cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Algorithms For Uniform Range Interval Classification

Thematic data mapped with uniform interval value ranges are easily understood by the average reader, yet few computer algorithms for developing such ranges have been presented. This paper describes three different routines for grouping data into uniform interval ranges. The algorithms compensate for skewed data and attempt to minimize the variation in the number of observations assigned to each category. ANOVA is used to test the efficiency of the procedures. Alors qu'un lecteur moyen peut comprendre facilement des donnees thematiques representees par des gammes uniformes de valeurs d'intervalles, peu d'algorithmes informatises ont ete presentes pour developper de telles gammes. Cet article decrit trois differents routines pour grouper des donnees on gammes uniformes d'intervalles. Les algorithmes compensent pour des donnees biaisees et tenent de minimiser la variation du nombre d'observations assignees a chaque categorie. On utilise ANOVA pour verifier l'efficacite des procedures.
Subducted seamounts and recent earthquakes beneath the central Cascadia forearc

Bathymetry and magnetic anomalies indicate that a seamount on the Juan de Fuca plate has been subducted beneath the central Cascadia accretionary complex and is now located ∼45 km landward of the deformation front. Passage of this seamount through the accretionary complex has resulted in a pattern of uplift followed by subsidence that has had a profound influence on slope morphology, gas hydrate stability, and sedimentation. Based on potential-field data and a new three-dimensional seismic velocity model, we infer that this is the most recent of several seamounts subducted over the past several million years beneath this segment of Cascadia. More deeply subducted seamounts may be responsible for recent earthquake activity on the plate boundary in this region and for along-strike variations in the thickness of the subduction channel, which may affect coupling across the plate boundary.
Digital Logic Implementation in Memristor-Based Crossbars - A Tutorial

A memristor is a passive electronic device that was proposed and described by Leon Chua in 1971. The first practical implementation has been realized by Stan Williams’ group at HP Labs in 2008. The goal of this paper is to give the reader a brief introduction to the possibilities of logic design using memristors. It paper is intended as a tutorial on how to use memristor crossbars for logic design and is a consolidation of various recent publications.
Mechanistic investigation of the adrenergic induction of ventral prostate hyperplasia in mice.

Background The norepinephrine (NE) analog phenylephrine has previously been shown to induce atypical prostate hyperplasia in rats. The objective of the present study was to provide further insight into the mechanism of phenylephrine-induced prostate growth. Methods Adult male C57/BL6 mice were given daily subcutaneous injection of phenylephrine, isoproterenol, or phenylephrine in combination with BMY7378, cyclazosin, RS100329, or yohimbine, and the effects on ventral prostate histology, and proliferative and apoptotic indices determined. Phenylephrine was also administered in combination with testosterone in castrated mice. Results Atypical prostatic hyperplasia characterized by piling up and/or papillary infolding of epithelial cells with concomitant stromal smooth muscle hyperplasia was seen in adult mice given subcutaneous injection of phenylephrine daily for 26 days. Phenylephrine induced hyperplasia was more severe proximally and was associated with significantly reduced rates of apoptosis (but no change in cell proliferation) in both stromal and epithelial compartments. Only the α1A-adrenoceptor selective subtype antagonist RS100329 abrogated the phenylephrine-induced hyperplasia. Using selective antibodies, the α1A−1-adrenoceptor subtype was predominantly localized to the stromal compartments of the mouse and rat ventral prostates. The effects of phenylephrine were mediated independent of testicular androgens. Conclusions Prostatic hyperplasia in mice occurs as a consequence of subchronic administration of the sympathomimetic phenylephrine. Response to phenylephrine is mediated by the α1A-adrenoceptor, which predominates in the stroma of the rodent ventral prostate. Conceivably, therefore, phenylephrine could directly modulate prostate stromal growth, and indirectly modulate epithelial growth in a paracrine fashion. We cannot, however, rule out the contribution of other indirect effects such as hypoxia/reperfusion or effects on intermediary metabolism. Prostate 54: 230–237, 2003. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mathematical relationship between cytokine concentrations and pathogen levels during infection

The relationship between concentrations of cytokines and microbial pathogen levels during infection is not clear. In a sub-lethal murine infection model using Gram-negative bacterial pathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, the serum concentrations (C) of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interferon γ (IFNγ), interleukine-1β (IL-1β) and interleukine-18 (IL-18) formed a mathematical relationship with the splenic pathogen levels (P) as measured by colony forming unit. Naming parameters "m" and "k" for magnitude and kinetics, respectively, the relationship is depicted as C=mP(k). When reanalyzing the TNFα and IFNγ concentrations and the bacterial levels that were determined by other groups during infection with another strain of Y. pseudotuberculosis or with Yersinia pestis, this relationship was maintained. Interestingly, the changes in the values of "m" and "k" were consistent with the progress of the host immune response during infection; while deviation from this relationship was observed in individuals that seemed to be unable to control infection. Furthermore, in a murine model of ricin intoxication the local concentrations of the cytokine monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) and the concentrations of injected castor bean toxin ricin also conform to this relationship. C=mP(k) could be a general relationship in host cytokine response to pathogens or pathogen-associated molecular patterns. If confirmed, this type of analysis will be very useful in identifying the steps in a host immune response with which a pathogen interferes. It will also help to determine the specific functions of a host factor in the immune response.
Distinct effects on splicing of two monoclonal antibodies directed against the amino-terminal domain of galectin-3.

Abstract Previous experiments had established that galectin-3 (Gal3) is a factor involved in cell-free splicing of pre-mRNA. Addition of monoclonal antibody NCL-GAL3, whose epitope maps to the NH 2 -terminal 14 amino acids of Gal3, to a splicing-competent nuclear extract inhibited the splicing reaction. In contrast, monoclonal antibody anti-Mac-2, whose epitope maps to residues 48–100 containing multiple repeats of a 9-residue motif PGAYPGXXX, had no effect on splicing. Consistent with the notion that this region bearing the PGAYPGXXX repeats is sequestered through interaction with the splicing machinery and is inaccessible to the anti-Mac-2 antibody, a synthetic peptide containing three perfect repeats of the sequence PGAYPGQAP (27-mer) inhibited the splicing reaction, mimicking a dominant-negative mutant. Addition of a peptide corresponding to a scrambled sequence of the same composition (27-mer-S) failed to yield the same effect. Finally, GST–hGal3(1–100), a fusion protein containing glutathione- S -transferase and a portion of the Gal3 polypeptide including the PGAYPGXXX repeats, also exhibited a dominant-negative effect on splicing.
LXVIII. The degradation of gamma-ray energy

The principal experimental results of this investigation may be summarized as follows :— By far the greater part of the secondary gamma radiation from matter traversed by the hard gamma rays from r...
Fabrication update on non-contact mirror slumping technology for the International X-ray Observatory mirrors

A method of thermally shaping individual sheets of glass for the International X-Ray Observatory using porous mandrels as air bearings has been developed, which eliminates the problems of sticking and dust particleinduced distortion which plague traditional slumping methods. A detailed mathematical model of the process has been developed, allowing prediction of final glass shape based on process parameters that include air supply pressure, imperfections on the mandrel surface, glass total thickness variations and gravity vector orientation. Experiments to verify model findings are conducted under closed-loop control of pressure and apparatus tilt. Little improvement in repeatability is seen, suggesting that the error is due to unmodeled forces such as contact forces from the glass holding technique. Finally, the design process and fabrication of a third generation slumping tool is presented. In addition to scaling the design to accomodate larger flats, slumps are done horizontally to float the glass and minimize contact during the process. New capabilities of the tool include active gap measurement and control, as well as plenum air temperature monitoring.
Updating a preoperative surface model with information from real-time tracked 2D ultrasound using a Poisson surface reconstruction algorithm

In this work, we propose a method for intraoperative reconstruction of a left atrial surface model for the application of cardiac ablation therapy. In this approach, the intraoperative point cloud is acquired by a tracked, 2D freehand intra-cardiac echocardiography device, which is registered and merged with a preoperative, high resolution left atrial surface model built from computed tomography data. For the surface reconstruction, we introduce a novel method to estimate the normal vector of the point cloud from the preoperative left atrial model, which is required for the Poisson Equation Reconstruction algorithm. In the current work, the algorithm is evaluated using a preoperative surface model from patient computed tomography data and simulated intraoperative ultrasound data. Factors such as intraoperative deformation of the left atrium, proportion of the left atrial surface sampled by the ultrasound, sampling resolution, sampling noise, and registration error were considered through a series of simulation experiments.
Empirical support for DSM-IV schizoaffective disorder: clinical and cognitive validators from a large patient sample.

Objective The diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder has long maintained an uncertain status in psychiatric nosology. Studies comparing clinical and biological features of patients with schizoaffective disorder to patients with related disorders [e.g., schizophrenia and bipolar disorder] can provide an evidence base for judging the validity of the diagnostic category. However, because most prior studies of schizoaffective disorder have only evaluated differences between groups at a static timepoint, it is unclear how these disorders may be related when the entire illness course is taken into consideration.
Pre-melting dynamics of DNA and its relation to specific functions

We discuss connections between the nonlinear dynamics of double-stranded DNA, experimental findings, and specific DNA functions. We begin by discussing how thermally induced localized openings (bubbles) of the DNA double strand are important for interpreting dynamic force spectroscopy data. Then we demonstrate a correlation between a sequence-dependent propensity for pre-melting bubble formation and transcription initiation and other regulatory effects in viral DNA. Finally, we discuss the possibility of a connection between DNA dynamics and the ability of repair proteins to recognize ultraviolet (UV) radiation damage sites.
Ring opening of 1,3-dithietane-1,1-dioxide by a triosmium cluster

Abstract The reaction of the cyclic sulfone, 1,3-dithietane-1,1-dioxide, 1 with Os 3 (CO) 10 (NCMe) 2 , 2 at 25°C provided the new compound Os 3 (CO) 10 ( μ -CH 2 SCH 2 SO 2 ), 3 in 73% yield. When solutions of 3 in heptane solvent were heated to reflux, they are converted to the compound Os 2 (CO) 6 ( μ -CH 2 SCH 2 SO 2 ), 4 in 46% yield. Both products were characterized by IR, 1 H-NMR and single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Compound 3 contains a bridging SCH 2 SO 2 CH 2 ligand formed by an opening of the ring of the sulfone and one edge of the osmium cluster. Compound 4 was formed by the loss of an Os(CO) 4 group from 3 . The SCH 2 SO 2 CH 2 ligand in 4 is coordinated in a fashion similar to that in 3 . In both products, one of the oxygen atoms of the sulfone group is coordinated to one of the osmium atoms. In both cases, the SO bond distance to the coordinated oxygen atom has increased in length and IR spectra of the SO stretching absorptions show a substantial weakening of the SO bond.
Evaporated polycrystalline silicon films for photovoltaic applications - grain size effects

Vacuum deposited, polycrystalline silicon films were fabricated into planar photovoltaic diodes by double diffusion techniques. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the crystallites are columnar in shape, with grain lengths several times larger than grain diameters. The dependency of average grain diameter on deposition conditions is discussed. Secondary ion mass spectrometry was used to obtain doping profiles and junction depths. Dark and illuminated I-V curves, spectral responses, and minority carrier diffusion lengths are presented for photovoltaic devices having grain sizes in the range 0.2 to 5 μm. Samples formed on sapphire and on a special alkaline-earth aluminosillcate glass processed under the same conditions had similar photovoltaic characteristics. Data on open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and solar cell efficiency are presented as functions of average grain diameter.
Factors affecting cancer recurrence after microvascular flap reconstruction of the head and neck.

Objective: Our objective was to determine which factors are associated with cancer recurrence after microvascular reconstruction of the head and neck for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Study Design: A cohort of patients who fit the inclusion/exclusion criteria were identified retrospectively. Methods: A group of 184 patients who underwent successful surgical resection and simultaneous microvascular reconstruction of the head and neck for treatment of SCC were identified. The mean age was 60 (range 23–90) years, there were 115 males and 69 females, and mean follow-up was 26.2 (range 1–99) months. Various factors were analyzed to determine whether they were associated with cancer recurrence, including those pertaining to 1) recipient vessel choice, 2) prior cancer treatment, and 3) cancer staging criteria. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software. Results: Overall cancer stage (P = .005), T stage (P = .0001), history of previous cancer treatment (P = .004), and history of previous chemotherapy (P = .044) were found to be statistically significant predictors of cancer recurrence on univariate analysis. However, on multivariate analysis, only T stage (P = .005) and history of previous cancer treatment (P = .008) remained as statistically significant predictors of cancer recurrence. Recipient vessel selection was not statistically associated with cancer recurrence. Conclusions: In our study, only T stage and a history of previous cancer treatment were associated with increased cancer recurrence. Neither the recipient vessel chosen nor its location impacted cancer recurrence. This suggests that recipient vessel selection and preparation for microvascular reconstruction do not jeopardize the adequacy of oncologic resection and are therefore oncologically sound.
Epitaxial Growth of Copper, Silver and Gold on a Semiconducting Layered Material: Tungsten Disulfide

The growth of copper, silver and gold thin films on tungsten disulfide has been examined as a model of metal contacts on a layered semiconductor. All three metals were found to grow epitaxially on the WS2. However, Cu appears to form a discontinuous film while Au and Ag grow layer by layer. Such epitaxial growth is somewhat surprising since there is a large lattice mismatch between the metals and the WS2.
Absence of xanthine oxidase or xanthine dehydrogenase in the rabbit myocardium

We directly measured the activity of the enzymes xanthine oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase in rabbit and rat hearts, using a sensitive radiochemical assay. Neither xanthine oxidase activity nor xanthine dehydrogenase activity was detected in the rabbit heart. In the rat heart, xanthine oxidase activity was 9.1 +/- 0.5 mIU per gram wet weight and xanthine dehydrogenase activity was 53.0 +/- 1.9 mIU per gram wet weight. These results argue against the involvement of the xanthine oxidase/xanthine dehydrogenase system as a mechanism of tissue injury in the rabbit heart, and suggest that the ability of allopurinol to protect the rabbit heart against hypoxic or ischemic damage must be due to a mechanism other than inhibition of these enzymes.
INJECTIVITY AND INJECTIVE HULLS OF ABELIAN GROUPS IN A LOCALIC TOPOS

We prove the analogue of the Baer Criterion for injectivity in the category AbShC of abelian groups in a topos of sheaves on a locale, that is, we show A is injective in AbShC if and only if it is injective relative to all S >-> Zc where Zc is the group of integers in ShC. for a well-ordered locale we describe the injective hulls in AbShC in terms of injective hulls in Ab. Further we show that the global functor A —t AE preserves injective hulls if and only if £ is a finite boolean locale. Finally we characterise injectives in AbShC for some special locales.
Cardiovascular response to exercise after the Mustard operation for simple and complex transposition of the great vessels

Abstract After the Mustard operation, patients have reduced exercise tolerance, abnormal right and left ventricular responses to exercise and cardiac rhythm disturbances. The cardiovascular response to exercise was measured noninvasively in 19 patients from 4.5 to 20 years (mean 10.3) after operation. Mean work performed and maximal oxygen uptake for the group were substantially subnormal (42 ± 23% and 59 ± 18% [mean ± 1 standard deviation] of the predicted values, respectively). Resting heart rate, blood pressure, systemic arterial blood oxygen saturation, cardiac index, stroke volume and systemic vascular resistance were not significantly different from control values. At maximal exercise, heart rate, systemic arterial blood oxygen saturation, cardiac index and stroke volume were significantly reduced in comparison with control values. After the Mustard operation, cardiovascular status at rest may be relatively normal, but during maximal exercise, marked abnormalities occur in nearly all indexes of cardiovascular function. Decreased cardiac output response to exercise is a result of decreased stroke volume response and, to a lesser extent, diminished heart rate. It is associated with abnormally increased total systemic vascular resistance.
Empowerment Redux: Structure, Agency, and the Remaking of Managerial Authority1

Research on the new managerial regimes has been hampered by its neglect of the question of human agency—specifically, the nature of workers’ responses to the advent of the new forms of work organization. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in five manufacturing plants, the author seeks to overcome this limitation by exploring the nature and effects of workers’ responses to the changes they confront in their work situations. Although the data suggest ways in which outcomes rested on structural attributes, they also reveal that worker agency shaped the fate of workplace transformation in subtle yet decisive ways. Developing a fourfold typology of workers’ responses, the author shows how each type affected the path down which workplace change evolved. These findings suggest that workplace transformation should be approached as a relational phenomenon whose outcome hinges on the orientations and practices that workers themselves adopt when confronting the restructuring of their jobs.
Surface roughness effect on the torque-tension relationship in threaded fasteners

AbstractAn experimental study is presented in order to investigate the effect of surface roughness on the torque-tension relationship in threaded fasteners. Three levels of surface roughness are considered for the fastener underhead and the joint surface; namely, low, medium, and high levels of surface roughness. The study is conducted for two joint materials, two fastener classes, and for coarse and fine threads. In this study, the torque-tension data are expressed in terms of the value of the nut factor as well as its scatter. The effect of the number of tightening on surface roughness and on the torque-tension relationship is investigated as well. The surface roughness is measured before tightening, and after each loosening using a WYKO optical profiling system. An M12 fastener is used in this study. Both fine and coarse threads and fastener material Classes 8.8 and 10.9 for M12 fasteners are used in this study. The torque-tension data is analysed for both steel and aluminium joints. The safety and rel...
Direct methods for generating extreme characteristic roots of certain random matrices

Computer generation of extreme characteristic roots of random matrices is considered. The usual approach in Monte-Carlo applications is to randomly generate the matrix and then compute desired characteristic roots. There are, however, theoretical results about the distribution of individual characteristic roots which might be used as a basis for computing algorithms. This alternative approach is considered for the Wishart and Beta matrices.
Measurement of Dynamic and Equilibrium Surface Tension of Surfactant Solutions by the Maximum Bubble Pressure Method

Surfactant solution systems are encountered in many different applications, including as a method to enhance the nucleate boiling performance of water. Characterizing the attendant interfacial phenomena requires precise predictions of their surface tension relaxation behavior. In this study, both the dynamic and equilibrium surface tension behavior of aqueous surfactant solutions has been investigated using the maximum bubble pressure method. The surface tension is measured as a function of concentration at room (23°C) and elevated (80°C) temperatures. The critical micelle concentration (c.m.c.) of each surfactant is calculated from their respective equilibrium adsorption isotherms. The dynamic surface tension measurements are obtained at a surface age of 50 ms, which simulates conditions typically encountered during nucleate boiling of water. Two anionic surfactants, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) and Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES), two cationic surfactants Dodecyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride (DTAC) and Ethoquad O12/PG, and one non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 have been used. SLES, Ethoquad O12/PG and Triton X-100 have, respectively, 3, 2, and 9–10 degrees of ethoxylation, which tends to alter the interfacial rheology. The σ–C isotherms show marked variation based on the surfactant ionic nature and the number of ethoxy groups present, along with the effects of temperature, with considerably less surface relaxation under dynamic conditions compared to those at equilibrium.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
CLASSICALLY-CONDITIONED TAIL FLEXION IN RATS - CR-CONTINGENT MODIFICATION OF US INTENSITY AS A TEST OF THE PREPARATORY RESPONSE HYPOTHESIS

A classically conditioned tail flexion in rats with a white noise as the conditioned stimulus and a tailshock as the unconditioned stimulus is shown to arise as a result of contingent presentation of the two stimuli rather than from sensitization or pseudoconditioning. After achieving an asymptote for conditioned tail flexion, different groups received response-contingent tail-shock increment, decrement, or omission. None of these treatments appreciably altered the probability of a conditioned response. Evidence is presented demonstrating that the response was sensitive to changes in the relationship between the stimuli and that the subjects could differentiate the various shock levels. The present data are viewed as inconsistent with the preparatory response hypothesis, which posits that classically conditioned behavior depends upon intrinsic reinforcement of components of the conditioned response syndrome. The possibility is discussed that classically conditioned responses observed in the laboratory are often only part of a larger, perhaps more clearly instrumental, set of behaviors that would occur in the unrestrained animal.
Nonatheromatous ischemic heart disease following withdrawal from chronic industrial nitroglycerin exposure.

This report describes the clinical, angiographic, and hemodynamic findings in nine patients who manifested nonatheromatous ischemic heart disease induced by chronic industrial exposure to nitroglycerin and subsequent withdrawal. They represent nearly 5% incidence in the group of 200 workers with similar exposure. One patient died suddenly, and the disease was commonly without premonitory symptoms. Of the eight survivors, five were studied and none showed evidence of significant organic obstructive disease. However, in one studied during the withdrawal state, coronary and digital arteriospasm was demonstrated, and was readily reversed by nitroglycerin. Survivors exhibited exercise symptomatology and hemodynamic impairment similar to other patients with myocardial dysfunction from ischemic heart disease. Complete left bundle-branch block with late sudden death occurred in one, and chronic recurrent atrial fibrillation is present in a second. An attractive hypothesis suggests that chronic vasodilatation evok...
Asset sales by financially distressed firms

Abstract This paper examines asset sales by financially distressed firms. Contrary to the results for healthy firms, we find significantly lower returns to shareholders when asset sales proceeds are used to repay debt than when sales proceeds are retained by the firm. We find that asset sales proceeds are more likely to be paid out to creditors, as opposed to being retained by the firm, the larger the proportion of short-term senior bank debt in the firm's capital structure and the poorer the selling firm's investment opportunities. Our results suggest that creditors significantly influence the liquidation decisions of financially distressed firms.
Modifications at C-3 and C-4 of 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucose

Modifications at C-3 and C-4 of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose have been developed. A 3,4-double bond was introduced into benzyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3,4-di-O-methylsulfonyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside by treatment with NaI and Zn. Epoxidation of the double bond with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid gave an exo-epoxide exclusively. The stereochemistry of the epoxidation product has been confirmed by an alternative synthesis. An analysis of the 1H-n.m.r. spectra indicates that both the 3,4-unsaturated derivatives and the epoxide exist in the OH1 (D) conformation. Nucleophilic reagents (F-, I-) opened the 3,4-epoxide to give 4-substituted derivatives having the D-gulo configuration. Thus, 2-acetamido-1,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-2,4-dideoxy-4-iodo-alpha-D-gulopyranose and 2-acetamido-1,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-3,4-dideoxy-4-fluoro-alpha-D-gulopyranose have been synthesized. Reduction of the double bond in the key intermediate and deprotection gave 2-acetamido-2,3,4-trideoxy-D-glucopyranose. Some of the derivatives were active as inhibitors of growth of mouse, mammary adenocarcinoma cells in culture.
Dense Error Correction Via $\ell^1$ -Minimization

This paper studies the problem of recovering a sparse signal x ∈ ℝn from highly corrupted linear measurements y = Ax + e ∈ ℝm, where e is an unknown error vector whose nonzero entries may be unbounded. Motivated by an observation from face recognition in computer vision, this paper proves that for highly correlated (and possibly overcomplete) dictionaries A, any sufficiently sparse signal x can be recovered by solving an l1 -minimization problem min ||x||1 + ||e||1 subject to y = Ax + e. More precisely, if the fraction of the support of the error e is bounded away from one and the support of a: is a very small fraction of the dimension m, then as m becomes large the above l1 -minimization succeeds for all signals x and almost all sign-and-support patterns of e. This result suggests that accurate recovery of sparse signals is possible and computationally feasible even with nearly 100% of the observations corrupted. The proof relies on a careful characterization of the faces of a convex polytope spanned together by the standard crosspolytope and a set of independent identically distributed (i.i.d.) Gaussian vectors with nonzero mean and small variance, dubbed the "cross-and-bouquet" (CAB) model. Simulations and experiments corroborate the findings, and suggest extensions to the result.
Highly Incomplete Taxa Can Rescue Phylogenetic Analyses from the Negative Impacts of Limited Taxon Sampling

Background: Phylogenies are essential to many areas of biology, but phylogenetic methods may give incorrect estimates under some conditions. A potentially common scenario of this type is when few taxa are sampled and terminal branches for the sampled taxa are relatively long. However, the best solution in such cases (i.e., sampling more taxa versus more characters) has been highly controversial. A widespread assumption in this debate is that added taxa must be complete (no missing data) in order to save analyses from the negative impacts of limited taxon sampling. Here, we evaluate whether incomplete taxa can also rescue analyses under these conditions (empirically testing predictions from an earlier simulation study). Methodology/Principal Findings: We utilize DNA sequence data from 16 vertebrate species with well-established phylogenetic relationships. In each replicate, we randomly sample 4 species, estimate their phylogeny (using Bayesian, likelihood, and parsimony methods), and then evaluate whether adding in the remaining 12 species (which have 50, 75, or 90% of their data replaced with missing data cells) can improve phylogenetic accuracy relative to analyzing the 4 complete taxa alone. We find that in those cases where sampling few taxa yields an incorrect estimate, adding taxa with 50% or 75% missing data can frequently (.75% of relevant replicates) rescue Bayesian and likelihood analyses, recovering accurate phylogenies for the original 4 taxa. Even taxa with 90% missing data can sometimes be beneficial. Conclusions: We show that adding taxa that are highly incomplete can improve phylogenetic accuracy in cases where analyses are misled by limited taxon sampling. These surprising empirical results confirm those from simulations, and show that the benefits of adding taxa may be obtained with unexpectedly small amounts of data. These findings have important implications for the debate on sampling taxa versus characters, and for studies attempting to resolve difficult phylogenetic problems.
Explaining Self‐Employment Success and Failure: Wal‐Mart Versus Starbucks, or Schumpeter Versus Putnam*

Objectives. Two powerful socioeconomic innovations are sweeping the nation, led by Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. and Starbucks Corp. These innovations both affect and are driven by profound labor market changes, but exactly how they affect self-employment or entrepreneurship has not been investigated. We examine the independent effects of these phenomena on the returns to self-employment, which is itself an underresearched topic in labor economics. Methods. We apply spatial econometric analysis to data from more than 3,000 U.S. counties to analyze how big-boxes and drinking places that facilitate social networking affect self-employment earnings. Findings. The presence of Wal-Mart stores is associated with higher returns to self-employment, whereas the results for coffee shops and drinking places are mixed. A negative interaction effect on earnings emerges when Wal-Mart stores and drinking places exist in the same county. Conclusions. We confirm both Schumpeter's and Putnam's assertions about the importance of creative destruction and social networking in raising the productivity of entrepreneurs, although the latter effect is not as clear-cut as the former.
System unavailability analysis based on window-observed recurrent event data

Many service industries require high level of system availability to be competitive. An appropriate system unavailability metric is important for business decisions and to minimize the operation risks. In practice, a system can be unavailable for service because of multiple types of events, and the durations of these events can also vary. In addition, the data that record the system operating history often have a complicated structure. In this paper, we develop a framework for estimating system unavailability metric based on historical data of a fleet of heavy-duty industry equipment, which we call System A. During the useful life of System A, repairs and maintenance actions are performed. However, not all repairs or maintenance actions were recorded. Specifically, the information on event times, types, and durations is available only for certain time intervals i.e., observation windows, instead of the entire useful life span of the system. Thus, the data structure is window-observed recurrent event with multiple event types. We use a nonhomogeneous Poisson process model with a bathtub intensity function to describe the recurrent events, and a truncated lognormal distribution to describe the event durations. We then define a conservative metric for system unavailability, obtain an estimate of this metric, and quantify the statistical uncertainty. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Designing Ranged Sets of Top-Level Design Specifications for a Family of Aircraft: An Application of Design Capability Indices

Design capability indices provide a metric to assess the capability of a family of designs, represented by a range of toplevel design specifications, to satisfy a ranged set of design requirements. Design capability indices can be used to manage design freedom in the early stages of the design process when design requirements for a system may be uncertain. To illustrate the use of design capability indices, the design of a family of General Aviation aircraft is presented: design capability indices are used to simultaneousl y design a family of three aircraft around a two, a four, and a six sealer configuration. The results are compared against two of our previous studies.
Texting as a distraction to learning in college students

Participants were randomly assigned to texting or control groups during a lecture.Participants in the texting group scored significantly lower on a quiz.No moderating effects were found for texting's effect on the quiz score.Participants believe text messaging is distracting to other users, but not them. Texting has been shown to be cognitively distracting for students in lecture settings, but few have done empirical work, or looked at moderating effects between texting and academic outcomes. This experimental study compared the proportion of correct answers on a lecture quiz between students who were randomly assigned to text message during a pre-recorded lecture and those who were not, while investigating possible moderators. The participants who text messaged throughout the lecture scored significantly lower in percent of correct responses (t(95)=-4.6, p<.001, d=.93). No moderating effects were found, including: perceived distraction, perceived texting ability, number of text messages sent and received during the lecture, age, and gender.
A collaborative system for sharing paleontology collections data

Museum collections provide primary data for paleontologists, and recent advances in information technology have revolutionized how museums collect and share this information. However, many natural history museums have huge collections and small budgets, so museum scientists are challenged to keep these critical data current and available to the public. We suggest that establishing an open collaboration through the Internet is one possible solution to this challenge. To achieve this solution, we have implemented a Web-based collections catalog to encourage collaborative maintenance of collections data as a shared resource. Anyone can search the catalog via a simple interface designed for any standard Web browser, and Web users can also be authorized to add information or update records as stratigraphic and taxonomic concepts change. The goal is to establish two-way communication between our catalog and the scientific community wherein the museum shares its collections and related data, and in return the community contributes new data acquired through use of the collections. The catalog also provides a basic function for building links with online publications and other data sources. As data exchange standards become accepted, these links can be used to create metadatabases that could lead to global networks of collections, taxonomic, stratigraphic, and bibliographic information. By providing an efficient mechanism to locate and synthesize large volumes of disparate information, such loosely integrated systems have resulted in rapid progress in disciplines of the life
Dynamical relationship of infrared cloudtop temperatures with occurrence rates of cloud‐to‐ground lightning and sprites

[1] We correlated cloudtop temperatures obtained from GOES-8 infrared images, lightning data from the National Lightning Detection Network, and triangulated nadir positions of sprites from a 22 July 1996 Mesoscale Convective System (MCS) over Kansas. The maximum sprite production of the MCS occurred during the transition between growth and decay phases of the system, and when the occurrence rate of negative cloud-to-ground (−CG) flash activity maximized. The −CG flash rate was maximum when the overlying cloudtop temperatures Tc were minimum, −69° to −72°C. During the MCS growth phase, the −CG occurrence rate increased smoothly with decreasing Tc, and declined with increasing Tc during the decay phase. By way of contrast, the +CG rate remained associated with approximately constant Tc (−69° and −72°C) during the growth phase, and then also declined with increasing Tc during the decay phase. The sprite-generating +CGs occurred in regions with cloudtop temperatures 2–3°C warmer than the rest of the +CG population.
Proximal Psychiatric Risk Factors for Suicidality in Youth: The Great Smoky Mountains Study

Context Psychiatric disorder is a major risk factor for suicidality but has poor positive predictive value. Objectives To characterize proximal risks for suicidality associated with anxiety, depressive, disruptive behavior, and substance use disorders, and to test whether there are critical combinations of disorders that discriminate at-risk youth independent of severity of psychopathology. Design The Great Smoky Mountains Study, a representative sample of children and adolescents aged 9 to 16 years from the southeastern United States. Subjects and their parents were interviewed on multiple occasions from 1993 to 2000 about the subjects' recent psychiatric and suicidal history. Setting An epidemiological sample of youth. Participants The sample included 1420 individual subjects with 6676 records across 8 waves of data collection. Main Outcome Measures Wanting to die, suicidal ideation, suicide plans, or suicide attempt during the past 3 months. Results Eleven broad psychiatric profiles discriminated suicidal youth. Risk was greatest in association with current depression plus anxiety (specifically GAD [generalized anxiety disorder]) (odds ratio, 468.53) or depression plus a disruptive disorder (primarily ODD [oppositional-defiant disorder]) (odds ratio, 222.94). Unless comorbid, anxiety and substance use disorders were not proximally associated with suicidality. The severity of symptom-related impairment and, in some cases, total symptom load explained risk associated with all psychiatric profiles except depression plus anxiety, specifically GAD (adjusted odds ratio, 50.16). Severity of impairment and poverty defined by federal guidelines for families were both independent risk factors, irrespective of psychiatric profile. Suicidal youth without diagnosable disorders had subthreshold (mostly disruptive) disorders, disabling relationship difficulties, or psychiatric symptoms without associated impairment. Conclusions Severity of symptom-related impairment and total symptom load explained most of the risk for suicidality associated with current psychiatric disorders. Only depression plus GAD discriminated at-risk youth independent of severity of psychopathology.
A Different Kind of Christmas Tree: Anomalous Origin of the Right Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery (ARCAPA)

Anomalous right coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ARCAPA) is a rare congenital coronary anomaly that has an incidence of 0.002%. We report a case of a previously healthy female who presented to our hospital with pneumonia and was incidentally discovered to have ARCAPA. This was initially diagnosed on echocardiography by the unusual echocardiographic finding of multiple color flow Doppler signals around the right ventricular free wall and apex which were subsequently confirmed by angiography to be due to extensive collateral circulation between the left and right coronary arteries. This represents an unusual echocardiographic manifestation of this very rare condition.
Shock induced radiation from minerals

The shock-induced optical radiation from Al2O3, MgO, NaCl, KCl, x-cut and fused SiO2, and LiF to 75 GPa may be characterized as thermal (greybody), characteristic (band), or some combination. During propagation through a mineral, emitted radiation (430 to 870 nm) is collected on a 500 channel, charge-couple detector spectrometer. In addition, framing camera photographs are taken and a photodiode records radiation intensity versus time. MgO, which does not undergo any resolvable shock-induced phase change below 200 GPa, displays a nonthermal band spectrum centered at 700 nm between 40 and 62 GPa. At 75 GPa, Al2O3, which also undergoes no known shock-induced phase change, displays nonthermal radiation centered at 500 nm, possibly combined with greybody radiation from sources with a temperature ∼3000°K. X-cut SiO2 displays band emissions centered between 500 and 550 nm combined with thermal radiation in the 6–16 GPa range. The processes responsible for nonthermal radiation are presently not well-understood, but the possibilities include triboluminescence due to microfracture and bond-breaking during brittle shock deformation. Fused SiO2, NaCl, KCl and LiF exhibit low emissivity greybody radiation corresponding to temperatures much greater than calculated continuum (thermostatic) temperatures at high pressure. Framing camera photographs, taken simultaneously with the radiation spectrum, reveal a heterogeneous radiation field in x-cut SiO2 at 7.6 GPa, fused SiO2 at 9.8 GPa, and a nearly uniform radiation field in NaCl near 29 GPa, correlating with low (∼0.02) and high (∼0.5) effective emissivities, respectively. An important new result is that LiF, and perhaps Al2O3, are unique among all materials studied in that they emit heterogeneous greybody radiation but do not undergo any known solid-solid phase change in the range of pressure covered by our experiments. Greybody thermal radiation is probably due to localized inelastic deformation, producing locally high dissipation, temperatures, and in some cases melting. If the local rate of melting exceeds the local rate of dissipation, temperatures inferred from these radiation measurements should represent melting temperatures at high pressure.
Helminths of American Robins, Turdus migratorius, and House Sparrows, Passer domesticus (Order: Passeriformes), from Suburban Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A

Thirty American robins (Turdus migratorius, Turdidae) and 10 house sparrows (Passer domesticus, Passeridae) were collected in June and July 2010 and 2011 from SW suburban Chicago, Illinois, and examined for helminths. In total, 9 helminth species (1 digenetic trematode: Lutztrema monenteron; 2 cestodes: Choanotaenia sp. and Paricterotaenia sp.; 5 nematodes: Chandlerella quiscali, Porrocaecum ensicaudatum, Splendidofilaria sp., Syngamus trachea, and Synhimantus nasuta; and 1 acanthocephalan: Plagiorhynchus cylindraceus) occurred in 30 American robins. Both Choanotaenia sp. and P. cylindraceus had the highest prevalence (40%). Lutztrema monenteron had the highest mean intensity (37), followed by Syngamus trachea (8.7), which also had the highest mean abundance (3.2). Juvenile American robins were parasitized by 7 of the 9 species, indicating that the majority of parasites found have a focus of infection in the suburban environment. Three helminth species (1 trematode: Urogonimus sp.; 1 cestode: Paricterotaenia sp.; and 1 nematode: Splendidofilaria sp.) occurred in 10 house sparrows. Urogonimus sp. and Paricterotaenia sp. each had a prevalence of 20%. Urogonimus sp. had the highest mean intensity (18.5) and mean abundance (3.7) in house sparrows. Gravid individuals of all helminth species were found. The survey reported herein is consistent with previous helminthological studies conducted on the helminths of American robins and house sparrows, except for the occurrence of Paricterotaenia sp. and Chandlerella quiscali in robins.
664: Labor and neonatal outcomes after induction of labor in blacks

CONCLUSION: In our all-comers cohort replicative of everyday obstetric practice, mode of delivery did not appear to significantly affect periviable and low birthweight neonatal outcomes. In our cohort of 750-1000g neonates, the relationship between CD and improved composite outcome was maintained when co-occuring with administration of antenatal steroids. Given that this relationship was not seen across the low birthweight nor periviable, preterm spectrum, we cannot universally conclude that CD improves neonatal outcomes.