cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Focal adhesion molecules regulate astrocyte morphology and glutamate transporters to suppress seizure-like behavior

Astrocytes are important regulators of neural circuit function and behavior in the healthy and diseased nervous system. We screened for molecules in Drosophila astrocytes that modulate neuronal hyperexcitability and identified multiple components of focal adhesion complexes (FAs). Depletion of astrocytic Tensin, β-integrin, Talin, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), or matrix metalloproteinase 1 (Mmp1), resulted in enhanced behavioral recovery from genetic or pharmacologically induced seizure. Overexpression of Mmp1, predicted to activate FA signaling, led to a reciprocal enhancement of seizure severity. Blockade of FA-signaling molecules in astrocytes at basal levels of CNS excitability resulted in reduced astrocytic coverage of the synaptic neuropil and expression of the excitatory amino acid transporter EAAT1. However, induction of hyperexcitability after depletion of FA-signaling components resulted in enhanced astrocyte coverage and an approximately twofold increase in EAAT1 levels. Our work identifies FA-signaling molecules as important regulators of astrocyte outgrowth and EAAT1 expression under normal physiological conditions. Paradoxically, in the context of hyperexcitability, this pathway negatively regulates astrocytic process outgrowth and EAAT1 expression, and their blockade leading to enhanced recovery from seizure.
Analgesic Ladder Approach

The cancer analgesic ladder was developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1986 and ratified in 1996 to guide clinicians treating cancer pain. Initially created for resource-poor countries, the cancer analgesic ladder remains a cornerstone of modern pain medicine. The easy to navigate, four-step approach begins with the use of NSAIDs and acetaminophen, progresses to the use of opioid analgesics, and eventually leads to surgical intervention.
Mass-participant sport events and sustainable development: gender, social bonding, and connectedness to nature as predictors of socially and environmentally responsible behavior intentions

The integration of sport and sustainable development can positively enhance social and environmental outcomes to encourage a sustainable future. Only a limited amount of knowledge exists regarding the sustainable behavior perceptions of sport participants. Specifically, this study examined gender differences for active sport event participants' socially (SRBI) and environmentally responsible behavioral intentions (ERBI), social bonding, and connectedness to nature. This inquiry also explored the relationship between SRBI and ERBI in a mass-participant sport event (MPSE) context. The data collected through web surveys from registered runners of an MPSE in the Southeastern United States. The results revealed that women have significantly higher perceptions of connectedness to nature, SRBI, and ERBI than men. Also, findings suggested that the MPSE context could play a crucial role as a platform for sustainable development interventions. Finally, this research supported that social bonding and connectedness to nature perceptions play an essential role in cultivating SRBI and ERBI for both men and women.
Toward a Tetravalent Chemistry of Colloids

We propose coating spherical particles or droplets with anisotropic nanosized objects to allow micron-scale colloids to link or functionalize with a 4-fold valence, similar to the sp3 hybridized chemical bonds associated with, e.g., carbon, silicon, and germanium. Candidates for such coatings include triblock copolymers, gemini lipids, metallic or semiconducting nanorods, and conventional liquid crystal compounds. We estimate the size of the relevant nematic Frank constants, discuss how to obtain other valences and analyze the thermal distortions of ground-state configurations of defects on the sphere.
Hybrid-shield: accurate and efficient cross-layer countermeasure for run-time detection and mitigation of cache-based side-channel attacks

Cache-based Side-Channel Attacks (SCAs) exploit the emerging hardware vulnerabilities to steal secret information by observing cache access patterns of cryptographic applications. To address the challenges introduced by SCAs, existing solutions either rely on detecting them using the profiled hardware-related information of victim and attack programs, or mitigating the cache-based SCAs by focusing on cache partitioning techniques and/or randomization of cache mappings by modifying the underlying cache architecture of the processor. However, the former's detectors highly rely on the knowledge of attack programs that are not always available or could be obfuscated in real-world benign applications resulting in misidentifying attacks. On the other hand, the latter approach though effective, requires modification in the processor hardware which increases the complexity of architecture design and are not applicable to current as well as legacy architectures. To address the drawbacks, we propose Hybrid-Shield, an accurate and efficient cross-layer countermeasure for run-time detection and mitigation of cache-based side-channel attacks. For the detection stage, mi-croarchitectural information of victim under attack and under no attack conditions are collected for training machine learning classifiers. For the mitigation stage, Hybrid-Shield adapts hardware prefetchers and scales processor frequency to increase the noise level in observed cache access pattern attacks to induce secret information. The experimental results indicate that Hybrid-Shield can achieve 100% detection rate with 0% false alarm rate and detected attacks' error rate increases from less than 5% to above 35% with only 15% performance overhead.
The Association of the Day of the Week with Outcomes of Infrainguinal Lower Extremity Bypass

Background The day of the week (DOW) for performing procedures and operations has been shown to affect clinical and resource utilization outcomes. Limited published data are available on vascular surgery operations. Our primary objective was to assess outcomes by DOW for infrainguinal lower extremity bypass (LEB) performed for claudication or rest pain. The secondary objective was to assess outcomes by DOW for LEBs performed for tissue loss. Methods The Vascular Quality Initiative was queried from 2003 to 2018 for all elective index infrainguinal LEBs performed for claudication or rest pain. Cases performed for acute limb ischemia as well as concomitant peripheral vascular intervention, nonelective LEBs, sequential grafts, and weekend cases were excluded. LEBs were grouped by DOW: Monday–Tuesday (early weekdays) versus Wednesday–Friday (later weekdays). Baseline data, operative details, and outcomes were collected. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed. LEBs performed for claudication/rest pain were analyzed together while tissue loss was assessed separately. Results There were 12,084 LEBs identified—44.5% performed on Monday–Tuesday and 55.5% on Wednesday–Friday. Overall, the mean age was 65.6 years, 68.6% were male, and 82.8% were Caucasian. LEBs were performed for claudication in 57.4% of cases. An autogenous great saphenous vein was used in 58.8% of cases, whereas a prosthetic graft was used in 35.1% of cases. The most common bypass origin was the femoral artery (94.1%), and target was the popliteal artery (70.1%). Significant differences between Monday–Tuesday versus Wednesday–Friday, respectively, were mean body mass index (27.8 kg/m2 vs. 28 kg/m2), preoperative aspirin use (74.2% vs. 72.5%), continuous vein harvest technique (41.9% vs. 44%), and mean operative time (mins) (216.2 vs. 222.6) (all P 0.05). However, LEBs performed for tissue loss on Wednesday–Friday versus Monday–Tuesday had similar cardiac complications (P > 0.05). Conclusions Elective LEBs performed on later weekdays for claudication/rest pain were associated with cardiac complications and prolonged LOS, whereas tissue loss confirmed association with prolonged LOS. Further investigations are needed to identify whether increased resources or allocation of resources should be focused on later weekdays to optimize patient outcomes.
Effect of Ketamine on Cardiovascular Function During Procedural Sedation of Adults.

INTRODUCTION Ketamine is commonly used in emergency department procedural sedation. Mild to moderate transient increases in blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiac output are common due to ketamine causing an increase in sympathetic activity. There is a concern that these physiological changes could result in an increased myocardial oxygen demand that may exacerbate underlying cardiac disease. METHODS Convenience sample of patients older than 50 years receiving ketamine for procedural sedation in the emergency department was used (n = 31). Patients were selected to receive ketamine based on provider discretion. Primary outcome was incidence of new myocardial ischemia apparent on an electrocardiogram (ECG). ECGs were obtained prior to sedation and during the sedation approximately one minute after administration of ketamine. ECGs were reviewed by a board-certified emergency medicine physician and a board-certified cardiologist. RESULTS New onset ischemia was found in 9.7% (3/31) of ECGs. Of these, one was in a patient who had previously received ketamine without evidence of ischemia on the repeat ECG. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups. Evidence of ischemia on ECG did not impact patient disposition. CONCLUSIONS Ketamine is a useful medication in procedural sedation; however, careful attention should be made in patient selection when ketamine is the desired agent. Consideration might be made in using the lowest possible dose of ketamine to obtain adequate sedation in order to hopefully lessen the occurrence of ECG changes suggestive of myocardial ischemia. Based on this small sample, single-site study, no evidence of statistically or clinically significant ischemia was seen with the use of ketamine for procedural sedation. Ketamine remains a safe medication option in adults undergoing procedural sedation.
A General Approximation to the Distribution of Count Data with Applications to Inventory Modeling

We derive a general approximation to the distribution of count data based on the first two moments of the underlying interarrival distribution. The result is a variant of the Birnbaum-Saunders (BISA) distribution. This distribution behaves like the lognormal in several respects; however, we show that the BISA can fit both simulated and empirical data better than the lognormal and that the BISA possesses additive properties that the lognormal does not. This results in computational advantages for operational models that involve summing random variables. Moreover, although the BISA can be fit to count data (as we demonstrate empirically), it can also be fit directly to transaction-level interarrival data. This provides a simple, practical way to sidestep distributional fitting problems that arise from count data that is censored by inventory stockouts. In numerical experiments involving dynamic inventory models, we compare the BISA distribution to other commonly used distributions and show how it leads to better managerial decisions.
Normal-Mode Coupling of Excitons and Photons in Laterally Confined Nanocavities - Toward the Quantum Statistical Limit

The observation of normal-mode coupling in a linear transmission measurement is demonstrated in an oxide-apertured microcavity which is capable of confining the light field three-dimensionally. A splitting-to-linewidth ratio of 4.9 was obtained for an aperture size of 2 μm. We also investigated the bare cavity modes for different aperture sizes, showing that lateral confinement is well achieved in cavities with high Q values.
FUMARATE REDUCTION AND ITS ROLE IN THE DIVERSION OF GLUCOSE FERMENTATION BY STREPTOCOCCUS FAECALIS

Deibel, R. H. (American Meat Institute Foundation, Chicago, Ill.), and M. J. Kvetkas. Fumarate reduction and its role in the diversion of glucose fermentation by Streptococcus faecalis. J. Bacteriol. 88:858–864. 1964.—Fumarate diverts the normal fermentation of glucose by Streptococcus faecalis FB82, as shown by the production of increased amounts of CO2, formate, acetate, and acetoin, and decreased formation of lactate and ethanol. Experiments with d-glucose-1-C14, in which low levels of labeled CO2 were recovered, indicated that C-1 cleavage of the glucose molecule was not involved. The presence of fumarate afforded consistently larger cell crops in growth studies with glucose and other energy sources. On a molar growth-yield basis, anaerobically grown, glucose-fumarate cultures were equivalent to aerobically grown, glucose cultures. The reduction of fumarate by cell suspensions indicated that glucose, gluconate, and, to a lesser extent, glycerol and mannitol could serve as hydrogen donors. Several common metabolic inhibitors had no effect upon the fumarate reductase system in cell suspensions, although some sensitivity to acidic pH was noted. Significant levels of succinate oxidation activity were not detected. Fumarate reductase activity was demonstrated in all five S. faecalis strains tested. Distribution of this ability in S. faecium strains was variable, ranging from activity comparable with that of S. faecalis to total inactivity. The observations support the conclusion that fumarate functions as an alternate hydrogen acceptor, thus allowing pyruvate to participate in the energy-yielding phosphoroclastic and dismutation pathways.
Reading the past: Marxism and ideology

The main concern in this chapter is to examine the contribution of Marxist archaeology to the understanding of social and ideological relations. In considering social structures in this context, the contrast with processual approaches again needs to be identified. In this chapter the term social structure does not mean the pattern of roles and relationships; rather it refers to the scheme of productive interactions which lies behind that pattern. However, our concern here is not to debate the full width of Marxist archaeology, which has been adequately covered elsewhere (Spriggs 1984; Trigger 1984; McGuire 1992; Kristiansen and Rowlands 1998). Rather, we wish briefly to outline the types of social structure that have been identified in Marxist archaeology, before considering Marxist archaeological discussions of ideology. Marxist archaeology Here we return to materialism, although some Marxist archaeologists would now claim to avoid the materialist/idealist split (Spriggs 1984). We shall see below that such claims can rarely be substantiated in archaeology, and the similarity with processual archaeology is clear in this respect. Rather, it is in the Marxist incorporation of the notion of structure that the major break with processual archaeology occurs. This is not to argue that Marxist archaeology avoids functional arguments, because we shall see below that it does not. What is new is an additional component, that all social practices involve dialectical relationships: the development of society occurs through the unity of opposites.
A satellite network for good weather conditions and for high rain attenuation

FODA (FIFO ordered demand assignment) a TDMA (time division multiple access) satellite access scheme suitable for simultaneous transmissions of real-time and bulk data is described. It is able to efficaciously counter deep fades due to rain attenuation at high frequencies, always maintaining a good channel optimization. The FODA system, using adaptive bit and coding rates, is designed to obtain the maximum out of a satellite channel in any condition. The system, already operating at 2 Mbit/s with 1/2 coded or uncoded data, is in the middle of partial redesign to cope with fades of the signal due to bad atmospheric conditions when operating in the Ka band. The reaction of the system to the fade effect is shown. The results of a deterministic study on frame utilization when fades must be countered are also presented. >
Specific TonB-ExbB-ExbD energy transduction systems required for ferric enterobactin acquisition in Campylobacter.

Ferric enterobactin (FeEnt) acquisition plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of Campylobacter , the leading bacterial cause of human gastroenteritis in industrialized countries. In Campylobacter , the surface-exposed receptor, CfrA or CfrB, functions as a ‘gatekeeper’ for initial binding of FeEnt. Subsequent transport across the outer membrane is energized by TonB-ExbB-ExbD energy transduction systems. Although there are up to three TonB-ExbB-ExbD systems in Campylobacter , the cognate components of TonB-ExbB-ExbD for FeEnt acquisition are still largely unknown. In this study, we addressed this issue using complementary molecular approaches: comparative genomic analysis, random transposon mutagenesis and site-directed mutagenesis in two representative C. jejuni strains, NCTC 11168 and 81–176. We demonstrated that CfrB could interact with either TonB2 or TonB3 for efficient Ent-mediated iron acquisition. However, TonB3 is a dominant player in the CfrA-dependent pathway. The ExbB2 and ExbD2 components were essential for both CfrA- and CfrB-dependent FeEnt acquisition. Sequences analysis identified potential TonB boxes in CfrA and CfrB, and the corresponding binding sites in TonB. In conclusion, these findings identify specific TonB-ExbB-ExbD energy transduction components required for FeEnt acquisition, and provide insights into the complex molecular interactions of FeEnt acquisition systems in Campylobacter .
The Effects of Opening Statements on Mock Jurors' Verdicts in a Simulated Criminal Trial1

Twenty-nine male and 37 female adults served as mock jurors in a simulated criminal trial in which the amount of preview offered in both the prosecution's and defense's opening statements was factorially varied. It was found that the effects upon verdicts of guilt of the amount of preview in either side's opening statement depended on that in the other side's opening statement. Extensive prosecution opening statements led to more guilty verdicts only when the de fense's opening statement was also extensive; when the defense's opening statement was brief, participants tended to find the defendant guilty regardless of the amount of preview in the prosecution's opening statement. Extensive opening statements from the defense led to more not-guilty verdicts only when the prosecution's opening statement was brief. Results from a series of mid-trial measures indicated that opening statements predisposed jurors to favor one side or the other very early in the trial, and that jurors tended to maintain this predisposition throughout the course of the trial. It was suggested that opening statements serve to create thematic frameworks which the jurors use to assist them in their processing of trial information. Implications for legal practice were also discussed.
Can Social Ties be Harmful? Examining the Spread of Suicide in Early Adulthood

Durkheim posited that social relationships protect individuals against suicide; however, substantial research demonstrates that suicide can spread through the very ties Durkheim theorized as protective. With this study, we use Waves I, III, and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, to investigate whether young adults' suicide attempts and thoughts are in part products of exposure to suicidal behaviors via their social relationships. We find that young adults who have had family members or friends attempt suicide are more likely to report suicide ideation or even suicide attempts, over both the short and long run. This finding is robust to many important controls for risk and protective factors for suicide. Our findings have implications for the sociology of suicide, not the least of which, is that social ties have the power to harm in addition to the power to protect.
Interfacial synthesis of dendritic platinum nanoshells templated on benzene nanodroplets stabilized in water by a photocatalytic lipoporphyrin.

Nanoscale metal shells have many potential uses and in some applications offer significant advantages over nanoparticles. The synthesis of platinum nanoshells using stabilized nanodroplets of benzene in water as growth templates is described; the nanodroplets are stabilized by a surfactant-like tin(IV)−porphyrin complex localized at the benzene−water interface. The porphyrin also acts as a photocatalyst that reduces the platinum complex and deposits metal onto the nanodroplets to form dendritic metal nanoshells. Below the solubility limit of benzene in water, the lipoporphyrin-stabilized nanodroplets have a reproducible number, size distribution, and surface area, which allows the thickness of the platinum shell walls to be controlled by changing the amount of platinum complex. Nanoscale platinum shells with magnetic interiors can be made by dispersing Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the benzene nanodroplets.
Neuropsychological functioning: comparison of mothers at high- and low-risk for child physical abuse

Abstract Objective: The present study investigated the performance of high- and low-risk (for child physical abuse) mothers on cognitive measures in a cry (crying infant) and no-cry condition. The degree to which observed risk group differences in cognitive abilities were due to group differences in depression and/or anxiety was explored. Method: Forty mothers, 20 high-risk and 20 demographically matched low-risk mothers, participated in the study. All mothers completed neuropsychological measures of conceptual ability, cognitive flexibility, ability to adjust responses, verbal fluency, attention, and susceptibility of interference, and measures of intellectual functioning, depression, and anxiety. Results: Although initial analyses indicated expected risk group differences on most of the neuropsychological measures, a second set of analyses, that controlled for group differences in IQ, revealed risk group differences only on measures of conceptual ability, cognitive flexibility, and problem-solving skills. In a third set of analyses that controlled for group differences in IQ, depression, and anxiety, no risk group differences on any of the neuropsychological measures were found. In each analysis, expected interactions between risk group and cry condition were not found. Conclusions: The findings support clinical reports of cognitive differences in abusive and nonabusive mothers, but indicate that clinically observed cognitive deficits in high-risk and abusive mothers may be associated with lower levels of intellectual ability and with higher levels of depression and anxiety that are commonly reported in high-risk and abusive mothers.
A General Reliability Model for Data Storage Systems

Typical models for analysis of storage system reliability assume independent and exponentially distributed times to failure. Also the rebuild time periods are often assumed to be deterministic or to follow an exponential distribution, or alternatively a Weibull distribution. As a first step towards a generalization of these models, we consider more general non-exponential distributions for failure and rebuild times while still retaining the independence assumption. It is shown that the mean time to data loss (MTTDL) of storage systems is practically insensitive to the actual failure distribution when the storage nodes are generally reliable, that is, when their mean time to failure is much larger than their mean time to repair. This implies that MTTDL results previously obtained in the literature by assuming exponential node failure distributions may still be valid despite this unrealistic assumption. In contrast, it is shown that the MTTDL depends on the characteristics of the rebuild distribution.
Analyzing cell structure and dynamics with confocal light scattering and absorption spectroscopic microscopy

We recently developed a new microscopic optical technique capable of noninvasive analysis of cell structure and cell dynamics on the submicron scale [1]. It combines confocal microscopy, a well-established high-resolution microscopic technique, with light scattering spectroscopy (LSS) and is called confocal light absorption and scattering spectroscopic (CLASS) microscopy. CLASS microscopy requires no exogenous labels and is capable of imaging and continuously monitoring individual viable cells, enabling the observation of cell and organelle functioning at scales on the order of 100 nm. To test the ability of CLASS microscopy to monitor cellular dynamics in vivo we performed experiments with human bronchial epithelial cells treated with DHA and undergoing apoptosis. The treated and untreated cells show not only clear differences in organelle spatial distribution but time sequencing experiments on a single cell show disappearance of certain types of organelles and change of the nuclear shape and density with the progression of apoptosis. In summary, CLASS microscopy provides an insight into metabolic processes within the cell and opens doors for the noninvasive real-time assessment of cellular dynamics. Noninvasive monitoring of cellular dynamics with CLASS microscopy can be used for a real-time dosimetry in a wide variety of medical and environmental applications that have no immediate observable outcome, such as photodynamic therapy, drug screening, and monitoring of toxins.
Insulin-like growth factor-I augments prolactin and inhibits growth hormone release through distinct as well as overlapping cellular signaling pathways

Abstract We recently discovered a new role for insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) as a specific and direct stimulator of prolactin (PRL) release in addition to its recognized function as an inhibitor of growth hormone (GH) release and synthesis. Little is known of the mechanisms that transduce the actions of IGF-I on PRL and GH release in vertebrates. The present study was undertaken to determine the cellular pathways that mediate the disparate actions of IGF-I on PRL and GH release in hybrid striped bass ( Morone saxatilis X M. chrysops ). When regulating cellular function, IGF-I may activate two primary pathways, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). The specific MAPK inhibitor, PD98059, blocked IGF-I-evoked PRL release as well as GH release inhibition over an 18–20-h incubation. LY294002, a specific PI 3-K inhibitor, overcame IGF-I's inhibition of GH release but was ineffective in blocking PRL release stimulated by IGF-I. These studies suggest IGF-I disparately alters PRL and GH by activating distinct as well as overlapping signaling pathways central for mediating actions of growth factors on secretory activity as well as cell proliferation. These results further support a role for IGF-I as a physiological regulator of PRL and GH.
The revised monoamine theory of depression: a modulatory role for monoamines, based on new findings from monoamine depletion experiments in humans.

The original hypothesis that brain monoamine systems have a primary direct role in depression has been through several modifications during the past 30 years. In order to test this hypothesis and more fully characterize the role of serotonin and catecholamines in the pathophysiology of depression and the mechanism of action of antidepressant treatments, our research group has conducted a series of studies evaluating monoamine depletion induced brief clinical relapse following different types of antidepressant treatment of depressed patients. We have also studied the effects of monoamine depletion (SD) on depressive symptoms in depressed and recovered patients off medication and in healthy controls. Relapse to serotonin depletion or to catecholamine depletion (CD) was found to be specific to the type of antidepressant treatment, i.e., patients responding to selective serotonin reuptake inhibilitors relapsed more frequently following SD than CD and patients responding to selective catecholamine reuptake inhibitors relapsed more frequently following CD than SD. Neither CD or SD increased depressive symptoms in clinically ill patients off treatment, or produced clinical depression in normal controls. However, recovered patients with a prior history of depression had a relapse with SD. Patients with obsessive compulsive disorder who improved on SSRI treatment, did not have an increase in OCD symptoms but those with prior depressive symptoms did have an increase in depressive symptoms with SD. The findings that relapse during treatment is specific to the type of treatment and type of depletion, that neither SD or CD produced an increase in clinical depression in healthy controls or depressed patients off medication, and that recovered patients off medication have a return of symptoms following SD, forces a major revision of the current monoamine theories of depression. The new hypothesis most consistent with this new data is that the monoamine systems are only modulating "other" brain neurobiologic systems which have a more primary role in depression. The modulatory or "antidepressant" function of the monoamine systems appears to be only necessary during drug induced recovery and the maintenance of recovery after a prior episode. These clinical studies point to the need for more fundamental research on the interaction of monoamine systems with other brain neurobiologic mechanisms relevant to depression.
Decreased angiotensin converting enzyme expression and experimental abdominal aortic aneurysm formation

Abstract Introduction. Renin-angiotensin system components have been implicated in vessel wall remodeling, but their relevance to aneurysmal disease has not been defined. This study tested the hypothesis that aortic wall angiotensin and angiotensin II receptor 1 (AT1) up regulation occurs during experimental aneurysm formation, while angiotensin II receptor 2 (AT2) and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) are down regulated. Methods. Isolated infrarenal aortic segment in rats were perfused with saline (controls, N = 5) or porcine pancreatic elastase to induce aneurysms (N = 5). Seven days later, animals were sacrificed; aortic diameters were measured, and RNA was extracted from the perfused aortic segments. Real-time PCR was used to measure mRNA levels for angiotensin, ACE, AT1, and AT2 (normalized to B-actin). Results from control rats were compared with elastase perfused rats using the unpaired t-test. Results. Elastase perfusion produced mean aortic diameters of 4.07 ± 0.28 mm, while saline controls had mean aortic diameters of 1.65 ± 0.11 mm (P = 0.01). ACE mRNA levels were 16-fold lower in elastase-perfused animals compared with saline controls (P
The 16- to 38-micron spectrum of Callisto

The emission spectrum of Callisto was measured between 16 and 38 microns with a spectral resolution of 1/30 of a wavelength, using the NASA Kuiper Airborne Observatory on the night of October 30-31, 1975. Within the errors, the observed spectrum is like that of a 155 K blackbody, in both shape and absolute intensity. The infrared emission and diameter of Callisto indicate a bolometric Bond albedo of 0.05 + or - 0.14, which is consistent with heating of the surface by absorbed sunlight.
Physical interrelation between Fokker-Planck and random walk models with application to Coulomb interactions

A model of the random walk is formulated to allow a simple computing procedure to replace the difficult problem of solution of the Fokker-Planck equation. The step sizes and probabilities of taking steps in the various directions are expressed in terms of Fokker-Planck coefficients. Application is made to many particle systems with Coulomb interactions. The relaxation of a highly peaked velocity distribution of particles to equilibrium conditions is illustrated.
Location Processes, Urbanization, and Territorial Development: An Exploratory Essay:

The paper opens with an overview of the problem of commodity production in capitalism. It is shown how a determinate pattern of industrial organization grows out of the labor process. The problem of the integration and disintegration of productive activities is dealt with. Functional disintegration is shown to lead to the formation of polarized complexes of productive activity. The human consequences of the emergence of such complexes are described. In particular, brief discussions are presented of (1) local labor markets, (2) the reproduction of the labor force, and (3) the development and meaning of a local political culture. The inner decay of productive complexes is then shown to proceed on the basis of internal changes within the industrial system. These same changes lead to a decentralization of units of capital and to the emergence of a new spatial/international division of labor. The paper concludes with a brief allusion to the historical emergence of the global city.
Genetic Diversity of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus Isolates Within a Cherry Orchard in New York

A survey for Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) in an orchard of Prunus cerasus cv. Montmorency and Prunus avium cv. Hedelfingen in New York by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay indicated an eightfold higher infection rate in sour cherry (33%, 32 of 96) than in sweet cherry (4%, 6 of 136) trees. The presence of PNRSV was confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and amplification of the coat protein (CP) gene in total RNA from infected leaf tissue. Latent infection was prevalent in the majority of trees infected (87%, 33 of 38), while a few of them exhibited shock symptoms or had severely reduced growth (13%, 5 of 38). Asymptomatic PNRSV-infected trees clustered in spatial proximity to symptomatic trees. Sequence analysis of the CP gene (675 bp) indicated a population structure consisting of one predominant molecular variant for 10 isolates and six minor molecular variants for seven isolates. A high sequence identity was found between the CP gene of PNRSV isolates from cherry trees and other isolates from diverse hosts and various geographic origins at the nucleotide and amino acid levels (88 to 100%). Phylogenetic analyses showed a clustering of PNRSV isolates from cherry trees in New York in the predominant group PV-96.
Accuracy of repetitive nerve stimulation for diagnosis of the cramp-fasciculation syndrome

The goal of this retrospective cohort study was to test the hypothesis that the cramp-fasciculation syndrome (CFS) represents a disorder of peripheral nerve hyperexcitability and to evaluate the accuracy of repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) for its diagnosis. A consecutive series of 108 patients were evaluated with posterior tibial RNS at 1, 2, and 5 HZ. Abnormal peripheral nerve excitability was defined by the presence of afterdischarges, cramp potentials, or continuous motor unit activity. RNS demonstrated abnormal nerve hyperexcitability in 29 of 36 subjects (81%) with CFS, defined operationally by the presence of both muscle cramps and fasciculations. Based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, tibial RNS correctly classified the presence or absence of CFS in 75% of subjects. These results suggest that CFS represents a form of peripheral nerve hyperexcitability and, furthermore, that RNS is a clinically useful test for CFS.
PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND SENSORY QUALITY OF MICROWAVE-BLANCHED SNOW PEAS

Snow peas were blanched using four methods [conventional boiling water (BW); steam (ST); microwave (MW); and microwave blanched in heat sealable bags (MWB)], then held frozen at (∼18C) for four weeks. Immediately after blanching, MWB-blanched snow peas retained more reduced ascorbic acid (RAA; 72%), than other treatments. Blanching treatment had no effect on lightness (L * value). With the exception of BW-blanched peas, blanching significantly altered color. After frozen storage, MWB- and MW-blanched samples both contained about 26 mg/100 g RAA, significantly more RAA than other treatments. MWB-blanched peas generally had as high or higher sensory appearance, aroma, flavor, texture and general acceptability scores than other treatments. These results imply that blanching snow peas in a heat-sealable microwave bag, prior to frozen storage, produces a product of equivalent sensory quality and superior nutritional quality compared with more conventional blanching methods. Des pois mange-tout sont blanchis selon 4 methodes : dans de l'eau bouillante (EB); a la vapeur (VA); au micro-ondes (MO); au micro-ondes dans des sachets thermoscellables (MOST). Ces pois mange-tout sont ensuite congeles a -18°C pendant quatre semaines. Les resultats de l'etude montrent que les pois mange-tout MOST contiennent davantage d'acide ascorbique reduit que les autres. Le blanchiment altere la couleur des pois sauf ceux ebouillantes. Les pois MOST ont une qualite sensorielle equivalente et une qualite nutritionnelle superieure a celle des pois soumis a d'autres methodes de blanchiment.
Immune-modulatory drugs alter Candida albicans-induced sleep patterns in rabbits

To evaluate the influences of immune responsiveness on sleep alteration during infectious disease, sleep was monitored during Candida albicans infection in rabbits treated with immune-modulating drugs. Intravenous administration of C. albicans to normal rabbits initially increased and subsequently decreased both the amount of slow-wave sleep (SWS) and delta-wave amplitudes (DWA) during SWS. Cortisone treatment attenuated these effects. The immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine did not alter the initial enhancement of SWS, but did attenuate the C. albicans-induced reduction in SWS time and potentiate the reduction in DWA. In contrast, administration of incomplete Freund's adjuvant and prior immunization with killed C. albicans, which were expected to enhance immune responsiveness, did not markedly alter C. albicans-induced alterations in SWS. However, the immune stimulant levamisole potentiated the effects of C. albicans on SWS. These data indicate that pharmacologic treatments expected to alter immune responsiveness modulate microbially induced sleep, and are consistent with the hypothesis that facets of the immune response mediate sleep changes during infectious disease.
Solar coronal brightness changes and mass ejections during solar cycle 22

Observations of the brightness of the outer solar corona from the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) coronagraph during solar cycle 22 (1980, then 1984-1989) are compared with the occurrence rate and the mass of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) observed during this period. We find that the brightness and, hence, mass of the outer corona increased by more than a factor of 4 from solar minimum (1986) to late 1989, when the SMM ceased operation. The peak brightness (mass) in 1989 was roughly equivalent to that observed in the latter part of 1980. Accompanying a sharp increase in brightness (mass) of the corona in early 1989 was a concomitant increase in both the occurrence rate and the average mass of CMEs.
Mobility of Organic and Inorganic Zinc Fertilizers in Soils

Abstract Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4 · H2O) has traditionally been the “reliable” source of zinc (Zn) fertilizer, but other sources of Zn are also available. Some are derived from industrial by‐products, varying from flue dust reacted with sulfuric acid to organic compounds derived from the paper industry. The degree of Zn mobility in Zn sources derived from these various by‐products is related to the manufacturing process, the source of complexing or chelating agents (organic sources), and the original product used as the Zn source. Many claims are made regarding the relative efficiency of traditional inorganic Zn fertilizers and complexed Zn sources. The objective of this column study was to compare the mobility of several commercial Zn fertilizer materials (organic and inorganic) that are commonly used to correct Zn deficiencies in soils. The sources included three granular inorganic Zn sources, two granular organically complexed Zn sources, and liquid ZnEDTA. Soil columns were leached five times with deionize...
The effects of temperature on the electrochemical performance of sodium–nickel chloride batteries

Sodium–nickel chloride (ZEBRA) batteries are typically operated at relatively high temperatures (3 300 °C) to achieve adequate electrochemical performance. In the present study, the effects of operating temperature on the electrochemical performance of planar-type Na/NiCl2 batteries were investigated to evaluate the feasibility of battery operation at low temperatures (£200 °C). The planar-type cell was able to be cycled at C/3 rate at as low as 175 °C despite higher cell polarization. Overall, low operating temperature resulted in a considerable improvement in the stability of cell performance. Cell degradation was negligible at 175 °C, while 55% increase in end-of-charge polarization was observed at 280 °C after 60 cycles. SEM analysis indicated that the degradation at higher temperatures was related to the particle growth of both nickel and sodium chloride. The cells tested at lower temperatures (£200 °C), however, exhibited a sharp drop in voltage at the end of discharge due to the diffusion limitation, possibly caused by the limited ionic conductivity of catholyte or the poor wettability of sodium on the β"-Al2O3 solid electrolyte (BASE). FInally,, improvements in the ionic conductivity of catholyte and sodium wetting as well as reduction in the ohmic resistance of BASE are required to enhance themore » battery performance at low temperatures.« less
Flight Dynamics of Highly Flexible Flying Wings

The paper presents a theory for flight-dynamic analysis of highly flexible flying-wing configurations. The analysis takes into account large aircraft motion coupled with geometrically nonlinear structural deformation subject only to a restriction to small strain. A large motion aerodynamic loads model is integrated into the analysis. The analysis can be used for complete aircraft analysis including trim, stability analysis linearized about the trimmed-state, and nonlinear simulation. Results are generated for a typical high-aspect-ratio "flying-wing" configuration. The results indicate that the aircraft undergoes large deformation during trim. The flight-dynamic characteristics of the deformed aircraft are completely different as compared with a rigid aircraft. When the example aircraft is loaded sufficiently, the pair of complex-conjugate short-period roots merges to become two real roots, and the phugoid mode goes unstable. Furthermore, nonlinear flight simulation of the aircraft indicates that the phugoid instability leads to catastrophic consequences.
Transient manic behavior after pallidotomy

We report two cases of transient hypomanic behavior following pallidotomy. Both of the reported patients had lesions involving non-motor portions of the globus pallidus. Patient 1 had a lesion in the left anteromedial portion of GPi, while patient 2 had one lesion involving the anteromedial portion of GPi on the right and a second lesion involving the postero-ventral most portion of the putamen on the left. These cases emphasize the importance of placing lesions within the sensori-motor portion of GPi without infringing on adjacent non-motor portions. Cases involving transient manic behavior after pallidotomy have not been previously reported. Centers performing pallidotomy or DBS should be aware that lesions or stimulation too anterior in the GPi might lead to manic behavior.
Counterfactuals as behavioral primes: Priming the simulation heuristic and consideration of alternatives.

Abstract We demonstrate that counterfactuals prime a mental simulation mind-set in which relevant but potentially converse alternatives are considered and that this mind-set activation has behavioral consequences. This mind-set is closely related to the simulation heuristic (Kahneman & Tversky, 1982). Participants primed with a counterfactual were more likely to solve the Duncker candle problem (Experiment 1), suggesting that they noticed an alternative function for one of the objects, an awareness that is critical to solving the problem. Participants primed with a counterfactual were more likely to simultaneously affirm the consequent and select the potentially falsifying card, but without selecting the irrelevant card, in the Wason card selection task, suggesting that they were testing both the stated conditional and its reverse (Experiment 2). The increased affirmations of the consequent decreased correct solutions on the task—thus, the primed mind-set can bias or debias thought and action. Finally, Experiment 3 provides further evidence that counterfactual primes increase the accessibility of relevant alternatives. Counterfactual primes attenuated the confirmation bias in a trait hypothesis testing context by increasing the selection of questions designed to elicit hypothesis-disconfirming answers, but without increasing the selection of neutral questions. The nature of priming effects and the role of counterfactual thinking in biasing and debiasing thought and action are discussed.
The effect of fluorination on the surface chemistry of alkyl ethers on Cu(111)

By using small fluorinated ethers as models for perfluoropolyalkylether (PFPAE) lubricants, we have been able to determine the effect of fluorination on the bonding of the alkyl ethers adsorbed on the Cu(111) surface. The desorption energies have been determined by using temperature programmed desorption (TPD). The model compounds studied were dioxolane , $$({\text{H}}_{\text{2}} )$$ diethyl ether ((CH3CH2)2O), dimethoxymethane ((CH3O)2CH2), dimethyl ether ((CH3)2O) and their perfluorinated analogues. All of the molecules studied adsorb molecularly and reversibly on the Cu(111) surface exhibiting first-order desorption kinetics. Upon fluorination of the alkyl ethers, the adsorbate-metal bond was weakened by ∽14 to ∽8 kcal/mol. The intermolecular interaction parameters for the hydrogenated ethers indicated repulsive adsorbate-adsorbate interactions, while the fluorinated ethers have attractive adsorbate-adsorbate interactions.
An Investigation of the Heat Transfer for Full Coverage Film Cooling

An experimental study was conducted on the heat transfer to a film-cooled flat plate with a full coverage array of normal holes. The film cooling array consisted of ten staggered coolant rows, and each coolant hole had an L/D = 1.0 and an injection angle of α = 90°. Measurements of the heat transfer coefficient with and without film cooling were taken, in order to determine the increase in the heat transfer coefficient due to coolant injection. These experiments were conducted with heated and unheated starting lengths, and with low and high mainstream turbulence levels. The heat transfer coefficient ratios were used in conjunction with adiabatic effectiveness data taken in a previous study to determine the distributions of the overall heat load reduction. Heat transfer coefficient data from a single row of coolant holes were also taken. These data were used to evaluate several concepts for predicting full coverage heat transfer coefficient distributions based on the single row data.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Stimulus-response compatibilities between vertically oriented stimuli and horizontally oriented responses: the effects of hand position and posture.

Stimulus-response (S-R) compatibility effects between vertically oriented stimuli (above or below fixation) and horizontally oriented responses (left or right- switch deftections by a single hand) have been shown to depend both on which hand responds (Bauer & Miller, 1982) and on the location at which the response is made (eccentricity on a frontoparallel line; Michaels, 1989). In the latter study, hand position and hand posture were confounded, so it is unclear which variable determined the compatibility effect. In Experiment 1, the importance of effector position was tested. Vertically oriented stimuli were paired with a horizontal response solicited at different locations but always involving the same hand posture. Compatibility effects emerged, and their direction depended on position. In Experiment 2, the compatibilities were not evident in a simple reaction time paradigm, so the effect was not due to differential ease of responses. In Experiment 3, a change in hand posture (palm up or palm down) at the same location (the body midline) also affected the compatibilities. It was concluded that the S-R compatibility of orthogonally oriented stimuli and responses is influenced by (1) which hand responds, (2) the location of that hand, and (3) its posture. The results imply that both postural and positional states of the action system affect S-R compatibility