cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Reliable Metal−PH3 Bond Energies for Ni, Pd, and Pt in the 0 and +2 Oxidation States

Phosphine-based catalysts play an important role in many metal-catalyzed carbon−carbon bond formation reactions yet reliable values of their bond energies are not available. We have been studying homogeneous catalysts consisting of a phosphine bonded to a Pt, Pd, or Ni. High level electronic structure calculations at the CCSD(T)/complete basis set level were used to predict the M−PH3 bond energy (BE) for the 0 and +2 oxidation states for M = Ni, Pd, and Pt. The calculated bond energies can then be used, for example, in the design of new catalyst systems. A wide range of exchange-correlation functionals were also evaluated to assess the performance of density functional theory (DFT) for these important bond energies. None of the DFT functionals were able to predict all of the M−PH3 bond energies to within 5 kcal/mol, and the best functionals were generalized gradient approximation functionals in contrast to the usual hybrid functionals often employed for main group thermochemistry.
Polymerization of sperm actin in the presence of cytochalasin-B.

The polymerization of globular actin to fibrous actin which occurs when sperm are activated, was not inhibited by cytochalasin-B. The acrosomal filaments and its component actin filaments formed in the presence of cytochalasin-B; and once formed, the actin filaments did not depolymerize when exposed to cytochalasin-B.
Structuring information from natural language descriptions: Accounting for uncertainty

In this paper, we report on a part of a large experiment in structuring information from natural language descriptions of animals from a children's dictionary. The structuring included the recognition and postulation of properties and capturing the is-a hierarchy from the descriptions. The material was taken from the 2007 edition of the American Heritage First Dictionary. We applied the methodology and resources of the Ontological Semantic Technology, developed for language and information processing computational systems to represent the meaning of text. We then proceeded to account for uncertainty in order to improve the crisp results. We have demonstrated it on the example of the descriptions for the feline family of animals.
A finite element analysis of plates on a two parameter foundation model

Abstract An iterative approach which combines the advantages of a finite element method and a standard finite difference technique is developed for the analysis of plates on elastic foundation subjected to general loadings and arbitrary edge support conditions. The approach introduced is applicable to any plate finite element. The foundation considered is the two-parameter model which takes into account the shear interactions in the foundation. The examples were performed by a general computer program developed for a conforming rectangular finite element. The results of the numerical examples show excellent agreement with the alternative analytical solutions.
Analysis of Thermal Properties of Super-High Speed Hybrid Journal Bearing Based on ANSYS

Hybrid journal bearings are used in the high and super high speed cases mainly, such as the super-high speed spindle system. Since the bearing operates under high speed conditions, the excessive temperature rise of the bearing is a major reason to lower the accuracy of the main shaft system and limit the bearings working speed higher, as a result, restrict the bearing applications. In this paper, the thermal properties and the heat mechanism of such bearings are analyzed. The mathematical model of hybrid journal bearing is established to analyze the mechanism of generating heat. In addition, the temperature field distribution for the certain hybrid journal bearing at speed of 10000 rpm is studied by means of software ANSYS considering the heat transfer characters between fluid and solid. An improved measure about temperature rise of hybrid journal bearing is presented.
RhoA-inhibiting NSAIDs promote axonal myelination after spinal cord injury

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are extensively used to relieve pain and inflammation in humans via cyclooxygenase inhibition. Our recent research suggests that certain NSAIDs including ibuprofen suppress intracellular RhoA signal and improve significant axonal growth and functional recovery following axonal injury in the CNS. Several NSAIDs have been shown to reduce generation of amyloid-beta42 peptide via inactivation of RhoA signal, supporting potent RhoA-repressing function of selected NSAIDs. In this report, we demonstrate that RhoA-inhibiting NSAIDs ibuprofen and indomethacin dramatically reduce cell death of oligodendrocytes in cultures or along the white matter tracts in rats with a spinal cord injury. More importantly, we demonstrate that treatments with the RhoA-inhibiting NSAIDs significantly increase axonal myelination along the white matter tracts following a traumatic contusion spinal cord injury. In contrast, non-RhoA-inhibiting NSAID naproxen does not have such an effect. Thus, our results suggest that RhoA inactivation with certain NSAIDs benefits recovery of injured CNS axons not only by promoting axonal elongation, but by enhancing glial survival and axonal myelination along the disrupted axonal tracts. This study, together with previous reports, supports that RhoA signal is an important therapeutic target for promoting recovery of injured CNS and that RhoA-inhibiting NSAIDs provide great therapeutic potential for CNS axonal injuries in adult mammals.
A Live-Attenuated HSV-2 ICP0- Virus Elicits 10 to 100 Times Greater Protection against Genital Herpes than a Glycoprotein D Subunit Vaccine

Glycoprotein D (gD-2) is the entry receptor of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), and is the immunogen in the pharmaceutical industry's lead HSV-2 vaccine candidate. Efforts to prevent genital herpes using gD-2 subunit vaccines have been ongoing for 20 years at a cost in excess of $100 million. To date, gD-2 vaccines have yielded equivocal protection in clinical trials. Therefore, using a small animal model, we sought to determine if a live-attenuated HSV-2 ICP0− virus would elicit better protection against genital herpes than a gD-2 subunit vaccine. Mice immunized with gD-2 and a potent adjuvant (alum+monophosphoryl lipid A) produced high titers of gD-2 antibody. While gD-2-immunized mice possessed significant resistance to HSV-2, only 3 of 45 gD-2-immunized mice survived an overwhelming challenge of the vagina or eyes with wild-type HSV-2 (MS strain). In contrast, 114 of 115 mice immunized with a live HSV-2 ICP0− virus, 0ΔNLS, survived the same HSV-2 MS challenges. Likewise, 0ΔNLS-immunized mice shed an average 125-fold less HSV-2 MS challenge virus per vagina relative to gD-2-immunized mice. In vivo imaging demonstrated that a luciferase-expressing HSV-2 challenge virus failed to establish a detectable infection in 0ΔNLS-immunized mice, whereas the same virus readily infected naive and gD-2-immunized mice. Collectively, these results suggest that a HSV-2 vaccine might be more likely to prevent genital herpes if it contained a live-attenuated HSV-2 virus rather than a single HSV-2 protein.
Release of fission products (Xe, I, Te, Cs, Mo and Tc) from polycrystalline UO2

Abstract The release of xenon, iodine, tellurium, cesium, molybdenum and technetium from lightly-irradiated, polycrystalline UO2 has been studied in post-irradiation anneal experiments. The effective diffusion coefficients for cesium were found to be comparable to those for xenon and roughly an order of magnitude smaller than those for iodine and tellurium over the temperature range studied. Acitvation energies for diffusion of the more volatile elements as derived from analysis within the Booth model were 156 ± 45 (Xe), 122 ± 133 (I), 115 ± 11 (Te) and 99 ± 11 (Cs) kcal/mol. The activation energies for Mo and Tc found by a similar treatment were 353 ± 24 and 205 ± 42 kcal/mol, respectively, and are indicative of a fairly complex mechanism for release of these elements. The soluble ionic species Np4+, Zr4+, La3+, and Nd3+ were completely retained in the UO2.
On the Competing Definitions of Recession

The long-standing recession definition employed by the National Bureau of Economic Research in its dating of the business cycle is reviewed and challenged. An argument is made in favor of the practical superiority of the common-use alternative of two consecutive down quarters of aggregate output.
Complementary active sites cause size-selective reactivity of aluminum cluster anions with water.

The reactions of metal clusters with small molecules often depend on cluster size. The selectivity of oxygen reactions with aluminum cluster anions can be well described within an electronic shell model; however, not all reactions are subject to the same fundamental constraints. We observed the size selectivity of aluminum cluster anion reactions with water, which can be attributed to the dissociative chemisorption of water at specific surface sites. The reactivity depends on geometric rather than electronic shell structure. Identical arrangements of multiple active sites in Al16–, Al17–, and Al18– result in the production of H2 from water.
Immunohistochemical localization of human immunodeficiency virus p24 antigen in placental tissue.

Abstract As human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection spreads into the heterosexual population, perinatally acquired HIV infection will increase in incidence, and knowledge of the mechanism of this transfer is important. We have used immunoperoxidase techniques to detect HIV p24 antigen in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded placental tissue from nine known HIV serologically positive mothers. In four of these cases we have detected evidence of viral antigen in placental Hofbauer cells, vascular endothelium, or intermediate trophoblast. The implications for understanding the mode of transfer of infection to the fetus are discussed.
The pit connections of some lower red algae: Ultrastructure and phylogenetic significance

The ultrastructure of pit connections in twelve rhodophycean algae in the Bangiales and the Nemaliales has been investigated. All pit connections in the organisms investigated have the same basic substructure. A membrane-bounded plug is situated in the pore of the septum and on each side of the plug is a membrane-bounded plug cap. Usually there is condensed material associated with membranes outside the plug caps. The plasmalemma is continuous from cell to cell. The phylogenetic significance of the substructure of the pit connections within the red algae, and in relation to septal structures in the Basidiomycetes and the Ascomycetes, is discussed.
The spread of after-discharge from stimulation of the rhinencephalon in the cat ☆

Abstract 1. 1. The spread of after-discharge following electrical stimulation of the dorsal and ventral hippocampus, septum, basal and lateral amygdaloid nuclei, and the anterior sigmoid gyrus has been studied in locally anesthetized cats and in animals anesthetized with Dial. 2. 2. From each stimulated focus after-discharge was found to spread diffusely to subcortical and paleocortical areas, but the overall epileptoid response varied in character and some areas remained negative. Propagation of after-discharge to the dorsolateral isocortex was less diffuse than that to subcortical brain levels. 3. 3. Following stimulation of each area investigated, rhythmic after-discharge of high amplitude was recorded from certain brain structures and these corresponded with the same areas that fired at liminal stimulation of the same foci in animals anesthetized with Dial. These were predominantly rhinencephalic and hypothalamic nuclei when rhinencephalic areas were stimulated and structures of the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems when the anterior sigmoid gyrus was stimulated. 4. 4. The medial geniculate body, ventrolateral reticular formation and associational thalamic nuclei responded prominently to each of the rhinencephalic structures stimulated. 5. 5. After-discharge of certain areas appeared to be distinctive, such as: activation of the ventral thalamus following ventral hippocampal stimulation; the intralaminar thalamic nuclei after dorsal hippocampal stimulation; the sensorimotor cortex after basal amygdaloid stimulation; and superior colliculus and lateral geniculate nucleus after stimulation of the septum. 6. 6. It is concluded that each area stimulated has a pattern of ictal projection to the subcortex, paleo- and juxtallocortex and neocortex that is sufficiently distinctive, but that there is considerable overlap in the main projection areas of each rhinencephalic focus. There is a strong contrast between the propagation pattern of after-discharge from the rhinencephalon and that originating in the anterior sigmoid gyrus. 7. 7. The possible correlation of certain features of rhinencephalic after-discharge with autonomic and behavioral effects generally known to follow rhinencephalic stimulation or ablation, and with clinical effects of psychomotor epilepsy have been discussed.
Concurrent and Across Time Prediction of Young Adolescents’ Social Functioning: The Role of Emotionality and Regulation

The social functioning of 64 young adolescents (10- to 12-year olds) was examined in relation to negative emotionality and regulation during early adolescence, as well as two, four, and six years earlier. Young adolescents who were viewed as relatively high in social functioning (i.e., high teacher-rated school social competence; low mother- or father-rated problem behavior) were generally viewed as relatively low on negative emotionality and high on regulatory abilities during early adolescence as well as two, four, and six years earlier. Furthermore, negative emotionality and regulation during early adolescence, and in some cases at previous time periods, contributed unique variance to the prediction of social functioning during early adolescence. Young adolescents who were consistently low in social functioning across time were higher on negative emotionality and lower on regulation than were young adolescents who were consistently high on social functioning over time.
Conversion of Glycerol to 1,3-Propanediol via Selective Dehydroxylation

This paper presents a new approach to the production of 1,3-propanediol from glycerol via selective dehydroxylation. The idea is to selectively transform the middle hydroxyl group of glycerol into a tosyloxyl group and then remove the transformed group by catalytic hydrogenolysis. With this new approach, the conversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol is completed in three steps, namely, acetalization, tosylation, and detosyloxylation. All of these steps are experimentally examined in the current work to verify the feasibility of the new conversion approach. Before this work, the hydrogenolysis of tosylates had never been reported to have been performed catalytically with H2 as the reducing reagent. This work shows that this reaction can be effected, provided that the tosylate of concern contains a hydroxyl group next to its tosyloxyl group. The mechanism of this reaction is also established.
Density Functional Theory and X-ray Investigations of P- and M-Hexamethylene Triperoxide Diamine and Its Dialdehyde Derivative

Recently, we carried out a density functional theory B3LYP/6-31+G(d) study of hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD) in order to elucidate the unusual, nearly planar, sp2 hybridization of the two...
Comparison of Auger and Core Soil Sampling Methods to Determine Soil Nitrate under Field Conditions

Soil sampling to the depth of plant root growth is an effective practice that may reduce fertilizer applications and the potential for leaching loss to groundwater. The objective of this study was to compare the utility of a power auger with traditional core sampling techniques for sampling soils for NO 3 − -N. Since the practical use of NO 3 − -N sampling is to help determine future fertilizer needs, the two methods were compared in production fields with known differentials in N applications. The sampling methods were compared on four soil types : Thurman fine sand (sandy, mixed, mesic Udorthentic Haplustolls), Boelus fine sand (sandy over loamy, mixed, mesic Udic Haplustolls), Hord-Hobbs silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Cumulic Haplustolls-fine-silty, mixed, nonacid, mesic Molic ustifluvents) and a Crofton-Nora silt loam (fine-silty, mixed [calcareous], mesic Typic Ustorthents-fine-silty, mixed, mesic udic Haplustolls) (...)
VIII. Inferior colliculus neuronal response abnormalities in genetically epilepsy-prone rats: Evidence for a deficit of inhibition

The genetically epilepsy-prone rat (GEPR) is abnormally susceptible to induction of seizures by acoustic stimulation. The inferior colliculus (IC) is critically important to audiogenic seizure susceptibility. The GEPR is more susceptible to induction of audiogenic seizures at 12 kHz than at other pure tone frequencies. IC neurons in the GEPR exhibit significantly elevated response thresholds and broader tuning characteristics than normal. These findings along with previous neurophysiological and anatomical data suggest that a hearing deficit occurs in the GEPR. IC neurons in the GEPR exhibit a significantly elevated incidence of a response pattern with a peak of activity at the beginning and end of the stimulus, the onset-offset response. This response pattern occurs at 12 kHz and at characteristic frequency with high stimulus intensities and may represent an afterdischarge phenomenon. The onset-offset pattern may be a manifestation of central mechanisms developed to compensate for reduced peripheral auditory input that appears to be involved in the hearing deficit of the GEPR. Such compensatory mechanisms may involve alterations of the actions of neurotransmitters of the brain-stem auditory nuclei. GABA is implicated as an inhibitory transmitter in the IC. Iontophoretic application of GABA or a benzodiazepine produces significantly less inhibition of IC neurons of the GEPR than of the normal rat. Endogenous sound-induced (binaural) inhibition which is suggested to be GABA-mediated is also significantly reduced in IC neurons of the GEPR. Iontophoresis of the GABAA antagonist, bicuculline, often converts normal response patterns in the IC to onset-offset responses seen with high incidence in GEPR IC neurons, suggesting that the decreased effectiveness of GABA may lead to the onset-offset prevalence. This reduced effectiveness of inhibition may be unable to compensate for the rise in the putative excitatory transmitter, aspartate, in IC during high intensity acoustic stimulation in the GEPR. These altered transmitter actions may be important mechanisms subserving initiation of audiogenic seizures in the genetically epilepsy-prone rat.
Synthesis of 13C-labeled polychlorinated biphenyls

Methods are described for the synthesis of 4-chloro(1prime;,2prime;,3prime;,4prime;,5prime;,6′-13C6)biphenyl; 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachloro(13C12)biphenyl; and 2,2′,3,3′,5,5′,6,6′-octachloro(13C12)biphenyl; decachloro(13C12)biphenyl from (13C6)benzene of ≧ 99 atom % isotopic purity, on scales of 100 mg to 1 g. The gas chromatographic retention time of each 13C-polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) matched that of the corresponding unlabeled commercial reference standard, and the mass spectrum of each compound was consistent with an isotopic purity of ≧ 99 atom % 13C. These compounds are useful as recovery surrogates and internal standards in the determination of PCBs in a variety of complex matrices.
Accurate and fast temperature mapping during ohmic heating using proton resonance frequency shift MRI thermometry

Abstract Proton resonance frequency (PRF) shift MRI thermometry was incorporated into a fast low angle shot imaging sequence to acquire two-dimensional temperature maps of two model liquid–particulate mixtures undergoing ohmic heating process. The samples used consisted of two phases, namely whey gel and NaCl solution, and were enclosed in an in-house made ohmic heating device driven by an 143 V AC power supply. Salt was added to the gel and solution to alter their electrical conductivity. The PRF shift was used as a temperature indicator, which was linearly and reversibly proportional to the temperature change. The specific PRF shift for the whey gel was determined as −0.0098 and −0.0097 ppm/°C for the two samples. For the NaCl solution, the values were −0.0096 and −0.0102 ppm/°C, respectively. Detailed temperature maps with spatial resolution of 0.94 mm and temporal resolution of 0.64 s were obtained. The temperature uncertainties were about ±1 °C for the whey gel and ±2 °C for the solution. The ease to interpret, the speed, and the accuracy of this new technique justify its applications in dynamic food process. The temperature maps provided details for the investigation of uneven heating of a liquid–particulate mixture undergoing ohmic heating and this temperature mapping technique is a powerful tool for ohmic model development and validation.
Rapid and accurate method for estimating molecular weights of organic compounds from low resolution mass spectra

Abstract Scott, D.R., 1992. Rapid and accurate method for estimating molecular weights of organic compounds from low resolution mass spectra. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 16: 193–202. A fast improved method of estimating the molecular weights of volatile organic compounds from their mass spectra has been developed and implemented with a pattern recognition/expert system. A pattern recognition-based classifier is followed by molecular weight estimators for six classes. The classes, verified by SIMCA class modeling, are: nonhalobenzenes; chlorobenzenes; bromo- and bromochloroalkanes/ alkenes; mono- and dichloroalkanes/ alkenes; tri-, tetra- and pentachloroalkanes/ alkenes; and unknowns. For the first five classes empirical linear corrections, determined by the expert system, are iteratively applied to MAXMASS, a mass spectral feature, to yield molecular weight estimates. Two iterations are used except for the very large and diverse unknown class. For this class only one iteration is used together with a combination of MAXMASS and HIMAX1, another spectral feature. As far as possible, the system uses ternary encoded intensifies in the mass spectra and high intensity masses. New rules for the unknown class were derived from 32 nontarget National Institute of Standards and Technology reference spectra. Extensive testing of the system was conducted vs. the self training interpretive retrieval system (STIRS) with reference and field gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (GC—MS) spectra. The probable errors, determined with a robust statistic, were 0.5 Da for training and spectrally similar test reference spectra and 5.0 and 1.3 Da for randomly selected and field GC—MS spectra. The test results show that the domain of expertise of this present system greatly exceeds the original training domain. The system will run on DOS-based personal computers.
Arbitrators’ backgrounds and behavior

Evidence indicates that when choosing arbitrators biographical information about them is used by labor and management representatives. Presumably, this helps ensure selection of the “right” arbitrator, behaviorally speaking. The present study assessed the general utility of this practice by examining the relationship between biographical information and arbitrator behavior for 250 arbitrators. It was found that the biographical information accounted for only small portions of the variance in four measures of arbitrator behavior. Implications are discussed in terms of arbitrator selection practices and future research needs.
Analysis of Compliance of Hospital Libraries with the Medical Library Association Staffing Standard: Examination of the Current State of the Industry and Reconsideration of the Standard

This study examines staffing levels in U.S. hospital libraries in relation to the benchmark of Standards for Hospital Libraries set forth by the Medical Library Association (MLA). The tested hypothesis is that actual staffing levels among surveyed libraries do not vary in a statistically significant manner from the MLA benchmark. One-sample t test and distribution analyses comparing actual and benchmarked library staffing levels under the current standard indicate staffing levels vary significantly from the established MLA standard. The scope and predominance of the negative variance suggest either profoundly substandard staffing levels in libraries, or an imprecise formulation of the benchmark. A subanalysis considers the broad applicability of MLA's benchmarking formula. An alternative library staffing benchmark that may offer a more equitable gauge of staffing need is modeled.
Specific surface area studies of shock-modified inorganic powders

Modification of inorganic powders with high-pressure shock-wave loading is of interest for shock-activated sintering, material synthesis, shock-enhanced catalytic activity, dynamic compaction, and shock-enhanced solid-state reactivity. The specific surface area of shock-modified powders is a direct quantitative measure of powder morphology changes, yet few studies have been carried out on powders subjected to controlled shock-loading conditions. In the present work aluminium oxide, zinc oxide, aluminium nitride, titanium carbide and titanium diboride powder compacts were subjected to controlled shock-loading to peak pressures of from 4 to 27 GPa at various starting densities, and characterized with specific surface area measurements by the BET (gas adsorption) method. Low-temperature cyclical thermal pretreatment and outgassing pretreatment of the shock powders at 250° C were employed; the former improves the reliability of the BET measurements, and makes the surfaces of the shock-modified powders more chemically active than those of the starting powders. Each powder shows a somewhat different response to shock-loading, ranging from a decrease in specific surface by a factor of six for zinc oxide to a 200% increase for titanium diboride. Shock-induced changes in specific surface show four characteristic behaviours as shock pressure is increased. Well-understood and controllable shock-loading conditions are found to be essential to shock-modification studies. An update on earlier measurements on rutile, zirconia and silicon nitride is also reported.
The thyroid axis is regulated by NCoR1 via its actions in the pituitary

TSH is the most important biomarker in the interpretation of thyroid function in man. Its levels are determined by circulating thyroid hormone (TH) levels that feed back centrally to regulate the expression of the subunits that comprise TSH from the pituitary. The nuclear corepressor 1 (NCoR1), is a critical coregulator of the TH receptor (TR) isoforms. It has been established to play a major role in the control of TSH secretion, because mice that express a mutant NCoR1 allele (NCoRΔID) that cannot interact with the TR have normal TSH levels despite low circulating TH levels. To determine how NCoR1 controls TSH secretion, we first developed a mouse model that allowed for induction of NCoRΔID expression postnatally to rule out a developmental effect of NCoR1. Expression of NCoRΔID postnatally led to a drop in TH levels without a compensatory rise in TSH production, indicating that NCoR1 acutely controls both TH production and feedback regulation of TSH. To demonstrate that this was a cell autonomous function of NCoR1, we expressed NCoRΔID in the pituitary using a Cre driven by the glycoprotein α-subunit promoter (P-ΔID mice). Importantly, P-ΔID mice have low TH levels with decreased TSH production. Additionally, the rise in TSH during hypothyroidism is blunted in P-ΔID mice. Thus, NCoR1 plays a critical role in TH-mediated regulation of TSH in the pituitary by regulating the repressive function of the TR. Furthermore, these studies suggest that endogenous NCoR1 levels in the pituitary could establish the set point of TSH secretion.
Surgical resection for metastatic melanoma to the lung.

• From 1971 through December 1986, the courses of 47 patients who underwent thoracotomy for pulmonary metastases from melanoma were retrospectively reviewed to determine the efficacy of this approach in the management of selected patients with melanoma. The overall five-year survival rate was 25% (median survival, 19 months). Thirty-eight patients were free of disease following thoracotomy. These patients fared significantly better than those who had residual disease following thoracotomy, with a five-year survival rate of 31% (median survival, 24 months) compared with 0% (median survival, six months). Survival was not influenced by the addition of adjuvant therapy or duration of time before the development of metastases ( ( Arch Surg 1988;123:1091-1095)
Dissonant Conclusions When Testing the Validity of an Instrumental Variable

An instrument or instrumental variable is often used in an effort to avoid selection bias in inference about the effects of treatments when treatment choice is based on thoughtful deliberation. Instruments are increasingly used in health outcomes research. An instrument is a haphazard push to accept one treatment or another, where the push can affect outcomes only to the extent that it alters the treatment received. There are two key assumptions here: (R) the push is haphazard or essentially random once adjustments have been made for observed covariates, (E) the push affects outcomes only by altering the treatment, the so-called “exclusion restriction.” These assumptions are often said to be untestable; however, that is untrue if testable means checking the compatibility of assumptions with other things we think we know. A test of this sort may result in a collection of claims that are individually plausible but mutually inconsistent, without clear indication as to which claim is culpable for the inconsis...
Presidential regimes and the federal reserve's accommodation of federal budget deficits

Abstract Recently, much of the debate on the role of monetary policy has emphasized accommodation of federal debt. The debate intensified as federal deficits increased. Some research has suggested the existence of pressures on monetary policy from the White House. This study investigates the effect of presidential regime on the accommodation of federal debt from the Kennedy-Johnson to the Reagan-Bush periods. Using the Johansen and Juselius procedures, we find evidence of long-run relationships between the federal debt and the federal funds rate regardless of whether the president is a Democrat or a Republican.
Aerosol Backscatter Profiles at 10.59 and 9.25 Micrometers near Mauna Loa, Hawaii, 1988

The NOAA Doppler lidar trailer was transported from Boulder, Colorado, to the 3.231km level of Hawaii's Mauna Loa volcano (lat. 19.55°N, long. 155.56°W) in No-vember 1988 to participate in the NASA-sponsored Mauna Loa Backscatter Intercomparison Experiment (MABIE) for 1988. Our purpose was multifold. Among the aerosol studies our goals were to gather a statistically meaningful set of vertical backscatter pro-files at two wavelengths in the clean Pacific environment, to compare data from several microphysical sensors located at the GMCC observatory 3 km away, to assess the representativeness of the ground-based GMCC samplers with respect to the air mass over-head, and to understand the depth of the upslope and downslope flows that have historically affected the GMCC samplers. We were highly successful on all counts, having gathered 243 vertical profiles at 10.59 gm, 49 profiles at 9.25 vim, 278 GMCC intercom-parisons, and 404 wind profiles and cross sections. Our data-gathering period extended over 24 days through December 11. We calibrated the system on seven different days, usually at both wavelengths, to insure accuracy in our results. We also acquired data close in time to nearby SAGE 11. sampling, and twice took data simultaneously with GMCC's ruby lidar.
Disseminated community-acquired USA300 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pyomyositis and septic pulmonary emboli in an immunocompetent adult.

Abstract Background: Recent reports have increasingly recognized methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as an important etiology of pyomyositis, an uncommon disease entity. Specific virulence factors such as the Panton-Valentine leukocidin protein have been identified that may play a role in the pathophysiology of pyomyositis, especially when community-acquired MRSA is implicated. Methods: We review a case of disseminated pyomyositis and septic pulmonary emboli in an immunocompetent adult in whom a pvl+ USA300 clone was isolated. Results: The degree of dissemination in this patient suggests an emerging level of virulence for community-acquired MRSA that has not been reported previously. Conclusion: The clinical history and management of severe disseminated pyomyositis, including diagnostic modalities, antimicrobial therapy, and surgical drainage, require an aggressive approach.
Father teaching interactions with toddlers at risk: Associations with later child academic outcomes

Fathers play an important role in child development, particularly with respect to children's academic skills. Yet relatively little is known about the nature of fathers' teaching interactions with their young children that would produce such effects. The purpose of the current study was to understand the contribution that fathers' teaching interactions make to their children's academic skills over time. Interactions between 109 fathers and their children in low-income families were observed in the home during a novel teaching situation at ages 2 and 3. Controlling for family and child characteristics and maternal behaviors, father behaviors at age 2, but not age 3, were significantly associated with children's: receptive vocabularies at ages 5, 7, and 10; math skills at ages 5 and 7; and reading skills at age 5. Fathers' support of their children's emotion and behavior regulation may contribute to long-term influences on children's academic skills.
The anatomy of a project oriented second course for computer science majors

This paper describes the philosophy and design of a specific course, Computer Science 236, taught over the past few years at Washington University. The philosophy of the course is that the objectives of the course can best be achieved by employing a series of associated projects which are complex enough to require a design and specification effort but are not so large that they cannot be completed in one semester. Several other institutions have also found that a project oriented course is advantageous.The purpose of this paper is to describe the philosophy and methodology of such a course and not to describe the specific course at Washington University. However, in describing the generic course, those decisions made for Computer Science 236 will be presented as examples.
Modulation of a Fluorescent Light Beam by an Optically Pumped Vapor Undergoing a Double-Quantum Resonance

The high-frequency modulation of a light beam scattered by optically-pumped ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{85}$ vapor undergoing a double-quantum resonance in the ground state has been studied both experimentally and theoretically. The vapor cell used in the experiment was an evacuated 3-in.-diam sphere with paraffin-coated walls. It was subjected simultaneously to a ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{+}$-polarized ${D}_{1}$ pumping beam and a $\ensuremath{\pi}$-polarized unfiltered monitoring beam at right angles to the pumping beam. The scattered light was detected in a third orthogonal direction after passage through a $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ polarizer and a ${D}_{2}$ filter. A superheterodyne amplifier was used to select the component of the scattered light modulated at twice the frequency of the pulsed rf driving field. A theoretical analysis has been developed which predicts the existence of two pairs of nonvanishing off-diagonal elements of the excited-state density matrix oscillating at twice the applied frequency under these conditions, and also predicts a corresponding modulation of the scattered light. Despite the feebleness of the observed signal caused by heavy damping in the excited state of ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{85}$, such a modulation has been observed, and its resonant behavior has been found to agree with theory.
Effects of white-tailed deer on the population dynamics of acorns, seedlings and small saplings of Quercus buckleyi

To measure the effects of white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus) herbivory on seeds, seedlings, and young saplings of Quercus buckleyi on the eastern Edwards Plateau of central Texas, USA, experimental fenced deer exclosures were constructed. Acorns or small Q. buckleyi transplants were placed in each exclosure and in each unfenced control plot. Deer did not significantly affect acorn survival and germination, but did significantly reduce transplant survival and growth rates. The results support the hypothesis that deer are responsible for the failure of recruitment into adult size classes in Q. buckleyi populations in this region. Without adult recruitment of Q. buckleyi, the species composition and possibly even the physiognomy of woodlands on the eastern Edwards Plateau will change markedly. The results of this experiment also indicate that, although juniper Juniperus ashei and Q. buckleyi presumably compete for water, light, and nutrients, in the presence of deer junipers can have a positive effect on seedlings and saplings of Q. buckleyi, a case of facilitation. In the presence of deer the transplants increased in height significantly more slowly away from juniper saplings than they did beneath juniper saplings, probably due to the physical protection from browsing that junipers provided to the transplants.
Budgeting by the Ballot: Initiatives in the State of Montana

Citizen participation in the decision-making process and government's responsiveness to people's needs constitute the core of the democratic ethic. Three institutional arrangements are devised to make democracy more democratic: initiatives, referenda, and recall. This article deals specifically with the initiative process in the State of Montana. While citizen participation could be an end in itself, it is viewed here as a means to achieve specific ends. Three different initiatives are studied using four criteria to determine the efficacy of the process.
Three-Dimensional Covariant Integral Equations for Low-Energy Systems

Integral equations suitable for the dynamical treatment of strongly interacting particles are derived. The equations can be described as Bethe-Salpeter equations with one particle restricted to the mass shell, resulting in a three-dimensional covariant equation which can be easily interpreted physically. To restore the dynamical terms omitted in the process of restricting one particle to the mass shell, additional kernels are added to the irreducible kernels from the original Bethe-Salpeter equation. The addition of these extra terms leads to a resulting simplification in the kernels themselves, since the new kernels have the same structure as the original ones, with some partial cancellations. Estimates as to the convergence of the procedure and the sizes of the various potentials are given. The special case of the hydrogen atom is discussed briefly, and comments are made on the application of these equations to the nuclear-force problem. Connections between scattering equations and bound-state equations are discussed, and the relativistic normalization condition for bound-state wave functions is derived.
The globalisation of an Italian family company: Zobele Chemical Industries (1919?2006)

The case history of the Italian family company, Zobele Chemical Industries, one of the world's leading suppliers of insect repellants and deodorants, describes the synchronous evolution of the firm and three generations of the Zobele family over 87 years, from 1919 to 2006. The Zobele Company, located in Trento, Northern Italy, was founded in 1919 by Enrico Zobele Sr., who became famous when he invented his first 'killer product' in 1930 ? flypaper. In 2005, Zobele Chemical Industries achieved global sales of ?230 million with profits of ?11 million. The company had 3300 employees, factories in Italy, Spain, Brazil, Paraguay, India, Hong Kong, Mexico, China. The case centres on the challenges faced by CEO Enrico Zobele Jr. and the family members for ensuring global leadership while maintaining the continuity of family ownership and control.
Deposition of silica agglomerates in a cast of human lung airways: Enhancement relative to spheres of equal mobility and aerodynamic diameter

Abstract This paper reports on an experimental study of the deposition of well-characterized silica agglomerates in a cast of a section of a human lung. Deposition of the agglomerates is compared with the deposition of oleic acid spheres and sodium chloride particles for a range of mobility sizes, agglomerate properties (primary particle size and mass–mobility exponent) and inspiratory flow rates. In most cases, agglomerate deposition was significantly greater than that of the oleic acid and sodium chloride particles. Deposition of agglomerates with a more open structure was greater than that of relatively more compact (but still non-spherical) agglomerates. Deposition also increased with the flow rate. Because of the large physical size of the agglomerates, as well as the crenulated flow path through the model and the flow rate dependence, it is likely that interception is responsible for the enhanced deposition of the agglomerates.
The Lorenz curve for model assessment in exponential order statistic models

A goodness-of-fit technique for random samples from the exponential distribution based on the sample Lorenz curve is adapted for use in the exponential order statistic (EOS) model. In the EOS model, only those observations in a random sample from the exponential distribution of unknown size N that are less than some known stopping time T are observable. The model is known as the Jelinski-Moranda model in software reliability, where it is used to estimate the number of bugs in software during development. Distributional results are derived for the distance between the sample Lorenz curve and the population Lorenz curve so that it can be used as a goodness-of-fit test statistic. Simulations show that the test has good power against several alternative distributions. Simulations also indicate that in some cases, model misspecification leads to poor parameter estimation. A plotting procedure provides a means of graphical assessment of fit.
Properties of 3He near the critical point

Abstract The critical properties of 3 He and the indices β, γ and σ p for the power laws have been determined from isobaric density measurements above and below the critical point.
Influence of annealing on polymeric precursor derived ZnO thin films on sapphire

Abstract Zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films on c-sapphire substrates were synthesized by spin-coating aqueous polymeric precursors. The effects of annealing at 1000 °C on crystallinity, surface morphology, and optical properties of ZnO thin films, with varying thicknesses, were studied. Single-layered ZnO thin films are polycrystalline with wurtzite structure and preferentially oriented along the (002) plane. X-ray diffraction pattern also reveals the presence of spinel zinc aluminate (ZnAl2O4) peaks. ZnO films have highly faceted granular morphology. Multilayered ZnO films, annealed twice at 1000 °C, do not exhibit any ZnO peaks but only ZnAl2O4 peaks. Moreover, the surface morphology was smooth with ridges. These films do not exhibit the band gap or ultra-violet emission photoluminescence characteristics of ZnO. On annealing, there is an interfacial reaction between ZnO and sapphire resulting in ZnAl2O4.
No climate‐erosion feedback system in the western Himalayas

As water-laden air climbs up and over the Garhwal Himalayas, a subregion of the Himalayas found in northern India, orographic effects cause rain to fall out in two major bands. The water, primarily stemming from the summer monsoon, falls more heavily over the lower-altitude low Himalayas, with a second, lighter rain band at the border between the low and high Himalayas. Aside from being a major source of water—and flooding—this seasonal water also contributes to the erosion of the Himalayas.
Patterned Nonaffine Motion in Granular Media

AbstractVortex-like flow patterns are often observed in experiments on granular media for which uniform strain is expected based on the loading boundary conditions. These deformations become apparent when the motion associated with uniform strain is subtracted from the total particle motion. Besides presenting an interesting phenomenon that begs explanation, these vortex patterns suggest multiscale structure for nonaffine motion as suggested by modern continuum theories. Further, the authors note that the rotational velocity field added to a uniform strain field produces a planar slip field. Thus, these structures are associated with the slip-band fields that eventually form, which are generally associated with bifurcations in the solution path of the governing partial differential equations. The authors present a procedure to extract these motion fields from discrete-element simulations along with conjugate forces associated with these motions. A key finding from the simulations is that the motions that ...
Conformational analysis of 2,2,2-trichloroethyl methyl ether by low-resolution microwave spectroscopy

Abstract The low-resolution microwave spectra of 2,2,2-trichloroethyl methyl ether have been recorded from 26.5 to 39.0 GHz. From the spacing of the major bands, it is shown that the value of 2065.4 MHz for B + C is consistent with the presence of the gauche conformer. Another set of bands of approximately two-third the intensity of the major bands has also been observed. The value of 1996.5 MHz for B + C is consistent with the presence of the trans conformer. The microwave data indicate that the gauche conformer is the abundant one in the gas phase. Interpretation as to the dominance of the gauche conformer will be suggested.
Future sea-level changes due to West Antarctic ice sheet fluctuations

Global sea-level changes which would result from an instantaneous uniform thinning of the possibly unstable West Antarctic ice sheet are calculated and found to be nonuniform. At locations distant from the ice sheet (Hawaii, New York, the North Sea), immediate submergence would be followed by gradual emergence. At New Zealand, immediate submergence would be followed by gradual additional submergence, then slow emergence would begin after 2,500 yr. At locations close to the ice sheet (Cape Horn, the Ross Ice Shelf), the sea level would fall for 1,100 yr. then rapid submergence would start resulting in a net sea-level rise after 10,000 yr equal to about 92% of the average global rise.
The water load test: observations from healthy controls and patients with functional dyspepsia.

Gastric sensation and accommodation are studied by barostat, but this is invasive. The drink test is noninvasive and may provide similar information. We evaluated relationships between drink test, ...