cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spot drip application of dimethyl disulfide as a post-plant treatment for the control of plant parasitic nematodes and soilborne pathogens in grape production.

BACKGROUND Plant parasitic nematodes and soilborne pathogens can reduce the overall productivity in grape production. Not all grape growers apply soil fumigants before planting, and there is no single rootstock resistant to all nematode species. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) applied at 112, 224, 448 and 897 kg ha−1 as a post-plant treatment against soilborne plant parasitic nematodes and pathogens on the grape yield in established grapevines. RESULTS In microplot and field trials, post-plant fumigation with DMDS controlled citrus (Tylenchulus semipenetrans), root-knot (Meloidogyne spp.), pin (Paratylenchus spp.) and ring (Mesocriconema xenoplax) nematodes in established Thomson Seedless grapevines. However, DMDS did not control the soilborne pathogens Pythium ultimum and Fusarium oxysporum. No indications of phytotoxicity were detected after post-plant fumigation with DMDS. In the field trial, grape yield was significantly higher with the lowest DMDS rate, but no difference among other rates was observed in comparison with the untreated control. CONCLUSION Post-plant fumigation with DMDS controlled plant parasitic nematodes in established grapevines but was less efficacious against soilborne pathogens. Low rates of DMDS were sufficient for nematode control and increased the grape yield, probably without affecting beneficial soil organisms. Further research on evaluating the potential effect of DMDS against beneficial soil organisms is needed. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Esthetic Education through the Dance

(1941). Esthetic Education through the Dance. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 12, No. 9, pp. 510-511.
Effect of cloud optical properties on cloud radiative forcing in the tropics

Understanding the role of clouds in climate is one of the highest priority science objectives in the global climate change program. In particular, there has been a renewed interest in understanding cloud radiative interactions in the tropical regions. Although a number of studies have emphasized the importance of cloud optical properties on the earth's radiative energy balance, information concerning cloud optical depth and particle size is lacking. In this study, we use collocated AVHRR and ERBE measurements from the same satellite in order to understand the effect of cloud optical properties on the radiative balance of the earth- atmosphere system.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On the dynamics of oceanographic surface moorings

An analytical model is proposed for predicting the dynamics of instrumented oceanographic surface moorings made up of a combination of wire rope and compliant synthetic rope. The model simplifies the problem by treating only the vertical motion of the buoy and the longitudinal motion of the mooring line and attached instruments. It is demonstrated using full-scale experimental data and numerical simulations, that the simplified model captures all of the important dynamic effects and gives accurate predictions of the dynamic tension at the top of the mooring line. The model shows that the total mass and damping of the instruments and wire rope that make up the stiff upper half of the mooring are the major sources of the dynamic tension. Damping of the instruments becomes a significant factor in larger sea states, especially near the peak frequency of the wave spectrum. Elastic stretching of the wire and synthetic rope make up approximately 10% of the total response. This is based on a coefficient of friction equal to 0.003 which fits the experimental data best.
Regulation of Crassula argentea phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in relation to temperature

Abstract The effect of temperature on the kinetic parameters of phospho enol pyruvate carboxylase purified from Crassula argentea was such that both the V max and K m (MgPEP) values tended upward over the range from 11 to 35 °C. The increased rate at low temperatures due to the low K m is at least partially offset by the increased V max at higher temperatures, potentially leading to a broad plateau of enzyme activity and a relatively small effect of temperature on the enzyme. The cooperativity was negative at 11 °C, but above 15 °C it became positive. The presence of 5 m m glucose-6-phosphate has relatively little effect on V max but it clearly reduces K m and overcomes any effect of temperature on this parameter in the range studied. Positive cooperativity is observed only at temperatures above 25 °C. The size of the native enzyme, as determined by dynamic light scattering, was strongly toward the tetrameric form. At a temperature of 40 °C and above, a considerable oligomerization takes place. No loss of activity can be observed in this range of temperature. In the presence of either glucose-6-phosphate or magnesium phospho enol pyruvate, at temperatures under 25 °C, the equilibrium is displaced toward higher levels of aggregation. Maximal accumulation of lead malate occurred at 10 to 12 °C in vivo with reduction to about 25% at 35 °C. Glucose-6-phosphate followed a similar curve in response to temperature, but the overall difference was about 50%. The sum of phospho enol pyruvate plus pyruvate is level at night temperatures below 25 °C, doubling at 35 °C. Calculated concentrations of malate, glucose-6-phosphate, and phospho enol pyruvate plus pyruvate indicate that the concentrations present are equal to or greater than K i , K a , and K m values for these metabolites, respectively.
Centrifuge focus: do particle size changes affect acetate recovery?

Bart Peeters, Gert Callaerts, Benno Van den Bogaert and Jan Crommen from Monsanto Antwerp (Belgium) advocate a detailed investigation of the effect of slurry feed conditions when optimising the performance of a solid bowl decanter centrifuge.
Examination of the Potential of Ionic Liquids for Gas Separations

Abstract Ionic liquids have received increasing interest in recent years for “green” synthesis and separations because they have essentially no vapor pressure. We have begun an investigation of the potential of ionic liquids for gas separations, including the removal of carbon dioxide from stack gas generated in coal‐fired power plants. In this paper, we report results from measurements of the permeance of nitrogen and carbon dioxide in supported ionic liquid membranes. Preliminary results for a porous alumina membrane saturated with 1‐butyl‐3‐methyl imidazolium bis[trifluoromethylsulfonyl] amide yielded a CO2∶N2 selectivity of 127. Using previously reported measurements of CO2 solubility in ionic liquids 1 and the measured membrane transport characteristics, a preliminary economic analysis of a separation process based on supported ionic liquid membranes has been performed. A comparison of cost estimates for this membrane‐based separation to cost estimates reported for carbon dioxide removal using a conv...
Electrical Conductivity and NMR Studies of Methanol/Water Mixtures in Nafion Membranes.

Abstract Complex impedance studies have been carried out in acid form Nafion 117 treated with various amounts of methanol and methanol–water mixtures. At room temperature and atmospheric pressure the conductivity for Nafion treated with “pure” methanol is about a factor of ten less than for Nafion which contains the same wt.% of water. In samples treated with the water–methanol mixtures, the conductivity is lower than for samples having the same total wt.% of water. However, for low mixed fluid wt.% the conductivity is significantly higher than for samples with the same amount of water, only, as was in the mix. This enhancement of conductivity over that for the corresponding water uptake is attributed to a plasticizing effect of the methanol facilitating the segmental motion of the polymer. At higher water concentrations, the conductivity is generally lower in the mixed solution-treated samples than in samples treated with the corresponding amount of water. This is to be expected since in this regime, proton conduction occurs in fluid-rich regions, which in the solution case includes a large fraction of methanol. For a 40 wt.% 1.4:1 molar ratio film, the studies were carried out at pressures up to 0.3 GPa. It is found that the electrical conductivity decreases with increasing pressure. Both the electrical conductivity and the activation volume are similar to the result for Nafion containing the same amount of water only. Deuteron NMR spin-lattice relaxation measurements of isotopically enriched methanol/water mixtures in Nafion 117 at elevated pressure demonstrate greater molecular-level interactions between methanol and Nafion than between water and Nafion. This is consistent with the plasticizing effect observed in the conductivity results.
The fading of Sudan Black B bound to human serum lipoproteins

Abstract A difference in the rate of fading of Sudan Black B bound to high density and low density lipoproteins has been observed. The changes produced in Sudan Black B and in the various lipoprotein fractions following treatment with 1% hydrogen peroxide have been partially described by examining both the ultra-violet and visible absorption spectra. The fading of the Sudan Black B bound to the low density lipoproteins occurs at a much faster rate than that of the stain bound to high density lipoproteins. It was also observed that the color of the Sudan Black B bound to low density lipoproteins fades faster than does the dye itself. However, in order to examine the rate of fading of Sudan Black B alone, it was necessary to perform the experiment in an aqueous solution containing 5% ethanol. Sudan Black B bound to the lipoproteins contained in whole serum does not fade under conditions similar to those which resulted in the disappearance of Sudan Black B color when bound to the low density lipoproteins. Furthermore, the addition of small quantities of a serum protein preparation inhibits the fading of Sudan Black B which is bound to ultracentrifugally prepared lipoproteins.
Sex ratio response to conspecifics in a parasitoid wasp: test of a prediction of local mate competition theory and alternative hypotheses

Maternal manipulation of offspring sex ratio in response to conspecifics is considered in relation to sex ratio theory using the parasitoid wasp Spalangia endius. Females produced a greater proportion of sons in response to mated but not virgin females. This is the first demonstration of a differential sex ratio response to virgin versus mated females and provides support for local mate competition theory. More recent sex ratio models that predict sex ratio responses to conspecifics, specifically constrained, perturbation, and crowding models, were not supported. An increased proportion of sons in response to another mated female occurred on the second day of oviposition but not on the first, and the day effect resulted from experience not age. When females oviposited alone after 2 days' exposure to another female, they still produced a greater proportion of sons than if they had always been alone, but only if the other female was mated, not if she was virgin. Females do not seem to assess the presence of virgin versus mated females indirectly by using a low density of males or a long latency to mate as an indicator for virgin females: neither affected offspring sex ratio. That mated females adjusted their sex ratios in response to other mated females, but not virgin females or males, may be due proximally to mated females not often encountering the latter. Virgin females and males are not located as deep in the oviposition substrate as mated females.
A Software Framework for an Integrated Observing System

An aquatic observatory with an array of rapidly deployable and reconfigurable buoys, such as the Great Lakes Urban Coastal Observing System (GLUCOS) in development at the Great Lakes WATER Institute, requires operating and configuring instruments from many different manufacturers. Building a software system to simplify the deployment of a wide variety of instruments is one major goal of GLUCOS. By expanding and integrating software programs already in use at the Great Lakes WATER Institute, we are keeping the software development in step with the development of the GLUCOS hardware.
Biotransformation of quinoline and methylquinolines in anoxic freshwater sediment

Quinoline (Q) and some isomers of methylquinoline (MQ) were transformed to hydroxylated products in freshwater sediment slurries incubated under methanogenic conditions at 25 °C. Methylquinoline transformation was not affected by a methyl group on the C-3 or C-4 carbon atom of the pyridine ring; 2-MQ, however, was not transformed. All isomers of dimethylquinoline (DMQ) tested (2,4-, 2,6-, 2,7-, and 2,8-DMQ) with a methyl group at the number 2 carbon also persisted in sediments after anaerobic incubation for one year at 25 °C. In most experiments, quinoline initially was transformed to 2-hydroxyquinoline (2-OH-Q), which was further metabolized to unidentified products. A second product, 4-CH3-2-OH-Q, was detected in some experiments. This product accumulated and was not further transformed. 6-, 7-, and 8-Methylquinoline (6-, 7-, 8-MQ) were hydroxylated to form the respective 2-OH-MQ products. These hydroxylated products accumulated and were not further transformed. Hydroxylation of Q and 6-, 7- and 8-MQ at the 2-carbon position was confirmed by GC/FTIR and GC/MS analyses. The transformations of Q and MQs were pH dependent with an optimal pH of 7–8. The results of this study suggest that two pathways may exist for the anaerobic transformation of quinoline; one pathway leads to the formation of a hydroxylated intermediate and the other to a methylated and hydroxylated intermediate. In addition, our results suggest that a methyl substituent on the number 2 carbon inhibits the anaerobic transformation of quinoline derivatives.
Solvent-depleted bilayer membranes from concentrated lipid solutions

MODEL bimolecular lipid membranes (BLMs) contain lipid solvents, such as n-alkanes, which are not normally present in biological membranes1,2. Studies aimed at overcoming this limitation have established that the volume of solvent within the BLM can be estimated by measurement of the bilayer specific geometric capacitance3–6. We have used this aproach to evaluate the distribution of solvent between the BLM and its supporting organic bulk solution (torus). Decreasing the solvent content of the torus solution resulted in a decrease in the solvent content of the BLM. Moreover, membranes that are nearly free of residual solvent could be formed from highly concentrated lipid solutions having a minimal amount of solvent. The observed concentration dependence of BLM capacitance may reconcile the differences between membranes formed from submerged bulk solutions and those formed from excess lipid monolayers7.
Photically oriented conditioned reflexes elicited by electrical stimulation of the visual system in the cat.

Summary Cats were trained to differentiate between a wide range of visual stimuli associated with an audio stimulus and tone alone. They learned to demonstrate this differentiation by turning a pedal on the left side of the conditioning ☐ in the event of the former, or a pedal on the right side in the event of the latter. Electrodes were then implanted in optic chiasma, lateral geniculate nuclei, and at various depths in the optic radiations, as well as in the superior colliculus and on the surface of the visual cortex. Stimulation of these electrodes with biphasic pulses in association with the audio stimulus resulted in the cats' striking the left pedal with greatest frequency for stimulation of the optic chiasm and lateral geniculate bodies, followed by the optic radiations and superior colliculus. Stimulation of surface electrodes on the striate cortex had the poorest performance in terms of a preconditioned visual response.
Probabilistic approach to the neumann problem

The basic problem considered in this paper is to solve the following Neumann boundary value problem probabilistically: where we assume that q is in a certain functional class to be specified below, and φ is a bounded measurable function on the boundary. We give a martingale formulation of the Neumann problem and show that this formulation is essentially equivalent to the classical formulation. The paper culminates in an explicit formula for the solution of this problem in terms of reflecting Brownian motion and its boundary local time.
A Portable Microcomputer Unit for the Analysis of Plutonium Gamma-Ray Spectra

A portable microcomputer has been developed for the IAEA to perform in-field analysis of plutonium gamma-ray spectra. The unit includes a 16-bit LSI-11/2 microprocessor, 32K words of memory, a 20-character display for user prompting, and a 20-character thermal printer for hardcopy output. Only the positions of the 148-keV Pu-241 and 208-keV U-237 peaks are required for spectral analysis. The unit was tested against gamma-ray spectra taken of NBS plutonium standards and IAEA spectra. Results obtained are presented.
Factors affecting the dissolution rate of novolac resins II: Developer composition effects

Resist function depends upon photoinduced changes in the dissolution rate of phenolic polymer films in aqueous base. The events that occur as the molecules in these films move from the glassy state into solution are not well understood. This paper presents an extensive study of the influence of developer composition and concentration on the dissolution rate of novolac films in aqueous base. The dissolution rate is shown to be a function of both the cation and anion composition and concentration in the developer at a constant pH. When salts are added to the base, the rate first increases, reaches a maximum, and then decreases with increasing salt concentration. In the concentration regime below the maximum, the rate increases linearly with cation concentration and is independent of anion composition. The dissolution of novolac is dependent on cation concentration and not ionic strength in this regime. In the concentration regime above the maximum, the composition of the anion has a marked influence on the rate.
Effect of histamine and alcohol on acid secretion of stomach of postoperative cases.

ConclusionHistamine and alcohol have their usual action of stimulating gastric secretion in the postoperative surgical patient. Their administration is clinically beneficial.
Variational Monte Carlo calculation of the spin gap in the ν = 1 quantum Hall liquid

A variational method of calculating the spin 1 excitation energies of the $\ensuremath{\nu}=1$ quantum Hall liquid is presented in detail. We are able to include Landau-level mixing and finite-thickness effects. The many-body wave functions of the states near $\ensuremath{\nu}=1$ filling are taken to be a product of a lowest-Landau-level Laughlin-type wave function and a Jastrow factor. A significant reduction in the calculated spin gap is found due both to Landau-level mixing $(\ensuremath{\sim}40%$ at ${r}_{s}=1)$ and to the effect of the finite thickness of the liquid (a further $\ensuremath{\sim}30%$ at ${r}_{s}=1)$. We find our calculations to be consistent with recent photoluminescence experiments in $\ensuremath{\delta}$-doped samples.
Distribution patterns of metals in sediments of the Great Sound complex, New Jersey

Abstract Fifty-four bottom grab samples and six 1 m cores were collected from a back-barrier lagoonal complex on the mixed energy, tide-dominated coastline of southern New Jersey. The lagoon is connected to the ocean through tidal inlets to the north and south, and is transected by the Intracoastal Waterway. Samples were wet sieved to separate the μ m fraction which was digested and analyzed for Ag, As, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb and Zn concentrations. Metals are commonly associated with the μ m fraction and/or organic fractions in sediments; however, in Great Sound both are more widely distributed than the area of high metal concentration. The areal distribution pattern of metals, supported by Roy's Maximum Root statistical evaluation, indicates that the avenue of metal access (except for Fe) to Great Sound is via Great Channel with the more likely route through Cresse Thorofare and/or via Gull Island Thorofare after the bifurcation of Great Channel. Analysis of cores revealed two vertical distribution patterns: (1) Cores recovered adjacent to the Intracoastal Waterway show a decrease in concentration with depth, while (2) cores from sites removed from the Intracoastal Waterway show multiple peaks interpreted to be caused by dredging and/or tidal redistribution of sediments. Access of Fe and organics to Great Sound could not be determined.
The August 1972 Solar-Terrestrial Events: Solar Wind Plasma Observations

Solar-wind observations associated with the enhanced levels of solar activity in August 1972 are reviewed with emphasis on recent analyses which more unambiguously characterize the changes in the interplanetary medium. Observations from Pioneer 9 at about 0.8 AU, Pioneer 10 at 2.2 AU, and in the vicinity of earth are reviewed and reinterpreted in the light of new data. Recent calculations of local shock velocities are reviewed, and their implications are discussed. These results indicate that, contrary to previously published observations, there is no significant deceleration of the interplanetary shocks between 0.8 AU and 2.2 AU.
Scaling laws in dislocation creep

Abstract A micromechanical model for creep is devised in which the macroplastic flow properties depend solely upon the diameters of subgrains generated during deformation. The diameters fall within distributions, and various possible distributions obey a law of self-similarity. Self-similarity introduces a well-defined statistics. It gives rise to familiar scaling laws and an internal state variable, the “hardness,” or σ*, the high strain rate lime of flow stress. σ* is inversely proportional to the average subgrain diameter DA. Dislocation glide and subgrain boundary migration operate as parallel deformation mechanisms. Glide is governed by a law in which the flow stress decreases with increasing subgrain diameter and is independent of strain rate. Flow governed by migration of subgrain walls obeys a law similar to that for Nabarro-Herring creep. The continuous distribution of subgrain diameters implies a mixture of the two mechanisms operates, and that the partitioning of mechanisms among subgrains is determined by strain rate and temperature. The mixture of mechanisms gives rise to a statistical basis for the isostructural (constant σ*) strain rate sensitivity. Based on the model a rate parameter e˙* can be introduced, that obeys the scaling relationship e˙* ∝ σ*1/μ. For Al at room temperature, 1/μ= 5. Workhardening and dynamic recovery cause DA (or σ*) to evolve, eventually leading to a steady state. At steady state, DA ∝ σ−m2 where σ is the stress and m2 ≈ 1. Power law creep is obeyed, ess ∝ σm, in which m increases slowly with stress from a value of 3 at low stresses. The steady state strain rate depends on stacking fault energy. Power law breakdown occurs. The average velocity of migrating subgrain boundaries obeys 〈υ〉 ∝ σm4, with m4 ≈ m − 1.
A framework for privacy in social communities

Web-based social communities are one of the most widely used applications nowadays. Recently, privacy concerns within these communities have increased significantly. This paper proposes a framework which addresses these challenges by introducing a distributed social community mechanism and relation-based content access management by exploiting semantic web technologies. In this regard, a community framework along with fine-grained access mechanisms are formalised using the Web Ontology Language (OWL). Instead of an explicit definition, some additional facts of the mechanisms are inferred by executing access authorisation policies through semantic web rules. These implicit facts answer the queries of the information requesters and can optionally be passed back to the formalised knowledge base to check for the validity and consistency. This paper also presents the components of the functional architecture of the framework.
Traps and defects in pre‐ and post‐ stressed AlGaN–GaN high electron mobility transistors

We used deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) and HR-TEM techniques to study traps and defects in pre- and post-stressed AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) grown by MOCVD on semi-insulating SiC substrates. DLTS identified two dominant traps with activation energies of 0.5 and 0.7 eV in both pre- and post-stressed GaN HEMTs. Electrical stress resulted in a significant increase in the density of 0.5 eV traps. This is attributed to point defects (most likely N antisites) in the AlGaN barrier and clearly suggests that these traps play a critical role in degradation of the devices. Cross-sectional TEM confirmed physical damage on the edge of the gate that was likely due to the inverse piezoelectric effect.
Effect of the bathing without a battle training intervention on bathing-associated physical and verbal outcomes in nursing home residents with dementia: a randomized crossover diffusion study.

Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of the Bathing Without a Battle intervention in reducing physical and verbal aggressive behaviors for nursing home residents with dementia. Design: A randomized crossover diffusion study, with one group receiving the intervention after one round of baseline observations and a delayed intervention group receiving the intervention after two rounds of baseline observations. Setting: Six nursing home facilities in the state of New York. Participants: Nursing home residents with dementia (N = 240). Intervention: The Bathing Without a Battle educational program, designed for direct-care staff members responsible for bathing residents diagnosed with dementia and implemented through a train-the-trainer model. Measurements: Rates of verbal and physical aggressive and agitated behaviors were measured using the Care Recipient Behavior Assessment; secondary measures of effect included bath duration, bath modality, and antipsychotic medication use. Results: In spite of implementation obstacles (consent delays and change in leadership at one facility), a significant change was observed in how residents were bathed that translated into a significant reduction in the rate of aggressive and agitated behaviors, particularly verbal, during residents' baths. The use of in-bed baths increased 17%, and average bath duration decreased significantly (average 1.5 minutes less) in the postintervention period, particularly for in-bed baths. Verbal behaviors declined 17.8% (P = .008), combined verbal and physical behaviors declined 18.6% (P = .004), and antipsychotic use declined 30% (P = .002) after the intervention. Conclusion: The Bathing Without a Battle educational program, delivered through a train-the-trainer format, is an effective means of improving the bathing experience of residents with dementia in nursing homes. This research supports broadly adopting this intervention, especially for nursing homes serving many residents with dementia.
On eigenvalue and canonical form assignments

Abstract We first present a constructive matrix procedure to assign an arbitrary nonderogatory matrix by state feedback. Specifically, given a controllable pair ( M , c T ), the procedure finds a vector f and a transforming matrix L such that the closed loop matrix M − c T f T is similar to a preassigned arbitrary nonderogatory matrix such as the Jordan, companion, Schwarz, or triangular. The method is direct in the sense that it does not require knowledge of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of M , or solution of any matrix equation, or even computation of the characteristic polynomial. We then propose an algorithm to assign an arbitrary normalized Hessenberg matrix. Given a controllable pair ( M , c T ) and a normalized upper Hessenberg matrix B , the algorithm computes an upper triangular matrix L = ( l ij ) with | l ij | ⩽ 1 and a vector f such that L ( M − c T f ) L −1 = B . The algorithm seems to be computationally more effective than the former, and in particular can be used to assign most of the important canonical forms above and a given set of eigenvalues as well.
Preparation of a new class of cleavable surfactants based on the siliconcarbon bond

Abstract The ability of silicon to direct electrophiles to the ipso -position is used in developing a new class of cleavable amphiphiles containing an acid labile siliconcarbon (aromatic) bond. The synthesis of these amphiphiles is carried out in four steps to yield the positively charged surfactants 4 , in 37–50% overall yield. The amphiphiles are soluble in a variety of solvents as disparate as benzene and water. They are indefinitely stable in the air, in all of the solvents used in this study, and in aqueous solution over a range of pH values from 3–14. Around a pH of 1, the surfactant molecules are cleaved in less than 5 min, resulting in aqueous and organic soluble moieties that are easily recovered. The cleavage is independent of the kind of acid used.
24 Hours in the Children’s Section: An Observational Study at the Public Library

The purpose of this study was to explore patronage and usage of the children’s section of a public library. Patrons of the children’s section of a public library in a small Northern Arizona city were observed for a total of 24 h over 12 sessions. Analytic induction was used to formulate categories based on field notes made during these observations. An observation of a story time session was also conducted. Data from an interview with a librarian was triangulated with observational data. In terms of patronage, the clear majority of parents/adult caregivers accompanying a child or children to the children’s section were observed to be female and speaking English. In terms of usage, the following three categories of early learning were identified from the data: early literacy learning; learning how to use a library; and other developmentally appropriate learning. Study results offer insight into both the role of females in the intergenerational transmission of literacy and the rich learning young children experience at the library. At a time of library cutbacks and closures across the United States, this study speaks to the continued relevance of the children’s section of the public library in providing free early learning experiences during the pivotal birth to five age range.
Standardized intravitreal injections: evaluation of the effect of anesthesia on rapid axonal transport in the optic nerve.

Abstract Retinal ganglion cells incorporate intravitreally injected [3H]leucine into proteins that are transported orthogradely in optic axons to the superior colliculus. Since optic projections in the albino rabbit are nearly totally crossed, an agent suspected to alter axonal transport can be applied to one optic nerve after bilateral intravitreal injection of [3h]leucine; any reduction in radioactivity transported to the contralateral superior colliculus can then be quantified. Such studies require symmetric uptake and incorporation of precursor into ganglion cell proteins. A technique is described for intravitreal injections that reproducibly produces symmetric uptake of [3H]leucine. Using this technique, we determined that retrobulbar injected lidocaine in clinically used doses (2–4%) does not affect rapid axonal transport, while colchicine (a known inhibitor of axonal transport) blocks transport in a dose-related fashion.
Strictly correlated electrons in density-functional theory

Electrons at a fixed density approach a strictly correlated limit as their Coulomb interaction is scaled to infinity. We find the exact energy for strictly correlated electrons in spherical two-electron densities, and a useful gradient expansion for general densities. We also propose a model for the coupling-constant dependence, which interpolates between the weak- and strong-interaction limits. This model defines a density functional which predicts accurate ground-state correlation energies for real atoms and the two-dimensional uniform electron gas.
Micromachined sensor for in-situ monitoring of wafer state in plasma etching

This paper presents a prototype etch rate sensor which correlates film thickness with the change in resonant frequency that occurs in a micromachined platform during etching. The platform is suspended over a drive electrode on the surface of the substrate and electrically excited into resonance. As material is etched from the platform, its resonant vibrational frequency shifts by an amount proportional to the amount of material remaining etched, allowing etch rate to be inferred. As a proof-of-concept experiment, a platform made of DuPont 2611 polyimide electrodes is fabricated. The sensor is driven into resonance electrostatically, and the shift in resonance is detected by monitoring the change in impedance between the drive electrode and platform as the drive frequency is swept. To enhance filtering of the sensor signal in the noisy plasma environment, the platform was designed such that the ratio of the plasma frequency to the fundamental mode of the sensor is approximately 400:1. The prototype was etched in a plasma therm RIE system in a CHF3/O2 plasma for 60 second intervals. After each etch, the thickness of the platform and its resonance frequency was measured, and it was confirmed that the resonant frequency decreased with decreasing film thickness. Ultimately, the sensor has the potential to allow in-situ process monitoring of both etch rate and uniformity at a nominal cost.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Constant-temperature embossing of supercooled polymer films

In conventional hot embossing, a thermoplastic polymer undergoes phase transitions in liquid, semi-solid, and solid states through cyclic heating and cooling. This paper, in contrast, describes the development of a constant-temperature embossing process and compares its characteristics against standard hot embossing. The new process utilizes the crystallizing nature of supercooled polymer films to obtain the necessary phase transitions. By softening and crystallizing the supercooled polymer at the same temperature, the embossing and solidification stages can be carried out isothermally without a cooling step. PET, due to its relatively slow crystallizing kinetics, was chosen as a model material for this study. The embossed films with microgroove patterns of different sizes and aspect ratios were characterized for their replication fidelity and accuracy. For supercooled PET films, constant-temperature embossing with high replication quality and acceptable demolding characteristics was achieved in a large processing temperature window between Tg and Tm of PET. A parametric process study involving changes of the embossing temperature and embossing time was conducted, and the results indicated that the optimal process parameters for constant-temperature embossing can be derived from the crystallization kinetics of the polymer. The removal of thermal cycling is a major advantage of constant-temperature embossing over conventional hot embossing and represents an important process characteristic desired in industrial production. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:1100–1112, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
c-FLIP-Short Reduces Type I Interferon Production and Increases Viremia with Coxsackievirus B3

Cellular FLIP (c-FLIP) is an enzymatically inactive paralogue of caspase-8 and as such can block death receptor-induced apoptosis. However, independent of death receptors, c-FLIP-Long (c-FLIPL) can heterodimerize with and activate caspase-8. This is critical for promoting the growth and survival of T lymphocytes as well as the regulation of the RIG-I helicase pathway for type I interferon production in response to viral infections. Truncated forms of FLIP also exist in mammalian cells (c-FLIPS) and certain viruses (v-FLIP), which lack the C-terminal domain that activates caspase-8. Thus, the ratio of c-FLIPL to these short forms of FLIP may greatly influence the outcome of an immune response. We examined this model in mice transgenically expressing c-FLIPS in T cells during infection with Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3). In contrast to our earlier findings of reduced myocarditis and mortality with CVB3 infection of c-FLIPL-transgenic mice, c-FLIPS-transgenic mice were highly sensitive to CVB3 infection as manifested by increased cardiac virus titers, myocarditis score, and mortality compared to wild-type C57BL/6 mice. This observation was paralleled by a reduction in serum levels of IL-10 and IFN-α in CVB3-infected c-FLIPS mice. In vitro infection of c-FLIPS T cells with CVB3 confirmed these results. Furthermore, molecular studies revealed that following infection of cells with CVB3, c-FLIPL associates with mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS), increases caspase-8 activity and type I IFN production, and reduces viral replication, whereas c-FLIPS promotes the opposite phenotype.
Potential Therapeutic Use of the Ketogenic Diet in Autism Spectrum Disorders

The ketogenic diet (KGD) has been recognized as an effective treatment for individuals with glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) deficiencies as well as with epilepsy. More recently, its use has been advocated in a number of neurological disorders prompting a newfound interest in its possible therapeutic use in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). One study and one case report indicated that children with ASD treated with a KGD showed decreased seizure frequencies and exhibited behavioral improvements (i.e., improved learning abilities and social skills). The KGD could benefit individuals with ASD affected with epileptic episodes as well as those with either PDH or mild respiratory chain (RC) complex deficiencies. Given that the mechanism of action of the KGD is not fully understood, caution should be exercised in ASD cases lacking a careful biochemical and metabolic characterization to avoid deleterious side effects or refractory outcomes.
Medical complications of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A report of the multicenter, cooperative aneurysm study

ObjectivesThis report examines the frequency, type, and prognostic factors of medical (nonneurologic) complications after subarachnoid hemorrhage in a large, prospective study. The influences of contemporary neurosurgical, neurological, and critical care practice on mortality and morbidity rates aft
Metastasis: The rude awakening

If detected early, most cases of breast cancer seem to be curable. But the tumour's deadly offspring could be sleeping in the body.
Dynamic fracture of idealized fiber-reinforced materials

Dynamic plane stress of sheets composed of two orthogonal families of inextensible fibers, with infinitesimal elastic shearing stress response, is considered. The fibers through the tip of a propagating tear or crack carry finite forces. Fracture criteria that can be expressed in terms of these tip forces are discussed. In a particular example it is shown that the maximum energy release rate criterion leads to a circular crack trajectory, while the so-called critical force and critical stress criteria imply that the crack is L-shaped, like cracks or tears in real fibrous materials.
Seismic Body Waves Observed in the Vicinity of Mount Katmai, Alaska, and Evidence for the Existence of Molten Chambers

A microearthquake study carried out in the vicinity of Mount Katmai, Alaska, revealed disappearence of shear waves along certain paths crossing the volcanic range. A close geographical correlation of these paths and active volcanoes strongly suggests that magma or zones of partial melting exist and are responsible for S-wave shadowing. Three shallow (< 10 km) and one deeper (about 20 to 30 km) magma chambers are proposed. Additional evidence for the magma chamber is provided by the high attenuation of high-frequency P waves. From this attenuation an estimate of viscosity in a magma chamber of 108 cgs units is made.
Radiation-sensitive tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins: sensitive to changes in GSH content induced by pretreatment with n’acetyl-L-cysteine or L-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine

Abstract Purpose: At relatively high concentrations, i.e. , > 20 mM, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) scavenges reactive oxygen species produced by ionizing radiation in aqueous solution. Therefore, the ability of NAC to block signal transduction reactions in vivo , has lead to the suggestion that ROS are necessary for the normal propagation of these signals. In this paper we investigate the mechanism by which NAC alters signal transduction in whole cells. Results: Exposing CHO-K1 cells to ionizing radiation results in elevated pp59 fyn kinase activity. Moreover, we observe changes in the phosphotyrosine content of multiple cellular proteins, including one prominent phosphotyrosyl protein with a M r of 85 kDa. Both the radiation-induced changes in pp59 fyn kinase activity and the changes in phosphotyrosine content of pp85 were not affected by exposing K1 cells to NAC during the time of irradiation, suggesting that ROS generated extracellularly are not involved in the radiation-induced changes observed in phosphotyrosyl proteins. We also demonstrate that the cell membrane is an effective barrier against negatively charged NAC. Therefore, it seems unlikely that NAC's ability to block signal transduction reactions is related to scavenging of ROS intracellularly. Chronic exposure, i.e. , 1 h, to 20 mM NAC lead to a twofold elevation in GSH levels and resulted in a 17% decrease in the phosphotyrosine content of pp85 after exposure to 10 Gy. Moreover, pretreatment with L-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine (BSO) decreased GSH levels and resulted in elevated phosphotyrosine levels in pp85 isolated from irradiated CHO-K1 cells. Conclusions: Since many signaling molecules contain redox sensitive cysteine residues that regulate enzyme activity, we suggest that the effects of NAC on radiation-induced signal transduction are due to its ability to alter the intracellular reducing environment, and not related to direct scavenging of ROS.
The genetics of inflammatory bowel disease: diagnostic and therapeutic implications.

Background The genetics of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) has brought new insight into the spectrum of disease phenotypes that are collectively labeled as either Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis. In concert with the pharmacogenomics of drug therapy, it has led clinicians to develop the notion of a more tailored approach to therapy.
North-Central Pacific Tropical Cyclones: Impacts of El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the Madden–Julian Oscillation

AbstractBoth El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) have been documented in previous research to impact tropical cyclone (TC) activity around the globe. This study examines the relationship of each mode individually along with a combined index on tropical cyclone activity in the north-central Pacific. Approximately twice as many tropical cyclones form in the north-central Pacific in El Nino years compared with La Nina years. These differences are attributed to a variety of factors, including warmer sea surface temperatures, lower sea level pressures, increased midlevel moisture, and anomalous midlevel ascent in El Nino years. When the convectively enhanced phase of the MJO is located over the eastern and central tropical Pacific, the north-central Pacific tends to have more tropical cyclone activity, likely because of reduced vertical wind shear, lower sea level pressures, and increased vertical motion. The convectively enhanced phase of the MJO is also responsible for...
Trade Policies and Equilibrium Unemployment

In this paper we develop a simple general equilibrium model of trade to analyze the impact of tariffs and technical progress on the equilibrium rate of unemployment. We demonstrate that if a country imposes a tariff its equilibrium rate of unemployment is likely to rise, whereas the impact of technology on equilibrium unemployment depends on the labor intensity of the two sectors.
The Diffusion Decision Model: Theory and Data for Two-Choice Decision Tasks

The diffusion decision model allows detailed explanations of behavior in two-choice discrimination tasks. In this article, the model is reviewed to show how it translates behavioral data—accuracy, mean response times, and response time distributions—into components of cognitive processing. Three experiments are used to illustrate experimental manipulations of three components: stimulus difficulty affects the quality of information on which a decision is based; instructions emphasizing either speed or accuracy affect the criterial amounts of information that a subject requires before initiating a response; and the relative proportions of the two stimuli affect biases in drift rate and starting point. The experiments also illustrate the strong constraints that ensure the model is empirically testable and potentially falsifiable. The broad range of applications of the model is also reviewed, including research in the domains of aging and neurophysiology.
Structure, Process, and Satisfaction with Obstetricians: An Analysis of Mainland Puerto Ricans

This study examines various dimensions of satisfaction with obstetricians among mainland Puerto Ricans using data from a survey administered to a representative sample of 1,219 Puerto Rican mothers. The results indicate that the majority of Puerto Rican women are satisfied with their obstetricians, but they are not typically "extremely" satisfied. Moreover, satisfaction is influenced by the structure of care, the process of care, and the outcome of care. Two aspects of process that are especially important are the continuity and content of care. Although satisfaction is not generally associated with the ethnicity or the gender of physicians, some evidence suggests that patients who utilize public facilities or lack continuity of care tend to be more satisfied if they have a female physician.
A programming style taxonomy

Abstract Programming style guidelines, style analyzers, and code formatters have been developed without a solid empirical or theoretical basis. In this paper we provide: (1) a justification for developing a programming style taxonomy, (2) an operational style taxonomy, (3) example applications of the taxonomy illustrating the diverse and sometimes contradictory nature of programming style guidelines, and (4) a discussion on how the taxonomy can be used to further teaching and research in programming style. The taxonomy provides a context for understanding and identifying specific style factors and empirical studies necessary to determine the effects of style on program comprehension. The results of this paper have a direct impact on programming instruction, programming standards, automated style analyzers, and code formatting tools like pretty-printers and syntax-directed editors.
The centers of generic division algebras with involution

The main goal of this paper is a study of the centers of the generic central simple algebras with involution. These centers are shown to be invariant fields under finite groups in a way analagous to the center of the generic division algebras. The centers of the generic central simple algebras with involution are also described as generic splitting fields (i.e. function fields of Brauer-Severi varieties) over the centers of generic division algebras. Finally, a generic central simple algebra is described for the class of central simple algebras with subfields of a certain dimension.