cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Substructuring for Alternating Subsystems

A method of analysis is developed for determining transient responses of large structural systems subject to changes of structural components. A dynamic structural system is divided into two subsystems: the support that remains unaltered and is subject to external excitations, and the branch that is liable to change and on which external excitations may be acting. A distinctive feature of the method is the use of specified sets of generalized modal displacement functions or mode shapes for each subsystem. This enables incorporation of the modal properties of the alternative subsystem without having to re-establish the entire system modal properties in each new analysis. The method is applied to a 16-story building rigid frame model. The method gives transient response results comparable with the conventional integrated system analysis. Approximations due to modal truncation are the same as component-mode substitution method.
Task-evoked brain functional magnetic susceptibility mapping by independent component analysis (χICA).

Abstract Background Conventionally, independent component analysis (ICA) is performed on an fMRI magnitude dataset to analyze brain functional mapping (AICA). By solving the inverse problem of fMRI, we can reconstruct the brain magnetic susceptibility ( Ͽ ) functional states. Upon the reconstructed Ͽ dataspace, we propose an ICA-based brain functional Ͽ mapping method ( Ͽ ICA) to extract task-evoked brain functional map. New methods A complex division algorithm is applied to a timeseries of fMRI phase images to extract temporal phase changes (relative to an OFF-state snapshot). A computed inverse MRI (CIMRI) model is used to reconstruct a 4D brain Ͽ response dataset. Ͽ ICA is implemented by applying a spatial InfoMax ICA algorithm to the reconstructed 4D Ͽ dataspace. Results With finger-tapping experiments on a 7T system, the Ͽ ICA-extracted Ͽ -depicted functional map is similar to the SPM-inferred functional Ͽ map by a spatial correlation of 0.67 ± 0.05. In comparison, the AICA-extracted magnitude-depicted map is correlated with the SPM magnitude map by 0.81 ± 0.05. The understanding of the inferiority of Ͽ ICA to AICA for task-evoked functional map is an ongoing research topic. Comparison with existing methods For task-evoked brain functional mapping, we compare the data-driven ICA method with the task-correlated SPM method. In particular, we compare Ͽ ICA with AICA for extracting task-correlated timecourses and functional maps. Conclusion Ͽ ICA can extract a Ͽ -depicted task-evoked brain functional map from a reconstructed Ͽ dataspace without the knowledge about brain hemodynamic responses. The Ͽ ICA-extracted brain functional Ͽ map reveals a bidirectional BOLD response pattern that is unavailable (or different) from AICA.
Molecular Farming Using Bioreactor-Based Plant Cell Suspension Cultures for Recombinant Protein Production

The need for biomanufacturing capacity for recombinant protein production to meet the expanding pharmaceutical and industrial market demands has gained increasing importance, leading to the development of new protein expression platforms capable of addressing requirements in terms of protein yield, product quality, and production cost. In the past few decades, molecular farming using plant ­cell-based expression systems (whole plants and in vitro plant cells, organ and tissue cultures) have been investigated as an alternative for the large-scale bioproduction of recombinant proteins. Molecular farming using bioreactor-based plant cell suspension cultures provides attractive features over recombinant microbial fermentation and mammalian cell cultures in terms of intrinsic safety, cost-effective biomanufacturing, and the capability for post-translation modifications. The current research and development, emerging techniques, commercialization and future prospects of mole­cular farming using bioreactor-based plant cell suspension cultures for production of recombinant proteins will be discussed in this chapter.
Role of FDG PET/CT in detecting unsuspected brain metastases during routine staging work up in oncology practice and its impact on patient management

1303 Learning Objectives 1. To review the importance of identifying brain metastases on PET/CT scans performed for staging/restaging of oncologic patients and their impact on patient management. 2. To highlight the need for evaluating the CT images in the brain window and re-windowing of PET images to minimize the normal brain FDG uptake which can otherwise mask the brain metastases. After reviewing this exhibit, the attendee will have a better appreciation of the importance of carefully examining the brain on whole body 18F-FDG PET/CT to search for incidentally discovered or known brain metastases and their impact on patient management/outcome. Brain metastases are more common than primary brain tumors. Approximately 20 -30% of all cancer patients develop brain metastases and the incidence is rising. 18F-FDG PET/CT (PET/CT) plays a key role in the staging and follow-up of cancer patients to effectively evaluate therapy response of known metastases, but is not considered the modality of choice to detect brain metastases, early identification of which can significantly impact therapeutic decisions and patient outcome. Brain evaluation with PET/CT is limited because of physiologic high FDG uptake by the brain as well as lack of contrast on the CT portion of the exam. This can lead to metastases being missed. Identifying brain metastases can be facilitated by re-windowing of PET images to minimizing the normal brain FDG uptake and evaluating the CT images in the brain window. The results can change staging and ultimately patient management.
Linear free-energy relationship and rate study on a silylation-based kinetic resolution: mechanistic insights.

The substituent effect of different p-substituted triphenylsilyl chlorides on silylation-based kinetic resolutions was explored. Electron-donating groups slow down the reaction rate and improve the selectivity, while electron-withdrawing groups increase the reaction rate and decrease the selectivity. Linear free-energy relationships were found correlating both selectivity factors and initial rates to the σpara Hammett parameters. A weak correlation of selectivity factors to Charton values was also observed when just alkyl substituents were employed but was nonexistent when substituents with more electronic effects were incorporated. The rate data suggest that a significant redistribution of charge occurs in the transition state, with an overall decrease in positive charge. The linear free-energy relationship derived from selectivity factors is best understood by the Hammond postulate. Early and late transition states describe the amount of substrate participation in the transition state and therefore the ...
Substrate Surface Structure Effects on Microstructure of Epitaxial Films

The microstructure of epitaxial thin films grown on sapphire substrates using the metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) technique were found to depend on the substrates surface structure. The epitaxial Ti02 films grown on the sapphire (0001) substrates were highly-oriented poly-crystal and the films on the (1120) substrates were single crystal. First-principles total energy calculations were carried out to gain atomistic understandings of sapphire surface structures and their effects on microstructure of epitaxial films. The surface terminating atom planes were found to be Al atoms for the (0001) surface and O atoms for the (1120). The minimum step heights were found to be one sixth of the lattice constant c for the (0001) and one half of the lattice constant c for the (1120). The steps of the minimum height or its odd multiples on sapphire (0001) surface were shown to double the number of variants in the deposited films. The symmetry and step of the substrate surface and the symmetry of the epitaxial growth plane were found to control the microstructure of the epitaxial films.
A Globally Convexized Filled Function Algorithm with an Adjustable Parameter

In this paper,we present a new globally convexized filled function for the box constrained continuous global minimization problem. We propose an algorithm for finding a global minimizer of the box constrained continuous global minimization problem,by minimizing the filled function. The algorithm can escape successfully from a previously converged local minimizer by taking the value of parameter increasingly. Numerical experiments on six standard testing problems show that the algorithm is effective.
Small bowel obstructions in the newborn.

With current knowledge and skill, any infant with duodenal, jejunal, or ileal obstruction should be diagnosed soon after birth. In the absence of other congenital defects or complications, surgical correction should be successful in the vast majority of cases.
Centralized analysis of local data, with dollars and lives on the line: Lessons from the home radon experience

Author(s): Price, PhillipN.; Gelman, Andrew | Abstract: In this chapter we elucidate four main themes. The first is that modern data analyses, including "Big Data" analyses, often rely on data from different sources, which can present challenges in constructing statistical models that can make effective use of all of the data. The second theme is that although data analysis is usually centralized, frequently the final outcome is to provide information or allow decision-making for individuals. Third, data analyses often have multiple uses by design: the outcomes of the analysis are intended to be used by more than one person or group, for more than one purpose. Finally, issues of privacy and confidentiality can cause problems in more subtle ways than are usually considered; we will illustrate this point by discussing a case in which there is substantial and effective political opposition to simply acknowledging the geographic distribution of a health hazard.A researcher analyzes some data and learns something important. What happens next? Whatdoes it take for the results to make a difference in people's lives? In this chapter we tell a story - a true story - about a statistical analysis that should have changed government policy, but didn't. The project was a research success that did not make its way into policy, and we think it provides some useful insights into the interplay between locally-collected data, statistical analysis, and individual decision making.
The Effect of an LGBTQ Themed Literary Instructional Unit on Adolescents’ Homophobia

Numerous scholarly works extol the use of LGBTQ themed literature as part of English language arts instruction with the implication that its use may improve the school climate for LGBTQ students; however, there is a dearth of research that empirically examines whether or not this type of instruction measurably impacts adolescents’ homophobia. To address this paucity, this study examined the ability of a dialogically organized, reader response–based instructional unit of the young adult novel Geography Club to reduce adolescents’ homophobia. A quasi-experimental design was used with eighth grade students in seven English language arts classes. Homophobia was measured using a researcher-created scale. Analysis of pretests revealed that girls had lower levels of homophobia than boys and that Black students had higher levels of homophobia than Hispanic students. Posttest results indicated that the intervention was successful in lowering homophobia. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a three factor solution: Interpersonal Homophobia, Attitudes toward Homophobia, and Sexuality as a Choice. Post-hoc tests revealed differing effect sizes for the aforementioned factors as well as showing that there was no backlash to treatment in participants with high pretest homophobia. This paper argues that schools and teacher education programs should make a serious effort to incorporate LGBTQ themed texts into curricula as part of a concerted effort to reduce the culture of homophobic violence that has become institutionalized in many schools.
Towards Greater Consistency in Paint Finishing—A Motor Manufacturer's Requirements

(1973). Towards Greater Consistency in Paint Finishing—A Motor Manufacturer's Requirements. Transactions of the IMF: Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 196-198.
Analysis of OPTN/UNOS registry suggests the number of HLA matches and not mismatches is a stronger independent predictor of kidney transplant survival

HLA matching and mismatching, while inversely related, are not exact opposites. Here we determined the independent effects of HLA matching and mismatching on outcomes in deceased donor kidney transplant recipients. The United Network for Organ Sharing database (1995–2012) was utilized and analyzed for delayed graft function, one-year acute rejection, and death-censored graft survival using combined multivariable models including HLA matching and mismatching. Sensitivity analyses were performed using the subgroup of deceased donor kidney transplant patients after 2003 with more uniform HLA nomenclature and resampling analyses using bootstrapping on complete data available from 96,236 recipients. Individually, both HLA matching and mismatching showed significant associations with graft survival. Adjusting the model to take into account both matching and mismatching simultaneously, the degree of HLA mismatching lost significance while matching continued to have a significant prediction for delayed graft function, the one-year acute rejection rate, and graft survival. Sensitivity analyses and bootstrapping showed similar results for all studied outcomes. Thus, analysis of this large cohort demonstrates the apparent greater association of HLA matching over HLA mismatching on both early allograft events as well as graft survival. Future analyses should preferentially utilize HLA matching as a covariate over mismatching for accurately reflecting impact on graft outcomes.
Noether’s Theorems and the Direct Method

In this chapter we give a general discussion of Noether’s theorems and the Calculus of Variations, for systems of differential equations governed by a variational principle. Noether’s theorems are discussed by Gelfand and Fomin (1963), Ibragimov (1985), Marsden and Ratiu (1994), Holm (2008a,b), Bluman and Kumei (1989)), Olver (1993), Anco and Bluman (1996, 1997, 2002a,b), and Bluman et al. (2010) and others. We use the analysis of Bluman and Kumei (1989) and Ibragimov (1985) as summarized by Webb et al. (2005b). Hydon and Mansfield (2011) give a clear presentation of Noether’s second theorem. The main aim is to briefly present Noether’s theorems and methods to derive conservation laws. Noether’s theorems link the symmetries of the action and conservation laws, for systems of differential equations governed by a variational principle.
Coal Structural Characterization by Advanced Techniques

Understanding of coal structure has improved markedly over the last decade. The review of the geochemical and macromolecular structure of coal showed that coal is expected to be a heterogeneous mixture composed of a macromolecular network of varying degrees of cross-linking with a molecular phase imbibed or associated with this network. The macromolecular network is thought to consist mostly of modified lignin remnants with a still unknown contribution of cellulose and melanoidin-type materials. In coals of mvb rank and lower, the network is considered to be cross-linked by alkyl and aryl ether groups with decreasing oxygen functional groups and increasing aromaticity at higher ranks. The dominant coalification process is likely to be similar to mild pyrolysis with weakly linked moieties in the coal network cleaved and eliminated during the low-temperature conversion processes of coal and an eventual increase in polycyclic aromatic structures. Because of coal’s inherent heterogeneity, a broad range of proven and developing coal characterization techniques is needed to describe and quantify coal structure. The recent progress in coal structure research has been reviewed by Haenel (1992), who points out that the significant progress made during the past decade is due, in large part, to the increasing number of research tools used to study coal structure. With a correlated and integrated program of coal characterization, important structural features of a coal can be better identified.
Solid-State Emulsions: The Effects of Process and Storage Conditions

The effects of process and storage conditions of solid-state emulsions were studied. Oil-in-water emulsions may be prepared from solid state emulsions by adding an aqueous phase to the solid. Solid-state emulsions are prepared by processing an oil phase and an aqueous solution of matrix material via a solvent removal process. Sucrose, the carrier material utilized in this report, results in a metastable solid or glass, which can transform upon aging to a more stable thermodynamic state. Aging was determined by monitoring the crystallinity as a function of time, temperature, relative humidity, and grinding. The crystallinity of solid-state emulsions was determined with X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. Results indicate that solid-state emulsions should be stored between 15 and 25% relative humidity at 25°C. Grinding has no apparent effect on the crystallinity of the sample, as detected by X-ray diffraction, although the microcrystallinity is increased. The utilization of silinized glassware enabled the sample-to-sample microcrystalline variability to be reduced.
Species Assemblages, Macroecology, and Global Change

An assemblage is a group of related species co-occurring at one spatial location at one point in time. They are a central object of study for ecologists. There are a few important commonly measured properties of organisms (e.g., body mass, energy flux, functional traits such as leaf mass per unit area) and properties of species (e.g., abundance and range size). Exploring the means, full frequency distributions, and covariances (interrelationships) of these properties are concise ways to describe assemblages. One can also examine how assemblages change across space and time. This approach of describing assemblages may provide a number of tools useful for understanding how humans are impacting assemblages.
Stable inheritance of bacterial plasmids: practical considerations in the release of organisms into the environment.

Most current applications of biotechnology involve the use of genetic engineering for the production of biologically active proteins in cells grown in fermenters. When such products are made in bacterial cells, gene constructs that yield large quantities of the desired product are employed using multicopy bacterial plasmid replicons. The continuing presence in the cell of a plasmid carrying the desired genes commonly can be assured by the addition of a selectable gene to the plasmid replicon and by growth under selective conditions. For fermentations of short duration, continued selection for the presence of the plasmid during the fermentation usually is not required.
Anagarika Dharmapala’s Meditation

ABSTRACTDharmapala was the son of a pious Buddhist family, although educated in missionary schools where he acquired knowledge of English and Christian scripture. English gave him access to Western...
How Newsrooms Use Eyewitness Media

Eyewitnesses capturing footage of news events has a long history. Over the past decade, the invention of the smartphone and the popularity of social networking sites, as a way of sharing videos and photos, has meant that many events, whether that is a protest, the aftermath of a terrorist incident, a weather event, or a human rights abuse will be captured by at least one (often multiple) camera, mostly held by untrained eyewitnesses who happen to be there. This chapter draws on empirical research into the impact of eyewitness media on newsrooms, human rights organizations, and audiences. It explores the barriers that exist around integrating this type of content into newsroom output or as evidence in a human rights case, and it surveys the legal and ethical challenges raised by eyewitness media as well as the impact of graphic imagery on the staff who monitor this content.
Testing a Brief Scale Format Self-affirmation Induction for Use in Health Communication Research and Practice

Research on self-affirmation has potential to inform the field’s understanding of health message resistance and acceptance. However, widely used self-affirmation instruments have several disadvanta...
Evolution Conserves the Network of Coupled Residues in Dihydrofolate Reductase

Understanding protein motions and their role in enzymatic reactions is an important and timely topic in enzymology. Protein motions that are involved in the chemical step of catalysis are particularly intriguing but difficult to identify. A global network of coupled residues in Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase (E. coli DHFR), which assists in catalyzing the chemical step, has previously been demonstrated through quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical and molecular dynamics simulations as well as bioinformatic analyses. A few specific residues (M42, G121, F125, and I14) were shown to function synergistically with measurements of single-turnover rates and the temperature dependence of intrinsic kinetic isotope effects (KIEsint) of site-directed mutants. This study hypothesizes that the global network of residues involved in the chemical step is evolutionarily conserved and probes homologous residues of the potential global network in human DHFR through measurements of the temperature dependence of KIEsint and computer simulations based on the empirical valence bond method. We study mutants M53W and S145V. Both of these remote residues are homologous to network residues in E. coli DHFR. Non-additive isotope effects on activation energy are observed between M53 and S145, indicating their synergistic effect on the chemical step in human DHFR, which suggests that both of these residues are part of a network affecting the chemical step in enzyme catalysis. This finding supports the hypothesis that human and E. coli DHFR share similar networks, consistent with evolutionary preservation of such networks.
Fumarate and oxidative stress synergize to promote stability of C/EBP homologous protein in the adipocyte

Abstract C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) is a transcription factor that is elevated in adipose tissue across many models of diabetes and metabolic stress. Although increased CHOP levels are associated with the terminal response to endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis, there is no evidence for CHOP mediated apoptosis in the adipose tissue during diabetes. CHOP protein levels increase in parallel with protein succination, a fumarate derived cysteine modification, in the adipocyte during metabolic stress. We investigated the factors contributing to sustained CHOP proteins levels in the adipocyte, with an emphasis on the regulation of CHOP protein turnover by metabolite-driven modification of Keap1 cysteines. CHOP protein stability was investigated in conditions of nutrient stress due to high glucose or elevated fumarate (fumarase knockdown model); where cysteine succination is specifically elevated. CHOP protein turnover is significantly reduced in models of elevated glucose and fumarate with a ~30% increase in CHOP stability (p > 0.01), in part due to decreased CHOP phosphorylation. Sustained CHOP levels occur in parallel with elevated heme-oxygenase-1, a production of increased Nrf2 transcriptional activity and Keap1 modification. While Keap1 is directly succinated in the presence of excess fumarate derived from genetic knockdown of fumarase (fumarate levels are elevated >20-fold), it is the oxidative modification of Keap1 that predominates in adipocytes matured in high glucose (fumarate increases 4–5 fold). Elevated fumarate indirectly regulates CHOP stability through the induction of oxidative stress. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) reduces fumarate levels, protein succination and CHOP levels in adipocytes matured in high glucose. Elevated CHOP does not contribute elevated apoptosis in adipocytes, but plays a redox-dependent role in decreasing the adipocyte secretion of interleukin-13, an anti-inflammatory chemokine. NAC treatment restores adipocyte IL-13 secretion, confirming the redox-dependent regulation of a potent anti-inflammatory eotaxin. This study demonstrates that physiological increases in the metabolite fumarate during high glucose exposure contributes to the presence of oxidative stress and sustained CHOP levels in the adipocyte during diabetes. The results reveal a novel metabolic link between mitochondrial metabolic stress and reduced anti-inflammatory adipocyte signaling as a consequence of reduced CHOP protein turnover.
TAAR1 and Psychostimulant Addiction

Trace amine-associated receptor 1 is one of the best-characterized receptors of trace amines. Growing evidence shows that TAAR1 negatively regulates the monoaminergic activity, including dopamine transmission in the mesocorticolimbic system. Neurochemical assays demonstrated that selective TAAR1 full and partial agonists were effective to prevent psychostimulants-induced dopamine transmission in vitro and in vivo. In the last decade, many preclinical models of psychostimulant addiction such as drug-induced behavioral sensitization, drug-induced conditioned place preference, drug self-administration, drug discrimination, and relapse models were used to assess the effects of TAAR1 agonists on psychostimulants’ behavioral effects. In general, activation of TAAR1 attenuated while knockout of TAAR1 potentiated psychostimulant abuse-related behaviors. Here, we review the advances in TAAR1 and its agonists in modulating psychostimulant addiction. We discuss the similarities and differences between the neurochemical and behavioral effects of TAAR1 full and partial agonists. We also discuss several concerns including the abuse liability, sleep reduction, and species-dependent effects that might affect the successful translation of TAAR1 agonists from preclinical studies to clinical application. In conclusion, although further investigations are in need to address certain concerns and the underlying neural mechanisms, TAAR1 agonists appear to be a promising pharmacotherapy to treat psychostimulant addiction and prevent relapse.
Solitary Water Waves with Ripples Beyond All Orders

The famous solitary water wave, first observed and studied by Russell in the mid-nineteenth century, is best known in a mathematical context as a solution of the Korteweg-de Vries equation, which describes long water waves of small amplitude. Solitary waves have received lasting attention because of their occurrence in several important physical settings, their striking persistence, and the remarkable structure of the KdV and related equations which has emerged over the last 25 years. Our interest here is in the extent to which actual solutions of the equations of water waves correspond to the soliton solution of the KdV. For the case in which surface tension is neglected, it was shown in the 1940’s and 1950’s by Lavrentiev and by Friedrichs and Hyers that there are exact progressing waves whose first approximation are the solitons of the KdV equation. The case with surface tension included is genuinely different, however, because of a resonance with linear waves of the same speed. The solitary waves have speed slightly greater than C 0 = √gh, where h is the depth of the water. Without surface tension, the linear waves of any wave number have speed < C 0, so that there is no overlap in the speeds of the two families. When surface tension is introduced, the dispersion relation changes, and the speed crosses C 0 as the wave number increases. Thus, in searching for a solitary wave of a certain speed, we may pick up the linear wave of the same speed. It appears that solitary waves can exist only in combination with the linear waves (called capillary waves or ripples), at least for most choices of the parameters.
Microbial Dose-Response Curves and Disinfection Efficacy Models Revisited

The same term “dose-response curve” describes the relationship between the number of ingested microbes or their logarithm, and the probability of acute illness or death (type I), and between a disinfectant’s dose and the targeted microbe’s survival ratio (type II), akin to survival curves in thermal and non-thermal inactivation kinetics. The most common model of type I curves is the cumulative form of the beta-Poisson distribution which is sometimes indistinguishable from the lognormal or Weibull distribution. The most notable survival kinetics models in static disinfection are of the Chick-Watson-Hom’s kind. Their published dynamic versions, however, should be viewed with caution. A microbe population’s type II dose-response curve, static and dynamic, can be viewed as expressing an underlying spectrum of individual vulnerabilities (or resistances) to the particular disinfectant. Therefore, such a curve can be described mathematically by the flexible Weibull distribution, whose scale parameter is a function of the disinfectant’s intensity, temperature, and other factors. But where the survival ratio’s drop is so steep that the static dose-response curve resembles a step function, the Fermi distribution function becomes a suitable substitute. The utility of the CT (or Ct) concept primarily used in water disinfection is challenged on theoretical grounds and its limitations highlighted. It is suggested that stochastic models of microbial inactivation could be used to link the fates of individual viruses or bacteria to their manifestation in the survival curve’s shape. Although the emphasis is on viruses and bacteria, most of the discussion is relevant to fungi, protozoa, and perhaps worms too.
Negative mood regulation expectancies moderate the effect of childhood maltreatment on compulsive buying

Objective Two studies investigated childhood maltreatment, alexithymia-the inability to identify one's mood-and negative mood regulation expectancies (NMRE)-confidence that one can alleviate one's negative moods-as predictors of compulsive buying (CB). Method Participants were recruited from internet CB forums and undergraduate psychology classes. Online, they completed questionnaires and a behavioral task that assessed impulsive spending. Results In Study 1 (N = 646), analyses indicated that NMRE, alexithymia, and childhood maltreatment were significant independent predictors of CB. For Study 2, a subset of participants from the Study 1 pool (N = 295) who met the criterion for clinical levels of CB were selected, based on their self-report. Analyses revealed that NMRE buffered the effect of maltreatment: among participants with high NMRE-higher levels of maltreatment were associated with minimal increases in CB and impulsive spending behavior. Conclusion Being confident that one can control one's unpleasant moods was a protective factor from the maladaptive consequences of childhood maltreatment. Increasing NMRE early in psychotherapy for CB may result in clients' using more adaptive coping strategies.
Geometric Response and Disclination-Induced Skin Effects in Non-Hermitian Systems.

We study the geometric response of three-dimensional non-Hermitian crystalline systems with nontrivial point-gap topology. For systems with fourfold rotation symmetry, we show that in the presence of disclination lines with a total Frank angle, which is an integer multiple of $2\ensuremath{\pi}$, there can be nontrivial one-dimensional point-gap topology along the direction of the disclination lines. This results in disclination-induced non-Hermitian skin effects. By doubling a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian to a Hermitian three-dimensional chiral topological insulator, we show that the disclination-induced skin modes are zero modes of the effective surface Dirac fermion(s) in the presence of a pseudomagnetic flux induced by disclinations. Furthermore, we find that our results have a field theoretic description, and the corresponding geometric response actions (e.g., the Euclidean Wen-Zee action) enrich the topological field theory of non-Hermitian systems.
Estimating pedestrian delay at signalized intersections using high-resolution event-based data: a finite mixture modeling method

It has been widely shown that pedestrians’ level of frustration grows with the increase of pedestrian delay, and may cause pedestrians to violate the signals. However, for agencies seeking to use m...
Modifikationen des Spielkonzepts

Bei dem Versuch, die Theorie der n-Personenspiele auf okonomische Probleme anzuwenden, zeigt sich haufig, das kleine Spiele (d.h. Spiele mit einer geringen Anzahl von Spielern) kaum geeignet sind, die Situation des „freien“ Marktes zu beschreiben. Daher benotigt man Spiele mit einer sehr grosen Spielerzahl, damit der Einflus des einzelnen Spielers auf die Auszahlungen der anderen vernachlassigt werden kann. Die „Zahl“ mus zweckmasig so gros sein, wie die „Anzahl“ der Punkte einer Strecke (etwa das Intervall [0, 1])
Chapter 16 Regulation of Natural Monopoly

Abstract This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the theoretical and empirical literature on the regulation of natural monopolies. It covers alternative definitions of natural monopoly, public interest regulatory goals, alternative regulatory institutions, price regulation with full information, price regulation with imperfect and asymmetric information, and topics on the measurement of the effects of price and entry regulation in practice. The chapter also discusses the literature on network access and pricing to support the introduction of competition into previously regulated monopoly industries.
Solution Focused Sex Therapy of Erectile Dysfunction

Abstract Brief solution focused therapy has been used for many client problems such as substance abuse, and sexual-abuse survivors. However, the literature is scant regarding the topic of brief solution focused therapy and the treatment for sexual concerns, specifically the treatment of erectile dysfunction with combined factors. This paper explores the implementation of solution focused therapy for the treatment of erectile dysfunction and sexual concerns in a married middle-aged couple, with significant success. Finally, a call for greater exploration of this treatment for clients with sexual concerns is made.
Interrelated Causes of Plant Invasion

In his or her Perspective, Blumenthal discusses how plants from high-resource habitats are often poorly defended, nutritious, and strongly regulated by enemies. Consequently, these species may benefit the most by entering new habits to escape their natural enemies. This hypothesis predicts that high-resource invasive species may be particularly susceptible to biological control and that increases in resource availability will favor exotic plants.
Art of Being Tuareg: Sahara Nomads in the Modern World

Reviewed Medium: book Year: 2006 Pages: 292 Publisher: UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History ISBN: 0-9748729-6-2 (hard cover). Prices: $75.00 USD(hard cover).
Multiplicity dependence on the number of projectile collisions in hadron-nucleus interactions

When high-energy beams of 800, 400 and 300 GeV proton and 200 GeV pion interact in nuclear emulsion, a number of grey particles is produced which are correlated to the number of hadron-nucleon collisions inside the target nucleus. The dependence of multiplicity, its dispersion and the rapidity distributions on the number of projectile collisions are discussed.
What is Wrong with Wrongdoing

This short article, which was prepared for a conference on civil recourse theory at Florida State University School of Law, asks whether Blackstone’s rejection of maintenance is inconsistent with the theoretical commitments of modern civil recourse theory. Blackstone strongly believed that third parties should not help victims of wrongdoing discover that they have been wronged, this article asks whether modern civil recourse theory is committed to the position (now in retreat throughout common law nations) that third parties who help strangers’ lawsuits are acting against the public interest (or, as Blackstone put it, are “pests of society . . . disturbing their neighbor’s repose”). I argue that although modern civil recourse theory is not committed to repeating Blackstone’s mistake, the reasons why are illuminating. One possible justification for Blackstone’s position is that he believed that a victim who did not know that she was wronged suffered no legal wrong at all. This justification is based on the error of equating subjective experience with juridical fact. What, however, is the basis of the juridical fact of being wronged in civil recourse theory if it is not the subjective experience of mistreatment at the hands of a private law wrongdoer? According to civil recourse, tort victims are wronged because they have suffered a mistreatment in law. The article argues that it is only once victims learn the facts necessary to ground the conclusion that they have been legally wronged (as opposed to injured) – a state of affairs that may not take place until months if not years after the initial injury – that their subjective experience of being wronged comes into alignment with the juridical fact that they suffered a mistreatment in law. If this analysis is correct, the “resentment” experienced by victims, which civil recourse identifies as a justification for holding wrongdoers accountable in law, is not grounded in the victim’s own subjective interests (although it often coincides with that) but the victim’s interest in the enforcement of obligations created by the state. The article concludes that, if this analysis of “wrongs” in tort is correct, then there is no conflict between litigation finance and civil recourse theory, since the civil recourse theorist – Blackstone – should endorse a practice that promotes the enforcement of obligations created by the state by those whom the state has empowered to enforce them, regardless of whether the victims of tort experienced (or suffered) any non-legal wrong.
A novel lenticular arena to quantify locomotor competence in walking fruit flies.

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: [Mekdara NT, Goto JJ, Choudhury S, Mekdara PJ, Yingst N, Cao Y, Berg O, Muller UK. 2012. A novel lenticular arena to quantify locomotor competence in walking fruit flies. J. Exp. Zool. 317A:382–394], which has been published in final form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.1731. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.
Determining the Molecular Weight Distribution of Cotton Cellulose: A New GPC Solvent:

Dimethylimidazolidinone/lithium chloride (DMI/LiCL) is shown to be an effective solvent system for a variety of celluloses, including the high molecular weight cellulose of cotton, when a swelling pretreatment in sodium hydroxide is incorporated. DMI/0.5% LiCl is suitable for use as a mobile phase in gel permeation chromatography to determine the molecular weight of cellulose. The results of using the DMI/LiCl solvent system to determine molecular weight parameters (number-average, weight-average, and peak mo lecular weight) of a variety of celluloses (cotton, rayon, tencel, linen, ramie, flax, kenaf) are reported.
Field Trials to Test the Efficacy of Polyvalent Marek’s Disease Vaccines in Layer and Broiler Breeder Chickens

Abstract As a follow-up to earlier trials to evaluate the efficacy of polyvalent Marek’s disease (MD) vaccines in broilers, four trials were conducted with layer or broiler breeder flocks. Chickens caccinated with trivalent (Md11/75C plus SB-1 plus HVT) and bivalent (SB-1 plus HVT) vaccines were compared with those vaccinated with turkey herpesvirus (HVT) alone. Data from three of the four trials indicated polyvalent vaccines were more efficacious than HVT. However, critical interpretations were confounded by low MD lesion frequencies, unequal exposure in different houses on a farm, and difficulty in the differential diagnosis of mortality due to neoplasms. The data confirmed our earlier observation that trivalent and bivalent vaccines were equally effective. Broiler progeny of breeders vaccinated or contact-infected with Serotype 2 MD virus were well protected by either bivalent or HVT vaccines against challenge with very virulent MD virus strains in the laboratory. A high incidence of lymphoid leukosis was observed in two trials and may have been due to post-hatch exposure to an unidentified environmental source of avian leukosis virus.
A Mammalian Iron ATPase Induced by Iron

While molecular mechanisms for iron entry and storage within cells have been elucidated, no system to mediate iron efflux has been heretofore identified. We now describe an ATP requiring iron transporter in mammalian cells. (55)Fe is transported into microsomal vesicles in a Mg-ATP-dependent fashion. The transporter is specific for ferrous iron, is temperature- and time-dependent, and detected only with hydrolyzable nucleotides. It differs from all known ATPases and appears to be a P-type ATPase. The Fe-ATPase is localized together with heme oxygenase-1 to microsomal membranes with both proteins greatly enriched in the spleen. Iron treatment markedly induces ATP-dependent iron transport in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells with an initial phase that is resistant to cycloheximide and actinomycin D and a later phase that is inhibited by these agents. Iron release, elicited in intact rats by glycerol-induced rhabdomyolysis, induces ATP-dependent iron transport in the kidney. Mice with genomic deletion of heme oxygenase-1 have selective tissue iron accumulation and display augmented ATP-dependent iron transport in those tissues that accumulate iron.
Person Perception Change, Its Possibilities for Clinical Application.

The purpose of this study is to determine if what has been learned by social psychologists in the area of perception can be useful in effecting changes in person perception of another. Three studies were conducted in an attempt to effect changes in person perception. Subjects were presented a perception stimulus, assessed for their perception, given a treatment or control condition, presented the stimulus again, and then reassessed. The experimental stimuli presented were a policeman issuing a traffic citation, an elderly couple, and socially unskilled graduate student. Three treatments were investigated: 1) arousal of empathy, 2) instruction in the process of impression formation, and 3) analysis and challenging of irrational perceptions. Results were inconclusive but suggest direction for future research. The implications of such research are discussed.
A History of Microprocessor Development at Intel

In its first decude, the ''computer on a chip'' has achieved power, applicability, and pervasiveness unimagined even by its developers.
Infrared multiphoton dissociation for quantitative shotgun proteomics.

We modified a dual-cell linear ion trap mass spectrometer to perform infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) in the low pressure trap of a dual-cell quadrupole linear ion trap (dual cell QLT) and perform large-scale IRMPD analyses of complex peptide mixtures. Upon optimization of activation parameters (precursor q-value, irradiation time, and photon flux), IRMPD subtly, but significantly outperforms resonant excitation CAD for peptides identified at a 1% false-discovery rate (FDR) from a yeast tryptic digest (95% confidence, p = 0.019). We further demonstrate that IRMPD is compatible with the analysis of isobaric-tagged peptides. Using fixed QLT RF amplitude allows for the consistent retention of reporter ions, but necessitates the use of variable IRMPD irradiation times, dependent upon precursor mass-to-charge (m/z). We show that IRMPD activation parameters can be tuned to allow for effective peptide identification and quantitation simultaneously. We thus conclude that IRMPD performed in a dual-cell ion trap is an effective option for the large-scale analysis of both unmodified and isobaric-tagged peptides.
Accurate nanometer-scale imaging and measurements with SEM

Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) are incredibly versatile instruments for millimeter to nanometer scale imaging and measurements of size and shape. New methods to improve repeatability and accuracy have been implemented on the so-called Reference SEMs at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). These methods include: 1) very fast digital imaging and real-time corrective composition of SEM images, showing superiority over both traditional fast or slow image collection methods; 2) high-precision sample stage with laser interferometry, providing traceability and compensation for stage drift and vibration with sub-nanometer performance; and 3) contamination and charging mitigation through hydrogen and oxygen plasma cleaning. These new methods can be applied in other SEMS as well to realize quantitative scanning electron microscopy.
The origin of the pseudopotential density functional method. Perspective on “Microscopic theory of phase transformation and lattice dynamics of Si”

This paper provides an overview of the title paper by Yin and Cohen. I will briefly review some of the background for this work, provide some details of the calculations and discuss how this paper has influenced the field. In particular, this paper led to the development of the first realistic calculations for the structural energies of solids. It was the origin of the pseudopotential density functional method applied to the solid state.
AVOIDING SPECIFICATION ERRORS IN ESTIMATING THE VALUE OF TIME

Sources of specification as well as measurement error in previous estimates of the value of time are examined in this paper, and a new set of estimates avoiding these errors is presented. The sources of specification error being analyzed are: (1) failure to take account of drivers' uncertainty in making their choices between alternative routes or modes, which was found empirically to bias the value of time estimate 50 percent or more; (2) the differential in comfort and similar intangible characteristics between two modes; and (3) the inability to account for cross-time substitutions by travelers in peak-hour conditions. Ways of avoiding these sources of error are suggested and implemented. The choice between “reported” and “measured” data is re-examined, with an emphasis on random rather than systematic perception errors by travelers. Some resulting estimates are: $1.91 per hour per adult for off-peak work trips, $2.08 for off-peak social-recreational trips, and $5.17 for peak-hour work trips.
Ultrathin Au nanowires and their transport properties.

This paper presents a facile synthesis of single-crystalline Au nanowires by reduction of HAuCl4 in oleic acid and oleylamine. The diameter of these micron-meter-long Au nanowires is controlled to be 3 and 9 nm by volume ratio of oleylamine and oleic acid. When linked between two gold electrodes, the 9 nm Au nanowire shows good electron conductivity with its breakdown current density reaching 3.5 × 1012 A/m2. This demonstrates that the chemically made ultrathin Au nanowires can be used as a molecular-scale interconnect for nanoelectronic applications.
A comparison of alternative kanban control mechanisms. I. Background and structural results

The design of inventory control policies for serial systems is a topic currently being explored by a number of researchers. Our goal -in two papers - is to synthesize and extend some of these efforts. We consider, simultaneously, four sources of variability in production lines - processing time variability, machine breakdowns, rework and yield loss - and show some similarities and differences in their effects on the performance of the line. In this paper we introduce an enhanced model that accommodates raw material and demand uncertainity and demonstrate that many of the sample path results obtained previously can be extended. The main objectives of this paper are: (1) to demonstrate that Constant-Work-in-Process (CONWIP) and the traditional kanban control are just two extremes in a finite family of implementable pull controls; (2) to show that while machine breakdowns, rework and random processing times have a similar effect in terms of the optimal decisions, yield losses in the line may have to be manag...