cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in the newborn

This pilot study was initiated to determine whether heparin-induced thrombocytopenia occurs in the newborn and whether thromboembolic complications in the newborn could be related to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Thirty-four infants in whom thrombocytopenia (less than 70,000/mm3) (n = 23), precipitous (30% to 50%) fall in platelet count (n = 5), or thromboses (n = 6) developed while they were receiving heparin were studied. Heparin-associated antiplatelet antibodies were demonstrated in 14 infants by platelet aggregation testing. The average gestational age (29 +/- 6 weeks); birth weight (1300 +/- 945 gm); and platelet count at birth (234,000/mm3 +/- 111,000/mm3) of these 14 infants did not differ statistically from the 20 infants without heparin-associated antiplatelet antibodies. An umbilical artery catheter was inserted in all infants except a single patient from each group. Aortic thrombosis was documented by abdominal ultrasonography in 11 of 13 (85%) infants with heparin-associated antiplatelet antibodies. One patient died with a midgut volvulus before the aorta could be examined. Five aortic thromboses were detected in the 20 infants without heparin-associated antiplatelet antibodies. Bleeding was not associated with the heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. One patient with previously demonstrated thrombocytopenia and heparin-associated antiplatelet antibodies had recurrent thrombocytopenia when reexposed to heparin; her platelet count recovered after heparin withdrawal. Thus heparin-induced thrombocytopenia does occur in preterm and term infants receiving heparin and is associated with arterial thromboses. Therefore infants receiving any form or amount of heparin must be carefully monitored for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.1+
Self-limiting growth when using trimethyl bismuth (TMBi) in the metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) of GaAs1−yBiy

Abstract Theoretical and experimental studies have confirmed that the GaAs1−yBiy semiconductor alloy system has potential for long wavelength applications and devices with improved performance over other materials emitting at similar wavelengths. The growth of GaAs1−yBiy by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) remains a challenge; bismuth is not easily incorporated into the GaAs matrix due the large difference in electronegativity and covalent radii between As and Bi. These differences often lead to Bi surface segregation or very low incorporation rates of Bi into the GaAs matrix. We have studied the growth of GaAs1−yBiy quantum well structures using trimethyl bismuth as the Bi source. A reduced growth rate is observed with increasing Bi precursor flux into the growth reactor. Additionally, an increase in the growth time for the Bi-containing layer at very low growth temperatures does not lead to a corresponding increase in layer thickness, which is indicative of a near self-limiting growth. Complex compositional profiles deduced from combining x-ray diffraction analysis with the transmission electron microscopy investigations are used to develop a phenomenological model of the MOVPE growth of GaAs1−yBiy heterostructures which includes a complex interplay of the chemical surface species. The presence of a methyl-terminated surface, associated with the use of trimethyl Bi, particularly at low growth temperatures, leads to an effective “site blocking” by Bi precursor inhibiting the growth of GaAs1−yBiy hetero-structures.
Flash photolysis of visual pigments in solution--I. time resolved difference spectra and their variation with temperature.

Abstract The method of flash photolysis was employed to study the rapid color changes that occur in micellar digitonin-visual pigment preparations from the retinas of cattle (A 1 ), frog ( R. Pipiens , A 1 ), and sunfish ( Lepomis punctatus , A 2 ) at temperatures above 0°C. Intermediates beyond MII were not allowed to measurably accumulate. Time-resolved difference spectra were constructed (msec resolution) which indicate the (a) the rate of traversal of the bleaching sequence intermediates increases with increasing temperature; (b) the visual pigments of all the species studied bleach through analogous intermediates (at least through MII); and (c) lumirhodopsin is readily detectable in all the preparations at hand, up to at least 10°C.
Multistage oscillatory “Cool Flame” behavior for isolated alkane droplet combustion in elevated pressure microgravity condition

Recently, large diameter, isolated n-heptane droplet experiments under microgravity conditions (aboard the International Space Station) exhibited “Cool Flame” burning behavior, resulting from a heat loss mechanism that extinguishes hot combustion and a transition into a sustained, low temperature second stage combustion. In atmospheric pressure air, a single combustion mode transition to “Cool Flame” burning is followed by diffusive extinction. But with increasing pressure, multiple cycles of hot initiation followed by transition to “Cool Flame” burning are observed. This paper reports experimental observations that characterize the transition time histories of this multi-cycle, multi-stage behavior. Transient sphero-symmetric droplet combustion modeling that considers multi-stage detailed kinetics, multi-component diffusion, and spectral radiation is applied to analyze the experimental observations. The simulations indicate that as parameters change the chemical time scales dictating low temperature degenerate chain branching, multiple hot/cool flame burning transitions are induced by increasing the cool flame burning heat generation rate compared to the diffusive loss rate. The balance of these terms in the negative temperature coefficient kinetic regime defines whether reactions accelerate into re-ignition of a hot flame event, burn quasi-steadily in the cool flame mode, or diffusively extinguish. The rate of reactions controlling ketohydroperoxide formation and destruction are shown to be key re-ignition of hot combustion from the cool flame mode. Predictions are found to be in good agreement with the experimental measurements. Modeling is further applied to determine how these observations are dependent on initial experimental conditions, including pressure, and diluent species.
Local distributed deadlock detection by knot detection

A distributed algorithm for the detection of deadlocks in store-and-forward communication networks is presented. At first, we focus on a static environment and develop an efficient knot detection algorithm for general graphs. The knot detection algorithm uses at most O(n2 + m) messages and O(log(n)) bits of memory to detect all deadlocked nodes in the static network. Using the knot detection algorithm as a building block, a deadlock detection algorithm in a dynamic environment is developed. This algorithm has the following properties: It detects all the nodes which cause the deadlock. The algorithm is triggered only when there is a potential for deadlock and only those nodes which are potentially deadlocked perform the algorithm. The algorithm does not affect other processes at the nodes.
Rational-emotive therapy: a discussion of its applicability for deaf clients

This review was conducted to explore the feasibility of Rational-Emotive therapy as an approach to addressing the problems of providing mental health services to persons who have a severe hearing impairment. Informational resources dealing with the topics of Rational-Emotive Therapy and counseling with persons who are hearing impaired were reviewed. References indicated that RET is reasonably well suited to the task of counseling with clients who are hearing impaired, provided that appropriate modifications are incorporated. Specific modifications of RET are recommended and discussed.
Assessing the potential of glucokinase activators in diabetes therapy

Glucokinase, a unique isoform of the hexokinase enzymes, which are known to phosphorylate D-glucose and other hexoses, was identified during the past three to four decades as a new, promising drug target for type 2 diabetes. Glucokinase serves as a glucose sensor of the insulin-producing pancreatic islet beta-cells, controls the conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver and regulates hepatic glucose production. Guided by this fundamental knowledge, several glucokinase activators are now being developed, and have so far been shown to lower blood glucose in several animal models of type 2 diabetes and in initial trials in humans with the disease. Here, the scientific basis and current status of this new approach to diabetes therapy are discussed.
Emotional self-efficacy moderates anxiety-related impairments in math performance in elementary school-age youth

Abstract Excessive anxiety is associated with impairments in academic achievement. However, not all children with elevated anxiety share an equal risk for academic difficulty. The current study investigated whether individual differences in emotional self-efficacy – confidence in one’s ability to regulate negative emotions – protected against anxiety-related impairments in a standardized math exam in a sample of elementary school youth (N = 139). Results indicated that anxiety negatively predicted math test performance only for children with low levels of emotional self-efficacy. Students reporting high levels of emotional self-efficacy did not show anxiety-related decrements on the test performance. Emotional self-efficacy appears useful in managing negative effects of anxiety.
Acrylic cranioplasty with alginate molding: technical note.

Objective Acrylic cranioplasty for cranial defects is a common neurosurgical procedure that is performed when the original bone flap becomes infected or is unusable for other reasons. We developed a simple technique to produce a complete copy of the original bone flap from acrylic, using alginate impression material as a mold. Methods Alginate impression material was used to form a mold of the patient's original bone flap. Methylmethacrylate was then placed inside the mold to create an exact duplicate of the bone flap. The acrylic flap was sterilized with gamma irradiation and used for cranioplasty. Two patients who had cranial defects secondary to infections of their craniotomy bone flaps underwent cranioplasty with this technique. Results and conclusion A perfect copy of the patient's original bone flap was easily and quickly created with this technique, and excellent cosmetic results were obtained. Operative time was shortened because the prosthesis was preformed before the operation. This technique can also be used to mold large or complex cranial defects as long as the original bone flap is available and there is no major cranial remodeling around the defect.
Relationships between sixth-graders’ reading comprehension and two different measures of print exposure

This study examined sixth-graders’ reading comprehension and component reading abilities in relation to two measures of print exposure: an author recognition test (ART) involving fiction authors and a reading habits questionnaire (RHQ) about children’s voluntary reading for enjoyment across various genres. The ART correlated only with children’s fiction book reading habits, not with other habits such as nonfiction book or magazine reading, and had a stronger relationship to all tested reading abilities than did the RHQ. Strong comprehenders in reading outperformed weak comprehenders on all component reading measures, ART score, and fiction habits; however, weak comprehenders scored higher than did strong comprehenders on the indicator of nonfiction reading habits. The two groups of comprehenders did not differ significantly on other reported reading habits. The results are discussed in relation to children’s specific book choices and demonstrate the relevance of genre to evaluations of children’s print exposure.
Consequence of nanometer-scale property variations to macroscopic properties of CrOCN thin films

Macroscopic properties of CrOCN thin films are related directly to composition and property variations on multiple length scales. Compositions resolved on a nanometer scale were measured in-depth in 120 –150 nm thick CrOCN films by sputtered neutral mass spectroscopy. A statistical analysis of composition identifies the particular coordinations of the various anions with Cr that form preferentially under relevant processing conditions. Near-edge structure in electron energy loss from transmission electron microscopy and the Cr core level shift in X-ray photoemission spectroscopy further support this conclusion. A wide range of compositions are described in terms of mixtures of binary and ternary compounds, and optical absorption is found to be correlated with the presence of Cr 4 within this description. It appears that the presence of the unfilled t2g state is responsible for optical absorption in the range of 0.5– 6 eV and that a critical concentration of Cr 4 in certain species within the system is required for the transition to occur. These results conflict with the suggestion that a percolated network of metallic clusters is responsible for the change in properties.
A Naturalistic Assessment of Protriptyline for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the potential benefit of the tricyclic antidepressant, protriptyline, in the treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method All clinic patients in an outpatient pediatric psychopharmacology unit treated with protriptyline for ADHD were monitored for response to treatment. Thirteen subjects (11 male, 2 female) were treated naturalistically with protriptyline for ADHD and were administered the ADHD Symptom Rating Scale and Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S) and Improvement (CGI-I) at baseline and while taking medication. All patients had failed to respond to at least one previous medication trial, and 46% had psychiatric comorbidity. Results Patients received an average protriptyline dose of 17 mg (range 5 to 30 mg) for 11.5 ± 6.8 weeks. Of the 11 patients who continued to take protriptyline for at least 4 weeks, there was a modest reduction in the ADHD symptom checklist ( p p = .032). However, using a predefined criteria of response, only 45% of patients were considered positive responders. Adverse effects were prominent, with 46% of patients reporting clinically significant problems and 38% of patients discontinuing treatment because of intolerable side effects. Conclusion These findings do not support the clinical utility of protriptyline in the routine management of complex cases of ADHD in children and adolescents. However, the usefulness in noncomorbid, medication-naive ADHD individuals remains unclear.
INCREASING STUDENTS' CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING OF FIRST SEMESTER CALCULUS THROUGH WRITING

ABSTRACT Since calculus is highly symbolic in nature, students often try to get through calculus by manipulating the symbols without understanding the meaning of such symbols (i.e. having a procedural but not a conceptual understanding of the topics in calculus). A variety of writing assignments were implemented in one section of a traditional first semester calculus course in an attempt to increase the students' understanding of the ideas, procedures, and concepts of calculus. This paper outlines and describes the philosophy, structure, and outcomes of the course and discusses findings and implications. An appendix of sample writing assignments follows.
Chapter 2 Overview of First Principles Theory: Metallic Films

Publisher Summary Metallicity is the property of a metal to conduct electricity or heat. A simple metal is directly tied to its transport properties. However, transport depends on the type of material under observation. Electronic transport may depend on many factors such as the electronic structure, lattice vibrations (phonons), defect structure and related scattering mechanisms. In this chapter, special attention is paid to electronic transport that depends on magnetic interactions. Quantum mechanical effects, such as exchange (spin–spin) interactions, form an essential part of understanding of metals. Normal metals can be understood in terms of an effective one- particle theory. Electrons occupy one-particle (or quasi one-particle) levels when in their ground state. In metals at low temperature, there is a sharp cut-off in occupancy at the Fermi surface. This sharp cut-off is almost always responsible for various oscillatory features seen in metals. Such Fermi surface effects can be quite accurately calculated and understood nowadays using first principles band structure. For understanding the giant magnetoresistance effect and many other phenomena tied to metallicity, band theory has played a role and for that reason, there is review some of the modern band structure methods in the chapter. There is also some discussion about first principles band structure— basis sets for thin metallic films, full potential, some aspects of group theory, simple examples, and spectral representation. There is discussion on density functional theory: reduction of the many-electron problem, Itinerant magnetism, localized versus itinerant magnetic moments, Stoner criteria, Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yoshida (RKKY) theory and interlayer coupling, local spin-density functional, helical magnetic configurations: non-collinear magnetism, orbital and multiplet effects and current density functional theory. When the bulk crystal symmetry is broken, such as at an interface or a surface, enhanced orbital moments can be separated from spin moments and detected using experimental techniques such as magnetic X-ray circular dichroism.
MRI of extremities using perforated single‐turn solenoids

A class of single-turn solenoids that permits magnetic imaging of the extremities in horizontal bore magnets with improved coupling between the imaged anatomy and the rf section of the imager is described and demonstrated. These devices differ from more conventional designs primarily by the placement of one or more access holes in the side of the generally cylindrical resonant structure to permit extremity insertion. The image quality is excellent, rf efficiency and homogeneity are good, and signal-to-noise is high, permitting rapid acquisition of magnetic images with small fields of view. © 1988 Academic Press, Inc.
Postoperative high dose-rate intravaginal brachytherapy combined with external irradiation for early stage endometrial cancer: A long-term follow-up

Abstract Purpose:To evaluate the long-term control of disease and cure rate, complications, second malignancy, and survival of early-stage endometrial cancer patients treated with surgery, high dose-rate brachytherapy, and external beam radiation therapy. Methods and Materials:From 1969 through 1979, 300 patients with clinically staged Stage I–II endometrial cancer underwent total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oopherectomy, followed by high dose-rate intravaginal radiation, 7 Gy × 3 to 0.5 cm from the mucosal surface, using a remote afterloading technique. External beam radiation therapy, 40 Gy to midplane in 4 weeks, was delivered to high risk patients through AP/PA and lateral fields. Results:The patients were followed for 5–24 years (median 12). The actuarial progression-free survival rate was 96.6%. Post-treatment grade 1–2 actuarial complication rate was 9.5%, including cystitis (4.5%), vaginal stenosis (2.5%), proctitis (1.5%), vaginal necrosis (0.5%), and partial bowel obstruction (0.5%). Neither grade 3–4 complications nor additional late complications were observed in any of our patients. Relapse rate was only 3.7%, of which 45.5% were local, 45.5% were distant, and 9% were mixed. All the patients with relapse were postmenopausal, age range of 58–77 years, with tumor grade 2–3 in 64%. Second primary cancer rate was 12.8% (mostly breast and colon). Factors that were associated with improved prognosis were young age, premenopausal, low grade, no extrauterine disease, and a histology of adenoacanthoma (adenocarcinoma with squamous metaplasia). Conclusion: High dose rate intravaginal radiation therapy combined with surgery and external beam radiation therapy achieved a high cure rate and small number of minor complications. No long-term treatment-related complications were noted in any of the patients. This treatment combination may be safely applied to patients with early stage endometrial cancer.
Nursing effort and the exchanging human response pattern.

This descriptive, comparative study was done to determine the nursing effort required to treat actual and potential nursing diagnoses from the Exchanging Human Response Pattern in two patient care specialties: acute medical-surgical and postpartum. Patterns of diagnosis identification are described for the two groups, and differences in allocation of nursing resources (nursing effort) are examined. The sample included 200 observations (hospital days) for 50 patients: 33 postpartum patients, and 17 medical-surgical patients. Data were collected daily during the study period by nurses who provided direct care to the selected patients using an investigator-developed version of the Nurse-Patient Summary (NPS) nursing information and patient classification tool (Halloran, 1985). Potential nursing diagnoses received most of the nursing effort in the postpartum area (mean effort = 5.28), whereas actual nursing diagnoses in the Exchanging Human Response Pattern received a higher priority in the medical-surgical area (mean effort = 12.03). Statistically significant differences existed between groups in total nursing effort (t = -4.73, p less than .0001) and in nursing effort required to treat actual (t = -7.42, p less than .0001) and potential diagnoses (t = 3.99, p less than .0001) in the Exchanging Human Response Pattern. This study provides unique information about how nurses allocate their time to patients for the treatment of actual and potential nursing diagnoses, and outlines areas for further development in diagnosis-based patient classification.
Atmospheric gravity wave signatures in the infrared hydroxyl OH airglow

Atmospheric gravity wave induced airglow fluctuations of the hydroxyl OH Meinel and other bands are routinely observed using CCD imagers operating in the near infrared wavelength region. Farther into the infrared, the intensity of the OH emissions is much greater. Recently, a new IR imaging camera was modified for infrared viewing of the night sky with approximately 1 steradian field of view. The filter had a center wavelength of 1467 nm and a bandwidth of 177 nm to include components of the OH (Δv = 2) band. The images show good signal-to-noise ratios of 180 with 10 second exposures. Cross-spectral and wavelet analysis were used to obtain spatial and temporal information about observed airglow fluctuations, and horizontal wavelengths and wave periods as short as 3.7 km and 3 min, respectively, were determined.
Noninvasive Motion Ventilation (NIMV), a Novel Method of Ventilation: Use in a Piglet Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (MAS) 1592

Noninvasive Motion Ventilation (NIMV), a Novel Method of Ventilation: Use in a Piglet Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (MAS) 1592
Dynamical Quantum Error Correction of Unitary Operations with Bounded Controls

Dynamically corrected gates were recently introduced [K. Khodjasteh and L. Viola, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 080501 (2009)] as a tool to achieve decoherence-protected quantum gates based on open-loop Hamiltonian engineering. Here, we further expand the framework of dynamical quantum error correction, with emphasis on elucidating under what conditions decoherence suppression can be ensured while performing a generic target quantum gate, using only available bounded-strength control resources. Explicit constructions for physically relevant error models are detailed, including arbitrary linear decoherence and pure dephasing on qubits. The effectiveness of dynamically corrected gates in an illustrative non-Markovian spin-bath setting is investigated numerically, confirming the expected fidelity performance in a wide parameter range. Robustness against a class of systematic control errors is automatically incorporated in the perturbative error regime.
Immunohistochemical detection of telomerase reverse transcriptase in colorectal adenocarcinoma and benign colonic mucosa.

Telomerase activity (TA) is increased in human cancers and cell lines and is thought to contribute to their immortality. High TA has been found to correlate with aggressive tumor behavior. The aim of this study was to determine whether increased TA in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) correlates with survival. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 82 CRC and 6 cases of benign colon with diverticulosis were immunohistochemically stained for telomerase reverse transcriptase (TRT) using the immunoperoxidase method. The percentage of positive nuclei was determined for each case. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method. TRT immunoreactivity was always nuclear. In normal colonic mucosa, TRT immunoreactivity was detected in the bottom of crypts. However, in normal colon adjacent to CRC, telomerase immunoreactivity was detected throughout the length of the crypts, including the upper third, and frequently in the surface epithelium. Telomerase immunoreactivity in more than 25% of the cancer cell nuclei was associated with significantly poorer patient survival (P = 0.0081). We conclude that increased TA in CRC, as demonstrated by TRT immunostaining, is associated with poorer survival, and that TA is present in normal colonic mucosa and is increased in colonic mucosa near CRC. Additional studies with larger patient samples and multivariate analysis are needed to determine whether TRT expression is an independent prognostic factor in CRC.
Effect of ambient ammonia on blood ammonia and nitrogen excretion of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).

Abstract 1. 1. Rainbow trout were placed in solutions of ammonium chloride containing 0, 1, 3, 5 and 8 μg total ammonia/ml. After 24-hr exposure the mean blood levels for total ammonia showed a direct linear correlation with ambient ammonia and ranged from 38 to 71 μg/ml. Expressed in terms of non-ionic ammonia (NH3) fish exposed to 0–1 μg/ml had mean blood levels which ranged from 0·6 to 1·3 μg/ml. 2. 2. Daily excretion of total waste nitrogen showed an inverse relationship with starting ambient levels of ammonia as did the data for excretion of ammonia nitrogen. 3. 3. Ammonia in concentrations up to 10 μg NH3/ml was found to have no significant effect on the ability of hemoglobin to combine with oxygen in vitro. 4. 4. The percentage of total waste nitrogen excreted as ammonia decreased from 52 for fish exposed to ammonia-free water to 30 for fish placed in water whose initial total ammonia concentration was 8 μg/ml. 5. 5. The relatively greater decrease in ammonia nitrogen excretion over total nitrogen excretion in fish exposed to the higher concentrations of ammonia suggests that excretion of other nitrogenous compounds occured to partially compensate for the significant decrease in ammonia nitrogen excretion by these fish.
A two-point difference scheme for computing steady-state solutions to the conservative one-dimensional Euler equations

An implicit finite-difference method is presented for obtaining steady-state solutions to the time-dependent, conservative Euler equations for flows containing shocks. The method uses a two-point central-difference scheme for the flux derivatives with dissipation added at supersonic points via the retarded density concept. Application of the method to 1-dimensional nozzle flow equations for various combinations of subsonic and supersonic boundary conditions show the method to be very efficient. Residuals are typically reduced to machine zero in approximately 35 time steps for 50 mesh points. For 1-dimensional Euler calculations, it is shown that the scheme offers two advantages over the more widely-used three-point schemes. The first is in regard to application of boundary conditions, and the second relates to the fact that the two-point algorithm is well-conditioned for large time steps.
The pragmatics of existential-presentative constructions in Chinese: A discourse-based study

This study examines the pragmatic and discourse properties of Chinese existential-presentative constructions in written narrative discourse. It demonstrates how the constructions are used in real communicative context. Two sub-types are distinguished: existential constructions and presentative constructions, which differ in verb types, situation types, pragmatic functions, and topic chain patterns they contribute to in discourse organization. Existential constructions designate stative situations; they are topic-comment in nature. In narrative discourse, they actively participate in various types of background descriptions. Presentative constructions introduce new entities into discourse; they designate bounded dynamic events. Some presentative sentences play a foregrounding role by introducing thematically important participants into discourse.
Disruption of Volatile and Nonvolatile Droplets Under Locally Supersonic Conditions

The disruption of simulated fuel droplets in supersonic flow is examined experimentally in a drawdown supersonic wind tunnel. The droplets are accelerated in the supersonic flow, achieving supersonic velocities relative to the surrounding air with relative Mach numbers as high as 1.8 and Weber numbers as high as 300. Monodisperse 100m-diam fluid droplets are generated using a droplet-on-demand generator upstream of the tunnel entrance. The droplets are imaged by direct close-up singleandmultiple-exposure imaging. Three test liquidswere employed: 2-propanol and tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether as nonvolatile fluids, and a more volatile 50=50 hexanol-pentane mixture. The decreased static pressure in the supersonic stream had the potential to give rise to superheating of the droplet fluid, as in some cases, the static pressure became significantly lower than the vapor pressure of the droplet liquid. Droplet lifetimes for the hexanol/pentane mixture appear to be shorter due to accelerated vaporization consistent with superheating, although little impact is observed on the droplet velocity and relative Mach number. Droplet-disruption patterns for these supersonic flow conditions can be classified into four different flow regions by considering the changes in the Weber number with downstream distance as the droplets accelerate. The drag coefficients associatedwith the droplet disruption under locally supersonic conditions are generally higher than those expected for solid spheres, largely due to the cross-sectional area change associated with droplet deformation/ breakup.
Sleep disorders: An overview

Abstract Although sleep disorders medicine is a relatively young discipline, understanding of the diagnosis, pathophysiology,and treatment of sleep disorders is evolving at a rapid pace. This overview discusses the history of the development of sleep disorders medicine, tracing changes in the diagnostic classification of sleep disorders as well as the role of polysomnography in diagnosis. This evolution is most evident for insomnia, one of the major sleep disturbances. The accumulation of epidemiologic data on the prevalence and temporal course of insomnia and emerging information regarding its pathophysiology derived from laboratory assessments have led to the development of new therapeutic approaches for primary insomnia and insomnia associated with medical and psychiatric disorders.
A fluorimetric method for continuously assaying ATPase: application to small specimens of glycerol-extracted muscle fibers.

Abstract A continuous fluorimetric method using auxiliary-coupling enzymes such as pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase for measuring ADP production to assay ATPase activity is described. This method is simpler, more rapid, and more sensitive than the previously used spectrophotometric method. The application of this method for studying the ATPase of rabbit psoas muscle fibers during Mg 2+ -ATP activation is also illustrated and discussed.
2.45 GHz Microwave Sintering of Silicon Nitride

Microwave sintered Si3N4-MgO system that contains 2, 4 and 10 wt% of ZrO2 as secondary particulates were investigated with respect to phase transformation and microstructure development. The experimental results of microwave sintered samples were compared with conventional methods. Complete α to β phase transformation was observed in the case of microwave sintered samples due to the volumetric nature of microwave heating. High temperature X-ray diffraction (HTXRD) analysis was performed to study in-situ the oxidation behavior of Si3N4 specimens. Si3N4 specimens with 10 wt % ZrO2 were exposed to air at temperature between 25°C and 900°C for up to 24 hours. Microwave sintered sample were structurally stable in air 25°C and 900°C for up to 24 hours of testing.
No stability switching at saddle-node bifurcations of solitary waves in generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equations.

Saddle-node bifurcations arise frequently in solitary waves of diverse physical systems. Previously it was believed that solitary waves always undergo stability switching at saddle-node bifurcations, just as in finite-dimensional dynamical systems. Here we show that this is not true. For a large class of generalized nonlinear Schr\"odinger equations with real or complex potentials, we prove that stability of solitary waves does not switch at saddle-node bifurcations. This analytical result is confirmed by numerical examples where both soliton branches are stable at saddle-node bifurcations.
A green's function to describe the time-dependent shape of a morphologically unstable solid-liquid interface during solidification

A Green's function G+(x;t) is developed to described the time-dependent shape of a morphologically unstable solid-liquid interface during the solidification of a dilute binary alloy. For times sufficiently large that initial transients have died out but sufficiently small that linear stability theory is applicable, it is shown that the shape of the interface which evolves from an arbitrary initial perturbation is approximately proportional to G+(x;t); here, x represents distance along the unperturbed interface and t represents the time. G+ is composed of three factors, an increasing exponential factor with time constant τ, a sinusoidal factor cos (2πx/λ0) with wavelength λ0, and a Guassian factor, characterized by an effective diffusivity D, which describes lateral spreading of the perturbation. Expressions for τ, λ0 and D are developed in the limiting case where a large fraction of the solute in the liquid is rejected on freezing. Typical values are τ=0.33 sec, if rmλ = 6.9 μ and if scD = rm5.5 x 10 su-8cm su2 sec-1 for metallic systems and a growth velocity V = 10-3cmsec-1. It is shown that λ0 ∝ V-12 and that λ0 and τ decrease whereas D increases with increasing degree of instability.
Thermoelectric topping cycles for power plants to eliminate cooling water consumption

Abstract This work shows that thermoelectric (TE) topping generators can add 4–6% to the overall system efficiency for advanced supercritical steam turbines (Rankine cycle) that nominally generate power with 40–42% efficiency. The analysis then considers how this incremental topping energy can replace cooling water flow with air-cooled condensers (ACC) while maintaining current power output and plant efficiency levels with commensurate economic benefit ($/kW h). The simulated TE modules are located inside a coal-fired boiler wall constructed of wet steam tubes. The topping TE generator employs non-toxic and readily available materials with a realistic figure-of-merit range (ZT = 0.5–1.0). Detailed heat transfer and thermal analyses are included for this high-temperature TE application (e.g., 800 K for the cold side reservoir). With the tube surface enhanced by fins, the TE elements are designed to perform optimally through a distributed configuration along the wall-embedded steam tubes that are more than 20 m high. The distribution of the gas temperature in the furnace along the wall height is predicted by thermo-fluid dynamic analysis. This foundational design and analysis study produces overall realistic efficiency predictions in accordance with temperature–entropy analysis for superheated Rankine cycles. Lastly, the approach also allows for the addition of waste heat recovery from the flue gas. The analysis shows that the power output from the topping TE generator is significantly larger, compared to that from the waste heat recovery, due to the larger available temperature difference.
Drug effects in fixed ratio matching to sample

Pigeons’ fixed ratio matching-to-sample performance was examined under varied Librium and d-amphetamine doses. Both the response rate and the distribution of errors within the ratio were affected. Latencies of matching attempts for errors and correct matches differed, and this relationship was influenced by drug level and position of the trial within the ratio.
The value of speed mentoring in a pediatric academic organization.

Abstract Objective A reliable and supportive mentor is indispensable to the career development of successful academic professionals. The Academic Pediatric Association (APA) utilized a speed mentoring format at the 2012 Pediatric Academic Societies meeting to enhance mentoring potential. We sought to evaluate the structure of the speed mentoring event and to determine the benefits and impact from the perspectives of the mentors and mentees. Methods Sixty mentees were matched with 60 mentors within various tracks. Each mentee met with 6 mentors for 10 minutes for each dyad. Participants were then asked to complete a survey 1 to 4 weeks after the event. Survey items included expectation, impact, and value of the experience along with potential for ongoing mentoring relationships. Results Fifty-four (90%) of the 60 mentees and 52 (87%) of 60 of the mentors completed the evaluation. Mentees stated that the event allowed them to receive advice from multiple mentors in a short time period. Mentors appreciated that they gained new insights, reflected on their own careers, and were able to give back to their field. Both mentees and mentors agreed that the time was well spent, would participate again, and identified chemistry as a major factor in pursuing an ongoing relationship. Conclusions This national speed mentoring event provided an innovative, fun, and time-efficient mechanism to establish connections, network, and determine whether chemistry existed for potential mentor–mentee relationships. Further study should evaluate whether it can be used in other venues and lead to the development of lasting mentor–mentee relationships.
Characterization of chemokine function in animal models of diseases

The role of chemokines in human diseases has been identified primarily by the correlation of increased chemokine protein or mRNA expression during disease development. The identification of increased chemokine expression is only the first step in determining their role in the regulation of inflammatory responses. More recently, several laboratories, including our own, have begun examining the extent of involvement of particular chemokines during disease progression utilizing several animal models of diseases. The strategy our laboratories have chosen to follow has been the identification and characterization followed by the neutralization of particular chemokines within animal disease models. The following review will outline specific roles of chemokines in several animal models that relate to both acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, as well as novel mechanisms of angiogenic control with C-x-C chemokines during tumorigenesis.
Sleep and ventricular arrhythmias

Abstract Sleep is usually associated with a reduction in the frequency of ventricular arrhythmias. We analyzed 1260 24-hour Holter recordings exhibiting ventricular ectopy and identified 50 patients who had significant increases in sleep-related ectopy. This study group was compared to an age, sex, and 24-hour ventricular ectopic frequency matched control group. There were 21 females and 29 males with a mean age of 64 years in each group. During sleep, the study patients had more frequency of ventricular ectopy per hour than did controls (mean ± SEM; 143.2 ± 30.7 vs 62.9 ± 16.3; p
Saline Waters of Sedimentary Rocks: ABSTRACT

Most saline waters of marine sedimentary rocks were probably similar initially to present-day ocean water. Many early diagenetic changes are closely related to organic content and bacterial activity; ion exchanges and perhaps some other early changes are inorganic. Recent studies indicate that compaction of sediments and escape of interstitial water begin with deposition and continue for millions of years. Fine-grained sediments behave as semi-permeable membranes, permitting selective escape of water and concentrating dissolved components in remaining pore fluids. With increasing salinity, proportions of some ions also change, especially with calcium increasing relative to sodium. Most explanations favor liquid-solid cation exchange reactions; some evidence also suggests selective escape of Na, carbon dioxide (as HCO3?), boron (as H3BO3?), and possibly ammonium ions. If rates of escape do indeed differ, they are probably related to size and electrical charge of the dissolved hydrated components. Carbonates may di solve as carbon dioxide escapes, increasing calcium in the retained brine. Original ocean water in contact with normal sediments has thus evolved to connate (redefined) or fossil water vastly different in composition, and these changes must be closely related to the origin of petroleum. Rates of migration and evolution depend on the environment. Chemical and isotopic criteria also clarify the origin of saline waters other than those of normal marine sediments, including connate waters of evaporites; waters of relatively low salinity that have dissolved evaporites; sulphate and bicarbonate waters of oil fields; waters driven from sedimentary rocks during progressive metamorphism; and magmatic waters that have migrated into sedimentary rocks. Relatively complete analyses of waters from oil fields and elsewhere illustrate some of the principles involved, but extensive additional studies are needed. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2077------------
The parietal fossa and related structures in the plagiostome fishes

The parietal fossa or pit is situated in the middorsal line between the ear capsules. From its floor four (sometimes only two) apertures lead into the ear capsules. The anterior apertures are the foramina of the endolymphatic ducts; the posterior ones are the fenestrae. Through the fossa each endolymphatic duct passes from its formen to its external aperture in the dorsal integument, describing in its course a loop with the convexity directed anteriorly. The part of the duct involving the loop is enlarged into an endolymphatic pouch. Into the angle of this loop a small muscle is inserted which is a continuation of the anterior trunk muscles, or one taking a more lateral origin from the edge of the fossa. The fenestra may or may not be closed by a definite fenestral membrane. The posterior semicircular canal (posterior utriculus) bears a peculiar relation to the fenestra. The endolymphatic pouch, like the sacculus, contains otoconia, and sometimes siliceous sand grains. Various functions have been assigned to the endolymphatic organ. There is no convincing experimental evidence as to its significance.
Sequence and Structural Determinants of Strand Swapping in Cadherin Domains : Do All Cadherins Bind Through the Same Adhesive Interface?

Cadherins are cell surface adhesion proteins important for tissue development and integrity. Type I and type II, or “classical”, cadherins form adhesive dimers via an interface formed through the exchange, or “swapping”, of the N-terminal β-strands from their membrane-distal EC1 domains. Here we ask which sequence and structural features in EC1 domains are responsible for β-strand swapping and whether members of other cadherin families also form similar strand-swapped binding interfaces. We first create a comprehensive database consisting of multiple alignments of each type of cadherin domain. We use the known three-dimensional structures of classical cadherins to identify conserved positions in multiple sequence alignments that appear to be crucial determinants of the cadherin domain structure. We further identify features that are unique to EC1 domains. On the basis of our analysis we conclude that all cadherin domains have very similar overall folds but, with the exception of classical and desmosomal cadherin EC1 domains, most of them do not appear to bind through a strand swapping mechanism. Thus, non-classical cadherins that function in adhesion are likely to use different protein-protein interaction interfaces. Our results have implications for the evolution of molecular mechanisms of cadherin-mediated adhesion in vertebrates.
Highly compacted pH-responsive DNA nanoparticles mediate transgene silencing in experimental glioma

Complex genetic mutations are common in brain cancer, making gene therapy an attractive approach to repair or modulate altered genes and cellular pathways. Non-viral gene vectors can offer DNA delivery without the risk of immunogenicity and/or insertional mutagenesis that are common with viral vectors. We developed pH-responsive DNA nanoparticles, CH12K18PEG5k, by inserting a poly-L-histidine segment between PEG and poly-L-lysine to engineer a triblock copolymer. CH12K18PEG5k DNA nanoparticles trafficked through clathrin-dependent endocytosis (CME) as the primary pathway in mouse glioblastoma (GBM) cells, and protected plasmid DNA from both DNase-mediated and acidic lysosomal degradation. CH12K18PEG5k DNA nanoparticles effectively silenced a tumor-specific transgene (firefly luciferase) following direct injection into mouse intracranial GBM. Toxicity and histological analysis showed no evidence of acute or delayed inflammatory responses. These results demonstrate the utility of using this DNA nanoparticle-based technology for delivering genes to tumor cells as a possible therapeutic approach for patients with brain cancer.
TH17 cells contribute to uveitis and scleritis and are expanded by IL-2 and inhibited by IL-27/STAT1

T-helper type 17 cells (T(H)17) are implicated in rodent models of immune-mediated diseases. Here we report their involvement in human uveitis and scleritis, and validate our findings in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU), a model of uveitis. T(H)17 cells were present in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and were expanded by interleukin (IL)-2 and inhibited by interferon (IFN)-gamma. Their numbers increased during active uveitis and scleritis and decreased following treatment. IL-17 was elevated in EAU and upregulated tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in retinal cells, suggesting a mechanism by which T(H)17 may contribute to ocular pathology. Furthermore, IL-27 was constitutively expressed in retinal ganglion and photoreceptor cells, was upregulated by IFN-gamma and inhibited proliferation of T(H)17. These findings suggest that T(H)1 cells may mitigate uveitis by antagonizing the T(H)17 phenotype through the IFN-gamma-mediated induction of IL-27 in target tissue. The finding that IL-2 promotes T(H)17 expansion provides explanations for the efficacy of IL-2R antibody therapy in uveitis, and suggests that antagonism of T(H)17 by IFN-gamma and/or IL-27 could be used for the treatment of chronic inflammation.