cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SOFC Anodes Based on LST–YSZ Composites and on Y0.04Ce0.48Zr0.48O2

The properties of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anode functional layers prepared by impregnation of 1 wt % Pd and 10 wt % ceria into porous scaffolds of either Y 0.04 Ce 0.48 Zr 0.48 O 2 (CZY) or composites of La 0.3 Sr 0.7 TiO 3 (LST) and yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) were examined to determine whether these scaffold materials would have sufficient electronic and ionic conductivity. Laminated tapes were cofired to produce 50 μm YSZ electrolytes and 50 μm scaffolds, supported on LSF-YSZ cathodes. The electronic conductivities of LST-YSZ composites were a function of the porosity and the weight fraction of LST but could be sufficient for use in thin functional layers. However, anodes made with LST-YSZ composites had higher nonohmic losses than cells made with YSZ scaffolds. With CZY scaffolds, some migration of Ce into the YSZ electrolyte was observed after cofiring. While CZY exhibited electronic conductivity, the loss in ionic conductivity compared to YSZ again resulted in higher nonohmic losses. The implications of these results for producing better ceramic anodes are discussed.
Modification of mechanical properties of vertical graphene sheets via fluorination

We report systematically tuning the mechanical properties of vertical graphene (VG) sheets through fluorination. VG sheets were synthesized using a radio-frequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (RF-PECVD) technique and were functionalized through exposure to xenon difluoride (XeF2) gas. An atomic force microscopy technique, PeakForce Quantitative Nanomechanical Mapping (QNM®), was used to measure the mechanical properties of the VG sheets. We show that fluorination can significantly enhance the reduced modulus of surfaces comprised of VG sheets. Samples with only ∼3.5% fluorine had a reduced modulus approximately eight times higher than unfunctionalized VG sheets, which is attributed to sp2 to sp3 conversion and a change of the C–C bond length after functionalization. Fluorination also decreased the energy dissipation of the VG sheets and reduced their adhesion to the AFM tip. This method represents a unique approach towards modification of the mechanical properties of nanostructures without a significant increase in weight or change of the VG sheet morphology.
The Inverted Discoid Meniscus Segment Clinical, Radiographic, and Arthroscopic Description of a Hidden Tear Pattern

Background:A flipped, or inverted, meniscus segment is easily visualized in the normal meniscus. However, an inverted discoid meniscus segment may be difficult to appreciate because the tear occurs more centrally and leaves more meniscal rim; thus, it may be undertreated if not addressed during arthroscopy.Purpose:To describe findings on clinical history, radiographs, MRI, and arthroscopy of a lateral discoid meniscus with an inverted segment and compare them with characteristics of a lateral discoid meniscus without an inverted segment.Study Design:Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:Between 2009 and 2012, a retrospective series of 121 consecutive knee arthroscopies for symptomatic lateral discoid meniscus were reviewed for the presence of an inverted fragment. Chart review of clinical presentation, operative reports, radiographic images, and arthroscopic images was performed. Comparative analysis of the clinical presentation between lateral discoid menisci with an inverted segment and nonin...
Effects of shock, ego-threat, and neutral conditions on affective experience during paired-associates learning

Subjective ratings of affective experience made by Ss engaged in a paired-associates learning experiment were not differentially affected by shock, ego-threat, or neutral instruction conditions. Ss with high scores on the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale rated themselves as experiencing significantly more negative affect than did low anxious Ss. After receiving instructions and immediately after learning (but not during learning itself) Ss receiving ego-threat and shock instructions tended to feel more negative affect than did Ss in the neutral condition, but not significantly so. No interaction of anxiety by instruction conditions was obtained.
Analysis of Misoperation of Unbalance Protection on Series Compensation in Shenbao Substation

According to some faults of unbalance protection misoperation since the series compensation in Shenbao Substation was put into service,this paper introduced in detail the principle of unbalance protection on series compensation.Through the analysis of the protection current waveform,it considered that the protection misoperation is caused by the resonance current produced in switching on moment of by-pass breaker,also the rational measure for preventing the misoperation of unbalance protection was proposed.
The clinical significance of bone marrow biopsy in multiple myeloma

Objective:To explore the value of bone marrow biopsy and bone marrow smear in multiple myeloma(MM) for diagnosis and treatment.Method:Biopsy of bone marrow from 29 cases of MM were stained according to Haris-Eosin.Smears of bone marrow from 29 cases of MM were stained according to wright.Result:13 of 29 cases( 44.8%) detected by biopsy were equal to those by bone marrow smeared in proliferating degrees,12 of 29 cases( 41.4%) by bone marrow biopsy were higher than those by bone marrow smeared.4 of 29 cases ( 13.8%) by bone marrow smeared higher than those by bone marrow biopsy.Combination of bone marrow biopsy with bone marrow smear benefit diagnosis and classification of MM.Conclusion:Bone marrow biopsy can be an ordinary examination in the diagnosis of MM.
Predicting the Location of “interactees” in Novel Human-Object Interactions

Understanding images with people often entails understanding their interactions with other objects or people. As such, given a novel image, a vision system ought to infer which other objects/people play an important role in a given person’s activity. However, while recent work learns about action-specific interactions (e.g., how the pose of a tennis player relates to the position of his racquet when serving the ball) for improved recognition, they are not equipped to reason about novel interactions that contain actions or objects not observed in the training data. We propose an approach to predict the localization parameters for “interactee” objects in novel images. Having learned the generic, action-independent connections between (1) a person’s pose, gaze, and scene cues and (2) the interactee object’s position and scale, our method estimates a probability distribution over likely places for an interactee in novel images. The result is a human interaction-informed saliency metric, which we show is valuable for both improved object detection and image retargeting applications.
Weathering the Storm? The Great Recession and the Employment Status Transitions of Low-Skill Male Immigrant Workers in the United States1:

Using matched data from the Current Population Survey from 2005 to 2011 (n = 5,507), we use multinomial and binary logistic regression models to examine employment transitions related to the Great ...
Currency Crises and Instability of Global Capitalism

The chapter argues that currency crises are best explained as episodes of asset price bubbles that emerge under conditions of economic liberalization. Three destabilizing processes which correspond to different phases of an asset price bubble are underscored as general features of a currency crisis: overborrowing, overinvestment and capital flow reversals. The relative importance of these processes varies as currency crises have evolved over time. Excessive credit expansion and over-borrowing were the destabilizing processes that have played a decisive role in current account driven crises, where capital inflow was predominantly governed by arbitrage opportunities and its reversal tied to rising devaluation risk associated with reserve depletion. Starting with the late 1980s, capital account driven crises have come to predominate as variable price assets, such as bonds and stocks, as opposed to fixed price assets in the form bank loans, became the main conduits of the capital inflow. In these crises, portfolio dynamics driven by speculative expectations on variable price assets, along with the increased predictability of asset prices, set the stage for destabilizing trend speculation on the part of international investors. Foreign investors chased a rising trend of asset prices, and capital flow reversed when they begin to think that asset prices have peaked.
Psychometric Properties of the Functional Capacity Card Sort for Caregivers of People With Dementia.

Caregiver appraisal influences care decisions and may place the person with dementia at risk. The Functional Capacity Card Sort (FCCS) was developed to determine caregiver appraisal. The objective of this study was to examine FCCS psychometric properties and utility, using data from a cross-sectional study (N = 86). The FCCS had moderately positive association (convergent validity) with a related activities of daily living (ADL) index (r = .43, p < .0001), weak negative association (discriminant validity) with an unrelated neuropsychiatric symptom index (r = −.14, p = .16), and strong caregiver agreement (interrater reliability) in ranking cards from high to low function, Kendall’s W(5, 72) = 0.83, p = .0001. When compared with occupational therapy assessment, the FCCS distinguished caregiver concordant estimation (17%), underestimation (22%), and overestimation (61%) of function. The FCCS is a valid and reliable tool used in conjunction with formal assessment to identify caregiver over- or underestimatio...
Vitamin D decreases STAT phosphorylation and inflammatory cytokine output in T-LGL Leukemia

ABSTRACTLarge granular lymphocyte leukemia (LGLL) is a rare incurable chronic disease typically characterized by clonal expansion of CD3+ cytotoxic T-cells. Two signal transducer and activator of transcription factors, STAT1 and STAT3, are constitutively active in T-LGLL. Disruption of this activation induces apoptosis in T-LGLL cells. Therefore, considerable efforts are focused on developing treatments that inhibit STAT activation. Calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, has been shown to decrease STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylation in cancer cell lines and autoimmune disease mouse models. Thus, we investigated whether calcitriol could be a valid therapeutic for T-LGLL. Calcitriol treatment of the TL-1 cell line (model of T-LGLL) led to decreased phospho-Y701 STAT1 and phospho-Y705 STAT3 and increased vitamin D receptor (VDR) levels. Doses of 10 and 100 nM calcitriol also significantly decreased the inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ in the TL-1 cell line. The overall cell viability did not change when the TL-1 c...
Measurement of Residual Stresses

The hole-drilling method is the preferred method to determine residual stresses in components made of coarse-grained aluminium alloys. In the literature there are very few data available on the uncertainty of measurement for the hole-drilling method. Especially about uncertainty of the mentioned case you cannot find any data. In order to be able to assess the measured values with regard to their significance, it is essential to know the uncertainty; especially if you want to use those readings for calculations. By using the hole-drilling method you normally have only one measurement result for the principal strains respectively for the principal stresses as well as for the direction of the principal stresses. With the help of a special strain gage rosette with eight single grids and several measured objects there are 240 results for the residual stress in every hole-drilling depth. By means of an analysis of variance the values were broken down into the following distribution parts: two distributions due to the variance of the measured objects and to the variance of the measurement points and one distribution which is a result for the measurement uncertainty. This uncertainty depends on the depth of the drilled hole. At the surface it is about 20 % to 30 % and from a depth of about 0.4 mm it is nearly constant at about 13 %.
After Obergefell: The Next Generation of LGBT Rights Litigation

Leading to Obergefell v. Hodges, the road to marriage equality was uneven. Several state courts in the 1970s rejected same-sex marriage, based on circular reasoning that avoided the critical constitutional question. The federal government entered the debate and enacted the Defense of Marriage Act in 1996. DOMA restricted the definition of marriage to one man and one woman; and, no state was required to recognize a same-sex marriage performed in another state. State legislatures that had not previously acted enacted mini-DOMAs and others passed constitutional amendments banning same-sex marriage. Within two decades the Supreme Court reversed its position on the criminalization of sexual intimacy between consenting homosexuals. That same year, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court held that the state’s legislative ban on same-sex marriage “confers an official stamp of approval on the destructive stereotype that same-sex relationships are inherently unstable and inferior to opposite-sex relationships.” Other state and federal courts followed in finding bans on same-sex marriage unconstitutional. By the time of Obergefell, 37 states and the District of Columbia recognized same-sex marriage. While this turnaround was rapid in constitutional time, it was painfully slow for LGBT couples who were denied the right to marry. Obergefell is this generation’s Loving v. Virginia. Yet, the sad reality is that the right to same-sex marriage is just the beginning of a conversation. Since Obergefell, the backlash has been swift, with public officials refusing to issue marriage licenses because of individual religious objections; and, despite public accommodations laws, some merchants refusing to serve gay couples. The aftermath of Obergefell is just beginning. The authors in this symposium evaluate the opinion, reflect on it, and forecast for the future the anticipated legal and social consequences of the Court’s recognition of the constitutional right to marry a same-sex partner.
Substance Use Among Transgender Students in California Public Middle and High Schools

BACKGROUND Transgender adolescents face tremendous social stress in families and schools, which often leads to behavioral health disparities. This study assessed whether rates of substance use were higher among transgender adolescents when compared to nontransgender adolescents. METHODS This study is a secondary data analysis of the 2013-2015 California Healthy Kids Survey (CHKS) that examines whether rates of substance use are higher among transgender youth when compared to nontransgender youth. Participants included 4778 transgender and 630,200 nontransgender students in middle and high schools in nearly all school districts in California. The study outcomes were lifetime, recent, and in-school use of cigarettes, tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and ecstasy as well as nonmedical use of prescription painkillers, diet pills, Ritalin or Adderall, and cold medicine. RESULTS Transgender students were about 2-1/2 times more likely as nontransgender students to use cocaine/methamphetamine in their lifetime (odds ratio [OR] = 2.53; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.18-2.95) and about 2.8 times as likely to report past 30-day inhalant use (OR = 2.80; 95% CI = 2.41-3.26). Transgender students were more than twice as likely to report past 30-day prescription pain medication use (OR = 2.19; 95% CI = 1.90-2.53) and more than 3 times as likely to use cigarettes in school (OR = 3.37; 95% CI = 2.84-3.99). CONCLUSIONS The study's findings indicate a need for community- and school-based interventions that reduce substance use among transgender youth.
Subwavelength silicon disk whispering-gallery-mode microcavities for size-dependent nanoparticles detection in the mid-infrared

Three-dimensional finite-element-method numerical simulations are used to investigate a size-dependent sensing technique by observing the effects that a spherical nanoparticle had on the frequency resonances of whispering-gallery modes of a subwavelength silicon microdisk. Results show that the observed spectral shift varies significantly (∼2 to 8 nm) for the TM1,2 optical mode with an attached nanoparticle with radii between 150 and 400 nm. This frequency shift size-dependence makes it possible to identify viruses of different sizes by the resonant frequency change in the transmission spectrum in the mid-infrared.
Professional apartheid: The racialization of US law schools after the global economic crisis

After the 2008 global financial crisis, US law schools suffered a steep drop in enrollment. In response, many professional law programs, especially so-called fourth-tier institutions, turned to ethnoracial minorities as a new market for student recruitment. They relaxed admissions standards, enabling more “diverse” students to finance their studies with guaranteed federal student loans. By raising diversity in a lower-status “southern hemisphere” of legal education and services, however, this new approach replaced outright exclusion with a racialized professional dualism justified by the neoliberal ideology of market access. Some have called this an “apartheid model”—a freighted term with broad theoretical and ethical entanglements. This pairing of race and free-market logics resembles wider, specious extensions of market citizenship into the global peripheries. [law, education, professions, neoliberalism, race, markets, United States]
Genetic variants in the inflammation pathway as predictors of recurrence and progression in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer treated with Bacillus Calmette–Guérin

// Stephen B. Williams 1, 2 , Ashish M. Kamat 1 , Chinedu Mmeje 1 , Yuanquing Ye 3 , Maosheng Huang 3 , David W. Chang 3 , Colin P. Dinney 1 and Xifeng Wu 3 1 Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA 2 Division of Urology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA 3 Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA Correspondence to: Xifeng Wu, email: xwu@mdanderson.org Keywords: polymorphisms, inflammation, bladder cancer, BCG, clinical outcome Received: December 15, 2016 Accepted: August 02, 2017 Published: September 23, 2017 ABSTRACT Inflammation plays a critical role in the etiology of several cancers and may affect their clinical outcome. Our objective was to assess the association of genetic variants within the inflammation pathway with recurrence and progression among non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients with or without Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) treatment. We genotyped 372 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 27 selected genes within the inflammation pathway in 349 patients diagnosed with NMIBC, followed by internal validation in 322 additional patients. We used Cox proportional hazards regression analyses to identify SNPs as predictors for recurrence and progression. In the discovery phase, we identified 20 variants that were significantly associated with recurrence outcomes and 15 SNPs significantly associated with progression in patients treated with BCG but not in the transurethral resection (TUR)-only group. In BCG treated patients, rs7089861 was the only SNP significantly associated with risk of progression in both the discovery phase (Hazard Ratio [HR]=3.15, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.38-7.22, P <0.01) and validation phase (HR=3.84, 95% CI: 1.64-9.0, P =0.002; meta-analysis HR=3.47, 95% CI: 1.92-6.28, P<0.001). Two variants, rs1800686 and rs2071081, had probable association with HRs of the same trend in the discovery and validation groups (meta-analysis P =0.002). These findings supported the notion that genetic variation of inflammation pathway may impact clinical outcome of NMIBC patients treated with BCG immunotherapy. Further validation of these results in order to improve risk stratification to identify patients most likely to benefit from BCG treatment versus upfront radical cystectomy and future development of potential targeted therapies are warranted. Significance Statement: In a two-stage study, we identified several genetic variants in the inflammation pathway associated with recurrence and progression in early-stage bladder cancer. In particular, variant rs7089861 was validated for progression among patients who underwent BCG immunotherapy. Several other variants showed marginal association with recurrence or progression. These findings suggest that inflammatory pathway genetic variants may influence clinical outcome of bladder cancer patients and help to select patients most appropriate for BCG treatment.
OCT image atlas of healthy skin on sun-exposed areas

Background Skin cancer represents the most prevalent type of cancer in the United States. Excision of these lesions can leave significant scarring, and a delay in the diagnosis of malignant melanoma could result in metastasis or death. Therefore, developing technology and criteria to accurately diagnose these cancers is of particular importance to the medical community. While biopsy can lead to scarring and infections, dermoscopy and confocal microscopy offer noninvasive imaging methods but are also limited in their ability to determine tumor depth and margins. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a promising imaging method that uses near-infrared light backscattering to image structures underneath the surface of the skin. The purpose of this study is to provide examples of variations across different skin locations and to identify common themes that occur with aging and sun exposure, most notably thinning of the epidermis and loss of a distinct dermal-epidermal junction. Methods Optical coherence tomography images were taken using the VivoSight swept-source OCT. Images were taken from a 23-year-old man (Subject 1) and an 89-year-old man (Subject 2), both with Fitzpatrick Skin Type I, who did not have any prior skin conditions. We investigated the regions of the body that represent sun-exposed areas. Results Results including OCT images taken from 19 predominately sun-exposed areas are shown in Figure 2-Figure 20. Conclusion The 2 sets of images demonstrate the variety that exists within OCT imaging of healthy skin, and thus, a comprehensive understanding of the variation in normal skin imaging using OCT is critical to be able to distinguish and diagnose skin cancers when present.
Effect of Acceptor Chain Length and Hydrophobicity on Polymerization Kinetics of the Neisseria meningitidis Group C Polysialyltransferase

Polysialic acids (PSA) are important extracellular virulence factors of the human pathogens Neisseria meningitidis and Escherichia coli. The importance of these polysaccharides in virulence make the polysialyltransferases (PST) targets for therapeutic drugs and protein engineering to facilitate efficient vaccine production. Here, we have generated recombinant bovine nucleotide monophosphate kinase to facilitate steady state kinetic assays of the PST. We have characterized the N. meningitidis group C (NmC) PST kinetically, using substrate analogues to describe the polymerization reaction. We observed a decrease in Km as the length of the oligo-sialic acid acceptor was increased, indicating a tighter binding of longer oligomers. In addition, we observed a biphasic relationship between kcat and chain length, which can be attributed to a switch in the mechanism of transfer of sialic acid from distributive to processive as the chain length increased above six sialic acid units. Substitution of donor substrate with the analogue CMP-9-F-sialic acid had minimal effect on acceptor Km, but it decreased kcat 6-fold. We propose that this decrease in kcat is caused by a destabilization of the transition state and/or an increase affinity of the product due to presence of the fluoro substituent. The acceptor's hydrophobicity also plays a role in catalysis. The kinetic analysis of the NmC PST with hydrophobic aglycon acceptor substrates indicated that they bind tighter and are turned over at a faster rate than the α-2,9 polysialic acid substrates lacking the hydrophobic end. This finding suggests the presence of a secondary ligand binding site that tethers the acceptor substrate to the enzyme active site.
Body Color and Morphological Correlates of Fitness in Eastern Fence Lizards (Sceloporus undulatus): A Spectrophotometric Approach

Many lizards use colorful badges in displays with conspecifics during courtship and aggressive interactions. In Eastern Fence Lizards (Sceloporus undulatus), males and females reveal sexually dimorphic ventral abdominal coloration during social interactions and use these features to signal sex and perhaps other characteristics. However, the extent to which ventral badges or other chromatic features of males and females signal quality remains unresolved in this species. Additionally, adult S. undulatus exhibit temperature-dependent color change of their abdominal badges, a potential confounding variable in studies of the function of these badges. Here, we examined the relationship between spectral variables of ventral and dorsal skin color and morphometric traits linked to fitness in adult male and female S. undulatus under standardized temperature conditions. For males, ventral patch hue tended to decrease (i.e., was blue-shifted) as body size increased, whereas dorsal hue was unrelated to male size. In contrast, there was no relationship between ventral hue and body size in females, and dorsal hue increased (i.e., was red-shifted) with body size. In males, lower ultraviolet (UV) chroma and greater blue chroma of ventral abdominal badges predicted increasing body size. In females, UV chroma of the ventral abdomen was inversely related to body size and better body condition, whereas blue chroma was inversely related to body condition only. Dorsal UV chroma decreased with increasing body size in both males and females, but brightness was not a significant predictor of any morphometric trait in either sex. Overall, these results indicate that both blue and UV reflectance of ventral and dorsal abdominal skin are indices of size and thus age, and could therefore serve as indices of signaler quality in this species.
Clinical characterisation of a novel SCN5A variant associated with progressive malignant arrhythmia and dilated cardiomyopathy.

Introduction The SCN5A gene is implicated in many arrhythmogenic and cardiomyopathic processes. We identified a novel SCN5A variant in a family with significant segregation in individuals affected with progressive sinus and atrioventricular nodal disease, atrial arrhythmia, dilated cardiomyopathy, and early sudden cardiac arrest. Methods A patient pedigree was created following the clinical evaluation of three affected individuals, two monozygotic twins and a paternal half-brother, which lead to the evaluation of a paternal half-sister (four siblings with the same father and three mothers) all of whom experienced varying degrees of atrial arrhythmias, conduction disease, and dilated cardiomyopathy in addition to a paternal history of unexplained death in his 50s with similar autopsy findings. The index male underwent sequencing of 58 genes associated with cardiomyopathies. Sanger sequencing was used to provide data for bases with insufficient coverage and for bases in some known regions of genomic segmental duplications. All clinically significant and novel variants were confirmed by independent Sanger sequencing. Results All relatives tested were shown to have the same SCN5A variant of unknown significance (p. Asp197His) and the monozygotic twins shared a co-occurring NEXN (p. Glu575*). Segregation analysis demonstrates likely pathogenic trait for the SCN5A variant with an additional possible role for the NEXN variant in combination. Conclusions There is compelling clinical evidence suggesting that the SCN5A variant p. Asp197His may be re-classified as likely pathogenic based on the segregation analysis of our family of interest. Molecular mechanism studies are pending.
Association of Cytomegalovirus and Toxoplasma gondii Antibody Titers With Bipolar Disorder.

Importance Infection-associated immune activation and inflammation are increasingly recognized in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. Objective To determine whether antibodies to common infectious agents, including cytomegalovirus (CMV),Toxoplasma gondii, and measles, as well as the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein, in serum samples differ between patients with bipolar disorder and control individuals without bipolar disorder. Design, Setting, and Participants In this case-control study, antibody titers were measured in serum samples from 1207 patients with bipolar disorder and 745 controls that were obtained from biobanks with participating sites in Rochester and Minneapolis, Minnesota (n = 1537), and Cincinnati, Ohio (n = 415), from January 5, 2009, through May 12, 2014. A subset of case patients and controls from Minnesota were matched by age, sex, and educational level. Bipolar type, age at onset, and history of psychosis were assessed for case patients as well as current drug treatment at the time of blood sample obtainment from the biobank. Data were analyzed from February 5, 2018, to January 4, 2019. Exposures The CMV andT gondiiantibodies with IgM titers were expressed aszscores and IgG titers dichotomized into seropositive and seronegative based on expected prevalence in the US population and further classified based on the joint CMV-positive/T gondii–negative IgG status, C-reactive proteinzscore, and drug treatments with antitoxoplasma activity. Main Outcomes and Measures Patients were stratified by bipolar disorder type I or type II, nonearly (>19 years of age) and early (≤19 years of age) onset, and history of psychosis during mania or no psychosis. Results Of 1207 patients with bipolar disorder (mean [SD] age, 43.2 [15.1] years; 742 [61.5%] female), the CMV-positive/T gondii–negative IgG status was significantly higher (odds ratio [OR], 1.33; 95% CI, 1.09-1.62;P = .004) compared with that in the 745 controls (mean [SD] age, 44.5 [15.5] years; 444 [59.6%] female). The CMV-positive/T gondii–negative IgG status was associated with bipolar cases type I (OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.14-1.75;P = .001), nonearly age at onset (OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.16-1.72;P = .001), and history of manic psychosis (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.13-1.88;P = .004). Patients with bipolar disorder who received drug treatment with antitoxoplasma activity (n = 272) had significantly lowerT gondiiIgM titers (median, 1.59; interquartile range, 1.30-2.07) compared with those (n = 900) who did not receive this treatment (median, 1.69; interquartile range, 1.35-2.25) (P = .03). Conclusions and Relevance In this sample, increased long-term antibody response to CMV and decreased long-term antibody response toT gondiiwere associated with bipolar disorder and the subphenotypes of bipolar type I, nonearly disease onset, and manic psychosis. Further work appears to be needed to better understand genetic vs environmental disease risk and infection or immune activation contribution to overall disease pathogenesis with particular reference to disease onset.
Delta phase reset predicts conflict-related changes in P3 amplitude and behavior.

Abstract When multiple competing responses are activated, we respond more slowly than if only one response is activated (response conflict). Conflict-induced slowing is reduced for consecutive high-conflict stimuli, an effect known as conflict adaptation. Verguts and Notebaert’s (2009) adaptation by binding theory suggests this is due to Hebbian learning of cognitive control, potentiated by the response of the locus coeruleus norepinephrine (NE) system. Phasic activity of the NE system can potentially be measured non-invasively in humans by recording the P3 component of the event-related potential (ERP), and the P3 is sensitive to conflict adaptation. Bouret and Sara’s (2005) network reset theory suggests that phasic NE might functionally reset ongoing large-scale network activity, generating synchronous neural population activity like the P3. To examine the possibility that network reset contributes to conflict effects in the P3, we recorded high-density EEG data while subjects performed a flanker task. As expected, conflict and conflict adaptation modulated P3 amplitudes. Brain-behavior correlation analyses indicated that activity during the rise of the P3 was related to RT and predicted RT differences due to conflict. More importantly, phase of delta oscillations not only predicted reaction time differences between low-conflict and high-conflict conditions, but delta phase reset also predicted the amplitude of the P3. Delta oscillations exhibited dominant peaks both pre and post-stimulus, and delta at stimulus onset predicted the post-stimulus ERP, in particular the N2 and P3. This result bridges human EEG with basic mechanisms suggested by computational neural models and invasive patient recordings, namely that salient cognitive events might reset ongoing oscillations leading to the generation of the phase-locked evoked potential. We conclude that partial phase reset is a cortical mechanism involved in monitoring the environment for unexpected events, and this response contributes to conflict effects in the ERP. These results are in line with theories that phasic NE release might reset ongoing cortical activity, leading to the generation of ERP components like the P3.
Controller Hardware-in-the-Loop Testbed for Distributed Coordination and Control Architectures

This paper describes a controller hardware-in-the-loop testbed that was developed to provide an ultra-high fidelity real-time environment for testing coordination and control architectures for distributed energy resources. Although the testbed is equipped to validate the effectiveness of architectures based on centralized, decentralized, and/or distributed decision-making algorithms, the focus of this paper is to describe a setup of the controller hardware-in-the-loop testbed that accommodates and facilitates the testing and validation of distributed coordination and control architectures. We provide results from case studies that utilize this setup.
How Reliable Is a Statewide Prescription Monitoring Program for Identifying Post-Cesarean Opioid Use?

Objective This study was aimed to estimate the percentage of women taking opioids post-cesarean who could be detected in a state prescription monitoring program (PMP) and characteristics of those not able to be detected. Study Design This observational cohort study included all women with an Illinois address who delivered via cesarean section and used opioids within 24 hours prior to discharge at a tertiary care hospital between August 21, 2017 and March 1, 2018. The Illinois PMP was queried for presence of an opioid prescription filled within the first 3 months postpartum. Sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with an undetectable PMP record were evaluated in bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Results A total of 517 women underwent a cesarean delivery during the study period, of whom 344 (66.5%) met inclusion criteria. Of these women, 169 (49%) did not have a detectable PMP record of filling any outpatient postpartum prescription opioid. On bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis, year of delivery (2018 vs. 2017) was significantly associated with a higher incidence of detectable postpartum prescription opioid record in the PMP with increasing relative risk of detectable records in the second year of analyses (n = 110/244 [45%] in 2017 vs. n = 59/100 [59%] in 2018, adjusted risk ratio [aRR] = 1.32, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06–1.64, p = 0.013). No other sociodemographic or clinical characteristics was significantly associated. Conclusion Nearly half of women who underwent a cesarean section and who were administered opioids 24 hours prior to discharge did not have a detectable postpartum opioid prescription in the PMP. While identification of prescription filling improved with time, many of women were not detectable in the PMP system. These data call into question the accuracy of PMPs in identifying prescription opioid filling patterns in the postpartum setting.
Addressing Contemporary Social Issues in Art Education: A Survey of Public School Art Educators in Georgia

This descriptive research utilized a written survey to investigate the current attitudes and practices of Georgia public school art educators with regard to addressing social issues through the art education curriculum. Teachers' narrative comments along with basic descriptive data provided an informative image of teacher values, preferences, and practices in the art classroom, as well as the school atmosphere in which they teach. Generally the participating teachers voiced strong support for addressing social issues through art education, and often addressed social issues through art history content or discussion in art criticism or aesthetics. Teachers voiced concern regarding parental and administrative support for discussing sensitive social issues. Also noted was the lack of time for the development of appropriate teaching materials and adequate pre-teacher training, especially in developing mediation skills for dealing with sensitive topics during classroom discussions. In October of 1999 the Atlanta Journal-Constitution reported that in several metropolitan area school districts numerous elementary schools censored an image from a fifth-grade social science textbook. The offending image was a painting, Washington Crossing the Delaware, by Emanuel Leutze. In this well-known painting the ornamental orbs of Washington's watch fob are lying across his right thigh. The article reported that school districts' administrators feared that the imaginations of fifth-grade students might deduce that the general's genitalia were on display and cause disruptions in the classroom. Teacher aides in one of the school districts spent about 2 weeks painting over the offending areas in more than 2,300 books. Although this report was initially humorous in its absurdity, it is unfortunately symbolic of the climate in many of our schools today. Public schools in many instances have resorted to heightened repressive measures to suppress controversy and avoid confrontation. There is little doubt that our schools can be violent and safety issues are paramount. A national survey in 1993 indicated that "nearly one in four students and one in ten teachers said they have been victims of violence on or near school property" (New York Times, 1993). Along with adolescent violence, public schools must address issues of drug abuse, high drop-out rates, teen pregnancy, and absenteeism, while often relying on diminishing fiscal resources (Giroux, 1988). Educators have become increasingly aware that public schools that can no longer be viewed as institutions insolated from the rest of society. While educators often point to the lack of parental involvement and support for education today, Correspondence regarding this article should be addressed to the author at
All-normal dispersion fiber laser with a bandwidth tunable fiber-based spectral filter

We investigate numerically and experimentally an all-fiber, bandwidth tunable spectral filter comprising birefringent fibers. The spectral bandwidth tunability of the filter is based on the compensation of birefringence in polarization maintaining fibers. This unique filter allows mode-locked operation of a fiber oscillator with the ability to generate distinct laser modes with different output spectral shapes and pulse evolutions.
Safety and Efficacy of Apixaban For Therapeutic Anticoagulation in Critically Ill ICU Patients with Severe COVID-19 Respiratory Disease

Introduction Despite the use of unfractionated heparin (UFH) or low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), rates of thromboembolic disease, and subsequent morbidity and mortality remain unacceptably high in patients with severe novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), such as apixaban, have numerous purported benefits although the safety and efficacy of their use in intensive care unit (ICU) patients with severe COVID-19 has yet to be evaluated. Materials and Methods Single-center, retrospective cohort study of 21 ICU patients with severe COVID-19 respiratory disease treated with apixaban for atrial fibrillation (AFib), venous thromboembolism (VTE), catheter-induced thrombosis, and/or COVID-19-induced coagulopathy. The primary objective was to evaluate the incidence of bleeding events and secondary objectives included thromboembolic events, coagulation parameters, and mortality. Results Ninety percent of patients were non-White, 43% were obese, 90% had acute respiratory distress syndrome, and 76% required mechanical ventilation. Nearly half of (47.6%) also experienced renal dysfunction and required renal replacement therapy. Eighty-six percent of patients received prophylaxis or treatment with UFH or LMWH within the 24-hour period prior to apixaban initiation. Patients were initiated on apixaban for the treatment of suspected or confirmed VTE (67%) or AFib (33%). All coagulation parameters remained abnormal but stable throughout the 10-day monitoring period. No patients experienced any major bleeding events or thrombosis throughout the study period. There were four deaths during the follow-up period, all deemed unrelated to coagulopathy or bleeding. Conclusion Apixaban appeared safe and efficacious in ICU patients with severe COVID-19 disease. These data encourage future trials seeking to optimize anticoagulation strategies in patients with severe COVID-19.
ACGME Case Volume Minimums Decrease the Number of Shoulder and Knee Arthroscopies Performed by Residents.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine how the implementation of Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) case minimums in 2013 has affected the number of shoulder and knee arthroscopies performed by orthopaedic surgery residents during their clinical training. Methods The ACGME orthopaedic surgery case log data from graduation years 2007 to 2019 was used to evaluate the number of shoulder and knee arthroscopies performed. The mean and median number of cases performed per resident were compared for the years prior to implementation of the ACGME case minimum (2007-2012) and after (2013-2019). Results The ACGME orthopaedic surgery case minimums resulted in a significant decrease in the mean number of shoulder and knee arthroscopies performed. The mean number of shoulder arthroscopies performed in the years before and after the case minimum requirement were 109.8 and 82.0 (P = .025), respectively. The mean number of knee arthroscopies performed in the years before and after the case minimum requirement were 178.6 and 124.8 (P = .006), respectively. Residents in the tenth percentile of cases performed still met the required ACGME case minimums each year. The mean total of all cases performed in the years before and after the case minimum requirement were 2045.5 and 1699.3 (P = .038), respectively. Conclusions The number of shoulder and knee arthroscopies performed by orthopaedic surgery residents significantly decreased after the implementation of ACGME case minimums, which may be due to underreporting of cases. Clinical Relevance This study may demonstrate the effect of the implementation of the ACGME case minimums on the number of shoulder and knee arthroscopies performed by orthopaedic surgery residents.
The Accessory Optic System

The accessory optic system (AOS) provides a critical piece of the puzzle in infantile strabismus by explaining how visual motion can be processed in a vestibular coordinate system. This subcortical existence explains how torsional eye movements can be generated in response to unequal binocular visual input, and how individual extraocular muscles can be driven to overact when binocular visual development is comprised. The clear implication is that this atavistic system somehow remains functional in infantile strabismus and infantile nystagmus. This proposition is not so bold when one considers that our extraocular muscles are oriented in a semicircular canal-based planar coordinate system. The AOS subserves optokinesis, however, so it remains unclear whether primitive luminance pathways are encoded in a similar coordinate system, or whether luminance disparity generates correlative input the AOS.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: The Emergence of Important Genetic Variants and Testing Options for Clinical Laboratories

Abstract Monitoring the spread of emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants relies on rapid genetic testing of the viral genome. The sequencing method commonly called next-generation sequencing can identify virus variants. At times, for target-specific mutation detection, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction is used to identify specific variants. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's national SARS-CoV-2 Strain Surveillance Program is a comprehensive, population-based U.S. surveillance system to monitor SARS-CoV-2 genes, identifying emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants to determine implications for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnostics, therapy, and vaccines. This review describes the main viral variants of concern and their potential impacts and briefly describes testing strategies.
A vicious cycle of neuropathological, cognitive and behavioural sequelae of repeated opioid overdose.

Abstract In the midst of an escalating U.S. opioid crisis, the immediate focus of public health interventions is on fatal overdose prevention. Few studies, however, have sought to examine the long-term health consequences of exposure to repeated nonfatal opioid overdose. We reviewed recent literature to examine three corresponding downstream health outcomes of repeated overdose: a) neurodegenerative processes; b) cognition and memory; and c) overdose risk behaviours. We found a remarkable congruency among available biochemical and cognitive data on how nonfatal overdose precipitates various pathological feedforward and feedback loops that affect people who use opioids for years to come. We found however that downstream behavioural implications of neurodegenerative and cognitive sequelae are less studied despite being most proximal to an overdose. Findings point to a vicious cycle of nonfatal overdose leading to neurodegeneration – closely resembling Alzheimer Disease – that results in cognitive decline that in turn leads to potentially reduced adherence to safe drug use behaviours. The collected evidence not only brings into the focus the long-term health consequences of nonfatal overdose from the perspectives of biology, neuroscience, and public health, but also creates new cross-disciplinary context and awareness in the research and public health community that should benefit people at risk.