cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hybrid Model-Based and Memory-Based Traffic Prediction System

Short-term traffic forecasting capabilities on freeways and major arterials have received special attention in the past decade primarily because of their vital role in supporting various traveler trip decisions and traffic management functions. A hybrid model-based and memory-based methodology used to improve freeway traffic prediction performance is presented. The proposed methodology integrates both approaches to strengthen predictions under both recurrent and nonrecurrent conditions. The model-based approach relies on a combination of static and dynamic neural network architectures to achieve optimal prediction performance under various input and traffic condition settings. Concurrently, the memory-based component is derived from the data archival system that encodes the commuters' travel experience in the past. The outcomes of the two approaches are two prediction values for each query case. The two values are subsequently processed by a prediction query manager, which ultimately produces one final pr...
The Influence of Community Characteristics on Police Officers’ Approaches to Patrolling Latinos in Three Towns:

Race and policing research has identified both macro-level structural factors and micro-level racial meanings that contribute to racial disparities in policing outcomes. However, prior research has...
Depth-variant maximum-likelihood restoration for three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy

We derive an algorithm for maximum-likelihood image estimation on the basis of the expectation-maximization (EM) formalism by using a new approximate model for depth-varying image formation for optical sectioning microscopy. This new strata-based model incorporates spherical aberration that worsens as the microscope is focused deeper under the cover slip and is the result of the refractive-index mismatch between the immersion medium and the mounting medium of the specimen. Images of a specimen with known geometry and refractive index show that the model captures the main features of the image. We analyze the performance of the depth-variant EM algorithm with simulations, which show that the algorithm can compensate for image degradation changing with depth.
Simple Y-autosomal incompatibilities cause hybrid male sterility in reciprocal crosses between Drosophila virilis and D. americana.

Postzygotic reproductive isolation evolves when hybrid incompatibilities accumulate between diverging populations. Here, I examine the genetic basis of hybrid male sterility between two species of Drosophila, Drosophila virilis and D. americana. From these analyses, I reach several conclusions. First, neither species carries any autosomal dominant hybrid male sterility alleles: reciprocal F1 hybrid males are perfectly fertile. Second, later generation (backcross and F2) hybrid male sterility between D. virilis and D. americana is not polygenic. In fact, I identified only three genetically independent incompatibilities that cause hybrid male sterility. Remarkably, each of these incompatibilities involves the Y chromosome. In one direction of the cross, the D. americana Y is incompatible with recessive D. virilis alleles at loci on chromosomes 2 and 5. In the other direction, the D. virilis Y chromosome causes hybrid male sterility in combination with recessive D. americana alleles at a single QTL on chromosome 5. Finally, in contrast with findings from other Drosophila species pairs, the X chromosome has only a modest effect on hybrid male sterility between D. virilis and D. americana.
HARD X-RAY AND MICROWAVE OBSERVATIONS OF MICROFLARES

In this paper, we study solar microflares using the coordinated hard X-ray and microwave observations obtained by the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) during its open-shutter operation mode and the Owens Valley Solar Array (OVSA). The events in our study are selected in the energy range of 12-25 keV and are relatively large microflares with an average GOES soft X-ray incremental flux at the B2.0 level. A total of 760 microflares are identified from the RHESSI burst catalog. Of the 200 microflares that fall into the OVSA observing window, about 40% are detected in microwaves. Using these hundreds of events as samples, we study the event distribution with respect to the flux, the solar activity, and active regions, in comparison with flares of larger scales. Nonthermal properties of microflares are investigated through spectral analysis of X-rays and microwaves. (1) We find that the event frequency distribution with respect to the RHESSI peak count rates at 12-25 keV can be accurately described with a power-law function down to 8 counts s-1, the power-law index being 1.75 ± 0.03, consistent with previous studies. (2) Similar to large flares, the occurrence rate of microflares is correlated with solar activity. The studied samples of microflares are mostly produced by active regions, as suggested by the large percentage of events detected by OVSA, which observes target active regions. However, all active regions do not have equal productivity, and certain active regions are a lot more productive than other regions. (3) While some large and complex active regions are predominantly productive in both very weak and strong events, we also find an active region that produces many microflares and C-class events but does not produce powerful events. (4) Analysis of energy-dependent time profiles suggests that there is a pronounced temporal correlation between the time derivative of soft X-rays and 14-20 keV hard X-rays, i.e., the Neupert effect, in about one-half the studied events. (5) Albeit small, many microflares exhibit hard X-ray emission at over 10 keV and microwave emission at around 10 GHz. Spectral analysis in these two wavelengths corroborates the nonthermal nature of these emissions. (6) In a limited number of samples, the RHESSI spectral fitting yields a photon spectral index of 4.5-7, and microwave spectral analysis on the same events shows that the power-law index of the electron spectrum is in the range of 2-5. The discrepancy in the electron spectrum index derived from hard X-rays and microwaves is substantially greater than previously reported in big flares, hinting at the existence of high-energy, microwave-emitting electrons that have a much hardened spectrum compared with electrons emitting hard X-rays.
Theory and Practice Ruiz De Zarobe, Leyre., & Yolanda Ruiz De Zarobe. (Eds.). Speech Acts and Politeness across Languages and Cultures. Bern: Peter Lang, 2012. Pp. 414. $111.95, paper. ISBN 978–3–0343–0611–9.

The article reviews the book "Speech Acts and Politeness Across Languages and Cultures," part of the Linguistic Insights: Studies in Language and Communication series, edited by Leyre Ruiz de Zarobe and Yolanda Ruiz de Zarobe.
Scalable services via egress admission control

Allocating resources for multimedia traffic flows with real-time performance requirements is an important challenge for future packet networks. However, in large-scale networks, individually managing each traffic flow on each of its traversed routers has fundamental scalability limitations, in both the control plane's requirements for signaling, state management, and admission control, and the data plane's requirements for per-flow scheduling mechanisms. In this paper, we develop a scalable architecture and algorithm for quality-of-service management termed egress admission control. In our approach, resource management and admission control are performed only at egress routers, without any coordination among backbone nodes or per-flow management. Our key technique is to develop a framework for admission control under a general "black box" model, which allows for cross traffic that cannot be directly measured, and scheduling policies that may be ill-described across many network nodes. By monitoring and controlling egress routers' class-based arrival and service envelopes, we show how network services can be provisioned via scalable control at the network edge. We illustrate the performance of our approach with a set of simulation experiments using highly bursty traffic flows and find that despite our use of distributed admission control, our approach is able to accurately control the system's admissible region under a wide range of conditions.
Design of FMCW millimeter-wave radar for helicopter assisted landing

This paper discusses the design and construction of a compact, ultrafast, monostatic frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) millimeter-wave radar, operating at 94.75 GHz, intended to be used as a helicopter assisted landing sensor. A high speed direct digital synthesizer is used to generate the baseband FM signal. Custom transmitter/receiver baseband boards are designed to up/down-convert the frequency modulated (FM) signal to an appropriate IF before it can be connected to the W-band RF frontend. A high-gain lens horn antenna is used in the RF frontend, in conjunction with other waveguide-based W-band components. A Xilinx FPGA is used in the backend data processing, preferred over conventional DSPs because of its speed. The whole system is packaged in an aluminum casing, with dimensions of 9' x 11' x 11' and weighing under 20 lbs.
Mitochondrial oxidant production by a pollutant dust and NO-mediated apoptosis in human alveolar macrophage.

Residual oil fly ash (ROFA) is a pollutant dust that stimulates production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from mitochondria and apoptosis in alveolar macrophages (AM), but the relationship betwee...
CMOS sensor interface for a robotics LAN

The authors describe a CMOS design for interfacing low-level analog levels from sensors to a robotics network. This interface IC contains analog signal conditioning, an 8-bit ADC (analog-to-digital converter), and protocol control for the interface between simple analog sensors and the local-area network. The ADC uses a combination linear switched capacitor array and a resistor-string successive approximation register technique for conversion. A bandgap reference utilizes the vertical n-p-n device obtained using the substrate as a collector. Calculated analog and digital power dissipation are 4.1 mW and 8.1 mu W/Hz, respectively. Technology is 3- mu m double-polysilicon, single-metal for the 3.5*4.0-mm/sup 2/ chip. >
Precipitous induction of audiogenic kindling by activation of adenylyl cyclase in the amygdala.

-aspartate (NMDA)–receptor activa-tion in lateral amygdala (LA) is implicated in AGSkindling initiation. However, the persistence ofAGS kindling appears tobe dependent onmolecu-lar mechanisms initiated by NMDA-receptor acti-vation, which may involve adenylyl cyclase (AC).This study attempted to mimic AGS kindlingpersistently in nonkindled GEPR-9s by one-timeactivationofACinLA.Methods: The effects of a single focal bilateralmicroinjection into LA of an AC activator, MPBforskolin {7-Deacetyl-7-[O-(N-methylpiperazino)-c-butyryl]-forskolin dihydrochloride} (25–100 pmol/side), on seizure behavior in GEPR-9s wereevaluated.Results: One-time bilateral microinjection of MPBforskolin in GEPR-9s precipitously induced anAGSkindling–likeeffect,whichinvolvedsigniﬁcantincreases in seizure duration and long-lasting sus-ceptibility to AGS that culminates in PTC. Thiseffect occurred at 24 h after MPB forskolin micro-injection and lasted ‡5 weeks. The effect was seenwhen AGS was initiated at 1 and 12 h after micro-injection, but not if AGS was induced only at 24 h,indicating the importance of the temporal prox-imity of AGS induction to the MPB forskolinmicroinjection.Discussion: These ﬁndings indicate that one-timeactivation of AC within the NMDA receptor–med-iated molecular cascade results in precipitousinduction of AGS kindling. These data further sug-gestthatACactivationintheLAmaybeanimpor-tant epileptogenic mechanism that subserves thelong-lastingpersistenceofAGSkindling.KEY WORDS: Audiogenicseizures,Kindling,Geneti-callyepilepsy-pronerats,Amygdala,Adenylylcyclase,Forskolin.Epilepsy is a disorder that involves neuronal networksandischaracterizedbyenduringpredispositiontoaberrantneuronal activity that leads to elevated susceptibility toseizures (Fisher etal.,2005; Engel,2006).Geneticpredis-positionisaprominentetiologicfactor inhuman suscepti-bility to epilepsy (Aroniadou-Anderjaska et al., 2008).Thesevere seizure substrain of genetically epilepsy-pronerats (GEPR-9s) is one of the genetic seizure models inwhich epileptogenicmechanismsintheseizure networkisbeinginvestigated(Faingold,2004).Epileptogenic mechanisms that lead to persistent sei-zure susceptibility are proposed to involve progressivemolecular, anatomic, and physiologic changes that lead torecurrent seizures (Stables et al., 2002). A number offorms of epilepsy are progressive, exhibiting increases inseizure frequency, duration, and severity related, in part,to seizure repetition. Elucidation of the mechanismsinvolved in progressive epileptogenesis and its preventionare major goals of current research in epilepsy (Sato,1990;Sutula,2004).The electrical kindling model of epileptogenesis is anextensivelystudiedanimalmodelofepilepsyandinvolvesthe repetitive electrical stimulation of primarily limbicstructures of the brain, including the amygdala (Goddard
Hydrogen Isotopes in Lunar Volcanic Glasses and Melt Inclusions Reveal a Carbonaceous Chondrite Heritage

Water is perhaps the most important molecule in the solar system, and determining its origin and distribution in planetary interiors has important implications for understanding the evolution of planetary bodies. Here we report in situ measurements of the isotopic composition of hydrogen dissolved in primitive volcanic glass and olivine-hosted melt inclusions recovered from the Moon by the Apollo 15 and 17 missions. After consideration of cosmic-ray spallation and degassing processes, our results demonstrate that lunar magmatic water has an isotopic composition that is indistinguishable from that of the bulk water in carbonaceous chondrites and similar to that of terrestrial water, implying a common origin for the water contained in the interiors of Earth and the Moon.
False loops through resource sharing

This paper describes the effects of false loops caused by resource sharing. When a separate controller and data path are constructed, two types of false loops can be distinguished: the ones that go through the controller and the ones that loop around in the data path. The paper describes a model to detect both types of loops during the resource sharing phase. Based on this model an algorithm is described which prevents false loops in the combinatorial network to be constructed, while maintaining as much freedom as possible for the resource sharing. Ezperiments show that the loop-free data-paths do not need more functional units than the ones that contain false loops.
Coupling between Catalytic Site and Collective Dynamics: A Requirement for Mechanochemical Activity of Enzymes

Summary Growing evidence supports the view that enzymatic activity results from a subtle interplay between chemical kinetics and molecular motions. A systematic analysis is performed here to delineate the type and level of coupling between catalysis and conformational mechanics. The dynamics of a set of 98 enzymes representative of different EC classes are analyzed with the Gaussian network model (GNM) and compared with experimental data. In more than 70% of the examined enzymes, the global hinge centers predicted by the GNM are found to be colocalized with the catalytic sites experimentally identified. Low translational mobility (
Proof by consistency in equational theories

A method is proven for proving that equations are valid in the initial model of an equational variety. This proof by consistency procedure can be applied to equational theories that are represented as ground convergent rewrite systems. In contrast with so-called inductive completion procedures, the method requires no specific ordering on terms and can handle unorientable equations. The method is linear and refutationally complete, in that it refutes any equation which is not an inductive theorem. >
Tyranny, Boundary and Might: Colonial Mimicry in Mark's Gospel

Reading the Gospel of Mark with a 'diasporic consciousness' that refuses to ideal ize anything, I question many liberational readings that present Mark in purely positive terms. Rather than dismissing the anti-colonial elements within the Gospel, I proceed to probe Mark for traces of 'colonial mimicry'. I argue in this essay that Mark reinscribes colonial domination by attributing absolute authority to Jesus, pre serving the 'insider-outsider binarism and understanding authority as power. Despite Mark's declaration of an apocalypse, it embraces recurring themes of 'empire' like tyranny, boundary and might.
Anchoring the Clade: Primate-Wide Comparative Analysis Supports the Relationship between Juvenile Interest in Infants and Adult Patterns of Infant Care

Female-biased juvenile interest in infants is common in primates. Proposed hypotheses to explain juvenile infant interest are that it helps immature individuals learn to parent, is a by-product of selection on adult infant care behavior, is kin-selected cooperative rearing, or is a form of harassment. If juvenile infant interest is associated with adult infant care, either functionally or as a by-product, sex-biased patterns of juvenile infant interest and adult infant care should show correlated evolution; if juvenile infant interest functions as cooperative rearing or harassment, they should not. Comparisons of nested bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo models of independent and dependent evolution of juvenile infant interest and adult infant care indicate strong support for coevolution of juvenile infant interest and adult infant care. Expanding comparative analysis to include available data from lemurs strengthens this support, suggesting that the function of juvenile infant interest does not differ between strepsirrhines and haplorhines. As such, strepsirrhine taxa currently maintained in captivity will be particularly useful in future work aiming to test between the learning to parent and by-product hypotheses for juvenile infant interest.
Homotopy-Based Divide-and-Conquer Strategy for Optimal Trajectory Planning via Mixed-Integer Programming

This paper proposes an optimal trajectory generation framework in which the global obstacle-avoidance problem is decomposed into simpler subproblems, corresponding to distinct path homotopies. In classical approaches to homotopic trajectory planning, trajectory planning and homotopy identification are performed simultaneously, leading to a substantial computational burden. The main benefit of the proposed approach is the development of a method to enumerate and explicitly represent distinct homotopy classes before trajectory planning or optimization, which allow the problem to be decomposed into simpler independent subproblems. The main contribution of the paper is twofold. The first contribution is the description of a method for utilizing existing cell-decomposition methods to enumerate and represent local trajectory generation problems that can be solved efficiently and independently. In addition, a relationship between the proposed cell-sequence representation and homotopy classes is analyzed. The second contribution is a computationally efficient novel formulation of the trajectory optimization problem within a cell sequence via mixed-integer quadratic programming (MIQP). Computational efficiency and increased solution richness of the proposed approach are demonstrated through simulation studies. The proposed MIQP formulation fits into a linear model-predictive control framework with nonconvex collision-free constraints.
Coping with conflict in cooperative knowledge-based systems

In this paper, we address a critical issue of cooperative problem solving: the existence of conflict among distributed agents. In particular, we focus our study on cooperative knowledge-based systems. To obtain a better understanding and more balanced judgement of multiagent conflict, we provide a general scheme to study the logical structure of multiagent conflict and rational strategies of coping with it under different situations. Our research finding is that there is no grand unified theory of coping with conflict in performing complex real-world computer supported tasks. Instead, a library of alternative methods should be considered. We discuss four methods: inquiry, arbitration, persuasion, and accommodation. These methods can be combined in an order appropriate to the application domain such that if one method fails, the system will try the next. We point out merits and shortcomings of these methods and illustrate them using several high-level protocols and application examples from a prototype system, the Building Design Network.
Nature of dietary reporting by adults in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994.

Objective: Low reporting of food intake is an acknowledged problem in dietary assessments; however, differences in food intake relative to reporting status are poorly understood. This study examined the relation of a measure of dietary reporting status with the nature of food intake reported by adults in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.Methods: Subjects were 6948 women and 6452 men, 20 years of age or older, with a complete and reliable 24-hour dietary recall. The ratio of reported energy intake to estimated basal energy expenditure (EI/BEE) was computed as a measure of dietary reporting status. The independent relation of EI/BEE ratio with 1) the amount, number, and energy density of nutrient-dense and low-nutrient-dense foods, 2) the number of reported eating occasions, 3) macro- and micronutrient intake and 4) serum concentrations of folate, ascorbate and carotenoids were examined using gender-specific multiple regression models.Results: The EI/BEE ratio related positively wi...
Variations on Pseudo-random Phase Encoding for Non-Iterative, Phase-Only Beam Projection

Images can be reconstructed using phase-only fields in the pupil plane using non-iterative, pseudo-random phase encoding techniques. We introduce variations to the phase encoding approach and compare quantitatively the resulting image reconstructions.
An Exact Maximum Likelihood Estimation Procedure for Regression- ARMA Time Series Models with Possibly Nonconsecutive Data

SUMMARY An explicit procedure is given to obtain the exact maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters in a regression model with ARMA time series errors with possibly nonconsecutive data. The method is based on an innovation transformation approach from which an explicit recursive procedure is derived for the efficient calculation of the exact likelihood function and associated derivatives. The innovations and associated derivatives are used to develop a modified Newton-Raphson procedure for computation of the estimates. A weighted nonlinear least squares interpretation of the estimator is also given. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the method.
Las exportaciones extra-regionales de manufacturas de los países sudamericanos

Esta nota tecnica analiza aspectos de la estructura y la evolucion de las exportaciones de manufacturas de los paises sudamericanos destinadas a mercados extra-regionales. El objetivo general del documento es determinar el comportamiento de los componentes manufactureros de la canasta exportadora extra-regional durante el periodo de auge de precios de los productos basicos, imperante entre 2003 y 2011. A tal efecto, el trabajo presenta de manera ordenada indicadores de la calidad de la canasta exportadora de manufacturas colocadas extra-regionalmente recurriendo a una clasificacion de acuerdo con el contenido tecnologico de los bienes exportados. Adicionalmente, se estudian indicadores de concentracion, por productos y mercados, asi como medidas de la complejidad tecnologica de la canasta exportadora.
Influence of AP concentration on boundary effect of CTPB propellant end-burning grain

Based on CTPB propellant end-burning grain and equidistant interval sampling from the center of grain section to boundary,the burning rates and Cl contents( representing AP contents) of different parts of grain section were determined to disclose the influence of AP concentration on boundary effect by using GJB770B—2005 Standard and SEM-EDS respectively.The experimental results show that the burning rates of different parts of grain section increase gradually from center to boundary,which takes on a typical boundary effect. Similarly,the AP contents of different parts of grain section also increase gradually from center to boundary,which indicates that the boundary effect results from the uneven distribution of AP content in different parts of grain.Furthermore,the casting style can affect the boundary effect significantly.When uniform casting style is adopted,the uneven distribution of AP caused by the lateral flow in the process of propellant slurry-casting can be eliminated and the boundary effect can be weakened as well.As a result,the combustion stability of end-burning grain will be increased evidently.
ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEWS AND CASE STUDIES: Eastern Hemlock Conservation: A Collaborative Approach to Prioritization through a Diverse Partnership

Eastern hemlock [Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere] is a valuable component of Allegheny Plateau forests in northwestern Pennsylvania and western New York. Since the 1950s, hemlock forests throughout the Central Appalachians have been under threat from a nonnative forest insect pest, the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand). In 2012, to address this threat at the most meaningful scale, the United States Forest Service and The Nature Conservancy organized a diverse partnership to develop a strategy for landscape-level conservation of hemlock on the High Allegheny Unglaciated Plateau. The main goal of the partnership was to locate hemlock across the landscape regardless of land ownership and prioritize the hemlock for monitoring and protection from the adelgid. The priority Hemlock Conservation Areas that were identified by this partnership provide a guide for focusing limited financial and personnel resources, with the goal of protecting at least a portion of these areas from the impacts of the adelgid until more long-term management techniques are identified. To protect the important hemlock forests identified in this prioritization, a partnership of private and public land managers are forming a Cooperative Pest Management Area to continue this important collaboration, allocate scarce resources across the area, and allow private partners access to public funding for protection of priority hemlock on their lands. Environmental Practice 18: 94–105 (2016)
Automated Measurement with Portable Microcomputers

Portable microcomputers have recently appeared on the market, at the same time as a host of electrical analog or digital sensors for measurement are becoming widely available. Fully portable and even hand held microcomputer data loggers are now being used by field ecologists. Compact portable calipers with printout and data storage useful for travelling museum scientists have recently been developed (Marcus, in press; McAllister and Planck, 1981). A glossary of computer jargon is provided especially for the exploding world of microcomputers which has developed its own special terms, though some are general computer terms.
The Power Law Process: A Model for the Reliability of Repairable Systems

The power law process, often misleadingly called the Weibull process, is a useful and simple model for describing the failure times of repairable systems. We present elementary properties of the power law process, such as point estimation of unknown par..
Future Horizons for Technology in Health Care Delivery

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a study on diagnostic instrumentation, biomedical engineering contributions to therapy, predictable consequences of technological triumphs, national priorities for health technologies, opportunities for future developments in therapy, and alternative modes of medical management. Reliable projections of the future role of biomedical engineering in health care are confounded by the long time lag between the definition of technical problems and the production of appropriate engineering solutions or devices, a period generally ranging from 10 to 15 years. Preoccupation with current issues could easily result in masterful and ingenious engineering solutions for disappearing or nonexistent problems. Homebound and handicapped patients constitute a very large segment of the population and are currently lacking adequate access to the kinds of technology that would provide essential mobility, social contacts, and remunerative employment that could make them financially secure and independent. Enormous sums of money are being spent providing minimal support or institutionalization of people who might otherwise become constructive contributors to society.
Reinstatement, Redescription, and Emending of Spiranthes triloba (Orchidaceae): Solving a 118 year old cryptic puzzle

Abstract Spiranthes (Orchidaceae) is a primarily North American genus that has traditionally presented numerous taxonomic challenges. Many species display marked intra-species morphological variation and/or inter-species morphological similarities, such that cryptic speciation may be common. Molecular phylogenetic, morphological, field, and herbarium research concerning the delimitation of Spiranthes odorata necessitates the reinstatement and redescription of Spiranthes triloba, a name alternately synonymized under Spiranthes cernua and Spiranthes odorata for more than a century. While lost under synonymy, plants matching the morphology of Spiranthes triloba were ambiguously described as Spiranthes ×itchetuckneensis and Spiranthes ×folsomii, and these are here synonymized. Although the species has a descriptive specific epithet, the labellum of the holotype is decidedly not tri-lobed; Spiranthes triloba is redescribed and emended here so as to reflect its actual morphology. Spiranthes triloba is restricte...
Piperacillin‐tazobactam versus cefepime incidence of acute kidney injury in combination with vancomycin and tobramycin in pediatric cystic fibrosis patients

Background Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients often receive prolonged courses of broad spectrum antibiotics, such as piperacillin-tazobactam or cefepime in combination with vancomycin and tobramycin. The objective of this study was to determine the difference in AKI for pediatric CF patients receiving piperacillin-tazobactam or cefepime in combination with vancomycin and tobramycin. Methods IRB approval from a single CF center was obtained for this retrospective cohort study. Charts were evaluated from December 1, 2008 to June 30,2015. Patients were included if they had a diagnosis of CF, age 30 days to 18 years, and received intravenous vancomycin, tobramycin, and piperacillin-tazobactam or cefepime. The primary outcome was difference of AKI incidence in patients receiving piperacillin-tazobactam or cefepime, as defined by modified pediatric risk, injury, failure, loss, end stage renal disease (pRIFLE) criteria. Results Seventy-one patients were included with a median (interquartile range) age 11 years (7-16) and weight 36.2 kg (22.7-50). AKI was identified in 54.5% (18/33) of patients receiving piperacillin-tazobactam and 13.2% (5/38) of patients receiving cefepime (P ≤ 0.0001). One patient receiving piperacillin-tazobactam experienced acute renal failure. There was a slight difference in length of admission (13 vs 10 days, P = 0.042), but no difference in days to maximum SCr (6 vs 3, P = 0.127) nor FEV1 percent predicted on admission (69% vs 65%, P = 1.00). Conclusions AKI occurred in nearly 55% of patients with piperacillin-tazobactam therapy versus 13% of patients with cefepime therapy, which suggests cefepime may be preferred in combination with vancomycin and tobramycin for pediatric CF patients.
Long-term tillage and nitrogen fertilization: Consequences for nitrifier density and activity

Abstract Nitrification is the biological oxidation of NH3 to NO2− and then NO3−. Understanding soil management consequences for nitrifier ecology could improve nitrogen (N) fertilizer use, decrease NO3− leaching, and minimize NO and N2O emissions. This study examined how long-term N fertilization and tillage influenced nitrifier density, ratios, and nitrification rate. The study site had > 40 years of continuous maize (Zea mays L.) with three nitrogen fertilization rates (0, 168, and 336 kg ha−1) and either no-tillage or plow tillage. The Most Probable Number (MPN) method was used to estimate the cell density of ammonia-oxidizing (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing (NOB) bacteria and the shaken slurry method was used to measure potential nitrification rates. Tillage, fertilization, and their interaction significantly influenced the ammonia oxidizer and nitrite oxidizer cell densities and the potential nitrification rate. Nitrifier cell densities increased with increased nitrogen fertilization; nitrite oxidizer density increased more than ammonia oxidizer density leading to a decreasing AOB:NOB ratio. There were positive correlations between ammonia oxidizer and nitrite oxidizer cell densities, especial in plow tillage. The trends for nitrifier cell density and potential nitrification rate were not consistent. Fertilization increased ammonia oxidizer and nitrite oxidizer densities and potential nitrification rate, but the influence of tillage differed for different fertilization rates. This long-term field trial demonstrated that specific soil management practices differentially influence not only the cell density of nitrifiers, but their relative ratios and their response to increased inorganic nitrogen in the environment.
The History of Food Safety Regulation in the United States and Canada

An overview of the historical roots of food law in the United States and Canada. The history of adulteration of food is as old as the trade in food. This history shows recurring patterns. As food trade expands and food processing increases, so does the opportunity and the scope of adulteration. Legislatures have followed rather than led food safety reform. Scientists and analytical methods have played a critical role in increasing awareness of food safety risks. Public outrage has also played a role. The food industry also plays an important leadership role out of enlightened self-interest in improved food safety. However, rarely have any of these factors alone been enough. Major food law revision occurs when all—scientists, the public, and food industry leadership—are galvanized, too often by outrageous tragedy.
Interpersonal Influences on Body Representations in the Infant Brain.

Within cognitive neuroscience, there is burgeoning interest in how the body is represented in the adult brain. However, there are large gaps in the understanding of neural body representations from a developmental perspective. Of particular interest are the interconnections between somatosensation and vision, specifically infants’ abilities to register correspondences between their own bodies and the bodies of others. Such registration may play an important role in social learning and in engendering feelings of connectedness with others. In the current study, we further explored the interpersonal aspects of neural body representations by examining whether responses to tactile stimulation in 7-month-old infants are influenced by viewing another’s body. During EEG recording, infants (N = 60) observed a live presentation of an experimenter’s hand or foot being touched. During the presentation of touch to the adult’s hand or foot, the infant received a brief tactile touch to their right hand or right foot. This resulted in four conditions: (i) Receive hand stimulation/observe hand stimulation, (ii) receive hand stimulation/observe foot stimulation, (iii) receive foot stimulation/observe hand stimulation, and (iv) receive foot stimulation/observe foot stimulation. Analyses compared responses overlying hand and foot regions when the observed limb matched the stimulated limb (congruent) and did not match (incongruent). In line with prior work, tactile stimulation elicited a somatotopic pattern of results in the somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) and the sensorimotor mu rhythm (6-9 Hz). Cross-modal influences were observed in the beta rhythm (11-13 Hz) response and in the late potential of the SEP response (400-600 ms). Beta desynchronization was greater for congruent compared to incongruent conditions. Additionally, tactile stimulation to the foot elicited larger mean amplitudes for congruent compared to incongruent conditions. The opposite was true for stimulation to the hand. This set of novel findings suggests the importance of considering cross-modal effects in the study of neural body representations in the infant brain. Continued work in this new area of infant neuroscience research can inform how interpersonal aspects of body representations may serve to undergird early social learning.
Ligands and media impact interactions between engineered nanomaterials and clay minerals.

Abstract The exponential growth in technologies incorporating engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) requires plans to handle waste ENM disposal and accidental environmental release throughout the material life cycle. These scenarios motivate efforts to quantify and model ENM interactions with diverse background particles and solubilized chemical species in a variety of environmental systems. In this study, quantum dot (QD) nanoparticles and clay minerals were mixed in a range of water chemistries in order to develop simple assays to predict aggregation trends. CdSe QDs were used as a model ENM functionalized with either negatively charged or zwitterionic small molecule ligand coatings, while clays were chosen as an environmentally relevant sorbent given their potential as an economical water treatment technology and ubiquitous presence in nature. In our unbuffered experimental systems, clay type impacted pH, which resulted in a change in zwitterionic ligand speciation that favored aggregation with kaolinite more than with montmorillonite. With kaolinite, the zwitterionic ligand-coated QD exhibited greater than ten times the relative attachment efficiency for QD-clay heteroaggregation compared to the negatively charged ligand coated QD. Under some conditions, particle oxidative dissolution and dynamic sorption of ions and QDs to surfaces complicated the interpretation of the removal kinetics. This work demonstrates that QDs stabilized by small molecule ligands and electrostatic surface charges are highly sensitive to changes in water chemistry in complex media. Natural environments enable rapid dynamic physicochemical changes that will influence the fate and mobility of ENMs, as seen by the differential adsorption of water-soluble QDs to our clay media.
Sub-district Costs and Efficiency of the Re Mmogo Pholong (“Together in Wellness”) Combination HIV/AIDS Prevention Intervention in the North West Province of South Africa

Abstract Background Re Mmogo Pholong (RMP) or “Together in Wellness”), was a combination prevention program to strengthen HIV prevention programming, community support mechanisms, community-based HIV testing, referral systems, and HIV prevention integration at the primary care level, thereby sustainably reducing HIV/AIDS transmission in the North West Province of South Africa. RMP included four overlapping components: situational analysis, community engagement and mobilization, community-based biomedical and behavioral prevention, and primary health care systems strengthening. In support of the PEPFAR country-ownership paradigm, we conducted costing analysis of the RMP combination HIV prevention program to determine data needed for potential transition of to local ownership. Methods We used standard costing methodology for this research. Results We found that cost per unit of output ranged from $63.93 (cost per person reached with individual or small group prevention interventions) to $4,344.88 (cost per health facility strengthened). The RMP intervention was primarily dependent on personnel costs. This was true regardless of the time period (Year 1 vs. Year 2) or activity (i.e. wellness days or events, primary health care strengthening, community engagement, and wellness clubs). Conclusions The development of labor-intensive rather than capital intensive interventions for low-income settings such as RMP was identified as being particularly important in treating and preventing HIV/AIDS and other health conditions in a sustainable manner. Costs were also observed to transition from international cost centers to in-country headquarters offices over time, in keeping with the transition of international to local responsibility required for sustainable PEPFAR initiatives. Such costing center evolution was also reflected by changes in the composition of the intervention, including (1) the redesign and re-deployment of service delivery sites according to local needs, uptake and implementation success and (2) the flexible and adaptable restructuring of intervention components in response to community needs.
COST-BENEFIT AS WEIGHED ON GENETIC SCALES

ABSTRACT The genetic cost that may be incurred by exposure to mutagenic agents in the coal and nuclear fuel cycles is assessed, using as a point of departure the presently estimated burden of spontaneously occurring genetic defects in human populations. Risk estimates are necessarily derived from radiation studies, but chemical mutagenic hazards can probably be evaluated relative to the known dose-response relationships of radiation exposure. Cost-benefit analyses for the coal and nuclear fuel cycles are discussed and translated into monetary terms. Coal-associated risks are almost entirely somatic while nuclear risks are somatic and genetic in equal proportions. Dollar costs per man-rem are concluded to be in the $100 range. Pollution abatement costs for the nuclear cycle lie in the range of several hundreds to many thousands of dollars per man-rem reduction. It is considered appropriate to incur such costs, because genetic risks to future generations involve primarily societal and ethical issues rather than economic considerations.
Moving Toward Trauma-Informed and Human Rights-Based Social Policy: The Role of the Helping Professions

This chapter addresses the value of preventing trauma, reducing its impact, and advancing human rights through social policy. We begin by discussing a rationale for extending a trauma-informed and human rights perspective to social policy. Secondly, we establish why it is important for individuals in the helping professions to apply a trauma-informed and human rights lens to policy analysis and to engage in policy advocacy. Thirdly, we review a framework for trauma-informed and human rights-based policy analysis and provide an illustration applying the framework to fair wage policy. We conclude by detailing the link between policy analysis and advocacy, articulating how members of the helping professions can advocate for trauma and human rights-informed policy change at local, state, federal, and international levels.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Combined Vaginal Misoprostol and Pervascular Vasopressin vs. Vasopressin Alone During Robotic Myomectomy

Study Objective To compare the estimated blood loss, change in peri-operative hematocrit, and operative time during robotic myomectomy when using either vaginal misoprostol with perivascular vasopressin or perivascular vasopressin alone. Design We conducted a single center, double blind randomized controlled trial to compare changes in blood loss using preoperative vaginal misoprostol and perivascular vasopressin with surgeries using perivascular vasopressin alone, during robotic assisted laparoscopic surgeries. Our primary outcomes were intraoperative blood loss (measured by volume in the suction canister minus amount of irrigation), operative time, surgeons’ estimated blood loss and change in postoperative hemoglobin and hematocrit from preoperative hematocrit. Our secondary outcome was to assess the side effects of misoprostol use. Setting Robotic myomectomy. Patients or Participants A total of 100 women were assessed for eligibility, 79 consented to participate in the study. Five consents were excluded for analysis due to missing information. Thereby 74 patients were used for analysis, 42 women were randomized into vasopressin alone group (Group 1) and 32 were randomized into the vasopressin and misoprostol group (Group II). Interventions The addition of 400mcg of vaginal misoprostol. Measurements and Main Results The change in pre-op to post-op hematocrit (HCT) was 2.5% in Group 1 and 3.2% in Group II, with a p value of 0.491. There were also non-statistical differences in estimated blood loss (EBL) by group, 247ml vs 246ml, respectively, p=0.983. Surgery time, between the two groups was non-statistically different as well, 173.9 min vs 181.3 min respectively, p = 0.6945. Conclusion In this randomized controlled trial, we did not observe a decrease in operative blood loss, operative time, and postoperative hemoglobin during robot-assisted laparoscopic myomectomy using vaginal misoprostol with perivascular vasopressin versus perivascular vasopressin alone.
Peacemaking and Provocation: A Response to Professor Tracey Jean Boisseau

A response to a response, this article clarifies and defends the ideas presented in the author’s original article, The Duke Rape Case Five Years Later: Lessons for the Academy, the Media, and the Criminal Justice System. The author attempts to show a psychological link between what the academics did in the Duke Lacrosse case and the very circumstances they decry. He explains how his primary focuses are certain women's-studies and minority-studies professors who, he believes, poison relations between minorities and whites, and between men and women, and in the process undermine the self-confidence of women and minorities.In addition, it criticizes the response’s accusation of the academy by highlighting statistics on race and education and posing thought-provoking questions for particular minority-studies and women’s-studies professors to consider.
Privacy and Security Issues with Mobile Health Research Applications

This article examines the privacy and security issues associated with mobile application-mediated health research, concentrating in particular on research conducted or participated in by independent scientists, citizen scientists, and patient researchers. Building on other articles in this issue that examine state research laws and state data protection laws as possible sources of privacy and security protections for mobile research participants, this article focuses on the lack of application of federal standards to mobile application-mediated health research. As discussed in more detail below, the voluminous and diverse data collected by some independent scientists who use mobile applications to conduct health research may be at risk for unregulated privacy and security breaches, leading to dignitary, psychological, and economic harms for which participants have few legally enforceable rights or remedies under current federal law. Federal lawmakers may wish to consider enacting new legislation that would require otherwise unregulated health data holders to implement reasonable data privacy, security, and breach notification measures.