cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-term outcomes in nondiabetic chronic kidney disease.

The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study examined the effects of strict blood pressure control and dietary protein restriction on the progression of kidney disease. Here, we retrospectively evaluated outcomes of nondiabetic participants with stages 2–4 chronic kidney disease (CKD) from randomized and nonrandomized cohorts of the MDRD Study. Kidney failure and survival status through December of 2000, were obtained from the US Renal Data System and the National Death Index. Event rates were calculated for kidney failure, death, and a composite outcome of death and kidney failure. In the 1666 patients, rates for kidney failure were four times higher than that for death. Kidney failure was a more likely event than death in subgroups based on baseline glomerular filtration rate, proteinuria, kidney disease etiology, gender, and race. It was only among those older than 65 that the rate for death approximated that for kidney failure. In contrast to other populations with CKD, our study of relatively young subjects with nondiabetic disease has found that the majority of the participants advanced to kidney failure with a low competing risk of death. In such patients, the primary emphasis should be on delaying progression of kidney disease.
OBSERVATIONS ON NITELLA ACUMINATA FROM SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES AND NORTHERN MEXICO1

SUMMARY Morphological and cytological analyses of several specimens of the genus Nitella suggest that species described as N. stellaris, N. lindheimeri, N. gollmeriana, and N. mexicana and some forms reported as N. acuminata var. subglomerata represent a single taxon in the N. acuminata species group. Cytological examination revealed a chromosome number of n = 9 in the specimens from the study area but N. acuminata is known to display n = 18 chromosomes in other regions of North America and on oilier continents. Hypotheses regarding the origin and significance of this polyploidy are discussed. The habitats supporting N. acuminata (n = 9) in the study area show some features which are in contrast to those of habitats supporting the species (n = 18) in other areas of North America.
Mobile thrombi in the abdominal aorta in cases of lower extremity embolic arterial occlusion : Value of extended transthoracic echocardiography

Abstract Background Lower extremity embolic arterial occlusion is often associated with proximal atherosclerotic and/or aneurysmal disease. Fixed atherosclerotic disease of the abdominal aorta has been demonstrated by ultrasonography, tomographic studies, and aortography, but mobile debris has not previously been described. We report detection of mobile thrombi in the abdominal aorta during transthoracic echocardiography screening in 6 patients with lower extremity embolic arterial occlusion. Methods Six patients were referred to the echocardiography laboratory for evaluation of a source of peripheral arterial embolism. The transthoracic echocardiogram was extended to include longitudinal and transverse images of the abdominal aorta. Additional investigations included abdominal ultrasound (6 patients), computed tomography (2 patients), angiography (2 patients), and transesophageal echocardiography (4 patients). Results Six patients (4 men, 2 women, aged 46 to 79 years) presented with a blue toe syndrome consistent with atheroembolism. During transthoracic echocardiography with examination of the abdominal aorta, all were found to have significant atherosclerotic disease of the abdominal aorta with one or more mobile components. This finding had a significant impact on treatment of each patient. Surgical resection of the involved portion of the abdominal aorta in one patient demonstrated an ulcerated atheroma with overlying thrombus. Conclusion In patients with lower extremity embolic arterial occlusion, evaluation of the abdominal aorta during transthoracic echocardiography should be a routine extension of the echocardiographic examination. The finding of mobile thrombi in the abdominal aorta identifies a potential source of embolism for which effective treatment exists.
ENERGY TRANSFER BETWEEN THE PRIMARY DONOR BACTERIOCHLOROPHYLL AND CAROTENOIDS IN Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides

— The temperature dependencies of the primary donor triplet state spectra are presented for the phorosynthetic bacteria Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides wild type. GIC and R26. The data suggest that energy transfer from the primary donor triplet state to the reaction center carotenoid is dependent on the type of carotenoid present, reversible in the case of strain GIC, and best understood by a model depicting the kinetic processes that can occur between two potential energy surfaces; one representing the state 3BChl2*Car and the other representing BChl23Car*. Furthermore, it is shown that the onset of spin lattice relaxation in the primary donor triplet is most likely coupled to the same energy vibrational mode as that which promotes triplet state energy transfer from the primary donor to the reaction center carotenoid
Tenderness Perception of Poultry Major Pectoralis Muscle during Mastication

ABSTRACT: The relationship between textural perception of poultry meat and the masticatory activity and chewing behavior of 7 subjects were investigated. A total of 90 broilers were slaughtered at 7 wk of age and deboned at either 1.25, 4, or 24 h postmortem (PM). Sensory analysis on cooked meat was conducted by 7 trained meat descriptive panelists. Panelists were asked to evaluate initial hardness, hardness of mass, cohesiveness of mass, and number of chews related to meat tenderness. Tenderness of cooked meat was also predicted instrumentally by both the Meullenet–Owens razor shear (MORS) and Blunt–Meullenet–Owens razor shear (BMORS). Masticatory muscle (anterior-temporalis and masseter) activities during chewing were measured by electromyography (EMG) and 19 parameters were used to characterize muscle activity during mastication. Jaw movement velocity and trajectory to characterize the chewing behavior was also recorded by electrognathography (EGN) during mastication. Significant differences among fillets deboned at various times PM were found in all sensory attributes. Significant differences in sensory attributes, muscle activities, and jaw movements among subjects were also observed. It was found that poultry meat texture was better predicted by muscle activity parameters (EMG) than by chewing behavior (EGN). Overall, EMG parameters calculated from mid and late chewing cycles were better predictors of poultry texture perception than initial cycles, indicating that comminuting of poultry meat is an important aspect of its texture perception.
Using Contemporary Technologies in the Assessment and Treatment of Serious Mental Illness

Technologies that have the potential to improve the quality of mental health services are developing at a phenomenal rate. In the current paper, experts from a wide array of disciplines and settings share their perspectives, experiences, and visions for technology-assisted assessment and treatment of serious mental illness in the present and not-too-distant future. First, we examine how technological advancements may help consumers better understand and utilize complex treatment systems, obtain information on mental health conditions and viable interventions, enhance treatment engagement, learn and maintain effective coping strategies, overcome some of the barriers associated with stigma, reduce treatment costs, and increase treatment access and outcomes. We then discuss the advantages of using ubiquitous mobile devices and mobile health approaches specifically, highlighting their potential in facilitating real-place/real-time individualized care. Finally, we identify some of the unique challenges emergin...
Inverse bottleneck in Eu2+-Mn2+ energy transfer

Abstract The energy transfer (ET) between Eu2+ and Mn2+ in Ca5(PO4)3Cl has been investigated. At low intensities under 405 nm excitation, time-resolved experiments provide microscopic parameters for the energy transfer between adjacent Eu2+ and Mn2+ ions. At high intensities, we observe a non-linear component in the energy transfer process due to ground state depletion of the Mn2+ ions, leading not to a reduction, but to an increase in the energy transfer rate between Eu2+ and Mn2+ ions and also energy transfer between excited Mn2+ ions. This results in a sub-linear response of both Eu2+ and Mn2+ luminescence as a function of intensity. Our observations are quantitatively described by a model using energy transfer to Mn2+ ions in both the ground and the excited state.
Tradespace Exploration for the Engineering of Resilient Systems

Abstract Tradespace exploration supports the Systems Engineering Technical Management Process of Decision Analysis by identifying compromises, revealing opportunities, and communicating the impacts of decisions across a system's development lifecycle. Critical program decisions are made based on the outcomes of trades; trades being performed with multiple types and quantities of data coming out of tools and methods employing qualitative and quantitative analyses. Tradespace exploration for Engineered Resilient Systems (ERS) is envisioned to coalesce pertinent information tuned to specific decision makers, at the appropriate time, presenting a holistic view of decision impacts on required system capabilities. This study provides an ERS view of tradespace exploration, which reveals that having a valid set of attributes, and an understanding of how a cross-section of tools can satisfy them, is insufficient – what is needed is a deeper understanding of how these tools are used and, more importantly, how they can be used when performing tradespace exploration in support of the Decision Analysis Process. Gaining this understanding will enable users to better assess if they possess the appropriate tradespace exploration tools. A holistic view of 81 candidate tradespace exploration tools is provided. This study seeks to address a fundamental aspect of tradespace exploration by assembling a “best common practice” process for their requirements, identifying a set of attributes that defines an ideal tradespace exploration tool, and surveying existing tools that satisfy these attributes. In this way, a set of tools can be selected to enable the ERS tradespace vision on a particular project. A paradigm shift towards common tradespace methods, tools, cost models, and steps is emphasized.
Binding of Serum Response Factor to CArG Box Sequences Is Necessary but Not Sufficient to Restrict Gene Expression to Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells

Serum response factor (SRF) plays an important role in regulating smooth muscle cell (SMC) development and differentiation. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the activity of SRF in SMCs, the two CArG box-containing elements in the arterial SMC-specific SM22α promoter, SME-1 and SME-4, were functionally and biochemically characterized. Mutations that abolish binding of SRF to the SM22α promoter totally abolish promoter activity in transgenic mice. Moreover, a multimerized copy of either SME-1 or SME-4 subcloned 5′ of the minimal SM22α promoter (base pairs −90 to +41) is necessary and sufficient to restrict transgene expression to arterial SMCs in transgenic mice. In contrast, a multimerized copy of the c-fos SRE is totally inactive in arterial SMCs and substitution of the c-fos SRE for the CArG motifs within the SM22α promoter inactivates the 441-base pair SM22α promoter in transgenic mice. Deletion analysis revealed that the SME-4 CArG box alone is insufficient to activate transcription in SMCs and additional 5′-flanking nucleotides are required. Nuclear protein binding assays revealed that SME-4 binds SRF, YY1, and four additional SMC nuclear proteins. Taken together, these data demonstrate that binding of SRF to specific CArG boxes is necessary, but not sufficient, to restrict transgene expression to SMCs in vivo.
Serial human passage of simian immunodeficiency virus by unsterile injections and the emergence of epidemic human immunodeficiency virus in Africa.

There is compelling evidence that both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) types emerged from two dissimilar simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) in separate geographical regions of Africa. Each of the two HIVs has its own simian progenitor and specific genetic precursor, and all of the primates that carry these SIVs have been in close contact with humans for thousands of years without the emergence of epidemic HIV. To date no plausible mechanism has been identified to account for the sudden emergence in the mid-20th century of these epidemic HIVs. In this study we examine the conditions needed for SIV to complete the genetic transition from individual human SIV infections to epidemic HIV in humans. The genetic distance from SIV to HIV and the mutational activity needed to achieve this degree of adaptation to human hosts is placed within a mathematical model to estimate the probabilities of SIV completing this transition within a single SIV-infected human host. We found that the emergence of even one epidemic HIV strain, following a single human exposure to SIV, was very unlikely. And the probability of four or more such transitions (i.e. HIV-1 groups M, O and HIV-2 subtypes A and B) occurring in a brief period is vanishingly small. We conclude that SIV cannot become a zoonosis, but requires adaptive mutations to become HIV. Some modern event must have aided in the transition of SIV to HIV. Our research indicates that serial passage of partially adapted SIV between humans could produce the series of cumulative mutations sufficient for the emergence of epidemic HIV strains. We examined the rapid growth of unsterile injections in Africa beginning in the 1950s as a biologically plausible event capable of greatly increasing serial human passage of SIV and generating HIV by a series of multiple genetic transitions. We conclude that increased unsterile injecting in Africa during the period 1950-1970 provided the agent for SIV human infections to emerge as epidemic HIV in the modern era.
Seasonality and coronary heart disease deaths in United States firefighters

United States firefighters have a high on-duty fatality rate, and coronary heart disease is the leading cause. Seasonality affects the incidence of cardiovascular events in the general population, but its effects on firefighters are unknown. This study statistically examined the seasonal and annual variation of all on-duty coronary heart disease deaths among US firefighters between 1994 and 2004 using the chi-square distribution and Poisson regression model of the monthly fatality counts. It also examined the effect of ambient temperature (apparent as well as wind chill temperature) on coronary heart disease fatalities during the study span using a time-stratified, case-crossover study design. When grouped by season, we observed the distribution of the 449 coronary heart disease fatalities to show a relative peak in winter (32%) and relative nadir in spring (21%). This pattern was significantly different (p=0.005) from the expected distribution under the null hypothesis of season having no effect. The pattern persisted in additional analyses, stratifying the deaths by the type of duty in which the firefighters were engaged at the time of their deaths. In the Poisson regression model of the monthly fatality counts, the overall goodness-of-fit between the actual and predicted case counts was excellent (chi(4)(2)=16.63; p=0.002). Two distinct peaks were detected: one in January-February and the other in August-September. Overall temperature was not associated with increased risk of on-duty death. After allowing for different effects of temperature in mild/hot versus cold periods, a 1 degrees C increase was not protective in cold weather; nor did it increase the risk of death in warmer weather. The findings of this study reveal statistical evidence for excess coronary heart disease deaths among firefighters during winter; however, the temporal pattern of coronary heart disease deaths was not linked to temperature variation. The seasonal pattern was also found to be independent of duty-related risks.
PATTERNS OF SOLUBLE PEROXIDASE IN RIPENING BANANA FRUIT

SUMMARY— Total peroxidase activity and the spectrum of isoperoxidases solubilized from the pulp of banana fruit were relatively constant when the extraction procedure was most efficient. When casein dispersion was present during extraction of green fruit, high levels of activity were detectable. Other scavengers of condensed polyphenols were less effective in yielding activity in the soluble and particulate fractions. When collagen fibers were included with buffer during tissue maceration, no peroxidase was solubilized at all stages of ripening; however, the particulate fraction contained very high levels of peroxidase. Previous reports showing a concomitant change in peroxidase activity with the respiratory upsurge of climacteric fruit may be anomalous because of differential phenol inhibition.
Theatre Teacher Beliefs About Quality Practice in the Secondary Theatre Classroom: An Ethnographic Study

The act of teaching theatre, whether in the classroom, the studio, the shop, or on the stage, can seem fleeting. The essence of a really good theatre teacher might even be indescribable to most. As preservice theatre teacher educators at two large universities in the Western United States, this fact has nagged us. We want to be able to identify what quality practice is to the preservice teachers we teach and supervise. Furthermore, we want to be able to describe quality theatre education practice to ourselves, but like other researchers, we have found that there are few definite answers regarding what quality practice in a theatre classroom looks like. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to discover the quality practices that teachers espoused and embodied.
Effect of Alternative Glycosylation on Insulin Receptor Processing

Abstract The mature insulin receptor is a cell surface heterotetrameric glycoprotein composed of two α- and two β-subunits. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes as in other cell types, the receptor is synthesized as a single polypeptide consisting of uncleaved α- and β-subunits, migrating as a 190-kDa glycoprotein. To examine the importance of N-linked glycosylation on insulin receptor processing, we have used glucose deprivation as a tool to alter protein glycosylation. Western blot analysis shows that glucose deprivation led to a time-dependent accumulation of an alternative proreceptor of 170 kDa in a subcellular fraction consistent with endoplasmic reticulum localization. Co-precipitation assays provide evidence that the alternative proreceptor bound GRP78, an endoplasmic reticulum molecular chaperone. N-Glycosidase F treatment shows that the alternative proreceptor contained N-linked oligosaccharides. Yet, endoglycosidase H insensitivity indicates an aberrant oligosaccharide structure. Using pulse-chase methodology, we show that the synthetic rate was similar between the normal and alternative proreceptor. However, the normal proreceptor was processed into α- and β-subunits (t = 1.3 ± 0.6 h), while the alternative proreceptor was degraded (t = 5.1 ± 0.6 h). Upon refeeding cells that were initially deprived of glucose, the alternative proreceptor was processed to a higher molecular weight form and gained sensitivity to endoglycosidase H. This “intermediate” form of the proreceptor was also degraded, although a small fraction escaped degradation, resulting in cleavage to the α- and β-subunits. These data provide evidence for the first time that glucose deprivation leads to the accumulation of an alternative proreceptor, which can be post-translationally glycosylated with the readdition of glucose inducing both accelerated degradation and maturation.
Noninactivating, tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na+ conductance in rat optic nerve axons

The ionic current underlying the upstroke of axonal action potentials is carried by rapidly activating, voltage-dependent Na+ channels. Termination of the action potential is mediated in part by the rapid inactivation of these Na+ channels. We previously demonstrated that an influx of Na+ plays a critical role in the cascade leading to irreversible anoxic injury in central nervous system white matter. We speculated that a noninactivating Na+ conductance mediates this pathological Na+ influx and persists at depolarized membrane potentials as seen in anoxic axons. In the present study we measured the resting compound membrane potential of rat optic nerves using a modified "grease-gap" technique. Application of tetrodotoxin (2 microM) to resting nerves ([K+]o = 3 mM) or to nerves depolarized by 15 or 40 mM K+ resulted in hyperpolarizing shifts of membrane potential. We interpret these shifts as evidence for a persistent, noninactivating Na+ conductance. This conductance is present at rest and persists in nerves depolarized sufficiently to abolish classical transient Na+ currents. PK/PNa ratios were estimated at 35.5, 23.2, and 88 in 3 mM, 15 mM, and 40 mM K+, respectively. We suggest that this noninactivating Na+ conductance may provide an inward pathway for Na+ ions, necessary for the operation of Na+, K(+)-ATPase. Under pathological conditions, such as anoxia, this conductance is the likely route of Na+ influx, which causes damaging Ca2+ entry through reverse operation of the Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger. The presence of this conductance in white matter axons may provide a therapeutic opportunity for diseases such as stroke and spinal cord injury.
Relative entropy-based feature matching for image retrieval

ABSTRACT Increased interest in content-based storage and retrieval of images and video frames has been stemmed from its potential applications in multimedia information systems. Various matching methods have been proposed in the literature, including histogram intersection, distance method, and reference table method.A comparison of these three techniques has proved that the reference table method is the best in terms ofretrieval efficiency. However, the drawback of this method is that it requires a pre-defined set of referencefeature (color, in particular) which can approximately cover all features (colors) in the selected application. While this condition may be satisfied in some applications, in situations where there are continuing additions and/or deletions to the database and where knowledge of features in the images is not available apriori, such a technique will not produce very reliable results. The reference feature or color table methodrequires a representative sample of all images stored in the database in order to select the reference featureor color table. For example, such a priori knowledge is impossible to obtain in a trade-marks database. Toalleviate the reference table requirement, recent works suggest the use of unsupervised feature matchingbased on color-clustering, which is a computationally expensive approach. In this study, we propose animage retrieval method based on the relative entropy (Eei), kflOWfl as the Kuilback directed divergence.This measure is nonnegative and it is zero if and only if two distributions are identical; i.e., perfect match.Erei has only one minimum for every comparison. This offers a unique criterion for optimization with lowcomputational complexity. It also provides a thoughtful view for the type of data distribution in the sensethat the whole range of data distribution is considered in matching and not only some moments.The algorithm described here has been tested on an imaging database system, consisting of 100 variousimages of different object and texture scenes stored in a content addressable stack. The efficacy of retrievalis presented by listing the retrieval results using different query images. The experimental results show thatthe relative entropy is effective for ordering the images of a database system in accordance with thesimilarity between their gray-level distributions.Keywords: Relative entropy, image histograms, database retrieval, query image
Analysis and design of a 3–26 GHz low-noise amplifier in SiGe HBT technology

The analysis and design of a wideband silicon-germanium (SiGe) heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) low noise amplifier (LNA) is presented. Resistive shunt-shunt feedback is employed to achieve wideband gain and matching characteristics and it is shown that the addition of small reactive elements can extend the bandwidth of the amplifier significantly. Measured data for the LNA, implemented in a 130-nm SiGe BiCMOS technology, show 9 dB gain with less than 1.0 dB variation across 3–26 GHz, and input and output return losses better than −10 dB over the entire bandwidth. The measured noise figure (NF) is less than 5 dB from 3–18 GHz and rises to only 6.5 dB at 24 GHz. In addition, the amplifier exhibits excellent linearity performance, with a input-referred third-order intercept point (IIP3) of 5.8 dBm and input-referred 1 dB compression point (P1dB) of −5.6 dBm. This SiGe amplifier occupies 0.48 mm2 (including pads) and consumes 33 mW of power while operating off a 3.3 V supply.
Becoming an “Intimate Publics”: Exploring the Affective Intensities of Hashtag Feminism

Several scholars have written about the convergence on ‘the girl’ in the field of international development and its ideological implications (see Ofra Koffman and Rosalind Gill 2013; Heather Switze...
Dealing with dictatorship: The US and Hungary during the early kádár years

Because of the legacy of 1956 the hardest country to engage behind the iron curtain was Hungary. The history of the Hungarian political amnesty, a milestone in the development of the most liberal system in the Soviet bloc is an anatomy of the hurdles of diplomacy in dealing with a closed dictatorship under the sway of a foreign power. The new Soviet-installed government launched massive reprisals against real and alleged participants of the revolution. For the first time the US was able to influence events in a Soviet controlled country through diplomatic efforts exerted in the UN. In 1962 after years of difficult negotiation the leaders in Budapest agreed to amnesty political prisoners in exchange for the removal of the Hungarian Question. The settlement was in the best interest of the Hungarians. The regime’s international position was an embarrassment for Moscow. Hungary was internationally isolated. That the deal was so long in themaking showed the difficulty of dealing with a client state supported b...
The Essential Guide to Video Processing

This comprehensive and state-of-the art approach to video processing gives engineers and students a comprehensive introduction and includes full coverage of key applications: wireless video, video networks, video indexing and retrieval and use of video in speech processing. Containing all the essential methods in video processing alongside the latest standards, it is a complete resource for the professional engineer, researcher and graduate student.Numerous conceptual and numerical examplesAll the latest standards are thoroughly covered: MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, H.264 and AVCCoverage of the latest techniques in video security"Like its sister volume "The Essential Guide to Image Processing," Professor Bovik's Essential Guide to Video Processing provides a timely and comprehensive survey, with contributions from leading researchers in the area. Highly recommended for everyone with an interest in this fascinating and fast-moving field." -Prof. Bernd Girod, Stanford University, USA * Edited by a leading person in the field who created the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, with contributions from experts in their fields.* Numerous conceptual and numerical examples*All the latest standards are thoroughly covered: MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, H.264 and AVC.* Coverage of the latest techniques in video security
Explosive eruptions triggered by rockfalls at Kīlauea volcano, Hawai‘i

Ongoing eruptive activity at Kīlauea volcano’s (Hawai‘i) summit has been controlled in part by the evolution of its vent from a 35-m-diameter opening into a collapse crater 150 m across. Geologic observations, in particular from a network of webcams, have provided an unprecedented look at collapse crater development, lava lake dynamics, and shallow outgassing processes. These observations show unequivocally that the hundreds of transient outgassing bursts and weak explosive eruptions that have punctuated the vent’s otherwise nearly steady-state behavior, and that are associated with composite seismic events, were triggered by rockfalls from the vent walls onto the top of the lava column. While the process by which rockfalls drive the explosive bursts is not fully understood, we believe that it is initiated by the generation of a rebound splash, or Worthington jet, which then undergoes fragmentation. The external triggering of low-energy outgassing events by rockfalls represents a new class of small transient explosive eruptions.
Intensification of precipitation extremes with warming in a cloud resolving model

AbstractA cloud-resolving model is used to investigate the effect of warming on high percentiles of precipitation (precipitation extremes) in the idealized setting of radiative-convective equilibrium. While this idealized setting does not allow for several factors that influence precipitation in the tropics, it does allow for an evaluation of the response of precipitation extremes to warming in simulations with resolved rather than parameterized convection. The methodology developed should also be applicable to less idealized simulations.Modeled precipitation extremes are found to increase in magnitude in response to an increase in sea surface temperature. A dry static energy budget is used to relate the changes in precipitation extremes to changes in atmospheric temperature, vertical velocity, and precipitation efficiency. To first order, the changes in precipitation extremes are captured by changes in the mean temperature structure of the atmosphere. Changes in vertical velocities play a secondary role ...
Time judgment as a function of angular velocity

The present experiment was undertaken in an attempt to determine possible effects of angular velocity upon time judgment. Thirty-six college sophomores were used as Ss. Angular velocity was induced by means of a motor-driven rotating chair. An analysis of variance and t test indicated bodily rotation during time reproductions had a significant (p <.05) effect upon 27- and 37-sec time reproductions. The results implied that speed of rotation is directly proportional to the magnitude and occurrence of positive time-judgment error.
Hormonal regulation of plasma free fatty acid concentration in ruminants.

Abstract The effects of seven hormones on plasma free fatty acids (FFA), blood ketones, and blood sugar were studied, using goats as experimental animals. Of the hormones tested, growth hormone caused the most marked increase in plasma FFA. ACTH caused a significant increase in plasma FFA in female goats, but had no effect in castrate males. The catecholamines, epinephrine and norepinephrine, caused an immediate increase in plasma FFA concentration, but the change was not as great as observed in monogastric animals. A glucocorticoid caused slight increases in plasma FFA. All of the above hormones caused increases in concentration of blood sugar, with epinephrine being the most potent. Insulin depressed blood sugar and caused an initial depression of plasma FFA, with the latter recovering to higher than the predicted levels, whereas blood sugar remained depressed. In the females, glucagon had a biphasic effect on plasma FFA, a depression followed by an increase above normal, with an opposite response in blood sugar. The blood sugar response to glucagon was the same in the castrate males, but the plasma FFA did not show the rebound effect. Despite the rather large increases in plasma FFA in some cases, blood ketones were not affected to any great extent by any of the hormones used. Some differences in the magnitude of response due to sex were observed, with the females in general exhibiting greater response than castrate males.
A QUICK ESTIMATOR FOR TAXONOMIC SURVEYS

The problem considered in this paper is to use the results of an initial taxonomic survey to estimate the expected number of new species that would be observed in a second survey. A quick estimator that is easy to calculate is proposed. Some results are presented suggesting that the estimator performs well in some situations.
Expressions in Closed Form for the Angular Accuracy of a Scanning Radar

Closed-form expressions are given for the standard deviation of the error in estimating angle (usually azimuth) in a scanning radar. The formulas apply to Swerling's lower bound and to the error using a pulse-to-pulse two-pole filter. They apply to non-fluctuating and Swerling II targets and hold for all signal-to-noise ratios. Comparison with graphical results in the literature shows that the average deviation obtained using the formulas is less than 4 percent.
Influences of functional specialty and job technology on employees' perceptual and affective responses to their jobs☆

Abstract The roles of organizational technologies in L. Gulick's (1937 , in L. Gulick & L. Urwick (Eds.), Papers on the science of administration , New York: Institute of Public Administration), J. E. Miller's (1959 , Human Relations , 12 , 245–272), and J. D. Thompson's (1967 , Organizations in action , New York: McGraw-Hill) conceptual developments regarding horizontal differentiations in organizations are reviewed. Technology provides a mechanism that can integrate macroorganizational structure and employee responses. Technology forms an integral part of these accounts of how and why organizations became differentiated into functional specialties, work centers, and departments. Technology also represents the base for task developments and characteristics, work flow, and related sociotechnical systems. Data from 867 employees assigned to four functional specialties (administration, nursing, maintenance, and laboratories) from four nonunionized hospitals were used to examine response differences among organizational groupings. Employees were cross-classified on the basis of technology levels assessed by the G. S. Amber and P. S. Amber (1962 , Anatomy of automation , Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall) scale, nominally coded functional specialty, and hospital membership. Dependent variables were job perceptions assessed by the Job Characteristics Inventory, job affect assessed by the Job Descriptive Index, and perceptions of job complexity and formalization. Results indicate that functional specialty and job technology contribute independently to employees' responses; technology levels within functional specialties produce effects on measures of complexity. Other job perceptions and assessments of job affect are related both to interactions and linear combinations of the classification variables.
Primer of statistics in dental research: Part I

Statistics play essential roles in evidence-based dentistry (EBD) practice and research. It ranges widely from formulating scientific questions, designing studies, collecting and analyzing data to interpreting, reporting, and presenting study findings. Mastering statistical concepts appears to be an unreachable goal among many dental researchers in part due to statistical authorities' limitations of explaining statistical principles to health researchers without elaborating complex mathematical concepts. This series of 2 articles aim to introduce dental researchers to 9 essential topics in statistics to conduct EBD with intuitive examples. The part I of the series includes the first 5 topics (1) statistical graph, (2) how to deal with outliers, (3) p-value and confidence interval, (4) testing equivalence, and (5) multiplicity adjustment. Part II will follow to cover the remaining topics including (6) selecting the proper statistical tests, (7) repeated measures analysis, (8) epidemiological consideration for causal association, and (9) analysis of agreement.
Effect of Isolated Micron-Sized Roughness on Transition in Swept-Wing Flows

Boundary-layer transition-to-turbulence studies are conducted in the Arizona State University Unsteady Wind Tunnel on a 45-deg swept airfoil. The pressure gradient is designed so that the initial stability characteristics are purely crossflow dominated. Flow-visualization and hot-wire measurements show that the development of the crossflow vortices is influenced by roughness near the attachment line. Comparisons of transition location are made between a painted surface (distributed 9-μm peaks and valleys on the surface), a machine-polished surface (0.5-μm rms finish), and a hand-polished surface (0.25-μm rms finish). Then isolated 6-μm roughness elements are placed near the attachment line on the airfoil surface under conditions of the final polish (0.25-μm rms). These elements create an enhanced packet of stationary crossflow waves, which results in localized early transition. The diameter, height, and location of these roughness elements are varied in a systematic manner. Spanwise hot-wire measurements are taken behind the roughness element to document the enhanced vortices. These scans are made at several different chord locations to examine vortex growth
Effects of isoproterenol on twitch contraction of wild type and phospholamban-deficient murine ventricular myocardium.

Abstract Ablation of the gene for phospholamban (PLB), a transmembrane peptide regulator for the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+pump, in mice brings about a complete loss of the myocardial responses toβ-adrenergic agonists (e.gLuoet alCirc. Res.1994;75: 401). We have evaluated the functional significance of PLB-independent mechanisms in the myocardial responses toβ-adrenergic stimulation in isolated intact ventricular myocardium. We compared the effects of (−)-isoproterenol (ISO) on isometric twitch contraction of paced right ventricular muscle strips of wild type (WT) and PLB-deficient (PLBKO) mice. At 37°C, frequent spontaneous contractions in both types of muscles required the inclusion of lidocaine, an antiarrhythmic, in the bathing medium. Thus the experiments were also performed at two lower temperatures, 30°C and 25°C, at which lidocaine was not needed. Under three conditions, in the absence of ISO, PLBKO ventricular muscles exhibited substantially shortened time to peak tension (TPT) and half relaxation time (TR1/2), compared with the WT muscles. In both WT and PLBKO muscles ISO increased the peak developed tension and decreased TPT and TR1/2in a dose-dependent manner although the effects were generally smaller in PLBKO than in WT muscles. One micromolar ISO caused TPT and TR1/2to decrease by 7.3±1.2% (mean±SEM) and 7.5±1.2% in PLBKO vs. 22.8±0.7% and 29.1±1.7% in WT at 37°C; by 13.5±0.4% and 14.1±1.2% in PLBKO vs. 31.3±0.8%, and 44.8±1.3% in WT at 30°C; by 15.0±2.3% and 21.1±4.9% in PLBKO vs. 25.8±1.9% and 54.0±1.9% in WT at 25°C. These findings strongly suggest that PLB-independent mechanisms play a significant role in mediating the positive inotropic and lusitropic effects ofβ-adrenergic agonists on ventricular myocardium.
Developments in the Immunotherapy of Glomerular Disease

Glomerular diseases span a broad spectrum of clinical syndromes, with varied clinical manifestations, underlying etiologies, and pathogenic mechanisms. They can be secondary to underlying infectious, toxic, environmental, or drug exposures, or present as “primary entities.” In the latter case, most glomerular diseases are thought to be due to autoimmune dysregulation, and their treatment is primarily immunosuppressive. The armamentarium for immunomodulation includes corticosteroids, alkylating agents, anti-metabolites, calcineurin inhibitors, and new biological agents designed to block specific inflammatory pathways. The choice of therapy for an individual patient must be based on the specific character of the glomerular disease and its acuity and severity, as well as the patient’s comorbidities, history of prior exposure to immunosuppressive drugs, and risk factors for developing complications of the disease or its treatment. The complexities of such therapy can best be addressed by an experienced team o...
Anti-arrhythmic action of nadolol, a β-adrenergic receptor blocking agent

Abstract The anti-arrhythmic action of 2,3-cis-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5-[(2-hydroxy-3-tert-butylamino)propoxy]2,3-naphthalenediol (nadolol) was evaluated and compared with that of propranolol in several experimental models of cardiac arrhythmias. Both nadolol and propranolol antagonized isoproterenol-induced tachycardia and ouabain- induced arrhythmias in cats, antagonized coronary artery ligation-induced ventricular fibrillation and suppressed ventricular ectopic activity during vagal stimulation in dogs. In contrast to propranolol, nadolol was considerably weaker in suppressing existing digoxin-induced arrhythmias, lacked local anesthetic activity and did not depress the heart in dogs. Because of these findings, it is concluded that the anti-arrhythmic activity of nadolol is apparently related to blockade of β-adrenergic receptors.
The effects of 5R-5,6-dihydro-5-hydroxythymidine on duplex DNA stability and structure

An improved method for the chemical synthesis of oligodeoxynucleotides containing 5R-5,6-dihydro-5hydroxythymidine (1) at a defined site is reported. UV melting studies carried out on duplexes containing 1 synthesized in this manner correlate with previously reported enzyme inhibition experiments, as well as computational studies. The melting experiments suggest that 1 destabilizes duplex DNA, but that the lesion preferentially base pairs to deoxyadenosine. These experiments also suggest that the presence of 1 in a duplex disrupts base pairing at the 5'-adjacent nucleotide and results in the thermally preferred misincorporation of purines opposite the 5'-deoxyadenosine stacked above 1 at this position. Despite the disruptions in base stacking, the UV melting experiments and enzymatic ligation/electrophoretic migration assays are consistent with the predicted macroscopic duplex structure containing intrahelical nucleotides.
Sensory Descriptive Profile Relationships to Shear Values of Deboned Poultry

Poultry breasts were deboned at 2, 6, and 24h post-mortem to provide ranges of characteristics to test instrumental and sensory tenderness relationships. Sensory descriptive texture attributes were separated by Variable Cluster Analysis into five groups representing mechanical, moisture, and chewdown characteristics. Warner-Bratzler and Allo-Kramer shear values indicated differences due to deboning time and correlated highly (r≥0.90) with mechanical and chewdown sensory characteristics. However, texture profiles of samples in shear value ranges corresponding to consumer 'tender-tough' categories showed that texture remained differentiated by deboning times. Particle size, bolus and wetness characteristics interacted with minor attributes of saliva, ease of swallow, and mouthcoating to contribute to sensory perceptions and differentiations of texture.
SOCIALISM AND ITS IMPACT ON URBAN PROCESSES AND THE CITY

(1987). SOCIALISM AND ITS IMPACT ON URBAN PROCESSES AND THE CITY. Urban Geography: Vol. 8, Socialist City I, pp. 289-292.
Propagation and damping of broadband upstream whistlers

Previous studies indicated that damping rates of upstream whistlers strongly depend on the details of the electron distribution function. Moreover, detailed analysis of Doppler-shift and whistler dispersion relation indicated that upstream whistlers propagate obliquely in a broad band. In this paper we present results of a kinetic calculation of damping lengths of wide-band whistlers using the sum of 7-drifting bi-Maxwellian electron distributions as a best fit to the International Sun Earth Explorer (ISEE) 1 electron data. For 2 cases, when upstream whistlers are observed, convective damping lengths derived from ISEE magnetic field and ephemeris data are compared with theoretical results. We find that the calculated convective damping lengths are consistent with the data and that upstream whistlers remain marginally stable. We also show that the slope of plasma frame spectra of upstream whistlers, obtained by direct fitting of the observed spectra is between 5 and 7 with a sharp lower frequency cutoff corresponding to a wavelength of about one ion inertial length. When the solar wind velocity is directed largely along the wave normal of the upstream whistlers the polariztion of the right hand waves becomes reversed and low frequencies are switched to high resulting in a peaked spectrum with a strong high frequency cutoff. The overall spectral, wave and particle characteristics, proximity to the shock as well as propagation and damping properties indicate that these waves cannot be generated locally. Instead the observed upstream whistlers arise in the shock ramp most likely by a variety of cross-field drift and/or anisotropy driven instabilities.
Epistolarity in a Nahdah Climate: The Role of Mayy Ziyādah's Letter Writing

It is the purpose of this article to study Mayy Ziyādah's (d. 1941) epistolary art as an extension of her salon in the years of its formation, 1913-1936. While her salon gathered together the most distinguished Nahdah elite, her epistolary art consolidated an enormous network that included intellectuals from all over the Arab world, Europe, and North and South America. Her epistolary art made use of the eighteenth-century French salon model, but it also drew on a solid tradition of Arabic chancery art that reached its peak between the tenth and fifteenth centuries. Her letters as well as the letters addressed to her demonstrate how central her role and function as salonniere and litterateure were to the Nahdah climate of ideas. The article also provides a typological reading of this art, placing it in the context of French and Egyptian models.
THE EFFECT OF NONNUTRITIVE AND NUTRITIVE SUCK ON GASTRIC EMPTYING IN PREMATURE INFANTS

Nonnutritive and nutritive suck were compared to nasogastric gavage feeding in 10 preterm infants (33-36 wks) to determine the effect of suck and swallow on gastric emptying patterns. We used a 10% dextrose meal with phenol red marker (22 ml/kg) to determine gastric emptying, based on a double sampling technique, at 10-minute intervals for a 30-minute test period. A cross-over study design compared the effects of the three feeding methods (order randomly assigned) in each infant. When emptying patterns were compared, nasogastric feeding led to a more consistent emptying trend, with 20- and 30-minute residual volumes significantly decreased from 10-minute values (p<0.01). Nonnutritive and nutritive suck caused greater variability in the emptying pattern, particularly at the 20-minute sampling period, with significant reductions in gastric residuals by 30 minutes (p<0.01). However, the gastric residual volumes (ml/kg), which reflect gastric emptying pattern, did not differ significantly when comparisons were made among groups at 10, 20, and 30 minutes following the test meal. Nonnutritive and nutritive suck and swallow of a liquid dextrose meal does not significantly improve gastric motility and emptying in preterm infants; thus, the beneficial effect of suck and swallow on the nutritional status of preterm infants, demonstrated by others, is not related to improved gastric evacuation of feeds.
Prediction of reduced thermal conductivity in nano-engineered rough semiconductor nanowires

We explore phonon decay processes necessary to the design of efficient rough semiconductor nanowire (NW) thermoelectric devices. A novel approach to surface roughness-limited thermal conductivity of Si, Ge, and GaAs NW with diameter D < 500 nm is presented. In particular, a frequency-dependent phonon scattering rate is computed from perturbation theory and related to a description of the surface through the root-mean-square roughness height Δ and autocovariance length L. Using a full phonon dispersion relation, the thermal conductivity varies quadratically with diameter and roughness as (D/Δ)2. Computed results are in agreement with experimental data, and predict remarkably low thermal conductivity below 1 W/m/K in rough-etched 56 nm Ge and GaAs NW at room temperature.