cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DD59: Chemie des Dankes (Februar 2008)

Dank ist (so der Duden) ein Ausdruck der Anerkennung und des Verpflichtetseins fur etwas, was man bekam. Undank ist Nichtanerkennung. Von dem einen gibt es zu wenig, vom andern zu viel. Und dann ist es noch eine Kunst, richtig zu danken. Das geht nicht irgendwie! Bitte – es gibt eine Chemie des Dankes!
Effect of Wind Farm Spatial Correlation on Oscillation Damping in the WECC System

This paper studies the effect of spatial correlation between wind speed of geographically close wind farms on the damping of electromechanical oscillations in the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) system. Three correlation cases are analyzed based on the measured wind speed in the west coast. The damping of electromechanical oscillations is evaluated by studying all system modes expressed in the oscillation energy and total action. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to obtain different probability density functions (pdfs) of the total action for different correlations and dependence structures. The simulations show that, when wind farm correlations are disregarded, the probabilities for a critical dynamic performance are overestimated, which may lead to misguided planning and operation.
Quantifying COVID-19 Content in the Online Health Opinion War Using Machine Learning

A huge amount of potentially dangerous COVID-19 misinformation is appearing online. Here we use machine learning to quantify COVID-19 content among online opponents of establishment health guidance, in particular vaccinations (“anti-vax”). We find that the anti-vax community is developing a less focused debate around COVID-19 than its counterpart, the pro-vaccination (“pro-vax”) community. However, the anti-vax community exhibits a broader range of “flavors” of COVID-19 topics, and hence can appeal to a broader cross-section of individuals seeking COVID-19 guidance online, e.g. individuals wary of a mandatory fast-tracked COVID-19 vaccine or those seeking alternative remedies. Hence the anti-vax community looks better positioned to attract fresh support going forward than the pro-vax community. This is concerning since a widespread lack of adoption of a COVID-19 vaccine will mean the world falls short of providing herd immunity, leaving countries open to future COVID-19 resurgences. We provide a mechanistic model that interprets these results and could help in assessing the likely efficacy of intervention strategies. Our approach is scalable and hence tackles the urgent problem facing social media platforms of having to analyze huge volumes of online health misinformation and disinformation.
Mathematical interpretation of targeted volatilome data

Abstract Regardless of the purpose, design, sampling methods, or analysis procedure implemented for a breath study, the ultimate goal is to answer questions about human exposures, health state, or biochemistry. This requires a thorough understanding of the collected data and metadata, including the distributions, confidence in identification, analytical errors and detection limits, human variability, and the ultimate context within which data are considered. This chapter discusses how to prepare a statistically defensible interpretation of breath measurement data. The chapter discussion focuses on mathematical description of distributions, lognormality, comparisons, repeat measures, outliers, and data sorting.
A Qualitative Study of Primary Care Physicians' Experiences With Telemedicine During COVID-19.

Background: Primary care practices rapidly adopted telemedicine visits because of the COVID-19 pandemic, but information on physician perspectives about these visits is lacking. Methods: Fifteen semistructured interviews with practicing primary care physicians and physicians-in-training from a Southern California academic health system and group-model health maintenance organization were conducted to assess physician perspectives regarding the benefits and challenges of telemedicine. Results: Physicians indicated that telemedicine improved patient access to care by providing greater convenience, although some expressed concern that certain groups of vulnerable patients were unable to navigate or did not possess the technology required to participate in telemedicine visits. Physicians noted that telemedicine visits offered more time for patient counseling, opportunities for better medication reconciliations, and the ability to see and evaluate patient home environments and connect with patient families. Challenges existed when visits required a physical examination. Physicians were very concerned about the loss of personal connections and touch, which they believed diminished expected rituals that typically strengthen physician-patient relationships. Physicians also observed that careful consideration to physician workflows may be needed to avoid physician burnout. Conclusions: Physicians reported that telemedicine visits offer new opportunities to improve the quality of patient care but noted changes to their interactions with patients. Many of these changes are positive, but it remains to be seen whether others such as lack of physical examination and loss of physical presence and touch adversely influence provider-patient communication, patient willingness to disclose concerns that may affect their care, and, ultimately, patient health outcomes.
CANON: Complex Analytics of Network of Networks for Modeling Adversarial Activities

Networks are natural representations in modeling adversarial activities, such as smuggling, human trafficking, and illegal arms dealing. However, such activities are often covert and embedded across multiple domains and sources. They are generally not detectable and recognizable from the perspective of an isolated network, and only become apparent when multiple networks are analyzed in a unified m anner. T o t his e nd, we propose Complex Analytics of Network of Networks (CANON), a mathematical and computational framework for modeling adversarial activities from large-scale, multi-sourced data inputs. Central to our framework is a network-of-networks model, where nodes and edges can be defined across different domains and at multiple resolutions. Based on this model, we address the key challenges in modeling adversarial activities via four technical components, including optimization-based network alignment, network embedding and conditioning, approximate subgraph matching, and investigative subgraph discovery.In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of the individual components as well as integrating these components into a unified system using a modular microservice architecture. Extensive experiments have been conducted in both synthetics and real-world datasets to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed system under the DARPA Modeling Adversarial Activity (MAA) program.
The Changing Flow of Energy Through the Climate System

Kevin E. Trenberth emphasizes the fundamental role of energy flows in the climate system and anthropogenic climate change. The distribution of heat, or more generally, energy, is the main determinant of weather patterns in the atmosphere and their impacts. The topics addressed cover many facets of climate and the climate crisis. These include the diurnal cycle; the seasons; energy differences between the continents and the oceans, the poles and the tropics; interannual variability such as Nino; natural decadal variability; and ice ages. Human-induced climate change rides on and interacts with all of these natural phenomena, and the result is an unevenly warming planet and changing weather extremes. The book emphasizes the need to not only slow or stop climate change, but also to better prepare for it and build resilience. Students, researchers, and professionals from a wide range of backgrounds will benefit from this deeper understanding of climate change.
An Analysis of IoT Cyber Security Driven by Machine Learning

Since the beginning of the Internet of Things (IoT), the number of IoT devices connected to the Internet has grown rapidly. However, many IoT devices lack the security standards that non-IoT devices have. This means that billions of smart devices could be used as part of a botnet attack or point of entry into a secured network. The potential to exploit an IoT device makes the search to find suitable IoT security measures extremely important. In order to fill this need, this study explores the use of machine learning in IoT security measures. Upon reviewing recent developments of machine learning in IoT security, it was found that the methods with the highest threat detection accuracy utilized the random forest and K-nearest neighbor algorithms and the most efficient methods utilized software-defined networks (SDN) and the fog layer of networks. In addition, the methods which determine the type of IoT device one is when it connects to a network primarily used the random forest algorithm. This study will take an in-depth look at the use of machine learning algorithms to detect malicious and anomalous data within IoT systems.
Behavioral Response of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and Its Egg Parasitoid Trissolcus japonicus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) to Host Plant Odors

Insects use a range of cues to help them interact with each other and their host plants. Among these cues, olfaction plays a major role in host selection. The present study investigated the behavioral response of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stal), and its egg parasitoid, Trissolcus japonicus (Ashmead), to host plant-related odors. We used H. halys nymphs since their response to host odors is relatively unknown. In a Y-tube, we first evaluated the behavioral response of H. halys nymphs to whole-fruit odors of apple (Malus domestica (Borkh.)) and peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch). Subsequently, we tested the behavioral response of H. halys and T. japonicus to 18 selected, previously-identified synthetic fruit volatiles. In the greenhouse, we further tested H. halys attraction to the most promising of these volatiles individually and as blends. In single choice tests, H. halys nymphs preferred odors from apple and peach over the control (no odor). In dual choice tests, H. halys did not show any preference between apple and peach odors. Among the 18 volatiles tested, H. halys nymphs were attracted to ethyl salicylate (ES), undecane (UN) and ethyl acetate (EA) compared to the control. In the greenhouse, H. halys nymphs were similarly attracted to blends of 1:1 ratio of ES and EA but not to single compounds. Also in the Y-tube, female T. japonicus preferred the arm that had ES, β-caryophyllene, and decanal and a blend of these three compounds at a 1:1:1 ratio. Trissolcus japonicus was more attracted to the control arm than to the arm containing tridecane or α-pinene. These results indicate the potential of developing H. halys and T. japonicus attractants or/and repellents based on host plant volatiles and suggest possible adaptive responses of this pest and its egg parasitoid to similar host plant odors.
Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis in Patients With SARS-CoV-2

Several neurological manifestations of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been reported, including cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). In this report, we discuss two cases of cerebral venous thrombosis in young patients with a recent SARS-CoV-2 infection and otherwise unrevealing workup. Case 1 was a 35-year-old man who was found unresponsive with urinary incontinence and vomitus on the floor. Computed tomography (CT) angiogram of the head revealed evidence of extensive venous thrombosis. Extensive workup for thrombotic disease was unrevealing and SARS-CoV-2 was detected via polymerase chain reaction. Anticoagulation was immediately initiated, and the patient made a good clinical recovery. Case 2 was a 31-year-old man who presented with severe decreased level of consciousness and was found to have extensive cerebral sinus thrombosis. Past medical history was significant for a recent SARS-CoV-2 infection diagnosed 12 days prior. The patient was treated with intravenous heparin and eventually oral anticoagulation with good clinical outcome. CVST is a potential cerebrovascular complication of SARS-CoV-2. We advise clinicians to consider this diagnosis in patients with a recent SARS-CoV-2 infection in the appropriate clinical setting. J Neurol Res. 2021;11(5):94-101 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jnr697
Comments on extracting the resonance strength parameter from yield data

Abstract The F ( α , n ) reaction is the focus of on-going research in part because it is an important source of neutrons in the nuclear fuel cycle which can be exploited to assay nuclear materials, especially uranium in the form of UF6 [1,2] . At the present time there remains some considerable uncertainty (of the order of ±20%) in the thick target integrated over angle ( α , n ) yield from 19 F (100% natural abundance) and its compounds as discussed in [3,4] . An important thin target cross-section measurement is that of Wrean and Kavanagh [5] who explore the region from below threshold (2.36 MeV) to approximately 3.1 MeV with fine energy resolution. Integration of their cross-section data over the slowing down history of a stopping α-particle allows the thick target yield to be calculated for incident energies up to 3.1 MeV. This trend can then be combined with data from other sources to obtain a thick target yield curve over the wider range of interest to the fuel cycle (roughly threshold to 10 MeV to include all relevant α-emitters). To estimate the thickness of the CaF 2 target they used, Wrean and Kavanagh separately measured the integrated yield of the 6.129 MeV γ-rays from the resonance at 340.5 keV (laboratory α-particle kinetic energy) in the 19 F( p , αγ ) reaction. To interpret the data they adopted a resonance strength parameter of (22.3±0.8) eV based on a determination by Becker et al [6] . The value and its uncertainty directly affects the thickness estimate and the extracted ( α , n ) cross-section values. In their citation to Becker et al׳s work, Wrean and Kavanagh comment that they did not make use of an alternative value of (23.7±1.0) eV reported by Croft [7] because they were unable to reproduce the value from the data given in that paper. The value they calculated for the resonance strength from the thick target yield given by Croft was 21.4 eV. The purpose of this communication is to revisit the paper by Croft published in this journal and specifically to explain the origin of the reported resonance strength. Fortunately the original notes spanning the period 12 January 1988 to 16 January 1990 were available to consult. In hindsight there is certainly a case of excessive brevity to rectify. In essence the step requiring explanation is how to compute the resonance strength, ω γ , from the reported thick target resonance yield Y .
A New Heuristic for the Minimum Connected Dominating Set Problem on Ad Hoc Wireless Networks

Given a graph G = (V, E), a dominating set D is a subset of V such that any vertex not in D is adjacent to at least one vertex in D. Efficient algorithms for computing the minimum connected dominating set (MCDS) are essential for solving many practical problems, such as finding a minimum size backbone in ad hoc networks. Wireless ad hoc networks appear in a wide variety of applications, including mobile commerce, search and discovery, and military battlefield. In this chapter we propose a new efficient heuristic algorithm for the minimum connected dominating set problem. The algorithm starts with a feasible solution containing all vertices of the graph. Then it reduces the size of the CDS by excluding some vertices using a greedy criterion. We also discuss a distributed version of this algorithm. The results of numerical testing show that, despite its simplicity, the proposed algorithm is competitive with other existing approaches.
Refractory IgG4-Related Intracranial Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis (P7.029)

OBJECTIVE: To report a rare case of refractory Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related intracranial hypertrophic pachymeningitis (HP) as well as to share our diagnostic/therapeutic approach. To review typical and recurrent cases of IgG4-related-HP. BACKGROUND: IgG4-related-disease is usually described in gastrointestinal/respiratory systems. Involvement of the central nervous system is uncommon, with principal neurological manifestations including hypophysitis and HP. Leptomeningeal disease has also been reported. Generally, it does not affect the brain parenchyma. In some cases, previously known idiopathic-HP may represent IgG4-related-HP, affecting the intracranial and/or intraspinal dura. Most cases resolve with surgery and/or steroid therapy; other reports describe efficacy of radiation therapy and anti-tumor necrosis factor antibodies. Only three cases of recurrent IgG4-related-HP have been described, one case treated with rituximab with excellent clinical response, and two cases treated with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) producing stable clinico-radiological findings after 12 and 18 months respectively. DESIGN/METHODS: We report a rare case of IgG4-related intracranial-HP, initially presenting with seizures, complicated subsequently with multiple cranial neuropathies. This disease has been refractory to steroids, azathioprine, methotrexate and did not improve with MMF. We have been closely following this patient at the UTMB since 2003. RESULTS: After initial presentation with seizures, the patient developed right VI, III, V1-V2 cranial neuropathies. Most recent brain magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated progressive dural enhancement along the falx and bilateral frontotemporal convexities as well as areas of enhancement around the right cavernous sinus. The right maxillary sinus demonstrated slight enhancement. Serum IgG fractionation showed isolated elevation of systemic IgG4 levels. Biopsy of the affected dura revealed many inflammatory B-cells, though no evidence of lymphoma, there was over 25% of immunostain-positive IgG4-mast cells. Despite treatment with steroids, azathioprine, methotrexate and MMF, lesions continued to grow into the right cavernous sinus and maxillary sinus. CONCLUSIONS: This case highlights a refractory IgG4-related intracranial-HP. Rituximab has been initiated. Disclosure: Dr. Liao has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kamiya Matsuoka has nothing to disclose. Dr. Fang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Smith has nothing to disclose.
Dynamic Sensor Placement Using Controlled Active Vision

Abstract The working region of a camera providing visual feedback to guide manipulation tasks can be greatly extended if the camera can move in real-time. Proper camera motion depends on several different criteria, such as object motion, maximum manipulator tracking speed, manipulator configuration, camera depth-of-field, field-of-view, spatial resolution, occlusion avoidance, etc. In this paper, the controlled active vision framework is extended to include dynamically determined sensor placement criteria. The criteria considered include focus, spatial resolution, and manipulator configuration, as well as object motion. Experimental results are presented.
Improvement of the specific infectivity of the rubella virus (RUB) infectious clone: determinants of cytopathogenicity induced by RUB map to the nonstructural proteins

A plasmid, Robo102, which contains a cDNA copy of the rubella virus (RUB) genomic RNA from which infectious transcripts can be synthesized in vitro, was recently developed (C. Y. Wang, G. Dominguez, and T. K. Frey, J. Virol. 68:3550-3557, 1994). To increase the specific infectivity of Robo102 transcripts (approximately 5 plaques/10 microg of transcripts), a modified reverse transcription-PCR method was used to amplify nearly 90% of the RUB genome in three fragments, which were then used to replace the corresponding fragments in Robo102. Replacement of a fragment covering nucleotides (nt) 5352 to 9759 of the RUB genome yielded a construct, Robo202, which produced highly infectious transcripts (10(4) plaques/microg), indicating the presence of an unrecognized deleterious mutation (or mutations) in this region of the Robo102 cDNA. Robo102 was based on the w-Therien strain of RUB, which forms opaque plaques in Vero cells, while the PCR replacement fragments were generated from a variant, f-Therien, which produces clear plaques in Vero cells. Although Robo202 contains over 4,000 nt from f-Therien, Robo202 virus produces opaque plaques. However, when the other two PCR fragments amplified from f-Therien (nt 1 to 1723 and nt 2800 to 5352) were introduced into Robo202, the resulting construct, Robo302, yielded transcripts that produced a virus that formed clear plaques. This indicates that the determinants of plaque morphology map to the regions of the genome covered by these two fragments, both of which are in the nonstructural open reading frame. Generation of Robo202/302 chimeras indicated that the most 5' terminal fragment (nt. 1 to 1723) had the greatest effect on plaque morphology. The plaque morphology was correlated with the ability of the viruses to kill infected cells. The only difference at the molecular level detected among the viruses was that the more cytopathic viruses produced more nonstructural proteins than did the less cytopathic viruses. This finding, as well as the mapping of the genetic determinants to the region of the genome encoding these proteins, indicates that the nonstructural proteins can mediate cell killing.
Mitotic Spindle Assembly: The Role of Motor Proteins

The mitotic spindle, a microtubule-based structure, is required for chromosome segregation during cell division. Motor proteins are molecular machines that utilise the energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis to move along microtubules. During cell division, motor proteins are required for spindle formation, chromosome alignment and segregation. Thus, mitotic motor proteins are required for the cell to avoid aneuploidy, a hallmark of cancer. Key Concepts: Molecular motors, including dynein/dynactin and several families of kinesin, are required for mitosis. Kinesins contribute to establishing spindle bipolarity, positioning chromosomes between spindle poles and focusing spindle poles. Dynein contributes to the metaphase checkpoint, spindle positioning, regulating spindle length and pole focusing. To establish and maintain a mitotic spindle, motor proteins achieve a balance of forces on microtubules. Keywords: Mitosis; kinesin; dynein; spindle; spindle assembly; motor protein; microtubule; ATP hydrolysis
Acid mine drainage and stream recovery: Effects of restoration on water quality, macroinvertebrates, and fish

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a prominent threat to water quality in many of the world’s mining districts as it can severely degrade both the biological community and physical habitat of receiving streams. There are relatively few long-term studies investigating the ability of stream ecosystems to recover from AMD. Here we assess watershed scale recovery of a cold-water stream from pollution by AMD using a 1967 survey of the biological and chemical properties of the stream as a pre-restoration benchmark. We sampled water chemistry, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish throughout the watershed during the spring and summer of 2011. Water chemistry results indicated that pH and total alkalinity increased post-restoration, while acidity, sulfate, and iron concentrations decreased. Watershed-level taxa richness, local taxa richness, biomass, diversity, and density of macroinvertebrates were significantly higher post-restoration; however, %EPT was not significantly different. Fish species richness, density, and brook trout density were all significantly higher post-restoration. These results provide clear evidence that both abiotic and biotic components of streams can recover from AMD pollution.
Comparative studies of squamous metaplasia of the cervix uteri and endometrium

Abstract The experimental induction of so-called squamous metaplasia in the rat uterus suggests the existence of two distinct processes which bring about this transformation, and they may be used as prototypes for the study of this change in other organs and species. {ce:italic}Indirect regenerative squamous metaplasia{/ce:italic} is a reparative process resulting as the final phase of a destructive lesion. In its early stage it appears as multiple small islands of squamous cells in areas of degenerating or necrotizing epithelium. The causes are numerous and are nonspecific. It occurs following chronic inflammation, atrophy, trauma, excessive and prolonged hormonal stimulation, and vitamin A deficiency. It is found in the mucosa of many organs, and notably in the endometrium where multiple foci of squamous epithelium have been observed accompanying hyperplasia endometrii, adenomatous carcinoma of the fundus, endometrial polyps, chronic endometritis, and tuberculous endometritis. It has been induced experimentally by several procedures in various laboratory animals. {ce:italic}Prosoplasia{/ce:italic} is a name given in this study to an orderly progressive development in the course of which the original mucosa of an organ becomes stratified in a characteristic manner and eventually differentiates into mature squamous epithelium. The process is a specific direct result of estrogenic hormone stimulation and is found both in the human and in experimental animals. It has been observed in the urethra, paraurethral glands, Bartholin's glands, vagina, and cervix uteri of the female of many species. In the male it has been found, and induced experimentally with estrogens, in the urethra, prostate, Cowper's glands, and seminal vesicles of men and many animals. There is evidence that in both sexes this distribution is limited to organs and tissues which are derived from the embryonic urogenital sinus.
Folate catabolite excretion is responsive to changes in dietary folate intake in elderly women.

BACKGROUND The major route of folate turnover is by catabolic cleavage of the C9-N10 bond producing p-aminobenzoylglutamate (pABG) and its primary excretory form, p-acetamidobenzoylglutamate (ApABG). We hypothesize that total pABG (ApABG + pABG) excretion parallels both the mass of body folate pools from which these catabolites originate and the folate-status indicators. OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine whether urinary folate catabolite excretion reflects body pool size and parallels the static and functional measures of folate status. DESIGN Urinary folate catabolite excretion was measured in women (aged 60-85 y) consuming controlled amounts of folate for 14 wk. A low-folate diet (120 microg/d) was consumed (n = 33) for 7 wk, and then subjects were randomly assigned to consume either 200 (n = 14) or 400 (n = 16) microg folate/d. Urinary pABG and ApABG concentrations were measured by HPLC at 0, 7, and 14 wk. RESULTS Urinary excretion of total pABG was significantly lower (P = 0.001) after depletion (73.9 +/- 4.7 nmol/d) than at baseline (115 +/- 12.7 nmol/d). This rate of decline (approximately 0.7% per day) is consistent with the kinetically measured rate of turnover of total body folate at moderate folate intakes. The average percentage increase in total pABG in response to folate repletion with 400 microg/d (75%) was significant (P = 0.02). Folate catabolite excretion was significantly (P = 0.0001) associated with serum and red blood cell folate, plasma homocysteine, and DNA hypomethylation after depletion and with serum folate (P = 0.001) and plasma homocysteine (P = 0.0002) after repletion with 400 microg folate/d. CONCLUSIONS Total urinary pABG excretion reflects total body folate pool size and is a long-term indicator that parallels functional measures of folate status.
On a functional equation on groups with an involution related to quadratic polynomials in two variables

Let G be a group and \({\mathbb{C}}\) the field of complex numbers. Suppose \({\sigma \colon G \to G}\) is an involution on G. In this paper, we determine the general solution \({f\colon G\times G \to \mathbb{C}}\) of the functional equation $$\begin{aligned}f(x_1 \sigma y_1 , x_2 \sigma y_2) - f(x_1 \sigma y_1 , x_2) - f(x_1 , x_2 \sigma y_2)\\ \quad = f(x_1 y_1 , x_2 y_2) - f(x_1 y_1 , x_2) - f(x_1 , x_2 y_2)\end{aligned}$$ for all \({x_1, x_2 , y_1, y_2 \in G}\). In Chung et al. (J Korean Math Soc 38:37–47, 2001), the solution of the above equation was determined assuming (a) f is central in each variable, (b) \({\sigma (x) = x^{-1}}\) for all \({x \in G}\), and (c) x2 = y has a solution on G for all \({x, y \in G}\). We do not require any such conditions to obtain its solution. No new solutions emerge on arbitrary groups.
Broader Impact Careers for Scientists in Science Education and Communication

Employment data from the NIH and NSF show a dramatic overproduction of scientists relative to the number of job openings for permanent positions. This has created a bottleneck where many scientists...
Teoría de la carga cognitiva, diseño multimedia y aprendizaje: un estado del arte

En este articulo de revision se presenta un resumen de la Teoria de la Carga Cognitiva y la Teoria Cognitiva del Aprendizaje Multimedia. Se dan algunos ejemplos de investigaciones empiricas y se reflexiona acerca del valor explicativo de estas teorias del aprendizaje. Se exponen diez principios para el diseno de material instruccional. No obstante, otras investigaciones han encontrado limitaciones en el uso y practica de estas teorias. Se refieren principalmente a la medicion de la carga cognitiva, a la experiencia, al conocimiento previo de los aprendices y a la motivacion y aspectos afectivos que intervienen en el proceso de aprendizaje
Intergranular fracture in steels

Abstract There seems to be a sufficient basis of experimental evidence to entertain and test the hypothesis that most, if not all, intergranular fractures observed in commercially-produced alloy steels are a result of the accumulation of one or more of Groups IVB to VIB elements in the grain boundaries. Future progress in the understanding of these effects probably will be accelerated if they are treated as components of a generic set, and if studies of complex steels are closely related to experiments on simpler alloys aimed at discovering the underlying physics and chemistry of interfacial embrittlement.
Application of a New Model to the Interphase Precipitation Reaction in Vanadium Steels

A new model has been applied to the precipitation of vanadium carbide (VC) particles in sheets at austenite/ferrite interphase boundaries during the isothermal transformation of Fe-C-V steels. Linear relationships between the intersheet spacings, the VC particle sizes, and the square root of the vana-dium diffusivity in ferrite have been identified. The model establishes predictive correlations be-tween the interphase precipitate sheet widths, intersheet spacings, and boundary migration speeds as a function of isothermal transformation temperature, and shows that the time associated with the in-terphase precipitate repeat period is a constant for each alloy over the temperature ranges studied. From a single measurement of interphase boundary velocity in a volume where the intersheet spac-ing is known, it is possible to predict the intersheet spacing and width as a function of temperature.
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) can directly affect brain microvessel endothelial cells.

Abstract Stress activates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis through release of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), leading to production of glucocorticoids that down regulate immune responses. However, acute stress via CRF also has pro-inflammatory effects. We previously showed that acute stress increases rat blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability, an effect involving brain mast cells and CRF, as it was absent in W/Wv mast cell-deficient mice and was blocked by the CRF-receptor antagonist, Antalarmin. We investigated if CRF could also have a direct action on brain microvessel endothelial cells (BMEC) isolated from rat and bovine brain. BMEC were cultured and identified by electron microscopy. Western blot analysis of cultured BMEC identified CRF receptor protein; stimulation with CRF, or it structural analogue urocortin (Ucn) showed that the receptor is functionally coupled to adenylate cyclase as it increased cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels by 2-fold. These findings suggest that CRF could affect BMEC structure or function, as reported for increased cAMP levels by other studies. It is, therefore, possible that CRF may directly regulate BBB permeability, in addition to any effect mediated via brain mast cells.
Electrical characterization of metal/inas contacts

Metal contacts to InAs are especially interesting because the surface Fermi level is not stabilized within the forbidden band but is located above the conduction band minimum. The surface of InAs has been investigated by means of electron tunneling experiments which are uniquely sensitive to the surface barrier of p-InAs. The following experimental observations are discussed: the appearance of Esaki-type negative resistance in the forward characteristics of metal/p-InAs contacts; the influence of the metal on this behavior; and the effects of argon ion bombardment and surface preparation on the electrical characteristics. The conclusions are the existence of both a fully inverted surface and an intrinsic interfacial barrier, for both etched and vacuum cleaved surfaces. An estimate of the interfacial barrier properties is presented.
Cs+ -selective membrane electrodes based on ethylene glycol-functionalized polymeric microspheres.

Abstract A new strategy for improving the robustness of membrane-based ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) is introduced based on the incorporation of microsphere-immobilized ionophores into plasticized polymer membranes. As a model system, a Cs+-selective electrode was developed by doping ethylene glycol-functionalized cross-linked polystyrene microspheres (P-EG) into a plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) matrix containing sodium tetrakis-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] borate (TFPB) as the ion exchanger. Electrodes were evaluated with respect to Cs+ in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, and dynamic response. ISEs containing P-EG and TFPB that were plasticized with 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE) yielded a linear range from 10−1 to 10−5 M Cs+, a slope of 55.4 mV/decade, and a lower detection limit (log aCs) of −5.3. In addition, these membranes also demonstrated superior selectivity over Li+, Na+, and alkaline earth metal ion interferents when compared to analogous membranes plasticized with bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate (DOS) or membranes containing a lipophilic, mobile ethylene glycol derivative (ethylene glycol monooctadecyl ether (U-EG)) as ionophore.
The Future Impact of GaAs Digital IC's

A review of digital GaAs IC technology and an assessment of its future impact on gigabit signal processing is presented. High-speed signal processing and computers will require MSI-complexity interface circuits capable of 1-10 GHz clock frequencies and LSI-complexity digital circuits operating in the 0.2-5 GHz range at tens of microwatts per gate. A wide range of applications exists for frequency counters, multiplexers, A/D converters, FFT's, microprocessors, and memories that operate at speeds significantly higher than on presently available circuits. Issues related to high-speed IC design such as power dissipation, packing density, capacitance effects, design rules, and intra- and interchip propagation delays are discussed.
Proximo-distal differences in myelin development in human optic fibers

The observation that the myelin sheaths of human optic fibers seem to form first at the distal end of the tract with a progress of myelination toward the eye was tested by assays of cholesterol and cholesterol esters in segments of human optic nerves and tracts at various phases of development. It was found that the distal to proximal progress of myelination relates mainly to the fact that adult human optic fibers contain in their distal portion about twice the amount of cholesterol that occurs in the proximal portion. This gradient in cholesterol content along the fibers develops gradually in children. If the progress of cholesterol deposition is expressed as a percentage of the adult values, the proximo-distal differences are small, suggesting that myelination develops only slightly faster at the distal end.
The Neal Amundson era. Rapid evolution of chemical engineering science

Neal Amundson (1916–2011) influenced the chemical engineering profession more profoundly than any other single individual, and in this article the author has attempted to capture the man and his era, as well as his lasting legacy. His influence extended well beyond those of other chemical engineers of renown, whether they were known for exploring and establishing new avenues, or for the resolution of outstanding issues, or for other forms of creative endeavors. Amundson reached into the depths of the profession, noted for its expanse, complexity and diversity that had led earlier efforts into a shrine of empiricism, to foster a culture of strongly scientific thinking with a mathematical edifice, which must be the crux of all engineering. The growth of chemical engineering science owes most significantly to Amundson's extraordinary role as an educator, department head and leader, and to the lasting impact of his contributions to chemical engineering research and practice. This article is in salutation of the man who came to be known as the Minnesota Chief, and was responsible for an academic movement that raised the intellectual level of the chemical engineering profession. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 3147–3157, 2013
A Cloned DNA Fragment for Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a lengthy process. Attempts were made to develop a more rapid, specific, and sensitive assay for identifying tubercle bacilli in biologic specimens by differentially screening plasmid libraries of Sau3AI-digested M. tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 25618) DNA with homologous and heterologous DNA for clones that hybridized strongly with M. tuberculosis DNA alone. Three clones, pMTB1, pMTb2, and pMTb3, were selected for further study. Southern analysis indicated that these clones reacted strongly with DNA from strains of M. tuberculosis isolated in different parts of the world, weakly with DNA from other mycobacterial species, and not at all with Escherichia coli or human DNA. Smaller fragments of mycobacterial DNA contained in plasmid pMTb3 were subcloned into pBR322 (pMTb4) or pUC12 (pMTb5). These recombinant plasmids hybridized with DNA from M. tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, and Mycobacterium bovis BCG (bacille Calmette-Guerin) Montreal and may provide the reagents needed for the development of new methods for rapid diagnosis of M. tuberculosis infections.
An integrated model for ultrasonic wave propagation and scattering in a polycrystalline medium with elongated hexagonal grains

Abstract Attenuation coefficients for longitudinal and transverse ultrasonic waves are obtained for polycrystals with elongated hexagonal grains using an integrated approach suitable in all frequency regions. Below the geometric limit the attenuation coefficients are obtained in a general form for ellipsoidal grains using the Born approximation while in the upper part of the stochastic frequency range and in the geometric regime the Karal and Keller [F.C. Karal, J.B. Keller, Elastic, electromagnetic, and other waves in a random medium, J. Math. Phys. 5 (1964) 537–547] scalar model is generalized and applied to obtain the dispersion equation and the attenuation coefficients for ellipsoidal grains. Both solutions are combined to describe attenuation behavior in the entire frequency range thus generalizing the Stanke and Kino unified model [F.E. Stanke, G.S. Kino, A unified theory for elastic wave propagation in polycrystalline materials, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 75 (1984) 665–681] to a medium with elongated grains. The results show that in the Rayleigh region the attenuation is an isotropic function depending only on the effective grain volume; in the stochastic region it scales linearly with the grain dimension in the propagation direction but it is independent of the cross-section of the ellipsoidal grains, and in the Rayleigh-to-stochastic transition region it depends strongly on the ellipsoidal grain shape. In the geometric regime it is inversely proportional to the grain size in the direction of wave propagation.
Luminous environment: light, architecture and decoration in modern Japan

Abstract From lantern to electric lighting, the motif of light has remained central to the Western visualization of Japan. Why has the motif of light been so crucial to the way in which Japan was perceived across the twentieth century? What role, if any, have Western stereotypes of Japan – seen as a mysterious world decorated by paper lights, and later as a vast urban terrain of flashing neon signs, light sculptures and illuminated billboards – played in the development of modern Japanese aesthetics and its lighting culture? Several key works drawn from literature and art may provide insight into the role that electric light plays in the move from traditional genres to the new genres of modern art: Tanizaki Jun'ichirō's ‘In praise of shadows’ (In'ei raisan 1933–4); Mishima Yukio's Temple of the Golden Pavilion (Kinkakuji 1956), as well as his ‘The idea of lighting – the birthplace of my literature’ (Dentō no aidia – waga bungaku no yōranki 1968); and Hiroshi Sugimoto's photographic installation In Praise ...
A canonic interpretive program form for measuring "ideal" HLL architectures

Over the past several years our group has become increasingly interested in the notion of an "ideal" machine. Ideal with respect to some specified higher level language (HLL) environment. Initially, much of the focus of the work was on traditional machines: trying to identify and factor out architectural instructions and artifacts in programs from functional instructions. For example, the existence of load or store accumulator instructions in a program representation are largely architectural since they specify a movement among the storage resources of a system rather than a movement required in the original source program. We found it useful at the time to define three types of instructions:(1) M-type instructions or memory partition movement instructions such as the aforementioned load and store instructions. These instructions move data within the storage hierarchy.(2) P-instructions or procedural instructions performing operations associated with instruction sequencing: branch, compare, test, etc.(3) F-instructions are the functional instructions which actually transform a datum. These would include arithmetic operations as well as logical and shifting operations.
“Getting Psyched” About Information Literacy: A Successful Faculty-Librarian Collaboration for Educational Psychology and Counseling

SUMMARY Librarians and Educational Psychology and Counseling faculty in the Michael D. Eisner College of Education at California State University Northridge are collaborating to design instructional sessions with assessment components to support newly adopted department information competence goals and curricula. This current collaboration between librarians, faculty, and departmental administrators offers a model for incorporating information literacy instruction into pre-service programs for future educators, counselors, and administrators. Through funding from a California State University Information Competence grant, faculty have identified three information literacy competency skill sets (Basic, Research, and Professional/Field competencies) that now comprise a part of the department's new learning outcomes for graduate students in Educational Psychology and Counseling, making information competence a required learning outcome for the degree program. A description of the dynamic faculty-librarian co...
Functions of the Yersinia effector proteins in inhibiting host immune responses

The invasion strategies used by Yersinia species involve the 'hijacking' of host cellular signaling pathways, often involving microbial gene products that mimic the functions of the cellular proteins. Yersinia uses a type III secretion system to inject these microbial gene products, referred to as Yersinia effector proteins, into the host cytosol. Yersinia effector proteins can inhibit the host immune system through a diverse array of mechanisms including inhibition of the inflammatory response by interfering with cytokine production, inhibition of phagocytosis by disrupting the actin cytoskeleton, induction of apoptosis in macrophages and through the formation of novel signaling complexes.
Attempted auto-enucleation in two incarcerated young men with psychosis

Auto-enucleation is a sign of untreated psychosis. We describe two patients who presented with attempted auto-enucleation while being incarcerated. This is an observation two-case series of two young men who suffered untreated psychosis while being incarcerated. These young men showed severe self-inflicted ocular trauma during episodes of untreated psychosis. Injuries included orbital bone fracture and dehiscence of the lateral rectus in one patient and severe retinal hemorrhage and partial optic nerve avulsion in the second patient. Auto-enucleation is a severe symptom of untreated psychosis. This urgent finding can occur in a jail setting in which psychiatric care may be minimal.
Sexual dimorphism of murine masticatory muscle function

Abstract Objective To determine if gender distinctions of force generating capacity existed in murine masticatory muscles. Design In order to investigate the effect of sex on force generating capacity in this muscle group, an isolated muscle preparation was developed utilising the murine anterior deep masseter. Age-matched male and female mice were utilized to assess function, muscle fibre type and size in this muscle. Results Maximum isometric force production was not different between age-matched male and female mice. However, the rate of force generation and relaxation was slower in female masseter muscles. Assessment of fibre type distribution by immunohistochemistry revealed a three-fold decrease in the proportion of myosin heavy chain 2b positive fibres in female masseters, which correlated with the differences in contraction kinetics. Conclusions These results provide evidence that masticatory muscle strength in mice is not affected by sex, but there are significant distinctions in kinetics associated with force production between males and females.
Does outdoor alcohol advertising around elementary schools vary by the ethnicity of students in the school

Objectives. The objectives of this study were to determine: (1) if the number of outdoor alcohol advertisements around schools varied by ethnicity of students in the school; and (2) how the content of alcohol advertising around schools varied by the ethnicity of students in the school. Methods. All outdoor alcohol advertisements within 1500 feet of 63 Chicago schools were documented and coded for content and theme. On average, the ethnic make-up of schools was 54.9% African American, 24.4% Hispanic, and 16.2% White; 79.7% of students were low SES. To compare the mean number and type of ads by ethnicity of the school, schools were coded by ethnicity (i.e., 20% or more Hispanic students compared with less than 20% Hispanic students). Results. Youth attending schools with 20% or more Hispanic students were exposed to 6.5 times more alcohol advertising than students attending schools with less than 20% Hispanic students. Schools with 20% or more Hispanic students were also surrounded by more beer advertising ...