cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Natural convection in a stably stratified fluid along vertical plates and cylinders with temporally periodic surface temperature variations

This paper describes one-dimensional (parallel) laminar natural convection in a viscous stably stratified fluid owing to temporally periodic variations in the surface temperature of infinite vertical plates and circular cylinders. Analytical solutions of the one-dimensional (parallel) Boussinesq equations of motion and thermodynamic energy are obtained for the periodic regime for arbitrary values of ambient stratification, Prandtl number and forcing frequency. The solutions for plates and cylinders are qualitatively similar and show that (i) the flows are composed of two waves that decay exponentially with distance from the surface: a fast long wave and a slow short wave; (ii) for forcing frequencies greater than the natural frequency of the corresponding inviscid system, these two waves propagate away from the surface; and (iii) for forcing frequencies less than this natural frequency, the short wave propagates away from the surface while the long wave propagates toward the surface. This latter case provides an example of a flow for which the conventional radiation condition is not appropriate. The analytical results are complemented, for the plate problem, with three-dimensional numerical simulations of flows that start from rest and are suddenly subjected to a periodic thermal forcing at the plate. The numerical results depict the transient (start-up) stage of the flow and the approach to a periodic regime. These results confirm that the analytical solutions provide the appropriate description of the periodic regime.
Stereoacuity thresholds before and after visual acuity testing.

Purpose To compare stereoacuity thresholds before and after visual acuity testing in patients with intermittent strabismus and in controls. Design Prospective cohort study. Participants and Controls Eighty-eight patients (41 with intermittent strabismus and 47 controls) with measurable stereoacuity on their initial stereoacuity test were enrolled prospectively. Methods Stereoacuity was measured before and immediately after visual acuity testing using the near Preschool Randot and Distance Randot stereotests. Stereoacuity was transformed to log units for analysis. Main Outcome Measures Change in stereoacuity thresholds (log seconds of arc [arcsec]). Results There was no overall deterioration in distance stereoacuity or near stereoacuity thresholds in either the intermittent strabismus or control groups. The mean change for patients with intermittent strabismus was 0.02 log arcsec (95% confidence interval [CI], –0.02 to 0.06) for near stereoacuity and 0.04 log arcsec (95% CI, –0.01 to 0.09) for distance stereoacuity. Control patients demonstrated a mean change of 0.03 log arcsec (95% CI, −0.01 to 0.06) for near stereoacuity and 0.01 log arcsec (95% CI, –0.06 to 0.08) for distance stereoacuity. These mean changes correspond to less than approximately one eighth of an octave. For individual patients, deterioration in stereoacuity beyond previously reported test–retest variability (0.6 log arcsec or more) was not observed in patients with intermittent strabismus or controls using either test. Conclusions Stereoacuity thresholds do not deteriorate after visual acuity testing, and therefore measurements of stereoacuity do not need to precede visual acuity measurement or other tests that involve short periods of dissociation. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Entrainment Rate, Cloud Fraction, and Liquid Water Path of PBL Stratocumulus Clouds

Abstract The large eddy simulation technique is used to search for key factors in determining the entrainment rate, cloud fraction, and liquid water path in the stratocumulus-topped boundary layer (STBL), with the goal of developing simple schemes of calculating these important quantities in climate models. In this study an entrainment rate formula is proposed where the entrainment rate is determined by four variables—total jump of the liquid water potential temperature across the entrainment zone, surface heat flux, net radiative flux away from the top of the STBL, and liquid water path. This study also shows that buoyancy reversal, measured here as the ratio between the equivalent potential temperature jump and the total moisture jump across the cloud top, plays a major role in reducing the simulated cloud amount, both cloud fraction and liquid water path. For cases where no buoyancy reversal occurs, the simulated cloud fraction remains 100% and the liquid water path depends solely on the cloud height. ...
Freshwater ascomycetes: Wicklowia aquatica, a new genus and species in the Pleosporales from Florida and Costa Rica

During a latitudinal survey of freshwater ascomycetes, an unidentified fungus with bitunicate asci was found on submerged wood and herbaceous material from Florida and Costa Rica. Based on morphological characteristics and 28S rDNA large subunit (LSU) sequence data, this fungus is described as a new genus and species, Wicklowia aquatica, and placed in the Pleosporales (Pleosporomycetidae, Dothideomycetes). Phylogenetic analyses based on LSU sequences did not resolve the familial placement of W. aquatica within the Pleosporales. The characteristic features of W. aquatica are subglobose, dorsiventrally flattened, ostiolate, immersed to erumpent, black ascomata; a peridial wall composed of 4–5 layers of darkened pseudoparenchymatic cells; cellular pseudoparaphyses immersed in a gel matrix; broadly clavate, bitunicate asci; and cylindrical, hyaline, one-septate ascospores with rounded apices and surrounded by a gelatinous sheath that expands in water; ascospore sheath attached at the ascospore base with a gelatinous curtain extending from the base that fragments into basal filamentous appendages which radiate from the base of the ascospore.
The economics of biosimilars.

Background The high cost of pharmaceuticals, especially biologics, has become an important issue in the battle to control healthcare costs. The Hatch-Waxman Act encourages generic competition but still provides incentives for pioneers to develop new drugs. The Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act is intended to do the same for biologics and biosimilars. Objective To examine information related to biosimilars to determine their potential impact on competition in the biologic market. Method Using information concerning the European Union (EU) and the pharmaceutical industry, this article reviews and analyzes the experience of biosimilars in the EU, as well as the obstacles and opportunities that biosimilars face in the United States. Much of the analysis is based on examining current trends in biologic drugs and the potential implications on the future of biosimilars. Discussion This article reviews the mixed success of biosimilars in the EU and the implications for the United States. Because biologics are produced from living organisms, manufacturing issues are more important than in the chemical drug market. The barriers to biosimilar entry into the marketplace are much more difficult to overcome than challenges generic manufacturers typically face and are similar to obstacles specialty injectable producers encounter. The competitive responses by pioneers are also likely to be more important. The capital costs and risk issues with biosimilars make alliances and partnering arrangements very likely. Biosimilars often enter emerging markets, where the barriers to entry are easier to overcome. Nevertheless, the United States represents the greatest opportunity for biosimilar producers, in part because it is the largest biologics market and has high prices for biologics. As the United States enters the biosimilar market, the pharmaceutical industry is likely to grow at an accelerated pace. Automatic substitution is likely to be slow to develop, because of safety and quality concerns. The beneficial impact of biosimilars is likely to take a long time to be realized and to be fraught with more difficulties than was the case for small-molecule generics. Conclusion Various factors, such as safety, pricing, manufacturing, entry barriers, physician acceptance, and marketing, will make the biosimilar market develop different from the generic market. The high cost to enter the market and the size of the biologic drug market make entry attractive but risky.
Why Have All the Boys Gone? Gender Differences in Prosecution Acceptance of Child Sexual Abuse Cases

Cases of child sexual abuse (CSA) referred to the District Attorney (DA) are not necessarily accepted for prosecution. Two pilot studies sought to investigate whether there were gender differences in whether cases of CSA referred to the DA's office were accepted by the DA and, if they existed, what might account for gender differences in decisions to accept cases and file charges. The results of the first study indicated that cases involving male victims were significantly less likely to be accepted for prosecution than cases involving female victims. Comparisons of acceptance rates were based on expected frequencies given CSA prevalence rates by gender in the literature and on the proportion of males and females seen at a Child Abuse Assessment Center (CAAC) from where the DA referrals were obtained. The second study assessed both disclosure-related variables (assessed by content analyses of disclosures made at a CAAC) and abuse-related variables (that occurred at or near the time of the abuse) that might explain these differences. Few variables were found to significantly differentiate males' and females' cases; these were the relationship of the child to the perpetrator, whether the child was offended by a juvenile, whether the child told someone of the abuse, pornography exposure, whether the child displayed concerning behaviors, and whether the child was questioned about possible abuse. Implications of these results are discussed. Language: en
Unhealthy Parenting and Potential Mediators As Contributing Factors To Future Intimate Violence: A Review of the Literature

Efforts to understand and prevent intimate violence have often focused on the intergenerational transmission of intimate violence. Although witnessing and/or experiencing abuse in the family of origin is well supported in the literature as a key component of the intergenerational transmission of intimate violence, there has been less attention to other family-of-origin factors that contribute to or mediate and/or moderate future intimate violence. Particularly, a focus on the effect of parenting on future intimate violence is needed beyond the effect of modeling abusive behavior. In this article, corporal punishment and poor parenting are reviewed as family-of-origin factors related to future intimate violence. In addition, attachment theory, interpersonal skills, and emotional and behavioral regulation and/or conduct disorder are reviewed as variables that may result and mediate the relationship between family-of-origin factors and future intimate violence. Implications for preventing intimate violence by intervening in the family of origin are also identified.
Peritoneal fluid values from healthy foals.

Summary Peritoneal fluid was analysed from 17 foals, aged 13 to 134 days with a mean age of 68 days. Cytologically, the peritoneal fluid was characterised by a mean total cell count of 0.45 times 109/litre (range 0.06 to 1.42 times 109/litre), rare eosinophils, rare cytophagia and variable percentages of neutrophils and mononuclear cells. These data indicate that peritoneal fluid nucleated cell counts over 1.50 times 109/litre in the foal should be interpreted as elevated. Biochemical evaluation revealed a mean biuret protein level of 12 g/litre, mean refractive index protein level of 16 g/litre and urea nitrogen concentration of 1.96 mmol/litre. There was no correlation between the foals' white blood cell and peritoneal fluid nucleated cell counts. Results of this study indicate that adult horse reference values for evaluation of peritoneal fluid are of questionable validity for foals. Diagnostically, the most important observation was that maximum peritoneal fluid nucleated cell counts in healthy foals were much lower than reported maximal reference values for adult horses (1.5 times 109/litre versus 5.0 times 109/litre or 10.0 times 109/litre).
Nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NUGB) remains a major medical problem even after advances in medical therapy with gastric acid suppression and cyclooxygenase (COX-2) inhibitors. Although the incidence of upper gastrointestinal bleeding presenting to the emergency room has slightly decreased, similar decreases in overall mortality and rebleeding rate have not been experienced over the last few decades. Many causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding have been identified and will be reviewed. Endoscopic, radiographic and angiographic modalities continue to form the basis of the diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal bleeding with new research in the field of CT angiography to diagnose gastrointestinal bleeding. Endoscopic and angiographic treatment modalities will be highlighted, emphasizing a multi-modality treatment plan for upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
Inhibition of melanoma tumor growth in vivo by survivin targeting

A role of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in tumor formation and growth was investigated by targeting the apoptosis inhibitor survivin in vivo. Expression of a phosphorylation-defective survivin mutant (Thr34→Ala) triggered apoptosis in several human melanoma cell lines and enhanced cell death induced by the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin in vitro. Conditional expression of survivin Thr34→Ala in YUSAC2 melanoma cells prevented tumor formation upon s.c. injection into CB.17 severe combined immunodeficient-beige mice. When induced in established melanoma tumors, survivin Thr34→Ala inhibited tumor growth by 60–70% and caused increased apoptosis and reduced proliferation of melanoma cells in vivo. Manipulation of the antiapoptotic pathway maintained by survivin may be beneficial for cancer therapy.
Stiffness relations for piezoelectric indentation of flat and non-flat punches of arbitrary planform: Applications to probing nanoelectromechanical properties of materials

Stiffness relations for voltage-dependent contact mechanics of piezoelectric material are derived for an indenter of arbitrary planform under normal force, centrally or non-centrally applied, and electric charge distribution at the base. Relations between indentation depth, indentation force, electric potential and electric charge are explicitly given in terms of indenter's geometry and piezoelectric material constants. The analysis covers indenters with non-flat base approximated by a second-order surface; elliptic paraboloid is considered as an example. In the case of the elliptic non-flat planform, the derived stiffness relations are exact; otherwise, they are approximate and are shown to have good accuracy. The stiffness relations are given in elementary functions and are obtained by utilizing the recently established principle of correspondence between the piezoelectric and purely elastic problems. Besides contributing to extension of Hertzian mechanics to piezoelectric materials, these results are essential for quantitative interpretation of the scanning probe microscopy and piezoelectric nanoindentation data on piezoelectric, ferroelectric, and multiferroic materials.
Detection of a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma by capromab pendetide scintigraphy (ProstaScint) in a patient with prostate carcinoma.

Abstract A 77-year-old man with Gleason score 7 prostate cancer, after radical prostatectomy, in whom the prostate-specific antigen level increased to 5.0 ng/mL 8 years later, underwent a ProstaScint scan. Radiotracer deposition was noted in the prostatic “fossa,” highly suspicious of recurrence. An additional focus in the mid abdomen was suspicious of adenopathy. Computed tomography disclosed an abdominal mass that, at biopsy, proved to be a malignant B-cell lymphoma. That lesion resolved after chemotherapy, and the prostate-specific antigen level substantially decreased with hormonal treatment. The possible association of prostate cancer and lymphoma is discussed.
Fibroproliferation and mast cells in the acute respiratory distress syndrome

Background—Mast cells (MCs), which are a major source of cytokines and growth factors, have been implicated in various fibrotic disorders. To clarify the contribution of MCs to fibrogenesis, lung tissue from patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was examined during exudative through to fibroproliferative stages. Methods—Lung tissue was obtained from 17 patients with ARDS who had pathological features of the early exudative stage (n = 6) or the later reparative stages (n = 11), from four patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and from three patients with normal lung tissue. Immunohistochemical localisation of tryptase (found in all human MCs), chymase (found in a subset of human MCs), AE-smooth muscle actin (identifies myofibroblasts), and procollagen type I was performed. Results—Normal lung tissue exhibited myofibroblast and procollagen type I immunolocalisation scores each of 10 and MC scores of>2. Eighty percent of lung tissue samples from the early exudative stage of ARDS exhibited increased numbers of myofibroblasts, 50% had increased numbers of procollagen type I producing cells, while only 17% had increased numbers of MCs compared with control samples. All samples from the later reparative stages of ARDS had increased numbers of myofibroblasts and procollagen type I producing cells. Increased numbers of MCs were seen in 55% of samples from the reparative stages. There was no significant shift in MC phenotype in the ARDS samples. Conclusions—Increased numbers of myofibroblasts and procollagen type I producing cells were frequently found early in the course of ARDS. MC hyperplasia was unusual during this stage, but was often a feature of the later reparative stages. MCs do not appear to initiate fibroproliferation in ARDS. (Thorax 1998;53:823‐829)
RowClone: fast and energy-efficient in-DRAM bulk data copy and initialization

Several system-level operations trigger bulk data copy or initialization. Even though these bulk data operations do not require any computation, current systems transfer a large quantity of data back and forth on the memory channel to perform such operations. As a result, bulk data operations consume high latency, bandwidth, and energy — degrading both system performance and energy efficiency. In this work, we propose RowClone, a new and simple mechanism to perform bulk copy and initialization completely within DRAM — eliminating the need to transfer any data over the memory channel to perform such operations. Our key observation is that DRAM can internally and efficiently transfer a large quantity of data (multiple KBs) between a row of DRAM cells and the associated row buffer. Based on this, our primary mechanism can quickly copy an entire row of data from a source row to a destination row by first copying the data from the source row to the row buffer and then from the row buffer to the destination row, via two back-to-back activate commands. This mechanism, which we call the Fast Parallel Mode of RowClone, reduces the latency and energy consumption of a 4KB bulk copy operation by 11.6× and 74.4×, respectively, and a 4KB bulk zeroing operation by 6.0× and 41.5×, respectively. To efficiently copy data between rows that do not share a row buffer, we propose a second mode of RowClone, the Pipelined Serial Mode, which uses the shared internal bus of a DRAM chip to quickly copy data between two banks. RowClone requires only a 0.01% increase in DRAM chip area. We quantitatively evaluate the benefits of RowClone by focusing on fork, one of the frequently invoked system calls, and five other copy and initialization intensive applications. Our results show that RowClone can significantly improve both single-core and multi-core system performance, while also significantly reducing main memory bandwidth and energy consumption.
X-Ray Inspection-Induced Latent Damage in DRAM

For quality verification, an X-ray inspection process is commonly being used for evaluating obscured and defective solder joints in surface mount technologies such as BGA's and flip chips. Integrated circuits subjected to any form of radiation, ionizing or non-ionizing, may incur some amount of damage depending on the absorbed dose. Though most X-ray inspections for high-quality imaging require ionizing dose amounts that are considered inconsequential for device failure or non-functionality, the degree of latent damage must be carefully considered. This paper discusses X-ray induced vulnerabilities of high-density DRAM exposed to low ionizing radiation levels typical in X-ray inspection systems. We look at critical parameters and their sensitivity in relation to varying dose amounts of X-ray irradiation. In consideration of different methodologies of reducing radiation dose amounts and limiting device exposure, we propose a procedure for attenuating potentially harmful X-ray radiation levels while preserving quality images.
System Design: Practical Shielding and Grounding Techniques Based on Electromagnetic Topology

The basic principles of electromagnetic topology are discussed in a previous paper by C. Baum. In this paper we will focus on the practical implications of those principles.
Cortical thickness in human V1 associated with central vision loss.

Better understanding of the extent and scope of visual cortex plasticity following central vision loss is essential both for clarifying the mechanisms of brain plasticity and for future development of interventions to retain or restore visual function. This study investigated structural differences in primary visual cortex between normally-sighted controls and participants with central vision loss due to macular degeneration (MD). Ten participants with MD and ten age-, gender-, and education-matched controls with normal vision were included. The thickness of primary visual cortex was assessed using T1-weighted anatomical scans, and central and peripheral cortical regions were carefully compared between well-characterized participants with MD and controls. Results suggest that, compared to controls, participants with MD had significantly thinner cortex in typically centrally-responsive primary visual cortex – the region of cortex that normally receives visual input from the damaged area of the retina. Conversely, peripherally-responsive primary visual cortex demonstrated significantly increased cortical thickness relative to controls. These results suggest that central vision loss may give rise to cortical thinning, while in the same group of people, compensatory recruitment of spared peripheral vision may give rise to cortical thickening. This work furthers our understanding of neural plasticity in the context of adult vision loss.
Adaptive Sampling for High Throughput Data Using Similarity Measures

The need for adaptive sampling arises in the context of high throughput data because the rates of data arrival are many orders of magnitude larger than the rates at which they can be analyzed. A very fast decision must therefore be made regarding the value of each incoming observation and its inclusion in the analysis. In this report we discuss one approach to adaptive sampling, based on the new data point’s similarity to the other data points being considered for inclusion. We present preliminary results for one real and one synthetic data set.
L type cultures isolated from streptococci.

SummaryL cultures were isolated from two strains of alpha-hemolytic streptococci obtained from the human mouth. The appearance of these cultures and their morphology are similar to those of other bacteria, and they originated in a similar way from the parent streptococci. When exposed to certain influences, especially to penicillin, the cocci grew to large bodies and, on appropriate media, L type colonies developed from these. The L forms of streptococcus are not sensitive to penicillin and, like the L forms of gram-positive spore-bearing bacilli, do not require animal serum for growth. The cocci reappeared several times in cultures of the L form. Thus far, only two strains of streptococci could be induced to produce L forms. However, colonies similar in appearance and growth requirements to the L type colonies of streptococcus often develop on plates inoculated from the human mouth, suggesting that streptococci which produce L forms are often present in the mouth.
20dB intra-cavity net gain with Raman fiber oscillator

Raman fiber oscillator used for intracavity amplification is demonstrated to have lower double Rayleigh scattering, transient spikes, cross phase modulation, and higher saturation input threshold compared with conventional discrete Raman amplifier at similar operating conditions and pump power.
EFFECT OF HNO3 AND HCL ON D2O DESORPTION KINETICS FROM CRYSTALLINE D2O ICE

The presence of trace species may perturb H2O desorption kinetics from ice surfaces and alter the stability of atmospheric ice particles. To investigate the effects of atmospheric species on H2O desorption kinetics from crystalline ice, the D2O desorption kinetics from pure and HNO3- and HCl-dosed crystalline D2O ice multilayers on Ru(001) were investigated using isothermal laser-induced thermal desorption (LITD) measurements. The D2O desorption kinetics were studied for D2O ice film thicknesses of 25−200 BL (90−730 A) and initial acid coverages of 0.5−3.0 BL for HNO3 and 0.3−5.0 BL for HCl. Arrhenius analysis of the D2O desorption rates from pure D2O crystalline ice at T = 150−171 K yielded a desorption activation energy of Ed = 13.7 ± 0.5 kcal/mol and a zero-order desorption preexponential of νo = (3.3 ± 0.7) × 1032 molecules/(cm2 s). The absolute D2O desorption rates were ∼3−5 times smaller for D2O ice films exposed to HNO3. The D2O desorption kinetics from HNO3-dosed ice were Ed = 11.3 ± 0.4 kcal/mol ...
Buried Oxide Soi: Materials, Devices, and VLSI Circuits

In the past couple of years, buried oxide SOI has emerged as the leading SOI approach. Significant advances have been made in the understanding and the preparation of the buried oxide substrates. Various VLSI circuits have been demonstrated with excellent results, proving the maturity and the manufacturability of this technology. In this paper, buried oxide material properties, device parameters and the implementation of a 2.5 urn 4K SRAM and a 1.25 pm 16K SRAM on the buried oxide substrates are reviewed.
Awe and Wonder in a Simulated Space Flight: Experiment 1

This chapter explains the experimental design and the results of our first experiment, the design of the simulated environments used in that experiment, and a variety of technical details about the equipment we used in addition to what we measured. The use of a simulated environment to create an experimental test bed where a number of variables can be easily manipulated is an appealing idea for the exploration of certain hard-to-test behavioral and experiential phenomena. For several reasons, the study of such experiences without the use of simulation would be unfeasible or too expensive. For example, testing subjects on Earth, rather than sending them into space, is more affordable and also provides a degree of control over a number of important aspects. As will be illustrated, however, the use of simulation (instead of real space flight) also comes with certain limitations.
Analysis and Verification on the De-excitation Circuit's Parameters and Performance with De-Excitation Simulation

In this paper,the different characters of the linear resistor,SiC and ZnO non-linear resistors are introduced. The difference of the de-excitation speed,maximum rotor voltage and de-excitation energy of the 600 MW turbine generators with different de-excitation resistors is analyzed based on the simulation. It is dis-cussed and put forward of the calculation and verification method of the current breaker capacity and arc volt-age of breaker,maximum de-excitation current and energy to the de-excitation security and de-excitation speed.
Improved myocardial preservation by improved distribution of cardioplegic solutions.

Two groups of elective coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patients were compared with respect to a single variable: method of cardioplegia administration. All patients had saphenous vein grafts and all distal anastomoses were done with continuous aortic occlusion and intermittent administration of a 4° C cardioplegic solution. One hundred patients in Group I had the distal anastomoses performed before the proximal anastomoses with cardioplegic solution administered only via the aortic root. One hundred patients in Group II had the proximal anastomoses performed first so that cardioplegic solution also perfused beyond coronary obstructions as each subsequent distal anastomosis was completed. Aortic occlusion averaged 6 minutes longer in Group II (46.5 minutes) than in Group I (40.3 minutes) (p
Slipped Femoral Epiphysis with Severe Displacement: A Conservative Operative Treatmenmt

It has been our experience in twenty-one cases, and hence it is our belief, that the comparatively simple and conservative operation to remove the bony obstruction to motion against the rim of the acetabulum is efficacious in the treatment of slipped epiphysis with severe displacement. Restoration of good motion and function, correction of deformity, and relief from pain is accomplished without the necessity of cervical osteotomy or wedge resection and with little residual limp. This procedure has an important place in the treatment of selected patients with severe slipping of the upper femoral epiphysis.
Sedation in the Electrophysiology Laboratory: A Multidisciplinary Review

Approaches to sedation in the electrophysiology (EP) laboratory range from intravenous sedation techniques to general anesthesia (GA) (Table [1][1], [1][2]). Although the provision of GA requires a dedicated anesthesia provider, controversy exists as to whether intravenous sedation in this complex
Effect of outdoor structural enrichments on the performance, use of range area, and behavior of organic meat chickens

ABSTRACT Chickens provided with outdoor access often do not fully use the range area. Natural cover, such as trees, can provide shelter and increase range use, but may not be practical for use in all free-range operations. A study was conducted to determine whether constructed enrichments that simulate natural structures increase range use and impact behavior of meat chickens. Slow-growing Delaware chickens were raised in floor pens (17 birds/pen) in a naturally ventilated house, with a pophole in each pen that allowed daily access to a vegetation-covered outdoor area. Feed and water were provided inside and outside. Birds were randomly assigned to one of 2 treatments: no range enrichment (control; NON) or range enrichment (ENR), which had roosts made of plastic pipe or screened shelters placed 7.6 m and 22.9 m from the house and overhead shade panels at 15.2 m. There were 4 replications. The numbers of birds inside and in the 4 quadrants of the range were counted in 7-min intervals 3 times daily (0900 h, 1300 h, and 1600 h) for 3 consecutive d when the birds were 7 and 10 wk of age; the numbers of birds performing various behaviors also were counted. On average, only 12.9% of birds used the range at any given time. The behavior of the birds was strongly affected by location (inside vs. outside), with birds mainly foraging and walking while outside and feeding, standing, and sitting while inside. Time of d impacted the number of birds that ranged (P ≤ 0.0001), with fewest birds outside during mid-day. Overall, birds using the range were most often (71%) observed in the quadrant nearest the house (zero to 7.6 m). However, in the ENR treatment, more birds (13%; P ≤ 0.0001) were observed in the farthest 2 quadrants (15.2 to 30.5 m from the house) than in the NON treatment (6%). This indicates that adding constructed enrichments to the range encouraged meat chickens to use it more fully.
The Work Product Doctrine: Functional Considerations and the Question of the Insurer's Claim File

When a party opposes an insurer in litigation, access to the claim file is often a critical issue. The claim file is the best and most obvious record of both the underlying facts and the insurer's handling of the claim. The extent to which it is discoverable may determine whether the case goes forward and which party ultimately prevails. Because the claim file is so valuable, insurers vigorously seek to protect it from discovery. Their most effective shield is the work product doctrine. The doctrine's primary purpose generally has been to encourage optimal amounts of trial preparation by guaranteeing parties that their pretrial efforts need not be shared with the opposition except under limited circumstances. Federal and most state rules of civil procedure shield materials prepared "in anticipation of litigation," but allow the party seeking discovery to access such materials by demonstrating a "substantial need" for the materials and an inability to obtain their equivalent elsewhere without "undue hardship. "1 Not surprisingly, the boundaries of work product protection are not always clear. The insurance context provides unique difficulties in this regard. Because of the nature of the insurance business, much of what an insurer does is arguably trial preparation. Insurers point out that the possibility of litigation is ever present, and, therefore, that every claim investigation anticipates litigation to some extent. This position has a certain common sense appeal. Common sense also suggests, however, that if the purpose of work product protection is to encourage pretrial preparation, there is no reason to protect preparation that would be done even if not protected. In many cases, much of the claim file will fall into this category. Thus, insurance discovery disputes force courts to consider how to treat materials that are ar-
Effective statistical models for syntactic and semantic disambiguation

This thesis focuses on building effective statistical models for disambiguation of sophisticated syntactic and semantic natural language (NL) structures. We advance the state of the art in several domains by (i) choosing representations that encode domain knowledge more effectively and (ii) developing machine learning algorithms that deal with the specific properties of NL disambiguation tasks—sparsity of training data and large, structured spaces of hidden labels. For the task of syntactic disambiguation, we propose a novel representation of parse trees that connects the words of the sentence with the hidden syntactic structure in a direct way. Experimental evaluation on parse selection for a Head Driven Phrase Structure Grammar shows the new representation achieves superior performance compared to previous models. For the task of disambiguating the semantic role structure of verbs, we build a more accurate model, which captures the knowledge that the semantic frame of a verb is a joint structure with strong dependencies between arguments. We achieve this using a Conditional Random Field without Markov independence assumptions on the sequence of semantic role labels. To address the sparsity problem in machine learning for NL, we develop a method for incorporating many additional sources of information, using Markov chains in the space of words. The Markov chain framework makes it possible to combine multiple knowledge sources, to learn how much to trust each of them, and to chain inferences together. It achieves large gains in the task of disambiguating prepositional phrase attachments.
Finfish in the Rano Kau Caldera of Easter Island

The Rano Kau Caldera is the largest inactive volcano on Easter Island. This Chilean island, a triangle of volcanic rock located 2,600 miles west of Santiago, is the most remote of all populated islands on our planet. Rano Kau is located on the southwestern tip of the island. Its crater is the basin of a large freshwater lake. As part of the cooperative expedition undertaken by the National Park Service of the United States and CONAF of Chile, fish specimens were collected from the Rano Kau Caldera and brought back to the United States for identification and study.
Evidence Based Patient Education to Promote Natural Childbirth Experiences: Educating your Patients to know the Right Questions to ask to meet their Own Personal Birthing Needs

Nurses need to educate and advocate for women seeking a natural un-medicated childbirth experience. Evidence based practices are difficult to research for a nurse and are often overly complicated preventing application to the average individual’s personalized birthing plan. Increasing educational support and available alternatives allows for informed decision making, and promotes a natural childbirth, which directly improves patient satisfaction. Education needs to start from the point of antenatal care, prior to entering a birthing facility. Hospitals and birthing centres that have more options and alternatives to support natural un-medicated childbirth can additionally increase revenue by becoming a destination facility.
Intraspecific variation in phenotype among nursery-reared staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis (Lamarck, 1816)

Abstract Although genetic diversity is recognized as an important consideration for coral restoration, genotypes for use in restoration are not typically selected based on an evaluation of phenotype. Systematic documentation of phenotypic variability within coral nurseries could inform restoration efforts. To quantify differences in phenotype, ten known genotypes of Acropora cervicornis in an established coral nursery in the Florida Keys were selected for study. Twelve 5-cm replicate colonies of each genotype were individually tagged for identification and suspended from four identical PVC tree structures within the nursery for grow-out. Total linear extension (TLE) and number of branches were measured at approximately 45-day intervals for a period of 13 months. Buoyant weight was determined for each colony initially and after five and 13 months in order to quantify calcification. Sub-lethal bleaching was observed among experimental colonies following a natural thermal stress event, and significant differences in bleaching prevalence were present among genotypes. At the conclusion of the study, significant differences in all growth parameters were detected among genotypes. Specific growth rate across genotypes decreased following bleaching. The ratio of buoyant weight to TLE varied among genotypes and decreased with increasing TLE, suggesting a potential tradeoff between extension and skeletal density in nursery-reared A. cervicornis . Phenotypic variation documented in this study has implications for nursery management and may be useful in selecting genotypes for A. cervicornis population enhancement.
World Sickle Cell Day 2016 : A time for appraisal.

In 2006, sickle cell disease (SCD), a heritable blood disorder with devastating effects, was recognized as a global health problem by the World Health Organization. Two years later, the 63rd United Nations Assembly designated June 19 as the “World Sickle Cell Day”, in an attempt to improve public awareness of the disease and to improve the prospects for patients. Now in 2016, do we detect any changes in public awareness and are the patients more research aware? Has research funding for SCD increased, and has advocacy for SCD improved?
Probing immune inflammation in premalignancy.

CS14-03 Preneoplastic growths of transformed cells are common and identify a population at risk for clinical cancer. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) represents a precursor lesion to myeloma. Recent studies have shown that tumor cells in preneoplastic gammopathy carry several of the cytogenetic changes initially observed in multiple myeloma, suggesting a role for additional events including those involving the host in controlling malignant transformation. These events are attractive targets for prevention of this incurable cancer. In recent studies, we have shown that the immune system is capable of recognizing MGUS tumors. T cells in the tumor bed in MGUS are enriched for preneoplasia specific effector T cells, which includes both CD4 and CD8+ T cells (J Exp Med 198:1753, 2003). Freshly isolated T cells from the myeloma tumor bed lack such effector function. Progressive myeloma is also associated with a loss of effector function of innate glycolipid reactive natural killer T cells (J Exp Med 197:1667, 2003). Together these data suggest that changes in the immune microenvironment may contribute to malignant transformation in myeloma. Current studies in our lab are focused on identifying and characterizing the nature and targets of this naturally occurring host response in patients with MGUS and early myeloma. Harnessing the naturally occurring host innate and adaptive immune response in preneoplastic states may be a powerful approach for targeted immune prevention of cancer.
Structure–Band Gap Relationships in Hexagonal Polytypes and Low-Dimensional Structures of Hybrid Tin Iodide Perovskites

The present study deals with the structural characterization and classification of the novel compounds 1–8 into perovskite subclasses and proceeds in extracting the structure–band gap relationships between them. The compounds were obtained from the employment of small, 3–5-atom-wide organic ammonium ions seeking to discover new perovskite-like compounds. The compounds reported here adopt unique or rare structure types akin to the prototype structure perovskite. When trimethylammonium (TMA) was employed, we obtained TMASnI3 (1), which is our reference compound for a “perovskitoid” structure of face-sharing octahedra. The compounds EASnI3 (2b), GASnI3 (3a), ACASnI3 (4), and IMSnI3 (5) obtained from the use of ethylammonium (EA), guanidinium (GA), acetamidinium (ACA), and imidazolium (IM) cations, respectively, represent the first entries of the so-called “hexagonal perovskite polytypes” in the hybrid halide perovskite library. The hexagonal perovskites define a new family of hybrid halide perovskites with a...
Nucleation and Epitaxy-Mediated Phase Transformation of a Precursor Cadmium Carbonate Phase at the Calcite/Water Interface

Mineral nucleation can be catalyzed by the presence of mineral substrates; however, the mechanisms of heterogeneous nucleation remain poorly understood. A combination of in situ time-sequenced measurements and nanomanipulation experiments were performed using atomic force microscopy (AFM) to probe the mechanisms of heteroepitaxial nucleation of otavite (CdCO3) on calcite (CaCO3) single crystals that exposed the (1014) surface. Otavite and calcite are isostructural carbonates that display a 4% lattice mismatch, based on their (1014) surface areas. AFM observations revealed a two-stage process in the nucleation of cadmium carbonate surface precipitates. As evidenced by changes in the height, shape, growth behavior, and friction signal of the precipitates, a precursor phase was observed to initially form on the surface and subsequently undergo an epitaxy-mediated phase transformation to otavite, which then grew epitaxially. Nanomanipulation experiments, in which the applied force was increased progressivel...
Numerical sex chromosomal abnormalities in pineal teratomas by cytogenetic analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization.

BACKGROUND: Central nervous system teratomas are a rare subgroup of extragonadal germ cell tumors. Previous studies show ovarian mature teratomas to be karyotypically normal; those with increasing immaturity show increasing cytogenetic abnormalities. Adult testicular teratomas, regardless of maturity, moat often show the i sochromosome 12p, a consistent chromosomal abnormality seen in adult testicular germ cell tumors. This study investigates the cytogenetic abnormalities of six central nervous system teratomas by the use of routine karyotypic analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Karyotypic analysis was performed on two tumors. Four additional tumors were analyzed by dual-labeled fluorescence in situ hybridization. Paraffin blocks were disaggregated, and nuclei were hybridized with both biotin- and digoxigenin-labeled probes to the centromeric domains of the X and Y chromosomes, respectively. Tumor cells were scored for X and Y copy number. Tumor ploidy was determined by image analysis of the disaggregated specimens. RESULTS: The patients (five male, one female) ranged from 2 to 25 years of age. all presented with a solitary mass in the suprasellar region. A mature teratoma was 48, XXYY; an immature teratoma was 47, XXY, dir dup 11 (q12-22). Lymphocyte analysis of the second patient showed a normal constitutional karyotype. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of four additional patients showed both one mature and one armature teratoma from male hosts to have 2X and 1Y signals in the majority of the cells. An immature teratoma from a male host showed 2X and 2Y signals. The above three tumors were diploid by static image analysis. An immature teratoma from a female host showed multiple (four to six) X signals in more than 70% of the cells. Ploidy analysis was unavailable for this case. CONCLUSIONS: although patients with Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY) and patients with 46, XY gonadal dysgenesis show an increased incidence of germ cell tumors, numerical sex chromosomal abnormalities have not been described in extragonadal teratomas. Our results support a role for sex chromosomes in the development of central nervous system teratomas
Case 2: Beware of Lumps and Bumps after Cooling!

The infant is born to a 31-year-old primigravida mother by cesarean delivery due to nonreassuring fetal heart rate and chorioamnionitis. Rupture of membranes is prolonged at 47 hours with meconium-stained amniotic fluid. At birth, the newborn is noted to have poor tone and respiratory effort. He undergoes intubation and is admitted to the NICU for further observation and management. Apgar scores are 2, 5, and 7 at 1, 5, and 10 minutes, respectively. Arterial cord gas has a pH of 6.8 and a base deficit of 24 mEq/L (24 mmol/L). The patient demonstrates signs and symptoms of moderate hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and meets the criteria for whole body hypothermia therapy. He is started on parental nutrition. He has evidence of pulmonary hypertension on echocardiography and requires inhaled nitric oxide for 2 days while undergoing hypothermia treatment. He maintains adequate blood pressures and does not have any hemodynamic decompensation. He receives 2 doses of fresh frozen plasma to correct laboratory indices that demonstrate abnormal coagulation profiles. Following rewarming and after obtaining a brain magnetic resonance imaging scan (which is unremarkable) he undergoes successful extubation on the 4th postnatal day. His respiratory support is gradually weaned and he remains in room air from day 6 of age onwards. He is slowly introduced to enteral feeds and reaches full oral feeds by 9 days of age. His neurologic examination findings are normal. Erythematous, indurated plaques are noted over the upper back, …