cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thinking, Saying, Doing in the World of Distributive Justice

An abiding concern in social science is to achieve consistency in theoretical and empirical accounts of what people think, what they say, and what they do. Strikingly, the study of distributive justice unites within it all three elements—thinking, saying, doing—granting them their own distinctive substantive importance and specifying their relations. This paper examines the ideas and insights of distributive justice, highlighting their special character as thinking, saying, and doing elements. The stage is set for the growth of knowledge, as theoretical analysis provides theoretical clarification and development and empirical analysis provides ever sharper tests of the propositions and predictions of justice theory.
Last Apps Standing

This paper predicts that within five years (by the end of 2015) two operating systems, Apple’s iOS and Google’s Android, will dominate the mobile internet environment, to the exclusion of all others, and, further, that Android will have a substantially larger market share than iOS. This prediction is based on an analysis of mobile internet devices as assemblages of hardware and software that can be sold either as uniquely specific bundles or as separate components, a la carte. The former marketing approach - identified in the paper as a “closed operating system” strategy - is akin to a tie-in sale of products that have a degree of independent function and could be sold separately. The latter - identified as the “open operating system” strategy - leaves buyers free to put together final products for themselves from a range of components. The paper argues that 1) open operating systems will be more widely used in upcoming years and 2) within each type of operating system (closed and open) a single operating system is likely to predominate over time.
Modeling and Interpreting Oxygen Transfer Data

Recommendations for modeling, parameter estimation, and experimental design in unsteady state clean water aeration tests are presented. The basic model for both surface and subsurface aeration systems is the exponential form of the first order mass transfer equation. A nonlinear least squares regression procedure is recommended for estimating the oxygen transfer coefficient and equilibrium saturation concentration. Techniques for selecting the number and spacing of data values and for assessing model adequacy are suggested. Methods for applying clean water test results to field water conditions are described and an example problem is presented.
BLEEDING VOLUME INDICES OF HYDROXYETHYL STARCH, DEXTRAN, BLOOD, AND GLUCOSE.

SummarySolutions of hydroxyethyl starch were approximately equivalent to dextran and autologous whole blood in restoring and maintaining near normal arterial pressures in bled dogs. Bleeding volume indices with hydroxyethyl starch solutions, dextran, or whole blood were not significantly different. With glucose solution, arterial pressures and bleeding volume indices were significantly lower. During the interval between bleedings, arterial hematocrit values were maintained at about 50% of prehemorrhage levels by hydroxyethyl starch and dextran, whereas with glucose solutions hematocrits progressively rose to levels in the range of prehemorrhage values.
PRESENT SITUATION AND FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCHFOR PROPERTY QUANTITATIVE PREDICTION OF ROLLED STEEL

In this paper,the method of quantitative predicting and determing,and the mechanical and other properties of rolled steel are introduced,and the direction of development in future is indicated as well.
Concepts from data

Creating new concepts from data is a hard problem in the development of cognitive architectures, but one that must be solved for the BICA community to declare success. Two concept generation algorithms are presented here that are appropriate to different levels of concept abstraction: state-space partitioning with decision trees and context-based similarity.
The Acquisition of Heritage Languages

Heritage speakers are native speakers of a minority language they learn at home, but due to socio-political pressure from the majority language spoken in their community, their heritage language does not fully develop. In the last decade, the acquisition of heritage languages has become a central focus of study within linguistics and applied linguistics. This work centres on the grammatical development of the heritage language and the language learning trajectory of heritage speakers, synthesizing recent experimental research. The Acquisition of Heritage Languages offers a global perspective, with a wealth of examples from heritage languages around the world. Written in an accessible style, this authoritative and up-to-date text is essential reading for professionals, students, and researchers of all levels working in the fields of sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, education, language policies and language teaching.
Outcomes of Elderly Patients Who Receive Combined Modality Therapy for Locally Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to review our institution's experience among patients with locally advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC) treated with chemotherapy and radiation and to determine the prognostic significance of age. Patients and Methods Patients were included if they underwent sequential or concurrent chemoradiotherapy from 2006 to 2014 for LA-NSCLC. Patients were stratified according to age ≤70 and >70 years. Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression methods were performed to evaluate overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Results One hundred twenty-three patients were identified. Ninety-eight patients were 70 years of age or younger and 25 patients were older than 70 years of age. The median radiotherapy dose was 6660 cGy (range, 3780-7600 cGy). A greater percentage of elderly patients were men, 72% (18 patients) versus 39% (38 patients) (P = .006) and received carboplatin/paclitaxel-based chemotherapy, 60% (15 patients) versus 21% (20 patients) (P Conclusion Chemoradiotherapy is an effective treatment in elderly patients with LA-NSCLC, with outcomes similar to that in younger patients. Appropriately selected elderly patients should be considered for chemoradiation.
Deep SRN for robust object recognition: A case study with NAO humanoid robot

In recent years, deep neural networks have shown excellent performance for solving complex object recognition tasks. The increase in performance is achieved by corresponding increase in size and depth of the network, and addition of thousands of active neurons. This, in turn, requires training huge number of free parameters which is computationally intensive. Therefore, in this paper we propose a simultaneous recurrent network (SRN) based auto-encoder for object recognition that significantly reduces the number of trainable parameters by sharing weights in the hidden layers. The simultaneous recurrency results in an unfolding effect of the SRN through time, potentially enabling the design of an arbitrarily deep network. Furthermore, the inherent forward and recurrent connections make the SRN more biologically plausible compared to the generic feed-forward architectures. Experiments using face and character recognition tasks show that our proposed model offers better recognition performance than a generic five layer stacked auto-encoder (SAE). Finally we demonstrate the flexibility of incorporating our proposed recognition framework in a humanoid robotic platform called NAO.
Generation and Gene Expression of CD28-CD8 T-cells in Human

Increase of CD28-CD8 T-cells is one of the hallmarks of aging in the human immune system. Recent studies reveal the mechanism of generation and gene expression features of CD28-CD8 T-cells. Here, I summarize the recent progress focusing on the role of interleukin-15 (IL-15) in generation of CD28-CD8 T-cells and the identification of unique gene expression in CD28-CD8 T-cells by microarray gene expression analysis. These new findings enhance our understanding of the origin and function of the CD28-CD8 T-cells and may provide new means for clinical intervention.
Mechanical and optical response of [100] lithium fluoride to multi-megabar dynamic pressures

An understanding of the mechanical and optical properties of lithium fluoride (LiF) is essential to its use as a transparent tamper and window for dynamic materials experiments. In order to improve models for this material, we applied iterative Lagrangian analysis to ten independent sets of data from magnetically driven planar shockless compression experiments on single crystal [100] LiF to pressures as high as 350 GPa. We found that the compression response disagreed with a prevalent tabular equation of state for LiF that is commonly used to interpret shockless compression experiments. We also present complementary data from ab initio calculations performed using the diffusion quantum Monte Carlo method. The agreement between these two data sets lends confidence to our interpretation. In order to aid in future experimental analysis, we have modified the tabular equation of state to match the new data. We have also extended knowledge of the optical properties of LiF via shock-compression and shockless compression experiments, refining the transmissibility limit, measuring the refractive index to ∼300 GPa, and confirming the nonlinear dependence of the refractive index on density. We present a new model for the refractive index of LiF that includes temperature dependence and describe a procedure for correcting apparent velocity to true velocity for dynamic compression experiments.
The Gold Compound Auranofin Induces Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Primary CLL Cells Independent of Classic Prognostic Markers and the Protective Effect of the Tissue Microenvironment

Abstract 865 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), remains incurable, except by allogeneic stem cell transplantation. While multiple chemotherapeutic options are available, relapse and eventually development of chemotherapy resistance are common. Drug resistance of CLL cells is mediated by genetic alterations including deletion of chromosomes 17p (p53 locus) and 11q (ATM locus), and by pro-survival signals emanating from the tissue microenvironment. Thus new therapies are needed that are active against tumor cells in protective tissue sites and those with adverse cytogenetic features. To identify possible new therapies for CLL, we conducted a high throughput screening assay of primary CLL cells exposed to 7 step-wise dilutions of each member of a 2,816 compound library (including FDA-approved drugs and known bio-actives from commercial suppliers). As a control for “unspecific” cytotoxicity, we used PBMCs from normal donors. Of 102 compounds efficacious against CLL cells of all 6 patients tested, 5 were not or minimally toxic in normal lymphocytes. One of these 5 compounds is Auranofin (AF), an FDA-approved oral disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug. Next, we investigated the efficacy of AF against an expanded cohort of CLL samples (n=50) and investigated its mechanism of action. Samples were characterized for IGHV mutational status, ZAP70 expression, CD38 expression, and FISH cytogenetics. PBMCs were tested against serial dilutions of AF (final concentrations: 0.125–4μM) for 24 hours in flat bottom 96-well plates. MTS assay was performed to quantify cell viability. A dose-dependent response was observed in all samples. The inhibitory concentration at 50% (IC50) was calculated using GraphPad Prism Software. For a majority of samples, the IC50 was 95% of those are CLL cells) and T-cells (CD19-/CD3+) separately using Annexin V staining. AF reduced viability of T-cells on average by 10% and of CLL cells by 50% (n=8; P 2-fold at P Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Embedded Atom Method: Many-Atom Description of Metallic Cohesion

Daw and Baskes1,2 have proposed a new framework for calculating the energetics of metals which they call the Embedded Atom Method (EAM). In this approach, the energy of the metal is viewed as the energy to embed an atom into the local electron density provided by the remaining atoms of the system. In addition, there is an electrostatic interaction.
Incompressible Bipolar Fluid Dynamics: Examples of Other Flows and Geometries

The mathematical model of a nonlinear, incompressible, bipolar viscous fluid was introduced in Sect. 1.6 and conforms to the constitutive hypotheses for the Cauchy stress tensor τ ij and the first multipolar stress tensor τ ijk
Farmworker Vulnerability to Heat Hazards: A Conceptual Framework.

Purpose To review factors that impact the effect of hot environments on the human body in order to develop a conceptual model of human biological response. Methods The organizing concept for the model development was the multilevel integration of three major factors, exposure to heat, sensitivity and adaptive capacity, and the heat stress response. Exposure of a vulnerable occupational group was used to illustrate the components of the model. Findings Components of this framework include the hazard (environmental heat stress), vulnerability factors (workplace exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity), and the heat stress response. The combination of the vulnerability factors of workplace exposure (work intensity, duration), sensitivity (age, gender, etc.), and adaptive capacity (hydration, clothing, work hygiene) mediate a worker's heat stress response to the hazard. A worker's heat stress response can be classified as progressing towards two outcomes: physiologic equilibrium or physiologic disequilibrium. Conclusions This framework provides a starting point for the design and development of studies of heat-related illness (HRI) in farmworker and other vulnerable populations exposed to rising global temperatures. Clinical Relevance Identification of vulnerability factors to HRI, informs research designs which will lead to the development of public health interventions.
Enhanced recovery protocols for colorectal surgery and postoperative renal function: a retrospective review

While enhanced recovery protocols (ERPs) reduce physiologic stress and improve outcomes in general, their effects on postoperative renal function have not been directly studied. Patients undergoing major colorectal surgery under ERP (February 2010 to March 2013) were compared with a traditional care control group (October 2004 October 2007) at a single institution. Multivariable regression models examined the association of ERP with postoperative creatinine changes and incidence of postoperative acute kidney dysfunction (based on the Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, and End-stage renal disease criteria). Included were 1054 patients: 590 patients underwent surgery with ERP and 464 patients without ERP. Patient demographics were not significantly different. Higher rates of neoplastic and inflammatory bowel disease surgical indications were found in the ERP group (81 vs. 74%, p = 0.045). Patients in the ERP group had more comorbidities (ASA ≥ 3) (62 vs. 40%, p < 0.001). In unadjusted analysis, postoperative creatinine increase was slightly higher in the ERP group compared with control (median 0.1 vs. 0 mg/dL, p < 0.001), but levels of postoperative acute kidney injury were similar in both groups (p = 0.998). After adjustment with multivariable regression, postoperative changes in creatinine were similar in ERP vs. control (p = 0.25). ERP in colorectal surgery is not associated with a clinically significant increase in postoperative creatinine or incidence of postoperative kidney injury. Our results support the safety of ERPs in colorectal surgery and may promote expanding implementation of these protocols. Not applicable, prospective data collection and retrospective chart review only.
Real Options and the Other Liquidation Decision

The core of business bankruptcy turns on a set of questions about the deployment of a distressed firm's assets. Among these questions, the decision to shut down - the liquidation decision - is central. The liquidation decision actually involves two decisions: the initial decision to shut down the firm and the second question of how? The first decision is widely discussed, the second is rarely acknowledged. To examine the second part of the liquidation decision, this paper adopts two novel approaches to the problem at hand. First, I present the results of a new empirical examination of 473 firms that liquidated under chapters 7 or 11. This study is unique in that it is the first multi-district study to examine business liquidation in all its forms since the enactment of the current Bankruptcy Code in 1978. Next, I use these empirical results to begin a discussion of the secondary liquidation decision in real option terms. In particular, the choice of liquidation tools itself offers claimants a valuable option, albeit one with a value limited by the short time in which this initial choice must be made. The subsequent ability to alter the initial choice as new information is revealed and uncertainties resolve themselves during the course of the bankruptcy case may be viewed as an option that can be exercised when a different liquidation tool will increase overall value. For example, the debtor's ability to convert from chapter 11 to chapter 7 can be seen as a put option which allows management to abandon the firm to a trustee when it becomes apparent that chapter 11 will not produce more value.
AN AXIOMATIC APPROACH TO RATIONAL DECISION MAKING IN A FUZZY ENVIRONMENT

An axiomatic approach to rational decision making under uncertainty is presented. The notion of fuzzy sets is used to the advantage that it is a convenient tool for unifying the axioms in various situations, such as statistical decision, group decision and decision problems in which several criteria of optimality are involved. The first theorem asserts that under these axioms the decision strategy can be either pessimistic, optimistic, or one of mixed type. The introduction of a stronger postulate restricts our choice to only the pessimistic type, which in effect is the minimax principle. Meanwhile, the intersection and union operations on fuzzy sets are deduced from the assumptions.
An airborne remote sensing case study of synthetic hydrocarbon detection using short wave infrared absorption features identified from marine-harvested macro- and microplastics

Abstract The abundance and distribution of plastic debris in natural waters is largely unknown due to limited comprehensive monitoring. Here, optical properties of dry and wet marine-harvested plastic debris were quantified to explore the feasibility of plastic debris optical remote sensing in the natural environment. We measured the spectral reflectance of microplastics ( 5 mm) washed ashore along the USA west coast and virgin plastic pellets over a wavelength range from 350 to 2500 nm. Compared to the spectral variability of multi-colored dry macroplastics, the measured dry marine-harvested microplastic reflectance spectra could be represented as a single bulk average spectrum with notable absorption features at ~ 931, 1215, 1417 and 1732 nm. The wet marine-harvested microplastics had similar spectral features to the dry microplastics but the magnitude was lower over the measured spectrum. When spectrally matched to the reference library of typical dry virgin pellets, the mean dry marine-harvested microplastics reflectance had moderate similarities to low-density polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene and polymethyl methacrylate. This composition was consistent with the subset sampled with the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer and what has been reported globally. The absorption features at 1215 and 1732 nm were observable through an intervening atmosphere and used to map the distributions of synthetic hydrocarbons at a landfill and on man-made structures from airborne visible-infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS) imagery, indicating the potential to remotely sense dry washed ashore and land-origin plastics. These same absorption features were identifiable on wet marine-harvested microplastics, but the ability to conduct remote sensing of microplastics at the ocean surface layer will require more detailed radiative transfer analysis and development of high signal-to-noise sensors. The spectral measurements presented here provide a foundation for such advances towards remote detection of plastics from various platforms.
Approximation of Functions and Numerical Quadrature

The standard treatment of orthogonal polynomials is Szego (1958), in which several other systems are described and more properties of orthogonal polynomials are discussed. A general reference on multivariate orthogonal polynomials is Dunkl and Yu (2001). A type of orthogonal system that I mentioned, but did not discuss, are wavelets. For this I refer the reader to Walter and Ghorai (1992) or to Vidakovic (2004).
Are Chinese Students Really Quiet, Passive and Surface Learners? – A Cultural Studies Perspective

Research has indicated that Chinese students experience considerable challenges in their academic studies at North American universities. This paper explores Chinese students’ academic learning through cultural studies perspectives by examining the concept of identity; cultural and linguistic context; Chinese students as quiet and passive learners; different classroom teaching methods experienced in both cultures; surface learners vs. deep learners; different culture worlds; and the concept of social communicative competence. It is argued that quiet, passive and surface learners are perhaps incorrect descriptors of Chinese students who are studying at North American Universities. Important educational implications are discussed. Plusieurs recherches montrent que les etudiants chinois doivent relever des defis considerables quand ils etudient dans des universites nord americaines. Le but de cet article est d’explorer l’apprentissage academique des etudiants chinois a partir d’une vision d’etudes culturelles. Ceci nous menera a examiner le concept d’identite, de contexte culturel et linguistique, ainsi que des notions telles que le calme et la passivite des etudiants chinois, les differences entre methodologies d’enseignement dans les deux cultures, les apprenants superficiels en opposition avec les apprenants reflechis, les differences culturelles, et enfin, le concept de competence communicative sociale. description des etudiants chinois comme etant des apprenants calmes, passifs et superficiels sont des descripteurs qui peuvent s’averer incorrects si l’on prend en compte toutes les implications culturelles qui seront discutees dans cet article.
Deferoxamine effect on selenite-induced cataract formation in rats.

A single subcutaneous dose of 30 nmol of sodium selenite per gram of body weight in 13-day-old rats resulted in posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC) after 24 hr and bilateral nuclear cataracts at 72-96 hr. Within 24 hr of treatment, a 60% decrease in lens glutathione was seen. A loss of calcium homeostasis observed by 48 hr resulted in increased lens calcium (4 /itmol/g dry weight), which accompanied nuclear opacification. The iron chelator, deferoxamine (DF), was evaluated as a potential protective agent against these selenite-induced changes. Three doses each consisting of 1.1 ^ m ol DF/g body weight were administered during the initial 24 hr of selenite exposure. Within 96 hr, all lenses from animals treated only with DF remained transparent, but 50% of these lenses showed cortical cataract at 3 wk postinjection. Concurrent administration of DF and selenite protected 80% of rats against PSC after 48 hr and 25% against nuclear cataract after 96 hr. No elevation in lens calcium occurred in the protected lenses. An additional 20% of animals were not protected fully but showed substantially less nuclear opacity than with selenite alone. They had a significant but moderate increase in lens calcium. After 3 wk (animal age, 35-40 d), cataract appeared in these "protected" lenses involving both the nucleus and cortex and loss of ion homeostasis. The glutathione content remained lower in lenses from animals treated with both selenite and DF compared with those from selenite-treated animals. In conclusion, DF may protect lenses from early oxidative damage from selenite exposure, and delay the response of the lens to subsequent metabolic injury caused by exposure to selenite. However, high doses of DF provoked cataract formation in a longer time frame. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 33:2511-2519, 1992
The Role of Copper and Cross-Linking in Elastin Accumulation

Trace elements have been shown to alter the expression of several proteins (1). Our research has focused on the changes in elastin metabolism that occur during, and immediately after, copper deficiency. A copper-dependent enzyme, lysyl oxidase, links elastin and copper metabolism. Dysfunction of this enzyme disrupts elastin cross-link formation, resulting in accumulation of the soluble elastin precursor and decreased amounts of the insoluble product. In previous investigations, we confirmed that there are fewer total elastin products (soluble and insoluble forms) in copper-deficient aortas than in copper-sufficient aortas (2). The diminished elastin content of copper-deficient arteries resulted from plasma protease activity (3). Elastin synthesis rates were unaffected by copper status (2).
Disparities in treatment patterns and overall survival (OS) in hormone receptor-positive HER2+ metastatic breast cancer (MBC): A National Cancer Database Analysis.

1032Background: Determinants of variation in therapy utilization and OS are unclear for patients diagnosed with hormone receptor+, human epidermal growth factor 2 positive (HER2+) MBC. This study a...
Rivaroxaban does not affect growth of human pancreatic tumors in mice.

Background Some clinical studies have shown that low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) prolong the survival of cancer patients. In addition, various anticoagulants have been shown to reduce growth of tumors in mice. However, there are no studies on the effect of the factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban on growth of human pancreatic tumors in nude mice. Objectives To test the hypothesis that the factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban reduces the growth of tissue factor (TF)-positive pancreatic tumors but not TF-negative pancreatic tumors in mice. Methods The TF-positive human pancreatic cancer cell line BxPc-3 and the TF-negative human pancreatic cancer cell line MIA PaCa-2 were injected subcutaneously into nude mice and tumors grown to a mean volume of ~100 mm3 . Mice were then divided into two groups. One group was fed chow containing rivaroxaban (0.5 g/kg chow) whereas the other group was fed chow without rivaroxaban. Results Rivaroxaban significantly prolonged prothrombin time in tumor-bearing mice. Rivaroxaban did not affect cell proliferation or growth of either BxPc-3 or MIA PaCa-2 tumors grown subcutaneously in nude mice. Conclusion Our results indicate that inhibition of factor Xa with rivaroxaban does not affect the growth of two human pancreatic tumors in nude mice.
Elevated Pretransplant Serum Ferritin in Autologous Stem Cell Transplant.

Abstract Iron overload is an adverse prognostic factor in patients who undergo allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) for thalassemia and apparently in patients with acute leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome as well. Iron overload has also been associated with susceptibility to infection following autotransplantation and with impaired immunity in other settings. We report here the results of a large study of consecutive patients undergoing autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (ASCT) for various hematologic malignancies to assess the influence of pretransplantation ferritin on outcomes following transplant. Pretransplantation ferritin, obtained within 100 days preceding transplant, was available on 397 patients undergoing autologous HSCT for various disorders (NHL=257, MM= 61, HD=58, AML=21) from 11/2/2000 to 12/28/2006.The median ferritin was 529.3 ng/ml (range, 12.8–4330). The median patient age was 52 (range, 19–77). Recursive partitioning analysis identified baseline ferritin >685 ng/ml as an adverse prognostic factor for survival as shown: ESTIMATED SURVIVAL BY PRETRANSPLANT FERRITIN LEVEL Download : Download high-res image (101KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure Age, gender, disease, disease status at transplant, interval from diagnosis to transplant, number of prior chemotherapy regimens, prior radiation therapy, ferritin, albumin, AST, Alkaline phosphatase, LDH, preparative regimen and CD 34+ dose were analyzed in a multivariable analysis. Elevated ferritin was an independent, adverse, significant prognostic factor for survival (p Download : Download high-res image (88KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure Conclusions: Elevated ferritin adversely influences survival, relapse-free survival, and relapse mortality following autologous transplantation. Whether the increased number of deaths due to relapse is related to the established immunosuppressive affect of iron overload is unknown. Iron chelators have been shown to inhibit the growth of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Trials designed to analyze the benefit of iron chelation therapy prior to ASCT in patients with iron overload are warranted.
Medical Comorbidities and Medication Use Among Homeless Adults Seeking Mental Health Treatment

Little is known about the medical conditions and medication use of individuals who are homeless and have mental health problems. This study used secondary data (N = 933) from a mental health clinic serving homeless adults. Primary outcomes were the number and types of self-reported medical conditions and medications. About half (52.60%) of participants were taking one or more medications (mean = 1.67; SD = 2.30), most commonly antidepressants, antipsychotics, and anticonvulsants. Most frequently reported medical conditions were headaches/migraines, hypertension, and arthritis with a mean of 3.09 (SD = 2.74) conditions. Age and sex were significant predictors of the number of medical conditions. Age and the length of time homeless were significant predictors of the number of medications taken. Results suggest that those who are older and have been homeless longer appear to be increased risk for health problems and may need more medications to manage these conditions.
Sub-100 fε Dynamic Strain Sensing using a Meter-Long, High-Finesse Fiber Fabry-Perot Interferometer

We report passive fiber-optic dynamic strain sensing with ultrahigh resolutions of 60 fe/√Hz at 1 kHz, 50 fe/√Hz at 2 kHz and 30 fe/√Hz at 23 kHz using a meter-long, high finesse fiber Fabry-Perot resonator.
Unlocking PDAC initiation with AP-1

Chronic pancreatitis is a risk factor for pancreatic cancer; however, the mechanisms underlying cellular susceptibility to oncogenic transformation are complex. A recent study reports a damage-associated progenitor cell state, controlled by the transcription factors KLF5 and members of the AP-1 family, that initiates tumorigenesis in mouse models of pancreatic cancer in which the proto-oncogene KRAS is altered.
Metabolic regulation of tissue-resident memory CD8 + T cells.

Intracellular metabolic adaptations help define the function and homeostasis of memory CD8+ T cells. These cells, which promote protection against infections or cancer, undergo consecutive metabolic shifts, ultimately relying on mitochondrial-related pathways. Past CD8+ T cell metabolism studies focused on circulating memory cells, which are exclusive to secondary lymphoid organs or recirculate between lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs. Yet, now there is unequivocal evidence that memory CD8+ T cells reside in many non-lymphoid organs and mediate protective immunity in barrier tissues. The metabolic adaptations occurring in forming and established tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells are currently subject of intense research. In this review, we discuss the latest breakthroughs on the transcriptional and protein control of tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cell metabolism.
Mobile edge computing towards 5G: Vision, recent progress, and open challenges

Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) is an emerging technology in 5G era which enables the provision of the cloud and IT services within the close proximity of mobile subscribers. It allows the availability of the cloud servers inside or adjacent to the base station. The end-to-end latency perceived by the mobile user is therefore reduced with the MEC platform. The context-aware services are able to be served by the application developers by leveraging the real time radio access network information from MEC. The MEC additionally enables the compute intensive applications execution in the resource constraint devices with the collaborative computing involving the cloud servers. This paper presents the architectural description of the MEC platform as well as the key functionalities enabling the above features. The relevant state-of-the-art research efforts are then surveyed. The paper finally discusses and identifies the open research challenges of MEC.
Crowding Out as a Cause of U.S. Declining Business Dynamism

This paper discusses U.S. declining business dynamism. Specifically, it explores how U.S. exports and imports, the federal government deficit, and tax-exempt nonprofits contribute to U.S. declining business dynamism. Using data from Business Dynamics Statistics (BDS) of the U.S. Census Bureau, Master Files Databases of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and other secondary sources, the paper employs both co-integration and error correction models to perform the tests. The results suggest that government and the foreign sectors crowd out U.S. business formation.
Using design critique as research to link sustainability and interactive technologies

This paper echoes and points to work we have presented elsewhere on establishing the links between issues of sustainability and interaction design. The significant contribution of this paper is a description of the use of design critique as a research method and an argument for its importance to HCI researchers, especially with respect to very complex design contexts--the link between sustainability issues and interaction design research and practice, in particular.
Base station transceiver trends for 3G and beyond wireless systems

The general trend of wireless wideband transceivers points to continuing reduction of radio frequency processing at the expense of increased digital signal processing making the move towards software defined radio (SDR). The SDR concept enables the necessary flexibility for existing and next generation wireless systems. The development of cost efficient data converters and digital IF signal processors is called upon to play a crucial role in the concept of software radio transceivers. This paper presents a view and a solution for flexible software radio base station architectures for major digital wireless standards.
Bits Security of the Elliptic Curve Diffie---Hellman Secret Keys

We show that the least significant bits (LSB) of the elliptic curve Diffie---Hellman secret keys are hardcore. More precisely, we prove that if one can efficiently predict the LSB with non-negligible advantage on a polynomial fraction of all the curves defined over a given finite field $\mathbb{F}_p$, then with polynomial factor overhead, one can compute the entire Diffie---Hellman secret on a polynomial fraction of all the curves over the same finite field. Our approach is based on random self-reducibility (assuming GRH) of the Diffie---Hellman problem among elliptic curves of the same order. As a part of the argument, we prove a refinement of H. W. Lenstra's lower bounds on the sizes of the isogeny classes of elliptic curves, which may be of independent interest.
Ius Commune Conference: CSR Workshop Report

On 25 November 2011, a number of scholars presented their research at the16th Annual Ius Commune conference. This report discusses the Corporate Social Responsibility workshop, part of the Ius Commune Conference. The Conference was organized by the Ius Commune School, a cooperation between the law schools of the Universiteit Maastricht, the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, the Universiteit Utrecht and the Universiteit van Amsterdam devoted to the study of problems of international and transnational law. While the conference consisted of numerous workshops on a variety of areas of law, this report focuses solely upon the Corporate Social Responsibility workshop. This report will briefly summarize the presentations and panel discussion, presenting a concise overview of some of the current scholarship relating to the Ruggie Framework.
The Psychological Contract: A Method for Increasing Student Satisfaction

The concept of the psychological contract, or set of expectations implicit in agreements between people, is explained. The contracting process is described in detail, and implications for student satisfaction as reflected on course evaluations are presented.
Trigger finger: etiology, evaluation, and treatment

Trigger finger is a common finger aliment, thought to be caused by inflammation and subsequent narrowing of the A1 pulley, which causes pain, clicking, catching, and loss of motion of the affected finger. Although it can occur in anyone, it is seen more frequently in the diabetic population and in women, typically in the fifth to sixth decade of life. The diagnosis is usually fairly straightforward, as most patients complain of clicking or locking of the finger, but other pathological processes such as fracture, tumor, or other traumatic soft tissue injuries must be excluded. Treatment modalities, including splinting, corticosteroid injection, or surgical release, are very effective and are tailored to the severity and duration of symptoms.
Constitutive analysis of finite deformation field dislocation mechanics

Abstract Driving forces for dislocation motion and nucleation in finite-deformation field dislocation mechanics are derived. The former establishes a rigorous analog of the Peach–Koehler force of classical elastic dislocation theory in a nonlinear, nonequilibrium field-theoretic context; the latter is a prediction of the theory. The structure of the stress response and permanent distortion are also derived. Sufficient boundary and initial conditions are indicated, and invariance under superposed rigid motions is discussed. Hyperelasticity and finite-deformation elastic theory of dislocations are shown to be special cases of the framework. Owing to the nonlocal nature of the theory, the results as well as the methods used to derive them appear to be novel.
Aqueous urea as a model system for bi-exponential relaxation

Object To evaluate the utility of aqueous urea, doped inner- and outer-sphere relaxation agents, as an adjustable two-component model system.
Oocytogenesis in rabbits. The role of neogenesis in the formation of the definitive ova and the stability of oocyte DNA measured with tritiated thymidine

A series of six thymidine-methyl-H3 (thy-H3) injections, one every 12 hours, was administered to 35 Dutch-belted female rabbits (does) commencing on the day of their birth. Seventeen of the does were unilaterally ovariectomized as follows: five does at 4 and 12 weeks of age, five does at 4 and 20 weeks of age, five does at 12 and 20 weeks of age and two does at 4 and 40 weeks of age. Autoradiographs of ovarian tissue were prepared, up to 600 oocytes per ovary were randomly chosen and the silver grains associated with the oocyte nuclei recorded. The mean grain counts decreased significantly (P 0.1) between 12 and 20 weeks of age, 10.5 vs. 9.6. Although the mean grain count decreased between 4 to 40 weeks of age 21.5 vs. 14.6, the number of replications was too few to detect significant differences (P > 0.1). At 40 weeks of age 91% of the oocytes were still labeled. The reduction in grain counts from 4 to 12 weeks of age was attributed to the non-random degeneration of the older, more highly labeled oocytes located deep in the cortical zone. The lack of significant differences between grain counts at 12 and 20 weeks of age suggests that (1) during this interval the desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is metabolically stable and (2) significant de novo oocyte formation did not occur. Nine rabbits were superovulated at 20 weeks of age and of the 217 ova recovered 82.5% were radioactive. This was similar to the 89.8% radioactive oocytes observed in the ovaries of the same animals. Artificial insemination of the remaining nine does at 35 and 60 weeks of age resulted in normal litters and superovulation and artificial insemination of this group at 52 weeks of age produced 73.8% radioactive ova. Five Dutch-belted does injected at four weeks of age with thy-H3 at the same rate and interval as the day-old rabbits showed a slight incorporation of the isotope into both oocyte nuclei and cytoplasm suggesting that most of the incorporation was not related to any synthesis of new chromosomal DNA. A single thy-H3 injection into three 20-week-old does did not result in appreciable uptake of the isotope by oocyte nuclei, although many nuclei of parenchymal cells in the ovary were highly labeled. The results conclusively support the view that most, if not all definitive ova are formed at birth and de novo oocytogenesis does not occur in the post-pubertal rabbit.
Transcutaneous bilirubinometry. The cephalocaudal progression of dermal icterus.

• The transcutaneous bilirubinometer (TcB) was used to document the cephalocaudal progression of dermal icterus in neonates. The TcB index of a specific area was compared with that of the forehead (TcB ratio). Four surface regions were identified, placed in the following sequence with respect to decreasing TcB ratio values: (1) forehead and sternum; (2) elbow, upper part of the back, and upper part of the abdomen; (3) lower part of the back and knee; and (4) palm and sole. To examine the relationship of the skin region at different serum bilirubin levels, a model was created that allowed the correlation of the TcB index with the specific region's distance from the forehead. Area differences in TcB values at lower bilirubin concentrations were less marked than at high levels. While the mechanism of this phenomenon has not been elucidated, the role of biophysical properties of the skin remains to be explored. (Am J Dis Child1981;135:547-549)
Cardiac elastography: detecting pathological changes in myocardium tissues

Estimation of the mechanical properties of the cardiac muscle has been shown to play a crucial role in the detection of cardiovascular disease. Elastography was recently shown feasible on RF cardiac data in vivo. In this paper, the role of elastography in the detection of ischemia/infarct is explored with simulations and in vivo experiments. In finite-element simulations of a portion of the cardiac muscle containing an infarcted region, the cardiac cycle was simulated with successive compressive and tensile strains ranging between -30% and 20%. The incremental elastic modulus was also mapped uisng adaptive methods. We then demonstrated this technique utilizing envelope-detected sonographic data (Hewlett-Packard Sonos 5500) in a patient with a known myocardial infarction. In cine-loop and M-Mode elastograms from both normal and infarcted regions in simulations and experiments, the infarcted region was identifed by the up to one order of magnitude lower incremental axial displacements and strains, and higher modulus. Information on motion, deformation and mechanical property should constitute a unique tool for noninvasive cardiac diagnosis.
Review of the Therapeutic Uses of Liraglutide

Abstract Background Glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) is a neuroendocrine hormone that increases blood glucose and is a drug target for treatment of type 2 diabetes. Liraglutide, a subcutaneous, once-daily GLP-1 agonist, is approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in the United States and Europe. It also has been studied for weight loss. Objective The purpose of this article is to review all of the relevant literature on the chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, metabolism, clinical trials, safety, drug interactions, cost, and place in therapy of liraglutide. Methods Literature searches of MEDLINE between 1969 and September 2010, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts between 1970 and September 2010, American Diabetes Association Meeting abstracts (2008–2010), and European Association for the Study of Diabetes abstracts (2008–2010) were performed using liraglutide, Victoza , and NN2211 as key terms. Results Thirteen randomized controlled trials were identified and summarized. Liraglutide has been shown to increase glucose-dependent insulin release by 34% to118% and reduce postprandial glucagon levels by 20%. Studies showed that liraglutide, as monotherapy and in combination with glimepiride, metformin, and/or rosiglitazone, lowers glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA 1c ) between 0.84% and 1.5%. Transient nausea was reported by 7% to 40% of subjects. Severe hypoglycemia—glucose Conclusion Liraglutide safely and effectively reduces HbA 1c in patients with type 2 diabetes. The most recent American Diabetes Association guidelines recommended a GLP-1 agonist along with metformin as a second-tier therapy for type 2 diabetes. Although the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinologists' guidelines recommended it for first-line monotherapy in patients with HbA 1c between 6.5% and 7.5% and with metformin if HbA 1c is between 7.6% and 8.5%, liraglutide should be considered for patients who cannot tolerate first-line agents or if an additional agent is needed to help reach target HbA 1c goals.
Division of labor in Polycomb group repression

The epigenetic maintenance of gene expression patterns is essential for developing and maintaining the diverse types of cell that cooperate to form the larger organism. Recent data suggest that proteins of the Polycomb group (PcG) use a combination of posttranslational modifications and structural changes to the underlying chromatin structure to maintain silenced epigenetic states. We are now beginning to understand the mechanisms by which the PcG proteins are able to silence genes and to maintain this silencing over many cell divisions.
On the Role of Culture in Color Naming: Remarks on the Articles of Paramei, Kay, Roberson, and Hardin on the Topic of Cognition, Culture, and Color Experience

Comment on the preceding articles is now provided to highlight some open questions and controversies raised in this issue. The primary goal is to provide a context for examining the longaccepted views from the cross-cultural color categorization and naming literature that are presented in the articles. For this reason alone, the articles by Hardin and Kay—which present new analyses compatible with the established theory in the area— receive more comment than do those of Roberson and Paramei— which, comparatively speaking, are less concordant with the established theory and reflect more culturally specific views of color naming phenomena. In my opinion, each of the four articles in this issue contributes important perspectives on cross-cultural color naming research. Although the order of articles in this volume is Paramei, Kay, Roberson, and Hardin, the comments presented here are organized to emphasize the authors’ common view-
Low-fidelity location based information systems

In this article, we describe the intrinsic constraints of mobility and discuss how we can work around and often exploit these constraints using information implied by the context of the mobile user. In particular, we outline some of the work we have been doing in providing information to users on the basis of "Low-Fi" location information retrieved from user's cellular phone. A user's location and other contextual information is used to retrieve task relevant information and avoid many of the problems posed by limits of mobile devices and their use. This is part of an ongoing effort to build "smart" navigational interfaces bound on information about a user's location.