cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 3759: Identification of novel carboplatin resistance gene in ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal gynecology cancer in the world. Although carboplatin is one of the major drugs used to treat OC, resistance to carboplatin remains a major barrier to successful treatment. To date, the mechanisms of carboplatin resistance are still poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to use the novel validation-based insertional mutagenesis (VBIM) technique to identify carboplatin resistance gene in A2780 OC cells. A2780 cells were infected with VBIM virus to cause the overexpression of drug resistance genes, then were further selected under carboplatin treatment. Targeted gene was then identified by using VBIM specific primers. In a preliminary screen, we identified the novel carboplatin resistance gene 1 (NCR1). Overexpression of NCR1 increased carboplatin resistance in A2780 OC cells, while knocking it down with shRNA had the opposite effect. In an attempt to investigate the molecular mechanism that underlying NCR1-mediated carboplatin resistance, we found that NCR1 is a potential NF-κB activator. In summary, we conclude that using a novel VBIM technique, we discovered a previously unknown carboplatin resistance gene NCR1, which may mediate drug resistance via NF-κB signaling pathway. This study is of extreme importance by identifying a potential novel therapeutic target NCR1 in carboplatin resistance. Development of small chemical inhibitors targeting NCR1 could ultimately lead to novel therapeutic approach for ovarian cancer treatment. Citation Format: Han Wei, Yun She, Tao Lu. Identification of novel carboplatin resistance gene in ovarian cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3759. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3759
Cost based data dissemination in satellite networks

We consider the problem of data dissemination in a broadcast network. In contrast to previously studied models, broadcasting is among peers, rather than client server. Such a model represents, for example, satellite communication among widely distributed nodes, sensor networks, and mobile ad hoc networks. We introduce a cost model for data dissemination in peer to peer broadcast networks. The model quantifies the tradeoff between the inconsistency of the data, and its transmission cost; the transmission cost may be given in terms of dollars, energy, or bandwidth. Using the model we first determine the parameters for which eager (i.e. consistent) replication has a lower cost than lazy (i.e. inconsistent) replication. Then we introduce a lazy broadcast policy and compare it with several naive or traditional approaches to solving the problem.
Extract salient visual features from imagery-motor sequences for mobile robot navigation

This paper presents a method to extract salient visual features from imagery-motor sequences for mobile robot navigation based on the sensory-motor coordination principle. Salient feature extraction consists of three steps: tele-operation, offline association, and evaluation. First, the mobile robot is tele-operated in an environment along a path several times. All visual sensor data, along with non-visual sensor data and motor drive commands, are recorded. In the offline association step, these recorded sensory-motor sequences are partitioned into episodes according to the motor commands. Attention operator, texture energy, and average linkage clustering are used to discover the consistent visual features in the imagery sequences. Finally, these features, along with consistent non-visual features, are then used to drive the robot in the learned environment.
Menthol’s Potential Effects on Nicotine Dependence: A White Paper

Publicly available internal tobacco industry documents were analyzed to answer the following questions regarding menthol’s role in nicotine dependence: 1) What are the addiction and exposure measures and what are their relationships to menthol cigarette use? 2) Do menthol smokers show different signs or levels of nicotine dependence compared to non-menthol smokers? 3) Does menthol affect cigarette consumption (cigarettes per day) and do menthol smokers smoke more or fewer cigarettes per day compared to non-menthol smokers? 4) What is menthols’ effect on nicotine metabolism (i.e. glucuronide formation) and do menthol smokers experience different nicotine exposure and/or altered nicotine metabolism as compared to non-menthol smokers? (i.e. serum cotinine levels) 5) Does menthol have an effect on nicotine delivery? 6) Does menthol alter the addictiveness of smoking through sensory stimulation? Tobacco industry documents reveal at least two important reasons for menthol’s use in cigarettes. A final collection of 309 documents was analyzed for this report, of which 72 were deemed relevant to one or more of the research questions and cited in this paper. Our analyses of these documents indicate 1) menthol is used in cigarettes to override the harsh taste of tobacco; 2) menthol has physiological effects, and it synergistically interacts with nicotine; 3) menthol makes low tar, low nicotine tobacco products that would otherwise be tasteless and unsatisfactory acceptable to smokers. Tobacco manufacturers manipulated menthol levels to produce tobacco products that would be easier to consume, especially for new and inexperienced smokers.
Going Off the Rails on a Crazy Train: Internet Infamy and Congressional Extremism

This paper measures the degree to which Members of Congress are ridiculed on the internet based on the frequency with which their names are used as search terms, paired with epithets attacking their intelligence or sanity. Ideological extremism is the most consistent statistical predictor of internet ridicule, and party leaders in the House of Representatives are subject to more ridicule than rank-and-ﬁle Members. There is no leadership position effect in the Senate.
Technology in Action: Developing School-wide Activity Programs

This article describes how technology can be used to motivate both students and educators alike to participate in a program of regular physical activity and encourage positive dietary behaviors.
The DeSitter symmetry of the Dirac equation

The SO(4,1) symmetry of the Dirac equation is constructed. It is realized on the full space of solutions of the Dirac equation. Generalizations and possible physical implications are noted.
Fentanyl pharmacokinetics in patients undergoing renal transplantation.

Study Objective. To describe the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in patients undergoing renal transplantation. Design. Prospective. Setting. A large university teaching hospital. Patients. Eight patients (mean ± SD age 35.5 ± 11.5 yrs, weight 73.4 ± 24.8 kg) with end-stage renal failure receiving kidneys from a living relative; three patients were never dialyzed, three were receiving peritoneal dialysis, and two were receiving hemodialysis. Interventions. Plasma was sampled before and at intervals up to 8 hours after intravenous injection of fentanyl 25 pg/kg before skin incision. Measurements and Main Results. Mean ± SD (range) preoperative values were blood urea nitrogen (BUN) 66 ± 30 (35–111) mg/dl; albumin 3.6 ± 0.7 (2.6-4.5) g/dl; and triglycerides 414 ± 352 (156–1270) mg/dl. Elimination half-life was 382 ± 205 minutes; volume of distribution for the central compartment 0.74 ± 0.48 L/kg; volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) 3.1 ± 2.0 L/kg; total body clearance 7.5 ±5.1 ml • kg−1 • min−1 • A significant inverse relationship between degree of azotemia and fentanyl clearance was found. The two patients with the highest preoperative BUNs had the lowest multiple of clearance and Vdss, and were also the only ones to require postoperative mechanical ventilation. Conclusion. Although all patients received a kidney that functioned well after revascularization, the large intersubject variability in fentanyl kinetics may, in part, reflect their heterogeneity in dialysis status and renal failure-induced abnormalities. Marked decreases in fentanyl clearance do occur in these patients, appear to be related to very high BUN concentrations, and can lead to prolonged postoperative ventilatory depression.
Fluorescence studies of polymer dynamics

Abstract Studies of fluorescence anisotropy, excimer emission, nonradiative energy transfer and the dependence of emission intensity on the polarity and rigidity of the medium have been applied to fluorophore-labeled polymers to characterize various aspects of the dynamics of flexible chain molecules.
Kinetic analysis of the template effect in ribooligoguanylate elongation.

We have undertaken a complete kinetic analysis of the template-directed oligoguanylate synthesis originated in Orgel's laboratory (Inoue and Orgel, 1982). The reaction of guanosine 5'-phospho-2-methylimidazolide, 2-MelmpG, with ribooligoguanylates all 3'-5' linked, designated n3 with n = 7-12, was studied in the presence/absence of the complementary template polycytidylic acid, poly(C). Conditions were chosen where poly(C) and 2-MelmpG are in large excess over the oligoguanylate. In the absence of the template at 37 degrees C the reaction leads to three isomeric oligomers that are elongated by one monomer unit. They are the 3'-5' linked, (n + 1)3, the 2'-5' linked, (n + 1)2, and the pyrophosphate product, (n + 1)p, formed in an approximate ratio 1:2:5. In the presence of the template the reaction is 20-fold faster and yields products n + 1, n + 2, n + 3 etc. as long as 2-MelmpG is available. Most importantly the formation of the natural, 3'-5' linked isomer, is enhanced selectively by 140-fold at 37 degrees C. Qualitative observations allow the conclusion that this enhancement is temperature dependent and increases with decreasing temperature. For example, at 1 degree C only the 3'-5' linked isomers were detected. Initial rates for the disappearance of the n3 oligoguanylate were determined at 1, 23, and 37 degrees C. It was found that the pseudo-first order rate constant for oligoguanylate elongation was linearly proportional to the 2-MelmpG concentration. This implies that the reaction complex poly(C).n3.2-MelmpG does not accumulate under the reaction conditions, a conclusion which is also supported by infrared data (Miles and Frazier, 1982). The implication of the above results with respect to chemical evolution is that lower temperatures, i.e., close to freezing, enhance the regioselectivity of these template-directed reactions and that one way to improve replication models may be sought in finding conditions that favor stable reaction complexes.
Relative quantitation of peptides in wild‐type and Cpefat/fat mouse pituitary using stable isotopic tags and mass spectrometry

Cpe(fat/fat) mice have a point mutation in the coding region of the carboxypeptidase E gene that renders the enzyme inactive. As a result, these mice have reduced levels of several neuropeptides and greatly increased levels of the peptide processing intermediates that contain C-terminal basic residues. However, previous studies examined a relatively small number of neuropeptides. In the present study, we used a quantitative peptidomics approach with stable isotopic labels to examine the levels of pituitary peptides in Cpe(fat/fat) mice relative to wild-type mice. Pituitary extracts from mutant and wild type mice were labeled with the stable isotopic label [3-(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yloxycarbonyl)propyl]trimethylammonium chloride containing nine atoms of hydrogen or deuterium. Then, the two samples were pooled and analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). The relative abundance of peptides was determined from a comparison of the intensities of the heavy and light peaks. Altogether, 72 peptides were detected in the Cpe(fat/fat) and/or wild-type mouse pituitary extracts of which 53 were identified by MS/MS sequencing. Several peptides identified in this analysis represent previously undescribed post-translational processing products of known pituitary prohormones. Of the 72 peptides detected in pituitary, 17 were detected only in the Cpe(fat/fat) mouse extracts; these represent peptide processing intermediates containing C-terminal basic residues. The peptides common to both Cpe(fat/fat) and wild-type mice were generally present at 2-5-fold lower levels in the Cpe(fat/fat) mouse pituitary extracts, although some peptides were present at equal levels and one peptide (acetyl beta-endorphin 1-31) was increased approximately 7-fold in the Cpe(fat/fat) pituitary extracts. In contrast, acetyl beta-endorphin 1-26 was present at approximately 10-fold lower levels in the Cpe(fat/fat) pituitary, compared with wild-type mice. The finding that many peptides are substantially decreased in Cpe(fat/fat) pituitary is consistent with the broad role for carboxypeptidase E in the biosynthesis of numerous neuropeptides.
Effect of the R569W Missense Mutation on the Biosynthesis of Myeloperoxidase

Human neutrophil microbicidal activity is largely mediated by reactive species generated by the oxygen-dependent myeloperoxidase (MPO) system. Peroxidase-negative neutrophils from many patients with hereditary MPO deficiency possess a 90-kDa MPO-related protein. We recently identified a missense mutation, R569W, in the MPO gene of many subjects with MPO deficiency. In these studies we examined the consequences of R569W on MPO biosynthesis and processing, using stably transfected K562 cells expressing normal MPO or the R569W mutation. K562 cells expressing normal MPO mimicked faithfully many features of MPO biosynthesis in myeloid cells. 1) apopro-MPO was synthesized; 2) a functional heme group was inserted into apopro-MPO, and enzymatically active pro-MPO was thereby generated; 3) pro-MPO underwent proteolytic processing to mature MPO; and 4) hemin augmented the processing of pro-MPO. pREP-R569W cells synthesized apopro-MPO, but heme was not inserted. Neither enzymatically active pro-MPO nor mature MPO was synthesized by transfectants expressing mutated cDNA, confirming our hypothesis that the R569W mutation results in a form of apopro-MPO which does not undergo post-translational processing to enzymatically active MPO species. In addition, these data support previous suggestions that heme insertion into apopro-MPO is necessary for its subsequent proteolytic processing into mature MPO subunits.
Photographing the vanishing race

American Indians have been perceived as a “vanishing race” almost since their first encounter with Europeans. There has been a parallel interest in documenting this race prior to their disappearance. Joseph K. Dixon is one of many early photographers of American Indians, working from 1908 to 1926. His consistently fine photographs reveal his vision of “the glorious Indian past.” It is too easy to dismiss these images as sentimental, biased, or inaccurate. Instead, they stand as historical documents themselves, recording white attitudes about Indian culture.
Nausea and vomiting after dexamethasone versus droperidol following outpatient laparoscopy with a propofol-based general anesthetic

Background: The purpose of this randomized, double-blinded study was to compare the incidence and severity of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) after dexamethasone versus droperidol following gynecologic laparoscopy, a group at high risk for developing PONV. Methods: Ninety-five patients who underwent a propofol-based general anesthetic received either dexamethasone 0.17 mg/kg IV, or droperidol 0.02 mg/kg IV, just prior to abdominal incision. Nausea, retching, vomiting, degree of sedation, and discharge times were assessed in the Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU), and the Ambulatory Care Unit (ACU). Following hospital discharge (24 h), the patients were contacted by telephone to assess any further complications. Results: PONV in the PACU (14.6% vs. 14.9%) and ACU (8.3% vs. 14.9%) was as common after dexamethasone as after droperidol. PONV following hospital discharge was, however, less common after dexamethasone than after droperidol (4.2% vs. 17.0%, P=0.041). Postoperatively, no complications of therapy were detected. Conclusions: We conclude that PONV is similar with dexamethasone and droperidol, but dexamethasone may have a longer duration of action in patients undergoing gynecologic laparoscopy.
Transient First-Degree Atrioventricular Block Following Intercostal Nerve Block for Vascular Ring Repair

Transient first-degree heart block developed following surgery to divide a vascular ring. This unusual complication was related to autonomic impairment secondary to a local nerve block. The role of the autonomic innervation of the atrioventricular node and the potential role of the local anesthetic are reviewed.
Reasonableness versus rationality in the construction and justification of science policy decisions: the case of the Cambridge Experimentation Review Board.

This article examines the role of the Cambridge Experimentation Review Board (CERB) in the seven-month moratorium (July 1976-February 1977) on recombinant DNA research in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The article focuses on CERB's 23 November 1976 debate, which was the turning point in the committee's proceedings. Although CERB members were implicitly charged with making rational decisions, they were inevitably influenced by biases and emotions. In the process of justifying their decisions, however, they were almost exclusively concerned with appeals to reason. This article argues that appeals to emotion and authority are essential and inevitable components of reasonable (though not rational) decision making. It further argues that legitimizing these appeals in the process of justification will make such appeals more accessible to criticism during the process of construction and, thereby, will help us to define which appeals to emotion and authority are appropriate and which are inappropriate in any given con...
The role of sediment in controlling steady-state bedrock channel slope : Implications of the saltation-abrasion incision model

Abstract The saltation–abrasion model is a mechanistic model for river incision into bedrock by saltating bedload, which we have previously derived and used experimental data to constrain all parameter values. Here we develop a method for applying the saltation–abrasion model at a landscape scale, and use the model as a reference for evaluating the behavior of a wide range of alternative incision models, in order to consider the implications of the saltation–abrasion model, as well as other models, for predicting topographic steady-state channel slope. To determine the single-valued discharge that best represents the effects of the full discharge distribution in transporting sediment and wearing bedrock, we assume all runoff can be partitioned between a low-flow and a high-flow discharge, in which all bedload sediment transport occurs during high flow. We then use the gauged discharge record and measurements of channel characteristics at a reference field site and find that the optimum discharge has a moderate magnitude and frequency, due to the constraints of the threshold of grain motion and bed alluviation by high relative sediment supply. Incision models can be classified according to which of the effects of sediment on bedrock incision are accounted for. Using the predictions of the saltation–abrasion model as a reference, we find that the threshold of motion is the most important effect that should be represented explicitly, followed in order of decreasing importance by the cover effect, the tools effect and the threshold of suspension effect. Models that lack the threshold of motion over-predict incision rate for low shear stresses and under-predict the steady-state channel slope for low to moderate rock uplift rates and rock strengths. Models that lack the cover effect over-predict incision rate for high sediment supply rates, and fail to represent the degree of freedom in slope adjustment provided by partial bed coverage. Models that lack the tools effect over-predict incision rate for low sediment supply rates, and do not allow for the possibility that incision rate can decline for increases in shear stress above a peak value. Overall, the saltation–abrasion model predicts that steady-state channel slope is most sensitive to changes in grain size, such that the effect of variations in rock uplift rate and rock strength may affect slope indirectly through their possible, but as yet poorly understood, influence on the size distribution of sediments delivered to channel networks by hillslopes.
New Professionals in Gero-Assessment: Moving the Field Forward Using Classic and Novel Approaches

When Larry Thompson and Dolores Gallagher-Thompson asked me to edit this special issue on new professionals in gero-assessment, I was simultaneously awestruck and thrilled. I have been reading Larr...
Ultrasound-chitosan enhanced flocculation of low algal turbid waters

Abstract In this study, we evaluated the effect of ultrasound-chitosan enhanced flocculation process for efficient removal of algal cells from low algal turbid waters comparing with the conventional rapid mix process. The results show that the turbidity removal efficiencies for ultrasound-enhanced coagulation (97.8–99% removal) were comparable to the conventional rapid mix coagulation (96.8–99% removal) for alum and for chitosan (84.1–90.5% for RM and 84–97% for US). This study confers that ultrasound mixing can be performed instead of conventional rapid mixing to improve the algal cell removal efficacies from the low algal turbid waters.
Using computer algebra to find nash equilibria

A central concern of game theory is the computation of Nash equilibria. These are characterized by systems of polynomial equations and inequalities. We survey the use of currently available software to solve these systems, and conclude that polyhedral homotopy continuation appears to scale best with increasing problem size.
ADAPTIVE NONLINEAR MODEL CONTROL

Significant improvements in control system performance and robustness can be obtained if the major process nonlinearities are included in the control system design. Nonlinear model control achieves this through the use of simple parallel and series compensation. In the paper we demonstrate the use of this method. New theoretical results on controller robustness are presented; it is in particular shown how series nonlinear model compensation using state and disturbance feedback can be used to improve control system performance. The theoretical results are supported by simulation and pilot plant experiments using a modified version of the self-tuning regulator.
The Pure Pigments, Carotin and Xanthophyll, and the Tswett Adsorption Method

Ever since the yellow plastid pigments have been investigated in plant organs, especially in leaves, there has been considerable controversy regarding the nature and the number of the pigments present. Stokes supposed that there were two and Sorby three xanthophylls. Borodin observed that many crystallizable yellow substances, whose solubilities differed, were present in leaves. He recognized two groups, the carotins, to which belong crystals easily soluble in benzene and difficultly soluble in alcohol, and a second group the representatives of which dissolve very slightly in benzene and easily in alcohol. Arnaud believed that only a single yellow pigment was present and that this was carotin. Monteverde, Tschirch, Tswett and Schunck confirmed and enlarged upon these observations. Later Willstatter and Mieg isolated a representative of each of the groups as designated by Borodin. The large yield of carotinoids obtained by Willstatter and his coworkers makes it seem highly improbable that other yellow plastid pigments are present (10). A very complete review of the literature is given in the monograph of Willstatter and Stoll in chapter XII. Tswett by means of his chromatographic adsorption apparatus has attempted to further resolve the yellow pigments. For example, by filtering a carbon disulphide solution of the leaf pigments through a column of calcium carbonate, carotin passes through without being adsorbed. In addition to the green pigmented zones are four zones of yellow pigments, which Tswett distinguished as a, a1, a11, and 3In the spectrum they show small relative differences in the position of their absorption bands, and as yet these pigments have not been crystallized or isolated in the pure state. Tswett holds the view that the xanthophyll of Willstatter and his coworkers is a mixture of two or three isomorphic xanthophylls while Willstatter has suggested that it is possible that the original pigments have been changed by oxidation during the process of separation. It is the purpose of this paper to support the contention of Willstatter.
Veterans’ Informal Caregivers in the “Sandwich Generation”: A Systematic Review Toward a Resilience Model

Social work theory advanced the formulation of the construct of the sandwich generation to apply to the emerging generational cohort of caregivers, most often middle-aged women, who were caring for maturing children and aging parents simultaneously. This systematic review extends that focus by synthesizing the literature on sandwich generation caregivers for the general aging population with dementia and for veterans with dementia and polytrauma. It develops potential protective mechanisms based on empirical literature to support an intervention resilience model for social work practitioners. This theoretical model addresses adaptive coping of sandwich- generation families facing ongoing challenges related to caregiving demands.
Toxicity of organic selenium in the diet to chinook salmon

The toxicity of two organoselenium diets was evaluated in 90- to 120-d partial life cycle tests with two life stages of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Walbaum). One of the diets contained fish meal made from high-selenium mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis Baird and Girard) collected from the selenium-laden San Luis Drain, California (here termed SLD diet) and the other contained meal made from low-selenium mosquitofish (collected from a reference site) fortified with selenomethionine. A 90-d study was conducted with swim-up larvae in a water-simulating dilution of San Luis Drain water in a standardized fresh water; and a 120-d study was conducted with fingerlings 70-mm long in a water of similar quality but prepared with a standardized brackish water. After 90 d of exposure in the freshwater study, survival was reduced in fish fed ≥9.6 μg Se/g of either diet, and growth was reduced in fish fed ≥5.3 μg Se/g of SLD diet or ≥18.2 μg Se/g of selenomethionine diet. Reduced fish growth, whole-body concentrations of selenium and survival were strongly correlated to concentrations of selenium in both diets. After 120 d of exposure in the brackish-water study, survival was unaffected but growth was reduced in fish fed ≥18.2 μg Se/g of SLD diet or 35.4 μg Se/g of selenomethionine diet. After 120 d of dietary exposure, survival during a 10-d seawater challenge test was reduced in fish fed 35.4 μg Se/g of either diet. In this second dietary study, concentration—response relations were observed in both dietary treatments between the dietary concentrations of selenium and all three characteristics — fish growth, whole-body concentrations of selenium and survival in seawater.
Microfluidic relief for transport limitations.

Vol. 39, No. 2 (2005) BioTechniques 159Mass transfer—motion of chemical species by diffusion within a solution and by convection with the ﬂow of a solution—is a necessary step in any chemical or biochemical manipulation; it delivers the substrate to the enzyme, the oligonucleotide to the spot on a DNA chip, and the growth factor to the cell. Further-more, the efﬁciency of this mass transfer step can strongly affect the rate of a process (e.g., the time to achieve full hybridization on a DNA chip) or even the outcome of the process [e.g., the efﬁciency and homogeneity of a fast coupling reaction, such as ﬂuorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) with a protein]. When work-ing with macroscopic systems (volumes 1 mL). Figure 1 presents a microﬂuidic-based alternative, developed by the Ismagilov laboratory, that provides millisecond temporal resolution with minute volumes of sample (<µL) by generat-ing efﬁcient, nonturbulent mixing (1). In this approach, the reagents are transferred into droplets ﬂowing in a stream of inert oil (Figure 1B). The shear in the oil between the droplets and the walls of the channel stir the contents of the droplets. This stirring motion is particularly efﬁcient as a droplet passes through a zig-zagging section of microchannel (Figure 1A). In this region, the ﬂow folds the ﬂuid into itself in an exponential process known as a Baker’s Transformation (i.e., as in kneading dough); in ﬂuid mechanics, such a ﬂow is called chaotic. The reagents are nearly perfectly homogenized as the droplets leave this mixing region. Since the creation, mixing, and ﬂow of droplets is steady, the temporal evolution of the reaction (RNase A cleaving a ﬂuorogenic substrate in this case) can be read off of a single time-lapse ﬂuorescence image of the remainder of the channel (Figure 1C). In this steady mode of op-eration, temporal resolution can be increased by simply raising the ﬂow speed and the strength of the measured signal (ﬂuorescence intensity in this case) can be increased by increasing the length of the time-lapsed exposure. As a second example, we consider the manage-ment of mass transfer in assays, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), in which the crucial binding event must occur between a sur-face-immobilized species and a solute. In these as-says, the generic difﬁculties associated with mass transfer in small volumes are exacerbated by the fact that the chemical binding event must occur at a solid boundary in the ﬂuid; at such solid-liquid interfaces, there is no motion in the ﬂuid due to the interaction of the ﬂuid with the solid. As bind-ing does occur, the solute of interest is depleted from the solution near the boundary, and more solute can only reach the boundary by diffusion across this depleted layer. The growth of this depleted layer is illustrated in Figure 2, A–C, for a simple ELISA-like assay, in which a ﬂow of analyte is driven over the binding surface through a simple
Egg Marketing Studies in the U.S.A.

(1964). Egg Marketing Studies in the U.S.A. World's Poultry Science Journal: Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 92-115.
From “user” to “customer”: TQM in academic libraries?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a retrospective overview of total quality management (TQM) in the context of library services.Design/methodology/approach – This paper presents a study of TQM and a comparative analysis of TQM in the library context.Findings – Studies of both theoretical principles and experimental implementations demonstrate that it is worthwhile to introduce TQM to the academic libraries. The process of implementing TQM in libraries involves a conceptual change in library professionals and a cultural transformation in the organizational operations. Without a long‐term thinking and commitment, it is not applicable. Teamwork is important for successful implementation of TQM. Every step of the process depends upon the constant support of the top management. Their role determines how far and how long the implementation can go. Therefore, once a decision is made to apply TQM, a strong leadership is required.Research limitations/implications – It is still too early to predict ...
On the frictional contact in crack analysis

Abstract Following the idea of Bowie and Freese we consider a crack in a field of pure bending. The crack is closed over part of its extent, and the two crack faces in contact are allowed to slip under frictional constraints. The solution is constructed under the assumption that the applied loading is monotonically increased. It is discovered, however, that it is possible to analyze unloading by suitably superposing the present solution and that of Bowie and Freese.
Hemodynamics of the rat aortic arch

Hemodynamics have been linked to the genesis and progress of vascular disease in humans and animals1. Disturbed flow patterns such as stagnant flow or flow reversal lead to low or oscillating wall shear stress (WSS). Several in-vivo studies have correlated these types of WSS with disease formation1, 2. The desire to find correlations between markers of vascular disease and mechanical stimuli and because of their easier availability has led to an increasing number of animal model studies. The mouse, in particular, is a commonly used animal for investigating vascular disease formation and progression. Suo et al., were one of the first to relate findings on the molecular level with WSS1. They found increased VCAM and ICAM expression in areas of low WSS. More recently Hoi et al.2, have shown a correlation between atherosclerotic plaque development and hemodynamic parameters such as low time averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS) and Oscillatory Shear Index (OSI).Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Transverse alternating field electrophoresis and applications to mammalian genome mapping

The transverse alternating field electrophoresis system is a pulsed field gel apparatus that has been used to separate DNA molecules that range in size from a few thousand to approximately 7 million base pairs. This apparatus uses a vertical gel and a simple electrode arrangement to produce electric fields that are uniform across all lanes of the gel. The velocity of identical molecules does not vary from lane to lane, and hence there is no distortion in the paths of the DNA. The performance of this system is illustrated here using the chromosomes from S. pombe and S. cerevisiae, and restriction enzyme digested mammalian DNA. The mobility of molecules up to 1100 kilobase pairs is linear with size and can be accomplished in overnight runs. Resolution of very large molecules requires electrophoresis for several days, but molecules from 200 to 7000 kilobase pairs can be separated on a single gel. This electrophoresis system has been used extensively in the construction of a physical map of human chromosome 21, and examples of this application are discussed.
Iron-catalyzed reactions cause lipid peroxidation in the intact heart.

Abstract The chemical targets and mechanisms of iron-catalyzed oxidative injury in myocardium are poorly understood. Oxygen metabolites, in the presence of iron, can initiate free-radical chain reactions in unsaturated membrane lipids, generating lipid peroxides and causing membrane injury. We examined whether exposure to iron-catalyzed oxidative injury would increase myocardial lipid peroxide levels as injury evolved in the intact heart. Isolated, buffer perfused rabbit hearts were exposed for 30 min to 100 u m Fe 2+ /500 u m ADP and 10 u m H 2 O 2 (IRON group, n =5), saline vehicle (CON group, n =6) or 500 u m ADP and 10 u m H 2 O 2 without iron (ADP, n =5). Lipid peroxides were measured in cytosol and membrane fractions by a new method, using the lipid peroxide-induced oxidation of exogenous GSH to GSSG, catalyzed by the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. The results indicated that iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation occurs in the intact heart during chemically-mediated oxidative injury.
Clinical features and outcomes of phacoemulsification in 39 horses: a retrospective study (1993-2003).

Objective To identify visual outcome and postoperative complications following phacoemulsification of equine cataracts. Animals Records of 39 horses (55 eyes) with cataracts were reviewed. Methods Eyes with cataracts removed by phacoemulsification were included in the study. Data collected included age, breed, sex, stage and etiology of cataract, unilateral vs. bilateral involvement, and ultrasound findings. Horses were grouped by etiology of the cataract. Visual outcome and complications were evaluated for each group and the overall population. Results Immediately postoperatively 46 out of 47 eyes (98%) were sighted. Four weeks postoperatively 23 of 29 operated eyes (79%) were sighted [13/18 (72%) eyes with congenital/juvenile onset, 6/6 (100%) eyes with traumatic and 4/5 (90%) eyes with uveitis-induced cataracts], with 18 eyes lost to follow-up. The most common postoperative complications included corneal edema (19 eyes/40%), fibrin in the anterior chamber (11 eyes/23%), postoperative ocular hypertension (9 eyes/19%), synechia/dyscoria (9 eyes/19%), and hyphema (7 eyes/15%). Conclusions Prognosis for vision is favorable for horses following phacoemulsification and planned posterior continuous tear circular capsulorrhexis. Success rates depend on age of patient, cause of cataract and pre-existing intraocular disease. The highest success rate occurred in eyes with traumatic cataracts.
John Stuart Mill and the Law of Markets

I. Introduction, 263. — II. Walras' Law, Say's Identity, and Say's Equality, 264. — III. Mill's concepts of money, 265. — IV. Mill's interpretations of Say's Law and his dual concept of money, 267. — V. Mill's theory of crises, 269. — VI. Mill's views on general overproduction, 271. — VII. Conclusion, 273.
A new optimal approach for improving energy efficiency in wireless ad-hoc networks

Mobile ad hoc network is coordinated without fixed infrastructure. In the conservative AODV routing protocol, source node always forwards RREQ (Route Request) packet to neighbour for finding path to the destination node. The intermediary (neighbour) node having less lifetime or energy, as well forwards RREQ and lifetime expires after some certain time, i.e. node goes down; it cannot forward RREP (Route Reply) on reverse path and source node has to regenerate RREQ that results in needless RREQ rebroadcast, less packet delivery ratio, throughput and more end to end delay. The solution of the above problem, here we propose energy optimal AODV (EOAODV) routing protocol based on reactive routing protocol. In this proposed approach, source node does not send any RREQ; no enough energy (battery life time) and received RREP until the node density in its neighboring exceeds a particular threshold. The performance of the proposed protocol has been examined and evaluated with NS-2.29 simulator for various statistics using these parameters, when applying routing discovery and needs to avoid the unnecessary information sending efficiently. Finally we concluded that the proposed protocol i.e. EOAODV improves network throughput, energy efficiency and network lifetime as well about minimize delay. The new protocol is much better than all existing routing protocols in terms of battery lifetime and throughput.
Effects of multiple scattering and reflective boundary on the transient radiative transfer process

Abstract A time-dependent Monte Carlo method is developed for modeling the transient radiative transfer within absorbing and scattering media. It is well known that the transmitted and reflected signal from a short-pulse incident radiation to the scattering medium has very long, extended temporal spread. However, two important but yet to be clarified issues are: (1) the relative and combined influences of the multiple scattering and reflective boundary on the transient radiative transfer process; and (2) the effect of the incident temporal pulse width and pulse shape on the radiative transport. It is found that the pulse width and shape has little effect on the transient radiative transport process when the pulse temporal width is much smaller than the pulse transmission time through the one-dimensional slab. The stochastic simulation of time-of-flight of photon compares very well with the results obtained by a recently developed Volterra integral equation formulation of the transient radiative transfer.
Human Papillomavirus Infection, Vaccination, and Cervical Cancer Communication: The Protection Dilemma Faced by Women in Southern Appalachia

Human papillomavirus is the most frequently occurring sexually transmitted infection and has been recognized as the necessary cause of cervical cancer. Understanding the shift in public awareness caused by recent changes to cervical prevention is critical to addressing cervical cancer disparities in Appalachia. Since the human papillomavirus vaccine was approved for prevention, little data have been collected regarding human papillomavirus risk assessment and vaccine perceptions among Appalachian women. The purpose of the authors in this study was to investigate communication and cultural issues via a social scripting framework that could influence human papillomavirus vaccine uptake among southern Appalachian women; and explore participants' perceptions of human papillomavirus, cervical cancer, and the vaccine. A qualitative, descriptive design was employed to examine these issues in eight counties in northeast Tennessee and southwest Virginia. Thirty-nine women aged 18–49 years participated in a single ...
Rational expectations and the smoothing properties of inventories of finished goods

Abstract This paper formulates and estimates a dynamic rational expectations equilibrium model of inventories of finished goods and employment of labor. The view that the primary role of inventories of finished goods is to act as a buffer stock in the face of fluctuating demand is examined. Both the model and estimation results indicate that this is the case because of differences in the costs involved for firms in changing their inventory stocks and labor force. In addition to providing some new evidence on the behavior of inventories of finished goods and employment, the paper illustrates a technology for maximum-likelihood estimation of structural parameters under the hypothesis of rational expectations.
SCRIPTURAL REASONING AND THE PHILOSOPHY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE

This essay explores of the relationship between religion and science using Max Weber's insights into the philosophy of social science, C. S. Peirce's philosophy of religion and the Qur’anic treatment of material reality. The Weber-Peirce-Qur’an conversation opens up the possibility of a (social) scientific affirmation of religion and a religious affirmation of science. Scriptural Reasoning (SR) has already demonstrated that it is capable of creating “mutual ground” between the different religious traditions. This exploration of the exchange between SR and the social sciences suggests that SR has the potential of contributing to the creation of mutual ground between the religious traditions and the “secular” academy.
The abundance of antimony in meteorites

Abstract The abundance of antimony in various classes of meteorites has been determined by neutron activation analysis. A specific radiochemical separation procedure was used to obtain antimony samples of high radiochemical purity. Experimental cosmic abundances of antimony based on several different models have been calculated.
Waves in a semi-infinite plate in smooth contact with a harmonically disturbed half-space

Abstract Wave motion of a semi-infinite elastic plate in smooth contact with an elastic half-space is studied. The waves in the plate are generated by a plane time-harmonic dilatational wave incident on the surface of the half-space. By means of Laplace transform methods and the Wiener-Hopf technique an analytical expression for the plate deflection is obtained. The deflection includes terms associated with body waves in the half-space, with surface waves peculiar to a plate-half-space interface and with the geometrical reflection of the incident wave. The deflections associated with an interface wave and with the geometrical reflection of the incident wave have constant amplitudes along the entire length of the plate. At large distances from the edge of the plate, the deflections associated with body waves in the half-space are proportional to x −1/2 . Near the edge of the plate, two interface waves whose amplitudes decrease exponentially with distance from the edge may contribute significantly. The rate of decay of these interface waves decreases with decreasing frequency.
Stimulus factors in the isolation-induced aggression of Bobwhite quail and Khaki Campbell ducklings

Two studies examined the relative abilities of conspecific-derived visual and tactile stimulation to modulate the occurrence of isolation-induced aggression in Bobwhite quail and Khaki Campbell ducklings. In Experiment 1, subjects were permitted visual stimulation from conspecifics but were deprived of conspecific tactile stimulation. In both species, these subjects subsequently showed significantly less aggression towards conspecifics than birds that had been deprived of both visual and tactile stimulation from conspecifics. In Experiment 2, one group of subjects was permitted conspecific tactile stimulation but was deprived of conspecific visual stimulation. Again for both species, these subjects subsequently exhibited significantly less aggressive behavior towards conspecifics than did subjects that had been both visually and tactually de-prived. In sum, the present research suggests that both tactile and visual stimulation from a conspecific are individually sufficient to reduce isolation-induced aggression in these precocial buds.
Setting leadership goals and getting those goals accomplished: insights from a mathematical model

The value and importance of leadership is evident by its prevalence throughout human societies and organizations. In this work, mathematical models are developed to study two key attributes of leadership: setting goals and getting others in the organization to achieve those goals. The models contain controllable parameters whose values reflect the size of the organization, the actions taken by the individuals in the absence of a leader, the goal-setting skill of the leader (that is, the ability of the leader to identify goals that will result in good performance), and the buy-in skill of the leader (that is, the ability of the leader to get others to achieve those goals). The models provide insights as to when goal-setting skill is more important than buy-in skill and when buy-in skill is more important than goal-setting skill. Mathematical analysis is used to derive conditions under which buy-in skill both enhances and detracts from organizational performance.
Optimal interface location and limits of gesture proficiency in an automobile

This paper explores the optimal location of gesture based in-vehicle technology for minimizing driver distraction, as well as the specific manipulative gestures that would accompany such gesture ba...
Low-temperature (4.2–9K) transport along InAs-AlSb quantum wells with δ-doped barriers and superconducting niobium electrodes

Current transport in Nb-(InAs-AlSb quantum well)-Nb structures below the transition temperature of the Nb electrodes depends strongly on the electron concentration and mobility of the InAs layer. In the present paper we report (a) an improved nucleation procedure involving the GaAs→AlAs→AlSb sequence, (b) the use of a thick GaSb buffer, and (c) modulation δ-doping of the quantum well with Te. Using these procedures, we have been able to grow quantum wells with sheet densities as high as 8 × 1012cm-2 while retaining low-temperature mobilities approaching 105cm2/V·s. The differential conductance of such superconductor-semiconductor structures exhibits a sharp peak at zero bias, but then drops below the normal-state value at voltages several times the superconducting gap voltage, before returning to the normal-state conductance at higher bias.
Epitope Mapping Using Histidine-Tagged Protein Fragments: Application toEscherichia coliRNA Polymerase σ70

We present a simple, rapid, and inexpensive method for mapping epitopes of monoclonal antibodies using His-tagged protein fragments. In essence, four steps are involved: (i) purify overproduced His-tagged protein from inclusion body; (ii) fragment the protein by partial chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis and isolate the His-tagged peptides with a Ni2+-chelate column to generate a “ladder” containing a distribution of peptide fragment sizes; (iii) fractionate the isolated peptides by SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and probe the ladder by immunoblot analysis; (iv) determine the size of the fragments that do and do not bind the monoclonal antibody using size markers specific to the His-tagged protein being studied. We have applied this method successfully to map the epitope positions of known and new monoclonal antibodies toEscherichia coliσ70. We believe this method will find broad application.