at The Hague are particularly important in light of the ICTY's role in setting precedents for other international criminal tribunals. As such, the Article concludes by offering curative measures to ensure greater fairness in the international plea bargaining process. Most notably, the Article proposes that the ICTY should move toward an American-style plea bargaining system to ensure that pleas satisfy standards of procedural fairness.
Worth a Thousand Words: Visual Collections and a Long View of the North

Historical film and media collections in the North contain an essential, indelible message for the future - that cultural knowledge is perishable and impermanent. Throughout the world as bearers of traditional culture pass away, much of their knowledge is lost. Film and audio collections can play a critical role in preserving living knowledge, allowing us to observe, experience, and study singular, irreproducible moments of a culture’s past. As time passes, these unique recorded moments take on a vital function; they become new conduits of knowledge, a visual and aural stand-in for real experience. This paper discusses the role of museum film and audio collections in preserving cultural knowledge and the challenges of extending this resource to the classrooms of remote communities throughout the North. The paper also discusses the collaborative cultural filmmaking initiative of Sarah Elder and Leonard Kamerling, their work with partner Alaska Native communities over a period of two decades, and their setb...
Differential Aging Trajectories of Modulation of Activation to Cognitive Challenge in APOE ε4 Groups: Reduced Modulation Predicts Poorer Cognitive Performance.

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of a genetic risk factor for Alzheimer9s disease (AD), ApolipoproteinE e4 (APOEe4), on the ability of the brain to modulate activation in response to cognitive challenge in a lifespan sample of healthy human adults. A community-based sample of 181 cognitively intact, healthy adults were recruited from the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. Thirty-one APOEe4+ individuals (48% women), derived from the parent sample, were matched based on sex, age, and years of education to 31 individuals who were APOEe4-negative (APOEe4−). Ages ranged from 20 to 86 years of age. Blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging was collected during the performance of a visuospatial distance judgment task with three parametric levels of difficulty. Multiple regression was used in a whole-brain analysis with age, APOE group, and their interaction predicting functional brain modulation in response to difficulty. Results revealed an interaction between age and APOE in a large cluster localized primarily to the bilateral precuneus. APOEe4− individuals exhibited age-invariant modulation in response to task difficulty, whereas APOEe4+ individuals showed age-related reduction of modulation in response to increasing task difficulty compared with e4− individuals. Decreased modulation in response to cognitive challenge was associated with reduced task accuracy as well as poorer name–face associative memory performance. Findings suggest that APOEe4 is associated with a reduction in the ability of the brain to dynamically modulate in response to cognitive challenge. Coupled with a significant genetic risk factor for AD, changes in modulation may provide additional information toward identifying individuals potentially at risk for cognitive decline associated with preclinical AD. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Understanding how risk factors for Alzheimer9s disease (AD) affect brain function and cognition in healthy adult samples may help to identify the biomarkers needed to detect nonsymptomatic, preclinical phases of the disease. Findings from the current study show that ApolipoproteinE e4-positive (APOEe4+) individuals exhibit an altered lifespan trajectory in the ability of the brain to dynamically modulate function to cognitive challenge compared with APOEe4− individuals. This effect manifests in otherwise healthy individuals who are at increased risk for AD in the precuneus, a salient region for early AD changes. Notably, these functional alterations are detrimental to performance, and thus, the combination of a genetic risk factor and altered modulation may provide important information for identifying individuals who are at increased risk for AD.
Understanding the recurring patterns of occupants’ energy-use behaviors at entry and departure events in office buildings

Abstract Office-building occupants' behaviors during their arrivals and departures foreseeably have a large impact on a building's energy consumption since many occupants in control of appliances will turn their devices on or off at these entry and departure events. Consequently, occupants would have various types of energy-use patterns that coincide with their entry and departure events and that repeat over time. Despite the value that knowledge of such patterns would have on better tracking energy-use behaviors, these patterns have not been well explored with empirical data in the literature. Therefore, this paper studies occupants' energy-use behaviors in office buildings to identify and investigate energy-use patterns at entry and departure events. In particular, this research evaluates (1) the delay intervals that manifest between the occupants' entry/departure events and the beginning/end of the occupants' energy-consuming behaviors, and (2) changes in electricity consumption caused by occupants at entry/departure events to identify recurring—and thereby predictable—energy-use patterns associated with individual occupants. In the pursuit of this objective, the energy-use behaviors of 12 occupants in two office buildings were tracked during a four-month period. Results from statistical analyses performed on the collected data reveal that an occupant in an office building typically follows a consistent, recurring delay-interval pattern. In addition, the results show each occupant also follows a recurring pattern of power changes at entry/departure events. By identifying recurring, occupant-specific energy-use behavior patterns, this study significantly contributes to the current body of research and can be used to support research efforts into energy-load disaggregation.
Population structure and association mapping to detect QTL controlling tomato spotted wilt virus resistance in cultivated peanuts

Abstract Tomato spotted wilt (TSW) is a serious virus disease of peanut in the United States. Breeding for TSWV resistance would be facilitated by the implementation of marker-assisted selection in breeding programs; however, genes associated with resistance have not been identified. Association mapping is a type of genetic mapping that can exploit relationships between markers and traits in many lineages. The objectives of this study were to examine genetic diversity and population structure in the U.S. peanut mini-core collection using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, and to conduct association mapping between SSR markers and TSWV resistance in cultivated peanuts. One hundred and thirty-three SSR markers were used for genotyping 104 accessions. Four subpopulations, generally corresponding to botanical varieties, were classified by population structure analysis. Association mapping analysis indicated that five markers: pPGPseq5D5, GM1135, GM1991, TC23C08, and TC24C06, were consistently associated with TSW resistance by the Q, PCA, Q+K, and PCA+K models. These markers together explained 36.4% of the phenotypic variance. Moreover, pPGPseq5D5 and GM1991 were associated with both visual symptoms of TSWV and ELISA values with a high R2. The potential of these markers for use in a marker-assisted selection program to breed peanut for resistance to TSWV is discussed.
Superionically conducting β′′-Al2O3 thin films processed using flame synthesized nanopowders

Commercial β′′-Al2O3 solid electrolytes for Na+ batteries are exclusively produced in tubular form, in part, due to processing difficulties. High sintering temperatures combined with Na2O loss and excessive grain growth complicate processing of β′′-Al2O3 thin films ( 95%), thin (≤50 μm) β′′-Al2O3 films at the lowest sintering temperature ever reported (1320 °C/2 h). The sintered films also offer superionic conductivity (>1 mS cm−1) at room temperature. Symmetrical cell (Na/β′′-Al2O3/Na) testing further comfirms its potential utility in Na batteries using β′′-Al2O3 solid electrolytes.
Marital conflict and health: Processes and protective factors

Marital conflict has been identified as a risk factor for poor health in marriage partners and their children. However, the mechanisms through which marital conflict influences health have not been fully elucidated. Furthermore, there is variability in health outcomes associated with marital conflict. The current endeavor proposes that the impact of marital conflict on physical health is due, at least in part, to excessive sympathetic arousal and incorporates the Polyvagal Theory to explain how vagal regulation (an index of parasympathetic regulation) may aggregate or attenuate the risk for poor health outcomes in the context of conflict. Examination of intervening variables, such as vagal regulation, allows for elucidation of the relation between marital conflict and health problems in children and adults. Specifically, this paper proposes that individuals with high vagal regulation will be protected from the impact of marital conflict on physical health by the mitigation of detrimental sympathetic arousal, whereas individuals with low vagal regulation will be more vulnerable to the effects of marital conflict on health. Support for this proposition is provided through the presentation of literature on vagal regulation as a protective factor against negative health outcomes in children exposed to marital conflict.
Endosomal and Lysosomal Hydrolases

Intracellular hydrolases degrade all types of biological polymers. Acting in concert, they are capable of degrading protein, polysaccharide, lipid, DNA, and RNA. In addition, sulfate and phosphate groups can be specifically removed from these polymers. Cytochemistry, immunolocalization, subcellular fractionation, and analysis of the kinetics of hydrolysis of endocytosed substrates have all been used to localize and identify the intracellular compartments in which these enzymes are contained (for reviews see Kornfeld, 1987; Glaumann and Ballard, 1987; Storrie, 1988; Holtzman, 1989; Kornfeld and Mellman, 1989). Most acid hydrolases are targeted to lysosomes by the addition of mannose 6-phosphate (M6P), which is recognized by mannose 6-phosphate receptors (MPR) that are thought to cycle between the Golgi apparatus and endosomes or lysosomes (for reviews see von Figura and Hasilik, 1986; Kornfeld and Mellman, 1989). The pH optima of many of these enzymes are less than 5 (for reviews see Barrett and McDonald, 1980; McDonald and Barrett, 1986) consistent with their acting in lysosomes, whose pH is in this vicinity (Ohkuma and Poole, 1978). However, some enzymes have a higher pH optimum, and activity has been detected in early endosomal compartments (Storrie et al., 1984; Diment and Stahl, 1985; Roederer et al., 1987) that have a pH near 6 (Murphy et al., 1984; Roederer and Murphy, 1986; Kielian et al., 1986; Sipe and Murphy, 1987). Therefore, it appears that some of these enzymes may be present (perhaps in varying amounts) in many, if not all, compartments of the endocytic pathway, and that pH may play an important role in regulating their activity (Murphy, 1988; Yamashiro and Maxfield, 1988). In this chapter we discuss the endocytic pathway in various cell types, the regulation of pH within its compartments, and the enzymatic components of the pathway. In addition, we discuss the processing of known physiological ligands and implications for drug targeting.
Evolutionary Engineering for Industrial Microbiology

Superficially, evolutionary engineering is a paradoxical field that balances competing interests. In natural settings, evolution iteratively selects and enriches subpopulations that are best adapted to a particular ecological niche using random processes such as genetic mutation. In engineering desired approaches utilize rational prospective design to address targeted problems. When considering details of evolutionary and engineering processes, more commonality can be found. Engineering relies on detailed knowledge of the problem parameters and design properties in order to predict design outcomes that would be an optimized solution. When detailed knowledge of a system is lacking, engineers often employ algorithmic search strategies to identify empirical solutions. Evolution epitomizes this iterative optimization by continuously diversifying design options from a parental design, and then selecting the progeny designs that represent satisfactory solutions. In this chapter, the technique of applying the natural principles of evolution to engineer microbes for industrial applications is discussed to highlight the challenges and principles of evolutionary engineering.
Thoracic Aortic Endografting for Traumatic Transection

Most traumatic transections occur at the isthmus of the thoracic aorta. The thoracic aorta in the trauma patient is often normal and has a smaller aortic radius of aortic curvature in contrast to older patients with aortic aneurysms or various aortic pathologies that have wider aortic curvature. Aortic disruption often occurs close to the aortic isthmus requiring coverage of the subclavian artery to achieve a satisfactory proximal neck for fixation. A short endograft should be chosen to cover the area of injury and also to cover as few intercostals decreasing the risk of paraplegia. Endovascular technique used to treat thoracic aortic transection should take that into account. Consideration must also be given to small iliac vessels for access which may require retroperitoneal exposure to deliver the endoluminal grafts. Endovascular repair of young patients with traumatic aortic disruption poses a surgical challenge because of lack of commercially available thoracic endografts to treat the small thoracic aorta requiring sometimes customization with off-the-shelf abdominal endoluminal components to treat the small thoracic aorta. Complications of bird beaking with proximal collapse of the endograft are more common in traumatic patients due to oversizing which results from using commercially available endografts in small thoracic aorta.
Myelolytic Treatments Enhance Oncolytic Herpes Virotherapy in Models of Ewing Sarcoma by Modulating the Immune Microenvironment

Ewing sarcoma is a highly aggressive cancer that promotes the infiltration and activation of pro-tumor M2-like macrophages. Oncolytic virotherapy that selectively infects and destroys cancer cells is a promising option for treating Ewing sarcoma. The effect of tumor macrophages on oncolytic virus therapy, however, is variable among solid tumors and is unknown in Ewing sarcoma. We tested the effects of macrophage reduction using liposomal clodronate (Clodrosome) and trabectedin on the antitumor efficacy of intratumoral oncolytic herpes simplex virus, rRp450, in two Ewing sarcoma xenograft models. Both agents enhanced antitumor efficacy without increasing virus replication. The most profound effects were in A673 with only a transient effect on response rates in TC71. Interestingly, A673 was more dependent than TC71 on macrophages for its tumorigenesis. We found Clodrosome and virus together induced expression of antitumorigenic genes and reduced expression of protumorigenic genes in both the tumor-associated macrophages and the overall tumor stroma. Trabectedin reduced intratumoral natural killer (NK) cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and M2-like macrophages, and prevented their increase following virotherapy. Our data suggest that a combination of trabectedin and oncolytic herpes virotherapy warrants testing in the clinical setting.
Using speckle imaging of air flow inside musical instruments to improve computational models

Measuring air flow inside a clarinet mouthpiece is a difficult task but an important characterization step if the computational model of the instrument is to be as accurate as possible. Several studies have focused on solving this problem computationally, and some experimentally, using Schlieren imaging techniques. Though effective, the Schlieren technique is tricky and time consuming and does not offer the spatial resolution necessary to detect the small changes in flow. For the clarinet, there are two flow contributions in the clarinet mouthpiece (AC/DC flow and reed-induced flow) that need to be better understood experimentally in order to include them accurately in the computational models. Here, this flow characterization begins with a simpler, non-moving-reed instrument—an organ pipe. Building off of the previous presentation, this work details the physical measurements possible with the ESPI technique and will briefly discuss the implications of this discovery on one particular computational model.
Overall survival with or without brain metastases from diagnosis of metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

e16112Background: Brain metastases (BM) in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) have historically been associated with a poor prognosis. We have previously reported improved outcomes for RCC pati...