cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Feeding Growing Pigs Less or More Than Their Estimated Lysine Requirement in Early and Late Finishing on Overall Performance1

Abstract Our objective was to determine the effects of feeding gilts less than (d 0 to 27 = 2.75 g Lys/Mcal ME, and d 27 to 55 = 2.25 g Lys/Mcal ME) or at (d 0 to 27 = 3.30 g Lys/Mcal ME, and d 27 to 55 = 2.75 g Lys/Mcal ME) the estimated Lys-to-calorie ratio required for optimal performance in early finishing, coupled with feeding less than, at, or more than (1.75, 2.25, and 2.75 g Lys/Mcal ME, respectively) the estimated Lys requirement in late finishing. A total of 1,154 pigs (initially 32.8 kg), were used in a split-plot design. Diets were corn-soybean meal-based. In early finishing, pigs fed at the Lys requirement had improved (P
Preparation and analysis of pure cell populations from Drosophila.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the isolation and analysis of pure populations of Drosophila cells. The chapter discusses, whole animal cell sorting (WACS), a relatively new technique that is used to isolate and study a number of different early embryonic cell types in vitro. It can be used to prepare analytical quantities of almost any early embryonic cell type, provided a lacZ strain that expresses β-galactosidase specifically in the cells of interest is available. WACS is used to purify cells from early stages of embryogenesis; applying WACS to later stages of development will probably require the use of other methods for cell dissociation besides the mechanical procedure as most cells become more adherent as the embryo matures. Although traditional methods such as treatment with trypsin or ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) can be used, we can also envision the introduction of a transgene that can be conditionally activated to disrupt cell associations when needed. It is necessary to determine whether endogenous β-galactosidase activity is present at these later developmental stages, which could interfere with the procedure unless it can be specifically inhibited.
Apoptosis and Necrosis

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the mammalian nervous system. It is recog­nized that similar mechanisms may occur in other organ­isms and many important aspects of apoptosis are discovered during the studies of nema­tode Caenorhabditis elegans. Biochemical events that define apoptosis include upregulation and/or mitochondrial trans­location of proapoptotic proteins, such as Bax and Par-4; for­mation of mitochondrial permeability transition pores and the release of cytochrome c and/or apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) from the mitochondria; activation of effector caspases that control the cell death process by cleaving a range of cytoplasmic, membrane-associated and nuclear protein substrates; exposure of phosphatidylserine on the plasma membrane surface that serves as a signal for recognition; and engulfment of the dying cell by macrophages and microg­lia. During embryonic and early postnatal development, many cells undergo apoptosis in most regions of mammalian ner­vous systems. Such developmental apoptosis is believed to be adaptive in that it eliminates cells that are not integrated into neuronal circuits and are therefore, unnecessary for the proper function of the nervous system.
Environmental Enteropathy: Elusive but Significant Subclinical Abnormalities in Developing Countries.

Abstract Environmental enteropathy/Environmental enteric dysfunction (EE/EED) is a chronic disease of small intestine characterized by gut inflammation and barrier disruption, malabsorption and systemic inflammation in the absence of diarrhea. It is predominantly diseases of children in low income countries and is hypothesized to be caused by continuous exposure to fecally contaminated food, water and fomites. It had not been recognized as a priority health issue because it does not cause overt symptoms and was seen in apparently healthy individuals. However, there is a growing concern of EE/EED because of its impact on longitudinal public health issues, such as growth faltering, oral vaccine low efficacy and poor neurocognitive development. Recent works have provided important clues to unravel its complex pathogenesis, and suggest possible strategies for controlling EE/EED. However, effective diagnostic methods and interventions remain unsettled. Here, we review the existing literature, especially about its pathogenesis, and discuss a solution for children living in the developing world.
Measurement of Local Thermal Deformations in Heterogeneous Microstructures via SEM Imaging with Digital Image Correlation

It is challenging to measure accurately and with high spatial resolution the local thermal strains in heterogeneous microstructures due of the complex nature of the thermal deformations and local boundary conditions. In the enclosed study, a digital image correlation (DIC) based, thermal strain mapping technique is described that is able to probe thermal deformations with sub-micron spatial resolution and sub-nanometer displacement accuracy for both homogeneous and heterogeneous materials, including cross-sections of IC packages. The full-field thermal deformation maps of different materials within a nanostructured IC chip cross-section are established from room temperature up to 160 °C, uncovering the heterogeneous nature of the specimen while accurately measuring the highly non-uniform displacement and strain fields across the multiple material constituents. As described in this work, the DIC-enabled technique is capable of high resolution mapping of local thermo-mechanical deformations in heterogeneous materials, providing a methodology that can improve our understanding of complex material systems under controlled thermal-environmental conditions.
The Effect of Geometry on Patellar Tracking After TKA During a Simulated Squat

Introduction Quadriceps weakness, which is often reported following total knee arthroplasty (TKA), affects patients9 abilities to perform activities of daily living [1]. Implant design features, particularly of the patella-femoral joint, influence the mechanical advantage of the extensor mechanism. This study quantifies the changes in extensor mechanism moment arms due to different patellar resurfacing options during TKA. Methods Posterior-stabilized TKR surgery was performed on seven cadaveric knees which were subsequently mounted in the Kansas Knee Simulator (KKS) [2]. A dynamic physiological squat was simulated between 5° and 80° knee flexion at 50% body weight while knee kinematics, including the lines of action of the rectus femoris (RF) muscle and patellar tendon (PT), were recorded using an optical tracking system. The simulation was performed after three patella treatment options: 1) leaving the native patella Unresurfaced, 2) resurfaced with a medialized Dome patella, and 3) resurfaced with a medialized Anatomic patella which included a conforming lateral facet. Moment arms from the tibio-femoral helical axis to the line of action of the PT and the RF were calculated for each patella condition. Results The quadriceps moment arm for the Anatomic patella is smaller than the Dome during extension (Fig. 1A). Past 55° the Anatomic moment arm becomes larger than the dome. Patellar tendon moment arm for Anatomic is bigger than the dome in extension (0–50°) but smaller in flexion (50–80°) (Fig. 1B). The overall shape of the Unresurfaced patella moment arm through flexion, for both the patellar tendon and the quadriceps, was more similar to the Anatomic than the Dome although the difference in magnitude was not consistent between the six knees. Discussion The orientations of both the RF and PT lines of action, which were used to determine the moment arm, were correlated with patellofemoral kinematics. A more extended position of the patella resulted in an increase of the PT while decreased the RF moment arm. This explains the difference between the Anatomic and dome moment arms for both PT and RF since the Anatomic patella was more extended between 0–60° knee flexion (Fig. 1C). The similarity in the PT and RF moment arms shape between the Anatomic and the Unresurfaced resurfaced was due to the similarity in their conforming geometry. The less conforming geometry of the Dome patella made it less constrained and allowed the forces applied by the RF and PT to have a greater influence on patellofemoral kinematics and moment arms than Anatomic and Unresurfaced patellae. The small changes in PT and RF moment arm observed in this study can result in large effect on muscle loads that are required to perform more strenuous activities. Multiple methodologies have been reported in literature to calculate moment arm. Future work will examine the effects of different methodologies on moment arm calculations as well as validation of results by examining the change in quadriceps moment arm required to perform certain activities.
Identification of switched wiener systems based on local embedding

This paper considers the problem of switched Wiener system identification from a Kernel based manifold embedding perspective. Our goal is to identify both the Kernel mapping and the dynamics governing the evolution of the data on the manifold from noisy output measurements and with minimal assumptions about the nonlinearity and the affine portion of the systems. While in principle this is a very challenging problem, the main result of the paper shows that a computationally efficient solution can be obtained using a polynomial optimization approach that allows for exploiting the underlying sparse structure of the problem and provides optimality certificates. As an alternative, we provide a low complexity algorithm for the case where the affine part of the system switches only between 2 sub models.
Is There Anything New Under the Sun? Herbert Simon's Contributions in the 1930s to Performance Measurement and Public Reporting of Performance Results

Herbert A. Simon (1916-2001) has been reown for his scholarly activites in the areas of decision-making, organizational behavior, management, rationality, psychology and artifical intellligence. He had started his career in public administration and made several important scholary contributions to it in the areas of organization theory and decision-making, before moving to larger and broader disciplines. Yet, his contribution at the beginning of his career to the literature of administrative measurement of government and of reporting to the citizenry the results of these measurements is largely overlooked. Of the 973 publications listed in the most authoritative biblography of his life's work, the first 21- all published in 1937-1939 - were on the relate topics of performance measurement and reporting. This article connects the current interest in performace measurement to Simon's contributions that were ahead of its time, along with that of his mentor Clarence Ridley. Their work uncannily echoes the current literature and its relevant and fresh in the contemporary context as when first published 75 years ago.
CHAPTER 42 – Risk of Pulmonary Embolism/Venous Thrombosis

Venous thrombosis mainly presents in the deep veins of the leg or in the lung, but can also occur elsewhere, including the brain, retina, liver, mesentery, and upper extremities. Clots originating in the upper extremity are relatively rare, and are usually sequelae of medical procedures such as catheter placement. Thrombophlebitis is a clinical syndrome of pain and swelling in the leg that originates as a valve pocket thrombus, most often in the soleal vein or posterior tibial or popliteal veins, during some period of stasis. Such a thrombus may propagate upward to the femoral and iliac veins where pieces then break off into the venous circulation to become trapped in the lung as a pulmonary embolus. It is thought that distal leg clots do not embolize until after upward propagation to the thigh; however, clots may originate in the thigh or pelvis rather than in the leg. The sequelae of venous thrombosis are immediate death due to pulmonary embolism, recurrent symptomatic or asymptomatic thrombosis with repeated risk of embolism, and the development of postphlebitic syndrome. The postphlebitic syndrome encompasses chronic swelling, skin changes including ulceration, and chronic pain interfering with ambulation.
Measuring the Face of the Past and Facing the Measurement

We are in the midst of major changes in the practice of archaeology and heritage studies. Technologies for high-precision, high-density measurement of objects, sites and landscapes coupled with computer-based methods for the visualization of these data and other (re)creations of the past are growing in use. These approaches have and will continue to fundamentally alter our field. The term “high density survey and measurement” (HDSM) covers methods such as airborne lidar, real time kinematic GNSS/GPS survey, robotic total stations, terrestrial “laser” scanning, structured light scanning and close range photogrammetry (CRP, also known as structure from motion—SfM) and UAV-based SfM/CRP and scanning. The analytical process that characterized our field before HDSM can be (over-) simplified to a sequence of observe, interpret/abstract, measure, record, and analyze. HDSM breaks us out of this process in that it pushes us toward a recursive and reflexive engagement with the data, in which we observe, record, measure, analyze, and abstract/interpret repeatedly, and in various orders. The growth in the use of HDSM methods is paralleled by increasing applications of computer-based visualization. Effective use of both requires attention to a scholarly digital ecosystem that addresses the archive and reuse of these digital objects and includes strategies to reuse these digital objects in other scholarly representations along with the tools for citation and other aspects of scholarly discourse.
Further evaluation of blocked trials to teach intraverbal responses under complex stimulus control: Effects of criterion-level probes ☆

Abstract Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often have deficient intraverbal repertoires. Ingvarsson, Kramer, Carp, Petursdottir, and Macias (2016) evaluated the use of a blocked-trial procedure to establish complex stimulus control over the intraverbal behavior of children with ASD. In the current study, we replicated the procedures of Ingvarsson et al. (2016) and added criterion-level probes. Three children with ASD, ages 7–13, participated. We targeted discriminations between questions that differed in subtle ways. The questions were initially presented in trial blocks. Contingent on accuracy criteria the size of the trial blocks was gradually reduced until the questions were presented in quasi-random order. We conducted criterion-level probes (quasi-random presentation) following each step. The blocked-trials procedure was effective with two participants, and probe performance showed that the full set of blocked-trials instructional steps was rarely needed following acquisition of the first discrimination. Hence, the efficiency of the procedure was significantly enhanced for these two participants relative to the previous study. The procedure was not effective for the third participant. These results suggest that the blocked-trials procedure can be an effective and efficient way to teach intraverbals that require conditional discriminations to children with ASD.
Origin of the Lateral Wall of the Mammalian Skull: Fossils, Monotremes and Therians Revisited

To interpret the fundamental differences in the structure and origin of the braincase sidewalls of monotremes, multituberculates, and therians, we examined MicroCT scans of a mammaliaform, Morganucodon; two non-mammalian cynodonts, Massetognathus and Probainognathus; a stem therian, Vincelestes; a juvenile and adult monotreme, Ornithorhynchus; and two marsupials, Monodelphis and Didelphis. The skull of Morganucodon resembles the pattern predicted for an early mammal: the descending flanges of the frontal and parietal cover the lateral surface of the orbitosphenoid and the palatine forms most of the medial wall of the orbit. In monotremes, the lateral region of the chondrocranium ossifies to form a long presphenoid/orbitosphenoid complex. During the transition from early mammals to extant mammals the height of the alisphenoid decreased drastically, the anterior lamina extended anteriorly to form part of the sidewall while the lateral surface of the orbitosphenoid was exposed by the dorsal withdrawal of the frontal and parietal. By contrast, in multituberculates and therians the lateral edges of the frontals extended further ventrally and the orbitosphenoid was reduced to a smaller orbital exposure below the frontals. In multituberculates the alisphenoid decreased in height, replaced by an anterior extension of the anterior lamina. The palatine withdrew from the orbital wall, replaced by a dorsally directed expansion of the maxilla. Extant therians have lost the anterior lamina. The inferior edges of the frontal followed the further ventral migration of the orbitosphenoid. The alisphenoid and parietal form most of the braincase sidewall.
S-nitrosylation of GAD65 is implicated in decreased GAD activity and oxygen-induced seizures.

Breathing oxygen at partial pressures ≥2.5 atmospheres absolute, which can occur in diving and hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) therapy, can rapidly become toxic to the central nervous system (CNS). This neurotoxicity culminates in generalized EEG epileptiform discharges, tonic-clonic convulsions and ultimately death. Increased production of neuronal nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in eliciting hyperoxic seizures by altering the equilibrium between glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic transmission. Inhibition of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity in HBO2 promotes this imbalance; however, the mechanisms by which this occurs is unknown. Therefore, we conducted a series of experiments using mice, a species that is highly susceptible to CNS oxygen toxicity, to explore the possibility that NO modulates GABA metabolism. Mice were exposed to 100% oxygen at 4 ATA for various durations, and brain GAD and GABA transaminase (GABA-T) activity, as well as S-nitrosylation of GAD65 and GAD67 were determined. HBO2 inhibited GAD activity by 50% and this was negatively correlated with S-nitrosylation of GAD65, whereas GABA-T activity and S-nitrosylation of GAD67 were unaltered. These results suggest a new mechanism by which NO alters GABA metabolism, leading to neuroexcitation and seizures in HBO2.
The Value of Nursing Certification: Revisited and Reinforced

Abstract Background Nursing is the largest health care profession in the United States, and as such employment and professional development trends for this group are instructive. A significant ratio of individuals holding the vascular access-board certified credential are registered nurses. A large portion of the nursing workforce holds specialty certification, but this process is mainly voluntary and heavily dependent on the motivation of individual nurses. Certification rates among registered nurses lag behind other health care professions such as medicine. Review of Literature A summary of recent research centered on nursing certification is presented and divided into 3 major categories: value of certification perceived by nurses, traits associated with certification, and relationship between nursing certification and patient outcomes. Conclusions Although there are many studies available on nursing certification, additional work in the field is needed to promote and show benefits of specialty nursing certifications.
The Challenges of Identifying an Oxygenation Index Threshold for Increased Mortality in Pediatric Acute Respiratory Failure.

The Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference (PALICC) recognizes oxygenation index (OI), a measure of oxygenation based on level of respiratory support, as the primary metric of lung disease severity in defining pediatric ARDS.[1][1] Traditionally, OI has been used to guide escalation of
Enhanced AMPA Receptor Trafficking Mediates the Anorexigenic Effect of Endogenous Glucagon-like Peptide-1 in the Paraventricular Hypothalamus

Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1)-expressing neurons in the hindbrain send robust projections to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), which is involved in the regulation of food intake. Here, we describe that stimulation of GLP-1 afferent fibers within the PVN is sufficient to suppress food intake independent of glutamate release. We also show that GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) activation augments excitatory synaptic strength in PVN corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons, with GLP-1R activation promoting a protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent signaling cascade leading to phosphorylation of serine S845 on GluA1 AMPA receptors and their trafficking to the plasma membrane. Finally, we show that postnatal depletion of GLP-1R in the PVN increases food intake and causes obesity. This study provides a comprehensive multi-level (circuit, synaptic, and molecular) explanation of how food intake behavior and body weight are regulated by endogenous central GLP-1. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
Beauty, Effort, and Misrepresentation: How Beauty Work Affects Judgments of Moral Character and Consumer Preferences

Women engage in a variety of beauty practices, or “beauty work,” to enhance their physical appearance, such as applying cosmetics, tanning, or exercising. Although the rewards of physical attractiveness are well documented, perceptions of both the women who engage in efforts to enhance their appearance and the high-effort beauty products marketed to them are not well understood. Across seven studies, we demonstrate that consumers judge women who engage in certain types of extensive beauty work as possessing poorer moral character. These judgments occur only for effortful beauty work perceived as transformative (significantly altering appearance) and transient (lasting a relatively short time), such that they emerge within cosmetics and tanning, yet not skincare or exercise. This effect is mediated by the perception that putting high effort into one’s appearance signals a willingness to misrepresent one’s true self, and translates into lower purchase intentions for higher-effort cosmetics. We identify several boundary conditions, including the attractiveness of the woman performing the beauty work and whether the effort is attributed to external norms or causes. In examining how beauty work elicits moral judgments, we also shed light on why effortful cosmetic use is viewed negatively, yet effortful products continue to be commercially successful.
Attributional Processes in Close Relationships

In general, the topic of close, intimate relationships his become a focus for increased theoretical analysis and research in the field of psychology only in the last 15 years. (Clark & Reis, 1988; Kelley et al., 1983). Perhaps it is not surprising, then, that the study of attributional processes in close relationships has emerged also only in the last 15 years. It seems obvious, however, that relationship phenomena have become a major subject for attribution scholars in the 1980s and one that will be pursued vigorously well into the next century. Central to the close relationship is a great amount of interpretive activity on the part of both persons. “Why did he say that—to hurt me?” “What kind of a fool does she think I am; what kind of a game is she playing, anyway?” “He is so sensitive, and I need him so much in my life.” “She is the jewel of my life.”
Toward a Molecular Understanding of Metal Transport by P1B-Type ATPases

The P1B family of P-type ATPases couples the transport of cytoplasmic transition metals across biological membranes to the hydrolysis of ATP. These ubiquitous transporters function in maintaining cytoplasmic metal quotas and in the assembly of metalloproteins, and have been classified into subfamilies (P1B-1–P1B-5) on the basis of their transported substrates (Cu+, Zn2+, Cu2+, and Co2+) and signature sequences in their transmembrane segments. In addition, each subgroup presents a characteristic membrane topology and specific regulatory cytoplasmic metal-binding domains. In recent years, significant major aspects of their transport mechanism have been described, including the stoichiometry of transport and the delivery of substrates to transport sites by metallochaperones. Toward understanding their structure, the metal coordination by transport sites has been characterized for Cu+ and Zn2+-ATPases. In addition, atomic resolution structures have been determined, providing key insight into the elements that enable transition metal transport. Because the Cu+-transporting ATPases are found in humans and are linked to disease, this subfamily has been the focus of intense study. As a result, significant progress has been made toward understanding Cu+-ATPase function on the molecular level, using both the human proteins and the bacterial homologs, most notably the CopA proteins from Archaeoglobus fulgidus, Bacillus subtilis, and Thermotoga maritima. This chapter thus focuses on the mechanistic and structural information obtained by studying these latter Cu+-ATPases, with some consideration of how these aspects might differ for the other subfamilies of P1B-ATPases.
Serviceability and Durability

With structural clay products, the proof of the pudding is their ability to resist all the rigors of service conditions and to function well in their intended purposes for very long times. When one builds his home, factory, or place of business using clay products, he likes to think that it will last forever with no maintenance, and perhaps it might, if it did not become obsolete, outgrown, or exposed to natural catastrophes. Furthermore, the durability of structural clay products is expected to exceed other materials such as wood, metals, and plastics, and indeed it will, as evidenced by the antique products up to 10,000 years old illustrated in Chapt. 1. Bricks and tiles are expected to produce strong buildings and pavements. Roofing tiles must be designed to keep out rain and snow, and pipes for the transportation of all kinds of wastes are designed to produce leak-proof joints with a minimum of skill and labor.
Tracing the Relationships Among the Eubacteria Using σ 70 -Type Sigma Factors

Morphological and molecular approaches each have distinct advantages and disadvantages in determining evolutionary relationships. Morphological data can be more readily obtained from ancient fossils and extensive preserved collections (Gauthier et al., 1988). However, sequence information can be more precisely interpreted and is usually more informative of evolutionary relationships than phenotypic information (Woese, 1987). Over the past few decades genotypic information has replaced morphological or other phenotypic patterns as the primary tool to determine evolutionary relationships between microorganisms.
NEURONAL DYNAMICS AND NEUROPLASMIC (“AXONAL”) FLOW

Publisher Summary Axonal flow serves as an indicator and measure in the dynamics of neuron. This chapter presents the phenomenon of axonal flow in this broader perspective, with the aim of combining aspects gained by various specialized techniques into a unified picture. The usage of the simple term axonal flow itself carries a risk—the risk of oversimplification, unrealistic interpretations, and premature overextension. Axonal flow is a cell-biological phenomenon characteristic of a cell of peculiar constitution, the neuron. The peculiarity of that cell lies in its usual possession of enormous elongations and in the resulting extreme eccentricity of the site of the nucleus and its surrounding cytoplasmic mass—the perikaryon. In the molecular communities of most other cells, the processes of synthesis, macromolecular assemblage, internal transport, catabolic breakdown, and elimination of metabolites and cell products are so grossly intermingled that they are difficult to separate. Similarly, the neuron used to be taken for granted as a cell in which anabolic and catabolic processes go on ubiquitously. Axonal flow has radically changed that notion by demonstrating that in the neuron, the major production site of cellular constituents and the area of their consumption are not intermingled and coextensive but are rather neatly segregated, which necessarily requires an organized traffic system from source to consumers—and this is exactly what axonal flow provides.
Arteriovenous Malformations of the Posterior Fossa

Posterior fossa arteriovenous malformations (pAVMs ) comprise a rare subset of AVMs located in the posterior fossa or infratentorial space, which contains the cerebellum and brainstem. These AVMs are distinguished from AVMs in other locations due to higher risk of hemorrhage and more aggressive clinical course. The management of pAVMs is challenging, and treatment selection of pAVMs takes into consideration the location, size, and angioarchitecture of the lesion. Multimodality treatment including a combination of surgical resection, radiosurgery, and endovascular embolization may achieve excellent results. This chapter reviews the disease characteristics, decision-making, treatment techniques, and complication management for pAVMs.
High-pressure spectroscopic investigation of multiferroic Ni 3 TeO 6

Here, a combined experimental and theoretical investigation of the properties of Ni${}_{3}$TeO${}_{6}$ under pressure reveals reduced compressibility near 4 GPa due to the unique behavior of one bond angle. This trend arises from a nearby cavity in the crystal structure that enhances tunability in this and other corrundumlike materials. Analysis of superexchange angles reveals enhanced antiferromagnetic interactions, in line with an increase in ${T}_{N}$ observed in magnetization. Magnetoelectric coupling likely enhances polarization under pressure. This work suggests that incorporating empty cavities into crystal structures provides a new route for control of multiferroic properties.
Cryopreserved, Viable Osteochondral Allograft for the Treatment of a Full-Thickness Cartilage Defect of the Glenoid

Abstract Glenoid chondral injuries constitute challenging injuries to treat because of the limited access and the limited options and evidence available for their resolution. The purpose of this Technical Note is to describe the procedure, pearls, and pitfalls of implantation of a cryopreserved osteochondral allograft (Cartiform) for the treatment of full-thickness cartilage defects of the shoulder. Cartiform is a cryopreserved osteochondral allograft composed of chondrocytes, chondrogenic growth factors, and extracellular matrix proteins that can be implanted through a single-stage procedure.
Study on the Influence of Accessing Flexible DC Grid on AC Grid Protection

The working principle and current control method of flexible DC converter were introduced. The influence of current control of flexible DC converter on the electrical characteristics of the AC side was analyzed. The electric quantity change and characteristics of the AC side power grid during the AC side short circuit fault and recovery process were studied. The influence of the AC grid side fault process on the DC grid voltage and the converter output power was analyzed. The four-terminal flexible DC grid simulation model based on the half-bridge modular multilevel converter was built, and the fault process of the AC grid side of the converter was simulated and verified.
Ms Marvel, Qahera, and superheroism in the Muslim diaspora

ABSTRACTThis article examines how Marvel Comics’ Ms Marvel, in her newest iteration as a Pakistani Muslim young woman, challenges the conventions of race and American citizenship in the post-9/11 United States. I place Ms Marvel in conversation with the webcomic Qahera the Superhero, which was created by an Egyptian artist, in order to demonstrate the ways in which both texts have an ability to reach readers on a global scale and powerfully reimagine visual representations of Muslim women and female superheroes. My investigation includes an analysis of the comics and the epitexts that surround these works, such as author and editor interviews and various forms of public response in order to demonstrate how these media engage with a specific racial, ethnic, and (inter)national community in a meaningful way; one which complicates the definition of ‘fans,’ ‘comic book readers,’ and ‘heroes.’ When juxtaposed Ms Marvel and Qahera emerge as artifacts of visual, digital culture whose significance is particularly...
Two-player incentive compatible outcome functions are affine maximizers

Abstract In mechanism design, for a given type space, there may be incentive compatible outcome functions which are not affine maximizers. Using tools from linear algebra and tropical geometry, we prove that for two-player games on a discrete type space, any given outcome function can be turned into an affine maximizer through a nontrivial perturbation of the type space. Furthermore, our theorems are the strongest possible in this setup.
Doing Televised Rhetorical Analysis as a Means of Promoting University Awareness in a Target Market

This article will describe aspects of doing televised rhetorical analysis as they relate to the promotion of university awareness in a particular target market. Such considerations will include variables that most professors encounter in their efforts to address the “service” expectations of their employment and how these variables can be commensurate with significant public relations goals of the institution. How we address “service” expectations can differ markedly but the objectives of such efforts are fairly consistent.
The role of gender in the relations among Dark Triad and psychopathy, sociosexuality, and moral judgments

Abstract The Dark Triad (D3) traits of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy have been linked to a range of moral behavior, and to sociosexuality and sexual behavior, particularly in males. The current study examined whether males and females differ with respect to relations among D3 traits and dimensions of psychopathy from the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM), sexual behavior, sociosexuality, tendency towards infidelity, and moral judgments, using a community sample. D3 and TriPM measures were generally more strongly correlated with sexual behavior for males in ways that might increase numbers of matings and sexual partners, but were more strongly correlated with intention towards infidelity and sociosexual attitudes for females—in ways that might facilitate extra-pair mating. Sociosexuality and self-reported sexual behavior showed a strong pattern of overall and gender-specific relations to moral judgments. D3 and psychopathy measures were also related to everyday moral judgments, although generally less so than were sociosexuality and sexual behavior. These results clearly point to the importance of taking gender into account when considering the relations between D3 traits, sexual behavior, sociosexuality, and moral judgments.
Ultra-high Temperature Growth of Layered Hexagonal Boron Nitride on Sapphire by Molecular Beam Epitaxy

Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) films were grown by ultra high temperature molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on insulating sapphire substrates. Characterization of the films reveals smooth, highly crystalline and layered hBN grown on the substrate at ultra-high substrate thermocouple temperatures $(> 1600^{\circ}\mathrm{C})$ and low impinging boron flux; films grown under different conditions exhibited rough and polycrystalline morphology. Chemical analysis by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), combined with analysis of in-situ reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) patterns suggest the presence of a thin interfacial layer of aluminum nitride between the bulk sapphire substrate and the hBN layers caused by sapphire surface nitridation during early stages of growth. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) analysis confirmed the uniform and layered morphology of the hBN films as well as the nitridated sapphire surface. Absorption spectroscopy demonstrated a sharp absorption peak at ~6.1 eV, characteristic of hBN. Tauc's method allows the bandgap of the material to estimated from the absorption spectrum; a value of ~5.8 eV was obtained for the indirect bandgap of hBN, close to the 5.9 eV reported value. This work represents a step toward the integration of hBN into existing, mature epitaxial platforms and devices.
Effects of Historical Recording Technology on Vibrato in Modern-Day Opera Singers

Summary Objective Past literature indicates that vibrato measurements of singers objectively changed (i.e., vibrato rate decreased and vibrato extent increased) from 1900 to the present day; however, historical audio recording technology may distort acoustic measurements of the voice output signal, including vibrato. As such, the listener's perception of historical singing may be influenced by the limitations of historical technology. This study attempts to show how the wax cylinder phonograph system—the oldest form of mass-produced audio recording technology—alters the recorded voice output signal of modern-day singers and, thus, provides an objective lens through which to study the effect(s) of historical audio recording technology on vibrato measurements. Methods Twenty professional Western opera singers sang a messa di voce on the vowel [a] and on the pitch C4 for male singers and C5 for female singers, three times into a flat-response omnidirectional microphone and onto an Edison Home Phonograph simultaneously. The middle 1–3 seconds (6–10 vibrato cycles) of each sample was analyzed for vibrato rate, vibrato extent, jitter (ddp), shimmer (dda), and fundamental frequency for each recording condition (wax cylinder phonograph or microphone). Steady-state and frequency-modulating sinewave test signals were also recorded under the multiple recording conditions. Results Results indicated no significant effect of recording condition on vibrato rate (mean [standard deviation], cylinder: 5.3 Hz [0.5], microphone: 5.3 Hz [0.5]) and no significant difference was found for mean fundamental frequency (cylinder: 389 Hz [137], microphone: 390 Hz [137]). A significant main effect of recording condition was found for vibrato extent (cylinder: ±103 cents [30], microphone: ±100 cents [31]). Additionally, mean jitter (ddp) (cylinder: 1.22% [1.09], microphone: 0.24% [0.12]) and mean shimmer (dda) (cylinder: 9.40% [4.90], microphone: 1.92% [0.94]) were significantly higher for the cylinder recording condition, indicating more cycle-to-cycle variability in the wax cylinder recorded signal. Analysis of test signals revealed similar patterns based on recording condition. Discussion This study validates past scholarly inquiry about vibrato measurements as extracted from digitized wax cylinder phonograph recordings by demonstrating that measured vibrato rate remains constant during both recording conditions. In other words, vibrato rate as measured from historical recordings can be viewed as an accurate representation of the historical singer being studied. Furthermore, it suggests that the value of prior vibrato extent measurements from these acoustic recordings may be slightly overestimated from the original voice output signals produced by singers near the beginning of the 20th century (i.e., a narrow vibrato extent might have been numerically smaller on average). Increased jitter and shimmer in the wax cylinder recording conditions may be indicative of nonlinearities in the phonograph recording or playback systems
A Direct Comparison of Enhanced Saliva to Nasopharyngeal Swab for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Symptomatic Patients.

The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in shortages of nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) and viral transport media, necessitating the search for alternate diagnostic specimens, such as saliva. We directly compared matched saliva and NPS specimens from symptomatic patients suspected of having COVID-19. An enhanced saliva specimen (i.e., strong sniff, elicited cough, and collection of saliva/secretions) was collected without transport medium prior to collection of NPS from 224 patients with symptoms deemed consistent with COVID-19. Both specimens were tested with the CDC 2019 nCoV real-time RT-PCR diagnostic panel (4 February 2020 version), with the NPS result used as the reference standard. For the 216 patients included in the final analysis, there was 100% positive agreement (38/38 positive specimens) and 99.4% negative agreement (177/178 negative specimens). The one discrepant specimen had the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) confirmed in the saliva specimen using an alternate FDA EUA assay. The overall mean difference in cycle threshold (CT) values for the positive NPS and saliva specimens was −3.61 (95% confidence interval [CI], −5.78 to −1.44; P = 0.002). An enhanced saliva specimen performed as well as NPS for the qualitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 in symptomatic patients, although the overall mean viral load in saliva was lower.
Shifts in Practice Based on Rapid Re-Housing for Rural Homelessness: An Exploratory Study of Micropolitan Homeless Service Provision

Based on interviews with rural homeless service providers, the authors examine how policy has created shifts in practice for organizations serving homeless populations. Homeless individuals find a decreasing opportunity for assistance while awaiting Rapid Re-Housing. Some organizations, dependent on Rapid Re-Housing monies, are facing a lack of funding to pay for general homeless care provision. Organizations are creating care networks to address requirements of the new policy in addition to pooling resources in underserved areas.
Alcohol Dependence Differentially Alters Action and Outcome Related Orbitofrontal Cortex Activity

Alcohol dependence results in long-lasting deficits in decision-making and behavioral control. Neurobiological investigations have identified orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) as important for value contributions to decision-making as well as action control, and alcohol dependence induces long-lasting changes to OFC function that persist into protracted withdrawal. However, it is unclear which contributing OFC computations are disrupted in alcohol dependence. Here, we combined a well-validated mouse model of alcohol dependence with in vivo extracellular recordings during an instrumental task in which lever press duration serves as the contingency, and lever pressing is sensitive to outcome devaluation. We found prior alcohol dependence did not impair use of duration contingency control but did reduce sensitivity to outcome devaluation. Further, alcohol dependence increased OFC activity associated with lever-pressing but decreased OFC activity during outcome-related epochs. Hence, alcohol dependence induces a long-lasting disruption to OFC function such that activity associated with actions is enhanced, but OFC activity in relation to outcomes is diminished. This has important implications for hypotheses regarding compulsive and habitual phenotypes observed in addiction.
Association of Hair Concentrations of Antiretrovirals with Virologic Outcomes Among People Living with HIV in Guangxi, China.

Background Hair concentrations of antiretrovirals are an innovative and non-invasive method for measuring cumulative antiretroviral exposure and assessing long-term antiretroviral adherence. This study aimed to examine hair concentrations of antiretrovirals in relation to virologic outcomes among PLHIV in Guangxi, China. Methods Cross-sectional data of hair concentrations of antiretrovirals and HIV viral load were collected from 215 PLHIV in Guangxi, China. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to examine the association of hair concentrations of antiretrovirals with virologic outcomes. Results Of the 215 participants, 215, 67, and 163 PLHIV are receiving lamivudine, zidovudine, and efavirenz, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that hair concentrations of lamivudine [odds ratio = 16.52, 95% CI 2.51-108.60, p = 0.004] and efavirenz [odds ratio = 14.26, 95% CI 1.18-172.01, p = 0.036], but not zidovudine [odds ratio = 1.77, 95% CI 0.06-56.14, p = 0.747], were the strongest independent predictor of virologic suppression when controlling for sociodemographic and other HIV-related characteristics. Conclusion Hair concentrations of lamivudine and efavirenz were the strongest independent predictor of virologic suppression among Chinese PLHIV. Hair analysis of antiretrovirals may provide a non-invasive, cost-effective tool that predicts virologic suppression among PLHIV in China.
Using concept hierarchies to organize plan knowledge

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a unified theory of planning and its implementation in a system called DAEDALUS. DAEDALUS begins with knowledge of the operators for a domain and, like Minton's (1988) PRODIGY, uses means-ends analysis to construct plans. However, DAEDALUS stores these plans (cases) in a probabilistic concept hierarchy, indexing them by the differences they reduce. Upon encountering a previously unseen problem, the system retrieves a relevant plan (one with analogous differences) and uses it to select operators for the new task. The retrieval process leads DAEDALUS to generalize its stored plans so that it gradually shifts from a cased-based to a schema-based mode, while still retaining the ability to employ means-ends analysis when necessary. DAEDALUS operators are similar to those used by STRIPS but unlike STRIPS, which kept operators in a linear list, the current system organizes its operators in a probabilistic concept hierarchy, like that used in COBWEB. Also, the planning algorithm is based on simple means-ends analysis, again as in STRIPS. DAEDALUS differs from most means-ends planners in the way it accesses its operators from memory. Initially, DAEDALUS has access only to the domain operators stored in its concept hierarchy. As it gains more experience in a domain, DAEDALUS will begin to encounter problems that are similar to earlier ones. Once DAEDALUS has been implemented and tested, the exploration of several variants and extensions to the basic approach becomes available.
Genetical Interrelations Between Ureilites and Carbonaceous Chondrites

Close genetical interrelations are indicated between ureilites and carbonaceous chondrites by the observation of inclusions of a ureilite type petrography and mineralogy in a specimen from the Museum of Vienna, and two thin sections from the British Museum, of the Cold Bokkeveld Type II carbonaceous chondrite.
Development of transition metal oxide-zeolite catalysts to control chlorinated VOC air emissions

Publisher Summary Transition metal oxide (TMO)-zeolite oxidation catalysts are developed to control chlorinated volatile organic compound (CVOC) emissions. Zeolites with a high Al/Si ratio (Y-zeolite) provide active acid exchange sites. The exchanged and calcined zeolite is impregnated with the same or different metal and calcined to form the TMO film. These TMO-zeolites provide shape selectivity and three types of active sites: unexchanged HY (Bronsted) acid active sites, highly active exchanged sites, and impregnated TMO sites. They can achieve over 95% destruction efficiency at relatively low temperatures—that is, 300–3500 ˚C of a humid, low concentration CVOC, and are very resistive to poisoning. In the sorption-catalyst system, the zeolite first would physically adsorb the CVOC at room temperature. The system would then be heated to promote the TMO-zeolite catalytic reaction. The Y-zeolites can physically adsorb about 5% VOC but are highly hydrophilic. Silicalite is a zeolite with very little Al, can adsorb up to 15% VOC, and is hydrophobic. Impregnated Silicalite is an effective adsorbent and fair catalyst.