cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interest in and Perceived Barriers to Flexible-Track Residencies in General Surgery: A National Survey of Residents and Program Directors

Objective The American Board of Surgery now permits general surgery residents to complete their clinical training over a 6-year period. Despite this new policy, the level of interest in flexible scheduling remains undefined. We sought to determine why residents and program directors (PDs) are interested in flexible tracks and to understand implementation barriers. Design National survey. Setting All United States general surgery residency programs that participate in the Association of Program Directors in Surgery listserv. Participants PDs and categorical general surgery residents in the United States. Main Outcome Measures Attitudes about flexible tracks in surgery training. A flexible track was defined as a schedule that allows residents to pursue nonclinical time during residency with resulting delay in residency completion. Results Of the 748 residents and 81 PDs who responded, 505 residents and 45 PDs were supportive of flexible tracks (68% vs 56%, p=0.03). Residents and PDs both were interested in flexible tracks to pursue research (86% vs 82%, p=0.47) and child bearing (69% vs 58%, p=0.13), but residents were more interested in pursuing international work (74% vs 53%, p=0.004) and child rearing (63% vs 44%, p=0.02). Although 71% of residents believe that flexible-track residents would not be respected as the equal of other residents, only 17% of PDs indicated they would not respect flexible-track residents (p Conclusion Most residents and PDs support flexible tracks, although they differ in their motivation and perceived barriers. This finding lends support to the new policy of the American Board of Surgery.
Partitioning strategies for structured multiblock grids

Abstract A framework is presented for partitioning of multiblock grids used in data parallel applications. It includes partitioning strategies found in the literature, as well as new algorithms proposed here. In particular, a multilevel graph-partitioning strategy – specifically designed for structured composite grids – is proposed. Different partitioning strategies are compared in two case studies involving multiblock grids. One of the applications is a profile of a multi-element wing from Airbus A310. The partition properties from the different strategies and algorithms depend very much on the number of subgrids and their sizes as well as on the number of processors. Results demonstrate that existing strategies behave well in some cases while the new multilevel graph-partitioning strategy gives an overall good performance.
New Netherland in a Nut Shell: A Concise History of the Dutch Colony in North America. By Firth Haring Fabend. (Albany, NY: New Netherland Institute, 2012. Pp. vi, 139. $25.95.)

Novelist‐historian and settler‐descendant Firth Haring Fabend sets out to produce a concise and popular history of the former Dutch colony in North America from the initial exploration by Henry Hud...
Study of the G2/M cell cycle checkpoint in irradiated mammary epithelial cells overexpressing Cul-4A gene

Abstract Purpose: Members of the cullin gene family are known to be involved in cell cycle control. One of the cullin genes, Cul-4A, is amplified and overexpressed in breast cancer cells. This study investigates the effect of Cul-4A overexpression upon G2/M cell cycle checkpoint after DNA damage induced by either ionizing or nonionizing radiation. Methods and Materials: The normal mammary epithelial cell line MCF10A was stably transfected with full-length Cul-4A cDNA. Independent clones of MCF10A cells that overexpress Cul-4A proteins were selected and treated with either 8 Gy of ionizing radiation or 7 J/M 2 of UV radiation. The profile of cell cycle progression and the accumulation of several cell cycle proteins were analyzed. Results: We found that overexpression of Cul-4A in MCF10A cells abrogated the G2/M cell cycle checkpoint in response to DNA damage induced by ionizing irradiation, but not to DNA damage induced by nonionizing radiation. Analysis of cell cycle proteins showed that after ionizing irradiation, p53 accumulated in the mock-transfected MCF10A cells, but not in the Cul-4A transfectants. Conclusion: Our results suggest a role for Cul-4A in tumorigenesis and/or tumor progression, possibly through disruption of cell cycle control.
Partial Adrenalectomy for Renal Cell Carcinoma With Bilateral Adrenal Metastases

AbstractResection of the adrenal glands precludes participation in many immunotherapy protocols for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. We performed radical nephrectomy with adrenalectomy and contralateral partial adrenalectomy, including adrenal vein ligation for a 4 cm. hilar metastasis without perioperative complications or local recurrence after 30 months. Adrenal function, measured by cosyntropin stimulation tests 6 weeks and 10 months postoperatively, was normal. Partial adrenalectomy with preservation of adrenal function is possible.
Supraspinal monosynaptic excitation and inhibition of thoracic back motoneurons

The effects of brain stem stimulation on thoracic back motoneurons were studied in cats anesthetized with pentobarbital. The population sampled consisted of the extensors interspinales (IS), longissimus dorsi (LD) and spinalis dorsi (SD), and of unidentified (UIC) motoneurons. The location of the motoneurons, between Th 1 and Th 10, at widely varying distances from the stimulating electrode permitted linear regression analysis of the descending neural influences.
Method for traveling-wave deceleration of buffer-gas beams of CH

Cryogenic buffer-gas beams are a promising method for producing bright sources of cold molecular radicals for cold-collision and chemical-reaction experiments. In order to use these beams in studies of reactions with controlled collision energies or in trapping experiments, one needs a method of controlling the forward velocity of the beam. A Stark decelerator can be an effective tool for controlling the mean speed of molecules produced by supersonic jets, but efficient deceleration of buffer-gas beams presents new challenges due to longer pulse lengths. Traveling-wave decelerators are uniquely suited to meet these challenges because of their ability to confine molecules in three dimensions during deceleration and their versatility afforded by the analog control of the electrodes. We have created ground-state $\mathrm{CH}(X{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi})$ radicals in a cryogenic buffer-gas cell with the potential to produce a cold molecular beam of ${10}^{11}$ molecules/pulse. We present a general protocol for Stark deceleration of beams with a large position and velocity spread for use with a traveling-wave decelerator. Our method involves confining molecules transversely with a hexapole for an optimized distance before deceleration. This rotates the phase-space distribution of the molecular packet so that the packet is matched to the time-varying phase-space acceptance of the decelerator. We demonstrate with simulations and an analytic one-dimensional model that this method can decelerate a significant fraction of the molecules in successive wells of a traveling-wave decelerator to produce energy-tuned beams for cold and controlled-molecule experiments.
La Nacion Fault System, San Diego, California

La Nacion fault system is a series of moderate- to high-angle normal faults striking north roughly parallel to the coast line and is traceable by surface features for 33 km north of the Mexico–United States border. The fault system occurs in locally folded Tertiary and Quaternary sedimentary rocks. Vertical offset of Pleistocene sediments is as much as 85 m on a given fault branch, and for the fault system may be as much as 120 m. Geophysical evidence suggests the total offset for the fault system is 500 m. Offset of alluvium has been proved at two localities, and unexplained seismic activity may be associated with La Nacion fault system.
Bayesian Estimation of Hunting Success Rate and Harvest for Spatially Correlated Post‐stratified Data

We consider the estimation of success rate and harvest under post survey stratification at the sub-domain (county) level. Often in this situation, the population size for the sub-domain is unknown and the random mechanism that dictates the sample size for sub-domains is ignored. Finding good estimators of success rate and harvest is very important for wildlife abundance. A Bayesian hierarchical model is developed to estimate both success rate and harvest simultaneously. The model includes a random sub-domain sample size correlated with the number of successes in the sub-domain, fixed week effects, random geographic effects, and spatial correlations between neighboring sub-domains. The computation is done by Gibbs sampling and adaptive rejection sampling techniques. The method developed is illustrated using data from the Missouri Turkey Hunting Survey. The estimation of success rate is improved by treating the the sub-domain sample size as a random variable instead of a fixed constant. The Bayesian model yields a reasonable harvest estimation. The spatial pattern of the estimated harvest matches the pattern of the check station data.
The quantum capacitance limit of high-speed, low-power InSb nanowire field effect transistors

The performance metrics of InSb nanowire (NW) FETs are investigated using an analytical 2-band model and a seminumerical ballistic transport model. The first analysis of the diameter dependence of the current, gate delay, power-delay product, and energy-delay product of InSb NW FETs, which operate in the quantum capacitance limit (QCL), are presented. Because of their small density of states, relatively large diameter, les 60 nm, InSb NW FETs operate in the QCL. Both the energy-delay and power-delay products are reduced as the diameter is reduced, and optimum designs are obtained for diameters in the range of 10 - 40 nm. Power-delay product varies from 2times 10-20 J to 68times 10-20 J for all devices with a source Fermi level range of 0.1 - 0.2 eV. The gate delay time for all devices varies from 4 - 16 fs and decreases as the NW diameter increases. These NW FETs provide both ultra-low power switching and high-speed.
Bile cultures: a guide to infectious complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of intraoperative bile cultures on the outcome of patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy. Study Design A review of a hepato-pancreato-biliary database was performed to identify all patients who had a pancreaticoduodenectomy from 1/1998 to 8/2008. Results Two hundred twenty-eight patients were evaluated, with preoperative biliary stenting performed in 129 out of 229 patients (57%), with 63/129(49%) had bile cultures taken intraoperatively, 39/129(30%) having positive bile cultures. Neither preoperative biliary stenting (incidence of complication: 54% with stent vs. 51% without, P = 0.9) nor positive bile culture (incidence of complication: 54% with positive bile culture vs. 53% without, P = 0.9) were predictors of overall complications. Length of operating time, length of hospital stay, blood loss, blood transfusion, and severity of complications were similar in the group with and without stent. There were 19 different organisms identified with not a single species was a statistically significant predictor of neither severity of complication nor increased length of stay. Conclusions Preoperative biliary stenting correlates with similar rate of biliary infections, however, intraoperative bile culture allows for early appropriate antibiotic use, which maintains a similar morbidity and infectious incidence as in patients without stents. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;102:478–481. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cost-efficient study designs for relative risk modeling with covariate measurement error

Abstract Covariate measurement error and misclassification problems are pervasive in biomedical research. Much useful work has been published concerning the correction of point and interval estimates of relative risk for these errors, but virtually none of it has been used by biomedical investigators. It is suggested that a primary reason for this lack of use is the lack of necessary data, namely small substudies which replicate or validate the mismeasured variables to provide information on the measurement error or misclassification process. Although a small number of papers have been published which investigate design optimality under this main study/validation study framework, almost none provide explicit sample size formulas. In addition, the definition of optimality used by most investigators is not of the greatest interest for the applied investigator, and alternative criteria are discussed. The existing papers are reviewed, the connection between main study/validation study and two-stage designs is restated, and future directions for research are proposed.
Secular changes in the stature and weight of Taiwanese children, 1964-1988.

Secular changes in mean statures and body weights of nationally representative samples of school children from Taiwan, republic of china, between 1964 and 1988 are described. The trend is for continuous increase in both measures from 1964 through 1988, and the more recent data suggest that the positive secular trend is continuing more so in males than in females. Estimated ages at peak height velocity (PHV) and peak weight velocity (PWV), based on the Preece-Baines model I applied to the cross-sectional means, decline linearly in both sexes at about 0.04 yr/yr and 0.05 yr/yr, respectively. Chinese children in Taiwan, Republic of China, are, on average, heavier than Chinese children from the People's Republic of china, but differences in mean statures are negligible. Chinese children in Taiwan mature about 0.5 to 0.7 year earlier (estimated ages at PHV) than those in the People's Republic of China. Estimated rates of secular change in stature tend to be slightly greater in chinese children from the People's Republic of China between the 1950s and 1985 than in Chinese children from Taiwan, Republic of China, between 1964 and 1988. In contrast, estimated rates of secular change in body weight are greater in children from Taiwan than in children from the People's Republic of China. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An updated Alzheimer’s disease progression model: incorporating non-linearity, beta regression, and a third-level random effect in NONMEM

Our objective was to expand our understanding of the predictors of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) progression to help design a clinical trial on a novel AD medication. We utilized the Coalition Against Major Diseases AD dataset consisting of control-arm data (both placebo and stable background AD medication) from 15 randomized double-blind clinical trials in mild-to-moderate AD patients (4,495 patients; July 2013). Our ADAS-cog longitudinal model incorporates a beta-regression with between-study, -subject, and -residual variability in NONMEM; it suggests that faster AD progression is associated with younger age and higher number of apolipoprotein E type 4 alleles (APOE*4), after accounting for baseline disease severity. APOE*4, in particular, seems to be implicated in the AD pathogenesis. In addition, patients who are already on stable background AD medications appear to have a faster progression relative to those who are not receiving AD medication. The current knowledge does not support a causality relationship between use of background AD medications and higher rate of disease progression, and the correlation is potentially due to confounding covariates. Although causality has not necessarily been demonstrated, this model can inform inclusion criteria and stratification, sample size, and trial duration.
The Glomerular Complement Receptor in Immunologically Mediated Renal Glomerular Injury

Abstract We examined 25 renal-biopsy specimens to determine whether there is a relation between immunologically mediated renal disease and the activity of complement receptors that selectively bind antigen-antibody complexes containing activated third component of complement (C3b). These receptors have been termed glomerular complement receptors. Renal lesions associated with in vivo deposition of C3 were associated with a loss of receptor sites as demonstrated by reduced or absent in vitro binding of C3b-coated test reagents by glomerular complement receptor. These findings suggest that binding of complement containing immune complexes to glomerular complement receptors in human subjects may participate in the immuno-pathologic processes of certain immune-complex-mediated renal diseases. (N Engl J Med 295:10–14, 1976)
Dissolution of a solid phase by fluid flowing in a cylindrical pipeline

The problem of mass transfer from the inner surface of a cylindrical pipeline in the presence of dissolution of a solid phase in the turbulent fluid flow is examined.
Spontaneous liquid uplift in biliquid capillary siphons

This technical note describes the spontaneous liquid uplift in biliquid capillary siphons. It was found that, in general, liquids that have a low surface tension to wet the wick material and a low viscosity (methanol, etc.) could be spontaneously uplifted to liquids with a high surface tension (water, etc.) or high viscosity (glycerin, etc.) through a wick configured in a siphon fashion. An interpretation of the results using the liquid capillary rise equations is given.
The fibre dimensions of uterine smooth muscle of the rabbit following treatment by female sex steroids.

Abstract The effects of female sex hormones on the dimensions of myometrial smooth muscle fibres were studied by using ovariectomized rabbits. After one month of treatment, the fiber dimensions of the outer myometrial layer were measured, using cryostat sections. Calculated smooth muscle fiber volume was found to be in the sequence: control Our discussion, based on recent literature, shows that this resistance is ultimately controlled by changes in the myometrium innervation, in the repression of some controlling myofibrillar components, in the expression of specific membrane receptors and ionic channels, and in favoring the switching of molecular connexins in gap junctions, making P paramount in maintaining pregnancy. Moreover, other recent observations have also shown that probably an hcG-like hormone actually control P receptors expression in myometrial smooth muscles.
Polymorphisms in genes involved in Th1-type cell-mediated response and the risk of gastric cancer

Purpose Helicobacter pylori infection is a major known risk factor for gastric cancer. The pathogenesis of H. pylori infection is in part mediated by the immunologic reaction, which tend to polarize to a T helper type 1 cells (Th1) cell-mediated response, characterized by high IFN-γ, TNF-a, and IL-2 production. These Th1 prominent cytokines have been demonstrated to activate macrophages to produce proinflammatory cytokines, increase gastrin release, inhibit acid secretion and promote cell apoptosis and proliferation. We evaluated the association of gastric cancer risk with several genetic variants in Th1 related genes, including TNFα (A308G), IL2 (T330G), and IFNGR2 (Q64R, T58R, and 128C>T) in a Polish population. Methods We conducted a population-based study of 305 gastric cancer cases and 427 controls in Warsaw, Poland, between 1994 and 1996. Controls were randomly selected and frequency matched to cases by sex and age in 5-year groups. Genomic DNA from peripheral blood lymphocytes was used for genotyping, using TaqMan™ assays. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate ORs and 95% CIs, adjusting for sex, age, education, and smoking status. Results Carriers of the TNFa-308 AA genotype were at increased risk of gastric cancer (OR = 2.56, 95% CI 1.6–4.1, p-trend Conclusions Our results suggest that variants in genes involved in Th1 cell-mediated immunologic response may contribute, at least in part, to the etiology of gastric cancer.
Effect of food deprivation, phenobarbital, and SKF-525A on teratogenicity induced by 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (dinoseb) and on disposition of [14C]dinoseb in mice.

Swiss‐Webster mice were treated ip with 2‐sec‐butyl‐4,6‐dinitrophenol (dinoseb) at doses of 0–18.8 mg/kg/day on days 10, 11, and/or 12 of gestation. These treatments were preceded by 24‐ or 48‐hr food deprivation or by pretreatment with phenobarbital or 2‐diethylaminoethyl‐2,2‐dlphenylvalerate hydrochloride (SKF‐525A). Resorption rate and fetal body weight were determined and external, soft tissue, and skeletal examinations were made on fetuses removed by Caesarean section on the 19th day of gestation. SKF‐525A potentiated and phenobarbital inhibited resorptions and reductions in fetal body weight induced by dinoseb. Dinoseb‐induced external, soft tissue, and skeletal anomalies were increased by 24‐hr food deprivation and SKF‐525A pretreatment, while 48‐hr food deprivation had no effect. In general, the effect of phenobarbital was to protect against dinoseb teratogenicity. Disposition of [14C] dinoseb was also examined in adult female mice following each of the pretreatments. Food deprivation for 24 hr sl...
Movement, mobility, and public health

Physical inactivity is increasingly recognized as a public health problem due to the increased risks for chronic diseases and disabling physical conditions that limit movement and mobility in adults. During the past 15 years, public health activities have focused on understanding factors that influence physical activity behaviors and in identifying ways to minimize physical inactivity. Efforts have focused on conducting physical activity surveillance systems, evaluating policies related to active lifestyles, and sponsoring research studies to understand how coordinated multidisciplinary approaches can reduce physical inactivity in communities. Population demographics associated with an aging society provide opportunities for federal and local agencies and organizations to identify effective ways for adults to remain physically active on a regular basis.
Abstract 3726: Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), a naturally occurring compound, combined with platinum-based therapies enhances apoptosisin vitro, and inhibits lung tumor growthin vivo

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States, and it is estimated more than 220,000 new cases will be diagnosed in 2011. The first-line therapy for advanced lung cancer almost always contains a platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent, regardless of the disease9s histological profile. In vitro studies have shown that isothiocyanate compounds can sensitize lung cancer cells to cisplatin treatment, however the underlying mechanisms have not been well defined and until now, there have been no in vivo demonstrations to support the in vitro results. Our lab recently discovered that allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), a naturally occurring isothiocyanate molecule found in cruciferous vegetables such as horseradish and mustard seeds, can sensitize lung cancer cells to cisplatin treatment. Our data demonstrate that the combination of cisplatin and AITC can induce apoptosis more effectively than cisplatin alone. Furthermore, drug combination index (CI) analysis from cancer cell-based ex vivo studies showed synergistic effects between AITC and cisplatin in defined dose ranges. Mechanistic studies revealed that combination treatment of cisplatin and AITC decreases the expression of survivin and Bcl-2 and concomitantly increases caspase-3 activation, PARP cleavage and DNA fragmentation, hallmarks of apoptosis. Most importantly, our data demonstrate that cisplatin, in combination with orally administered AITC, shows significantly improved suppression of lung tumor growth in human lung tumor xenograft mouse models compared to cisplatin or AITC alone. Given its oral bioavailability and potential to overcome cisplatin resistance, AITC shows promise as a chemotherapeutic-sensitizer for the treatment of advanced lung cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3726. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3726
Nuclear translocation of human angiogenin in cultured human umbilical artery endothelial cells is microtubule and lysosome independent.

Abstract Exogenous angiogenin undergoes rapid nuclear translocation in cultured human umbilical artery endothelial cells at 37 °C but not at 4 °C. Treatment of cells with colchicine, nocodazole and taxol, which disrupt the microtubule system, does not affect the nuclear translocation process of angiogenin, suggesting that cells transport internalized angiogenin in a microtubule independent fashion. Lysosomal inhibitors, chloroquine and leupeptin, neither inhibit nor enhance the nuclear translocation of angiogenin, indicating that lysosomal targeting and processing are not required for, and do not compete with, the nuclear translocation. Moreover, treatment of cells with a tyrosine kinase antagonist, genistein, does not change the ability of the cells to translocate angiogenin into the nucleus. We suggest that exogenous angiogenin is translocated to the nucleus by a mechanism that does not require activation of tyrosine kinase, but includes receptor-mediated endocytosis, microtubule and lysosome independent transport across the cytoplasm, and nuclear localization sequence-assisted nuclear import.
Effectiveness of passive gas‐scavenging canisters attached to isoflurane anesthesia systems under standard‐use conditions in a laboratory animal facility

Chronic exposure to trace levels of waste anesthetic gases has been linked to higher incidences of neurologic and reproductive dysfunction, hepatic and renal toxicity, and neoplasia in health care professionals. We have shown that low levels of isoflurane emissions are likely in conventional laboratory animal treatment rooms during the use of standard anesthesia delivery systems equipped with activated charcoal canisters for passive gas scavenging. In the present study, we surveyed the effectiveness of canisters (attached to well-maintained precision isoflurane vaporizers) in current use throughout our AAALAC-accredited laboratory animal facility. Canisters (Omnicon f/air) had been weighed prior to use and then attached to dual-loop systems (face mask and induction box circuits) from 1 week to 6 months of service. Isoflurane emissions were measured using a pre-calibrated, portable infrared spectrophotometer by attaching each canister to the face-mask circuit, occluding the face mask and closing the stopcock to the induction circuit, and running the system at uniform isoflurane concentration (2%) and oxygen flow rate (1 L minute−1). Samples were taken in animal procedure rooms (size range, 45–80 m3) in which the air turnover rate ranged between 20 and 30 nonrecirculating changes per hour. Nine of the 60 canisters (15%) in current use were found to have exceeded the manufacturer's recommended use-life (defined as a weight increase of 50 g). Of these nine, seven canisters did not scavenge isoflurane at all (indicated by emissions greatly exceeding 100 ppm). Isoflurane was not detected in the operator's breathing zone under normal use conditions (i.e. gas directed to both circuits at once). Of the 51 canisters that had not exceeded their rated use-life, 12 (23.5%) exhausted isoflurane at >2 ppm. Our data show that (i) the potential for exposure to waste isoflurane emissions will depend on the configuration of the delivery system and that (ii) enhanced attention to canister surveillance may be warranted even in well-run facilities.
Assessing Outcomes with Nursing Research Assignments and Citation Analysis of Student Bibliographies

Abstract What are the library and information research requirements in a typical undergraduate nursing program? Do distance-learning library services provide undergraduate nursing students with the research materials they require for their academic work? In order to determine how the broad range of reference, instruction, and access services offered by Feinberg Library at Plattsburgh State University of New York are used by students, the author reviewed selected nursing course syllabi for research requirements and the resulting student research bibliographies as an outcome assessment. The review included 441 bibliographic citations from 78 student research papers from 1998-1999. Results indicated no significant difference between on- and off-campus student bibliography citations with regards to currency, format or number of citations. Results also indicated that the reviewed undergraduate nursing research assignments were indeed designed to promote research integration into nursing practice, and that stud...
Solid-State Coordination Chemistry of the Cu/Triazolate/X System (X = F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, OH-, and SO42-)

Hydrothermal reactions of 1,2,4-triazole with the appropriate copper salt have provided eight structurally unique members of the Cu/triazolate/X system, with X = F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, OH-, and SO42-. The anionic components X of [Cu3(trz)4(H2O)3]F2 (1) and [Cu6(trz)4Br]Cu4Br4(OH) (4) do not participate in the framework connectivity, acting as isolated charge-compensating counterions. In contrast, the anionic subunits X of [CuIICuI(trz)Cl2] (2), [Cu6(trz)4Br2] (3), [CuIICuI(trz)Br2] (5), [Cu3(trz)I2] (6), [Cu6IICu2I(trz)6(SO4)3(OH)2(H2O)] (8), and [Cu4(trz)3]OH·7.5H2O (9·7.5H2O) are intimately involved in the three-dimensional connectivities. The structure of [CuIICuI(trz)2][Cu3II4] (7) is constructed from two independent substructures: a three-dimensional cationic {Cu2(trz)2}nn+ component and {Cu3I4}nn- chains. Curiously, four of the structures are mixed-valence CuI/CuII materials: 2, 5, 7, and 8. The only CuII species is 1, while 3, 4, 6, and 9·7.5H2O exhibit exclusively CuI sites. The magnetic properties o...
Polysilicon emitter design for scaled BiCMOS circuits

Abstract Optimization of the conventional BiCMOS gate design for supply voltage scaling is analyzed using MMSPICE, a semi-numerical mixed-mode device/circuit simulator. The analysis is focused on the inordinate speed degradation of the BiCMOS driver circuit at low supply voltages. Device/circuit simulations give physical insight concerning design optimization, and suggest how the polysilicon emitter of the BJTs should be formed to retain the BiCMOS speed superiority over CMOS when the technology is scaled. The simulations, which include a physical accounting for the polysilicon contact, predict that use of an interfacial oxide to lower the effective surface recombination velocity to about 100 cm s −1 , without increasing the emitter resistance, can sustain the BiCMOS superiority with the supply voltage scaled to 2.5 V.
Insight into the mechanism of the B12-independent glycerol dehydratase from Clostridium butyricum: preliminary biochemical and structural characterization.

The molecular characterization of a B12-independent glycerol dehydratase from Clostridium butyricum has recently been reported [Raynaud, C., et al. (2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100, 5010−5015]. In this work, we have further characterized this system by biochemical and crystallographic methods. Both the glycerol dehydratase (GD) and the GD-activating enzyme (GD-AE) could be purified to homogeneity under aerobic conditions. In this form, both the GD and GD-AE were inactive. A reconstitution procedure, similar to what has been reported for pyruvate formate lyase activating enzyme (PFL-AE), was employed to reconstitute the activity of the GD-AE. Subsequently, the reconstituted GD-AE could be used to reactivate the GD under strictly anaerobic conditions. We also report here the crystal structure of the inactive GD in the native (2.5 A resolution, Rcryst = 17%, Rfree = 20%), glycerol-bound (1.8 A resolution, Rcryst = 21%, Rfree = 24%), and 1,2-propanediol-bound (2.4 A resolution, Rcryst = 20%, Rfree = 2...
MACHO fracture: distal fifth metacarpal fracture revisited

Background: The term “boxer's fracture” has been used to describe fractures to the fifth metacarpal. In fact, boxers do not fracture their fifth metacarpal but their second or third metacarpals. Methods: We reviewed demographic data for 51 patients with boxer's fractures. Sex, age, hand involved, hand dominance, method of injury, ethanol intoxication, and presence of anger at the time of injury were evaluated. Results: Only 18 % of our cases involved a patient hitting another person. Fifty-one percent of the cases occurred when the patient intentionally struck a hard object. Thirty-one percent of fractures were accidental or due to crush injury. Of those injured from an intentional blow, nearly all of the patients were male. Patients were commonly angry at the time of injury. Conclusions: Based on the characteristics of our patients with these fractures, we believe a more appropriate name for this injury is the MACHO fracture (Men Angrily Cuffing Hard Objects).
A New Species of Myrciaria (Myrtaceae) from Ecuador

Abstract. Myrciaria racemosa, a new species of Myrtaceae from Ecuador, is described and illustrated, with notes on distribution and phenology.
Cannabinoid CB1 receptors are localized primarily on cholecystokinin-containing GABAergic interneurons in the rat hippocampal formation.

Abstract Localization of cannabinoid CB1 receptors on GABAergic interneurons in the rat hippocampal formation was studied by double-labeling immunohistochemistry with confocal microscopy. Virtually all CB1-immunoreactive neurons (95%) are GABAergic. CB1 fluorescence showed a punctate pattern. In contrast, the GABA fluorescence was distributed homogeneously, suggesting that while CB1 receptors and GABA exist in the same cells they are not localized in the same subcellular compartments. Although virtually all CB1 neurons were GABAergic, many GABAergic neurons did not contain CB1 receptors. GABAergic interneurons in the hippocampal formation can be further divided into subpopulations with distinct connections and functions, using cell markers such as neuropeptides and calcium binding proteins. CB1 receptors were highly co-localized with cholecystokinin and partially co-localized with calretinin and calbindin, but not with parvalbumin. This suggests that cannabinoids may modulate GABAergic neurotransmission at the synapses on the soma and at synapses on the proximal dendrites of the principal neurons, as well as at synapses on other GABAergic interneurons.
Methadone maintenance dose modulates anterior cingulate glutamate levels in heroin-dependent individuals: A preliminary in vivo 1 H MRS study

Abstract Mu-opioid receptor agonists alter brain glutamate (GLU) levels in laboratory animals. This clinical study used proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H MRS) to examine regional brain GLU levels during experimental manipulation of methadone (MTD) maintenance dose under double-blind, within-subject conditions in seven heroin-dependent volunteers. Subjects were scanned first at a high MTD dose (100 mg/day), underwent a 3-week outpatient MTD dose taper, and then were scanned again at a low MTD dose (10–25 mg/day; modified for participant comfort). Five age- and cigarette smoking-matched controls were scanned once. In vivo short echo time (TE=22 ms), single voxel 1 H MRS data from midline pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and thalamus (4.5 cm 3 each) were collected using PRESS on a 4-Tesla MRI system. Absolute metabolite levels were quantified. GLU levels in the ACC, but not the thalamus, were higher at the low relative to the high MTD dose in heroin-dependent subjects. No other metabolites differed by MTD dose, or between control vs. heroin-dependent subjects (at either MTD dose). GLU levels in the ACC were inversely related to the duration of cigarette smoking (controls) and heroin use (experimental group). Future studies are warranted to investigate the relationship between GLU levels during treatment (and detoxification), and withdrawal symptoms or relapse.
Glass Transition of Soy Globulins Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Mechanical Spectrometry

The glass transition of soy 7S and 11S globulin fractions, isolated from defatted soy flour by the method of Thanh and Shibasaki (J. Agric. Food Chem. 1976, 24, 6), was studied as a function of moisture content, using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and mechanical spectrometry. Both proteins showed to be plasticizable by water, suggesting that their hydrophilic domains play an important role in determining their calorimetric and rheological properties. Due to the presence of a contaminating 7S fraction in the 11S fraction, and vice versa, the DSC and mechanical spectrometry scans from both fractions showed two different glass transitions which correspond to the 7S and 11S globulins, respectively. The glass transition temperature (T g ) of the 7S fraction ranged from 114 to -67 °C for moisture contents from 0 to 35%, while the T g of the 11S fraction ranged from 160 to -17 °C for moisture contents from 0 to 40%. Results from both methods superimposed each other very well in the overlapping moisture range. Similar results have been found in other amorphous polymers.
General formulation of covariant helicity-coupling amplitudes

A general formulation is given for constructing covariant helicity-coupling amplitudes involving two-body decays with arbitrary integer spins. The decay amplitudes are given exclusively in terms of both definite orbital angular momentum and total intrinsic spin. A systematic method is developed for calculating the energy and momentum dependence of daughter particles in the decay amplitudes, and a general formula for arbitrary integer spins is given. A number of illustrative examples is worked out, among which is that of the Higgs boson decay into two gauge bosons.
Influencing light versus heavy engagers of harmful behavior to curb their habits through positive and negative ad imagery

Mass media advertising has increasingly been seen as an important vehicle to influence attitudes and behaviors on issues designed to enhance the well-being of society overall. However, prior research shows mixed results on the ability of advertising to encourage substantial or long-term changes in self-destructive behavior. The current research provides a framework to reconcile previous findings and demonstrates that different psychological processes are occurring when trying to convince light versus heavy engagers to curb their potentially harmful behaviors. Validated across two contexts (texting while driving and excessive gambling), the present study demonstrates that ads containing positive imagery (as opposed to negative imagery) are more effective at influencing heavy engagers to limit their harmful behaviors. Heavy engagers in the harmful behavior seem to resist ads containing negative imagery and do not find them to be more credible or involving. Instead, they are more influenced to curb their harmful behaviors after seeing positive imagery containing characters and situations to which they can relate. On the other hand, light engagers of harmful behavior are more likely to be persuaded to limit their behaviors after exposure to advertising containing negative imagery. The negative imagery evokes perceptions of ad credibility and encourages individuals to think about the advertised problem and consequences. Both credibility and ad involvement are shown to be important mediators of ad effectiveness for light engagers, whereas relatability was not a significant mediator for this group. Implications for the design of effective public service announcements targeted toward these separate groups are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monitoring, liquidity provisions, and financial crises

This paper analyzes central bank policies on the monitoring of banks in distress in which liquidity provisions are conditional on performance when a bad shock occurs. A sequential game model is used to analyze two policies: the first one in which the central bank acts with discretion and the second in which the optimal monitoring policy rule is made public. The results show that banks exert less effort and take higher risks with a discretionary monitoring policy. With public information about monitoring rules, there is more central bank monitoring and less need to provide emergency funding. Public information about monitoring resolves the multiple equilibria that arise with discretion in fact, a unique equilibrium emerges in which the probability of a banking crisis is reduced.
Accelerating the Pace of Atherosclerosis Research

Manipulations of plasma cholesterol concentrations have been the mainstay of experimental atherosclerosis research for many decades. Before the introduction of the widespread use of genetic manipulations, atherosclerosis research primarily relied on dietary manipulations to produce hypercholesterolemic states.1 This was easily achieved in some species, such as rabbits, by the addition of cholesterol to the diet.2 Although many animals have been used in the development of atherosclerosis studies, there has been a dramatic increase in focusing on the use of mice to determine mechanisms of the disease. Like many species, mice do not readily respond to elevations of dietary cholesterol to generate a hypercholesterolemic state. The use of mice for atherosclerosis research was pioneered by the landmark studies of Dr Paigen3,4 described the appearance and quantification of lesions in the mouse aorta after mice were fed a diet containing high content of cholesterol and cholate. See accompanying article on page 50 The application of mice to atherosclerosis studies was enhanced dramatically by the manipulation of genes relevant to lipoprotein metabolism. For example, mice deficient in apoE are hypercholesterolemic and develop atherosclerotic lesions even when fed normal laboratory diets.5,6 The extent of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis is enhanced by feeding diets that mimic the fat contents of some fast food companies.7 Another widely used model is the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor knockout mouse, and in this case, the use of a high-cholesterol/high-fat diet is required to …
A Trough Trap for Catching Coho Salmon Smolts Emigrating from Beaver Ponds

Abstract Smolts of wild coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch were captured at Yehring Creek, southeastern Alaska, with trough traps as they emigrated from beaver pond rearing areas. Each trap consisted of a fence along the rim of the beaver dam, a trough, an A-frame to support the trough, and a floating live box connected to the trough by rigid pipe, The traps caused little mortality, cost about US$ 240 each to build, and were easy to install and maintain.
Prevalence of house dust mites in nursing homes in southwest ohio

Dermatophagoides spp house dust mites were found to be prevalent in geriatric nursing homes in southwestern Ohio. Mite density was lower in nursing homes than in private homes in comparable dust-sampling areas and at similar times of the year. Generally, fewer mattresses, floors, and articles of furniture were mite positive in nursing homes by comparison to private homes. Lower institutional mite levels were attributed to frequent linen and mattress cover changes and rigorous cleaning practices, coupled with the lack of a favorable mite environment provided by high ambient temperatures, low relative humidity, tiled or vinyl-covered floors and furniture, and covered or encased mattresses.
Arginine methylation of G3BP1 in response to Wnt3a regulates β-catenin mRNA

Wnt/β-catenin signaling is essential for normal mammalian development. Wnt3a activates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway through stabilization of β-catenin; a process in which the phosphoprotein Dishevelled figures prominently. Protein arginine methylation in signaling complexes containing Dishevelled was investigated. Mass spectrometry of a prominent arginine-methylated, Dishevelled-associated protein identified the Ras GTPase activating protein-binding protein 1 G3BP1. Stimulation of totipotent mouse embryonic F9 cells with Wnt3a provoked increased methylation of G3BP1. We show that G3BP1 is a novel Ctnnb1 mRNA binding protein. Methylation of G3BP1 constitutes a molecular switch that regulates Ctnnb1 mRNA in response to Wnt3a. Thus, the protein arginine methylation that targets G3BP1 acts as a novel regulator of Ctnnb1 mRNA.
A Benefit-Cost Analysis of Nuclear Power Applied to the GPS Mission

OLAR powered spacecraft are currently being developed for the Global Positioning System (GPS). The development of nuclear power supplies and related technologies have proceeded to the point where nuclear powered spacecraft alternatives are possible and need to receive serious consideration for application to the GPS mission. An analysis was performed, and is herein reported, of the economic benefits which may result from developing and utilizing nuclear powered spacecraft in place of solar powered spacecraft for the GPS mission. The analysis considers cost uncertainties, launch system and spacecraft subsystem reliability, time phasing of nuclear spacecraft into a system consisting of solar powered spacecraft, a nuclear demonstration experiment, and the likelihood of nuclear operational spacecraft implementation in terms of the successful duration of the experiment, and single and multiple payload launches. It also develops the probability distributions of all pertinent events, annual costs, and present values of costs and benefits. Contents Since the early 1960's, both the Navy and the Air Force have actively pursued the idea that navigation and positioning could be performed using radio signals transmitted from space vehicles. This has led to the Global Positioning System (GPS),l which is a space-based radio positioning navigation system that will provide extremely accurate three-dimensional position and velocity information together with system time to suitably equipped users anywhere on or near the Earth. The space segment of the system will ultimately consist of 24 spacecraft deployed in circular 10,900-n. mi. orbits, having 12-hr periods and located in three orbital planes inclined at approximately 63 deg.
Suspicious circumcisions: a psychoanalytic exploration of the connection between Antisemitism and Misogyny

The historical dominance of Classical Greek attitudes, beliefs, and meaning structures has directly contributed to the “otherness” status of women, establishing an implicit misogynistic undercurrent in the history of Western society. The privileging of certain Greek ethos within the foundation of Christendom has likewise amplified and institutionalised Antisemitism, solidifying the Jew as an “other”, atavistic and vestigial nation of people. The biblical world view, in contradistinction, offers an important reappraisal of masculine and feminine ideals, undercutting misogynistic attitudes and in so doing delimiting space for an authentic feminine other to find expression. The alternative gender conceptualizations endorsed by the Bible and more generally embodied in Hebraic thought render Jews a target for displaced misogynistic rage. Particular attention is given to the domains of rationality vs. irrationality, activity vs. passivity, and the dramatically different ways that the Graeco-Roman, psychoanalyti...