cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiation Modeling in Fluidized-Bed Coal Combustion

Radiative heat transfer in fluidized-bed coal combustion is modeled by including emission, absorption and scattering from combustion gases, as well as from coal, ash and char particles. A full-spectrum k-distribution model is utilized for nongray gases and solid particles. The full-spectrum k-distributions of gas-particle mixtures are calculated from the narrowband counterparts. Over each narrowband, k-distributions of gas species are mixed according to Modest-Riazzi model before narrowband particle absorption coefficients are added to obtain a narrowband k-distribution of the mixture which are then collected into a full-spectrum k-distribution. The resulting radiative transfer equation is solved with the P1 approximation. The solver is implemented in MFIX for modeling fluidized-bed coal combustor.
The fault diagnosis expert system of 700 MW water-turbine generator for Three Gorges Hydropower Plant

Three Gorges Hydropower Plant possess the very important position in China's power system.In order to enhance the operating security of the generator of Three Gorges Hydropower Plant," The expert system for status monitoring of generator stator water cooled and fault diagnosis in Three Gorges Hydropower Plant." It realized that the system congregated the functions including collection and analysis of the multi-kinds data which involves the real time on line data,nor-real time on line data and off line data;status monitoring;fault diagnosis;fault disposing;fault Statistics and analysis,and also this system is multitask,multi-user,deal with multi-information,B/S configuration.This system starts running in May,2004,the operating experiences testify that the application of the system can enhance the security and reliability of the generator evidently,and can provide the scientific basis for decision-making of condition/optimization maintenance of the generator,and the application of the system can reduce the cost of generating electricity,bring the great economic and social benefit.In Dec.2004,CSEE organized the specialists to appraise the expert system.The attended specialists were consensus that this system filled up the blankness in China and kept ahead of the world.The specialists also advanced to popularize the expert system in China's power system.
83 AUTO-OXIDATION PRODUCTS OF POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS AS NATURAL LIGANDS FOR PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS.

Cardiovascular disease and stroke are the two leading causes of death in the United States. Atherosclerosis, being the central cause of cardiovascular disease and stroke, is the process by which macrophages accumulate oxidized lipids, cholesterol, and other fatty substances under the endothelium of blood vessels. While the clinical consequences of atherosclerosis are clear, the complex biochemical pathways that cause it are not well understood. The oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) is a key step in the build up of atherosclerotic plaques. Oxidized lipid signaling initiates inflammatory activation of vascular endothelial cells, which promotes the recruitment of monocytes. As these mononcytes mature into macrophages, they accumulate large amounts of oxidized lipid. Recent research has shown that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are key activators of genes involved in lipid uptake and cholesterol efflux from macrophages. Thiazolidinediones, a class of insulin-sensitizing drugs, are high-affinity PPAR activators and thought to reduce atherosclerosis in mouse models. While oxidized fatty acids are low affinity activators of PPAR, no high-affinity natural oxidized lipid ligand has been identified. The purpose of this research is to search for natural ligand activators of PPARs. First, arachidonic acid was auto-oxidized for 24-48 hours, which was monitored by periodic analysis using flow injection negative ion electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Once the arachidonic acid (Ox-AA) reached an appropriate level of oxidation, it was resuspended in methanol/water (1:1, v/v) containing 1 mM ammonium acetate and separated by liquid chromatography. Once the individual Ox-AA products were collected, they were tested for their ability to activate PPAR. The PPAR activation used modified HeLa cells that contained PPAR receptors linked to a luciferase reporter system. The degree of activation was assessed by the luminescence produced by luciferin. The exact chemical structures of the Ox-AA products that are high-affinity ligands of PPAR were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Elucidating the complex biochemical pathways of atherosclerosis is important to the treatment of cardiovascular disease and stroke. Identifying the natural ligands of PPARs is a crucial step in understanding atherosclerosis, which will give us insight into the physiological role of PPAR and may potentially provide new targets for therapies.
Crystal structure of [N,N′-bis­(4-methyl­phen­yl)-1,2-di­phenyl­ethane-1,2-di­imine-κ2N,N′]di­chlorido­palladium(II) methanol monosolvate

The title compound, [PdCl2(C28H24N2)]·CH3OH, was pre­pared from the reaction of PdCl2(DMSO)2 (DMSO is di­methyl sulfoxide) and N,N′-bis­(4-methyl­phen­yl)-1,2-di­phenyl­ethane-1,2-di­imine in methanol. The chelating di­imine core of the title compound deviates slightly from planarity, with an N—C—C—N torsion angle of 5.3 (3)°. Delocalization in the di­imine core is indicated by N—C and C—C bonds that are, respectively, longer and shorter than those found in related nonchelating di­imines. The distorted square-planar coordination environment around the PdII atom is manifested as bond angles that are smaller and larger than 90°, and palladacycle torsion angles of −173.22 (16) and 167.06 (16)°. These deviations are attributed to the small bite angle of 79.13 (8)° of the di­imine chelate. The crystal packing exhibits weak inter­molecular hydrogen-bonding inter­actions involving aromatic H atoms, Cl atoms and inter­calated methanol solvent mol­ecules, defining layers parallel to (010).
Barrierless Switching between a Liquid and Superheated Solid Catalyst during Nanowire Growth

Knowledge of nucleation and growth mechanisms is essential for the synthesis of nanomaterials, such as semiconductor nanowires, with shapes and compositions precisely engineered for technological applications. Nanowires are conventionally grown by the seemingly well-understood vapor–liquid–solid mechanism, which uses a liquid alloy as the catalyst for growth. However, we show that it is possible to instantaneously and reversibly switch the phase of the catalyst between a liquid and superheated solid state under isothermal conditions above the eutectic temperature. The solid catalyst induces a vapor–solid–solid growth mechanism, which provides atomic-level control of dopant atoms in the nanowire. The switching effect cannot be predicted from equilibrium phase diagrams but can be explained by the dominant role of the catalyst surface in modulating the kinetics and thermodynamics of phase behavior. The effect should be general to metal-catalyzed nanowire growth and highlights the unexpected yet technological...
Genome Sequences of Eight Bacterial Species Found in Coculture with the Haptophyte Chrysochromulina tobin

ABSTRACT The microalgal division Haptophyta uses a range of nutritional sourcing, including mixotrophy. The genome of a member of this taxon, Chrysochromulina tobin, suggests that interactions with its bacterial cohort are critical for C. tobin physiology. Here, we report the genomes of eight bacterial species in coculture with C. tobin.
Identification and Characterization of Inhibitors That Specifically Target TORC2 in Multiple Myeloma

Abstract Abstract 5026 Recent data indicate that TORC2 is necessary for survival of multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Currently, drugs targeting mTOR either inhibit TORC1 alone or both TORC1 and TORC2. To identify drugs that specifically target TORC2, we performed a drug screen in a yeast-two hybrid system to identify compounds that prevented an interaction between rictor and mTOR. We identified several potential compounds and have begun to characterize their molecular activity. These compounds induced significant MM cell apoptosis when used at concentrations below 4 uM. This cytotoxic effect was accomplished by a down regulation of TOR activity which was specific for TORC2 (ie., decreased S473 AKT phosphorylation and NDRG T346 phosphorylation). Co-immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed that at least some of the compounds prevented binding of rictor to mTOR within MM cells while having no effect on binding of raptor to mTOR. In addition, myeloma cells expressing TORC2 phosphomimetic protein substrates (AKTS473D or SGKS422D) were significantly less sensitive to apoptosis as compared to the empty vector control when treated with these compounds. These data suggest that the drug-induced cytotoxicity was mediated specifically through the inhibition of TORC2 kinase activity. These results are the initial characterization of TORC2-specific drugs and support a rationale for targeting TORC2 in multiple myeloma. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
The structure of α-Mo15Se19, a binary molybdenum selenidecontaining Mo6Se8 and Mo9Se11 clusters

Abstract Single crystals of α-Mo15Se19 (hexagonal, space group P63/m, a = 9.450(2), c = 19.600(2) A) were prepared by deintercalation of In3Mo15Se19 with iodine. The structure was determined from an X-ray data set of 726 unique reflections (R = 0.050, Rw = 0.070). The dimensions of the Mo6Se8 cluster in this compound are not significantly different from those in β-Mo15Se19. The mean metal-metal distance in the Mo9Se11 cluster is identical to that in the β phase, although individual distances differ significantly. This may be attributable to the differences in packing between the two isoelectronic phases.
Pope Francis’s and Singaporeans’ Insights on Environment and Economics

Pope Francis’s new concept of “integral ecology”(Francis P, Encyclical: Laudato Si′ On Care of Our Common Home. The Holy See, Rome (http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/encyclicals/documents/papa.francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si.html), 2015, nos 10, 62 and 137–162) appears to transcend “human ecology (Wackernagel M, Rees W, Notre empreinte ecologique, [Our Ecological Footprint]. Les Editions Ecosocietes, Montreal, 1999, p. 25: “The ecosphere is the place where we live; humanity depends on nature and not the other way around. Sustainability requires that we shift our focus from managing resources to managing ourselves, that is, learning to live as a part of nature. Finally, the economy becomes human ecology.” [Translation by Andrene C. Everson.]),” which has become popular worldwide through its iconic ecological and water “footprints” (Hoekstra A, The Water Footprint of Modern Consumer Society. Routledge, London, 2013). In his call for change and solidarity, the Pope incorporates spirituality as an additional dimension. Practically speaking, his encyclical could have at least two virtues when understood as follows. First, it could raise awareness among political leaders, global citizens and worshippers about the dangerous depletion of invisible water. Second, his remarks about the water’s problem being an educational and cultural issue could more specifically address women’s status with respect to water management in the developing world. These are two crucial matters that I will highlight in this essay. However, speaking to these issues from the standpoint of a moral authority is not enough. There must be justice too, and even more: specific action is required, in accordance with thought no. 298 from Blaise Pascal ’s Pensees: “[…] make what is just strong, or what is strong just” (Pascal B, Pensees. Trans. W. F. Trotter. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1958, p. 85, no. 298). Could Singapore’s success story in water management and economics be, with its unique combination of justice with force, a model answer to Pope Francis’s appeal? That is the question.
Co-Development of Education Aspirations and Postsecondary Enrollment Especially Among Students Who Are Low Income and Minority

Most adolescents, regardless of their occupational aspirations, are educationally ambitious. However, these high education ambitions are often unaligned with their occupational ones. This misalignm...
Análise ecotoxicológica em viveiro de carcinicultura de água doce, utilizando o cladócero Ceriodaphnia dubia como organismo-teste

Aquaculture has risen considerably in the last years due to an increase in consumption and also to the reduction in the natural fishery stocks. The production of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii has increased due to the use of intensive systems, generating more organic matter in the natural environment, and possibly causing its eutrofization. Presently, for this activity to be sustainable, it must be economically, socially and environmentally supported. Therefore, the proposition of the 2005 CONAMA states the use of ecotoxicological analysis for controlling effluents. The aim of this study was to carry out ecotoxicological analysis, with the test-organism Ceriodaphnia dubia, in order to evaluate the water quality from an enterprise of fresh water shrimp culture. Samples were collected monthly, for six months, in a pond of fresh water shrimp Macrobrachium rosenbergii farm. Sites for sampling were set up in order to cover the complete water flow, i.e. from water supply in the system (affluent), passing through shrimp pond, then through effluent and its disposal into the natural environment (water receiver). Results showed that all sites were classified as toxic (acute or chronic). The average of the effluent dilution in all samples reveled NOEC of 50%, LOEC of 100% and IC50:168h of 56.62%. In addition, the physical and chemical variables were analyzed and compared with the results of toxicity
Dacoity in India: Investigating Thievery and Banditry in the British Raj’s Jewel

Despite continued anti-banditry efforts, the problem of dacoity persists in India today. Although it has a long history in the subcontinent, relatively little quantitative work has been done on the topic. Using official crime data published by the Government of India and information in the Census of India, this study seeks to evaluate the impact of state-level factors on the prevalence of dacoit crimes in India using multilevel modeling. Certain state-level characteristics do, with statistical significance, impact the prevalence of dacoit crimes in India. Using this analysis as a framework, this study evaluates the importance of characteristics within Indian society that allow the practice of dacoity to continue in quite large numbers. The study seeks to provide Indian decision-makers with new insight to evaluate potential mechanisms to finally bring this century-old criminal activity to an end. By understanding what characteristics increase the likelihood of dacoity, decision-makers will be better positioned to shape effective tools for countering these actions. This research impacts the greater region, not just India. Banditry has a rich and lucrative history throughout South Asia. An empirical study in Indian banditry can provide insights for other states to counter their manifestations of the same problem.
“You Can’t be Rich Only Doing Good Deeds”: Bilingual Kindergarteners’ Discussions About Poverty and Wealth

This interdisciplinary study explores the intersection of economic equality, bilingual discussion, and early literacy instruction by examining Korean kindergarteners’ discussions about poverty and wealth during read-alouds. As part of a larger qualitative study, the current study was conducted in a kindergarten classroom at the Korean Language School, in the midwest of the United States. The study focused on Korean–English bilingual children’s read-alouds of picture books that dealt with poverty and wealth issues. The data were collected across four months through multiple sources, including audio/video recordings, open-ended interviews, children’s artifacts, and observational field notes. The findings suggest that bilingual discussions about children’s books on poverty and human equality in early-childhood classrooms are a medium to help children develop critical perspectives about poverty, wealth, and economic equality from an early age.
Editorial Commentary: Can We Really See the Calcified Cartilage Layer When Debriding Focal Cartilage Defects?

Abstract Cell-based cartilage restoration techniques have made huge leaps in recent years; however, many hurdles still lay ahead, one of which is the fundamental task of preparing the cartilage lesion site. Although it is one of the first skills an arthroscopist learns during training, it seems that current techniques and instrumentation still yield inconsistent results, which can hinder patient outcomes.
The Use of Computer Experiments to Predict Radiation Effects in Solid Materials

Prediction of radiation effects requires an analysis of defect annealing in addition to the analysis of the primary damage state directly produced by irradiation. The transient and steady states associated with defect production and annealing depend upon the particular types of defect configurations possible under irradiation conditions. Many of the important defect configurations are much different in character than those which can be produced thermally. Experience has shown that the analysis of radiation effects must be based on discrete particle interaction rather than continuum models, providing one of the main reasons for using the computer experiment method in radiation effects prediction. The methods used to simulate atomic collision cascades in solids and to simulate the crucial initial stages in the subsequent defect annealing process are described and illustrated with results from computer experiment simulations. Special emphasis is placed upon the influence of ceramic- like precipitates on defect production and annealing in reactor structural materials.
Murine monoclonal antibody therapy in two patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia

We infused the murine monoclonal antibody T101 into two patients with advanced refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) after confirming its reactivity with their CLL cells. One patient received doses of 1, 3, and 12 mg; the second patient received 10 mg. Antibody was delivered over 10--15 min. The major observations were: (1) T101 murine monoclonal antibody did bind to cells with T65 surface antigen and saturated these cells in vivo; (2) cells that bound T101 disappeared from the circulation by 2 hr after treatment, as evidenced by a marked drop in lymphocyte counts; (3) T101 serotherapy resulted in some intravascular cell injury associated with sequestration and probably destruction in the liver and lung; (4) free serum T101 was demonstrable, but disappeared by 2--4 hr after infusion; (5) rapid infusion of T101 did not induce significant modulation of T65; (6) rapid infusion of greater than 10 mg of T101 was associated with significant systemic reactions. Monoclonal antibodies may someday have an application in leukemia therapy, but additional experimental trials are clearly indicated.
MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS FOR DAIRY PLANT PERSONNEL1

Summary The evidence suggests that periodical medical examinations for milk and milk product handlers can be abolished without an increase in disease transmission through milk and milk products. A saving of expenses and/or time for the plant employee would result. The alternative that would benefit the dairy industry would be the establishment of specific details of the medical examination and their uniform adoption by the states and municipalities.
Why Is Uncle Paintbrush so Funny? The Case of YouTube Translation of a Syrian Kurdish Wedding Song into Finnish

In late 2009 and early 2010, a craze for a YouTube video titled “Niilin hanhet” (“The geese of Nile”; The Kassitus 2009) and its star, a Syrian Kurd singer who became known as Pensseliseta (“Uncle Paintbrush”), swept Finland. It was not the quality of the performance that made the video stand out from the plethora of YouTube productions, but its subtitling in Finnish. “Niilin hanhet” is an example of a practice known to YouTube users as “buffalaxing.” Named for the YouTube user who pioneered the practice, buffalaxing is a type of phonemic translation that results in rather silly, grammatically incorrect, and salacious phrases that generally—but by no means exclusively—are considered funny by the YouTube audience. In the case of “Niilin hanhet,” lines like “The geese of Nile of my own ass” and “I protect my ass with dusty trips” result from a deliberate mishearing of the Kurdish language as Finnish. More particularly, the outcome is a Finnish text that combines homoerotic imagery with allegedly comedic—and potentially xenophobic—content.
H∞-calculus for semigroup generators on BMO

Abstract We prove that the negative generator L of a semigroup of positive contractions on L ∞ has bounded H ∞ ( S η ) -calculus on the associated Poisson semigroup-BMO space for any angle η > π / 2 , provided L satisfies Bakry-Emery's Γ 2 ≥ 0 criterion. Our arguments only rely on the properties of the underlying semigroup and work well in the noncommutative setting. A key ingredient of our argument is a type of quasi monotone properties for the subordinated semigroup T t , α = e − t L α , 0 α 1 , that is proved in the first part of this article.
Workplace intrusions and employee strain: the interactive effects of extraversion and emotional stability.

Background/objectives: Intrusions are a type of workplace interruption defined as unexpected interpersonal contact that disrupts workflow. Drawing from the Job Demands-Resources model of work stres...
TCT-125 Impact of Insurance on Outcomes and Readmission Rates in Young Adults After Acute Myocardial Infarction

Readmissions after acute myocardial infarction (MI) are common and contribute to significant rise in health care cost. Insurance status plays a key role in outcomes after an acute MI, and in this study, we compared the effect of insurance status on readmission rates and outcomes after acute MI in
Coexisting holes and electrons in high-T C materials: implications from normal state transport

Normal state resistivity and Hall effect are shown to be successfully modeled by a two-band model of holes and electrons that is applied self-consistently to (i) dc transport data reported for eight bulk-crystal and six oriented-film specimens of YBa2Cu3O7−δ, and (ii) far-infrared Hall angle data reported for YBa2Cu3O7−δ and Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ. The electron band exhibits extremely strong scattering; the extrapolated dc residual resistivity of the electronic component is shown to be consistent with the previously observed excess thermal conductivity and excess electrodynamic conductivity at low temperature. Two-band hole–electron analysis of Hall angle data suggests that the electrons possess the greater effective mass.
Political and economic determinants of budget deficits in the industrial democracies

Abstract Given the large deficits in many OECD countries in recent years, and the resulting sharp rise in the public debt, it is important to determine the economic and political forces leading to such large deficits. We find only partial support for the ‘equilibrium approach to fiscal policy’, which assumes that tax rates are set over time in order to minimize the excess burden of taxation. We suggest that in several countries the slow rate at which the post-'73 fiscal deficits were reduced resulted from the difficulties of political management in coalition governments. There is a clear tendency for larger deficits in countries characterized by a short average tenure of government and by the presence of many political parties in a ruling coalition.
Formation and validation of an acute care clinical pharmacist productivity model: Part 2.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the project described here was to use the work outputs identified in part 1 of a 2-part research initiative to build and validate an acute care clinical pharmacist productivity model. METHODS: Following the identification of work outputs in part 1 of the project, relative weighting was assigned to all outputs based on the time intensity and complexity of each task. The number of pharmacists verifying an inpatient medication order each day was selected to represent the labor input. A multivariable linear regression was performed to determine the final work outputs for inclusion in the model. Productivity and productivity index values were calculated for each day from July 1, 2018, through June 30, 2019. RESULTS: Of the 27 work outputs identified via consensus by the clinical pharmacist working team, 17 work outputs were ultimately included in the productivity model. The average productivity during the period July 2018 through June 2019 was derived from the model and will serve as the baseline productivity for acute care clinical pharmacists. CONCLUSION: Validated consensus methodology can be useful for engaging clinical pharmacist in decision-making and developing a clinical productivity model. When thoughtfully designed, the model can replace obsolete measures of productivity that do not account for the responsibilities of clinical pharmacists.
Cyanuric chloride as the basis for compositionally diverse lipids

Cyanuric chloride has been utilized in the development of new synthetic lipid compounds using two differing schemes. The resulting lipids, presented in this manuscript, were characterized and evaluated for their ability to form nanoparticles and subsequently tested for their utility in various biological applications, including gene delivery and immunization. Of the 12 lipids synthesized, 8 formed nanoparticles that remained stable, based on dynamic light scattering, for at least one month. The compounds were then assessed for their toxicity, and subsequently tested for their ability to encapsulate drugs, genes and peptides. While the compounds did not seem to encapsulate carboxyfluorescein, we demonstrate that these lipids are capable of plasmid delivery in vitro, and inducing antibody profiles similar to other hydrophobic anchors in liposomal peptide vaccines. This strategy for accessing diverse lipid compounds offers a way to easily optimize lipid-based therapeutics for research in an expedited manner.
Supercontinuum from an ultra-thin slab of two-level atoms ensemble

Abstract I investigate the effects of intermodal interference on the supercontinuum generated from a very thin sample of two-level system. I find that: (i) in all cases, the spectral width of the emitted radiation increases with the pump intensity to reach a saturated value; (ii) for slabs with one dominant mode [thickness equal to ( m ± 1 4 ) λ , where m is an integer and λ is the wavelength of the atomic resonance frequency] the value of the saturation spectral width increases almost linearly with the slab thickness; and (iii) for slab thicknesses not on this lattice, the value of the spectral width is not a monotonic function of the slab thickness.
Atomic Volume Contraction in Rare Earth Nickel Intermetallics as a Function of Partial Coordination Number Coefficient

Molecular volume contraction upon formation of rare earth inter-metallic compounds from the elements is a very well-known phenomenon. While a method for calculating intermetallic atomic volumes was introduced by the author in 1971 as a partial argument for predicting the unstability of SmCo5 (1) and again in 1974 in the discussion of the Pu2C3 structure (2), systematic studies have only recently included rare earth semimetals and intermetallics (3, 4). As might be expected from their large size it is the rare earth atoms that are primarily responsible for the volume contraction. The rare earth atom volume is found herein to decrease approximately linearly with respect to its coefficient of partial coordination number with nickel. This latter concept is a measure of the relative importance and number of rare earth-nickel bonds and arises from the generalization of the concept of coordination number (3, 5). The amount of the rare earth volume contraction is surprisingly large, i.e., greater than 30%. Nickel on the other hand shows a smaller volume expansion upon alloying. These volume changes are thought to be due primarily to size difference effects upon bonding density distribution.
Large-scale stochastic linear inversion using hierarchical matrices

Stochastic inverse modeling deals with the estimation of functions from sparse data, which is a problem with a nonunique solution, with the objective to evaluate best estimates, measures of uncertainty, and sets of solutions that are consistent with the data. As finer resolutions become desirable, the computational requirements increase dramatically when using conventional solvers. A method is developed in this paper to solve large-scale stochastic linear inverse problems, based on the hierarchical matrix (or ℋ 2 matrix) approach. The proposed approach can also exploit the sparsity of the underlying measurement operator, which relates observations to unknowns. Conventional direct algorithms for solving large-scale linear inverse problems, using stochastic linear inversion techniques, typically scale as 𝒪(n 2 m+nm 2), where n is the number of measurements and m is the number of unknowns. We typically have n ≪ m. In contrast, the algorithm presented here scales as 𝒪(n 2 m), i.e., it scales linearly with the larger problem dimension m. The algorithm also allows quantification of uncertainty in the solution at a computational cost that also grows only linearly in the number of unknowns. The speedup gained is significant since the number of unknowns m is often large. The effectiveness of the algorithm is demonstrated by solving a realistic crosswell tomography problem by formulating it as a stochastic linear inverse problem. In the case of the crosswell tomography problem, the sparsity of the measurement operator allows us to further reduce the cost of our proposed algorithm from 𝒪(n 2 m) to $\mathcal {O}(n^{2} \sqrt {m} + nm)$ . The computational speedup gained by using the new algorithm makes it easier, among other things, to optimize the location of sources and receivers, by minimizing the mean square error of the estimation. Without this fast algorithm, this optimization would be computationally impractical using conventional methods.
Mily's world: a coordinate geometry learning environment with game-like properties

Mily's World is a learning environment for coordinate geometry that has game-like properties, that is, elements of games that are engaging such as cover story, graphical representation, and animated feedback This paper proposes that adding game-like properties to a computer tutor results in more student engagement and interest in the content material We have taken a measured and minimalist approach to making the original environment more game-like by making a balance between stimulation and overload We received mixed result in our experiment with sixty six students.
Differential intracellular calcium responses to glutamate in type 1 and type 2 cultured brain astrocytes.

Fluorescence image analysis using the calcium indicator fluo-3 was used to examine changes in [Ca2+]i induced by glutamate in mixed glia populations cultured from neonatal rat brains. [Ca2+]i responses were correlated with glia type by performing immunohistochemistry using markers specific for type 1 and type 2 astrocytes on the same cells used in the imaging experiments. Glutamate (30–500 microM) induced two markedly different [Ca2+]i responses in the two astrocyte types: the response in type 1 astrocytes consisted of an initial fast transient followed by varying degrees of oscillations, whereas the predominant response in type 2 astrocytes was a slow rise in [Ca2+]i to a more or less sustained and nonoscillatory level. In some type 2 astrocytes, an initial spikelike transient similar to that in type 1 astrocytes was observed; the overall size of the spike, however, was smaller than in type 1 astrocytes. Two agonists for the ionotropic glutamate receptor, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) and kainate, elicited a 6-cyano-7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX)- sensitive, external Ca(2+)-dependent, sustained [Ca2+]i rise in type 2 but not type 1 astrocytes. The initial spike in type 2 astrocytes was less dependent on external Ca2+ and not blocked by CNQX. [Na+]i as measured by the Na(+)-fluorescence dye SBFI, was elevated by kainate in both astrocyte types, though the increase was larger in type 2 astrocytes. This increase was reduced by CNQX, suggesting this [Ca2+]i increase was mediated, at least in part, by ionotropic glutamate receptors. The results are discussed in terms of the relative distribution of two classes of glutamate receptors on these two astrocyte types: one, the ionotropic class, is linked directly to an ion channel, and the other, the metabotropic class, induces internal mobilization of Ca2+ via inositol phospholipid hydrolysis.
Modeling contention of giga-updates per second (GUPs) in three parallel programming paradigms

In this paper we make use of the LoPC model, which is inspired by both the LogP/PG and BSP models but accounts for contention for message processing resources in parallel programming models to derive a general estimate of execution cost. We carry out this cost estimate analysis for three dominate programming models: message passing, shared memory and distributed shared memory. We analyze a typical application; GUPs written in these programming models that have irregular receiver-initiated synchronous communication. The LoPC estimate for this application is shown to be accurate when compared against measured values of runtime of actual empirical computations on an SGI O2000 multiprocessor machine.
Visually Representing Consumer Perceptions

Perceptual maps and trees are widely used for business applications like advertising development, product design and product positioning. Maps and trees are however intrinsically different in terms of how well they can represent consumer perceptions of product‐market structure. Draws on recent advances in the academic literature to evaluate the relative strengths and weaknesses of maps and trees. This theoretical evaluation is used to develop a grid‐based framework which is then used to provide guidelines to managers about what kind of visual representation to use, and what type of input data to collect, for some different real‐life marketing tasks. This conceptual framework is also used to indicate directions for future academic research in the area of visual representation models.
Quantitation of elongating form A and B RNA polymerases in chick oviduct nuclei and effects of estradiol

The number of elongating form A and B RNA polymerases in chick oviduct nuclei was estimated by measuring incorportaion of 3H-UTP into 3' termini of nascent RNA chains in the presence of heparin to inhibit initiation, and quantitation labeled uridine released from these termini after alkaline hydrolysis. The method corrects for conversion of UMP to uridine (U) during manipulations and for production of 3' termini by ribonucleases and phosphatases. The results indicate that a large fraction of RNA polymerases elongating in vivo is retained in isolated nuclei: per diploid genome, approximately 1 x104 form B and 2 x103 form A enzymes are present. These levels are sufficient to maintain normal in vivo rates of mRNA and rRNA synthesis, but the average density of packing of polymerases on DNA is considerably less than the maximum density predicted by Miller and Bakken (1972), suggesting that initiation of polymerases of DNA is a limiting factor in the control of transcription. Rates of elongation of polymerases in vitro are severely impaired, indicative of a loss of elongation factors during nuclear isolation. After 6 hr of estradiol treatment in vivo, the level of form A enzymes in ovoduct nuclei increases to 5 x 103; little change in the number of form B enzymes is seen.
Dissolution and precipitation of clay minerals under geologic CO2 sequestration conditions: CO2-brine-phlogopite interactions.

To ensure efficiency and sustainability of geologic CO2 sequestration (GCS), a better understanding of the geochemical reactions at CO2-water-rock interfaces is needed. In this work, both fluid/solid chemistry analysis and interfacial topographic studies were conducted to investigate the dissolution/precipitation on phlogopite (KMg3Si3AlO10(F,OH)2) surfaces under GCS conditions (368 K, 102 atm) in 1 M NaCl. Phlogopite served as a model for clay minerals in potential GCS sites. During the reaction, dissolution of phlogopite was the predominant process. Although the bulk solution was not supersaturated with respect to potential secondary mineral phases, interestingly, nanoscale precipitates formed. Atomic force microcopy (AFM) was utilized to record the evolution of the size, shape, and location of the nanoparticles. Nanoparticles first appeared on the edges of dissolution pits and then relocated to other areas as particles aggregated. Amorphous silica and kaolinite were identified as the secondary mineral ...
Multiple-hit inhibition of infection by defective interfering particles.

Defective interfering particles (DIPs) are virus-like particles that arise during virus growth, fail to grow in the absence of virus, and replicate at the expense of virus during co-infections. The inhibitory effects of DIPs on virus growth are well established, but little is known about how DIPs influence their own growth. Here vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and its DIPs were used to co-infect BHK cells, and the effect of DIP dose on virus and DIP production was measured using a yield-reduction assay. The resulting dose–response data were used to fit and evaluate mathematical models that employed different assumptions. Our analysis supports a multiple-hit process where DIPs inhibit or promote virus and DIP production, depending on dose. Specifically, three regimes of co-infection were apparent: (i) low DIP – where both virus and DIPs are amplified, (ii) medium DIP – where amplification of both virus and DIPs is inhibited, and (iii) high DIP – with limited recovery of virus production and further inhibition of DIP growth. In addition, serial-passage infections enabled us to estimate the frequency of de novo DIP generation during virus amplification. Our combined experiments and models provide a means to understand better how DIPs quantitatively impact the growth of viruses and the spread of their infections.
The impact of parallelism on software

There seems to be a tug-of-war raging between computer procurement technical evaluation committees, computer designers and scholars of computer science and numerical analysis over the issue of parallelism in computations. Caught in the middle seems to be the user community and the compiler writers. For the scope of this paper, the term "user community" will be assumed to be Fortran programmers who are involved in solving problems that require large computer resources, e.g. plasma research, weather prediction, ray tracing, seismic analysis, econometric modeling, weapons research, reactor calculation, etc.
A significance test for one parameter isosensitivity functions.

A large-sample test for the significance of the difference between two detection data points is developed based upon the assumptions of a one-parameter signal detectability model. In essence, the null hypothesis tested is that two observed data points belong to the samed' function.
Aligning Cost Assessment With Community-Based Participatory Research The Kin KeeperSM Intervention

The few existing economic evaluations of community-based health promotion interventions were reported retrospectively at the end of the trial. We report an evaluation of the costs of the Kin KeeperSM Cancer Prevention Intervention, a female family-focused educational intervention for underserved women applied to increase breast and cervical cancer screening by enhancing cancer literacy. The cost analysis was performed from the perspective of a health organization with established community partnerships adding the Kin Keeper family intervention in the future to an existing community health worker program. The cost of delivering the Kin Keeper intervention, including two cancer education home visits, was $151/family. Kin Keeper is an inexpensive educational intervention delivered by community health workers to promote breast and cervical screening, with strong fidelity and quality. Prospecting cost evaluations of community-based interventions are needed for making informed timely decisions on the adaptation...
Enhanced lipoperoxidation products in pure pancreatic juice: evidence for organ-specific oxidative stress in chronic pancreatitis

Abstract Background. Oxygen-free radicals can play a role in the development of chronic pancreatitis, altering the redox state with damage of cell constituents and decrease in antioxidant defences. Aims. To measure levels of lipoperoxidation products, conjugated dienes and lipid hydroperoxides, in pure pancreatic juice and serum of chronic pancreatitis patients and compare them to that in controls. To investigate a possible correlation with serum indexes of pancreatic inflammation (amylase and lipase). Patients. Pancreatic juice was collected during ERCP, after secretin stimulation, in 20 patients with chronic pancreatitis and 11 controls with biliary diseases. Methods. Lipid hydroperoxide levels were determined with FOX2 method and measured as absorbance at 560 nm. Conjugated diene levels were measured using second-derivative spectroscopy. Results. No substantial difference was present in serum levels of lipid hydroperoxides, conjugated dienes (in both isomeric forms) and isomer-ratio values between those of patients with chronic pancreatitis and controls. In pancreatic juice, there was a significant increase in lipid hydroperoxides and conjugated dienes levels (especially trans–trans isomers) in chronic pancreatitis patients compared with controls, with a decrease in cis–trans isomers and a significant difference in isomer-ratio values. Conclusions. Increased levels of lipid hydroperoxides and conjugated dienes in the pancreatic juice of chronic pancreatitis patients is indicative of an enhanced lipoperoxidation and antioxidants consumption in pancreatic tissue, confirmed by the decreased isomer-ratio values as an indirect index of decreased antioxidant capacity. The lack of significant difference in conjugated diene and lipid hydroperoxide levels in the serum of chronic pancreatitis patients versus that of controls suggests an oxidative stress limited to pancreatic tissue and indicative of an organ-specific pathology, confirmed by the parallel behaviour of oxidative parameters (lipid hydroperoxides and conjugated dienes) and indexes of pancreatic inflammation (amylase and lipase).
Complications of prostate cryosurgery: CT findings in three patients

We present the computed tomographic (CT) findings of complications of prostate cryosurgery in three patients. One patient had injury to the bladder base and rectum, which resulted in ureteral obstruction and vesicorectal fistula. The other two patients had urethral injuries. All three patients had CT evidence of prostate necrosis. If utilization of prostate cryosurgery increases, complications will be encountered more frequently on imaging studies.
Overuse of CT in Patients with Complicated Gallstone Disease

Background When compared with ultrasound, CT scans are more expensive, have substantial radiation exposure and lower sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values for patients with gallstone disease. Study Design We reviewed data on patients emergently admitted with complicated gallstone disease between January 2005 and May 2010. Use of CT and ultrasound imaging on admission was described. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate factors predicting receipt of CT. Results Five hundred and sixty-two consecutive patients presented emergently with complicated gallstone disease. Mean age was 45 years. Seventy-two percent of patients were female, 46% were white, and 41% were Hispanic. Seventy-two percent of patients had an ultrasound during the initial evaluation and 41% had a CT. Both studies were performed in 25% of patients (n = 141), 16% (n = 93) had CT only, and 47% (n = 259) had ultrasound only. CT was performed first in 67% of those who underwent both studies. Evening imaging (7 pm−7 am, odds ratio [OR] = 4.44; 95% CI, 2.88−6.85), increased age (OR = 1.14 per 5-year increase; 95% CI, 1.07−1.21), leukocytosis (OR = 1.67; 95% CI, 1.10−2.53), and hyperamylasemia (OR = 2.02; 95% CI, 1.16−3.51) predicted use of CT. Conclusions Our study demonstrates the overuse of CT in evaluation of complicated gallstone disease. Evening imaging was the biggest predictor of CT use, suggesting that CT is performed not to clarify the diagnosis, but rather a surrogate for the indicated study. Surgeons and emergency physicians should be trained to perform right upper quadrant ultrasound to avoid unnecessary studies in the appropriate clinical setting.
Letter: A novel diterpene from Dollabella californica.

The sea hare Dollabella californica Sterns, a large softbodied opistobranch mollusk, was collected at Isla Partida, Gulf of California. The digestive gland of Dollabella, contained a number of terpenoid compounds which are probably of dietary origin. The major components of the digestive gland extracts are a series of diterpenes which appear to be closely related. The structural determination has been obtained by single-crystal x-ray diffraction analysis for a diterpene 1 having a novel 5,11-bicyclic carbon skeleton. (DDA)
Nonlinear and Linear Regression Applied to Concentration versus Time Kinetic Data from Pinhas's Sanitizer Evaporation Project

A recent article in this Journal described a laboratory experiment in which students study the evaporation kinetics of hand sanitizer. In this communication, the differences between using linear regression on linearized kinetics data versus nonlinear regression on raw data are examined, and arguments in favor of the latter are presented.
The density of states in the Coulomb gap

Abstract A new bound on the density of single-particle states N 1(E) in the Coulomb gap is derived. This is exponential in three-dimensional systems, A(E/E 0)−3/2 × exp{-(E/E 0)−1)}, and a power-law in two dimensions. The method, following the suggestion of Efros and Shklovskii (1975), is to consider the relaxation around a particle added to the ground state. The electric field of this extra charge induces electron-hole transitions in the surroundings, which lower the total energy of the excitation. The energy must not become negative, however; so the distribution of relaxation energies, which I have calculated using Chandraskehar's method, provides a bound on N 1(E). The calculation also shows how the Coulomb gap for ‘electronic polarons’ narrows rapidly as the region of relaxation included in the excitation increases.
Failure of bovine hemoglobin to “bind” water in electrolyte solutions

Abstract Water content was measured gravimetrically on crystalline bovine hemoglobin solutions containing 35.50–61.75 g of hemoglobin per 100 ml of phosphate buffered Na and K solutions. The content of water in these solutions was also determined by teh molal depression of the freezing point when 2 ml of the hemoglobin solution was added to known amounts of dried Na and K salts. There was no appreciable difference between the magnitude of water determined gravimetrically and the magnitude measured as water available to dissolve Na and K salts. It was concluded that crystalline bovine hemoglobin does not “bind” water in solutions in the sense that this water is made unavailable as a solvent for salts.