cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Power optimization of a finite-time solar radiant heat engine

SYNOPSIS The power output of a simple, finite-time solar radiant heat engine is studied. The model adopted is a reversible Carnot cycle coupled to a heat source and a heat sink by radiant heat transfer. Both the heat source and the heat sink have Infinite heat capacity rate. A mathematical expression is derived for the power output of the irreversible solar radiant heat engine. The maximum power output is found. The maximum bound provides the basis for designing a real solar heat engine and for a performance comparison with existing solar power plants.
Mixed Quantum/Classical Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Hydrated Dielectron: The Role of Exchange in Condensed-Phase Structure, Dynamics, and Spectroscopy

The importance of quantum mechanical exchange in determining the electronic properties of molecules has long been appreciated. Less attention has been paid, however, to how exchange affects the properties of quantum mechanical objects in the presence of a solvent. How important are spin statistics in determining the structure and dynamics of such objects? For instance, do fully solvent-supported single-electron states, such as solvated electrons, interact with each other in such a way that quantum mechanical exchange and correlation must be taken into account? That is, does the Pauli exclusion principle enhance or supress the formation of bound pairs of solvated electrons, so-called bipolarons, and what role does the solvent play? We have approached this question by performing mixed quantum/classical molecular (QM/CM) dynamics simulations of two excess electrons solvated by bulk liquid water. The mixed QM/CM molecular dynamics is performed at the level of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, so that the water motions obey classical mechanics and the electronic degrees of freedom evolve on the ground state adiabatic energy surface. The two-electron adiabatic eigenstates are calculated with full configuration interaction (CI) using a highly efficient real-space method that we have recently introduced (Larsen, R. E.; Schwartz, B. J. J. Chem. Phys. 2003, 119, 7672) to compute the Coulomb and exchange interaction energies. Our calculations show that two excess electrons form dielectrons, that is, they are confined by the solvent to a single cavity for both singlet and triplet pairing of the electron spins. When the electrons' spins are singlet paired, the dielectron is confined to an aspherical, "potato-shaped" cavity, whereas when the electrons' spins are triplet paired, the dielectron occupies a "peanut-shaped" cavity. We find that in both cases water molecules in the first solvation shell solvate the hydrated dielectron by pointing one of their O-H bonds directly toward the charge, just as occurs with a single hydrated electron. We examine the time evolution of various dielectron properties and compare and contrast the dielectron dynamics with the dynamics of a single hydrated electron. Finally, taking advantage of the fact that our CI calculation generates both ground and excited states, we have computed the optical absorption spectra of both singlet and triplet dielectrons. We discuss the significance of the predicted optical absorption spectra for the possible direct spectroscopic observation of hydrated dielectrons.
Design of body-grounded tactile actuators for playback of human physical contact

We present four wearable tactile actuators capable of recreating physical sensations commonly experienced in human interactions, including tapping on, dragging across, squeezing, and twisting an individual's wrist. In seeking to create tactile signals that feel natural and are easy to understand, we developed movement control interfaces to play back each of these forms of actual human physical contact. Through iterative design, prototyping, programming, and testing, each of these servo-motor-based mechanisms produces a signal that is gradable in magnitude, can be played in a variety of temporal patterns, is localizable to a small area of skin, and, for three of the four actuators, has an associated direction. Additionally, we have tried to design toward many of the characteristics that have made high frequency vibration the most common form of wearable tactile feedback, including low cost, light weight, comfort, and small size. Bolstered by largely positive comments from naive users during an informal testing session, we plan to continue improving these devices for future use in tactile motion guidance.
Interpretations for thermomigration results in aluminum and aluminum alloys

Abstract Recent anomalies have been reported for thermomigration results in aluminum and aluminum alloys. A sign reversal for the measured heat of transport and consequently a mass flux reversal in the thermomigration experiment was reported for self-thermomigration in pure aluminum and for thermomigration of copper in aluminum. These events occurred as a result of varying the grain or crystal size in the experiment. A grain size effect on the measured heat of transport for silver in aluminum has also been reported. Experimental data for non-isothermal diffusion of Ag110 in aluminum has established the existence of stable point defect concentrations in excess of those predicted for thermal equilibrium and the explanation for the anomalies in aluminum thermomigration experiments is now possible.
Growth Hormone Deficiency by Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone-Arginine Testing Criteria Predicts Increased Cardiovascular Risk Markers in Normal Young Overweight and Obese Women

Context: Little is known about the relationship between GH and cardiovascular risk markers in women without organic hypothalamic/pituitary disease. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine whether healthy young overweight and obese women, who would be classified as having GH deficiency (GHD) based on standard criteria used in hypopituitarism (peak GH after stimulation with GHRH and arginine < 5 ng/ml), have increased cardiovascular risk markers. Design: This was a cross-sectional study. Setting: The study was conducted at the General Clinical Research Center. Study Participants: Forty-five women of reproductive age, mean age 33.1 ± 1.2 yr and mean body mass index (BMI) 30.9 ± 1.0 kg/m2. Intervention: There was no intervention. Main Outcome Measures: Measures included carotid intima-medial thickness, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, E-selectin, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, TNF-α receptor I, TNF-α receptor II, fasting insulin levels, and oral glucose tolerance testing. Results: Twenty-six percent of overweight or obese subjects and none with BMI less than 25 kg/m2 met criteria for GHD. Subjects who met GHD criteria had a mean BMI of 37.0 ± 1.7 kg/m2 (range 28.6–43.6 kg/m2), and their mean waist circumference (110.1 ± 3.5 cm) was higher than in overweight/obese women with GH sufficiency (P = 0.007). Mean carotid intima-media thickness, hsCRP, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, TNF-α receptor I, and TNF-α receptor II levels were higher, and HDL lower, in women meeting GHD criteria than in GH sufficiency. Differences in HDL, hsCRP, and TNF-α receptor II remained after controlling for age plus BMI, waist circumference, or trunk fat. There were no differences in measures of insulin resistance. Conclusions: There may be a relative GHD syndrome in overweight and obese women without organic pituitary or hypothalamic disease that confers increased cardiovascular risk, independent of weight.
Text-to-Text Semantic Similarity for Automatic Short Answer Grading

In this paper, we explore unsupervised techniques for the task of automatic short answer grading. We compare a number of knowledge-based and corpus-based measures of text similarity, evaluate the effect of domain and size on the corpus-based measures, and also introduce a novel technique to improve the performance of the system by integrating automatic feedback from the student answers. Overall, our system significantly and consistently outperforms other unsupervised methods for short answer grading that have been proposed in the past.
Effect of Menstrual Status on Antibacterial Activity and Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor Production by Human Uterine Epithelial Cells in Culture

The objective of this study was to examine the production of antibacterial factor(s) by uterine epithelial cells from pre- and postmenopausal women. Apical rinses from polarized epithelial cells recovered from women at the proliferative and secretory stages of the menstrual cycle were equally effective in killing Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, but those from postmenopausal women were not. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) concentrations of apical washes from premenopausal women were significantly higher than those obtained from postmenopausal women. SLPI production correlated with bactericidal activity with respect to menstrual status and time in culture. Anti-SLPI antibody significantly decreased bactericidal activity of premenopausal epithelial cell rinses. The endometrial epithelial cell line HEC-1A did not have a bactericidal effect, nor did it produce SLPI. In contrast, HEC-1B cells produced SLPI and a factor that inhibited bacterial growth. These results indicate that menstrual status (pre- vs. postmenopausal) influences the production of SLPI and bactericidal activity by uterine epithelial cells.
Intermediate filaments of Schwann cells.

: Intermediate filaments were prepared from distal stumps of rabbit sciatic nerve 5 weeks after nerve section, at which time Schwann cells account for 85–90% of the cell area. A polypeptide of molecular weight 58,000 was the main component of this fraction. An antiserum raised in guinea pig against this polypeptide stained all cells present in the distal stump, as well as Schwann cells and 3T3 cells in culture. The identity of the molecular weight 58,000 polypeptide obtained from distal stumps with vimentin was proved with one and two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate pol yacrylamide gel electrophoresis and with immunoautoradiography. It is concluded that the intermediate filament subunit of undifferentiated Schwann cells is vimentin. The possibility that Schwann cells in normal nerve may have another type of intermediate filament besides vimentin cannot be ruled out.
Dose-volume distributions: a new approach to dose-volume histograms in three-dimensional treatment planning.

A new approach to calculating and displaying dose–volume relationships in 3D radiation therapy is presented. We have developed a concept of a dose–volume distribution (DVD) and its corresponding differential dose–volume distribution (DDVD), based on organization of the data in the volume rather than in the dose domain. The new concepts make full use of the information that can be obtained from the dose calculation points and the sampling pattern and are designed to overcome shortcomings of the classical concepts of dose–volume histograms (DVH) and differential dose–volume histograms (DDVH). The new concepts can be applied to any number of dose calculation points, but they are especially advantageous when a small number of points is used. DVDs are particularly well suited to pseudo‐ and quasirandom sampling of dose distributions. We have developed an error analysis for DVDs and DDVDs in the case of pseudorandom sampling. We also describe an adaptive technique for minimizing the amount of data needed for purposes of display.
Testing a Process Model of Involvement

A process model of involvement based on expectancy-value research is proposed. Two key elements are included. The first is the person's expectation that a given event will be important. The second is the person's discrimination of whether his or her initial expectation was confirmed or disconfirmed. Both expectations and discrimination were manipulated for all subjects. The key dependent variable was each individual's subsequent expectation of the importance of similar events in the future. The implications of expectation of information-seeking intensity are also considered. Students enrolled in a University of Wisconsin advertising class served as subjects (N = 92) for the study. Data were collected at two points in time using booklets containing the experimental manipulations. Multiple regression analysis indicated that for students whose initial expectation of importance was high the experience of having that expectation confirmed or disconfirmed substantially influenced subjects' subsequent importance...
Structural and functional differentiation in T2 bacteriophage.

Abstract Particles of T2 bacteriophage and T2 ghosts have been disjoined into several component parts by treating them to cycles of alternate freezing and thawing. The distinguishable components are: intact heads, intact tails, head membranes, cross sections of tails, cores of tails, and fine fibers both attached to and removed from tails. These components have been examined for correlation of their structure and their host-adsorptive function. It is found that the intact heads, the membranes of ghosted heads, and probably the tail cores do not adsorb to sensitive bacteria. The tails and the tail fibers are found to adsorb. The possible functions of the tail cores and of the tail fibers in the mechanism of phage infection are discussed.
Computational complexity: Why quantum chemistry is hard

The burgeoning field of quantum information science is not only about building a working device. Already we can learn a lot by thinking about how computation works under the rule of quantum mechanics.
Maintenance of certification for orthopaedic surgeons.

The American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) has declared that each of its member boards must show that the profession sets its standards, monitors its performance, and is improving the practice of patient-centered evidence-based medicine1,2. In the early 1990s, a series of highly publicized events increased public concerns regarding the competence of physicians. The medical liability insurance crisis further eroded public trust in our health-care system. In 2000, the Institute of Medicine published a book, To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health Care System , which stated that between 44,000 and 98,000 Americans die each year as a result of preventable errors3. Most of these preventable medical errors are “caused by faulty systems, processes, and conditions that lead people to make mistakes or fail to prevent them.”3 A second publication by the Institute of Medicine noted that the health care system frequently fails to translate knowledge into practice4. It was further noted that “[a] highly fragmented delivery system … results in poorly designed care processes characterized by unnecessary duplication of services.”4 Furthermore, it has been shown that 3% of hospitalized patients risk experiencing a hospital error and that those who experience an error in treatment or care have a 25% chance of death. This amounts to 1.16 million preventable “patient safety instances,” with over 200,000 patients dying each year from potentially preventable problems5. The public's interest and concern regarding quality issues in health care have resulted in the establishment of many programs, including the National Practitioners' Databank, the National Quality Forum, and the Agency for Health Care Research and Quality. Additionally, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations (JCAHO) and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) have become more interested in the quality …
Solving partial differential equations using recursive grids

Abstract In this paper we discuss numerical methods and software tools for solving partial differential equations with variable local resolution. The emphasis of our work is on finding approaches which will greatly simplify developing applications using dynamic adaptive grids. First, we investigate a class of adaptive grids that looks particularly promising for use in general-purpose solvers and propose a discretization method suitable for this class of grids. Second, we describe an interactive programming environment which can be used, among other things, as a geometrically-oriented debugger for developing applications using adaptive grids. Finally, we briefly illustrate an application of the above-mentioned methods and software to flame–flow interaction problems.
Reemergence of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a general hospital associated with changing Staphylococcal strains

An epidemic of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections involving 323 patients occurred at the University of Cincinnati Hospital from 1977 to 1981. Subsequently, endemic MRSA persisted in the hospital for 6 years, until 1987, when a new epidemic began with 223 patients becoming infected over 3 years. Between the two epidemics, there was a major change in the MRSA recovered from infected patients, as demonstrated by three epidemiologic markers. Antibiograms showed that the tetracycline-resistant MRSA involved in the first epidemic was replaced by tetracycline-susceptible MRSA in the second epidemic; bacteriophage typing indicated that the original epidemic strain, D11/83A/85, had been replaced by new strains, many of which were susceptible to phage 54; and restriction endonuclease analysis of plasmid DNA confirmed that a single strain was involved in the first epidemic and that multiple strains were present in the second epidemic. The epidemiology of MRSA infections in the hospital changed with the change in staphylococcal strains. The first epidemic was hospital based with most infections occurring in surgical patients, and the burn unit was the major reservoir. In contrast, 28% of the patients in the second epidemic had community-acquired infections, and nursing home patients were an important source of these infections. Also, 29% of the hospital-acquired infections in this epidemic occurred in nonsurgical patients. This time the burn unit was not a reservoir of infection, but other intensive care units were. The increased diversity of strains of MRSA in the second epidemic might be related to increased transmission in the community and more widespread transmission in the hospital.
Radiation dose-volume effects on growth hormone secretion☆

Abstract Purpose: Growth hormone (GH) deficiency is a known consequence of central nervous system irradiation. The relationship between the dose to the hypothalamus and the time to onset of clinically significant GH deficiency is unknown. Conformal radiotherapy (CRT) techniques allow for a more accurate determination of hypothalamic dosimetry. We correlated the dosimetry of the hypothalamus and the peak GH value after CRT in children with localized primary brain tumors. Methods and materials: The arginine tolerance/l-dopa test was performed before (baseline) and repeated 6 and 12 months after CRT in 25 children (median age 4.8 years) with ependymoma ( n = 15) or low-grade ( n = 8) or high-grade ( n = 2) astrocytoma. None had evidence of GH deficiency (arginine tolerance/l-dopa peak GH level >10 ng/mL [10 μg/L]) at baseline. Peak GH levels were modeled as a function of time after CRT and volume of the hypothalamus receiving a dose within the specified intervals of 0–20 Gy, 20–40 Gy, and 40–60 Gy. The model was used to predict the change in the peak GH levels over time (0–12 months) and fit under the assumption that the integral effect of irradiation was a linear sum of the products of the volume receiving a particular dose and the impact of that dose. Results: The peak GH level declined during the 0–12 months after CRT ( p 0–20 Gy +0.00106V 20–40 Gy +0.00156V 40–60 Gy )×t], where bGH is the baseline peak GH level, V 0–20 Gy , V 20–40 Gy , and V 40–60 Gy is the percent-volume of the hypothalamus irradiated from 0 to 20 Gy, 20 to 40 Gy, and 40 to 60 Gy, respectively, and t is time after irradiation. When included in the model, the rate of decline in the peak GH response also was influenced by hydrocephalus and tumor location. Conclusion: The peak GH response within 12 months after CRT depends on hypothalamic dose-volume effects and may be predicted on the basis of a linear model that sums the effects of the entire distribution of dose. The modeled effects may be used to optimize radiotherapy and minimize and treat GH deficiency.
A geometric analysis of bang-bang extremals in optimal control problems for combination cancer chemotherapy

Cell-cycle specific compartmental models for the growth of cancer cells under combination chemotherapies are considered as multi-input optimal control problems over a fixed therapy interval. The controls are the dose rates of various chemotherapeutic agents, such as cytotoxic (killing) and cytostatic (blocking) drugs or recruiting agents. Singular controls are not optimal for the models under consideration and thus bang-bang controls become the natural candidates for optimality. We use a geometric approach based on the construction of a field of bang-bang extremals to determine the strong local optimality of extremals. If the flows of trajectories at a junction cross the switching surface transversally (transversal crossing), then local optimality is retained while it ceases if the two flows cross the switching surface in opposite directions (transversal folds). In the latter case, switching points are conjugate points for the combined flow. A simple algorithm will be described that allows us to verify if a junction is a transversal crossing or fold.
Design Sensitivity: Statistical Power for Experimental Research

PART ONE: STATISTICAL POWER IN TREATMENT EFFECTIVENESS RESEARCH Treatment Effectiveness Research and Design Sensitivity The Statistical Power Framework Effect Size The Problematic Parameter How to Estimate Statistical Power PART TWO: USEFUL APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES Dependent Measures Design, Sample Size, and Alpha The Independent Variable and the Role of Theory Putting It All Together
Analyte Transport Studies of Aqueous Solutions and Slurry Samples Using Electrothermal Vaporization ICP-MS

Analyte transport of both aqueous solutions and slurry samples was studied with the use of ultrasonic slurry sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (USS-ETV-ICP-MS). The elements studied included V, Mn, Ni, Cu, and Pb, and the materials analyzed included NIST SRM 1548 Total Diet, SRM 1632a Coal, SRM 1566a Oyster Tissue, and NRCC LUTS-1 Lobster Hepatopancreas. The effect of microgram amounts of Pd as well as the effect of oxygen ashing on analyte transport were studied. Slurry samples were found to have better analyte transport in comparison to aqueous solutions when no physical carriers were added. Under these experimental conditions, the determined slurry concentrations were apparently high when quantified with the use of external calibration. Microgram amounts of Pd were used to investigate whether it was possible to reduce the difference in analyte transport between slurry samples and aqueous standards. The use of microgram amounts of Pd resulted in signal intensity suppression. Such a signal reduction could be related to the presence of space charge effects or losses of analyte due to condensation of the physical carrier together with the analyte on different parts of the ETV cell or the transfer line. On the other hand, quantitation for slurry samples was improved by the use of Pd as a physical carrier. Pd by itself was not completely effective for samples with high carbon content; therefore the effect of oxygen ashing combined with Pd was studied. An enhancement of signal intensities was observed when oxygen ashing was used, as well as a shift in the carbon signal to earlier times. In this case, signal enhancement was associated with an improvement in analyte transport caused by an increased number of carbon particles leaving the furnace at the same time as the analytes studied. With oxygen ashing, slurry samples behaved more similarly to aqueous solutions, facilitating quantitation with aqueous standards.
Gravity-related transport in reactive off-axis sputtering deposition?

An experiment was designed to investigate the transport characterization of reactive off- axis sputtering deposition. Three transport regions were observed when the growth pressures vary from 5 mtorr to 150 mtorr. A new gravity-related phenomenon was revealed in film growth at relatively high growth pressures. This effect is related to the collision process or thermalization of transport species. This study also suggests a design for the substrate holder orientation in the off-axis sputtering system.
Reply by Author to A. R. Wadia

I WISH to thank A. R. Wadia for his interest and remarks concerning my Note. In general, I am in agreement with the ideas expressed in his Comment, but I should like to add the following discussion and to answer the questions posed. The definition of the Navier-Stokes region used in Ref. 1 is, as Wadia points out, restrictive in that it presupposes that flow reversal does not occur outside of the cavity. If this is true, then addition of the interaction with the third layer—the potential outer flow—is usually sufficient to account for the upstream propagation of disturbances through the subsonic portion of the boundary layer as well as to calculate the correct downstream behavior of the disturbed layer. Such a method was described in Ref. 2 and its use illustrated in Refs. 2 and 3. For the relatively low injection rates into the supersonic boundary layer in Ref. 1 (v/U^ =0.02 for the outer flow of M^ =2.25) the two-layer approach, as well as the simple choice of the rectangular Navier-Stokes region, were found appropriate for the purposes of that paper. The disturbed nature of the boundary layer downstream of the slot is evident nevertheless in the results obtained in Ref. 1. The qualitatively correct behavior of reduced shear downstream of the injection slot, and increased shear downstream of the suction slot, was reproduced. The computed values of the u velocity component is one grid interval above the horizontal wall (which is linked to du/dy at the wall) normalized by the corresponding value of this parameter upstream of the slot are persented in Table 1 for three x steps, starting at the downstream corner, and are intended for qualitative comparison only. It was shown in the Comment that for a subsonic flow with a relatively high rate of injection (v/Ux =0.25) a separation bubble can form downstream of the injection slot. To treat such a flowfield adequately using the interactive method of Refs. 1-4, the Navier-Stokes domain should be extended downstream (and perhaps upstream) of the slot to include at least all the regions of flow reversal, as Wadia recognized. If the incompressible equations are to be retained in the recirculation region and the outer flow is supersonic or highly subsonic so that the incompressibility assumption fails in a significant part of the boundary layer, then the matching region may no longer be specified a priori using a simple, rectangular geometry. Instead, curved matching boundaries, which can evolve as the solution proceeds, are necessary. Such a self-adaptive approach to the construction of the matching region is, at present, beyond the capability of the model, but is a natural subject for further work in extending the method. The vorticity at the two convex corners of the slot was determined along the vertical walls for Navier-Stokes region Slot width
Interaction Between Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus in the Pathogenesis of Sensorineural Hearing Loss

The purpose of this study is to support the hypothesis that diabetic end-organ damage of the cochlea is augmented in the setting of hypertension. A historical perspective reviewing the effects of diabetes and hypertension as causative factors in the development of sensorineural hearing loss, as well as the basic epidemiology and pathophysiology of the renal and vascular effects of diabetes and hypertension, is presented. The results of audiologic findings in insulin-dependent diabetic patients, both normotensive and hypertensive, were analyzed and correlated with the results of animal studies to support the hypothesis that sensorineural hearing loss in patients and cochlear hair cell loss in animal studies result from the effects of hypertension in conjunction with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Flutter Prediction Methods for Aeroelastic Design Optimization

The objective of the paper is to demonstrate the validity of e utter predictions obtained using eigenvector orientations (EVO) for realistic wings used in aircraft preliminary design. Comparisons of e utter predictions between the V-g method and the EVO method are presented for an intermediate complexity wing used in optimization studies. The results presented show that the EVO method can predict the onset of e utter for aircraft wings with reasonable accuracy and can be used in design optimization studies of aerospace vehicles/components. I. Introduction T HEdesign of modern e ight vehicles requires multidisciplinary designoptimization (MDO),theintegrationofstructures,aerodynamics,controlandpropulsiondisciplines,toachieveanoptimum design based on certain performance criteria and constraints. In the design of e ight vehicles, e utter is a critical parameter that must be considered in the early stage of the design cycle. Also, with aging aircraft,certainrestrictionsneedtobeimposedinordertoavoide utterinstabilityduring thee ightregimeoftheaircraft.Alargenumber of parameter changes must be investigated in the e utter design of military as well as commercial aircraft as a result of the complexity of modern composite/metallic structures. Accurate and efe cient methods of e utter prediction for aerospace vehicle components are needed for use in aeroelastic design optimization studies. There are several aeroelastic design optimization codes being used for aircraft and spacecraft structures, such as the Automated Structural Optimization System (ASTROS) 1 and MSCNASTRAN. 2 In aeroelastic design optimization the predominant dynamic e utter instability needs to be investigated for most e ight vehicles. Several methods are being used to predict the onset of e utter instability in aeroelastic design optimization. Most of these methods arebasedoncomplexeigenvalues (p-kmethod, K-method, orKE method). 2 Recently,Afolabietal. 3 developed amethodbased on eigenvector orientations (EVO) to predict the onset of e utter instability. In their work the method of EVO was used for limited examples of panel e utter. To gain a better understanding of the EVO method of e utter prediction, further investigations need to be carried out on realistic aircraft structures. This understanding will help to devise a prediction methodology that may be implemented in MDO codes for the preliminary design of e ight vehicles. The objectiveofthispaperisto further validate the EVOmethod 3 of e utter prediction for realistic examples used in aircraft preliminary design. Abriefreviewofthe EVOmethod for e utterprediction isdescribed inthe nextsection.Anexampleofanintermediatecomplexity wing used in design optimization studies is considered, and e utter prediction results are compared to the commonly used V-g method.
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) induces invasion of endometrial carcinoma cell lines in vitro.

Abstract Objectives. The overall goal of this study was to investigate the role of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/Met pathway in the pathophysiology of invasive endometrial carcinoma. Our objectives were (1) to examine expression of HGF and Met in surgical endometrial carcinoma specimens and endometrial carcinoma cell lines, and (2) to determine if HGF would stimulate invasion of endometrial carcinoma cell lines in vitro. Methods. Using RT-PCR and Western immunoblotting, endometrial carcinoma specimens and the endometrial carcinoma cell lines KLE, HEC-1A, HEC-1B, and RL-95 were examined for expression of HGF and Met. A Boyden chamber invasion assay using collagen type I coated 8-μm porous membranes was then used to determine if HGF would stimulate cell invasion. Last, we assessed the capacity of endometrial stromal cells, isolated from normal human endometrium, to produce HGF as determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and to stimulate invasion of the KLE cell line. Results. All of the endometrial carcinoma tissue samples were found to express Met mRNA, and two of four samples expressed HGF mRNA. However, the endometrial carcinoma cell lines expressed only Met and not HGF mRNA. Both the endometrial carcinoma tissue specimens and the endometrial carcinoma cell lines expressed the 140-kDa Met protein. HGF induced the invasion of the KLE and HEC-1A cells through the collagen-coated membranes in a dose-dependent fashion. The optimal concentration of HGF was between 10 and 100 ng/ml. HGF (10 ng/ml) stimulated KLE invasion 1.8-fold ( P P P Conclusion. These results demonstrate that HGF stimulates the invasion of endometrial carcinoma cells in vitro. Since endometrial adenocarcinoma specimens express Met, these findings suggest that the HGF/Met pathway may play a role in the invasive progression of endometrial carcinoma.
Predicting Drug Disposition via Application of BCS: Transport/Absorption/ Elimination Interplay and Development of a Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System

The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) was developed to allow prediction of in vivo pharmacokinetic performance of drug products from measurements of permeability (determined as the extent of oral absorption) and solubility. Here, we suggest that a modified version of such a classification system may be useful in predicting overall drug disposition, including routes of drug elimination and the effects of efflux and absorptive transporters on oral drug absorption; when transporter-enzyme interplay will yield clinically significant effects (e.g., low bioavailability and drug-drug interactions); the direction, mechanism, and importance of food effects; and transporter effects on postabsorption systemic drug concentrations following oral and intravenous dosing. These predictions are supported by a series of studies from our laboratory during the past few years investigating the effect of transporter inhibition and induction on drug metabolism. We conclude by suggesting that a Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) using elimination criteria may expand the number of Class 1 drugs eligible for a waiver of in vivo bioequivalence studies and provide predictability of drug disposition profiles for Classes 2, 3, and 4 compounds.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Activates KiSS-1 Gene Expression in the Brain of the Prepubertal Female Rat

KiSS-1 gene expression has been shown to increase as puberty approaches, and its peptide products, kisspeptins, are involved in LHRH secretion at puberty. Factors contributing to increased KiSS-1 expression, however, have not been identified; thus, the purpose of this study was to assess whether IGF-I could induce transcription of this gene in prepubertal female rats. IGF-I or saline was centrally administered to immature rats that were killed 2, 4, and 6 h later. Real-time PCR revealed that IGF-I induced (P < 0.01) KiSS-1 gene expression at 6 h in a tissue fragment that contained both the anteroventral periventricular (AVPV) and arcuate (ARC) nuclei. Subsequently, the AVPV and ARC nuclei were separated to assess whether region-specific effects could be identified. IGF-I stimulated (P < 0.01) KiSS-1 gene expression in the AVPV nucleus at 6 h after injection, with no change observed in the ARC nucleus. Serum estradiol (E2) levels were not altered at any time point after IGF-I, demonstrating that the increased KiSS-1 expression observed was not caused by an elevation in E2. Additionally, the IGF-I action to induce KiSS-1 gene expression in the AVPV nucleus was further demonstrated when the IGF-I was administered systemically. E2 appears to play an important permissive role because 1-d ovariectomized rats responded to IGF-I with increased (P < 0.01) KiSS-1 expression, whereas, 20 d after ovariectomy, when the E2 levels had fallen below assay sensitivity, the IGF-I was unable to induce KiSS-1 expression. The IGF-I effect was further demonstrated by showing that the IGF-I receptor antagonist, JB-1, blocked the IGF-I-induced increase in KiSS-1 expression. Collectively, these data indicate that IGF-I is an activator of the KiSS-1 gene in the prepubertal female rat.
Vendor-managed inventory and the effect of channel power

AbstractWe analyze decentralized supply chains that follow general continuous review (Q, R) inventory policies subject to vendor-managed inventory agreements where the supplier chooses the order quantity Q, and the retailer chooses the reorder point R. Within the VMI scenario, we explore the effect of divisions of channel power on supply chain and individual agent performance by examining different game theoretic models. Optimal policies and analytical results, including existence and uniqueness proofs for equilibrium solutions under VMI, are derived. Numerical results are provided to compare the effectiveness of VMI and to analyze different channel power relationships under a variety of environmental conditions. We find that VMI can result in considerable supply chain savings over traditional relationships and that the relative division of channel power can significantly effect the performance of VMI. Interestingly, we find that the greatest system benefits from VMI arise in asymmetric channel power relationships, but that individual agents lack the incentive to assume a leadership role.
A 2-Substituted Prodiginine, 2-(p-Hydroxybenzyl)prodigiosin, from Pseudoalteromonas rubra

In the course of work aimed at the discovery of new pharmaceutical lead compounds from marine bacteria, a lipophilic extract of the bacterium Pseudoalteromonas rubra displayed significant cytotoxicity against SKOV-3, a human ovarian adenocarcinoma cell line. Bioassay-directed fractionation of this extract resulted in the isolation of a series of known and new prodiginine-type azafulvenes. The structure of the major metabolite was elucidated by interpretation of spectroscopic data as a 2-substituted prodigiosin, which we named 2-(p-hydroxybenzyl)prodigiosin (HBPG).
BREEDING SYSTEMS OF CENTRAL AMERICAN APHELANDRA (ACANTHACEAE)

Controlled pollinations, followed by germination studies of seeds resulting from selfand cross-pollination, were carried out using plants from 12 populations of nine species of Aphelandra (Acanthaceae), a genus of neotropical shrubs and herbs. These results are combined with data from field studies of flower morphology, phenology, and pollinator relationships to estimate breeding system of each species. All species have floral morphological traits that prevent autogamy. Plants from five populations of five species experience low levels of geitonogamous pollen transfer; they produce few flowers daily and are pollinated by traplining hummingbirds. Excepting A. storkii, these plants are fully self-compatible (SC), and seeds from selfing are as viable as crossed seeds. Aphelandra storkii is partially self-incompatible (SI) and produces seeds from selfing that tend to germinate less successfully than crossed seeds. Plants from the remaining populations are profusely flowering shrubs, and even those pollinated by traplining hummingbirds should experience higher levels of geitonogamy. Aphelandra deppeana is pollinated by territorial hummingbirds, which should further increase the incidence of geitonogamy. All shrub species are partially SI, and two species (A. Ieonardii and A. sinclairiana) show significant reduced germination of selfed vs. crossed seeds. The breeding system of these species is thus modified by postpollination factors that favor the formation and maturation of outcrossed seeds. It is suggested that Aphelandra species, like other herbs and shrubs of tropical forest understory, possess a combination of breeding system traits that promote outcrossing but do not exclude
Measurement of retention of interpolated activity in short-term memory

The present experiment was conducted to determine if the compensatory primacy-recency changes characteristic of the first few trials with paired associates also occur with the Peterson and Peterson (1959) single-item technique. On each of four trials one CCC trigram was followed by 10 3-digit numbers; S recalled both the nonsense syllable and as many numbers as possible (the latter by free recall). As a control for behavioral strategies a separate group was treated identically but did not recall the trigram. There were 105 Ss in each of the two groups. As predicted, recall of the trigram decreased but recall of the numbers increased. The relative magnitudes of the two effects were comparable, and evidence was found to make the explanation in terms of behavioral strategies unlikely. It was concluded that an explanation of the primacy decrease in terms of a PI mechanism is incomplete, and that it is necessary to measure performance on and retention of the interpolated activity.
Reactions of conjugated fatty acids. V. Preparation and properties of diels‐alder adducts and their esters fromtrans,trans‐conjugated fatty acids derived from soybean oil

Soybean fatty acids were conjugated with alkali, and the contained, conjugated dienoic acids were isomerized with iodine to thetrans,trans configuration. Adducts were prepared from thesetrans,trans-conjugated acids by condensation with maleic anhydride and acrylic acid. The adducts were isolated, purified, and converted to esters by using a variety of alcohols, including methyl, ethyl,n-propyl,n-butyl, and allyl alcohols. Esters made from saturated alcohols were converted into the corresponding epoxy derivatives. All of the esters (except allyl) and all of the epoxy esters were compatible with an equal weight of polyvinyl chloride and appeared to be primary plasticizers for this plastic. The epoxy esters were effective in inhibiting heat deterioration of polyvinyl chloride.
Potentiation of butyrate-induced differentiation in human colon tumor cells by deoxycholate

Human colon adenocarcinoma cells, treated with deoxycholate for 24 h prior to exposure to 1 mM butyrate, exhibited dose-dependent increases in the activities of three markers of colonic differentiation (alkaline phosphatase, lactase and CEA). Treatment with deoxycholate alone, for 24 h or longer, did not increase the secretion of CEA or the activities of either of the brush border-associated enzyme activities. Increases in differentiation markers were found to be bile acid-specific. Pretreatment with either dehydrocholic acid or cholic acid, even at cytotoxic concentrations, led to no significant butyrate-induced increases in brush-border associated hydrolase activities. The addition of a bacterial superoxide dismutase decreased the short-term cytotoxicity of deoxycholate and increased the maturation-potentiating effects of the bile acid in HCT-116 DO cells. The results of these studies demonstrate that bile acids, which are commonly thought to have tumor promoting activities in vivo, may also have physiological effects which serve to limit carcinogenic processes in the human colon by potentiating tumor cell differentiation.
Breast and cervical cancer screening practices and interventions among Chinese, Japanese, and Vietnamese Americans

Purpose/objectives To review research on breast and cervical cancer screening practices among Chinese, Japanese, and Vietnamese Americans. Data sources MEDLINE and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature databases. Data synthesis Of the 28 studies reviewed, 19 (68%) were descriptive and 9 (32%) were interventions. Instruments were developed or translated into the native language. Inconsistent operational definitions for positive facilitators and negative barriers made comparisons across studies difficult. Conclusions Research about breast and cervical cancer screening is limited in these groups. All of the studies reviewed indicated low adherence to cancer screening guidelines. Some interventions showed promising results. Poor awareness about cancer was reported; positive facilitators and negative barriers were identified. Implications for nursing The rapidly increasing number of Asian Americans in the United States underscores the need for further research in this area. Future studies should focus on each population as a disaggregated subgroup. Cancer control interventions should be culturally competent.
Whitman on Robert Burns: A Footnote

Adds a footnote to Gary Scharnhorst's essay, "Whitman on Robert Burns: An Early Essay Recovered," by presenting a handwritten note of Whitman's that was incorporated in Whitman's recovered essay on Burns.
Thrombolysis for native arterial occlusions of the lower extremities: clinical outcome and cost.

Abstract Introduction: Intra-arterial thrombolysis is commonly used as the initial treatment of acute or subacute lower extremity ischemia. Methods: To evaluate the efficacy and cost of thrombolysis, we retrospectively analyzed 100 consecutive cases (87 patients) in which intra-arterial lysis (urokinase) was used as the initial treatment for native arterial lower extremity occlusive disease. The mean age of patients was 67 years, 57% of the patients were male, and preexisting peripheral vascular disease was present in 74%. Presenting symptoms were limb-threatening ischemia (53%) and claudication (47%). Acute symptoms ( Results: The 30-day morbidity rate was 31%, and four patients died. Complications were significant bleeding (23%), ischemic stroke (1%), and renal failure with (2%) and without (2%) dialysis. Concomitant angioplasty was performed in 63%. Complete or significant lysis as demonstrated with angiography was achieved in 75% of iliac, 58% of femoropopliteal, and 41% of crural vessels ( P P = .03). Duration or type of presenting symptoms did not predict outcome. The cost of the initial hospitalization per patient for thrombolysis was $18,490. Conclusion: Thrombolysis can be as or more costly than surgery and is associated with a suboptimal outcome in a significant number of patients. These data lead us to caution against a uniform policy of initial thrombolysis for patients who present with lower extremity ischemia. (J Vasc Surg 2001;33:1148-57.)
Reducing the Dietary Omega-6:Omega-3 Utilizing α-Linolenic Acid; Not a Sufficient Therapy for Attenuating High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obesity Development Nor Related Detrimental Metabolic and Adipose Tissue Inflammatory Outcomes

Aims To examine the effect of manipulating the omega-6:omega-3 (1∶1, 5∶1, 10∶1, and 20∶1) utilizing only α-linolenic and linoleic acid within a clinically-relevant high-fat diet (HFD) composed of up to seven sources of fat and designed to be similar to the standard American diet (MUFA∶PUFA of 2∶1, 12% and 40% of calories from saturated and total fat, respectively) on body composition, macrophage polarization, inflammation, and metabolic dysfunction in mice.