cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social Media Use in Academic Libraries: A Phenomenological Study

Abstract Academic libraries are increasingly engaged on social media in order to connect with diverse community groups and move beyond the traditional bounds of the library. This research uses a phenomenological approach and Institutional Theory to explore social media postings at six different public and private university libraries in two Midwest states. The research addresses what themes emerge among the university library's social media pages and what, if any, differences in themes emerge based on the status of the library in question. Social media postings included ten different codes: archives; collections; events; exhibits; facility; library community; sentiments; services; site management; and university community. These codes were tied to three different themes: libraries create a sense of outreach and advocacy with the goal of establishing community connection, providing an inviting environment, and access to content as needed or desired. Ultimately, while libraries at universities with an ARL library or an MLS granting degree program showed a similar breakdown between these three themes, libraries at other master's degree institutions spent less time on making community connections in lieu of posting content and information about the library's environment.
Mentors and Mentoring

The origin of the term mentor comes from Homer’s The Odyssey, in which the character Mentor was entrusted to care for Telemachus, the son of Odysseus. When Odysseus left Greece to fight in the Trojan War, he placed Mentor in charge of raising his son. Mentor cultivated a relationship with Telemachus through guidance and education and came to treat him much like a son. It is this type of relationship and support that has come to be the idealized form of modern mentorship. As one publication noted, “mentoring is about helping people to make their own choices by suggesting options to them. It is not about telling them what to do or how to do it. Mentoring is a developing relationship encompassing a wide range of issues, not just those concerned with problem-solving – career, personal, or family issues may arise. It is imperative, therefore, that a mentor is prepared to think about the broader aspects of people development and the factors that influence them in their daily work and their choice of careers.”
LIVING THE LAUGHSCREAM: Human Technology and Affective Maneuvers in the Iraq War

In a new contribution to contemporary scholarship on war, I explore the epistemological and affective labors outsourced to individuals I call human technologies: populations of local wartime intermediaries and cultural role-players employed by the U.S. military as embodied repositories of Middle East knowledge. Drawing on fieldwork across the United States, this study focuses on the largely unexamined ethnographic spaces of U.S. military predeployment simulations in mock Middle Eastern villages. I focus on Iraqis who first worked for the U.S. military in Iraq as interpreters and then as role-players within predeployment simulations in the United States. Through a close examination of the wartime labors of these individuals, this study illuminates how the intrinsic contradiction in the term human technology—the turning of person into machine for a singular use, foreclosing other forms of being and becoming—plays out on the ground. I demonstrate how the ironic disjuncture between military prescriptions for authenticity and role-players’ experiences of inauthenticity generates moments of affective rupture for those hired to embody their cultures. I argue that a charged tension manifests itself in the training apparatus: on an epistemological level, even as they experience excess, role-players work to make the simulations “look good” to retain their jobs. Meanwhile, that excess manifests itself in affective overflow—in particular, one form that a role-player called “the laughscream.” I contend that such moments of affective excess create a momentary reprieve for role-players, while typically not disturbing the military structure. The role-players’ laughter existentially negates the possibility that human beings can be tools, while permitting them, in practice, to be used as tools.
Hole trapping and the ionization energy of native acceptor centers in AgBr

Comparison of the Hall mobility and the drift mobility of holes measured under stationary conditions shows that at T > 200°C holes are trapped at silver ion vacancies, the trapping energy being Ea = 0·18 eV. The effective mass ratio for the holes mn∗m = 0·6–0·9. At T < 200°C trapping takes place either at silver ion vacancies at dislocations, or at iron impurities, leading to a center (FeAgVAg). consisting of trivalent iron and a silver ion vacancy.
Neuromuscular Control Deficits and the Risk of Subsequent Injury after a Concussion: A Scoping Review

An emerging area of research has identified that an increased risk of musculoskeletal injury may exist upon returning to sports after a sport-related concussion. The mechanisms underlying this recently discovered phenomenon, however, remain unknown. One theorized reason for this increased injury risk includes residual neuromuscular control deficits that remain impaired despite clinical recovery. Thus, the objectives of this review were: (1) to summarize the literature examining the relationship between concussion and risk of subsequent injury and (2) to summarize the literature for one mechanism with a theorized association with this increased injury risk, i.e., neuromuscular control deficits observed during gait after concussion under dual-task conditions. Two separate reviews were conducted consistent with both specified objectives. Studies published before 9 December, 2016 were identified using PubMed, Web of Science, and Academic Search Premier (EBSCOhost). Inclusion for the objective 1 search included dependent variables of quantitative measurements of musculoskeletal injury after concussion. Inclusion criteria for the objective 2 search included dependent variables pertaining to gait, dynamic balance control, and dual-task function. A total of 32 studies were included in the two reviews (objective 1 n = 10, objective 2 n = 22). According to a variety of study designs, athletes appear to have an increased risk of sustaining a musculoskeletal injury following a concussion. Furthermore, dual-task neuromuscular control deficits may continue to exist after patients report resolution of concussion symptoms, or perform normally on other clinical concussion tests. Therefore, musculoskeletal injury risk appears to increase following a concussion and persistent motor system and attentional deficits also seem to exist after a concussion. While not yet experimentally tested, these motor system and attentional deficits may contribute to the risk of sustaining a musculoskeletal injury upon returning to full athletic participation.
Defects and Low-Frequency Noise in Irradiated Black Phosphorus MOSFETs With HfO 2 Gate Dielectrics

We have evaluated radiation-induced charge trapping and low-frequency noise in passivated black phosphorus (BP) MOSFETs with HfO2 gate dielectrics. Thinning the gate dielectric reduces total ionizing dose-induced threshold voltage shifts. The defect-energy distribution estimated from low-frequency noise measurements performed as a function of temperature decreases with increasing energy in as-processed devices. Local maxima in noise magnitude are observed in irradiated devices at activation energies of ~0.2 and ~0.5 eV. Larger defect-related peaks in noise magnitude in the range of 0.35–0.5 eV are observed after biased post-irradiation annealing, and/or vacuum storage of the devices after irradiation and annealing. Density functional theory calculations strongly support significant roles for O vacancies in HfO2 and H+ transport and reactions near the BP/HfO2 interface in the observed radiation response and low-frequency noise.
Pelvic Incidence Is Associated With Sacral Curvature, Sacroiliac Joint Angulation, and Sacral Ala Width.

STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional anatomical study in dry cadaveric specimens. OBJECTIVE This study evaluates how the sacroiliac (SI) joint angulation, midsagittal sacral curvature, and sacral ala width relate to pelvic incidence (PI). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Numerous spinopelvic pathologies have been linked with pelvic incidence; however, the manner in which sacral morphology fits into this association is largely unknown. METHODS A total of 120 cadaveric sacra and corresponding innominate bones were obtained from an osteological collection. Pelvic incidence was measured in a previously validated method. To gauge ala width, calipers were used to measure the distance between the midpoint of the sacral endplate and the anterolateral aspect of the right and left ala. Sacral curvature was evaluated by measuring the difference of the direct distance and the curved bony distance from the sacral promontory to the inferior aspect of the fourth intervertebral foramen. Three separate angle measurements were made to quantify the angulation of the SI joint, which we divided into an upper and lower limb. Angle 1 approximated the relationship between the upper limb and the sacral endplate; angle 2 between the upper and lower limbs; angle 3 between the lower limb and a tangential line to the fourth sacral foramen. RESULTS Average age at death for all specimens was 31.9 ± 6.3 years with 63% representation of males and an equal distribution of Caucasian and African Americans. The mean PI of our study population was 45.1 ± 12.6°. Results from our regression showed statistically significant associations between our measured angles evaluating SI joint angulation (angles 1, 2, 3) and PI. Standardized beta for angle 1 was -0.421, angle 2 was 0.419, and angle 3 was -0.439 (all P < 0.001). Additionally, the average endplate-ala distance (beta = -0.254) and average difference between tape-caliper measurements, our measurement for sacral arc, (beta = 0.178) were significantly associated with PI (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our data supports the theory that increased PI is associated with a highly angulated and curved sacrum, with corresponding changes in the SI joint, and narrowed sacral alae. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
Use of Decision Tree Model in Sport Management

When individuals need to make a decision, they often face alternatives and some uncertainty. Identifying alternatives and anticipating outcomes in a systematic way provides value in better decision...
Activities of Microorganisms Attached to Living Surfaces

Bacteria associated with living surfaces may or may not multiply while attached to the living substratum. Whether or not they multiply, such bacteria must utilize nutrients present in the environment often in competition with the living host cells in the substratum and other microorganisms in an attached community. If they multiply while attached to a surface, then bacteria must conform in their reproductive strategies to conditions imposed on the habitat by the living tissue sharing it. Bacteria attached to living surfaces may penetrate into and through the surface into underlying host tissues, synthesize macromolecules that alter the function of the living substratum, or produce end products of metabolism that can be utilized as carbon and energy sources by the living cells in the substratum. Such products of metabolism may also function, along with nutritional competition, to regulate the population levels and localization of other microorganisms in attached communities. These processes are understood poorly at the molecular level.
Development of Roll-Wave Trains in Open Channels

The maximum depth at wave crest, minimum depth at wave trough, wave period and wave velocity of spontaneously developed roll-wave trains were measured in a laboratory channel. Channel slope (\IS\N\DO\N) was varied from 0.05 to 12, normal depth (\Ih\N\Dn\N) was varied by a factor of two, and the Froude number of the undistrubed flow (F) ranged from 3.5 to 5.6. For each of the four properties, a single development curve resulted for all \Ih\N\Dn\N, with \IS\N\DO\N and F fixed. The spatial rate of growth of the average maximum depth increased as F was increased by increasing \IS\N\DO\N. The growth rate decreased as \IS\N\DO\N was increased and F was held fixed. Substantial growth occurs when one wave overtakes and combines with another wave. Growth also occurs without wave overtaking. Spontaneously developed roll waves are shown to be related to periodic permanent roll waves. Methods of applying the laboratory results to other channels with inlet conditions similar to that of the laboratory channel are presented.
A “Most Favored Nation” Approach to an Open Internet

It is important for the Commission to establish new Open Internet rules. However, the proposed rules that set a minimum level of access and allow unlimited negotiation beyond that minimum will not protect the Open Internet. The NPRM’s proposal to maintain the “specialized services” loophole is also a potential threat to an Open Internet. However, the NPRM is right not to prohibit all forms of priority, as priority can benefit Internet users. This paper proposes an alternative “most favored nation” approach, wherein arrangements between Internet access providers and content or application service providers must be public under transparency rules, and a content or application service provider is empowered under the “commercial reasonableness” standard to demand any arrangement that an Internet access provider has previously offered to another similarly situated entity. This policy would particularly benefit new entrepreneurial ventures. The Commission should simultaneously establish limits on the definition of “specialized services” to close loopholes in the 2010 rules that could allow the worst forms of “pay for priority,” and the Commission should broaden its definition of “pay for priority.” This most-favored-nation policy would protect the Open Internet far more effectively than the rules proposed in the NPRM, and the Commission has sufficient authority under either Section 706 or Title II. The Commission should also begin collecting more information on interconnection, without directly regulating the quality or price of interconnection.
Abstract 4986: Association of sirtuins and diet in cancer development: Studying the roles of SIRT2/3

Lifestyle factors, especially diet, affects health and lifespan. Dietary restriction (DR) has been shown as a beneficial regimen to increase longevity and protect from cancer. On the other hand, high fat intake has been found to be associated with greater risk of several cancer types. In this regard, several studies suggest that the beneficial effect of calorie restriction (CR) is mediated by the increased activity of sirtuins, a family of NAD-dependent deacetylases that plays a role in aging and age-related diseases. However, the specific role of individual family members in the inhibitory role of CR in tumorigenesis has not been elucidated. With the exception of SIRT1, there is no evidence for the contribution of other sirtuins in the diet-induced effects on tumorigenesis. In this study, we investigated, for the first time, the role of SIRT2 and SIRT3, which are found predominantly in the cytoplasm and mitochondria respectively, in this context. To do this, Sirt2-/- and Sirt3-/- mice were crossed with p53-/- mice to generate: p53+/-, (Sirt2-/-; p53+/-), (Sirt3-/-; p53+/-), p53-/-, (Sirt2-/-; p53-/-), and (Sirt3-/-; p53-/-) mice. Subsequently, mice with the different genotypes were subjected to 3 dietary regimes; ad libitum control diet, 30% calorie restriction diet (CR), and high-fat diet (HFD). As expected, CR reduced tumor incidence and increased survival of mice wild type for both SIRT2 and SIRT3. In contrast, HFD significantly increased body weight, tumor incidence and decreased overall survival. Interestingly, the protective effect of CR was enhanced in (Sirt3-/-; p53-/-) compared to (Sirt3+/+; p53-/-) mice, as evidenced by delayed tumor incidence (median age 257 days vs 189 days) and increased survival. On the other hand, Sirt2 deletion in both p53+/- and p53-/- backgrounds abolished the protective effect of CR. In addition, loss of Sirt2 decreased tumor incidence age (111 days vs 184 days) and accelerated the death of p53 deficient mice on HFD. Our results highlight a new role of SIRT2 in mediating the diet-induced effect on tumorigenesis. Citation Format: Mohamed A. Ahmed, Carol O9Callaghan, Athanasios Vassilopulos. Association of sirtuins and diet in cancer development: Studying the roles of SIRT2/3 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4986.
Advocating for the Health Worker

Background: Health workers in both well-resourced and limited income settings face health threats from exposures encountered in their unique and complex work environment. Even before the 2014 Ebola outbreak, preventable harm was routinely felt by health workers, most visibly through the fatal collusion between the HIV/AIDS epidemic and tuberculosis (TB) infection in high endemic countries. Objectives: The aim of this paper is to examine the analyses of the health sector workforce by development and public health agencies regarding its sustainability, threats from workersʼ personal health risks and discussion of protections to address those risks. Methods: Development and public health agency reports assessing the sustainability of and threats to the health workforce both pre-and post the 2014 Ebola outbreak were examined with a focus on low and middle- income countries (LMICs). Findings: Reviews of the health sector workforce have largely focused on its role as a necessary component of sustainable development. Hence, staff competency, numbers and productivity have been emphasized with little notice of the conditions of work and the highly hazardous environment contributing to worker out-migration, illness and death. Conclusions: Going forward, the 2016 World Health Assembly campaign to advance human resources for health and other UN efforts on health employment may offer some opportunities to address needed health worker protections. However, to these largely competency-focused workforce development efforts must first be brought resources for and commitment to protecting the safety of these workersʼ lives and livelihood. Doing less defeats investments in fragile health systems and is plainly unethical.
The phenomenon of adults relearning instrumental music in an American wind band

As the world’s population continues to grow older, retired individuals seek out musical experiences. Many of these musicians are returning to playing in a wind band for the first time in decades, s...
An Evaluation of SmokeFree for Kansas Kids: An Intervention to Promote Tobacco Cessation in Pediatric Clinics.

Introduction Smokefree for Kansas Kids is a program designed to train pediatric clinic staff to assess for tobacco exposure and provide brief smoking cessation interventions to caregivers and patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of this program and improve future tobacco intervention efforts in pediatric clinics. Method Eighty-six pediatric physicians and staff attended at least one of three training sessions. A random sample of pediatric medical records was selected pre-intervention (n = 49) and post-intervention (n = 150). Electronic medical records were reviewed to assess for documentation of tobacco use intervention implemented in the clinic. Results Of the 199 pediatric clinic visits reviewed, 197 met the study criteria. All but one visit documented an assessment of tobacco exposure. Among children exposed to tobacco (n = 42), providers were more likely to discuss tobacco use with caregivers post-intervention (35.7%) compared to pre-intervention (7.1%; p < 0.05). One in five caregivers in the post-intervention group were advised to quit (21.4%) compared to the pre-intervention group (7.1%). In the post-intervention group, 14.3% were referred to the state quitline compared to no referrals in the pre-intervention group. The difference in rates for providing advice and referral between pre-intervention and post-intervention were not statistically significant. Conclusions Implementation of the Smoke Free for Kansas Kids intervention was associated with modest improvements in clinic tobacco intervention efforts, but many patients still failed to receive optimal assessments or interventions. Additional efforts may be needed to enhance this program.
Digital health for monitoring and managing hard-to-heal wounds

Abstract Thanks to new “smart” sensors and communication technologies such as smartphones, new opportunities have opened to smartly manage those wounds that hard-to-heal as well as assisting in preventing them to occur in the first place. Increasing the number of hard-to-heal wounds such as diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) in particular imposes a significant and often underappreciated burden to the individual, the healthcare system, and the society at whole. For example, the prevalent and long neglected DFU and its related complications rank among the most debilitating and costly sequelae of diabetes. Unfortunately, even after the resolution of a foot ulcer, recurrence is common and is estimated to be 40% within 1 year after ulcer healing. Consumer electronics and related technology are increasingly being integrated into every aspect of our lives, representing an opportunity for creative solutions to prevent this devastating condition or promote ulcer-free days. This chapter overviews the development of digital health, wearables, and mobile applications (mHealth) for improvement of managing those wounds that are hard and costly to heal.
What Do CDC’s Surveys Say About the Prevalence of Defensive Gun Use?

In 1996, 1997, and 1998, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) conducted large-scale surveys asking about defensive gun use (DGU) in four to seven states. Analysis of the raw data allows the estimation of the prevalence of DGU for those areas. Data pertaining to the same sets of states from the 1993 National Self-Defense Survey (Kleck & Gertz, 1995) allow these results to be extrapolated to the U.S. as a whole. Possible sources of error in surveys of DGU are reviewed, and the results of previous surveys compared. CDC’s survey data confirm previous high estimates of DGU prevalence, disconfirm very low estimates derived from the National Crime Victimization Survey, and indicate that defensive uses of guns by crime victims are far more common than offensive uses by criminal offenders.
Walter's basic theorem for fusion systems

Abstract This is the first of two papers determining the saturated 2-fusion systems in which the centralizer of some fully centralized involution contains a component that is the 2-fusion system of a large group of Lie type over a field of odd order.
Thoracotomy versus sternotomy? The effect of surgical approach on outcomes after left ventricular assist device implantation: A review of the literature and meta-analysis.

Background and aim Thoracotomy approaches to left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation may reduce surgical morbidity and, through preservation of the pericardial restraint over the right heart, may reduce the incidence of right ventricular failure (RVF). Methods A meta-analysis of all original studies describing the effect of the surgical approach on postoperative outcomes after LVAD implantation was performed. Postoperative outcomes analyzed. Results Thirteen studies were included with 692 patients undergoing a sternotomy and 373 a thoracotomy approach. Patients undergoing a thoracotomy approach had a higher comorbid status (INTERMACS 1-2: 56% vs. 44%; p = .0004), but were less likely to undergo a concomitant procedure (4% vs. 15%; p = .0002) than patients undergoing a sternotomy approach. Patients undergoing a thoracotomy approach demonstrated a reduced incidence of RVF (OR, .47; CI, .23-.97; p = .04), reexploration for bleeding (OR, .55; CI, .32-.94; p = .03), perioperative blood transfusion (SMD, -.30; CI, -.49 to -.11; p = .002), LOS (-5.57; -10.56 to -.59; p = .03), and mortality (OR, .57; CI, .33-.98; p = .04), but no difference in RVAD requirement or stroke were noted. Metaregression demonstrated that the performance of a concomitant procedure did not modify the effect of the surgical approach on the primary endpoints of RVF or RVAD requirement. Conclusions In the current meta-analysis including over 1000 patients undergoing LVAD implantation, a thoracotomy approach was associated with a reduced incidence of RVF (but not RVAD requirement), bleeding, LOS, and mortality. No difference in stroke rates was noted. These findings not only offer additional support as to the feasibility of a thoracotomy approach for LVAD implantation but also suggest a potential superiority over a sternotomy approach.
Evaluation of the Coordinated Approach to Child Health (CATCH) Program in Third Through Fifth Graders in Northern Illinois

Objectives Conducting evaluations of health promotion programs are imperative to determine the program's impact and explore possible improvements in content and delivery. This study's objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of CATCH program, delivered by dietetic interns and Northern Illinois University (NIU) students, to third through fifth graders in Northern Illinois, in increasing their nutrition knowledge and healthy choices behavior.
Segmental mandibular reconstruction in patients with poor lower extremity perfusion, vessel-depleted necks and/or profound medical frailty.

Purpose of review Options for segmental mandibular reconstruction in patients poorly suited to undergo fibula free flap (FFF). Recent findings Although FFF is the current 'gold standard' for segmental mandibular reconstruction, other reconstructive options must be considered when FFF is contraindicated or disfavoured and/or patient frailty precludes a lengthy anaesthetic. In addition to various nonvascularized and soft tissue only reconstructions, excellent osseous free flap alternatives for functional segmental mandibular reconstruction may be employed. The subscapular system free flaps (SSSFF) may be ideal in frail and/or elderly patients, as SSSFF allows for early mobility and does not alter gait. In extensive and/or symphyseal defects, functional mandibular reconstruction in lieu of a free flap is extremely limited. Pedicled segmental mandibular reconstructions remain reasonable options, but limited contemporary literature highlights unpredictable bone graft perfusion and poor long-term functional outcomes. Summary There are several excellent free flap alternatives to FFF in segmental mandibular reconstruction, assuming adequate cervical recipient vessels are present. On the basis of the current literature, the optimal mandibular reconstruction for the medically frail, elderly and/or patients with extreme vessel-depleted necks is limited and debatable. In qualifying (i.e. limited, lateral) defects, soft tissue only reconstructions should be strongly considered when osseous free flaps are unavailable.
Detection sensitivity of optical property-based radiation detection for PET: refraction index modulation

Optical properties modulation based ionization radiation detection method was used as a potential method for the TOF-PET detection, which is with the potential to improve the coincidence timing performance of current PET to picosecond. In this article, we present our simulation works on optical properties modulation based method and demonstrate the feasibility of the optical method for the future PET applications. We first simulate (using Monte Carlo simulation) the energy deposition track of 511 keV photons in the detector crystal, and use Matlab to convert it to the number of ionized charges generated. Then, we (using finite element calculation tools) simulate the distribution of carrier density and electric field modulation caused by ionized charges. Finally, we calculated the change in optical refractive index (n) caused by Pockels effect modulation. Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) was chosen as the detector for the simulation work. Based on our simulation conditions, a 511 keV photon depositing 350 keV energy, the induced optical photon-refraction modulation is around 4.9E-04 (in CdTe), 4.1E-04 refractive index measurement has been achieved by modern optics method. Therefore, the feasibility of the optical properties modulation method has been demonstrated.
Comparative Analysis of Light Chain Expression in Germinal Center Cells and Mantle Cells of Reactive Lymphoid Tissues

We studied skewing of light chain ratios (LCRs) in germinal center cells (GCCs) relative to mantle cells (MCs) by flow cytometry (FC) in 98 reactive lymphoid tissues. LCRs were assessed using a 4-color lambda/kappa/CD20/CD38 tube. GCCs and MCs were discriminated by CD20 and CD38 density. Of 98 cases, 65 contained distinct GCCs and MCs. Light chain expression usually was dimmer on GCCs than on MCs; in 22 cases, the kappa and lambda clusters converged and accurate LCRs could not be determined. Of the remaining 43 cases, the mean GCC LCR was 1.78 (range, 1.10–3.07) vs 1.56 (range, 1.00–2.24) in the MCs ( P = .001). The overall kappa/lambda ratio in cases containing GCCs and MCs was 1.65 (range, 1.18–2.69) compared with 1.46 (range, 1.00–1.98) in cases containing MCs only. Of 43 cases, 19 (44%) showed differences of 20% or more between the LCRs of GCCs and MCs. LCRs of GCCs and MCs may differ substantially in reactive lymphoid tissues. These subsets may form distinct clusters and skews in their LCRs and should not be misinterpreted as evidence of occult lymphoma.
Cross-linking of Identical Particles by Multiple Ligand-Types

This paper uses branching processes to model the cross-linking of identical particles by multiple ligand-types. We derive gel points and mole- and weight-average cluster sizes for Binomial and Poisson bonding.
Racialized risk environments in a large sample of people who inject drugs in the United States

Abstract Background Substantial racial/ethnic disparities exist in HIV infection among people who inject drugs (PWID) in many countries. To strengthen efforts to understand the causes of disparities in HIV-related outcomes and eliminate them, we expand the "Risk Environment Model" to encompass the construct "racialized risk environments," and investigate whether PWID risk environments in the United States are racialized. Specifically, we investigate whether black and Latino PWID are more likely than white PWID to live in places that create vulnerability to adverse HIV-related outcomes. Methods As part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 9170 PWID were sampled from 19 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in 2009. Self-reported data were used to ascertain PWID race/ethnicity. Using Census data and other administrative sources, we characterized features of PWID risk environments at four geographic scales (i.e., ZIP codes, counties, MSAs, and states). Means for each feature of the risk environment were computed for each racial/ethnic group of PWID, and were compared across racial/ethnic groups. Results Almost universally across measures, black PWID were more likely than white PWID to live in environments associated with vulnerability to adverse HIV-related outcomes. Compared to white PWID, black PWID lived in ZIP codes with higher poverty rates and worse spatial access to substance abuse treatment and in counties with higher violent crime rates. Black PWID were less likely to live in states with laws facilitating sterile syringe access (e.g., laws permitting over-the-counter syringe sales). Latino/white differences in risk environments emerged at the MSA level (e.g., Latino PWID lived in MSAs with higher drug-related arrest rates). Conclusion PWID risk environments in the US are racialized. Future research should explore the implications of this racialization for racial/ethnic disparities in HIV-related outcomes, using appropriate methods.
The Primary Structure of Human Plasminogen I. THE NH2-TERMINAL SEQUENCES OF HUMAN PLASMINOGEN AND THE S-CARBOXYMETHYL HEAVY (A) AND LIGHT (B) CHAIN DERIVATIVES OF PLASMIN

Abstract NH2-terminal sequences were determined for human plasminogen and the S-carboxymethyl heavy (A) and light (B) chain derivatives of plasmin with a protein sequenator. The NH2-terminal 5 residues of plasminogen and the isolated S-carboxymethyl heavy (A) chain derivative isolated from plasma Fraction III2,3 were determined to be Lys-Val-Tyr-Leu-Leu-. A second identical repeating des-lysyl sequence was found. These sequences were identical for all Fraction III2,3 plasminogen preparations and isolated isoelectric forms, pH values 6.7 and 7.8. Plasma Fraction III contains, in addition to the plasma Fraction III2,3 isoelectric forms, other predominant isoelectric forms; the NH2-terminal 5 residues of Fraction III isolated isoelectric forms, pH values 6.2, 6.4, and 6.6, were determined to be Glu-Pro-Leu-Asp-Asp-. The NH2-terminal 20 residues of the isolated S-carboxymethyl light (B) chain derivative of plasmin isolated from plasma Fraction III2,3 were determined to be Val-Val-Gly-Gly-Gln-Val-Ala-His-Pro-His-Ser-Trp-Pro-Trp-Gln-Val-Val-Leu-Leu-Arg-. This light (B) chain sequence shows extensive homology to the NH2-terminal sequence of other serine proteases.
De Coca-Cola a Vampi-Cola: políticas, negocios, y el consumo de refrescos y azúcar en México (1970-1982)

El excesivo consumo de bebidas azucaradas en Mexico ha preocupado desde los anos 50’ a medicos, funcionarios de gobierno y miembros de la sociedad civil. En este articulo se analiza el periodo 1970-1982, cuando el Estado mexicano estuvo activamente involucrado en tratar de reducir el consumo de refrescos y azucar con fines de salud, pero tambien economicos. Los gobiernos del periodo disenaron politicas para reducir los efectos de la creciente desigualdad economica, entre ellos mejorar la dieta. El caso de los refrescos y el azucar ilustra como diversas necesidades e intereses del Estado mexicano llevaron a politicas contradictorias respecto al consumo de estos productos. Por un lado, para el gobierno la produccion de azucar era importante politicamente porque grandes sectores campesinos trabajaban en esta industria, cuyos principales clientes eran las empresas refresqueras. Por otro lado, los organismos estatales de proteccion al consumidor y las autoridades de salud lanzaron campanas en contra del creciente consumo de azucar, particularmente en la forma de refrescos. Este articulo analiza estas politicas contradictorias del Estado mexicano asi como sus antecedentes y consecuencias.
Lost Causes: Online Instruction and the Integrity of Presence

The issue in question is the emergence of online teaching. The brochure designed by our institution to encourage faculty to teach online courses is titled “Online Instruction: Creating New Connections with Today’s...Students.” The first of several benefits for faculty moving to online teaching is that, by doing so, they “remain current in the era of continuously evolving teaching practices.” Such brochures are no doubt commonplace; the trickle of online courses is becoming a flood. There is a tone of excitement that such developments spark in many people and places. But more than this, often, there is a conveyed sense of inevitability. Teaching practices are evolving, and we had better get with it.
Run-Time Adaptation of Non-functional Properties of Composite Web Services Using Aspect-Oriented Programming

Existing web service composition and adaptation mechanisms are limited only to the scope of web service choreography in terms of web service selection/invocation vis-a-vis pre-specified Service Level Agreement constraints. Such a scope hardly leaves ground for a participating service in a choreographed flow to re-adjust itself in terms of changed non functional expectations and most often these services are discarded and new services discovered to get inducted into the flow. In this paper, we extend this idea by focusing on run-time adaptation of non-functional features of a composite Web service by modifying the non-functional features of its component Web services. We use aspect-oriented programming (AOP) technology for specifying and relating non-functional properties of the Web services as aspects at both levels of component and composite. This is done via a specification language for representing non-functional properties, and a formally specifiable relation function between the aspects of the component Web services and those of the composite Web service. From the end users' viewpoint, such upfront aspect-oriented modeling of non-functional properties enables on-demand composite Web service adaptation with minimal disruption in quality of service. We demonstrate the applicability and merits of our approach via an implementation of a simple yet real-life example.
The natural history of factor VIII:C inhibitors in patients with hemophilia A: a national cooperative study. II. Observations on the initial development of factor VIII:C inhibitors

During a 4-year multicenter cooperative study of acquired factor VIII inhibitors in persons with hemophilia A, new inhibitors were detected in 31 of 1,306 patients who entered the study without an inhibitor or the history of an inhibitor. The incidence of new inhibitors was eight per 1,000 patient-years of observation. The factor VIII:C level before inhibitor development was less than or equal to 0.03 U/mL in 29 individuals and 0.06 U/mL and 0.07 U/mL in the remaining two. Factor VIII:Ag levels were measured in 27 individuals and were less than 0.03 U/mL in 23 and 0.05 to 0.11 U/mL in the remaining four. Maximum inhibitor levels ranged from 1.0 to 9,044 Bethesda U/mL. In seven patients under the age of 20, relatively weak inhibitors (none higher than 4.3 Bethesda U/mL) were detected on only a single occasion despite continued factor VIII challenge. In the other 24 patients with inhibitors detected on multiple occasions, 50% had appeared by age 20 and 71% by age 30. Seventeen of the 31 inhibitors, including 12 of 15 with maximum values greater than 10 Bethesda U/mL, developed within 75 exposure days to factor VIII.
Sodium–bicarbonate cotransporter NBCn1 in the kidney medullary thick ascending limb cell line is upregulated under acidic conditions and enhances ammonium transport

In this study, we examined the effect of bicarbonate transporters on ammonium/ammonia uptake in the medullary thick ascending limb cell line ST-1. Cells were treated with 1 mm ouabain and 0.2 mm bumetanide to minimize carrier-mediated NH4+ transport, and the intracellular accumulation of 14C-methylammonium/methylammonia (14C-MA) was determined. In CO2/HCO3−-free solution, cells at normal pH briefly accumulated 14C-MA over 7 min and reached a plateau. In CO2/HCO3− solution, however, cells markedly accumulated 14C-MA over the experimental period of 30 min. This CO2/HCO3−-dependent accumulation was reduced by the bicarbonate transporter blocker, 4,4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulfonate (DIDS; 0.5 mm). Replacing Cl− with gluconate reduced the accumulation, but the reduction was more substantial in the presence of DIDS. Incubation of cells at pH 6.8 (adjusted with NaHCO3 in 5% CO2) for 24 h lowered the mean steady-state intracellular pH to 6.96, significantly lower than 7.28 for control cells. The presence of DIDS reduced 14C-MA accumulation in control conditions but had no effect after acidic incubation. Immunoblotting showed that NBCn1 was upregulated after acidic incubation and in NH4Cl-containing media. The Cl−–HCO3− exchanger AE2 was present, but its expression remained unaffected by acidic incubation. Expressed in Xenopus oocytes, NBCn1 increased carrier-mediated 14C-MA transport, which was abolished by replacing Na+. Two-electrode voltage clamp of oocytes exhibited negligible current after NH4Cl application. These results suggest that DIDS-sensitive HCO3− extrusion normally governs NH4+/NH3 uptake in the medullary thick ascending limb cells. We propose that, in acidic conditions, DIDS-sensitive HCO3− extrusion is inactivated, while NBCn1 is upregulated to stimulate NH4+ transport.
“Enduring Patterns of Loyalist Study: Definitions and Contours”

More than a century ago, loyalist historians established the close relationship between the Atlantic colonies and the British Empire. Far from inevitable or natural, the mainland rebellion signaled a radical break from cherished customs, laws, and liberties. Two overlapping categories of scholarship examine the loyalist experience during the long revolutionary era. The first situates the loyalists alongside the rebels within the framework of the nation and challenges the strength and cohesion of patriots. The second places the loyalists as imperial subjects with legitimate claims to British liberties and recounts the loyalist-British relationship over the long duree. In the first approach, the loyalists disrupt the conventional narrative of the nation; in the second, they participate in the construction of empire.1
Design of Robust Fault Detection Filters

Interval type parametric uncertainty has received little attention in the design procedures developed for robust detection filters. This paper focuses on increasing the robustness of a classically designed detection filter ? one designed for uni-directionality of the output error residual ? by exploiting differences in the transmission to the output error residual from the fault event and the system inputs.
Nicotinic acid metabolism. IV. Ferredoxin-dependent reduction of 6-hydroxynicotinic acid to 6-oxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydronicotinic acid.

Abstract The characteristics and partial purification of a clostridial enzyme that catalyzes the reversible reduction of 6-hydroxynicotinic acid to 6-oxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydronicotinic acid are described. This enzyme requires reduced ferredoxin or reduced methyl viologen dye as the electron donor. The enzyme is extremely sensitive to inactivation by air and iron-chelating reagents.
Real-izing Fantasy: The Double-Sided Mirror of Magical Realism and "the other side of reality" in Robin McKinley's Spindle's End

In this first part of an extended study of Robin McKinley's Spindle's End , the relationship between fantasy (in literature) and a reader's personal reality is highlighted. Perry argues that McKinley's novel does more than just mirror our experience of fairy tales and the fantastic. By showing us both sides of the mirror, our inner and outer phenomenal settings, the novel argues that how we function within the landscapes of Literature and how Literature encourages us to build, experience, and reshape our world(s) is the ultimate--and ultimately, the only significant--reality. (This article is continued in The Looking Glass , vol. 9, iss. 1, 2005)
Mobile UNITY Coordination Constructs Applied to Packet Forwarding for Mobile Hosts

With recent advances in wireless communication technology, mobile computing is an increasingly important area of research. A mobile system is one where independently executing components may migrate through some space during the course of the computation, and where the pattern of connectivity among the components changes as they move in and out of proximity. Mobile UNITY is a language and logic for specifying and reasoning about mobile systems, the components of which must operate in a highly decoupled way. In this paper it is argued that Mobile UNITY contributes to the modular development of system specifications precisely because of the decoupled and declarative fashion in which coordination among components is specified. The packet forwarding mechanism which is at the core of the Mobile IP protocol for routing to mobile hosts is taken as an example. A Mobile UNITY specification of packet forwarding and the mobile system in which it must operate is developed. Mobile hosts are the components that can disconnect from one location in the network and reconnect to another at any point during system execution. Finally, the role of formal program verification in the development of protocols like Mobile IP is discussed.
Deletion of Nhlh2 results in a defective torpor response and reduced Beta adrenergic receptor expression in adipose tissue.

Background Mice with a targeted deletion of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, Nescient Helix-Loop-Helix 2 (Nhlh2), display adult-onset obesity with significant increases in their fat depots, abnormal responses to cold exposure, and reduced spontaneous physical activity levels. These phenotypes, accompanied by the hypothalamic expression of Nhlh2, make the Nhlh2 knockout (N2KO) mouse a useful model to study the role of central nervous system (CNS) control on peripheral tissue such as adipose tissue. Methodology Differences in body temperature and serum analysis of leptin were performed in fasted and ad lib fed wild-type (WT) and N2KO mice. Histological analysis of white (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) was performed. Gene and protein level expression of inflammatory and metabolic markers were compared between the two genotypes. Principal findings We report significant differences in serum leptin levels and body temperature in N2KO mice compared with WT mice exposed to a 24-hour fast, suggestive of a defect in both white (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) function. As compared to WT mice, N2KO mice showed increased serum IL-6 protein and WAT IL-6 mRNA levels. This was accompanied by slight elevations of mRNA for several macrophage markers, including expression of macrophage specific protein F4/80 in adipose, suggestive of macrophage infiltration of WAT in the mutant animals. The mRNAs for beta3-adrenergic receptors (beta3-AR), beta2-AR and uncoupling proteins were significantly reduced in WAT and BAT from N2KO mice compared with WT mice. Conclusions These studies implicate Nhlh2 in the central control of WAT and BAT function, with lack of Nhlh2 leading to adipose inflammation and altered gene expression, impaired leptin response to fasting, all suggestive of a deficient torpor response in mutant animals.
Loss of p27Kip1 enhances the transplantation efficiency of hepatocytes transferred into diseased livers

p27Kip1 is an important regulator of cyclin-dependent kinases. Studies with p27 knockout mice have revealed abnormalities in proliferation and differentiation of multiple cell types. Here we show that primary hepatocytes isolated from livers of adult p27 knockout mice exhibit higher levels of DNA synthesis activity in culture than do wild-type cells. Interestingly, we found that, compared with control hepatocytes, p27 knockout hepatocytes proliferate better after transplantation into diseased livers to reverse liver failure. These results reveal an aspect of p27 that could be used to benefit cell-based therapy.
Diffusion‐controlled reactions: A variational formula for the optimum reaction coordinate

The preferred path for a diffusion‐controlled reaction depends, in general, upon global properties of the potential surface and the frictional resistance to motion upon this surface. A variational formula for this path is derived. The corresponding Euler–Lagrange equations are examined for two important special cases.
PTSD in the Combat Veteran: Using Roy's Adaptation Model to Examine the Combat Veteran as a Human Adaptive System

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the most prevalent mental disorder arising from combat and is poised to be a considerable health risk for our military veterans. To date, there is a paucity of nursing research that examines PTSD in this vulnerable population. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how Roy's Adaptation Model can be an effective framework for nurses to understand the phenomenon of posttraumatic stress disorder in the combat veteran population. Current research conducted on PTSD across other disciplines is highlighted within the context of Roy's model to elucidate the idea of the combat veteran as a human adaptive system and to identify gaps for future nursing research.