cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maturation and Endosomal Targeting of β-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein-cleaving Enzyme THE ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE β-SECRETASE

The amyloidogenic Abeta peptide is liberated from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by two proteolytic activities, beta-secretase and gamma-secretase. Recently, a type I membrane protein termed BACE (beta-site APP cleaving enzyme) with characteristics of an aspartyl protease has been identified as the beta-secretase. We undertook a series of biochemical and morphological investigations designed to characterize the basic properties of this protein. Initial studies indicated that BACE undergoes N-linked glycosylation at three of four potential sites. Metabolic pulse-chase experiments revealed that after core glycosylation, BACE is rapidly and efficiently transported to the Golgi apparatus and distal secretory pathway. BACE was also found to be quite stable, being turned over with a t(12) of approximately 16 h. Retention of BACE in the endoplasmic reticulum by introduction of a C-terminal dilysine motif prevented complex carbohydrate processing and demonstrated that propeptide cleavage occurs after exit from this organelle. BACE exhibited intramolecular disulfide bonding but did not form oligomeric structures by standard SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis and sedimented as a monomer in sucrose velocity gradients. Immunofluorescence studies showed a largely vesicular staining pattern for BACE that colocalized well with endosomal, but not lysosomal, markers. Measurable levels of BACE were also detected on the plasma membrane by both immunostaining and cell surface biotinylation, and cycling of the protein between the cell membrane and the endosomes was documented. A cytoplasmic dileucine motif was found to be necessary for normal targeting of BACE to the endosomal system and accumulation of the protein in this intracellular site.
Layer intermixing during metal/metal oxide adsorption: Ti/sapphire(0001)

First principles density functional calculations for adsorption of Ti on ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}(0001)$ indicate that $\mathrm{Ti}:{\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}(0001)$ interfaces become intermixed. Substitutional Ti replaces a surface Al atom rather than a subsurface Al, and the Al-terminated surface is unstable under Ti adsorption. Adsorbed Ti displaces the surface Al, resulting in a mixed Ti/Al interfacial layer instead of a sharp $\mathrm{Ti}:{\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ interface. Our results provide a coherent picture of the structural and electronic properties of this interface and are consistent with available experimental data.
Polarization characterization of an LCTV with a Mueller matrix imaging polarimeter

The polarization properties of a TVT-6000 LCTV have been investigated. Mueller matrices of multiple ray paths through the TVT-6000 were measured for a single (typical) pixel, and through several pixels, using an imaging polarimeter. The TVT-6000 was characterized as a function of applied voltage and angle of incidence. From the Mueller matrices, the spatially dependent retardance, diattenuation, and depolarization are calculated and displayed as topographic maps. In another set of measurements, the LCTV is illuminated with a plane wave, and the spatial distribution of polarization in the Far Field Diffraction Pattern is measured in Mueller matrix form.
Global Solvability of Nonlinear Diffusion Equations with Forcing at the Boundary

Abstract Under the influence of a sufficiently “weak” nonlinear source term, it is by now well known that a degenerate diffusion equation is globally solvable. A similar result is known when the nonlinear source is present as a forcing term at the boundary. Such results are usually established via comparison with solutions of a related differential equation or some other form of the maximum principle. However, these techniques do not appear to apply in general situations when forcing occurs on only part of the boundary and convection is present. In this work, we obtain the global existence of solutions for such problems by deriving a differential inequality involving theLr + 1norms of solutions. The result is similar to that described above for equations with a nonlinear source term and, furthermore, establishes the global existence of “small” solutions even for “strong” forcings. The technique also applies to a more general class of problems involving nonlinear reaction, diffusion, and convection.
SOME LIMITS OF THE BOUNDARY CONCEPT

A reexamination of the boundary concept and its applicability to different theoretical approaches to psychoanalysis reveals it to be of questionable usefulness in the present climate of psychoanalytic pluralism. In the light of clinical illustrations, it is suggested that an underlying problem with this concept may be a failure to discriminate between technical and moral dimensions. The necessity of separating the legal issues involved is also indicated. Recognizing the existence of separate domains and considering the rules that apply to each are offered as an alternative to focusing on boundary concepts.
Heuristic matching for graphs satisfying the triangle inequality

Abstract Two matching heuristics are presented. The hyper-greedy method runs in time O(n2log n) and produces a matching whose cost is at most 2log3(1.5n) times optimal. Graphs are given causing this method to achieve nearly this ratio. The factor of two method runs in time O(n2log K), where K is the maximum ratio of edge lengths in the graph, and never requires more than O(n3) time. The factor of two method produces a matching whose cost is at most max(4log2K, 4log2n) times optimal, plus lower-order terms. Graphs are given causing this method to achieve a ratio asymptotically equal to ( log 2 n) 2 .
Know Thyself: Real-World Behavioral Correlates of Self-Appraisal Accuracy

Accurate appraisal of one's own abilities is one metacognitive skill considered to be an important factor affecting learning and behavior in childhood. The present study measured self-appraisal accuracy in children using tasks of executive function, and investigated relations between self-appraisal and informant ratings of real-world behaviors measured by the BRIEF. We examined self-appraisal accuracy on fluency tasks in 91 children ages 10–17. More accurate self-appraisal was correlated with fewer informant ratings of real-world behavior problems in inhibition and shifting, independent of actual performance. Findings suggest that self-appraisal represents cognitive processes that are at least partially independent of other functions putatively dependent on the frontal lobes, and these self-appraisal-specific processes have unique implications for optimal daily function.
Ultrastructure and formation of phloem in cucurbita pepo callus

Abstract Sieve elements and companion cells that form in Cucurbita callus were ultrastructurally similar to the sieve tube members and companion cells of the phloem in intact plants. Companion cells, however, bordered only a third of these sieve elements. Plasmodesmatal connections were rarely observed between callus sieve elements and companion cells, whereas no plasmodesmata were observed between these cells and surrounding parenchyma cells. The paucity of companion cells and symplastic isolation of callus sieve elements suggested that if phloem loading were to occur sugars would be transported into the sieve elements entirely from the apoplast. The degeneration and eventual loss of nuclei, vacuoles, and groundplasm from differentiating callus sieve elements followed similar developmental patterns observed in the phloem of intact plants. The rearrangement of the endoplasmic reticulum, the formation of P-protein, and the development of sieve plate pores were also similar to that observed in intact plants. In squash callus, no parietal network of dispersed P-protein filaments was observed lining the lumina of mature sieve elements, Undispersed P-protein bodies, however, were found along their walls. Sieve plate pores between callus sieve elements were not occluded with either P-protein or callose.
Under the Pixelated Jolly Roger: A Study of On-Line Pirates

Digital piracy—a type of copyright infringement—is a global phenomenon that allegedly contains grave economic consequences for intellectual property industries. Its pervasiveness has produced a global piracy subculture. This article describes our study of digital pirates who actively participate in an on-line discussion board dedicated to copyright infringement. It explores their motivations, techniques of neutralization, and contradictions within a community-wide belief system. Motivations among this group include a desire to share content, to sample content before purchasing, to acquire intellectual property that is unaffordable, and to subvert copyright law. We then apply Sykes and Matza's (1957) techniques of neutralization. Finally, we discuss contradictions within this group's belief systems; specifically acceptance and rejection of capitalism and state power and formal control.
Anatomy of the flexor digitorum profundus insertion.

Purpose To describe the anatomical insertion of the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) on the distal phalanx. Methods The FDP insertion to the index, middle, ring, and little fingers were dissected in 10 fresh-frozen cadavers. The FDP tendon was dissected off the volar plate, which was elevated from proximal to distal, before the distal phalanx was disarticulated. The distal phalanx was then inked and the FDP was sharply dissected from bone. The insertion length, width, and distance of the insertion from the joint were measured and the insertion surface area and centroid of the FDP insertion were calculated. Results The average insertion length and width were 6.2 mm (range, 5.1–7.0 mm) and 7.9 mm (range, 6.9–8.4 mm), respectively. The average surface area of the distal phalanx occupied by the FDP tendon, for all fingers, was 20% (range, 15%–27%). The average distance from the most proximal insertion to the joint surface was 1.2 mm (range, 0.4–2.1 mm) and the calculated centroid of the FDP insertion from the distal interphalangeal joint was 3.6 mm (range, 2.5–5.1 mm) or approximately 20% of the distal phalangeal length. Conclusions These findings may aid anatomical attachment of the FDP tendon in the treatment of zone I injuries. Clinical relevance A better understanding of the anatomy of the FDP insertion may aid proper repair positioning in the treatment of zone I injuries.
The effects of phencyclidine on operant behavior in the rat: Biphasic effect and tolerance development

Abstract Rats were trained to respond on a variable interval 60 sec (VI-60) schedule of water reinforcement. Phencyclidine (PCD) in doses of 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg i.p. increased response rates, respectively, to 118%, 140%, and 143% of the control rates. In contrast, doses of 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg decreased response rates to 73% and 6% of the control rates. In the tolerance study, one group of rats received daily treatments of 4.0 mg/kg PCD immediately prior to the operant session, while a second group received the same daily dose of PCD after the operant session. When both groups of animals were treated prior to the operant session on a test day, they both displayed complete tolerance to the rate depressant effect of PCD. These results indicate that the observed tolerance to PCD was not dependent on behavioral compensatory mechanisms.
MyCS: CS for middle-years students and their teachers

This paper describes the MyCS curriculum, which aims to encourage middle-years students, i.e., grades 4-10, to engage not only as consumers of CS, but as composers of computational artifacts. MyCS draws from many successful online tools and curricula, including Exploring Computer Science (ECS) and Scratch. MyCS's 18-week curriculum balances a broad treatment of the modern role of the computer with deepening students' hands-on skills through computational problem-solving, both unplugged and via programming. This paper summarizes assessments from several MyCS professional-development workshops, with an emphasis on eliciting teachers' needs and goals for their classrooms. In addition, we discuss the project's future in the format of a teacher-mediated MOOC that will enable a larger group of teachers to engage their students in CS.
Suppurative aortitis due to Escherichia coli: A report of contained rupture of infected abdominal aortic aneurysm

Primary infection of aorta, in absence of atherosclerosis, leading to aneurysm formation occurs in less than 1% of cases. Early diagnosis and surgical treatment is important to offset associated poor prognosis. A preoperative diagnosis is often missed due to non specific presentation. Computed Tomography (CT) can confirm the diagnosis in suspected cases. Confirmation of diagnosis often warrants deviation from usual surgical techniques of management of abdominal aortic aneurysm. A case is described, of a young male patient, detected to have an infected aortic aneurysm intraoperatively. He could be successfully managed by in-situ aorto-bi iliac grafting.
A 622 Mb/s LAN/WAN gateway and experiences with wide area ATM networking

The use of similar technology in local and wide area networks enables geographically distributed high-performance applications. Key elements in achieving high performance are the appropriate use of traffic control and the development of efficient gateways between LANs and WANs. Even though the basic technology used on both sides of a gateway may be similar, the operational aspects of these elements are significantly different. A gateway has been developed and implemented not only to support communications between an ATM LAN and WAN at 622 Mb/s, but also to provide a platform for conducting network control and traffic research. In addition, the performance of the MAGIC WAN was evaluated, and bottlenecks were identified and analyzed. Techniques were developed and implemented, specifically ATM cell-level pacing, to eliminate these bottlenecks. Throughput performance close to the theoretical maximum was demonstrated. This article describes experiences with ATM over a WAN and how the gateway was developed, implemented, and evaluated. The results included show how high-speed LAN/WAN internetworking can be achieved and applied in many environments as appropriate control techniques and interfaces become ubiquitous.
Short staple cotton under micro and level-basin irrigation methods

Advanced irrigation methods and water management practices are needed for high yields with minimum water applications: A three-year study using recently introduced surface-micro and level-basin irrigation methods was conducted in central Arizona on a nonuniform sandy loam soil to determine optimum water placement and irrigation frequency. Several newer, short staple cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars and different row spacings were also evaluated. Precision micro and level-basin irrigation systems achieved maximum lint yields of more than 2,000 kg/ha and lint water use efficiencies in excess of 0.21 kg/m3. A single micro line per every two rows irrigated daily averaged about 25% more lint cotton than every furrow, level-basin treatment irrigated every two weeks. With a micro irrigation line per every three rows, yields were reduced by an average of 15% and as much as 33% compared with a micro line per every two rows. The cotton production on the narrow row (0.75 m) spacing with a 33% higher plant population outyielded the conventional row (1.0 m) spacing by about 15% in the third year. In addition, some of the newer cotton cultivars had a lower water requirement than the ones prevalent 10 years ago. In the future, cotton growers should be able to irrigate with less water by using improved irrigation systems and water management practices.
Position-Dependent Effects of Poly-Lysine on Sec Protein Transport

The bacterial Sec protein translocation system catalyzes the transport of unfolded precursor proteins across the cytoplasmic membrane. Using a recently developed real-time fluorescence-based transport assay, the effects of the number and distribution of positive charges on the transport time and transport efficiency of proOmpA were examined. As expected, an increase in the number of lysine residues generally increased transport time and decreased transport efficiency. However, the observed effects were highly dependent upon poly-lysine position in the mature domain. In addition, a string of consecutive positive charges generally had a more significant effect on transport time and efficiency than separating the charges into two or more charged segments. Thirty positive charges distributed throughout the mature domain resulted in effects similar to ten consecutive charges near the N-terminus of the mature domain. These data support a model in which the local effects of positive charge on the translocation kinetics dominate over total thermodynamic constraints. The rapid translocation kinetics of some highly charged proOmpA mutants suggest that the charge is partially shielded from the electric field gradient during transport, possibly by the co-migration of counter ions. The translocation times of precursors with multiple positively charged sequences, or “pause sites”, were fairly well predicted by a local effect model. However, the kinetic profile predicted by this local effect model was not observed. Instead, the transport kinetics observed for precursors with multiple poly-lysine segments support a model in which translocation through the SecYEG pore is not the rate-limiting step of transport.
Case outcomes of child welfare-involved families affected by domestic violence: A review of the literature

There is emerging evidence to suggest that children who come to the attention of child protective authorities are more likely to experience out-of-home placement if their families are affected by domestic violence than other reasons for investigation. To develop a better understanding of child welfare-involved families that are exposed to domestic violence, this article provides a comprehensive review of research examining the effects of domestic violence on the likelihood of out-of-home placement and family reunification. A search of the literature resulted in 16 articles that met the study's criteria. Data suggested that domestic violence may be negatively related to out-of-home placement depending on the sample type, and marginally related to family reunification. Recommendations and implications related to future research are presented.
SU-E-T-183: Feasibility of Extreme Dose Escalation for Glioblastoma Multiforme Using 4π Radiotherapy

Purpose: GBM recurrence primarily occurs inside or near the high-dose radiation field of original tumor site requiring greater than 100 Gy to significantly improve local control. We utilize 4π non-coplanar radiotherapy to test the feasibility of planning target volume (PTV) margin expansions or extreme dose escalations without incurring additional radiation toxicities. Methods: 11 GBM patients treated with VMAT to a prescription dose of 59.4 Gy or 60 Gy were replanned with 4π. Original VMAT plans were created with 2 to 4 coplanar or non-coplanar arcs using 3 mm hi-res MLC. The 4π optimization, using 5 mm MLC, selected and inverse optimized 30 beams from a candidate pool of 1162 beams evenly distributed through 4π steradians. 4π plans were first compared to clinical plans using the same prescription dose. Two more studies were then performed to respectively escalate the GTV and PTV doses to 100 Gy, followed by a fourth plan expanding the PTV by 5 mm and maintaining the prescription dose. Results: The standard 4π plan significantly reduced (p 0.05) maximum dose of 72.1%/86.7%/77.1% (chiasm), 7.2%*/27.7%*/30.7% (brainstem), 39.8%*/84.2%/51.9%* (spinal cord), 69.0%/87.0%/66.9% (L eye), 76.2%/88.1%/84.1% (R eye), 95.0%/98.6%/97.5% (L lens), 93.9%/98.8%/97.6% (R lens), 74.3%/88.5%/72.4% (L optical nerve), 80.4%/91.3%/75.7% (R optical nerve), 64.8%/84.2%/44.9%* (L cochlea), and 85.2%/93.0%/78.0% (R cochlea), respectively. V30 and V36 for both brain and (brain - PTV) were reduced for all cases except the high dose PTV plan. PTV dose coverage increased for all 4π plans. Conclusion: Extreme dose escalation or further margin expansion is achievable using 4π, maintaining or reducing OAR doses. This study indicates that clinical trials employing 4π delivery using prescription doses up to 100 Gy are feasible. Funding support partially contributed by Varian
Zinc Enzymes and the Hippocampal Mossy Fibre System

IN 19601, I pointed out that some simple modifications in the intravital dithizone (diphenyl-thiocarbazone) method used by histochemists2,3 for the display of zinc show clearly that the site of the specific (pink) staining in the neighbourhood of the hippocampal ‘CA3’ and ‘CA2’ pyramidal cells is topologically identical with the zone occupied by the ‘mossy fibre system’ (the axons of the granule cells of thefascia dentata); while the conspicuous arc of pink staining within the facia dentata is coincident with the ‘CA4’ cell-and-fibre zone. I interpreted these concentrations of zinc as histochemical peculiarities of the histoanatomically peculiar ‘syncytial periaxoplasm’ which the mossy fibre system exhibits, for most of its course, in ammoniacal-silver preparations1.
Effect of Complex Formation on Dissolution Kinetics of m-Aminobenzoic Acid

The dissolution kinetics of m -aminobenzoic acid have been studied in the presence of certain complexing agents. By the addition of creatinine, tartaric acid, malic acid, or succinic acid to the dissolution medium, the apparent saturation solubility of m -aminobenzoic acid was increased. By analysis of the dissolution rate as a function of solubility, the participation of the interfacial reaction and diffusion in the over-all control of dissolution was elucidated.
Micro-undulator fields

Abstract The micro-undulator is a concept developed at UCSB primarily to extend the operating range of recirculating electrostatic accelerator driven free electron lasers (FELs) to shorter wavelengths or conversely reduce the voltage and size of accelerator required to achieve a target wavelength. Various micro-undulator configurations are analyzed both numerically and analytically. A discussion of magnetic materials and potential FEL designs is presented.
Quantum Theory of Free Carrier Absorption

The theory of free carrier absorption has been investigated to determine the adequacy of the current quantum theory at large photon energies, and the necessity of a quantum theory at small photon energies. It is found that even at appreciable photon energies virtual states in higher bands make a negligible contribution to the free carrier absorption. It is shown that the quantum theory becomes equivalent to the classical Boltzmann theory of free carrier absorption for photon energies that are small compared to the carrier energies, which is therefore a condition for the validity of the classical theory. The classical theory may, however, give reasonably good agreement with experiment over a much wider range of photon energies, since the inaccuracies involved in the classical theory of free carrier absorption tend to compensate each other. Hot electron effects on free carrier absorption are also discussed.
Relax, you won't feel the pain

Variations in the arginine vasopressin receptor gene, AVPR1A, are shown to be associated with pain sensitivity in a stress- and sex-specific manner in both mice and men.
Medroxyprogesterone acetate decreases the sexual activity of male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis): An action on the brain?

Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), a synthetic progestin with androgen-depleting activity, is used to treat the deviant behavior of male sex offenders. In male cynomolgus monkeys, MPA reduces plasma testosterone (T) levels and sexual behavior, but the behavioral effects are clearly different from those of surgical castration. Because MPA is selectively taken up in unchanged form by the nuclei of neurons in the hypothalamus and preoptic area of male cynomolgus monkeys, and because it interferes with the uptake of T throughout the brain and pituitary gland, we have proposed that the behavioral effects of MPA may be mediated by brain mechanisms regulating sexual motivation that are relatively independent of circulating T levels. To test this hypothesis, eight castrated male cynomolgus monkeys bearing Silastic T implants SC were each observed during 60 min behavior tests with an ovariectomized, estrogen-treated female throughout three 4-week periods separated by 4-week periods without testing. After the first 4 weeks of testing, males received weekly IM injections of 40 mg MPA (six males) or vehicle (two males); the dose of MPA being equivalent on a body weight basis to those used clinically. Although plasma T was maintained in the upper range for intact males throughout the study, MPA treatment resulted in significantly decreased ejaculations and mounting attempts by weeks 5-6. These results demonstrated that the inhibitory effects of MPA on male behavior were independent of the reduction of plasma T levels, which points to a direct action on brain mechanisms controlling male sexual behavior.
Improved data acquisition efficiency for respiratory motion correction in coronary MRI

Summary To investigate the performance of a novel algorithm for correcting respiratory-induced heart motion for wholeheart coronary MRI. Background A right hemi-diaphragm (RHD) respiratory navigator is commonly used to suppress the respiratory motion of the heart in coronary MRI [1]. Typically, a small 5mm end expiratory gating window (GW) is used to gate data. While this technique successfully suppresses respiratory motion, it prolongs scan time due to navigator efficacies of only 30-50%. Increasing the GW to 15mm would increase the navigator efficiency. In this study, we present a novel respiratory motion correction algorithm which allows increasing the GW to 15mm. Methods Whole-heart coronary MRI with isotropic 1.3mm 3 resolution was acquired using partial Fourier and a navigator with 15mm GW on a 1.5T Philips CMR scanner from 10 healthy subjects (4 males; 29 ± 13 yr). The navigator RHD positions were used to sort the acquired k-space segments into 15 separate 1mm bins (based on their displacement). To compensate for the respiratory motion of the heart, all k-space segments acquired in each bin were assigned a 3D translation parameter. The 3D translation parameter was estimated using an iterative gradient descent optimization algorithm to correct the kspace segments such that the sharpness of the image, reconstructed using the corrected k-space segments, is maximized. The variance of the gradient of the image was used as the measure for the image sharpness [2]. For comparison, another whole-heart coronary MRI dataset was acquired using the same sequence and a navigator with a 5mm GW.
Significance tests for multi-component estimands from multiply imputed, synthetic microdata

To limit the risks of disclosures when releasing data to the public, it has been suggested that statistical agencies release multiply imputed, synthetic microdata. For example, the released microdata can be fully synthetic, comprising random samples of units from the sampling frame with simulated values of variables. Or, the released microdata can be partially synthetic, comprising the units originally surveyed with some collected values, e.g. sensitive values at high risk of disclosure or values of key identifiers, replaced with multiple imputations. This article presents inferential methods for synthetic data for multi-component estimands, in particular procedures for Wald and likelihood ratio tests. The performance of the procedures is illustrated with simulation studies.
Offset printing from typescript as a substitute for microfilming of dissertations

Most universities, since conventional printing of doctoral dissertations became prohibitively expensive, have switched to the University Microfilms plan, whereby typewritten copies are deposited with UM, microfilmed, and abstracts published in Dissertation Abstracts. However, in the last few years, newer printing methods, especially photo-offset, have made short-run publication an economic possibility for this purpose. Estimated costs of editions of 25 to 500 copies, produced by various methods, are presented here. The methods include microfilm and 5.5 × 8.5 in. Xerox Copyflo reproductions available from University Microfilms, short-run photo-offset at 31% and 50% reduction, single-spaced short-run photo-offset at 50% reduction, full-size Xeroxing on the new Xerox 2400, and photo-offset from full-size masters produced on the Xerox 914. It is shown that the cost of true publication of doctoral dissertations no longer need be prohibitive, even if the candidate were forced to pay all costs himself.
Enantioselective Fluorescent Recognition of a Soluble “Supported” Chiral Acid: Toward a New Method for Chiral Catalyst Screening

The long-chain aliphatic-group-substituted mandelic acid 3c, which is soluble only in THF and insoluble in water and many polar/nonpolar organic solvents, has been synthesized. This unique solubility allows 3c to be easily isolated from reaction mixtures and makes it potentially useful for catalyst screening. The fluorescent sensors (R)- and (S)-1 can be used to determine the ees of various samples of 3c generated from a series of catalyst screening experiments. The fluorescence measurements correlate well with the conventional HPLC-chiral column analysis. This work demonstrates that the enantioselective fluorescent recognition of organic substrates can lead to a fundamentally new method for chiral catalyst screening. [reaction: see text]
A Unified Way to Represent and Compute the Cumulative Distribution Function for Noncentral t, F, and χ2

This short article shows an unified approach to representing and computing the cumulative distribution function for noncentral t, F, and χ2. Unlike the existing algorithms, which involve different expansion and/or recurrence, the new approach consistently represents all the three noncentral cumulative distribution functions as the integral of the normal cumulative distribution function and χ2 density function.
A First Look at the Structure of the Wave Pouch during the 2009 PREDICT–GRIP Dry Runs over the Atlantic

AbstractIn support of the National Science Foundation Pre-Depression Investigation of Cloud-systems in the tropics (NSF PREDICT) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration Genesis and Rapid Intensification Processes (NASA GRIP) dry run exercises and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Hurricane Intensity Forecast Experiment (NOAA IFEX) during the 2009 hurricane season, a real-time wave-tracking algorithm and corresponding diagnostic analyses based on a recently proposed tropical cyclogenesis model were applied to tropical easterly waves over the Atlantic. The model emphasizes the importance of a Lagrangian recirculation region within a tropical-wave critical layer (the so-called pouch), where persistent deep convection and vorticity aggregation as well as column moistening are favored for tropical cyclogenesis. Distinct scenarios of hybrid wave–vortex evolution are highlighted. It was found that easterly waves without a pouch or with a shallow pouch did not develop. Although not all wav...
Home INR Monitoring: Does It Help Reduce the Chance of Re-Admission for LVAD Patients?

Purpose Anticoagulation therapy in Continuous Flow (CF) Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) pts continues to be challenging due to high frequency of Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding and device thrombosis. This study sought to determine if using a Home INR Machine (HINRM) will reduce the risk of these complications. Methods and Materials All pts monitored by HINRM during LVAD support were enrolled. Data on anticoagulation regimen and device related complications were collected. Results 14 CF-LVAD pts who have used or currently use HINRM were identified. Mean age was 68 ± 11 years old, 86% were male and 57% were destination therapy. 86% (n=12) were compliant and their INR was maintained within therapeutic range 67±24% of the time. The INR values were reported on average once every 9.2 ± 5.3 days. While not using HINRM (386±367 days), 43% (n=6) of these pts were readmitted for GI bleeding (4 pts), device thrombosis (1 pt) and epistaxis (1 pt). While using HINRM (376±250 days), 21% (n=3) of these pts were readmitted for 3 cases of GI bleeding, 1 case of epistaxis and none from DT. Two of the GI bleeding cases occurred during a 3-month period of non-compliance from a single pt. The total event rate was reduced from 0.41 to 0.28 events/person-year, respectively. Conclusions Our data suggests that self-monitoring with HINRM among CF-LVAD pts is a feasible form of maintaining adequate INR range with good compliance. Lower readmission rate for GI bleeding and device thrombosis was noted after using HINRM than prior. Larger cohorts with longer follow up times are warranted. [ figure 1 ]
Coexpression of the uracil phosphoribosyltransferase gene with a chimeric human nerve growth factor receptor/cytosine deaminase fusion gene, using a single retroviral vector, augments cytotoxicity of transduced human T cells exposed to 5-fluorocytosine

Donor T lymphocytes genetically engineered to express a "suicide gene" to facilitate negative selection represent a promising strategy for the management of graft-versus-host disease occurring after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). For this purpose, the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) gene, although well studied, has limitations. Cytosine deaminase (CD), an alternative gene for negative selection, converts 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) to the toxic metabolite 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Sensitivity of cells to 5-FU can be further increased by expression of uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (UPRT), which catalyzes the conversion of 5-FU to 5-fluorouridine monophosphate. By using a chimeric gene (NG/CD) expressing the truncated human nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) for positive selection fused to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CD gene, we investigated strategies to achieve optimal T cell eradication by CD and UPRT expression, utilizing a single retroviral vector. Three vector strate...
The environmental policy paradox

Part One: The Policy-Making Process Chapter 1: Ecosystem Interdependence Chapter 2: Changing Cultural and Social Beliefs: From Conservation to Environmentalism Chapter 3: The Regulatory Environment Chapter 4: The Political and Institutional Setting Part Two: Environmental Policy Chapter 5: Air Pollution Chapter 6: Water Chapter 7: Energy Chapter 8: Toxic and Hazardous Materials and Waste Management Chapter 9: Land Management Issues Chapter 10: International Environmental Issues Chapter 11: International Environmental Management Appendix A: How We Study Public Policy-Theoretical Approaches Appendix B: The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, as Amended
The occurrence of dislocations in crystals grown from themelt

Abstract Single crystals of aluminium were grown by the Czochralski method at various rates. The crystals were carrot-shaped, about 4 cm long, tapering from a diameter of about 3 mm at the top to about 0·1 mm at the bottom. X-ray diffraction micrographs were taken of these specimens by means of Lang's technique, which is capable of revealing the dislocation structure in the interior of a crystal. It was found that the density of dislocations present in an as-grown crystal increases with both increasing diameter and rate of growth. For sufficiently small diameters (below about 0·3 mm) it was possible to grow crystals free of detectable dislocations. These experimental results are consistent with the idea that the majority of the initial dislocations are produced by the collapse of vacancy discs that are nucleated when a sufficient supersaturation of vacancies is reached in the crystal. Theoretical calculations of the supersaturation of vacancies that arise during crystal growth were made by considering the...
Sum Frequency Generation Study of the Interfacial Layer in Liquid-Phase Heterogeneously Catalyzed Oxidation of 2-Propanol on Platinum: Effect of the Concentrations of Water and 2-Propanol at the Interface

Sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy was applied to study the solid–liquid interface in the heterogeneously catalyzed oxidation of 2-propanol to acetone by dissolved dioxygen in aqueous solution on platinum. The mole fraction of alcohol was varied from 0 to 1. At 2-propanol mole fractions less than 0.14 and above 0.23, the TOF for acetone is approximately 20 h–1. A 3-fold increase in the reaction rate is seen when 2-propanol is present with concentrations in this intermediate range (0.14–0.23). SFG spectra indicate that in aqueous mixtures of 2-propanol the solid–liquid interface is dominated by the alcohol, even at low mole fractions of alcohol, but resonant features from molecular 2-propanol not bound to the platinum surface appear only above 0.14 mole fraction. At 2-propanol concentrations where the highest reaction rates are observed, SFG shows the presence of water and alcohol at the catalyst interface, whereas, above and below these concentrations, either water or 2-propanol is no...
Culture and psychopathology: What is known about their relationship?

Abstract The paper attempts to assess the present state of knowledge about the relationship of culture and abnormal behaviour. It is concluded that solid data now exist pointing to the presence of the two major varieties of psychopathology—schizophrenia and affective disorder—in very different cultural areas of the world. Moreover, a limited number of manifestations of these disorders appear to be invariant regardless of culture and site. At the same time, a host of cultural variations in the incidence rates, symptoms, course, and outcome of psychological disorders have been reported. The amount of such information is sufficient to enable us to identify the characteristic modes of psychopathology of a number of cultures of the world. The major unfinished task, however, remains to trace these culturally variable features to their antecedents in the socially shaped experiences at sites in which they occur. So far, this effort has yielded leads, but no definitive findings which, if obtained, would permit inf...
REGIONAL CAPITAL FORMATION IN U. S. MANUFACTURING DURING THE 1970s

The study quantifies the impact of changes in input prices on regional net investment in manufacturing. A neoclassical investment model is estimated for the nation and three regions: North, South, and West. The data base is pooled state observations for the period 1974-78. The regional elasticities of net investment with respect to both input prices and the technology index are computed. The results indicate that net investment is mare sensitive to changes in input prices in the South and West than in the North. The biased technical change affects capital formation the mast in the West.
New tracking algorithm for particle image velocimetry

The cross correlation tracking technique is widely used to analyze image data, in Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The technique assumes that the fluid motion, within small regions of the flow field, is parallel over short time intervals. However, actual flow fields may have some distorted motion, such as rotation, shear and expansion. Therefore, if the distortion of the flow field is not negligible, the fluid motion can not be tracked well using the cross correlation technique. In this study, a new algorithm for particle tracking, called the Spring Model technique, has been proposed. The algorithm can be applied to flow fields which exhibit characteristics such as rotation, shear and expansion.
p21WAF1/CIP1 RNA Expression in Highly HIV-1 Exposed, Uninfected Individuals

Some individuals remain HIV-1 antibody and PCR negative after repeated exposures to the virus, and are referred to as HIV-exposed seronegatives (HESN). However, the causes of resistance to HIV-1 infection in cases other than those with a homozygous CCR5Δ32 deletion are unclear. We hypothesized that human p21WAF1/CIP1 (a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor) could play a role in resistance to HIV-1 infection in HESN, as p21 expression has been associated with suppression of HIV-1 in elite controllers and reported to block HIV-1 integration in cell culture. We measured p21 RNA expression in PBMC from 40 HESN and 40 low exposure HIV-1 seroconverters (LESC) prior to their infection using a real-time PCR assay. Comparing the 20 HESN with the highest exposure risk (median = 111 partners/2.5 years prior to the 20 LESC with the lowest exposure risk (median = 1 partner/2.5 years prior), p21 expression trended higher in HESN in only one of two experiments (P = 0.11 vs. P = 0.80). Additionally, comparison of p21 expression in the top 40 HESN (median = 73 partners/year) and lowest 40 LESC (median = 2 partners/year) showed no difference between the groups (P = 0.84). There was a weak linear trend between risk of infection after exposure and increasing p21 gene expression (R2 = 0.02, P = 0.12), but again only in one experiment. Hence, if p21 expression contributes to the resistance to viral infection in HESN, it likely plays a minor role evident only in those with extremely high levels of exposure to HIV-1.
Rapidly growing skin lesion.

A 32-year-old African-American woman presented to the Emergency Department with a ‘‘growth’’ just anterior to her right ear. The lesion had appeared approximately 2 weeks prior and had been rapidly enlarging. She also complained that the growth had been bleeding intermittently. The lesion was painless, but due to its enlarging size and spontaneous bleeding, it had become more bothersome. She had no other complaints, but also requested an ultrasound as she was 34 weeks pregnant and was worried that the growth may be affecting her pregnancy. Her physical examination was remarkable for a gravid abdomen and the finding seen in the images provided (Figures 1, 2).
Soft Tissue Tendon Graft Fixation in Serially Dilated or Extraction-Drilled Tibial Tunnels A Porcine Model Study Using High-Resolution Quantitative Computerized Tomography

BackgroundTibial tunnel preparation may contribute to improved soft tissue graft fixation.HypothesisStep dilation produces greater tunnel wall bone volume than does extraction drilling and increases fixation strength. Bioabsorbable interference screw divergence decreases fixation strength, regardless of tunnel preparation method.Study DesignControlled laboratory study.MethodsTwenty porcine tibias were divided into 2 groups of 10 with matching mean apparent bone mineral density. One group received 9-mm-diameter extraction-drilled tunnels, and the other group received 7-mm-diameter extraction-drilled tunnels followed by step dilation to 9 mm. High-resolution quantitative computerized tomography scans and voxel analysis techniques determined tunnel wall bone volume fraction. Screws secured 8.5-mm-diameter porcine grafts in the tunnels. Repeat scans were used to determine screw divergence. Cyclic loading was performed in a servohydraulic device before load to failure testing.ResultsThe step dilation group had...
Patient Adherence With Medical Treatment Regimens: An Interactive Approach

Inadequate patient adherence to treatment regimens is a ubiquitous problem in health care and carries a profound personal, societal, and economic cost. This article illustrates a general theoretical framework we believe to be useful for the interpretation, conception, and design of adherence research. The core tenet of this framework is that factors that influence adherence can be better understood by considering the interactive effects of patients’ characteristics, type of adherence intervention, and characteristics of the illness and medical treatment context. This framework represents an extension and application of previous theory and research from personality, social, and clinical psychology concerning the value of an interactionalist perspective. We illustrate the framework using some of our past work involving treatment adherence among patients with chronic renal failure.
Natural born killers: The genetic origins of extreme violence

The current article examines the influence of genetics and evolution on acts of extreme and criminal violence among human primates. Moderate aggression can function to increase an organism's reproductive success; extreme violence can place the organism at unnecessary risk. Genetic polymorphisms that have been linked to extreme acts of violence are reviewed as is research elucidating how genetic risk and environmental stress may interact to increase risk of extreme violence. Extreme violence is viewed as high-end variance in an evolutionarily adaptive process in which the propensity for aggression and violent behavior, in moderate doses, has been adaptive for individual humans.
Mental Accounting and Outcome Contiguity in Consumer-Borrowing Decisions

Abstract Research indicates that decisions are affected by how outcomes are framed. Mental accounting is a type of framing in which individuals are hypothesized to form psychological accounts for the costs and benefits of outcomes. Prior research has focused on mental accounting′s consequences rather than its determinants. Thus, little is known about the processes that underlie mental accounting. This study investigates the role that temporal contiguity (the co-occurrence of multiple outcomes) plays in mental accounting for consumer-borrowing decisions. Thaler′s (1985) extension of Kahneman and Tversky′s (1979) Prospect Theory was used to predict that consumers will prefer to finance purchases of goods with loans whose terms correspond with the life of the good. The results of four experiments involving 131 MBA students provide support for this prediction. The present study adds to our knowledge of mental accounting by examining the effect of temporal contiguity in the domain of multi-period costs and benefits. It also adds to the consumer behavior literature by examining an important factor affecting debt utilization.
Energy savings and economics of retrofitting single-family buildings

This study assesses the energy savings and cost-effectivene ss of individual retrofit options and packages of measures in single-family buildings, based on analysis of metered energy consumption and actual installation costs. We present results for 14 individual shell, heating system, and water heating measures, as well as 21 electric utility weatherization programs. The data on individual retrofit measures represent 32 retrofit projects, ranging in size from three to 30 000 houses. Most of the retrofitted homes are located in cold climates in the United States and use natural gas for space heating. Installation of additional ceiling and wall insulation was quite cost-effective, with normalized annual consumption (NAC) savings ranging between 12-21% in 10 retrofit projects, and average cost of conserved energy (CCE) values between $1.60-6.50/ GJ. Retrofit technique (interior vs. exterior insulation) and basement condition (unconditioned vs. conditioned) strongly influenced the level of energy savings in homes that installed foundation insulation, although payback times were generally quite long. V~rmdow replacements were found to have small NAC savings (2-5%) and were not cost-effective (CCE> $15/GJ). Flame retention burners for oil furnaces produced significant savings (19-34 GJ/year for the three studies in our data base) and had CCEs of less than $2.70/GJ. Several retrofit strategies that improve the efficiency of gas furnaces produced annual savings of 7-20 GJ/year (4-14% of the NAC), with CCEs that were comparable to current gas prices ($ 5-7G J). Condensing furnace replacements saved 31--41 GJ/year in the three US studies and appear to be marginally cost-effective, even if a worst-case analysis is used that attributes the entire cost of the retrofit to energy efficiency. Data on packages of weatherization measures are drawn from 21 Pacific Northwest electric utility programs. The principal retrofit measures were various types of insulation and water heating retrofits. Median electricity savings were 4020 kWh per year (16% NAC savings) with a median CCE of 5.4d/kWh.