cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Volunteer-Based Networks to Track Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) an Invasive Pest of Fruit Crops

The Spotted Wing Drosophila Volunteer Monitoring Network (SWD*VMN) was developed in 2010. Initial monitoring efforts included North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia and now include 15 states in the eastern United States. The goals of the SWD*VMN were to detect D. suzukii presence throughout eastern United States fruit growing regions, to describe the phenology and density of established populations, and to share this information in an accessible format with extension and grower stakeholders. This monitoring network has provided stakeholders with information on an invasive insect in an accessible, interactive format. It has also engaged stakeholders as direct participants in data collection, monitoring method development, and data dissemination.
American Founder Mutation for Attenuated Familial Adenomatous Polyposis

Background & Aims: Specific mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli ( APC ) gene can lead to an attenuated form of familial adenomatous polyposis (AFAP). Although AFAP mutation carriers have a 69% risk of colorectal cancer by age 80, clinical recognition remains a challenge in some cases because they present with few colonic adenomas and are difficult to distinguish clinically from patients with sporadic polyps. Methods: Family relationships were established using family history reports, the Utah Population Database, and the public records of the Mormon Church. Genetic analysis of representative family members was performed using a 10,000 single nucleotide polymorphism array platform. Colonoscopy data were available on 120 individuals with the AFAP mutation. Results: Two large AFAP kindreds with the identical APC disease-causing mutation (c.426_427delAT) were linked to a founding couple who came to America from England around 1630. Genetic analysis showed that the 2 families share a conserved haplotype of 7.17 Mbp surrounding the mutant APC allele. The data show that 36.6% of the mutation-positive family members have fewer than 10 colonic adenomatous polyps, and 3 (6.8%) of these individuals were diagnosed with colorectal cancer. Conclusions: In view of the apparent age of this mutation, a notable fraction of both multiple-adenoma patients and perhaps even colon cancer cases in the United States could be related to this founder mutation. The colon cancer risk associated with the mutation makes genetic testing of considerable importance in patients with a personal or family history of either colonic polyps or cancer at a young age.
Measurement Based Capacity Scavenging via Whitespace Modeling in Wireless Networks

Dynamic Spectrum Access can enable secondary network users to access unused spectrum, or whitespace, which is found between the transmissions of primary users in a wireless network. The main design objectives for secondary user access strategy are to be able to "scavenge" spatiotemporally fragmented whitespace opportunities while limiting the amount of interference caused to the primary users. In this paper, we propose a novel secondary user access strategy which is based on measurement and modeling of the whitespace as perceived by the secondary network users. A secondary user continually monitors its surrounding whitespace, models it, and then attempts to access the available spectrum holes so that the effective secondary throughput is maximized while the resulting interference to the primary users is limited to a pre-defined bound. We first develop analytical expressions for the secondary throughput and primary interference, and then perform ns2 based simulation experiments to validate the effectiveness of the proposed access strategy, and evaluate its performance numerically using the developed expressions.
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in an infant with coronary artery stenosis after arterial switch operation

The arterial switch operation (ASO)l has improved the outlook for the neonate with transposition of the great arteries (TGA). The results of immediate and mid-term follow-up of these patients have been encouraging. However, recent studiesz5 justify the theoretical concern about coronary artery reimplantation. We present a case report of an infant with severe coronary artery stenosis after ASO. The diagnosis, management, and results of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) are described. R.M. was a 5 lb full-term newborn male infant. At age 35 days, the patient developed respiratory distress with cyanosis. The cardiac catheterization showed d-TGA, nonrestrictive ventricular septal defect (VSD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), and type A coronary arteries. Oxygen saturation was 77 % , and balloon atria1 septostomy was performed. Two days later, the patient underwent AS0 with VSD closure. Postoperatively the patient did well; the electrocardiogram (ECG) showed no ischemic changes and the echocardiogram (ECHO) showed good left ventricular (LV) function. The patient was discharged on postoperative day (POD) 12. He presented at age 11 weeks in profound cardiogenic shock. ECG showed ST-T wave changes consistent with LV ischemia. Creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) was 2628 IU/L, and the ECHO showed severe global LV dysfunction with an ejection fraction (EF) of 19 % . After stabilization, cardiac catheterization showed moderate mitral valve insufficiency and a large left ventricle with LVEF of 12%. Aortogram did not demonstrate coronary artery stenosis. Selective left coronary angiogram was done using a 4F JL-1 catheter (Jorgensen Laboratories, Loveland, Colo.) that was fashioned to engage the left coronary ostium. This coronary angiogram showed 80 % stenosis of the proximal left coronary artery (LCA) (Fig. 1) with poststenotic coronary diameter of 1.8 mm. Because the coronary artery was small, surgical intervention was considered a high risk. Therefore PTCA was done after obtaining the parents’ informed consent. The patient received 75 units/kg body weight intravenous heparin. An 0.014 inch standard guide wire (Advanced Cardiovascular
Observation of atmospheric tides in the Martian exosphere using Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter radio tracking data

[1] Based on the perturbations of the trajectory of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter due to atmospheric drag, we estimate, using Precision Orbit Determination, the density of the Martian exosphere near 250 km altitude with much better temporal (and therefore spatial) resolution than previously possible with this method. Small longitudinal density variations are observed to be consistent over long time periods. Although they appear fixed with respect to the planet, we interpret them as non-migrating tides because of the Sun-synchronous spacecraft orbit. Similar tides were observed previously by MGS at much lower altitude (125 km), and our results agree to first order with the MGS findings. Citation: Mazarico, E., M. T. Zuber, F. G. Lemoine, and D. E. Smith (2008), Observation of atmospheric tides in the Martian exosphere using Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter radio tracking data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L09202, doi:10.1029/ 2008GL033388.
Hemodynamics of Collateral Vasodilatation following Femoral Artery Occlusion in Anesthetized Dogs

Dilatation of collateral blood vessels was studied following occlusion of the femoral artery in anesthetized dogs. This was achieved by measuring pressure and flow in the anterior tibial artery distal to the occlusion and pressure in the femoral artery proximal to the occlusion. Dilatation of the collateral vessels to the anterior tibial artery was estimated by the increase in the conductance of the collaterals from the minimum value measured 8 to 10 seconds following onset of the occlusion. Conductance rose 277 ± 67 (SEM)% during the first 70 seconds following occlusion and an additional 178 ± 66% during the ensuing hour. When the femoral artery was reopened after a 2-minute period of occlusion, the collaterals reconstricted to their preocclusion size in 12 to 14 minutes. Elimination of circulatory reflexes by total spinal anesthesia did not alter the course of collateral vasodilatation. However, when systemic arterial pressure was lowered to approximately 45 mm Hg for 8 minutes prior to occlusion, the collaterals dilated almost completely even before the occlusion was instituted, indicating that tissue ischemia is in some way related to collateral vasodilatation.
Placement Instability as a Risk Factor in Proximal Sexually Inappropriate and Aggressive Behaviors in a Child Welfare Sample

This study examined the relationship between childhood physical abuse, sexual abuse and placement instability, and sexually inappropriate and aggressive behaviors in a child welfare sample. Sexually Inappropriate Behavior was associated with all independent variables. Sexual Aggression and Child=Male Victims were both associated with Sexual Abuse and Placement Instability. Offense Persistence was associated with Placement Instability. All risk-mitigating factors (i.e., Self-Control, Global Adjustment, and Responsibility for Behavior) were associated only with Placement Instability. The broad and robust influence of placement instability on short-term outcomes of sexually inappropriate and aggressive behavior, as well as the risk mitigating factors, was the most notable finding. Findings underscore the importance of placement stability in the development of young children.
miR33 Inhibition Overcomes Deleterious Effects of Diabetes Mellitus on Atherosclerosis Plaque Regression in Mice

Rationale:Diabetes mellitus increases cardiovascular disease risk in humans and remains elevated despite cholesterol-lowering therapy with statins. Consistent with this, in mouse models, diabetes mellitus impairs atherosclerosis plaque regression after aggressive cholesterol lowering. MicroRNA 33 (miR33) is a key negative regulator of the reverse cholesterol transport factors, ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 and high-density lipoprotein, which suggested that its inhibition may overcome this impairment. Objective:To assess the effects of miR33 inhibition on atherosclerosis regression in diabetic mice. Methods and Results:Reversa mice, which are deficient in the low-density lipoprotein receptor and in which hypercholesterolemia is reversed by conditional inactivation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein gene, were placed on an atherogenic diet for 16 weeks, then either made diabetic by streptozotocin injection or kept normoglycemic. Lipid-lowering was induced by microsomal triglyceride transf...
Synthesis of the 6-methyl and 3,6- and 4,6-dimethyl ethers of methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-D-mannopyranoside☆

Abstract The 6-mono- ( 6 ) and 4,6- ( 16 ) and 3,6-di-methyl ( 25 ) ethers of methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α- D -mannopyranoside have been synthesized from 6- O -trityl, 4,6- O -benzylidene, and 3- O -methyl derivatives, respectively, by way of O -benzoyl and of O -allyl derivatives. The yields were respectively 37 and 43% for 6 , 34 and 50% for 16 , and 14 and 25% for 25 . These ethers are used as standard compounds for the structure elucidation, by methylation, of polymers containing 2-amino-2-deoxy- D -mannose.
A tutorial on chaos in control theory

The author gives an overview of some applications of chaos theory that have been applied in control theory or areas related to control theory. Chaos and chaotic attractors are discussed. Other areas considered are the reconstruction of dynamics; the stability and stabilizability of control systems; control of chaos; and chaos in digital feedback systems. >
Correlation between Microwave Scattering and Emission from Land and Sea at 13.9 GHz

Correlations have been calculated between active and passive microwave responses received by the S-193 radiometer-scatterometer on Skylab. Over both land and sea the correlations between polarizations are high, but the correlation between radiometer and scatterometer response at 30° incidence is negligible. This suggests that multipolarization instruments with this crude resolution (greater than 10 km in all cases) are redundant, but a combination of radiometer and scatterometer is useful. Correlations among the responses at different angles suggest that the five angles used in Skylab are more than would be useful between 0° and 48° in future instruments, but that instruments with three angles of measurement would be useful. In small areas, conclusions based on these large-data-set averages may need to be modified.
Management of Acute Appendicitis: The Impact of CT Scanning on the Bottom Line

Background Acute appendicitis continues to be a common general surgical problem. Little is known about whether the contribution to margin has been affected by changes in technology. Study Design Patients undergoing appendectomy for acute appendicitis from June 2005 to May 2007 were evaluated for demographics, diagnostic and treatment alternatives, and outcomes. Financial outcomes were assessed. Efficiency, including admission to emergency department bed to incision (bed to knife time [BTK]), operative length, and hospital length of stay (LOS) were assessed. Results During the 2 years of the study, there were no differences in demographics, insurance status, case length, diagnostic accuracy, pathology, LOS, or outcomes. Both laparoscopy and CT use increased between the 2 study years (odds ratio [OR]: 1.68, p=0.06; 95% CI, 0.98–2.89 and OR: 1.83, p=0.06, CI, 0.98–3.45, respectively). Mean BTK time increased by about 1 hour: 465 minutes versus 521 minutes (p = 0.032; 95% CI, 0.08–1.78) in univariate analysis. However, multivariate analysis demonstrated no difference in BTK time between years (p = 0.136). After controlling for gender, year of operation, and insurance status, obtaining a CT study added 3.5 hours to BTK time (p Conclusions Increasing use of CT scanning in acute appendicitis increases cost of care, decreases contribution to margin, prolongs patient's stay in the emergency department, and delays time to operation.
Automatic identification of reusable components

A model for the effective reuse of components from previous software developments is presented. The model has been implemented in a software system which makes use of software measures to assess the reusability of a given component. The results obtained by the system were then benchmarked against the performance of experienced software developers in terms of recognizing reusable components. The initial results suggest that the approach has merit and can serve as a practical mechanism for effectively identifying reusable components from existing software libraries. >
Design and Annotation of the First Italian Corpus for Text Simplification

In this paper, we present design and construction of the first Italian corpus for automatic and semi‐automatic text simplification. In line with current approaches, we propose a new annotation scheme specifically conceived to identify the typology of changes an original sentence undergoes when it is manually simplified. Such a scheme has been applied to two aligned Italian corpora, containing original texts with corresponding simplified versions, selected as representative of two different manual simplification strategies and addressing different target reader populations. Each corpus was annotated with the operations foreseen in the annotation scheme, covering different levels of linguistic description. Annotation results were analysed with the final aim of capturing peculiarities and differences of the different simplification strategies pursued in the two corpora.
Experimental hypervigilance changes the intensity/unpleasantness ratio of pressure sensations: evidence for the generalized hypervigilance hypothesis

Patients with chronic pain conditions such as fibromyalgia often demonstrate hypervigilance-undue alertness for unpleasant or threatening bodily sensations-as well as enhancement of these sensations. The generalized hypervigilance hypothesis (GHH) of Rollman and colleagues asserts that hypervigilance leads to this perceptual amplification. However, cause-and-effect relationships are difficult to establish in studies using a quasi-experimental design. In the present study, we sought to address this issue by attempting to induce hypervigilance experimentally, in one of two groups to which young, healthy adults had been randomly assigned. Those in the experimental group wrote about the flu and practiced counting their own blinks, breaths, and heartbeats; those in the control group wrote about a neutral topic and counted innocuous lights and sounds. Next, both groups rated the intensity and unpleasantness of pressure sensations (ranging from mild to painful) caused by a series of applications of a weighted rod to the forearm. The intensity/unpleasantness ratio of these ratings was significantly greater in the experimental group, suggesting that induced hypervigilance had caused perceptual amplification that generalized to pressure sensations, which had not been part of the experimental manipulation. Psychometric measures of anxiety and catastrophizing were equivalent in the two groups, indicating that the experimental manipulation operated via attentional rather than emotional changes. The results support the GHH.
Host Plants of Western Bean Cutworm

The western bean cutworm, Loxagrotis albicosta (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is native to the western United States. It was first recognized as a pest of beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L. and corn, Zea mays L., in Colorado and Idaho, and later farther northward and eastward. Early workers found larvae feeding on fruits of nightshade, ground cherry, and tomato, and speculated that these may have been the original hosts. By feeding larvae on these plants and close relatives of beans and corn, we found beans and corn to be the most suitable hosts, and some close relatives of beans to be suitable hosts. Ground cherry, black nightshade, tomato, soybeans, and teosinte were not suitable hosts. Corn and beans are probably the original hosts, since they are native to the area.
A general polymer model of unfolded proteins under folding conditions

There is increasing evidence that a polypeptide chain in solvent conditions that favor folding may have transient structure and is significantly more compact than a fully denatured chain. However, there is no sequence-dependent model to capture such interactions. In this work, we present a simple and computationally inexpensive model based on a wormlike chain with excluded volume. The probability distribution of millions of such chains is reweighted to bias compact conformations in which residues of similar hydrophobicity are located near each other. This model, which has one adjustable parameter, is fit to measured values of intramolecular contact formation, which has been shown to be extremely sensitive to various models of intrachain distances. We show that under various denaturant concentrations, there is good convergence of the model for several different sequences with a wide range of dynamics. We also show that this model quantitatively predicts paramagnetic resonance enhancement (PRE) measurements...
Herpes simplex virus.

Abstract Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections of the central nervous system (CNS) have varied presentations. Some, such as encephalitis, can have devastating outcomes. In only a few short decades a vast amount of knowledge has been uncovered about the pathogenicity of this virus, its diagnosis, and treatment. Non-invasive diagnostics with polymerase chain reaction have replaced brain biopsy as the mainstay of diagnosis and antiviral therapy with acyclovir has largely improved mortality. However, despite these scientific advancements, morbidity remains high. The clinician must maintain a high index of suspicion with neonates, children, and adults, as HSV can often mimic other CNS diseases and prompt initiation of treatment is integral.
X-RAY AND CT DIAGNOSIS OF PULMONARY SEQUENSTRATION

Objective To study the X-ray and CT features of pulmonary sequenstration.Methods 10 cases with pulmonary sequenstration confirmed by operation and pathology were analyzed.All the cases had been examined by X-ray,4 of them were examined by plain and enhanced CT scan.Results X-ray showed mass shadows in 6 cases and cysts in 4 cases.There were masses and abnormal arterial supply in 4 cases by CT scan.Conclusion The chest radiography is basic method of diagnosis,enhanced CT scan can depict anomalous supply artery and evaluate changes of pulmonary parenchyma,and it is the first choice of method in diagnosing pulmonary sequestration.
SINUSITIS : HOW TO RECOGNIZE AND TREAT IT

Sinusitis is a widespread but often misunderstood disorder. The precipitating factor in acute sinusitis appears to be blockage of the sinus ostium. The patient's history usually leads to the diagnosis. Antibiotics and decongestants are the mainstays of treatment. In some cases, surgical treatment may be necessary. Chronic sinusitis is more difficult to diagnose because symptoms are nonspecific. Antibiotics, decongestants, and, in some cases, nasal steroids should be given. If these agents are ineffective, surgical drainage may be considered.
Learn Piano with BACh: An Adaptive Learning Interface that Adjusts Task Difficulty Based on Brain State

We present Brain Automated Chorales (BACh), an adaptive brain-computer system that dynamically increases the levels of difficulty in a musical learning task based on pianists' cognitive workload measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy. As users' cognitive workload fell below a certain threshold, suggesting that they had mastered the material and could handle more cognitive information, BACh automatically increased the difficulty of the learning task. We found that learners played with significantly increased accuracy and speed in the brain-based adaptive task compared to our control condition. Participant feedback indicated that they felt they learned better with BACh and they liked the timings of the level changes. The underlying premise of BACh can be applied to learning situations where a task can be broken down into increasing levels of difficulty.
Image-Guidance in Shaped Beam Radiosurgery and SBRT

From its inception, the practice of radiation oncology has relied on its practitioner’s ability to determine the location of the disease being treated. This may be accomplished through direct physical examination by the physician or through inference based on clinical knowledge of the disease process. In all cases, the best clinical outcomes are obtained when the disease location can be determined sufficiently well to completely encompass the intended target in prescribed ionizing radiation fields, as well as to protect healthy tissue from the same fields. Thus, radiation oncology has always relied on the best image guidance methods available at the time in order to obtain the maximum therapeutic ratios for successful treatment. Image guidance has two major roles to play in the practice of radiation oncology. First, it allows one to detect the location of disease within the patient for delineation of the target region. Second, it allows one to locate the specified target region at the time of treatment so that the patient can be positioned correctly with respect to the treatment field. The ability to detect both diseased and normal tissues has been greatly enhanced through advances in imaging technologies such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound (US), single-photon emission tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET).
Using Crowd Sourcing to Analyze Consumers' Response to Privacy Policies of Online Social Network and Financial Institutions at Micro Level

As it becomes easy and inexpensive to store huge amount of data, concerns about privacy are increasing as well. Although service providers have privacy policies, research shows that users rarely read privacy policies. As a result, there has been little work done on how consumers respond to individual segments of privacy policies, which is important for organizations when designing privacy policies. In this study, the authors break down privacy policies of two well-known social network companies Facebook, Twitter and financial institution Bank of America into simple segments. They then use crowd sourcing to analyze consumers' response to these policy segments. The authors ask questions on users' awareness, expectations, familiarity, and privacy concerns of these policy segments. The relationships between various factors such as demographic factors, data type, data flow and consumers' privacy concerns were also investigated. The authors conclude with guidelines and suggestions for improvement and ways to increase users' awareness of privacy policies.
Single-Dose Epidural Morphine or Patient-Controlled Epidural Analgesia (PCEA) for Post-Cesarean Pain Control?

A 32-year-old G3P1 female with a body mass index (BMI) of 40 % for elective, repeat cesarean delivery. The patient denies other comorbidities, but her husband states that she snores loudly at night and notes pauses in her nighttime breathing. The patient reports that after her previous cesarean delivery, the epidural catheter impeded her ability to interact with the baby. Her right leg was numb and weak, and she could not get up to go to the bathroom. The skin around the catheter insertion remained red, swollen, and painful for a few days. Overall, it was “very uncomfortable.” As a consequence, she asks you if it would be possible to have the catheter removed immediately after surgery.
Matching Multiple Rigid Domain Decompositions of Proteins

We describe efficient methods for consistently coloring and visualizing collections of rigid cluster decompositions obtained from variations of a protein structure, and lay the foundation for more complex setups, that may involve different computational and experimental methods. The focus here is on three biological applications: the conceptually simpler problems of visualizing results of dilution and mutation analyses, and the more complex task of matching decompositions of multiple Nucleic Magnetic Resonance (NMR) models of the same protein. Implemented into the KINematics And RIgidity (KINARI) web server application, the improved visualization techniques give useful information about protein folding cores, help examining the effect of mutations on protein flexibility and function, and provide insights into the structural motions of Protein Data Bank proteins solved with solution NMR. These tools have been developed with the goal of improving and validating rigidity analysis as a credible coarse-grained model capturing essential information about a protein’s slow motions near the native state.
Simultaneous Determination of Concentration and Enantiomeric Composition in Fluorescent Sensing.

ConspectusFluorescent sensors have found broad applications in determining the concentrations of diverse analytes by measuring specific sensor–analyte fluorescent responses. For a chiral substrate containing varying composition of two enantiomers, both the concentration and enantiomeric composition should greatly influence the fluorescent response of an enantioselective fluorescent sensor. Thus, multiple independent measurements are normally needed to determine both the concentration and enantiomeric composition of a chiral compound. In order to facilitate the application of the enantioselective fluorescent sensors, our laboratory has developed four strategies to simultaneously determine the concentration and enantiomeric composition of various chiral substrates by a single fluorescence measurement.A mixture of a chiral BINOL-based dialdehyde and an achiral compound salicylaldehyde in the presence of Zn2+ is used to interact with chiral diamines, amino alcohols, and amino acids. The fluorescence enhanceme...
Nicotine dependence is associated with functional variation in FMO3, an enzyme that metabolizes nicotine in the brain

A common haplotype of the flavin-containing monooxygenase gene FMO3 is associated with aberrant mRNA splicing, a twofold reduction in in vivo nicotine N-oxidation and reduced nicotine dependence. Tobacco remains the largest cause of preventable mortality worldwide. CYP2A6, the primary hepatic nicotine metabolism gene, is robustly associated with cigarette consumption but other enzymes contribute to nicotine metabolism. We determined the effects of common variants in FMO3 on plasma levels of nicotine-N-oxide in 170 European Americans administered deuterated nicotine. The polymorphism rs2266780 (E308G) was associated with N-oxidation of both orally administered and ad libitum smoked nicotine (P⩽3.3 × 10−5 controlling for CYP2A6 genotype). In vitro, the FMO3 G308 variant was not associated with reduced activity, but rs2266780 was strongly associated with aberrant FMO3 mRNA splicing in both liver and brain (P⩽6.5 × 10−9). Surprisingly, in treatment-seeking European American smokers (n=1558) this allele was associated with reduced nicotine dependence, specifically with a longer time to first cigarette (P=9.0 × 10−4), but not with reduced cigarette consumption. As N-oxidation accounts for only a small percentage of hepatic nicotine metabolism we hypothesized that FMO3 genotype affects nicotine metabolism in the brain (unlike CYP2A6, FMO3 is expressed in human brain) or that nicotine-N-oxide itself has pharmacological activity. We demonstrate for the first time nicotine N-oxidation in human brain, mediated by FMO3 and FMO1, and show that nicotine-N-oxide modulates human α4β2 nicotinic receptor activity in vitro. These results indicate possible mechanisms for associations between FMO3 genotype and smoking behaviors, and suggest nicotine N-oxidation as a novel target to enhance smoking cessation.
Metabolic Anthropology: Selection Pressure Shapes Fatty Acid Metabolism in Greenlandic Inuit Populations.

By shaping the genomes of ancient populations, selection pressure allowed individuals to adapt to local environments and stressors.1 Well-known examples include thalassemia and sickle cell disease, which offered protection against malaria in Mediterranean and African populations, respectively. More recently, variations in the lactase gene have been identified among populations with a long history of cattle herding and milk consumption to maintain the ability to metabolize lactose into adulthood.2 Indeed, many of the ancient genetic variations shaped by selection pressure explain the phenotypic and physiological variation across geographically diverse populations that exist today. As is the case with sickle cell disease, however, the benefits of certain genetic variants can disappear, or worse, the variants can become detrimental in environments different from which they were derived. See Article by Skotte et al Whereas early investigations in molecular anthropology studied population genetics in relation to anthropometric or physiological characteristics, advances in ‘omics technology now allow the integration of genetic variation with additional molecular data to provide a more granular and mechanistic view of evolutionary adaptation. However, although this integrative molecular approach has been used within populations to characterize the genetic architecture of certain disease states,3–5 its application in unraveling the implications of genetic variation between populations has been limited. As populations …
A 20-year review of pediatric pregnant trauma from a Level I trauma center

Abstract Background Trauma in pregnancy remains an important but understudied public health issue. We aimed to determine the prevalence of interpersonal violence in our pregnant trauma population (including pediatric) over the last 20 years, from our Level I trauma center. Methods We conducted a descriptive, retrospective chart review to identify all pregnant trauma patients between Jan 1993 and Sept 2013. Pediatric was ≤18 years of age. We evaluated demographics, mechanism of injury, injury location, disposition, and outcome data. Results We treated 438 pregnant patients at our center over 20 years. 378 (86%) were adult and 60 (14%) were pediatric. Intentional injuries occurred in 89 (20%) patients. The pediatric pregnant patients experienced a significantly higher proportion of intentional, interpersonal violence (33% vs. 18%, p = 0.007) compared to adults. Patients presenting after intentional, interpersonal violence had a higher mortality compared to non-intentional 5% vs 1% (p = 0.019). Conclusions Pediatric pregnant trauma patients remain at risk of interpersonal violence, especially firearm-related injury. Screening should be instituted by obstetricians and pediatricians for primary prevention.
Ethyl 2-Diazo-4,4,4-trifluoro-3-oxobutanoate

[18955-75-4] C6H5F3N2O3 (MW 210.1122) InChI = InChI=1S/C7H8F3N2O3/c1-3-15-6(14)4(12-11)5(13)7(2,8,9)10/h3H2,1-2H3 InChIKey = HRSQQXXENGZRDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent; synthon for CF3 incorporation) Alternate Name: acetoacetic acid, 2-diazo-4,4,4-trifluoro-, ethyl ester. Physical Data: bp 75 °C (10 mmHg).4 Solubility: soluble in organic solvents. Form supplied in: liquid. Purification: vacuum distillation, silica gel chromatography.1 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: typically prepared fresh from commercially available ethyl 4,4,4-trifluoro-3-oxobutanoate or ethyl 2-diazoacetate. Stable to silica gel chromatography.
The effects of an unanticipated side-cut on lower extremity kinematics and ground reaction forces during a drop landing.

Unanticipated direction to cut after landing may alter the lower extremity landing biomechanics when performing landing motions. These alterations may potentially increase the risk of ACL injury. T...
People and Ideas in the History of Social Work Practice

An examination of the lives and work of four early leaders in social work practice demonstrates two uses of history. First, it can advance the formation of a sense of professional identity, and, se...
On the generosity and effectiveness of the research and development tax credit

In this article, we study the use of the international standard for measuring the generosity of research and development tax subsidies, the B-index, as a predictor of the effectiveness of a subsidy...
Microrheology and constitutive equation of soft tissue

The connection between microrheology and the constitutive equation of soft tissue is illustrated by an example of the incremental bulk modulus of the lung. It is shown that the following pieces of information are needed in order to make the connection: The detailed structure of the tissue embodied in a mathematical model, the morphometric data on the structural elements, the rheologic data of the materials, and the configuration at zero-stress state, or equivalently, the stress and strain at a homeostatic state. In the case of the lung, we have information on the first three items, but not the last one. Hence hypotheses have to be introduced concerning the homeostatic condition, the most important of which are the uniform fiber stress and the "optimal design" assumptions. We have shown that these data and hypotheses lead to theoretical results that are in good agreement with experimental observations.
Emotion Regulation: Concepts & Practice in Autism Spectrum Disorder

The purpose of this article is to describe emotion regulation, and how emotion regulation may be compromised in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This information may be useful for clinicians working with children with ASD who exhibit behavioral problems. Suggestions for practice are provided.
Ruminal in situ disappearance kinetics of nitrogen and neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen from common crabgrass forages sampled on seven dates in northern Arkansas

Abstract Southern crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris [Retz.] Koel.) is often an undesirable species in field and forage crops, but visual observations suggest that livestock prefer it to many other summer forages. The objectives of this study were to assess the nutritive value of crabgrass sampled weekly between July 11 and August 22, 2001 and then to determine ruminal in situ disappearance kinetics of N and neutral detergent insoluble N (NDIN) for these forages. A secondary objective was to compare these kinetic estimates for crabgrass with those of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers.), and or-chardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) as control hays. All kinetic evaluations were conducted with 5 ruminally cannulated Gelbvieh x Angus x Brangus steers (383 +/- 22.7 kg). Concentrations of N for crabgrass decreased linearly (P < or = 0.002) across sampling dates for leaf, stem, and whole-plant tissues. Conversely, percentages of the total N pool within NDIN and ADIN fractions generally increased over sampling dates in mostly linear patterns. For crabgrass, the immediately soluble portion of the total N pool (fraction A; overall mean = 54.6% of N) was greater (P < 0.001) than for all control hays. Crabgrass exhibited a more rapid N disappearance rate (overall mean = 0.093/h; expressed as a proportion disappearing/h) than that of bermudagrass (0.046/h; P < 0.001), but the disappearance rate for alfalfa N (0.223/h) was considerably faster (P < 0.001) than for crabgrass. The effective ruminal disappearance of N was greater (P < 0.001) for crabgrass (overall mean = 85.4%) than for the alfalfa (83.3%), bermudagrass (72.3%), or orchardgrass (76.0%) control hays. For alfalfa, the ruminal disappearance rate of NDIN (0.150/h) was more rapid (P < 0.001) than for crabgrass (overall mean = 0.110/h); however, the disappearance rate for crabgrass was faster than that for bermudagrass (0.072/h; P < 0.001) or for orchardgrass (0.098/h; P = 0.010). Effective ruminal disappearance of NDIN was greater (P < 0.001) for crabgrass (overall mean = 72.0%) than for the bermudagrass (69.0%) or alfalfa hays (50.5%), but there was no difference (P = 0.865) between crabgrass and orchardgrass (72.1%). Although crabgrass forages exhibited concentrations of total N that were comparable with those of alfalfa and rates of ruminal N disappearance that were < 50% of those for the alfalfa hay control, improvements in N use efficiency relative to alfalfa are questionable because of the excessively large Fraction A for crabgrass.
Rotational Osteotomy of the Humeral Shaft for Malunion in Osteogenesis Imperfecta: A Case Report.

Case We report a case of an adult with osteogenesis imperfecta, who underwent humeral shaft osteotomy to correct an internal rotation deformity results from a humeral shaft malunion. The patient incurred a temporary radial nerve palsy. Conclusions Humeral shaft malunion can be successfully treated with rotational osteotomy of the humerus through an anterior approach; however, the risk of radial nerve palsy exists and may be minimized by a posterior approach.
Association Between Do Not Resuscitate/Do Not Intubate Orders and Emergency Medicine Residents' Decision Making.

Abstract Background Research has shown that do not resuscitate (DNR) and do not intubate (DNI) orders may be construed by physicians to be more restrictive than intended by patients. Previous studies of physicians found that DNR/DNI orders are associated with being less willing to provide invasive care. Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of code status on emergency residents’ decision-making regarding offering invasive procedures for those patients with DNR/DNI compared with their full code counterparts. Methods We conducted a nationwide survey of emergency medicine residents using an instrument of 4 clinical vignettes involving patients with serious illnesses. Two versions of the survey, survey A and survey B, alternated the DNR/DNI and full code status for the vignettes. Residency leaders were contacted in August 2018 to distribute the survey to their residents. Results Three hundred and three residents responded from across the country. The code status was strongly associated with decisions to intubate or perform CPR and influenced the willingness to offer other invasive procedures. DNR/DNI status was associated with less frequent willingness to place central venous catheters (88.2% for DNR/DNI vs. 97.2% for full code, p Conclusions In a nationwide survey, emergency medicine residents were less willing to provide invasive procedures for patients with DNR/DNI status, including the placement of central venous catheters, admission to the intensive care unit, and consultation for dialysis and surgery.
Solidification of A Binary Mixture Saturating A Bed of Glass Spheres

The phenomenon of solidification of a binary alloy (water and ammonium chloride) saturating a packed bed of spheres is investigated experimentally. The system is cooled through its top surface. The effect of heating the bottom surface of the system simultaneously with cooling its top surface is also examined. Three distinct regions were observed in the bed of spheres during the freezing process. A solid region adjacent to the cold top surface, a mixed phase region (commonly termed the “mush” or “mushy zone”) consisting of a mixture of solidified alloy and liquid, and a liquid region. The mixed phase region separated the solid and liquid regions and was of significant extent. The temperature distribution in the solid and in the mixed phase regions was practically linear. Increasing the initial concentration of the system or heating the bottom wall had the effect to retard the rate of solidification. Interestingly, remelting was observed at the solid/mush and mush/liquid interfaces.
Feasibility and acceptability of a self-managed exercise to rhythmic music intervention for ICU survivors.

Abstract Background Post-ICU rehabilitation is a challenging clinical issue for patients discharged from an Intensive Care Unit (“ICU survivors”). Our exercise to rhythmic music intervention was designed to allow ICU survivors to self-manage their exercise by following a personalized, recorded exercise playlist. Aim Our study reports the feasibility and acceptability of an innovative music intervention among ICU survivors enrolled in a randomized controlled pilot study. Methods ICU survivors, admitted in ICU for at least 5 days and cognitively intact, were randomly assigned to an exercise to rhythmic music group (n = 10) or an active control group (n = 10). Participants in the music group were taught to self-manage exercise by listening to a recorded playlist of instructions and music-facilitated movements tailored to their musical preference and exercise ability. Participants in the control group were provided a brochure with exercise instructions. After 5 days or at hospital discharge, participants completed an 8-item acceptability questionnaire and were interviewed. Content analysis was conducted. Results 18 Participants were included for final analysis. Participants were 61.8 ± 14.7 years old, predominantly male (66.7%), and Caucasian (55.6%). Results demonstrated feasibility, as the study team was able to meet the enrollment goal of 5–6 participants per month. Three themes related to general, physical, and psychosocial benefits were identified. Based on positive feedback, the exercise to rhythmic music intervention was deemed acceptable. Conclusion The exercise to rhythmic music intervention was feasible and acceptable, suggesting that clinical trials with larger sample sizes should investigate the effects of the intervention on outcomes among ICU survivors.
Heteroepitaxy of high mobility germanium on sapphire(0001) with magnetron sputtering

As an excellent semiconductor material with low band gap and high carrier mobility, germanium is widely used in the semiconductor industry in photoelectronic devices, high-frequency radio frequency...
Using Open Pedagogy to Engage LIS Students: A Case Study

INTRODUCTION This case study describes the experimental use of open pedagogy to teach graduate-level library and information science (LIS) students in a newly developed course on international and comparative librarianship. Open pedagogy is the theory and practice of engaging students as creators of course content rather than requiring them to be consumers of it. In this case, students created an open textbook; each student authored a chapter about libraries and the field of librarianship in an assigned non-North American country. The textbook was developed under a Creative Commons license as an open educational resource (OER), allowing free use, remixing, and repurposing in future sections of the course or in similar courses offered in LIS programs at other institutions. METHOD The author used student perception data collected from a voluntary survey instrument and from a compulsory reflection paper assignment to assess the efficacy of implementing an open pedagogy framework in the course. RESULTS Collected data suggests the experiment produced results perceived by the majority of students as efficacious in the given context. DISCUSSION Students were enthusiastic in their embrace of creating renewable versus disposable coursework, and they expressed great satisfaction with the course outcomes of contributing to the professional literature, building the discipline’s nascent OER record, and having a publication to feature in their curricular and professional dossiers. CONCLUSIONS Massive shifts in teaching and learning demand radical transitions. Open pedagogy is a response to that demand that requires additional research and experimentation.
Evolution & Impact of Nocturnal Educational Opportunities for Pediatric Residents

Background: The ACGME instituted duty hour restrictions in 2003, necessitating re-organization and re-structuring of resident schedules and educational opportunities. In response, many programs created night float rotations. After noting decreased resident attendance at conferences and didactics with this model, our institution implemented interventions to offer teaching overnight. These teaching initiatives have evolved significantly over time; however, resident perception of their impact has not been evaluated. Thus, our primary objective was to evaluate resident perception of an evening curriculum focused on acute management of common overnight issues. Our secondary objective was to explore how nocturnal education has evolved and elucidate factors …
Hepatocyte miR-34a is a key regulator in the development and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Abstract Objectives Hepatic miR-34a expression is elevated in diet-induced or genetically obese mice, and patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), yet the role of hepatocyte miR-34a in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) from non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to NASH remains to be elucidated. Methods Mice over-expressing or deficient in hepatocyte miR-34a and their control mice were fed a diet enriched in fats, cholesterol and fructose (HFCF) to induce NASH. C57BL/6 mice with NASH were treated with an miR-34a inhibitor or a scramble control oligo. The effect of miR-34a on the development, progression or reversal of NAFLD was determined. Results Hepatocyte-specific expression of miR-34a aggravated HFCF diet-induced NAFLD. In contrast, germline or adult-onset loss of hepatocyte miR-34a attenuated the development and progression of NAFLD. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of miR-34a reversed HFCF diet-induced steatohepatitis. Mechanistically, hepatocyte miR-34a regulated the development and progression of NAFLD by inducing lipid absorption, lipogenesis, inflammation and apoptosis, and inhibiting fatty acid oxidation. Conclusions Hepatocyte miR-34a is an important regulator in the development and progression of NAFLD. MiR-34a may be a useful target for treating NAFLD.