cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fostering Collaborative and Interdisciplinary Research in Adult Education: Interactive Resource Guides and Tools

The article investigates the interdisciplinary nature of research in adult education and suggests interactive research guides and other interactive resources for fostering collaboration and interdisciplinary inquiry. The purpose is to foster the development of a more functional literacy for information seeking as expressed across disciplines and the thoughtful integration of such information into academic and practical research projects within the field of adult education. Studies of researcher behavior are utilized to suggest some techniques and resources that could be employed more widely in conducting literature searches, including the creation and use of interactive resource guides. Some trends in libraries that offer promise for knowledge discovery and sharing, such as federated searching, customizable workspaces, and user-generated content, are also explored. Finally, tools and resources currently available to promote collaboration and interdisciplinary research are also noted.
RNA-Seq: A Method for Comprehensive Transcriptome Analysis

A recently developed technique called RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq) uses massively parallel sequencing to allow transcriptome analyses of genomes at a far higher resolution than is available with Sanger sequencing- and microarray-based methods. In the RNA-Seq method, complementary DNAs (cDNAs) generated from the RNA of interest are directly sequenced using next-generation sequencing technologies. The reads obtained from this can then be aligned to a reference genome in order to construct a whole-genome transcriptome map. RNA-Seq has been used successfully to precisely quantify transcript levels, confirm or revise previously annotated 5' and 3' ends of genes, and map exon/intron boundaries. This unit describes protocols for performing RNA-Seq using the Illumina sequencing platform.
JCEM Moves Forward in the Digital Domain

During my brief, but exciting, tenure as Editor-in-Chief of JCEM this year, I have been continually impressed with the quality and quantity of the research underway in the field of endocrinology that is being submitted to the Journal. We are fortunate that so many scientist and clinician authors consider JCEM as the home for their manuscripts. As a consequence, it has become increasingly difficult to determine who will be published in our limited pages. As submissions increase, we have been forced to become selective to the point of excluding good papers. To avoid depriving our readers of potentially important content, we are instituting some changes that will improve our ability to provide more new information. This is being accomplished by initiating publication of selected content online in a dynamic, timely format. With this issue of the JCEM, we have introduced the following new online features: • Hot Topics in Translational Endocrinology. Bridging basic science, clinical research, andpatient care is a challenge that JCEM and the other journals of The Endocrine Society are well equipped to meet. The Editors have selected articles of translational relevance to be part of a special online collection, Translational Research in Endocrinology & Metabolism. Articles from JCEM will be published as part of the journal online and will also be accessible through this collection (http://www.endojournals.org/ collections/), which will present related translational articles. • Brief Communications. Areas of emerging interest will be published in a concise, format that is designed to enable physicians to keep up to date and informed of new advances as they unfold. Those who want more in-depth information can use convenient links to full citations in the references. • Advances in the Genetics of Endocrine Disease. As we learn more about the human genome and genetic origins of disorders, the body of research in this area has exploded. This special online section of the JCEM will focus on studies exploring the genetic components underlying endocrine disorders.
Burnout Among Long-Term Care Staff

The study investigated the influence of workload, role conflict, role ambiguity, and stress on burnout among long-term care staff. A cross-sectional design was used to collect data through a self-administered questionnaire from 363 staff members of four nursing homes and five assisted living facilities. Regression analysis revealed that after controlling for demographic variables, workload, role conflicts, and stress contributed to 42% variance in emotional exhaustion and 23% variance in depersonalization subscales of burnout. The findings suggest that staff burnout might be minimized by making reasonable work demand and reducing role conflict and stress in the work environment.
Making a place for teaching about family violence in medical school.

Although family violence is a common cause of patients' problems, it has not yet received sufficient attention in medical school curricula. There are several possible reasons for this delay, including the fact that teaching about family violence is complicated because there are no "quick fix" interventions, the approaches are often complex and multidisciplinary, and there may be limited resources for response in many communities. The author offers a variety of suggestions for incorporating family violence topics in the medical school curriculum, such as: (1) expose students to information about family violence in their preclinical training, and integrate family violence issues into clinical instruction (several examples are given); (2) use problem-based teaching formats when possible, since these lend themselves well to the integration of family violence issues into case presentations; (3) enrich the curriculum by the participation of a variety of non-MD experts who deal with family violence issues, and take students out of the classroom to shelters and other relevant locations; (4) teach a prevention-oriented approach, just as is taught for the areas of smoking, seat belt use, weight control, etc.; (5) use standardized patients, interactive computer-based learning, and other innovative methodologies to help preclinical students perfect their interviewing and examination skills; (6) during the clinical years, include violence as part of the differential diagnosis of common medical complaints; (7) give attention to the education of residents for consistent teaching and reinforcement of principles learned in medical school, and integrate family violence education into the entire continuum of physicians' education; (8) build appropriate expectations into accreditation requirements and into medical licensing and specialty certifying examinations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Language: en
Regulation of baboon arterial smooth muscle cell plasminogen activators by heparin and growth factors

Abstract In addition to fibrinolysis, plasminogen activators may be involved in other processes relevant to atherogenesis such as smooth muscle cell migration, proliferation and extracellular matrix remodeling. Because mitogens such as basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) are positive regulatory factors and heparin is a negative regulatory factor for smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, we have looked at the effects of these factors (plus serum and phorbol ester) on urokinase (uPA) and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) of smooth muscle cells. PDGF, bFGF and serum increased tPA (serum > PDGF > FGF). Heparin inhibited the effect of serum, but not PDGF on tPA. Heparin actually increased the stimulatory effect of bFGF on tPA. Of interest, heparin was also able to inhibit mitogenesis mediated by serum, but not by PDGF or bFGF. Serum decreased and phorbol ester increased uPA, while PDGF and bFGF had no effect. Heparin shifted uPA from the cell layer to the medium of serum or phorbol ester treated but not PDGF or bFGF treated cells. These data demonstrate that PDGF, bFGF and serum can differentially regulate smooth muscle cell plasminogen activators and that heparin can either increase or decrease levels of tPA or shift the localization of uPA depending on the mitogen used.
Phase-Phase Switching Surges on 500-kV Transformer-Terminated Lines, Part II: Switching from Low-Voltage Terminals

The effects of system parameters and transformer sizes on phase-phase switching surges on 500-kV autotransformer- transmission line combinations when switched through the auto- transformer were investigated on a transient network analyzer. The results of the study are presented, including surge magnitude, waveshapes, and the line-neutral polarity components comprising the phase-phase surges. Phase-phase switching-surge frequency of occurrence data are illustrated.
Prevalence of HIV Testing During Preconception and Prenatal Care among Non-Hispanic Black and White Women

Purpose This study determined the prevalence of HIV testing among three sub-groups of women: those already pregnant, those intending to become pregnant in the next two years, and those not intending to become pregnant in the near future. In addition, associations between racial/ethnic groups and HIV testing were investigated in each of these subgroups. Methods This was a cross-sectional study using 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data. Race/ethnicity and HIV testing were self-reported during telephone interviews. Multivariate logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Overall, 56.1% of pregnant women, 22.5% of women intending to become pregnant, and 29.5% of women not intending to become pregnant in the near future got tested for HIV in the last 12 months. After adjustment for income and marital status, pregnant Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) women had 1.94 times the odds of getting tested for HIV as compared to Non-Hispanic White (NHW) women (95% CI: 1.31,2.89). Among women intending to become pregnant, NHB women had three times the odds of getting tested for HIV (OR=3.14, 95% CI: 2.92, 3.38), after adjustment for the same variables. Of those women not intending to get pregnant, NHB women had 3.78 times the odds of getting tested for HIV as compared to NHW women (95% CI:, 3.06, 4.69). Conclusion These findings confirm that we have not reached the United States Public Health Service guidelines of 100% HIV testing of all pregnant women, and that woman are not receiving HIV testing as part of their preconception care. The current study also suggests that NHB women get tested for HIV more than NHW women. HIV counseling and testing should be a routine component of prenatal and preconception care for all women. If women become aware of their HIV status earlier, they can also start treatment earlier. Early treatment means better outcomes not only for the women themselves, but also for their children.
Micro-crack formation in direct methanol fuel cell electrodes

Abstract This study focuses on the micro-crack formation of Nafion ® -based membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) after extended direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) operation. All electrodes, both with metal-black and carbon-supported catalysts, contain some micro-cracks initially; the area covered by these cracks increases both in the anode and cathode after 100-hours of DMFC test. X-ray tomography shows an increase in the crack area in both anode and cathode that correlates with methanol feed concentration and methanol crossover. The MEAs with carbon-supported catalysts and thicker membrane are more resistant to the formation of micro-cracks compared to those with metal-black catalysts and thinner membrane, respectively. The impact of the micro-crack formation on cell performance and durability is limited over the 100-hour DMFC operation, with the long-term impact remaining unknown.
The “Wayne” Taxonomic Construct in Michigan Prehistory

It is argued that “Wayne Ware” and the “Wayne Mortuary Complex,” both aspects of the “Wayne tradition,” respectively represent plain and weakly decorated Riviere Ware, and the mortuary pattern of t...
Field-based data collection techniques for the evaluation of information fusion systems

In order to effectively evaluate information fusion systems or emerging technologies, it is critical to quickly, efficient, and accurately collect functional and observational data about such systems. One of the best ways to test a system's capabilities is to have an end user operate it in controlled but realistic field-based situations. Evaluation data of the systems' performance as well as observational data of the user's interactions can then be collected and analyzed. This analysis often gives insight into how the system may perform in the intended environment and of any potential areas for improvement. One common method for collection of this data involves an evaluator/observer generating hand-written notes, comments, and sketches. This often proves to be inefficient in complex sensor technology field-based evaluation environments. Personnel at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have been tasked with collecting such evaluation data for emerging soldier-worn sensor systems. Lessons learned from the on-going development of efficient field-based evaluation data collection techniques will be discussed. The most recent evaluation data collection using a personal digital assistant (PDA)-style system and details of its use during an evaluation of a multi-team study will also be described.
A convenient method for the preparation of a variety of 13C-substituted D-fructose phosphates using readily available enzymes of the glycolytic pathway.

Abstract Methods are presented for the preparation of a variety of d -fructose phosphates, 13 C-substituted at any single carbon site or at any two symmetrically disposed carbon sites, from either 13 C-substituted pyruvate or l -alanine. It is demonstrated that millimole quantities of product can be obtained in good yield following a “one-pot” incubation of 13 C-substituted precursors with commercially available enzymes and cofactors of the glycolytic pathway. Since it has previously been shown that a wide variety of aldehydes serve as acceptable substrates for the final rabbit muscle aldolase-catalyzed condensation step, the method can potentially be applied to prepare a wide variety of 13 C-substituted sugars and sugar phosphates.
A diallel analysis of the genetic underpinnings of mouse sleep

Abstract Four highly inbred mouse strains were crossbred in all possible combinations. Five young adult males in each of the four original and twelve offspring groups were chronically implanted with cortical, hippocampal and nuchal electrodes and recorded for 24 hr. Significant genetic differences were found in total sleep, total paradoxical sleep, the number of short sleep episodes, the number of long sleep episodes and the diurnal ratio of total sleep, i.e., some parent strains reliably produced increases in these parameters in hybrids, whereas others produced decreases. Generally, these sleep indices were uncorrelated with each other. No evidence was found for sex-linkage or early maternal environmental effects on sleep. Paradoxical sleep, the number of long and short sleep episodes and the diurnal ratio of total sleep showed overdominance, i.e., hybrid amounts exceeded those of both parents, suggesting that the overall fitness of the mouse in its wild base population was augmented by a selection for more total sleep, less fragmentation, more even distribution of sleep and less paradoxical sleep.
FOLDING DYNAMICS OF THE SRC SH3 DOMAIN

The thermodynamics and kinetics of folding of the chicken src SH3 domain were characterized using equilibrium and stopped-flow fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) hydrogen exchange experiments. As found for other SH3 domains, guanidinium chloride (GdmCl) denaturation melts followed by both fluorescence and circular dichroism were nearly superimposable, indicating the concerted formation of secondary and tertiary structure. Kinetic studies confirmed the two-state character of the folding reaction. Except for a very slow refolding phase due to proline isomerization, both folding and unfolding traces fit well to single exponentials over a wide range of GdmCl concentrations, and no burst phase in amplitude was observed during the dead time of the stopped-flow instrument. The entropy, enthalpy, and heat capacity changes upon unfolding were determined by global fitting of temperature melts at varying GdmCl concentrations (0.4−3.7 M). Estimates of the free energy of unfold...
Perceptions of Science Education Among African American and White Evangelicals: A Texas Case Study

Evangelicals have been highlighted at the intersections of religion, science, and education, yet little is known about how evangelicals perceive public science education and how these perceptions compare across racial lines. Here we analyze how African American and white evangelicals view science education through 40 in-depth interviews collected from two evangelical congregations in Texas. Without raising the topic of evolution, we find that African American leaders, white leaders, and white laity engaged in faith-based, evolution-contesting discourse, but African American laity rarely framed science education in faith-based ways. For them, science education was often linked to educational resources or was distant from their lived experiences. Our findings clarify disjuncture and overlap among African American and white evangelicals by exploring perceptions that challenge and affirm the public institution of science education in different ways. Our conclusion stresses the need to examine perceptions of science and education among religious subgroups differentiated along social and historical lines.
Learning Behavior and Intelligence as Explanations for Children's Scholastic Achievement

This study assesses the unique and complementary ability of childhood intelligence and learning-related behavior to explain variation in achievement outcomes. Teacher-observed classroom learning behaviors and individually administered intelligence and achievement test performances were collected for a representative national sample (N = 1,100) of students ages 6–17 years. The sample was blocked for age, grade level, and gender, and stratified according to the U.S. Census by race/ethnicity, parent education level, national region, community size, family structure, and educational placement. Teacher-assigned grades were collected for a secondary national sample (N = 420). Hierarchical regression models revealed substantial proportions of assigned grade variance explained primarily by learning behavior and achievement test score variance explained by intelligence. Explanatory patterns remained consistent after control for demographics and alternative intellectual or behavioral variation, and the variance explained jointly by learning behavior, intelligence, and their interactions exceeded appreciably the contributions of any one source. Implications are discussed for educational assessment and intervention.
Culture, Power, and Mission to Moscow: Film and Soviet-American Relations during World War II

Following a sumptuous feast (and copious amounts of vodka), the guests, gathered around a banquet table deep within the Kremlin's walls in May 1943, toasted SovietAmerican friendship. Premier Joseph V. Stalin and Foreign Minister Vyacheslav M. Molotov praised the Grand Alliance. Anastas I. Mikoyan, the Soviet commissar for foreign trade, Lavrenty P. Beria, the head of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (Narodnyi Kommissariat Vnutrennykh Del, NKVD), and Maxim Litvinov, the Soviet ambassador to the United States, offered toasts, and the Anglo-Americans present-including the British ambassador to Moscow, Adm. William H. Standley, the reigning United States representative, and Joseph E. Davies, Washington's former ambassador-reciprocated. The American emissary from 1936 to 1938, Davies was there because President Franklin D. Roosevelt had sent him to arrange an introductory summit with Stalin, a meeting at which Roosevelt was sure all outstanding Soviet-American differences could be ironed out. Although Davies' presence was unusual, thus far the evening had been little different from similar receptions held by Soviet leaders for their Allied comrades during World War II. On this occasion, however, the former ambassador had brought with him a movie that both he and Roosevelt hoped would convince the Soviet dictator to eschew separate peace negotiations with Adolf Hitler and to remain within the tenuous Big Three
Polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellite DNA loci from the southern dusky salamander (Desmognathus auriculatus)

We describe polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers and amplification conditions for seven tetranucleotide microsatellite DNA loci isolated from the southern dusky salamander (Desmognathus auriculatus). Primers were tested on 16 individuals from one population in Aiken County, South Carolina. We detected an average of 6.57 alleles per locus, an observed heterozygosity range of 0.44–0.94, and high polymorphic information contents (mean of 0.68).
Preinjury psychiatric illness and postinjury adjustment in adult burn survivors

The impact of preinjury DSM-III-R anxiety, mood, and alcohol and substance abuse disorders, determined by using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, nonpatient version (SCID-NP), on postinjury adjustment was examined prospectively in a consecutive series of 98 adult patients admitted to a regional burn center and followed for 1 year. The subjects were grouped according to SCID diagnoses: 1) any preburn mood and/or anxiety diagnosis; 2) preburn alcohol abuse or dependence diagnosis; or 3) any preburn diagnosis (i.e., any of the above diagnoses). These groups showed greater impairment in many functional domains at discharge than the subjects who had no preburn disorder. By 4 months postinjury, the "no diagnosis" and the preburn diagnosis groups had comparable levels of adjustment, and this comparability was maintained at the 1-year follow-up. Similarly, trait neuroticism had an early negative impact on adjustment, while trait extroversion had both an early and late positive effect on adjustment.
Developing typologies of consumer motives for use of technologically based banking services

Abstract Previous research on innovation has focused more on describing adopters vs. nonadopters rather than on understanding how and why innovation usage varies among customers. We report on a multistage project that uses a means-end procedure to identify the motivations that underlie customers' perceived value and usage of banking technologies such as ATMs, telephone banking, and debit cards. The sampling frame for the mail survey was all current personal checking account customers for a mid-sized metropolitan bank in the southeastern United States. A total of 331 usable questionnaires was received from a sample of 511, for a response rate of 64%. Our basic premise was that customers would exhibit different types of motivation related to their usage of innovations and that these motivational differences would influence their usage of banking innovations. Our results identified four motivational clusters that differed significantly in their attitudinal and behavioral responses to technological innovations. For example, the instant gratification group was a heavier user of ATMs and automatic deposit, whereas hassle avoiders were more likely to use automatic withdrawal.
Ultradeep xenoliths from African kimberlites: Sr and Nd isotopic compositions suggest complex history

Abstract Rare kimberlite xenoliths have chemical characteristics that indicate an origin deep in the upper mantle, in the vicinity of the transition zone. The Nd isotopic compositions of minerals separated from several of these xenoliths suggest that these materials were emplaced into the African lithosphere at times ranging from approximately the time of kimberlite volcanism to many hundreds of millions of years earlier, possibly by periodic plume transport. They also indicate that these ultradeep samples have a complex chemical history involving both enrichment and depletion, and — assuming that there has not been re-equilibration within the lithosphere — that they sample an isotopically heterogeneous deep upper mantle. This would be expected if this part of the mantle contains a heterogeneous assemblage of subducted crustal and lithospheric components.
Epsilon-stable quasi-static brittle fracture evolution

We introduce a new definition of stability, e-stability, that implies local minimality and is robust enough for passing from discrete-time to continuous-time quasi-static evolutions, even with very irregular energies. We use this to give the first existence result for quasi-static crack evolutions that both predicts crack paths and produces states that are local minimizers at every time, but not necessarily global minimizers. The key ingredient in our model is the physically reasonable property, absent in global minimization models, that whenever there is a jump in time from one state to another, there must be a continuous path from the earlier state to the later along which the energy is almost decreasing. It follows that these evolutions are much closer to satisfying Griffith's criterion for crack growth than are solutions based on global minimization, and initiation is more physical than in global minimization models. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Text mining: generating hypotheses from MEDLINE

Hypothesis generation, a crucial initial step for making scientific discoveries, relies on prior knowledge, experience, and intuition. Chance connections made between seemingly distinct subareas sometimes turn out to be fruitful. The goal in text mining is to assist in this process by automatically discovering a small set of interesting hypotheses from a suitable text collection. In this report, we present open and closed text mining algorithms that are built within the discovery framework established by Swanson and Smalheiser. Our algorithms represent topics using metadata profiles. When applied to MEDLINE, these are MeSH based profiles. We present experiments that demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithms. Specifically, our algorithms successfully generate ranked term lists where the key terms representing novel relationships between topics are ranked high.
Challenges for ESL teacher professionalization in the US: a case study

As the language minority student population in the US increases at a rapid pace, a larger number of teachers are pursuing a primary or secondary certification in English as a Second Language (ESL). This case study describes the professional development efforts to provide an ESL endorsement to a group of K‐12 teachers in a large mid‐western university. It describes the systemic nature underlying their professional development, highlighting the influence of different constituencies. These range from federal, state, county and district levels to the university teacher preparation program, as well as the teachers themselves. By understanding how these factors influence teachers' professional development, the authors identify important lessons that can be learned by teacher educators.
The influence of history of science courses on students' views of nature of science

This study (a) assessed the influence of three history of science (HOS) courses on college students' and preservice science teachers' conceptions of nature of science (NOS), (b) examined whether participants who entered the investigated courses with a conceptual framework consistent with contemporary NOS views achieved more elaborate NOS understandings, and (c) explored the aspects of the participant HOS courses that rendered them more ''effective'' in influencing students' views. Participants were 166 undergraduate and graduate students and 15 preservice secondary science teachers. An open-ended questionnaire in conjunction with individual interviews, was used to assess participants' pre- and postinstruction NOS views. Almost all participants held inadequate views of several NOS aspects at the outset of the study. Very few and limited changes in participants' views were evident at the conclusion of the courses. Change was evident in the views of relatively more participants, especially preservice science teachers, who entered the HOS courses with frameworks that were somewhat consistent with current NOS views. Moreover, explicitly addressing certain NOS aspects rendered the HOS courses relatively more effective in enhancing participants' NOS views. The results of this study do not lend empirical support to the intuitively appealing assumption held by many science educators that coursework in HOS will necessarily enhance students' and preservice science teachers' NOS views. However, explicitly addressing specific NOS aspects might enhance the effectiveness of HOS courses in this regard. Moreover, the study suggests that exposing preservice science teachers to explicit NOS instruction in science methods courses prior to their enrollment in HOS courses might increase the likelihood that their NOS views will be changed or enriched as a result of their experiences with HOS. fl 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 37: 1057 - 1095, 2000
Effects of Reducing Agent on the Conformation of the Isolated Subunits of Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase-Oxygenase from Cold-Hardened and Unhardened Rye

Summary The large and small subunits of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase from cold-hardened and unhardened winter rye were isolated by gel filtration through Sephadex G200. The amino acid composition of the large subunits of the enzyme from cold-hardened and unhardened rye were not significantly different nor was the amino acid composition of the small subunits. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the isolated large subunits of the enzyme from cold-hardened and unhardened plants in the presence and absence of β-mercaptoethanol resulted in an apparent differential, reversible structural change associated with this polypeptide. This differential conformational change in the large subunit was further supported by circular dichroism spectroscopy. In contrast to the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis data, the circular dichroic data indicated a significant, reversible conformational change in the isolated small subunits in the presence and absence of β-mercaptoethanol. However, this effect was similar in the small subunits of the enzyme of either cold-hardened or unhardened Puma rye.
Mitigating Insider Threat without Limiting the Availability in Concurrent Undeclared Tasks

Insider threat is a critical problem due to the immense harm that it poses to organizations. This paper investigates this problem in relational database systems. Generally, defending systems against insider threat may require rejecting insiders' requests to access some data items. The paper focuses on preventing unauthorized knowledge acquisition by insiders in concurrent undeclared tasks, where a task is executed as one operation at a time instead of a batch of operations, without affecting the availability of data items. It proposes approaches to predict the complete operations of undeclared tasks, and then, to organize the operations in a safe sequence that prevents the possible threat of insiders without rejecting any request. Theorems, proofs and simulations are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.
Pregnancy-associated changes in oligomannose oligosaccharides of human and bovine uromodulin (Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein).

The urinary glycoprotein uromodulin (Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein) exhibits a pregnancy-associated ability to inhibit antigen-specific T cell proliferation, and the activity is associated with a carbohydrate moiety [Muchmore and Decker (1985) Science 229:479–81; Hessionet al., (1987) Science 237:1479–84; Muchmore, Shifrin and Decker (1987) J Immunol 138:2547–53]. We report here that the Man6(7)GlcNAc2-R glycopeptides derived from uromodulin inhibit antigen-specific T cell proliferation by 50% at 0.2–2 μM, and further studies, reported elsewhere, confirm that oligomannose glycopeptides from other sources are also inhibitory, with Man9GlcNAc2-R the most inhibitory of those tested [Muchmoreet al., J Leukocyte Biol (in press)]. In this work, we have extended the observation of pregnancy-associated inhibitory activity to a second species, and have compared the oligomannose profile of Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (nonpregnant) with that of uromodulin (pregnant) derived from both human and bovine sources. Surprisingly, there was a pregnancy-associated decrease in the total content of oligomannose chains due predominantly to a reduction in Man5GlcNAc2-R and Man6GlcNAc2-R. Man7GlcNAc2-R, which did not decrease with pregnancy, comprised a significantly greater proportion of the total oligomannose chains in pregnant vs. nonpregnant samples from both species (human; 34.6% vs. 25.9%: bovine; 14.4% vs. 7.2%).
Coherent bremsstrahlung and channeling radiation from MeV electrons in silicon and gold

We report the observation of coherent bremsstrahlung in the range 1-25 keV from electrons incident at small angles to prominent crystal planes of thin silicon and gold crystals. We also find x radiation produced by electrons making transitions between bound quantized axial-channeling orbits in silicon and gold. We find no radiation above 1 keV from any bound planar-channeling states for either silicon or gold at electron energies up to 3.0 MeV.
X-ray spectroscopy measurements of laser compressed, argon filled shells

Abstract Argon X-ray lines have been used in the past to diagnose laser-compressed targets. We extend such measurements to: (a) very high densities (ρ ≈ 9 gcm -3 ) obtained when imploding small shells with short laser pulses, and (b) lower densities but higher π R values (≈4 mg cm -2 ) obtained with large DT-Ar filled shells, imploded with long laser pulses. The 24-beam OMEGA laser has been used with 4–5 TW, 100 ps pulses in (a), and 1.5–2 TW, 1 ns pulses in (b).
The effect of relative performance evaluation on earnings management: a game-theoretic approach

Abstract Because investors and creditors often compare the financial statements of similar or competing firms when deciding how to allocate their funds, it is likely that a firm's financial well-being depends on how well it performs relative to its rivals. In this paper, we consider the problem of earnings management as a non-cooperative game among several firms, in which each firm seeks a comparison advantage through its financial statement numbers. Our model indicates that firms may exaggerate their earnings in a world driven by multi-firm-comparisons simply because they expect other firms to do so. Thus, very little may be needed for earnings management to emerge in the Nash equilibrium. Our results hold under the following conditions. First, investors and creditors are not able to unravel the earnings management, thus ensuring that some information asymmetry remains. Second, investors and creditors make inter-firm comparisons when assessing firm value. Third, firms care about their own fundamental value as well as the market's perception about firm value. We also show that the equilibrium amount of earnings management depends on the characteristics of the earnings management technique itself and on the proportion of stockholders who are long-term investors in the firm.
Precipitation reactions during the heat treatment of ferritic steels

The precipitation reactions in two ferritic steels, 9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb and 12Cr-1Mo-V-W, were studied. Analytical electron microscopy, optical microscopy, electrolytic extractions, and hardness measurements were used to determine the types, amounts, and effects of precipitates formed as a function of the heat treatment. The effect of variations in the austenitizing treatment was ascertained. In addition to variations in the austenitizing time and temperature, different cooling rates after austenitization were also used. Air cooling after austenitization (normalization) resulted in little precipitation in both alloys. Precipitation in the 12Cr-1Mo-V-W alloy after furnace cooling was found in all cases examined. Under certain conditions precipitation was also found after furnace cooling the 9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb alloy. However, when compared to the amount of precipitate in the fully tempered state, the 9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb showed a much greater variation in the degree of precipitation following furnace cooling. In addition, the matrix microstructure of the 9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb alloy was very sensitive to cooling rate. The precipitation reactions during tempering after a normalizing treatment were followed as a function of tempering treatment. Tempering temperatures were varied from 400 to 780 °C. The carbide precipitation was essentially complete after one hour at 650 °C for both alloys. Analytical microscopy was used to identify the precipitates. In the 9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb alloy, a combination of chromium-rich M23C6 and vanadium-niobium-rich MC carbides was found. The carbides in the 12Cr-1Mo-V-W alloy were identified as chromium-rich M23C6 and vanadium-rich MC. The results give an indication of the sensitivity of these alloys to heat treatment variations.
Development and validation of the educational technologist multimedia competency survey

The purpose of this research study was to identify the multimedia competencies of an educational technologist by creating a valid and reliable survey instrument to administer to educational technology professionals. The educational technology multimedia competency survey developed through this research is based on a conceptual framework that emphasizes the current definition of the field. Following the conceptual framework, a review of literature and an emergent theme analysis on 205 job announcements in educational technology were conducted. Eighty-five multimedia competencies were derived from this analysis and organized into knowledge, skill, and ability statements. These data were examined using descriptive statistics, internal consistency reliability, exploratory factor analysis, and multivariate analysis of variance. Though the purpose of the instrument was to measure multimedia competencies relevant to the field of educational technology, other constructs on the instrument emerged as more important in the analysis. The results include key competencies, such as knowledge of methods and theories of instruction; soft skills; and the ability to work in a team-oriented environment. A discussion about the results is provided. The instrument was found to have a valid and internally consistent structure.
Steam generator tube integrity program

Abstract The degradation of steam generator tubes in pressurized water nuclear reactors continues to be a serious problem, and the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is developing a performance-based rule and regulatory guide for steam generator tube integrity. To support the evaluation of industry-proposed implementation of these performance-based criteria, the NRC is sponsoring a new research program at Argonne National Laboratory on steam generator tubing degradation. The objective of the new program is to provide the necessary experimental data and predictive correlations and models that will permit the NRC to independently evaluate the integrity of steam generator tubes. The technical work in the program is divided into four tasks, (1) assessment of inspection reliability, (2) research on in-service inspection technology, (3) research on degradation modes and integrity, (4) development of methodology and technical assessments for current and emerging regulatory issues. The objectives of and planned research activities under each of these four tasks are described here.
Microscopic origin of pressure-induced isosymmetric transitions in fluoromanganate cryolites

Using first-principles density functional theory calculations, we investigate the hydrostatic pressure-induced reorientation of the Mn-F Jahn-Teller bond axis in the fluoride cryolite ${\mathrm{Na}}_{3}{\mathrm{MnF}}_{6}$. We find that a first-order isosymmetric phase transition (IPT) occurs between crystallographically equivalent monoclinic structures at approximately 2.15 GPa, consistent with earlier experimental studies. Mode-crystallography analyses of the pressure-dependent structures in the vicinity of the transition reveal a clear evolution of the Jahn-Teller bond distortions in cooperation with an asymmetrical stretching of the equatorial fluorine atoms in the ${\mathrm{MnF}}_{6}$ octahedral units. We identify a significant (70%) change in the orbital occupancy of the ${e}_{g}$ manifold of the $3{d}^{4}$ Mn(III) to be responsible for the transition, stabilizing one monoclinic $P{2}_{1}/n$ variant over the other. The orbital reconstruction as a driving force for the transition is confirmed by analogous calculations of isostructural $3{d}^{0}$ ${\mathrm{Na}}_{3}{\mathrm{ScF}}_{6}$, which shows no evidence of an IPT up to 6.82 GPa.
The Effects of Decision Consequences on Auditors' Reliance on Decision Aids in Audit Planning☆☆☆

This study examines the effects of decision consequences on reliance on a mechanical decision aid. Experimental participants made planning choices on cases with available input from an actual management fraud decision aid. Participants examined each case, made an initial planning judgment, received the decision aid's prediction of the likelihood of management fraud, and made a final planning judgment. This sequence documents two types of nonreliance: (1) intentionally shifting the final planning judgment away from the aid's prediction even though this prediction supports the initial planning judgment and (2) ignoring the aid when its prediction does not support the initial planning judgment. Results are consistent with a pressure-arousal-performance explanation of the effects of decision consequences on intentional shifting, but do not support any particular explanation of the effects of decision consequences on ignoring.
Determinants of albumin concentration in hemodialysis patients

Hypoalbuminemia predicts mortality in hemodialysis patients with end-stage renal disease and is assumed to result from malnutrition. To investigate a possible alternative cause, we evaluated the relationships between serum albumin (Salb) and serum levels of two positive acute-phase proteins: C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA). We also examined the relationship between Salb and dialysis dose delivered (Kt/V) and normalized protein catabolic rate (PCRn) measured during 3 consecutive months in a group of 115 patients. Serum albumin was measured monthly for 5 months. SAA levels were not increased in the majority of patients, despite its low molecular weight (8 kd), and predialysis concentrations were independent of residual renal function, compatible with a nonrenal site of metabolism. Both CRP and SAA levels correlated negatively with Salb both by linear regression and by multiple regression analysis (P < 0.001). CRP correlated with fibrinogen (P < 0.005). Salb also correlated positively with PCRn (P = 0.001), but not with Kt/V. The Kt/V did not correlate with PCRn. While CRP and SAA correlated with one another, neither variable correlated with PCRn. When either SAA or CRP was high, Salb was low regardless of PCRn. Thus, there are two separate independent factors predicting Salb--markers of inflammation and protein intake--but high concentrations of acute-phase proteins have a greater impact on Salb than does low PCRn. Activity of the acute-phase response is an important predictor of low Salb in hemodialysis patients independently of nutritional factors.
Axonal collateral-collateral transport of tract tracers in brain neurons: false anterograde labelling and useful tool.

It is well established that some neuroanatomical tracers may be taken up by local axonal terminals and transported to distant axonal collaterals (e.g., transganglionic transport in dorsal root ganglion cells). However, such collateral-collateral transport of tracers has not been systematically examined in the central nervous system. We addressed this issue with four neuronal tracers--biocytin, biotinylated dextran amine, cholera toxin B subunit, and Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin--in the cerebellar cortex. Labelling of distant axonal collaterals in the cerebellar cortex (indication of collateral-collateral transport) was seen after focal iontophoretic microinjections of each of the four tracers. However, collateral-collateral transport properties differed among these tracers. Injection of biocytin or Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin in the cerebellar cortex yielded distant collateral labelling only in parallel fibres. In contrast, injection of biotinylated dextran amine or cholera toxin B subunit produced distant collateral labelling of climbing fibres and mossy fibres, as well as parallel fibres. The present study is the first systematic examination of collateral-collateral transport following injection of anterograde tracers in brain. Such collateral-collateral transport may produce false-positive conclusions regarding neural connections when using these tracers for anterograde transport. However, this property may also be used as a tool to determine areas that are innervated by common distant afferents. In addition, these results may indicate a novel mode of chemical communication in the nervous system.
Electron beam potential depression as an ion trap in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Abstract Trapping of ions in the electron beam of a FTICR mass spectrometer is investigated and a simple model describing the confinement process is presented. Detection of resistive-wall destabilization of the magnetron motion of ions in the trapped-ion cell is used to determine conditions for ion trapping within and escape from the electron beam. The model predicts a potential well that is dependent on electron beam current, energy, and dimension in defining its capacity for low energy ions. Plots of ion retention time versus ion number are consistent with a model in which ions are initially trapped in the electron beam but with increasing ion formation will eventually overcome the potential depression in the electron beam and escape into magnetron orbits. Based upon this model, expressions are derived for ion retention time which are then fit to the experimental data. The model is used to estimate ion number, initial magnetron radius and ion cloud shape and density. One example in which electron trapping is important in the FTICR experiment is in the efficient transfer of ions between dual trapped-ion cells. Ion transfer within the potential depression of the electron beam environment is shown to be virtually 100% efficient over a 10 ms interval whereas all ions are lost to collisions with the conductance limit after 2 ms when transferring without the confining aid of the electron beam. Several analytical applications of electron traps in the ICR cell are now being investigated.
SIMPLE NONLINEAR MODEL FOR ELASTIC RESPONSE OF COHESIONLESS GRANULAR MATERIALS

A constitutive model based on hyperelasticity is proposed to capture the resilient (elastic) behavior of granular materials. Resilient behavior is a widely accepted idealization of the response of unbound granular layers of pavements, following shakedown. The coupling property of the proposed model accounts for shear dilatancy and pressure-dependent behavior of the granular materials. The model is calibrated using triaxial resilient test data obtained from the literature. A statistical comparison is made between the predictions of the proposed model and a few of the prominent models of resilient response. The proposed coupled hyperelastic model yields a significantly better fit to the experimental data. It also offers a computational efficiency when implemented in a classical nonlinear finite elemental framework.