cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changing the Rules: A New Epistemology of Science

The most fundamental aspect of the western intellectual tradition, which is pervasive throughout the history of western thought, is, as virtually anyone who has seriously studied this history knows very well, ontological dualism. The concept of Being as continuous, immutable, and having a prior or separate existence from the world of change dates from Parmenides. The same qualities were associated with the god of the Judeo-Christian tradition, and were considerably amplified by the role played in theology by Platonic and Neoplatonic philosophy. Since the architects of classical physics were all inheritors of a cultural tradition in which ontological dualism was a primary article of faith, the idealization of the mathematical ideal as a source of communion with God, which dates from Pythagoras, provided an ontological or metaphysical foundation for the emerging natural sciences. As we will see in more detail in the next chapter, doing physics for the architects of classical physics was clearly a form of communion with the geometrical and mathematical forms resident in the perfect mind of God.
Quantization and an invariant for unitary representations of nilpotent Lie groups

Soit G un groupe de Lie nilpotent simplement connexe d'algebre de Lie . Etant donne une orbite coadjointe #7B-D⊂*, on definit l'invariant de cohomologie i(#7B-D)∈H 29q+1 () ou dim #7B-D=2q. On donne une interpretation de cet invariant via la machinerie de la quantification geometrique
Secondary review of external histopathology on cutaneous oncology patients referred for sentinel lymph node biopsy: how often does it happen and is it worth it?

Background We reviewed the data on external histopathology review for patients referred to our institution for sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) associated with melanoma, Merkel cell carcinoma and adnexal carcinoma. Methods We calculated the incidence of external histopathology review and the rate of discordance between internal and external histopathology diagnoses between January 1, 2010 and February 28, 2011. We conducted an anonymous poll of our community pathologists' experience with external histopathology review prior to SLNB. Financial charges and payments from 10 Medicare patients who underwent SLNB were obtained from our hospital's finance department. Results Sixty-eight cases were identified (63 melanomas, 4 Merkel cell carcinomas and 1 spiradenocarcinoma). The external histopathology was reviewed as part of the patient's care in 14 of 68 cases. In 3 of 14 reviewed cases, SLNB was deemed unnecessary. Nine of eleven community pathologists reported reviewing external histopathology material in less than 11% SLNB patients in their hospitals. The average Medicare reimbursement for SLNB and secondary pathology review was $5738 and $80 respectively. Conclusions Our data show that review of external cutaneous histopathology diagnoses on patients referred for SLNB is uncommon in our practice area, but is cost-effective and should be required to reduce unnecessary treatment.
Differing responses of Gat1 and Gln3 phosphorylation and localization to rapamycin and methionine sulfoximine treatment in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Gln3 and Gat1/Nil1 are GATA-family transcription factors responsible for transcription of nitrogen-catabolic genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Intracellular Gln3 localization and Gln3-dependent transcription respond in parallel to the nutritional environment and inhibitors of Tor1/2 (rapamycin) and glutamine synthetase (L-methionine sulfoximine, MSX). However, detectable Gln3 phosphorylation, though influenced by nutrients and inhibitors, correlates neither with Gln3 localization nor nitrogen catabolite repression-sensitive transcription in a consistent way. To establish relationships between Gln3 and Gat1 regulation, we performed experiments parallel to those we previously reported for Gln3. Gat1 and Gln3 localization are similar during steady-state growth, being cytoplasmic and nuclear with good and poor nitrogen sources, respectively. Localization correlates with Gat1- and Gln3-mediated transcription. In contrast, three characteristics of Gat1 and Gln3 differ significantly: (i) the kinetics of their localization in response to nutritional transitions and rapamycin-treatment; (ii) their opposite responses to MSX-treatment, i.e. that cytoplasmic Gln3 becomes nuclear following MSX addition, whereas nuclear Gat1 becomes cytoplasmic; and (iii) their phosphorylation levels in the above situations. In instances where Gln3 phosphorylation can be straightforwardly demonstrated to change, Gat1 phosphorylation (in the same samples) appears invariant. The only exception was following carbon starvation, where Gat1, like Gln3, is hyperphosphorylated in a Snf1-dependent manner. However, neither carbon starvation nor MSX treatment elicits Snf1-independent Gat1 hyperphosphorylation, as observed for Gln3.
Photodisintegration Cross Section of 241Am

The photodisintegration cross section of radioactive 241Am has been obtained for the first time using monoenergetic γ‐ray beams from the HIγS facility. The induced activity of 240Am produced via the 241Am(γ,n) reaction in the γ‐ray energy range from 9.5 to 16 MeV was measured by the activation technique utilizing high resolution HPGe detectors. The 241Am(γ,n) cross section was determined both by measuring the absolute γ‐ray flux and by comparison to the 197Au(γ,n) and 58Ni(γ,n) cross section standards. The experimental data for the 241Am(γ,n) reaction in the giant dipole resonance energy region is compared with statistical nuclear‐model calculations.
ISI: Automatic Classification of Relations Between Nominals Using a Maximum Entropy Classifier

The automatic interpretation of semantic relations between nominals is an important subproblem within natural language understanding applications and is an area of increasing interest. In this paper, we present the system we used to participate in the SemEval 2010 Task 8 Multi-Way Classification of Semantic Relations between Pairs of Nominals. Our system, based upon a Maximum Entropy classifier trained using a large number of boolean features, received the third highest score.
Evaluation of bridge conditions using artificial neural networks

The working condition of a bridge is evaluated periodically for the purpose of safety. In the conventional assessment procedure, there is significant influence of subjective factors involved. A feasibility study on the use of neural networks in the bridge condition assessment is presented in this paper. A neural network that consists of five subnets is designed to simulate the current bridge evaluation process. For all of the training cases the network converges very well, and for the test cases the network prediction is consistent with the expert's in about 60 percent. From these case studies, it is observed that neural networks are capable of simulating the bridge condition evaluation process and modeling the input-output relationship. The presented method has a potential in real world applications.
Living-related donor iobectomy for bilateral lobar transplantation in patients with cystic fibrosis

Abstract Donor lobectomy has been performed in 14 patients enabling 7 recipients with cystic fibrosis to undergo bilateral living-related lobar pulmonary transplantation. Donors included 11 parents, 2 brothers, and 1 uncle. Donor mean age was 43 years (range 24 to 55 years). Their mean height and weight was 170 cm (range, 169 to 180 cm) and 72.4 kg (range, 55 to 90 kg), respectively, compared with 161 cm (range, 140 to 175 cm) and 42.4 kg (range, 27 to 55 kg), respectively, in the recipient group. Donor pulmonary evaluation consisted of a history and physical examination, chest roentgenogram and computed tomographic scan, spirometry with arterial blood gas measurement, echocardiography, and perfusion scanning. From each pair of donors, one was selected for right lower lobectomy and the other for left lower lobec tomy. Standard lobectomy techniques were modified to facilitate implantation and optimize preservation of the donor lobes. On the right side, the middle lobe was removed and discarded in the first three donors to provide an adequate cuff of pulmonary artery and bronchus for implantation. With increased experience, this has proved not to be necessary. There have been no deaths and no long-term complications in the donor group. Prolonged postoperative air leaks occurred in the 3 patients who underwent right lower and middle lobectomies. All donors have been able to resume their previous lifestyles. Living-related donor lobectomy provides an alternative to cadaveric organs in select patients in need of pulmonary transplantation.
Comparison of Lifestyle-Based and Traditional Cardiovascular Disease Prediction in a Multiethnic Cohort of Nonsmoking Women

Background—Healthy levels of lifestyle factors can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, except for smoking status, often considered a traditional risk factor, their effect on cardiovascular risk prediction is unclear. Methods and Results—We used a case-cohort design of postmenopausal nonsmokers in the multiethnic Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study (1587 cases and 1808 subcohort participants) with a median follow-up of 10 years in noncases. Compared with nonsmokers with no other healthy lifestyle factors (healthy diet, recreational physical activity, moderate alcohol use, and low adiposity), the risk of cardiovascular disease was lower for each additional factor (hazard ratio for trend, 0.82; 95% confidence interval, 0.76–0.89), with a 45% reduction in risk with all factors (95% confidence interval, 0.36–0.84). When lifestyle factors were added to traditional risk factor models (variables from the Pooled Cohort and Reynolds risk scores), only recreational physical activity remaine...
A Reexamination of the Preferred Job Attributes of Full-Time and Part-Time Workers

This study attempts to reconcile inconsistencies in the literature concerning the job attribute preferences of full-time and part-time workers. The data reveal that the worker's sex and occupation influence preferences. For male and female blue-collar workers and professional/managerial employees only minor differences exist between full- and part-time employees. However, significant differences in the preference rankings of job attributes were found between full- and part-time female clerical employees. Further, the data suggest that for female clerical employees, marital and family status could influence their job attribute preferences.
Topical Review: Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System in Children. Part II: Disseminated Infections

In the second segment of this three-part review of parasitic infections of the central nervous system in children, we consider parasitic infections which typically involve various tissues and organ...
Evidence for sterol side-chain dealkylation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Abstract Microsomes from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii , a green alga, were shown to convert 24,28-epoxyergost-5-en-3β-ol to desmosterol, a process typical of insects.
Beryllium Deuteride Spectra

The spectra of the BeD green bands and of the ultraviolet Be${\mathrm{D}}^{+}$ bands have been photographed at high dispersion. A Be arc in a deuterium atmosphere was the source. Rotational analyses of the BeD bands, and rotational and vibrational analyses of the Be${\mathrm{D}}^{+}$ bands are presented. The electronic isotope shift in the ultraviolet system is 0.8 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The values ${{B}_{e}}^{*}=5.6807$ for the lower state of BeD and ${{B}_{e}}^{*}=5.9546$ for the lower state of Be${\mathrm{D}}^{+}$ are found. Comparison of these values with the corresponding values of the hydrides gives ratios 0.55110 and 0.55073, respectively, whereas ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{2}=0.55060$. Calculation of the J. L. Dunham corrections to ${B}_{e}$ for the anharmonic oscillator are shown to affect the ${B}_{e}$ ratio inappreciably. The variation of the ratio of the ${{B}_{e}}^{*}'\mathrm{s}$ from ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{2}$ and the small electronic isotope shift are briefly discussed.
Compaction of Density-Stratified Cumulates: Effect on Trapped-Liquid Distribution

Igneous rocks formed by the accumulation of crystals from a cooling magma body compose a significant fraction of both the terrestrial oceanic crust and the lunar crust and mantle. Here we report the results of numerical simulations of compaction of accumulating crystals for which the bulk density is not constant. The simulations are designed to provide insight into the behavior of interstitial liquid during compaction when a sharp drop in the density of the cumulus minerals is encountered (e.g., at the ultramafic-mafic boundary in a layered intrusion). The simulations provide an explanation for trapped-liquid distributions associated with sharp mineral density transitions. Density transition in the mineral assemblage is a feature common to many layered intrusions and the oceanic crust. This process does not require external mechanisms, such as injections of new and different magmas, and has important implications for the formation of Pt-ores found at ultramafic-mafic transitions. The model also has implic...
Reexamination of the phosphorescence of Ba2Pt2(H2P2O5)4 via thermally modulated emission spectroscopy

Abstract Reexamination of the phosphorescence of Ba2Pt2(H2P2O5)4 reveals that the ≈10 K spectrum is a superposition of two electronic transitions [3A2u(Eu,A1u → A1g] separated by ≈40 cm−1. Each band displays a prominent 110 cm−1 vibrational progression. Franck-Condon analysis yields a ≈0.25 A distortion of the PtPt bond in the excited states, interpreted as a contraction.
A specific replication origin in the chromosomal rDNA of Lytechinus variegatus

Specific replication origins have been well characterized in prokaryotes1,2, and have been identified in eukaryotic extra-chromosomal DNAs3–8. The best candidate, until now, for a specific eukaryotic chromosomal replication origin has been found in yeast9, but the general existence of such origins is challenged10 by the finding that SV40 and polyoma DNA fragments lacking the viral replication origin can replicate after injection into Xenopus eggs. It has thus been suggested that the origins found on extrachromosomal DNAs exist solely to circumvent the cells' strict requirement for chromosomal DNA to replicate once per cell division. Clearly the disparate views can only be reconciled after the replication of specific chromosomal genes has been studied. To this end, we have studied the replication of the ribosomal genes (rDNA) of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. The visualization of replicating rDNA, isolated from rapidly dividing sea urchin gastrula cells, after restriction endonuclease digestion demonstrates that the initiation of replication in these chromosomal genes is sequence-specific, and is most probably confined to a region within the non-transcribed spacer.
Measuring e-Governance as an innovation in the public sector

Abstract Since 2001, the United Nations (UN) and affiliated organizations have measured e-Government initiatives of more than 178 Member States of the UN, by devising “e-Government Readiness Index” (e-GRI) and “e-Participation Index” (e-PI). The UN has published rankings for its Member States in terms of e-GRI and e-PI, through e-Government Readiness Assessments (Surveys). Member States of the UN and digital government research community as well as academicians and practitioners regularly use the e-GRI and e-PI as a point-of-reference; this fact alone signifies the importance of evaluating the existing UN methodologies assessing e-Governance. Since e-Governance is one of the greatest innovations in the public sector, this research uses conceptual content analysis on the Surveys using the Innovation Management Measurement Framework (IMMF), which is one of the most widely accepted theoretical frameworks for measuring innovation initiatives. The resultant percentage normalized scores (PNS) lead to a set of recommendations for developing better informed, more balanced, and more powerful e-GRI and e-PI for the future.
Interfacial energy of calcite-MHA/MUA self-assembled monolayers during nucleation

The interfacial energies between template-directed calcite nuclei and self-assembled monolayers of 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid (MHA) and 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) were measured. The results reveal that (1) the MHA and MUA significantly reduce the effective surface energy of calcite from about 97 mJ/m2 in solution to about 45.3 and 52.7 mJ/m2 on MHA and MUA respectively, providing a thermodynamic basis for the strong capacity of MHA and MUA to promote calcite nuclei; and (2) the barrier to nucleation is dominated by the free energy barrier which enhances the rate of surface nucleation on MHA and MUA.
Resistant starch and β-glucan levels in grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor M.) are influenced by soaking and autoclaving

Abstract β-Glucan and resistant starch (RS) intake are linked to various physiological benefits. This study aimed to determine sorghum β-glucan and RS contents, and investigate the effects of processing on these. Grain sorghum was soaked at 37 °C for varying periods, then autoclaved at either 120 or 130 °C, and freeze-dried. Glucose, sucrose, β-glucan and RS levels were determined. Glucose content increased minimally with soaking. Sucrose content decreased from 0.90 g/100 g to 0.77 g/100 g with soaking. Autoclaving had little effect. β-Glucan content in unprocessed sorghum (0.12 g/100 g) increased with soaking and autoclaving at 120 °C. RS content increased from 6.5 g/100 g in unprocessed samples to 10.4 g/100 g with soaking. Autoclaving at 120 °C reduced RS content to a greater extent than at 130 °C. Moisture and heat processing therefore influence RS and β-glucan availability in sorghum.
Solid-state rubidium exchange of zeolite NH4Y

Abstract NH4Y has been ion exchanged by reaction with solid Rb2CO3 to form RbY. This process has been followed with X-ray powder diffraction, mass spectrometry and NMR. Both 1 H and 87 Rb MAS NMR are very sensitive to the hydration level of the zeolite and have been used to investigate the solid-state exchange process. 87 Rb NMR shows that exchange begins instantaneously on grinding the two solids together: decomposition of Rb2CO3 is observed, together with the migration of Rb + into the zeolite pores. X-ray diffraction indicates that the reaction proceeds to completion by 400 °C. The structure of the final RbY product has been refined with Rietveld analysis and rubidium cations have been located at the SI ′ SII and SIII ′ positions. Residual sodium cations from the incomplete exchange of the ammonium starting material have been located at the SI position; this result was confirmed by 23 Na MAS NMR. No evidence for Rb occupation of the SI positions was observed. Considerable disorder is observed in the cages of the zeolite during the ion-exchange process, but refinements of the structures, using the in situ data, indicate that Rb + cations have entered the sodalite cages by 200 °C.
Executive compensation, corporate social responsibility, and corporate financial performance: a multi-equation framework

Much has been discussed in various disciplines about the determinants of executive compensation. The importance of these scholarly inquiries has been underscored by the recent condemnation of high executive remuneration levels in the face of corporate failures and financial declines. Most researchers confine their analyses to single equation models that test various determinants and different measures of compensation. In this paper, we expand this approach to a multi-equation model that examines the determinants of executive compensation within a broader framework. Our specification explicitly allows for the endogeneity of executive compensation, firm financial performance, and corporate social responsibility (CSR). Chief among our findings is that this endogeneity assumption is supported, which means that financial performance and social performance are determined simultaneously. We further show that CSR is among the determinants of CEO pay, which indicates that pay-for-performance does not sufficiently explain compensation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Feedback controlled self-excitation of optical pulses in a CW dye ring laser

Feedback controlled self-excitation of optical pulses of nanosecond duration has been observed to occur rather reliably in a CW dye ring laser, oscillating in a traveling mode. These observations are described analytically by means of a direct time domain approach. It is shown that a steady-state Gaussian pulse whose time duration determined from the self consistency condition in terms of system characteristics describes accurately the observed pulse behaviors.
An inexpensive contact-sensing device

A detector is described that utilizes phase-shift techniques for the measurement of contact responses.
Small Biopsy Specimens Reliably Indicate p16 Expression Status of Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Human papillomavirus (HPV)—related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is associated with favorable patient survival. Tumor HPV status at primary diagnosis is critical for proper management, and p16 immunohistochemistry (IHC) has emerged as a reliable, single, surrogate marker. It is not known, however, if small biopsy specimens are completely adequate for p16 evaluation. From a database of oropharyngeal SCC for which p16 IHC and histologic typing were already performed, all patients (32) who had available in-house primary tumor biopsy specimens and also subsequent surgical resections were analyzed. p16 IHC was performed along with histologic typing into: Type 1 keratinizing SCC, Type 2 nonkeratinizing SCC with maturation, and Type 3 nonkeratinizing SCC. Staining was graded on both biopsies and resections as follows: 0 = negative; 1+ = 1–25% of tumor cells positive; 2+ = 26–50%; 3+ = 51–75%; 4+ = 76–100%. Strictly considering p16 score, perfect biopsy-resection correlation was present in 28 of 32 cases (85%), including 6/9 (67%) Type 1, 6/7 (86%) Type 2, and 16/16 (100%) Type 3 cases. Considering p16 expression binarily as 51% tumor cell staining or more (3+ or 4+) being positive and lesser amounts (0, 1+, or 2+) as being negative, there was perfect biopsy-resection correlation for all 32 cases. With p16 expression in resection specimens considered the gold standard, p16 IHC in biopsies was both 100% sensitive and specific. Our results demonstrate that p16 staining in diagnostic biopsies reliably reflects whole tumor staining results, and suggest that biopsies do not suffer from false negatives or positives.
2010 Advanced Photon Source Users Meeting

The 2010 Advanced Photon Source (APS) Users Meeting, held May 3–5 during Argonne's User Week, celebrated the 20th anniversary of groundbreaking for the APS, with the theme “Twenty Years of Groundbreaking Science.”
Estimating Relative Risk on the Line Using Nearest Neighbor Statistics

This paper considers a non-parametric method for identifying intervals on the line where the relative risk of cases to controls exceeds a pre-specified level. The method is based on the kth nearest neighbor (kNN) approach for density estimation. An asymptotic result is presented that yields an explicit formula for constructing a confidence interval for the relative risk at a given point. Numerical simulations are used to compare this approach with a kernel density estimation procedure. An application is made to a case-control study in which the relative risk of motor vehicle crashes caused by female drivers is compared to male drivers in the state of Kentucky as a function of age and then by time of day.
Activated Protein C Cleavage of Factor Va Leads to Dissociation of the A2 Domain

The products of cleavage of bovine factor Va by activated protein C (APC) in the presence and absence of phospholipid (25% phosphatidylserine, 75% phosphatidylcholine, PCPS) were evaluated using sedimentation velocity/equilibrium methods in the analytical ultracentrifuge and by immunoprecipitation using an antibody directed against the light chain of the factor Va molecule. The molecular weight and sedimentation coefficient of the associated heavy and light chains of factor Va, 173,000 (7.9 S) is reduced to 132,000 (7.1 S) by APC cleavage at Arg505 and Arg662. Complete cleavage of the factor Va heavy chain (with APC-PCPS) at Arg505, Arg662 and Arg306 results in a drastic change in the molecular weight observed for the product. Two products are resolved with sedimentation coefficients of 3.3 and 6.3 S with estimated molecular weights of 48,000 and 114,000, respectively. Immunoprecipitation studies showed that the products of factor Va cleavage at Arg505 and Arg662 (A1A2N·A2C·LC) are mostly noncovalently associated and consequently immunoprecipitated with an antibody directed against the light chain of the factor Va molecule. In contrast, for factor Va cleaved at Arg505, Arg662, and Arg306 the precipitated complex consisted of the A1 domain (residues 1–306) and the light chain (residues 1537–2183) of factor Va (A1·LC). The fragments corresponding to residues 307–505 (A2N) and 506–662 (A2C) are found in the supernatant. The combined mass of these two products (48,000) is similar to the estimated mass of the 3.3 S fragment estimated from sedimentation velocity/equilibrium studies; while the combined mass of the 1–306 + 1537–2183 products corresponds to 114,000, the estimated mass of the 6.3 S fragment. These data lead to the conclusion that cleavages at Arg306, Arg505, and Arg662 of the factor Va molecule resulted in the dissociation of the entire A2 domain as two noncovalently associated fragments (A2N·A2C). Enzyme kinetic and light scattering data suggest that the complete inactivation of the factor Va molecule involves not only cleavage at Arg306 but also the dissociation of the A2 domain. These data also suggest that the complete APC inactivation of the factor Va molecule is analogous to the spontaneous inactivation of factor VIIIa, which occurs via the dissociation of the A2 domain.
Much ado about differences: why expert-novice comparisons add little to the validity argument

One approach to validating assessment scores involves evaluating the ability of scores to discriminate among groups who differ in a specific characteristic, such as training status (in education) or disease state (in clinical applications). Such known-groups comparison studies provide validity evidence of “relationships with other variables.” The typical education research study might compare scores between staff physicians and postgraduate trainees with the hypothesis that those with more advanced training (the “experts”) will have higher scores than those less advanced (the “novices”). However, such comparisons are too nonspecific to support clear conclusions, and expert-novice comparisons (and known-groups comparisons in general) thus contribute little to the validity argument. The major flaw is the problem of confounding: there are multiple plausible explanations for any observed between-group differences. The absence of hypothesized differences would suggest a serious flaw in the validity argument, but the confirmation of such differences adds little. As such, accurate known-groups discrimination may be necessary, but will never be sufficient, to support the validity of scores. This article elaborates on this and other problems with the known-groups comparison that limit its utility as a source of validity evidence.
Influence of soil chemistry on metal and bioessential element concentrations in nymphal and adult periodical cicadas (Magicicada spp.).

Metal and bioessential element concentrations were measured in three species of 17-year periodical cicadas (Magicicada spp.) to determine how cicada tissue chemistry is affected by soil chemistry, measure the bioavailability of metals from both uncontaminated and lead-arsenate-pesticide contaminated soils, and assess the potential risks of observed metal contamination for wildlife. Periodical cicada nymphs feed on root xylem fluids for 13 or 17 years of underground development. The nymphs then emerge synchronously at high densities, before leaving their nymphal keratin exoskeleton and molting into their adult form. Cicadas are an important food source for birds and animals during emergence events, and influence nutrient cycles in woodland ecosystems. Nymphal exoskeletons and whole adult cicadas were sampled in Clarke and Frederick Counties, Virginia and Berkeley and Jefferson Counties, West Virginia during the Brood X emergence in May and June, 2004. Elements, such as Al, Fe, and Pb, are strongly enriched in the nymphal exoskeleton relative to the adult body; Cu and Zn are enriched in bodies. Concentrations of Fe and Pb, when normalized to relatively inert soil constituents such as Al and Ce, are similar in both the molt exoskeleton and their host soil, implying that passive assimilation through prolonged soil contact (adhesion or adsorption) might control these metal concentrations. Normalized concentrations of bioessential elements, such as S, P, K, Ca, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Mo, and chalcophile (sulfur-loving) elements, such as As, Se, and Au, indicate strong enrichment in cicada tissues relative to soil, implying selective absorption and retention by xylem fluids, the cicada nymphs themselves, or both. Element enrichment patterns in cicada tissues are similar to enrichment patterns observed in xylem fluids from tree roots. Chalcophile elements and heavy metals accumulate in keratin-rich tissues and may bind to sulfhydryl groups. Metal concentrations in the nymphal exoskeleton show a positive correlation with soil metal concentrations, with Au exhibiting particularly strong enrichment in the exoskeleton relative to soil concentrations. Metal concentrations in adult bodies do not correlate with soil chemistry. Bioessential elements S, Ca, Mn, Fe, and Zn differed by sex in adults, whereas Na, Mg, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn, and As differed by species. Body concentrations of Ca differed by site conditions (orchard or reference setting). The high Pb contents of orchard soils contaminated by arsenical pesticide residues might inhibit Ca uptake by cicada nymphs. The adult cicadas contain concentrations of metals similar to, or less than, other invertebrates, such as earthworms. There does not appear to be a dietary
Practical Approach to Implanting Left Ventricular Pacing Leads for Cardiac Resynchronization

Our approach to implanting cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices combines an understanding of the anatomy of the failing heart and the coronary veins, standard pacing lead insertion skills, and techniques common to diagnostic cardiac catheterization and interventional cardiology. The method we have devised over the past 5 years has provided CRT safely and effectively to a large volume of compromised patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) and conduction system disease.
Hybridization between fructose diphosphate aldolase subunits derived from diverse biological systems: anomolous hybridization behavior of some aldolase subunit types.

Abstract In the present studies we investigated the abilities of fructose diphosphate aldolase subunits derived from diverse biological sources to form stable heterotetramers with each other in vitro. Aldolase C subunits isolated from chicken brain readily “hybridized” with aldolase subunits derived from lobster muscle and wheat germ following reversible acid dissociation of mixtures of these enzymes; however, appreciable amounts of stable heterotetramers containing chicken C subunits and aldolase subunits isolated from two other invertebrates (Ascaris and squid) were not produced under the same conditions. In contrast to the situation with chicken C subunits, aldolase B subunits isolated from rat liver did not “hybridize” appreciably with lobster muscle or wheat germ aldolase subunits. The present observations are not consistent with the hypothesis that the abilities of different aldolase subunit types to form heterotetramers in vitro is governed solely by the evolutionary relationships which exist between the organisms from which the enzymes are derived.
Bone-to-Bone Fixation Enhances Functional Healing of the Porcine Anterior Cruciate Ligament Using a Collagen-Platelet Composite

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine whether providing bony stabilization between the tibia and femur improves the structural properties of an "enhanced" anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair using a collagen-platelet composite when compared with the traditional (Marshall) suture technique. Methods Twelve pigs underwent unilateral ACL transection and were treated with sutures connecting the bony femoral ACL attachment site to the distal ACL stump (ligament group) or to the tibia through a bone tunnel (tibia group). A collagen-platelet composite was placed around the sutures to enhance the biological repair in both groups. Anteroposterior knee laxity and the graft structural properties were measured after 15 weeks of healing in both the ACL-repaired and contralateral, ACL-intact joints. Results Enhanced ACL repair with bone-to-bone fixation significantly improved yield load and linear stiffness of the ACL repairs ( P P > .10). Conclusions Using an enhanced ACL suture repair technique that includes bone-to-bone fixation to protect the repair in the initial healing stages resulted in an ACL with improved structural properties after 15 weeks in the porcine model. Clinical Relevance The healing response of an ACL suture repair by use of a collagen-platelet composite can be enhanced by providing bony stabilization between the tibia and femur to protect the graft during the initial healing process in a translational model.
“Thermoba-Raman-Try”: Calibration of Spectroscopic Barometers and Thermometers for Mineral Inclusions

Abstract Mineral inclusions may develop residual pressures ( P incl ) during cooling and exhumation because of differential expansion and compression relative to the host entrapping mineral. Shifts to Raman spectra, as determined using laser Raman microspectroscopy, permit inference of P incl . Knowing the pressure–temperature (P–T) dependence of molar volumes from thermodynamic databases and the shear modulus of the host phase, entrapment P at assumed T or entrapment T at assumed P can be calculated for a measured P incl . This concept is developed theoretically to fit simplified empirical expressions of entrapment P ( T , P incl ) or T ( P , P incl ) for a wide range of common mineral host–inclusion pairs. Typical residuals are quartz, diamond graphite) can preclude recovery of entrapment Pʼs except for very high Pʼs or rapid exhumation.
Diversification of Cardiomyogenic Cell Lineages in Vitro

The ability of undifferentiated cardiogenic mesoderm to generate diversified myogenic phenotypes was assayed in a minimal culture system. During cardiogenesis in vivo, the anterior and posterior segments of the avian heart have distinct patterns of contractile protein gene expression when they first differentiate. To assess the potential of undifferentiated cardiogenic tissue to diversify into distinct anterior and posterior lineages prior to heart formation, cardiogenic mesoderm and endoderm were removed together from the embryo at Hamburger and Hamilton stages 4-8. Explants from each of these stages differentiated in defined medium as indicated by the expression of muscle-specific genes. However, the ability to express the atrial-specific myosin heavy chain (AMHC1) mRNA was confined to posterior cardiac progenitors. Diversification was not dependent on anterior endoderm, suggesting that inductive interactions between the mesoderm and endoderm are not necessary to maintain diversified cardiac lineages after stage 4. The diversified potential of explanted cardiogenic tissue was altered with retinoic acid treatment, resulting in the activation of AMHC1 gene expression in the anterior progenitors. Anterior cardiogenic cells removed from the embryo at stage 8, when the heart begins to differentiate in vivo, are not susceptible to the alteration of diversified phenotype by retinoic acid treatment. Therefore, the potential to form distinct cardiomyogenic cell lineages is present in the anterior lateral plate mesoderm soon after gastrulation and the maturation of these lineages in a positionally dependent manner is maintained in a simple defined culture system in vitro.
Evocative gene-environment correlation in the mother-child relationship: a twin study of interpersonal processes.

The behavior genetic literature suggests that genetically influenced characteristics of the child elicit specific behaviors from the parent. However, little is known about the processes by which genetically influenced child characteristics evoke parental responses. Interpersonal theory provides a useful framework for identifying reciprocal behavioral processes between children and mothers. The theory posits that, at any given moment, interpersonal behavior varies along the orthogonal dimensions of warmth and control and that the interpersonal behavior of one individual tends to elicit corresponding or contrasting behavior from the other (i.e., warmth elicits warmth, whereas control elicits submission). The current study thus examined these dimensions of interpersonal behavior as they relate to the parent–child relationship in 546 twin families. A computer joystick was used to rate videos of mother–child interactions in real time, yielding information on mother and child levels of warmth and control throughout the interaction. Analyses indicated that maternal control, but not maternal warmth, was influenced by evocative gene–environment correlational processes, such that genetic influences on maternal control and child control were largely overlapping. Moreover, these common genetic influences were present both cross-sectionally and over the course of the interaction. Such findings not only confirm the presence of evocative gene–environment correlational processes in the mother–child relationship but also illuminate at least one of the specific interpersonal behaviors that underlie this evocative process.
Role of specific cell surface receptors in thrombin-stimulated cell division

Abstract Previous studies have shown that thrombin action at the cell surface is sufficient to bring about division of cultured fibroblast-like cells (Carney and Cunningham, 1978). This prompted the present binding experiments with 125 I-thrombin which led to the Identification of a thrombin receptor on the surface of mouse embryo cells. Scatchard plots of binding data at 4, 22 and 37°C were linear over a broad range of thrombin concentrations, indicating a single affinity class of receptors. The association constant was about 1 × 10 9 M −1 and there were approximately 2 × 10 5 receptors per cell. Neither insulin, epidermal growth factor nor prothrombin competed for thrombin binding to its receptor, indicating that It was unique for thrombin. Comparisons of thrombin binding and the amount of cell division produced by various concentrations of thrombin indicated that there was a relationship between receptor occupancy and increase in cell number. Low concentrations of serum (0.1%) inhibited both the mitogenic action of thrombin and the specific binding of thrombin to its receptor. It did not, however, inhibit nonspecific association of 125 I-thrombin with the cells. Experiments showed that this inhibition by serum resulted from a masking of thrombin receptors on the cells and not from binding of thrombin by serum factors. Together these studies suggest that thrombin must bind to Its surface receptor to stimulate cell division.
Big bang at 50: story of an accidental discovery

The first evidence that the universe had a hot, dense beginning was not immediately recognised as such. Cosmologist Jim Peebles was there at the time
Hemispheric laterality effects on a facial recognition task in normal subjects.

Summary Comparative recognition accuracies for physiognomic and verbal stimuli were compared when these stimuli were tachistoscopically presented to the left and right visual fields of normal dextral subjects. Results indicated that a majority of the subjects demonstrated a right visual field superiority for the recognition of trigrams, in combination with a left visual field superiority for facial recognition. The introduction of a 10-sec. retention interval in the facial recognition task failed to affect recognition performance appreciably, and it was concluded that the initial perception of the stimuli was relatively more important than their subsequent retention for success on this task. The findings were interpreted within a framework of hemispheric functional asymmetry, and possible topics for future research outlined.
Understanding the Heavy Fermion Phenomenology from a Microscopic Model

We solve the 3D periodic Anderson model using a two impurity cluster dynamical mean field theory. We obtain the temperature versus hybridization phase diagram. Approaching the quantum critical point (QCP) both the N\'eel and lattice Kondo temperatures decrease and they do not cross at the lowest temperature we reached. While strong ferromagnetic spin fluctuation on the Kondo side is observed, our result suggests the critical static spin susceptibility is local in space at the QCP. We observe in the crossover region a logarithmic temperature dependence in the specific heat coefficient and spin susceptibility.
Evaluation of Usability of IntelliDrive Probe Vehicle Data for Transportation Systems Performance Analysis

This paper assesses various issues associated with the use of IntelliDrive probe vehicle data generated according to existing protocols. These evaluations are conducted using a virtual IntelliDrive probe vehicle data generator implemented within the Paramics microscopic traffic simulation model. Issues investigated included the ability to monitor queue conditions, the potential for data-sampling bias, effects of privacy rules on collected data, the ability to track vehicles over short distances, the magnitude of data latency induced by the protocols, and the ability to use probe vehicle data to estimate link travel times. The evaluations indicate various improvement needs: (1) generating snapshots at fixed intervals rather than at speed-based intervals, (2) promoting the use of short snapshot intervals, (3) allowing vehicles to include the snapshots they generate while stopped, (4) enabling vehicles to generate link exit snapshots, (5) allowing vehicles to keep uploading new snapshots generated while within range of a roadside communication unit, and (6) revising privacy protocols to ensure that adequate short vehicle tracks can be obtained. The impacts of current privacy rules on the ability to track vehicles over short distances are also outlined.
HLA and IDDM: Facts and speculations on the disease gene and its mode of inheritance

1. The mode of inheritance of the DR3- and DR4-associated susceptibility genotype is essentially recessive, based on both the segregation data and the existence of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in Ashkenazi Jewish and possibly in patients of other populations. 2. Maternal effects may alter the expressivity of IDDM in some susceptible offspring, depending on the maternal DR genotype. Thus, the number of susceptible DR4 types inherited from the mothers may be decreased in certain population samples. Conceivably, these maternal effects also account for the smaller proportion of diabetic children born to diabetic women than to diabetic men. Conversely, maternal DRw6 may raise this risk. 3. The locus of the susceptibility gene is most likely in the DQ region. While specific DQA1 and DQB1 alleles are very closely associated with IDDM in some populations, neither is completely associated with it in DR4 haplotypes and neither accounts for the differences in IDDM susceptibility associated with DR3 haplotypes. 4. Linkage disequilibrium between DR and DP alleles in affected haplotypes indicates the existence of subsets of DR3 and DR7, which account for all or most of the risk to those haplotypes. The possibility of direct DP effects is less likely because the respective DP alleles are different and because DR4 does not maintain disequilibrium with DP alleles in either affected or unaffected haplotypes. 5. The DQA2-BglII-7.2Kb polymorphism in complete association with affected B8,DR3 haplotypes suggests the possible involvement of DQA2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Show me the money, in IT training

IT Staff Training, are you getting your money's worth? That is the question that is often asked by CIOs and always asked by CEOs. And what can you show them? What return can you show for your training investment? Universities receive benefits from training, but can you show a connection between your IT staff training costs and the benefits received? The University of Virginia invests $2,500 per person in IT staff training, which will increase during an Oracle ERP implementation over the next five years. As part of the University’s ERP effort, IT training must demonstrate benefits provided to the University. The IT Training Group of the University has done this in the past for select workshops having a Return of Training Investment of over $10.75 to $1. For the ERP effort, the IT Training Group must demonstrate the relation of IT training costs to benefits for the entire program. This will be done using Kirkpatrick’s Four Levels of Evaluation and an Investor's Return on Investment. 1) Satisfaction of Participants 2) Knowledge Learned
Resonant activation of calcium signal transduction in neurons.

The relevant parameters of calcium fluxes mediating activation of immediate-early genes and the collapse of growth cones in mouse DRG neurons in response to action potentials delivered in different temporal patterns were measured in a multicompartment cell culture preparation using digital flourescence videomicroscopy. Growth cone collapse was produced by trains of action potentials causing a large rise in [Ca2+]i, but after chronic exposure to patterned stimulation growth cones regenerated and became insensitive to the stimulus-induced increase in [Ca2+]i. Calcium reached similar peak concentrations, but the [Ca2+]i increased more slowly than in naive growth cones (time constant of 6.0 s versus 1.4 s in naive growth cones). Semiquantitative PCR measurements of gene expression showed that pulsed stimulation delivered at 1-min intervals for 30 min induced expression of c-fos, but the same total number of action potentials delivered at 2-min intervals failed to induce c-fos expression, even though this stimulus induces a larger peak [Ca2+]i than the effective stimulus pattern. The experiments suggest that the kinetics of calcium fluxes produced by different patterns of stimulation, and changes in the kinetics of calcium flux in neurons under different states of activation, are critical in determining the effects of action potentials on growth cone motility or expression of IE genes during development of neuronal circuits. We propose that differences in kinetics of individual reactions in the stimulus–response pathway may lead to resonance of activation in the neuron, such that certain processes will be selectively activated by particular temporal patterns of stimulation. 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.