cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 11 – Electrical properties

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses some of the electrical properties of superconducting materials. One of the most important of these properties is the critical current density. The chapter also examines some specific electrical properties such as the Hall effect, tunneling, Josephson junctions, and Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices that are commonly referred to as SQUIDs. The Hall Effect employs crossed magnetic and electric fields to provide information on the sign, mobility, and concentration of charge carriers. Tunneling or barrier penetration is a process through which an electron confined to a region by an energy barrier can penetrate the barrier through a quantum mechanical process and emerge on the other side. Tunneling is carried out through an insulating layer, I; between two normal materials (N-I-N) such as semiconductors; between a normal metal and a superconductor (N-I-S); and between two superconductors (S-I-S). Tunneling through the barrier proceeds to energy states that are empty so that the Pauli's Exclusion Principle is not violated and the total energy of the system is conserved in the process. The dc Josephson Effect involves Cooper pair tunneling from one superconductor to another across an insulating barrier at zero bias (V=0). A SQUID measures flux changes in a loop containing weak links to determine the strength of an applied magnetic field. In one arrangement, called a dc SQUID, the current change through a pair of two weak links is detected as a voltage and amplified. Another type, called an rf SQUID, consists of a loop with one weak link coupled to an LC tuned circuit driven by an rf current source. A change of flux in the loop changes the loading of the tuned circuit, and this is detected by measuring the change in rf voltage across the circuit.
Neuroscience and Ethics

A number of people believe that results from neuroscience have the potential to settle seemingly intractable debates concerning the nature, practice, and reliability of moral judgments. In particular, Joshua Greene has argued that evidence from neuroscience can be used to advance the long-standing debate between consequentialism and deontology. This paper first argues that charitably interpreted, Greene's neuroscientific evidence can contribute to substantive ethical discussions by being part of an epistemic debunking argument. It then argues that taken as an epistemic debunking argument, Greene's argument falls short in undermining deontological judgments. Lastly, it proposes that accepting Greene's methodology at face value, neuroimaging results may in fact call into question the reliability of consequentialist judgments. The upshot is that Greene's empirical results do not undermine deontology and that Greene's project points toward a way by which empirical evidence such as neuroscientific evidence can play a role in normative debates.
El japonés que conquistó Guadalajara: La historia de Juan de Páez en la Guadalajara del siglo XVII

Resena: Ruiz-Stovel, Guillermo (2011), El japones que conquisto Guadalajara: La historia de Juan de Paez en la Guadalajara del siglo XVII.’, Mexico y la Cuenca del Pacifico, 14(40): 119-121.
Students, Residents, and Credibility

“Hi. I’m Faith Goodale. I am working with Dr. Creamer here in her office this month. She has asked me to see Henry and give him his weekly allergy shot. How has he been this week?”
Attenuation and Stellar Population Gradients in Spiral Galaxies

The reddening, E(B-K), in three spiral galaxies is inferred from observations and stellar population models. Results indicate that reddening by dust can decrease outward by up to 2 mags in B-K. An HST F606W image of NGC 4654 illustrates such a gradient (Figure 1).
Europeanisation as de-politicisation, crisis as re-politicisation: the case of Greek foreign policy during the Eurozone crisis

This article examines the Europeanisation of Greek foreign policy during the Eurozone crisis. It proposes a conceptualisation of Europeanisation as de-politicisation and argues that national foreig...
Criticisms and Future Directions

The final chapter of An Introduction to Complex Systems aims to address two topics not addressed in other chapters. First, there are some unignorable criticisms of the general approach of complex systems theory and the field itself. Criticisms addressed include the lack of clear definitions, the incoherency of the field as a whole, the fact that complex systems thinking is not new, the lack of diversity in the field, and that it might not be a scientific discipline. Second, the awareness of the problems of the field is balanced by considering some promising directions and applications. These include the design of a new wave of complex adaptive machines, using complex systems as a framework to dissect and address major global problems, and the possibility that complex systems theory could become a key component of educational curricula. The chapter ends with a challenge to the reader to look for ways to integrate the field.
Nuclear Wave-Packet Dynamics in Two-Dimensional Interferograms of Excitation-Transfer Systems

We propose a general framework for calculating and interpreting multidimensional electronic spectroscopy signals in terms of the wave-packet-shaping, amplitude-transferring effects of femtosecond laser pulses on time-dependent molecular states. The chapter sets up basic expressions for two-dimensional wave-packet interferometry (WPI) experiments on an electronic energy-transfer (EET) system as a quantum yield-weighted sum of contributing overlaps between multi-pulse wave packets. Further, we identify the ranges of interpulse delay within which each overlap is not excluded by its order of pulse action from contributing to the WPI signal. Example calculations are carried out for the case of a spatially oriented, weakly-coupled EET dimer. Semiclassical analyses of the necessary conditions for phase-space coincidence between the bra and ket, the dynamical consequences of a site-energy difference between the two chromophores, and the sensitivity of contributions accessing or originating from doubly electronically excited states of the dimer to the possible presence of an exciton shift all provide physical interpretations of individual wave-packet overlaps.
Targeting tumour microenvironment, a FAKtual challenge in pancreatic cancer.

In the past two decades, investigators have turned their attention to the development of new approaches to inhibit the aggressive behaviour of the tumour microenvironment (TME) of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC),1–7 a dismal disease predicted to be the second leading cause of cancer death by 2030. However, complete genetic or pharmacological ablation of stroma results in more aggressive tumours. Furthermore, targeting the TME in patients with PDAC has grown controversial due to failure of clinical trials to improve patient survival.8 9 Together, these findings highlight the need to increase our understanding of the role of TME components (cellular and non-cellular) and their interplay in PDAC pathogenesis. This would better inform development of new treatment approaches not aimed at total stromal depletion, but rather TME reprogramming to ‘activate’ its antitumoural functions or to facilitate sensitivity to specific targeted therapies. In Gut , Jiang and colleagues elegantly report a novel therapeutic approach through partial stromal depletion, employing clinically available focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitors to sensitise PDAC to signal …
Downstream hysteresis-shape control of a bistable optical signal created by an upstream nonlinear photonic resonator

We experimentally demonstrate the control of the hysteresis shape of a bistable optical signal at a location downstream of the nonlinear photonic resonator within which the bistability is generated; this shape control mechanism is performed without any signal sent upstream to the bistable system. The downstream shape-control element consists of a fiber-optic polarization controller and linear polarizer in series, and the nonlinear resonator generates an optical signal whose bistable branches exhibit different states of power and polarization. The diversity of demonstrated hysteresis shapes include the canonical counter-clockwise (CCW) shape (S-shape), the clockwise (CW) shape (inverted S-shape), and butterfly shapes; since all shapes originate from the same bistable signal, all shapes exhibit the same switching input powers. Moreover, the shape-selection process enhances the bistable switching contrast to 20 and 21 dB for the CCW and CW shapes, respectively. The shape-selection technique is demonstrated using a Fabry-Perot semiconductor optical amplifier, is applicable to other nonlinear photonic resonators, and provides flexibility to future combinational and sequential all-optical signal processing applications.
Non-Abelian Gauged Fracton Matter Field Theory: New Sigma Models, Superfluids and Vortices

By gauging a higher-moment polynomial degree global symmetry and a discrete charge conjugation (i.e., particle-hole) symmetry coupled to matter fields (two symmetries mutually non-commutative), we derive a new class of higher-rank tensor non-abelian gauge field theory with dynamically gauged fractonic matter fields: Non-abelian gauged fractons interact with a hybrid class of higher-rank (symmetric or generic non-symmetric) tensor gauge theory and anti-symmetric tensor topological field theory, generalizing [arXiv:1909.13879, 1911.01804]. We also apply a quantum phase transition similar to that between insulator v.s. superfluid/superconductivity (U(1) symmetry disordered phase described by a topological gauge theory or a disordered Sigma model v.s. U(1) global/gauge symmetry-breaking ordered phase described by a Sigma model with a U(1) target space underlying Goldstone modes): We can regard our tensor gauge theories as disordered phases, and we transient to their new ordered phases by deriving new Sigma models in continuum field theories. While one low energy theory is captured by degrees of freedom of rotor or scalar modes, another side of low energy theory has vortices and superfluids -- we explore non-abelian vortices (two types of vortices mutually interacting non-commutatively beyond an ordinary group structure) and their Cauchy-Riemann relation.
Time Will Tell the Utility of Biomarkers.

A biomarker, such as protein accumulation as an indicator of disease, can be used to predict disease manifestation, determine intervention, and monitor treatment efficacy. Biomarker development fre...
Early-Application Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy for Plantar Fasciitis in a Chiropractic Clinic: A Case Report.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this report is to describe the successful management of plantar fasciitis (PF) using only extracorporeal shockwave therapy. Clinical Features A 26-year-old male former athlete presented with insidious right posterior medial foot pain of 3 months’ duration. He reported a past history of similar symptoms 12 years previously and was successfully treated with tape, ice, and electric stimulation. For the current episode, he attempted to manage with orthotics, motor nerve stimulation, and ice, and when that was insufficient, he sought care in our clinic. Initial history and evaluation found provocation of pain and functional limitations while wearing dress shoes, running, and playing basketball. Examination found palpatory tenderness at the medial aspect of the distal right calcaneus, and pain with right ankle dorsiflexion. Radiographs were unremarkable. Patient presentation and exam findings supported a working diagnosis of PF. Intervention and Outcomes Treatment was applied with a Richard Wolf WellWave low-energy shockwave therapy unit with focused dosage of 4000 shock pulsations at 10-mm depth to the site of pain. Treatment was applied 11 × over 5 weeks, after which the patient reported a complete resolution of pain and resumption of all activities. Conclusion Extracorporeal shockwave therapy appeared to be an effective treatment approach for the management of this patient's PF.
Dental implant stability and its measurements to improve osseointegration at the bone-implant interface: A review

Abstract Stability of an implant is a crucial factor in osseointegration. As osseointegration (bone remodelling and regeneration at implant surface) is directly dependent on primary stability, it is extremely important to accurately measure the primary stability not only at the time of implant placement but also at various stages of healing. It is, therefore, critical to use a method of measurement such that it continuously monitors implant stability at regular intervals of time during the healing process. Over several decades, numerous methods have been employed to find implant stability. These methods are categorised as invasive and non-invasive. Historically, destructive methods such as tensional test and removal torque test were used extensively to measure implant stability. However, they have lost credibility due to their invasiveness and ethical issues. In recent times, non-invasive techniques such as RFA (resonance frequency analysis), reverse torque analysis, have gained popularity. Due to the availability of a large number of methods to check implant stability, it is important to critically analyse them, compare their advantages and disadvantages to select the most suitable and convenient method. This enables the practitioner to predict early implant failure and take necessary action. This review focuses on the presently available methods to measure stability of implant.
Collaboration-Based Automatic Data Validation Framework for Enterprise Asset Management

Automatic Data Validation (ADV) is critical for the effective and successful implementation of Enterprise Asset Management (EAM) systems in the Power and Utilities (P&U) and other asset-intensive industries as part of their digital transformation initiatives. During such implementations, data is consolidated, standardized and integrated from multiple systems. The exclusion of ADV explains why data quality issues are encountered during the project phase and after deployment of the EAM system. Enforcing ADV in EAM will directly contribute to asset data quality which is defined by a set of dimensions such as completeness, objectivity, relevancy, reputation, timeliness, accuracy, and consistency. This research is proposing a framework called Collaboration-Based Automatic Data Validation Framework for Enterprise Asset Management (CBADVFEAM) to complement the traditional data Extraction, Transformation and Loading (ETL) process. The research introduces data domains that emphasize direct engagement with the asset management stakeholders in the early stages of EAM system implementations. The CBADVFEAM framework will also deploy an intelligent toolset based on an algorithm that (a) detect data anomalies from distributed, heterogeneous data sources, (b) automatically validate the accuracy, and (c), report on the variances. Finally, this research will set the stage for future studies on the importance of ADV during the implementation of EAM solutions in the P&U industry and thus raise general awareness of data quality problems.
Copper deficiency-induced pancytopenia after taking an excessive amount of zinc formulation during maintenance hemodialysis

Erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) has been recognized as an effective way in the treatment of anemia due to chronic kidney disease, but we sometimes see intractable hemodialysis (HD) patients. The causes of ESA-resistant anemia in HD patients include deficiency of trace elements. We report the case of an 89-year-old male who developed pancytopenia after taking an excessive amount of zinc formulation for ESA-resistant anemia during maintenance dialysis. He was prescribed zinc acetate hydrate formulation about 6 months before his presentation. He was found to have pancytopenia 1 month before his presentation, at which point he was introduced to our hospital. We suspected a copper deficiency at the first visit and stopped zinc and added copper, and his condition subsequently improved without being handicapped. Zinc antagonizes copper, so we must take care to diagnose patients ingesting zinc supplements.
Functional Larynx Preservation in Patients With Locally Advanced Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Larynx and Hypopharynx Treated With Induction Chemotherapy vs. Concurrent Chemoradiation Alone

Objectives Chemoradiation therapy (CRT) has been established as a standard treatment for locally advanced hypopharynx/larynx squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) but the role of induction chemotherapy (IC) remains unclear. The primary outcome of this study is to determine whether functional larynx-preservation survival (FLPS) is improved with the addition of IC in these patients. Secondary outcomes were overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), and laryngectomy rates. Methods Records for patients with AJCC 8th edition clinical stage III-IVB laryngeal and hypopharyngeal SCC treated with CRT +/- IC from 2005-2019 were reviewed. FLPS was defined as time until death, progression, laryngectomy, or non-functional larynx. Kaplan-Meier curves were generated for FLPS, OS, PFS, and DMFS. Outcomes were compared using the stratified log-rank test. Laryngectomy rates were compared using Fisher's exact test. Results We included 52 patients with laryngeal and 38 with hypopharyngeal SCC (n=90); 19 patients with laryngeal SCC and 19 with hypopharyngeal SCC received IC (median three cycles). There were no differences in the three-year FLPS (61% vs 67.8%; p=0.88), OS (73.9% vs 86.2%; p=0.42), PFS (53.6% vs 62.6%; p=0.44), or DMFS (65.2% vs 71.5%, p= 0.85) between patients who did and did not receive IC all patients. Laryngectomy rates did not differ with and without IC (18.4 % vs 7.7%; p=0.19). Conclusion In this study of advanced laryngeal and hypopharyngeal SCC, IC did not improve three-year FLPS, OS, PFS, or laryngectomy rates compared to CRT alone. A large prospective series would provide a more robust understanding of the role of IC in this group of patients.
After the Revolution: Somerset and the Antislavery Tradition in Anglo-American Constitutional Development

Lord Chief Justice Mansfield declared in Somerset v. Stewart (1772) that the nature of slavery is “so odious … nothing can be suffered to support it but positive law.” In this essay, I trace the principle laid down in Somerset through several cases that occurred during the first quarter of the nineteenth century, and I pay particular attention to two conservative judicial opinions in the 1820’s: Chief Justice John Marshall's opinion in The Antelope (1825) and Lord Stowell's opinion in The Slave Grace (1827). In each of these cases, practical considerations trump the antislavery constitutional tradition emanating from the Somerset decision. Rather than reflecting the triumph of illiberal constitutional theories, I argue that these cases demonstrate the ongoing tension between normative constitutional principles and practical political considerations.
Spectroscopic Investigations of Arsenic Species in Solid Phases

Many of the important chemical reactions controlling arsenic partitioning between solid and liquid phases in aquifers occur at particle-water interfaces. Several spectroscopic methods exist to monitor the electronic, vibrational, and other properties of atoms or molecules localized in the interfacial region. These methods provide information on valence, local coordination, protonation, and other properties that is difficult to obtain by other means. This chapter synthesizes recent infrared, x-ray photoelectron, and x-ray absorption spectroscopic studies of arsenic speciation in natural and synthetic solid phases. The local coordination of arsenic in sulfide minerals, in arsenate and arsenite precipitates, in secondary sulfates and carbonates, adsorbed on iron, manganese, and aluminium hydrous oxides, and adsorbed on aluminosilicate clay minerals is summarized. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the implications of these studies (conducted primarily in model systems) for arsenic speciation in aquifer sediments.
Interactive evaluation of ATC using a graphical user interface

This paper presents an interactive ATC calculation program, which is developed primarily as an educational tool. The program runs under the graphical user interface of a previously developed software package, power system educational toolbox (PET) (P. Krizan, et al., 1998). The user can choose multiple sources and sinks as sellers and buyers for a power transaction. Repeated power flow solutions are obtained and results displayed as the user incrementally varies the transaction amount interactively. Utilization of the program is illustrated using example cases.
Improving the Bulk Laser-Damage Resistance of KDP by Baking and Pulsed Laser Irradiation

Isolated bulk damage centers are produced when KDP crystals are irradiated by 1-ns 1064-nm pulses. We have tested about 100 samples and find the median threshold to be 7 J/cm/sup 2/ when the samples are irradiated only once at each test volume (1-on-1 tests). The median threshold increased to 11 J/cm/sup 2/ when the test volumes were first subjected to subthreshold laser irradiation (n-on-1 tests). We baked several crystals at temperatures from 110 to 165/sup 0/C and remeasured their thresholds. Baking increased thresholds in some crystals, but did not change thresholds of others. The median threshold of baked crystals ranged from 8 to 10 J/cm/sup 2/ depending on the baking temperature. In crystals that had been baked, subthreshold irradiation produced a large change in the bulk damage threshold, and reduced the volume density of damage centers relative to the density observed in unbaked crystals. The data are summarized in the table.
Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS)

The Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS) was a landmark trial that demonstrated a large and highly significant reduction in mortality with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, enalapril, in patients with severe heart failure. Although the study was designed to enroll 400 patients, CONSENSUS terminated with only 253 patients due to a recommendation from the ethics review committee. The overall mortality rates were 68 of 126 placebo patients (54%) and 50 of 127 enalapril patients (39%); P = 0.003. Additional analyses suggested that the effect of enalapril on mortality is related to hormonal activation, particularly to activation of the renin-angiotensin system. Surviving CONSENSUS patients were followed for an additional 10 years after termination of the trial, at which time five patients remained alive, all from the enalapril group. Keywords: early termination; ethical review committee; heart failure; long-term follow-up; neurohormones
Growth In Buprenorphine Waivers For Physicians Increased Potential Access To Opioid Agonist Treatment, 2002–11

Opioid use disorders are a significant public health problem, affecting two million people in the United States. Treatment with buprenorphine, methadone, or both is predominantly offered in methadone clinics, yet many people do not receive the treatment they need. In 2002 the Food and Drug Administration approved buprenorphine for prescription by physicians who completed a course and received a waiver from the Drug Enforcement Administration, exempting them from requirements in the Controlled Substances Act. To determine the waiver program’s impact on the availability of opioid agonist treatment, we analyzed data for the period 2002–11 to identify counties with opioid treatment shortages. We found that the percentage of counties with a shortage of waivered physicians fell sharply, from 98.9 percent in 2002 to 46.8 percent in 2011. As a result, the percentage of the US population residing in what we classified as opioid treatment shortage counties declined from 48.6 percent in 2002 to 10.4 percent in 2011....
Biotransformation model of neutral and weakly polar organic compounds in fish incorporating internal partitioning

A model for whole-body in vivo biotransformation of neutral and weakly polar organic chemicals in fish is presented. It considers internal chemical partitioning and uses Abraham solvation parameters as reactivity descriptors. It assumes that only chemicals freely dissolved in the body fluid may bind with enzymes and subsequently undergo biotransformation reactions. Consequently, the whole-body biotransformation rate of a chemical is retarded by the extent of its distribution in different biological compartments. Using a randomly generated training set (n = 64), the biotransformation model is found to be: log (HLφfish) = 2.2 (±0.3)B − 2.1 (±0.2)V − 0.6 (±0.3) (root mean square error of prediction [RMSE] = 0.71), where HL is the whole-body biotransformation half-life in days, φfish is the freely dissolved fraction in body fluid, and B and V are the chemical's H-bond acceptance capacity and molecular volume. Abraham-type linear free energy equations were also developed for lipid–water (Klipidw) and protein–water (Kprotw) partition coefficients needed for the computation of φfish from independent determinations. These were found to be 1) log Klipidw = 0.77E − 1.10S − 0.47A − 3.52B + 3.37V + 0.84 (in Lwat/kglipid; n = 248, RMSE = 0.57) and 2) log Kprotw = 0.74E − 0.37S − 0.13A − 1.37B + 1.06V − 0.88 (in Lwat/kgprot; n = 69, RMSE = 0.38), where E, S, and A quantify dispersive/polarization, dipolar, and H-bond-donating interactions, respectively. The biotransformation model performs well in the validation of HL (n = 424, RMSE = 0.71). The predicted rate constants do not exceed the transport limit due to circulatory flow. Furthermore, the model adequately captures variation in biotransformation rate between chemicals with varying log octanol–water partitioning coefficient, B, and V and exhibits high degree of independence from the choice of training chemicals. The present study suggests a new framework for modeling chemical reactivity in biological systems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1873–1881. © 2013 SETAC
The Shine Combined Anova and Unequal Group Sizes

Procedures are indicated for carrying out a Shine Combined ANOVA when there are unequal group sizes.
Heterotransplantation of human choriocarcinoma in nude mice I. Morphologic and biologic characteristics

Abstract Successful heterotransplantation of three human choriocarcinomas into nude mice is reported. Two of them are gestational choriocarcinomas (GCC-SV strain and GCC-RS strain), and the third one is probably ovarian in origin (OCC-MM strain). A third gestational choriocarcinoma (GCC-RK) failed to grow. Despite long latent periods and low rates of tumor "take" at primary transplants, the subsequent serial passages showed short latent periods, with high rates of tumor "take". The morphologic and biologic characteristics of these transplanted tumors have been maintained throughout serial passages in all three strains. This model will be useful for studies of hormonal and immunologic characteristics, screening of chemotherapeutic agents and other modalities of therapy, and comparisons of the possible difference between gestational and ovarian choriocarcinoma in morphologic, biologic, and therapeutic aspects.
Conditional reasoning and conditional logic

L'A. mesure la validite de la doctrine psychologiste des conditionnels du point de vue de son application a l'inference conditionnelle, c'est-a-dire au raisonnement deductif. Grâce aux etudes empiriques realisees par les psychologistes de la cognition et a la metapsychologie des philosophes J. Cohen, S. Stich et H. Kornblith, le psychologisme a ete applique a l'inference ampliative (ou probabiliste), mais peu d'importance a ete accordee a la deduction comme telle. L'A. annonce le resultat pessimiste de sa reflexion sur le sujet
Probability of Detection of Flammulated Owls Using Nocturnal Broadcast Surveys

Broadcasts of conspecific vocalizations are used to increase detection rates on surveys of secretive bird species, yet the assessment of detectability necessary to fully interpret such survey data is frequently lacking. We used radiotelemetry to evaluate the probability of detection of 17 radio-tagged male Flammulated Owls (Otus flammeolus) using conspecific broadcast surveys in Idaho during 2005 and 2006. Probability of detection among the 11 paired, five unpaired, and one unknown pairing status owls was 100% during the pair-bonding and incubation periods of the breeding season, after which it declined to less than 15% during the postfledging period. Paired males showed a different pattern than unpaired males. Following hatching of eggs, detectability of paired males declined gradually over a 6-week period, whereas detectability of unpaired males dropped sharply for a 4-week period before increasing during the postfledging period. We suggest that surveys for Flammulated Owls be conducted during the pair-bonding and incubation periods when high detectability permits stronger inference concerning the presence or absence of owls based on broadcast survey detections.
Opening Possibilities in Experimental Science and its History: Critical Explorations with Pendulums and Singing Tubes

A teacher and a college student explore experimental science and its history by reading historical texts, and responding with replications and experiments of their own. A curriculum of ever-widening possibilities evolves in their ongoing interactions with each other, history, and such materials as pendulums, flame, and resonant singing tubes. Narratives illustrate how questions, observations, and developments emerge in class interactions, along with the pair’s reflections on history and research. This study applies the research pedagogy of critical exploration, developed by Eleanor Duckworth from the interviewing of Piaget and Inhelder and exploratory activities of the 1960s Elementary Science Study. Complexity as the subject matter opens up possibilities which foster curiosity among participants. Like Galileo, Tyndall, Xu Shou, and others, this student recurrently came upon new physical behaviors. His responses to these phenomena enabled him to learn from yet other unexpected happenings. These explorations have implications for opening up classrooms to unforeseen possibilities for learning. Teaching . . . is more about a conscientious participation in expanding the space of the possible by creating the conditions for the emergence of the not-yet-imaginable. . . . Teaching, like learning, is not about convergence onto a pre-established truth, but about divergence - about broadening what can be known and done. In other words, the emphasis is not on what is, but what might be brought forth. Teaching thus comes to be a participation in a recursively elaborative process of opening up new spaces of possibility while exploring current spaces. (Davis & Sumara, 2007, p. 64)
In situ fluorescence measurement of tear film [Na+], [K+], [Cl-], and pH in mice shows marked hypertonicity in aquaporin-5 deficiency.

The composition of the tear film depends on the water and ion transport properties of the cornea and conjunctiva, rates of tear fluid production and drainage, and ocular surface evaporation. Tear film osmolality is consistently elevated in evaporative dry eye (caused by excessive tear fluid evaporation rate) and tear-deficient dry eye (caused by inadequate tear fluid secretion) and is considered an objective, quantitative index of the severity of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS).1,2 We previously reported a mathematical model relating tear film osmolality to tear fluid secretion, drainage, evaporation, and ocular surface transport.3 As expected, the model predicted increased tear fluid osmolality in response to increased evaporation or reduced lacrimal gland secretion and to reduced osmotic water permeability of the ocular surface. Water transport at the ocular surface largely involves aquaporin (AQP) water channels expressed in cornea and conjunctiva.4 AQP1 is expressed in corneal endothelium, AQP3 in corneal and conjunctival epithelia, and AQP5 in corneal epithelium.5–8 Studies in transgenic mice lacking these AQPs individually have indicated their importance in osmotically driven water transport across the cornea and conjunctiva into the tear film.3 Analysis of AQP knockout mice has also shown the involvement of AQP1 in the maintenance of corneal hydration and transparency after stress9 and of AQP3 in corneal epithelial cell migration and proliferation during wound healing.10 Previous studies of tear film ionic content have relied on microsampling of tear fluid,11,12 an approach that introduces potential artifacts. Tear fluid samples are collected from the tear meniscus, which likely has a lower osmolarity than the average tear film, producing an underestimate in hyperosmolality in KCS.13 Physical manipulation of the ocular surface, which stimulates tear fluid secretion, also confounds the interpretation of sampled tear fluid. In mice, the total tear fluid volume has been estimated as approximately 0.5 μL per eye,14 making meaningful collection difficult. The purpose of this study was to establish a methodology to measure the concentrations of the major ions, Na+, K+, and Cl− and the pH in tear fluid film in situ in living mice. We used membrane-impermeant fluorescent dyes developed previously by our laboratory for measurements of [Na+] and [Cl−] in the airway surface liquid in mice15 and a new fluorescent [K+] indicator developed recently by our laboratory.16,17 Tear film pH was measured with the commercial fluorescent dye bis(carboxyethyl)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) fluorescence-dextran, as has been measured previously in humans and rabbits.18,19 Ion concentrations and pH were measured by ratio imaging fluorescence microscopy on indicator-stained eyes in anesthetized control mice and mice lacking the major ocular surface aquaporins AQP1, AQP3, and AQP5. A remarkable finding was significant tear film hypertonicity in AQP5 knockout mice.
Shear-modulus estimation by application of spatially-modulated impulsive acoustic radiation force

We present a method for determining the shear modulus of an elastic material wherein a spatially-modulated acoustic radiation force is used to generate a disturbance of known spatial frequency (wavelength). The propagation of this initial displacement as a shear wave is measured using ultrasound tracking methods and the temporal frequency of the shear wave is estimated. Given the known wavelength and material density and the measured estimate of temporal frequency, the shear modulus at the point of excitation may be calculated easily. Using this method, the shear moduli of two gelatin phantoms was estimated to be 1.4 and 5.8 kPa, in good agreement with 1.5 and 5.6 kPa values determined though quasistatic material testing.
Nitric oxide generation from heme/copper assembly mediated nitrite reductase activity

Nitric oxide (NO) as a cellular signaling molecule and vasodilator regulates a range of physiological and pathological processes. Nitrite (NO2−) is recycled in vivo to generate nitric oxide, particularly in physiologic hypoxia and ischemia. The cytochrome c oxidase binuclear heme a3/CuB active site is one entity known to be responsible for conversion of cellular nitrite to nitric oxide. We recently reported that a partially reduced heme/copper assembly reduces nitrite ion, producing nitric oxide; the heme serves as the reductant and the cupric ion provides a Lewis acid interaction with nitrite, facilitating nitrite (N–O) bond cleavage (Hematian et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134:18912–18915, 2012). To further investigate this nitrite reductase chemistry, copper(II)–nitrito complexes with tridentate and tetradentate ligands were used in this study, where either O,O′-bidentate or O-unidentate modes of nitrite binding to the cupric center are present. To study the role of the reducing ability of the ferrous heme center, two different tetraarylporphyrinate–iron(II) complexes, one with electron-donating para-methoxy peripheral substituents and the other with electron-withdrawing 2,6-difluorophenyl substituents, were used. The results show that differing modes of nitrite coordination to the copper(II) ion lead to differing kinetic behavior. Here, also, the ferrous heme is in all cases the source of the reducing equivalent required to convert nitrite to nitric oxide, but the reduction ability of the heme center does not play a key role in the observed overall reaction rate. On the basis of our observations, reaction mechanisms are proposed and discussed in terms of heme/copper heterobinuclear structures.
Incidental Findings at Chest CT: A Needs Assessment Survey of Radiologists' Knowledge

Rationale and Objectives To assess practice patterns in evaluating incidental findings at chest computed tomography (CT) to determine the need for further education. Materials and Methods A survey was given to 1600 radiologists, presenting four clinical case questions regarding the evaluation/significance of the following incidental findings at chest CT: thyroid lesion; enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes; asymptomatic, small pulmonary embolus; and small lung nodule. The respondents' answers were compared with “truth,” as defined by the best evidence available in the medical literature. Additional questions elicited the respondents' demographics and comfort levels in addressing the findings. Analysis of variance models with a Tukey correction for post hoc comparisons and chi-square tests were used to determine if any demographic factors or comfort levels were predictive of higher correct response rates. Results The overall survey response rate was 28% (445/1600). Correct case response rates ranged from 26% (115/442) to 79% (343/445). Only 6% (28/438) of respondents chose the correct answers for all cases. Up to 80% (353/440) of respondents felt comfortable in addressing findings, and only 57% (252/443) of respondents felt that they needed more training in this area. Fellowship training in cardiothoracic radiology, working in a teaching practice, and subspecialization in abdominal or cardiothoracic radiology were predictive of higher correct response rates. Except for one case question, the comfort level was not predictive of correct response rate. Conclusions There was considerable variability among radiologists and substantial deviation from best medical practice with regard to the interpretation/evaluation of incidental findings at chest CT, signifying a significant need for further education.
Transport from chaotic orbits in the geomagnetic tail

The rapid change in direction and magnitude of the magnetic field vector in crossing the quasi-neutral sheet in the geomagnetic tail leads to deterministic Hamiltonian chaos. The finite correlation times in the single particle orbits due to the continuum of orbital frequencies leads to well-defined collisionless transport coefficients. The transport coefficients are derived for plasma trapped in the quasi-neutral sheet.
Integrated Optical Circuits Fabricated With Laser-Written Masks

Integrated optical circuits have been fabricated using laser-written masks. Straight and curved channel waveguides have been made by ion exchange from a KNO3 melt of dimensions 10 to 30 pm in width and typically 4 to 5 cm in length. A mask made by a multiple exposure technique from a laser-written curved channel mask has been used to delineate a directional coupler in LiNbO3.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
High School Principals' Resources, Knowledge, and Practices regarding the Returning Student with Concussion

Objective To determine high school principals' self-reported resources, knowledge, and practices regarding the management of students returning to school following concussion. Study design A cross-sectional survey of public high school principals in the state of Ohio assessed respondent and school demographics, respondent concussion training, school resources, and monitoring and accommodation practices for students with concussion. Results Of the 695 eligible high school principals, 465 (66.9%) completed the survey. Over one-third of principals (37.2%) had some form of concussion training in the past year. Those with training were more likely to promote training of other school faculty (57.4% vs 30.6%, P P P Conclusions Schools differ in their resources and management strategies for students returning to school after concussion. Understanding these differences can help health professionals to overcome potential barriers in managing their school-aged patients with concussion.
TEST OF TRICRITICAL SCALING IN FERROUS CHLORIDE.

Abstract The scaling properties of the magnetization M(H, T) and heat capacity in constant applied field CH0(H, T), simultaneously determined for the metamagnet FeCl2, are reported. Data for both quantities are shown to support, in detail, the tricitical scaling hypothesis. The exponent αt, however, deviates from its expected mean-field value.
Unlike insulin, amino acids stimulate p70S6K but not GSK-3 or glycogen synthase in human skeletal muscle

Insulin stimulates muscle glucose disposal via both glycolysis and glycogen synthesis. Insulin activates glycogen synthase (GS) in skeletal muscle by phosphorylating PKB (or Akt), which in turn pho...
APPLICATIONS OF PULSED ULTRAVIOLET LASERS IN MEDICINE

Our group has investigated a broad range of applications for the 308 nm XeCl excimer laser, and in the process studied laser tissue interactions in numerous tissues including normal and atherosclerotic coronary arteries and other blood vessels, cartilage, tendon, human lens, bone and myocardium. The investigations have revealed ablative thresholds as low as 10-15 mj/mm2 for myocardium, and as high as 60-70 mj/mm2 for ablation of bone and calcified arteries.
A rejoinder, which turns out to be Loma or the good society

It is easier to say that every one of these papers takes my breath away than to get hold of what this means. I'll try, nevertheless. My feeling comes from being taken seriously by others of competence and dedication. And it comes from insights, provided by their efforts, into my own doing and trying. This is interaction at its most noble, and now it is my turn. First, I wish to place the papers in their setting, a symposium on O Loma! at the annual meeting of the Society for Phenomenology and the Human Sciences, New Orleans, October 1993. James M. Ostrow, the moderator, admirably summarized papers by Jeffrey Cinnamond, "Reading WolffRead? ing O Loma!?Reading Experience," and Joy Gordon, neither of whom could attend, while Jonathan B. Imber and Gisela J. Hinkle read their own; Hinkle's appeared, revised, as "Postmodern Feminist Reflections on Reading Wolff," mHuman Studies in 1995 (17:433^48). In addition to Imber's and Gordon's essays, the present symposium also contains Mildred Bakan's "On O Loma!" originally written as a book review, and an introduction to the symposium ? "O Loma! in Context: An Introduction" by Hinkle.
Comparison of Copper Lysine and Copper Sulfate as Copper Sources for Ruminants Using In Vitro Methods

Abstract Two in vitro experiments were conducted to estimate the availability of Cu from Cu Lys compared with Cu from CuSO 4 . In Experiment 1, a 24-h ruminal fermentation (α-cellulose substrate) containing either .1% added S or 2% added urea was performed with 4, 12, or 96ppm of added Cu as either Cu Lys or CuSO 4 . Soluble Cu was measured at the end of the 24-h incubation, and concentrations were higher for Cu Lys with added urea (1.16 vs. .45ppm), but no differences existed between sources of added S. In Experiment 2, 20ppm of Cu added as either Cu Lys or CuSO 4 with and without the addition of 10ppm of Mo and .75% S were used in an in vitro study designed to simulate digesta passage through the ruminant. A 24-h ruminal fermentation (orchardgrass substrate) was followed by a 2-h digestion in pepsin and HCl (pH 2.3) and then a 2-h digestion in NaHCO 3 and pancreatin (pH 6.6). Soluble Cu concentrations were analyzed after each step. Molybdenum and S addition decreased soluble Cu after ruminal fermentation and tended to decrease soluble Cu concentrations after digestion of pancreatin and NaHCO 3 . The source of Cu did not affect soluble Cu concentrations. Results suggest that Cu from Cu Lys and CuSO 4 behave similarly in the digestive tract of ruminants.
Gender, Body Image, and Depressive Symptoms among Low‐Income African American Adolescents

The present study tested for gender differences in depression and body image among a sample of 6th–8th grade low-income African American adolescents. Gender differences were found, with adolescent girls more likely to report both depressive symptoms and poor body image. The most frequently endorsed body image concern for both boys and girls was the desire to lose weight, with approximately half of the girls in this sample reporting they would like to lose weight. Results of mediational analyses indicate that poor body image mediates the relation between gender and depression in this sample, suggesting that heightened rates of depression, among girls, are due to heightened rates of poor body image.
A quality improvement program

Abstract By publishing To err is human: building a safer healthcare system in 2000, the Institute of Medicine made healthcare leadership, legislation, and consumers aware of the issues affecting patient safety. The report stated that medical errors were not uncommon and were costly to both the patient and the healthcare organization. Medical errors were usually caused by complex healthcare systems and led to the death of some patients. Following the publication of this report, a new trend was seen in research devoted to patient safety. Healthcare organizations started to focus quality improvement programs on improving patient safety by reviewing complex healthcare processes. Research focused on the prevalence of pediatric medical errors and identified reasons for the increased vulnerability of pediatric patients to these adverse medical events. A large Midwestern healthcare organization in the USA already had a developed quality improvement program for event-reporting in place. The organization's event reporting system has continue to evolve due to legislative changes such as the 2003 Minnesota law requiring hospitals, community behavioral health hospitals, and outpatient surgical centers to report the occurrence of any of the 28 ‘never' events. One individualized unit in this large Midwestern healthcare organization will share its quality initiatives, documentation improvement initiatives, near-miss and event-reporting program, and promotion for patient and family involvement in the daily care plan. This article will identify the importance of developing a non-punitive, transparent and voluntary reporting system to continue to meet the ongoing patient care safety needs.
Chemically dependent physicians and informed consent disclosure.

Developments in law, professional guidelines, and public attitudes support informed consent disclosure by physicians who have been treated for chemical dependency. This view is built on the apparent materiality of the risk of relapse to informed treatment decisions by patients. Several considerations undercut this position. The probability is remote that a patient will be injured by a recovering physician who suffers an undetected relapse while being properly monitored. Monitoring by impaired physicians programs provides a more sensitive and specific mechanism for detecting relapsed physicians. Moreover, compromise of the privacy and employment rights of recovering physicians by consent disclosure is not justified if programs provide rigorous monitoring that protects the welfare of patients. Finally, required consent disclosure will reduce referrals of chemically dependent physicians to impaired physicians programs, thereby increasing the danger to patients. Limiting demands for required consent disclosur...