cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Projected ocean warming creates a conservation challenge for river herring populations

Presentaddress: NOAANational Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Ofﬁce of Science andTechnology,Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.Lynch, P. D., Nye, J. A., Hare, J. A., Stock, C. A., Alexander, M. A., Scott, J. D., Curti, K. L., and Drew, K. Projected ocean warmingcreates a conservation challenge for river herring populations. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsu134.Received11 March2014; revised 9July 2014; accepted16 July 2014.Thetermriverherringcollectivelyreferstoalewife(Alosapseudoharengus)andbluebackherring(A.aestivalis),twoanadromousﬁshesdistributedalongtheeastcoastofNorthAmerica.Historically,riverherringspawningmigrationssupportedimportantﬁsheries,andtheirspawningrunscon-tinuetobeofculturalsigniﬁcancetomanycoastalcommunities.Recently,substantialdeclinesinspawningrunsizepromptedapetitiontoconsiderriver herring for listing under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The ESA status review process requires an evaluation of a species’ response tomultiple stressors, including climate change. Foranadromous species that utilize a range of habitats throughout their life cycle, the response toa changing global climate is inherently complex and likely varies regionally. River herring occupy marine habitat for most of their lives, and wedemonstrate that their relative abundance in the ocean has been increasing in recent years. We project potential effects of ocean warmingalong the US Atlantic coast on river herring in two seasons (spring and fall), and two future periods (2020–2060 and 2060–2100) by linkingspecies distribution models to projected temperature changes from global climate models. Our analyses indicate that climate change will likelyresult in reductions in total suitable habitat across the study region, which will alter the marine distribution of river herring. We also projectthatdensity will likely decrease for bothspecies in fall, but mayincrease inspring. Finally,wedemonstrate thatriverherring mayhave increasedsensitivitytoclimatechangeunderalowabundancescenario.Thisresultcouldbeanimportantconsiderationforresourcemanagerswhenplan-ningforclimatechangebecauseestablishingeffectiveconservationeffortsintheneartermmayimprovepopulationresiliencyandprovidelastingbeneﬁtsto river herring populations.Keywords:alewife,Alosa,bioclimaticenvelope,bluebackherring,climatechange,diadromous,ecologicalniche,endangeredspecies,ﬁsh,habitatsuitability.
Astrocytic ATP Release

For all its complexity, the brain can be broadly divided into two major types of cells, neurons and glial cells. Glia are defined as nonneuronal cells and function to maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons. Formerly thought to be passive support cells, we now know that astrocytes, the major subtype of glial cell in the brain, participate in signaling activities both with the vasculature and with neurons at the synapse. We have long known that astrocytes regulate neuronal signaling by controlling the ionic environment of the neuropil and controlling the supply of neurotransmitters to synapses, and evidence now exists for astrocytes directly signaling to neurons via regulated exocytic release, as well as signaling via gap junction mediated communication. The first indication of astrocytes actively signaling was via release of glutamate which acted to produce calcium signals in nearby neurons. Since this time astrocytes have also been shown to release d-serine, TNF-alpha, ANP, and ATP. ATP and its metabolites are well known as important signaling molecules in the nervous system, and astrocytes may be the most widespread source of ATP release in the nervous system. Astrocytes express the machinery necessary for exocytic and gap junction mediated release of ATP, as well as purinergic receptors and associated signaling molecules. In vivo studies using molecular and genetic tools have also demonstrated that astrocytic release of ATP and other signaling molecules has a major impact on synaptic transmission in multiple brain regions and under different physiological contexts. Via these actions, astrocytes have now been shown to mediate complex functions in the whole organism, such as respiration and homeostatic control of the sleep–wake cycle.
Novel cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory biomarkers in neonatal post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus

Although inflammation is believed to play a major role in the pathogenesis of post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH), a comprehensive characterization of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inflammatory biomarkers in PHH has not been performed. Therefore, the aim of this study is to measure concentrations of chemokine and cytokine biomarkers that have yet to be studied in neonatal PHH. These biomarkers include CCL-3, CXCL-12, CX3CL-1, IL-10 and P-selectin.
Levels of Cognition

It is a persistent thought of Solomon Maimon, repeated several times by him in various connections, that while perception is a process occurring in time and subject to the mode of time, pure thought emerges instantly, at one stroke as it were, and is not a temporal process at all. In view of the prominence that Maimon gives to this distinction between perception and pure thought, two questions demanding elucidation necessarily arise. First, what is the source and origin of this idea? And second, what is the importance of this idea and its systematic place in Maimon’s thinking as a whole? In answering these questions we may even gain clarification of Maimon’s conception of a priori thought as distinct from sense perception.
Corporate Governance in America

This Essay describes the revolution in corporate governance that has occurred in the United States between 1950 and 2000. In 1950 the executive officers of large publicly held corporations controlled corporate activities while the role of the board of directors was largely passive. Its composition was essentially determined by the Chief Executive Officer. In 2000, boards of directors of publicly held corporations are composed primarily of independent directors selected by an independent committee. These boards have assumed significant oversight roles in many areas of corporate governance and the role of the Chief Executive Officer has been correspondingly reduced. Four major factors contributed to this fundamental change in corporate governance: (1) The growth of institutional investors and their willingness to become involved in issues of corporate governance, (2) The scandals of the Nixon administration, (3) The development of takeover bids and their subsequent decline, and (4) The development of recommendations for improved corporate governance by a variety of respected organizations, including the Business Roundtable, the National Association of Corporate Directors, and the American Law Institute. The traditional standard applied in econometric and finance studies evaluating changes in corporate governance is whether the changes increase the economic wealth of shareholders. Numerous studies fail to show that these changes have consistently had a positive effect on shareholder wealth, though one recent study suggests the contrary. This essay concludes by suggesting that the increased confidence in governance procedures establish the value of these changes irrespective of the inconclusive econometric and finance studies.
371 THE VALIDITY OF B-TYPE NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE BLOOD LEVELS TO DETECT HEART FAILURE IN HEART TRANSPLANT PATIENTS.

Purpose The usefulness of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) to detect symptomatic heart failure in the nontransplanted patient has been well established. However, the clinical utility of measuring BNP levels following heart transplantation is unclear. The purpose of our study was to determine whether BNP levels correlate with symptomatic heart failure, confirmed hemodynamically, in cardiac transplant recipients. Methods We evaluated 130 consecutive patients transplanted between July 2001 and November 2003 whose BNP levels were assessed at time of right heart catheterization and clinical examination. BNP values drawn within 8 weeks prior to an initial episode of treated rejection were also identified (n = 10). Heart failure was defined as both the presence of symptoms (dyspnea, edema, or documented increase in diuretic dose) and a PCWP 15 mm Hg. BNP samples taken during the first 3 months post-transplant (when levels are known to be elevated), as well as patients with renal failure (Cr > 1.9) were excluded. Patients had an average follow-up of 28 months. Results Of the 130 patients, 67 patients had 124 BNP measurements with a PCWP 15. The BNP was 150 pg/mL in only 42 of 124 (33.8%) measurements. In 29 patients with symptomatic heart failure and PCWP 15, the BNP was 150 on only 19 of 42 (45.2%) occasions. Therefore, a BNP level of 150 was found to have a sensitivity of only 45.2%, a specificity of 64.9%, a positive predictive value of 3.7%, and a negative predictive value of 2.4% for the detection of heart failure in heart transplant recipients. In addition, a BNP value 150 within 8 weeks of a clinically significant episode of rejection was noted in only 5 of 10 (50%) cases. Conclusions BNP levels are not effective in determining clinically relevant heart failure following heart transplantation. In addition, it does not appear to predict rejection. The discrepancy between the utility of BNP in detecting heart failure in the transplant and nontransplant population may be due to denervated cardiac physiology but requires further investigation.
Gender Politics: On the Uncertainty of “Social Gender”

"Gender"is the second wave of feminism important epistemological concept in America. With the neoliberal capitalist globalization,"gender"is also global.This article is intended to discuss the meaning and significance of"gender"in three decades:extension of changes in the context of its origin;accepted and revised in Chinese women's studies;ambiguous relationship with global capital and global political economic power.
Life-long nightmares: an eclectic treatment approach.

A depressed woman complained of obsessional worries, insomnia, and life-long nightmares. A novel combination of psychodynamic psychotherapy, paradoxical re-experiencing of the nightmares, and posth...
Peptide hormone homologies and evolution

Our understanding of the detailed molecular biology of the peptide hormones is among the areas of most rapid advance in endocrinology; studies of biosynthesis, secretion, metabolism, interaction with receptors and stimulus-response coupling in target cells are proceeding apace. These studies, which concentrate on the fine detail of molecular interactions of individual hormones, should not be allowed to distract attention from the remarkable uniformity of organisation revealed by considering peptide hormone endocrinology as a whole.
Semiconductor Surface Chemistry

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with semiconductors and their surface chemistry. Semiconductor materials, including the group IV elements Si and Ge, play a dominant role in much of modern technology. It begins by reviewing the surface structure of the most commonly studied crystal faces of these materials. This includes the (100) and (111) crystal faces of silicon and germanium. Following this, it briefly discusses the oxidation of both silicon and germanium, and reviews the passivation of silicon and germanium surfaces. In addition, it explores the reactivity of Si, Ge, and to a lesser extent GaAs and InP, toward various organic molecules that can be used to functionalize the surface and impart new properties to the semiconductor. The study of organic functionalization of semiconductors, in which organic molecules are adsorbed onto the surface in vacuum, is providing new insight into the reactivity of the reconstructed semiconductor surfaces. Several common themes have emerged in the understanding of the reactivity of both silicon and germanium based on these studies. Furthermore, the organic functionalization studies have indicated that multiple reaction products can form even for simple systems. Kinetic and thermodynamic influences must be considered in any analysis of the product distribution. Finally, increased level of understanding of the behavior of silicon and germanium surfaces toward organic reagents is banked upon to enable the next generation of studies, in which organic functionalization can be achieved selectively and controllably for a variety of new applications.
Trehalose induces functionally active conformation in the intrinsically disordered N-terminal domain of glucocorticoid receptor

Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a classic member of the nuclear receptor superfamily and plays pivotal roles in human physiology at the level of gene regulation. Various constellations of cellular cofactors are required to associate with GR to activate/repress genes. The effects of specific ligands on the AF2 structure and consequent preferential binding of co-activators or co-repressors have helped our understanding of the mechanisms involved. But the data so far fall short of fully explaining GR actions. We believe that this is because work so far has largely avoided detailed examination of the contributions of AF1 to overall GR actions. It has been shown that the GR containing only the N-terminal domain (NTD) and the DNA-binding domain (GR500) is constitutively quite active in stimulating transcription from simple promoters. However, we are only beginning to understand structure and functions of GR500 in spite of the fact that AF1 located within the NTD serves as major transactivation domain for GR. La...
Thyroid-stimulating Hormone

Abstract Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is a glycoprotein produced by thyrotroph cells of the anterior pituitary gland, and consists of a heterodimer of two noncovalently linked subunits, α and β. Each subunit is encoded by a separate gene located on a different chromosome and is transcribed in a coordinated manner responsive mainly to stimulation by thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) and inhibition by thyroid hormone. Production of bioactive TSH involves a process of cotranslational glycosylation and folding that enables combination between the nascent α- and β-subunits. TSH is stored in secretory granules and released into the circulation in a regulated manner responsive mainly to stimulation by TRH. Circulating TSH binds to specific cell surface receptors in the thyroid gland where it stimulates the production of thyroid hormone, which modulates many metabolic processes and inhibits TSH production. Sensitive TSH assays allow accurate measurement of circulating TSH levels. Acquired and congenital disorders of TSH production are uncommon causes of abnormal thyroid gland function, but are important to recognize as a possible cause of abnormal thyroid function tests.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning In Children: Diagnosis And Management In The Emergency Department

Approximately 5000 children present to the emergency department annually with unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning. Children may be more vulnerable to carbon monoxide poisoning because of their increased metabolic demand and their inability to vocalize symptoms or recognize a dangerous exposure, and newborn infants are more vulnerable to carbon monoxide poisoning because of the persistence of fetal hemoglobin. Mild carbon monoxide poisoning may present as viral symptoms in the absence of fever. While headache, nausea, and vomiting are the most common presenting symptoms in children, the most common symptom in infants is consciousness disturbance. This review discusses the limitations of routine pulse oximetry and carboxyhemoglobin measurement in determining carbon monoxide exposure, and notes effects of co-ingestions and comorbidities. Although the mainstay of treatment is 100% oxygen, the current evidence and controversies in the use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in pediatric patients is reviewed, along with its possible benefit in preventing delayed neurologic sequelae.
Practitioner Perceptions of School Library Advocacy

School library advocacy is increasingly important due to decreases in funding and staff. National organizations attempt to engage school librarians in advocacy and have developed resources and tools to assist with this task. However, there is little research examining how practicing school librarians engage in advocacy and how their advocacy efforts impact their library programs. This study explored school librarians’ perceptions of advocacy within the context of their school library setting. Findings suggest school librarians must continue to build relationships with stakeholders and create awareness for the school library position as they define the activities of advocacy unique to their library setting. An emphasis should also be placed on creating meaningful advocacy training in school library preparation courses.
Earthquake effects: Estimating the relationship between exposure to the 2010 Chilean earthquake and preschool children’s early cognitive and executive function skills

Abstract Little is known about how the experience of an earthquake affects young children's cognitive outcomes. On February 27, 2010, a severe earthquake shook southern Chile. The earthquake occurred during the course of a large-scale evaluation of an early childhood education intervention (child average age = 53 months) in Santiago, such that one cohort of children ( n = 698) experienced baseline data collection 3–12 weeks after the earthquake occurred, while a different cohort of children ( n = 720) did not. In this paper, we used these available evaluation data to conduct two sets of analyses that explore the relationship between preschool children’s exposure to the 2010 Chilean earthquake and their early language, pre-literacy, mathematics and executive function outcomes. In the first set of analyses, we employed a propensity score analysis to estimate the short-term effect of the earthquake on preschool- aged children’s early learning and executive function outcomes. Results suggest that children who experienced the earthquake had lower scores on some early language and pre-literacy assessments than those who did not, with effect sizes of approximately 20% of a standard deviation. Results from the second set of analyses suggest that among the families who experienced the earthquake, children whose parents reported more earthquake- related stressors performed significantly lower on some early language and pre-literacy outcomes. Implications of these findings for disaster relief efforts and future research are discussed.
Cellular Aging Contributes to Failure of Cold-Induced Beige Adipocyte Formation in Old Mice and Humans

Cold temperatures induce progenitor cells within white adipose tissue to form beige adipocytes that burn energy and generate heat; this is a potential anti-diabesity therapy. However, the potential to form cold-induced beige adipocytes declines with age. This creates a clinical roadblock to potential therapeutic use in older individuals, who constitute a large percentage of the obesity epidemic. Here we show that aging murine and human beige progenitor cells display a cellular aging, senescence-like phenotype that accounts for their age-dependent failure. Activating the senescence pathway, either genetically or pharmacologically, in young beige progenitors induces premature cellular senescence and blocks their potential to form cold-induced beige adipocytes. Conversely, genetically or pharmacologically reversing cellular aging by targeting the p38/MAPK-p16Ink4a pathway in aged mouse or human beige progenitor cells rejuvenates cold-induced beiging. This in turn increases glucose sensitivity. Collectively, these data indicate that anti-aging or senescence modalities could be a strategy to induce beiging, thereby improving metabolic health in aging humans.
Thin film deposition of double perovskite oxides for multilayer device applications

Abstract The double perovskite compounds Sr 2 AlTaO 6 , Sr 2 Al 0.5 Ga 0.5 TaO 6 , Sr 2 GaTaO 6 , Sr 2 CrNbO 6 , and Sr 2 NiWO 6 ( a p = 3.900, 3.924, 3.944, 3.940, 3.941 A respectively) have been investigated for use as buffer layer materials to aid in high quality thin film growth of the desired half-metallic double perovskite Sr 2 FeMoO 6 ( a p = 3.947 A). Chosen for their closely matching lattice parameters and insulating properties, the proposed buffer materials have been deposited by pulsed laser deposition and are found to be pure phase and epitaxial. X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, Rutherford backscattering, and transmission electron microscopy have been used to characterize the films' structure, surface roughness, and stoichiometry. Off-stoichiometry and structural defects are shown to allow strain relaxation of the films, thereby maintaining the smooth surfaces required for multilayer deposition.
Modos de ser professor-artista

O presente artigo pretende apontar posicionamentos acerca da docenciaartistica a partir do conceito de desterritorializacao, tomando algumas experiencias no campo da docencia em Artes Visuais, de atividades academicas e de investigacao como aportes para a discussao em torno do tema. Ha relatos do investigador que partem de sua licenciatura em Artes Visuais, passando pelas experiencias docentes ate chegar no momento atual em que realiza seu doutoramento, com o foco neste tema tratado. Ve-se neste texto, a docencia e a arte enquanto territorialidades em um processo de abertura para desterritorializarem-se e reterritorializarem-se juntas em um novo espaco. Esse novo espaco e tomado como uma multiterritorialidade, pois alem de abarcar docencia e arte, encontra-se aberto para outras contaminacoes, para se deixar afetar pelas outras territorialidades que encontram-se conectadas em rede.
Mapping of slow landslides on the Palos Verdes Peninsula using the California landslide inventory and persistent scatterer interferometry

Extremely slow landslides, those with a displacement rate <16 mm/year, may be imperceptible without proper instrumentation. These landslides can cause infrastructure damage on a long-term timescale. The objective is to identify these landslides through the combination of information from the California landslide inventory (CLI) and ground displacement rates using results from persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI), an interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) stacking technique, across the Palos Verdes Peninsula in California. A total of 34 ENVISAT radar images (acquired between 2005 and 2010) and 40 COSMO-SkyMed radar images (acquired between 2012 and 2014) were processed. An InSAR landslide inventory (ILI) is created using four criteria: minimum PS count, average measured ground velocity, slope angle, and slope aspect. The ILI is divided into four categories: long-term slides (LTSs), potentially active slides (PASs), relatively stable slopes (RSSs), and unmapped extremely slow slides (UESSs). These categories are based on whether landslides were previously mapped on that slope (in the CLI), if persistent scatterers (PSs) are present, and whether PSs are unstable or stable. The final inventory includes 263 mapped landslides across the peninsula, of them 67 landslides were identified as UESS. Although UESS exhibit low velocity and are relatively small (average area of 8865 m2 per slide), their presence in a highly populated area such as the Palos Verdes Peninsula could lead to destruction of infrastructure and property over the long term.
Comparing Student Performance on the Old vs New Versions of the NAPLEX

Objective. To determine if the new 2016 version of the North American Pharmacy Licensure Examination (NAPLEX) affected scores when controlling for student performance on other measures using data from one institution.Methods. There were 201 records from the classes of 2014-2016. Doubly robust estimation using weighted propensity scores was used to compare NAPLEX scaled scores and pass rates while considering student performance on other measures. Of the potential controllers of student performance: Pharmacy Curricular Outcomes Assessment (PCOA), scaled composite scores from the Pharmacy College Admission Test (PCAT), and P3 Grade Point Average (GPA). Only PCOA and P3 GPA were found to be appropriate for propensity scoring.Results. The weighted NAPLEX scaled scores did not significantly drop from the old (2014-2015) to the new (2016) version of NAPLEX. The change in pass rates between the new and old versions of NAPLEX were also non-significant.Conclusion. Using data from one institution, the new version i...
The “Factual” and the “Normative”

If a philosophical novice asks for an explanation of the traditional opposition between the “factual” and the “normative”, he is apt to be told something of the following sort: A judgement such as “Copper is a metal” expresses something that is the case (a “factual judgement”); while a judgement such as “Innocents ought not to be punished” expresses something that ought to be the case (a “normative judgement”), whether or not it is the case.
Verbal Memory Deficits in OEF/OIF/OND Veterans Exposed to Blasts at Close Range.

Objectives: This study investigated the relationship between close proximity to detonated blast munitions and cognitive functioning in OEF/OIF/OND Veterans. Methods: A total of 333 participants completed a comprehensive evaluation that included assessment of neuropsychological functions, psychiatric diagnoses and history of military and non-military brain injury. Participants were assigned to a Close-Range Blast Exposure (CBE) or Non-Close-Range Blast Exposure (nonCBE) group based on whether they had reported being exposed to at least one blast within 10 meters. Results: Groups were compared on principal component scores representing the domains of memory, verbal fluency, and complex attention (empirically derived from a battery of standardized cognitive tests), after adjusting for age, education, PTSD diagnosis, sleep quality, substance abuse disorder, and pain. The CBE group showed poorer performance on the memory component. Rates of clinical impairment were significantly higher in the CBE group on select CVLT-II indices. Exploratory analyses examined the effects of concussion and multiple blasts on test performance and revealed that number of lifetime concussions did not contribute to memory performance. However, accumulating blast exposures at distances greater than 10 meters did contribute to poorer performance. Conclusions: Close proximity to detonated blast munitions may impact memory, and Veterans exposed to close-range blast are more likely to demonstrate clinically meaningful deficits. These findings were observed after statistically adjusting for comorbid factors. Results suggest that proximity to blast should be considered when assessing for memory deficits in returning Veterans. Comorbid psychiatric factors may not entirely account for cognitive difficulties. (JINS, 2018, 24, 466–475)
A Narrative of Dreams: Chopin’s Polonaise-Fantaisie

This essay discusses Chopin’s Polonaise-Fantaisie from a narrative point of view, arguing that in addition to considering musical narrative as a study of affective logic, it also requires a consideration of cultural ideas at play in the music. The essay argues that in the Polonaise-Fantaisie one of the cultural oppositions involves dreaming vs. doing. This polonaise has difficulty maintaining the proper military (doing) aspect common to the genre, often falling into sections that signify dreaming. For example, a nocturne appears in the middle of the work, and various interruptions of the polonaise theme pull it away from its significations of action. The essay discusses the double apotheosis of the polonaise and nocturne themes, arguing that the work is making a statement about how dreaming and acting must come together for action to be meaningful. The essay concludes by detailing how the Polonaise-Fantaisie can prompt us to reconsider modern subjectivity, since the sections about dreaming point to a growing sense of our inner life, which was a growing concern in the nineteenth-century.
Cost-effectiveness of nonavalent HPV vaccination among males aged 22 through 26 years in the United States

Abstract Introduction In the United States, routine human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination is recommended for females and males at age 11 or 12 years; the series can be started at age 9 years. Vaccination is also recommended for females through age 26 years and males through age 21 years. The objective of this study was to assess the health impact and cost-effectiveness of harmonizing female and male vaccination recommendations by increasing the upper recommended catch-up age of HPV vaccination for males from age 21 to age 26 years. Methods We updated a published model of the health impact and cost-effectiveness of 9-valent human papillomavirus vaccine (9vHPV). We examined the cost-effectiveness of (1) 9vHPV for females aged 12 through 26 years and males aged 12 through 21 years, and (2) an expanded program including males through age 26 years. Results Compared to no vaccination, providing 9vHPV for females aged 12 through 26 years and males aged 12 through 21 years cost an estimated $16,600 (in 2016 U.S. dollars) per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained. The estimated cost per QALY gained by expanding male vaccination through age 26 years was $228,800 and ranged from $137,900 to $367,300 in multi-way sensitivity analyses. Conclusions The cost-effectiveness ratios we estimated are not so favorable as to make a strong economic case for recommending expanding male vaccination, yet are not so unfavorable as to preclude consideration of expanding male vaccination. The wide range of plausible results we obtained may underestimate the true degree of uncertainty, due to model limitations. For example, the cost per QALY might be less than our lower bound estimate of $137,900 had our model allowed for vaccine protection against re-infection. Models that specifically incorporate men who have sex with men (MSM) are needed to provide a more comprehensive assessment of male HPV vaccination strategies.
Genitourinary Malformations Associated with Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum

AbstractAgenesis of the corpus callosum is an infrequent congenital anomaly that occurs in partial or complete forms, and is frequently associated with other craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities. An increased association with genitourinary abnormalities has not been previously defined. We reviewed the records of 22 boys and 11 girls with agenesis of the corpus callosum. Of the patients 18 had complete radiological or necroscopic evaluation and 15 had physical examinations as the sole means of evaluation. Renal anomalies were the most frequent genitourinary abnormalities identified in these children, although ureteral, genital and bladder abnormalities were also encountered. There was an exceptionally high incidence of undescended testes (23%), approximately 20-fold greater than the frequency in the normal population, possibly resulting from hypothalamic insufficiency associated with midline cranial defects. We suggest, therefore, that all patients with agenesis of the corpus callosum should be thorough...
Performance of Inward and Outward U.S. Foreign Direct Investment during Recent Financial Crises

Foreign direct investment (FDI) plays an extraordinary and growing role in the global markets and represents an integral part of the U.S. economy. This research has descriptive character and focuses on the latest trends in inward and outward U.S. foreign direct investment illustrating the impact of the recent financial crises on FDI performance in the United States. The study analyzes the US FDI stock contribution to the global FDI, performance of the inward and outward US FDI flow and stock, the US FDI flow and stock as a percentage of GDP and geographical distribution of inward and outward US FDI stock. The essential part of this research relates to inward and outward US FDI employment and the structure of inward and outward US FDI financial performance, which includes: equity, reinvested earnings and intercompany debt.
VCSEL Based FBG Sensor Network Interrogator for Lightning Strike Testing of Airframes

We develop a low-power, VCSEL based FBG sensor network interrogator for high-speed measurements of thermal and mechanical induced strains in composite airframes during lightning strikes. © 2019 The Author(s)
An Evaluation of Snowband Predictability in the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh

AbstractNarrow regions of intense, banded snowfall present hazardous travel conditions due to rapid onset, high precipitation rates, and lowered visibility. Despite their importance, there are few ...
Comparison of greenness measures in assessing the association between urban residential greenness and birth weight

Abstract With a cohort of 138,532 births in metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia, 2000–2002, this study compared four types of greenness measures, along with multiple buffer distances around maternal residences, in assessing the association between maternal exposure to residential greenness and birth weight. In addition to the widely-used average of normalized difference vegetation index, percent tree canopy, and proximity to parks, our study innovatively included the neighborhood green index that considered both the abundance and quality of greenness. We also investigated the potential distance decay effect of surrounding greenness on birth weight. The unadjusted models showed that all greenness measures were significantly associated with birth weight and the risk of low birth weight. However, after adjusting for a comprehensive list of individual and neighborhood characteristics, all associations were attenuated, and higher birth weights were only significantly associated with higher measures of the neighborhood green index at all buffer distances and the absence of parks within 800 m of the mother’s home. No significant relationships were found between any greenness measures and the risk of low birth weight. In addition, some evidence was seen that immediate surrounding greenness had a greater protective effect on birth weight than remote greenness. Also, the highest SES group presented stronger associations between greenness and birth weight than other SES groups. Our study suggests the need to take greenness quality into account when assessing the impact of greenness exposure on public health and developing health-related policies.
Neological cancer metaphors in the Chinese cyberspace: Uses and social meanings

Abstract This study examines emerging cancer metaphors that are encoded as a neological construction [X-ai ‘cancer’] using corpus data retrieved from Chinese social media. The quantitative findings show that [X- ai] is a highly productive construction where the open slot X attracts a wide variety of lexical items. The qualitative findings are twofold. First, the central meaning of this construction is to express subjective feelings such as self-mockery (e.g., laziness cancer) and contempt for other people’s behaviors in gender discourse (e.g.. straight man cancer). Second, the development of this construction is caused by the exemplar-based cognitive mechanism through social labeling practices. I argue that this neological language use is employed to convey collective emotions in gender discourse and that it indexes a group style, either playful and humorous or contemptuous and disparaging, both of which construct language user identity and sociocultural ideology in the Chinese cyberspace. This study has implications for research on neological metaphors and for language use in digital culture in general.
Are the adults alright? Reviewing outcomes for adult offspring of parental divorce

The current paper aims to summarize the psychological literature on offspring who are over the age of 18 at the time of their parents’ divorce. The current review identifies the impact of divorce o...
How are Neighborhood and Street-Level Walkability Factors Associated with Walking Behaviors? A Big Data Approach Using Street View Images:

The built environment characteristics associated with walkability range from neighborhood-level urban form factors to street-level urban design factors. However, many existing walkability indices a...
Uncommon Implications of the Common Ownership Hypothesis

One of the most pressing dilemmas facing consumer protection policy and corporate law is the common ownership problem – the idea that diversified investment products that help millions of consumers are indirectly making them worse off. The hypothesis states that when the same investment funds own sizable stakes in rival firms, those firms will have less incentive to compete with one another, leading to higher prices, lower wages and greater income inequality. We argue that current attempts to resolve the common ownership question are destined for stalemate because they are premised on a misunderstanding of the empirical evidence that frames the issue. The problem stems from a flawed measure of common ownership that drives the results of the empirical research on common ownership mechanically, rather than revealing anything about the underlying reality of the issue. We demonstrate this flaw by replicating the foundational “airline paper,” showing that a relationship between ownership and anticompetitive price increases can be obtained using completely random common ownership or low, presumably harmless levels of common ownership, in line with what some have proposed as a legal limit. We propose an alternative empirical and legal approach to the common ownership problem that empirically tests a set of logical implications of common ownership theory that have thus far been missing from the conversation. These implications entail empirical observations that should be surprising and uncommon absent the effects of common ownership. Specifically, if the economic theory that underpins the hypothesis is true, certain transactional forms in the life of a firm that are assumed irrelevant for consumers should have dramatic effects on consumer prices. For example, Mondelez’s decision to change a subsidiary’s on-paper nationality through a tax inversion would be expected to lower other companies’ coffee prices. And Proctor & Gamble’s decision to pay in stock instead of cash to acquire Gillette should cause unrelated third-party companies to sell cheaper batteries. We explain how predictions like these can guide legal research and empirical inquiry into common ownership’s effects, mechanisms and solutions.
Association between pregnancy intention and preconception health behaviors.

Background Female adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer survivors face higher infertility and pregnancy risks than peers with no cancer history. Preconception health behaviors such as physical activity (PA), tobacco smoking, and alcohol intake influence reproductive outcomes. In general populations, pregnancy intention is positively associated with healthy preconception behaviors, but it has not been studied among AYA survivors. The authors hypothesized that higher pregnancy intention would be associated with healthier behaviors, especially among AYA survivors with perceived infertility risk. Methods A cross-sectional analysis was conducted with data collected between 2013 and 2017 from 1071 female AYA survivors aged 18 to 39 years who had completed their primary cancer treatment and enrolled in an ovarian function study. Self-reported intention dimensions were measured as a pregnancy intention score (PIS) and trying now to become pregnant. Multivariable linear (PA), binary (smoking), and ordinal (alcohol use) logistic regressions were used to estimate associations between intentions and preconception behaviors, with adjustments made for demographic and cancer characteristics. Effect modification by perceived infertility risk was assessed. Results The mean PIS was 1.1 (SD, 0.77) on a 0 to 2 scale (2 = high intention), and 8.9% were attempting pregnancy now. A higher PIS was associated with increased PA (β, 0.08; 95% CI, 0.11-1.04), whereas ambivalence in pregnancy intention was associated with lower alcohol consumption (odds ratio, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.55-0.95). Pregnancy intentions were not associated with smoking. Perceived infertility risk strengthened the relationship between PIS and PA (P Conclusions Pregnancy intentions were associated with some healthier preconception behaviors in AYA survivors. Medical professionals caring for AYA survivors may consider pregnancy intention screening to guide conversations on preconception health.
Engagement in Tennessee Mathematics

The Mathematics Department at the University of Tennessee hired two outreach mathe maticians in 2000. Outreach mathematicians are responsible for enhancing K–12 mathematics education, a goal formally recognized in very few research mathematics departments. Typical activities include school visits, presentation of teacher workshops, organization of service-learning and student volunteers, service on local and national committees, collaboration with education faculty, grant writing, and publication of scholarly articles. Research mathematicians find the role challenging because they must adapt to varying cultures outside of those encountered in regular teaching and research. Requirements for tenure and promotion differ somewhat from those for regular faculty and provide a challenge to the department and the university as much as to the candidates. However, the unique nature of the positions provides an opportunity for innovation and can serve as a model for other institutions.
Mechanisms in the in vivo release of lymphokines. 1. Comparative kinetics in the release of six lymphokines in inbred strains of mice.

Abstract Lymphokines were detected in the sera of 16 strains of inbred mice sensitized intravenously with cell walls of Mycobacterium bovis strain BCG and challenged subsequently intravenously with old tuberculin (OT). Variations occurred between the strains in the types and quantities of six lymphokines studied, namely, chemotactic factor (CF), type II interferon (IF II), lymphotoxin (LT), migration inhibitory factor (MIF), mitogenic factor (MF), and skin reactive factor (SRF). The times for maximum release of the lymphokines in the different strains were similar for MIF, IF II, SRF, and MF, but differed for CF and LT. The degree of activity of MIF and IF II generally paralleled one another in the different strains but such parallelism did not occur for the other four lymphokines. Each of the 16 strains was a high responder for at least one of the lymphokines, indicating that in sensitized mice the release or presence in the circulation of lymphokines in response to a specific antigen is a selective process. Thus, each strain may have an individual combination of lymphokines, interactions of which may determine the types of pathway utilized in an immunological response.
A family of statistical symmetric divergences based on Jensen's inequality

We introduce a novel parametric family of symmetric information-theoretic distances based on Jensen’s inequality for a convex functional generator. In particular, this family unies the celebrated Jereys divergence with the Jensen-Shannon divergence when the Shannon entropy generator is chosen. We then design a generic algorithm to compute the unique centroid dened as the minimum average divergence. This yields a smooth family of centroids linking the Jereys to the Jensen-Shannon centroid. Finally, we report on our experimental results.
Explaining Value: Nagel on Normative Realism and the Teleology of Evolution

In chapter 5 of Mind and Cosmos, Thomas Nagel argues that value realism shows that “something is missing from Darwinism, and from the standard biological conception of ourselves.” A major part of what is missing is the right sort of explanation for the historical process that brought into existence value and beings like ourselves who can consciously recognize value. An adequate explanation of that process, Nagel suggests, would be teleological in character, with value as the telos that explains the emergence and evolution of living things. As he says, “On a teleological account, the existence of value is not an accident, because it is part of the explanation of why there is such a thing as life, with all its possibilities of development and variation. In brief, value is not just an accidental side effect of life; rather, there is life because life is a necessary condition of value.” To some readers, such a teleological explanation of life’s development will seem outrageous, even absurd. In this essay, I will not challenge the possibility of such an explanation. But I wish to raise some doubts about Nagel’s claim that value realism calls for historical teleology of this sort. Before doing so, I will attempt to clarify Nagel’s line of thought. Nagel presents his view in conversation with the work of Sharon Street, in particular her “Darwinian dilemma” for realist theories of value. Street argues that realism is incompatible with a Darwinian view of how evolution has shaped our moral and evaluative faculties. Nagel agrees with this claim. However, whereas Street maintains that we should give up realism, Nagel draws the alternative conclusion—we should revise the Darwinian account. In spite of Nagel’s presentation, I think it is ultimately misleading to interpret his argument in the context of Street’s work. In the next section, I will explain why Street’s Darwinian dilemma is really a distraction from Nagel’s chief concerns. With Nagel’s argument in better focus, I will then argue that we can accept the sort of antireductionism and value realism that Nagel favors, without embracing a teleological account of the process of evolution.
Genetic and environmental influences on testosterone in adolescents: evidence for sex differences.

The current study investigated genetic and environmental influences on salivary testosterone during adolescence, using data from 49 pairs of monozygotic twins and 68 pairs of dizygotic twins, ages 14-19 years (M = 16.0 years). Analyses tested for sex differences in genetic and environmental influences on testosterone and its relation to pubertal development. Among adolescent males, individual differences in testosterone were heritable (55%) and significantly associated with self-reported pubertal status (controlling for age) via common genetic influences. In contrast, there was minimal heritable variation in testosterone for females, and testosterone in females was not significantly associated with pubertal status after controlling for age. Rather, environmental influences shared by twins raised together accounted for nearly all of the familial similarity in female testosterone. This study adds to a small but growing body of research that investigates genetic influences on individual differences in behaviorally relevant hormones.
Substance P elicited grooming in the mouse: behavioral and pharmacological characteristics.

Substance P undecapeptide produces intense grooming after central injection. To characterize further this syndrome at behavioral and psychopharmacological level: (a) substance P elicited grooming was compared to spontaneously occurring grooming for their respective behavioral characteristics, and (b) a variety of centrally active substances were injected in an attempt to modify the normal occurrence of the grooming syndrome. Manipulations of opioid systems did not affect grooming, nor did a variety of other peptides. However, central injections of neurotensin significantly inhibited grooming. This interaction may represent a functional behavioral correlate of the established neuroanatomical interactions of the above substances.