cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Manipulating 3C-SiC Nanowire Morphology through Gas Flow Dynamics

Creation of nanoscale building blocks with various sizes and shapes are critical for the progress of nanotechnology. Silicon carbide nanostructures attract interest due to their applications in optoelectronic devices, sensors, high-power/high temperature electronics, and thermoelectrics. This paper presents a detailed study of SiC nanowire morphology change through gas flow dynamics. SiC nanowire synthesis has been carried out by chemical vapor deposition using hexamethyldisilane (HMDS) as source material on SiO2/Si substrate. The study has been limited to several catalyst materials, including nickel (nanoparticle and thin film), cobalt nanoparticles, and gold thin film. The growth runs have been carried out at 1000oC under H2 as carrier gas with flow rates varying from 100 to 1000 sccm. A significant change in morphology has been observed. At high flow rates, the nanowires are highly curved and contain sharp kinks, while the nanowires are straight and longer at lower flow rates. Moreover, it is important to note that the flow rate has influenced the nanowire growth-yield significantly. As small as 8nm-diameter SiC nanowire has been observed, as determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These findings will help in controlling the morphology of the SiC nanowires. The fabricated nanowires have also been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
Effect of oxidative preconditioning on neural progenitor cells.

Abstract Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) have drawn attention because they offer possible treatment for neurodegenerative disorders in the form of regenerative therapy or transplantation. NPCs adapt and change in response to the cues in the pathological environment. We assessed the effect of pre-exposure to non-cytotoxic levels of oxidative stress, a common pathogenic factor in a number of neurological disorders, on the cell viability and neurosphere morphology of NPCs derived from the periventricular zone of mice brain. Neural progenitor cell viability and neurosphere morphology (neurosphere number, size and chain migration) were assessed in response to cytotoxic levels of oxidative stress in the presence or absence of preconditioning with non-cytotoxic doses of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). Preconditioning with non-cytotoxic levels of H 2 O 2 provided significant protection against subsequent exposure to lethal doses of H 2 O 2 . Preconditioning also modulated alteration in the neurosphere morphology in response to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress increased chain migration and neurosphere size while decreasing neurosphere numbers, specially in the cultures that were preconditioned with higher doses of H 2 O 2 . Non-cytotoxic exposure to oxidative stress can evoke endogenous cytoprotection in NPCs. Redox signaling plays a role in other cellular functions of NPCs, namely the chain migration of NPCs from neurospheres, perhaps as a result of its effect on cell differentiation.
A Day in the Life of a Metamorphic Petrologist

In this paper, we describe the functionality of a toolkit for sharing and long-term use of different types of geological data sets across disciplines. Our tools allow users to describe the meaning of their data by attaching semantic information to it. The toolkit also makes use of the users access patterns to learn how the data are used to further enhance the utility of data centric methods. These learned patterns are used in conjunction with the semantic data to help other users find common ways to navigate heterogenous collections and highlight interesting information. Our current prototype is being developed in close collaboration with the Metamorphic Petrology working group formed to facilitate sharing of data within this subdiscipline of geosciences as well as with other systems for sharing of geological data.
Hierarchies of base pair preferences in the P22 ant promoter

Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis was used to complete a collection of mutations in the -35 and -10 hexamers of the ant promoter of Salmonella phage P22. The effects of all 36 single-base-pair substitutions on promoter strength in vivo were measured in strains carrying the mutant promoters fused to an ant-lacZ gene on a single-copy prophage. The results of these assays show that certain consensus base pairs are more important than others; in general, the least-critical positions are among the most poorly conserved. Some mutations within the hexamers have smaller effects on promoter strength than certain mutations outside the hexamers in this and other promoters. Several different patterns of base pair preferences are observed. These hierarchies of base pair preferences correlate well (but not perfectly) with the hierarchies defined by the frequency distribution of base pairs at each position among wild-type promoters. The hierarchies observed in the ant promoter also agree well with most of the available information on base pair preferences in other promoters.
Surgical Management of Acute Cholecystitis

Acute cholecystitis is a common surgical disease. The typical presentation is of persistent right upper quadrant pain with or without associated fevers. Liver enzymes can be mildly elevated, and patients will often have a leukocytosis. A right upper quadrant ultrasound classically will show an edematous gallbladder wall, pericholecystic fluid, and the presence of gallstones. Additional imaging modalities can be used to confirm the diagnosis if equivocal and are discussed in more detail elsewhere.
An Improved Method for Performing Neutrophil Survival Studies

An improved method for doing DFP32 neutrophil survival studies is described that allows quantitative measurement of total circulating neutrophil-associated radioactivity. DFP32 labeled neutrophils are quantitatively trapped on a nylon fiber column and washed free of contaminating radioactivity. The neutrophil-associated radioactivity is then counted in a liquid scintillation counter. Data so obtained can then be used to construct both a true neutrophil survival curve and a curve for the fall-off of neutrophil specific activity. Leukokinetic data on hematologically normal individuals compare favorably with the values for normal persons that Athens and his collaborators have published.
Last but Not Least

When a simple rectangular grid is drawn toward one's face there is the striking illusion that a spherical bulge is protruding from the grid. This illusion may be helpful in studying the interaction of spatial and motion processing.
Three-dimensional rendering and phase analysis of the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system

A program for rendering ternary phase equilibria in 3-point perspective was developed using Microsoft Visual Basic. Algorithms for rendering and phase analysis are described. With the software, liquidus, subliquidus, and solidus surfaces can be generated, and the three-dimensional object can be rotated to any angle for viewing. The operator can select a composition on the top-view 2-dimensional projection, and surfaces pertinent to an isoplethal study will be displayed. A phase analysis plot is simultaneously displayed wherein relative proportions and compositions of phases are enumerated for any chosen temperature. Phase analysis calculations were based on methods of analytical geometry using best-fit polynomials for liquidus surfaces and their contact boundaries. Phase analysis involved separation into one of five possible modes of phase evolution during cooling.
SOLITARY OR "COIN" LESIONS OF THE LUNG. ANALYSIS OF 2,258 RECORDED CASES.

Of 2,258 solitary pulmonary nodules described in 22 reports, 37.8 per cent were malignant. An even larger proportion of these lesions are infectious granulomas. In differential diagnosis, size is important but not critical. Calcification is an important radiologic feature indicating benignancy. Excisional biopsy is usually necessary for exact diagnosis. For benign or metastatic lesions, simple excision is adequate; for primary malignancies presenting as solitary nodules, lobectomy is preferable to pneumonectomy. A 30 per cent five year survival can be expected following resection of solitary pulmonary metastases.
Sexual differences in N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated regulation of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons in the rat.

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of N- methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor blockade on the activity of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neurons in male and female rats. TIDA neuronal activity was estimated by measuring either the accumulation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) 30 min after the administration of the decarboxylase inhibitor NSD-1015 or the concentration of the dopamine metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the median eminence. The non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 markedly reduced prolactin secretion in both male and female rats. MK-801 also produced a dose- and time-dependent decrease in the activity of TIDA neurons in female rats, but had no effect on the activity of TIDA neurons in either intact, orchidectomized or orchidectomized, testosterone-treated male rats. Removal of the tonic stimulatory effects of prolactin on TIDA neurons in female rats by immunoneutralization of endogenous prolactin failed to alter the responsiveness of TIDA neurons to the inhibitory effects of MK-801. On the other hand, MK-801 was unable to inhibit TIDA neurons in ovariectomized female rats, but the responsiveness of TIDA neurons to MK-801 in ovariectomized female rats was restored following estrogen replacement, even in the absence of prolactin. Like MK-801, the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist CGS-19755 produced a dose-dependent decrease in TIDA neuronal activity in female rats, which was prevented in a dose-dependent manner by the NMDA receptor agonist d,l -(tetrazol-5-yl) glycine. Taken together, these results reveal a sexual difference in the responsiveness of TIDA neurons to NMDA receptor antagonists, and suggest that estrogen positively modulates NMDA receptor-mediated, tonic stimulation of TIDA neurons in female rats by a prolactin-independent mechanism.
Mosquito bite immunization with radiation-attenuated Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites: safety, tolerability, protective efficacy and humoral immunogenicity.

In this phase 1 clinical trial, healthy adult, malaria-naive subjects were immunized with radiation-attenuated Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites (PfRAS) by mosquito bite and then underwent controlled human malaria infection (CHMI). The PfRAS model for immunization against malaria had previously induced >90 % sterile protection against homologous CHMI. This study was to further explore the safety, tolerability and protective efficacy of the PfRAS model and to provide biological specimens to characterize protective immune responses and identify protective antigens in support of malaria vaccine development. Fifty-seven subjects were screened, 41 enrolled and 30 received at least one immunization. The true-immunized subjects received PfRAS via mosquito bite and the mock-immunized subjects received mosquito bites from irradiated uninfected mosquitoes. Sera and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected before and after PfRAS immunizations. Immunization with PfRAS was generally safe and well tolerated, and repeated immunization via mosquito bite did not appear to increase the risk or severity of AEs. Local adverse events (AEs) of true-immunized and mock-immunized groups consisted of erythaema, papules, swelling, and induration and were consistent with reactions from mosquito bites seen in nature. Two subjects, one true- and one mock-immunized, developed large local reactions that completely resolved, were likely a result of mosquito salivary antigens, and were withdrawn from further participation as a safety precaution. Systemic AEs were generally rare and mild, consisting of headache, myalgia, nausea, and low-grade fevers. Two true-immunized subjects experienced fever, malaise, myalgia, nausea, and rigours approximately 16 h after immunization. These symptoms likely resulted from pre-formed antibodies interacting with mosquito salivary antigens. Ten subjects immunized with PfRAS underwent CHMI and five subjects (50 %) were sterilely protected and there was a significant delay to parasitaemia in the other five subjects. All ten subjects developed humoral immune responses to whole sporozoites and to the circumsporozoite protein prior to CHMI, although the differences between protected and non-protected subjects were not statistically significant for this small sample size. The protective efficacy of this clinical trial (50 %) was notably less than previously reported (>90 %). This may be related to differences in host genetics or the inherent variability in mosquito biting behavior and numbers of sporozoites injected. Differences in trial procedures, such as the use of leukapheresis prior to CHMI and of a longer interval between the final immunization and CHMI in these subjects compared to earlier trials, may also have reduced protective efficacy. This trial has been retrospectively registered at ISRCTN ID 17372582, May 31, 2016.
Design exploration of a Symmetric Pass Gate Adiabatic Logic for energy-efficient and secure hardware

Abstract Adiabatic logic is one of the circuit design techniques for designing energy-efficient hardware. In recent years, it has also been proved that this technique is suitable for designing secure hardware. In the existing literature, a Secured Quasi-Adiabatic Logic Family (SQAL) has recently been proposed in designing Differential Power Analysis (DPA)-resistant and energy-efficient hardware. SQAL shows improvement over all other existing DPA-resistant adiabatic logic in terms of energy dissipation and area-overhead. However, the drawback is, SQAL suffers from non-adiabatic energy loss during the evaluation of the outputs. To minimize the non-adiabatic loss, we propose a novel Symmetric Pass Gate Adiabatic Logic (SPGAL). SPICE simulations show that the bit-parallel cellular multiplier over GF ( 2 4 ) that we implemented using SPGAL saves up to 81% of energy as compared to SQAL at 12.5 MHz. Calculated values of Normalized Energy Deviation (NED) and Normalized Standard Deviation (NSD) show that the proposed logic gates based on SPGAL consume uniform energy for every cycle of operation irrespective of their input transition. The uniform energy rate and low power operation shows that the proposed SPGAL is energy-efficient in nature and would be resistant to DPA attack at the circuit level.
Cryptic post-transition state bifurcations that reduce the efficiency of lactone-forming Rh-carbenoid C–H insertions

Byproducts of chemical reactions are generally thought to result from the competition between two reaction pathways, each with its own rate-determining transition state structure. We show here, however, that pathways with a single transition state structure followed by a post-transition state bifurcation may also be a source of undesired products, especially those whose appearance is unexpected. The viability of this scenario for intramolecular C-H insertion reactions affording β-lactones via Rh-carbenoid intermediates is assessed through quantum chemical calculations on potential energy surfaces and quasi-classical molecular dynamics simulations. It appears that, in these cases, the rhodium catalyst is to blame for the accessibility of a second, unintended, pathway following the transition state structure for β-lactone formation that leads to fragmentation to a ketene and carbonyl compound. If an unexpected product is formed via a post-transition state bifurcation, conventional strategies for suppressing its formation are unlikely to succeed. Guidelines for recognizing the presence of a post-transition state bifurcation are described here, along with hints at means for controlling product distributions.
Nutritional Epidemiology in Aging

Epidemiologists have attempted to identify nutritional factors associated with the preservation of health and function in older adults. A number of methods are available for identifying patterns of dietary intake that are associated with health, including identifying the intake of specific nutrients; factor or cluster analysis to identify foods co-consumed in a given population; studies of a priori dietary patterns based on prevailing hypotheses regarding the role of nutrients in disease prevention; and a combined method that identifies food patterns that explain variation in a set of intermediate response variables, then examines the association between the dietary pattern and the disease outcome of interest. Methods of assessing usual dietary intake include methodologies that fall into two broad strategies: interview/questionnaire-based and biomarkers of nutritional exposure. The reliability and validity of recalled nutritional data in older adults is a concern; methods that combine recall-based dietary data with biomarkers of nutritional exposure can be used to help improve the validity of recalled nutritional data. A number of nutrients have been hypothesized to affect age-related disability processes, including omega-3 fatty acids, protein, vitamin D, calcium, B vitamins and dietary antioxidants. While the identification of specific nutrients that slow age-related changes has met with limited success, dietary patterns that are associated with general good health and low levels of chronic disease have been identified.
Characterization of Mg2+ Distributions around RNA in Solution.

Binding of metal ions is an important factor governing the folding and dynamics of RNA. Shielding of charges in the polyanionic backbone allows RNA to adopt a diverse range of folded structures that give rise to their many functions within the cell. Some RNA sequences fold only in the presence of Mg2+, which may be bound via direct interactions or occupy the more diffuse “ion atmosphere” around the RNA. To understand the driving forces for RNA folding, it is important to be able to fully characterize the distribution of metal ions around the RNA. In this work, a combined Grand Canonical Monte Carlo-Molecular Dynamics (GCMC-MD) method is applied to characterize Mg2+ distributions around folded RNA structures. The GCMC-MD approach identifies known inner- and outer-shell Mg2+ coordination, while also predicting new regions occupied by Mg2+ that are not observed in crystal structures but that may be relevant in solution, including the case of the Mg2+ riboswitch, for which alternate Mg2+ binding sites may hav...
New Demonstrations and New Insights on the Mechanism of the Candy-Cola Soda Geyser

When carbonated beverages (which are supersaturated solutions of aqueous carbon dioxide) are confined within a narrow-necked container, events which rapidly release the gas from solution produce a fountain out of the beverage. One well-known variant of this experiment is the addition of Mentos candies to a bottle of Diet Coke. Previous reports have shown that the presence of aspartame and benzoate in carbonated beverages enhance the fountaining effect. These additives are thought to enhance fountaining by lowering the surface tension of the beverage, but the details of this process are not completely understood. This paper explores the relationship between geyser height and the type of carbonated beverage. It is shown herein that several other compounds commonly found in commercial carbonated drinks such as sucrose, glucose, citric acid, and components of natural flavors also enhance geyser heights. By examining how these additives affect bubbling and foaming behavior in seltzer water, it is postulated th...
Thermoelectric Enhancement by Compositing Carbon Nanotubes into Iodine-Doped Poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene].

Free-standing iodine-doped composite samples of poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV) with carbon nanotubes (NTs) showed thermoelectric (TE) power factors (PFs) up to 33 μW·m–1·K–2 after optimizing multiple factors, including: (1) sample fabrication solvent, (2) doping time, (3) average MEH-PPV molecular weight, (4) NT fraction in the composite, and (5) use of single-wall versus multi-wall nanotubes (SWNT and MWNT, respectively). Composite fabrication from halogenated solvents gave the best TE performance after iodine doping times of 2–4 h; performance drops substantially in ∼20 h doped samples. TE performance dropped after at least 24 h of removal from iodine vapor but was fully restored upon re-exposure to the dopant. Longer-chain MEH-PPV gave not only mechanically stronger films but also higher PFs in doped SWNT composites. MWNT composites gave low PFs, attributed to poor NT dispersion. Scanning electron microscopy showed increasingly extensive network formation as NT frac...
Blinded review of archival radical prostatectomy specimens supports that contemporary Gleason score 6 prostate cancer lacks metastatic potential.

Background Retrospective identification of Gleason pattern 4 in metastatic Gleason score 3 + 3 = 6 (GS6) radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens has suggested true GS6 prostate cancer (CaP) lacks metastatic potential. However, pathologist awareness of study design and metastasis outcomes at the time of RP review might have introduced upgrading bias. We used pathologist-blinded methodology for unbiased characterization of metastasis rates for contemporarily defined pathologic GS6 (pGS6) CaP. Methods An institutional RP database was queried to identify pGS6 patients with metastasis or concern for micrometastasis based on: 1) biochemical failure (BF) despite negative surgical margins or 2) incomplete biochemical response to salvage/adjuvant radiation. RP specimens were regraded independently by two genitourinary pathologists blinded to study aims or clinical outcomes. Additional blinding was performed by random inclusion of pGS6 control specimens from BF-free patients. Only upgrading identified independently by both pathologists was considered. Results Among 451 pGS6 patients identified, none had synchronous lymph node metastases and 43/451 (10%) suffered BF. Two patients (0.4%) developed metachronous metastasis during a 110-month median follow-up for BF patients. Both metastatic cases had Gleason pattern 4 on blinded RP review, as did 88% of cases with concern for micrometastasis versus 38% of control cases (P = 0.02). All BF patients (29/29) undergoing postoperative radiation had a complete biochemical response or Gleason pattern 4 on blinded RP review. Conclusions Unbiased pathologist review of archival RP specimens supports absent metastatic potential for contemporarily defined GS6 CaP. Reduced postoperative monitoring is appropriate for pGS6, but may require pathology review to confirm absent Gleason pattern 4.
Cognitive Leisure and Cognitive Reserve in Multiple Sclerosis Patients

The effect of cognitive leisure (eg reading books, playing cards etc) on prevention of cognitive impairment was studied in 36 adults (31 women) with MS treated at Kessler Research Center, West Orange, New Jersey Medical School, and Teachers College, Columbia University, NY, NY.
“Ductile” Fracture of Metallic Glass Nanolaminates

Most metallic glasses are brittle as deformation induces low-density sporadic shear bands and severe shear localization proceeding catastrophic failure. Here, it is demonstrated that the introduction of crystalline nanolayers with appropriate dimension can substantially suppress shear localization in metallic glasses, as manifested by ubiquitous ductile dimples in amorphous phase. Furthermore, dimple sizes can be tailored by tuning the dimension of layer thickness. Additionally unlike instantaneous crack propagation occurring in most metallic glasses, crack propagation occurs in a highly periodic and “zigzag” fashion, and shows clear size dependence for metallic glass nanolaminates. Thus, it is a promising approach to promote ductility in metallic glasses while maintaining high strength by synthesizing metallic glass nanolaminates with certain layer thickness. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that crystalline/amorphous interfaces can block crack propagation in crystalline layers and delocalize strain in amorphous layers, and suggest that “zigzag” crack propagation could be achieved through dislocation slips in crystalline layers.
Into a New Regressive Era: Implications for Public Administration

American politics periodically shifts from a progressive orientation toward social change to a regressive orientation. During progressive phases, governmental attention is focused on strengthening the social safety net, protecting minority and immigrant populations, and regulating private sector activities in finance, business, and the physical environment. During regressive phases, legislation and administrative actions are designed to weaken or reverse these measures. In this time of heightened awareness of race, religion, inequality, and environmental change, recent political events signal a widespread reaction to trends in contemporary society and a shift toward a deeply regressive phase in governance. The article examines characteristics of this shift and what it may mean for public administration.
A novel technique for unilateral supraglottoplasty.

Abstract Objectives Traditional supraglottoplasty for pediatric laryngomalacia is most commonly conducted with either CO2 laser or cold steel instruments. While the procedure enjoys high success rates, serious complications such as excessive bleeding, supraglottic stenosis and aspiration can occur. Unilateral coblation supraglottoplasty may reduce this risk, but data on respiratory and swallowing outcomes are lacking. This study reports our experiences with unilateral coblation supraglottoplasty. Methods Pediatric patients with severe congenital laryngomalacia who underwent unilateral supraglottoplasty at a single institution from 2013 to 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Bipolar radiofrequency ablation (Coblation) was utilized with partial arytenoidectomy, aryepiglottoplasty, and advancement of mucosal flaps. Outcome measures included apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), weight-by-age percentile, and decannulation rate. Results Twelve patients were included with an average age of 13.1 months (range 2–28 months). In patients without tracheostomy, 88% had complete resolution of respiratory symptoms, while the remainder had significant improvement. In patients without gastrostomy tubes, there was an average increase in weight-age percentile of 6.1, 7.8, and 15.3 points at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively, respectively. Three patients had complete polysomnography data with a mean preoperative AHI of 19.3 and postoperative AHI of 4.0. Three of four patients with tracheostomy have been decannulated at a mean follow-up of 1.5 years. There were no early or late postoperative complications and no revision supraglottoplasty. Conclusion Unilateral supraglottoplasty with bipolar radiofrequency ablation can improve respiratory symptoms and decrease OSA severity in severe congenital laryngomalacia. This technique is safe and can lead to substantial improvement in AHI in patients with OSA.
High protein ingredients of microalgal origin: Obtainment and functional properties

Abstract Protein concentrates and isolates were developed from the microalga Spirulina sp. LEB 18 biomass and characterized by functional aspects for food application. Proteins were solubilized at pH 11 and precipitated at pH 4.2 (protein isoelectric point determined by potentiometric titration), with the aid of a high-speed homogenizer. With this procedure, it was possible to obtain a protein concentrate with 83.9 ± 1.7 wt% of protein and a protein isolate with 91.3 ± 1.2 wt%. Protein extraction from this microalga allowed a significant increase in protein solubility and foam stability. Furthermore, proteins from both concentrate and isolate presented higher resistance to thermal denaturation than the original proteins of Spirulina sp. LEB 18 biomass. These results show the application potential of the concentrate and the protein isolate from Spirulina sp. LEB 18 in foods for protein supplementation, since they have >80 and 90% protein, respectively. Industrial relevance text Using proteins from microalgal sources can serve as a sustainable alternative to meet world food demand. The isoelectric precipitation extraction method can be applied on a large scale, achieving high yields. Protein extracts present potential application in specific foods for protein supplementation. Protein extraction can be allied to other biocomposites extraction, such as carbohydrates and lipids for biofuels production.
Freedom or Death

The current chapter is the first one in the second major part of Gill’s book on Kazantzakis’s theological and philosophical thought. This part focuses on human nature as it is related to us through Kazantzakis’s novels and other major writings. Here Gill focuses on the struggle between Captain Michales, a leader of the Cretan resistance and the Turkish occupation forces on Crete, led by Nuri Bey, in Kazantzakis’s novel Freedom or Death. Gill traces Kazantzakis’s view of human nature as it is embodied in these major characters particularly in conflicts caused by religion, race and gender.
MCMI-III Results for Batterer Program Participants in Four Cities: Less "Pathological" Than Expected

Previous research using diagnostic inventories describe the extent and nature of psychopathology among batterers. MCMI-III scores from batterers in a multisite program evaluation (n = 840) were used to replicate this previous research. As in previous batterer research using the MCMI-I and MCMI-II, the MCMI-III results suggest a complex diversity of psychological problems that does not readily conform to previous profiles. However, less than half of the men had scores suggesting a personality disorder (BR scores ≥ 85), as opposed to 80% in a previous batterer study using the MCMI-II. Only one quarter of the men (25%) show evidence of a “severe” mental disorder. Narcissistic or antisocial tendencies were evident in 39% of our batterer sample, reflecting the sense of “entitlement” often attributed to batterers. Voluntary, as opposed to court-referred men, were more likely to have depressive and dependent tendencies and evidence of severe disorders. Our multisite sample appears to be less “pathological” than previous batterer samples and samples of psychiatric or drug outpatients.
Learning Dictionary-Based Unions of Subspaces for Image Denoising

Many signals of interest are well-approximated by sparse linear combinations of atomic signals from a dictionary. Equivalently, they are well-approximated by low-dimensional subspaces in a union of subspaces generated by the dictionary. A given sparsity level has an associated union of subspaces $(\mathbf{UoS})$ generated by sparse combinations of correspondingly many atoms. When considering a sequence of sparsity levels, we have a sequence of unions of subspaces $(\mathbf{SUoS})$ of increasing dimension. This paper considers the problem of learning such an $\mathbf{SUoS}$ from data. While each $\mathbf{UoS}$ is combinatorially large with respect to sparsity level, our learning approach exploits the fact that sparsity is structured for many signals of interest, i.e., that certain collections of atoms are more frequently used together than others. This is known as group sparsity structure and has been studied extensively when the structure is known a priori. We consider the setting where the structure is unknown, and we seek to learn it from training data. We also adapt the subspaces we obtain to improve representation and parsimony, similar to the goal of adapting atoms in dictionary learning. We illustrate the benefits of the learned dictionary-based SUoS for the problem of denoising; using a more parsimonious and representative SUoS results in improved recovery of complicated structures and edges.
Perioperative Psychiatric Aspects in Neurosurgery

Neurosurgical treatment for conditions such as epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, or brain tumor is often accompanied by perioperative psychiatric symptoms regardless of preexisting psychiatric conditions. These symptoms may be related to the underlying neurosurgical condition, the neurosurgical intervention itself (e.g., resection), or the medications used in the perioperative setting (e.g., anesthesia or corticosteroids). Comorbid neurological conditions may further complicate the management of the psychiatric presentations in this setting due to increased sensitivity to psychotropic medications or to the psychoactive effects of other agents. This chapter reviews the literature relevant to the perioperative psychiatric assessment and management in patients undergoing the most common neurosurgical procedures.
Understanding home, school, and community contexts: An ecological perspective of the educational experiences of Mexican Americans

This article presents a social ecological model to increase our understanding of the dynamic interplay between the home and school contexts of Mexican Americanchildren and to promote the engagement of their parents and families in the educational process. More specifically, the social ecological model is used to explain process that occur within those contexts in order to bridge the sociocultural gap that often exists between the home and school experiences of Mexican children and adolescents. The application of the social ecological model will hopefully lead to higher levels of effectiveness in eforts to promote parental engagement and greater academic success among Mexican Americans.
Adrenal Medulla Hormones

Abstract The adrenal glands are key components of the mammalian endocrine system and comprise two morphologically and functionally distinct regions, the outer adrenal cortex and inner adrenal medulla. The medulla is populated with neural crest-derived adrenal chromaffin cells that function as the neuroendocrine arm of the sympathetic nervous system. Upon stimulation, chromaffin cells secrete catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and neuropeptides into the bloodstream to coordinate the physiologic responses to environmental, metabolic, and emotional/psychologic stressors. This chapter summarizes current knowledge pertaining to the synthesis, storage, and secretion of catecholamines from adrenal chromaffin cells. Catecholamines exert widespread effects mediated by a family of cognate G protein–coupled receptors (adrenoceptors) that recruit diverse cellular signaling pathways. These physiologic effects are discussed along with some maladaptive responses to catecholamines that lead to stress-related pathophysiologic states.
Connect the Family with Community Resources

The resources available to you and your practice for children with ASD depend on many factors. This chapter covers the types of services and resources that will help children and families, which are available in many areas of the USA. Some programs, like Birth-to-Three, Early Childhood Programs, and public schooling to age 21, are mandated by federal legislation. Others, like respite care, are highly variable even within one state. State-by-state mandates that require some healthcare coverage for autism services are widely available but vary in amount and type of coverage. Resources are discussed by age of child. Resources for adults with autism or developmental disabilities are the most variable, with some regions providing state-of-the-art services, and others, dependent on active parent organizations.
HIV Outbreak Control With Effective Access to Care and Harm Reduction in North Carolina, 2017–2018

Objectives. To assess and control a potential outbreak of HIV among people who inject drugs in Western North Carolina.Methods. Disease intervention specialists offered testing for hepatitis B and hepatitis C, harm reduction materials, and linkage to care to 7 linked people recently diagnosed with HIV who also injected drugs. Contacts were offered the same services and HIV testing. HIV genotype analysis was used to characterize HIV spread. We assessed testing and care outcomes by using state surveillance information.Results. Disease intervention specialists contacted 6 of 7 linked group members and received information on 177 contacts; among 96 prioritized contacts, 42 of 96 (44%) were exposed to or diagnosed with hepatitis C, 4 of 96 (4%) had hepatitis B, and 14 of 96 (15%) had HIV (2 newly diagnosed during the investigation). HIV genotype analysis suggested recent transmission to linked group members and 1 contact. Eleven of 14 with HIV were virally suppressed following the outbreak response.Conclusions. North Carolina identified and rapidly responded to an HIV outbreak among people reporting injecting drugs. Effective HIV care, the availability of syringe exchange services, and the rapid response likely contributed to controlling this outbreak.
Radio killed the video star: Tehrangeles dreaming: intimacy and imagination in Southern California’s Iranian pop music, by Farzaneh Hemmasi, Durham, Duke University Press, 2020, 245 pp., $26.95 (paperback), ISBN 978-1478008361

In the immediate aftermath of the 1979 Iranian revolution fundamentalist religious factions managed to overpower liberal-secular elements of the revolutionary movement, leading to the consolidation...
Machine-learning assisted optimization strategies for phase change materials embedded within electronic packages

Abstract Leveraging the latent heat of phase change materials (PCMs) can reduce the peak temperatures and transient variations in temperature in electronic devices. But as the power levels increase, the thermal conduction pathway from the heat source to the heat sink limits the effectiveness of these systems. In this work, we evaluate embedding the PCM within the silicon device layer of an electronic device to minimize the thermal resistance between the heat source and the PCM to enhance the thermal performance of the device. The geometry and material properties of the embedded PCM regions are optimized using a combination of parametric and machine learning algorithms. For a fixed geometry, considering commercially available materials, Solder 174 significantly outperforms other organic and metallic PCMs. Also with a fixed geometry, the optimal melting points to minimize the peak temperature is higher than the optimal melting point to minimize the amplitude of the transient temperature oscillation, and both optima increase with increasing heater power. Extending beyond conventional optimization strategies, genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization with and without neural network surrogate models are used to enable optimization of many geometric and material properties. For the test cases evaluated, the optimized geometries and properties are similar between all ML-assisted algorithms, but the computational time depends on the technique. Ultimately, the optimized design with embedded phase change materials reduces the maximum temperature rise by 19% and the fluctuations by up to 93% compared to devices without PCM. The neural networks function as effective surrogate models and only require a minimum of 250 data sets to be accurate and ensure consistent optimized results. The need for minimal training data size allows them to produce multi-parameter optimization results within a half hour, compared to an exhaustive search that would take between several weeks to several thousand years.
Dietary patterns and hip fracture in the Adventist Health Study 2: combined vitamin D and calcium supplementation mitigate increased hip fracture risk among vegans.

Background Concerns regarding the adequacy of vegetarian diets with respect to fracture risk continue. Objectives We aimed to explore the influence of 5 previously defined dietary patterns on hip fracture risk and whether this association is modified by concomitant calcium and vitamin D supplementation. Methods The Adventist Health Study 2 is a prospective cohort study in which participants were enrolled during 2002-2007; proportional hazards regression analyses were used to estimate fracture risk. Participants reside throughout the United States and Canada. A total of 34,542 non-Hispanic white peri- and postmenopausal women and men 45 y and older responded to the biennial hospital history form and were followed for a median of 8.4 y. Results The study identified 679 incident hip fractures during 249,186 person-years of follow-up. Fracture risk varied according to dietary pattern, with a clear effect modification by concurrent supplementation with both vitamin D and calcium. In multivariable models, including adjustment for calcium and vitamin D supplementation, female vegans had 55% higher risk of hip fracture (HR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.06, 2.26) than nonvegetarians (NVEGs), whereas there was no association between diet pattern and hip fracture risk in men. When further stratifying females on supplement use with both vitamin D and calcium, vegans taking both supplements were at no greater risk of hip fracture than the subjects with other dietary patterns including the NVEGs. Conclusions Without combined supplementation of both vitamin D and calcium, female vegans are at high risk of hip fracture. However, with supplementation the excessive risk associated with vegans disappeared. Further research is needed to confirm the adequacy of a vegan diet supplemented with calcium and vitamin D with respect to risk of fracture.
Physics-informed machine learning and mechanistic modeling of additive manufacturing to reduce defects

Abstract In the past few decades, additive manufacturing has evolved for the one-step fabrication of various complex, customized metallic components that cannot be easily and economically produced by other means. However, widespread applications and market penetration of such components are often hindered by the formation of common defects that affect part quality, reliability, and serviceability, and increase the cost. Here, for the first time, we show that a combination of physics-informed machine learning, mechanistic modeling, and experimental data can reduce the occurrence of common defects in additive manufacturing. By analyzing experimental data on the defect formation for commonly used alloys available in the disjointed, peer-reviewed literature, we identify several important variables that reveal the physics behind the defect formation. Values of those variables computed using a mechanistic model, when used in a physics-informed machine learning, provide the hierarchical importance of the variables on defect formation. In addition, based on the results of the physics-informed machine learning, we provide easy-to-use, verifiable, quantitative formalism that can be used in real-time to predict defects before experiments. The proposed methodology can help in reducing common defects such as balling, cracking, lack of fusion, porosity, and surface roughness, and solve other complex engineering problems beyond additive manufacturing.
D2D-LoRa Latency Analysis: An Indoor Application Perspective

LoRaWAN is one of the popular Internet of Things (IoT) wireless technologies due to its versatility, long transmission range, and low power communication capabilities. In LoRaWAN, the data from the source to the destination is routed through the gateways, increasing the communication latency. The higher latency being a barrier in real-time applications has prompted researchers to employ the physical (PHY) layer of the LoRaWAN protocol -commonly termed as LoRa, which utilizes the Device-to-Device (D2D) based communication techniques to minimize the communication latency. However, an extensive analysis of the D2D-LoRa is needed for optimizing and better designing the network, which is missing in the current literature. To address the void, this paper analyzes the latency performance of the D2D based LoRa by varying Spreading Factors (SF) and bandwidths and explores the trade-offs with experimental deployment in a 110 m long indoor environment. The evaluation shows that with SF 7 and bandwidth 500 kHz, the communication latency is minimum which is 33.67 ms at 0 m and 53 ms at 110 m for the data packet of 13 bytes for each of the cases.
A Felon Among Us: Should Felons Be Allowed on Juries?

This is a review of James M. Binnall’s new book, Twenty Million Angry Men: The Case for Including Convicted Felons in Our Jury System. The federal government and a majority of states have complete bans on felons serving on juries. Binnall makes a strong case for ending these bans, supported by his own personal experience as a felon who was denied jury service and by his own novel, empirical research. However, in his zeal to advocate for this position, he overstates favorable evidence and ignores potential counterarguments. This Review examines the strengths and weaknesses of Binnall’s arguments and provides missing counterarguments against allowing felons to serve on juries.
MUCINOUS LESIONS OF THE BREAST : A PATHOLOGICAL CONTINUUM

Mucocele-like tumor and invasive mucinous carcinoma of the breast may represent the two ends of the pathological spectrum of mucinous lesions of the breast, respectively. Little data exists on mucinous lesions that may be considered intermediate between mucocele-like tumor and invasive mucinous carcinoma. We studied 23 consecutive cases of invasive mucinous carcinoma of the breast and observed the following associated intermediate mucinous lesions: mucin-filled ducts (MFD) with unremarkable epithelium in 15 cases (65%), MFD with typical ductal hyperplasia in 9 cases (39%), MFD with atypical ductal hyperplasia in 5 cases (22%), and MFD with intraductal carcinoma in 13 cases (57%; micropapillary or cribriform types). Eighteen cases (78%) contained MFD with one of these four lesions and five cases (22%) contained all four lesions. Twenty-three consecutive cases of infiltrating ductal carcinoma-not otherwise specified (IDC-NOS), 21 cases of intraductal carcinoma, and 50 consecutive cases of surgically-excised breast tissue with fibrocystic change (FC), were similarly reviewed. Only one case (4%) of IDC-NOS, 1 case of intraductal carcinoma, and two cases (4%) of FC, contained small foci of MFD with intraductal carcinoma, intraductal carcinoma, and unremarkable epithelium, respectively. Our findings suggest the presence of a spectrum of mucinous lesions of the breast which represents a pathological continuum.
Implementation and experimental study of rate adaptation algorithms in IEEE 802.11 wireless networks

Rate Adaptation is a critical component of IEEE 802.11 network devices. There are many rate adaptation algorithms proposed in the literature. They are either evaluated through simulations or through experiments only in static scenarios. We implement some of these algorithms (which are implementable) in Madwifi device driver and then compare their performance in static as well as mobile vehicular scenarios. We also present a novel rate adaptation algorithm called RAM. RAM is a per-packet receiver based rate adaptation algorithm. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first receiver based rate adaptation algorithm that is implementable at the device driver level.
Optimization Of Cryogenic And Heat Removal System Of Space Borne Magnets

Space based superconducting magnets require a refrigerator system to maintain operating temperature at the design value. The magnets use helium gas cooled shields and multilayer insulation. Refrigerator power is determined based on the heat leak to the shields and to the magnet winding, as well as current leads and charging losses. Electric power is supplied by a power source such as a SP-100 type reactor or solar panels. Cryogenic and heat removal system masses included in the optimization are: the insulation and shields, the refrigerator, the power supply and the heat removal panel. The system is optimized to determine the optimum radiator temperature, su­perinsulation thickness, helium mass flow rate and helium inlet temperature to the shields.