cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of [11-2H2], [8-2H2], [7-2H2], [6-2H2], [5-2H2], [4-2H2] and [3-2H2] cis-9-octadecenoates☆☆☆

Abstract Deuterated oleates have been synthesized by semihydrogenation of acetylenic intermediates. [11- 2 H 2 ]Oleate was prepared by two-carbon chain extension of the C 16 alcohol obtained from [1- 2 H 2 ]octyl bromide and 7-octyn-1-ol. [8- 2 H 2 ] and [7- 2 H 2 ]oleates were both prepared from dimethyl suberate, tetradeutero intermediate C 16 alcohols were synthesized from [1,8- 2 H 4 ] and [2,7- 2 H 4 ]octane diols by monobromination, conversion to deuterated 9-decyn-1-ols and reaction with octyl bromide. Oxidation gave [8- 2 H 2 ]-9-octadecynoate and [2,7- 2 H 2 ]-9-octadecynoate, after semihydrogenation of the latter, deuterons at C-2 were removed by exchange with aqueous alkali. [6- 2 H 2 ] and [5- 2 H 2 ]oleates were obtained from methyl 5-tetradecynoate, semihydrogenation, deuterium exchange at C-2 and two malonate extensions gave [6- 2 H 2 ]oleate; reduction with lithium aluminum deuteride, two malonate extensions and semihydrogenation gave the [5- 2 H 2 ] ester. [4- 2 H 2 ] and [3- 2 H 2 ]oleates were both obtained from methyl 7- cis -hexadecenoate, exchange of the α protons and chain extension gave the [4- 2 H 2 ] ester and reduction with lithium aluminum deuteride and chain extension gave the [3- 2 H 2 ] ester.
Psychometric Properties of the Positive and Negative Affect Scale for Children (PANAS-C) in Children with Anxiety Disorders

This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Positive and Negative Affect Scale for Children (PANAS-C) (Laurent et al. Psychol Asses 1: 326–338, 1999) in a sample of 139 children (ages 7–14 years) diagnosed with a principal anxiety disorder. Results from this study provided support for the convergent validity of the PANAS-C with established measures of childhood anxiety and depression. As predicted, negative affect was significantly associated with measures of anxiety and depression whereas positive affect was associated with depression. However, weaknesses in discriminant validity were found, most notably with regard to social anxiety. Consistent with previous research, social anxiety was significantly associated with low levels of positive affect (PA). Furthermore, results from regression analyses indicated that PA made a significant unique contribution to the prediction of social anxiety as well as depression scores. Findings are discussed with regard to the usefulness of the PANAS-C to differentiate anxiety and depression in children with anxiety disorders.
Plasma components which mediate cellular defences in the gastropod mollusc Biomphalaria glabrata

Blood plasmas from certain strains of Biomphalariaglabrata are known to have components which facilitate a hemocyte-effected cytotoxic response against encapsulated Schistosomamansoni sporocysts. The possible identity of the factor(s) has been investigated. Sporocysts placed in snail plasma rapidly acquire a wide variety of host plasma antigens, at least some of which are displayed on the parasite surface. Plasmas from strains of snail resistant to the parasite agglutinate fixed sporocysts, while plasmas from susceptible strains fail to do so. Fixed sporocysts incubated in plasma bind selectively a subpopulation of plasma antigens; some are bound uniquely in resistant plasma. Another resembles a hemagglutinin from snail plasma. These and other recently acquired data are discussed in light of increasing evidence for defensive roles of multivalent lectins.
Holocene depocenter migration and sediment accumulation in Delaware Bay: a submerging marginal marine sedimentary basin☆

Abstract The Holocene transgression of the Delaware Bay estuary and adjacent Atlantic coast results from the combined effect of regional crustal subsidence and eustasy. Together, the estuary and ocean coast constitute a small sedimentary basin whose principal depocenter has migrated with the transgression. A millenial time series of isopach and paleogeographic reconstructions for the migrating depocenter outlines the basin-wide pattern of sediment distribution and accumulation. Upland sediments entering the basin through the estuarine turbidity maximum accumulate in tidal wetland or open water sedimentary environments. Wind-wave activity at the edge of the tidal wetlands erodes the aggraded Holocene section and builds migrating washover barriers. Along the Atlantic and estuary coasts of Delaware, the area of the upland environment decreases from 2.0 billion m 2 to 730 million m 2 during the transgression. The area of the tidal wetland environment increases from 140 million to 270 million m 2 , and due to the widening of the estuary the area of open water increases from 190 million to 1.21 billion m 2 . Gross uncorrected rates of sediment accumulation for the tidal wetlands decrease from 0.64 mm/yr at 6 ka to 0.48 mm/yr at 1 ka. In the open water environments uncorrected rates decrease from 0.50 mm/yr to 0.04 mm/yr over the same period. We also present data on total sediment volumes within the tidal wetland and open water environments at specific intervals during the Holocene.
Application of gas chromatography/pattern recognition techniques to the problem of identifying africanized honeybees

Abstract Capillary column gas chromatography and pattern recognition techniques were used to develop a potential method for distinguishing heavily and moderately Africanized honeybees from European honeybees on the basis of differences in chemical constitution. The test data consisted of 232 chromatograms of hydrocarbon extracts obtained from the cuticle, exocrine, and wax glands of heavily Africanized honeybees, moderately Africanized honeybees, and European honeybees. Each chromatogram contained 65 peaks corresponding to a set of standardized retention time windows. A linear discriminant function, developed by a nonparametric pattern recognition procedure called the linear learning machine, correctly assigned the chromatograms to their respective classes: European or Africanized. The discriminant was then tested, using an external prediction set of 251 chromatograms. Two hundred forty-seven out of two hundred fifty-one prediction set samples were correctly classified. Since many samples in the prediction set were hybrids, these results clearly demonstrate that information derived solely from the nonisoprenoid hydrocarbons could correctly categorize the bee specimens as to race.
Synthesis of enkephalin-based affinity labels for delta opioid receptors

Abstract Affinity labels (irreversible ligands) are useful pharmacological tools to study receptor structure and function. As part of a program to prepare affinity labels based on opioid peptides, we developed a general synthetic strategy to introduce different electrophilic labeling moieties (i.e. isothiocyanate and bromoacetamide) via a p-amino functionality on a phenylalanine residue. The affinity labelling groups were incorporated into the Phe 4 position of the delta opioid receptor antagonists ICI-174,864 (1) and N,N-dibenzyl leucine enkephalin (2). Using an orthogonal Boc/Fmoc protection strategy, the common peptide precursors were assembled in solution, the affinity labels introduced and the peptides deprotected. In cloned δ receptors expressed in CHO cells (3), only the isothiocyanate derivative of N,N-dibenzyl leucine enkephalin exhibited wash-resistant inhibition of [ 3 H]DPDPE binding.
Beyond the “Birds and the Bees”: Gender Differences in Sex‐Related Communication Among Urban African‐American Adolescents

The current study examined gender differences in communication about sex-related topics in a community sample of urban, African-American mothers and adolescents living in impoverished neighborhoods with high HIV rates. One hundred and sixty-two mother-adolescent dyads completed self-report measures of sex-related communication. Youth also reported on their sexual risk. We identified the range of sexual-based topics that adolescents discussed with their mothers, fathers, friends, and at school. The relationship between the frequency of sexual communication and sexual risk was examined. We also investigated congruency between adolescent and mother report about whether sexual-based discussions occurred. Consistent with prior research, girls talked to their mothers, fathers, friends, and at school about sex-related topics more than boys. Findings indicated that mothers not only communicated more frequently about sexual issues with their daughters than sons but that parental messages for girls were more protective. Greater sexual communication with mother was significantly associated with decreased HIV risk in the past 90 days and increased protection from HIV. Inconsistencies between mother and adolescent reports about sexual communication were marginally associated with decreased protection from HIV. Findings reveal the protective effect of sexual communication and the general lack of congruence between mother and adolescent reports of sexual communication.
Identification of plasmolipin as a major constituent of white matter clathrin-coated vesicles.

: We have isolated and characterized coated vesicles from bovine white matter and compared them to those isolated from gray matter. The virtual absence of synaptic vesicle antigens in the white matter coated vesicles indicates they are distinct from those found in gray matter and from vesicles derived from synaptic membranes. The white matter coated vesicles also lack compact myelin components, e.g., the myelin proteolipid, galactocerebroside, and sulfatides, as well as the periaxolemmal myelin marker myelin-associated glycoprotein. On the other hand, these vesicles contain 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide phosphohydrolase. The vesicles also contain high levels of plasmolipin, a protein present in myelin and oligodendrocytes. Plasmolipin was found to be four to five times higher in white matter coated vesicles than in gray matter coated vesicles. Based on western blot quantitation, the concentration of plasmolipin in white matter coated vesicles is 3–4% of the vesicle bilayer protein. These studies indicate that a significant proportion of coated vesicles from white matter may be derived from unique membrane domains of the myelin complex or oligodendroglial membrane, which are enriched in plasmolipin.
The treatment of nephrosis with a high-protein diet and casein hydrolysate.

Summary A five year old child suffering from nephrosis was treated continuously for seven weeks with a high-protein diet (2.2 g of proteins daily per kg of body weight) and large quantities of casein hydrolysate by mouth (2.4 g of Aminosol daily per kg). With this treatment the plasma protein values returned to normal and the child became clinically free from symptoms. Resume Traitement de la nephrose par un regime riche en proteines et par la caseine hydrolysee Un enfant de cinq ails souffrant de nephrose fut traite continuellement pendant 7 semaines par un regime riche en proteines (2.2 g de proteines par kg de son poids) et par absorption, per os, de grosses quantites de caseine hydrolysee (2.4 g d'Aminosol par kg quotidiennement). A la suite de ce traitement, la teneur du plasma en proteines redevint normale, et l'enfant fut debarrasse de tout symptome clinique. Zusammenfaseung Die Behandlung von Nephrosis durch Hochproteindiat und Kaseinhydrolysat Ein funfjahriges Kind, das an Nephrosis litt, wurde 7 Wochen hindurch unausgesetzt mit einer Hochproteindiat (2.2 g Protein taglich fur jedes Kilogramm des Korpergewichtes) behandelt und mit grossen Mengen Kaseinhydrolysat (2.4 g Aminosol taglich per Kilogramm) gefuttert. Bei dieser Behandlung wurde der Proteingehalt des Blutes wieder normal und das Kind wurde klinisch symptomfrei. Sumario Tratamiento de la nefrosis con una dieta de alto contenido proteico e hidrolizados de caseina Una nefrosis en un nino de 5 anos es tratado continuamente durante 7 semanas con una dieta de alto contenido proteico (2.2 g de proteinas por kg de peso) y con grandes cantidades de hidrolizados de caseina por via oral (2.4 g de Aminosol por dia y kg de peso). Con este tratamiento las proteinas del plasma volvieron a sus valores normales, y el nino ynedo libre de sintomas clinicos.
Simulation of a debtor country: The example of Colombia

Abstract A dynamic model, illustrated on Colombian data, simulates the functioning of an open economy under specified parametric conditions and selected policy scenarios. Unlike the usual two-sector models, the rate of growth of GDP is generated endogenously. Whereas related models perform sensitivity analysis for variations in parameters our procedure makes n possible to simulate policy alternatives under balance-of-payments pressure. The simulations explore the implications of policy options when debt services on inherited and new foreign indebtedness act as constraints on the debtor's growth, especially when new external borrowing is limited.
The impact of a community-wide vascular access program on the management of graft thromboses in a dialysis population of 495 patients.

BACKGROUND: The unpredictability of prosthetic vascular access thrombosis precludes the scheduling of elective graft thrombectomy. This results in inconsistent dialysis for patients, as well as logistical challenges for dialysis clinics and surgeons, and increased cost. In an effort to solve this problem a community-wide, prospective vascular access program (VAP) was established. This study evaluates the impact of the VAP by comparing the operative procedures and outcomes of vascular access surgery performed in the community before and after establishment of the program. METHODS: All 17 surgeons who perform vascular access, representing five independent practice groups in Greenville, South Carolina, formed a VAP in November 1996. Dialysis patients were pooled, and all graft thrombectomies were managed on a rotational basis by a surgeon assigned daily to a specifically designated access thrombectomy operating room. The hospital records of all patients undergoing vascular access procedures from November 1, 1995, through October 31, 1996 (pre-VAP), and November 1, 1996, through October 31, 1997 (post-VAP), were reviewed. RESULTS: Comparison of the pre-VAP and post-VAP groups showed no significant difference in the number of patients undergoing vascular access procedures (391 versus 378), number of vascular access procedures performed (1034 versus 1,048), or average number of vascular access procedures performed per patient (2.64 versus 2.79). There was no statistical difference in the number of thrombectomies and revisions (786 versus 765; P = 0.114) or thrombectomies alone (248 versus 283; P = 0.114) in the pre-VAP and post-VAP groups. There was a significant increase in the number of procedures performed on an outpatient basis in the post-VAP group (757; 73%) compared with the pre-VAP group (575; 56%); P <0.001. There was also a significant difference in the percentage of cases performed after 6:00 PM in the pre-VAP group (262; 25%) compared with the post-VAP group (48; 4.5%; P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Dialysis graft thrombosis, occurring in 75% of our patients annually, represents a substantial logistical dilemma necessitating the incorporation of 1,000 additional operations into a busy elective surgery schedule. An organized VAP reduces inpatient hospitalization, minimizes expensive after hours surgery, and enhances patient and physician convenience while providing a mechanism to monitor clinical outcomes and assure timely dialysis.
Resonance measurements of f − h and f − i intervals in cesium using selective and delayed field ionization

We report the measurement of the $n=16\ensuremath{-}18$, $n{f}_{\frac{7}{2}}\ensuremath{-}n{h}_{\frac{11}{2}}$ and $n=17\ensuremath{-}18$, $n{f}_{\frac{7}{2}}\ensuremath{-}n{i}_{\frac{13}{2}}$ intervals in atomic cesium using two- and three-photon microwave spectroscopy techniques coupled with electric field ionization in an atomic beam. We used two techniques to discriminate between the $f$ and higher $l$ states. First, we took advantage of the fact that the higher $l$ states are ionized at lower fields and used selective field ionization. Second, by delaying the field ionization pulse, in time we were able to discriminate between the $f$ states and the longer-lived higher $l$ states. Using this technique, we were also able to measure the $18{f}_{\frac{7}{2}}\ensuremath{-}18{g}_{\frac{9}{2}}$ interval, where the difference in field ionization thresholds is small. From the values of the measured intervals we were able to extract the effective dipole and quadrupole polarizabilities of the ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{+}$ core using only the microwave data. We obtained ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{d}^{\ensuremath{'}}=15.544(30){a}_{0}^{3}$ and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{q}^{\ensuremath{'}}=70.7(29){a}_{0}^{5}$.
Colloid carcinoma of the lung: Current views

Colloid carcinomas of the lung are rare and unusual neoplasms. These tumors need special attention in order to be properly coded as primary pulmonary tumors as they closely resemble their extrathoracic counterparts in their morphologic and immunohistochemical characteristics. Even though, the latest version of the World Health Organization (WHO) has trivialized this entity into garden variety of adenocarcinomas, recently proposed guidelines on pulmonary adenocarcinomas have created some potential to bring back the controversy that appeared to have been settled a decade ago regarding these tumors. Thus, the current review will highlight not only the current concepts but also will bring the historical perspective in an effort to clarify some misconceptions regarding this rare entity.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Chocolate in Chocolate Products

Abstract A method was developed to determine the concentration of fat-free cocoa solids (true chocolate) in chocolate or chocolate-flavored milk and ice cream by the absorbance of a trichloroacetic acid (TCA) filtrate of the product at wave length 275m μ , using either chocolate or theobromine as the standard reference. Results were within±4.5% of the expected values based on chemical analyses. The mean error for a series of duplicate determinations was±0.22%. The influence of milk or ice cream solids was not significant, provided the amounts were maintained constant in test and reference samples. The true chocolate content in 19 commercial chocolate ice creams averaged 2.13% and ranged from 1.3 to 3.1%.
Forcing Them To Be Free

Is it possible to force other states to be free by imposing democracy on them during military interventions? This article analyzes the histori cal relationship between U.S. military intervention an...
Preventing data errors with continuous testing

Today, software systems that rely on data are ubiquitous, and ensuring the data's quality is an increasingly important challenge as data errors result in annual multi-billion dollar losses. While software debugging and testing have received heavy research attention, less effort has been devoted to data debugging: identifying system errors caused by well-formed but incorrect data. We present continuous data testing (CDT), a low-overhead, delay-free technique that quickly identifies likely data errors. CDT continuously executes domain-specific test queries; when a test fails, CDT unobtrusively warns the user or administrator. We implement CDT in the ConTest prototype for the PostgreSQL database management system. A feasibility user study with 96 humans shows that ConTest was extremely effective in a setting with a data entry application at guarding against data errors: With ConTest, users corrected 98.4% of their errors, as opposed to 40.2% without, even when we injected 40% false positives into ConTest's output. Further, when using ConTest, users corrected data entry errors 3.2 times faster than when using state-of-the-art methods.
Profile of Near-Fatal Asthma in an Inner-City Hospital*

Study objectives Patients requiring mechanical ventilation for asthma are at a high risk of similar attacks and death in the future. Early recognition and treatment with systemic corticosteroids (SC) can influence outcome in near-fatal asthma (NFA). We studied the ability of patients to recognize the severity of asthma, implement SC therapy, and seek timely help from a health-care provider (HCP). Design Retrospective review of patient histories and medical records. Setting Medical ICU and inpatient medical ward of an inner-city university hospital. Patients Asthma patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Methods Seventy episodes of NFA requiring endotracheal intubation (intubation group [IG]) and 523 hospital admissions with acute asthma (nonintubation group [NIG]) were analyzed over a 4-year period from January 1997 to September 2000. Prior intubation(s), duration of symptoms, steroid dependence, and knowledge and use of inhaled corticosteroids and SC were noted. Indications for mechanical ventilation, ventilatory parameters using permissive hypercapnia, sedation/paralysis, duration, extubation criteria, complications, and outcome were analyzed. Results Twenty-nine of 70 patients (41.4%) in the IG had at least one prior episode of NFA requiring mechanical ventilation, compared to 123 of 523 patients (23.5%) in the NIG (p 48 h, 34 of 43 patients (79%) in the IG did not receive SC. Three patients died and four patients acquired myopathy in the IG. Conclusion History of intubation and steroid dependence were identified as risk factors for future intubation. Our patients with asthma in both the IG and NIG were noncompliant with inhaled corticosteroids. Despite a long duration of symptoms and knowledge of SC, the majority neither implemented self-management with SC nor contacted an HCP. Early initiation of SC (symptoms
The AbioCor implantable replacement heart.

The AbioCor implantable replacement heart (IRH) is the first available totally implantable artificial heart. We recently initiated a multicenter trial of this device in patients with severe, irreversible biventricular failure. Patients who were not candidates for other therapies, including transplantation, were evaluated. All candidates were adults with inotrope-dependent biventricular failure, whose 30-day predicted mortality was higher than 70%. A three-dimensional computerized fit study predicted fit of the AbioCor thoracic unit in all recipients. At operation, the internal battery controller and transcutaneous energy transfer unit were placed. The AbioCor thoracic unit was placed in an orthotopic position after incision of the ventricals. There were 2 intraoperative deaths (due to intraoperative bleeding or aprotinin reaction). Four late deaths were recorded, 1 from multi-system organ failure and 3 cerebrovascular accidents. Autopsy revealed thrombus on the atrial struts of the 3 patients with cerebrovascular accident. Blood pumps and valves were clean on all patients. Significant morbidity was observed, primarily related to preexisting severity of illness. However, 3 patients recovered to the point of being able to take multiple trips outside of the hospital. Two patients were discharged from the hospital, with 1 patient being discharged home for more than 7 months. No significant device malfunctions or multi-system organ failure device-related infections were noted. The AbioCor IRH may be effective therapy for patients with end-stage heart failure. Many milestones have been achieved in the initial trial in humans, including the successful discharge of a patient to home and no significant device malfunctions. The occurrence of stroke is likely related to the presence of thrombus on the atrial struts and may be decreased as these atrial struts have been removed for future clinical implants.
Stereopsis at isoluminance in the absence of chromatic aberrations.

Stereo (front–back) discrimination thresholds were measured in a two-interval forced-choice paradigm for chromatic (red–green) random-dot stereograms that had all detectable longitudinal and transverse aberrations removed by low-pass filtering. The thresholds were measured as a function of the luminance ratio of the red and the green stereo elements. Although individual differences were apparent, three subjects were able to fuse all the stimuli, including those at isoluminance. A quantitative, ideal-observer analysis was used to determine the neural efficiency with which color and luminance information was used in this stereo task. For two subjects, efficiency was constant as a function of the red-to-green ratio; for the third subject, efficiency was less near isoluminance.
The role of the extended family in women's risk of intimate partner violence in Jordan

The extended family as a potential cause of and protection against intimate partner violence (IPV) remains relatively unstudied. This mixed-methods study used focus group discussions (FGDs) and a clinic-based survey to investigate several family-based risk and protective factors associated with women's risk of IPV in Jordan. Seventeen FGDs (total number of participants = 105) were conducted with women in Amman. Each transcript was coded for categories using open coding methodology and mapping. Relevant categories and subcategories were family support, family interference, family abuse, exposure to violence in childhood, and place of residence. For the survey, systematic probability proportionate to size methodology was used to select a sample of 517 literate, ever married, women from seven reproductive health clinics located throughout the country (response rate = <= 70%); due to missing data, the analytic sample was restricted to 418 women. Measures assessed the categories mentioned above. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were constructed to examine the relationship between IPV and the main predictors of interest (residence, family interference, family violence, exposure to violence as a child, and family support). The combined results of the FGDs and the survey demonstrated that the respondent's husband's exposure to violence in childhood and violence perpetrated by other family members were risk factors for IPV. Family interference was also significantly related to IPV but only when the respondent identified the interference as harmful to her relationship. Residence with the respondent's in-laws demonstrated mixed effects. A supportive family was protective against IPV, although the FGDs revealed that families were not always an effective source of assistance. Findings demonstrate the continued role of the wife's and husband's kin in women's risk of IPV in Jordan, highlighting the importance of a broader view of the context of IPV. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Invariants and characteristics of sigma-differential pulse code modulation

Quantization errors of a sigma-differential pulse code modulation (SDPCM), a multibit version of sigma-delta modulation, are analyzed in the time domain. It is shown that a certain type of sampling rate reduction always reduces the worst-case quantization error r/sup N/ times, where r is a factor of rate reduction and N is the order of the SDPCM. >
Evaluation and optimization of crosstalk noise in multi-core processors' power delivery system

Signal integrity and associated optimization techniques in power delivery network for multi-core processors, whether powered by a single converter or several power converters, are discussed. The high integration of the multi-core processors on a single die makes chipset's sensitivity to crosstalk noise more likely. Several power converters in a multi-core processor system could improve energy efficiency and dynamic performance among others. However, this paper focuses on how several power converters can be used to achieve over 60dB of crosstalk noise isolation. Crosstalk noise can be reduced by dedicating a power converter for each processor core (or more) and placing the power converters between the processors cores.
Using active messages to implement office procedures

Consideration is given to how to use the concept of active message to implement office information systems (OISs) effectively in a distributed environment. The authors introduce the concept of active messages, discuss the characteristics of office procedures and the SCOOP (System for Computerization of Office Processing) model, give the framework for implementing an OIS in a distributed environment using active messages, and summarize the contributions and future work. The transformation scheme from an office specification language to Amessages (active messages that are structured objects) is given. The transformation from SCOOP nets to Amessages is used as an example. >
Crustal Vp-Vs ratios and thickness for Ross Island and the Transantarctic Mountain front, Antarctica

SUMMARY We investigate crustal Vp–Vs ratios and thickness along the Transantarctic Mountain (TAM) front and on Ross Island, Antarctica to determine if the TAM crust has been modified by the Neogene magmatism associated with Ross Island. A seismic low velocity zone (LVZ) in the upper mantle beneath Ross Island extends laterally ∼80 km under the TAM front, and mantle temperatures within the LVZ may be sufficiently elevated for partial melting to have occurred and modified the crust. Data for the study come from 16 temporary seismic stations that were part of the TAM Seismic Experiment and three permanent stations. Estimates of Vp/Vs (κ) and crustal thickness (H) have been obtained from receiver functions analysed using the H–κ stacking method for 10 of the stations, and for the remaining stations, crustal thickness has been calculated by using the Moho Ps arrival time with an assumed Vp/Vs value. A Vp/Vs value of 1.88 is obtained for Ross Island, consistent with the mafic composition of the volcanic rocks from Mt. Erebus. Vp/Vs values for stations in the TAM situated away from the LVZ range from 1.63 to 1.78, with a mean of 1.73, while values for stations in the TAM lying above the LVZ range from 1.67 to 1.78, with a mean of 1.72. This result indicates that there is little difference in bulk crustal composition for areas above and away from the LVZ, and together with a Vp/Vs value (1.73) that is typical for felsic to intermediate composition crust, suggests that the crust along the TAM front has not been altered significantly by mafic magmatism. Crustal thickness estimates along the coast are quite variable, ranging from 18 to 33 km, and increase to 39 km inland beneath the crest of the TAM. On Ross Island, crustal thickness estimates range between 19 and 27 km. In this study, we investigate crustal structure along the Transantarctic Mountain (TAM) front in the vicinity of Ross Island, Antarctica, to determine the extent to which the crust has been modified by the Neogene volcanism associated with Ross Island and the Terror Rift. The TAM represent Earth’s largest non-collisional mountain
A high reliability, reworkable, fluorinated poly(phenylene ether ketone) (12F-PEK) coating for MOEMS and optical systems packaging

A fluorinated poly(phenylene ether ketone) encapsulant has been identified as a high-performance chemically reworkable thermoplastic with near hermetic protection. The 12F-PEK has legacy as a high-reliability microelectronics coating for bare silicon and gallium arsenide die and microelectronics packages including PEM, CSP, PCB, COB, SCM, MCM, and MEMS. It has recently been discovered that the 12F-PEK coating is a peripheral packaging candidate for MOEMS, electro-optical, and micro-scale optical applications. Characterization of the 12F-PEK encapsulant revealed a refractive index of 1.51 from 200-900nm, 90% transmission from 1000-2100nm, 0.07% moisture absorption, and no failures at 85/spl deg/C/85% RH/5V Bias/2500 hours with Sandia ATC 2.6 TVs. The low water absorption and long-term stability of the 12F-PEK fluoropolymer presents a novel approach for packaging optical systems that will be subjected to hostile environmental conditions.
Transposed FIR filter structure with time-varying coefficients for digital data resampling

A new time-domain derivation is presented for interpolation and decimation by a fractional factor U/D. Though it is well known that such a filter can be implemented using a direct-form I, FIR filter with time-varying coefficients, a novel time-varying alternative, using a transposed filter structure, is described. Time-varying filters are especially important for implementation on a digital signal processor. The new time-varying structure has the advantage of reduced buffer memory for downscaling, or increased parallelism for high-speed upscaling, compared to the conventional time-varying structure.
THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENTIST QUA SCIENTIST MAKES VALUE JUDGMENTS

I distinguish three matters about which decisions have to be made in scientific activities: (1) adoption of strategy; (2) acceptance of data, hypotheses, and theories; and (3) application of scientific knowledge. I argue that, contrary to the common view that only concerning (3) do values have a legitimate role, value judgments often play indispensable roles in connection with decisions concerning (1)—that certain values may not only be furthered by applications of the scientific knowledge gained under a strategy, but they may also provide a primary reason for conducting research under the strategy. However, this is compatible with making decisions concerning (2) that in no way draw upon values. While, in my opinion, this account applies to all the sciences, it has special salience in the behavioral and cognitive sciences. The behavioral scientist, qua scientist, makes value judgments when making decisions about which strategy to adopt, but not when deciding which theories to accept as providing knowledge and understanding of specified domains of phenomena.
Acreage Planting Decision Analysis of South Carolina Tomatoes: Nerlovian Versus Just Risk Model

tions are evaluated to ascertain the importance of risk in terms of explanatory and Factors which explain supply response be- recasi er forecasting power. havior of South Carolina tomato growers were Farmers' decisions to plant a certain numdetermined. Two well known supply reodetermined. To werdll known supply re- ber of acres are based on the information sponse models were used for comparison: available before planting. Traditional apthe Nerlovian structural model and the Just ches to e iionain aproaches to analyze decisionmaking by farmrisk model. The Just risk model reflected the ae been co d i e ec significance of the risk effect in both stable r e xpectaons or ed t eff of and unstable periods. An evaluation of fore- price eectatns rlate r ast casting power between the two models was pices. Inorpo rated uncertainty in suly re have incorporated uncertainty in supply reindeterminate. Growers are apparently will- s e mod un ernt ulins sponse models using different formulations ing to invest in more information with in- osk variables. Various formulations of risk of risk variables. Various formulations of risk creased market instability because growers have been used to explain the variability of were influenced by the Florida winter price decision variables. of tomatoes in planting decisions during the The concept of risk as it affects behavioral period of instability. decisionmaking originated from the princi
Evaluation of Hyaluronan from Different Sources: Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Rooster Comb, Bovine Vitreous, and Human Umbilical Cord

Sodium hyaluronate (HA) is widely distributed in extracellular matrixes and can play a role in orchestrating cell function. Consequently, many investigators have looked at the effect of exogenous HA on cell behavior in vitro. HA can be isolated from several sources (e.g., bacterial, rooster comb, umbilical cord) and therefore can possess diverse impurities. This current study compares the measured impurities and the differences in biological activity between HA preparations from these sources. It was demonstrated that nucleic acid and protein content was highest in human umbilical cord and bovine vitreous HA and was low in bacterial and rooster comb HA. Macrophages exposed to human umbilical cord HA produced significantly higher amounts of TNF-α relative to control or bacterial-derived HA. These results indicate that the source of HA should be considered due to differences in the amounts and types of contaminants that could lead to widely different behaviors in vitro and in vivo.
Collaborative cloud-enabled tools allow rapid, reproducible biological insights.

Microbial ecologists today face critical computational barriers. The rapid increase in the quantity of data acquired by modern sequencing instruments makes analysis by hand infeasible, and even software developed just a few years ago cannot scale to modern data sets. As a result, making advanced, scalable algorithms and large-scale computational resources available to end-users is necessary to advancing our understanding of microbial ecology.
Third nerve palsy following carotid artery dissection and posterior cerebral artery thrombectomy: Case report and review of the literature

Background: Common causes of oculomotor nerve palsy are diabetes, aneurysmal compression, and uncal herniation. A lesser-known cause of third nerve dysfunction is ischemia, often due to carotid artery dissection.
Barriers to the Adoption and Implementation of Preventive Dental Services in Primary Medical Care

OBJECTIVE: To determine the barriers to adopting preventive oral health procedures in medical primary care. METHODS: Medical providers who participated in a Medicaid demonstration in North Carolina completed questionnaires reporting their experiences with providing preventive dental services for children from birth to 3 years of age. Eleven factors were established as possible obstacles to the adoption of an oral health program. After 12 months of participation in the Into the Mouths of Babes training program, providers (N = 231) from 49 pediatric practices and 28 family physician practices reported if any of the 11 factors had been an obstacle to adoption and, if so, whether these obstacles were overcome. Program adoption and implementation, defined as providing all of the services on a regular basis, were predicted by using logistic regression to analyze the responses from providers who reported 1 or more barriers, the number of barriers identified (knowledge, attitudes, and external factors), and the number that were overcome. RESULTS: Program-adoption rates were high, with 70.3% of the participants providing dental services on a routine basis. Attitude and external factors were positively associated with adoption, particularly with difficulty in applying the varnish, integration of the dental procedures into practice, resistance among staff and colleagues, and dentist referral difficulties. From 40.4% to 61.5% of providers overcame these 4 most common barriers. Those who reported external barriers and were unable to overcome them were less likely to provide the services, compared with those providers who reported no barriers (odds ratio: 0.08 [95% confidence interval: 0.01–0.44]). CONCLUSIONS: The number of barriers to adopting preventive dental procedures in primary care medical practices is associated with implementation. A large proportion of these barriers can be overcome, leading to high adoption rates in a short amount of time. The barriers to adoption are similar to those identified in the literature on changing patient care, with the unique aspects of fluoride application to teeth. Interventions to promote preventive dental care in medical settings should rely heavily on empirical literature. Training physicians in preventive dentistry should identify and target potential barriers with information and options for introducing office-based systems to improve the chances of adoption.
Measuring Sixth‐Grade Students' Problem Solving: Validating an Instrument Addressing the Mathematics Common Core

This article describes the development of a problem-solving instrument intended for classroom use that addresses the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics. In this study, 137 students completed the assessment, and their responses were analyzed. Evidence for validity was collected and examined using the current standards for educational and psychological testing. Instrument validation findings regarding internal consistency reliability were high, and multiple forms of validity (i.e., content, response processes, internal structure, relationship to other variables, and consequences of testing) were found to be appropriate. The resulting instrument provides teachers and researchers with a sound tool to gather data about sixth-grade students' problem solving in the Common Core era.
A Metal Interposer for Isolating MEMS Devices from Package Stresses

Many classes of MEMS devices, such as those with resonant structures, capacitive readouts, and diaphragm elements, are sensitive to stresses that are exerted by their surrounding package structure. Such stresses can arise as a result of changes in temperature, ambient pressure, or relative humidity. We have demonstrated a dramatic reduction in scale factor bias over temperature for a tuning fork gyroscope by mounting it on an interposer structure within a conventional chip carrier, Fig. 1. Optimization of a MEMS sensor package for high performance subject to various constraints cannot be accomplished by analysis alone Hanson et al. [1]. There are too many unknown parameters, e.g., material properties, process conditions, and components/package interface conditions, to make this feasible. Extensive performance evaluation of packaged sensors is also prohibitively expensive and time consuming. However, recent advances in optoelectronic laser interferometric microscope (OELIM) methodology Furlong and Pryputniewicz [2] offer a considerable promise for effective optimization of the design of advanced MEMS components and MEMS packages. Using OELIM, sub-micron deformations of MEMS structures are readily measured with nanometer accuracy and very high spatial resolution over a range of environmental and functional conditions. This greatly facilitates characterization of dynamic and thermomechanical behavior of MEMS components, packages for MEMS, and other complex material structures. In this paper, the OELIM methodology, which allows noninvasive, remote, full-field-of-view measurements of deformations in near real-time, is presented and its viability for development of MEMS is discussed. Using OELIM methodology, sub-micron displacements of sensors can be readily observed and recorded over a range of operating conditions, Fig. 2.
Globalization as Constitutional Myth

Nico Stehr points out, quite rightly, a number of problems with current uses of the concept of globalization, and he wisely cautions especially against misconceptions that treat it as a theoretically univocal designation of a finished process, a label for an irreversible state of things in the real world. He likens it, instead, to terms like enlightenment, rationalization, modernization, and mass society, which he considers to have served mainly as counters in ideological contestations now largely obsolete. Yet, at another level, Stehr’s argument does not in fact call into question the emergence of a novel and consequential constellation of elements variously intended by the term. His constructive thesis is, after all, that some configuration that he is himself prepared to call globalization represents promises as well as threats.
Compressed sensing for rapid late gadolinium enhanced imaging of the left atrium: A preliminary study

Current late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging of left atrial (LA) scar or fibrosis is relatively slow and requires 5-15min to acquire an undersampled (R=1.7) 3D navigated dataset. The GeneRalized Autocalibrating Partially Parallel Acquisitions (GRAPPA) based parallel imaging method is the current clinical standard for accelerating 3D LGE imaging of the LA and permits an acceleration factor ~R=1.7. Two compressed sensing (CS) methods have been developed to achieve higher acceleration factors: a patch based collaborative filtering technique tested with acceleration factor R~3, and a technique that uses a 3D radial stack-of-stars acquisition pattern (R~1.8) with a 3D total variation constraint. The long reconstruction time of these CS methods makes them unwieldy to use, especially the patch based collaborative filtering technique. In addition, the effect of CS techniques on the quantification of percentage of scar/fibrosis is not known. We sought to develop a practical compressed sensing method for imaging the LA at high acceleration factors. In order to develop a clinically viable method with short reconstruction time, a Split Bregman (SB) reconstruction method with 3D total variation (TV) constraints was developed and implemented. The method was tested on 8 atrial fibrillation patients (4 pre-ablation and 4 post-ablation datasets). Blur metric, normalized mean squared error and peak signal to noise ratio were used as metrics to analyze the quality of the reconstructed images, Quantification of the extent of LGE was performed on the undersampled images and compared with the fully sampled images. Quantification of scar from post-ablation datasets and quantification of fibrosis from pre-ablation datasets showed that acceleration factors up to R~3.5 gave good 3D LGE images of the LA wall, using a 3D TV constraint and constrained SB methods. This corresponds to reducing the scan time by half, compared to currently used GRAPPA methods. Reconstruction of 3D LGE images using the SB method was over 20 times faster than standard gradient descent methods.
Abstract 1856: Sustained release curcumin microparticles delay mammary tumorigenesis in BALB-neuT transgenic mice

This work examined the chemopreventive efficacy of curcumin delivered by poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microparticles in a HER-2 transgenic mouse mammary tumor model. HER-2 positive breast cancers have a high incidence of metastasis to the brain and are not well treated by conventional means. Curcumin, a dietary polyphenol derived from turmeric, is a powerful antioxidant and has shown chemopreventive activity in vitro. Curcumin suffers from poor oral bioavailability, requiring the need for a controlled release system that could maintain steady plasma levels over a long period of time. Our lab has formulated a curcumin loaded microparticle formulation using the FDA approved polymer, PLGA. Previously published data using this system showed steady curcumin plasma concentrations for a month and efficacy against MDA-MB-231 tumor xenografts (Shahani et al, Cancer Res. 70(11):4443-52). In the present study, Balb-neuT +/- mice were injected subcutaneously with curcumin loaded or empty microparticles at 4, 7 or 12 weeks of age and then once a month thereafter until all mammary pads developed palpable tumors. Mice that started receiving curcumin microparticles at 4 weeks of age showed a difference in age to 50% tumor multiplicity (16 vs 18.5 weeks) and 100% tumor multiplicity (20 vs 22 weeks) compared to those that received control microparticles. No difference was seen in tumor multiplicity when the treatments were started at 7 or 12 weeks of age. Mammary pads from mice that started receiving curcumin treatment at 4 weeks of age showed a significant decrease in Ki-67 expression compared to those from control mice. Curcumin treated mice also showed a decrease in overall percent area of tissue showing abnormal morphology (lobular hyperplasia and carcinoma in situ). These data suggest that curcumin delays tumorigenesis in this model through inhibition of cell proliferation. In summary, sustained release curcumin microparticles show promise as a chemopreventive against Her-2 positive breast cancer. Future studies will examine the effect of starting curcumin treatment at 2 weeks of age (prior to induction of hyperplasia) and determine other potential mechanisms of action of curcumin including inhibition of angiogenesis and induction of apoptosis in this transgenic model. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1856. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1856