cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the intracellular processing of proteins: Application of fluorescence polarization and a novel fluorescent probe

Previous studies indicated that fluorescein derivatized bovine serum albumin was an ideal probe to monitor the time-dependent kinetics of antigen processing in the murine macrophage cell line J774. Whereas previous work focused on fluorescence intensity measurements, the present study relied on fluorescence polarization to dissect the local environment of the fluorescent hapten-protein within the endocytic system of the cell. A steady increase in both fluorescence intensity and fluorescence polarization of the cell population was detected for the first 100 min. However, at 100 min, a plateau in both fluorescence intensity and polarization was observed and was followed by a decrease in fluorescence polarization and a corresponding increase in fluorescence intensity. Western blot analyses revealed that the decrease in fluorescence polarization was due to proteolytic degradation of the probe within the cell. Using a combination of in vitro experiments and an additional fluorescent probe, it was determined that the initial increase in fluorescence polarization was due to movement of the probe through a pH gradient within the cell, suggestive of transport through the endocytic system. By combining fluorescence polarization, flow cytometry, and a unique fluorescent enhancement substrate, these studies represented a novel approach for monitoring intracellular trafficking and processing of proteins within macrophages.
Solar system sputtering

The solar wind and energetic magnetospheric ions are important agents for modification of the planetary surfaces and atmospheres with which they interact. Knowledge of the details of the sputtering mechanisms involved in these interactions can help in determining the interrelation of a number of planetary processes. In this paper I shall discuss several sites in the solar system where sputtering phenomena are significant. Our quantitative understanding of these examples could be extended if we had a more detailed picture of the sputtering of insulators. Recent experimental results that bear on these problems as well as the gaps in our knowledge that prevent further progress will be presented.
Parallel task scheduling on multicore platforms

We propose a scheduling method for real-time systems implemented on multicore platforms that encourages certain groups of tasks to be scheduled together while ensuring real-time constraints. This method can be applied to encourage tasks that share a common working set to be executed in parallel, which makes more effective use of shared caches.
Developing responsiveness to the health needs of Hispanic children and families.

Admission to a tertiary care pediatric hospital is a stressful experience for the Hispanic child and family. The stress partially stems from the institutional barriers that conflict with the psycho-social needs of Hispanic families. This article identifies six psycho-social needs of Hispanics and examines related risks for coping disturbances encountered during the hospitalization process. These risks can be reduced by increasing health providers' understanding of the psycho-social needs of Hispanics and by specifying culturally appropriate interventions. The development of cross-cultural committees, protocols and hospital based Hispanic self-help network represent distinct modalities for improving responsiveness to the health needs of Hispanic families in a hospital setting.
Screened-exchange plus Coulomb-hole correlated Hartree-Fock energy bands for LiF

Green's-function techniques have been used to derive screened-exchange plus Coulomb-hole correlation corrections to Hartree-Fock energy bands. These correlation corrections or energy shifts consist of a statically screened exchange term which is state dependent, and a Coulomb-hole term which is constant in our diagonal approximation for the screening (dielectric) function. These energy shifts raise the occupied bands and lower the conduction bands with a resulting decrease in energy differences. The calculation was done for LiF at general points in the first zone using linear-combination-of-atomic-orbitals Hartree-Fock energy bands and the Penn-model dielectric function. A change in.the band gap at $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ of 5.0 eV was obtained compared with the experimental value of 9.3 eV. The calculation was also done using the random-phase-approximation (RPA) dielectric function and it was found that the diagonal part of the RPA gives less than half of the correlation obtained with the Penn model.
A Response to "Social Privilege, Social Justice, and Group Counseling: An Inquiry"--Inclusive Cultural Empathy and the Search for Social Justice.

This response suggests that Inclusive Cultural Empathy (ICE) is a process that multiculturally aware group counselors can use to help group members move beyond the confines of social privilege and culture-bound assumptions that divide members and impede communication.
Measuring Crack Length in Coarse Grain Ceramics

Due to a coarse grain structure, crack lengths in precracked magnesium aluminate (MgAlO4) spinel specimens could not be measured optically, so the crack lengths and fracture toughness were estimated by strain gage measurements. An expression was developed via finite element analysis to correlate the measured strain with crack length in four-point flexure. The fracture toughness estimated by the strain gaged samples and another standardized method were in agreement.
Response to correspondence: Kim et al., "axon regeneration in young adult mice lacking Nogo-A/B." Neuron 38, 187-199.

Numerous in vivo pharmacological studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of interfering with Nogo/NgR function for axonal growth and functional recovery after experimental spinal cord injury (Bregman et al., 1995; Brosamle et al., 2000; Fouad et al., 2004; GrandPre et al., 2002; Ji et al., 2005; Li et al., 2004, 2005; Li and Strittmatter, 2003; Schnell and Schwab, 1990; Wang et al., 2006). Similar benefits are noted for stroke recovery (Lee et al., 2004; Papadopoulos et al., 2002; Seymour et al., 2005). However, genetic analysis of nogo and ngr has proven inconclusive (Woolf, 2003). Two mouse lines, here termed nogo-abtrap/trap (Kim et al., 2003) and nogo-aEIII/EIII (Dimou et al., 2006; Simonen et al., 2003), show enhanced growth of corticospinal (CST) axons after dorsal hemisection. In contrast, another line, here termed nogo-abatg/atg (Zheng et al., 2003), fails to show a regenerative phenotype. Common to each of these studies was the observation that myelin prepared from mutant mice was significantly less inhibitory to neurite outgrowth in vitro. Among the factors that might explain the varied in vivo outcomes are age at the time of lesion, mouse strain background, surgical techniques, axonal tracing methodology, and the nature of the mutant allele (Woolf, 2003). A follow-up study demonstrated that the penetrance of the nogo-aEIII/EIII phenotype for CST axonal regeneration depends on strain background (Dimou et al., 2006). Regenerative axon growth is quite prominent on the Sv129 strain background, as compared to a mixed or C57BL/6 background (Dimou et al., 2006).
A temperature-sensitive mutant of Neurospora crassa deficient in cytochrome b.

A nuclear gene mutant of Neurospora crassa designated cyb-3 is deficient in cytochrome b and coenzyme QH2-cytochrome c reductase. Nearly normal when grown at 25°C, the strain expresses a mutant phenotype at 38°C. Mitochondria from cybr-3 mycelium, which has undergone 3–4 mass doublings at the elevated temperature, possess 3-fold less cytochrome b, 2-fold more cytochrome, c, 5-fold less coenzyme QH2-cytochrome c reductase activity, and require 3-fold less antimycin A per milligram of protein to inhibit NADH oxidation than do wild type mitochondria. The activity of coenzyme QH2-cytochrome c reductase declines rather slowly in cultures of cyb-3 transferred to 38° C, and the in vitro thermostability of the enzyme is very similar in wild type and mutant mitochondria. Therefore, the mutation may decrease synthesis or impair integration into the membrane of cytochrome b and perhaps other proteins of the enzyme complex.
Ascorbalamic acid: An ascorbigen-like plant constituent yielding in hot acid 3-(2-furoyl)alanine

Abstract Ascorbalamic acid (C 9 H 13 NO 8 ) was isolated from Brassica olerocea L. MS study of various methylated derivatives suggested a structure (Ia) derivable by CC coupling of C-3 of alanine with C-2 of ascorbic acid, followed by lactone → lactam rearrangement. Other derivatives provided supporting evidence, as did study of the reaction of L -3-chloroalanine with L -ascorbic acid in vitro . On treatment with hot 6 M HCl, ascorbalamic acid yielded L -aspartic acid and 3-(2-furoyl)alanine. For identification of the latter, DL -3-(2-furoyl)alanine and its N-2,4-dinitrophenyl and N-acetyl methyl ester derivatives were synthesized. Unlike ascorbigens, ascorbalamic acid is probably present in the living plant. It seemed to be present in all crucifers examined, but to have a capricious distribution in other orders. During permethylation, rearrangements of ester groups were observed, both with ascorbalamic acid and with pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid as a model.
The Association between High Status Positions and Aggressive Behavior in Early Adolescence.

The present study examined the association between high status social positions in early adolescence and both overt and relational aggression. A sample of 234 sixth graders (132 girls, 102 boys) completed peer nominations assessing aggression, social centrality, and coolness. Data analyses were based on all sixth graders who received peer nominations, for a total sample size of 417 students (224 girls, 193 boys). Hierarchical linear modeling was used to examine both within-peer group differences and between-peer group differences. Results indicated relational aggression was related to higher overall social centrality and being nominated as cool even when controlling for overt aggression. Overt aggression appeared to be related to higher overall social centrality and being nominated as cool, but this relationship was much weaker when relational aggression was controlled. Although girls used relational aggression more often and boys used overt aggression more often, the use of relational aggression by either gender was related to membership in high status peer groups and high status within the peer group. Implications of the findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Characterization of two low-potential cytochromes from bean sprouts.

Abstract Two cytochromes have been isolated from chlorophyll-free bean sprouts, purified and characterized. The more abundant cytochrome was purified to apparent homogeneity and exhibits visible region absorbance maxima at 416, 520 and 550 nm in the reduced form and at 410 and 530 nm in the oxidized form. Although Resonance Raman spectra of this cytochrome closely resemble those of c -type cytochromes, pyridine hemochromogen analysis suggests that this cytochrome may contain a variant of heme c as its prosthetic group. The cytochrome has an apparent molecular mass of 12.5 kDa, an isoelectric point > 9.0 and a midpoint oxidation-reduction potential ( E m ) of − 130 mV at pH 8.0. The less abundant of the two cytochromes, which was not completely purified, exhibits absorbance maxima at 438 and 560 nm in the reduced form and at 411 nm in the oxidized form and was shown to contain heme c as a prosthetic group. This cytochrome, which may also contain FAD, has an apparent molecular mass of approx. 38 kDa, an isoelectric point > 9.0 and E m = − 300 mV. Preliminary results indicate that both cytochromes can form electrostatically-stabilized complexes with ferredoxin, suggesting the possibility that one or both of the cytochromes may participate in low-potential, non-photosynthetic electron transfer pathways involving ferredoxin.
The mGluR5 antagonist MPEP reduces the conditioned rewarding effects of cocaine but not other drugs of abuse.

We examined the ability of 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine (MPEP), a selective antagonist of the type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR5), to reduce the rewarding effects of various drugs of abuse in the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. Mice were treated with MPEP (1, 5, and 20 mg/kg i.p.) 10 min prior to cocaine (15 mg/kg i.p.), D-amphetamine (2 mg/kg i.p.), nicotine (0.5 mg/kg i.p.), morphine (5 mg/kg i.p.), or ethanol (2 g/kg i.p.) on 3 successive days of CPP conditioning trials. MPEP pretreatment dose-dependently reduced the development of CPP for cocaine only. When tested alone at the doses effective in reducing CPP, MPEP produced neither a place preference nor aversion. These data provide further support for a role of the mGluR5 receptor in the rewarding effects of cocaine.
Unique roles for lipids in Schistosoma mansoni

The dynamic interplay among lipids has been exploited by S. mansoni to evolve some unique processes that are vital for its long-term survival within the mammalian host. Lipids are required by the parasite not only to maintain its surface integrity and structural requirements but also for egg production and cell-cell signalling. However, S. mansoni is incapable of synthesizing essential lipids and must obtain these from its host. In this review, Stephen Furlong describes the roles and routes of acquisition o f lipids by this parasite.
Synthetic Wavelength-Based Phase Unwrapping for Nanoscale Cellular Profiling with Spectral Domain Phase Microscopy

Phase sensitive optical coherence tomography allows for nanometer scale resolution of cellular dynamics, but suffers from phase wrapping artifacts. We present a synthetic wavelength spectral windowing technique for phase ambiguity removal in phase based OCT.
Charging effects in AlGaN/GaN heterostructures probed using scanning capacitance microscopy

Charging effects in an AlxGa1−xN/GaN heterostructure field-effect transistor epitaxial layer structure have been studied using scanning capacitance microscopy. Voltages of ⩽6 V applied between an AlxGa1−xN/GaN sample structure and a conducting proximal probe tip are found to create trapped charge in both doped and undoped heterostructures. Scanning capacitance measurements obtained over a wide range of bias voltages allow the charge distribution to be mapped both laterally and in depth with submicron to nanometer scale spatial resolution. Scanning capacitance imaging as a function of bias voltage performed in conjunction with numerical capacitance–voltage simulations suggests that positive charge can be trapped at the AlxGa1−xN surface and within the GaN layer and negative charge can be trapped at or near the AlxGa1−xN/GaN interface.
Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy associated with nonneovascular chronic angle-closure glaucoma

Purpose Cases of angle-closure glaucoma in patients with familial exudative vitreoretinopathy have been reported secondary to neovascularization of the anterior segment. Cases secondary to nonneovascular mechanisms have not been previously reported. Methods Two cases are presented of angle-closure glaucoma as a result of a nonneovascular mechanism. Results Neovascularization was found to be a very unlikely explanation for the angle closure in these two cases. Conclusion There may be an association between familial exudative vitreoretinopathy and angle-closure glaucoma as a direct result of a retrolental process or more likely a relative lens-iris pupillary block with a large lens.
Gas-Phase Dehydrogenation of Saturated and Aromatic Cyclic Hydrocarbons by Ptn+ (n = 1−4)

Small platinum clusters are readily generated by electron ionization of Pt4(PF3)8 in an FT-ICR mass spectrometer. Ptn+ (n = 1−4), cluster ions of a given n value may then be isolated and reacted with a variety of gaseous saturated and aromatic cyclic hydrocarbons. The present experiments thus illuminate catalytic dehydrogenation behavior intermediate between that of single-atom and bulk platinum. Extensive chemisorption (dehydrogenation of the hydrocarbon) and physisorption (nondissociative adsorption of intact neutral reagent molecule on the cluster) occur, depending on the particular reagent species. For example, each of the clusters exhibits chemisorption with at least one ligand for every neutral reactant species except for hexafluorobenzene. In general, the extent of chemisorption increases with cluster size. Also, some of the reactions do not proceed by a previously proposed C−H bond insertion mechanism. The detailed reaction pathways and product relative yields depend on the metal cluster ion, the ...
Transpacific distribution of floating pumice from Isla San Benedicto, Mexico

Abstract A probable transpacific drift of floating trachytic pumice originating from the 1952 erruption of Volcan Barcena on Isla San Benedicto off the west coast of Mexico is reported. Pumice from San Benedicto was collected in the Islas Revillagigedo and on Hawaii, Johnston, Wake and the Marshall Islands. It may have reached the Palau Islands 12,000 km from Isla San Benedicto. Identification was based primarily on the index of refraction of glass and phenocrysts. A comparative study of pumices collected from widely different geographic localities in the north Pacific between 1951 and 1956 indicates that San Benedicto pumice is sufficiently distinctive, compared to pumices from other sources, to be identified with certainty. The following mean drift rates in the North Equatorial Current were determined : to Hawaii 22 cm/sec (264 days — 4800 km) ; to Johnston Island 33 cm/sec (225 days — 6100 km); to Wake Island and Ailinginae Atoll in the Marshall Islands 18 cm/sec (about 560 days — 8700 km). A comparison between the actual drift and a computed drift from surface current charts is made and discussed. An average figure of 22 cm/sec also has been calculated for the rate of a trans-Indian Ocean drift of pumice, in the South Equatorial Current, originating from the 1883 volcanic eruptions of Krakatoa.
Effect of aurothioglucose on liver and kidney concentrations of copper, iron, manganese and zinc.

Sixty male Swiss-Webster mice were given intraperitoneal injections of the gold-containing drug aurothioglucose in saline at 3 dose levels: 50, 200, and 400 mg/kg. Controls received i.p. injections of saline. Ten injections were administered over a 3-week period. After sacrifice, kidney and liver concentrations of gold, copper, zinc, iron, and manganese were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and tissues were examined by light microscopy. Dose related increases in liver and kidney gold were found and kidney copper also increased significantly with increasing renal gold content. Kidney copper was 5.05 ± 0.80 ppm in control animals, and 7.81 ± 1.11 ppm, 13.01 ± 2.49 ppm, and 17.11 ± 4.02 ppm in mice receiving 50, 200, and 400 mg/kg aurothioglucose respectively. Renal zinc and liver zinc and copper were also significantly (P0.01) increased in mice receiving the highest dose of aurothioglucose. There were no other statistically significant differences in tissue concentrations among the various groups of animal for the other liver and kidney metal concentrations determined. Tubular epithelial cells of aurothioglucose-dosed animals often had cytoplasmic vacuoles which contained granular brown-gold material; this effect was dose-related.
BUILDING A SUSTAINABLE SAFE COMMUNITIES NETWORK: THE AMERICAN EXPERIENCE

Background Over the 20+ years of the International Safe Communities movement, the model did not gain traction in the USA until the National Safety Council (NSC) spearheaded the development of Safe Communities America in 2007. Since then, NSC has promoted this community-coalition model, mentored and supported communities, and now have a network of 21 successful, internationally designated communities, including three universities. Aims/Objectives/Purpose The goal of the NSC/Safe Communities America network is to reduce the number of injuries and deaths in the USA. Methods (1) Provide guidance, tools, training in evaluation, leadership, coalition building and sustainability through regular correspondence and hosting of an annual networking conference including training. (2) Initiate research that demonstrates that people living in a county that is a designated Safe Community are safer than comparable counties. Results/Outcomes The networking conference provides a national forum for sharing proven and promising programmes. Communities have initiated key local strategies as a result of their participation in important injury areas that might not otherwise have been done. Results of our initial research indicates that communities that are designated Safe Communities have 9% fewer fatalities than comparable counties in the US. Significance By encouraging the development of Safe Communities through on-going mentoring, training, as well as providing evidence that their efforts are working, viable and sustainable networks have developed that will provide a continuous stream of new and innovative solutions to community safety.
Possession enhancement in an interpersonal context: An extension of the mere ownership effect

The mere ownership effect (Beggan, 1992) is defined as the tendency of an owner to evaluate an object more favorably than a nonowner. The present research extends this idea to how people evaluate their property in comparison to others' property. The general hypothesis was that people would display an interpersonally based mere ownership effect and evaluate their possessions more favorably than others' possessions. Study 1 provided an initial confirmation of this hypothesis by showing that people associated more good traits with their possessions than the possessions of others. Studies 2, 3, and 5 ruled out alternative explanations for the ownership effects. Study 4 found that the attributes owners used to describe a possession were more positive than the attributes used by nonowners. Implications of the results for marketing and marketing research are considered. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
THE HYPOGLYCEMIC ACTION OF METABOLIC DERIVATIVES OF L-TRYPTOPHAN BY MOUTH

THE administration of L-tryptophan by stomach tube results in a significant decrease in the blood sugar concentration of normal rats but not of severely diabetic alloxanized rats. Concomitant with the hypoglycemic response to L-tryptophan by mouth is a decrease in the insulinase activity of the intact normal rat and mouse (1, 2). Accordingly, the hypoglycemic response may be attributed in part at least to an increase in the availability of endogenous insulin consequent to a decrease in the rate of insulin destruction. In view of the hypoglycemic action of L-tryptophan, it became pertinent to study the action of various metabolic products of the amino acid on the blood sugar of normal and diabetic rats.
Quantitative assessment of the normal cerebral microvasculature by endothelial barrier antigen (EBA) immunohistochemistry: application to focal cerebral ischemia.

Abstract Cerebrovascular endothelium participates importantly in the pathophysiology of ischemic injury. Endothelial barrier antigen (EBA) is a protein located in the luminal plasma membrane of normal central and peripheral nervous-system endothelium. In this study, we assessed the sensitivity and specificity of EBA as a quantitative marker of normal endothelium and characterized alterations of EBA immunohistochemistry following focal cerebral ischemia. Anesesthetized, non-ischemic control rats (N=6) were studied. Other animals (N=5) received 90 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) followed by 3-day survival. Brains were prepared by perfusion-fixation and paraffin-embedding. For EBA immunohistochemistry, a monoclonal antibody (1:2000 dilution) was used. Adjacent sections were reacted for activated microglia by isolectin immunochemistry. Morphometric image-analysis was carried out in standardized microscopic fields. In control brains, pial and parenchymal blood vessels of all sizes were distinctly and selectively immunolabeled for EBA; background staining was absent. EBA-positive vascular profiles occupied 4.3±0.36% (mean±S.D.) of the microscopic field. The mean area of each identified profile was 51±13 μm2. The low coefficients of variation for both numbers of profiles (17%) and fractional areas (8%) denoted high inter-animal consistency. In brains with prior MCAo, numbers of EBA-immunoreactive vascular profiles in infarcted cortex and striatum were reduced by 39 and 46%, respectively, and their fractional areas were decreased by 63 and 76%, respectively, compared to contralateral hemisphere. Activated microglia were prominent in zones of frank infarction and in adjacent paramedian cortex; the latter region, however, showed normal-appearing EBA-immunostaining. EBA-immunohistochemistry provides a sensitive and specific index of normal cerebrovascular endothelial structures of all sizes. The technique lends itself well to quantitative morphometry and is applicable to perfusion-fixed paraffin-embedded material. EBA immunoreactivity declines in zones of ischemic infarction.
Minimizing the Size of Path Conditions Using Convex Polyhedra Abstract Domain

Symbolic execution (SE) is a path-sensitive program analysis technique widely used in program verification. As it interprets a program path on symbolic inputs, SE generates a set of constraints called a path condition (PC). A PC describes possible concrete values that can traverse the same path during program execution. In order to determine whether such a set is non-empty, symbolic execution utilizes constraint solvers to determine whether a PC is satisfiable.The further SE explores a program path, the more constraints are added to PCs. This raises the issue of the scalability of the approach since SE needs more memory to store large PCs and a solver needs additional time to decide them. Approaches such as,slicing and decomposition of a PC addresses the latter but not the former issue.In this work we propose an orthogonal to the previous efforts technique that minimizes the number of constraints in a PC. The idea is to identify in the PC a set of linear constraints describing a polyhedron and use effiocient techniques to remove the redundant constraints in that set. In this work, we outsource this task to Parma Polyhedra Library (PPL). Our experiments have shown that this approach reduced the size of PCs and if a solver is insensitive to the PPL's constraint format the solver's time to decide PCs is reduced also.
An experimental study of visual perceptual training and reading achievement in first grade.

To determine the effects of perceptual training upon selected measures of reading achievement in first grade, 12 experimental classrooms received a 29-day adaptation of the Frostig program for the development of visual perception while 13 control classrooms added comparable time to regular reading instruction. Analysis of the data revealed significant differences between treatment groups in certain post-training perceptual capabilities without concomitant effects on dependent measures. Additional findings strongly suggest need for further research.
Risk factors for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis in women receiving maintenance antifungal therapy: results of a prospective cohort study.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to examine risk factors for symptomatic vulvovaginal candidiasis episodes among women with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (defined as ≥4 vulvovaginal candidiasis episodes in 1 year) who were receiving maintenance antifungal therapy. Study design A prospective study of 65 women aged ≥18 years with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis who attended vaginitis clinics in Detroit, Mich, and Philadelphia, Pa. Results The 9-month risk of vulvovaginal candidiasis recurrence was 41.8%. Almost two fifths of the women reported activity limitations because of vulvovaginal candidiasis episodes, most or all of the time. Younger women and those women with a history of bacterial vaginosis were at increased risk of vulvovaginal candidiasis episodes. Behavioral factors that were associated significantly with increasing vulvovaginal candidiasis recurrence ≥2- fold included wearing pantyliners or pantyhose and consuming cranberry juice or acidophilus-containing products. Conclusion The use of pantyliners or pantyhose, consumption of cranberry juice or acidophil-containing products, a history of bacterial vaginosis, and age
Internalization of transforming growth factor‐β and its receptor in BALB/c 3T3 fibroblasts

The fate of 125I-labeled transforming growth factor-beta (125I-TGF beta) after binding to its cells surface receptor has been investigated in BALB/c 3T3 mouse fibroblasts. Binding of 125I-TGF beta to cellular receptors at 4 degrees C is pH-sensitive, being markedly decreased at pH less than 6. Most (approximately 90%) of the 125I-TGF beta bound to cells at 4 degrees C can be removed by a brief treatment with acidic medium but is converted into an acid-resistant state rapidly after shifting the cells to 37 degrees C. Cell-bound 125I-TGF beta is degraded at 37 degrees C and the degradation products are released into the medium. The lysosomotropic bases chloroquine, methylamine, and ammonium and the carboxylic ionophore monensin inhibit the degradation and release of 125I-TGF beta from the cells. Cells allowed to accumulate 125I-TGF beta intracellularly by the action of chloroquine or monensin were treated with the bifunctional agent disuccinimidyl suberate in the presence of detergent Triton X-100; this treatment caused the cross-linking of internalized 125I-TGF beta with the 280-kilodalton TGF beta receptor component. Under conditions in which sustained binding and degradation of saturating 125I-TGF beta concentrations occurs, there is no marked decrease in the binding capacity of the cells even when protein synthesis is blocked with cycloheximide. These results indicate that after TGF beta binding the TGF beta:receptor complex becomes rapidly internalized and that TGF beta is directed towards lysosomes where it is degraded and released. However, the cell surface is replenished with TGF beta receptors recycled after internalization or supplied by a large intracellular pool.
Discovering Knowledge in Corporate Databases

This article examines the steps that make up the knowledge discovery process as well as the algorithms that are commonly used in data mining. By better understanding the components of KDD, IS managers can apply these processes more effectively for meeting overall corporate strategies.
Barley growth in coal liquid and diesel liquid fuels from coal and oil: A comparison of potential toxic effects on Barley

The production of new liquid fuels from coal creates the potential for environmental releases of new products and waste materials via spills or leaching of material from waste storage areas. The chemical composition of these products and waste materials suggests possible toxic effects upon exposed plants and animals. In this study, barley was grown in field lysimeters containing three concentrations (0.07, 0.74, 7.421 m−2 equivalent to 80, 800, and 8000 gal/acre, respectively) of a sample product blend of Solvent Refined Coal (SRC) heavy and middle distillates. Three methods of soil amendment simulated possible spill clean-up alternatives: adding the coal liquid as a surface layer, as a subsurface layer covered by uncontaminated soil, or intermixed with the top 1 dm of soil. To permit comparison of the coal liquid with familiar commercial material, the study protocol was followed simultaneously in lysimeters amended with # 2 diesel fuel. Statistically significant reductions in grain yield were observed for both the SRC and diesel materials for all methods of soil amendment at concentrations equivalent to 0.74 and 7.421 m−2, and for the SRC material only when mixed with soil at a concentration equivalent to 0.071 m−2. Where differences between fuel types were observed, the coal liquid was consistently more toxic.
MACROPHAGES IN POST-SECRETORY MAMMARY INVOLUTION IN MICE.

Vital staining by trypan blue was used to demonstrate macrophages within involuting (post-secretory), lactating and resting mammae of mice. Involution was produced by removal of the nursing young on the eighth day post-partum when maximal lactation was present. The number of macrophages in involutin mammae was not significantly greater than that found in the rsting glands of mice receiving comparable injections of dye. Macrophages (coarse, granular accmulations of trypan blue in cytoplasm) in involutin mammae were congregated around and within atrophic alveoli and small ducts, while in lactating and resting mammae they were located primarily in the areolar stroma. Plasma cells, lymphocytes and neutrophils were increased during involution, but the limited leucocytic response did not indicate that a significant inflammatory reaction was active in the process of involution. Difuse parenchymal staining, indicating cellular injury or death, was limited to the epithelium of necroptic ducts and alveoli of involuting glands. Granular deposits of dye, as in macrophages or renal tubular epitelium, were not seen in the resting, lacating or involuting mammary parenchyma.
Fast generation of random bits based on polarization noises in a semiconductor vertical-cavity laser

It is experimentally demonstrated that intensity fluctuations on a selected polarization in a semi-conductor vertical-cavity laser are an effective source of entropy for fast generation of random bits. The effective generation rate is shown to be from 100 Mbps to 4.5 Gbps at the discretization frequency of 100 MHz, depending on how the random bits are extracted from the polarization noise. The generated sequences of random bits are characterized by low bias and absence of correlation between bits and successfully pass main statistical randomness tests.
A mutualism at the edge of its range

Comparing populations that differ in access to mutualists can suggest how traits associated with these interactions have evolved. I discuss geographical and seasonal variation in the success of a primarily tropical mutualism (the fig/pollinator interaction), and evaluate some possible adaptations allowing it to persist at the edge of its range. Pollinators probably have difficulty in seasonal sites because 1) fig trees flower rarely in winter and 2) trees that do flower are less detectable and more difficult to reach. Fig biologists believe that seasonality must have selected for adaptations allowing pollinators to survive winter. However, geographical comparisons do not support two current ideas, the synchrony-breakdown hypothesis and the specificity-breakdown hypothesis. I pose two alternatives: plasticity of fruit and wasp developmental time, and adaptations of free-living fig wasps. I also distinguish between the impact of seasonality on monoecious versus dioecious figs; the latter group appear better adapted to reproduce in cool climates. A combination of comparative, observational, and experimental approaches has great potential for advancing our understanding of mutualisms.
Equation of state of gallium oxide to 70 GPa: Comparison of quasihydrostatic and nonhydrostatic compression

Synchrotron x-ray diffraction and diamond-anvil cell techniques were used to characterize pressure induced structural modifications in gallium oxide. Gallium oxide was studied on compression up to $70\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ and on the following decompression. The effect of the pressure-transmitting medium on the structural transformations was investigated in two sets of compression and decompression runs, one with nitrogen as a quasihydrostatic pressure-transmitting medium and the other in nonhydrostatic pressure conditions. The x-ray diffraction data showed gradual phase transition from a low-density, monoclinic $\ensuremath{\beta}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ to a high-density, rhombohedral $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. With the use of nitrogen as a pressure transmitting medium, the $\ensuremath{\beta}$- to $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ transition begins at about $6.5--7\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ and extends up to $\ensuremath{\sim}40\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$, confirming recent theoretical calculations. This pressure-driven transition is irreversible and the material decompressed from $70\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ to ambient conditions was composed, in both sets of experimental runs, of $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ only. A Birch-Murnaghan fit of the unit cell volume as a function of pressure yielded a zero pressure bulk modulus ${K}_{0}=199(6)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$, and its pressure derivative ${K}_{0}^{\ensuremath{'}}=3.1(4)$ for the$\ensuremath{\beta}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ phase, and ${K}_{0}=220(9)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ and ${K}_{0}^{\ensuremath{'}}=5.9(6)$ for the $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ phase for the experiments performed in quasihydrostatic compression conditions. When for the same experiment ${K}_{0}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ is held at 4, then the bulk modulus values are 184(3) and $252(14)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ for $\ensuremath{\beta}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and the $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, respectively. We compare the results of this work with our previous studies on the high-pressure behavior of nanocrystalline gallium oxide.
Deep fluid circulation and isotopic alteration in The Geysers geothermal system: profile models

Abstract Rock alteration patterns related to the large felsic intrusive complex (felsite) beneath The Geysers steam field (California, USA) are important indicators of the origins of the modern geothermal system. Metagreywacke host rocks for the system show widespread moderate oxygen isotope alteration in the permeable steam reservoir above the felsite, with concentrated alteration low on the flanks of the intrusion. Numerical models of fluid, heat and oxygen isotope transport in the pre-development (natural state) Geysers system demonstrate that an unbroken caprock is required throughout the liquid-dominated lifetime of the system to produce this pattern. The widespread moderate alteration throughout the steam reservoir suggests a long-lived liquid system, and probably required upwardly increasing permeability in the steam reservoir. The models indicate that the maximum hydrothermal lifetime for the system is 0.5 million years (Myr), whereas the youngest dated large intrusive is 1.2 Myr. Combined, these factors indicate repeated igneous intrusions at The Geysers, up to at least 0.5–0.6 Myr ago, and development of a stable liquid-dominated system after that, the evolution of which was truncated by a relatively recent transition to vapor-dominated conditions. Observed chemical compartmentalization of fluids in The Geysers steam reservoir is inconsistent with the lateral extensiveness of alteration at depth, since the latter requires good horizontal connectivity of deep permeable zones to allow penetration of 18O-depleted fluids. This compartmentalization is probably recent, developing as a consequence of vapor-dominated conditions introducing relative permeability effects. Petrologic evidence for high paleo-fluid temperatures (300°C) within 1 km of the surface is difficult to reconcile with subdued 18O alteration beneath these locations. These peak paleotemperatures are likely to indicate small, short-lived penetrations of the caprock. Natural-state models allow the combined influence of these factors on the evolution of The Geysers to be analyzed quantitatively. Internet-accessible graphical animations of these results are available at http://www.utdallas.edu/∼brikowi/Research/Geysers .
Fast topological construction of Delaunay triangulations and Voronoi diagrams

Abstract This paper describes a Convex Hull Insertion algorithm for constructing the Delaunay triangulation and the Voronoi diagram of randomly distributed points in the Euclidean plane. The implemented program on IBM-compatible personal computers takes benefits from the partitioning of data points, topological data structures of spatial primitives, and features in C++ programming language such as dynamic memory allocation and class objects. The program can handle arbitrary collections of points, and delivers several output options to link with GIS and CAD systems. Empirical results of various sets of up to 50,000 points show that the proposed algorithm speeds up the construction of both tessellations of irregular points in expected linear time.
Maturational Influences on Perception of Coarticulatory Effects

Three experimental groups consisting of ten four-year-olds, ten 11-year-olds, and ten adults were presented with tape-recorded voiceless stop + vowel syllables and subsyllabic segments isolated fro...
Association between HIV infection and cervical neoplasia: implications for clinical care of women at risk for both conditions.

Objective Both AIDS and cervical neoplasia (CN) can result from sexual transmission of HIV infection and may affect similar groups of women. Available data on the association between AIDS and CN have practical implications for gynecological care. We review these data to provide an estimate of the magnitude of the association between CN and HIV infection. Design Twenty-one studies were reviewed, including reports and abstracts published from January 1986 to July 1990. Of these, five included a comparison group and had sufficient data for inclusion in the analysis. Results All five controlled studies reported a significant association between HIV infection and CN. One included women with both intraepithelial and invasive lesions; the other four considered women with intraepithelial lesions only. The summary odds ratio indicated that the odds of HIV-infected women having CN are 4.9 (95% confidence interval, 3.0-8.2) times that of HIV-negative women. Conclusions Research is needed to clarify etiological relationships and the role of human papillomavirus in the causal pathway of the observed association. Meanwhile, available data are sufficient to encourage regular Papanicolaou's smear screening of HIV-infected women, and HIV testing and counseling of women with CN considered at risk for HIV infection.
Histochemical studies on the Acanthocephala. III. Comparative histochemistry of alkaline glycerophosphatase.

Abstract 1. 1. The distribution of alkaline glycerophosphatase has been studied in 23 species, 18 genera, 8 families, and all three orders of the phylum Acanthocephala. A standardized form of the Gomori technic was used in this study. 2. 2. When present, phosphatase activity was most pronounced in the outer layer of the subcuticula of the trunk. Considerable enzyme was also present in the inner layer of this subcuticula. The middle layer of the subcuticula of the trunk and most other organs were negative. The proboscis and lemnisci were usually negative but a marked reaction was observed in Fessisentis vancleavei. 3. 3. Enzyme activity was observed in the following adult worms: Illiosentis furcatus, Telosentis tenuicornis, Polymorphus sp., Corynosoma wegeneri, Fessisentis vancleavei, Echinorhynchus gadi, Pomphorhynchus bulbocolli, Moniliformis dubius, and Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus. Larvae and juveniles of C. wegeneri, Arhythmorhynchus duocinctus, Fessisentis vancleavei, and Oncicola canis were negative except for a slight lemniscal reaction in the latter. Cystacanths of M. dubius showed phosphatase in the inner layer of the subcuticula while an immature Macracanthorhynchus ingens had some activity in the lemnisci and the subcuticula. 4. 4. Eight members of five genera of the Neoechinorhynchidae were alwavs negative for alkaline phosphatase. Leptorhynchoides thecatus and Acanthocephalus sp. were also devoid of enzyme that could be demonstrated by the technic used. 5. 5. The enzyme in the outer layer of the subcuticula is probably associated with absorption or secretion from the body surface. The function of the phosphatase of the inner layer is not clear. 6. 6. Those forms which were phosphatase negative in long series of worms under different physiological conditions probably use other enzyme systems in their absorptive or secretive processes.
Professional-Paraprofessional Cooperation in Career Development.

Nationwide the “in” term is career development. The task is to develop a delivery system that gets to people where they are. Peterson and his associates describe in detail how a career development “curriculum” is systematically developed by professional counselors for implementation by paraprofessionals and lay church workers. A key feature of this article is the needs assessment procedure, since the curriculum is being constructed on the results of this procedure. Rarely has such an assessment been undertaken, even more rarely with such comprehensiveness. This article describes what may well be the largest professional-paraprofessional cooperative effort in the world.
A simplified means for computation for interconnect distributed capacitances and inductances

A simplified, approximate means for computing the distributed capacitance and inductance matrices for TEM-mode (or quasi-TEM-mode) single or multiple transmission lines is presented. Cases with multiple dielectrics and/or ground planes are included. The conductors used may be either rectangular or planar. Simplicity is achieved by use of the method of moments along with two physically meaningful charge basis functions per conductor face. The techniques utilized are relatively easy to program and result in fast programs which are accurate for many important geometries. Such programs should be suitable for inclusion as subroutines in larger CAD programs for analysis and design of high-speed digital or microwave circuits. >
Pathobiology of cancer of the pancreas

The diagnosis of infiltrating adenocarcinoma of the pancreas is associated with an overall 5-year survival of less than 5%. Although surgical resection has improved the prognosis for patients with localized disease, in the absence of ancillary techniques, clinical and pathologic assessment of pancreas cancer fails to predict outcome in many patients. Recent work has focused on the genetic alterations in pancreas cancer, offering the promise of improving our ability not only to predict survival but also to select the most appropriate therapy. The study of genetic alterations in colon cancer, wherein mutations in the oncogene, K-ras, and the loss of functional activity of several tumor suppressor genes is required for progression from small adenoma to invasive carcinoma, has served as a paradigm for the molecular analysis of pancreas cancer. A similar pattern is emerging for pancreas cancer, in that there is apparently progression from intraductal lesions to invasive cancer, and that K-ras, and several tumor suppressor genes, including p53, deleted in colon cancer (DCC), and multiple tumor suppressor-1 (MTS1), are frequent targets of mutation and/or deletion. Cytogenetic studies and molecular studies assessing allelic loss suggest that several additional oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes involved in the pathogenesis of pancreas cancer remain to be discovered. These recent findings enhance our understanding of the etiology of carcinoma of the pancreas, and serve as the basis for the early detection and, potentially, improved treatment of this typically fatal malignancy. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.