cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implementing ACC/AHA guidelines for the preoperative management of patients with coronary artery disease scheduled for noncardiac surgery: effect on perioperative outcome.

Abstract Study Objective: To review the new consensus guidelines for cardiac testing for the patient with cardiac disease scheduled for elective, noncardiac surgery, and their impact on cardiac functional testing. Design: Retrospective chart review study. Setting: Tertiary care medical center. Patients: 181 patients scheduled for elective, major surgery who met American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) criteria for a preoperative stress test. Interventions: A variety of tests were ordered, including treadmill stress testing, persantine-thallium imaging, dobutamine echocardiography, and exercise stress echocardiography. Measurements: The numbers of and outcome of the stress tests and the cardiac outcome of the patients who underwent cardiac testing and surgery were recorded.. Main Results : Abnormal tests occurred in 27 patients. Two patients declined treatment, eight patients had primary medical management, and the remainder (17) had cardiac catheterization. Results included no lesion (2 patients), angioplasty (4 patients), angioplasty plus stenting (1 patient), coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) (4 patients), and delineated lesions treated with medical optimization (6 patients). One patient had CABG and declined further surgery. One patient had myocardial infarction 6 months after surgery that was treated by medical management after cardiac catheterization. The other 23 patients had surgery without cardiac complication within 1 year of surgery. Only 15% (27/180) of the patients with indications for a stress test had a positive result. Even fewer patients had any alteration of the perioperative period. Despite this finding, cardiac morbidity was very low. Conclusions: The guidelines for stress test may be over-sensitive, and further prospective clinical studies are indicated.
The ‘Women of New York’: A Fashionable Moral Geography

The landscape of mid-19–century New York City was marked by pockets of consumer and leisure spaces. I argue that many of the fears and anxieties generated by this visual efflorescence of consumption focused on what became a socially constructed ‘type’: the New York Woman. The association of moral outrage at the dangers of consumption with spaces inhabited by the New York Woman created what I have called a fashionable moral geography. I suggest that this moral coding of the 19th-century city reverberates in contemporary discussion of late 20th-century cities.
The Suppression of Verticillium Wilt of Potato Using Corn as a Green Manure Crop

Field studies involving the effects of growing sweet corn (Zea mays var. Jubilee sweet corn and var. Jubilee super-sweet corn) as a green manure for 2 or 3 seasons demonstrated both suppression of verticillium wilt by 60–70% (Verticillium dahliae Kleb.) and increased potato yields. Although these treatments showed no direct effect on V. dahliae soil populations, the colonization of V. dahliae on potato feeder-roots and in potato tissue of stem apices were reduced. Feeder-root colonization by V. dahliae was positively correlated with verticillium wilt incidence (P ≤ 0.05 to P ≤ 0.01) and negatively correlated with yield (P ≤ 0.05). Corn green manures additionally increased populations of several soilborne fungi which included Ulocladium, and Fusarium equiseti. Specific nutritional and microbial effects were secondary to the effects of cropping practices. When compared with the fallow treatments for 1994, 1995, and 1997, the percentage yield increases for 1994 were: +34% for total yield, +57% for U.S. #1’s, and +127% for tubers >280 g; for 1995 (a year of reduced degree-days and decreased verticillium incidence): +14% for total yields, +15% for U.S. #1 yields, and +21% for tubers >280 g; for 1997: +24% for yield totals, +74% for U.S. #1’s and +179% for tubers >280 g. For establishing these yield benefits, stalks with and without ears of corn were used as green manures. Corn varieties differed for effectiveness as a green manure, which could be accounted for by differences of biomass. When compared with the super-sweet corn, the sweet corn produced an increase (>2-fold) of biomass with less than half of the resulting wilt incidence. When potato was grown consecutively for 2 years, the benefits from green manures became mostly eliminated. However, following 2 consecutive years of potato, a single green manure of sweet corn was sufficient to return the potato crop to the original benefits of verticillium suppression and increased yields. This occurred even though soilborne V. dahliae inoculum levels had increased by >4-fold from 45 to 182 cfu g−1 of soil. Results of this study demonstrate the importance of green manures and soil-ecology to the management of the Russet Burbank potato.
Boundary tangency for density interfaces in compressible viscous fluid flows

Abstract We prove that, for solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations of two-dimensional, viscous, compressible flow, curves which are initially transverse to the spatial boundary and across which the fluid density is discontinuous become tangent to the boundary instantaneously in time. This effect is seen to result from the strong pressure gradient force, which in this case includes a vector measure supported on the curve, together with the fact that singularities in this system are convected with the fluid velocity.
Transretinal ERG recordings from mouse retina: rod and cone photoresponses.

There are two distinct classes of image-forming photoreceptors in the vertebrate retina: rods and cones. Rods are able to detect single photons of light whereas cones operate continuously under rapidly changing bright light conditions. Absorption of light by rod- and cone-specific visual pigments in the outer segments of photoreceptors triggers a phototransduction cascade that eventually leads to closure of cyclic nucleotide-gated channels on the plasma membrane and cell hyperpolarization. This light-induced change in membrane current and potential can be registered as a photoresponse, by either classical suction electrode recording technique1,2 or by transretinal electroretinogram recordings (ERG) from isolated retinas with pharmacologically blocked postsynaptic response components3-5. The latter method allows drug-accessible long-lasting recordings from mouse photoreceptors and is particularly useful for obtaining stable photoresponses from the scarce and fragile mouse cones. In the case of cones, such experiments can be performed both in dark-adapted conditions and following intense illumination that bleaches essentially all visual pigment, to monitor the process of cone photosensitivity recovery during dark adaptation6,7. In this video, we will show how to perform rod- and M/L-cone-driven transretinal recordings from dark-adapted mouse retina. Rod recordings will be carried out using retina of wild type (C57Bl/6) mice. For simplicity, cone recordings will be obtained from genetically modified rod transducin α-subunit knockout (Tα-/-) mice which lack rod signaling8.
Aeroelastic Flutter Mechanisms of a Flexible Disk Rotating in an Enclosed Compressible Fluid

The aeroelastic stability of a thin, flexible disk rotating in an enclosed compressible fluid is investigated analytically through a discretization of the field equations of a rotating Kirchhoff plate coupled to the acoustic oscillations of the surrounding fluid. The discretization procedure exploits Green's theorem and exposes two different gyroscopic effects underpinning the coupled system dynamics: One describes the gyroscopic coupling between the disk and acoustic oscillations, and another arises from the disk rotation. The discretized dynamical system is cast in the compact form of a classical gyroscopic system and acoustic and disk mode coupling rules are derived. For the undamped system, coupled structure-acoustic traveling waves can destabilize through mode coalescence leading to flutter instability. A detailed investigation of the effects of dissipation arising from acoustic and disk damping predicts previously unknown instability mechanisms for this system. The results are expected to be relevant for the design of high speed, lore vibration, low-noise hard disk drives, and optical data storage systems.
Progress in lattice gauge theory

Abstract Two topics of lattice gauge theory are reviewed. They include string tension and β-function calculations by strong coupling Hamiltonian methods for SU(3) gauge fields in 3 + 1 dimensions, and a 1/N-expansion for discrete gauge and spin systems in all dimensions. The SU(3) calculations give solid evidence for the coexistence of quark confinement and asymptotic freedom in the renormalized continuum limit of the lattice theory. The crossover between weak and strong coupling behavior in the theory is seen to be a weak coupling but non-perturbative effect. Quantitative relationships between perturbative and non-perturbative renormalization schemes are obtained for the O(N) nonlinear sigma models in 1 + 1 dimensions as well as the range theory in 3 + 1 dimensions. Analysis of the strong coupling expansion of the β-function for gauge fields suggests that it has cuts in the complex 1/g2-plane. A toy model of such a cut structure which naturally explains the abruptness of the theory's crossover from weak to strong coupling is presented. The relation of these cuts to other approaches to gauge field dynamics is discussed briefly. The dynamics underlying first order phase transitions in a wide class of lattice gauge theories is exposed by considering a class of models-P(N) gauge theories - which are soluble in the N → ∞ limit and have non-trivial phase diagrams. The first order character of the phase transitions in Potts spin systems for N #62; 4 in 1 + 1 dimensions is explained in simple terms which generalizes to P(N) gauge systems in higher dimensions. The phase diagram of Ising lattice gauge theory coupled to matter fields is obtained in a 1 N expansion. A one-plaquette model (1 time-0 space dimensions) with a first-order phase transitions in the N → ∞ limit is discussed.
Experimental validation of an optimized signal processing method to handle non-linearity in swept-source optical coherence tomography

We evaluate various signal processing methods to handle the non-linearity in wavenumber space exhibited by most laser sources for swept-source optical coherence tomography. The following methods are compared for the same set of experimental data: non-uniform discrete Fourier transforms with Vandermonde matrix or with Lomb periodogram, resampling with linear interpolation or spline interpolation prior to fast-Fourier transform (FFT), and resampling with convolution prior to FFT. By selecting an optimized Kaiser-Bessel window to perform the convolution, we show that convolution followed by FFT is the most efficient method. It allows small fractional oversampling factor between 1 and 2, thus a minimal computational time, while retaining an excellent image quality.
Calibrating Picosecond Time Resolved Optical Calorimetry: Absolute Enthalpies from Investigations of Mixtures

A method for quantifying the absolute enthalpy release detected in picosecond optical calorimetry (transient grating spectroscopy) is described. Excitation and analysis of thermal phase grating waveforms from mixtures containing both a fully characterized calibration compound and a precursor to a reactive intermediate of interest provides a value of the total heat release attending formation and decay of the reactive intermediate, within the time window of the experiment. This information can be used to obtain the absolute reaction enthalpies accompanying formation and decay of the reactive intermediate. The calibration method is demonstrated using tetraphenylethylene as the ground-state precursor to its zwitterionic, twisted excited state and copper (II) bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate) as the calibration compound. The results suggest that 96 ± 6% of the exciting photon's energy (284 nm, 101 kcal/mole) is released within 10 ns. This is in reasonable agreement with the literature lower limit of 97.5% energy release. Limitations of the mixture method for calibration and relevant control experiments are described.
Polystyrene Sulfate Latex Particles in the Presence of Poly(vinylamine): Absolute Aggregation Rate Constants and Charging Behavior

Absolute aggregation rate constants of anionic polystyrene sulfate latex particles were measured in the presence of cationic poly(vinylamine) by time-resolved simultaneous static and dynamic light scattering. The colloidal stability depends sensitively on the polymer dose, pH, and ionic strength. While the stability ratio is strongly dependent on the ionic strength, the electrophoretic mobility depends much more weakly on it, and therefore the latter measurements cannot be used as a reliable measure of the suspension stability. In the fast aggregation regime, the presence of the oppositely charged polyelectrolytes leads to an enhancement of the aggregation rate with respect to the one in the presence of an indifferent electrolyte. This acceleration probably originates from attractive electrostatic interactions between surface charge heterogeneities.
Modeling and control of a jellyfish-inspired AUV

Current autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) designs have a serious deficiency in autonomy time due to its ballistic type of construction: a cylindrical body propelled by a rear engine. This type of design does not take complete advantage of the fluid that has to be displaced to move the vehicle forward, reducing the overall system efficiency and consequently its operation time. In order to overcome this limitation, research has focused on understanding of the propulsive mechanisms employed by the natural organisms. Jellyfish is one of the simplest and most relevant model systems as it exhibits one of the lowest cost-of-transport among all the known creatures. The learning and implementation of jellyfish-inspired vehicle design requires an evaluation of the current mathematical modeling approaches in order to adequately describe the dynamics of such a vehicle. This paper develops a time-varying rigid body model for the kinematics and dynamics of an AUV based on jellyfish rowing propulsion. A nonlinear sliding mode controller is also proposed to drive the system.
Scanning tunneling spectroscopic evidence for granular metallic conductivity in conducting polymeric polyaniline.

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and point-probe electrical conductivity measurements of electrochemically protonated films of the emeraldine-base form of the conducting polymer, polyaniline are reported. The conductivity varies spatially, dependent on the size (LM \m=~\ 200 to 300 angstroms) of granular metallic regions which relate directly to the inhomogeneous micromorphology of the electrodeposited films. The normalized conductivity at zero bias is observed to increase with doping, indicating an increase in states at the Fermi level. The STM electronic measurements also show regions of negative differential resistance. Negative differential resistance is observed for all samples, although more frequently on less oxidized samples.
Paleolatitude distribution of Phanerozoic marine ooids and cements

Opdyke, B. N. and Wilkinson, B. H., 1990. Paleolatitude distribution of Phanerozoic marine ooids and cements. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 78: 135-148. Data on 493 Phanerozoic marine ooid and cement occurrences indicate that the dominance of calcite versus aragonite in tropical marine settings has changed in response to variation in atmospheric CO2 and/or oceanic temperature gradient. Holocene ooid and cement precipitation occurs over similar latitudes, with means centered around 24 ° and 28 °, respectively. Aragonite and calcite also display roughly comparable distributions, with average occurrences between 25 ° and 28 °. Surface seawater saturation values requisite for ooid-cement carbonate precipitation are at least 3.8 (~,rs) for aragonite and 3.4 (~a,s) for calcite. Ancient ooid-cement occurrences vary in space and time, with depositional zones generally closer to the equator during continental emergence; greatest extent correlates with periods of maximum transgression. Aragonite formation is favored in more equatorial localities than calcite when cement-ooid distributions are narrow and continents are emergent. Similarity of latitude distribution of marine ooids, cement, and biogenic carbonate suggests that physicochemical processes that control levels of carbonate saturation were more important in predicating sites of limestone accumulation in Phanerozoic seas than biological processes related to net productivity of various carbonate platform communities. Continental position and tropical shelf area available for carbonate accumulation dictates the relative abundance of shallow water inorganic carbonate precipitates in space and time.
Clydesdale: structured data processing on MapReduce

MapReduce has emerged as a promising architecture for large scale data analytics on commodity clusters. The rapid adoption of Hive, a SQL-like data processing language on Hadoop (an open source implementation of MapReduce), shows the increasing importance of processing structured data on MapReduce platforms. MapReduce offers several attractive properties such as the use of low-cost hardware, fault-tolerance, scalability, and elasticity. However, these advantages have required a substantial performance sacrifice.In this paper we introduce Clydesdale, a novel system for structured data processing on Hadoop -- a popular implementation of MapReduce. We show that Clydesdale provides more than an order of magnitude in performance improvements compared to existing approaches without requiring any changes to the underlying platform. Clydesdale is aimed at workloads where the data fits a star schema. It draws on column oriented storage, tailored join-plans, and multi-core execution strategies and carefully fits them into the constraints of a typical MapReduce platform. Using the star schema benchmark, we show that Clydesdale is on average 38x faster than Hive. This demonstrates that MapReduce in general, and Hadoop in particular, is a far more compelling platform for structured data processing than previous results suggest.
Analysis of clinical flow cytometric immunophenotyping data by clustering on statistical manifolds: Treating flow cytometry data as high-dimensional objects†

Background: Clinical flow cytometry typically involves the sequential interpretation of two-dimensional histograms, usually culled from six or more cellular characteristics, following initial selection (gating) of cell populations based on a different subset of these characteristics. We examined the feasibility of instead treating gated n-parameter clinical flow cytometry data as objects embedded in n-dimensional space using principles of information geometry via a recently described method known as Fisher Information Non-parametric Embedding (FINE). Methods: After initial selection of relevant cell populations through an iterative gating strategy, we converted four color (six-parameter) clinical flow cytometry datasets into six-dimensional probability density functions, and calculated differences among these distributions using the Kullback-Leibler divergence (a measurement of relative distributional entropy shown to be an appropriate approximation of Fisher information distance in certain types of statistical manifolds). Neighborhood maps based on Kullback-Leibler divergences were projected onto two dimensional displays for comparison. Results: These methods resulted in the effective unsupervised clustering of cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia from cases of expansion of physiologic B-cell precursors (hematogones) within a set of 54 patient samples. Conclusions: The treatment of flow cytometry datasets as objects embedded in high-dimensional space (as opposed to sequential two-dimensional analyses) harbors the potential for use as a decision-support tool in clinical practice or as a means for context-based archiving and searching of clinical flow cytometry data based on high-dimensional distribution patterns contained within stored list mode data. Additional studies will be needed to further test the effectiveness of this approach in clinical practice. q 2008 Clinical Cytometry Society
Experiments on the stability of crossflow vortices in swept-wing flows

Experiments are conducted which demonstrate the feasibility of creating crossflow vortices in a flat-plate flow. A swept leading edge and contoured wind-tunnel walls produce a strong pressure gradient and a typical swept-wing flow on the plate. Detailed three-dimensional measurements, made within the boundary layer using hot-wire anemometry, are supplemented with different flow-visualization techniques. Data are presented on the mean flow characteristics as well as on the behavior of the crossflow vortices. Comparisons are made with theoretical flow-field and stability calculations.
Evolution of cell–cell signaling in animals: did late horizontal gene transfer from bacteria have a role?

Cell–cell signaling is essential for the functioning of the nervous, neuroendocrine and immune systems. Crucial for these processes are small, rapidly diffusible messengers including catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine), indoles (serotonin and melatonin), histamine, acetylcholine and nitric oxide. In this article, we show that the evolutionary history of most genes encoding enzymes involved in the metabolism of these messengers is best described by scenarios that include horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from bacteria, with some transfers occurring after the divergence of animals from fungi. The acquisition of bacterial genes via HGT seems to have had the essential role of extending existing biochemical pathways to yield the messengers. The possible relatively late HGT of some signaling enzymes contrasts with the apparent acquisition of central metabolic pathway enzymes early in eukaryotic evolution from the proto-mitochondrial endosymbiont.
The two basic linear time Planarity algorithms: Are they the same?

We compare the two most widely known planarity testing algorithms, the one due to Hoperoft and Tarjan, and the other to Lempel. Even, and Cederbaum. These two algorithms are generally viewed as very different approaches to the problems of planarity testing and graph embedding. In this paper, however, by utilizing previously unnoticed freedoms of choice in the order in which the operations of the Hoperoft-Tarjan algorithm can be performed, we create a variation of this algorithm which, in terms of the order in which vertices are processed, is indistinguishable on all planar graph inputs from the Lempel -Even-Cederbaum algorithm. This allows one to create hybridized algorithms which, when interpreted as embedding algorithms, combine all of the features of both procedures.
Development and evaluation of erosion-resistant polymer matrix composite ablators

An experimental study aimed at assessing ablator's erosion resistance and ability to insulate in a highly aluminized, solid rocket exhaust plume was carried out at the Naval Surface Warfare Center. Data obtained proved that a rubber-modified ablator does not always erode more than its unmodified counterpart. The rubber-modified version has much lower ultimate strengths and moduli. Structural analysis demonstrated that quartz, instead of silica reinforcement, may be required for the ablator to survive high localized tensile stresses. The composition of the reinforcement is considered to play an important role in the magnitude of the ablation; silica- and quartz-reinforced ablators outperformed those containing glass fibers. MXQ199 is found to be the best performing ablator tested to date. It meets the three major requirements of 40-percent reduction of erosion, improved insulation properties, and adequate mechanical strength. 10 refs.
How to detect the heaviest man-made isotopes

The average number of neutrons emitted per spontaneous fission is predicted to increase substantially for very heavy nuclei. This suggests the use of neutron-multiplicity counters for the early detection of heavy isotopes produced by prompt neutron capture. We discuss the possibilities and limitations of such a technique. (AIP)
Thin polymer films as non‐charging surfaces for scanning electron microscopy

SUMMARY Films of formvar, 1.2–20.0 nm in thickness, collodion and a 60/40 styrene-vinylpyridine copolymer (precipitated from solution) have been found to provide a noncharging layer on the surface of several types of specimens, including loose, or fibrous specimens. No electron build up was observed in most of the specimens when examined with a scanning beam of up to 30 kv for unlimited periods of time.
PS3-36: Testosterone Replacement Therapy Patterns for Aging Males in a Managed Care Setting

Clin Med Res 2013; 11: 141. Abstract available at http://jurology.com/ Editorial Comment: The purpose of this article was to describe the characteristics and treatment patterns of males receiving testosterone therapy. Included were members of Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC) who received a testosterone prescription between January 1999 and December 2010. Of the 10,159 testosterone users mean SD age was 56.8 11.6 years, and 67.7% were white. From 1999 to 2010 the yearly treatment rate increased by 183%, and number of pre- scriptions per patient increased by 22%. The most frequently prescribed testosterone products were transdermal gels (55.7%), patches (26.2%) and intramuscular injections (14.4%). Average duration of exposure was close to 1 year (mean SD supply 320.0 504.2 days). Baseline testosterone levels were obtained in 91.0% of patients, and mean SD serum testosterone level was 259.7 179.5 ng/dl. Followup testosterone levels were drawn in 59.8% of patients within 1 year of the index date, and mean SD serum testosterone was 395.0 275.3 ng/dl. Mean increase from baseline was 151.9 ng/dl (95% CI 160.5, 143.3) for transdermal gels, 118.0 ng/dl (95% CI 129.5, 106.5) for patches and 200.7 ng/dl (95% CI 237.0, 164.3) for intramuscular injections. The most frequent diagnoses at baseline were hypertension (43.7%), hyperlipidemia (43.1%), erectile dysfunction (33.5%), testicular dysfunction (26.7%) and diabetes (20.3%). Testosterone prescriptions were most frequently written by primary care providers (family practice 36.0%, internal medicine 20.1%), followed by specialists (endocrinology 13.5%, urology 6.6%). These extraordinarily interesting data highlight the changing milieu in testosterone replacement therapy. It is noteworthy that primary care providers account for the largest increase in testosterone prescriptions written.
Estimating parameters from mixed samples using sample fractional moments

Abstract Alternate estimators based on fractional moments for estimating parameters when mixing two independent samples are proposed. These estimators are strongly consistent and asymptotically normal and are obtained by optimally combining several methods of moments estimators, all of closed form. In large samples, these estimators are compared to previously proposed estimators in the exponential scale case by numerically computing asymptotic variances.
Hyperthermal particle enhanced silicon epitaxy

Abstract A semiquantitative subplantation (SQSP) model for hyperthermal particle enhancement of epitaxy is described. The mechanism proposes that storage of a portion of the kinetic energy of hyperthermal particles as interstitial atoms and subsequent release of this energy is a general phenomenon that is responsible for ion beam enhanced epitaxy and growth of metastable materials. A generalized epitaxial phase diagram in energy–temperature space is constructed which provides an understanding of the limited and unlimited silicon homoepitaxial growth from thermal (MBE) and hyperthermal Si atoms, respectively.
Politics and Trade in Southern Mexico 1750-1821

Introduction 1. Oaxaca - environment and trade 2. The struggle for control of trade 3. The problem of reform, 1768-1786 4. Reform and reality - the crisis of the subdelegations in the 1790s 5. The Galvez Plan under fire, 1786-1804 6. Finance, trade and the merchants, 1789-1808 7. The political crisis of 1808-1821 8. Conclusion - Oaxaca within the context of Mexican politics Glossary Appendices Bibliography Maps Index.
Enthalpies of Formation of Hydrocarbons by Hydrogen Atom Counting. Theoretical Implications.

Standard enthalpies of formation at 298 K of unstrained alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and alkylbenzenes can be expressed as a simple sum in which each term consists of the number of hydrogen atoms n of one of eight different types (n1−n8) multiplied by an associated coefficient (c1−c8) derived from the known enthalpy of formation of a typical molecule. Alkylbenzenes require one additive constant for each benzene ring, accounting for a possible ninth term in the sum. Terms are not needed to account for repulsive or attractive 1,3 interactions, hyperconjugation, or for protobranching, rendering them irrelevant. Conjugated eneynes and diynes show thermodynamic stabilizations much smaller than that observed for 1,3-butadiene, bringing into question the usual explanation for the thermodynamic stabilization of conjugated multiple bonds (p orbital overlap, π electron delocalization, etc.).
Targeting Protein Misfolding(Islet Amyloid Polypeptide) using Helical Mimetics

Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) is a 37-residue peptide hormone, which is co-secreted with insulin by the β-cells of the endocrine pancreas. IAPP belongs to a class of aggregation prone proteins, which includes Aβ from Alzheimer's, in which a wild-type protein precursor irreversibly forms/folds into β-sheet rich fibrillar amyloid plaques. The aggregation of IAPP results in β-cell dysfunction that leads to type 2 diabetes. Even though the mechanism behind the cell toxicity is poorly understood, recent reports suggest that the membrane bound intermediate oligomeric helical states mediate the cell toxicity and not the aggregated state.The overall hypothesis pursued in this study is that small-molecule, structure based targeting of pre-amyloidogenic states will enable elucidation of the mechanism of IAPP induced cytotoxicity. These efforts provide novel descriptions of IAPP oligomerization at a molecular level, and provide a rational design path for the creation of lead compounds that ameliorate β-cell death. Importantly, we are targetting the α-helical intermediates of IAPP by synthesizing small molecules designed to mimic the surface presentation of one edge of an α-helix. Interaction studies between helical mimetic compounds and IAPP will be presented.
Computational tools for epitope vaccine design and evaluation

Rational approaches will be required to develop universal vaccines for viral pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, and influenza, for which empirical approaches have failed. The main objective of a rational vaccine strategy is to design novel immunogens that are capable of inducing long-term protective immunity. In practice, this requires structure-based engineering of the target neutralizing epitopes and a quantitative readout of vaccine-induced immune responses. Therefore, computational tools that can facilitate these two areas have played increasingly important roles in rational vaccine design in recent years. Here we review the computational techniques developed for protein structure prediction and antibody repertoire analysis, and demonstrate how they can be applied to the design and evaluation of epitope vaccines.
Hierarchical modeling of spatial variability with a 45nm example

In previous publications we have proposed a hierarchical variability model and verified it with 90nm test data. This model is now validated with a new set of 45nm test chips. A mixed sampling scheme with both sparse and exhaustive measurements is designed to capture both wafer level and chip level variations. Statistical analysis shows that the acrosswafer systematic function can be sufficiently described as parabolic, while the within-die systematic variation is now very small, with no discernible systematic component. Analysis of pattern dependent effects on leakage current shows that systematic pattern-to-pattern LEFF variation is almost eliminated by optical proximity correction (OPC), but stressrelated variation is not. Intentionally introduced gate length offset between two wafers in our dataset provides insight to device parameter variability and sheds additional light on the underlying sources of process variation.
Health care provision and distributive justice: end stage renal disease and the elderly in Britain and America.

Abstract Considerations of distributive justice inpacting upon the provision of geriatric care and the treatment of patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) are compared and contrasted between the U.S. and the U.K. Comparisons are drawn from differing degrees of individualist and collectivist idealogies between the two countries and analysis is further developed through use of the concepts of equity, uniformity and public accountability. Notwithstanding the predominance of an individualist ideology in the United States the provision of ESRD services is based on a collectivist format. Geriatric care and other welfare services more directly reflect the differences between collectivist and individualist ideologies in the two countries.
Isolation of an electrophoretically homogeneous nonhistone nucleolar protein

Abstract The first nucleolar protein to be isolated in an electrophoretically homogeneous state was extracted with 0.4 N H 2 SO 4 from isolated nucleoli of Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells and separated as a slow moving distinct band by slab gel electrophoresis from the remaining nucleolar proteins. This protein, which has a molecular weight of approximately 65,000, accounts for 3–5% of the total acid-extractable nucleolar proteins. Its ratio of acidic to basic amino acids is 1.7 and serine is its amino terminal amino acid, as shown by thin layer chromatography of its dinitrophenyl derivative. The same band was also found in electrophoretic patterns of acid-extractable proteins in nucleoli of normal and thioacetamide-treated rat liver.
“It's Just Black, White, or Hispanic”: An Observational Study of Racializing Moves in California's Segregated Prison Reception Centers

This article takes as its launching point a 2005 U. S. Supreme Court case, Johnson v. California (543 U.S. 499), which ruled that the California Department of Corrections' unwritten practice of racially segregating inmates in prison reception centers is to be reviewed under the highest level of constitutional review, strict scrutiny. Relying on observational data from two California prison reception centers, this research is grounded in an interactionist perspective and influenced by Smith's work on “institutional ethnography.” I examine how racialization occurs in carceral settings, arguing that officers and inmates collaborate to arrive at a “negotiated settlement” regarding housing decisions. They do so working together (but not always in agreement) to shape how an inmate is categorized in terms of ‘race’/ethnicity and gang/group affiliation, within a framework established by official Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation paperwork and related institutional understandings of housing needs. The findings demonstrate that administrators, officers, and inmates alike have influence over the process by which people are categorized and ‘race’ is produced, even as they derive their power from different sources and are both enabled and constrained by the relationship between them. I conclude that California prisons are, as Wacquant has put it, “the main machine for ‘race making’” (2005:128), and that the fuel for that machine—a series of patterned, negotiated settlements—happens in real time, “on the ground,” and with important consequences for inmates, officers, and administrators.
Histologic confirmation of ghost cell glaucoma by routine light microscopy.

Histologic confirmation of ghost cell glaucoma is usually done by phase contrast microscopy because the fragile ghost cell is often destroyed by the usual methods of centrifugation for cytologic preparation. 1 No permanent specimen can be maintained, however, because the wet preparation dries quickly. Photographing the diagnostic cells to maintain a record of the tissue appearance is difficult because of brownian movement in the liquid medium. Finally, many laboratories are not equipped with either phase contrast microscopes or cameras for photomicroscopy. We use standard histologic techniques to prepare permanent, paraffin-embedded specimens of ghost cell glaucoma aspirates.
Geolocation of LTE subscriber stations based on the timing advance ranging parameter

This paper investigates geolocating a Long Term Evolution (LTE) subscriber station based on the timing advance ranging parameter within the network signal internals. The basic approach to geolocation based on radial distances from multiple base stations is outlined. Specifics of the timing parameters used during LTE network entry are examined as they relate to calculating these distances. Computer simulation is used to demonstrate expected geolocation accuracy in multiple base station networks when estimating likely locations of subscriber stations on a two-dimensional coordinate mapping system. Computer simulation is further refined to demonstrate expected geolocation accuracy in multiple base station networks when estimating likely locations of subscriber stations on a three-dimensional coordinate mapping scheme. Results show the possibility of fixes with ten times greater accuracy than in previous results in the literature when applying timing advance techniques to Global System for Mobile communications networks when using a two-dimensional coordinate mapping scheme, and accuracy approaching fifty centimeters when using a three-dimensional coordinate mapping scheme, accuracy that is comparable to the accuracy in Global Positioning System technologies.
A Self-Healing Oxygen-Evolving Catalyst

A cobalt−phosphate water-oxidizing catalyst forms from the oxidation of Co2+ to Co3+ in the presence of phosphate. We have employed radioactive 57Co and 32P isotopes to probe the dynamics of this catalyst during water-oxidation catalysis. We show that the catalyst is self-healing and that phosphate is the crucial factor responsible for repair.
Characterization of the maize Globulin-2 gene and analysis of two null alleles.

The most abundant proteins present in maize (Zea mays L.) embryos are saline-soluble globulins. AM r 45,000 globulin component, designated GLB2, is encoded by theGlb2 gene. A cDNA clone corresponding toGlb2 was used as radiolabeled probe to examine the expression ofGlb2 in developing embryos and other maize tissues.Glb2 transcripts accumulate during embryo development and are not detectable in germinating kernels.Glb2 transcripts are found only in the developing embryo, and not in endosperm, seedling, or unfertilized ears. Analysis of globulin profiles in embryos homozygous for either a previously described null allele,Glb2-0, or a novel null allele,Glb2-N1, revealed that these embryos lack not only the GLB2 protein but also globulins of lower molecular mass which may represent processed forms of GLB2. Southern blot analysis of DNA fromGlb2-0/0 andGlb2-N1/N1 plants in which aGlb2-specific clone is used as probe indicates that the two null alleles are genetically distinct.
A Self-Learning Neural Network

We propose a new neural network structure that is compatible with silicon technology and has built-in learning capability. The thrust of this network work is a new synapse function. The synapses have the feature that the learning parameter is embodied in the thresholds of MOSFET devices and is local in character. The network is shown to be capable of learning by example as well as exhibiting the desirable features of the Hopfield type networks.
SU-D-217BCD-04: How Do We Know How Low Can We Go in Lung Cancer Screening CT?

Purpose: To demonstrate a technique for determining the acceptable radiation dose level for lungcancer screening CT.Methods: 20 patients who underwent a clinically indicated routine chest CT scan with 120 kV and 180 quality reference mAs were enrolled in this IRB approved study. Automatic exposure control was used to adjust for patient size. Scanner output, as expressed in CTDIvol, varied accordingly (mean=16.8 mGy, range=7.6 to 26.6 mGy). A previously validated noise insertion software tool developed in our lab was used to simulate scans acquired with reduced dose levels (12.5%, 25%, 50% of the original dose level). Imagesreconstructed from the same raw data but at the original and simulated, reduced dose levels were randomized and blindly reviewed by three thoracic radiologists.Lung and soft tissue regions were graded for two different imaging tasks: 1) routine diagnosticCT exam of the chest and 2) screening exam of the chest for lungcancer. A 5 point scale was used to rate each exam for each task (1=too noisy, significantly impacted confidence to 5=excellent quality, excellent confidence). Exams were considered acceptable when at least two of the three radiologists gave a score of 3 or higher. The percentage of patients meeting this definition of acceptable was calculated for each imaging task, dose level, and tissue type (lung or soft tissue).Results: The percentages of exams considered acceptable for the purpose of lungcancer screening were 90%, 100%, 100%, 100% (lungtissue) and 85%, 100%, 100%, 100% (soft tissue) at 12.5%, 25%, 50% and 100% of original dose level. For the purpose of routine diagnostic chest CT, the percentage of acceptable exams were 75%, 95%, 100%, 100% (lungtissue) and 35%, 85%, 90%, 100% (soft tissue) at 12.5%, 25%, 50% and 100% of original dose level. Conclusions: At 25% of the dose used for routine diagnostic chest CT at our institution, acceptable image quality for the purpose of CT screening for lungcancer was achieved in 100% of the evaluated cases. This factor of 4 in dose reduction relative to routine chest exams is similar to what was used in the NLST trial.
Local anthropogenic impact on particulate elemental carbon concentrations at Summit, Greenland

Summit, Greenland is a remote Arctic research station allowing for field measurements at the highest point of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Due to the current reliance on diesel generators for electricity at Summit, unavoidable local emissions are a potential contamination threat to the mea- surement of combustion-related species in the air and snow. The effect of fossil-fuel combustion on particulate elemental carbon (EC) is assessed by a combination of ambient mea- surements ( 1 km from the main camp), a series of snow pits, and Gaussian plume modeling. Ambient measurements indicate that the air directly downwind of the research sta- tion generators experiences particulate absorption coefficient (closely related to EC) values that are up to a factor of 200 higher than the summer 2006 non-camp-impacted ambient average. Local anthropogenic influence on snow EC content is also evident. The average EC concentration in 1-m snow pits in the "clean air" sector of Summit Camp are a factor of 1.8-2.4 higher than in snow pits located 10 km and 20 km to the north ("downwind") and south ("upwind") of the research site. Gaussian plume modeling performed using meteoro- logical data from years 2003-2006 suggests a strong angu- lar dependence of anthropogenic impact, with highest risk to the northwest of Summit Camp and lowest to the southeast. Along a transect to the southeast (5 degree angle bin), the modeled frequency of significant camp contribution to atmo- spheric EC (i.e. camp-produced EC>summer 2006 average EC) at a distance of 0.5 km, 10 km, and 20 km is 1%, 0.2%, and 0.05%, respectively. According to both the snow pit and model results, a distance exceeding 10 km towards the south- east is expected to minimize risk of contamination. These results also suggest that other remote Arctic monitoring sta- tions powered by local fuel combustion may need to account for local air and snow contamination in field sampling design and data interpretation.
Raman Scattering from Adsorbed Molecules in Electrochemical Systems

The classical theory of Raman scattering from adsorbed molecules on solid surfaces is outlined, and modifications aimed at discussing electrochemical systems are presented. We propose a mechanism for intensity enhancement and compute the polarization and the angular distribution of the scattered radiation. It is shown that for some limiting cases the position of the molecule with respect to the surface may be inferred from experiments.
A cache coherency scheme for an asynchronous packet-switched shared memory multiprocessor

This paper analyses the problems encountered in designing a bus-based cache coherence protocol for an asynchronous packet switched multiprocessor system having private caches for each processor and describes such an implementation, showing the algorithm used in maintaining cache coherency. Multiple copies of the data are allowed to exist. Since there is no directory that keeps track of all the processors caching data, multiple messages need to be broadcast to all caches whenever coherency needs to be maintained. On the other hand, the scaleable coherent interface (SCI) protocol maintains a doubly linked-list of all caches sharing each data with the head pointer maintained at a memory controller. This paper will compare the above two schemes and discuss their corresponding performance and design issues for both small and large scaleable multiprocessors. >
NEW INSIGHTS ON VECTOR MESONS: A DIALOG BETWEEN $f^{T}_{V}$ AND fV

We examine the high energy behavior of the two-point correlators 〈VV〉, 〈TT〉, 〈VT〉 and its implications on the spectrum of spin-1 vector mesons. This leads to an estimate of in excellent agreement with the recent sum rule and lattice determinations. This information is later implemented in a hadronic model and used to estimate the value of the magnetic susceptibility of the quark condensate χ0. Our analysis shows that lowest meson resonance may turn out to be a bad approximation for this quantity.
Hemodynamic benefits of atrioventricular sequential pacing after cardiac surgery

Abstract The hemodynamic effects of atrioventricular (A-V) sequential pacing were assessed and compared with those of ventricular and of atrial pacing in 10 patients with and without heart block after cardiac surgery. Ventricular pacing alone was either hemodynamically detrimental or of no benefit in six of the eight patients who initially had sinus or accelerated junctional rhythms. Atrial pacing alone produced significant improvement in cardiac output in all patients who were not pacemaker-dependent. However, five of the eight patients with intact A-V conduction had further increases in cardiac output through A-V sequential pacing at shorter than intrinsic A-V intervals. Optimal A-V intervals for maximal cardiac output could be identified in all patients and varied widely. Significant changes in cardiac output occurred with relatively small deviations in the A-V interval. In selected patients after cardiac surgery, temporary A-V sequential pacing is a workable and valuable adjunctive form of hemodynamic support and is preferable to ventricular or atrial pacing.