cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entre lo interdisciplinario, la indisciplina y la no disciplinariedad: riesgos y virtudes de los cruces teóricos y prácticos entre las disciplinas académicas

Desde hace decadas se viene hablando de la necesidad de una actitud interdisciplinaria en las humanidades y en las ciencias sociales. Los resultados de estos cruces, sin embargo, no han sido, por lo general, todo lo productivos que se hubiera deseado. Una de las razones para esos resultados relativamente decepcionantes, puede buscarse en que muchos de los estudios llevados a cabo bajo el estandarte de la interdisciplinariedad exhiben una significativa falta de conocimiento por parte del investigador o investigadora, de, por lo menos, una de las disciplinas a las que se recurre para dar cuenta del caso de estudio. Es por esta razon que se ha hablado mas de una vez de la interdisciplinariedad como una forma de juntar, no tanto saberes de origen diferente, sino mas bien ignorancias provenientes de campos que poco tienen que ver entre si.
Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous

Throughout history, but most especially during the eighteenth-century Enlightenment, great minds of philosophy grappled with two thorny questions: What are the objects of knowledge? and How do we come to know them? Using the revealing dialogue technique, Berkeley shakes the very ground of those who believe that something called matter exists to support the sensible qualities we perceive. In his critique of this view, Berkeley argues for ideas in the mind as the only true reality about which one can have knowledge. His arguments for these conclusions, and for the ultimate foundation of all sensible things, can be found in this essential work of early modern philosophy.
ABO HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE NEWBORN: A FAMILY STUDY WITH EMPHASIS ON THE STRENGTH OF THE A ANTIGEN.

Thirty-one Caucasian families characterized by having one or more infants with ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn were ascertained and investigated. All the mothers were blood type O. Of a total of 47 affected type A infants, 2 were subtype A2 and the rest A1. Thirty-three of the affected infants were female and 14 male, revealing an obvious effect of sex. No association was found between secretor status and ABO hemolytic disease. Within subtype A1 the relative strength of the paternal antigen was not significantly different from that of a control sample of males. Some aspects of the complex etiology of ABO hemolytic disease have been discussed.
Sparse Granger causality graphs for human action classification

Basic understanding and recognition of human actions can be accomplished by modeling the spatiotemporal relationship among major skeletal joints. In this work we present an approach that models human actions using temporal causal relations of joint movements. The relations form a graph with joints as nodes and edges induced by the Granger causality measure between pairs of joint point processes. Each human action is then represented by a distinct sparse causality graph. Experiments on motion capture data illustrate the robustness of this approach and its advantages over state-of-the-art methods.
Bugs, moles and skeletons: symbolic reasoning for software development

Symbolic reasoning is in the core of many software development tools such as: bug-finders, test-case generators, and verifiers. Of renewed interest is the use of symbolic reasoning for synthesing code, loop invariants and ranking functions. Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) solvers have been the focus of increased recent attention thanks to technological advances and an increasing number of applications. In this paper we review some of these applications that use software verifiers as bug-finders “on steroids” and suggest that new model finding techniques are needed to increase the set of applications supported by these solvers.
The Role of Intonation in the Recall of Various Linguistic Stimuli

The effects of intonation on the recall of normal sentences, anomalous (grammatical but unmeaningful) sentences, anagram (ungrammatical but meaningful) strings, and word lists were examined. Result...
Some Electrical Properties of a Nuclear Membrane Examined with a Microelectrode

Electrical potential and resistance were measured with microelectrodes in in situ and isolated nuclei of gland cells of Drosophila flavorepleta. The nucleus-cytoplasm boundary was found to be rather impermeable to ion diffusion. It presents a resistance of the order of 1 ohm cm(2) and sustains a "resting" potential, the nucleoplasm being about 15 mv negative with respect to the cytoplasm. Both the resistance and potential appear to be associated with the nuclear membrane: the potential declines to zero and the resistance to a fraction of its original value, when the membrane is perforated experimentally.
Invertebrate diversity in newly established mulch habitats in a Midwestern urban landscape

The invertebrate fauna in artificial urban habitats has yet to be systematically investigated. The current field study in central Ohio was undertaken to assess the numbers and types of macroinvertebrates in mulched and unmulched plots during a one-year period. Invertebrates quickly infiltrated the plots with bare soil (control) and any of four types of mulch (shredded hardwood, shredded recycled wood, pine bark mini-nuggets, and pea gravel). One month after establishing the plots, invertebrates were present in numbers comparable to subsequent months. Invertebrates found in the plots were primarily saprophytic taxa: millipedes (32.6%), segmented worms (19.8%), isopods (6.7%), and various beetle families (1.5%). Predatory taxa included centipedes (9.8%), ants (9.7%), carabid beetles and staphylinid beetles (7.3%), and spiders (0.9%). Types of invertebrates were similar in all ground cover types, but numbers of invertebrates differed significantly. Invertebrates were present year-round in mulched plots, and plots with organic mulch harbored significantly more invertebrates than plots mulched with pea gravel. Bare soil always contained the fewest number of invertebrates. There was no significant difference in numbers of invertebrates based on the cardinal side of the building.
Access to an ISDN card from Modula-2

Abstract Methods to access complex memory-mapped peripherals from modula-2 programs are discussed and it is demonstrated that assembly language modules are rarely needed. Efficient solutions, however, require detailed knowledge of the compiler code generation process and of the target hardware structure. Procedures and data structures are presented which access an ISDN card in a Macintosh Nubus-slot. The solutions offer a standard interface to the operating system and meet the stringent realtime conditions of the 64 kbit s−1 ISDN channels. Examples are given for elegant and for less elegant solutions.
Characterization of cholecystokinin receptors in bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) brain and pancreas

Abstract The binding of biologically active 125 I-Bolton-Hunter-CCK-33 to bullfrog brain and pancreatic membrane particles was characterized. Both tissues exhibited time-dependent, saturable, reversible, and high affinity binding without evidence for cooperative interaction. Both bullfrog CCK receptors resembled their mammalian counterparts in having acidic pH optima for tracer binding and a K d of about 0.5 nM. However, the receptors differed from their mammalian counterparts in that (1) the bullfrog brain membranes bound more tracer per mg protein than did the pancreatic membranes, (2) both bullfrog CCK receptors were relatively insensitive to dibutyryl cGMP, and (3) both bullfrog brain and pancreatic CCK receptors exhibited the same general specificity toward a variety of CCK and gastrin peptides. For both tissues, the relative order of receptor binding potency was CCK-8 > caerulein = CCK-33 > gastrin-17-II > CCK-8-ns = gastrin-17-I > caerulein-ns > gastrin-4 with the sulfated CCK peptides being 1000-fold more potent than their nonsulfated analogs. Sulfated gastrin was also relatively potent, being only 10-fold weaker than CCK-8. Gastrin-4 was 20 000-fold weaker than CCK-8 in interacting with the brain CCK receptor. The latter finding is in sharp contrast to the mammalian brain CCK receptor. We conclude that the bullfrog brain and pancreas contain similar CCK receptors of probable physiological significance and may represent an ancestral condition from which the two distinct CCK receptors present in mammalian brain and pancreas have evolved.
OTIS IQ and Information-Processing Rate in a Work-Paced and Self-Paced Task

Previous investigators had found that self-pacing enhances performance of perceptual-motor tasks. To determine whether self-pacing would increase the observed relationship of information-processing rate with measures of intelligence 31 matched pairs of students, matched for Otis IQ, were randomly assigned to a Work-paced or Self-paced simple arithmetic task. The relationship of the mean response latency to Otis IQ was moderate in each group. However, there was no significant difference between groups in the magnitude of relationship. Self-pacing did not enhance the relationship. The magnitude of the relationship with Otis IQ was relatively high considering the complexity and duration of the arithmetic test.
High efficiency energy conversion by means of microwave acceleration within an FEL

Abstract Conventional efficiency enhancement schemes employing tapered wigglers or dc electric fields are severely limited by much reduced small signal gains; even the multicomponent wiggler cannot avoid similar problems. The new concept proposed here is to integrate a microwave accelerating structure with a constant parameter wiggler, thus replacing the extracted electron energy. The microwave power is programmed to build up as FEL saturation is reached. Optimized 10 μm design parameters, based on an optical klystron configuration, achieve conversion efficiencies above 50% with good small signal gain.
Design and evaluation of flight directors for V/STOL aircraft

A brief review of model-based techniques for the design of aircraft flight directors is undertaken. An analytical director design technique which utilizes an optimal control model of the human pilot is then discussed in more detail. The analytical and experimental results of three specific director design studies are discussed, all involving control of a light utility helicopter. Finally, a general design methodology is discussed which can aid in the specification of pilot-centered display requirements.
Outbreak of Cystoscopy Related Infections With Pseudomonas Aeruginosa: New Mexico, 2007

Purpose: Personnel at the New Mexico Department of Health investigated a Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreak potentially associated with outpatient cystoscopy performed by a urologist during January 1 to April 22, 2007.Materials and Methods: We compared infection rates with baseline rates, reviewed infection control procedures and performed environmental sampling at the urologist office. We also performed a case-control study. Cases had blood or urine cultures positive for P. aeruginosa during January 1 to April 22, 2007. Controls had blood or urine cultures ordered through the same laboratory. Clinical and environmental isolates were typed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis.Results: A total of 23 case-patients were identified, including 17 with urinary tract infections alone, 2 with bacteremia alone and 4 with urinary tract infections plus bacteremia. Seven case-patients experienced P. aeruginosa infection after cystoscopy was performed by this urologist. On multivariate analysis cystoscopy done by this uro...
A New Look at Developmental Subluxation and Dislocation: Hip Dysplasia in the Dog

— For the past three years the condition of hip dysplasia in dogs has been investigated. Over 200 dogs have been radiographed, dissected and compared both macroscopically and histologically. Both normal and dysplastic pups have been followed from birth to maturity with daily X-rays and finally the animals were euthanized, dissected, and the tissues sectioned. An analysis of these observations are reported.
Ethanol differentially modulates GABAA receptor‐mediated chloride currents in hippocampal, cortical, and septal neurons in rat brain slices

Previous electrophysiological studies have reported conflicting results concerning the effects of ethanol on gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptor-mediated responses in the brain. To examine the variables that might explain these inconsistencies, the present study was designed to determine whether ethanol modulation of synaptically evoked GABA responses is brain region dependent, to identify factors that might regulate ethanol sensitivity, and to investigate the mechanism(s) underlying ethanol modulation of GABA responses. Whole-cell voltage clamp methods were used to examine the effects of ethanol on synaptically evoked GABAA inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) recorded from neurons in hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and intermediate lateral and medial septum from rat brain slice preparations. Bicuculline-sensitive IPSCs elicited by local stimulation were pharmacologically isolated by pretreatment with the glutamate specific antagonists, DL-(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV) and 6, 7-dinitroquinoxaline-2, 3-dione (DNQX). Superfused ethanol (80 mM) potentiated evoked GABAA IPSCs in cortical neurons and in intermediate lateral and medial septal neurons but not in CA1 hippocampal neurons. However, the mechanism by which ethanol enhanced GABAA IPSC amplitudes differed between brain regions. In cortex, ethanol induced a hyperpolarizing shift in the GABAA IPSC reversal potential (EIPSC) without modifying the underlying GABAA receptor-mediated conductance (GIPSC). In contrast, ethanol enhanced GABAA IPSC amplitudes differed between brain regions. In cortex, ethanol induced a hyperpolarizing shift in the GABAA IPSC reversal potential (EIPSC) without modifying the underlying GABAA receptor-mediated conductance (GIPSC). In contrast, ethanol enhanced GABAA IPSC amplitudes in lateral and medial septal neurons by increasing the GIPSC without modifying the EIPSC. These results suggest that ethanol differentially modulates responses to endogenous GABA released during synaptic activation and that important differences between various brain regions may reflect multiple mechanisms of ethanol action.
Major and Minor Mold Outbreaks: Summer of 2002

SUMMARY In the summer of 2002, the University of Iowa Libraries Preservation Department responded to an unusual number of mold incidents, large and small. This article discusses the strategies used and outlines steps to a successful mold remediation.
Neuroimaging of zinc released by depolarization of rat retinal cells.

Abstract Zinc is associated with glutamatergic pathways in brain and retina, yet its role in neuromodulation remains unknown. High concentrations of reactive zinc in vertebrate photoreceptor terminals suggest a neuromodulatory role in the outer plexiform layer but zinc release has not been demonstrated. Using the membrane-impermeable form of the Zn 2+ sensitive fluorescent dye Newport Green, we have demonstrated increased release of Zn 2+ from the rat retina in response to potassium-induced depolarization of retinal cells. This increase was greatest in the outer retina with densest bands observed in the outer plexiform layer and photoreceptor inner segment regions of rat retinal slices.
Cultivation of recombinant, insulin-secreting AtT-20 cells as free and entrapped spheroids

Animal cells from endocrine glands have potential applications in bioprocessing, for the production of hormones, enzymes, possibly also recombinant proteins, and in tissue engineering, for the development of immunoisolated, implantable devices for long-term treatment of endocrine disorders. Immunoisolation can be achieved by surrounding cells with a biocompatible polymer which allows diffusion of nutrients and metabolites, including hormones, but excludes higher molecular weight antibodies and cytotoxic cells. Primary hormone-secreting cells cannot be effectively amplified in culture, so the large-scale application of implantable systems based on such cells is limited by cell availability. In this study, we conducted an initial assessment of the feasibility of using transformed, continuous cell lines in immunoisolated devices. The model system employed consisted of mouse pituitary tumor AtT-20 cells which secrete recombinant proinsulin and an insulin-like peptide and exhibit a high growth potential. Cells were cultivated as spheroids in spinner flasks and entrapped as such in alginate/polylysine/alginate beads. Free and entrapped spheroids were propagated in fed-batch, suspension cultures. Entrapment did not significantly affect spheroid metabolism or basal secretion. Entrapped spheroids did not increase in size or number and maintained roughly constant metabolic and basal secretory activities over a 15-day period. Free spheroids in suspension increased in size during the sami period, but also maintained constant metabolism and basal secretion, apparently because of a concomitant increase in hypoxic and/or necrotic cells. The potential of using continuous cell lines in the development of bioartificial endocrine organs is discussed.
Stimulation of Endogenous Nitric Oxide Pathway by l-Arginine Reduces Declamp Mortality and Attenuates Hypertension Associated With Aortic Cross-Clamp–Induced Hindlimb Ischemia in Rats

Abstract We tested the hypotheses that maintaining the activity of nitric oxide by l-arginine infusion would counteract the release of an endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, improve survival, and decrease intraoperative hypertension after infrarenal aortic cross-clamp surgery. Hindlimb ischemia was generated by infrarenal aortic cross-clamping and tying of the left femoral artery for 5 hours in rats with bilateral femoral and sciatic nerves cut. Mean blood pressure significantly increased during the 5-hour ischemic period in ischemic rats (no drug treatment). Baroreceptor function was inhibited in ischemic rats assessed by intravenous dose response to phenylephrine and nitroprusside after 5 hours of ischemia, suggesting baroreceptor resetting. In ischemic rats infused with l-arginine the intraoperative hypertension was prevented during the 5-hour period, suggesting that this hypertension may be mediated by nitric oxide inhibition. The rates of survival and arrhythmias 2 hours after declamping were 50% in ischemic rats and 100% in ischemic rats treated with N ω -nitro-l-arginine (a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) 10 minutes before declamping. In ischemic rats infused with l-arginine the survival rate was significantly increased to 100% and the arrhythmic rate was inhibited. We conclude that l-arginine prevents hypertension during cross-clamping and decreases the mortality rate and arrhythmias after declamping by maintaining nitric oxide synthesis. These results suggest that humoral factors released from the ischemic hindlimb may inhibit endogenous nitric oxide production, thus contributing to intraoperative hypertension, arrhythmias, and high mortality rate after aortic cross-clamp surgery.
COMBINED STARK AND DOPPLER LINE BROADENING

Hydrogen-like line profiles are discussed under conditions where Doppler and Stark broadening are comparable. Approximate methods of folding the profiles are given which reproduce the line height and width. Ion clustering and Debye shielding effects are taken into account by stretching the coordinates so that the line centers occur at the correct frequencies. Electron impact broadening in the far wing is underestimated, but deviations from more exact profiles are generally well within a factor of two in the wings at 1% maximum intensity. Profiles are given for the Lyman α, Balmer α, and Balmer β hydrogen lines.
Noninvasive monitoring of local drug release in a rabbit radiofrequency (RF) ablation model using X-ray computed tomography

In this study, X-ray computed tomography (CT) was utilized as a noninvasive method to directly examine local drug release kinetics in livers before and following radiofrequency thermal ablation. Iohexol, a CT contrast agent, was used as a drug-mimicking molecule. Release of iohexol in healthy and ablated rabbit livers over 48 h was quantified and correlated with the release profiles from phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) in vitro. The results show that iohexol release in ablated livers is significantly slower than both release in normal livers and in vitro. The time at which 50% of the drug was released (t(1/2)) into ablated liver (20.6+/-5.9 h) was 1.7 times longer than in normal liver (12.1+/-5.4 h) and approximately two times longer than that in PBS (10.1+/-1.2 h). The slower release in ablated livers is a result of severe tissue damage inflicted by thermal ablation, as supported by histological examination. This data suggests that a noninvasive imaging method provides a superior measurement over in vitro release studies in accurately quantifying the local release kinetics of an agent in an altered physiological system in vivo. Because the development of a successful local drug therapy is dependent on the understanding of the agent release kinetics at the implantation site, the noninvasive data may be indispensable in effectively predicting the implant behavior in a physiological system.
Negotiated disk admission control in video streaming

A novel soft-quality of service framework for continuous media servers, which provides a dynamic and adaptive disk admission control and scheduling algorithm, is presented. Using this framework, the number of simultaneously running clients for video servers could be increased, and better resource utilisation under heavy communication traffic requirements could be ensured.
The Revolution Will Be Privatized: Teach For America and Charter Schools

This article examines the ways that the charter school movement is experienced and negotiated by educators who entered the profession through Teach For America (TFA). TFA’s impact has been significant in the larger educational trend towards market-based reforms and, in particular, the charter school movement. Analyzed through a critical theory lens that focuses on issues of power and on the ways individuals interact amid larger (and often distal) structural forces, the experiences of TFA corps members are situated within the larger changing context of education. Amid contested, fractured, and complex narratives about charter school reform, TFA’s idea of “relentless pursuit” shaped participants’ conceptions and actions around charter schools.
Preparation of BaTiO 3 thin films by double-pulse-lasers deposition

Epitaxial BaTiO 3 films were deposited by using innovative double-pulse--lasers Deposition (DPLD) technique. The modified DPLD enables the ablation of batio3 thin film to be doped with Fe and Mn in situ during the ablation process. Different substrates were used like MgO, SrTiO 3 , and Si to decrease the misfit with BaTiO 3 . The films deposited at different substrate-temperature in the range of 200°C-800°C. The thin film surface morphology was investigated using both Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) and Reflection high Energy Electron Diffraction (RHEED). The substrate temperature and the oxygen gas pressure affected the morphology of the thin film and in turn the optical response of the thin film. The AFM reviled a new harmonic grating structure of the thin film due to the DPLD ablation. The thin film shows an anomalous response to the HeNe laser as a self-modulation and grating formation pattern were observed.
Progesterone and the neural mechanisms of hamster sexual behavior

Stimulation of both the ventral medial hypothalamus (VMH) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) by progesterone is necessary to facilitate sexual behavior in female hamsters. Recently obtained evidence indicates that progesterone exerts its behaviorally relevant actions in the VTA by acting on cell membranes. When progesterone conjugated to bovine serum albumin, which cannot permeate the cell membrane, is applied to the VTA concurrent with free progesterone to the VMH, estrogen-primed hamsters become sexually receptive. Since the reverse treatment is ineffective, this suggests that progesterone's nongenomic effects in the VTA may require concurrent genomic activation by progesterone in the VMH. The nongenomic action of progesterone on sexual receptivity may involve the GABAA receptor complex, as progestins are known to modulate this receptor complex. VTA infusions of GABAA agonists enhance, and antagonists inhibit, progesterone's effectiveness on receptivity. Finally, the behavioral effectiveness of progesterone metabolites in the VTA, concurrent with progesterone in the VMH, is consistent with their relative biochemical efficacy at the GABAA complex. These data suggest that progesterone may exert its behavioral effects in the VTA through GABAA. However, it is not yet clear whether progesterone normally acts directly on GABAA in the VTA. Progesterone may also act at some other membrane binding site and GABAA may represent an indirect mechanism for progesterone.
Mechanisms of Disease: proatherogenic HDL—an evolving field

Not only the levels, but also the function and components of HDL-cholesterol appear to play a role in atherosclerosis. Levels of anti-oxidants and pro-oxidants can vary in HDL-cholesterol, as can its effects on LDL-induced inflammation. This Review describes recent progress that might lead to new therapeutic approaches. It is well known that, in large populations, HDL-cholesterol levels are inversely related to the risk of atherosclerotic clinical events; however, in an individual, the predictive value of an HDL-cholesterol level is far from perfect. As a result, other HDL-associated factors have been investigated, including the quality and function of HDL in contradistinction to the level of HDL-cholesterol. Regarding their quality, HDL particles are highly heterogeneous and contain varying levels of antioxidants or pro-oxidants, which results in variation in HDL function. It has been postulated that HDL functions to promote reverse cholesterol transport. Recent studies support this role for HDL but also indicate that HDL is a modulator of systemic inflammation. In the absence of inflammation, HDL has a complement of antioxidant enzymes that work to maintain an anti-inflammatory state. In the presence of systemic inflammation, these antioxidant enzymes can be inactivated and HDL can accumulate oxidized lipids and proteins that make it proinflammatory. Under these conditions the main protein of HDL, apolipoprotein A-I, can be modified by reactive oxygen species. This modification impairs the ability of HDL to promote cholesterol efflux by the ATP-binding cassette transporter A-1 pathway. Animal studies and small-scale human studies suggest that measures of the quality and novel functions of HDL might provide an improved means of identifying subjects at increased risk for atherosclerotic events, compared with the current practice of only measuring HDL-cholesterol levels. The quality and function of HDL are also attractive targets for emerging therapies.
Dictyostelium cell shape generation requires myosin II

Myosin II function has been implicated in non-muscle cell behaviors including movement, cytokinesis, and multicellular morphogenesis. Surprisingly, two-dimensional morphology and behavior of Dictyostelium amoebae lacking myosin II (mhcA-) is not dramatically altered when cells are examined using conventional imaging techniques. We have observed amoebae from the side (side-view microscopy or SVM) and find that wild-type but not mhcA- cells undergo extensive three-dimensional (3D) shape changes. These shape changes often occur above the plane of the substrate and are morphologically distinct from pseudopods. For example, unlike pseudopods, vertically extended cell regions are not enriched in F-actin and do not exclude organelles. In contrast, mhcA- cells generate F-actin-filled pseudopods and spread laterally but do not undergo vertical extension. When wild-type cells are removed from the substrate and shaken in suspension, they retain their irregular three-dimensional shape. Suspended mhcA- cells, however, rapidly become spherical. Thus, cells lacking myosin appear to be incapable of generating or maintaining 3D shape independent of a substrate. When a substrate is available, these cells can attach and spread on the surface in a myosin-independent manner. These previously undescribed defects of mhcA- cells reveal that 3D cell shape generation requires myosin II and is mechanistically distinct from pseudopod formation.
Follow the green: growth and dynamics in twitter follower markets

The users of microblogging services, such as Twitter, use the count of followers of an account as a measure of its reputation or influence. For those unwilling or unable to attract followers naturally, a growing industry of "Twitter follower markets" provides followers for sale. Some markets use fake accounts to boost the follower count of their customers, while others rely on a pyramid scheme to turn non-paying customers into followers for each other, and into followers for paying customers. In this paper, we present a detailed study of Twitter follower markets, report in detail on both the static and dynamic properties of customers of these markets, and develop and evaluate multiple techniques for detecting these activities. We show that our detection system is robust and reliable, and can detect a significant number of customers in the wild.
Strategic planning I: The roles of technological forecasting

Abstract This series of papers deals with technological forecasting in strategic planning. In the first paper the author examines forecasting and planning as a process, identifying five roles of forecasting. (1) Identifying policy options: (2) Aiding strategy formulation: (3) Identifying program options: (4) Selecting programs for funding: and (5) Selecting oppurtunities for investment. The subsequent papers deal primarily with the first and third roles. The second paper of the series describes perspectives trees—a form of relevance tree—for identifying policy options. A perspective tree is used to interrelate sets of social, economic, political, and technological forecasts that pose threats and present oppurtunities for strategic consideration. The third paper of the series describes the use of objective trees in structuring program options for selected strategies. R and D programs as well as marketing and other functional business programs are structured—clarifying options for the decision-making process.
International Comparison Of Concentration Ratios

U I') to now empirical research on industrial monopoly utilizing comparative data for several countries has focused primarily on relative concentration levels in certain specified industries. The purpose of this article is to supplement these analyses by investigating from international data what we can learn about overall concentration as well as concentration in every manufacturing industry. This is accomplished by comparing the degree of industrial concentration in twelve nations on both an aggregate level and on the individual industry level. For the major industrial nations I show not only that the average levels of concentration in the manufacturing sector are the same, but also that concentration ratios are roughly the same in any specified four-digit industry. After a short discussion of several important relationships, the empirical analysis is started with an examination of weighted averages of four-firm, four-digit concentration ratios for various nations. This is followed by a regression analysis of individual concentration ratios for specified industries for pairs of nations. An attempt is made to interpret these results in the following section and the study ends with a brief summary of the most important implications of the empirical results. Technical matters including the sources of data and their adjustment are in the appendix.
Effect of iron catalyst thickness on vertically aligned carbon nanotube forest straightness for CNT-MEMS

This paper examines the effect of iron catalyst thickness on the straightness of growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for microelectromechanical systems fabricated using the CNT-templated-microfabrication (CNT-M) process. SEM images of samples grown using various iron catalyst thicknesses show that both straight sidewalls and good edge definition are achieved using an iron thickness between 7 and 8 nm. Below this thickness, individual CNTs are well aligned, but the sidewalls of CNT forests formed into posts and long walls are not always straight. Above this thickness, the CNT forest sidewalls are relatively straight, but edge definition is poor, with significantly increased sidewall roughness. The proximity of a device or feature to other regions of iron catalyst also affects CNT growth. By using an iron catalyst thickness appropriate for straight growth, and by adding borders of iron around features or devices, a designer can greatly improve straightness of growth for CNT-MEMS.
MMPI differences between fee‐paying and non‐fee‐paying psychotherapy clients

Compared the MMPI profiles of 23 randomly selected fee-paying clients (FP group) of an out-patient psychiatry clinic to those of 23 clients who left unpaid bills (NFP group). All Ss had been terminated at least 2 months. No differences between groups were found on age, education, income, fee level, number of therapy sessions, sex, or marital status. The NFP group scored significantly higher on the F, Paranoia, and Schizophrenia scales. Additionally, the NFP group endorsed significantly more critical items and generated a greater number of mean scale scores over 70. These results suggest a relationship between degree of psychopathology and non-fee-payment.
Progression of chronic renal failure in patients given ketoacids following amino acids

Progresion of chronic renal failure in patients given ketoacids following amino acids. Twelve patients with chronic renal failure who exhibited a progressive decline in 24-hour creatinine clearance, despite being given for 2 to 10 months a diet containing 0.3 g per kg ideal weight of protein and 7 to 9 g mg per kg ideal weight of phosphorus, supplemented with vitamins, CaCO 3 , and 10 g per day of essential amino acids, were changed to a supplement containing predominantly ketoacids. In six patients whose serum creatinine was 7.5 mg/dl or greater at changeover, progression continued unabated. In six patients with serum creatinine levels at changeover of 6.6 to 7.4 mg/dl, one was non-compliant with the diet and progressed to dialysis. In the other five, progression, measured as the rate of change of a bimonthly radioisotope clearance, has been undetectable during the ensuing one to two years. There has been no change in urea appearance, blood pressure, phosphaturia or proteinuria. Nutrition has been maintained. Thus this ketoacid supplemented regimen apparently halted the progression of moderately-severe chronic renal failure for at least a year in a small group of patients in whom restriction of protein and phosphate intake without ketoacids failed to halt progression. In more severe renal failure, no effect on progression was seen.
New Genera and Subgenera from the Genus Deltocephalus. a Study of the Internal Male Genitalia of the American Species and Their Bearing upon Taxonomy

Some two years ago the senior author constructed and published a key to the North American species of Deltocephalus, using external characters in an attempt to form a working basis for this group. During this study several problems in taxonomy and relationship presented themselves and had to remain unsolved for the time without an examination and detailed comparative study of internal characters. The present treatment, discussion and figures, is an attempt to throw more light upon these relationships by presenting the structures and data which will assist in solving some of these problems and establishing certain taxonomic relationships among these species.
OPTIMIZING TREATMENT OPTIONS

Full and accurate diagnosis of allergic rhinitis is important as a basis for treatment decisions, as many nasal disorders have similar signs and symptoms. Optimal allergen avoidance is the starting point of treatment, so causative allergens need to be identified. Oral antihistamines are effective in relieving the majority of symptoms of allergic rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis, but provide only partial relief from nasal congestion. Topical alpha-adrenergic decongestants help to relieve congestion, but prolonged use leads to rhinitis medicamentosa. Systemic decongestants are less effective than topical agents and their use is limited by systemic and central side-effects. The value of leukotriene antagonists has yet to be fully evaluated. Intranasal ipratropium bromide helps to control watery secretions, and an aerosol may be more effective than an aqueous solution. Topical glucocorticosteroids, such as triamcinolone, are the most potent and effective agents available for treating allergic rhinitis. The available evidence indicates that there is very little systemic absorption. Sodium cromoglycate is effective in allergic rhinitis, though less so than topical steroids, and has the least adverse effects among the antiallergic agents. Immunotherapy can be effective and may be indicated in individuals who cannot avoid the causative allergen. Special considerations apply to the treatment of allergic rhinitis in elderly or pregnant patients. Finally, patients with long-standing allergic conditions should be re-assessed regularly.
Extended Characterization of the Common-Source and Common-Gate Amplifiers Using a Metal-Ferroelectric-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor

Collected data for both common-source and common-gate amplifiers is presented in this paper. Characterizations of the two amplifier circuits using metal-ferroelectric-semiconductor field effect transistors (MFSFETs) are developed with wider input frequency ranges and varying device sizes compared to earlier characterizations. The effects of the ferroelectric layer's capacitance and variation load, quiescent point, or input signal on each circuit are discussed. Comparisons between the MFSFET and MOSFET circuit operation and performance are discussed at length as well as applications and advantages for the MFSFETs.
Clinical guidelines: Blood pressure goals in T2DM: a Latin American perspective

Consensus documents are typically generated by a panel of experts that reviews data and integrates data interpretation focused on the treatment and management of patients. A novel consensus report on blood pressure targets in diabetes mellitus does this and much more by focusing on the diversity of different populations in Latin America and by tailoring approaches to blood pressure and diabetes management beyond the demographics in each subgroup.
Reconsidering Changes in Parent-Child Conflict across Adolescence: A Meta-Analysis

A series of meta-analyses addresses whether and how parent-child conflict changes during adolescence and factors that moderate patterns of change. The meta-analyses summarize results from studies of change in parent-child conflict as a function of either adolescent age or pubertal maturation. Three types of parent-adolescent conflict are examined: conflict rate, conflict affect, and total conflict (rate and affect combined). The results provide little support for the commonly held view that parent-child conflict rises and then falls across adolescence, although conclusions regarding pubertal change as well as conflict affect are qualified by the limited number of studies available. Two diverging sets of linear effects emerged, one indicating a decline in conflict rate and total conflict with age and the other indicating an increase in conflict affect with both age and pubertal maturation. In age meta-analyses, conflict rate and total conflict decline from early adolescence to mid-adolescence and from mid-adolescence to late adolescence; conflict affect increases from early adolescence to mid-adolescence. Puberty meta-analyses revealed only a positive linear association between conflict affect and pubertal maturation. Effect-size patterns varied little in follow-up analyses of potential moderating variables, implying similarities in the direction (although not the magnitude) of conflict across parent-adolescent dyads, reporters, and measurement procedures.
The Wild-Card Academic Library in 2013

The transformational agents that have produced dramatic changes in academic libraries in recent years will continue to influence those libraries over the next decade, but it should not be assumed that the academic library of 2013 will represent a natural progression from the library of today. Rather, the academic library of the future will be marked by unanticipated “punctuations” that will be just as surprising and unexpected as have been so many of the influences that have shaped the contemporary library. This paper suggests that “wild cards” will be introduced into the evolutionary growth of the academic library, some perhaps harmful, but more likely enabling libraries to provide even richer information resources and better services than they do today.
Fructose-1,6-diphosphatase of Acinetobacter: inhibition by ATP and citrate.

Fructose-1,6-diphosphatase (FDPase) from a species of Acinetobacter was partially purified and some of its properties studied. The enzyme resembles other FDPases investigated in its dependence on a divalent metal like Mg++ or Mn++, high affinity for the substrate, stimulation by EDTA and inhibition by high substrate concentrations. However, it differs from most other FDPases in its insensitivity to AMP and inhibition by ATP and citrate.
Energy partitioning accompanying fragmentation of protonated methanol

Abstract The semi-empirical molecular orbital method MINDO/3 is used to investigate the potential energy surface for the H 2 and H 2 O elimination reactions of protonated methanol. The energy profiles for these reactions are prototypical of the rearrangement and simple bond cleavage types. The calculated surface for the reaction CH 3 OH 2 + → CH 3 + + H 2 O accurately reproduces the experimental thermochemistry. The reaction has no reverse activation energy and the kinetic energy release increases with increasing energy in the activated complex, being larger for collision-induced dissociations than for ions undergoing metastable reactions. The calculated energy surface for H 2 loss differs significantly from experiment. However, both experimental and calculated results show a large reverse activation energy, a substantial fraction of which appears as kinetic energy release. This energy partitioning pattern is considered in terms of orbital symmetry arguments but is accounted for in terms of the calculated transition state geometry which includes an H 2 moiety with a bond length close to its equilibrium bond length leaving orthogonal to the (shortening) CO bond. The kinetic energy release decreases on increasing the internal energy of the ion, as shown when collision-induced dissociations are compared to those of metastable ions. This is suggested to result from the loosening of the activated complex with less effective partitioning of the reverse activation energy into translational energy. Other examples of this phenomenon are presented.
Neon Wasteland: On Love, Motherhood, and Sex Work in a Rust Belt Town

Susan Dewey Berkeley CA: University of California Press, 2011, 288 pp., US$28.95 paperback, (ISBN 978-0-5202-6691-9),, US$60.00 hardcover, (ISBN 978-0-5202-6690-2) Susan Dewey's third book, Neon Wa...
An Investigation of the Chemistry of Molybdenum Hexacarbonyl on Thin Dehydroxylated Alumina Films in Ultrahigh Vacuum

The adsorption of molybdenum hexacarbonyl on thin dehydroxylated alumina films grown on an Mo(100) single-crystal substrate is studied in ultrahigh vacuum using primarily temperature-programmed desorption and reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy. Subcarbonyls are detected using infrared spectroscopy at low temperatures and desorb at ∼245 K. A portion of the subcarbonyls decomposes to form an oxalate species on the surface, which thermally decomposes to evolve CO in two states at ∼320 and 450 K. The coverage of the oxalate species is larger on dehydroxylated alumina than on hydroxylated or partially dehydroxylated alumina.
Identification of potent, noncovalent fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors

Starting from a series of ureas that were determined to be mechanism-based inhibitors of FAAH, several spirocyclic ureas and lactams were designed and synthesized. These efforts identified a series of novel, noncovalent FAAH inhibitors with in vitro potency comparable to known covalent FAAH inhibitors. The mechanism of action for these compounds was determined through a combination of SAR and co-crystallography with rat FAAH.
The mechanism of the trimetaphosphate-induced peptide synthesis

Abstract The formation of peptides from glycine in the presence of trimetaphosphate proceeds mainly via peptide-N-phosphates as intermediates. The interaction of glycine with trimetaphosphate leads first to the formation of a cyclic acylphosphoamidate and pyrophosphate. The cyclic compound then reacts with the free amine group of glycine or diglycine to give diglycine-N-phosphate or triglycine-N-phosphate.
Quantum mechanics and song of myself: Getting a grip on reality

Most recent writing linking science and literature has concerned itself with challenges to the epistemological status of scientific knowledge in an attempt to demonstrate its contingency, arguing in the more radical efforts that the structures of science are no more than useful fictions. This essay also includes an epistemological comparison between science and literature, but instead of making grand or meta–statements about the nature of knowing generally in the two fields, mine is a much narrower aim. My exploration entails two tasks. First, I provide a close–up look at a particular type of experiment, called the delayed–choice experiment, which clearly reveals the strangeness of the quantum world. In connection with this experiment, I discuss wave functions—mathematical expressions used by physicists to describe quantum behavior and predict the outcome of experiments involving quanta. Second, I look at Walt Whitman's “Song of Myself” focusing on the meaning of the “self” in the poem. My aim is to treat the object of study in each field as a “text” and to assert and demonstrate a parallel in the strategies of thought and response between physicists (“readers”) pondering the meaning and status of a wave function and poem readers pondering the meaning and status of the poem's self. In Whitman's “Song” we find an attempt to understand complex aspects of human experience that are said to transcend ordinary reality, an effort for which I believe there are parallels in the attempts of modern physicists to understand complex, nonintuitive aspects of the subatomic world. While not making the kind of broad claims eschewed above, I do suggest that this focused study has interesting implications since both the wave function and the poem's self force their respective sets of “readers” to confront questions of ultimacy—to consider, that is, epistemological and ontological issues of more than passing interest to students of science as well as those of metaphysics and theology.
Validation of the parent mealtime action scale (PMAS) when applied to children referred to a hospital-based feeding clinic ☆

The purpose of this study was to validate the Parent Mealtime Action Scale (PMAS) when applied to a clinical sample of 231 children with feeding problems and then to examine its association with demographic variables, diet, and weight. Parents completed questionnaires that included the PMAS, the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire, and measure of diet variety. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed good fit for the nine dimensions of parent mealtime action found in the original PMAS study. Results from the present study suggest that the PMAS provides a valid tool for measuring parent mealtime actions of hospital samples of children with feeding problems.