cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quinoxalinone derivatization of biological carboxylic acids for detection by peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence with high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract A quinoxalinone fluorescent tag is evaluated as a carboxylic acid derivatizing reagent for detection by peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence. The synthetic procedure for the quinoxalinone was modified to give a yield that is significantly increased over that reported previously. The new conditions use less hazardous reagents, and produce a final product greater than 97% pure, without the need for intermediate clean-up steps. The derivatization reaction is also modified to give increased yields of greater than 85% compared to 74% obtained previously. The post-column chemiluminescence reaction conditions are optimized to give detection limits of 500 attomole/injection—10 times lower than the fluorescence previously obtained. The reagent is used for the first time on a plasma sample extract. Typical method precision is 4%.
The computer science fair: an alternative to the computer programming contest

Dissatisfaction with the results of programming contest events has led to the development of a new type of competitive event, a computer science fair. The computer science fair, a combination art show/science fair, is designed to attract a wider diversity of participants, to encourage creativity, and to reinforce good project development practices. Students are asked to creatively use technology to express themselves, to design new inventions, and to solve problems by submitting projects in the following categories: 1) computers and the arts and humanities --- computer music, computer art, multimedia projects; 2) computer programs --- entertainment, education, scientific, business, modeling and simulation; and 3) computer or electronically controlled inventions. This paper outlines the rules for submissions and judging of projects and the results of the First Annual Kansas City Computer Science Fair. Results based on gender and age category are reported.
Immunological and circular dichroism studies of maleylated f-1 (A) histone and complexes with DNA

Abstract Complexes of calf thymus f-1 (A) histone and homologous DNA were examined by circular dichroism. The maleylation of f-1 (A) produces a polypeptide with decreased ability to modify the circular dichroism spectrum of f-1 (A)-DNA complexes. By the introduction of two to three maleyl groups per f-1 (A) molecule, the alteration of the DNA CD spectrum is reduced by nearly half compared to that induced by the native nonmaleylated f-1 (A). Similarly maleylation reduces the serological reactivity of the histone, i.e., the reaction of the maleylated f-1 (A) with specific complement fixing f-1 (A) antibodies. On the other hand, moderate maleylation of f-1 (A) improves the cross-inhibition of the f-2b-anti-f-2b reaction by native f-1 (A) while extensively maleylated f-1 (A) is inert with respect to the same reaction. These results are interpreted in terms of possible conformational changes induced in f-1 (A) by maleylation, partially due to decreasing the histone net charge and perhaps as well as removal of specific site charges necessary for correct binding and interaction. Such an interpretation is consistent with the altered CD spectrum of maleylated f-1 (A) (i.e., a decreased and slightly red-shifted [ θ ] 198 ) and moreover explains why maleylation of two to three lysines per f-1 (A) molecule hinders simultaneously the very different DNA-histone and histone-complement fixing antibody interactions.
Using Engagement to Negate Vigilance Decrements in the NextGen Environment

The aim of this study was to explore the extent to which increasing engagement would negate vigilance decrements in monitoring during a realistic air traffic control monitoring task. Technological advances in aircraft and navigation may change the controller's job from directing air traffic to more of a monitoring role with supervisory control. Research shows that humans are not effective monitors and can be subject to vigilance decrements. Even though vigilance decrements have been demonstrated in some settings, it is still not known if they are likely in a future ATC monitoring role. Sixteen undergraduates from the Georgia Institute of Technology trained for 6 weeks on NextSim, a medium fidelity ATC research simulator of the NextGen environment. They then performed 4 weeks of scenarios that required monitoring of flow corridors for failures of conflict evading technology. Two levels of engagement and two levels of attentional focus while monitoring were analyzed. Participants showed a significant vigila...
The inhibitory effect of minocycline on hypertrophic scarring.

Background Matrix metalloproteinases are enzymes that serve to degrade the extracellular matrix, giving them a central role in the inflammatory and wound-healing processes; they have been implicated in the pathophysiology of hypertrophic scarring. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of minocycline, a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, on hypertrophic scarring. Methods Standardized wounds were created on the ears of eight New Zealand White rabbits. Half of the rabbits received daily injections of minocycline, whereas the other half received daily injections of saline (control). After 4 weeks, the resulting ear scars were harvested. Histologic slides were prepared from the thickest cross-sections of the scars, and from these slides the cross-sectional area of each scar was measured. A hypertrophic index was calculated by comparing the area of the scar to the baseline value of unwounded skin. Statistical analysis was performed using the SAS/STAT NESTED Procedure for hierarchical data. Results Among the rabbits treated with minocycline, the mean hypertrophic index was 1.08 +/- 0.01, compared with 1.54 +/- 0.03 in the control group (p = 0.03), representing an 85 percent reduction in hypertrophic area. Conclusions Systemically administered minocycline significantly reduces the severity of hypertrophic scarring in a rabbit model. Although not directly examined in this study, matrix metalloproteinase inhibition is hypothesized to be responsible for this effect.
Vegetation and seed bank dynamics in a tidal freshwater marsh

Questions: What are the feedbacks among the seed bank, parent vegetation, and landscape structure that control plant species turnover in space and time in a tidal freshwater marsh? How can these feedbacks be used to better understand marsh community dynamics and to establish restoration practices that seek to restore vegetation diversity of this important and widely distributed ecosystem? Location: Potomac River, Virginia, United States (15 km south of Washington, DC). Methods: We sampled the seed bank and standing vegetation in a tidal freshwater marsh and explored similarities between seed bank and vegetation composition through space and time. We then investigated marsh surface elevation, distance to nearest tidal channels, and life history of component species as potential explanations for the observed vegetation patterns. Results: The composition of individual plots changed considerably from year to year; however, the composition at broader spatial (whole marsh) and temporal (4 years) scales was relatively stable. Species composition of the seed bank was dissimilar to both the previous and current year's standing vegetation, and similarity to standing vegetation was particularly low in plots dominated by annual species. Landscape structure and life history characteristics of individual species best explained the spatiotemporal variability in marsh vegetation. Conclusions: Restoration designs should be landscape-dependent and explicitly incorporate spatially structured elements such as elevation gradients to maximize community diversity in reconstructed tidal freshwater marshes. Optimal designs include areas of high seed input, areas of high species turnover, as well as other areas of greater stability.
The serum prostate-specific antigen level three months after radiotherapy for prostate cancer: an early indicator of response to treatment.

Abstract A total of 347 patients with stages A2-C adenocarcinoma of the prostate treated with external beam radiotherapy and with pretreatment and 3-month prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels were studied to evaluate the potential prognostic significance of the fall in PSA concentration from its baseline (PSAB) to its 3-month (PSA3) level. PSA levels fell in 333 patients (96%). With two exceptions, the patients whose PSA level did not fall had low PSAB and remained without evidence of disease. Since PSA levels fall virtually always, the fact that a fall occurs is of no prognostic value. When the magnitude of the fall relative to baseline was examined, patients with the largest falls had the worst outcomes. This paradoxical result was explained by the relationship between PSAB and PSA3. Regression analysis showed that the fall in PSA level was approximately proportional to the cube root of the baseline value. Thus, patients with high PSAB had high falls, but a high PSAB was an ovewhelming predictor for poor outcome. Hence, PSA fall relative to baseline was not a meaningful prognostic factor. The only factor of prognostic value was the absolute PSA3 value. Patients with PSA3 ≤2 ng/ml fared well at 4 years (freedom from relapse, 91%; incidence of rising PSA profile, 20%); patients with PSA3 > 2, but 10 ng/ml can be said to have failed treatment (freedom from relapse, 50%; incidence of rising PSA profile, 90%). Although this analysis is based on short follow-up, it shows that the PSA value at 3 months after radiation provides a remarkably early assessment of response to treatment and the only patients who can be clearly stated to have responded well to treatment are those whose PSA level falls to ≤ 2 ng/ml. The long-term implications of 3-month PSA values await further follow-up.
Kramers-Kronig analysis of magnetoplasma-phonon interaction in InAs

Abstract Reflection spectra of n-type InAs obtained in magnetic fields up to 145 kG are analyzed by the use of the Kramers-Kronig relations. The magnetoplasma-phonon mode frequencies are determined from the peaks in Im (ϵ) and Im (1/ϵ)
Potential-density pairs for galaxies

Une nouvelle classe de distributions de densite triaxiales est presentee et etudiee. Un ensemble de modeles ellipsoidaux avec un profil de densite simple, analogues aux ellipsoides de Ferrers sont consideres. On montre que le modele particulier possedant une densite qui decroit comme 1/r 2 a des rayons eleves genere une famille plus etendue de modeles avec un potentiel de forme tres simple en coordonnees ellipsoidales. Un nombre d'exemples explicites sont presentes, incluant des modeles avec des potentiels faisant appel a des fonctions elementaires et des distributions de densite quasi-ellipsoidales. Une application est developpee a travers le calcul d'orbites stellaires dans 3 modeles de galaxies avec des halos massifs de differentes formes; leurs structures dans l'espace des phases sont comparees au moyen des surfaces de section
A health-promotion perspective of urinary continence

Summary The purposes of this article are to discuss continence in older adults from a public health perspective, to expand a previously reported conceptual model of continence health promotion, and to provide a primary prevention focus to nursing research efforts regarding continence. The conceptual model shows that there has been a strong interest in secondary and tertiary prevention strategies, but little interest in primary prevention. Use of the matrix allows the nurse researcher identify primary, secondary, or tertiary prevention research questions and the target population for study. Historically, nurses have had a central role in the care and management of incontinent people. Nurses will continue to play a critical role in the evolution of research-based practice that includes identification of risks, health promotion, and preventive nursing strategies.
Introduction of the 1995 Kurt Lewin Memorial Award Recipient: Marilynn B. Brewer

It is my great pleasure to introduce Dr. Marilynn Brewer, Regents Professor of Psychology at the Ohio State University and this year's recipient of the Kurt Lewin Memorial Award. This award is given annually by the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues to an individual whose career and professional achievements reflect the values and ideals of Kurt Lewin. It was the judgment of the 1995 committee members, Peggy Clark, Jack Dovidio, and myself that Dr. Brewer is an extremely appropriate recipient of this award. But, before I tell you about Dr. Brewer, I want to briefly discuss some aspects of Kurt Lewin's life, some of his contributions to social issues and action research, and the origins of this award. Then I will tell you about Marilynn Brewer and some of the reasons why we chose her for this award.
Myths, unethical practices, personnel requirements: What do computer industry professions really believe?

Abstract A systematic random sample of 100 Fortune 500 companies was surveyed by telephone. The individuals contacted were in charge of the computer center and were asked to list the biggest myths in the computer industry, the major unethical practices in the computer industry, and the most important requirements for new graduates entering the industry. Respondents felt that the major myth revolved around the belief that computers are “magical” and can do everything without human input. The major unethical practice dealt with piracy of copyrighted software, and the major background requirement for new graduates was practical experience. The paper discusses these and other responses.
X-ray crystal structure of the dye 4-(N,N-bis-(β-hydroxyethyl) amino) azobenzene

Abstract The crystal structure of 4-( N , N -bis-(β-hydroxyethyl)amino)azobenzene was determined through the use of X-ray diffractometer data. The structure was solved via direct methods and refined by least squares to R = 0.0594 for a data set consisting of 1610 unique reflections. The azobenzene skeleton of the dye is essentially planar, with a dihedral angle of 10.3° between the planes defined by the two aromatic rings. The geometry about the azo linkage, and some key bond lengths of this dye, are compared to the corresponding values for some previously reported azobenzenes.
‘A Word Factory was wanted: ’ Organizational Objectivity in the Making of the Oxford English Dictionary

In its application of the scientific methods, aims of comparative philology, and coordination among thousands of contributors spread around the globe, the production of the first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary was a remarkable organizational endeavor and an early model of large-scale collaborative knowledge production. Begun in 1857 and ending in 1928, the story of the dictionary’s making provides not only a glimpse into varied visions of intersubjective science at the time, but also the viable contingencies of their enactment. I argue that in order to smooth coordination among a heterogeneous set of actors, the organization of the dictionary’s production relied on standardized procedure and circuits of corroboration and deliberation. This set of strategies presents an organizational parallel to the procedural techniques and technologies increasingly called upon in the 19th century to mediate scientific observations and negate individual idiosyncrasies. However, the case also shows that appeals ...
Effect of underfill on electromigration lifetime in flip chip joints

Abstract Electromigration phenomena in Sn–3Ag–0.5Cu and In solders in flip chip joints were investigated. An electromigration lifetime increased with underfill, and significant solder joint deformation toward the cathode occurred without underfill. Thus, a larger internal stress was induced in the solder joint by the underfill, and the internal stress was relieved by the solder deformation. A greater Young's modulus of an underfill created a greater back stress, resulting in a longer electromigration lifetime. However, the effect of the underfill disappeared at high current density.
Marriage in islamic law: the modernist viewpoints

Marriage under classical Islamic law has been adequately discussed by a number of writers, but little has been written on the modernist viewpoints. To Westerners—businessmen in particular—perhaps a discussion of business law would be more useful than one on marriage law. However, besides the fact that modern business codes in most Islamic lands have been patterned after Western law, a discussion of the law of marriage—indeed, of the entire law of personal status—is more useful for giving non-Muslims a deeper understanding of Muslim society. Under pre-Islamic law, there were no limitations on men's rights to marry or obtain a divorce. Although the new law under Islam—the Shari'a—reformed marital practices, it did not abolish polygamy or prohibit divorce as did the canon law in early Christian society. Even though marriage in Islam is often considered a religious function, the Shari'a does not prescribe any particular form of marriage ceremony.
Toxicology evaluation of poison oak urushiol and its esterified derivative

Poison oak urushiol was compared with its esterified derivative for toxicity after oral administration to rats and guinea pigs. No hematological or pathological changes were noted and there were no differences seen in clinical chemistry measurements when compared to clinical biochemical and hematological reference values of normal experimental animals. Comparative LD50 studies in mice and tissue reactivity studies in rabbits indicated that acetylated urushiols were substantially less toxic than free urushiols. However, neither poison oak urushiol or poison oak urushiol acetate appeared to produce any tissue toxicity not related to a direct irritant effect. The free urushiol produced a much greater degree of skin irritation than did the urushiol acetate. Whether or not an animal had been sensitized to urushiol apparently had no effect on organ toxicity.
Nonsmooth exclusion test for finding all solutions of nonlinear equations

A new approach is proposed for finding all real solutions of systems of nonlinear equations with bound constraints. The zero finding problem is converted to a global optimization problem whose global minima with zero objective value, if any, correspond to all solutions of the original problem. A branch-and-bound algorithm is used with McCormick’s nonsmooth convex relaxations to generate lower bounds. An inclusion relation between the solution set of the relaxed problem and that of the original nonconvex problem is established which motivates a method to generate automatically, starting points for a local Newton-type method. A damped-Newton method with natural level functions employing the restrictive monotonicity test is employed to find solutions robustly and rapidly. Due to the special structure of the objective function, the solution of the convex lower bounding problem yields a nonsmooth root exclusion test which is found to perform better than earlier interval-analysis based exclusion tests. Both the componentwise Krawczyk operator and interval-Newton operator with Gauss-Seidel based root inclusion and exclusion tests are also embedded in the proposed algorithm to refine the variable bounds for efficient fathoming of the search space. The performance of the algorithm on a variety of test problems from the literature is presented, and for most of them, the first solution is found at the first iteration of the algorithm due to the good starting point generation.
DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY SECONDARY TO LEFT VENTRICULAR NON-COMPACTION MIMICKING A LEFT VENTRICULAR THROMBUS

Dilated cardiomyopathies (DCM) are a common cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The diagnostic criteria and prognostic implications of left ventricular non-compaction (LVNC) are debated. LVNC is estimated to cause 3% of adult cases of heart failure. Ms. M is a 56 year old female from
Slot scanning versus antiscatter grid in digital mammography: comparison of low-contrast performance using contrast-detail measurement

Slot scanning imaging techniques allow for effective scatter rejection without attenuating primary x-rays. The use of these techniques should generate better image quality for the same mean glandular dose (MGD) or a similar image quality for a lower MGD as compared to imaging techniques using an anti-scatter grid. In this study, we compared a slot scanning digital mammography system (SenoScan, Fisher Imaging Systems, Denver, CO) to a full-field digital mammography (FFDM) system used in conjunction with a 5:1 anti-scatter grid (SenoGraphe 2000D, General Electric Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI). Images of a contrast-detail phantom (University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands) were reviewed to measure the contrast-detail curves for both systems. These curves were measured at 100%, 71%, 49% and 33% of the reference mean glandular dose (MGD), as determined by photo-timing, for the Fisher system and 100% for the GE system. Soft-copy reading was performed on review workstations provided by the manufacturers. The correct observation ratios (CORs) were also computed and used to compare the performance of the two systems. The results showed that, based on the contrast-detail curves, the performance of the Fisher images, acquired at 100% and 71% of the reference MGD, was comparable to the GE images at 100% of the reference MGD. The CORs for Fisher images were 0.463 and 0.444 at 100% and 71% of the reference MGD, respectively, compared to 0.453 for the GE images at 100% of the reference MGD.
Intramolecular chiral relay at stereogenic nitrogen. Synthesis and application of a new chiral auxiliary derived from (1R,2S)-norephedrine and acetone.

(1R,2S)-Norephedrine has been employed in the synthesis of a novel 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-1,3,4-oxadiazin-2-one via reductive alkylation with acetone, N-nitrosation, reduction, and cyclization. The oxadiazinone was treated with either propionyl chloride or 3-thiophenylpropionyl chloride to afford the corresponding N3-acylated oxadiazinones 9a and 9b, respectively. X-ray crystallographic analysis of the N3-thiophenylpropionyl oxadiazinone 9b revealed that the C2-urethane carbonyl and the N3-carbonyl are arranged in an anti-periplanar conformation. The oxadiazinones were subsequently applied in the titanium-mediated asymmetric aldol addition reaction by treatment with titanium tetrachloride, triethylamine, and a variety of aldehydes at 0 °C. The aldol adducts 10a−i and 11a,b were found to have diastereoselectivities ranging from 8:1 to >99:1 favoring the formation of the non-Evans syn configuration. The absolute stereochemistry of the adduct 10a was determined by acid hydrolysis. This process afforded the N4...
Very early changes in pulmonary protein kinase C-α and calpain II contents following injection of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) into mice

Abstract Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)-induced lung damage in mice is an excellent model system for studying mechanisms of chemically-induced, reversible alveolar injury. Changes in the pulmonary contents of protein kinase C (PKC) and the calcium-dependent protease, calpain, were previously noted during the repair phase following BHT-induced pneumotoxicity. Calpain is believed to initiate PKC down-regulation. PKC-α is the major PKC isozyme and calpain II the major calpain isozyme in mouse lung. We have now studied the time course of these enzymatic changes in detail. Pulmonary PKC-α concentrations decreased as early as 45 min after an i.p. injection of 200 mg/kg BHT. Calpain II levels rose within the first 40 min after BHT injection, and then declined below control levels. The rapidity of these changes implies a role of these enzymes in mediating the onset of injury. Lung damage and repair, as estimated by measuring the lung weight/body weight ratio, is maximal 6 days after administration of this dose of BHT. The extent of the decreased PKC-α and calpain II concentrations at this time was linearly related to the estimated degree of injury based on increased lung weight. This correlation suggests the value of monitoring these enzymes as putative early biomarkers of alveolar injury.
Hetero-Epitaxy of Crystalline Perovskite Oxides on GaAs(001)

Hetero-epitaxy of crystalline perovskite SrTiO3 and BaTiO3 on GaAs(001) was achieved using molecular beam epitaxy. A number of surface and interface techniques were used to characterize the growth, structural, and chemical properties of epitaxial oxide films on GaAs. Reflection-high-energy-electron diffraction of SrTiO3 and BaTiO3 showed streaky diffraction features and low diffraction background through out growth, indicating that the epitaxial SrTiO3 and BaTiO3 films had good crystallinity. X-ray diffraction showed an epitaxial relationship between these perovskite oxides and GaAs(001) substrates. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning probe microscopy revealed an abrupt oxide/GaAs interface and smooth SrTiO3 and BaTiO3 surfaces. The success of growth of epitaxial perovskite oxides on GaAs enabled us to integrate a number of functional oxides such as piezoelectric and magnetic oxides epitaxially on GaAs substrates.
Impact of a single base pair substitution on the charge transfer rate along short DNA hairpins

Numerical studies of hole migration along short DNA hairpins were performed with a particular emphasis on the variations of the rate and quantum yield of the charge separation process with the location of a single guanine:cytosine (G:C) base pair. Our calculations show that the hole arrival rate increases as the position of the guanine:cytosine base pair shifts from the beginning to the end of the sequence. Although these results are in agreement with recent experimental findings, the mechanism governing the charge migration along these sequences is revisited here. Instead of the phenomenological two-step hopping mechanism via the guanine base, the charge propagation occurs through a delocalization of the hole density along the base pair stack. Furthermore, the variations of the charge transfer with the position of the guanine base are explained by the impact of the base pair substitutions on the delocalized conduction channels.
A preference for genuine smiles following social exclusion

Abstract Research indicates that rejected individuals are better than others at discriminating between genuine (Duchenne) and deceptive (non-Duchenne) smiles (i.e., true versus false signals of affiliative opportunity). We hypothesized that rejected individuals would show a greater preference to work with individuals displaying Duchenne versus non-Duchenne smiles. To test this, participants wrote essays about experiences of inclusion, exclusion, or mundane events. They then saw a series of 20 videos of smiling individuals (10 with Duchenne and 10 with non-Duchenne smiles). Participants then indicated how much they would like to work with each target. Analyses revealed that compared to included and control participants, excluded individuals showed a greater preference to work with individuals displaying “real” as opposed to “fake” smiles. This effect was partially mediated by threats to “relational needs” ( Williams, 2007 ) and fully mediated by threats to self-esteem. These results suggest that exclusion yields adaptive responses that could facilitate reconnection with others.
Comparison of migration rate and survival between radio-tagged and PIT-tagged migrant yearling chinook salmon in the Snake and Columbia rivers

Abstract A study was conducted to compare the travel times, detection probabilities, and survival of migrant hatchery-reared yearling chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha tagged with either gastrically or surgically implanted sham radio tags (with an imbedded passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag) with those of their cohorts tagged only with PIT tags in the Snake and Columbia rivers. Juvenile chinook salmon with gastrically implanted radio tags migrated significantly faster than either surgically radio-tagged or PIT-tagged fish, while migration rates were similar among surgically radio-tagged and PIT-tagged fish. The probabilities of PIT tag detection at downstream dams varied by less than 5% and were not significantly different among the three groups. Survival was similar among treatments for median travel times of less than approximately 6 d (migration distance of 106 km). However, for both gastrically and surgically radio-tagged fish, survival was significantly less than for PIT-tagged fish, for ...
The Effects of Heat Treatments of Germanium on Resistivity, Photoconductive Decay and on Lithium Drift Properties

The effects of heat treatments on resistivity, photoconductive decay and Lithium drift properties of p-type germanium single crystals have been investigated. We found that, in contrast to literature thermally produced acceptors cannot be reconverted if vacuum is used instead of a gas during "anneal" treatments. Vacuum heat treatments also lead to a stronger decrease of the photoconductive decay time than a gas atmosphere does. Close to theoretical Lithium drift rates considerably decrease in heat treatments, poor drift rates can be improved. The effects of quenching differs distinctly from those of slow cooling. The surface exposed to vacuum can be assumed to be a more abundant source of single vacancies due to a lower density of sorption engagements. Single vacancies diffuse then rapidly into the bulk and become less mobile in interactions, possibly with (interstitial) copper, thus providing stable p-sites.
CDP-diacyl sn-glycerol: Inositoltransferase activity in rabbit mammary tissue in pregnancy and lactation

Abstract 1. 1. Cytidine diphosphodiacyl sn-glycsrol: inositoltransferase activity was located preponderantly in the microsomal fraction of rabbit mammary tissue. 2. 2. Dialysis against potassium phosphate buffer and the inclusion of mercaptoethanol 5 mM in assays increased specific activity of microsomes from 1.5 to 4.5 and 8.0 nmoles phosphatidylinositol formed per mg protein/min, respectively. 3. 3. Manganese was required and 6 mM was optimum. Enzyme activity with CDP-didecanoyl sn-glycerol was twice that obtained with CDP-dioleyl sn-glycerol. Km values of 40 μM and 250 μM were obtained for CDP-didecanoyl sn-glycerol and inositol, respectively. 4. 4. During pregnancy the total mammary activity of CDP-diacyl sn-glycerol:inositoltransferase increased 10-fold between day 20 and day 26. After parturition there was an additional 4-fold increase in activity. At peak lactation the mammary tissue isolated from a single rabbit had a capacity to synthesize 4–5 m-moles phosphatidylinositol per day.
Dynamic spin fluctuations in stage-2 CoCl 2 graphite intercalation compound

The dynamic aspect of in-plane spin ordering in stage-2 ${\mathrm{CoCl}}_{2}$ graphite intercalation compound has been studied employing the temperature, frequency, and field dependence of dispersion ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and absorption ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{\ensuremath{''}}$ acquired using an ac superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer. The absorption ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{\ensuremath{''}}$ shows three peaks at ${T}_{p1}$ ${(=T}_{\mathrm{cu}}=8.9\mathrm{K}),$ ${T}_{p2}$ $(=8.4\mathrm{K}),$ and ${T}_{p3}$ ${(=T}_{\mathrm{cl}}\ensuremath{\approx}6.9--7.1\mathrm{K})$ depending on frequency, while ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ has a single peak at ${T}_{p2}.$ This compound undergoes at least two magnetic phase transitions at ${T}_{\mathrm{cl}}$ and ${T}_{\mathrm{cu}}.$ Between ${T}_{\mathrm{cu}}$ and ${T}_{\mathrm{cl}}$ a two-dimensional (2D) long-range order is established within each island in the intercalate layers. The complicated frequency dependence of ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{\ensuremath{''}}$ observed between ${T}_{\mathrm{cl}}$ and ${T}_{\mathrm{cu}}$ reflects a uniqueness of 2D ferromagnetic order developed within each intercalate layer. The magnetization of each island fluctuates with characteristic relaxation times associated with interisland and intraisland correlations. Below ${T}_{\mathrm{cl}}$ there appears a 3D antiferromagnetic ordered phase having a characteristic of the cluster-glass phase.
The standard deviations of the local means of land mobile radio signals in flat suburban terrain

A need was perceived for a comparison between the standard deviations of the lognormal distributions of mobile signal strength in various well-defined types of terrain. While conducting the survey, it was unexpectedly observed that an overwhelming proportion of the area consisted of flat suburban terrain, leaving insufficient data to analyze the characteristics of any other type of terrain. However, the tests succeeded in characterizing the one type of terrain, while eliminating the undesireable influences of other terrain types.
An experimental investigation of contingent query sequences

Linguistic markers of cohesion were investigated in a three‐element sequence formed from a contextually dependent question, its antecedent, and possible responses. Two predictions concerning the interrelationships of the elements were tested. The predictions were derived from a descriptive model of “contingent query” sequences. Sixteen adult subjects listened to a tape recorded conversation fragment and selected an appropriate response from among three written alternatives. Results confirmed the predictions and indicated that both lexicogrammatical and intonational features function to link the elements in the sequence. Other linguistic and pragmatic characteristics of the sequence are discussed and proposals for further research on these characteristics are offered.
Targeted maximum likelihood estimation in safety analysis

Objectives To compare the performance of a targeted maximum likelihood estimator (TMLE) and a collaborative TMLE (CTMLE) to other estimators in a drug safety analysis, including a regression-based estimator, propensity score (PS)–based estimators, and an alternate doubly robust (DR) estimator in a real example and simulations.
New developments in geometric dynamic recrystallization

Abstract The concept of geometric dynamic recrystallization (GDX) originated in 1980s with work on elevated-temperature deformation aluminum to large strains. In this case, substantial grain refinement occurs through a process of grain elongation and thinning leading to a dramatic increase in grain boundary area. The grain boundaries become serrated as a result of subgrain (low angle) boundary formation. Pinching off and annihilation of high-angle grain boundaries occurs as the original grains thin to about twice the subgrain diameter to and a “steady-state” structure. This concept has since been carefully verified in pure Al, as well as Al–Mg alloys deforming in the three-power regime. Large strain deformation of Al single crystals is also consistent with the concept. Also, data in the literature on large strain deformation of a bcc iron alloy are consistent with GDX. Recent experiments on α-zirconium show that GDX applies to this hcp metal. Thus, it appears that GDX is a general phenomenon that can lead to grain refinement in the absence of any discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DRX) or continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDX). A discussion of continuous dynamic recrystallization and geometric necessary boundaries in relation to GDX will also be discussed. This may be particularly relevant to severe plastic deformation such as rolling and equal-channel angular pressing where dramatic increases in the number of high-angle boundaries are observed.
Values are a good thing in conservation biology.

One of the most hotly contested issues in ecology and conservation biology is about whether, or to what degree, scientists should be involved as advocates in public policy debates. Although the conventional wisdom has been to maintain a “healthy distance” between science and policy, this view is increasingly challenged by natural scientists, sociologists, and philosophers of science. Like many scientists, I developed an intense interest in natural history early in childhood. I also witnessed the destruction of my favorite childhood places by developers who seemed completely callous to the beauty of these places and to the lives of the plants and animals, which they ended. This destruction and the attitude behind it filled me with sorrow and rage. I vowed that I would learn as much as I could about these creatures and places that I loved and use that knowledge to help defend them. I believe it is crucial for each of us to recognize the extent to which we are shaped by our preferences and experiences. Too few scientists openly acknowledge experiential and emotional factors that attracted them to their science in the first place. We are loathe to confess our biases. Personal bias will determine to a great extent what we choose to study, how we interpret the results, and to what extent we advocate particular policies or actions. If we allow our biases to get control of us, to the extent that we seek out data to support preconceived conclusions, selectively cite literature that agrees with our conclusions, ignore conflicting evidence, become dogmatic in our opinions and preferences, or—worst of all— fabricate or alter data to support our case, then we have gone too far, and we deserve every bit of scorn and distrust our scientific colleagues and society at large may heap on us. Yet, if we can be inspired by our positive values—life, truth, fairness, and the standards and professional norms of science—then we can be honest advocates. The key to honest advocacy is the willingness to question our own assumptions and change our opinions when compelling evidence suggests we should. Robertson and Hull (2001:972) clearly posed the problem: “Post-positivist sci-
Well‐being in an academic environment

Purpose Due to the high volume and acuity of mental health issues presented by graduate and professional students nationwide, this study explored specific mental health needs in students in order to identify credible areas for intervention. Methods An assessment tool was created for this project, which identified satisfaction with current services, stress, coping, sleeping, eating, exercise, high risk sexual behaviours, social support, depression and substance use. Students at top ranking academic medical centres within the USA received a copy of the instrument on 2 separate occasions. Results Results indicated that graduate and professional students reported alarming symptoms of depression, stress and substance use. Increased symptoms of depression were associated with high levels of stress and low social support. Conclusion Given the high rates of depression symptoms in this setting, along with inadequate services and long waiting lists, interventions must be found to address need. Need assessment is a proactive method of exploring need in specific populations in order to provide preventive and clinical services efficiently. Based on the relationship between stress, social support and symptoms of depression, forming groups aimed at preventing depression may be the best method of reducing the severity and frequency of symptoms in students.
Third trimester binge ethanol exposure results in fetal hypercapnea and acidemia but not hypoxemia in pregnant sheep.

Background: The mechanisms by which maternal ethanol abuse during pregnancy causes neurodevelopmental injury in the fetus are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to use a chronically instrumented fetal sheep model system to determine if a binge pattern of ethanol exposure administered throughout the third trimester reduced fetal arterial partial pressure of oxygen (P a O 2 ); a positive finding would support the hypothesis that fetal hypoxemia may play a role in mediating ethanol-related birth defects. Methods: Pregnant ewes received saline or 0.75, 1.25, 1.5, or 1.75 g/kg of ethanol intravenously over 1 hr beginning on day 109 of gestation (term = 145 days) for 3 consecutive days per week followed by 4 days without exposure. The fetuses were surgically instrumented on day 113, and experiments were performed on days 118 or 132, the 6th and the 12th ethanol exposure, respectively. Results: Ethanol infusions resulted in peak blood ethanol concentrations of 80.8 ± 6.5, 182.5 ± 13.5, 224.4 ± 13.9, and 260.6 ± 20.0 mg/dl ± SEM (maternal) and 70.0 ± 5.9, 149.7 ± 9.0, 216.9 ± 14.0, and 233.3 ± 19.8 mg/dl ± SEM (fetal) in response to the 0.75, 1.25, 1.5, and 1.75 g/kg doses, respectively. Maternal and fetal heart rate and maternal blood pressure increased whereas fetal blood pressure decreased in a dose-dependent manner in response to ethanol infusions. Maternal and fetal arterial pH decreased and arterial partial pressures of carbon dioxide increased in response to ethanol infusions. Maternal P a O 2 decreased whereas fetal P a O 2 did not change in response to ethanol infusions. Conclusions: A binge ethanol exposure paradigm, three consecutive days per week throughout the third trimester at ethanol doses that created blood ethanol concentrations commonly achieved by human ethanol abusers, resulted in changes in maternal and fetal heart rate, changes in blood pressure, hypercapnea, acidemia, and maternal, but not fetal, hypoxemia. We conclude that in an ovine model system, ethanol doses that create blood ethanol concentrations as high as 260 mg/dl do not result in fetal hypoxemia. Remaining issues to address with this model system are whether neurodevelopmental injuries that are associated with maternal ethanol abuse are mediated by a reduction in fetal cerebral blood flow, fetal hypercapnea, or acidemia.
The Diversity of Topological Applications within Computer-aided Geometric Design

: Boolean algebras of regular closed sets, continuous functions, tame homeomorphisms, and Betti numbers are representative of the spectrum of topological tools that have been useful within computer aided geometric design (CAGD). The history of mathematics is rich with examples where the investigation of applications leads to extensions of existing theory. In that spirit, representative applications of topology to CAGD are presented. The intent is to present these examples in mathematical language within their larger mathematical context, so that other topologists might be encouraged to simultaneously enrich CAGD practice and mathematical theory. The authors' own research has benefited from such synergy, in that preparation of this article has resulted in new findings, which are presented herein.
Rape, Attempted Rape, and Seduction in the Heptaméron

(1992). Rape, Attempted Rape, and Seduction in the Heptameron. Romance Quarterly: Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 271-281.
MPEG2Tool: a tool kit for the study of MPEG-2 video transport over ATM-based networks

Providing high bit rate real-time video services has been a major driving factor in the advancement of high speed networking technology such as ATM based BISDN. In this paper, we describe MPEG2Tool, an X-window-based software implementation of the MPEG-2 video compression algorithm with many additional useful functions. The ultimate goal of designing this toolkit was to facilitate the study of MPEG video transmission over ATM-based networks. The toolkit consists of four major modules, which appear as four push-buttons in the main Motif menu: (1) encoding, (2) statistical analysis, (3) transmission simulation, and (4) decoding.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fine structure of the sertoli cell of the testis of the teleost Oryzias latipes

Abstract The epithelium lining spermatogenic cysts in the testis of the teleost Oryzias latipes was investigated with the electron microscope. The cyst epithelium (CE) is simple squamous until the onset of the transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa, at which time the CE become columnar. The squamous CE cell is relatively poor in organelles, but the columnar CE cell contains numerous glycogen granules and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and shows evidence of much phagocytosis. A limiting membrane in the subjacent connective tissue is described. The cytological features and histological relationships of the CE are compared with those of the Sertoli cell of the mammalian seminiferous epithelium. The CE cell is believed to be the homolog of the Sertoli cell in testes of teleosts.
TORSION OF COMPOUND BARS--A RELAXATION SOLUTION

Abstract This paper deals with a finite-difference solution of the torsion problem of nonhomogeneous and compound prismatic bars. General, governing equations for both problems are developed and the boundary conditions for an interface between parts composed of homogeneous but different materials are stated. The case of multiply connected regions is discussed and integral conditions, analogous to the conditions in multiply connected homogeneous bars, are developed. Examples illustrating various types of problems are worked out and the accuracy of the method demonstrated by comparison with some known solutions.
Heart Failure With a Normal Ejection Fraction: Treatments for a Complex Syndrome?

Heart failure with a normal ejection fraction (HFNEF) now comprises more than 50 % of all patients with heart failure. As the population ages, HFNEF will continue to be a growing public health problem. Recent studies highlight the heterogeneity of this syndrome with regards to underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms. It has been recognized that multiple physiologic domains of cardiovascular function are abnormal in afflicted patients resulting in a reduced reserve capacity, which contributes in an integrated fashion to produce the observed phenotype. Additionally, the realization that differing aspects of this syndrome (eg, exercise limitations, pulmonary edema, and labile blood pressure) likely each have distinct physiologic causes further adds to the complexity. As a result of the heterogeneous nature of the pathophysiologic processes and comorbid illnesses in this population, there is a wide range of clinical outcomes. Accordingly, appreciation of the global nature of HFNEF ideally will better inform optimal design for future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Completed clinical trials have not resulted in any evidence-based treatments available for improving survival. Given the disappointing results of these investigations, there has been renewed interest in developing interventions that target underlying comorbidities and peripheral mechanisms. Additionally, nonpharmacologic interventions such as diet and exercise have shown promise in early, small clinical investigations. Finally, methods to more rationally subgroup patients to identify cohorts that could respond to targeted intervention are essential. Recognizing the success achieved in the treatment of systolic heart failure, or heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction (HFREF) by addressing neurohormonal and renal mechanisms, new therapies for HFNEF may be achieved by a similar shift in attention away from the heart.
10 MV X-ray beam characteristics from a new 18 MeV linear accelerator

Abstract The dosimetic properties of interest in a megavoltage therapy X-ray beam are per cent depth dose, skin sparing, penumbra, radiation field flatness and symmetry. The 10 MV X-ray beam from the Varian Associates Clinac 18 Linear Accelerator is studied with regard to these points. The primary points of interest are a 50% depth dose for a 10 × 10 cm 2 field at 18.0 cm in water and a depth of maximum dose of 2.4 ± 0.1 cm in water. Transmission measurements in aluminum and lead yielded 50% transmission thicknesses of 73.2 and 13.4 mm respectively. The flatness of the fields are parametrized as function of field size and depth. Decrement line plots are graphed and isodose curves for selected field sizes are presented.