cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economic Stability and Social Identity: Historic Preservation in Old North St. Louis

Since the 1950s, the Old North St. Louis neighborhood in St. Louis, Missouri, has suffered population loss and disinvestment due to failed urban renewal initiatives, the construction of a new interstate highway that bisected the community, and suburbanization. Under the auspices of a U.S. Housing and Urban Development Community Outreach Partnership Center grant, the Public Policy Research Center at the University of Missouri-St. Louis partnered with the Old North St. Louis community to assist it in attaining economic growth, social stability, and a cultural identity through archaeological research and interpretation. Building off existing historic preservation initiatives, this partnership employed “true acts of inclusion” in developing with the community the major goals and the “questions that count.” Archaeological work in conjunction with oral histories and archival research was used to strengthen the sense of community through development of K-12 educational programming, a local neighborhood museum, a video documentary, a published history, a website, and an historic bike trail. These products provided the tools to attract new residents, investors, and visitors to the neighborhood and served as cultural glue, connecting people to place. The project advances the concept of public archaeology by demonstrating how research and interpretation can be aligned with specific urban revitalization goals.
Specialized strategies: an alternative to first principles in diagnostic problem solving

We introduce specialized strategies, an alternative level of reasoning, falling in generality between recognition-based reasoning and reasoning from first principles. These strategies are weak methods that are specific to a class of problems that occur in different domains. Specialized strategies are applicable not only to familiar problems in a domain, but also to problems that have not been anticipated. As a result they can provide both broad coverage currently given by "causal" reasoning and an efficiency close to that of "shallow" reasoning. The specialized strategies use inexact models of the components in the faulty system which contain only diagnostically relevant knowledge. Specialized strategies may be used in expert systems to increase efficiency, reduce brittleness, and decrease knowledge base construction effort compared to other common approaches. Examples are given from the domain of computer hardware diagnosis where two prototype expert systems were implemented.
On the Extremal Number of Edges in 2-Factor Hamiltonian Graphs

In this paper we consider the question of determining the maximum number of edges in a Hamiltonian graph of order n that contains no 2-factor with more than one cycle, that is, 2-factor Hamiltonian graphs. We obtain exact results for both bipartite graphs, and general graphs, and construct extremal graphs in each case.
Repensar la intervención social con grupos: premisas y orientaciones para una práctica transformadora

This theoretical article proposes a review of social intervention with groups, especially the so-called socioeducational and socio-therapeutic, in order to offer certain guidelines that help guide and improve their practice. Part of the reconsideration of the contributions that contributed the most to the theoretical body of the discipline of working with groups, often unknown by social intervention professionals, as well as the identification of some of the actions that most limit their possibilities, its simplification included. And due to this, the focus is especially on the description of a set of transcendental aspects for the understanding of its processes and those that, however, are barely mentioned in the materials that seek to guide social and educational work with them. The framing and the difference between group and grouping, the concept of group matrix, the determination of the task, the transition from dependence to interdependence, the consideration of power and belonging and the possibility of the complementarity of roles, are presented as well as unavoidable elements for a true group support change trigger.
Volumetric display by movement of particles trapped in a laser via photophoresis

Photophoresis can stably hold opaque microscopic particles in a laser focus surrounded by room air with strength sufficient to enable centimeter-scale patterns to be drawn by sweeping the laser beam. The resulting images rely on visual persistence as laser light scatters from the particle, which is rapidly swept through the 3-D pattern. Control can be maintained while moving the particle with air speeds up to 2 m/s. A desire to greatly increase the sweep speed motivates a re-examination of the fundamentals of photophoresis-based laser-particle traps. Most explanations offered are qualitative, with differing opinions as to whether, for example, asymmetric heating or asymmetric thermal accommodation is primarily at work. Which particles become trapped in the beam is typically based on self-selection, as a variety of particles with possible differing shapes and sizes are offered to the laser focus for capture. Characteristics that make some particles preferred over others are especially relevant. There is broad consensus that structure in the laser focus greatly aids in stable trapping. Nevertheless, it is still possible for even a relatively smooth TEM00 beam to capture and hold particles. Moreover, even in a structured focus (i.e. with aberrations and local intensity minima and maxima), questions remain as to exactly how a particle becomes stably trapped in certain beam locations. A zoomed-in look at trapped particles reveals oscillations or orbits with excursions over tens of microns and accelerations up to 10 gs. We trapped particles in zero-gravity as well as 2-g environments with no noticeable difference in stability.
Stroke prophylaxis in critically-ill patients with new-onset atrial fibrillation

Despite a high incidence of new onset atrial fibrillation (NOAF) in critically ill patients and its association with short and long-term incidence of stroke, there is limited data assessing anticoagulation on hospital discharge in these patients. We retrospectively reviewed electronic medical records of all adult patients admitted to non-cardiac ICUs at our institution between January 2009 and March 2016. Patients with NOAF were identified and CHA2DS2-VASc score of ICU survivors was calculated. Prescription of oral anticoagulant therapy on hospital discharge was analyzed. A total of 640 (1.7% [38,708 patients]; 95% CI 1.5%, 1.8%) patients developed NOAF during the study period. CHA2DS2-VASc score was calculated for 615 patients, of which 82.2% had a CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥ 2. Of the 428 eligible patients, only 96 patients (22.4%) were discharged on oral anticoagulant therapy. Patients with a history of congestive heart failure (33.7% vs. 19.7%) and stroke/TIA or other thromboembolic disease (35.9% vs. 18.0%) were more likely to be discharged on an oral anticoagulant. Patients with a higher score were also more likely to be discharged on an oral anticoagulant (OR 1.27; 95% CI 1.10, 1.47). NOAF is common in critically ill patients admitted to non-cardiac ICUs and a significant proportion of these patients have a CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥ 2. However, only a minority of them are discharged on an oral anticoagulant. There is a need to identify ways to improve implementation of effective stroke prophylaxis in these patients.
Acculturation, identity distress, and internalizing symptoms among resettled adolescent refugees

Abstract Introduction This study examines the relations among native and host country acculturation, identity distress, and internalizing symptoms among multicultural adolescent refugees (N = 33) resettled to the United States from a range of countries including Cuba, Iraq, Jordan, Haiti, Colombia, and Venezuela. Despite previous research supporting the advantages of developing a bicultural style to acculturation, mixed results have been found regarding native and host country acculturation patterns among resettled refugees and how these patterns may be associated with refugee mental health outcomes. Methods The objective of this study was not only to consider the roles that US and native acculturation may play on the self-report of identity distress and internalizing symptoms among refugee adolescents more broadly, but also to consider the role various dimensions of acculturation (e.g., cultural identity, language competence, and cultural competence) may play for refugee adolescents post-resettlement. Results and Conclusions The study findings indicate that native acculturation, and more specifically native cultural identity, may serve as significant protective factors against identity distress among adolescent refugees post-resettlement, with native cultural identity additionally serving as a protective factor against internalizing symptoms. US acculturation was not found to be significantly associated with identity distress or internalizing symptoms, nor were the acculturative dimensions of language learning (i.e., English and native language competencies), cultural knowledge (i.e., US and native cultural knowledge competencies), or US cultural identity. Recommendations and implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Electroencephalographic patterns preceding cardiac arrest in neonates following cardiac surgery.

Abstract Aim To identify EEG changes that could predict impending cardiac arrest (CA) in neonates with congenital heart disease undergoing postoperative continuous EEG monitoring. Methods Single-center observational study of neonates who underwent cardiac surgery and had CA postoperatively while undergoing EEG monitoring from 2012-2018. Clinical data were extracted from the medical record. EEG backgrounds were evaluated at defined time-points using standardized terminology. Results We assessed 22 neonates. The median gestational age was 38.7 weeks (IQR 37.6, 39), the median age at surgery was 5 days (IQR 2, 8), 12 patients (55%) underwent repair for hypoplastic left heart syndrome, and the median time from cardiac intensive care unit arrival postoperatively to CA was 9.5 h (IQR 7, 23). The initial EEG background was abnormal in 15 (68%). All 22 neonates (100%) had worsening of the EEG background prior to initiation of chest compressions for CA at a median of 3 min (IQR 1.5, 3). Eighteen neonates (82%) had an EEG change more than 1 min prior to chest compressions. The EEG backgrounds immediately prior to CA were continuous low voltage in 1 (5%), excessive discontinuity in 8 (36%), burst-suppression in 2 (9%), and low voltage suppression in 11 (50%). Conclusion EEG background was abnormal in 68% of neonates at EEG monitoring onset and worsened in all minutes before CA. EEG background changes may be an early sign of impending CA and indicative of developing cerebral dysfunction. Further study is needed to determine whether rapid identification of EEG changes could drive implementation of interventions to prevent CA.
Emerging Applications of Supramolecular Peptide Assemblies

Supramolecular peptide assemblies not only provide molecular insight into understanding and mimicking the fundamental features of the self-assembly of biological molecules, but also promise many important applications. This review discusses representative examples of supramolecular assemblies of peptides or peptide derivatives and highlights the emerging applications of these materials, including tissue engineering, molecular imaging, and cancer therapeutics. These results underscore the tremendous promise of supramolecular peptide assemblies as an emerging interdisciplinary research branch at the interface of chemistry and biological science.
Improving the efficiency of soybean breeding with high-throughput canopy phenotyping

In the early stages of plant breeding programs high-quality phenotypes are still a constraint to improve genetic gain. New field-based high-throughput phenotyping (HTP) platforms have the capacity to rapidly assess thousands of plots in a field with high spatial and temporal resolution, with the potential to measure secondary traits correlated to yield throughout the growing season. These secondary traits may be key to select more time and most efficiently soybean lines with high yield potential. Soybean average canopy coverage (ACC), measured by unmanned aerial systems (UAS), is highly heritable, with a high genetic correlation with yield. The objective of this study was to compare the direct selection for yield with indirect selection using ACC and using ACC as a covariate in the yield prediction model (Yield|ACC) in early stages of soybean breeding. In 2015 and 2016 we grew progeny rows (PR) and collected yield and days to maturity (R8) in a typical way and canopy coverage using a UAS carrying an RGB camera. The best soybean lines were then selected with three parameters, Yield, ACC and Yield|ACC, and advanced to preliminary yield trials (PYT). We found that for the PYT in 2016, after adjusting yield for R8, there was no significant difference among the mean performances of the lines selected based on ACC and Yield. In the PYT in 2017 we found that the highest yield mean was from the lines directly selected for yield, but it may be due to environmental constraints in the canopy growth. Our results indicated that PR selection using Yield|ACC selected the most top-ranking lines in advanced yield trials. Our findings emphasize the value of aerial HTP platforms for early stages of plant breeding. Though ACC selection did not result in the best performance lines in the second year of selections, our results indicate that ACC has a role in the effective selection of high-yielding soybean lines.
Phenotypic variance in Calpain-5 retinal degeneration.

Abstract Purpose To characterize the phenotype of patients with mild calpain-5 Neovascular Inflammatory Vitreoretinopathy (ADNIV). Observations The CAPN5 p.R243L mutation is typically associated with onset in the twenties and severe, progressive uveitis, retinal neovascularization, and intraocular fibrosis. Two subjects with this CAPN5 variant only showed mild peripheral retinal pigmentary degeneration and loss of the ERG b-wave at age 45 and 69, respectively, without signs of uveitis or neovascularization. Conclusions/Importance The phenotypic penetrance of a specific variant in CAPN5-vitreoretinopathy may vary significantly in severity. Patients with pigmentary retinal dystrophy may consider CAPN5 gene testing.
What if Legal Ethics Can't Be Reduced to a Maxim?

Most theories of legal ethics try to identify a maxim for lawyers to follow, like “act zealously within the bounds of law” or “do what will best promote justice under the circumstances.” But these maxims fail to capture the ethical complexity of lawyering. Legal ethics can’t be reduced to a maxim unless the ethical world of lawyering can be reduced to a single value. If justice were the only value at stake, then it would be right for lawyers to follow the maxim “promote justice.” But there are multiple values at stake in the practice of law. No maxim can tell lawyers how to reconcile conflicts between genuine values like justice, autonomy, and political legitimacy. Instead of trying to identify maxims that lawyers can use to resolve ethical dilemmas, legal ethics scholars should try to understand the virtues and skills that make it possible to act admirably when values conflict. Among these is the capacity to tolerate ethical tension — to keep struggling, when faced with an apparent dilemma, to find a third way out. Maxims are guidelines for choice; they implicitly assume that lawyers must choose between two given options. But it’s often better to keep searching for another option. Instead of showing lawyers how to solve ethical dilemmas, we should try to help lawyers fight them. Refusing to apply any maxim can be an act of virtue.
Ein expandierendes Universum

Kurz nach der Fertigstellung der Allgemeinen Relativitatstheorie wandte Einstein seine neue Theorie auf das Universum als Ganzes an.
Comparison of texture-based classification and deep learning for plantar soft tissue histology segmentation.

Abstract Histomorphological measurements can be used to identify microstructural changes related to disease pathomechanics, in particular, plantar soft tissue changes with diabetes. However, these measurements are time-consuming and susceptible to sampling and human measurement error. We investigated two approaches to automate segmentation of plantar soft tissue stained with modified Hart's stain for elastin with the eventual goal of subsequent morphological analysis. The first approach used multiple texture- and color-based features with tile-wise classification. The second approach used a convolutional neural network modified from the U-Net architecture with fewer channel dimensions and additional downsampling steps. A hybrid color and texture feature, Fourier reduced histogram of uniform improved opponent color local binary patterns (f-IOCLBP), yielded the best feature-based segmentation, but still performed 3.6% worse on average than the modified U-Net. The texture-based method was sensitive to changes in illumination and stain intensity, and segmentation errors were often in large regions of single tissues or at tissue boundaries. The U-Net was able to segment small, few-pixel tissue boundaries, and errors were often trivial to clean up with post-processing. A U-Net approach outperforms hand-crafted features for segmentation of plantar soft tissue stained with modified Hart's stain for elastin.
Presence and Severity of Mental Illness Is Associated With Increased Risk of Postoperative Emergency Visits, Readmission, and Reoperation Following Outpatient ACDF: A National Database Analysis.

Study Design:Retrospective cohort study.Objective:The purpose was to compare rates of postoperative ED visits, readmission, and reoperation between patients with and without preexisting mental illn...
Plancherel—Pôlya type inequality and its applications

In this note, using the discrete Calderon type reproducing formula, we prove the Plancherel-Polya type inequality with the minimum regularity. As a consequence, we give a new characterization of the Besov and Triebel-Lizorkin spaces by use of the mininum regularity.
Intracellular signalling pathways in dopamine cell death and axonal degeneration.

The pathways of programmed cell death (PCD) are now understood in extraordinary detail at the molecular level. Although much evidence suggests that they are likely to play a role in Parkinson’s disease (PD), the precise nature of that role remains unknown. Two pathways of cell death that are especially well characterized are cyclin-dependent kinase 5-mediated phosphorylation of myocyte enhancer factor 2 and the mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling cascade. Although blockade of these pathways in animals has achieved a truly remarkable degree of neuroprotection of the neuron cell soma, it has not achieved protection of axons. Thus, there is a need to explore beyond the canonical pathways of PCD and investigate mechanisms of axon destruction. We also need to move beyond the narrow classic concept that the mechanisms of PCD are activated exclusively ‘downstream’, following cellular injury. Studies in the genetics of PD suggest that in some forms of the disease, activation may be an early ‘upstream’ event. Additionally, recent observations suggest that cell death in some contexts may not be initiated by injury, but instead by a failure of intrinsic cell survival signalling. These new points of view offer new opportunities for molecular targeting.
Computational Complexity: A Modern Approach

This beginning graduate textbook describes both recent achievements and classical results of computational complexity theory. Requiring essentially no background apart from mathematical maturity, the book can be used as a reference for self-study for anyone interested in complexity, including physicists, mathematicians, and other scientists, as well as a textbook for a variety of courses and seminars. More than 300 exercises are included with a selected hint set.
Conservation caring: measuring the influence of zoo visitors' connection to wildlife on pro-conservation behaviors

Zoos in the 21st century are striving to make effective contributions to conservation. Although zoos are extremely popular and host over 600 million visitors worldwide, one challenge zoos face is how to effectively engage visitors and raise awareness and action for conservation. To this end, zoos commonly rely on charismatic megafauna, which have been shown to elicit a connection with zoo visitors. However, little is known about how to measure a connection to a species or how this connection may influence conservation behaviors. This study had two sequential objectives. The first was to develop a scale to measure visitors' connection to a species (Conservation Caring). The second was to investigate the relationship of Conservation Caring to pro-conservation behaviors, following a zoo experience. Pre- (n = 411) and post-visit (n = 452) responses were collected from three sites in order to assess the reliability and validity of a scale to measure Conservation Caring. Structural equation modeling was used to explore the relationship between Conservation Caring and pro-conservation behaviors. Conservation Caring was deemed a valid and reliable scale and was a strong predictor of species oriented behaviors (β = 0.62), for example, "adopting" an animal, but a weak predictor for biodiversity oriented behaviors (β = 0.07), for example, supporting sustainability policies. Results support the role zoos can play in fostering a connection to wildlife and stimulating pro-conservation behaviors. Additionally, visitors connected to a wide array of animals. On the basis of these results, zoos may recruit a wider assemblage of species as potential flagships.
Transfusion Mortality and Morbidity in Orthopedic Surgery

SUMMARY Red blood cell transfusions are commonly used in orthopedic surgery and cost billions of dollars annually. The goals of transfusion are to reduce mortality, morbidity and functional impairment that result from anemia and inadequate oxygen delivery. Risks of infections from transfusion are low and continue to decline, but evidence is growing that red cell transfusions are immunosuppressive and predispose patients to postoperative infections. However, there actually are very little data on when transfusion is indicated. Observational data suggest that transfusion does not reduce mortality in patients with pre- or postoperative hemoglobin levels >8 g/dL, although no conclusions could be drawn about the effect of transfusion in patients with hemoglobin >8 g/dL. Large well-performed randomized clinical trials are needed to establish the efficacy of transfusion. Until better data are available, orthopedic surgeons will have to rely on clinical judgement in transfusion decisions. The author recommends using a higher transfusion threshold in patients with cardiovascular disease.
Hypoperfusion-Related Cerebral Ischemia and Cardiac Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction

BACKGROUND: Cardiomyopathy and low ejection fraction (EF) are associated with cardiac thrombi and cardiogenic embolism but may also be risk factors for hypoperfusion-related cerebral ischemia (HRCI). Current stroke subtype criteria do not include an HRCI category. METHOD: To look for evidence of HRCI, we compared mean infarct volume between serial patients with EF or = 70%) carotid stenosis and serial patients with normal EF and high-grade carotid stenosis. We matched serial stroke patients with EF < or =35% with stroke patients with normal EF and compared the number and type of ischemic lesion (symptomatic or asymptomatic) and mean infarct volume on magnetic resonance imaging. We blindly compared stroke subtype in these groups using modified Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) criteria, including an HRCI category. RESULTS: In patients with carotid stenosis, ipsilateral infarct volume was greater with EF < or = 35% (74.7 mL, 95% CI, 17.3-132.1 mL) than in controls (17.1 mL, 95% Cl, 9.4-24.8 mL) (P<.05). There was no difference in the mean number of HRCI-compatible infarcts on computed tomography scan between patients with low EF and controls. Symptomatic HRCI occurred in 4 of 15 patients with low EF and in 0 of 15 controls. CONCLUSIONS: Symptomatic HRCI occurs in patients with low EF. Severe arterial stenosis may interact with left ventricular systolic dysfunction to cause cerebral hypoperfusion. Modification of the TOAST criteria to include an HRCI subtype is feasible and HRCI should be included as a stroke subtype.
Understanding Latter-Day Saints Education: Principles and Resources.

AbstractUsing historic documents of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) and resources of its leaders, the principles of LDS or Mormon education and its key characteristics are described. In particular, the following characteristics are discussed: (1) the critical role of the Spirit in both teaching and learning, (2) the worthiness, expertise, and role of the teacher, (3) the correct standard of realistic and high expectations of the students, (4) the essential role and correct emphasis on pure doctrine and principles, (5) the importance of effective pedagogy, and (6) the role of agency in learning.
Writing Test Questions Like a Pro

Assessment, particularly standardized testing, is a hot topic in education today. Regardless of current fads, most classroom teachers have a need for objective tests—tests written by the teacher to assess student learning of specific objectives. Writing a good test is not easy, but by following the guidelines presented in this article, teachers can write better test items and, hence, evaluate student learning better.
Influential observations in the analysis of variance

The effect of influentia lob servations on t h e parameter estimates of ordinary l e a s t squares regression models has received considerable attentio n fn the last decade. However, very little attention has been given t o the problem of in fluent ia lobserva- tions in the analysis of variance . The purpose of t h i s paper is t o show by way of examples that influential observations can alter the conclusions of tests of hypotheses in the analysis of variance . Regression diagnostics for identif y in g both extreme points and outliers can be used to reveal potential data and design problems.
Cardiac Performance and Oxygen Consumption during Intracardiac Operations in Children

Abstract Cardiac performance and oxygen consumption in 30 patients undergoing surgical treatment for congenital cardiac disease were determined from intraoperative measurements. Arterial pressure, cardiac index, mean left ventricular hydraulic output power, and pulmonary artery oxygen saturation were obtained at average mean left atrial pressures of 8.1 and 15.2 cm H 2 O after cardiopulmonary bypass in 20 patients. These same variables were measured at an average pulmonary artery saturation of 65 and 75% in 30 patients. A composite of measurements of cardiac performance was desirable to guide precise patient care intraoperatively, especially if myocardial function was compromised. It is suggested that left atrial pressure be maintained at a level that results in a pulmonary artery saturation greater than 65%.
Structure feature selection for chemical compound classification

With the development of highly efficient cheminformatics data collection technology, classification of chemical structure data emerges as an important topic in cheminformatics. Towards building highly accurate predictive models for chemical data, here we present an efficient feature selection method. In our method, we first represent a chemical structure by its 2D connectivity map. We then use frequent subgraph mining to identify structural fragments as features for graph classification. Different from existing methods, we consider the spatial distribution of the subgraph features in the graph data and select those ones that have consistent spatial locations. We have applied our feature selection methods to several cheminformatics benchmarks. Our experimental results demonstrate a significant improvement of prediction as compared to the state-of-the-art feature selection methods.
Environmental productivity predicts migration, demographic, and linguistic patterns in prehistoric California

Global patterns of ethnolinguistic diversity vary tremendously. Some regions show very little variation even across vast expanses, whereas others exhibit dense mosaics of different languages spoken alongside one another. Compared with the rest of Native North America, prehistoric California exemplified the latter. Decades of linguistic, genetic, and archaeological research have produced detailed accounts of the migrations that aggregated to build California’s diverse ethnolinguistic mosaic, but there have been few have attempts to explain the process underpinning these migrations and why such a mosaic did not develop elsewhere. Here we show that environmental productivity predicts both the order of migration events and the population density recorded at contact. The earliest colonizers occupied the most suitable habitats along the coast, whereas subsequent Mid–Late Holocene migrants settled in more marginal habitats. Other Late Holocene patterns diverge from this trend, reflecting altered dynamics linked to food storage and increased sedentism. Through repeated migration events, incoming populations replaced resident populations occurring at lower densities in lower-productivity habitats, thereby resulting in the fragmentation of earlier groups and the development of one of the most diverse ethnolinguistic patterns in the Americas. Such a process may account for the distribution of ethnolinguistic diversity worldwide.
THE NECESSITY OF WEIGHTING VALUES IN CORRELATION ANALYSIS OF AREAL DATA

(1956). THE NECESSITY OF WEIGHTING VALUES IN CORRELATION ANALYSIS OF AREAL DATA. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 233-236.
Pollen Accumulation Rates: Estimates from Late-Glacial Sediment of Rogers Lake

Absolute pollen deposition in a Connecticut lake over a 4000-year interval has been estimated from pollen frequencies in a core of late-glacial sediment dated by radiocarbon techniques. The rate of total sediment accumulation as measured after burial was statistically constant at 0.036 centimeter per year, but the rate of deposition of pollen grains onto the sediment increased from 600 to 900 grains 14,000 years ago to 9000 per square centimeter per year 10,000 years ago. A major increase in the deposition of tree pollen occurred about 11,500 years ago, at the beginning of the spruce pollen zone. Presentation of data in conventional (percentage) form masks the magnitude of this change and distorts many of the changes in accumulation rates for individual types of pollen; moreover it magnifies statistical variation in the herb zone where all pollen is scarce.
Phenotypic heterogeneity in a family with a small atypical microduplication of chromosome 22q11.2 involving TBX1

The chromosome 22q11.2 region is commonly involved in non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR) events. Microduplications of 22q11.2, usually involving a 3 Mb or 1.5 Mb region constitute the 22q11 microduplication syndrome. Both microdeletions and microduplications of 22q11.21 are reported to share several phenotypic characteristics, including dysmorphic facial features, velopharyngeal insufficiency, congenital heart disease, urogenital abnormalities, and immunologic defects. We report a child who presented at 8 months of age for evaluation of microcephaly and mild motor delay. Head circumference at birth, at 8 months, and at 19 months of age was below the 3rd centile. Other findings included left-sided cryptorchidism and developmental dysplasia of the left hip. In addition, echocardiography revealed a restrictive patent ductus arteriosus. Chromosomal microarray analysis using Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0 revealed a novel 437 kb interstitial duplication at 22q11.21, involving TBX1, whose breakpoints did not coincide with known low copy repeat (LCR) regions. The same duplication was confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) in the patient's mother and an older sister. The mother has a history of anxiety disorder and depression. The sister had a history of delayed motor milestones. None of the three duplication carriers has any documented renal anomalies or other significant medical problems. This report demonstrates the clinical heterogeneity associated with microduplications of 22q11.2 and illustrates the difficulties related to providing prognostic information and accurate genetic counseling to families when this finding is detected. The described microduplication is the smallest in this genomic region reported to date and further implicates abnormal gene dosage of TBX1 in disorders resulting from 22q11.2 rearrangements.
“Women made it a home”: representations of women in social studies

This article explores recently published P-12 social studies lesson plans that include women to examine how attending to women is “getting done” in the field and how the lessons represent women and women’s experiences. Using discourse analysis methodologies, the author demonstrates that women have been included as topics in ways that do not work toward disrupting problematic discourses about gender norms. Through their avoidance of issues of power and patriarchy, most of the lessons fall short of addressing gender inequity – in the past or the present – in a significant way. More critical attention to women and gender in lessons, as well as in other curricular spaces, are important steps toward harnessing social studies’ potential to engage students in the meaningful consideration of inequitable gender relations.
Sensory Quality of Selected Sweeteners: Aqueous and Lipid Model Systems

The sweetness characteristics of sucrose, fructose, aspartame, acesulfame K, sodium saccharin and calcium cyclamate were studied in aqueous and lipid model food systems with and without lemon or vanilla flavoring. Anchored linear scales were used to evaluate sweetened model systems for initial, maximum and residual sweetness intensity and nonsweet aftertaste. Data were analyzed by analyses of variance. Flavor did not influence sweetness, except where residual sweetness was more intense in lemon and vanilla solutions than in plain solutions. No sweetener was perceived exactly like sucrose. Intensity and sweetness profiles varied between systems and among sweeteners. Character of the food system influenced perceptions of sweetness and aftertaste.
Dysregulation of muscle fatty acid metabolism in type 2 diabetes is independent of malonyl-CoA.

Aims/hypothesis An elevated lipid content within skeletal muscle cells is associated with the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. We hypothesised that in subjects with type 2 diabetes muscle malonyl-CoA (an inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation) would be elevated at baseline in comparison with control subjects and in particular during physiological hyperinsulinaemia with hyperglycaemia. Thus, fatty acids taken up by muscle would be shunted away from oxidation and towards storage (non-oxidative disposal).
Transvaginal ultrasonographic cervical measurement as a predictor of successful labor induction

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to compare transvaginal cervical measurement and the Bishop score as indicators of duration of labor and successful induction of labor at term. Study Design: This prospective observational study recruited women with singleton gestations scheduled for induction of labor at ≥37 weeks. Transvaginal ultrasonographic measurement of cervical length was performed and the Bishop score was determined, each by operators masked to the other measurement. Data were collected on parity, gestational age, mode of delivery, induction agent, induction-to-delivery interval, Bishop score, and cervical length measurement. Results: A total of 77 women were analyzed. Vaginal delivery occurred in 69%. Both Bishop score and cervical length showed linear correlation with duration of labor ( R 2 = 0.43, P R 2 = 0.48, P P P 4 also had shorter labors and were more likely to be delivered vaginally, with similar P values. A logistic regression model identified cervical length and parity as the only independent predictors of vaginal delivery. Conclusions: Both ultrasonographically measured cervical length and Bishop score predict duration of labor and likelihood of vaginal delivery. However, only cervical length and parity were independent predictors of mode of delivery. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:1030-2.)
Improving Management Development Through Simulation Gaming

Business games are often more costly and require more effort to implement than traditional programmes. However they are rapidly gaining favour as management development tools. Games incorporate a case history of the relevant industry and organisation; a set of realistic rules guiding business decisions; a computerised mathematical model which simulates a dynamic market. They offer possibilities for experiential learning in strategic planning and policy making, functional integration, financial analysis and control, team planning, “what if” analysis and interpersonal behavioural training. Games allow managers to experience failure without personal or organisational consequences. Methods of administering a game are explained and the learning process discussed. Case histories of game use in the Southwest Mat Processing Corporation Headquarters, the Southern Chemical Company and educational establishments in Honolulu are described. Emerging trends are discussed.
A fast neutron spectrometer capable of nanosecond time gating

Abstract A fast neutron spectrometer has been constructed which is capable of 200 keV energy resolution at 1 MeV and can be time gated to several ns. The spectrometer is a proton recoil scintillation detector. The neutron spectrum is obtained from the detector pulse height response by a modified least squares unfolding technique. The response of the detector to monoenergetic neutrons has been measured and is used in conjunction with a computer code, SLOP, for unfolding the neutron spectrum. Results are presented to indicate the capabilities of the detector. Unfolded neutron spectra containing 1.0 MeV and 1.3 MeV lines are presented. The neutron spectra leaking out of a carbon assembly at two different time delays after the injection of a monoenergetic neutron pulse are also presented.
Congenital melanocytic nevi and DNA content. An analysis by flow and image cytometry

BACKGROUND Potential risk factors for the development of melanoma in congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN) are not well established. DNA aneuploidy may constitute such a risk factor but has not been sufficiently studied in CMN. METHODS In the present study, DNA analysis of eight giant CMN, nine medium CMN (1.5-20 cm), and eight small CMN (< 1.5 cm) was assessed by flow cytometry and selected lesions (six nevi) by DNA image cytometry. DNA content was correlated with patient age, nevus size, and degree of cytologic atypia. RESULTS DNA aneuploidy was detected by flow cytometry in two giant CMN from adult patients and in a small CMN from a child. DNA aneuploidy was not observed in any of the six CMN studied by image cytometry, although an increased S-phase was noted in a markedly atypical giant CMN. No DNA aneuploidy was detected in medium-sized CMN or in the CMN of nine patients 1 year of age or younger. CONCLUSION In contrast to previous studies, it was observed that abnormal DNA content does tend to correlate with cytologic atypia, particularly in giant CMN with atypia or melanoma, in adults. Conversely, frank DNA aneuploidy in any CMN in children younger than 1 year of age, irrespective of histologic findings, was not detected. Finally, based on these limited studies, greater sensitivity of image over flow cytometry for detection of DNA aneuploidy cannot be verified.
A Framework for Evaluating Deployment Strategies for Intelligent Transportation Systems

Because Intelligeni Transportation Systems (ITS) R&D is performed for the ultimate depolyment in the real world, deployment issues may limit design options for ITS operating concepts and technologies and, hence, can be viewed as constraints on ITS R&D. Therefore, ITS deployment issues must be studied at the outset of the R&D process. This paper develops a framework to help anticipate, recognize and organize such issues. The findings can be used by ITS researchers in developing deployable ITS operating concepts and the enabling technologies and by ITS promoters in deploying ITS operating concepts and technologies having been developed already. Based on a focus on decisions and decision makers impacting the deployment of ITS user services, we attempt to“derive”the issue dimensions of such a framework. The resulting eight dimensions of ITS deployment issues are: need, solution/opportunity, decision maker, decision making, decision influencing, time, risk management, and synergy.
Emile's Missing Text: Les Aventures De Télémaque

The final book of Rousseau's Emile—in which Emile's education draws to an end as he meets, courts, and marries Sophie—relies on repeated allusions to Les Aventures de Telemaque. Emile, who has not read Fenelon's best-selling novel, is excluded from the intertextual references and, consequently, is ignorant of his tutor's strategic use of the pedagogical couple of Mentor and Telemaque to position himself at once as an omniscient Mentor figure and as the mediator of Emile and Sophie's erotic life.
Structure of bacteriophage P22 portal protein in relation to assembly: investigation by Raman spectroscopy.

Salmonella phage P22, which serves as an assembly paradigm for icosahedral double-stranded DNA viruses, packages its viral genome through a capsid channel (portal) comprising 12 copies of a 725-residue subunit. Secondary and tertiary structures of the portal subunit in monomeric and dodecameric states have been investigated by Raman spectroscopy using a His6-tagged recombinant protein that self-assembles in vitro [Moore, S. D., and Prevelige, P. E., Jr. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 6779-6788]. The portal protein exhibits Raman secondary structure markers typical of a highly alpha-helical subunit fold that is little perturbed by assembly. On the other hand, Raman markers of subunit side chains change dramatically with assembly, an indication of extensive changes in side chain environments. The cysteinyl Raman signature of the portal consists of a complex pattern of sulfhydryl stretching bands, revealing diverse hydrogen-bonding states for the four S-H groups per subunit (Cys 153, Cys 173, Cys 283, and Cys 516). Upon assembly, the population of strongly hydrogen-bonded S-H groups decreases, while the population of weakly hydrogen-bonded S-H groups increases, implying that specific intrasubunit S-H.X hydrogen bonds must be weakened to effect dodecamer assembly and that the molecular mechanism involves reorganization of subunit domains without appreciable changes in domain conformations. Comparison with other viral protein assemblies suggests an assembly process not requiring metastable intermediates. The recently published X-ray structure of the phi29 portal [Simpson, A. A., et al. (2000) Nature 408, 745-750] shows that residues 125-225 lining the channel surface form alpha-helical modules spaced by short beta-strands and turns; a surprisingly close secondary structure homology is predicted for residues 240-350 of the P22 portal, despite no apparent sequence homology. This motif is proposed as an evolutionarily conserved domain involved in DNA translocation.
Guidelines for comprehensive quality assurance in brachytherapy.

Brachytherapy treatment techniques can provide significant improvement in local control and overall survival, but only when quality assurance can be guaranteed. In the absence of well-trained personnel and inadequate equipment undesirable results usually follow. To establish brachytherapy quality assurance, basic requirements for three predetermined subdivisions of clinical institutions will be forwarded. These are: (1) centers having minimum requirements to provide brachytherapy, (2) intermediate centers such as regional or community hospitals, and (3) optimal centers such as university hospitals and cancer centers. A minimum center would have no board certified radiation personnel, would make use of services of a gynecologist or surgeon, be limited to afterloading or remote afterloading techniques for uterus cancer, and quality control would be guaranteed by using simple treatment protocols with fixed intrauterine applicators. Additional quality assurance such as leak testing, etc. would be provided by a parent organization (W.H.O. or Optimal Center). An intermediate center would have at least one certified radiation personnel with expansion of brachytherapy techniques to interstitial implants with several isotopes. Like the minimum center, no teaching would be provided but some quality assurance policies would be performed at the center (e.g., autoradiographs). The optimal center would have a full complement of personnel, have total brachytherapy capabilities, have teaching programs for its staff and possibly the minimum and intermediate centers and be able to provide its own quality assurance. This presentation will highlight personnel needs, equipment requirements, academic activities, clinical experience with these systems and proposed quality assurance guidelines.
Radiative recombination of electrons with hydrogen atoms

Abstract The rate coefficient for the raction H + e → H − + h ω is computed by detailed balance using the known cross section for the inverse reaction for electron temperatures in the range 0°K → 10000°K.
Fatal overdose from a sustained-release theophylline preparation

A 26-year-old woman ingested approximately 9 g of theophylline (Theodur ® ). She exhibited agitation, generalized seizures, hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypophosphatemia, and diuresis. Later in her hospital course rhabdomyolysis, myoglobinuria, and acute renal failure occurred. Hemodialysis was performed to correct electrolyte imbalance. She subsequently died of intractable shock and hyperkalemia. This case illustrates the metabolic abnormalities which may occur with severe theophylline intoxication.