cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mixed-Criticality Scheduling upon Varying-Speed Multiprocessors

An increasing trend in embedded computing is the moving towards mixed-criticality (MC) systems, in which functionalities of different importance degrees (criticalities) are implemented upon a common platform. Most previous work on MC scheduling focuses on the aspect that different timing analysis tools may result in multiple WCET estimations for each "job" (piece of code). Recently, a different MC model has been proposed, targeting systems with varying execution speeds. It is assumed that the precise speed of the processor upon which the system is implemented varies in an a priori unknown manner during runtime, and estimates must be made as to how low the actual speed may fall. Prior work has dealt with uniprocessor platforms of this kind, the research reported in this paper seeks to generalize this prior work to be applicable to multicore platforms. In our method, a linear program (LP) is constructed based on necessary and sufficient scheduling conditions, and according to its solution, jobs are executed in a processor-sharing based method. Optimality of the algorithm is proved, and an example is constructed to show the necessity of processor sharing.
Strategic priority setting for vaccines policy and global health education

Abstract Background Priority setting for new and existing vaccines is a complex but important task. Health outcomes or cost-effectiveness are not the only criteria for priority ranking of vaccine candidates. Real life prioritisation and development of new vaccines invariably involves balancing many programmatic features, including dosage requirements and cost (and their consequences on coverage and efficacy), developmental risk, interface with existing programmes (for example, vaccination schedules and capabilities), focus on special populations, and even the strengthening of homeland security or public health aid. We aimed to develop a software tool to assist in the process of ranking candidate vaccines. Methods SMART Vaccines (Strategic Multi-Attribute Ranking Tool for Vaccines) combines population-specific data about demographics, health burdens, costs of disease treatment, and design attributes of potential new vaccines to support a multi-attribute utility model. The software offers 28 total attributes (plus up to seven user-defined attributes) from which users can select and weight a subset (maximum of 10) to create SMART Scores to rank candidate vaccines. Sensitivity-analysis tools built into SMART Vaccines allow users to specify the most desirable target product profiles for a single disease, or the ranking of candidate vaccines across different diseases. The programme also allows users to add attributes to the model, and to specify the weights given to the seleted set of attributes used in evaluation of vaccine candidates. Findings Preliminary testing with a range of public health organisations and vaccine developers has demonstrated that the concept underlying SMART Vaccines can be expanded for comparisons between public health interventions (treatment versus prevention of disease options), and even to quite different uses such as vaccines for animal health. Interpretation Early uses of SMART Vaccines have demonstrated that the multi-criteria approach not only enhances transparency in public health decision making, but also allows incorporation of many influential factors that remain hidden or unrecognized in more traditional cost-effectiveness analysis. Furthermore, use of SMART Vaccines facilitates decision convergence when stakeholder interests have conflicting priorities. To bolster the further development of SMART Vaccines, we envision a user community with research universities, especially those with strengths in global public health, to act as the software host. Funding US Department of Health and Human Services, National Vaccine Program Office and Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health.
Detecting UWB signals using cyclic features

Ultra wideband (UWB) signals facilitate efficient spectrum usage via coexistence with other narrowband signals. The detection of UWB signals under the coexistent narrowband signals is extremely important for UWB commercial and military purposes. Inherent cyclostationarity of the UWB signals provides unique features different from those of narrowband signals. In this paper, we investigate the cyclic features of a generalized UWB impulse radio (IR) signal. In order to detect UWB IRs under the existence of a narrowband signal (e.g. a GMSK signal), we explore both the nonconjugate and the conjugate cyclostationarity. A multi-cycle detector is proposed in time-domain making use of the conjugate cyclic autocorrelation to detect the UWB signal under the existence of the GMSK signal. The simulation results indicate the possibility to detect the UWB signal which is overwhelmed by the GMSK signal.
Usefulness of dynamic hand exercise for developing maximal separation of left and right ventricular pressures at end-diastole and usefulness in distinguishing restrictive cardiomyopathy from constrictive pericardial disease.

Abstract Advances in differentiating restrictive cardiomyopathy from constrictive pericarditis has been gained by examining echocardiographic measures of diastolic function. Using Doppler echocardiography, Appleton et al 1 demonstrated an increase in right ventricular (RV) size and a concomitant decrease in left ventricular (LV) size during inspiration in patients with constriction. Using these same techniques, Hatle et al 2 showed opposite changes in inflow velocity across the mitral and tricuspid valves in patients with constrictive pericarditis but not restrictive cardiomyopathy. Despite these improvements in distinguishing restrictive cardiomyopathy from constrictive pericarditis in patients at rest, there have been few studies examining the effect of dynamic maneuvers on diastole as a means of distinguishing these 2 conditions. We addressed the hemodynamic differentiation of restrictive cardiomyopathy and constrictive pericarditis by evaluating the separation of LV and RV end-diastolic pressures after physiologic maneuvers. The traditional method for developing maximal separation of RV and LV end-diastolic pressures is rapid intravenous infusion of saline solution. 3 This method allows separation of end-diastolic pressures in patients with restrictive cardiomyopathy but not constrictive pericarditis. 3,4 Most patients with these disease states have elevated diastolic pressures, and a fluid challenge is potentially unsafe. Accordingly, we tested the hypothesis that dynamic hand exercise could provide a safe alternate means of maximizing the separation of LV and RV end-diastolic pressures in patients with restrictive cardiomyopathy but not constrictive pericarditis.
An essential spectra mapping theorem

Abstract Let T be a closed operator on a Hilbert Space H, such that α ϵ p(T), the resolvent of T. Set A = (T − αI)−1. For μ ≠ 0, define λ such that (λ − α)μ = 1. It is shown that λ ϵ essential spectra of T iff μ ϵ essential spectra of A for various definitions of the essential spectra. A number of immediate corollaries are then derived.
DNA-mediated signaling by proteins with 4Fe-4S clusters is necessary for genomic integrity.

Iron–sulfur clusters have increasingly been found to be associated with enzymes involved in DNA processing. Here we describe a role for these redox clusters in DNA-mediated charge-transport signaling in E. coli between DNA repair proteins from distinct pathways. DNA-modified electrochemistry shows that the 4Fe–4S cluster of DNA-bound DinG, an ATP-dependent helicase that repairs R-loops, is redox-active at cellular potentials and ATP hydrolysis increases DNA-mediated redox signaling. Atomic force microscopy experiments demonstrate that DinG and Endonuclease III (EndoIII), a base excision repair enzyme, cooperate at long-range using DNA charge transport to redistribute to regions of DNA damage. Genetics experiments, moreover, reveal that this DNA-mediated signaling among proteins also occurs within the cell and, remarkably, is required for cellular viability under conditions of stress. Silencing the gene encoding EndoIII in a strain of E. coli where repair by DinG is essential results in a significant growth defect that is rescued by complementation with EndoIII but not with an EndoIII mutant that is enzymatically active but unable to carry out DNA charge transport. This work thus elucidates a fundamental mechanism to coordinate the activities of DNA repair enzymes across the genome.
OXODIPYRROMETHENES AS REACTIVE SINGLET OXYGEN ACCEPTORS. MEASUREMENT OF THEIR CHEMICAL REACTION RATES BY A LASER FLASH PHOTOLYSIS TECHNIQUE

— Singlet oxygen has been generated directly in 1,1,2-trichloro, 1,2,2-trifluoroethane solution by irradiation of the oxygen dimol 23∑-g21δg transition with a pulsed dye laser and the 3∑g-1δg+ lv transition with a continuous Nd-YAG laser. The rates of chemical reaction and physical quenching of singlet oxygen so generated has been measured for a series of substituted oxodipyrro-methenes. The results show that the oxodipyrromethenes react with singlet oxygen at rates comparable to that for 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran. The rate of quenching of singlet oxygen by ground state oxygen has been measured to be 2.5±0.3 × 103M-l s-1.
Flow cytometric screening of cDNA expression libraries for fluorescent proteins

Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) was applied for quantitative screening of cDNA expression libraries in bacteria for rare fluorescent protein encoding cDNAs. Rare fluorescent cells, observed at a frequency of 1 in 200,000 bacteria in a cDNA expression library constructed from Astrangia lajollaensis, were detected, enriched, and purified by sorting, yielding three distinct green fluorescent proteins. Two of the isolated fluorescent proteins were found to be 2.5-fold brighter in whole cell fluorescence than the widely used and already optimized EGFP variant and possessed a novel cysteine-containing chromophore. FACS can possess significant advantages in the screening of cDNA libraries in bacteria, since desired genes may occur at low frequencies and possess unexpected properties. This strategy provides a high-throughput, quantitative approach for isolating fluorescent proteins from a more diverse range of organisms and should be extendable to proteins that are not intrinsically fluorescent with the use of available fluorescent indicators.
Cainozoic Evolution of the State of Stress and Style of Tectonism of the Basin and Range Province of the Western United States

Cainozoic evolution of the modern plate boundary along the western United States from subduction to a predominantly transform boundary coincided with a change from compressional to extensional deformation in the western United States. Extensions tectonism responsible for the modern Basin and Range province appears to represent a unique late-stage episode of a much longer period of extension initiated in an ‘in tra -arc ’ setting contemporaneously with calc-alkaline magmatism. Basin-range extension is distinguished from early extension on the basis of angular unconformities, differences in fault trends and spacing, and associated magmatism (basaltic). Prebasin-range extension (i.e. extension preceding the break-up of the region into ranges resembling the modern ones) was under way locally by at least 30 Ma and is now recognized by faulted and highly tilted strata exposed in uplifted range blocks, by large regions of the crust underlain by passively emplaced subvolcanic batholiths, and by the thickness and distribution of stratigraphic units. Locally, high strain rates that accompanied early extensions of as much as 50-100 % are implied. Data on preferentially orientated dyke swarms and fault slip vectors indicate a strikingly uniform WSW -ENE least principal stress orientation in the period ca. 20-10 Ma, during this early extension. The change from early extension to basin-range style faulting of the upper 15 km of crust, which resulted in broadly spaced ranges (25-35 km crest-crest spacing), was time-transgressive and probably not abrupt; locally both types occurred concurrently. Southern Basin and Range block faulting occurred largely in the period 13-10 Ma, in response to a stress field orientated similarly to that responsible for the early extension. In contrast, northern Basin and Range block faulting developed after 10 Ma and continues to the present in response to a stress field orientated approximately 45° clockwise to the earlier stress field. This modern stress field, with a WNW -ESE to E-W directed least principal stress, characterizes the entire modern Basin and Range province and Rio Grande rift region. The 45° change in least principal stress orientation is consistent with superposition of dextral shear associated with the development of the San Andreas transform fault. Inclusion of pre-basin-range extension may help resolve the discrepancy between estimates of 15-30% for basin-range block faulting and total extension estimates of 100-300 % for the Basin and Range province.
Effect of pentazocine on gastric emptying and small intestinal propulsive motility in the rat.

Abstract The administration of varying dosages of pentazocine to fasted rats is associated with increasing delay in the gastric emptying of intragastrically administered dyed antacid given in amounts equal to 1% or 2% of body weight. With small doses of pentazocine, little effect on the small intestinal propulsive motility is observed. However, with larger doses, there appears to be an effect either on gastric emptying or directly on the small intestinal tract such that propulsive motility is diminished and is associated with smaller distances of small intestine traversed by the antacid. The intensity of the responses appears to be dose related. Several mechanisms which may be related to the observed phenomena are discussed.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE ACTION OF ANTIGONADOTROPIC SERA IN IMMATURE RATS1

WHILE investigating the biological and chemical characteristics of antigonadotropic substances it was observed that the results obtained were determined to a large extent by the degree of purity and source of gonadotropic hormone preparations, and the method of injecting them and the antisubstance. Thus it was found that an antigonadotropic serum prevented the activity of certain gonadotropins only when injected separately into rats while the actions of other hormone preparations could be inhibited by injecting them either separately or in combination with an antigonadotropic serum. The object of this report is to present results of a study concerned with the effect of injection procedures on the inhibition of different gonadotropins and gonadotropic preparations of varying purity, by antigonadotropic sera. The antigonadotropic sera used in this study were developed in goats and rabbits by injecting them with an aqueous extract of whole sheep pituitary powder which was made by extracting the powder with w...
Anyons; A possible mechanism for binding charged particles

The hard core boson gas in (2+1)-dimensions in the presence of a Chern-Simons term is considered, we find that the long wave description is given in terms of Coulomb (longitudinal) and transversal electrodynamics. The longitudinal part is described in terms of electric charges which carry vorticity. When binding of electrical charges occurs the transversal part is described by a photon field and corresponds to a superfluid. Using the same language we find that a spinless fermion is described by a massive photon. We use these concepts to understand the relation between the negative-U Hubbard model in the presence of a magnetic field, and vortices which carry electric charge induced by doping in the repulsive Hubbard model.
Dietary Intake of College Students: Attitudes, Knowledge and Dietary Quality

The objectives of this study were to identify the degree to which dietary intakes of college students met current dietary recommendations and to assess relationships between knowledge of food compo...
Polyester Mesh Functionalization with Nitric Oxide Releasing Silica Nanoparticles Prevents MRSA Colonization and Biofilm Formation In Vitro and In Vivo

METHODS: We used a state-of-the-art computer vision programing library (OpenCV) to implement the algorithms on a mobile platform (iPad, Apple Inc.). Wound segmentation is based on the Graph Cut algorithm, which delineates wound borders using quick finger strokes. We employed machine learning methods for tissue classification (ie, granulation, slough, necrotic tissues). Five wound experts analyzed 60 wound images using two methods (manual tracing and algorithm automation) to define wound borders, as well as the three tissue types for each image. Performance speed and consistency were measured.
Pharyngeal dysmotility in a patient with Wilson's disease.

Wilson’s disease (WD) is an inherited inborn error of copper metabolism. Patients develop tremor, rigidity, dysarthria, sialorrhea, dysphagia, intracorneal pigmentation, and psychiatric and hepatic disease. Dysphagia may progress to such a degree that the patient is unable to eat. Few reports have detailed the nature of the swallowing dysfunction in patients with WD. Previous reports have shown upper esophageal dysmotility, but none has analyzed pharyngeal motility. We performed a videofluoroscopic swallowing evaluation on a 49-year-old woman with WD who had a history of progressive dysphagia. Videofluoroscopy showed significant pooling of swallowed material in the valleculae and pyriform sinuses, suggesting a reduction in pharyngeal peristalsis. Pooled material in the valleculae was cleared only after repeated swallowing of liquid. These findings suggest that dysphagia in WD may involve pharyngeal as well as esophageal dysmotility. Pharyngeal dysmotility is important to identify, since this places the patient at risk for aspiration pneumonia. Documentation of this finding in these patients is also important for the therapeutic management of their swallowing. Such findings could prove to be of diagnostic value in identifying the disease and monitoring its progression.
Dimeric unnatural polyproline-rich peptides with enhanced antibacterial activity

We report a dimerization strategy to enhance the antibacterial potency of an otherwise weak cationic amphiphilic polyproline helical (CAPH) peptide. Overall, the dimeric CAPHs were more active against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus than the monomeric counterpart, reaching up to a 60-fold increase in potency. At their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the dimeric peptides demonstrated no hemolytic activity or bacterial membrane disruption as monitored by β-galactosidase release in E. coli. At higher concentrations the dimeric agents were found to induce β-galactosidase release, but maintained negligible hemolytic activity, pointing to a potential shift in the mechanism of action at higher concentrations. Thus, discontinuous dimerization of an unnatural proline-rich peptide was a successful strategy to create potent de novo antibacterial peptides without membrane lysis.
Virilizing adrenal cortical carcinoma with hypertrophy of spermatic tubules in childhood

Abstract A review of adrenal cortical carcinoma in childhood is presented, including endocrinologic aspects. Electron microscopic features are presented, as well as the finding of hypertrophied spermatic tubules. The importance of serial steroidal determinations is stressed as a “tumor marker” that may help in early detection of recurrent disease and possibly increased long-term survival.
Synthesis and EPR investigations of new aminated hypocrellin derivatives

Hypocrellins are novel photodynamic agents. A recent advance in the synthesis of hypocrellin congeners results in the production of two amino-substituted hypocrellin B derivatives in high yield via photochemical reaction. Both compounds exhibit similar photodynamic activity as hypocrellin B in terms of type I and type II mechanisms. In anaerobic media, semiquinone anion radicals can be detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) under irradiation; while superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen are photoproduced when oxygen was present. The quantum yields of singlet oxygen by these two new compounds are determined to be 0.72 and 0.64, respectively, similar to that of hypocrellin B. The comparison of the photosensitization chemistry of compounds 1 and 2 in liposomes with that in homogeneous solution has also been made. In liposomes, the type II photoprocess was favored and predominant over the type I photoprocess due to the decreased interactions between dye molecules. Both compounds exhibit much stronger red light absorption than the parent hypocrellin and therefore, merit investigation as photosensitizers.
Modelling of fluidized bed reactors—V Combustion of carbon particles—an extension

Abstract The problem of the burning of carbon particles in a fluidized bed in which oxygen and carbon dioxide react at the surface of the particles and the carb
Density-driven groundwater flow near salt domes

Active halite dissolution occurs around numerous salt domes in Louisiana forming brines with as much as 300 g l−1 TDS (TDS = total dissolved solids), most of which is Na and Cl. We numerically modeled the possible dynamics of: (1) brine-density flow induced by solute concentration gradients; and (2) thermal convection induced by temperature gradients, around hypothetical salt domes. Calculated maximum flow velocities due to brine density flow range from 0.01 to 1 m yr.−1 even in low-permeability sediments, much greater than velocities due to thermal convection. Immense quantities of halite can be dissolved by brine-density flow, up to 3 km3 Myr.−1, and formation of brine plumes can occur very rapidly, in some cases requiring <1 Myr. Maximum flow velocities increase with bulk permeability and decrease with increasing anisotropy. Geopressured waters bleeding upward into the hydropressured zone may affect brine formation in the hydropressured zone, provided permeability of the geopressured zone is sufficiently high.
Papillary squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix: an immunophenotypic appraisal of 12 cases

Abstract Objective The objective was to evaluate the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the pathogenesis of papillary squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) of the cervix and to determine cell proliferative activity and p53 abnormalities in these rare variants of cervical cancer. Methods Twelve examples of PSCC of the cervix were diagnosed between 1990 and 1999. Formalin-fixed paraffin sections of each tumor were stained by immunoperoxidase method using antibodies to p53 gene product (CM-10) and Ki-67 (MIB-1). In situ hybridization for HPV DNA (ENZO) was used to detect specific sequences of DNA shared by most types of genital HPV, followed by confirmatory PCR analysis. The nuclear staining for Ki-67 was graded as minimal ( 50% of cells). Results Fifty-percent of the tumors showed presence of HPV DNA. Three tumors (25%) showed nuclear accumulation of p53. Moderate and high proliferative activity was observed in four and eight of tumors, respectively. Eight patients presented with stage IB1 tumor (67%), 3 with stage IA1 tumor (25%), and 1 with stage IIIA tumor (8%). Eleven patients (92%) were alive as of last contact with a mean follow-up of 34.2 months (range: 5 days to 84 months). Conclusion In this series of patient, PSCC of the uterine cervix had a low rate of HPV DNA in their genome and a low rate of p53 gene abnormality. These genotypic differences may explain the differences between the clinical behavior of PSCC and the common types of squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix.
Neurobiology of Nutrition and Obesity

In the course of evolution, the need to eat has powerfully shaped biological structure and function. As a result, nutrient-depletion signals strongly activate neural mechanisms that orchestrate foraging, appetitive, and ingestive behaviors and at the same time instigate an internal energy savings mode through autonomic, endocrine, and peripheral cellular mechanisms. Although the hypothalamus and brainstem play crucial roles in the initiation and coordination of these responses, it is the integrated action of a much more complex and distributed neural system that is engaged in this fundamental survival reflex. In our modern, media-driven and mechanized environment of plenty, it is particularly important to recognize the neural systems responsible for learning and memory, reward, emotions and mood, decision-making and choice, and dealing with stress. These neural systems appear to powerfully assist the hypothalamic regulator in defending the lower limits of body weight, but they do little in overcoming its inherent weakness to defend over-nutrition and the upper limits of body weight and adiposity. The challenge is to define the role of these extrahypothalamic brain structures involved in the cognitive, rewarding, and emotional aspects of ingestive and physical activity behaviors and their relationship to the homeostatic regulator, and to assess the capacity of these mechanisms in predisposing to obesity.
Children's understanding of indirect requests: comparing child and adult comprehension

Based on Clark & Lucy's (1975) study of adult comprehension of different types of indirect requests, this study addresses the questions: ‘How well are children aged 4 to 7 able to understand these same indirect requests?’ and ‘How does the relation between request type and ease of comprehension compare from children to adults?’ Results showed: (1) these children are able to comprehend a wide variety of indirect requests; (2) there is a general developmental pattern of acquisition; (3) interrogative forms are more difficult than declarative forms; (4) conveyed negative requests are more difficult than corresponding conveyed positive requests; (5) children are heavily influenced by the surface polarity of the conveyed request; and (6) the relationship between request type and ease of comprehension is strikingly similar for both children and adults.
Male influence on proceptivity in ovariectomized French-Alpine goats (Capra hircus)

Abstract Proceptivity is defined as female sexual behaviors that bring the male into closer proximity and maintain his proximity and sexual motivation for mating to occur. This study evaluated the effect of contact with a male on the display of proceptivity in ovariectomized goats. Progesterone- and estradiol-treated goats were exposed within a 385 m 2 field to three different conditions: a male confined to a small pen; a male free to fully interact with the females; or no male present. Observations of sexual behavior and proximity of the females to the male, when present, were conducted for 24 h following estradiol treatment. The greatest frequency of proceptivity occurred when the male was confined, limiting contact with females. Proceptivity was displayed least frequently when the male was free to fully interact with females. Display of proceptivity was greatest between 13 h and 16 h following estradiol injection; this was correlated with the time of closest proximity of the females to the male and was also similar to the time course for display of receptivity. This study highlights the importance of providing appropriate environmental and social cues in addition to appropriate hormonal stimulation for eliciting the full expression of sexual behavior.
LEGAL MORALISM AND THE U.S. SUPREME COURT

My aim in this paper is to examine the role of legal moralism in the reasoning that underlies some high profile cases decided by the Supreme Court. In so doing, I provide a sketch of a version of legal moralism that arguably addresses the most serious concerns of some of its critics. My thesis is roughly that the decisions in Bowers and Barnes are ultimately indefensible and the decisions in Loving and Lawrence are indeed correct. But despite appearances to the contrary, legal moralism is not the culprit in Bowers and Barnes, because what might appear to be instances of legal-moralist arguments in the prevailing opinions in those cases are either variants of other types of argument or applications of untenable versions of legal moralism. Further, the arguments employed by the Court in the prevailing opinions in Loving and Lawrence are at least consistent with the most plausible version of legal moralism and would have entailed that Bowers and Barnes be decided differently. Indeed, Justice Stevens's dissent in Bowers contains important parallels with the most plausible versions of legal moralism, and Justice Scalia's dissent in Lawrence relies on an implausible version of legal moralism.
Ascending and Arch Aorta: Pathology, Natural History, and Treatment

Aortic aneurysms are the 13th-leading cause of mortality in the United States.1 The incidence of thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA) is increasing with improvements in screening, as well as advances in imaging.2 Replacement of the ascending aorta accounts for the majority of thoracic aortic procedures. TAAs are more frequently present in men and typically occur in the 50- to 70-year age range.3 Disease processes affecting the ascending and arch aorta include degenerative aneurysms and aneurysms associated with connective tissue disease, as well as acute aortic dissection and its variants of intramural hematoma and penetrating ulcer. Syphilitic aneurysms, once the predominant cause of ascending aneurysms, are exceedingly rare today. In the present review, we will discuss these pathological conditions as well as operative techniques and outcomes after medical and operative therapy. ### Degenerative Aneurysms Degenerative aneurysms comprise the majority of those seen in the ascending aorta and have a specific pathological profile.3 Whereas the elastin content in the ascending aorta is high, that seen in ascending aortic aneurysms is significantly reduced. In addition, the media of the aneurysm displays a loss of smooth muscle cells and fragmentation of the elastic fibers from a process known as cystic medial degeneration. Although this process is seen normally as a consequence of aging, it is accelerated in some and results in the phenotypic expression of an ascending aortic aneurysm. Recent studies have focused on differences in ascending aneurysm pathogenesis for patients with bicuspid and tricuspid aortic valves, with the former suggested as a more-aggressive variant.4 ### Marfan Syndrome Marfan syndrome is the most common inherited connective tissue disease, with an incidence of 1 in 10 000.5 The basic genetic defect is a mutation of the gene for fibrillin-1, an essential protein of microfibrils. The phenotypic manifestation is that of disorganized elastic fibers, premature cystic medial …
Study on excitation control mode of doubly-fed induction generators

In this paper, excitation control mode of a generalized GE 1.5MW doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG) is studied, and its effect on power system voltage stability is discussed. The study focuses on the four excitation control mode. They are constant power factor control with/without terminal voltage feedback, and constant voltage control with/without terminal voltage feedback. In addition, key parameters of excitation control of DFIG are put forward. The simulation in Zhangjiakou wind farm in China is carried out and results show that constant voltage control of DFIG has an advantage over constant power factor control, and DFIG with optimized parameters could greatly improve electromechanical transient stability.
Modeling water flux in forward osmosis: Implications for improved membrane design

Osmotically-driven membrane processes, such as forward osmosis and pressure retarded osmosis, operate on the principle of osmotic transport of water across a semipermeable membrane from a dilute feed solution into a concentrated draw solution. The major hindrance to permeate water flux performance is the prevalence of concentration polarization on both sides of the membrane. This article evaluates the external and internal boundary layers, which decrease the effective osmotic driving force. By modeling permeate flux performance, the role that feed and draw concentrations, membrane orientation, and membrane structural properties play in overall permeate flux performance are elucidated and linked to prevalence of external and internal concentration polarization. External concentration polarization is found to play a significant role in the reduction of driving force, though internal concentration polarization has a far more pronounced effect for the chosen system conditions. Reduction of internal concentration polarization by way of membrane modification was found to improve the predicted flux performance significantly, suggesting that alteration of membrane design will lead to improved performance of osmotically driven membrane processes. 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 53: 1736–1744, 2007
Review and evaluation of electronic health records-driven phenotype algorithm authoring tools for clinical and translational research

Objective To review and evaluate available software tools for electronic health record–driven phenotype authoring in order to identify gaps and needs for future development. Materials and Methods Candidate phenotype authoring tools were identified through (1) literature search in four publication databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus) and (2) a web search. A collection of tools was compiled and reviewed after the searches. A survey was designed and distributed to the developers of the reviewed tools to discover their functionalities and features. Results Twenty-four different phenotype authoring tools were identified and reviewed. Developers of 16 of these identified tools completed the evaluation survey (67% response rate). The surveyed tools showed commonalities but also varied in their capabilities in algorithm representation, logic functions, data support and software extensibility, search functions, user interface, and data outputs. Discussion Positive trends identified in the evaluation included: algorithms can be represented in both computable and human readable formats; and most tools offer a web interface for easy access. However, issues were also identified: many tools were lacking advanced logic functions for authoring complex algorithms; the ability to construct queries that leveraged un-structured data was not widely implemented; and many tools had limited support for plug-ins or external analytic software. Conclusions Existing phenotype authoring tools could enable clinical researchers to work with electronic health record data more efficiently, but gaps still exist in terms of the functionalities of such tools. The present work can serve as a reference point for the future development of similar tools.
Impact of a health promotion magazine on employee's health-knowledge

BACKGROUND: Health promotion initiatives are an important element of occupational medicine practice but evaluating success is complex. The publishers of a quarterly health promotion magazine asked an aluminium smelting company if it would consider providing the magazine to its employees. AIMS: To evaluate the possible benefits to employees of receiving a health promotion magazine. METHODS: Three issues were distributed by post over a 9 month period to employees at an aluminium smelter. Pre- and post-distribution questionnaires were mailed to employees and their partners, asking questions about health knowledge and behaviour. Statistical analysis was undertaken using chi-square and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Overall 243 of 640 employees (38%) responded to the initial questionnaire and 129 (20%) to the final questionnaire. Pre-existing knowledge about preventive health issues was high; 61-100% of employees selected the correct answer to questions about diet, smoking and exercise. Following distribution of the magazines, there was an increase in employees' knowledge of sugars in 'fat-free' foods (P < 0.05), the benefits of fish oil (P < 0.01) and in how often health was considered when buying food (P < 0.05), as well as an increase in partners' knowledge of dietary fats (P < 0.001). Overall 84% of employees and 87% of their partners who returned the final questionnaire and indicated they had read the magazine showed enthusiasm for continued delivery. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the pilot intervention was beneficial; however, the findings must be interpreted with caution given the modest response rates.
Pesca experimental del cangrejo dorado (Chaceon chilensis) en el archipiélago de Juan Fernández, Chile

Between March and June 1997, several experiments were conducted to determine the most suitable gear for the capture of the golden crab ( Chaceon chilensis) in surrounding waters of the Juan Fernandez archipelago (Chi- le). During this period, 45 fishing journeys and 446 traps were held, obtaining a total catch of 2630 specimens, equivalent to 2353 kg. The experimental fishing operations were done comparing seven trap designs: a) Conical trunk with upper rectangular entrance, b) Conical trunk with upper circular entrance, c) Conical trunk with upper plastic tunnel opening, d) Tetragonal with two lateral rectangular openings, e) Tetragonal with two lateral circular openings, f) Lobster-type with one end opening, and g) Lobster-type with one upper opening. The first five were constructed with steel frames and covered with 1,5 inch mesh netting, and the last two, were the ones commonly used by the fishermen of these islands, built with wood from local trees. Trap designs with which the largest yields were obtained were the conical trunk with plastic tunnel (7,08 crabs/trap) and the lobster-type (5,08 kg/trap), both with openings in the upper part. It was also determined that there were significant differences in yields by depth stratum, with maximum values (7,52 kg/trap) in the range of 526-575 m and minimum (4,04 kg/trap), between 226 and 275 m. Results showed that it is feasible to commercially exploit this crab.
Jerk Analysis and Axode Geometry of Spatial Linkages

Matrix methods for kinematic analysis of spatial linkages were extended to provide jerk of joint pair variables, individual points, and individual links. Simple expressions for axode geometry were also developed. The methods were tested on revolute-spherical-universal-revolute and revolute-cylindrical-cylindrical-cylindrical closed loop mechanisms.
Narrowband UV-B phototherapy for the treatment of acne vulgaris during pregnancy.

The treatment of acne during pregnancy is a challenge because of the potential teratogenic effects. Medications currently deemed safe during pregnancy are largely unsatisfactory in treating acne. Narrowband (NB) UV-B phototherapy is a safe option for treatment of psoriasis during pregnancy. We report the successful use of NB UV-B for the treatment of acne in a pregnant patient.
“There’s no place for lulz on LOLCats”: The role of genre, gender, and group identity in the interpretation and enjoyment of an Internet meme

Internet memes are an increasingly widespread form of vernacular communication. This paper uses LOLCats, one of the most popular and enduring Internet memes, as a case study for exploring some of the social and cultural forces that contribute to memes’ popularity, both individually and as a whole. A qualitative audience study of 36 LOLCat enthusiasts indicates that individual memes can be used by multiple (and vastly different) groups for identity work as well as in–group boundary establishment and policing. This study also shows that as memes travel from subculture to the mainstream, they can be sites of contestation and conflict amongst different stakeholders looking to legitimize their claim to the canonical form.
ALDEHYDE-FUCHSIN POSITIVE MATERIAL IN BRAIN OF SQUIRREL MONKEY (SAIMIRI SCIUREUS).

In the squirrel monkey, nerve cells in certain areas of the brain are characterized by abundant granules which stain intensely with aldehyde-fuchsin but not with chromium hematoxylin. These cells fall into three main types: Type A, with a polar clumping of the granules, characterize the region surrounding the stria terminalis in the amygdala and the supratrochlear nucleus of the mid-brain. Type B, which have a heavy diffuse granulation, are found in the lateral and caudal hypothalamus and in nucleus raphes ventralis. Less heavily granulated cells classified as Type C distinguish the entire nucleus subthalamicus, and are prominent in nucleus septalis triangularis, rostral midline thalamus, and area CA2 of the rostral hippocampus. Cells of these corresponding types and distribution are not seen in the brains of cat, rat and mouse. The cerebellum and pineal body contain extracellular material which stains with aldehyde-fuchsin but not chromium hematoxylin. The granules of the nerve cells stain with PAS, Sudan black B, and oil red O, suggesting that they have carbohydrate and lipid components. As in other species, the neurosecretory substance of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei is stained both by aldehyde-fuchsin and chromium hematoxylin. Material showing a positive reaction to both these stains is also found in the glia of the nucleus septalis triangularis, subfornical organ, lateral hypothalamus, and locus caeruleus. All these regions, except the lateral hypothalamus, show similarly staining material in the extracellular spaces. Of anatomical interest is the close association of the aldehyde-fuchsin positive neurons with phylogenetically ancient cellular structures and fiber systems of the brain. In the squirrel monkey they would seem to provide a basis for further characterization of certain nuclei and a new division of the amygdala.
Venous thromboembolism in children.

Case 1: A 4-year-old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and disseminated candidiasis was found to have a right atrial thrombus on a routine imaging study. He had a central venous catheter (CVC) and was receiving chemotherapy that contained asparaginase. Thrombophilia workup was negative. Case 2: A 17-year-old girl presented to the emergency department with a 3-week history of left-sided chest pain and shortness of breath. She had been taking high-dose estrogen therapy for congenital tall stature. D-dimer was positive. Chest CT revealed multiple small pulmonary emboli and infarcts. Lower-extremity venous ultrasound was negative for deep vein thrombosis, and echocardiography showed normal right ventricular function. Thrombophilia workup was negative. Decreased capacity to generate thrombin, increased capacity of α2-macroglobulin to inhibit thrombin, and enhanced antithrombotic potential by the vessel wall appear to contribute to the low incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) during childhood. Nevertheless, VTE is being diagnosed more frequently in children. The annual incidence is 0.07 to 0.14 per 10 000 children, or 5.3 per 10 000 hospital admissions of children, and 24 per 10 000 admissions to neonatal intensive care units.1–3 The highest incidence is during the neonatal period, followed by another peak in adolescence. Patients in neonatal and pediatric intensive care units and oncology patients are particularly at high risk. Teenage girls have twice the rate of VTE as do teenage boys. This appears to be due to the use of oral contraceptives and pregnancy.4 ### Risk Factors Idiopathic VTE in the pediatric population is relatively infrequent and is almost always associated with an underlying disease or risk factor. Both congenital and acquired conditions contribute to the development of thrombosis. More than 90% of children with VTE will have ≥2 predisposing factors (Figure). Figure 1. Risk factors for childhood VTE. #### Acquired Conditions The presence of a CVC is the …
Forensic and Policy Implications of the Transracial Adoption Debate

The adoption of black children by white families continues to garner significant attention from legislatures, the media, and scholars in many disciplines. Still, forensic psychiatrists have said little about this form of transracial adoption, and they seem willing to allow other disciplines to map out singlehandedly the public policy in this area. This policy is expected to affect an estimated 175,000 black children nationally who live in some form of out-of-home placement. Forensic psychiatrists should increase their understanding of and involvement in the debate over this special form of adoption. This article highlights several principles that must be better understood if forensic psychiatrists are to participate in the debate with clarity and understanding.
Effect of quantum well shape and width on deep ultraviolet emission in AlGaN nanowire LEDs

The effect of quantum well shape and width on the emission properties of nanowire ultraviolet LEDs is experimentally investigated. Nanowire LEDs are grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy and their electroluminescence is compared. A two- to three-fold increase in optical output is observed from 5 nm wide parabolic quantum wells compared with square quantum wells. This increased output is attributed to the both increased electron-hole overlap in agreement with band edge modeling, and supports previous theoretical predictions of decreased Auger recombination due to softening of the potential well in parabolic quantum wells. It is experimentally observed that when the quantum well width is decreased to 2 nm, the parabolic quantum wells exhibit a twofold output improvement over the square wells at low injection. However, at high current injection, the parabolic and square quantum wells perform similarly. Peak emission wavelengths for the nanowire LEDs is pushed into the deep ultraviolet by decreasing the AlGaN quantum well width. The emission wavelength shifts from 315 to 290 nm when the width is decreased from nominally 5 to 0.5 nm.
Cost-Effective Targeting for Reducing Soil Erosion in a Large Agricultural Watershed

Erosion of agricultural croplands is a significant contributor of sedimentation to reservoirs. Here, physiographic and economic models for a large agricultural watershed (2377 square miles with 27 subwatersheds) are integrated for the reduction of sedimentation of one Midwestern reservoir. Sediment reduction and the cost-effectiveness of three agricultural best management practices (no-till, filter strip, and permanent vegetation) implementation were considered under three modeling scenarios: random assignment; the globally most costeffective approach; and a cost-effective targeting approach. This study demonstrates how physiographic and economic data can be harnessed to yield readily comprehendible costeffective targeting maps. Cost-effective targeting may be preferable to watershed managers for its ‘‘user-friendliness’’ without too great a sacrifice of the globally most cost-efficient solution.
Head-disk interface in magnetic storage device

Information is stored and retrieved in magnetic disk storage devices through heads carried on sliders which fly over rotating disks. Detailed description of such devices is given in the book [1] of B. Bhushan from which also Figure 14.1–14.3 below are taken. Figure 14.1 shows the rotating disk with a slider which moves back and forth in a linear fashion; the head moves over the tracks of the disk with zero skew. Figure 14.2 shows a similar device with rotational motion of the arm.
Thermally induced collision of droplets in an immiscible outer fluid

Micro-total analysis systems (μTAS) have attracted wide attention and are identified as a promising solution for sample transport, filtration, chemical reactions, separation and detection. Despite their popularity, the selection of an appropriate mechanism for droplet transport and coalescence has always been a challenge. This paper investigates the use of Marangoni flow as a mechanism for levitating and transporting droplets on immiscible liquid films at higher speeds than is possible currently. For the first time, we show that it is possible to realize the natural coalescence of droplets through Marangoni effect without any external stimulation, and deliver the coalesced droplet to a certain destination through the use of surface tension gradients. The effects of shape and size on collision outcome are studied. Regions of coalescence and stretching separation of colliding droplets are delineated based on Weber number and impact number. In addition, the effect of viscosity on post collision regimes is studied. The findings in this fundamental study can be beneficial to many applications such as welding, drug delivery and microfluidics devices in controlling small droplets and targeting them to various locations.