cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some Experimental Evidence for a Postulated Cerebral Information Discrimination and Transmission System

Abstract It is agreed that for an organism to behave appropriately it must be able to handle with discrimination the continuous barrage it receives from both its internal and external envirorunents. A mechanism must exist by which the brain picks out and transmits meaningful information. In fact, recent theories dealing with central integration and such behavioral manifestations as learning and memory, rely heavily on the characteristics of a modulated frequency input. Indeed, it has been demonstrated (E. R. John, Frontiers of Physiological Psychologyl ed. by R. W. Russell, Acad. Press, New York, 1966) that two temporal sequences of electrical stimuli, applied to the same place, equated for power and differing only in the time course of events, can be informationally distinguished by the nervous system. Thus, the sequence of events at a particular place in the brain can be informational. The present series of experiments concerns the possible elements of such a discriminatory mechanism. The results were obtained by combining the techniques of local cortical per-fusion (Davies and Grenell, Journal of Neuro-physiology, 1962) with recording of cerebral evoked responses (SCR) and “spontaneous” single-unit activity (recorded with KC1 filled capillary microelectrodes) in the supra-sylviangyrus of the cat. The alterations in such responses accompanying the presence or absence of certain ions or molecules in the perfusion fluid will be described. These involve both facilitation and inhibition in the presence of low concentrations of ouabain and choline in the first instance, or of ouabain, choline and atropine in the latter. Discussion will concern the inference to be drawn from the results and from relevant literature that depending on the nature of the input, a network can pass information or not by either releasing or not releasing a particular transmitter. That is, that the same network may under the influence of inputs with different characteristics, either: 1. Release no transmitter; 2. Release transmitter A; or 3. Release transmitter B Further steps in the mechanism as well as their implications will be suggested.
GM-CSF is not required for EAE induction but contributes to both brain and spinal cord inflammation

Myelin-specific CD4+ T cells initiate inflammation in the central nervous system during induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of multiple sclerosis. CD4 + T cell pathogenesis has been attributed to the secretion of various cytokines, including IL-17, GM-CSF, and IFN-γ. The relative importance of these CD4 + cytokines in EAE has been the subject of numerous studies, and in C57BL/6 and B10.PL mice, GM-CSF production by T cells is required to induce EAE, while IL-17 and IFN-γ are not required. However, our studies in C3Heb/Fej mice do not support an essential role for GM-CSF in the induction of EAE. Our model is unique in that C3Heb/Fej mice develop brain inflammation in addition to the spinal cord inflammation seen in most other EAE models. We have previously shown that IL-17 is important for (and IFN-γ inhibits) neutrophil recruitment and parenchymal inflammation in the brain of these mice, while IFN-γ promotes spinal cord inflammation. We found that GM-CSF −/− T cells were capable of inducing brain and spinal cord inflammation in wildtype recipient mice. In IL-17RA −/− recipients, wildtype T cells induce intermediate levels of brain inflammation and normal spinal cord inflammation. However, when GM-CSF −/− T cells were transferred into IL-17RA −/− recipient mice, there was a complete loss of clinical signs of brain inflammation, and spinal cord inflammation was significantly reduced, indicating that GM-CSF contributes to both brain and spinal cord inflammation. These data reveal that GM-CSF, IL-17, and IFN-γ all influence inflammation in the brain and spinal cord in C3Heb/Fej mice; while none are required, coordinately these cytokines shape CNS inflammation.
Metformin: Adjunct Therapy in Cancer Treatment.

An employee undergoing cancer treatment was prescribed metformin, a medication used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and currently used as adjunct therapy for cancer. Metformin’s anti-inflammatory properties inhibit tumor growth. It is speculated that cancer cells develop a metabolism that enhances aerobic glycolysis, which promotes cell growth and increases the need for glucose. Metformin decreases insulin in the blood, which decreases the amount of glucose available to cancer cells, thus starving the cells of nutrition, resulting in cell death. This case study explores the role of metformin in cancer treatment, with implications for occupational health nurses.
Pediatric Status Epilepticus: Initial Management and the Special Syndromes of Status Epilepticus in Children

Status epilepticus (SE) requires prompt recognition and emergency treatment to reduce morbidity and mortality. SE results from a primary central nervous system (CNS) insult, or a systemic disorder with secondary CNS effects. SE is defined by seizure duration and semiology: either SE with prominent motor symptoms [convulsive SE (CSE)] or SE without prominent motor symptoms [nonconvulsive SE (NCSE)]. It is important to treat the precipitating cause in order to control SE, with symptomatic SE more common in younger children and infants. Evidence-based guidelines for the diagnostic assessment of SE in children and SE treatment guidelines are available. This chapter reviews the new definition and classification of SE from the International League Against Epilepsy, the initial presentation and management of SE, including acute repetitive seizures (ARS), the diagnostic evaluation, revised definition of refractory SE, pre-hospital treatment, and the unique syndromes of SE in children and their treatment.
Simulation of spatial multibody systems with friction

A formulation for modeling and simulation of friction eects in spatial multibody systems is presented. Constraint reaction forces on rigid bodies that are connected by joints that support friction are derived as functions of Lagrange multipliers, using D’Alembert’s principle. Friction forces acting on bodies are calculated as a function of joint geometry, constraint reaction forces that are functions of Lagrange multipliers, and relative velocities at constraint contact points that are determined by system kinematics. Friction forces are implemented in index 0 dierential-algebraic equations of motion that are solved numerically using explicit and implicit numerical integration methods. Spatial examples are presented, yielding accurate results and demonstrating that the systems are not sti, even in the presence of friction and stictio
Trauma Systems: Standardization and Regionalization of Care Improve Quality of Care

This review focuses on how the development and regionalization of trauma systems improve outcomes and quality of care. A comprehensive trauma system integrates and coordinates many different key components, resulting in cost-effective services for injury prevention and high-quality patient care without breaking the continuum of care. Developments of trauma systems along with the regionalization of care have led to the concentration of care in relatively few dedicated centers, which results in increase institutional resources, experience, and volume, leading to improved outcomes and a high-quality, cost-efficient health care for large populations. Data has started to emerge on the improvement in functional and long-term outcomes along with mortality. Regionalization of care has resulted in changes in the delivery of care both in the pre-hospital and in-hospital setting leading to improved utilization of resources and improved outcomes.
Impact of Clinical Practice Guidelines on Use of Intra-Articular Hyaluronic Acid and Corticosteroid Injections for Knee Osteoarthritis.

Background:The efficacy of corticosteroid and hyaluronic acid injections for knee osteoarthritis has been questioned. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) clinical practice guidelines on the use of these injections in the United
Genetic, Physiological, and Environmental Factors Affecting Acrylamide Concentration in Fried Potato Products

The discovery of acrylamide in processed potato products has brought increased interest in the controlling Maillard reaction precursors (reducing sugars and amino acids) in potato tubers. Because of their effects on nonenzymatic browning of fried potato products, reducing sugars and amino acids have been the focus of many potato research and breeding programs. This study focused on changes in sugars and amino acids in diploid potatoes selected for their storage qualities and their effect on acrylamide formation in the fried product. In addition, a second study was performed using cultivated lines that evaluated the effect of nitrogen fertilization on amino acid levels in tubers. Glucose, fructose, sucrose, and asparagine concentrations in tubers increased upon storage at 2°C. Glucose and fructose concentrations in the tubers were significantly and positively correlated with subsequent acrylamide formation in the products. Tuber sucrose and asparagine concentrations did not have an effect on acrylamide levels. Acrylamide levels in the products were significantly reduced if tubers were preconditioned before being placed in storage at 2°C. Higher rates of nitrogen fertilization resulted in increased amino acid concentrations in the tubers.
Comments on: “Neuroanatomy of the cochlea” (H. Spoendlin)

The difference between the percentages of innervation by afferent cochlear nerve fibers to the inner and outer hair cells, as described by Speondlin, has certainly provided a major impetus for identification of electrophysiological correlates. While it is true that Kiang (1965), in his study of cochlear nerve discharge patterns and properties, did not identify two different types of cochlear neurons, subsequent reports have (e.g. Pfeiffer and Kim, 1972a, 1972b).
Design Against Variable Amplitude Fatigue — an approach through Cyclic Stress-Strain Response

ABSTRACT Some of the unsolved problems in variable amplitude fatigue are described, and we present a method of attacking them through cyclic stress-strain response. Thus we review cyclic stress-strain behavior and its structure sensitivity at low amplitudes, taking account of the effects of variable loading. The role of mean stress, and how to handle it in variable amplitude fatigue, is explored, and also the load interaction mechanism on fracture initiation. The method is appropriate to “smooth” specimens and components in which crack propagation kinetics are less important for determining life.
Safety and Efficacy of Intermittent Bolus and Continuous Infusion Neostigmine for Acute Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction.

Purpose:To compare clinical response of intermittent bolus versus continuous infusion neostigmine for acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (ACPO). Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction occurs due to reduced...
Association of IFT88 gene variants with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate.

BACKGROUND Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCLP) is a common birth defect with multifactorial etiology. Genetic studies have identified numerous gene variants in association with NSCLP. IFT88 (intraflagellar transport 88) has been suggested to play a major role in craniofacial development, as Ift88 mutant mice exhibit cleft palate and mutations in IFT88 were identified in individuals with NSCLP. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of IFT88 single nucleotide gene variants (SNVs) with NSCLP in a large family data set consisting of non-Hispanic white (NHW) and Hispanic families. METHODS Nine SNVs in/nearby IFT88 were genotyped in 482 NHW families and 301 Hispanic NSCLP families. Genotyping was performed using TaqMan® chemistry. Single- and pairwise-SNV association analyses were performed for all families stratified by ethnicity and family history of NSCLP using the family-based association test (FBAT), and association in the presence of linkage (APL). Bonferroni correction was used to adjust for multiple testing and p values ≤.0055 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS Significant association was found between IFT88 rs9509311 and rs2497490 and NSCLP in NHW all families (p = .004 and .005, respectively), while nominal associations were found for rs7998361 and rs9509307 (p < .05). Pairwise association analyses also showed nominal associations between NSCLP in both NHW and Hispanic data sets (p < .05). No association was found between individual variants in IFT88 and NSCLP in Hispanics. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that variation in IFT88 may contribute to NSCLP risk, particularly in multiplex families from a non-Hispanic white population.
Next-Generation Optical Sensing Technologies for Exploring Ocean Worlds—NASA FluidCam, MiDAR, and NeMO-Net

We highlight three emerging NASA optical technologies that enhance our ability to remotely sense , analyze, and explore ocean worlds – FluidCam and fluid lensing, MiDAR, and NeMO-Net. Fluid lensing is the first remote sensing technology capable of imaging through ocean waves without distortions in 3D at sub-cm resolutions. Fluid lensing and the purpose-built FluidCam CubeSat instruments have been used to provide refraction-corrected 3D multispectral imagery of shallow marine systems from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Results from repeat 2013 and 2016 airborne fluid lensing campaigns over coral reefs in American Samoa present a promising new tool for monitoring fine-scale ecological dynamics in shallow aquatic systems tens of square kilometers in area. MiDAR is a recently-patented active multispectral remote sensing and optical communications instrument which evolved from FluidCam. MiDAR is being tested on UAVs and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) to remotely sense living and nonliving structures in light-limited and analog planetary science environments. MiDAR illuminates targets with high-intensity narrowband structured optical radiation to measure an object’s spectral reflectance while simultaneously transmitting data. MiDAR is capable of remotely sensing reflectance at fine spatial and temporal scales, with a signal-to-noise ratio 10-103 times higher than passive airborne and spaceborne remote sensing systems, enabling high-framerate multispectral sensing across the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared spectrum. Preliminary results from a 2018 mission to Guam show encouraging applications of MiDAR to imaging coral from airborne and underwater platforms whilst transmitting data across the air-water interface. Finally, we share NeMO-Net, the Neural Multi-Modal Observation & Training Network for Global Coral Reef Assessment. NeMO-Net is a machine learning technology under development that exploits high-resolution data from FluidCam and MiDAR for augmentation of low-resolution airborne and satellite remote sensing. NeMO-Net is intended to harmonize the growing diversity of 2D and 3D remote sensing with in situ data into a single open-source platform for assessing shallow marine ecosystems globally using active learning for citizen-science based training. Preliminary results from four-class coral classification have an accuracy of 94.4%. Together, these maturing technologies present promising scalable, practical, and cost-efficient innovations that address current observational and technological challenges in optical sensing of marine systems.
Improvement of Charge Transfer Between Electrode and Semiconductor by Thin Metal Oxide Insertion

Efficient charge transfer at semiconductor and electrode interface is one of the most crucial issues for the performance of any electronic device. A counter intuitive phenomenon of transfer improvement by insertion of a thin metal oxide film at the semiconductor and electrode interface has gained much attention recently. In this chapter, we will describe our understanding of the mechanism of performance improvement with such insertions based on our surface analytical investigations. We will start by introducing the measurement techniques utilized in our investigations. We will discuss results on the insertion of a thin layer of MoOx between indium tin oxide (ITO) and two well studied organic semiconductors, and demonstrate that the optimum insertion layer thickness is just a few nanometers. We will also illustrate the importance of high vacuum during the deposition of such insertion layers and the impact of exposure on device performance.
Organizational trust among job seekers: The role of information‐seeking and reciprocation wariness

This study explores job seekers’ information‐seeking and pre‐hire trust, and the role of reciprocation wariness in the development of pre‐hire trust. Individuals seeking a job with a technology company (N = 192) reported their perceptions of the organization’s website usability and perceived similarity to their recruiter, organizational trustworthiness and trust, and intent to accept a job offer. Wariness moderated the relationship between website usability perceptions and trustworthiness. Unexpectedly, the interaction was in the opposite direction of what we predicted. In addition, job seekers’ perceived similarity to their recruiter related to trustworthiness, and trust related to intent to accept a job offer. Our findings suggest that to some extent, recruiting organizations can encourage trust perceptions in the pre‐hire context.
Assistência perioperatória de paciente com infecção pelo SARS‐CoV‐2 (COVID‐19) submetido a ressecção de tumor de hipófise urgente. Relato de caso e diretrizes para manejo de via aérea

Resumo A pandemia de 2020 causada pelo novo coronavirus, COVID‐19, teve seu epicentro na China. Causa Sindrome Respiratoria Aguda Grave pelo Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) e apresenta um amplo espectro de manifestacoes clinicas, que vao desde nenhum sintoma a insuficiencia respiratoria aguda grave e obito. Com a expectativa de um numero significativo de pacientes dependentes de ventilador, varias instituicoes estrategicamente adiaram cirurgias eletivas. Esse e o caso principalmente de procedimentos envolvendo a mucosa nasal, como a via transesfenoidal para a hipofise, devido ao nivel imenso de disseminacao de material viral. Nao obstante, casos criticos requerem resolucao acelerada. Essas situacoes sao grave apoplexia hipofisaria, diminuicao do nivel de consciencia ou risco de perda visual aguda. O presente caso relata o manejo perioperatorio bem sucedido de urgencia de paciente do sexo masculino de 47 anos de idade com COVID‐19 que chegou ao Pronto Socorro com cefaleia frontal a esquerda que culminou com diplopia, ptose do olho esquerdo e perda de acuidade visual a esquerda apos 5 dias. A hipofisectomia transesfenoidal ocorreu sem intercorrencias e o paciente recebeu alta do hospital no quarto dia do pos‐operatorio. Adicionalmente, descrevemos em detalhe o algoritmo de manejo de via aerea da University of Mississippi Medical Center para pacientes infectados pelo novo coronavirus e que necessitam de atencao cirurgica de emergencia.
Use of electromyography to predict likelihood of recovery following C5 palsy after posterior cervical spine surgery.

Abstract BACKGROUND C5 palsy affects approximately 5% to 10% of patients undergoing cervical spine surgery. It has a significant negative impact on patient quality-of-life outcomes and healthcare costs. Although >80% of patients improve, some are left with persistent, debilitating deficits. Our objective was to examine if electrodiagnostic testing could be used to successfully identify patients likely to experience complete, partial, and no recovery. METHODS Patients undergoing posterior cervical decompression and fusion at a single institution over a 10-year period were identified. Those experiencing postoperative C5 palsy were included. Outcomes examined included motor recovery of the affected deltoid as a function of time, and changes in electrodiagnostic testing as a function of time since injury. Electrodiagnostic testing included electromyography and was sub-analyzed by time of acquisition postinjury. Deltoid strength was graded on manual motor testing using the 5-point medical research council grading system. RESULTS Of 77 patients experiencing C5 palsy, 29 had postoperative electrodiagnostic testing. Patients experiencing complete recovery on average achieved functional (4/5) strength by 6-weeks post injury and 4+ per 5 strength by 6-months. Those experiencing partial recovery only achieved antigravity strength (3/5) by 6-weeks and low-function (4−/5) strength by 6-months. Electrodiagnostic testing performed 6-weeks to 6-months postinjury demonstrated that those experiencing complete recovery were more likely to have normal motor unit (MU) recruitment than those experiencing partial (p CONCLUSIONS Electrodiagnostic testing may be a valuable means of differentiating between patients with C5 palsy likely to experience complete, partial, or no recovery. Testing between 6-weeks and 6-months post onset may aid in identifying those least likely to have a complete recovery. No MUs at 4 to 6-months, or reduced units with strength that is not improving, portends a poor long-term outcome. In this population, peripheral nerve transfers may be considered sooner.
The Ultra Cool Brown Dwarf Companion of WD 0806-661B: Age, Mass, and Formation Mechanism

We have combined multi-epoch images from the Infrared Side Port Imager on the CTIO 4 m telescope to derive a 3σ limit of J = 21.7 for the ultra cool brown dwarf companion to WD 0806-661 (GJ 3483). We find that J – [4.5] > 4.95, redder than any other brown dwarf known to date. With theoretical evolutionary models and ages 1.5-2.7 Gyr, we estimate the brown dwarf companion to have mass <10-13 M Jup and temperature 400 K, providing evidence that this is among the coolest brown dwarfs currently known. The range of masses for this object is consistent with that anticipated from Jeans-mass fragmentation and we present this as the likely formation mechanism. However, we find that substellar companions of similar mass (~7-17 M Jup) are distributed over a wide range of semimajor axes, which suggests that giant planet and low-mass brown dwarf formation overlap in this mass range.
Reflections on SoTL in a Graduate Health Professions Course Sequence

Facilitating learning in graduate programs that prepare students to enter a health profession presents unique challenges since students in these programs have completed undergraduate degrees, but are entering graduate studies in a new field. This paper describes the SoTL process used by two faculty members to facilitate independent learning and critical thinking in a course sequence in a graduate physical therapy program. Design, implementation, and outcomes of modifications to the course sequence are described. The paper includes our reflections on the SoTL process and lessons learned about strategies for facilitating learning in this student population.
Corporate Retail Notes: A Good Alternative for Individual Investors?

This paper initially describes the market for corporate retail notes (RNs), debt securities issued directly to individuals (‘retail’ investors) through brokers, in small denominations ($1,000) and generally on a weekly basis. RNs became popular in the 2000’s, though they are issued by only a few well-known industrial and financial firms. We then examine a sample of 1,775 new RNs issued by industrial firms in the years 2005-09. Nearly all have an investment-grade credit rating. All RNs include a ‘death put’ provision, and most are callable at par value. However, comparing yields on new RNs versus seasoned corporate-bond benchmarks, we find no evidence that investors are compensated for the value (to the issuer) of the call provision. On average RNs underperform benchmarks at all investment horizons up to two years, and performance is worse for callable RNs, the majority of which are called soon after deferment-period expiration. It is unlikely that these results can be explained by higher secondary-market liquidity. However, by purchasing new RNs individual investors can avoid transaction costs on mainstream corporate bonds. In addition, individual investors may place a high personal value on the death put provision. JEL classification: G12; G14; G24
Genes, Memes, Language and Nano-machines: A Nano-scale Approach to Refugee and Immigration Law

Nanotechnology can apply to many areas, such as nano-medicine in its preventive, curative, and performance enhancing capacities. Current legal discussion does not focus on humans but rather primarily on their environs or interact-ants. Refugee and immigration law epitomize human regulation because it uniquely focuses on nano-scale qualities to a degree unlike any other law. For example, it can focus on one’s political thoughts, political proclivities, ethnicity, language, skills and abilities, familial/genetic relations, whether one has a disease, and whether one is a criminal or terrorist threat. Moreover, current nanotechnology research and application, regardless of the existence of a firm definition of “nanotechnology,” is already being applied to humans. Humans crossing borders who are impacted by nanotechnology will challenge U.S. law on ethical and other novel issues, more so than on other legal areas. Initially, it will tend to go unnoticed. However, an intimate focus on these issues will teach valuable lessons as humans embark on an unparalleled, revolutionary trek to understanding and controlling themselves and their environment on the nano-scale.
Gonadal sex steroid hormone secretion after exposure of male rats to estrogenic chemicals and their combinations.

Abstract Environmental chemicals can interfere with the endocrine axis hence they are classified as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Bisphenol S (BPS) is used in the manufacture of consumer products because of its superior thermal stability and is thought to be a safe replacement chemical for its analog bisphenol A (BPA). However, the safety profile of these compounds alone or in the presence of other EDCs is yet to be fully investigated. Also, the estrogenic chemical 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2) and a constituent of female oral contraceptives for women, is present in water supplies. To simulate concurrent exposure of the population to chemical mixtures, we investigated the effects of BPA, BPS, EE2, and their combinations on sex steroid secretion in the growing male rat gonad. Prepubertal and pubertal male rats at 21 and 35 days of age were provided test chemicals in drinking water (parts per billion) for 14 days. At termination of exposure, some individual chemical effects were modified by exposure to chemical combinations. Single chemical exposures markedly decreased androgen secretion but their combination (e.g., BPA + BPS + EE2) caused the opposite effect, i.e., increased Leydig cell T secretion. Also, the test chemicals acting alone or in combination increased testicular and Leydig cell 17β-estradiol (E2) secretion. Chemical-induced changes in T and E2 secretion were associated with altered testicular expression of the cholesterol side-chain cleavage (Cyp11a1) and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (Hsd17β) enzyme protein. Additional studies are warranted to understand the mechanisms by which single and chemical combinations impact function of testicular cells and disrupt their paracrine regulation.
Simulation for Robotics Test Automation: Developer Perspectives

Robotics simulation plays an important role in the design, development, and verification and validation of robotics systems. Simulation represents a potentially cheaper, safer, and more reliable alternative to the widely used practice of manual field testing, and introduces valuable opportunities for extensive test automation. The goal of this paper is to develop a principled understanding of the ways robotics developers use simulation in their testing processes and the challenges they face in doing so. This understanding can guide the improvement of simulators and testing techniques for modern robotics development.To that end, we conduct a survey of 82 robotics developers from a diversity of backgrounds, addressing the current capabilities and limits of simulation in practice. We find that simulation is used by 84% of our participants for testing, and that many participants want to use simulation as part of their test automation. Using qualitative and quantitative research methods, we identify 10 high-level challenges that impede developers from using simulation for manual and automated testing and in general. These challenges include the gap between simulation and reality, a lack of reproducibility, and considerable resource costs associated with simulation. Finally, we outline ways in which simulators can be improved for use as a means of verification and validation and ways that the software engineering community can contribute to these improvements.
The Influences of Books of Manners and Dedekind's Grobianus on John Gay's Trivia

For decades critics have categorised John Gay's Trivia: or The Art of Walking the Streets of London as a mock Georgic deriving its main characteristics and themes from Juvenal's Third Satire and Vi...
Ethics and Effectiveness: The Nature of Good Leadership

In 1995, I published “Leadership Ethics, Mapping the Territory” in the Business Ethics Quarterly (5.1, 7–28). The article critically examined the literature in leadership studies and then laid out some of the key problems and parameters for a field of leadership ethics. I imagined a field of study that was analogous to other areas of applied ethics, such as business or medical ethics. The literature in leadership ethics would be multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary, and draw from work in philosophy, the sciences, social sciences, and all of the humanities. It would take into account and be integrated with other areas of research in leadership studies.
Clusteranalyse mit Qualitativen Daten

Nachdem zur Klassifikation groserer Datenmengen in den 60er und 70er Jahren Austauschverfahren und dazu verwandte Heuristiken entwickelt wurden, mehren sich in jungster Zeit die Versuche, Klassifikationsprobleme exakt zu losen. In vielen Fallen wird dazu ein binares lineares Programm formuliert, wobei die Nebenbedingungen den Typ des “Klassifikationsergebnisses” festlegen. Zur Losung werden etwa duale lineare Programme (Marcotorchino, Michaud) oder Branch and Bound Methoden (Schader, Tushaus) vorgeschlagen. Die dabei mit der Transitivitats-bedingung verbundenen Probleme bezuglich der Grosenordnung losbarer Probleme konnen bislang nur teilweise gelost werden. Offensichtlich erreicht man ohne Transitivitat nur nichtdisjunkte Losungen, jedoch ohne grosen Rechenaufwand auch fur grosere Datenmengen. Verfolgt man diesen Weg, so reduziert sich das Problem auf die Fragestellung, wie man nichtdisjunkte Klassen in geeigneter Weise auseinanderziehen kann. Ausgehend von einer vollstandigen Praordnung auf Objektpaaren werden maximale Cliquen mit abnehmenden Klassendurchmessern konstruiert, bis sich eine Zerlegung ergibt. Obwohl bislang kaum Aussagen zur Optimali-tat der erhaltenen Ergebnisse nachgewiesen werden konnten, fuhren verschiedene Beispiele auf recht vernunftige Resultate.
Hippocampal Volumes in PTSD

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to terrifying and life-threatening events. This chapter will review findings from neuroimaging studies that have investigated hippocampal volume in PTSD as well as proposed mechanistic relationships between the disorder and hippocampal volume. List of Abbreviations CA Cornu ammonis MRI Magnetic resonance imaging PTSD Post-traumatic stress disorder T Tesla
Health information systems: current challenges and developments. Findings from the Yearbook 2008 Section on Health Information Systems.

Objectives: To summarize excellent current research in the field of Health Information Systems. Method: Synopsis of the articles selected for the IMIA Yearbook 2008. Results: HIS is a broad field that includes many fruitful areas of research and development. Some current topics were selected for this IMIA yearbook. Conclusions: The best paper selection of articles on health information systems shows examples of original developments in the area of: medical record systems to meet specific requirements in a developing country, methodologies to identify strengths and weaknesses of hospital information systems, networking of hospital information systems towards an integrated regional health platform, and development of an open source picture archiving and communication systems to facilitate the integration of advanced new imaging functionalities
Kinks and domain walls : an introduction to classical and quantum solitons

Preface 1. Classical kinks 2. Kinks in more complicated models 3. Interactions 4. Kinks in quantum field theory 5. Condensates and zero modes on kinks 6. Formation of kinks 7. Dynamics of domain walls 8. Gravity and cosmology of domain walls 9. Kinks in the lab Appendix A. Units, numbers and conventions Appendix B. SU(N) generators Appendix C. Solution to a common differential equation Appendix D. Useful operator identities Appendix E. Variation of the determinant Appendix F. Summary of cosmological equations Reference Index.
Descriptive evaluations of child development and of developmental settings.

This paper has described and supported with research data what is essentially a philosophy of evaluation—one which suggests that the most important function of developmental evaluation is descriptive rather than diagnostic and as compressing a history rather than predicting a future. Behavioral evaluations are necessary to accomplish these other objectives; but, until assessment techniques are far more elegant than they are today, they should not be expected to accomplish them alone. Further, it has been suggested that naturalistic descriptions are as valuable and as necessary as structured ones. Finally, a plea has been made that more research attention be directed to the task of evaluating environments. A crude attempt to do this on our own part has carried some important empirical fuel to the theoretical fire which describes development as influenced by the milieu in which that development occurs.
Creating Clear and Compelling Slides

In this chapter, I’ll show you how to create slides that convey your meaning clearly and powerfully to your audience.
Age fractionation in bacteria by membrane elution: relation between age distribution and elution profile.

Abstract The theoretical relations between the age distribution of cells in an exponential culture, variation of division intervals, synchronous growth, and elution of cells from a nitrocellulose membrane-bound culture were derived. The theory can be used (1) to derive an expectation for a membrane elution curve with which the observed curves may compared, (2) to determine the age distribution from a synchronous growth curve, (3) to determine the frequency distribution of division intervals from the age distribution or from the synchronous growth curve. Examples of these applications are presented.
The "red gold" rush and severe electrical burns.

A 42-year-old unemployed man was dropped off and left at a rural casualty department far from his home in the early hours of the morning. He reported that he had been climbing upon an electricity pylon in the grounds of an electricity sub-station, allegedly involved in the attempted theft of copper cable. He had sustained a high-voltage electrical injury. On admission he was conscious with no signs of airway compromise or cardiac arrhythmia. He was not drug or alcohol intoxicated. Initial estimates suggested that he had sustained approximately 42% burns affecting his torso, both upper limbs and feet. Approximately 10% were estimated as being full thickness, mainly affecting his left shoulder and including a small point of entry on his left palm and exit wounds on both soles. His creatinine kinase was 17126 m/L and he was monitored for signs of compartment syndrome. He was transferred to the regional burns unit for resuscitation and definitive management. The patient underwent early debridement and STSG of full thickness burns approximating 10% TBSA in the region of his left shoulder and upper torso (Figs. 1–5). Small areas on his left upper limb and neck were later managed in the same way. He made a full recovery and was discharged 8 weeks later.
When the bell tolls on Bell's palsy: finding occult malignancy in acute-onset facial paralysis.

Abstract Purpose This study reports 4 cases of occult parotid malignancy presenting with sudden-onset facial paralysis to demonstrate that failure to regain tone 6 months after onset distinguishes these patients from Bell's palsy patients with delayed recovery and to propose a diagnostic algorithm for this subset of patients. Materials and methods A case series of 4 patients with occult parotid malignancies presenting with acute-onset unilateral facial paralysis is reported. Results Initial imaging on all 4 patients did not demonstrate a parotid mass. Diagnostic delays ranged from 7 to 36 months from time of onset of facial paralysis to time of diagnosis of parotid malignancy. Additional physical examination findings, especially failure to regain tone, as well as properly protocolled radiologic studies reviewed with dedicated head and neck radiologists, were helpful in arriving at the diagnosis. Conclusion An algorithm to minimize diagnostic delays in this subset of acute facial paralysis patients is presented. Careful attention to facial tone, in addition to movement, is important in the diagnostic evaluation of acute-onset facial paralysis.
C1-C2 fusion: promoting stability, reducing morbidity.

he surgical treatment of atlantoaxial instability has been evolving for more than 100 years. The first report was T a case presentation in 1910, by Mixter and Osgood (30), who described using heavy silk thread to secure the posterior arch of the atlas to the spinous process of the axis. The next few decades were associated with multiple advances, including approaches using dorsal cervical wiring techniques. These included the Gallie technique (13, 16, 27), the Brooks-Jenkins technique (5), and the technique of Dickman and Sonntag (9) and Dickman et al. (10). Nonwiring techniques included interlaminar clamps (21), the Magerl transarticular screw technique (26), plate and screw techniques (17, 18), rod-cantilever techniques (19, 33, 40), translaminar screw techniques (25, 42, 43), and a variety of other strategies (28, 32). Although the approaches and indications vary, the fusion rates for these procedures have been observed to be as high as 90%e100% (2, 9, 12, 28).
Forced Convection in a Microchannel Heat Sink Using Carbon Nanotubes for Heat Transfer Enhancement

A new type of microchannel heat sink has been developed and evaluated in this study. The device consists of silicon microchannels on whose bottom surfaces multi-walled carbon nanotubes are grown. The objective of the study is to investigate the effect of carbon nanotubes on the heat transfer characteristics. The heat sink size is 15 mm × 15 mm × 0.675 mm. It contains two microchannel designs. One consists of eight channels of cross section 682 μm × 50 μm; the other has six channels of cross section 942 μm × 50 μm. The heat sink is incorporated in an open loop flow facility, with water as the coolant. Six different configurations are compared. Two have no nanotubes, two have closely spaced nanotube, while the last two designs have widely spaced nanotubes. The tests utilize an infrared camera as well as thermocouples placed in the flow for characterization. The heat transfer characteristics are compared for the different cases.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
A unified approach to the optimization of brachytherapy and external beam dosimetry.

Semi-automated optimization of dose distributions is possible using techniques borrowed from imaging science. The ideal distribution of dose is first deconvolved by a convolution kernel yielding an ideal weighting distribution in the patient. The weighting distribution describes the total energy released per unit mass of the irradiated medium. For internal and external radiation sources, this is directly related to the amount and distribution of radioactivity and energy fluence in the medium, respectively. For external sources, the exponential Radon transform is used to obtain ideal fluence projections incident on the patient. In both instances negative values are produced, which when set to zero result in perturbed dose distributions. This may necessitate iterative techniques to reduce the ‘residual dose’ produced by the zeroing process. Application of the approach is presented for the optimization of 2-dimensional dose distributions in external beam therapy, radioimmunotherapy, and brachytherapy sources.
The role of Advanced Distribution Automation in the Smart Grid

The Smart Grid is not just advanced metering. Electric distribution feeders that are equipped with Advanced Distribution Automation (ADA) can make a significant contribution to accomplishing the overall Smart Grid characteristics as defined by the Modern Grid Initiative. In particular, ADA will enable the distribution feeders to be self-healing and more efficient, and will also facilitate the implementation of distributed energy resources. This paper described the major ADA applications and provides a smart grid “scorecard” that shows the relationship between each function and the smart grid characteristics.
LeuT-Desipramine Structure Reveals How Antidepressants Block Neurotransmitter Reuptake

Tricyclic antidepressants exert their pharmacological effect-inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine-by directly blocking neurotransmitter transporters (SERT, NET, and DAT, respectively) in the presynaptic membrane. The drug-binding site and the mechanism of this inhibition are poorly understood. We determined the crystal structure at 2.9 angstroms of the bacterial leucine transporter (LeuT), a homolog of SERT, NET, and DAT, in complex with leucine and the antidepressant desipramine. Desipramine binds at the inner end of the extracellular cavity of the transporter and is held in place by a hairpin loop and by a salt bridge. This binding site is separated from the leucine-binding site by the extracellular gate of the transporter. By directly locking the gate, desipramine prevents conformational changes and blocks substrate transport. Mutagenesis experiments on human SERT and DAT indicate that both the desipramine-binding site and its inhibition mechanism are probably conserved in the human neurotransmitter transporters.
Channel equalization for multiuser chaotic communications systems

In a multiuser chaotic communications scheme, each user's information is modulated with a chaotic system and then transmitted independently over a common communication channel. The receiver sees the superposition of the distorted transmitted signals with additive noise. In this paper, a novel channel equalization algorithm is proposed for multiuser chaotic communications systems where each user's information is encoded using symbolic dynamics. The goal is to recover the chaotic signal being sent by each individual user so that its information can be estimated. This paper begins with the symbolic dynamics representation of chaotic systems being exploited to enable the representation of the multiuser chaotic system with an equivalent trellis diagram. Then, the trellis diagram is expanded to accommodate FIR channel distortions. Finally, the Viterbi algorithm is used to obtain maximum-likelihood estimates of the transmitted sequences. The performance of this algorithm in terms of bit-error rate (BER) is simulated for different channel distortions.
A Study of Spatial Processing Gain in Underwater Acoustic Communications

Spatial processing, including beamforming and diversity combining, is widely used in communications to mitigate intersymbol interference (ISI) and signal fading caused by multipath propagation. Beamforming suppresses ISI (and noise) by eliminating multipath (and noise) arrivals outside the signal beam. Beamforming requires the signals to be highly coherent between the receivers. Diversity combining combats ISI as well as signal fading by taking advantage of the independent information in the signal. Classical (spatial) diversity requires that signals are independently fading, hence are (spatially) uncorrelated with each other. In the real world, the received signals are neither totally coherent nor totally uncorrelated. The available diversity is complex and not well understood. In this paper, we study the spatial processing gain (SPG) as a function of the number of receivers used, receiver separation, and array aperture based on experimental data, using beamforming and multichannel combining algorithms. We find that the output symbol signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for a multichannel equalizer is predominantly determined by the array aperture divided by the signal coherence length, with a negligible dependence on the number of receivers used. For a given number of receivers, an optimal output symbol SNR (OSNR) is achieved by spacing the receivers equal to or greater than the signal coherence length. We model the SPG in decibels as the sum of the noise suppression gain (NSG, equivalent to signal-to-noise enhancement) and the ISI suppression gain (ISG, equivalent to signal-to-ISI enhancement) both expressed in decibels; the latter exploits the spatial diversity and forms the basis for the diversity gain. Data are interpreted using the modeled result as a guide. We discuss a beam-domain processor for sonar arrays, which yields an improved performance at low-input SNR compared to the element-domain processor because of the SNR enhancement from beamforming many sensors.
Structure of Reconnection Layers in the Magnetosphere

Magnetic reconnection can lead to the formation of observed boundary layers at the dayside magnetopause and in the nightside plasma sheet of the earth's magnetosphere. In this paper, the structure of these reconnection layers is studied by solving the one-dimensional Riemann problem for the evolution of a current sheet. Analytical method, resistive MHD simulations, and hybrid simulations are used. Based on the ideal MHD formulation, rotational discontinuities, slow shocks, slow expansion waves, and contact discontinuity are present in the dayside reconnection layer. Fast expansion waves are also present in the solution of the Riemann problem, but they quickly propagate out of the reconnection layer. Our study provides a coherent picture for the transition from the reconnection layer with two slow shocks in Petschek's model to the reconnection layer with a rotational discontinuity and a slow expansion wave in Levy et al's model. In the resistive MHD simulations, the rotational discontinuities are replaced by intermediate shocks or time-dependent intermediate shocks. In the hybrid simulations, the time-dependent intermediate shock quickly evolves to a steady rotational discontinuity, and the contact discontinuity does not exist. The magnetotail reconnection layer consists of two slow shocks. Hybrid simulations of slow shocks indicate that there exists a critical number,M c, such that for slow shocks with an intermediate Mach numberM I≥M c, a large-amplitude rotational wavetrain is present in the downstream region. For slow shocks withM I<M c, the downstream wavetrain does not exist. Chaotic ion orbits in the downstream wave provide an efficient mechanism for ion heating and wave damping and explain the existence of the critical numberM c in slow shocks.
Accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in crankcase oil.

Abstract The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in automotive crankcase oils. PAHs were not detected in the new oil; however, concentrations increased rapidly with usage in the gasoline engine of an automobile. The PAH distributions found were dominated by alkylated two- and three-ring compounds. The concentrations of these compounds increased until about 4000 miles and then levelled out. Four-ring compounds continually increased with miles driven, and the five-ring benzopyrenes were only detected in the oil used for the longest distance (about 5800 miles).