cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Validity of the thin mask approximation in extreme ultraviolet mask roughness simulations.

In the case of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography, modeling has shown that reflector phase roughness on the lithographic mask is a significant concern due to the image plane speckle it causes and the resulting line-edge roughness on imaged features. Modeling results have recently been used to determine the requirements for future production worthy masks yielding the extremely stringent specification of 50 pm rms roughness. Owing to the scale of the problem in terms of memory requirements, past modeling results have been based on the thin mask appro ximation in this application. EUV masks, however, are inherently three-dimensional (3D) in nature and thus the question arises as to the validity of the thin mask approximation. Here, we directly compare the image plane speckle calculation results using the fast two-dimensional thin mask model to rigorous finite-difference time-domain results and find the two methods to agree to within 10% in the computation of the speckle magnitude and 20% in the computation of the line-edge roughness limited depth of focus. For both types of computation, the two-dimensional method provides a conservative estimate. The 3D modeling is also used to show that layer-to-layer correlated roughness is indeed the roughness metric of most concern.
An evaluation of the impact of Melaleuca quinquenervia invasion and management on plant community structure after fire

Abstract Two questions were asked in this study: after a fire, does the choice of invasive plant management strategy, namely herbicidal or biological, alter (1) plant community assemblages and (2) the re-invasion potential of the Australian tree Melaleuca quinquenervia ? Plant species richness was highest in the non-invaded and herbicide sites compared to the biological site with 10.5, 10.8, and 8.25 species m −2 found in each site, respectively. Although the total count of live and dead seedlings was highest in the biologically controlled site at 22.8 and 13.6 plants m −2 , respectively, M. quinquenervia seedlings were recruited in all sites. While the ultimate goal of management programs is to restore ecosystem integrity, this work provides evidence that passive restoration may not be enough to restore plant community structure in this system.
Assessment of anterior chamber flare and cells after laser in situ keratomileusis.

Abstract Purpose To determine the presence of anterior chamber flare and cells after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for the correction of myopia. Setting Hermann Eye Center and the University of Texas Medical School, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Houston, Texas, USA. Methods Forty-three eyes of 23 consecutive patients ranging in age from 24 to 62 years had LASIK for myopia. All surgeries were performed by a single surgeon using a VISX Star laser and the same technique. Patients received no preoperative antiinflammatory medications. Postoperatively, all patients were instructed to use 1 drop of ofloxacin (Ocuflox®) and 1 drop of fluorometholone 0.1% (FML®) in the operated eye 4 times daily while awake for 7 days. At baseline and postoperative days 1, 7, and 28, anterior chamber flare was measured and cells were counted using a Kowa laser flare meter (FM-500) and laser cell counter (LC-500), respectively. Results Flare and cells increased significantly on day 1 (P Conclusions A significant increase in anterior chamber inflammation occurred during the first 24 hours after LASIK. Inflammation levels then subsided to preoperative levels by day 7 with steroid use. Anterior chamber inflammation did not appear to correlate with the duration of the ablation or the number of laser pulses.
Physician and scientist leadership in academic medicine: strategic planning for a successful academic leadership career.

In medical school and during the residency and fellowship training periods, the focus of the educational process centers appropriately on health, illness, and the disease process. This is the time period where skills are developed and honed to provide exemplary care of the patient as well as the development of research interests and proficiency. Once the training period has been completed, the physician enters into the practice of medicine where not only clinical or research skills are required, but an increasing level of leadership is also fundamental. Yet, during the training period, little if any formal education includes preparation for a leadership position. Most successful academic leaders have nurtured a career pathway that allowed them the opportunity to be selected for leadership positions. Hard work, diligence, and recognition for either clinical or research expertise enhances career options for academic leadership. Six basic principles have been adapted for the strategic planning for a successful and effective leadership career in academic medicine. They include (1) develop a vision, (2) cultivate a plan, (3) focus, (4) seek counsel, (5) periodically reassess, and (6) enjoy the journey.
Decision Process for Energy Efficient Building Retrofits: The Owner's Perspective

Abstract The process by which a building owner evaluates and decides upon energy conservation measures (ECMs) for a building retrofit is key towards achieving efficient results. However, many owners rely on unsophisticated evaluation methods, which potentially limits the amount of energy reduced in the commercial building. Reducing energy in the nearly 4.9 million commercial buildings is critical because they account for approximately one fifth of the total energy consumption in the United States. Reducing their energy consumption levels will have significant impacts on energy dependency, Greenhouse Gas emissions (GHG), and operations costs. The decision processes of twelve private and public organizations in New Mexico were evaluated through collective case study research. The processes of each organization were compared and key steps were identified. Then the most used and critical steps were combined to create an integrated decision approach that optimizes cost savings and GHG emission reductions. This...
Relationship between pattern of cell migration from the germinal layer and changing patterns of differentiation in the lizard epidermis

During renewal of the lizard epidermis, the rate of new cell production varies cyclically from a low level (resting stage) to a high level (renewal stage). Renewal involves the formation and shedding of an “epidermal generation” in which cells of the outermost layers synthesize beta keratin whereas cells of the inner layers synthesize alpha keratin. The cells are derived sequentially from a morphologically homogeneous basal layer. Tokay geckos were injected with a single pulse of tritiated thymidine at the end of the resting stage, 24 hours prior to the onset of epidermal renewal. Sequential biopsies were taken and analyzed by radioautography. Twenty-four hours after the pulse, labeled nuclei were found only in the basal layer. During the subsequent four to five days, both labeled and unlabeled mitoses were present in the basal layer. Although at least seven new layers of cells were added above the basal layer during this same four to five day period, none of their nuclei were labeled. Most of these cells would normally subsequently synthesize beta keratin. The first cells with labeled nuclei emerged from the basal layer after this four to five day delay. These cells would normally go on to synthesize alpha keratin. The labeling index in the basal layer, which was less than 10% at 24 hours after injection, rose to about 50% and fell coincident with emergence of cells destined to form alpha keratin. Thus, these cells must have divided more than once before leaving the basal layer. The studies indicate that the pattern of migration of cells from the basal layer plays an important role in the emergence of a new pattern of differentiation.
Special Topic: Contraction in Smooth Muscle Cells

Smooth muscle tissue is composed of mechanically and often electrically coupled contractile cells that may be unique to vertebrates (22). Smooth muscle is characterized by an extraordinary functional diversity associated with many extracellular regulatory systems. These include a wide variety of neurotransmitters, hormones, ions, metabolites, and responses mediated by other associated cells as well as nerves. The current interest in the intracellular mechanisms governing contraction and relaxation reflects the importance of smooth muscle in the function of all organ systems and as the target cells for many drugs. There is a consensus among most workers that the sliding filament­ crossbridge mechanism underlies contraction (11, 14, 15,46,47). Neverthe­ less, smooth muscle has properties not exhibited by skeletal muscle. Most importantly, Ca2+ does not regulate crossbridge interactions as a simple on/off switch. Both the number of crossbridges interacting with the thin filaments and their cycling rate are regulated (11, 24, 30). This remarkable property is associated with a covalent regulatory system: Ca2+ -stimulated crossbridge phosphorylation.
Data Assimilation for Numerical Weather Prediction: A Review

During the last 20 years data assimilation has gradually reached a mature center stage position at both Numerical Weather Prediction centers as well as being at the center of activities at many federal research institutes as well as at many universities.
Biofibers from agricultural byproducts for industrial applications

Lignocellulosic agricultural byproducts are a copious and cheap source for cellulose fibers. Agro-based biofibers have the composition, properties and structure that make them suitable for uses such as composite, textile, pulp and paper manufacture. In addition, biofibers can also be used to produce fuel, chemicals, enzymes and food. Byproducts produced from the cultivation of corn, wheat, rice, sorghum, barley, sugarcane, pineapple, banana and coconut are the major sources of agro-based biofibers. This review analyses the production processes, structure, properties and suitability of these biofibers for various industrial applications.
Absorptionless self phase modulation in a "dark state" electromagnetically induced transparency system

Summary form only given. The field of quantum optics was greatly enriched with the discovery of dark states and electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). Although these two processes give similar effects, they are distinctly different. Dark states (Gray et al, 1978) are quantum states created in a three-level lambda system that is decoupled from the excited state. Some of the main features are zero linear absorption, no population in the excited state and no spontaneous emission. One limiting factor of a dark state system is that self-phase modulation disappears together with absorption. EIT is a nonlinear effect that can provide transparency to a probe field in a variety of systems. Much work has been done on two-level, cascaded-three-level and even four-level systems. It has also been shown that a large third-order nonlinear susceptibility is present in the absence of absorption. However, spontaneous emission cannot be eliminated in such system, thereby limiting their applications, particularly, to squeezed light generation. Here, we combine the effects of both dark state and EIT to create a system that is suitable for squeezed light generation via self phase modulation.
Shunt diode analysis using light emission for gallium arsenide solar cell predictability

The use of light emission as a defect analysis technique has been expanded to better differentiate the types of shunt defects and analyze their effects on GaAs solar cells. Light emission from full-size 2 cm*2 cm space solar cells was detected, recorded, digitized and enhanced in order to analyze the low-level light emission and the shunt diode's effects. Shunt diodes are of particular importance because they have been found to be the type of defect which is most likely to degrade and cause failure in GaAs solar cells. To analyze how the shunt diodes affect the quality of the solar cell, the pattern of light emission must be studied. In studying the low-level light emission, it was found that the pattern of light emission is different than that of the high-level light emission. The different light patterns show the changing effects of the shunt diodes. It is concluded that the shunt diode dominates over the junction diode at low values of current and that the junction diode dominates over the shunt diode at high values of current. >
Inverse scattering theory applied to the design of single-mode planar optical waveguides

An inverse scattering theory is used to design single-mode planar optical waveguides that have wider inhomogeneous cores than those obtained by direct scattering methods. The wave equation for the electric field in the core is transformed into a Schrodinger-type equation whose potential function q(x) is related to the refractive-index profile. The modal structure of the waveguide is characterized by the transverse reflection coefficient r(k); a single discrete propagating mode and continuous radiating modes are considered. The Gel’fand–Levitan–Marchenko inverse scattering theory is used to obtain the unique solution of q(x) from a rational-function representation of r(k).
Compact Multi-user Wideband MIMO System using Multiple-Mode Microstrip Antennas

A complete multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication system with orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) based on multiple excitation modes for a single circular microstrip antenna is introduced. Traditional diversity techniques such as spatial diversity by means of a linear antenna array or polarization diversity by means of a cross-polarized antenna array may prove to be unsuitable in the case of severe restrictions on antenna size and spacing. A microstrip antenna employing multiple modes is found to be comparable to traditional antenna arrays in an urban micro-cell setting as defined by the Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) at a much lower cost in terms of size and spacing. The throughput performance and signal detection of multimode antennas in flat and frequency-selective fading environments is examined subsequently.
Functional significance of microvascular collateral anastomoses after chronic coronary artery occlusion.

Abstract A portion of canine left ventricular free wall was rendered collateral dependent by gradual occulsion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) with a surgically implanted ameroid constrictor. Six to nine weeks after implantation of the constrictor, regional myocardial blood flow was measured with 9-μm microspheres in 12 dogs under control conditions and during diversion of collateral flow retrogradely by venting the LAD to atmospheric pressure. In four dogs, flow measurements during retrograde diversion were also made with 25-μm microspheres. Under control conditions, flow in the collateral-dependent region was similar to that in the normally perfused left ventricular myocardium. Retrograde diversion of collateral flow caused mean aortic pressure to decrease 10%, but did not change heart rate, left atrial blood pressure, or flow in the normally perfused region. Despite diversion of collateral flow from the LAD and the accompanying decrease in aortic pressure, flow in the collateral-dependent region averaged 0.55 ± 0.09 ml/min/g, 67% of the control flow. The 9- and 25-μm microspheres were distributed similarly in transmural sections of the collateral-dependent region, whereas the large microspheres were distributed preferentially toward the endocardium in transmural sections of the normally perfused region. The findings of a large volume of residual, nondivertible collateral flow and of similar transmural distributions of 9- and 25-μm microspheres indicated that a significant portion of the collateral flow traversed microscopic, intramural pathways. A model describing the source of flow to collateral-dependent myocardium was developed. It predicts that approximately one-half of the flow reaches the collateral-dependent region through microvascular pathways.
Mapping 1D-FFT on an energy efficient 3D FPGA-DRAM architecture

The one-dimensional Fast Fourier Transform (1D-FFT) is a fast method of computing the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) that is pervasive in signal processing applications. In this paper we present details on the mapping of the 1D-FFT on a power efficient 3D FPGA-DRAM architecture [1], with four data sizes: 256pt, 1024pt, 4096pt and 32768pt to achieve 29 GFLOPs/W with a 65nm technology.
Why was “Old Poetry” Used in Hebrew Narrative? Historical and Cultural Considerations about Judges 5

The poem of Judges 5 has been regarded as one of the oldest pieces of biblical literature. This chapter surveys two matters, namely the dating of Judges 5 and other examples of so-called told poetry,t and the prose contexts of the told poemst. Then, it links the two discussions by asking what the appearance of the poem's antiquity might have signified for those who included the poem in its narrative context. Detailed research on Ugaritic and Hebrew poetry pursued by H.L. Ginsberg and Umberto Cassuto continued well into the 1950s and 1960s. Steven Weitzman rejects appeals to distinctions between prose and poetry, and argues that the prose-poetry distinction is debatable. Second, according to Weitzman, the purpose of adding Judges 5 and Exodus 15 is to write God into the story or as he says of Judges 5 specifically, to promote allegiance to God.. Keywords: Hebrew narrative; Judges 5; old poems; prose contexts; Steven Weitzman
The biosynthesis of cholesterol in the developing chick embryo

SUMMARY Mevalonic acid-2-C" was injected into the yolk of incubating fertile hens' eggs on the sixth day of incubation. A nonsaponifiable fraction (NSF) containing labeled components was isolated from the yolk sac and from the embryo throughout the remainder of the incubation. The specific activity of both the yolk sac and embryonic NSF increased during the first 3 days following injection of the labeled precursor and then decreased from the remainder of the incubation. The total activity of the yolk sac and embryonic NSF increased during the incubation. The largest increment in total radioactivity of the yolk sac NSF occurred after the 12th day of incubation and that of the embryonic NSF after the 15th day. A high level of labeled squalene was found in the yolk sac NSF. Labeled cholesterol was found in both the yolk sac and embryo. About 3% of the recovered activity of the NSF was found in the brain tissue of chicks hatched from injected eggs.
Enhanced optical absorption and photoresponse of glancing angle deposited CIGS nanorods

Nanostructured materials have become an attractive alternative to their thin film and bulk counterparts in photovoltaic and photoconductivity research. This is mainly attributed to their superior optical and electrical properties. Light trapping in vertically aligned nanostructures results in high optical absorption and provides lower dark current and enhanced carrier lifetime by utilizing an anode and cathode via a metal capping process that isolates each nanorod. The combination of these two features can potentially lead to the development of high efficiency nanostructured devices including solar cells, photodiodes, and photodetectors. Results from optical absorption and responsivity properties of nanorod arrays of CuInGaSe2 (CIGS), a p-type semiconductor with a wide band gap ranging from 1.0 eV to 1.7 eV, are compared to their thin film counterpart. Utilizing an RF sputtering system, glancing angle deposition (GLAD) technique was used to grow CIGS nanorods while conventional films were fabricated by normal incidence deposition. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images indicated a successful growth of CIGS nanorods. Optical reflection was found to be strongly altered by the presence of the nanorod structures through spectroscopic reflectometry and photoresponse was greatly enhanced with an enhancement factor of 7X in fabricated devices.
Transition of Techniques to Treat Choledochal Cysts in Children

Abstract Introduction: Traditionally open resection with hepaticojejunostomy (HJ) reconstruction has been the surgical treatment for cases of choledochal cyst. Our center has recently transitioned from open to laparoscopic and HJ to hepaticoduodenostomy (HD) as our preferred method of excision and biliary reconstruction. Our initial experience is presented here. Materials and Methods: A single-center retrospective chart review was performed from 2005 to 2014. All patients undergoing surgical treatment for choledochal disease were considered. Results: During the study period 18 patients had surgical treatment for choledochal cyst disease. The average age of all patients was 4.7 years (range, 2 months–15.5 years). Eleven of these patients had laparoscopic excision and reconstruction. Of these 11 patients, 7 had an HD anastomosis. Comparing the laparoscopic with the open group and the HD with the HJ group, there was no significant difference in operative time, estimated blood loss, time to regular diet, leng...
Novel biomarkers, dysregulated epigenetics, and therapy in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

Cutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCL) are a diverse group of lymphoid malignancies that develop in the skin. The most common variants are mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sezary syndrome (SS). These skin lymphomas can be challenging to differentiate from non-malignant inflammatory skin disorders such as psoriasis or nummular eczema, thus the identification of biomarkers is important in early diagnosis and treatment. Gene expression analysis has identified novel genes that are expressed in MF/SS that may improve diagnosis of MF/SS. Although the catalog of biomarker genes remains incomplete, a mechanism playing a role in the increased expression of biomarkers in MF/SS includes epigenetic changes. This is supported by the efficacy of evolving therapeutic strategies that modulate gene regulation, such as HDAC inhibitors and methylation inhibitors in the treatment of this group of cancers.
Use of turkey erythrocytes for vaccinia virus hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition tests.

Turkey erythrocytes are uniformly susceptible to agglutination by vaccinia virus hemagglutinin prepared from the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick embryo and from primary rabbit kidney tissue cell cultures. Forty-seven lots of erythrocytes were tested and all were agglutinated by vaccinia virus. There was no apparent species or age difference in regard to susceptibility of these erythrocytes. Vaccinia hemagglutinin titers were similar to those obtained with chicken erythrocytes. Use of turkey erythrocytes for vaccinia virus hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition testing should reduce the burden of the laboratory which must maintain selected chickens whose erythrocytes are susceptible to agglutination.
Interpreting Consumers: A Hermeneutical Framework for Deriving Marketing Insights from the Texts of Consumers’ Consumption Stories:

The author describes and illustrates a hermeneutically grounded interpretive framework for deriving marketing-relevant insights from the “texts” of consumer stories and gives an overview of the phi...
Studies of interface demarcation and structural defects in Ga doped Ge single crystals using synchrotron white beam x-ray topography

Synchrotron White Beam X-ray Topography (SWBXT) has been applied to the characterization of marked growth interfaces in Ga doped Ge single crystals. The techniques employed in interface demarcation include modifications of the cold zone temperature, mechanical pulsing and Peltier pulsing. As revealed by our observations, the visibility of growth interfaces is a sensitive function of diffraction conditions. A combination of the correct orientation of the active reciprocal lattice vector with respect to the interface plane and the necessary strain sensitivity controlled by the rocking curve width of the reflection are proved to be important for interface visibility. This can easily be achieved by using synchrotron radiation since the tunability of the synchrotron source provides great flexibility in the choice of proper diffraction conditions. Structural defects such as small-angle tilt boundaries and dislocation cell structures were also observed. The formation mechanism of these defects will be discussed. Direct evidence of dislocations present in the seed crystal propagating into the as-grown crystal through the melt-back interface during crystal growth was also obtained.
An Option Approach to Public Infrastructure Investment

How do we ensure that public infrastructure is properly and adequately maintained and replaced? How can we ensure that the allocation of infrastructure spending is not motivated by the political process? In this paper, I present an option value approach that offers an answer to both questions and I argue that this approach is superior to the current net present value approach (NPV). This yields several important results. First, I show that the NPV approach is not sufficient. Second, the option value approach allows for an explicit valuation for comparisons between projects. Third, the option approach provides an explicit formula for managing a transportation fund for infrastructure projects. Finally, the option value approach provides the means for a rule-of-law for managing infrastructure projects that ensures that both needed investment takes place and that funding is not allocated based on political value.
Identification of RAPD marker linked to the red skin traits of apples

The 355 random primers of 10 bp were selected for identifying molecular markers linked to the red skin traits of apples. By bulked segment analysis, 49 polymorphic primers were identified at first between red bulk and non-red bulk, further analysis in the population showed that S519 can amplified a band of 1000 bp in length related to red color character of apples. The accuracy rate of this marker for judgment on the whole population with 73 individuals from three different crosses was 76.7%. Considering the low accuracy rate for pre-selection with single marker, the strategy of double marker combination analysis was utilized, in whch the marker S5191000 was used to combinated with each of the three markers (S12891200, S12351000 and S21071200) linked to fruit color developed before for predicting the fruit color simultaneously. Finally, the accuracy rate was improved greatly. Furthermore, the four markers were used for analysis in nine apple cultivars, and the result showed that the expression of most cultivars was in accordance to the theory.
Novel Progress on Source Correlation of Biodegradation Crude Oil

The idea and principle of oil and source rock correlation and the identification of crude oil biodegradation degree are briefly described. The new progress of the application of the correlation of oil and source rocks about biodegraded crude oils at home and abroad is summarized. It is considered that the corresponding methods should be taken according to the different biodegradation degrees in practical work so that provides some beneficial enlightenment for petroleum exploration and development..
PIPS-SBB: A Parallel Distributed-Memory Branch-and-Bound Algorithm for Stochastic Mixed-Integer Programs

Stochastic mixed-integer programs (SMIPs) deal with optimization under uncertainty at many levels of the decision-making process. When solved as extensive formulation mixed-integer programs, problem instances can exceed available memory on a single workstation. To overcome this limitation, we present PIPS-SBB: an exact distributed-memory parallel stochastic MIP solver that takes advantage of parallelism at multiple levels of the optimization process. We show promising results on instances from the SIPLIB benchmark by combining methods known for accelerating Branch and Bound (B&B) methods with new ideas that leverage the structure of SMIPs. We expect the performance of PIPS-SBB to improve further as more functionality is added in the future.
The “New” Seeds and the Logic of Their Growth (Or Jack and the Beanstalk Revisited)

There was little logic in Jack’s trading his mother’s cow for five magic beans rather than selling it as she had instructed. Jack’s story is a typical example of what folklorists call a “foolish bargain.” Ultimately, in Jack’s case, the bargain pays off handsomely, although many other such stories end in disaster. There are some rough parallels between the story about Jack and the story of the green revolution. In a sense, we are trading a faithful if not very productive source of food— traditional peasant agriculture—for a new and apparently more productive source based on “new” seeds with almost magical qualities. The question to be pursued in this chapter is whether we are engaging in a “foolish bargain” in making such a trade and, if so, with what consequences? The question is basic; unlike the story of Jack (and its predecessors), which involve a type of speculation regarding the origins of man and his separation from the heavens, we deal with matters relating to the future prospects of most, if not all, of mankind.
Emergent Human Rights, Identity, Harms, and Duties

I am not disembodied reason. Nor am I Robinson Crusoe, alone upon his island. Sir Isaiah Berlin, “Two Concepts of Liberty” With the ratification of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948, the concept of moral right took on a new modifier: “human.” Since the seventeenth century, moral rights had been designated as “natural” (or inalienable) rights and explicitly distinguished from legal or contractual rights. Natural rights did not rely on governments to enforce the law or contracts, according to Locke, Paine, Jefferson, and others; in fact, natural rights in their view predated governments altogether and could be found even in places without government, the so-called state of nature. Natural rights were taken to be universal in the same way that human rights are conceived of today, as we shall see in a moment, but nevertheless the shift in terminology indicates a changing understanding about rights in general. Mostly, the change from “natural” to “human” rights indicates that our view of rights is open to development and growth. I shall rely on this openness to make the case for environmental human rights, which, I argue in this chapter, should be viewed also as “emergent human rights.” The conceptual difference between what we now name “human” rights and the earlier “natural” rights can be overstated, but nevertheless it does call attention to an important development in rights theory.
Three-dimensional Nanotube Networks and a New Horizon of Applications

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are considered one-dimensional systems that possess fascinating electronic, chemical and mechanical properties. They exhibit metallic or semiconducting behavior depending on the nanotube diameter and chirality, and they are ultrarobust and lightweight. Moreover, their surface can be chemically activated thus being able to establish different types of bonds between the carbon nanotube surface and a large number of chemical species; for instance, they could be introduced into a polymeric matrix improving its mechanical or electronic properties. In addition, CNTs are able to host different species in their hollow core, such as ferromagnetic clusters, molecules, and gases. Nowadays, synthesis techniques have achieved control of the length and diameter of CNTs, which constitutes a step forward toward applications. In this chapter, we address the issue of using CNTs as fundamental building blocks for constructing three-dimensional (3D) networks. Here, we present a review of the experimental and theoretical investigations on the formation of 3D networks using CNTs as the main component. In addition, the latest advances on the synthesis and characterization of different carbon nanostructures involving CNTs such as branches, junctions and foams are discussed.
Steps Toward Continuum Thermodynamics

In this closing chapter I hope to give you a final impression of the power of the concepts used in this book. The general law of balance of entropy has guided us through the development of introductory thermodynamics What seemed to be so difficult for Planck’s teachers to accept has served us well so far. This should encourage us to extend thermodynamics to the general case of continuous processes. The benefits will be immediate: you will get a first brief look at some of the more advanced examples of thermal processes to which we could only allude before.
Principles of 1 H NMR Spectroscopy In Vivo

This chapter gives a brief overview of the principles of 1H NMR spectroscopy when applied to study metabolism in vivo. The basic methodology of in vivo 1H NMR, such as spatial localization, shimming and water suppression is described. Special attention is given to spectral quantification. The problem of spectral overlap of resonances is addressed through the use of spectral editing methods.
[250-POS]: Pregnancy outcomes of massively obese hypertensive gravidas

Objectives The obesity epidemic is of increasing obstetrical concern as these women are more likely to be hypertensive prior to pregnancy and experience adverse outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine the perinatal outcomes of conventionally managed massively obese gravidas with preexisting hypertension to management guided by hemodynamics obtained from impedance cardiography. Methods The Cabell–Huntington Hospital maternal and neonatal charts of all patients hemodynamically evaluated using impedance cardiography weighing 300 lbs (136 kg) or more (58 study patients) were reviewed; controls were the most recently delivered 90 patients of similar weight with ( n = 17) and without ( n = 73) preexisting hypertension. Differences demographic, pregnancy and delivery data were assessed by one-way ANOVA for continuous variables and Chi-square analysis for categorical data. Results There was no difference in age, weight, or BMI or route of delivery. Although delivering at term, the treated infants delivered 12 days earlier. There was no difference in the mean birth weight percentile and rates of IUGR and macrosomia were similar. Conventionally treated hypertensive massively obese gravidas spent more days in the hospital as did their infants, possibly because the incidence of severe preeclampsia was higher (23% vs 6%) than in those whose antihypertensive therapy was hemodynamically directed. Conclusions Obesity is a known risk factor for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy; in obese women with preexisting hypertension the risk is markedly higher. In massively obese women with preexisting hypertension, hemodynamically-guided treatment results in fewer cases of severe preeclampsia and fewer maternal and neonatal hospital days. D.G. Chaffin: Commercial Interest: MIST, LLC. J. Granger: None.
Variety Is the Spice of Life: Irrational Behavior as Adaptation to Stochastic Environments

The debate between rational models of behavior and their systematic deviations, often referred to as “irrational behavior”, has attracted an enormous amount of research. Here, we reconcile the deba...
Lead plaintiffs and lead counsel in deal litigation

The shareholder lawsuit is the primary vehicle for enforcing corporate law. While closely related fields like securities regulation rely on private shareholder lawsuits to supplement the enforcement work of public regulators like the Securities Exchange Commission, corporate law enforcement depends largely on private rights of action brought by aggrieved investors and their lawyers. The purpose of these lawsuits is straightforward: to induce corporate fiduciaries like boards and managers to abide by the duties of loyalty and care in overseeing the corporation. There are many situations that implicate these fiduciary duties, but none that are as fraught with conflict and temptation as mergers and acquisitions (M&A). Not surprisingly, M&A generates a significant amount of litigation. This chapter assesses the evidence on a key facet of that litigation: the selection of lead plaintiffs and lead counsel.
LACK OF DOSE-RESPONSE EFFECT OF NOCTURNAL LIGHT ON MENSTRUAL CYCLE LENGTH

Lin, et al. and Drennan, et al. showed that nocturnal illumination of approximately 235 lux significantly shortened and regularized menstrual cycles of greater than 33 days. The placebo treatment (1.7 lux red light) was ineffective1,2. These studies used bedside lamps switched on 30 minutes before retiring, in addition to continuous bedside light exposure during sleep. Two additional studies by Rex, et al. confined light exposure to the sleep period. These studies used both a new light mask technology and bedside lamps. When light was confined to the sleep period, 235-250 lux and <1 lux placebo treatments were equivalent in their effectiveness, because both shortened menstrual cycle length3. A true effect would be hard to demonstrate with such a strong “placebo” response, but results raised the question whether <1 lux during sleep could be biologically active. A fifth study was then done to better define the dose/response effects of light for normalizing menstrual cycle length.
Operations on power series and higher derivatives of functions

Equations are derived for the general terms of the series obtained when certain operations are carried out on one or several given series. Explicit and recurrence relations are given for the literal groups which are common to the given series. A general method is shown to obtain the multipliers which depend on the operation being performed, and the method is illustrated for several examples.
A Design Theory for Knowledge Transfer in Business Intelligence

REQUIRED) Information Systems (IS) have often been the mechanism by which Knowledge Transfer (KT) has been accomplished within organizations. However, in the case of Business Intelligence (BI) it is also often the source or the knowledge required to be transferred. While the IS profession has effectively studied explicit knowledge, the conversion of tacit to explicit knowledge (Champika et al. 2009; Parent et al. 2007; Swee 2002) or knowledge creation (Nambisan et al. 1999; Nonaka 1994) a gap remains in regards to knowledge adoption and application of transferred tacit knowledge. This paper will contribute a design theory to support future research for KT in BI.
Technical Foundations for Pricing Systems Security

This paper establishes technical foundations for the determination of the expected costs resulting from system outages. Outages refer to the inability of the system to supply part or all of the system load, not to equipment outages. The paper uses static system security (system adequacy) concepts to separate regions of normal operation from regions where outages occur.
Cultural Differences in the Perception of Personal Growth Among Adolescents

Research shows that some adolescents experience positive psychological changes resulting from highly stressful life events. Because “positive change” is a value-laden concept, there may be cross-cu...
“Bad Things Happened”: How Children of the Digital Age Make Sense of Violent Current Events

AbstractDigital technologies collapse distance and accelerate the speed at which information travels. This has made it easier for children to encounter violent clashes from across the globe. Thus, ...
Exchange rate uncertainty, futures markets, and foreign direct investment

In this thesis, I consider a multinational firm (MNF) which produces and sells in domestic and foreign markets with monopolistic power in both markets. The purpose of the study is to analyze the production, hedging, and investment decisions of the firm under exchange rate uncertainty. The timing of decisions and the firm's attitude toward risk are crucial components in determining the effect of exchange rate risk. Assuming that some decisions are made under uncertainty, while other decisions are made under certainty, I examine how exchange rate uncertainty affects the firm's output decisions, and extend the study to the case when transportation costs exist. It is shown that for risk neutrality, the effect of uncertainty on total output depends upon the shape of demand curves. In the presence of transportation costs, uncertainty makes the risk neutral firm produce more in the domestic plant. Furthermore, the availability of foreign exchange futures markets encourages the risk averse firm to produce more in the domestic plant except when futures are perceived as upwardly biased, while it produces less in the domestic plant under uncertainty than under certainty in the absence of futures markets. In addition, the optimal futures position is short for linear demands and unbiased futures markets, and full hedging with futures contract only cannot be attained in this nonlinear profit model. I also study the issue of foreign direct investment. I consider a model in which the MNF may open only the home plant or may open the home and foreign plants, its choice depending on which case yields higher expected profits. If total output is price responsive, the risk neutral firm is more likely to open the foreign plant than in the case of fixed total output. In the case that the MNF faces a competitor in the foreign market, if the MNF does not open the foreign plant, both firms benefit from risk. However, risk raises the value of opening the foreign plant, and thus induces the MNF to open it, reducing the expected profit of the local firm under uncertainty.
Pyruvate Carboxylase Wields a Double-Edged Metabolic Sword.

Pyruvate carboxylase-mediated anaplerosis is a well-known regulator of gluconeogenesis. In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Cappel et al. (2019) show that pyruvate carboxylase action has far-reaching roles in metabolic homeostasis as it integrates glucose metabolism with tricarboxylic acid cycle flux, ureagenesis, redox potential, and defense against oxidative stress.
Acute and Lasting Benefits of a Virtual Reality in Multiple Sclerosis (P1.7-010)

Objective: To test the therapeutic application of virtual reality (VR) to manage symptom burden and increase quality of life for those living with multiple sclerosis (MS). Background: VR is an emerging technology with many potential healthcare applications. VR typically involves use of a headset with binocular input that enables users to observe and/or interact with controlled virtual environments in 360°. The distraction through sensory immersion has been demonstrated to be effective for reducing pain and may also improve mood states. VR can also be used as a platform for teaching techniques such as controlled breathing and mindfulness meditation that can be incorporated for lasting benefit. We tested the feasibility and tolerability of VR in those with MS, a chronic neurological condition with frequently high symptom burden including pain, depressed mood, and fatigue. Design/Methods: This study is ongoing with recruitment having begun in July 2018. Participants with a MS were recruited to complete 8 sessions of 35-minute VR treatment and randomly assigned to an either passive (viewing) or interactive (moving) condition. VR treatment was delivered in clinic via an HTC Vive headset and study technicians monitored the each participant for safety over the course of each session. Symptom inventories including the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) and PROMIS scales were administered to subjects before and after each VR to assess whether the treatment was inducing benefit across symptoms. Results: To date, n=8 participants with typical MS presentation have enrolled their participation and experienced symptomatic benefit. VR sessions, independent of passive or active condition, resulted in improved positive affect (mean±SD = 2.94±0.72) and reduced negative affect (mean±SD = −1.36±1.33). Conclusions: VR treatment is a feasible and promising tool to manage symptoms for patients living with MS and other chronic neurologic conditions. Disclosure: Dr. Shaw has nothing to disclose. Dr. Palmeri has nothing to disclose. Dr. Krupp has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Biogen, Everyday Health, Gerson Lehman, Novartis, RedHill Biopharma, Roche, Shire, and Sanofi-Aventis. Dr. Krupp has received royalty, license fees, or contractual rights payments from Biogen, Reata Pharma, AbbVie Pharmaceuticals, Amicus Therapeutics, SA Inventions, Finkhar Health, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Eisai, IPSOS, Octapharma, Atara Biotherapeutics, Merck, Research Tech, and ERT Inc. Dr. Krupp has received research support from Biogen and Novartis Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Charvet has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Biogen.
Understanding the risk and protective factors among children of mothers engaged in street-level prostitution

Abstract In recent years, street-level prostitution (SLP) and the multitude of risks and adverse outcomes associated with the labor of SLP have received increased attention. However, the risk factors and treatment needs among the children of women engaged in SLP remain relatively unknown. To address this gap, the current study conducted fifteen semi-structured, qualitative interviews with women engaged in SLP to explore their perceptions of their children’s presenting concerns, experiences, and environments to gain insights toward their potential treatment needs. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and double-coded using an inductive content analysis approach. Respondents were recruited from local substance use treatment facilities, an employment assistance program and through snowball sampling. Respondents reported on common desires for their children to receive intervention in areas of concern such as mental health, behavioral issues, substance use, trauma, and school behaviors. Participating mothers also represented a key source of support and strength to their children. Findings provide valuable insights, discussion areas, and implications for the development of future prevention, intervention, and treatment targets for an understudied population of children, but those increasingly vulnerable for poor outcomes.
Capacity Based Analysis of a Wideband SIMO System in the Presence of Mutual Coupling

In this paper we present a novel capacity optimization methodology for a two-element multi-band single-input multiple-output (SIMO) antenna. We first introduce a system model that incorporates antenna mutual coupling in the wideband regime. Then, we extract the noise correlation matrices from two different antenna configurations (parallel and co-linear). We optimize the spacing in each scenario while maximizing the Shannon capacity under transmit power constraint. Consequently, we compare the two compact planar antenna designs to the AWGN capacity baseline at different inter- element spacing while accounting for mutual coupling. Finally, we introduce a matching network that maximizes the capacity of the wideband SIMO system.
3 – Candidate Strategies

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the spatial games in which candidates play along a single left-right ideological continuum. The chapter presents a one-dimensional spatial analysis of campaign strategies, which is most applicable to those running for high office, including president, in which a candidate's positions on key issues tend to be more important, and left-right labels more apposite, than in local races. In many developing countries and most Communist regimes, there is either one government-sanctioned party or only token opposition. Blatant manipulation of election returns by the army or other groups ready to step in and overturn a party or candidates not to their liking is also common in nondemocratic countries. Party primaries often attract many candidates, whereas the contest in general elections is usually between the two major-party candidates. The chapter also explores the effects of additional candidate's entering the field, with focus on the sequential effects of presidential primaries.