cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple jet impingement cooling

Experiments were performed to study the effect of nozzle rotation, flow rate, degrees of subcooling, number of jets, and velocity on the heat flux in jet impingement cooling using deionized distilled water. The heat flux is a strong function of the flow rate and degree of subcooling, attaining a maximum value of the order of 600 W/cm at the highest flow rates. The heat flux shows no significant dependency on velocity and number of jets for fixed flow rates. The rate of rotation shows no significant effect on the heat flux within the forced convective and early nucleate boiling region. At temperatures close to the critical heat flux the rotation retards the heat flux (compared with a stationary jet) diminishing it by 20%. Comparisons with published results are presented.
Distinct renal pathology and a chemotactic phenotype after enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli shiga toxins in non-human primate models of hemolytic uremic syndrome.

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli cause approximately 1.5 million infections globally with 176,000 cases occurring in the United States annually from ingesting contaminated food, most frequently E. coli O157:H7 in ground beef or fresh produce. In severe cases, the painful prodromal hemorrhagic colitis is complicated by potentially lethal hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), particularly in children. Bacterial Shiga-like toxins (Stx1, Stx2) are primarily responsible for HUS and the kidney and neurologic damage that ensue. Small animal models are hampered by the inability to reproduce HUS with thrombotic microangiopathy, hemolytic anemia, and acute kidney injury. Earlier, we showed that nonhuman primates (Papio) recapitulated clinical HUS after Stx challenge and that novel therapeutic intervention rescued the animals. Here, we present detailed light and electron microscopic pathology examination of the kidneys from these Stx studies. Stx1 challenge resulted in more severe glomerular endothelial injury, whereas the glomerular injury after Stx2 also included prominent mesangiolysis and an eosinophilic inflammatory infiltration. Both toxins induced glomerular platelet-rich thrombi, interstitial hemorrhage, and tubular injury. Analysis of kidney and other organs for inflammation biomarkers showed a striking chemotactic profile, with extremely high mRNA levels for IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and macrophage inflammatory protein 1α and elevated urine chemokines at 48 hours after challenge. These observations give unique insight into the pathologic consequences of each toxin in a near human setting and present potential pathways for therapeutic intervention.
Efficient synthesis of highly luminescent copper indium sulfide-based core/shell nanocrystals with surprisingly long-lived emission

We report an efficient synthesis of copper indium sulfide nanocrystals with strong photoluminescence in the visible to near-infrared. This method can produce gram quantities of material with a chemical yield in excess of 90% with minimal solvent waste. The overgrowth of as-prepared nanocrystals with a few monolayers of CdS or ZnS increases the photoluminescence quantum efficiency to > 80%. On the basis of time-resolved spectroscopic studies of core/shell particles, we conclude that the emission is due to an optical transition that couples a quantized electron state to a localized hole state, which is most likely associated with an internal defect.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme DD genotype in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension: increased frequency and association with preserved haemodynamics:

Hypothesis/introductionA polymorphic marker within the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene has been associated with circulating and tissue ACE activity and with a variety of forms of cardiovascular disease. Since angiotensin II (Ang II) causes pulmonary vasoconstriction and vascular and myocardial remodelling, we postulated a role for the renin-angiotensin system and the ACE DD genotype in the pathophysiology of primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) and in the right ventricular response to pressure overload in these patients.Methods and resultsThe incidence of the ACE DD genotype was evaluated in 60 patients with severe PPH compared with two normal control populations, a group of healthy population-based controls (n=158) and subjects found suitable for cardiac organ donation (n=79). Genomic DNA extracted from peripheral leukocytes was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction to detect polymorphic markers. Haemodynamics were determined by right heart catheterisation in a subset of the PPH patients...
Development of a polarized deuterium target by spin exchange with optically pumped K

The development of a polarized internal target at an electron store ring is of great interest for studies in nuclear physics. The deuterium nuclei acquire polarization via the hyperfine interaction after electron spin exchange with optically pumped potassium vapor. A high power laser which covers the entire doppler width and hyperfine splitting of the /sup 2/S/sub 1/2/ - /sup 2/P/sub 1/2/ transition in potassium has been developed. Spin relaxation rates for potassium on various wall coatings have been measured. A dri-film surface has been shown to preserve polarization (>100 bounces), be long-lived at elevated temperatures, and to be efficient at preventing deuterium recombination.
Trend and oscillations in the ice-cover duration of Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, USA.

Abstract The 150-year time series of ice duration in Lake Mendota, Wisconsin was analysed to investigate possible effects of climate variability, and a non-parametric test confirmed a significant, decreasing trend. Singular-spectrum analysis (SSA) and the multi-taper method (MTM) of spectral analysis revealed a nonlinear trend and quasi-periodic oscillations. Analysis of the linearly detrended series showed significant frequencies ranging from quasi biennial to >100 years. The interannual and interdecadal signals detected are within the range of periodicity of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) modes of variability. A smoothing procedure was used to separate low frequencies, or trend, and higher frequencies. Four reconstructed components of the low-pass-filtered time series were sufficient to explain 95% of the filtered series variance. The reconstruction showed signals with periods longer than 20 years that could be associated with the PDO. The series showed a r...
What are the odds of being an organic or local food shopper? Multivariate analysis of US food shopper lifestyle segments

The growth in organic and local foods consumption has been examined using two different approaches to identify characteristics and motivations of food shoppers: market segmentation and economic models using multivariate analysis. The former approach, based on Means-end Chain theory, examines how intrinsic characteristics of foods affect food choices. The latter microeconomic approach examines economic constraints and extrinsic factors. This study demonstrates value in combining the two approaches to generate better empirical predictions of who buys organic and local food. It also supports a broader theoretical framework to explain behavior in terms of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations. Using US data, an adaptation of the Food Related Lifestyle model yields four consumer lifestyles segmented by intrinsic motivations related to food. Each consumer segment exhibits distinct organic and local foods consumption behaviors. A multinomial logit model is estimated to examine the probability of being in one of these four groups as a function of extrinsic variables and economic constraints. In support of Alphabet theory and Regulatory Focus theory, we find that inclusion of extrinsic factors improves prediction of behavior and the ability to explain why they buy organic and local foods. The extrinsic variables that significantly increase the probability of being in a particular consumer food lifestyle segment include: environmental concerns, health practices, race, the presence of a farmers’ market, and to a lesser degree, family composition and income. We also find regulatory focus is most pronounced among the most active organic and local food shoppers.
Impedance of a fractal electrolyte—electrode interface

Abstract Recent theoretical results reported by Nyikos and Pajkossy (N-P) on fractal electrolyte/blocking electrode interfaces have been tested with numerical calculations. It is shown that (1) interfaces having electrolyte—metal boundaries in form of a generalized Koch curve do not have a constant-phase-angle impedance as they claim, (2) the fractal dimension D has little effect on the shape of the impedance vs frequency graphs, and (3) the relation between D and the frequency exponent n, n = 1/( D − 1), derived by N-P is invalid. It is demonstrated that the source of their invalid results is the use of some incorrect assumptions in their theory.
Too hot to splice.

One of many consequences of heat shock is a general and profound inhibition of pre-mRNA splicing. In mammalian cells, this inhibition is mediated by a specific member of the SR protein family of splicing factors, which becomes a splicing repressor upon heat-triggered dephosphorylation.
Phylogenetic Analysis of Green Plant rbcL Sequences

DNA and derived amino acid sequences of the rbcL gene from selected photosynthetic bacteria, green algae, bryophytes, "fern allies," ferns, and seed plants were used to construct phylogenetic trees using parsimony algorithms. Internal support of clades was determined by the bootstrap and decay indices. External support was judged by comparison of trees with previous morphological and molecular cladograms. Some clades on all the trees are supported both internally and externally, but all of the trees are characterized by unsupported relationships of the bryophytes and fern allies. Trees produced by analyses of all three DNA positions have the highest levels of internal support, but many clades are still not supported externally or internally. Analyses using only the first and second positions of the DNA sequences and derived amino acid sequences produced trees with odd groupings and low levels of internal support for most of the clades. These results indicate that rbcL sequences may be too divergent to test phylogenetic relationships among major groups of green plants. Additional problems with constructing phylogenetic trees from rbcL sequences may be caused by RNA editing, pseudogenes, unequal rates of evolution, and inadequate taxon sampling. Whether RNA editing is a problem can be determined by sequencing amplified RNAs from selected taxa. If pseudogenes are suspected, purified chloroplast DNA should be used for amplification. It may be beneficial to include more taxa in subsequent analyses, but there are indications that historical extinctions will prevent adequate sampling of some groups, such as the bryophytes and fern allies.
Shielding Specification Techniques and Measurement Methods for Aircraft

If properly implemented, electromagnetic shielding can protect aircraft electronics from harmful interference over a wide range of frequencies. The first step is to create a properly written set of specifications in measurable engineering units. If this is done, then the shielding system can be analyzed and measured in the laboratory and on board the aircraft. Using large aircraft as an example, this paper discusses shielding element specifications and the measurement methods that can be used to verify them. Illustrative examples of measured data are presented.
Diffuse White Oral Plaques

Diagnosis: White sponge nevus. Because of the persistence of this boy's white oral plaques (figure 1), he was referred to an oral and maxillofacial pathologist, and a biopsy was performed. Histopathological examination of the biopsy specimen revealed stratified squamous epithelium, which demonstrated acanthosis (i.e., an increase in the thickness of the stratum spinosum) and hyperparakeratosis (i.e., thickening of the keratin layer with retention of nuclei by the cells). Within the spinous layer, the cells exhibited intracellular edema imparting a vacuolated appearance. This histological appearance, together with the family history and clinical features, was consistent with a diagnosis of white sponge
The interaction of nerves of opposite regenerating polarity in fused newt forelimbs

Previous studies involving nerve interactions and limb regenerative processes were carried out on adult newts after their forelimbs were amputated through the distal radius and ulna and fused end-to-end. On the basis of limb regeneration results at the junction of the fused limbs, it was postulated that regenerating nerves from each limb (i.e., nerves of opposite polarity) would not invade the foreign territory of the contralateral limb if it were already normally innervated. A direct study of this nerve interaction, however, was not made in this earlier study. The present investigation was designed to obtain direct histological and electrophysiological evidence for the interaction of nerves of opposite regenerating polarity in fused newt forelimbs. The primary objective was to determine how the regenerating nerves would interact in the establishment of innervation territories-first, at the fusion zone, which represents the junction of the normal innervation territories of the nerves of each limb; and secondly, half way up one of the limbs, where interaction would occur in a territory normally innervated by only one of the regenerating nerves. The results showed that when nerves of opposite regenerating polarity approached one another at the junction of the fused limbs a discontinuation of axonal growth occurred; no indication of overlap of nerves into foreign territory was seen. When the nerves were allowed to interact within one of the fused limbs, however, an overlap of nerve fibers and a functional "double innervation" of that limb was demonstrated. These results are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms for the establishment of innervation territories in salamander limbs. The question of nerve-muscle reinnervation specificity is also raised.
Periodic Fever Syndromes

The periodic syndromes represent a heterogeneous group of disorders that can be very difficult for practicing physicians to diagnosis and treat. This article presents an orderly approach to hyperimmunoglobulin D syndrome; tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 periodic syndrome; familial Mediterranean fever; periodic fever with aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and adenitis syndrome; and cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes by highlighting the disease presentation, diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment. Recent advances are also discussed.
Ordering and steric-hardening in SBS-modified bitumen

Styrene−butadiene−styrene (SBS)-modified bitumen shows good cracking resistance at low temperatures. With the knowledge of the microstructure of SBS-modified bitumen being incomplete, the reasons for the low-temperature performance remain partly unclear. In this work, modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) was used to study the ordering of crystallizable alkanes and that of alkyl aromatics in SBS-modified bitumen. These compounds are responsible, respectively, for the cold-crystallization (CC) and the steric-hardening (SH) visible on the nonreversing heat-flow (NRHF) curves obtained from MDSC. In blends of bitumen with 3, 6, and 10 wt % SBS, CC and SH enthalpies were measured. SBS was found to reduce both the CC and the SH in bitumen, the reduction being disproportionately higher than expected on the basis of polymer concentration. The loss of CC and SH enthalpies demonstrate the reduced capacity of alkanes and alkyl aromatics to order in the presence of SBS.
Turbulent flow in channels in terms of turbulent shear and normal stresses

The local time-averaged velocity, the mixed-mean velocity, and the friction factor for fully turbulent flow between parallel plates and in round tubes and concentric circular annuli can be expressed in terms of integrals of the turbulent shear stress, The pressure distribution across a channel can similarly be expressed in terms of an integral of normal stresses. These formulations, which are simple and exact, can be integrated numerically using experimental data, compyted values, or correlating equations for turbulent stresses. Their greatest merit, however, may arise from the insight they provide with respect to the contributions of the fluctuating components of the velocity. For example, for concentric circular annuli such a formulation identifies a difference between the locations of the maximum in the velocity and the zero in the total shear stress. This difference, which has been overlooked in most experimental and semitheoretical investigations, introduces an error of unknown but possibly significant magnitude into all of the results. It also precludes the application of the mixing-length, eddy viscosity and k - ϵ models.
A comparison of an undecairon(III) complex with the ferritin iron core.

The iron core of ferritin is comprised of up to 4,500 Fe(III) atoms as Fe2O3·nH2O, which is maintained in solution by a surrounding, spherical coat of protein. Organisms as diverse as bacteria and man use the ferritin iron-protein complex as a reservoir of stored iron for other essential proteins. To extend studies of the steps in polynuclear iron core formation, a recently characterized undecairon(III) oxo-hydroxo aggregate [Fe11 complex] (Gonin et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109, 3337 [1987]) was examined by x-ray absorption spectroscopy as a model for an intermediate. The results, which are comparable to the previous x-ray diffraction studies, show near neighbors (Fe-O) at 1.90 A that are distinct from those in ferritin and a longer distance of 2.02 A. However, contributions from neighbors (Fe-C) known to exist at ca. 2.7 A were obscured by a highly ordered Fe-Fe interaction and were not detectable in the Fe11 complex in contrast to a previously characterized Fe(III) cluster bound to the protein coat. Of the two Fe-Fe interactions detectable in the Fe11 complex, the shortest, at 3.0 A is particularly interesting, occurring at the same distance as a full shell (CN = 6) in ferritin, but having fewer Fe neighbors (CN = 2–3) characteristic of an intermediate in core formation. The incomplete Fe-Fe shell is much more ordered than in ferritin, suggesting that the disorder in ferritin cores may be associated with the later steps of the core growth. Differences between the Fe11 complex and the full core of ferritin indicate the possibility of intermediates in ferritin iron formation that might be like Fe11.
Paradoxical delay in accessory pathway conduction during long R-P′ tachycardia after interpolated ventricular premature complexes

Abstract The introduction of a ventricular premature complex (VPC) into reciprocating tachycardia is a technique used to confirm the presence of an accessory atrioventricular (AV) pathway. 1–3 Retrograde atrial preexcitation after a VPC introduced during reciprocating tachycardia when the His bundle is refractory to retrograde conduction is evidence that an accessory pathway is present. 3 The failure of an appropriately timed VPC to alter the timing of atrial activation implies that either an accessory pathway conducting in the retrograde direction is not present or that the accessory pathway is relatively far from the site of premature stimulation. 3 This latter possibility can occur when VPCs are inserted into the right ventricular apex in patients with a left lateral accessory pathway. The finding that an accessory pathway can show a paradoxical delay in retrograde atrial activation during reciprocating tachycardia with this maneuver has not been described. We report a patient with a posterior septal accessory pathway with decremental conduction properties characteristic of the “permanent form of junctional reciprocating tachycardia.” Paradoxical delay in retrograde atrial activation was observed after the introduction of a VPC into reciprocating tachycardia when the His bundle was refractory.
Hatching success and larval mortality in an estuarine teleost, Menidia menidia (Linnaeus), exposed to cadmium in constant and fluctuating salinity regimes.

In view of cyclic fluctuations in salinity that may accompany tidal changes in an estuary, it was decided to determine the influence of a periodic, fluctuating salinity regime on the hatching success of Menidia embryos exposed to cadmium and on the survival of resulting larvae and to compare these responses with those of embryos and larvae exposed to cadmium at a number of fixed salinities. This undertaking is part of a continuing project to evaluate the influence of environmental factors on the responses of eggs and larvae of marine teleosts to heavy metal poisoning. This represents an attempt to develop an alternative method that may be more useful to regulatory agencies than the presently used standard bioassay methods.
Alteration of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) expression in bone marrow stromal cells treated with etoposide

Abstract Bone marrow stromal cells are an essential regulatory component in the hematopoietic microenvironment. Regulation of hematopoietic cell development is mediated, in part, through interaction of progenitor cells with stromal cell vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). VCAM-1 expression has been shown to be driven primarily by binding of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) to two consensus binding sites in the promoter region. In this study, we show that down-regulation of VCAM-1 by the chemotherapeutic agent etoposide (VP-16) is associated with altered cellular localization of NF-κB. We demonstrated that VCAM-1 was diminished at the transcriptional level following treatment of stromal cells with VP-16, without alteration of VCAM-1 stability. Culture of bone marrow stromal cells in VP-16 resulted in reduced nuclear RelA (p65), a modest increase in nuclear NF-κB1 (p50), and reduced NF-κB binding to its DNA consensus sequence. Total levels of the NF-κB inhibitor Iκ-Bα were reduced during exposure to VP-16. Following removal of VP-16 from the culture, p65 and p50 nuclear profiles approximated those of untreated stromal cells, and VCAM-1 protein expression was restored. The current study indicates that NF-κB is a target molecule that is responsive to VP-16-induced damage in bone marrow stromal cells. As the primary transcription factor that promotes VCAM-1 expression, the observed changes in p65 and p50 cellular localization during treatment have a direct consequence for stromal cell function. The myriad of genes regulated by NF-κB, including both adhesion molecules and cytokines that contribute to stromal cell function, make chemotherapy-induced disruption of NF-κB biologically significant. Alterations in NF-κB activity may provide one measure by which the effects of aggressive treatment strategies on the bone marrow microenvironment can be evaluated.
Multivariate Exponential Distributions with Constant Failure Rates

In this paper a multivariate failure rate representation based on Cox's conditional failure rate is introduced, characterizations of the Freund?Block and the Marshall?Olkin multivariate exponential distributions are obtained, and generalizations of the Block?Basu and the Friday?Patil bivariate exponential distributions are proposed.
The operational performance of the Yale ESTU

The ESTU began operation in 1988 and achieved the design voltage of 20 MV in 1990. Since that time, improvements to the gas handling system, negative ion injector, accelerator terminal and control system have greatly increased its capability and reliability. Today, the ESTU can efficiently produce an extensive assortment of stable ions at wide-ranging energies in support of low-energy nuclear physics.
A test of the moderating role of importance of appearance in the relationship between perceived scar severity and body-esteem among adult burn survivors.

Abstract This study tested the hypothesis that the relationship between subjective burn scar severity and body-esteem is moderated by importance of appearance. Three hundred and forty-six adult burn survivors completed a mailed or online survey. The three subscales of the Body-Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults (BE-Appearance [satisfaction with general appearance], BE-Weight [weight satisfaction], BE-Others [others’ evaluations of one's body and appearance]) were regressed onto sex, subjective burn scar severity, importance of appearance and their two- and three-way interactions. With one exception, the hypothesized main effects were significant in each of the regression equations. As hypothesized, importance of appearance moderated the relationship between subjective burn scar severity and body-esteem for BE-Appearance and BE-Other but not BE-Weight. The results of this study are consistent with the cognitive model of body-esteem. Clinical implications are discussed.
Data surveillance in child protection systems development: An Indonesian case study

Abstract Objectives Successful implementation of child protection program interventions and child and family welfare services is contingent upon the availability and use of good quality information, as emphasized by the recent Convention on the Rights of the Child's General Comment 13. Yet, the role of information within child protection is not well understood, and ongoing efforts to strengthen child protection systems have not systematically examined this critical function. Recognizing these shortcomings, the Government of Indonesia and UNICEF commissioned a study to identify a “road map” for a national child protection information system. Methods The used desk review, semi-structured interviews, focus groups and site visits to identify existing data collection practices, and analyze the appropriateness and efficiency of information management mechanisms from the national down to the community level. Results The results show that the prevailing situation in Indonesia is characterized by a lack of accurate information on all necessary aspects of child care and protection including magnitude of problems, causality analysis and impact of programmatic responses. There is no lead actor for child protection at the national level, and there are no agreed upon data collection priorities, procedures or methods for a shared data collection system. Conclusion The study suggests a need to reframe the dominant language from a “child protection information management system” to a “child protection surveillance system” to promote clearer data collection objectives and activities. Identifying a government ministry to lead child protection efforts and to forge closer partnerships among relevant actors will be required to support a national surveillance system. Additionally, addressing obstacles that limit child protection incident detection at the community level is critical. In addition to strengthening Indonesia's system, this study's approach and findings have the potential to help to inform ongoing child protection system development initiatives in other countries as well.
Public perception of hurricane hazards: Examining the differential effects of hurricane Diana

Abstract This article reports the findings of a telephone survey of two coastal regions in North Carolina in the aftermath of hurricane Diana: one that received a direct hit from the storm (Oak/Pleasure Island area) and one that received only media reports of the storm and its impacts (Nags Head area). It was hypothesized that the hurricane had differential effects on attitudes in these two regions. It was predicted that because of the media depiction of Diana as a large hurricane, contrasted with the actual low levels of damages to result, support for mitigation programs in the region of greatest impact would be low. Conversely, it was expected that awareness and support of mitigation programs would be higher in the unaffected region, where the media images of disaster were not neutralized by firsthand observation of the storm's impact. Data from the study indicate that there are statistically significant differences between these groups in their perceptions of Diana's impact and hurricane hazards genera...
Functional analysis of the bacteriophage T4 DNA-packaging ATPase motor.

Packaging of double-stranded DNA into bacteriophage capsids is driven by one of the most powerful force-generating motors reported to date. The phage T4 motor is constituted by gene product 16 (gp16) (18 kDa; small terminase), gp17 (70 kDa; large terminase), and gp20 (61 kDa; dodecameric portal). Extensive sequence alignments revealed that numerous phage and viral large terminases encode a common Walker-B motif in the N-terminal ATPase domain. The gp17 motif consists of a highly conserved aspartate (Asp255) preceded by four hydrophobic residues (251MIYI254), which are predicted to form a β-strand. Combinatorial mutagenesis demonstrated that mutations that compromised hydrophobicity, or integrity of the β-strand, resulted in a null phenotype, whereas certain changes in hydrophobicity resulted in cs/ts phenotypes. No substitutions, including a highly conservative glutamate, are tolerated at the conserved aspartate. Biochemical analyses revealed that the Asp255 mutants showed no detectable in vitro DNA packaging activity. The purified D255E, D255N, D255T, D255V, and D255E/E256D mutant proteins exhibited defective ATP binding and very low or no gp16-stimulated ATPase activity. The nuclease activity of gp17 is, however, retained, albeit at a greatly reduced level. These data define the N-terminal ATPase center in terminases and show for the first time that subtle defects in the ATP-Mg complex formation at this center lead to a profound loss of phage DNA packaging.
Rubidium and Lead Content of Market Milk

Abstract Market milk samples collected on a quarterly basis from various cities in the United States were analyzed for rubidium (Rb) and lead (Pb) content by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The average Rb content of milk varied between 0.57 and 3.39ppm. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the Rb content of milk varied significantly from one city to another at α = 0.01; in addition, milk from cities in southeastern United States showed significant differences from one sampling period to another. In general, the Rb content of milk sold in cities in inland states was small and that in cities of coastal states large. The average Pb content of milk varied between 0.023 and 0.079ppm, and the national weighted average was 0.049ppm. The Pb content of milk did not vary significantly from one city to another. Only in milk from southeastern states was a significant difference noted from one sampling period to another. Analysis of 76 milk samples from individual cows raised on farms serving the Cincinnati area showed Pb content varied from 0.009 to 0.212ppm, with an average of 0.047ppm.
Blood‐Brain Barrier Water Permeability and Brain Osmolyte Content during Edema Development

opment. Methods: A controlled, laboratory investigation of the physiologic and biochemical correlates of osmotic edema was performed in rats. Hypoosmotic hyponatremia was induced by intraperitoneal injection of distilled water. Serum osmolality and electrolytes and regional blood- brain barrier water permeability. surface area (P. S) product, osmolyte contents, and capillary size were determined during 120 minutes of hypoosmotic brain edema development. Cerebral water content predicted from these data using a mathematical model of brain water movements was compared with measured changes in brain water content. Results: Fifteen minutes after distilled water injection, mean 2 SEM blood serum osmolality and sodium concentration decreased from 291 2 3 mOsm and 131 2 13 mmol/L to 267 2 3 mOsm and 102 2 9 mmoVL, respectively. Specific gravity of cerebral gray matter, cerebral white matter, and basal ganglia decreased throughout the hypoosmotic exposure period and, for gray and white matter, correlated with blood serum osmolality and sodium plus potassium content. Glutamate, but not glutamine, glycine, or taurine, decreased 120 minutes after water injection. The regional water P. S product decreased by 40% to 60% within 60 minutes of the water injection, while capillary diameters in gray and white matter were unchanged. Brain water movements calculated from the mathematical model correctly predicted actual brain water content only if the hydraulic conductivity of the blood-brain barrier was allowed to vary in proportion to the measured P. S product and the measured loss of brain osmolytes was incorporated into the formulation. Conclusions: During the first hours of hypoosmotic hyponatremia, changes in brain volume are limited by increased resistance to osmotic flux of water into the brain and reduction in the brain content of inorganic
Presence and distribution pattern(s) of sperm protein at 22 kDa (SP22) on ejaculated and caudal epididymal equine spermatozoa prior to and following heat-induced testicular degeneration

SP22 is highly correlated with fertility in rats (Klinfelter et al., J Androl 1997;18:139-150) and has been identified on equine spermatozoa (Miller et al., Biol Reprod 2003;68:166-167). Environmental damage to spermatozoa affects localization pattern(s) of SP22, but it is unknown if testicular degeneration (TD) alters expression of SP22. We hypothesized that expression and localization of SP22 on ejaculated and epididymal spermatozoa are altered by heat induced TD. To test this hypothesis, a total of three ejaculates were collected every other day from each of five stallions. Eighty-four days following hemi-castration to recover epididymal sperm, the remaining testis was insulated for 14 days. The insulation was achieved using diapers, cotton, and elastikon in a sling-like fashion. Semen was collected on days 6, 8, 10, and 13 of insulation. The remaining testes were removed on day 14, and epididymal spermatozoa were recovered. Ejaculates were evaluated by spectrophotometer and computer assisted semen analyzer (Sperm Vision, Minitube of America, Verona, WI). The cauda epididymides were flushed with air to collect spermatozoa. The samples underwent centrifugation (600xg), before resuspension in 1X PBS. Ejaculated and epididymal spermatozoa were prepared for Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry (ICC). Tissues from the castrated testes (preand post-insulation) were sectioned, placed in Zamboni’s fixative, embedded, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. SP22 staining patterns were determined on 100 spermatozoa from each
Top 10 cardiovascular therapies and interventions for the next decade

The global epidemic of cardiovascular disease is being fuelled by the spread of a Western lifestyle characterized by a high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. In this Perspectives article, Valentin Fuster highlights 10 therapies and interventions that, in his opinion, will be most useful in combating cardiovascular disease and promoting cardiovascular health over the next decade.
Observed and modeled VOC chemistry under high VOC/NOx conditions in the Southeast United States national parks

Abstract In airsheds that contain high volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and low NOx (=NO+NO2) concentrations, ozone (O3) production may be significantly suppressed by NOx reactions that lead to the formation of organic nitrates. O3 and its precursors (VOCs and NOx) ambient levels simulated using a regional-scale photochemical model, called Multiscale Air Quality Simulation Platform, are analyzed and compared to observed data from three southeast United States national parks.
Stochastic Dominance and the Maximization of Expected Utility

In attempting to construct a general framework for the analysis of choice under uncertainty, researchers have sought to establish reasonable criteria for the selection of one prospect over another. Among current researchers the concept of stochastic dominance' has attracted considerable attention. This paper attempts to clarify certain basic relationships between stochastic dominance and the maximization of expected utility. The theorems proposed by Hanoch and Levy in [1] relate stochastic dominance to a broader class of utility functions than considered by previous researchers working in the area. However, errors appear in the statement and proof of these theorems. Modifications which correct these errors are given in Part 1. The 1971 article [2] by Josef Hadar and William Russell contains a number of theorems which can be generalized using the modified theorems from Part 1. These results are presented in Part 2. In what follows, F and G denote arbitrary right continuous distribution functions over the real line R. We let U* = {u: R-+R I u non-decreasing and continuous}, U*(F, G) {u E U* j I udF-f udG well defined}, U** = {u: R-+R I u non-decreasing and o concave}, and U**(F, G) = {u E U** I f udF-f udG well defined, udF> - oo, and - 00 o { udG> - oo}. We use [FDG wrt U] to mean [f udF-J udG ? OVu e U, strict inequality holding for some u E U], where U is any specified class of functions u: R-+R. All integrals are to be interpreted as Riemann-Stieltjes integrals unless otherwise specified. By "' well defined " is meant " not of the form oo-oo ". We also use [F < G] to mean [F(x) < G(x)Vx E R], [F< G] to mean
Thermosolutal Convection during Dendritic Solidification of Alloys: Part II. Nonlinear Convection

A mathematical model of thermosolutal convection in directionally solidified dendritic alloys has been developed that includes a mushy zone underlying an all-liquid region. The model assumes a nonconvective initial state with planar and horizontal isotherms and isoconcentrates that move upward at a constant solidification velocity. The initial state is perturbed, nonlinear calculations are performed to model convection of the liquid when the system is unstable, and the results are compared with the predictions of a linear stability analysis. The mushy zone is modeled as a porous medium of variable porosity consistent with the volume fraction of, interdendritic liquid that satisfies the conservation equations for energy and solute concentrations. Results are presented for systems involving lead-tin alloys (Pb-10 wt pct Sn and Pb-20 wt pct Sn) and show significant differences with results of plane-front solidification. The calculations show that convection in the mushy zone is mainly driven by convection in the all-liquid region, and convection of the interdendritic liquid is only significant in the upper 20 pct of the mushy zone if it is significant at all. The calculated results also show that the systems are stable at reduced gravity levels of the order of 10−4 g 0 (g 0=980 cm·s−1) or when the lateral dimensions of the container are small enough, for stable temperature gradients between 2.5≤G l≤100 K·cm−1 at solidification velocities of 2 to 8 cm·h−1.
High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of bromodeoxyuridine and its major metabolite, bromouracil, in biological fluids.

Administration of the halogenated nucleoside, 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUDR) to mammalian systems is followed by its incorporation into DNA resulting in an increased susceptibility of mammalian cells to the lethal effects of x-irradiation [l-4] . Because tumor cells generally have higher turnover and therefore a higher DNA synthesis rate than the surrounding normal tissues, this radiosensitization effect of BUDR makes it a useful agent in the treatment of neoplastic disorders. Several clinical trials have been conducted to evaluate the efficacy of BUDR [5--81. The initial human study utilized *2Br-radiolabeled BUDR and demonstrated the drug’s rapid plasma clearance. Subsequent trials [6, 71 using continuous intracarotid arterial infusions of BUDR in the treatment of gliomas did not include drug level data. In a recent study [8] BUDR was administered by intravenous infusion for 12 h per day for fourteen days. Plasma BUDR
Automated interpretation of electron density maps as applied to Bence-Jones protein Rhe.

Abstract Previous results obtained from the computerized interpretation (Greer, 1976) of a 3.0 A electron density map of Bence—Jones protein Rhe have been compared with results (Wang et al., 1979) obtained by classical Richards' box techniques (Richards, 1968). Although the overall agreement between the two models is generally good, the computerized results contain several significant errors in the assignment of α-carbon atoms, which in our opinion are unlikely to be corrected without using human intervention together with other methods. However this test does show that the computerized method has potential.
Empirical Methods for Predicting Lift and Heel Moment for a Heeled Planing Hull

Even in calm water, high-speed vessels can display unstable behaviors such as chine walking, sudden large heel, and porpoising. Large heel angle can result in the loss of transverse stability at high forward speed. When a planing craft begins to plane, the hydrodynamic lift forces raise the hull out of the water, reducing the underwater geometry. An experimental program at the U.S. Naval Academy has been designed to investigate the transverse stability of planing hulls. An experimental mechanism to force a planing hull model in heave and roll motion was designed and built. The first model tested was a wooden prismatic planing hull model with a constant deadrise of 20°, a beam of 1.48 ft (0.45 m), and a total length of 5 ft (1.52 m). The model was held at various heel and running draft positions while fixed in pitch, yaw, and sway. The tests were done at two model speeds, for one model displacement, five fixed heel angles, and five fixed running heave positions. The lift and sway forces, along with the heel moment, were measured and underwater photography was taken of the wetted surface. This article presents a set of equations based on empirical relationships for calculating the lift and heel moment for a prismatic planing hull at nonzero heel angles.
Hands, Water, and Health: Fecal Contamination in Tanzanian Communities with Improved, Non-Networked Water Supplies

Almost half of the world’s population relies on non-networked water supply services, which necessitates in-home water storage. It has been suggested that dirty hands play a role in microbial contamination of drinking water during collection, transport, and storage. However, little work has been done to evaluate quantitatively the association between hand contamination and stored water quality within households. This study measured levels of E. coli, fecal streptococci, and occurrence of the general Bacteroidales fecal DNA marker in source water, in stored water, and on hands in 334 households among communities in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, where residents use non-networked water sources. Levels of fecal contamination on hands of mothers and children were positively correlated to fecal contamination in stored drinking water within households. Household characteristics associated with hand contamination included mother’s educational attainment, use of an improved toilet, an infant in the household, and dissat...
On the simultaneous elongation and inflation of a tubular membrane of BKZ fluid

Abstract This work considers a viscoelastic fluid membrane which is initially tubular and bonded at each end to a rigid circular disc. The membrane is subjected to prescribed elongational and internal pressure histories causing it to undergo quasi-static axisymmetric deformation. This example is intended to simulate an experiment which has been recently proposed for the determination of constitutive properties for viscoelastic fluids as well as some polymer sheet forming process. The constitutive equation is presumed to be of integral type. The formulation of the problem leads to a basic system of equations which is intended for numerical solution. It has the structure of a two-point boundary value problem for a system ordinary differential equations at each time. The formulation has the advantage that the equations do not have to be rederived if the constitutive equation is changed. A change in the sub-program for computing stress from stretch history is all that is needed. A numerical method of solution is presented. In a numerical example, the material is taken to be polyisobutylene, modeled as a BKZ fluid.
Beyond the retributive public: governance and public opinion on penal policy

The notion of a retributive public underlies many explanations of the USA's high incarceration rate. However, accounting for political context may undermine the retributive public assumption. Jonathan Simon's ‘governing through crime’ perspective provides one theory about the relationship between political context and public opinion on punitive penal policies. From this perspective, public support for punitive policies mirrors politicians’ focus on incapacitation and inadequate courts. Using data from a national telephone survey conducted in 1995 during the height of the public's concern about crime, this study uses logistic regression analyses to examine the relationship between beliefs about sentencing goals, distrust in courts, and support for mandatory sentencing. Consistent with agoverning through crime perspective, the results suggest that wanting to separate offenders from society and distrusting the courts increases the likelihood of supporting mandatory sentencing. Further analyses also suggest t...
Epiglottitis: Diagnosis and Treatment

Epiglottitis is a rapid and potentially fatal infection of the supraglottic larynx that causes death by upper airway obstruction and Gram-negative bacteremia with Haemophilus influenzae type B (HIB). The majority of patients (80%) are less than 5 years of age, and the remaining 20% are scattered over the remaining life span. Although sporadically recognized since the early 16th century, the disease has only become well-described since the late 1940s. Initial mortality rates approaching 100% have steadily declined to about 2% with the use of artificial airways and antibiotics. The key to obtaining a good outcome with available effective therapy in this disease is prompt recognition and rapid initiation of therapy. Delays of even a few minutes can be disastrous. Advanced planning for the handling of such patients in the office, clinic, or emergency room has been effective in avoiding death from such delays. Decisive action can make the difference between death or anoxic damage as an outcome, and complete recovery without sequelae. CLINICAL PICTURE The disease typically begins abruptly with the onset of fever greater than 102° F (rectal) and sore throat or difficulty swallowing. These two features of epiglottic inflammation signal the onset of this illness and occur simultaneously or within a few hours of each other.
Finite element analysis convergence curves

Abstract The finite element analysis convergence curve defines the relationship between the grid interval and the analysis accuracy. At issue is the change in discretization error as a function of the number of degrees of freedom of the analysis model. Study of the relationship will play an important role in improving quality assurance of response predictions. This paper illustrates the use of element testing for assessing convergence curve characteristics which depend on the choice of element model, examines the effects of changes in boundary conditions, and demonstrates how remodeling decisions affect the curve. Data from the element tests identify nastran's quad 4 model as “well behaved” for rectangles and not well behaved for parallelograms. Data from analyses of the effect of boundary conditions on the convergence curve prove that oscillatory convergence can occur with mixed conditions. The strategy of remeshing proves capable of destroying convergence monotonicity ensured by well-behaved element models and boundary conditions.