cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An initial exploration of the perceptual threshold test using electrical stimulation to measure arm sensation following stroke

Objective: To explore the viability of the perceptual threshold test using electrical stimulation to measure light touch sensation in the hands of stroke survivors.Design: Descriptive study.Setting: University research laboratory.Subjects: Twenty-nine adult community-dwelling chronic stroke survivors.Main measure(s): Perceptual threshold test using electrical stimulation, stroke rehabilitation assessment of movement, Nottingham sensory assessment for stereognosis, action research arm test, Fugl-Meyer assessment of sensation and motor activity log 14.Results: Perceptual threshold test using electrical stimulation mean threshold values were 1.23 (0.6) milliamperes (range 0.5–3.5) for the uninvolved side and 1.68 (0.91) milliamperes (range 0.5–4.5) for the involved side. The perceptual threshold test using electrical stimulation demonstrated excellent intra-rater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.896 – uninvolved; 0.829 – involved). There was a statistically significant difference between t...
Human cytomegalovirus suppresses type I interferon secretion by plasmacytoid dendritic cells through its interleukin 10 homolog.

Type I interferons (IFNs) are innate cytokines with potent antiviral and immunoregulatory activities. It remains unclear how human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can establish persistence in the face of these strongly antagonistic cytokines. In this study, we confirm that IFN-α efficiently suppresses the penetration of HCMV into susceptible cells, including monocytes, the major cell population in peripheral blood that is highly susceptible to HCMV infection. We further demonstrate that the HCMV-derived interleukin 10 (IL-10) homolog functions similar to cellular IL-10 and broadly inhibits TLR-induced transcriptional activation of IFN-α/β genes in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs), a major type I IFN-producer in vivo that is highly resistant to HCMV infection in vitro. These results suggest that HCMV subverts innate immunity by suppressing type I IFN production of PDCs during primary viral infection via its IL-10 homolog.
Preparative ion-exchange chromatography of proteins from dairy whey

A preparative-scale ion-exchange chromatographic process is described for the separation of the four major proteins and lactose from sweet dairy whey. Experiments using a commercial anion-exchange resin were carried out to determine the optimum conditions for initially separating the proteins alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin, bovine serum albumin, immunoglobulin G and lactose from a sweet dairy whey mixture. The separation was accomplished with simultaneous step elution changes in salt concentration and pH. It was found that the anion-exchange step was most effective in separating beta-lactoglobulin from the feed mixture. Following the anion-exchange separation, its breakthrough curve was processed using a commercial cation-exchange resin to further recover the valuable immunoglobulin G. The whey output from an east Tennessee cheese manufacturer was used as a feedstream for the preparative scale experiments and as a reference in scaling to an economically optimized production level operation.
Zadeh’s influence on mathematics

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present Lotfi Zadeh’s influence on mathematics. Mathematics rests on the foundation of logic and set theory. L.A. Zadeh’s seminal paper on fuzzy sets laid the groundwork for fuzzy logic and thus the foundation of fuzzy mathematics.
Studies on cytochrome P-450-dependent lipid hydroperoxide reduction

Abstract A reconstituted mixed-function oxidase system containing cytochrome P-450, cytochrome P-450 reductase, phosphatidylcholine, and NADPH catalyzed the reduction of 13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid to 13-hydroxy-9,ll-octadecadienoic acid. Activity was stimulated by the addition of type I substrates, while carbon monoxide and oxygen inhibited the reaction. Perfluoro-n-hexane stimulated the reduction of lipid hydroperoxide to lipid alcohol in the reconstituted system but not by cytochrome P-450 alone. Incubation of cytochrome P-450 with only lipid hydroperoxide resulted in destruction of the hemoprotein. Addition of substrates such as aminopyrine decreased cytochrome P-450 destruction. Addition of reducing equivalents from a reconstituted electron transport system also decreased cytochrome P-450 destruction.
Reduction in the minimum candidate interval in the dominant-intermediate form of Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy to D19S586 to D19S432.

As part of an on-going genomic screen of unlinked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2 (CMT2) families, we identified 11 regions in the genome with lod scores ≥1.0. One of these regions was near the recently identified CMTDI1 locus on 19q. We show evidence of linkage of DUK 1118 to this region and our data reduce the minimum candidate interval for CMTDI1 to the 9-cM interval spanned by D19S586 and D19S432.We also demonstrate that five additional CMT2 families are unlinked to 19q markers, providing further evidence of CMT2 heterogeneity.
The future of health behavior change research: what is needed to improve translation of research into health promotion practice?

Background: It is well documented that the results of most behavioral and health promotion studies have not been translated into practice.Purpose: In this article, reasons for this gap, focusing on study design characteristics as a central contributing barrier, are discussed.Methods: Four reviews of recent controlled studies in work sites, health care, school, and community settings are briefly discussed and summarized. Their implications for future research and for closing the gap between research and practice are then discussed.Results: These reviews come to consistent conclusions regarding key internal and external validity factors that have and have not been reported. It is very clear that moderating variables and generalization issues have not been included or reported in the majority of investigations, and that as a consequence little is known about the representatives or the robustness of results from current studies.Conclusions: To significantly improve the current state of affairs, substantial changes will be required on the part of researchers, funding agencies, and review and editorial boards. In conclusion, recommendations for each of these entities are provided.
Suicidality, refractory suffering, and the right to choose death.

The scenario that is the focus of the article by Brown, Elliott, and Paine (2013) highlights clinical medicine's profound ambivalence toward the nature of suffering, particularly when it is associa...
CT of renal cell carcinoma: assessment of collecting system invasion.

OBJECTIVE. Although renal collecting system invasion is not considered in the current TNM staging system, this finding may be relevant in terms of treatment planning and prognosis. The objective of this study was to investigate the frequency of collecting system invasion in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and to assess the diagnostic performance of excretory phase CT for the assessment of collecting system invasion. MATERIALS AND METHODS. We conducted a retrospective study of 261 patients (171 men and 90 women; average age, 61 years; age range, 32–86 years) who underwent CT before nephrectomy for RCC between November 2008 and July 2011 at a single institution. On excretory phase contrast-enhanced CT images, two radiologists independently determined whether RCC components caused a filling defect within the collecting system and whether the RCC was in contact to the collecting system wall or separated from it. Histopathology served as the standard of reference. Interreader agreement and diagnostic performance te...
A proposed standard test bus and boundary scan architecture

The author describes the test interface and boundary scan architecture proposed in the Joint Test Action Group (JTAG) 2.0 specification. The test access port described in the JTAG specification meets the requirements for a standard serial test interface. The architecture is flexible enough to support test structures ranging from boundary scan to the sophisticated maintenance and support structures required in the high end military and commercial arena of the electronics industry. Features discussed include the test access port, the instruction register, and the data register. >
Consolidation and Improvement of Nanotechnology Research Facilities at the University of Kentucky

The Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering (CeNSE) was formed in 2004. In 2006 CeNSE consisted of four small laboratories located in the basement and third floors of the ASTeCC building on the central campus of the University of Kentucky. The equipment was wedged into the space with most of the utilities and gas cylinders strapped to the equipment. The lone particle protection device was a portable clean room which consistently ran at negative pressure thus pulling particles into the space. The Center used a single fume hood to do both solvent and acid processes. Additionally there were no temperature and humidity controls. These factors caused an issue with getting consistent results on experiments. The goal of this project was to consolidate and increase the effective size of the Center without increasing the number of rooms and to do so with a very limited budget.
Contrasting sulfur geochemistry and Fe/Al and Mo/Al ratios across the last oxic-to-anoxic transition in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela

An abrupt transition from oxic to anoxic-sulfidic (euxinic) marine bottom waters occurred in the Cariaco Basin in response to increasing productivity resulting from the late Pleistocene post-glacial rise in sea level and corresponding increase in surface- water nutrient availability. The microlaminated sediments of the euxinic interval, which span the last f14.5 ky, suggest a predominance of water-column (syngenetic) pyrite formation based on (1) high pyrite sulfur (Spy) concentrations in the surficial sediment layers, (2) values for degree-of-pyritization (DOP) that generally do not increase appreciably with increasing burial, (3) ratios of total iron (FeT) to Al that are elevated above the continental baseline recorded in the underlying oxic sediments, and (4) Spy isotope trends that largely mimic the d 34 SHSof the modern water column. Intermediate DOP values in the microlaminated deposits and FeT/Al ratios that are slightly above continental levels indicate an iron reservoir controlled by scavenging during syngenetic pyrite formation in combination with intermediate rates of Fe-bearing siliciclastic accumulation. As predicted from the relative rates of siliciclastic delivery, FeT/Al and DOP data lie between end-member values observed in the modern Black Sea. As viewed broadly, FeT/Al and DOP relationships in euxinic sediments reflect the balance between syngenetic Fe scavenging and temporal and spatial gradients in siliciclastic input. Pyrite concentrations are generally low in the underlying oxic marine deposits because of limitations in the supply of organic carbon (Corg). However, the upper 80 cm of the Fe-rich, Corg-poor, bioturbated sediment show evidence for a strong diffusional HSoverprint from the overlying, Fe-limited euxinic marine environment. This post-glacial transition manifests in pyrite overprints that are strongly 34 S-depleted relative to those in restricted, presently euxinic marine settings elsewhere in the world, such as the Black Sea, where the sedimentary sequence spanning the last glacial-interglacial transition begins with a shift from freshwater to Corg-poor oxic marine deposition and thus dominantly sulfate diffusion. Trends for Mo/Al ratios in the microlaminated sediments suggest that Mo is enriched by roughly two orders of magnitude above the continental levels recorded in the oxic deposits. Organic matter plays a role by enhancing HSproduction and/or by providing a substrate for Mo scavenging. Significant Mo enrichment via diffusion into the upper portion of the bioturbated zone was not observed despite HS � -rich pore waters as recorded in the heavy iron sulfide overprint. We have
Numerical dispersion in the vector finite element method using first-order quadrilateral elements

Although the vector finite element method has been widely used, the errors associated with it have not been thoroughly investigated. For finite elements, one of the most significant errors arises from the inability of the polynomial basis functions to represent the fields exactly within an element. A plane wave propagating through a finite element mesh will experience numerical dispersion as a result of this error. For practical node densities, this numerical dispersion can be characterized by a cumulative phase error. The numerical dispersion of a time-harmonic plane wave propagating through an infinite, two-dimensional, first-order vector finite element mesh composed of uniform quadrilateral elements is investigated. It is shown that the phase error for the vector finite elements is dependent upon the direction of propagation through the mesh and the electrical size of the elements. In addition, a simple formula is given which is an approximation to the exact numerical dispersion.
Routine pre-operative ultrasonography for papillary thyroid cancer: effects on cervical recurrence.

Background Pre-operative ultrasonography (US) is now part of published treatment guidelines for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), despite the lack of long-term data on its potential value in preventing neck recurrence. We report the follow-up of patients with PTC in whom pre-operative US was used to accurately stage the extent of neck disease. Methods Patients with PTC who underwent pre-operative US and surgery were evaluated by indication for surgery (primary surgery, surgery for persistent PTC, and surgery for recurrent PTC). Patients who underwent their primary surgery at our institution were further evaluated by time period in which their pre-operative US was performed. Primary outcome studied was cervical recurrence. Results A total of 275 patients underwent pre-operative US; median follow-up was 41 months. Neck recurrence occurred in 6% of primary surgery patients, 5% of persistent-disease patients, and 23% of recurrent-disease patients ( P Conclusion Once a patient with PTC experiences neck recurrence, they are at an increased risk for subsequent neck recurrence. Pre-operative US followed by compartment-oriented surgery may decrease recurrence rates in patients if performed before their primary operation.
Heat Flow through Soils and Effects on Thermal Storage Cycle in High-Mass Structures

The solar radiation absorbed in massive building components is stored and later emitted as long-wave thermal radiation into the interior space. Heat storage capacity is directly related to the mass of the building envelope surrounding this space and particularly that of high-mass, homogeneous earthen or cementitious material. A thermal storage cycle is created by the time-lag effect if sufficient mass is available. A similar strategy applied to the lunar and/or Martian regolith would provide a surface structure with micrometeorite and radiation protection, thermal insulation, and natural supplemental heat energy that would significantly reduce the energy requirements met by mechanical equipment. HEAT2 is an energy simulation program that solves heat transfer problems using the partial differential heat conduction equation in two dimensions with the method of explicit finite differences. HEAT2 simulation data suggests that, although thermal mass is most suitable for climates where desired indoor temperatur...
Individual and Combined Effects of the Fusarium Mycotoxins Fumonisin B1 and Moniliformin in Broiler Chicks

Abstract SUMMARY. The individual and combined effects of feeding fumonisin B1 (FB1; 0, 100, 200 mg FB1/kg) and moniliformin (M; 0, 100, 200 mg M/kg) were evaluated using a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Significant mortality (P < 0.05) occurred in chicks fed all diets containing 200 mg M/kg (50%–65%). Compared with controls and chicks fed FB1, both feed intake and body weight gain were decreased (P < 0.05) in chicks fed diets containing 100 mg M/kg. Chicks fed M had heavier heart weights (P < 0.05) than control chicks or chicks fed FB1. Compared with controls, chicks fed diets containing 200 mg M/kg or a combination of 200 mg FB1/kg and 100 mg M/kg had increased kidney and liver weights (P < 0.05). Significant FB1 by M interactions (P < 0.05) were observed for serum total protein and aspartate aminotransferase. Mild to moderate periportal extramedullary hematopoiesis and mild focal hepatic necrosis were observed in chicks fed FB1 alone. An increased incidence of large pleomorphic cardiomyocyte...
An organizational framework for the AMI ACC-GAP Project.

Much has been learned about the best practices relative to guidelines applied consistently at the bedside in the three American College of Cardiology Acute Myocardial Infarction Guidelines Applied in Practice (ACC AMI-GAP) demonstration projects. The results and knowledge gleaned from these projects
Pharmacists as an Underutilized Resource for Improving Community-Level Support of Breastfeeding

With their highly visible roles in the community, frequent interactions with soon-to-be and new parents, and knowledge of medication safety, pharmacists can be a key component in breastfeeding promotion and support. A review of the literature showed that pharmacists have poor knowledge but positive attitudes toward breastfeeding and that pharmacy practices are variable and mostly guided by personal experience. A review of 58 health professional organizations' English-language infant feeding/breastfeeding policy statements showed that no US pharmacists' association has a position statement, as exists for professional pharmacist organizations in Canada and Australia. We explored pharmacists' interactions with mothers before and after birth and possible opportunities to expand pharmacists' roles in the promotion and support of breastfeeding. Barriers to meeting unmet needs of breastfeeding mothers were identified in order to plan strategies for implementing programs to address these barriers. Through input obtained from pharmacy and breastfeeding experts and from information available in the published literature, good matches between unmet needs and capabilities were identified in (a) provision of health promotion resources and public awareness campaigns, (b) assistance with purchase of breastfeeding products and pumps, and (c) provision of information, support, and referral related to commonly encountered difficulties as well as medication use during lactation. Absence of adequate breastfeeding knowledge was identified as a crucial barrier. Leveraging pharmacists to address unmet preventive health needs is especially important as we strive to align resources to support healthy behaviors in our current health care delivery environment.
Coccidioidomycosis in solid organ transplantation

Coccidioidomycosis is an endemic fungal infection of the southwestern United States. Normally a self-limited infection in healthy hosts, coccidioidomycosis can become a serious complication in patients who have had solid organ transplantation. Among patients whose solid organ transplantation was complicated by coccidioidomycosis, the infection has a variety of clinical presentations. Disseminated disease is common and has substantial morbidity. Patients at risk for coccidioidal infection should be identified so that antifungal prophylactic therapy can be initiated. Treatment options include amphotericin B or azoles. Secondary prophylaxis is recommended because relapse is frequent.
Acute Nonspecific Lung Abscess: A Controlled Study Comparing Orally and Parenterally Administered Penicillin G

A controlled study was undertaken to compare oral and parenteral administration of penicillin G in the treatment of acute nonspecific lung abscess. Eighteen patients received 1.2 million units four times a day by mouth and 18 were given either 500,000 units intramuscularly every eight hours (five cases) or 20 million units per day intravenously for two weeks followed by orally administered penicillin (13 cases). Medication was continued until the process resolved or stabilized on serial roentgenograms. Those treated parenterally and orally were comparable with respect to various background factors. Two patients receiving penicillin orally failed to show a clinical response in six days but then responded to orally administered tetracycline. One patient on intravenously administered penicillin did not respond in six days but was treated successfully with clindamycin by mouth. The rate of defervescence and the rate of cavity disappearance was similar in the two groups.
Policy-Making and the Adaptability of Informal Institutions

This article discusses several of the insights generated by a theory of the formation of relationships between heterogeneously risk-averse individuals who lack access to formal insurance. An example illustrates the policy relevance of the theory, and demonstrates a relationship between the emergence of entrepreneurship in developing economies and higher income inequality. Reducing aggregate risk is a strict Pareto improvement if relationships in the status quo are assumed to remain constant, but is shown to be particularly harmful for the most risk-averse individuals and to exacerbate inequality when the endogenous network response is taken into account: the least risk-averse individuals abandon their roles as informal insurers in favor of entrepreneurial partnerships.
Correction to "A two-dimensional satellite rainfall error model"

Two corrections to the above-named article [ibid., vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 1511? 1522, Jun. 2006] are indicated here. They are, respectively, to the biography for author F. Hossain and to reference [17].
Reduced Mitochondrial Oxidative Capacity and Increased Mitochondrial Uncoupling Impair Myocardial Energetics in Obesity

Background— Obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is strongly associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Recent studies in obese humans and animals demonstrated increased myocardial oxygen consumption (MVo2) and reduced cardiac efficiency (CE); however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The present study was performed to determine whether mitochondrial dysfunction and uncoupling are responsible for reduced cardiac performance and efficiency in ob/ob mice. Methods and Results— Cardiac function, MVo2, mitochondrial respiration, and ATP synthesis were measured in 9-week-old ob/ob and control mouse hearts. Contractile function and MVo2 in glucose-perfused ob/ob hearts were similar to controls under basal conditions but were reduced under high workload. Perfusion of ob/ob hearts with glucose and palmitate increased MVo2 and reduced CE by 23% under basal conditions, and CE remained impaired at high workload. In glucose-perfused ob/ob hearts, mitochondrial state 3 respi...
In Vitro Antimycobacterial Activity of 5-Chloropyrazinamide

5-Chloropyrazinamide and 5-chloropyrazinoic acid were evaluated for in vitro activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, and several nontuberculous mycobacteria by a broth dilution method. 5-Chloropyrazinamide was more active than pyrazinamide against all organisms tested. It is likely that this agent has a different mechanism of action than pyrazinamide.
Extravasation Injury Associated with Low-Dose Dopamine

OBJECTIVE:To describe the occurrence of extravasation in two patients receiving low-dose dopamine infusions.CASE SUMMARY:Intravenous dopamine was infused peripherally (in the antecubital fossa) to two patients in the cardiac intensive care unit in an attempt to enhance renal blood perfusion and urine output. Dopamine extravasation occurred in both patients while the low dose (<3 μg/kg/min) was infused. Significant local tissue injury was observed in both patients.DISCUSSION:Dopamine infusion can cause tissue ischemia or necrosis secondary to vasospasm and extravasation. Most of the case reports in the literature have occurred when relatively high doses of dopamine were infused. Only one reported extravasation-induced injury with low-dose dopamine. Although low-dose dopamine has a vasodilatory effect in selected tissues, high concentrations achieved locally as a result of extravasation can still cause severe vasoconstriction and ischemic tissue injury.CONCLUSIONS:Low-dose dopamine therapy should be adminis...
Fisheries management for regime-based ecosystems: a management strategy evaluation for the snow crab fishery in the eastern Bering Sea

Regime shifts are a prominent feature of the physical environment of some ecosystems and have the potential to influence stock productivity. However, few management strategies or harvest control rules (HCRs) consider the possibility of changes in stock productivity. A management strategy evaluation is conducted for the snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) fishery in the eastern Bering Sea, an ecosystem influenced by regime shifts. Operating models that project recruitment as a single average (i.e. the current basis for management advice), regime-based with no relationship between recruitment and spawning biomass, and regime-based with control of recruitment oscillating between environmental conditions and spawning biomass are considered. An HCR that accounts for shifts in recruitment regime is compared with the status quo HCR for each operating model. The regime-based HCR increases yield and decreases variability in yield at the cost of a higher probability of overfishing in regime-based systems. However, the regime-based HCR slightly decreases yield (no change in variability) and increases the probability of overfishing in non-regimebased systems. Identifying changes in productivity that are definitely driven by environmental regime rather than fishing pressure is the largest difficulty in implementing these rules.
A decade of letrozole: FACE

Third-generation nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors (AIs), letrozole and anastrozole, are superior to tamoxifen as initial therapy for early breast cancer but have not been directly compared in a head-to-head adjuvant trial. Cumulative evidence suggests that AIs are not equivalent in terms of potency of estrogen suppression and that there may be differences in clinical efficacy. Thus, with no data from head-to-head comparisons of the AIs as adjuvant therapy yet available, the question of whether there are efficacy differences between the AIs remains. To help answer this question, the Femara versus Anastrozole Clinical Evaluation (FACE) is a phase IIIb open-label, randomized, multicenter trial designed to test whether letrozole or anastrozole has superior efficacy as adjuvant treatment of postmenopausal women with hormone receptor (HR)- and lymph node-positive breast cancer. Eligible patients (target accrual, N = 4,000) are randomized to receive either letrozole 2.5 mg or anastrozole 1 mg daily for up to 5 years. The primary objective is to compare disease-free survival at 5 years. Secondary end points include safety, overall survival, time to distant metastases, and time to contralateral breast cancer. The FACE trial will determine whether or not letrozole offers a greater clinical benefit to postmenopausal women with HR+ early breast cancer at increased risk of early recurrence compared with anastrozole.
Addendum: Axial Air flow Theory—Continuum Models

In contrast to the previous chapters the present chapter has nothing to do with aircraft! It is presented more as an addendum devoted to the currently emerging non-aircraft areas of application of aeroelastic flutter such as for a biomedical application “palatal flutter” [102, 105] where the air flow is axial in contrast to normal. And piezoelectric power harvesting from wind as alternate energy source [106, 109] where the orientation of the structure with respect to the flow whether normal or axial is left open as part of system optimization. Both involve the dynamics of a structure modeled as a plate or beam in an air stream and the main interest is again in the aeroelastic flutter phenomenon. But this time our objective is not to suppress it but rather to maintain it, as in the power harvesting application.
Home Field Disadvantage: The Negative Impact of Allowing Home-Schoolers to Participate in Mainstream Sports

Everyone's heard of the proverbial home field advantage in sports whereby the friendly confines of one's own humble abode provides a competitive edge over the inherent stress of being a member of the visiting team in a hostile environment. This article does not aim to analyze the extent to which the psychological perceptions of the home-field advantage manifest themselves into a positive reality. Instead the issues surrounding a more recent phenomenon are explored wherein progressively larger numbers of students are leaving the traditional school setting in favor of being taught at home. The home-schooler, for whatever reason, has become disassociated from the normal group-teaching mainstream environment offered by the more standard, yet varied educational options and instead receives individualized-educational attention literally within the confines of his or her own dwelling. Despite making the choice to avoid the mainstream scholastically, the home-schoolers argue that they are entitled to take advantage of the extracurricular offerings of the mainstream, including band and other arts programs as well as the right to be a member of the best sports teams whether public, private or parochial. This article initially reviews the evolution of the home-school movement and the quest of the home-school student to participate in sports. The history is followed by an analysis of the arguments for and against allowing participation, along with administrative and legislative responses. The article then assesses whether more subtle and insidious aspects of student-athlete exploitation are the motivating forces behind the home-schoolers desires or whether these exploitative forces have yet to be considered or whether the mere fact that such exploitation is possible is enough to support a ban on the home-schooler becoming the ultimate athletic free agent of secondary education.
Articulate Bodies: The Value of a Somatic Curriculum in a Virtual World

Despite the acknowledgment of kinesthetic processing as a recognized learning style, physical or experiential learning generally plays a minor role in the required curriculum of educational institutions. Although the body is addressed in education from a cerebral point of view, what is often missing is the opportunity for students to learn about the body, through the body. The inclusion of somatic practices within the general education curriculum would benefit students, particularly as more and more of our actions take place virtually. This article describes how somatic practices would help kinesthetic learners, teach students how to deal with the kinds of stress that impede learning, provide an antidote to the reduction in physical contact created by increased use of technology, improve physical and mental function, open discussion about the cultural implications of physical conditioning, and offer an alternative vision of the body to contrast the ubiquitous images of sex and violence in the media.
The Impact of Some Regional Shopping Centers

Originally a product of suburban growth, shopping centers are now generating vast changes in retailing and in metropolitan community development.This article discusses the complex reshuffling of cu...
Experimental production of syndrome of obesity, hyperinsulinemia and hyperlipidemia in monkeys

SummaryA syndrome of obesity, high basal serum immunoreactive insulin, blunted insulin response to glucose loading, decreased K-glucose, hyperbeta- and hyperprebeta-lipoproteinemia progressing, in some animals, to overt diabetes mellitus has been observed in monkeys. The syndrome develops spontaneously in “middle-age” animals, or earlier in animals with obesity resulting from hypothalamic lesions.
Computational Modeling of Biomass Thermochemical Conversion in Fluidized Beds: Particle Density Variation and Size Distribution

The design and scale-up of fluidized-bed reactors is an important step to commercialize viable conversion pathways (such as fast pyrolysis) for biomass into hydrocarbon intermediates and fuels that lead to “drop-in” replacements for jet fuel, diesel, gasoline, and other petroleum-based products. Detailed information about the particle size distribution (PSD) and particle density evolution throughout the fluidized-bed reactor can play a critical role in determining in situ catalyst selectivity, intermediate components, and reactor performance. This work presents an Euler–Euler computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model applied to biomass thermochemical conversion for use in fluidized-bed reactor simulations. The complex chemical and physical processes of particle devolatilization and their interaction with the reacting gas environment are described within a multifluid framework based on the kinetic theory of granular flows. The direct quadrature method of moments is used to describe the biomass PSD. Continuo...
Finite element analysis and design for notched check bar of 35CrMo steel

Analyze and design the notched check bar is one of the most important problems in the experimental study of stress concentration and dimension effect and at the same time in the consideration of the affection law on fatigue strength.By applying the finite element method to analyze the stress concentration problems of notched check bar and the theoretical stress concentration coefficients of the single notched check bar were calculated.The design of 35CrMo steel notched check bar was achieved under the situation of ensuring the stress gradient to be consistent between the single notched check bar and the multi-notched check bar.Within the process of finite element analyses of notched check bars it has been discovered that there was comparatively large influence affected by stress concentration nearby the root surface of notch,and rather steeped stress gradients was engendered at this place.The stress gradient of notches of multi notched check bar increases along with the reduction of distance between notches and with the increment of notch radius.At the same time,using the finite element method the calculation of theoretical coefficients of stress concentration would easily be carried out,and thus overcame the limitations of the traditional method.
A Mini Systematic Review of Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation as a Treatment for Gait and Dysarthria in Parkinson's Disease

This review investigated the efficacy of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN DBS) as a treatment for gait and dysarthria in patients with Parkinson’s Disease. Gait and dysarthria—walking and talking—have a huge impact on a person’s day-to-day functioning. Three databases were systematically searched: PubMed, CINAHL, and ComDisDome. Eight articles were found about the two subtopics. It was discovered that although STN DBS effectively treats gait abnormality in Parkinson’s patients, it usually exacerbates rather than improves dysarthria. It was concluded that more research needs to be conducted on difference stimulation settings to see if STN DBS can improve gait and dysarthria. DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION FOR PARKINSON’S PATIENTS 3
Effects of Steeping Temperature and Chemical Mutagen on Seeds Germination of Sesame

In order to study the effects of steeping temperature and chemical mutagen on seeds germination of sesame,sesame seeds were pre-soaked in water under 4 ℃ and 25 ℃ for 24 h,and the impact of different concentrations and treatment time of EMS and NaN3 on the germination potential,germination rate,germination index and vigor index of sesame were studied.The results showed that the three sesame varieties pre-soaked in water under 4 ℃ could not germinate normally in the treatment of EMS for more than 4 h or beyond 10 g/L,while those pre-soaked in water under 25 ℃ could germinate normally by treatment with 10 g/L of EMS for 6 h or 15 g/L of EMS for 4 h.In the treatment of NaN3,three sesame varieties could germinate normally after pre-soaked at both of degrees.Notably,the germination rate of sesame seeds pre-soaked under 4 ℃was less than 50.0% by treatment with 6 mmol/L of NaN3 for 12 h,while the three sesame varieties had a germination rate above 69.3% after pre-soaked under 25 ℃.When sesame seeds were pre-soaked in water under 4 ℃,EMS and NaN3,in general,played better roles under the same treating combination of concentration and time duration.In addition,the sensitivity to the EMS varied greatly among different sesame varieties,while they had a close sensitivity to NaN3.In order to obtain the desirable mutations,it is recommended to select the application of 5 g/L of EMS for 8 h or 4 mmol/L of NaN3 for 12 h after the seeds pre-soaked in water under 4 ℃ for 24 h.
Hematocrit-Independent Quantitation of Stimulants in Dried Blood Spots: Pipet versus Microfluidic-Based Volumetric Sampling Coupled with Automated Flow-Through Desorption and Online Solid Phase Extraction-LC-MS/MS Bioanalysis.

A workflow overcoming microsample collection issues and hematocrit (HCT)-related bias would facilitate more widespread use of dried blood spots (DBS). This report describes comparative results between the use of a pipet and a microfluidic-based sampling device for the creation of volumetric DBS. Both approaches were successfully coupled to HCT-independent, fully automated sample preparation and online liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis allowing detection of five stimulants in finger prick blood. Reproducible, selective, accurate, and precise responses meeting generally accepted regulated bioanalysis guidelines were observed over the range of 5–1000 ng/mL whole blood. The applied heated flow-through solvent desorption of the entire spot and online solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure were unaffected by the blood’s HCT value within the tested range of 28.0–61.5% HCT. Enhanced stability for mephedrone on DBS compared to liquid whole blood was observed. Finger pric...
Public Expenditure and the Growth of Welfare

It is well known that the growth in the post-war era of what became known as the welfare state, as well as the more general growth of public expenditure, in many places accompanied the rise of Keynesianism. The quantitative and qualitative terms of that relationship, however, vary significantly in advanced OECD countries, and it is this aspect of the debate which has considerable implications for the questions that have concerned the present argument.
Ethical Considerations in Chronic Invasive Mechanical Ventilation in Pediatrics

Placement of a tracheotomy and chronic ventilation of a child is a common enough decision in pediatric intensive care, but the decision echoes through the rest of the child’s and the family’s life. This chapter will address the ethical issues surrounding chronic ventilation by means of tracheostomy, including the initial decision to place the tracheostomy, informed consent of parents, assessment of quality of life and its role in making the decision to institute mechanical ventilation, and future decisions on end-of-life care. In addition, special considerations of ethics in two populations, teenagers with intact cognition and infants with severe cognitive deficits, will be examined.
Ecosystem ecology as a framework for organizing and advancing greenroof research

This paper explores the application of an ecosystem ecology framework to greenroof systems. It investigates how aspects of greenroof design or structure relate to functions such as rates of nutrient and energy cycling. Three main sections include energy budgets, cycling of nutrients and water, and ecosystem response to disturbance. Comparisons between greenroofs and other systems indicated that, functionally, greenroofs may be very different from ecosystem analogs. A further assessment of the greenroof energy budget called into question how food webs are supported. An evaluation of factors predicting system response to disturbance identified ways in which greenroofs may be less resilient to disturbance. One challenge with the ecosystem approach is a lack of sufficient data for fully holistic models, especially with respect to management practices. Ecosystem ecology is nevertheless shown to be a valuable framework for integrating existing greenroof research as well as targeting areas for future research an...
A resilient software infrastructure for Wide-Area Measurement Systems

To support the scalability and resilience requirements of distributed Wide-Area Measurement System (WAMS) architectures, we design and implement a software infrastructure to estimate power grid oscillation modes based on real-time data collected from Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). This estimation algorithm can be deployed on a hierarchical structure of Phasor Data Concentrators (PDCs), which calculate local estimates and communicate with each other to calculate the global estimate. This work contributes a resilient system to WAMS with guarantees for (1) Quality of Service in network delay, (2) network failure tolerance, and (3) self-recoverability. The core component of the infrastructure is a distributed storage system. Externally, the storage system provides a cloud data lookup service with bounded response times and resilience, which decouples the data communication between PMUs, PDCs, and power-grid monitor/control applications. Internally, the storage system organizes PDCs as storage nodes and employs a real-time task scheduler to order data lookup requests so that urgent requests can be served earlier. To demonstrate the resilience of our distributed system, we deploy the system on a (1) virtual platform and (2) bare-metal machines, where we run a distributed algorithm on the basis of the Prony algorithm and the Alternating Directions Method of Multipliers (ADMM) to estimate the electro-mechanical oscillation modes. We inject different failures into the system to study their impact on the estimation algorithm. Our experiments show that temporary failures of a PDC or a network link do not affect the estimation result since the historical PMU data are cached in the storage system and PDCs can obtain the data on demand.
Cortisol response of gilts in tether stalls.

Several experiments were conducted to evaluate serum cortisol concentrations and the circadian rhythm of this hormone in gilts tethered in stalls. Control animals were penned individually. In the initial experiment, 18 nongravid gilts were placed in tether stalls after being in either tether stalls or individual pens for 2 wk. No significant differences were found in serum cortisol concentrations. In a second experiment, 16 ovariectomized gilts were placed in tether stalls or individual pens for up to 5 wk. Estrus was induced during wk 3 and 4. During the first day in tether stalls, serum cortisol concentrations increased (P less than .05) and the circadian rhythm of cortisol was disrupted for 4 d. During estrus, the circadian rhythm of cortisol was interrupted for several days in the gilts, regardless of housing. After 4 wk, morning concentrations of cortisol were higher for gilts in tether stalls. The results indicate that: 1) the initial response to tethering varies according to previous penning and handling experience, 2) although the circadian rhythm of cortisol was either altered or disrupted during estrus, such disruptions were not influenced by type of penning and 3) tether stalls may chronically increase cortisol concentrations in gilts.
Evaluation of new low-cost particle monitors for PM2.5 concentrations measurements

Abstract Sixty-six, new, low-cost Speck monitors were collocated with a Grimm 1.109 particle spectrometer and CO loggers during one indoor and two outdoor monitoring campaigns to assess the ability of the monitors to measure the PM concentrations under real use conditions. The limit of detection of the monitors was calculated, and the monitors’ bias and precision, as well as the results’ reproducibility, were determined. Correlation coefficients of 0.3 and 0.2 observed between the Speck units and the Grimm instrument during indoor and outdoor measurements were increased by separating the data into sets affected by different sources. When the ambient data were divided into combustion and non-combustion aerosol, the mean r2 increased to 0.5 and 0.4 for indoor and outdoor combustion periods data, respectively. Also, averaging the data to improve the signal to noise ratio increases the correlation for low PM concentrations. For outdoor data, the correlation increased to 0.5 when the data were averaged to hourly averages. Between the Specks, the correlation was >0.9 indoors, showing a high degree of reproducibility among the results. The limit of detection was calculated using the method of Wallace et al. (2011) and was found to be 10 µg m−3 at a 99% confidence level for 1-minute data. The mean bias values showed a PM overestimation of 200% for indoor data, and 500% for outdoor data relative to the Grimm values. However, these values are influenced by the low measured PM concentrations. The RMSE of Specks was about 10 µg m−3 and the concentrations were often about this value. The overall precision was 8.8±1.7% indoors and 12.2±6.2% outdoors, suggesting its independence from changing ambient conditions. The Speck monitors may be suitable for use in indoor and outdoor PM monitoring programs, depending on the required performance to meet the goals of the study. The instrument has a large bias at low concentrations, making it unsuitable for background measurements or for measurements in clean environments. Even at concentrations over the LOD, it is necessary to assess the bias for expected particle sources before any instrument deployment.
Effect of Phase-Equilibrium Uncertainties on Ethyl Acetate Purification

This paper continues application of the Margules-based phase-equilibrium uncertainty method to systems with weak and strong deviations from Raoult’s law. The method was developed in order to provide practicing engineers with an intuitive and easily applicable method to quantitatively relate process-design uncertainties to uncertainties in correlated physical properties, specifically nonideal phase equilibrium. The methodology has been used in several case studies: (1) a propylene + propane superfractionator for which small changes in correlated relative volatilities have a large effect on the design of the distillation column; (2) a dehexanizer column that separates a mixture containing many close-boiling hydrocarbon components; (3) a distillation train that separates the acetone + chloroform + benzene ternary mixture, which contains one maximum-boiling azeotrope; and (4) separation of the water + 1-butanol binary mixture, which has a heterogeneous azeotrope. The present work applies the methodology to th...
Copper-Catalyzed Alkylation of Aliphatic Amines Induced by Visible Light

Although the alkylation of an amine by an alkyl halide serves as a “textbook example” of a nucleophilic substitution reaction, the selective mono-alkylation of aliphatic amines by unactivated, hindered halides persists as a largely unsolved challenge in organic synthesis. We report herein that primary aliphatic amines can be cleanly mono-alkylated by unactivated secondary alkyl iodides in the presence of visible light and a copper catalyst. The method operates under mild conditions (–10 °C), displays good functional-group compatibility, and employs commercially available catalyst components. A trapping experiment with TEMPO is consistent with C–N bond formation via an alkyl radical in an out-of-cage process.
Administering cancer treatment: the role of the oncology nurse.

Specially trained oncology nurses share responsibility with physicians for administering cancer treatment and preventing or managing its side effects and complications. Special emphasis is given to problems associated with chemotherapy; salient aspects of pre- and postoperative management of patients undergoing radiotherapy are also discussed.