cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The initiation of plastic flow in copper

Abstract The continuous shear stress shear strain behavior for tubular polycrystalline specimens of copper and its dilute alloys deformed in torsion at room temperature was studied using a strain resolution of the order of 10−9. Irreversible plastic deformation began at the smallest measureable stresses. The small but measurable apparent elastic regions observed in all specimens very near zero applied stress are thought to be associated with the small unrecoverable prestrains produced during the handling and gripping operations. These apparent elastic regions were completely absent in specimens deformed following the introduction of fresh, mobile dislocations into their gage section surfaces. The addition of solute concentrations up to 0.1 at % aluminum in copper had little effect upon the movement of these freshly introduced dislocations. Polycrystalline copper strain hardens readily at room temperature and exhibits a discontinuous plastic behavior only following prior straining. The anelastic unloading behavior is also demonstrated for annealed copper specimens. It is suggested that plastic deformation starts by the motion of a few favorably oriented dislocation segments that can glide over great enough distances to form strong new interactions with other dislocations.
A re-examination of the impact of automotive styling on demand

(1993). A re-examination of the impact of automotive styling on demand. Applied Economics: Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 101-110.
Conjugation Chemistry and Bioapplications of Semiconductor Box Nanocrystals Prepared via Dendrimer Bridging

A new strategy, dendrimer bridging, is developed for simultaneous formation and functionalization of biocompatible and bioaccessible semiconductor box nanocrystalsa dendron box around each colloidal semiconductor nanocrystal. CdSe plain core or CdSe/CdS core/shell nanocrystals coated by a monolayer of organic dendron ligands (dendron nanocrystals) with hydroxyl groups as the terminal were chosen as the starting systems because of their potential biocompatibility and proven stability. A generation-two (G2) amine-terminated dendrimer was used as the cross-linking and functionalization reagent, which yielded much more stable cross-linked nanocrystals than the simple diamine or trisamine cross-linking reagents did. The chemical, thermal, and photochemical stability of the resulting amine-terminating box nanocrystals (amine box nanocrystals) formed by dendrimer bridging are comparable to that of the first generation box nanocrystals, achieved by ring-closing metathesis (RCM), that are not biocompatible and nee...
Drs2p-dependent formation of exocytic clathrin-coated vesicles in vivo.

Abstract The small GTP binding protein ARF has been implicated in budding clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) from Golgi and endosomal membranes. An arf1 synthetic lethal screen identified DRS2/SWA3 along with a clathrin heavy-chain conditional allele ( chc1-5/swa5-1 ) and SWA2 , encoding the yeast auxilin-like protein involved in uncoating CCVs [1–3]. Drs2p/Swa3p is a P-type ATPase and a potential aminophospholipid translocase that localizes to the trans -Golgi network (TGN) in yeast. Genetic and phenotypic analyses of drs2Δ mutants suggested that Drs2p was required for clathrin function [1, 4]. To address a potential role for Drs2p in CCV formation from the TGN in vivo, we have performed epistasis analyses between drs2 and mutations that cause accumulation of distinct populations of post-Golgi vesicles. We find that Drs2p is required to form a specific class of secretory vesicles that accumulate when the actin cytoskeleton is disrupted. Accumulation of these vesicles also requires clathrin and is perturbed by mutation of AP-1, but not AP-2, AP-3, or GGA adaptins. Most of the accumulated vesicles are uncoated; however, clathrin coats can be partially stabilized on these vesicles by deletion of SWA2 . These data provide the first in vivo evidence for an integral membrane protein requirement in forming CCVs.
Tilted field effects in quantum Hall multilayers

Abstract We examine the effects of threading magnetic flux through the chiral metal that forms near the surface of 3D semiconductor multilayers in the regime of the quantum Hall effect. In low-temperature studies of GaAs/AlGaAs multilayers, we find that the response of the sheath of edge states to fields B plane along the planes of the multilayer depends on whether B plane is perpendicular or parallel to this chiral metal. The ν =1 and 2 edge-state sheaths respond differently to fields B plane that are perpendicular to the sheath.
S-MATRIX THEORY OF STRONG INTERACTIONS WITHOUT ELEMENTARY PARTICLES

BS>S-matrix theory is reviewed. The postulates underlying the S-matrix theory of strong interactions are outlined, and the results of Froissart and Regge are given. The properties of Regge poles and the experimental status of the principle of maximum strength are discussed. Finally, the Smatrix theory is applied to high-energy scattering. (L.T.W.)
Influence of defects on rare-gas diffusion in solids☆

Abstract The diffusion of 133Xe in CsI was studied as an aid to understanding rare gas diffusion in more complex systems, such as nuclear reactor fuels. Diffusion at low gas concentrations and negligible radiation damage levels was measured by growing single crystals of CsI containing radioactive 133I which decayed to 133Xe ( T 1 2 = 20.8 h ). Both the time rate of release and temperature dependence of the rare gas diffusion coefficient were consistent with classical diffusion solutions, giving: D = D0 exp (−Q/kT), D0 = (0.57+2.30−0.43) cm2/sec, Q = (1.01 ± 0.04) eV. Crystals containing high concentrations of defects exhibited trapping of the rare gas and anomalous diffusion kinetics. Trapped gas atoms tended to stabilize the defects and prevent their annealing during heating. Diffusion of fission gas recoiled into CsI specimen surface layers from an external fissionable source obeyed classical diffusion solutions at low fission recoil concentrations, while at high concentrations, radiation damage created traps which decreased gas diffusion rates. These traps differed significantly from natural defects in trap concentration, gas atom binding energies, and annealing characteristics. Increasing the gas concentration independent of radiation damage also lowered rare gas diffusion coefficients, showing that formation of small gas atom clusters also produced trapping. The results showed that classical rare gas diffusion could be obtained under ideal conditions and that distinctive trapping behavior with different characteristics could be associated with the presence of natural defects, radiation damage, and high gas concentration.
Molecular beam epitaxial growth of lattice-matched ZnxCdyMg1−x−ySe quaternaries on InP substrates

Abstract We report the molecular beam epitaxial (MBE) growth of lattice-matched Zn x Cd y Mg 1− x − y Se quaternaries on InP substrates having a wide range of band gaps. The composition and, thus, band gap and lattice constant, can be accurately controlled by adjusting the group II fluxes. By optimizing the growth condition and incorporating of a III–V buffer layer, we have grown very high-quality quaternary layers. Our best lattice-matched samples exhibit double crystal X-ray rocking curves with full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) about 460 arcsec and photoluminescence line widths about 60 meV at 77 K for a band gap of 2.8 eV. These materials can be used for the fabrication of lattice-matched semiconductor lasers that can emit throughout most of the visible range, from yellow to blue.
Effects of task and attentional selection on responses in human visual cortex

Multiple visual tasks can be performed on the same visual input, with different tasks presumably engaging different neuronal populations. The modular layout of the visual system implies that specif...
Does vaginal cuff closure decrease the infectious morbidity associated with abdominal hysterectomy

Abstract Background: Infectious morbidity after total abdominal hysterectomy includes fever (31%) and antibiotic administration (45%). Whether vaginal cuff closure reduces postoperative infectious morbidity remains unresolved. Study Deisgn: We reviewed the records of 172 consecutive abdominal hysterectomies for nonmalignant disease performed at an inner-city hospital. We identified potential risk factors for infectious morbidity by univariate analysis and determined adjusted odds ratios by multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: The open vaginal cuff technique was associated with an increased risk of wound infection. Use of prophylactic antibiotics was associated with a decreased risk of febrile morbidity and a decreased risk of prolonged hospitalization. Body weight in the heaviest quartile was associated with increased risk of wound infection, increased risk of prolonged hospitalization, and decreased risk of postoperative vaginal cuff granulation tissue. Older age was associated with an increased risk of prolonged hospitalization. Conclusions: Closure of the vaginal cuff and use of prophylactic antibiotics at total abdominal hysterectomy were associated with decreased infectious morbidity in a high-risk population.
Accuracy in species analysis: speciated isotope dilution mass spectrometry (SIDMS) exemplified by the evaluation of chromium species

Abstract Speciated isotope dilution mass spectrometry (SIDMS) improves accuracy in the determination of chemical species in samples. It can be used to measure elements in their oxidation states as well as in organometallics or other molecular forms of species. SIDMS compensates for species transformations that occur in many of the steps of sample processing, including sampling process, storage, sample preparation and speciated measurement. It is also a diagnostic tool for identifying the most error prone steps. These combined capabilities provide a new method for establishing standard, legally defensible measurement tool in speciation analysis. Early speciation studies of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) demonstrate the unique advantages of SIDMS. Thus far, SIDMS has corrected up to 80% of the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III). In theory, using SIDMS makes it possible to correct up to 90% species conversion with good precision. This paper describes how to apply the method to chromium and provides examples of the general steps.
Growth and physiological responses of normal, dwarf, and albino corn (Zea mays) to clomazone treatments

Abstract The effects of the bleaching herbicide clomazone (2-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone) on the growth of selected mutants of corn (Zea mays L.) were evaluated. A normal hybrid (“Dekalb XL67”), a gibberellin-deficient dwarf-5 mutant, and a chlorophyll- and carotenoid-deficient albino (lw3) mutant of corn were exposed to clomazone applied preemergence at rates of 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, and 1.1 kg/ha under greenhouse conditions. Normal corn was very sensitive to clomazone treatments and was severely bleached. Shoot height, shoot dry weight, and chlorophyll content of normal corn were strongly inhibited by all application rates of clomazone. The effects of combined treatments of clomazone and the growth retardant CCC on the growth of normal corn were additive or synergistic. The clomazone induced retardation of the longitudinal growth of normal corn was reversed by exogenously applied gibberellin (GA3). The dwarf-5 mutant exhibited a greater tolerance to clomazone than normal corn. Clomazone caused a slight chlorosis and reduced the longitudinal growth of this mutant only when applied at the highest rate of 1.1 kg/ha. The short-lived growth of the lethal albino mutant of corn was not affected significantly by clomazone. Normal and dwarf-5 corn responded quite differently when treated with the bleaching herbicide norflurazon. In contrast to the results obtained with clomazone, both normal and dwarf-5 corn were bleached severely by all rates of norflurazon but their shoot heights were not affected by this herbicide. Norflurazon reduced shoot dry weights of normal corn, but not of the dwarf-5 mutant. These results support previously published reports suggesting that clomazone acts by a new mechanism of bleaching action which is different than that of norflurazon. The lesser sensitivity of the gibberellin-deficient dwarf-5 mutant to clomazone and the reversal of clomazone-induced effects on normal corn by exogenous gibberellin suggest a secondary action of this herbicide on gibberellin biosynthesis.
Pod-2, along with pod-1, defines a new class of genes required for polarity in the early Caenorhabditis elegans embryo.

The asymmetric division of the one-cell Caenorhabditis elegans zygote gives rise to two cells of different size and fate, thereby establishing the animal's anterior--posterior (a-p) axis. Through genetics, a number of genes required for this polarity have been characterized, but many components remain unidentified. Recently, our laboratory discovered a mutation in the pod-1 gene (for polarity and osmotic defective) that uniquely perturbed polarity and osmotic protection. Here, we describe a new C. elegans polarity gene identified during screens for conditional embryonic lethals. Embryos in which this gene has been mutated show a loss of physical and developmental asymmetries in the one-cell embryo, including the mislocalization of PAR and POD-1 proteins required for early polarity. Furthermore, mutant embryos are osmotically sensitive, allowing us to designate this gene pod-2. Thus, pod-2, along with pod-1, defines a new class of C. elegans polarity genes. Genetic analyses indicate that pod-2 functions in the same pathway as pod-1. Temperature-shift studies indicate that pod-2 is required during oogenesis, indicating that aspects of embryonic polarization may precede fertilization. pod-2 mutant embryos also exhibit a unique germline inheritance defect in which germline identity localizes to the wrong spot in the one-cell embryo and is therefore inherited by the wrong cell at the four-cell stage. Our data suggest that pod-2 may be required to properly position an a-p polarity cue.
Four-qubit cluster state entanglement in the presence of decoherence

The highly entangled four qubit cluster state can be used to perform an arbitrary single logical qubit rotation via the techniques of measurement-based quantum computation. In this paper, we explore the relationship between the entanglement in the cluster state and the ability of the state to accurately perform the desired logical rotation. This has important experimental ramifications as realistic cluster state experiments will always be subject to decoherence. We also note the exhibition of entanglement sudden death (ESD) and ask how severely its onset affects the utilization of the cluster state as a means of implementing the arbitrary single logical qubit rotation.
Theoretical analysis of non-linear preparative liquid chromatography

Abstract The migration of a high-concentration, multi-component band in chromatography is a particular case of the reaction-diffusion processes. The various approaches to the solution of the system of partial differential equations obtained are reviewed for the cases of a pure compound and of a binary mixture. Particular emphasis is placed on the derivation of accurate, meaningful results while minimizing the amount of experimental work required for the determination of the parameters needed for the prediction of the band profiles. From this point of view, the simple wave theorem is important, as it offers an attractive approach for the determination of competitive equilibrium isotherms.
Absence of social conditioned place preference in BTBR T+tf/J mice: Relevance for social motivation testing in rodent models of autism

A major goal of translation research in autism is to characterize the physiological and psychological processes underlying behavioral abnormalities. Since autism reflects impairments in social motivation, we modified the mouse three-chamber social approach apparatus for use as a social conditioned place preference arena. We paired one of two unique contexts with social interactions in juvenile mice for five or ten conditioning sessions in BTBR T+tf/J mice and a control strain with normal approach behaviors (C57BL/6J) since the BTBR T+tf/J inbred mouse strain displays a variety of behavioral alterations analogous to symptoms of autism spectrum disorders. While C57BL/6J mice formed a conditioned place preference to the context associated with social interactions, particularly those receiving ten days of conditioning, BTBR T+tf/J mice did not. Neither absence of social proximity nor avoidance due to high rates of autogrooming appeared to underlie the impaired positive incentive value of the unconditioned social stimulus in the BTBR T+tf/J strain. These data contribute to a growing body of evidence suggesting that the BTBR T+tf/J strain shows impairments in all diagnostic domains of autism including social motivation. Additionally, social conditioning testing might provide an important social motivation measure in other rodent models of neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by social abnormalities.
Aggressive multimodality treatment of invasive thymic carcinoma

1. Hart RS. Minimally invasive heart surgery. Circulation. 1996;94: 2669-70. 2. Massetti M, Babatasi G, Lotti A, Bhoyroo S, Le Page O, Khayat A. Less invasive cardiac operations through median sternotomy: 100 consecutive cases. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;66:1050-4. 3. Novellino L, Longoni M, Spinelli L, Andretta M, Cozzi M, Faillace G, et al. “Extended” thymectomy, without sternotomy, performed by cervicotomy and thoracoscopic technique in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. Int Surg. 1994;79:378-81. 4. Mack MJ. Video-assisted thoracoscopy for myasthenia gravis: surgery for thymoma. Chest Surg Clin North Am. 2001;11:389-405. 5. Port JL, Ginsberg RJ. Surgery for thymoma. Chest Surg Clin North Am. 2001;11:421-37. 6. Shimokawa S, Watanabe S, Sakasegawa I, Tani A. Ruptured thymoma causing mediastinal hemorrhage resected via partial sternotomy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;71:370-2.
Home range, habitat use, and site fidelity of barred sand bass within a southern California marine protected area

Abstract Barred sand bass ( Paralabrax nebulifer ) is an important recreational species in southern California, which may benefit from marine protected areas. Understanding species movement patterns is a key component to identifying if a species will benefit from marine protected areas. Acoustic telemetry methods coupled with a GIS were used to quantify the home range, site fidelity, and habitat use of barred sand bass at the Catalina Marine Science Center Marine Life Refuge located at Santa Catalina Island, California. Barred sand bass utilized soft-sediment habitats within close proximity to rocky reefs and had home ranges that averaged 10,003 m 2 ± 4773 m 2 (±SD). During the day, individuals generally used multiple areas on or near reefs, and at night repeatedly used one area over soft-sediment habitat. Fifty percent of the acoustically tagged individuals exhibited year round fidelity to the study site indicating that even small marine protected areas may be an effective management strategy.
Infrared spectroscopic determination of pH changes in diffusionally decoupled thin-layer electrochemical cells

In situ Fourier transform reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy has been employed as a probe of the local pH in the thin layer of electrolyte solution trapped between the electrode and the optical window. The method is based on the differences in the spectral properties of certain bases and their conjugated acids, which makes it possible to determine pH changes on the basis of the relative integrated intensities of the two species. Illustrations are given for the carbonate/bicarbonate and acetate/acetic acid systems and the oxidation of CO in alkaline media
Electrostatics of Rigid Polyelectrolytes

The organization of rigid biological polyelectrolytes by multivalent ions and macroions are important for many fundamental problems in biology and biomedicine, such as cytoskeletal regulation and antimicrobial sequestration in cystic fibrosis. These polyelectrolytes have been used as model systems for understanding electrostatics in complex fluids. Here, we review some recent results in theory, simulations, and experiments.
Disposition of Intramuscular Cefonicid in Elderly Patients

Objective: To examine the disposition of intramuscular (IM) cefonicid in elderly patients with bacterial pneumonia. Design: Pharmacokinetic study. Setting: A 620-bed university-affiliated long-term care institution with its own 39-bed acute care unit. Patients: Nine consecutive elderly patients with bacterial pneumonia treated with IM cefonicid. Measurements: Blood samples were collected on the seventh day of therapy over a 24-hour period and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic parameters (volume of distribution, half-life, and clearance) and protein binding were calculated. Clinical outcome of IM cefonicid therapy was also noted. Results: The estimated creatinine clearance (Clcr) ranged from 32 to 145 mL/min. Peak cefonicid serum concentrations occurred at 0.5–1.5 hours, with a mean value of 118 ± 41 μ/mL. Cefonicid concentrations declined monoexponentially to 57 ± 16 μg/mL at 12 hours and 28 ± 14 μg/mL at 24 hours. The mean apparent distribution volume was 0.2 ± 0.07 L/kg, and the mean apparent total clearance was 15 ± 12 mL/min. The half-life ranged from 3.1 to 38 hours. A linear correlation was noted between Clcr and cefonicid clearance (r = 0.99). Conclusions: Cefonicid absorption was variable among these patients, and the serum half-life was longer than previous values noted in younger patients with similar degree of renal dysfunction. Pharmacokinetic and clinical outcome data from our study group indicate the potential role of IM cefonicid in treating elderly patients with bacterial pneumonia.
Correlation of trabecular bone structure with age, bone mineral density, and osteoporotic status: in vivo studies in the distal radius using high resolution magnetic resonance imaging.

High resolution magnetic resonance (MR) images of the distal radius were obtained at 1.5 Tesla in premenopausal normal, postmenopausal normal, and postmenopausal osteoporotic women. The image resolution was 156 μm in plane and 700 μm in the slice direction; the total imaging time was ∼16 minutes. An intensity-based thresholding technique was used to segment the images into trabecular bone and marrow, respectively. Extensions of standard stereological techniques were used to derive measures of trabecular bone structure from these segmented images. The parameters calculated included apparent measures of trabecular bone volume fraction, trabecular thickness, trabecular spacing, and trabecular number. Fractal-based texture parameters, such as the box-counting dimension, were also derived. Trabecular bone mineral density (BMD) and cortical bone mineral content (BMC) were measured in the distal radius using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). In a subset of patients, spinal trabecular BMD was measured using quantitative computed tomography (QCT). Correlations between the indices of trabecular bone structure measured from these high-resolution MR images, age, BMD, and osteoporotic fracture status were examined. Cortical BMC and trabecular BMD at the distal radius, spinal BMD, trabecular bone volume fraction, trabecular thickness, trabecular number, and fractal dimension all decreased with age. Trabecular spacing showed the greatest percentage change and increased with age. In addition, significant differences were evident in spinal BMD, radial trabecular BMD, trabecular bone volume fraction, trabecular spacing, and trabecular number between the postmenopausal nonfracture and the postmenopausal osteoporotic subjects. Trabecular spacing and trabecular number showed moderate correlation with radial trabecular BMD but correlated poorly with radial cortical BMC. High resolution MR imaging, a potentially useful tool for quantifying trabecular structure in vivo, may have applications for understanding and evaluating skeletal changes related to age and osteoporosis.
Family Size and Intelligence Revisited: The Role of Emotional Intelligence

Studies examining the link between family size and intelligence have consistently found a negative relationship. Children born into larger families tend to score lower on intelligence tests than children raised in smaller families. One recurrent but unexplained finding is that the relation between intelligence and number of siblings is consistently significant for verbal intelligence but inconsistent for nonverbal intelligence. Here, we conceptualize emotional intelligence as one facet of nonverbal intelligence. The research develops a measure of emotional intelligence and uses it to test the hypothesis that emotional intelligence is positively correlated with family size. The results, based upon a sample of graduate students, support the hypothesized relationship. Implications for the study of family size and intelligence, for refining the conceptualizations and measures of nonverbal intelligence, and for leadership theory, are discussed.
Colloidal Suspensions of Highly Reduced Graphene Oxide in a Wide Variety of Organic Solvents

We report that homogeneous colloidal suspensions of chemically modified graphene sheets were readily produced in a wide variety of organic solvent systems. Two different sets of solubility parameters are used to rationalize when stable colloidal suspensions of graphene oxide sheets and, separately, of reduced graphene oxide sheets in a given solvent type are possible and when they are not. As an example of the utility of such colloidal suspensions, “paperlike” materials generated by very simple filtration of the reduced graphene oxide sheets had electrical conductivity values as high as 16 000 S/m.
Diffusion in heterogeneous media: Application to immobilized cell systems

Transport of small molecules in heterogeneous materials can be an important factor in many engineering and biological applications. This study focuses on the diffusion of cellular nutrients in an immobilized cell system. A Monte Carlo simulation technique is used to describe the diffusion of small molecules in a variety of simulated cellular structures. Diffusivity, predictions are in close agreement with experimental values as well as with theoretical bounds reported in the literature. It is revealed that effective diffusivities are highly, dependent on the diffusivities of the species in the various phases and on the volume fraction of cells. The spatial arrangement of the cells, however, has no apparent effect on the predicted diffusivity, for the range of conditions investigated.
Three Dimensional Mapping of a Buried Bedrock Valley with Two Dimensional Seismic Refraction Lines to Develop Accurate Boundary Conditions of a Coastal Hydrogeologic Model in Southwest Devon, United Kingdom

Summary Two dimensional (D) seismic refraction surveys were used to map the bedrock topography beneath a gravel and peat marginal marine succession in southwest Devon, UK to constrain the boundary conditions for a coastal hydrogeologic numerical flow model. After data collection and processing of seismic refraction, 2-D refraction output files were imported into a 3-D interpretative software package. A 3-D velocity model was then created via petrophysical modeling of the velocity attribute to interpolate between the 2-D surveys. A shore parallel cross-section inserted into the 3-D velocity model was migrated at 5 m intervals through the model which allowed for manual picking of data points at the chosen bedrock velocity of 2100 meters/second (m/s). The selected data points were then used to create a 3-D bedrock surface. The initial 3-D surface was checked for quality against 2-D seismic lines, borehole data, bedrock outcrop observations, and previous offshore seismic reflection data. The bedrock topography has a U-shaped valley with two paleo-channels. Results indicate the justification for a 2-D hydrogeologic flow model for initial conditions and sensitivity study on mixing zone dynamics at Hallsands beach.
Health, Secondary Conditions, and Life Expectancy after Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract Krause JS, Saunders LL. Health, secondary conditions, and life expectancy after spinal cord injury. Objective To evaluate the association of health status, secondary health conditions, hospitalizations, and risk of mortality and life expectancy (LE) after spinal cord injury (SCI). Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Preliminary data were collected from a specialty hospital in the Southeastern United States, with mortality follow-up and data analysis conducted at a medical university. Participants Adults with traumatic SCI (N=1361), all at least 1-year postinjury at the time of assessment, were enrolled in the study. There were 325 deaths. After elimination of those with missing data on key variables, there were 267 deaths and 12,032 person-years. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measures The mortality status was determined by routine follow-up using the National Death Index through December 31, 2008. A logistic regression model was developed to estimate the probability of dying in any given year using person-years. Results A history of chronic pressure ulcers, amputations, a depressive disorder, symptoms of infections, and being hospitalized within the past year were all predictive of mortality. LE estimates were generated using the example of a man with noncervical, nonambulatory SCI. Using 3 age examples (20, 40, 60y), the greatest estimated lost LE was associated with chronic pressure ulcers (50.3%), followed by amputations (35.4%), 1 or more recent hospitalizations (18.5%), and the diagnosis of probable major depression (18%). Symptoms of infections were associated with a 6.7% reduction in LE for a 1 SD increase in infectious symptoms. Conclusions Several secondary health conditions represent risk factors for mortality and diminish LE after SCI. The presence of 1 or more of these factors should be taken as an indicator of the need for intervention.
Thermomechanical behavior and structure of poly(vinyl chloride)

Abstract Both static and dynamic thermomechanical techniques have proved to be useful in elucidating effects of molecular structure and morphology on the behavior of poly(vinyl chloride). Indeed, such methods are sometimes sensitive to rather small differences in, for example, crystallinity. In this paper, the current literature is reviewed, with emphasis on the relation between stereoregularity, crystallinity, and mechanical relaxation behavior. In order to interpret results of recent studies, simple models are then proposed for the typical morphologies encountered. Most experimental facts are consistent with the existence of very small plate-like crystallites, with intercrystallite spacings being inversely dependent on crystallinity, and, in turn, inversely dependent on polymerization temperature.
The Variation of Thermionic Emission with Temperature and the Concentration of Free Electrons within Conductors

Equilibrium electron theory of thermionic emission.---The equation for the thermionic saturation current per unit area in the form $I=A{T}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{b}{T}}$ is derived according to Richardson's thermodynamical method, assuming (1) the boundary condition that when $\ensuremath{\psi}$ the free electron evaporation constant is zero, the free electron concentration inside and outside the hot body is the same, and (2) the interior free electron concentration given by the author's equilibrium theory of conduction (Phys. Rev. 22, 259, 1923). $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ depends only upon the valence in the electron-forming reaction and always lies between 1/2 and 5/4. $\ensuremath{\beta}$ depends upon the valence and the two evaporation constants ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{0}$ and ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{0}$, referring respectively to a bound and a free electron. $A$ is found to depend upon the valence, the electronic chemical constant and the concentration of electron-forming particles in the hot body, varying from 4.16${(10)}^{14}$ for BaO to 8.13${(10)}^{14}$ for Ni. Values of $\ensuremath{\beta}$ calculated from the computed $A$ and experimental data show excellent agreement with $\ensuremath{\beta}$ observed for Pt, W, Mo, Ni, Ca, CaO, SrO, and BaO, the verification being more general than by use of Dushman's formula. The experimental data however are not sufficiently accurate to decide between the two formulas. The failure of certain hot bodies to agree with either formula is discussed and possible explanations offered. Assuming the theory correct, the free electron concentrations in several metals, Mo${S}_{2}$ and CaO are calculated from experimental data. For metals at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C this concentration is of the order of magnitude of ${10}^{17}$ per cc, and decreases with rising temperature. A noteworthy consequence of this low concentration is that the contribution of the free electrons to the specific heat of the conductor remains negligible down to very low temperatures.
Maturation-related deviations and misclassification of stature and weight in adolescence.

The present research quantifies normal deviations in stature and weight associated with variation in maturational status and describes the associated misclassification that occurs when using reference data based on chronological age. Misclassification is the likelihood that incorrect judgments will be made in assessments relative to the reference data. Based on data for 999 children of the Brush Foundation study, the absolute deviations associated with variation in maturational status, an index of misclassification P(mc.5) was developed to estimate the approximate probability of misclassification within an age group relative to that occurring at 5 years of age. The estimated maturation-associated deviations and P(mc.5) include changes in age-specific standard deviations in skeletal age (mean of hand, foot, elbow, knee, hip, shoulder) and regression coefficients (slopes) of stature-for-skeletal age and weight-for-skeletal age. Maturation-associated deviations for stature reach 11 cm for boys and 9 cm for girls, and those for weight reach 12 kg and 10.5 kg for boys and girls, respectively. P(mc.5) for stature at peak velocity reaches 1.3 and 2.3 in girls and boys, respectively. These levels indicate that at these ages girls will be approximately 1.3 times, and boys 2.3 times, as likely to have their statures misclassified because of maturational status than at 5 years of age. For weight, P(mc.5) reaches 2.0 by approximately 9 years of age in both sexes and reaches 3.1 for girls and 4.9 in boys during adolescence. The adolescent increase in maturation-related misclassification results primarily from changes in the size-for-maturation relationships rather than changes in the variation in maturational status per se. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 11:499-504, 1999. Copyright 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Staiger-Heidegger correspondence

Presentation et texte de la correspondance entre E. Staiger et M. Heidegger qui tourne autour de la signification de "scheint" ("videtur" ou "lucet"?) dans le poeme "Auf eine Lampe" de E. Morike.
Race and the Concept of Progress in Nineteenth Century American Ethnology

While nineteenth century American ethnologists relied on the word “evolution” more than the word “progress” to define their theory of culture, their theory of evolution nonetheless implied a teleological projection that was no more than a paeon for Anglo-Saxon race achievement. Believing that failures in earlier stages of evolution had limited brain size and quality of the “inferior races,” they suggested that, for all practical purposes, the Caucasian was the lone man in evolution. While the Caucasian maintained an active, progressive role in modifying the environment, the lower races broke into the modern world as mere “survivals” from the past, mentally and physiologically unable to shoulder the burdens of complex civilization. Ethnology became a means through which both scientists and social scientists sought to estimate the relative value of the races, delineate social categories, and help justify the dynamics of race legislation.
A Human Single-Chain Antibody Specific for Integrin α3β1 Capable of Cell Internalization and Delivery of Antitumor Agents

Abstract Selective antitumor chemotherapy can be achieved by using antibody-drug conjugates that recognize surface proteins upregulated in cancer cells. One such receptor is integrin α 3 β 1 , which is overexpressed on malignant melanoma, prostate carcinoma, and glioma cells. We previously identified a human single-chain Fv antibody (scFv), denoted Pan10, specific for integrin α 3 β 1 that is internalized by human pancreatic cancer cells. Herein, we describe the chemical introduction of reactive thiol groups onto Pan10, the specific conjugation of the modified scFv to maleimide-derivatized analogs of the potent cytotoxic agent duocarmycin SA, and the properties of the resultant conjugates. Our findings provide evidence that Pan10-drug conjugates maintain the internalizing capacity of the parent scFv and are cytotoxic at nanomolar concentrations. Our Pan10-drug conjugates may be promising candidates for targeted chemotherapy of malignant diseases associated with overexpression of integrin α 3 β 1 .
Telephone Support for Pregnant Smokers Who Want to Stop Smoking

This article describes a statewide, proactive telephone peer-support system to help low-income pregnant women stop smoking. From October 1994 to December 2000, 948 pregnant smokers attending the Women, Infants, Children program accepted an offer to receive support by telephone from a woman ex-smoker who called weekly, biweekly, and then monthly to provide guidance, encouragement, and reinforcement for smoking cessation. This free service, funded by the Vermont Department of Health, resulted in 25% self-reported abstinence at last telephone contact when women never reached for telephone support were counted as smokers, and self-reported abstinence during pregnancy of 20% among participants who returned for their postpartum Women, Infants, Children visit. These findings suggest that proactive telephone peer support is a viable way to help pregnant women stop smoking during pregnancy.
MIMO Two-Way Amplify-and-Forward Relaying With Imperfect Receiver CSI

In this paper, we investigate the effects of channel estimation error on the receiver of multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) amplify-and-forward (AF) two-way relaying. The estimation is conducted via training using known pilot symbols transmitted from the terminals, which is a method commonly referred to as pilot symbol-aided modulation. In this context, linear minimum mean square estimation (LMMSE) of composite and individual channels is analyzed. We show that orthogonal pilots, i.e., pilot sequences that are orthogonal over the antenna arrays and the communicating terminals, minimize the composite and individual mean square errors. Using notions of worst-case noise, we obtain lower bounds on the sum rate of information transmission in both directions of the bidirectional relay link and show that the orthogonal pilots perform well against the bound.
Topology optimization with implicit functions and regularization

SUMMARY Topology optimization is formulated in terms of the nodal variables that control an implicit function description of the shape. The implicit function is constrained by upper and lower bounds, so that only a band of nodal variables needs to be considered in each step of the optimization. The weak form of the equilibrium equation is expressed as a Heaviside function of the implicit function; the Heaviside function is regularized to permit the evaluation of sensitivities. We show that the method is a dual of the BendsHe–Kikuchi method. The method is applied both to problems of optimizing single material and
Equilibrium ring formation in polymer solutions

This paper delivers a flexible formalism for handling equilibrium ring formation. Based on graphical models of polymerization, it includes as special cases the Flory-Stockmayer RA/sub f/ model, the Flory A/sub f/ RB/sub g/ model, and Gordon's branching process formalism. When simple ring formation occurs in equireactive systems, ist also includes the Jacobson-Stockmayer RA/sub 2/ and Hoeve RA/sub f/ models. The formalism is built form first principles in statistical mechanics and all assumptions are clearly stated. All parameters re given in terms of thermodynamic variables. With ring weights generalizing the Jacobson-Stockmayer Gaussian random walk, the formalism yields results for branching RA/sub f/, A/sub f/RB/sub g/, and Ra/sub f/-Rb/sub g/ polymer models. Equireactivity then gives explicit solutions. The equireactive RA/sub f/-RB/sub g/ model compares favorability with data from gel-point vs. dilition experiments. With the exception of the Spanning Tree Approximation, graphical models of piolymerization suffer from combinations of the following defects: equireactivity assumptions, restrictions to one type of monomer or bond, absence of rings, or absence of fused rings. This paper provided a promising ''exact'' approach to handling all of these problems simultaneously.
Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis to adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

Adult female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were killed by the parasporal crystals of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (ONR-60A) when the crystals were introduced into the insect midgut as an enema. The 50% lethal dose for intact parasporal crystals was 0.21 microgram/mg of mosquito (wet weight), and for solubilized crystals the 50% lethal dose was 0.04 microgram/mg. These values were compared with 50% lethal concentrations in a free-feeding larval mosquito bioassay of 0.018 and 1.28 microgram/ml for intact and solubilized crystals, respectively. Preparations from B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki were ineffective against both adult and larval mosquitoes. An adult mosquito bioassay is suggested as a direct means of screening potential mosquito control agents.
iMASS: Computational NRF Spectra Signal from Geant4

A primary objective of the intelligent model-assisted sensing system (iMASS) project is to combine computer simulated nuclear resonance fluorescence (NRF) with real-time Monte Carlo calculations to be used in the detection of nuclear materials hidden in cargo containers. This paper introduces the preliminary results related to the Monte Carlo simulation of NRF spectra signal and the importance of reconfigurable computational technique to accelerate Monte Carlo iMASS computational sequences. The selected Monte Carlo platform Geant4 was analyzed for the NRF implementation, modeling of a 3.2MV bremsstrahlung spectrum and the radiography images of cargo container.
Hand-held windows: towards effective 2D interaction in immersive virtual environments

The study of human-computer interaction within immersive virtual environments requires us to balance what we have learned from the design and use of desktop interfaces with novel approaches to allow us to work effectively in three dimensions. While some researchers have called for revolutionary interfaces for these new environments, devoid of two-dimensional (2D) desktop widgets, others have taken a more evolutionary approach. Windowing within immersive virtual environments is an attempt to apply 2D interface techniques to three-dimensional (3D) worlds. 2D techniques are attractive because of their proven acceptance and widespread use on the desktop. With current methods environments, however, it is difficult for users of 3D worlds to perform precise manipulations, such as dragging sliders, or precisely positioning or orienting objects. We have developed a testbed designed to take advantage of bimanual interaction, proprioception, and passive-haptic feedback. We present preliminary results from an empirical study of 2D interaction in 3D environments using this system. We use a window registered with a tracked, physical surface, to provide support for precise manipulation of interface widgets displayed in the virtual environment.
Methods for modeling resource contention on simultaneous multithreading processors

Simultaneous multithreading (SMT) seeks to improve the computation throughput of a processor core by sharing primary resources such as functional units, issue bandwidth, and caches. SMT designs increase utilization and generally improve overall throughput, but the amount of improvement is highly dependent on competition for shared resources between the scheduled threads. This variability has implications that relate to operating system scheduling, simulation techniques, and fairness. Although these techniques recognize the implications of thread interaction, they do little to profile and predict this interaction. The modeling approach presented in this paper uses data collected from performance counters on two different hardware implementations of Pentium-4 hyper-threading processors to demonstrate the effects of thread interaction. Techniques are described for fitting linear regression models and recursive partitioning to use the counters to make online predictions of performance (expressed as instructions per cycle); these predictions can be used by the operating system to guide scheduling decisions. A detailed analysis of the effectiveness of each of these techniques is presented.
Series impedance of GaAs planar Schottky diodes operated to 500 GHz

The author discusses the impact of ohmic contacts on the series impedance of a GaAs cylindrical planar Schottky diode. The expression for the high-frequency impedance of an annular ohmic contact is developed using a novel transmission line model. This formulation is used to ascertain the contribution of the ohmic contact impedance to the overall device series impedance at both DC and 500 GHz. Diode impedance characterization indicates that the ohmic contact impedance makes a small contribution to the series impedance in comparison to that of the other components, both at DC and submillimeter wavelengths. Hence, the dimensions of the contact pads can be scaled down significantly without any appreciable increase in series impedance but with a decrease in the parasitic pad-to-pad capacitance. Finally, this modeling establishes theoretical guidelines regarding the allowable limits for specific contact resistance in small geometry diodes, so that the device I-V characteristics are not significantly altered as a result of the ohmic contact impedance. >
Folded digital backward propagation for dispersion-managed fiber-optic transmission

In periodically dispersion managed long-haul transmission systems, waveform distortion is dominated by chromatic dispersion. As a result of the periodic waveform evolution, the nonlinear behavior also repeats itself in every dispersion period. It is shown that, under the weakly nonlinear assumption, nonlinear effects accumulated in a large number (K) of spans can be approximated by nonlinear effects accumulated in a single span with the same dispersion map and K times the nonlinearity. Thus, significant savings in computational load can be achieved in digital compensation of fiber nonlinearity using folded digital backward propagation (DBP). Simulation results show that the required computation for DBP of dispersion managed transoceanic transmission systems can be reduced by up to 2 orders of magnitude with negligible penalty using folded DBP.