cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Viracept (nelfinavir mesylate, AG1343): a potent, orally bioavailable inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.

Using a combination of iterative structure-based design and an analysis of oral pharmacokinetics and antiviral activity, AG1343 (Viracept, nelfinavir mesylate), a nonpeptidic inhibitor of HIV-1 protease, was identified. AG1343 is a potent enzyme inhibitor (Ki = 2 nM) and antiviral agent (HIV-1 ED50 = 14 nM). An X-ray cocrystal structure of the enzyme−AG1343 complex reveals how the novel thiophenyl ether and phenol−amide substituents of the inhibitor interact with the S1 and S2 subsites of HIV-1 protease, respectively. In vivo studies indicate that AG1343 is well absorbed orally in a variety of species and possesses favorable pharmacokinetic properties in humans. AG1343 (Viracept) has recently been approved for marketing for the treatment of AIDS.
Tolerancing of diffraction-limited Kirkpatrick–Baez synchrotron beamline optics for extreme-ultraviolet metrology

The recent interest in extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) lithography has led to the development of an array of at-wavelength metrologies implemented on synchrotron beamlines. These beamlines commonly use Kirkpatrick–Baez (K–B) systems consisting of two perpendicular, elliptically bent mirrors in series. To achieve high-efficiency focusing into a small spot, unprecedented fabrication and assembly tolerance is required of these systems. Here we present a detailed error-budget analysis and develop a set of specifications for diffraction-limited performance for the K–B optic operating on the EUV interferometry beamline at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory’s Advanced Light Source. The specifications are based on code v modeling tools developed explicitly for these optical systems. Although developed for one particular system, the alignment sensitivities presented here are relevant to K–B system designs in general.
Plant and soil response to single and mixed species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under fungicide stress

Abstract Defining sustainable agricultural practices requires an understanding of both above- and below-ground consequences to management strategies. While alternatives to biocides are sought for the control of weeds, insects and pathogens, biocide use will continue with the goal of reducing quantities used in an integrated approach. The impact of three fungicides on plant growth, seed yield, seed nutrient composition, and on soil aggregation as mediated by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi was studied in a silty-clay loam soil with a high extractable P concentration. Shoot dry mass, seed yield and seed nutrient (N, P, K) contents of pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants were enhanced by three AM fungi and a mixture of three fungi compared with nonAM plants. Each AM fungus produced a distinct pattern of shoot responses of plants, but the mixed inoculum treatment was as good or better than each single species for all of the above-ground measures of plant performance. Soil aggregation was improved by two of the three AM fungi as individual inocula, and was further increased in the mixed inoculum treatment. Two of the three fungicides reduced shoot dry mass and seed yield, but none of the fungicides affected soil aggregation. Fungicides inhibited mycorrhiza formation least in the mixed inoculum treatment which gave the best overall plant and soil responses. Since the three fungi together were more tolerant of fungicides than each fungus alone, it appeared that as a community, AM fungi modified and alleviated fungicide stress, resulting in high levels of plant performance and soil aggregation.
Standardised Feeding Strategies in Tertiary Neonatal Units: A Survey of Current Practices in the United Kingdom

Background: Standardised feeding strategies have shown to minimise variations in enteral feeding practices which reduces the risk of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC). The pathogenesis of NEC is multifactorial and over 90% of the infants develop this condition after being fed.
Bimodal signaling in infancy: Motor behavior, reference, and the evolution of spoken language

It has long been asserted that the evolutionary path to spoken language was paved by manual–gestural behaviors, a claim that has been revitalized in response to recent research on mirror neurons. Renewed interest in the relationship between manual and vocal behavior draws attention to its development. Here, the pointing and vocalization of 16.5-month-old infants are reported as a function of the context in which they occurred. When infants operated in a referential mode, the frequency of simultaneous vocalization and pointing exceeded the frequency of vocalization-only and pointing-only responses by a wide margin. In a non-communicative context, combinatorial effects persisted, but in weaker form. Manual–vocal signals thus appear to express the operation of an integrated system, arguably adaptive in the young from evolutionary times to the present. It was speculated, based on reported evidence, that manual behavior increases the frequency and complexity of vocal behaviors in modern infants. There may be merit in the claim that manual behavior facilitated the evolution of language because it helped make available, early in development, behaviors that under selection pressures in later ontogenetic stages elaborated into speech.
Determination of sulfide capacities of CaO-SiO2 slags containing CaF2 and B2O3 by an encapsulation method

The sulfide capacities of CaO-SiO2 melts containing CaF2 and B2O3 have been measured by simultaneous equilibration of samples within quartz capsules at 1503°C. In this method, the compositions of both the condensed phases and the static gas environment adjust to es-tablish a mutual equilibrium. Although the sulfurizing potential,PS2/PO2, is neither preset nor directly measured, the sulfide capacities,Cs, of all samples within the capsule are related by the following equation:CS(j)=(pct S)j/(pct S)i · CS(i)· Hence, the sulfide capacities of all samples may be calculated from the measurement of the final sulfur content of each sample and the inclusion of a “reference” slag sample for which CS is known from previous measurements. In the present study, quartz capsules containing as many as fifty slag samples including several reference samples have been equilibrated. With considerable difficulty the encapsulation-equilibration method atl503°C has been developed into an acceptable procedure. The influences of CaF2 and B2O3 on the sulfide capacities of several CaO-SiO2 melts have been measured. The results may be summarized as follows: 1) for melts of fixed CaO/SiO2 ratio, the addition of CaF2 increases sulfide capacity and the addition of B2O3 decreases sulfide capacity, 2) the substitution of CaF2 for CaO does not alter sulfide capacity significantly, and 3) the substitution of B2O3 for SiO2 increases sulfide capacity slightly. These results have been obtained for melts with CaO/SiO2 mass ratios ranging from 1.00 to 1.28 and with flux additions up to 10 wt pct.
Age at Adoption: Long-Term Measures of Success in Adulthood

Older child adoptions are increasing, yet little attention has been paid to the effect of age at adoption in adoptees’ later years. This study examines a relationship between age at adoption and later educational levels as well as socioeconomic status and psychological well-being. The results suggest that adoptees are similar in all assessed areas by their mid 30s, with the exception of educational attainment, regardless of the age at which they were adopted. Findings draw attention to the need for educational support for late-placed adoptees.
Aggravation of Seizures and/or EEG Features in Children Treated with Oxcarbazepine Monotherapy

Summary Purpose: Exacerbation of epilepsy may occur following initiation of therapy with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). The aim of this study is to analyze the clinical and EEG characteristics of a group of pediatric patients with worsening of seizures and/or EEG deterioration while on oxcarbazepine (OXC). Methods: A retrospective analysis of a clinical database was performed to identify patients with epilepsy treated with OXC over the past 3 years. History, neurological examination, and EEG findings were reviewed to identify any who had developed exacerbation of seizures or new abnormalities on EEG. Results: Of 290 patients on OXC, we identified 12 patients with new onset seizures, all with initial normal neurological exam and normal EEG, who developed either worsening of preexisting seizures, new seizure types, and/or EEG deterioration following introduction of OXC monotherapy. EEG changes were primarily characterized by new onset of generalized epileptiform activity not reported on the initial baseline EEG. Following substitution of OXC with a broad spectrum AED, significant improvement of seizure control and improvement in the EEG was observed. Conclusions: These findings suggest that OXC can aggravate seizures and/or worsen EEG features in children. Following initiation of therapy with OXC, monitoring of patients with follow-up EEGs may be important, especially in patients who do not show adequate response to therapy.
Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen as indicators of diet and trophic structure of the fish community in a shallow hypereutrophic lake

Stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopes were employed to elucidate energy flows and trophic interactions in Lake Apopka, a hypereutrophic lake in central Florida, U.S.A. Isotope compositions of lake biota ranged from −27·1 to −3·0‰ for δ13C, and from 3·7 to 13·9‰ for δ15N. The food web was based primarily on plankton production with diatoms, Microcystis and zooplankton dominating the diet of fish. Carbon isotope evidence showed that pico- and nano-phytoplankton were not a direct carbon source for fish, but were important to zooplankton. δ15N mass balance estimates indicated that planktivorous fish obtained 48–85% of their diets from zooplankton. The ∼3‰ range of δ15N in gizzard shad reflected increasing dependence on zooplankton as fish grew whereas the positive relationship between total length and δ15N of largemouth bass reflected increasing predation on larger planktivorous fish with growth. The broad ranges of δ13C (−25·9 to −9·5‰) and δ15N (5·8 to 14·4‰) of blue tilapia were indicators of diet diversity. Two presumed omnivores (brown bullhead and white catfish) and piscivores (black crappie, largemouth bass and Florida gar) were found to depend on planktivorous fish. However, stable isotope data revealed no trophic links between blue tilapia, an abundant fish in the near-shore area, and piscivores.
Supreme court economic review

The Supreme Court Economic Review (SCER) is an interdisciplinary journal that seeks to focus scholarship in law and economics on recent decisions of the US Supreme Court. Volume One 1 centres attention upon the 1980 Term; 2 Volume Two centres attention upon the 1981 Term. The Review is an annual publication edited by Peter Aranson from the Law and Economics Center at Emory University. It is supported by a distinguished editorial board drawn essentially from scholars working at the interface of law and economics, together with additional scholars who have researched more exclusively in one or the other discipline. u The Review is addressed to practising attorneys and judges as well as to academic lawyers, economists and political scientists interested in law and economics and /o r in public choice. Its coverage, potentially, is extensive since almost all Supreme Court cases involve decision-making in the presence of scarcity; one of the litigants taust be unsatisfied. In practice, however, the Review centres attention upon those Supreme Court cases in which economic theory is seen to illuminate the Court 's deliberations and to provide an understanding of the issues that formerly was absent. In addition, cases are reviewed as vehicles to illustrate newly developing economic theory. Essays in Volumes One and Two indicate the breadth of the Review's perspective with cases spanning ihrer alia: democracy and representation; incidence analysis; advertising prohibitions; vicarious liability for punitive damages; litigation restrictions; sex-based wage discrimination; decision-sharing and expropriable specific quasi-rents; the inalienability of rights; leasing and auctions; water resources; antitakeover laws; the Sherman Act as a h o m e rule charter; hybrid trade restraints; maximum price agreements; the compensation of public officials as a campaign issue; and the economics of termination of parental rights. The diversified nature of these contributions renders a comprehensive review of these volumes impracticable. Instead, this article centres attention on three areas of Supreme Court decision-making: rights, justice and public choice. Whilst surveying contributions relevant to these areas, the article also assesses the attitude of the Supreme Court in its 1980 and 1981 terms towards two issues of importance to law and economics analysis:
Rates of extension along the Fish Lake Valley fault and transtensional deformation in the Eastern California shear zone–Walker Lane belt

The oblique-normal-dextral Fish Lake Valley fault accommodates the majority of Pacific–North America plate-boundary deformation east of the San Andreas fault in the northern part of the Eastern California shear zone. New rates for the extensional component of fault slip, determined with light imaging and detection (LiDAR) topographic data and 10Be geochronology of four offset alluvial fans, indicate a northward increase in extension rate. The surface exposure ages of these fans range from ca. 71 ka at Perry Aiken Creek and Indian Creek to ca. 94 ka and ca. 121 ka at Furnace Creek and Wildhorse Creek, respectively. These ages, combined with the measured vertical components of slip at each site, an assumed 60° fault dip, and a N65°E extension direction, yield calculated late Pleistocene–Holocene horizontal extension rates of 0.1 ± 0.1, 0.3 ± 0.2, 0.7 +0.3/–0.1, and 0.5 +0.2/–0.1 mm/yr at Furnace Creek, Wildhorse Creek, Perry Aiken Creek, and Indian Creek, from south to north, respectively. Comparison of these rates with geodetic measurements of ∼1 mm/yr of N65°E extension across the northern Eastern California shear zone indicates that the Fish Lake Valley fault accommodates approximately half of the current rate of regional extension. When summed with published rates of extension for faults at the same latitude, the Fish Lake Valley fault data indicate that long-term geologic deformation rates are commensurate with short-term geodetic extension rates. The northward increase in Pleistocene extension rates is opposite the northward decrease in dextral slip rate trend along the Fish Lake Valley fault, likely reflecting a diffuse extensional transfer zone in northern Fish Lake Valley that relays slip to the northeast across the Mina Deflection and northward into the Walker Lane belt.
Determinants of the use of regulatory accounting principles by Savings and Loans

Abstract The voluntary use of regulatory accounting principles (RAP) by Savings and Loans (S&Ls) is predicted to be related to ownership structure, proximity to violation of net worth requirements, political factors, and prior use of RAP. We examine the decisions to both adopt and retain the use of several RAP: two ‘cosmetic’ RAP that are relatively independent of other economic decisions and two ‘noncosmetic’ RAP that directly interact with investment or financing decisions. S&Ls using RAP tend to: (a) be mutuals, (b) have low regulatory net worth, (c) be larger (for S&Ls adopting RAP), and (d) have used other RAP in the prior period.
An Unusual Foreign Body Reaction—A Case Report

This case documents the course and treatment of a severe reaction to an unusual foreign body. A tooth brush bristle was lodged in the lower anterior areas between the cuspid and lateral incisor teeth. Although the patient noted some original discomfort, severe pain and bone destruction did not occur until 6 weeks after the original symptoms began. Treatment involved full thickness flap reflection of the involved area. The histologic examination showed a typical foreign body reaction to the bristle. All teeth remained vital throughout the disease process and healing phase. Healing was uneventful and the lost bone completely regenerated.
Virtual imaging: technical elements

Summary Virtual images created from CT, MR and now Xray acquisitions are routinely used to convey useful diagnostic and therapeutic information to referring physicians and patients. We review the technical foundations of the most common rendering methods. We also address the critical issue of the identification of tissues and organs: this process is actually an interpretation of the radiological data and still requires anatomical knowledge. We discuss how acquisition constraints may introduce display limitations or artifacts. Navigation ergonomy is important to help keep the total time required to process a case to a acceptable level. Tools such as automated path calculation or correlation between views change the way radiologists will access the information contained in the slices. Fly-Through sequences and dynamic review provide good depth cues and help rehearse complex surgical paths. Measurement tools, to assess diameters and distances, for example, may be used in conjunction with virtual imaging. Eventually, these techniques can be applied directly to therapy planning, as in the case of image-guided interventional procedures.
Axotomy-induced differential gene induction in neurons of the locus ceruleus and substantia nigra

The biochemical and molecular events correlated with neuronal injury and survival are not well understood. Previous studies have reported that following axotomy, neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the locus ceruleus (LC) exhibit a significant increase in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) enzyme activity within 24–72 h (Brain Res., 144 (1978) 325–342; Brain Res. 92 (1975) 57–72). To investigate the potential contribution of TH gene induction to this increase a semi-quantitative immunocytochemical and in situ hybridization time course analysis was undertaken. Following axotomy, TH immunoreactivity increased in neurons of both the SNc and LC. In contrast, an increase in TH mRNA was only evident in neurons of the LC. As a possible mechanism for the observed alterations in TH gene expression, the levels of an immediate early gene, c-fos, were examined. C-fos mRNA and Fos protein were not expressed in either normal or axotomized neurons of the SNc. However, the constitutive expression in control LC neurons increased significantly following axotomy. These data demonstrate the differential response of two central catecholaminergic populations to axotomy and suggests a potential role for the immediate early gene, c-fos, in the post-injury reaction.
Deception in disclosing one's sexual history: Safe‐sex avoidance or ignorance?

This study explores the dialectical tension in the development of a close relationship between practicing safe sex and preserving the relationship. Engaging in safe sex is a goal for many relational partners, but being open and honest about one's sexual history may harm a developing relationship, making both men and women reluctant to discuss their sexual experiences with potential lovers. A discrepancy in previous research concerning whether college students actually know that disclosure is a safe‐sex practice has led to the exploration of three research questions: (a) are college students aware that disclosing one's sexual history is a safe‐sex practice; (b) are college students truthful in disclosing their own sexual history; and (c) what is the relationship between college students’ awareness of disclosure as a safe‐sex practice and their truthfulness concerning their own sexual history disclosure? Results obtained from 364 undergraduate college students indicated that the vast majority of students (9...
In vitro assessment of the bactericidal effect of low-power arsenium-gallium (AsGa) laser treatment

The objective of the present study was to perform an in vitro evaluation of the bactericidal action of a low-power arsenium-gallium (AsGa) laser at a wavelength of 904nm and energy density of 6 J/cm2. Ten petri dishes were seeded with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and another ten with Staphylococcus aureus. The dishes were then randomly divided into four groups with five plates in each group. Two groups were treated with AsGa laser once a day for 5 days, while the other two groups received no treatment. No halo of growth inhibition was found in any of the groups. It was therefore concluded that laser treatment (AsGa, 904nm, 6J/cm2) had no bactericidal effect.
The biology of CD44 and HCELL in hematopoiesis: the 'step 2-bypass pathway' and other emerging perspectives.

Purpose of Review The homing and egress of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) to and from marrow, respectively, and the proliferation and differentiation of HSPCs within marrow, are complex processes critically regulated by the ordered expression and function of adhesion molecules that direct key cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. The integral membrane molecule CD44, known primarily for its role in binding hyaluronic acid, is characteristically expressed on HSPCs. Conspicuously, human HSPCs uniquely display a specialized glycoform of CD44 known as Hematopoietic Cell E-/L-selectin Ligand (HCELL), which is the most potent ligand for both E-selectin and L-selectin expressed on human cells. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the biology of CD44 and HCELL in hematopoiesis.
An Efficient Newton-Type Iteration for the Numerical Solution of Highly Oscillatory Constrained Multibody Dynamic Systems

In this paper we present a coordinate-split (CS) technique for the numerical solution of the equations of motion of constrained multibody dynamic systems. We show how the CS technique can be implemented within the context of commonly used solution methods, for increased efficiency and reliability. A particularly challenging problem for multibody dynamics is the numerical solution of highly oscillatory nonlinear mechanical systems. Highly stable implicit integration methods with large stepsizes can be used to damp the oscillation, if it is of small amplitude. However, the standard Newton iteration is known to experience severe convergence difficulties which force a restriction of the stepsize. We introduce a modified coordinate-split (CM) iteration which overcomes these problems. Convergence analysis explains the improved convergence for nonlinear oscillatory systems, and numerical experiments illustrate the effectiveness of the new method.
Nonadherence to clinical practice guidelines and medications for multiple chronic conditions in a California Medicaid population

Abstract Objective To assess and profile quality of care in California Medicaid beneficiaries with chronic conditions. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting California from 2002 to 2004. Patients 1,123,577 beneficiaries. Intervention Eligibility and claims data (2002–2004) were used to identify beneficiaries with dyslipidemia, hypertension, coronary artery disease (CAD), heart failure, or diabetes. Main outcome measures Quality of care was based on nonadherence with clinical practice guidelines including recommended medications. Chi-square was used to evaluate nonadherence and patient characteristics. Results The proportion of patients without a prescription fill for recommended medications varied by disease (43% hypertension, 40% dyslipidemia and CAD, and 25% diabetes and heart failure). For Medicaid-only beneficiaries with diabetes, 78% lacked glycosylated hemoglobin tests, 62% lacked low-density lipoprotein cholesterol tests, and 50% lacked eye exams. Medication nonadherence was high (69% hypertension, 64% CAD, 57% heart failure, 48% dyslipidemia, 41% diabetes). Overall, younger age, Medicaid-only status, and black/other race were associated with poorer rates. Conclusion Quality of care was suboptimal, with nonadherence varying by condition. Programs targeting both patients and providers and addressing patient-related characteristics (e.g., age, race) and policy reform addressing alterable factors (e.g., insurance eligibility) should be developed to improve guideline adherence.
Construction of the Keck long-wavelength infrared camera

In March, 1988 the Science Steering Committee of the California Association for Research in Astronomy selected four instruments which were to be built by the time the Keck Telescope received first light. A long wavelength infrared camera was one of the instruments chosen and is described here. The camera was divided into two parts, (1) the detector, the optics and the dewar; (2) the electronics and the computers.
A simple method for the collection of bile from T tubes

T HE smaI1 detail of an apparatus in which to collect bile from draining T tubes is one which is not IikeIy to receive much attention. The patient with a T tube is usualIy encumbered with a device, such as a smaI1 gIass bottIe or hot water bag, which is poorIy adapted to the purpose and is awkward for the patient to wear. A Iarge, rubber baIIoon, connected to the T tube by means of a specia1 gIass adapter, has been found to be a satisfactory, practica1 and comfortabIe apparatus for coIIecting biIe from patients on whom? choledochostomy has been performed. (Figs. I and 2.) This two-piece apparatus is light in weight, can be worn comfortabIy and inconspicuousIy under cIothing, does not permit spiIIing of biIe, provides for direct observation of the bile through the glass connector, and is inexpensive. In addition, contamination of the”coIIected biIe can be prevented by simpIe precautions. The rubber baIIoon which is used measures 5 by 6 inches (I 2.5 by I 3 cm.), has a fluid capacity of 300 C.C. without stretching, and is made of white rubber, heavier than that commonIy used for toy baIIoons. The baIIoon can be boiIed or autoclaved many times. The funneI-shaped gIass connector is made of Pyrex gIass. The smaI1 end is shaped Iike an ordinary gIass connector and is sIightIy greater in diameter than the usua1 T tube. A standard connector diameter has been found satisfactory for a11 ordinary sizes of T tubes. The Iarge end of the connector is sIightIy Iarger in diameter
Reconstitution of an episomal mouse aprt gene as a consequence of recombination.

When a functional murine adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (aprt) gene linked to bovine papilloma virus (BPV) DNA is transfected into Aprt− L cells, the cells are rendered Aprt− and the aprt gene persists as an episome.
A generator of context-sensitive languages

The existence of a context-sensitive grammar, G"u, which acts as a ''generator'' of all context-sensitive languages is established. Specifically, G"u has the property that for each context-sensitive language, L, there exists a regular set, R"L, and an e-limited gsm, g"L, such that L=g"L(L(G"u)@?R"L). It follows that the family of context-sensitive languages is a principal AFL. An analogous result is proved for deterministic contextsensitive languages.
Ribosome production during recovery from puromycin treatment: Influence of 5-fluorouracil

Abstract 1. 1. Incubation of Escherichia coli 15T − with 5-fluorouracil prevents formation of normal 50-S ribosome particles. The “ribosomal RNA” produced in the presence of 5-fluorouracil has sedimentation characteristics similar to the normal 23-S and 16-S RNA; however, the amount of the component corresponding to 23-S RNA, when compared with 16-S RNA is much lower than normal. 2. 2. Simultaneous treatment of E. coli with puromycin and 5-fluorouracil allows accumulation of RNA having sedimentation characteristics similar to ribosomal RNA, and again the component corresponding to 23-S RNA is produced to a lesser extent than 16-S RNA. During recovery from treatment with puromycin and 5-fluorouracil, particles are formed; however, the component corresponding to the 50-S ribosomes appears lighter than normal in the sucrose gradient (and total ribosome formation is greatly inhibited). 3. 3. If RNA is allowed to accumulate in the presence of puromycin and the cells allowed to recover following removal of puromycin, there is a shift of the ribosomal RNA into newly formed ribosome particles and a preferential synthesis of structural ribosomal protein. The presence of 5-fluorouracil in the medium does not prevent or reduce formation of ribosomes or the preferential synthesis of ribosomal protein. If puromycin RNA accumulates in the presence of 5-fluorouracil preferential synthesis of ribosomal protein does not occur during recovery in fresh medium.
A convenient method for repetitive blood sampling in the dog

Abstract A simple procedure for chronic cannulation of the canine jugular vein is described. This method may facilitate repetitive blood sampling and intravenous injections for chronic studies. Cannulas have remained functional for up to six months after implantation.
115 ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF VENTRICULAR FUNCTION DURING EXERCISE IN HYPERTENSIVE CHILDREN

115 ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF VENTRICULAR FUNCTION DURING EXERCISE IN HYPERTENSIVE CHILDREN
A Lesson in Longevity: How J. E. Rhoads Survived for Over 300 Years to Become One of the Oldest Manufacturers in America

F or most small family businesses, one of the owner’s most important goals is to stay in operation for as long as possible and then perhaps pass the company on to the next generation. The likelihood of this happening, however, is not promising. From a contemporary perspective, two-thirds of new employer firms survive at least two years, but only about half make it to four years. Further, only 15 percent of family businesses last beyond the second generation. One American organization, however, has overcome these odds and has survived for over 300 years. Further, for 291 of those years, one family ran the organization.
STABILITY ANALYSIS OF CASSIE-BAXTER STATE UNDER PRESSURE DRIVEN FLOW

The Cassie-Baxter state is a phenomenon in which a liquid rests on top of a textured surface with a gas layer trapped underneath the liquid layer. This gas layer introduces an effective shear free boundary that induces slip at the liquid-gas interface, allowing for friction reduction in liquid channel flows. Multiple studies have shown that different surface configurations result in different friction reduction characteristics, and most work is aimed at controlling the roughness factor and its shape in order to achieve an increased slip flow. This paper investigates the effects that different texturing geometries have on the stability of the Cassie state under pressurized microchannel flow conditions. To test the stability effects associated with the pressurized microchannel flow conditions, microfluidic channels with microstructures on the side walls were designed and fabricated. The microstructures were designed to induce the Cassie state with a liquid-air interface forming between the texturing trenches. The air trapped within the microstructure is treated as an ideal gas, with the compressibility induced pressure rise acting as a restrictive force against the Wenzel wetting transition. The model was validated against experimental flow data obtained using microchannel samples with microtextured boundaries. The microchannels were fabricated in PDMS (poly-dimethylsiloxane) using soft lithography and were baked on a hot plate to ensure the hydrophobicity of the microtexture. Pressure versus flow rate data was obtained using a constant gravitational pressure head setup and a flow meter. The liquidgas interface layer in the microchannel was visualized using bright field microscopy that allowed measurement of the liquid penetration depth into the microtexturing throughout the microhannel. The experimental results indicate that air trapped in the pockets created by micro-cavity structures prevented the liquid layer from completely filling the void. As expected, the pressure drop in the micro-cavity textured channel showed a considerable decrease compared to that in the flat surfaced channel. These results also suggest that micro-cavities can maintain the Cassie state of a liquid meniscus, resting on top of the surface, in larger pressure ranges than open spaced micropillars arrays.
Spectrometry of turbidity in surface water

The objective of this paper is to investigate how to measure turbidity of water using surface spectral reflectance. Spectral data from a reservoir were collected using a field spectroradiometer, which contains 512 spectral channels ranging from 350 to 1050 nm. Five replicate scans were taken at each sampling site with a total of 23 such sites selected. The results indicated that wind-induced whitecaps on the surface of water can cause higher overall reflectance and inconsistency among the replicate spectral measurements. As result, it was almost impossible to apply reflectance from any single wavelength to accurately estimate turbidity. It was found that the difference of reflectances between 710 and 720 nm is a better indicator of turbidity.
PID controller design for first-order-plus-dead-time model via Hermite-Biehler theorem

This paper discusses PID stabilization of a first-order-plus-dead-time (FOPDT) process model using the stability framework of the Hermite-Biehler theorem. The FOPDT model approximates many processes in the chemical and petroleum industries. Using a PID controller and first-order Pade approximation for the transport delay, the Hermite-Biehler theorem allows one to analytically study the stability of the closed-loop system. We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for stability and develop an algorithm for selection of stabilizing feedback gains. The results show an infinite gain margin in the case of small delays, and an upper bound that is a function of plant parameters and can be easily computed, for large delays. Finally, the results of this paper can be extended to higher order plants.
6 MV vacuum voltmeter development

A standard voltmeter designed for measuring up to ± 2 MV in vacuum was modified to operate at −4 to −6 MV, appropriate levels for measuring the convolute voltage during z-pinch experiments on Z. Field shaping structures are used to eliminate electron emission from the voltmeter grading rings. The voltmeter operated as expected during tests at −4 MV on the Mercury generator, indicating this voltmeter could work for the lower voltage range expected on Z. At −6 MV on Mercury, the voltmeter did not operate correctly, probably because of electron emission. Particle-in-cell modeling is consistent with the observed voltmeter response. An improved field shaper could extend the voltmeter operation to −6 MV.
Issues in Adherence With Pediatric Regimens

Adherence to recommendations for health care is an area of serious concern for pediatric psychologists. The present article highlights several key issues affecting research and clinical work in this area. They include: difficulties defining and measuring adherence; developmental aspects of adherence; special concerns with low income populations; and limitations of intervention research. In addition, several directions for future investigation in the area of pediatric adherence are addressed.
Immune targeting of fibroblast activation protein triggers recognition of multipotent bone marrow stromal cells and cachexia

Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a candidate universal target antigen because it has been reported to be selectively expressed in nearly all solid tumors by a subset of immunosuppressive tumor stromal fibroblasts. We verified that 18/18 human tumors of various histologies contained pronounced stromal elements staining strongly for FAP, and hypothesized that targeting tumor stroma with FAP-reactive T cells would inhibit tumor growth in cancer-bearing hosts. T cells genetically engineered with FAP-reactive chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) specifically degranulated and produced effector cytokines upon stimulation with FAP or FAP-expressing cell lines. However, adoptive transfer of FAP-reactive T cells into mice bearing a variety of subcutaneous tumors mediated limited antitumor effects and induced significant cachexia and lethal bone toxicities in two mouse strains. We found that FAP was robustly expressed on PDGFR-α+, Sca-1+ multipotent bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in mice, as well as on well-characterized, clinical-grade multipotent human BMSCs. Accordingly, both mouse and human multipotent BMSCs were recognized by FAP-reactive T cells. The lethal bone toxicity and cachexia observed after cell-based immunotherapy targeting FAP cautions against its use as a universal target. Moreover, the expression of FAP by multipotent BMSCs may point toward the cellular origins of tumor stromal fibroblasts.
Reproductive events modify the effects of estrogen replacement therapy on cognition in healthy postmenopausal women

The question of whether estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) is beneficial to cognitive functioning in postmenopausal women has become controversial in the past several years. Early studies suggested that ERT improved cognitive functioning and decreased the risk of Alzheimer's disease, but recent studies have failed to find any benefit. However, studies have varied in terms of the age of participants, the estrogen preparation used, whether progesterone is administered concurrently, and the study design. The present study used a randomized, placebo-controlled design and a transdermal estrogen preparation composed of 17-beta estradiol. A neuropsychological battery was administered at baseline and after completion of the 10-week trial, and test scores were grouped into four composite scores using psychometric techniques. Baseline to follow-up change was analyzed using multiple regression techniques. Results indicate that while little overall beneficial effect of estrogen was found, years since menopause was significantly related to change in executive functioning in the estrogen but not the placebo group, such that more recently postmenopausal women demonstrated greater positive change than older women. Body mass index, a gross estimate of circulating estrogen, was significantly positively related to change in attentional and psychomotor processes regardless of treatment group, and to a weaker extent, verbal memory, but only in the estrogen-treated group. These results suggest that reproductive events and levels of endogenous estrogen are related to the clinical response to ERT, but larger studies with longer follow-up periods are needed to determine the strength of these effects.
Integration of underwater sonar simulation with a geographical information system

This paper discusses the integration of a geographical information system (GIS) with a simulation model of the sensors (active and passive) used as components of a detection system on US Navy ships. The simulation model is a tool developed to improve threat recognition, undersea tactical awareness, countermeasure emissions, and counter-weapon fire control that enables surface ships to survive a salvo of torpedo attacks. The model, was implemented (2005-2006) in Java using AnyLogictrade (by XJ Technologies). A commercial GIS application provides data visualization, query, analysis, and integration capabilities along with the ability to create and edit geographic data. The simulation model runs and seamlessly gets geographical information from ArcGIS (by ESRI corporation) in order to make decisions such as avoiding a ship going aground. Statistics and animations are controlled by the simulation software, while the maps and the movements of the environment object above of the map is handled by ArcGIS.
Multivariate Calibration, an Overview

Abstract Numerous methods of multivariate calibration methods exist with ridge regression, principal component regression, and partial least squares being the most popular methods in analytical chemistry. This mini‐review overviews multivariate calibration and provides a common theme with respect to the bias/variance tradeoff (harmony) and the harmony/parsimony tradeoff for model selection. Other multivariate calibration considerations are briefly reviewed. A few applications are noted.
Celebrating Soft Matter's 10th Anniversary: Chain configuration and rate-dependent mechanical properties in transient networks

Numerical solution of a coupled set of Smoluchowski convection-diffusion equations of associating polymers modelled as finitely extensible dumbbells enables computation of time-dependent end-to-end distributions for bridged, dangling, and looped chains in three dimensions as a function of associating end-group kinetics. Non-monotonic flow curves which can lead to flow instabilities during shear flow result at low equilibrium constant and high association rate from two complementary phenomena: a decrease in the fraction of elastically active chains with increasing shear rate and non-monotonic extension in the population of elastically active chains. Chain tumbling leads to reformation of bridges, resulting in an increased fraction of bridged chains at high Deborah number and significant reduction in the average bridge chain extension. In the start-up of steady shear, force-activated chain dissociation and chain tumbling cause both stress overshoot and stress ringing behaviour prior to reaching steady state stress values. During stress relaxation following steady shear, chain kinetics and extension mediate both the number of relaxations and the length of time required for system relaxation. While at low association rate relaxation is limited by the relaxation of dangling chains and the rate of dangling chain formation, at high association rate coupling of dangling and bridged chains leads to simultaneous relaxation of all chains due to a dynamic equilibrium between dangling and bridged states.
Seiberg-Witten transforms of noncommutative solitons

We evaluate the Seiberg-Witten map for solitons and instantons in noncommutative gauge theories in various dimensions. We show that solitons constructed using the projection operators have delta-function supports when expressed in the commutative variables. This gives a precise identification of the moduli of these solutions as locations of branes. On the other hand, an instanton solution in four dimensions allows deformation away from the projection operator construction. We evaluate the Seiberg-Witten transform of the U(2) instanton and show that it has a finite size determined by the noncommutative scale and by the deformation parameter ρ. For large ρ, the profile of the D0-brane density of the instanton agrees surprisingly well with that of the Belavin-Polyakov-Schwarz-Tyupkin (BPST) instanton on commutative space.
Decoupling Metrics for Services Composition

Service technology is a component-oriented SOAP based interoperable technology widely adopted in Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) and Business to Business (B2B). The decoupling is one of the most important features of service components that make Web services successful in the future. Software measurement plays an important role in today's software development. Decoupling metrics can be used to measure and evaluate the decoupling attributes of a distributed service oriented software architecture that has very significant impacts on the understandability, maintainability, reliability, testability, and reusability of software components. The decoupling metrics can also be used as a criterion for selection of existing service components for compositions. Many measurement metrics for decoupling have been proposed, however most measures are not specific for service component decoupling. This paper provides a practical guide for evaluating decoupling between service-oriented components in the service composition such as Business Process Execution Language (BEPL). A lower decoupled distributed software application will be much easy to understand, update, and expand in the future Coupling was originally defined as the measure of the strength of association established by a connection from one module to another. Most of the existing techniques and measuring coupling metrics are classified by procedural programming and object-oriented programming. In this paper we propose a decoupling metrics based on the black-box parameters of service stateness (stateless/stateful), interaction (one-way, twoway), service interface required(, service interface provided(supporting/supported interface), invocation modes(sync/async), self-containment(stand-alone/indirect dependent), implicit invocation (blocking/non-blocking), and binding modes(static/dynamic).
Milk-substitutes comparable to rat's milk; their preparation, composition and impact on development and metabolism in the artificially reared rat

1. Procedures are described to prepare nutritionally adequate rat milk-substitutes by modifying commercially available processed cow's milk, rich in carbohydrate and low in protein and fat compared with rat's milk. 2. Premilk formulas, prepared as intermediates in the preparation of rat milk-substitutes, are rich in protein but low in their concentration of fat, carbohydrate, and minerals when compared with rat's milk. 3. Premilks were supplemented with lactose, vitamins, minerals, fat as oil mixtures, certain amino acids and other constituents to yield rat milk-substitutes which resemble the known composition of rat's milk in their properties and composition. 4. Detailed analyses of the milk-substitutes show them to be comparable to rat's milk in energy content, pH, osmolarity, the concentration of the macronutrients, fat, protein and carbohydrate, and the major minerals. 5. Rat pups were artificially reared from postnatal day 4 or 5 until days 16-18 by fitting them with gastric cannulas through which the milk-substitutes could be infused automatically. 6. The nutritional impact of the milk-substitutes was assessed by a comparison of growth and metabolic characteristics for artificially reared rats with age-matched sucking rats reared by their mother. 7. Indices which were taken to be appropriate included (a) body-weight gain; (b) the concentration in blood of protein, amino acids, ketone bodies, carnitine, glucose, galactose, lactate, insulin, and the electrolytes calcium, sodium, potassium and chloride; (c) the turnover of glucose and 3-hydroxybutyrate; (d) the concentration in brain of protein, cholesterol, cerebroside sulphate and the activities of the enzymes pyruvate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.4.1), 3-oxo-acid-CoA transferase (EC 2.8.3.5) and acetoacetyl-CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.16). 8. The studies suggest that milk-substitutes approximating to rat's milk in composition promote acceptable metabolism in the artificially reared rat pup.
SASB Goes Hollywood: Teaching Personality Theories through Movies

In this article we describe a technique for teaching personality theories to undergraduate psychology students. The method shows students segments from feature films that illustrate key concepts and uses the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB; Benjamin, 1994) model to focus attention on interactional behavior. We present qualitative and quantitative data supporting the utility of this teaching technique and suggest it can be successfully applied in introductory psychology as well as upper division courses (e.g., abnormal psychology, child development, theories of personality).