cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computational Chemistry in Predictive Toxicology: status quo et quo vadis?

Abstract This chapter outlines state-of-the art computational chemistry techniques that can be used to develop mechanistic descriptors for predictive models. For the reader to gain appreciation for the complexity of these calculations and to promote responsible usage of available computational software, basic principles of computational theory are presented along with simple guidelines for the nonexpert user. This chapter is organized around categorization of modeling approaches by level of theory (i.e., amount of rigor in the computational approach) and system size (i.e., extent of the biochemical system modeled). Simple examples are used throughout the text to illustrate the applicability of the outlined computational approaches to specific toxicological studies. Lastly, current practices in computational toxicology are contrasted with the concept of safer chemical design, and computational strategies are presented that can aid in de novo design of chemicals with minimal biological activity.
Impact of chlorhexidine gluconate intolerance on driveline infection during chronic HeartMate II left ventricular assist device support

PurposeDriveline exit site (DLES) management following left ventricular assist device implantation is important for preventing driveline infection (DLI). While chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) is gene...
Brain perfusion imaging using a Reconstruction-of-Difference (RoD) approach for cone-beam computed tomography

Purpose: To improve the timely detection and treatment of intracranial hemorrhage or ischemic stroke, recent efforts include the development of cone-beam CT (CBCT) systems for perfusion imaging and new approaches to estimate perfusion parameters despite slow rotation speeds compared to multi-detector CT (MDCT) systems. This work describes development of a brain perfusion CBCT method using a reconstruction of difference (RoD) approach to enable perfusion imaging on a newly developed CBCT head scanner prototype. Methods: A new reconstruction approach using RoD with a penalized-likelihood framework was developed to image the temporal dynamics of vascular enhancement. A digital perfusion simulation was developed to give a realistic representation of brain anatomy, artifacts, noise, scanner characteristics, and hemo-dynamic properties. This simulation includes a digital brain phantom, time-attenuation curves and noise parameters, a novel forward projection method for improved computational efficiency, and perfusion parameter calculation. Results: Our results show the feasibility of estimating perfusion parameters from a set of images reconstructed from slow scans, sparse data sets, and arc length scans as short as 60 degrees. The RoD framework significantly reduces noise and time-varying artifacts from inconsistent projections. Proper regularization and the use of overlapping reconstructed arcs can potentially further decrease bias and increase temporal resolution, respectively. Conclusions: A digital brain perfusion simulation with RoD imaging approach has been developed and supports the feasibility of using a CBCT head scanner for perfusion imaging. Future work will include testing with data acquired using a 3D-printed perfusion phantom currently and translation to preclinical and clinical studies.
Biosensing Devices for Personalized Healthcare

Application of novel biosensor platforms has acquired paramount importance in the field of point-of-care diagnostics, environmental monitoring and drug delivery. The recent biosensor device development using submicron-sized dimensions has opened new horizons for detection of clinical analytes as well as signaling molecules secreted from living cells. Taking advantage of the unique properties of the micro/nano fabrication technology integrated with electrochemical techniques, faster and sensitive biosensors can be developed. The present chapter discusses the basic concepts of electrochemical biosensors, recent developments in the biosensor industry and importance of biosensors in personalized drug delivery.
Cross-basin decadal climate regime connecting the Colorado River with the Great Salt Lake

AbstractThe 2013 federal Colorado River Basin Water Supply and Demand Study projected the water imbalance between future supply and demand to increase. The Colorado water supply (WS) exemplifies a ...
Reactive sputter deposition of piezoelectric Sc0.12Al0.88N for contour mode resonators

Substitution of Al by Sc has been predicted and demonstrated to improve the piezoelectric response in AlN for commercial market applications in radio frequency filter technologies. Although cosputtering with multiple targets have achieved Sc incorporation in excess of 40%, industrial processes requiring stable single target sputtering are currently limited. A major concern with sputter deposition of ScAl is the control over the presence of non-c-axis oriented crystal growth, referred to as inclusions here, while simultaneously controlling film stress for suspended microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) structures. This work describes 12.5% ScAl single target reactive sputter deposition process and establishes a direct relationship between the inclusion occurrences and compressive film stress allowing for the suppression of the c-axis instability on silicon (100) and Ti/TiN/AlCu seeding layers. An initial high film stress, for suppressing inclusions, is then balanced with a lower film stress deposition to control total film stress to prevent Euler buckling of suspended MEMS devices. Contour mode resonators fabricated using these films demonstrate effective coupling coefficients up to 2.7% with figures of merit of 42. This work provides a method to establish inclusion free films in ScAlN piezoelectric films for good quality factor devices.Substitution of Al by Sc has been predicted and demonstrated to improve the piezoelectric response in AlN for commercial market applications in radio frequency filter technologies. Although cosputtering with multiple targets have achieved Sc incorporation in excess of 40%, industrial processes requiring stable single target sputtering are currently limited. A major concern with sputter deposition of ScAl is the control over the presence of non-c-axis oriented crystal growth, referred to as inclusions here, while simultaneously controlling film stress for suspended microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) structures. This work describes 12.5% ScAl single target reactive sputter deposition process and establishes a direct relationship between the inclusion occurrences and compressive film stress allowing for the suppression of the c-axis instability on silicon (100) and Ti/TiN/AlCu seeding layers. An initial high film stress, for suppressing inclusions, is then balanced with a lower film stress deposition to c...
Advantages of Cardiac CTA over Other Imaging Modalities

Congenital heart imaging has changed dramatically over the past several decades. In previous decades, plain x-ray films were a key diagnostic test, with the use of angiocardiography to make specific preoperative diagnoses. However, with several robust cross-sectional imaging modalities now available, this method no longer is the standard. Although plain films still are often obtained, they serve as more of a screening tool, with the first line of imaging being echocardiography. Echocardiography typically does not require sedation and does not expose the patient to ionizing radiation. Echocardiography provides detailed intracardiac anatomy with real-time functional evaluation; however, it may be limited for evaluating extracardiac structure. Similarly, cardiac MRI does not expose the patient to ionizing radiation and offers some of the best tools for functional evaluation of the heart. Cardiac CT angiography (CTA) is another cross-sectional imaging modality that may be used for anatomic and functional evaluation in patients with congenital heart disease. Cardiac CTA does require ionizing radiation; however, with new techniques designed to minimize the patient’s exposure, the radiation can be kept within safe parameters and the advantages of CT may be used.
Oviposition site selection by the regal fritillary, Speyeria idalia, as affected by proximity of violet host plants.

Selection of oviposition sites by female regal fritillary butterflies, Speyeria idalia (Drury), in relation to the location and abundance of their larval food plant, Viola pedatifida G. Don, was studied in Kansas tallgrass prairie. To identify potential cues that females use to select oviposition microsites, we compared plots in which eggs were laid with paired control plots in terms of violet abundance, distance from plot center to the nearest violet plant, plant species composition and relative abundance, plant diversity (Shannon's index), and average plant canopy height. No significant differences occurred between control and oviposition sites for any of these variables (P > 0.15). Violets were present in only 30% of the 1-m-diameter oviposition plots, compared with 24% of the corresponding controls. Furthermore, eggs were never laid directly on violets even when they were present nearby. These data imply that S. idalia females do not preferentially orient to or oviposit on their larval food plant. Nevertheless, female S. idalia did not oviposit randomly, for they invariably chose microsites near the ground that were shaded by the grass/forb overstory and usually deposited eggs on the underside of dead vegetation. We speculate that environmental stresses such as high temperatures and intense solar insolation during the egg stage or harsh overwintering conditions experienced by first-instar larvae impact survival and influence choice of oviposition sites. High fecundity (more than 2000 eggs in some individuals) may allow this species to use a conditional, “sweepstakes” strategy, i.e., producing and spreading many eggs over prairie that harbors host plants to compensate for low egg and larval survivorship.
Distribution of High Altitude Insects

The peculiarities of distribution of high altitude insects, with special reference to the Alps and other principal European mountains, have been discussed by a number of workers like babler (74), franz (368, 369, 370, 378), holdhaus (526, 527, 530, 531, 535), janetschek (565, 566, 567), lindroth (698–702) and others mentioned in the bibliography. mani & santokh (733, 735) have dealt with some of the important aspects of the distribution of high altitude insects from the Himalaya and mani (730) has recently given an outline of the fundamental patterns of distribution of insects at high altitudes. The outstanding peculiarities of the distribution of high altitude insects are closely correlated with the high altitude environment, the high ecological specializations of the insects, the geographical position of the mountain, its orogeny and tectonics, the distribution of the high altitude plants of the mountain, the Pleistocene glaciations and other complex factors. We shall consider here in broad outline some of the major factors governing the distribution of high altitude insects, the outstanding peculiarities of their vertical and horizontal distributions, the faunal and biogeographical characters and the evolution of high altitude insects in general.
ON THE THEORY OF TORSIONAL RHEOMETRY

ABSTRACT An alternating series expression relating the complex dynamic viscosity, η*, to the experimentally measured quantities—the amplitude ratio m and phase angle ϕ—has been derived for bob-in-cup and ring-in-cup geometries. It is similar in form to that derived for a vibrating reed [10]. Both Taylor series and asymptotic expansion of Bessel functions for any one geometry gives similar results. A general condition for the convergence or the useful range of the series expressions is given and the direct analytical expressions are derived for calculating G′ , G″ , and tan δ when certain terms in these series can be excluded.
First-line pembrolizumab therapy in a cisplatin-ineligible patient with plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma: A case report.

BackgroundPlasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma (PUC) is a rare but aggressive variant of transitional cell carcinoma. In patients with unresectable disease, cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy is...
State Licensing Boards, Antitrust, and Innovation

Every state has occupational licensing laws or regulations, which require individuals seeking to offer a certain service to the public first to obtain approval from the state. Occupational licensing requirements historically derive from a desire to protect unwitting consumers from bad actors. In recent years, however, the number of licensed professions in the United States has skyrocketed and licensing requirements have become increasingly onerous. When incumbents wield licensing requirements not as a defensive shield to protect consumers but as an offensive sword to exclude new entrants, serious concerns regarding the competitive implications of the licensing schemes arise. Self-interested incumbents have incentives that may differ from consumers, and these self-interested incumbents can—and sometimes do—impose requirements that do not enhance quality, but rather restrict output, increase prices, and hamper innovation. This Paper explores the competitive implications of state occupational licensing regimes. Part I analyzes the historical development and justification for occupational licensing. Part II reviews the empirical evidence regarding the effects of occupational licensing on factors such as quality, price, innovation, and availability. Part III summarizes how antitrust law, and particularly the state action doctrine, treats state board-enacted occupational licensing. Part IV explores the interplay of occupational licensing and antitrust laws in the United States, delving into a particularly striking case at the intersection of occupational licensing and innovation: Teladoc, Inc. v. Texas Medical Board. Part V provides some suggestions for agency engagement in monitoring the effective use of occupational licensing.
Comparison of manual and computer assigned injury severity scores

Background The study objective was to compare the ISS manually assigned by hospital personnel and those generated by the ICDPIC software for value agreement and predictive power of length of stay (LOS) and mortality. Methods We used data from the 2010–2016 trauma registry of a paediatric trauma centre (PTC) and 2014 National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) hospitals that reported manually coded ISS. Agreement analysis was performed between manually and computer assigned ISS with severity groupings of 1–8, 9–15, 16–25 and 25–75. The prediction of LOS was compared using coefficients of determination (R2) from linear regression models. Mortality predictive power was compared using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves from logistic regression models. Results The proportion of agreement between manually and computer assigned ISS in PTC data was 0.84 and for NTDB was 0.75. Analysing predictive power for LOS in the PTC sample, the R2=0.19 for manually assigned scores, and the R2=0.15 for computer assigned scores (p=0.0009). The areas under the ROC curve indicated a mortality predictive power of 0.95 for manually assigned scores and 0.86 for computer assigned scores in the PTC data (p=0.0011). Conclusions Manually and computer assigned ISS had strong comparative agreement for minor injuries but did not correlate well for critical injuries (ISS=25–75). The LOS and mortality predictive power were significantly higher for manually assigned ISS when compared with computer assigned ISS in both PTC and NTDB data sets. Thus, hospitals should be cautious about transitioning to computer assigned ISS, specifically for patients who are critically injured.
In vivo measurements of kidney glomerular number and size in healthy and Os/+ mice using MRI

The development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with the loss of functional nephrons. However, there are no methods to directly measure nephron number in living subjects. Thus, there ...
Behavioral phenotype and sleep problems in SATB2-associated syndrome.

AIM To determine the nature and frequency of behavioral phenotypes and sleep disturbances in individuals with SATB2-associated syndrome (SAS). METHOD The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and an age-appropriate sleep questionnaire were distributed to the parents of individuals with SAS. All scores were compared to available normative data. RESULTS Thirty-one individuals completed the assessment (18 females, 13 males; mean age 7y 4mo [SD 4y 1mo], range 2-16y). Individuals with SAS had significantly higher Total Difficulty scores than the normative sample (14.9 [SD 5.8] vs 7.1 [SD 5.7], p<0.001). A high frequency of emotional problems (22.6% vs 8%, p=0.01), peer problems (48.4% vs 10%, p<0.001), hyperactivity (48.4% vs 9%, p<0.001), and low prosocial behaviors (45.2% vs 9%, p<0.001) contribute to the behavioral profile in SAS. Concurrent sleeping difficulties were also frequently identified. Ten individuals in the 5 to 15 years age range had at least one sleep disorder (mean Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children total score 40.9 [SD 8.4] vs 35.1 [SD 7.7], p<0.001). INTERPRETATION With previous limited available objective neurobehavioral data on the SAS population, we reported evidence of high-risk for a broad spectrum of burdensome behavioral phenotype and concurrent sleeping difficulties, the latter being particularly prevalent during early childhood. Routine assessment and treatment for behavioral issues and sleep problems is recommended. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS Emotional and peer problems, hyperactivity, and low prosocial behavior are common in SATB2-associated syndrome. The Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire Total Difficulty scores are atypical in nearly half of individuals. Behavioral difficulties are perceived as burdensome to over half of the parents. Nearly half of individuals have at least one sleep disorder. Sleep-wake transition disorders were most common.
Functional Analysis of the Replication Fork Proteome Identifies BET Proteins as PCNA Regulators

Identifying proteins that function at replication forks is essential to understanding DNA replication, chromatin assembly, and replication-coupled DNA repair mechanisms. Combining quantitative mass spectrometry in multiple cell types with stringent statistical cutoffs, we generated a high-confidence catalog of 593 proteins that are enriched at replication forks and nascent chromatin. Loss-of-function genetic analyses indicate that 85% yield phenotypes that are consistent with activities in DNA and chromatin replication or already have described functions in these processes. We illustrate the value of this resource by identifying activities of the BET family proteins BRD2, BRD3, and BRD4 in controlling DNA replication. These proteins use their extra-terminal domains to bind and inhibit the ATAD5 complex and thereby control the amount of PCNA on chromatin.
Distributed enhanced suffix arrays: efficient algorithms for construction and querying

Suffix arrays and trees are important and fundamental string data structures which lie at the foundation of many string algorithms, with important applications in computational biology, text processing, and information retrieval. Recent work enables the efficient parallel construction of suffix arrays and trees requiring at most O(n/p) memory per process in distributed memory. However, querying these indexes in distributed memory has not been studied extensively. Querying common string indexes such as suffix arrays, enhanced suffix arrays, and FM-Index, all require random accesses into O(n) memory - which in distributed memory settings becomes prohibitively expensive. In this paper, we introduce a novel distributed string index, the Distributed Enhanced Suffix Array (DESA). We present efficient algorithms for the construction and querying of this distributed data structure, all while requiring only O(n/p) memory per process. We further provide a scalable parallel implementation and demonstrate its performance and scalability.
Abstract 14724: Sex Differences in the Associations of Visceral Adipose Tissue and Cardiometabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: The Framingham Heart Study

Background: The current clinical practice of defining obesity based on body mass index (BMI) does not capture differences in fat distribution between men and women. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) as...
The physical basis of conceptual representation - An addendum to.

Abstract Gallistel (2020) argues that current research on the physical basis of memory assumes an associationistic approach and thus fails to provide an account of quantitative facts because quantitative facts cannot be sensed and have no qualia. But are these approaches any better suited for investigating how we store concepts of concrete things such as dogs, tables and sand, which clearly have qualia? Seven examples of the abstract quantitative and non-quantitative formal structure found in the conceptual representation of concrete things are used to show that Gallistel's critique clearly extends to the conceptual representations stored in semantic memory. Gallistel (2020) presents compelling arguments that the physical basis for quantitative facts will not be the synapse or cell assemblies, but the information-bearing molecules inside the neuron. Given that quantitative facts are intrinsic to even our simplest conceptual representations, we should expect the same for conceptual representations.
The Application of Established Automatic Control Methods to the Study of Basic Flight Problems

The use of automatic controls in flight testing inspires a new approach to the study of the basic flight problems. Their use makes it possible to record data heretofore unobtainable. The controls themselves improve the performance characteristics of the aircraft. They also ensure ability to repeat test data, thereby making possible truly scientific results. Actual flight testing is the final measure of aeronautical development progress. Precise results are difficult to obtain because of the number and type of variables influencing the data. Testing is usually divided into three major categories: performance, stability and control, and structural tests. These categories are interdependent. Definition of the operating characteristics of the aircraft requires a study of the basic flight problems. Such a study also outlines the requirements of automatic controls for satisfactory operation. These controls as applied to aircraft are discussed under two headings—power plant and stability. Since automatic control parameters are based on flight performance, they are an invaluable flight-test tool. Their use in flight testing results in several advantages: crew relief; stable, dynamic, and integrated control of variables; evaluation of automatic control; and economy. Specific examples of their use in actual tests demonstrate the results that are possible, including the promise of data for the determination of the dynamic constants in the equations of flight.
The Value of Product Returns: Intertemporal Product Management with Strategic Consumers

Consumer product returns are a significant and growing concern in many industries, and firms typically deem returns to be undesirable. Firms may refurbish these returns to recover value, thereby allowing them to extend their product offering over time to new and refurbished products. We study the impact of returns on the intertemporal product strategy of a firm facing forward-looking or strategic consumers, who anticipate future availability and prices of products, and time their purchases to maximize net utility. Using a two-period model, we find that for sufficiently high return rates, the firm not only offers the refurbished product alone in the second period but also refurbishes all of the first-period returns. Importantly, we show that returns may act as a device for the firm to mitigate the well-known time inconsistency problem. Specifically, when the return rate is sufficiently high, the firm’s incentive to recover value from returns by refurbishing results in a reduction – and eventually elimination – of the incentive to offer the new product in the second period. Thus, a sufficiently high return rate allows the firm to implicitly commit that the new product will be offered exclusively in the first period, and therefore charge a premium for it. As a result, firm profit could increase with the return rate.
Trypanosoma cruzi: Interaction with vertebrate cells in vitro: II. Quantitative analysis of the penetration phase

Abstract A technique is described for quantifying the in vitro penetration of vertebrate cells by trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi. It was found that the parasites are distributed among host cells in a manner described by the negative binomial distribution. The rate at which trypomastigotes penetrate bovine embryonic skeletal muscle cells (BESM) decreased exponentially in time in this system. The rate of the exponential decrease was dependent upon the concentration of parasites, being faster for more concentrated suspensions of trypomastigotes. A significantly lower penetration rate of canine kidney and HeLa cells was found when compared to bovine embryonic skeletal muscle cells. Within a single population of BESM cells, the smaller cells were penetrated more rapidly than the larger ones per unit cell area.
Incorporation of N-Acetyl-d-glucosamine into Glycoproteins

Abstract Fractionation of goat colostrum gave a 100- to 200-fold purified enzyme that catalyzed the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine from uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine to certain glycoprotein acceptors. The latter were prepared from α1-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid) and fetuin by treatment with purified sialidase, β-galactosidase, and hexosaminidase. Ribonuclease B and ovalbumin were active as N-acetylglucosamine acceptors without pretreatment with glycosidases. Based on the structures of the glycoprotein acceptors, it is tentatively concluded that the N-acetylglucosamine residue is transferred to terminal mannose units in the glycoproteins. This reaction is suggested to be an important step in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins.
Truth and Disclosure in Qualitative Research: Implications of Hermeneutic Realism

The purpose of this essay is to describe hermeneutic realism as an overarching philosophical commitment for qualitative research and to present its principal implications. Hermeneutic realism, based on the work of Martin Heidegger and other hermeneutic philosophers, emphasizes an expressivist ontology and meaningful human participation, or what might be termed concernful involvement. Concernful involvement allows for the disclosure of truth about aspects of the world, but truth, from this perspective, must be understood as unfolding, multifaceted, and inexhaustible. Hermeneutic realism, as a philosophical basis for qualitative research, offers four general implications concerning: inquiry as a revelatory event, disclosure as significant insight, experience as concernful involvement, and the centrality of temporal-narrative themes. These general implications are connected with specific research practices concerning qualitative researchers’ purposes, roles, framing assumptions, and data collection and analy...
Laboratory Detection of Four New Cumulene Carbenes: H2C7, H2C8, H2C9, and D2C10

Four new cumulene carbenes, H2C7, H2C8, H2C9, and D2C10, were detected in the laboratory by Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. Like the shorter cumulenes in this series, all four were found to have singlet electronic ground states and linear carbon chain backbones. Rotational and centrifugal distortion constants were determined to high accuracy for each molecule, and the entire radio spectrum of each can be calculated to better than 0.3 km s-1 in equivalent radial velocity up to 100 GHz. Upper limits of the H2C7, H2C8, and H2C9 column densities have been estimated for the circumstellar shell of the evolved carbon star IRC +10216.
Translation of Virus mRNA: Synthesis of Bacteriophage Qβ Proteins in a Cell-Free Extract from Wheat Embryo

Abstract The RNA from bacteriophage Qβ can be translated by cell-free extracts from wheat embryos. This translation, by 80S ribosomes, occurs at a low magnesium ion concentration. Three products are synthesized which coelectrophorese with Qβ proteins synthesized in Escherichia coli extracts. The smallest of these has been identified as coat protein. Although the polycistronic bacteriophage message is translated with fidelity, the efficiency is much less than when the monocistronic brome mosaic virus coat protein message is translated.
Assessing the validity of emotional typologies

One hundred and forty-nine verbal descriptions of consumption experiences were analyzed for important emotion-related terms. Similarity judgments on the resulting twenty-eight words were used to cluster the adjectives and to create a pictorial representation using multidimensional scaling. The results of the analyses support the eight basic emotions postulated by Plutchik (1980). These findings. are contrasted with other research implying the superiority of Mehrabian and Russell's (1974) three-dimensional Pleasure-Arousal-Dominance paradigm in the context of consumption experiences. The apparent discrepancy is interpreted as reflecting a difference between analyses that focus, respectively, on the realms of words versus deeds. The practical implications of these results for the analysis of advertising messages and consumption experiences are discussed.
Regulation of Protein Function by Residue Oxidation

A majority of extant life forms require O2 to survive and thrive. Oxidation is inevitably one of the most active cellular processes and one constant challenge that living organisms must face. Generation of oxidants including reactive oxygen species is a natural consequence of cellular metabolism of all biological systems during normal life cycle under different environments. These oxidants oxidize many biological macromolecules such as proteins and affect their functions. Oxidation of specific amino acids in proteins may cause damage to protein structure and impair function, or may also activate protein activities and promote cellular metabolism. As an example, the reversible oxidation of cysteine and methionine residues has a profound impact on protein function and cellular process. A recent study that examines the effect of Met oxidation on Ser phosphorylation in a mitochondrial enzyme, pyruvate dehydrogenase, provides another demonstration that protein oxidation is an important regulatory mechanism for organisms to deal with developmental and environmental challenges throughout life processes.
Thermodynamic properties of three-ring aza-aromatics. 1. Experimental results for phenazine and acridine, and mutual validation of experiments and computational methods

Abstract Measurements leading to the calculation of thermodynamic properties for phenazine (Chemical Abstracts registry number [92-82-0]) in the ideal-gas state are reported. Experimental methods included adiabatic heat-capacity calorimetry, inclined-piston manometry, and combustion calorimetry. Thermodynamic properties for acridine (Chemical Abstracts registry number [260-94-6]) were reported previously and included those measured with adiabatic heat-capacity calorimetry, comparative ebulliometry, inclined-piston manometry, and combustion calorimetry. New measurement results for acridine reported here are densities determined with a vibrating-tube densimeter and heat capacities for the liquid phase at saturation pressure determined with a differential-scanning calorimeter (d.s.c.). All critical properties were estimated. Molar entropies for the ideal-gas state were derived for both compounds at selected temperatures. Independent calculations of entropies for the ideal-gas state were performed at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d, p) model chemistry for phenazine and acridine. These are shown to be in excellent accord with the calorimetric results. All results are compared with experimental property values reported in the literature.
Age effects on properties of motor unit action potentials: ADEMG analysis

We have measured the configurational and firing properties of 13,206 motor unit action potentials (MUAPs) from the brachial biceps, brachial triceps, and anterior tibial muscles in 10 young (20-40 years), 10 middle-aged (40-60 years), and 10 elderly (60-80 years) normal individuals, using an automatic method for decomposition of the electromyographic (EMG) interference pattern (ADEMG). Recording were made during stable isometric contractions at threshold, 10%, and 30% of maximum voluntary contraction using standard concentric needle electrodes. At supra-threshold forces, an average of 5.9 simultaneously active MUAPs were identified at each recording site. Mean amplitudes, durations, and numbers of turns all increased linearly with age in both low-threshold and high-threshold MUAPs (p less than 0.01), suggesting an ongoing process of progressive denervation and compensatory reinnervation. Mean MUAP firing rates decreased with age (p = 0.01) when force was measured proportionately, but not when measured absolutely. In a subgroup of 12 age-matched gender pairs, men had larger mean MUAP amplitudes, rise rates, and numbers of turns (p less than 0.05), probably reflecting larger muscle fiber diameters. These findings amplify previous observations from traditional analysis of lowest-threshold single MUAPs; establish a base of normative adult data for ADEMG; and further validate the clinical applicability of rapid, automatic EMG decomposition.
ECOLOGY AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS

ABSTRACT Placing an ecological approach in the general framework of American geographic thought indicates the usefulness of distinguishing two trends in the development of this thought—the one ecological, the other spatial. American geography tended to reject the ecological approach because it was identified at an early period with environmental determinism. A spatial, non-functional, approach became dominant. Although the two approaches are two ends of a continuum, and thus connected, they arise from and lead to different sets of questions which involve different approaches and different bodies of theory. The ecological approach may be divided into four imprecise types—biological, human, cultural, and urban-political. The cultural-ecological approach is particularly useful in analyzing obstacles to innovation acceptance in agricultural development because it emphasizes the analysis of existent systems from different viewpoints. Four sets of reality, or viewpoints, can be distinguished in this context—tha...
Interpretation of flow cytometric measurement of lymphocytes after fluorescein angiography

PURPOSE By use of flow cytometry (FCM), lymphocyte subsets were evaluated with fluorochrome-labeled monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs). Recent fluorescein angiography (FA) produces temporary elevation of serum background fluorescence at certain wavelengths of light, producing falsely decreased lymphocyte subset quantitations. The authors evaluated the duration of this effect on one subset of lymphocytes after FA. METHODS CD4 counts were determined by FCM before and 10 minutes, 1, 6, and 24 hours after injection of fluorescein dye in 12 patients. The MoAbs used were directly conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) or phycoerythrin (PE). RESULTS Using FITC-labeled MoAbs, falsely decreased CD4 counts occurred in all patients at 10 minutes and in all but one patient 1 hour after injection. Return to baseline levels occurred in 50% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.21, 0.79) by 6 hours and in 75% (95% CI, 0.43, 0.95] by 24 hours. No such effect was observed using PE-labeled MoAbs. CONCLUSIONS Falsely decreased CD4 values as determined by FCM were present immediately after FA in all 12 patients and persisted 24 hours in some patients when FITC-labeled MoAbs were used. CD4 evaluation should be delayed in patients who have undergone recent FA or the analysis should be performed with PE-labeled MoAbs.
Internal phosphorus loading in a shallow eutrophic lake

Abstract Internal loading of phosphorus has been implicated as a major eutrophicating factor in Long Lake, Washington (Kitsap County). As a result of such loading, summer total phosphorus concentrations approach or exceed 100 μgP l −1 . Most of the summer loading of phosphorus is thought to have been released directly from the rich, flocculent sediment in the mid and northern part of the lake as a result of high pH (up to 10) related to phytoplankton photosynthesis. The lake also supports a dense submersed macrophyte crop (areal weighted mean dry weight of about 220 g m −2 ) composed primarily of Elodea densa . Although excretion of phosphorus from healthy E. densa was found to be minimal, the potential contribution of P indirectly from sediment via macrophyte uptake and subsequent decomposition in the winter was on the order of 200–400 kg yr −1 or about 25–50% of the external loading. Nevertheless, loading of phosphorus during predrawdown summers is thought to have originated largely as a direct release from sediment due to high pH. Estimates of sediment phosphorus release determined from laboratory experiments, mass balance and core analyses ranged from 2.2 to 5.6 mg m −2 day −1 . As a component of the restoration program, the lake (mean depth of 2 m) was drawn down nearly 2 m for 4 months during the summer and fall of 1979. The lake's trophic status was expected to improve due to sediment consolidation and/or macrophyte reduction. The drawdown resulted in an 84% reduction in macrophyte biomass in 1980 but minimal sediment consolidation (0.1 m). Winter decomposition of the much smaller macrophyte crop, apparently provided insufficient phosphorus in the spring to stimulate phytoplankton and to enrich midlake sediments, which has probably occurred in previous years. Low water column pH during the postdrawndown summer of 1980 resulted from relatively low rates of plankton photosynthesis. During the summer of 1980 internal loading of phosphorus was reduced and total phosphorus remained below 50 μg l −1 .
Limited Life Expectancy, Human Capital and Health Investments.

Human capital theory predicts that life expectancy will impact human capital attainment. We estimate this relationship using variation in life expectancy driven by Huntington disease, an inherited neurological disorder. We compare investments for individuals who have ex-ante identical risks of HD but differ in disease realization. Individuals with the HD mutation complete less education and job training. The elasticity of demand for college attendance with respect to life expectancy is around 1.0. We relate this to cross-country and over-time differences in education. We use smoking and cancer screening data to test the corollary that health capital responds to life expectancy.
Strategic intelligence systems

This paper suggests that a ''strategic intelligence system'' (SIS) provides the information needed by top-level decision makers. Drawing upon accounts of military and political intelligence operations, four basic areas of SIS design are specified: identification of strategic issues, data collection, integration of information obtained, and intelligence report. Basic choices in SIS organizational structure and in SIS ''doctrine'' are also examined. The breadth of concern with information collection and use in the intelligence literature has particular applicability to non-military and non-political organizations. Intelligence focuses attention on transferring meaning from the evironment to the strategist. It is also concerned with the way in which information collection can protect and advance the objectives of the organization.
Developing a Brief Sensation Seeking Scale for Children: Establishing Concurrent Validity With Video Game Use and Rule-Breaking Behavior

Despite the importance of life-cycle models to sensation seeking research, past studies have typically focused on adolescents and adults. This is especially problematic for researchers studying the role of media use in the development of risky behaviors (e.g., violent video game consumption and aggressive behavior). To facilitate research with child populations, a brief sensation seeking scale for children (BSSS-C) is developed and validated with a sample of fourth, fifth, and sixth graders (N = 136). The BSSS-C is found to be internally reliable (α = .82) as well as a strong predictor of several risky child behaviors. Higher sensation seeking children were more likely to play video games, including violent subgenres (e.g., shooters), and to enjoy playing video games that contained specific acts of violence (e.g., weapon use). Higher sensation seekers were also more likely to engage in rule-breaking behavior, such as bringing prohibited cell phones to school. The results suggest that sensation seeking may...
Fully stressed configuration of statically indeterminate trusses

Procedures are derived in this paper for defining fully stressed statically indeterminate trusses under a single loading condition for the particular case where redundant supporting members are added to a determinate truss. If the orientations of the redundant members are prescribed, their length can be computed easily from the fully stressed conditions. The cross-sectional areas of truss in fully stressed configuration (FSC) are not unique. The minimum weight FSC can be determined with use of linear programming. Several examples are included to illustrate the general formulation.
Stat5: an essential regulator of mast cell biology.

Abstract Interleukin-3 (IL-3) and stem cell factor (SCF) are important mast cell growth and differentiation factors. Since both cytokines activate the transcription factor Stat5, a known regulator of proliferation and survival, we investigated the effects of Stat5 deficiency on mast cell development and survival. This article will review data presented at The Fourth International Workshop on Signal Transduction in the Activation and Development of Mast Cells and Basophils. The full set of data is now in preparation for publication. We find that the absence of Stat5 A and B results in a total loss of in vivo mast cell development. Bone marrow-derived mast cell (BMMC) populations can be cultured and maintained from Stat5-deficient mice in IL-3+SCF, but not in either cytokine alone. The absence of Stat5 resulted in aberrant control of Bcl-2, Bcl-x L and cyclin A2, with increased apoptosis and delayed cell cycle progression after IL-3 or SCF stimulation. These results indicate that Stat5 A and B are critical regulators of in vitro and in vivo mast cell biology.
Masking by a remote-frequency noise band in children and adults.

OBJECTIVE Werner and Bargones (1991) observed that a 4-10-kHz noise band can mask a 1-kHz signal during infancy. The purpose of this study was to examine whether remote-noise masking extends into the school-aged years. DESIGN Listeners were 4-6-yr-olds, 7-9-yr-olds, and adults. Detection thresholds were measured for the 1-kHz signal in quiet and in the presence of the remote-frequency noise. In separate conditions, masker level was either 40 or 60 dB SPL. RESULTS On average, thresholds for the 1-kHz signal were elevated in the presence of the remote-frequency noise for 4-6-yr-olds, but not for 7-9-yr-olds or adults. Group average thresholds were similar across masker levels, indicating nonperipheral effects. CONCLUSIONS Susceptibility to remote-frequency masking in children extends to 4-6 yrs of age for some children.
Glacier velocities from time-lapse photos: technique development and first results from the Extreme Ice Survey (EIS) in Greenland

Automated digital cameras were installed in May-June 2007 beside major West Greenland marine-terminating glaciers as part of the Extreme Ice Survey (EIS). EIS cameras began imaging the lowest 4 km 2 of the glacier at hourly intervals throughout sunlit periods of the year. This study presents the development of techniques for quantifying glacier velocity from a single camera perspective. A Multi-Image/Multi-Chip matching procedure yields higher matching skill than conventional matching, and facilitates false-match rejection via a clustering scheme. The matching of motionless on-land features facilitates compensating camera motion. Ray projection to a known terrain elevation allows the assigning of scale to convert pixel displacements to velocity units. With the 10.2-megapixel camera system, velocities on relatively fast glaciers can be resolved at distances up to -4 km. At a distance of 2 km, a demonstrated precision of ∼0.5 pixels yields a ∼0.5 m footprint size. Daily velocities indicate progressive multi-day velocity accelerations associated with calving. Deceleration trends are associated with the regrowth of resistive stress after major calving. The higher observation frequency available to terrestrial photogrammetry indicates higher observed intra-seasonal velocity range than observable by the at-best weekly satellite snapshots.
DNA methylation: evolution of a bacterial immune function into a regulator of gene expression and genome structure in higher eukaryotes

The amino acid sequence of mammalian DNA methyltransferase has been deduced from the nucleotide sequence of a cloned cDNA. It appears that the mammalian enzyme arose during evolution via fusion of a prokaryotic restriction methyltransferase gene and a second gene of unknown function. Mammalian DNA methyltransferase currently comprises an N-terminal domain of about 1000 amino acids that may have a regulatory role and a C-terminal 570 amino acid domain that retains similarities to bacterial restriction methyltransferases. The sequence similarities among mammalian and bacterial DNA cytosine methyltransferases suggest a common evolutionary origin. DNA methylation is uncommon among those eukaryotes having genomes of less than 10 $^8$ base pairs, but nearly universal among large-genome eukaryotes. This and other considerations make it likely that sequence inactivation by DNA methylation has evolved to compensate for the expansion of the genome that has accompanied the development of higher plants and animals. As methylated sequences are usually propagated in the repressed, nuclease-insensitive state, it is likely that DNA methylation compartmentalizes the genome to facilitate gene regulation by reducing the total amount of DNA sequence that must be scanned by DNA-binding regulatory proteins. DNA methylation is involved in immune recognition in bacteria but appears to regulate the structure and expression of the genome in complex higher eukaryotes. I suggest that the DNA-methylating system of mammals was derived from that of bacteria by way of a hypothetical intermediate that carried out selective de novo methylation of exogenous DNA and propagated the methylated DNA in the repressed state within its own genome. During the evolution of complex plants and animals the inactivating effects of DNA methylation spread to extraneous cellular sequences, such as highly repetitive DNA and transposable elements, and later to tissue-specific genes. Modern large-genome eukaryotes have adapted a primitive prokaryotic immune system to enable them to manage a genome that has expanded more than 1000-fold as a result of accumulation of extraneous sequences and tissue-specific genes.
Archimedes' dimension of the circle: A view of the genesis of the extant text

Of all the works in the Archimedean corpus, none has been more widely studied from ancient and medieval times to the present day than the short tract on the measurement of the circle. It was cited frequently by the ancient mathematical commentators, was known in the Latin Middle Ages in translations both from the Arabic and directly from the Greek, and remains prominent in all general discussions of Archimedes' geometry to this day.1 The popularity of this work is easily understood. Its technical demands are slight, requiring little beyond the theory in Book XII of Euclid's Elements and the resolve to wade through the details of an extended computation. Yet a close reading reveals unexpected subtleties, and for all its brevity it represents well the objectives and methods evident throughout the corpus. Scholars have long noted, however, that the extant version of the Dimension of the Circle (Kyklou Metresis) is at best an edited extract from the original composition.2 Its second proposition, for instance, employs a result proved in the third, in violation of the formal deductive ordering of demonstrations, and fails to distinguish between exact