cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Size-resolved deposition rates for ultrafine and submicrometer particles in a residential housing unit.

We estimated the size-resolved particle deposition rates for the ultrafine and submicrometer particles using a nonlinear regression method with unknown particle background concentrations during nonsourced period following a controlled sourced period in a well-mixed residential environment. A dynamic adjustment method in conjunction with the constant injection of tracer gas was used to maintain the air exchange rate at three target levels across the range of 0.61–1.24 air change per hour (ACH). Particle deposition was found to be highly size dependent with rates ranging from 0.68 ± 0.10 to 5.03 ± 0.20 h–1 (mean ± s.e.). Our findings also suggest that the effect of air exchange on the particle deposition under enhanced air mixing was relatively small when compared to both the strong influence of size-dependent deposition mechanisms and the effects of mechanical air mixing by fans. Nonetheless, the significant association between air exchange and particle deposition rates for a few size categories indicated ...
Exploiting death: apoptotic immunity in microbial pathogenesis

Innate immunity typically is responsible for initial host responses against infections. Independently, nucleated cells that die normally as part of the physiological process of homeostasis in mammals (including humans) suppress immunity. Specifically, the physiological process of cell death (apoptosis) generates cells that are recognized specifically by viable cells of all types and elicit a profound transient suppression of host immunity (termed 'innate apoptotic immunity' (IAI)). IAI appears to be important normally for the maintenance of self-tolerance and for the resolution of inflammation. In addition, pathogens are able to take advantage of IAI through a variety of distinct mechanisms, to enable their proliferation within the host and enhance pathogenicity. For example, the protist pathogen Leishmania amazonensis, at its infective stage, mimics apoptotic cells by expressing apoptotic-like protein determinants on the cell surface, triggering immunosuppression directly. In contrast, the pathogenic bacterium Listeria monocytogenes triggers cell death in host lymphocytes, relying on those apoptotic cells to suppress host immune control and facilitate bacterial expansion. Finally, although the inhibition of apoptotic cell death is a common attribute of many viruses which facilitates their extended replication, it is clear that adenoviruses also reprogram the non-apoptotic dead cells that arise subsequently to manifest apoptotic-like immunosuppressive properties. These three instances represent diverse strategies used by microbial pathogens to exploit IAI, focusing attention on the potency of this facet of host immune control. Further examination of these cases will be revealing both of varied mechanisms of pathogenesis and the processes involved in IAI control.
Impact of changing indications and increased utilization of fetal echocardiography on prenatal detection of congenital heart disease

Background Antenatal diagnosis of congenital heart defects (CHD) can impact outcomes in neonates with severe CHD. Obstetric screening guidelines and the indications for fetal echocardiography (FE) have evolved in an attempt to improve the early prenatal detection of CHD. Analyzing yield for specific indications will help clinicians better stratify at-risk pregnancies. Methods Retrospective cohort study of all FE performed between 2000 and 2010 at a single tertiary care academic medical center in New York City. A total of 9878 FE met inclusion criteria for our study. In cases of multiple gestations (MG), each fetus was counted as a separate study. Results The number of new diagnosis of fetal CHD by FEs increased 200%. There was a statistically significant increase in those referred for suspected CHD, increased nuchal translucency (NT), MG, and suboptimal imaging (P < .001). The indication of “suboptimal imaging” (SO) not only accounted for 5.23% of all referrals from 2000 to 2002, compared to 22.26% of all referrals from 2008 to 2010 (P < .0001), but also had the lowest yield for diagnoses of CHD (P < .02). Conclusions Over the past decade, there has been an increase in utilization of FE with a proportional increase in prenatally diagnosed CHD. For indications such as suspected CHD, NT and MG increases in referrals have led to a proportionate increase in fetal diagnosis of CHD. SO as an indication has the lowest yield of fetal diagnosis of CHD. Antenatal detection of CHD may be improved by a change in obstetric imaging protocols to ensure appropriate referrals.
An Immunosuppressed Mouse Model of Lethal Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 Infection for Studying Potential Treatment of Epstein—Barr Virus Infection in Man:

Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) is a rodent virus related to human Epstein—Barr virus (EBV). MHV-68 infection and its treatment were studied in a novel lethal immunosuppression model in BALB/c ...
PTSD symptoms and perception of cognitive problems: The roles of posttraumatic cognitions and trauma coping self-efficacy.

Objective Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with mild neurocognitive deficits, yet clients often complain of cognitive problems that exceed what their objective performance demonstrates. In addition, PTSD is associated with negative appraisals about the self, traumatic event, and one's ability to cope. This study examined posttraumatic cognitions as a moderator, and trauma coping self-efficacy as a mediator, of the relationship between PTSD symptoms and self-report of cognitive problems. Method A sample of 268 trauma-exposed adults completed the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5, the Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory, the Trauma Coping Self-Efficacy Scale, the Cognitive Self-Report Questionnaire, and the Quality of Life Scale. Results Negative self-appraisals was a significant moderator in the relationship between PTSD symptoms and perception of cognitive problems (β = -.252, p = .001). In participants with high levels of negative posttraumatic cognitions, perception of cognitive problems was high regardless of PTSD symptom level. In a mediator analysis, there was a significant indirect effect of trauma coping self-efficacy (b = .125, 95% CI [.088, .172]). Finally, there was evidence of moderated mediation, such that trauma coping self-efficacy was a mediator only when posttraumatic cognitions were low or average. Conclusions Results indicate that posttraumatic appraisals and coping self-efficacy play significant roles in perception of cognitive problems following trauma. Clinically, in patients for which there is a perception of cognitive impairment that is not borne out in neuropsychological testing, cognitive-behavioral therapy focused on altering negative self-perceptions and appraisals may be beneficial. (PsycINFO Database Record
Dysregulation of hyaluronan homeostasis during aortic valve disease

Aortic valve disease (AVD) is one of the leading causes of cardiovascular mortality. Abnormal expression of hyaluronan (HA) and its synthesizing/degrading enzymes have been observed during latent AVD however, the mechanism of impaired HA homeostasis prior to and after the onset of AVD remains unexplored. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) pathway defects and biomechanical dysfunction are hallmarks of AVD, however their association with altered HA regulation is understudied. Expression of HA homeostatic markers was evaluated in diseased human aortic valves and TGFβ1-cultured porcine aortic valve tissues using histology, immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Further, porcine valve interstitial cell cultures were stretched (using Flexcell) and simultaneously treated with exogenous TGFβ1±inhibitors for activated Smad2/3 (SB431542) and ERK1/2 (U0126) pathways, and differential HA regulation was assessed using qRT-PCR. Pathological heavy chain HA together with abnormal regional expression of the enzymes HAS2, HYAL1, KIAA1199, TSG6 and IαI was demonstrated in calcified valve tissues identifying the collapse of HA homeostatic machinery during human AVD. Heightened TSG6 activity likely preceded the end-stage of disease, with the existence of a transitional, pre-calcific phase characterized by HA dysregulation. TGFβ1 elicited a fibrotic remodeling response in porcine aortic valves similar to human disease pathology, with increased collagen and HYAL to HAS ratio, and site-specific abnormalities in the expression of CD44 and RHAMM receptors. Further in these porcine valves, expression of HAS2 and HYAL1 was found to be differentially regulated by the Smad2/3 and ERK1/2 pathways, and CD44 expression was highly responsive to biomechanical strain. Leveraging the regulatory pathways that control both HA maintenance in normal valves and early postnatal dysregulation of HA homeostasis during disease may identify new mechanistic insight into AVD pathogenesis.
Grattan-Guinness’s work on classical mechanics

Throughout a career spanning nearly half a century Grattan-Guinness evinced an interest in nearly everything in the universe that had even the remotest connection with mathematics: philosophy (especially epistemology), logic, physics, religion, music, art, education, economics, psychology, and much more. Although it could be said that his strongest area was logic and its history, his contributions to our understanding of the history of classical physics are a recurring theme. His earliest publication (Lanczos, J Frankl Inst 292(4):308, 1966) was a review of a book on Fourier series. It was followed a few years later by a longer paper (Grattan-Guinness, J Inst Math Appl 5:230–253, 1969) on the general impact of Fourier’s work, and the next year by a short paper (Grattan-Guinness, Oper Res Q 21:361–364, 1970) discussing Fourier’s possible anticipation of linear programming. Two years later came the magisterial monograph (Grattan-Guinness, Joseph Fourier, 1768–1830. A survey of his life and work, based on a critical edition of his monograph on the propagation of heat. MIT Press, Cambridge/London, 1972) on Fourier’s life and work, written jointly with J. R. Ravets, which established him as one of the leading lights among historians of mathematics. He devoted nearly a decade to Fourier, crowning the work with a final summary (Grattan-Guinness, Ann Sci 32:503–524, 1975) of what he had discovered. From this root, he branched out into a general study of nineteenth-century French mathematicians, culminating in 1990 with the publication of his definitive three-volume masterpiece (Grattan-Guinness, Convolutions in French Mathematics, 1800–1840: from the calculus and mechanics to mathematical analysis and mathematical physics. Vol. I. The settings, Science networks. Historical studies, vol 2, Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, 1990a; Grattan-Guinness, Convolutions in French Mathematics, 1800–1840: from the calculus and mechanics to mathematical analysis and mathematical physics. Vol. II. The turns, Science networks. Historical studies, vol 2. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, 1990b; Grattan-Guinness, Convolutions in French Mathematics, 1800–1840: from the calculus and mechanics to mathematical analysis and mathematical physics. Vol. III. The data, Science networks. Historical studies, vol 2. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, 1990c). His interest in this area never left him, and the last of the 154 papers by him that were reviewed or indexed in Mathematical Reviews—117 were given full reviews and they amount to about 7000 pages of publication—was a review (Grattan-Guinness, Hist Math 42:223–229, 2015) of a book on a 19th-century French mathematical physicist (Coriolis), thereby putting a right book-end on the long shelf of his publications that matched the one on the left.
Relationship between Experience Economy Dimensions and Perceived Experiential Value in the Context of Indian Shopping Malls

There has been monumental growth in the number of malls in India in the last decade. In 1999, there were just three malls opened in India; that number grew to 220 malls in 2006 and is expected to reach 715 malls by 2015 (Kuruvilla & Joshi, 2010). However, this growth has not been accompanied by profitability and return on investment, which is a matter of concern for investors (“Pulse of Indian Retail,” 2014). Pine and Gilmore (1999) posited that to fully engage the consumer, the consumer environment should offer four experience realms (i.e., educational, entertainment, escapist, and esthetic experiences), which they termed “the 4Es”. Innovative marketing strategies, such as the experience economy 4Es, may create value for mall shoppers. Given the importance of hedonic/experiential value to shopper, the 4Es may lead to a distinct competitive advantage for the mall, thus contributing to its success (Srinivasan & Srivastava, 2010). The present study examined the effect of the 4Es on creating a better shopping experience for Indian consumers, which may help ensure profitability alongside growth. The combination of retail stores (e.g., apparel, electronics, fashion accessories, footwear, and beauty & skincare products) and non-store aspects (e.g., hair salons, massage parlors, restaurants, cafes, food courts, theatres/multiplex, and gymnasiums), which distinguishes the mall from most other retail venues, provides ample opportunities to offer the 4Es. For instance, entertainment experiences are offered by multiplex theaters and children’s amusement activities, and esthetic experiences come from lavish interiors of high-end brands. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to explore the relationship between the 4Es and perceived experiential value (i.e., emotional, social, and sensory value) (Sweeney & Soutar, 2001) associated with both retail stores and non-store aspects of Indian malls.
Safe treatment of ethmoid sinusitis utilizing minimally invasive ethmoid punch sinusotomy in chronic rhinosinusitis without polyposis patients.

Objectives/Hypothesis Current rhinologic practice is devoid of minimally invasive procedures dedicated to the treatment of ethmoid sinusitis to improve ventilation and topical drug delivery. We have recently described a handheld spiral punch to create minimally invasive ethmoid punch sinusotomy (EPS) sites into the ethmoid bulla and basal lamella, which significantly increased irrigant access to the ethmoid sinuses in cadaver models. Here, we conducted a clinical feasibility study to determine the initial safety evaluation of EPS in chronic rhinosinusitis without polyposis (CRSsNP) patients with active ethmoid disease. Study Design Single-arm, institutional review board–approved observational study. Methods This study was performed in CRSsNP patients who failed medical management; were candidates for standard, traditional functional endoscopic sinus surgery; and were offered the option of EPS. EPS characteristics (patency, remucosalization) and complications (closure, mucus recirculation) were collected. Alterations in radiographic disease and symptoms after EPS were determined by Lund Mackay (LM) scoring and 22-item Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) scoring, which was collected up to 6 months post-procedure. Results Thirty-two of 40 possible ethmoid compartments (17 of 20 anterior, 15 of 20 posterior) underwent EPS. Twenty-nine of 32 EPS sites remained patent (n = 29, 90.6%), with a minority displaying evidence of restenosis (n = 9, 28.1%) or closure (n = 3, 9.3%). All patent EPS sites had complete remucosalization (n = 29, 100%) with no evidence of mucus recirculation (n = 0, 0%) or other complications secondary to healing or device use. Ethmoid sinus cavities with a pre-EPS LM score of 1 or 2 universally improved to an LM score of 0 following EPS (n = 30 of 30, 100%). SNOT-22 scores significantly improved, with a mean reduction of 33.1 (49.6 ± 7.5 pre-EPS vs 16.5 ± 7.7 post-EPS, p < .0001). Conclusions This feasibility study demonstrates that EPS appears to be a safe, minimally invasive procedure to treat ethmoid sinusitis in CRSsNP patients unresponsive to medical therapy that establishes ethmoid ventilation, and likely improves effective sinus irrigation. Conducting a clinical trial would be appropriate in assessing a potential role for EPS in the management of this condition. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 127:1268–1275, 2017
Within-subject neural reactivity to reward and threat is inverted in young adolescents.

Background As children mature, they become increasingly independent and less reliant on caregiver support. Changes in brain systems are likely to stimulate and guide this process. One mechanistic hypothesis suggests that changes in neural systems that process reward and threat support the increase in exploratory behavior observed in the transition to adolescence. This study examines the basic tenets of this hypothesis by performing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during well-established reward and threat processing tasks in 40 children and adolescents, aged 9–15 years. Method fMRI responses in the striatum and amygdala are fit to a model predicting that striatal reward and amygdala threat-responses will be unrelated in younger participants (aged 9–12 years), while older participants (aged 13–15 years) will differentially engage these structures. Results Our data are consistent with this model. Activity in the striatum and amygdala are comparable in younger children, but in older children, they are inversely related; those more responsive to reward show a reduced threat-response. Analyses testing age as a continuous variable yield consistent results. In addition, the proportion of threat to reward-response relates to self-reported approach behavior in older but not younger youth, exposing behavioral relevance in the relative level of activity in these structures. Conclusions Results are consistent with the notion that both individual and developmental differences drive reward-seeking behavior in adolescence. While these response patterns may serve adaptive functions in the shift to independence, skew in these systems may relate to increased rates of emotional psychopathology and risk-taking observed in adolescence.
Reviews on grid-connected inverter, utility-scaled battery energy storage system, and vehicle-to-grid application - challenges and opportunities

The purpose of this paper is to review three emerging technologies for grid-connected distributed energy resource in the power system: grid-connected inverters (GCIs), utility-scaled battery energy storage systems (BESSs), and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) application. The overview of GCIs focuses on topologies and functions. Different functions of utility-scaled BESS are introduced and a comprehensive review is provided for currently operating BESSs that are interconnected at the distribution level. Possible grid support functions of utility-scaled BESS are presented. This paper also presents the current electro-chemical based ESSs in the U.S. with different grid support functions. The V2G technology is introduced focusing on benefits for grid support. The state-of-the-art of GCI, BESS, and V2G technologies presents many opportunities and challenges that need to be addressed in the future.
Lift Every Voice: Exploring the Stressors and Coping Mechanisms of Black College Women Attending Predominantly White Institutions:

In the past 40 years, there has been a significant increase in Black students’ enrollment at predominantly White institutions (PWIs). Meanwhile, research shows that Black students often experience ...
Spatially inhomogeneous photoluminescence-voltage hysteresis in planar heterojunction perovskite-based solar cells

Spatially resolved photoluminescence (PL) of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) films in planar heterojunction solar cells is probed by time-resolved confocal microscopy to study the interface effect on PL intensity-voltage (PL-V) hysteresis. Negligible PL-V hysteresis is observed at the interfacial area, while significant hysteresis is observed in the bulk film. PL lifetime imaging of the perovskite device reveals inhomogeneous charge extraction due to variation of the interfacial contact quality. Poor interfacial contact leads to more severe PL-V hysteresis in the bulk perovskite film. The PL-V characteristics also suggest that voltage-driven ion migration may lead to redistribution of charge traps, and consequently affect the nonradiative charge recombination and the PL intensity in MAPbI3 films.
Ethnic minorities with critical limb ischemia derive equal amputation risk reduction from autologous cell therapy compared with whites

Abstract Objective Ethnic minorities (nonwhites) with critical limb ischemia (CLI) have historically performed worse compared with whites with regard to major amputation risk reduction and amputation-free survival (AFS) after peripheral vascular intervention. This post hoc analysis was completed to determine whether this precedent also extended to treatment of CLI without a suitable revascularization option with intramuscular injections of concentrated bone marrow aspirate (cBMA). Methods The treatment arm of the randomized, double-blind, multicenter MarrowStim PAD Kit for the Treatment of Critical Limb Ischemia in Subjects with Severe Peripheral Arterial Disease (MOBILE) trial was stratified by ethnicity and evaluated for demographics, comorbidities, and outcomes. The primary and therapeutic end point was 1-year AFS and major amputation, respectively. Noninferiority analysis was performed with the margin set at historically reported hazard ratios. Results Thirty-seven minority (African American, Hispanic, other) CLI patients (9 placebo, 28 cBMA) with no suitable revascularization option were randomized to cBMA or placebo at a 3:1 ratio during the MOBILE trial. At 1-year follow-up for the treatment group, overall AFS was 80%. Of the 28 minority patients randomized to cBMA intervention, an 89% AFS rate was observed compared with 77% in whites. Specifically, 22 of 24 (92%) African Americans survived amputation free at 1-year follow-up. Noninferiority testing confirmed no difference between whites and the ethnic minority treated with cBMA with respect to major amputation reduction; however, noninferiority could not be confirmed with regard to AFS. No significant differences favoring whites treated with cBMA were noted in the secondary end points of vascular quality of life, limb pain, ankle-brachial index, toe-brachial index, transcutaneous oximetry, and 6-minute walk testing. Conclusions This post hoc analysis of the MOBILE trial demonstrates noninferiority of cBMA intervention in minorities with no-option CLI for the therapeutic end point of major amputation prevention. cBMA represents a novel treatment paradigm and should be explored for minorities with poor revascularization options who face impending amputation secondary to progressive CLI.
Optimal design of a parallel beam system with elastic supports to minimize flexural response to harmonic loading using a combined optimization algorithm

Mechanical systems subject to vibration are prevalent across many industries. Although potentially different in application, they sometimes share the need to minimize aspects of flexural deformation given harmonic loading and the need to consider a variety of both input and response-based constraints in the process. Practical design efforts also sometimes include the need for consideration of the optimal response of a platform-style product, including responses of multiple design variants supported by a common base structure. Harmonic problems can be especially challenging to optimize due to the likelihood that the response will be multi-modal; influenced by system natural frequencies throughout the design space. Further, analysis of these systems often involves large and complex computer models which require significant resources to execute. A harmonically loaded, platform-style parallel beam system with multiple family variants is used as an example in this work to demonstrate a proposed method for identifying an optimum in a constrained, multi-modal response environment with consideration for Expensive Black Box Functions (EBBF). The presented method proposes a combined approach where the high modality, EBBF’s domain is first surveyed for potential areas of optimal response using a method of Steepest Feasible Descent (SFD), followed by a local search in the optimal region using a more efficient direct search method. The method of SFD is a modification of the classical method of Steepest Descent, made useful for constrained models by a penalty system including both deterministic and programmatic methods. A sensitivity-based search vector method also helps to manage situations where significant difference in magnitude exists among the design variables. Evidentiary support for these key program elements is provided using standardized test functions. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated by seeking a minimum flexural response for a parallel beam system subject to elastic support and response constraints.
Sex differences in pain responses

Sex differences have been reported in the experience of pain and in the prevalence of chronic pain conditions. However, recently work has uncovered biological differences in the utilization of immune cells and basic function of afferents that shed light on the underpinnings of these sex-dependent findings. In addition, work in healthy controls and chronic pain patients have highlighted biases in attribution of pain and assessment of pain intensity that further reinforce sex differences. Together, the combination of biological differences, distinct psychological coping strategies and outside bias result in the maintenance of disparities in the experience of pain based on sex. Recognition of sex differences and the underlying mechanisms can only improve treatment and patient outcomes.
Abstract WP100: Investigation of Secondary Thalamic Injury After Ischemic Stroke: A Time Course Study

Introduction: After a cortical stroke, secondary degeneration can occur in remotely connected regions such as thalamus. This progressive secondary thalamic injury leads to somatosensory dysfunction...
Botulinum toxin A-induced muscle paralysis stimulates Hdac4 and differential miRNA expression

At sufficient dose, intramuscular injection of Botulinum toxin A causes muscle wasting that is physiologically consistent with surgical denervation and other types of neuromuscular dysfunction. The aim of this study was to clarify early molecular and micro-RNA alterations in skeletal muscle following Botulinum toxin A-induced muscle paralysis. Quadriceps were analyzed for changes in expression of micro- and messenger RNA and protein levels after a single injection of 0.4, 2 or 4U Botulinum toxin A (/100g body weight). After injection with 2.0U Botulinum toxin A, quadriceps exhibited significant reduction in muscle weight and increased levels of ubiquitin ligase proteins at 7, 14 and 28 days. Muscle miR-1 and miR-133a/b levels were decreased at these time points, whereas a dose-responsive increase in miR-206 expression at day 14 was observed. Expression of the miR-133a/b target genes RhoA, Tgfb1 and Ctfg, and the miR-1/206 target genes Igf-1 and Hdac4, were upregulated at 28 days after Botulinum toxin A injection. Increased levels of Hdac4 protein were observed after injection, consistent with anticipated expression changes in direct and indirect Hdac4 target genes, such as Myog. Our results suggest Botulinum toxin A-induced denervation of muscle shares molecular characteristics with surgical denervation and other types of neuromuscular dysfunction, and implicates miR-133/Tgf-β1/Ctfg and miR-1/Hdac4/Myog signaling during the resultant muscle atrophy.
Distribution of Pelvic and Abdominal Adenomyomas

By 1920, Cullen accepted three models for the pathogenesis of extrauterine adenomyomas: (1) from embryonic mullerian rests, (2) “springing from” the posterior wall of the cervix or body of the uterus and invading the rectum, and (3) from overflow of uterine mucosa – shed from an adenomyoma of the rectovaginal septum onto tube and ovary – the same flowing metaphor that he used to explain the pathogenesis of diffuse uterine adenomyomas. Cullen came tantalizingly close to – and yet so far from – Sampson’s later observations when he wrote: “One gathers the impression that the uterine mucosa from the diffuse adenomyoma on the posterior surface of the cervix and uterus has overflowed upon the adherent tube [and ovary].”1 Cullen had the implantation pathogenesis in reverse.
Women Also Snowboard: Overcoming Bias in Captioning Models

Most machine learning methods are known to capture and exploit biases of the training data. While some biases are beneficial for learning, others are harmful. Specifically, image captioning models tend to exaggerate biases present in training data (e.g., if a word is present in 60% of training sentences, it might be predicted in 70% of sentences at test time). This can lead to incorrect captions in domains where unbiased captions are desired, or required, due to over-reliance on the learned prior and image context. In this work we investigate generation of gender-specific caption words (e.g. man, woman) based on the person’s appearance or the image context. We introduce a new Equalizer model that encourages equal gender probability when gender evidence is occluded in a scene and confident predictions when gender evidence is present. The resulting model is forced to look at a person rather than use contextual cues to make a gender-specific prediction. The losses that comprise our model, the Appearance Confusion Loss and the Confident Loss, are general, and can be added to any description model in order to mitigate impacts of unwanted bias in a description dataset. Our proposed model has lower error than prior work when describing images with people and mentioning their gender and more closely matches the ground truth ratio of sentences including women to sentences including men. Finally, we show that our model more often looks at people when predicting their gender (https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~lisa anne/snowboard.html).
Gram-positive and Gram-negative Bacteria Share Common Principles to Coordinate Growth and the Cell Cycle at the Single-cell Level

Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli are evolutionarily divergent model organisms that have elucidated fundamental differences between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively. Despite their differences in cell cycle control at the molecular level, both organisms follow the same phenomenological principle for cell size homeostasis known as the adder. We thus asked to what extent B. subtilis and E. coli share common physiological principles in coordinating growth and the cell cycle. To answer this question, we measured physiological parameters of B. subtilis under various steady-state growth conditions with and without translation inhibition at both population and single-cell level. These experiments revealed core shared physiological principles between B. subtilis and E. coli. Specifically, we show that both organisms maintain an invariant cell size per replication origin at initiation, with and without growth inhibition, and even during nutrient shifts at the single-cell level. Furthermore, both organisms also inherit the same "hierarchy" of physiological parameters ranked by their coefficient of variation. Based on these findings, we suggest that the basic coordination principles between growth and the cell cycle in bacteria may have been established in the very early stages of evolution.
Diversity Issues in Pediatric Behavioral Health Care

Youth from racial/ethnic, sexual, and gender minority groups have significant disparities in health and mental health outcomes. While the literature suggests that evidence-based cognitive behavioral therapies benefit youth and families with minority or marginalized status, less research has focused specifically on these populations in pediatric behavioral health care. Existing evidence pointing to the potential positive impact of pediatric psychologists working with marginalized communities including racial/ethnic minority and LGBTQ youth will be reviewed, along with a brief discussion of the relevance of culturally adapted or tailored interventions in pediatric behavioral health care. Important considerations for practitioners working with minority or marginalized youth and families will be discussed, including issues of mistrust, stigma, and accessibility of services.
The social historical roots of the concept of emerging adulthood and its impact on early adults

Adults between the ages of 18 and 25 live in an era of economic and social uncertainty. Outsourcing, automation, and decreased governmental social spending have led to lowered living standards for ...
How to Prepare for a Life in the USA

The most considerbale matching outcome ever was witnessed in 2018 that had increased the hopes of the matching dreams of an international applicant. The incoming international resident physicians usually come from diverse cultural backgrounds, which makes it imperative to get an insight into life in the USA initially. Herein, we discuss in detail the practice of medicine in the USA, being influenced by various elements of the culture of which language and religion are of a pivotal role. Also, we provide information about the essentials that rule the life of an individual like health insurance, accommodation, transportation, and food habits. The motive was to provide a basic knowledge of a typical lifestyle and how to be prepared for an incoming resident physician.
The Effect of CAPD on Phalangeal Bone Mineral Density

Using radiographic absorptiometry we measured changes in phalangeal bone mineral density (BMD) in mass units/cm2 of a CAPD patient group (N = 32) during a nominal two-year span and compared the ave...
Heterotrophic Thaumarchaeota with ultrasmall genomes are widespread in the ocean

Thaumarchaeota comprise a diverse archaeal phylum of numerous lineages that play key roles in global biogeochemical cycling, particularly in the ocean. To date, all genomically-characterized marine Thaumarchaeota are reported to be chemolithoautotrophic ammonia-oxidizers. In this study, we report a group of heterotrophic marine Thaumarchaeota (HMT) with ultrasmall genome sizes that is globally abundant in deep ocean waters, apparently lacking the ability to oxidize ammonia. We assemble five HMT genomes from metagenomic data derived from both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, including two that are >95% complete, and show that they form a deeply-branching lineage sister to the ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA). Metagenomic read mapping demonstrates the presence of this group in mesopelagic samples from all major ocean basins, with abundances reaching up to 6% that of AOA. Surprisingly, the predicted sizes of complete HMT genomes are only 837-908 Kbp, and our ancestral state reconstruction indicates this lineage has undergone substantial genome reduction. The genomic repertoire of HMT indicates a highly reduced metabolism for aerobic heterotrophy that, although lacking the carbon fixation pathway typical of AOA, includes a divergent form III-a RuBisCO that potentially functions in a nucleotide scavenging pathway. Despite the small genome size of this group, we identify 13 encoded PQQ-dependent dehydrogenases that are predicted to shuttle reducing equivalents to the electron transport chain, suggesting these enzymes play an important role in the physiology of this group. Our results suggest that heterotrophic Thaumarchaeota are widespread in the ocean and potentially play key roles in global chemical transformations.
Durability and Damage Tolerance: Testing, Simulation, and Other Virtual Realities

Durability and damage tolerance are engineering definitions of phenomenological behavior. We talk about them in terms of the life and remaining strength of engineering materials and components, generally as design criteria. Hence, there is a need to associate "testing and design" in this context. But measurements of life and remaining strength are, indeed, only phenomenological; many different sets of conditions and circumstances can produce the same remaining strength and life. In that sense, such data are "virtual reality," i.e., they are related to the fundamental physics and mechanics that define them only through interpretations. Mechanistic models are used for such interpretations, and computer-based simulations are convenient ways to combine such models to estimate durability and damage tolerance. Such simulations are also "virtual realities," of course. This paper will address the question of how to construct mechanistic models and related experiments that provide an interpretative link between the fundamental mechanical, chemical, kinetic, and thermodynamic processes that control the long-term behavior of such materials and the remaining strength and life that defines durability and damage tolerance. Comparisons of computer simulations with experimental data will be the basis for the discussion.
Ventricular Tachycardia: Catheter Ablation

Ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation has become the gold standard for curing idiopathic VT and dramatically reducing VT burden and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) shocks in patients with scar-related VT. This chapter identifies appropriate patient selection for patients undergoing catheter-based ablation. The techniques used in identifying the best target sites for ablation of mappable VT using the 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) of VT and activation and entrainment mapping are detailed. Many VTs are not hemodynamically tolerated, and targets and strategies for ablating mappable VT are provided. Appropriate ablation end points and considerations pre- and post-procedure to optimize outcomes are described.
The association between clinical trial (CT) participation, pharmaceutical costs, and savings performance in the Oncology Care Model (OCM).

2Background: The OCM is a Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) alternative payment model, which seeks to curb costs while improving care for patients receiving systemic cancer therapy. ...
Have the Elusive Progenitors of Type Ia Supernovae Been Discovered

The recent detection of Hα emission in the Type Ia supernova SN 2002ic could be taken to mean that the elusive progenitor systems of Type Ia supernovae have finally been identified. At first glance, the observation appears to support a single-degenerate scenario, in which the white dwarf accretes from a normal companion. In this Letter we show that the opposite may be true, and the observations may support the merger of two white dwarfs as the cause for Type Ia supernovae.
Identification and Estimation of a Dynamic Discrete Choice Model with an Endogenous Time-Varying Unobservable State Using Proxies

This paper studies a dynamic discrete choice model including an unobservable state, which evolves by a hidden action of agents. First, this paper shows new nonparametric identification results for observable and unobservable conditional choice probabilities (CCPs) and an initial type probability in both stationary and nonstationary model. The new identification results show two periods of data (T = 2) is sufficient and invertibility assumption on model dynamics is not necessary when there are proxies for the unobservable state variable which satisfies certain conditions. The result contrasts with Hu and Shum (2012) which required at least four periods of data (T >= 4) and required the invertibility assumption. The subjective measures of attitudes and expectations can be examples of such proxy variables. If proxy variables are missing due to rotating module design, which is the common cause of missing attitude and expectation variables in Panel data, the identification can be obtained under stronger assumptions on the model dynamics. Second, this paper proposes a two-step estimator using proxy variables, which generalizes Arcidiacono and Miller (2011) to endogenize the dynamics of the unobservable state variable. The proposed estimator is root-n consistent and asymptotically normal, conditional on that the first stage EM algorithm is initialized not too far from the global optimum of the objective function. The Monte Carlo experiment shows that the estimator performs well even when proxy variables are missing due to rotating module design.
The Federal Reserve's Overnight and Term Reverse Repurchase Agreement Operations in the Financial Accounts of the United States

This note explains how the Federal Reserve's overnight and term reverse repurchase agreement (RRP) operations are reported in the Federal Reserve's Financial Accounts of the United States (formerly known as the Flow of Funds Accounts).
Quality of life, emotion regulation, and dissociation: Evaluating unique relations in an undergraduate sample and probable PTSD subsample.

OBJECTIVE Previous research has documented a strong association between emotion regulation (ER) and quality of life (QoL). Nevertheless, extant studies have not tested this association in participants meeting diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder nor accounted for other explanatory variables statistically. Our primary objective was to evaluate the unique relations among ER dimensions and QoL while controlling for dissociation, neuroticism, and PTSD symptoms statistically. Our secondary aim was to test the hypothesis that the correlation between PTSD symptoms and dissociation will be greater in a sample with clinically elevated PTSD compared with a nonclinical sample. METHOD Data were collected from an unselected undergraduate sample (N = 502) and a subsample of participants with probable PTSD (N = 53) using self-report measures. RESULTS Analyses revealed that increased general emotional dysregulation, dissociation, PTSD symptoms, blaming others, neuroticism, and impulsivity were uniquely related to poor QoL in the overall sample whereas increased dissociation, impulsivity, and blaming others were uniquely related to poor QoL in the probable PTSD subsample. We found evidence for a moderate correlation between PTSD symptoms and dissociation in the probable PTSD subsample, but this correlation was not significantly greater than the correlation between the two variables in the overall sample. CONCLUSIONS ER dimensions (e.g., dissociation, blaming others, impulsivity) may represent novel treatment targets for tailored psychosocial interventions promoting QoL in the general population and individuals with PTSD. Future longitudinal studies with a larger trauma-exposed sample are necessary to replicate and extend our findings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Socio-economic implications of poor environmental management: a framework on the Niger Delta questions

The pollution of air and water, contamination of arable land, ecological damage and the impoverishment of the space of living of the oil producing communities have grave socioeconomic consequences. Changes in socio-economic activities of the people coupled with the level of economic marginalisation, deprivation, unemployment, poverty and inequality are the root cause of violent conflicts, grievances, rebelliousness and anti-government movements. More fundamentally, the dispossession of the local people of their means of livelihood due to oil and gas production activities has profound consequences on socio-economic activities and makes the clamour for sustainable development absolutely irrelevant. Thus, this paper is anchored around the Niger Delta question, primarily within the framework of socio-economic reality and welfare degradation implications. The findings of this study reinforces key arguments which draw linkages on the pervasive socioeconomic challenges of declining agricultural productivity, poor health, unemployment, poverty, conflicts, migration/population displacement and insecurity directly associated with environmental degradation in the Niger Delta region.
Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 in Food and Water

Large numbers of Vibrio cholerae are discharged in the feces of infected individuals. Inadequate sewage treatment allows water systems to become contaminated. When water becomes contaminated with toxigenic strains of V. cholerae O1 and is then used by other individuals for drinking or in food preparation, the result is often widespread disease. Cholera was one of the first epidemic diseases to be controlled by public health measures in the 19th century. In the large epidemics that have occurred during the last century, contaminated water has undoubtedly been the major vehicle of transmission, with food playing a lesser but significant role in the spread of the disease. The transmission of cholera by ingestion of contaminated food has been documented in numerous instances discussed in this chapter. Methods of enhancing the isolation of V. cholerae 01 have been developed and optimized, primarily by taking advantage of the organism's rapid generation time under certain conditions and its tolerance to alkali. V. cholerae Ol is relatively easy to isolate from water samples if the contamination is recent. Filtration techniques for examining known quantities of water and estimating the amount of contamination have been developed. Since food and water are intimately involved in transmission, people must be taught hygienic practices that limit fecal-oral transmission. Disinfection of water supplies would also prevent a great many cases, and disinfection of the home water supply may be economically feasible.
Improving prediction fidelity of cellular metabolism with kinetic descriptions

Several modeling frameworks for describing and redirecting cellular metabolism have been developed keeping pace with the rapid development in high-throughput data generation and advances in metabolic engineering techniques. The incorporation of kinetic information within stoichiometry-only modeling techniques offers potential advantages for improved phenotype prediction and consequently more precise computational strain design. In addition to substrate-level kinetic regulatory information, the integration of a number of additional layers of regulation at the transcription, translation, and post-translation levels is sought after by many research groups. However, the practical integration of these complex biological processes into a unified framework amenable to design remains an ongoing challenge.
Simulating Agricultural Land Use Changes in Uganda Using an Agent-Based Model

Agent based modeling, a processed based approach, is advantageous in simulating the interaction between human’s decision processes and environmental systems. In this study, we apply an agent-based model to simulate potential agricultural land use change scenarios in Uganda. The simulation model incorporates decision making processes at small holder and commercial farmers’ level on the basis of biophysical and socioeconomic factors and use these as basis to analyze how farmers’ decisions may affect agricultural land use changes. Geographic information system (GIS) tools are employed to build spatial relations between farmer agents and land cover system. Satellite imageries are used to represent the initial land cover condition and serve as observed land cover dataset to calibrate the simulated results. The results of the simulation model are promising and the model was successful at representing historical and future scenarios of agricultural land use patterns at national-level.
Interlibrary Loan and Document Delivery: Best Practices for Operating and Managing Interlibrary Loan Services in All Libraries. Lee Andrew Hilyer

This excellent overview of interlibrary loan (ILL) services is a copublication of the Journal of Interlibrary Loan, Document Delivery & Electronic Review, Volume 16, Numbers 1–2, 2006. The book is ...
Macrophage Migration Technique Using Coccidioidin

Guinea pigs sensitized by repeated skin testing with potent, merthiolated coccidioidin, equal to Smith standard, exhibited erythema, edema, and an induration-like reaction to intradermal injection of the preparation. No statistically significant migration inhibition of peritoneal exudate macrophages from these animals was observed.