cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation: III. Interactions between catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of m-cresol and hydrodenitrogenation of indole

Abstract Simultaneous hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) and hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) is studied with indole/ m -cresol conversions over a sulfided CoMo HDS catalyst. The mutual inhibition of indole (and indoline) on HDO and of m -cresol on HDN is established. As with HDS/HDO reported in paper II, the HDN/HDO reactions appear to proceed on the same site. The relative reactivity of the indole and cresol, as well as an HDN intermediate, o -ethyl aniline, is m -cresol ⪢ o -ethyl aniline > indole (indoline). Under the conditions of our study ( P H 2 = 69 atm, T = 250–350 °C), the indole-indoline hydrogenation equilibrium is essentially achieved. The pure component conversion kinetics are adequately described by a two-site Longmuir-Hinshelwood form, the rate and binding constant values indicating correctly the relative reactivity and mutual inhibition magnitudes, thus confirming that simultaneous HDO and HDN proceed on the same surface sites. At the lower HDN temperatures, the intermediate o -ethyl aniline is converted to ethylbenzene, then ethylcyclohexane, while at or above 300 °C some ring hydrogenation to o -amino ethylcyclohexane precedes HDN. Hydrogenation, HDO, and HDN activities are completely recovered by 400 °C regeneration, in contrast to activity loss noted in paper II for simultaneous HDS/HDO.
Expanding leadership diversity through formal mentoring programs

To attract and retain people, it is essential that organizations design and successfully implement programs and processes that develop people and nurture their talents. For those who aspire to a leadership role, the opportunity to engage in mentoring relationships with senior-level leaders is a powerful way to accelerate growth. In the majority of informal mentoring relationships, mentors and proteges share similar racial, gender, and cultural backgrounds. Senior leaders in most large organizations are still primarily white males. As a result, it can be difficult for people from diverse backgrounds who aspire to higher level leadership roles to find senior executives with whom they can develop a mentoring relationship. To address this challenge, some organizations have implemented formal mentoring programs that are specifically designed to facilitate development of people from diverse backgrounds. Unfortunately, previous research studies conducted on the impact of formal mentoring relationships have shown that these programs do not consistently achieve the desired outcomes. The change intervention described in this article suggests that formal mentoring programs can significantly influence the movement of proteges from diverse backgrounds into higher level leadership positions.
On Periodicity in Temporal Databases

The issue of periodicity is generally understood to be a desirable property of temporaldata that should be supported by temporal database models and their querylanguages. Nevertheless, there has so far not been any systematic examination of howto incorporate this concept into a temporal DBMS. In this paper we describe two conceptsof periodicity, which we call strong periodicity and near periodicity, and discusshow they capture formally two of the intuitive meanings of this term. We formallycompare the expressive power of these two concepts, relate them to existing temporalquery languages, and show how they can be incorporated into temporal relationaldatabase query languages, such as the proposed temporal extension to SQL, in a cleanand straightforward manner.
Collocation analysis of a boundary‐layer model for crossflow fractionation trays

A nonequilibrium model for fractionation trays with lateral dispersion is analyzed by a collocation method. Mobile-interface turbulent boundary-layer theory is used to describe the local heat and mass transfer rates with allowance for vapor superheat, liquid subcooling, and net molar transfer between the phases. Multicomponent transport is incorporated by a linearized matrix method. Numerical integration of the gradients through the tray permits use of local flows and states, as well as local phase equilibrium expressions. A collocation scheme solves the model efficiently; two grid points normally suffice to represent a tray. The model contains just two adjustable coefficients, a00 and Pe; the dependence of these on tray geometry and hydrodynamics remains to be investigated.
Quenching of spin fluctuations in scandium

Abstract The low temperature (1.3 to 20 K) heat capacity of electrotransport purified scandium metal was measured in magnetic fields up to ∼10 T. The electronic specific heat constant, γ, decreases with increasing magnetic fields (11% at 10 T), while the coefficient to the T 3 term of the heat capacity, β, rises rapidly with increasing field and becomes almost constant at T > 5 T. The decrease in γ is thought to be due to the depression of spin fluctuation enhancement by the magnetic field. The increase in β is believed to be due to an induced magnetic moment on the scandium atoms caused by the applied magnetic field.
Pierre Robin Sequence: Secondary Respiratory Difficulties and Intrinsic Feeding Abnormalities†

Objective: There is considerable variation in opinion regarding the optimal management of patients with Pierre Robin sequence (PRS). No single method of airway intervention or feeding strategy is universally appropriate and effective. This study was performed to examine methods used for airway and feeding management and to identify specific problems encountered. Study Design: A retrospective study of 252 patient charts between 1989 and 1997 at Children's Hospital of Wisconsin. Methods: Patient information was collected regarding perinatal history, genetics evaluation, and airway and feeding evaluations and intervention. A group of 47 patients was determined as having Pits. Results: Secondary respiratory difficulties, defined as respiratory abnormalities in addition to the expected Pits obstruction, were identified in 23% of patients. Also, intrinsic feeding abnormalities not associated with airway obstruction were identified in 11% of patients. Analysis by Fisher's Exact Test revealed patients with a syndromic diagnosis to have a significantly higher rate for tracheotomies and gastrostomy tube placement (P = .041, and P = .0004, respectively). Syndromic patients were also found to have significantly lower Apgar scores and longer hospital stays. Positioning techniques, tongue-lip adbesion, and tracheotomy were also employed effectively with specific indications and specific difficulties that need to be considered. Conclusion : Patients with PRS require thorough airway and feeding evaluation. Those with additional syndromic diagnoses demonstrate higher rates of more invasive interventions. Patients with Pits must undergo individualized approaches with consideration of multiple factors for successful management.
A Fresh Look at the Process of Arriving at a Clinical Prognosis. Part 3: Neonatal Illness

Abstract Determining the prognosis in a sick newborn foal is complicated by the following three factors: the normal transition from maternal/placental dependence to independence, intrauterine conditions before birth, and the birth process itself. In addition, there are several vulnerabilities and unique characteristics of the neonatal foal that are not shared by older foals or adult horses. However, the same principles of assessing homeostasis apply to establishing a prognosis in a sick neonate, as previously described for the adult. Overall, survival rates for septic critically ill foals generally vary between 60% and 80%. In noncritical yet seriously ill foals—a diverse group sometimes referred to as the “sick, nonseptic foal”—survival rates typically range from 75% to 95% with proper medical care. Long-term survival rates are lower for all categories of sick foals, and subsequent athletic performance may be adversely affected by sepsis or septic arthritis/osteomyelitis.
INTERMEDIATE COUPLING METHOD FOR MESON-NUCLEON SCATTERING

It is shown that for the meson-nucleon scattering processes an intermediate-coupling method can be applied which joins smoothly the results obtained from the weak- and strong-coupling limits. The method is illustrated by a detailed study of the charged scalar meson field with fixed nucleon.
Electrical neuromuscular stimulation in dysphagia: current status.

Purpose of reviewTo assess current information regarding the physiological effects of transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TES) on the neck and current evidence regarding the clinical effects of adding TES to dysphagia rehabilitation.Recent findingsPhysiological studies have demonstrated that when
Theoretical studies of tetrakaidecahedral structures of (H2O)24, (H2O)25 and (H2O)26 clusters

Abstract The structures and stabilities of 24-, 25- and 26-mer water clusters were studied by applying the intermediate neglect of differential overlap self consistent field restricted Hartree-Fock method (INDO SCF RHF) after parametrization for H and O atoms. The 24-mer tetrakaidecahedral cage structure is more stable than the isomer in which several water molecules are bonded to a dodecahedral cage structure by about 3 kcal/mol. The stabilization energy (SE) values per monomer molecule for the most stable 24-, 25- and 26-mer tetrakaidecahedral structures are 10.1, 10.7 and 10.8 kcal/mol, respectively.
Spectrophotometric determination of some quaternary compounds.

A procedure is described for the quantitative determination of several quaternary ammonium compounds. This method is based on the formation of a picric acid–quaternary ammonium complex in alkaline media and spectrophotometric analysis of this complex after chloroform extraction.
The Failure Patterns of Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma After Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy—The University of Iowa Experience

Purpose: Determine the failure patterns of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). Methods and Materials: Between May 2001 and July 2005, 55 patients with oral cavity SCC were treated with IMRT for curative intent. Forty-nine received postoperative IMRT, 5 definitive IMRT, and 1 neoadjuvant. Three target volumes were defined (clinical target CTV1, CTV2, and CTV3). The failure patterns were determined by coregistration or comparison of the treatment planning computed tomography to the images obtained at the time of recurrence. Results: The median follow-up for all patients was 17.1 months (range, 0.27–59.3 months). The median follow-up for living patients was 23.9 months (range, 9.3–59.3 months). Nine patients had locoregional failures: 4 local failures only, 2 regional failures only, and 3 had both local and regional failures. Five patients failed distantly; of these, 3 also had locoregional failures. The 2-year overall survival, disease-specific survival, local recurrence-free survival, locoregional recurrence-free survival, and distant disease-free survival was 68%, 74%, 85%, 82%, and 89%, respectively. The median time from treatment completion to locoregional recurrence was 4.1 months (range, 3.0–12.1 months). Except for 1 patient who failed in contralateral lower neck outside the radiation field, all failed in areas that had received a high dose of radiation. The locoregional control is strongly correlated with extracapsular extension. Conclusions: Intensity-modulated RT is effective for oral cavity SCC. Most failures are in-field failures. Further clinical studies are necessary to improve the outcomes of patients with high-risk features, particularly for those with extracapsular extension.
Selective interaction of novel anxiolytics with 5-hydroxytryptamine1A receptors

Abstract Radioligand binding studies were used to analyze the interactions of two novel anxiolytics, buspirone and TVX Q 7821, with a series of 10 neuronal membrane receptor sites. Buspirone ( IC 50 = 24 n m ) and TVX Q 7821 ( IC 50 = 9.5 n m ) display the highest affinity for 5-hydroxytryptamine1A (5-HT1A) binding sites labeled by 3H-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (DPAT). By contrast, buspirone is 16-fold weaker at dopamine (D2) receptors ( IC 50 = 380 n m ), whereas TVX Q 7821 is 6-fold less potent at alpha-adrenergic1 sites ( IC 50 = 58 n m ). At the other receptors studied, buspirone and TVX Q 7821 had similar pharmacological profiles. Both agents display moderate affinity for histamine (H1), alpha-adrenergic2, and 5-HT2 binding sites. The drugs are essentially inactive at 5-HT1B, calcium channel antagonist, muscarinic cholinergic, and benzodiazepine receptors. These results suggest that the anxiolytic effects of buspirone and TVX Q 7821 may be mediated by central 5-HT1A receptors.
GRASSLAND COMMUNITY FRACTIONS FROM CENTRAL NORTH AMERICA UNDER SIMULATED CLIMATES

For a broad latitudinal comparison, 6 growth chambers with temperature and light-period controls were programmed to simulate 20 weeks of the growing periods for Devils Lake, North Dakota; Lincoln, Nebraska; Austin, Texas; Corpus Christi, Texas; Mexico City, D.F.; and Flagstaff, Arizona. Clonal populations of Panicum virgatum L., the Andropogon qerardi Vitman-hallii Hack. complex, A. scoparius Michx., Sorghastrunt nutans (L.) Nash, Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag., and B. curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. composed the experimental community fractions. The short growing periods of the northern and high-altitudinal climates accommodated flowering within 5 populations of the North Dakota and Arizona community fractions. In the other climates, the growing periods, variously incomplete during the 20-week programming, also accommodated flowering of many of the early-maturing populations. Annual endogenous rhythms within the geographic variants were suggested by the different response patterning. The northern clones responded rapidly and showed sensitivity to diverse environmental conditions. Many southern clones, requiring more than 20 weeks for flowerinlg, showed developmental homeostasis under the different climates.
Preparation of Homogeneous Concanavalim A

Concanavalin A (Con A), obtained either commercially or by affinity chromatography, was further purified by incubating at 6-8 hr at pH 3.0-3.2 in 1 M NaCl, 0.08 M glycine and 3 mM each Ca2+ and Mn+2, heat treating at 45 degrees C for 2 hr and centrifuging. The supernatant was neutralized to pH 5 and stored in the cold. Te overall yield was 70-80%. Some of the properties of Con A at pH 5 are: The absorption coefficient of a l g/dl solution is 13.7 at 280 nm; the mean residue ellipticity at 224.5 nm is -9,300 degrees to -9,800 degrees; by sedimentation equilibrium, its molecular weight is 53,000 between pH 3.0 and pH 5.2. Con A solutions standing at room temperature at pH 7 for ten days lose through precipitation only 5-8% of the protein in 0.2 M NaCl and 15% of the protein in 0.1 M NaCl. In the solution conditions of SDS and urea-SDS gels, Con A not only unfolds slowly and incompletely, but it also forms high molecular weight aggregates. Thus, electrophoresis of Con a in such gels is unsuitable for tests of homogeneity. However, as judged by sedimentation equilibrium in 6.5 M quanidine at pH 8.1, purified Con A was monodisperse.
Three- and Four-repeat Tau Coassemble into Heterogeneous Filaments AN IMPLICATION FOR ALZHEIMER DISEASE

Tau filaments are the pathological hallmark of numerous neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer disease, Pick disease, and progressive supranuclear palsy. In the adult human brain, six isoforms are expressed that differ by the presence or absence of the second of four semiconserved repeats. As a consequence, half of the tau isoforms have three repeats (3R tau), whereas the other half of the isoforms have four repeats (4R tau). Tauopathies can be characterized based on the isoform composition of their filaments. Alzheimer disease filamentous inclusions contain all isoforms. Pick disease filaments contain 3R tau. Progressive supranuclear palsy filaments contain 4R tau. Here, we used site-directed spin labeling of recombinant tau in conjunction with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to obtain structural insights into these filaments. We find that filaments of 4R tau and 3R tau share a highly ordered core structure in the third repeat with parallel, in-register arrangement of β-strands. This structure is conserved regardless of whether full-length isoforms (htau40 and htau23) or truncated constructs (K18 and K19) are used. When mixed, 3R tau and 4R tau coassemble into heterogeneous filaments. These filaments share the highly ordered core in the third repeat; however, they differ in their overall composition. Our findings indicate that at least three distinct types of filaments exist: homogeneous 3R tau, homogeneous 4R tau, and heterogeneous 3R/4R tau. These results suggest that individual filaments found in Alzheimer disease are structurally distinct from those in the 3R and 4R tauopathies.
Completing Irving and Kirkwood’s Molecular Theory of Transport Processes: Nonequilibrium Entropy Conservation

Following Irving and Kirkwood’s (J. Chem. Phys. 1950, 18, 817) classical approach to the statistical mechanics of transport processes and the conservation equations for mass, momentum, and energy, we introduce a particular dynamical variable for entropy and derive the general nonequilibrium entropy conservation equation. This particular formalism is shown to encompass both Boltzmann’s and Gibbs’ entropy definitions as special cases. Entropy generation is shown to follow from phase-space dimensionality loss and truncations or approximations in higher-order space, the latter of which is consistent with the thesis of Jaynes (Am. J. Phys. 1965, 33, 391). The general approach to entropy conservation given here not only completes Irving and Kirkwood’s treatment of the transport equations but also allows for a consistent analysis of all transport equations for any given system. Following standard perturbation expansion methods about local equilibrium states, we derive the closed form of the entropy conservation ...
Thermal cycling cracks in three igneous rocks

Abstract The slow (≤ 1°C/min) heating and cooling of Westerly granite and two diabases (Frederick MD and Pageland SC) at 1 atm pressure and temperatures up to 900°C produces cracks with relatively low crack closure pressures. The volume of new cracks depends exponentially on the maximum temperature. The rate of increase of crack porosity is greatest for Frederick diabase, which has the lowest initial crack porosity, and least for Westerly granite which has the highest initial crack porosity. The new data constitute a calibration of these three rocks in the sense that suites of samples in which crack porosity is the only variable may now be prepared in the laboratory.
Morphological and molecular characterization of a Hirsutella species infecting the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), in Florida.

The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, is an invasive pest that vectors citrus greening disease, which recently was detected in Florida. Mycosed adult D. citri were collected at four sites in central Florida between September 2005 and February 2006. Observation of the cadavers using scanning electron microscopy revealed that the pathogen had branched synnemata supporting monophiladic conidiogenous cells. A high-fidelity polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used to amplify the 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA and β-tubulin genes of the pathogen for phylogenetic analysis. The morphological and genetic data indicated that the pathogen was a novel isolate related to Hirsutella citriformis Speare. PCR assays using isolate-specific primers designed from the unique putative intron region of the β-tubulin sequence distinguished the psyllid pathogen from five related Hirsutella species. The pathogen was maintained in vivo by exposing healthy D. citri to the synnemata borne on field-collected cadavers. Infected psyllids had an abundance of septate hyphal bodies in their hemolymph and exhibited behavioral symptoms of disease. In vitro cultures of the pathogen were slow-growing and produced synnemata similar to those found on mycosed D. citri. In laboratory bioassays, high levels of mortality were observed in D. citri that were exposed to the conidia-bearing synnemata produced in vivo and in vitro.
STUDIES ON THE PERMEABILITY OF MEMBRANES : III. ELECTRIC TRANSFER EXPERIMENTS WITH THE DRIED COLLODION MEMBRANE.

The transfer numbers of the ions of electrolytes in the dried collodion membrane, as determined in a previous paper indirectly from the E.M.F. of concentration chains, can also be determined directly by electrical transfer experiments. It is shown that the difficulties involved in such experiments can be overcome. The transfer numbers obtained by the two methods are in satisfactory agreement. The experimental results obtained in the transfer experiments furnish an additional argument in favor of maintaining the theory that the electromotive effects observed in varying concentrations of different electrolytes with the dried collodion membrane may be referred to differences in the mobilities of the anions and cations within the membrane. As was shown by the method of the previous paper, the transfer number depends largely on concentration. There are some minor discrepancies between the values of the transfer numbers obtained by the two methods which, as yet, cannot be completely explained.
The design and evaluation of the array machine: a high-level language processor

This paper describes work on a high-level language processor, the Array Machine System. The work described includes a description of the high-level language, a discussion of the two components of the system, the Net Compiler and the Array Machine, and recent measurements made on that system. The language described is based on postfix notation. The Net Compiler, which exists as a PL/l program, prepares the control code for the Array Machine. The Array Machine, which exists as a PL/l simulation program, executes the control code, using its primary processing element, an array of homogeneous building blocks. The measurements on the system feature a comparison to a third generation computer.
Mental fixation and metacognitive predictions of insight in creative problem solving

Five experiments examined the influence of exposure to fixating information on metacognitive judgements of insight in creative problem solving. Participants were briefly presented with a series of Remote Associates Test problems and were asked to predict the likelihood of solving the problems at a later time. Before making predictions, however, participants were exposed to cue-response pairs designed to induce fixation. Although participants solved fewer problems in this fixation condition than in a baseline condition, when it came to making predictions, participants were just as confident in their ability to solve problems in the fixation condition as they were in the baseline condition. In fact, in some experiments, participants were significantly more confident in the fixation condition than in the baseline condition. These results suggest that people may not take into account the fixating effects of nontarget information when making judgements about their ability to solve problems.
Atmospheric Hydroxyl Radical Production from Electronically Excited NO2 and H2O

Hydroxyl radicals are often called the “detergent” of the atmosphere because they control the atmosphere9s capacity to cleanse itself of pollutants. Here, we show that the reaction of electronically excited nitrogen dioxide with water can be an important source of tropospheric hydroxyl radicals. Using measured rate data, along with available solar flux and atmospheric mixing ratios, we demonstrate that the tropospheric hydroxyl contribution from this source can be a substantial fraction (50%) of that from the traditional O(1D) + H2O reaction in the boundary-layer region for high solar zenith angles. Inclusion of this chemistry is expected to affect modeling of urban air quality, where the interactions of sunlight with emitted NOx species, volatile organic compounds, and hydroxyl radicals are central in determining the rate of ozone formation.
Measurement of Platinum Oxide Coverage in a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell

We report results from coulometric measurements of the oxide coverage on dispersed platinum (Pt) as a function of potential in an O 2 -free but otherwise normal H 2 /air fuel cell cathode environment (0.6-0.9 V RHE , 80°C, 100% relative humidity). The Pt oxide is thus limited to that formed from H 2 O and provides a lower bound of the oxide present in an operating fuel cell in which O 2 is present. We found that the oxide coverage does not depend on previous exposure to gas-phase O 2 , indicating that the Pt oxide formation reactions are reversible within the experimental parameter space. The results are in excellent agreement with a previously published fundamental model.
A new index of power for simplen-person games

Measures of (a priori) power play a useful role in assessing the character of interpersonal interaction found in collective decision making bodies. We propose and axiomatically characterize an alternative power index to the familiarShapley/Shubik andBanzhaf indices which can be used for such purposes. The index presented is shown to be unique for the class of simplen-person games. By subsequent generalization of the index and its axioms to the class ofn-person games in characteristic function form we obtain an analog to theShapley value.
COMPLETE DYSRAPHISM IN 14 SOMITE HUMAN EMBRYO. A CONTRIBUTION TO NORMAL AND ABNORMAL MORPHOGENESIS.

The youngest completely dysraphic human embryo of 2.75 mm G.L. has been reconstructed from the microscopic sections and studied in detail. Although the neural folds failed to close throughout the dorsal extent of this 14 somite embryo, the beginning of independent closure took place rostrally at the torus opticus. The last feature has been shown to be the usual event in normal embryos of this stage. Careful examination of other structures than the nervous system reveals only minor abnormalities. Thus, the dispersion of cells of somites I and II as well as loosening of other sclerotomes in this region has begun prematurely. On the other hand, some retardation in the development of the pharynx, heart and nephros has been noted. Specifically, the chorda, the mesenchyme, blood vessels and gut have been found to be normal. The literature pertaining to the closure of the neural folds has been discussed. Also, the reports on experimental inhibition of the formation of the neural tube are discussed with special emphasis on the work of Davis ('42).1 The available evidence refutes the contention that the closure of neural folds is induced by adjacent structures of whatever derivation. It appears plausible as Davis demonstrated in his experiments that certain biochemical reactions within the neural epithelium may be involved in the process of normal closure of the neural folds. Morphological findings in the present embryo do not support most of the previously advanced theories relating to the pathogenesis of dysraphic states.
Valve injury and repair in balloon aortic valvuloplasty.

Aortic valves 0.5, 2.0, and 4.5 months after successful percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) were examined. BAV caused macroscopic and microscopic fractures in calcific deposits. An inflammatory response was identified that may lead to valvular scarring. This process may be an important factor in the development of restenosis after BAV.
Perivascular nerve degeneration produced in the hamster cheek pouch by 6-hydroxydopamine.

Abstract The fine structural degeneration of nerves innervating the arterioles of the hamster cheek pouch was examined after exposure to a single intraperitoneal dose of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). 4 hr after drug exposure pale and swollen axons with disrupted internal structure were frequently encountered in the vascular adventitia. Other fibers showed an increased density and frequently appeared to contain aggregations of electron dense mitochondria and coagulated vesicles and cytoplasm. By 48 hr many axons had disappeared and others remained only as dense inclusion bodies of Schwann cells. The degeneration appeared to progress from those nerve terminals located near the media toward the preterminal portions of the fibers in the outer adventitia. The susceptibility of the periarteriolar nerves of the hamster cheek pouch to 6-OHDA together with several other properties of this tissue combine to make it a representative microcirculatory bed for the study of the effects of this drug and others on mammalian neurovascular structures.
The biliary bile acids of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, and the blue catfish, Ictalurus furcatus.

Abstract 1. 1. The biliary bile acids of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus , and the blue catfish, Ictalurus furcatus , have been determined. 2. 2. In both species the biliary bile acids are composed of taurocholic acid: 83%— I. punctatus , 84%— I. furcatus ; taurochenodesoxycholic acid: 15%— I. punctatus , 16%— I. furcatus ; taurodesoxycholic acid: 2%— I. punctatus only. 3. 3. These bile acids are consistent with the phylogenetic placement of these species in suborder silurodei.
Adenosinergic modulation of respiratory neurones in the neonatal rat brainstem in vitro

1The mechanism underlying adenosinergic modulation of respiration was examined in vitro by applying the whole-cell patch-clamp technique to different types of respiration-related neurones located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of neonatal rats (0-4 days old). 2The adenosine A1-receptor agonist (R)-N6-(2-phenylisopropyl)-adenosine (R-PIA, 10 μM; n= 31) increased the burst distance of rhythmic C4 inspiratory discharges and decreased the duration of inspiratory discharges (control: 8·00 ± 2·49 s and 918 ± 273 ms; R-PIA: 12·10 ± 5·60 s and 726 ± 215 ms). 3Expiratory neurones demonstrated a reversible decrease in input resistance (Rin), a depression of action potential discharges and a hyperpolarization of the membrane potential (Vm) during application of R-PIA (1-10 μM). Similar responses of Rin and Vm to R-PIA were evident after synaptic activity had been blocked by 0·5 μM tetrodotoxin (TTX). 4Some of the biphasic expiratory (biphasic E) neurones, but none of the inspiratory neurones, demonstrated changes in Rin or Vm during R-PIA application. With TTX present, R-PIA did not alter Vm or Rin in biphasic expiratory or inspiratory neurones. 5Furthermore, R-PIA decreased the spontaneous postsynaptic activities of all neurones examined. The effects of R-PIA on respiratory activity, Rin and Vm could be reversed by the A1-receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1, 3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX; 200 nM). 6Our data suggest that the modulation of respiratory output induced by adenosinergic agents can be explained by (1) a general decrease in synaptic transmission between medullary respiration-related neurones mediated by presynaptic A1-receptors, and (2) an inactivation, via membrane hyperpolarization, of medullary expiratory neurones mediated by postsynaptic A1-receptors. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that inactivation of expiratory neurones does not abolish the respiratory rhythmic activity, but only modulates respiratory rhythm in vitro.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY IN THE U.S. SKI RESORT INDUSTRY

Research on corporate climate change adaptation has succeeded in classifying adaptation types, identifying organizational characteristics that motivate adaptations, and describing processes of orga...
Relationship of Dietary Aluminum, Phosphorus, and Calcium to Phosphorus and Calcium Metabolism and Growth Performance of Broiler Chicks

Abstract Dietary treatments providing three levels of added Al (0, .196, or .392%) as aluminum sulfate and of available phosphorus (Pav) (.45, .68, or .78%) in a factorial arrangement were administered to day-old chicks in Experiment 1. Plasma inorganic phosphorus (Pi) was significantly (P In Experiment 2, day-old chicks were fed diets supplemented with 0 or .392% Al in combination with .9% Ca plus .45% Pav, .9% Ca plus .78% Pav, 1.8% Ca plus .45% Pav, or 1.8% Caplus .9% Pav. After 21 days, the supplemental A1 resulted in: 1) significantly poorer growth performance; 2) decreased plasma Pi, total Ca, Zn, and Mg; and 3) decreased tibia weight and breaking strength. Elevating Pav improved growth performance, plasma Pi, and tibia weight and strength, and decreased plasma total Ca. Increasing dietary Ca significantly decreased plasma Pi and increased plasma total Ca without affecting other parameters. Increasing Pav alleviated the negative effect of Al on plasma Pi without correcting the negative effect of Al on growth performance.
Book Review: Tourism and transport – modes, networks and flows (aspects of tourism texts) by David Timothy Duval

Tourism and transport – modes, networks and flows (aspects of tourism texts), by David Timothy Duval. Clevedon, UK, Channel View Publications, 2007. 336 pp. ISBN 978-1-84541-063-6
Evaluating the state of quality-improvement science through evidence synthesis: insights from the closing the quality gap series.

Context The Closing the Quality Gap series from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality summarizes evidence for eight high-priority health care topics: outcomes used in disability research, bundled payment programs, public reporting initiatives, health care disparities, palliative care, the patient-centered medical home, prevention of health care-associated infections, and medication adherence. Objective To distill evidence from this series and provide insight into the "state of the science" of quality improvement (QI). Methods We provided common guidance for topic development and qualitatively synthesized evidence from the series topic reports to identify cross-topic themes, challenges, and evidence gaps as related to QI practice and science. Results Among topics that examined effectiveness of QI interventions, we found improvement in some outcomes but not others. Implementation context and potential harms from QI activities were not widely evaluated or reported, although market factors appeared important for incentive-based QI strategies. Patient-focused and systems-focused strategies were generally more effective than clinician-focused strategies, although the latter approach improved clinician adherence to infection prevention strategies. Audit and feedback appeared better for targeting professionals and organizations, but not patients. Topic reviewers observed heterogeneity in outcomes used for QI evaluations, weaknesses in study design, and incomplete reporting. Conclusions Synthesizing evidence across topics provided insight into the state of the QI field for practitioners and researchers. To facilitate future evidence synthesis, consensus is needed around a smaller set of outcomes for use in QI evaluations and a framework and lexicon to describe QI interventions more broadly, in alignment with needs of decision makers responsible for improving quality.
Fe, Kr and Nb X-ray spectra produced in 8.5 MeV amu-1 ion-solid collisions

X-ray spectra produced when 8.5 MeV amu-1 Fe, Kr and Nb ions are excited in collisions with a graphite target are reported. X-ray transitions originating in one-, two- and three-electron ions are observed and used to test the accuracy of the theoretical X-ray energy calculations. The production probabilities for Li-, He- and H-like ions were determined from the relative gamma -ray line strengths and centroid line energies.
Grain Boundary and Surface Segregation in Boron Doped Ni3Al

Grain boundary segregation, and its effects on strength and ductility, play an especially important role in the performance of intermetallic alloys based on Ni 3 Al. The effect of a given segregant on grain boundary strength appears to be determined to some extent by its tendency to segregate to free surfaces. In this paper, we briefly review the available information on grain boundary and surface segregation in boron doped Ni 3 Al.
Commentary: The R.D.A. controversy revisited

(1988). Commentary: The R.D.A. controversy revisited. Ecology of Food and Nutrition: Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 315-320.
Towards a Classifying Artificial Immune System for Web Server Attacks

Classic artificial immune systems for security provide only a simple binary classification of "attack" versus "normal". This work explores expanding an artificial immune system for web server requests into a classifying system that can categorize the attack as one of several common attack categories. Classification can provide a system administrator with an indication of the severity of the attack and can help direct attack mitigation. This work shows promise at the task of classifying web server attacks, but still requires some fine-tuning to get the best performance.
Learning to teach science for all in the elementary grades: What do preservice teachers bring?

Implicit in the goal of recent reforms is the question: What does it mean to prepare teachers to teach ''science for all''? Through a teacher research study, I have encountered characteristics that may assist prospective elementary teachers in developing effective, inclusive science instruction. I describe these strengths, link them to requirements for teaching, and suggest how science teacher educators might draw on the strengths of their own students to support teaching practices aimed at universal scientific literacy. My conceptual framework is constructed from scholarship concerning best practice in elementary science education, as well as that which describes the dispositions of successful teachers of diverse learners. This study is based on a model of teacher research framed by the concept of ''research as praxis'' and phenomenological research methodology. The findings describe the research participants' strengths thematically as propensity for inquiry, attention to children, and awareness of school/society relationships. I view these as potentially productive aspects of knowledge and dispositions about science and about children that I could draw on to further students' development as elementary science teachers. 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 845-869, 2002 Good science teaching and learning for all children is the primary goal of current national reform efforts (American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 1990, 1993; Atwater, 1996; Atwater & Riley, 1993; Kyle, 1998; National Research Council (NRC), 1996). Implicit in this goal is a question for teacher educators: What does it mean to prepare teachers to teach science for all? Several science education researchers have delved into what the goal of powerful science education for all children in the United States implies for teaching practice, particularly in diverse and urban settings (Calabrese Barton, 1998b; Cavazos, Bianchini, & Helms, 1998; Fradd & Lee, 1999; Gallard, 1993; Lee & Fradd, 1998; Rodriguez, 1998). Appropriate visions of scientific inquiry, as well as a good grasp of scientific concepts, appear to be central to these requirements (Lee & Fradd, 1998). Studies of preservice elementary teachers' content knowledge and visions of scientific practice have indicated, however, that candidates for
Transcription factors that defend bacteria against reactive oxygen species

Bacteria live in a toxic world in which their competitors excrete hydrogen peroxide or superoxide-generating redox-cycling compounds. They protect themselves by activating regulons controlled by the OxyR, PerR, and SoxR transcription factors. OxyR and PerR sense peroxide when it oxidizes key thiolate or iron moieties, respectively; they then induce overlapping sets of proteins that defend their vulnerable metalloenzymes. An additional role for OxyR in detecting electrophilic compounds is possible. In some nonenteric bacteria, SoxR appears to control the synthesis and export of redox-cycling compounds, whereas in the enteric bacteria it defends the cell against the same agents. When these compounds oxidize its iron-sulfur cluster, SoxR induces proteins that exclude, excrete, or modify them. It also induces enzymes that defend the cell against the superoxide that such compounds make. Recent work has brought new insight into the biochemistry and physiology of these responses, and comparative studies have clarified their evolutionary histories.
Clinical complications in fixed prosthodontics

The purpose of this article is to identify the incidence of complications and the most common complications associated with single crowns, fixed partial dentures, all-ceramic crowns, resin-bonded prostheses, and posts and cores. A Medline and an extensive hand search were performed on English-language publications covering the last 50 years. The searches focused on publications that contained clinical data regarding success/failure/complications. Within each type of prosthesis, raw data were combined from multiple studies and mean values calculated to determine what trends were noted in the studies. The lowest incidence of clinical complications was associated with all-ceramic crowns (8%). Posts and cores (10%) and conventional single crowns (11%) had comparable clinical complications incidences. Resin-bonded prostheses (26%) and conventional fixed partial dentures (27%) were found to have comparable clinical complications incidences. The 3 most common complications encountered with all-ceramic crowns were crown fracture (7%), loss of retention (2%), and need for endodontic treatment (1%). The 3 most common complications associated with posts and cores were post loosening (5%), root fracture (3%), and caries (2%). With single crowns, the 3 most common complications were need for endodontic treatment (3%), porcelain veneer fracture (3%), and loss of retention (2%). When fixed partial denture studies were reviewed, the 3 most commonly reported complications were caries (18% of abutments), need for endodontic treatment (11% of abutments), and loss of retention (7% of prostheses). The 3 most common complications associated with resin-bonded prostheses were prosthesis debonding (21%), tooth discoloration (18%), and caries (7%). (J Prosthet Dent 2003;90:31-41.) A complication has been defined 1 as “a secondary disease or condition developing in the course of a primary disease or condition.” Although complications may be an indication that clinical failure has occurred, this is not typically the case. It is also possible that complications may reflect substandard care. But once again, this is usually not true. Most of the time, complications are conditions that occur during or after appropriately performed fixed prosthodontic treatment procedures. Knowledge regarding the clinical complications that can occur in fixed prosthodontics enhances the clinician’s ability to complete a thorough diagnosis, develop the most appropriate treatment plan, communicate realistic expectations to patients, and plan the time intervalsneededforpost-treatmentcare.Althoughaplethora of articles present clinical complications data, none provide a comprehensive comparison of the complications associated with the most commonly used restorations/
Mechanisms of Hepatocyte Growth Factor-Mediated Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Migration

The migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) from the media into the neointima and their subsequent proliferation is important in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. This process is regulated by multiple factors, including growth factors, and involves changes in the interaction of SMCs with the extracellular matrix and in intracellular signaling cascades that regulate cell movement. We demonstrated previously that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is expressed in human atherosclerotic plaques. Although HGF has been shown to promote SMC migration, the mechanisms involved in this process have not been characterized fully. In this study, inhibitory antibodies were used to determine which integrins mediated HGF-induced SMC migration. Inhibition of beta1 or beta3 integrin resulted in a significant decrease in migration. Subsequent experiments were performed to characterize additional biochemical mechanisms involved in HGF-mediated migration. HGF induced the redistribution of focal adhesions, the activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) and their increased association with beta1 and beta3 integrins, and the production of pro-matrix metalloproteinase-2. Migration levels were significantly reduced by cotreatment of SMCs with the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) inhibitor, UO126, the p38 inhibitor, SB203580, or the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase inhibitor, LY294002. In HGF-treated SMCs, focal adhesion redistribution and FAK and Pyk2 activation were decreased by ERK1/2 inhibition. Neither SB203580 nor LY294002 inhibited HGF-induced ERK1/2 activation. Thus, ERK1/2 signaling may play an important role in HGF-mediated SMC migration by contributing to focal adhesion redistribution and FAK and Pyk2 activation.
Re-Drawing the Line on District Competition

I am grateful for the opportunity to respond to Abramowitz, Alexander, and Gunning's (2006b) rejoinder to my critique of their article appearing in this same issue entitled “Don't Blame Redistricting for Uncompetitive Elections” (2006a). We should have had a scholarly debate that informed the profession and raised interesting questions in one of the widest read journals. Instead, Abramowitz, Alexander, and Gunning mischaracterize my arguments as if this was a political talk show debate, and it is telling that they never directly quote me in their rejoinder. The few sources cited in support of their methodology, upon close inspection, provide no support to their measurement choice or findings. I hope that fair-minded readers will carefully evaluate all material, including cited sources, to reach their own judgment. I conclude this article with some thoughts that I hope shed light on the low levels of electoral competition that Abramowitz, Alexander, and Gunning and I agree characterize current congressional elections.
An office-based approach to influenza: clinical diagnosis and laboratory testing.

Vaccination is the primary measure for preventing morbidity and mortality from influenza. During the influenza season, family physicians must distinguish influenza from the common cold and other flu-like illnesses. Signs and symptoms of influenza include abrupt onset of fever, severe myalgias, anorexia, sore throat, headache, cough, and malaise. Clinical diagnosis can be difficult or nonspecific when patients have other symptoms (e.g., stuffy nose, sneezing, cough, sore throat) that can be caused by various respiratory viruses or bacterial pathogens. Family physicians can improve diagnostic accuracy by being aware of the epidemiology of influenza. During outbreaks of influenza, commercially available rapid assays can be used to identify type A and B viruses. On average, rapid in-office tests are more than 70 percent sensitive and 90 percent specific for viral antigens. The assays vary in complexity, specificity, sensitivity, time to obtain results, specimen analyzed, and cost. The results of rapid viral tests can guide treatment decisions.
Mystromys albicaudatus (White-tailed rat)

The sex chromosomes are the only acrocentric elements of the complement. The autosomes can be roughly classified into three groups: 6 pairs of large metacentrics and submetacentrics, 6 pairs of medium-sized to small submetacentrics, and 3 pairs of large subtelocentrics. The karyotypes presented here are quite different from the ones described by Taitz, who considered that the sex chromosomes are submetacentrics and that the X is the largest element of the complement.