cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A transgenic animal model of osmotic cataract. Part 1: over-expression of bovine Na+/myo-inositol cotransporter in lens fibers.

PURPOSE. Intracellular osmotic stress is believed to be linked to the advancement of diabetic cataract. Although the accumulation of organic osmolytes (myo-inositol, sorbitol, taurine) is thought to protect the lens by maintaining osmotic homeostasis, the physiologic implication of osmotic imbalance (i.e., hyperosmotic stress caused by intracellular over-accumulation of organic osmolytes) on diabetic cataract formation is not clearly understood. Studies from this laboratory have identified several osmotic compensatory mechanisms thought to afford the lens epithelium, but not the lens fibers, protection from water stress during intervals of osmotic crisis. This model is founded on the supposition that the fibers of the lens are comparatively more susceptible to damage by osmotic insult than is the lens epithelium. To test this premise, several transgenic mouse lines were developed that over-express the bovine sodium/myo-inositol cotransporter (bSMIT) gene in lens fiber cells. METHODS. Of the several transgenic mouse lines generated, two, MLR14 and MLR21, were analyzed in detail. Transgenic mRNA expression was analyzed in adult and embryonic transgenic mice by a coupled reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and in situ hybridization on embryonic tissue sections, respectively. Intralenticular myo-inositol content from individual mouse lenses was quantified by anion exchange chromatography and pulsed electrochemical detection. Ocular histology of embryonic day 15.5 (E15.5) embryos from both transgenic (TG) families was analyzed and compared to their respective nontransgenic (NTG) littermates. RESULTS. Both RT‐PCR and in situ hybridization determined that transgene expression was higher in line MLR21 than in line MLR14. Consistent with this, intralenticular myo-inositol from MLR21 TG mice was markedly higher compared with NTG littermates or MLR14 TG mice. Histologic analysis of E15.5 MLR21 TG embryos disclosed a marked swelling in the differentiating fibers of the bow region and subcapsular fibers of the central zone, whereas the lens epithelium appeared morphologically normal. The lenticular changes, initiated early during lens development in TG MLR21 embryos, result in severe bilateral nuclear cataracts readily observable in neonates under normal rearing and dietary conditions. In contrast, TG MLR14 pups reared under standard conditions produced no lens opacity. CONCLUSIONS. Lens fiber swelling and related cataractous outgrowth positively correlated to the degree of lens bSMIT gene expression and intralenticular myo-inositol content. The affected (i.e., swollen) lens fibers appeared to be unable to cope with the water stress generated by the transgene-induced over-accumulation of myo-inositol and, as a result of this inability to osmoregulate, suffered osmotic damage due to water influx. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999;40:1727‐1737)
Psychopathology and Classification

Psychopathology is generally defined as psychological, behavioral, or social dysfunction that is atypical and maladaptive, and which causes clinically significant distress or impairment in multiple domains of life. The aim of this chapter is to give an overview of psychopathology by reviewing its history and introducing the basic diagnostic criteria for a broad range of mental disorders. Throughout this review, we will focus on the main classification systems currently used in clinical research and practice, namely the DSM-5 and the ICD-10. The chapter opens with the history of the classification of psychopathology, describing how humans have changed from seeing mental illness as an expression of supernatural powers, to viewing it as a set of disorders that can be distinguished and defined. We will then discuss the development of the DSM and ICD classification systems, and how the diagnostic criteria contained in these manuals have gradually changed in accordance with advancements in psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacologic research. This section also includes a discussion of the ways in which these diagnostic systems represent a unified perspective of psychopathology across cultures, as well as the cross-cultural differences in how societies perceive and treat mental disorders. The core portion of the chapter describes the main psychopathological categories and disorders, providing a review of diagnostic criteria, clinical features, prevalence rates, and any cultural considerations or distinctions relevant to the particular disorder.
Spectrum Sharing of Wi-Fi and DSRC In The 5.9 GHz Band

Given the likely government mandate, every new vehicle in the near future is expected to have the capability of "talking" to each other. DSRC is the primary technology that has been developed to implement this capability. Via DSRC technology, vehicles are able to periodically share their status information with other nearby traffic participants, thereby improving situational awareness among all traffic participants. Although much prior work has demonstrated that DSRC technology is adequate to support safety message exchanges, several challenges remain, among which the coexistence of legacy wireless technologies, such as Wi-Fi, and DSRC in the 5.9 GHz band is actively discussed in both the U.S. and Europe. Compared to conventional spectrum sharing scenarios, such as unlicensed devices sharing TV whitespaces, the safety-critical nature of DSRC transmissions places stricter requirements on the effectiveness of spectrum sharing mechanisms. As part of my thesis, I conduct such an analysis by identifying fundamental challenges of sharing the 5.9 GHz band between DSRC and Wi-Fi, providing guidance on challenging scenarios where Wi-Fi devices are not able to provide adequate protection to DSRC devices, and evaluating the performance of two recently proposed spectrum sharing mechanisms, Detect&Vacate and Detect&Mitigate, under these challenging scenarios.
Should Investors Be Fearful of the Halloween Effect

This study is to determine if a reported seasonal anomaly referred to as the Halloween Effect provides a profit making opportunity for investors. The Halloween Effect hypothesis recommends owning stocks for the period from November through April with the other months avoided, practically making it. a Sell-in-May strategy. Studies by Bouman and Jacobsen (2002), Witte (2010), and Swargerman and Novakovic (2010) supported existence of the Halloween Effect. However, this study indicates that stock markets in the United States do not allow exploitable opportunities related to the Halloween Effect, so the stock markets are efficient, dismissing the alleged seasonal anomaly
A Combined Aqueous Two-Phase System and Spot-Test Platform for the Rapid Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Milk:

Foodborne illnesses are a public health concern in the United States and worldwide. Recent outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 have brought to light the need for improved ways to detect foodborne pathogens and minimize serious outbreaks. Unfortunately, current methods for the detection of foodborne pathogens are time intensive and complex. In this study, we designed a spot immunoassay that uses a UCON-potassium phosphate salt aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) for the preconcentration of O157:H7. This platform was tested with samples of O157:H7 spiked in phosphate-buffered saline and milk. The ATPS was found to improve the detection limit of the spot test, yielding detection at 106 cfu/mL within 30 min. This is the first known application of ATPSs to spot immunoassays. Moreover, detection was successfully achieved without upstream processing or dilution of the sample prior to testing, thereby further simplifying the detection process. This technology's ease of use, sensitivity, and short time to result highlight its potential to advance the spot test as a viable diagnostic tool for foodborne pathogens.
An investigation of the accuracy and reliability of body composition assessed with a handheld electrical impedance myography device.

The purpose of this study was to compare the body fat per cent (BF%) assessed with a unique handheld electrical impedance myography (EIM) device, along with other popular methods, to dual-energy X-...
Cam-Driven, Constant-Acceleration Mössbauer Spectrometer

Mossbauer spectroscopy relies on the first-order relativistic energy shift (ΔE = v/c Eγ) to produce a small (approx. 1:1010 to 1:1014) energy shift in gamma-ray energy, thereby destroying the condition for resonant absorption. For the recoilless radiation emitted by Fes57m and Sn119m, the maximum velocity needed for the study of isomer shift, quadrupole spiittings, and magnetic hyperfine structure is of the order of 1 cm/sec. In general, two types of spectrometers have been used—constant velocity and constant acceleration. The constant-velocity spectrometer, such as constructed from a lathe motion, receives data at one velocity and then is reset to obtain data at a new velocity. Usually each velocity is sampled only once or at most a few times during a run, and any instrumental drifts (detector high voltage, amplifier gain, etc.) or decay of the source will be reflected in the data. For these reasons, constant-velocity spectrometers are usually restricted to cases involving small changes in line shape.
On Göde's Philosophical Assumptions

Etude des presupposes philosophiques des travaux de Godel en logique et mathematiques. Rapprochant la notion de monde actuel chez Godel a la notion de monde possible chez Leibniz, l'A. montre que la position philosophique du logicien est souvent designee comme un platonisme a cause de sa conception actualiste et objectiviste de la verite logique et de la verite mathematique. Soulevant la question de la completude et de l'incompletude dans le domaine de la logique du premier ordre, l'A. souligne la faiblesse de la conception de l'intuition mathematique chez Godel qui est a l'oeuvre dans sa methode d'axiomatisation de la theorie des ensembles
The Pioneer Schools of Occupation: Reflections for Current Practice

The Pioneer Schools of Occupation: Can They Teach Us Anything Today? This study reviews the development of the pioneer schools of occupation and their curriculum or program design between 1906 and 1923. The purposes are to document the existence of the schools, to explore the issues in establishing the schools, and to compare and contrast concepts stated in early curriculum models with those in current models of practice. The dates were selected to examine ideas before the passage of the Minimum Standards for Courses of Training in Occupational Therapy by the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA) outlining a consensus course of study.
Compensation of 3D-2D model mismatch in ultrasound computed tomography with the aid of convolutional neural networks (Conference Presentation)

Ultrasound computed tomography (USCT) is an emerging computed imaging modality that holds great promise for breast cancer screening. Waveform inversion-based image reconstruction methods that are based on the wave equation can produce speed of sound (SOS) images with improved spatial resolution over those produced by ray-based methods. However, waveform inversion methods are computationally demanding and the computational burden increases significantly when wave propagation is conducted in the 3D domain. Experimental systems that are carefully designed with elevationally focused transducers allow the reconstruction of SOS over a 3D volume to be estimated as a reconstruction of a stack of 2D slices. This allows us to circumvent the computational burden associated with 3D waveform inversion by applying full-waveform inversion (FWI) algorithms in the computationally attractive 2D domain. In such scenario, there is a model mismatch between the 2D model employed in the reconstruction process, and the 3D model that represents the true physics of wave propagation. The mismatch is more pronounced when the medium properties are inhomogeneous in 3D and can have deleterious effects on the reconstructed FWI images. To overcome this issue, we propose to implement a convolutional neural network that can map a 3D USCT dataset to its equivalent 2D USCT dataset. The transformed data can then be subsequently employed in a 2D waveform inversion algorithm, allowing for mitigation of artifacts due to the 3D-2D model mismatch without significant increase in computational cost. Reconstructed images from realistic numerical breast phantoms are employed to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the approach.
Crop Biodiversity: An Unfinished Magnum Opus of Nature

Crop biodiversity is one of the major inventions of humanity through the process of domestication. It is also an essential resource for crop improvement to adapt agriculture to ever-changing conditions like global climate change and consumer preferences. Domestication and the subsequent evolution under cultivation have profoundly shaped the genetic architecture of this biodiversity. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of crop biodiversity. Topics include the reduction of genetic diversity during domestication and counteracting factors, a discussion of the relationship between parallel phenotypic and genotypic evolution, the role of plasticity in genotype × environment interactions, and the important role subsistence farmers play in actively maintaining crop biodiversity and in participatory breeding. Linking genotype and phenotype remains the holy grail of crop biodiversity studies.
A Functional Approach to Judicial Review of PTAB Rulings on Mixed Questions of Law and Fact

The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (“Federal Circuit”) has long relied on active appellate review to bring uniformity and clarity to patent law. It initially treated the PTO the same as the federal district courts, reviewing its factual findings for clear error and its legal conclusions de novo. Following reversal by the Supreme Court in Dickinson v. Zurko, the Federal Circuit began giving greater deference to PTO factual findings. But it continued to review the PTO’s legal conclusions de novo, while coding an expansive list of disputed issues in patent cases as legal conclusions, even when they rest on subsidiary factfinding. Congress expanded the role of the PTO in adjudicating challenges to patent validity in the Leahy–Smith America Invents Act of 2011 (“AIA”), authorizing new adjudicatory proceedings before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (“PTAB”) as an alternative to federal district court litigation. The AIA provides for Federal Circuit review of PTAB decisions, without specifying standards of review. The scope of review could determine the success of these proceedings as a quicker, cheaper, and more expert alternative to district court litigation of patent challenges. The Federal Circuit applies the same standards of review to PTAB decisions in AIA proceedings that it applies to other PTO rulings, reviewing legal conclusions de novo and factual findings for substantial evidence. It also follows the same characterizations of issues as legal or factual that it has long used in the context of court/court review. In the past, by maximizing the scope of appellate review, these characterizations allowed the Federal Circuit to exercise greater quality control over generalist trial courts with limited competence to resolve patent matters. The net benefits are more dubious as applied to decisions of expert PTAB panels in AIA adjudications. Yet reversal rates at the Federal Circuit are essentially the same for PTAB decisions as for decisions of district courts in patent cases, threatening to frustrate a system designed to improve patent quality while limiting litigation costs. This Essay reconsiders the proper scope of judicial review of PTAB rulings on two issues that the Federal Circuit codes as legal conclusions with factual underpinnings: nonobviousness and claim interpretation. Drawing on a functional approach to judicial review of mixed questions of law and fact, it argues for more deferential review of PTAB rulings on nonobviousness and claim interpretation given the expertise of the administrative tribunal and the case-specificity of the rulings. The Federal Circuit would do better to confine de novo review to generalizable legal rulings that provide guidance in future matters rather than replicating the work of the PTAB from the appellate bench on routine case-specific rulings.
Freshmen weight and body composition change determinants: A scoping review.

AbstractObjective: Scoping review of freshmen weight and body composition change determinants in order to inform practice, policymaking, and research that improve health and well-being. Methods: A ...
Demo: An All-in-One Community LTE Network

We will introduce and demonstrate CoLTE, an all-in-one solution for LTE-based community networks. CoLTE is a lightweight, Internet-only LTE core network (EPC) based on OpenAirInterface. CoLTE is designed to facilitate the deployment and operation of small-scale, community owned and operated LTE networks, with a particular eye towards expanding Internet access into rural areas with limited and unreliable backhaul. CoLTE comes paired with a basic, IP-based network manager called Haulage, as well as basic locally-hosted webservices. The key differentiator of CoLTE, when compared to existing LTE solutions, is that in CoLTE the EPC is designed to be located in the field and deployed alongside a small number of cellular radios (eNodeBs), as opposed to the centralized model seen in large-scale telecom networks.
Feasibility of real-time cine cardiac magnetic resonance imaging to predict the presence of significant retrosternal adhesions prior to redo-sternotomy.

Injury to vital structures posterior to the sternum is a complication associated with redo sternotomy in congenital cardiac surgery. The goal of our study was a novel evaluation of real-time cine cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) to predict the presence of significant retrosternal adhesions of cardiac and vascular structures prior to redo sternotomy in patients with congenital heart disease. Twenty-three patients who had prior congenital heart surgery via median sternotomy had comprehensive CMR studies prior to redo sternotomy. The real time cine (RTC) sequence that was used is an ungated balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) sequence using SENSitivity Encoding for acceleration with real-time reconstruction. Spontaneously breathing patients were instructed to take deep breaths during the acquisition whilst increased tidal volumes were delivered to mechanically ventilated patients. All patients underwent redo cardiac surgery subsequently and the presence and severity of retrosternal adhesions were noted at the time of the redo sternotomies. Median age at the time of CMR and operation were 5.5 years (range, 0.2–18.4y) and 6.1 years (range, 0.3–18.8y) respectively. There were 15 males and 8 females in the study group. Preoperative retrosternal adhesions were identified on RTC in 13 patients and confirmed in 11 (85%) at the time of surgery. In only 2 patients, no adhesions were identified on CMR but were found to have significant retrosternal adhesions at surgery; false positive rate 15% (CI 0.4–29.6%), false negative rate 20% (CI 3.7–36.4%). The total classification error of the real time cine sequence was 17% (CI 1.7–32.4%) with an overall accuracy of 83% (CI 67.7–98.4%). Standard breath-hold cine images correlated poorly with surgical findings and did not increase the diagnostic yield. RTC imaging can predict the presence of significant retrosternal adhesions and thus help in risk assessment prior to redo sternotomy. These findings complement the surgical planning and potentially reduce surgical complications .
Left atrial thrombus mimicking myxoma in a patient with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: Diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the development of arteriovenous malformations. The arteriovenous shunts may result in high output heart failure, which predisposes to atrial dilatation and atrial fibrillation. Due to recurrent bleeding from epistaxis or the gastrointestinal tract, patients with HHT and atrial fibrillation are at high risk of bleeding if anticoagulated for stroke prevention. In this report, we present a case of a 74-year-old woman with a history of HHT and atrial fibrillation who developed a large left atrial thrombus that initially was thought to represent an atrial myxoma. The diagnosis was confirmed with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and the patient underwent surgical resection of the thrombus. This case demonstrates the role of different imaging modalities in the assessment of left atrial masses and presents an opportunity to review the data on safety of anticoagulation in patients with HHT.
Draft Genome Sequence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Livingstone 1236H, a Desiccation-Resistant Strain That Poses a Salmonellosis Hazard in Low-Moisture Foods.

ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica serovar Livingstone 1236H was isolated originally from peanut butter and represents a health risk in low-moisture foods. The current work presents the strain’s genome sequencing results, which show a 4,824,729-bp genome sequence and 4,435 protein coding sequences, including some that are involved in adaptation to low-moisture environments.
Structural Basis of the Stereochemistry of Inhibition of Tryptophan Synthase by Tryptophan and Derivatives

We have examined the reaction of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium tryptophan (Trp) synthase α2β2 complex with l-Trp, d-Trp, oxindolyl-l-alanine (OIA), and dioxindolyl-l-alanine (DOA) in the ...
Gas pile‐up, gap overflow and Type 1.5 migration in circumbinary discs: application to supermassive black hole binaries

We study the interaction of a supermassive black hole (SMBH) binary and a standard radiatively efficient thin accretion disk. We examine steady-state configurations of the disk and migrating SMBH system, self-consistently accounting for tidal and viscous torques and heating, radiative diffusion limited cooling, gas and radiation pressure, and the decay of the binary’s orbit. We obtain a “phase diagram” of the system as a function of binary parameters, showing regimes in which both the disk structure and migration have a different character. Although massive binaries can create a central gap in the disk at large radii, the tidal barrier of the secondary causes a significant pile– up of gas outside of its orbit, which can lead to the closing of the gap. We find that this spillover occurs at an orbital separation as large as � 200M −1/2 7 gravitational radii, where M• = 10 7 M7 M⊙ is the total binary mass. If the secondary is less massive than � 10 6 M⊙, then the gap is closed before gravitational waves (GWs) start dominating the orbital decay. In this regime, the disk is still strongly perturbed, but the piled-up gas continuously overflows as in a porous dam, and crosses inside the secondary’s orbit. The corresponding migration rate, which we label Type 1.5, is slower than the usual limiting cases known as Type I and II migration. Compared to an unperturbed disk, the steady-state disk in the overflowing regime is up to several hundred times brighter in the optical bands. Surveys such as PanSTARRS or LSST may discover the periodic variability of this population of binaries. Our results imply that the circumbinary disks around SMBHs can extend to small radii during the last stages of their merger, when they are detectable by LISA, and may produce coincident electromagnetic (EM) emission similar to active galactic nuclei (AGN).
The Ethical Challenges of Academic Administration

Introduction: Ethical Tasks of Academic Administrators, Brian Schrag, Elaine Englehardt, Michael S. Pritchard, and Kerry Romesburg.- Ethical Dimensions of Presidential Leadership, Kerry Romesburg.- Academic Ethics in Higher Education Administration: The Dimensions of Decisions, Elaine Englehardt.- Through the Looking Glass: Ethics and Academic Administration, Brian Schrag.- On the Dark Side, Donna Werner.- Caught in the Middle: On Being a Department Chair, Michael S. Pritchard.- Cardinal Virtues of Academic Administration, Randall Curren.- Mission and Academic Administration, Aine Donovan.- Educated Warfare: Adversary Relations in the Groves of Academe, Lisa Newton.- Collaborative Administration: Academics and Administrators in Higher Education, Susan Martinelli-Fernandez.- How Should the Policy Apply? Trustworthy Decisions in the Administration of Graduate Academic Programs, Michael C. Loui.- On Telling Faculty the Truth, A. David Kline.- The Paradox of Administrating Unethically and Believing Oneself Ethical: A Case Study on Academic Administration from the 1890's, Bruce A. Kimball.- Cases and Commentaries.'One Million Dollar Matching Grant' , Kerry Romesburg. Commentary: Elaine Englehardt 'Polluting Donor', Kerry Romesburg. Commentary: Lisa H. Newton.- 'Conflict of Interest in Hiring' and 'Fair Practices in Hiring', Donna Werner. Commentary: Susan Poser. 'Prevention and Restoration', Brennan Jacoby and Michael S. Pritchard. Commentary: Deborah G. Johnson. Commentary: Randall Curren.
Automated Truck Platoon Control and Field Test

This chapter presents the results of experiments on coordinated automatic longitudinal control of a platoon of three Class 8 tractor-trailer trucks, using 5.9 GHz DSRC with 100 ms update intervals for coordination. The trucks were tested not only in constant-speed cruising conditions, but also through acceleration and deceleration profiles, up and down grades, and in platoon join and split maneuvers using the DSRC coordination. These tests showed good vehicle following accuracy, ride quality and platoon stability. The desired gaps between the trucks were varied between 10 and 4 m to evaluate the effects of aerodynamic drag reductions on fuel savings. The most complete set of drag data, at the 6 m gap, shows fuel savings of about 4–5 % for the lead truck and in the range of 10–14 % for the following trucks. The effects of platoon gap variations between 10 and 4 m were more difficult to determine with certainty because strong ambient winds during those tests led to large differences in the results depending on the truck direction of travel, but the results imply a significant potential for larger savings at the shorter gaps.
Cognitive apprenticeship and the supervision of science and engineering research assistants

We explore and critically reflect on the process of science and engineering research assistant skill development both within laboratory-based research teams and, when no team is present, within the faculty supervisor-research assistant interactions. Using a performance-based measure of research skill development, we identify research assistants who, over the course of an academic year of service as a researcher, markedly developed, modestly developed, or failed to develop their research skills. Interviews with these research assistants and their faculty supervisors, seen through the lens of cognitive apprenticeship, provide insight into this variation. We found that within the contours of supervisory relationships and research teams, research skill development is indelibly shaped, for better or worse, by supervisor influence and abundant trial-and-error.
Reproductive outcomes in men with karyotype abnormalities: Case report and review of the literature

Reciprocal translocations of autosomal chromosomes are present in about 1/625 men, yet often there are no symptoms except primary infertility. Abnormal segregation during meiosis often produces sperm and subsequent embryos with unbalanced translocations that often ultimately result in spontaneous abortions. We report on a 37-year-old man and his 39-year-old wife who complained of primary infertility. Previous in vitro fertilization (IVF) had resulted in pregnancy, but two spontaneous abortions. Upon chromosomal testing, the man was diagnosed with a reciprocal translocation and his wife was diagnosed with mosaic Turner’s syndrome. Through testicular sperm extraction (TESE) and IVF with preimplantation genetic screening (PGS), they succeeded in having two healthy children. Since men with different karyotype abnormalities can have male infertility, we reviewed the literature and summarized the reproductive outcomes for men with both autosome and sex chromosomal karyotype abnormalities.
East-West Asymmetry of Magnetic Bottle Expansion and its Relation to Shock Waves Propagating in the Solar Atmosphere

(Solar Phys.). It is known that the sources of metric type IV radio bursts generally move outwards with speed of a few to several hundred km s-1 in the solar atmosphere and envelope (e.g., Kundu, 1965; Smerd and Dulk, 1971; Wild and Smerd, 1972). These sources consist of magnetic lines of force being stretched out from the flare regions and relativistic electrons being trapped by these field lines. They are often observed as expanding magnetic bottles (e.g., Smerd and Dulk, 1971). As a result of this expanding motion, the frequency range of type IV burst extends with time to lower frequencies, because of the decrease of both magnetic field intensity and energy of radiating electrons (Dulk, 1970; Sakurai, 1973a). By considering the observed expansion rate of emission frequency range, it seems possible to estimate the pattern of expansion of these radio sources: in doing so, we have analyzed the onset time differences between microwave and metric emissions of type IV bursts by referring to the longitudinal positions of parent solar flares on the solar disk, since the dependence of these differences on parent flare positions in the solar longitude seems to give a clue to estimate a general pattern of the expansion of magnetic bottles. The result thus analyzed is shown in Figure 1. Furthermore, peak flux intensities at metric frequencies for these type IV bursts have been also analyzed as a function of the longitude positions of parent flares (Figure 2). The results shown in Figures 1 and 2 are explained by assuming that, while moving outwards, the magnetic bottle tends to expand a few 10 deg east of the meridian plane which crosses the flare region (Sakurai, 1973a).
Phase-field modeling of void evolution and swelling in materials under irradiation

Void swelling is an important phenomenon observed in both nuclear fuels and cladding materials in operating nuclear reactors. In this work we develop a phase-field model to simulate void evolution and void volume change in irradiated materials. Important material processes, including the generation of defects such as vacancies and self-interstitials, their diffusion and annihilation, and void nucleation and evolution, have been taken into account in this model. The thermodynamic and kinetic properties, such as chemical free energy, interfacial energy, vacancy mobility, and annihilation rate of vacancies and interstitials, are expressed as a function of temperature and/or defect concentrations in a general manner. The model allows for parametric studies of critical void nucleus size, void growth kinetics, and void volume fraction evolutions. Our simulations demonstrated that void swelling displays a quasi-bell shape distribution with temperature often observed in experiments.
Invariant Subspaces and Regression

In linear regression a relationship between a response variable y and a set of predictor variables x 1,…, x p is modeled as y = β0 + β1 x 1 + … + β p x p + e, where e represents random error and the β i 's are constant coefficients to be estimated from n observations of y and the x i . Given n observations of these p + 1 variables, the method of cyclic subspace regression (CSR) can be used to provide a finite number of estimators of β in the linear model y = X β + e. Among the estimators produced by CSR are the estimators produced by the methods of least squares (LS), principal components regression (PCR), and partial least squares (PLS). In this article, after careful consideration of the invariant subspaces of X t X, a new method of regression is developed. This method, which the authors call invariant subspace regression (ISR), uses a selection of subspaces within the invariant subspaces of X t X, to create estimators of β. These subspaces are identified and created by the use of a finite list of user...
Liquid metal ion sources: Mechanism and applications

The emission characteristics, e.g. energy spread, energy deficit, and M2+/M+ ratios from Al, Ga, In, Bi and Au90Si10 liquid metal ion sources (LMIS) are discussed in terms of a field evaporation/postionization mechanism. It is shown that this model of LMIS is generally supported by the results. Focused beam results are presented which suggest a Gaussian source size for a Ga LMIS < 500 A. It is shown that the best focused beam performance, i.e. maximum target current density for a specific beam size, is generally achieved at the lowest possible value of total current.
High-performance GaInNAsSb/GaAs lasers at 1.5 um

We achieved 1.5-um CW SQW GaInNAsSb lasers with GaNAs barriers grown by MBE on GaAs substrates with typical room temperature threshold densities below 600A/cm2, external quantum efficiencies above 50%, and output powers exceeding 200mW from both facets for 20x1222um devices tested epitaxial-side up. In pulsed mode, 450A/cm2, 50%, and 1100mW were realized. Longer devices yielded over 425mW of total CW power and thresholds below 450A/cm2. These results are comparable to high quality GaInNAs/GaAs lasers at 1.3um. Z-parameter measurements revealed that these improvements in the performance metrics of approximately 40-60% over previous results are primarily due to reduced monomolecular recombination. The large differential gain of GaInNAsSb/GaNAs/GaAs lasers at 1.5um of approximately 1.2x10-15cm2 was mostly squandered in previous devices due to large quantities of monomolecular recombination. The characteristic temperatures for threshold current, T0, and for efficiency, T1, were 66K and 132K, respectively. These reduced values, compared to prior measurements of 106K and 208K, respectively, indicate carrier leakage. Since monomolecular recombination is temperature insensitive, the temperature stability of device operation was adversely affected.
User Participation, Management Support and System Types

This paper explores user participation in the systems development process and examines this variable in relation to the type of system under development. Prior user participation research has not shown conclusive support for its impact on system success. Ives and Olson 1984 have suggested that much of the prior research on user involvement/participation has not been strongly grounded in theory. Using Simon's 1965 model of decision-making together with Zmud's 1983 typology of systems, it is hypothesized that user participation's impact on perceived usefulness should be greater for the more unstructured non-programmed decision-based systems than for transaction processing systems. This paper thus tests for moderating influences by system type. This study provides evidence that system type or problem type is an important moderating variable between user participation and perceived usefulness.
Trophic Transfer of Arsenic from an Aquatic Insect to Terrestrial Insect Predators.

The movement of energy and nutrients from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems can be substantial, and emergent aquatic insects can serve as biovectors not only for nutrients, but also for contaminants present in the aquatic environment. The terrestrial predators Tenodera aridifolia sinensis (Mantodea: Mantidae) and Tidarren haemorrhoidale (Araneae: Theridiidae) and the aquatic predator Buenoa scimitra (Hemiptera: Notonectidae) were chosen to evaluate the efficacy of arsenic transfer between aquatic and terrestrial environments. Culex tarsalis larvae were reared in either control water or water containing 1000 µg l−1 arsenic. Adults that emerged from the control and arsenic treatments were fed to the terrestrial predators, and fourth instar larvae were fed to the aquatic predator reared in control or arsenic contaminated water. Tenodera a. sinensis fed arsenic-treated Cx. tarsalis accumulated 658±130 ng g−1 of arsenic. There was no significant difference between control and arsenic-fed T. haemorrhoidale (range 142–290 ng g−1). Buenoa scimitra accumulated 5120±406 ng g−1 of arsenic when exposed to arsenic-fed Cx. tarsalis and reared in water containing 1000 µg l−1 arsenic. There was no significant difference between controls or arsenic-fed B. scimitra that were not exposed to water-borne arsenic, indicating that for this species environmental exposure was more important in accumulation than strictly dietary arsenic. These results indicate that transfer to terrestrial predators may play an important role in arsenic cycling, which would be particularly true during periods of mass emergence of potential insect biovectors. Trophic transfer within the aquatic environment may still occur with secondary predation, or in predators with different feeding strategies.
A New Paradigm for the Labor Movement: New Federalism's Unintended Consequences

In this article I review the history of New Federalism; examine the impact of the new economy on local economies and on the demand for development strategies that give workers the skills necessary for a rapidly changing service economy; and describe the “new unionism” that emerged at the time of John Sweeney's election to the presidency of the AFL-CIO. I explain why the New Deal view of the labor movement, which holds that the preeminent requirement for labor's success is a strong pro-labor national regime, is no longer valid, and I offer an alternative paradigm.
Spin and time-resolved magnetic resonance in radiation chemistry. Recent developments and perspectives

Time-resolved pulsed EPR and ODMR in studies on early events in radiation chemistry are examined. It is concluded that these techniques yield valuable and diverse information about chemical reactions in spurs, despite the fact that the spur reactions occur on a time scale that is much shorter than the time resolution of these methods. Several recent examples include EPR of H/D atoms in vitreous silica and cryogenic liquids and ODMR of doped alkane solids and amorphous semiconductors. It is argued that a wider use of time-resolved magnetic resonance methods would benefit the studies on radiation chemistry of disordered solids, simple liquids, and polymers.
Geochemistry of iron in the Salton Sea, California

The Salton Sea is a large, saline, closed-basin lake in southern California. The Sea receives agricultural runoff and, to a lesser extent, municipal wastewater that is high in nutrients, salt, and suspended solids. High sulfate concentrations (4xhigher than that of the ocean), coupled with warm temperatures and low-redox potentials present during much of the year, result in extensive sulfate reduction and hydrogen sulfide production. Hydrogen sulfide formation may have a dramatic effect on the iron (Fe) geochemistry in the Sea. We hypothesized that the Fe(II)-sulfide minerals should dominate the iron mineralogy of the sediments, and plans to increase hypolimnetic aeration would increase the amount of Fe(III)-oxides, which are strong adsorbers of phosphate. Sequential chemical extractions were used to differentiate iron mineralogy in the lake sediments and suspended solids from the tributary rivers. Iron in the river-borne suspended solids was mainly associated with structural iron within silicate clays (70%) and ferric oxides (30%). The iron in the bottom sediments of the lake was associated with silicate minerals (71% of the total iron in the sediments), framboidal pyrite (10%), greigite (11%), and amorphous FeS (5%). The ferric oxide fraction was <4% of the total iron in these anaerobic sediments. The morphological characteristics of the framboidal pyrite as determined using SEM suggest that it formed within the water column and experiences some changes in local redox conditions, probably associated with alternating summer anoxia and the well-mixed and generally well-aerated conditions found during the winter. The prevalence of Fe(II)-sulfide minerals in the sediments and the lack of Fe(III)-oxide minerals, suggest that the classic model of P-retention by Fe(III)-oxides would not be operating in this lake, at least during anoxic summer conditions. Aeration of the hypolimnion could affect the internal loading of P by changing the relative amounts of Fe(II)-sulfides and Fe(III)-oxides at the sediment/water interface.
Evaluation of Instructional Design of Computer-Based Teaching Modules for a Manufacturing Processes Laboratory

Studies concerning student preferences and student learning as a function of the instructional design and delivery of a computer-based teaching (CBT) module are presented. The studies were conducted in conjunction with the development of twenty-one CBT modules for an Introduction to Manufacturing Processes laboratory that emphasized metal removal. Study results indicate there is no statistically relevant difference in learning between students using material presented with traditional multimedia (35 mm slides and cassette tapes) and the identical material presented with digital multimedia. Engineering students' preferences for interface design and audio-visual information presentation are also presented. The most important result is that learning outcomes of a reader-driven CBT module were found to be statistically lower than those associated with author-driven CBT module, especially for average and below-average students. These results suggest that if students must absolutely understand material, e.g., laboratory safety, the CBT should be author-driven. Based on these results, we speculate that average and below average engineering students are more linear learners. A hybrid scheme, where information presentation transitions from an author-driven to a reader-driven environment may help weaker students develop better non-linear, open-ended problem solving skills.
Planar velocimetry of jet/fin interaction on a full-scale flight vehicle configuration

Stereoscopic particle image velocimetry has been implemented in a production-scale transonic wind tunnel for studying jet/fin interaction created by exhaust plumes from spin rockets on a full-scale model of a finned body of revolution. Data acquired just upstream of the leading edge of the fin root clearly display the counter-rotating vortex pair that dominates the interaction far field and the remnant of the horseshoe vortex near the vehicle surface. The counter-rotating vortex pair is distinctly asymmetric due to originating from a scarfed nozzle and displays some rotation with respect to the model surface. Velocity fields measured over a range of flowfield conditions and model orientations show that the vortex of negative sign is always closer to the fins than its positive counterpart and does not greatly change location as flowfield parameters are altered. The circulation of this vortex correlates with a reduction in the simultaneously measured vehicle roll torque. Further correlations are hindered by untreatable bias errors in the velocimetry. Instead, a model of the vortex structure derived from the velocimetry data reveals that the angle of attack induced upon the fins by the counter-rotating vortex pair correlates with the roll torque loss. Similar correlations suggest that in level flight this effect is dominant, but at angle of attack the horseshoe vortex on the windward side has an additional influence.
Transient responses of superconducting lead films measured with picosecond laser pulses

Picosecond laser pulses are used, for the first time, to excite superconducting Pb films out of equilibrium. Pb microbridges are used to measure the threshold power needed to drive the Pb film normal as a function of temperature. Pb tunnel junctions are used to measure the quasiparticle relaxation times at temperatures close to ${T}_{c}$ and at low reduced temperatures. The measured quasiparticle relaxation time for a 500-\AA{} Pb-$\mathrm{Pb}{\mathrm{O}}_{x}$-500-\AA{} Pb tunnel junction is 3.1 nsec for the sample in vacuum at temperatures near ${T}_{c}$, and 2.5 nsec for the sample in superfluid at low reduced temperatures. At temperatures near ${T}_{c}$, the quasiparticle relaxation time for Pb is shown to be identical to the phonon escape time instead of the effective quasiparticle recombination time. At low reduced temperatures, the quasiparticle relaxation, for the case of excess quasiparticle density being much larger than the thermal equilibrium value, is shown to be approximately exponential with a time constant equal to twice the phonon escape time. The phonon transmissivities for the Pb-quartz, Pb-superfluid He, and Pb-$\mathrm{Pb}{\mathrm{O}}_{x}$ interfaces are determined from these relaxation time measurements to be 0.16, 0.16, and 0.2, respectively.
Studies on the Subcellular Localization of Protease and Arylaminopeptidase Activities in Streptococcus sanguis ATCC 10556

Intact cells of Streptococcus sanguis ATCC 10556 possessed arylaminopeptidases exhibiting activity toward the nitroanilide (NA) derivatives of leucine, alanine, methionine, arginine, or lysine. Weak hydrolytic activity was observed in assays with the NA derivatives of valine, proline, glycine, or glutamic acid. Subcellular localization studies revealed that arylaminopeptidase activities were located in both the cell membrane and cytoplasm. Arylaminopeptidases exhibiting activity toward the leucine, alanine, or methionine NA substrates appeared to be more predominantly associated with the membrane, whereas enzymes exhibiting activity toward arginyl-NA or lysyl-NA were more prevalently located in the cytoplasm. Several results from this study suggest that the membrane-associated arginyl and lysyl arylaminopeptidases were located in such a way that their expression was restricted in the intact cell. The addition of 0.5 mol/L NaCl to protoplast preparations derived from mutanolysin-treated cells resulted in a...
Market Structure and Competition in the Retail Discount Industry

Abstract This article examines competition among Wal-Mart, Kmart, and Target using two distinct but related approaches. The authors first develop and estimate a discrete game in which each chain's store presence and format decisions in local markets depend on the decisions of its competitors and market characteristics. This analysis is extended to evaluate the determinants of store revenues for each chain in local markets as a function of market characteristics, including the presence of competing firms. These regressions use the results of the initial model to correct for the endogeneity of observed market structures. The results from both exercises illustrate several important asymmetries across the firms. Kmart and Wal-Mart prefer similar markets, but Wal-Mart's competitive position is dominant enough to prevent Kmart's operation in otherwise attractive markets. In contrast, Target prefers substantially different market characteristics. In total, the results support a view of the industry as one in whi...