cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Efficient Algorithm to Compute the Candidate Keys of a Relational Database Schema

We provide an efficient algorithm for computing the candidate keys of a relational database schema. The algorithm exploits the 'arrangement' of attributes in the functional dependencies to determine which attributes are essential and useful for determining the keys and which attributes should not be considered. A more generalized algorithm using attribute graphs is then provided which allows a uniform and simplified solution to find all possible keys of a relational database schema when the attribute graph of Functional Dependencies (FDs) is not strongly connected.
Circular Sailing Routing for Wireless Networks

Routing in wireless networks has been heavily studied in the last decade and numerous routing protocols were proposed in literature. The packets usually follow the shortest paths between sources and destinations in routing protocols to achieve smallest traveled distance. However, this leads to the uneven distribution of traffic load in a network. For example, wireless nodes in the center of the network will have heavier traffic since most of the shortest routes go through them. In this paper, we first describe a novel routing method, called circular sailing routing (CSR), which can distribute the traffic more evenly in the network. The proposed method first maps the network onto a sphere via a simple stereographic projection, and then the route decision is made by the distance on the sphere instead of the Euclidean distance in the plane. We theoretically prove that for a network the distance traveled by the packets using CSR is no more than a small constant factor of the minimum (the distance of the shortest path). We then extend CSR to a localized version, Localized CSR, by modifying the greedy routing without any additional communication overhead. Finally, we further propose CSR protocols for 3D networks where nodes are distributed in a 3D space instead of a 2D plane. For all proposed methods, we conduct simulations to study their performances and compare them with global shortest path routing or greedy routing.
Reduced xenon diffusion for quantitative lung study--the role of SF(6)

The large diffusion coefficients of gases result in significant spin motion during the application of gradient pulses that typically last a few milliseconds in most NMR experiments. In restricted environments, such as the lung, this rapid gas diffusion can lead to violations of the narrow pulse approximation, a basic assumption of the standard Stejskal-Tanner NMR method of diffusion measurement. We therefore investigated the effect of a common, biologically inert buffer gas, sulfur hexafluoride (SF(6)), on (129)Xe NMR and diffusion. We found that the contribution of SF(6) to (129)Xe T(1) relaxation in a 1:1 xenon/oxygen mixture is negligible up to 2 bar of SF(6) at standard temperature. We also measured the contribution of SF(6) gas to (129)Xe T(2) relaxation, and found it to scale inversely with pressure, with this contribution approximately equal to 1 s for 1 bar SF(6) pressure and standard temperature. Finally, we found the coefficient of (129)Xe diffusion through SF(6) to be approximately 4.6 x 10(-6) m(2)s(-1) for 1 bar pressure of SF(6) and standard temperature, which is only 1.2 times smaller than the (129)Xe self diffusion coefficient for 1 bar (129)Xe pressure and standard temperature. From these measurements we conclude that SF(6) will not sufficiently reduce (129)Xe diffusion to allow accurate surface-area/volume ratio measurements in human alveoli using time-dependent gas diffusion NMR.
Applying a Systems Mindset to Stock Valuation

Research on the life-cycle valuation model began in 1969 at Callard, Madden & Associates in order to improve stock selection and investment returns. Beginning in the mid-1980s, the model was extensively refined and commercialized by HOLT Value Associates. Today, many institutional money managers use the life-cycle valuation model, as well as relevant data from the global database of 20,000 companies in 60 countries provided by Credit Suisse HOLT. This is a review of the five important choices that guided this 40-year research journey. A systems mindset that stressed intensive measurement and experimentation with variables was especially instrumental to the evolution of the life-cycle model. Systems thinking led to distinct departures from mainstream finance practices. For example, the life-cycle model uses a discount rate that is dependent upon the procedure used to forecast a firm's long-term, net cash receipt stream. Based on this research experience, I offer suggestions about the potential evolution of a new research program to address additional important, practical needs.
Dynamic supply current testing of analog circuits using wavelet transform

Dynamic supply current (IDD) analysis has emerged as an effective way for defect oriented testing of analog circuits. In this paper, we propose using wavelet decomposition of IDD for fault detection in analog circuits. Wavelet transform has the property of resolving events in both time and frequency domain simultaneously unlike Fourier expansion which localizes a signal in terms of frequency only. Wavelet transform also has better sub-banding property and it can be easily adapted to current waveforms from different circuits. These make wavelet a more suitable candidate for fault detection in analog circuits than pure time-domain or pure frequency-domain methods. We have shown that for equivalent number of spectral components, sensitivity of wavelet based fault detection is much higher than Fourier or time-domain analysis for both catastrophic and parametric faults. Simulation results on benchmark circuits show that wavelet based method is on average 25 times more sensitive than DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) for parametric faults and can be considered as a promising alternative for analog fault detection amidst measurement hardware noise and process variation.
Theories of Power, Poverty, and Law: In Commemoration of the Contributions of Peter Bachrach

A while ago we lost Peter Bachrach, one of the pre-eminent academic figures of the twentieth century. After he died on December 14, 2007, a group of his former students and colleagues gathered at the APSA annual meeting in Boston to celebrate his life and career. The audience included family members, “academic grandchildren,” and admirers of his work. The speakers' themes included power, poverty, activism, legal theory, and equality, and this symposium grew out of the panel. This range and variety of topics indicate the scope and depth of his impact. His 1962 APSR article, “Two Faces of Power,” co-authored with Morton Baratz, is the most frequently cited article in the history of the political science profession. Although I suspect this distinction would have amused Peter, terms like faces of power, nondecision, and deciding not to decide are familiar even to those who don't know Bachrach and Baratz's work on power (Bachrach and Baratz 1962, 1963). These writings taught scholars to listen for what is not said and look for what is not shown. That was a crucial lesson for feminist legal scholars like my classmate and fellow panelist, Elizabeth Schneider, and me.
Case study: Visualization and analysis of high Rayleigh number - 3D convection in the Earth's mantle

Data sets from large-scale simulations (up to 501/sup 3/ grid points) of mantle convection are analyzed with volume rendering of the temperature field and a new critical point analysis of the velocity field. As the Rayleigh number Ra is increased the thermal field develops increasingly thin plume-like structures along which heat is convected. These eventually break down and become turbulent. Visualization methods are used to distinguish between various models of heat conductivity and to develop an intuitive understanding of the structure of the flow.
NONBLADDER RELATED SYMPTOMS IN PATIENTS WITH INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS

Purpose: Clinical experience and epidemiological studies suggest that patients with interstitial cystitis have multiple nonbladder related symptoms. However, to our knowledge this finding has not been tested with a validated questionnaire and matched controls. With the University of Wisconsin scale, we compare the scores for patients with interstitial cystitis to those for control subjects. This validated questionnaire includes 7 bladder and 18 reference symptoms not related to the bladder.Materials and Methods: A total of 35 female patients with interstitial cystitis and 35 age matched female controls completed the University of Wisconsin questionnaire.Results: For the 7 bladder symptoms the difference between interstitial cystitis and control groups was extremely significant (p = 0.0001). Patients with interstitial cystitis had higher scores than controls for 2 reference symptoms, including other pelvic discomfort, backache, dizziness, chest pain, aches in joints, abdominal cramps, nausea, heart poundin...
Effectiveness of the California Tri-Pull Taping Method for Shoulder Subluxation Poststroke: A Single-Subject ABA Design

OBJECTIVE. I evaluated the effectiveness of the California Tri-Pull Taping method for clients with poststroke inferior shoulder subluxation of the glenohumeral joint. METHOD. Ten participants were followed for 9 wk using an interrupted time series quasi-experimental single-subject ABA design to examine shoulder pain, activities of daily living (ADL) function, active range of motion, tape comfort, and subluxation. RESULTS. The California Tri-Pull Taping method decreased inferior subluxation significantly from baseline to intervention but not at postintervention. Active range of motion was significantly increased in shoulder flexion and abduction between the baseline and intervention and the intervention and postintervention phases. Functional ADL scores were significant. The taping was reported to be comfortable. No significant difference in pain was found. CONCLUSION. This intervention is a promising adjunct to the management of the hemiplegic subluxed shoulder that warrants further research
Chronic intravenous infusion of chicken growth hormone increases body fat content of young broiler chickens

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of programmed intravenous infusion of chicken growth hormone (cGH) on growth and metabolism of young broiler chickens (4–7 weeks of age). Four-week-old broiler cockerels, fitted with indwelling jugular catherters, were randomly assigned to three treatment groups (6 birds/group): pulsatile infusion of buffer (phosphate buffer, pH 7.4)[PB-P] at 3 hr intervals, pulsatile infusion of cGH (15 μg/kg at 3 hr intervals)[GH-P], or continuous infusion of cGH (120 μg/kg-day)[GH-C]. Birds were bled 5 min before (0-min) and 5 min post-infusion (relative to the pulses of PB and cGH) at 5, 6, and 7 weeks of age. Pulsatile infusion of cGH increased (P
Non-linear classification for on-the-fly fractional mass filtering and targeted precursor fragmentation in mass spectrometry experiments

Motivation: Mass spectrometry (MS) has become the method of choice for protein/peptide sequence and modification analysis. The technology employs a two-step approach: ionized peptide precursor masses are detected, selected for fragmentation, and the fragment mass spectra are collected for computational analysis. Current precursor selection schemes are based on data-or information-dependent acquisition (DDA/IDA), where fragmentation mass candidates are selected by intensity and are subsequently included in a dynamic exclusion list to avoid constant refragmentation of highly abundant species. DDA/IDA methods do not exploit valuable information that is contained in the fractional mass of high-accuracy precursor mass measurements delivered by current instrumentation. Results: We extend previous contributions that suggest that fractional mass information allows targeted fragmentation of analytes of interest. We introduce a non-linear Random Forest classification and a discrete mapping approach, which can be trained to discriminate among arbitrary fractional mass patterns for an arbitrary number of classes of analytes. These methods can be used to increase fragmentation efficiency for specific subsets of analytes or to select suitable fragmentation technologies on-the-fly. We show that theoretical generalization error estimates transfer into practical application, and that their quality depends on the accuracy of prior distribution estimate of the analyte classes. The methods are applied to two real-world proteomics datasets. Availability: All software used in this study is available from http://software.steenlab.org/fmf Contact: hanno.steen@childrens.harvard.edu Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Steady-state coating flows inside a rotating horizontal cylinder

Thin coating flows inside a rotating circular cylinder are investigated when the axis of rotation is perpendicular to the direction of gravity. Attention is restricted to flows of power-law fluids having negligible inertia. Four distinct steady-state liquid-film profiles are found to be possible. Two of the cases correspond to a continuous coating, i.e. films that cover the entire inner surface of the cylinder. The other two cases involve partial films covering a limited portion of the cylinder surface. Of the two continuous films, one is the expected configuration involving a coating that gradually changes in thickness as one moves around the cylinder, the film being thicker on the ascending portion of the cylinder and thinner on the descending portion. The second continuous-film configuration has regions on the rising side of cylinder where a rapid change in depth is possible. This case also has the potential to have recirculating zones where a portion of the fluid is trapped in either one or two eddies at fixed locations on the rising side of the cylinder. Of the two partial films, one corresponds to a weakly deformed puddle at the bottom of the cylinder and is the appropriate solution at small rotation rates. The second partial film is a film which coats a portion of the ascending side of the cylinder, the extent of which depends on the film volume.
Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia.

The patient with nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) represents a common management problem for the cardiologist. The challenges posed by this arrhythmia, however, differ from those posed by most arrhythmias that we deal with on a daily basis. Most tachyarrhythmias come to our attention because of the symptoms they produce. In contrast, most instances of nonsustained VT do not cause symptoms. Rather, it derives its importance from the prognostic significance it carries in some patient populations. A variety of definitions has been used to signify the duration and rate of arrhythmia qualifying as nonsustained VT. Currently, the most commonly used is three or more consecutive ventricular premature depolarizations, up to a maximum duration of 30 seconds before spontaneous termination. The most appropriate cut-off rate is greater than 100 beats per minute, based upon the observation that tachycardias having rates less than 100 beats per minute do not carry adverse prognostic significance, at least in persons with coronary artery disease. 20 In this article, the authors review common situations in which nonsustained VT occurs, and their appropriate management. It is important in each case to differentiate reasons for evaluation and treatment: to relieve symptoms or to prolong life. Interestingly, these two indications often do not intersect in a given patient.
An S6:S18 complex inhibits translation of E. coli rpsF

More than half of the ribosomal protein operons in Escherichia coli are regulated by structures within the mRNA transcripts that interact with specific ribosomal proteins to inhibit further protein expression. This regulation is accomplished using a variety of mechanisms and the RNA structures responsible for regulation are often not conserved across bacterial phyla. A widely conserved mRNA structure preceding the ribosomal protein operon containing rpsF and rpsR (encoding S6 and S18) was recently identified through comparative genomics. Examples of this RNA from both E. coli and Bacillus subtilis were shown to interact in vitro with an S6:S18 complex. In this work, we demonstrate that in E. coli, this RNA structure regulates gene expression in response to the S6:S18 complex. β-galactosidase activity from a lacZ reporter translationally fused to the 5' UTR and first nine codons of E. coli rpsF is reduced fourfold by overexpression of a genomic fragment encoding both S6 and S18 but not by overexpression of either protein individually. Mutations to the mRNA structure, as well as to the RNA-binding site of S18 and the S6-S18 interaction surfaces of S6 and S18, are sufficient to derepress β-galactosidase activity, indicating that the S6:S18 complex is the biologically active effector. Measurement of transcript levels shows that although reporter levels do not change upon protein overexpression, levels of the native transcript are reduced fourfold, suggesting that the mRNA regulator prevents translation and this effect is amplified on the native transcript by other mechanisms.
An Overview of Tax Issues for Religious Congregations

This article discusses the tax issues that, in the author’s many years of giving pro bono advice to religious congregations, most experience often arise - or should arise. They are: (a) requirements for setting compensation; (b) lobbying and political activities; (c) substantiation of charitable contributions, (d) charitable fundraising, (e) payroll taxes and withholding for clergy, (f) parsonage and housing allowances, and (g) discretionary funds. While the discussion of applicable rules is designed to be accessible to lay leaders and congregational staff, whether volunteer or professional, it also includes citation to applicable provisions of Internal Revenue Code as well as other tax authorities that may be useful to tax professionals. Different groups of leaders and volunteers have interest in different topics; each topic is designed to stand alone, and thus there is some overlap in coverage.
Philosophy of Stochastic Optimal Control Analysis (SOC)

I discuss the philosophy of the stochastic optimal control techniques used in later chapters. The net worth of the real estate sector in Chap. 5, and of AIG in Chap. 6, evolve dynamically. In the first case, debt is incurred in period t to purchase assets whose return is uncertain, and must be repaid in period t + 1 at an uncertain interest rate. In the second case, insurance is sold in period t and the claims in period t + 1 are uncertain. What is the optimal debt in the first case and what are the optimal insurance liabilities in the second case? I discuss the strengths and limitations of alternative criterion functions, what should the firm or industry maximize? How should risk aversion be taken into account? Then I discuss the modeling of reasonable stochastic processes of the uncertain variables. Given the criterion function, each stochastic process implies a different quantitative, but similar qualitative, optimum debt/net worth or insurance liabilities/net worth. Using SOC I derive quantitative measures of an optimal and an excessive leverage, or what is an excessive risk that increases the probability of a crisis? The optimal capital requirement or leverage balances risk against expected growth and return.
The Response of Cartilage to Injury

This chapter focuses on cartilage injuries and their consequences at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and organ levels. Different levels of impact load can cause a variety of lesions to the articular surface and underlying cartilage tissue. Chondral lesions are common in the immature cartilage of children as well as in adolescents and adults and have been reported to be the most common injury to immature human knees. After the acute phase of injury, progressive degeneration of cartilage is stimulated by a combination of biomechanical factors as well as cell biological and inflammatory mediators. These processes involve further changes in cartilage extracellular matrix and concomitant alterations in tissue biomechanical, physicochemical, and transport properties. The following sections summarize recent literature and work in progress studying matrix damage, altered biomechanical and biophysical properties of injured cartilage, effects of injury on chondrocyte viability, and the response of injured cartilage to inflammatory mediators. Chondrocyte response in injured cartilage to follow-on dynamic loading of the joint is also discussed, as this is relevant to rehabilitation post-injury, whether or not reconstructive surgery has been performed.
Biomechanics and Physical Therapy

What is biomechanics? My response to this question is intended to provide an awareness of the scope of biomechanics and show the reader that biomechanics is an integral part of physical therapy. BIOMECHANICS DEFINED At face value, the term biomechanics is made up of two roots, bio and mechanics. Bio means life, living organisms or tissue.1 Mechanics is physical science that deals with the state of rest or motion of bodies under the action of forces.2 Therefore, aspects of mechanics having to do with inanimate objects comprising bridges, spacecraft, and automobiles are eliminated from consideration when we merge the terms bio and mechanics. The study of bio or biology includes both plants and animals. Plants are excluded for this presentation because physical therapy has to do primarily with the human portion of the animal world.…
Toward Single-Crystal Hybrid-Carbon Electronics: Impact of Graphene Substrate Defect Density on Copper Phthalocyanine Film Growth

Graphene has long been recognized as a potential replacement for indium tin oxide as a transparent conducting substrate that may not only be cheaper to manufacture but also may provide mechanical flexibility and templating for preferential organic film growth. Here, we report the discovery that the thin film growth mode and crystal structure of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc), a prototype organic semiconductor, is extremely sensitive to even atomic-scale defects (e.g., steps) on the graphene surface and that high quality films can be grown with a well-defined crystal orientation that should be favorable for optimized solar cell applications. The initial growth involves flat-lying copper phthalocyanine molecules in a triclinic brickstone crystal with (012) orientation. Thicker films on pristine graphite, as well as thin films on lower quality graphene, show an orientational transition to the flat-lying (112)-oriented brickstone, which nucleates near film defects and grows in more compact 3D islands. The thi...
Laryngeal Mask Airway in Medical Emergencies

This video demonstrates the placement of a laryngeal mask airway, an alternative airway device that is both efficacious and easy to place. The laryngeal mask airway is routinely used for patients receiving general anesthesia and, increasingly, in patient resuscitation.
Pollination of Opunta basilaris and O. littoralis

The flowers ofOpuntia basilaris andO. littoralis in southern California are visited commonly by beetles(Carpophilus, Trichochrous) and bees (especially anthophorids, megachilids, and halictids), but are pollinated mainly by the bees. This agrees with observations presented in the previous papers in this series for other cactus species in Arizona and Texas. The available evidence indicates that the large, diurnal, cup-shaped flowers in cacti of the American Southwest are primarily bee-pollinated. Our earlier view that theseOpuntia flowers are also pollinated to a significant extent bynitidulid andmelyrid beetles must be modified now in the light of further evidence. Some pollination probably is carried out by small beetles, but it probably represents only a small proportion of the total pollination.
A Synopsis of the Nearctic Species of Oscinella and Madiza, Based on a Study of the Types (DIPTERA, CHLOROPIDAE)

For many years the small, predominantly black flies of the genera Oscinella (= Oscinis auctt. nec Latr., Oscinosoma, Botanobia ) and Madiza (= Siphonella Macq.) have been a great source of trouble in identification and study. They perhaps form the most difficult group in the family Chloropidae.
Congenital dislocation of the head of the radius.

The literature of congenital dislocation of the radial head is reviewed. Eighteen new cases are reported and the incidence of anterior, posterior and lateral dislocation are given. Eleven syndromes or diseases have previously been noted in the literature to occur with radial head dislocations. Four apparently new associations are described in this series. Pain was not of significance in our patients with dislocations and functional impairment has been related to limitation of supination or pronation. Progressive cubitus valgus was noted in one patient. There appears to be no common etiologic factor in congenital dislocations of the radial head.
The Ever-Evolving State of the Art: A Look Back at the AONA Facial Reconstruction and Transplantation Meetings

Historically, periodic academic meetings held by surgical societies have set the stage for discussion and exchange of ideas, which in turn have led to advancement of clinical practices. Since 2007, the AONA State of the Art: Facial Reconstruction and Transplantation Meeting (FRTM) has been organized to provide a forum for specialists around the world to engage in open conversation about the approaches currently at the forefront of facial reconstruction. Review of registration data of FRTM iterations from 2007 to 2015 was performed. The total number of participants, along with their level of medical training, location of practice, and medical specialty, was recorded. Additionally, academic programs and 2015 participant feedback were evaluated. From 2007 to 2011, there was a decrease in the overall number of participants, with a slight increase in the number of clinical specialties present. In 2013, a sharp increase in total participants, international attendance, and represented clinical specialties was observed. This trend continued in 2015. Adjustments to academic programs have included reorganization of lectures and optimization of content. FRTM is a unique forum for multidisciplinary professionals to discuss the evolving field of facial reconstruction and join forces to accelerate progress and improve patient care.
Ultrasensitive Protein Detection on Dot Blots and Western Blots with Semiconducting Polymer Dots

We demonstrate ultrasensitive fluorescence imaging of proteins on dot blots and western blots using a bright, compact, and orange-emitting semiconducting polymer dot (CNPPV). We achieved a detection limit at the single-picogram level in dot blots; with conventional western blot, we detected 50 pg of transferrin and trypsin inhibitor after SDS-PAGE and transfer onto a PVDF membrane. In this protocol, we describe the preparation of Pdots and its streptavidin bioconjugate and the procedures of dot blot and western blots.
Using Parental Input from Black Families to Increase Cultural Responsiveness for Teaching SWPBS Expectations

ABSTRACT: Despite the positive effects of school-wide positive behavior support (SWPBS) on school discipline, the overrepresentation of Black students in discipline data in SWPBS schools has alerted researchers and educators to initiate discussion about the need to blend culturally responsive pedagogy and the SWPBS approach. This qualitative research study attempts to add to this discussion by (a) exploring the perspectives of Black parents on SWPBS behavioral expectations using ethnographic interviewing, (b) incorporating parental input in the instructional design of a culturally responsive social skill curriculum, and (c) assessing the perceptions of parents and SWPBS team members on the curriculum content and design using social validity questionnaires. Results and discussion are provided in relation to findings of descriptive themes (e.g., respect, safety, family interactions, school–family interactions) from the parent ethnographic interviews and the value of using parental input to increase cultural...
Chiral magnetic effect in condensed matter systems

Abstract The chiral magnetic effect (CME) is the generation of electrical current induced by chirality imbalance in the presence of magnetic field. It is a macroscopic manifestation of the quantum chiral anomaly [S. L. Adler. Axial-vector vertex in spinor electrodynamics. Physical Review, 177, 2426 (1969), J. S. Bell and R. Jackiw. A PCAC puzzle: π 0 γ γ in the σ-model. Il Nuovo Cimento A, 60, 47–61 (1969)] in systems possessing charged chiral fermions. In quark-gluon plasma containing nearly massless quarks, the chirality imbalance is sourced by the topological transitions. In condensed matter systems, the chiral quasiparticles emerge in gapless semiconductors with two energy bands having pointlike degeneracies opening the path to the study of chiral anomaly [H. B. Nielsen and M. Ninomiya. The Adler-Bell-Jackiw anomaly and Weyl fermions in a crystal. Physics Letters B, 130, 389–396 (1983)]. Recently, these novel materials – so-called Dirac and Weyl semimetals have been discovered experimentally, are suitable for the investigation of the CME in condensed matter experiments. Here we report on the first experimental observation of the CME in a 3D Dirac semimetal ZrTe5 [Q. Li, D. E. Kharzeev, C. Zhang, Y. Huang, I. Pletikosic, A. V. Fedorov, R. D. Zhong, J. A. Schneeloch, G. D. Gu, and T. Valla. Chiral magnetic effect in Z r T e 5 . Nature Physics (2016) doi:10.1038/nphys3648 ].
Bioarchaeological approaches to looting: A case study from Sudan

Abstract Looting is a significant destructive force at archaeological sites; grave robbing, in particular, leaves human remains and cultural heritage irreparably damaged. Al-Widay, a necropolis excavated by the Oriental Institute Nubian Expedition near the Fourth Cataract region of the Nile River, is a site with important implications for understanding the taphonomy of archaeological looting. Over 60% of the tumuli excavated at Al-Widay were disturbed in antiquity, making the site an ideal case study for examining the effects of looting on ancient human skeletal remains. Our research applies bioarchaeological methods of quantifying fragmentation to an assessment of “Culturally Significant Anatomical Regions” in order to evaluate the nature and degree of human disturbance activity at this necropolis. At Al-Widay, site reports document looted graves (n = 22), unlooted graves (n = 14), and a sample of graves (n = 42), for which the level of disturbance is unknown. Fisher's exact test showed significant differences in the bioarchaeological patterning of looted versus unlooted contexts, and a cross-validated logistic regression model was used to sort five unknown graves into looted and unlooted categories, providing a quantitative bioarchaeological method for the identification of looting.
RTP801 Is a Novel Retinoic Acid Responsive Gene Possibly Involved in Myeloid Differentiation.

Abstract Retinoic acid (RA) promotes terminal differentiation of both normal hematopoietic cells and acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) blasts by transcriptional regulation of myeloid genes. To identify additional RA target genes, we used representational difference analysis (RDA) with RNA derived from a PML/RARα inducible U937 myeloid cell line. From this screen we identified a novel early responsive RA target gene, RTP801 (REDD1). Recent studies showed that RTP801 is a critical transducer of several cellular stress signals, including hypoxia and energy depletion, through the TSC-mTOR pathway. We show that All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) induces RTP801 mRNA in AML cell lines in a dose- and time-dependent manner. ATRA regulation of RTP801 is direct and does not require protein synthesis. Inhibition of endogenous RTP801 in U937 cells by siRNA abrogates ATRA-induced dephosphorylatioin of 4E-BP1, a key mTOR substrate. Overexpression of RTP801 in these cells results in growth arrest and apoptosis. RTP801 is differently expressed during maturation of normal CD34+ cells, suggesting it is involved in this process. We performed a yeast two-hybrid screen using a leucocyte cDNA library and identified the myeloid-specific protease, neutrophil elastase, as a binding partner of RTP801. Taken together, RTP801 is a novel ATRA target gene possibly involved in ATRA-induced differentiation of myeloid cells.
Racial Inequality in Brazil from Independence to the Present

Brazil has come nearer to equality among races; yet the breach between black and white remains wide. This chapter considers racial inequality in the period after independence (1822), encompassing the abolition of slavery (1888). The social construction of race and its historiography are discussed, and new time series are presented on life expectancy, literacy, schooling, occupation, and income for Afro-Brazilian, white, Asian, and indigenous peoples. There has been major, albeit uneven, progress in these terms since slavery, which has unfortunately not wholly translated into equality of income: only in 2010 did the black-to-white income ratio eclipsed its 1960 level, although it appears to be at an all-time high. Education and migration were important factors in closing the gap, whereas school quality and discrimination may explain its persistence. The post-abolition era has received much attention, but long-run data on racial outcomes are scarce.
Effects of landscape features on gene flow of valley oaks (Quercus lobata).

Landscape features affect habitat connectivity and patterns of gene flow and hence influence genetic structure among populations. We studied valley oak (Quercus lobata), a threatened species of California (USA) savannas and oak woodlands, with a distribution forming a ring around the Central Valley grasslands. Our main goal was to determine the role of topography and land cover on patterns of gene flow and to test whether elevation or land cover forms stronger barriers to gene flow among valley oak populations. We sampled valley oaks in 12 populations across the range of this species, genotyped each tree at eight nuclear microsatellite loci, and created a series of resistance surfaces by assigning different resistance values to land cover type and elevation. We also estimated recent migration rates and evaluated them with regard to landscape features. There was a significant but weak relationship between Euclidian distance and genetic distance. There was no relationship between genetic distances and land cover, but a significant relationship between genetic distances and elevation resistance. We conclude that gene flow is restricted by high elevations in the northern part of the valley oak range and by high elevations and the Central Valley further south. Migration rate analysis indicated some gene flow occurring east–west but we suggest that the high connectivity in the northern Central Valley is facilitating the formation of these links. We predict that southern populations may become more differentiated in the future through genetic isolation and local adaptation taking place in the face of climate change.
On sparse recovery with Structured Noise under sensing constraints

This paper considers sparse signal recovery under sensing constraints originating from the limitations of practical data acquisition systems. Such limitations introduce non-linearities in the underlying measurement model. We first develop a more accurate measurement model with structured noise representing a known non-linear function of the sparse signal obtained by leveraging side information about the physical sampling structure. Then, we devise two iterative denoising algorithms, namely, Orthogonal Matching Pursuit with Structured Noise (OMPSN), and Subspace Pursuit with Structured Noise (SPSN) that are shown to enhance the quality of sparse recovery in presence of physical constraints by iteratively estimating and eliminating the non-linear term from the measurements. Numerical and simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms outperform standard algorithms in detecting the support and estimating the sparse vector.
Grazing management effects on sediment and phosphorus losses from streambanks

Agricultural lands are the leading cause of nonpoint-source pollution in the United States. Previous studies indicate that grazed lands can have more impact on sediment and phosphorus (P) losses to surface waters than cropland or other agricultural lands. The purpose of this research was to determine the effects of different grazing managements on streambank erosion and potential P losses. In 2004, three treatments, including rotational stocking, continuous stocking with limited stream access, and continuous stocking with full stream access were established in six adjacent pastures along Willow Creek at a research farm in Marshall County, Iowa. Erosion measurements were taken monthly from May to November in 2005 and 2006. Soil samples were collected, and total P, Mehlich III P, waterextractable P, and bulk density were analyzed by horizon with the intent of calculating the amount of P that potentially entered the stream at this site. Phosphorus levels did not vary significantly among treatments but were higher in the A horizons than in the C horizons. Although net erosion treatment differences were found in both years, these differences were not consistent and no trend emerged. Erosion/deposition activity was greatest in the continuous stocking with unrestricted access (CSU) treatment. In the four months that there
Speech levels in open plan offices

A key variable for predicting speech privacy in open offices is the level of speech used. Since the environment influences vocal effort, speech levels needed to be measured in typical open office situations to more accurately calculate speech privacy in such offices. This paper describes measurements of voice levels used in face‐to‐face conversation in nine open offices in the Ottawa/Hull Area. Speech from 118 subjects was recorded and analyzed. Average voice levels in each office ranged from 48 to 55 dBA. The overall mean was 51 dBA with a standard deviation of 3.4 dBA. Levels from the current study were significantly lower than those in ASTM standard E1130, but the overall average and spectrum agree well with Pearsons’ results for casual conversation (K. S. Pearsons, R. L. Bennett, and S. Fidel, ‘‘Speech levels in various noise environments,’’ EPA‐6001‐77‐025, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, May 1977). The paper describes the procedures and the results obtained. This work was done as part of a project for Public Works and Government Services Canada.
Regionalization of school youth obesity and overweight in Texas by considering both body mass index and socioeconomic status

We employed a regionalization algorithm called regionalization with dynamically constrained agglomerative clustering and partitioning (REDCAP) to analyze the Body Mass Index (BMI) of school students in Texas and its association with social economic status (SES). The study includes 741 school districts in Texas. BMI data were extracted from the Physical Fitness Assessment Initiative program managed by Texas Education Agency. SES was described using six variables that cover two aspects, Household SES and Neighborhood SES. The study period was the 2012–2013 academic year. We used three REDCAP algorithms to delineate regions considering both spatial contiguity and attribute homogeneity. The result shows that Full-order-CLK algorithm of REDCAP is most effective in producing regions to delineate the patterns of Texas students’ BMI and its relationship with SES. Moreover, two- and six -class regions are the optimal numbers for such a regionalization. Our study reveals the regional patterns of school youth obesity in Texas when connecting to SES—particularly in regions with high rate of obesity and low SES, such as the regions in South and West Texas, and the three school districts in San Antonio. The findings can provide guidance for regionalized policy and practice to fight against school youth obesity in Texas.
Hand Edema in Patients at Risk of Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema: Health Professionals Should Take Notice.

Background There is little research on hand edema in the population at risk for breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL). Objectives Study aims included reporting potential importance of hand edema (HE) as a risk factor for progression of edema in patients treated for breast cancer at risk for BCRL, reporting risk factors for BCRL, and reporting treatment of HE. Design/methods This was a retrospective analysis of 9 patients treated for breast cancer in Massachusetts General Hospital's lymphedema screening program who presented with isolated HE. Limb volumes via perometry, BCRL risk factors, and HE treatment are reported. Results Edema was mostly isolated to the hand. Three patients had arm edema >5% on perometry; and 2 of these had edema outside the hand on clinical examination. Patients were at high risk of BCRL with an average of 2.9/5 known risk factors. Arm edema progressed to >10% in 2 high-risk patients. Treatment resulted in an average hand volume reduction of 10.2% via perometry and improvement upon clinical examination. Limitations The small sample size and lack of validated measures of subjective data were limitations. Conclusions In this cohort, patients with HE carried significant risk factors for BCRL. Two out of 9 (22%), both carrying ≥4/5 risk factors, progressed to edema >10%. Isolated HE may be a prognostic factor for edema progression in patients treated for breast cancer at risk for BCRL. Further research is warranted.
Fried food intake and risk of nonfatal acute myocardial infarction in the Costa Rica Heart Study

Economic development in middle-income countries has led to a noticeable rise in the availability of commercial deep fried foods and lifestyles that require eating meals “on the go” and outside of the home. Yet, data from these countries where fried foods were traditionally prepared at home are scarce, despite several studies showing the potential adverse effects of fried food consumption on risk for heart disease. We aimed to examine whether consumption of fried foods inside or outside of the home is associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction (MI) among Hispanic/Latinos living in Costa Rica. Participants were incident cases of a first acute MI (n = 2,154) and randomly selected controls matched for age, sex, and residence (n = 2,154). After adjustment for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, including history of diabetes, history of hypertension, smoking, abdominal obesity, income, educational years, occupation, alcohol intake, dietary intakes of saturated fatty acid, fiber intake, and total energy intake, the multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR, 95% CI) for risk of MI were 1.00 (reference), 1.02 (0.86–1.21), 1.26 (0.81–1.95), and 1.58 (1.08–2.30) for intake of fried foods outside of the home <1/week, 1-3/week, 4-6/week, and 1/day, respectively (P trend = 0.02); and 1.00, 0.81 (0.65–1.00), 0.81 (0.61–1.09), and 0.93 (0.72–1.19), respectively (P for trend = 0.65) for intake of fried foods inside the home. The data suggest that consumption of fried foods outside of the home, a practice that has been associated with economic development, could have adverse effects on cardiovascular disease.
Comparison of coIK, IK and mIK Performances for Modeling Conditional Probabilities of Categorical Variables

A performance comparison of three algorithms (coindicator kriging, multiple indicator kriging, median indicator kriging) for estimating conditional probabilities of categorical variables is presented. The reference soil data set includes 2649 locations at which the soil type was determined. Three subsets of 50, 100 and 500 sample locations were randomly selected and used to estimate the probability for the different soil types at the remaining locations. In all cases the variograms required were modeled using the complete data set. The comparison of estimated vs true probabilities shows that, whatever the number of conditioning data, the theoretically better coIK does not provide more accurate re-estimates than the two other algorithms. The latter two algorithms involve less variogram modeling effort and smaller computational cost. Furthermore, the number of order relation deviations is showed to be significantly higher for the coIK results.
War, Socialism, and Quantum Mechanics

If these lectures find any favor with professional historians of science, I shall be humbly thankful for their toleration of a book not intended for them. However eager to tell us how scientists of the seventeenth century used their inheritance from the sixteenth, these scholars seem to regard as irrelevant anything a scientist today might think about any aspect of science, including his own debt to the past or reaction against it. Such historians remind me of those taxonomers, perhaps of only fabulous existence, who cannot recognize a particular plant unless they see a sprig of it dead, dried, and pasted to a sheet of paper. For me, mathematical science is alive today, alive not only in its freshest leaves but also in its branches and roots that reach down to the past. I know young men who have read the words of Gibbs and Kelvin and Stokes and Cauchy, even of Euler and Newton, neither so as to decorate a paper of their own by an early reference nor to write a history, but in search of understanding and method, revealed by the speech of giants untranslated by pygmies. For such men, such scientists of our own day, these lectures were composed and are here printed.
Duramycin enhances chloride secretion in airway epithelium.

The effect of duramycin, a polypeptide antibiotic, on Cl- transport in canine tracheal epithelium mounted in Ussing chambers was studied. Over a narrow concentration range, duramycin increased shor...
Event History Analysis for Investigating the Likelihood and Timing of Changing Majors

Students change their majors for various reasons, and academic advisors often assume the role of facilitating that change through institutional agreements or contracts. Therefore, advisors need to ...
Is Isolated Limb Perfusion Indicated for Treatment of Patients with Nodal Metastases from Extremity Melanomas (M.D. Anderson Hospital Stage IIIB)

Hyperthermic isolation limb perfusion is considered standard therapy in the treatment of patients with regional in-transit metastatic melanoma of the extremities. Its role in the adjuvant treatment of patients with melanoma metastatic to regional nodes is less well defined. This review describes patient subgroups at high risk for local-regional recurrence after regional lymphadenectomy and the role of adjuvant perfusion in preventing local-regional recurrence and prolonging survival in these patients. Logistic problems in attempting to prove that adjuvant limb perfusion is beneficial are discussed.
Genome-wide Surveillance of Transcription Errors in Eukaryotic Organisms

Accurate transcription is required for the faithful expression of genetic information. Surprisingly though, little is known about the mechanisms that control the fidelity of transcription. To fill this gap in scientific knowledge, we recently optimized the circle-sequencing assay to detect transcription errors throughout the transcriptome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Drosophila melanogaster, and Caenorhabditis elegans. This protocol will provide researchers with a powerful new tool to map the landscape of transcription errors in eukaryotic cells so that the mechanisms that control the fidelity of transcription can be elucidated in unprecedented detail.
Complexity, causality, and control in statistical modeling

Social scientists using statistical models and more qualitative techniques frequently employ divergent approaches to thinking about causality. Statistical methodologies tend to draw on probabilisti...