cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the furosine and homoarginine methods for determining reactive lysine in rumen-undegraded protein

Three samples of soybean meal (SBM), 3 samples of expeller SBM (SoyPlus, West Central Cooperative, Ralston, IA), 5 samples of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), and 5 samples of fish meal were used to evaluate the furosine and homoarginine procedures to estimate reactive Lys in the rumen-undegraded protein fraction (RUP-Lys). One sample each of SBM, expeller SBM, and DDGS were subjected to additional heat treatment in the lab to ensure there was a wide range in reactive RUP-Lys content among the samples. Furosine is a secondary product of the initial stages of the Maillard reaction and can be used to calculate blocked Lys. Homoarginine is formed via the reaction of reactive Lys with O-methylisourea and can be used to calculate the concentration of reactive Lys. In previous experiments, each sample was ruminally incubated in situ for 16 h, and standardized RUP-Lys digestibility of the samples was determined in cecectomized roosters. All rumen-undegraded residue (RUR) samples were analyzed for furosine and Lys; however, only 9 of the 16 samples contained furosine, and only the 4 unheated DDGS samples contained appreciable amounts of furosine. Blocked RUP-Lys was calculated from the furosine and Lys concentrations of the RUR. Both the intact feed and RUR samples were evaluated using the homoarginine method. All samples were incubated with an O-methylisourea/BaOH solution for 72 h and analyzed for Lys and homoarginine concentrations. Reactive Lys concentrations of the intact feeds and RUR were calculated. Results of the experiment indicate that blocked RUP-Lys determined via the furosine method was negatively correlated with standardized RUP-Lys digestibility, and reactive RUP-Lys determined via the guanidination method was positively correlated with standardized RUP-Lys digestibility. Reactive Lys concentrations of the intact samples were also highly correlated with RUP-Lys digestibility. In conclusion, the furosine assay is useful in predicting RUP-Lys digestibility of DDGS samples, and the guanidination procedure can be used to predict RUP-Lys digestibility of SBM, expeller SBM, DDGS, and fish meal samples.
Health: Make precision medicine work for cancer care

To get targeted treatments to more cancer patients pair genomic data with clinical data, and make the information widely accessible, urges Mark A. Rubin.
Hypertension: antihypertensive class matters for combination therapy.

Combination therapy is used to lower blood pressure in the majority of patients with hypertension, yet there has been little evidence as to which classes of antihypertensive agents are most effective. The publication of findings from the ACCOMPLISH trial provides an opportunity to explore the merits of various combination therapies, with a focus on renal risk reduction.
Electronic structure of GaF3 films grown on GaAs via exposure to XeF2.

GaAs(110) and (100) wafers are reacted with ${\mathrm{XeF}}_{2}$ at room temperature and studied with soft-x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (SXPS), photon-stimulated desorption (PSD) and electron-energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS). The reaction between GaAs and ${\mathrm{XeF}}_{2}$ results in the homogeneous growth of a ${\mathrm{GaF}}_{3}$ film and an interface region consisting of intermediate products. The band gap of ${\mathrm{GaF}}_{3}$ and its band lineup with the GaAs substrate are determined via EELS and SXPS. ${\mathrm{F}}^{+}$ PSD spectra collected after the initial ${\mathrm{XeF}}_{2}$ exposures indicate a single desorption onset at \ensuremath{\sim}28 eV, due to the excitation of a F 2s electron to the GaAs conduction-band minimum. PSD spectra collected after larger exposures contain a number of features due to transitions within the ${\mathrm{GaF}}_{3}$ band structure. These features appear when the film thickness exceeds \ensuremath{\sim}10 \AA{}, indicating that the bulk electronic structure has developed. Annealing the film to \ensuremath{\sim}250 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C results in the inhomogeneous removal of ${\mathrm{GaF}}_{3}$.
Gli3 and Plzf cooperate in proximal limb patterning at early stages of limb development

The vertebrate limb initially develops as a bud of mesenchymal cells that subsequently aggregate in a proximal to distal (P-D) sequence to give rise to cartilage condensations that prefigure all limb skeletal components. Of the three cardinal limb axes, the mechanisms that lead to establishment and patterning of skeletal elements along the P-D axis are the least understood. Here we identify a genetic interaction between Gli3 (GLI-Kruppel family member 3) and Plzf (promyelocytic leukaemia zinc finger, also known as Zbtb16 and Zfp145), which is required specifically at very early stages of limb development for all proximal cartilage condensations in the hindlimb (femur, tibia, fibula). Notably, distal condensations comprising the foot are relatively unperturbed in Gli3(-/-);Plzf(-/-) mouse embryos. We demonstrate that the cooperative activity of Gli3 and Plzf establishes the correct temporal and spatial distribution of chondrocyte progenitors in the proximal limb-bud independently of known P-D patterning markers and overall limb-bud size. Moreover, the limb defects in Gli3(-/-);Plzf(-/-) embryos correlate with the transient death of a specific subset of proximal mesenchymal cells that express bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type 1B (Bmpr1b) at the onset of limb development. These findings suggest that the development of proximal and distal skeletal elements is distinctly regulated early during limb-bud formation. The initial division of the vertebrate limb into two distinct molecular domains is consistent with fossil evidence indicating that the upper and lower extremities of the limb have different evolutionary origins.
ESTIMATING THE MARKET MODEL ROBUSTLY

There is now considerable evidence in the literature that the ordinary least squares assumptions fail to hold when estimating the market model parameters. This paper describes a robust estimation procedure which provides automatic protection against departures from normality. The market model parameters are then estimated for a sample of securities using both the least squares method and the robust procedure. Analysis shows that the results under the two procedures may differ considerably.
Baryon-antibaryon final-state interactions and multiperipheral threshold effects

We investigate baryon-antibaryon contributions to the $pp$ total cross section, using simple models. We find that the $B\overline{B}$ threshold is lower than needed to explain the rise in ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{pp}}$, if final-state interactions are important.
Chemical extractions of heavy metals in sediments as related to metal uptake by grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) and clam (Mercenaria mercenaria)

Sediments from four sites in the Hampton Roads Harbor and Elizabeth River system were subjected to solid phase bioassays usingPalaemonetes pugio andMercenaria mercenaria. Metal levels in both organisms after exposure to the sediments varied little between sites; there was no difference in metal uptake between organisms exposed to the test sediments and to the reference sediment. All of the test sites would be acceptable for ocean disposal with respect to the tested metals. Metals concentrations inPalaemonetes were generally greater thanMercenaria. The amounts of metals extracted from the sediments were in the order of Conc HNO3+H2O2>1N HNO3>DTPA. Differences in metal levels in the Conc HNO3+H2O2 and DTPA extracts from different sediments were generally significant and related to sediment type and sampling location. Since there was no significant difference in the concentrations in tissue for either organism, there was no correlation of metal uptake with the sediment extraction method. Out of four sites and metals studied with two test organisms, there were only four instances of bioaccumulation. Data from sediment extractable metals and metal/Fe ratios indicatedPalaemonetes were enriched with respect to the sediment in Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn;Mercenaria were enriched with Pb and Zn.
Low-frequency dielectric fluctuations near the glass transition

The temperature and frequency dependence of thermal electric polarization noise was investigated in glycerol at and below the glass transition temperature. Polarization fluctuations were observed via voltage noise which was produced within a sample capacitance cell in equilibrium. The high sensitivity and accuracy of the technique provides a useful probe of dynamics in low-loss regimes of various dielectric materials. Noise spectra exhibit a 1/fγ power law form at lower temperatures just below the glass transition, where the noise also exhibits unusual aging effects. The spectral exponent decreases with temperature, extrapolating to 1.0, i.e. 1/f noise, at a critical temperature where the noise magnitude extrapolates to a non-zero value. The results support the possibility that a glassy phase transition occurs in the static limit.
Assessment Reactivity: Can Assessment of Alcohol Use During Research be an Active Treatment?

Assessment reactivity refers to the finding that the action of having a behavior queried, monitored, or become a focus of attention during a research study independently can affect the expression of that behavior regardless of other interventions or manipulations used in the study. This article reviews recent efforts to empirically evaluate the independent impact of assessment reactivity on reducing alcohol use and problems in addition to examining how assessment reactivity may act to reduce alcohol use and related problems. The potential of taking advantage of assessment reactivity in alcohol use disorder treatment is discussed.
Private Information and the Allocation of Land Use Subsidies in Malawi

By B. K!"#!$ J%&'* Ef!cient targeting of public programs is dif!cult when the cost or bene!t to potential recipients is private information. This study illustrates the potential of self-selection to improve allocational outcomes in the context of a program that subsidizes tree planting in Malawi. Landholders who received a tree planting contract as a result of bidding in an auction kept signi!cantly more trees alive over a three year period than did landholders who received the contract through a lottery. The gains from targeting on private information through the auction represent a 30 percent cost savings per surviving tree for the implementing organization. (JEL D04, D44, D82, O13, Q24, Q28)
Don't look! Don't touch! Inhibitory control of eye and hand movements.

Inhibitory control of eye and hand movements was compared in the stop-signal task. Subjects moved their eyes to the right or left or pressed keys on the right or left in response to visual stimuli. The stimuli were either central (angle brackets pointing left or right) or peripheral (plus signs turning into Xs left or right of fixation), and the task was either pro (respond on the same side as the stimulus) or anti (respond on the opposite side). Occasionally, a stop signal was presented, which instructed subjects to inhibit their responses to the go stimulus. Stop-signal reaction times (SSRTs) were faster overall for eye movements than for hand movements, and they were affected differently by stimulus conditions (central vs. peripheral) and task (pro vs. anti), suggesting that the eyes and hands are inhibited by different processes operating under similar principles (i.e., a race between stop and go processes).
Non-Nanogold Catalysis of Reactions of Isocyanides, Secondary Amines, and Oxygen to Give Ureas

Although numerous studies show that supported nanogold particles (<5 nm) catalyze a variety of reactions, the results presented in this paper show that unsupported bulk gold powder (∼1000 nm particle size), which is generally known to be a poor catalyst, catalyzes the reactions of isocyanides (R-N≡C), secondary amines (HNR' 2 ), and O 2 to give ureas O=C(NHR)(NR' 2 ) under mild conditions (60 °C, 1 atm O 2 ). Kinetic studies are consistent with a proposed mechanism.
Oscillatory phase of photoconductivity of CdS

Abstract The photoresponse of CdS to chopped light shows a phase delay which oscillates with photon energy with the period of an LO-phonon. Its origin is explained.
The effect of flanges on the radiation patterns of waveguide and sectoral horns

Measurements are given of radiation patterns of open-ended rectangular waveguide with conducting flanges attached to the long edges of the aperture. In particular, the considerable effect of different flange lengths and included angles on the E-plane patterns is examined; these measurements are made at three frequencies in order to supplement data, already published, describing measurements made at a single frequency. A suggestion that the E-plane radiation pattern can be approximated by the radiation pattern of a primary source and two secondary sources near the end of the flanges has been substantiated if a suitable obliquity factor is assumed. Some E-plane patterns of flanged H-plane sectoral horns are also given. It is found that there are differences between these patterns and those of similarly flanged waveguide. The effect of flanges on the H-plane patterns of an E-plane sectoral horn is comparatively small, as was expected.
A Stability Theorem

(1999). A Stability Theorem. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 106, No. 8, pp. 768-770.
Neonatal nurse practitioner and physician use on a newborn resuscitation team in a community hospital.

Introduction: Neonatal nurse practitioner (NNP) and physician (NCP) use in a community hospital was evaluated to test the hypothesis that NNP avallability would result in changing patterns of NCP attendance at newborn resuscitations. Method: Records were reviewed for consecutive years before (pre-NNP) and after (post-NNP) NNP employment for frequency of NNP and NCP attendance at moderate-, high-, and very high-risk deliveries, together with rates of low Apgar scores and resuscitation guideline compliance. Results: Pre-NNP, NCPs attended 39.5‰ of moderate-risk and 91.6% of high-risk deliveries; these figures fell to 2.1% and 6.0%, respectively, during post-NNP (chi square: df = 1, p < .0001). Post-NNP, NNP attendance at moderate- and high-risk deliveries was 88.6% and 99.2%, higher than NCP attendance during pre-NNP (chi square: df = 1, p < .01). No difference was observed between periods in rates of Apgar scores less than 7 at 5 minutes or the percentage of resuscitations that complied with current guidelines. Discussion: In community hospitals NNPs may be used instead of NCPs for moderate- and high-risk deliveries. They may also be used more than NCPs in the absence of NNPs.
Physiological and ultrastructural changes in the chloroplasts of snap bean plants under LPS lamps during chlorosis and regreening

Abstract Iron chlorosis‐like symptoms developed in the terminal leaves of susceptible bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ‘Astro') plants when grown in growth chambers containing low pressure sodium (LPS) lamps that are deficient in UV and blue wavelengths. Plants grown under broad‐band radiation, provided by cool white fluorescent lamps, did not develop chlorosis. Ultrastructural and metabolic investigations examined the progress of chlorosis in leaves of plants exposed to nutrient end radiation stress under LPS lamps. Addition of full‐strength Hoagland's #1 nutrient solution or Peter's* 20–20–20 fertilizer to plants grown under LPS lamps resulted in the degradation of maturing chloroplasts in the terminal leaves. After the starch reserves were depleted, the internal membrane system degenerated. Well‐formed grana, characteristic of normal chloroplasts, were degraded, giving rise to spherical membrane structures. Chlorophyll and protein were lost and granular accumulations formed in the chloroplasts. This paper d...
Abstract 3401: Genetic down-regulation of MET alters the metastatic phenotype of osteosarcoma cells

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC The MET tyrosine kinase receptor is important during human development for normal cell growth and migration. Activating alterations of MET have also been identified in several carcinomas. Previous immunohistochemistry studies in our laboratory found high levels of MET in 85% of osteosarcoma tumor samples. In addition, pharmacologic modulation of MET resulted in a migratory decrease in some osteosarcoma cell lines. This led us to hypothesize that MET is necessary for osteosarcoma metastasis, and genetic down-regulation of MET expression would reduce the metastatic phenotype of osteosarcoma cells. We used lentiviral shRNA constructs to knockdown MET expression in several osteosarcoma cell lines. These included MNNG-HOS, a metastatic chemically transformed line that expresses constitutively activated MET, MG63.2, a highly metastatic variant of poorly metastatic MG63, AI and LR, which are two newly derived cell lines that have extremely high MET levels. We quantified levels of MET expression using a sensitive and quantitative electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assay and assessed in vitro parameters of metastasis including motility, migration, and invasion. MET expression was assessed by ECL in protein lysates from frozen osteosarcoma tumor samples and cell lines, and 15-20% of samples showed extremely high levels of total MET. AI, LR and MG63.2 had the highest levels of MET expression. MNNG-HOS has activation of MET due to translocation of the 3′end of MET with the 5′end of TPR. We utilized these lines for shRNA knock down of MET. ECL quantification of total MET levels revealed greater than 70% decrease in MET expression with shRNA knockdown in all four cell lines, compared with cells infected with scramble shRNA controls. As predicted for MNNG-HOS, shRNA constructs targeting the 3’ tyrosine kinase domain of MET resulted in marked decreased motility, compared to intermediate decreases using shRNA constructs targeting the 5’ region. Knock down of MET in MG63.2 resulted in inhibition of both motility and migration. AI and LR assays are in progress. Taken together, these data are the first evidence that genetic down-regulation of MET results in a decreased metastatic phenotype in osteosarcoma. This is a promising finding, as several small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting MET are in development. We are currently testing our hypothesis in a mouse model to determine the ability of the above genetically knocked-down MET cell lines to decrease metastasis in vivo. Concurrently, in preparation for translational studies, we are also assessing MET specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors utilizing the parental cell lines described above. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3401.
Dual Intercalating Molten Electrolyte Batteries

The reductive and oxidative intercalation of ions into graphite from room-temperature and low temperature molten salts is demonstrated. For this investigation, the molten salts use 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMI[sup +]) or 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium (DMPI[sup +]) as the cation and AlCl[sup [minus]][sub 4], BF[sup [minus]][sub 4], PF[sup [minus]][sub 6], CF[sub 3]SO[sup [minus]][sub 3], or C[sub 6]H[sub 5]CO[sup [minus]][sub 2] as the anion. In a two-electrode battery configuration, the molten salt electrolyte provides both the cation and anion which are intercalated into the graphite anode and cathode, respectively. A cell employing a (DMPI)(AlCl[sub 4]) electrolyte and two graphite rod electrodes achieved an open-circuit voltage of 3.5 V and a cycling efficiency of 85%.
Turbocharged Diesel Engine Modeling for Nonlinear Engine Control and State Estimation

Engine models that are used for nonlinear diesel engine control, state estimation, and model-based diagnostics are presented in this paper. By collecting, modifying, and adding to current available engine modeling techniques, two diesel engine models, a mean torque production model and a cylinder-by-cylinder model, are summarized for use in the formulation of control and state observation algorithms. In the cylinder-by-cylinder model, a time-varying crankshaft inertia model is added to a cylinder pressure generator to simulate engine speed variations due to discrete combustion events. Fuel injection timing and duration are control inputs while varying engine speed, cylinder pressure, and indicated torque are outputs from simulation. These diesel engine models can be used as engine simulators and to design diesel engine controllers and observers.
Sickle cell vaso‐occlusive crisis induces the release of circulating serum heat shock protein‐70

Inflammation may play an important role in the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease (SCD), and recent studies have identified the 70-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp70) as an important mediator of inflammatory responses. Here we demonstrate a significant increase in circulating serum Hsp70 level in SCD during vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) as compared with baseline steady-state levels (P < 0.05) and a significant increase in Hsp70 levels in SCD at baseline compared with normal controls (P < 0.05). Taken together, these results indicate that circulating serum Hsp70 might be a marker for VOC in SCD.
On the Geometric Structures of Simple Bodies, a Mathematical Foundation for the Theory of Continuous Distributions of Dislocations

This paper consists of three major parts. In part 1, I introduce the concept of a materially uniform simple body. My basic hypotheses concerning such bodies are three i) A materially uniform simple body is a differentiable manifold, called the body manifold, whose elements are called particles. ii) The particles are simple particles in the sense of Noll; moreover, they are all of the same kind. iii) The mechanical response of the particles varies smoothly over the body manifold.
Urine Concentration Cycles of Insectivorous Bats in the Laboratory

1. Urine concentration cycles of insectivorous bats subjected to solute loadwater deprivation experiments at various temperatures and water vapor pressures show plateau patterns during excretion of maximally concentrated urine. Otherwise, inverted V patterns are produced by the bats. 2. Maximum urine concentration levels can appear as early as 30 min after feeding and last as long as 12 h. This duration is most dependent on the body temperature maintained after feeding. The quantity of food ingested does not alter this time or the level of concentration reached as long as a minimum amount of food is consumed. 3. When no food is eaten, bats excrete relatively dilute urine even when undergoing a water stress. By drastically reducing food intake under conditions where a positive water balance cannot be maintained, the bats avoid a solute load which may hasten death sooner than starvation. 4. The significantly higher urine concentrating ability ofAntrozous pallidus (3975 mOsm/kg), compared to a poorer urine concentrator,Myotis lucifugus occultus (3025 mOsm/kg), is primarily responsible for its ability to withstand better solute load-water deprivation experiments.
Troponin I peptide (Glu94-Leu123), a cartilage-derived angiogenesis inhibitor: in vitro and in vivo effects on human endothelial cells and on pancreatic cancer.

Several inhibitors of angiogenesis have been identified in bovine and shark cartilage. One of them is troponin I, which is the molecule responsible for the inhibition of the actomyosin ATPase during muscle contraction. In this study we sought to investigate if the active site of troponin I (peptide Glu94-Leu123; pTnI) is also the one responsible for the antiangiogenic properties of this protein. The effects of pTnI on endothelial cell tube formation and endothelial cell division were investigated using human umbilical vein endothelial cells, Matrigel, light microscopy, carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl esterlabeling, and flow cytometry. Its effects on induction of ICAM-1 and production of vascular endothelial growth factor by pancreatic cancer cells (CAPAN-1) were also investigated, as was its efficacy in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer metastases. Our results show that concentrations as low as 1 pg/ml of pTnI significantly inhibit endothelial cell tube formation, and that endothelial cell division was inhibited at 96 hours by 3 μg/ml pTnI (P = 0.0001). No effects were seen using troponin peptide 124-181 as a control. pTnI-treated supernatant from the pancreatic cancer cell line CAPAN-1 downregulated ICAM-1 expression on human umbilical vein endothelial cells up to 10 ng/ml pTnI, and a significant reduction in vascular endothelial growth factor production was seen by treating CAPAN-1 cells with up to 1 μg/ ml pTnI. After intrasplenic injection of CAPAN-1 cells, mice treated with pTnI had fewer liver metastases compared to control mice (liver/body weight 5.5 vs. 11.1; P = 0.03). The active region of troponin I is the one responsible for its antiangiogenic effect. The mechanism of action of this peptide is probably multifactorial.
Rating systems for enhanced cyber-security investments

Networked agents often share security risks but lack the incentive to make (sufficient) security investments if the cost exceeds their own benefit even though doing that would be socially beneficial. In this paper, we develop a systematic and rigorous framework based on rating systems for analyzing and significantly improving the mutual security of a network of agents that interact frequently over a long period of time. When designing the optimal rating systems, we explicitly consider that monitoring the agents' investment actions is imperfect and the heterogeneity of agents in terms of both generated traffic and underlying connectivity. Our analysis shows how the optimal rating system design should adapt to different monitoring and connectivity conditions. Even though this paper considers a simplified model of the networked agents' security, our analysis provides important and useful insights for designing rating systems that can significantly improve the mutual security of real networks in a variety of practical scenarios.
The Cost-Effectiveness of Alcohol Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) in Emergency and Outpatient Medical Settings

ObjectiveThis study analyzed the cost-effectiveness of delivering alcohol screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) in emergency departments (ED) when compared to outpatient medical settings.MethodsA probabilistic decision analytic tree categorized patients into health states. Utility weights and social costs were assigned to each health state. Health outcome measures were the proportion of patients not drinking above threshold levels at follow-up, the proportion of patients transitioning from above threshold levels at baseline to abstinent or below threshold levels at follow-up, and the quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained. Expected costs under a provider perspective were the marginal costs of SBIRT, and under a societal perspective were the sum of SBIRT cost per patient and the change in social costs. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were computed.ResultsWhen considering provider costs only, compared to outpatient, SBIRT in ED cost $8.63 less, generated 0.005 more QALYs per patient, and resulted in 13.8% more patients drinking below threshold levels. Sensitivity analyses in which patients were assumed to receive a fixed number of treatment sessions that met clinical sites’ guidelines made SBIRT more expensive in ED than outpatient; the ED remained more effective. In this sensitivity analysis, the ED was the most cost-effective setting if decision makers were willing to pay more than $1500 per QALY gained.ConclusionsAlcohol SBIRT generates costs savings and improves health in both ED and outpatient settings. EDs provide better effectiveness at a lower cost and greater social cost reductions than outpatient.
Influence of unilateral castration and increased plane of nutrition on sexual development of Holstein bulls. I. Growth and sperm production.

Abstract Sixty-five Holstein bull calves were used to study the effects of unilateral castration (UC) and increased plane of nutrition on the growth and development of the reproductive system. Bulls were slaughtered at 1 wk., 2, 4, 8 and 16 months. Half of each slaughter group above one week was unilaterally castrated at 7 days of age. Half of the bulls remaining at 6 months of age received 90% of their recommended daily TDN allowance while the remainder received 120%. Compensatory hypertrophy was evident as early as 2 months and the degree of compensation increased for the duration of the experiment (Age × UC, P
Noradrenergic innervation of serotoninergic neurons in the myenteric plexus

The monoaminergic innervation of the guinea pig small intestine was investigated to determine if there is an anatomical basis for the hypothesis that serotoninergic and noradrenergic neurons physiologically interact in the enteric nervous system. Initial rates of uptake of tritiated 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (3H-5-HT) or norepinephrine (3H-NE) by segments of guinea pig small intestine were measured in order to estimate the regional density of the serotoninergic and noradrenergic innervation. No change was found in the uptake of 3H-5-HT as a function of distance between duodenum and ileum, whereas the relative uptake of 3H-NE declined. The pattern of serotoninergic elements demonstrated radioautographically was compared with that obtained by visualizing 5-HT immunoreactivity. Both methods revealed that a small number of serotoninergic neurons, located in 35.3% ± 1.5% of myenteric ganglia, give rise to many fibers that form thick bundles in interganglionic connectives. Moreover, there was a pronounced heterogeneity in the serotoninergic innervation of individual myenteric neurons and ganglia. In material fixed with aldehydes and postfixed with NaMnO4, noradrenergic axon terminals were identified by their characteristic small dense-cored vesicles. Following incubation with 3H-NE only terminals with small dense-cored vesicles were radioautographically labeled, confirming that these terminals are noradrenergic. When 3H-5-HT was substituted for 3H-NE, noradrenergic terminals were not labeled, showing that nonspecific uptake of 3H-5-HT into noradrenergic axons did not occur in the presence of 5-hydroxydopamine. The combination of aldehyde-NaMnO4 fixation with the radioautographic localization of 3H-5-HT thus permitted the simultaneous identification of serotoninergic and noradrenergic neural elements. Serotoninergic varicosities were found to differ from noradrenergic varicosities in the size, appearance, and packing density of their synaptic vesicles. In addition, recognizable but rudimentary pre- and postsynaptic membrane specializations were associated with serotoninergic but not noradrenergic varicosities. Most serotoninergic neuronal cell bodies were contacted both by serotoninergic synapses and noradrenergic varicosities. Similar appositions of noradrenergic varicosities with nonserotoninergic neurons appeared to be rare. In view of earlier observations that sympathetic nerves affect the release of 5-HT from stimulated enteric serotoninergic neurons, it seems likely that the noradrenergic appositions with serotoninergic neurons are the anatomical substrate for this effect. The strategic and possibly unique innervation of serotoninergic neurons by noradrenergic sympathetic postganglionic fibers is consistent with the hypothesis that the regulation of the activity of serotoninergic neurons is involved in central modulation of intestinal motility.
Comparative activities of 17-hydroxy-11-desoxycorticosterone and 11-des-oxycorticosterone.

Desoxycorticosterone acetate (DCA) corrects for some of the deficiencies caused by adrenalectomy. It also elicits functional and structural changes characteristic of hypertensive vascular disease (Selye et al., 1943; Masson et al., 1949). Its hormonal status in normal physiology is still in question. The possibility existed therefore that 17-hydroxy-11-desoxycorticosterone (compound “S”)which has been isolated a so from the adrenals, might be the most significant natural salt-retaining hormone. Existing data on the pharmaco ogical activities of this steroid are inadequate. Hence, we have compared the activity of its acetate with that of DCA under identical conditions in (1) adrenalectomized rats as well as in (2) rats under conditions used for the production of DCA hypertensive disease. 1. A drenalectomized rats. A. Experimental 28 rats weighing from 80 to 110 g. were adrenalectomized and divided equally into groups of 7. Group I consisted of untreated controls which received two daily injections of 0.1 c...
Complement deposition is more frequent in female recipients of cardiac transplants

interacts with Fas to initiate apoptosis in target cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of Fas and Fas-L within coronary artery vasculopathy (CAV) and native atherosclerosis (NA) and to assess the effect of cyclosporine A (CyA) on the function of key cell types. Method-Isolated peripheral blood monocytes from healthy donors were dosed with CyA. Co-culture functional assays using monocytes and a human T cell line were employed to assess Fas/Fas-L induced cell death. The intracellular expression of Fas-L and apoptotic cell death was assessed by flow cytometry. Histological specimens of CAV and NA were assessed immunocytochemically for Fas, Fas-L, CD4, CD8, CD68, and CD31 expression. Results-Functional assays showed that death of T cells could be induced when co-cultured with monocytes. Monocytes treated with CyA could induce death but with a significantly lower efficiency (p 0.01). Intracellular Fas-L was absent in the CyA treated cells. A Fas blocking antibody was used to confirm Fas/Fas-L apoptosis. CAV had larger populations of inflammatory cells. Fas was present in T cells and smooth muscle cells of the media and neointima of both groups. Fas-L was present within the NA group and localised to endothelial cells and a small population of the macrophages. Fas-L could not be demonstrated on the macrophage population of the CAV group. Conclusion-Fas-L has a role in the immunomodulation of chronic inflammatory events. Monocytes and endothelial cells within the NA group express Fas-L. This together with the functional data suggests the ability to self regulate the inflammatory process. The reduction of Fas-L expression in CAV may in part reflect the increase in infiltrating mononuclear cells. The reduction of Fas-L, which may be due to immunosuppressive therapy could result in an inability to self-regulate the inflammatory response, which may contribute to the pathogenesis and rapid progression of this obliterative lesion.
The hydrothermal synthesis of single crystals of azurite and malachite

Abstract Single crystals of both azurite and malachite up to 1.5×1.5×1.0 mm in size have been produced hydrothermally from a bicarbonate-containing solution at 300°C at 50 000 psi. A technique for welding gold capsules containing compounds of this type is described.
Skeletal maturity and growth of adolescent mothers: Relationship to pregnancy outcome

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between postpartum maternal bone age and the incidence of obstetric and neonatal complications in adolescent pregnancies. Bone age determinations were obtained on 93 poor, black 12- through 18-year-old adolescents during the puerperium. Results showed maternal bone ages ranging from 15 to 18 years; bone age was less than 18 years in 64 (68.8%) of the 93 adolescent mothers we studied. Maternal bone age correlated significantly with maternal chronologic age (r = 0.70) and prepregnant body size (r = 0.25) but did not correlate with total maternal weight gain and growth during pregnancy, the incidence of obstetric and neonatal complications, or infant birth weight and gestational age. Our findings suggest that many young, pregnant adolescents have the potential to grow during and after pregnancy, but do not support the hypothesis that ongoing maternal growth is an obstetric risk factor during adolescence.
Continuity in Change: Leftwing Coalitions in Uruguay and Chile

Coalitions have been critical for the reemergence of democracy and stability in Uruguay and Chile. Where do they come from? Why are they successful? To explore the role of history and ideologies in the formation and successes of two leftwing coalitions, Uruguay’s Frente Amplio (Broad Front) (FA) and Chile’s Concertacion por la Demcracia (Concertacion), the author traveled to South America. In Montevideo and Santiago, she spoke with professors and politicians, government officials and former Presidents. This essay will introduce the Uruguayan and Chilean political party systems, discuss how they have dealt with crimes committed by the dictatorships (1973–1990), and highlight the significance of the two coalitions. It will use the term “left” to designate parties which favor egalitarianism and statism, and claim to speak for the people, especially the underprivileged; the term “right” for those which favor liberty, individual initiative, equality of opportunity, and limited government.
On Convergence of Inverse Functions of Operators

We study sequences {An} of self-adjoint operators on a Hilbert space H. We give a sufficient condition on a function ∝ and on the {An} such that f(¦An¦) → f(¦A¦) ensures An → A.
SU-DD-A3-02: The Impact of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) Artifacts on Deformable Image Registration Algorithms

Purpose: Deformable image registration algorithms capable of rapidly contouring kV and MV cone‐beam computed tomography(CBCT)images would greatly facilitate new adaptive radiotherapy techniques. However, the CBCTimaging geometry produces well‐known image artifacts. The goal of this study is to quantify the impact of these artifacts on a commercially available deformable image registration algorithm and suggest maximum acceptable artifact levels. Method and Materials: In‐house programs were used to modify conventional CTimages of several head‐and‐neck radiotherapy patients to simulate common, previously reported CBCT artifacts such as noise, global shifts in Hounsfield units (HU), and reduction in bone contrast. The contours drawn on the original CTs were deformed to the modified CTs using the MIM software suite's deformable registration algorithm (Mimvista, Cleveland, OH). Dice similarity indices (DSI), the volume of the contours' overlap divided by their average volume, were calculated and used to determine the impact of CBCT artifacts on contour deformation accuracy. Results: The addition of moderate levels of noise had little effect on accuracy. Brainstem and temporal lobe contours were most affected with DSI values of ∼0.9 for a 70 HU noise level (1 standard deviation). Global shifts in HU created large discrepancies in the deformed contours. Large deviations were observed for a global shift of −75 HU for the parotids (DSI ∼ 0.77), brainstem (DSI ∼ 0.68) and especially the temporal lobe (DSI ∼ 0.57). Suppression of the bone CT numbers from 900 HU to 151 HU had marked effects on the deformed contours of the cochleae (DSI∼0.48), mandible (DSI∼0.63), and TMJs (DSI∼0.57). Conclusions: Additional noise in CBCTimages has a small effect on the accuracy of a commercial deformable registration algorithm. However, global shifts in CT number and the suppression of bone CT numbers can produce significant errors depending on the magnitude of the change in HU.
The hypothesis that infinite classes are similar

Let “the hypothesis of similarity” be the hypothesis that all infinite classes are similar (have the same power or cardinal number). It will be shown that the system of logic of Whitehead and Russell's Principia mathematica (without the axiom of reducibility) is consistent when to its axioms are added all the following: (1). The hypothesis of similarity. (2). The axiom of infinity. (3). The axiom of choice. (4). The contradictory of the axiom of reducibility. If (2) – (4) but not (1) are employed in Principia , it must therefore be the case that Cantor's theorem is not deducible, since it contradicts (1). If (2) and (3) but not (1) and (4) are employed, then a proof of Cantor's theorem must require the use of some sort of reducibility principle. The first step in the required consistency proof is to modify in certain respects the system S of a previous paper. Immediately after definition 3.5 the following definition is to be added: 3.5.1. If a is of the form ( b,c ), where x is an S -variable and where b and c are S -constants neither of which is of higher order than that of x , then a is an S -proposition.
Targeting Nitric Oxide (NO) Delivery in Vivo. Design of a Liver-Selective NO Donor Prodrug That Blocks Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Induced Apoptosis and Toxicity in the Liver

We have designed a drug that protects the liver from apoptotic cell death by organ-selective pharmacological generation of the bioregulatory agent, nitric oxide (NO). The discovery strategy involved three steps: identifying a diazeniumdiolate ion (R2N[N(O)NO]-, where R2N = pyrrolidinyl) that spontaneously decomposes to NO with a very short half-life (3 s) at physiological pH; converting this ion to a series of potential prodrug derivatives by covalent attachment of protecting groups that we postulated might be rapidly removed by enzymes prevalent in the liver; and screening the prodrug candidates in vitro and in vivo to select a lead and to confirm the desired activity. Of five cell types examined, only cultured hepatocytes metabolized O2-vinyl 1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate (V-PYRRO/NO) to NO, triggering cyclic guanosine 3‘,5‘-monophosphate (cGMP) synthesis and protecting the hepatocytes from apoptotic cell death induced by treatment with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) plus actinomycin D. I...
Methyl modified siloxane melting gels for hydrophobic films

Hybrid melting gels were prepared by a sol–gel process, starting with a mono-substituted siloxane and a di-substituted siloxane. Methyl-modified melting gels were prepared using (a) methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) with dimethyldiethoxysilane (DMDES) and (b) methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) together with dimethyldimethoxysilane (DMDMS). The gels with MTES–DMDES were prepared with concentrations between 50–50 and 75–25 mol%. The gels with MTMS–DMDMS were prepared with concentrations between 50–50 and 70–30 mol%. For both systems, the consolidation temperature, after which the melting gel no longer softens, increased with an increase in the amount of the mono-substituted siloxane, increasing from 135 to 160 °C for MTES–DMDES and increasing from 145 to 170 °C for MTMS–DMDMS. Coatings formed on mica substrates were about 1 mm thick, and showed no visible cracks. The surfaces of the coatings were profiled using micro-Raman spectroscopy, which revealed that methyl groups were concentrated at the surfaces of the films. All contact angles measured with water were greater than 90°.
The Attenuation vs Frequency Characteristics of VLF Radio Waves

The theoretical dependence on frequency of the attenuation of the wave guide modes in vlf propagation is discussed in some detail. It is indicated that most of the published experimental data between 1 and 30 kc was compatible with the sharply bounded model of the ionosphere with a reflecting height of about 70 km during the day and 90 km during the night.
Protein binding site prediction using an empirical scoring function

Most biological processes are mediated by interactions between proteins and their interacting partners including proteins, nucleic acids and small molecules. This work establishes a method called PINUP for binding site prediction of monomeric proteins. With only two weight parameters to optimize, PINUP produces not only 42.2% coverage of actual interfaces (percentage of correctly predicted interface residues in actual interface residues) but also 44.5% accuracy in predicted interfaces (percentage of correctly predicted interface residues in the predicted interface residues) in a cross validation using a 57-protein dataset. By comparison, the expected accuracy via random prediction (percentage of actual interface residues in surface residues) is only 15%. The binding sites of the 57-protein set are found to be easier to predict than that of an independent test set of 68 proteins. The average coverage and accuracy for this independent test set are 30.5 and 29.4%, respectively. The significant gain of PINUP over expected random prediction is attributed to (i) effective residue-energy score and accessible-surface-area-dependent interface-propensity, (ii) isolation of functional constraints contained in the conservation score from the structural constraints through the combination of residue-energy score (for structural constraints) and conservation score and (iii) a consensus region built on top-ranked initial patches.
Managing osteoporosis: Challenges and strategies

Many patients at high risk of fracture are not being identified and treated, and many of those who start treatment do not take it correctly or long enough to lower their risk. This paper is a review of unmet needs in the management of osteoporosis and strategies to improve clinical outcomes.
Organization Studies as a Scientific and Humanistic Enterprise: Toward a Reconceptualization of the Foundations of the Field

Recent critiques of social science have emphasized their ties to the concerns of academic disciplines usually labelled as humanities. Building on this literature, this paper argues that organizational studies must be reconfigured as science and humanities. Substantive examples are drawn from the links of organizational theory to history, the use of semiotics, rhetorical analysis and narrative approaches to policy choices. Reconfiguring the field also has implications for applied work leading to an enlightenment model.
Low-latency pipelined crossbar arbitration

Heuristic, parallel, iterative matching algorithms for input-queued cell switches with virtual output queuing require O(log N) iterations to achieve good performance. If the hardware implementation of the number of iterations required is not feasible within the cell duration, the matching process can be pipelined to obtain a matching in every cell time slot. However, existing approaches incur a substantial latency penalty due to the way the pipelining is performed, which renders them unattractive in latency-sensitive applications such as parallel computer interconnects. We introduce a new class of pipelined matching algorithms that can be based on any existing iterative matching algorithm, makes the minimum latency independent of the pipeline depth, and is highly amenable to distributed implementation. Our simulation results confirm that specific instances of this class achieve significantly lower average latency throughout the load range than existing schemes do. We also propose an instantiation of the scheme that, in addition, significantly improves the performance with nonuniform traffic.
Computation of control sets using subdivision and continuation techniques

A key notion for the analysis of the global behavior of control systems are control sets. Control sets are subsets of the state space where approximate controllability holds: from every point in a control set one can steer arbitrarily close to any other point in the control set. In general, it is not possible to find explicit formulas for control sets and their domains of attraction. Therefore, numerical methods are a natural part of a systematic analysis. We present a method for the computation of control sets, which is based on subdivision and continuation techniques.