cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Unintended Consequences of an Algebra-for-All Policy on High-Skill Students Effects on Instructional Organization and Students’ Academic Outcomes

In 1997, Chicago implemented a policy that required algebra for all ninth-grade students, eliminating all remedial coursework. This policy increased opportunities to take algebra for low-skill stud...
A reply to Hay's review of the beginnings of social understanding

Abstract The Beginnings of Social Understanding examines the nature of young children's social understanding, and presents an argument for the processes important in its development. In response to Hay's 1990 review, which focuses on one aspect of that argument—the role of self-interest in those processes—the significance of self-concern is discussed. Self-concern is seen not in terms of a drive to satisfy self-interest, but as a facet of children's developing sense of self and of social efficacy; it is when in pursuit of immediate social goals (to tease, joke, cooperate effectively, to get wants met) that children pay attention to and learn about the social world. Developmental changes in the significance of these social-emotional contexts for the growth of social understanding, and the increase in “disinterested” reflective discussion in the fourth year are discussed; the continuing importance of humor and manipulation of other family members is emphasized. It is argued that sociobiological approaches do not add explanatory power to the observational evidence, and that there are no necessary connections between influences on normative development, and on individual differences.
The basics of brain aneurysms: a guide for patients.

In the last six months, two prominent political figures with brain aneurysms have been featured in the news headlines. Democratic Vice-Presidential nominee Joseph Biden underwent treatment in 1988 for his aneurysm. Tragically, at the age of 58, United States Congresswoman Stephanie Tubbs Jones died in August 2008 from a ruptured brain aneurysm. Given the recent national spotlight, neurologists, neurosurgeons and nurses may find their patients have many questions about the condition. The following serves as a resource for patient-specific information regarding the basics of brain aneurysms.
In vitro and In vivo imaging of antivasculogenesis induced by Noggin protein expression in human venous endothelial cells

Noggin protein is a potent bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist capable of inhibiting vasculogenesis even in the presence of provasculogenic VEGF and FGF-2. We found that human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) do not express Noggin in culture and used these cells for modeling of antivasculogenesis. We hypothesized that high-efficiency transduction of HUVECs with bicistronic lentiviral vector encoding Noggin and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) enables direct visualization of Noggin effects in homogenous primary cell populations in vitro and in vivo. By comparing HUVECs transduced with a control GFP and GFP/Noggin expression cassettes, we showed that constitutive and orthotopic Noggin protein expression did not influence cell proliferation, down-regulated BMP-2 expression, and showed no effect on BMP receptor transcripts. We demonstrated that in contrast to GFP-only control, Noggin expression in endothelial cells abrogated endothelial migration in response to monolayer injury, blocked endothelial transmigration, and caused abrogation of cord formation in vitro. Adding exogenous BMP-4 restored the formation of cords. Imaging experiments in vivo investigated vessel formation in Matrigel implants in athymic mice by utilizing GFP imaging or magnetic resonance imaging of perfusion in the implants. Both approaches demonstrated the lack of functional vessel formation after the adoptive transfer of GFP/Noggin-expressing human endothelial cells in mice.
Sensitivity of CPT Tests with Neutral Mesons

The sensitivity of experiments with neutral mesons to possible indirect CPT violation is examined. It is shown that experiments conventionally regarded as equivalent can have CPT reaches differing by orders of magnitude within the framework of a minimal CPT - and Lorentz-violating extension of the standard model. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Recent advances in inhalation anesthesia.

Both desflurane and sevoflurane offer theoretical and practical advantages over other inhalation anesthetics for horses. The lower solubility of both agents provides improved control of delivery and helps to counteract the confounding influence of the voluminous patient breathing circuit commonly used for anesthetizing horses. The lower solubility should account for faster rates of recovery compared with the older agents; whether or not the quality of recovery differs remains to be objectively evaluated in a broad range of circumstances. The pharmacodynamic effects are, in large part, similar to those of isoflurane (e.g., low arrhythmogenicity) but with some differences. For example, desflurane may be overall more sparing to cardiovascular function (especially during controlled ventilation) compared with isoflurane and sevoflurane, which are roughly similar. Respiratory depression with both new agents is equal to or more depressing than isoflurane, suggesting the use of mechanical ventilation, especially in circumstances of prolonged management (i.e., hours of anesthesia). Both new anesthetics, not surprisingly, are expensive. From this point there are some agent-unique considerations. The anesthetic potency of both agents is less than that of isoflurane, which influences the cost of anesthesia, but also places an upper limit on inspired oxygen concentration (of particular concern with desflurane). Both agents require new vaporizers, but because of the high boiling point and steep vapor-pressure curve of desflurane, new technology was required. This translates into more costly equipment, adding to the cost of desflurane use. In addition, electricity is necessary for the new desflurane vaporizer to function, which limits its portability and adds additional practical considerations in its clinical use. On the other hand, desflurane strongly resists degradation both in vitro and in vivo, but in vitro degradation of sevoflurane by CO2 absorbents may produce renal injury. This may be true especially in association with low fresh-gas inflow rates (used to reduce the cost of using the new agent), and university based practices, where prolonged anesthesia is common.
Structural complexity of woody debris patches influences fish and macroinvertebrate species richness in a temperate floodplain-river system

A field experiment was conducted to examine the influence of variable density (complexity) of small patches of woody debris on the abundance and taxonomic richness of macroinvertebrates and fishes in the Brazos River, a meandering lowland river in east-central Texas. Woody debris patches contained bundles of either 8 or 16 sticks of two sizes, and reference plots contained no woody debris. The experiment was conducted in the littoral zone in the river channel and a nearby oxbow lake. Organisms were collected from each patch after 14 days. Abundance and taxonomic assemblage structure of macroinvertebrates in both the river channel and oxbow were significantly and positively influenced by complexity of woody debris. For fish in the oxbow, abundance and species richness were greater in woody debris than sites lacking structure, but the opposite trend was observed for fish in the river channel. This difference could be associated with isolation from source habitats and low colonization of the constructed woody debris patches in the river by fishes with affinities for complex habitats. Small lotic-adapted minnows were captured from reference habitats in the channel, but these species were rare in woody debris patches. This was in contrast to aquatic insects in the river channel, such as caddisfly and midge larvae, that efficiently colonized the small isolated patches of woody debris. In a lotic environment, woody debris provides vertical surfaces that intercept drifting insect larvae and provides protection from the water current. We speculate that greater abundance of macroinvertebrates in woody debris patches in both habitats results from the combined influence of high food resource availability and refuge from predation provided by structurally complex habitats.
Hemophilia 1996 : New approach to an old disease

The history of hemophilia diagnosis and therapy has been a turbulent one. We are coming full circle, back to the use of genetics as the main diagnostic tool for this disease. Therapeutically, the retroviruses that ravaged one generation of hemophiliac patients now may participate in the cure for the next generation. The hemophilia community hopes that the future of hemophilia care will follow a course guided by this modified quote from James Russell Lowell: "New times demand new measures, and men [and women]. As the world advances and in time outgrows the laws that in our fathers' [and mothers'] days were the best, doubtless after us some purer scheme will be shaped out by wiser men [and women] than we, made wiser by the steady growth of truth."
Hemorrhagic Cystitis: A Review

Acute, fulminant bladder hemorrhage usually is seen at tertiary care centers in which cancer patients are treated with oxazaphosphorine alkylating agents, particularly cyclophosphamide and isophosphamide. These agents also are used to treat benign conditions, such as lupus erythematosis and Wegener's granulomatosis. Radiation effects from treatment of prostatic or cervical carcinoma can appear for the first time as late as 15 to 20 years after initial treatment. Other iatrogenic causes of bleeding include treatment with penicillins and, rarely, danazol. Occasionally, bladder hemorrhage may be the presenting sign of metabolic disease, such as secondary amyloidosis in rheumatic arthritis. Cases of mild to moderate hemorrhagic cystitis arising in the otherwise healthy patients should lead one to pursue the possibility of environmental toxins, accidental poisoning, recreational drug use or viruses. In all cases the diagnosis should be reserved until more common causes of hematuria, such as bacterial or fungal infection, stones, cysts or tumors, have been ruled out. Prevention of chemotherapeutically induced cystitis ideally will follow careful attention to adequate hydration and the prophylactic use of antitoxins, such as mesna. Treatment, as outlined previously, consists of a series of measures beginning with the most conservative. Intervention thereby is tailored to the gravity of the clinical situation.
A multi-institution evaluation of clinical profile anonymization.

Background and objective: There is an increasing desire to share de-identified electronic health records (EHRs) for secondary uses, but there are concerns that clinical terms can be exploited to compromise patient identities. Anonymization algorithms mitigate such threats while enabling novel discoveries, but their evaluation has been limited to single institutions. Here, we study how an existing clinical profile anonymization fares at multiple medical centers. Methods: We apply a state-of-the-art k -anonymization algorithm, with k set to the standard value 5, to the International Classification of Disease, ninth edition codes for patients in a hypothyroidism association study at three medical centers: Marshfield Clinic, Northwestern University, and Vanderbilt University. We assess utility when anonymizing at three population levels: all patients in 1) the EHR system; 2) the biorepository; and 3) a hypothyroidism study. We evaluate utility using 1) changes to the number included in the dataset, 2) number of codes included, and 3) regions generalization and suppression were required. Results: Our findings yield several notable results. First, we show that anonymizing in the context of the entire EHR yields a significantly greater quantity of data by reducing the amount of generalized regions from ∼15% to ∼0.5%. Second, ∼70% of codes that needed generalization only generalized two or three codes in the largest anonymization. Conclusions: Sharing large volumes of clinical data in support of phenome-wide association studies is possible while safeguarding privacy to the underlying individuals.
Aggregation Bias and Four Methods of Summing Farm Supply Functions

The purpose of this paper was to test several select methods of grouping farms to minimize aggregation bias found in linear programmed area supply functions. These methods considered classification by size and resource mix taken separately and jointly. A method of grouping farms according to the most limiting resource-land, labor, or capital-formed one basis for classification based on the order in which each resource was restrictive. The analysis indicated that this method resulted in the smallest amount of bias of any of the methods tested. T HE problems of bias which occur in aggregation of supply functions developed for representative farms by variable price linear programming have been discussed by Lee M. Day, Hartley, Richard H. Day, Sheehy and McAlexander, and Barker and Stanton among others.' Aggregation bias grows out of the practical necessity to group farms in an area to represent fairly common farm situations rather than to obtain linear programming solutions for each individual farm and sum the results. Representative farms are usually developed by classifying farms and averaging those in a class. The degree of aggregation bias is estimated for four methods of classifying farms in this paper. Aggregation bias for the purpose of this paper is defined, quantitatively, as the difference between the area supply function as developed from the summation of linear programming solutions for each individual farm in the area, and summations for a smaller number of "typical" or "benchmark" farms.
World Without Borders: The Internationalizing of Environmental History

An intriguing question that has never gotten much attention is why the study of history, which is the study of social change over time, should itself often be highly resistant to change. I mean especially change within the profession -in its intellectual boundaries, its moral consensus, its order of priorities. One begins to suspect that a collective conservative impulse has been at work in the making of the discipline, creating a guild temperament that, to put the best face on it, encourages the genuine virtues of tradition and continuity. But there can also be a less attractive aspect to that kind of temperamental conservatism. Traditional historians today sometimes resemble a beseiged country defending its resources and culture against an invasion by pushy, clamorous immigrants. The newcomers won't fit in, it is argued, they will fragment the community. Their language is odd; they go to the wrong churches and worship the wrong gods. Many of them are polemical, indiscreet, and anarchical. Let them in and they will use up scarce resources. They will insist on making changes.
Design and Implementation of a 2D Collaborative Design System

A 2D collaborative design system(2DCoDesgin) is designed,which is based on B/S structure.The idea of agent is adopted by the system.Each part of the system(such as the server,the router and client-end) is an independent agent.To meet the design requirement,the system provides many functions under collaborative environments,such as drawing with DXF format,tolerance noting and meeting summary.The system with collaborative design environments has been developed.
Emerging environmental justice issues in nuclear power and radioactive contamination

Nuclear hazards, linked to both U.S. weapons programs and civilian nuclear power, pose substantial environment justice issues. Nuclear power plant (NPP) reactors produce low-level ionizing radiation, high level nuclear waste, and are subject to catastrophic contamination events. Justice concerns include plant locations and the large potentially exposed populations, as well as issues in siting, nuclear safety, and barriers to public participation. Other justice issues relate to extensive contamination in the U.S. nuclear weapons complex, and the mining and processing industries that have supported it. To approach the topic, first we discuss distributional justice issues of NPP sites in the U.S. and related procedural injustices in siting, operation, and emergency preparedness. Then we discuss justice concerns involving the U.S. nuclear weapons complex and the ways that uranium mining, processing, and weapons development have affected those living downwind, including a substantial American Indian population. Next we examine the problem of high-level nuclear waste and the risk implications of the lack of secure long-term storage. The handling and deposition of toxic nuclear wastes pose new transgenerational justice issues of unprecedented duration, in comparison to any other industry. Finally, we discuss the persistent risks of nuclear technologies and renewable energy alternatives.
Is the Surface Playing a Role during Pyridine-Catalyzed CO2 Reduction on p-GaP Photoelectrodes?

The role of the photoelectrode surface during pyridine-catalyzed CO2 reduction on p-GaP photocathodes is currently under debate. Understanding the extent of the photoelectrode’s direct participation in the catalytic CO2 reduction mechanism is essential to improving the design of such photoelectrochemical systems. Here, we present new theoretical results demonstrating that the previously proposed pyridinyl radical intermediate is unlikely to form and that reduction of pyridinium to adsorbed pyridine and H species remains the most favorable reduction pathway, even when accounting for the aqueous environment. Furthermore, we conclude, based on recently reported experimental evidence and our new computational results reported herein, that the mechanism of CO2 reduction operating in this system is likely heterogeneous. We also introduce a new heterogeneous mechanism involving a recently proposed radical species, which we predict will be stable on the electrode surface and that may serve as the active catalytic...
Use of Ultrasound by Internists to Improve Diagnostic Small Joint Aspiration

Abstract Background Primary care internists are often the first to see patients with an initial episode of crystalline arthritis. Timely aspiration of the affected joint for definitive diagnosis and treatment in the office is desirable but can be difficult, especially if the joint is small, surrounded by soft tissue swelling distorting landmarks, and is very painful to move or palpate. Methods We compared the likelihood of successful aspiration of the great toe metatarsophalangeal joint by primary care internists for the diagnosis of potential crystalline arthritis by either landmark identification of the joint space or by employing ultrasound to identify the joint space. Results Aspiration was performed by one of 2 primary care internists using landmarks and palpation to identify the joint space in 27 patients with suspected crystalline arthritis affecting the first metatarsophalangeal joint. A sample adequate for diagnosis by polarized light microscopic crystal analysis was obtained in 14 of the 27 aspirations (52%) when landmarks alone were used to locate the joint space. In an additional 27 patients with suspected crystalline arthritis affecting the first metatarsophalangeal joint, ultrasound was used to identify the joint space and resulted in a significant increase in the success of obtaining an adequate diagnostic sample, which was obtained in 25 of the 27 aspirations (93%). Conclusions The primary care internist can easily provide quality and timely small joint diagnostic aspiration when ultrasound is used to identify the location of the joint space.
Energy Scheduling for a Smart Home Applying Stochastic Model Predictive Control

A smart home (SH) can have a variety of sources such as diesel generator (DG), photovoltaic (PV) panels installed on the roof of the SH, and plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) as an energy storage. In addition, a SH is able to transact power with the local distribution company (DISCO) through the grid. This study intends to investigate the energy scheduling problem of a SH so that the daily electricity consumption cost of the SH is minimized. Herein, the challenges include modeling the economic and technical constraints of the DG and the battery of the PEV, and also dealing with the variability and uncertainties concerned with the power of the PV panels that make the problem a nonlinear, dynamic (time-varying), and stochastic optimization problem. In order to handle the variability and uncertainties of the power of the PV panels, a stochastic model predictive control (MPC) is applied. Herein, a combination of genetic algorithm (GA) and linear programming (GA-LP) approach is applied as the optimization tool. The numerical study demonstrates the competence of the proposed approach for decreasing the operation cost.
Absence Epilepsy with Fast Rhythmic Atypical EEG

The medical files of 31 patients with absence epilepsy (AE) were reviewed at La Timone University Hospital, and Henri Gastaut/Saint Paul Hospital, Marseilles, France.
The Implications of IFRS on the Functioning of the Securities Antifraud Regime in the United States

The United States is home to one of the most investor-friendly securities antifraud regimes in the world. Corporate misstatements that form the basis for a cause of action under one of the many antifraud provisions arise in a variety of contexts, an important one being as violations of U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). For several years, the Securities and Exchange Commission has been considering changing the standardized accounting practice in the United States from GAAP to International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS") to promote comparability between global investment opportunities. IFRS is a principles-based system of accounting, while GAAP is rules based. Because of the flexibility of financial reporting inherent in the principles-based approach of IFRS, investors and the Securities and Exchange Commission will face greater difficulty in relying on accounting violations to establish the elements of the securities antifraud causes of action if IFRS is adopted.
Endothelial Cells Require CD98 for Efficient Angiogenesis-Brief Report.

Objective— CD98 regulates integrin signaling and is critical for tumor cell proliferation. It is also expressed on endothelial cells (EC), but its role in angiogenesis is unclear. Approach and Results— We used specific genetic targeting and antibody blockade approaches to examine the function of CD98 in EC proliferation, blood vessel growth, and tumor angiogenesis. It is upregulated on angiogenic ECs, and EC-specific deletion of CD98 in mice inhibited tumor growth, retinal angiogenesis, and EC proliferation. Reconstitution with CD98 mutants showed that integrin and CD98 interaction is necessary for EC survival and growth. Moreover, anti-CD98 treatment inhibited vessel formation and reversed EC-assisted tumor growth. Conclusions— Our findings demonstrate a requirement for CD98 in EC growth and suggest that CD98-specific reagents could have a dual anticancer effect: directly by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and indirectly by preventing tumor angiogenesis.
Joint Design of Solar Energy Harvesting with Wireless Charging

Although wireless charging delivers energy reliably, it still faces regulatory challenges to provide high power density without incurring health risks. In clustered Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), relatively low energy supplies from wireless chargers cannot meet the rising energy demands from cluster heads. Fortunately, solar energy harvesting provides high power density without health risks whereas its energy supply is subject to weather dynamics. This chapter introduces a new framework with hybrid energy sources—cluster heads can use solar panels to scavenge solar energy and the rest of nodes are powered by wireless charging. The network is divided into three hierarchical levels. On the first level, we study a discrete placement problem of where to deploy solar-powered cluster heads that can minimize overall cost. Then the discrete problem is extended into continuous space for better solutions using the Weiszfeld algorithm. On the second level, we establish an energy balance in the network. A distributed cluster head reselection algorithm is proposed to regain energy balance when sunlight is unavailable. On the third level, we first consider the tour planning problem by combining wireless charging with mobile data gathering in a joint tour. We then propose a polynomial-time scheduling algorithm to find appropriate hitting points on sensors’ transmission boundaries for data gathering. Our simulation results demonstrate that network with hybrid sources can reduce battery depletion by 20 % and save operating cost by 25 % compared to previous works.
269. Novel Synthetic AAV Efficiently Transduces Neurosensory Hair Cells in the Cochlea

Hearing loss is the most common sensory disorder worldwide. Approximately 15% of American adults report trouble hearing. Prevalence of hearing loss increases from 2% (age 45-54) to 50% (over age 75). Between 2 and 3 per 1000 live births present with hearing loss in one or both ears; 50% of hearing loss at birth is genetic in etiology. While the first cochlear gene therapy for hearing loss is underway, early results, as well as data from preclinical models, indicate a need for improved gene delivery vehicles for safe and efficient targeting of relevant cell types in the cochlea. In particular, outer hair cells (OHC) have been a challenging target for AAV. OHCs are important for auditory sensitivity and frequency selectivity, key parameters for complex and sophisticated hearing function in humans.Here, we evaluated several common AAV serotypes as well as Anc80L65, an in silico designed AAV based on evolutionary modeling, for its ability to target the neurosensory cells in the inner ear, particularly inner (IHC) and outer hair cells. Cochlear explants of both CBA/CaJ and C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to equal doses of iodixonal purified preparations of AAV1,2,6,8,9, and Anc80L65 that encoded eGFP. After 48h, explants were evaluated either immediately or after an additional 5 days of culture. In both animal model explants, Anc80L65 demonstrated highly efficient IHC and OHC transduction (60-100% at 48h, and 100% at 48h+5d). AAV2 in this setting was also efficient, although to a lesser extent. Most serotypes targeted supporting cells and the spiral limbus, to a moderate extent, with AAV8 being least efficient. GFP expression was present from apex to base, with moderately increased targeting for basal hair cells.Next, we tested Anc80L65 in vivo using a clinically relevant round window injection approach. C57Bl/6 mice received 1µl injection of vector at p0-p1 and cochlea were dissected at p6. Results demonstrate transduction from base to apex of IHC, OHC, and supporting cells at rates of close to 100% for IHC, and ranging from approximately 50-100% of OHCs, although at lesser fluorescent intensity. Animals injected at p1 retained similar levels of GFP hair cell positivity at p30 day of sacrifice. Animals in our study were monitored for function of single cells electrophysiogically, hearing function by Auditory Brainstem Response and Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission measurements, ectopic expression, and immunological parameters. Ongoing studies are evaluating the transduction properties at later times of injection and disease models of hearing loss.In conclusion, Anc80L65's unique ability to target IHC as well as OHC following RW injection is highly desirable to restore higher level hearing function in genetic forms of deafness through gene therapy.
MSFragger: ultrafast and comprehensive peptide identification in mass spectrometry-based proteomics

There is a need to better understand and handle the 'dark matter' of proteomics-the vast diversity of post-translational and chemical modifications that are unaccounted in a typical mass spectrometry-based analysis and thus remain unidentified. We present a fragment-ion indexing method, and its implementation in peptide identification tool MSFragger, that enables a more than 100-fold improvement in speed over most existing proteome database search tools. Using several large proteomic data sets, we demonstrate how MSFragger empowers the open database search concept for comprehensive identification of peptides and all their modified forms, uncovering dramatic differences in modification rates across experimental samples and conditions. We further illustrate its utility using protein-RNA cross-linked peptide data and using affinity purification experiments where we observe, on average, a 300% increase in the number of identified spectra for enriched proteins. We also discuss the benefits of open searching for improved false discovery rate estimation in proteomics.
Geographic variation in call structure, likelihood, and call-song associations across subspecies boundaries, migratory patterns, and habitat types in the Marsh Wren (Cistothorus palustris)

ABSTRACT Geographic variation in acoustic signals can be important in species divergence, especially the maintenance of prezygotic barriers to gene flow. Furthermore, selective pressures on acoustic signals likely vary both across geographic distances and among vocalizations used in different behavioral contexts. We described the call repertoire of 5 subspecies of Marsh Wren (Cistothorus palustris) in eastern North America and tested for variation in both the acoustic structure and likelihood of production of each call type at 3 functional–ecological levels: subspecies identity, migratory pattern, and habitat type. Three of the 7 described call types exhibited acoustic variation best explained by either migratory pattern or habitat type. These calls were used principally in courtship–territorial patrol contexts, whereas 4 calls that did not exhibit geographic variation were used in agonistic interactions. How often a call is used in a population may be indicative of the behavior or breeding phenology asso...
Human CHD1 is required for early DNA-damage signaling and is uniquely regulated by its N terminus

CHD1 is a conserved chromatin remodeling enzyme required for development and linked to prostate cancer in adults, yet its role in human cells is poorly understood. Here, we show that targeted disruption of the CHD1 gene in human cells leads to a defect in early double-strand break (DSB) repair via homologous recombination (HR), resulting in hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation as well as PARP and PTEN inhibition. CHD1 knockout cells show reduced H2AX phosphorylation (γH2AX) and foci formation as well as impairments in CtIP recruitment to the damaged sites. Chromatin immunoprecipitation following a single DSB shows that the reduced levels of γH2AX accumulation at DSBs in CHD1-KO cells are due to both a global reduction in H2AX incorporation and poor retention of H2AX at the DSBs. We also identified a unique N-terminal region of CHD1 that inhibits the DNA binding, ATPase, and chromatin assembly and remodeling activities of CHD1. CHD1 lacking the N terminus was more active in rescuing the defects in γH2AX formation and CtIP recruitment in CHD1-KO cells than full-length CHD1, suggesting the N terminus is a negative regulator in cells. Our data point to a role for CHD1 in the DSB repair process and identify a novel regulatory region of the protein.
Drugs of Abuse

The misuse/abuse of drugs is a serious problem in our community. In 2006, the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) estimated that 1,742,887 emergency room visits in the USA were drug related and that 958,164 were due to the use of an illicit drug [1]. Drugs are classified by the US Controlled Substance Act into categories based on abuse potential and acceptable medical use. Schedule I drugs have a high abuse potential with no currently approved medical uses. The remaining schedules are lesser variations with the abuse potential decreasing with acceptable medical uses. Drugs are abused based on their pharmacological properties which may include euphoria, increase in mood or energy. The use of some drugs causes an activation of the dopamine reward pathway which increases the likelihood of abuse.
Coefficient of Variation of Discharge from Liquid Manure Applicator Distribution Manifolds

Abstract. Compression and impact mechanical properties are closely related to the damage of agricultural materials. In order to determine the mechanical properties of apple, the mechanical tests were carried out on the cortex and skin of apple with the universal testing machine. To determine the impact mechanical properties of apples, three factors including impact material, horizontal velocity of impact material and direction of apple drop was selected to design the drop test. The compression test showed that the radial and vertical modulus of elasticity of the cortex were (2.81±0.37) MPa and (3.96±0.69) MPa, respectively. The elastic modulus and yield strength of both directions were significantly different, while the latitudinal and longitudinal elastic modulus of skin was only significantly different (p
Of capsid structure and stability: The partnership between charged residues of E-loop and P-domain of the bacteriophage P22 coat protein.

Tailed dsDNA bacteriophages and herpesviruses form capsids using coat proteins that have the HK97 fold. In these viruses, the coat proteins first assemble into procapsids, which subsequently mature during DNA packaging. Generally interactions between the coat protein E-loop of one subunit and the P-domain of an adjacent subunit help stabilize both capsomers and capsids. Based on a recent 3.3 A cryo-EM structure of the bacteriophage P22 virion, E-loop amino acids E52, E59 and E72 were suggested to stabilize the capsid through intra-capsomer salt bridges with the P-domain residues R102, R109 and K118. The glutamic acid residues were each mutated to alanine to test this hypothesis. The substitutions resulted in a WT phenotype and did not destabilize capsids; rather, the alanine substituted coat proteins increased the stability of procapsids and virions. These results indicate that different types of interactions must be used between the E-loop and P-domain to stabilize phage P22 procapsids and virions.
Intravesical Gene Therapy

Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer is a challenging disease to treat, with few effective salvage intravesical options available for patients who develop bacillus Calmette-Guerin-unresponsive disease. Although radical cystectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy remains the gold standard treatment for these patients, there remains an unmet need for other options for those who are unable or unwilling to undergo surgery. To this end, intravesical gene therapy is emerging as a potential alternative with promising early data and ongoing efforts to better understand the mechanisms of action to optimize therapy.
Sigma Rail Services: From Executive to Entrepreneur:

North American Rail Services is a leading rail and track maintenance and construction service company in North America. The leading investor in the company wishes to have its investment returned wh...
Building blocks of morality

Most of us agree about the rules or norms of morality, what philosophers call substantive or normative ethics: be kind to small children, do not cheat on exams and return your library books on time. The big disputes come over foundations, metaethics. This article considers the four main positions. Firstly, religious ethics : Here you appeal to the will of God. The problem is not everyone believes in God, and could God make it okay to mark up library books and not return them? Secondly, platonic ethics : Ethics exists eternally in a super-sensible world, along with mathematics. The problem is why it should appeal to us and how do we know about it? What if different people have different intuitions? Thirdly, objective naturalised ethics : Here, value is found in nature, probably in the processes that led to the beings of greatest value, humans. The problem is how this happened because the main theory of evolution, Darwinism, denies that there is any direction to the developmental process. Fourthly, subjective naturalised ethics : It is all a question of the emotions that evolution has given us to get along in life and produce more humans. The problem is that this makes ethics relative. If we had evolved like bees, females’ greatest imperative would be to kick their brothers out of the house as winter approaches. What to do? What to do? Next time ask a preacher not a philosopher! Contribution: The time has come for philosophers generally and students of ethics particularly to come to grips with the fact that human beings are modified monkeys (evolution) not modified mud (Genesis). This essay compares two approaches to ‘evolutionary ethics’ – Social Darwinism and moral non-realism – expressing a decided preference for the latter.
Political Questions: An Invasive Species Infecting the Courts

The political question doctrine is inapplicable to suits to enjoin, or recover damages for, environmental - and particularly climate change - injury. Its use by courts amounts to an unwarranted expansion of that limited doctrine into areas where historically the courts have been there to render justice to aggrieved parties.
Long-time integration of parametric evolution equations with physics-informed DeepONets.

Ordinary and partial differential equations (ODEs/PDEs) play a paramount role in analyzing and simulating complex dynamic processes across all corners of science and engineering. In recent years machine learning tools are aspiring to introduce new effective ways of simulating PDEs, however existing approaches are not able to reliably return stable and accurate predictions across long temporal horizons. We aim to address this challenge by introducing an effective framework for learning infinite-dimensional operators that map random initial conditions to associated PDE solutions within a short time interval. Such latent operators can be parametrized by deep neural networks that are trained in an entirely self-supervised manner without requiring any paired input-output observations. Global long-time predictions across a range of initial conditions can be then obtained by iteratively evaluating the trained model using each prediction as the initial condition for the next evaluation step. This introduces a new approach to temporal domain decomposition that is shown to be effective in performing accurate long-time simulations for a wide range of parametric ODE and PDE systems, from wave propagation, to reaction-diffusion dynamics and stiff chemical kinetics, all at a fraction of the computational cost needed by classical numerical solvers.
Adverse life events, sensitization of spinal nociception, and chronic pain risk

Abstract Adverse life events (ALEs) are major life stressors that can occur throughout the lifespan and pose a significant physical or psychological threat to safety and/or security. Research suggests there is a link between ALE exposure and the development of chronic pain. Mechanistic animal and human studies indicate that stressors can have a long-lasting sensitization on nociceptive systems. This chapter reviews studies on ALE exposure and nociceptive processing in pain-free individuals to identify changes in nociceptive pathways that might confer chronic pain risk. Together, these studies indicate that ALE exposure accumulates, in a dose-dependent manner, to promote spinal sensitization. This spinal sensitization is not consistently accompanied by hyperalgesia, implying that compensatory pain inhibitory mechanisms are concurrently activated to keep amplified spinal nociception from resulting in amplified pain perception (i.e., latent spinal sensitization). Thus, chronic pain may be initiated by ALE-evoked latent spinal sensitization, followed by events that impair compensatory pain inhibition processes (e.g., additional adversity/stress, advanced age). Suggestions are made for future research.
Rod Signals in Higher Color Mechanisms: The McCollough Color Aftereffect Observed in Scotopic Illumination

The McCollough color aftereffect — a long-lasting color aftereffect specific to both line orientation and spatial frequency — was observed in scotopic illumination well below the rod-cone break. Two color adaptation procedures were used: (a) Adaptation to a photopic green vertical grating alternating with a magenta horizontal grating or to an orange vertical grating alternating with a blue horizontal grating; (b) Adaptation to vertical green and magenta gratings of different low apatial frequencies. After color adaptation, test patterns were viewed in scotopic illumination. The sftereffects observed were specific to both the orientation and spatial frequency of the test patterns. These results are consistent with physiological observations that rod signals feed into opponent color mechanisms.
Mining approximate sequential patterns with gaps

Time series data are found in diverse fields including, science, business, medicine and engineering. In this paper, we consider sequential pattern mining for categorical time series data that contain multiple independent time-series. Frequent patterns are considered important in a variety of applications. However, it is common for data to contain noise, and/or for the source process to have considerable variability. Conventional sequential pattern mining methods that use exact matching address, some but not all of these difficulties. Two general approaches used in previous studies to mine sequential patterns in data with noise are distance-based clustering and hidden Markov models. While these approaches are useful in mining frequent sequential patterns in noisy data, we further propose a framework (MWASP: multiple-width approximate sequential pattern mining) that uncovers frequent approximate sequential patterns with various widths. A mined pattern in this framework is representative of a group of sequences that follow the pattern's event flow order. This gives insight into the occurrence of the pattern longitudinally, as well as across the population. The pattern can be recognised as a common pattern across the multiple time series, time, or both.
TRANSIENT LOADING TESTS ON A CIRCULAR FOOTING

This report presents data obtained from transient loading tests on a 1-ft diam relatively rigid footing resting on the surface of a bed of sand. Results are presented showing the load applied to the footing and the resulting acceleration of the footing. Two types of load pulses were applied to the footing, having rise times of approximately 4 ms and 20 ms. The magnitude of the loads was such that the response of the footing was essentially elastic. This allowed a direct comparison to the theory for the response of a footing resting on an elastic half space acted upon by a transient load. The mass of the footing was varied to produce different footing response characteristics. The results of the tests show that the theory leads to a reasonable prediction of the response of the footing to transient loads. /ASCE/
Concurrent changes in transducing efficiency and content of transforming deoxyribonucleic acid in Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage SP-10.

Taylor, Martha J. (Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.), and Curtis B. Thorne. Concurrent changes in transducing efficiency and content of transforming deoxyribonucleic acid in Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage SP-10. J. Bacteriol. 91:81–88. 1966.—Spores of Bacillus subtilis W-23-Sr infected with transducing phage SP-10 served as convenient inocula for broth cultures from which transducing phage was harvested. Methods are described for producing highly infected spores. The inoculum level of infected spores in nutrient broth-yeast extract-glucose medium affected the transducing efficiency of SP-10 in lysates of these cultures. Phage in lysates of cultures inoculated with about 105 or fewer spores per milliliter transduced 20- to 350-fold more efficiently than did phage in lysates from cultures inoculated with 106 to 107 spores per milliliter. Transduction frequencies in the order of 10−5 per plaque-forming unit were obtained routinely, and some infected-spore preparations yielded phage that gave frequencies as high as 10−4. The combination of inoculum level and incubation time required to produce the best transducing phage had to be determined empirically for each batch of infected spores. Several possible explanations for the difference between lysates having high (HTE) and those having low (LTE) transducing efficiency were ruled out by special experiments. The hypothesis is presented that some cultural condition resulting from a relatively low inoculum of phage-infected spores favors the incorporation by phage particles of bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the manner required for the production of transducing phage. Support for this hypothesis is a demonstration, through transformation experiments with DNA extracted from HTE and LTE phage particles, that populations of HTE phage particles yielded significantly more (7 to 27 times) transforming activity per microgram of DNA than did populations of LTE phage.
Ownerbuilt Housing Criteria for Success

Fifteen to 21% of new single-family homes are built by the owner. Yet little is known about the factors that contribute to the success or failure of these projects. This study utilized a survey of ...
Quantum computer architectures: A survey

Computers reduce human effort and also focus on increasing the performance to push the technology forward. Many approaches have been devised to increase the performance of the computers. One such way is to reduce the size of the transistors used in the systems. Another very significant tactic is to use quantum computers. It proved to be very effective when used to factor large numbers. It was found that it could decrypt codes in 20 minutes which took billions of years with classical computers. This was a great motivation for focusing on this topic. A quantum computer allows a ‘quantum bit’ or qubit to have three states − 0, 1, and 0 or 1. The last state is the coherent state. This enables an operation to be performed on two diverse values at the same time. However, this brings out a problem of decoherence. It becomes difficult to perform the computation using quantum computers. A quantum computer is desired to have five capabilities - scalable system, initializable state, long decoherence time, universal set of quantum gates, high efficiency measurements. Architecture of the quantum computer is the new research area. It is affected by quantum arithmetic, error management, and cluster-state computing. Without it, the quantum algorithms would not prove to be as efficient. To fully utilize the power of a quantum computer, the algorithms used should be based on quantum parallelism. This paper discusses a few of the basic concepts used in quantum computing briefly. The paper also focuses on different architectures of quantum computer available in literature. However, the problem of a practical large-scale quantum computer still persists.
Idiopathic Thromboembolism Associated with Triphasic Oral Contraceptives

Oral contraceptives are one of the most effective and widely used of the reversible contraceptive methods. Thromboembolic disease associated with the use of oral contraceptives has been widely reported. In recent years, attempts to understand the pathogenesis of oral contraceptive-induced thromboembolic disease have found a correlation between larger estrogen doses and increased risk for a thrombotic event. Because the newer triphasic oral contraceptives provide effective contraception with a method of administration that mimics normal hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle, some prescribers may infer that these products are associated with a decreased incidence of adverse effects over alternative oral contraceptives. We present two cases of idiopathic thromboembolism associated with the use of a triphasic oral contraceptive with a discussion of the proposed pathogenic mechanisms for these events.
Neutrino oscillations and the modulation of neutrino-electron scattering

Neutrino flavor oscillations modulate the cross section for neutrino-electron scattering. This modulation can seriously affect the interpretation of the present data on reactor-neutrino-electron scattering, and can greatly amplify the effective cross section for accelerator neutrinos.