cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of perceived racism: psychological symptoms among African American boys.

Examined the relations among perceived racism and externalizing symptoms, internalizing symptoms, hopelessness, and self-concept in African American boys (N = 84). The experience of racism is a complex phenomenon that has been found to have negative psychological outcomes in adult studies of African Americans. There has been a gap in the empirical literature regarding the possible associations between perceived racism and children's psychological well-being. This study is an attempt to address that gap. Results demonstrated that experiences of racism were related to self- and parent-reported externalizing symptoms. Personal experiences of racism were related to self-reported internalizing symptoms, lower self-concept, and higher levels of hopelessness. Potential mediators (e.g., trait anger, hostile attribution bias) were analyzed. Additional analyses indicated that trait anger mediated a number of the observed relations between perceived racism and behavioral symptoms. The results of the study suggest that perceived racism is associated with multiple negative correlates for African American boys.
Phase-space calculation of the three-particle decay rate of dtμ and the sudden approximation theory of sticking in muon catalyzed fusion

Abstract Recently Chatterjee questioned the validity of the standard sudden approximation (SA) theory of the initial muon sticking probability ω 0 s by performing a relativistic phase-space calculation and finding a 20% reduction of sticking relative to the standard SA result. We show that at the nonrelativistic level of approximation the phase-space formula of Chatterjee reduces exactly to the SA expression in its complete form, as given by Bogdanova et al. This expression computed by us in the Born-Oppenheimer approximation leads to a reduction of the sticking probability by only 0.28% compared to the standard SA result — in agreement with the qualitative estimate of Bogdanova et al. The accurate relativistic calculation of the relevant phase-space integrals, also performed by us, leads to 0.26% reduction of the sticking probability relative to the standard nonrelativistic SA result.
Estimating fractal dimension of medical images

Box counting (BC) is widely used to estimate the fractal dimension (fd) of medical images on the basis of a finite set of pixel data. The fd is then used as a feature to discriminate between healthy and unhealthy conditions. We show that BC is ineffective when used on small data sets and give examples of published studies in which researchers have obtained contradictory and flawed results by using BC to estimate the fd of data-limited medical images. We present a new method for estimating fd of data-limited medical images. In the new method, fractal interpolation functions (FIFs) are used to generate self-affine models of the underlying image; each model, upon discretization, approximates the original data points. The fd of each FIF is analytically evaluated. The mean of the fds of the FIFs is the estimate of the fd of the original data. The standard deviation of the fds of the FIFs is a confidence measure of the estimate. The goodness-of-fit of the discretized models to the original data is a measure of self-affinity of the original data. In a test case, the new method generated a stable estimate of fd of a rib edge in a standard chest x-ray; box counting failed to generate a meaningful estimate of the same image.
mer-[MCl3(Me2pzH)3] (M = Rh, Ir; Me2pzH = 3,5-dimethylpyrazole): X-ray structures, spectroscopic properties, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations

Abstract The complexes mer-[MCl3(Me2pzH)3] · CH3OH (M = Rh, Ir; Me2pzH = 3,5-dimethylpyrazole) have been characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, and ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopies, and by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out for mer-[IrCl3(Me2pzH)3] with the point group constrained as Cs and with the point group unconstrained (C1). Both DFT-calculated molecular structures compare very well with the actual X-ray structure, and the calculated infrared spectrum, with Cs symmetry, closely resembles the actual infrared spectrum of mer-[IrCl3(Me2pzH)3] · CH3OH. The observed H → L electronic transition occurs at 471 nm in mer-[IrCl3(Me2pzH)3]. (The H orbital is the highest occupied molecular orbital, and the L orbital is the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital.) The H → L transition is calculated to occur at 470 nm with Cs symmetry, and at 485 nm with C1 symmetry.
Miniature Control Moment Gyroscope development

Honeybee Robotics Spacecraft Mechanisms Corporation has developed a Control Moment Gyroscope product suitable for small spacecraft. Each individual CMG exhibits a nominal angular momentum of 56 mNm-s with a peak of 86 mNm-s, and corresponding output torques of 112 mNm and 172 mNm respectively. Each unit measures 48 × 48 × 91 mm and weighs 600 grams. The control electronics are capable of driving 4 CMGs and executing a steering law to synthesize individual actuator commands from a torque triple or torque quaternion command. The industry will see an increasing role in the near future for small satellites in the 20–100 kg size range. We frame the CMG array capability by presenting a baseline application - using the Coral Reef Ecosystem Spectro-Photometric Observatory (CRESPO) mission concept (100 kg satellite) combined with requirements for the Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO) on the International Space Station. We show how a small CMG array is capable of the representative slew maneuvers by exceeding the necessary slew rates of 0.75 deg/s for a “Soak and Shoot” flight plan, with maximum slew rates in excess of 1.5 deg/s. This paper will discuss the demonstrated performance of the system, including environmental test results, and the baseline application.
Machiavellianism and Individual Differences in Response to Cognitive Inconsistency

(1971). Machiavellianism and Individual Differences in Response to Cognitive Inconsistency. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 85, No. 1, pp. 111-119.
Importance of hypolimnetic cycling in aging of “new” mercury in a northern temperate lake

The aging of "new" mercury (Hg) was investigated in Experimental Lake 658 as part of the Mercury Experiment To Assess Atmospheric Loading In Canada and the United States (METAALICUS). Mercury enriched in (202)Hg was added to the epilimnion over a three-year period to simulate direct atmospheric deposition. We evaluated the aging of newly added mercury (HgLake) in the water column using chemical methods and experiments to examine differences in phase partitioning and transport compared to the ambient pool, HgAmb. Aging was sufficiently slow to observe differences in the partitioning characteristics of HgLake and HgAmb. Amended HgLake initially partitioned to a greater extent to epilimnetic particulate matter (log Kd of HgLake=5.08; log Kd of HgAmb=4.9). HgLake was transported rapidly to the hypolimnion by settling particulate matter. Partitioning became more similar after amended Hg was recycled within the hypolimnion through redox processes. Experiments showed the removal of Hg from the aqueous phase by Fe and/or Mn oxyhydroxide-organic matter complexes. Separations using the anion exchange resin DEAE indicated that both HgLake and HgAmb were associated mainly with dissolved organic matter (DOM) and with partial association with sulfide in anoxic waters, but the degree of association of HgLake with DOM was higher in oxic (epilimnetic) waters. In the solid phase, chemical fractionation indicated greater association of HgLake with organic matter, while HgAmb showed greater association with oxyhydroxide and inert phases. Overall, the results suggest that "new" Hg added from the atmosphere is initially more particle-reactive than ambient Hg in the epilimnion, where initial sorption/partitioning occurs mainly to plankton and detrital particles. Once Hg has been deposited at the sediment-water interface, extended equilibration time in combination with microbial and chemical redox processes "age" the "new" Hg, and particle partitioning becomes similar for the added isotope and ambient pools.
Error Bounds for Solving Pseudodifferential Equations on Spheres by Collocation with Zonal Kernels

The problem of solving pseudodifferential equations on spheres by collocation with zonal kernels is considered and bounds for the approximation error are established. The bounds are given in terms of the maximum separation distance of the collocation points, the order of the pseudodifferential operator, and the smoothness of the employed zonal kernel. A by-product of the results is an improvement on the previously known convergence order estimates for Lagrange interpolation.
The cholinergic pharmacology of the frog saccule

Stimulation of the efferent nerves to the vestibular organs of the frog's inner ear produces either facilitation or inhibition of afferent firing. Similarly, application of acetylcholine (ACH), the major transmitter of the efferents, can produce both facilitation and/or inhibition as previously reported [Guth et al. (1986) Acta Otolaryngol. 102, 194-204; Norris et al. (1988) Hear. Res. 32, 197-206]. The firing rates of afferent neurons of the semicircular canal (SCC) using multiunit recordings are generally facilitated by ACH. Conversely, the firing rates of afferent units innervating the saccule are generally inhibited by ACH. This latter inhibition is antagonized by strychnine more potently than by curare, which is more potent than atropine. When inhibition is antagonized by strychnine or curare an underlying facilitation is revealed. The inhibition of saccular afferents by ACH shows desensitization requiring about 20 min to recover. The ACH-induced inhibition is mimicked by nicotine at very high concentrations but not by dimethyl phenylpiperazinium or cytisine. The fact that multiunit afferent firing from the SCC is generally facilitated while that from the saccule is generally inhibited by ACH suggests a different distribution of ACH receptors and receptor types (i.e. muscarinic or nicotinic and their subtypes) in the two organs and demonstrates the usefulness of recording from multiple units simultaneously. The difference in distribution of ACH receptors may be important for understanding the physiology of vestibular efferents.
Frequency Variations of Current-Amplification Factor for Junction Transistors

In a grounded-emitter or grounded-collector connection of a junction transistor, the effective current amplification is proportional to the factor (1-?)-1, where ? is the current-amplification factor of the transistor. As a result of the phase shift associated with a, the magnitude of (1-?)-1 decreases rapidly with increasing frequency. It is shown that the magnitude of (1-?)-1 is 3 db below its low-frequency value at a frequency of the order of magnitude of (1-?0) times the frequency at which the magnitude of ? alone has decreased 3 db below its low-frequency value of ?0. In addition, experimental results of measurements of phase and amplitude characteristics of ? as a function of frequency for several fused-impurity p-n-p junction transistors are presented and are compared with the variation of ? with frequency calculated in accordance with the theory of Shockley, et al.
Heme: a regulator of rat hepatic tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase?

The hepatic cytosolic hemoprotein tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) is the rate-limiting enzyme in tryptophan catabolism and thus plays a key role in regulating the physiological flux of tryptophan into relevant metabolic pathways. The TDO protein is induced by corticosteroids such as dexamethasone (DEX) and is stabilized by its prosthetic heme. In rats, acute chemically induced hepatic heme depletion reduces the functional hepatic TDO levels to 25–30% of basal levels within 1 h, and this decrease persists beyond 28 h of heme depletion at which time only 25–30% of the protein is available for heme incorporation. Since this could stem from impaired de novo synthesis and/or instability of the newly synthesized apoTDO protein in the absence of heme, we examined the specific role of heme in these events in a previously validated rat model of acute hepatic heme depletion triggered by the P450 suicide substrate 3,5-dicarbethoxy 2,6-dimethyl-4-ethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine. We now show that exogenous heme can reverse the functional impairment of the enzyme observed during hepatic heme depletion and fully restore the impaired DEX-mediated induction of the enzyme to normal. Furthermore, through Northern/slot blot analyses coupled with nuclear run-on studies, we now document that this heme regulation of TDO is exerted primarily at the transcriptional level. Immunoblotting analyses also reveal corresponding changes in the TDO protein, thereby establishing that heme is necessary for DEX-inducible TDO mRNA transcription and subsequent translation. Thus, the TDO gene may contain heme-regulatory elements in addition to the reported glucocorticoid-responsive elements. Together, these findings suggest that clinically, hepatic heme deficiency may enhance the tryptophan flux into synthetic (serotonergic) pathways, not only by depriving prosthetic heme for a functionally competent TDO hemoprotein, its primary catabolic enzyme, but also by impairing the de novo synthesis of this enzyme.
An examination of the moderating effect of channel member firm size on perceptions of preferred channel linkages

The purpose of this study was to empirically test a model of channel member preferability status. The channel linkage examined was the food manufacturer—food broker interface. The results of the study suggest that the preferability status of a food manufacturer as perceived by a food broker is a function of manufacturer coercive and noncoercive power, food broker organizational role stress, and food broker performance. The findings also suggest that some of the relationships are moderated by the size of the respondent's firm.
Molecular Diagnostics of Hematologic Malignancies

Hematologic malignancies, particularly lymphoma and leukemia, are a diverse group of diseases with a myriad of different presentations. Although the diagnosis of these diseases can be straightforward, there are many cases in which the diagnosis is difficult to establish with conventional methods. Molecular diagnostic testing to identify oncogenes and clonal lymphocyte populations can aid in resolving ambiguous cases, and several of these tests are routinely available for canine patients. Sensitive polymerase chain reaction–based methods are also useful for answering a variety of research questions. Here, detection of mutations of the c-kit gene in mast cell tumors, the bcr-abl fusion gene in myelogenous leukemias, and clonality of lymphocyte populations for the diagnosis and monitoring of lymphoma and leukemia are discussed.
A Simultaneous Variable Solution Procedure for Laminar and Turbulent Flows in Curved Channels and Bends

Direct Numerical Simulation of turbulent flow requires accurate numerical techniques for solving the Navier-Stokes equations. Therefore, the Navier-Stokes equations in general orthogonal and nonorthogonal coordinates were employed and a simultaneous variable solution method was extended to solve these general governing equations. The present numerical method can be used to accurately predict both laminar and turbulent flow in various curved channels and bends. To demonstrate the capability of this numerical method and to verify the method, the time-averaged Navier-Stokes equations were employed and several turbulence models were also implemented into the numerical solution procedure to predict flows with strong streamline curvature effects. The results from the present numerical solution procedure were compared with available experimental data for a 90 deg bend. All of the turbulence models implemented resulted in predicted velocity profiles which were in agreement with the trends of experimental data. This indicates that the solution method is a viable numerical method for calculating complex flows
Temporary pervenous pacing catheter insertion through a triscuspid prosthetic valve

Abstract This report presents experiences and observations with emergency insertion of pervenous electrode catheters through tricuspid prostheses in 2 patients requiring temporary cardiac pacing after surgery. Although insertion was simple and without deleterious hemodynamic effect, the need for precautionary implantation of insulated wire in all patients undergoing open heart surgery is stressed, since this would obviate emergency procedures. Such implanted wire may serve as an accessible means for therapeutic, diagnostic and investigational purposes in the postoperative period.
Time Evolution of Mixing in the Staggered Herringbone Microchannel

Patterning ridges on the surface of microchannels has been found to be a viable strategy to induce mixing in straight channels, despite their characteristically small Reynolds numbers. In order to identify the fundamental characteristics of the advection process, we evaluate the time evolution of the Renyi entropy associated with the spatial distribution of tracers carried by an incompressible fluid moving through such channels. It is found that independent of the channel surface geometry and of the Reynolds number, the time evolution of the Renyi distributive entropy follows a universal behavior described by a logarithmic increase with time, with a slope close to unity. On the other hand, an analysis of the Shannon mixing entropy evaluated from the time evolution of the position of two tracer species moving through the channel, reveals a cross–over between two different mixing mechanisms: one dominated by the stretching of the interface between the flow regions containing different tracers, and the other dominated by chaotic mixing induced by counter-rotating transversal flows.
Context of entry and number of depressive symptoms in an older Mexican-origin immigrant population

We examined the association between context of entry into the United States and symptoms of depression in an older age Mexican-origin population. We found that context of entry was associated with the number of depressive symptoms reported in this population. Specifically, immigrants who arrived to the U.S. following the Mexican Revolution (1918–1928) reported significantly fewer depressive symptoms, and those who arrived following enactment of the Immigration Reform Control Act (1965–1994) reported significantly more symptoms of depression, compared to those who arrived in the Bracero era (1942–1964). These findings suggest that sociopolitical context at the time of immigration may be associated with long-term psychological well-being. They contribute to a growing body of literature that suggests that the context of immigration may have long-term implications for the health of immigrant populations. We discuss implications of our findings for understanding relationships between immigration policies and the health of Mexican immigrant populations.
Retinopathy in patients with diabetic ophthalmoplegia

Abstract Purpose To review the clinical characteristics, prevalence, and severity of retinopathy in diabetics with cranial nerve (CN) 3, 4, and/or 6 palsies, and to determine the relationship between type and duration of diabetes mellitus (DM), presence of retinopathy, and occurrence of CN palsy. Design Retrospective, comparative cohort study. Participants Chart reviews of 2229 patients with CN 3, 4, and/or 6 palsies were performed at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (BPEI) from January 1991 through December 1997 and at the Dean A. McGee Eye Institute (DMEI) from January 1994 through July 2001. A total of 306 patients qualified for the study group. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy (WESDR) was used as a control. Methods Demographic and clinical data were extracted to determine characteristics of patients with diabetic ophthalmoplegia. The subsets of data regarding type of DM and level of diabetic retinopathy in the study population were compared with the WESDR control data for statistical analysis. Main outcome measures The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in patients with diabetic ophthalmoplegia. Results Of 2229 patients at both institutions with ocular motor CN palsy, 306 (13.7%) were associated with DM. The frequency of CN involvement was 6 (50.0%), 3 (43.3%), and 4 (6.7%). There was a total of 12 patients (3.9%) with consecutive palsies and 8 patients (2.6%) with simultaneous palsies (5 unilateral and 3 bilateral). At both institutions, the prevalence of retinopathy controlling for duration of DM was lower in both insulin-dependent DM (IDDM) and non-IDDM (NIDDM) type II diabetics as compared with controls (BPEI, P = 0.009 and P = 0.005; DMEI, P = 0.004 and P = 0.29). When data from both locations were combined, the difference was even more significant (IDDM, P = 0.001 and NIDDM, P = 0.006). There were no significant differences between the two institutions in gender, type or duration of DM, age at presentation, or frequency of CN involvement. Conclusions Diabetic ophthalmoplegia most commonly involves CN 3 and 6, with relative sparing of CN 4. Multiple cranial nerves are affected simultaneously in 2.6% of cases, and consecutive palsies occurred in 3.9% of cases. Type II diabetics with ocular motor CN palsy have significantly less diabetic retinopathy than do controls. This may imply a different pathophysiologic mechanism for these two microvascular complications of DM.
Good Citizenship: What Students In Rural Schools Have To Say About It

Abstract Political events both in the United States and around the world have led to a resurgence of interest in citizenship education. With this in mind, we conducted a study in rural schools to determine the perceptions of eighth and eleventh grade students regarding citizenship. We wanted to find out what rural students believe are the attributes of a good citizen; what activities they are currently participating in that are related to good citizenship; and what citizenship activities they see themselves performing ten years later in life. The results of the study indicate that students' views of citizenship were grounded in community service or what we consider civic engagement, rather than in political engagement. For these students, voting and holding political office belonged in the future; their focus was on the present. Therefore, we suggest that the concept of citizenship may be age-appropriate – that is, students function as citizens within the limitations of their age and their environment. Co...
IC chip design and synthesis for color matrixing and convolution

An Enhanced ASIC which performs both 3×3 matrix multiplication and 3×3 digital convolution was designed using VHDL. The same chip was compiled and synthesized using Synopsys. The Slack, cell area, power and timing are found by invoking commands in Synopsys. The previous version [1] was implemented on 2 µm CMOS technology which had an operation speed of 14.3 MHz The proposed ASIC is implemented in 0.12µm CMOS technology. The initial speed was found to be 181 MHz and furthermore enhanced to 307.6 MHz using optimization techniques. The multipliers and adders used in this proposed architecture are pipelined when compared with the previous version [1]. The ASIC has a latency of 7 clock cycles.
Cytomegalovirus immunoglobulins in the prevention and treatment of cytomegalovirus disease

For the past decade, evidence of a significant role for antibody in modifying cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease has been accumulating. In prospective studies of renal transplant recipients, prophylactic administration of CMV hyperimmunoglobulin reduced by 50% the clinical manifestations of primary CMV disease. CMV hyperimmunoglobulin had no effect on infection rates, but a trend toward a decreased rate of viremia was evident. Its protective effect was attenuated by increased immunosuppression, e.g., by use of antilymphocyte serum or monoclonal antibody for antirejection therapy. In bone marrow transplantation studies, large doses of hyperimmune plasma or gamma-globulin decreased rates of CMV pneumonia or interstitial pulmonary infiltrates. The mechanism of globulin protection has yet to be defined. Data on liver or heart transplantation are insufficient to permit a meaningful statement about efficacy of immunoglobulin for CMV prophylaxis. Preliminary uncontrolled studies suggest that high-dose immunoglobulin plus ganciclovir may be more effective than ganciclovir alone for treating CMV pneumonia in bone marrow transplant recipients. Questions remain unanswered about the use of CMV immunoglobulin in other settings or with antiviral therapy for prophylaxis.
Resonant ionic bonding and high TC superconductivity

The implications of an electronic coupling model in high TC superconductors of YBCO are discussed in which the pairing mechanism is based upon the ionic bonding. Specifically,the bonding reaction Cu + O [rlhar2] Cu-- resonates at a frequency of I2πh; in the CuO planes, where I = 0.4 eV is the ionic bonding energy. We formulate an Hamiltonian which allows for the reduction of the total energy by I each time two holes or two electrons form a pair. The total energy consists of kinetic energy calculable from band theory, and the ionic bonding energy proportional to I. We calculate (i) the effective Ginzburg-Landau free energy for all T < Tc, (ii) the energy gap, (iii) the anisotropic London penetration depths, and (iv) the anisotropic coherence lengths. General agreement is found between our calculations and experimental data.
Targeted exon sequencing in Usher syndrome type I.

Purpose. Patients with Usher syndrome type I (USH1) have retinitis pigmentosa, profound congenital hearing loss, and vestibular ataxia. This syndrome is currently thought to be associated with at least six genes, which are encoded by over 180 exons. Here, we present the use of state-of-the-art techniques in the molecular diagnosis of a cohort of 47 USH1 probands.
THE EFFECT OF EXTRAGASTRIC VAGOTOMY ON HEIDENHAIN-POUCH SECRETION IN DOGS.

Three of 4 dogs with antrectomy and Heidenhain pouches exhibited an increase in pouch secretion after extragastric vagotomy. Further increases in secretion were observed following transthoracic vagotomy. The elevation in gastric secretion induced by extragastric vagotomy is believed to result from changes in biliary, pancreatic, and/or intestinal function secondary to parasympathetic denervation. The additional increases in pouch secretion after transthoracic (gastric) vagotomy were most likely related to the lowered production of acid by the stomach.
Effect of sex hormones on experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU).

Purpose: Sex hormones have been associated with the prevalence, susceptibility, and severity of autoimmune disease. Although the exact mechanism is unknown, sex hormones are reported to influence cytokine production, specifically by affecting the balance of Th1 and Th2 effector cells. We evaluated the effect of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone in autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU), a rodent model of human ocular autoimmune disease. Methods: Lewis rats implanted with either β‐estradiol (estrogen), 5‐dihydrotestosterone (5‐DHT), norgestrel (progesterone), or estrogen plus progesterone were immunized with the retinal antigen interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (IRBP) peptide. Evaluation of EAU was based on histology of the eyes and measurement of peripheral immunological responses of DTH and lymphocyte proliferation to S‐antigen. Quantitative RT‐PCR was used to measure IFN‐γ and IL‐10 mRNA in the eyes. Results: In female rats 5‐DHT significantly decreased, estrogen slightly enhanced, but progeste...
A marker of early amacrine cell development in rat retina

A monoclonal antibody, HPC-1, labels only amacrine and displaced amacrine cells in adult rat retina. Reactivity with displaced amacrine cells was demonstrated by double-label immunofluorescence with HPC-1 and ganglion cell-specific reagents. HPC-1 antibody reacts with a polypeptide of apparent molecular weight 35,000. HPC-1 antibody labels migrating amacrine cells in late embryonic retinas. The results define cell-specific gene expression in relation to migration of one subclass of CNS neurons.
Electron-transfer reactions accompanied by substantial structural changes: oxidation of 9,10-bis(dimethylamino)anthracene and 3,6-bis(dimethylamino)durene

Abstract The electrochemical oxidation of N , N , N ′, N ′-tetramethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine ( 1 ), 9,10-bis(dimethylamino)anthracene( 2 ) and 3,6-bis(dimethylamino)durene ( 3 ) has been studied at glassy carbon electrodes in acetonitrile. 1 shows two one-electron oxidation steps with the normal ordering of potentials, the second electron being 0.6 V more difficult to remove than the first. Each electron-transfer reaction is inherently rapid. 2 and 3 , by contrast, show a single two-electron oxidation peak by cyclic voltammetry. Potentiometric titrations suggest for 2 and demonstrate for 3 that the reversible formal potentials are inverted for these species, with the second electron being removed more easily than the first. For 3 , the overall two-electron reversible potential is −0.035 V vs. ferrocene, and the difference in the one-electron formal potentials is estimated to be more than 0.20 V. Evaluation of the standard heterogeneous electron-transfer rate constants for the individual oxidation steps was carried out for 2 and 3 , and it was found that the values are unusually small, much smaller than seen for 1 . This observation has been interpreted to mean that substantial structural change accompanies the oxidation of 2 and 3 , but not 1 . AM1 calculations have been used to illuminate the causes of sluggish electron-transfer kinetics for 2 and 3 , and to rationalize the observed inversion of the potentials.
Clinical efficacy of microencapsulated timothy grass pollen extract in grass-allergic individuals

Background Conventional allergen immunotherapy is clinically effective in reducing the symptoms of allergic rhinitis and asthma. It differs from other pharmacotherapies in that it can induce long-term clinical remission of these diseases. However, it requires years of treatment and is associated with serious allergic reactions. Objective To evaluate the safety, clinical efficacy, and immunologic mechanisms of immunotherapy with an oral, microencapsulated form of timothy grass allergen. Methods In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 24 patients aged 19 to 55 years with grass pollen allergy were randomized to receive either microencapsulated timothy grass pollen extract or placebo once a day for 10 weeks. The dose of study drug was doubled weekly. Safety was evaluated through weekly visits, daily symptom diaries, and routine laboratory tests. Efficacy was evaluated by comparing medication use and symptoms scores during peak grass pollen season before and after treatment. Allergen-specific T-cell responses, cytokine production, and IgG, IgE, and skin reactivity were measured to evaluate immunologic mechanisms. Results Eleven of 12 patients in the active treatment group had a decrease in the combined medication and symptom score, but only 4 of 10 patients in the placebo group had a decrease in scores. The proliferative response to timothy grass was reduced by at least 30% in 9 of the 12 grass-treated patients, but only 3 of 11 placebo patients had a proliferative response reduction. Timothy grass-induced interleukin-5 messenger RNA was reduced in the active group, but not in the placebo group. There were no significant changes in either group in IgG, IgE, and skin reactivity. Conclusions Oral immunotherapy with microencapsulated allergen induces a form of immunologic tolerance to the allergen and is a safe, efficient, and effective method of allergen immunotherapy.
Surface-tension-anisotropy measurements of succinonitrile and pivalic acid: Comparison with microscopic solvability theory.

New determinations of the surface-tension-anisotropy parameter ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}}_{4}$ of succinonitrile (SCN), pivalic acid (PVA), and a PVA--1%-ethanol mixture are reported. Effects of temperature gradients and crystal orientation are analyzed in detail. The experiments utilized numerical interpolation techniques previously employed by Dougherty and Gollub to enhance the digital image resolution. The values found for ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}}_{4}$ in SCN, PVA, and PVA--1%-ethanol are 0.0055\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0015, 0.025\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002, and 0.026\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002, respectively. From these values, the selection parameter ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathrm{theor}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ predicted by microscopic solvability theory for the three-dimensional axisymmetric case was computed and compared to the ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathrm{expt}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ values determined directly from previous dendritic-growth experiments. We find that ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathrm{theor}}^{\mathrm{*}}$/${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathrm{expt}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ is 0.56\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.20 for SCN, and 2.14\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.50 for PVA. Possible sources for these discrepancies are discussed.
Response of intracerebral human glioblastoma xenografts to multifraction radiation exposures.

Purpose: We investigated the effects of fractionated radiation treatments on the life spans of athymic rats bearing intracerebral brain tumors. Methods and Materials: U-251 MG or U-87 MG human glioblastoma cells were implanted into the brains of athymic rats, and the resulting tumors were irradiated once daily with various doses of ionizing radiation for 5 consecutive days or for 10 days with a 2-day break after Day 5. Results: Five daily doses of 1 and 1.5 Gy, and 10 doses of 0.75 and 1 Gy, cured some U-251 MG tumors. However, five daily doses of 0.5 Gy increased the survival time of animals bearing U-251 MG tumors 5 days without curing any animals of their tumors. Ten doses of 0.3 Gy given over 2 weeks extended the lifespan of the host animals 9 days without curing any animals. For U-87 MG tumors, 5 daily doses of 3 Gy produced an increased lifespan of 8 days without curing any animals, and 10 doses of 1 Gy prolonged lifespan 5.5 days without curing any animals. The differences in extension of life span between the 5- and 10-fraction protocols were minor for either tumor type. Conclusion: The finding that the U-251 MG tumors are more sensitive than U-87 MG tumors, despite the fact that U-251 MG tumors contain many more hypoxic cells than U-87 MG tumors, suggests the intrinsic cellular radiosensitivities of these cell lines are more important than hypoxia in determining their in vivo radiosensitivities.
EPA-1014 - An audit into documented discussions about driving during the assessment and disclosure process in the memory clinic setting

Introduction Memory services provide assessment to patients with memory difficulties. One important topic discussed is driving. This audit looks into whether discussions surrounding driving are documented in the patient's notes. Objectives The objective was to see if discussions are held about driving with patients at memory clinics. Aims A similar audit was carried out in the south of the county. It was hoped that the findings and recommendations had been implemented in the North of the county, and improvements made. Methods Standards were set that 100% of patients seen by memory services would have a documented discussion about driving at the initial and/or disclosure appointment. A period of 6 months, August 2012 to January 2013 was selected. 423 patients were referred and 60 patient's notes were randomly selected using a random integer set generator to look at. Results We are currently in the process of collecting and analyzing results. The results will be available before the conference. Conclusions By the time people with memory impairment access memory services they are likely to have been driving for most of their lives; it has provided them with independence and access to means. Despite this, requirements are set out by Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency UK that they must be informed when the licence holder has been diagnosed with dementia. They can suspend a licence based on their assessment, for the safety of the patient and the public. It is therefore of vital importance that these discussions are taking place.
A comparison of foreign authorship distribution in JASIST and the journal of documentation

This article reports findings from a study of the geographic distribution of foreign authors in the Journal of American Society for Information Science & Technology (JASIST) and Journal of Documentation (JDoc). Bibliographic data about foreign authors and their geographic locations from a 50-year publication period (1950-1999) are analyzed per 5-year period for both JASIST and JDoc. The distribution of foreign authors by geographic locations was analyzed for the overall trends in JASIST and JDoc. UK and Canadian authors are the most frequent foreign authors in JASIST. Authors from the United States and Canada are the most frequent foreign authors in JDoc. The top 10 geographic locations with highest number of foreign authors and the top 10 most productive foreign authors were also identified and compared for their characteristics and trends.
Pattern of hydrothermal mineral deposition: Mid-Atlantic Ridge crest at latitude 26°N

Abstract Interdisciplinary studies of the TAG Hydrothermal Field on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge crest at latitude 26°N reveal two principal depositional patterns of hydrothermal minerals: 1. (1) A pattern of deposition controlled by physical and chemical processes within the hydrothermal field. A major process in determining depositional pattern within the hydrothermal field is inferred to be sealing of talus by deposition of hydrothermal minerals from solutions discharged through underlying faults at and adjacent to the wall of the rift valley. The sealing of a given volume of talus is inferred to occur during a period of the order of 1 · 105 yr, causing successive migrations of the zone of discharge. The resulting pattern of hydrothermal mineral deposition within the hydrothermal field would be expected to be a mosaic of deposits overlapping in time and space with a predominantly fault-controlled trend parallel to the axis of the rift valley. 2. (2) A pattern of deposition controlled by sea-floor spreading encompassing the entire hydrothermal field. A linear zone of hydrothermal deposits will extend from an active depositional locality at a rift valley along the direction of sea-floor spreading depending both on the continuity of sea-floor spreading and the persistence in time of the special structural and thermal conditions that concentrate the hydrothermal activity. The special structural and thermal conditions that have concentrated hydrothermal activity at the TAG Hydrothermal Field have persisted during sea-floor spreading for at least 1.4 · 106 yr.
Spores of a New Microsporidan Species Parasitizing Molluscan Neurons

Synopsis. A new species of Microsporida was observed in neurons of the marine mollusc Aplysia californica and the ultrastructure of its spores was investigated. The spores were ˜ 1.3 mm long and had a thick 3-layered coat. An anchoring disc and polar aperture were present. The polaroplast occupied most of the anterior half of the spore. The vesicular portion included lengths of loosely packed lamellar structures as well as the usual vesicular profiles embedded in fibrillar material; it was entirely surrounded by tightly packed, electron-dense lamellae. The polar tube had 5 or 6 coils. In this stage of the life cycle (mature spores), the parasites did not appear to be disturbing the host cells. The organism was named Microsporidium aplysiae sp. n.
Analysis of Signal-to-Noise Ratios for Noise Excitation of Quadrupolar Nuclear Spins in Zero Field

Noise excitation has been applied to the problem of a spin-3/2 quadrupolar nuclear spins in zero magnetic field. We demonstrate that high-sensitivity spectra can be observed with very weak rf pulses and that the growth in signal intensities follows a universal curve which is simply related to the applied pulse angle, the spacing between those pulses, and the T1 of the nuclear spin system. These signal intensites are closely related to those observed in NMR experiments exploiting similar excitation sequences. Such sequences have numerous practical advantages and in particular may be applied to large volume samples, or to nuclear spins which interact only weakly with magnetic fields, without sacrifice in either spectral bandwidth or signal intensity.
Ground tracks of earth-period /24-hr/ satellites.

where T0 = n0T, T± = n^T and T<. = n2T. For this system £ = [nQ, HI, n^]. By arguments similar to those for the single variable case, it is apparent that the minimum number of s plane shifts necessary to obtain n equations in n unknowns is n = p + q where p = %/n\ and q = £/nz. In general, if 9i, 02, . . . , QM with associated sampling rates ni*, n%*, . . . , nM* are chosen as the loop variables, the order R of the characteristic determinant is given by
Axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.

Purpose of review The aim is to specify the genetic causes of dominantly and recessively inherited axonal forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) and review the biological basis for these disorders. Recent findings More than 10 genes that cause axonal CMT have been identified over the past decade. Many of these genes express proteins that are ubiquitously expressed. Clinical phenotypes of many of these disorders are being studied and animal and cellular models of these neuropathies have been created. Summary Identification of these new genetic causes of axonal neuropathy has not only been important for patients and their families but it has also provided exciting new information about disease mechanisms involved in neuronal degeneration. These mechanisms extend beyond the field of axonal CMT and have relevance to sensory neuropathies and motor neuron disorders. Therapeutic strategies for some of these are also provided. We hope that this review will be of interest to clinicians and scientists interested in axonal forms of CMT.
Quality Measures for Colonoscopy: A Critical Evaluation

In a recent article in The New York Times, "The $2.7 Trillion Medical Bill,"(1) colonoscopy was singled out for its cost. In their response, the leading gastroenterology professional societies highlighted colonoscopy's effectiveness and cost-effectiveness for the prevention of colorectal cancer (CRC). Affirming colonoscopy's central role in CRC prevention, both as a frontline test and as the final common pathway for other CRC screening modalities, requires strategies to measure and improve colonoscopy quality, particularly by controlling operator-dependent factors. Although colonoscopy is a powerful CRC screening test,(2-6) several recent studies have highlighted decreased protection, mainly against right-sided CRC,(5,7-16) an observation that has been linked to performance quality.
Left–right asymmetric morphogenesis in the Xenopus digestive system

The morphogenetic mechanisms by which developing organs become left-right asymmetric entities are unknown. To investigate this issue, we compared the roles of the left and right sides of the Xenopus embryo during the development of anatomic asymmetries in the digestive system. Although both sides contribute equivalently to each of the individual digestive organs, during the initial looping of the primitive gut tube, the left side assumes concave topologies where the right side becomes convex. Of interest, the concave surfaces of the gut tube correlate with expression of the LR gene, Pitx2, and ectopic Pitx2 mRNA induces ectopic concavities in a localized manner. A morphometric comparison of the prospective concave and convex surfaces of the gut tube reveals striking disparities in their rate of elongation but no significant differences in cell proliferation. These results provide insight into the nature of symmetry-breaking morphogenetic events during left-right asymmetric organ development.
Surface reactions of molecular and atomic oxygen with carbon phosphide films.

The surface reactions of atomic and molecular oxygen with carbon phosphide films have been studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Carbon phosphide films were produced by ion implantation of trimethylphosphine into polyethylene. Atmospheric oxidation of carbon phosphide films was dominated by phosphorus oxidation and generated a carbon-containing phosphate surface film. This oxidized surface layer acted as an effective diffusion barrier, limiting the depth of phosphorus oxidation within the carbon phosphide film to 500 K under vacuum conditions. Results from this study suggest that carbon phosphide films can be used as AO-resistant surface coatings on polymers.
Mobile devices in health education: current use and practice

The increasing amount of new scientific information made available by computers and the Internet is demonstrated by the growing number of available health sciences journals. Medical students, nursing students, those in other health science disciplines, and clinicians need to make information more manageable and accessible, especially at the point of care. Technological advances are available to assist them in keeping up with more information than what was accessible to their mentors. In this report, we examine technological advancements and Internet technologies, particularly mobile devices that are currently available to educators and students. We review these advances with respect to how they (a) deliver content, (b) serve different purposes in the classroom and beyond, (c) play different roles in a health sciences student’s learning experience, and (d) make available a variety of resources to teachers. These innovations are broadly categorized as mobile technology, Web 2.0 innovations, Learning Management Systems/e-Learning, and medical simulations. Educators and learning institutions must be equipped for the future and maintain proficiency in the ever-expanding world of human medicine by adopting effective strategies that will infuse their lessons with the appropriate technology and allow their students to achieve their maximum potential. Given all these, we believe that the future of the health student and professional will be in mobile computing.
Collateralized Social Relations: The Social in Economic Calculation

Traditionally, economists have viewed social relations as friction or impediments to exchange and have excluded social rela-tions from their analyses by assuming autonomous actors. Recently, however, a number of scholars -economists, sociologists, anthropologists, and other social scientists- have begun to discuss the numerous ways in which social arrangements both prompt and channel economic activity. Rational choice theory, social capital and network analysis, and agency and game theory, are among those approaches that consider the effects of social relations on economic action. In this paper we extend that discussion by arguing that social relations can function as collateral or assurance that an economic transaction will proceed as agreed by the parties involved. We review recent micro-economic theories and conjecture how they might be developed following this observation, which is derived from sociological and anthropological studies of economic action and organization