cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Another perspective on challenges in open ocean aquaculture development

Moving to open ocean locations will require the aquaculture industry to fundamentally change the way it develops installations due to increased environmental loads and longer distances from shore. With reference to the same technical issues faced by the oil producing offshore industry, technical and engineering challenges that are likely to face the aquaculture industry are identified with an emphasis on conditions off the east coast of Canada. Requirements are discussed with a view toward identifying areas where the aquaculture industry can borrow technology from the oil industry and areas where the Canadian aquaculture industry faces challenges unique to itself.
Insights into the Mechanical Properties of the Kinesin Neck Linker Domain from Sequence Analysis and Molecular Dynamics Simulations

The 14-18 amino acid kinesin neck linker domain links the core motor to the coiled-coil dimerization domain. One puzzle is that the neck linker appears too short for the 4 nm distance each linker must stretch to enable an 8 nm step - when modeled as an entropic spring, high inter-head forces are predicted when both heads are bound to the microtubule. We addressed this by analyzing the length of the neck linker across different kinesin families and using molecular dynamics simulations to model the extensibility of Kinesin-1 and Kinesin-2 neck linkers. The force-extension profile from molecular dynamics agrees with the Worm Like Chain (WLC) model for Kinesin-1 and supports the puzzling prediction that extending the neck linker 4 nm requires forces multiple times the motor stall force. Despite being 3 amino acids longer, simulations suggest that extending the Kinesin-2 neck linker by 4 nm requires similarly high forces. A possible resolution to this dilemma is that helix α-6 may unwind to enable the two-head bound state. Finally, simulations suggest that cis/trans isomerization of a conserved proline residue in Kinesin-2 accounts for the differing predictions of molecular dynamics and the WLC model, and may contribute to motor regulation in vivo.
The current mode of pulsed power generation in moving magnet systems

Results are presented of investigations of the generation of high-current pulses in moving magnet generators designed as an open ferromagnetic circuit. The experimental study was performed with the use of a light gas gun. The magnetic projectiles were ferromagnetic cylinders having 2.54-cm diameters. Data are given for the amplitude of high current pulses and power in the load for different designs of the devices, the effect of various windings on the pulse-generating coils, and different types of loads. It has been shown that with velocities of the magnetic projectiles of 200-300 m/s, the peak current of the pulses produced by the generators reach kiloamperes.
Stata tip 40: Taking care of business

Daily data are often generated by nondaily processes: for instance, financial markets are closed on weekends and holidays. Stata’s time-series date schemes ([U] 24.3 Timeseries dates) allow for daily data, but gaps in time series may be problematic. A model that uses lags or differences will lose several observations every time a gap appears, discarding many of the original data points. Analysis of “business-daily” data often proceeds by assuming that Monday follows Friday, and so on. At the same time, we usually want data to be placed on Stata’s time-series calendar so that useful tools such as the tsline graph will work and label data points with readable dates; see [TS] tsline. At a recent Stata Users Group presentation in Boston, David Drukker spoke to this point. His solution: generate two date variables, one containing the actual calendar dates, another numbering successive available observations consecutively. The former variable (caldate )i stsset (see [TS] tsset) when the calendar dates are to be used, whereas the latter (seqdate )i stsset when statistical analyses are to be performed. We download daily data on the 3-month U.S. Treasury bill rate with Drukker’s freduse command (Drukker 2006) and retain the August 2005–present data for analysis. (We can also view the data graphically with tsline.)
Clinical efficacy of sildenafil citrate based on etiology and response to prior treatment.

AbstractPurpose: We assess the clinical efficacy of sildenafil citrate and predictors of satisfactory outcome.Materials and Methods: All patients treated with sildenafil citrate within the first 6 weeks of its release were evaluated with a self-administered questionnaire before and at completion of therapy to assess etiology of erectile dysfunction, level of sexual function, libido, response to previous therapies, response to therapy with sildenafil citrate and quality of life. Sexual function was measured before and during therapy using an abbreviated version of the International Index of Erectile Function, with a successful outcome defined as a level of satisfaction of 4 or 5 on a 5-point scale.Results: Followup was obtained in 267 of the 308 patients who entered the study. Mean age plus or minus standard deviation was 61 +/− 9.6 years and duration of erectile dysfunction was 4.1 +/− 3 years. Overall satisfaction with sildenafil citrate for the entire patient population was 65% and response to prior the...
Sex-specific predictors of improved walking with step-monitored, home-based exercise in peripheral artery disease

The aim of this study was to determine whether baseline clinical characteristics and the duration and intensity of ambulation during our step-monitored home-based exercise program were predictive of changes in ambulatory outcomes at completion of the program in symptomatic patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). Twenty-two men (ankle-brachial index (ABI) = 0.71 ± 0.19) and 24 women (ABI = 0.66 ± 0.23) completed the home exercise program, consisting of intermittent walking to mild-to-moderate claudication pain for 3 months. Ambulatory outcome measures were peak walking time (PWT) and claudication onset time (COT) during a treadmill test, and the distance recorded during a 6-minute walk distance test (6MWD). Men experienced significant increases (p<0.01) in COT, PWT, and 6MWD following the home exercise program, and women had significant increases in 6MWD (p<0.01) and PWT (p<0.05). In women, average exercise cadence during the home exercise sessions was the only predictor that entered the model for change in COT (p=0.082), and was the first predictor in the model for change in PWT (p=0.029) and 6MWD (p=0.006). In men, the ABI was the only predictor that entered the model for change in 6MWD (p=0.002), and ABI was a predictor along with metabolic syndrome in the model for change in COT (p=0.003). No variables entered the model for change in PWT. Faster ambulatory cadence during the step-monitored home-based exercise program may predict greater improvements in ambulatory function in women, whereas having less severe PAD and comorbid burden at baseline may predict greater improvements in ambulatory function in men. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00618670.
Principles of Unconventional Myosin Function and Targeting

Unconventional myosins are a superfamily of actin-based motors implicated in diverse cellular processes. In recent years, much progress has been made in describing their biophysical properties, and headway has been made into analyzing their cellular functions. Here, we focus on the principles that guide in vivo motor function and targeting to specific cellular locations. Rather than describe each motor comprehensively, we outline the major themes that emerge from research across the superfamily and use specific examples to illustrate each. In presenting the data in this format, we seek to identify open questions in each field as well as to point out commonalities between them. To advance our understanding of myosins' roles in vivo, clearly we must identify their cellular cargoes and the protein complexes that regulate motor attachment to fully appreciate their functions on the cellular and developmental levels.
Quantitative evaluation of laboratory uptake rates for pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and steroid hormones using POCIS

Polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) are useful in monitoring for a wide range of chemicals in aquatic systems; however, a lack of available uptake rate data for compounds of environmental interest is one limitation in the application of these samplers to environmental studies. In this study, laboratory calibration experiments were conducted with POCIS for 65 compounds at 258C under flowing conditions to determine chemical-specific uptake rates (Rs). Experimental uptake rates measured in this study ranged from 0.034 to 1.33 L/d, and uptake rates were determined for 36 compounds with no previously reported values. Experimentally determined uptake rates were applied to data obtained from POCIS samplers deployed downstream of three wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent discharges and in four surface waters influenced by agricultural runoff. Time-weighted average concentrations for atrazine and metolachlor determined using uptake rates generated in this study compare well with results from composited grab sampling previously conducted in agricultural watersheds in Nebraska, USA. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:1412-1420. # 2011 SETAC
Cellular Responses of Bioabsorbable Polymeric Material and Guglielmi Detachable Coil in Experimental Aneurysms

Background and Purpose— Acceleration of healing mechanisms is a promising approach to improve current limitations of endovascular aneurysm therapy with the use of platinum coils. We evaluated a new endovascular therapeutic, bioabsorbable polymeric material (BPM), which may promote cellular reaction in the aneurysms. Methods— Four different concentrations of lactide/glycolic acid copolymer [poly(d-l-lactic-co-glycolic acid)] (PLGA), 85/15, 75/25, 65/35, and 50/50, were used as BPMs. Sixteen experimental aneurysms were created in 8 swine. Eight-millimeter-long spiral-shaped BPMs were surgically implanted in the aneurysms without tight packing (n=3 for each BPM). Guglielmi detachable coils (GDCs) were used as control (n=4). The animals were killed 14 days after embolization, and angiographic, histological, and immunohistochemical analyses were performed. Results— Despite loose packing of aneurysms with BPMs, faster BPMs such as 50/50 or 65/35 PLGA demonstrated more mature collagen formation and fibrosis in t...
Deep Vein Thrombosis Resolution Is Modulated by Monocyte CXCR2-Mediated Activity in a Mouse Model

Objective— To determine the role of CXCR2, the receptor for cysteine-X-cysteine (CXC) chemokines, and its primary effector cell, the neutrophil (PMN), on deep venous thrombosis (DVT) resolution. Methods and Results— DVT in BALB/c, anti-CXCR2 antibody-treated, and BALB/c CXCR2−/− mice were created by infrarenal inferior vena cava (IVC) ligation and the thrombus harvested at various time points over 21 days. The CXCR2−/− mice had significantly larger thrombi at early time points (days 2 to 8), and significantly decreased intrathrombus PMNs, monocytes, and neovascularization as compared with controls. Thrombus KC/CXCL1 was significantly higher at 2 days in CXCR2−/− thrombi as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Fibrin content was significantly higher, with less uPA gene expression at 4 days in CXCR2−/− thrombi. Late fibrotic maturation of the thrombus was delayed in the CXCR2−/− mice, with significantly decreased 8 day MMP-2 activity, whereas MMP-9 activity was elevated as compared with controls. ...
Amino acid mutations in the caldesmon COOH-terminal functional domain increase force generation in bladder smooth muscle

Caldesmon (CaD), a component of smooth muscle thin filaments, binds actin, tropomyosin, calmodulin, and myosin and inhibits actin-activated ATP hydrolysis by smooth muscle myosin. Internal deletion...
Elastic Composites of Extremal Energy

Here we find the exact bounds of the elastic energy stored in an elastic composite, together with optimal structures that correspond to the “stiffest” and “softest” composites. This problem is similar to the the problem in Chapter 4.
Judicial Discretion in Plea Bargaining: An Indian Perspective

The extent of judicial involvement in the plea-bargaining is something which cannot be precisely demarcated due to lack of clear, comprehensive guidelines for judicial conduct in plea bargaining. The excessive intervention could compromise the position of judge as a neutral arbiter while no intervention could lead to an unjust result. From the reading of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 chapter on plea bargaining it can be inferred that judicial scrutiny is limited when it comes to plea bargaining. The intention of the legislature can be inferred from the case of Mithu v. State of Punjab as something which is not to completely exclude judicial discretion as that would involve the risk of the provision being struck down as unconstitutional. Since, in this case section 303 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 was struck down as unconstitutional because it excludes judicial discretion.
Inhibition of Carbonic Anhydrase in Neisseria: Effects on Enzyme Activity and Growth

The presence of carbonic anhydrase in strains of Neisseria has been detected and quantified. Each of ten sulfonamide carbonic anhydrase inhibitors tested antagonized activity of bacterial carbonic anhydrase. Nine of these inhibited growth of carbonic anhydrase-producing strains of Neisseria . The more active drugs inhibited growth in concentrations as low as 0.005 µg/ml. Organisms lacking carbonic anhydrase were unaffected. Carbon dioxide markedly limited the antibacterial activity of these drugs. p -Aminobenzoate had no effect on their activity. It is concluded that bicarbonate is a growth requirement for strains of Neisseria that contain carbonic anhydrase, and that the mechanism of antibacterial activity of these drugs is reduction in the rate of bicarbonate formation. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to acknowledge their indebtedness to Miss Christine Wiley, Mrs. Aija Gotti, Miss Sandra MacKay, and Miss Linda Joslyn for technical assistance. This work was supported in part by National Institutes of Health Research Grants NBO1297 and A106514-01.
Transforming International RegimesWhat the Third World Wants and Why

The domestic and international weakness of Third World states has made them exceptionally vulnerable to pressures emanating from the international system. They have attempted to ameliorate these pressures by transforming international regimes. This quest has been facilitated by their ability to capture the structure of international organizations created by the United States at the conclusion of World War II. The specific content of Third World demands and the exceptional unity maintained by the South have been conditioned by the widespread acceptance of a belief system embodying some of the precepts of dependency perspectives.
Adolescent choices and parent-peer cross pressures.

The hypothesis explored held that the extent to which adolescents are peer-conforming when confronted with parent-peer cross-pressures depends upon the nature of the content alternatives presented to them; i.e., they tend to be peer-confroming in making certain kinds of choices and parent-conforming in making other kinds of choices. Adolescent girls responded to hypothetical dilemmas involving conflicting parent-peer expectations. Their choices were consistent with the hypothesis. From these results and from interview data inferences were drawn about factors predisposing adolescents toward peer-conforming or parent-conforming choices.
Failure Analysis of the Casting Aluminum Pistons of Internal Combustion Engines

The fracture failure reason of the casting aluminum pistons of internal combustion engines was analyzed by means of chemical composition analysis,SEM analysis and metallographic examination.The results showed that the microstructure defects and lots of Fe-phase inclusions in material were the main reasons which led to earlier failure of the workpiece.
Research of Loop Protection Technology for Power Dedicated Industrial Ethernet

For the intelligent electronic devices(IEDs) of smart substation automation system,the demand of network communication reliability has become more high,depends on the loop protection to improve the survivability of communication networks has become a trend.Firstly this paper analyzes ring composition,protection principle and fault detection mechanism based on Ethernet automatic protection switching(EAPS) protocol,expounds the state machine implementation of the master node and transmit node in the Ethernet ring network,and presents the factors and testing methods of influencing ring protection recovery time.Finally it discusses the scope of the EAPS protection mechanism in the ring protection.
A Private Investigation: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation of Testicular Tumors

To review the classification of testicular tumors, describe the sonographic and pathologic features of each tumor type, and discuss the mimics, diagnostic pitfalls, and management of testicular tumors. Method consists of pictorial review. We review sonographic and pathologic findings of several testicular tumors and tumorlike entities. Although ultrasound is the first-line imaging modality to differentiate between intratesticular and extratesticular location of an intrascrotal mass, it is not specific for intratesticular lesion characterization. Therefore, correlation with histology sampling is often necessary.
Social Media and Customer Engagement: Dyadic Word-of-Mouth

According to Hansen et al. (2011), social media technologies have changed the nature of interactions between customers and companies, engendering radically new ways of interacting and, essentially, revolutionizing marketing. This revolution centers on the fact that current and potential customers are using social media to engage both companies and other consumers about products and services (Garretson 2008). In today’s world of electronic word-of-mouth, marketers must capture attention and also create continuing dyadic interactions via ongoing customer engagement. According to Mike DiLorenzo, director of social media marketing and strategy for the NHL, “Social networks aren’t about web sites. They’re about experiences” (Wyshynski 2009). The current research explores engagement in social networking sites through the use of both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The findings from the descriptive research indicated that, simply put, engagement is defined as meaningful two-way communication. However, the desire to build relationships as the main motivation in engagement was not shown in the statistical analysis. The results showed that content is a more significant driver of engagement than is the desire to build a relationship. These findings are noteworthy for marketing professionals in that “content is king” when it comes to incentivizing users to engage.
Transferrin Receptors and Iron Uptake of Rat Mammary Gland Membranes during Lactation

Human infants require iron (Fe) for proper growth and development. Although of high bioavailability, breast milk contains a low concentration of Fe, causing some pediatricians to question whether human milk contains enough Fe for the rapidly developing infant. It has been suggested that Fe supplementation of the mother may be a means of increasing milk Fe concentrations. However, most human studies have failed to demonstrate a correlation between maternal Fe intake or impaired iron status and breast milk Fe concentration (1).
Ectoparasite control in small ruminants.

Ectoparasite infestation is an important problem presented to producers and practitioners. Ectoparasite infestations may manifest themselves with a variety of clinical signs ranging from nuisance to death. This article discusses ectoparasites that commonly affect small ruminants in North America. A description of pest life cycles, environment and host preferences, and their treatment and control in a practical production setting and for the hobby or pet small ruminant is provided.
Statistical Catch-Free Age-Structured Assessment to Estimate Year-Class Strength for Inland Recreational Fisheries: A Largemouth Bass Example

AbstractStatistical catch-at-age analysis (SCAA) is commonly used to estimate recruitment and mortality for large-scale, economically important fish stocks, but fishery-dependent catch-at-age data are often unavailable for smaller-scale inland fisheries, thus limiting the use of SCAA. In these systems, a catch-free approach to age-structure modeling may be useful for estimating recruitment and mortality rates solely from a time series of survey age composition and catch rate data by estimating recruitment as a relative index of year-class strength (Rt). Here, we demonstrate a statistical catch-free age-structured assessment (SCFASA) model for small-scale inland fish stocks as an alternative to traditional catch curve approaches by using Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides as an example. We fitted the SCFASA to fishery-independent survey age composition and catch-per-effort data from Largemouth Bass stocks in three Alabama reservoirs to estimate Rt, annual fishing mortality rates, and age-specific electr...
Equivocations of “Transcendence”: Responses to Roger Ames

This response to Roger Ames’s critique of William Franke’s apophatic philosophy turns on an equivocation in the use of the term “transcendence.” Ames’s arguments are directed precisely against what he defines as strict transcendence, in which two terms are related contrastively and asymmetrically so that one dominates over the other and the second depends on the first. An apophatic point of view endeavors always to transcend such oppositional logic and to see what inwardly unites the opposed terms in mutual dependence (be it ever so invisible and inarticulable). Such transcendence is presumably not what Ames is objecting, too, since it does not fit his definition. And yet my argument is that this excess of and externality to the inevitable oppositionality of discursive terms is what really drives the discourse of transcendence when it is understood apophatically. Even the figures of strict transcendence to which Ames objects, the one operating, for example, in the image of a God creating ex nihilo, are best understood as poetic figures for transcending beyond the discursive altogether. An infinite or absolute God is not really conceivable by a finite mind, so such a conception cancels itself out as a conception. The asymmetry of God and creation is nevertheless an analogical way of figuring what is incommensurable with us and with our thinking and is as such indeterminate.
Nutritional Significance of Lactose: I. Nutritional Aspects of Lactose Digestion

Low levels of intestinal lactase activity occur in many otherwise healthy adults and children in various population groups. Current evidence indicates that these low levels are normal for most populations of the world, notable exceptions being peoples of northern European extraction: approximately two-thirds of the world’s adult population are believed to be lactose malabsorbers. Individuals who have genetically acquired low lactase levels as adults were able to drink milk without ill-effects as infants.1,2
A Teacher’s Guide to Using Extinction in School Settings:

The use of extinction procedures or the discontinuation of reinforcement following a behavior targeted for reduction is often used to enhance the efficacy of behavioral interventions. Unfortunately...
Multiphasic Regulation of Systemic and Peripheral Organ Metabolic Responses to Cardiac Hypertrophy.

Background—Reduced fat oxidation in hypertrophied hearts coincides with a shift of carnitine palmitoyl transferase I from muscle to increased liver isoforms. Acutely increased carnitine palmitoyl t...
The association of postoperative glycemic control and lower extremity procedure outcomes

Abstract Objective The effect of postoperative hyperglycemia in patients undergoing open and endovascular procedures on the lower extremities has not been fully characterized with regard to associated admission diagnoses, hospital complications, mortality, and 30-day readmission. This study evaluated the relationship of postoperative hyperglycemia on outcomes after lower extremity vascular procedures for peripheral artery disease. Methods Patients with peripheral artery disease admitted for elective lower extremity procedures between September 2008 and March 2014 were selected from the Cerner Health Facts (Cerner Corporation, Kansas City, Mo) database using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition, Clinical Modification diagnosis and procedure codes. Using χ 2 analysis, we evaluated the relationship of postoperative hyperglycemia (>180 mg/dL) with sociodemographic characteristics, acute and chronic diagnoses, infections, hospital length of stay (LOS), and 30-day readmission. An adjusted multivariable logistic model was used to examine the association of postoperative hyperglycemia with infection and LOS. Results Of 3586 patients in the study, 2812 (78%) had optimal postoperative glucose control, and 774 (22%) had suboptimal glucose control (hyperglycemia). On average, patients with postoperative hyperglycemia experienced longer hospital stays (6.9 vs 5.1 days; P P P P = .93). Major amputations did not differ between groups ( P = .21). After adjusting for other risk factors using multivariable logistic regression, patients with hyperglycemia have 1.3-times the odds to have an infectious complication compared with those with optimal glucose control (odds ratio [OR], 1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06-1.69) and 1.7-times the odds to have a hospital LOS >10 days (OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.32-2.15). As well, patients with postoperative hyperglycemia have 8.4-times the odds of dying in the hospital (OR, 8.40; 95% CI, 3.95-17.9). Conclusions One in five patients undergoing vascular procedures had postoperative hyperglycemia. Postoperative hyperglycemia was associated with adverse events after lower extremity vascular procedures in patients with and without diabetes, including infection, increased hospital utilization, and mortality. No difference was found with respect to hospital readmission. Postprocedure glucose management may represent an important quality marker for improving outcomes after lower extremity vascular procedures.
Studies in hypertensive heart disease: III. Factors in the production of angina pectoris

Abstract An impressive body of evidence points to myocardial anoxemia and ischemia as the probable causes of angina pectoris. Coronary insufficiency is now regarded as the major cause of such ischemia. The importance of aortic insufficiency, thyrotoxicosis, and anemia, as predisposing factors, has been stressed. From an analysis of the anatomic observations in a group of cases of angina pectoris associated with hypertension and a group without hypertension, it appears that other factors, not yet emphasized in the literature, play a role in the production of the anginal syndrome in cases of essential hypertension. The significance of these factors is discussed in the present communication. The anatomic basis of angina pectoris, as disclosed by the very exact injection-dissection techique of Schlesinger,1 has been described else-where. In the present study, routine autopsy protocols were used; admittedly, this method yields data which are less reliable than those made available by the above-mentioned technique. They have the advantage, however, of making possible a study of a much larger series of cases.
Opening the Book

ABSTRACTOpen access book publishers often face different challenges than their counterparts in journal publishing. In particular, the funding models and discovery solutions that work for journal articles may not always function as well for books. Charles Watkinson of the University of Michigan Press answered questions about recent activities in these two areas. University of Michigan Press has participated in Knowledge Unlatched, a platform that allows a large network of libraries to financially support the open access publication of books from several publishers. In order to enhance discovery of these titles and learn more about their use, the press has also begun participating in the new Open Access eBooks on JSTOR program.
Transcutaneous permeation of antiviral agents

Abstract The two-pronged approach to antiviral drug development involves the design of new chemical entities capable of targeting the viral enzymes or the development of new drug delivery strategies. Transdermal drug delivery has attracted considerable interest over the last few decades as it combines the advantages of oral and parenteral modes of drug administration. New enhancement methods aimed at facilitating transcutaneous permeation such as Pheroids™ are being developed and existing techniques such as ethosomes, microemulsions or iontophoresis are being applied to a wide variety of compounds. This review discusses transdermal drug delivery technologies and their application to antiviral agents. Although, progress has been made, safety concerns remain and with more research, antiviral agents will ultimately be delivered through the transdermal route.
Dermal Absorption from Pesticide Residues

In its regulatory role the United States Environmental Protection Agency is the repository for a large collection of dermal absorption data supplied by pesticide registrants. Many of these studies followed a common procedure measuring dermal absorption in vivo into laboratory rats as a function of both the amount of pesticide applied and the exposure time. In this chapter, example registrant data are presented and analyzed. For the 18 pesticides examined in this study, the relationship between systemic absorption and applied dose was different for pesticides that are liquids and those that are solids at skin temperature. For both groups, the amount of pesticide in skin increased proportionally with applied dose. Systemic absorption of liquid pesticides also increased with applied dose. However, for solid pesticides systemic absorption was a weaker function of applied dose and in some cases was independent of applied dose. Finally, a simple method for estimating the maximum systemic absorption using a pesticide’s permeability coefficient and water solubility under-estimated the amount of dermal absorption for most doses of many of the pesticides investigated in this study.
Immunologic models of acute and chronic inflammation.

In studying a model inflammatory lesion in the nervous system, such as that of EAE (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis), or a naturally occurring lesion in man, such as the plaque of MS (multiple sclerosis), we attempt to establish the presence and significance of one or more standard immunopathologic mechanisms (Boese, ed., 1980; Waksman, 1981). These were first distinguished over a half century ago, but the detailed cellular and molecular events underlying each are still in the process of elucidation.
A comparison of fluoroscopic exposure and operative time during treatment of displaced supracondylar elbow fractures in children

BackgroundIntraoperative fluoroscopy can potentially expose the surgeon to levels of radiation beyond the recommended limits. This study aimed to assess the intraoperative differences between the f...
Safe Cities and Queer Spaces: The Urban Politics of Radical LGBT Activism

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) visibility is at a high. Gay marriage is a reality. Gay urban enclaves are threatened by their own success, historic icons of the movement subsumed by...
Contact of Rough Surfaces

The historical development of the study of rough surface contact is intimately connected with attempts to explain Coulomb’s law of friction, in particular, the observation that the tangential force F required to cause sliding is approximately proportional to the applied normal force N and largely independent of the nominal contact area in a wide variety of situations.
Testing a Curvilinear Relationship between Chemosensory Responsivity and Avoidance Motivation

Approach and avoidance motivations underlie much of human behavior. This paper examines an as-yet under-investigated contributor to those motivations – chemosensory responsivity. Based on the logic that the chemical senses help the perceiver to detect ecological threats, we predicted that individual differences in chemosensory responsivity may predict approach-avoidance motivations. Specifically, because people with below or above average sensory responsivity may be unable to reliably discriminate threats from nonthreats in their environment, they may consequently adopt a compensatory shift from approach to avoidance motivations. The current project tested for such a curvilinear relationship between chemosensory responsivity and approach-avoidance motivation. In Study 1, chemosensory responsivity was indexed by combined performance on the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test with detection of bitterness in a taste strip containing phenylthiocarbamide. Approach versus avoidance motivation was measured with the line bisection task. Study 2 provided a conceptual replication using self-report measures. Study 3 used a new psychophysical measure directly assessing olfactory detection thresholds, and extended the investigation to perceptions of threat-related facial expressions. In all three studies, results revealed a quadratic effect of sensory responsivity on approach-avoidance motivation, such that participants scoring relatively low or relatively high on sensory responsivity displayed higher levels of avoidance-related cognition. Elucidating the link between sensory processing and general motivational orientations has the potential to inform understanding of higher-order social cognitive functioning.
Competitive Binding of Ethylene, Water, and Carbon Monoxide in Metal–Organic Framework Materials with Open Cu Sites

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with open metal sites (OMS) are known to have selectivity in olefin/paraffin separations because of π–π interactions between olefin double bonds and OMS. One challenge associated with these separations is that other species that potentially bind to OMS may also be present in feed streams, causing competition for these sites. We used density functional theory (DFT) to assess the binding energy of ethylene, water, and carbon monoxide on a set of more than 60 MOFs with open Cu sites in the form of Cu dimers. One useful observation from our results is that the relative binding energies of pairs of molecules (e.g., ethylene and water) can be calculated accurately from calculations that hold the MOF structure rigid and only relax the positions of the adsorbing molecules. These kinds of calculations are far more numerically efficient than calculations that relax all degrees of freedom in the system, so this observation will be useful in future efforts to screen larger collections ...
Associations of dietary fat with risk of early neoplasia in the proximal colon in a population-based case–control study

Excess dietary fat consumption is strongly associated with the risk of colorectal cancer, but less is known about its role in the earliest stages of carcinogenesis, particularly within the proximal colon. In the following case–control study, we evaluated the relationship between the intake of dietary fats and the frequency of early proximal neoplasia [aberrant crypt foci (ACF) or polyps], detectable by high-definition colonoscopy with contrast dye-spray. Average-risk screening individuals underwent a high-definition colonoscopy procedure as part of larger ongoing clinical study of precancerous lesions in the proximal colon. Dietary fat intake was assessed using the Block Brief Food Frequency Questionnaire, which estimates average dietary intake based on 70 food items. The diets of individuals with no endoscopically identifiable lesions (n = 36) were compared to those with either ACF or polyps detected in the proximal colon. In multivariate analysis, high dietary intake of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and intake of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids were positively associated with neoplastic lesions in the proximal colon. When comparing ACF and polyp groups separately, a positive association was observed for both proximal polyps (OR 2.28; CI 1.16–7.09) and ACF (OR 2.86; CI 1.16–7.09) for total PUFA intake. Furthermore, the prevalence of proximal ACF was increased with higher intake of omega-6 (OR 3.54; CI 1.32–9.47) and omega-3 fatty acids (OR 2.29; CI 1.02–5.13), although there was no discernible difference in the omega-6/omega-3 ratio. These results suggest that dietary PUFAs may be positively associated with risk of early neoplasia in the proximal colon. This study provides further evidence that dietary PUFA composition may play an important role in altering the microenvironment within the human colon.
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 signaling in the hippocampal dentate gyrus mediates the antidepressant effects of testosterone.

Background Human and animal studies suggest that testosterone may have antidepressant effects. In this study, we sought to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects of testosterone within the hippocampus, an area that is fundamental in the etiology of depression. Methods The effects of testosterone replacements in gonadectomized adult male rats were investigated using the sucrose preference and forced swim tests. We explored possible effects of testosterone on hippocampal neurogenesis and gene expression of stress-related molecules. Through the use of viral vectors, we pursued the antidepressant molecular mechanism(s) of testosterone in mediating anhedonia and manipulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) expression in the dentate gyrus in gonadectomized rats with testosterone replacements. Results Testosterone had antidepressant effects, likely mediated by aromatization to estrogen metabolites, in the sucrose preference and forced swim tests despite having no effects on hippocampal cell proliferation or survival. We found a testosterone-dependent regulation of hippocampal ERK2 expression. Functionally, reducing ERK2 activity within the dentate gyrus induced anhedonia in gonadectomized rats receiving testosterone supplementation, whereas the overexpression of ERK2 rescued this behavior in gonadectomized rats. Conclusions These results implicate a role for ERK2 signaling within the dentate gyrus area of the hippocampus as a key mediator of the antidepressant effects of testosterone.
Low Levels of Physical Activity Among Older Persons Living with HIV/AIDS Are Associated with Poor Physical Function

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has prolonged lives of persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), resulting in greater incidence of aging-related diseases and disability. Physical activity (PA) is recommended for healthy aging, but little is known about PA in older PLWHA. The purpose of this study was to objectively assess PA levels in older PLWHA and the associations with physical function. Twenty-one PLWHA, ≥50 years old, on ART with undetectable HIV-1 viral loads, wore an accelerometer to assess PA, including number of steps, activity intensity, and energy expenditure over 7 days. A physical function performance battery assessing aerobic capacity, strength, and gait speed was also completed. Average age was 66, and 67% were male. An average of 3,442 (interquartile range: 4,613) steps were walked daily, with 254.9 kcals expended. Participants spent most waking hours (75%) sedentary, with minimal hours (24%) in light-intensity activity. Only 5 min per day (35 min per week), on average, were spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Maximal gait speed and 6-min walk test significantly correlated (p < .05) with all PA outcomes. Usual gait speed significantly correlated with all PA outcomes, except for daily kcals and light-intensity activity. Greater PA was associated with better physical performance, while high sedentary time was associated with poorer performance. To our knowledge, this is the first study to objectively measure PA in older PLWHA. Our findings indicate that older PLWHA accumulate substantial sedentary time. Most (86%) do not achieve recommended MVPA levels. This activity profile was associated with poor physical function. Providers should promote PA among PLWHA.
Polychlorinated biphenyl exposures differentially regulate hepatic metabolism and pancreatic function: Implications for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and diabetes.

Abstract The endocrine disrupting chemicals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), have been associated with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and diabetes. However, an integrative analysis of the effects of PCBs on the liver and pancreas has never been performed for the two major PCB subtypes, dioxin-like (DL) and nondioxin-like (NDL), and a mixture of NDL/DL PCBs. Therefore, male C57BL/6 J mice fed a control synthetic diet were treated with either a NDL PCB mixture, Aroclor 1260 (20 mg/kg); a single DL PCB congener, PCB 126 (20 μg/kg); a NDL/DL mixture, Aroclor 1260 plus PCB 126; or vehicle control for 2 weeks. PCB126 had the greatest impact on hepatic lipid metabolism. It caused steatosis due to increased hepatic lipid import with associated hypolipidemia. However, all PCB exposures impacted expression of hepatic lipid metabolism genes in different manners. The ‘NASH gene’, Pnpla3, was elevated by Aroclor 1260, but decreased by all other exposures. The expression of hepatokines implicated in metabolic syndrome (Fgf21, Igf1, and betatrophin) were differentially regulated. The NDL/DL PCB mixture had the greatest effects on pancreatic histology, including acinar cell atrophy, mild steatosis, and fibrosis without ductal changes or immune cell infiltration. It decreased expression of insulin and altered the expression of genes regulating islet identity. None of these exposures was associated with altered HOMA-IR or HOMA-B. In summary, PCB exposures differentially regulated liver and pancreas structure and function. Novel mechanisms for PCB-induced endocrine/metabolic disruption included altered hepatokines and Pnpla3 as well as ‘PCB pancreatopathy’ that was associated with altered expression of pancreatic islet identity factors. More research is required to understand fully these findings in the context of human NASH and diabetes.
A model for thermal radiation from the Tunguska airburst

Abstract This paper develops a model for simulating the radiative flux reaching the ground originating from a meteor shock-layer and wake. The area of radiant burn measured for the Tunguska event provides a test case for the developed model. This model applies recently developed computational fluid dynamic simulations, which include the impact of ablation and radiation on the shock-layer flowfield, and ray-tracing radiation transport with atmospheric absorption. The impact of the meteor view angle is shown to significantly impact the radiative flux. Looking at the meteor along the flight path (head-on) results in lower radiative heating because it reduces the wake field of view, where the large radiating wake is shown to provide a significant contribution to the radiative flux (when viewed from the side). The impact of ablation on the ground radiative flux is negligible because the ablation products are limited to the optically-thick core of the wake. The resulting simulated radiative flux values are correlated as a function of velocity, altitude, view angle, and meteoroid radius. This correlation is then applied to potential Tunguska entry trajectories to provide a simulated ground heating footprint. Comparing this simulated footprint with the measured radiant burn area provides a metric for assessing unknown Tunguska entry parameters. Using this approach, the initial radius resulting in good agreement with the measured radiant burn footprint was found for a range of maximum debris cloud radii, entry angles, and velocities. The resulting optimal initial radii were between 30 and 45 m for the entire range of cases considered. This provides a valuable constraint on initial radius for complementary Tunguska studies, such as blast-wave simulations that aim to reproduce the tree-fall pattern.
Autonomous patch-clamp robot for functional characterization of neurons in vivo: development and application to mouse visual cortex.

In vivo patch-clamp is the gold standard for intracellular recordings, but it is a very manual and highly skilled technique. The robot in this work demonstrates the most automated in vivo patch-cla...
The Technological Unconscious in German Modernist Literature: Nature in Rilke, Benn, Brecht, and Döblin

Even after the end of modernism and postmodernism, grandiose fantasies of artifice and self-reference still resonate in the 'social constructivism' of current literary and cultural theory: in the idea that we can perform or construct 'identities' or social roles without external constraint, as if we had consumer choice of self. Larson Powell's book posits nature as a limit to such fantasies, redefining aesthetic modernity's conception of and relation to nature and therefore its relation to reality. Powell's term 'the Technological Unconscious' refers both to the intersection between psychoanalysis and theories of modernism and to the philosophical mediation between history and nature, a motif important from Kant to Adorno. The book's four chapters center on the representation of nature in German prose and - especially - poetry by Rilke, Benn, Brecht, and Doblin from the years 1900 to 1945. In connection with these works, Powell analyzes the conceptions of 'subject' and 'system' in the theories of Adorno, Luhmann, and Lacan and their relation to their complement, nature. 'The Technological Unconscious' is thus an important polemical intervention both in the debates over interdisciplinarity and in those between eclectic 'culturalist' theories such as New Historicism and postcolonialism on the one hand and systems theory and psychoanalysis on the other. Larson Powell is assistant professor of German at the University of Missouri-Kansas City.
Republished: Ruptured distal AICA pseudoaneurysm presenting years after vestibular schwannoma resection and radiation

Distal anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) pseudoaneurysms are very rare lesions. Although cases have been previously reported, only a few have been reported as a result of vestibular schwannoma (VS) radiation, none have been reported as a result of VS resection, and only one has been reported as treated with parent vessel occlusion (PVO) with n-butyl cyanoacrylate (nBCA). We report a case of a 65-year-old man with a history of right-sided VS surgery and radiation who presented years later with a ruptured pseudoaneurysm of the distal right AICA and was treated with endovascular PVO using nBCA. The aneurysm was completely obliterated and the patient had no worsening of symptoms or neurological exam. The case illustrates a very rare complication of VS surgery and radiation as well as an effective treatment for distal AICA aneurysms.
Sexual Hygiene: Image Analysis and Interview

The data point of reference of this chapter is a leaflet, entitled Healthy Everyday Life in Homes for Asylum Seekers, that has been developed by a counselling centre in Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany. My focus here is on the presentation and interpretation of gender and sex. This is a subject that cuts across a lot of the discussions in this book so far, but here it is at its most explicit. Generally speaking, two lines of discrimination towards collectives merge: gender and ethnicity, both applied to ‘the refugee’.
Moral Necessity, Agent Causation, and the Determination of Free Actions in Clarke and Leibniz

On the standard interpretation, Samuel Clarke and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz endorse fundamentally different theories of free will. Clarke is typically interpreted as a libertarian who holds that freedom requires indeterminism. Leibniz, in contrast, is typically interpreted as a compatibilist who holds that free actions can be determined. This chapter challenges the standard interpretation and argues that Clarke and Leibniz agree almost completely about free will. Both require free actions to be instances of agent causation, and both view freedom as compatible with moral necessity or the determination by motives, reasons, or final causes. Hence, both Leibniz and Clarke should be interpreted as proponents of compatibilism.