cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organizing Culture: Leader Roles, Behaviors, and Reinforcement Mechanisms

Organizational leaders provide the primary impetus in defining, forming and shaping corporate culture, and the ". . . only thing of real importance that leaders do is to create and manage culture" (Schein, 1985, p. 2). Leadership literature emphasizes both (1) the leader's role in 'articulating a vision' (Bennis 1983, 1996) and (2) the leader's pivotal role in establishing culture by setting objectives and then removing hurdles by smoothing the path for attaining those objectives (House, 1971). Schein's (1985) model of corporate culture transmission focuses on the behaviors that corporate leaders employ to create, communicate, and manage corporate culture. However, the model does not emphasize interpretation and identification with leader behaviors in ways that would cause members to embrace the leader's values and beliefs. Therefore Schein's model raises theoretical questions about how leaders establish and communicate to their organizations a set of shared values and beliefs: a vision of how the organization "ought to be." More recently, Larwood et al. (1995) described vision as a multifaceted structure with prominent components of vision formulation, implementation, and innovative realism. Improved focus over two decades does not yet include understanding of employee interpretation, identification, and internalization of the leader's vision in ways that
Determination of the binding affinities of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W capsule polymerase with two nucleotide sugar substrates.

Objective Meningococcal meningitis is a public health burden. Immunization strategies have reduced global incidence of the disease. Glycoconjugate vaccines are the most effective type of vaccine to combat most causes of meningococcal meningitis. These vaccines contain capsular polysaccharide fragments from disease-causing serogroups of Neisseria meningitidis that are chemically attached to a carrier protein. The enzymes responsible for capsular polysaccharide synthesis can serve as tools to make these critical vaccine components. One such enzyme is the N. meningitidis serogroup W capsule polymerase. This enzyme is responsible for creating the galactose-sialic acid containing capsular polysaccharide of this serogroup. Our aim in this study was to determine the binding affinities of nucleotide sugar donors CMP-sialic acid and UDP-galactose using a coupled transferase assay to inform future work to modulate polysaccharide synthesis by this enzyme.
Enrollment of Hispanics in cancer clinical trials: An FDA analysis.

e18670Background: New Drug- and Biologics License Applications are required to include demographic data, including data on race/ethnicity, according to categories set forth in the Office of Managem...
Teacher acceptability of progressive muscle relaxation in the classroom for the treatment of test anxiety

Test anxiety is experienced by 10–40% of students. The physical symptoms associated with test anxiety may be more likely to be exhibited by elementary students. Progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) has been demonstrated to reduce physical symptoms of anxiety and could be used in the classroom, but teacher acceptability of PMR for test anxiety has not been assessed. This study used a vignette format to survey 404 first through fifth grade teachers on their acceptability of classroom-based PMR as an intervention for test anxiety. Good levels of acceptability were found for implementation with a school psychologist or counsellor, CD player, or digital music player. Special education teachers reported slightly lower levels of acceptability for using PMR in the digital music player scenario. With good levels of teacher acceptability of PMR to address test anxiety, school psychologists and counsellors may be more likely to recommend the use of PMR in classrooms. Implications for implementation of PMR to reduce test anxiety, study limitations, and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Meeting the demands of msc production for clinical studies

Background & Aim The Marcus Center for Cellular Cures (MC3) at Duke University recently completed a Phase I clinical trial (NCT03099239) using human cord tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hCT-MSCs) for the treatment of autism spectrum disorder. For this trial, 12 patients ages 2 – 11 years were sequentially dosed with 1, 2, or 3 doses of 2 million MSC/kg post thaw administered intravenously every 2 months. A manufacturing process was developed for our GMP facility to produce the required doses in a flexible and reproducible manner. Methods, Results & Conclusion For the trial, 3 lots of hCT-MSCs were manufactured from cord tissue obtained from 3 term healthy male babies delivered after elective routine C-section. After transporting the cord to the Robertson GMP Laboratory, the tissue was cut and digested in a tissue dissociator. The resulting cell suspension was plated in tissue culture flasks for P0 culture in Prime-XV MSC Expansion XSFM culture medium (Irvine Scientific) supplemented with 1% platelet lysate (PL). After harvest, P0 cells were cryopreserved, with a subset of cells expanded for P1 in XSFM without PL, and with a larger cryopreservation and expansion process for P2. For both P1 and P2, cells were seeded at 1000/cm2. Cells at the end of P2 were frozen in multi-compartment cryo-bags at the appropriate concentration for final dose administration. Prior to release to the patient, each lot of P2 hCT-MSC was characterized by flow cytometry for typical MSC markers, tri-lineage differentiation, and the ability to suppress T-cell proliferation. Manufacturing process data for each donor are presented in Table 1. For 2 donors, additional P2 cells were produced from P1 vials during the course of the trial (e.g., “remanufactured” lots) when the original batch was not enough to meet demand. We calculated that after P0 the cells underwent 10.5 doublings on average after the end of P2, with a mean doubling time in P1 – P2 of 31.2 hours. The final thawed and prepared P2 cell product had a mean viability of 75% prior to administration to the patient. Preparations are underway for a Phase II clinical trial and the subsequent need for a larger scale and more efficient manufacturing process. We are developing a streamlined process using closed systems for cell expansion, concentration, and cryopreservation of the MSC product that is semi-automated and will minimize the use of clean room facilities. Comparability of the MSC product using the new process will be confirmed prior to use in the Phase II trial.
Addressing Violence Against Women: The Effect of Women’s Police Stations on Police Legitimacy:

With a focus on the implementation of women’s police stations (WPS), we posit that local policies that address violence against women can result in positive feedback effects on institutional legiti...
Atomic force microscopy-based nanomechanical characterization of kenaf fiber:

Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) fiber is being extensively used as a reinforcement material in composites due to its excellent mechanical properties. To use this fiber more efficiently, it is necess...
Robo-Revolution in the Financial Sector

Financial institutions are increasingly leaning on robo-advisors to devise new business opportunities, and deliver enhanced customer services with intelligent algorithms and intuitive graphical user interfaces. The financial industry stores a vast amount of data, including both transactions and personal information, and is increasingly looking to make the most of it for improved business models and better customer retention. However, the noise and behavioral elements inherent in the raw financial data often require nonstandard solutions, possibly yet to be developed, to gain useful insights from it. Researchers are still experimenting with and exploring the full potential of robo-advisors in the finance industry. In this paper, we present an overview of the impact of robo-advisors in the financial sector by highlighting use cases how robo-advisors coupled with machine learning are used currently and explore their potential with reinforcement learning based algorithms for the future.
A Causal Systems Approach to Anxiety Disorders

Symptoms are at the heart of psychiatric illness. Clinically, this is readily apparent; patients tend to seek help regarding symptom-level difficulties such as chronic worry, severe anxiety, or panic attacks. As mental health clinicians, we aim to understand and ameliorate these psychiatric symptoms. In this chapter, we review a recently developed framework for conceptualizing mental disorders that centers on symptoms and the plausible causal relations among them (Borsboom D, World Psychiatry 16:5–13, 2017; Borsboom D, Cramer AOJ, Annu Rev Clin Psychol 9:91–121, 2013). We then apply this framework to anxiety disorders, considering how a causal systems approach might be used to better understand, diagnose, and treat patients with anxiety. Throughout, we address how conceptualizing mental disorders in this way may be especially useful in understanding individual differences in the development and maintenance of psychiatric illness and in tailoring therapeutic interventions to better fit the needs of individual patients.
Effects of highly efficient prenatal health combined with early mother-infant intervention on breast feeding in primiparas after cesarean section

Objective To explore the effects of highly efficient prenatal health combined with early mother-infant intervention on breast feeding in primiparas after cesarean section. Methods In 2017, a total of 100 primiparas with prenatal examinations were selected in New Century Women's and Children's Hospital. Primiparas with expected date of childbirth between July and December were in observation group, and primiparas with expected date of childbirth between January and June were in control group with the random method, 50 cases in each group. Observation group carried out highly efficient prenatal health and early mother-infant intervention after delivery. Control group implemented routine prenatal health and cesarean postoperative guidance. The intervention effects of two groups were evaluated with the Breast-feeding Assessment Tool (BAT) and Breast-Feeding Self-efficacy Scale (BSES) . This study compared the success rate of breast feeding for the first time and breast feeding at different time periods after delivery. Results For the first time of breast feeding, the scores of BAT was (10.43±2.01) ; the success of breatst feeding for the first time was 90.0%; after intervention, the BSES of the observation group was (137.24±11.93) ; higher than those of control group with statistical differences (P<0.05) . The rate of breast feeding 6 months after delivery was 80.00% in observation group and 54.00% in control group with a statistical difference (P<0.01) . Conclusions Highly efficient prenatal health combined with early mother-infant intervention can effectively improve the rate of breast feeding and breast feeding self-efficacy of primiparas which is worthy of being popularized. Key words: Cesarean section; Breast feeding; Highly efficient; Early stage; Prenatal health; Mother-infant intervention
Historical Political Ideology and Firm Innovation: Worldwide Evidence of R&D Investments (1982-2016)

Dominant national political ideology during founding or initial public offering (IPO) shapes a firm’s structures and routines—leaving an organizational ideological imprint—and persistently affects ...
A gut-secreted peptide controls arousability through modulation of dopaminergic neurons in the brain

Since sensory information is always present in the environment, animals need to internally regulate their responsiveness to fit the context. During sleep, the threshold for sensory arousal is increased so that only stimuli of sufficient magnitude can cross it. The mechanisms that make arousability flexible are largely mysterious, but they must integrate sensory information with information about physiology. We discovered a gut-to-brain signaling pathway that uses information about ingested nutrients to control arousability from sleep, without affecting sleep duration. Protein ingestion causes endocrine cells in the Drosophila gut to increase production of CCHa1, a peptide that decreases sensory responsiveness. CCHa1 is received by a small group of brain dopaminergic neurons whose activity gates behavioral responsiveness to mechanical stimulation. These dopaminergic neurons innervate the mushroom body, a brain structure involved in determining sleep duration. This work describes how the gut tunes arousability according to nutrient availability, allowing deeper sleep when dietary proteins are abundant. It also suggests that behavioral flexibility is increased through independent tuning of sleep depth and duration.
Antibody-negative autoimmune encephalitis as a complication of long-term immune-suppression for liver transplantation.

Autoimmune encephalitis is a rare spectrum of disease that can be a complication of chronic immunosuppression. Diagnosis often requires the presence of antineuronal antibodies, but many causative antibodies have not yet been identified. Antibody-negative autoimmune encephalitis (AbNAE) is especially difficult to diagnose and must rely largely on exclusion of other causes. In chronically immune-suppressed transplant recipients, the differential is broad, likely resulting in underdiagnosis and worse outcomes. Here, we present a 58-year-old liver transplant recipient taking tacrolimus for prevention of chronic rejection who presented with 5 days of confusion, lethargy and lightheadedness. He was diagnosed with AbNAE after an extensive workup and recovered fully after high-dose corticosteroids. Our case highlights the importance of recognising the association between chronic immunosuppression and autoimmune encephalitis. Autoimmune encephalitis, even in the absence of characterised antibodies, should be considered when transplant recipients present with central neurologic symptoms.
Jet substructure using semi-inclusive jet functions in SCET

We propose a new method to evaluate jet substructure observables in inclusive jet measurements, based upon semi-inclusive jet functions in the framework of Soft Collinear Effective Theory (SCET). As a first example, we consider the jet fragmentation function, where a hadron h is identified inside a fully reconstructed jet. We introduce a new semi-inclusive fragmenting jet function $$ {\mathcal{G}}_i^h\left(z={\omega}_J/\omega, {z}_h={\omega}_h/{\omega}_J,{\omega}_J,R,\mu \right) $$ , which depends on the jet radius R and the large light-cone momenta of the parton ‘i’ initiating the jet (ω), the jet (ω J ), and the hadron h (ω h ). The jet fragmentation function can then be expressed as a semi-inclusive observable, in the spirit of actual experimental measurements, rather than as an exclusive one. We demonstrate the consistency of the effective field theory treatment and standard perturbative QCD calculations of this observable at next-to-leading order (NLO). The renormalization group (RG) equation for the semi-inclusive fragmenting jet function $$ {\mathcal{G}}_i^h\left(z,{z}_h,{\omega}_J,R,\mu \right) $$ are also derived and shown to follow exactly the usual timelike DGLAP evolution equations for fragmentation functions. The newly obtained RG equations can be used to perform the resummation of single logarithms of the jet radius parameter R up to next-to-leading logarithmic (NLL R ) accuracy. In combination with the fixed NLO calculation, we obtain NLO+NLL R results for the hadron distribution inside the jet. We present numerical results for pp → (jet h)X in the new framework, and find excellent agreement with existing LHC experimental data.
Effects of Engineering Design Process on Science and Mathematics

This work-in-progress research paper contains the findings from a meta-analysis on the effects of using the engineering design process on K–12 students’ science and mathematics achievement. This study uses a meta-analysis methodology to calculate the effect size of the integration of the engineering design process into science and mathematics teaching and learning practices on student’s science and math achievements. A sample of empirical studies published during or after 2018 were included, and data were analyzed using STATA 16 statistical software. Analysis revealed a statistically significant effect size (d = 0.31 [CI= 0.18,0.44]) on students’ science and mathematics achievement. The findings suggest that implementing the engineering design process enhances students’ learning experiences and improves their academic achievement in science and mathematics. The results of this WIP meta-analysis should inform instructional leaders and other education stakeholders concerning the importance of integrating the engineering design process into Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics teaching and learning practices.
Authority Control of Arabic Personal Names: RDA and Beyond

This paper discusses the basics of creating name authority records for Arabic personal names in accordance with Resource Description and Access instructions and Program for Cooperative Cataloging g...
High Productivity Makes Mangroves Potentially Important Players in the Tropical Silicon Cycle

Over the last two decades, recognition of the important role terrestrial plants play in regulating silicon (Si) cycling has emerged. Si improves plant fitness by protecting them from abiotic (e.g., dessication) and biotic (e.g., fungal attack) stressors. Once incorporated into plant biomass this biogenic Si is more bio-available than the lithogenic material from which it was ultimately derived. Thus plants play a key function in regulating the amount and timing of Si availability in downstream ecosystems. Recent work has highlighted the importance of salt marshes in the temperate Si cycle. However, the role of their tropical counterparts, mangroves, has largely gone unexplored. Here we report foliar concentrations of plant Si (as %Si by dry weight) for four Caribbean mangrove species: Conocarpus erectus (buttonwood), Laguncularia racemosa (white mangrove), Avicennia germinans (black mangrove), Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove). Overall, the median Si concentration was low (0.07%) and did not vary among plant part (e.g., foliage, twig, propagule). There was also little variation in Si among species. Using literature values of aboveground net primary production, and the concentrations reported here, we estimate an aboveground mangrove Si uptake rate of 2-10 kg Si ha-1 yr-1. These rates are on par with rates reported for temperate and boreal forests as well as low nutrient salt marshes, but lower than estimates for high nutrient salt marshes. Thus, despite the low Si concentrations observed in mangroves, their high productivity appears to make them a hot spot of Si cycling in tropical coastal systems.
ACES: Analysis of Conservation with Expansive Species

MotivationAn abundance of new reference genomes are becoming available through large-scale sequencing efforts. While the reference FASTA for each genome is available, there is currently no automated mechanism to query a specific sequence across all new reference genomes. ResultsWe developed ACES (Analysis of Conservation with Expansive Species) as a computational workflow to query specific sequences of interest (e.g., enhancers, promoters, exons) against reference genomes with an available reference FASTA. This automated workflow generates BLAST hits against each of the reference genomes, a multiple sequence alignment file, a graphical fragment assembly file, and a phylogenetic tree file. These data files can then be used by the researcher in several ways to provide key insights into conservation of the query sequence. AvailabilityACES is available at https://github.com/TNTurnerLab/ACES Contacttychele@wustl.edu Supplementary informationSupplementary Figure 1 is available on bioRxiv.
Black Women's suffrage, the 19th Amendment, and the Duality of a Movement

America is at an unprecedented time with self-determination for Black women, and this phase of the movement is reverberating throughout this nation and around the world. There is no confusion for those who identify as Black women that this movement is perpetual, dating back to the enslavement of Black people in America by act and by law. One need only look to the intersecting crises of 2020 to discern the reality of Black women’s — and by extension the Black community and by further extension individuals and groups marginalized, subordinated, and oppressed by white patriarchy — perpetual struggle for civil and human rights. To appreciate the genealogy of this perpetual struggle for civil and human rights, it is instructive to look back on the 100th Anniversary of the 19th Amendment and to be immersed in the stories and the legacies of Black women suffragists to gain insights about modern contestations against limiting the franchise. In the forming of this nation, Black women were intentionally excluded and erased from conceptions of humanity. This exclusion and erasure of Black women’s voices and contributions from the annals of social, political, and economic movements throughout history, such as abolitionist and women’s suffrage movements, tarnish the legitimacy of our democratic institutions, our laws, and our collective progress toward equality. This article centers Black women’s lived experiences in the struggle for universal suffrage while also leading and supporting their communities in the fight against racial inequality and oppression. By making the sojourn through history using the lens of Black women, an opening is created to understand the perpetuation of racial injustice and oppression through the practices of withholding citizenship and the franchise. It also offers a window into the expertise and resilience of Black women in building and maintaining relationships, alliances, and coalitions to press for the larger vision of universal suffrage, even when their putative partners choose self-interest over the collective. The purpose of highlighting the duality of the movement is to contribute to the literature that seeks to reveal how Black women and their lived experiences with racism and oppression during the women’s suffrage movement up through and after the ratification of the 19th Amendment can inform today’s efforts at successful coalition building to support modern movements against injustice and inequality.
Correlated variability in primate superior colliculus depends on functional class

Correlated variability (spike count correlations, rSC) in a population of neurons can constrain how information is read out, depending on behavioral task and neuronal tuning. Here we tested whether rSC also depends on neuronal functional class. We recorded from populations of neurons in macaque superior colliculus (SC), a structure that contains well-defined functional classes. We found that during a guided saccade task, different classes of neurons exhibited differing degrees of rSC. "Delay class" neurons displayed the highest rSC, especially during the delay epoch of saccade tasks that relied on working memory. This was only present among Delay class neurons within the same hemisphere. The dependence of rSC on functional class indicates that subpopulations of SC neurons occupy distinct circuit niches with distinct inputs. Such subpopulations should be accounted for differentially when attempting to model or infer population coding principles in the SC, or elsewhere in the primate brain.
Databases in Health Care

In this chapter we will introduce the concepts of database technology in a way that will make it easy to relate the terminology to problems in health care. After the objectives have been defined the major components of databases and their function will be discussed. The remainder of this chapter will present the scientific and the operational issues associated with databases.
Early experience and lessons learned in a new minimally invasive esophagectomy program

Minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) is gaining increasing popularity in the treatment of esophageal cancer. In fact, while surgical and oncologic outcomes are not inferior to those achieved through a traditional open approach, patients undergoing MIE benefit from shorter length of stay, lesser pain and prompter recovery. This technique is, however, highly challenging, and the development of a MIE program, even in the setting of a tertiary center, requires time and progressive honing of surgical skills. We use a minimally invasive Ivor Lewis approach. The abdominal phase of the procedure includes complete celiac lymphadenectomy and tubularization of the stomach, which will constitute the neo-esophagus. The video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery portion of the operation takes place in left lateral decubitus and allows for optimal thoracic lymphadenectomy and anastomosis. From October 2011 to January 2015, we treated 52 patients with the above-described procedure. The evolution of our anastomotic technique included a first group of circular stapled anastomosis with Orvil™ and 3.5-mm EEA™ (n = 16 patients), subsequently abandoned in favor of a linear anastomosis (n = 12), before going back to the Orvil™ coupled with 4.8-mm EEA™ (n = 22) in more recent times. There were also an additional two anastomoses that did not fall under any of these categories. We experienced two postoperative deaths. The overall leak rate was 14 %, but fell down to 4 % in the last group. Median LOS was 9 days. Lymph node retrieval was adequate throughout the whole series. Developing a MIE program requires a significant learning curve before the results plateau. Only once a technique of choice is refined and mastered, the advantages granted by MIE become apparent.
Use of Physical Models to Facilitate Transfer of Physics Learning to Understand Positron Emission Tomography

In this paper we describe a qualitative study of the role of the physical models in transferring physics ideas to understanding positron emission tomography technology. Sixteen students enrolled in an introductory level physics class individually participated in two sessions of a teaching experiment. In this study we noted that many students used reasoning from prior experiences in inappropriate ways. A result from this study is that physical models are effective in triggering appropriate transfer provided that the activities using the models are introduced in the right sequence. Given the appropriate sequencing of the activities, we find that the transfer of abstract ideas is facilitated through interactive learning with the aid of physical models. Three different types of non‐scaffolded transfer have been identified: spontaneous, semi‐spontaneous and non‐spontaneous transfer.
Comparative structural analysis of nuclear RNase P RNAs from yeast

Secondary structure models for yeast nuclear RNase P RNAs were derived by phylogenetic comparative analysis. RNase P RNA genes from six Saccharomyces species were characterized and compared with the published gene sequences of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (RPR1), Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and Schizosaccharomyces octosporus. The general organization of the Saccharomyces genes were similar: all were present in single copy and contained RNA polymerase III-specific regulatory elements, including tRNA gene-like A- and B-box promoters located within 5' leader regions and poly(T) terminators following the mature RNA domain. As observed previously, two RNase P RNAs were present in each of the species: a shorter RNA corresponding to the mature domain and a longer possible precursor RNA that includes the 5' leader sequences. The mature RNA domains of three of these genes were sufficiently divergent from the S. cerevisiae RNA such that compensatory base changes in paired elements were readily identified, yet homologous regions could be aligned. A striking common core of primary and secondary structure emerged for the Saccharomyces RNase P RNAs. Furthermore, the Schizosaccharomyces homologs conformed in large part to the Saccharomyces conserved core and shared with it a distinctive structural domain that has so far only been observed in the yeast nuclear RNase P RNAs. Comparison of the yeast core to a previously published eubacterial conserved core and to the RNA homologs from vertebrates revealed a number of similarities, suggesting that RNase P RNA from diverse sources may share a core of structurally conserved elements.
Element and Radionuclide Concentrations in Food: FDA Total Diet Study 1991-1996

Foods purchased throughout the United States during 1991-1997 under the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Total Diet Study (TDS) program were analyzed for elements and radionuclides. The program is described with emphasis on food analysis and quality control, including independent interlaboratory exercises. Analytical results are summarized for Cd, Pb, Ni, As, Hg, Se, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Mg, Ca, P, K, and Na and for 7 Cs, 131 I, 106 Ru, and Sr. Concentration data are provided to expand the information base used to support assessments of the safety and nutritive value of the U.S. food supply and for their potential use in food composition databases. For selected foods, comparisons were made with past TDS results and with those reported in the literature. An extensive listing of the analytical data is available on the FDA CFSAN Website.
Thoracic injuries in urban infants and children.

Os AA. acentuam a maior frequencia dos varios tipos de traumatismos toracicos seguindo as diferentes etiologias e idades dos doentes. Assim, realcam os traumatismos resultantes do parto, os toracicos fechados, as feridas do torax. Fazem tambem uma mencao especial a aspiracao e degluticao de corpos estranhos estabelecendo a comparacao entre os traqueobronquicos e os esofagicos. Finalmente fazem referencia as fracturas da coluna e as queimaduras.
TPX Neutral Beam injection system design

The existing Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) Neutral Beam system is proposed to be modified for long pulse operation on the Tokamak Physics Experiment (TPX). Day one operation of TPX will call for one TFTR beamline modified for 1000 second pulse lengths oriented co-directional to the plasma current. The system design will be capable of accommodating an additional co-directional and a single counter directional beamline. For the TPX conceptual design, every attempt was made to use existing Neutral Beam hardware, plant facilities, auxiliary systems, service infrastructure, and control systems. This paper describes the moderate modifications required to the power systems, the ion sources, and the beam impinged surfaces of the ion dumps, the calorimeters, the various beam scrapers, and the neutralizers. Also described are the minimal modifications required to the vacuum, cryogenic, and gas systems and major modification of replacing the beamline-torus duct in its entirety. Operational considerations for Neutral Beam subsystems over 1000 second pulse lengths will be explored including proposed operating scenarios for full steady state operation.
The art of writing science.

The value of writing well should not be underestimated. Imagine, for example, that you hold in your hand two papers, both of which describe precisely the same set of experimental results. One is long, dense, and filled with jargon. The other is concise, engaging, and easy to follow. Which are you more likely to read, understand, and cite? The answer to this question hits directly at the value of good writing: writing well leverages your work. That is, while even the most skillful writing cannot turn bad science into good science, clear and compelling writing makes good science more impactful, and thus more valuable. The goal of good writing is straightforward: to make your reader's job as easy as possible. Realizing this goal, though, is not so simple. I, for one, was not a natural-born writer; as a graduate student, my writing was weak and rambling, taking forever to get to the point. But I had the good fortune to postdoc under an outstanding scientific communicator, who taught me the above-described lesson that writing well is worth the considerable effort it demands. Thus inspired, I set out to teach myself how to communicate more effectively, an effort that, some fifteen years later, I am still pursuing. Along the way I have learned a thing or two that I believe make my papers easier to read, a few of which I am pleased to share with you here. Before I share my hard-won tips, though, I have an admission: there is no single, correct way to write. In fact, there are a myriad of solutions to the problem of writing well (see, e.g., Refs.1–4). The trick, then, is not to copy someone else's voice, but rather to study what works—and what does not—in your own writing and that of others to formulate your own guide to effective communication. Thus, while I present here some of my most cherished writing conventions (i.e., the rules that I force on my own students), I do not mean to imply that they represent the only acceptable approach. Indeed, you (or your mentor) may disagree strongly with many of the suggestions I make below. This, though, is perfectly fine: my goal is not to convince you that I have found the one true way, but instead simply to get people thinking and talking about writing. I do so in the hope that this will inspire a few more young scientists to develop their own effective styles.
A theoretical model study of observed correlations between whistler mode waves and energetic electron precipitation events in the magnetosphere

A recently extended test particle computer model of the gyroresonance wave-particle interaction in the magnetosphere is applied to previously reported cases of observed correlations between whistler mode waves and ionospheric responses to particle precipitation. Three different ionospheric effects, namely, X-ray bursts, photoemissions, and D region perturbations, all correlated with VLF waves and believed to be caused by precipitated particles, are considered. The precipitation flux level, the pulse shape, and the associated time delays are computed for the parameters relevant to each case and are compared with values deduced from the data. The results demonstrate that the existing theoretical model can be useful for interpreting experimental results of this kind. Furthermore, the model results and observations, used together, provide a basis for additional diagnostics of the various parameters of the cold and energetic particle distributions in the magnetosphere. For example, when applied to the observed photoemission case (Helliwell et al., 1980) the model results imply that the trapped energetic particle distribution function at the time could be modeled as proportional to E exp -n/2 with n about 3.5 to 6, where E is the particle energy.
The vidente phenomenon in third world traditional healing: An amazonian example

This article examines the vidente or seer phenomenon in the Peruvian Amazon city of Pucallpa Peru where fieldwork was conducted in 1977 and 1979. With the discovery of natural opiate-like substances in the body called endorphins researchers in the brain sciences were intrigued by mans ability to create his own opiate-like response to pain ecstacy and stress. Paranormal phenomena often called psi are believed to occur by large numbers of people. Close work was done with an urban healer don Hilde who used the plant hallucinogen ayahuasca for many yers. The healing milieu present background information on Pucallpa City don Hildes biography and his activities as a vidente in connection with his hallucinogen use are described. Don Hildes relationship with a mystical-philosophical organization and its influence on his paranormal activities and patient interactions are examined. The single most important function of plant hallucinogens in the Amazon area is to divine the future. Ayahuasca is used to treat magical illness in Iquitos and Pucallpa where illness is believed to have a mother spirit. The patients sit in a cirlce in rain forest clearings where they all drink the drug believing the plants spirit enters them. Healers like don Hilde are sought out by patients because of reputed vidente qualities and abilities as seers and because on the daily level of interaction their abilities are reaffirmed. In this case study the healer derives a long shamanic healing tradition where he used plant hallucinogen drugs. He entered into organized mystical activities to enhance his personal power and to intensify his access to altered states of consciousness. Access to the supernatural realm is important to both the healer and the client in harnessing the source of divinity.
Interfacial microrheology of DPPC monolayers at the air–water interface

We present systematic measurements of the surface rheology of monolayers of liquid-condensed (LC) dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) at the air–water interface. Using microfabricated, ferromagnetic ‘microbuttons’ as new microrheological probes, we measure the linear viscoelastic moduli of LC DPPC monolayers as both surface pressure and frequency are varied. Visualization of this interface reveals that the interlocked liquid crystalline domains that comprise an LC-DPPC monolayer give rise to a viscoelastic solid response. Two distinct behaviors arise as surface pressure is increased: for low surface pressures (8 mN m−1 ≤ Π ≤ 12–14 mN m−1), the monolayer behaves like a two-dimensional emulsion, with a surface elastic modulus G ′s that is relatively constant, as would be expected from a line tension-mediated elasticity. The surface viscosity increases exponentially with Π, as would be expected for a condensed liquid monolayer. Above 12–14 mN m−1, however, both moduli increase exponentially with Π, albeit with a weaker slope—a response that would not be expected from line-tension-mediated elasticity. This transition would be consistent with a second-order phase transition between the LC and solid-condensed phase, as has been observed in other phospholipid monolayers. Finally, we employ a controlled-stress (creep) mode to find a stress-dependent viscosity bifurcation, and thus the yield stress of this monolayer.
The Influence of Variable-Region Somatic Mutations on the Specificity and Pathogenicity of Murine Monoclonal Anti-DNA Antibodies

Antibodies to DNA (anti-DNA) occur prominently in systemic lupus erythematosus and provoke inflammatory damage in the kidneys. To determine the factors that confer pathogenicity on antibodies of this specificity, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo glomerular binding by members of four clonally related sets of monoclonal anti-DNA antibodies from lupus mice. Somatic mutations within the clonal sets enhanced binding to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Binding to permeabilized glomeruli in vitro was observed among affinity-purified preparations of these antibodies independent of specificity for dsDNA. In normal mice injected with hybridoma cell lines, nephritis as assessed by histology and immunofluorescence did not correlate with antibody affinity for DNA. By multivariate analysis, in vitro glomerular binding was the most predictive parameter of histologic outcome. These findings indicate that somatic mutations occurring during maturation of the autoimmune response do not necessarily enhance pathogenicity.
Prognostic value of beta human chorionic gonadotrophin in blood serum of patients with urinary bladder tumous

Beta human chorionic gonadotrophin levels have been assessed in blood serum of 79 patients with bladder tumours before and seven days after transurethral electroresection (TUR). With the growth grade of anaplasia and staging the mean serum beta HCG level increased. Beta HCG was a good biological marker to differentiate between superficial and deep tumours.
Different Pial Arteriolar Responses to Acetylcholine in the Newborn and Juvenile Pig

Using the closed cranial window technique, the present study was designed to test the hypothesis that the pial arteriolar response to acetylcholine is age dependent. In newborn pigs (1–5 days old) pretreated with the phosphodiesterase inhibitor isobutyl methyl xanthine (IBMX), acetylcholine (10−5M) produced pial arteriolar constriction with no change in CSF cyclic GMP (cGMP) that was blocked by indomethacin (5 mg/kg i.v.). In contrast, in indomethacin- and IBMX-treated juvenile pigs (3–4 weeks old), acetylcholine (10−M) increased the pial arteriolar diameter by 17 ± 1% and increased CSF cGMP by 2.1 ± 0.3-fold. Similar vascular and biochemical changes for acetylcholine were observed in juvenile pigs pretreated with only IBMX. In the absence of IBMX, acetylcholine produced modest pial constriction in juvenile pigs. In the IBMX-pretreated juvenile pigs, l-nitroarginine (LNA; 10−6M) decreased pial arteriolar diameter by 15 ± 2% and blocked acetylcholine-induced dilation and associated changes in CSF cGMP. A23...
Non-Grassmann formulation of regularized gauge theory with fermions

Regularized continuum gauge theory coupled to quadratic matter simplifies significantly on integration of the matter fields. As an illustration, we discuss in some detail the resulting non-Grassmann formulation of regularized gauge theory with Dirac fermions.
The pentad and the EIS: Using Burke's pentad to analyze environmental impact statements issued by the U.S. military

Environmental impact statements (EISs) are developed to support government decisions that have significant impacts on the environment. The EIS is a rhetorical document, in part, because the rhetor chooses information necessary to support a proposed course of action. Using Burke's pentad, I demonstrate that the purpose-act ratio is the dominant scenario in EIS documents issued by the U.S. military to justify proposals for training. I show that one EIS document was specifically structured around this purpose-act scenario to support a proposal for military training. I conclude by suggesting that the EIS process may be representative of instrumental writing, global issues may result in policies that impact local environments, and the EIS process may actually preclude social action and document persuasiveness.
The multiple scattering and N-body approaches to nuclear reactions

Abstract The relationship between conventional multiple scattering approaches and the recently developed N -body approaches to nuclear reactions is considered with a view towards elastic scattering applications. Connectivity expansions in the N -body approach and multiple scattering expansions in the Watson approach are developed by a common technique so that a comparison of the physical content of each can be made. In the N -body case this leads to a new derivation of the equations of Bencze, Redish, and Sloan in both particle-labelled and partition-labelled form and this yields new insight into the minimal dimensionality of these equations and into the role of channel coupling schemes within this formulation. The relative simplicity and generality with which these results are obtained is designed to be easily understood by those unfamiliar with N -body formalisms. The two approaches are contrasted first for the three-particle problem and subsequently for the many-body problem. We argue that a strict adherence to the connected-kernel property which is advantageous for the three-particle problem may not be so advantageous for the many-body elastic scattering problem. Undesirable physical characteristics of the connectivity expansion for elastic scattering are identified and their rectification is discussed. The off-shell transformation associated with the N -body approach is examined critically. The origin of the multiplicity of N -body coupling schemes is elucidated. It is shown that a modified concept of connectivity, called inclusive connectivity, can be introduced to guide expansions which can be truncated in a physically meaningful way. The inclusive connectivity expansion is seen to be identical to the spectator expansion for an elementary projectile but differs in the case of a composite projectile. Extant elastic scattering optical potential formulations based on the two concepts of connectivity are compared and contrasted. We show that connected kernel integral equations of the few-body type are required for computation of the individual low-order terms of the inclusive connectivity expansion of the optical potential.
Solubility products and other parameters for the samarium and gadolinium fluoride-water systems by radiometric and other methods

Abstract The solubilities, solubility products and thermodynamic functions for the dissolution of SmF30.5H2O(s) and GdF30.5H2O(s) in water at 25°C have been measured using radiometric, conductometric and potentiometric methods for comparison with literature values that differ among themselves by a factor of 103. The radiometric value for KSO is the lowest in both cases. However, all of the pKSO values which were computed using free ion concentrations are in general agreement with each other. The effect of the aging of the precipitate in the mother liquor and of the nature of the precipitant on solubility may explain the huge difference in solubility products reported in the literature. The standard enthalpy change and the free energy change for the dissolution of both fluorides are positive as is the case for other lanthanon fluorides. Standard entropy changes computed from the standard enthalpy and standard free energy changes at 25°C, on the other hand, were negative in both cases. The stability constants for the mono- and difluoride complexes of samarium and gadolinium have also been determined using a simplified potentiometric method.
EARLY EXTRAUTERINE STRESSES DEPLETE GLUTATHIONE AND GLYCOGEN IN NEWBORN RATS.401

Cobalt chloride (CoCl2) induces heme oxygenase (HO-1) in adult and neonatal rats. We tested the hypothesis that upregulation of HO-1 by CoCl2 in neonatal rats was mediated by depletion of glutathione (GSH), as suggested by studies in adult rats. Rats aged 0 to 5 days were injected sc with saline or 250 μmol/kg CoCl2. After 30 or 150 min, livers were freeze-clamped and assayed for GSH. Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA with modified t tests. There were no interactions between day and treatment at 30 and 150 min. At 30 min, GSH levels (μmol/g liver) trended lower in the CoCl2 groups than in controls (p<.08); at 150 min the GSH levels in the CoCl2 groups were significantly lower than in controls (p<.02). At 30 and 150 min, GSH was lowest in both control and CoCl2 groups on d 1, with recovery to birth values by d 2 (*p<.02). We therefore investigated if hepatic glycogen needed for sustaining GSH by GSSG reduction might be depleted in a similar pattern. Hepatic glycogen (nmol glucose eq/g liver) was high at birth and fell significantly by d 1 (^p<0.05). Glycogen recovery is seen by d 2-3, with a slower recovery in the CoCl2 groups. Glycogen was lower at 30 and 150 min in the CoCl2 groups than in controls(p<0.01). Thus, newborns with low glycogen stores may not have full capacities to sustain hepatic GSH. The effects of CoCl2 on hepatic GSH are statistically significant; whether these changes are of sufficient magnitude to account for upregulation of HO-1 remains to be determined. The decrease in hepatic GSH on d 1 is notassociated with a major increase in basal HO activity on d 1 (Ped Res 35:78A), suggesting that CoCl2 induces HO-1 in the newborn rat by mechanisms other than simple depletion of GSH. Supported by NIH HD01124. Table
Geometrical measurements of fibre-optic starter tubes using a novel optical technique

Abstract A novel optical technique is described for making geometrical measurements on silica starter tubes. The measurement takes place in an air medium and uses a collimated source and spatial filtering to image the set of transmitted rays onto a CCTV system. An analysis relates this line structure observed to the geometry of the starter tube.