cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Semi-analytical finite-element study for elastomeric composite solids of revolution

The research presented in this paper is concerned with the development of a linear composite theory, along with a semi-analytica l finite-element analysis for horizontally layered, reinforced, elastomeric bearings of revolution subjected to nonaxisymmetr ic loads. A multiscale representation is used in the development of the composite theory to model both small and large-scale stress and deformation phenomena. In addition to the usual displacement variables, special field variables are introduced to model "edge effect" phenomena. In contrast to some previous work, only continuity of the field variables (but not their derivatives) is required for the resulting finite-element analysis, thus permitting use of simple bilinear four-node isoparametric elements. Several numerical examples are presented and compared to discrete and previously obtained composite analyses. A section is devoted to the comparison of the present results to available design curves for elastomeric bearings used in helicopter systems. For the purpose of illustrating the general capabilities of the theory and analysis, a parameter study for a class of horizontal layered elastomeric bearings with a conical central hole is performed; the effects of varying the angle between the inner surface of the bearing and the vertical axis are evaluated under different loading conditions.
THE PATHOLOGY OF CORTICOSTEROID-TREATED ASTHMA.

Abstract The following are the structural changes in cases of asthma that are related to long-term, high-dose corticosteroid therapy: (1) an external appearance of Cushing's disease, (2) a decrease in the inflammatory reaction, mucus gland activity, basement membrane prominence, and smooth muscle hypertrophy of the bronchial and bronchiolar walls, (3) a hypertrophy of the myocardial fibers, (4) an atrophy of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortices, (5) a cytoplasmic hyalinization and vacuolization of pituitary basophils and a hyperplasia of pituitary acidophils, (6) an atrophy of the lymphatic tissue of the spleen, and (7) a slight and infrequent osteoporosis (Table I). Long-term, high-dose corticosteroid therapy for asthma that begins after 40 years of age and is continuous is justified. The favorable antiinflammatory effect of corticosteroids on the bronchi and bronchioles probably accounts for the extended longevity. The other structural tissue alterations related to corticosteroids seem to be lesser evils when one is confronted with the consequences of this type of asthma.
Early Habsburg Spain, 1517-1598

During the 16th century Philip II and Charles V transformed the kingdom of Castile into a world power, which sought to maintain its leading position in Europe while consolidating its empire abroad and establishing a Catholic society at home. Using recent advances in Spanish historiography previously unavailable to English readers, Lovett examines familiar topics such as the conquests of Mexico and Peru, the revolt of the Netherlands, the Armada, and the Inquisition, while also taking a close look at new themes such as regional differences within the Iberian peninsula and conflicts with the unassimilated Jewish population. The profound economic consequences of the new transatlantic colonies are also fully discussed in this lively and lucid account of 16th-century Spain.
Shareowners' Equity at Campbell Soup: How can Equity be Negative?

AbstractThis paper presents an instructional case based on the 2001 annual report of the Campbell Soup Company (CPB). During that year, CPB's shareowners' equity went from a surplus of USD137 million to a deficit of USD247 million. The analysis will allow students to determine that the change resulted from borrowing to purchase treasury stock. Students are asked to consider why CPB's lenders allowed the firm to purchase so much treasury stock with borrowed funds. The case provides an opportunity for students to improve their understanding of the impact of shareowners' equity transactions on the entire balance sheet, and to examine the effect of unreported and under-reported assets on financial statement information.
Mathematical Development and Comparison of a Hybrid PBM-DEM Description of a Continuous Powder Mixing Process

This paper describes the development of a multidimensional population balance model (PBM) which can account for the dynamics of a continuous powder mixing/blending process. The PBM can incorporate the important design and process conditions and determine their effects on the various critical quality attributes (CQAs) accordingly. The important parameters considered in this study are blender dimensions and presence of noise in the inlet streams. The blender dynamics have been captured in terms of composition of the ingredients, (relative standard deviation) RSD, and (residence time distribution) RTD. PBM interacts with discrete element modeling (DEM) via one-way coupling which forms a basic framework for hybrid modeling. The results thus obtained have been compared against a full DEM simulation which is a more fundamental particle-level model that elucidates the dynamics of the mixing process. Results show good qualitative agreement which lends credence to the use of coupled PBM as an effective tool in control and optimization of mixing process due to its relatively fewer computational requirements compared to DEM.
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Open Reading Frames O and P Are Not Necessary for Establishment of Latent Infection in Mice

Open reading frame (ORF) O and ORF P partially overlap and are located antisense to the gamma(1)34.5 gene within the domain transcribed during latency. In wild-type virus-infected cells, ORF O and ORF P are completely repressed during productive infection by ICP4, the major viral transcriptional activator/repressor. In cells infected with a mutant in which ORF P was derepressed there was a significant delay in the appearance of the viral alpha-regulatory proteins ICP0 and ICP22. The ORF O protein binds to and inhibits ICP4 binding to its cognate DNA site in vitro. These characteristics suggested a role for ORF O and ORF P in the establishment of latency. To test this hypothesis, two recombinant viruses were constructed. In the first, R7538(P-/O-), the ORF P initiator methionine codon, which also serves as the initiator methionine codon for ORF O, was replaced and a diagnostic restriction endonuclease was introduced upstream. In the second, R7543(P-/O-)R, the mutations were repaired to restore the wild-type virus sequences. We report the following. (i) The R7538(P-/O-) mutant failed to express ORF O and ORF P proteins but expressed a wild-type gamma(1)34.5 protein. (ii) R7538(P-/O-) yields were similar to that of the wild type following infection of cell culture or following infection of mice by intracerebral or ocular routes. (iii) R7538(P-/O-) virus reactivated from latency following explanation and cocultivation of murine trigeminal ganglia with Vero cells at a frequency similar to that of the wild type, herpes simplex virus 1(F). (iv) The amount of latent R7538(P-/O-) virus as assayed by quantitative PCR is eightfold less than that of the repair virus. The repaired virus could not be differentiated from the wild-type parent in any of the assays done in this study. We conclude that ORF O and ORF P are not essential for the establishment of latency in mice but may play a role in determining the quantity of latent virus maintained in sensory neurons.
An effective pointer replication algorithm in P2P networks

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks have proven to be an efficient and successful mechanism for file sharing over the Internet. However, current P2P protocols have long worst case query latencies which prevents them from be employed for real time applications. Popularity of objects in these networks can change rapidly and augurs the need for a rapid and lightweight content replication strategy to reduce search and data-access latencies. In this paper, we propose an on-line pointer replication (OPR) algorithm in structured P2P networks which yields a significantly low worst case query latency. Also, the degree of replication achieved by OPR is dynamically adaptable to the instantaneous query arrival rate and churn characteristics of the system in order to reduce total control traffic. We evaluate and compare different replica placement strategies on the PlanetLab network as well as with simulations. Experimental results show that OPR outperforms the existing replica placement algorithms by at least 30% in average latency and around 40% in terms of maximum query latency.
Targets, threats and (dis)trust: The managerial troika for public school principals in Chile

Public education in Chile has been steadily losing students as a result of the implementation, for the last 35 years, of a market model. In this paper we exemplify how a structural problem (public schools’ declining enrollment) created by neoliberal educational policies is transformed into an individual problem to be managed by the public school principal. Principals must sign a performance-based contract that specifies sanctions and incentives for meeting enrollment targets. The current paper examines, through data produced by in-depth interviews and shadowing, how 19 principals worked toward that target. Findings show that to manage enrollment principals spent, on average, 24% of their time performing marketing tasks. Principals, thus, have developed an entrepreneurial self, which is promoted by quasi-market school governance models. Through this entrepreneurship they manage various threats that represent barriers to the possibilities for meeting enrollment targets.
Deaf Students and Their Classroom Communication: An Evaluation of Higher Order Categorical Interactions among School and Background Characteristics

This article investigated to what extent age, use of a cochlear implant, parental hearing status, and use of sign in the home determine language of instruction for profoundly deaf children. Categorical data from 8,325 profoundly deaf students from the 2008 Annual Survey of Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children and Youth were analyzed using chi-square automated interaction detector, a stepwise analytic procedure that allows the assessment of higher order interactions among categorical variables. Results indicated that all characteristics were significantly related to classroom communication modality. Although younger and older students demonstrated a different distribution of communication modality, for both younger and older students, cochlear implantation had the greatest effect on differentiating students into communication modalities, yielding greater gains in the speech-only category for implanted students. For all subgroups defined by age and implantation status, the use of sign at home further segregated the sample into communication modality subgroups, reducing the likelihood of speech only and increasing the placement of students into signing classroom settings. Implications for future research in the field of deaf education are discussed.
Molecular determinants of the virulence and infectivity of California serogroup bunyaviruses.

California bunyaviruses cause encephalitis in mammalian hosts after peripheral infection. The virulence of these viruses is determined by their ability to replicate sequentially in striated muscle, cause viremia, and invade and replicate in the central nervous system. These viruses are also able to infect vector mosquitoes following ingestion of a blood meal containing virus. Bunyaviruses are negative stranded RNA viruses with a trisegmented genome, and the large, medium, and small RNA segments encode the polymerase, the glycoproteins, and the nucleoprotein, respectively. Reassortants between virulent and avirulent virus clones have been used to map virulence determinants in mice as well as determinants of infectivity in mosquitoes. Attenuation in mice and infectivity in mosquitoes of some virus clones maps to the medium RNA segment, implying that the virus glycoproteins, which are involved in virus entry, play a role in virulence. Attenuation in mice and mosquito infectivity of other clones maps to the l...
Inhibition and adjective learning in bilingual and monolingual children

The ability to control attention—by inhibiting prepotent, yet no longer relevant information—is an essential skill in all of human learning, and increasing evidence suggests that this ability is enhanced in language learning environments in which the learner is managing and using more than one language. One question waiting to be addressed is whether such efficient attentional control plays a role in word learning. That is, children who must manage two languages also must manage to learn two languages and the advantages of more efficient attentional control may benefit aspects of language learning within each language. This study compared bilingual and monolingual children’s performances in an artificial word-learning task and in a nonlinguistic task that measures attention control. Three-year-old monolingual and bilingual children with similar vocabulary development participated in these tasks. The results replicate earlier work showing advanced attentional control among bilingual children and suggest that this better attentional control may also benefit better performance in novel adjective learning. The findings provide the first direct evidence of a relation between performances in an artificial word-learning task and in an attentional control task. We discuss this finding with respect to the general relevance of attentional control for lexical learning in all children and with respect to current views of bilingual children’s word learning.
Permeability of three-dimensional models of fibrous porous media

Viscous flow through three-dimensional models of fibrous porous media is analysed. The periodic models are based on ordered networks of cylindrical fibres on regular cubic lattices. Numerical solutions are obtained using the spectral boundary element method introduced by Muldowney & Higdon (1995). Results are presented for solid volume fractions ranging from extreme dilution to near the maximum volume fraction for permeable media. Theoretical estimates are derived using slender-body theory and lubrication approximations in the appropriate asymptotic regimes. Comparisons are made with model predictions based on properties of two-dimensional media (Jackson & James 1986), and with results for disordered dispersions of prolate spheroids (Claeys & Brady 1993b).
Congruence and Conflict Between Molecular and Reproductive Characters When Assessing Biological Diversity in the Western Fanshell Cyprogenia aberti (Bivalvia, Unionidae)

Abstract Organisms with complex life histories and unusual modes of genome inheritance can present challenges for phylogenetic reconstruction and accurate assessment of biological diversity. This is particularly true for freshwater bivalves in the family Unionidae because: (1) they have complex life cycles that include a parasitic larva and obligate fish host; (2) they possess both a male and female mitochondrial genome that is transmitted through doubly uniparental inheritance (DUI); and (3) they are found in riverine habitats with complex hydrogeological histories. Examination of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences, conglutinate morphology, and host fish compatibility of the western fanshell Cyprogenia aberti (Conrad, 1850) revealed significant character variation across its range. Although variation was correlated among the different data sets and supports discrete groups, these groups did not always correspond to geographically isolated populations. Two discrete mtDNA clades exist sympatrically within...
HIGH-ALTITUDE PULMONARY EDEMA: Current Concepts

High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) occurs in unacclimatized individuals who are rapidly exposed to altitudes in excess of 2450 m. It is commonly seen in climbers and skiers who ascend to high altitude without previous acclimatization. Initial symptoms of dyspnea, cough, weakness, and chest tightness appear, usually within 1-3 days after arrival. Common physical signs are tachypnea, tachycardia, rales, and cyanosis. Descent to a lower altitude, nifedipine, and oxygen administration result in rapid clinical improvement. Physiologic studies during the acute stage have revealed a normal pulmonary artery wedge pressure, marked elevation of pulmonary artery pressure, severe arterial unsaturation, and usually a low cardiac output. Pulmonary arteriolar (precapillary) resistance is elevated. A working hypothesis of the etiology of HAPE suggests that hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction is extensive but not uniform. The result is overperfusion of the remaining patent vessels with transmission of the high pulmonary artery pressure to capillaries. Dilatation of the capillaries and high flow results in capillary injury, with leakage of protein and red cells into the alveoli and airways. HAPE represents one of the few varieties of pulmonary edema where left ventricular filling pressure is normal.
Deuterium and Tritium, Deuterium

Deuterium (2H or D) the heavier, stable isotope of hydrogen (1H) occurs in nature, and is always present in all hydrogen-containing compounds. Deuterium oxide, known as heavy water, is the most important deuterium compound. Heavy water differs from ordinary water in structure of the liquid phase, in nuclear spin, ionic equilibria, and in various spectroscopic properties. Kinetic isotope effects occur in chemical reactions involving bond rupture of H and D. This effect in hydrogen exchange between water and hydrogen sulfide is the basis for the most important separation process for large-scale deuterium production. Infrared absorption is the method of choice for the analysis of heavy water. Deuterium has far-reaching biological effects, and it is possible to grow living organisms in which all of the hydrogen normally present is replaced by deuterium. The nuclear properties of deuterium are such that heavy water is the most efficient neutron moderator known for nuclear fission reactors. Deuterium is also important in nuclear fusion technology. Keywords: Deuterium; Hydrogen; Heavy water; Biological effects; Fusion; Nuclear reactors; Light water; Isotopes
Influence of atomic initial conditions on a cavity QED problem

Summary form only given. We present results for the evolution of the atom-field system for a two-level atom in a damped and driven cavity, in the limit in which atomic spontaneous emission is negligible. This may be applied to micromaser-type experiments with external driving, or it may be taken as a framework to which spontaneous emission can later be added, by, e.g., a quantum trajectory approach.
Is Insecurity Worse for Well-being in Turbulent Times? Mental Health in Context

Using General Social Survey data, we examine whether any association between job insecurity and well-being is contingent on economic climate (comparing those interviewed in turbulent 2010 vs. pre-recessionary 2006), as well as income and gender. We find respondents with higher levels of job insecurity in 2010 reported lower levels of happiness compared to those similarly insecure in 2006. The positive relationship between job insecurity and days of poor mental health becomes more pronounced for those in the third quartile of personal income in 2010, suggesting middle-class vulnerability during the economic downturn. Men (but not women) with higher insecurity report more days of poor mental health in both 2006 and 2010. These findings reinforce a “cycles of control” theoretical approach, given the mental health–job insecurity relationship is heightened for workers in turbulent times.
Diazoxide protects mitochondria from anoxic injury: Implications for myopreservation

Abstract Background: Heart muscle primarily relies on adenosine triphosphate produced by oxidative phosphorylation and is highly vulnerable to anoxic insult. Although a number of strategies aimed at improving myopreservation are available, no effective means of preserving mitochondrial energetics under conditions of anoxic injury have been developed. Openers of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate–sensitive potassium channels have emerged as powerful cardioprotective agents presumably capable of maintaining mitochondrial function under metabolic stress. Here, we evaluated the ability of a prototype mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate–sensitive potassium channel opener, diazoxide, to preserve oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria subjected to anoxia and reoxygenation. Methods: Mitochondria were isolated from rat hearts and subjected to 20 minutes of anoxia, followed by reoxygenation. Mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation, as well as mitochondrial integrity, were assessed by means of ion-selective minielectrodes, high-performance liquid chromatography, fluorometry, and electron microscopy. Results: Anoxia-reoxygenation decreased the rate of adenosine diphosphate–stimulated oxygen consumption, inhibited adenosine triphosphate production, and disrupted mitochondrial integrity. On average, anoxic stress reduced adenosine diphosphate–stimulated respiration from 291 ± 14 to 141 ± 15 ng-atoms O 2 · min –1 · mg –1 protein and decreased the rate of adenosine triphosphate production from 752 ± 14 to 414 ± 34 nmol adenosine triphosphate · min –1 · mg –1 protein. After anoxia, the majority (88%) of mitochondria was damaged or swollen and released adenylate kinase, a marker of mitochondrial integrity. Diazoxide (100 μmol/L), present throughout anoxia, preserved adenosine diphosphate–stimulated respiration at 255 ± 7 ng-atoms O 2 · min –1 · mg –1 protein and adenosine triphosphate production at 640 ± 39 nmol adenosine triphosphate · min –1 · mg –1 protein. Diazoxide also protected mitochondrial structure from anoxia-mediated damage, so that after anoxic stress, 67% of mitochondria remained intact and adenylate kinase was confined to the mitochondria. Conclusions: The present study demonstrates that diazoxide diminishes anoxia-induced functional and structural deterioration of cardiac mitochondria. By protecting mitochondria and preserving myocardial energetics, diazoxide may be useful under conditions of reduced oxygen availability, including global surgical ischemia or storage of donor heart. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;121:298-306)
Image super-resolution as sparse representation of raw image patches

This paper addresses the problem of generating a super-resolution (SR) image from a single low-resolution input image. We approach this problem from the perspective of compressed sensing. The low-resolution image is viewed as downsampled version of a high-resolution image, whose patches are assumed to have a sparse representation with respect to an over-complete dictionary of prototype signal-atoms. The principle of compressed sensing ensures that under mild conditions, the sparse representation can be correctly recovered from the downsampled signal. We will demonstrate the effectiveness of sparsity as a prior for regularizing the otherwise ill-posed super-resolution problem. We further show that a small set of randomly chosen raw patches from training images of similar statistical nature to the input image generally serve as a good dictionary, in the sense that the computed representation is sparse and the recovered high-resolution image is competitive or even superior in quality to images produced by other SR methods.
Late-Holocene paleoenvironmental change at mid-elevation on the Caribbean slope of the Cordillera Central, Dominican Republic: a multi-site, multi-proxy analysis

Abstract High-resolution proxy records from the circum-Caribbean region indicate significant variation in Late Holocene climate, especially precipitation, attributed primarily to shifts in the mean annual position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The paleoenvironmental and cultural impacts of this Late-Holocene climate variability have been analyzed intensively in the western Caribbean, and to a lesser extent in the southern Caribbean. However, the occurrence and impacts of Late Holocene climate shifts in the eastern Caribbean, especially in island interiors, has not been well documented. Here we present sediment records of Late-Holocene paleoenvironmental change from two lakes located on the Caribbean slope of the Cordillera Central in the Dominican Republic that span the last ∼3000 years. Sediment characteristics, pollen, charcoal, biogenic carbonate assemblages and isotopic composition, and bulk sedimentary carbon isotope values in Laguna Castilla and Laguna de Salvador indicate extreme shifts in hydrology, vegetation, and disturbance regimes in response to climate change and human activity in the lake watersheds. Close correspondence between the hydrological histories of the lakes and trace metal concentrations in sediments of the Cariaco Basin indicate that precipitation variability here responds to the same controls, and may similarly reflect shifts in the mean annual position of the ITCZ. Human occupation of the watersheds appears to be closely linked to severe dry periods and may indicate larger scale cultural responses to precipitation variability on the island of Hispaniola. Prehistoric human populations strongly affected vegetation and disturbance regimes in the lake watersheds. Impacts may have lasted several centuries and may have been more severe than impacts of modern populations.
60-Hz Interference in Electrocardiography

One of the major problems encountered in recording ECG's is the appearance of unwanted 60-Hz interference in the output. This paper examines the many possible sources of interference, and for each provides a description, an identifying test, and a remedy. Then we look at possible equipment imperfections and guidelines for amplifier design to aid in the evaluation of new developments in the field of electrocardiography. As an illustrative example, we apply the procedure for isolating the source of interference to an exposition display in which each visitor could rapidly view his own ECG.
Flight testing a V/STOL aircraft to identify a full-envelope aerodynamic model

Flight-test techniques are being used to generate a data base for identification of a full-envelope aerodynamic model of a V/STOL fighter aircraft, the YAV-8B Harrier. The flight envelope to be modeled includes hover, transition to conventional flight and back to hover, STOL operation, and normal cruise. Standard V/STOL procedures such as vertical takeoff and landings, and short takeoff and landings are used to gather data in the powered-lift flight regime. Long (3 to 5 min) maneuvers which include a variety of input types are used to obtain large-amplitude control and response excitations. The aircraft is under continuous radar tracking; a laser tracker is used for V/STOL operations near the ground. Tracking data are used with state-estimation techniques to check data consistency and to derive unmeasured variables, for example, angular accelerations. A propulsion model of the YAV-8B's engine and reaction control system is used to isolate aerodynamic forces and moments for model identification. Representative V/STOL flight data are presented. The processing of a typical short takeoff and slow landing maneuver is illustrated.
Exploring Compatibilities Between Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and 12-Step Treatment for Substance Abuse

Behavioral science research has appeared to conflict with the 12-step treatment approach, which is the prevalent practice in the treatment of addictions in the United States. Compatibilities between 12-step and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, a contextual behavioral treatment, are explored with the aim of reducing this friction and better serving consumers.
Double Counting, Moral Rigorism, and Cohen’s Critique of Rawls: A Response to Alan Thomas

In a recent article in this journal, Alan Thomas presents a novel defence of what I call ‘Rawlsian Institutionalism about Justice’ against G. A. Cohen’s well-known critique. In this response I aim to defend Cohen’s rejection of Institutionalism against Thomas’s arguments. In part this defence requires clarifying precisely what is at issue between Institutionalists and their opponents. My primary focus, however, is on Thomas’s critical discussion of Cohen’s endorsement of an ethical prerogative, as well as his appeal to the institutional framework of a ‘property-owning democracy’ in his elaboration of the precise institutional requirements of Rawlsian Institutionalist justice, and his related claim that Cohen’s rejection of Institutionalism involves an objectionable ‘double counting’ of the demands of justice. I argue that once we are clear about both the kind of justification that can be given for a prerogative within a plausible ethical theory, and about the key points of departure between Institutionalist views and their rivals, Cohen’s rejection of Institutionalism appears well-motivated, and Thomas’s claim that his view is guilty of double counting the demands of justice can be seen to be mistaken
Clusters of Identical New Mutations Can Not Account for the “Overdispersed” Molecular Clock

Huai and Woodruff ([1997][1]) have recently claimed that “clusters of identical new mutations can account for the ‘overdispersed’ molecular clock.” Their conclusion is based on erroneous reasoning in which they wrongly equate the variance-to-mean ratio of one quantity with that of another.
Unified Creep Plasticity Damage (UCPD) Model for Rigid Polyurethane Foams

Experiments were performed to characterize the mechanical response of several different rigid polyurethane foams to large deformation. In these experiments, the effects of load path, loading rate, and temperature were investigated. Results from these experiments indicated that rigid polyurethane foams exhibit significant damage, volumetric and deviatoric plasticity when they are compressed. Rigid polyurethane foams were also found to be extremely strain-rate and temperature dependent. These foams are also rather brittle and crack when loaded to small strains in tension or to larger strains in compression. Thus, a phenomenological Unified Creep Plasticity Damage (UCPD) model was developed to describe the mechanical response of these foams to large deformation at a variety of temperatures and strain rates. This paper includes a description of recent experiments and experimental findings. Next, development of a UCPD model for rigid, polyurethane foams is described. Finite element simulations with the new UCPD model are compared with experimental results to show behavior that can be captured with this model.
Multiplex pairwise assembly of array-derived DNA oligonucleotides

While the cost of DNA sequencing has dropped by five orders of magnitude in the past decade, DNA synthesis remains expensive for many applications. Although DNA microarrays have decreased the cost of oligonucleotide synthesis, the use of array-synthesized oligos in practice is limited by short synthesis lengths, high synthesis error rates, low yield and the challenges of assembling long constructs from complex pools. Toward addressing these issues, we developed a protocol for multiplex pairwise assembly of oligos from array-synthesized oligonucleotide pools. To evaluate the method, we attempted to assemble up to 2271 targets ranging in length from 192-252 bases using pairs of array-synthesized oligos. Within sets of complexity ranging from 131-250 targets, we observed error-free assemblies for 90.5% of all targets. When all 2271 targets were assembled in one reaction, we observed error-free constructs for 70.6%. While the assembly method intrinsically increased accuracy to a small degree, we further increased accuracy by using a high throughput 'Dial-Out PCR' protocol, which combines Illumina sequencing with an in-house set of unique PCR tags to selectively amplify perfect assemblies from complex synthetic pools. This approach has broad applicability to DNA assembly and high-throughput functional screens.
The Influence of Coughing on Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure in an In Vitro Syringomyelia Model With Spinal Canal Stenosis

Five in vitro models were constructed which were representative of various pathologies of the spinal canal (SC) associated with syringomyelia (SM). The models were subjected to a cough type flow impulse while monitoring the pressure environment in the syrinx and subarachnoid space (SAS) regions of the model. The results indicated that conditions can arise during a cough which would provide pressure forces to encourage cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) movement into the syrinx cavity. The flow obstruction (stenosis) acted as an inflection point for transmural pressure (TP) in which the far region of the syrinx was expanded and the near region was compressed. In the case when a stenosis was present, but no syrinx had formed, the longitudinal pressure gradient and pulse pressures were highest on the SC. However, when a syrinx was present, the pressures were reduced, but still pathological. The primary point of pressure gradients in all of the experiments was the stenosis which caused large pressure dissociation in the system which could aid in SC ripping or tearing of the tissue. The presence of a syrinx appeared to decrease some of these forces, but without removal of the flow obstruction, a pathological biomechanical environment persists.© 2009 ASME
A Vocation for Industrial Transformation: Catholic Social Doctrine and Upgrading in the Guatemalan Sugar Industry

Between the late 1970s and the 2000s, the Guatemalan sugar industry transitioned from a production model with deplorable labor conditions and low productivity, to a highly efficient model with improved conditions. This paper traces the origin and diffusion of this upgraded model to a small team of managers in one particular mill motivated by their interpretation of post-Vatican II Christian Social Doctrine. It suggests that this ideology played the central causal role in this process of industrial transformation, as managers drew upon it to define the specific practices of the new model and then encourage its diffusion.
Ab initio calculation of the cross sections for electron impact vibrational excitation of CO via the (2)Π shape resonance.

The stabilization method is used to calculate the complex potential energy curve of the 2Π state of CO− as a function of bond length, with the refinement that separate potentials are determined for p-wave and d-wave attachment and detachment of the excess electron. Using the resulting complex potentials, absolute vibrational excitation cross sections are calculated as a function of electron energy and scattering angle. The calculated cross sections agree well with experiment.
Predicting Customer-Expectation-Based Warranty Cost for Smaller-the-Better and Larger-the-Better Performance Characteristics

The quality loss function assumes a fixed target and only accounts for immediate issues within manufacturing facilities whereas warranty loss occurs during customer use. Based on the two independent variables, product performance and consumers’ expectation, a methodology to predict the probability of customer complaint is presented in this paper. The formulation presented will serve as a basic model for predicting warranty loss for larger-the-better and smaller-the-better characteristics which is dependent on both product performance and customer expectation. As an example, warranty cost is estimated for automotive disc brakes to demonstrate the methodology for the smaller-the-better case. Another example of solar panels is considered for demonstrating the prediction of warranty loss for the larger-the-better characteristic.
Food limitation of avian reproduction : an experiment with the Cactus Wren

Food limitation of reproduction during the nestling stage was tested by supplementing food only during this stage in Cactus Wrens. Parents offered supplemental food fed their young more (volume per unit time) than unsupplemented parents in 2 yr of experimentation. In 1986, food-supplemented nestlings had greater mass and linear mea- sures, whereas in 1987, most food-supplemented nestlings had greater mass, but not linear dimensions, than their controls. In 1986, survivorship of young both in the nest and during 4-6 wk after fledging, was greater with food supplementation than without. In 1987, sur- vivorship differences were not significant. Food supplementation enhanced annual repro- duction of parents because more food-supplemented Cactus Wrens laid second clutches than controls in 1987, the only year when this was examined. We conclude that food availability during the nestling stage can limit present reproduction, enhance the likelihood of additional reproduction, or both, in Cactus Wrens.
Gaps in nuclear spectra as traces of seniority changes in systems of both neutrons and protons

There has been a great deal of attention given to the low-lying energy spectrum in a nucleus because of the abundance of experimental data. Likewise, perhaps to a lesser extent but still significant, the high end for a given configuration has been examined. Here, using single $j$ shell calculations as a guide, we examine the middle part of the spectrum resulting from single $j$ shell calculations. Seniority arguments are used to partially explain the midshell behaviors even though in general seniority is not a good quantum number for mixed systems of neutrons and protons.
INTROGRESSIVE HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN TWO SOUTHEASTERN TREEFROGS

Natural interspecific hybridization in anuran amphibians is not rare, and a number of examples are recorded. There are, however, few conclusively proven instances of introgressive hybridization in the restricted sense of gene exchange between species. The best known case is that of the toads Bufo woodhousei fowleri and Bufo terrestris americanus (A. P. Blair, 1941; Volpe, 1952; and others). A related example is reported by A. P. Blair (1955) between Bufo w. woodhousei and Bufo microscaphus, and Wasserman (1957) provides evidence of introgression in the spadefoot toads Scaphioputs hurteri and Scaphio pus couchi. Most other presumed examples are based largely on simple identification of hybrids with no evidence for introgression, or belong to the borderline category of closely related contiguously allopatric forms that interbreed freely along a narrow zone of contact. This paper deals with a clear case of interspecific gene exchange between the green treefrog, Hyla cinerea, and the barking treefrog, Hyla gratiosa, near Auburn, Alabama. Both species are widely distributed over the southeastern coastal plain. H. gratiosa ranges from North Carolina along the coastal plain (exclusive of southern Florida) to southeastern Louisiana, extending locally above the fall line, and onto the Cumberland Plateau. H. cinerea ranges from Maryland to south-central Texas, up the Mississippi Basin to southern Illinois, and into southern Florida. The two forms are, therefore, sympatric over the greater
A Hybrid Approach to the Induction of Underlying Morphology

We present a technique for re ning a baseline segmentation and generating a plausible underlying morpheme segmentation by integrating hand-written rewrite rules into an existing state-of-the-art unsupervised morphological induction procedure. Performance on measures which consider surface-boundary accuracy and underlying morpheme consistency indicates this technique leads to improvements over baseline segmentations for English and Turkish word lists.
Temple or Prison: Religious Beliefs and Attitudes Toward the Body

Most research on religion and the body has focused on the relationship between broad dimensions of religion, such as religious commitment or religious orientation, and body image or eating behaviors. The present study extends existing research by examining two specific religiously influenced beliefs about the body within a Protestant Christian sample, radical dualism and sanctification, and by focusing on a wider range of attitudes toward the body. The view of radical dualism sees the body as corrupt and separate from oneself, while the view of sanctification sees the body as holy, worthy of respect, and integral to one’s being. This study examined how both radically dualistic and sanctified views of the body relate to attitudes people hold about their bodies including body appreciation and two components of body objectification: self-surveillance and body shame. To date, none of these attitudes have been examined in relation to specific, nuanced religious beliefs about the body. Participants were 243 adults from a variety of Protestant denominations. Using an online survey system and self-report measures, participants indicated the degree to which they hold radically dualistic and sanctified views about their bodies as well as their attitudes toward their bodies. Radical dualism was found to be negatively related to body appreciation and positively related to body shame. Sanctification was found to predict body appreciation. Body shame mediated the relationship between religious beliefs about the body and self-surveillance. This study contributes to a greater understanding of how religiously based beliefs about the body are related to attitudes about the body.
Symptom Management: Weight Gain

Many physicians, scientists, and the public are aware that being overweight or obese, classified by body mass index (BMI) of 25–29.9 kg/m2 and ≥30 kg/m2, respectively, is considered a risk factor for several cancers. It is less well known that post-diagnosis weight gain can be associated with poorer outcomes such as increased risk for recurrence, metastasis, poorer quality of life (QOL), and reduced survival for several types of cancers. Monitoring weight change, considering overall medical history and treatment, is an important component of supportive care. This chapter focuses primarily on weight gain, although some discussion of weight loss is included. We review the evidence describing which cancers and cancer treatments are associated with weight gain and what survivors can do to prevent and treat weight gain during and after cancer treatment. The chapter concludes with directions for future research in the area of weight management in cancer prevention and treatment.
Strain in Posterior Instrumentation Resulted by Different Combinations of Posterior and Anterior Devices for Long Spine Fusion Constructs

Abstract Study Design Clinically related experimental study. Objective Evaluation of strain in posterior low lumbar and spinopelvic instrumentation for multilevel fusion resulting from the impact of such mechanical factors as physiologic motion, different combinations of posterior and anterior instrumentation, and different techniques of interbody device implantation. Summary of Background Data Currently different combinations of posterior and anterior instrumentation as well as surgical techniques are used for multilevel lumbar fusion. Their impact on risk of device failure has not been well studied. Strain is a well-known predictor of metal fatigue and breakage measurable in experimental conditions. Methods Twelve human lumbar spine cadaveric specimens were tested. Following surgical methods of lumbar pedicle screw fixation (L2–S1) with and without spinopelvic fixation by iliac bolt (SFIB) were experimentally modeled: posterior (PLF); transforaminal (TLIF); and a combination of posterior and anterior interbody instrumentation (ALIF+PLF) with and without anterior supplemental fixation by anterior plate or diverging screws through an integrated plate. Strain was defined at the S1 screws, L5–S1 segment of posterior rods, and iliac bolt connectors; measurement was performed during flexion, extension, and axial rotation in physiological range of motion and applied force. Results The highest strain was observed in the S1 screws and iliac bolt connectors specifically during rotation. The S1 screw strain was lower in ALIF+PLF during sagittal motion but not rotation. Supplemental anterior fixation in ALIF+PLF diminished the S1 strain during extension. Strain in the posterior rods was higher after TLIF and PLF and was increased by SFIB; this strain was lowest after ALIF+PLF, as supplemental anterior fixation diminished the strain during extension, in particular, cages with anterior screws more than anterior plate. Strain in the iliac bolt connectors was mainly determined by direction of motion. Conclusions Different devices modify strain in low posterior instrumentation, which is higher after transforaminal and posterior techniques, specifically with spinopelvic fixation. Level of Evidence N/A.
How well-posedness of hybrid systems can extend beyond Zeno times

The extension of a solution to a hybrid system beyond its Zeno time is a simple exercise in modeling. However, assuring that the extended system is well-posed in a certain sense, in particular, that the extension of a solution depends reasonably on initial, pre-Zeno, conditions, has not been addressed. In this paper it is shown that these results hold for hybrid systems that exhibit Zeno behavior when the set of Zeno equilibria forms a continuum that has certain stability properties. Several scenarios of going past Zeno are presented. Dependence of limits of Zeno solutions, of Zeno times, and of reachable sets on initial conditions is also discussed.
Future and New Developments in MSK Ultrasound (20 min)

: This talk reviews the following topics, fenestration (dry needling); barbotage; PRP injection; elastography; ultrasound versus MRI.
Functionalization of stretchable networks with sensors and switches for composite materials

An investigation was performed to develop appropriate techniques to design and fabricate (using complementary metal-oxide semiconductor/micro-electro-mechanical systems technologies) highly stretch...
Compiling Tree Transforms to Operate on Packed Representations

When written idiomatically in most programming languages, programs that traverse and construct trees operate over pointer-based data structures, using one heap object per-leaf and per-node. This representation is efficient for random access and shape-changing modifications, but for traversals, such as compiler passes, that process most or all of a tree in bulk, it can be inefficient. In this work we instead compile tree traversals to operate on pointer-free pre-order serializations of trees. On modern architectures such programs often run significantly faster than their pointer-based counterparts, and additionally are directly suited to storage and transmission without requiring marshaling. We present a prototype compiler, Gibbon, that compiles a small first-order, purely functional language sufficient for tree traversals. The compiler transforms this language into intermediate representation with explicit pointers into input and output buffers for packed data. The key compiler technologies include an effect system for capturing traversal behavior, combined with an algorithm to insert destination cursors. We evaluate our compiler on tree transformations over a real-world dataset of source-code syntax trees. For traversals touching the whole tree, such as maps and folds, packed data allows speedups of over 2x compared to a highly-optimized pointer-based baseline.
PPCP, A Process and Production Control Program General Description and Control in a Multivariable Case

Abstract PPCP, A Process and Production Control Program, is a “fill-in-the-form” programming system for control applications. The system includes a number of standard modules for all normal functions performed in control environments. Some of the modules are outlined. In addition, PPCP allows effective inclusion of user's programs. Such an example, is the main topic of the paper. It is shown, how a user-written multivariable control program, related to a clinker cooler, can be integrated into PPCP. Finally, proper operation of the control loop, is confirmed through real-time simulation. The advantages of using PPCP over normal high-level, e.g. FORTRAN, programming techniques, becomes obvious. In particular, a saving in programming, at least 10-fold, is claimed. Also, it is claimed, that real time simulation can be very valuable as a debugging tool.
Relationship Between Course Length and Graduate Student Outcome Measures

One method to increase flexibility in class offerings is through the use of compressed courses, classes that have the same number of contact hours but over a shorter time period (e.g., 8 weeks vs. ...