cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning functions in short-term cocaine users.

Abstract Objective This study examined learning functions in short-term cocaine users and control participants. Method Seventeen active cocaine users (reporting 3.5 mean years of cocaine use) and seventeen non-cocaine-using controls (with similar reported levels of alcohol and marijuana use) were compared on tasks measuring different aspects of learning. Results The cocaine users performed more poorly on the Weather Prediction and List-Learning tasks, as well as supplementary executive and psychomotor function tasks, than controls. Conclusions Individuals with a relatively short duration of cocaine use exhibited moderate weaknesses in probabilistic category learning, verbal learning and psychomotor functions, relative to controls. These weaknesses may underpin difficulty in learning from the probabilistic consequences of behavior and hinder the ability to respond to cognitive-behavioral treatments.
Cooling flow solutions for the circumgalactic medium

In several models of galaxy formation feedback occurs in cycles or mainly at high redshift. At times and in regions where feedback heating is ineffective, hot gas in the galaxy halo is expected to form a cooling flow, where the gas advects inward on a cooling timescale. Cooling flow solutions can thus be used as a benchmark for observations and simulations to constrain the timing and extent of feedback heating. Using analytic calculations and idealized 3D hydrodynamic simulations, we show that for a given halo mass and cooling function, steady-state cooling flows form a single-parameter family of solutions, while initially hydrostatic gaseous halos converge on one of these solutions within a cooling time. The solution is thus fully determined once either the mass inflow rate $\dot{M}$ or the total halo gas mass are known. In the Milky Way (MW) halo, a cooling flow with $\dot{M}$ equal to the star formation rate predicts a ratio of the cooling time to the free-fall time of ~10, similar to some feedback-regulated models. This solution also correctly predicts observed OVII and OVIII absorption columns, and the gas density profile implied by OVII and OVIII emission. These results suggest ongoing heating by feedback may be negligible in the inner MW halo. Extending similar solutions out to the cooling radius however underpredicts observed OVI columns around the MW and around other low-redshift star-forming galaxies. This can be reconciled with the successes of the cooling flow model with either a mechanism which preferentially heats the OVI-bearing outer halo, or alternatively if OVI traces cool photoionized gas beyond the accretion shock. We also demonstrate that the entropy profiles of some of the most relaxed clusters are reasonably well described by a cooling flow solution.
Production and Uses of Hyper-Entangled States

Entangled states are central to the new field of quantum information, including quantum dense coding, teleportation, and computation. However, only a relatively small class of entangled states has been discussed extensively, much less investigated experimentally. In particular, efforts to date have focussed on two particles entangled in a single degree of freedom, for example polarization, or energy, or momentum direction. Novel phase-matching arrangements in spontaneous parametric down-conversion allow the preparation of pairs of photons that are simultaneously entangled in polarization, momentum-direction, and energy. We shall call such a multiply-entangled state “hyper-entangled”. In addition, an even more general state — a non-maximally entangled state — should be realizable, in which the amplitudes of the contributing terms are not equal.
Anisotropic collapse in three-dimensional dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates

Abstract We study the (3+1)-dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii / Nonlinear Schrodinger equation describing a dipolar Bose-Einstein condensate. Bound states are computed using accurate numerical techniques. When the dipolar strength is negative, the total number of atoms vs. frequency relationship for these bound states is multi-valued and possesses a cusp point, which corresponds to a “candlestick” ground state. Direct simulations of this ground state exhibit strongly-anisotropic collapse of its nucleus, with different contraction rates along the dipole axis and perpendicular to it. We propose an anisotropic self-similar theory to explain this dynamics. The physical implications are discussed.
Assurance of structural reliability in ceramics

ABSTRACT In order to utilize ceramics in structural applications, it is important to understand the parameters that control their strength. To assure the reliability of ceramics in such applications several approaches are available; improving the toughness of ceramics, developing processing techniques to eliminate critical flaws, proof testing, non-destructive evaluation and the introduction of residual surface compression. The aim of this paper is to review these various approaches within the framework of linear elastic fracture mechanics, especially in terms of the micromechanics of the brittle failure process.
Persistent organic pollutant exposure and celiac disease: A pilot study.

Abstract Celiac disease affects approximately 1% of the population worldwide. Little is known about environmental factors that may modulate risk in genetically susceptible populations. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are known endocrine disruptors and, given the interplay between the endocrine and immune systems, are plausible contributors to celiac disease. The current study aims to elucidate the association between POPs and celiac disease. We conducted a single-site pilot study of 88 patients recruited from NYU Langone's Hassenfeld Children's Hospital outpatient clinic, 30 of which were subsequently diagnosed with celiac disease using standard serology and duodenal biopsy examination. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDEs), perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), and p,p’-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and HLA-DQ genotype category were measured in blood serum and whole blood, respectively. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to obtain odds ratios for celiac disease associated with serum POP concentrations. Controlling for sex, race, age, BMI, and genetic susceptibility score, patients with higher serum DDE concentrations had 2-fold higher odds of celiac disease (95% CI: 1.08, 3.84). After stratifying by sex, we found higher odds of celiac disease in females with serum concentrations of DDE (OR = 13.0, 95% CI = 1.54, 110), PFOS (OR = 12.8, 95% CI = 1.17, 141), perfluorooctanoic acid (OR = 20.6, 95% CI = 1.13, 375) and in males with serum BDE153, a PBDE congener (OR = 2.28, 95% CI = 1.01, 5.18). This is the first study to report on celiac disease with POP exposure in children. These findings raise further questions of how environmental chemicals may affect autoimmunity in genetically susceptible individuals.
Interactive Stitch Sampler: A Synthesis of a Decade of Research on Using Electronic Textiles to Answer the Who, Where, How, and What for K--12 Computer Science Education

Electronic textiles, which integrate computation with fabrics through a redesigned interface of microcontrollers, sensors, and actuators, have expanded possibilities not only for engineering, fashion, and human-computer interaction but also for computer science education itself. While individual studies involving electronic textiles have shown promise to diversify participation, raise interest, and deepen learning in computing, especially for female students, we recognized a need to synthesize findings across studies to understand the overall contribution of electronic textiles to computing education. In this article, we report our findings from a meta-synthesis of 64 educational electronic textiles studies to answer the following questions in computing: (1) Did electronic textiles broaden access and participation? (2) How did electronic textiles support learners’ interests and sustain participation? (3) What and how did students learn from electronic textile projects? Our meta-synthesis revealed that although electronic textiles successfully broadened access, supported learners’ interests, and introduced basic computational concepts to novice learners, questions around equitable participation and deeper disciplinary engagement persist. We discuss directions for future design and research efforts to explore the full potential of e-textiles in computer science education.
Legal Information for Social Justice: The New ACRL Framework and Critical Information Literacy

Law Librarians and legal educators who want to develop social justice awareness in their students should consider the ACRL Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education (the “ACRL Framework”). This paper first summarizes the history of critical information literacy and describes its fundamental connec- tion to social justice. Next this paper describes the historical development of the ACRL Framework and relates the Framework to critical information literacy. It then places these concepts into the context of legal education and the law library. Finally, this paper argues that the ACRL Framework can be used as a tool for educators to promote critical information literacy in the legal research classroom, and presents examples of using the Frames for classroom discussions and activities.
Latent profiles of multidimensional prosocial behaviors: An examination of prosocial personality groups.

The current study sought to determine how prosocial behaviors reflecting various motivations (altruistic and public prosocial behaviors) and situations (i.e., anonymous, compliant, dire, and emotio...
Detailed Chemical Kinetic Modeling: Chemical Reaction Engineering of the Future

Publisher Summary A chemical reaction can be viewed as occurring via the formation of an excited state that can be any one of the degrees of freedom of the collection of N atoms. That is, translational, rotational, vibrational, and electronic excitation can lead to a chemical reaction. Most elementary chemical reactions can be categorized as unimolecular or bimolecular events. However, further phenomenological classification is useful for the development of detailed chemical kinetic models to estimate rate parameters for new reactions by analogy to similar reactions in the same phenomenological class. The transition state would be stable to all geometric deformations except the reaction coordinate, which may be a bond distance, bond angle, or dihedral angle, depending on the nature of the reaction for simple molecules. However, when large molecules are involved, such as those observed in biochemical reactions, complex reaction coordinates are possible. That is, the minimum energy path between the reactants and the products may not be represented by a simple reaction coordinate, but may involve a concerted deformation of bonds, bond angles, and dihedral angles.
What Drives A Teenager to Depression?: An Insider's Sociological Look into Its Causes

This paper explores, through a sociological imagination, what causes a teenager to develop depression. As explained, family is one of the main factors, not only in the development of adolescent depression, but also in the treatment, being a double-edge sword that can affect in both good and bad ways. The first half is a micro-analysis of the subject, being a self-exploration of the time I suffered from depression in my teenage years, when not one member of my family found out my condition at the time. What led me to this point? How did I manage my daily activities in this state? And finally, what helped me overcome depression? Using various sociological concepts, readings, movies, and other materials used in class I try to answer these questions. As the paper continues I go from micro-analysis, which is just exploring my experience with depression, to macro-analysis, where I don't think only about myself, but all those other teenagers that have suffered or are suffering from depression, and the social structures underlying that suffering. Our minds are very complex because in the end all we do is a result of what we perceive through our eyes and minds. We may think we are considering others but in the end we're just acting upon our own perceptions of how things are “out there.” So, the study of society and the self must go together in understanding and solving personal troubles and public issues. H UMAN A RCHITECTURE : J OURNAL OF THE S OCIOLOGY OF S ELF -K NOWLEDGE ISSN: 1540-5699. © Copyright by Ahead Publishing House (imprint: Okcir Press) and authors. All Rights Reserved. HUMAN
Roles of the stress-induced gene IEX-1 in regulation of cell death and oncogenesis.

In response to changes in the external environment cells must initiate a coordinated program of gene expression for them to adapt. IEX-1 (immediate early response gene X-1) is precisely regulated by multiple transcription factors among which p53, NF-κB/rel, Sp1 and c-Myc play central roles, to ensure rapid and transient expression of IEX-1 in cells under a variety of stress conditions. Overexpression of IEX-1 renders some cells sensitive to apoptosis and accelerates cell cycle progression, but reduces proliferation of other cells, whereas disruption of IEX-1 expression is associated with decreases in both apoptosis and cell cycle progression. In sharp contrast to in vitro studies, in vivo constitutive expression of IEX-1 prevents activated T cells but not B cells from apoptosis, as shown using IEX-1-transgenic mice that target IEX-1 expression specifically to lymphocytes driven by the Eμ enhancer. The animals developed a lupus-like disease and subsequently a high incidence of T cell lymphomas when they aged, due to insufficient apoptosis of T cells. These varied effects of IEX-1 on cell death and cell cycle progression in a cell-context dependent fashion implicate that IEX-1 is involved in more than one signaling pathway, understanding of which will certainly improve our knowledge with respect to cancer biology, cell death and cell cycle regulation.
A Written Collection Development Policy: To Have and Have Not

As budgetary uncertainties continue, ever greater emphasis must be laid on collection management. Intuition and educated feeling no longer suffice as modes of operation. More varied and sophisticated management tools are needed in order to anticipate and deal with library needs. This article surveys recent trends in collection development policies in the academic library. Special attention is given to how lack of a written policy has longlasting effects on library operation.
East of Eden at the Paleocene/Eocene Boundary

About 55 million years ago, a variety of mammals dispersed across the Northern Hemisphere, radically reshuffling the Earth's biota. But where did these predecessors of modern mammals originate? In his Perspective, [Beard][1] highlights the report by [ Bowen et al .][2], whose new geochronological data strengthen the case for Asia as the birthplace of numerous modern groups of mammals, including primates. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/295/5562/2028 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/295/5562/2062
Inhibition of calcium channels in rat CA3 pyramidal neurons by a metabotropic glutamate receptor.

L-Glutamate rapidly and reversibly suppressed Ca channel current in freshly dissociated pyramidal neurons from the CA3 region of the rat hippocampus. L-Glutamate inhibition of Ca channel current could be distinguished from activation of background conductance by appropriate ionic conditions and by distinct pharmacological profiles. Ca channel inhibition by glutamate was mimicked by quisqualate, ibotenate, racemict-ACPD and 1S,3R-ACPD but not by kainate, AMPA, L-aspartate, NMDA, L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid, or 1R,3S-ACPD; 6-cyano-7- nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione did not inhibit the response. All agonists inhibited a similar fraction of high-voltage-activated Ca channel current, typically approximately 30%. Concentration-response relations for the agonists were consistent with mediation by a metabotropic glutamate receptor. The stereospecific agonist 1S,3R-ACPD was especially useful since it did not activate background conductances. The fraction of Ca channel current sensitive to 1S,3R-ACPD was partially blocked by omega-conotoxin GVIA but was not sensitive to dihydropyridine antagonists or agonists. The suppression of Ca channels by 1S,3R-ACPD became irreversible when cells were dialyzed with GTP- gamma-S. 1S,3R-ACPD suppressed Ca channel currents in outside-out membrane patches but not in cell-attached patches when applied outside the patch. These results suggest that metabotropic glutamate receptors suppress the activity of N-type Ca channels in CA3 neurons by a mechanism involving G-proteins but not readily diffusible second messengers.
CCR5-Deficient Mice Control Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection despite Increased Pulmonary Lymphocytic Infiltration

The control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is dependent on the development of an adaptive immune response, which is mediated by granulomas. The granuloma is a dynamic structure that forms in the lung and consists primarily of macrophages and lymphocytes. For this structure to be effective in containment of the bacillus, it must develop in an organized and timely manner. The formation of the granuloma is dependent on recruitment of activated cells through adhesion molecules and chemokines. M. tuberculosis infection causes an increase in the expression of β-chemokines CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5, and their receptor CCR5, in the lungs. In this study, we demonstrate that CCR5-transgenic knockout mice were capable of recruiting immune cells to the lung to form granulomas. CCR5 −/− mice successfully induced a Th1 response and controlled infection. Unexpectedly, M. tuberculosis infection in these mice resulted in greater numbers of lymphocytes migrating to the lung and higher levels of many inflammatory cytokines, compared with wild-type mice, without apparent long-term detrimental effects. In the absence of CCR5, there were more dendritic cells in the lung-draining lymph nodes and more primed T lymphocytes in these mice. Bacterial numbers in the lymph nodes were also higher in CCR5 −/− mice. Therefore, CCR5 may play a role in the migration of dendritic cells to and from the lymph nodes during M. tuberculosis infection.
Geography Education in the United States: Initiatives for the 21st Century

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Rock Fractures and Fluid Flow: Contemporary Understanding and Applications

How can fractures that are significant hydraulic conductors or barriers be located, identified, and characterized? How do flow and transport occur in fracture systems? How can changes in fracture systems be predicted and controlled? With a clear, well-stated focus, Rock Fractures and Fluid Flow seeks to address these questions by combining into one work the interdependencies of the disciplines needed to get at the answers.
Tree mortality in the Kibale Forest, Uganda: A case study of dieback in a tropical rain forest adjacent to exotic conifer plantations

Abstract We report the dieback of three out of five unrelated species of rain-forest canopy trees in a very restricted part of the Kibale Forest, W. Uganda that were monitored since 1977. High mortality rates began about 1978 and continued through 1986, reaching levels of 5–50% year−1. Within the restricted area of mortality, all adults of Newtonia buchananii were dead in 1984, while nearly 90% of Lovoa swynnertonii and 45% of Aningeria altissima were dead in 1986. In contrast, Mimusops bagshawei and Celtis africana experienced relatively low (0.5%) and moderate (1.6%) levels of annual mortality, respectively. Regeneration of the seedling and sapling stages was high for all five species, while the pole class was poorly represented. The single most important variable associated with the dieback was downslope proximity to the conifer plantations. Based on this case study, it is strongly recommended that exotic trees, particularly conifers, should not be planted near natural forests in the tropics. Furthermore, those conifer plantations already existing near the natural forests should be harvested in a manner which encourages the regeneration of native trees and shrubs, thereby replacing exotic plantations with indigenous forest.
Functional pearl: getting a quick fix on comonads

A piece of functional programming folklore due to Piponi provides Lob's theorem from modal provability logic with a computational interpretation as an unusual fixed point. Interpreting modal necessity as an arbitrary Functor in Haskell, the "type" of Lob's theorem is inhabited by a fixed point function allowing each part of a structure to refer to the whole. However, Functor's logical interpretation may be used to prove Lob's theorem only by relying on its implicit functorial strength, an axiom not available in the provability modality. As a result, the well known loeb fixed point "cheats" by using functorial strength to implement its recursion. Rather than Functor, a closer Curry analogue to modal logic's Howard inspiration is a closed (semi-)comonad, of which Haskell's ComonadApply typeclass provides analogous structure. Its computational interpretation permits the definition of a novel fixed point function allowing each part of a structure to refer to its own context within the whole. This construction further guarantees maximal sharing and asymptotic efficiency superior to loeb for locally contextual computations upon a large class of structures. With the addition of a distributive law, closed comonads may be composed into spaces of arbitrary dimensionality while preserving the performance guarantees of this new fixed point. From these elements, we construct a small embedded domain-specific language to elegantly express and evaluate multidimensional "spreadsheet-like" recurrences for a variety of cellular automata.
Conventional bootstrap and normal confidence interval estimation under adaptive cluster sampling

We examine the performances of bootstrap and normal confidence interval methods for estimating the parametric total when using the Horvitz–Thompson type estimator under adaptive cluster sampling via simulation. On the basis of this and previous work, we include recommendations on using confidence interval methods under adaptive cluster sampling. Two Poisson spatially clustered populations and three sample sizes were used in our simulations. The bootstrap methods (Gross, McCarthy and Snowden, and Sitter) were based on resampling the original sample of units. All four interval estimation methods performed poorly. On average, bootstrap confidence interval estimates underestimated the parametric totals, resulting in empirical coverages lower than the set confidence level. Coverages for the normal method depended on initial sample sizes and population. In general, if confidence interval estimates are required under adaptive cluster sampling, we recommend using bootstrap interval estimation with the Hansen–Hurw...
Nanomanufacturing of large area carbon nanofibers using tube nozzle electrospinning (TNE), lithography and carbonization processes

This paper reports on the tube nozzle electrospinning (TNE) technique for the large scale production of electrospun nanofibers with a single plug-and-play unit to be added to the conventional electrospinning setup; lithographical micropatterning of the nanofibers; and carbonization of the patterned nanofibers. Nozzle architectures with diameters of 0.2mm and 0.5mm with 1mm and 0.5mm spacing are implemented and tested for nanofiber productivity, porosity, and uniformity. Electrospun SU8 nanofibers are achieved with no beads at an operating voltage of 10kV and a tip-collector-distance (TCD) of 7.5cm. Nanofiber morphologies are characterized with different operating conditions. The diameter of nanofibers ranges from 287nm to 566nm. Nanofibers with a porosity of 29.1% are accomplished with a single two minute electrospinning cycle and an average pore size of 0.31μm2. The TNE approach incorporated with a microcontrolled stage produces a uniform deposition of electrospun SU8 nanofiber on a 6” × 8” collector substrate in a semi-automated process. Studies on nozzle diameter and spacing for maximum liquid throughput, porosity, and uniformity of deposited nanofibers are discussed. Lithographical patterning and carbonization of the electrospun nanofibers are performed as post electrospun processes to produce patterned carbon nanofibers.
Wallace receives Macelwane medal

The James B. Macelwane Medal for significant contributions to the geophysical sciences by a young scientist of outstanding ability was presented to Terry Wallace at the 1992 AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony on December 9, 1992. The meeting was held in San Francisco. The award citation, delivered by William Dickinson, as well as Wallace's response, are presented here.
Observation of highly flexible residues in amyloid fibrils of the HET-s prion.

We report the observation of undetected (until now) residues of the prion protein fragment HET-s(218-289) which give rise to well-resolved 13C, 15N, and 1H NMR resonances under high-resolution magic-angle spinning (HRMAS) conditions. The observed signals belong to large polymeric units as shown by measuring the lateral diffusion constants. The amino acids identified in the spectra are compatible with their localization in the segments of the protein which could not be detected in earlier solid-state NMR experiments. The observed chemical shifts indicate that these residues are in a random-coil conformation. Complementary experiments which detect only dynamic or static residues, respectively, strongly suggest that they belong to different parts of the same molecule.
The Oral Hygiene Performance Test: Development and validation of dental dexterity scale for the elderly

This paper describes a test which was developed for use in assessing the functional oral hygiene status of an elderly population. The instrument was tested among 80 community-dwelling elderly subjects 65 or more years old. The instrument, the Oral Hygiene Performance Test [OHPT], is a direct-observation measure which objectively quantifies the individual's ability to perform oral hygiene and thus reduces subjective evaluation. The test utilized several items from other already-validated instruments currently in use in geriatric medicine to assess functional abilities in a geriatric population. Additional items were developed by the research team and were included in this 17-item test. The OHPT was validated with common measures of physical function and direct-observation measures. Construct validity was assessed by comparison of the OHPT scores with other commonly used measures of other dimensions. The instrument proved to be reliable and demonstrated construct as well as concurrent validity. It appears that the OHPT can prove useful to clinicians in assessing the oral physical function of elderly patients with regard to their maintenance of oral hygiene. Because the OHPT is a direct-observation instrument, it can even elicit higher functions in elderly patients. While effective among the studied population, the instrument may still need to be validated among more diverse populations, such as various ethnic groups and demented or severely impaired populations.
The Role of Hydrogen in Radiation-Induced Defect Formation in Polysilicon Gate MOS Devices

The role of hydrogen in the generation of radiation-induced interface-trap and oxide-trapped charge in MOS polysilicon gate capacitors has been investigated. The concentration of radiation-induced interface-trap and oxide-trapped charge measured both immediately after irradiation and after postirradiation anneal increases if high temperature anneals are performed in hydrogen. We have analyzed these results in the context of several models of interface-trap and oxide-trapped charge formation. The mutual increase in the concentration of oxide-trapped charge and the early-time (1 msec to 10 sec) component of interface-trap charge with the amount of hydrogen used during processing suggests that the breaking of Si-H or Si-OH bonds may be responsible for much of the defect formation at or near the silicon/silicon dioxide interface.
The nature of maturational decline of intestinal lactase activity.

Abstract We have examined the nature of the decline of lactase (EC 3.2.1.23) activity in the maturing rat intestine. It was established in an initial study that the activity decline reflected a proportional reduction in the concentration of the enzyme protein. Accumulation patterns into lactase, total intestinal proteins and sucrase (Ec 3.2.1.48)-isomaltase (EC 3.2.1.10) were compared, 4 h following administration of a tracer dose of [ 3 H]leucine to weanling rats exhibiting a wide range of lactase decline. Accumulation of increasing amounts of label in total intestinal proteins and sucrase-isomaltase pools was found to accompany the lactase decline, in contrast to accumulation of a constant amount of label in the declining lactase pools. The pattern of increased label accumulation in total intestinal proteins was shown in a corollary study to reflect a corresponding acceleration of total protein synthesis. On this basis, the finding of a constant amount of label in the declining lactase pools suggested a constant synthesis of lactase. We proposed earlier that associated reductions in enterocyte life-span (leading to correspondingly less lactase accumulation) rather than suppressed synthesis may provide the primary causal basis of lactase decline in the postweaned mammal.
Correlation for the Carbon Dioxide and Water Mixture Based on The Lemmon–Jacobsen Mixture Model and the Peng–Robinson Equation of State

Models representing the thermodynamic behavior of the CO2–H2O mixture have been developed. The single-phase model is based upon the thermodynamic property mixture model proposed by Lemmon and Jacobsen. The model represents the single-phase vapor states over the temperature range of 323–1074 K, up to a pressure of 100 MPa over the entire composition range. The experimental data used to develop these formulations include pressure–density–temperature-composition, second virial coefficients, and excess enthalpy. A nonlinear regression algorithm was used to determine the various adjustable parameters of the model. The model can be used to compute density values of the mixture to within ±0.1%. Due to a lack of single-phase liquid data for the mixture, the Peng–Robinson equation of state (PREOS) was used to predict the vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) properties of the mixture. Comparisons of values computed from the Peng–Robinson VLE predictions using standard binary interaction parameters to experimental data are presented to verify the accuracy of this calculation. The VLE calculation is shown to be accurate to within ±3 K in temperature over a temperature range of 323–624 K up to 20 MPa. The accuracy from 20 to 100 MPa is ±3 K up to ±30 K in temperature, being worse for higher pressures. Bubble-point mole fractions can be determined within ±0.05 for CO2.
Economic growth and human capital accumulation: Simultaneity and expanded convergence tests

Abstract Earlier economic growth studies are extended to account for simultaneity between economic growth and human capital accumulation. The speed of income convergence and contribution of human capital to economic growth are underestimated if contemporaneous human capital growth effects are ignored.
Elimination of pleuropneumonia-like organisms from cell cultures.

Abstract Pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLO) were eliminated from cell cultures by including kanamycin sulfate in the culture medium in concentrations which were not toxic for the cells. The disappearance of the PPLO was shown by culture on pancreatic-digest-agar medium with ascitic fluid, and by electron microscopy of sectioned cells. The weekly yield of cells increased in PPLO-contaminated lines when they were treated with kanamycin. Cell lines have been carried for more than one year with kanamycin without any noticeable cell changes.
Application of a 4-point optical probe to a Slurry Bubble Column Reactor

Abstract In the present work, a 4-point optical probe (Xue, J., Al-Dahhan, M., Dudukovic, M.P., Mudde, R.F., 2008a. AIChE J. 54, 350–36 3) was applied to a slurry bubble column to assess the effect of solids on bubble dynamics. All experiments were performed in an 8 in. diameter column operated in the churn turbulent regime. Air and water were used as gas and liquid mediums respectively, and the slurry consisted of either 10% [by weight] aluminum oxide catalyst particles with 60 µm average diameter or glass spheres in the 0.3 mm–0.35 mm size range. Local gas hold-up and bubble frequency were reduced in the presence of both solids. However, bubble velocity increased in the presence of aluminum oxide catalyst particles, and is slightly reduced in presence of glass spheres, compared to a system with no solids. The volumetric mass transfer coefficient was lower in the presence of aluminum oxide catalyst particles, and a slight reduction in the gas–liquid interfacial area was observed.
Embedding the multiple instance problem: applications to landmine detection with ground penetrating radar

Multiple Instance Learning is a recently researched learning paradigm in machine intelligence which operates under conditions of uncertainty with the cost of increased computational burden. This increase in computational burden can be avoided by embedding these so-called multiple instances using a kernel function or other embedding function. In the following, a family of fast multiple instance relevance vector machines are used to learn and classify landmine signatures in ground penetrating radar data. Results indicate a significant reduction in computational complexity without a loss in classification accuracy in operating conditions.
The biomass and nutritive potential of Vallisneria americana Michx in navigation pool 9 of the upper Mississippi river

Abstract Vallisneria americana Michx (wild celery) was studied to determine the biomass and nutritive potential of all morphological structures. A 2.6-ha stand of uniform V. americana was sampled during the summer and autumn of 1980, and the spring and summer of 1981 in the southern portion of Navigation Pool 9 of the Upper Mississippi River. The maximum production rate of 3.2 g m−2 day−1 was coincident with rapid rosette production and flowering, and occurred mid- to late-July 1980. The maximum biomass of 217.3 g dry wt. m−2 was on 1 September 1980, when fruit development was also at a maximum. Leaves composed 60–70% of the summer biomass; winter buds constituted all of the winter biomass. Winter buds and fruits had the greatest nutritive potentials. Both organs contained relatively high dry matter concentrations and were low in ash (less than 10%) and fiber content. The potentially-digestible ash-free non-cell-wall fraction (NCF) was composed of an average of 75.7 and 82.2% of the dry weight of fruits and winter buds, respectively. In contrast, the nutritive potential of leaves, rootstocks, peduncles and stolons was reduced because of high moisture (less than 8% dry matter), ash and fiber concentrations. Staminate inflorescences and pistillate flowers were high in crude protein (averaged 21.8% and 16.1% of the dry-weight, respectively) and ash-free non-cell-wall fractions, but they accounted for only 2.7% of the plant biomass. The maximum calorific content of V. americana was approximately 3200 kJ m−2 at peak biomass on 1 September 1980.
A Posteriori Error Control for a Weakly Over-Penalized Symmetric Interior Penalty Method

A reliable and efficient residual based a posteriori error estimator is constructed for a weakly over-penalized symmetric interior penalty method for second order elliptic problems. Numerical results that demonstrate the performance of the error estimator are presented.
Gastric emptying after pickle-juice ingestion in rested, euhydrated humans.

Abstract Context: Small volumes of pickle juice (PJ) relieve muscle cramps within 85 seconds of ingestion without significantly affecting plasma variables. This effect may be neurologic rather than metabolic. Understanding PJ's gastric emptying would help to strengthen this theory. Objective: To compare gastric emptying and plasma variables after PJ and deionized water (DIW) ingestion. Design: Crossover study. Setting: Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Ten men (age = 25.4 ± 0.7 years, height = 177.1 ± 1.6 cm, mass = 78.1 ± 3.6 kg). Intervention(s): Rested, euhydrated, and eunatremic participants ingested 7 mL·kg−1 body mass of PJ or DIW on separate days. Main Outcome Measure(s): Gastric volume was measured at 0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes postingestion (using the phenol red dilution technique). Percentage changes in plasma volume and plasma sodium concentration were measured preingestion (−45 minutes) and at 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes postingestion. Results: Initial gastric volume was 624.5 ...
Risk and resiliency factors that mediate the effect of family-of-origin violence on adult intimate partner victimization and perpetration

This study used a sample of 439 men and women with family-of-origin violence histories to investigate the risk and resiliency factors that mediate the effect of intimate partner violence (IPV). Two separate multivariate logistic regression models were estimated for IPV victimization and perpetration, respectively. Results indicate that (1) disagreement surrounding several relationship-related issues emerged as risk factors for victimization and perpetration, (2) subjects who reported both forms of family-of-origin violence were at greater risk of perpetrating IPV than those who reported only one form, and (3) multiple demographic factors protected against IPV. Clinical interventions and future research directions are discussed.
All-cause and disease-related health care costs in patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy prescribed pregabalin versus duloxetine

The study objective was to compare changes in all-cause and painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (pDPN)-related healthcare costs in patients initiating treatment with pregabalin (PGB) and duloxetine (DLX) in real-world settings. Patients (18 years) initiating PGB or DLX between 6/1/07-12/31/08 were identified from a large US managed care plan database. Those with 3 1 medical claim with: (1) primary or secondary ICD-9-CM code of 357.2; or (2) primary code of 249.xx or 250.xx plus 337.1, 354.4, 354.5, 354.8, 354.9, 355.7x, 355.8, 355.9 or 356.9 on the same claim were considered to have pDPN. The dispense date of the first PGB or DLX prescription was considered the index date. Patients were continuously enrolled for 6 months preand post-index date. Outcome variables included preand post-index all-cause and pDPN-related total health care costs. The pre-/post-index differences in costs were computed. Student’s t-tests were used to compare descriptive results. Multivariate analyses of allcause and pDPN-related total healthcare costs were conducted using difference-in-differences (DiD) models. A total of 1,785 PGB and 351 DLX patients were identified. Differences (PGB vs. DLX) in the pre-/post-index change in mean (SD) all-cause total health care costs [$1,411 (35,056) vs. $1,560 (26,799); p=0.93] or pDPN-related total health care costs [$704 (5,634) vs. -$240 (14,120); p=0.22] were not significant. DiD models showed significantly higher post-index vs. pre-index all-cause health care costs (cost ratio=1.32, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-1.72); no significant difference in all-cause costs attributable to PGB vs DLX therapy (0.97, CI: 0.75-1.26); no significant difference in post-index vs. pre-index pDPN-related health care costs (1.08 CI: 0.462.57); and significantly higher pDPN-related costs attributable to PGB vs DLX (2.34, CI: 1.01-5.46). There were no differences in all-cause healthcare costs between the PBG and DLX users but significantly greater pDPN-related health care costs attributable to initiation of PGB vs DLX were noted.
Hot flashes and sleep in women.

Summary Sleep disturbances during menopause are often attributed to nocturnal hot flashes and ‘sweats' associated with changing hormone patterns. This paper is a comprehensive critical review of the research on the relationship between sleep disturbance and hot flashes in women. Numerous studies have found a relationship between self-reported hot flashes and sleep complaints. However, hot flash studies using objective sleep assessment techniques such as polysomnography, actigraphy, or quantitative analysis of the sleep EEG are surprisingly scarce and have yielded somewhat mixed results. Much of this limited evidence suggests that hot flashes are associated with objectively identified sleep disruption in at least some women. At least some of the negative data may be due to methodological issues such as reliance upon problematic self-reports of nocturnal hot flashes and a lack of concurrent measures of hot flashes and sleep. The recent development of a reliable and non-intrusive method for objectively identifying hot flashes during the night should help address the need for substantial additional research in this area. Several areas of clinical relevance are described, including the effects of discontinuing combined hormone therapy (estrogen plus progesterone) or estrogen–only therapy, the possibility of hot flashes continuing for many years after menopause, and the link between hot flashes and depression.
Dissociation of Ethoxy Methyl Carbenium Hexachioroantimonate in Methylene Chloride Solution. II. The Nature and Extent of the Dissociation

Abstract Ethoxy methyl carbenium hexachioroantimonate has been synthesized as a model compound for the propagating species in the cationic polymerization of the vinyl ethers. Its degree of dissociation in methylene chloride has been studied as a function of concentration by using the method described in Part I. A simple one two dissociation was found. The degree of dissociation, however, was less than that found with a typical initiator such as triphenyl methyl hexachioroantimonate.
Endogenous siRNAs Derived from a Pair of Natural cis-Antisense Transcripts Regulate Salt Tolerance in Arabidopsis

In higher eukaryotes, miRNAs and siRNAs guide translational inhibition, mRNA cleavage, or chromatin regulation. We found that the antisense overlapping gene pair of Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (P5CDH), a stress-related gene, and SRO5, a gene of unknown function, generates two types of siRNAs. When both transcripts are present, a 24-nt siRNA is formed by a biogenesis pathway dependent on DCL2, RDR6, SGS3, and NRPD1A. Initial cleavage of the P5CDH transcript guided by the 24-nt siRNA establishes a phase for the subsequent generation of 21-nt siRNAs by DCL1 and further cleavage of P5CDH transcripts. The expression of SRO5 is induced by salt, and this induction is required to initiate siRNA formation. Our data suggest that the P5CDH and SRO5 proteins are also functionally related, and that the P5CDH-SRO5 gene pair defines a mode of siRNA function and biogenesis that may be applied to other natural cis-antisense gene pairs in eukaryotic genomes.
(2/3-power law for copolymer lamellar thickness implies a (1/3-power law for spinodal decomposition.

Relation directe entre l'epaisseur lamellaire a l'equilibre pour un copolymere sequence, et la loi de croissance asymptotique pour la decomposition spinodale
The Use of Computers in Nuclear Medicine

Computers are needed in nuclear medicine, they answer a need to avoid loss of patient data and are necessary for image processing which deserves a wider use than it presently enjoys. The computer is nearly essential for dynamic or function studies and its use is due to increase. If a computer is to function effectively in clinical service, the processes it executes must be finished in a very short time. This time constraint means that clinical programs must be assembly language programs rather than slower "higher level" language programs. A computer is near its speed limit while servicing a gamma camera and while processing images. Full use of the computer for nuclear medicine requi'res development of systems providing rapid and reliable image processing and production of hard copy results, of course, at a reasonable cost.
Science and electronic cigarettes: Current data, future needs

Electronic cigarettes (ECIGs), also referred to as electronic nicotine delivery systems or "e-cigarettes," generally consist of a power source (usually a battery) and heating element (commonly referred to as an atomizer) that vaporizes a solution (e-liquid). The user inhales the resulting vapor. Electronic cigarettes have been increasing in popularity since they were introduced into the US market in 2007. Many questions remain about these products, and limited research has been conducted. This review describes the available research on what ECIGs are, effects of use, survey data on awareness and use, and the utility of ECIGs to help smokers quit using tobacco cigarettes. This review also describes arguments for and against ECIGs and concludes with steps to move research on ECIGs forward.
Multiplexing of video and data sources in an ATM access network

ATM-over-DSL is a promising access technology for real-time MPEG video. In this paper, we first describe a configuration of an ATM-over-VDSL access network that can handle VBR video and ABR data calls. Then, we analyze a priority multiplexing strategy for video and data calls at the ATM-based DSL access multiplexor. Using a Markov-modulated fluid model for MPEG video calls we present a computationally efficient fluid analysis of cell loss for video and data traffic at the multiplexor. We derive the output fluid process of the video buffer and approximate it with a 2-state model. This 2-state model is used to analyze cell loss in the low-priority data buffer. We also obtain data cell loss by a first-order approximation method that is commonly used in priority queues. Our results indicate that our 2-state approximation is fairly accurate while computationally efficient compared to the full model. In addition, the results show that the commonly used first-order approximation can be excessively inaccurate.