cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Muddy Waters: Why Polluted Groundwater Infiltrating Navigable Waters Should Not Be Excluded from National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permitting

The debate over whether the CWA has jurisdiction over migratory groundwater in the same way that it does over navigable waters of the United States (regarding effluent standards) has left a wide split among courts attempting to interpret and apply the policy, goals, and language of the law. The problem lies in the difference between applying the law given its objectives and goals, or in a strict fashion using simply the language in the text of the CWA, while supplementing support from legislative and case law history. First in this Note, background information will be provided regarding the history of the CWA, NPDES permits and EPA regulation, navigable waters of the United States, and the relation of migratory groundwater to this process. Next, there will be a discussion of methods, rules, and rationales courts and legal authorities have used and provided when holding and not holding that pollutants to migratory groundwater which reach navigable waters of the United States should be regulated through NPDES permitting. Finally, there will be a review as to the reason why the CWA has jurisdiction over pollutants to migratory groundwater which reach navigable waters and a recommendation that such regulation should occur via NPDES permits.
Theoretical Study of the Charge Transfer in Alkyl Chains

Charge transfer of alkyl chains is studied by density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP/6-311+G* level.Two different series of saturated hydrocarbon chains,CnH2n+1OH(n=10,12,14,16,18) and C12H25X(X=Cl,OH,NH2) are used for discussing the effects of chain length,end group on the charge transfer properties of alkyl chains,and charge transfer mechanism.Computational results show that the end effect plays a key role on electronic structures,while the effect of chain length on their conductive character is much smaller,and that the charge transfer in alkyl chains should be hole migration,not an electron transfer mechanism.
Clinical Characters of Children with Mesenteric Lymphadenitis

【Objective】To analyze the clinical characters of children with mesenteric lymphadenitis,and to identify the highlights in diagnosis of mesenteric lymphadenitis.【Methods】Eighty children with mesenteric lymphadenitis in our hospital from January 2007 to March 2008 were investigated.Their clinical characters,blood cells,sedes and the results of abdominal B-mode ultrasonography were analyzed.【Results】 Forty six(57.5%) subjects were male,while 34(42.5%) were female.The age of onset was mainly 4 to 7 years(62 subjects,77.5%),then 1 to 3 years(12 subjects,15%).Majority of them(73 subjects,91.3%) presented abdominal pain without abdominal muscular tension.Most of them(62 subjects,77.5%) were accompanied with fever.Infections of respiratory tract or lungs were detected in 71 subjects(88.8%).Sixty two subjects(77.5%) had a elevation of total white blood cells(10×109/L).Intumescence of mesenteric lymphatic glands could be detected with B-mode ultrasonography in all of 80 subjects.【Conclusion】 The common clinical characters of mesenteric lymphadenitis may be fever and abdominal pain without abdominal muscular tension.Abdominal B-mode ultrasonography could play a key role in diagnosis of mesenteric lymphadenitis.
Kinetics on Aniline Removal from Water by Sodium Permanganate

Kinetics and reaction mechanism of aniline removal from water by sodium permanganate were described, and results showed that sodium permanganate can remove aniline in a speedy way, the rate constant is in direct proportion to temperature. Aniline in water was oxidized and removed by MnO_4 and freshly formed oxygen.
Effects of pH and Acid Resistance on the Radiation Resistance of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli

The effects of pH and the induction of pH-dependent stationary-phase acid resistance on the radiation resistance of Escherichia coli were determined for seven enterohemorrhagic strains and one nonenterohemorrhagic strain. The isolates were grown in acidogenic or nonacidogenic media to pH levels of approximately 4.7 and 7.2, respectively. The cells were then transferred to brain heart infusion (BHI) broth adjusted to pH 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5 (with HCl) that was preequilibrated to 2 degrees C, and cultures were then irradiated using a 137Cs source. Surviving cells and the extent of injury were determined by plating on BHI and MacConkey agars both immediately after irradiation and after subsequent storage at 2 degrees C for 7 days. Decreasing the pH of the BHI in which E. coli was irradiated had relatively little effect on the microorganism's radiation resistance. Substantial differences in radiation resistance were noted among strains, and induction of acid resistance consistently increased radiation resistance. Comparison of E. coli levels immediately after irradiation and after 7 days of refrigerated storage suggested that irradiation enhanced pH-mediated inactivation of the pathogen. These results demonstrate that prior growth under conditions that induce a pH-dependent stationary phase cross-protects E. coli against radiation inactivation and must be taken into account when determining the microorganism's irradiation D value.
Multiphoton Photoemission Microscopy of High-Order Plasmonic Resonances at the Ag/Vacuum and Ag/Si Interfaces of Epitaxial Silver Nanowires

Understanding the physics of surface plasmons and related phenomena requires knowledge of the spatial, temporal, and spectral distributions of the total electromagnetic field excited within nanostructures and their interfaces, which reflects the electromagnetic mode excitation, confinement, propagation, and damping. We present a microscopic and spectroscopic study of the plasmonic response in single-crystalline Ag wires grown in situ on Si(001) substrates. Excitation of the plasmonic modes with broadly tunable (UV–IR) femtosecond laser pulses excites ultrafast multiphoton photoemission, whose spatial distribution is imaged with an aberration-corrected photoemission electron microscope, thereby providing a time-integrated map of the locally enhanced electromagnetic fields. We show by tuning the wavelength, polarization, and k-vector of the incident laser light that for a few micrometers long wires we can selectively excite either the propagating surface plasmon polariton modes or high-order multipolar reso...
EF5 Is the High-Affinity Mg2+ Site in ALG-2

The penta-EF-hand (PEF) protein ALG-2 (apoptosis-linked gene 2) has been implicated in several important physiological processes, including endoplasmic reticulum–Golgi vesicular transport and endosomal biogenesis/transport. ALG-2 was recently shown to harbor a metal ion-binding site with a high affinity for Mg2+ and a low affinity for Ca2+. We herein present the X-ray structure of Mg2+-bound ALG-2des23wt. Although the Cα trace is nearly indistinguishable from that of the Ca2+-free protein, the orientation of the C-terminal helix differs in the two structures. Consistent with that observation, replacement of the +x ligand in EF5, D169, with alanine eliminates high-affinity Mg2+ binding. It also eliminates the low-affinity Ca2+ site and lowers the affinity of the remaining Ca2+-binding sites, EF3 and EF1. The coordination environment in EF5 approaches ideal Mg2+ octahedral geometry. The ligand array, consisting of three carboxylates (+x, +y, +z), a backbone carbonyl (−y), and two water molecules (−x, –z), m...
Fertility of Angus cross beef heifers after GnRH treatment on day 23 and timing of insemination in 14‐day CIDR protocol

Contents This study compared artificial insemination pregnancy rate (AI-PR) between 14-day CIDR-GnRH-PGF2α-GnRH and CIDR-PGF2α-GnRH synchronization protocol with two fixed AI times (56 or 72 hr after PGF2α). On day 0, heifers (n = 1311) from nine locations assigned body condition score (BCS: 1, emaciated; 9, obese), reproductive tract score (RTS: 1, immature, acyclic; 5, mature, cyclic) and temperament score (0, calm; and 1, excited) and fitted with a controlled internal drug release (CIDR, 1.38 g of progesterone) insert for 14 days. Within herd, heifers were randomly assigned either to no-GnRH group (n = 635) or to GnRH group (n = 676), and heifers in GnRH group received 100 μg of GnRH (gonadorelin hydrochloride, IM) on day 23. All heifers received 25 mg of PGF2α (dinoprost, IM) on day 30 and oestrous detection aids at the same time. Heifers were observed for oestrus thrice daily until AI. Within GnRH groups, heifers were randomly assigned to either AI-56 or AI-72 groups. Heifers in AI-56 group (n = 667) were inseminated at 56 hr (day 32 PM), and heifers in AI-72 group (n = 644) were inseminated at 72 hr (day 33 AM) after PGF2α administration. All heifers were given 100 μg of GnRH concurrently at the time AI. Controlling for BCS (p < .05), RTS (p < .05), oestrous expression (p < .001), temperament (p < .001) and GnRH treatment by time of insemination (p < .001), the AI-PR differed between GnRH treatment [GnRH (Yes – 60.9% (412/676) vs. No – 55.1% (350/635); p < .05)] and insemination time [AI-56 – 54.6% (364/667) vs. AI-72 – 61.8% (398/644); (p < .01)] groups. The GnRH treatment by AI time interaction influenced AI-PR (GnRH56 – 61.0% (208/341); GnRH72 – 60.9% (204/335); No-GnRH56 – 47.9% (156/326); No-GnRH72 – 62.8% (194/309); p < .001). In conclusion, 14-day CIDR synchronization protocol for FTAI required inclusion of GnRH on day 23 if inseminations were to be performed at 56 hr after PGF2α in order to achieve greater AI-PR.
Cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in bladder cancer patients (Pts) with borderline renal function: Implications for clinical practice.

390Background: Cisplatin-based NAC prior to cystectomy is a standard of care in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). There are limited data for pts with borderline glomerular filtration rate (GFR) who get cisplatin-based NAC. Methods: A retrospective review of pts who received cisplatin-based NAC at Cleveland Clinic (2005-2016) was done. Pts with pre-NAC GFR of 40-59 mL/min by either CG or MDRD formula (low GFR group; n = 17) were compared to pts with GFR ≥ 60 (nl GFR group; n = 74) for treatment-related toxicities and outcomes, such as pathologic complete (pCR, pT0N0) and partial response (pPR, 0, p < .05). Gender, race, hydronephrosis rates and TURBT features (stage, grade, LVI, CIS) did not differ. For NAC, 64 pts got Gem/Cis (49 normal GFR, 15 low GFR), 23 got M...
Recruiting “Talent”: School Choice and Teacher Hiring in New Orleans:

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine school leaders’ preferences and practices in an environment of widespread decentralization, privatization, and school choice. In New Orleans, such reforms have been enacted citywide since Hurricane Katrina, making it an ideal site to examine what happens when policy makers lift restrictions for school leaders—and remove protections for teachers—related to teacher hiring on a large scale. Research Methods/Approach: In this exploratory study, I analyze qualitative data to examine school leaders’ preferences and practices when recruiting teachers in New Orleans. The data for the study come from 94 interviews with principals, district leaders, and charter network leaders. Findings: School leaders had different conceptions of “talent” and “fit,” and used a variety of strategies to recruit teachers. School districts and charter networks both supported and constrained school leaders’ autonomy and recruitment practices by screening applicants or setting guidelines ...
Exercise and Endogenous Opiates

Endogenous opiates, endorphins and enkephalins, influence numerous processes within the body including pain, cardiac function, cellular growth, immunity, and blood glucose regulation. Both opiates are released in the brain and stay within the brain compartment. Beta-endorphins (βE) released into the blood arise primarily from the anterior pituitary gland but are also released from immune cells. Generally, acute aerobic exercise of sufficient intensity (>60 % VO2 max) can also increase circulating βE, with higher exercise intensity increasing βE to a greater extent. Exercise duration may also influence βE blood concentration. High-intensity anaerobic exercise can increase circulating βE. Resistance exercise depending on total work volume and relative intensity level can elevate blood βE. Aerobically trained individuals need to work at a greater absolute workload to manifest similar blood βE increases compared to untrained individuals. Circulating βE levels at rest are unaffected in both men and women after aerobic training with both genders being comparable. Resistance training does not appear to influence resting βE blood levels. However, it should be noted that most resistance studies utilized trained subjects. The elevation in βE appears to help modify the immune response, alter blood pressure, pain, and assists with blood glucose regulation during exercise. Limited research on enkephalins and exercise has been reported and the results are equivocal. A limited number of studies have reported an increased enkephalin level within certain regions of the brain. There are discrepancies with the enkephalin response to endurance training. Clearly more research is needed in the area of endogenous opioids and exercise especially within the CNS compartment.
Writing Against Patriarchal Philippine Nationalism: Angela Manalang Gloria’s “Revolt from Hymen”

Focusing on the 1940 Commonwealth Literary Awards, this chapter investigates how Philippine writing in English was used to institutionalise a particular vision of the nation that both validated a continuing neo-colonial relationship with the USA despite formal recognition of independence after World War II and assigned specific gender roles to subjects within the nation. This was made possible because of the purposeful way in which Commonwealth statesmen, writers and literary/cultural critics held up the cultivation of Philippine literature in English to show that the archipelago’s political leaders had evolved from “little brown brothers” into equals with their former colonisers. Moreover, the Awards reinforced a patriarchal vision of the nation in which Filipino women (or Filipinas) were restricted to the space of home and family. During the Awards, the first volume of English poetry by a Filipina, Angela Manalang Gloria, was censored for its supposed immoral eroticism as it celebrated non-reproductive female sexuality. Analysing the milieu of the Commonwealth Literary Awards, I argue that the cultivation of Filipino writing in English, while supposedly proving Philippine cultural modernity, obscured the neo-colonial state of the archipelago by positing a patriarchal nationalism grounded in the stringent divide between the feminised private and masculinised public. Ultimately, I offer a reading of Gloria’s poetry in order to argue how English writing in the Philippines not only constituted and was constituted by patriarchal nationalism but was also the medium through which alternate conceptions of the Filipina and her nation could be articulated.
When the clock starts ticking: Measuring strategic responses to TRIPS's patent term change

Abstract As a consequence of the patent term harmonization introduced by TRIPS, the term of U.S. patents became contingent on how quickly the patents are granted. We find that patent applicants strategically responded to this change in incentives. In the pharmaceutical industry, narrower patents with less detailed descriptions allowed applicants to reduce the approval time by 10.8% (170 days). Also consistent with a ticking clock, we find a reduction in the use of continuations across all industries. Our results suggest that the patent term change created long-lasting efficiencies in the patent office.
Repairing the GBM Step by Step.

The glomerular basement membrane (GBM) lies between the glomerular endothelium and the podocyte foot processes. In conjunction with the slit diaphragm, GBM constitutes the glomerular filtration barrier that prevents proteinuria.[1][1] The GBM’s major components in the mature kidney are laminin
Ohm's Law in Data Centers: A Voltage Side Channel for Timing Power Attacks

Maliciously-injected power load, a.k.a. power attack, has recently surfaced as a new egregious attack vector for dangerously compromising the data center availability. This paper focuses on the emerging threat of power attacks in a multi-tenant colocation data center, an important type of data center where multiple tenants house their own servers and share the power distribution system. Concretely, we discover a novel physical side channel --- a voltage side channel --- which leaks the benign tenants' power usage information at runtime and helps an attacker precisely time its power attacks. The key idea we exploit is that, due to the Ohm's Law, the high-frequency switching operation (40~100kHz) of the power factor correction circuit universally built in today's server power supply units creates voltage ripples in the data center power lines. Importantly, without overlapping the grid voltage in the frequency domain, the voltage ripple signals can be easily sensed by the attacker to track the benign tenants' runtime power usage and precisely time its power attacks. We evaluate the timing accuracy of the voltage side channel in a real data center prototype, demonstrating that the attacker can extract benign tenants' power pattern with a great accuracy (correlation coefficient = 0.90+) and utilize 64% of all the attack opportunities without launching attacks randomly or consecutively. Finally, we highlight a few possible defense strategies and extend our study to more complex three-phase power distribution systems used in large multi-tenant data centers.
The social studies teacher-coach: A quantitative analysis comparing coaches and non-coaches across how/what they teach

Abstract This quantitative study of 3557 high school teachers from 44 states assesses the implications of the social studies teacher-coach. The study compares social studies teacher-coaches and non-coaches in terms of teacher demographics and school contexts, disciplines taught, and instructional preferences. Substantial differences between coaches and non-coaches were found across gender, community type, and teaching experiences. Teacher-coaches disproportionately taught general classes such as government, Economics, and Geography, while non-coaches are more likely to teach Advanced Placement courses. Finally, self-report data measuring teacher's instructional preferences indicates that teacher-coaches were more likely to indicate implementation of lectures, textbooks, worksheets, and videos, while non-coaches were more likely to indicate preference for examining photographs, artifacts, or primary materials.
Fostering technological mastery by means of selective infant-industry protection

It is not possible to make a quantitative assessment of the need for or of the merits of infant-industry promotion without empirical evidence concerning costs and benefits. This report reviews the evidence that does exist for the purpose of framing some hypotheses about policies to promote infant industries. Two types of evidence are presented: (i) recent research on technological change in developing countries has provided considerable information about the nature of the costs and benefits of infant-industry development, together with a tentative indication of the magnitude of the costs; and (ii) recently completed cross-country comparative research gives a basis for stating some tentative lessons, illustrated by the experience of the Republic of Korea, about the promotion of infant industries by means of trade policies. The paper generally concludes that selective promotion of potential infant industries is warranted only if the benefits of attaining technological mastery appear to outweigh the costs, and then only if the necessary technological effort is unlikely to be undertaken by individual producers in the absence of selective promotion.
Past Doctoral Students' Perspectives on Their Careers.

ABSTRACTIn this article, we examined Past Kinesiology Doctoral Students’ (DS) perspectives on issues related to their career experiences. Using the Kinesiology Doctoral Student (KDS) survey, 56 pas...
Collected Research on Phytonutrients: Flavonoids

Phytonutrients are non-nutrient compounds that are bioactive in the body (Whitney & Rolfes, 2011). They are found only in plants and have been shown in research to have beneficial roles in the prev...
Excalibur: An Accurate, Scalable, and Low-Cost Calibration Tool for Sensing Devices

Calibration of an analog-to-digital converter is an essential step to compensate for static errors and ensure accurate digital output. In addition, ad-hoc deployments and operations require fault-tolerant IoT devices capable of adapting to unpredictable environments. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of Excalibur – a low-cost, accurate, and scalable calibration tool. Excalibur is a programmable platform, which provides linear current output and rational function voltage output with a dynamic range. The basic idea is to use a set of digital switches to connect with a parallel resistor network and program the digital switches to change the total resistance of the circuit. The total resistance and output frequency of Excalibur is controlled by a program communicating through the GPIO and I2C interfaces. The software provides two salient features to improve accuracy and reliability: time synchronization and self-calibration. Furthermore, Excalibur is equipped with a temperature sensor to measure the temperature before calibration, and a current sensor which enables current calibration without using a digital multimeter. We present the mathematical model and a solution to compensate for thermal and wire resistance effects and validate scalability by incorporating the concept of the Fibonacci sequence. Our extensive experimental studies show that Excalibur can significantly improve measurement accuracy. For example, for ATMega2560, the ADC error reduces from 0.2% to 0.01%, for ADS8353, the error reduces from 0.17% to 0.0014%, for INA219, the error reduces from 0.42% to 0.02%, and for MCP3208, the error reduces from 5.29% to 0.01%.
Elimination of human folypolyglutamate synthetase alters programming and plasticity of somatic cells

Folates are vital cofactors for the regeneration of S-adenosyl methionine, which is the methyl source for DNA methylation, protein methylation, and other aspects of one-carbon (C1) metabolism. Thus...
The Rationale for a Mandatory Antibiotic Stewardship Rotation During Residency: What Worked, What Needs More Work.

Reports of antibiotic stewardship (AS) integration into the > 1000 United States internal medicine and family practice residency core curricula are scarce, but residents value such training. To help address this gap, and the projected shortage of physicians with training for establishing and leading an AS program (ASP), we describe the rationale for, and the output and shortcomings of, a dedicated AS rotation. Residents critically review, in real-time, inpatient antibiotic orders, provide feedback to the prescribers, learn the mechanics and requirements of an ASP, and complete a preliminary quality improvement project. Program evaluations are uniformly positive, noting limited opportunities otherwise to clarify optimal antibiotic choices or discuss antibiotics in depth. Nine posters at national conferences and 1 publication have roots in this rotation. Three alumni matriculated to accredited US infectious diseases fellowships. We invite others to join us in calling for more AS training opportunities during residency.
Technical note: Toxic plants in sheep diets grazing extensive landscapes: Insights from Fecal DNA metabarcoding

Abstract Toxic plants can negatively affect livestock production due to acute or chronic toxicosis. Detecting toxic plants in free-ranging animal diets has been a persistent challenge as toxicosis may only be noted with acute toxicity and subsequent mortality – but not necessarily when signs are sub-clinical. New fecal DNA (fDNA) metabarcoding technology can quantify diet composition of free-ranging livestock without the need for gathering/handling animals or the use of invasive procedures to determine hepatotoxicity and could inform more proactive toxic plant management. We quantified sheep diet composition in extensive rangeland environments with the specific aim of estimating toxic plant consumption using fDNA technology. Diets for 2 Rambouillet flocks in western Wyoming, USA [HSC flock: 1,800 ewes (+ lambs), 3,328 ha allotment, 1,829–2,438 m elevation; SBT flock: 1,010 ewes (+ lambs), a 4,262 ha allotment, 2,438–3,048 m elevation] were quantified with fDNA in the 2017 summer months. A total of 93 plant species were identified. HSC diets were dominated by grasses (51%) and forbs (31%) but SBT diets were dominated by forbs (42%) with minor contributions from shrubs (14%) and grasses (13%). Three potentially toxic species were identified: Short's milkvetch (Astragalus shortianus), chokecherry (Prunus virginiana), and larkspur (Delphinium species). In addition and problematically, one Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) could be attributed to either 3 different selenium accumulating plant species in the Asteraceae family or the toxic plant deathcamas (Zigadenus venenosus var. gramineus) in the Liliaceae family, was also detected. Six genera of lichens were also identified in diets. Challenges with fDNA technology include (1) an OTU might be shared by several plant species, and (2) reconciling fDNA laboratory data with georeferenced plant data is necessary to ensure correct interpretations. Finally, fDNA could be used for adaptive grazing management to enhance livestock nutrition and as a proactive tool to increase awareness of potential toxicosis problems before clinical signs or mortalities occur.
Determining Proton-Coupled Standard Potentials and X–H Bond Dissociation Free Energies in Nonaqueous Solvents Using Open-Circuit Potential Measurements

Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions are increasingly being studied in nonaqueous conditions, where the thermochemistry of PCET substrates is largely unknown. Herein, we report a method to obtain electrochemical standard potentials and calculate the corresponding bond dissociation free energies (BDFEs) of stable PCET reagents in nonaqueous solvents, using open-circuit potential (OCP) measurements. With this method, we measure PCET thermochemistry in acetonitrile and tetrahydrofuran for substrates with O-H and N-H bonds that undergo 1e-/1H+ and 2e-/2H+ redox processes. We also report corrected thermochemical values for the 1/2H2(g)/H•1M and H+/H• (CG) couples in several organic solvents. For 2e-/2H+ couples, OCP measurements provide the multielectron/multiproton standard potential and the average of the two X-H BDFEs. In contrast to traditional approaches for calculating BDFEs from electrochemical measurements, the OCP method directly measures the overall PCET reaction thermodynamics and avoids the need for a pKa scale in the solvent of interest. Consequently, the OCP approach yields more accurate thermochemical values and should be general to any solvent mixture compatible with electrochemical measurements. The longer time scale of OCP measurements enables accurate thermochemical measurements for redox couples with irreversible or distorted electrochemical responses by cyclic voltammetry, provided the PCET reaction is chemically reversible. Recommendations for successful OCP measurements and limitations of the approach are discussed, including the current inability to measure processes involving C-H bonds. As a straightforward and robust technique to determine nonaqueous PCET thermochemistry, these OCP measurements will be broadly valuable, with applications ranging from fundamental reactivity studies to device development.
134 Estimating the capacity of horse owners to absorb the surplus of wild horses

In FY2019, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) adopted or sold 8,548 wild horses and burros, but the remaining population still exceeded the appropriate management level by over 61,000 animals. In early 2019, BLM's acting head indicated that a key step in controlling the overpopulation of wild horses on federal lands is increasing private adoptions. Assuming that current or former horse owners represent the most feasible outlet, this paper explored the capacity of this population to absorb the surplus. We pursued this objective by utilizing social media to distribute a nationwide online survey of current and former horse owners. First, we asked whether respondents had adopted (or considered adopting) a wild horse before, whether they might consider it in the future, or whether they would never consider it. We then inquired about reasons for and barriers to adopting. All respondents except those in the last group were asked to report their willingness-to-pay (WTP) for wild horses with different levels of handling and training using a stated preference approach called the payment card method. With 2,247 complete responses, 2,041 respondents (90.8%) reported having adopted, considered adopting, or would consider adopting a wild horse in the future. The most commonly identified reason for having adopted previously was to provide a wild horse with a better life (n = 311, 63.7%), while the primary barrier to adopting was having appropriate facilities (n = 558, 52.2%). Interval regression analysis was utilized to estimate WTP for wild horses with 3 different levels of training: entirely unhandled, trained with basic ground manners, and started under saddle. Across the 3 models, preliminary results suggest that WTP for wild horses is consistently influenced by whether the respondent has adopted previously (+), years of experience with horses (+), age (-), and income (+) (P
A Metabolic Profile of Peripheral Heart Action Training.

Purpose: Peripheral heart action (PHA) is a style of circuit training that alternates upper and lower body resistance exercises with minimal rest between sets. The purpose of this study was to compare the metabolic demands of PHA to traditional hypertrophy training (TRAD) and to provide between sex comparison for both types of resistance training (RT). Methods: Twenty resistance-trained individuals underwent two bouts of volume-load matched RT: PHA and TRAD. We measured oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR), blood lactate (BL) concentration, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), and duration of each session. Results: PHA elicited significantly greater %VO2max (p < .001), %HRmax (p < .001), RPE (p < .001), and EPOC (p < .001) compared to TRAD. PHA was also completed in less time (p < .001). Compared to TRAD, BL was significantly higher at mid-exercise (p < .001), post-exercise (p < .001), and 5-min post-exercise (p < .001) during PHA. There were no between-sex differences for BL at any time-point for TRAD. However, during PHA, BL was significantly higher for males at mid-exercise (p = .04), post-exercise (p = .02), and 5-min post-exercise (p = .002). No between-sex differences were detected for HR, VO2, RPE, or duration for either style of RT. Conclusions: PHA is a time-effective and metabolically demanding circuit that may lead to strength and cardiorespiratory adaptations. Males produced more BL than females during PHA, but not TRAD, suggesting that they incurred more metabolic stress during the bout of circuit training.
The Distribution of the First Return Time for Rational Maps

We obtain exponential error estimates for the approximation of the zeroth return time to the Poisson distribution for rational maps which might have critical points within the Julia set.
The Debre Bill: Immigration Legislation or a National "Front"?

France has absorbed more immigrants than any other European country. Even today, forty percent of all French people have at least one foreign grandparent.1 The number of foreigners migrating to France declined by forty percent between 1992 and 1995 and the proportion of immigrants in the French population has remained the same for the past twenty years.2 It is important to keep these statistics in mind when examining the controversy surrounding the adoption of a controversial French immigration bill, the Debre bill, named after its sponsor, Interior Minister Jean-Louis Debre.3 This bill does not address an actual immigration problem nor does it offer solutions to illegal immigration in France. This suggests that forces other than a governmental desire to curb illegal immigration were present in the formation of the Debre bill. First, this paper will discuss the internal social, monetary, and political forces present in France. Next, it will discuss the existence of and French reaction to the larger outside force of globalization. Lastly, this paper will explain how the French National Front political party was able to combine a fear of globalization with the internal forces present in France to advance its political agenda of racism and xenophobia through the Debre bill. The Debre bill is riot only immigration legislation, but is the centerpiece of an intense emotional and political debate over the influence of xenophobia, racism, and the National Front Party in French politics.4
A question of B. Plotkin about the semigroup of endomorphisms of a free group

Let F be a free group of finite rank n > 2, let End(F) be the semigroup of endomorphisms of F, and let Aut(F) be the group of automorphisms of F.
The genomic cosmos

The genetic screen provides an ideal tool for establishing a pan-genomic phenotypic compendium. Experimentally, it begins by showering germ cells with a mutagen such as a chemical, radiation or virus. Over ensuing generations, appropriate breeding schemes bring the mutant phenotype into view, and those of interest are selected and isolated. All regions of the genome are believed to be equally accessible to many mutagens. Smaller genes may be hit less often, but ultimately none is invincible if the screen is large enough. Genetic screens, if of sufficient size, therefore examine the roles of all genes in a genome.
Successful treatment of a large macroprolactinoma with cabergoline during pregnancy.

We report a pregnant woman with a large macroprolactinoma successfully treated with cabergoline after a suboptimal response to bromocriptine. A 7 week pregnant woman with a history of a prolactinoma presented to the endocrine clinic with the complaints of headaches and nausea. She had a prolactin level of 65 µg/L 1/2 weeks following her last menstrual period. Bromocriptine was discontinued at 6 weeks gestation when pregnancy was confirmed. A PRL concentration was 1899 µg/L (non-pregnant normal range 1.39–24.20 µg/L, the mean peak levels during pregnancy reported from the literature are 200–210 µg/L) at 7 weeks gestation, and a repeat was 2197 µg/L. An MRI showed a 3 × 2.2 × 2.5 cm seller mass abutting the optic chiasm and displacing the optic nerves superiorly; the visual field testing was normal. Bromocriptine was reinitiated and the patient responded initially with decreasing headaches and declining PRL concentrations to 1488 µg/L at 15 weeks gestation. However, PRL increased to 1836 µg/L at 16 weeks and remained elevated despite bromocriptine 2.5 mg three times a day; in addition, she complained of severe nausea, vomiting, and persistent headaches. Cabergoline was added at 18 weeks gestation. PRL decreased dramatically from 1710 to 859 µg/L in 1 week, and to 488 µg/L within 4 weeks. A repeat MRI showed more than 30% reduction in tumor size. Bromocriptine was discontinued at 24 weeks gestation; she was maintained on cabergoline 0.5 mg twice a week without complaints. PRL levels ranged from 190 to 278 µg/L during the last 10 weeks of pregnancy. She had a C-section electively at 37 weeks gestation and delivered a healthy baby. Management options in this patient and during pregnancy are discussed.
Design and implementation of a fast and compact residue-based semi-custom VLSI arithmetic chip

Design and implementation of a residue-based adder/subtractor/multiplier arithmetic TinyChip for the moduli set (2/sup n/-1,2/sup n/,2/sup n/+1) is addressed in this paper. The unit realization adopts CMOS semi-custom VLSI design, using Octtools-5.0 with the standard cell MSU2-3 library. The implemented chip has the advantage of reduced delay time and hardware requirements. Thus, it can support real-time one and two dimensional signal processing applications. The design does not have dynamic range limitations due to the absence of memory, therefore, this implementation can be expanded for better reliability. Performance of the system is estimated to be 18 million residue arithmetic operations per second on 2 /spl mu/m process.
Preclinical and clinical evaluation of osteogenic protein-1 (BMP-7) in bony sites.

Segmental bone loss and nonunion, whether after reconstructive surgery, lesion excision, or fracture, can present complex orthopedic problems. An important part of the therapeutic approach to bone defects, and the promotion of fusion, is the implantation of materials that support new bone formation. Such implants may hasten healing by three mechanisms: osteoconduction, osteogenesis, and osteoinduction. In osteoconduction, the implanted material serves as an inert scaffold, or trellis, for the ingrowth of host bone. This includes the differentiation and maturation within the implant of host osteoprogenitor cells, with ingrowth of vascular elements. Ideally, creeping substitution then replaces the implant with new bone, to form a functional skeletal element (1–4). Osteogenesis is the synthesis of new bone by surviving preosteoblasts and osteoblasts within a bone autograft. These cells proliferate and mature into centers of new bone formation. Osteoinduction is the formation of new bone by the active recruitment of host pluripotent cells that differentiate into chondroblasts and osteoblasts (1,3–6). An ideal implant may be both osteoinductive and osteoconductive, causing new bone to form, and then supporting its ingrowth into the bone defect.
GIVING CREDIT WHERE CREDIT IS DUE: ADVANCING THE HIGHLY MOBILE STUDENT POPULATION TOWARD HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION

Varied curricula among public school districts within the same state often result in localized core courses and high school graduation requirements. This inconsistency makes it difficult for highly mobile students–who make frequent non-promotional school transfers during the school year–to obtain full or partial credit for successfully completed coursework, hindering progress toward graduation and increasing dropout rates. While student mobility permeates all communities, it is particularly devastating to some of the most vulnerable children in our society, including homeless children, foster youth, children from low-income and single-parent households, migrant students, youth in juvenile correctional facilities, and children of military families. Current federal legislation addresses only some of these groups, leaving many students underserved by the education system. This Note advocates for states to adopt legislation that specifically requires a standardized credit-recognition system, allowing schools to award full and partial credit for coursework completed elsewhere within the state. Specifically, it addresses the importance of keeping highly mobile students in their schools of origin, when it is in their best interest. It further focuses on the need for state and local policies to require school districts to award and accept full and partial credit for coursework completed in another in-state school district.
Analytical analysis of the contact resistance (R c ) of metal-MoS 2 interface

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) is a new emerging 2D material like graphene for applications in solid state, optoelectronic and many other devices. MoS 2 has good bandgap for electronic applications. Graphene has almost zero bandgap and that will lead to impractical switching operation for MOSFET. MoS 2 based switching devices will not have this limitation. The 2D flat nature of MoS 2 would be suitable for integration and scaling at nanoscale dimensions. Due to its unique electrical, thermal, optical, and mechanical stability, MoS 2 is considered as the new super-material for post-silicon and very high frequency era. However, the MoS 2 -contact mismatch issues would lead to the reduction of MoS 2 based device performance. In this work we have investigated the MoS 2 contact resistance (which is one of the most critical parameters) in terms of band structure, Schottky barrier and other material properties. Several material such as W, Sn, Pt, Au, Sc and Cu are studied to determine the appropriate contact resistance with MoS 2 . In this analysis we have concluded that Tungsten (W) is the most suitable material that gives a low contact resistance for both p- and n-type MOSFETs with MoS 2 channel.
Epitope Mapping of Antibodies to the C-Terminal Region of the Integrin β2 Subunit Reveals Regions that Become Exposed Upon Receptor Activation

The cysteine-rich repeats in the stalk region of integrin β subunits appear to convey signals impinging on the cytoplasmic domains to the ligand-binding headpiece of integrins. We have examined the functional properties of mAbs to the stalk region and mapped their epitopes, providing a structure-function map. Among a panel of 14 mAbs to the β2 subunit, one, KIM127, preferentially bound to αLβ2 that was activated by mutations in the cytoplasmic domains, and by Mn2+. KIM127 also bound preferentially to the free β2 subunit compared with resting αLβ2. Activating β2 mutations also greatly enhanced binding of KIM127 to integrins αMβ2 and αXβ2. Thus, the KIM127 epitope is shielded by the α subunit, and becomes reexposed upon receptor activation. Three other mAbs, CBR LFA-1/2, MEM48, and KIM185, activated αLβ2 and bound equally well to resting and activated αLβ2, differentially recognized resting αMβ2 and αXβ2, and bound fully to activated αMβ2 and αXβ2. The KIM127 epitope localizes within cysteine-rich repeat 2, to residues 504, 506, and 508. By contrast, the two activating mAbs CBR LFA-1/2 and MEM48 bind to overlapping epitopes involving residues 534, 536, 541, 543, and 546 in cysteine-rich repeat 3, and the activating mAb KIM185 maps near the end of cysteine-rich repeat 4. The nonactivating mAbs, 6.7 and CBR LFA-1/7, map more N-terminal, to subregions 344–432 and 432–487, respectively. We thus define five different β2 stalk subregions, mAb binding to which correlates with effect on activation, and define regions in an interface that becomes exposed upon integrin activation.
National Level, City Level Auditor Industry Specialization and Analyst Forecast Properties

We examine the relation between Big N industry specialist auditors and analyst forecast properties using a national and city level industry specialist framework. Consistent with the assumption that audit quality is positively related to financial reporting quality and predictability of accounting earnings, our results show that firms audited by joint city and national leaders have more accurate analyst forecasts. We also find that firms audited by city level industry leaders, either alone or jointly with national leaders, have lower analyst forecast dispersion. In addition, our results are more pronounced for small firms that suffer from higher information asymmetry. Finally, we find some evidence that firms that switch their auditors to joint or city industry specialist auditors experience a decrease in forecast error. However, we do not find that firms that switch their auditors away from industry specialist auditors experience an increase in forecast error, neither do we find that auditor switch between industry specialist auditors and non-specialists affects forecast dispersion.
Proteoglycan metabolism associated with mouse metanephric development: Morphologic and biochemical effects of β-d-xyloside☆

Abstract Morphology and de novo incorporation of [35S]sulfate into proteoglycans were studied in fetal mouse kidneys at the onset of organogenesis. Branching morphogenesis and nephron development in organ culture and in vivo were associated with de novo synthesis of chondroitin-SO4 and heparan-SO4 proteoglycans. The role of proteoglycan metabolism in metanephrogenesis was then studied by analysis of the effects of p-nitrophenyl-β- d -xylopyranoside (β- d -xyloside) on renal development and proteoglycan metabolism. Incubation of fetal kidneys in β- d -xyloside at concentrations of 1.0 and 0.5 mM, but not at 0.1 mM, caused inhibition of ureteric branching and markedly diminished synthesis of a large Mr 2.0 × 106 Da chondroitin-SO4 proteoglycan. Incorporation of [35S]sulfate was stimulated at all β- d -xyloside concentrations, reflecting synthesis of xyloside initiated dermatan-35SO4 chains. In contrast to dramatic effects on chondroitin-SO4 synthesis and ureteric branching, β- d -xyloside had no effect on heparan-SO4 synthesis or on development of the glomerulus and glomerular basement membrane. We thus characterize the proteoglycans synthesized early in the course of renal organogenesis and describe observations which suggest an association between metabolism of chondroitin-SO4 proteoglycan and development of the ureter.
Differential evolution of constants in genetic programming improves efficacy and bloat

We employ a variant of Differential Evolution (DE) for co-evolution of real coefficients in Genetic Programming (GP). This GP+DE method is applied to 30 randomly generated symbolic regression problems of varying difficulty. Expressions were evolved on sparsely sampled points, but were evaluated for accuracy using densely sampled points over much wider ranges of inputs. The GP+DE had successful runs on 25 of 30 problems, whereas GP using Ephemeral Random Constants succeeded on only 6 and the multi-objective GP Eureqa on only 18. Although nesting DE slows down each GP generation significantly, successful GP+DE runs required many fewer GP generations than the other methods and, in nearly all cases, the number of nodes in the best evolved trees were smaller in GP+DE than with the other GP methods.
Sex differences in orbitofrontal connectivity in male and female veterans with TBI

More female soldiers are now serving in combat theaters than at any other time. However, little is known about possible sex differences underlying the neuropathology and manifestation of one of modern war’s signature injuries, traumatic brain injury (TBI). The paucity of information regarding sex differences in TBI is particularly evident when examining changes in executive function and emotion regulation associated with post concussive events. The current study objective was to observe whether patterns of orbitofrontal (OFC) functional connectivity would differ between female veterans with TBI and their male counterparts. The study further sought to determine whether OFC connectivity might be differentially associated with clinical measures of aggression and hostility. Seventeen female veterans and 24 male veterans, age 18 to 25, who met criteria for TBI completed resting state magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical assessment measures. Imaging data were analyzed using left and right seed regions of the OFC, and regression analyses were conducted to observe the relationship between resting state connectivity and self-reported aggression. Females and males in this study differed in OFC connectivity, with females demonstrating greater connectivity between left and right OFC and parietal and occipital regions and males demonstrating greater connectivity between left and right OFC and frontal and temporal regions. Significant associations between resting state connectivity and clinical measures were found only in male veterans. These findings suggest that TBI may interact with sex-specific patterns of brain connectivity in male and female veterans and exert divergent effects on clinical profiles of aggression post-injury.