cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of rainfall‐induced slope instability using a field of local factor of safety

[1] Slope-stability analyses are mostly conducted by identifying or assuming a potential failure surface and assessing the factor of safety (FS) of that surface. This approach of assigning a single FS to a potentially unstable slope provides little insight on where the failure initiates or the ultimate geometry and location of a landslide rupture surface. We describe a method to quantify a scalar field of FS based on the concept of the Coulomb stress and the shift in the state of stress toward failure that results from rainfall infiltration. The FS at each point within a hillslope is called the local factor of safety (LFS) and is defined as the ratio of the Coulomb stress at the current state of stress to the Coulomb stress of the potential failure state under the Mohr-Coulomb criterion. Comparative assessment with limit-equilibrium and hybrid finite element limit-equilibrium methods show that the proposed LFS is consistent with these approaches and yields additional insight into the geometry and location of the potential failure surface and how instability may initiate and evolve with changes in pore water conditions. Quantitative assessments applying the new LFS field method to slopes under infiltration conditions demonstrate that the LFS has the potential to overcome several major limitations in the classical FS methodologies such as the shape of the failure surface and the inherent underestimation of slope instability. Comparison with infinite-slope methods, including a recent extension to variably saturated conditions, shows further enhancement in assessing shallow landslide occurrence using the LFS methodology. Although we use only a linear elastic solution for the state of stress with no post-failure analysis that require more sophisticated elastoplastic or other theories, the LFS provides a new means to quantify the potential instability zones in hillslopes under variably saturated conditions using stress-field based methods.
Generational differences in the sexual communication process of African American grandparent and parent caregivers of adolescents.

Purpose This study assessed generational differences in the sexual communication process between 40 African American parent and 40 grandparent caregivers of adolescent children. Design and Methods The study reports findings from a secondary analysis of data from two databases. The HIV Risk Reduction Survey was used to examine the sexual communication process. Results Grandparents wanted to talk about sex and had open sexual communications, while parents valued sexual abstinence and had limited communications. Practice Implications Based on the findings, healthcare providers and programs need to recognize that differences do exist between parents and grandparents with sexual communications.
Errata in Previous Papers

A few errors and misprints were found here and there in previous papers. They will be corrected below, the numbers in brackets referring to the list of references at the end of the book.
Role of K+ATP channels in coronary vasodilation during exercise.

BACKGROUNDThe mechanism of metabolic regulation of coronary vascular tone is still unclear. Therefore, we examined the role of vascular smooth muscle K+ATP channels in regulating coronary blood flow under resting conditions, during increments in myocardial metabolic demand produced by treadmill exercise, and in response to a brief ischemic stimulus.METHODS AND RESULTSTen chronically instrumented dogs were studied at rest and during a four-stage exercise protocol under control conditions and during intracoronary infusion of the K+ATP channel blocker glibenclamide at rates of 10 and 50 micrograms.kg-1 x min-1. Glibenclamide (50 micrograms.kg-1 x min-1) decreased coronary blood flow at rest from 51 +/- 4 to 42 +/- 6 mL/min (P < .05), decreased myocardial oxygen consumption from 5.70 +/- 0.31 to 4.11 +/- 0.56 mL O2/min (P < .05), and decreased systolic wall thickening from 21 +/- 3% to 12 +/- 3% (P < .05). The depression of systolic wall thickening produced by glibenclamide was reversed when coronary blood fl...
Novel endoscopic approaches for assessing biliary tract diseases.

Purpose of review Biliary endoscopy offers both diagnostic and therapeutic value in complex clinical situations. This review addresses the latest advances over the past year in endoscopic approaches of biliary tract diseases. Recent findings Specifically, we focus on the latest findings on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for the evaluation of biliary strictures. In addition, key studies have demonstrated the enhanced role of cholangioscopy, photodynamic therapy in cholangiocarcinoma, and biliary stent technology. Summary The following review focuses on the latest advancements in the field of biliary endoscopy. Pivotal studies were selected to highlight some of the current investigations in therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography as well as knowledge gaps for future research.
The Expanding Purview: Institutional Review Boards and the Review of Human Subjects Research

The implications of the institutional review board (IRB) system's growing purview are examined. Among the issues discussed are whether IRBs are censoring research and whether the IRB review process fundamentally alters the research that is being conducted. The intersection between IRB review and free speech is also explored. In general, it is argued that the review system for human subjects research (HSR) should be modified in order to limit the scope of IRB review.
A climate index and mule deer fawn survival in Montana

A sign of deviation type of index was used to convert standard temperature and precipitation data into a readily used form for the study of deer population dynamics. Statistically significant correlations between the climate index and mule deer fawn survival were demonstrated for four different mule deer populations in Montana. These correlations led to reasonable biological hypotheses delineating the linkage between climate and fawn survival in each of the four areas. The correlations support the frequent observations in the wildlife literature concerning the importance of summer and winter range. They also suggest that human activities may interact with climate in a manner which affects deer fawn survival. In general, in these areas, fawn survival was favored by relatively warm-moist summer, warm-dry winter and cool-dry hunting season weather. The apparent affect of spring weather was variable. Fawn survival in two areas was enhanced by cool-dry summer weather. This reversed response could be the result of human use of the areas, including livestock grazing. It is concluded that this index of climatic fluctuations can be a versatile and useful tool in assessing the impact of climate upon deer populations. In general, weather can be described as a strong biasing factor even when direct effects cannot be consistently demonstrated.
Effects of the amount of prior cold work and annealing temperature on subgrain growth in Al0.2Mg alloy

Abstract The effects of the amount of prior cold work and annealing temperature on subgrain growth in Al0.2Mg alloy (where the composition is in approximate weight per cent) have been studied during the recovery period of static annealing. The subgrain growth follows a parabolic relationship with annealing time for wires with true wire-drawing strains of 0.554 and 1.475 at 250°C and 300°C respectively. The rates K of subgrain growth, indicated by the slope of the line in a graph of the square D 2 of the subgrain diameter versus the annealing time t, have been compared with the theoretically calculated K values for Al0.2Mg alloy at 250 and 300°C and reasonable agreement has been found between the two.
Targeting HTLV-I latency in Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is highly chemotherapy resistant. The combination of AZT and interferon (IFN) is a first line treatment option for the leukemic forms of ATLL. We and others have demonstrated AZT/IFN can effectively suppress ATLL long-term; however, these drugs fail to eradicate malignant ATLL clones. At our institution we have recently established a clinical trial for ATLL using AZT/IFN in combination with the inexpensive histone deacelytase (HDAC) inhibitor valproic acid (VPA) during the maintenance treatment phase. Histone acetylation can result in HTLV-I promoter activation and viral transcription. We hypothesized that HDAC inhibitors would re-activate latent HTLV-I in ATLL cells harboring intact provirus and help eliminate residual disease after cytoreductive treatment. We have exciting preliminary data which suggest we can achieve this. So far, we have enrolled 13 subjects with acute-type ATLL in our study. We observed a serial decrease in clonal ATLL disease followed by molecular clearance by multiplex PCR in one subject after VPA treatment. We had not seen such effect previously in long-term responders treated with AZT/IFN alone. Using fresh ATLL cells from this subject we augmented HTLV-I expression and induced cell death ex vivo after treatment with the newer HDAC inhibitor vorinostat. We are currently testing other newly available HDAC inhibitors in our pre-clinical models. The dual anti-neoplastic and viral inducing roles of HDAC inhibitors can be exploited in the treatment of ATLL. This exciting approach may help advance the cure for this disease. We will present our interim clinical trial results at the conference.
Visual discrimination in rats: The effects of rehabilitation following intergenrational malnutrition

The effect of rehabilitation following intergenerational malnutrition in rats was observed using 3 tests of visual discrimination (Lashley tests). The following groups were studied at 3 months of age: animals nutritionally deprived of protein for many generations (intergenerational malnutrition), those from the same stock rehabilitated for 1 to 2 generations at an adequate protein level, and controls from a stock never exposed to malnutrition. Males rehabilitated for 2 generations showed some improvement in performance in the Lashley tests, but did not attain the level of well-nourished controls. In agreement with the earlier data, females were less susceptible to behavioral deficits from intergenerational malnutrition and recovery was observed after 1 generation of rehabilitation. Growth of both males and females rehabilitated for 1 or 2 generations was superior to that of control rats.
Binding of bisubstrate analog promotes large structural changes in the unregulated catalytic trimer of aspartate transcarbamoylase: implications for allosteric regulation.

A central problem in understanding enzyme regulation is to define the conformational states that account for allosteric changes in catalytic activity. ForEscherichia coli aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase; EC 2.1.3.2) the active, relaxed (R state) holoenzyme is generally assumed to be represented by the crystal structure of the complex of the holoenzyme with the bisubstrate analogN-phosphonacetyl-L-aspartate (PALA). It is unclear, however, which conformational differences between the unliganded, inactive, taut (T state) holoenzyme and the PALA complex are attributable to localized effects of inhibitor binding as contrasted to the allosteric transition. To define the conformational changes in the isolated, nonallosteric C trimer resulting from the binding of PALA, we determined the 1.95-A resolution crystal structure of the C trimer-PALA complex. In contrast to the free C trimer, the PALA-bound trimer exhibits approximate threefold symmetry. Conformational changes in the C trimer upon PALA binding include ordering of two active site loops and closure of the hinge relating the N- and C-terminal domains. The C trimer-PALA structure closely resembles the liganded C subunits in the PALA-bound holoenzyme. This similarity suggests that the pronounced hinge closure and other changes promoted by PALA binding to the holoenzyme are stabilized by ligand binding. Consequently, the conformational changes attributable to the allosteric transition of the holoenzyme remain to be defined.
Does insulin concentration modify the outcome of dietary intervention in young adults with obesity

Does insulin concentration modify the outcome of dietary intervention in young adults with obesity?
Effects of a Cold-Air Outbreak on Shelf Waters of the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract Two surveys of the waters over an area of the continental shelf in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico were made during January 1966. The first observation period was just before a major outbreak of cold, dry air; the second was about 15 days later with the region still under the influence of this outbreak. Waters were well mixed to 100 m, or the bottom in shallower depths. During the 15-day period temperature decreased nearly 5C and salinity increased about 1‰ near the shore. Some 150 mi offshore, temperature decreased only 1–2C and salinity showed no significant change. Study of the change in T-S relationships before and after the outbreak indicates the strong possibility that subsurface water types generally found beneath the Subtropical Underwater core in the Gulf were formed locally over the shelf by evaporation and sensible heat exchange to the atmosphere. For the period between observations, the mean rates of change of vertically-averaged salinity, temperature and heat content were computed. N...
Distraction modality and stimulus modality in paired-associate learning

The effects of visual and auditory auxiliary distracting tasks were compared with pictorial and verbal stimuli in paired-associate learning following either standard or imagery instructions. Type of distraction was found to interact with stimulus modality but not with instructional set. The usual superiority of pictorial stimuli was somewhat reduced by auditory distraction and was eliminated by visual distraction. Results were considered in terms of several alternate hypotheses regarding encoding, imagery mediation, and interference.
Perylene diimide functionalized polynorbornene: a macromolecular scaffold for supramolecular self-assembly

We have synthesized and characterized a polymer comprising a polynorbornene backbone with perylene diimide (PDI) pendant groups. The polymer exhibits intramolecular self-assembly into molecular aggregates that can be controlled via solvent quality. In a medium that solvates the polymer backbone well the PDI chromophores self-assemble into characteristic H-type aggregates aligned along the polymer backbone. In contrast, in a solvent medium that does not solvate the polymer well the polynorbornene backbone collapses into a globular conformation preventing the aggregation of the PDI chromophores, which display monomer-like photophysics. The polymer photophysics are recorded under a variety of conditions, including lifetimes and relative quantum yields. Furthermore, we utilize the weakly coupled H-aggregate model to quantify the exciton bandwidth of the polymer structure and demonstrate that polymer thin films can retain the same chromophore aggregated morphology as the fully solvated polymer.
The use of theophylline as an in vivo probe of adrenocortical function.

The first step in the stimulatory action of most polypeptide hormones, including ACTH, is interaction with a specific target organ plasma membrane receptor. Theophylline, a nonspecific stimulus of several endocrine processes, does so presumably by circumventing the receptor step and directly increasing cAMP by inhibiting phosphodiesterase-mediated hydrolysis. Five patients with adrenal insufficiency, documented by a lack of cortisol secretion in response to exogenous ACTH, underwent a 4-h iv infusion of theophylline. In three of the five individuals, a significant concentration of cortisol was measured serum for the first time. The patients who responded included one patient with the syndrome of ACTH insensitivity, one with ACTH deficiency, and one with idiopathic primary adrenal failure. Two patients with autoimmune adrenalitis failed to respond to theophylline, although one was tested very early in the course of her disease. We also noted that theophylline stimulated renin secretion and, in one patient ...
Ectopic bone formation by marrow stromal osteoblast transplantation using poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) foams implanted into the rat mesentery

Porous biodegradable poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) foams were seeded with rat marrow stromal cells and implanted into the rat mesentery to investigate in vivo bone formation at an ectopic site. Cells were seeded at a density of 6.83 x 10(5) cells/cm2 onto polymer foams having pore sizes ranging from either 150 to 300 to 710 microns and cultured for 7 days in vitro prior to implantation. The polymer/cell constructs were harvested after 1, 7, 28, or 49 days in vivo and processed for histology and gel permeation chromatography. Visual observation of hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections and von Kossa-stained sections revealed the formation of mineralized bonelike tissue in the constructs within 7 days postimplantation. Ingrowth of vascular tissue was also found adjacent to the islands of bone, supplying the necessary metabolic requirements to the newly formed tissue. Mineralization and bone tissue formation were investigated by histomorphometry. The average penetration depth of mineralized tissue in the construct ranged from 190 +/- 50 microns for foams with 500-710-microns pores to 370 +/- 160 microns for foams with 150-300-microns pores after 49 days in vivo. The mineralized bone volume per surface area and total bone volume per surface area had maximal values of 0.28 +/- 0.21 mm (500-710-microns pore size, day 28) and 0.038 +/- 0.024 mm (150-300-microns, day 28), respectively. As much as 11% of the foam volume penetrated by bone tissue was filled with mineralized tissue. No significant trends over time were observed for any of the measured values (penetration depth, bone volume/surface area, or percent mineralized bone volume). These results suggest the feasibility of bone formation by osteoblast transplantation in an orthotopic site where not only bone formation from transplanted cells but also ingrowth from adjacent bone may occur.
Induction of sodium-dependent bile acid transporter messenger RNA, protein, and activity in rat ileum by cholic acid

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: The ileal sodium-dependent bile acid transporter reclaims bile acids from the intestinal lumen to preserve their enterohepatic recirculation. The present studies sought to determine the possible role of enteric bile acids in the molecular regulation of the apical bile acid transporter in rat ileal mucosa. METHODS: Paired rats were fed a control diet or control diet plus cholic acid (1%) or ursodeoxycholic acid (1%) for 10 days. Other paired rats underwent biliary diversion for 72 hours, followed by intraduodenal infusion of taurocholate or fluid/electrolytes. Transporter protein, messenger RNA (mRNA), and activity were determined in the distal 15 cm of ileal mucosa. RESULTS: Transporter protein and mRNA levels in cholic acid-fed rats increased approximately threefold above levels in paired rats fed the control diet (P CONCLUSIONS: The expression of the ileal apical bile acid transporter is induced at a pretranslational level by free or taurine-conjugated cholic acid within the small intestine. (Gastroenterology 1997 Nov;113(5):1599-608)
Effect of Fiber Coating on Lifetime of Nicalon Fiber-Silicon Carbide Composites in Air

Abstract Studies of the lifetime of Nicalon fiber-reinforced SiC matrix composites subjected to flexural stresses were conducted at temperatures of 600 and 950°C in air. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of selected fiber coatings; i.e., carbon, boron-doped carbon (B-doped C), and boron nitride (BN), on the time-to-failure of Nicalon-SiC composites. Results at 600 and 950°C showed that the composite having a B-doped C fiber coating exhibited lifetimes that depend upon stress and temperature as found earlier for a composite with a carbon fiber coating. However, the replacement of the undoped carbon with a B-doped C fiber coating increased the lifetime by 10–100-fold and the apparent fatigue limit by a factor of two (to ≈150 MPa). On the other hand, the lifetime of composites at 950°C with a BN fiber coating was insensitive to the applied stress for levels up to ≈200 MPa (fatigue limit level) and was up to a thousand-fold longer than those composites having either B-doped C or undoped carbon fiber coatings. However, at 600°C, the composite with a BN fiber coating did exhibit a stress-dependent lifetime with an apparent fatigue limit of ≈150 MPa. The lifetime-limiting process in both of these composites is due to the progressive oxidation of the interface region and formation of boron-containing silicate glass, which forms a strong interfacial bond between fiber and matrix, (thus, high debond stress and interfacial shear stress), resulting in embrittlement of the composites.
Rheological and extrusion behavior of dispersed multiphase polymeric systems

An experimental study of temperature effect and composition effect on the rheological and extrusion properties of several dispersed multiphase polymer melts were investigated, using a cone-and-plate rheometer and a capillary rheometer. The polymeric systems studied included three homopolymers (two polystyrenes and one poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)), a mechanically blended copolymer of polystyrene and PMMA, two graft copolymers (rubber-modified polystyrene and PMMA), and three particulate-filled polystyrene (CaCO3, milled glass fiber, and glass flake). It was found that the principal normal stress difference plotted against shear stress gives rise to a temperature independence for all dispersed multiphase polymeric systems. Composition independent correlations, however, do not exist for the principal normal stress difference. The extrudate swell plotted against shear stress becomes independent of temperature only for the homopolymers and graft copolymers. For the mechanically blended polymers and particulate-filled polymers, the temperature independent correlation does not exist. The reduction in viscosity of the glass fiber- and glass flake-filled polystyrenes is found due to the degradation of the base polymer during mixing.
Peptide-derived self-assembled monolayers: adsorption of N-stearoyl L-cysteine methyl ester on gold

The work reported herein concerns the assembly of N-stearoyl l-cysteine methyl ester [CH_3(CH_2)_(16)COCysOMe, 1] on the surface of gold. This compound serves as a simple model of a related polypeptide, which has been designed to adopt a β-sheet architecture on metallic and oxide surfaces. We describe the preparation of monolayers of 1, and characterization of these layers via ellipsometry, vibrational spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results are most consistent with a disordered array of the alkyl chains, in which close packing is frustated by a mismatch in the cross-sectional areas of the cysteinyl ester head group and the stearoyl chains of the thiol. Despite the disorder, the alkyl chains form a hydrophobic surface layer, with an advancing contact angle for water comparable to that observed for octadecanethiol on gold.
Glutathione depletion potentiates ethyl methanesulfonate-induced and damage to sperm chromatin structure

Abstract Male rats were treated with phorone at dosages previously shown to reduce glutathione in rodent reproductive tracts, followed by a single challenge with ethyl methanesulfonate, a known mutagenic and clastogenic agent. Epididymal sperm collected 8 and 15 days after exposure from phorone pretreated animals had a significantly greater alteration of sperm chormatin structure, defined as an increased susceptibility to DNA denaturation in situ, relative to sperm obtained from animals injected with saline alone or saline + EMS (50, 100, 150, or 200 mg/kg bw). These data support the hypothesis that ethyl methanesulfonate-induced alkylation of developing sperm chromatin protamines causes a significant stress on chromatin structure leading to increased DNA damage. This is the first report showing that glutathione depletion potentiates EMS-induced chromatin structural alterations that are likely related to dominant lethalmutations.
Robotics operator performance in a military multi-tasking environment

We simulated a military mounted environment and examined the performance of the combined position of gunner and robotics operator and how aided target recognition (AiTR) capabilities (delivered either through tactile or tactile + visual cueing) for the gunnery task might benefit the concurrent robotics and communication tasks. Results showed that participants' teleoperation task improved significantly when the AiTR was available to assist them with their gunnery task. However, the same improvement was not found for semi-autonomous robotics task performance. Additionally, when teleoperating, those participants with higher spatial ability outperformed those with lower spatial ability. However, performance gap between those with higher and lower spatial ability appeared to be narrower when the AiTR was available to assist the gunnery task. Participants' communication task performance also improved significantly when the gunnery task was aided by AiTR. Finally, participant's perceived workload was significantly higher when they teleoperated a robotic asset and when their gunnery task was unassisted.
The relationship between drug and alcohol use and peer group associations of college freshmen as they transition from high school.

College freshmen responded to a drug and alcohol questionnaire. For drugs other than alcohol and marijuana, the best predictor of drug use at the beginning of college is drug use during a typical m...
The colorimetric estimation of N(2-pyridyl) substituted anti-histamine drugs

Abstract Tripelennamine with cyanogen bromide in a solution of potassium acid phthalate forms, upon the subsequent addition of aniline, a yellow-colored compound which obeys Beer's law. This reaction may be used to determine from one-half to ten mg./ml. of tripelennamine (Pyribenzamine) in solution. Aqueous extracts of the tablets, elixir, and cream gave results consistent with other methods of assay. Urinary excretion of tripelennamine after oral administration was also estimated by this colorimetric method. The extension of this method to the assay of other N(2-Pyridyl) substituted antihistamines in Pharmaceuticals and urine has shown promising results, and colored compounds suitable for colorimetric estimation have been obtained with thenylpyramine (Histadyl) and pyranisamine (Neo-Antergan).
Gravity Waves Driven by Diurnal Fluctuations in Mesoscale Heating

Observed convective systems, such as mesoscale convective complexes (MCCs), often undergo repeated cycles of nocturnal growth and daytime decay especially during the summer. The gravity wave response to these pulsations is poorly understood. The motivation for this study is to understand this response and especially its sensitivity to environmental factors such as horizontal wind and static stability. A semianalytical approach is used that focuses on the roles of singularities in a complex horizontal wavenumber space. The model is linear, Boussinesq, hydrostatic, and rotating with uniform ambient conditions. Prescribed, 2D, pulsating, upright, convective heating drives the waves. The Fourier transform technique is used to unravel the response into a discrete and continuous horizontal spectrum. Many features of the response depend on a Froude number, F 5 pU/(DN) where U 5 background wind, D 5 depth of source region, and N 5 buoyancy frequency. The most efficient forcing of the gravity wave field occurs near criticality (F 5 1). For typical values of U and D associated with midlatitude convective systems, the critical value of N is about one-fourth of average tropospheric values. The resulting enhanced loss of energy from the convective system due to gravity waves could limit the intensity of convective systems near criticality. At subcriticality (F , 1), the pulsating upstream response is dominated by unbalanced ageostrophic propagating modes upstream of the source region and by a balanced geostrophic mode downstream of the source. The latter advances with a speed equal to the background flow. No far-upstream response occurs for supercriticality ( F . 1). The downstream response for F . 1 is dominated by the geostrophic mode in the pressure, temperature, and source-parallel wind. In addition, a vigorous ageostrophic mode advances downstream from the subcritical source region giving rise to alternating regions of rising motion and subsidence. It is hypothesized that the latter could trigger new lines of convection in the downstream subcrticial Froude number regime. Mature MCCs often develop low-level cooling in response to evaporative cooling. This cooling primarily triggers the advective inertial gravity wave mode, which propagates downstream at the background wind speed. It is shown that subcritical flows ( F , 1; weak ambient flow and/or strong static stability) are tuned to strongly respond to this mode. It is suggested that the development of new convection might be suppressed near the system under subcritical conditions. Low-level cooling has little effect on the supercritical response.
Conducting Research with Latino Families: Examination of Strategies to Improve Recruitment, Retention, and Satisfaction with an At-Risk and Underserved Population

Difficulty recruiting and retaining Latino participants in clinical research may contribute to the limited number of studies addressing the mental health disparities that exist between Latino and Caucasian families in our country. The researchers developed and utilized culturally-modified research strategies to maximize recruitment, retention, and satisfaction of Latino families by targeting family systems, community, and cultural levels. Subsequently, the relationship between individual/family and cultural characteristics with participants’ motivation to participate and overall satisfaction with the research project was examined. As part of a larger research study, 70 Latino parents of children aged 5–12 years completed a measure designed to assess an individual’s motivation for participation, as well as his/her satisfaction with participating in psychological research (i.e., the Exit Survey). Parents also completed demographic questionnaire and two measures of acculturation (i.e., the Acculturation Rating Scale of Mexican–Americans-II and the Mexican–American Cultural Values Scale). Results indicate that families with more socioeconomic hardship and more acculturation to mainstream Anglo cognitions and traditional Latino behaviors were more pleased with the overall research project employing culturally-modified strategies aimed at individual/family, community, and cultural levels. Thus, researchers should strive to incorporate appropriate research strategies to recruit and retain “harder to reach” populations in clinical research studies. Better inclusion of Latinos in psychological research ultimately may lead to more culturally-appropriate mental health services and better service utilization for Latino families.
Uptake of proline in cultured cells from patients with Lowes syndrome

Abstract When cultured cells from patients with Lowe's syndrome were incubated for short periods of time in phosphate-buffered saline, they reveal a marked increase in accumulation of [14C]proline. No differences were observed in the uptake of glycine, glutamate and lysine. Although the mechanism for the increased proline uptake by affected cells under these special conditions is not known, this phenomenon may be useful in delineating the Lowe's phenotype.
The Los Alamos Fourier Transform Spectrometer

The Los Alamos National Laboratory is building a Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) that will be the most powerful and precise instrument of its kind in the world. The FTS will have a maximum resolution of 0.001 cm-1 when the light is double passed. The A/D con-verter will have a dynamic range of 22-bits and will acquire points at a rate of 40 KHz. A digital filter will be used to reduce the bandwidth of the data and will output data points at a rate of 4-5 KHz. Scan times will be typically 4-5 minutes for a high-resolution scan. The servo control will be accurate to 1-2 millifringes of 632.8 nm He-Ne laser light. The spectral range will be from 200 to 20 000 nm (500 to 50 000 cm-1). We will be able to ac-quire multiple scans to help improve the signal to noise.
Influence of particle size and packaging on storage dry matter losses for switchgrass

Abstract The objective of this study was to estimate the storage dry matter (DM) losses for switchgrass bales that were preprocessed using an industrial baler technology prior to storage with three particles sizes of feedstock and two types of bale wraps. Mixed models were used to test difference in DM losses across the particle sizes, wrap materials, and storage days. Response functions were also estimated to determine DM losses for each particle size and wrap material at storage over time. DM losses were found to be different across particle size, wrap material, and storage period. Specifically, the DM losses were lower when the particle size of switchgrass baled decreased from full length to less than two centimeters. The results show switchgrass bales stored at the smallest particle size had lower DM losses than bales stored at the full length of feedstock. Also, applying additional film wrap that completely covers the net wrapped bale reduced DM losses relative to bales wrapped only in net. Furthermore, storage DM losses of preprocessed switchgrass bales increased linearly with days in storage. Our findings suggest that applying both net and film wrap to switchgrass bales composed by a particle size less than two centimeters can reduce DM losses during storage. Economic analysis indicates the price of switchgrass was also important in the choice of storage method for switchgrass. The results provide valuable insight into improving feedstock logistics and the feasibility of the advanced biofuels industry.
Recent theoretical and experimental advances in electromagnetic sensing of subsurface profiles

We present an overview of recent developments in subsurface image formation using iterative profile inversion and focusing using concepts of tomography and SAR signal processing. Electromagnetic forward and inverse scattering techniques are presented, along with the subsequent focusing techniques. Experimental and simulation results are presented.
Purification and immunochemical characterization of aldehyde dehydrogenase from 2-acetylaminofluoreneinduced rat hepatomas

1. 1. A series of aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes (aldehyde:NAD (P)+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.1.5), has been purified from hepatomas ∗∗ induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by 2-acetylaminofluorene. 2. 2. The functional hepatoma-specific aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes exist as 105 000-dalton dimers composed of two subunits of 53 000 daltons. Isoelectric points of the purified isozymes are 6.9–7.2. 3. 3. Antiserum to these purified hepatoma-specific aldehyde dehydrogenases has been produced and the immunological relationships of these isozymes to their normal liver counterpart have been studied. Results of Ouchterlony double diffusions, agar-gel immunoelectrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel and agar immunoelectrophoresis indicate that anti-hepatoma aldehyde dehydrogenase antiserum cross-reacts with normal liver aldehyde dehydrogenase.
An alkaline phosphomonoesterase from Neurospora crassa.

Abstract An alkaline phosphomonoesterase was purified 40-fold from mycelium of Neurospora crassa . The enzyme had a pH maximum of 8.9–9.0 with β-glucerol phosphate as substrate and exhibited maximal activity in the presnece of Mg 2+ . The enzyme was nearly completely resolved with respect to its Mg 2+ requirement and was very sensitive to inhibition with Be 2+ . The substrate specificity of the enzyme was studied using 21 compounds and the properties of the enzyme were compared with those of the acid phosphomonoesterase previously isolated from the same organism.
Guiding Principles for Student Leadership Development in the Doctor of Pharmacy Program to Assist Administrators and Faculty Members in Implementing or Refining Curricula

Objective. To assist administrators and faculty members in colleges and schools of pharmacy by gathering expert opinion to frame, direct, and support investments in student leadership development.Methods. Twenty-six leadership instructors participated in a 3-round, online, modified Delphi process to define doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) student leadership instruction. Round 1 asked open-ended questions about leadership knowledge, skills, and attitudes to begin the generation of student leadership development guiding principles and competencies. Statements were identified as guiding principles when they were perceived as foundational to the instructional approach. Round 2 grouped responses for agreement rating and comment. Group consensus with a statement as a guiding principle was set prospectively at 80%. Round 3 allowed rating and comment on guidelines, modified from feedback in round 2, that did not meet consensus. The principles were verified by identifying common contemporary leadership development appr...
The effect of pinning on vortex states with attractive and repulsive interactions

Abstract Recently there has been renewed interest in understanding vortex patterns in superconductors and Bose–Einstein condensates, where the repulsive vortex–vortex interactions have an additional intermediate or long range attractive component. These states can arise in low- κ materials and may occur in multi-band superconductors. A combination of repulsive and attractive pairwise interactions can also occur in certain types of Bose–Einstein condensates and in magnetic superconductors. We show that when the pairwise interaction includes a long range attractive term, the ground state consists of a single vortex cluster. In the presence of pinning there is a well defined transition to a fragmented state as a function of pinning strength and density. We also demonstrate that in systems with intermediate range attraction and long range repulsion, ordered stripe and bubble phases occur.
Regulation of the Cell Cycle by Focal Adhesion Kinase

In this report, we have analyzed the potential role and mechanisms of integrin signaling through FAK in cell cycle regulation by using tetracycline-regulated expression of exogenous FAK and mutants. We have found that overexpression of wild-type FAK accelerated G1 to S phase transition. Conversely, overexpression of a dominant-negative FAK mutant ΔC14 inhibited cell cycle progression at G1 phase and this inhibition required the Y397 in ΔC14. Biochemical analyses indicated that FAK mutant ΔC14 was mislocalized and functioned as a dominant-negative mutant by competing with endogenous FAK in focal contacts for binding signaling molecules such as Src and Fyn, resulting in a decreases of Erk activation in cell adhesion. Consistent with this, we also observed inhibition of BrdU incorporation and Erk activation by FAK Y397F mutant and FRNK, but not FRNKΔC14, in transient transfection assays using primary human foreskin fibroblasts. Finally, we also found that ΔC14 blocked cyclin D1 upregulation and induced p21 expression, while wild-type FAK increased cyclin D1 expression and decreased p21 expression. Taken together, these results have identified FAK and its associated signaling pathways as a mediator of the cell cycle regulation by integrins.
Impairment of growth and pancreatic hypertrophy in rats fed trypsin inhibitor from raw peanuts.

Trypsinhemmende Praparate aus rohen Erdnussen (Arachis hypogaea) wurden wahrend 6 Wochen jungen Ratten verfuttert. Das normale Wachstum wurde verzogert und eine Hypertrophie des Pankreas mit gleichzeitiger Hyperplasie der serosen Drusenzellen bewirkt. Hitzebehandelte Praparate hingegen waren wirkungslos.
Trace metal concentrations and fluxes in Bermuda sediments

Abstract Concentrations and calculated fluxes of trace metals into Bermuda nearshore marine and lake sediments are presented. In areas affected by anthropogenic activity, metal profiles show surface sediment enrichments similar to those observed in North American and European lacustrine and estuarine sediments. Atmospheric fluxes of Cu, Zn and Pb into the lake sediments are higher than those of rural areas in North America. These high fluxes are assumed to be due to jet-fuel combustion. Sediment profiles in the Hamilton City area indicate increased anthropogenic input of Cu and Pb compared to other marine locations.
City Management in the 1990s: Responsibilities, Roles, and Practices

The author compares orthodox city management (OCM) theory, formed in the 1920s and 1930s, with new horizons city management (NHCM) theory, which is a synthesis of theories about public administrati...
A model for the protocol design of back-end storage networks

This work presents a formal design for the system protocols of back-end storage networks. Such design relies on predicate-transition nets (PrT-nets). These nets actually represent an extension of Petri nets and can provide reasonable means for precise modeling of complex systems. The given model has demonstrated that by using PrT-nets the protocols of back-end networks can be constructed and interpreted in a natural manner. In that model we employed mainly two types of tokens, one to simulate user programs and requests and the other to express synchronization and control. To build up the model we used a modular approach. Each module is represented by a phase in the protocol net so that the complete design can eventually realize the required system specifications. Also, an insight into the design is emphasized and the validation of the protocol is pointed out. Accordingly, a well-behaved system is obtained so that the shared data is free from inconsistency, deadlocks, and residual signals.
Alignment of Conduits for the Nascent Polypeptide Chain in the Ribosome-Sec61 Complex

An oligomer of the Sec61 trimeric complex is thought to form the protein-conducting channel for protein transport across the endoplasmic reticulum. A purified yeast Sec61 complex bound to monomeric yeast ribosomes as an oligomer in a saturable fashion. Cryo-electron microscopy of the ribosome-Sec61 complex and a three-dimensional reconstruction showed that the Sec61 oligomer is attached to the large ribosomal subunit by a single connection. Moreover, a funnel-shaped pore in the Sec61 oligomer aligned with the exit of a tunnel traversing the large ribosomal subunit, strongly suggesting that both structures function together in the translocation of proteins across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
Gastric metabolism of ethanol in Syrian golden hamster.

First-pass metabolism (FPM) of orally ingested alcohol has been attributed to gastric alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity in both humans and rats. To determine whether gastric alcohol dehydrogenase is essential for alcohol FPM, we sought a species lacking this enzyme. We found that Syrian golden hamsters have negligible gastric ADH yet alcohol FPM (265±25 mg ethanol/kg) was comparable to that of rats (251±31 mg/kg). To determine whether hamster gastric mucosal cells metabolize sufficient alcohol to account for this FPM, primary cultures were established, and these cells metabolized 1.99±0.84 μmol ethanol/106 cells/hr, an amount sufficient to account for the bulk of alcohol FPM. In contrast to alcohol dehydrogenase, catalase activity in hamster gastric mucosa (870±93 units/g tissue) was eightfold higher than in rat gastric mucosa (111±9 units/g tissue;P<0.0001). FPM in hamsters treated with 3-aminotriazole was reduced from 242±24 to 130±22 mg/kg (P<0.05) but was not reduced in rats. The results imply that catalase participates in gastric alcohol metabolism of hamsters.
Ontogeny of immunoreactive and bioactive microsomol steroidogenic enzymes during adrenocortical development in rats

Abstract The functional development of the neonatal rat adrenal cortex is characterized by a triphasic response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), with a nadir in responsiveness around neonatal day 10 (d10). In this study, the hypothesis was tested that hyporesponsiveness to ACTH partly results from deficiencies in steroidogenic enzyme content. Immunoreactive (ir) levels of mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzymes (side chain cleavage (P450scc) and 11β-hydroxylase (P450c11)) did not change during neonatal development. Immunoreactive levels of microsomal 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (3β-HSD), however, were significantly and comparably lower in both day 1 (d1) and d10 neonates compared to adult rats. Activity of 3β-HSD did not parallel changes in ir 3β-HSD content. Enzyme activity was low on d1 (∼ 39% of adult activity), but by d10 was statistically equivalent to that of microsomes from adult adrenal glands. Immunoreactive levels of microsomal cytochrome P450 21α-hydroxylase (P450c21) were significantly lower in d1 glands than in adult glands (by ∼ 50%), but by d10 were statistically indistinguishable from adults. On the other hand, P450c21 activity was equivalent on d1 and d10 and both were significantly lower compared to adults (∼ 62% of adult activity). ACTH injections from d3–d10 facilitated the adrenocortical steroidogenic response to ACTH on d10. This treatment increased levels of ir 3β-HSD, but not ir P450c21. The results suggest that rat adrenocortical 3β-HSD and P450c21 are developmentally and differentially regulated, and that ir levels of the proteins are not correlated with enzyme activity during the neonatal peroid. One possible explanation for these observations is that multiple isoforms of the two enzymes, with different antigenic and enzymatic properties, may be expressed during development at different times. In addition, the combined decreased activities of these two enzymes can almost entirely account for the decreased steroidogenic output of rat adrenocortical cells on d1, but not during the later neonatal period.
Thyroid hormone modulation of agonist--beta-adrenergic receptor interactions in the rat heart.

Abstract We have investigated alterations in beta-adrenergic receptors in rat myocardial membranes derived from hypothyroid and hyperthyroid animals. (-)Isoproterenol competition curves with (-)[3H]dihydroalprenolol revealed that isoproterenol binds to the beta-adrenergic receptor with two distinct affinity states having high (KH) and low (KL) dissociation constants. In the presence of guanine nucleotides the isoproterenol competition curve steepened and had a higher EC50 (50% displacement). This was due to a transition of the high affinity state to a uniformly low affinity state. Using computer modeling of these competition curves, we have demonstrated that in hyperthyroidism, the isoproterenol curve in the absence of guanine nucleotides is shifted to the left with the EC50 changing from 180 ± 40 to 80 ± 20 nM (p There was no significant alteration in any of these parameters in hypothyroid animals. Receptor number was decreased in hypothyroidism, 16 ± 3 fmol/mg protein (p In the rat heart agonist affinity and receptor number are modulated in hyperthyroidism, but only receptor number in hypothryoidism. Thus thyroid hormone can modify not only receptor number but agonist affinity as well.
A commentary on Professor Chambers' 1999 paper the poverty of accounting discourse

Ray Chambers would have done better to lift the content (rather than the titles) of Marx's The Poverty of Philosophy (1975) or Popper's The Poverty of Historicism (1960). His The Poverty of Account...