cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A relative verb for Spoken French: The missing link

The morphosyntactic status of the French ‘subject clitics’ has long generated controversy within many schools of linguistics. Absent from this discussion, however, has been the status of the interrogative/relative pronoun qui, ‘who.’ When the tokens of qui in a corpus of French conversation are subjected to a series of tests designed to assess the degree to which it is analytic or synthetic (Schwegler, 1990; see also Zwicky and Pullum, 1983), the results suggest that we have missed a key member of the paradigm. Not only have the ‘subject clitics’ become affixes, creating a prefixally inflected verb paradigm and ensuing pro-drop typology through subject cycle renewal, but the interrogative/relative pronoun qui seems to be following suite. It seems to have split into a free interrogative pronoun, Qui? ‘Who?,’ and a bound morpheme, i.e., an inflectional prefix, 3REL-V, that occurs on the finite verb in subject relative clauses, e.g., cleft constructions, where it distinguishes discourse-new from discourse-accessible information found in main clauses and bearing a different inflectional prefix, il-V. These findings have important implications for our understanding of how grammar, discourse, and prescriptive factors intersect, as learners reanalyze the input in abductively innovative ways influencing the course of language change (Andersen, 1973).
Engagement and higher order skill proficiency of students completing a medical physiology course in three diverse learning environments

The primary aim of this study was to determine whether levels of student engagement, higher order skill proficiency, and knowledge acquisition demonstrated by medical students would differ when com...
A comparative study of product usability and ergonomic assessment of server lifts

This paper provides an overview of the process of evaluating competing products from the perspectives of human factors and ergonomics, safety considerations, overall usability, and design characteristics. The project was conducted by faculty and students at a major university in U.S. and the product in question was a lift that is used for installation of servers in data centers. We conducted an in-depth study of three competing products on the basis of a series of criteria that were determined before the project was started. We developed a methodology for observation, testing and evaluation for the products, and in this paper, we will discuss the results of our study. In addition to the analysis, we also created a series of design recommendations for product development that built upon our findings. While this paper focuses on the specific case study of server lifts, the learnings from this study could have wide applications in terms of the methodology of how to evaluate the competitive products, how to develop test regimens, how to conduct observations to test usability, how to conduct analysis, and how to make recommendations. While there is a clear impact of this study in industry, it can also have value in education in helping students understand how to test competitive products, and how to learn from the testing to design their products for the future.
Freud and the history of empathy.

Empathy (Einfuhlung) has a long history in aesthetics, psychology and psychoanalysis, and plays a greater role in Freud's thinking than readers of the Standard Edition realise. Coined by Robert Vischer in 1873, Einfuhlung originally designates the projection of human feeling on to the natural world. For a quarter of a century the term remains at the centre of psychological aesthetics before Theodor Lipps, a philosopher admired by Freud for 40 years, transfers it to psychology in an attempt to explain how we discover that other people have selves. Freud's conception of Einfuhlung, first developed in 'Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious' (1905), remains heavily intellectual throughout his career; he views it as the process that allows us to understand others by putting ourselves in their place. Although the Standard Edition never translates Einfuhlung as 'empathy' in a clinical context, Freud regards it as essential for establishing the rapport between patient and analyst that makes interpretation possible. This paper traces the history of Einfuhlung from aesthetics and psychology to Freud and his contemporaries.
Membranes and the Coordination of Cellular Activities

As chairman of the first session of this symposium, I will take the liberty of making my remarks on the entire Symposium, rather than only with regard to the topic of membrane structure and biochemistry, which will be treated by the speakers immediately to follow. It goes without saying that the more we know about membrane structure and biosynthesis, the better we will be able to interpret the membrane’s regulatory roles, for the units of explanation will eventually be the units of membrane structure.
Equality and Environmental Sustainability in Agricultural Societies

A discussion of agricultural societies is useful, in the context of this volume, for several reasons. First, in terms of the themes of this book-environmental sustainability and social equality--the agrarian way of life represents in many ways an intermediate step between hunter-gatherers and urban industrial societies. Second, one of the founders of the school of bioeconomics, Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, has made major contributions to the economic analysis of peasants. Georgescu-Roegen’s bioeconomics may be traced to his understanding of peasant societies. He has written extensively about peasant economic organization in terms of the broad themes of equality and environmental sustainability. Third, examination of the difficulties encountered in the application of neoclassical theory to peasant economic organization can illuminate some of the limitations of the standard economic approach from an ecological perspective. Finally, in today’s global economy we have many examples of the effect of the growth of markets on traditional societies. A look at how markets affect social relationships and the use of natural resources in these societies can illuminate some of the environmental and social changes taking place in developed market economies.
Trattamento post-operatorio

Il lungo intervento e terminato e a voi non resta che assaporare la dolce “euforia” e l’esultanza del post-operatorio. Ma poco dopo, appena i livelli delle endorfine iniziano a diminuire, cominciate a preoccuparvi dell’esito. Ed infatti dovete preoccuparvi, perche l’attitudine da macho arcisicuro e l’ingrediente principale per un disastro. Non e nostra intenzione intavolare una discussione dettagliata sul trattamento post-operatorio o scrivere un nuovo manuale di terapia intensiva chirurgica. Vogliamo soltanto condividere con voi alcuni concetti di base che potrebbero essere dimenticati, affogati in un mare di nuove tecnologie e di espedienti. Ecco alcuni “comandamenti” pratici del trattamento post-operatorio.
Antitrust Enforcement for the 21st Century

Market competition is faltering in important parts of the U.S. economy. Measures commonly used by economists to evaluate firm-level economic performance now indicate that many firms have market pow...
Using microbiome tools for estimating the postmortem interval

Abstract Estimating the postmortem interval (PMI) of human remains is important in criminal investigations. Microbes play an important role in the process of decomposition and can provide clues about the time elapsed since death. Host-associated and environmental microbial communities have been shown to undergo succession in a predictable, clock-like manner during decomposition. High-throughput DNA sequencing can be used to inexpensively and rapidly track these microbial community shifts, and machine learning techniques can use these data to develop predictive models. In this chapter, we discuss the development of a microbial clock for estimating PMI, as well as remaining knowledge gaps and hurdles to technology adoption.
Damage assessment from earthquake records

ABSTRACT The correlation between the variation of the fundamental period of vibration of a structure during an earthquake and the damage that the structure undergoes is investigated. The variation of the fundamental period can give qualitative and quantitative information for the detection and the assessment of damage during earthquakes. A time varying model of the structure, based on modal analysis, is used. The parameters are estimated using maximum likelihood techniques. Several buildings, with different degrees of damage, are examined.
Rheological Changes During Sol-Gel Transition of Pectin-Sucrose/Fructose Dispersions

Frequency sweeps over 20–40°C revealed weak-gel behavior of the pectin gels. At 20°C, during sol-gel transition, both G′ and G″ increased with time, rapidly in the initial stages and slowly later. Pectin gels made with sucrose showed higher G′ than those made with fructose. Structure development rates during 24 h were higher initially.
Status of internal communication research in public relations: An analysis of published articles in nine scholarly journals from 1970 to 2019

Abstract This study aims to examine the trends of internal communication research through a quantitative content analysis of published articles in public relations and other communication journals. Research topics, theoretical frameworks, methodology, and authorship information were analyzed using 223 articles. Results indicate that internal communication research in public relations scholarships has exponentially increased since 2011. Research topics on internal communication have diversified since 2000, from descriptive studies illustrating internal communication practices to a variety of relevant phenomena on employee and organizational outcomes. Public relations theories, such as organization–public relationship and symmetrical communication, have been frequently applied in internal communication research. In terms of methodology and sample, quantitative and qualitative methods have been equally utilized, and employees from multiple organizations were frequently used as a type of sample in a large portion of research works. The most productive researchers and institutions of internal communication research in public relations were also identified. Implications for ongoing internal communication research in public relations disciplines are discussed. To address the limitations of the current study, future studies should incorporate an interdisciplinary and a global perspective.
Fecundity and Seed Dormancy Variation Within and Among Echinochloa Species

The Echinochloa genus contains two of the world’s top five worst weeds. The persistence and 16 weediness of Echinochloa spp. are partly due to its seed longevity and variable seed dormancy. 17 In the USA, specifically in Arkansas, multiple species infest the same field in many cases. 18 Persistence could vary across species and dormancy affects infestation level. Studies were 19 conducted to evaluate the seed production potential and dormancy of Echinochloa species in the 20 State. Ninety-four accessions were characterized in a common garden in Fayetteville, Arkansas, 21 USA. The species were Echinochloa colona (L.) Link, E. crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv, E. muricata P. 22 Beauv and E. walteri (Pursh). Only one accession was identified as E. walteri and was excluded 23 from data analysis. Seeds were after-ripened for six months at room temperature and germinated 24 at 32 °C day/ 23 °C night with 12-h daylength. Germination was monitored for 14 d. The 25 Echinochloa species in Arkansas were predominantly E. colona (78%). E. colona had the highest 26 seed production and the lowest seed dormancy among species. Dormancy within each species 27 varied greatly, especially for E. colona, with a germination capacity (GC) of 41-99%. Only 2.7% 28 of 73 E. colona accessions were dormant. E. crus-galli had 56-79% GC; 33% of the accessions 29 were dormant. E. muricata had 2-39% germination, with all accessions considered dormant. E. 30 colona had the highest fecundity, with 72,973 seeds per plant. This was 2.3- and 2.6x higher than 31 that of E. crus-galli and E. muricata, respectively. High seed production and high germination 32 capacity must have contributed to the dominance of E. colona among other Echinochloa species. 33 E. muricata is expected to persist longer in the soil seedbank compared to E. colona and E. crus-34 galli. Seed production, dormancy and longevity will affect interspecies population dynamics in 35 response to management tactics.
Efficient enrollments using high tuition-high aid

Abstract The goal of high tuition-high aid is to charge high-pay residents the nonresident tuition net of the state subsidy to support low-income residents. This approach often ignores differences in program costs and presumes the state appropriation will not react. Here tuition and subsidy structures are developed as rules in a welfare-maximization framework. Once fixed costs are accommodated, low-pay resident enrollments can be admitted at marginal cost, thereby achieving efficient enrollments. The models are applied to Penn State University, where it is shown that high tuition-high aid can approximate actual tuition policy, accommodate enrollments of low-income students, and increase total welfare.
Treatment for diabetic peripheral neuropathy: What have we learned from animal models?

Introduction Animal models have been widely used to investigate the etiology and potential treatments for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. What we have learned from these studies and the extent that this information has been adaptable to the human condition will be the subject of this review article. Methods A comprehensive search of the PubMed database was performed, and relevant articles on the topic were included in this review. Results Extensive study of diabetic animal models has shown that the etiology of diabetic peripheral neuropathy is complex, with multiple mechanisms affecting neurons, Schwann cells, and the microvasculature all contributing to the phenotypic nature of this most common complication of diabetes. Moreover, animal studies have demonstrated that the mechanisms related to peripheral neuropathy occurring in type 1 and type 2 diabetes are likely different, with hyperglycemia being the primary factor for neuropathology in type 1 diabetes and contributing to a lesser extent in type 2 diabetes, where insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and other factors may have a greater role. Two of the earliest mechanisms described from animal studies as a cause for diabetic peripheral neuropathy were the activation of the aldose reductase pathway and increased non-enzymatic glycation. However, continuing research has identified numerous other potential factors that may contribute to diabetic peripheral neuropathy, including; oxidative and inflammatory stress, dysregulation of protein kinase C and hexosamine pathways, and decreased neurotrophic support. In addition, recent studies have demonstrated that peripheral neuropathy-like symptoms are present in animal models representing pre-diabetes in the absence of hyperglycemia. Conclusions This complexity complicates the identification of successful treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and has likely been a factor in the poor outcome of translating successful treatments from animal studies to human clinical trials.
The Utilization of an Opioid-Free Anesthetic for Pediatric Circumcision in an Ambulatory Surgery Center

Circumcision is one of the most common urologic procedures performed at pediatric ambulatory centers. Emerging data on the short- and long-term effects of perioperative opioid administration has highlighted the importance of an opioid-free anesthetic regimen. We sought to evaluate the effectiveness of an opioid-free anesthetic in pediatric circumcision and its correlation with ambulatory surgery center efficiency. Patients, 3 years of age and younger, who underwent circumcision or circumcision revision by two surgeons pre and post introduction of an opioid-free anesthetic fast-track regimen at an outpatient surgical center were included. There were 100 patients included in this analysis, with 50 patients in each cohort. On univariate analysis, fast-tracking was associated with a decrease in median combined in-room and post-anesthesia care unit times (102.5 vs. 129.0 min, p-value < 0.001). This difference continued after multivariable analysis with an adjusted median combined in-room and post-anesthesia care unit time difference of −15.6 min (95% CI −34.2 to −12.7 min, p-value 0.018). In addition, the fast-track cohort received less intraoperative morphine equivalents without an increase in post-operative analgesic administration or change in postoperative questionnaire score. This demonstrates that opioid-free anesthesia may be used effectively in pediatric circumcision while also allowing for significant time savings for surgical centers.
Determining Gene Function in Boolean Networks using SAT

There are many instances where the circuit topology of the GRN is known, but the logic function of each node in this topology is not. In addition, a number N of measurements on the gene expression states of the GRN are given or are known. Using this information, this chapter will derive SAT based algorithms which yield the logic of every node in the GRN so that the N gene expression measurements and topology are satisfied. If N is too small, then a multitude of GRNs may satisfy the observed behavior, yielding a reduced certainty in the final result due to lack of data. We will also study the behavior of the number of satisfying GRNs with respect to the number of observations N.
The Films of Federico Fellini: La strada : The Cinema of Poetry and the Road beyond Neorealism

With the astounding international success of Roma, citta aperta ( Open City , 1945) by Roberto Rossellini (1906–77), war-weary Europe and America encountered what was considered to be a new cinematic aesthetic, Italian neorealism. In a very brief space of time (no more than a decade), a number of relatively inexpensive films were exported from Italy and were greeted abroad (although not always within Italy itself) with great critical acclaim. Besides the work of Rossellini (especially Roma, citta aperta and Paisa [ Paisan , 1946]), the neorealist moment in cinematic history was advanced by major works such as Sciuscia ( Shoeshine , 1946), Ladri di biciclette ( The Bicycle Thief , 1948), and Umberto D . (1951) by Vittorio De Sica (1901–74); La terra trema (1948) by Luchino Visconti (1906–76); Riso amaro ( Bitter Rice , 1948) by Giuseppe De Santis (1917–97); Without Pity ( Senza pieta , 1948) by Alberto Lattuada (1914–); and Il cammino della speranza ( The Path of Hope , 1950) by Pietro Germi (1914–74). Film critics and directors of the period who praised such works believed that the Italian neorealists were moving cinema away from the Hollywood “dream factory” toward the actual streets and squares of war-torn Europe. In their view, Italian neorealism represented a victory for social realism over fiction and fantasy. Those critics and professionals who supported the production of neorealist films and a fresh view of Italian life in the cinema believed that cinema should stress social context, a sense of historical immediacy, political commitment to progressive social change, and an anti-Fascist ideology.
Next-generation sequencing reveals rare genomic alterations in aggressive digital papillary adenocarcinoma

Aggressive digital papillary adenocarcinoma (ADPA) is a rare cutaneous adnexal neoplasm that occurs on the fingers, toes, palms, and soles. It is characterized by aggressive biological behavior, with a relatively high potential for local recurrence (30%-40% of cases) and distant metastasis (up to 14%). This retrospective study assessed the mutation status of ADPA lesions to identify possible therapeutic targets. We performed comprehensive genomic profiling of 9 ADPA cases that had been identified in our database. We identified a BRAF-V600E (BRAF c.1799T>A p.V600E) mutation in 1 patient (11%). Complete surgical excision is the treatment of choice for ADPA; however, there are no uniform diagnostic guidelines or recognized effective treatments for metastasis, and no therapeutic targets have been identified. Targeted therapy may be a treatment option for patients with metastatic ADPA if a relevant oncogene mutation is identified. Further studies with a larger sample size are required to confirm our findings and identify more molecular mechanisms.
Thermal Conductivity, Diffusivity and Expansion of Avery Island Salt at Pressure and Temperature

Preliminary data on the thermal properties of a coarse-grained rock salt from Avery Island, Louisiana, indicate that hydrostatic pressure to 50 MPa has little effect on the thermal conductivity, diffusivity and linear expansion at temperatures from 300 to 573 K. The measurements were made in a new apparatus under conditions of true hydrostatic loading. At room temperature and effective confining pressure increasing from 10 to 50 MPa, thermal conductivity and diffusivity are constant at roughly 7 W/mK and 3.6 × 10−6 m2/s, respectively. At 50 MPa and temperature increasing from 300 to 573 K, both conductivity and diffusivity drop by a factor of 2. Thermal linear expansion at 0 MPa matches that at 50 MPa, increasing from roughly 4.2 × 10−5/K at 300 K to 5.5 × 10−5/K at 573 K. The lack of a pressure effect on all three properties is confirmed by previous work. Simple models of microcracking suggest that among common geological materials the lack of pressure dependence is unique to rock salt.
An Examination of the Relationship between Interest Rates and Home Prices in a Monocentric Housing Market

Housing markets are sensitive to the appropriately measured cost of capital. Decreases in the real interest rate lead to decreases in the rental value of housing for households and increases in the value price of housing for developers. Prior evidence suggests factor shares to land and capital vary systematically within a monocentric urban area. Allowing the factor shares to vary spatially in the traditional Muth and Mills housing models enables the relationship between interest rates and housing value prices to be modeled and tested with respect to distance from the Central Business District.
Solving for the X: Aspirations and Expectations of College Students

We questioned if there is a set of values and goals that distinguish Generation X individuals by asking 462 college students in four institutions to think ahead ten years, and rate the importance of success in various life domains to their future satisfaction. We also asked them to indicate obstacles, if any, that might prove to be barriers as they sought their life goals. As predicted, there was considerable value consensus across race, gender, and social class categories, and little to suggest that Generation X college students differ from preceding generations in their core concerns; for example, women students attached greater importance than men to attaining family goals, but men and women students did not differ in the importance they attached to economic success. Unexpectedly, we found that students of color rated economic success as more important than did white students. Women students of both races, and minority students of both genders, anticipated discrimination as a likely future obstacle. Contrary to the popular assumption of Generation X alienation, most students thought it likely that they would achieve their life goals, although students whose parents were less well-educated expressed concern that difficulties with “connections,” money, and getting the right education might impede their future success. Despite the general optimism of the youths we studied, we found no correlation between college academic performance as measured by grade point average, and the importance attached to future material success, suggesting that their hopes for the future may not be founded on present effort and accomplishment.
The orisome: structure and function.

During the cell division cycle of all bacteria, DNA-protein complexes termed orisomes trigger the onset of chromosome duplication. Orisome assembly is both staged and stringently regulated to ensure that DNA synthesis begins at a precise time and only once at each origin per cycle. Orisomes comprise multiple copies of the initiator protein DnaA, which oligomerizes after interacting with specifically positioned recognition sites in the unique chromosomal replication origin, oriC. Since DnaA is highly conserved, it is logical to expect that all bacterial orisomes will share fundamental attributes. Indeed, although mechanistic details remain to be determined, all bacterial orisomes are capable of unwinding oriC DNA and assisting with loading of DNA helicase onto the single-strands. However, comparative analysis of oriCs reveals that the arrangement and number of DnaA recognition sites is surprisingly variable among bacterial types, suggesting there are many paths to produce functional orisome complexes. Fundamental questions exist about why these different paths exist and which features of orisomes must be shared among diverse bacterial types. In this review we present the current understanding of orisome assembly and function in E. coli and compare the replication origins among the related members of the Gammaproteobacteria. From this information we propose that the diversity in orisome assembly reflects both the requirement to regulate the conformation of origin DNA as well as to provide an appropriate cell cycle timing mechanism that reflects the lifestyle of the bacteria. We suggest that identification of shared steps in orisome assembly may reveal particularly good targets for new antibiotics.
Development of quality control procedures for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

A standardized pool of human sera that was positive for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antibody was developed. This positive control serum was used to analyze test differences among eight laboratories, among the HIV-1 antibody test kits of three different manufacturers, among different lots of the same test kit, and among pipetting devices and techniques. The standardized pool of human sera was tested 327 times by the different laboratories. In terms of positive tests, a reproducibility of 99.69% was achieved; however, significant test variance among laboratories, among test kit lots, and among pipetting devices and techniques could be demonstrated if the tests were compared on the basis of the net positive optical density (OD) value. This value was calculated by subtracting the cutoff OD value (i.e., the value below which an OD value was considered negative for HIV-1 antibody) from the observed OD value of the standardized pool of human sera. The results obtained suggest that this strategy can be used for proficiency testing, for monitoring the quality of HIV-1 antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reagents, and for evaluating pipetting devices and techniques.
The Strategy of Territorial Conflict

Many empirical studies have found that disputes over territory are central to the outbreak and intensity of the majority of interstate military conflict. However, the existing literature lacks an explicit theoretical link between the role territory plays in disputes and the outbreak of violence as well as an exploration of how the control of territory is related to conventional military capabilities. This article demonstrates that the targets of territorial claims can consolidate their control over disputed territory to improve their ability to fight effectively on it. The empirical analysis suggests that when territory is strategically located, target states are more likely to consolidate their position, while challenger states are less likely to escalate militarily. Furthermore, when the presence of territorial characteristics such as strategic location makes consolidation an effective strategy, target states are increasingly likely to consolidate as they face stronger opponents.
A rechargeable aluminum-ion battery utilizing a copper hexacyanoferrate cathode in an organic electrolyte

Reversible aluminum intercalation/deintercalation from an organic electrolyte into copper hexacyanoferrate is presented. Evidence suggest that an aluminum-solute complex is the intercalating species. The system shows initial discharge capacities as high as 60 mA h g(-1) and reversible capacities between 5 and 14 mA h g(-1), with capacity typically fading after 10 to 15 cycles.
The Psychology of Expertise: Cognitive Research and Empirical AI

Experts, who were the sole active dispensers of certain kinds of knowledge in the days before A1, have now often assumed a rather passive role. They relay their knowledge to various novices, knowledge engineers, experimental psychologists or cognitivists - or other experts - involved in the development and understanding of expert systems. This book aims to achieve a balance between experimentalists and theoreticians who deal with expertise. It tries to establish the benefits to society of an advanced technology for representing and disseminating the knowledge and skills of the best corporate managers, the most seasoned pilots, and the most renowned medical diagnosticians. This book interests psychologists as well as all those out in the trenches developing expert systems, and everyone pondering the nature of expertise and the question of how it can be studied scientifically.
PHOTON-HADRON CORRELATIONS IN $\sqrt{^SNN} = 200\ {\rm GeV/c}$ COLLISIONS WITH THE PHENIX DETECTOR

The yield of charged hadrons at intermediate pT (2-5 GeV/c) on the away-side of a high pT hadron trigger is known to be suppressed in central relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The mechanism by which the jet opposite the trigger has its redistributed is not yet fully understood. Although rarer than dijets, direct photon-jet pairs may provide additional constraints on parton energy loss models. The benefits of direct photon triggers are two-fold. In contrast to dijet systems where the jet energy is known only after full jet reconstruction, the direct photon carries approximately the full energy of the jet. Also, the trigger photons do not suffer from the same geometrical bias that causes high pT hadrons from jets to be produced predominately near the surface of the collision region. This poster discusses the method by which the direct photon correlation signal can be separated from the decay photon correlation signal. We present the results of two particle correlation studies of charged hadrons associated with high pT photon triggers in p−p collisions. The results are compared to data from Au−Au collisions and expectations from the PYTHIA event generator.
Towards a New Termination Checker for the Coq Proof Assistant

Abstract Modern societies rely on software applications for performing many critical tasks. As this trend is increasing, so it is the necessity to develop cost-effective methods of writing software that ensure that essential safety and security requirements are met. In this context, dependent type theories are recently gaining adoption as a valid tool for performing formal verification of software. The focus of this work is Coq, a proof assistant based on a dependent type theory called the Calculus of Inductive Constructions. Developed at INRIA (France) for over 20 years, it is arguably one of the most successful proof assistant to this date. It has been used in several real-world large-scale projects such as the formalization of a verification framework for the Java Virtual Machine, a proof of the Four Color Theorem, and a formally verified compiler for the C programming language (project Compcert). Coq is both a proof assistant and a programming language. To ensure soundness of the formal verification a...
On How to Build a Moral Machine

Herein we make a plea to machine ethicists for the inclusion of constraints on their theories consistent with empirical data on human moral cognition. As philosophers, we clearly lack widely accepted solutions to issues regarding the existence of free will, the nature of persons and firm conditions on moral agency/patienthood; all of which are indispensable concepts to be deployed by any machine able to make moral judgments. No agreement seems forthcoming on these matters, and we don’t hold out hope for machines that can both always do the right thing (on some general ethic) and produce explanations for its behavior that would be understandable to a human confederate. Our tentative solution involves understanding the folk concepts associated with our moral intuitions regarding these matters, and how they might be dependent upon the nature of human cognitive architecture. It is in this spirit that we begin to explore the complexities inherent in human moral judgment via computational theories of the human cognitive architecture, rather than under the extreme constraints imposed by rational-actor models assumed throughout much of the literature on philosophical ethics. After discussing the various advantages and challenges of taking this particular perspective on the development of artificial moral agents, we computationally explore a case study of human intuitions about the self and causal responsibility. We hypothesize that a significant portion of the variance in reported intuitions for this case might be explained by appeal to an interplay between the human ability to mindread and to the way that knowledge is organized conceptually in the cognitive system. In the present paper, we build on a pre-existing computational model of mindreading (Bello et al. 2007) by adding constraints related to psychological distance (Trope and Liberman 2010), a well-established psychological theory of conceptual organization. Our initial results suggest that studies of folk concepts involved in moral intuitions lead us to an enriched understanding of cognitive architecture and a more systematic method for interpreting the data generated by such studies.
Convergence of discrete approximations to optimization problems of neutral functional–differential inclusions

Abstract This paper deals with the convergence of discrete approximations to the optimization problem ( P ) for a neutral functional–differential inclusion subject to general endpoint constraints. In the first part of the paper, discrete approximations to the neutral functional–differential inclusion are constructed using Euler finite difference methods and the convergence of discrete approximations is proved. In the second part of the paper, a family of discrete optimization problems ( P N ) to ( P ) is provided and the strong convergence of optimal solutions for ( P N ) to the optimal solution of ( P ) is discussed.
Heat flux management via advanced magnetic divertor configurations and divertor detachment

Abstract The snowflake divertor (SFD) control and detachment control to manage the heat flux at the divertor are successfully demonstrated at DIII-D. Results of the development and implementation of these two heat flux reduction control methods are presented. The SFD control algorithm calculates the position of the two null-points in real-time and controls shaping coil currents to achieve and stabilize various snowflake configurations. Detachment control stabilizes the detachment front fixed at specified distance between the strike point and the X-point throughout the shot.
Dynamics of spin vortices in two-dimensional planar magnets

We investigate the dynamics of a dilute gas of free spin vortices in a two-dimensional planar magnet. An equation of motion for the spin vortex is presented and compared with the corresponding equation for a vortex in a superfluid film. Exploiting a similar analogy with the dynamics of a two-dimensional plasma in a perpendicular magnetic field we calculate the mean-square vortex velocity and the vortex self-diffusion constant in the critical region above the phase transition. When combined with equations obtained previously for the spin-autocorrelation functions, our results provide an approximate description of the vortex contribution to the critical dynamics outside of the hydrodynamic regime.
Passwords and interfaces: towards creating stronger passwords by using mobile phone handsets

Entering a password on a mobile phone requires more effort than entering it on a PC keyboard, especially when using capital letters, digits, and special characters that are considered important for strong passwords. In this study, we examine how these factors affect the construction of passwords on input-constrained devices such as mobile phones. We conducted a between-group experiment with 72 students from the University of Texas at Arlington (UTA), in which we asked the participants to construct new passwords using PC keyboards and mobile phones with different keypad layouts. Passwords constructed by using PC keyboards were stronger than those constructed by touchscreen keypads. Surprisingly, passwords that were constructed by mobile phones with physical keyboards were stronger than those constructed by PC keyboards. We also designed a custom layout for the touchscreen keypad that offers a more convenient method of typing digits and some special characters. Our results show that this custom layout helped the participants to construct stronger passwords on mobile phones. To address an alternative explanation for better performance of the physical keyboard and custom layout groups, we designed a second experiment by removing the potential bias effects of the first experiment. The results of this within-group experiment confirm that if users are presented with a more convenient method of entering digits and special characters on mobile handsets, they take advantage of it to construct stronger passwords. The results also supplement our finding regarding password construction and user engagement from the first experiment and highlight an important design consideration about password construction pages for mobile versions of websites.
Is the anticonvulsant effect of substantia nigra infusion of gamma-vinyl-GABA (GVG) mediated by the GABAA receptor in rat pups?

Abstract The substantia nigra GABAergic system is considered important for the modification of seizures. Our previous studies have shown that, in rat pups, nigral infusions of baclofen suppressed flurothyl-induced seizures. In the present study, we determined, in rat pups, the effect of nigral infusions of γ-vinyl-GABA (GVG) on clonic-tonic seizures induced by flurothyl, generated a dose—response curve of the GVG effect and investigated the possible role of the nigral GABA A receptor in mediating the GVG effect. Bilateral nigral infusions of GVG profoundly suppressed flurothyl-induced tonic seizures in a dose-dependent fashion. Flurothyl-induced clonic seizures were not modified. The lowest effective dose of nigral GVG administration was 5 μg/0.25 μl per site. Nigral infusions of GVG at doses greater than 10 μg/0.25 μl induced sedation as well. Infusions of GVG, 2 mm dorsal to the substantia nigra, did not alter seizure latencies. Bilateral nigral infusions of bicuculline, a specific GABA A receptor antagonist, reduced the protective potency of GVG against flurothyl-induced seizures. Nigrally administered muscimol, a GABA A receptor agonist, also attenuated the anticonvulsant effect of GVG. These findings suggest that the optimal dose of nigrally infused GVG against flurothyl-induced seizures is in the range of 5–10 μg/0.25 μl and that GVG may be more efficient as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of tonic seizures in developing animals. The anticonvulsant effect of GVG may, in part, involve the nigral GABA A receptor. The data, together with the previous experiments, indicate that both nigral GABA A and GABA B receptors may play a role in the regulation of seizures in rat pups. The possible mechanisms through which nigrally infused muscimol reduced the action of GVG are discussed.
Software experience with concurrent C and LISP in a distributed system

This paper discusses a software system made possible by the current advances in distributed processing, high-speed computer networks, and concurrent language implementation. The system discussed herein consists of several software layers. At the core of the system lies the UNIX™ operating system. This particular operating system provides an extensible set of communication domains which support communication within one UNIX system as well as within several computers inside a Local Area Network. Concurrent C‡, a concurrent programming language, provides the capability for dynamically creating processes within a set of interconnected computers. The user interface to the system consists of a LISP interpreter written in Concurrent C. The resulting system uses a data-driven mechanism such that processes can start executing once their respective input data becomes available. The system has been used for testing tasks for the real-time robotics vision and for the simulation of large VLSI designs.
EVALUATION OF INSECTICIDES AGAINST SOYBEAN LOOPER ON SOYBEAN, 2000

8002 flat-fan nozzles (2/row). Plots were 50 ft x 4 rows (38-inch centers). Treatments were arranged in an RCB design with four replications. Samples were taken with 25 sweeps/plot using a standard 15-inchdiameter sweep net at 3, 6, and 10 DAT in Tests 1 and 2, 3, and 7 DAT in Test 3. The tests received 0.01 inch of rainfall on 4 Aug and on 9 Aug. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and means separated by DMRT. Pretreatment densities of soybean looper exceeded Louisiana’s action threshold of ³ 38 SBL/25 sweeps). In Test 1, all insecticide treatments significantly reduced SBL densities compared with the untreated check at 3, 6, and 10 DAT. In Test 2, all insecticide treatments significantly reduced SBL populations compared with the untreated check at 3 DAT. Plots treated with Fury had significantly more SBL larvae than all other insecticide treated plots 3 DAT. At 6 DAT, all insecticide treatments, except Fury, significantly reduced SBL densities compared with the untreated check. Plots treated with Fury had significantly more SBL larvae than the untreated plots 10 DAT. In Test 3, all treatments significantly reduced SBL densities compared with the untreated check plots 3 and 7 DAT. Two of the formulated Bt products, Condor XL and Dipel ES, provided control of SBL similar to the standard insecticide, Larvin, 3 and 7 DAT.
The synthesis and characterization of (UCp3)2 (pyrazine) and [U(MeCp)3]2(pyrazine): π-bridged dimers of U3+

Abstract The title compounds are formed by the reaction of U(C 5 H 5 ) 3 (C 4 H 8 O) and U(C 6 H 7 ) 3 (C 4 H 8 O) with pyrazine (C 4 H 4 N 2 ) and characterized by elemental analysis mass, IR, 1 H NMR and electronic spectra, and by X-ray powder patterns. The [U(C 6 H 7 ) 3 ] 2 (C 4 H 4 N 2 ) exhibits anomalous magnetic behaviour that remains under investigation.
Increase of Torsional Stiffness of a Prismatical Bar Due to Axial Tension

The author's theory of elasticity of the second order is being applied to calculate the increase of torsional stiffness of a prismatical bar when an axial tension is initially imposed upon it. It is found that the classical shear stress distribution is not affected by the axial stress. However, an increase of torsional stiffness is produced due to the fact that the boundary condition over the cross section contains not only the shearing stress but also the product of the axial stress by the rotations. This increase of torsional stiffness turns out to be proportional to the polar moment of inertia of the cross section with respect to its center of gravity.
Cerebrovascular Regulation in the Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS)

Patients with the postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) have symptoms of orthostatic intolerance despite having a normal orthostatic blood pressure (BP), which suggests some impairment of cerebrovascular regulation. Cerebrovascular autoregulation refers to the maintenance of normal cerebral blood flow in spite of changing BP. Mechanisms of autoregulation include myogenic, metabolic and neurogenic vasoregulation. Beat-to-beat recording of blood-flow velocity (BFV) is possible using transcranial Doppler imaging. It is possible to evaluate autoregulation by regressing deltaBFV to deltaBP during head-up tilt. A number of dynamic methods, relating deltaBFV to deltaBP during sudden induced changes in BP by occluding then releasing peripheral arterial flow or by the Valsalva maneuver. The deltaBFV to deltaBP provides an index of autoregulation. In orthostatic hypotension, the autoregulated range is typically expanded. In contrast, paradoxical vasoconstriction occurs in POTS because of an increased depth of respiration, resulting in hypocapnic cerebrovascular constriction, and impaired autoregulation.
The development of metabolite transfer between reaggregating Novikoff hepatoma cells

Abstract Direct transfer of [3H]uridine-derived metabolites between reaggregated Novikoff hepatoma cells was monitored autoradiographically over the first 4 h following initial cell contact. The percentage of significantly labeled primary recipients increased progressively over the reaggregation period, reaching a level of more than 90% by 4 h. When reaggregation was promoted by centrifuging the cells on to a polylysine-coated slide, over 50% of the potential recipients became labeled within 15 min. Transfer was contact-dependent, required RNA synthesis in the recipients for detection, was not reduced by excess cold uridine in the medium, and did not occur when L-67 cells were used or recipients. Similar transfer of [3H]hypoxanthine-derived metabolites occurred between HGPRT+ and HGPRT− Novikoff cells reaggregated up to 4 h. By that time, 1:1 cocultures of the two cell types incorporated 29% more hypoxanthine than expected from the number of HGPRT+ cells present, implying a cooperative effect on nucleotide metabolism. The development of metabolite transfer had a time course similar to that reported elsewhere for the formation of gap junctions and for the appearance of junctional permeability to other small molecules between Novikoff cells. We conclude that the labeled metabolites were transferred via newly formed gap junctions.
Cross-layer dynamic spectrum map management framework for white space applications

White space, unused TV spectrum, will be allowed for unlicensed use by wireless communication devices "the so called white space applications (WSAs)." WSAs retrieve a location-based spectrum map, a list of open white space channels, from a spectrum map server and can select one on the list as their operating channel for the broadband Internet access. However, since not only primary users such as TV broadcasting services use white space shortly or longly but also neighboring WSAs do, WSAs need to perform spectrum sensing that determines the occupancy status, either occupied or unoccupied, of white space channels and select one among the unoccupied channels according to the spectrum sensing results. In a conventional spectrum sensing, they can execute unnecessary spectrum sensing on the already occupied channels. This paper proposes a dynamic management framework of white space that extends a spectrum map to contain occupancy information with the assistance of WSAs. Our framework enables WSAs to avoid unnecessary spectrum sensing on the channels that are marked as occupied according to the extended spectrum map. In return for the provision of the spectrum map, a spectrum map server obtains the spectrum sensing results of associated WSAs to update the extended spectrum map about the channel occupancy status. Theoretical analysis indicates that the proposed framework can contribute to shortening the total spectrum sensing time of WSAs by up to 50%.