cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A modern human humerus from the early aurignacian of Vogelherdhöhle (Stetten, Germany).

Implicit in much of the discussion of the cultural and population biological dynamics of modern human origins in Europe is the assumption that the Aurignacian, from its very start, was made by fully modern humans. The veracity of this assumption has been challenged in recent years by the association of Neandertal skeletal remains with a possibly Aurignacian assemblage at Vindija Cave (Croatia) and the association of Neandertals with distinctly Upper Paleolithic (but non-Aurignacian) assemblages at Arcy-sur-Cure and St. Cesaire (France). Ideally we need human fossil material that can be confidently assigned to the early Aurignacian to resolve this issue, yet in reality there is a paucity of well-provenanced human fossils from early Upper Paleolithic contexts. One specimen, a right humerus from the site of Vogelherd (Germany), has been argued, based on its size, robusticity, and muscularity, to possibly represent a Neandertal in an Aurignacian context. The morphological affinities of the Vogelherd humerus were explored by univariate and multivariate comparisons of humeral epiphyseal and diaphyseal shape and strength measures relative to humeri of Neandertals and Early Upper Paleolithic (later Aurignacian and Gravettian) modern humans. On the basis of diaphyseal cross-sectional geometry, deltoid tuberosity morphology, and distal epiphyseal morphology, the specimen falls clearly and consistently with European early modern humans and not with Neandertals. Along with the other Vogelherd human remains, the Vogelherd humerus represents an unequivocal association between the Aurignacian and modern human morphology in Europe. Am J Phys Anthropol 112:251–273, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Three-dimensional structure/function analysis of SCP-2-like2 reveals differences among SCP-2 family members

Mosquito sterol carrier protein-2 (AeSCP-2) and sterol carrier protein-2-like2 (AeSCP-2L2) are members of the SCP-2 protein family with similar expression profiles in the mosquito life cycle. In an effort to understand how lipids can be transported by different SCP-2 proteins, the three-dimensional crystal structure of AeSCP-2L2 was solved at 1.7 A resolution. AeSCP-2L2 forms a dimer and binds three fatty acids, one of which resides in a position within the internal cavity at a right angle to the others. This first report of ligand-bound dimerized protein in the SCP-2 protein family indicates that the family has a much more divergent mode of interaction with ligands than previously reported. The potential function of AeSCP-2L2 was investigated via in vivo incorporation of [(3)H]cholesterol and [3H]palmitic acid. Overexpression of AeSCP-2L2 in mosquito cells leads to an increased uptake of free fatty acid, whereas knockdown of AeSCP-2L2 in adult females decreases the accumulation of free fatty acid in the fat body from a blood meal. In contrast, overexpression or knockdown of AeSCP-2L2 has no effect on cholesterol uptake. Our results suggest that the main function of AeSCP-2L2 is as a general intracellular fatty acid carrier, as opposed to having a dedicated role in cholesterol transport.
Neutropenia Is a Risk Factor for Gram-negative Bacillus Bacteremia in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected Patients: Results of a Nested Case-Control Study

A previous cohort study demonstrated a relation between neutropenia and bacteremia due to gram-negative bacilli among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). To explore further the relation between neutropenia and bacteremia due to Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa among HIV-infected patients, controlling for confounding factors, the authors conducted a nested case-control study with matching and risk-set sampling of controls. The cohort included 1,645 HIV-infected patients followed at the University of California, San Diego, Medical Center in San Diego, California, between 1991 and 1995. Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) was summarized as mean ANC during the 7-day interval preceding the index date of bacteremia. Covariates were ascertained by medical record review. The matching ratio was 6:1 (controls:cases). Odds ratios were estimated using conditional logistic regression. Forty-four incident cases of bacteremia were identified. After adjustment for covariates, the estimated odds ratio for the effect of neutropenia (ANC=500 vs. >500/microl) during the 7 days preceding the index date was 8.1 (95% confidence interval confidence interval 1.5-43.1). The rate of bacteremia due to E. coli, K. pneumoniae, or P. aeruginosa is increased eightfold if the average current-week ANC is less than or equal to 500/microl compared with more than 500/microl.
Scanning Eye-Safe Elastic Backscatter Lidar at 1.54 μm

Abstract A field-deployable scanning direct-detection elastic backscatter lidar system that is eye safe at all ranges is presented. The first two-dimensional spatial images created by scanning this new 1.54-μm wavelength system, and time-lapse animations (viewable in the online version of this article) of those spatial images, are shown. The system has a useful range from approximately 500 m to several kilometers or more (depending on weather conditions) with 3-m range resolution. The time-lapse animations reveal the advection of the macroscopic structure of aerosol scattering due to atmospheric motion. The images and animations are ideal for the location of sources of pollutants and their dispersal and the elucidation of structure in the cloud-free atmosphere. Most importantly, the data presented were collected in a populated area, which would have not been possible with a non-eye-safe system.
Soil Acidity as a Constraint to the Application of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Technology

Soils that have developed under humid temperate as well as humid tropical and subtropical climatic conditions are typically acid in their natural state with pH of 5 (in water) or less. Consequently, acid soil toxicity is a major variable determining biological activity in these soils. The deleterious effect of soil acidity on the activities of sensitive organisms may be caused by the direct effect of high concentrations of hydrogen ions in solution and/or the indirect effect of low pH on the solubility and hence toxicity of Al and Mn. Moreover, in such soils, nutrients such as Ca, Mg, Mo and P are often deficient or rendered less available.The aims of this chapter are (1) to summarize the state of knowledge regarding the influence of soil acidity on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and (2) to propose some strategies which will contribute to a better understanding of the impacts of acid soil toxicity on the VAM symbiosis.
What Does Bristol Palin Have to Do with Same-Sex Marriage?

This article considers how anxiety about the economy, class standing, and the family effect the same-sex marriage debate. It starts with the nature of family change. The middle class, in urban areas and the coasts, has adjusted to the long-term change in family roles and is doing well financially and culturally, with divorce and non-marital birth rates comparable to those of the mid-1960s — before the sexual revolution. Family conditions for America’s poor have stabilized with high non-marital birth rates. For the middle group, divorce rates continued to climb through the nineties while falling for the college educated and high school dropouts. The most recent changes indicate that non-marital birth rates are increasing for Latinas and whites without college degrees, transforming what had been marriage-centered communities. Second, this article examines the relationship between anxiety about family change, values preferences, and the culture divide about how to discuss and manage family change. Third, this article examines the political manipulation of the anxieties underlying family change and the exacerbation of cultural differences. Finally, the article considers a dilemma for advocates of same-sex marriage. Opponents have used the issue to solidify a broad conservative coalition. Does same-sex marriage depend on an equally broad liberal coalition or does it stand on its own? One of the ironies in the debate is that more tolerant attitudes toward sexual orientation are winning even as the opposition to abortion is strengthening. The article maintains that fairness to gays is compelling in ways that stand apart from family values, and the two components of the fight — fairness for gays and general opposition to rigid traditionalism – should operate independently. Meanwhile, same-sex marriage is used to obstruct what should be the true family debate; the remaking of family relationships in an era of economic insecurity and growing inequality.
Preferences and the home bias in trade

Abstract Why is there less observed trade than is predicted by neoclassical trade models? A home bias in consumption due to preferences can partially explain this. Using data from a randomly assigned auction mechanism and survey conducted in Madagascar, respondents' willingness to pay for rice of varying quality and origin is investigated. By imposing a novel structure on traditional valuation collection methods, one finds that consumers will pay approximately 8% more for home-grown rice. The key result is that consumers place greater value on an item produced in their own country without any tangible reason to do so other than the product's origin. This preference-based explanation is one piece of the mosaic of factors that cause disproportionate consumption of domestically produced goods. This paper provides concrete evidence in favor of structuring trade models to allow for an explicit home bias in preferences.
Thomas Randolph, Robert Baron, and the Drinking Academy

The Drinking Academy, A Play by Thomas Randolph, edited by Dr. Samuel A. Tannenbaum and me and published by the Harvard University Press in June, 1930, was noticed at length in The Review of English Studies for October by Professor G. C. Moore Smith. He rejects Randolph's authorship and advances the claim of Robert Baron. “The present writer expressed the view,” he asserts, “that if the manuscript was, as alleged, in the handwriting of its author, the play could hardly be Randolph's.” As I was emboldened to accept Dr. Day's ascription of the play to Randolph partly by the fact that Professor Moore Smith, convinced by Dr. Day's evidence, had himself categorically assigned it to Randolph in the very note to which he thus vaguely refers, I subjoin extracts therefrom, since—as the testimony of an expert—they are an important element in the case.
Correlation between Earnings Conservatism and Balance Sheet Conservatism

From the perspective of accounting contract,shareholder lawsuits and accounting regulation,the paper theoretically analyzes relationship between earnings conservatism and balance sheet conservatism.By using Chinese listed companies as the research sample,it adopts asymmetric earnings response coefficient and market to book value of equity to measure earnings conservatism and balance sheet conservatism,and takes an empirical test to the relationship between them.The empirical results indicate:earnings conservatism has notable negative relation with balance sheet conservatism,namely,the existence of balance sheet conservatism will affect earnings conservatism,with increase of balance sheet conservatism,earnings conservatism will decrease based on the role of the first accounts.
Maintaining Quality in Information Systems

Many companies continually strive toward creating and maintaining quality products and processes. What is vitally important, but is often overlooked in the literature, is that to achieve a quality ...
Cystic Fibrosis Presenting in a 45-Year-Old Man with Infertility

AbstractCystic fibrosis commonly is regarded as a disease of childhood associated with severe pulmonary and pancreatic pathological conditions. We report on a previously healthy 45-year-old man who was diagnosed as having cystic fibrosis after presentation with primary azoospermia. The literature is reviewed. Although references are made to late presentations of cystic fibrosis none was found in which the initial complaint was infertility. Primary azoospermia may be the presenting manifestation of cystic fibrosis in the absence of major respiratory symptoms.
Blood Pressure Decrease and Responsiveness to Renin-Releasing Stimuli under Increasing Doses of Propranolol in Patients with Essential Hypertension

1. Stepwise increases of oral doses of propranolol produced both a significant lowering of blood pressure and suppression of plasma renin activity in sixteen patients with mild or moderate normal-renin essential hypertension. 2. The hypotensive and the renin-suppressive actions of propranolol were differently related to plasma propranolol concentrations. At the lowest propranolol concentrations (15–40 nmol/l), there was almost no decrease in blood pressure whereas plasma renin activity and responsiveness to renin-releasing stimuli (standing, intravenous frusemide) were already strongly depressed (greater than 50%). Therefore in a large number of normal-renin hypertensive patients under small doses of propranolol, the renin-suppressive action of the drug can be dissociated from the hypotensive effect. Dissociation of the two effects, though in the opposite way, was also observed in three of four low-renin hypertensive patients, whose blood pressure was decreased by propranolol without further reduction of the already suppressed plasma renin activity. 3. It is concluded that in patients with mild and moderate hypertension and low or normal plasma renin activity, the hypotensive effect of propranolol cannot be attributed to suppression of renin activity. These conclusions do not necessarily apply to high-renin hypertensive patients.
Impact of Chronic Kidney Disease on Clinical Outcomes of Endovascular Treatment for Femoropopliteal Arterial Disease

Abstract Purpose To evaluate effect of chronic kidney disease (CKD) on all-cause mortality, major adverse limb event (MALE), MALE and postoperative death (MALE + POD), and amputation after endovascular treatment of femoropopliteal disease. Materials and Methods A retrospective review from January 2002 to October 2011 was performed of 440 patients who underwent endovascular treatment of symptomatic femoropopliteal disease for claudication (n = 251) or critical limb ischemia (CLI) (n = 267). CKD stage was divided based on Kidney Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative classification. Outcomes and factors associated with amputation, MALE, and MALE + POD were determined. Results Patients with diabetes (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3–3.6; P = .002) and runoff score of 0 or 1 (HR = 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2–3.4; P = .01) relative to runoff score of 3 were at increased risk of amputation. Patients with baseline glomerular filtration rate 2 had a 17% increase in amputation for every 5-point decrease 2 (95% CI, 1.09–1.26; P P P = .01), and CLI (HR = 2.4; 95% CI, 0.5–0.9; P P = .01). Conclusions Worsening CKD is associated with higher amputation rates, all-cause mortality, and MALE + POD in patients undergoing endovascular treatment of femoropopliteal disease.
Mistaken Communication of Incorrect Opening Bid

Commentary on a recent California decision allowing trustee to vacate a foreclosure sale because of inadvertant underbid by beneficiary.
Accelerating Wave-Corpuscles

In this chapter we show that the non-relativistic wave-corpuscles describe not only the uniform motion of an elementary charge but its accelerated motion as well. We describe the class of electromagnetic fields which allow a wave corpuscle to preserve its shape in an accelerated motion. We prove that Newton’s law with Lorentz force is a necessary condition for a trajectory to be a trajectory of motion of a wave-corpuscle. Point and wave attributes of accelerating wave corpuscles are discussed, and we show that the Planck-Einstein relation between the energy and frequency of a wave-corpuscle is fulfilled.
Ethics in Service Design for Children with Autism and Cognitive Disabilities

Service design for persons with autism and cognitive disabilities poses ethical challenges with regard to how to best involve these individuals in user participatory design in ways that are sensitive to their abilities and produce useful data. This study will identify a set of best practices for inclusion of persons with cognitive disabilities and autism into the design cycle as part of user participatory design. A case study of the design of creativity workshops for children with cognitive disabilities and autism will be discussed with regard to data collection methods and the ability of that data to inform aspects of the service design process.
Analytical Solution of Radiative Transfer Using Cumulant Expansion

Radiative transfer describes light propagation in a turbid medium, where photons suffer multiple scattering by randomly distributed scatterers in the medium. The kinetic equation governing photon propagation is the classic Boltzmann transport equation. The search for an analytical solution of the time-dependent elastic Boltzmann transport equation has lasted for many years. Besides being considered as a classic problem in fundamental research in statistical dynamics, the study of analytical solution of this equation has applications in a broad variety of fields from astrophysics, to geophysics, remote sensing, and medicine.
Evaluation of software tools used to analyze the impact of dimensional variation on complex assembled products and to optimize tolerances during product design

The dimensional-variation problem for complex assembled products is described. A developmental history of methods and technologies for analyzing dimensional variation is provided. Commercially available dimensional-variation-analysis tools are evaluated against a number of criteria within a shipbuilding context. An outline for implementing such a tool on a pilot-project basis within a shipyard is provided.
An ultrasonically powered implantable device for targeted drug delivery

A wirelessly powered implantable device is proposed for fully programmable and localized drug delivery. The implant is powered using an external ultrasonic transmitter and operates at < 5% of the FDA diagnostic ultrasound intensity limit. Drug release is achieved through electrical stimulation of drug-loaded polypyrrole nanoparticles. A design methodology for the implant electronics is presented and experimentally demonstrated to be accurate in predicting the concentration of the released drug. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first ultrasonically powered implantable device platform for targeted drug delivery using electroresponsive polymers. The active area of the implant electronics is just 3 mm × 5 mm.
Indentation-induced deformation mechanisms in laser-processed directionally solidified WC–W2C eutectoids

Indentation-induced surface and subsurface deformation mechanisms in directionally solidified WC–W2C eutectoids are investigated. The microstructures of the WC–W2C composites consist of primary WC regions, W2C-rich regions, and lamellar-type eutectoid regions, which form during the sequential phase transformations during laser processing. Indentation-induced surface crack profiles indicate little propensity for debonding at the WC–W2C eutectoid interfaces, although some interactions with larger-scale microstructural features are observed. In the subsurface indentation regions, dislocation networks predominantly composed of partial dislocation pairs having Burgers vectors $$ b = \frac{1}{6}\left\langle {2\bar{1}\bar{1}3} \right\rangle $$ are observed in the primary WC regions, whereas shear banding and grain refinement are commonly observed in the micrometer-scale W2C-rich regions. Deformation in the sub-micrometer eutectoid regions is distinct, with the dislocation activity primarily limited to the WC phase, with Burgers vectors of $$ b = \frac{1}{3}\left\langle {1\bar{2}13} \right\rangle $$ that terminate at the interfaces.
To 'Pex or Not to 'Pex: What to Do for the Contralateral Testis When a Nubbin Is Discovered.

Purpose of Review Testicular remnants or nubbins are commonly found in the evaluation and treatment of cryptorchidism. While much debate focuses on the management of the nubbin itself, there is also great uncertainty and variation in the management of the contralateral descended testis. Herein, we review the relevant literature informing the decision to perform a contralateral orchiopexy.
Collective Leadership and Circles: Not Invented Here

ABSTRACTIssues like police-community relations, violence—from neighborhood to global levels, economic inequality, and climate change have been only minimally addressed within behavior analysis, despite the oft repeated mantra that they are all at root behavioral. Disciplines determine the scope of their interests; behavior analysis and behavioral systems analysis have long claimed at least potential expertise in changing not only individual behavior, but also the collective and interlocking functioning of larger institutions and systems. In this paper we note that standard organizational behavior management (OBM) practices primarily emphasizing centralized leadership are unlikely to be adequate for such work. We therefore argue that collective leadership, a strategy that has not been emphasized in OBM, will be required to operationalize behavioral systems interventions in situations where centralized leadership is impossible or dangerous, and suggest circle processes as one behaviorally specifiable approa...
HIV-1 TAT protein enhances sensitization to methamphetamine by affecting dopaminergic function

Methamphetamine abuse is common among humans with immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The HIV-1 regulatory protein TAT induces dysfunction of mesolimbic dopaminergic systems which may result in impaired reward processes and contribute to methamphetamine abuse. These studies investigated the impact of TAT expression on methamphetamine-induced locomotor sensitization, underlying changes in dopamine function and adenosine receptors in mesolimbic brain areas and neuroinflammation (microgliosis). Transgenic mice with doxycycline-induced TAT protein expression in the brain were tested for locomotor activity in response to repeated methamphetamine injections and methamphetamine challenge after a 7-day abstinence period. Dopamine function in the nucleus accumbens (Acb) was determined using high performance liquid chromatography. Expression of dopamine and/or adenosine A receptors (ADORA) in the Acb and caudate putamen (CPu) was assessed using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry analyses. Microarrays with pathway analyses assessed dopamine and adenosine signaling in the CPu. Activity-dependent neurotransmitter switching of a reserve pool of non-dopaminergic neurons to a dopaminergic phenotype in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) was determined by immunohistochemistry and quantified with stereology. TAT expression enhanced methamphetamine-induced sensitization. TAT expression alone decreased striatal dopamine (D1, D2, D4, D5) and ADORA1A receptor expression, while increasing ADORA2A receptors expression. Moreover, TAT expression combined with methamphetamine exposure was associated with increased adenosine A receptors (ADORA1A) expression and increased recruitment of dopamine neurons in the VTA. TAT expression and methamphetamine exposure induced microglia activation with the largest effect after combined exposure. Our findings suggest that dopamine-adenosine receptor interactions and reserve pool neuronal recruitment may represent potential targets to develop new treatments for methamphetamine abuse in individuals with HIV.
Pulsed Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Insights into the Ligand Environment of Copper in Drosophila Lysyl Oxidase.

Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is a copper amine oxidase that cross-links collagens and elastin in connective tissue and plays an important role in fibrosis, cancer development, and formation of the “metastatic niche”. Despite its important biological functions, the structure of human LOX remains unknown (unlike that of an unrelated LOX, from Pichia pastoris). Here, we expressed active LOX from Drosophila melanogaster, DmLOXL1, a close homologue of human LOX, and characterized it by MS, UV–vis, activity, and inhibition assays. We then used bioinformatics, electron paramagnetic resonance, electron spin-echo envelope modulation, and hyperfine sublevel-correlation (HYSCORE) spectroscopies to probe Cu-ligand bonding finding direct evidence for pH-dependent Cu–His interactions. At pH = 9.3, the spectroscopic data indicated primarily a single His bound to Cu, but at pH = 7.5, there was evidence for a ∼ 1:1 mixture of species containing 1 and 3 His ligands. We then used HYSCORE to probe possible interactions between the LO...
Views and strategies of African-American caregivers of persons with schizophrenia on medication treatment and other supports:

African-Americans are more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia than persons of other ethnic identities, necessitating an understanding of this group’s perceptions of the mental health system....
Environmental pollutants and type 2 diabetes: a review of human studies

ABSTRACTThe incidence of diabetes has increased dramatically in recent decades and become one of the leading health problems worldwide. Lifestyle and dietary changes alone cannot account for the dramatic rise of diabetes, while an increasing number of publications have reported the possible relationships between exposure to environmental pollutants and risk of diabetes. In the present review, our objective was to summarize the human studies on environmental pollutants, which includes persistent organic pollutants, pesticides (not on the Stockholm Convention list), bisphenol A, and phthalates, and the risk of diabetes. Currently published results suggest a positive relationship between certain persistent organic pollutants (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, hexachlorobenzene, and polychlorinated biphenyls) and bisphenol A exposure and risk of diabetes. For pyrethroids, organophosphates, carbamates, and phthalates, there are insufficient studies to reach conclusions and theref...
Glucocorticosteroids for Asthma: From Genes to the Clinic

Abstract Glucocorticoids are the most effective controllers of asthma and other allergic diseases. They suppress inflammation mainly by switching off multiple activated inflammatory genes through reversing histone acetylation via the recruitment of histone deacetylase-2 (HDAC2). Through suppression of airway inflammation, inhaled glucocorticoids reduce airway hyperresponsiveness and control asthma symptoms. Inhaled glucocorticoids are now first-line therapy for all patients with persistent asthma, controlling asthma symptoms and preventing exacerbations. Inhaled long-acting β 2 -agonists added to inhaled glucocorticoids further improve asthma control and are commonly given as combination inhalers, which improve compliance and control asthma at lower doses of glucocorticoids. Inhaled glucocorticoids, which are absorbed form the lungs into the systemic circulation, have negligible systemic side effects at the doses most patients require. Systemic glucocorticoids are used in the treatment of acute exacerbations of asthma and as a maintenance treatment in patients with severe asthma that is not controlled by maximum inhaled therapy. Oral steroids have numerous metabolic and endocrine side effects and the lowest dose needed to control the disease should be used.
West African Ancestry and Nocturnal Blood Pressure in African Americans: The Jackson Heart Study.

Background African Americans have a higher prevalence of nocturnal hypertension and nondipping blood pressure than European Americans, but the genetic contribution to these racial differences remains unclear. We assessed the association of the percentage West African genetic ancestry with nocturnal hypertension and nondipping blood pressure in 932 African Americans from the Jackson Heart Study. Methods Using percentage West African ancestry determined from 389 ancestry informative markers, participants were categorized into tertiles (tertile 1 [low]: 86.3%). Nocturnal hypertension was defined as mean nighttime (midnight-6 am) systolic (SBP)/diastolic blood pressure ≥120/70 mm Hg. Nondipping blood pressure was defined as mean nighttime-to-daytime (10 am-8 pm) SBP ratio >0.90. Results Nocturnal hypertension was present in 57.9% of participants; 66.6% had nondipping blood pressure. The mean age was 59.4 years, 32.8% were male, and 56.0% were taking antihypertensive medication. The prevalence ratios (95% confidence interval) adjusted for age, sex, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and socioeconomic and psychosocial factors comparing participants with moderate and high to those with low percentage West African ancestry for nocturnal hypertension were 0.98 (0.87-1.10) and 0.95 (0.84-1.08), respectively, and for nondipping blood pressure was 0.96 (0.86-1.07) and 0.98 (0.88-1.09), respectively. Conclusions West African ancestry was not associated with nocturnal hypertension and nondipping blood pressure among African Americans. While rare genetic variants cannot be ruled out, these data highlight the need to better understand how environmental and behavioral factors contribute to differences in nocturnal blood pressure among African Americans compared with European Americans.
Corporate Friction: How Corporate Law Impedes American Progress and What to Do about It

Corporate law in the United States requires directors to manage firms in the interests of shareholders, which means never sacrificing profits in service of other stakeholders or interests. In this timely, groundbreaking book, David Yosifon argues that this rule of 'shareholder primacy' is logically, ethically, and practically unsound, and should be replaced by a new standard that compels directors of our largest corporations to manage firms in a socially responsible way. In addition to summarizing existing debates on the issue - and giving special attention to the Supreme Court's decision in Citizens United - Yosifon explores the problem of corporate patriotism and develops a novel approach to the relationship between corporate law and consumer culture. The book's technical acumen will appeal to experts, while its engaging prose will satisfy anyone interested in what our corporate law does, and what it should do better.
Mudpies and magpies: iron at the extremes.

Iron. What associations come to mind? Animal, vegetable, mineral ? Prime rib, Popeye's spinach, or your grandmother's cast iron griddle ? Is one source of this micronutrient better than another? New approaches to old problems are giving iron a facelift.
The Fate of Intratracheal 14C-Guanidinated Pancreatic Elastase in Hamster Lung

Native pancreatic elastase and guanidinated elastase have similar in vitro and in vivo properties and produce emphysema of similar severity in hamsters. 14C-guanidina-ted pancreatic elastase (16,000 cpm/0.2 mg) was instilled into the trachea of anesthetized hamsters. Within 24 hours the radiolabel found in the lungs rapidly decreases to 12% of the original 16,000 cpm and to 1% after 96 hours. Most of the radiolabel and elastase activity found in the lungs can be removed by bronchopulmonary lavage up to 48 hours after instillation. Although seemingly very small, there is a significant amount of radiolabel (1–2%) which cannot be removed from the lungs by extensive bronchopulmonary lavage.
The (Not Wholly Satisfactory) State of the Theory of Foreign Direct Investment and the Multinational Enterprise

We examine the state of the theory of foreign direct investment and multinational enterprises with a view to exploring what territory this theory leaves substantially unexplored. The main point that we show is that there is much unexplored territory. The task of explaining why firms become multinational is far from finished.
An econometric analysis of demand for food quantity and quality in urban China

This article offers an analytical framework for studying consumer demand for food quality based on a theory‐consistent demand model, namely, the Exact Affine Stone Index specification. Importantly, it accounts for unobserved consumer and regional heterogeneity, and allows for arbitrary Engel curves. The empirical value of our framework is illustrated in an econometric analysis of demand for food quality in China. Evaluating possible structural changes in consumer food expenditures in China is of paramount importance, given the ever‐increasing global role of China and the implications of the structural food preference changes for the global food system. The major findings emerging from this study indicate that income is an important determinant of demand for food quality and quantity with the relatively more affluent provinces having a higher affinity for food quality.
Non-opioid Analgesics

Analgesics play an important role in the management of dental pain, primarily as adjuncts to definitive interventions. Traditionally, non-opioid/opioid combinations (acetaminophen with codeine or hydrocodone) have been the analgesics of choice for the routine management of pain in dentistry. Recently, however, a strong association between opioid prescribing and the current opioid crisis has been convincingly demonstrated, and it appears that reductions in legitimate opioid prescribing are linked to increases in heroin use. The rationale for using opioids for dental pain was not entirely evidence-based and included the perception that “controlled substances” should be more efficacious than nonaddictive agents. However, concerns over increasing abuse and diversion of opioids as well as increasingly strong scientific evidence for superior pain relief provided by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have combined to fundamentally change the contemporary approach to the management of acute dental pain (Moore et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev (9):CD008659, 2015). Following the approval of ibuprofen by the Food and Drug Administration in 1974, an ever-expanding array of drugs in the NSAID class, primarily for the management of osteoarthritis and musculoskeletal pain, requires careful evaluation of which agents are best-suited for use in dentistry. This chapter is focused on non-opioid oral analgesics for control of acute pain, with an emphasis on high-level scientific evidence. The management of chronic orofacial pain is beyond the scope of this chapter and will not be covered.
219) Selective Antagonism of Spinal GluN2B EPSCs by Agmatine

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are a promising target of interest for the spinal control of chronic pain. They are expressed in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, and have unique subunit compositions, allowing for the targeting of sensory pathways while avoiding motor side effects. Agmatine, decarboxylated L-arginine, has previously been shown to antagonize NMDA receptors but has not been fully characterized for subunit targeting in spinal cord tissue. We describe here a conditional GluN2B KO mouse used to assess the role of GluN2B subunits on agmatine's electrophysiological responses in spinal cord dorsal horn. At time of weaning, GluN2B-floxed mice were intrathecally injected with either AAV9-Cre (AAV9.hSyn.HI.eGFP-Cre.WPRE.SV40 Penn Vector Core) to delete spinal GluN2B or with saline as a control. Using rtPCR we observed an average 50% reduction of spinal GluN2B mRNA AAV9-Cre-treated mice relative to control. Whole cell patch clamp recordings were taken from spinal cord slices from GluN2B knockdown or control mice. Neurons receiving monosynaptic input from C-fiber afferent terminals in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord were identified. The amplitude and recovery rate of evoked excitatory post-synaptic currents (eEPSCs) were measured following electrical stimulation of the dorsal root and application of 0.3, 1 or 3 mM agmatine. Agmatine was unable to inhibit NMDA-mediated EPSCs in GluN2B-deficient mice but had efficacy in wildtype controls. Additionally, subtraction analysis on EPSC currents revealed that in wildtype animals, agmatine inhibited qualities of EPSC currents attributed to GluN2B subunits. These data indicate that in spinal cord dorsal horn, agmatine selectively targets GluN2B subunits of NMDA receptors. This characteristic of agmatine suggests it may present a favorable therapeutic window for treatment of chronic pain.
Perspectives on debt and deficits

Vast countries that borrow in their own currency have enormous latitude to run up debt. It’s not at all clear why this should be an urgent concern for us right now. If r is less than g, if the interest rate you pay on the debt is less than the growth rate of the economy, then the debt to GDP ratio stabilizes even if you run a primary deficit. That says that if you want to run deficits to spend on something productive, you don’t need to worry about a debt spiral. We’re in a world where interest rates tend to be low even in good times; we are in a world which looks a whole lot like a secular stagnation world. In that kind of world, having persistent deficits can actually be a positive thing. If our debt would cause the foreign flow of money to the U.S. to slow down, that would also mean, by definition, a smaller trade deficit achieved through a weaker dollar.
Senescent Kidney Cells in Hypertensive Patients Release Urinary Extracellular Vesicles

Background Hypertension may be associated with renal cellular injury. Cells in distress release extracellular vesicles (EVs), and their numbers in urine may reflect renal injury. Cellular senescence, an irreversible growth arrest in response to a noxious milieu, is characterized by release of proinflammatory cytokines. We hypothesized that EVs released by senescent nephron cells can be identified in urine of patients with hypertension. Methods and Results We recruited patients with essential hypertension (EH) or renovascular hypertension and healthy volunteers (n=14 each). Renal oxygenation was assessed using magnetic resonance imaging and blood samples collected from both renal veins for cytokine-level measurements. EVs isolated from urine samples were characterized by imaging flow cytometry based on specific markers, including p16 (senescence marker), calyxin (podocytes), urate transporter 1 (proximal tubules), uromodulin (ascending limb of Henle's loop), and prominin-2 (distal tubules). Overall percentage of urinary p16+ EVs was elevated in EH and renovascular hypertension patients compared with healthy volunteers and correlated inversely with renal function and directly with renal vein cytokine levels. Urinary levels of p16+/urate transporter 1+ were elevated in all hypertensive subjects compared with healthy volunteers, whereas p16+/prominin-2+ levels were elevated only in EH versus healthy volunteers and p16+/uromodulin+ in renovascular hypertension versus EH. Conclusions Levels of p16+ EVs are elevated in urine of hypertensive patients and may reflect increased proximal tubular cellular senescence. In EH, EVs originate also from distal tubules and in renovascular hypertension from Henle's loop. Hence, urinary EVs levels may be useful to identify intrarenal sites of cellular senescence.
Parasocial relationships with disliked television characters, depressive symptoms, and loneliness among older adults.

ABSTRACTThis study considered how older adults’ parasocial relationships with disliked television characters predict depressive symptoms and loneliness, as well as how attachment styles and real-li...
Chapter 47 – Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) and FGF Receptor Families in Bone

Publisher Summary Fibroblast growth factors isolated from many sources act to modify the growth of cell types of epithelial, neuroectodermal, and mesenchymal origin. Structurally, the FGF family encompasses the polypeptides encoded by 23 distinct genes. FGFs function in concert with a similarly complex family of cognate signal-transducing receptors (FGFRs) and nontransducing heparan sulfate-containing proteoglycans (HSPGs), the cysteine-rich receptor (CFR), and binding proteins (BPs). FGFs and their receptors exhibit remarkably varied mechanisms regulating their expression and/or bioavailability. These mechanisms occur at multiple levels of gene expression, including transcription, translation, intracellular protein trafficking, extracellular matrix localization, and release. The FGF family can be divided into those with multiple or single promoters and/or transcription start sites. The FGF-2 promoter shows both negative and positive cis-acting regulatory domains with functional mapping. In contrast to FGF-1, the human FGF-2 gene contains one core promoter region that directs the transcription of multiple mRNAs possessing the same transcription start site. The FGF-3 gene is transcribed into multiple classes of mRNA with different transcription start sites, in mouse embryonal carcinoma cells, a human colon carcinoma cell line, mouse mammary tumors, and in developing mouse embryos. On the cell surface, at least three types of proteins may interact with the FGFs. The first class are high-affinity integral plasma membrane proteins with three extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig)-like loop structures. The second type of receptor are low-affinity binding sites, identified as HSPGs. HSPGs do not possess intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity, but are important molecules regulating FGF bioavailability. The third type of protein, a cysteine-rich FGFR (CFR), was originally isolated and characterized from chicken embryos. All three types of receptor proteins form dynamic interactions with the FGFs that are compensatory with their respective bioactivities.
Comparative Observations of Current Flow, Tidal Spectra, and Scattering Strength in and Around Hawaiian Deep-Sea Coral Patches

Environmental conditions of deep-sea corals were monitored with instruments placed in and adjacent to three Hawaiian deep-sea coral patches dominated by gorgonian octocorals and zoanthid gold coral. Temperature, backscatter, and flow differed among and within the patches and highlighted distinctions in distribution of focus taxa (Hemicorallium laauense, Pleurocorallium secundum, Narella spp., Acanella dispar, Kulamanamana haumeaae). Two of the patches (Barbers Pt., Makapuʻu Pt.) had more than double the sustained mean flow of the third patch (Keahole Pt.), where backscatter levels of the passing water mass showed scattering strengths a third higher, suggesting greater food supply in the water at the Keahole Pt. patch. Further, spectral analysis of flow speed and direction suggests that flow at the first two high-flow sites (Barbers Pt., Makapuʻu Pt.) are dominated by semi-diurnal tidal forcing (flow changing 4x daily, direction 2x daily), while Keahole Pt. patch shows a distinct pattern more typical of diurnal forcing. Of the focus taxa, the two coralliids occupied a similar temperature range but differed in dominance between sites along a flow/scatter gradient, with the “red” coral, Hemicorallium laauense, found at the site with low flow (0.5-4.9 cm/s) and higher scatter (-28 dB) and the “pink” coral, Pleurocorallium secundum, seen at the patch with higher sustained flow (12.6-18.4 cm/s) and lower backscatter (-43 dB). Narella spp. spanned a 10 °C temperature range but were found more frequently at sites with the highest mean flow (18.4-21.7 cm/s). The final two corals, the parasitic zoanthid “gold” coral, Kulamanamana haumeaae, and its most common host, bamboo coral, Acanella dispar, were found at all three sites over a wide temperature range with flow ranging from 2.8 to 18.9 cm/s. The number of gold colonies was negatively correlated with flow even though that relationship was not apparent for the bamboo coral. These patterns were considered in relation to what is known about the life history of deep-sea corals and how they might influence community settlement, growth, and diversity.
Methodology for Determination of the Structural Layer Coefficient of Unbound Base Materials in Florida

The main goal of this study was to assess methodologies for the determination of base structural layer coefficients (SLCs) in Florida base materials. The aim was to streamline the traditional empir...
Development and Demonstration of MIMO-SAR mmWave Imaging Testbeds

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radars and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) techniques are well researched and have been effectively combined for many imaging applications ranging from remote sensing to security. Despite numerous studies that apply MIMO concepts to SAR imaging, the design process of a MIMO-SAR system is non-trivial, especially for millimeter-wave (mmWave) imaging systems. Many issues have to be carefully addressed. Besides, compared with conventional monostatic sampling schemes or MIMO-only solutions, efficient image reconstruction methods for MIMO-SAR topologies are more complicated in short-range applications. To address these issues, we present highly-integrated and reconfigurable MIMO-SAR testbeds, along with examples of three-dimensional (3-D) image reconstruction algorithms optimized for MIMO-SAR configurations. The presented testbeds utilize commercially available wideband mmWave sensors and motorized rail platforms. Several aspects of the MIMO-SAR testbed design process, including MIMO array calibration, electrical/mechanical synchronization, system-level verification, and performance evaluation, are described. We present three versions of MIMO-SAR testbeds with different implementation costs and accuracies to provide alternatives for other researchers who want to implement their testbed framework. Several representative examples in various real-world imaging applications are presented to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed testbeds and algorithms.
Longitudinal management and outcomes of acute coronary syndrome in persons living with HIV infection.

AIMS Persons living with HIV (PLWH) have increased cardiovascular mortality, which may in part be due to differences in the management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). The purpose of this study was to compare the in-hospital and post-discharge management and outcomes of ACS among persons with and without HIV. METHODS AND RESULTS This was a retrospective cohort study using data from Symphony Health, a data warehouse. All patients admitted between 1 January 2014 and 31 December 2016 with ACS were identified by International Classification of Diseases billing codes. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine in-hospital, 30-day and 12-month event rates between groups. A total of 1 125 126 individuals were included, 6612 (0.59%) with HIV. Persons living with HIV were younger (57.4 ± 10.5 vs. 67.4 ± 12.9 years, P< 0.0001) and had more medical comorbidities. Acute coronary syndrome type did not differ significantly with HIV status. Persons living with HIV were less likely to undergo coronary angiography (35.2% vs. 37.2%, adjusted OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.83-0.92, P < 0.0001), and those with both HIV and STEMI underwent fewer drug-eluting stents (60.1% vs. 68.5%, adjusted OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.68-0.96, P = 0.016). Persons living with HIV had higher adjusted rates of inpatient mortality (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.15-1.44; P < 0.0001), 30-day readmission (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.09-1.27; P < 0.0001) and 12-month mortality (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.22-1.44; P < 0.0001). Twelve months following discharge, PLWH filled cardiac medications at lower rates. CONCLUSION In a contemporary cohort of persons hospitalized for ACS, PLWH received less guideline-supported interventional and medical therapies and had worse clinical outcomes. Strategies to optimize care are warranted in this unique population.