cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adsorption of benzene on oxygen-covered W(110)

Abstract The adsorption of benzene (Bz) on oxygen-covered W(110) and its behavior under electron impact were investigated. For annealed O layers with O W =0.55 , Bz is weakly and reversibly adsorbed. For a 1 L exposure, corresponding to the first adsorbed layer, Bz desorption peaks at 165 K, and is complete at 220 K. For 1.1–3 L a desorption peak occurs at 125 K but disappears for thicker layers to be replaced by a peak at 145 K; the 165 K first layer peak remains, however. This behavior is very similar to that on W(110) covered by a strongly and irreversibly bound chemisorbed Bz layer, indicating that O blocks irreversible Bz adsorption. For unannealed O layers, the amount of Bz chemisorbed strongly (on bare W(110)) was found to vary linearly with O coverage, falling to zero only at an (extrapolated) coverage of O W =0.66 . This result can be explained by assuming that poisoning by O is fairly short range with only those portions of the surface having a local O density O W >0.5 blocking strong Bz chemisorption. Electron impact converts adsorbed Bz to carbon, with 17–20% of original H remaining, as estimated from thermal desorption of H2. There is very little loss of carbon. On heating there is evolution of CO and H2. O loss starts at 800 K and all O is desorbed by 1000 K, as indicated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). H2 evolution starts at 400 K and is complete by 975 K. The only detectable desorption products during electron impact were H+ and traces of neutral H2. The total disappearance cross section of the H+ producing species was σ=4.8 × 10−17 cm2 in the first layer with two regimes corresponding to σ1=4.8−7.3 × 10−17 cm2, depending on interpretation, and σ2=1.8 × 10−17 cm2 for multilayer deposits. These results are similar to those found on clean W(110).
Use of Organic Esters as Cosolvents in Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries with Improved Low Temperature Performance

The electrolyte composition plays a strong role in determining the low temperature performance of lithium-ion cells, both in terms of ionic mobility in the electrolyte solution, as well as forming suitable surface films on the electrode surfaces A series of ester solvents was chosen for incorporation into multicomponent electrolyte formulations due to their favorable physiochemical properties (i.e., low viscosity, low melting point, and high permittivity), as well as good compatibility with carbonaceous anodes and mixed metal cathodes (i.e LiCoO 2 and LiNiCoO 2 ). In addition to determining the relative facility of lithium intercalation and deintercalation in Li-carbon cells as a function of temperature, a number of conventional electrochemical methods were employed to further enhance the understanding of the nature of the electrode surface films in these ester-based electrolytes, including do polarization and ac impedance measurements A distinct trend was observed with respect to the stability of the surface films formed. In solutions containing low molecular weight cosolvents (i.e., methyl acetate and ethyl acetate) the surface films appear resistive and inadequately protective, whereas electrolytes containing higher molecular weight esters resulted in surface films with more desirable attributes. Promising electrolyte formulations were further evaluated in prototype lithium-ion cells (AA-size) and fully characterized in terms of their low temperature discharge performance.
A 192-detector system for the study of 3-body reactions

Abstract A system of 192 scintillation detectors has been mounted on a spherical scattering chamber so that all portions of the sphere are equally covered. An electronics system, interfaced to an IBM 7094 computer, has been constructed so that particle energies and detector locations are recorded when two particles are detected in coincidence. Such a measurement is sufficient to define completely the kinematics of a 3-body reaction. The apparatus is designed particularly for the study of reactions such as p+d→→p+p+n, n+d→n+n+p, p+p→p+p+ γ , and n+p→n++p+ γ between 10 MeV and 60 MeV.
A Low-Power, $W$ -Band Phase Shifter in a 0.12 $\mu{\rm m}$ SiGe BiCMOS Process

This letter presents a loss-compensated, varactor-loaded transmission line for a W-band analog phase shifter in a 0.12 μm SiGe BiCMOS process. To compensate for distributed varactor losses, a variable gain amplifier is distributed along the transmission line. A phase shift of 65° over eight stages (8° per stage) is introduced from 70-110 GHz. A maximum gain of 16.7 dB or (2.1 dB per stage) at 94 GHz is measured. The output-referred P1 dB is typically -7 dBm with a total current consumption of 20 mA from a 1.8 V supply voltage. The chip occupies an area of 0.2 mm2 including the pads. This is the first phase shifter at 94 GHz in silicon/silicon-germanium reported to date.
Using a semantic concordance for sense identification

This paper proposes benchmarks for systems of automatic sense identification. A textual corpus in which open-class words had been tagged both syntactically and semantically was used to explore three statistical strategies for sense identification: a guessing heuristic, a most-frequent heuristic, and a co-occurrence heuristic. When no information about sense-frequencies was available, the guessing heuristic using the numbers of alternative senses in WordNet was correct 45% of the time. When statistics for sense-frequencies were derived from a semantic concordance, the assumption that each word is used in its most frequently occurring sense was correct 69% of the time; when that figure was calculated for polysemous words alone, it dropped to 58%. And when a co-occurrence heuristic took advantage of prior occurrences of words together in the same sentences, little improvement was observed. The semantic concordance is still too small to estimate the potential limits of a co-occurrence heuristic.
Cowper’s gland calcification: A new radiographic finding

Cowper’s gland calcification is reported in 3 elderly patients. The anatomy, pathology, and radiology of Cowper’s glands are reviewed. Postulated etiologies of Cowper’s gland calcification include ductal obstruction with stasis of secretions, infection with urea-splitting organisms, and sequelae of diabetes mellitus.
An Update on Ultra-Heavy Elements in Solar Energetic Particles above 10 MeV/Nucleon

Measurements below several MeV/nucleon from Wind/LEMT and ACE/ULEIS show that elements heavier than Zn (Z=30) can be enhanced by factors of ∼100 to 1000, depending on species, in 3He-rich solar energetic particle (SEP) events. Using the Solar Isotope Spectrometer (SIS) on ACE we find that even large SEP (LSEP) shock-accelerated events at energies from ∼10 to >100 MeV/nucleon are often very iron rich and might contain admixtures of flare seed material. Studies of ultra-heavy (UH) SEPs (with Z>30) above 10 MeV/nucleon can be used to test models of acceleration and abundance enhancements in both LSEP and 3He-rich events. We find that the long-term average composition for elements from Z=30 to 40 is similar to standard solar system values, but there is considerable event-to-event variability. Although most of the UH fluence arrives during LSEP events, UH abundances are relatively more enhanced in 3He-rich events, with the (34 10 MeV/nucleon, the most extreme event in terms of UH composition detected so far took place on 23 July 2004 and had a (34<Z<40)/O enhancement of ∼250–300 times the standard solar value.
Multiple myeloma: imaging evaluation of skeletal disease

This patient is a 56-year-old woman with a history of IGG κ multiple myeloma diagnosed 15 years prior to admission. She had widespread lytic bone lesions and pathological fractures, which remarkably had not been accompanied by significant pain, but were mostly refactory to chemotherapy.
Changes in women's postmarital employment in Japan and Taiwan.

Research on female labor-force participation has not fully explained why economic development has different effects on married women’s employment continuity across societies. I use life-history data from nationally representative samples of women in Japan and Taiwan to examine the divergence in women’s patterns of labor-force exit in these two countries during the postwar period. The findings reveal that the effects of family demands, occupation, firm size, and employment sector on women’s exit rates differed substantially between Japan and Taiwan. Taken together, these factors account for the different trends in married women’s employment during this period. I argue that the cross-national differences in the predictors of women’s labor-force withdrawal reflect the extent of incompatibility between work and family responsibilities for married women in these two societies.
An end-to-end approach for transparent mobility across heterogeneous wireless networks

With the advent of a myriad of wireless networking technologies, a mobile host today can potentially be equipped with multiple wireless interfaces that have access to different wireless networks. It is widely perceived that future generation wireless networks will exhibit a similar trend in supporting a large variety of heterogeneous wireless access technologies that a mobile host can choose from. In this paper, we consider such a multi-homed mobile host and propose an end-to-end solution that enables the seamless use of heterogeneous wireless access technologies. The unique features of the proposed solution include: (i) a purely end-to-end approach to handle host mobility that requires no support from the underlying network infrastructure, (ii) seamless vertical handoffs when the mobile host migrates from one access network to another, (iii) ability to support different congestion control schemes for a live connection traversing different interfaces, and (iv) effective bandwidth aggregation when the mobile host has simultaneous access to multiple networks. We present the design and details of the proposed approach, and evaluate its performance through simulations and real-life field experiments.
Breeding structure of three snow pool Aedes mosquito species in northern Colorado

RAPD-PCR polymorphisms were used to examine breeding structure in three species of snow pool Aedes mosquitoes across three river drainages in northern Colorado. Larvae were collected from four snow pools for Aedes cataphylla Dyar, seven pools for A. hexodontus Dyar and six pools for A. pullatus (Coquillet). Polymorphisms were scored at 47–48 RAPD loci in each species. To test for isolation by distance, FST/(1−FST) values between pairs of pools were plotted against geographical distances and subjected to a Mantel test with 1000 random permutations. FST values were independent of geographical distances in A. cataphylla and A. hexodontus but were somewhat correlated in A. pullatus suggesting isolation by distance in this species. A cluster analysis was performed on pair-wise FST values among pools including seven pools that were sampled in both 1994 and 1995. Bootstrap analysis indicated that pools clustered across drainages and generally independently of geographical proximity. However, there was consistent support for clustering of larvae collected from the same pool across years in A. cataphylla and in high altitude collections of A. pullatus. Mountains do not appear to act as major barriers to gene flow in any of these species. Instead, seasonal differences in adult emergence may serve as barriers to migration among A. pullatus and A. cataphylla populations. Larvae of A. hexodontus are distributed continuously in grassy pools along the banks of rivers and genetic drift probably occurs through random larval mortality when these pools are washed out during spring run-off.
Label-free imaging through nonlinear optical signals

Strong intrinsic nonlinear optical (NLO) signals not only make nanostructures promising agents for bio-imaging, but also advance NLO microscopy for the study of interactions between nanomaterials and live cells. Single beam modalities such as multiphoton luminescence, second harmonic generation, and third harmonic generation provide a simple way to probe many types of nanostructures. As for more advanced modalities, photothermal heterodyne imaging provides improved detection sensitivity for smaller objects, and transient absorption microscopy provides structural information to distinguish metal from semiconducting carbon nanotubes, and eumelanin from pheomelanin. The four-wave mixing signal achieves chemical selectivity in the presence of either vibrational or electronic resonance, as used in coherent Raman scattering imaging of molecules and in electronically resonance enhanced four-wave mixing imaging of nanostructures.
Estrogen-Progesterone Interactions in Uterus and Brain of Intact and Adrenalectomized Immature and Adult Rats

The uptake and metabolism of progesterone following estrogen pretreatment. was examined in immature and adult rats. In the first experiment 31, 45 and 60-day-old ovariectomized rats, half of which were pretreated with 0.325 μg estradiol/100 g body wt/day for 3 days, were given 40 μCi tritiated progesterone. With increasing age there was a decline in uterine uptake of radioactivity. Estradiol pretreatment reduced the uptake of radioactivity in the 31-day-old but not in the 45 or 60-day-old rats. Age differences could not be explained on the basis of uterotropic effects. The same effect was obtained in 31 and 60-day-old rats given estradiol and a higher dose (52 μCi/100 g) of tritiated progesterone. Greater uptake in immature rats and estrogen-induced inhibition of uptake in immature but not mature rats were again found when the last estrogen injection preceded the injection of tritiated progesterone by 12 hr instead of 24 hr. The proportion of radioactivity identified chromatographically as progesterone wa...
The effects of ACTH, adrenalectomy and dexamethasone on the acquisition of an avoidance response in rats.

Abstract Exogenous elevation of circulating ACTH level facilitated the acquisition of a two-way avoidance response at a high but not at a moderate US intensity. Injections of ACTH had no general effect on spontaneous shuttling activity, escape behavior to light-onset, or intertrial responding during avoidance conditioning. Adrenalectomy, which resulted in minimal plasma levels of adrenocortical hormones and, presumably, elevated levels of ACTH, also facilitated avoidance responding. Injection of dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid and ACTH inhibitor, produced severe weight loss and hypophagia, but did not influence avoidance performance. However, the failure of dexamethasone to affect acquisition of avoidance responding was not related to its effect on body weight and food intake. The action of ACTH on avoidance conditioning is clearly extra-adrenal, but ACTH is not essential to normal performance, at least when high levels of glucocorticoids are present.
Parasitism by protozoan Ichthyophthirius multifiliis enhanced invasion of Aeromonas hydrophila in tissues of channel catfish.

a b s t r a c t Protozoan Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet (Ich) and bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila are two common pathogens of cultured fish, which cause high fish mortality. Currently there is no information available for the effect of parasitism by Ich on survival of channel catfish and invasion of A. hydrophila in fish tissues following exposure to A. hydrophila. A trial was conducted in this study to: (1) determine whether A. hydrophila increased fish mortality in Ich-parasitized channel catfish; and (2) compare the bacterial quantity in different tissues between non-parasitized and Ich-parasitized catfish by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The results demonstrated that the Ich-parasitized catfish showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher mortality (80%) when exposed to A. hydrophila by immersion than nonparasitized fish (22%). Low mortality was observed in catfish exposed to Ich alone (35%) or A. hydrophila alone (22%). A. hydrophila in fish tissues were quantified by qPCR using a pair of gene-specific primers and reported as genome equivalents per mg of tissue (GEs/mg). Skin, gill, kidney, liver and spleen in Ich-parasitized fish showed significantly higher load of A. hydrophila (9400–188,300 GEs/mg) than non-parasitized fish (4700–42,100 GEs/mg) after exposure to A. hydrophila. This study provides evidence that parasite infections enhance bacterial invasion and cause high fish mortality. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Cr(VI)-stimulated STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation and nuclear translocation in human airway epithelial cells requires Lck

Chronic inhalation of low amounts of Cr(VI) promotes pulmonary diseases and cancers through poorly defined mechanisms. SFKs (Src family kinases) in pulmonary airway cells may mediate Cr(VI) signalling for lung injury, although the downstream effectors of Cr(VI)-stimulated SFKs and how they relate to pathogenic gene induction are unknown. Therefore SFK-dependent activation of transcription factors by non-cytotoxic exposure of human bronchial epithelial cells to Cr(VI) was determined. Protein-DNA binding arrays demonstrated that exposing BEAS 2B cells to 5 microM Cr(VI) for 4 and 24 h resulted in increased protein binding to 25 and 43 cis-elements respectively, while binding to 12 and 16 cis-elements decreased. Of note, Cr(VI) increased protein binding to several STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) cis-elements. Cr(VI) stimulated acute tyrosine phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT1 over a 4 h period and a prolonged activation of STAT3 that reached a peak between 48 and 72 h. This prolonged activation was observed for both STAT3alpha and STAT3beta. Immunofluorescent confocal microscopy confirmed that Cr(VI) increased nuclear localization of phosphorylated STAT3 for more than 72 h in both primary and BEAS 2B human airway cells. Cr(VI) induced transactivation of both a STAT3-driven luciferase reporter construct and the endogenous inflammatory gene IL-6 (interleukin-6). Inhibition with siRNA (small interfering RNA) targeting the SFK Lck, but not dominant-negative JAK (Janus kinase), prevented Cr(VI)-stimulated phosphorylation of both STAT3 isoforms and induction of IL-6. The results suggest that Cr(VI) activates epithelial cell Lck to signal for prolonged STAT3 activation and transactivation of IL-6, an important immunomodulator of lung disease progression.
Regional distribution of leucine-enkephalin in hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic loci of the human nervous system.

Abstract The recent discovery of the endogenous opioid peptide, leucine-enkephalin (L-E), throughout vertebrate species prompted investigation of its potential presence in the human CNS using a specific radioimmunoassay. Twenty CNS structures were dissected from 5 human brains obtained at autopsy and were extracted with 2 N and glacial acetic acid. L-E immunoreactivity, identical to synthetic standard, was found in all structures examined. Highest concentrations (range 76–650 pmol/g wet wt.) were found in the pituitary, infundibular stalk, globus pallidus, putamen, substantia nigra, amygdala, head of caudate, and hypothalamus. Lowest concentrations (range 23–49) were found in frontal cortex and cerebellum. L-E was also found in the spinal cord. It is concluded that L-E immunoreactivity is present in the human CNS. The correspondence between the distribution of L-E and the opiate receptor suggests that L-E represents a biologically significant endogenous opiate in man. The high concentrations of L-E in the human hypothalamus and pituitary raises the possibility of a neuroendocrine role for this peptide.
DFM requirements and solution roadmaps: the multilayer approach

Design For Manufacturability (DFM) has emerged as a major driver as the semiconductor industry continues on its historic scaling trend. The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) Design Group has engaged in a major overhaul of the Design Technology Roadmap, including a completely new section focused on DFM. As part of that overhaul, it was observed that quantifying and road-mapping DFM requires effective yet simple models that can relate broad technology characteristics to specific circuit performances such as delay and power. In this article, we discuss the general topic of DFM roadmaps, and show a simple performance model built upon a canonical circuit and analytical solution that is parameterized such that it can address the DFM roadmap problem. We also show that for important model parameters such as threshold voltage, it may be necessary to apportion the various spaces of variability.
Pre- and postoperative evaluation of hypothalamo-pituitary function in children with craniopharyngiomas

Pre- and postoperative evaluation of hypothalamic-pituitary function was performed in six children, aged 5.5 to 13.3 years with craniopharyngiomas. Before surgery growth hormone deficiency (GHD) was documented in four, hypothalamic hypothyroidism in three, and secondary ACTH-deficiency and hyperprolactinaemia in one patient. Diabetes insipidus was absent in all patients. After neurosurgical treatment GHD was present in all, hypothyroidism in five, ACTH-deficiency in three, hyperprolactinaemia in three, and diabetes insipidus in four children. The study shows that all endocrine functions tested may be defective even before surgery, although diabetes insipidus seems to be a rare preoperative complaint. Surgical intervention, however, often leads to additional endocrine disorders. From the data presented here one may suggest that TRH stimulation tests, evaluation of serum prolactin, and lysin-vasopressin stimulation tests are the most useful investigations to distinguish between hypothalamic and primary pituitary disorders.
Multi-view Video Navigation Using Motion Sensing Remote Controllers

The goal of Multi-view Video Coding is to allow coding of multiple camera views such that the user has the freedom of choosing the view point. While there have been significant efforts in multi-view compression, the work on navigation has been limited. The biggest challenge here is in developing user friendly and intuitive navigation of multi-view content. We propose a system which consists of multi-view video player and a motion sensing remote controller. Motion sensing remote controllers became widely available with the introduction of the Nintendo Wii game console. The remote controller captures motion when waved and the motion information is used to change the views in multi view video applications. This system gives users a convenient way of navigating through the multiple views by waving the remote in the desired direction.
Hailstones as cloud water composition probes: An initial assessment

Abstract This is a preliminary exploration of using hailstones as natural probes of cloud droplet chemistry Big hailstones grow primarily in the strongest updraft regions of the severest convective storms, so that if their chemical contents are representative of the cloud droplets from which they grow, they could be useful probes of chemical transport from the lower troposphere, where the anvils form and then evaporate. Results from chromatographic analyses of chloride, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, and oxalate are presented from individual growth layers of hailstones collected from several different storms. In spite of considerable variability and possibilities of contamination from the ground, the results appear consistent enough to warrant further investigation of this possible source of data on cloud chemistry.
Sequence of the 5'-flanking region of the rat c-fos proto-oncogene

The proto-oncogene c-fos is an immediate-early gene that becomes activated by a wide variety of extracellular stimuli. Since many studies regarding regulation of c-fos are conducted in vivo using rats, or with rat cell lines, we have cloned the rat c-fos gene in order to verify that the same regulatory elements that have been characterized in the human and mouse c-fos promoter are also present and functional in the rat. The nucleotide (nt) sequence of the 5'-flanking region of the rat c-fos gene displays remarkable similarity with the mouse and human c-fos genes (93 and 77% identity, respectively). cis-Acting regulatory elements, such as the sis-inducible element (SIE), serum-response element (SRE), AP-1-recognition site, calcium/cAMP-response element (Ca/CRE) and TATA box are present in the rat c-fos 5'-flanking region. A putative glucocorticoid-response element (GRE) is present 13 bp downstream from the AP-1-recognition site.
Permian vessel elements

Anatomically preserved stems from the Late Permian (250 to 270 million years ago) of China have been discovered that contain vessels. The stems possess several features commonly found in vines, including tendril-like appendages, and are associated with large leaves assignable to the Gigantopteridales, an enigmatic group of Permian plants. The individual vessel elements contain foraminate perforation plates in their end walls and are anatomically similar to the conducting elements of modern gnetophytes and of some extant flowering plants.
Search for “ridge” in d+Au collisions at RHIC by STAR

Abstract Dihadron correlations are measured in d+Au collisions at 200 GeV by the STAR detector. The correlated yields with uniform background subtraction are studied in high- and low-multiplicity collisions. The effects of multiplicity selection bias on jet-like correlations are discussed. Finite correlated yields are observed on the near-side at large pseudo-rapidity separation in high-multiplicity collisions.
Income taxes and the destination of movers to multistate MSAs

Abstract We examine how differences in state income tax rates, as well as other state and local taxes and public service expenditures, influence the choice of state of residence for households (federal tax filers) moving into multistate metropolitan areas (MSAs) using data from the IRS on the migration of taxpayers. MSAs that are on borders provide a spatial discontinuity—discrete differences in state tax rates within a single labor market. These MSAs allow residents to live in one state and work in another state. We find that differences in state income tax rates have a significant impact on the relative rate of migration to the states within an MSA. However, contrary to what would be expected, this impact is only significant in MSAs in which the filing state is based on employment (states without reciprocity) and not for those states in which the filing state is the state of residence (states with reciprocity). In MSAs where states do not have reciprocity agreements, a difference of ten percent in tax rates leads to a 4.1 percent difference in the relative rate of incoming taxpayers. Analogously, we find that a ten percent difference in state tax rates in these MSAs results in a 3.3 percent difference in the rate of tax base inflow (AGI). Our results suggest that one reason that differences in state income taxes appear to have more impact in multistate MSAs without reciprocity is that only relatively large differences in state income tax rates have any impact on migration and these differences are much more pronounced in MSAs without reciprocity.
High shear microfluidics and its application in rheological measurement

High shear rheology was explored experimentally in microchannels (150×150 μm). Two aqueous polymer solutions, polyethylene oxide (viscoelastic fluid) and hydroxyethyl cellulose (viscous fluid) were tested. Bagley correction was applied to remove the end effect. Wall slip was investigated with Mooney’s analysis. Shear rates as high as 106 s−1 were obtained in the pressure-driven microchannel flow, allowing a smooth extension of the low shear rheological data obtained from the conventional rheometers. At high shear rates, polymer degradation was observed for PEO solutions at a critical microchannel wall shear stress of 4.1×103 Pa. Stresses at the ends of the microchannel also contributed to PEO degradation significantly.
Peptides and Hormesis

Biology is replete with examples of hormesis, the term introduced and developed by Calabrese. The corresponding concept in the field of peptide research has been characterized as the inverted U-shaped dose-response relationship. The articles by Calabrese in this issue summarize the notable progress occurring in the past three decades. In contrast to the skepticism encountered when we introduced this concept for peptides in the early 1970s, hormesis is now becoming recognized as characteristic of many actions of these small proteins. Calabrese is performing a considerable service by his strong advocacy and promotion of the concept to a more general readership. Hopefully, hormesis will be routinely considered in the design of research projects and the discovery of pharmaceutical agents.
Density functional theory based generalized effective fragment potential method

We present a generalized Kohn-Sham (KS) density functional theory (DFT) based effective fragment potential (EFP2-DFT) method for the treatment of solvent effects. Similar to the original Hartree-Fock (HF) based potential with fitted parameters for water (EFP1) and the generalized HF based potential (EFP2-HF), EFP2-DFT includes electrostatic, exchange-repulsion, polarization, and dispersion potentials, which are generated for a chosen DFT functional for a given isolated molecule. The method does not have fitted parameters, except for implicit parameters within a chosen functional and the dispersion correction to the potential. The electrostatic potential is modeled with a multipolar expansion at each atomic center and bond midpoint using Stone's distributed multipolar analysis. The exchange-repulsion potential between two fragments is composed of the overlap and kinetic energy integrals and the nondiagonal KS matrices in the localized molecular orbital basis. The polarization potential is derived from the static molecular polarizability. The dispersion potential includes the intermolecular D3 dispersion correction of Grimme et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 132, 154104 (2010)]. The potential generated from the CAMB3LYP functional has mean unsigned errors (MUEs) with respect to results from coupled cluster singles, doubles, and perturbative triples with a complete basis set limit (CCSD(T)/CBS) extrapolation, of 1.7, 2.2, 2.0, and 0.5 kcal/mol, for the S22, water-benzene clusters, water clusters, and n-alkane dimers benchmark sets, respectively. The corresponding EFP2-HF errors for the respective benchmarks are 2.41, 3.1, 1.8, and 2.5 kcal/mol. Thus, the new EFP2-DFT-D3 method with the CAMB3LYP functional provides comparable or improved results at lower computational cost and, therefore, extends the range of applicability of EFP2 to larger system sizes.
Peer Victimization and Psychosocial Adjustment in Children: Current Knowledge and Future Directions

Childhood peer victimization is the experience of being a target of peers' aggressive behavior. Peer victimization is a common occurrence and has been concurrently and prospectively linked to significant psychological distress. This paper provides a review of the extant literature on the relationship between peer victimization and psychosocial adjustment in nonclinical and pediatric populations. Clinical applications of this literature, as well as directions for future study, are presented.
A Non–Karplus Effect: Evidence from Phosphorus Heterocycles and DFT Calculations of the Dependence of Vicinal Phosphorus-Hydrogen NMR Coupling Constants on Lone-Pair Conformation

In contrast to literature reports of a Karplus-type curve that correlates 3JPH with phosphorus–hydrogen dihedral angle, a recently reported glycine-derived 1,3,2-oxazaphospholidine (7c) has two hyd...
A lateral resonant tunneling FET

Abstract A lateral resonant tunneling FET (RTFET) is proposed. The RTFET has three closely spaced gates. The outer gates control the barrier heights, and the inner gate controls the potential of the quantum well. These gates are capacitively coupled to the barriers and the well, therefore, the gate currents are very small. Modeling and computer simulation show that the RTFET should have an improved peak-to-valley ratio, narrower current peak widths, and more uniform distribution of peak currents than that of a conventional resonant tunneling diode with the same structure. Furthermore, a unique feature of this device is that the barrier height can be adjusted, which allows the current peak, the peak-to-valley ratio, and the peak positions to be tuned.
The effect of wrist position, angular velocity, and exertion direction on simultaneous maximal grip force and wrist torque under the isokinetic conditions

The objective of the study was to identify the effects of wrist position, force exertion direction, and angular velocity on simultaneous grip force and wrist torque under the isokinetic condition. Twenty-five male students participated in the study and the isokinetic wrist dynamometer was utilized to measure both forces from 901 of flexion to 901 of extension in the slow velocities of 101/s, 201/s, and 301/s. The results revealed that gripforce and wrist torque were larger around neutral and there was a passive force in the extremely extended wrist position. Wrist torque only was higher in the flexion direction but gripforce for both directions did not differ significantly. Both gripforce and wrist torque decreased when angular velocities increased and velocities could be classified into three groups, such as isometric, 5–201/s, over 251/s, according to the magnitude of force reduction. Finally, it was described that wrist positions, where maximal grip force and wrist torque occurred, were inconsistent and significant ranges of the wrist position including maximal forces were broad under the isokinetic condition of even slow velocities. r 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
EMPOWER: a network emulator for wireline and wireless networks

The increasing need of protocol development environments and network performance evaluation tools gives rise to the research of flexible, scalable, and accurate network emulators. The desired network emulator should be able to facilitate the emulation of either wireline or wireless networks. In the case when network topology is critical to the underlying network protocol, the emulator should provide specific mechanisms to emulate network topology. In this paper, we present a distributed network emulation system EMPOWER, which not only can fulfill those requirements, but also can generate user-defined network conditions and traffic dynamics at packet level. EMPOWER is highly scalable in that each emulator node could be configured to emulate multiple network nodes. Some significant research issues such as topology mapping scheme and scalability of the emulator are discussed and addressed. Preliminary emulation results show that EMPOWER is capable of assisting the study of both wireless and wireline network protocols and applications.
A mechanism for decadal changes of ENSO behavior: roles of background wind changes

This study explains why a number of El Nino properties (period, amplitude, structure, and propagation) have changed in a coherent manner since the late 1970s and why these changes had almost concurred with the Pacific decadal climate shift. Evidence is presented to show that from the pre-shift (1961–1975) to the post-shift (1981–1995) epoch, significant changes in the tropical Pacific are found in the surface winds and temperature, whereas changes in the thermocline are uncertain. Numerical experiments with the Cane and Zebiak model demonstrate that the decadal changes in the surface winds qualitatively reproduce the observed coherent changes in El Nino properties. The fundamental factor that altered the model's El Nino is the decadal changes of the background equatorial winds and associated upwelling. The annual cycle is also necessary for the mean state to modulate El Nino. From the pre- to post-shift epoch, the changes in the background winds and upwelling modify the structure of the coupled mode (eastward displacement of the equatorial westerly anomalies) by reallocating anomalous atmospheric heating and SST gradient along the equator. This structural change amplifies the ENSO cycle and prolongs the oscillation period by enhancing the coupled instability and delaying transitions from a warm to a cold state or vice versa. The changes in the mean currents and upwelling reduce the effect of the zonal temperature advection while enhance that of the vertical advection; thus, the prevailing westward propagation is replaced by eastward propagation or standing oscillation. Our results suggest a critical role of the atmospheric bridge that rapidly conveys the influences of extratropical decadal variations to the tropics, and the possibility that the Pacific climate shift might have affected El Nino properties in the late 1970s by changing the background tropical winds and the associated equatorial upwelling.
Drotrecogin alfa (activated)...a sad final fizzle to a roller-coaster party.

Following the failure of PROWESS-SHOCK to demonstrate efficacy, Eli Lilly and Company withdrew drotrecogin alfa (activated) from the worldwide market. Drotrecogin was initially approved after the original trial, PROWESS, was stopped early for overwhelming efficacy. These events prompt consideration of both the initial approval decision and the later decision to withdraw. It is regrettable that the initial decision was made largely on a single trial that was stopped early. However, the decision to approve was within the bounds of normal regulatory practice and was made by many approval bodies around the world. Furthermore, the overall withdrawal rate of approved drugs remains very low. The decision to withdraw was a voluntary decision by Eli Lilly and Company and likely reflected key business considerations. Drotrecogin does have important biologic effects, and it is probable that we do not know how best to select patients who would benefit. Overall, there may still be a small advantage to drotrecogin alfa, even used non-selectively, but the costs of determining such an effect with adequate certainty are likely prohibitive, and the point is now moot. In the future, we should consider ways to make clinical trials easier and quicker so that more information can be available in a timely manner when considering regulatory approval. At the same time, more sophisticated selection of patients seems key if we are to most wisely test agents designed to manipulate the septic host response.
Yet another user input method: Accelerometer assisted single key input

In this paper we present YAUIM - yet another user input method. YAUIM is an alternative user input mechanism to the conventional keyboard, mouse, and touch screen inputs. It utilizes the embedded accelerometer to detect device movements and tilt positions to enable user inputs. Accelerometers embedded in devices have been used to identify meaningful combinations of movements for gaming and small mobile devices for limited user input. Our goal is to design a fully functioning mechanism using only a single key along with accelerometer assisted positioning to emulate the computer keyboard and mouse functions. We propose to use the single key click to record a valid user input. We design a finite state automaton to combine two consecutive tilt positions to represent characters. We integrate a user specific vocabulary hinting system to improve the word input speed. YAUIM can serve as an innovative computer user input mechanism for regular desktop computers, small mobile devices, and special purpose applications.
Rett syndrome: a surprising result of mutation in MECP2

The identification of mutations in the gene encoding methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) in Rett syndrome represents a major advance in the field. The current model predicts that MeCP2 represses transcription by binding methylated CpG residues and mediating chromatin remodeling. A physical interaction between MeCP2, histone deacetylases and the transcriptional co-repressor Sin3A has been demonstrated, as well as an association of MeCP2 with the basal transcription apparatus. It is unclear, however, whether MeCP2-mediated chromatin remodeling is necessary for transcriptional repression in vivo. Eight recurrent missense and nonsense mutations account for >65% of the mutations identified in Rett syndrome probands, and as predicted from the sporadic nature of the disorder, most mutations are de novo. The severity of the phenotype is likely to reflect the pattern of X chromosome inactivation in relevant tissues, although the type and position of the mutation may also play a role. Although much is known about the biochemical function of MeCP2, the phenotype of Rett syndrome suggests that it plays an unexplored but critical role in development and maintenance of the nervous system.
Clinically Significant Drug−Drug Interaction Between Tacrolimus and Phenobarbital The Price We Pay

Purpose: The case of a 57-year-old male who experienced acute renal transplant rejection due to subtherapeutic tacrolimus levels as a result of drug interaction with phenobarbital. Summary: Drug interactions with tacrolimus due to its metabolism through the CYP 450 3A4 enzymatic pathway have led to several reports of altered tacrolimus levels, which can lead to acute rejection in renal transplant recipients. We describe the case of a 57-year-old male initiated on immunosuppressive therapy with tacrolimus in addition to his anticonvulsant medications. Conclusion: Upon tacrolimus dose increases, discontinuation of carbamazepine, and minimization of phenobarbital dose, effective tacrolimus trough levels were achieved in our patient. Identification and elimination of such drug−drug interactions is necessary to assure adequate immunosuppression in renal transplant recipients.
A contour coding and full-frame compression of discrete wavelet and cosine transforms

This paper represents the authors' research on a hybrid method combined with contour coding, full-frame discrete wavelet (FFDWT) and full-frame discrete cosine transforms (FFDCT) for medical image compression. In this study, ten X-ray chest radiographs and ten mammograms were randomly selected from the authors' clinical database. Each image was split into the top three most significant bits (3MSB) image and the remaining was remapped to a least significant bit (RLSB) image. The 3MSB image was compressed by an error-free contour coding and received an average of 0.1 bit/pixel. The RLSB image was either transformed to a multi-channel wavelet or the cosine transform domain for entropy evaluation and compression.
An Examination of the Data Relating Pole Motion to Earthquakes

Although Mansinha and Smylie (1967) conclude that earthquake fault displacements excite the Chandler wobble, it has been found that the excitation from actual historical events is at least an order of magnitude too low to maintain the observed wobble.
Array‐optimized composite pulse for excellent whole‐brain homogeneity in high‐field MRI

A number of methods to improve excitation homogeneity in high-field MRI have been proposed, and some of these methods rely on separate control of radiofrequency (RF) coils in a transmit array. In this work we combine accurate RF field calculations and the Bloch equation to demonstrate that by using a sequence of pulses with individually optimized current distributions (i.e., an array-optimized composite pulse), one can achieve remarkably homogeneous distributions of available signal intensity over the entire brain volume. This homogeneity is greater than that achievable using the same transmit array to produce either a single optimized (or RF shimmed) pulse or a single RF shimmed field distribution in a standard 90x-90y composite pulse arrangement. Simulations indicate that with a very simple array-optimized composite pulse, excellent whole-brain excitation homogeneity can be achieved at up to 600 MHz.
The effects of lifelong isolation on species identification in zebra fish (Brachydanio rerio)

Virtually no information is currently available regarding the relative effects of innate and experiential factors on the development of species identification in fish. Those studies which have approached the problem through schooling behavior have confounded species identification with attraction to a single available school of species-mates. In this study, isolated Brachydanio rerio spent significantly less time in nonpolarized schools with species-mates than controls when animals of a related species were available as an alternative. This difference suggests the involvement of experiential factors in species identification and questions the assumption that species identification is entirely innate.
The Oxidation of Lipids in Thin Filmssa

SUMMARY A model system of thin films of lipid supported on dry gelatin plates was used for studying rates of lipoxidation. Variations in the nature of the gelatins used in the supporting surfaces showed significant differences in protective action against lipid oxidation. It is suggested that the observed differences may be due to differences in the orienting effects of the surfaces. Gamma-tocopherol was found to be an effective inhibitor of the oxidation of the films. Synthetic phenolic antioxidants were not nearly as effective. Phospholipid in large concentration was also an effective inhibitor.
Development of an artificial diet and feeding system for juvenile stages of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri

The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), is the main vector for the plant pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Jagoueix et al. (CLas). To date, attempts to develop an artificial diet for ACP have focused solely on the adult life stage, ignoring the juvenile stages. We developed a feeding system and artificial diet that is compatible with the juvenile stages of ACP and tested growth rates when exposed to varying concentrations of sucrose and amino acids. We found a surprisingly high tolerance for high sucrose concentrations in ACP when compared to known tolerances of sucrose concentrations in other phloem-feeding insects. This is indicative that ACP may be physiologically adapted to a broad range of sucrose concentrations and osmotic stresses. The growth rate of juvenile ACP was optimized when amino acids were in a global concentration of 150 mM, with higher concentrations not appreciably impacting growth. This finding corresponds with the optimal amino acid concentrations required in other phloem feeders, notably the pea aphid. The development of this feeding system, with the diet optimized for growth, will allow for future experiments to be undertaken into the uptake of CLas by the psyllid and into the nutritional requirements of ACP. This feeding system will also allow for physiological comparisons among the phloem-feeding insects.