cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Utilizing a collaborative learning activity to sensitize interprofessional students to palliative care scopes of practice with adolescent and young adults

Adolescent and young adults diagnosed with cancer represent a vulnerable population needing careful collaborative care from interprofessional teams. Healthcare providers must understand and appreci...
Bacterial Chemotaxis: A Classic Example of Multiscale Modeling in Biology

Both individual-based models and PDE models have been developed to describe the active movement of cell populations in various contexts. Individual-based models can faithfully replicate the detailed mechanisms of cell signaling and movement but are computationally intensive. PDE models are amenable for fast computation and mathematical analysis but are often based on phenomenological descriptions of macroscopic cell fluxes. Multiscale methods must be developed to elucidate the connections between individual-based models and PDE models in order to combine the strengths of these approaches. This chapter summarizes recent progress in connecting individual-based models and PDE models for chemotaxis of bacterial populations, which is a classic example for multiscale modeling in biology. The application scope and limitations of the Keller-Segel chemotaxis equation are also discussed.
NF-κB Signaling Pathways in Carcinogenesis

Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) is a signal-activated transcription factor complex with two functional subunits and controls the expression of >600 genes in the human genome. This protein complex was initially identified and described as a nuclear protein complex uniquely present in cells that transcribe immunoglobulin light chain genes. Hence, its pro-oncogenic functions were studied only in the context of hematologic malignancies. However, subsequent studies showed the presence of this complex in almost all cell types. Early studies of this complex suggested only pro-oncogenic role, which triggered massive interest in both academia and industry in developing drugs targeting this transcription factor complex. Because NF-κB activation requires multiple enzymatic steps, it is one of the few transcriptional regulators that are therapeutically targetable. Recent studies, however, have revealed both tumor suppressor and pro-oncogenic functions depending on the cellular context, stage of the disease, and concomitant genomic aberration in cancer cells. During initiation stage of tumorigenesis, NF-κB activates senescence program and prevents damaged cells from proliferating. During later stage, it promotes tumorigenesis by activating anti-apoptotic, pro-inflammatory, pro-metastatic, and tumor-immune suppressive machineries. Amplifications, mutations, and rare deletions in various components of NF-κB pathway are observed in multiple cancer types, and IKKe among them is a proven oncogene and is amplified in >30% of breast cancers. These complexities in NF-κB activities need to be taken into consideration while designing clinical trials with drugs with NF-κB inhibitory activity. Although specific inhibitors of NF-κB are yet to enter oncology clinic, NF-κB is one of the targets of several FDA-approved drugs including bortezomib used for treating multiple myeloma.
Efficacy of pheromone-acaricide-impregnated tail-tag decoys for controlling the bont tick, Amblyomma hebraeum (Acari: Ixodidae), on cattle in Zimbabwe

A large-scale field test using pheromone-acaricide-impregnated plastic tail-tag decoys demonstrated excellent efficacy of these devices for control of the bont tick, Amblyomma hebraeum, on cattle in Zimbabwe. The tail tags were impregnated with a mixture containing o-nitrophenol, methyl salicylate, 2,6-dichlorophenol and phenylacetaldehyde and one of three different acaricides (cyfluthrin, flumethrin or alphacypermethrin). o-Nitrophenol and methyl salicylate are components of the A. hebraeum attraction-aggregation-attachment pheromone, while 2,6-dichlorophenol and phenylacetaldehyde are proven attractants for this tick. Both o-nitrophenol and methyl salicylate were lost gradually from the tags over 12 and 14 week periods, respectively. In field trials, tick counts were compared between cattle that received tail tags either impregnated with pheromone mixture alone, cyfluthrin and pheromone mixture, flumethrin and pheromone mixture, alphacypermethrin and pheromone mixture or were left untreated. During the first 3 month trial period, control of adult bont ticks was 94.9% with cyfluthrin tail tags and 87.5% with flumethrin tail tags. In general, there was no significant difference in bont tick numbers on cattle without tags and those with tail tags containing pheromone only. When the trial was repeated for another 3 month period, control of bont ticks with tail tags containing cyfluthrin and flumethrin was 99.3 and 95.1%, respectively. However, control of bont ticks using alphacypermethrin was only 79.2%. Overall, retention of tail tags was excellent although some loss was encountered during the rainy season. In addition to controlling bont ticks, the tail tags provided moderate control of other tick species (Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, Rhipicephalus zambeziensis and Hyalomma spp.) simultaneously infesting cattle in the trials.
Existential Quantifier and Ontological Pluralism

Within the context of the debate between ontological monists and pluralists the paper discusses a number of argumentative strategies that the latter can apply to answer the “there can be only one” argument. I show here that the reply to this argument suggested by J. Turner has its disadvantages and suggest a number of adjustments thereof. In particular, I develop a concept of domain-specific quantifiers that allow the pluralist to elaborate his or her ontological position.
Landmarks and new frontiers of computational fluid dynamics

A narrative of landmarks in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is presented to highlight the cornerstone achievements. Illuminating accomplishments starting from the very beginning of the coherent development until the most recent progress will be elucidated over the span over more than six decades. Meanwhile, the cutting-edge scientific innovations will also be discussed for their lasting impacts to fluid dynamics and the physics-based modeling and simulation discipline. To traverse such a vast domain over time by a single presentation, numerous and excellent contributions to CFD will be unavoidably overlooked. Nevertheless it is my ardent hope that the present discussion will be able to reaffirm excellence in research and to identify new frontiers for scientific research. Especially, the challenges to future innovations will also be delineated to recommend for potential and fertile research areas for the modeling and simulation science.
Effect of Parental Care on Reproductive Success in Wood Storks (Mycteria Americana)

Abstract In many birds, parental care is carried out by both parents to maximize offspring survival, and there may be important trade-offs between maximizing food gathering and nest protection during the nesting period. We investigated the role of parental care in determining reproductive success of Wood Storks (Mycteria americana), and evaluated how the trade-off between frequency and duration of foraging trips, and nest protection contribute to the nesting outcome. We monitored parental behavior in 85 Wood Stork pairs throughout the nesting season in two breeding colonies in Palm Beach County, Florida. Wood Storks gradually increased the frequency, but not the duration, of foraging trips as chicks developed. The ratio of hatchlings to fledglings was positively associated with the frequency of foraging trips during late chick development. Intra-specific aggressions resulting in nest takeovers affected 33 % of the nests in our study. Occurrence of nest takeovers was higher for later-breeding pairs, and happened primarily in the first few weeks of incubation, but was not affected by the degree of joint nest attendance of both parents. Our results establish a functional link between parental effort and reproductive outcome in Wood Storks, and highlight the importance of frequent foraging trips, but not nest attendance, by parents.
Gender effects in perceptions of robots and humans with varying emotional intelligence

Robots are machines and as such do not have gender. However, many of the gender-related perceptions and expectations formed in human-human interactions may be inadvertently and unreasonably transferred to interactions with social robots. In this paper, we investigate how gender effects in people's perception of robots and humans depend on their emotional intelligence (EI), a crucial component of successful human social interactions. Our results show that participants perceive different levels of EI in robots just as they do in humans. Also, their EI perceptions are affected by gender-related expectations both when judging humans and when judging robots with minimal gender markers, such as voice or even just a name. We discuss the implications for human-robot interactions (HRI) and propose further explorations of EI for future HRI studies.
Improving Recognition and Reporting of Adverse Drug Reactions in the NICU: A Quality Improvement Project.

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are under-recognized and under-reported in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) population, with up to 95% of all ADRs not reported. Compared with non-elderly adults, pediatric patients are 3 times more likely to experience an ADR, with varying rates from 0.6% to 16.8%. The Children's Mercy NICU has an ADR rate of 0.29% (2015). This high rate presents an opportunity to increase recognition and reporting, and improve characterization of ADRs in the NICU. Methods The primary aim of this quality improvement project was for 70% of patients who received specified medications (indomethacin, dexmedetomidine, fentanyl, lorazepam, dexamethasone, or hydrocortisone) in the first 3 months of age to be assessed daily for ADRs. We selected these medications due to the frequency of use and well-understood ADR associations. For each ADR recognized, the Naranjo score, was calculated and compared with the neonatal-specific Du score to assess the effectiveness of ADR characterization. Results Implementation occurred on May 15, 2017. We completed 3 PDSA cycles over 1 year. The bedside monitoring tool was utilized 83% of the time. Twenty-eight potential ADRs were identified, far exceeding the number reported before implementation. The Du score appeared to better characterize ADRs compared with the Naranjo score. Conclusions Use of a bedside monitoring tool improves ADR detection. We experienced challenges with consistently identifying patients on target drugs and getting the tool to the bedside. Application of the Du score for ADR classification in neonates appears to be more appropriate than the use of the Naranjo.
Methodology Used to Analyze Student Misconceptions, Errors, and Misunderstandings in TIMSS

The Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) and TIMSS Advanced assessments are a good source of data for the study of student misconceptions, errors, and misunderstandings in physics and mathematics. After examining the available range of TIMSS and TIMSS Advanced data, five countries that participated in the TIMSS 2015 and TIMSS Advanced 2015 assessments, and all, or most, of the prior TIMSS assessments, were selected for study (Italy, Norway, Slovenia, the Russian Federation, and the United States) to maximize the cross-country comparisons that could be made across grade levels and assessment years. A complete review of the TIMSS and TIMSS Advanced assessment frameworks and content mapping (to determine related topics and items across grades and assessment cycles) identified the set of items that measure misconceptions, errors, and misunderstandings related to the topics of gravity and linear equations. Item-level statistics (the percentage of students who provided the correct answer, and the percentage demonstrating the misconception, error, or misunderstanding) were used to make comparisons across countries at each grade level overall and by gender. In addition to analyzing gender differences, examining trends in patterns of misconceptions, errors, and misunderstandings over time provided important information across countries.
Unilateral Giant Vulvar Lipoma with Fat Necrosis Not Visualized on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

BACKGROUND A subcutaneous lipoma is a benign tumor comprised of mature adipocytes. Clinically it presents as a soft, freely moveable, doughy mass that is typically painless and slow growing. Lipomas containing fat necrosis and corresponding palpable nodular elements are rare and suggest an alternative diagnosis. Lipomas in the vulvar region are rare and giant vulvar lipomas with palpable fat necrosis are unreported. CASE REPORT A 25-year-old patient presented with a 4-year history of an enlarging right vulvar mass with multiple small (<1 cm) firm nodules within the tumor. A pelvic MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) did not visualize the nodules but histopathologic examination revealed a benign lipoma containing fat necrosis and discrete areas of calcium deposition. CONCLUSIONS Fat necrosis can occur in vulvar lipomas and present with intratumor nodularity. MRI imaging, clinical findings and histology may be discordant.
Flexible Machine Learning-Based Cyberattack Detection Using Spatiotemporal Patterns for Distribution Systems

This letter develops a flexible machine learning detection method for cyberattacks in distribution systems considering spatiotemporal patterns. Spatiotemporal patterns are recognized by the graph Laplacian based on system-wide measurements. A flexible Bayes classifier (BC) is used to train spatiotemporal patterns which could be violated when cyberattacks occur. Cyberattacks are detected by using flexible BCs online. The effectiveness of the developed method is demonstrated through standard IEEE 13- and 123-node test feeders.
Net weights: Visualizing and quantifying their contribution to drug background levels in forensic laboratories

While the drug background in forensic laboratories has been quantified, the processes that most contribute to the background have not been extensively researched. This work presents both qualitative visualization and quantitative analysis of the spread of simulant drug particulate during the process of taking net weights. The process was modeled using three masses of powder (0.2 g, 2 g, and 100 g). The net weight process, in which the mixture was poured onto weighing paper, was mimicked and the resulting aerosolized particulate was allowed to settle. Wetted cotton swabs were then used to sample 6.45 cm2 (1 in2) squares extending up to 61 cm (24 in) away from the weigh paper. The swabs were then extracted and quantified using LC-MS/MS and two-dimensional color plots were created to visualize the magnitude of particulate spread. Qualitative flow visualization of the process, accomplished using laser light sheet videography, was also completed to support the quantitative extraction experiments and provide a visual representation of the mechanism of particulate spread. Surface concentrations were found to be highest in the area immediately surrounding the weigh paper, though transport as far as 61 cm (24 in) was observed with all mass loadings. The amount of the material aerosolized and transported on the bench surrounding the weigh paper was dependent upon the mass of material being poured. These results highlight that weighing activities encountered in forensic labs may be a primary contributor to drug background and may be a potential source of inhalation exposure for chemists.
A simple, first-order, well-conditioned, and optimally convergent Generalized/eXtended FEM for two- and three-dimensional linear elastic fracture mechanics

Abstract This paper proposes a first-order Generalized/eXtended Finite Element Method (G/XFEM) for 2-D and 3-D linear elastic fracture mechanics problems. The conditioning of the method is of the same order as the standard FEM and it is robust with respect to the position of the mesh relative to 2-D or 3-D fractures. The method achieves an optimal rate of convergence in energy norm even when the solution of the problem in the neighborhood of the fracture front is not contained in the spaces spanned by the adopted singular enrichments. Control of conditioning associated with Heaviside enrichment functions is achieved by shifting them by their nodal values, combined with a diagonal pre-conditioner. In the case of singular enrichment functions, a simple extension of the enrichment shifting concept, denoted as discontinuous-shifting, is adopted. These enrichment modifications are space-preserving—the solution space spanned by the modified enrichments is the same as the space spanned by the unmodified ones. This is often not the case for conditioning control strategies proposed in the literature. The computational cost of these enrichment modifications is negligible and their implementation in existing G/XFEM software is straightforward. The optimal convergence, well-conditioning, and robustness of the method are numerically illustrated with the aid of representative 2-D and 3-D problems, including the case of a non-planar fracture with a curved fracture front.
Working Against the Clock: A Model for Rural STEMI Triage.

Residents in rural communities have a higher incidence of cardiac death and risk factors associated with cardiac disease. Living in a rural region can add precious time that amplifies cardiac death during an ST-elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI) episode. The consensus is that improved efficiencies can increase myocardial salvage and decrease STEMI mortality rates. This article identifies issues that may impact pre-hospital STEMI triage of patients in a rural region of the United States (U.S.). A qualitative research design was chosen to gain insight into emergency personnel perceptions of pre-hospital STEMI triage. The participants (n = 18) were obtained from a convenience sample in rural Northeast Texas, U.S. Data were gathered by individual and group semi-structured interviews. Themes were identified, synthesized, and oriented to offer a basis for understanding opportunities to improve the delivery of rural STEMI care. This study demonstrated that quality improvement initiatives aimed at achieving pre-hospital STEMI triage efficiencies have dependencies on teamwork, technology, and training in the context of 3 stages (a) pre-transport, (b) door-to-door, and (c) post-transport. A pre-hospital STEMI triage model is offered based on the findings. By incorporating this model, emergency medical coordinators in rural communities have a better opportunity to facilitate timely reperfusion therapy for this high-risk population.
Carnival Song and Society: Gossip, Seocuality and Creativity in Andalusia

Carnival Song and Society: Gossip, Seocuality and Creativity in Andalusia. Jerome R. Mintz. New York: Berg, 1997.267 pp.
Improved dynamic compensation of ADCs using an iterative estimate of the ADC calibration signal

An iterative improvement of current analog to digital converter (ADC) dynamic compensation schemes is introduced. The improved calibration procedure uses an improved estimate of the ADC input during calibration. Simulation results which implement the algorithm demonstrate an improvement in the spurious free dynamic range for a compensated 8-b converter of 30 to 40 dB over the performance of the uncompensated converter. >
Epithelium of normal cervix uteri studied with electron microscopy and histochemistry.

Abstract The normal cervical stratified squamous and endocervical epithelium have been studied with electron microscopy and the findings correlated with certain histochemical observations. The basement membrane is clearly shown as a single dense lamina approximately 300 A in thickness located at the base of the stratified squamous and endocervical epithelium. The basement membrane is verified with colloidal iron, alcian blue, and PAS stains as being present and barely visible with light microscopy. The basal cells of the stratified squamous epithelium posses branching foot processes that seem to anchor them to the cervical stroma. Intercellular bridges are demonstrable at all layers of the squamous epithelium except in the cornified cell layer where they seem to disappear completely. This loss of intercellular connections is believed to be related to the process of cell desquamation. The presence of demonstrable sulfhydrylcontaining protein in the region of the intercellular bridges and in the squamous epithelial cell cytoplasm is believed to indicate the formation of a scleroprotein, probably keratin, at the sites of cell cohesion at the intercellular bridges. The process of glycogen elaboration within the cytoplasm of the cervical squamous epithelial cells and of mucus in the endocervical epithelium is demonstrated and discussed.
Nuclear Diacylglycerol Kinase-θ Is Activated in Response to α-Thrombin

Currently, there is substantial evidence that nuclear lipid metabolism plays a critical role in a number of signal transduction cascades. Previous work from our laboratory showed that stimulation of quiescent fibroblasts with alpha-thrombin leads to the production of two lipid second messengers in the nucleus: an increase in nuclear diacylglycerol mass and an activation of phospholipase D, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to generate phosphatidic acid. Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) catalyzes the conversion of diacylglycerol to phosphatidic acid, making it an attractive candidate for a signal transduction component. There is substantial evidence that this activity is indeed regulated in a number of signaling cascades (reviewed by van Blitterswijk, W. J., and Houssa, B. (1999) Chem. Phys. Lipids 98, 95-108). In this report, we show that the addition of alpha-thrombin to quiescent IIC9 fibroblasts results in an increase in nuclear DGK activity. The examination of nuclei isolated from quiescent IIC9 cells indicates that DGK-theta and DGK-delta are both present. We took advantage of the previous observations that phosphatidylserine inhibits DGK-delta (reviewed by Sakane, F., Imai, S., Kai, M., Wada, I., and Kanoh, H. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 8394-8401), and constitutively active RhoA inhibits DGK-theta (reviewed by Houssa, B., de Widt, J., Kranenburg, O., Moolenaar, W. H., and van Blitterswijk, W. J. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 6820-6822) to identify the activity induced by alpha-thrombin. Constitutively active RhoA inhibited the nuclear stimulated activity, whereas phosphatidylserine did not have an inhibitory effect. In addition, a monoclonal anti-DGK-theta antibody inhibited the alpha-thrombin-stimulated nuclear activity in vitro. These results demonstrate that DGK-theta is the isoform responsive to alpha-thrombin stimulation. Western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy analyses showed that alpha-thrombin induced the translocation of DGK-theta to the nucleus, implicating that this translocation is at least partly responsible for the increased nuclear activity. Taken together, these data are the first to demonstrate an agonist-induced activity of nuclear DGK-theta activity and a nuclear localization of DGK-delta.
Discrete-time optimal control using continuous neural networks

Artificial neural networks offer an attractive approach to synthesis of near-optimal feedback control policies. Open-loop optimal trajectories, obtained with standard optimization techniques, may be used as training data for a neural controller. The training objective is that the trajectories of the closed-loop system approximate those resulting from open-loop optimization. This paper investigates the question of existence of an appropriate neural controller, so that the approximation problem is well posed. The optimal control problem is considered in discrete time for a class of additive quality criterions. An associated relaxed sub-optimal control problem is introduced to simplify the analysis. The controller structure is that of static state feedback realized by feedforward multilayered networks with continuous neuron activation functions. Under mild assumptions about the system, the obtained results guarantee existence of an appropriate network, such that the closed-loop system closely follows the open-loop optimal trajectories, except for a set of initial conditions of arbitrarily small measure.
Design of Sustainable High-Volume Pavements Using Controlled Low-Strength Material from Native Soil

Long-term performance and durability of a pavement structure built on expansive soils are mainly dependent on the effective stabilization of the subgrade and the compaction techniques adopted during construction. Recent studies proved that the self-compacting, controlled low-strength materials acted as an effective bedding material for pipelines. A major portion of highways and low-volume traffic intersections are underlain by pipelines and other culvert structures. In this research study, an attempt was made to investigate the effectiveness of controlled low-strength material (CLSM) as a pavement subgrade material. For this study, CLSM mix designs were investigated by using native high-plasticity soil and Type 1 portland cement. From these mix designs, two high-performing mixes were selected on the basis of their setting time, flowability, and density. A series of resilient modulus tests and durability tests was conducted on the samples cast in the laboratory. Alternate wetting–drying cycles were conduct...
Crime prevention, politics, and the art of going nowhere fast

(2004). Crime prevention, politics, and the art of going nowhere fast. Justice Quarterly: Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 681-692.
The neo-Kraepelinian revolution in psychiatric diagnosis

New revisions of diagnostic categories have produced the most recent classification systems, namely DSM-IV and ICD-10. The diagnostic approaches exemplified by these two nomenclatures are very similar to one another and represent a return to descriptive psychiatry in which careful observation of symptoms, signs, and course of mental diseases become the diagnostic criteria themselves. In many ways, these newest classification schemata can be considered a return to phenomenological psychiatry perhaps best exemplified at the start of this century by Emil Kraepelin. Thus, recent developments in psychiatric diagnosis can be thought of as “neo-Kraepelinian”. Because they represent a relatively radical change from psychodynamic approaches to evaluation and diagnosis, they can also be called “revolutionary.” This paper traces the roots of current diagnostic systems and compares and contrasts these systems to the classification schema described by Kraepelin. Diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia are used as an example of how diagnostic conventions have changed dramatically over the past 50 years. Discussion of the implications of this neo-Kraepelinian revolution in psychiatric diagnosis is included.
Relaxation of silica glass surfaces before and after stress modification in a wet and dry atmosphere: molecular dynamics simulations

Abstract Previous molecular dynamics simulations have shown that compression of silica glass surfaces occurs upon formation of an interface with a model crystal and that a structural change caused by this process is retained after glass and crystal are separated. The remnant structural modification caused by this stress was an increase in the concentration of siloxane bond angles less than 150° in the near surface region of the glass. It was expected that the structural modification associated with interface formation and separation could represent an increase in the concentration of less stable siloxane bonds, particularly in the presence of water molecules. It was also recognized that a decreased stability could indicate greater reactivity with water molecules. Thus, water reaction on silica surfaces was simulated before and after stress modification and the subsequent structural relaxations in the glass surface were observed. Decreased stability, represented by a greater number of bond ruptures, existed after interface formation and removal. These bond ruptures were Si–O bonds breaking and reforming siloxane bonds with an angle nearer the average and also Si–O bonds breaking to react with water forming silanols. A greater number of silanols formed after interface formation and removal than before, demonstrating a greater reactivity with water after interface formation and separation.
Interacting dissimilar semi-elliptical surface flaws under tension and bending

Abstract Stress intensity factors for two dissimilar interacting semi-elliptical coplanar surface flaws (cracks) in a semi-infinite elastic body are obtained under overall tension and bending. First the basic equations for a general planar crack normal to the free surface are established, using the method of equivalent eigen- or transformation strains (the body force method). Then the results are specialized for application to elliptical cracks. Numerical values are obtained for various configurations and crack shapes. Results are compared with those of two-dimensional collinear cracks. Finally, an approximate procedure for estimating the stress intensity factors for a general three-dimensional crack is suggested.
Negotiating Social Differences Youths’ Assessments of Educators’ Strategies

Many have described the opposition youths from stigmatized social groups may develop toward school. This study focuses alternatively on interactional, pedagogical, and curricular actions that stigmatized high school students perceive as affecting their willingness to adapt to varied classrooms. Interview, observation, and record data from 49 students illustrate that stigmatized youths prefer teachers who give personal attention to students, who convey respect for and confidence in students who are socially different from themselves, and who support and elicit student voice and input. Youths also express strong distaste for lecturing and seat-work and prefer personally relevant curriculum.
Non-homologous end-joining: bacteria join the chromosome breakdance

The repair of DNA double-strand breaks by non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) has long been thought to be restricted to eukaryotes. However, recent papers document the existence of operons encoding functional NHEJ complexes in some bacteria. These findings provide new evolutionary insights into the core biochemistry of this repair pathway, and suggest that one function driving the selection of NHEJ in bacteria, and perhaps eukaryotes, relates to prolonged periods of mitotic exit.
The Interaction of an Eddy with an Unstable Jet

Abstract Interactions between an unstable jet and eddy are explored using a jet with piecewise constant potential vorticity. A linear theory is developed for the case where the jet is nearly zonal and the eddy is far away in the sense that the eddy may be replaced by a point vortex that induces velocity perturbations in the jet small compared with the maximum jet velocity. The calculations are extended into the nonlinear domain by the method of contour dynamics. Specific examples of barotropic and equivalent barotropic jets are discussed, with particular attention to processes leading to eddy propagation. In the barotropic case, long-range eddy-jet interactions are dominated by the jet instability, which breaks the jet up into eddies downstream from the forcing eddy. For a forcing eddy south of an unperturbed eastward flowing jet, the initial eddy propagation tendency is southwestward (SW) for cyclones and northeastward (NE) for anticyclones. In the equivalent barotropic case, the fact that long waves in ...
Characterization of wear damage in coatings by optical profilometry

The accurate determination of the volume loss of plasma- sprayed coatings submitted to abrasive and erosive wear and the visualization of wear track or crater profiles are of major concern when ranking coatings, developing wear- resistant coatings, or identifying the mechanism responsible for failure. The determination of the volume loss by liquid displacement measurements is impractical when the size of coated pieces is large and the volume loss is small. For evaluating coating damage and directly measuring the volume loss, a three- dimensional surface mapping method is proposed. The three- dimensional image of the worn surface is obtained by a laser triangulation method. The experimental setup is basically composed of an illuminating source and a detecting device. The light source is focused on the sample surface, and the reflected light is then collected on a network of charge couple detectors linked to a computer. Because the spot location on the network is a direct function of the measured height, a three- dimensional image can be obtained after scanning the entire damaged surface so that the volume loss can be calculated easily. Intensity- coded depth images of the worn surface and computerized cross sections of the damaged area can also be obtained. Inspection of coatings damaged by abrasion wear or slurry erosion by optical profilometry reveals that the volume loss measurements by this technique are very accurate as opposed to the volume measured by liquid displacement methods or calculated from weight loss measurements. Moreover, intensity- coded depth images of worn surfaces and computerized cross sections of damaged areas provide relevant information about the coating performance or defects resulting from the deposition process.
Vascular Surgery: What Was and What Will Be

Our relevance in the world of surgery cannot be predicated on our ability to do a dozen different vascular operations, even if we do them better than other groups of surgeons. We have to maintain leadership in the understanding and treatment of vascular diseases. For this we need to acquire more refined technical skills, to expand our basic knowledge and the education of our trainees, to seek a greater interdisciplinary participation in our investigations and to develop stronger academic programs and presence.
Patients' and Caregivers' Preferences for Bone Metastases (Bm) Treatments in the United States

ISPOR 16th Annual European Meeting; Dublin, Ireland; November 2 – 6, 2013 Patients’ and Caregivers’ Preferences for Bone Metastases Treatments in the United States Y Qian,1 A Mohamed,2 AB Hauber,2 H Collins,3 G Hechmati,4 F Gatta,4 J Arellano1 1Global Health Economics, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, United States; 2RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States; 3Clinical Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, United States; 4Global Health Economics, Amgen (Europe) GmbH, Zug, Switzerland
On convergence of the method of fundamental solutions for solving the Dirichlet problem of Poisson’s equation

In this paper the convergence of using the method of fundamental solutions for solving the boundary value problem of Laplace’s equation in R2 is established, where the boundaries of the domain and fictitious domain are assumed to be concentric circles. Fourier series is then used to find the particular solutions of Poisson’s equation, which the derivatives of particular solutions are estimated under the L 2 norm. The convergent order of solving the Dirichlet problem of Poisson’s equation by the method of particular solution and method of fundamental solution is derived.
The Excitations and Suppressions of the Times: Locating the Emotions in the Liver in Modern Chinese Medicine

This paper explores how doctors of Chinese medicine have borrowed from a long history of scholarship on the problem of “constraint” to develop treatments for modern emotion-related disorders, such as depression. I argue that this combining of medical practices was made possible by a complex sequence of events. First, doctors in the 1920 and 1930s were engaged in a critical reexamination of the entire corpus of Chinese medical knowledge. Spurred by the encounter with European imperialism, the sudden rise of Japan as a new power in East Asia, and the political struggles to establish a Chinese nation state, these scholars were among the first to speculate on the possible relationship between Chinese medicine and Western medicine. Second, in the 1950 and 1960s, doctors like other intellectuals were focused on national reunification and institution building. They rejected some of the experimental claims of their predecessors to focus on identifying the key characteristics of Chinese medicine, such as the methodology of “pattern recognition and treatment determination bianzheng lunzhi.” The flexibility of the new bianzheng lunzhi paradigm allowed doctors to quietly adopt innovations from their early twentieth century counterparts that they ostensibly rejected, ultimately paving the way for contemporary treatments of depression.
How well can we understand large-scale protein motions using normal modes of elastic network models?

In this article, we apply a coarse-grained elastic network model (ENM) to study conformational transitions to address the following questions: How well can a conformational change be predicted by the mode motions? Is there a way to improve the model to gain better results? To answer these questions, we use a dataset of 170 pairs having “open” and “closed” structures from Gerstein's protein motion database. Our results show that the conformational transitions fall into three categories: 1), the transitions of these proteins that can be explained well by ENM; 2), the transitions that are not explained well by ENM, but the results are significantly improved after considering the rigidity of some residue clusters and modeling them accordingly; and 3), the intrinsic nature of these transitions, specifically the low degree of collectivity, prevents their conformational changes from being represented well with the low frequency modes of any elastic network models. Our results thus indicate that the applicability of ENM for explaining conformational changes is not limited by the size of the studied protein or even the scale of the conformational change. Instead, it depends strongly on how collective the transition is.
Iodide transport: implications for health and disease

Disorders of the thyroid gland are among the most common conditions diagnosed and managed by pediatric endocrinologists. Thyroid hormone synthesis depends on normal iodide transport and knowledge of its regulation is fundamental to understand the etiology and management of congenital and acquired thyroid conditions such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. The ability of the thyroid to concentrate iodine is also widely used as a tool for the diagnosis of thyroid diseases and in the management and follow up of the most common type of endocrine cancers: papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. More recently, the regulation of iodide transport has also been the center of attention to improve the management of poorly differentiated thyroid cancer. Iodine deficiency disorders (goiter, impaired mental development) due to insufficient nutritional intake remain a universal public health problem. Thyroid function can also be influenced by medications that contain iodide or interfere with iodide metabolism such as iodinated contrast agents, povidone, lithium and amiodarone. In addition, some environmental pollutants such as perchlorate, thiocyanate and nitrates may affect iodide transport. Furthermore, nuclear accidents increase the risk of developing thyroid cancer and the therapy used to prevent exposure to these isotopes relies on the ability of the thyroid to concentrate iodine. The array of disorders involving iodide transport affect individuals during the whole life span and, if undiagnosed or improperly managed, they can have a profound impact on growth, metabolism, cognitive development and quality of life.
Utility, subjective probability, their interaction, and variance preferences:

In 1738 Daniel Bernoulli, puzzled about why people buy insurance even though insurance companies must take in more money as premiums than they pay out in benefits, proposed a theory of decisionmaking which asserts that people choose among risky courses of action in such a way as to maximize their expected utility (Bernoulli, 1738; Sommer, 1954). The word utility is a name for the concept of subjective value, which may be quite different from objective or dollar value. This theory was put into moder and sophisticated mathematical form in 1944 by von Neumann and Morgenstern in their famous
US food stamp policy — political considerations

Abstract The author analyses the political factors which influence reform of the US food stamp programme. After discussing the reasons for the failure of the Ford Administration's proposals he examines the Carter Administration's efforts and discusses future alternatives to the food stamp programme.
Lever‐operated knapsack sprayer calibration and herbicide calculations for weed research

Abstract Calibration of knapsack sprayers and herbicide calculations are straightforward, yet these topics present difficulties for many users of herbicides. When the operator is thoroughly familiar with the sprayer and simple steps are followed, calibration is easy. Likewise, herbicide calculations are not difficult if the research worker understands the basic facts, can interpret the herbicide label and make ratio and proportion calculations. Easily‐followed steps are given for calibrating a knapsack sprayer and for calculating amounts of formulated herbicide to apply to research plots.
Effect of cobalt administration on myoglobin content.

SummaryAdministration of cobalt to rats at a level sufficient to produce a marked polycythemia did not alter myoglobin concentration.
Effects of butylated hydroxytoluene alone or with diethylnitrosamine in mice.

Abstract Mice (18 months old) given butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) at a dietary level of 0·75% for 16 months had 63·6% of lung tumours compared with 24·0% in controls. Mice given dietary BHT as well as diethylnitrosamine (DENA) in the drinking-water (average total intake 330 mg DENA/kg) had more lung tumours per mouse (4·0) than did the controls or those given DENA alone or BHT alone (1·4–2·2). The incidence of reticulum-cell sarcomas in mice killed at 12 months of age in the group treated with BHT plus DENA exceeded control values (52·6 and 22·7%, respectively), while the incidence in groups receiving DENA alone or BHT alone was not significantly different from that in controls. At 18 months, the incidence of reticulum-cell sarcoma in both groups given BHT was significantly less than in the groups not receiving BHT. At 18 months of age, a higher percentage of squamous-cell carcinomas was seen in the forestomach of mice given BHT plus DENA than in mice receiving DENA alone. The production of cysts within the liver parenchyma after DENA treatment also appeared to be potentiated by BHT treatment.
Impact of CD1d Deficiency on Metabolism

Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKTs) are innate-like T cells that are highly concentrated in the liver and recognize lipids presented on the MHC-like molecule CD1d. Although capable of a myriad of responses, few essential functions have been described for iNKTs. Among the many cell types of the immune system implicated in metabolic control and disease, iNKTs seem ideally poised for such a role, yet little has been done to elucidate such a possible function. We hypothesized that lipid presentation by CD1d could report on metabolic status and engage iNKTs to regulate cellular lipid content through their various effector mechanisms. To test this hypothesis, we examined CD1d deficient mice in a variety of metabolically stressed paradigms including high fat feeding, choline-deficient feeding, fasting, and acute inflammation. CD1d deficiency led to a mild exacerbation of steatosis during high fat or choline-deficient feeding, accompanied by impaired hepatic glucose tolerance. Surprisingly, however, this phenotype was not observed in Jα18−/− mice, which are deficient in iNKTs but express CD1d. Thus, CD1d appears to modulate some metabolic functions through an iNKT-independent mechanism.
Molecular chaperone function for myocilin.

Purpose Myocilin is thought to be a stress response protein, but its exact molecular functions have not been established. Studies were conducted to see whether myocilin can act as a general molecular chaperone. Methods Myocilin was isolated and purified from porcine trabecular meshwork (TM) cell culture media. Its ability to protect citrate synthase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and the restriction endonuclease DrdI from thermal inactivation was evaluated. Light scattering was used to evaluate thermally induced aggregation of citrate synthase. Myocilin induction was assessed after exposure of TM cells to several types of stress treatments. Results Levels of extracellular myocilin expressed by TM cells were increased in response to mechanical stretch, heat shock, TNFα, or IL-1α. Myocilin protected citrate synthase activity against thermal inactivation for 5 minutes at 55°C in a concentration-dependent manner, with nearly full protection of 1.5 μM citrate synthase in the presence of 650 nM myocilin. Myocilin significantly reduced thermal aggregation of citrate synthase to levels 36% to 44% of control levels. Myocilin also protected GAPDH from thermal inactivation for 10 minutes at 45°C. Myocilin at 18 nM was more effective than 1 μM bovine serum albumin at protecting DrdI from thermal inactivation. Conclusions Myocilin is induced in response to several cellular stresses and displays general molecular chaperone activity by protecting DrdI, citrate synthase, and GAPDH from thermal inactivation. Myocilin also suppresses the thermal aggregation of citrate synthase. One function of myocilin may be to serve as a molecular chaperone.
Benzene triradicals: stabilization or destabilization?

A new group additivity scheme has been developed to evaluate the stabilization/destabilization effects of benzene triradicals. It is shown that benzene triradicals manifest a significant destabilization effect and not stabilization effect as previously thought.
Treatment of Mild Hypertension with Low Once‐Daily Doses of a Sustained‐Release Capsule Formulation of Verapamil

The efficacy and safety of a low dose (120 mg) of a sustained-release capsule formulation of verapamil administered once daily in the treatment of 42 patients with mild hypertension were assessed in this clinical trial. After a 4-week placebo washout period (baseline), patients with diastolic clinic blood pressures of 91 to 100 mm Hg inclusive were treated for 4 weeks with once-daily verapamil sustained-release 120 mg capsules. Clinic blood pressure was measured and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was performed at the end of both the baseline and the 4-week treatment periods. Twenty-four hour, day, and night systolic and diastolic ambulatory blood pressure were significantly (P 85 mm Hg) and unconfirmed mild hypertension (< or = 85 mm Hg). The magnitude of the mean change in systolic and diastolic blood pressure was greater in the group of patients with confirmed mild hypertension than the group with unconfirmed hypertension. The incidence of adverse experiences was low in frequency and events were of mild severity; quality of life scores improved (P = 0.02). Low daily doses (120 mg) of verapamil sustained-release capsules provide a well-tolerated and sustained antihypertensive effect over 24 hours in patients with mild hypertension.