cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Salivary catalase and peroxidase values in normal subjects and in persons with periodontal disease.

Abstract Repeated measurements of catalase and peroxidase units in saliva revealed highly significant differences among the individual subjects. Significant differences were also encountered between groups of healthy and periodontally discased subjects. A sex-linked relationship and a correlation between the two enzymes could not be established. The characteristic mean curves of the enzymes, and particularly the drastic differences in early morning values, are in keeping with the different sources of the enzymes. In active periodontal disease, part of the enzymes may be furnished by extravasated blood elements.
Length mismatch in random semiconductor alloys. II. Structural characterization of pseudobinaries.

We have made an extensive study of the pseudobinary semiconductor compounds (A 1-x B x )C, which includes both the III-V and the II-VI alloys. We use a Kirkwood model with all parameters derived from the elastic constants of the pure materials. It is shown that the mean lengths are linear in the composition x if the force constants for the two pure materials AC and BC are the same. We have derived analytic results for the mean lengths of AC and BC bonds and for their widths in the preceding paper
Spectral Feature Classification And Spatial Pattern Recognition

This paper introduces a spatial pattern recognition processing concept involving the use of spectral feature classification technology and coherent optical correlation. The concept defines a hybrid image processing system incorporating both digital and optical technology. The hybrid instrument provides simplified pseudopattern images as functions of pixel classification from information embedded within a real-scene image. These pseudoimages become simplified inputs to an optical correlator for use in a subsequent pattern identification decision useful in executing landmark pointing, tracking, or navigating functions. Real-time classification is proposed as a research tool for exploring ways to enhance input signal-to-noise ratio as an aid in improving optical correlation. The approach can be explored with developing technology, including a current NASA Langley Research Center technology plan that involves a series of related Shuttle-borne experiments. A first-planned experiment, Feature Identification and Location Experiment (FILE), is undergoing final ground testing, and is scheduled for flight on the NASA Shuttle (STS2/flight OSTA-1) in 1980. FILE will evaluate a technique for autonomously classifying earth features into the four categories: bare land; water; vegetation; and clouds, snow, or ice.
Unavailability of narcotic analgesics for ambulatory cancer patients in New York City.

Abstract This two-part study was designed to determine the availability of narcotic analgesics for ambulatory patients with cancer pain. In the first part, 50 randomly selected pharmacies in the Bronx, New York were called and asked which narcotic analgesics they routinely stocked. Thirty-four pharmacies responded. Seventeen (52%) stocked no Class II narcotic analgesics and 12 (36%) stocked nothing stronger than one of the oxycodone combinations. Four had levorphanol; three had hydromorphone; two had oral morphine and one had methadone. In the second part, 110 pharmacies throughout New York City were called. Ninety-four responded. Twenty-seven (29%) carried no Class II narcotics, and 24 (25%) carried nothing stronger than one of the oxycodone combinations. Nineteen (20%) had levorphanol; 14 (15%) had hydromorphone; three had oral morphine, and two had methadone. These data indicate that the potent analgesics most useful for the treatment of severe pain due to cancer are not readily available for cancer patients in New York City.
Cellular pathology in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases

Abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), the two most common types of adult-onset chronic degenerative disorders of the CNS 1,2 are characterized by degeneration of certain populations of neurons with relative sparing of other groups of nerve cells 3,4 . Dysfunction of at-risk neurons is associated with several types of cytoskeletal pathology. As these nerve cells degenerate alterations occur in neurotransmitter markers. Dysfunction/death of neurons in these systems result in the clinical syndromes of AD and PD. The bradykinesia and rigidity of PD are associated with lesions in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system, whereas the dementia of AD is attributed to abnormalities of nerve cells in monoaminergic brainstem nuclei, in the basal forebrain cholinergic system, and in neuronal populations within the amygdala, hippocampus, and neocortex. On the basis of clinical and histopathological criteria, AD and PD are distinguished from other adult-onset degenerative neurological disorders, including Pick's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, the Guamanian parkinsonism—dementia complex, etc. The present review describes the current status of our understanding of cellular abnormalities occurring in at-risk neuronal populations in AD and PD.
The Stress Corrosion Experiments on an E-Glass/Epoxy Unidirectional Composite

A series of stress corrosion experiments were performed on a pultruded E-glass/epoxy composite system commonly used in high voltage composite insulators. The tests were performed in nitric acid solutions (pH 1.2) using constant K 1 specimens specifically designed for stress corrosion testing of unidirectional fiber-polymer matrix composites. The effect that the magnitude of the applied loads had on the stress corrosion fracture process was investigated. The process was monitored using acoustic emission (AE) techniques. It was found that when the specimens were subjected to static loads (ranging from 71.2 to 124.6 N) in the presence of nitric acid planar cracks formed and propagated perpendicular to the fiber direction without generating a significant degree of fiber debonding or pullout. In addition, for various stress intensity factors at the crack tip both the normal and log-normal distribution functions were used to model the peak amplitude data generated by stress corrosion induced fiber fracture. Both the AE data and mechanical compliance results clearly indicated that the specimens used in this project provided consistent constant K 1 conditions over the entire range of loads considered. The results from the tests performed in this project clearly demonstrate that the constant K 1 stress corrosion experiments are simple and informative evaluation methods for monitoring stress corrosion cracking in unidirectional composites.
Antithetic-variate splitting for steady-sate simulations

Abstract Obtaining precise estimates of parameters of infinite-horizon or steady-state simulations can be expensive because of the need to discard initial outputs to mitigate the effects of initial conditions. We consider splitting independent replications at the point of output truncation into dependent replications to reduce point estimator variance and/or simulation cost.
Management of anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy in patients with left ventricular assist devices

Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) have increased the survival of patients with advanced heart failure fourfold. Despite these advances, significant bleeding and thrombotic complications occur. Hemorrhage requiring surgery has been reported in up to 30 % of adults and 50 % of children after LVAD placement. LVAD thrombosis and embolic stroke lead to significant long-term morbidity. Adults are treated with antithrombotic therapy to prevent thrombotic complications, but the amount and intensity of treatment differs between institutions. The goal international normalized ratio for warfarin therapy varies from 1.5 to 3.0. Some physicians manage adult LVAD patients without antiplatelet medication, whereas other adults are treated with aspirin as a single agent or combined with dipyridamole. In contrast, physicians typically manage children with LVADs using the Edmonton Anticoagulation and Platelet Inhibition Protocol, a detailed algorithm for anticoagulation and antiplatelet treatment modified based on thromboelastography results. LVAD implantation causes consumption of coagulation proteins, activation of fibrinolysis, and loss of high molecular weight von Willebrand protein multimers. How these changes in the coagulation system influence the risk of hemorrhage and initiation of thrombosis is unknown. Prospective, controlled studies are needed to determine the antithrombotic regimen that most effectively balances bleeding and thrombosis in LVAD patients.
Conjugated polymers: modern electronic materials

Conjugated polymers possess the electrical and optical properties traditionally associated with metals and semiconductors, yet retain the mechanical properties and processibility of plastics. This combination of electrical and mechanical properties is attracting a good deal of fundamental scientific interest. From the practical standpoint, these materials also hold great promise for a wide range of applications in electrostatic dissipation, electromagnetic shielding, batteries, electrochromic windows, electronic devices (diodes, FETs, etc.), light emitting diodes, lasers, and solar cells. >
Ambulatory intraaortic balloon pump use as bridge to heart transplant.

Abstract Background . This study evaluates a modification of an ambulatory intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) technique used in patients with heart failure of ischemic origin for bridge to transplant. Methods . In this retrospective review we evaluated the ability to place the ambulatory IABP, any complications, time on device, and success in bridging to transplant on the ambulatory IABP device. In addition, the cost as compared to current ventricular assist devices was determined. Results . Between July 2000 and November 2001, 4 patients have been managed with ambulatory IABP in our combined University of Wisconsin and William S. Middleton Veterans Administration programs. All 4 patients had ischemia as their mode of heart failure, and each had a relative contraindication to standard ventricular assist device use. All 4 patients had ambulatory IABPs successfully placed through the left axillary artery without complication, and were able to ambulate early after ambulatory IABP placement, and increased their rehabilitation status before transplantation. Ambulatory IABP support ranged from 12 to 70 days. All 4 patients have been successfully transplanted and discharged from the hospital. Use of the ambulatory IABP support, even with multiple replacements, translated to 10- to 50-fold savings for each of the reported patients versus standard ventricular assist device use. Conclusions . As a result of our initial experience, we believe that ambulatory IABP is an excellent mode of support in selected patients, and is cost-effective, as compared to conventional ventricular assist device therapy.
MeCasa: a family virtual space

We present MeCasa, a tool for connecting family members who have been geographically separated. MeCasa was designed with the intent to accomplish three objectives: 1. Increase the emotional connection between displaced family members, 2. Mimic the privacy provided by an actual home, 3. Make the interaction fun and interesting to use. A mid-fidelity prototype was built and tested to meet these objectives. Our results showed that MeCasa successfully bridged the emotional disconnect created when families physically drifted apart.
Composition of the Floral Essential Oil of Magnolia grandiflora L. (Magnoliaceae): Intraspecific and Floral Maturity Variations

Abstract Magnolia grandiflora blossoms were collected from four plants at three different times during the maturation of the blossoms. The floral essential oils were collected by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography /mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Surprisingly, there were very little chemical changes during the three stages of blossom maturity from a single plant. However, the chemical profiles of the floral oils from the four different plants showed notable differences. The most abundant components of M. grandiflora essential oil were cyclocolorenone (up to 39.6 %), bicyclogermacrene (1.2–25.2 %), germacrene D (2.3–23.8 %), isobornyl acetate (trace to 16.0 %), methyl myristate (up to 15.3 %), β-pinene (3.3–14.6 %), β-elemene (3.3–12.8 %), (2Z,6E)-farnesol (up to 15.0%), and (2E,6E)-farnesol (up to 12.5%).
The alumni survey as an instrument for program evaluation in internal medicine

The objective of this analysis was to assess the practical value of the training experience for graduates of U.S. internal medicine residencies. Six alumni surveys were selected for analysis, wherein training items were grouped into comparable categories. Results of the studies were compared, using simultaneous preparation/importance ratings as the basis for assessment of items in each category. Six recent alumni surveys depict internal medicine residency training as a technical experience, wherein basic skills and practice-related issues may be underemphasized. Such surveys are useful for periodic re-evaluation of program goals and outcomes.
Reflections on the History of Ethnomethodology: The Boston and Manchester “Schools”

This paper traces the history of the development of programs in ethnomethodology at Boston University and Manchester University by offering comparisons with the ideal type model of “school,” The Chicago School of Sociology. It focuses primarily on institutional structures and arrangements rather than shared theoretical or methodological perspectives. It shows that a small core faculty, aided by extended collegial and research relationships in the local area and with visiting and part-time faculty, can develop and sustain a program over several decades.
Advanced control of neoclassical tearing modes in DIII-D with real-time steering of the electron cyclotron current drive

The system for controlling neoclassical tearing modes (NTMs) in DIII-D now catches the NTM the moment it becomes unstable by turning on the stabilizing electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) and promptly bringing it back to stable before it has grown to a large size. Between NTMs, the ECCD can be turned off to save power, which will improve the fusion gain, Q, when used in ITER. This technique, named ?catch and subdue? (CS this is achieved by algorithms that probe how the NTM responds to changes in the alignment. Secondly, the alignment must be maintained even when the NTM is gone so that the ECCD will immediately stabilize when turned on in response to a new NTM. This is made possible by real-time equilibrium reconstructions that include measurements of the motional Stark effect and by a refraction estimator. Thirdly, real-time steerable mirrors are now fast and accurate actuators for the alignment adjustments. Fourthly, early NTM detection is made possible by a real-time mode analysis that filters noise to minimize false positives. These various control elements will be described and followed by a discussion of the further development needed for NTM control on ITER.
What Game Stats Can Reveal about Winning

(1983). What Game Stats Can Reveal about Winning. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 54, No. 5, pp. 18-62.
Relative influence of linguistic versus cultural factors on free verbal associations.

The extent to which differences in word associations between cultural groups are due to linguistic factors or to word meanings and values determined by culture was examined in the continued free word associations of Koreans in Korean and in English and a U. S. group in English. The influence of cultural background was at least as much as that of language on each of three characteristics examined. Further, much of the difference due to language seems to stem from the milieu of language acquisition.
The value of the Mini-Mental State Examination in childhood: a preliminary study.

The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), a screening test of higher mental function, has been modified slightly for use in a pediatric outpatient setting. The test, which takes 5 to 10 minutes to administer, covers a range of cognitive functions including orientation, attention-concentration, memory, language, and constructional ability. In a preliminary study, we have found that the test can be applied from the age of 4 years. Highly significant correlations were found between the MMSE score and chronologic age (r = .57; P < .001), reading age (r = .79; P < .001), and mental age (r = .83; P < .001). MMSE scores reach a plateau at a mental age of approximately 10 years. The MMSE is a suitable instrument for screening higher mental function in children at the age of 4 years and above and can be readily incorporated into the routine neurologic examination of children.
Why a critical pedagogy of place is an oxymoron

Given the growing environmental awareness, educators – especially in science and environmental education – need to avoid embracing a ‘critical pedagogy of place’. Why conflating critical pedagogy with place‐based education is an oxymoron, and why it perpetuates the thinking and silences that undermine both the diversity of the world’s cultures and ecosystems are the main foci of this essay. The main theorists of a critical pedagogy of place – Paulo Freire, Henry Giroux, Peter McLaren, and David Gruenewald – draw on a tradition of thinking that emphasizes decolonization and reinhabitation. While these words create the illusion of a culturally and ecologically sound approach to place‐based education, these theorists are unable to recognize the nature and ecological importance of the cultural commons that exist in every community – and that represent alternatives to a consumer‐dependent existence. In effect, their commitment to universalizing the process of decolonization without a deep knowledge of the dive...
Comments on Nicholas Georgalis's “First‐Person Methodologies: A View from Outside the Phenomenological Tradition”

Three problems are raised for Nicholas Georgalis's recent work: (1) a problem with regard to the supposed noninferential knowledge of minimal content, (2) a problem with the “necessary condition” Georgalis stipulates for the legitimate application of a first-person methodology to a science of the mind, and (3) a problem with regard to denying phenomenal content to intentional acts.
Applying a sustainability performance measurement tool in designing and developing automotive employee uniforms

A participatory research study was conducted by a university research team partnered with an automotive company and a uniform manufacturer to develop a sustainable uniform for employees at an automotive manufacturing facility. A working shirt for general assembly employees was designed, and a sustainability performance measurement tool Higg Index 1.0 developed by the Sustainable Apparel Coalition was used to evaluate the environmental performance of the intended uniform and production facility and identify areas for improvement in the manufacturing phase. The research team also visited four apparel production facilities in Central America to assess social responsibility performance of the manufacturer and identify areas for improvement. This research found challenges to environmental sustainability and social responsibility at each phase of the sustainable uniform development and planned production, and identified opportunities for creating sustainable apparel products through the choice of materials, pro...
Magnetic Susceptibility Anisotropy of Human Brain in vivo and its Molecular Underpinnings

Frequency shift of gradient-echo MRI provides valuable information for assessing brain tissues. Recent studies suggest that the frequency and susceptibility contrast depend on white matter fiber orientation. However, the molecular underpinning of the orientation dependence is unclear. In this study, we investigated the orientation dependence of susceptibility of human brain in vivo and mouse brains ex vivo. The source of susceptibility anisotropy in white matter is likely to be myelin as evidenced by the loss of anisotropy in the dysmyelinating shiverer mouse brain. A biophysical model is developed to investigate the effect of the molecular susceptibility anisotropy of myelin components, especially myelin lipids, on the bulk anisotropy observed by MRI. This model provides a consistent interpretation of the orientation dependence of macroscopic magnetic susceptibility in normal mouse brain ex vivo and human brain in vivo and the microscopic origin of anisotropic susceptibility. It is predicted by the theoretical model and illustrated by the experimental data that the magnetic susceptibility of the white matter is least diamagnetic along the fiber direction. This relationship allows an efficient extraction of fiber orientation using susceptibility tensor imaging. These results suggest that anisotropy on the molecular level can be observed on the macroscopic level when the molecules are aligned in a highly ordered manner. Similar to the utilization of magnetic susceptibility anisotropy in elucidating molecular structures, imaging magnetic susceptibility anisotropy may also provide a useful tool for elucidating the microstructure of ordered biological tissues.
Production of infinitival complements by children with specific language impairment.

The purpose of this study was to explore the production of infinitival complements by children with specific language impairment (SLI) as compared with mean length of utterance (MLU)-matched children in an effort to clarify inconsistencies in the literature. Spontaneous language samples were analysed for infinitival complements (reduced infinitives and true infinitives). Participants included children with SLI (n = 19; 5;2–7;10) and children with typical language (n = 19; MLU; 3;0–5;9). There was no group difference in the number of infinitival complements and the number of different complement-taking verbs. However, the SLI group produced more true infinitives than the MLU group. The SLI group was less accurate than the MLU group on inclusion of obligatory infinitival to, with 80.21% accuracy (SD = 29.42) and 99.81% accuracy (SD = 0.85), respectively. As a group, children with SLI did not have problems with the clausal structure of infinitives. However, they had difficulty with the specific grammatical r...
Nitrate reduction as a marker for hypoxic shiftdown of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Abstract Setting : In vitro cultures. Objective : To characterize nitrate reduction during aerobic growth and hypoxic shiftdown to non-replicating persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures. Design : The rates of reduction of nitrate to nitrite were measured in cultures of M. tuberculosis growing aerobically or undergoing hypoxic shiftdown. Results : Tubercle bacilli growing aerobically in the presence of nitrate reduce nitrate at a rate proportional to the substrate concentration, continuing until the substrate is exhausted. When the bacilli in an oxygen restricted model enter microaerophilic non-replicating persistence (NRP) stage 1, they exhibit a marked increase in rate of nitrate reduction that is independent of substrate concentration, and terminates by feedback inhibition when the concentration of nitrite produced approaches 2.5 mM. When bacilli in the oxygen restricted model are not supplemented with nitrate until they enter microaerophilic NRP stage 1, they exhibit an induction period before the rapid nitrate reduction starts. When the nitrate is not added until the bacilli have entered the anaerobic NRP stage 2, reduction of the substrate starts immediately. Nitrite is not reduced by M. tuberculosis in any stage of its growth or NRP. Conclusion : The hypoxically induced nitrate reduction probably serves a respiratory function in supporting hypoxic shiftdown of M. tuberculosis from aerobic growth to non-replication persistence and represents a useful new marker for monitoring that shiftdown. This response may help the bacilli survive in oxygen depleted regions of inflammatory or necrotic tissue, where nitrate can occur as a degradation product of nitric oxide.
Magnetic Boundaries in the North Atlantic Ocean

Magnetic boundaries parallel the continental slope and separate undisturbed from disturbed magnetic regions on both sides of the North Atlantic. The boundaries lie 2000 to 2500 kilometers from the axis of the mid-Atlantic ridge and roughly equidistant from it. The undisturbed zone, lying on the continental side of the boundaries, may reflect the long period of no reversals in magnetic polarity that occurred during the late Paleozoic.
Phase transformations in metastable β′ CuZn alloys—I. Martensitic transformations

Abstract The shape strain, substructure, crystal structure, and orientation relationship of martensite formed in metastable β′ CuZn alloys has been investigated by optical and electron microscopy and electron diffraction. “Bulk” martensite plates in a Cu-38.4 wt.% Zn alloy were found to have a slightly distorted CuAu 1 structure; for such plates twinning is the mode of inhomogeneous shear. The morphologically different “needle-like” martensite plates possess a 3 R structure. The phenomenological crystallography theory of martensite formation has been applied, and the predicted orientation relationship, habit plane and shape change were found to be in good agreement with the experimental observations.
Ordering Points by Linear Functionals

Given a set of points in Euclidean space, we say that two linear functionals differ on that set if they give rise to different linear orderings of the points. We investigate what the largest and smallest number of different linear functionals can be as a function of the number of points and the dimension of the space.
Selecting a leader in a clique in 0(N log N) messages

Abstract : This paper presents an extremely simple algorithm for all processors in a completely connected network to agree on a unique leader. It requires O(N log K) messages, where N is the number of processors, and K is the number of processors that independently start the algorithm.
Extrinsic Jensen-Shannon divergence with application in active hypothesis testing

Consider a decision maker who is responsible to dynamically collect observations so as to enhance his information in a speedy manner about an underlying phenomena of interest while accounting for the penalty of wrong declarations. In this paper, Extrinsic Jensen-Shannon (EJS) divergence is introduced as a measure of information. Using EJS as an information utility, a heuristic policy for selecting actions is proposed. Via numerical and asymptotic optimality analysis, the performance of the proposed policy, hence the applicability of the EJS divergence in the context of the active hypothesis testing is investigated.
Topological properties of star graphs

Abstract Our purpose in the present paper is to investigate different topological properties of the recently introduced star graphs which are being viewed as attractive alternatives to n -cubes or hypercubes. These properties are interesting by themselves from a graph theory point of view as well as they have direct in generating vertex disjoint paths and minimal paths in a star graph. They can also be readily utilized to design routing algorithms and to compute contention and traffic congestion in networks that use star graphs as the underlying topology.
A sensitive assay for proteins and biliproteins

Abstract An assay for proteins in dilute solution is described which is based on binding of Coomassie blue G-250 to proteins. The dye-protein complex formed is separated out from solution by centrifugation. The absorbance of the redissolved precipitate in 70:30 ( v v ) Tris:methanol is monitored at 605 nm. The assay is standardized for biliprotein determination.
Growth stage dependent effects of electromagnetic fields on DNA synthesis of Jurkat cells

A 1.8 mT, bone healing, electromagnetic field (EMF) and power frequency EMFs of 0.1 and 0.4 mT significantly inhibit DNA synthesis in otherwise unstimulated Jurkat (E 6.1) cells. Inhibition is generally most prominent in cells from mid log phase growth. In complete medium the bone healing EMF inhibits [3H] thymidine uptake of the latter cells by almost 50% vs. 20–25% inhibition by 60 Hz fields. Cells in conditioned medium are even more sensitive to EMFs with inhibition up to ca. 60%. The effects of the 0.1 and 0.4 mT power frequency EMFs were very similar suggesting saturation at 0.1 mT or lower.
Effect of glucagon on glycogen in rats and rabbits.

IN AN earlier study of the effect of daily glucagon administration on rats and rabbits, the most interesting result was a large increase in the concentration of liver glycogen in both species (1). This paper reports the results of experiments designed to study further the increased concentration of liver glycogen produced by daily glucagon administration. Helmer and Root (2) have suggested that the response of the blood sugar to glucagon administration is dependent upon the amount of liver glycogen available. Chronic daily administration of glucagon should bring about an increased response to a given dose of glucagon if there is a correlation between liver glycogen stores and glucagon response. Such an increase was found to occur in rabbits treated twice daily with glucagon for a period of 3 months.
Allyl esters and allyl epoxy esters from crambe oil

Room temperature transesterification of crambe oil with allyl alcohol gave allyl esters previously prepared by hydrolysis of the oil and reesterification of the mixed acids at elevated temperatures. Treating the esters with m-chloroperbenzoic acid in the presence of sodium bicarbonate resulted in the selective epoxidation of ethylenic bonds and suppression of side reactions. Bifunctional allyl epoxy esters produced in 88% overall yield by this method contain 5.08% oxirane oxygen and an unsaturation equivalent to 91% allyl group; they are prospective monomers for various types of polymerization.
Inhibitory Mechanism and Kinetics Study of Apple Polyphenols on the Activity of Tyrosinase

Tyrosinase is the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of melanin. In order to investigate the effect of apple polyphenols on tyrosinase activity, the enzyme kinetic method was used. The concentration of apple polyphenols, which caused the tyrosinase activity to be lost by 50%, was 1.0 mg ml−1 for monophenolase and 0.9 mg ml−1 for disphenolase. When the concentration of apple polyphenols was 2.0 mg ml−1, the lag time before reaction of monophenolase was extended from 1.2 to 4.5 min. Inhibition kinetics analysis suggested that apple polyphenols were reversible and mixed inhibitors for tyrosinase with an inhibition equilibrium constant 2.3 mmol l−1. The results indicated that apple polyphenols were ideal tyrosinase inhibitors and could be used in food and cosmetics.
Second-order reversed phi.

In a first-order reversed-phi motion stimulus (Anstis, 1970), the black-white contrast of successive frames is reversed, and the direction of apparent motion may, under some conditions, appear to be reversed. It is demonstrated here that, for many classes of stimuli, this reversal is a mathematical property of the stimuli themselves, and the real problem is in perceiving forward motion, which involves the second- or third-order motion systems or both. Three classes of novel second-order reversed-phi stimuli (contrast, spatial frequency, and flicker modulation) that are invisible to first-order motion analysis were constructed. In these stimuli, the salient stimulus features move in theforward (feature displacement) direction, but the second-order motion energy model predicts motion in thereversed direction. In peripheral vision, for all stimulus types and all temporal frequencies, all the observers saw only the reversed-phi direction of motion. In central vision, the observers also perceived reversed motion at temporal frequencies above about 4 Hz, but they perceived movement in the forward direction at lower temporal frequencies. Since all of these stimuli are invisible to first-order motion, these results indicate that the second-order reversed-phi stimuli activate two subsequent competing motion mech-anisms, both of which involve an initial stage of texture grabbing (spatiotemporal filtering, followed by fullwave rectification). The second-order motion system then applies a Reichardt detector (or equiva-lently, motion energy analysis) directly to this signal and arrives at the reversed-phi direction. The third-order system marks the location of features that differ from the background (the figure) in a salience map and computes motion in the forward direction from the changes in the spatiotemporal location of these marks. The second-order system’s report of reversed movement dominates in peripheral vision and in central vision at higher temporal frequencies, because it has better spatial and temporal resolu-tion than the third-order system, which has a cutoff frequency of 3–4 Hz (Lu & Sperling, 1995b). In cen-tral vision, below 3–4 Hz, the third-order system’s report of resolvable forward movement of something salient (the figure) dominates the second-order system’s report of texture contrast movement.
Using Online Satellite Imagery as a Research Tool : Mapping Changing Patterns of Urbanization in Mexico

Research on urbanization in developing-countries is often complicated by a lack of data. Recently available online interfaces with maps and satellite imagery provide a potential source of up-to-dat...
Canonical procedures for population dynamics.

General procedures for the construction of Lagrangians and Hamiltonians which reproduce the population dynamics of interacting species are illustrated for several models. The use of these functions in the construction of a statistical mechanics of the interaction between many species, and for the variational approximation to the time evolution of each species is discussed.
Effect of high levels of alfalfa meal on egg production, yolk color, fertility and hatchability.

Abstract EGG yolk pigmentation can be effectively increased by increasing the dietary level of dehydrated alfalfa meal (Sunde, 1962; Sullivan and Holleman, 1962; Farr et al., 1962; Carlson et al., 1962). However, the effect of high levels (6–20 percent) of alfalfa meal on egg production rate, fertility and hatchability has not been thoroughly studied. Some ten to fifteen years ago alfalfa meal was believed to contain a chick growth inhibitor (Cooney et al., 1948; Lepkovsky et al., 1950). Heywang (1950) noted that both dehydrated and sun cured alfalfa meals might contain factors which retard egg production and chick growth. Heywang and Bird (1953) and Anderson (1957) found that the “cholesteride saponin” fraction of alfalfa would depress the diet consumption, growth and feed efficiency of chicks. Heywang et al. (1959) fed diets containing 0.4 percent of alfalfa saponin to laying chickens. Egg production was depressed, but returned to normal when the…
Combination of Democracy Values Using Hooper's Rule Hooper's Rule

The objective of this paper is to continue the study of inductive approaches to determine causality in comparative politics by a fuzzy approach and then a classical statistical method. A method proposed by Guiasu was utilized by Mordeson et al. whereas the Jeffrey's Rule as described by Guiasu was employed by Mordeson et al. In this paper, the Bayes' Rule as described by Guiasu is used to combine the democracy values of Freedom House, Vanhanen, and Polity for 27 countries in Eastern Europe. Also, the Dempster-Schafer method is also applied to measure the democracy values for these 27 countries. A data set of eight factors hypothesized to be important is used to demonstrate consolidation. These factors are: HI (stateness), H2 (corruption), H3 (privatization), H4 (multi-party system), H5 (usable - reformed -public administration), H6 (decentralization), H7 (rule of law -autonomous judiciary), and H8 (avoiding a powerful chief executive). We use a model proposed by Guiasu that describes the process of reaching a verdict by probabilistic weighting of available evidence. We used the model to determine a numerical relationship between the H-factors. The classical rules from decision theory proposed by Hooper, Dempster, Bayes, and Jeffrey are special cases of Guiasu's weighting process. For each H-factor, two sets of median democracy values for all 27 countries in Eastern Europe were obtained - one by the Freedom House, Vanhanen, and Polity method and the other by the Dempster-Schafer method. Subsequently, an extensive non-parametric statistical analysis will be performed on scores of these 8 H-factors to investigate the consistency of the two scoring methods.
Observation of an inverted band structure near the surface of InN

The dispersion of the valence band within the electron accumulation layer of n-type has been directly measured using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. Intermixing between the heavy-hole and light-hole valence bands in the intrinsic quantum well potential associated with the near-surface electron accumulation layer results in an inverted band structure, with the valence band maximum lying away from the Brillouin zone center. Such an inverted band structure has not previously been observed in an intrinsic accumulation layer.
REDUCED SENSITIVITY OF PERONOSPORA TABACINA, CAUSAL AGENT OF TOBACCO BLUE MOLD, TO DIMETHOMORPH FUNGICIDE IN CONNECTICUT

Tobacco blue mold, caused by Peronospora tabacina, may be difficult to manage in commercial tobacco crops despite repeated dimethomorph (DMM) fungicide applications. To investigate whether this could be due to reduced efficacy, we compared fungicide efficacy in replicated field trials in certain years from 2002 to 2011 and in in vitro assays to evaluate sporangial germination, infection, disease, and sporulation. In 2002 and 2004, DMM fungicide was as efficacious against blue mold as DMM plus mancozeb. In 2009 and 2011, however, DMM was intermediate to mancozeb and untreated controls. In 2002, sporangial germination on 1.2 or 12 mg/L DMM-amended media was 87.0 and 9.1%, respectively, of germination on 0 mg/L media. No germination occurred at 120 mg/L DMM. In 2011, normalized sporangial germination on 1.2, 12, and 120 mg/L DMM-amended media was 86.2, 12.3, and 3.0%, respectively. There were no significant differences in germination between 2002 and 2011. In 2002, researchers in North Carolina, using detached leaf assays, determined that the baseline sensitivity to DMM was less than 1 mg/L, with no sporulation observed. In 2011, using the same assay, we determined that 37% of leaf disks floating on 1.2 mg/L DMM were diseased, with both sporangiophores and sporangia produced. On the basis of these data, efficacy of DMM against P. tabacina appears to have been partially reduced over time. Additional key words: blue mold, disease control, fungicide, Nicotiana tabacum, Peronospora tabacina, resistance, tobacco
An interactive fuzzy CAD tool

A text-based CAD program helps designers build systolic VLSI arrays for real-time control applications directly from a set of fuzzy descriptive rules. The most useful features of our interactive fuzzy CAD tool are the following: it gives designers direct access to VLSI circuits as a means to implement fuzzy control systems; its linguistic input format is heuristic in design and easy to revise; it can adapt to most text-based VLSI design tools such as VHDL; it generates a testing file that performs hardware simulation, facilitating revision prior to fabrication; and it generates a parameter file that simplifies rule revision by retaining all the linguistic data of a particular fuzzy controller design. This article focuses on the automation of dedicated hardware design for fuzzy controllers. Our CAD tool facilitates the generation of a physical design, or layout, for a given fuzzy controller, and ASICs may be fabricated from this layout. The simplicity and regular structure of the systolic array makes it a good hardware architecture for the automation process, though of course, other hardware architecture designs are available.
Trypsinogen activation as observed in accelerated molecular dynamics simulations

Serine proteases are involved in many fundamental physiological processes, and control of their activity mainly results from the fact that they are synthetized in an inactive form that becomes active upon cleavage. Three decades ago Martin Karplus’s group performed the first molecular dynamics simulations of trypsin, the most studied member of the serine protease family, to address the transition from the zymogen to its active form. Based on the computational power available at the time, only high frequency fluctuations, but not the transition steps, could be observed. By performing accelerated molecular dynamics (aMD) simulations, an interesting approach that increases the configurational sampling of atomistic simulations, we were able to observe the N-terminal tail insertion, a crucial step of the transition mechanism. Our results also support the hypothesis that the hydrophobic effect is the main force guiding the insertion step, although substantial enthalpic contributions are important in the activation mechanism. As the N-terminal tail insertion is a conserved step in the activation of serine proteases, these results afford new perspective on the underlying thermodynamics of the transition from the zymogen to the active enzyme.
Input shaping for a simple nonlinear system

Input shaping is a command modification technique for reducing system vibration that has been implemented successfully on a number of mechanical systems. Input shaping was developed from linear systems theory, but it has been applied successfully to many nonlinear systems. Of the approaches used to shape commands for nonlinear systems, very few address the specific nonlinearities of the systems directly. This paper addresses a special subset of configuration-dependent nonlinearities. The effect of input shaping on these types of systems is analyzed and key motion command parameters are extracted. This analysis is utilized to design effective zero-vibration input shapers for the class of nonlinear systems considered here.
Bunch lengthening control using the fourth harmonic cavity in the VUV ring

It is suggested that a harmonic cavity in a synchrotron storage ring can be used to change the shape of the bucket potential. Adjustment of the amplitude and phase of the harmonic component to flatten the slope of the waveform of the synchronous voltage will lengthen a stored bunch, thus extending the Touschek lifetime that is limiting the performance of the VUV ring. Beam-induced 211-MHz power in a fourth-harmonic cavity was used to check the feasibility of this concept. The data obtained during UV studies at the NSLS (National Synchrotron Light Source) are summarized. >
Nuclear DNA content of the Solanum spp. in the series Etuberosa as determined by laser flow cytometry

Summary Nuclear DNA content was determined in three accessions of Solanum brevidens, three accessions of S. etuberosum, and one accession of S. fernandezianum, which are diploid (2n = 2×= 24), closely related, non tuber-bearing wild potato species belonging to the series Etuberosa (Solanaceae). The plants were grown in vitro at 18°C or at 25°/22°C (day/night). S. brevidens was also grown in soil in the glasshouse at 25°/19°C (day/night), and in growth chambers at 18°C or 32°C. Leaf nuclei were isolated using a chopping method and stained with propidium iodide. Chicken red blood cells (CRBC; 2.33 pg) were added to the samples of nuclei as internal standards. The fluorescence of plant nuclei relative to CRBC was measured with an EPICS PROFILE flow cytometer. The 2C values of in vitro-grown S. brevidens and S. etuberosum were similar (1.48–1.54 pg, depending on the accession), but they were smaller than the 2C value of S. fernandezianum (1.63 pg). The 2C values of S. brevidens and S. etuberosum were generally smaller than those of the diploid species S. berthaultii (1.60–1.61 pg) and the diploid clones of S. tuberosum (1.60–1.72 pg). A similar relative difference of nuclear DNA content was found also between tetraploid S. brevidens and tetraploid S. tuberosum (2C = 3.15–3.16 pg and 3.50–3.62 pg, respectively). High (32°C) and low (18°C) growth temperatures caused abnormal changes in morphology and reduced fertility in S. brevidens in the growth chamber. The 2C values of S. brevidens grown at 25°/19°C (day/night) or at 32°C were similar, whereas the 2C values were c. 10% lower at 18°C.
Kinesthetic-tactile communications

Machine aids to kinesthetic-tactile communication aim at maximizing the information-transfer rate from an external source to the human user. The display is the central problem. Source messages might be recoded into equal information units presented one at a time to the user, or a temporal or spatial display of the message may permit the user to recode the message perceptually into manageable units. The performance of these alternatives has been examined using a kinesthetic-tactile display for English text. This device consists of eight finger rests, each of which can move in 26 directions in three-dimensional space. Two methods of programming this device to present information were investigated. In the "traveling-wave" presentation, a three-dimensional traveling wave of finger movements moves across the display representing a sequence of symbols. This presentation is an example of the case in which the user recodes the source messages perceptually. In the "typewriter" presentation, the subject's fingers are moved corresponding to the way he would actively move them if he were typing. The latter proved to be the more effective, yielding a transmission rate of 4.5 bits/sec.
The role and influence of gut microbiota in pathogenesis and management of obesity and metabolic syndrome

The obesity epidemic has drastically impacted the state of health care in the United States. Aside from poor diet hygiene and genetics, there are many other factors thought to play a role in the emergence of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. There has been a paradigm shift toward further investigating the gut microbiota and its implications in the pathogenesis of a variety of disease states, including inflammatory bowel disease, Clostridium difficile, and most recently obesity and the metabolic syndrome. This article is intended to evaluate the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of obesity and metabolic syndrome and its influence in future management.
Pervasive myths in leadership development: Unpacking constraints on leadership learning

Forty years ago, the questions most discussed among those who cared about leadership were “is leadership possible among those who don't have titles and positions?”; “what are the characteristics possessed by effective leaders?”; and “how do we find the people who are the best leaders and help them prepare for positions that will allow them to have an impact?” After many conversations, conferences, research studies, and books, the terrain has shifted among scholars. Now the conversations focus on questions such as “If leadership is a shared responsibility among members of groups, how can the full leadership potential of all be cultivated?”; “What role do collaborators play in empowering positive leadership and defending against those who misuse it?”; and “How can organizations cultivate cultures that support and encourage visionary leadership dedicated to benefitting all?” The shift in the questions that leadership educators now explore, coupled with the breadth and variety of the initiatives dedicated to nurturing it, demonstrate that leadership can be taught. More importantly, the practice of leadership demonstrates that many can pursue leadership and that they must if the opportunities of the 21st century are to be fulfilled. The conversations and the needs for leadership have both shifted and it is now incumbent on those who value leadership most to agree to unifying perspectives that can draw us together in common purpose. From your vantage point, what are the crucial conversations, next steps, and/or thoughts for consideration as we enter the second decade of the 21st century?