cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic relationships in the millipede family Julidae

A phylogenetic analysis of 40 species (22 genera) of the Palaearctic millipede family Julidae was made based on partial sequences of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA (16S) gene and the nuclear 28S rRNA (28S) gene, respectively. The two data sets (16S rDNA and 28S rDNA) were analysed individually and in combination using direct optimization as implemented in POY. The 16S rDNA and the 28S rDNA sequences vary from 410 to 449 bp and from 467 to 525 bp in length, respectively. All searches were performed under six different gap opening costs, an extension gap cost of 1, and a substitution cost of 2. Incongruence length difference values were used to select the preferred tree. The order Julida was recovered as monophyletic under all weight sets. The family Julidae was recovered as monophyletic except under one weight set where the genus Nepalmatoiulus is sister to all other Julida. Within Julidae, a clade of Paectophyllini + Calyptophyllini is sister to all others on the preferred tree but this relationship is not robust. A hitherto unrecognized clade of (South) east Asian genera (Anaulaciulus and Nepalmatoiulus) was recovered under five weight sets. Another “new” robust clade (Oncoiulini + Schizophyllini) is congruent with a hitherto unrecognized complex morphological character. Further clades recovered within the Julidae partly conflict with the accepted classification, which is only to a limited extent based on phylogenetic arguments.
The pre-ligand binding assembly domain : a potential target of inhibition of tumour necrosis factor receptor function

Signalling by the tumour necrosis factor receptors (TNFR) is thought to be mediated by the binding of the trimeric ligand TNF to three monomeric subunits of the receptor. This ligand induced trimerisation model of TNFR signalling is mainly supported by crystallographic data of the p60 TNFR-1 and TNFβ complex in which the trimeric ligand interdigitates between the individual receptor chains and prevents the receptor subunits from interacting with each other. Recently, a domain NH2-terminal to the ligand binding domain in the extracellular region of p60 TNFR-1, p80 TNFR-2 and Fas was identified that mediates receptor self association before ligand binding. This pre-ligand binding assembly domain or PLAD is critical for assembly of functional receptor complexes on the cell surface and may provide a potential target in the design of future novel therapeutics against diseases mediated by members of the TNFR family of receptors.
Gastric bypass surgery as an intervention for obese patients with hemochromatosis

The patient is a 40-year-old Caucasian obese man who was diagnosed with hereditary hemochromatosis in November of 2004. He originally presented with fatigue and underwent blood testing that showed a serum iron level of 128 µg/dl (22.91 µmol/l), a total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) of 307 µg/dl (54.9 µmol/l), a ferritin value of 733 ng/ml (1647 pmol/l) and an iron saturation of 42%. The patient had a family history of hemochromatosis and genetic testing demonstrated homozygosity for HFE C282Y. He started receiving maintenance phlebotomies every 3 months to prevent iron overload and to maintain ferritin values <50 ng/ml. For treatment of his obesity, he underwent a gastric bypass surgery in June of 2008. Three months later, the serum ferritin level was 61 ng/ml (137 pmol/l) and he required phlebotomy. In December of 2008, the monitored ferritin level was 36 ng/ml (80.8 pmol/l). Since then, the patient has been evaluated every 3 months and has not required any new phlebotomies over the past 2 years. He has no symptoms of iron deficiency and feels well. …
Cortical Feedback Control of Olfactory Bulb Circuits

Olfactory cortex pyramidal cells integrate sensory input from olfactory bulb mitral and tufted (M/T) cells and project axons back to the bulb. However, the impact of cortical feedback projections on olfactory bulb circuits is unclear. Here, we selectively express channelrhodopsin-2 in olfactory cortex pyramidal cells and show that cortical feedback projections excite diverse populations of bulb interneurons. Activation of cortical fibers directly excites GABAergic granule cells, which in turn inhibit M/T cells. However, we show that cortical inputs preferentially target short axon cells that drive feedforward inhibition of granule cells. In vivo, activation of olfactory cortex that only weakly affects spontaneous M/T cell firing strongly gates odor-evoked M/T cell responses: cortical activity suppresses odor-evoked excitation and enhances odor-evoked inhibition. Together, these results indicate that although cortical projections have diverse actions on olfactory bulb microcircuits, the net effect of cortical feedback on M/T cells is an amplification of odor-evoked inhibition.
Asymptomatic Incidental Ductal Carcinoma in situ in a Male Breast Presenting with Contralateral Gynecomastia

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) in males is rare and usually presents with symptoms on the affected side, such as, palpable mass or bloody nipple discharge. Even as DCIS has been reported in conjunction with gynecomastia in the same breast, we report an unusual case of a 62-year-old Caucasian male, with no family history of breast cancer, who presented with symptomatic side gynecomastia, and was incidentally found to have DCIS in a completely asymptomatic left breast. To the best of our knowledge, this case is the first report in literature of asymptomatic, incidentally discovered DCIS in a male patient.
What is the role for conservation organizations in poverty alleviation in the world's wild places?

In this paper we provide an empirically-based way to address the general question of the broad-scale spatial relationship between poverty occurrence and areas of interest to those seeking conservation of large wild areas. We address the question of the spatial relationship between poor people and areas less impacted by human activity by asking three questions about the global spatial relationship between poor people and ecological intactness and how it varies by major biome and geographical region. We use infant mortality rate as a proxy for poverty and the Human Footprint as a proxy for ecological intactness, comparing global terrestrial maps of both. The analysis shows that the vast majority of the world's poor people live in extremely urban and very transformed (peri-transformed) areas. Only a small percentage of the world's most poor are found in areas that are somewhat or extremely wild: about 0.25% of the world's population. This fact has implications for the calls being made for conservation organizations to under- take poverty alleviation, suggesting that at a global scale those groups with interest in conserving wild areas would be able to contribute little to globally significant poverty alleviation efforts. However, these conservation groups are well positioned to develop new partnerships for delivery of benefits to some of the least accessible poor people in the wildest places of the world.
Confocal Raman Microscopy across the Metal-Insulator Transition of Single Vanadium Dioxide Nanoparticles

We present the first Raman scattering measurements on nanoparticulate vanadium dioxide (VO2), as well as the first observations of the temperature-induced phase transition in individual VO2 nanoparticles (NPs). We compare the Raman response of two VO2 NPs and a companion VO2 film undergoing their monoclinic-tetragonal-monoclinic transformations and offer qualitative explanations for the large observed differences in hysteresis width. While bulk crystals and contiguous films contain numerous nucleation sites, individual NPs likely harbor only a few, which may make it possible to correlate detectable defects (e.g., grain boundaries and dislocations) with the “ease” of switching phases, as quantified by the width of the thermal hysteresis.
New Approaches to Studying Problem Behaviors: A Comparison of Methods for Modeling Longitudinal, Categorical Adolescent Drinking Data.

Analyzing problem-behavior trajectories can be difficult. The data are generally categorical and often quite skewed, violating distributional assumptions of standard normal-theory statistical models. In this article, the authors present several currently available modeling options, all of which make appropriate distributional assumptions for the observed categorical data. Three are based on the generalized linear model: a hierarchical generalized linear model, a growth mixture model, and a latent class growth analysis. They also describe a longitudinal latent class analysis, which requires fewer assumptions than the first 3. Finally, they illustrate all of the models using actual longitudinal adolescent alcohol-use data. They guide the reader through the model-selection process, comparing the results in terms of convergence properties, fit and residuals, parsimony, and interpretability. Advances in computing and statistical software have made the tools for these types of analyses readily accessible to most researchers. Using appropriate models for categorical data will lead to more accurate and reliable results, and their application in real data settings could contribute to substantive advancements in the field of development and the science of prevention.
Extending the wiki paradigm for use in the classroom

The term "wiki" refers to a social computing system that allows a group of users to initiate and evolve a hyper-linked set of Web pages using a simple markup language. Wiki collaboration systems encourage student-centered learning environments, because they encourage students to be co-creators of course content. However, there are several problems with the traditional wiki paradigm for use in the classroom. This paper identifies these problems, and describes a system we implemented to solve them.
Adaptive array methods for mobile communication

This paper concerns the use of adaptive arrays in mobile communication for reducing co-channel interference and compensating desired signal fading, thereby increasing the channel capacity. Antenna arrays may be used at the base station and/or at the mobile unit. Methods for optimal combining of the antenna outputs are discussed. A simple technique for base station reception due to clustered scatterers around a mobile is proposed. A preliminary simulation study is presented. >
The effects of cholesterol oxidation products in sickle and normal red blood cell membranes.

Abstract The oxysterol content in normal and sickle red blood cell (RBC) membranes was assessed using thin-layer chromatography and capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Several more oxysterols were present in sickle RBCs compared to normal RBCs. Sickle RBC membranes had a higher concentration of 5α,6α-epoxycholesterol, 5α-cholestane-3β,5,6β-triol, 7-ketocholesterol and 19-hydroxycholesterol than normal RBC membranes. The increased oxysterols in sickle RBC may be an effect of the increased oxidative stress which occurs in sickle RBC membranes. Physical characteristics of normal and sickle RBC membrane ghosts with and without inserted oxysterols were examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The data are consistent with a greater sterol content in sickle cells compared to normal RBC membranes, and a possible oxysterol-cholesterol synergism.
Combining mutation operators in evolutionary programming

Traditional investigations with evolutionary programming for continuous parameter optimization problems have used a single mutation operator with a parametrized probability density function (PDF), typically a Gaussian. Using a variety of mutation operators that can be combined during evolution to generate PDFs of varying shapes could hold the potential for producing better solutions with less computational effort. In view of this, a linear combination of Gaussian and Cauchy mutations is proposed. Simulations indicate that both the adaptive and nonadaptive versions of this operator are capable of producing solutions that are statistically as good as, or better, than those produced when using Gaussian or Cauchy mutations alone.
System-based proteomic analysis of the interferon response in human liver cells

Background: Interferons (IFNs) play a critical role in the host antiviral defense and are an essential component of current therapies against hepatitis C virus (HCV), a major cause of liver disease worldwide. To examine liver-specific responses to IFN and begin to elucidate the mechanisms of IFN inhibition of virus replication, we performed a global quantitative proteomic analysis in a human hepatoma cell line (Huh7) in the presence and absence of IFN treatment using the isotope-coded affinity tag (ICAT) method and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Results: In three subcellular fractions from the Huh7 cells treated with IFN (400 IU/ml, 16 h) or mock-treated, we identified more than 1,364 proteins at a threshold that corresponds to less than 5% false-positive error rate. Among these, 54 were induced by IFN and 24 were repressed by more than two-fold, respectively. These IFN-regulated proteins represented multiple cellular functions including antiviral defense, immune response, cell metabolism, signal transduction, cell growth and cellular organization. To analyze this proteomics dataset, we utilized several systems-biology datamining tools, including Gene Ontology via the GoMiner program and the Cytoscape bioinformatics platform.
Effects of Stimulated Physical Activity on the Circadian Pacemaker of Vertebrates 1

A dogma in the field of circadian rhythms is that in order to keep accurate time, pacemakers that generate such rhythms must be relatively independent of changes in the external and internal environment. While it is true that the period of circadian oscillators is conserved within a narrow range, regardless of alterations in the external and internal environment, numerous perturbations have now been found that can change the period and/or induce a phase shift in circadian pacemakers. Many of these perturbations also alter the overall level of activity and/or metabolic state of the organism. In 1960, Aschoff suggested that alterations in the "level of excitement" may induce changes in circadian clocks. Although little attention has been given to this hypothesis over the past three decades, recent findings support its validity and open new avenues for studying the function and organization of circadian clock systems.
Formative Influences in the Lives of Environmental Educators in the United States

Summary The author obtained autobiographical statements and other data from 510 US members of the North American Association for Environmental Education. This report (1) presents findings regarding human and vicarious influences in their lives, and (2) presents excerpts from 34 of their statements, to illustrate the variety and richness of their narratives.
Ancient imperial heritage and Islamic universal historiography: al-Dīnawarī’s secular perspective.

This article examines the historical work of the ninth-century Muslim scholar Abū anīfa al-Dīnawarī. Adopting the format of universal history, al-Dīnawarī constructed a historical narrative beginning with the first human Adam, continuing through the rise of Islam and culminating in the Caliphate. This paper argues that al-Dīnawarī’s work, appropriately entitled Longer narratives, represented an attempt to configure Islamic polity into world history through a reorientation of Sasanian imperial ideology and geographical consciousness in order to fit Islamic sensibilities. As an early example of belles-lettres (adab) oriented (belletrist, adabī) universal historiography, al-Dīnawarī’s work comes across as a perceptive outlook on history, which proved relevant to dynasties of diverse origins struggling to carve a space for themselves in the Persianate political landscape of the late and post-‘Abbāsid world.
Histopathology of IPF and Related Disorders

Histopathologic classification schemes provide the underpinnings for separating idiopathic interstitial pneumonias into clinically meaningful groups. A number of multidisciplinary position papers and guidelines published over the last decade have cemented usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) as the defining feature of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Surgical lung biopsy is an important diagnostic tool in patients for whom imaging studies are inconclusive. Diagnosis of UIP on a surgical lung biopsy remains the single most important predictor of outcome at the time of diagnosis in patients with otherwise unexplained diffuse lung disease. Identifying patients with respiratory bronchiolitis interstitial lung disease (RBILD), desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP), and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) is more challenging and requires careful correlation of lung biopsy findings with other clinical and radiological data.
Finding balance between fire hazard reduction and erosion control in the Lake Tahoe Basin, California–Nevada

The 2007 Angora Fire served as a stark reminder of the need for fuel reduction treatments in the Lake Tahoe Basin, California–Nevada, USA. Concerns exist, however, that the corresponding removal of forest floor fuels could increase erosion rates, negatively affecting the clarity of Lake Tahoe. To quantify trade-offs between fuel reduction and erosion, we conducted field-based snowmelt runoff simulation experiments at 16 sites within the Lake Tahoe Basin that had received mechanical mastication or prescribed fire treatments. Erodibility was measured to determine if thresholds of litter, duff, and woody fuel cover could be established that are sufficient for trapping sediment and increasing infiltration, without contributing to fire hazard. Field snow-melt simulations revealed that as little as 25% of the ground surface covered with masticated fuels over duff was sufficient to mitigate erosion. The post-prescribed fire environment characterized by heterogeneous patches of exposed bare mineral soil interspersed with unburned patches mitigated erosion by increasing infiltration. Considerable increases in sediment yield were observed in plots with >35% of ground area burned; the highest total sediment yields (values) occurred in plots where between 66% and 100% of the soil surface burned. Our field results suggest that erosion and wildfire severity can be simultaneously mitigated through the use of masticated fuel reduction treatments or prescribed fire treatments that leave sufficient organic matter to trap sediment but have sufficiently low fuel loading and/or enough fuel discontinuity or patchiness to limit fire spread.
Placental transfer of ethanol.

Placental transfer of 10 per cent ethanol infused at a rate of 15 ml. per kilogram per 2 hours (0.125 ml. per kilogram per minute) was investigated in pregnant sheep. Fifty-four paired uterine arterial and umbilical vein blood alcohol levels from 15 sheep were analyzed. The lag in umbilical vein alcohol levels below maternal arterial is 15 to 30 mg. per cent. Umbilical artery versus umbilical vein and uterine vein versus maternal artery levels are also discussed.
Central Glaucomatous Damage of the Macula Can Be Overlooked by Conventional OCT Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness Analyses.

To assess the extent to which glaucomatous damage of the macula can be detected using the summary statistics of a commercial report based upon the circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cpRNFL) thickness obtained with frequency domain optical coherence tomography (fdOCT).One hundred forty-three eyes of 143 open-angle glaucoma patients and suspects (56.4 ± 13.8 years) had 10-2 visual fields (VFs) and fdOCT macular and disc cube scans. RNFL and retinal ganglion cell plus inner plexiform layer thickness and probability maps were generated and combined with 10-2 VF information in a single-page, custom report previously described. Three graders evaluated these reports and classified each eye as "abnormal macula" or "normal macula." Commercially available fdOCT reports for cpRNFL thickness were generated using the automatic segmentation algorithm and norms from the machine. The ability of the reports to detect macular damage was analyzed in three ways: temporal quadrant (TQ) < 5%; TQ < 5% or clock hour 7 < 1% (TQ + CH7); and clock hours 7 through 10 with two sectors < 5% or one sector < 1% (CH7-10).Sixty-one (43%) eyes were classified "abnormal macula" and 41 (29%) as "normal macula"; the 10-2 VFs and OCT probability maps did not agree in the remaining eyes. Of the 61 abnormal eyes, the TQ criterion missed 47 (77%); TQ + CH7 missed 24 (39%); and CH7-10 missed 22 (36%).Conventional cpRNFL analyses on commercial OCT reports can miss macular (central field) damage.To detect glaucomatous damage of the macula, additional tests, such as macular cube scans and/or 10-2 VFs, should be performed.
Analysis of WDM and OTDM 256-QAM for 1 Tb/s Transmission Link

We provide feasibility study of building a 1 Tb/s (16$\times$4.375 Gbaud) Pol-Mux 256-QAM, 10 km link using WDM and OTDM. WDM meets the SNR requirement, but OTDM does not and has to reduce tributary count.
Improving student education and patient care through an innovative introductory pharmacy practice experience.

![Figure][1] The standards of the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) for doctor of pharmacy programs require pharmacy curricula to provide students with introductory pharmacy practice experiences (IPPEs), which are defined as “practice experiences offered in various
25 Years of Reforms in Ex-Communist Countries: Fast and Extensive Reforms Led to Higher Growth and More Political Freedom

The transition from socialism to the market economy produced a divide between those who advocated rapid, or “big-bang” reforms, and those who advocated a gradual approach. More than 25 years have passed since the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, providing ample empirical data to test those approaches. Evidence shows that early and rapid reformers by far outperformed gradual reformers, both on economic measures such as GDP per capita and on social indicators such as the United Nations Human Development Index.
Red Grape Skin Polyphenols Blunt Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 and -9 Activity and Expression in Cell Models of Vascular Inflammation: Protective Role in Degenerative and Inflammatory Diseases

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are endopeptidases responsible for the hydrolysis of various components of extracellular matrix. MMPs, namely gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9, contribute to the progression of chronic and degenerative diseases. Since gelatinases’ activity and expression are regulated by oxidative stress, we sought to evaluate whether supplementation with polyphenol-rich red grape skin extracts modulated the matrix-degrading capacity in cell models of vascular inflammation. Human endothelial and monocytic cells were incubated with increasing concentrations (0.5–25 μg/mL) of Negroamaro and Primitivo red grape skin polyphenolic extracts (NSPE and PSPE, respectively) or their specific components (0.5–25 μmol/L), before stimulation with inflammatory challenge. NSPE and PSPE inhibited, in a concentration-dependent manner, endothelial invasion as well as the MMP-9 and MMP-2 release in stimulated endothelial cells, and MMP-9 production in inflamed monocytes, without affecting tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2. The matrix degrading inhibitory capacity was the same for both NSPE and PSPE, despite their different polyphenolic profiles. Among the main polyphenols of grape skin extracts, trans-resveratrol, trans-piceid, kaempferol and quercetin exhibited the most significant inhibitory effects on matrix-degrading enzyme activities. Our findings appreciate the grape skins as rich source of polyphenols able to prevent the dysregulation of vascular remodelling affecting degenerative and inflammatory diseases.
Urban caregiver empowerment: Caregiver nativity, child-asthma symptoms, and emergency-department use.

INTRODUCTION In this study, we examined the associations between caregiver empowerment, child-asthma symptoms, and emergency-department (ED) use in a sample of school-age urban children with asthma. We examined differences in caregiver empowerment, and in the associations among caregiver empowerment, proportion of days with child-asthma symptoms, and ED use as a function of caregiver nativity. METHOD Participants for this study were part of a larger longitudinal study and included Latino, African American and non-Latino White urban caregivers and their children with asthma (ages 7-9; N = 130). Caregiver empowerment was assessed within family, asthma services, and community domains. RESULTS Children whose caregivers reported greater empowerment within the family (i.e., possessing sufficient knowledge and ability to care for their families) presented with fewer asthma symptoms. Children whose caregivers reported greater empowerment within asthma services (i.e., the ability to collaborate with asthma providers and the health-care system), presented with more asthma symptoms. Foreign-born caregivers endorsed greater empowerment within the family, whereas U.S.-born caregivers reported greater empowerment within asthma services. For foreign-born caregivers, higher levels of empowerment in the family were associated with fewer child-asthma symptoms. For U.S.-born caregivers, higher levels of empowerment in asthma services were associated with more child-asthma symptoms. DISCUSSION Results suggest that caregivers who feel more confident and better able to manage problems within their families may better manage their children's asthma symptoms. Foreign-born caregivers may benefit from increased support to more effectively navigate the asthma health-care system and manage their children's asthma. (PsycINFO Database Record
US neutron plenitude

The news story "Neutron users think big" (April, p10) is misleading when it states that the Advanced Neutron Source (ANS) at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory "will be six times more powerful than the Institut Laue–Langevin ... but will only deliver two to three times more neutrons".
A direct conversion WiMAX RF transmitter in 0.18um CMOS technology

This paper describes a direct conversion transmitter for front-end Mobile WiMAX. The transmitter is implemented in 0.18µm CMOS technology and covers the frequency range 2.5–2.7 GHz. The components included in the system are Phase locked loop (PLL), phase frequency detector (PFD), Charge Pump (CP), TSPC based clock divider and Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO). On chip CMOS Class-AB Power Amplifier (PA) with adaptive biasing and highly linear active Mixer are also implemented. The transmitter employs fully differential architecture for VCO providing excellent rejection of substrate Noise. The PA has OIP3 in excess of 18 dBm providing EVM < 3% with 16 QAM modulation scheme and an excellent spectral mask adherence.
Monolayer Solid-State Electrolyte for Electric Double Layer Gating of Graphene Field-Effect Transistors.

The electrostatic gating of graphene field-effect transistors is demonstrated using a monolayer electrolyte. The electrolyte, cobalt crown ether phthalocyanine (CoCrPc) and LiClO4, is deposited as a monolayer on the graphene channel, essentially creating an additional two-dimensional layer on top of graphene. The crown ethers on the CoCrPc solvate lithium ions and the ion location is modulated by a backgate without requiring liquid solvent. Ions dope the channel by inducing image charges; the doping level (i.e., induced charge density) can be modulated by the backgate bias with the extent of the surface potential change being controlled by the magnitude and polarity of the backgate bias. With a crown ether to Li+ ratio of 5:1, programming tests for which the backgate is held at −VBG shift the Dirac point by ∼15 V, corresponding to a sheet carrier density on the order of 1012 cm–2. This charge carrier density agrees with the packing density of monolayer CoCrPc on graphene that would be expected with one Li...
Diagnostic and Treatment Dilemmas of the Aortic Arch

Endovascular approaches to the aortic arch are challenged by unique anatomy and physiology of this area. Simple application of conventional endovascular technology and technique for abdominal or descending thoracic aortic disease to the aortic arch is insufficient to achieve effective and durable repairs. Appreciation of these challenges has led to developments in endovascular technology as well as complex strategies to deal with individual patient anatomy that hold the potential for continued improved outcomes in both the short and the long term.
A Judge's Duty to Do Justice: Assuring the Accused's Right to the Effective Assistance of Counsel

Every judge has a duty to do justice, which is found not only the oath the judge takes, but also in the Code of Judicial Conduct. The American Bar Association (ABA) Criminal Justice Standards Regarding the Special Functions of the Trial Judge provides more specific guidance including the responsibility to safeguard the rights of the accused and the public’s interest in the fair administration of criminal justice. I contend that a trial judge needs to be committed to a duty to do justice by ensuring the accused’s right to effective assistance of counsel, especially in light of the excessive caseloads and inadequate resources for state public defenders and other publicly provided defense lawyers. Instead of continuing to pigeon-hole ineffective assistance of counsel claims as a post-trial inquiry, there are some circumstances when a trial judge’s duty to do justice requires an inquiry into whether defense counsel is providing effective assistance of counsel at the trial level. In this article, I begin by analyzing resistance to recognizing ineffective assistance of counsel at the trial level and in post-conviction proceedings. Next, I examine the crises in public defense and how case overloads and funding practices for public defense create disincentives to effective assistance of counsel. I then analyze how the rights of the accused differ when the accused has a publicly provided lawyer compared to privately retained counsel. In the next part of the article, I describe the situations that trigger a trial judge’s duty to conduct an effective assistance of counsel hearing, and I proceed to recommend both the type of hearing and the standard the judge should apply in evaluating counsel’s effectiveness. I conclude by arguing that to do justice a trial judge must ensure the accused’s right to the effective assistance of counsel.
Label-free fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy detects radiation-induced necrotic changes in live brain in real-time

Current clinical imaging modalities do not reliably identify brain tissue regions with necrosis following radiotherapy. This creates challenges for stereotaxic biopsies and surgical-decision making. Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (TRFS) provides a means to rapidly identify necrotic tissue by its distinct autofluorescence signature resulting from tissue breakdown and altered metabolic profiles in regions with radiation damage. Studies conducted in a live animal model of radiation necrosis demonstrated that necrotic tissue is characterized by respective increases of 27% and 108% in average lifetime and redox ratio, when compared with healthy tissue. Moreover, radiation-damaged tissue not visible by MRI but confirmed by histopathology, was detected by TRFS. Current results demonstrate the ability of TRFS to identify radiation-damaged brain tissue in real-time and indicates its potential to assist with surgical guidance and MRI-guided biopsy procedures.
Trauma addominale chiuso

L’approccio ai traumi addominali chiusi e considerevolmente differente rispetto a quello adottato nei traumi penetranti, per diversi motivi: — La frequente coesistenza di un trauma cranico rende l’esame clinico poco attendibile se non addirittura impossibile. — Anche se il paziente e cosciente, la presenza di lesioni multiple in altri distretti anatomici complica l’esame clinico dell’addome. Fratture pelviche o costali vicine possono causare dolore e dolorabilita rispettivamente nei quadranti addominali inferiori e superiori. La presenza di gravi fratture alle estremita, associate a lesione dei tessuti molli, possono far si che il paziente non si renda conto del dolore o della dolorabilita addominale. — L’instabilita emodinamica puo indicare un sanguinamento per una frattura del femore, una emorragia nel retro-peritoneo pelvico per una grave frattura del bacino, un emotorace, uno pneumotorace iperteso, uno shock neurogeno o, in rari casi, un danno cardiaco chiuso.
Abstract A62: Canine pedigree analysis as a model of hereditary breast cancer

Genetic homology with humans and breeding practices that limit intrabreed heterogeneity make canines a useful genetic model for identifying heritable disease markers that have parallels in humans. Ultimately, the homogeneity of individual canine breeds is advantageous in identifying the modes of inheritance for human disorders that have resisted investigative efforts for decades. Particularly few genetic research studies have focused on identifying inherited risk factors for canine mammary tumor (CMT), and as such there has been little exploration of the potential overlaps between the ~65% of human hereditary breast cancer cases that are currently genetically unsolved. DNA samples from 85 CMT-affected canines were extracted from blood/buccal swabs for whole-genome sequencing. These included 32 different canine breeds from six of the seven American Kennel Club (AKC) recognized breed groups; the most represented breeds were Golden Retrievers (n=20), Siberian Huskies (n=8), and Standard Schnauzers (n=7). The cohort also included 3 male CMT cases, which is a hallmark of hereditary CMT and comparable to hereditary breast cancer incidence in human males. Furthermore, pedigree analyses identified dogs within the CMT cohort who stem from a breed-specific common ancestor, and this indicates increased genetic homogeneity within a breed. Currently, these dogs exist in twelve different canine pedigrees corresponding to twelve different breeds and representing 72% of the CMT cohort. The most impressively linked pedigrees contain 20/20 Golden Retrievers, 7/8 Siberian Huskies, 7/7 Standard Schnauzers, 5/5 Welsh Springer Spaniels, 4/4 Newfoundlands, 4/4 Golden Setters, 3/3 Dalmatians, and 3/3 Doberman Pinschers. These CMT pedigrees highlight the characteristics of hereditary disease and demonstrate potential to identify mutations that are specific to a breed or kennel. Through pedigree analysis, fourteen samples were selected for genome sequencing, and they represented Golden Retrievers, Siberian Huskies, Standard Schnauzers, and Dalmatians. Following genome sequencing, orthologs of human genes are being investigated for comparison to human hereditary breast cancer sequencing data that were generated in our laboratory. This comparative genomics aspect may lead to the discovery of novel genes that influence breast cancer risk. Citation Format: Anna L.W. Huskey, Carlos Lloveras-Fuentes, Katie Goebel, Nancy D. Merner. Canine pedigree analysis as a model of hereditary breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Advances in Breast Cancer Research; 2017 Oct 7-10; Hollywood, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2018;16(8_Suppl):Abstract nr A62.
Force Steadiness During a Cognitively Challenging Motor Task Is Predicted by Executive Function in Older Adults

Motor performance and cognitive function both decline with aging. Older adults for example are usually less steady for a constant-force task than young adults when performing low-intensity contractions with limb muscles. Healthy older adults can also show varying degrees of cognitive decline, particularly in executive function skills. It is not known, however, whether age-related changes in steadiness of low-force tasks and cognitive function are independent of one another. In this study, we determined if executive function skills in aging are associated with the steadiness during a low-force muscle contraction performed with and without the imposition of a cognitive challenge. We recruited 60 older adults (60-85 years old, 34 women, 26 men) and 48 young adults (19-30 years old, 24 women, 24 men) to perform elbow flexor muscle contractions at 5% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force in the presence and absence of a difficult mental-math task (counting backward by 13 from a four-digit number). Force steadiness was quantified as the coefficient of variation (CV) of force and executive function was estimated with the Trail-making Test part A and B. The cognitive challenge increased the CV of force (i.e., decreased force steadiness) with greater changes in older adults than young adults (5.2 vs. 1.3%, respectively, cognitive challenge × age: P 0.05). Thus, healthy community-dwelling older adults, who have poorer executive function skills, exhibit reduced force steadiness during tasks when also required to perform a high cognitive demand task, and are likely at risk of reduced capacity to perform daily activities that involve cognitively challenging motor tasks.
Creation and implementation of a lean improvement process (6S) designed to improve pharmacy work space organization and standardization

Northwestern Memorial Hospital (NMH) is an 894-bed academic medical center hospital in Chicago that is the primary teaching affiliate for the Feinberg School of Medicine and has nearly 1,900 affiliated physicians representing virtually every medical specialty. The central pharmacy at NMH underwent a 6S initiative in order to improve the workplace. 6S is a lean improvement process designed to improve work space organization and standardization. A Project 6S team was assembled to coordinate implementation and maximize efficiency throughout the project. The following discusses the steps followed and projects completed in order to apply the 6S methodology at Northwestern Memorial Hospital. 6S is a lean improvement process designed to improve work space organization and standardization. A lean process is a system for continuous advancement and was originally a management philosophy developed by the Toyota Production System. 5S organization method that is derived from five Japanese words that describe how to organize a workplace for efficiency and effectiveness. The 5S’s are sort, straighten, scrub, standardize, and sustain. 6S is a modification of the 5S’s, but adds safety as the sixth S. Overall, 6S is a process for creating and maintaining an organized, clean, high performance workplace. It promotes activities of continuous improvement in an organization .
Effects of Straw Phonation and Neutral Vowel Protocols on the Choral Sound of Two Matched Women’s Choirs:

Many choral teacher-conductors and voice professionals utilize semioccluded vocal tract (SOVT) exercises (e.g., lip trills, straw phonation) in their classrooms or studios. Research with individual...
The relationship between catastrophizing and altered pain sensitivity in patients with chronic low-back pain

Changes in central pain processing have been shown in patients with chronic low-back pain (cLBP). We used quantitative sensory testing methods to identify differences in pain sensitization between patients with cLBP (N = 167) and healthy controls (N = 33). Results indicated that, compared with healthy pain-free controls, cLBP patients showed increased sensitivity and greater painful aftersensations for mechanical pressure and pin-prick stimuli and lower tactile spatial acuity in the 2-point discrimination task (ps < 0.05). Then, we examined the role of pain catastrophizing as a mediator of the group differences in pain sensitization. We found that catastrophizing partially accounted for group differences in pressure required to produce moderate pain. Finally, we examined the relationship between pain sensitization, catastrophizing, and clinical pain among patients with cLBP. We found that catastrophizing and deep-tissue pressure pain were associated with greater pain intensity in the past month, week, and at the visit as well as low-back pain bothersomeness. Furthermore, deep-tissue pressure pain mediated the associations between catastrophizing and both pain in the past month and low-back pain severity. Taken together, these results indicate that not only do patients with cLBP demonstrate increased pain sensitization and decreased sensitivity to innocuous stimuli, but these changes are also linked with increased catastrophizing. Furthermore, both catastrophizing and sensitization are associated with increased clinical pain among cLBP patients.
Signs of trouble: Semiotics, streetscapes, and the Republican struggle in the North of Ireland:

Just as the political divisions in the North of Ireland are subject to ongoing critique, so too is its culture that maintains what scholars recognize as contested heritage. Ethno-political symbols,...
Spatial-temporal Multi-Task Learning for Within-field Cotton Yield Prediction

Understanding and accurately predicting within-field spatial variability of crop yield play a key role in site-specific management of crop inputs such as irrigation water and fertilizer for optimized crop production. However, such a task is challenged by the complex interaction between crop growth and environmental and managerial factors, such as climate, soil conditions, tillage, and irrigation. In this paper, we present a novel Spatial-temporal Multi-Task Learning algorithm for within-field crop yield prediction in west Texas from 2001 to 2003. This algorithm integrates multiple heterogeneous data sources to learn different features simultaneously, and to aggregate spatial-temporal features by introducing a weighted regularizer to the loss functions. Our comprehensive experimental results consistently outperform the results of other conventional methods, and suggest a promising approach, which improves the landscape of crop prediction research fields.
Cortical and Subcortical Contributions to Predicting Intelligence Using 3D ConvNets.

We present a novel framework using 3D convolutional neural networks to predict residualized fluid intelligence scores in the MICCAI 2019 Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Neurocognitive Prediction Challenge datasets. Using gray matter segmentations from T1-weighted MRI volumes as inputs, our framework identified several cortical and subcortical brain regions where the predicted errors were lower than random guessing in the validation set (mean squared error = 71.5252), and our final outcomes (mean squared error = 70.5787 in the validation set, 92.7407 in the test set) were comprised of the median scores predicted from these regions.
Event participation and advocacy: assessing the role of affective commitment and perceived benefits.

The authors attempted to explain why the generally accepted models built on social exchange theory do not sufficiently capture these supporting behaviors. The authors used two types of perceived be...
Therapeutic targeting of the secreted lysophospholipase D autotaxin suppresses tuberous sclerosis complex-associated tumorigenesis

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by multiorgan hamartomas, including renal angiomyolipomas and pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM). TSC2 deficiency leads to hyperactivation of mTOR Complex 1 (mTORC1), a master regulator of cell growth and metabolism. Phospholipid metabolism is dysregulated upon TSC2 loss, causing enhanced production of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) species by TSC2-deficient tumor cells. LPC is the major substrate of the secreted lysophospholipase D autotaxin (ATX), which generates two bioactive lipids, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). We report here that ATX expression is upregulated in human renal angiomyolipoma-derived TSC2-deficient cells compared with TSC2 add-back cells. Inhibition of ATX via the clinically developed compound GLPG1690 suppressed TSC2-loss associated oncogenicity in vitro and in vivo and induced apoptosis in TSC2-deficient cells. GLPG1690 suppressed AKT and ERK1/2 signaling and profoundly impacted the transcriptome of these cells while inducing minor gene expression changes in TSC2 add-back cells. RNA-sequencing studies revealed transcriptomic signatures of LPA and S1P, suggesting an LPA/S1P-mediated reprogramming of the TSC lipidome. In addition, supplementation of LPA or S1P rescued proliferation and viability, neutral lipid content, and AKT or ERK1/2 signaling in human TSC2-deficient cells treated with GLPG1690. Importantly, TSC-associated renal angiomyolipomas have higher expression of LPA receptor 1 and S1P receptor 3 compared with normal kidney. These studies increase our understanding of TSC2-deficient cell metabolism, leading to novel potential therapeutic opportunities for TSC and LAM. SIGNIFICANCE: This study identifies activation of the ATX-LPA/S1P pathway as a novel mode of metabolic dysregulation upon TSC2 loss, highlighting critical roles for ATX in TSC2-deficient cell fitness and in TSC tumorigenesis.
Cross-sectional analysis on drug resistance profile of acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients receiving a long-term antiretroviral treatment in Henan

Objective To elucidate the condition of drug resistance among acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients with a long-term antiretroviral treatment in Henan province,provide some useful data for such patients to continue effective treatment.Method Patients beginning first-line antiretroviral treatment before and after 2004 were selected in two counties of Henan.CD4+ T cells,virus load and genotypic resistance(In-house) were tested.Results A total of 164 patients were selected in two counties,with a median (interquartile range,IQR) CD4+T cells 398.00 (242.00-489.50 )cells/μl,32.32％ of the patients had a virus load lower than the lowest detected level.Ninety-five patients had a virus load more than 1000 copies/ml,77 of them completed the drug resistance test,drug resistance mutations occurred in 68.83％,the NNRTIs and NRTIs mutations were found in 64.94％ and 55.84％ of them,respectively,no PIs mutations were detected. K103N/S (44.16％) was the most frequent NNRTIs mutations that have occurred,followed by G190A/S (19.48％) and Y181C/V (14.29％ ).Thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs) was the most common NRTIs mutations that have occurred,≥1TAM accounted for 46.75％,TAM-1/TAM-2 accounted for 24.68％.M184V/I was also the NRTIs mutations.Among the 77 patients,the proportion of patients who had resistance to the NRTIs:ddI,3TC,AZT,D4T and TDF was 50.65％,33.77％,48.05％,50.65％ and 46.75％ respectively,the proportion of patients who had resistance to the NNRTIs:EFV,NVP and DLV was 64.94％,64.94％ and 62.34％,respectively.Conclusion The situation of drug resistance among AIDS patients treated with a long-term antiretroviral treatment in Henan province was serious,more attention and timely treatment adjustment are needed to such patients with AIDS. Key words: Acguired immunodeficiency syndrome; Drug resistence; Antiviral agents; Crosssectional studies