cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Blood Substitutes: Oxygen-Carrying Acellular Fluids

Blood substitutes are acellular fluids that can transport and deliver oxygen to the tissues. The blood substitutes most likely to be available and effective for veterinary use are the hemoglobinbased oxygen carriers (HBOCs) containing modified human, mammalian, or recombinant hemoglobin. HBOCs can be stored at room temperature and do not require typing or crossmatching. Chemical modifications of hemoglobin affect its physiologic and pharmacologic properties and facilitate oxygen transport. Although many of the metabolic and toxicologic consequences of HBOC infusion are not fully understood, an approved product will likely be available in the near future.
Assignment of unclassified lines in Tb i through high-resolution laser-fluorescence measurements of hyperfine structure

It is demonstrated that high-resolution measurements of the hyperfine structure of unclassified spectral lines can be used in many cases to establish uniquely the classification of the lines if the structure of the low levels of the atom is already well understood. Examination of nine lines in Tb i confirms the previous classification in six cases, requires some modification of the previous assignment in one case, and gives the classification for two previously unassigned lines. One of the newly classified lines (λ5795.64) is the first line found between 4338 and 10 239 A to connect with the Tb i atomic ground state. The Doppler-free laser-atomic-beam technique was used for the study. New hfs results are given for two even levels and eight odd levels of Tb i.
Serological response of experimental ponies orally infected with Ehrlichia risticii.

Summary Ten healthy, mature ponies were orally infected with Ehrlichia risticii using Ehrlichia-infected P388D1 mouse monocyte tissue culture cells. Seven developed signs of equine ehrlichial colitis including fever, depression, anorexia, reduced borborygmi, increased abdominal hyperresonance, and diarrhoea. Three remained clinically normal apart from early fever in one. Indirect fluorescent antibody titres were detected in the clinically affected ponies by Days 12 to 17 post infection and increased rapidly to high levels (1:640 to 1:5120) which were maintained until the end of the observation period (Day 28 post infection). Mean antibody titres significantly increased from Days 12 to 14 and from Days 14 to 17 post infection. The rapid increase in antibody titre which occurs close to first appearance of clinical signs may explain the insignificant rise in antibody titres in many naturally occurring cases.
Non-linear responses of suspended cables to primary resonance excitations

We investigate the non-linear forced responses of shallow suspended cables. We consider the following cases: (1) primary resonance of a single in-plane mode and (2) primary resonance of a single out-of-plane mode. In both cases, we assume that the excited mode is not involved in an autoparametric resonance with any other mode. We analyze the system by following two approaches. In the first, we discretize the equations of motion using the Galerkin procedure and then apply the method of multiple scales to the resulting system of non-linear ordinary-differential equations to obtain approximate solutions (discretization approach). In the second, we apply the method of multiple scales directly to the non-linear integral-partial-differential equations of motion and associated boundary conditions to determine approximate solutions (direct approach). We then compare results obtained with both approaches and discuss the influence of the number of modes retained in the discretization procedure on the predicted solutions.
Surface Micromachining Polymer-Core-Conductor Approach for High-Performance Millimeter-Wave Air-Cavity Filters Integration

This paper presents a novel approach to integrate high-performance millimeter wave filters on top of wafers. The proposed method eliminates the dielectric loss by elevating cavity-based filters into the air with the aid of the polymer-core conductor surface micromachining technology. The electrical fields of the cavity are thus entirely in air. A coplanar waveguide input and output interface is designed for easy integration with other planar electronics. Several 60-GHz (V-band) air-cavity filters with superior performances, including two two-pole filters and one four-pole transmission zero filter using a novel capacitive coupling scheme, are developed and characterized to demonstrate advantages of the proposed technology. The filters exhibit excellent performances. Insertion losses as low as 1.45 dB for a two-pole filter and 2.45 dB for a four-pole transmission-zero filter have been observed at 60 GHz. Design curves and parametric analyses are included to help readers better understand key factors in optimizations. The proposed technology is capable of integrating high-performance millimeter-wave cavity filters on top of wafers, while providing easy integration with other electronic components.
Commentary: The P-value, devalued

Of the many honorifics bestowed on the articles in this historical series, it is doubtful that any have had applied the best—funny. The rhetorical zest and smiling outrage that Joseph Berkson brings to his puncturing of the quasi-religious precepts of traditional statistics in his classic article 1 recalls for me a public debate I witnessed in the 1980s between a highly respected statistician and a surgeon clinical-trialist. It was a debate on issues related to the adjustment of P-values in clinical trials, and what I remember best was the entrance of the physician in full surgical regalia; green operating scrubs, face mask, shoe covers, the whole bit. Playing effectively the role of the ‘aw-shucks, I’m just a country doc who don’t know nuthin’ ‘bout statistics’ he parodied traditional statistical precepts so effectively, contrasting them unfavourably with common-sense judgements, that the statistician, however meritorious his rebuttal may have been, was left sputtering, helplessly pounding the lectern. So it seems with this commentary, which asks in an innocent yet seemingly unanswerable way, ‘If the population [of people] is not human, what is it?’ This is the leading edge of an attack on Fisher’s P-value which should still be required reading for all students of epidemiology and biostatistics today. The commentary shows us several things. First, it demonstrates just how old are some current criticisms, often presented as enlightened insights from a modern era. His first sentence has almost a nostalgic quality that looks surprising over 60 years later, ‘There was a time when we did not talk about tests of significance; we simply did them.’ These words described the future as much as the pre-1942 past. Second, although it may not be immediately obvious, the argument presented here is closely related to ones that underlie modern recommendations to use CI and even Bayesian methods in lieu of P-values in biomedical research. Third, Berkson makes important distinctions between hypothesis testing and significance tests that continue to be ignored today. Fourth, and perhaps most subtly, he brings in a notion of ‘evidence’, a positive, relative concept that is critical to have on the table as separate and distinct from the P-value. And finally, he provides modern statisticians with a model for how to communicate technical concepts to applied users in an accessible and lively way. All that said, it must be admitted that Berkson’s critique is frustratingly incomplete. While he offers a scathing critique of the P-value, and shows us how standard interpretations contravene scientific intuition (grounded mainly in appeals to common sense) he does not offer a real alternative. He does call for more research, particularly into the meaning of what he calls ‘middle P’s’. It is in this gap that I will spend most of my time in this commentary; linking his insights with the ‘further research’ that indeed occurred over the succeeding 60 years.
7S and 19S isoagglutinins in systemic lupus erythematosus.

SummaryThe 7S and 19S distribution of blood group isoantibodies (isoagglutinins) has been measured in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The only possibly significant finding was a lower level of macroglobulin isoagglutinin to B cells in patients of blood type A. This is consistent with previous findings of lessened response to bacterial antigens by the macroglobulin antibody.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Elbow: A Structured Approach

athletes. Conclusion: MRI evaluation of the elbow should follow a structured approach to facilitate thoroughness, accuracy, and speed. Such an approach should cover bone, cartilage, muscle, tendons, ligaments, synovium, bursae, and nerves.
Language-based electronics systems design automation

The ever-increasing complexity of electronic systems makes it imperative to develop effective systems level design automation languages, methodologies, and tools. Commercial systems face increasing complexity and performance requirements, while achieving decreasing times to market and maximizing profits despite shrinking product life-cycles. Defense systems face similar issues, but must also support life cycles which span years or decades, thus requiring redesign, support or prevention of parts obsolescence challenges. For cost-effective development of systems in this context, design teams need to exploit the best commercial and defense design practices and adapt them as needed to also support concurrent engineering considerations. This paper explores requirements for the emerging system level design language and the methodological needs for it to support multi-disciplinary design, including hardware software co-design, mechanical and packaging support, concurrent engineering, test, and related issues.
Crystal Growth of the Perovskite Semiconductor CsPbBr3: A New Material for High-Energy Radiation Detection

The synthesis, crystal growth, and structural and optoelectronic characterization has been carried out for the perovskite compound CsPbBr3. This compound is a direct band gap semiconductor which meets most of the requirements for successful detection of X- and γ-ray radiation, such as high attenuation, high resistivity, and significant photoconductivity response, with detector resolution comparable to that of commercial, state-of-the-art materials. A structural phase transition which occurs during crystal growth at higher temperature does not seem to affect its crystal quality. Its μτ product for both hole and electron carriers is approximately equal. The μτ product for electrons is comparable to cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) and that for holes is 10 times higher than CZT.
Estimation of national and regional phosphorus budgets for agriculture in Turkey

This paper presents national and regional phosphorus (P) budgets for agriculture in Turkey by using Eurostat/OECD common methodology. Regional P budgets presented in this paper are the first estimations for Turkey known to date. In Turkey, the values of P surplus for agriculture (PS) and P use efficiency for agriculture (PUE) in 2011 were 2 kg P ha-1 yr-1 and 77%, respectively. PS values varied from -2 to 15 kg P ha-1 yr-1 among regions in 2011. In 2008, PS and PUE values (0 kg P ha-1 yr-1 and 96%, respectively) were lower than the average EU values (3 kg P ha-1 yr-1 and 104%), including Norway and Switzerland. The relationship between PS values and some socio-economic properties in Turkey regions were also analyzed. According to the results, the correlations of PS with gross domestic product per capita, permanent meadows and pastures share in utilized agricultural area (UAA), population density, illiterate share and arable land share in UAA were statistically significant. We can conclude from the study results that the environmental effect of agricultural phosphorus on water bodies varies greatly both among regions in Turkey and among European countries because of high variations in PS values.
Dysregulated expression of MIG/CXCL9, IP-10/CXCL10 and CXCL16 and their receptors in systemic sclerosis

Introduction: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is characterized by fibrosis and microvascular abnormalities including dysregulated angiogenesis. Chemokines, in addition to their chemoattractant properties, have the ability to modulate angiogenesis. Chemokines lacking the enzyme-linked receptor (ELR) motif, such as monokine induced by interferon-g (IFN-g) (MIG/CXCL9) and IFN-inducible protein 10 (IP-10/CXCL10), inhibit angiogenesis by binding CXCR3. In addition, CXCL16 promotes angiogenesis by binding its unique receptor CXCR6. In this study, we determined the expression of these chemokines and receptors in SSc skin and serum. Methods: Immunohistology and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used to determine chemokine and chemokine receptor expression in the skin and serum, respectively, of SSc and normal patients. Endothelial cells (ECs) were isolated from SSc skin biopsies and chemokine and chemokine receptor expression was determined by quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence staining. Results: Antiangiogenic IP-10/CXCL10 and MIG/CXCL9 were elevated in SSc serum and highly expressed in SSc skin. However, CXCR3, the receptor for these chemokines, was decreased on ECs in SSc vs. normal skin. CXCL16 was elevated in SSc serum and increased in SSc patients with early disease, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and those that died during the 36 months of the study. In addition, its receptor CXCR6 was overexpressed on ECs in SSc skin. At the mRNA and protein levels, CXCR3 was decreased while CXCR6 was increased on SSc ECs vs. human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs). Conclusions: These results show that while the expression of MIG/CXCL9 and IP-10/CXCL10 are elevated in SSc serum, the expression of CXCR3 is downregulated on SSc dermal ECs. In contrast, CXCL16 and CXCR6 are elevated in SSc serum and on SSc dermal ECs, respectively. In all, these findings suggest angiogenic chemokine receptor expression is likely regulated in an effort to promote angiogenesis in SSc skin.
The Role of Shame, Anger, and Affect Regulation in Men’s Perpetration of Psychological Abuse in Dating Relationships

This study determines the relationships between shame, anger, and men’s perpetration of psychological abuse in dating relationships. The authors hypothesize the connection between shame proneness and men’s use of psychological abuse with a dating partner, with anger’s mediating in this relationship. In addition, the authors hypothesize that affect regulation would moderate the relationship between anger and men’s use of psychological abuse. Results indicate that shame proneness and use of psychological abuse are significantly related and that anger mediates the relationship. However, affect regulation does not moderate the effects of anger on men’s use of psychological abuse. These findings are consistent with theoretical conceptualizations of shame and have implications for intervention and treatment programs for perpetrators of psychological abuse in dating relationships.
Details of the electromechanical (E/M) impedance health monitoring of spot-welded structural joints

Health monitoring of structural joints is a major concern of the engineering community. Among joining techniques, spotwelding play a major role. Spot welding is the traditional method of assembly for steel-based automotive structures, while spot-welding of aluminum is being considered for future vehicular structures. Though spot welding of steel is well researched and understood, the spot-welding of aluminum still poses a considerable challenge. The durability and health monitoring of aluminum spot-welded joint is of major importance. The present paper addresses the use of electro-mechanical (E/M) method and piezoelectric active sensors for health monitoring spot-welded structural joints. Experiments were performed on aluminum-alloy spot-welded lap shear specimens under fatigue loading to determine a stable pattern of crack propagation in correlation with applied fatigue cycles. The specimen stiffness method was used to correlate crack advancement through the specimen with specimen stiffness reduction. In this way, an independent method of assessing the degree of structural deterioration as a function of applied fatigue cycles and remaining life was established for that class of specimens. Then, representative test specimens were instrumented with piezo-electric wafer transducers, and the base E/M impedance signature was recorded over the relevant frequency range. Subsequently, the specimens were subjected to fatigue loading such that crack-type damage was initiated and propagated under controlled conditions. During tests, the specimens were continuously monitored for stiffness reduction, and E/M impedance signature was recorded at predetermined damage levels. The crack damage initiation and propagation was correlated with E/M impedance measurements. Damage index values were compared and correlated with the crack damage propagation. Sources of experimental errors were identified and discussed.
Sagnac Interferometer for Ultrasound Detection on Rough Surfaces

Laser-based ultrasonic (LBU) systems have been developed by a number of researchers1–8. In this paper, we present a compact fiberized Sagnac-type laser ultrasonic detection system that can be used on rough surfaces. The device uses a low cost, long coherence He-Ne laser that has better intensity noise characteristics than typically used laser diodes. A frequency shifting technique has been introduced to eliminate problems arising from parasitic interferences that may occur with long coherence sources. A random speckle modulation scheme has been incorporated to overcome the “speckle problem” that arises when the test object is rough. Examples of applications are also reported in this paper.
House of Wisdom or a House of Cards? Why Teaching Islam in U.S. Foreign Detention Facilities Violates the Establishment Clause

In an attempt to erase Islamic-fundamentalist sentiments held by detainees apprehended in the course of the "war on terror," the United States government began teaching and preaching a more moderate version ofthe Qur'an and Islam to detainees in Iraq. One such detention program in Iraq was dubbed the House of Wisdom. But the wisdom of such a practice is highly suspect-both because it likely runs afoul of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment and because it may be doing more harm than good to the American effort to defuse Islamic-extremism and anti-American sentiment. This Article examines the practice of promoting the "true" meaning of Islam in detention centers for its legal legitimacy and uses the program as a lens to evaluate the extraterritorial reach of the Establishment Clause. The Article explains that the Establishment Clause is both a structural restraint on government and a protection of individual liberty, but that however the Establishment Clause is construed, in either case it extends extraterritorially.
Impact of the Nature and Sequence of Multiple Bids in Corporate Control Contests of the Eighties

This paper examines multiple-bidder corporate control contests involving white knights, who are late-entry friendly bidders. An immediate white knight response to a hostile bid is met with a strong, negative market reaction. When the white knight and hostile bidder get into a "bidding war" with follow-up bids by each, the white knight (but not the hostile bidder) loses each time it bids. However, if the white knight bid follows two consecutive, hostile bids and the contest ends, there are minimal losses to the white knight, which are statistically indistinguishable from the mildly positive reaction to the preceding hostile bids.
Back to the Future with Recission Decisions: Impact of IRS Decision to Issue No New Guidance

The rescission doctrine, governing when parties can unwind a transaction with retroactive tax effect, has more than its share of ambiguities. When the Internal Revenue Service announced in 2012 that it was contemplating providing further guidance on rescission, the reaction of tax practitioners was positive. The Service has now announced, however, that no new guidance will be forthcoming and that it will not issue private letter rulings on rescission. This article considers where that announcement leaves the doctrine, with a 1980 revenue ruling now apparently representing the Service’s only real guidance on rescission.
Nutrient disorders of Dianthus ‘Bouquet Purple’

ABSTRACT‘Bouquet Purple’ pinks (Dianthus sp.) were grown in silica-sand culture to induce and photograph symptoms of nutritional disorders. Plants received a complete modified Hoagland's all-nitrate (NO3) solution. Nutrient-deficient treatments were induced with a complete nutrient formula minus one of the nutrients, and a boron (B)-toxicity treatment was induced by increasing B 10-fold in the complete nutrient formula. Plants were monitored daily to document sequential series of symptoms as they developed. Typical symptomology of nutrient disorders and corresponding tissue concentrations were determined. All treatments exhibited deficiency symptomology. Disorders for nitrogen (N), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), and sulfur (S) were the first to manifest in pinks. Unique symptomology was observed for plants grown under potassium- (K), B-, copper- (Cu), and molybdenum- (Mo) deficient conditions, which supported the need for a species-specific approach when characterizing nutrient disorders of floriculture crops.
Using narrative function to extract qualitative information from natural language texts

The naturalness of qualitative reasoning suggests that qualitative representations might be an important component of the semantics of natural language. Prior work showed that frame-based representations of qualitative process theory constructs could indeed be extracted from natural language texts. That technique relied on the parser recognizing specific syntactic constructions, which had limited coverage. This paper describes a new approach, using narrative function to represent the higher-order relationships between the constituents of a sentence and between sentences in a discourse. We outline how narrative function combined with query-driven abduction enables the same kinds of information to be extracted from natural language texts. Moreover, we also show how the same technique can be used to extract type-level qualitative representations from text, and used to improve performance in playing a strategy game.
Nonparallel gastric and salivary gland inhibition produced by anticholinergic drugs in sham-fed dogs

After esophagostomy and gastrostomy dogs were sham fed at timed intervals after a single intravenous injection of atropine, heteronium bromide, or saline. For each interval the doses necessary to reduce gastric juice volume and saliva weight by 50% were determined (50% doses). At 20- and 40-min. intervals gastric secretion was more sensitive than salivary secretion to anticholinergic inhibition, whereas at 100 and 160 min. the sensitivity was approximately equal. The change in the ratio of salivary 50% dose to gastric 50% dose demonstrates that gastric inhibition and salivary inhibition with either drug are not parallel.
A comparison of nanoindentation creep deformation characteristics of hydrothermal vent shrimp (Rimicaris exoculata) and shallow water shrimp (Pandalus platyceros) exoskeletons

This investigation reports mechanical properties of the exoskeleton of deep sea shrimp, Rimicaris exoculata, at temperatures ranging from 25 to 80 °C measured using nanoindentation experiments. The measured properties are compared with the corresponding shallow water shrimp (Pandalus platyceros) exoskeleton properties. Scanning electron microscopy suggests that both types of shrimp exoskeletons have the twisted plywood, Bouligand structure. However, they differ in the volume fraction and distribution of mineral content. The variations in the nanoindentation measured hardness values of the examined shrimp exoskeletons are found to be strongly correlated with the corresponding compositional difference between the two exoskeleton types. Nanoindentation creep strain rate measurements are performed to provide an assessment of the two types of exoskeleton for the role of proteins and minerals to cause difference in behavior and properties between the two shrimp species. The measured creep load–depth data are fitted with a viscoelastic creep function to find the creep compliance as a function of experimentally varying temperature and in the context of natural variations in mineral content.
Characterization of the sterically encumbered terphenyl-substituted species 2,6-Trip2H3C6Sn-Sn(Me)2C6H3-2,6-Trip2, an unsymmetric, group 14 element, methylmethylene, valence isomer of an alkene, its related lithium derivative 2,6-Trip2H3C6(Me)2Sn-Sn(Li)(Me)C6H3-2,6-Trip2, and the monomer Sn(t-Bu)C6H3-2,6-Trip2 (Trip = C6H2-2,4,6-i-Pr3).

The reaction of the recently reported sterically encumbered terphenyl tin(II) halide species Sn(Cl)C6H3-2,6-Trip2 (Trip = C6H2-2,4,6-i-Pr3), 1, with 1 equiv of MeLi or MeMgBr afforded 2,6-Trip2H3C6Sn-Sn(Me)2C6H3-2,6-Trip2, 2, which is the first stable group 14 element methylmethylene (i.e., CH3CH) analogue of ethylene (H2CCH2). Reaction of 1 with 1.5 equiv of MeLi yielded the stannylstannate species 2,6-Trip2H3C6(Me)2Sn-Sn(Li)(Me)-C6H3-2,6-Trip2, 3, whereas reaction of 1 with 1 equiv of t-BuLi gave the heteroleptic stannanediyl monomer Sn(t-Bu)C6H3-2,6-Trip2 (4). The compounds 2-4 were characterized by 1H, 13C (7Li, 3 only), and 119Sn NMR spectroscopy in solution and by UV-vis spectroscopy. The X-ray crystal structures of 2-4 were also determined. The formation of the stannylstannanediyl 2 instead of the expected symmetrical, valence isomer "distannene" form (Sn(Me)C6H3-2,6-Trip2)2, 6, is explained through the ready formation of LiSn(Me)2C6H3-2,6-Trip2, 5, which reacts rapidly with 1 to produce 2 which can then react with a further equivalent of MeLi to give 3. The stability of singly bonded 2 in relation to the formally doubly bonded 6 was rationalized on the basis of the difference in the strength of their tin-tin bonds. In contrast to the methyl derivatives, the reaction of 1 with t-BuLi proceeded smoothly to give the monomeric compound 4. Apparently, the formation of a t-Bu analogue of 5 was prevented by the more crowding t-Bu group. Compound 2 is also the first example of a stable molecule with bonding between a two-coordinate, bivalent tin and four-coordinate tetravalent tin. Both compounds 2 and 3 display large J 119Sn-119Sn couplings between their tin nuclei and the tin-tin bond lengths in 2 (2.8909(2) A) and 3 (2.8508(4) A) are relatively normal despite the presence of the sterically crowding terphenyl substituents.
Ordered Structures in Rhenium Binary Alloys from First-Principles Calculations

Rhenium is an important alloying agent in catalytic materials and superalloys, but the experimental and computational data on its binary alloys are sparse. Only 6 out of 28 Re transition-metal systems are reported as compound-forming. Fifteen are reported as phase-separating, and seven have high-temperature disordered σ or χ phases. Comprehensive high-throughput first-principles calculations predict stable ordered structures in 20 of those 28 systems. In the known compound-forming systems, they reproduce all the known compounds and predict a few unreported ones. These results indicate the need for an extensive revision of our current understanding of Re alloys through a combination of theoretical predictions and experimental validations. The following systems are investigated: AgRe★, AuRe★, CdRe★, CoRe, CrRe★, CuRe★, FeRe, HfRe, HgRe★, IrRe, MnRe, MoRe, NbRe, NiRe, OsRe, PdRe, PtRe, ReRh, ReRu, ReSc, ReTa, ReTc, ReTi, ReV, ReW★, ReY, ReZn★, and ReZr (★ = systems in which the ab initio method predicts that...
The Use of Spreadsheets and Service-Learning Projects in Mathematics Courses

In the Indiana University system, as well as many other schools, nite mathematics is a prerequisite for most majors, especially business, public administration, social sciences, and some life science areas. Statisticians Moore, Peck, and Rossman [23] articulate a set of goals for mathematics prerequisites: including instilling an appreciation of the power of technology and developing skills necessary to use appropriate technology to solve problems, developing understanding, and exploring concepts. This paper describes the use of Excel spreadsheets in the teaching and learning of nite mathematics concepts in the linked courses Mathematics in Action: Social and Industrial Problems and Introduction to Computing taught for business, liberal arts, science, nursing, education, and public administration students. The goal of the linked courses is to encourage an appreciation of mathematics and promote writing as students see an immediate use for quantitative and communication skills in completing actual service-learning projects. The courses emphasize learning and writing about mathematics and the practice of computer technology applications through completion of actual industrial group projects. 1 Through demonstration of mathematical concepts using Excel spreadsheets, we stress synergies between mathematics, technology, and real-world applications. These synergies emphasize the learning goals such as quantitative skill development, analytical and critical thinking, information technology and technological issues, innovative and creative reasoning, and writing across the curriculum.
Analysis of food poisoning in Gansu from 2004 to 2010

Objective Analyze the patterns and epidemic characteristics of food poisoning event of Gansu in during 2004-2012. Methods Descriptive epidemiology was used to analyze food poisoning data from the report system of emergent public health event of Gansu province from 2004 to 2012. Results A total of 78 food poisoning events were reported with 2 508victims,and the fatality rate was 2. 15%( 54 /2 508). Reported cases mostly occurred in the second,third quarter,especially the August. Poisoning incidents occurred mostly in the families,accounting for 41. 03%( 32 /78) of the total cases. Food poisoning incidents and cases caused by bacterial accounted for 33. 33%( 26 /78) and 60. 41%( 1 515 /2 508)of the total. The deaths were mostly caused by toxic chemicals,accounting for 62. 96%( 34 /54) of all deaths. Conclusion Bacteria was the primary factor of food poisoning,while pesticide and poisons was the main cause of deaths.
Application of risk management method in public health security for Beijing 2008 Olympic Games

There usually exist certain public health risks for hosting Olympic Games.It needs large investment and vigorous involvement in the professional sphere of public health and disease control to reduce the risks to minimal as possible,which is a big opportunity and challenge as well for Beijing.How to use risk management thinking to deal with issues in public health management,map out work procedures,establish perfect risk management mechanism and system and explore the strategies for risk management to reduce or solve the impacts of Olympic Games on all kinds of public health risks and to ensure success of the coming 2008 Olympic Games is studied and discussed in this paper.
Teaching Social Justice in Social Studies Through Young Adult Literature

The authors discuss techniques for approaching current events in America’s history through the use of contemporary young adult literature in the social studies classroom. The authors discuss issues of social justice as they relate to the events of September 11, 2001, and Hurricane Katrina. Freedom, democracy, gender equality, ethnicity, race, class, and socioeconomic status are topics analyzed through the use of four young adult novels. The authors discuss various classroom activities that complement the novels to inspire social studies teachers to incorporate young adult literature into their classrooms and to foster creative techniques to begin sensitive discussions about social justice and change.
No to the Flow: Rejecting Feminine Norms and the Reproductive Imperative Through Hormonal Menstrual Suppression

In 2007, the FDA approved Lybrel (U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2007), the first oral contraceptive pill (OCP) designed to completely eliminate the monthly withdrawal bleeding periods associated with birth control pills. Pharmaceutical technology has made it possible for women to choose not to menstruate for a host of reasons, includ- ing menstruation-related medical conditions, gender dysphoria, and personal convenience. This practice has faced a great deal of opposi- tion from factions of the feminist community, medical professionals, women’s health advocates, and others, for reasons often rooted in prob- lematic notions of menstruation as essential to “natural” and “normal” womanhood. In Chapter 4 of this book, Fahs examined the moral panic that ensues when menstruation is exposed to the public eye through student activism. This chapter, by contrast, will demonstrate that the absence of menstruation can also prove panic-inducing. In essence, women’s bodies serve as a source of panic regardless of the choices they make regarding menstruation.
The DDB1-DCAF1-Vpr-UNG2 crystal structure reveals how HIV-1 Vpr steers human UNG2 toward destruction

The HIV-1 accessory protein Vpr is required for efficient viral infection of macrophages and promotion of viral replication in T cells. Vpr's biological activities are closely linked to the interaction with human DCAF1, a cellular substrate receptor of the Cullin4-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRL4) of the host ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated protein degradation pathway. The molecular details of how Vpr usurps the protein degradation pathway have not been delineated. Here we present the crystal structure of the DDB1-DCAF1-HIV-1-Vpr-uracil-DNA glycosylase (UNG2) complex. The structure reveals how Vpr engages with DCAF1, creating a binding interface for UNG2 recruitment in a manner distinct from the recruitment of SAMHD1 by Vpx proteins. Vpr and Vpx use similar N-terminal and helical regions to bind the substrate receptor, whereas different regions target the specific cellular substrates. Furthermore, Vpr uses molecular mimicry of DNA by a variable loop for specific recruitment of the UNG2 substrate.
Occult blood testing using tetramethylbenzidine in an extraction procedure for patients on unrestricted diets

An extraction test for stool occult blood was developed using 3,3', 5,5' tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), which gave reliable results in the presence of interfering substances, such as vitamin C, meat fibers, and vegetable enzymes. The new test was applied to 1,320 fecal specimens from hospitalized patients not on dietary restrictions. Of 189 specimens unequivocally positive by slide tests, 48 were negative by the extraction test, 42 were trace reactions, and 99 were 2+ to 4+. Extraction testing was performed on 351 of the 1,082 specimens negative by slide tests. Four of these were from patients taking supplemental vitamin C. Two of these specimens were extraction test positive ( ) and two were extraction test negative. One other specimen, from a patient not on supplemental vitamin C, was extraction test positive. Forty-nine specimens gave equivocal results, with two commercial slide tests for occult blood. By the extraction test, 26 of these were negative, 13 had trace amounts of blood, and 10 were 2+ or 4+.
Radiofrequency techniques in pain management

Abstract Radiofrequency techniques are minimally invasive procedures used to provide prolonged pain relief compared to local anaesthetic blocks and forms part of a multidisciplinary approach in managing chronic pain. A generator produces a high-frequency current that passes from an electrode to an earthing plate. The electromagnetic field created around the tip of the electrode then has an effect on the surrounding nervous tissue resulting in pain relief.
Venous Thromboembolism in the Intensive Care Unit

Venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), or both, is common among critically ill surgical patients and potentially preventable in many cases. Despite high-quality evidence-based guidelines for VTE prophylaxis, many patients do not receive risk-appropriate prophylaxis, and over 100,000 people continue to die from VTE in the United States (US) each year. Critical care patients are at even higher risk for VTE than other hospitalized patients secondary to additional risk factors including vasopressor use, mechanical ventilation, pharmacologic sedation, immobilization, surgery, and central venous catheters. Furthermore, VTE is often clinically silent among critical care patients and timely diagnosis may be challenging. Duplex ultrasonography and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) angiography are the best modalities for diagnosis of DVT and PE, respectively. Severity of PE may be evaluated with transthoracic or transesophageal echocardiography. The mainstay of treatment for DVT and PE is systemic anticoagulation, although patients with PE and associated hemodynamic instability or cardiac failure may require more invasive treatment interventions. Management of VTE in the intensive care unit (ICU) is complicated because many patients have high risk of bleeding from concomitant major surgery, trauma, coagulopathy, or gastrointestinal bleeding. All ICU patients require risk-appropriate VTE prophylaxis because all ICU patients are at risk for VTE. The majority of patients should receive pharmacologic prophylaxis, although some will have a contraindication and should receive mechanical sequential compression devices instead. It is important to recognize risk factors, prescribe and administer effective prophylaxis, and provide timely diagnosis and treatment for patients with VTE in the ICU.
Un)Democratic Curriculum for a Democratic Educational World

Let’s dream about that educational world where every child truly is free to make her/his learning decision and they are well supported, encouraged, and succeed. I am taking John Dewey’s stance to define a democratic curriculum that needs “a continuous reconstruction” (Dewey, 1902, p. 11) to connect the learner’s present experience to all possible new experiences. I believe in that educational world where the creative possibility of each child, no matter from which context the child comes, is in highest level.
Kallistatin reduces vascular senescence and aging by regulating microRNA-34a-SIRT1 pathway.

Summary Kallistatin, an endogenous protein, protects against vascular injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation in hypertensive rats and enhancing the mobility and function of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). We aimed to determine the role and mechanism of kallistatin in vascular senescence and aging using cultured EPCs, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice, and Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Human kallistatin significantly decreased TNF-α-induced cellular senescence in EPCs, as indicated by reduced senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression, and elevated telomerase activity. Kallistatin blocked TNF-α-induced superoxide levels, NADPH oxidase activity, and microRNA-21 (miR-21) and p16INK4a synthesis. Kallistatin prevented TNF-α-mediated inhibition of SIRT1, eNOS, and catalase, and directly stimulated the expression of these antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, kallistatin inhibited miR-34a synthesis, whereas miR-34a overexpression abolished kallistatin-induced antioxidant gene expression and antisenescence activity. Kallistatin via its active site inhibited miR-34a, and stimulated SIRT1 and eNOS synthesis in EPCs, which was abolished by genistein, indicating an event mediated by tyrosine kinase. Moreover, kallistatin administration attenuated STZ-induced aortic senescence, oxidative stress, and miR-34a and miR-21 synthesis, and increased SIRT1, eNOS, and catalase levels in diabetic mice. Furthermore, kallistatin treatment reduced superoxide formation and prolonged wild-type C. elegans lifespan under oxidative or heat stress, although kallistatin's protective effect was abolished in miR-34 or sir-2.1 (SIRT1 homolog) mutant C. elegans. Kallistatin inhibited miR-34, but stimulated sir-2.1 and sod-3 synthesis in C. elegans. These in vitro and in vivo studies provide significant insights into the role and mechanism of kallistatin in vascular senescence and aging by regulating miR-34a-SIRT1 pathway.
Conclusions: Where Do We Go from Here?

This concluding chapter offers thoughts about the present and the future of the field of HRD, particularly with respect to career development. If the human resource profession can be expanded, to be able to provide career counseling in the liminal spaces of career, such as career transition (which can leave a displaced employee on his or her own), to facilitate the successful acquisition of a new identity, but perhaps also, to offer resources and support that facilitate someone changing the way that they internalize their identity, to look at it as a source of strength, then we are a profession that is agile and nimble. Organizations and corporations benefit, too, as a result of the increased capacity, increased hopefulness and strength that prospective and current employees acquire when they learn how to see their identities from a position of gracefulness and strength.
Interleukin-1 and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist production during haemodialysis: which cytokine is a surrogate marker for dialysis-related complications?

Studies have shown differences between host defence dysfunctions in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and those undergoing chronic haemodialysis. Immune dysfunction is well documented in haemodialysis patients, particularly after a few years of dialysis treatment. The unresolved question is whether there is a surrogate marker(s) for dialysis-related changes which can be monitored easily and which prospectively predicts deteriorating health, dialysis-related complications and/or mortality. The issue is one of finding a marker for host perturbation solely related to haemodialysis. The criteria for such a marker(s) worthy of being investigated are : (1) does it change with alterations made to the membrane or the quality of the dialysate ; (2) is the marker independent of the patient's intrinsic renal disease ; (3) does the marker reflect the pathophysiology of 'bioincompatibility' ? In this overview, the effects of chronic haemodialysis on interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells will be discussed. Recent data suggest that IL-1Ra rather than IL-1 itself is a marker for chronic monocyte activation and bioincompatibility.
Design Criteria in Sizing Phase-Change RF Switches

This paper presents design criteria for four-terminal phase-change (PC) RF switches as a function of their dimensions, (heater width, RF gap, and barrier thickness), materials, and connection topology. Reducing heater width is shown to reduce switch actuation power, with this reduction ultimately being limited by the maximum allowed heater current density, as set by projected reliability. Narrower RF gaps are shown to increase switch cut-off frequency $F_{\mathrm {CO}}$ , because they decrease on-state resistance more than they increase off-state capacitance. The balance of this increased $F_{\mathrm {CO}}$ versus the estimated reduction in power handling as the RF gap shrinks is quantified. Barrier layers of AlN thicker than 200 nm are shown to be sufficient to electrically decouple the switch from the heater trace. Coupling to heater pads can also be significant unless pad sizes are reduced as in a monolithically integrated switch. Finally, it is demonstrated that division of the switch into multiple parallel segments is a viable approach for lowering the heater actuation voltage for CMOS integration. A 12.5% increase in $C_{\mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle OFF}}$ (~1.5 fF) was observed and 35% increase in actuation power at temperature was needed in a two-segment parallel switch, as compared to a single segment switch.
Transcript analysis of natural killer (NK) cell specific genes in the liver, kidney and spleen tissues of rag1−/− mutant zebrafish in response to in vivo administration of TLR ligands

T and B cells mediate specific protective immunity. NK cells can also mediate a memory response to murine cytomegalovirus in T and B cell deficient rag2 −/− mice. T and B cell deficient rag1 −/− mutant zebrafish mediate protective immunity to intracellular bacteria. NK cells have not been characterized in zebrafish due to a lack of tools to target specific markers. The aim of this study was to evaluate NK cell tissue distribution and transcript response to TLR ligands in rag1 −/− mutant zebrafish. We accomplished this by determining the level of expression of ifnγ , t-bet , nitr9 , and NK lysin ( nkl ) a , b , c and d transcripts following exposure to β glucan, Poly I:C, R-848 and VTX-2337. Expression levels were normalized to the basal level of expression and the fold changes were compared to that of endotoxin free PBS (carrier control) injected group. R848 and VTX-2337 exposure changed the gene expression profile in a tissue specific manner. Nitr9 protein expression was analyzed by western blot and detectable levels were found in the liver. Nitr9 expression correlated with the expression of ifnγ in liver and kidney. In another experiment, fish were injected with TLR ligand when vaccinated, were only vaccinated, or not vaccinated. After bacteria challenge, fish that received β glucan or R848 when vaccinated had the highest survival. This suggests the TLR ligands have an adjuvant activity on NK cell protective responses. Our results of NK cell stimulation indirectly demonstrate the presence of NK cells in zebrafish and suggest a possible means of enhancing NK cell based immunity. These findings demonstrate the clinical significance of the rag1 −/− mutant zebrafish model.
Gaps Up To 9 Months Between HIV Primary Care Visits Do Not Worsen Viral Load.

Abstract Current guidelines specify that visit intervals with viral monitoring should not exceed 6 months for HIV patients. Yet, gaps in care exceeding 6 months are common. In an observational cohort using US patients, we examined the association between gap length and changes in viral load status and sought to determine the length of the gap at which significant increases in viral load occur. We identified patients with gaps in care greater than 6 months from 6399 patients from six US HIV clinics. Gap strata were >6 to <7, 7 to <8, 8 to <9, 9 to <12, and ≥12 months, with viral load measurements matched to the opening and closing dates for the gaps. We examined visit gap lengths in association with two viral load measurements: continuous (log10 viral load at gap opening and closing) and dichotomous (whether patients initially suppressed but lost viral suppression by close of the care gap). Viral load increases were nonsignificant or modest when gap length was <9 months, corresponding to 10% or fewer patie...
Gambel Oak Shrubland

Gambel Oak Shrubland is the second-most abundant shrubland on the mountains and plateaus of the American Southwest. It is more extensive in the northern half of the region. It is bounded at high elevation by forest, primarily Ponderosa Pine Forest in the south and Mixed Conifer Forest in the north. At low elevation, it is bounded by Pinyon-Juniper vegetation or sagebrush shrubland. It is dominated by Gambel oak and other deciduous shrubs. Stands are divided into southern and northern shrublands. Fire is a primary driver of Gambel Oak Shrubland, and the fire regime is dominated by infrequent, high-severity fires that occur during drought. Anthropogenic disturbances include livestock grazing, fire management, modern climate change, invasive species, recreation, and nearby land use. Vegetation dynamics are dominated by rapid regrowth from sprouts following disturbance. Some stands appear to be a seral stage in forest or woodland succession; other stands are more stable in structure and composition. Historical conditions are poorly known, but the regional distribution of southwestern Gambel Oak Shrubland is generally unchanged and stands in many areas have increased in both size and density. Vegetation dynamics are illustrated in a nested, three-tiered set of conceptual models. Key conclusions and challenges for researchers and land managers are summarized.