cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Petrography, petrology and tectonic implications of Mitre Island, northern Fiji Plateau☆

Abstract Mitre Island samples, Pliocene in age, can be classified together with Anuda samples, of unknown age, as island-arc basaltic andesites with tholeiitic tendencies. The presence of morphologically unusual iron—titanium oxides and of probably xenocrystic plagioclase suggest that at least part of the observed minerals crystallized in a magma chamber underlying the island. The samples apparently represent a mixture of magma fluid, cumulate plagioclase, pyroxene, and iron—titanium oxides which were ponded in a crater lava lake where they were reheated by subsequent eruptions. Many of them show symplectic magnetite formed by high-temperature oxidation of olivine. The morphological complexity and compositional homogeneity of the iron—titanium oxides cannot be explained at present. The presence of sulfide droplets inside olivine, magnetite and ilmenite crystals suggests a formation of an immiscible sulfide liquid in the magma chamber. Droplets of this liquid were overgrown by minerals crystallizing at that time and thus protected against oxidation during and after eruption. Mitre Island is a part of a currently inactive Vitiaz island arc associated in the past with a westward subduction of Pacific plate along the Vitiaz trench. Increased difficulty in subducting the large mass of the Pacific Border Plateau under the northern Fiji Plateau apparently produced counterclockwise rotation of the Vitiaz island arc. Oblique subduction was active until a steep angle was reached between the Vitiaz trench and the motion vector of the Pacific plate. Then a strike-slip fault developed in the Vitiaz trench and the subducted plate was sheared off. Recently the strike-slip zone migrated south from the Vitiaz trench across the northern Fiji Plateau and is presently extending from Aoba Island, in the New Hebrides, northeastward toward the Pacific Border Plateau.
Invariants of virtual rational moves

Generalized Reidemeister moves provide an extended set of moves to work with virtual knots and links. We introduce virtual tangle moves, generalization of classical rational tangle moves and show that such generalizations are essential to develop new invariants of virtual knots and links. We show that every 2-algebraic virtual link is a virtual 4-move equivalent to a trivial link or Hopf link. The properties of virtual tangle move are analyzed on few existing invariants associated with virtual knots and links.
A primitive-based strategy for producing efficient code for very high level programs

This paper contrasts two very different strategies for improving the execution time performance of very high level language programs. An APL compiler has been developed which has two backends, one which produces IBM S/370 assembly code (APL/370) and one which produces C source code (APL/C). The result of each compilation path is compared for a large selection of APL benchmark programs. The results indicate that the efficient implementation of canned low level primitive routines can be a very effective optimization strategy for very high level languages.
Does precipitation variability increase from mesic to xeric biomes

Desert precipitation is often characterized as more variable than precipitation in nondesert biomes. However, empirical support for this generalization is lacking. I analysed precipitation variability in five desert and four nondesert biomes that represent a xeric to mesic gradient in the South-western United States, using data from 328 weather stations, for a total of 18 337 station-years. I examined precipitation variability at two temporal scales: among years and among months, within years. Each of these scales was analysed for annual precipitation, summer precipitation and winter precipitation for a total of 18 separate analyses. Overall, precipitation variability does increase as precipitation decreases. However, I found little support for the generalization that desert precipitation is more variable than precipitation in nondeserts. At most time scales, many south-western American desert biomes are no more variable than nondesert biomes. The level of variability is highly dependent on which desert biome is under study, where in the biome a particular site is located, and what time scale is used to measure variability. Certain desert sites are in fact more variable than nondesert sites, in some cases by as much as fivefold. However, and perhaps more importantly, each desert biome includes many sites that are no more variable, across many or all time scales, than sites in the grassland or pine forest biomes. These results emphasize the importance of measuring variability for each study site of interest and caution against extrapolating from a few sites to biomes or gradients in general. Implications for the study of adaptations to environmental variability are discussed.
Surface Tension and Surface Structure of Water

The surface tension-temperature relationship for water is smooth and linear when account is taken of the expansion of the surface with temperature. This plot permits the calculation of thermodynamic properties for 1 square centimeter of surface. Molar surface quantities are derived by assuming a hexagonal water surface structure.
Release of matrix metalloproteinases following alcohol septal ablation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.

Abstract Objectives This study examined plasma levels of certain matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP) species before and after alcohol-induced myocardial infarction (MI) in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). Background Matrix metalloproteinases contribute to tissue remodeling, and endogenous control of MMP activity is achieved by the concordant release and binding of TIMPs. Animal models of MI have demonstrated a role for MMP activation in myocardial remodeling. However, the temporal relationship of MMP and TIMP release following a controlled myocardial injury in humans remains unknown. Methods Plasma levels for the gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9, and for the collagenases MMP-8 and MMP-13, as well as TIMP-1 profiles were examined (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) at baseline and serially up to 60 h following alcohol injection into the septal perforator artery in order to induce an MI in 51 patients with HOCM (age 55 ± 2 years). Results Plasma creatine kinase (MB isoform), indicating myocardial injury, increased 2,150% 18 h post-MI (p Conclusions These unique results demonstrated that induction of a controlled myocardial injury in humans, specifically through alcohol-induced MI, caused species- and time-dependent perturbations of MMP/TIMP stoichiometry that would facilitate myocardial remodeling in the early post-MI setting.
Photoemission studies of d-band structure in Sc, Y, Gd, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Cr and Mo

Abstract Photoemission optical densities of states (ODS's) of a number of transition metals are presented and compared with energy band densities of states. The ODS's summarize observed band widths and dominant structure of the d -bands, and generally show good correlation with band densities of states. Metals with the same valence and crystal structure tend to show common features.
Observer Performance in the Use of Digital and Optical Microscopy for the Interpretation of Tissue-Based Biomarkers

Background. We conducted a validation study of digital pathology for the quantitative assessment of tissue-based biomarkers with immunohistochemistry. Objective. To examine observer agreement as a function of viewing modality (digital versus optical microscopy), whole slide versus tissue microarray (TMA) review, biomarker type (HER2 incorporating membranous staining and Ki-67 with nuclear staining), and data type (continuous and categorical). Methods. Eight pathologists reviewed 50 breast cancer whole slides (25 stained with HER2 and 25 with Ki-67) and 2 TMAs (1 stained with HER2, 1 with Ki-67, each containing 97 cores), using digital and optical microscopy. Results. Results showed relatively high overall interobserver and intermodality agreement, with different patterns specific to biomarker type. For HER2, there was better interobserver agreement for optical compared to digital microscopy for whole slides as well as better interobserver and intermodality agreement for TMAs. For Ki-67, those patterns were not observed. Conclusions. The differences in agreement patterns when examining different biomarkers and different scoring methods and reviewing whole slides compared to TMA stress the need for validation studies focused on specific pathology tasks to eliminate sources of variability that might dilute findings. The statistical uncertainty observed in our analyses calls for adequate sampling for each individual task rather than pooling cases.
Proving liveness for networks of communicating finite state machines

Consider a network of communicating finite state machines that exchange messages over unbounded FIFO channels. Each machine in the network can be defined by a directed graph whose nodes represent the machine states and whose edges represent its transitions. In general, for a node in one of the machines to be live (i.e., encountered infinitely often during the course of communication), each machine in the network should progress in some fair fashion. We define three graduated notions of fair progress (namely, node fairness, edge fairness, and network fairness), and on this basis we define three corresponding degrees of node liveness. We discuss techniques to verify that a given node is live under each of these fairness assumptions. These techniques can be automated; and they are effective even if the network under consideration has an infinite number of reachable states. We use our techniques to establish the liveness of some practical communication protocols; these include an unbounded start-stop protocol, an unbounded alternating bit protocol, and a simplified version of the CSMA/CD protocol for local area networks.
Production of l-alanine by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli W was genetically engineered to produce L: -alanine as the primary fermentation product from sugars by replacing the native D: -lactate dehydrogenase of E. coli SZ194 with alanine dehydrogenase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus. As a result, the heterologous alanine dehydrogenase gene was integrated under the regulation of the native D: -lactate dehydrogenase (ldhA) promoter. This homologous promoter is growth-regulated and provides high levels of expression during anaerobic fermentation. Strain XZ111 accumulated alanine as the primary product during glucose fermentation. The methylglyoxal synthase gene (mgsA) was deleted to eliminate low levels of lactate and improve growth, and the catabolic alanine racemase gene (dadX) was deleted to minimize conversion of L: -alanine to D: -alanine. In these strains, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidation during alanine biosynthesis is obligately linked to adenosine triphosphate production and cell growth. This linkage provided a basis for metabolic evolution where selection for improvements in growth coselected for increased glycolytic flux and alanine production. The resulting strain, XZ132, produced 1,279 mmol alanine from 120 g l(-1) glucose within 48 h during batch fermentation in the mineral salts medium. The alanine yield was 95% on a weight basis (g g(-1) glucose) with a chiral purity greater than 99.5% L: -alanine.
Quinone reductase inducing and antioxidant activities of aqueous isolates of green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Abstract Aqueous extracts of green bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were examined for antioxidant functions in terms of total reducing power (TRP), peroxyl radical quenching (PRAC), total antioxidant activity (TAA), and the ability to induce quinone reductase (QR) as a biomarker for phase II detoxification enzymes in Murine hepatoma (Hepa) cells. In terms of Trolox equivalents (TE), crude aqueous extracts exhibited 71 μmol TE/g dry weight (gdw) for TRP, 29 μmol TE/gdw for PRAC, and 8.5 μmol TE/gdw for TAA. Aqueous extractable QR-inducing activity was fractionated by Sephadex LH-20 chromatography with several resulting fractions capable of doubling QR specific activity in the Hepa bioassay. Of 10 recovered fractions, the first and most polar fraction doubled QR at a level of 39 μg/ml (CD value), while the ninth fraction exhibited a similar CD value of 35 μg/ml. Semi-preparative LC and UV spectral analysis of fraction 9 indicated the presence of quercetin and kaempferol glycosides, and simple phenolics among the enriched QR-inducing isolates.
Process model for latex film formation: Optical clarity fronts

We examined the drying behavior of latex both theoretically and experimentally. The theory extends a model for horizontal drying fronts in films with nondeformable particles to incorporate particle deformation by a capillary deformation mechanism. The pressure in the fluid, causing particle compaction, arises from flow through the packed bed to ensure evaporation from all wet areas of the film. We predicted the position of a front of volume fraction unity passing across a semi-infinite film as it dries. Experimentally, the position of the transition from a cloudy film to optical clarity was tracked visually in films comprised of either single component soft latex particles, 20°C above the glass transition, or a blend containing 35% non-deformable hard latex particles. For an initial volume fraction of 0.33, we found excellent agreement between theory and experiment. For an initial volume fraction of 0.05, the agreement is less, although still qualitative. The limitations of the model with respect to the knowledge of physical parameters and initial conditions are discussed. One major implication of the model is that deformation of soft latex particles displaces large amounts of water and, consequently, slows progression of the drying front. Harder particles and shallow initial film profiles produce more pronounced drying fronts.
Effects of pre-exercise frusemide administration and post exercise anaesthesia on cardiopulmonary and acid-base parameters and blood and plasma volumes in horses exercised supramaximally to fatigue.

Summary Six horses were randomly assigned to receive either frusemide (F) (0.5 mg/kg i.v.) or an equivalent volume of saline (S) i.V., 4 h prior to treadmill exercise. Horses were instrumented to enable measurement of heart rate (HR), systolic (SAP), mean (MAP), and diastolic (DAP) carotid arterial pressures, pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), central venous pressure (CVP), pulmonary arterial temperature (TEMP), blood gases, and cardiac output (CO). Plasma (PV) and blood volumes (BV) were measured using 2 injections of Evan's Blue dye. Baseline parameters were recorded while the horse stood quietly. Horses were then administered F or S. Four hours later, they were warmed up for 3 min at 4 m/s and then exercised to the point of fatigue at 115% Vo2max. Horses were anaesthetised immediately following exercise by administration of detomidine (0.04 mg/kg bwt i.v.) followed 5 min later by tiletamine-zolazepam (1.25 mg/kg bwt i.v.). After transporting the horse to a recovery stall, anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in 100% O2. Data were analysed using a 2-way ANOVA with repeated measures with post hoc differences identified using the Student-Newman-Keul's procedure. Exercise was associated with increases in HR, SAP, MAP, DAP, PAP, CVP, TEMP, PCV, and BV, and decreases in PV, pH, arterial bicarbonate and base excess. Anaesthesia was associated with marked hypercapnia, a decrease in HR following detomidine administration, and persistent pulmonary hypertension despite carotid arterial pressure which returned to baseline. No effects attributable to F were identified at any time during the study.
Stability Criteria for Convection at Small Prandtl Numbers

Stability of the two-dimensional convection rolls in a horizontal layer with nearly insulating boundaries is investigated. For the Prandtl number P in the range P ≪β 1/3 ≪1 (β is the ratio between the thermal conductivities of the boundary and of the fluid) stability criteria for α≠α c (α c being the critical wave number α which minimizes the Rayleigh number R ) are found which determine the region of the stable rolls in the ( R , α) parameter space.
Surface Film Softening Effects in MoSi2

Surface film softening, which is associated with the generation of mobile dislocations at a film-substrate interface and their motion into the substrate, has been demonstrated previously for bcc metals and B2 ordered alloy substrates. MoSi 2 exhibits features of limited dislocation mobility and plasticity similar to these materials and would also be expected to exhibit film-enhanced plasticity, but at much higher temperatures. In this investigation, 150 nm thick films of SiO 2 , MoSi 2 and ZrO 2 were deposited on MoSi 2 substrates by electron beam deposition at ∼50°C in an attempt to observe film softening. In initial experiments, hot hardness testing was utilized primarily to maintain deformation conditions characteristic of dislocation glide. ZrO 2 -coated MoSi 2 demonstrates a large film-induced softening in hardness tests carried out at 0.5 - 1 kgf loads over the temperature range 25 - 1300°C.
Energy efficient and reliable storage disks

Computer hard disks have different failure probability rates that are a function of age and utilization. In this paper the relationship between the disk age, utilization, and failure probabilities are determined. This relationship is used to estimate a safe utilization zone for a disk dependent on its age. Results prove that when disks are operated in safe utilization zones the probability of failure is minimised drastically. Energy consumption is reduced by operating the disks at three power modes: Active, Idle and Sleep. We considered a storage system organized using RAID 1 for the experiments. In RAID 1 data is mirrored to the backup disks from the primary disks. Traditional methods wake up the backup disks when the utilization of the primary disks exceeds 100 percent or both the disks are always active to balance the load between the disks. These methods consume a massive amount of energy. Hence, we designed a policy where we determine the safe utilization levels for the disks to operate with minimum probability failure rates while also conserving energy. This approach is not only reliable but also saves a significant amount of energy.
Equality in suicide and dates of women's suffrage.

The ratio of female/male suicide rates in 50 nations in 1990 was not associated with the year of women's suffrage. Language: en
The relationships between cyclic fatigue loading, changes in initial mechanical properties, and the in vivo temporal mechanical response of the rat patellar tendon

Damage accumulation underlies tendinopathy. Animal models of overuse injuries do not typically control loads applied to the tendon. Our in vivo model in the rat patellar tendon allows direct control of the loading applied to the tendon. Despite this advantage, natural variation among tendons results in different amounts of damage induced by the same loading protocol. Our objectives were to (1) assess changes in the initial mechanical parameters (hysteresis, stiffness of the loading and unloading load-displacement curves, and elongation) after fatigue loading to identify parameters that are indicative of the induced damage, and (2) evaluate the relationships between these identified initial damage indices with the stiffness 7 day after loading. Left patellar tendons of adult, female retired breeder, Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 68) were fatigue loaded per our previously published in vivo fatigue loading protocol. To induce a range of damage, fatigue loading consisted of either 5, 100, 500 or 7200 cycles that ranged from 1 N to 40 N. Diagnostic tests were applied before and immediately after fatigue loading, and after 45 min of recovery to deduce recoverable and non-recoverable changes in initial damage indices. Relationships between these initial damage indices and the 7-day stiffness (at sacrifice) were determined. Day-0 hysteresis, loading and unloading stiffness exhibited cycle-dependent changes. Initial hysteresis loss correlated with the 7-day stiffness. k-means cluster analysis demonstrated a relationship between 7-day stiffness and day-0 hysteresis and unloading stiffness. This analysis also separated samples that exhibited low from high damage in response to both high or low number of cycles; a key delineation for interpretation of the biological response in future studies. Identifying initial parameters that reflect the induced damage is critical since the ability of the tendon to repair depends on the damage induced and the number of applied loading cycles.
Factor Proportions, Human Capital and Foreign Trade: The Case of West Germany Reconsidered

Introduction, 152. — Method of analysis, 153. — Determination of returns to human capital, 156. — Results of the study, 158. — Conclusion, 160.
Differential cross sections for secondary electron production by proton impact.

The differential cross section for ionization of atoms and molecules by proton impact is modeled over a wide range of incident-proton and ejected-electron energies by an analytical equation. This equation is based on the molecular promotion model at low energies and on the classical binary-encounter approximation, modified to agree with the Bethe theory of ionization, at high energies. Three adjustable parameters are sufficient to fit the experimental electron energy distribution at any given impact energy. Equations are given which fit two of these parameters as a function of proton energy over the range of 5 keV to 5 MeV. The third parameter is found to be a constant, independent of proton energy, but its value varies somewhat from target to target. The relation of one of these parameters to the optical oscillator strength is discussed as is the extension of the model to multishell targets. As examples, the model is applied to fit data on molecular hydrogen, helium, and argon. Quantities such as the stopping cross section, the average ejection energy, and the fraction of electrons ejected with energies greater than a given value are easily calculated using this model.
Relocation stress in adolescent females: depression, anxiety and coping

Summary •This descriptive exploratory study estimates the prevalence of depression and anxiety in relocated adolescent females. The sample of 17 adolescent girls, aged 14-16 years, was recruited from the public high school of a highly mobile suburb of Western Pennsylvania. Subjects had experienced a move within the past 3–18 months. •Subjects were interviewed and the following instruments were administered: the Relocation Survey, the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist, the Mooney Problem Checklist, the Ways of Coping Questionnaire, the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale, and the Life Event Record-Senior High Version. •Findings indicated that the initial reaction to the move by 76% of the girls was a feeling of sadness. The part of the move liked least was leaving friends. •Eighteen per cent indicated that they lacked confidence in their own ability to adjust to the new school. Three of the 17 subjects (18%) were clinically depressed and 18% suffered moderate levels of anxiety. •The most frequently used coping strategy was escape-avoidance. •Results of this study have implications for teachers, parents, school guidance counsellors, school nurses, and the masters-prepared psychiatric mental health nurse consultant.
Computerized delineation and analysis of costophrenic angles in digital chest radiographs

Rationale and Objectives. The authors developed a computerized method for delineating the costophrenic angles in digital posteroanterior chest radiographs to derive quantitative information that allows for detection of abnormal blunting of the costophrenic angle. Materials and Methods. An automated lung-segmentation scheme was used, and small regions of interest were placed in the approximate position of the costophrenic angles in 600 clinical posteroanterior chest radiographs to define a subimage for further analysis. The diaphragmatic aspect of the costophrenic angle was delineated based on column-wise contrast information, and the costal aspect was delineated based on row-wise gray-level maxima. The angle formed by the convergence of these two aspects provided the basis for assessing abnormality. Curve fitting was then performed on these segments to form a continuous costophrenic angle delineation. Results. The computer-determined angles for 1,166 hemithoraces were compared with independent diagnostic assessments by a radiologist. An encouraging level of agreement was found between these two measurements, with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve attaining a value of 0.83. Conclusion. This delineation method enhances the automated lung-segmentation scheme. Quantitative information obtained from the costophrenic angles can be used for automatic evaluation of the presence of costophrenic angle blunting, which may indicate the presence of pleural effusion.
Optimizing the Nematic Liquid Crystal Relaxation Speed by Magnetic Field

Nematic liquid crystalline materials have been widely used in electro-optical control of visible light. However, when IR light is considered, the thickness of the liquid crystal layer must be increased which causes the relaxation time of the material to be slower than required for many applications. In this paper we use a magnetic field to increase the speed of thick nematic devices. We show that above a particular magnetic field strength, thicker cells relax more quickly than thinner ones. Also, we find that there exists an optimal voltage range for devices of a particular thickness and with a particular applied magnetic field. Devices that allow a half-wave modulation of 1.55μm light in less than 5ms are shown to be possible with the use of a 2T magnetic field.
Aromatic-dependent Salmonella as live vaccine presenters of foreign epitopes as inserts in flagellin.

Abstract Synthetic oligonucleotides specifying amino acid sequences identified as epitopes of various foreign antigens (cholera toxin subunit B, hepatitis B surface protein and others) have been inserted at an Eco RV- Eco RV deletion site in a cloned Salmonella flagellin gene; the resulting plasmids, when placed in flagellin-negative Escherichia coli or Salmonella sp. strains, caused production of flagellin expressing the epitope. If the chimeric flagellin allowed formation of flagella, the epitope was exposed at the surface of the flagellar filaments. A Δ aroA flagellin-negative S. dublin live vaccine strain given plasmids carrying various chimeric flagellin genes was administered to mice, etc. Serum antibody specific for the foreign epitope was in all cases evoked by parenteral administration; oral route administration was effective in the case of two epitopes of hepatitis B surface protein but not effective for several other epitopes. Several i.p. inocula of the live vaccine strain with an insert corresponding to the 15 N-terminal amino acids of the M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes type 5 evoked M-specific antibody with opsonic activity, and the mice were (incompletely) protected against a lethal challenge of S. pyogenes type 5. The non-virulence of Salmonella sp. strains with complete blocks in the aromatic biosynthesis pathway, even for animals with genetically determined or other defects in host defences, can be completely accounted for by their requirement for p -aminobenzoic acid, since non-leaky pabB mutations caused similar attenuation. Two transposon insertions at aroE caused little or no attenuation, presumably because they did not result in complete block of the relevant step in biosynthesis. The limited growth of Δ aroA strains in mouse tissues parallels that which precedes the bacteriostasis caused by addition of a sulphonamide to a growing broth culture of a sulphonamide-sensitive strain; the final cessation of growth in each case presumably results from inability to initiate new protein chains with a formyl-methionine unit when the original folic acid content of the bacteria has been diluted out by residual growth.
Cost function market makers for measurable spaces

We characterize cost function market makers designed to elicit traders' beliefs about the expectations of an infinite set of random variables or the full distribution of a continuous random variable. This characterization is derived from a duality perspective that associates the market maker's liabilities with market beliefs, generalizing the framework of [11,13], but relies on a new subdifferential analysis. It differs from prior approaches in that it allows arbitrary market beliefs, not just those that admit density functions. This allows us to overcome the impossibility results of [10] and design the first automated market maker for betting on the realization of a continuous random variable taking values in {0,1} that has bounded loss without resorting to discretization. Additionally, we show that scoring rules are derived from the same duality and share a close connection with cost functions for eliciting beliefs.
The effects of anthranilic acid on gene expression.

Abstract 1. 1. A Drosophila pseudoobscura amylase gene cloned in Escherichia coli is expressed at high levels. The expression of this gene is repressed when glucose (0.5% final concentration) is added to a starch minimal medium culture of E. coli cells containing the amylase plasmid. 2. 2. Addition of anthranilic acid (5 and 7 mM final exogenous concentration) to catabolite repressed cells mimics the action of adenosine 3'5' cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) by derepressing the expression of the amylase. 3. 3. The results suggest that anthranilic acid acts either indirectly, possibly through the glucose transport system, or directly, by way of an intercalative model of initiation, to alter the levels of transcription.
A model for the three-dimensional structure of peptidoglycan in staphylococci.

Although the monomeric units of peptidoglycan in Staphylococcus aureus and other staphylococci are well known, the complete structure of the peptidoglycan has not been elucidated. The peptidoglycan monomeric unit may be divided into three parts: (1) glycan chain piece, consisting of N-acetylglucosaminyl-N-acetylmuramic acid; (2) connecting peptide extending from L-alanine to the α-amino group of L-lysine; (3) peptide chain piece, consisting of D-alanine, the remainder of L-lysine not included in the connecting peptide, and pentaglycine (S. aureus) or mixed glycine and serine residues (other staphylococci) attached to the ɛ amino group of lysine. The deformation of cross wall into hemisphere in the course of cell division, the distensibility of peptidoglycan, and the appearance of circular (? spiral) lines in the cross wall and on the surface of the newly-formed hemisphere are clues to the structure of peptidoglycan. In the proposed model, cross wall is formed as a linear spiral with 20 turns extending in a plane from periphery to center of the cell. During cell division, the cross wall is bisected. The cross wall spiral becomes a spiral forming the peripheral wall of a new hemisphere. The width of the spiral on the cell surface is maintained by rigid glycan chains and by covalent bonds linking turns of the spiral. The length of the spiral is about 30 times the diameter of the cell. Flexible polypeptide sheets consisting of parallel polypeptide chains run along the length of the spiral. Individual polypeptides contain an average of ten peptide chain pieces. The glycan chain is a helix with two disaccharide residues per turn; consequently consecutive connecting peptides project in opposite directions and are perpendicular both to the glycan chain and to the peptide chain. In cross wall, hydrogen bonding between polypeptide chains enables the polypeptide sheet to transmit changes in tension. The deformation of cross wall into peripheral wall requires doubling of the external surface area of the peptidoglycan. A change in the angle of the glycan chain with respect to the peptide chain results in an increase of the distance between peptide chains, causing the doubling of surface area. Implications of the model include explanations for the initiation of cell division and for the existence of osmotically growth-dependent staphylococci.
InAs quantum dot infrared photodetectors on InP by MOCVD

Here we report our recent results of InAs quantum dots grown on InP substrate by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) for the application of quantum dot infrared photodetector (QDIP). We have previously demonstrated the first InP-based QDIP with a peak detection wavelength at 6.4 μm and a detectivity of 10 10 cmHz 1/2 /W at 77K. Here we show our recent work toward shifting the detection wavelength to the 3-5 μm middlewavelength infrared (MWIR) range. The dependence of the quantum dot on the growth conditions is studied by atomic force microscopy, photoluminescence and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The device results from the MWIR InAs/InP QDIPs are discussed. Right now, the performance of the QDIPs is still far below the predicted potential, and one of the reasons is the low quantum efficiency. Possible ways to increase the quantum efficiency of QDIPs are discussed.
Tentative identification of a “maturation enzyme” for precursor 16 s ribosomal RNA in Escherichia coli

Abstract A “maturation enzyme” which is involved in the transformation of p16 (precursor 16 s ribosomal RNA) was tentatively identified as RNase II, by comparing RNase IIts Escherichia coli strain N464 with its ancestral strains Q13 and A19. (1) N464 was temperature sensitive and accumulated p16 when it was grown at a high temperature, while its ancestral strains did not. (2) In vitro maturation activity in crude extracts was inactivated by heating at 50°C for 5 minutes, (which inactivates temperature-sensitive RNase II), only in the case of N464. (3) The heat sensitivity of in vitro maturation for Q13 was similar to that reported for RNase II of Q13.
A clown most serious: Patch Adams

Patch Adams is profiled, based on an interview in his home conducted in December 2012. Adams' contribution to therapeutic clowning is discussed and analyzed.
Adolescent Ecstasy Use: A Test of Social Bonds and Social Learning Theory

Recent data show an increase in ecstasy use among adolescents, yet the literature on ecstasy use is scant and largely atheoretical. This research seeks to fill this gap by utilizing data from a national sample of adolescents to test two prominent criminological theories. The findings are supportive of both social control and social learning theories. Adolescents who have favorable attitudes toward substance use, whose peers use, and whose parents and peers condone use are more likely to consume ecstasy. Adolescents with strong bonds to family and school were less likely to consume ecstasy in comparison to adolescents with weaker bonds. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Non-Lorentzian laser line shapes and the reversed peak asymmetry in double optical resonance

The interaction of an atomic system with a laser having phase fluctuations is studied within the phase-diffusion model, with the finite correlation time of the time derivative of the phase taken into account. This finite correlation time introduces a line shape which is Lorentzian near the center and falls off faster than the Lorentzian at its wings. The authors apply this model to calculate the spectrum of double optical resonance for excitation by a laser having this non-Lorentzian line shape. It is observed that the reversed peak asymmetry reverts to normal far off resonance owing to the cutoff of the laser spectrum, in agreement with recent experiments. Numerical results are presented.
An investigation into the use of spatial coordinates for the genetic algorithm based solution of the fixture layout optimization problem

The fixture layout optimization problem is highly modal. It has been shown that layout optimization methods that use the genetic algorithm (GA) are effective at finding high quality solutions. To date, such methods have used FEA node numbers to represent the locations of fixture elements. This paper presents a new GA based optimization method that uses spatial coordinates to represent the locations of fixture elements. This method integrates a number of important GA concepts such as real encoding, increased mutation, and sharing. Test results show that the new method provides higher quality solutions with substantially less numbers of generations than the old method. These results also show that the use of increased mutation and sharing significantly improves the performance of the new method.
Capacitated Warehouse Location with Concave Costs

The mixed integer-linear models that have been used in most analyses of warehouse location problems fail to capture the potential operating efficiencies associated with large scale facilities. This paper presents an algorithm for finding a minimal cost warehouse system design wherein individual warehouses have limited capacities and exhibit economies of scale. The iterative procedure defines and solves a series of conventional transportation problems in order to converge on the optimal system design. The algorithm is well suited to solving large problems of the type commonly encountered in practice.
A comparison of bond moment and charge flow models for vibrational circular dichroism intensities

Using the bond moment hypothesis, vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) intensity expressions are presented in a convenient form and compared to those derived in the charge flow model. While all other contributions are the same, the fixed charge contribution to magnetic dipole derivatives is represented differently in these two models. The charge flow model predictions in NHDT are in good agreement with those obtained from molecular orbital calculations, but the bond moment model predictions of VCD magnitudes are found to be much smaller.
Minimization of link failure in Mobile Ad hoc Network by using RSS based AODV routing protocol

This paper aims to avoid route breaks in Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) while routing the data packets by using Received Signal Strength (RSS) based Ad hoc on demand Distance Vector routing protocol. The route break is predicted by using the parameter RSS and node density. The intermediate nodes locally repair the route if any route failure occurs in the network. The received signal strength denotes the power level on the received signal. It is used to estimate the strength of the received signal. If it is low means the link break is expected. The node density is used to describe that the number of nodes available within the communication range. Increase in the number of neighbor nodes increases the transmission delay by competing for obtaining the channel. So, the proposed scheme decreases the transmission delay and avoids route breaks in the network.
If Only I Hadn't Smoked: The Impact of Counterfactual Thinking on a Smoking-Related Behavior.

The role of counterfactual thinking as an effective antismoking communications strategy is examined. Specifically, this study investigates how various types of counterfactual thoughts, generated in response to a detrimental smoking scenario, impact individuals' affective evaluations of the scenario, as well as their willingness to participate in a smoking-related behavioral test, a lung-capacity test. This is tested in three experiments, which differ in the timing of gathering individuals' willingness to participate in the lung-capacity test. Experiment 1 collected individuals' willingness to participate in the test shortly after the counterfactual task, whereas Experiments 2 and 3 made this assessment 2 and 7 days following the counterfactual task (respectively). The results of all three experiments indicated that although upward counterfactuals had a negative impact on individuals' affective evaluations of the scenario, they had no effect on participants' willingness to schedule a lung- capacity test. Alternatively, additive counterfactuals did have a significant impact on individuals' preparative actions, despite having no influence on their affective evaluations. This effect, however, decreased with time. By demonstrating that counterfactual thinking may significantly influence smoking-related behaviors, this study's findings contribute to and extend prior counterfactual and antismoking research. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluating the use of a portable spirometer in a study of pediatric asthma.

Study objectives: Laboratory-based spirometry is the “gold standard” for the assessment of lung function, both in clinical and research protocols. These spirometers, however, are neither practical nor affordable for home-based monitoring or studies that collect data in multiple locations. Traditionally, peak flowmeters have been used, but they have important limitations. Design: Based on data from a cohort of 92 children with asthma, we evaluated the agreement between a portable spirometer and a office-based spirometer, using an in-line technique to evaluate measures from the same effort. We compared a range of pulmonary function parameters collected during office-based tests, and also evaluated whether adequate adherence and data quality could be achieved in a home-based study of children with asthma. Results: The agreement between the devices for the actual values of peak expiratory flow, FEV1, and forced expiratory flow at 25% of FVC was excellent. The portable device was programmed with customized software to grade each curve using revised American Thoracic Society acceptability and reproducibility criteria. For 74% of the curves, quality grade agreed with a grade assigned by physician review of the curve from the office-based spirometer. During 2 weeks of twice-daily monitoring at home, children completed an average of 23 of 28 possible sessions (83%). Of these, 84% had at least two acceptable and two reproducible curves. Although children > 8 years old were not more adherent, they were significantly more likely to achieve acceptable and reproducible curves. Conclusions: Portable spirometers can provide measurements that are highly comparable to those obtained from “gold standard” laboratory spirometers, and high-quality tracings can be achieved both at home and in the office setting. Visual inspection of the curves by experienced reviewers identified unacceptable curves that were not rejected by the quality control software. Portable spirometers are an important contribution to epidemiologic and clinical studies that require frequent measures of a more broad range of pulmonary function parameters than can be provided by peak flowmeters. (CHEST 2003; 123:1899 –1907)
Fetal Surgical conditions and the unraveling of maternal-fetal tolerance

Fetal surgery is a fascinating field that will continue to evolve as we develop a more refined understanding of the underlying biology of various birth defects. Since preterm labor is a frequent outcome of fetal intervention, examining the mechanisms that lead to a breakdown in maternal-fetal tolerance is vital to developing strategies to overcome this limitation. The trafficking of cells between the mother and fetus during pregnancy plays a critical role in the education of the fetal immune system and may have implications for postnatal transplantation tolerance. Maternal cells may also be the ideal source for transplantation into the fetus to treat congenital stem cell disorders.
Simultaneous localization and mapping with learned object recognition and semantic data association

Complex and structured landmarks like objects have many advantages over low-level image features for semantic mapping. Low level features such as image corners suffer from occlusion boundaries, ambiguous data association, imaging artifacts, and viewpoint dependance. Artificial landmarks are an unsatisfactory alternative because they must be placed in the environment solely for the robot's benefit. Human environments contain many objects which can serve as suitable landmarks for robot navigation such as signs, objects, and furniture. Maps based on high level features which are identified by a learned classifier could better inform tasks such as semantic mapping and mobile manipulation. In this paper we present a technique for recognizing door signs using a learned classifier as one example of this approach, and demonstrate their use in a graphical SLAM framework with data association provided by reasoning about the semantic meaning of the sign.
Directionally Solidified Ceramic Eutectics

The aligned structures which result from the directional solidification (DS) of ceramic eutectics are of interest because of their potential for use in electronic devices and as structural materials. Techniques for growing DS ceramic eutectics are briefly discussed. The principles and controlling parameters of DS eutectic growth are described. The criteria for plane-front growth and the effect of growth rate on interlamellar or interfiber spacing are discussed. Examples of the effect of growth parameters on the alignment of the microstructure are given. Examples of the mechanical properties of directionally solidified oxide-oxide ceramics are also cited.
Media use, postmaterialist values, and political interest: the making of Chinese environmentalists and their views on their social environment

Using the Chinese part (N=1000) of the fourth-wave (2001) World Values Survey data, this research finds a positive association between news media use and willingness to be a Chinese environmentalist. However, this association disappears when political interest, a stronger and more consistent moderator of being a Chinese environmentalist, is put together in one model. The study also finds a positive association between postmaterialist values and being a Chinese environmentalist, and Chinese environmentalists tend to be more skeptical of the media and the government than non-environmentalists. While Chinese environmentalists prefer a triumph of environmental protection over economic development, they have no preference between statements of human beings mastering nature and human beings coexisting with nature, compared with non-environmentalist respondents.
One-stage reconstruction of partial laryngopharyngeal defects

Advanced-stage lesions of the hypopharynx or tongue base often involve the larynx. The difficulty of reconstructing large partial laryngopharyngeal defects can result in total laryngectomy being performed to avoid the assumed problems with aspiration. This article describes the first reported experience using the pectoralis musculocutaneous flap for primary one-stage reconstruction of laryngopharyngeal defects following resection of advanced-stage lesions, to reconstruct both the laryngeal and the pharyngeal components of the defect. In this group of 21 patients, there were 16 with hypopharyngeal and 5 with tongue base cancers. Two had received prior treatment, and all received some form of postoperative radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. Six patients experienced complications, including two fistulae, three wound infections, two myocardial infarctions, and one colon perforation. There were no instances of stenosis of the reconstructed segment. The length of hospitalization ranged from 9 to 60 days, the average being 17 days. Forty-seven percent (21) of the patients were not tolerating an oral diet at the time of discharge. However, 15 patients (71%) ultimately were eating by mouth, with 13 (62%) achieving an oral intake of liquids and solids. This analysis supports the hypothesis that the pectoralis major musculocutaneous flap is an effective one-stage primary reconstruction technique for laryngopharyngeal defects in patients either who have received prior therapy or who will receive postoperative therapy.