cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Accurate Fast Response Temperature System Using Thermocouples

Abstract An accurate and fuss response thermocouple-based temperature system has been developed for use in the atmospheric surface layer. The absolute accuracy is better than ±0.01°C and the relative accuracy between thermocouples is ±0.01°C. A number of special features were incorporated into the system to achieve the required performance. These include front-end multiplexing to allow one amplifier to process all channels; microprocessor-based control; handling of large, fast-changing temperature variations with no degradation in performance; and sophisticated noise removal and error reduction techniques. The system can accommodate up to 22 thermocouples with a total data rate of 180 s−1. Humidity is measured by converting standard thermocouples to wet bulbs through the use of wetted wicks.
Principle of Well-Net Design for Coalbed Methane Exploitation in Coal Mine Area

There are abundant CBM (Coalbed Methane) in China. These CBM has caused a remarkable problem to the coal-mining in China. In order to improve the structure of Chinese energy and eliminate the risk of coal mine gas, the relevant industries and sections have implemented many explorations in CBM enriched areas. With great achievements, there are many important problems in the actions of CBM exploitation. The disadvantageous interaction of the surface CBM well and the later coal mining has been ignored at all. There are many disadvantages and defects. To solve these problems and eliminate or weaken the disadvantageous, the scientific and reasonable design of surface CBM well location is an important step. With the thinking of surface condition, coal mining plan, the arrangement of coal mine laneway, the direction and scale of the in-situ stress, and thinking more about the negative influence to and of surface CBM well, according to the theories of mining dynamics, mining engineering, mining geomechanics, and the CBM engineering, the design theory of the surface CBM well net can be studied. Finally, the arrangement principle of CBM product well in coal field is presented. The existing or future coal pillar will be a critical location for the surface CBM well location.
Optimism, Pessimism, and Friendship

Peterson and Bossio (1991) have proposed that pessimistic people, by default, will have predominantly pessimistic friends. We tested that notion by examining the correlation between the scores of close friends on both separate and direct measures of optimism and pessimism (via the O/P instrument) and a measure of explanatory style (EASQ), which purports to tap optimistic-pessimistic tendencies as a bipolar dimension. In two studies, only pairs of male friends yielded significant correlations, and only on the direct optimism measure (r= .65, both studies). Another significant correlation (r= .37) was found in Study 2 between sensation seeking scores of mixed-sex friends. No between-friend correlations were found in Study 2 for loneliness and assertiveness. Finally, both pessimism, as directly measured, and loneliness were correlated with typical friendship duration (r=-.24 and-.32 respectively), while none of the personality measures were correlated with number of reported friends.
Vibrational spectral signature of the proton defect in the three-dimensional H+(H2O)21 cluster

The way in which a three-dimensional network of water molecules accommodates an excess proton is hard to discern from the broad vibrational spectra of dilute acids. The sharper bands displayed by cold gas-phase clusters, H(+)(H2O)n, are therefore useful because they encode the network-dependent speciation of the proton defect and yet are small enough to be accurately treated with electronic structure theory. We identified the previously elusive spectral signature of the proton defect in the three-dimensional cage structure adopted by the particularly stable H(+)(H2O)21 cluster. Cryogenically cooling the ion and tagging it with loosely bound deuterium (D2) enabled detection of its vibrational spectrum over the 600 to 4000 cm(-1) range. The excess charge is consistent with a tricoordinated H3O(+) moiety embedded on the surface of a clathrate-like cage.
The Orthodox Church and Russian Politics

Irina Papkova New York: Oxford University Press, 2011, xiii+265pp, $65.00 h/b THAT THE ORTHODOX CHURCH, AND THE MOSCOW PATRIARCHATE (MP) especially, have come to play an increasingly visible role i...
Enhanced Cell-Free Translation of Human Skin Collagenase in Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa

The regulatory mechanisms for collagenase synthesis in recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) have been studied using messenger RNA (mRNA) harvested from normal and RDEB skin fibroblasts to direct protein synthesis in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate translation system. Fibroblast mRNA encoded the synthesis of approximately 60,000 and approximately 55,000 dalton forms of procollagenase in cell-free translation. In contrast to biosynthesis by intact cells, there was preferential translation of the approximately 60,000 dalton specie. For quantitative comparisons with mRNA from normal cells, mRNA was harvested from fibroblasts of 2 RDEB patents whose intact cells have been documented to have increased synthesis of collagenase. Although total translational activity was equal in normal and RDEB mRNA preparations, translatable collagenase mRNA was increased 3.5- to 10-fold, suggesting that the enhanced collagenase synthesis characteristic of RDEB is due to increased concentrations or preferential translation of collagenase mRNA.
Experimental study of a Mach 3 compression ramp interaction at re_theta = 2400

Experiments were performed to investigate the flow in a Mach 2.9 shock wave turbulent boundary-layer interaction at a Reynolds number based on momentum thickness of 2400. The flow configuration was a nominally two-dimensional 24 deg compression ramp, which exhibited a separation bubble in the corner region. Mean flow quantities, including the velocity profile upstream and downstream of the corner, and the wall pressure through the interaction were measured. Filtered Rayleigh scattering was used to visualize the flow structure in the interaction and provide quantitative measurements of the turbulent structure angle and the intermittency of the boundary-layer edge turbulence. The shock motion was characterized by measuring the fluctuating wall pressure. The results indicate that, compared to previous measurements obtained at higher Reynolds numbers of 60-80,000, the separation bubble is approximately twice as long, the root mean square of the wall-pressure fluctuations has a relatively smaller peak, and the intermittency of the wall-pressure signal in the shock-foot region is attenuated. As in the high-Reynolds-number case, the shock motion has a broadband frequency distribution with a peak slightly below 1 kHz. The mean flow quantities, root mean square wall-pressure-fluctuation profile, wall-pressure signal, and shock-motion frequency agree well with the direct numerical simulation of a previous study at matching conditions.
Volcanic and sedimentary processes in the Red Sea axial trough

Abstract Volcanic features observed in the axial trough of the Red Sea are typical of those seen in other sites of mid-ocean ridge volcanism. Extrusive volcanic features photographed include flows, pillow lavas and rock fragments. Many lavas appeared fresh and unweathered. Sedimentary cover is thin in areas of recent volcanic activity. Bottom currents and bioturbation are responsible for reworking of the sediments in the axial trough. Sediments within the Atlantis II hot brine area appear smooth in most places and thick enough to cover the volcanic topography. Sediments underlying the hot brines (about 60°C) may be reworked into ripples and dunes by internal waves where interfaces between brines of differing density intercept the sea floor. A group of moundbuilding organisms (polychaete worms?) similar in appearance to organisms photographed in other parts of the axial trough, apparently inhabit the transitional region between the overlying normal Red Sea Water and the hot brine waters, or the hot brine area proper.
Functional impact of alternative splicing of human T-type Cav3.3 calcium channels.

Low-voltage-activated T-type (Cav3) Ca2+ channels produce low-threshold spikes that trigger burst firing in many neurons. The CACNA1I gene encodes the Cav3.3 isoform, which activates and inactivate...
Comparative studies of component C from the methylreductase system of different methanogens

Summary Component C of the CH 3 -S-CoM methylreductase system has been isolated and purified from four different methanogens. The native protein from Methanobacteriwn thermoautotrophicum has an M r of 300,000 and is composed of 6 subunits with an α 2 (Mr 68,000), β 2 (45,000), γ 2 (38,500) stoichiometry [ Ellefson, W. and Wolfe, R. S. , J. Biol. Chem. 256 , 4259–4262 (1981)]. We have purified component C from three other methanogens, Methanococcus voltae strain PS, Methanococcus jannaschii and Methanosarcina barkeri s strain 227. The native component C from Mc. voltae has an M r of 297,000 with three subunits of Mr 66,000, 44,000 and 34,500. The native protein from Mc. jannaschii has an M r of 300,000 and is also composed of three subunits of M r 65,000, 43,500 and 36,000. Component C from Ms. barkeri has an M r of 305,000 daltons and has three subunits of M r 73,000, 41,500 and 33,000. All of these enzymes contain the chromophore factor F 430 with a spectrum similar to that from Mb. thermoautotrophicum . Antibody raised to component C from Mb. thermoautotrophicum cross reacted slightly with component C from Mc. voltae but did not cross react with the other isolates tested. Antibody to component C from Mc. voltae did not cross react with component C from Mb. thermoautotrophicum or Ms. barkeri but did cross react slightly with component C from Mc. jannaschii . Component C from each of these sources was able to reconstitute the CH 3 -S-CoM methylreductase assay in homologous as well as heterologous reactions at different temperatures.
Capital grants and recurrent subsidies: A dilemma in American transportation policy

Transportation policy in America distinguishes between capital expenditures and recurrent operating and maintenance costs. Federal policy and resources encourage capital-intensive projects, but traditionally have left to state and local governments the responsibility for maintaining and operating the facilities built with federal support. This has led to consistent underestimation of operating costs in the decision process leading to capital expenditures, and to overcapitalization of transportation networks. Today, faced with recurrent costs which strain local resources, there is pressure to broaden federal participation in operations and maintenance, and legislation is beginning to weaken the traditional distinctions between capital and recurrent expenditures.
Corpus-based Pinyin name resolution

For readers of English text who know some Chinese, Pinyin codes that spell out Chinese names are often ambiguous as to their original Chinese character representations if the names are new or not well known. For English-Chinese cross language retrieval, failure to accurately translate Pinyin names in a query to Chinese characters can lead to dismal retrieval effectiveness. This paper presents an approach of extracting Pinyin names from English text, suggesting translations to these Pinyin using a database of names and their characters with usage probabilities, followed with IR techniques with a corpus as a disambiguation tool to resolve the translation candidates.
Rapid malignant transformation of low-grade astrocytomas: Report of 2 cases and review of the literature

Abstract Background Low-grade gliomas have been documented to undergo transformation into high-grade astrocytomas, and the time interval of this transformation has been reported to generally occur within 5 years in about 50% of patients harboring these low-grade lesions. Several studies have investigated the evolution of low-grade gliomas into malignant gliomas by CT and MRI characteristics, but many have not documented the timing of these transformation processes. Case Description The authors discuss the cases of 2 patients with histopathologically confirmed grade II astrocytomas after craniotomies that underwent rapid evolution into malignant gliomas within 13 weeks. Interestingly, both low-grade astrocytomas were positive with immunostaining for the epidermal growth factor receptor, in which its amplification has been implicated as a molecular marker of malignant gliomas. In addition, the grade II astrocytomas were negative for p53 in both patients but were found to be positive upon transformation into malignant gliomas. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first report of rapid malignant transformation of low-grade gliomas, which were proven by histology, within 13 weeks. There may be patients with a subtype of low-grade astrocytomas that may warrant molecular characterization to determine if aggressive adjuvant therapy would be of benefit.
The removal of organic phosphates from hemoglobin.

Abstract It has been shown that pH is an important factor in the separation of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) from hemoglobin. Hemolyzates of pH 7.5, but not below pH 7, can be freed of phosphate by gel filtration in 1 1 2 hr. It was also demonstrated that the mobility of DPG itself on Sephadex G-25 varies greatly with pH. The abnormally high mobility in neutral solution where the molecule is highly charged can be explained by electrostatic repulsion within the molecule, giving it an extended conformation.
Theory of Electroluminescence

The theoretical basis for exciting luminescence by the application of an electric potential to a crystalline dielectric or semiconductor is considered. Three mechanisms of excitation are each shown to be theoretically feasible in appropriate solids and with suitable local field conditions: (1) the ionization of impurity systems directly by an electric field, (2) the acceleration of conduction electrons or positive holes in the valence band to kinetic energies sufficient to excite or ionize impurity systems or valence electrons by inelastic collisions, and (3) injection of charge carriers. Radiative de-excitation is feasible by two mechanisms: (a) direct recombination of conduction electrons and holes in the valence band, and (b) optical transitions characteristic of impurity systems known as activators. The characteristics of electroluminescence proceeding by these processes are examined theoretically.
SU‐FF‐T‐512: Reporting and Assessing Radiation Damage of Normal Structures in Radiotherapy

Purpose: To verify the feasibility of reporting and assessing the radiation damage of normal structures using the equivalent uniform dose (EUD). Material and methods: The EUD concept has been used to assess and report radiotherapy of human cancer. We proposed to use the EUD to document and assess the collateral damage of radiotherapy to normal structure. Utilizing the differential dose volume histogram (d‐DVH) obtained from the clinical treatment planning system and the linear‐quadratic radio‐response model, we calculated the average normal cell survival fraction of normal structures of 15 patients treated by intensity modulated radiotherapy and field‐in‐field techniques. From the average survival fraction, we derived the EUD. For normal tissues, α /β=3.1 Gy was used. Three sets of model parameters with α = 0.366 Gy−1, 0.211 Gy−1 and 0.108 Gy−1 were used to represent radiosensitive, moderate radiosensitive and radioresistant tissues, respectively. Results: The EUDs of the optical nerve, eyes,brain stem, chiasm, glottis, cochlea, heart and spinal cord were calculated. The EUDs of each normal structure showed large variations from the plans of different patients although the prescription dose was the same. For the head‐neck cancer with 60 Gy dose, if critical organs are treated as the radiosensitive normal tissue, the EUD ranges from 4.9 to 6.7 Gy for brain stem, from 2.6 to 3.0 Gy for optic nerve, and from 2.3 to 2.6 Gy for the average of eyes. The EUDs of all structures with different radio‐sensitivities were evaluated. Conclusions: The results suggest that EUD can be used to document and evaluate the radiation damage to normal structures, though some organs like spinal cord might be over‐ or under‐contoured by oncologists thus provide inaccurate evaluation. A unified contouring policy and the EUD concept could provide a quantitative indication for evaluating radiation damage to those normal structures.
A photon-counting camera system developed from a crossed-strip detector

A crossed-strip detector initially developed at UC Berkeley’s Space Sciences Laboratory has been demonstrated as a laboratory benchtop instrument and is now in the process of being integrated by Los Alamos National Laboratory into a portable, real-time, single-photon-counting camera system. The crossed-strip detector consists of 32 anode strips along each of two axes sealed inside a vacuum tube behind a photocathode and a microchannelplate stack. A photon incident on the photocathode produces a cloud of charge from the microchannel plates that falls onto a portion of the 64 anode strips, producing a signal on a subset of channels along each axis and requiring that all anode channels continually be analyzed simultaneously. To maximize the photon flux that can be accepted by the sensor with minimal deadtime, the crossed-strip sensor has been combined with shortershaping- time amplifiers and higher-rate digitizers than previously used. With the ultimate goal of reaching 100 million events per second, FPGA-implementable algorithms have been developed for the identification of pulses on each anode channel and the determination of the pulses’ time and amplitude. From the pulse times and amplitudes, a charge cloud can be reconstructed and the centroid determined to produce the time and position of each incident photon. The data-analysis procedure will be discussed, measurements detailing the performance of the camera system as it exists at this point will be presented, and the planned layout of the embedded camera system hardware will be detailed.
Coronary Artery-Right Ventricular Communication Associated with Pulmonary Atresia and Ventricular Septal Defect

A case of pulmonary atresia and right ventricular-left coronary artery fistulae with an associated ventricular septal defect is described. Hemodynamic findings like those reported in similar cases, but with an intact ventricular septum are also described. The implications of these observations in the genesis of right ventricular-coronary artery fistulae are discussed.
Simultaneous prediction intervals for multiple forecasts based on Bonferroni and product-type inequalities

New simultaneous prediction intervals for multiple forecasts from ARIMA models based on the Bonferroni-type and the product-type inequalities are introduced. These prediction intervals are compared with the marginal prediction intervals used in forecasting.
Photocatalytic oxidation of trichloroethylene on zinc oxide: characterization of surface-bound and gas-phase products and intermediates with FT-IR spectroscopy

Abstract The gas-phase heterogeneous photooxidation of trichloroethylene (TCE) on ZnO has been investigated. In the presence of ZnO and molecular oxygen, trichloroethylene photooxidizes upon irradiation with wavelengths of light between 300 and 390 nm. Surface-bound and gas-phase products and intermediates formed during the photocatalytic oxidation of TCE were characterized with infrared spectroscopy. The gas-phase product distribution was found to be dependent on TCE pressure. At low TCE pressures, CO2 and CO were produced as the predominant carbon-containing, gas-phase products. At high TCE pressures, additional carbon-containing products were detected. These products include phosgene, and dichloroacetylchloride. It is postulated that phosgene and dichloroacetylchloride form only after the ZnO surface becomes saturated with adsorbed products. These adsorbed photoproducts have been identified as water, bidentate formate and dichloroacetate. These adsorbed photoproducts block sites so that partial oxidation products cannot undergo further oxidation on the ZnO surface.
Language conflict and violence: the straw that strengthens the camel's back

Based on the ‘Minorities at risk’ data set, which codes the status and conflicts of 268 politically active groups in 148 different countries, this paper finds: 1) the greater the language difference between the language of the minority and that of the dominant group, the lower the probability of minority rebellion against the state; 2) language grievances held by the minority are weakly but negatively related to rebellion; 3) language grievances are strongly associated with increased levels of political protest, suggesting that the remedy for these grievances is more likely to be sought in the political realm rather than in guerrilla action; 4) language grievances when compounded by religious grievances (which are a reasonable predictor of rebellion) strongly and significantly reduce the magnitude of rebellion. The mechanisms supporting these results are elucidated in a formalized official language game. The equilibrium path of this game is illustrated in case studies of India and Sri Lanka.
A Kinetic Platform to Determine the Fate of Nitric Oxide in Escherichia coli

Nitric oxide (NO•) is generated by the innate immune response to neutralize pathogens. NO• and its autoxidation products have an extensive biochemical reaction network that includes reactions with iron-sulfur clusters, DNA, and thiols. The fate of NO• inside a pathogen depends on a kinetic competition among its many targets, and is of critical importance to infection outcomes. Due to the complexity of the NO• biochemical network, where many intermediates are short-lived and at extremely low concentrations, several species can be measured, but stable products are non-unique, and damaged biomolecules are continually repaired or regenerated, kinetic models are required to understand and predict the outcome of NO• treatment. Here, we have constructed a comprehensive kinetic model that encompasses the broad reactivity of NO• in Escherichia coli. The incorporation of spontaneous and enzymatic reactions, as well as damage and repair of biomolecules, allowed for a detailed analysis of how NO• distributes in E. coli cultures. The model was informed with experimental measurements of NO• dynamics, and used to identify control parameters of the NO• distribution. Simulations predicted that NO• dioxygenase (Hmp) functions as a dominant NO• consumption pathway at O2 concentrations as low as 35 µM (microaerobic), and interestingly, loses utility as the NO• delivery rate increases. We confirmed these predictions experimentally by measuring NO• dynamics in wild-type and mutant cultures at different NO• delivery rates and O2 concentrations. These data suggest that the kinetics of NO• metabolism must be considered when assessing the importance of cellular components to NO• tolerance, and that models such as the one described here are necessary to rigorously investigate NO• stress in microbes. This model provides a platform to identify novel strategies to potentiate the effects of NO•, and will serve as a template from which analogous models can be generated for other organisms.
Ventricular fibrillation threshold is influenced by left ventricular stretch and mass in the absence of ischaemia.

Study objective — Ischaemic heart disease is known to contribute to the development of ventricular arrhythmias. However, the role of non-ischaemic variables has been less well defined. We therefore studied the effect of myocardial stretch and ventricular mass on the vulnerability of the rat heart to ventricular fibrillation. Design and experimental material — Two groups of rat hearts were studied in an isolated buffer perfused apparatus: group I, mature female animals with an average dry left ventricular weight of 73 mg and group II, a group of retired breeders with an average left ventricular weight of 122 mg. Hearts performed isovolumetric work at either low (0 mm Hg) or high (20 mm Hg) left ventricular end diastolic pressures. Measurements and main results — Ventricular fibrillation was provoked by trains of ventricular extrastimuli delivered at increasing current until development of the arrhythmia. The current required to provoke ventricular fibrillation decreased in both groups at the high left ventricular end diastolic pressure and the larger hearts in group II were more vulnerable to ventricular fibrillation than those in group I. The decrease in ventricular fibrillation threshold occurred in the absence of an increase in myocardial lactate production or a decrease in endocardial to epicardial flow ratios. Conclusions — This study thus identified two variables, myocardial stretch and ventricular mass, which influence the development of ventricular fibrillation and which are independent of myocardial ischaemia in this animal model. These observations may be relevant to an understanding of the increased incidence of lethal arrhythmias which occur in patients with dilated cardiomyopathies.
Using triangulation to include target structure improves drug resistance prediction accuracy

Genomic data promises to provide individualized medicine. The cost of determining an individual genome will soon be low enough, if it isn't already, to make genotyping a standard medical procedure. Unfortunately, using this data to predict phenotypic responses is a difficult and largely unsolved problem. Drug resistance in HIV is an excellent model system for this problem because there are many pairs of genotypes and associated drug-resistance phenotypes. There is also a great amount of structural and biochemical data on this system. We have found that including three-dimensional structural data for drug targets dramatically improves the quality of machine learning when applied to the association between genotype and phenotype.
The bearing capacity of surface strip foundations on geogrid-reinforced sand and clay — a comparative study

Laboratory model test results for the ultimate bearing capacity of a strip foundation supported by geogrid-reinforced sand and saturated clay are presented. One type of geogrid only was used for all the tests. On the basis of the model test results, the optimum depth and width of reinforcing layers and the optimum depth of the location of the first layer of the geogrid in sand and saturated clay were determined and compared.
Metabolic syndrome: a new view of some familiar transplant risks.

The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of interrelated common clinical disorders, including obesity, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia (hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL cholesterol levels). According to recently defined criteria, the metabolic syndrome is prevalent and is associated with a greater risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease than any of its individual components. Primary defects in energy balance that produce obesity (and visceral adiposity in particular) are sufficient to drive all aspects of the syndrome. Increased free fatty acids and lipid accumulation in certain organs are mediators of insulin resistance. Obesity also leads to a proinflammatory and prothrombotic state that potentiates atherosclerosis. Pathways leading directly from adiposity to the genesis of dyslipidemia and hypertension have been elucidated. Recent knowledge implies a role for fat-derived “adipokines,” including TNFα and adiponectin, as pathogenic contributors or protective factors. Current therapies include diet and exercise as well as agents indicated for the treatment of individual components of the syndrome. Future therapies may accrue from the aggressive pursuit of newer molecular drug targets that have the potential to prevent or treat multiple aspects of the metabolic syndrome.
Molekulardynamische Simulation ionenstrahlgestützter Verfahren (IBAD) zur Herstellung neuer Schichtmaterialien

Gegenwartig wird weltweit sehr intensiv an der Synthese von phasenreinen, texturierten Nitridschichten (z. B. BN, TiN, AlN, SiN) geforscht, die wegen ihrer besonderen Eigenschaften ein hohes Anwendungspotential fur die Elektronik, Optoelektronik und als verschleisfeste Hartstoffschichten erwarten lassen. Dabei haben sich ionenstrahlgestutzte Verfahren, sog. IBAD- Verfahren (“Ion Beam Assisted Deposition”), als besonders erfolgversprechend erwiesen. Bei der numerischen Integration der Bewegungsgleichungen eines diesen Prozes modellierenden Vielteilchensystems erfordert das gleichzeitige Auftreten schneller Ionen mit Energien im keV-Bereich und langsamer Atome mit thermischen Energien eine adaptive Schrittweitensteuerung mit lokal unterschiedlichen Zeitschritten.
Hierarchical representation of 2-D shapes using convex polygons: A morphological approach

This paper presents a structural shape representation scheme in which a binary shape is represented by a number of convex polygons organized into a hierarchical tree structure. Morphological operations are used in the implementation of the scheme. The representation scheme provides natural and effective descriptions of binary shapes and has simple and efficient implementations.
Presidential Vetoes and Public Policy

The veto power, claimed Woodrow Wilson, is the president's most formidable prerogative. Despite that assertion, Richard Watson shows that the presidential veto of significant legislation is frequently overridden by Congress. Although the veto has a major impact on public policy, past research on it has dealt only with legal and historical issues. This is the first systematic, in-depth study of the actual effect of the use of the veto. Watson focuses on those elements of the policy-making process that influence presidential veto decisions. His analysis of presidential vetoes from Franklin Roosevelt through Jimmy Carter clarifies the problems caused by the veto and reveals how it has shaped public policy. He tells what conditions provoke the president's reliance on the veto and Congress's decision whether to try to override it. He also explores why vetoes have often triggered bitter disputes over the degree and scope of presidential power and its role in the legislative process. Watson concludes that the veto power has operated well in terms of both public policy and relations between Congress and the president and argues that it would be a mistake to alter it through the adoption of an item veto.
RF solid-state vibrating transistors

This paper reviews our work on CMOS-integrated active MEMS resonators. Design, analysis and results are presented on CMOS-MEMS resonators fabricated at the Front-End-of-Line (FEOL) of a standard CMOS technology, realized without the need for any post-processing or packaging. Unreleased Resonant Body Transistors (RBTs) are driven capacitively to form longitudinal resonance confined by Acoustic Bragg Reflectors (ABRs), and sensed piezoresistively using an n-channel Field Effect Transistor (nFET). This first generation hybrid CMOS-MEMS RBTs consume footprints of 5μm×3μm, and operate above 11 GHz with quality factors (Q) of 24-30 and temperature stability <;3 ppm/K, matching well with theory. In addition, acoustic mode localization using features of standard CMOS technology is discussed. The active transduction mechanisms developed for CMOS-MEMS resonators can be extended to piezoelectric III-V semiconductors available in mm-wave ICs (MMICs). Our recent work on switchable MEMS-HEMT resonators in AlGaN/GaN is presented using a standard GaN MMIC platform, providing a means of realizing configurable high-Q MEMS resonators in MMICs for high frequency, high power applications.
Subpopulation of alveolar macrophages inhibits superoxide anion production by macrophages

Pig alveolar macrophages are a heterogeneous population of cells. Three subpopulations or bands exist when the whole population is separated according to density. Band 1 cells are the least dense cells and constitute 9% of the total population. Bands 2 and 3 represent 44 and 47% of the total population. The three subpopulations generate superoxide anions, although to varying degrees. Band 3 cells are the most active, while band 1 cells are the least active. The amount of superoxide anions released in a mixed population of bands 1, 2, and 3 cells was less than the sum of that produced from each band assayed separately. Band 1 cells were found to inhibit by 47% the production of superoxide anions by band 3 cells. Conditioned medium from band 1 cells contains a heat-sensitive, nondialyzable, soluble factor responsible for this inhibition.
RDRN: a prototype for a rapidly deployable radio network

This paper reports on the initial implementation of an experimental wireless ATM network architecture called RDRN (Rapidly Deployable Radio Network). The RDRN architecture consists of two types of transportable nodes, remote nodes (RNs) and edge nodes (ENs), which utilize GPS-derived location information to rapidly configure themselves into a high capacity wireless network operating at 1--10 Mb/s over distances as far as 10 kilometers. The initial prototype has been deployed and early experiments have been conducted to validate hardware, software, and protocol design and implementation. In addition to describing the RDRN architecture and protocols, this paper details experiences at the DARPA GLOMO '97 demonstration of the RDRN project.
Location of quantum information in additive graph codes

The location of quantum information in various subsets of the qudit carriers of an additive graph code is discussed using a collection of operators on the coding space which form what we call the information group. It represents the input information through an encoding operation constructed as an explicit quantum circuit. Partial traces of these operators down to a particular subset of carriers provide an isomorphism of a subgroup of the information group, and this gives a precise characterization of what kinds of information they contain. All carriers are assumed to have the same dimension $D$, an arbitrary integer greater than 1.
Formation of hierarchical multiple protostellar cores

BINARY pre-main-sequence stars1,2 seem to occur as frequently as binary main-sequence stars3,4; triple pre-main-sequence star systems have also been detected5, and hierarchical main-sequence multiple stars continue to be identified6. (Hierarchical systems contain both closely spaced stars and stars orbiting at much greater distances.) These observations suggest that essentially all binary stars were formed before the main-sequence phase of evolution. The detection of a number of binary young stellar objects7,8 seems to indicate that binary formation must occur no later than the protostellar phase (further observations are needed to establish if this is the case for multiple star systems). Here I describe numerical hydrodynamical calculations showing that stable hierarchical systems of multiple protostellar cores can form through gravitationally driven fragmentation during the collapse of an isolated gas cloud, suggesting that the hierarchical systems observed may be the result of the hydrodynamical collapse of rapidly rotating clouds.
Evaluation of a Core Collection to Identify Resistance to Late Leafspot in Peanut

Core collections have many potential uses and could greatly increase the utilization of germplasm resources. A core collection was recently selected for the U.S. germplasm collection of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) by clustering accessions based on phenotypic similarities and then randomly sampling 10% from each cluster. During the period 1986 to 1991, field studies were conducted to screen the entire collection for resistance to late leafspot [Phaeoisariopsis personata (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Arx syn. Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis)]. The purpose of this study was to use information on leafspot resistance for the entire collection to test the core collection concept in peanut. Disease ratings for the core collection accession(s) within each cluster were defined as the indicator value for that cluster. Data were examined to determine how many leafspot-resistant accessions would have been identified by examining the core collection and all accessions from clusters having a resistant indicator value. The use of this two-stage screening approach with the peanut core collection would have resulted in the identification of 61 leafspot resistant accessions. This approach would have required screening 27% of the entire collection and would have identified 54% of the resistant accessions in the entire collection. This approach would have resulted in the identification of the best four and eight of the best 10 sources of resistance in the entire collection. These results demonstrate that this core collection can be used to improve the efficiency of peanut germplasm evaluations.
Complications and neurological deficits following minimally invasive anterior column release for adult spinal deformity: a retrospective study

Minimally invasive techniques have become increasing popular and are expanding into deformity surgery. The lateral retroperitoneal transpsoas anterior column release (ACR) is a newer minimally invasive alternative to posterior osteotomy techniques for correcting and promoting global spinal alignment. This procedure attempts to avoid the potential complications associated with conventional osteotomies, but has its own subset of unique complications to be discussed in depth. A retrospective review was performed in all patients who underwent the minimally invasive (MIS) ACR procedure from 2010 to present at our institution. All perioperative and postoperative complications were recorded by an independent reviewer. Demographics, spinopelvic parameters, and operative data were collected. The primary etiologic diagnosis was adult spinal deformity. Spinopelvic parameters were measured based on standing 36-inch scoliosis films. Thirty-one patients underwent a total of 47 MIS-ACRs. The mean age of the cohort was 62. Mean follow up was 12 months (range 3–38 months). The average change from in lumbar lordosis (LL) was 17.6°, in pelvic tilt was 4.3°, coronal Cobb was 13.9 and in SVA was 3.8 cm. Of the 47 MIS-ACR procedures, there were 9 (9/47, 19 %) major complications related to the ACR. Iliopsoas weakness was seen in eight patients and retrograde ejaculation in one patient. Only one patient remained with mild motor deficit at the most recent follow-up. No revision surgeries were required for the anterolateral approach. There was no vascular, visceral, or infectious complications associated with the MIS-ACR. The MIS-ACR is one of the most technically demanding procedures performed from the lateral transpsoas approach. This procedure has the advantage of maintaining and improving spinal global alignment while minimizing blood loss and excessive tissue dissection. It comes with its own unique set of potentially catastrophic complications and should only be performed by surgeons proficient in both deformity correction and the lateral approach.
Activation by C5a of endothelial cell caspase 8 and cFLIP

Objectives and design: In this study, we examine the relationship between C5a and activation of cysteine aspartic acid protease 8 (caspase 8) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC).
Preparation and properties of carbon-coated magnetic nanocrystallites.

Carbon-coated gadolinium carbide nanocrystallites are generated by a process based on the Kratschmer-Huffman carbon-arc method of preparing fullerenes, and a novel magnetic-field-gradient separation technique is used to separate them. This separation of nanocrystalline byproducts of the carbon arc process is a prerequisite for many of the proposed applications of these materials. While the data presented pertain to ${\mathrm{Gd}}_{2}$${\mathrm{C}}_{3}$, this method is generally applicable to any paramagnetic or ferromagnetic compound. Structural characterization by x-ray and electron diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy reveal the presence of a single gadolinium-containing (${\mathrm{Gd}}_{2}$${\mathrm{C}}_{3}$) phase and excess carbon. The carbide phase exists as 10--50 nm spherical particles. SQUID magnetometry shows paramagnetic response attributed to ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$ ions.
Sum Frequency Generation Investigation of Water at the Surface of H2O/H2SO4 Binary Systems

Structural data about water at the air/water interface of sulfuric acid solutions have been obtained with sum frequency generation spectroscopy. Sulfuric acid significantly affects the orientation of water at the interface. With as little as 0.01x (mole fraction) sulfuric acid, water is more highly oriented compared with the pure water surface. Surface water with one hydrogen free of hydrogen bonding, a “free OH”, decreases in concentration as the sulfuric acid concentration is increased. Finally, there are no sulfuric acid free OH groups projecting out of the surface for solutions from 0.01x to 0.9x sulfuric acid. Observations of the structure of water are consistent with the fact that sulfuric acid/water solutions change from ionic in nature at low concentrations ( 0.4x).
The neural and computational basis of controlled speed-accuracy tradeoff during task performance

People are capable, at will, of trading speed for accuracy when performing a task; they can focus on performing accurately at the cost of being slow, or emphasize speed at the cost of decreased accuracy. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neural correlates of this ability. We show increased baseline activity during speed emphasis in a network of areas related to response preparation and execution, including the premotor areas of the frontal lobe, the basal ganglia, the thalamus, and the dorsolateral prefrontal and left parietal cortices. Furthermore, speed emphasis was associated with reduced transient response-related activation in several of these structures, suggesting that because of the greater baseline activity under speed emphasis, less activation is needed in these structures to reach response threshold, consistent with the assumptions of several computational theories. Moreover, we identify the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex as providing the top-down control signal that increases this baseline activity.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP THROUGH THE AGES: LESSONS LEARNED

In today's hypercompetitive environment, the notion of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial leadership and entrepreneurial decision-making is receiving increased attention by citizens, academics, managers, and politicians on a global basis. The high failure rate of entrepreneurship of new ventures as well as new products indicates that many barriers to success exist; however, even entrepreneurship on a small scale can have great impact. A historical review reveals that entrepreneurs emerge from various backgrounds but have similar characteristics. The time is ripe for the acceleration of entrepreneurial behavior and leadership that will facilitate new venture creation that will in turn nurture the growth of jobs and the local economy.
Acetyl- and pseudocholinesterase activities in sympathetic ganglia of rats.

—The quantitative method of Ellman, Courtney, Andres and Featherstone (1961) was adapted to a differential assay for the determination of acetyl- and pseudocholinesterase activities of sympathetic ganglia of rats. The activities of the cholinesterases of superior cervical, stellate and thoracic chain ganglia and of the abdominal ganglionic complexes in apposition to the superior mesenteric and coeliac arteries (superior mesenteric, coeliac and cardiac ganglia) were measured. B.W.284C51 dibromide, 5 × 10−5m, and ethopropazine hydrochloride, 3·15 × 10−5m, were employed to inhibit selectively acetyl- and pseudocholinesterases, respectively. Linearity was shown to be maintained with enzyme concentrations corresponding to 0·12-0·5 mg of ganglion (wet wt.)/incubation. Under the experimental conditions of this assay, the rates of the reaction of ganglionic acetyl- and pseudocholinesterases were linear for time periods greater than those employed for calculating the rates of hydrolysis in the homogenates of sympathetic ganglia. Several experimental approaches were used to ascertain the specificity of the inhibitors and of the reaction. Of the total cholinesterase activity of sympathetic ganglia of rats, 55-63 per cent was due to acetylcholinesterase and 31-39 per cent to pseudocholinesterase. On the basis of the specific enzyme activity, superior cervical, stellate and superior mesenteric ganglia contained higher acetyl- and pseudocholinesterase activities than did thoracic chain, coeliac and cardiac (abdominal) ganglia. The specific activity of acetylcholinesterase was similar in rat and cat superior cervical ganglia and sympathetic cervical trunks while the pseudocholinesterase activity of these two tissues was somewhat lower in cats than in rats.
International Cooperation: The Study Abroad Experience

ABSTRACT In this paper I will explore the Case Studies of three American students who spent time studying abroad during their undergraduate education. Through personal, one-on-one, interviews, I explore each individual's specific program, educational experience, and lasting personal impressions. I have compiled these findings and presented them in conjunction with pertinent information on Study Abroad in the United States today. This review includes present day models used in the Study Abroad industry, barriers to entry facing students, as well as the benefits and concerns related to foreign study. By placing these experiences in the context and perspective of domestic curriculums, I will emphasize the need to integrate globally- focused education further into undergraduate learning. In conclusion, I touch on possible solutions to obstacles preventing students from spending time studying internationally.
Centrifugal Jet Spinning for Highly Efficient and Large-scale Fabrication of Barium Titanate Nanofibers.

Abstract The centrifugal jet spinning (CJS) method has been developed to enable large-scale synthesis of barium titanate nanofibers. Barium titanate nanofibers with fiber diameters down to 50 nm and grain sizes around 25 nm were prepared with CJS by spinning a sol–gel solution of barium titanate and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) with subsequent heat treatment at 850 °C. XRD and FTIR analyses demonstrated high purity and tetragonal perovskite structured barium titanate nanofibers. SEM and TEM images confirm the continuous high aspect ratio structure of barium titanate nanofibers after heat treatment. It is demonstrated that the CJS technique offers a highly efficient method for large-scale fabrication of ceramic nanofibers at production rates of up to 0.3 g/min.
The influence of transportation improvements on interregional trade in Brazil

In this study the impact of transportation improvements on Brazilian interregional commodity flows are considered. The decreasing friction of distance is measured by two variants of the gravity model. First, distance coefficients are calculated for trade among all states in 1942 and 1962. Second, distance coefficients for each state's imports are calculated separately and then related to state per capita income, for the year, 1962. Both the time-series and cross-section results indicate a significant diminution in the friction of distance in the course of Brazilian development. The degree to which trade has integrated the national economy is assessed by the convergence of agricultural prices. Not only have interregional price differentials tended to diminish, but regional price structures are becoming more similar. The interrelation of these price structures provides a method of regionalizing the Brazilian space-economy.
Decoupling of Linear Systems by Dynamic Output Feedback

Necessary and sufficient conditions for decoupling of linear systems by dynamic output feedback are derived, under the requirement that the decoupled system be internally stable. The conditions are stated in terms of quantities which are directly related to the transfer matrix of the given system. The main issue is resolved through the introduction of a new concept—the strict adjoint. The strict adjoint is a “minimal” polynomial matrix that diagonalizes a given matrix.