cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dispersal abilities of seven sparse and common grasses from a Missouri prairie.

Seven grass species on an abundance continuum from common to sparse on a Missouri tallgrass prairie were examined for two diaspore traits (morphology and weight), for three dispersal traits (terminal velocity, and mean and maximum lateral movement propagules released in still air from a height of 1 m), and for two parental traits (culm biomass at maturity and culm height at dispersal). Dispersal ability, measured in the laboratory as the lateral movement of propagules in the upper 5% (right tail) of the distribution of distances, is inversely correlated (r, =-0.94) with biomass abundance. Under constant conditions, seeds of sparse species travel farther than seeds of common species. Dispersal ability is more closely related to a populational attribute (abundance) than to a more proximate characteristic (diaspore weight). Diaspore weight is closely related (r, = 0.97) to culm biomass of the parent, in apparently simple allometry, and more weakly related (r, = 0.71) to biomass abundance. Large parents make large seeds. The sparsest species, which is small in stature, has light (0.08 to 0.19 mg), flattened diaspores with low terminal velocities (82 to 87 cm sec-1) and achieves lateral movement (up to 460 mm) by tumbling and gliding. Species of intermediate abundance have intermediate stature and diaspore weight (1.0 to 1.8 mg), unornamented propagules, high terminal velocities (191 to 209 cm sec-1) and intermediate dispersal ability (up to 388 mm). The three most common species have heavy propagules (2.2 to 2.8 mg), ornamented with long hairs. Although the ornamentation slows fall (96 to 194 cm sec-1), it acts as a "guide parachute," orienting the propagule so that it falls nearly straight downward. The common species, which morphologically appear adapted to longer dispersal, achieve little lateral movement (up to 235 mm) under laboratory conditions. Terminal velocity is a misleading descriptor of dispersal because diaspores with similar terminal velocities have differing movement patterns. When diaspores of two species (one tall common species and one short sparse species) are released in still air from their natural height, differences in maximum fall distance observed under constant height of release are lost. When dispersal is observed in the field by means of sticky seed traps, the slopes of the dispersal curves (regression coefficient of ln-transformed number of seeds caught on distance from the clump) do not differ from common and sparse species, despite the fact that seeds of the common species are released from greater heights. The orderly differences in dispersal behavior among species due to subtleties of morphology observed under laboratory conditions are masked in
Demonstration of protein-bound sulfhydryl and disulfide groups with fluorescent mercurials.

Four mercurials, mercury orange, 4-(p-dimethylamino benzene azo) phenyl mercuric acetate, fluorescein mercuric acetate, and mercurochrome were tested and found to be successful reagents for demonstrating protein-bound SH and SS groups. Of this group, 4-(p-dimethylamino benzene azo) phenyl mercuric acetate gave the weakest fluorescence and mercurochrome gave the most useful contrast by direct microscopy. While no quantitative data are yet available, qualitatively reliable patterns were obtained after one hour in the staining solutions.
Purification and properties of two ribonuclease H enzymes from yeast

Abstract Two ribonuclease H activities have been purified from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The major protein, RNase HA is an acidic protein with a molecular weight of 65,000. RNase HB is a basic protein with molecular weight of 54,000. Both RNases are active at alkaline pH range and require divalent cations for activity. RNase HA has an absolute requirement for Mg2+, while Mn2+ can replace Mg2+ for RNase HB. RNase HA is inhibited by low concentrations of N-ethylmaleimide, whereas RNase HB activity is unaffected under similar conditions. Substrate specificity studies using various polyribonucleotide · poly-deoxynucleotide hybrids showed that RNase HA preferentially degrades polycytidylate, while RNase HB is specific for polyadenylate. Kinetic analysis of the degradation of specifically end-labeled polymers and analysis of the products of the two yeast RNase H enzymes showed that yeast RNase HA is an endonuclease producing 5′-phosphorylated oligonucleotides while yeast RNase HB is a 5′-exonuclease producing 5′-AMP.
Identification of a molecular switch that selects between two crystal forms of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor

Two crystals forms of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor are produced between pH 8.39 and 10.13 when crystals are grown at room temperature from solutions of 1.5 M potassium phosphate. Lower pH values favor the form II crystals, whereas higher pH values favor the form III. The transition from one crystal form to the other occurs at pH 9.35. We examined the crystal lattice contacts in both crystal forms and identified an unusual interaction we believe explains these observations. Spanning the crystallographic 2-fold axis in form III crystals, the Lys 41 side-chain amino nitrogens from 2 symmetry-related molecules are only 2.72 A apart, implying they are hydrogen bonded to one another. In form II crystals, the Lys 41 side-chain amino group is protonated and forms a salt bridge with a solvent-derived phosphate group. For the Lys 41 side-chain amino groups to hydrogen bond in form III crystals, at least 1 member of the pair must be deprotonated. The transition that occurs at pH 9.35 marks the pKa for deprotonation. In solution, the pKa for the Lys 41 side chain is around 10.8. The pKa for one of the interacting Lys 41 side chains in form III crystals is therefore shifted downward by about 1.5 pH units. The energy for lowering the pKa value comes from the many additional intermolecular hydrogen bonds that are present in form III crystals: 19 compared to only 8 in form II crystals.
The effect of phase changes on target response

This paper presents the results of two impact studies with lead projectiles and lead targets. Impact velocity varied between 2.65 and 8.3 km/s, a range of velocities that induces a range of response in lead from fragmentation to vaporization. The first study considers the response of a lead target to impact by a 1.5 mm tungsten carbide sphere. Target response measurements included crater parameters and target momentum. Normalized target momentum, i.e. the ratio of target to projectile momentum, was observed to increase non-linearly with impact velocity, obtaining a value of 7.1 at 8.3 km/s. The second study compares the response of a shielded aluminum target to impact by either a lead or molybdenum projectile (the shield material was the same as the projectile). Test variables included shield to target spacing, shield thickness, target orientation and impact velocity. The four test variables affected the two test conditions differently, with the most similar results observed for tests with thick shields, minimal spacing and low impact velocity.
Surgical Therapy for a Complication or Kawasaki's Disease

Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MLNS), or Kawasaki's disease, affects thousands of infants and children each year and is associated with a high incidence of coronary artery aneurysm, which may lead to subsequent myocardial infarction. Successful use of the right subclavian-axillary artery to bypass a thrombosed aneurysm of the left anterior descending coronary artery is documented angiographically and forms the basis of this report. A management plan for MLNS patients is proposed.
Recurrent midgut volvulus following a Ladd procedure

We present a case of recurrent midgut volvulus in a 3-year-old girl with a history of midgut volvulus repair as an infant. Awareness of the possibility of recurrence even several years following an initial Ladd procedure is crucial to ensure prompt treatment in these children.
Bodies, Faith, and Inner Landscapes: Rethinking Change from the Very Local

This study of violence faith and womens hopes dreams and fears in contemporary urban Mexico draws on qualitative research conducted in a low- income neighborhood in Guadalajara and is grounded in the quotidian lives of 19 low-income women. In their mediation of the impoverished socioeconomic landscape arising from Mexicos shift to a neoliberal-inspired macroeconomic growth paradigm these women provide vital conceptual insights for the study of the human dimensions of economic change. I argue that analysis of economic crisis and neoliberal restructuring must go deeper than the local as it is typically constructed. Specific sexed bodies faith and inner landscapes of hopes dreams and fears--what I call here the "very local"--must become a legitimate component of Latin Americanist research and theory. (excerpt)
An atom-probe tomographic study of the temporal evolution of the nanostructure of Fe-Cu based high-strength low-carbon steels

Abstract A three-dimensional (3D) knowledge of the atomic-scale structure is necessary for improving the design and understanding of modern materials with complex microstructures, such as high-performance steels. Local-electrode atom-probe tomography is used to obtain atom-by-atom 3D reconstructions to characterize three versions of a copper, nickel, manganese, and aluminum bearing high-strength low-carbon steel, which achieve their high tensile yield strength, up to 1170 MPa (170 ksi), from the formation of nanometer-radius copper rich precipitates. The temporal evolution of these precipitates is followed at 500 °C, and it is found that manganese and nickel segregate at their interfaces with the segregation level increasing with aging time. The segregation of carbon, boron, phosphorous and sulfur at grain boundaries is detected and correlated with poorer impact fracture toughness at higher segregation levels.
X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy of monazite-structured CaSO4 at high pressures: Implications for shocked anhydrite

Abstract X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy of CaSO4 are conducted to pressures of 28 and 25 GPa, respectively. A reversible phase transition to the monoclinic monazite-structure occurs gradually between 2 and ∼5 GPa with a highly pressure-dependent volume change of ∼6–8%. A second-order fit of the X-ray data to the Birch–Murnaghan equation of state yields a bulk modulus (K) of 151.2 (±21.4) GPa for the high-pressure monoclinic phase. In the high-pressure infrared spectrum, the infrared-active asymmetric stretching and bending vibrations of the sulfate tetrahedra split at the phase transition, in accord with the results of factor group analysis. Additionally, the tetrahedral symmetric stretching vibration, which is weak in the anhydrite phase, becomes strongly resolved at the transition to the monazite structure. The infrared results indicate that the sulfate tetrahedra are more distorted in the monazite-structured phase than in anhydrite. Kinetic calculations indicate that the anhydrite to monazite transformation may generate the phase transition observed near 30 GPa under shock loading in CaSO4. Our results indicate that the anhydrite- and monazite-structured phases may be the only phases that occur under shock loading of CaSO4 to pressures in excess of 100 GPa.
Support and water effects on palladium based methane combustion catalysts

Abstract The effect of the support (γ-alumina and zirconia) and of the presence of water on the catalytic activity of palladium particles was investigated both on oxidized and reduced states using temperature programmed reaction (TPR). The support was found to influence the onset and the rate of the reoxidation process. The particle size of the palladium phase, however, strongly influenced the reduction temperature and the activity decay and recovery during TPR experiments. In the metallic form, the catalyst is not affected by the water presence; in oxide state we found that, independent of the support, the inhibitory effect of the water molecules is stronger at lower temperatures. Consequently, the reaction may take place in two different regimes: one in which the rate limiting step is water desorption from the catalyst surface, which is favored by low temperatures (
Okadaia elegans, a Tube-Boring Nudibranch Mollusc from the Central and West Pacific

Okadaia elegans Baba, 1930, a dorid nudibranch of the family Vayssiereidae (Opisthobranchia: Gastropoda), feeds on spirorbid and serpulid polychaetes. This is the first report of boring by members of the subclass Opisthobranchia. In penetrating the calcareous annelid tubes, specimens of O. elegans bore smooth, round, beveled holespresumably by chemical activity and mechanical rasping. It is hypothesized that the substratum is removed at the site of penetration by the synchronous use of secretion from a gland within the stomodaeum and rasping by cuspidate radular teeth This hypothesis of the penetrative mechanism is based on observations of the boring behavior of the animals, shape of Ihe borehole, speed of boring, and morphology of the feeding apparatus.
Organized method for ultrasonically cleaning and sterilizing small prosthetic components used in implant therapy.

A daily medicine box with multiple partitions and individual covers can be purchased from any drugstore and is ideal for organizing the small components used in prosthetic treatment. Modify the box by drilling small holes in the bottom of it with a high-speed carbide round bur (Shofu carbide round bur No. 1, Kyoto, Japan) (Fig. 1). Sort and organize prosthetic components into the individual partitions of the medicine box, putting each in its own partition with a snap-on cover (Fig. 2). Because the box has holes drilled into the bottom, it can be rinsed under running tap water and put into an ultrasonic cleaner. The components will not be mixed or lost during cleaning procedures (Figs. 3 and 4). If chemical sterilization is appropriate, the box can be put into a sterilizing solution such as Cidex (Johnson
A theoretical study of ablation shield requirements for manned re-entry vehicles

Abstract The problem of sublimation of material and accumulation of heat in an ablation shield is analyzed and applied to the re-entry of manned vehicles into the Earth's atmosphere. The parameters which control the amount of sublimation and the temperature distribution within the ablation shield are determined and presented in a manner useful for engineering calculation. It is shown that the total mass loss from the shield during re-entry and the insulation requirements may be given very simply in terms of the maximum deceleration of the vehicle or the total re-entry time.
COPII Subunit Interactions in the Assembly of the Vesicle Coat

In vitro analysis of COPII vesicle formation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has demonstrated the requirement for three cytosolic factors: Sec31p-Sec13p, Sec23p-Sec24p, and Sar1p. Convergent evidence suggests that the peripheral endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane protein Sec16p also represents an important component of the vesicle assembly apparatus: SEC16 interacts genetically with all five COPII genes; Sec16p binds to Sec23p and Sec24p, is found on ER-derived transport vesicles, and is required in vitro for the efficient release of ER-derived vesicle cargo. In this report, we demonstrate an important functional interaction between Sec16p and Sec31p. First, we map onto Sec31p binding regions for Sec16p, Sec23p, Sec24p, and Sec13p. Second, we show that a truncation mutant of Sec31p specifically defective for Sec16p binding is unable to complement a sec31Δ mutant and cannot rescue the secretion defect of a temperature-sensitive sec31 mutant at nonpermissive temperatures. We propose that Sec16p organizes the assembly of a coat that is stabilized both by the interaction of Sec31p with Sec23p and Sec24p and by the interaction of these three components with Sec16p.
The Lighthouse Strategy: Improving the Functional Status of Patients with Unilateral Neglect After Stroke and Brain Injury Using a Visual Imagery Intervention

This study extends the work of J. Niemeier (1998) by using visual imagery for amelioration of the devastating impact of visual inattention or neglect on recovery from stroke or other brain injuries. Ten individuals with unilateral visual neglect who were undergoing acute physical rehabilitation after brain injury were cued by their interdisciplinary treatment team members to “be like” horizon-illuminating lighthouses and turn their heads left and right during functional and therapy training tasks. These treatment group patients, in comparison with waiting list controls, performed significantly better and more safely on route finding (p < .001), walking or wheelchair (p < .05), and problem solving (p < .05) tasks. The use of visual imagery techniques in rehabilitation of brain injuries is discussed.
Effects of irreversible dopamine receptor inactivation on locomotor activity and grooming in the 17- and 90-day-old rat.

Ontogenetic differences in the behavioral recovery of R(-)-propylnorapomorphine (NPA) treated rats were assessed following irreversible DA receptor antagonism by N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ). In the first two experiments, 17-and 90-day-old rats were given EEDQ (7.5 or 15.0 mg/kg, IP) or vehicle after half the rats were initially treated with the selective DA D-1 and D-2 antagonists SCH 23390 and sulpiride. (The sulpiride/SCH 23390 treatment protects DA receptors from EEDQ-induced inactivation.) NPA's (0.1 or 1.0 mg/kg) effects on locomotor activity and grooming were assessed 1, 2, 4 and 8 days after the EEDQ pretreatment. In a third experiment, the effects of habituating the 17- and 90-day-old rats to the testing chamber were assessed 1, 2 and 4 days after EEDQ pretreatment. In this experiment, some groups received successive treatments of saline or NPA prior to behavioral testing. To assess the possible effects of drug-sensitization other groups received saline on days 1 and 2 and NPA on day 4. In 90-day-old rats, EEDQ eliminated, for up to 4 days, the ability of NPA to enhance locomotor activity and depress grooming. Prior treatment with DA antagonist drugs was sufficient to protect DA receptors from EEDQ-induced inactivation, since these groups exhibited normal behavioral responses after challenge with NPA. In contrast, EEDQ did not eliminate, and may have enhanced, NPA's effects on the locomotor activity and grooming of 17-day-old rat pups. Habituating the rats to the testing chamber decreased the locomotor activity of the mature rats, but not the 17-day-old rat pups. Drug sensitization did affect locomotor activity, but could not account for the behavioral recovery exhibited by the mature rats and pups. These results indicate that the behavioral effects of EEDQ differ dramatically in young rats compared to adults. The neurochemical bases for these ontogenetic differences remain unknown.
The Rinaldi Strong Motion Accelerogram of the Northridge, California Earthquake of 17 January 1994:

Abstract The Rinaldi record of the 1994 Northridge earthquake is one of the most important strong motion records in earthquake engineering (largest recorded horizontal peak ground velocity in the western United States, ~170 cm/s). Digitization of this record was not straightforward because of numerous stalls and malfunction of the half‐second pulse relays. It was digitized and processed for the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power soon after the earthquake, and was recently redigitized and reprocessed. This paper presents the results of the recent digitization and processing and a comparison of the two digital versions of the record. The “new” version differs from the “old” version in the number of stalls corrected for (17 versus one stall), total length of digitized traces (~20 s versus ~15 s), and amplitudes of some high frequency acceleration peaks (in the “old” version, some high frequency peaks have been underestimated). The peak amplitudes of corrected acceleration, velocity and displacement, a...
Thinking through television

Introduction Part I. Conceptions of Television Use: 1. Social theory 2. Social science 3. Cultural studies Part II. Reconceptualising Television Use: 4. Sociality and the problem of the subject 5. Components of a viewing culture Part III. Documenting the Viewing Culture: 6. Methodology and the turn to television 7. The practice of viewing 8. A typology of use Conclusion: the politics of television reconsidered.
Effect of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Chlorides on the Anode Temperature of the dc Arc

Temperatures of graphite anodes have been measured for the dc arc in helium and argon by means of a recording thermistor pyrometer when pure chlorides of the alkali and alkaline earth metals are present as samples. Anode temperatures and gap voltages were depressed by all of the samples. The data for helium indicate a correlation of anode temperature to the boiling point of the sample salt and the lowest excitation potential of the cation. Correlation was also observed between the boiling point of the salt and its rate of volatilization. Temperatures in argon are lower and correlation between anode temperatures and either boiling points or excitation potentials was not observed. However, rates of volatilization were related to the boiling points and excitation potentials of the samples. These effects are large enough to account for the poor precision of the dc arc as a spectrochemical source and show the physical-chemical basis for the use of “spectroscopic buffers.”
The effects of special reading time in Spanish on the reading abilities and attitudes of Hispanic junior high school students

The purpose of this study is to determine whether providing special reading time with a wide variety of reading materials in Spanish affects the reading abilities, reading attitudes and academic self-concepts of Hispanic junior high school students. Common reading measures in both English and Spanish, and related attitude tests, were given to 400 experimentally accessible Hispanic students. On most of the measures, the difference between the E and C groups was not statistically significant. On the 4 measures for which significance (α=0.10) was attained (and on the other tests not achieving statistical significance) there was a trend for the E group to perform better on the Spanish reading tests and the C group to do better on the English reading tests. Differences on the reading attitude and academic self-concept tests did not approach statistical significance. The pattern of results was consistent for both sexes, and for students who were, and who were not, taking a Spanish language course, and for students whose teachers taught in both the E and C situations. E teachers who were conscientious in implementing the treatment tended to have significantly greater gains in both English and Spanish reading achievement. Within the E group gains in English and Spanish reading abilities were positively correlated.
Acidities of nitrophenols: initial- versus final-state effects and inductive versus resonance effects using chemical shifts and gas-phase acidities

Abstract Core-ionization energies of the hydroxy oxygen in phenol and p - and m -nitrophenol were measured using x-ray excitation. These energies were combined with experimental gas-phase acidities to give the initial- and final-state differences between these systems. Initial- and final-state shifts were also determined directly from electronic structure theory. These results indicate that the major factor in the higher acidity of p -nitrophenol relative to phenol is the initial-state charge distribution and not resonance delocalization in the anion (final-state effects). This result is in contrast to the current thinking of most organic chemists. Experimental results are also presented for m -nitrophenol. Ab initio theory is used to further elucidate the effects that contribute to the higher acidities of p - and m -nitrophenol relative to phenol.
Plasmodium berghei: the in vitro immune response.

Abstract Following primary in vitro Stimulation by Plasmodium berghei, IgM titers by the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) were negative in in vitro reconstituted syngeneic mouse spleen cultures containing T cells and macrophages, or B cells and macrophages, or macrophages alone, but IgM titers of 1:20 were obtained from cultures containing B cells, T cells, and macrophages. IFAT IgG titers were negative for cultures with T cells and macrophages together, or macrophages alone, but rose to 1:40 with cultures containing B cells and macrophages and 1,80 with cultures of B cells, T cells, and macrophages together. After a second in vitro challenge, IgM and IgG titers were similar to the stimulated cultures from immunized mice; the IgM titer reached only 1:20 but the IgG titer rose to 1:160. Total immunoglobulin was higher in the cultures from immunized mice than from in vitro primed cultures.
DISTRIBUTION ECOLOGY OF HAPLOPAPPUS AND CHRYSOTHAMNUS IN THE MOJAVE DESERT. I. NICHE POSITION AND NICHE SHIFTS ON NORTH-FACING GRANITIC SLOPES'

The close systematic affinities between the composite genera Haplopappus and Chrysothamnus, including different points of contact with "intergeneric" hybrids, are reviewed. The Mohave Desert has several shrubby representatives of each genus, and at census sites from the east-central New York Mountains to buttes at the extreme western end of the desert, north-facing granitic slopes at the foothills of mountain ranges support four Haplopappus species (H. cuneatus, H. laricifolius, H. linearifolius and H. cooperi) and one Chrysothamnus (C. teretifolius). These five species occupy "distributional niches" represented as ranges and areas of dominance on the habitat plane of slope angle and proportion of rocks in the substrate. Central desert sites have four species (excluding C. teretifolius); peripheral desert sites always include C. teretifolius rather than H. laricifolius and support two to four species depending on the size and isolation of the suitable habitat area. Species may occupy different positions on the habitat gradient depending on species number at the site, moisture availability, and in particular competition from other species. C. teretifolius appears to be favored when population turnover rates are high, either in disturbed sites or on natural islands of habitat. THE MOJAVE DESERT vegetation is characterized by large, tree-like yuccas (Yucca brevifolia), by certain large shrubs such as Lycium, Larrea and Ephedra, and in particular by a host of smaller (?2-i m) woody perennial shrubs among which the family Asteraceae is predominant. At lower (and drier) elevations, generally below 1,000 m, such genera as Ambrosia, Acamptopappus, Encelia and Machaeranthera are encountered, and at higher elevations species of Tetradymia, Gutierrezia, Artemisia and Brickellia become common. Two composite genera in particular, Haplopappus and Chrysothamnus, have near
Finite-temperature behavior of the ν = 1 quantum Hall effect in bilayer electron systems

An effective field theoretic description of $\ensuremath{\nu}=1$ bilayer electron systems stabilized by Coulomb repulsion in a single wide quantum well is examined using renormalization-group techniques. The system is found to undergo a crossover from a low temperature strongly correlated quantum Hall state to a high-temperature compressible state. This picture is used to account for the recent experimental observation of an anomalous transition in bilayer electron systems [T. S. Lay et al., Phys. Rev. B 50, 17 725 (1994)]. An estimate for the crossover temperature is provided, and it is shown that its dependence on electron density is in reasonable agreement with the experiment.
Developing a Strong Program of Construct Validation: A Test Anxiety Example

What would a strong program of construct validation look like for the concept of test anxiety? What are the components of strong validation programs? In particular, how does structural equation modeling fit into such a program?
2009 Special Issue: Computational perspectives on forebrain microcircuits implicated in reinforcement learning, action selection, and cognitive control

Abundant new information about signaling pathways in forebrain microcircuits presents many challenges, and opportunities for discovery, to computational neuroscientists who strive to bridge from microcircuits to flexible cognition and action. Accurate treatment of microcircuit pathways is especially critical for creating models that correctly predict the outcomes of candidate neurological therapies. Recent models are trying to specify how cortical circuits that enable planning and voluntary actions interact with adaptive subcortical microcircuits in the basal ganglia. The basal ganglia are strongly implicated in reinforcement learning, and in all behavior and cognition over which the frontal lobes exert flexible control. The persisting role of the basal ganglia shows that ancient vertebrate designs for motivated action selection proved adaptable enough to support many ''modern'' behavioral innovations, including fluent generation of language and speech. This paper summarizes how recent models have incorporated realistic representations of microcircuit features, and have begun to trace their computational implications. Also summarized are recent empirical discoveries that provide guidance regarding how to formulate the rules for synaptic modification that govern learning in cortico-striatal pathways. Such efforts are contributing to an emerging synthesis based on an interlocking set of computational hypotheses regarding cortical interactions with basal ganglia and thalamic nuclei. These hypotheses specify how specialized microcircuits solve learning and control problems inherent to the brain's parallel design.
Phases in the development control system design software

Four phases of design software development in a control system research and development environment are described. The first phase consists of developing software to meet the needs of specific projects. The second phase is the formation of a common users library or federation of routines. The remaining two phases are developments of packages. One of these packages meets the need for simplicity in performing common design tasks The other package meets the need for performing experimental research tasks The role of three major factors that influence these developments is also discussed These factors are control technology computer technology, and convenience of usage.
A newly discovered baculovirus induces reflex bleeding in the butterfly Heliconius himera (Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae).

During summer of 2002, a greenhouse colony of H. himera began to show signs of a disease that gradually decimated the colony. At this time, the larvae possessed abnormally thickened, bent cuticular spines. Incidental contact of the diseased larvae with forceps or needles and/or conspecifics stimulated a pronounced reflex bleeding. When mechanical stimulation ceased, a portion of the exuded droplets was siphoned back into the spines. Throughout the progression of the disease, the larvae displayed this reflex bleeding with emitted drops often being deposited on leaves. During the final stage of the disease, the larvae moved very slowly and ceased feeding. Immobile larvae remained alive for two to nine days. Few larvae reached pupation, and when this occurred, the pupae dried out and turned black. Light microscopy of the exudate revealed the presence of numerous polyhedral-shaped occlusion bodies (OBs) in the emitted fluid. OBs diluted to produce 106, 105 and 104 OBs/ml were painted onto Passiflora biflora leaves. Second-instar larvae were placed individually on treated or control (water) leaves and allowed to feed for 24 h at 26°C. All the control insects developed to the pupal stage. The larvae exposed to treated leaves showed initial signs of viral infection at the onset of the third instar. The infected larvae exhibited symptoms similar to those observed in the original infected larval population. Electron microscopy revealed that the causal agent of the disease was a multiply embedded nuclear polyhedrosis virus. This is thought to be the first report of reflex bleeding induced by a baculovirus.
General Versus Specific Mental Models of Attachment: Are They Associated with Different Outcomes?

The present study examined the relationships between mental models of attachment and both overall psychological adjustment and relationship-related outcomes. Mental models were assessed in the context of a specific relationship as well as for people in general. Overall, partner-specific mental models had stronger and more numerous associations with the outcome variables than did general mental models. General models (especially model of self) were most strongly associated with measures of overall psychological adjustment. However, specific mental models were much more strongly associated with relationship-specific outcomes such as feelings of romantic love or relationship satisfaction than were general mental models. Self-esteem was more strongly related to global psychological adjustment than was model of self, but specific model of self was more strongly related to outcomes in relationships. Trust was not related to any of the dependent variables in the study.
Observational Comparative Effectiveness Research Comparative Effectiveness and Caveat Emptor

Recent legislation has emphasized comparative effectiveness, including both the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, which established the Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) to foster comparative effectiveness research (CER).1,2 Defined as “the generation and synthesis of evidence that compares the benefits and harms of alternative methods to prevent, diagnose, treat, and monitor a clinical condition or to improve the delivery of care,”3 the intent of CER is to assist stakeholders, including patients and clinicians, with making informed decisions to improve health. Although many stakeholders are hopeful that CER will improve health and increase the value of care provided, it is not uniformly accepted that CER will achieve these important goals. In particular, the use of nonexperimental observational methods is questioned by some.4,5 Article see p 171 Skepticism around observational CER is warranted. Indeed, observational studies have inherent limitations, including several potential sources of bias and confounding that may threaten the validity of findings.6 The effect of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on cardiovascular outcomes is a notorious example. In the 1990s, high-profile publications using complex multivariable statistical modeling approaches in a variety of observational settings and datasets demonstrated lower risk of cardiovascular outcomes associated with use of HRT in women.7–9 Subsequently, randomized trials determined that HRT was actually harmful with respect to cardiovascular outcomes.10,11 With the proper perspective, however, observational studies can contribute useful evidence and have an important role in CER. In fact, there is great appeal to using observational data to efficiently answer multiple important scientific questions where costs and/or other factors make performing trials impractical. In this issue, Reynolds and colleagues present an observational clinical comparative effectiveness analysis of catheter ablation versus …
Reply to J.A. de Souza et al

I appreciate the opportunity to respond to the comments by de Souza et al on my article in the Art of Oncology section of Journal of Clinical Oncology: “Reporting and Grading Financial Toxicity.” I agree that there are many prevalent scales in the literature for measuring the financial burden of medical treatment on patients with cancer, and more are being developed, including the one by de Souza et al. However, they were not mentioned in my article because the article was not about measuring financial burden as a patient-reported outcome, even though that is an important step in addressing the problem. The article was about highlighting the role of physicians and health care providers in identifying and documenting the financial consequences of cancer treatment. The aim was to outline provocative issues such as, Can there be an objective way to characterize the severity and impact of financial burden on patients to help decide on interventions to address it? For example, nausea is a symptom experienced by the patient. For the health care provider to optimally manage the symptom, it is important for the provider to understand the severity, which is what a grading system like Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 3) provides. My article was about encouraging communication between the various stakeholders in this process about the highly sensitive issue of financial toxicity and asking ourselves if we can develop a more consistent terminology for such communication. The definitions for the grades of toxicity, as mentioned in the article, were described as an example and not as a data-driven schema. There is no doubt that specific components of such a system will require extensive development to make sure they are valid and clinically relevant. With the ongoing research in this area, it is possible that the operational definition of financial toxicity itself will continue to evolve. I also agree that developing a grading schema would need to consider the association of the different levels of financial toxicity with clinical or at least psychosocial outcomes, with higher grades of toxicity predicting worse outcomes for patients. As for whether measuring financial toxicity in oncology requires more science than art, I claim that it needs both science and art. It is the art—the art of encompassing humanistic qualities—that helps provide the building blocks for the science. The technical aspects are important, but so is the realization that we, as physicians who deal with the body, mind, and soul of a patient, need an attitude of curiosity, openness, and connection to be able to develop the science.
Structural damage localization with tolerance to large time synchronization errors in WSNs

With recent technological advances in smart sensor platforms, structural condition monitoring implementations based on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have received considerable attention. Modal identification is an integral step in many structural condition monitoring systems. However, accurate time synchronization is not always possible, leading to incorrect identification of the mode shapes. Although strict time synchronization of the wireless sensors has been viewed as crucial for the identification of mode shapes, a new perspective is taken herein. The distortion in the identified mode shapes is characterized and accommodated. Then the resulting mode shapes are used with a flexibility-based damage detection approach to localize damage to the exact elements. Numerical simulations considering a simply supported beam are used to demonstrate that the requirement of frequent sensor synchronization can be relaxed with this approach, without sacrificing accuracy in the results.
Wavelengths and Energy Levels of Neutral Kr 84 and Level Shifts in All Kr Even Isotopes

Interferometrically-measured wavelengths of 109 lines of neutral Kr84 are compared with those of Kr86. Sixty energy levels of neutral Kr84 derived from those wavelengths and 25 Kr86-Kr84 isotope shifts previously measured are given along with their shifts from the energy levels of Kr86. Twenty levels of each of Kr82, Kr80, and Kr78 are also evaluated using isotope-shift information in the literature. The differences between the experimentally observed shifts and the normal mass shift leave large negative residuals which are accounted for by ionization energy differences and by the specific mass shift. It appears that the volume effect causes only a very small, if any, energy level shift.
LABORATORY ALTERATION OF TRIOCTAHEDRAL MICAS

Artificial alteration of thirty-five trioctahedral .and one dioctahedral micas by solutions varying in strength from 0.001 to 1.00 molal magnesium sulfate was found to approximate a normal exchange reaction after surface effects are eliminated. The equilibrium constants for the reaction: 1/2 Mg 2+ + K-mica = Mgv2-mica + K + (vermiculite) range from 0.0001 to 0.0028 and average 0.0010 in value. X-ray diffraction study reveals that iron-rich micas tend to develop a 1 : 1 mixed-layer biotite-vermiculite structure in weak magnesium sulfate solutions whereas magnesium-rich biotite and phlogopite alter to vermiculite. Mica composition also influences the degree of alteration of mica to vermiculite. High fluorine and octahedral multivalent cation contents tend to retard the reaction whereas high magnesium content and perhaps high calcium contents tend to favor the alteration. The equilibrium constant data indicate that vermiculite and hydrobiotite are more stable than trioctahedral micas in most weathering environments.
Resilin in dragonfly and damselfly wings and its implications for wing flexibility

Although there is mounting evidence that passive mechanical dynamics of insect wings play an integral role in insect flight, our understanding of the structural details underlying insect wing flexibility remains incomplete. Here, we use comparative morphological and mechanical techniques to illuminate the function and diversity of two mechanisms within Odonata wings presumed to affect dynamic wing deformations: flexible resilin vein-joints and cuticular spikes. Mechanical tests show that joints with more resilin have lower rotational stiffness and deform more in response to a load applied to an intact wing. Morphological studies of 12 species of Odonata reveal that resilin joints and cuticular spikes are widespread taxonomically, yet both traits display a striking degree of morphological and functional diversity that follows taxonomically distinct patterns. Interestingly, damselfly wings (suborder Zygoptera) are mainly characterized by vein-joints that are double-sided (containing resilin both dorsally and ventrally), whereas dragonfly wings (suborder Epiprocta) are largely characterized by single-sided vein-joints (containing resilin either ventrally or dorsally, but not both). The functional significance and diversity of resilin joints and cuticular spikes could yield insight into the evolutionary relationship between form and function of wings, as well as revealing basic principles of insect wing mechanical design.
Estimating the effect of help‐seeking on achieving recovery from alcohol dependence

Aims To investigate the effect of help-seeking on the likelihood of recovery from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version IV (DSM-IV) alcohol dependence, specifically examining the impact of model selection, factors that moderate the effect of help-seeking and distinctions between the effects of 12-Step participation and formal treatment. Design This analysis is based on data from the Wave 1 2001–02 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), a cross-sectional, retrospective survey of a nationally representative sample of US adults 18 years of age and over. The analytical sample consisted of 4422 individuals with prior-to-past-year (PPY) onset of DSM-IV alcohol dependence. Methods Logistic regression, proportional hazards and time-dependent proportional hazards models were used to estimate the effects of help-seeking on three outcomes: (1) any recovery from alcohol dependence, which required full remission of all symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence and excluded asymptomatic drinkers whose alcohol consumption exceeded low-risk drinking guidelines; (2) non-abstinent recovery (NR), representing low-risk asymptomatic drinkers; and (3) abstinent recovery (AR), representing abstainers. Findings Only one-quarter of individuals with PPY-onset alcohol dependence had ever sought help for alcohol problems, including 3.1% who had participated in 12-Step programs only, 5.4% who had received formal treatment only and 17.0% with both 12-Step and formal treatment. Based on the most appropriate model, help-seeking increased the likelihood of any recovery [hazard rate ratio (HRR) = 2.38], NR (HRR = 1.50) and AR (HRR = 4.01). The impact of help-seeking on AR did not show any significant variation across the exposure period but was modified by severity among other factors. Individuals who participated in 12-Step programs in addition to formal treatment had almost twice the chance of recovery and more than more than twice the chance of AR compared with those who received formal treatment alone. Conclusions Help-seeking plays a significant role in the achievement of abstinent recovery from alcohol dependence, with 12-Step participation playing a major role. Appropriate model selection is critical to assessing the impact of help-seeking.
Impaired water metabolism in germfree rats.

SummaryDiuresis following gastric gavage of water was examined in germfree and conventional rats. Germfree rats began to excrete urine 1 hr later than the conventional group and the volume of urine excreted by the germfree animals was less than excreted by the conventional group. Saline excretion patterns were the same for the two groups of animals. When 4% glucose was administered subcutaneously, excretion patterns were similar to that obtained following gastric gavage of water except that the onset of excretion was delayed 2 hr in the germfree as compared with the conventional group.
Stability and fairness of rate estimation-based AIAD congestion control in TCP

We analyze two achievable rate estimators that use different timestamps of consecutive packets. We examine the effect of the choice of rate estimators on the stability and fairness of a class of TCP protocols that use this estimated rate to implement the additive-increase/adaptive-decrease (AIAD) congestion control. Simulation results confirm our analysis that rate estimation based on the inter-arrival times of the ACK packets is not properly bounded and would cause instability of the AIAD algorithm and unfairness among competing TCP flows, particularly in networks with small or moderate buffer space. Whereas, the rate estimation based on the inter-arrival times of the data packet at the receiver maintains its accuracy even when the reverse path is congested and enables the AIAD algorithm to maintain the stability and fairness as the number of competing flows increases. Our analysis also suggests a straightforward enhancement to TCP Westwood that would improve its stability and fairness. The enhanced algorithm can be easily implemented without any modifications to the TCP receiver-side code by enabling the TCP timestamps option.
Empiric use of amiodarone and sotalol

Several studies have demonstrated that class I antiarrhythmic drugs do not reduce, and may increase, sudden cardiac death mortality and total cardiac mortality. Because of this, alternative drug choices for antiarrhythmic therapy are necessary. Amiodarone has been demonstrated to be an important and effective antiarrhythmic agent, as has sotalol. The purpose of this article is to review the various indications and possible benefits of the empiric use of these 2 antiarrhythmic agents.
Surveying Key Aspects of Sociolegal Scholarship on India: An Overview

This article surveys key aspects of sociolegal scholarship on India. The literature has tended to emphasize certain areas, such as rights-based social movements, courts (both formal and informal), and the legal profession. Additionally, various authors over the years have examined gender, religion, and caste—each on its own, but also how each can intersect with one another and with the other above-mentioned topics. And more recently, there has been a burgeoning sociolegal literature on the role globalization plays in India. Scholars who have written on these issues approach their work from a range of methodological perspectives, but regardless, as we argue here, much of this literature has served as a vehicle to champion the rights of the needy. Gaps, of course, still are present, which we discuss. We conclude by highlighting a few areas upon which scholars may wish to build in the future.