cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aristotle's Theory of Language and Meaning: Logos as Substance

The ontological requirements of language and knowledge, as Aristotle understands them, are such that enduring characteristics of mutable and transient individuals are needed. This prompts Aristotle to identify forms, in contrast to concrete particulars, with primary substance in the central books of the Metaphysics and to develop an account of the relation between form and matter that is informed at every stage by a concern with linguistic definition and a conception of essence as the exemplary object of knowledge. A crucial concept in this effort to knit together several objectives is λόγоζ ( logos ). The term logos is used by Aristotle in many contexts and for many things, from strings of symbols to forms, from speech to definition. In Metaphysics VII, Aristotle exploits the ambiguity of logos to display the common feature of a thought and its referent in the world. The logos actualized in matter is a composite substance, and the same logos realized in thought is a meaning. This is a puzzling doctrine but also by this point in our inquiry a familiar one. Not only does Aristotle assign logos both an ontological role and a linguistic one, he also uses horismos (definition in the strict sense) and pathema (vehicle of meaning) to indicate linguistic items and ontological ones. The real definition is a feature of the world, not just a specification of a meaning; the pathema is both a state of mind and its content (a meaning). At every stage, the description of ontology is guided by the requirement of rational accessibility. Not only must the ontology be intelligible from a theoretical perspective, it must be accessible at the pre-theoretical level of perception and ordinary language.
What A Dog Fight! TKO: Pets.com

The case covers the startup of Pets.com, an online retailer of pet supplies. Pets.com made its entry into a heavily competitive but potentially lucrative market. Despite heavy capital funding and a number of high-profile strategic initiatives, the company closed its doors in November, 2000. The demise of Pets.com is considered to be one of the highest-profile dotcom failures.
Spliceosomal snRNAs: Mg2+-Dependent Chemistry at the Catalytic Core?

Since the discovery of self-splicing RNAs, it has been suspected that the snRNAs are the catalytic components of the spliceosome. Recent evidence supports both the catalytic potential of the spliceosomal snRNAs and their resemblance to elements of group II introns.
Starved and Asphyxiated: How Can CD8+ T Cells within a Tumor Microenvironment Prevent Tumor Progression

Although cancer immunotherapy has achieved significant breakthroughs in recent years, its overall efficacy remains limited in the majority of patients. One major barrier is exhaustion of tumor antigen-specific CD8(+) tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), which conventionally has been attributed to persistent stimulation with antigen within the tumor microenvironment (TME). A series of recent studies have highlighted that the TME poses significant metabolic challenges to TILs, which may contribute to their functional exhaustion. Hypoxia increases the expression of coinhibitors on activated CD8(+) T cells, which in general reduces the T cells' effector functions. It also impairs the cells' ability to gain energy through oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose limitation increases the expression of programed cell death protein-1 and reduces functions of activated CD8(+) T cells. A combination of hypoxia and hypoglycemia, as is common in solid tumors, places CD8(+) TILs at dual metabolic jeopardy by affecting both major pathways of energy production. Recently, a number of studies addressed the effects of metabolic stress on modulating CD8(+) T cell metabolism, differentiation, and functions. Here, we discuss recent findings on how different types of metabolic stress within the TME shape the tumor-killing capacity of CD8(+) T cells. We propose that manipulating the metabolism of TILs to more efficiently utilize nutrients, especially during intermittent periods of hypoxia could maximize their performance, prolong their survival and improve the efficacy of active cancer immunotherapy.
The Cleveland Clinic Way

The global healthcare market continues to rapidly evolve, so it is important for all healthcare practitioners to be equally adept in their management of healthcare delivery as in their practice of medicine. A recent book by Toby Cosgrove MD, the CEO and president of the Cleveland Clinic, offers exquisite insight into transforming the institution’s healthcare delivery and outcomes to meet the 21st century expectations of patients and payors. The book, The Cleveland Clinic Way: Lessons in Excellence from One of the World’s Leading Healthcare Organizations (MgGraw-Hill, 2014), describes the journey of modernizing a large academic institution. This project encompassed all practice areas from personnel organization to global expansion, from outcomes reporting to centers of excellence, and from cost-effective medicine to patient satisfaction. Dr Cosgrove offers a unique perspective on the business of medicine and offers valuable pearls of wisdom in the execution of value-based medicine. The contents of the book are logically developed to explore the opportunities for care efficiency and efficacy in large group practices. The principles of optimizing care delivery through economies of scale may be helpful to smaller practices negotiating with hospitals, surgical centers and suppliers. Electronic medical records (EMRs) are becoming universal and offer additional opportunities to improve care collaboration. As Dr Cosgrove discusses collaborative care may be more efficient in managing patients, especially those that require subspecialty. This principle is immediately applicable to those who provide such specialized services as hip preservation surgery, since patients will often receive work-up and long-term follow-up by primary care physician-based teams. Cost-control pressures are ubiquitous but inexpensive care does not necessarily yield optimal societal or patient outcomes. Dr Cosgrove argues that EMRs’ utility may be leveraged to not only improve the efficiency of patient care management but also offer substantial value for improving outcomes. EMRs can predict potential medical hazards to patients, allow for rapid querying of patient data and the ability to enhance transparency in patient, surgeon and practice outcomes. His arguments are supported by detailed case studies that demonstrate using EMRs for transparency in outcomes; outcomes reporting can be a surgeon’s best asset rather than a medical and financial liability. Under his leadership at the Cleveland Clinic, this strategy has reduced costs and increase revenue while increasing patient satisfaction and clinical outcomes. The Cleveland Clinic Way ultimately makes a case for patient-centric care that is derived as much from careful attention to operations and business practices as it is from medical knowledge and skill. The innovations in healthcare delivery outlined in his book are supported by detailed case studies from a wide breadth of literature. His perspectives are easily digested and universally applicable to any practicing physician or surgeon.
1200V 20A SiC BJTs operating at 250°C

Silicon carbide (SiC) bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) are normally-off devices which can block high voltages at high temperature operation. The SiC BJTs can be switched very fast with low losses [2] compared to BJT's made in silicon (Si), and can be operated at temperatures up to and above 250 °C. Vertical 1200V 20A rated high temperature capable NPN SiC BJTs were fabricated and packaged in a high-temperature capable metal package of the type TO-258. The transistors were characterized both statically and in terms of switching. A SPICE model was developed for the transistors, including the parasitic capacitances of the internal pn-junctions, as well as temperature dependence of the current gain and the collector series resistance. Switching measurements were performed showing VCE voltage rise- and fall-times in the range of 20–30 ns. The switching behavior is in qualitative agreement with SPICE simulations.
A Comparison of Base-calling Algorithms for Illumina Sequencing Technology

Recent advances in next-generation sequencing technology have yielded increasing cost-effectiveness and higher throughput produced per run, in turn, greatly influencing the analysis of DNA sequences. Among the various sequencing technologies, Illumina is by far the most widely used platform. However, the Illumina sequencing platform suffers from several imperfections that can be attributed to the chemical processes inherent to the sequencing-by-synthesis technology. With the enormous amounts of reads produced, statistical methodologies and computationally efficient algorithms are required to improve the accuracy and speed of base-calling. Over the past few years, several papers have proposed methods to model the various imperfections, giving rise to accurate and/or efficient base-calling algorithms. In this article, we provide a comprehensive comparison of the performance of recently developed base-callers and we present a general statistical model that unifies a large majority of these base-callers.
Discrimination of hefted weights: Effect of stimulus duration

In an experiment with hefted weights, Ss discriminated between 500 and 540 gm or between 500 and 560 gm. Each of these discriminations was studied with stimulus durations ranging from 100 to 1600 msec. Discriminability increases over the range 100 to 400 msec. and seems to have reached a plateau between 400 and 800 msec. An apparatus is described for controlling stimulus duration in psychophysical studies of weight discrimination.
Signal transduction during apoptosis; implications for cancer therapy.

Programmed cell death is a fundamental aspect of organismal development and stasis through its role in the maintenance of the balance between cell growth and cell death. If the balance is tipped, e.g. by unregulated cell growth, the result can be cancer. If tipped the other direction, e.g. by dysregulated cell death, and the result can again be cancer. The concept of dysregulated cell death, which until recently was not considered by oncologists, has forced a shift in the paradigm of cancer development. Along with this shift in thinking comes the likelihood that radiation and chemotherapy, both major modalities of cancer therapy, can benefit from strategies that modulate programmed cell death. One form of programmed cell death that is distinguished by its morphological features is called apoptosis. This form of programmed cell death is an energy dependent biochemically regulated process that is contingent upon a set of factors: the initial stimulatory event or in some cases a cellular insult, the organism, the cell type, the cellular environment, and other factors. This biochemical process is the result of the expression of a number of genes. In this review, the roles of several genes and gene families considered to be critical to the signal transduction cascade of apoptosis are described. Growth factors and cytokines are also discussed in the context of their interaction with these genes. We also discuss how these genes and their protein products are being used as prognostic indicators for cancer and cancer therapy and/or how they are the focus of strategies that either cause apoptosis or alter a cancer cell's propensity to initiate apoptosis when insulted by chemotherapy agents or radiation in the course of cancer therapy.
Zika Virus Infection and Development of a Murine Model.

In view of the recent outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV), there is an urgent need to investigate the pathogenesis of the symptoms associated with ZIKV infection. Since the first identification of the virus in 1947, the pathologies associated with ZIKV infection were thought to be limited with mild illness that presented fever, rashes, muscle aches, and weakness. However, ZIKV infection has been shown to cause Guillain–Barre Syndrome, and numerous cases of congenital microcephaly in children have been reported when pregnant females were exposed to the virus. The severity and the rate of spread of ZIKV in the last year has drawn alarming interest among researchers to investigate murine models to study viral pathogenesis and develop candidate vaccines. A recent study by Lazear and colleagues, in the May 2016 issue of cell host and microbe, is an effort to study the pathogenesis of contemporary and historical virus strains in various mouse models.
Reflection Mode Imaging with Extreme-Ultraviolet Light from a High Harmonic Source

To date there have been few demonstrations of reflection-geometry coherent diffractive imaging (CDI). The work described here, using a high-harmonic source at 30nm, is the first general reflection mode technique. We use a combination of ptychography and tilted plane correction to image an extended sample with no restriction on the incident angle or limitations on the numerical aperture. We find good agreement between our CDI images and images from scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy.
Rechtliche Regelung der Reproduktionsmedizin in Österreich

Im Folgenden sollen wichtige Passagen des jeweiligen Textes der genannten Gesetze dargestellt und dort, wo dies dem Autor, insbesondere bei vergleichender Betrachtung der gesetzlichen Regelungen der Fortpflanzungsmedizin in verschiedenen Landern, notwendig erscheint, mit einem Kommentar versehen werden.
Postoperative Surveillance and Management of Crohn’s Disease

Postoperative recurrent Crohn’s disease is quite common and clinically silent at onset, requiring ileocolonoscopy for diagnosis and surveillance. Patients with a history of penetrating disease, multiple bowel resections, and/or who smoke cigarettes after surgery are at highest risk for disease recurrence. Antibiotics, aminosalicylates, and immunomodulators have been shown to modestly reduce the risk of clinical and endoscopic disease recurrence. In contrast, anti-tumor necrosis therapy is effective at suppressing disease recurrence and may have the potential to change the natural course of disease after surgery. In this chapter, the management of postoperative Crohn’s disease is summarized, and a suggested approach to treatment is provided.
Pleiotropic Roles of Nrf2 as Regulators of Chondrocyte Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory Response and Catabolic and Anabolic Pathways in Osteoarthritis

Nrf2, a redox regulated transcription factor, has recently been shown to play a role in cartilage integrity but the mechanism remains largely unknown. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial disease in which focal degradation of cartilage occurs. Here, we investigated the regulation of oxidative stress, inflammatory response, apoptosis, catabolic and anabolic factors by Nrf2 in IL-1β-stimulated human OA chondrocytes. Ectopic expression of Nrf2 in OA chondrocytes suppressed the generation of ROS while Nrf2 knockdown significantly increased the ROS levels in IL-1β-stimulated OA chondrocytes. Further, Nrf2 activation significantly inhibited the IL-1β-induced activation of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways as determined by inhibition of DNA fragmentation, activation of Caspase-3,-8,-9, cleavage of PARP, release of cytochrome-c, suppression of mitochondrial dysfunction, suppression of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax, Bad and Bid expression and enhanced expression of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl2, Bcl-xl and Mcl-1 in OA chondrocytes. To examine the role of Nrf2 in IL-1β-induced inflammatory response, we determined the mRNA expression and protein levels of several cytokines and chemokines using PCR array and multiplex immunoassay. Our data demonstrate that Nrf2 activation inhibited the IL-1β-mediated expression of several inflammatory mediators and Gene Ontology analysis revealed significant enrichment of MAPK signaling, TNF signaling, NF-κβ signaling and cytokine receptor signaling pathways. Additionally, Nrf2 activation inhibited the expression matrix degrading proteases-MMP-13, 3, 9, and ADAMTS-4 and enhanced the expression of OA related anabolic factors-COL2A1, ACAN, FRZB and GDF5 and SOX-5, 8 and 9 in IL-1β-stimulated OA chondrocytes. Importantly, we also discovered that Nrf2 mediated suppression of catabolic factors was dependent on ERK1/2 activation by Nrf2. Our data demonstrate that Nrf2 regulates multiple pathways involved in chondrocyte apoptosis, inflammation and matrix degradation via activation of ERK1/2/ELK1-P70S6K-P90RSK axis. Our findings collectively support the development of therapies targeting Nrf2 for the management of OA.
Genome-Wide Association Approach Identified Novel Genetic Predictors of Heart Rate Response to β-Blockers.

Background For many indications, the negative chronotropic effect of β‐blockers is important to their efficacy, yet the heart rate (HR) response to β‐blockers varies. Herein, we sought to use a genome‐wide association approach to identify novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with HR response to β‐blockers. Methods and Results We first performed 4 genome‐wide association analyses for HR response to atenolol (a β1‐adrenergic receptor blocker) as: (1) monotherapy or (2) add‐on therapy, in 426 whites and 273 blacks separately from the PEAR (Pharmacogenomic Evaluation of Antihypertensive Responses) study. A meta‐analysis was then performed between the genome‐wide association analysis performed in PEAR atenolol monotherapy and add‐on therapy, in each race separately, using the inverse variance method assuming fixed effects. From this analysis, SNPs associated with HR response to atenolol at a P OR10P1 ), and SNP rs2364349 in sorting nexin‐9 ( SNX9 ) replicated in blacks. The combined studies meta‐analysis P values for the rs17117817 and rs2364349 reached genome‐wide significance (rs17117817G‐allele; Meta‐β=5.53 beats per minute, Meta‐ P =2E‐09 and rs2364349 A‐allele; Meta‐β=3.5 beats per minute, Meta‐ P =1E‐08). Additionally, SNPs in the OR10P1 and SNX9 gene regions were also associated with HR response in whites. Conclusions This study highlights OR10P1 and SNX9 as novel genes associated with changes in HR in response to β‐blockers. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00246519.
The Metasystem, Rationalities, and Information

The metasystem approach is used to formulate the distinction’s among data, information, and intelligence. These forms of communication are conceptualized in terms of four types of rationalities which must be present to constitute a message that can lead to a goal-oriented decision. The importance of these factors for the design of viable systems that can avoid failure is explained.
A General Theory of Anomalous Shock Refraction

Anomalous refraction in gases was discovered by Jahn (1956) during experiments with shocks refracting at an Air/CO2 gas interface. Jahn’s experiments were confined to the case when the wave impedance decreases during the refraction, |Z t | |Z i |, in which case the incident shock is overrun by upstream moving compressions that locally strengthen it and cause it to move forward.
University of North Carolina (Chapel Hill) Department of Statistics and Operations Research

The Department of Statistics and Operations Research of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC) had its beginning in 1946 as the Department of Mathematical Statistics, under Harold Hotelling. It was then part of the Institute of Statistics, begun by Gertrude Cox in 1942, which established the Triangle area of North Carolina as a focus of statistical research and applications. The department’s expansion and growth included merger with the Department of Operations Research in 2003. Its research and teaching activities now include most areas of theory and applications in probability, statistics, and operations research.
Between Bodies and Institutions: Gendered Violence as Co-Constitutive

On September 10, 2017, during tailgating events for a Louisiana State University (LSU) football game, freshman Max Gruver tweeted, “Jello shots are an incredible thing” (@mgruver12). We can imagine...
“How am I doing?” narratives of youth living in congregate care on their social-emotional well-being

Abstract Youth living in out-of-home placement are presented with a number of challenges to their social-emotional well-being. At minimum, these young people have experienced a disruption to their family and living environment, and in most cases, they have experienced trauma originating from exposure to the abuse and neglect resulting in their out-of-home placement. Despite the complicated emotional consequences of out-of-home placements and the varied experiences that these young people go through, assessment of their social-emotional clinical or behavioral problems deriving from these experiences are rarely self-reported. Thus, an outside perspective limits the ability to understand the social-emotional well-being of these youth and their underlying strengths. This study sought to bridge this gap by investigating how young people themselves define their social-emotional well-being. We identified eight themes through the analysis of 20 individual interviews with youth living in a congregate care placement within the public child welfare system, discussing the implications of the study for practitioners working with these vulnerable young people and critical considerations for the contribution of qualitative methods.
Three new species of Comasteridae (Echinodermata, Crinoidea) from the tropical western Pacific

Three new species of unstalked crinoids (Echinodermata, Crinoidea) belonging to the comasterid genera Comactinia A. H. Clark, 1909, Capillaster A. H. Clark, 1909 and Cenolia A. H. Clark, 1916 from depths of 73-310 m, are described. Comactinia titan n. sp., from the Philippines and New Caledonia, which bears thicker arms than any other comasterid, is the first representative of its genus recorded outside the tropical western Atlantic. Capillaster squarrosus n. sp., from Vanuatu, resembles C. multiradiatus (Linnaeus, 1758) but has uniquely modified arms. Cenolia amezianeae n. sp., from southern New Caledonia and Vanuatu, resembles its congeners but bears combs on pinnules as far as P 19 (rather than just to P 4 as in other Cenolia), which requires an emendation of the generic diagnosis. RESUME
Fulminant Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome After Carotid Endarterectomy for Asymptomatic Stenosis

Background Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) is a rare complication after carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Only a limited number of prior cases of RCVS have been reported after CEA for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Case Description In this report we present an unusual case of RCVS associated with multifocal intraparenchymal hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, subdural hematoma, and ischemic stroke after CEA for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. We review preexisting studies and draw correlations with implications for understanding the mechanisms of RCVS. Conclusions A high index of suspicion should be maintained in post-CEA patients presenting with headaches or focal neurologic deficits, and vigilance with serial vascular imaging may help minimize long-term complications.
Occupational Participation and Well-Being of Student Veterans Revealed Through Photovoice

Date Presented 04/06/19 Veterans entering college experience transition challenges that may affect their academic success and well-being. Photovoice, interviews, and focus groups were used to explore the patterns of occupational engagement of college student veterans, as well as supports and barriers to their well-being. This poster presents the results of research that highlights opportunities for OT to support the occupational participation and well-being of student veterans transitioning to college. Primary Author and Speaker: Jenna Yeager
Efficient OpenCL Accelerators for Canny Edge Detection Algorithm on a CPU-FPGA Platform

The processing demands of current and emerging applications, such as image/video processing, are increasing due to the deluge of data, generated by mobile and edge devices. This raises challenges for a vast range of computing systems, starting from smart-phones and reaching cloud and data centers. Heterogeneous computing demonstrates its ability as an efficient computing model due to its capability to adapt to various workload requirements. Field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) provide power and performance benefits and have been used in many application domains from embedded systems to the cloud. In this paper, we used a closely coupled CPU-FPGA heterogeneous system to accelerate a sliding window based image processing algorithm, Canny edge detector. We accelerated Canny using two different implementations: Code partitioned and data partitioned. In the data partitioned implementation, we proposed a weighted round robin based algorithm that partitions input images and distributes the load between the CPU and the FPGA based on latency. The paper also compares the performance of the proposed accelerators with separate CPU and FPGA implementations. Using our hybrid CPU-FPGA based algorithm, we achieved a speedup up to 4.8× over a CPU-only and up to 2.1× over a FPGA-only implementations. Moreover, the estimated total energy consumption of our algorithm is more efficient than a CPU-only implementation. Our results show a significant reduction in energy delay product (EDP) compared to the CPU-only implementation, and comparable EDP results to the FPGA-only implementation.
Hardness and tensile properties of metals subjected to aging conditions

Many metals used in engineering applications are exposed to aging conditions such as ultraviolet radiation and moisture. Aged metals are expected to lose their designed mechanical properties, and it was desired to relate a degraded local property to other homogenous properties. To study the aging effect, steel and aluminum were tested with reproduced variables in an accelerated weather testing chamber. Multiple tensile specimens of steel and aluminum were created to undergo accelerated Q-Lab Ultraviolet testing in the presence of radiation, heat and moisture. Accelerated aging resulted in decreasing surface hardness correlating with the tensile strength and elastic modulus for both steel and aluminum. The study also investigated the change in hardness through the depth of specimens resulting from aging, exhibited more consistently in steels. The overall strongest correlations existed in steels, between surface hardness and tensile strength, analogous to other studies. Modeling linear relationships for metal lifetime forecasts from hardness has been supported by this study. Outcomes can be expanded upon with more elaborate finite element analysis if desired in future experimentation.
WWII contract spending and inequality

We find that the share of state-level income captured by the top 1% of income earners falls by 1.73pp in response to WWII contract spending. We also find a postwar permanent decline in top 1% incom...
Abstract A63: Commensal microbiota promote lung tumorigenesis via γδ T cells

Lung cancer is closely associated with chronic inflammation, but the mechanisms underlying inflammation in this setting have not been clearly defined nor have the specific contributions of particular immune cell types been elucidated. The lung is a mucosal tissue colonized by a diverse bacterial community, and pulmonary infections commonly present in lung cancer patients are linked to clinical outcomes. Here we provide evidence that local microbiota provoke inflammation associated with lung adenocarcinoma by activating lung-resident γδT cells. Germ-free or antibiotic-treated mice were significantly protected from lung tumor initiation and progression induced by Kras mutation and p53 loss. Mechanistically, commensal bacteria stimulated Myd88-dependent IL-1β and IL-23 production from myeloid cells, inducing proliferation and activation of Vγ6+Vδ1+ γδ T cells that produced IL-17 and other effector molecules to promote inflammation and tumor cell proliferation. Our findings clearly link local microbiota-immune crosstalk to lung tumorigenesis, and thereby define key cellular and molecular mediators that may serve as effective targets in lung cancer treatment and prevention. Citation Format: Chengcheng Jin, Chen Zhao, Georgia Lagoudas, Arjun Bhutkar, Bo Hu, Tyler Jacks. Commensal microbiota promote lung tumorigenesis via γδ T cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2018 Nov 27-30; Miami Beach, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2020;8(4 Suppl):Abstract nr A63.
#Hamas: A Thematic Exploration of Hamas’s English-Language Twitter

As the debate on whether Hamas should be designated a terrorist organization intensifies across Europe and North America, policymakers and practitioners seek to identify the core principles that un...
Invariance of edit-distance to tempo in rhythm similarity:

Despite the long history of music psychology, rhythm similarity perception remains largely unexplored. Several studies suggest that edit-distance—the minimum number of notational changes required t...
Increased Synaptic Strength and mGlu2/3 Receptor Plasticity on Mouse Prefrontal Cortex Intratelencephalic Pyramidal Cells Following Intermittent Access to Ethanol.

Background The medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) is crucial for regulating craving and alcohol seeking in alcohol use disorder (AUD) patients and alcohol seeking in animal models. Maladaptive changes in volitional ethanol (EtOH) intake have been associated with PFC function, yet synaptic adaptations within PFC have not been consistently detected in voluntary drinking rodent models. At least 80% of the neurons in PFC are glutamatergic pyramidal cells. Pyramidal cells provide the predominant cortical output to several brain regions relevant to AUD, including structures within the telencephalon (IT: e.g., basal ganglia, amygdala, other neocortical regions) and outside the telencephalon (ET: e.g., lateral hypothalamus, midbrain monoaminergic structures, thalamus). Methods In addition to their anatomical distinctions, studies from several laboratories have revealed that prefrontal cortical IT and ET pyramidal cells may be differentiated by specific electrophysiological parameters. These distinguishable parameters make it possible to readily classify pyramidal cells into separable subtypes. Here, we employed and validated the hyperpolarization sag ratio as a diagnostic proxy for separating ET (type A) and IT (type B) neurons. We recorded from deep-layer prelimbic PFC pyramidal cells of mice 1 day after 4 to 5 weeks of intermittent access (IA) EtOH exposure. Results Membrane properties were not altered by IA EtOH, but excitatory postsynaptic strength onto IT type B neurons was selectively enhanced in slices from IA EtOH mice. The increased excitatory drive was accompanied by enhanced mGlu2/3 receptor plasticity on IT type B neurons, providing a potential translational approach to mitigate cognitive and motivational changes to PFC function related to binge drinking. Conclusions Together, these studies provide insight into the specific PFC neurocircuits altered by voluntary drinking. In addition, the findings provide an additional rationale for developing compounds that potentiate mGlu2 and/or mGlu3 receptor function as potential treatments for AUD.
A New State Registration Act: Legislating a Longer Arm for Personal Jurisdiction

In a sextet of recent decisions, the Roberts Court upended the longstanding framework for general and specific contacts-based personal jurisdiction. The Court's new approach has engendered uncertainty and erected insurmountable obstacles for some plaintiffs in locating an effective forum to vindicate their rights. We propose a novel solution to the injustices and unpredictability unleashed by these decisions: a new model corporate registration act that would require, as a condition of doing business in a state, the corporation's consent to personal jurisdiction in defined circumstances that implicate state sovereign regulatory, protective, and prescriptive interests. Registration-based consent to jurisdiction has a long pedigree, dating back to the years before the Fourteenth Amendment's ratification. For much of its history, however, registration-based jurisdictional consent languished in obscurity, as general "doing business" jurisdiction overshadowed the doctrine. With the Supreme Court's recent "at-home" trilogy sounding the death knell of general "continuous and systematic" contacts jurisdiction, the constitutional propriety of interpreting a state corporate registration scheme to require the corporation's all-purpose jurisdictional consent for claims arising anywhere in the world is in doubt. Instead of litigating the meaning and ongoing validity of these longstanding registration statutes, we recommend that the states adopt a modernized jurisdictional-consent statute that ensures an appropriate state jurisdictional reach and operates within the Supreme Court's pronounced adjudicative framework. We draft and evaluate a proposal for such a statute, which we believe the Uniform Law Commission is especially well situated to consider, refine, and promulgate for the states' benefit. Such a statute would avoid the wasteful expense of litigating the interpretation of registration statutes initially adopted during the heyday of the horse and buggy. More importantly, the proposed act would allow the states to assert their sovereign authority to ensure access to justice for their residents after the dismantling of general jurisdiction. By precisely tailoring the statute to states' sovereign interests, the proposed act avoids constitutional pitfalls while still providing an effective jurisdictional reach for the states after the Roberts Court's jurisdictional revolution.
EchoSpot: Spotting Your Locations via Acoustic Sensing

Indoor localization has played a significant role in facilitating a collection of emerging applications in the past decade. This paper presents a novel indoor localization solution via inaudible acoustic sensing, called EchoSpot, which relies on only one speaker and one microphone that are readily available on audio devices at households. We program the speaker to periodically send FMCW chirps at 18kHz-23kHz and leverage the co-located microphone to capture the reflected signals from the body and the wall for analysis. By applying the normalized cross-correlation on the transmitted and received signals, we can estimate and profile their time-of-flights (ToFs). We then eliminate the interference from device imperfection and environmental static objects, able to identify the ToFs corresponding to the direct reflection from human body. In addition, a new solution to estimate the ToF from wall reflection is designed, assisting us in spotting a human location in the two-dimensional space. We implement EchoSpot on three different types of speakers, e.g., Amazon Echo, Edifier R1280DB, and Logitech z200, and deploy them in real home environments for evaluation. Experimental results exhibit that EchoSpot achieves the mean localization errors of 4.1cm, 9.2cm, 13.1cm, 17.9cm, 22.2cm, respectively, at 1m, 2m, 3m, 4m, and 5m, comparable to results from the state-of-the-arts while maintaining favorable advantages.
Talking Cures: A History of Western and Eastern Psychotherapies

This work shows how underlying socio-cultural constructs support and inform the way therapy is provided across a wide variety of cultures and eras. Emphasizing the philosophical foundations of psychotherapy, the text examines how and why therapists of different persuasions operate as they do. In addition to extensive coverage of non-Western approaches to psychotherapy, the book also explores the psychotherapeutic implications of radical feminism, existentialism, and social constructionism.
Management strategies for idiopathic urethritis.

Summary Introduction Williams and Mikhael (1971) described idiopathic urethritis (IU) as a self-limiting condition that affects boys aged 5–15 years, with symptoms of urethrorrhagia, dysuria and haematuria. However, a proportion of boys will remain symptomatic for several years, and may develop urethral stricture (Poch et al., 2007; Palagiri et al., 2003). There is no universally effective treatment for IU, although various strategies have been employed. Objective To review the presentation and long-term outcomes of boys with IU, and present the efficacy of management strategies that have been utilised. Study design A retrospective review was performed of all boys with IU. It was based on clinical and cystoscopic findings for presentation, medical history, management and clinical progress. Results Fifty-four boys were included, with a median age of 11 years (range 5–15 years) at presentation. The median duration of symptoms was 18 months (range 2–132 months). The median follow-up was 18.5 months (range 1–120 months). Seven (13.0%) boys had early urethral stricture at initial cystourethroscopy, and one (1.9%) developed stricture during follow-up. Thirty-six boys (66.7%) had previous circumcision and four (7.4%) had meatal stenosis. Eight (14.8%) had previous hypospadias repair. Conclusion Whilst 50% of boys with IU do not require any specific treatment, those with severe/unremitting symptoms may benefit from a trial of urethral steroids or short-term urethral catheterisation. The mechanisms of benefit from these modalities are unclear and they require further evaluation.
SINERGY: A Linear Planner Based on Genetic Programming

In this paper we describe SINERGY, which is a highly parallelizable, linear planning system that is based on the genetic programming paradigm. Rather than reasoning about the world it is planning for, SINERGY uses artificial selection, recombination and fitness measure to generate linear plans that solve conjunctive goals. We ran SINERGY on several domains (e.g., the briefcase problem and a few variants of the robot navigation problem), and the experimental results show that our planner is capable of handling problem instances that are one to two orders of magnitude larger than the ones solved by UCPOP. In order to facilitate the search reduction and to enhance the expressive power of SINERGY, we also propose two major extensions to our planning system: a formalism for using hierarchical planning operators, and a framework for planning in dynamic environments.
The importance of monitoring metabolic recovery in the coral Acropora cervicornis after short-term exposure to drilling muds: Calcification rate and protein concentration

The effect of used drilling muds on coral health was examined by monitoring changes in calcification rate and soluble tissue protein concentration in the coral Acropora cervicornis. Exposure to 25 ppm (v/v) of one mud for 24 h reduced calcification rate in the growing tips by as much as 62%. In recovery experiments, corals were exposed to drilling muds for 24 h; some of them were allowed to recover in clean seawater for 48 h. After the 24-hour exposure, calcification rates were significantly less than those of the controls. After a 48-hour recovery period, calcification rates returned to control levels for one mud but were still significantly below control levels for another. The results indicate that the capacity for recovery after exposure cannot be predicted from the results of experiments on exposure only. Recovery capacity must be independently verified for all studies on the effects of short-term exposure to drilling muds.
Echocardiographic Evaluation of Coronary Artery Disease

Echocardiographic evaluation of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) is a low cost, portable, and non-invasive imaging tool that is available in almost all hospitals and in many office settings. Detection of a discreet impairment in regional left ventricular mechanical function by echocardiography provides real time cardiac imaging useful in the evaluation and diagnosis of acute and chronic CAD. Echocardiography helps to establish the diagnosis, location, and extent of ischemia and it identifies mechanical complications of infarction and provides prognostic information for risk stratification. Stress echocardiography, by induction of regional wall motion abnormalities with treadmill or bicycle exercise or following dobutamine pharmacologic stress, is routinely used to demonstrate the presence of CAD, to risk stratify patients, and to assess myocardial viability prior to revascularization. Newer echocardiographic parameters, such as strain rate and perfusion, have improved the accuracy in CAD detection and are complementary adjuncts in stress echocardiography.
A surveillance receiver for evaluating mode A/C/S activity

When the mode-S transponder was developed, the system was provided with a number of communications capabilities. It was envisioned that a number of enhancements of the modern cockpit would use the mode-S data link. At the time of the development of the mode-S transponder, it was also envisioned that the mode-S transponder would receive a high level of penetration into the secondary radar transponder population because of mandated installation of modes. The mode-S data link is often suggested as an appropriate data link but there are some concerns about the data capacity of the mode-S system. The mode-S system already shares the 1030/1090 MHz frequency pair with ATCRBS transponders and TCAS. Since there is only one frequency pair, every user, world-wide, shares these frequencies. The mode-S system is first, and foremost, a part of the air traffic control radar system and the data link is a secondary operation. Under no circumstances should the data link portion of the mode-S system jeopardize the primary function of the transponder. It was determined that a surveillance system would be an important tool to analyze the amount and type of activity on the 1030/1090 MHz frequency pair. This tool, essentially a recording receiver, would be useful in assessing the potential problems of adding additional loading on the 1030/1090 MHz frequency pair. The receiver design is described and the results of activity tests are presented and compared to previous tests.
Primary retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of low malignant potential : A case report and literature review

A case of primary retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of low malignant potential in the presence of normal ovaries is reported. The precise etiology of these neoplasms has not been defined; however, they may arise from heterotopic ovarian tissue, monodermal teratomas, embryonal urogenital remnants, intestinal duplication, or coelomic metaplasia. Although minimal data exist to define the appropriate management, it seems reasonable to extrapolate from the treatment of analogous ovarian neoplasms.
Crystal structure of the 100 kDa arsenite oxidase from Alcaligenes faecalis in two crystal forms at 1.64 A and 2.03 A.

Abstract Background: Arsenite oxidase from Alcaligenes faecalis NCIB 8687 is a molybdenum/iron protein involved in the detoxification of arsenic. It is induced by the presence of AsO 2 − (arsenite) and functions to oxidize As III O 2 − , which binds to essential sulfhydryl groups of proteins and dithiols, to the relatively less toxic As V O 4 3− (arsenate) prior to methylation. Results: Using a combination of multiple isomorphous replacement with anomalous scattering (MIRAS) and multiple-wavelength anomalous dispersion (MAD) methods, the crystal structure of arsenite oxidase was determined to 2.03 A in a P2 1 crystal form with two molecules in the asymmetric unit and to 1.64 A in a P1 crystal form with four molecules in the asymmetric unit. Arsenite oxidase consists of a large subunit of 825 residues and a small subunit of approximately 134 residues. The large subunit contains a Mo site, consisting of a Mo atom bound to two pterin cofactors, and a [3Fe-4S] cluster. The small subunit contains a Rieske-type [2Fe-2S] site. Conclusions: The large subunit of arsenite oxidase is similar to other members of the dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) reductase family of molybdenum enzymes, particularly the dissimilatory periplasmic nitrate reductase from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans , but is unique in having no covalent bond between the polypeptide and the Mo atom. The small subunit has no counterpart among known Mo protein structures but is homologous to the Rieske [2Fe-2S] protein domain of the cytochrome bc 1 and cytochrome b 6 f complexes and to the Rieske domain of naphthalene 1,2-dioxygenase.
Saliva and the Clinical Pathology Laboratory

There have been increasing numbers of applications using oral fluids, saliva in particular, as the target substrate for performing clinical diagnostic tests. These have focused primarily on point-of-care (POC) testing. These POC testing approaches range from, for example, currently available, highly specialized screening tests for the presence of antibodies recognizing HIV to the potential development of "lab-on-a-chip" platforms. Broad claims have been made that the latter will revolutionize clinical laboratory testing. From the perspective of large centralized clinical laboratories, multiple issues must be considered before implementing individual tests using saliva as the target fluid in a POC format or using saliva as a universal test fluid for measuring multiple analytes in a centralized laboratory format. The current scope of laboratory testing is large and comprehensive, involving both POC and centralized testing. Current academic laboratory programs have the ability to qualitatively identify and/or quantitatively measure several thousand analytes in various target matrices including blood, plasma, serum, urine, joint fluid, pleural fluid, peritoneal fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, and tissue. These tests fall into multiple clinical pathology disciplines, including clinical chemistry, hematology, coagulation, transfusion medicine, microbiology, cytogenetics, molecular diagnosis, and immunology. In addition, before implementing a given test, multiple issues need to be evaluated to ensure the validity of the reported result; these include considerations involving the three major phases of testing: preanalytical (e.g., patient identification and specimen collection, stability, and transport), analytical (e.g., sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and precision), and postanalytical (e.g., reporting results, quality improvement, and turn-around-time).
Electrically Injected Quantum Dot Photonic Crystal Microcavity Light-emitting Arrays with Air-bridge Nano-contacts

In this paper the characteristics of an electrically injected PC microcavity device with quantum dot (QD) active region and air-bridge electrical contacts to the PC microcavity is presented. Air bridges are 300nm tall, 300-500nm wide, 3-13mum long and have surface contact width ~200-300nm. Arrays of microcavity light emitters are fabricated by interconnecting multiple PC microcavities by nano-bridges. Robust metallic air-bridges are drawn to pedestal-supported PC microcavities with air-cladding on top and air/oxide cladding on the bottom. The QD heterostructure grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) method. The oxide cladding improves both carrier and optical mode confinement which is been created by selective wet oxidation of 0.6mum Al0.98Ga 0.02As layers below the active GaAs region with embedded QDs. Electroluminescence (EL) measurements on an isolated H2 microcavity show multiple resonances, corresponding to the cavity modes. Spectral characteristics of the array are similar to those of an isolated cavity with larger signal-noise ratio