cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparation of bovine prethrombin 2: use of Acutin and activation with prothrombinase or Ecarin.

Abstract The thrombin-like enzyme isolated from Agkistrodon acutus venom has been called Acutin. It degrades purified bovine prothrombin in several steps. A bond at Lys44-Tyr45 is broken with formation of prothrombin intermediate D. Prethrombin 1 forms and the digestion stops at the level of prethrombin 2. The latter is then easily isolated. By activating prethrombin 2 with Factor Xa alone at a 40:1 molar ratio, very little α-thrombin forms. To obtain α-thrombin from prethrombin 2 it is necessary to supply an enzyme system consisting of Factor Xa, phospholipid, calcium ions, Ac-globulin and, in addition, prothrombin fragment 1 and prothrombin fragment 2. Either fragment alone is not sufficient. It is proposed that this enzyme system be called prothrombinase. The amount of fragments 1 and 2 can be much less than the proportion that naturally occurs in prothrombin. Ecarin generated very little α-thrombin from prethrombin 2, but the yield was 100% when purified prothrombin fragment 2 was also added at a molar ratio of 1:1.
Precision parameters of some Ln2(MoO4)3-type rare earth molybdates

Abstract Precision cell dimensions have been obtained for the title compounds with Ln = Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, and Dy for the stable room temperature α modification, and with Ln = Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, and Dy for the metastable ferroelectric β' modification. Least-squares refinements of the cell dimensions were based on data obtained with a Guinier/Hagg camera. A systematic trend of the b-a parameter and the shear angle as a function of the ionic size of the cation has been established for the Pba2 structure of the β' phases. This trend is correlated with the ferroelectric transition temperature (T c ), which was accurately measured by DTA, and dielectric techniques.
Thermal Analysis of Human Dental Enamel

The dental enamel apatite appeared to be an approximation to natural hydroxyapatite. There was no positive indication of amorphous inorganic or other inorganic compounds found in dental enamel apatite or natural hydroxyapatite by the analytical techniques used. Heats of reaction of the organic oxidation at 350 C were determined. Heats of reaction were inversely proportional to dental enamel density.
Cycles in logical nets

Abstract This paper investigates the influence of cycles in a logical net upon the complexity of its behavior. The investigation is mainly concerned with two questions: 1. 1. A logical net with a periodic input sequence produces a periodic output sequence; how is the spectrum of periodic outputs related to the level of cycle complexity? 2. 2. Is there a level of complexity c (suitably defined) such that any behavior possible for a fixed logical net can be realized by a logical net constructed only of cycles of complexity c ′ ⩽ c ? The first and more difficult question is fully answered only in the case of nets constructed of cycles having a feedback coefficient r = 1 (suitably defined). The second question is answered in the negative for individual cycles and it is conjectured that a similar answer holds for nets in general.
Climate change‐integrated conservation strategies

Aim Conservation strategies currently include little consideration of climate change. Insights about the biotic impacts of climate change from biogeography and palaeoecology, therefore, have the potential to provide significant improvements in the effectiveness of conservation planning. We suggest a collaboration involving biogeography, ecology and applied conservation. The resulting Climate Change-integrated Conservation Strategies (CCS) apply available tools to respond to the conservation challenges posed by climate change. Location The focus of this analysis is global, with special reference to high biodiversity areas vulnerable to climate change, particularly tropical montane settings. Methods Current tools from climatology, biogeography and ecology applicable to conservation planning in response to climate change are reviewed. Conservation challenges posed by climate change are summarized. CCS elements are elaborated that use available tools to respond to these challenges. Results Five elements of CCS are described: regional modelling; expanding protected areas; management of the matrix; regional coordination; and transfer of resources. Regional modelling uses regional climate models, biotic response models and sensitivity analysis to identify climate change impacts on biodiversity at a regional scale appropriate for conservation planning. Expansion of protected areas management and systems within the planning region are based on modelling results. Management of the matrix between protected areas provides continuity for processes and species range shifts outside of parks. Regional coordination of park and off-park efforts allows harmonization of conservation goals across provincial and national boundaries. Finally, implementation of these CCS elements in the most biodiverse regions of the world will require technical and financial transfer of resources on a global scale. Main conclusions Collaboration across disciplines is necessary to plan conservation responses to climate change adequately. Biogeography and ecology provide insights into the effects of climate change on biodiversity that have not yet been fully integrated into conservation biology and applied conservation management. CCS provide a framework in which biogeographers, ecologists and conservation managers can collaborate to address this need. These planning exercises take place on a regional level, driven by regional climate models as well as general circulation models (GCMs), to ensure that regional climate drivers such as land use change and mesoscale topography are adequately represented. Sensitivity analysis can help address the substantial uncertainty inherent in projecting future climates and biodiversity response.
Forest community analysis and the point-centered quarter method.

The point-centered-quarter (PCQ) method has been applied in community analysis since the publication of the method nearly 50 years ago. This and other distance methods offer increased sampling efficiency over fixed-area plots (FAP), but have long been known to produce biased density estimates when plant distribution deviates from random spatial patterns. Spatial indices have been developed to quantify the direction of this bias when plant distributions are aggregated or evenly distributed. Its continued use, especially in community analysis, requires additional scrutiny in measurements of community structure. We measured 14 forest stands of varying age, elevation and disturbance regime using FAP and PCQ methods. Density estimates were biased, with the point-centered quarter method lower than fixed-area plot estimates when stems were aggregated and higher when stems were evenly spaced. In general the PCQ method underestimated species richness. The efficiency of the PCQ method makes it popular for ordination studies, although comparison of community structure varied from 18% to 90% similarity between the measurements of species basal area in the same stands using the two different methods. The bias observed in calculations of stem density, species abundance and community similarity indicate that use of the PCQ method should be approached with caution when used in community level analysis.
Gibbs sampling in DP-based nonlinear mixed effects models

This article uses several approaches to deal with the difficulty involved in evaluating the intractable integral when using Gibbs sampling to estimate the nonlinear mixed effects model (NLMM) based on the Dirichlet process (DP). For illustration, we applied these approaches to real data and simulations. Comparisons are then made between these methods with respect to estimation accuracy and computing efficiency.
Positive Lyapunov exponents for a class of ergodic Schrödinger operators

We present a simple method to estimate the Lyapunov exponent γ(E) for the system $$ - (\psi _{j + 1} + \psi _{j - 1} ) + v_j (\omega )\psi _j = E\psi _j$$ , where {v j (ω)}ω∈Ω is an ergodic family of potentials defined forj∈ℤ. We assume that there is a constant ζ>2 and large positive integersl, L such that for almost every ω and everyE there is an infinite sequence of disjoint intervalsJ n ⊂ℤ with the following properties: Under these conditions we prove that meas {E: γ(E)=O}≦Be -βl/6 where \gb andB are positive constants and \ldmeas\rd refers to Lebesgue measure.
Smoothing the waves of pension funding: Could changes in funding rules help avoid cyclical under‐funding?

Defined benefit pensions are still an important part of retirement income security for 44 million people. After 2000, these plans experienced extreme difficulties. Although the magnitude of the problem was unprecedented, its causes were not. Interest rate and asset prices decline in a recession, when earnings are low. Pension funding rules reflect this regularity. This requires additional contributions when times are bad. We address this counter‐cyclicality through three proposed rule changes. We use a simulation model to evaluate these. Our results indicate that counter‐cyclicality would have diminished, while funding adequacy would have improved.
90° boundaries and associated interfacial and stand-off partial dislocations in YBa2Cu3O7−x

Abstract The 90° rotation boundaries that occur widely in YBa2Cu3O7-x and related oxide superconductors, and which are responsible for the c-⊥ to c-‖ transition in thin films, have been studied by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Comparison of image simulations to experimental micrographs allows selection between several models for the atomic structure at the interface. Interfacial misfit discolations with a Burgers vector of 1 3 [001] have been observed. Many of these partial discolations move to stand-off positions in the interfacial grain with c aligned along the boundary, leaving behind a connecting stacking fault. The detachment of the discolations from the interface appears to be driven by chemical non-stoichiometry rather than by mechanical image forces. The epitaxial alignment of Y2O3 particles within the film and the presence of a stacking fault connecting one such Y2O3 inclusion with a 90° rotation boundary are also discussed.
Centrifugal modelling of dynamic soil-structure interaction

This paper presents a centrifuge model that is capable of realistically representing soil-structure systems subjected to earthquake-like excitation. The model is validated by performing (i) free field soil tests, (ii) dynamic soil-structure interaction tests and (iii) a numerical analysis of the experimental results. The free field experiments show that the simulated earthquake, which is generated by the hammer-exciter plate method, is similar in amplitude and frequency content to a real earthquake. The experiments also demonstrate that a confined soil sample can satisfactorily model a horizontal soil stratum of infinite lateral extent when the containment walls are lined with an absorptive material to attenuate wave reflections that would otherwise occur. Measurements of the acceleration at different locations on the free soil surface indicate that the surface motion is fairly uniform over a relatively large area. This is further confirmed by a comparison made between the measured free and scattered field motions for a surface foundation. Next, a series of soil-structure interaction tests are performed which examine the dependence of radiation damping on the natural frequencies of the structure relative to the fundamental frequency of the soil stratum. The experimental results are shown to be consistent with established theories. Finally, the experimental results are used to compute the stiffness and damping parameters of a two degree of freedom numerical model of the soil-structure system. The experimental parameters are shown to be in good agreement with calssical text book formulae. This study demonstrates that the centrifuge model consistently behaves as expected for simple, but realistic, dynamic soil and soil-structure systems, and can, therefore, be used with confidence to examine more complicated systems that are not yet fully understood.
Ion formation in sodium vapor containing Rydberg atoms

The formation of ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{Na}}_{2}^{+}$ in sodium vapor (\ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{11}$-${10}^{13}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$) containing laser-selected Rydberg atoms $(15l~nl~35)$ has been studied. At low atom densities photoionization, collisional ionization, and associative ionization dominate, but more-complicated mechanisms contribute to the ion yield at higher densities.
The 5' terminal nucleotide of RNA from vesicular stomatitis virus defective interfering particles.

Abstract The RNAs of three well-characterized and vastly dissimilar VSV defective interfering particles (DI LT , DI T , and DI 011 ) have the same 5′ terminus, pppA, as the infectious particle.
Tripartite steroid hormone receptor pharmacology: interaction with multiple effector sites as a basis for the cell- and promoter-specific action of these hormones.

The selective action that steroid hormones and the hormones for the other nuclear receptors have in different tissues and on different responses is well known. In fact, this recognized selectivity forms the basis for major efforts, currently underway in the pharmaceutical industry and at universities, toward the development of new, synthetic hormones whose profile of desired activities is optimized for specific therapeutic and preventative applications. This commentary will examine the pharmacological mechanisms that underlie this selectivity. The study of steroid hormone pharmacology poses particular challenges. In viva, many steroids have pleiotropic activity, displaying a variety of effects in different tissues. Even in cell-based in vitro systems, attempts to investigate the molecular basis for steroid hormone action and the selectivity of this action are confounded by the fact that the genomic responses elicited by these ligands can be both primary and secondary (Le. cascade) responses. In the latter situation, the correlation between molecular interaction and response is complex and indirect; this makes it difficult to clearly determine what interactions define the pharmacological parameters of potency and bio-
Tridentine Motivations of Pope John XXIII before and during Vatican II

Angelo Roncalli believed in the Church’s potential, from Christ and the Holy Spirit, to become ever again rejuvenated. This came from his prolonged work editing the records of Metropolitan Archbish...
The theory of a single-ring circular antenna array

The single-ring circular antenna array of axial dipoles is analyzed in this paper. Such an array consists of m parallel dipoles, equally spaced on the circumference of a circle whose radius is ?. The two principal properties with which a designer is concerned are (1) the radiation pattern and (2) the impedance of each element in an array, both of which can be found if the current distribution along the element is known. To synthesize a specified radiation pattern, the voltages at the center of each element must be determined.
What constitutes leadership and why it can’t be taught

Leadership is an art and, as such, requires talent. Talent can be enhanced but not taught. Leaders must be able to formulate inspiring visions and strategies for approaching them. Idealized design can be used for this purpose. In addition, leaders must understand the nature of social systems and what this implies, and the nature of the transformations occurring in our way of thinking. In this article the author explains how leaders, like artists, can be made more effective by learning about the relevant materials available and how to use them. Knowledge of the same tools and techniques may also improve managers, but it cannot make leaders of them.
Scientific Priorities and Strategic Planning for Resuscitation Research and Life Saving Therapy Following Traumatic Injury: Report of the PULSE Trauma Work Group

Traumatic injury and its sequelae remain a major, unrecognized public health problem in North America. Traumatic injury is the principal cause of death in patients aged 1-44 years and the overall leading cause of life-years lost in the United States. Recognizing this, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), in conjunction with other federal agencies, organized a conference in June 2000 to discuss the basic and clinical research needs that could lead to improved outcomes following cardiopulmonary or post injury resuscitation. The Post Resuscitative and Initial Utility of Life Saving Efforts (PULSE) Workshop resulted and eight work groups were established to focus on various aspects, including organ systems, pharmacology, epidemiology, and trauma. The Trauma Work Group recommendations are presented in this article. Despite the recognition of improved survival and outcome through advancements in trauma systems and trauma care, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) support ratio for trauma research is only 0.10, compared with 1.65 for cancer research and a remarkable 3.51 for AIDS and HIV infection research. The successful federal HIV research program has significantly decreased the morbidity and mortality over the last ten years at a cost of $1.4 billion per year. A coordinated trauma research program should aim to replicate the success achieved by such programs; however, a centralized federal "home" for trauma research does not exist. Consequently, the existing limited research support is derived from NIH institutes in addition to other federal and state agencies. This report serves to describe some of the obstacles and outline various strategies and priorities for basic science, clinical, and translational trauma resuscitation research.
Historical Perspective: The social determinants of disease – some roots of the movement

This is an account of the early days of research on social determinants as I experienced them. I describe my time as one of four Fellows in a new training program in Medical Sociology at Yale University and how I came to be the first Sociologist employed in the U.S. Public Health Service. I then became the first Executive Secretary of a new Study Section at NIH dealing with a small number of research grant proposals in the field of Epidemiology. My account deals with some of my experiences in this developing field, culminating with my appointment as the first Sociologist to become a Professor of Epidemiology in a School of Public Health.
Parody and Narrator in Thomas Mann's “Dr. Faustus” and “The Holy Sinner”

The method of parody is briefly described and then shown as a means for Mann to explore myth and legends without attempting to look at them directly. Parody can fall short of reality either on purpose or through necessity; again, parody can dissolve into meaninglessness. For Mann, in Dr. Faustus and The Holy Sinner, parody offered a way in which we can catch a glimpse of an ultimate truth about good. The device of narrator is also used to elucidate realities of faith and feeling. Zeitblom is the onlooker-narrator, often used as a vehicle for Mann's irony, but also the other protagonist of the novel. The narrator in The Holy Sinner, Clemens, is not involved in the action but is free to shape it and comment on it. Parody is possible of a man who has read the tale and does believe. The artist-narrator, Clemens, balances between joy and sorrow and rises beyond a mere spokesman for the unbelievable. Both parody and narrator allow Mann “to bring in his points through the back door,” conciliating systematic rational belief with the realities of faith and feeling.
Arabidopsis UVH3 gene is a homolog of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD2 and human XPG DNA repair genes.

Summary To identify mechanisms of DNA repair in Arabidopsis thaliana, we have analyzed a mutant (uvh3) which exhibits increased sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV) light, H2O2 and ionizing radiation and displays a premature senescence phenotype. The uvh3 locus was mapped within chromosome III to the GL1 locus. A cosmid contig of the GL1 region was constructed, and individual cosmids were used to transform uvh3 mutant plants. Cosmid N9 was found to confer UV-resistance, H2O2-resistance and a normal senescence phenotype following transformation, indicating that the UVH3 gene is located on this cosmid and that all three phenotypes are due to the same mutation. Analysis of cosmid N9 sequences identified a gene showing strong similarity to two homologous repair genes, RAD2 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and XPG (human), which encode an endonuclease required for nucleotide excision repair of UV-damage. The uvh3 mutant was shown to carry a nonsense mutation in the coding region of the AtRAD2/XPG gene, thus revealing that the UVH3 gene encodes the AtRAD2/XPG gene product. In humans, the homologous XPG protein is also involved in removal of oxygen-damaged nucleotides by base excision repair. We discuss the possibility that the increased sensitivity of the uvh3 mutant to H2O2 and the premature senescence phenotype might result from failure to repair oxygen damage in plant tissues. Finally, we show that the AtRAD2/XPG gene is expressed at moderate levels in all plant tissues.
Rapid, Room Temperature, High-Density Hydrogen Adsorption on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes at Atmospheric Pressure Assisted by a Metal Alloy

Laser-generated, carbon single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) adsorb hydrogen in a matter of minutes at room temperature and atmospheric pressure in the presence of a Ti-6Al-4V metal alloy. The unusual hydrogen adsorption properties are activated when the SWNTs are sonicated in nitric acid with a Ti-6Al-4V probe. The process cuts the SWNTs and introduces ∼15-40 wt% metal alloy into the previously pure single-walled nanotube material. Subsequent hydrogen adsorption occurs in two separate sites with a maximum adsorption capacity of ∼7 wt% on a total sample weight basis. Approximately 2.5 wt% hydrogen is evolved at 300 K while the remainder desorbs between 475-850 K. The pure metal alloy adsorbs ∼ 2.5 wt% H 2 , and evolvesydrogen with increasing temperature in a manner similar to the alloy-doped SWNTs. However, it is clear from studies presented here that the SWNT fraction is quite active in H 2 uptake, adsorbing as much as 7 % on a SWNT weight basis.
Numerical simulation of blood flow through arteries

Flow patterns are investigated in simplified three-dimensional arterial models. The blood is considered as an incompressible Newtonian fluid obeying the Navier-Stokes equations of fluid flow. Therefore, these equations are used as a mathematical model to simulate the blood flow. Since these equations are difficult to solve analytically, a computational approach is utilized. To use this approach a suitable treatment of the complex arterial geometry is required. A proper numerical technique is also needed to solve the blood flow equations. A curvilinear coordinate system is used to solve the problem of geometry where an algebraic grid generation technique is used to generate the arterial geometry. The Navier-Stokes equations are written in the new coordinates and a computer program is developed utilizing the space marching method to integrate these equations for steady blood flow. The program is used to solve many problems that are of interest to hemodynamic studies. Results for flow with separated region (89% stenosis) and flow with secondary velocities (curved aneurysm) are presented and discussed. These results show the ability of the numerical methods to calculate the velocity fields and wall shear stress for three-dimensional arterial configurations. >
Diet- and hormone-induced lipid deposition in rat kidney: Correlation with systolic blood pressure

The influence of estradiol on deposition of cholesterol in tissues of ovariectomized rats on normal and high lipid diets was studied. Concomitantly the influence of a contraceptive steroid combination was studied in a similar manner in intact rats. It was found that the high lipid diet resulted in increased deposition of cholesterol in aorta, heart, liver and kidney. The presence of either endogenous or exogenous hormones accentuated the deposition of cholesterol in the kidney and resulted in significantly higher systolic blood pressures in these rats. In the rats on a high lipid diet, the concentration of cholesterol in the kidney correlated positively with systolic blood pressure. It is concluded that estrogen and high lipid diet exert a synergistic effect on deposition of cholesterol in kidney. The positive correlation between kidney cholesterol concentration and systolic blood pressure suggests a possible role for kidney lipid deposition in the hypertensive effect of estrogens.
Optimization of the TEM feed structure for four-arm reflector impulse radiating antennas

This paper considers the optimization of the feed arm geometry of four-arm crossed-coplanar plate impulse radiating antennas (IRAs) when the angular position and extent of the arms are taken as free parameters. Previously, optimization of this class of antenna considered only the symmetric case where the two pairs of crossed feed arms were perpendicular to each other. Comparison is made using the prompt aperture efficiency, and the results indicate that the efficiency of four-arm IRAs can be increased from /spl sim/25% for the perpendicularly crossed arms to /spl sim/35% for the optimum configuration. In addition to the optimization, the feed impedance of coplanar feeds is presented for general values of feed arm angle and plate width, and the optimum feed impedance is computed for each feed arm angle. The results can be used to design the optimal four-arm IRA with an arbitrary specified input impedance.
The semantic deficit hypothesis: Perceptual parsing and object classification by aphasic patients ☆

Abstract Many aphasic patients are impaired in their ability to provide or to recognize the names of objects, but little is known about the processing deficits that underlie these difficulties. In this report, a model of object naming/name recognition is proposed, and a prediction is tested concerning one possible functional locus of impairment in name-recognition and object-naming disorders. A subgroup of aphasic patients is found to be impaired in the ability to perform perceptual similarity judgments for pairs of stimulus objects, and to be unable to classify the objects into one of two lexical categories. It is concluded that the classification disorder suffered by these patients results from an impairment at the level of the semantically guided perceptual parsing of objects.
Red meat consumption and risk of stroke in Swedish men

Background: Red and processed meat consumption has been implicated in several diseases. However, data on meat consumption in relation to stroke incidence are sparse. Objective: Our objective was to examine the associations of red meat and processed meat consumption with stroke incidence in men. Design: We prospectively followed 40,291 men aged 45–79 y who had no history of cardiovascular disease or cancer at baseline. Meat consumption was assessed with a self-administered questionnaire in 1997. Results: During a mean follow-up of 10.1 y, 2409 incident cases of stroke (1849 cerebral infarctions, 350 hemorrhagic strokes, and 210 unspecified strokes) were identified from the Swedish Hospital Discharge Registry. Consumption of processed meat, but not of fresh red meat, was positively associated with risk of stroke. The multivariable relative risks (RRs) of total stroke for the highest compared with the lowest quintiles of consumption were 1.23 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.40; P for trend = 0.004) for processed meat and 1.07 (95% CI: 0.93, 1.24; P for trend = 0.77) for fresh red meat. Processed meat consumption was also positively associated with risk of cerebral infarction in a comparison of the highest with the lowest quintile (RR: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.38; P for trend = 0.03). Conclusion: The findings from this prospective cohort of men indicate that processed meat consumption is positively associated with risk of stroke. The Cohort of Swedish Men is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01127711. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;94:417–21.
Click data as implicit relevance feedback in web search

Search sessions consist of a person presenting a query to a search engine, followed by that person examining the search results, selecting some of those search results for further review, possibly following some series of hyperlinks, and perhaps backtracking to previously viewed pages in the session. The series of pages selected for viewing in a search session, sometimes called the click data, is intuitively a source of relevance feedback information to the search engine. We are interested in how that relevance feedback can be used to improve the search results quality for all users, not just the current user. For example, the search engine could learn which documents are frequently visited when certain search queries are given. In this article, we address three issues related to using click data as implicit relevance feedback: (1) How click data beyond the search results page might be more reliable than just the clicks from the search results page; (2) Whether we can further subselect from this click data to get even more reliable relevance feedback; and (3) How the reliability of click data for relevance feedback changes when the goal becomes finding one document for the user that completely meets their information needs (if possible). We refer to these documents as the ones that are strictly relevant to the query. Our conclusions are based on empirical data from a live website with manual assessment of relevance. We found that considering all of the click data in a search session as relevance feedback has the potential to increase both precision and recall of the feedback data. We further found that, when the goal is identifying strictly relevant documents, that it could be useful to focus on last visited documents rather than all documents visited in a search session.
Structural and Metabolic Transitions of C4 Leaf Development and Differentiation Defined by Microscopy and Quantitative Proteomics in Maize

C(4) grasses, such as maize (Zea mays), have high photosynthetic efficiency through combined biochemical and structural adaptations. C(4) photosynthesis is established along the developmental axis of the leaf blade, leading from an undifferentiated leaf base just above the ligule into highly specialized mesophyll cells (MCs) and bundle sheath cells (BSCs) at the tip. To resolve the kinetics of maize leaf development and C(4) differentiation and to obtain a systems-level understanding of maize leaf formation, the accumulation profiles of proteomes of the leaf and the isolated BSCs with their vascular bundle along the developmental gradient were determined using large-scale mass spectrometry. This was complemented by extensive qualitative and quantitative microscopy analysis of structural features (e.g., Kranz anatomy, plasmodesmata, cell wall, and organelles). More than 4300 proteins were identified and functionally annotated. Developmental protein accumulation profiles and hierarchical cluster analysis then determined the kinetics of organelle biogenesis, formation of cellular structures, metabolism, and coexpression patterns. Two main expression clusters were observed, each divided in subclusters, suggesting that a limited number of developmental regulatory networks organize concerted protein accumulation along the leaf gradient. The coexpression with BSC and MC markers provided strong candidates for further analysis of C(4) specialization, in particular transporters and biogenesis factors. Based on the integrated information, we describe five developmental transitions that provide a conceptual and practical template for further analysis. An online protein expression viewer is provided through the Plant Proteome Database.
Alternative computational protocols for supercharging protein surfaces for reversible unfolding and retention of stability.

Reengineering protein surfaces to exhibit high net charge, referred to as “supercharging”, can improve reversibility of unfolding by preventing aggregation of partially unfolded states. Incorporation of charged side chains should be optimized while considering structural and energetic consequences, as numerous mutations and accumulation of like-charges can also destabilize the native state. A previously demonstrated approach deterministically mutates flexible polar residues (amino acids DERKNQ) with the fewest average neighboring atoms per side chain atom (AvNAPSA). Our approach uses Rosetta-based energy calculations to choose the surface mutations. Both protocols are available for use through the ROSIE web server. The automated Rosetta and AvNAPSA approaches for supercharging choose dissimilar mutations, raising an interesting division in surface charging strategy. Rosetta-supercharged variants of GFP (RscG) ranging from −11 to −61 and +7 to +58 were experimentally tested, and for comparison, we re-tested the previously developed AvNAPSA-supercharged variants of GFP (AscG) with +36 and −30 net charge. Mid-charge variants demonstrated ∼3-fold improvement in refolding with retention of stability. However, as we pushed to higher net charges, expression and soluble yield decreased, indicating that net charge or mutational load may be limiting factors. Interestingly, the two different approaches resulted in GFP variants with similar refolding properties. Our results show that there are multiple sets of residues that can be mutated to successfully supercharge a protein, and combining alternative supercharge protocols with experimental testing can be an effective approach for charge-based improvement to refolding.
Sensitivity of the Stability of Isothermal Melt Spinning to Rheological Constitutive Assumptions

An instability in polymer melt spinning known as draw resonance is characterized by the onset of sustained oscillations in tension and drawn-filament diameter at a critical draw ratio (takeup velocity/initial velocity). The oscillations have a well-defined period and amplitude. Theory and experiment are reviewed by Petrie and Denn (1976) and Denn (1980). The most general theory is that of Fisher and Denn (1976,1977), which is based on a singlerelaxation-time Maxwell model with a deformation-dependent viscosity. Broadly, the critical draw ratio is predicted to decrease as the viscosity function becomes more shear thinning, and to increase with increasing elasticity (increasing relaxation time or, equivalently, decreasing modulus.) Absolute stabilization is predicted above a critical value of a dimensionless group λvo/L, where vo is the initial velocity, L is the length of the melt zone, and λ is the relaxation time evaluated at vo/L. Cooling is usually stabilizing.
Optimal input selection for neural machine interfaces predicting multiple non-explicit outputs

This study implemented a novel algorithm that optimally selects inputs for neural machine interface (NMI) devices intended to control multiple outputs and evaluated its performance on systems lacking explicit output. NMIs often incorporate signals from multiple physiological sources and provide predictions for multidimensional control, leading to multiple-input multiple-output systems. Further, NMIs often are used with subjects who have motor disabilities and thus lack explicit motor outputs. Our algorithm was tested on simulated multiple-input multiple-output systems and on electromyogram and kinematic data collected from healthy subjects performing arm reaches. Effects of output noise in simulated systems indicated that the algorithm could be useful for systems with poor estimates of the output states, as is true for systems lacking explicit motor output. To test efficacy on physiological data, selection was performed using inputs from one subject and outputs from a different subject. Selection was effective for these cases, again indicating that this algorithm will be useful for predictions where there is no motor output, as often is the case for disabled subjects. Further, prediction results generalized for different movement types not used for estimation. These results demonstrate the efficacy of this algorithm for the development of neural machine interfaces.
The Gains From Vertical Scaling

It is often assumed that a vertical scale is necessary when value-added models depend upon the gain scores of students across two or more points in time. This article examines the conditions under ...
Purification and properties of acetyl-CoA synthetase from Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteroids

Acetyl-CoA synthetase was purified 800-fold from Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteroids. A specific activity of 16 mumol/min per mg of protein was achieved, with a 30-40% yield. The purification scheme consisted of only three consecutive chromatography steps. The enzyme has a native Mr of 150,000, estimated by gel-permeation chromatography, and a subunit Mr of 72,000, determined by SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The optimum pH and temperature are 8.5 and 50 degrees C respectively. The Km values for acetate, CoA and ATP were 146, 202 and 275 microM respectively. The reaction was specific for acetate, as propionate and oleate were used very poorly. Likewise, the enzyme used only ATP, ADP or dATP; AMP, GTP, XTP and UTP could not replace ATP. Acetyl-CoA synthetase showed a broad specificity for metals; MnCl2 could replace MgCl2. In addition, CaCl2 and CoCl2 were approx. 50% as effective as MgCl2, but FeCl3, NiCl2 or ZnCl2 could not effectively substitute for MgCl2. The enzyme may be regulated by NADP+ and pyruvate; no effect was seen of amino acids, glucose catabolites, reduced nicotinamide nucleotides or acetyl-CoA. Inhibition was seen with AMP, PPi, FMN and pyridoxal phosphate, with Ki values of 720, 222, 397 and 1050 microM respectively.
Relationship between directions of wave and energy propagation for cold plasma waves

The dispersion relation for plasma waves is considered in the ‘cold’ plasma approximation. General formulae for the dependence of the phase and group velocities on the direction of wave propagation with respect to the local magnetic field are obtained for a cold magnetized plasma. The principal cold plasma resonances and cut-off frequencies are defined for an arbitrary angle and are used to establish basic regimes of frequency where the cold plasma waves can propagate or can be evanescent. The relationship between direction of wave and energy propagation, for cold plasma waves in hydrogen atmosphere, is presented in the form of angle diagrams (angle between group velocity and magnetic field versus angle between phase velocity and magnetic field) and polar diagrams (also referred to as ‘Friedrich's diagrams’ ) for different directions of wave propagation. Morphological features of the diagrams as well as some critical angles of propagation are discussed.
Conclusion: Clinical social work practice in community‐based systems of care

The system of care concept and philosophy is considered as a dynamic means for preventing school violence and meeting the mental health needs of children and adolescents. It is vital that community...
A Semi-Lagrangian Study of Circulation and Transport in Lake Ontario

A particle tracking model (PTM) is linked with a hydrodynamic model to evaluate mean seasonal circulation patterns in Lake Ontario, and also to provide a basis for predicting movement of algal blooms. The PTM is based on a random walk algorithm that combines a deterministic advective component with a stochastic component associated with the turbulent diffusivity field to calculate trajectories of neutrally buoyant particles, where both the advective and diffusive velocities are obtained from the hydrodynamic model. Mean circulation is calculated using 30-year average meteorological forcing data collected from five stations around the lake. Seasonal variations in lake circulation are demonstrated, and a clockwise flow in the eastern basin during summer and early fall is identified, contrary to some previous observations that suggest counterclockwise flow. The impacts of Niagara and St. Lawrence river flows on general lake circulation are found to be small, except within approximately 10 km of the river mouth. Development and application of the PTM demonstrate its potential to provide calculations of (Lagrangian) movements as determined from the hydrodynamic output, and to serve as a first step toward development of an algal transport model. Particle tracking helps to visualize flow patterns and provides a means of evaluating the probability a bloom will reach a specified area, given an initial position and the predicted velocity and diffusivity fields. This capability, when set up for real-time applications, can provide an important tool to support management decisions that may be needed when a bloom is observed, for example in predicting potential impacts of the bloom on a beach or a water intake.
Relational Therapy: Constructivist Principles to Guide Diversity Practice

This chapter argues for the synergy between principles of relational therapy and the ontology of qualitative research methods. Specifically, both qualitative research and relational therapy call on both the professional and the subject or client for self-exploration to understand diverse populations and the theory that informs their assessment process.
You’re a Mean One, Mr. Gingrich The Inbuilt, Ruinous Incivility of Newt

Newt Gingrich’s unexpected and fleeting political resurgence in late 2011 and early 2012 provides a perfect opportunity to take stock of Gingrich’s role in bringing about the current dysfunction in American politics. This article focuses on five aspects of Gingrich’s approach to politics that have contributed significantly to the ongoing crisis of confidence in U.S. political institutions and the dearth of civility in American political life: (a) treating people as a means to an end, (b) attacking the character of opponents, (c) investigating opponents as a political ploy, (d) holding others to higher standards of behavior, and (e) divorcing the cultivation of extremism to obtain power from the preconditions for governing.
An Experimental and Numerical Study of Shape Memory Alloy-Based Tensegrity/Origami Structures

This paper presents an initial experimental and numerical study on a novel concept of integrated tensegrity/origami morphing structures. Both tensegrity and origami are known for their potential transformative roles in applications in fields which exist at the interplay of shape, size, and function. Their integration, proposed here for the first time, is based on the interest in uniting the strengths of origami (membrane integration and folding capabilities) with the strengths of tensegrity (minimal mass and controllable rigidity). In order to achieve morphing capabilities while retaining low mass, the considered structures possess intrinsic material actuation provided by shape memory alloy (SMA) members. Two different representative structures of the proposed concept are studied. The first corresponds to a tensegrity/origami cylinder based on the double-helix tensegrity topology. Shape memory alloy wires play the role of the tensile members of the tensegrity structure while foldable surface components play the role of compressive members. The second structure corresponds to a tensegrity plate, which although not having a continuous dense surface, can be morphed in novel ways using origami principles. Fabrication of experimental prototypes and evaluation of the observed structural transformation are presented. Finite element analysis is performed to numerically evaluate the characteristics of the novel proposed structures. This initial study shows that the integration of tensegrity and origami results in a powerful combination that provides structural stability, flexibility in design and lightweight actuation mechanisms while allowing for significant deflections during morphing.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Implementing Low Impact Development in Urban Landscapes: A Policy Perspective

Low Impact Development (LID) is a strategically sound approach to mitigate stormwater pollution and restore landscape hydrology in urbanized watersheds. Since it promotes preserving and enhancing vegetation, open spaces, and soil integrity to mimic natural processes, it provides a myriad of benefits including flood control, habitat protection, climate change mitigation and adaptation, greater livability, greater social connectivity, energy savings, smog reduction, enhanced community aesthetics, and many other ecosystem services. A great number of LID tools are available such as green roofs, raingardens, tree planters, bio swales, which are efficient, simple, and cost effective. Some pioneer cities are successfully implementing this technology in development and redevelopment projects. However, a wide spread adoption has not occurred. This paper explores the barriers prevailing in the U.S. cities, with a focus on legal and policy aspects. The analysis will focus on the city codes, ordinances, regulations, and other legal and policy documents related to stormwater and other land development activities of select cities. Finally a policy framework conducive to LID implementation will be presented.
Anesthetic management of heart surgery operations 132 cases in newborn

Objectives To evaluate the anesthetic management of cardiac surgery in newborn with congenital heart disease. Methods 132 patients with congenital heart disease were performed under intravenous general anesthesia,aging from 9 hours to 31 days and weight ranged from 1.1～4.2 kg. Results Bypass time was 135 to 600 min,the aortic obstruction time was 84～200 min .The all patient hearts were broken up themselves after aortic obstruction. 8 cases succumbed during the operation. The complications included 8 cases of pneumonia,16 cases of chest bleeding. Total of them had no complications in general anesthesia. Conclusions Proper anesthetic management will improve the prognosis of cardiac surgery in newborn with congenital heart disease. The improvement in protection of lung is importance for recover. The postoperative mortality and complications of newborn can be reduced by improvement in protection of blood and use drugs in the early stage after aortic obstruction.
Occupational Exposure of Health Care Workers to Bloodborne Pathogens: A Proposal for a Systematic Intervention Approach

1. Each year approximately 6,500 to 9,000 health care workers in the United States are exposed to infectious body fluids while on the job. The majority of the resultant clinical infections causing morbidity and mortality are attributable to bloodborne pathogens. 2. The relatively simple approach of educating workers so they comply with exposure control systems has continued to be employed by many infection control and employee health specialists, despite the temporary and/or negligible effects demonstrated from high risk health care employees. 3. The reduction of worksite transmission of bloodborne pathogens through the increased use of system wide and worksite engineering techniques has been advocated by experts, demanding increased consideration from health care planners and researchers.
A Regulatory Compliance Model

Development of a model to determine the probability of a firm's compliance with a government regulation is the subject of this article. The scope of the article is limited to regulations of a type which attempt to internalize social costs, i.e. truth in packaging.