cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cholera Toxin Prevents Th1-Mediated Autoimmune Disease by Inducing Immune Deviation

Cholera toxin (CT), a major enterotoxin produced by Vibrio cholerae , is known for its properties as a mucosal adjuvant that promotes Th2 or mixed Th1 + Th2 responses. In this study, we explore the ability of CT to act as a systemic adjuvant to counteract the Th1 response leading to experimental autoimmune uveitis. We report that susceptible B10.RIII mice immunized with a uveitogenic regimen of the retinal Ag interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein could be protected from disease by a single systemic injection of as little as 2 μg of CT at the time of immunization. The protected mice were not immunosuppressed, but rather displayed evidence of immune deviation. Subsequent adaptive responses to interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein showed evidence of Th2 enhancement, as indicated by reduced delayed-type hypersensitivity in the context of enhanced Ag-specific lymphocyte proliferation and IL-4 production. Ag-specific production of several other cytokines, including IFN-γ, was not appreciably altered. The inhibitory effect of CT was dependent on the enzymatic A subunit of CT, because the cell-binding B subunit alone could not block disease development. Mice given CT displayed detectable IL-4 levels in their serum within hours of CT administration. This innate IL-4 production was critical for protection, as infusion of neutralizing Ab against IL-4 to mice, given a uveitogenic immunization and treated with CT, counteracted immune deviation and abrogated protection. Our data indicate that systemic administration of CT inhibits experimental autoimmune uveitis by skewing the response to the uveitogenic autoantigen to a nonpathogenic phenotype.
VASOCONSTRICTOR RESPONSE TO ARACHIDONIC ACID IN THE ISOLATED HIND LIMB OF THE DOG

1 Arachidonic acid(AA) (25-200 mug/kg) produced a dose-related increase in perfusion pressure in dog isolated hind limbs perfused with either blood or a platelet-free perfusate. 2 Prostaglandin E2 produced vasodilation while prostaglandin F2 alpha produced no vascular change at these administered doses. 3 Phentolamine did not alter the arachidonic acid response, eliminating possible alpha-adrenoceptor mediation. 4 Aspirin and idomethacin blocked the vasoconstrictor response to AA. 5 This study indicates that a vasoactive intermediate in prostaglandin synthesis can be elaborated in the absence of platelets.
EPILOGUE: SPACED‐RETRIEVAL MEMORY TRAINING IN AN ADULT DAY‐CARE CENTER

A memory‐impaired client at an adult day‐care center was trained to remember the name of a staff member using the spaced‐retrieval technique. After two brief training sessions, the client demonstrated long‐term retention of the target name. Retention was maintained at follow‐up testing 6 months later. Details of the unique aspects of this cognitive intervention, along with implications of this project for cognitive aging research in general, are discussed. In particular, the social and emotional components of memory‐ and cognitive training tasks are emphasized.
Immobilization of adult rat hepatocytes on a porous gelatin sponge support

Abstract Hepatocytes were immobilized on a porous gelatin sponge (gelfoam) support. The morphology of the hepatocytes immobilized on the support was close to that in vivo. At some parts of the support, the spheroids of hepatocytes could be observed. To examine the liver-specific functions of hepatocytes on gelfoam, the levels of albumin and bile acids secreted into medium were assessed. In the culture with gelfoam support, the secretion of albumin and bile acids was stable over the course of 12 days, longer than that in collagen-gel culture. To further elucidate the function of hepatocytes immobilized on gelfoam, the metabolic activities of hepatocytes, as measured by the competency of removal of ammonium ions and the synthesis of urea-N were determined. The rates of ammonium removal and urea-N synthesis were comparable with those in conventional monolayer culture. These data demonstrated that gelfoam was a suitable support for the in vitro culture of hepatocytes.
Sensitivity of murine B- and T-lymphocytes to oxazaphosphorine and non-oxazaphosphorine nitrogen mustards.

Abstract The relative sensitivities of murine B- and T-lymphocytes to the oxazaphosphorine nitrogen mustards, cyclophosphamide and ASTA Z 7557, and to the non-oxazophosphorine nitrogen mustards, melphalan and chlorambucil, in vivo , were determined. B- and T-lymphocytes were defined by selective mitogen-induced proliferation. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced B-lymphocytes were approximately twice as sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of cyclophosphamide and ASTA Z 7557 as were phyto-hemagglutinin (PHA)- and concanavalin A (Con A)-induced T-lymphocytes. LPS-induced B-lymphocytes and PHA-induced T-lymphocytes were approximately equisensitive to the cytotoxic action of melphalan and chlorambucil, but the former were somewhat more sensitive to these agents than were Con A-induced T-lymphocytes. The relative sensitivities of murine B- and T-lymphocytes to ASTA Z 7557 and the non-oxazaphosphorine metabolite of cyclophosphamide, phosophoramide mustard, ex vivo , were also determined. LPS-induced B-lymphocytes were approximately twice as sensitive to the cytotoxic action of ASTA Z 7557 as were PHA- and Con A-induced T-lymphocytes. The three mitogen-induced lymphocyte populations were approximately equisensitive to the cytotoxic action of phosphoramide mustard. These observations suggest that the differential effect of cyclophosphamide on murine B- and T-lymphocytes is uniquely exhibited by oxazaphosphorine nitrogen mustards. Furthermore, the results suggest that 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide is the cyclophosphamide metabolite that mediates the differential immunotoxic effect of the parent compound.
THE CONCEPT OF ADMINISTRATIVE ELASTICITY

ABSTRACT The concept of administrative elasticity draws a relation between the development of administrative costs for a particular program and the development of this program's monetary volume. For the administration of agricultural export subsidies in Germany, administrative elasticities of the two offices involved were estimated separately and as a total. It showed that elasticities over a five-year period provided more reliable information than a look on short-term developments. Overall, export subsidies showed an inverse administrative elasticity, i.e., administrative costs soared while the program's monetary volume shrank. Explanations for this phenomenon were given and chances and limits of the concept of administrative elasticities were discussed.
Ground state excitations in HoCo2

Abstract Spin excitations in a single crystal of the Laves phase compound HoCo 2 have been studied using inelastic neutron scattering. At 4 K three modes are observable: an in-phase spin precision acoustic mode and two out-of-phase optic modes involving the rare earth spins. A self-consistent Green's function RPA theory has been used to analyze the data and obtain exchange and crystal field parameters.
A random walk model of ovum transport

This paper discusses the random nature of ovum transport, and presents a Brownian Motion model of ovum transport in the ampulla and isthmus. A new explanation of the delay in transport at the ampullary-isthmic junction, based on widely differing diffusion coefficients for the ampulla and isthmus, is proposed.
Fatty Acid Content of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extracted Fractions of Beef Fat

Utilization of beef fat might be improved via production of fractions with specific functional properties. Beef fat was fractionated using supercritical carbon dioxide at 40°C and pressures from 10.3–27.6 MPa. Extractions followed by one or two stage separation were collected into glass vials at atmospheric pressure and temperature. Resultant extracts were analyzed for fatty acid content by gas chromatography (GC). A significant difference in concentration due to extraction pressure for 16 straight chain fatty acids, 6 branched chain fatty acids, and 7 unknowns was found. Total fatty acids (mg/g extract) increased as pressure increased. Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids increased with increasing pressure and solvent density as shown by the saturate/ unsaturate, saturate/monounsaturate, and saturate/polyunsaturate ratios.
Optical properties of single-crystal sapphire fibers

Single-crystal sapphire fibers have been grown with the laser-heated pedestal-growth method with losses as low as 0.3 dB /m at 2.94 ?m. With the incorporation of a computer-controlled feedback system, fibers have been grown with less than +/-0.5 % diameter variation, or +/-1.5 ?m for a 300- ?m fiber. The losses in these fibers have been reduced further through a postgrowth anneal at 1000 degrees C in air, from 5.4 to 1.5 dB /m at 543 nm and from 0.4 -0.3 dB /m at 2.94 ?m. These fibers delivered 4.7 W at 10 Hz of Er:YAG laser power.
ARCADE: a system for augmenting gesture-based computer graphic presentations

ARCADE is a system that allows real-time video-based presentations that convey the illusion that presenters are directly manipulating holographic 3D objects with their hands. This illusion is maintained by custom 3D finger tracking from Microsoft Kinect depth-image data, pre-authoring of smart interaction objects that can respond to a presenter's gestures with high-level behavior, and a suite of rendering effects that convey the visual illusion of a floating-in-air holographic projection. The system is currently used as a research platform for improving finger-based gesture recognition and as a production tool for creating compelling videos for distance education. This Real-Time Live! demonstration features ARCADE's application for a diverse range of topics, including computer graphics, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, and cartography. This project is inspired by the post-production effects typically used in Hollywood films, such as "Minority Report", "Harry Potter", and "Star Wars", but it enables non-professionals to author these experiences and then perform them live.
Interference-Free Laser-Induced Fluorescence Imaging of Atomic Hydrogen in Flames

We investigate two-photon laser-induced fluorescence imaging of atomic hydrogen in premixed flames using picosecond- and nanosecond-duration laser pulses. Picosecond excitation produces significantly larger signals for interference-free detection in CH4/O2/N2and H2/O2flames.
Developmental changes in brain glycoproteins.

Abstract During the postnatal development of rat brain there are large increases in the concentration of brain glycoproteins. Between 1 and 30 days the greatest changes (70–100%) take place in the levels of glycoprotein mannose, galactose and glucosamine, accompanied by smaller increases (35–55%) in sialic acid and fucose. By 30 days of age the levels of brain glycoproteins are within 5% of the adult values. Analyses of the molecular size and composition of glycopeptides prepared from brains of 1- and 30-day-old rats lead to the conclusion that during postnatal brain development there is a preferential synthesis of a distinct population of glycoproteins containing oligosaccharides consisting predominantly of glucosamine, mannose and galactose. These oligosaccharides therefore have a large ‘core’, segment and a relative deficiency of the characteristically terminal sugars, fucose and sialic acid. In very young rat brain there are also large amounts of a metabolically stable form of glycogen or limit dextrin which accompanies the glycopeptides through the usual methods involved in their preparation from brain glycoproteins. The concentration of this glucose polymer decreases by 93% within 30 days after birth, but its presence even in adult brain is a likely explanation for the numerous reports of small amounts of glucose in brain glycopeptides and glycoproteins.
The development and significance of foreign trade in agri-food products in selected preferential trade agreements

The aim of the paper is to present the development tendencies and the significance of agri-food trade in selected preferential trade agreements in both Americas, Asia and Africa. The analysis included the values of trade turnover both within the region and in exchange with third countries, the share of the agri-food trade in the total trade in the region and the share of the regions under investigation in the global agri-food trade. The analysis allowed us to indicate the greatest global exporters and importers of agri-food products. The assessment of trade creation and trade diversion effect in agri-food trade of selected trade agreements was also possible.
Temperature effects on non-bridging oxygen and aluminum coordination number in calcium aluminosilicate glasses and melts

Abstract Configurational changes with temperature are important for the thermodynamic and transport properties of most aluminosilicate melts, but in general are not well understood. Here, we present high-resolution 27 Al and 17 O NMR data on several calcium aluminosilicate glasses prepared with varying quench rates and thus with fictive temperatures that span ranges up to about 200 K. In all compositions the content of five-coordinated aluminum increases with fictive temperature, in agreement with recent high temperature NMR data on melts. In a glass of CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 (“anorthite”) composition, the content of non-bridging oxygens also increases with temperature; however this effect was not observed in a sample with a much higher CaO/Al 2 O 3 ratio. We present a consistent notation for reactions among structural species in these systems that clarify why in some cases, high-coordinated network cations may appear on the same side of the reaction, while in others they occur on the opposite sides: the key difference is in accounting for all coordination changes for oxygens. Mixing of non-bridging oxygens and of high-coordinated aluminum make significant contributions to the overall configurational entropy and heat capacity of the melts, as does the mixing of various bridging oxygens and of tetrahedral network cations. Other, less well known, types of increase in disorder with temperature may be important as well.
A Deterministic Multi-Period Production Scheduling Model with Backlogging

A deterministic multi-period production and inventory model that has concave production costs and piecewise concave [Zangwill, W. I. 1965. A dynamic multi-product, multi-facility production and inventory model. Technical Report 1, Program in Operations Research, Stanford University, Stanford, California, April 29.] inventory costs is analyzed. An essential feature of the model is that it permits backlogging of unsatisfied demand; otherwise the model is similar to the one considered by Manne [Manne, A. S. 1958. Programming of economic lot sizes. Management Sci.42, Jan. 115--135.], Wagner and Whitin [Wagner, H. M., T. M. Whitin. 1959. Dynamic version of the economic lot size model. Management Sci.51, October 89--96.], Wagner [Wagner, H. M. 1960. A postscript to “dynamic problems to the firm.” Naval Res. Logist. Quart.7March 7--12.], and Veinott [Veinott, A. F., Jr. 1963. Unpublished notes. Stanford University, Stanford, California.]. By permitting backlogging, which mathematically means that inventories can be negative, the concavity assumptions of these authors are no longer appropriate. Instead we consider piecewise concave cost functions to find the form of the minimum cost production schedule. An efficient dynamic programming algorithm to calculate the minimum cost schedule is also presented.
Dengue Vaccines Approach the Finish Line

The spread of dengue virus (DV) via its Aedes mosquito vector throughout most of the tropics has led to a worldwide resurgence of epidemic dengue, including dengue hemorrhagic fever. For the first time in 60 years, the pipeline of dengue vaccines looks promising. Strains of each of the 4 DV serotypes, attenuated by passage in tissue culture or by recombinant DNA technology, have been formulated into tetravalent vaccines and have entered successful phase 1 and 2 clinical trials in the United States and Southeast Asia. Antibody-dependent enhancement of wild-type DV infections by the vaccine represents a unique safety issue, which is under investigation. The Pediatric Dengue Vaccine Initiative (funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation), the World Health Organization, industry, the US military, and governments of tropical countries are collaborating to accelerate dengue vaccine development and phase 3 vaccine efficacy trials in countries where dengue is endemic. A protective tetravalent vaccine must be licensed soon if dengue is to be brought under control.
Considerations in disposal of phenolic waters

Concentrations of phenol in water as low as 1 mg/L make it unsafe for human use. Thus, the disposal of phenolic waters poses a major problem. In this paper, an actual case study of disposal phenolic waters from a producer gas plant in India is discussed. Several methods for the disposal of phenolic waters were considered. One of the options involved construction of an earthen embankment for storing slag and phenol. This pond will be located near a river. So a concern exists regarding river pollution. Details of this and the other options considered and the cost analyses are presented. All the relevant aspects of the methods to be considered, including the geotechnical, economical, and environment concerns that influenced the decision making process to arrive at a final solution to the problem, are discussed.
AN ANALYSIS OF THREE LABOR UNIONS’ OUTREACH TO BRAZILIAN IMMIGRANT WORKERS IN BOSTON1

This article seeks to shed light on the conditions under which labor unions can include immigrants in their ranks as a means to regain their strength. It does so by focusing on the example of Brazilian immigrants in Boston and compares the approaches of three union locals in Boston toward organizing Brazilian workers, the Painters, the Teamsters, and the United Food and Commercial Workers Union. While previous studies argue that ethnicity and social networks can account for immigrants’ receptivity to unions, this article highlights strategic choice on the part of union officials as an important factor in facilitating unionization of Brazilian workers.
Viral nanoparticles for in vivo tumor imaging.

The use of nanomaterials has the potential to revolutionize materials science and medicine. Currently, a number of different nanoparticles are being investigated for applications in imaging and therapy. Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) derived from plants can be regarded as self-assembled bionanomaterials with defined sizes and shapes. Plant viruses under investigation in the Steinmetz lab include icosahedral particles formed by Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) and Brome mosaic virus (BMV), both of which are 30 nm in diameter. We are also developing rod-shaped and filamentous structures derived from the following plant viruses: Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), which forms rigid rods with dimensions of 300 nm by 18 nm, and Potato virus X (PVX), which form filamentous particles 515 nm in length and 13 nm in width (the reader is referred to refs. 1 and 2 for further information on VNPs). From a materials scientist's point of view, VNPs are attractive building blocks for several reasons: the particles are monodisperse, can be produced with ease on large scale in planta, are exceptionally stable, and biocompatible. Also, VNPs are "programmable" units, which can be specifically engineered using genetic modification or chemical bioconjugation methods 3. The structure of VNPs is known to atomic resolution, and modifications can be carried out with spatial precision at the atomic level4, a level of control that cannot be achieved using synthetic nanomaterials with current state-of-the-art technologies. In this paper, we describe the propagation of CPMV, PVX, TMV, and BMV in Vigna ungiuculata and Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Extraction and purification protocols for each VNP are given. Methods for characterization of purified and chemically-labeled VNPs are described. In this study, we focus on chemical labeling of VNPs with fluorophores (e.g. Alexa Fluor 647) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). The dyes facilitate tracking and detection of the VNPs 5-10, and PEG reduces immunogenicity of the proteinaceous nanoparticles while enhancing their pharmacokinetics 8,11. We demonstrate tumor homing of PEGylated VNPs using a mouse xenograft tumor model. A combination of fluorescence imaging of tissues ex vivo using Maestro Imaging System, fluorescence quantification in homogenized tissues, and confocal microscopy is used to study biodistribution. VNPs are cleared via the reticuloendothelial system (RES); tumor homing is achieved passively via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect12. The VNP nanotechnology is a powerful plug-and-play technology to image and treat sites of disease in vivo. We are further developing VNPs to carry drug cargos and clinically-relevant imaging moieties, as well as tissue-specific ligands to target molecular receptors overexpressed in cancer and cardiovascular disease.
Epithelial machines of morphogenesis and their potential application in organ assembly and tissue engineering

Sheets of embryonic epithelial cells coordinate their efforts to create diverse tissue structures such as pits, grooves, tubes, and capsules that lead to organ formation. Such cells can use a number of cell behaviors including contractility, proliferation, and directed movement to create these structures. By contrast, tissue engineers and researchers in regenerative medicine seeking to produce organs for repair or replacement therapy can combine cells with synthetic polymeric scaffolds. Tissue engineers try to achieve these goals by shaping scaffold geometry in such a way that cells embedded within these scaffold self-assemble to form a tissue, for instance aligning to synthetic fibers, and assembling native extracellular matrix to form the desired tissue-like structure. Although self-assembly is a dominant process that guides tissue assembly both within the embryo and within artificial tissue constructs, we know little about these critical processes. Here, we compare and contrast strategies of tissue assembly used by embryos to those used by engineers during epithelial morphogenesis and highlight opportunities for future applications of developmental biology in the field of tissue engineering.
Anticonvulsant action of an arylamine-containing fraction fromAgelenopsis spider venom

Abstract A low molecular weight fraction (AG2) containing arylamine compounds has been isolated from venom of the spiderAgelenopsis aperta. When administered intravenously or intracerebroventricularly, AG2 produces dose-dependent suppression of behavioral convulsions induced in rats by kainic acid, picrotoxin, or bicuculline. The low molecular weight compounds in spider venoms may provide novel tools for anticonvulsant research and therapy.
The preparation of imidazolidinone and oxazolidinone chelated carbene complexes

Abstract The synthesis of several internally chelated imidazolidinone and oxazolidinone Fischer carbene complexes of the type (CO)4M=CC(R1)NCO(CHR2CHR3X) are reported where the M=chromium, tungsten; R1=methyl, ethyl, iso-propyl, phenyl, trans-propenyl, iso-propenyl, iso-butenyl, cyclohexenyl and 1-propynyl; R2=H, Ph, Bn, Me, Cy; R3=H, Me, Ph; X=O, NMe. Four different methods are used for the synthesis of these complexes. The imidazolidinone complexes are best prepared by adding an imidazolidinone or lithiated imidazolidinone to a methoxy carbene complex or to an in-situ generated acetoxy carbene complex. α,β-Unsaturated imidazolidinone complexes are prepared by aldol condensations of alkyl imidazolidinone complexes or by alkylaltion of these complexes with bromomethyl methyl ether and then elimination of methanol. The oxazolidinone complexes are best made by a two-step procedure that involves the addition of an β-aminoalcohol to a methoxy or acetoxy complex followed by closure of the resulting amino carbene complex to the oxazolidinone complex with phosgene.
Striga asiatica seed conditioning and 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate oxidase activity

Conditioned seeds of Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze release ethylene, which elicits germination. We investigated the activity of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase and respiration during conditioning. Seeds incubated in vivo with ACC, the substrate for ACC oxidase, produced negligible ethylene at the beginning of conditioning or if they were dormant (i.e. would not germinate after conditioning and treatment with stimulant). Non-dormant seeds produced 3000 ηL of ethylene/600 seeds/24 h after 12 days of conditioning. In vitro ACC oxidase activity at day 0 of conditioning produced 500 ηL of ethylene/μg protein/h and 8000 ηL of ethylene/ μg protein/h after 12 days of conditioning. Incubation of seeds in strigol before protein extraction did not enhance enzyme activity. Seeds released 4000 μL/L CO 2 in the first 24 h of conditioning, with the rate increasing to 15 000 μL/L/24 h on day 4 and then remaining roughly unchanged. Maximum in vitro activity of ACC oxidase required ACC, catalase, O 2 , Fe 2+ , ascorbate and CO 2 . In vivo activity of ACC oxidase required ACC and/or germination stimulant(s), suggesting that stimulants may be involved in providing substrates for the ACC oxidase. No difference was observed in the separation of extracted proteins, which suggests that ACC oxidase is activated during conditioning, perhaps as a result of changes in co-factor concentration. Application of these findings to Striga control is discussed.
Accessing the potential of the learner: Towards an understanding of the complexities of context

Not all that long ago, context was what surrounded the word on the page. Research was conducted about words "in context" versus words "in isolation." Even when context lost that narrow definition, it was still considered a variable. Researchers manipulated the context by altering teacher attitude, instructional method, physical setting, or amount of background knowledge held by the student. Recently, however, context has come to be viewed not as a variable but as a complex web of events in which what has been, what is, and what is expected to be, transact to bound the learning experience. While context in reading includes such things as the words on the page (linguistic context), the physical and instructional setting in which the reading is taking place (situational context), and the larger social context of the interpretive community (cultural context), it also includes the history of literacy experiences that the learner brings to the literacy event. We expect there are other contexts as well. We believe that rather than being static, all the aspects of context are dynamic and transactive, that is, the elements of context combine in such a way that rather than form a compound in which the original elements can still be identified, a new entity is created that has unique properties and is greater than the sum of its parts. These new insights into context provide new insights into instruction. For example, we now understand that instructional activities are not
The Wife s Role in Facilitating Recovery from Male Compulsive Sexual Behavior

Compulsive sexual behavior is a multi-causal, multi-dimensional problem with major individual, couple, and clinical differences. This paper examines the crucial role of the woman in the disclosure, assessment, treatment, recovery, healing, and relapse prevention process. Ideally, the woman s role is an ally in confronting and changing male compulsive sexual behavior and she plays an active role in rebuilding couple trust, intimacy, and sexuality.
Hereditary optic neuropathies.

Aims To provide a clinical update on the hereditary optic neuropathies. Methods Review of the literature. Results The hereditary optic neuropathies comprise a group of disorders in which the cause of optic nerve dysfunction appears to be hereditable, based on familial expression or genetic analysis. In some hereditary optic neuropathies, optic nerve dysfunction is typically the only manifestation of the disease. In others, various neurologic and systemic abnormalities are regularly observed. Conclusion The most common hereditary optic neuropathies are autosomal dominant optic atrophy (Kjer's disease) and maternally inherited Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. We review the clinical phenotypes of these and other inherited disorders with optic nerve involvement.
Lucretius, DRN 5.44 Insinuandum

This passage has occasioned, if not proelia , at least divergent interpretations, not to mention instances of tergiversation. In 1910 Cyril Bailey modelled his first rendering of the lines closely on that of H. A. J. Munro: ‘But unless the breast is cleared, what battles and dangers must enter into us in our own despite’; ‘but unless the heart is cleansed, what battles and dangers must then find their way into us in our own despite’. But a reprint of Bailey's translation in 1921 produced the following change: ‘…what battles and perils must we then enter into despite our will’. What changed Bailey's mind? The explanation appeared years later in Bailey's great edition and commentary of 1947. In his note on the passage (p. 1328), he cites objections to Munro's interpretation that had been raised by C. N. Cole and W. R. Hardie. In this paper I will examine these objections and present my own interpretation of the passage, which amounts to a qualified vindication of Munro.
Preparation for residential treatment: An anticipatory mourning process

This paper discusses the intense emotional bonding between parent and adolescent as it interferes with the adolescent and family's ability to tolerate the physical separation inherent in long-term residential treatment. It describes the mourning process through which both adolescent and parent experience and partially relinquish their attachment to one another in anticipation of the separation. The process is completed when both parent and child accept the need for placement and are ready to accept the possibility of new relationships in the residential treatment setting.
Synuclein accumulation is associated with cell-specific neuronal death after spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury axotomizes neurons and induces many of them to die, whereas others survive. Therefore, it is important to identify factors that lead to neuronal death after injury as a first step toward developing better strategies for increasing neuronal survival and functional recovery. However, the intrinsic molecular pathways that govern whether an injured neuron lives or dies remain surprisingly unclear. To address this question, we took advantage of the large size of giant reticulospinal (RS) neurons in the brain of the lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. We report that axotomy of giant RS neurons induces a select subset of them to accumulate high levels of synuclein, a synaptic vesicle-associated protein whose abnormal accumulation is linked to Parkinson's disease. Injury-induced synuclein accumulation occurred only in neurons that were classified as "poor survivors" by both histological and Fluoro-Jade C staining. In contrast, post-injury synuclein immunofluorescence remained at control levels in neurons that were identified as "good survivors." Synuclein accumulation appeared in the form of aggregated intracellular inclusions. Cells that accumulated synuclein also exhibited more ubiquitin-containing inclusions, similar to what occurs during disease states. When synuclein levels and cell vitality were measured in the same neurons, it became clear that synuclein accumulation preceded and strongly correlated with subsequent neuronal death. Thus, synuclein accumulation is identified as a marker and potential risk factor for forthcoming neuronal death after axotomy, expanding its implications beyond the neurodegenerative diseases.
Pharmacological management of high triglycerides and low high-density lipoproetin cholesterol

Elevated serum triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol are part of a metabolic syndrome that is increasingly being recognized as an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Several classes of pharmacological agents including fibrates, niacin and statins, can modify the triglyceride-HDL axis. Fibrates in particular have recently been shown in clinical trials not only to increase HDL, but also to reduce cardiovascular mortality in secondary prevention. More research is needed to further define the role of fibrates when used alone and in combination with statins in high-risk individuals.
Radical and cyclotomic extensions of the rational numbers

A radical extension of the rational numbers Q is a field R ⊇ Q generated by an element having a power in Q, and a cyclotomic extension K ⊇ Q is an extension generated by a root of unity. We show that a radical extension that is almost Galois over Q is almost cyclotomic. More precisely, we prove that if R is radical with Galois closure E, then E contains a cyclotomic field K such that the degree |E: K| is bounded above by an almost linear function of |E: R|. In particular, if R is Galois, it contains a cyclotomic field K such that |R: K| < 3.
Harvard neurology, Boston City Hospital, and Peter Bent Brigham Hospital 1938-1942.

Prompted by the notice of the inclusion of a new section in theArchivesdevoted to the history of neurology, entitledReminiscences, I considered preparing an account of my early experience in the field. The publication of two such reminiscences by my friend and former colleague, Charles D. Aring, 1,2 encouraged me to submit the following. Although my experiences in my undergraduate medical school period were limited, I did have the opportunity in my internship, and later during psychiatric residency, to study and take care of a broad spectrum of neurologic patients. At Marquette University, Milwaukee, I benefited from the inspired teaching of neuroanatomy by Walter Zeit and the clinical presentations of patients with acute neurologic problems by John Garvey. Later, at Yale University, New Haven, Conn, I saw something of James Fox in his neurologic clinic and shared with Harry Zimmerman, the outstanding neuropathologist, a detailed seminar on Alzheimer's
Ionization of the Upper Atmosphere by Low-Energy Charged Particles from a Solar Flare

Excess ionization of the upper atmosphere at high latitudes following solar flares has been observed on several occasions during IGY, through studies of the absorption of cosmic radio noise. The event occurring on July 29, 1955, following the class 3 solar flare at 03: 03 UT is discussed, The recordings of the 27.6Mc/sec cosmic noise received on this dnte at Thule, Greenland, and Barrow and College, Alaska, are shown, Identical receiving equipment, consisting of riometers connected to wide beam vertically-directed Yagi antennas, was used at each station. (W.D.M.)
Economic Interdependence and the Structure of Interregional Trade in Central America

This paper examines spatial—economic interdependence in a five-country interregional trade system in Central America. Different measures based on trade linkages are derived in a stochastic discrete Markov framework and include mean passage, waiting, and travel times, which are interpreted in terms of functional distances. It is demonstrated that although the Central American regional system has evolved toward a more integrated spatial—economic system, it still remains open and subservient to an external rest-of-world sector.
Diacylglycerol and hexadecane increase divalent cation-induced lipid mixing rates between phosphatidylserine large unilamellar vesicles.

Bovine brain phosphatidylserine (BBPS) vesicles were prepared with traces of dioleoylglycerol (18:1, 18:1 DAG) or hexadecane (HD) to determine the influence of changes in headgroup or acyl chain packing on divalent cation-induced lipid mixing rates. A stopped-flow apparatus was used to combine vesicles with 3 mM Ca2+ or Ba2+. Aggregation was monitored by light scattering and lipid mixing by lipid probe dilution. Neither 3–6 mol% 18:1, 18:1 DAG nor up to 10 mol % HD significantly altered the BBPS chain melting temperature, vesicle diameter, or vesicle aggregation rates. Lipid mixing rates doubled by adding either 3 mol % 18:1, 18:1 DAG or 6 mol % HD to BBPS with no change in the Ca2+ concentration threshold. The Arrhenius slopes of the lipid mixing rates for control, 3 mol % 18:1, 18:1 DAG, and 6 mol % HD vesicles were identical. 2H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of perdeuterated dipalmitoylglycerol and HD in BBPS in the absence and presence of Ca2+ and Ba2+ showed that the solutes occupied different time-averaged positions in the bilayer under each condition. These data suggest that: 1) the enhanced lipid mixing rate is related to the volume of the added alkyl chains; 2) 18:1, 18:1 DAG and HD may alter the activation entropy or the attempt frequency at one or more steps in the lipid mixing process; 3) 18:1, 18:1 DAG and HD are likely to act at a different spatial or temporal point than the divalent cation; and 4) it is unlikely that the effect of these solutes on lipid mixing is due to their equilibrium time-averaged positions in the bilayer. Others have shown that apolar lipids accelerate fusion in nonbilayer phase-forming systems, but BBPS does not form these phases under these conditions. Therefore, we propose that the effect of very small amounts of apolar substances may be very general, e.g., stabilizing the hydrophobic interstices associated with a variety of proposed intermediate structures.
Does Supplementation of Diet With 'Fish Oil' Reduce Blood Pressure?: A Meta-analysis of Controlled Clinical Trials

Background: Several lines of evidence suggest that supplementation of diet with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3) PUFA), commonly referred to as fish oils, may reduce blood pressure (BP). However, most clinical trials of ω-3 PUFA supplementation have been of insufficient size to detect relevant BP changes. Methods: We conducted a meta-analysis of 17 controlled clinical trials of ω-3 PUFA supplementation. To estimate an overall effect of ω-3 PUFA supplementation on BP, we calculated the net BP change in each trial (BP A in ω-3 PUFA group minus BP A in control group), which was then weighted according to the inverse of the variance. Results: In the 11 trials that enrolled normotensive individuals (n=728), ω-3 PUFA supplementation led to significant reductions of systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) in two and one trials, respectively. In the six studies that enrolled untreated hypertensives (n=291), significant reductions of SBP and DBP were present in two and four trials, respectively. Weighted, pooled estimates of SBP and DBP change (mm Hg) with 95% confidence intervals were —1.0 (—2.0 to 0.0) and —0.5 (—1.2 to +0.2) in the trials of normotensives, and —5.5 (—8.1 to —2.9) and —3.5 (—5.0 to —2.1) in the trials of untreated hypertensives. In 13 of 17 studies, trial duration was less than 3 months. Doses of ω-3 PUFA tended to be high (average dose >3 g/d in 11 trials). The magnitude of BP reduction was greatest at high BP but was not significantly associated with dose of ω-3 PUFA. Side effects, most commonly eructation and a fishy taste, occurred more frequently in ω-3 PUFA participants than in control participants (28% vs 13%,P Conclusions: Our analyses indicate that diet supplementation with a relatively high dose of ω-3 PUFA, generally more than 3 g/d, can lead to clinically relevant BP reductions in individuals with untreated hypertension. However, use of ω-3 PUFA as antihypertensive therapy will require demonstration of long-term efficacy and patient acceptability of lower doses. (Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:1429-1438)
ERCP—Preparation, positioning, and instrumentation

ERCP is an advanced endoscopic procedure requiring specific expertise. Patient preparation and positioning are particularly important for safe and successful ERCP, and there are several issues relating to instrumentation and patient monitoring. This review provides practical advice and highlights certain potential pitfalls relating to the practice of ERCP.
Synthesis and metabolism of cysteinyl leukotrienes by the isolated pig kidney

Synthesis and metabolism of cysteinyl leukotrienes by the isolated pig kidney. The metabolism and synthesis of cysteinyl leukotrienes by the isolated perfused pig kidney has been investigated. Kidneys were maintained for up to six hours in a recirculating perfusion system by using an oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit buffer containing albumin and the perfluorinated oxygen carrier, FC-43. Perfusion pressure was maintained at 12-13.5 kPa, with perfusion flow rates of 150-250 ml/min resulting in a urine output of between 20-180 ml/hr. Infusion of 3 H-LTC 4 into the renal artery resulted in rapid and complete metabolism, with the major urinary metabolites comprising LTE 4 , ω-hydroxy-LTE 4 , ω-carboxy-LTE 4 and N-acetyl-ω-hydroxy-LTE 4 . The capacity of the isolated kidney to synthesize cysteinyl leukotrienes was monitored by measuring urinary LTE 4 excretion; there was a basal urinary excretion of LTE 4 (median 43 pg/min, range 8-470 pg/min). Neither lipopolysaccharide or human recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha had any effect on basal excretion. Treatment with the calcium ionophore A23187, however, resulted in a 38.1 ± 9.6-fold increase in urinary LTE 4 excretion. We conclude that the isolated pig kidney, in the absence of circulating cells, can synthesize cysteinyl leukotrienes in the absence of circulating cells, which can then undergo extensive oxidative metabolism.
The Concurrent Validity of the Larsen-Hammill Test of Written Spelling in Relation to the California Achievement Test:

The Larsen-Hammill Test of Written Spelling (TWS) scores were correlated with scores received on the California Achievement Test (CAT) by 45 fourth-grade pupils. The two subtest scores on the TWS were used as predictor variables in four multiple regression analyses in which combined Reading, Mathematics, and Language scores along with the Spelling score from the CAT were used as criterion variables. The linear combination of both the TWS predictor variables, Predictable Words and Unpredictable Words, most accurately forecast the CAT Language scores. CAT Spelling scores were significantly predicted by TWS Predictable Words scores, but not so accurately predicted by the addition of the TWS Unpredictable Words scores into the regression equation. The investigation did not lend support to the contention that the TWS yields the same results as the CAT Spelling subtest or other subtests of the CAT.
Survey of recent work on the analysis of discretely attached corrugated shear webs.

Summary and progress report of more recent work by the author and his students on the theoretical analysis of stiffness, stresses, and deformations of corrugated shear webs with discrete, rather than continuous, attachment between the ends of the corrugations and the surrounding members. Various kinds of discrete attachment are considered, and two kinds of corrugation cross section: the trapezoidal and the curvilinear, the latter having crests and valleys made up of identical circular arcs. The more recent analyses employ the method of minimum total potential energy and the calculus of variations to obtain differential equations and boundary conditions governing the longitudinal variation of various component modes used to describe the deformations of a cross section. They are believed to be more accurate than earlier analyses in that they generally permit more degrees of freedom in the assumed deformations. In particular, they abandon the assumption, characteristic of the earlier analyses, that the straight-line generators of the corrugation remain straight during the shearing of the web.
Isoelectric distribution of specifically purified rabbit antibody against 4-azo-naphthalene-1-sulfonate.

Abstract In an attempt to obtain a homogeneous antibody population, an effort was made to improve the isoelectric focusing (IEF) separation of antibody. Rabbit anti-4-azo-1-naphthalene sulfonate antibody was specifically purified using an immunoadsorbent. These antibodies were separated into five fractions on QAE-Sephadex using Tetraethylethylenediamine-Tris buffer with starting buffer pH 8·2 (0·014 M Tris, 0·014 M TEEDA, 0·0375 M NaCl, 0·02% NaN3) and chasing buffer pH 4·0. Each antibody fraction was subjected to isoelectric separation using an ampholine pH range one above and one below the pH of the QAE fraction (e.g. pH 10-7, 9-6, 7-4, etc.), resulting in approximately 60 peaks of antibody fractions. With a flourescent molecular probe, 4-anilino-naphthalene-1-sulfonate (4,1-ANS), antibodies were studied to compare their specific binding affinities and other binding characteristics.
BAYESIAN ANALYSIS OF THE ADDITIVE MIXED MODEL FOR RANDOMIZED BLOCK DESIGNS

Summary This paper deals with the Bayesian analysis of the additive mixed model experiments. Consider b randomly chosen subjects who respond once to each of t treatments. The subjects are treated as random effects and the treatment effects are fixed. Suppose that some prior information is available, thus motivating a Bayesian analysis. The Bayesian computation, however, can be difficult in this situation, especially when a large number of treatments is involved. Three computational methods are suggested to perform the analysis. The exact posterior density of any parameter of interest can be simulated based on random realizations taken from a restricted multivariate t distribution. The density can also be simulated using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. The simulated density is accurate when a large number of random realizations is taken. However, it may take substantial amount of computer time when many treatments are involved. An alternative Laplacian approximation is discussed. The Laplacian method produces smooth and very accurate approximates to posterior densities, and takes only seconds of computer time. An example of a pipeline cracks experiment is used to illustrate the Bayesian approaches and the computational methods.
Effects of 5-hydroxytryptophane on self-stimulation in rats.

The effect of 5-hydroxytryptophane (5-HTP) was investigated on self-stimulation behavior in rats and orrelated with that on the contents of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) in different areas of their brain. 5-HTP (28, 57 and 115 mg/kg, i.p.) caused a dose-dependent decrease (32, 57 and 66%, respectively) in self-stimulation responding, whereas other amino acids (e.g. glycine, glutamic acid) or the vehicle had negligible effects. Concomitant with the decrease in responding, there was a significant increase in 5-HT contents of the various areas of the brain in the treated rats; the NE contents showed only a slight decrease. 5-HTP continued to decrease self-stimulation responding, in spite of pretreatment with a decarboxylase inhibitor, RO4-4602 that reduced increase in 5-HT contents of peripheral organs (e.g. heart). Brain 5-HT appears to have an inhibitory role in this behavior.
The role of fourier components in discrimination between two types of plaid patterns

Abstract Do decision processes have separate access to the individual Fourier components of a complex pattern? subjects discriminated between plaid patterns formed by multiplying or by summing vertical and horizontal square-wave gratings. Such patterns differ in two ways: product plaids contain distinctive off-axis Fourier components. (2) adjacent luminances are related by equal ratios in the products and by equal differences in the sums. Performance on this task was compared with the separately measured unmasked detection thresholds of the off-axis Fourier components and with performance in control tasks which provided only the non-Fourier cues. Performance in the plaid discrimination was worse than predicted from the unmasked detection thresholds, but better than predicted from the control tasks. The results argue that Fourier components are accessible, but that masking reduces their usefulness.