cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Titania nanotube formation in chloride and bromide containing electrolytes

Abstract Titania nanotubes and nanofibers were grown by anodization of titanium in fluoride-free electrolytes composed of NaCl and KBr dissolved in either water, ethylene glycol (EG), glycerol, or 50/50 mixtures of water and EG, and water and glycerol. The tubes and fibers grew out of pits in the titanium foil. The 15 nm diameter of the nanotubes was significantly smaller, and the growth rates were much faster than those of tubes developed in fluoride solutions. Nanotubes were nucleated in all electrolytes investigated, but the tubes’ lengths were limited to a few nms in EG and glycerol. Nanofibers produced in the aqueous solutions and nanotubes formed in the 50/50 aqueous mixtures grew to many tens of microns in less than 60 s.
Palaeoanthropology: the ancestral dinner table.

Fossils from a new South African site show that some human ancestors ate fruits and leaves, as do most primates today. The finding challenges ideas of why and how the human lineage split from the ancestors of extant apes. See Letter p.90 Discovered in 2008, Australopithecus sediba is an approximately two-million-year-old hominin fossil from South Africa, related to other Australopithecus and early Homo species. Using a combination of stable-isotope analysis, dental-microwear patterns and analysis of plant microfossils extracted from dental calculus from two fossilized individuals, it is shown here that A. sediba consumed a diet consisting mainly of tree leaves, fruits and bark, suggesting that they resided in a woodland environment. This contrasts with previously described diets of other early hominin species that suggested an open-savanna habitat.
The quantization of chiral bosons coupled to gravity

Abstract Siegel's action for chiral bosons coupled to the boson string action is analyzed from the point of view of constrained hamiltonian systems. We shoe that the chiral constraints, which we treat as second class, result in a classical theory which no longer possesses Siegel symmetry. As a consequence, the quantum theory exhibits no Siegel anomaly. The conformal anomaly of the chiral boson is then shown to be exactly that for a complex Weyl fermion. The correlation functions also coincide with those of a complex Weyl fermion, as is seen by relating the two through a bosonization formula, so the chiral boson can be considered as the bosonization of a chiral fermion coupled to gravity in two dimensions.
Operation of the Tevatron Satellite Refrigerators for 0.75- and 2.0-Kilometer-Long Magnet Strings

The Tevatron magnets at Fermilab are cooled by a hybrid system which consists of a 5000 liters/hr central helium liquefier coupled with a small-diameter liquid transfer line connecting twenty-four satellite refrigerators. The transfer line supplies liquid helium for both the refrigerators and the magnet lead flow as well as liquid nitrogen for the magnet shields. The satellites act as amplifiers with a gain of twelve by using the enthalpy of the helium supplied by the central liquefier as liquid and converting it to 4.5-K refrigeration and then returning it as 300-K gas. This arrangement combines the advantages of a single central facility with those of individual stand-alone units stationed around the ring. The central liquefier has the high efficiency associated with large components but its requirements for distribution of both cryogenic liquids and electric power to the service buildings is reduced. The six compressor buildings supply 20 atm helium to the twenty-four refrigerators through a discharge header located on the berm and a suction header located in the tunnel. The compressor buildings each have four-two stage 58 g/sec screw compressors; each of these has its own oil removal system. The inventory in the ring is controlled at the first compressormore » building through a cross-connect line to the central liquefier. The suction header is also used as the cooldown line as well as for quench relief. A third header located in the tunnel is the nitrogen collection and relief header.« less
Colocalization of progesterone receptors in parvicellular dynorphin neurons of the ovine preoptic area and hypothalamus.

Recent evidence suggests that the dynorphin-κ receptor opioid system acts to mediate the inhibitory effect of progesterone (P) on GnRH pulse frequency during the luteal phase of the ovine estrous cycle. It is known that progesterone receptors (PRs) are required for the actions of P on GnRH secretion. Therefore, if P acts directly on dynorphin (DYN) neurons, then these neurons should contain PRs. To test this hypothesis, we used a dual-label immunoperoxidase procedure to visualize PRs and DYN in the preoptic area (POA) and hypothalamus of ovary-intact ewes killed during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle. The PR was colocalized in more than 90% of parvicellular DYN neurons in the POA, anterior hypothalamus (AHA), and arcuate nucleus (ARC). By contrast, none of magnocellular DYN cells of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei coexpressed immunoreactive PRs. The high percentage of colocalization of PRs in parvicellular DYN cells of the POA, AHA, and ARC suggests that these cells are prime targets of P....
Branding a B2B service: Does a brand differentiate a logistics service provider?

Abstract Existing research has shown that strong brands serve as an important point of differentiation for firms, assisting customers in their evaluation and choice processes. Although there is considerable research on the branding of consumer goods and an increasing literature on industrial and service brands, little is known about branding in the context of business-to-business services. This research extends existing brand theory to a new setting, namely B2B services. Drawing on the results of two mail surveys, we examine B2B services branding in the context of logistics services. Findings suggest that brands do differentiate the offerings of logistics service providers and that brand equity exists for this commodity-like B2B service. Findings also support the extendibility of Keller's [Keller, K. L. (1993). Conceptualizing, measuring, and managing customer-based brand equity. Journal of Marketing , 57 (1), 1–22] brand equity framework into the logistics services context. However, results of this study show that; logistics service providers and their customers have different perspectives on the relative influence of brand image and brand awareness on brand equity. Implications of these findings for managers and directions for future research are offered.
Revolutions without guerrillas

While most scholars and policy analysts have long focused on guerrilla warfare as the predominant model of revolution, it has actually been revolutions without guerrillas that have toppled regimes throughout the world in the past decade. The 1989 popular uprisings in Eastern Europe that marked the end of more than 40 years of Communist rule were only the latest manifestation of a trend that had seen governments fall from Iran to the Philippines. Among the key differences between traditional insurgencies and the growing phenomenon of revolutions without guerrillas is the sudden and explosive nature of the latter. Whereas it may take an insurgency years, or even decades, to reach a point of ‘crisis’, thereby allowing sufficient time to design policy, supply weapons, or create strategies, in this new situation governments can be toppled in a matter of weeks and countries can become paralyzed overnight. Popular uprisings also tend to be less ideological and usually less violent than guerrilla campaigns. This ...
An Absence of Evidence in “Evidence-Based Rulemaking”

In the last paragraph of a very interesting paper about the normative status of the consensus rules protecting human subjects participating in research, in which he establishes an important distinc...
Modal property comprehension

To define new property terms, we combine already familiar predicates by means of certain logical operations. Given suitable constraints, these operations may presumably include truth-functional sentence connectives and quantification over objects. What is less clear is whether we can also use modal operators for this purpose. The aim of this paper is to clarify what is involved in this question, and to argue in favor of modal property definitions.
Differences in attitudes toward alcoholism in graduates of two schools of nursing.

Interaction between the learner and the learning environment has been examined. Studies have explored differences among learners in different types of settings. In this study, as one of the dimensions of such a possible difference, attitudes toward alcoholism of graduates of two 4-yr. program schools of nursing were compared. One was a Roman Catholic school of nursing, part of a college located in a midwestern rural community. The other was from a non-sectarian university school of nursing locared in a large cosmopolitan city on the west coast. It was hypothesized that the difference between these two learning environments would be reflected in attitudes toward alcoholism and providing care to persons with alcohol problems since alcoholism may be considered a value-laden area. Data were collected by questionnaire from 29 graduate nurses in the Roman Catholic school and 35 in the non-sectarian. To eliminate the effects of any special education and/or experience in alcoholism, nurses were excluded if they had (1) attended a 10- or more day workshop in alcoholism; (2) worked three months or more in an alcoholism and/or psychiatric unit; (3) had 25 or more hours of course work in alcoholism; or (4) had 15 or more hours of course work in an alcholism and/or psychiatric unit. (These criteria were set by three nurse professionals who had teaching and work experience in alcoholism.) Twenty-four participants from the Roman Catholic and 29 from the nonsectarian school satisfied these criteria and their data were analyzed. Seventeen or 71% of the Roman Catholic school participants stated that they felt "comfortable" in providing care to patients with alcohol problems, whereas only 12 or 41% of the participants from the non-sectarian university program graduates so indicated (x2 = 3.64, p < 0.06). To elicit attitudes toward alcoholism, the Alcoholism Questionnaire developed by Marcus (1963) was used. In Table 1 the significant difference between any two groups' scores was on Factor 8 beyeen the scores of the two groups of the Roman Catholic school's graduates, those who stated that they did not feel "comfortable" and those who stated that they felt "comfortable" in providing care to patients with alcohol problems (t = 1.72, df 'Supported in part by NlAAA Training Grant 5-T31-AA-00042-05. Additional material is on file in Document NAPS-03186 with Microfiche Publications, 440 Park Avenue South, New York, N. Y. 10016. Remit $3.00 for microfiche or $8.00 for photocopy.
The nucleophilicity of dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, and mannitol with p-nitrophenyl esters in aqueous solution.

Abstract Dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, and mannitol accelerate the hydrolysis of simple p -nitrophenyl esters in aqueous solution. These compounds are polyhydric alcohols with p K a values in the range of 12 to 13, and were found to be nucleophilic in the reaction with simple p -nitrophenyl esters in aqueous solutions buffered at neutral or slightly alkaline pH. The second-order rate constants for the nucleophilic reaction of dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, and mannitol with p -nitrophenyl acetate were determined at 25°C and ionic strength 1.0 (KCl). Based on the pH dependency of the catalytic rate constants, the reactivity of the polyhydric alcohols was attributed to the anion derived from ionization of a hydroxy group in the polyhydric alcohol. The second-order rate constants ( k RO − ) representing the nucleophilic reactivity of the polyhydric alcohol anions were determined. A Bronsted plot of log k RO vs p K a of the polyhydric alcohols showed slight downward deviations when compared to the analogous correlation with alcohols and phenols of lower p K a . The downward deviations increased as the p K a increased. Similar deviations have been previously observed for other alcohols with p K a ⩾ 12, and the deviations have been attributed to an exceptionally strong solvational energy barrier of these highly basic anions. Therefore, it appears that the nucleophilic reactivity of dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol and mannitol is similar to other alcohols of comparable p K a . The nucleophilic reactivity of dextrose (p K a = 12.38) with a series of alkyl substituted p -nitrophenyl esters was studied. The resulting Hammett correlation, log k RO vs σ I , gave ϱ I = 6.12 ± 0.10. Similar ϱ I values have been reported for the reaction of other alkoxides with p -nitrophenyl esters.
Flame inhibition by hydrogen halides: Some spectroscopic measurements

The far-ultraviolet absorption spectrum of an air-propane diffusion flame inhibited with hydrogen halides has been studied. Plots of the absorption of light by hydrogen halides as a function of position in the flame and also as a function of the amount of hydrogen halide added to the flame have been obtained. The hydrogen halides are shown to be more stable on the fuel side of the reaction zone than they are on the air side. Thermal diffusion is seen to be important in determining the concentration distribution of the heavier hydrogen halides in diffusion flames. The relationship between the concentration distribution of the hydrogen halides in the flame and the flame inhibition mechanism is discussed.
Serostatus disclosure, sexual communication and safer sex in HIV-positive men

This study assessed HIV-positive men's sexual behaviours with partners at risk for infection, and examined the extent to which safer sex was associated with interpersonal communication variables, namely, (1) disclosure of one's seropositive status and (2) specific communication with partners about safer-sex practices. A total of 105 HIV-positive men (43% homosexual, 38% bisexual, 19% heterosexual), randomly sampled at an HIV outpatient clinic in Los Angeles, completed a behavioural questionnaire assessing events in their most recent sexual encounter with an HIV-negative or unknown serostatus partner. Results indicated that men who disclosed their seropositive status and explicitly discussed the topic of safer sex with their at-risk partners had a significantly higher prevalence of protected anal or vaginal intercourse than did men who disclosed only. The findings suggest that post-test counselling regarding the importance of disclosing one's seropositive status to sex partners should be augmented by behav...
Speed-accuracy tradeoff in double stimulation: II. Effects on the second response

In the double-stimulation paradigm subjects respond to two successive stimuli. Previous research (Knight & Kantowitz, 1974) showed that a subject’s speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT) strategy interacted with the interval between the two stimuli to determine response performance to the first stimulus. The present experiment examined the influence of SAT strategy on response performance to the second stimulus. Interest focused on effects of SAT strategy upon the psychological refractory period (PRP) effect. If a single mechanism underlies beth first-and second-response performance (e.g., the PRP effect) in double stimulation, effects of SAT upon the second response should be similar to effects upon the first response. Results showed that the PRP effect appeared only when second-response accuracy was stressed. Under speed emphasis double-stimulation second-response latency never exceeded a single-stimulation baseline. This was analogous to first-response latency effects found by Knight and Kantowitz (1974). Response grouping was strongly influenced by SAT strategy and two response-grouping mechanisms were distinguished. Implications of these and interresponse time data for models of double-stimulation performance are discussed.
Soil respiration is not limited by reductions in microbial biomass during long-term soil incubations

Abstract Declining rates of soil respiration are reliably observed during long-term laboratory incubations. However, the cause of this decline is uncertain. We explored different controls on soil respiration to elucidate the drivers of respiration rate declines during long-term soil incubations. Following a long-term (707 day) incubation (30 °C) of soils from two sites (a cultivated and a forested plot at Kellogg Biological Station, Hickory Corners, MI, USA), soils were significantly depleted of both soil carbon and microbial biomass. To test the ability of these carbon- and biomass-depleted (“incubation-depleted”) soils to respire labile organic matter, we exposed soils to a second, 42 day incubation (30 °C) with and without an addition of plant residues. We controlled for soil carbon and microbial biomass depletion by incubating field fresh (“fresh”) soils with and without an amendment of wheat and corn residues. Although respiration was consistently higher in the fresh versus incubation-depleted soil (2 and 1.2 times higher in the fresh cultivated and fresh forested soil, respectively), the ability to respire substrate did not differ between the fresh and incubation-depleted soils. Further, at the completion of the 42 day incubation, levels of microbial biomass in the incubation-depleted soils remained unchanged, while levels of microbial biomass in the field-fresh soil declined to levels similar to that of the incubation-depleted soils. Extra-cellular enzyme pools in the incubation-depleted soils were sometimes slightly reduced and did not respond to addition of labile substrate and did not limit soil respiration. Our results support the idea that available soil organic matter, rather than a lack microbial biomass and extracellular enzymes, limits soil respiration over the course of long-term incubations. That decomposition of both wheat and corn straw residues did not change after major changes in the soil biomass during extended incubation supports the omission of biomass values from biogeochemical models.
Plasma instability measurements on planar Al foil loads driven using the MAIZE 1-MA LTD facility

Initial dynamic load experiments were performed on UM's 1-MA linear transformer driver (LTD) facility, MAIZE, to characterize magneto-Rayleigh-Taylor (MRT) instability growth and plasma dynamics on planar-foil plasmas. The MAIZE LTD is capable of delivering a 1-MA, &#60; 100 ns risetime drive pulse into a 0.1 Ω matched load with a ±100 kV charge. For these dynamic load experiments the LTD was charged to ±70 kV to deliver up to 0.7 MA with a 170 ns risetime into the foil load.
The influence of a lodgepole-pine forest on storage and melting of snow

In the central Rocky Mountains exists a particularly important relation between snow, forest-cover, and stream-flow. Rate and volume of stream-flow depend to a great extent on accumulation and melting of snow. Snow-conditions, in turn, are associated directly with forest-cover. All of these elements combine into a complex interrelationship that can be understood only through processes of careful research. To meet the need for research in this field, the Forest Service has started a program of longtime studies in the Rocky Mountains, concentrated for the present in the widely distributed and commercially important lodgepole-pine type. As a site for the first of these studies an area was selected on the Fraser Experimental Forest, near Fraser, Colorado, on the headwaters of the Colorado River. The principal forest-cover on this experimental forest is mature lodgepole-pine, with Engelmann spruce and alpine fir as secondary species.
Tumor-derived CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell suppression of dendritic cell function involves TGF-β and IL-10

CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells have been characterized as a critical population of immunosuppressive cells. They play a crucial role in cancer progression by inhibiting the effector function of CD4+ or CD8+ T lymphocytes. However, whether regulatory T lymphocytes that expand during tumor progression can modulate dendritic cell function is unclear. To address this issue, we have evaluated the inhibitory potential of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells from mice bearing a BCR–ABL+ leukemia on bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. We present data demonstrating that CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells from tumor-bearing animals impede dendritic cell function by down-regulating the activation of the transcription factor NF-κB. The expression of the co-stimulatory molecules CD80, CD86 and CD40, the production of TNF-α, IL-12, and CCL5/RANTES by the suppressed DC is strongly down-regulated. The suppression mechanism requires TGF-β and IL-10 and is associated with induction of the Smad signaling pathway and activation of the STAT3 transcription factor.
Another factor of (1031-1)/9

A second factor of (1031-1)/9 was found to be 6943319 with the use of an eight spoke wheel [1]. The spokes D(i) were 1, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, and 29. The possible factors 2, 3, and 5 were tested prior to starting the wheel. The constant multiplier was 30. The possible divisors were of the form30 * K + D(i), K = 0, 1, 2, 3,....The program was written in COBOL for the Honeywell DPS 8, running under CP-6. The picture clauses were selected such that 31-digit decimal arithmetic was used. Execution time was about forty-five minutes.
Results from the 2012 World Radiocommunication Conference [Spectrum Policy and Regulatory Issues]

Every three or four years, thousands of delegates, representing most nations of the world, gather to make decisions on the efficient and equitable use of the radio spectrum. The World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC) is held under the auspices of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), a specialized agency of the United Nations. Most WRCs are held at the ITU's headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, although countries occasionally offer to host the conference, as Turkey did in 2000.
Selection of carcinogen-altered rat tracheal epithelial cells preexposed to 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene by their loss of a need for pyruvate to survive in culture.

Normal rat tracheal epithelial cells require exogenous pyruvate to survive in culture while carcinogen-altered cells do not. The aims of our study were, (i) to utilize this loss of requirement for pyruvate by carcinogen-altered cells as a way of selecting out and quantitating the numbers of altered cell populations induced in tracheas exposed to 200 micrograms 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene (DMBA)-beeswax pellets for different lengths of time, (ii) to determine the constancy of these numbers at increasing time intervals after the exposure, (iii) to look for distinctive growth properties in cell populations that may be related to the exposure conditions. Tracheal implants were exposed for 2 weeks, 4 weeks or continuously to the 200 micrograms DMBA. At 2, 6 and 9 months after the start of exposure, the tracheas were cut into pieces and primary cultures established from outgrowths in an enriched Waymouth's medium. After 2 weeks, pyruvate and insulin were removed from the medium for 2 weeks to kill the normal cells and leave the altered, i.e., the selected cell populations (SPC). The pyruvate and insulin were then returned to the medium to stimulate rapid expansion of the SPC. The length of DMBA exposure had a marked effect on the number of SPC induced in the tracheas. There were 1.8 SPC/trachea 2 months after the 2 weeks exposure, while 5.0 and 7.2 SPC were obtained from the 4 weeks and continuously exposed tracheas, respectively, at this time. The numbers of SPC did not increase with time after exposure indicating that the maximal number of initiation sites was fixed. Between 2 and 9 months the number of subculturable SPC increased from 67 to 88% in the 2 week exposed group, while 93-100% of the SPC were subculturable after the longer DMBA exposures. Only the SPC from the 2 week DMBA--2 month group were distinguished by smaller numbers of cells surviving the selection medium and by a slower average growth rate compared to all the other experimental conditions.
Comment on “Effect of sintering temperature on a single-wall carbon nanotube-toughened alumina-based composite”

A recently published paper [D. Jiang, K. Thomson, J.D. Kuntz, J.W. Ager, A.K. Mukherjee, Scripta Mater. 56 (2007) 959] presents a discussion regarding the controversy surrounding toughening in alumina/single-wall carbon nanotubes composites, with specific reference to an earlier paper [X. Wang, N.P. Padture, H. Tanaka, Nature Mater. 3 (2004) 539] co-authored by one of us. Here we present a clarification contending that some of the arguments presented in that discussion are invalid.
Impact of helical computed tomography on the rate of negative appendicitis.

Abstract Objective To assess the impact of helical computed tomography (HCT) on the rate of negative appendicitis (NA). Methods A before-and-after comparison study comparing data from a prospective consecutive case series to data from a retrospective chart review. The prospective series included all patients presenting to the ED during a 19-month period, during which patients with suspected appendicitis were managed in accordance with a guideline that stipulated HCT in selected cases. The retrospective group included patients taken to the operating room (OR) with a preoperative diagnosis of appendicitis over a 4-year time frame before the use of HCT. The primary outcome variable was the rate of NA. Results During the HCT era, 104 of 310 patients, 71 (68%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 59-76) men and 33 (32%; 95% CI, 24-41) women, were taken to the OR with a diagnosis of appendicitis. Fourteen (13.5%; 95% CI, 8-21) were NA. During the pre-HCT period, 445 patients, 280 (62.9%; 95% CI, 58-67) men and 165 (37.1%; 95% CI, 33-42) women were taken to the OR with the preoperative diagnosis of appendicitis, and 66 (14.8%; 95% CI, 12-19) were NA. Conclusion At the study institution, the selective use of HCT did not result in a significant decline in the rate of NA.
Nanoparticulate pyrite and other nanoparticles are a widespread component of hydrothermal vent black smoker emissions

Abstract The presence of nanoparticulate pyrite is reported in hydrothermal emissions from Rainbow, TAG and Snakepit on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). When coupled with previously collected data from East Pacific Rise 9°N (EPR) and Lau Basin, these data demonstrate that pyrite nanoparticles are a widespread component of black smoker emissions from hydrothermal vents and are found in significant concentrations at a fast spreading mid-ocean Ridge (EPR), a back-arc basin (Lau Basin), and a slow spreading mid-ocean Ridge (MAR). The maximum percentage of filtered iron emitted as nanoparticulate pyrite was found to be as high as 25%, 10%, and 5%, respectively. As a widespread component of hydrothermal vent emissions, these nanoparticles may be an important source of iron to the world's oceans. Metals such as Cu and Zn are detected in pyrite-containing aggregates at all sites, and chalcopyrite was a component of nanoparticle aggregates at MAR. Iron containing silicate nanoparticles are also identified, and indicate that nanoparticles other than sulfides should also be considered when determining transport implications of hydrothermal vent emissions. The varied morphologies and the presence of different minerals within these nanoparticles provide insight into their formation and stability.
A generalization of averaging theorems for porous medium analysis

Abstract The contributions of Stephen Whitaker to the rigorous analysis of porous medium flow and transport are built on the use of temporal and spatial averaging theorems applied to phases in representative elementary volumes. Here, these theorems are revisited, common point theorems are considered, extensions of existing theorems are developed to include the effects of lower dimensional entities represented as singularities, and a unified form of the theorems for phases, interfaces, common curves, and common points is established for both macroscale and mixed macroscale–megascale systems. The availability of the full set of theorems facilitates detailed analysis of a variety of porous medium systems. Explicit modeling of the physical processes associated with interfaces, common curves, and common points, as well as the kinematics of these entities, can be undertaken at both the macroscale and megascale based on these theorems.
Assessing Horizontal and Vertical Coordination

The European Union (EU) is notoriously complicated, and so the broad title of this book matches the authors’ ambitious undertaking: mapping and assessing the coordination of EU policy across layers of governance, across member states, across sectors, and across the policy process. Th eir aim is to understand better how the EU should manage policies that must be coordinated both hierarchically (or vertically) and horizontally. As globalization increases and societies become more interconnected, changes in one area of regulation have ramifi cations for other areas of regulation. Further, more and more policy makers are realizing that many policy problems simply cannot be dealt with by single departments or member states working alone. Jordan and Schout provide a framework to assess the capacity of the EU to accomplish this type of complex coordination, and they apply that framework to one large empirical case, that of environmental policy integration (EPI).
Predicting level of restrained eating behavior in adult women.

Objective: This study attempted to predict participants' level of restrained eating using the following psychological variables: body dissatisfaction, negative affect, self-esteem, and perceived problem-solving ability. Methods: Because previous research relating to restrained eating has primarily focused on women between the ages of 18 and 25, women age 30 to 60 served as participants. In addition, this study attempted to investigate the unique and combined variance each psychological variable contributes to restrained eating. Results: The results suggest that both body dissatisfaction and negative affect are significant predictors of level of restraint. Discussion: Moreover, this study suggests that the concept of restrained eating is relevant to women over age 25.
The concept of the ‘Other’ in modern Arab thought: From Muhammad cAbdu to Abdallah Laroui

Abstract The primary condition for the progress, or indeed the survival, of human societies is their effective coalescence into one human society’ (Zurayk 1994, 96).
Microsomal metabolism of N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine: formation of products resulting from α-and β-oxidation

We have identified propionaldehyde, n-propranolo, isopropanol and N-nitroso-2-hydroxy-propylpropylamine following incubation of N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine with a microsomal fraction from rat liver. Based on the yields of the various products, we have shown that beta-oxidation occurs at about 15% of the level of alpha-oxidation, beta- as well as alpha-oxidation was shown to be carried out by the microsomal mixed function oxidase system. N-nitroso-2-hydroxy-propylpropylamine is further oxidized by the microsomal preparation to yield N-nitroso-2-oxopropylpropylamine.
Escherichia coli associated with colostrum-free neonatal pigs raised in isolation.

Escherichia coli 08 was the most frequent coliform isolated from the blood and liver of morbid and dead neonatal, colostrum-free piglets raised under extremely sanitary conditions. This strain accounted for 67 per cent of the typable E. coli. The next most numerous strain occurred at a frequency of 6 per cent. Hence, E. coli 08 was considered the main coli enteropathogen in our experimental, isolated environment. In random samples of the feces of healthy and diarrhetic neonatal piglets, 24 per cent of the typable E. coli was type 08. When a directed effort was made to isolate E. coli 08 from the feces of neonatal piglets in a healthy, colostrum-free litter, this strain was isolated from 17 per cent of the total E. coli colonies examined. Thus, the enteropathogen E. coli 08 was ubiquitous in the feces of piglets in our environment, making up approximately 20 per cent of the fecal E. coli. 85 per cent of the bacteremia and death in which E. coli was isolated from blood or liver occurred in piglets fed diets void in bovine and porcine gamma globulin. Tube agglutination tests demonstrated that agglutinins to E. coli 08, and other serotypes as well, were present in bovine colostrum and to a lesser extent in porcine colostrum. These agglutinins were practically lacking in solutions of porcine and bovine gamma globulin. Feeding 109 E. coli 08 bacteria to 2-week-old, colostrum-free, gamma globulin-free, 08 agglutinin-free piglets did not produce visible disease.
Optimal Point Spread Function Engineering for 3D Super-Resolution Imaging

We propose a framework for pupil plane engineering which produces optimal point spread functions (PSFs) in terms of theoretical information content. We generate and experimentally demonstrate maximally informative PSFs for high background 3D super-resolution imaging.
The compact RCS / antenna range at MIT Lincoln Laboratory

A new compact range with a state-of-the-art instrumentation system was installed at Lincoln Laboratory and is currently in use. This paper describes the chamber with varied-height absorber, the rolled-edge reflector and instrumentation system. Recently acquired target supports are also described, including a low-RCS, “ogive” tower with a low RCS positioner.
Electroconvulsive Seizures Increase the Expression of MAP Kinase Phosphatases in Limbic Regions of Rat Brain

The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades regulate a variety of cellular activities, including cell growth, proliferation, and apoptosis, and are reported to play a role in the actions of antidepressant treatment. There are a number of different classes of protein phosphatases that could influence the MAP kinase cascade. One of these, the MAP kinase phosphatase (MKP) family, is known to play a key role in dephosphorylation of activated MAP kinase. In the present study, we analyzed the expression of the MKP1, MKP2, and MKP3 isoforms in rat brain after electroconvulsive seizure (ECS), considered the most effective treatment for depression. In situ hybridization analysis demonstrates that ECS differentially regulates the expression of the MKP isoforms. Expression of MKP1 mRNA is robustly increased by acute ECS in the major cell layers of the hippocampus, including the dentate gyrus granule cell layer and the CA1 and CA3 pyramidal cell layers. In contrast, MKP2 is induced mainly in the dentate gyrus and MKP3 is preferentially increased in the CA1 and CA3 cell layers. In the prefrontal cortex, all three MKP isoforms are upregulated by acute ECS administration. Chronic ECS resulted in a similar pattern of induction for each of the MKP subtypes, demonstrating that there is little or no desensitization of the response to repeated ECS. The induction of MKP expression serves as negative feedback control for the MAP kinase cascades. Upregulation of MKP expression could dampen the actions of ECS, indicating that blockade of the MKPs could enhance the actions of antidepressant treatment.
Collapse and Revivals of Wave Packets in Optical Lattices

We study the effects of dispersion, tunneling, and dissipation on wave-packet oscillations resembling coherent states of atoms in optical lattices. The wave packets are prepared by suddenly shifting the lattice after equilibration of the atoms at the lattice sites. The atoms oscillate in the light-shift potential wells, which exert a force arising from photon redistribution between lattice beams. We measure the resultant periodic intensity exchange between the beams, obtaining information on the wave-packet evolution. We observe a strong impact of dissipation on the overall shape and the time of revivals, as well as a suppression of tunneling by weak magnetic fields. [S0031-9007(98)07414-6]
A synthetic–natural hybrid oscillator in human cells

Recent studies have shown that many cell-signaling networks contain interactions and feedback loops that give rise to complex dynamics. Synthetic biology has allowed researchers to construct and analyze well-defined signaling circuits exhibiting behavior that can be predicted and quantitatively understood. Combining these approaches--wiring natural network components together with engineered interactions--has the potential to precisely modulate the dynamics of endogenous signaling processes and control the cell decisions they influence. Here, we focus on the p53 signaling pathway as a template for constructing a tunable oscillator comprised of both natural and synthetic components in mammalian cells. We find that a reduced p53 circuit implementing a single feedback loop preserves some features of the full network's dynamics, exhibiting pulses of p53 with tightly controlled timing. However, in contrast to the full natural p53 network, these pulses are damped in individual cells, with amplitude that depends on the input strength. Guided by a computational model of the reduced circuit, we constructed and analyzed circuit variants supplemented with synthetic positive and negative feedback loops and subjected to chemical perturbation. Our work demonstrates that three important features of oscillator dynamics--amplitude, period, and the rate of damping--can be controlled by manipulating stimulus level, interaction strength, and feedback topology. The approaches taken here may be useful for the rational design of synthetic networks with defined dynamics, and for identifying perturbations that control dynamics in natural biological circuits for research or therapeutic purposes.
Use of focus groups with rural women of lower socioeconomic status

N URSE RESEARCHERS have used focus groups in a variety of studies related to the health care needs of the dominant culture in the United States, including research concentrating on women's health. Stevens (1993) used focus groups to study the experience of highly educated, lowincome women in accessing health care in San Francisco. Other nurse researchers have successfully used a focus group format to explore quality of life issues with survivors of breast cancer (Wyatt, Kurtz, & Liken, 1993) and to describe the experience of caregivers (mostly women) of relatives with chronic disease (Gray-Vickrey, 1993). Buehler and Lee (1992) described the health of middle-income women residing in rural environments. Low-income women have been involved in focus groups to evaluate clinical practice (Alcalay, Ghee, Scrimshaw, 1993). Less is known about the appropriateness of focus groups as a research methodology across cultures (Pasick, D'Onofrio, Bye, Bingham, & Manguia, 1995). The purpose of this article is to describe the use of focus groups as a research approach in studies of low-income, rural populations.
FMRFamide neuropeptides and neuropeptide-associated enzymes in Drosophila.

To review the histochemistry of neuropeptide transmitters system in insects, this chapter focuses on the biology of FMRFamide-related neuropeptides in Drosophila. dFMRFamide expression is limited to a small number of neurons that present a complex spatial pattern and whose functions appear heterogeneous. The neuropeptide is first expressed by a few neurons in late stage embryos, then dynamically in as many as 44 neurons in the larval CNS. This review describes histochemical procedures to evaluate this neuronal phenotype and its regulation, including descriptions of promoter activity, and RNA and peptide distributions. To evaluate the use of peptidergic transmitters on a broad scale, I also review experiments in Drosophila studying enzymes necessary for neuropeptide biosynthesis, and in particular, histochemical studies of an enzyme responsible for peptide α-amidation. Miscrosc. Res. Tech. 45:80–95, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Experimental Study of Anderson Localization in Thin Wires

The electrical properties of wires with cross-sectional areas ($A$) in the range 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}$ to 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ have been studied. At temperatures below about 10 K the resistance of the wires increases with decreasing temperature. The size of the increase varies as ${A}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and becomes larger as the impurity resistance is made larger, in qualitative agreement with recent theoretical predictions by Thouless. The size of the increase is in order-of-magnitude agreement with the theory but the temperature dependence is not.
Spatiotemporal environmental triggers of Ebola and Marburg virus transmission

Despite their fame, Ebola and Marburg viruses (family Filoviridae) remain mysterious. Filovirus outbreaks are restricted to tropical Africa, but their likely geographic extent has been outlined only recently, and their natural reservoir host(s) remains unidentified. If environmental conditions associated with outbreaks in space and time can be identified precisely, much could be learned about the ecology, evolution and transmission of these viruses. We examined five filovirus outbreaks for which time series of remotely sensed data (NDVI values) are available and for which the reservoir-to-human index case transmission timing and location are known. A wavelet analysis was used to detect anomalous behaviour in the NDVI signal across multiple time scales for each outbreak. Scale-wise anomalies were manifested at a 20-day scale, and were found in four of the five sites, one to three weeks preceding outbreaks, suggesting that filovirus-caused disease outbreaks may be associated with either behavioural shifts i...
CONTRAST LIMITS OF COHERENCE-GATED IMAGING IN SCATTERING MEDIA

The fundamental difference between time-resolved and coherence-gated imaging modalities in scattering media is analyzed in terms of their optical transfer functions. The effectiveness of coherence gating for multiple-scattering rejection is shown by imaging a 100-mum-thick razor blade hidden in the scattering phantoms (i.e., Intralipid suspensions) with different scattering coefficients. We found that the imaging contrast is limited by multiple scattering and speckle effects in high-scattering media, and the measured effective penetration depth of optical coherence tomography is approximately equal to six mean free paths under the experimental conditions of a numerical aperture of less than 0.1 and a scattering anisotropy of approximately 0.8.
Improving the Efficiency of the Aggregation−Volume−Bias Monte Carlo Algorithm

The aggregation−volume−bias Monte Carlo (AVBMC) algorithm is reanalyzed, and on the basis of this analysis, two extensions of the AVBMC algorithm with improved sampling efficiency for super-strongly associating fluids are presented. The new versions of the AVBMC algorithm are based on the principle of super-detailed balance and retain the simplicity, generality, and robustness of the original AVBMC algorithm. The performances of the various versions of the AVBMC algorithm are compared via applications to the simple ideal-association model of van Roij and to the superheated vapor phase of hydrogen fluoride.
Confinement, chiral symmetry breaking, and the pion in a chromo-dielectric model of quantum chromodynamics

Abstract We study a chirally symmetric effective model of quantum chromodynamics, where the long-range parts of the (non-abelian) gluon self-interactions are assumed to give rise to a color-dielectric field. In particular we show how in this model confinement and the Goldstone pion arise naturally and simultaneously from dynamical chiral symmetry breaking. We also provide justification for successful chiral bag models, including for example the cloudy bag model.
Particulate Air Pollution and Daily Mortality in Steubenville, Ohio

The relationship between particulate air pollution and mortality is examined using data for Steubenville Ohio for the period 1974-1984. "Total suspended particulate count was significantly associated with increased daily mortality in Poisson regression analyses controlling for season and temperature." A comment by Robert E. Waller and Anthony V. Swan (pp. 20-2) and a response by the authors (pp. 23-5) are included. (EXCERPT)
XRF and high resolution TEM studies of Cu at the back contact in sputtered CdS/CdTe solar cells

We have used the MR-CAT beam-line of the Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory to study Cu x-ray fluorescence (XRF) in CdS/CdTe/Au structures on fused silica without transparent conductive oxide (TCO). After a “peel-off” process that separates the back contact at the CdTe/Cu interface both parts were studied by XRF. In order to locate the Cu spatially, we prepared TEM cross-sections and performed analytical electron microscopy at the Electron Microbeam Analysis Laboratory (EMAL) at the University of Michigan, to obtain high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) imaging with a point-to-point resolution of 1.7 A together with fine-probe energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). We found direct evidence of an interfacial Cu-rich layer between CdTe and Au with thickness of ∼ 4 A and relatively high concentration of Cu in the Au layer. Based on previous EXAFS studies we suggest that a copper-oxide layer is formed at the CdTe/Au interface which might serve to inhibit diffusion of copper into the CdTe layer.
Culture, Learning Styles, and Web 2.0.

This article explores Web 2.0 in interactive learning environments. Specifically, the article examines Web 2.0 as an interactive learning platform that holds potential, but is also limited by learning styles and cultural value preferences. The article explores the issue of control from both teacher and learner perspectives, and in particular the cultural challenges that impact learner control. From the control perspective, the issue of access to Web 2.0 technologies from both cost affordability and government censorship is also addressed. Finally, the article concludes with implications and recommendations for Web 2.0 learning environments.
Electrically detected magnetic resonance in p-n junction diodes

Abstract Electrically-detected magnetic resonance from spin-dependent recombination or generation has been observed in various Si p-n junction diodes. The g-values varied widely among similar diodes of different manufacture; most differed from Si damage at g ≈ 2.0055 reported by other researchers. The lowest g-value (1.965) is out of the range of carrier, band-tail, and dangling Si orbital centers; it may indicate metallic ions.
Thermochemiluminescence of polycarbonate and polypropylene

Experimental techniques for observing total and spectral thermochemiluminescence (TCL) are discussed in general along with some data for the systems polycarbonate–O2, polycarbonate–CO, and polypropylene–O2. Since TCL is the process whereby heated materials undergo thermally activated reactions and emit light in excess of the amount prescribed by the blackbody radiation law, its study may be expected to yield information about the structure and degradation of the materials. It has been observed that TCL spectra are both time- and temperature-dependent. A simple mathematical model for analyzing TCL data under conditions of a linear heating rate is discussed. The result also should be of use in thermogravimetric analysis.
Surface roughness studies by optical processing methods

Recovery of power spectral density information on surface roughness by use of optical processing methods is discussed and a technique for accomplishing this with relative ease is pointed out.
A Senior-Year Semiconductor and Electron Device Course

Energy gap, minority carrier mobility, diffusion, and lifetime, and electron emission and space charge concepts present difficulties for many students. In the course described here, considerable emphasis is placed on student experiments to create sound understanding of these ideas.