cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of Cre-Lox Technology to Analyze Integrin Functions in Astrocytes

Astrocytes communicate with the vascular endothelium via direct cell-cell contacts as well as a variety of secreted growth factors and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Integrins are heterodimeric cell surface receptors for ECM protein ligands, and many integrin subunits are expressed in astrocytes. Here, we will discuss gene deletion strategies in mice that have deciphered functions for specific integrins in astrocyte-endothelial cell adhesion and signaling. Specifically, we will detail how Cre-lox molecular genetic techniques have revealed important roles for integrin αvβ8 in regulating cerebral blood vessel development and homeostasis. First, we will detail how to generate Cre-lox mutant mouse models that our group and others have used to study αvβ8 integrin in embryonic astroglial progenitors and postnatal astrocytes. Second, we will discuss how viral-delivered Cre can be used to acutely delete integrin genes in astrocytes within defined anatomic regions of the brain. Third, detailed in vivo methods to verify Cre-mediated gene recombination in astrocytes will be presented. Lastly, we will present one experimental strategy to determine how integrin gene deletion affects astrocyte-endothelial cell coupling in the CNS. While this review focuses on the generation and characterization of mice lacking αvβ8 integrin, these experimental strategies can be expanded to analyze other cell adhesion and signaling genes important for astroglial-mediated regulation of blood vessel development and homeostasis.
Plasma Structure and Dynamics

Despite over a century of observations, the physical processes by which prominence plasma forms and evolves remain controversial. In this chapter we review the observational constraints on all mass formation models, review the four leading models—injection, levitation, evaporation–condensation, and magneto-thermal convection, describe the strengths and weaknesses of each model, and point out opportunities for future work. As needed, short tutorials are provided on fundamental physical mechanisms and concepts not covered in other chapters, including magnetic reconnection and energy balance in coronal loops.
Acquired Aversions as the Basis for Varied Diets of Ruminants Foraging on Rangelands

Ruminants eat an array of plant species that vary in nutrients and toxins. This selection makes intuitive sense, but no theories adequately explain this diversity. Some maintain it reduces the likelihood of overingesting toxins, whereas others contend it meets nutritional needs. Nevertheless, herbivores seek variety even when toxins are not a concern and nutritional needs are met. I offer another explanation for this behavior, one which encompasses the avoidance of toxins and the acquisition of nutrients. A key concept in this theory is aversion, the decrease in preference for food just eaten as a result of sensory input (a food's taste, odor, texture, i.e., its flavor) and postingestive effects (effects of nutrients and toxins on chemo-, osmo-, and mechano-receptors) unique to each food. Aversions are pronounced when foods contain toxins or high levels of rapidly digestible nutrients; they also occur when foods are deficient in specific nutrients. Aversions occur even when animals eat nutritionally adequate foods because satiety (satisfied to the full) and surfeit (filled to nauseating excess) represent points along a continuum, and there is a fine line between satiety and aversion. Thus, eating any food is likely to cause a mild aversion, and eating a food too frequently or in excess is likely to cause a strong aversion. Aversions are involuntary and are not the result of conscious decisions by an animal. Aversions yield benefits (e.g., obtain a balanced diet, reduce ingestion of toxic foods, optimize foraging and rumination times, sample foods, maintain a diverse microflora in the rumen) that are often mistaken as the cause of varied diets. In this article, I discuss the subtle ways in which aversions diminish preference and cause animals to eat a variety of foods.
Drivers of Cost for Pancreatic Surgery: It's Not About Hospital Volume.

Outcomes for pancreatic resection have been studied extensively due to the high morbidity and mortality rates, with high-volume centers achieving superior outcomes. Ongoing investigations include healthcare costs, given the national focus on reducing expenditures. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the relationships between pancreatic surgery costs with perioperative outcomes and volume status. We performed a retrospective analysis of 27,653 patients who underwent elective pancreatic resections from October 2013 to June 2017 using the Vizient database. Costs were calculated from charges using cost–charge ratios and adjusted for geographic variation. Generalized linear modeling adjusting for demographic, clinical, and operation characteristics was performed to assess the relationships between cost and length of stay, complications, in-hospital mortality, readmissions, and hospital volume. High-volume centers were defined as hospitals performing ≥ 19 operations annually. The unadjusted mean cost for pancreatic resection and corresponding hospitalization was $20,352. There were no differences in mean costs for pancreatectomies performed at high- and low-volume centers [− $1175, 95% confidence interval (CI) − $3254 to $904, p = 0.27]. In subgroup analysis comparing adjusted mean costs at high- and low-volume centers, there was no difference among patients without an adverse outcome (− $99, 95% CI − $1612 to 1414, p = 0.90), one or more adverse outcomes (− $1586, 95% CI − $4771 to 1599, p = 0.33), or one or more complications (− $2835, 95% CI − $7588 to 1919, p = 0.24). While high-volume hospitals have fewer adverse outcomes, there is no relationship between surgical volume and costs, which suggests that, in itself, surgical volume is not an indicator of improved healthcare efficiency reflected by lower costs. Patient referral to high-volume centers may not reduce overall healthcare expenditures for pancreatic operations.
Lagged beliefs and reference-dependent utility

Abstract Models of expectation-based reference-dependent preferences proposes that the reference point to which consumption outcomes are compared is endogenously determined as a function of lagged, probabilistic beliefs. This paper presents an experiment designed to test some predictions of expectation-based reference dependence models. The design induces a stochastic reference point via a lottery and then measures valuations for a commodity. The experimental results find no effect of the first stage lottery on commodity valuation.
Promoting Recovery Identities Among Mothers with Histories of Addiction: Strategies of Family Engagement

Changes in identity are critical to managing transitions to recovery from substance and alcohol addictions. Identity change is particularly important for mothers, whose recovery processes are often in the context of critical but complex family relationships and societal expectations. But research and practice often underestimate the relational dimensions that promote or inhibit changes in one's identity during recovery. Here we analyze data from a study that involved interviews with 30 formerly incarcerated women participating in a community-based substance use treatment program in the Midwest. Drawing from Constructivist Grounded Theory Methods, our analysis identified three factors shaping levels of engagement with family members: (1) the relational consequences of a shared past; (2) ascribing permanence to the old identity of "addict" versus the ability to see women's capacity to change; and (3) the current provision of caregiving support to participants' children. Our analysis supports and extends existing research by highlighting how family can both promote and inhibit a recovery identity process. We discuss potential implications for theorizing "recovery" and "identity" as relational and identify key elements to support practices more attuned to the hidden complexity of family support.
Management of Hepatitis C Infection in children in the era of Direct‐acting Antiviral Agents

Chronic hepatitis C certainly is a global health burden in children as well as in adults. Spontaneous viral clearance can occur in early childhood but is uncommon thereafter. Although the majority of cases are asymptomatic during childhood and young adulthood, without an effective treatment, children who acquire HCV via vertical transmission can develop chronic liver disease and other complications including end-stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma in adulthood. Efforts from worldwide health organizations, the pharmaceutical industry, and clinical and research institutions have resulted in very effective interferon-free therapy with direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) for HCV-infected children. In this manuscript, we will briefly review the epidemiology of HCV in children, historic treatment, current published data on DAAs in children and conclude with suggestions for management of the child with HCV in the era of DAAs.
Does combination T4 and T3 therapy make sense

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the existing evidence regarding the combined use of levothyroxine and liothyronine to treat hypothyroidism. Methods Eleven published randomized controlled trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of combined levo- thyroxine and liothyronine therapy for hypothyroidism were reviewed and summarized. Related basic and clinical research findings were also incorporated for perspective. Results An initial randomized controlled trial reported symptomatic improvement in hypothyroid patients taking combined levothyroxine and liothyronine therapy compared with those taking levothyroxine therapy alone. Subsequently, multiple relatively small randomized controlled trials failed to demonstrate any subjective or objective benefit from combined levothyroxine and liothy- ronine therapy. A polymorphism (Thr92Ala) in the gene encoding the deiodinase 2 (D2) enzyme that converts thy- roxine to triiodothyronine in the brain was later identified in about 16% of hypothyroid persons. This polymorphism may impair brain deiodinase activity in the presence of low brain thyroxine levels. One randomized controlled trial found that patients with the D2 Thr92Ala polymorphism had more baseline symptoms than those with the wild type D2 and experienced significantly greater symptomatic improvement in response to combined levothyroxine and liothyronine therapy. Conclusions Most hypothyroid patients experience rapid symptomatic relief after institution of levothyroxine replacement therapy, but persistent symptoms remain in some despite what appears to be adequate levothyroxine therapy with normalization of the serum thyrotropin level. A thorough investigation is warranted in these patients to detect and treat other responsible lifestyle issues, medical conditions, and endocrine conditions. A subset of hypo- thyroid patients has a polymorphism in the gene encoding the D2 enzyme that may prevent full resolution of symp- toms with levothyroxine therapy alone; these patients may benefit from combination levothyroxine and liothyronine therapy. (Endocr Pract. 2012;18:750-757)
The Electrolyte Frontier: A Manifesto

Chibueze is currently an assistant professor at the Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering at the University of Chicago where his research group focuses on tackling the challenges (some of which are detailed here) related to electrolytes for energy storage and electrocatalysis. He obtained his PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), did his postdoctoral work at Stanford University, and was a visiting fellow at the University of Cambridge (UK). His PhD and postdoctoral work focused on understanding electrolyte instability and designing new electrolytes for lithium-air and lithium-metal batteries.
Florida Dairy Industry Statistics: Herd Performance Measures and Benchmarks

This 8-page fact sheet summarizes technical performance data of dairy herds in Florida and the Southeast United States collected through the Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) program. Written by K.G. Arriola and A. De Vries, and published by the UF Department of Animal Sciences, February 2013. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/an286
Geisinger Immunohistochemical Antibodies and Staining Protocols

The lack of detailed information about antibodies and staining protocols in the literature is quite frustrating, especially when trying to reproduce published results; therefore we have included detailed antibody and staining protocol information, including many recently described antibodies such as GATA3, PAX8, napsin A, p40, ERG, NKX3.1, NKX2.2, SATB2, cadherin 17, arginase-1, pVHL, maspin, UP II, SALL4, SF-1, TROP2, adipophilin, SOX10, Merkel cell polyomavirus, NY-ESO-1, BRAF, and c-MYC, in this second edition. Most antibodies mentioned in this book have been routinely used at Geisinger Medical Laboratories, or have at least been optimized in one or both (Dako and Ventana) staining platforms. Table 4.1 includes antibodies tested with the Dako stainer and Table 4.2 includes antibodies tested with the Ventana staining platform. These two tables provide detailed information for each antibody, including vendor, catalog number, clone, antigen retrieval method, antibody dilution, in vitro diagnostic use (IVD) vs. analyte specific reagents (ASR) vs. research use only (RUO) class, staining pattern, positive control tissue, and the contact information for each vendor. No one in our group has a financial interest in any of these companies.
Yoga Meditation Enhances Proprioception and Balance in Individuals Diagnosed With Parkinson's Disease.

This study compared the effectiveness of two proprioceptive exercise programs for persons diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Thirty-three patients with mild to moderate PD were randomly assig...
Residual-based a posteriori error estimates of mixed methods for a three-field Biot’s consolidation model

We present residual-based a posteriori error estimates of mixed finite element methods for the three-field formulation of Biot's consolidation model. The error estimator is an upper and lower bound of the space time discretization error up to data oscillation. As a by-product, we also obtain new a posteriori error estimate of mixed finite element methods for the heat equation.
Feline and Canine Rabies in New York State, USA

In New York State, domestic animals are no longer considered rabies vector species, but given their ubiquity with humans, rabies cases in dogs and cats often result in multiple individuals requiring post-exposure prophylaxis. For over a decade, the New York State rabies laboratory has variant-typed these domestic animals to aid in epidemiological investigations, determine exposures, and generate demographic data. We produced a data set that outlined vaccination status, ownership, and rabies results. Our data demonstrate that a large percentage of felines submitted for rabies testing were not vaccinated or did not have a current rabies vaccination, while canines were largely vaccinated. Despite massive vaccination campaigns, free clinics, and education, these companion animals still occasionally contract rabies. Barring translocation events, we note that rabies-positive cats and dogs in New York State have exclusively contracted a raccoon variant. While the United States has made tremendous strides in reducing its rabies burden, we hope these data will encourage responsible pet ownership including rabies vaccinations to reduce unnecessary animal mortality, long quarantines, and post-exposure prophylaxis in humans.
Compensating the Lead Poisoned Child: Proposals for Mitigating Disciminatory Damage Awards

Traditional determinations of tort damages disadvantage plaintiffs in lead paint litigation. When courts rely heavily on race-based statistics and closely scrutinize the achievements of the plaintiff'S family, low-income and minority plaintiffs suffer the immediate consequences. This method of compensation reinforces the notion that the tort system reflects the realities of current economics, complete with all its inequities. As this Note suggests, however, the tort system should strive to mitigate these discriminatory realities rather than remaining complacent and content with the status quo. Adopting race-neutral statistics and comprehending the psychological theory of resiliency will allow courts to begin the damage calculation from a more optimistic and less discriminatory perspective.
Increasing Accuracy of Video Quality Ratings through Direction of Attention and Training

Summary This paper describes the results of two studies undertaken to better understand the strong positive relationship between the content of a video clip and viewers' subjective ratings of the video quality of that clip. Experiment 1 evaluated the effect of training on video quality ratings. Experiment 2 assessed the impact of attention in these assessments. Experiment 1 showed that training participants on video quality assessment techniques removed viewers' heuristic reliance on affect while increasing accuracy. Experiment 2 demonstrated that participants' video quality ratings could also be improved by directing their focus of attention. Focusing viewers on quality did not show a moderation of the relationship between content immersion and video quality, as participants maintained high levels of content immersion even when focusing on video quality. Because training and attention increased quality rating accuracy, they could be utilized in video quality testing to improve the viewer feedback received. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE UNACCOUNTABLE CENSUS: COLONIAL ENUMERATION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SOMALI PEOPLE OF KENYA*

In 2010, the Kenyan government annulled national census results due to concerns that Somalis in the country had been over-counted. This article traces the genesis of this recent demographic dispute, which held important implications for the distribution of political power. It shows that African leaders inherited long-standing practices laid down by the colonial state, which was unable to obtain a reliable count of the number of people in Kenya or render its Somali subjects into a countable, traceable population. In regions where expansive Somali networks had long predated British rule, colonial authorities only loosely enforced the concept of a permanent population. By yielding to this reality, colonial officials developed governance techniques that should not be mistakenly portrayed as state ‘failures’. These policies call into question the applicability of James C. Scott's concept of ‘legibility’ to Kenya. They also suggest that recent demographic controversies cannot be reductively blamed on ‘illegal’ immigration.
Electrical stimulation and testosterone enhance recovery from recurrent laryngeal nerve crush.

11 Abstract. Objective: This study investigated the effects of a combinatorial treatment, consisting of a brief period of nerve electrical stimulation (ES) and systemic supraphysiologic testosterone, on functional recovery following a crush of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). Study design: Prospective, controlled animal study. Methods: After a crush of the left RLN, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four treatment groups: 1) no treatment, 2) ES, 3) testosterone propionate (TP), and 4) ES + TP. Each group was subdivided into 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks post-operative survival time points. Groups had an n of 4-9. Recovery of vocal fold mobility (VFM) was assessed. Results: Brief ES of the proximal nerve alone or in combination with TP accelerated the initiation of functional recovery. TP administration by itself also produced increased VFM scores compared to controls, but there were no statistical differences between the ES-treated and TP-treated animals. Treatment with brief ES alone was sufficient to decrease the time required to recover complete VFM. Animals with complete VFM were seen in treatment groups as early as 1 week following injury; in the untreated group, this was not observed until at least 3 weeks post-injury, translating into a 66% decrease in time to complete recovery. Conclusions: Brief ES, alone or in combination with TP, promise to be effective therapeutic interventions for promoting regeneration following RLN injury. 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
A scalable technique for implementing multiple consistency levels for distributed objects

In large scale distributed systems, caching and replication could greatly speedup access and increase availability. Consistency of replicated state can be guaranteed by forcing operations to occur in the same order at all sites. However some applications can preserve correctness with weaker consistency requirements leading to better performance. We propose an object lifetime based mutual consistency detection mechanism that is used to implement multiple consistency levels. This mechanism provides scalable implementations because caching overheads at client nodes depend only on the accesses done at the node. A contribution of this paper is the separation of the the mutual consistency detection mechanism from the policy that decides the desired consistency guarantees. This allows multiple consistency levels to coexist, thus improving system performance through the use of weaker consistency levels when possible. Besides improving performance, the mechanism allows for a graceful weakening of consistency requirements when stronger requirements cannot be maintained, as in the case of disconnection that can be experienced in mobile environments. The mutual consistency detection mechanism also provides a uniform way of hoarding a mutually consistent set of objects during voluntary disconnection.
Changes in Sexual Functioning in Women after Neuromodulation for Voiding Dysfunction

Abstract Introduction Sacral neuromodulation is a well‐established treatment for urinary and bowel disorders with potential use for other disorders such as sexual dysfunction. Aim To evaluate changes in sexual functioning in women undergoing neuromodulation for voiding symptoms. Methods Patients enrolled in our prospective, observational neuromodulation database study were evaluated. Data were collected from medical records, and patient‐completed Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and Interstitial Cystitis Symptom‐Problem Indices (ICSI‐PI) at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months post‐implant. Patients rated overall change in sexual functioning on scaled global response assessments (GRA) at 3, 6, and 12 months post‐implant. We grouped women by baseline FSFI scores: less (score Main Outcomes Measures Changes in FSFI and ICSI‐PI scores in women grouped by baseline FSFI score Results Of 167 women evaluated, FSFI scores improved overall from preimplant (mean 13.5 ± 8.5) to 12 months (N = 72; mean 15.9 ± 8.9, P = 0.004). At baseline and each follow‐up point, ICSI‐PI scores were similar between groups and improved through time. For patients in the FSFI P = 0.0006). Improved FSFI domains included desire, orgasm, satisfaction, and pain. Furthermore, of the 74 subjects in this group not sexually active at baseline, 10 became sexually active during follow‐up. In the FSFI ≥ 26 group there was slight but statistically significant decline in mean scores between baseline and 12 months (N = 9; 27.4 ± 1.1 to 24.5 ± 3.4; P = 0.0302); however one had become sexually inactive. A significant decrease was seen in the satisfaction domain. Conclusions Many factors affect sexual functioning in women; however sexual function may improve along with urinary symptoms after neuromodulation. Yih JM, Killinger KA, Boura JA, and Peters KM. Changes in sexual functioning in women after neuromodulation for voiding dysfunction. J Sex Med 2013;10:2477–2483.
Accelerating locomotor recovery after incomplete spinal injury

A traumatic spinal injury can destroy cells, irreparably damage axons, and trigger a cascade of biochemical responses that increase the extent of injury. Although damaged central nervous system axons do not regrow well naturally, the distributed nature of the nervous system and its capacity to adapt provide opportunities for recovery of function. It is apparent that activity-dependent plasticity plays a role in this recovery and that the endogenous response to injury heightens the capacity for recovery for at least several weeks postinjury. To restore locomotor function, researchers have investigated the use of treadmill-based training, robots, and electrical stimulation to tap into adaptive activity-dependent processes. The current challenge is to maximize the degree of functional recovery. This manuscript reviews the endogenous neural system response to injury, and reviews data and presents novel analyses of these from a rat model of contusion injury that demonstrates how a targeted intervention can accelerate recovery, presumably by engaging processes that underlie activity-dependent plasticity.
Mechanism of Class Switching

We have documented the action of unequal sister chromatid exchange on antibody genes, and our studies provide the first molecular description of an unequal sister chromatid exchange event. We delineated the sequences that mediate class switch recombination in normal B cells through genomic Southern analysis of five IgG2-producing hybridomas. Successive subclass switching was documented in two of eight maps and may possibly account for interposed DNA in three additional maps, implying that subclass switching may be a relatively frequent occurrence in normal B cells. As in most other myelomas and hybridomas, the 5' breakpoint of switch recombination in our panel of hybridomas falls 5' to Cmu-associated tandem repeats, whereas the 3' breakpoint falls within C gamma-associated tandem repeats. We consider various hypotheses in the text, the most interesting of which is that deletion of Cmu-associated tandem repeats is a necessary first step before class switch recombination in mature B cells. This hypothesis suggests that Cmu-associated tandem repeats may be a separately regulated DNA element.
Tazarotene-induced gene 3 is suppressed in basal cell carcinomas and reversed in vivo by tazarotene application.

Basal cell carcinomas are the most common form of skin cancer. Tazarotene is a retinoic acid receptor selective retinoid that upregulates a tumor suppressor, tazarotene-induced gene 3 (TIG-3), in keratinocytes and psoriasis. Expression of TIG-3 in basal cell carcinomas was studied in an opened-label pilot biomarker study of 22 patients with basal cell carcinomas who applied tazarotene 0.1% gel for up to 12 wk prior to excision. Nineteen paired baseline and treated specimens were compared using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Compared to overlying normal epidermis, TIG-3 protein and mRNA were decreased in 14 and 18 of 19 basal cell carcinomas (74% and 95%), respectively (p
Surgical Management of Colon Cancer

Planning an operation for a patient with colon cancer requires the surgeon to have as much understanding as possible of the tumor’s location in the bowel, the stage of the cancer, and the patient’s physiologic status. Localization of the tumor and the histopathology are important data elements that allow preoperative selection of an operative plan and selection of the optimal resection margins. The presence of a lesion at watershed areas of vascular supply such as the hepatic and splenic flexures may require more extensive resection of colonic length for a safe and complete oncologic procedure. An extended right or left colectomy may be indicated to remove all contributing vascular supplies. In addition, information consistent with the hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) (right-sided lesion, Crohn’s-like inflammatory response, young patient, and positive family history) would support the resection of the abdominal colon rather than a simple segmental resection. This diagnosis may also be supported by special stains of the biopsy specimen which demonstrate microsatellite instability, the hallmark of the disease which develops from mutations in the DNA mismatch repair system. Colonoscopy is widely used today and represents the optimal means of diagnosing the lesion, identifying location, providing histopathologic material, and tattooing for intraoperative localization when required. Contrast enema is another means of localizing the lesion anatomically which should be considered to localize a lesion when colonoscopy fails to clearly define the portion of bowel involved.
Fluorescent neuroactive probes based on stilbazolium dyes

A set of spectrally diverse stilbazolium dyes was identified in an uptake assay using cultured brainstem and cerebellum cells isolated from e19 chicks. Pretreatment of cells with indatraline, a monoamine reuptake inhibitor, allowed identification of dyes that may interact with monoamine transporters. Two structurally related, yet spectrally segregated, probes, (E)-1-methyl-4-[2-(2-naphthalenyl)ethenyl]-pyridinium iodide (NEP+, 3A) and (E)-4-[2-(6-hydroxy-2-naphthalenyl)ethenyl]-1-methyl-pyridinium iodide (HNEP+, 4A), were selected and further investigated using HEK-293 cells selectively expressing dopamine, norepinephrine or serotonin transporters. HNEP+ was selectively accumulated viacatecholamine transporters, with the norepinephrine transporter (NET) giving the highest response; NEP+ was not transported, though possible binding was observed. The alternate modes of interaction enable the use of NEP+ and HNEP+ to image distinct cell populations in live brain tissue explants. The preference for HNEP+ accumulation viaNET was confirmed by imaging uptake in the absence and presence of desipramine, a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor.
Parenting in Emerging Adulthood: An Examination of Parenting Clusters and Correlates

The changing nature of the transition to adulthood in western societies, such as the United States, may be extending the length of time parents are engaged in "parenting" activities. However, little is known about different approaches parents take in their interactions with their emerging-adult children. Hence, this study attempted to identify different clusters of parents based on the extent to which they exhibited both extremes of control (psychological control, punishment, verbal hostility, indulgence) and responsiveness (knowledge, warmth, induction, autonomy granting), and to examine how combinations of parenting were related to emerging adult children's relational and individual outcomes (e.g. parent-child relationship quality, drinking, self-worth, depression). The data were collected from 403 emerging adults (M age = 19.89, SD = 1.78, range = 18-26, 62% female) and at least one of their parents (287 fathers and 317 mothers). Eighty-four percent of participants reported being European American, 6% Asian American, 4% African American, 3% Latino, and 4% reported being of other ethnicities. Data were analyzed using hierarchical cluster analysis, separately for mothers and fathers, and identified three similar clusters of parents which we labeled as uninvolved (low on all aspects of parenting), controlling-indulgent (high on both extremes of control and low on all aspects of responsiveness), and authoritative (high on responsiveness and low on control). A fourth cluster was identified for both mothers and fathers and was labeled as inconsistent for mothers (mothers were above the mean on both extremes of control and on responsiveness) and average for fathers (fathers were at the mean on all eight aspects of parenting). The discussion focuses on how each of these clusters effectively distinguished between child outcomes.
Quantification of bile acids directly from urine by MALDI–TOF–MS

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MS) has proved to be a useful method for the quantification of bile acids directly from plasma. Six cholic acid derivatives were selected for analysis: taurocholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid, taurolithocholic acid, glycocholic acid, glycochenodeoxycholic acid, and glycolithocholic acid. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) columns were used to preconcentrate and purify the plasma samples. Calibration curves averaged from 3 days were obtained for the bile acids, and then tested for their ability to accurately determine concentrations from one measurement. In summary, a simple, rapid method has been developed for the quantification of bile salts from plasma by MALDI-MS with SPE cleanup.
Review of: Rabid: A Cultural History of the World’s Most Diabolical Virus

Review of : Rabid: A Cultural History of the World’s Most Diabolical Virus ; Bill Wasik and Monica Murphy; (2012). Viking Press, New York, NY. 240 pages.
The effect of 5-lipoxygenase inhibition on Ascaris antigen (Ag)-induced responses in atopic monkeys

The effects of two 5-lipoxygenase (5LO) inhibitors, ZD2138 or Zileuton, on acute, inflammatory responses to aerosolizedAscaris suum (Ag) were determined in atopicMacaca fascicularis monkeys. Monkeys (n=6 each group) were dosed with vehicle, 3 or 10 mg/kg ZD2138, or 30 mg/kg Zileuton (p.o.). Both ZD2138 or Zileuton significantly inhibited ex vivo LTB4 production in Ca2+ ionophore-stimulated whole blood from these same monkeys (n=6 each group) by 45.5% (3 mg/kg ZD2138), 82.5% (10 mg/kg ZD2138) and 84.3% (30 mg/kg Zileuton). ZD2138 (10 mg/kg) reduced bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) LTE4 levels (65.1% inhibition), BAL neutrophils (88.9% inhibition), and IL-6 (54.0% inhibition) 4h post Ag. Zileuton inhibited these responses and also reduced BAL levels of IL-8 (73.4% inhibition). A second study was performed to evaluate the effects of ZD2138 on chronic Ag-induced responses. Treatment with ZD2138 did not prevent pulmonary inflammation or the development of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Based upon these results, 5LO inhibition significantly reduced ex vivo LTB4 and in vivo LTE4 production as well as several acute inflammatory responses to Ag in the lung. However, ZD2138 did not inhibit more chronic responses following multiple Ag exposure.
Exploring Names and Identity Through Multicultural Literature in K-8 Classrooms

AbstractChildren's names reflect their gender, culture, religion, language, and family history. Use of students' personal names has the power to positively affirm identity and signal belonging within the classroom and school community. However, naming practices also have the power to exclude, stereotype, or disadvantage students. For many students from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds, their names can be a source of cultural conflict and a watershed for issues of identity and belonging within the school setting. Through multicultural explorations of students' names, educators can affirm students' cultures and identities, and draw upon these as resources to support learning and development from early childhood through the adolescent years. The purpose of this article is to (a) discuss the importance of a person's name to cultural identity, (b) describe strategies to build multicultural communities in K-8 classrooms through exploration of students' names, and (c) suggest multicultural children's ...
The discovery of a 3p rydberg state in benzene by three-photon resonant multiphoton ionization spectroscopy

Abstract A new 1E2u 3px,y Rydberg state is found in the three-photon spectrum of benzene at 56080 cm−1 near the previously known 1A2u state. The vibronic structure of these states is found to be intertwined and in e2g, vibration previously assigned to the 1A2u state is suggested to belong to 1E2u. This vibration is of such a frequency in both states as to indicate a considerable amount of valence character due to mixing with the nearby 1E1u valence state.
The effect of polymer adsorption on particle settling in polymer solutions

Methode simple d'evaluation de l'influence de l'adsorption d'un polymere sur la sedimentation des particules solides
Anthropology and Multicultural Teacher Education

In decades to come, anthropologists and educators will face an enormous and exciting challenge. Virtually all demographic projection suggest that anthropology students Will no longer travel long distances to experience the fascinating array of human cultures. Instead, our own cultural landscape will be transformed from the metaphorical salad bowl into a gigantic salad bar.
Exploring the cancer methylome

Cancer develops not only as a result of genetic mutations and genomic rearrangements, but also as a consequence of numerous epigenetic alterations, including extensive changes in the distribution of DNA methylation throughout the genome. DNA methylation changes contribute directly to cancer by transcriptional silencing of tumor-suppressor genes through promoter CpG island hypermethylation. Broad epigenomic analysis of human tumors can reveal relationships between large numbers of epigenetic events and can provide insight into the mechanisms underlying concerted epigenetic change. Genomic loci targeted by Polycomb Group Repressors in embryonic stem cells, and involved in cellular differentiation, are predisposed to aberrant DNA methylation in cancer cells, suggesting that an epigenetic block to cellular differentiation may sometimes be an initiating event in carcinogenesis. The very strong associations between distinct epigenetic subtypes, such as CpG Island Methylator Phenotypes (CIMP) and specific somatic genetic events, such as BRAF mutation in colorectal cancer and IDH1 mutation in glioblastoma multiforme are consistent with an early role for DNA methylation alterations, providing a favorable cellular context for the subsequent somatic mutation. The analysis of whole methylomes at single-basepair resolution reveals that cancer-associated changes occur differentially across defined regions of the genome associated with the nuclear lamina. It is apparent that epigenomic analysis is essential for a full understanding of the relationship between alterations in the cancer genome and the origin and clinical diversity of individual tumors.
Effects of long-term captopril and l-arginine treatment on ventilation and blood pressure in obese male SHHF rats

We investigated the effects of captopril (Cap) and L-arginine (Arg) on hypertension and cardiopulmonary function. Our hypothesis was that Cap therapy or Arg will improve cardiopulmonary risk factors for hypertension and hypoventilation in the obese spontaneously hypertensive heart failure rat, which is characterized by hypertension, obesity, and disorders of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. For the first study, one group of rats received Cap in drinking water, and a second group received deionized water (DI). For the second study, rats were further subdivided. Some Cap-treated rats continued on this treatment, and the other half were now given DI to determine whether there would be residual effects of Cap treatment. A subgroup of rats who had received DI was then given Arg, whereas the rest remained on DI. In the first study, Cap-treated rats exhibited decreases in systolic and diastolic blood pressures, frequency of breathing, and minute ventilation, but ventilatory control was maintained. In contrast, blood pressures and relative ventilation to metabolism were higher in the DI-treated group. Removal of Cap increased blood pressure and decreased tidal volume while these rats maintained frequency. Although Arg-treated rats did not exhibit a decrease of blood pressure, ventilation was maintained in this group by preserving tidal volume. Thus Cap and Arg affected ventilation through different mechanisms independent of blood pressure.
Changes in sensorimotor sleep spindle activity and seizure susceptibility after somatosensory deafferentation.

Abstract This investigation examined the effects of dorsal column transections on susceptibility to monomethylhydrazine (MMH)-induced seizures and sensorimotor EEG sleep spindle activity in the cat. Eleven animals, prepared with indwelling cortical electrodes over hind limb and forelimb projection areas of somatosensory cortex, received bilateral lesions of the dorsal columns at either high (C1–C3) or low (C5-T1) cervical spinal levels. After a 3-week recovery period, each animal was administered a convulsive dose of MMH. Seizure susceptibility was measured in terms of latency to onset of tonic-clonic convulsions. Sensorimotor 12- to 15-Hz sleep spindle activity was assessed in comparable segments of the pre- and postlesion EEG. Results showed a progressive and significant decrease in seizure susceptibility with successively more encephalad dorsal column transections. The EEG data showed significant postlesion enhancements of sleep spindle activity over cortical sites roughly corresponding to peripheral receptive fields below the level of the lesions. Results suggested an association between the extent of spindle enhancement and the magnitude of MMH seizure response attenuation. This finding was consistent with previous reports indicating a relationship between rhythmic 12- to 15-Hz sensorimotor EEG activity and central inhibitory processes.
Correlation Energy of an Electron Gas at High Density

The correlation energy of an electron gas at high density is evaluated up to terms of orders ${({r}_{s})}^{0}$ and $log{r}_{s}$. It is shown that the correlation energy to this order can be evaluated without using perturbation treatment. The result obtained coincides with the result of formal summation of apparently divergent series arising from small momentum transfer processes which has been discussed fully by Gell-Mann and Brueckner. The method to treat the small momentum transfer effect exactly is given by following the analogy of processes with well-known treatment of systems with Hamiltonians which are bilinear in creation and annihilation operators such as the neutral scalar pair theory. Some simple interpretations of the correlation energy to this order are also given.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic study on ionic liquids of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium salts

Abstract Chemical shifts of 1H and 13C NMR of series of methylimidazolium salts (MIM+, X=Br−, BF4− and PF6−) function on the length of alkyl groups on the ring, type of solvents and the concentration. The bromides series demonstrate more chemical shift variation on H2 upon the change of solvents and concentration. Unexpected H–D exchange reactions were also observed in the MIM+Br− by using CD3OD and D2O. The exchange rates strongly depend on the length of the alkyl group, which could cause more steric factor to reduce the interaction between deuterium atom from solvent and C2 of the ring.
Shear lift force on spherical bubbles

Abstract The shear lift force on a spherical bubble in an unbounded shear flow at low Reynolds number is derived. It is two thirds of that for a solid sphere. An approximate expression for the shear lift force at finite Reynolds number and finite shear rate is obtained by an interpolation using the present result and Auton's result at large Re and small shear rate.
Studies on the subcellular localization of the membrane-bound fraction of intestinal calcium-binding protein.

Abstract Sorbitol density gradient centrifugation applied to intestinal mucosa homogenates resulted in a complete separation of soluble calcium-binding protein from the bound fraction of calcium-binding protein, providing further documentation of the bound pool of calcium-binding protein. The peak of the bound calcium-binding protein was not associated with the major peaks of any of the markers used, but was associated with minor peaks of alkaline phosphatase, RNA, and glucose-6-phosphatase. Lack of association of bound calcium-binding protein with (Na+ + K+)-ATPase indicated that the bound calcium-binding protein is not on the basolateral membrane. Differential centrifugation fractionation indicated that the bound calcium-binding protein is not associated with nuclei or mitochondria. The bound calcium-binding protein also could not be detected in partially pyrified brush borders. Exclusion of the brush border and basolateral membranes as the location of the bound calcium-binding protein suggests an intracellular locate.
Various factors (allergen nature, mouse strain, CpG/recombinant protein expressed) influence the immune response elicited by genetic immunization

Background: Genetic immunization is a very promising therapeutic approach for allergy treatment. In the present study we investigate the influence of the nature of the allergen, the mouse strain, and the relative amount of CpG to expressed recombinant protein on immune responses using two major peanut allergens, Ara h 1 and Ara h 4. Methods: The cDNA of Ara h 1 and of an isoform of Ara h 4 were cloned and inserted in pcDNA3. Antigen specific IgG1, IgG2a and IgE were followed after genetic immunization with 100 μg of these clones in mouse strain SKH-Hr1 or BALB/c and with 1 μg of the clones+99 blank plasmid in SKH-Hr1. Results: Genetic immunization in SKH-Hr1 with Ara h 1 elicited a classical Th1 type response, but Ara h 4 elicited a mixed Th1/Th2 response with high IgG1 and even IgE in some mice. In BALB/c both plasmids produced a high IgG1 level. Decreasing the amount of plasmid injected did not change the immune response profile. However, increasing the amount of CpG administered relative to the recombinant Ara h 4 protein expressed reversed the Th1/Th2 response pattern in SKH-Hr1 mice. Conclusions: Immune responses after genetic immunization are strongly influenced by the nature of the allergen, the mouse strain, and the ratio of CpG to recombinant protein expressed.
Prevalence and significance of incidentally noted dilation of the ascending aorta on routine chest computed tomography in older patients

© 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of incidental ascending aortic dilation and its significance over time in 55-to 80-year-olds undergoing routine computed tomographic scans. METHODS: Chest computed tomography reports for 64,092 patients who met the inclusion criteria were used to determine the prevalence of incidental ascending aortic dilation (4-5 cm) and, when possible, aortic growth rates. A chart review was performed to identify any aortic complication or intervention. RESULTS: The prevalence of incidental aortic dilation was 2.7% (671/24,992 patients). Of the 327 patients with aortic dilation and follow-up studies (mean, 3.4 years), only 3.7% (n = 12) demonstrated interval growth (mean of 0.9 mm/y). No patient underwent prophylactic surgery or intervention on the basis of aortic size or growth rate. One patient developed a type A dissection. CONCLUSIONS: Current guidelines for yearly surveillance imaging of aortic dilation could be revised to increase the follow-up interval and/or improve risk stratification to better identify the small subset of patients most likely to have disease progression.
Symptoms of heat illness among Latino farm workers in North Carolina.

Background Symptoms of occupational heat illness provide an early warning that workers are in potentially life-threatening environmental conditions. Purpose This analysis was designed to assess the extent to which strategies to reduce the health impact of extreme heat were associated with the prevalence of heat illness among Latino farm workers. Methods Between June and September 2009, a total of 300 Latino men and women participated in a cross-sectional survey about farm worker health. Participants reported whether they were employed through the H-2A temporary agricultural worker program and whether they had ever worked in conditions of extreme heat during their work in the U.S. agricultural industry. Workers who had worked in extreme heat also responded to questions about selected activities and behaviors and whether they experienced symptoms of heat illness. Data analysis was conducted in 2009 to assess associations of altering work hours and activities, drinking more water, resting in shaded areas, and going to air-conditioned places during or after work, with the prevalence of symptoms of heat illness among H-2A and non–H-2A workers. Results Working in extreme heat was reported by 281 respondents (94%), among whom 112 (40%) reported symptoms of heat illness. Changes in work hours and activities during hot conditions were associated with a lower prevalence of heat illness among H-2A workers but not among non–H-2A workers. Conclusions These findings suggest the need to improve the understanding of working conditions for farm workers and to assess strategies to reduce agricultural workers' environmental heat exposure.