cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective sampling of empirical settings in organizational studies

Most studies in organization theory are retrospective and rely on historical data. Because more data are available about widely diffused practices or about large populations, studies typically focus on these. Using simulation, we demonstrate that such selective sampling of empirical settings has important implications for two major research programs in organization theory. Diffusion researchers typically study practices that have diffused widely. We show that this implies that they will underestimate contagion effects. Researchers in organizational ecology often study populations that have become large. We show that such selective sampling of populations can generate spurious non-monotonic density dependence. We discuss the implications of such selective sampling of empirical settings and suggest ways to correct for the bias.
Automatic process generation: the surround problem

Automatic process generation (APG) is presented as part of a parametric approach to engineering design and manufacture. A prototype system consisting of a parametric geometric part-design system, a robust automated solid modeler, and an APG system has been built. Together these components enable an engineer to design a part parametrically, and to specify a minimal set of process parameters; the part is manufactured automatically on a five axis NC machine. This approach can shorten lead times, lower development costs, and allow time for more design iterations. The parametric approach to design and manufacture depends on the robust and fully automated nature of both the solid modeler and the APG system. Several analytical geometry problems that arise in APG can be expressed in terms of the surround algorithm problem, which is presented together with a solution. >
CHARACTERISTICS OF SIX PATTY FORMULAS CONTAINING DIFFERENT AMOUNTS OF MECHANICALLY DEBONED BROILER MEAT AND HAND DEBONED FOWL MEAT

Six patty formulas containing mechanically deboned broiler meat (MDBM), hand deboned fowl meat (HDFM) and structured protein fiber (SPF) from soy were evaluated for proximate composition, rancidity, color, force to shear, and sensory profiling by Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA). As level of MDBM decreased, moisture and protein contents, L values (lightness) and shear values increased correspondingly; fat content, aL values (redness) and TBA values decreased; and products were perceived as being lighter, more chewy and elastic, and less juicy. Interchangeable ratios of 40:60/60:40 MDBM and HDFM can be incorporated with SPF to yield products of good quality.
Stabilizing PID controllers for a single-link biomechanical model with position, velocity, and force feedback.

In this paper we address the problem of PID stabilization of a single-link inverted pendulum-based biomechanical model with force feedback, two levels of position and velocity feedback, and with delays in all the feedback loops. The novelty of the proposed model lies in its physiological relevance, whereby both small and medium latency sensory feedbacks from muscle spindle (MS), and force feedback from Golgi tendon organ (GTO) are included in the formulation. The biomechanical model also includes active and passive viscoelastic feedback from Hill-type muscle model and a second-order low-pass function for muscle activation. The central nervous system (CNS) regulation of postural movement is represented by a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller. Pade approximation of delay terms is employed to arrive at an overall rational transfer function of the biomechanical model. The Hermite-Biehler theorem is then used to derive stability results, leading to the existence of stabilizing PID controllers. An algorithm for selection of stabilizing feedback gains is developed using the linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach.
Evaluating Leadership Training in Decision-making Groups from a Function-based Leadership Perspective

The purpose of the research reported here is to determine whether or not a function-based perspective on leadership is a viable training approach for changing the way individuals think about and enact leadership activities. Two studies were conducted using 192 students enrolled in two leadership classes. Using a pretest-posttest study design, with a cohort group, we asked four questions: (a) after a ten week class, will the level of importance assigned to critical leadership functions increase and will the subjects feel greater confidence in their abilities to accomplish those functions?; (b) after taking the class, will subjects focus more on group leadership and specific functional acts when analyzing leadership by others?; (c) when meeting in their own groups, will the overall number of functional leadership contributions by the subjects increase; and, (d) will the use of leadership behaviors by the assigned leaders and the rest of the group converge? Overall, we found that the subjects' confidence in ...
W-band finite ground coplanar monolithic multipliers

This paper describes the design, fabrication, and experimental evaluation of W-band planar monolithic varactor frequency multipliers based on finite ground coplanar (FGC) lines. These lines are a low-loss low-dispersion alternative of a planar transmission line to more conventional microstrip of coplanar waveguide lines at millimeter-wave frequencies. The near transverse-electromagnetic nature of propagation of the FGC lines simplifies circuit design and layout. Two-diode W-band varactor multipliers with input Q's of two and three and FGC input and output have been realized. The multiplier with input Q=2 has an output power of 72 mW, an efficiency of 16.3% near 80 GHz, and a -3-dB bandwidth greater than 10 GHz, while the multiplier with Q=3 has an efficiency of 21.5% near 70 GHz and a 6-GHz bandwidth. This paper briefly describes the characteristics of the FGC lines, the design of the multipliers and their radiofrequency performance.
A method of iterative data refinement and its applications

Iterative data refinement (IDR) is a general procedure for producing a sequence of estimates of the data that would be collected by a measuring device which is idealized to a certain extent, starting from the data that are collected by an actual measuring device. Following a discussion of the fundamentals of IDR, we present a number of previously published procedures which are special cases of it. We concentrate on examples from medical imaging. In particular, we discuss beam hardening correction in x-ray computerized tomography, attenuation correction in emission computerized tomography, and compensation for missing data in reconstruction from projections. We also show that a standard method of numerical mathematics (the parallel chord method) as well as a whole family of constrained iterative restoration algorithms are special cases of IDR. Thus IDR provides a common framework within which a number of originally different looking procedures are presented and discussed. We also present a result of theoretical nature concerning the initial behavior of IDR.
Low-dose acetazolamide reverses periventricular white matter hyperintensities in iNPH

Objective: To assess the effects of low-dose acetazolamide treatment on volumetric MRI markers and clinical outcome in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). Methods: We analyzed MRI and gait measures from 8 patients with iNPH with serial MRIs from an institutional review board–approved imaging protocol who had been treated off-label with low-dose acetazolamide (125–375 mg/day). MRI studies included fluid-attenuated inversion recovery and 3D T1-weighted high-resolution imaging. Automated analyses were employed to quantify each patient9s ventricular, global white matter hyperintensities (WMH), and periventricular WMH (PVH) volumes prior to and throughout treatment. Clinical outcome was based on gait changes assessed quantitatively using the Boon scale. Results: Five of 8 patients responded positively to treatment, with median gait improvement of 4 points on the Boon scale. A significant decrease in PVH volume (−6.1 ± 1.9 mL, p = 0.002) was seen in these patients following treatment. One patient9s gait was unchanged and 2 patients demonstrated worsened gait and were referred for shunt surgery. No reduction in PVH volume was detected in the latter 2 patients. Nonperiventricular WMH and lateral ventricle volumes remained largely unchanged in all patients. Conclusions: These preliminary findings provide new evidence that low-dose acetazolamide can reduce PVH and may improve gait in iNPH. PVH volume, reflecting transependymal CSF, is shown to be a potential MRI indicator of pharmacologic intervention effectiveness. Further studies of pharmacologic treatment of iNPH are needed and may be enhanced by incorporating quantitative MRI outcomes. Classification of evidence: This study provides Class IV evidence that low-dose acetazolamide reverses PVH volume and, in some cases, improves gait in iNPH.
Association Between Television, Movie, and Video Game Exposure and School Performance

BACKGROUND. The relationship between media exposure and school performance has not been studied extensively in adolescents. OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to test the relative effects of television, movie, and video game screen time and content on adolescent school performance. METHODS. We conducted a population-based cross-sectional survey of middle school students (grades 5– 8) in the Northeastern United States. We looked at weekday television and video game screen time, weekend television and video game screen time, cable movie channel availability, parental R-rated movie restriction, and television content restriction. The main outcome was self-report of school performance (excellent, good, average, or below average). We used ordinal logisticregression analysis to test the independent effects of each variable, adjusting for demographics, child personality, and parenting style. RESULTS. There were 4508 students who participated in the study; gender was equally represented, and 95% were white. In multivariate analyses, after adjusting for other covariates, the odds of poorer school performance increased with increasing weekday television screen time and cable movie channel availability and decreased with parental restriction of television content restriction. As compared with children whose parents never allowed them to watch R-rated movies, children who watched R-rated movies once in a while, sometimes, or all of the time had significantly increased cumulative odds of poorer school performance. Weekend screen time and video game use were not associated with school performance. CONCLUSIONS. We found that both content exposure and screen time had independent detrimental associations with school performance. These findings support parental enforcement of American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines for media time (particularly weekdays) and content limits to enhance school success.
Economic consequences for UK farmers of growing GM herbicide tolerant sugar beet

Summary Weed control is important and one of the more expensive inputs to sugar beet production. The introduction of genetically modified herbicide tolerant (GMHT) sugar beet would result in a major saving in weed control costs in the crop for growers, including control of problem weeds such as perennial weeds and weed beet. However, there would be other economic consequences of growing GMHT beet, some of which would manifest themselves in other parts of the rotation, such as the previous crop, the cereal stubbles that proceed most beet crops, soil tillage and spray application. The average national saving for UK sugar beet growers if they could use the technology would be in excess of £150 ha -1 yr -1 or £23 million yr -1 , which includes reductions in agrochemical use of c. £80 ha -1 yr -1 or £12 million yr -1 . However, for some growers, the gains would be much larger and for a few, less than these figures. The possible cost savings are sufficiently large that they could ensure that sugar beet production, with its regionally important environmental benefits as a spring crop, remains economically viable in the UK post reform of the EU sugar regime.
Targeting Folate Receptors to Treat Invasive Urinary Bladder Cancer

Folate receptors (FR) may be of use for targeted delivery of cytotoxic drugs in invasive urothelial carcinoma (iUC), for which improved therapy is needed. FR expression and function in iUC were explored and the antitumor activity and toxicity of a folate-targeted vinblastine conjugate were evaluated in dogs with naturally occurring iUC, an excellent model for human iUC. FR immunohistochemistry was carried out on iUC and normal human and dog bladder tissues together with nuclear scintigraphy in dogs to monitor iUC folate uptake. Dose escalation of a folate-targeted vinblastine compound, EC0905, was conducted in dogs with biopsy-confirmed, FR-positive iUC. FRs were detected by immunohistochemistry (PU17) in most primary iUC and many nodal and lung metastases from dogs, and scintigraphy confirmed folate uptake in both primary and metastatic lesions. The maximum tolerated dose of EC0905 in dogs was 0.25 mg/kg IV weekly, with neutropenia at higher doses. Tumor responses included partial remission (≥50% reduction in tumor volume) in five dogs and stable disease (
What Is the Km of Disappearase

There are many reasons why the bioremediation of hazardous wastes holds great promise. (1) It is a technology that has already been demonstrated for easier targets, such as gasoline and simple pesticides. (2) Researchers have discovered many microorganisms in the last few years that are capable of degrading what were previously thought to be highly recalcitrant molecules. A good example of this is trichloroethylene (TCE), which only ten years ago was thought not to be biodegradable. In the intervening years, both anaerobic and aerobic biotransformations have been demonstrated encompassing a wide variety of biochemistries. These include aerobic microorganisms which degrade toluene, phenol, methane, ammonia and propane. Likewise, many groups have isolated and characterized polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-degrading microorganisms representing many microbial genera. (3) We now have available the tools of genetic engineering to manipulate the genetic material that encodes degradative enzymes and pathways and thereby create vastly superior microorganisms. Of course, there are regulatory and public concerns about the use and release of these microorganisms, but these will in time be resolved. (4) Where bioremediation is applicable, it is one of the most cost-effective approaches available. (5) Bioremediation of hazardous chemicals is a natural process essentially identical to the breakdown conversions that nature catalyzes continuously to recycle our planet’s carbon.
The interfaces of public and private adaptation: Lessons from flooding in the Deerfield River Watershed

Abstract Successful adaptation to climate risks will depend on the outcomes of many coordinated and uncoordinated actions. Key will be ensuring public and private adaptations undertaken at a variety of scales do not undermine one another. To improve understandings of how adaptive responses accumulate, we investigate interactions between public and private efforts to mitigate flood hazards in the Deerfield River Watershed, located in Western Massachusetts, USA. Through interviews, we uncover the manner in which private adaptations, undertaken by landowners seeking to protect their land from flood impacts, are both determined in response to and have an effect on public adaptations seeking to address flood impacts across the watershed. Landowners respond to public adaptations based on their perceptions of the appropriateness of adaptive pathways including how they view the effectiveness of adaptive action and how the actions fit with the social contract. As a result, the interface between public and private adaptations takes various forms: commutable, attenuating, synergistic, or countervailing. Our findings underscore how, in areas with high geo-physical connectivity and where responsibility is dispersed across private and public entities, anticipating and responding to multiple interfaces between public and private adaptations is needed for public adaptations to achieve the best cumulative outcomes.
Spatial Filtering and Fourier Frequency Methods

This chapter contains sections titled: Various Types of Noise that Appear in Images Spatial Filtering Spatial Frequency Filtering Image Restoration
Computational and Experimental Studies of a Prokaryotic Glutamate Receptor

The prokaryotic GluR0, from Synechocystis PCC 6803, is a likely evolutionary precursor to eukaryotic ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs), which are key mediators of neuronal communication. In order to compare conformational propensities in the ligand-binding domains (LBDs) of GluR0 with iGluRs, we have computed conformational free energy landscapes for GluR0 in both apo and ligand-bound states using molecular dynamics umbrella sampling simulations. Compared with previously computed iGluR landscapes, GluR0 is notably more flexible. It also samples both open and closed conformations in its apo state, suggesting a conformational selection mechanism for ligand binding. Principal component analysis reveals a reordering of principal components upon ligand binding for GluR0, a phenomenon that has not been previously observed in iGluRs. To asses the ability of our simulations to predict the conformational ensemble of GluR0 in solution, we present a comparison between experimental small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) curves and theoretical curves derived from our computed free energy landscapes.
Change in Electrophoresis Patterns of Liquid Egg White Due to Heat

Abstract Heating normal egg white (pH 9.0) 3.5 min. at 57° C. altered electrophoretic patterns. Lysozyme, component 18, globulins, and ovomucoid were less intense. After being heated to 59° C., component 18 was nearly absent from electrophoretic patterns. Heating egg white, after stabilizing it with lactic acid and aluminum sulfate (pH 7.0), for 3.5 min. at 60° C. did not severely alter the major protein components. Component 18, however, was eliminated by the commercial 60° C. treatment
Growth and Characterization of Lpe GaAs on GaAs-Coated Si Prepared By Mbe

GaAs has been successfully grown by LPE on partly covered (windowed) GaAs-on-Si substrates prepared by MBE. Almost dislocation-free layers were obtained in narrow stripe windows. The grown layers were characterized by photoluminescence and Hall effect measurement. The photoluminescence polarization indicated that a uniaxial tensile stress along the stripe direction is applied in the mesa stripe LPE layer while it is biaxial in the wide GaAs layer on Si. The stress relaxation in the direction perpendicular to the stripe is discussed.
An Under-Recognized Influenza Epidemic Identified by Rapid Influenza Testing, Southern Sri Lanka, 2013

Influenza accounts for a large burden of acute respiratory tract infections in high-income countries; data from lower-income settings are limited due to lack of confirmatory testing. Consecutive outpatients presenting to the largest tertiary care hospital in southern Sri Lanka were surveyed for influenza-like illness (ILI), defined as acute onset of fever ≥ 38.0°C and cough. Patients were administered a questionnaire and nasal/nasopharyngeal sampling for rapid influenza A/B testing. We enrolled 311 patients with ILI from March to November 2013: 170 (54.7%) children and 172 (55.3%) males. Approximately half (147, 47.3%) tested positive for influenza, but 253 (81.4%) were prescribed antibiotics. On bivariable analysis, symptoms associated with influenza included pain with breathing (P < 0.001), headache (P = 0.005), fatigue (P = 0.003), arthralgias (P = 0.003), and myalgias (P = 0.006) in children and pain with breathing (P = 0.01), vomiting (P = 0.03), and arthralgias (P = 0.03) in adults. Our final clinical predictive models had low sensitivity and fair specificity-50.0% (95% CI: 38.6-61.4%) and 83.2% (95% CI: 73.4-90.0%), respectively, in children and 52.2% (95% CI: 39.9-64.2%) and 81.4% (95% CI: 70.0-89.4%), respectively, in adults. Our study confirms the ability of rapid influenza testing to identify an influenza epidemic in a setting in which testing is not routinely available.
A Decomposition Approach for Evaluating Relative Weights Derived from Comparisons

As it was described in the previous chapters, pairwise comparisons play an important role in MCDM problems. They often provide an effective and efficient manner for eliciting qualitative information from the decision maker(s). However, a severe drawback of their application is the often large number of them. If there are n objects (also called entities, elements, or concepts) to be analyzed, then a complete set of pairwise comparisons is of size n(n−1)/2. This chapter describes an approach for reducing this number without severely affecting the benefits of having redundancy in the data elicitation process.
Emerging solutions for time protocol security

Security has historically not been a top consideration for the developers of time synchronization protocols. However, in recent years rising awareness of the overall importance of security in general along with increasing examples of targeted vulnerability analysis and incidents exploiting the underlying weaknesses of existing solutions has increased the demand for standards based security mechanisms for network time synchronization protocols. This paper provides an overview of the general approach and discusses some key components being standardized as part of both the IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol (PTP) and the IETF Network Time Security (NTS) efforts. It also discusses the underlying motivation and requirements driving these efforts and identifies some next steps and possible avenues of further investigation.
Recurrent cigarette smoke exposure impairs SIRT1 shuttling in bronchial epithelial cells

Introduction and background. The protein deacetylase SIRT1 is an anti-ageing molecule that is down-regulated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). SIRT1 maintains genomic stability and regulates antioxidant genes, and its function is known to be controlled by SIRT1 shuttling between nuclei and cytoplasmic fraction. Aims and objectives. We investigated the molecular dynamics of SIRT1 after exposure of airway epithelial cells to cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Methods and results. In primary bronchial epithelial cells (monolayer and air-liquid interface) and BEAS-2B cell line, SIRT1 was located predominantly in cytoplasmic fraction, but a single dose of CSE induced dynamic SIRT1 shuttling from cytoplasm to the nucleus, mainly through the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-α (PI3Kα). Such SIRT1 nuclear shuttling strongly induced the antioxidant superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD2) mRNA, thus protecting against oxidative stress. However, when BEAS-2B cells were primed with the repeated CSE exposure, CSE-inducedSIRT1 shuttling and resultant SOD2 mRNA induction were significantly impaired, which was mimicked by treatment with a SIRT1 inhibitor sirtinol. Conclusions. Our results suggest that recurrent cigarette smoke exposure potentially impairs SIRT1 shuttling in bronchial epithelial cells, resulting in reduced protection against exogenous oxidative stress.
Cadaveric Study of Insertional Anatomy of Distal Biceps Tendon and its Relationship to the Dynamic Proximal Radioulnar Space

Purpose To quantify and assess the relationship between the insertional dimensions of the distal biceps tendon (DBT) and radioulnar space (RUS) in 3 rotational positions. We hypothesized that in all positions RUS would be adequate for the DBT and would remain adequate even after an incremental increase (1 to 3 mm) in tendon thickness. Methods Eleven fresh-frozen cadaveric elbows were dissected; DBT dimensions and bicipital tuberosity measurements were performed and insertional footprints were quantified using a distal biceps footprint index. The RUS was measured at 3 levels of the bicipital tuberosity and in 3 positions of forearm rotation. We performed statistical analysis to analyze differences in RUS (positional and inter-level). In addition, significant differences between DBT thickness (native and incremental) and RUS were analyzed to identify potential sites of radioulnar impingement. Results The DBT had a mean length of 92 mm; thickness ranged from 2.9 to 6.1 mm. Three variations in DBT insertional footprint were observed and quantified. The RUS linear distance reduced significantly from a supinated to a pronated position at each of 3 bicipital tuberosity levels; the reduction was statistically significant at the lower tuberosity level (45%). Pronation RUS distance was adequate for native DBT thickness and was significantly less when DBT thickness increased by 2 and 3 mm. Conclusions Radioulnar space reduces significantly from the supinated to the pronated position and is most evident in the lower aspect of the tuberosity. In addition, the RUS in pronation is inadequate for incremental increases in DBT thickness. Clinical relevance Postoperative DBT impingement in the RUS may be prevented by avoiding techniques that increase the thickness of the tendon and by using a reattachment site at the proximal aspect of the tuberosity.
Comparative evaluation of automated scoring of syntactic competence of non-native speakers

Abstract Syntactic competence, especially the ability to use a wide range of sophisticated grammatical expressions, represents an important aspect of communicative acumen. This paper explores the question of how to best evaluate the syntactic competence of non-native speakers in an automated way. Using spoken responses of test takers participating in an English practice assessment, three classes of grammatical features – features based on n-grams of part-of-speech tags (POS), features based on various clause types, and features based on various phrases – are compared in an end-to-end assessment system. Feature correlations with human proficiency scores show that POS features and phrase features exhibit the highest correlations with human scores. Including these three classes of grammar features in a baseline scoring model that measures various aspects of spoken proficiency excluding aspects of grammar, we find substantial increases in agreement between machine and human scores. Finally, we discuss the broader implications of our results on the design of automatic scoring systems for spoken language.
An Examination of the Likelihood of Home Discharge After General Hospitalizations Among Medicaid Recipients

Ability to predict discharge destination would be a useful way of optimizing posthospital care. We conducted a cross-sectional, multiple state study of inpatient services to assess the likelihood o...
Introduction to Structural Engineering

A structure is an assemblage of components which are connected in such a way that the structure can withstand the action of loads that are applied to it. These loads may be due to gravity, wind, ground shaking, impact, temperature, or other environmental sources. Examples of structures employed in civil infrastructure are buildings, bridges, dams, tunnels, storage tanks, and transmission line towers. Non-civil applications include aerospace structures such as airplane fuselages, missiles; naval structures such as ships, offshore platforms; and automotive structures such as cars and trucks. Structural engineering is the discipline which is concerned with identifying the loads that a structure may experience over its expected life, determining a suitable arrangement of structural members, selecting the material and dimensions of the members, defining the assembly process, and lastly monitoring the structure as it is being assembled and possibly also over its life.
Causation and the Conceptual Scheme of Medical Knowledge

Philosophers often find themselves in debt. Imre Lakatos, for example, borrows a formula from Kant in order to show how he can repay his larger debt to historians of science. He suggests that while “philosophy of science without history of science is empty, history of science without philosophy of science is blind” ([22], p. 91).1
Divisors on hyperelliptic curves

Given a finite number of distinct elements ai ∈ ¢, i ∈ S, let \( f\left( t \right) = \prod\limits_{i \in S} {\left( {t - a_i } \right)} \). We form the plane curve C1 defined by the equation $$ s^2 = f\left( t \right). $$ The polynomial s2 -f(t) is irreducible, so (s2 -f(t)) is a prime ideal, and C1 is a 1-dimensional affine variety in ¢2. In fact, C1 is smooth. To prove this, we will calculate the dimension of the Zariski-tangent space at each point, i.e., the space of solutions \( (\dot s,\dot t) \) ∈ ¢2 to the equation $$ \left( {s + \varepsilon \dot s} \right)^2 \equiv \prod {\left( {t + \varepsilon \dot t - a_i } \right)} \bmod \varepsilon ^2 for\left( {s,t} \right) \in c_1 . $$ That is equivalent to the equation $$ 2s\dot s = \dot t \cdot \sum\limits_{j \in S} {\prod\limits_{i \ne j} {\left( {t - a_i } \right)} } ; $$ if s ≠ 0, the solutions are all linearly dependent since \( \dot s = \frac{{\dot t}} {{2s}}\left( {\sum\limits_{j \in S} {\prod\limits_{i \ne j} {\left( {t - a_i } \right)} } } \right) \) ; if s = 0, we get from the equation of the curve \( \prod\limits_{i \in S} {\left( {t - a_i } \right)} = 0 \), hence t = ai for some i; thus \( 0 = \dot t \cdot \prod\limits_{j \ne i} {\left( {a_i - a_j } \right)} \), so \( \dot t = 0 \). Thus at all points, the Zariski tangent space is one-dimensional.
Mechanism of Resistance to Dinitroaline Herbicides

Dinitroaniline herbicides belong to a class of compounds whose primary mechanism of action is the depolymerization of microtubules necessary for cell division and root cell elongation, though these are conveniently known as mitotic disrupter herbicides. Many compounds in this class were discovered in the early 1960’s (Probst et al., 1975), and include diverse groups of compounds with a similar structure (dinitroanilines, e.g. trifluralin, pendimethalin; phosphoric amides, e.g. butamiphos, amiprophos-methyl; carbamates, e.g. propham, chlorpropham), as well as compounds with a unique structure (dithiopyr, DCPA, pronamide).
Effects of drying on the mechanical properties of bovine femur measured by nanoindentation.

Effects of drying on the measurement of mechanical properties of bone by nanoindentation methods have been examined. Tests were conducted to measure the elastic modulus and hardness of two cross-sectional cortical specimens obtained from adjacent areas of bovine femur. One specimen was thoroughly dried in air prior to testing while the other was stored in deionized water. The properties of osteons and interstitial lamellae showed statistically significant differences (plt; 0.0001) and were therefore investigated separately. Drying was found to increase the elastic modulus by 9.7% for interstitial lamellae and 15.4% for osteons. The hardness was also found to increase by 12.2% for interstitial lamellae and 17.6% for osteons.
Reflections on Spelling and the Shakespeare Authorship Question: 'What's in (the Spelling of) a Name?'

What’s in a name? Perhaps, as Juliet recognized, not much (see Romeo and Juliet, act 2, sc. 2). This essay, published on the Shakespeare Oxford Fellowship Website on August 9, 2018, argues that the differences in spelling between “Shakspere,” “Shakespeare,” and their variants do not in themselves provide the strongest argument for doubt about the authorship of the works of "William Shakespeare" (the likely pseudonym of Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, 1550-1604), conventionally said to be written by William Shakspere of Stratford-upon-Avon (1564-1616). While the late Oxfordian scholar Peter Moore (one of our best) went too far in calling it a “zero argument,” this essay does agree with Moore—and to some extent with David Kathman, a Stratfordian scholar—that many non-Stratfordians have placed too much emphasis on spelling issues. But, as this essay seeks to show, the spelling issues do in fact raise very significant and interesting questions as part of the broader Shakespeare Authorship Question (SAQ). The spelling issues add to the evidence indicating early doubts about the identity of the author “Shakespeare,” the subject of Professor Wildenthal's 2017 conference presentation and 2019 book, "Early Shakespeare Authorship Doubts." A modified version of this essay constitutes Part III.A of the book. Free excerpts of the manuscript of the book (though not including Part III) have been separately posted on SSRN, as TJSL Research Paper No. 3007393 (originally posted July 26, 2017). Just type in the usual "SSRN abstract" URL equal-sign 3007393. Any scholars wishing to review the final version of Part III, or any other portions of the book, are welcome to contact me to request a copy of those portions.
Recommendation-based dietary indexes and risk of colorectal cancer in the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study.

Background Many dietary indexes exist for chronic disease prevention, but the optimal dietary pattern for colorectal cancer prevention is unknown. Objective We sought to determine associations between adherence to various dietary indexes and incident colorectal cancer in 2 prospective cohort studies. Design We followed 78,012 women in the Nurses' Health Study and 46,695 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study from 1986 and 1988, respectively, until 2012. We created dietary index scores for the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, Alternative Mediterranean Diet (AMED), and Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI-2010) and used Cox regression to estimate HRs and 95% CIs for risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) and by anatomic subsite. We also conducted latency analyses to examine associations between diet and CRC risk during different windows of exposure. We conducted analyses in men and women separately, and subsequently pooled these results in a random-effects meta-analysis. Results We documented 2690 colorectal cancer cases. Pooled multivariable HRs for colorectal cancer risk comparing the highest to lowest quintile of diet scores were 0.89 (95% CI: 0.74, 1.08; P-trend = 0.10) for DASH, 0.89 (95% CI: 0.73, 1.10; P-trend = 0.31) for AMED, and 0.95 (95% CI: 0.83, 1.09; P-trend = 0.56) for AHEI-2010 (P-heterogeneity ≥ 0.07 for all). In sex-specific analyses, we observed stronger associations in men for all dietary indexes (DASH: multivariable HR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.66, 0.98; P-trend = 0.003; AMED: multivariable HR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.65, 0.98; P-trend = 0.02; AHEI-2010: multivariable HR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.72, 1.07; P-trend = 0.04) than in women (multivariable HRs range from 0.98 to 1.01). Conclusions Adherence to the DASH, AMED, and AHEI-2010 diets was inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk in men. These diets were not associated with colorectal cancer risk in women. This observational study was registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03364582.
Marginal zone lymphoma-associated antiphospholipid antibodies successfully treated with bendamustine rituximab.

A 46-year-old man presented with splenomegaly, abdominal adenopathy and profoundly elevated prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time. He was diagnosed with marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) and small lymphocytic lymphoma, and the abnormal coagulation studies were secondary to the presence of a lupus anticoagulant. Optimal upfront therapy for MZL has not been established, and the incidence of antiphospholipid antibodies (APLA) in this patient population is rare. Following treatment with six cycles of bendamustine and rituximab with 2 years of rituximab maintenance, our patient remained in remission and his coagulation studies normalised. This report describes a case of successful treatment of APLA associated with MZL that resolved after treatment of the lymphoma.
Long-Term Complications of Cranioplasty Using Stored Autologous Bone Graft, Three-Dimensional Polymethyl Methacrylate, or Titanium Mesh After Decompressive Craniectomy: A Single-Center Experience After 596 Procedures.

Objective Cranioplasty is a technically simple procedure intended to repair defects of the skull to provide protection after craniectomy, improve functional outcomes, and restore cosmesis. Several materials have been used for the restoration of skull defects, including autologous bone grafts (AGs), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) flaps, and titanium mesh (T-mesh). However, the long-term results of cranioplasty after use of these materials are controversial. Methods Medical records of 596 patients who underwent cranioplasty at our medical center between 2009 and 2015 with at least 2.5 years of follow-up were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were classified into 3 groups according to the materials used: AG, three-dimensional PMMA, and T-mesh. Demographic and clinical characteristics and postoperative complications were analyzed. Results Cranioplasty with AG had the highest bone flap depression rate (4.9%; P = 0.02) and was associated with a 26% long-term bone flap resorption. Younger age was a risk factor for bone flap resorption. T-mesh had a higher risk of postoperative skin erosion and bone exposure (17%; P = 0.004). Patients with diabetes, previous craniotomy, or hydrocephalus showed a higher risk of postoperative skin erosion. PMMA was associated with the highest rate of postoperative infection (14.4% 3 months; P Conclusions Complications after cranioplasty are high, and the various types of cranioplasty materials used are associated with different complications. Surgeons need to be aware of these potential complications and should choose the appropriate material for each individual patient.
Pathological and genetic aggressiveness of left-sided breast cancer.

e12579Background: Breast Cancer in women consistently occurs more frequently in the left breast, with the ratio of left to right sided breast cancer cases ranging from 1.05 to 1.26. In spite of the...
The Moon Illusion as (Partly) an Error in Apparent Visual Angle: A New Possibility.

An illusory exaggeration of the horizon moon’s visual angle (together with an apparently larger physical size) may account for its dramatic appearance.
The fortis/lenis question: evidence from Zapotec and Jawoñ

Abstract: The terms “fortis/lenis” and “force of articulation” are controversial, as linguists disagree about both their definition and their validity. Languages such as Yatee Zapotec (spoken in Oaxaca, Mexico) and Jawon (spoken in Arnhem Land, Australia), in which a difference in voice onset time is not a reliable cue in the main consonantal contrast, have been called “fortis/lenis” languages. An analysis of some of the phonetic properties involved in these two languages reveal that the “fortis” consonants are long, voiceless, and have high intensity noise, while the “lenis” are short, fluctuate in both voicing and in closure width, and have lower intensity noise. However, it is argued that the independently controlled variables are the timing of articulator gestures and glottal width, so that the terms “fortis/lenis”, implying intentional variation of “force of articulation”, are not a phoneticaly accurate characterization of this contrast.
Role of prefrontal cortex projections to the nucleus accumbens core in mediating the effects of ceftriaxone on cued cocaine relapse

Ceftriaxone is an antibiotic that reliably attenuates the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking after extinction while preventing the nucleus accumbens (NA) core glutamate efflux that drives reinstatement. However, when rats undergo abstinence without extinction, ceftriaxone attenuates context-primed relapse but NA core glutamate efflux still increases. Here we sought to determine if the same would occur when relapse is prompted by both context and discrete cues (context+cues) after cocaine abstinence. Male rats self-administered intravenous cocaine for 2 hr/day for 2 weeks. Cocaine delivery was accompanied by drug-associated cues (light+tone). Rats were then placed into abstinence with daily handling but no extinction training for two weeks. Ceftriaxone (200 mg/kg IP) or vehicle was administered during the last 6 days of abstinence. During a context+cue relapse test, microdialysis procedures were conducted. Rats were perfused at the end of the test for later Fos analysis. A separate cohort of rats was infused with the retrograde tracer cholera toxin B in the NA core and underwent the same self-administration and relapse procedures. Ceftriaxone increased baseline glutamate and attenuated both context+cue-primed relapse and NA core glutamate efflux during this test. Ceftriaxone reduced Fos expression in regions sending projections to the NA core (prefrontal cortex, basolateral amygdala, ventral tegmental area) and specifically reduced Fos in prelimbic cortex and not infralimbic cortex neurons projecting to the NA core. Thus, when relapse is primed by drug-associated cues and context, ceftriaxone is able to attenuate relapse by preventing NA core glutamate efflux, likely through reducing activity in prelimbic NA core-projecting neurons.
Rip currents: A spontaneous heat transfer enhancement mechanism in a wickless heat pipe

Abstract The liquid-vapor distribution and its effects on the fluid dynamics and heat transfer occurring within a wickless heat pipe are little understood, especially in a microgravity environment. Such information is vital to the design of thermal management systems for deep space robotic and manned exploration missions, especially if unexpected behaviors arise. We observed an unusual analog of a terrestrial rip current during the operation of a wickless heat pipe on the International Space Station. The current arose spontaneously as the heat input increased, flowing along the flat surfaces of the device toward the heater end, and was driven by a pair of counterrotating vortices that formed from the interaction of opposing surface tension and capillary driven corner flows. The current served as a natural way of increasing the total contact line length within the device and this enabled higher evaporation rates than would have been possible based on the engineered geometry of the device alone.
Problem-solving activities observed in British primary schools

A he object of a trip to England was to visit schools that were actively involved in teaching innovative primary school mathematics programs. We met with Dr. Geoffrey Matthews, Director of the Nuffield Mathematics Project, who had worked with the Ministry of Education in planning visits to schools in various parts of greater London, Bristol, and Cambridge, including schools in high, medium, and low socioeconomic areas, visits to Teachers Centres, and a visit to a teacher training college. Conferences during the noon hour were used to exchange views, to ask and answer questions, and to discuss in some depth what we had observed in the morning classes. These luncheons were attended by the head teacher (the equivalent of our elementary school principal), several teachers, and occasionally by the local inspector (the supervisor in charge of a district). Frequently we had further conversations during the tea hour and in the evening. On some days we visited Teacher Centres, where infant school and junior school teachers came after school hours to become more familiar with math lab materials and to work with them under the
Improving Law School for Trans and Gender Nonconforming Students: Suggestions for Faculty

Creating accessible, nondiscriminatory, and effective law school experiences for trans and gender nonconforming students requires commitment and willingness to change. Many everyday classroom practices and longstanding university policies created with the best of intentions can harm trans and gender nonconforming students because they are based on inaccurate assumptions about gender. Partly because of these policies and practices, relatively few openly trans and gender nonconforming people hold positions — especially the most powerful and prestigious positions — as faculty, staff, or students in law schools. Fortunately, more and more trans and gender nonconforming people are entering law schools and many cisgender people want to learn how to work with them respectfully and effectively.Like most worthy endeavors, transforming law schools to better support trans and gender nonconforming students is not so much a matter of checking items off a list as engaging in an ongoing process. It requires participation of diverse stakeholders, attention to the particulars of unique institutions and situations, and respect for the perspectives of the people who are most directly impacted: trans and gender nonconforming students themselves. This piece helps faculty take steps to improve some of their practices quickly and to start this larger process. It addresses several major areas, such as pronoun and name use; curricular inclusion; and institutional change, by providing examples of practices that need improvement, and examples of improved practices.
Antecedent Minor Trauma and Hyperacute Presentations in Childhood Transverse Myelitis

INTRODUCTION Fibrocartilaginous embolism and spinal cord infarction may resemble transverse myelitis with antecedent minor trauma (sporting activity or minor falls) or with hyperacute (<12-hour) presentation. METHODS Diagnostic criteria for fibrocartilaginous embolism and spinal cord infarction were applied to a 10-year (2007-2016) cohort of children aged 1 month to 16 years with transverse myelitis and clinical, laboratory, neuroimaging, and outcome data compared between those with and without antecedent minor trauma. RESULTS Thirty-two children of median age 8.9 (range 2.7-15.8) years were included; 19 (59%) were female. Falls at home, school, or play (6 children, 60%), swimming (2, 20%), physical education (1, 10%), and caning (1, 10%) were antecedent events in 10 (31%) children. Six (19%) had hyperacute presentations. One patient met spinal cord infarction criteria; none had fibrocartilaginous embolism. Children with transverse myelitis and antecedent minor trauma had single, short spinal cord lesions (median 3 vertebral bodies) but without a specific neuroimaging lesion pattern. None had intervertebral disc abnormalities or brain involvement and were negative for myelin oligodendrocyte and aquaporin 4 antibodies. Twenty-five (86%) of 29 had cerebrospinal fluid inflammation, and 30 (94%) received immunotherapy. Thirty (97%) were followed for a median of 3.6 (0.1-10.2) years, with good outcome (modified Rankin Scale score 0-1) in the majority (80%). Four (75%) with hyperacute presentation had a good outcome (modified Rankin Scale score 0-1), but the patient with spinal cord infarction was the most disabled (modified Rankin Scale score 4). CONCLUSION Minor trauma or hyperacute presentations does not always indicate fibrocartilaginous embolism or spinal cord infarction. Children with minor trauma preceding transverse myelitis have a distinct clinicoradiologic syndrome, with good outcome following immunotherapy.
New microwave radiometer technologies featured in the upcoming NASA TROPICS Pathfinder and Constellation Missions in 2021/2022

The Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats (TROPICS) mission was selected by NASA as part of the Earth Venture--Instrument (EVI-3) program. The TROPICS Engineering Qualification Unit has been refurbished for flight, and a launch is planned for July 2021 on a SpaceX Falcon 9 to a 550-km sun synchronous orbit. This Pathfinder mission will provide risk reduction for the subsequent TROPICS constellation mission, which comprises six CubeSats in three low-Earth low-inclination orbital planes, with launches provided by Astra in early 2022. Each of these identical CubeSats will host a high performance radiometer to provide temperature profiles using seven channels near the 118.75 GHz oxygen absorption line, water vapor profiles using three channels near the 183 GHz water vapor absorption line, imagery in a single channel near 90 GHz for precipitation measurements (when combined with higher resolution water vapor channels), and a single channel at 205 GHz that is more sensitive to precipitation-sized ice particles. The TROPICS mission highlights a number of aspirations of future earth observing sysems, including high revisit rate, system resilience, rapid technology infusion, and low cost. This paper presents these elements with an eye toward future operational architectures for weather and climate monitoring.