cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Face of the Deep

N my beginning, I enter a world which has already begun. At conception, or at quickening, my soul enters a matrix, and my materiality is nourished in my mother, whose body was born long before my conception. At birth, expelled from the womb, my breathing organism enters an unborn world, or a world begun long ago. My expulsion is a new beginning in a progressive process which repeatedly begins in the newborn. In my beginning, the world is again renewed in a living creature who, cradled in the maternal embrace, cannot perceive the approaching end; when the world begins, at last, in me, I am unaware that my birth is an external fact in a deathless world where the newborn must perish. I have not yet confronted the outer world; my painful birth, which I experienced inwardly, I have never perceived from the outside. Born innocent, I perceive the cosmos as a world which began with me. Originally, nature is not a surface which I confront. I do not frontally perceive my environment, because, in me, the ancient world begins as a newborn world, my body; the vast exterior surrounds the world which I am, a small cosmos which insulates my soul. I animate my body without confronting my face, without facing my skin as an impersonal surface. My family shields my flesh, lets me perceive the material environment as a domestic exterior which I possess longitudinally, along my limbs, as my bodily prolongation. My desirous grasp draws satisfaction from a sensuous depth which enlarges my globular cosmos. My personal sphere suffuses the surroundings; I am the cosmic center and the things around me are my personal possessions; I inhabit a world without apparent exterior; the depth beyond my center is within my sphere. The alien abyss outside my person is unperceived, or vaguely felt as a dreadful presence hidden beyond the domicile whose furnishings I possess along the radius of my reach, along the radiations of my desire. My body is born, and nourished, as a personal world which begins with me, grows with me, and obscures the boundless world which I am not.
An empirical comparison of spatial demand representations in maximal coverage modeling

Spatial demand representation is critical for applying location models to planning processes and the efficiency of modeling solutions. Current research has focused primarily on assessing and mitigating demand representation error but ignored the computational complexity of implementing demand representations and solving the associated models. We first use set theory to formulize Cromley et al's (Institutional Journal of Geographical Information Science 26 495-512) demand representation with the least common demand coverage unit (LCDCU). Then, in the application of using the maximal covering location problem (MCLP) to site base stations optimally for a cellular network, we compare the LCDCU-based representation with widely used point-lattice-based and polygon-lattice-based demand representations in terms of both computational complexity and representation error. The LCDCU-based representation creates demand objects by partitioning a demand space into potential service areas, and has several advantages incl...
Comparative studies on the electrical properties and enzyme activities in skins of Rana catesbeiana

Abstract 1. 1. The electrical and enzymatic properties of the abdominal skins of Rana catesbeiana were investigated to ascertain whether differences were evident in respect to age. In addition, the extreme variability of these parameters in animals of the approximate same age was recorded and related to theories on the origin of bioelectric potentials. 2. 2. Older animals possessed higher potential differences and higher resistances than younger animals while the short-circuit current which measures the ability to actively transport sodium remained relatively constant. Histochemical tests indicated that redox enzyme activity was usually higher in the older animals while cholinesterase activity was lower. 3. 3. The redox enzyme activity as measured histochemically showed a remarkable parallel to the magnitude of the electric power of the skin. 4. 4. The rate of sodium transport seemed stoichiometrically related to the magnitude of the electric power and resistance of the skin, and this stoichiometry was the same as that reported by another worker for the amount of oxygen consumed for the transport of sodium. 5. 5. In general, the data support the hypothesis that bioelectric potentials are maintained by redox pumps which probably are localized in the mitochondria of the epithelial layer of the skin. 6. 6. The data do not shed light on how the redox pump is geared specifically to the selective transport of certain ions but only that they are intimately linked.
A Pracademic Research Agenda for Public Infrastructure Models/Results Public Works Practitioners Need to Know

Three recent articles inPublic Works Management& Policy (PWMP) have brought new attention to the question of curricula for the public works/infrastructure (PW/IF) profession. This curriculum renewal is truly welcomed by those who have struggled to establish PW academic programs in the past. Previous graduate programs have regularly failed to attract sufficient PW practitioners or engineering graduates to sustain such an academic field. For the past 5 years, the PW profession has been served byPWMP, which has created a new literature from an emerging cadre of academics and practitioners. The journal’s editors believe such scholarship is an essential first step for renewed curricular offerings. This article synthesizes the three curricular initiatives and produces a “pracademic” research agenda to provide substance for PW/IF academic centers of excellence.
Hydrogen peroxide-mediated toxicity for Leishmania donovani chagasi promastigotes : role of hydroxyl radical and protection by heat shock

Leishmania must survive despite exposure to the toxic oxidant hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) during phagocytosis by macrophages. We investigated the mechanism of H2O2 toxicity for L. donovani chagasi promastigotes, and factors responsible for their relative H2O2 resistance. There was a dose-dependent toxic effect of H2O2 for promastigotes isolated during logarithmic phase of growth. In contrast, stationary phase promastigotes were less susceptible to H2O2 toxicity, and more infectious for BALB/c mice. By spin trapping we found that hydroxyl radical (.OH) was generated after exposure of promastigotes to H2O2, and the amount of .OH was greater with log-phase than with stationary-phase promastigotes. .OH was generated after the addition of H2O2 to the cytosol but not the membranes of fractionated promastigotes, and the magnitude of .OH was greater in log than in stationary promastigote cytosol. Deferoxamine inhibition suggested that intracellular promastigote iron catalyzes .OH formation via the Fenton reaction. Furthermore, exposure of log-phase promastigotes to heat shock induced a relative H2O2-resistant state, which was not associated with a decrease in .OH formation but which required ongoing transcription. Thus, growth to stationary phase and heat shock both induce a state of relative H2O2 resistance, but these are probably due to different resistance mechanisms.
Utility of Kinetic, Dynamic, and Metabolic Data in Nonclinical Pharmacology/Toxicology Studies

Kinetic, dynamic, and metabolic data can be used to predict the appropriate studies, doses, duration, route of administration, species, and dosage interval in toxicology studies coordinated with drug development These data are used to predict starting and maximal doses in human studies, and when evaluated in conjunction with the data obtained in human pharmacokinetic studies, serve as an index for animal to human comparisons and extrapolations The optimal use of kinetic and dynamic information in standard pharmacologic and toxicologic studies will be presented. Reference will be made to problems encountered in the absence of these data and protocol development advantages where these data are incorporated. Development of pharmaceuticals, without incorporating kinetic and dynamic information, is currently associated with more costly, more time consuming, less utilizable knowledge and subsequent studies are often needed to explain anomalous results.
Case-based reasoning and risk assessment in audit judgment

The purpose of this paper is to describe the results of an effort to utilize case-based reasoning CBR to model a specific audit judgment task. To date, most efforts to develop computational models of audit judgment have used strictly rule-based representation methods. Some researchers have recently adopted more robust structures to model the auditor domain knowledge. Although these recent efforts to extend the representation methods appear to be more accurate descriptions of auditor reasoning and memory, they still lack a comprehensive theory to guide the development of the model. A commonly encountered phenomenon in audit judgment is for an auditor to compare the current case to similar previous experiences. Others have proposed a model for this type of judgment in other expert judgment domains. This model has become known as case-based reasoning CBR. This study describes our initial efforts to utilize CBR to model a specific audit judgment task.
Diversity and stability in communities structured by asymmetric resource allocation.

MacArthur (1955) first proposed a hypothesis regarding the relationship between diversity and stability by claiming that diverse communities enhance ecosystem stability. This hypothesis was based on Odum’s (1953) qualitative notion that stability increases as the number of links in a food web increase. MacArthur reasoned that more choices lead to less dependence on a particular path and thus more stability. A variety of views on the diversity-stability hypothesis ranging from agreement to opposition have been argued from numerous theoretical (May 1972, 1973; Doak et al. 1998; Tilman 1999; Yachi and Loreau 1999; Lehman and Tilman 2000) and empirical (McNaughton 1993; Tilman 1994, 1996; Ives et al. 1999; McGrady-Steed and Morin 2000; Wootton 2001) perspectives. Although several studies support the claim that biodiversity regulates stability, no clear consensus on the validity of the hypothesis has yet been reached (Cottingham et al. 2001). Part of the controversy over the diversity-stability hypothesis stems from the multitude of meanings assigned to stability (Pimm 1984). Mikkelson (1999, p. 483) argued
Direct regulation of smooth muscle contractile elements by second messengers

The effects of adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) and phorbol 12,13 dibutyrate (PDBu) on the Ca 2+ sensitivity of the contractile elements in the rat mesenteric artery were investigated, using a method of permeabilizing smooth muscle with Staphylococcal α-toxin. Both cAMP and cGMP relaxed the permeabilized rat mesenteric artery at the intracellular Ca 2+ concentrations ([Ca 2+ ]i) held constant with Ca 2+ EGTA buffer and Ca 2+ ionophore, ionomycin. In addition, forskolin and sodium nitroprusside which activate adenylate and guanylate cyclases, respectively, also induced relaxation at a fixed [Ca 2+ ]i. In contrast PDBu which stimulates protein kinase C caused an increase in force at a constant [Ca 2+ ]i which could be partially reversed by cAMP or cGMP. These results indicate that second messengers exert direct control over smooth muscle Ca 2+ sensitivity of the contractile elements, which is of physiologic and pharmacologic importance.
"Job Design, HR Systems, CEO Leadership and Firm Performance:A Strategic Theory of Engagement"

In this paper we present a strategic theory of engagement whereby we propose that engagement may be considered an organization-level construct that can be influenced by motivational practices enact...
Who are the Japan Bashers? Evidence from national surveys, 1974–1985

Analysis of surveys of the American population during 1974—1985 displays a relatively stable, positive evaluation of Japan. Almost half (40%) of the 1985 respondents gave Japan one of the three most favorable ratings on a scale of ten. Regression analysis indicates that age, education, and family income form the best predictors of attitudes toward Japan. Those who are older, less educated and poorer hold less favorable attitudes toward Japan.
Polymer design for 157 nm chemically amplified resists

Based on UV measurements at 157nm of in-house fluoropolymers we have selected (alpha) -trifluoromethylacrylate and norbornene bearing a pendant hexafluoroisopropanol group as our building blocks for 157nm resist polymers. Polymers consisting of these repeat units have an optical density/micrometers of 3 or below at 157nm. We have found that the (alpha) -trifluoromethylacrylate derivatives conveniently undergo radical copolymerization with norornenes, which has provided a breakthrough in preparation of our 157nm resist polymers. This approach offers flexibility and versatility because an acidic moiety or acid-labile group can be placed in either acrylate or norbornene repeat unit. Other platforms of interest include all acrylic, all-norbornene, and acrylic-styrenic polymers.
Numerical Investigation of the Performance of Three Hinge Designs of Bileaflet Mechanical Heart Valves

Thromboembolic complications (TECs) of bileaflet mechanical heart valves (BMHVs) are believed to be due to the nonphysiologic mechanical stresses imposed on blood elements by the hinge flows. Relating hinge flow features to design features is, therefore, essential to ultimately design BMHVs with lower TEC rates. This study aims at simulating the pulsatile three-dimensional hinge flows of three BMHVs and estimating the TEC potential associated with each hinge design. Hinge geometries are constructed from micro-computed tomography scans of BMHVs. Simulations are conducted using a Cartesian sharp-interface immersed-boundary methodology combined with a second-order accurate fractional-step method. Leaflet motion and flow boundary conditions are extracted from fluid–structure-interaction simulations of BMHV bulk flow. The numerical results are analyzed using a particle-tracking approach coupled with existing blood damage models. The gap width and, more importantly, the shape of the recess and leaflet are found to impact the flow distribution and TEC potential. Smooth, streamlined surfaces appear to be more favorable than sharp corners or sudden shape transitions. The developed framework will enable pragmatic and cost-efficient preclinical evaluation of BMHV prototypes prior to valve manufacturing. Application to a wide range of hinges with varying design parameters will eventually help in determining the optimal hinge design.
Syntheses of new chiral ferrocenylamine sulfide and selenide complexes of group X metals and their application to enantioselective cross-coupling reactions and selective hydrogenation

Abstract A series of chiral ferrocenylamine sulfides and selenides and their complexes of Group X metals of type ( S , R )-(η 5 -C 5 H 3 -1-CHMeNMe 2 -2-ER)Fe(η 5 -C 5 H 5 )MCl 2 and ( S , R )-(η 5 -C 5 H 3 -1-CHMeNMe 2 -2-ER)Fe(η 5 -C 5 H 4 ER)MCl 2 , (E = S, Se; M = Ni, Pd and Pt; R = Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, t-Bu, i-Pent, Bz, Ph, 4-Cl-Ph and 4-tolyl have been prepared. Their application as homogeneous catalysts in Grignard cross-coupling reactions of 1-chloro-1-phenylethane with allylmagnesium chloride has been examined. This paper presents the first use of Ni and Pt thioether and selenoether complexes as catalysts for cross-coupling reactions that give high chemical yields (92–97%) and enantiomeric excesses up to 45%. However, Pd complexes showed their superiority for selective hydrogenation, giving up to quantitative conversion and 100% selective hydrogenation of cyclooctadiene and cyclohexadiene to cyclooctene and cyclohexene respectively.
Exploiting Programmable Temperature Compensation Devices to Manage Temperature-Induced Delay Uncertainty

This paper presents a new circuit technique to reduce temperature-induced delay uncertainty. Programmable temperature compensation devices (PTCDs) are used to tune logic gate pull-up and pull-down networks to their respective temperature-insensitive operating points, dramatically improving thermal resilience. Over a -55°C to 125°C temperature range, the proposed technique is shown to decrease temperature-induced delay uncertainty by up to 91% compared to other temperature resilient methods. We explore the limitations of using multi-VT and adaptive body biasing approaches to achieve temperature insensitivity; the proposed method achieves insensitive operation at larger supply voltages than prior methods, providing temperature insensitivity at nominal voltage for the first time. We explain how to integrate PTCDs into a variety of logic gates as well as larger structures such as a 1-bit mirror adder. Applying the proposed method to a clock tree is shown to reduce temperature-induced clock skew by up to 98%. Process variations degrade the temperature resilience; however, the proposed approach still improves temperature resilience by ~50% over prior methods when these variations are considered. Furthermore, we propose a process variation-compensation system to maintain our PTCD method's temperature resilience.
Temporal lobe epilepsy surgery: outcome, complications, and late mortality rate in 215 patients.

Summary: Purpose: We studied the surgical outcome, complications, and the late mortality rate in a large group of patients with medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Methods: Two-hundred fifteen patients with TLE were treated surgically between 1984 and 1999 after a comprehensive presurgical evaluation. Patients were followed up at 6 weeks, 3–6 months, and yearly thereafter. In addition, questionnaires were sent on the anniversary of their surgery. Surgical outcome (Engel's classification), complication rate, and factors contributing to late mortality were analyzed. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated. Results: There was no surgical mortality. Two (0.9%) had mild hemiparesis, one (0.4%) had a hemianopia, seven (3.2%) had transient cranial nerve palsies, and eight (3.7%) had transient postoperative language difficulties. One hundred forty-eight (69%) became seizure free, 43 (20%) had rare seizures, 14 (6.5%) had worthwhile seizure reduction, and 10 (4.6%) had no improvement (follow-up, 1–15 years). Three (2%) of 148 seizure-free patients died during follow-up, compared with eight (11.9%) of 67 not seizure-free patients. The mean duration of epilepsy before surgery for the surviving patients was 17.8 years, and for those patients who died, 25.9 years (p < 0.05). Six (5.7%) of 104 patients with right-sided resections died during follow-up, compared with five (4.5%) of 111 with left-sided resections. Conclusions: Eighty-nine percent of patients became seizure free or had rare seizures, with low morbidity, and no surgical mortality. The late mortality occurred predominantly in patients with persistent seizures (SMR, 7.4). Those patients who died had a longer duration of epilepsy before surgery. In contrast, among those patients who became seizure free, the mortality rate was much lower, and similar to the general population of Indiana (SMR, 1.7).
The Next Frontier in Making Disciples: 21st-Century Technology Use in CCCU Member Institutions

An unprecedented opportunity exists for Christian colleges and universities to utilize 21st-century technology and the impact of globalization to broaden the use of distance learning for missional purposes through their educational offerings. Some institutions offer open education that allows those with Internet access to take courses at no cost online without earning credits. A more open approach by Christian colleges and universities to providing educational resources via electronic means can better equip Christians from around the world while also serving students, alumni, and other lifelong learners who seek to remain relevant in today's workforce. Few member institutions of the Council for Christian Colleges & Universities have availed themselves of free access through Apple, Inc.'s iTunes U to provide content, particularly their theological or biblical curriculum, on the Internet. Christian colleges and universities may expand distance learning to include open education as a free, viable, missional ...
RORγt, a Novel Isoform of an Orphan Receptor, Negatively Regulates Fas Ligand Expression and IL-2 Production in T Cells

We have identified RORγt, a novel, thymus-specific isoform of the orphan nuclear receptor RORγ that is expressed predominantly in CD4+ CD8+ double-positive thymocytes. Ectopic expression of RORγt protects T cell hybridomas from activation-induced cell death by inhibiting the upregulation of Fas ligand. Following hybridoma stimulation, RORγt also inhibits IL-2 production but does not affect the induction of Nur-77 and Egr-3 nor the upregulation of CD69. Both the ligand-binding and DNA-binding domains of RORγt are required for this effect. We propose that the role of RORγt expression in immature thymocytes is to inhibit Fas ligand expression and cytokine secretion following engagement of their TCR during positive or negative selection.
LPV Control of Nonstationary Systems: A Parameter-Dependent Lyapunov Approach

The paper presents a parameter-dependent Lyapunov approach for the control of nonstationary linear-parameter varying systems. The work is motivated by the challenges encountered in controlling nonlinear systems about pre-specified aggressive trajectories, specifically ones which eventually settle into periodic orbits. The control design method uses the l2-induced norm performance measure, and the analysis and synthesis results are given in terms of parameterized linear matrix inequalities. Two fast and easy-to-implement algorithms for online controller construction are also provided.
Comparison of Low Fidelity Simulation Learning Strategy With Traditional Lecture

Abstract Background A study was conducted to compare low-fidelity simulation with traditional lecture on medication administration. Method A randomized two-group experimental design was used. In all, 43 associate degree nursing students at a Midwestern university were recruited for the study. The traditional method included lecture. The simulation method included lecture and a CD-ROM. Results and Conclusions Statistical significance was reached (p
Epimorphin mediates mammary luminal morphogenesis through control of C/EBPbeta

We have shown previously that epimorphin (EPM), a protein expressed on the surface of myoepithelial and fibroblast cells of the mammary gland, acts as a multifunctional morphogen of mammary epithelial cells. Here, we present the molecular mechanism by which EPM mediates luminal morphogenesis. Treatment of cells with EPM to induce lumen formation greatly increases the overall expression of transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)β and alters the relative expression of its two principal isoforms, LIP and LAP. These alterations were shown to be essential for the morphogenetic activities, since constitutive expression of LIP was sufficient to produce lumen formation, whereas constitutive expression of LAP blocked EPM-mediated luminal morphogenesis. Furthermore, in a transgenic mouse model in which EPM expression was expressed in an apolar fashion on the surface of mammary epithelial cells, we found increased expression of C/EBPβ, increased relative expression of LIP to LAP, and enlarged ductal lumina. Together, our studies demonstrate a role for EPM in luminal morphogenesis through control of C/EBPβ expression.
An instruction set and microarchitecture for instruction level distributed processing

An instruction set architecture (ISA) suitable for future microprocessor design constraints is proposed. The ISA has hierarchical register files with a small number of accumulators at the top. The instruction stream is divided into chains of dependent instructions (strands) where intra-strand dependences are passed through the accumulator. The general-purpose register file is used for communication between strands and for holding global values that have many consumers.A microarchitecture to support the proposed ISA is proposed and evaluated. The microarchitecture consists of multiple, distributed processing elements. Each PE contains an instruction issue FIFO, a local register (accumulator) and local copy of register file. The overall simplicity, hierarchical value communication, and distributed implementation will provide a very high clock speed and a relatively short pipeline while maintaining a form of superscalar out-of-order execution.Detailed timing simulations using translated program traces show the proposed microarchitecture is tolerant of global wire latencies. Ignoring the significant clock frequency advantages, a microarchitecture that supports a 4-wide fetch/decode pipeline, 8 serial PEs, and a two-cycle inter-PE communication latency performs as well as a conventional 4-way out-of-order superscalar processor.
Commentary: Gene therapy for spinal fusion

COMMENTARY ON: Olabisi RM, Lazard ZW, Heggeness MH, et al. An injectable method for noninvasive spine fusion. Spine J 2011;11:545–56 ( in this issue ).
Relative Toxicity of Malathion to Trematode-Infected and Noninfected Rana palustris Tadpoles

Amphibian populations around the world are facing threats that include disease and pollution. Although the effect of environmental contaminants on susceptibility to infection has been demonstrated for several amphibian species, to our knowledge, the opposite interaction, infection status affecting contaminant susceptibility, has not been studied. We conducted standard 48-h toxicity tests to compare susceptibility to malathion, a widely used organophosphate insecticide, of uninfected pickerel frog (Rana palustris) tadpoles and tadpoles infected with two levels (10 or 30 cercariae) of the trematode Echinostoma trivolvis. Trematode encystment rates were high (>90%) in both trematode treatment groups. LC50 values ranged from 16.5 to 17.4 mg/L, within the range reported for other amphibian species. However, we found no differences in susceptibility to malathion among parasite treatments. Although we detected no effect of parasites on pesticide susceptibility in this system, it is important to investigate this question using other pesticides, parasites, and amphibian hosts before dismissing this potentially threatening interaction.
On the analysis of K and η → 3π decay spectra

Abstract A discussion of the analysis of experimental 3 π ; decay spectra of the K and η mesons is presented. A linearized Brown and Singer resonance model is shown to produce the same results as Weinberg's linear approximation. Provided that the experimental K and η → 3 π reduced spectra are statistically indistinguishable from straight lines, asis currently the case, it is further shown that a large correlated range of values for the resonance mass m σ and width Γ σ will give acceptable fits to the data. This leads to the conclusion that the present experimental data, although consistent with the Brown and Singer theory, are insufficient to serve as a strong test of the theory.
Interlocal Cooperation and Urban Problems Lessons for the New Federalism

Between 1960 and 1975, federal involvement in urban affairs expanded exponentially, but the influx of federal dollars and programs failed to resolve the "urban predicament." President Reagan set out to shift responsibility for urban problems to the states and to local governments themselves. The change in federal policy raises the following question: Can urban problems be solved by local governments themselves, or is a strong federal presence necessary? The Housing and Community Development Act provides an opportunity to compare both strategies, because it offered urban communities interlocal cooperation and direct federal intervention as alternative means for allocating housing assistance in participating metropolitan areas. Based on a representative sample of 26 metropolitan regions, this analysis showed that interlocal cooperation is a less than effective substitute for federal intervention. In this respect the data suggest that local governments are no different from other jurisdictions given the free...
Reproductive status and body condition of Atlantic bluefin tuna in the Gulf of Maine, 2000–2002

The reproductive status and body condition of 195 (≥185 cm curved fork length, CFL; assigned age 7 and above) Atlantic bluefin tuna were assessed in the Gulf of Maine during the commercial fishing season of June–October, 2000–2002. Given the distance between known spawning and feeding grounds, the prevailing paradigm for Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus thynnus, L.) suggests that the most likely histological state for females arriving in the Gulf of Maine after spawning would be a resting or quiescent state with little or no perigonadal fat. Alternatively, the presence of mature or mature-inactive histological states in some females supports a more varied or individualistic model for bluefin reproduction. No relationship was found between body condition and reproductive status. Males were found in all reproductive stages, but were more likely to be in spawning condition (stages 4 and 5) or a mature-inactive state (stage 6) in June and July. Female bluefin tuna were found in stage 1 (immature or non-spawning) and stage 6 (mature-inactive). Stage 6 females were only present in June and July and smaller females ( 235 cm CFL) sampled during those same months. The presence of smaller females in stage 6 arriving at the same time as larger females in stage 1 indicates that Western Atlantic bluefin tuna may have an asynchronous reproductive schedule and may mature at a smaller size than the currently accepted paradigm suggests.
Growing Social Inequalities in Youth Civic Engagement? Evidence from the National Election Study

Social class differences in civic engagement persist for both youth and adults. Although empirical evidence is mixed, several recent social changes pertaining to youth sug- gest that social inequalities in civic engagement may be growing over time for young peo- ple. Using data from the National Election Study, we compared trends for youth and older adults of varying education levels and tested the hypothesis of an increasing educational disparity in youth political participation. Results for voting supported our expectations: declines over time were found for less-educated youth only. Unexpectedly, participation in other political activities for more-educated youth declined more over time compared to other groups. Our findings highlight the need to create equal opportunities for youth civic engage- ment across social groups.
Regulation of Sodium and Calcium Channels by Signaling Complexes

Membrane depolarization and intracellular calcium transients generated by activation of voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels are local signals, which initiate physiological processes such as action potential conduction, synaptic transmission, and excitation-contraction coupling. Targeting of effector proteins and regulatory proteins to ion channels is an important mechanism to ensure speed, specificity, and precise regulation of signaling events in response to local stimuli. In this article, we review recent experimental results showing that sodium and calcium channels form local signaling complexes, in which effector proteins, anchoring proteins, and regulatory proteins interact directly with ion channels. The intracellular domains of these channels serve as signaling platforms, mediating their participation in intracellular signaling processes. These protein-protein interactions are important for efficient synaptic transmission and for regulation of ion channels by neurotransmitters and intracellul...
Answers to Stock Questions: Fed Targets, Stock Prices, and the Gold Standard in the Great Depression

These artificially low rates are of no benefit to anyone ... the banks are no longer able to employ their funds to advantage, and hence get no proper compensation for their services. Such rates are, in fact, ruinous, and inasmuch as they do not allow the banks to earn an adequate profit, must in the end impair the stability of the banks if not actually involve them in ruin. -Commercial and Financial Chronicle, July 9, 1932
Influence of snow cover duration on soil evaporation and respiration efflux in mixed-conifer ecosystems

Subalpine mixed-conifer ecosystems are dependent on snowfall, which is expected to decrease under projected climate change. Changes in snowpack are likely to have important consequences for water and carbon cycling in these and downstream ecosystems. Particularly within semi-arid environments, snowpack changes will directly influence localized water and carbon dynamics and indirectly influence regional-scale levels of water availability and carbon sequestration. In this study, we monitor soil evaporation (E) and soil respiration (R) and evaluate how snow cover affects these effluxes within a mixed-conifer ecosystem within the Santa Catalina Mountains about 10 km north of Tucson, Arizona. Using time-lapse digital photos, we identified areas of consistent short and long snow duration, and we monitored E and R in these areas every 2 weeks for 15 months. Our primary findings include the following: (1) Dynamics of E are not different between long and short snow season sites, (2) E for both short and long snow seasons has a strong relationship with soil moisture and a poor relationship with soil temperature, (3) dynamics of R vary between long and short snow season sites throughout the year, with short snow season fluxes typically higher than those of long snow season sites, and (4) R for short and long snow seasons has a strong relationship with soil temperature and a poor relationship with soil moisture. Because climate change will only exacerbate both drying–wetting and cooling–warming cycles, detangling these complex relationships becomes increasingly important for understanding shifts in carbon dynamics in these subalpine mixed-conifer ecosystems. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interoperability of heterogeneous databases with schematic discrepancies

It is widely accepted that relational language capabilities are insufficient to prove interoperability of databases even if they are all relational. In particular, view definitions cannot reconcile schematic discrepancy, in which one database's data (values) correspond to metadata of another database. Two new features are necessary: higher order expressions are needed where variables can range over data and metadata, and these expressions can be used to define a unified view over the original databases; higher order view definitions are necessary where the number of relations/attributes defined are dependent on the state of the database, in contrast to the traditional view definitions which specify a fixed set of relations for all states of the database. >
The Family and the Professions Implications for Public Policy

If families are to be strengthened they should not only be viewed as means to societal ends (such as economic and social stability) but also their well-being should be recognized as a valied end in its own right. Interdependence should characterize optimal family-society relations. Society should be built on the values of community, mutual aid, cooperation, reduction of alienation, shared responsibility, human development, and Competent Society. This article explores the rationale for such a paradigm shift, identifies structural and professional barriers that would need to be addressed, and concludes with a number of recommendations.This article explores the rationale for such a paradigm shift, identifies structural and professional barriers that would need to be addressed, and concludes with a number of recommendations.
Part-time participation over the life cycle among married women who work in the market

Reported here are the estimates from two logit models of married women's labour force employment: a pooled unconditional logit that does not control for fixed effects and a conditional logit model incorporating fixed effects. Both sets of results indicate the presence of occupational segregation between part-time and full-time employment since the amount of part-time experience a woman has obtained increases the probability of part-time employment. These results are in agreement with those reported in previous studies that the presence of preschool children differentially encourages part-time employment.
Surface composition of MnxCo1−xO solid solutions by X-ray photoelectron and Auger spectroscopies

Abstract Auger and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies have been used to study the surface composition of MnxCo1−xO (0≤x≤1) solid solutions. The polycrystalline materials, which are bulk homogeneous, present clear signs of deviation in surface composition at xbulk≈0.2–0.4 to become surface-enriched in manganese at the expense of the cobalt. Whether on stoichiometric or cobalt-depleted surfaces, cobalt retains the characteristic XPS 2p satellite structure and binding energies of the rock salt monoxide (CoO or MnxCo1−xO) environment. Manganese 2p XP spectra are appropriately monoxide-like for the stoichiometric surfaces but broaden and give evidence for a second manganese species with Mn4+ character for the bulk-enriched samples. Oxygen O 1s spectra also show two different surface species, one the characteristic rock salt lattice oxide at 529.4 eV and a second at 531.3 eV. However, the two peaks are observed for all samples, regardless of whether the surface and bulk compositions were found to differ. The second O 1s peak cannot be unequivocally identified, but is most likely defect-oxide or hydroxyl-like in origin. The 531.3-eV O 1s species forms at the expense of the lattice oxide, and the net oxide-surface concentration is approximately that of the stoichiometric surface.
Orientation imaging studies of Sn-based electronic solder joints

Single shear lap specimens were subjected to creep, isothermal aging, and thermomechanical fatigue (TMF). Scanning electron microscopy micrographs of previously polished specimens revealed changes in surface morphology. Orientation imaging microscopy was carried out on the same specimens to study the microstructural evolution and crystal orientation changes. As-fabricated joints consistently show a preferred crystal orientation with a few minority orientations with highly preferred misorientations. Alloy additions caused an increase in the number of statistically significant crystal orientations and misorientations. The solidification microstructure was unchanged due to room-temperature creep. Aging caused development and motion of well-defined subgrain boundaries and removal of most minority orientations. TMF causes heterogeneous refinement of the microstructure that accounts for the localized grain boundary sliding in regions of high strain concentration. This study implies that the lead-free solder joints are not polycrystals, but multicrystals, so that deformation is very heterogeneous and sensitive to strain and temperature history.
Patterns of Disclosure Among Youth Who Are HIV-Positive: A Multisite Study

Abstract Purpose Disclosure of serostatus is critical in preventing the transmission of HIV among youth. The purpose of this exploratory study was to describe serostatus disclosure in a multisite study of youth living with HIV. Methods This study investigated serostatus disclosure and its relationship to unprotected sex among 146 youth participating in a multisite study of young people living with HIV who were sexually active within the past 3 months. Results Forty percent of participants reported a sexual relationship with a partner to whom they had not disclosed their serostatus. Participants with multiple sexual partners were less likely to disclose their serostatus than those with one partner. Disclosure was more frequent when the serostatus of the sexual partner was known. Disclosure was not associated with unprotected sex. Conclusions Prevention initiatives should focus on both disclosure and condom use in this high-risk population, particularly for youth with multiple sexual partners.
Deciphering protein network organization using phylogenetic profile groups.

Phylogenetic proflling is now an efiective computational method to detect functional associations between proteins. The method links two proteins in accordance with the similarity of their phyletic distributions across a set of genomes. While pair-wise linkage is useful, it misses correlations in higher order groups: triplets, quadruplets, and so on. Here we assess the probability of observing cooccurrence patterns of 3 binary proflles by chance and show that this probability is asymptotically the same as the mutual information in three proflles. We demonstrate the utility of the probability and the mutual information metrics in detecting overly represented triplets of orthologous proteins which could not be detected using pairwise proflles. These triplets serve as small building blocks, i.e. motifs in protein networks; they allow us to infer the function of uncharacterized members, and facilitate analysis of the local structure and global organization of the protein network. Our method is extendable to N-component clusters, and therefore serves as a general tool for high order protein function annotation.
γ-Tubulin regulates the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome during interphase

A cold-sensitive γ-tubulin allele of Aspergillus nidulans, mipAD159, causes defects in mitotic and cell cycle regulation at restrictive temperatures that are apparently independent of microtubule nucleation defects. Time-lapse microscopy of fluorescently tagged mitotic regulatory proteins reveals that cyclin B, cyclin-dependent kinase 1, and the Ancdc14 phosphatase fail to accumulate in a subset of nuclei at restrictive temperatures. These nuclei are permanently removed from the cell cycle, whereas other nuclei, in the same multinucleate cell, cycle normally, accumulating and degrading these proteins. After each mitosis, additional daughter nuclei fail to accumulate these proteins, resulting in an increase in noncycling nuclei over time and consequent inhibition of growth. Extensive analyses reveal that these noncycling nuclei result from a nuclear autonomous, microtubule-independent failure of inactivation of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome. Thus, γ-tubulin functions to regulate this key mitotic and cell cycle regulatory complex.
Wavelet footprints for detection and sorting of extracellular neural action potentials

Spike detection and sorting is a fundamental step in the analysis of extracellular neural recording. Here, we propose a combined spike detection-feature extraction algorithm that relies on a sparse representation space of the spike waveforms. The proposed method captures the wavelet footprint of the waveform, by calculating the power of the scale space vectors and finding an optimal detection threshold using histogram equalization techniques. Under the proposed scheme, a compact feature set is obtained simultaneously during detection, which eliminates the need for a separate feature extraction step for spike sorting. Our results demonstrate that this method yields improved performance, particularly in low SNRs, while preserving the separability between neuronal clusters in the feature space.
Exploring the factors that influence medication rating Web sites value to older adults: A cross-sectional study

In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated factors that affected the perceived value of medication rating Web sites to 284 people aged ≥ 60 years who were taking prescription medications. The Patient Reviews of Medication Experience (PROMEX) questionnaire score, which assessed participant opinions about the value of online reviews of medications, was positively associated with preference to share health care decision making with the health care provider and negatively associated with the Physical Component Summary (PCS-12) and Mental Component Summary scores of the Short Form 12 health survey. The Primary Care Assessment Survey Communication score, which measured participant satisfaction with the communication from the health care provider, was positively associated with PCS-12 and health literacy. In summary, older adults who had poor physical and mental health-related quality of life were more likely to believe that medication rating Web sites were useful and helpful in facilitating communication with health care providers.
Alumni campus tour: capturing the fourth dimension in location based notification systems

When a person visits a place, it is almost always simple to understand the physical environment around them. Often people ignore---or don't have access to---the fourth dimension: time. Our research is an attempt to create a system that adds the aspect of time into location-based notification systems. This allows a person to not only experience their surroundings through five senses and three dimensions, but also to understand the changes the location has undergone over time, by receiving cues. This report describes our experience in designing and implementing such a system and reports on a preliminary evaluation of it.
Generation of a Twist1 conditional null allele in the mouse.

Twist1 is the mouse ortholog of TWIST1, the human gene mutated in Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. Previously, a Twist1 null allele was generated by gene targeting in mouse embryonic stem cells. Twist1 heterozygous mice develop polydactyly and a craniofacial phenotype similar to Saethre-Chotzen patients. Mice homozygous for the Twist1 null allele die around embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) with cranial neural tube closure and vascular defects, hindering in vivo studies of Twist1 function at later stages of development. Here, we report the generation of a Twist1 conditional null allele in mice that functions like a wild-type allele but can be converted to a null allele upon Cre-mediated recombination. genesis 45:588–592, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Assessing the accuracy of topographic EEG mapping for determining local brain function.

Abstract Objective : There has been considerable discussion regarding the accuracy of topographic electroencephalographic (EEG) maps for assessing local cerebral function. We performed this study to test the accuracy of EEG mapping by examining the association between electrical activity and the perfusion under each electrode as another measure of local cerebral function. Methods : EEG mapping was performed simultaneously with H 2 15 O positron emission tomography (PET) scanning in 6 normal adult subjects, both at rest and during a simple motor task. EEG data were processed using 3 different montages; two EEG power measures (absolute and relative power) were examined. Results : Relative power had much stronger associations with perfusion than did absolute power. In addition, calculating power for bipolar electrode pairs and averaging power over electrode pairs sharing a common electrode yielded stronger associations with perfusion than data from referential or single source montages. Conclusions : These findings indicate (1) that topographic EEG mapping can accurately reflect local brain function in a way that is comparable to other methods, and (2) that the choice of EEG measure and montage have a significant influence on the degree with which maps reflect this local activity and function.