cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Case Study: Obstetrical Trauma With Maternal Death and Fetal Survival

Trauma during pregnancy is the leading cause of non-obstetric-related maternal and fetal death. This article summarizes obstetric physiology and outlines the assessment and treatment of traumatic injuries of the pregnant patient. A case is presented in which a pregnant woman with blunt abdominal trauma was managed efficiently in a trauma center within a hospital that does not have in-house obstetric services.
A Literature Review of Risk Perception Studies in Behavioral Finance: The Emerging Issues

This is a PDF file of 'A Literature Review of Risk Perception Studies in Behavioral Finance: The Emerging Issues' slides from a presentation at the 25th Annual Meeting of the Society for the Advancement of Behavioral Economics (SABE) Conference hosted by New York University on May 15-18, 2007. The topic of risk perception is a noteworthy theme within the behavioral finance literature that examines the decision making process of unsophisticated and expert investors. The risk perception literature has a strong historical academic foundation that entails various attributes associated with the notion of the interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary perspective across the different fields such as behavioral finance, behavioral accounting, and psychology. The previous narrative risk perception literature review by Ricciardi (2004) demonstrated that scholars in financial psychology (behavioral finance), behavioral economics, and behavioral accounting have investigated and tested over 150 unique accounting, financial, and investment proxy risk factors (e.g., beta, current ratio) and more than 100 behavioral risk characteristics (e.g., overconfidence, familiarity bias). This presentation is a preliminary discussion that builds on the research work of Ricciardi (2004, 2006) and Ricciardi (2008). This presentation disclosed, 'What are the emerging issues within the behavioral finance risk perception literature?' In particular, this presentation provided an emerging collection of hypotheses based on the various theories, concepts, and themes from the earlier narrative literature review by Ricciardi (2004) and the forthcoming book chapter in Ricciardi (2008). Note: SSRN is experimenting with enabling the distribution of different types of files: slides, spreadsheets, video, etc. This is an upload of a PDF file of PowerPoint slides. We are interested in our users desires to distribute files that go beyond word processing text files. You can communicate with me on these issues via my email address below. We invite you to submit your own presentation slides.
Long-Run Protection: Determining Key Features of Growth and Sustainability in Northeast Asia

This chapter attempts to advance understanding of the crucial links among growth, technological change, human capital accumulation, and openness and their impact on greenhouse gas (GHG)-related research and development (R&D) output in East Asia, specifically China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. Looking at the 1952–2004 period, I test not only for the impacts of a science and technology (S&T) and innovation set of GHG-output related inputs, but also test for the presence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) in terms of the GDP-CO2 emissions relationship. This research builds upon the works of various important growth theorists, including Solow (1956, 1957), Nelson and Phelps (1966), Mankiw et al. (1992) and especially Benhabib and Spiegel (1994, 2002). The latter demonstrated the role of human capital on technological development (or more specifically technology catch-up) between 72 and 86 nations over extended periods of time, 1965–1985 and 1960–1995, respectively. In all of these studies, however, there is a limited role for openness to trade, capital, or technology in explaining variations in growth rates across countries. Nevertheless, and although certainly still controversial, many of the studies that have been done on East Asia and its so-called “economic miracle” argue that it is greater openness to trade, capital flows, and technology that have distinguished the East Asian experience from that of Latin America, Africa or other regions of developing countries.
Mutual Coupling Reduction Using Micromachined Complementary Meander-Line Slots for a Patch Array Antenna

This letter presents new microfabricated point symmetric meander-line (ML) slots inserted on the ground plane to reduce mutual coupling between narrowly spaced patches in a 2 × 1 patch array antenna for a WLAN application (4.94–4.99 GHz). The distance between the patches is 2 mm (edge-to-edge space: ${\text{0.06}}\,{\lambda _g}$ ), and the ML slot unit cell has a dimension of 1.37 × 9.62 mm2. The resonant frequency mismatch between S11 and S22 caused by the asymmetric structure of a single-ML slot has been mitigated by placing two ML slots in a complementary point symmetric fashion. The ML slots on the ground plane have been fabricated using photolithography and electrodeposition, where the smallest dimension is 160 μm. The fabricated antenna shows a maximum isolation improvement of 34.3 dB and no resonant frequency shift between S11 and S22.
CF3DODA-Me induces apoptosis, degrades Sp1, and blocks the transformation phase of the blebbishield emergency program

Cancer stem cells are capable of undergoing cellular transformation after commencement of apoptosis through the blebbishield emergency program in a VEGF-VEGFR2-dependent manner. Development of therapeutics targeting the blebbishield emergency program would thus be important in cancer therapy. Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) orchestrates the transcription of both VEGF and VEGFR2; hence, Sp1 could act as a therapeutic target. Here, we demonstrate that CF3DODA-Me induced apoptosis, degraded Sp1, inhibited the expression of multiple drivers of the blebbishield emergency program such as VEGFR2, p70S6K, and N-Myc through activation of caspase-3, inhibited reactive oxygen species; and inhibited K-Ras activation to abolish transformation from blebbishields as well as transformation in soft agar. These findings confirm CF3DODA-Me as a potential therapeutic candidate that can induce apoptosis and block transformation from blebbishields.
Video-mosaicking of in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy images for noninvasive examination of skin lesion (Conference Presentation)

In this report we describe a computer vision based pipeline to convert in-vivo reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) videos collected with a handheld system into large field of view (FOV) mosaics. For many applications such as imaging of hard to access lesions, intraoperative assessment of MOHS margins, or delineation of lesion margins beyond clinical borders, raster scan based mosaicing techniques have clinically significant limitations. In such cases, clinicians often capture RCM videos by freely moving a handheld microscope over the area of interest, but the resulting videos lose large-scale spatial relationships. Videomosaicking is a standard computational imaging technique to register, and stitch together consecutive frames of videos into large FOV high resolution mosaics. However, mosaicing RCM videos collected in-vivo has unique challenges: (i) tissue may deform or warp due to physical contact with the microscope objective lens, (ii) discontinuities or “jumps” between consecutive images and motion blur artifacts may occur, due to manual operation of the microscope, and (iii) optical sectioning and resolution may vary between consecutive images due to scattering and aberrations induced by changes in imaging depth and tissue morphology. We addressed these challenges by adapting or developing new algorithmic methods for videomosaicking, specifically by modeling non-rigid deformations, followed by automatically detecting discontinuities (cut locations) and, finally, applying a data-driven image stitching approach that fully preserves resolution and tissue morphologic detail without imposing arbitrary pre-defined boundaries. We will present example mosaics obtained by clinical imaging of both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The ability to combine freehand mosaicing for handheld microscopes with preserved cellular resolution will have high impact application in diverse clinical settings, including low-resource healthcare systems.
Coordinating full-body interactions with the environment

We present a methodology for synthesizing coordinated full-body motions in order to achieve autonomous virtual characters capable of interacting with the environment while walking. Starting with a parameterized walking controller and a set of mocap examples our method is then able to coordinate upper-body interactions with the walking controller in order to achieve full-body object interactions in generalized situations.
“What Would a Loving Mom Do Today?”: Exploring the Meaning of Motherhood in Stories of Prenatal and Postpartum Depression

ABSTRACTPrenatal depression (PD) and postpartum depression (PPD), experienced by up to one-quarter of pregnant women and new mothers, are associated with maternal impairment and disruptions to chil...
Influence of Host Genes on Resistance of Inbred Mice to Lethal Infection with Salmonella typhimurium

Salmonella typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever, is avirulent for mice. The parenteral 50% lethal dose (LD50) of S. typhi for mice of all inbred strains examined to date is ≥108 bacteria (Gerichter 1960; Carter and Collins 1974a; O’Brien 1982) unless the animals are pretreated with iron and/or an iron chelater (Powell et al. 1980; O’Brien 1982) or the mice are challenged intraperitoneally with S. typhi suspended in hog gastric mucin (Nungester et al. 1936; Spaun 1964). By contrast, Salmonella typhimurium primarily evokes gastroenteritis in man, but causes a typhoid fever-like disease in mice (called murine typhoid). Both human typhoid and murine typhoid are systemic illnesses. In mice infected orally with S. typhimurium or in humans who ingest food or water contaminated with S. typhi, the bacteria either multiply in the small bowel or directly penetrate the intestinal mucosa without apparent enteric colonization (Gerichter 1960; Hornick etal. 1970; Hohman 1978). Studies in mice have established that the foci from which salmonellae disseminate are the Peyer’s patches of the small intestine (Carter and Collins 1974b; Hohman et al. 1978). The bacteria apparently gain access to the circulation via the lymphatics, seed the reticuloendothelial cell system (RES), and replicate within splenic and hepatic tissues.
An Updated Analysis of Direct-to-Consumer Television Advertisements for Prescription Drugs

PURPOSE In 2015, the American Medical Association called for a ban of direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) for prescription drugs. Yet, the pharmaceutical industry spends more than ever on broadcast advertisements, with national health care costs largely driven by drug spending. An evaluation of these ads is critical, as these advertisements can impact the frequency which patients ask their doctors about medications. METHODS A content analysis of prime-time direct-to-consumer ads was conducted across 4 major cable television networks. The ad content (n = 61) was coded for factual claims made regarding target conditions, appeals used, portrayal of medications, and lifestyle characteristics shown. RESULTS We found a substantial decrease in the percentage of ads that conveyed information about the conditions being targeted, such as risk factors (16%) and prevalence (16%). Positive emotional appeals (94%) continued to be emphasized; yet there was decreased use of negative emotional appeals (51%), pointing to an overall more positive portrayal of a patient’s experience with a medication. The lifestyles portrayed in the sample largely featured how products can enable more recreational activities (69%) and fewer ads (7%) presented alternatives to product use. CONCLUSIONS Direct-to-consumer advertising continued to promote prescription drugs above educating the population. Improvement in the educational value of DTCA is likely to require regulatory action rather than reliance on self-regulation by the pharmaceutical industry.
Characterizing chronic pain and alcohol use trajectory among treatment-seeking alcoholics.

Abstract Accumulating evidence indicates pain may be an important risk factor for development of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and risk of relapse for people recovering from AUD. This study was conducted to characterize the prevalence and severity of significant recurrent pain and various chronic pain conditions in treatment-seeking alcoholics. In addition, we sought to examine associations between alcohol use trajectory and pain presence/severity. Four hundred fifty-one treatment-seeking alcoholics were recruited for this study. Participants completed a battery of assessments, including measures of demographics, affect, alcohol and other drug use, presence/absence of significant recurrent pain, recent pain severity, and chronic pain type. Analyses indicated significant recurrent pain was highly prevalent in the study sample (53.66%), and was significantly more common among women (62.57%) than men (47.35%; p = 0.001). Typical drinking prior to treatment did not differ by pain status, but participants with pain were more likely to report current opioid use. Individuals with pain reported greater depression and anxiety than those without (p
Compositional analysis and synthesis of scientific data visualization techniques

The scientific data visualization process involves a sequence of transformations that convert a data set into a displayable image. One of the most important transformations in this process is the visualization mapping which defines a set of bindings between data and graphical primitives. Since these bindings describe how data is going to be visualized, the effectiveness of visualization critically depends on the mapping defined at this stage. Establishing a proper mapping which leads to an effective data visualization requires significant knowledge in several fields, such as, data management, computer graphics, and visual perception. However, scientists who could benefit most from data visualization usually lack this knowledge. In order to identify, acquire, formalize, and provide this knowledge, the existing visualization techniques, that are known to be useful, have been thoroughly analyzed. The analysis shows that most of the existing data visualization techniques can be described in terms of attributes of data, a set of primitive visualization techniques, marks (graphical symbols) that modify primitive visualization techniques, and a set of rules used in their design. The analysis further suggests a design process leading to the automatic synthesis of scientific data visualization techniques.
Flavored electronic cigarette use, preferences, and perceptions in pregnant mothers: A correspondence analysis approach.

Abstract Use, preferences, and perceptions of flavored electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) were investigated in an ethnically diverse sample of pregnant mothers (N = 100; 50% smokers, Mage = 26; 66% low income; 65% minorities) via detailed interviews. Fruit and mint were the most commonly used flavors. Pregnant women endorsed increased use of fruit flavored e-cigarettes in preconception and pregnancy, greater preferences and intentions to use sweet flavors (fruit and candy), and lowest preferences for tobacco flavors. No differences in perceptions of general, pregnancy, or fetal-related health risks emerged across flavors. Latent factor mapping (biplots) based on correspondence analyses of contingency tables revealed clustering of more-preferred fruit and candy flavors versus least-preferred tobacco flavored e-cigarettes, with other sweet flavors—mint and alcohol—clustering more closely with fruit and candy flavors, and more pungent flavors—spice, coffee, chocolate—clustering near tobacco. Correspondence analysis also revealed uncorrelated clustering of preferences and harm perceptions, with intentions showing associations with both preferences and harm perceptions. Preference for fruit and mint flavored e-cigarettes and decreased harm perceptions significantly differentiated lifetime e-cigarette users from non-users. Results highlight preferences for fruit and mint flavored e-cigarettes during preconception and pregnancy, and links between preferences for fruit and mint flavors and lifetime use of e-cigarettes. These findings also highlight the utility of correspondence analysis for elucidating clustering of flavor perceptions and preferences for novel tobacco products.
Total Parenteral Nutrition Portends Worse One-Year Survival in Pediatric Heart Transplantation

Purpose Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) allows for caloric, electrolyte, and mineral optimization of critically ill patients prior to and after surgery. However, prolonged use of TPN is associated with increased risk of infectious complications and metabolic dysregulation that can exacerbate post-transplant complications. We sought to evaluate the impact of TPN on the 1-year survival of pediatric heart transplant (HTx) patients. Methods The UNOS and Pediatric Health Information System were queried for heart transplantations performed from 2006 to 2017. A multivariate analysis of risk factors for TPN use and known risk factors for poor transplant outcomes was performed and patients were stratified into three groups: “pre-HTx TPN” (with/without post-HTx TPN), “post-HTx TPN” only, and “no TPN” during HTx admission. Pairwise comparisons were used to assess 1-year survival between each group and to identify risk factors impacting mortality. Results A total of 2,812 patients were identified, 1,410 (50.1%) had either pre-HTx TPN (N=970) or post-HTx TPN (N=440), while 1,402 (49.9%) patients received no TPN. Post-HTx TPN patients had significantly worse 1-year survival (85.5%) compared to both pre-HTx TPN and no TPN groups [89.2% and 93.3%, respectively, p≤0.001; (Figure)]. On multivariate analysis, post-HTx TPN group was twice as likely to die within 1 year as no TPN group (OR 2.2, CI 95% 1.5-3.2). Infants, ECMO, eGFR Conclusion TPN supplementation prior to transplantation portends a significantly worse 1-year survival, whereas post-operative TPN has even a stronger association with negative post-transplant outcomes. outcomes.
Artificial Neural Network Control of A Standalone DC Microgrid

This paper proposes a novel artificial neural network (ANN) based control method, integrated with droop control, for control of an islanded DC microgrid. The ANN controller is trained based on ADP (approximate dynamic programming) using LM (Levenberg-Marquardt) algorithm. A FATT (Forward Accumulation Through Time) algorithm is applied to calculated Jacobian matrix. The ANN performance is evaluated by using switching models of power DC converters. Performance of ANN in DC microgrid shows that the proposed controller has the ability to maintain voltage stability of standalone DC microgrid and manage the power sharing among the parallel-connected distributed generation units. For different transient scenarios, the ANN controller in DC microgrids also performs very well to tolerate load disturbances and track voltage references rapidly.
L2 AND DEAF LEARNERS’ KNOWLEDGE OF NUMERICALLY QUANTIFIED ENGLISH SENTENCES

This study assessed knowledge of numerically quantifi ed English sentences in two learner populations—second language (L2) learners and deaf learners—whose acquisition of English occurs under conditions of restricted access to the target language input. Under the experimental test conditions, interlanguage parallels were predicted to arise from acquisitional pressures imposed by derivational economy on universal grammar (UG)‐guided semantic interpretation. The results of a task in which participants matched sentences to multiple discourse depictions confi rmed the predicted parallels. However, in matching underinformative sentences to depicted contexts, the L2 and deaf learner groups overactivated discourse-pragmatic knowledge. The restriction of indefi nite noun phrases to singleton indefi nites and the cancellation of scalar implicatures rendered sentences more informative in underinformative contexts, producing incorrect—although principled—interpretations. These results inform English acquisition at the interface of semantics and discourse pragmatics and provide further support that economy pressures yield L2 learner and deaf learner interlanguage parallels as observed, for instance, in learners’ interpretative knowledge of universally quantifi ed English sentences.
Chu's 1303 Identity Implies Bombieri's 1990 Norm-Inequality (Via an Identity of Beauzamy and Dégot)

Inequalities are deep, while equalities are shallow. Nevertheless, it sometimes happens that a deep inequality, A, follows from a mere eqaality B, which, in turn, follows from a more general, and trivial2 identity C. In this note we demonstrate this, following [3], with A = Bombieri's norm inequality [2]3, B = an identity of Reznick [5], and C = an identity of Beauzamy and Degot [3]. This exposition differs from the original only in the punch line: I give a 1-line proof of C, using Chu's identity. Let P(xl, .. ., xn) and Q(xl,.. ., xn) be two polynomials in n variables:
Hawaiʻi Wet Grassland and Shrubland

Abstract This article provides an overview of the wet grassland and shrubland biome of the Hawaiian Islands, and includes an assessment of its current status, stressors, and future viability. Wet grassland and shrubland in Hawaiʻi generally have high rainfall and occur on the wet, windward sides of the main Hawaiian Islands in montane and lowland zones ( Gagne and Cuddihy, 1990 ). Native wet grassland and shrubland consists of wet sedgelands and grasslands, dominated by different Carex species and native grasses, and native shrubland that occurs primarily on ridge crests and steep cliffs. The main stressors to this biome are introduced ungulates (goats, pigs, and sheep), invasive plants, and natural disasters (i.e., hurricanes or landslide). With the introduction of ungulates and invasive plants in the 19th and 20th centuries some native wet grassland and shrubland biome became degraded, and communities of introduced grasses and shrubs became established. Conservation management to protect native grassland and shrubland include weed control, fencing, and ungulate removal, and depends on combined efforts of State, Federal, and multiagency organizations and nonprofit organizations and the voluntary support of private landowners. We base our assessment of wet grassland and shrubland viability in the future on the concepts of representation, redundancy, and resiliency, which we define in this article. We examine condition of wet grassland and shrubland biome in the foreseeable future (to year 2035) based on potential changes in three conservation management parameters: funding and public support for conservation management; conservation and biosecurity-related laws; and State/civic planning for conservation planning and land use and development.
Transforming heritage practice in the 21st century: Contributions from community archaeology

It is widely recognized that what constitutes successful heritage practice today is not the same as what constituted successful heritage practice in the mid or even late twentieth Century. Many of ...
Covalent bonding of aromatic amine daughter products of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) with model quinone compounds representing humus via nucleophilic addition.

Abstract 2,4-Dinitroanisole (DNAN) is a component of insensitive munitions (IM), which are replacing traditional explosives due to their improved safety. Incomplete IM combustion releases DNAN onto the soil, where it can leach into the subsurface with rainwater, encounter anoxic conditions, and undergo (a)biotic reduction to aromatic amines 2-methoxy-5-nitroaniline (MENA), 4-methoxy-3-nitroaniline (iMENA, isomer of MENA), and 2,4-diaminoanisole (DAAN). We report here studies of nucleophilic addition mechanisms that may account for the sequestration of aromatic amine daughter products of DNAN into soil organic matter (humus), effectively removing these toxic compounds from the aqueous environment. Because quinones are important moieties in humus, we incubated MENA, iMENA, DAAN, and related analogs with model compounds 1,4-benzoquinone and 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone under anoxic conditions. Mass spectrometry and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography revealed that the aromatic amines had covalently bonded to either carbonyl carbons or ring carbons β to carbonyl carbons of the quinones, producing a mixture of imines and Michael adducts, respectively. These products formed rapidly and accumulated in the one-to four-day incubations. Nucleophilic addition reactions, which do not require catalysis or oxic conditions, are proposed as a mechanism resulting in the binding of DNAN to soil observed in previous studies. To remediate sites contaminated with DNAN or other nitroaromatics, reducing conditions and humus amendments may promote their immobilization into the soil matrix.
SUNCT/SUNA: Case series presenting in an orofacial pain clinic.

AimLittle is known about short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT) and short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with crani...
Dynamic subgrid-scale scalar-flux model based on the exact rate of production of turbulent fluxes

``We propose a dynamic subgrid scale (SGS) scalar flux model based on the exact turbulent flux production rate. The model incorporates a tensor diffusivity explicitly dependent on subgrid stresses and the resolved velocity gradient. Representing diffusivity by a tensor allows the scalar flux vector to be misaligned with the filtered temperature gradient. Since modeling the subgrid scales represents their influence on resolved scales as an average of small scales, we show that extending RANS type closures to an LES framework is a promising route to cost effective and robust subgrid modeling.
Quantification of Occupational and Community Risk Factors for SARS-CoV-2 Seropositivity Among Health Care Workers in a Large U.S. Health Care System.

Background Identifying occupational risk factors for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among health care workers (HCWs) can improve HCW and patient safety. Objective To quantify demographic, occupational, and community risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity among HCWs in a large health care system. Design A logistic regression model was fitted to data from a cross-sectional survey conducted in April to June 2020, linking risk factors for occupational and community exposure to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity. Setting A large academic health care system in the Atlanta, Georgia, metropolitan area. Participants Employees and medical staff members elected to participate in SARS-CoV-2 serology testing offered to all HCWs as part of a quality initiative and completed a survey on exposure to COVID-19 and use of personal protective equipment. Measurements Demographic risk factors for COVID-19, residential ZIP code incidence of COVID-19, occupational exposure to HCWs or patients who tested positive on polymerase chain reaction test, and use of personal protective equipment as potential risk factors for infection. The outcome was SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity. Results Adjusted SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity was estimated to be 3.8% (95% CI, 3.4%-4.3%) (positive, n = 582) among the 10 275 HCWs (35% of the Emory Healthcare workforce) who participated in the survey. Community contact with a person known or suspected to have COVID-19 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.9 [CI, 1.4 to 2.6]; 77 positive persons [10.3%]) and community COVID-19 incidence (aOR, 1.5 [CI, 1.0 to 2.2]) increased the odds of infection. Black individuals were at high risk (aOR, 2.1 [CI, 1.7 to 2.6]; 238 positive persons [8.3%]). Limitations Participation rates were modest and key workplace exposures, including job and infection prevention practices, changed rapidly in the early phases of the pandemic. Conclusion Demographic and community risk factors, including contact with a COVID-19-positive person and Black race, are more strongly associated with SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity among HCWs than is exposure in the workplace. Primary funding source Emory COVID-19 Response Collaborative.
Clinical Reasoning: A 70-Year-Old Man With Right Arm and Leg Shaking.

A 70-year-old man with a medical history significant for abdominal aortic aneurysm and provoked deep vein thrombus (DVT) (no longer on anticoagulation) presented with seizure-like activity. His wife found him on the floor with shaking of his right arm and right leg. The shaking occurred intermittently and lasted for seconds to minutes without loss of consciousness. He subsequently became more lethargic and was taken to the hospital approximately 10 hours after symptom onset. His vital signs, including oxygen saturation and blood pressure, were normal. His tone was increased in all 4 extremities, worse on the right. He was able to move his left arm and leg against gravity. His right arm was forcibly flexed at the elbow and his right leg was fixed in an extended position; neither could be moved by passive range of motion. He had no facial numbness or weakness. The patient had no speech output but was able to nod yes and no appropriately to some questions. He was hyperreflexic in his knees and ankles with upgoing toes bilaterally.
Origins, Biology, and Diseases of Tissue Macrophages

Tissue-resident macrophages are present in most tissues with developmental, self-renewal, or functional attributes that do not easily fit into a textbook picture of a plastic and multifunctional macrophage originating from hematopoietic stem cells; nor does it fit a pro- versus anti-inflammatory paradigm. This review presents and discusses current knowledge on the developmental biology of macrophages from an evolutionary perspective focused on the function of macrophages, which may aid in study of developmental, inflammatory, tumoral, and degenerative diseases. We also propose a framework to investigate the functions of macrophages in vivo and discuss how inherited germline and somatic mutations may contribute to the roles of macrophages in diseases.
Party at the Mailbox: Mobilizing Black Voters with Celebrations of Community

In early 2020 Black Girls Vote, Inc. (BGV) created an initiative to deliver customized locally-themed voter engagement boxes to Baltimore city residents. The pilot Party at the Mailbox (PATM) effort for the June 2020 primary was enormously successful, increasing turnout by 3.5 percentage points overall and by 12.4 percentage points among low-propensity members of households where boxes were delivered. We continued to partner with BGV for the fall general elections as they again worked to increase turnout in Baltimore and also expanded to Detroit and Philadelphia, and for the January 2021 U.S. Senate runoff election in Atlanta. We conclude that PATM works because it cultivates a spirit of celebration about voting that capitalizes on Black group consciousness and Black attitudes about the power of the vote.
Exploring parallelism and desynchronization of TCP over high speed networks with tiny buffers

We identified a problem that the current TCP variants suffer from synchronization caused by tiny buffers at high speed networks.We proposed and implement a new TCP that explores parallelism among multiple channels and TCP desynchronization for high speed networks.We evaluated the performance of the new DMCTCP over different networking environment.We analyzed the optimal performance of the proposed DMCTCP based on theoretical analysis. The buffer sizing problem is a big challenge for high speed network routers to reduce buffer cost without throughput loss. The past few years have witnessed debate on how to improve link utilization of high speed networks where the router buffer size is idealized into dozens of packets. Theoretically, the buffer size can be shrunk by more than 100 times. Under this scenario, widely argued proposals for TCP traffic to achieve acceptable link capacities mandate three necessary conditions: over-provisioned core link bandwidth, non-bursty flows, and tens of thousands of asynchronous flows. However, in high speed networks where these conditions are insufficient, TCP traffic suffers severely from routers with tiny buffers.To explore better performance, we propose a new congestion control algorithm called Desynchronized Multi-Channel TCP (DMCTCP) that creates a flow with parallel channels. These channels can desynchronize each other to avoid TCP loss synchronization, and they can avoid traffic penalties from burst losses. Over a 10?Gb/s large delay network ruled by tiny buffer routers, our emulation results show that bottleneck link utilization can reach over 80% with much fewer number of flows. Compared with other TCP congestion control variants, DMCTCP can also achieve much better performance in high loss rate networks. Facing the buffer sizing challenge, our study is a new step towards the deployment of optical packet switching networks.
Human Rights Education: What you need to know and how to get involved

I find a healing presence in the work of human rights educators, advocates, and activists, an antidote to the evil in our world. Their work embodies compassion, commitment to others regardless of their identities and even laying down their lives for others — powerful weapons in the struggle for human rights. Normal 0 false false false EN-AU X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
Effective spatio-temporal analysis of remote sensing data

Extracting knowledge and features from a large amount of remote sensing images has become highly required recent years. Spatiotemporal data mining techniques are studied to discover knowledge from these images in order to provide more precise weather prediction. Two learning granularities have been proposed for inductive learning from spatial data: one is spatial object granularity and the other is pixel granularity. In this paper, we propose a pixel granularity based framework to extract useful knowledge from the remote sensing image database by using SOM and association rules mining. A three-stage algorithm, named as Starsi, is also proposed and used in this framework.
Confirmation of contextual fear conditioning QTLs by short-term selection.

A short-term selection study for contextual fear conditioning was conducted as a confirmational strategy to analyze the chromosomal locations of five previously mapped contextual fear conditioning quantitative trait loci (QTLs). The founding population was a C57BL/6 (B6) × DBA/2 (D2) F2 intercross. High and low lines were selected for three generations based on contextual fear conditioning scores. Fear conditioning was quantified as the percentage of time spent in a “frozen” posture when placed back into the chamber, where a mild footshock and a tone had been paired with exposure to the context 24 h earlier. Allele frequencies of at least three SSLP DNA markers linked to each of the five QTLs were determined in each generation. As the selection progressed, the frequency of D2 alleles decreased in the low line and increased in the high line for chromosomes 1 and 16, while the opposite was observed in chromosomes 2, 3, and 10. The direction of divergence for alleles on these five chromosomes is consistent with the original QTL mapping study. Differences between the lines in D2 allele frequencies were found to be significant for markers on chromosomes 2, 3, and 16 but did not reach significance on chromosomes 1 or 10. In general, the results are in good agreement with our original fear conditioning QTL mapping study and provide further evidence that these QTLs regulate variation in contextual fear conditioning in crosses of B6 and D2 mice.
Using the ASC:SIL ratio, human papillomavirus, and interobserver variability to assess and monitor cytopathology fellow training performance.

BACKGROUND The goal of this study was to assess objective measurements of cytopathology fellow performance during their training. METHODS The authors examined cytopathology performance characteristics (the ratio of atypical squamous cells to squamous intraepithelial lesions [ASC:SIL], interobserver variability [IOV], high-risk human papillomavirus [hr-HPV]–positive atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance [ASC-US]) of cytopathology fellows and assessed whether they could be used as tools to further their education. RESULTS The ASC:SIL ratio, the proportion of hr-HPV–positive ASC-US, and IOV were calculated for 5 consecutive cytopathology fellows. The average ASC:SIL ratio for the fellows was 1.15. The overall average Cohen κ-coefficient (κ-value) between fellow and cytopathologist interpretation was 0.75 (substantial agreement). The conditional κ-value for ASC-US only was higher for cases the fellows called ASC-US (0.70) than for cases the cytopathologist called ASC-US (0.60). Of the cases that were diagnosed as “negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy” (NILM) by the fellow and ASC-US by the pathologist, 33.2% were positive for hr-HPV. This was higher than the expected frequency of hr-HPV–positive results in the NILM population, suggesting that the fellows were over-interpreting NILM in hr-HPV–positive cases that had cytologic features sufficient for an ASC-US interpretation. CONCLUSIONS In this study, agreement was compared between trainee and cytopathologist to determine where a fellow's interpretation differed. With the use of IOV, the ASC:SIL ratio, and the percentage of hr-HPV–positive results in the NILM, ASC-US, and low-grade SIL categories, the authors attempted to outline objective assessments and areas of improvement for fellows before they enter independent practice. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2013;121:638–43. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Anaerobic growth yields of Aerobacter cloacae and Escherichia coli

Aerobacter cloacae UW-C83 and Escherichia coli K-12 were grown under various anaerobic environments. Yatp values were calculated by determination of cell weights and analyses for fermentation products. These Yatp values are compared with others reported in the literature. Limitation of growth by factors other than adenosine triphosphate supply is discussed.
Sensitivity and Source of Amine-Proton Exchange and Amide-Proton Transfer Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Cerebral Ischemia

Purpose Amide-proton transfer (APT) and amine–water proton exchange (APEX) MRI can be viable to map pH-decreasing ischemic regions. However, their exact contributions are unclear. Methods We measured APEX- and APT-weighted magnetization transfer ratio asymmetry (denoted as APEXw and APTw), apparent diffusion coefficient, T2, and T1 images and localized proton spectra in rats with permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion at 9.4 T. Phantoms and theoretical studies were also performed. Results Within 1-h postocclusion, APEXw and APTw maps showed hyperintensity (3.1% of M0) and hypointensity (−1.8%), respectively, in regions with decreased apparent diffusion coefficient. Ischemia increased lactate and gamma aminobutyric acid concentrations, but decreased glutamate and taurine concentrations. Over time, the APEXw contrast decreased with glutamate, taurine, and creatine, whereas the APTw contrast and lactate level were similar. Phantom and theoretical studies suggest that the source of APEXw signal is mainly from proteins at normal pH, whereas at decreased pH, gamma aminobutyric acid and glutamate contributions increase, inducing the positive APEXw contrast in ischemic regions. The APTw contrast is sensitive to lactate concentration and pH, but contaminated from contributions of the faster APEX processes. Conclusion Positive APEXw contrast is more sensitive to ischemia than negative APTw contrast. They may provide complementary tissue metabolic information. Magn Reson Med 71:118–132, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Many Objective Analysis to Optimize Pumping and Releases in a Multi-Reservoir Water Supply Network

AbstractThis study contributes a many-objective analysis of water supply in the Tarrant Regional Water District (TRWD) in Texas in the United States, in order to demonstrate how multiobjective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) decision support can be used with sophisticated water infrastructure models in a highly constrained water-planning environment. A detailed representation of TRWD’s network in the river system modeling tool RiverWare (a model actually used by the utility) is coupled with the Borg MOEA to solve a seven-objective problem formulation. Objectives within the formulation include systemwide performance objectives, as well as reliability objectives to balance multiple reservoirs, calculated using two stochastic hydrology scenarios. The results provide valuable information to TRWD that may inform the utility’s approach to optimization and decision making in the future, as well as illuminate the benefits of optimizing systemwide and component-specific objectives to reveal hidden system dynamics.
Preliminary development of an ultrabrief two-item bedside test for delirium.

Delirium (acute confusion) is common in older adults and leads to poor outcomes, such as death, clinician and caregiver burden, and prolonged cognitive and functional decline.1–4 Delirium is extremely costly, with estimates ranging from $143 to $152 billion annually (2005 US$).5,6 Early detection and management may improve the poor outcomes and reduce costs attributable to delirium,3,7 yet delirium identification in clinical practice has been challenging, particularly when translating research tools to the bedside.8–10As a result, only 12% to 35% of delirium cases are detected in routine care, with hypoactive delirium and delirium superimposed on dementia most likely to be missed.11–15 To address these issues, we recently developed and published the three-dimensional Confusion Assessment Method (3D-CAM), the 3-minute diagnostic assessment for CAM-defined delirium.16 The 3D-CAM is a structured assessment tool that includes mental status testing, patient symptom probes, and guided interviewer observations for signs of delirium. 3D-CAM items were selected through a rigorous process to determine the most informative items for the 4 CAM diagnostic features.17 The 3D-CAM can be completed in 3 minutes, and has 95% sensitivity and 94% specificity relative to a reference standard.16 Despite the capabilities of the 3D-CAM, there are situations when even 3 minutes is too long to devote to delirium identification. Moreover, a 2-step approach in which a sensitive ultrabrief screen is administered, followed by the 3D-CAM in “positives,” may be the most efficient approach for large-scale delirium case identification. The aim of the current study was to use the 3D-CAM database to identify the most sensitive single item and pair of items in the diagnosis of delirium, using the reference standard in the diagnostic accuracy analysis. We hypothesized that we could identify a single item with greater than 80% sensitivity and a pair of items with greater than 90% sensitivity for detection of delirium.
Origins of functional connectivity in a human-modified wetland landscape

Spatial heterogeneity in habitat conditions within a landscape should influence degree of movement of species between natural and artificial environments. For wetland landscapes, this functional connectivity was predicted to emerge from the influence of spatiotemporal patterns of depth on permeability of habitat edges and distance and directedness of cross-habitat dispersal. We quantified how connectivity between canals and marshes of the Florida Everglades varies with species and landscape patterns bordering canals by using radio telemetry to measure movement of a native (Florida largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides floridanus) and a nonnative species (Mayan cichlid, Cichlasoma urophthalmus) common to canals. Both species moved similar distances inside canal networks, but Mayan cichlids dispersed outside of canals more frequently, at shallower conditions, and over greater distances than Florida largemouth bass. As topographic relief increased in marshes bordering canals, dispersal between these habitat...
Complex regional pain syndrome (type I) after electrical injury: A case report of treatment with continuous epidural block

Abstract Kim C-T, Bryant P. Complex regional pain syndrome (type I) after electrical injury: a case report of treatment with continuous epidural block. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001;82:993-5. A 26-year-old man presented with severe complex regional pain syndrome type I of the affected limb after a work-related electrical injury. He suffered causalgia-like pain with no electrodiagnostic evidence of nerve injury. Early steroid and analgesic regimens did not adequately relieve these symptoms. His symptoms were temporarily relieved several times with stellate ganglion blocks. The patient underwent a cervical epidural block with a local anesthetic as well as a narcotic agonist over a 4-day period, which resulted in prompt, remarkable pain relief. Vocational rehabilitation was instituted as the pain subsided. © 2001 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
THYROIDAL STATUS MODULATES THE INSULIN(I) RECEPTOR (R) CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DEVELOPING BRAIN(B)

THYROIDAL STATUS MODULATES THE INSULIN(I) RECEPTOR (R) CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DEVELOPING BRAIN(B)
An instrument to assess subjective task value beliefs regarding the decision to pursue postgraduate training.

Objectives. To develop and validate an instrument to assess subjective ratings of the perceived value of various postgraduate training paths followed using expectancy-value as a theoretical framework; and to explore differences in value beliefs across type of postgraduate training pursued and type of pharmacy training completed prior to postgraduate training. Methods. A survey instrument was developed to sample 4 theoretical domains of subjective task value: intrinsic value, attainment value, utility value, and perceived cost. Retrospective self-report methodology was employed to examine respondents’ (N=1,148) subjective task value beliefs specific to their highest level of postgraduate training completed. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analytic techniques were used to evaluate and validate value belief constructs. Results. Intrinsic, attainment, utility, cost, and financial value constructs resulted from exploratory factor analysis. Cross-validation resulted in a 26-item instrument that demonstrated good model fit. Differences in value beliefs were noted across type of postgraduate training pursued and pharmacy training characteristics. Conclusions. The Postgraduate Training Value Instrument demonstrated evidence of reliability and construct validity. The survey instrument can be used to assess value beliefs regarding multiple postgraduate training options in pharmacy and potentially inform targeted recruiting of individuals to those paths best matching their own value beliefs.