cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pressure Effects on the Crystal Field in Rare-Earth Chalcogenides and Pnictides

The simple rock salt structure of the rare-earth monopnictides and monochalcogenides makes them particularly amenable to experimental study and analysis in terms of crystalline electric fields. The early neutron diffraction work performed on these compounds1,2,3 represents, even today, almost the only systematic study of the crystalline electric field in a rare-earth/metal series. Interestingly, it was found that a “simple point charge” model could be used to explain the quantitative magnitude of the crystal field parameters if one allowed two electronic charges to be relocated from the rare-earth to pnictide or chalcogenide site. This transfer of charge has some qualitative support based upon electronegativity arguments.
‘Sit in my seat’: perspectives of students with learning disabilities about teacher effectiveness in high school inclusive classrooms

In the USA, students with learning disabilities (LD), after students with speech and language impairments, are the second highest incidence disability category of children and youth receiving the m...
Escherichia coli: One of the Simplest Cells

A bacterium that inhabits our intestinal tract, Escherichia coli,has the distinction of being the most biochemically defined organism known to science. It has been central to the study of biochemistry since its discovery in 1885 by Escherich, due in part to its general availability and ease of growth, and in part to plain serendipity. Escherichia coli has played a major role in many of the seminal discoveries of biochemistry: the genetic code, glycolysis, and the regulation of protein synthesis. To quote a review of the molecular biology of Escherichia coli: “Not everyone is mindful of it, but all cell biologists have two cells of interest: the one they are studying and Escherichia coli!”*
Diffractive Physics in CDF — Run 2

After a brief review of the diffractive physics done by the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) in Run 1 (ending 1996), I describe the improved detectors of Run 2 (starting 2001) and some of the new studies they make possible. These range from low mass exclusive central systems produced by double pomeron exchange, to high mass b \( \bar b \) dijets by DℙE. I comment on the possibility of a Higgs signal in the latter channel at the Tevatron (unlikely) or at the LHC (less unlikely). Some related processes which could constrain the theoretical estimates are discussed.
Peptide-Binding Heat Shock Proteins in the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Role in Immune Response to Cancer and in Antigen Presentation

Publisher Summary The demonstration of immunogenicity of cancer cells leads to a search for the cancer-derived molecules, which elicit resistance to tumor challenges. This chapter discusses the experiments that fractionate cancer-derived proteins and test them for their ability to immunize against the cancers. The heat shock proteins (HSPs) are the most highly conserved and abundant proteins in living systems; found across the phylogenetic ladder from archaebacteria to primates. The basis of tumor-specific immunogenicity of HSPs lies at the intersection of a number of diverse areas, including antigen presentation, protein folding, and assembly. The studies that suggest some radically novel opportunities for human cancer immunotherapy are also discussed in the chapter. The nonviral antigens that elicit protective immune response to tumor challenges are tabulated in the chapter. The major tumor-immunogenic HSPs, such as GP 96, HSP 90, and HSP 70 are demonstrated in the chapter. The GP 96 is focused with respect to the molecular basis of its specific immunogenicity and the cellular mechanism. The proposed role of GP 96 HSP in antigen presentation by MHC class I molecule is also diagrammatically represented in the chapter. It also tabulates the specificity of immunogenicity of tumors resulting from different random mutations in each cell.
Effect of Marijuana Use on Outcomes in Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Several studies have demonstrated neuroprotective effects of cannabinoids. The objective of this study was to establish a relationship between the presence of a positive toxicology screen for tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and mortality after TBI. A 3-year retrospective review of registry data at a Level I center of patients sustaining TBI having a toxicology screen was performed. Pediatric patients (younger than 15 years) and patients with a suspected nonsurvivable injury were excluded. The THC(+) group was compared with the THC(-) group with respect to injury mechanism, severity, disposition, and mortality. Logistic regression was used to determine independent associations with mortality. There were 446 cases meeting all inclusion criteria. The incidence of a positive THC screen was 18.4 per cent (82). Overall mortality was 9.9 per cent (44); however, mortality in the THC(+) group (2.4% [two]) was significantly decreased compared with the THC(-) group (11.5% [42]; P = 0.012). After adjusting for differences between the study cohorts on logistic regression, a THC(+) screen was independently associated with survival after TBI (odds ratio, 0.224; 95% confidence interval, 0.051 to 0.991; P = 0.049). A positive THC screen is associated with decreased mortality in adult patients sustaining TBI.
Variation in Woody Plants; Molecular Markers, Evolutionary Processes and Conservation Biology

Trees and shrubs define the physical and biological frameworks of many of the world’s dominant terrestrial ecosystems. Their structural and functional importance also contributes to their being both understudied and over exploited. They are understudied because their sizes and life spans are typically much greater than our own, which makes them difficult subjects for experimentally-tidy studies. They are overexploited because we have too often treated the wood they yield as a resource to be extracted, and have been unwilling to invest the economic and intellectual resources needed to develop plantation forests in many parts of the world.
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy

Graves’ disease (GD) is an autoimmune disease in which autoantibodies directed against the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) are produced. Interaction of these stimulatory antibodies with the TSHR on thyrocytes results in hyperthyroidism (Chapter 4). Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is the eye disease that commonly accompanies GD. Approximately 20–25% of patients with Graves’ hyperthyroidism have clinically evident TAO [1]. However, subtle ocular involvement can be demonstrated in the vast majority of patients when sensitive imaging techniques such as orbital ultrasonography are used [2]. Conversely, although approximately 10% of patients with TAO have the characteristic eye changes without current or past evidence of hyperthyroidism (‘euthyroid ophthalmopathy’), the vast majority of these patients have laboratory evidence of autoimmune thyroid disease, including antibodies to thyroid peroxidase or to the TSHR [3]. Finally, there is a close temporal relationship between the onset of hyperthyroidism in GD and the development of clinically significant TAO; eye involvement precedes or follows the onset of TAO by 18 months in 85% of affected individuals [1].
Park and Neighborhood Attributes Associated With Park Use: An Observational Study Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles:

As the world becomes more urbanized, neighborhood parks are becoming an increasingly important venue where people engage in physical and social activities. Using park-use data collected by unmanned...
Observation of Anisotropic Strain-Wave Dynamics and Few-Layer Dephasing in MoS2 with Ultrafast Electron Microscopy

The large elastic strains that can be sustained by transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and the sensitivity of electronic properties to that strain, make these materials attractive targets for tunable optoelectronic devices. Defects have also been shown to influence the optical and electronic properties, characteristics that are especially important to understand for applications requiring high precision and sensitivity. Importantly, photoexcitation of TMDs is known to generate transient strain effects but the associated intralayer and interlayer low-frequency (tens of GHz) acoustic-phonon modes are largely unexplored, especially in relation to defects common to such materials. Here, with femtosecond electron imaging in an ultrafast electron microscope (UEM), we directly observe distinct photoexcited strain-wave dynamics specific to both the ab basal planes and the principal c-axis crystallographic stacking direction in multilayer 2H-MoS2, and we elucidate the microscopic interconnectedness of these modes to one another and to discrete defects, such as few-layer crystal step edges. By probing 3D structural information within a nanometer-picosecond 2D projected UEM image series, we were able to observe the excitation and evolution of both modes simultaneously. In this way, we found evidence of a delay between mode excitations; initiation of the interlayer (c-axis) strain-wave mode precedes the intralayer (ab plane) mode by 2.4 ps. Further, the intralayer mode is preferentially excited at free basal-plane edges, thus suggesting the initial impulsive structural changes along the c-axis direction and the increased freedom of motion of the MoS2 layer edges at terraces and step edges combine to launch in-plane strain waves at the longitudinal speed of sound (here observed to be 7.8 nm/ps). Sensitivity of the c-axis mode to layer number is observed through direct imaging of a picosecond spatiotemporal dephasing of the lattice oscillation in discrete crystal regions separated by a step edge consisting of four MoS2 layers. These results uncover new insights into the fundamental nanoscale structural responses of layered materials to ultrafast photoexcitation and illustrate the influence defects common to these materials have on behaviors that may impact the emergent optoelectronic properties.
From Molecules to Molecular Surfaces. Exploiting the Interplay Between Organic Synthesis and Electrochemistry

ConspectusFor many years, we have been looking at electrochemistry as a tool for exploring, developing, and implementing new synthetic methods for the construction of organic molecules. Those effor...
Workplace Bullying Laws in Africa and Middle East

Legal laws pertaining to workplace bullying in the countries of South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Kenya in the African continent and countries of United Arab Emirates (UAE), Turkey, and Israel situated in the Middle Eastern region are reviewed in this chapter. The Protection from Harassment Act 2011, The Labor Act 1985, and the Employment Act 2007, Federal Decree Law 2015, the Law on Turkish Human Rights and Equality Institution 2016, and the Prevention of Sexual Harassment Law 2014 are discussed in detail to understand how effective these legal statutes are in protecting the physical and mental health of employees within organizations. In addition, suggestions are provided to overcome the limitations existing in the current legal system in Africa and the Middle East region.
Community Organizations and Latin America’s Poorest Citizens: Voting, Protesting, and Contacting Government

How do Latin America’s poorest citizens participate in politics? This article explores the role that community organizations play in mobilizing individuals into three common modes of political participation: voting, protesting, and contacting government. It argues that community organizations help mobilize poor individuals both through the resources they provide for mobilization and because they serve as sites where political parties target individuals for mobilization. It analyzes survey data from LAPOP surveys for 18 Latin American countries and finds that overall, poor people are just as politically active as more affluent individuals; that involvement in community organizations is a very strong predictor of all types of political participation; and that membership in organizations has an especially strong effect on voting and protesting for poor people. By equalizing levels of political participation across income groups, organizations help erase class-based inequalities in participation that have plagued democracies in the region.
QTc interval prolongation associated with inpatient azithromycin therapy for pneumonia

Context In 2013, the US Food and Drug Administration issued a warning regarding the use of azithromycin and the risk of fatal dysrhythmias after a 14-year retrospective analysis showed increased risk of cardiovascular-related death in patients who had taken a 5-day course of azithromycin compared with those who took amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, or no antibiotics. At the authors' institution, pneumonia is the most common diagnosis for which azithromycin is used as a treatment for patients who are hospitalized. Objective To compare corrected QT (QTc) interval measurements on electrocardiogram (ECG) before and after inpatient azithromycin treatment for pneumonia. Methods The authors retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 642 patients age 18 years and older who were diagnosed with pneumonia and treated with azithromycin at an academic teaching hospital between January 1, 2017 and December 31, 2017. Patients who had an ECG performed both before and after azithromycin treatment were included and divided into 2 groups: those who had 1 dose of azithromycin (Group 1) and those who had 2 doses (Group 2). Patients were excluded if they had a baseline QTc interval on initial ECG greater than or equal to 500 ms, any signs of ischemia or myocardial infarction, any initial dysrhythmia or underlying ECG abnormalities, or absence of pre- and post-ECG results. Outcomes measures included a comparison of QTc intervals on ECG before and after azithromycin, and an analysis of the percentage of patients with a QTc interval measurement greater than 500 ms on ECG after azithromycin treatment. Our primary outcome measurement was the QTc interval measurement on ECG before and after azithromycin in patients treated with azithromycin for community acquired pneumonia. Our secondary outcome measurement was the percentage of patients with a QTc interval measurement of greater than 500 ms on ECG after azithromycin treatment. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to evaluate repeated QTc measures of our primary outcome in Group 1 and Group 2. Our secondary outcome was reported as a percentage of total patients with a QTc interval of greater than 500 ms after azithromycin doses on ECG. Results Of 642 patients, 142 had available pre- and post-EGC results available; 100 were included in Group 1 (1 dose) and 42 in Group 2 (2 doses). Mean QTc interval differences after 1 dose of azithromycin exhibited an increase compared to baseline values (424 vs 477 ms). A Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated a significant QTc prolongation after 1 dose of azithromycin (mean rank, 43.76; Z=-4.921; P 500 ms after azithromycin. There were no documented dysrhythmias during hospitalization in this study period. Conclusion QTc interval increases were observed during inpatient azithromycin therapy for pneumonia, but were not found to be associated with cardiac dysrhythmias during hospitalization.
The mitochondrial genome sequence of the BS-C-1 cell line is at odds with the reported derivation from Cercopithecus aethiops .

The BS-C-1 cell line widely used in virological research was reportedly derived from the African green monkey Cercopithecus (Chlorocebus) aethiops. We used Sanger sequencing to determine the full nucleotide sequence of mtDNA in BS-C-1 cells. The mitochondrial genome in this cell line is 16,456 bp long and has an organization typical of that in other mammalian genomes with 37 genes, including 2 rRNAs, 22 tRNAs, and 13 polypeptide-encoding genes. Surprisingly, this genome is most closely related to that of Chlorocebus pygerythrus, which does not agree with the reported derivation of this cell line from C. aethiops. Another unexpected observation is the presence of mtDNA length heteroplasmy within the MT-ND6 gene, with the variant containing a stretch of 8 Cs encoding a functional gene, whereas the variant containing 9 Cs encodes a frameshifted gene. It is unclear whether the latter variant is nonfunctional or whether it is corrected by programmed translational ribosomal -1 frameshifting. The availability of the full mtDNA sequence for the BS-C-1 cell line should increase its utility by enabling studies on mtDNA transcription and replication.
Retail Order Execution Quality under Zero Commissions

Using rule 605 reports from major market makers that receive retail order flow, we examine the impact of zero-commission trades on order execution quality. We find that the effective spread for marketable orders between 100 and 499 shares marginally decreased following the zero-commission cut. We also find that realized spreads increased and adverse selection decreased for market makers relative to exchanges. Consistent with better alignment of incentives between brokers and market makers, our results suggest that the elimination of commissions for retail investors improved execution quality for orders directed to third-party market makers.
“It Was Scary, But Then It Was Kind of Exciting”: Young Women’s Experiences with Choking During Sex

Choking/strangulation during sex is prevalent among young adults, with one study finding that 58% of women college students had ever been choked during sex. However, no qualitative study has examined women’s experiences with choking/strangulation during sex outside of intimate partner violence. The purpose of our qualitative interview study was to investigate women’s experiences with choking and/or being choked during partnered sex. Through in-depth interviews with 24 undergraduate and graduate women students ages 18 to 33, we sought to understand how women communicate about choking, their learning about and initiation into choking, their feelings about being choked and choking others, as well as consent and safety practices used in relation to choking. We found that women had first learned about choking through diverse sources including pornography, erotic stories, magazines, social media, friends, and partners. While all 24 women had been choked during sex, only 13 of 24 had ever choked a partner. They described having engaged in choking with men as well as women and with committed as well as more casual partner types. Participants described consensual and non-consensual choking experiences. While many women enjoyed choking, others did it largely to please their sexual partner. Women described different methods and intensities of having been choked. Although very few had ever sought out information on safety practices or risk reduction, and only some had established safe words or safe gestures with partners, participants consistently expressed a belief that the ways in which they and their partner(s) engaged in choking were safe.
B12 in a New Light: Queuosine tRNA Modification

The tRNA modification queuosine (Q) was first discovered in the wobble position of His, Tyr, Asp, and Asn anticodons over 40 years ago, yet only recently was the final biosynthetic enzyme responsib...
Splenic infarction associated with sickle cell trait at low altitude.

AbstractObjective and importanceSickle cell trait is widely known to be associated with splenic infarction at high altitudes. Although textbooks and reviews imply that this complication does not occur at low altitudes, we encountered such a case and identified several previous cases in the literature.Clinical presentationAn 18-year-old woman with sickle cell trait who resided near sea level presented with left upper quadrant abdominal pain and was found to have multiple splenic infarcts. She was otherwise well, with no comorbidities that would predispose to hypoxemia or vascular injury. A review of the literature revealed 12 previously published cases of low-altitude splenic infarction in patients with sickle trait; 7 of those patients had comorbidities that likely predisposed to splenic infarction.InterventionNone.ConclusionSpontaneous splenic infarction can occur in patients with sickle trait who live at low altitudes. It is unclear whether this complication is rare, or whether it is relatively common b...
Pediatric cancer: predicting sibling adjustment

Within the context of a coping model, the present study attempted to determine variables associated with good and poor adjustment for siblings (N = 129) of pediatric cancer patients. Family cohesion and adaptability were found to mediate the impact of pediatric cancer on the healthy sibling. Specifically, high levels of family cohesion and adaptability were associated with better adaptation for siblings. Some support also was found for Folkman, Schaefer, and Lazarus' (1979) coping model, as the following variables, proposed by the model, predicted sibling adjustment to pediatric cancer: health/energy/morale, social support, and utilitarian resources. Results from this study stress the need to examine the child in a variety of ecological contexts (e.g., parental and familial functioning; neighborhood/community support).
Location management employing two-level forwarding pointers in PCS networks

We present a new location tracking scheme which intends to mitigate the signaling traffic for location management in the PCs systems. For a PCS network to effectively deliver services to its mobile users, it must have an efficient way to locate the mobile users. The location management fulfills this task through location registration and paging. To reduce the signaling traffic, many schemes such as local anchor (LA) scheme, peruser caching scheme and pointer forwarding scheme have been proposed. In our two-level forwarding strategy, we choose a set of VLRs traversed by users as the mobility agents (MA), which form another level of location management to make many registrations localized. Pointers can then be setup between VLRs as the traditional pointer forwarding scheme as well as between MAs. The numerical results show that this strategy can significantly reduce the network signaling traffic for users with low call-to-mobility ratio (CMR) without increasing much of the call setup delay.
Plasma current profile shaping with rf-current drive

As our understanding of rf current drive in tokamaks improves we should seek to employ this technique in the optimum fashion to enhance the attractiveness of tokamak reactor economics. Work at ANL throughout the past year has identified several areas in which the tokamak concept could be improved relative to the STARFIRE design.1,2 Many of these improvements derive from the possibility of operating in the second stability regime.3,4 In particular, we note that plasmas with toroidal betas in excess of twenty per cent have been found theoretically stable to ideal MHD modes in high aspect ratio tokamaks with quite modest toroidal currents. In our opinion a tokamak reactor may be most attractive if it embodies the four following characteristics. First, high beta is essential to reducing cost, since considerable capital is invested in the large toroidal field magnets. Second, high aspect ratio (A ≳ 5) will facilitate the use of efficient fast wave current drive5,6 and could simplify reactor maintenance operations. Third, low toroidal current (≲5 MA) will greatly reduce the cost of the equilibrium field coil (EFC) system and attendant start-up power supplies and will reduce the consequences of a plasma disruption. Fourth, steady state operation is likely to reduce costs and increase reliability relative to pulsed operating cycles.
SVS: Can the shared variable paradigm exist in massively parallel multiprocessor architectures?

During recent years there have been many efforts aimed towards the elimination of the gap between shared memory and message passing parallel computers. Many researchers have addressed the problem by implementing distributed shared memory (DSM) systems. In this paper, we present a new approach to DSM, focusing on shared variables. An approach like this can operate complementary to message passing environments, taking over the complicated task of process synchronisation, or it can act as an integrated, autonomous system of interprocess communication, if the use of the offered shared memory is not heavy. We investigate the viability and efficiency of such a system in a massively parallel environment where non-contention is difficult. SVS (Shared Variable System) is an implementation of this idea, in the form of a runtime library on a massively parallel Parsytec GCel 3/512. We present the philosophy, inner-structure and the user interface of SVS, along with the first experience with its use. >
Delamination Buckling: Theory and Experiment

A Rayleigh-Ritz analysis is presented to determine the load or strain at which delamination buckling will occur for a composite laminate containing a single delamination. This delamination is assumed to be elliptical in shape, with local axes of symmetry which may be at an angle relative to the global plate axes. The laminate is assumed to be sujected to global loading which transforms to a loading with a relatively small shear component when taken about the local axes of the elliptical delamination. Special cases of this type of loading include uniaxial and biaxial compression. Possible bending-stretching coupling behavior of the delaminated region and the effect of Poisson's ratio mismatch between the delaminated and base region are investigated. Analytical predictions for delamination buckling loads are shown to correlate well with experimental results for a number of different geometries.
Online Dispute Resolution

Online dispute resolution (ODR) is the application of alternative dispute resolution practices and theories with networked information technology to manage conflict. Comprising primarily online mediation, negotiation, or arbitration systems, ODR also includes information management tools for informal conflict management by individuals and organizations. Keywords: alternative dispute resolution (ADR); arbitration; conflict management; negotiation; online mediation
Triggers of Mass Atrocities

The concept of “triggers” enjoys wide usage in the atrocity prevention policymaking community. However, the concept has received limited academic analysis. This paper reviews the concept critically, develops a definition, and subjects the concept to empirical analysis. The paper offers a mild endorsement of the concept of triggers of atrocity. The paper identifies four main categories of triggering event but cautions that triggers cannot be separated from context or decision-makers.
Preliminary study of disfluency in school-aged children with autism.

Background In recent years, there has been increased identification of disfluencies in individuals with autism, but limited examination of disfluencies in the school-age range of this population. We currently lack information about whether the disfluencies of children with autism represent concomitant stuttering, normal disfluency, excessive normal disfluency, or some form of disfluency unique to the school-age population of children with autism. Aims This paper explores the nature of disfluencies in school-aged children with autism in comparison with matched children who stutter and controls. It explores stuttering-like disfluencies, non-stuttering-like disfluencies and word-final disfluencies. Methods & Procedures This study compared disfluency patterns in 11 school-aged children with Asperger's syndrome (AS), 11 matched children who stutter (CWS), and 11 matched children with no diagnosis (ND). Analyses were based on speech samples collected during an expository discourse task. Outcomes & Results Results reveal statistically significant differences between children with AS and CWS and between children with AS and those with ND for the percentage of words containing stuttering-like disfluencies. In the AS group, four out of 11 (36%) met the common diagnostic criteria for a fluency disorder. Disfluencies in the AS group differed qualitatively and quantitatively from the CWS, and included a larger distribution of word-final disfluencies. Conclusions & Implications This study provides initial data regarding patterns of disfluency in school-aged children with AS that, with careful consideration and the cautious application of all findings, can assist therapists in making more evidence-based diagnostic decisions. Findings offer evidence that when working with children with AS, disfluencies both similar and dissimilar to those of CWS may be identified in at least a subset of those with AS. Therefore, children with AS should be screened for fluency disorders during their initial evaluation and treated if it is determined that the fluency disorder negatively impacts the effectiveness of communication.
The impact of a carbon tax on the Susquehanna River Basin economy

Abstract This paper presents the first study of the economic impacts of a carbon tax on an environmentally delineated, sub-national area. The study is based on a 32-sector computable general equilibrium model of the Susquehanna River Basin (SRB) of the US. A special feature of the analysis is that it incorporates changes in prices of traded goods facing the focal region as a result of the imposition of a tax imposed globally. The results show that a tax of $16.96 per ton of carbon could have rather negligible negative impacts on the SRB economy as a whole, but that the negative impacts on its energy industries could be sizeable. Also, several sensitivity tests on closure rules and key parameter values indicate that the results are rather robust.
In vitro and in vivo studies of cellular immunity in alcoholic cirrhosis.

In vivo andin vitro studies of cellular immunity were performed in 32 patients with alcoholic liver disease and in 13 patients with chronic alcoholism. Eighty percent of patients with alcoholic liver disease failed to develop a delayed hypersensitivity reaction (DHR) to a challenge of 100 μg of DNCB in contrast to 11% (P<0.01) in the group of patients with chronic alcoholism. There was a significant decrease in responsiveness to SK-SD (P<0.05) and to mumps antigen (P<0.05) in the alcoholic liver disease group. All but one of the patients who were DNCB negative responded to croton oil. This makes faulty macrophage function in the genesis of the negative skin test unlikely. Elevated immunoglobulin levels were associated with the loss of DHR in 5 of the 8 patients tested in the alcoholic liver group. This is not a significant correlation. The lymphocytes of all our patients in both groups responded to PHA even in the absence of DNCB sensitivity. This suggests that there is no intrinsic abnormality of the lymphocytes present. It does not, however, rule out the presence of a plasma factor which would inhibit thein vivo expression of the delayed hypersensitivity reaction. Nonspecific nutritional factors may also contribute to the loss of cell-mediated immunity in patients with alcoholic liver disease.
SAFETY OF PASSING LONGER COMBINATION VEHICLES ON TWO-LANE HIGHWAYS

Whether to allow wider use of longer combination vehicles (LCVs) is the topic of a policy debate in the United States. If allowed to operate in a greater number of states, LCVs would largely be confined to interstate highways and other major facilities. Yet, it often may be necessary for them to travel on two-lane highways en route to shipping points to pick up or discharge freight. A safety issue related to LCVs operating on two-lane highways is the potential risk to occupants of vehicles overtaking LCVs. To help assess the added risk of passing a longer vehicle, we developed a passing model that takes into account different performance levels of overtaking autos, varying levels of aggressiveness of drivers, volume of oncoming traffic, and lengths of vehicles being overtaken. We conclude that with moderate oncoming traffic, the odds of failure to pass a 120 ft LCV versus a 65 ft standard truck are about 2–6 times greater.
Gastrulation in the sea urchin embryo is accompanied by the rearrangement of invaginating epithelial cells

The second phase of gastrulation in the sea urchin embryo, secondary invagination, involves a dramatic elongation of the tube-like gut rudiment. The cells in the wall of the rudiment, which are organized as a monolayered epithelium, change their arrangement during this process. The number of cells in the wall of the gut rudiment at any given level along its long axis decreases markedly as determined by light microscopy of serial cross sections and by scanning electron microscopy, an observation that can be accounted for only if some of the cells exchange nearest neighbors during secondary invagination. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that cell rearrangement takes place despite the continued presence of typical intercellular junctional complexes. In addition to undergoing rearrangement, the cells in the wall of the gut rudiment change their shape during secondary invagination, becoming more flattened. These data raise the possibility that mechanisms other than the contraction of the filopodia of the presumptive secondary mesenchyme cells contribute to the second phase of invagination in the sea urchin embryo. In addition, the observation that cells in the wall of the gut rudiment undergo rearrangement during secondary invagination provides additional evidence that epithelial sheets can exhibit fluid-like properties during morphogenesis.
Studies on 5-hydroxyindole metabolism in autistic and other mentally retarded children*

Summary Aspects of 5-hydroxyindole metabolism have been studied in some groups of mentally retarded children. Six of 23 children with the diagnosis of infantile autism had consistently elevated blood 5-HT levels. The mean level of blood 5-HT of other severely retarded children was higher than that of the mildly retarded group. No specific clinical signs could be found in these children.
Wafer scale synthesis of dense aligned arrays of single-walled carbon nanotubes

Here we present an easy one-step approach to pattern uniform catalyst lines for the growth of dense, aligned parallel arrays of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) on quartz wafers by using photolithography or polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp microcontact printing (µCP). By directly doping an FeCl3/methanol solution into Shipley 1827 photoresist or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), various catalyst lines can be well-patterned on a wafer scale. In addition, during the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth of SWNTs the polymer layers play a very important role in the formation of mono-dispersed nanoparticles. This universal and efficient method for the patterning growth of SWNTs arrays on a surface is compatible with the microelectronics industry, thus enabling of the fabrication highly integrated circuits of SWNTs.
Role of IRS-2 in insulin and cytokine signalling

THE protein IRS-1 acts as an interface between signalling proteins with Src-homology-2 domains (SH2 proteins) and the receptors for insulin, IGF-1, growth hormone, several interleukins (IL-4, IL-9, IL-13) and other cytokines1–7. It regulates gene expression and stimulates mitogenesis, and appears to mediate insulin/1GF-1-stimulated glucose transport8. Thus, survival of the IRS-1 −7− mouse with only mild resistance to insulin was surprising9'10. This dilemma is provisionally resolved with our discovery of a second IRS-signalling protein. We purified and cloned a likely candidate called 4PS from myeloid progenitor cells and, because of its resemblance to IRS-1, we designate it IRS-2. Alignment of the sequences of IRS-2 and IRS-1 revealed a highly conserved amino terminus containing a pleckstrin-homology domain and a phos-photyrosine-binding domain, and a poorly conserved carboxy terminus containing several tyrosine phosphorylation motifs. IRS-2 is expressed in many cells, including tissues from IRS-1 −/− mice11, and may be essential for signalling by several receptor systems.
Simulations and forecasting with macroeconometric models-An overview

Aggregate (or macro-) econometric models are systems of equations designed to represent the basic quantitative relationships among, and the behavior over time of, such major economic variables as national income, consumption, investment, employment, the price level, etc. They vary greatly in size, complexity, dynamic characteristics, and estimation methods. Increasingly, large quarterly models with non-linearities in variables are constructed and consistent estimation methods are used. The models serve the purposes of testing macroeconomic hypotheses, simulating the effects of alternative policies, and forecasting changes in the economy. The results are mixed and partly inconclusive but the potential contributions of the models are large. My assignment in this paper is to describe briefly what macroeconometric models are and how they are used. I shall try to give a general survey of the principal topics in this broad and growing area of study, in the belief that they are of sufficient interest to an audience of professionals from different but not unrelated fields.
Statistical analysis of metallic anomaly patterns at former air force bombing ranges

This paper summarizes the findings of a statistical analysis of the locations of metallic anomalies detected at the Pueblo Precision Bombing Range Number 2 in Otero County, Colorado, and at the Victorville Precision Bombing Range in San Bernardino County, California. The purpose of the study is to explore whether statistical properties of the pattern of anomaly locations can be used to discriminate areas likely to contain unexploded ordnance (UXO) left over from previous bombing practice from those unlikely to contain UXO. Techniques for discriminating areas with and without UXO are needed because historic records have left an incomplete account of previous military training activities, so that locations historically used for target practice are often unknown. This study differs from previous research on metallic anomaly data at former military training ranges in that it analyzes the spatial pattern of the discrete locations of the anomalies, rather than the average number of anomalies per unit area. The results indicate that differences in spatial pattern may be a distinguishing feature between areas that were used for target practice and those that are unlikely to contain UXO, even when a large number of ferrous rocks and other inert metallic anomalies are present. We found that at both of the former bombing ranges, the anomaly patterns in sample areas that are distant from all known bombing targets are consistent with a complete spatial randomness pattern, while those near the target areas fit a radially symmetric, bivariate Gaussian pattern. Furthermore, anomaly location patterns generated by surveys with airborne metal detectors have the same statistical properties as the patterns generated by surveys with on-ground detectors, even though the airborne systems detect only a subset of the anomalies found by the ground-based detectors. Thus, pattern information revealed by airborne surveys with metal detectors may be useful in identifying areas where careful searches for UXO are needed.
ODV mobility enhancement using active height control

To enhance the mobility of the USU T-class of vehicles, the T3 vehicle has been developed that incorporates Z-axis motion of the drive wheel modules. Moving the wheels up and down provides the ability to pitch and roll the vehicle chassis and move the vehicle center of gravity to change the force distribution on the individual drive wheels. The omni- directional capability of the vehicle provides the capability to align the vehicle with the slope gradient that maximizes the vehicle stability. This paper shows that by pitching the vehicle into the slope, that the uphill traction limit of the vehicle can be increased by about 10 degree(s). Future research efforts concerning stair climbing, step negotiation, and obstacle field navigation are also discussed.
The amygdala: site of genomic and nongenomic arousal of aldosterone-induced sodium intake.

The amygdala: Site of genomic and nongenomic arousal of aldosterone-induced sodium intake. Background Mineralocorticoids act on the brain to influence sodium intake, and they do so via intracellular type I receptors and possibly also via a direct membrane action, as they do in the kidney. One brain area implicated by lesion studies investigating the regulation of sodium appetite aroused by adrenal steroids is the amygdala. Methods To examine the mechanism by which mineralocorticoids act in the amygdala to arouse salt intake via a genomic and or membrane mode of action, rats were bilaterally fitted with cannulae directed to terminate in the amygdala. The genomic action of mineralocorticoids in arousing sodium intake was investigated by the administration of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ASDNs) against the mineralocorticoid receptor, and its effects on deoxycorticosterone (DOCA)-induced sodium intake over the course of several days was examined. The nongenomic action of mineralocorticoids on sodium intake was investigated by implantation into the amygdala of DOCA, aldosterone (ALDO), or their A-ring–reduced tetrahydro derivatives, 15 minutes prior to access to saline. Sodium intake was monitored immediately thereafter. Results Treatment of rats in the amygdala with ASDN against the mineralocorticoid receptor inhibited DOCA-induced sodium intake, whereas ASDN against the glucocorticoid receptor or sense/scrambled sequences had no effect. DOCA and ALDO increased saline intake within 15 minutes after steroid application. Similarly, the application of A-ring–reduced 3β,5β tetrahydroaldosterone and 5 α-tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone produced the same increases in sodium intake. Conclusions Together, the data imply that adrenal steroids, in addition to acting through classic cytosolic receptors, may also act on membrane receptor systems, producing rapid changes in behavior.
Justification for Hospital-Based Nuclear Pharmacy Services

Diversification is the greatest survival strategy available to hospital pharmacy today. Nuclear pharmacy is a growing field within institutional pharmacy practice and can help ensure the profession's participation in new technologies and clinical support roles. Nuclear pharmacy practice parallels hospital pharmacy practice in many areas including procurement, compounding, dispensing, quality assessment, and drug use review. Particularly important to the practice of pharmacy are the clinical contributions by nuclear pharmacists in areas such as product selection, drug interactions and interferences, and assisting the physician in the interpretation of nuclear medicine imaging data. Hospital-based nuclear pharmacy services are closely allied with nuclear medicine and radiology, which have felt the effects of changing trends in third party reimbursement. It has been shown repeatedly that nuclear pharmacists can make an impact on the quality of nuclear medicine services, while improving the cost effectiveness...
Fibroblast Growth Factor Influences the Development and Cycling of Murine Hair Follicles

The effects of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on the development of hair follicles in neonatal mouse skin were examined. Newborn mice (B6C3-based strain) were given daily subcutaneous injections of bFGF and bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 7 days. By Day 9, distinct areas of hairless, unpigmented skin were observed surrounding the sites treated with bFGF. This phenomenon persisted until about 14-16 days of age when the emergence of hair in the bald patches was first seen. Hair growth continued in the treated regions until they were mostly covered at 18-20 days of postnatal age. Control sites injected with BSA only were indistinguishable from the surrounding pigmented, hairy skin at all ages. Histological examination of skin from various ages of bFGF-treated mice suggested that the growth factor had affected both the initiation and the development of the hair follicles. This resulted in a significant delay in the first and subsequent hair cycles when compared to control animals injected with BSA only.
Tendon Properties Remain Altered in a Chronic Rat Rotator Cuff Model

Background Chronic rotator cuff tears are often associated with pain or poor function. In a rat with only a detached supraspinatus tendon, the tendon heals spontaneously which is inconsistent with how tears are believed to heal in humans.
Effect of adjuvant chemotherapy on time to recurrence and survival of stage I uterine sarcomas

We have evaluated the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy on time to recurrence and survival in two prospective trials of women with stage I uterine sarcomas. The first trial compared surgery only to surgery plus Adriamycin. The 5-year estimated survival rate was 36% for surgery alone and 63% for surgery plus Adriamycin. The 5-year recurrence free rate for surgery alone was 46% as compared to 75% for surgery plus Adriamycin. The second trial, without a concurrent control group, included patients with stage I uterine sarcoma and adjuvant cyclaphosphamide, vincristine, Adriamycin, and dacarbazine (CYVADIC) chemotherapy. The 5-year survival rate was 89% and the recurrence-free rate was 80%. In all of these trials, as well as in the report of Van Nagell et al (Cancer 57:1451-1454, 1986) of adjuvant vincristine, actinomycin-D, and cyclophosphamide (VAC) chemotherapy, there are too few patients to make any formal statistical comparison of the groups, although the surgery plus CYVADIC group appears to be the most promising.
Central interleukin-1β-induced inhibition of acid secretion in rats : specificity of action

Abstract It is well established that IL-1β acts in the brain to potently inhibit gastric acid secretion in pylorusligated rats. The present study was designed to further investigate the specificity and mechanisms of the centrally mediated antisecretory action of IL-1β in conscious rats. Intracerebroventricular injection of IL-1β (100 ng) decreased acid secretion in pylorus-ligated rats and inhibited basal and pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion in rats with chronic gastric fistula. The antisecretory effect of IL-1β (100 ng) injected into the lateral ventricle of pylorus ligated rats was completely reversed by prior intracerebroventricular injection of the IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-1ra, (100 μg). Peripheral administration of the somatostatin monoclonal antibody, CURE.S6, did not modify intracisternal IL-1β-induced inhibition of acid secretion in pylorus ligated rats. IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (100 ng) injected intracisternally did not influence gastric acid secretion in pylorus-ligated rats. These data show that IL-1β action in the CNS is mediated through interaction with specific IL-1 receptors and is selective to this cytokine. IL-1β antisecretory action can be observed under basal and pentagastrin-stimulated conditions and is independent from somatostatin release in the periphery.
Differentiation, Radicalization, and the Emergence of the Zapatista Rebellion in Chiapas

Over three decades, southeastern Mexico has experienced social and economic changes that restructured agriculture, exacerbated class divisions, and increasingly politicized ethnic relations in a region with a large indigenous population. The Zapatista rebellion of 1994 both reflected these processes and sharpened the economic, social, and political divisions growing out of them. It also refocused opposition to the political structures through which privileged elites, from the national government down to local officials, have controlled the region's resources and maintained order. As negotiations continue between the Zapatistas and the national government, the future is uncertain. Yet a lasting peace will have to accommodate the region's recent transformations of social structure.