cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hobbes's Thucydides1

Abstract Commentators have found Hobbes's translation of Thucydides’ history puzzling. It was Hobbes's first publication and it preceded his earliest political treatise by more than a decade. Although towards the end of his life Hobbes himself claimed that he published it in order to warn his compatriots of the dangers of democracy and demagoguery, some commentators have dismissed his explanation as an attempt to tie it to his own political theory, in hindsight. Through an examination of Hobbes's preface and essay on the life and history of Thucydides, published alongside his translation, this paper shows that Hobbes's view of Thucydides and his usefulness remained consistent throughout. Siding with Plutarch, Hobbes valued Thucydides for his ability to turn the auditor into a spectator, thereby protecting him, as far as possible, from the dangers of demagoguery.
Vowel Categorization by Very Young Infants.

Six-month-old infants are known to categorize vowels despite variation in talker voice and pitch contour. Using the observer-based psychoacoustic procedure, this study asked whether 2- and 3-month-olds could categorize similarly. Infants were trained to respond whenever the vowel category alternated from /a/ to /i/ and to refrain from responding when the vowel category remained the same, despite variation in spectral cues associated with pitch and talker changes. Eighty percent of 2-, 3-, and 6-month-olds did not respond the first time a talker change occurred in the absence of a vowel change, suggesting that even the younger infants recognize these spectrally different sounds as perceptually equivalent
Cervical Excretion of Cytomegalovirus: Correlation with Secretory and Humoral Antibody

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) was isolated from the cervical secretions of 10 of 121 outpatients at a venereal disease clinic. The buoyant densities of the DNA of five of the 10 CMV isolates were determined and found to be the same as those reported for strains isolated from other anatomical sites. Nine of 102 specimens of cervical secretions were reactive for IgG antibody to CMV, and five of 61 specimens tested were reactive for secretory IgA antibody as determined by indirect fluorescent antibody tests. Antibody to CMV was found in the cervical secretions of six of the 10 CMV excretors; four excretors had IgG and secretory IgA antibody, whereas two excretors had only IgG antibody. Antibody to early antigen was identified in the sera of excretors whose cervical secretions were reactive for IgG and secretory IgA antibody.
A Prophet-Terrorist(a) and an Imperial Sympathizer: An Empire-critical, Postcolonial Reading of the No'adyah/Nechemyah Conflict

AbstractThis article is a postcolonial reading of the Ezra-Nehemiah corpus through the conflict between the woman-prophet No'adyah and Nechemyah the scribe in Neh. 6:14, subsequent to and in light of the wall-building narrative in Nehemiah 3-4. My thesis is that the wall is not a defensive structure since it and the temple are sponsored by the Persian Empire as a gift to their colonial subjects, the exiled Judeans. The tensions between the returnees and the Judeans who were not deported set the stage for and are exemplified in the conflict between No'adyah and Nechemyah, which is a conflict between pro-and anti-colonial imperatives. In addition, Nechemyah develops and deploys an ethnic purity campaign that leads to the exile of a great number of women and children. I contend that this forced rupture of families is the primary concern of the prophet No'adyah and all of the Jerusalem prophets who support her. No'adyah's opposition to Nechemyah's empire-sponsored activities are so formidable that he invokes ...
Minnesota Legislative History

The Minnesota Supreme Court allows statutory construction to effectuate the intention of the legislature. Section 645.16 of Minnesota Statutes addresses legislative intent controls, listing what matters may be considered when the words of a law are not explicit. The use of committee books (minutes), house and senate journals, and media recordings has been permitted.
Extrahepatic Portal Hypertension in Children

Summary The details of eighteen children with extrahepatic portal hypertension seen during the last twenty years at the Childrens Hospital of Los Angeles are presented. All had bleeding from esophagogastric varices, but in several this was not the presenting symptom or finding. Three initially presented with splenomegaly and five with ascites. Eleven of the patients manifested ascites at some stage of their disease, more commonly during infancy or early childhood. Three older patients currently have ascites which has persisted for two, six, and seven years, respectively. An etiologic mechanism such as that usually ascribed to the development of occlusion of the portal vein was observed in only three of the eighteen children. It is suggested that neonatal omphalitis or peritonitis is an unlikely cause and that the etiologic mechanism is, in fact, unknown. Fever, usually due to a respiratory infection, preceded varical hemorrhage in a number of patients. The implication of this feature is discussed. The results of operative management were disappointing. The ineffectiveness of shunt procedures in eliminating recurrent varical hemorrhage was probably due in large part to the young age of the patients at the time of operation. Of great interest was the observation that in four children varical hemorrhage ceased spontaneously. In two of them, varices are no longer demonstrable on roentgenogram. In the other two, this examination had not been carried out. Six of the eighteen patients are currently over the age of twenty years; only one still has bleeding. These features are consonant with the rarity with which an adult with extrahepatic portal hypertension provides a history of bleeding episodes extending from childhood.
Capillary Electrophoresis of Supercoiled and Linear DNA in Dilute Hydroxyethyl Cellulose Solution

Capillary electrophoresis in dilute hydroxyethyl cellulose is shown to separate supercoiled DNA in the size range 2000−16 000 base pairs. The plasmids migrate more slowly than linear ds-DNA of the same sizes. Plasmid bandwidths are larger than observed for ds-DNA, allowing identification of the type of DNA by bandwidth. The differing dependence of mobility on chain length can be explained by assuming that a plasmid migrates as an elastic rod, while ds-DNA migrates as a wormlike chain.
Dimerization of the Silole Anion [C4Ph4SiMe]- to a Tricyclic Diallylic Dianion

The head-to-tail dimerization product 4, whose structure was determined by X-ray crystallography, has been obtained from 2, the lithium salt of a silole anion. The negative charges in 4 are located in allylic anion moieties having nearly equal C−C distances. Derivatization of 4 with iodomethane takes place stereospecifically to give just 1 of the 14 possible stereoisomers.
An investigation of the progressive sequence of ego development levels.

The progressive sequence of ego development levels as measured by the Washington University Sentence Completion Test was examined in relation to component scores on a construct identified from 12 objective measures related to ego development. The analysis was based on 229 adult subjects. The sequence of component scores for three groupings of ego development levels (Pre-Conformist, Conformist, and Post-Conformist) followed the predicted progression. Large standard deviations relative to the mean component scores for the groupings of ego development levels suggested overlap among the levels of ego development, which is consistent with the notion of decalage in developmental theory.
Advances in the Stability of Frame Structures

As far as structural engineering is concerned, scientific and technological advances are often fostered by the occurrence of collapses involving a more or less relevant amount of damage and, in the most unfortunate cases, also the loss of human lives. Indeed, it seems fair to say that every time a structural collapse takes place, designers and researchers will immediately start searching for a rational explanation; this boost of attention and interest invariably leads to the unveiling and investigation of new phenomena and also paves the way to the development of design tools intended to anticipate and prevent the detrimental effects of such phenomena. The above statements are especially true in the case of structural stability, as attested by the following illustrative examples: ~1! The progress in the theory of laced column buckling due to the collapse of the Quebec Bridge in 1907; ~2! the crucial role played by the Tacoma Narrows Bridge failure, in 1940, concerning the awareness and understanding of the aerodynamic torsional instability phenomenon; and ~3! the development of Koiter’s general elastic postbuckling theory, essentially inspired by the sudden collapse of several thin-shell structures at surprisingly low applied load levels. The very recent and unbearably tragic collapse of the World Trade Center twin towers, on September 11, 2001, highlighted the importance of devoting new attention and resources to a better understanding of behavioral, design, and safety issues related to the overall and member stability of framed structures— particularly when these structures are subjected to extreme loading conditions, such as the ones caused by impact, explosion, or fire. By publishing this Special Issue of the Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE aims at making the above problems more visible, thus drawing the attention of the structural stability scientific and technological communities and encouraging them to devote new research to developing and disseminating more advanced methods for the efficient solution of these problems. At the same time, one has the opportunity of showing a representative sample of the activity currently under way in this field. The recent exponential growth in computer capabilities, affordability, compatibility, and interconnectivity is responsible for a virtual “computational revolution” in many areas related to structural analysis and design. In particular, this situation will certainly lead, in the near future, to the routine incorporation of geometrically and materially nonlinear concepts and methodologies into the daily design practice. It will also enable designers to feel more comfortable and secure when faced with the everexpanding tasks of coping with increasingly slender structures and more complex loading combinations, as they will have easy access to user-friendly tools that are able to handle advanced structural behaviors like the inelastic geometrically nonlinear behavior of initially imperfect members and framed structures, the global and local stability of nonprismatic thin-walled members,
Design of electronic scanning radar systems (ESRS)

A format is presented for the design of Electronic Scanning Radar Systems (ESRS). Theoretical and practical design considerations unique to ESRS are emphasized. An introductory discussion of the role electronic scanning technology plays in fulfilling modern radar requirements is followed by a brief description of the generic types of electronic scan available to the radar designer. The system parameters affecting mission performance are listed. The corresponding radar functions that are particularly affected by the ESR selection are delineated, concluding with a discussion of the merits of the selection. Major decisions are single or multiple simultaneous beams and narrow, intermediate, or wide bandwidth performance capability. Automatic multitarget acquisition logic, computer controlled iterative tracking, equations, interpolative-null tracking, error budgets, and errors unique to ESRS are topics of discussion. The ESRS design procedure is illustrated with practical examples.
Utility of positive controls in assessing assay sensitivity in ICH S7B and ICH E14 guidance for evaluation of QT/QTc interval prolongation.

Positive controls have often been used in nonclinical and clinical cardiovascular safety studies to evaluate the study's assay sensitivity with respect to drug-induced prolongation of the QT interval of the electrocardiogram (ECG). If the study is able to detect such QT prolongation by the control, then a finding of negative QT effect of comparable size for the test drug will constitute evidence that the test drug does not in fact prolong the QT interval by the amount of regulatory concern. Current regulatory guidance regarding QT interval prolongation includes ICH S7B (nonclinical) and ICH E14 (clinical). However, the underlying null hypothesis settings of the two documents are quite different. This paper quantitatively evaluates the utility of positive controls in nonclinical and clinical studies in which a test drug and a positive control are simultaneously assessed in a study. The results show that positive controls, when powered at 80%, can be beneficial in 58% of nonclinical QT studies with Prob(S) = 0.8; when powered at 90%, positive controls can be beneficial 73% of clinical QT studies with Prob(S) = 0.9, where Prob(S) represents the probability of success with no QT risk at the stage of development.
The Cost of Entrepreneurship and Output Decision: Certainty and Uncertainty

In this paper we extend Scitovsky’s classic “A Note on Profit Maximization and its Implications” to a stochastic environment. Implications of the model with and without uncertainty are contrasted.
THE LONG TERM NEUROLOGICAL SEQUELAE OF ANEMIA IN INFANCY

To determine if hypoxemia from anemia in infancy causes brain damage, 61 full term infants from comparable socioeconomic groups were studied developmentally from birth to 7 years Thirty-two of the infants developed iron deficiency anemia between 6-18 months of age (Hgb range 6.1-9.5 G%) in the absence of protein calorie malnutrition. Twenty-nine infants received neonatal iron dextran injections and were not anemic (Hgb range 11.5-12.96%). Neurological evaluation was done at 6-7 years of age without knowledge of the presence or absence of prior anemia. Each test was rated on a 0-3 scale or by stanines. The group formerly anemic had a higher incidence of “soft signs” e.g. clumsiness with balancing on one foot, in tandem walking, and repetitive hand or foot movements, etc. and were more inattentive and hyperactive than the non anemic group. Binet IQ scores averaged 98 in the non anemic and 92 in the anemic group. Anemia in infancy appears to be one cause of minimal brain dysfunction which may be permanent.
MicroRNAs in Mental Health: From Biological Underpinnings to Potential Therapies

Psychiatric illnesses are disabling disorders with poorly understood underlying pathophysiologies. However, it is becoming increasingly evident that these illnesses result from disruptions across whole cellular networks rather than any particular monoamine system. Recent evidence continues to support the hypothesis that these illnesses arise from impairments in cellular plasticity cascades, which lead to aberrant information processing in the circuits that regulate mood, cognition, and neurovegetative functions (sleep, appetite, energy, etc.). As a result, many have begun to consider future therapies that would be capable of affecting global changes in cellular plasticity to restore appropriate synaptic function and neuronal connectivity. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that can repress the gene translation of hundreds of their targets and are therefore well-positioned to target a multitude of cellular mechanisms. Here, we review some properties of miRNAs and show they are altered by stress, glucocorticoids, mood stabilizers, and in a particular psychiatric disorder, schizophrenia. While this field is still in its infancy, we consider their potential for regulating behavioral phenotypes and targeting key predicted signaling cascades that are implicated in psychiatric illness. Clearly, considerable research is required to better determine any therapeutic potential of targeting miRNAs; however, these agents may provide the next generation of effective therapies for psychiatric illnesses.
Co-mutagenic activity of arsenic and benzo[a]pyrene in mouse skin

Exposure to inorganic arsenic in drinking water is linked to skin, lung and bladder cancer in humans. The mechanism of arsenic-induced cancer is not clear, but exposure to arsenic and polycyclic arylhydrocarbons (PAH) is more carcinogenic than exposure to either type of carcinogen alone. Arsenic can also generate reactive oxygen species, suggesting that oxidation of DNA may play a role in carcinogenesis. Oxidization of guanosines in polyG tracts is known to cause frameshift mutations, and such events can be detected in situ using the G11 placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) transgenic mouse model, which reports frameshift mutations in a run of 11 G:C basepairs by generating cells containing heat-resistant alkaline phosphatase activity. PAH can also induce frameshift mutations. In the study described here, FVB/N mice carrying the G11 PLAP transgene were crossed to C57Bl/6 mice. Half of the hybrid mice were given drinking water with sodium arsenite (10 mg/L) for 10 weeks. Half of the arsenic treated mice were also exposed to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) by skin painting (500 nmol/week) for 8 weeks. Another group of mice was exposed to BaP but not arsenic. The effect on frameshift mutation was assessed by staining sections of skin tissue to detect cells with PLAP activity. Arsenic alone had no significant effect. On average, mice given BaP alone had approximately three times more PLAP-positive (PLAP+) cells. By contrast, mice exposed to both arsenic and BaP exhibited 10-fold more PLAP+ cells in the skin, and these cells were often arranged in large clusters, suggesting derivation from stem cells. Whereas combined treatment produced more PLAP+ cells, stable BaP adduct levels and arsenic burdens were not higher in mice exposed to both agents compared to mice exposed to either one agent or the other.
From disks to hexagons and beyond: A study in two dimensions.

Crystallization of two-dimensional domains in monolayer films of the soluble surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate exhibits a smooth shape transition from disks to hexagons. This transition is experimentally proven to be mainly a kinetic effect. The appearance of negative curvature marks the onset of shape instabilities. A simple geometric model based on the local interplay between line tension and crystalline anisotropy accounts for the observed behaviors. it is argued that the observed shapes are generic and insensitive to details of the actual mechanisms
Not for Members Only: Group Endorsements as Electoral Information Cues:

Endorsements by groups in American politics have typically been studied as voting cues only for members of the given organization. Using both the formal theoretical and low-information cognitive vo...
Dynamic range of coherent analog fiber-optic links

We investigate the performance of coherent analog optical links employing amplitude modulation (AM), phase modulation (PM), and frequency modulation (FM). The performance of these coherent links is compared to that of AM direct-detection (DD) links. The signal-to-noise ratios, nonlinearities, and-spurious-free dynamic ranges (SFDR's) of the foregoing links are evaluated. We calculate the SFDR for links using DFB and Nd:YAG lasers with typical linewidths of 10 MHz and 5 kHz, respectively. The performance of PM and FM links is dominated by phase noise above a critical value of received optical power. For a linewidth of 10 MHz, and SFDR's of PM and FM links are 30 and 31 dB, respectively, for a received optical power above -27 dBm in a 1 GHz bandwidth. For a linewidth of 5 kHz, the corresponding SFDR's above a received power level of 0 dBm are 51 and 53 dB. The performance of DD and AM links is dominated by RIN above a critical value of received optical power. For a RIN level of -155 dB/Hz, the SFDR's of DD and AM links are 49 and 47 dB, respectively, for a received optical power of 10 dBm in a 1 GHz bandwidth. The SFDR's of the DD and coherent links used for transmission of subcarrier-multiplexed (SCM) signals are also derived. We evaluate target laser parameters needed by a number of different applications. For AM video and antenna remoting applications, linewidths of >
Ascending central gustatory pathways.

The central gustatory pathways of the albino rat have been traced using a combined electrophysiological-neuroanatomical technique. Gustatory responses in the medulla were recorded in the region of the solitary nucleus which receives the seventh nerve primary afferents. Fibers traced from lesions of these recording sites did not cross as expected into the medial lemniscus, but instead travelled rostrally to terminate ipsilaterally in a small celled area dorsal and ventral to the brachium conjunctivum as it enters the pons. Since gustatory responses could be recorded in this region it represents a previously undescribed secondary “pontine taste area.” Lesions of PTA result in degeneration of a bilateral ascending pathway travelling in the dorsomedial tegmentum to terminate in the classical gustatory nuclei of the thalamus. Other fibers in this pathway continue rostrally and distribute in the subthalamus, dorsolateral hypothalamus and subpallidal gray in the ventral forebrain. These findings in a mammal resemble those established nearly three quarters of a century ago by Herrick ('05) in the carp, and confirm his prediction that “broad lines of similarity [would be found] between both the peripheral and central gustatory paths in all vertebrates”.
Glomerular disease: 'suPAR'-exciting times for FSGS.

The aetiology of primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis has proven elusive. Recent data implicates the soluble urokinase-type plasminogen-activator receptor (suPAR) as the circulating permeability factor in the majority of patients with this condition. These exciting findings may dramatically influence the future diagnosis and management of this often resistant glomerular disease.
Arrest and migration of cerebellar neurons towards grafts of autonomic ganglion

Abstract Fragments of mature superior cervical ganglion (SCG) were transplanted to the undamaged brain surfaces of neonatal recipient rats. The cellular interaction between the grafted ganglion and the CNS were followed for over two years. The grafted neurons regenerated briskly, producing nerve sprouts and growth cones. Where the graft was placed on the cerebellum, cells from the external granule layer (EGL) were prevented from pursuing their normal course of migration and remained at the surface indefinitely. When the transplant settled a short distance from the surface, bridges of tissue containing cerebellar neurons, interneurons, and their associated neuropil extended toward the graft. Within the bridges were mossy fiber boutons which migrated out of the cerebellum in search of anomalously migrating granule cells and formed small, disorganized, synaptic glomeruli. A major component of tissue bridges from cerebellum and medulla was astroglial. Degenerating nerve or inert materials did not alter cerebellar configuration. It thus appears that a neurotropic factor secreted by regenerating neurons may affect development and behavior of other central neurons and glia.
Effect of adding opaque porcelain on the final color of porcelain laminates

Abstract Statement of problem. Increasing the opacity of porcelain laminates is one of the techniques most commonly used to mask the color of darkly stained teeth. Purpose of study. Two different brands of porcelain (Fortune and Optec) disks that contained various amounts of modifying porcelains to alter opacity were cemented with untinted resin cement to a dark colored substrate. Material and methods. The color of the substrate was measured before and after cementation and the change in color was calculated. Results. Fortune porcelain showed a progressive increase in the amount of change produced as the modifying porcelain was increased, whereas Optec porcelain showed a decrease in the amount of change as modifying porcelain was increased. Conclusion. A progressive increase of yellow was exhibited in the samples as the amount of opacity is increased. (J Prosthet Dent 1997;77:136-40.)
Effects of stroke on local cerebral metabolism and perfusion: Mapping by emission computed tomography of 18FDG and 13NH3

By means of emission computed tomography (ECT), we used 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18FDG) and 13N-ammonia (13NH3) as indicators of abnormalities in local cerebral glucose utilization (LCMRglc) and relative perfusion, respectively. The ECAT positron tomograph was used to scan normal control subjects and 10 stroke patients at various times during recovery. In normal subjects, mean CMRglc was 5.28 ± 0.76 mg per 100 gm tissue per minute (mean ± SD; N = 8). In patients with stroke, mean CMRglc in the contralateral hemisphere was moderately decreased during the first week, profoundly depressed in irreversible coma, and normal after clinical recovery. Quantification was restricted by incomplete understanding of tracer behavior in diseased brain, but relative local distributions of 18FDG and 13NH3 trapping qualitatively reflected the increases and decreases as well as coupling and uncoupling expected for local alterations in glucose utilization and perfusion in stroke. Early after cerebrovascular occlusion there was a greater decrease in local trapping of 13NH3 than 18FDG within the infarct, probably because of increased anaerobic glycolysis. Otherwise, 18FDG was a more sensitive indicator of cerebral dysfunction than was 13NH3. Hypometabolism, due to deactivation or minimal damage, was demonstrated with the 18FDG scan in deep structures and broad zones of cerebral cortex that appeared normal on x-ray computed tomography and technetium 99m pertechnetate scans. In its present state of development, the 18FDG ECT method should aid in defining the location and extent of altered brain in studies of disordered function after stroke. With improved knowledge of tracer behavior in diseased brain, the method has promise for mapping the response to therapeutic intervention and increasing our understanding of how the human brain responds to stroke.
Molecular pathology of age-related macular degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible blindness in the world. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of AMD remain largely unclear, a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors is thought to exist. AMD pathology is characterized by degeneration involving the retinal photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and Bruch's membrane, as well as, in some cases, alterations in choroidal capillaries. Recent research on the genetic and molecular underpinnings of AMD brings to light several basic molecular pathways and pathophysiological processes that might mediate AMD risk, progression, and/or response to therapy. This review summarizes, in detail, the molecular pathological findings in both humans and animal models, including genetic variations in CFH, CX3CR1, and ARMS2/HtrA1, as well as the role of numerous molecules implicated in inflammation, apoptosis, cholesterol trafficking, angiogenesis, and oxidative stress.
Transdominant regulation of integrin function: Mechanisms of crosstalk

Transdominant inhibition of integrins or integrin-integrin crosstalk is an important regulator of integrin ligand binding and subsequent signaling events that control a variety of cell functions in many tissues. Here we discuss examples of integrin crosstalk and detail our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that are involved in this receptor phenomenon. The cytoskeleton associated protein talin is a key regulator of integrin crosstalk. We describe how the interaction of talin and the cytoplasmic tail of β integrin is controlled and how competitive inhibitors of this binding play a role in integrin crosstalk. We conclude with a discussion of how integrin crosstalk impacts the interpretation of integrin inhibitor and knockdown studies in both the laboratory and clinical setting.
Effects of ethanol on transforming growth factor Β1-dependent and -independent mechanisms of neural stem cell apoptosis

Stem cell vitality is critical for the growth of the developing brain. Growth factors can define the survival of neural stem cells (NSCs) and ethanol can affect growth factor-mediated activities. The present study tested two hypotheses: (a) ethanol causes the apoptotic death of NSCs and (b) this effect is influenced by the ambient growth factor. Monolayer cultures of non-immortalized NS-5 cells were exposed to fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 2 or transforming growth factor (TGF) β1 in the absence or presence of ethanol for 48 h. Ethanol killed NSCs as measured by increases in the numbers of ethidium bromide+ and annexin V+ cells and decreases in the number of calcein AM+ (viable) cells. These toxic effects were promoted by TGFβ1. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction array of apoptosis-related mRNAs revealed an ethanol-induced increase (≥2-fold change; p<0.05) in transcripts involved in Fas ligand (FasL) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling. These effects, particularly the FasL pathway, were potentiated by TGFβ1. Immunocytochemical analyses of NS-5 cells showed that transcriptional alterations translated into consistent up-regulation of protein expression. Experiments with the neocortical proliferative zones harvested from fetal mice exposed to ethanol showed that ethanol activated similar molecular systems in vivo. Thus, ethanol induces NSC death through two distinct molecular mechanisms, one is initiated by TGFβ1 (FasL) and another (through TNF) which is TGFβ1-independent.
The crystal and molecular structure of Bis(ortho-aminobenzoato)zinc(II), Zn(H2NC6H4COO)2

Abstract Bis (ortho-aminobenzoato)copper (II), Cu(H2NC6H4COO)2, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2 1 c with cell dimensions a = 12.95 (1), b = 5.25 (1), c = 9.39 (1) A, and β = 93.3 (1)°. The structure was determined using three-dimensional X-ray diffraction data gathered on multiple-film, equi-inclination, integrated Weissenberg photographs taken about two crystal axes. Refinement, with anisotropic temperature factors, led to R = 3.1%. Coordination about the copper is that of a distorted octahedron. Four equatorial positions are occupied by two amino nitrogens and two carboxylate oxygens with both the nitrogens and oxygens in trans positions. The octahedral coordination is completed in the axial positions by two carbonyl oxygens which do not originate from the same ligands that occupy the equatorial sites. Each copper in the (100) plane is attached to four other coppers via carboxylate bridges to give a two-dimensional polymeric network coincident with the (100) plane. Significant hydrogen bonding occurs to strengthen the two-dimensional network, which, it is suggested, accounts for the extreme insolubility and high thermal stability of the compound.
FDQ: the fair distributed queue MAN

A new protocol, fair distributed queue (FDQ), suitable for very high speed metropolitan area networks (MANs), is presented. FDQ is a slotted system implemented on a unidirectional fiber bus. It has similarities to the distributed queue dual bus (DQDB) protocol. FDQ achieves full throughput efficiency independent of the bus length, the transmission speed, and the number of nodes. FDQ allocates equal bandwidth under heavy load to all active users in a time period less than or equal to the round-trip propagation delay without wasting bandwidth. Its delay characteristics were studied via simulation and compared to DQDB. FDQ has lower average delays under a Poisson load than the DQDB protocol with or without the bandwidth balancing mechanism. The implementation of priority levels and detailed timing structure of the protocol are also described. It was shown that FDQ's delay and throughput characteristics were only slightly affected by increasing distances or the number of nodes. >
A new approach to integrated damping parameter and control design in structural systems

The paper presents a linear matrix inequality (LMI)-based approach for the simultaneous optimal design of output feedback control gains and damping parameters in structural systems with collocated actuators and sensors. The proposed integrated design is based on simplified H 2 and H ? norm upper bound calculations for collocated structural systems. Using these upper bound results, the combined design of the damping parameters of the structural system and the output feedback controller to satisfy closed-loop H 2 or H ? performance specifications is formulated as an LMI optimization problem with respect to the unknown damping coefficients and feedback gains. Numerical examples motivated from structural and aerospace engineering applications demonstrate the advantages and computational efficiency of the proposed technique for integrated structural and control design. The effectiveness of the proposed integrated design becomes apparent, especially in very large scale structural systems where the use of classical methods for solving Lyapunov and Riccati equations associated with H 2 and H ? designs are time-consuming or intractable.
The Pediatric AIDS Corps: A 5-Year Evaluation

BACKGROUND: The Baylor College of Medicine International Pediatric AIDS Initiative at Texas Children’s Hospital created a global health corps named the Pediatric AIDS Corps (PAC) in June 2005. This report provides descriptive details and outputs for PAC over its first 5 years. METHODS: Demographic data were gathered about PAC physicians employed from July 2006 to June 2011. A 21-question survey was used to query PAC physicians about their experiences in the program. Data concerning clinical experiences and educational programs also were reviewed. RESULTS: A total of 128 physicians were employed with PAC. The median duration served was 22.7 months. Eighty-seven percent indicated that experience affected their future career choice, with half continuing to work with children and families living in resource-limited areas after they left PAC. Patient care was identified as the most rewarding part of their work (73%), whereas deaths (27%) were the most difficult. Baylor College of Medicine International Pediatric AIDS Initiative enrollment of HIV-infected children and adolescents into care and treatment increased from 6107 to103 731 with the addition of PAC physicians. Approximately 500 local health care professionals per quarter benefited from HIV clinical attachments that were not available before PAC arrival. PAC physicians visited outreach sites providing in-depth HIV mentoring of local health care professionals, leading to 37% of the sites becoming self-sufficient. CONCLUSIONS: The positive evaluation by the PAC and the scale-up of clinical and educational programs support the recent calls for the development of a national global health corps program.
Work in progress - authenticating authorship of student work: beyond plagiarism detection

There are many types of academic dishonesty; deception, plagiarism, and even theft and fraud are among the most common. Many techniques have been developed to deal with dishonesty in classroom situations, but as instructional delivery increasingly migrates to online modalities, unique problems arise for the instructor in insuring that the work performed by students represents that student's efforts. When offering instruction in an anytime/any-place environment the challenges of insuring authentication of student work appears to be almost insurmountable because it is difficult to gather students into a central location or prevent off-line communication or assistance from others. This presentation addresses the challenges inherent in detecting academic dishonesty by examining a systems-approach to authentication of authorship of student work
Progress in Scatterometer Application

Progress in the scientific application of space-based scatterometer data over the past two decades is reviewed. There has been continuous improvement in coverage, resolution, and accuracy. Besides the traditional applications in weather and ocean-atmosphere interaction, which are based on ocean surface wind vectors, emerging applications over land and ice are also described. Future missions and new technology are introduced.
Modality-independent impairments in word processing in a deep dyslexic patient.

Abstract An extensive study of the language abilities of one deep dyslexic patient, B.L., was undertaken. Tests of his ability to comprehend and produce words in the auditory, verbal, and graphic modalities revealed striking similarities in performance across modalities, such that the defining symptoms of deep dyslexic reading also held true for this patient's writing, repetition, and naming. A new dual-deficit model of deep dyslexia is presented which predicts that a variety of “deep dyslexic” syndromes may occur with or without modality-specific impairments.
The Rule of Law in the Realm and the Province of New York: Prelude to the American Revolution

British and American views of public law have diverged greatly over the past two hundred years. This article examines the evolution of New York's adherence to the rule of fundamental law and the use of colonial common law courts to protect the rights of New York subjects against the prerogative power of the crown. As a conquered province from 1664 to 1683, New York was denied a legislature. Thereafter the colonial legislative bodies were active in making unsuccessful attempts to claim their birthright as Englishmen. In England the Glorious Revolution represented a major step in the development of parliamentary supremacy. In New York, however, it facilitated an ethnic insurrection followed by the realization that English governmental policy mandated the denial of basic rights of Englishmen to colonial residents. The Glorious Revolution simply made it possible for parliament, as well as the crown, to regulate colonial affairs without any constitutional restrictions prior to 1774. In terms of constitutional dynamics in eighteenth-century England, continued imperial rule through an untrammelled royal prerogative substantially increased the political power and revenues of the crown. Failing to consider the impact of monarchial power in a growing empire, the 1688–9 Convention Parliament laid the foundation for an unbalanced British government in the middle of the eighteenth century. Deprived of patronage and extraordinary revenues at home, the monarchs turned to regulation of their empire and to reaping increased financial benefit. Both of these unintended consequences of the Glorious Revolution threatened parliamentary supremacy, even as parliament's new-found power began to undermine the rule of law in the empire.
Pathway-Specific Maturation, Visual Deprivation, and Development of Retinal Pathway

One of the fundamental features of the visual system is the segregation of neural circuits that process increments and decrements of luminance into ON and OFF pathways. In mature retina, the dendrites of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of retina are separated into ON or OFF sublaminaspecific stratification. At an early developmental stage, however, the dendrites of most RGCs are ramified throughout the IPL. The maturation of RGC ON/OFF dendritic stratification requires neural activities mediated by afferent inputs from bipolar and amacrine cells. The synchronized spontaneous burst activities in early postnatal developing retina regulate RGC dendritic filopodial movements and the maintenance or elimination of dendritic processes. After eye opening, visual experience further remodels and consolidates the retinal neural circuit into mature forms. Several neurotransmitter systems, including glutamatergic, acetylcholinergic, GAB Aergic, and glycinergic systems, might act togeth...
Synthesis of 4,5-diheteroarylphenanthrenes and their dinuclear ruthenium(II) bis(2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine) complexes possessing severe helical twists

Three 4,5-diheteroarylphenanthrenes 2a, 2b and 2c and two dinuclear Ru(II) bis(terpyridine) complexes 13 and 14 possessing severe helical twists were synthesized.
Spying on psychiatrists: surreptitious surveillance of the forensic psychiatric examination by the patient himself.

Lawyers have argued that surveillance of the forensic psychiatric examination is often necessary to protect clients' rights and assure more accurate reporting of the findings. This paper reports a new phenomenon which adds a disconcerting dimension to the current controversy over surveillance of such examinations, namely, surreptitious recording by patient/examinees of their own forensic examination. Their motivations range from psychotic delusions to perceptions that they are acting to protect their legal interests. Neither legal nor ethical code prohibitions in any way serve to bar such conduct. Moral arguments for and against secret recording by patient /examinees are explored, and its relationship to other techniques used to monitor professional practices in the health fields (such as pseudopatient studies) is discussed.
Prospective cohorts and rheumatic disease research

Many large, prospective cohort studies originally were established to study common major medical conditions, including heart disease and cancer. These cohorts have provided important health information for decades (eg, the link between smoking and lung cancer). More recently, some of these cohorts also have provided excellent vehicles for addressing important study questions of common rheumatic disorders. An increasing number of important observational studies has been published or are being conducted based on these cohorts; the role of these data sources in rheumatic disease research are likely to grow in the future. This article intends to put these prospective cohort studies together to enhance the understanding of their usefulness in studying rheumatic disorders among investigators and readers. We summarize those cohorts with their published examples of rheumatic disease research.
Association of lactate with blood pressure before and after rapid weight loss.

BACKGROUND The mechanism linking obesity with its downstream complications is poorly understood. Accumulating evidence suggests that insufficient oxidative capacity plays a central role in the development of insulin resistance and, perhaps, hypertension. METHODS To investigate this hypothesis, we measured lactate, a marker of the gap between energy expenditure and oxidative capacity, in 40 obese subjects with the metabolic syndrome (Ob-MS), 40 obese subjects without the metabolic syndrome (Ob), and 20 lean controls (LCs). The 40 Ob-MS participants were then entered into a 12-20 week very low-calorie diet (VLCD) intervention. The change in lactate and a number of other metabolic factors including blood pressure were subsequently assessed. RESULTS At baseline, median lactate levels were significantly higher in both the Ob (36.4 mg/dl) and Ob-MS (34.7 mg/dl) groups when compared to LCs (17.4 mg/dl; P < 0.001). After the VLCD intervention, Ob-MS subjects lost 14.7 kg on average, corresponding to a 5.0 kg/m(2) decrease in body mass index (BMI). Lactate levels fell from 41.3 to 28.7 mg/dl, a 31% reduction (P = 0.006). Even after adjustment for BMI change, change in lactate was strongly associated with change in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (P = 0.007) and mean arterial pressure (P = 0.014), but not with systolic blood pressure (SBP) (P = 0.20) or other obesity-related traits. CONCLUSIONS Baseline and longitudinal associations between lactate and DBP suggest that insufficient oxidative capacity may play a role in obesity-related hypertension.
Insensible Water Loss in Preterm Infants: Changes With Postnatal Development and Non-ionizing Radiant Energy

Insensible water loss (IWL) was measured by an Electronic Potter Baby Scale in 170 healthy preterm infants, with birthweights ranging from 800 to 2,000 gm, who were appropriate for gestational age. IWL was found to increase with decreasing birth weight, i.e., from a mean of 0.7 ml/kg/hr in infants weighing 1,751 to 2,000 gm to 2.67 ml/kg/hr in infants weighing 1,500 gm, IWL increased in the second week and was stable in the third and fourth weeks. Exposure to non-ionizing radiant energy from three radiant heat warmers was found to increase IWL by 50% to 190% depending on the maturity of the infant and the type of warmers. Phototherapy was associated with a twofold to threefold increase in IWL, which can be minimized by careful temperature control of the infant. The magnitude of increase in IWL in response to exposure to non-ionizing radiant energy, both from radiant heat warmers and phototherapy was greater in infants with birthweight > 1,500 gm than in infants
Analysis of the impacts of signal rise/fall time and skew variations in coupled-RLC interconnects

This paper investigates the impacts of signal rise/fall time and signal skew variations on voltage overshoot and propagation delay in inductive lines for different switching patterns. Equivalent circuit model parameters have been extracted using FastCap and FastHenry field solvers, and results have been obtained by HSpice simulator. Most existing works study the different switching patterns considering only constant rise/fall time and signal skew. However, here it is observed that variation of rise/fall time and skew alters the inductive behavior under different switching patterns. The investigation in this paper reveals that switching patterns start showing significant impact for a particular range of rise/fall times, and cross talk noise reduces with growing signal skew.
Multiple microscopic approaches demonstrate linkage between chromoplast architecture and carotenoid composition in diverse Capsicum annuum fruit.

Summary Increased accumulation of specific carotenoids in plastids through plant breeding or genetic engineering requires an understanding of the limitations that storage sites for these compounds may impose on that accumulation. Here, using Capsicum annuum L. fruit, we demonstrate directly the unique sub-organellar accumulation sites of specific carotenoids using live cell hyperspectral confocal Raman microscopy. Further, we show that chromoplasts from specific cultivars vary in shape and size, and these structural variations are associated with carotenoid compositional differences. Live-cell imaging utilizing laser scanning confocal (LSCM) and confocal Raman microscopy, as well as fixed tissue imaging by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), all demonstrated morphological differences with high concordance for the measurements across the multiple imaging modalities. These results reveal additional opportunities for genetic controls on fruit color and carotenoid-based phenotypes.
A floating-point accumulator for FPGA-based high performance computing applications

A floating-point accumulator for FPGA-based high performance computing applications is proposed and evaluated. Compared to previous work, our accumulator uses a fixed size circuit, and can reduce an arbitrary number of input sets of varying sizes without requiring prior knowledge of the bounds of summands. In this paper, we describe how the adder accumulator operator can be heavily pipelined to achieve a high clock speed when mapped to FPGA technology, while still maintaining the original input ordering. Our experimental results show that our accumulator design is very competitive with previous efforts in terms of FPGA resource usage and clock frequency, making it an ideal building block for large-scale sparse matrix computations as implemented in FPGA-based high performance computing systems.