cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Smap, Gldas and Simulated Soil Moisture Datasets Over A Malaysian Region

Availability of soil moisture observations at a high spatial-temporal resolution is a prerequisite for various agricultural applications. This paper presents the comparison of SMAP (Analysis & Geophysical) and GLDAS soil moisture products versus a customized high resolution land surface model over a region representative of tropical regions located in Malaysia. The in-situ data over a nine month period is used to evaluate SMAP, GLDAS and customized LSM soil moisture. An overestimation of SMAP and GLDAS soil moisture products to in-situ data was noticed whereas customized LSM performed better with RMSE at surface 0.05 m3/m3 (ubRMSE: 0.048 m3/m3) and rootzone 0.04 m3/m3 (ubRMSE: 0.037 m3/m3) in this study. Both the SMAP products found similar and GLDAS is marginally better than SMAP. The result of this study is useful to support the continuous improvement of the SMAP soil moisture retrieval model, especially in tropical regions. The evaluation across the study region indicates that the customized LSM is able to capture spatial-temporal variation of soil moisture with better accuracy.
Multiplicity and the marginal benefits of bevacizumab in malignant solid tumours

Although clinical trials of novel medications have historically been individually interpreted, there is increasing recognition that trials should be considered to be part of a broader clinical trials agenda or portfolio […]
Distilling Heterogeneity of Mild Cognitive Impairment in the National Alzheimer Coordinating Center Database Using Latent Profile Analysis.

This cohort study uses latent profile analysis to examine the variation in mild cognitive impairment among participants in the National Alzheimer Coordinating Center (NACC) database.
Active elastomeric composite dense array stamp for micro-transfer printing

Abstract Micro-transfer printing is a powerful methodology for the manufacturing of 3D heterogeneously integrated micro-systems. This paper explores an active elastomeric composite dense array stamp which improves throughput while enabling local monitoring and control of the process. This dense array stamp is a scalable 4x4 geometry design with a multiplexed interconnection scheme, ensuring a small footprint. It consists of 16 individual stamps, each with a Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) actuator and a strain gauge sensor. Actuation and sensing characterization and closed-loop feedback control were established, and the dense array stamp performance was validated using selective pickup and place micro-transfer printing experiments.
Schools’ Efforts to Involve Latino Families of Students with Visual Impairments:

This study found that Latino families thought that schools did well in providing information about their children with visual impairments and inviting families to school programs and poorly on enco...
Potential Applications of Metamaterials to Computational Imaging

The potential exists for new optical technologies to impact computational sensor design. We consider in a formal manner the potential impact of metamaterials.
THE SITE OF ELECTRON TRANSFER TO VARIOUS ACCEPTORS IN SUCCINOXIDASE SYSTEM, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THAT OF ETHYLURETHANE

A study of succinoxidase system in rat liver mitochondria has been made, with special reference to the site of action of ethylurethane, and the site of electron transfer to several electron acceptors in this system.1. The inhibitory action of ethylurethane on succinoxidase system varied with the variety of acceptors used and it was not observed when brilliant cresyl blue was the acceptor. The inhibition was completely reversible up to the concentration of 0.5 M.2. The existence of two pathways: an “antimycin A-sensitive” and an “antimycin A-resistant, ” was indicated to link ferricyanide, 2, 6-dichlorophenolindophenol, and methylene blue with the succinoxidase system. One of the factors involved in the antimycin A-sensitive pathway is cytochrome c.3. The sensitivity of succinoxidase toward ethylurethane was exaggerated by the treatment with antimycin A and BAL and by the addition of cytochrome c. On the other hand, simultaneous addition of ethylurethane failed to protect the inhibition by BAL. Antimycin A titer of succinoxidase was decreased slightly by the presence of ethylurethane.4. From these results, the mechanism of action of ethylurethane was discussed together with that of antimycin A and BAL, and it was concluded that the site of action of ethylurethane lies at the portion of cytochrome b and Slater factor.
Elavated mammary tumorigenesis in rats exposed to estradiol or leptin during pregnancy

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 45, 2004 1388 Obesity and weight gain throughout a woman’s adult life are risk factors for postmenopausal breast cancer. Results from epidemiological studies suggest that excessive weight gain during pregnancy also increases the risk of developing breast cancer, perhaps by increasing pregnancy estrogen levels. Findings obtained in several studies suggest that the higher the estrogen levels are during pregnancy, the higher is mother’s later risk of breast cancer. Another possible mediator of excessive pregnancy weight gain is leptin that is associated with body weight and it increases estrogen levels. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of an exposure to estradiol or leptin during pregnancy on mother’s mammary tumorigenesis. To initiate mammary tumorigenesis, 50 day-old female Sprague Dawley rats were given 10 mg of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). Ten days later, rats were mated. Between days 8 and 19 of pregnancy, dams were treated daily with 10 μg of 17β-estradiol, 15 μg of leptin or vehicle. Involuted mammary glands of dams treated with estradiol during pregnancy contained a higher number of proliferating cells than the other two groups, when determined using PCNA assay (p<0.05). The number of apoptotic cells, determined using ISOL assay, was lower in the leptin and estradiol groups compared to controls (p<0.05). Both pregnancy estradiol and leptin exposures increased the incidence of mammary tumors, when compared to the controls (χ2-test: p<0.001). Tumor latency was longer in the estradiol group than in the controls (ANOVA: p<0.02), but not in the leptin group. Tumor multiplicity was higher in the leptin group than in the controls, although this increase failed to reach statistical significance. These findings indicate that an increase in estradiol or leptin levels during pregnancy increases dams’ breast cancer risk.
Relationship between growth of Escherichia coli and susceptibility to the lethal effect of paraquat.

Paraquat, which mediates increased O2- production within Escherichia coli, inhibits growth without causing cell death in a minimal medium, whereas it allows growth while decreasing viability in a r...
The Priesthood and the Sacrament of Marriage

This Article is a study of the relationship of the priesthood and marriage in Catholic theology and law from the Apostolic Age to the Council of Trent. It begins with the Apostolic Age and investigates the evidence we have for a married apostolate. It next considers the parallel theological developments, in the writings of St. Ambrose and St. Augustine, of carnally fruitful marriage and a spiritually fecund priesthood. It then reviews the penitential literature of early medieval Ireland and Continental Europe. It proposes that this literature imparted to Western Catholicism sexual conduct an intensely ascetical flavor. It also proposes that it was through the Sacrament of Confession that the priesthood continued to define and shape the content of matrimony. The Article next examines the canon law of the high middle ages in order to explain and understand the abrupt rise and triumph of consent-based theories of matrimonial formation. The Article closes with the Council of Trent and the Council Fathers’ efforts to synthesize this tradition in the light of the challenges posed by the Protestant Reformation.
Currency Board Arrangements; Issues and Experiences

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the attractions and disadvantages of currency board arrangements in their various institutional configurations. It asks what defines a currency board arrangement, what are their strengths and weaknesses, and what constraints they place on macroeconomic policies. It also reviews country experiences with these arrangements.
Software in the scientific literature: Problems with seeing, finding, and using software mentioned in the biology literature

Software is increasingly crucial to scholarship, yet the visibility and usefulness of software in the scientific record are in question. Just as with data, the visibility of software in publications is related to incentives to share software in reusable ways, and so promote efficient science. In this article, we examine software in publications through content analysis of a random sample of 90 biology articles. We develop a coding scheme to identify software "mentions" and classify them according to their characteristics and ability to realize the functions of citations. Overall, we find diverse and problematic practices: Only between 31% and 43% of mentions involve formal citations; informal mentions are very common, even in high impact factor journals and across different kinds of software. Software is frequently inaccessible 15%-29% of packages in any form; between 90% and 98% of specific versions; only between 24%-40% provide source code. Cites to publications are particularly poor at providing version information, whereas informal mentions are particularly poor at providing crediting information. We provide recommendations to improve the practice of software citation, highlighting recent nascent efforts. Software plays an increasingly great role in scientific practice; it deserves a clear and useful place in scholarly communication.
FLOATING TONES IN GA

This paper provides robust empirical evidence for floating tones in Ga, a Kwa language of Ghana. As will be shown, floating tones are crucial to an analysis of verbal tense/aspect/mood distinctions. I begin by describing two tonal processes, the HL rule and Plateauing. While these are regular processes of the language, both are blocked in the perfective. I show that the blockage is the result of a floating low tone that marks the perfective, and that the floating tone marker explains other anomalous tonal effects in the perfective. I then give an analysis of floating tone prefixes that mark certain tenses/aspects/moods by associating to the subject prefix, thus overwriting the lexical tone of the subject prefix. Finally, I give examples of suffixed floating tones that mark tense/aspect/mood by associating to verb stems, causing the underlying stem tones to delink. In these tenses/aspects/moods, we find evidence for an underlying L vs. toneless contrast, constituting another phenomenon where, as with floating tones, there is a mismatch between the number of tones and tone-bearing units. Thus, a major prediction of Autosegmental Phonology (Goldsmith 1976, Clements and Ford 1979) is borne out in Ga.
Ascites: pathogenesis and treatment.

Cirrhotic ascites results when local transperitoneal Starling forces, chiefly hydrostatic and protein oncotic pressures, are disturbed. In addition, fluid retention occurs invariably; total body sodium and water content is increased. Treatment is directed at removing abnormal fluid accumulation by dietary and pharmacologic means. The specific approach should be individualized; care must be taken to prevent diuretic-induced complications such as electrolyte imbalance and hypovolemia.
An Evaluation of the Sensitivity of U.S. Economic Sectors to Weather

This thesis is based upon a series of statistical programs written in SAS. The programs can be used to evaluate the economic impacts of future and historical climate/weather regimes for the contiguous United States. Individuals (or corporations) interested in the specifics of these programs should contact the author directly.
Roles of colloidal molecules in Starling's hypothesis and in returning interstitial fluid to the vasa recta

To begin to understand the role of colloidal molecules, a simple question requires an answer: How do the solutes alter water in an aqueous solution? Hulett's answer deserves attention, namely, the water in the solution at temperature and external pressure applied to solution (T,pe1) is altered in the same way that pure water is altered by reducing the pressure applied to it by the osmotic pressure of the water at a free surface of the solution. It is nonsense to relate the lower chemical potential of water in a solution to a lower fugacity or to a lower activity of the water in the solution, since these terms have no physical meaning. It is also incorrect to attribute the lower chemical potential of the water to a lower concentration of water in the solution. Both claims are derived from the teachings of G. N. Lewis and are erroneous. Textbook accounts of the flux of fluid to and from capillaries in the kidney and other tissues are inadequate, if not in error, as they are based on these bogus claims. An understanding of the process by which colloidal proteins in plasma affect the flux of nearly protein-free fluid across the capillary endothelium must start with insights derived from the teachings of G. Hulett and H. Dixon. The main points are 1) colloidal molecules can exert a pressure against a membrane that reflects them and, thereby, displace a distensible membrane; 2) they can alter the internal tension of the fluid through which they diffuse when there is a concentration gradient of the molecules; and 3) only by these means can they influence the flux of plasma fluid across the capillary endothelium. However, the process is complex, since both the hydrostatic pressure and protein concentrations of fluids inside and outside the capillary vary with both position and time as plasma flows through the capillary.
Other Food Preservation Methods

The methods presented in the previous six chapters are well established and in wide use throughout the world. Presented in this chapter are four methods that are less widely used but which show promise of being of greater importance in the future.
Safety Issues in Using Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Purpose A number of reports have documented the apparent increasing popularity of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) among cancer patients. Unfortunately, there are limited available published data regarding the potential toxicity of a variety of CAM strategies. Methods A review of the medical literature was undertaken to highlight the potential side effects of CAM. Results Although many CAM approaches are quite safe, both minor and major toxicities have been documented, including emesis, hypersensitivity reactions, cardiovascular events, neurologic dysfunction, hepatic and renal failure, and the development of malignant disease. Conclusion It is important that oncologists are aware of what nonprescription CAM medications are being taking by their patients and have a basic understanding of the potential toxicities of these agents.
Using a women's health perspective to guide decisions made in quantitative research

Women's health, as an emerging area of nursing scholarship, is based on a set of philosophical assumptions. These assumptions are: (i) women's health can best be understood by examining women's lived experiences within a specific context; (ii) gender bias must be avoided; (iii) the focus should be on health rather than illness; and (iv) non-exploitative relationships should be established between the researcher and research participants. Assumptions from a women's health perspective can be used by researchers to guide decisions made in conducting research with women. In order to strengthen the correspondent validity (i.e., the fit between theory and methods), research decisions need to be consistent with the philosophical assumptions of the inquiry. Examples of quantitative research decisions influenced by a women's health perspective are illustrated using a study of binge eating in women.
MINIMIZING NONPRODUCTIVE SUBSTRATE BINDING : A NEW LOOK AT GLUCOAMYLASE SUBSITE AFFINITIES

A subsite model as proposed by Hiromi [Hiromi, K. (1970) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 40, 1-6] has been applied to various hydrolases including glucoamylase (GA). The model assumes a single enzyme complex, a hydrolytic rate constant which is independent of substrate length, and a ratelimiting hydrolytic step. Recent kinetic studies with GA contradict these assumptions. Here we reevaluate the substrate binding of GA studying the pre-steady-state kinetics with glucose, which is reported here for the first time, and maltose. The association equilibrium constants for glucose and maltose interactions with wild-type and Trp120-->Phe GA from Aspergillus awamori in H2O and D2O buffers were obtained. Kinetic results indicate that a single glucose molecule binds to GA weakly by a single-step mechanism, E + G1 EG1, under the conditions studied. Similar fluorescence intensities of the GA-glucose and GA-maltose complexes, the high tryptophan concentration around subsite 1, crystal structures of various inhibitor complexes, pre-steady-state and steady-state modeling, feasibility of condensation reactions, and other evidence strongly suggest that glucose binds at subsite 1. These results conflict with the high subsite 2 and low subsite 1 affinities obtained using Hiromi's model. Using the substrate association constants for glucose and maltose obtained by pre-steady-state kinetics, the affinity of alpha-glucose for subsite 1 is shown to be substantially higher than the apparent affinity of glucose for subsite 2. We propose a GA catalytic mechanism whereby substrate binding is initiated by subsite 1 interactions with the nonreducing end of the oligosaccharide substrate, minimizing nonproductive substrate binding. Through conformational changes, entropic contributions, and increased local concentration, subsite 2 subsequently has enhanced affinity for the second covalently linked glucosyl residue.
Required pecking alters judgments of the passage of time by pigeons

There is evidence that how humans perceive time is affected by the activity in which they are engaged when they are judging time. In humans, typically, the more demanding the task, the faster time seems to pass. We asked whether a similar effect could be found in pigeons. Pigeons were trained to discriminate between a short-(2-sec) and a long-(10-sec) duration stimulus. Depending on the color of the stimulus (white or blue), the pigeons were required to peck (at least once per second or the trial was aborted) or to refrain from pecking (pecks aborted the trial). Once these tasks had been acquired to a high degree, probe trials involving white and blue stimuli were presented at durations between 2 and 10 sec. On trials in which the pigeons were required to peck, the point of subjective equality (i.e., the point at which pigeons are equally likely to choose the stimulus associated with long stimuli as the stimulus associated with short stimuli) was almost 1 sec longer than on trials in which the pigeons were required to refrain from pecking. In other words, on trials that required pecking, more time passed before the pigeons indicated that the probe duration was at the subjective midpoint between 2 and 10 sec than on trials that did not require pecking. This result suggests that like humans, the pigeons underestimated the passage of time when they were active or when attention to time-related cues had to be shared with attention to satisfying the response rate requirement.
Comparing histology and gonadosomatic index for determining spawning condition of small-bodied riverine fishes

– We compared gonadosomatic index (GSI) and histological analysis of ovaries for identifying reproductive periods of fishes to determine the validity of using GSI in future studies. Four small-bodied riverine species were examined in our comparison of the two methods. Mean GSI was significantly different between all histological stages for suckermouth minnow and red shiner. Mean GSI was significantly different between most stages for slenderhead darter; whereas stages 3 and 6 were not significantly different, the time period when these stages are present would allow fisheries biologists to distinguish between the two stages. Mean GSI was not significantly different for many histological stages in stonecat. Difficulties in distinguishing between histological stages and GSI associated with stonecat illustrate potential problems obtaining appropriate sample sizes from species that move to alternative habitats to spawn. We suggest that GSI would be a useful tool in identifying mature ovaries in many small-bodied, multiple-spawning fishes. This information could be combined with data from histology during mature periods to pinpoint specific spawning events.
Defect in assimilation following combined radiation and chemotherapy in patients with locally unresectable pancreatic carcinoma

The relative contributions of high-dose irradiation and/or chemotherapy to the nutritional problems of patients with inoperable pancreatic carcinoma were evaluated by study of pancreatic exocrine function and jejunal function and morphologic findings in ten patients before and after treatment. Nutrient assimilation studies included determination of serum carotene levels, D-xylose absorption and fat absorption. Crosby capsule biopsy specimen of jejunal mucosa were evaluated with light microscopy. Fat assimilation was the only parameter of nutritional function to significantly worsen after therapy. Low serum carotene levels present in the patients before therapy remained low but did not significantly change after treatment. D-xylose absorption and the morphologic structure of the jejunal mucosa were normal before and after treatment. These findings support the previous observations that the nutritional problems of the patient with inoperable pancreatic carcinoma are due to pancreatic insufficiency and that high dose irradiation and chemotherapy can exacerbate the pancreatic insufficiency but do not produce jejunal dysfunction. Therefore, it is suggested that pancreatic exocrine replacement therapy may improve the nutritional status of these patients.
Technical evidence for assessing the performance of markets affecting energy efficiency

Abstract This paper focuses on the empirical basis for skepticism about the effectiveness of the market mechanism in promoting cost-effective energy-efficiency improvements. We present a framework for evaluating engineering economic evidence on the diffusion of energy-efficiency improvements, and then present a series of examples within this framework that provide evidence for the existence of market imperfections related to energy efficiency. We conclude with a challenge to economists, policy analysts, and technologists to take this empirical evidence seriously and sponsor further collaborative research in this area.
Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of oral sucker papillae of Philophthalmus megalurus

Abstract Edwards H. H. , Nollen P. M. & Nadakavukaren M. J. 1977. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the oral sucker papillae of Philophthalmus megalurus. International Journal for Parasitology7: 429–437. Scanning electron microscopy reveals papillae on both the inside and outside of the oral sucker of the eyefluke, Philophthalmus megalurus. In the transmission electron microscope the papillae can be divided into 3 different types with 2 of these types occurring on the outside of the oral sucker. One type of outer papilla contains a bulb cell which is terminated by a cilium having an apparent typical arrangement of microtubules. This type is a presumed sensory receptor having tango- and/or rheoreceptor function. The second type of outer papilla contains a gland cell which secretes electron-dense granules to the outside of the fluke. The third type of papilla is found only on the inside of the oral sucker and contains a bulb cell terminated by a cilium which does not have the typical 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules. Instead, their numbers increase to over 60 randomly arranged microtubules. This inner papilla is felt to have chemoreceptor function because of its location and the presence of the modified cilium. The bulb cell of the inner papilla contains 2 newly described features. The first is granular, and associated with microtubules; it may be a possible nucleating site for microtubule synthesis. The second structure is a crystalline inclusion of unknown function and origin.
Vector Geometry in 3-Space

Just as in the plane, we may use vectors to express the analytic geometry of 3-dimensional space.
A single institution observational study of early mechanical complications in central venous catheters (valved and open-ended) in children with cancer

The use of indwelling central venous catheters (CVCs) has become essential for managing children undergoing cancer treatment. Various types of CVCs are available, but reports on complications observed in pediatric series are scarce. We describe our experience concerning early mechanical complications at our institute by providing a prospective evaluation of three types of CVCs that were inserted over a 39-month period. Between January 1, 2000, and March 31, 2003, double-lumen (DL) or single-lumen (SL) Hickman-Broviac (HB) and single-lumen pressure-activated safety-valved (PASV) catheters were inserted and prospectively evaluated. Five groups of possible mechanical complications were defined a priori: dislodgement, migration, rupture, accidental removal, and blockage. We took into consideration complications occurring only within the first 30 days of insertion. A total of 272 CVCs (118 PASV, 57 DL-HB, and 97 SL-HB) were inserted in 232 children. A total of 29 early mechanical complications (10.7% of all CVCs) were diagnosed: 15.2% of the PASV, 10.5% of the DL-HB, and 4.1% of the SL-HB. Elective removal of the catheter due to complications was required in eight patients. SL-HB catheters had fewer complications, while the complication rate and the number of devices that were removed were significantly higher in patients with PASV catheters. We conclude that catheter type correlates with the risk of early mechanical complications and removal.
Identification of the SF6 transitions pumped by a CO2 laser

Abstract The quantum numbers ( J values and octahedral symmetry types) of the SF 6 transitions from the ground state to v 3 = 1 that fall within ± 1.5 G Hz of the CO 2 P(14), P(18), and P(20) laser lines have been assigned. The SF 6 absorptions nearest these three laser frequencies are R(28) A 0 2 , P(33) A 1 2 , and an F 2 component of P(59) or P(60), respectively.
Acceptance of Noise Growth Patterns in Hearing Aid Users

Purpose To examine whether the effects of speech presentation level on acceptance of noise could differentiate full-time, part-time, and nonusers of hearing aids and whether these effects could pre...
Impact of Artificial Reservoir Size and Land Use/Land Cover Patterns on Probable Maximum Precipitation and Flood: Case of Folsom Dam on the American River

AbstractThe design of the dams usually considers available historical data for analysis of the flood frequency. The limitation of this approach is the potential shift in flood frequency due to physically plausible factors that cannot be foreseen during design. For example, future flood extremes may change, among other factors, due to strong local atmospheric feedbacks from the reservoir and surrounding land use and land cover (LULC). Probable maximum flood (PMF), which is the key design parameter for hydraulic features of a dam, is estimated from probable maximum precipitation (PMP) and the hydrology of the watershed. Given the nonlinearity of the rainfall-runoff process, a key question that needs to be answered is How do reservoir size and/or LULC modify extreme flood patterns, specifically probable maximum flood via climatic modification of PMP? Using the American River Watershed (ARW) as a representative example of an impounded watershed with a large artificial reservoir (i.e., Folsom Dam), this study ...
Hepatic dysfunction and neurotoxicity in a patient receiving long-term low-dose amiodarone therapy.

Background: Amiodarone is commonly used in the treatment of refractory paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Much of the literature focuses on the toxic effects of this medication in the setting of rapid loading or long-term therapy with high maintenance doses. However, patients have been known to develop multi-organ toxicities with long-term low-dose therapy. Case Report: We present a 90-year-old man with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation undergoing low-dose amiodarone therapy for a period of 18 months without medical follow-up who developed signs and symptoms consistent with neurotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in association with hyperammonemia. Upon discontinuation of the medication and treatment of the hyperammonemia, the patient had a rapid decline in symptoms and a return to his baseline status. Conclusion: Identifying toxicity early and correcting it rapidly may prevent life-threatening sequelae associated with amiodarone toxicity.
Approach for a quantitative on-the-fly fluorescence diagnostic in combustion systems.

The combination of a megahertz repetition rate, picosecond dye laser and gated photon counting detection is used to obtain sodium atom fluorescence lifetimes in seeded atmospheric pressure CH4/O2/diluent flames. Data acquisition times as short as 1 ms (on-the-fly) are demonstrated with a 3.8-MHz laser rep rate. The area under the fluorescence temporal profiles following laser excitation divided by the fluorescence lifetime is shown to provide a measure of sodium concentration independent of quenching environment.
The Case for Metaphysical Realism

L'A. defend une version modeste du realisme metaphysique, fondee sur la notion de dependance de l'esprit. Examinant les arguments antirealistes concernant le statut ou la structure ontologique de l'activite mentale, l'A. met en evidence l'ambiguite des lectures triviale et non-triviale de la these de la dependance de l'esprit chez Berkeley.
Phase anomalies in Fourier-transform spectrometers: an absorbing beam splitter is neither sufficient nor necessary

Recently it has been a topic of some discussion that the phase associated with part of the self-emission of a Fourier-transform spectrometer may differ neither by 0 nor by π rad from the phase of an external target if there is absorption in the beam splitter. The conventional interpretation of this has been to separate the self-emission into three terms: instrument emission from the input port, in phase with the external target; emission from the secondary input port, π rad from the target; and emission from an absorbing beam splitter with an anomalous phase (neither 0 nor π rad with respect to the target). There is another necessary condition that has not received much attention, that the instrument not be isothermal. For polarized radiation there is an additional condition that suppresses the anomalous phase, and for unpolarized radiation there is a way to produce an anomalous phase without beam-splitter absorption.
Interventional Three-Dimensional Echocardiography: Using Real-time Three-Dimensional Echocardiography to Guide and Evaluate Intracardiac Therapies

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE) already has demonstrated its utility in guiding intracardiac procedures. This article discusses the advantages RT3DE has over the previous standard of 2D echocardiography.
household organization and budget structures in a Purepecha pueblo

In Cuanajo, Michoacan, Mexico, where the local furniture industry has undergone substantial expansion, households vary widely in size, financial practices, and levels of economic success. Households use three different kinds of funds: General, Personal, and Obligated Funds. Each has different characteristics. Households of different sizes and levels of business success use different kinds of funds, which are combined in different ways. In this article I argue that these different ways of structuring budgets contribute to or detract from business success by influencing transaction costs within households. [budgets, household organization, Mexico, craft production, Purepecha]
Gravitropism of Inflorescence Stems in Starch‐Deficient Mutants of Arabidopsis

Previous studies have assayed the gravitropic response of roots and hypocotyls of wild type Arabidopsis thaliana, two reduced-starch strains, and a starchless strain. Because there have been few reports on inflorescence gravitropism, in this article, we use microscopic analyses and time-course studies of these mutants and their wild type to study gravitropism in these stems. Sedimentation of plastids was observed in endodermal cells of the wild type and reduced-starch mutants but not in the starchless mutant. In all of these strains, the short inflorescence stems (1.0-2.9 cm) were less responsive to the gravistimulus compared with the long stems (3.0-6.0 cm). In both long and short inflorescence stems, the wild type initially had the greatest response; the starchless mutant had the least response; and the reduced starch mutants exhibited an intermediate response. Furthermore, growth rates among all four strains were approximately equal. At about 6 h after reorientation, inflorescences of all strains returned to a position parallel to the gravity vector. Thus, in inflorescence stems, sedimentation of plastids may act as an accelerator but is not required to elicit a gravitropic response. Furthermore, the site of perception appears to be diffuse throughout the inflorescence stem. These results are consistent with both a plastid-based statolith model and the protoplast pressure hypothesis, and it is possible that multiple systems for gravity perception occur in plant cells.
Decoding strategies for physical-layer network coding over frequency selective channels

We investigate different decoding strategies at the relay over a frequency selective two-way relay channel with physical-layer network coding (PNC). The incorporation of the PNC scheme enables two users exchange information via a relay in two transmission phases. We study two approaches at the relay to decode the XOR of the transmitted codewords namely; a) an approximately optimal decoding scheme which is implemented using a list decoding algorithm, and b) a minimum mean square error (MMSE) based detector followed by a PNC decoder. The list decoding scheme selects L most likely pairs of sequences corresponding to the transmitted codewords and sorts them in the order of decreasing a-posteriori probabilities. From this list, estimates of the highly likely network coded sequences are obtained. Numerical examples show that a joint detector/physical-layer network coded sequence decoder (JD/PNCD) has a performance similar to the list decoding scheme and can be implemented with a lower complexity. The detection scheme based on the MMSE criterion is a suboptimal approach that generates soft information corresponding to the linear sum of the received symbols and is particularly useful in scenarios where the number of channel taps is large.
Immune checkpoint combinations from mouse to man

The discovery that antibody blockade of the T cell co-inhibitory receptor cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) can restore tumor immunity against many murine transplantable tumors leading to complete rejection of established cancer forever changed the field of immunotherapy. In more robust murine models as well as human cancer, however, CTLA-4 blockade alone can slow tumor growth and extend patient survival, but is rarely curative. Subsequent studies have revealed a large family of T cell immune checkpoint receptors which tumors engage to shield themselves from host immunity. As with CTLA-4, blockade of one of these additional inhibitory receptors, programmed death 1, has led to remarkable therapeutic responses against tumors of multiple lineages. Checkpoint monotherapy has demonstrated that durable, immune-mediated cures of established metastatic cancers are possible, yet the percentage of patients experiencing these outcomes remains low due to both redundant mechanisms of immune suppression in the tumor and limiting toxicity associated with some therapies. Thus, extending the curative potential of immunotherapy to a larger percentage of patients with a broader spectrum of malignancies will likely require combinations of co-inhibitory blockade and co-stimulatory activation designed to peel back multiple layers of tumor immune suppression while at the same time minimizing immune-mediated toxicity. As over a dozen T cell immune checkpoints and an additional dozen more co-stimulatory receptors have now been described, the challenge before us is to identify the most advantageous combinations of these agents based on the knowledge of their underlying biology and preclinical studies in murine tumor models.
Total synthesis of dolabelide D.

The first total synthesis of dolabelide D (or of any of the closely related dolabelides) has been achieved with a longest linear sequence of 17 steps. Key features of the synthesis include an application of the catalytic asymmetric silane alcoholysis, the tandem silylformylation−crotylsilylation, and a Brook-like 1,4-carbon to oxygen silyl migration.
Monitoring Shifts in Social Relations Among Chronically Ill Mexican Americans as a Culturally Sensitive Indicator of Depression

Chronically ill patients commonly suffer from comorbid depression that negatively influences disease trajectories, reduces patients' quality of life, and renders them less able to cope with the challenges of daily living. Among Hispanic primary care patients, depression is often not detected until severe. According to promotoras (de salud), who are female community health workers working with Mexican American patients with diabetes in Southern Arizona, depression is commonly undiagnosed in their communities.
The role of character in ethical leadership research

The study of character is a legitimate and essential topic for the analysis of leadership in organizations. We undertake three key objectives in this article to stimulate meaningful dialogue. First, a brief historical overview of the extant body of literature on character is provided. Second, working definitions of character and character-based leadership are introduced. Third, new directions for organizational scholars interested in examining the role of character-based leadership in both their research and teaching domains are suggested.
β-Adrenergic stimulation of frog skin mucous glands: Non-specific inhibition by adrenergic blocking agents

Abstract 1. 1. In frogs s.c. norepinephrine (NE) produced an increase in volume of skin secretions (primarily mucous gland in origin) and increases in pH, [Na+], [Cl−], and [HCO3−]. The volume response was linear to the lof of NE dose in the range of 50–400 μg. per frog. 2. 2. Aminophylline mimicked the effect of NE. 3. 3. An α- and a β-adrenergic blocking agent both inhibited the effects of norepinephrine and aminophylline, indicating non-specific blockade. 4. 4. Isoproterenol produced a greater volume of skin secretions than the weaker β-adrenergic agent phenylephrine. 5. 5. The results suggest that the catecholamine increase in mucous secretion is β-adrenergic and may be mediated by increased tissue levels of cyclic 3′,5′-AMP.
Testing for switching market conduct

This paper tests for switching market conduct in an oligopsonistic industry. The model adopts Bresnahan's procedure for identifying the oligopoly solution and integrates the procedure with a switching regression model. Applied to the US beef slaughter industry, two distinct regimes of conduct in the industry were identified. The two regimes are consistent with the time periods during which the industry has undergone major structural change.
Optimized compatible set of BioBrick™ vectors for metabolic pathway engineering

The BioBrick™ paradigm for the assembly of enzymatic pathways is being adopted and becoming a standard practice in microbial engineering. We present a strategy to adapt the BioBrick™ paradigm to allow the quick assembly of multi-gene pathways into a number of vectors as well as for the quick mobilization of any cloned gene into vectors with different features for gene expression and protein purification. A primary BioBrick™ (BB-eGFP) was developed where the promoter/RBS, multiple cloning sites, optional protein purification affinity tags and reporter gene were all separated into discrete regions by additional restriction enzymes. This primary BB-eGFP then served as the template for additional BioBrick™ vectors with different origins of replication, antibiotic resistances, inducible promoters (arabinose, IPTG or anhydrotetracycline), N- or C-terminal Histidine tags with thrombin cleavage, a LacZα reporter gene and an additional origin of mobility (oriT). All developed BioBricks™ and BioBrick™ compatible vectors were shown to be functional by measuring reporter gene expression. Lastly, a C(30) carotenoid pathway was assembled as a model enzymatic pathway to demonstrate in vivo functionality and compatibility of this engineered vector system.
On smart sanctions

Abstract We construct a game theoretic model of an oligarchic economy that potentially could be targeted by smart international sanctions. Oligarchs in this economy provide support for their leader, a strong man and potentially an autocrat, in return for favors that results in having income higher than the average income in the country. We derive the conditions under which smart sanctions lead to compliance by the target country. Moreover, we draw some comparison between the effectiveness of smart and dumb sanctions for these economies.
BIOFEEDBACK AND RELAXATION—RESPONSE TRAINING IN THE TREATMENT OF PEDIATRIC MIGRAINE

To assess the efficacy of electromyographic biofeedback, relaxation-response training and pain behavior management as a treatment for pediatric migraine, we studied 18 children between the ages of eight and 12 years (mean = 10 X 1) in a prospective, randomized, controlled investigation. Six patients received all three treatment procedures, six received relaxation-response training and pain behavior management, and the remaining six constituted a waiting-list control group. All patients kept a record of their headaches for the 15-week study period and then for four weeks one year later. Following four weeks of baseline, the treatment groups completed nine one-hour treatment sessions in 11 weeks. Both treatment groups experienced a significant reduction in headache symptoms and were significantly improved compared to the waiting-list control group by the end of treatment. The treatment groups did not differ from each other in any of these comparisons. The reduction in headache symptoms in the treatment groups was maintained one year after treatment ended. These results suggest that relaxation-response training, with or without biofeedback training, combined with pain behavior management, is an effective alternative treatment for pediatric migraine.
Satellite-derived aerosol optical depth over dark water from MISR and MODIS : Comparisons with AERONET and implications for climatological studies

[1] Although the current Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite passive remote sensing midvisible aerosol optical thickness (AOT) products are accurate overall to about 0.05 or 20%, they differ systematically on a global, monthly average basis, by about 0.03 to 0.05. Some key climate change and other applications require accuracies of 0.03 or better. The instruments are sufficiently stable and well characterized, and have adequate signal-to-noise, to realize such precision. However, assumptions made in the current standard aerosol retrieval algorithms produce AOT biases that must be addressed first. We identify the causes of AOT discrepancies over dark water under typical, relatively low AOT conditions and quantify their magnitudes on the basis of detailed analysis. Examples were selected to highlight key issues for which there are coincident MISR, MODIS, and Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) observations. Instrument calibration and sampling differences, assumptions made in the MISR and MODIS standard algorithms about ocean surface boundary conditions, missing particle property or mixture options, and the way reflectances used in the retrievals are selected each contribute significantly to the observed differences under some circumstances. Cloud screening is also identified as a factor, though not fully examined here, as are the relatively rare high-AOT cases over ocean. Specific algorithm upgrades and further studies indicated by these findings are discussed, along with recommendations for effectively using the currently available products for regional and global applications.
MDS and secondary AML display unique patterns and abundance of aberrant DNA methylation

Increasing evidence shows aberrant hypermethylation of genes occurring in and potentially contributing to pathogenesis of myeloid malignancies. Several of these diseases, such as myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs), are responsive to DNA methyltransferase inhibitors. To determine the extent of promoter hypermethylation in such tumors, we compared the distribution of DNA methylation of 14 000 promoters in MDS and secondary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients enrolled in a phase 1 trial of 5-azacytidine and the histone deacetylase inhibitor entinostat against de novo AML patients and normal CD34(+) bone marrow cells. The MDS and secondary AML patients displayed more extensive aberrant DNA methylation involving thousands of genes than did the normal CD34(+) bone marrow cells or de novo AML blasts. Aberrant methylation in MDS and secondary AML tended to affect particular chromosomal regions, occurred more frequently in Alu-poor genes, and included prominent involvement of genes involved in the WNT and MAPK signaling pathways. DNA methylation was also measured at days 15 and 29 after the first treatment cycle. DNA methylation was reversed at day 15 in a uniform manner throughout the genome, and this effect persisted through day 29, even without continuous administration of the study drugs. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as J0443.
Somatosensory scaffolding structures.

Dynamic changes in somatosensory perception occur as a result of multiple signaling events. In many instances, over-activation of sensory receptors results in the desensitization and subsequent increased threshold for activation of receptors. In other cases, receptor sensitization can occur following tissue injury and/or inflammation. In both cases, signaling mechanisms that control alterations in receptor activities can significantly affect organism response to sensory stimuli, including thermal, mechanical, and chemical. Due to the homeostatic nature of somatosensory recognition, dynamic changes in receptor response can negatively affect an individual’s way of life, as well as alert individuals to tissue damage. Here, we will focus on scaffolding structures that regulate somatosensory neuronal excitability.