cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discussion: Future Organization and Control of U.S. Agricultural Production and Marketing

I found Breimyer's paper to be very interesting and one that provides considerable "food for thought" that may not be fully evident to the first-time listener or reader. One does not lose interest, due to an interesting writing style and a commendable use of the English language. The paper is stimulating and scholarly. However, I would agree with the author that the paper is "discursive." There seems to be an excessive amount of dialogue which makes it somewhat difficult to grasp the main ideas. Thus, I will spend the available time in summarizing the paper, putting it into further perspective and expanding some concepts. As I review the paper, there seem to be three main purposes. They are: (1) to get an understanding of the essential features of the development of agricultural production and the forces causing structural change, (2) to shift our perspective for evaluating the desirability of structural changes from one of economic efficiency and resource allocation to the effect on our social-political-cultural situation, and (3) to challenge agricultural economists to broaden their horizons and take an active interest
Correlation and Morphology of Dopant Decomposition in Mn and Co Codoped Ge Epitaxial Films

Atom probe tomography (APT) was used to quantify inhomogeneities in the distribution of Mn and Co in doped epitaxial Ge thin films for which X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies indicate single phase material. The segregation of dopants into Co and Mn-rich regions with characteristic sizes was evident upon visual inspection of the APT reconstruction and a frequency distribution analysis of the concentration of Co, Mn, and Ge atoms verified that the composition fluctuations exceeded those of a random alloy. Isoconcentration surfaces were generated to establish the connectedness of regions enriched in Mn that have been proposed to enhance the Curie temperature in dilute magnetic semiconductors. The analysis demonstrates important contributions that APT can make to the understanding of magnetism in these materials.
The Underexplored World of Remedial Law in Public Administration Scholarship: An Examination and Proposed Research Agenda

Remedial law involves the use of litigated reform and injunctive relief to bring misfeasant state and local bureaucracies in line with federal law. This article highlights the need for further scholarly engagement with remedial law. It also indicates that within each stage of the remedial process lies a series of important research questions, making the area fertile ground for the very type of administrative expertise and agency-centric approaches that are lacking from our scholarly discourse. Attention to remedial law would not only strengthen the management of rights-driven reform but also contribute to the ongoing legitimacy of the public administration field.
Analysis of the Relationships of the Ploidy and Cell Cycle Kinetics to Differentiation and the Female Sex Steroid Hormone Receptors in Adenocarcinoma of the Endometrium

Flow cytometry was used to evaluate proliferative activity and ploidy status in 21 endometrial adenocarcinomas. These data were compared with their histologic and nuclear grades and their estrogen and progesterone receptor contents. Proliferative activity was significantly related to histologic and nuclear grades and the progesterone receptor status but not to the estrogen receptor status. Unlike the majority of solid human malignant neoplasms, only seven tumors were aneuploid, the remainder being diploid. Ploidy was not significantly associated with either grading system, receptor status, or the proliferative index.
THE EFFECTS OF SELF-MYOFASCIAL RELEASE USING A FOAM ROLL OR ROLLER MASSAGER ON JOINT RANGE OF MOTION, MUSCLE RECOVERY, AND PERFORMANCE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW.

Background Self‐myofascial release (SMR) is a popular intervention used to enhance a client's myofascial mobility. Common tools include the foam roll and roller massager. Often these tools are used as part of a comprehensive program and are often recommended to the client to purchase and use at home. Currently, there are no systematic reviews that have appraised the effects of these tools on joint range of motion, muscle recovery, and performance.
Metastatic Bone Disease: Forearm, Hand

Acrometastasis is a rare manifestation of carcinomatous dissemination. It is associated with a poor prognosis and is usually seen in late-stage disease. Treatment is directed at palliation of pain and preservation of function except in the setting of solitary metastasis or oligometastatic disease. Non-operative treatment of symptomatic metastasis in this region is associated with a poor outcome. In the radius and ulna, most lesions can be managed surgically with plate stabilization augmented with application of methyl methacrylate followed by radiation therapy. In the carpus, curettage and cementation followed by radiation has been used successfully. In the hand, most symptomatic lesions are managed with ablative surgery, and with exception of proximal thumb amputations, these are associated with reasonably good functional outcome.
49: Evaluation of Aspirin Resistance in Patients With Left Ventricular Assist Devices Using Whole Blood Platelet Aggregometry

Aspirin is an antiplatelet drug that works by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase, thus preventing in vitro platelet aggregation in response to arachidonic acid. The most common use of aspirin is for prophylaxis of arterial thrombosis. However, several published studies in the neurology and cardiology literature suggest that from 5.5% to 60% of patients appear to be resistant to the antiplatelet effects of aspirin. These data were often generated using laboratory assays other than whole blood aggregometry …
Fear Factor: Offender and Victim Characteristics and Perceptions of Terrorism

This paper argues that the marriage of an underutilized methodological approach with an understudied substantive area has the potential to increase understanding of an all-too-common, yet insufficiently understood phenomenon: terrorism. The project will consist of a two-part vignette experiment to increase understanding of judgments and perceptions relating to terrorism. In particular, the experiment will examine whether there is a hierarchy of perpetrators or victims in terms of moral and legal judgments of terroristic acts. There are two primary hypotheses, one for each experiment: 1. American experimental subjects are more likely to define a violent act as terrorism and view it more negatively when committed by an actor with a traditionally Muslim name; and 2. American experimental subjects are more likely to view terrorism more negatively when perpetrated against Christian victims than Muslim victims. Additionally, it is hypothesized that if the expected differences are seen, they are due to both a discount on the value of Muslim lives and a markup on the value of Christian lives. If the hypotheses hold, the paper will situate the findings with a discussion of policy implications and recommendations for the criminal justice system. Pilot data collection is described and discussed.
Comparative Study of Cerebellar Somatosensory Representations the Importance of Micromapping and Natural Stimulation

To fully understand processing of information in the cerebellum it will be necessary to know much more than we now do about the spatial and temporal patterns of projections of the several different sensory and central circuits which converge upon the enormous population of granule cells in cerebellar cortex. One of our long term goals at Wisconsin is to map spatial patterns of somatosensory projections to cerebellar cortex in a select variety of mammals in search of general principles of patterns of organization.
Gait Speed Assessment in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: A Step in the Right Direction.

In this issue, a study by Kano et al1 report on the use of gait speed as a marker of frailty in an older population undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) and demonstrated its use to predict outcomes. Specifically, they used a multicenter Japanese registry to analyze the association between gait speed and mortality in 1256 older adults who underwent TAVR. The end points evaluated were all-cause mortality at 30 days and 1 year, with patients followed for a median of 326 days. The assessment of 5-m gait speed was evaluated at a comfortable pace and categorized according to specific cutpoints: normal gait speed was >0.83 m/s, slow gait speed was 0.50 to 0.83 m/s, slowest gait speed was <0.50 m/s, as well as a group of those unable to walk. The latter represented 5% of the population or 9% counting patients who were excluded because of severe limiting dyspnea. Prior work has similarly found that 5% to 10% of patients are physically unable to complete a gait speed test. As summarized in the Table, Yamomoto’s analysis showed that being unable to walk or being in the slowest category conferred a 3- and 2-fold increase in adjusted risk of 1-year mortality, respectively. View this table: Table. Key Findings From Kano et al’s1 OCEAN-TAVI Gait Speed Study See Article by Kano et al This is one of many recent studies that have all showed use of a frailty metric to predict outcomes in relation to TAVR or other …
Innovación y sostenibilidad: una relación examinada en organizaciones periodísticas emprendedoras de América Latina

This study explores how entrepreneurial news organizations in Latin America perceive innovation and sustainability in relation to the operations of their organizations. Based on online focus groups conducted in June-July 2015 with 16 entrepreneurial news organizations in Latin America, this study identifies that the relationship between innovation and sustainability is complex but fundamental to their operation. Participants identified innovation as both a product and workflow process in the news organization. The implications of these findings are discussed within the context of the academy and journalism profession.
Role of follicular dendritic cells in the regulation of B cell proliferation.

Within secondary lymphoid organs, B and T lymphocytes are not randomly distributed but they specifically inhabit highly organized regions that contain areas where B and T cells are largely segregated and other areas where different populations of cells can interact and differentiate (Thorbecke et al. 1962). Specifically, in lymph nodes and tonsils, the majority of B cells localize to follicles, whereas most T cells are found in the paracortex (Nieuwenhuis and Ford 1976). Following initial entrance into the interfollicular areas of secondary lymphoid tissues, it is not known what drives B cells to localize to follicles; however, the formation of follicles is an antigen (Ag)-driven process that requires the presence and participation of T lymphocytes.
Quantum Statistical Mechanics

The preceding formulation of statistical mechanics is perhaps the simplest application of probability theory to the many-body problem. Although it is consistent with the principles of quantum mechanics, it is not manifestly so. That is, the PME itself is based on the notions of information and measurement, but a general formulation should also incorporate explicitly the quantum-mechanical theory of measurement. The present chapter is directed toward this generalization, beginning with a brief review of some selected formal aspects of quantum mechanics.
Net knowledge: Performance of new college students on an Internet skills proficiency test

This article reviews recent data on computing and information literacy (research) skills of new college students and describes results from an Internet skills proficiency test administered to several groups of freshmen during the 2000 summer orientation at The Ohio State University. While students often self-report a high level of skill, tests as well as anecdotal evidence may not support this assertion. Further, technological preparedness varies by race, class, gender, and academic background. Only 9% of the Ohio State freshmen taking a three-part proficiency test achieved a passing score of 70% on the entire test. More of these students (30%) passed the first part on use of Internet tools; their performance was poorest (16%) on the second part, searching skills. College administrators must not assume student competence, but rather, should systematically assess incoming students and provide a variety of learning opportunities. Appendix provides most difficult test questions.
The Lie Group Structure of Diffeomorphism Groups and Invertible Fourier Integral Operators with Applications

This is a survey of basic facts about the differentiable structure of infinite dimensional Lie groups. The groups of diffeomorphisms and of invertible Fourier integral operators on a compact manifold have a structure which is weaker than that of a Lie group in the classical sense. This differentiable structure is called ILH (inverse limit of Hilbert) Lie group. We indicate applications to the well-posedness problem, to hydrodynamics, plasma physics, general relativity, quantum field theory, and completely integrable PDE’s.
STATE OF THE ART IN HYDRO-CHEMICAL MODELING OF IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE

ABSTRACT A broad based literature review vas undertaken to identify studies that had yielded digital computer models applicable to irrigated agriculture, particularly irrigation return flow (IRF) systems. The programs not listed in technical reports or papers were requested from the various authors. The results of this work are 43 computer models applicable all or in part to the analysis of irrigated agricultre and their quality. A brief evaluation of each model is given. Groundwater models were generally not included. The modeling technology is well developed theoretically but not completely verified due to the large scale of the irrigation system. Most models remain in the research sphere and need to be redefined for the wider utilization of planners. Field data are generally not available to satisfy the input requirements of most models. Accuracies of predictions need to be determined against standardized conditions in order to further model development and parameter sensitivities should be investigated to isolate the most important field data.
Random Copolymers Allow Control of Crystallization and Microphase Separation in Fully Conjugated Block Copolymers

Thin films of fully conjugated donor–acceptor block copolymers composed of an electron donating block and an electron accepting block can be used as single component photoactive layers in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices. In order to realize their full potential, control over microphase separation and thin-film morphology are critical. In conjugated block copolymer systems where one or more blocks can crystallize, the morphological evolution is governed by the competition between microphase separation and crystallization. In this work, we control crystallization of fully conjugated block copolymers with a random copolymer block. We suppress the crystal packing of poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) through the insertion of a small number of 3-octylthiophene (3OT) units within the chains, yielding poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl-random-3-octylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P[3HT-r-3OT]). While crystallization of P3HT dominates the morphology and prevents microphase separation in poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl)-b...
Evaluation of cranial base repair techniques utilizing a novel cadaveric CPAP model.

BACKGROUND Although recent guidelines for obstructive sleep apnea recommend early postoperative use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) after endonasal skull base surgery, the time of initiation of CPAP is unclear. In this study we used a novel, previously validated cadaveric model to analyze the pressures delivered to the cranial base and evaluate the effectiveness of various repair techniques to withstand positive pressure. METHODS Skull base defects were surgically created in 3 fresh human cadaver heads and repaired using 3 commonly used repair techniques: (1) Surgicel™ onlay; (2) dural substitute underlay with dural sealant onlay; and (3) dural substitute underlay with nasoseptal flap onlay with dural sealant. Pressure microsensors were placed in the sphenoid sinus and sella, both proximal and distal to the repair, respectively. The effectiveness of each repair technique against various CPAP pressure settings (5-20 cm H2 O) was analyzed. RESULTS Approximately 79%-95% of positive pressure administered reached the sphenoid sinus. Sellar pressure levels varied significantly across the 3 repair techniques and were lowest after the third technique. "Breach" points (CPAP settings at which sellar repair was violated) were lowest for the first group. All 3 specimens showed a breach after the first repair technique. For the second repair technique, only a single breach was created in 1 specimen at 20 cm H2 O. No breaches were created in the third group. CONCLUSION Different skull base repair techniques have varying ability to withstand CPAP. Both second and third repair techniques performed in a nearly similar fashion with regard to their ability to withstand positive pressure ventilation.
Rates of occult brain metastases in patients (pts) with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC): A cohort study from patients treated across 22 clinical trials.

673Background: National guidelines for RCC management only recommend brain imaging ‘if clinically indicated’; the rate of occult brain metastases is not defined. Early detection of CNS disease has ...
Inhalant Use Among Child Welfare–Involved Adolescents

Illicit substance use, especially of inhalants, is a public health crisis during adolescence, particularly for maltreated youths. This study advances the literature by highlighting the prevalence o...
Patterns of Solution Behavior across Items in Low-Stakes Assessments

ABSTRACTThe trustworthiness of low-stakes assessment results largely depends on examinee effort, which can be measured by the amount of time examinees devote to items using solution behavior (SB) i...
Baseline cortisol levels and social behavior differ as a function of handedness in marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).

Population hand preferences are rare in nonhuman primates, but individual hand preferences are consistent over a lifetime and considered to reflect an individual's preference to use a particular hemisphere when engaged in a specific task. Previous findings in marmosets have indicated that left-handed individuals tend to be more fearful than their right-handed counterparts. Based on these findings, we tested the hypotheses that left-handed marmosets are (a) more reactive to a social stressor and (b) are slower than right-handed marmosets in acquiring a reversal learning task. We examined the hand preference of 27 male and female marmosets (ages of 4-7 years old) previously tested in a social separation task and a reversal learning task. Hand preference was determined via a simple reaching task. In the social separation task, monkeys were separated from their partner and the colony for a single 7-hr session. Urinary cortisol levels and behavior were assessed at baseline, during the separation and 24 hr postseparation. Hand preferences were equally distributed between left (n = 10), right-handed (n = 10), and ambidextrous (n = 7) individuals. The separation phase was associated with an increase in cortisol levels and behavioral changes that were similar across handedness groups. However, cortisol levels at baseline were positively correlated with right-handedness, and this relationship was stronger in females than in males. In addition, the occurrence of social behaviors (pre- and postseparation) was positively correlated with right-handedness in both sexes. Baseline cortisol levels did not correlate significantly with social behavior. Acquisition of the reversals was poorer in females than males but did not differ as a function of handedness. We conclude that (a) both stress reactivity and cognitive flexibility are similar across handedness groups and (b) left-handers exhibit less social behavior and have lower basal cortisol levels than ambidextrous and right-handed subjects. The underlying causes for these differences remain to be established.
Liberalism and War

Liberalism is the label attached to the philosophies, doctrines, and political movements that are concerned with the relationship between the exercise of political authority and the pursuit of welfare by individuals and groups governed by that authority. No other political tradition has sustained as intense and long-standing an effort to eradicate war from modern political life, or at least mitigate its affects on the welfare of societies. Liberalism has not only offered numerous critiques of war. It has developed broad ranging and complicated programs for counteracting the conditions and forces that lead to it. These include changes in domestic political regime (e.g., liberalization); transformations in social structure (such as the rise of middle classes); the development of international trade; the emergence of new forms of international life (e.g., cosmopolitan communities); and the promotion of international mechanisms such as disarmament and arbitration. Finally, the liberal tradition itself has come under criticism either for masking the violent pursuit of war- making by liberal states, or for being a misplaced faith that fails to recognize the truly enduring presence of war in a world of states.
Load Demand User Profiling in Smart Grids with Distributed Solar Generation

Clustering of customer consumption (load) patterns, known as load demand user profiling, is a technique widely used by utility companies. Load demand user profiling facilitates tasks critical to grid management such as load prediction, design and implementation of incentive programs such as Demand Response (DR), etc. Traditional load clustering algorithms perform poorly in smart grids with significant penetration of distributed Behind-The-Meter (BTM) solar. This is because these clustering algorithms cannot find load only patterns in the net-load data - load minus solar data obtained from the AMI meters of customers with BTM solar installed. These algorithms fail to find similarities between the consumption patterns of the customers in such grids due to the increased unobservability introduced by BTM solar leading to noor clustering quality. However, accurate load clustering is important even in grids with BTM solar for customer behavior modeling which is required for customer incentive programs and load predictions. To address this problem, we develop two novel load clustering techniques that use Consumer Mixture Model (CMM). CMM models the load patterns of customers with BTM PVs as a linear combination of the load patterns of customers without PV. The first technique uses the weights of the linear combination to assign the customers to mean patterns with largest weights while the second technique performs load and solar disaggregation of the net-load data and performs clustering on the disaggregated load data. We compare our techniques with two state-of-the-art clustering algorithms using real life Pecan Street dataset based in Austin, Texas. Our experiments show that our techniques produce clusters of higher quality in terms of the widely used Silhouette Coefficient metric when compared with the baseline algorithms. Baseline algorithms produce clusters with negative Silhouette Coefficient while the clusters produced by our methods have a positive Silhouette Coefficient. Observations of the resulting clusters show that our method is able to group customers of similar consumption patterns together regardless of the presence of BTM solar generation.
Comparison of Short-Term Load Forecasting Techniques

This paper presents a comparative analysis of the different forecasting techniques (Statistical method (ARIMA)), Machine Learning method (Multivariate Linear Regression) and Deep Learning method (LSTM)) for short term load forecasting. The forecasting model for each of these techniques takes into account the historical load (annual), site temperature data and US calendar data as input features. The model is trained on the first nine months of data and then tested for accuracy on the remaining three months. A case study using the load profile of a commercial building (amusement park) in San Diego, California is presented, where the performance of the above forecasting techniques is compared. The error metric used for comparison is the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) value. The results indicate that LSTM model offers the best performance in terms of forecasting accuracy. The designed LSTM model can be deployed as part of Energy Management System (EMS) for smart grids. The robustness of the LSTM model is further explored by comparing the above LSTM encoder-decoder architecture with a standard LSTM architecture. In addition to the above dataset, both architectures were tested on two more datasets- one for an office building and another for an operations center building located in San Diego. Both architectures were trained on first 9 months of load data and tested on the remaining 3 months. The encoder-decoder architecture performed better than the standard architecture across all the datasets.
Stereoselective cyclopropanations of amino-acid derived enones

Abstract Stereoselective cyclopropanation of a series of amino acid-derived enones to afford cyclopropyl keto-esters is reported, using a Michael-induced ring closure. The use of quinine and quinidine ether catalysts in the cyclopropanation step afforded the cyclopropyl keto-esters with high stereoselectivity. Results follow a consistent pattern, with the pseudoenantiomeric catalysts leading to opposite stereoselectivity, allowing for synthesis of either the syn or anti diastereomers.
Teoria arquivística: mito ou banalidade?

Archival theory too often is trivial, overwrought, unnecessary, or irrelevant. While theory in other disciplines can produce new insights and stimulate intellectual progress, theory in archives cannot play an analogous role and cannot advance the archival profession. It tends to oversimplify that which is complicated and to overcomplicate that which is simple. Much archival theory is public relations Babbitry that threatens to over- stratify the profession.
Leadership Dimensions, the Critical Link for the Evolution of Collaboration: A Case Study

This article traces the history of one community's efforts to coordinate services to address family violence. The current mazeof organizations in communities is overwhelming to the professionals wh...
A cold-stress-inducible PERK/OGT axis controls TOM70-assisted mitochondrial protein import and cristae formation.

Summary The architecture of cristae provides a spatial mitochondrial organization that contains functional respiratory complexes. Several protein components including OPA1 and MICOS complex subunits organize cristae structure, but upstream regulatory mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, in vivo and in vitro reconstitution experiments show that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) kinase PERK promotes cristae formation by increasing TOM70-assisted mitochondrial import of MIC19, a critical subunit of the MICOS complex. Cold stress or β-adrenergic stimulation activates PERK that phosphorylates O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT). Phosphorylated OGT glycosylates TOM70 on Ser94, enhancing MIC19 protein import into mitochondria and promoting cristae formation and respiration. In addition, PERK-activated OGT O-GlcNAcylates and attenuates CK2α activity, which mediates TOM70 Ser94 phosphorylation and decreases MIC19 mitochondrial protein import. We have identified a cold-stress inter-organelle PERK-OGT-TOM70 axis that increases cell respiration through mitochondrial protein import and subsequent cristae formation. These studies have significant implications in cellular bioenergetics and adaptations to stress conditions.
3.3-3.6 GHz Phase Exploited Doherty Power Amplifier with Parallel Load Combining Network

This work presents a wideband extended efficiency range symmetric Doherty power amplifier (DPA) operating from 3.3 to 3.6 GHz. The presented DPA uses parallel combining to increase the bandwidth over a conventional DPA, and phase exploitation to extend the high efficiency back-off point beyond 6dB. A detailed performance analysis with respect to frequency is presented for the phase exploited symmetric DPA with parallel load combining (PE-PDPA). To validate the presented technique, a prototype is designed using GaN HEMT devices, and simulation results demonstrate that the PE-PDPA achieves 60%-77% efficiency at saturation and 43%-54% efficiency at 8 dB back-off over the 3.3-3.6GHz operating band. The PA maintains 10 dB gain and an average of 43 dBm saturated power over the entire frequency range.
Evaluation of the ImmunoCardSTAT Rotavirus Assay For On-site Detection of Bovine Rotavirus

Diarrhea is the most important disease in neonatal dairy and beef calves. Significant economic loss occurs due to increased morbidity and mortality, treatment costs and reduced growth rates. Rotaviruses usually cause diarrhea during the first three weeks of life. Clinical signs can be quite variable and are similar to those caused by other neonatal bovine enteropathogens such as corona virus and Eschericia coli. Diagnosis of rotavirus in calves is based on the identification of viral particles, antigens or nucleic acids in feces. Tests include direct or immune electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, antigen capture enzyme- linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA), latex agglutination and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). All of these tests are useful for diagnosing rotavirus infections, but in general are relegated to use by diagnostic laboratories. Development of an on-site diagnostic assay for bovine rota virus would be a useful tool for veterinarians and cattle producers in making management decisions regarding neonatal bovine diarrhea. The ImmunoCardSTAT Rotavirus (ICS-RV) Assay (Meridian Diagnostics, Cincinnati, OH) is a patient-side assay designed to detect group A rotavirus in humans. This assay is based upon rapid immunomigration (RIM) technology. This technology allows for packaging of all reagents into a single-step assay that can then be used patient-side (similar to a "home pregnancy test"). The objective of this study was to evaluate the ICS-RV assay's usefulness as an on-site diagnostic test for bovine rotavirus.
Modeling and Guiding the Creation of Ethical Human-AI Teams

With artificial intelligence continuing to advance, so too do the ethical concerns that can potentially negatively impact humans and the greater society. When these systems begin to interact with humans, these concerns become much more complex and much more important. The field of human-AI teaming provides a relevant example of how AI ethics can have significant and continued effects on humans. This paper reviews research in ethical artificial intelligence, as well as ethical teamwork through the lens of the rapidly advancing field of human-AI teaming, resulting in a model demonstrating the requirements and outcomes of building ethical human-AI teams. The model is created to guide the prioritization of ethics in human-AI teaming by outlining the ethical teaming process, outcomes of ethical teams, and external requirements necessary to ensure ethical human-AI teams. A final discussion is presented on how the developed model will influence the implementation of AI teammates, as well as the development of policy and regulation surrounding the domain in the coming years.
Hyaluronic acid synthesis, degradation, and crosslinking in equine osteoarthritis: TNF-α-TSG-6-mediated HC-HA formation.

Background TNF-α-stimulated gene 6 (TSG-6) protein, a TNF-α-responsive hyaladherin, possesses enzymatic activity that can catalyze covalent crosslinks of the polysaccharide hyaluronic acid (HA) to another protein to form heavy chain-hyaluronic acid (HC-HA) complexes in pathological conditions such as osteoarthritis (OA). Here, we examined HA synthase and inflammatory gene expression; synovial fluid HA, TNF-α, and viscosity; and TSG-6-mediated HC-HA complex formation in an equine OA model. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the TNF-α-TSG-6-HC-HA signaling pathway across multiple joint tissues, including synovial membrane, cartilage, and synovial fluid, and (2) determine the impact of OA on synovial fluid composition and biophysical properties. Methods HA and inflammatory cytokine concentrations (TNF-α, IL-1β, CCL2, 3, 5, and 11) were analyzed in synovial fluid from 63 OA and 25 control joints, and HA synthase (HAS1-3), TSG-6, and hyaluronan-degrading enzyme (HYAL2, HEXA) gene expression was measured in synovial membrane and cartilage. HA molecular weight (MW) distributions were determined using agarose gel electrophoresis and solid-state nanopore measurements, and HC-HA complex formation was detected via immunoblotting and immunofluorescence. SEC-MALS was used to evaluate TSG-6-mediated HA crosslinking, and synovial fluid and HA solution viscosities were analyzed using multiple particle-tracking microrheology and microfluidic measurements, respectively. Results TNF-α concentrations were greater in OA synovial fluid, and TSG6 expression was upregulated in OA synovial membrane and cartilage. TSG-6-mediated HC-HA complex formation was greater in OA synovial fluid and tissues than controls, and HC-HA was localized to both synovial membrane and superficial zone chondrocytes in OA joints. SEC-MALS demonstrated macromolecular aggregation of low MW HA in the presence of TSG-6 and inter-α-inhibitor with concurrent increases in viscosity. Conclusions Synovial fluid TNF-α concentrations, synovial membrane and cartilage TSG6 gene expression, and HC-HA complex formation were increased in equine OA. Despite the ability of TSG-6 to induce macromolecular aggregation of low MW HA with resultant increases in the viscosity of low MW HA solutions in vitro, HA concentration was the primary determinant of synovial fluid viscosity rather than HA MW or HC-HA crosslinking. The TNF-α-TSG-6-HC-HA pathway may represent a potential therapeutic target in OA.
The Genetics of Inbreeding Populations

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the effects of inbreeding in terms of genetic models of steadily increasing complexity. It correlates theoretical effects with observations and measurements that show that inbreeding populations contain large amounts of genetic variability and that this variability is organized into highly integrated and flexible systems. The observed structure of inbreeding populations results from an appropriate integration of inbreeding into the constellation of genetic and ecological factors that are involved in the regulation of variability and maintenance of flexibility. An understanding of the genetic structure of inbreeding species derives from the combining analyses of theoretical models with studies on experimental and natural populations. Inbreeding can arise in populations either as a result of various mechanisms that affect the mating system, or from restrictions in actual or effective population size. The theoretical effects of inbreeding are introduced in terms of single-locus population models in which population size is assumed sufficiently large to avoid sampling effects and in which it is assumed that selective values, mating system parameters, and other population parameters are constant in all environments. The effects on population structure of linkage and epistatic interactions among different polymorphisms are considered in terms of multilocus genetic models involving deviations from a fixed optimum, heterotic models, and mixed optimum-heterotic models.
Formation of advanced glycation end products in bone matrix using different sugars

The in vitro glycation strategy is a powerful approach used in the studies of the sugar-derived posttranslational modifications of the organic bone matrix. To better understand some aspects of bone matrix glycation, we used glucose (glucosylation) or ribose (ribosylation) to modify organic matrix of cortical and cancellous bone originating from human tibias. Both glucosylation and ribosylation led to the formation of higher levels of AGEs and pentosidine (PEN) in cancellous than cortical bone originating from all tested donors (young, middle -age and elderly men and women). More efficient glycation of bone matrix proteins in cancellous bone most likely depended on the higher porosity of this tissue, which facilitated better accessibility of the sugars to the matrix proteins. Interestingly, the levels of PEN formation differed pronouncedly between glucosylation and ribosylation. Ribosylation generated very high levels of PEN (approx. 6- vs. 2.5-fold higher PEN level than in glucosylated samples). Our results suggest that in vitro glycation of bone using glucose leads to the formation of lower levels of AGEs including PEN, whereas ribosylation appears to support a pathway toward PEN formation. Our studies may help to understand differences in the progression of bone pathologies related to protein glycation caused by different dietary sugars
Population density-dependent regulation of exopolysaccharide formation in the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima

Co-cultivation of the hyperthermophiles Thermotoga maritima and Methanococcus jannaschii resulted in fivefold higher T. maritima cell densities when compared with monoculture as well as concomitant formation of exopolysaccharide and flocculation of heterotroph-methanogen cellular aggregates. Transcriptional analysis of T. maritima cells from these aggregates using a whole genome cDNA microarray revealed the induction of a putative exopolysaccharide synthesis pathway, regulated by intracellular levels of cyclic diguanosine 3',5'-(cyclic)phosphate (cyclic di-GMP) and mediated by the action of several GGDEF proteins, including a putative diguanylate cyclase (TM1163) and a putative phosphodiesterase (TM1184). Transcriptional analysis also showed that TM0504, which encodes a polypeptide containing a motif common to known peptide-signalling molecules in mesophilic bacteria, was strongly upregulated in the co-culture. Indeed, when a synthetically produced peptide based on TM0504 was dosed into the culture at ecologically relevant levels, the production of exopolysaccharide was induced at significantly lower cell densities than was observed in cultures lacking added peptide. In addition to identifying a pathway for polysaccharide formation in T. maritima, these results point to the existence of peptide-based quorum sensing in hyperthermophilic bacteria and indicate that cellular communication should be considered as a component of the microbial ecology within hydrothermal habitats.
Analysis of the myogenic lineage in chick embryos. II. Evidence for a deterministic lineage in the final stages.

Abstract Myogenic cells from the breast muscles of 11-day chick embryos were cultured in clones for intervals up to 96 h. Individual cells in these clones were assayed for terminal differentiation by staining with antiserum to muscle-type creatine phosphokinase. Terminal differentiation was expressed in these clones in characteristic patterns which are indicative of a deterministic lineage during the last 4 or 5 cell division. This lineage is composed of discrete compartments culminating in the post-mitotic myoblast. The pattern of transition through these compartments is not altered by growth in media of various nutritional composition, indicating that cells must undergo lineage-dependent changes before the terminal phenotype can be expressed. Thus, myogenic precursors are not a homogeneous population. Stem cells (self-renewing cells) may occur before these last few divisions.
Point: Treating Stage II Colon Cancer: The Quest for Personalized Adjuvant Care

The development of treatment decision strategies to guide the use of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with stage II colon cancer continues to challenge many oncologists. Clearly, recurrence risk and prognosis for patients with stage II colon cancer can be variable, with subsets of patients with stage II disease at potentially higher risk than some with stage III. Adjuvant chemotherapy seems to produce a consistent relative risk reduction for recurrence across studies. Using clinical calculators to predict individual recurrence risk based on histopathologic and patient data allows this relative risk reduction to be translated into absolute benefit to the patient. In addition, gene expression assays in combination with these histopathologic data may further improve the accuracy of recurrence risk calculations and allow more accurate absolute benefit estimations. This absolute benefit should be discussed with the patient, taking into account the risk of morbidity from chemotherapy and individual preferences to arrive at a shared medical decision regarding adjuvant chemotherapy.
Ortho enzyme immunoassay versus McCoy cell monolayers stained by iodine or fluorescent antibody for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis.

We compared a new enzyme immunoassay (Ortho Diagnostics Systems, Inc., Raritan, N.J.) (EIA) with iodine and fluorescent-antibody staining of inoculated McCoy cell monolayers for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in our female outpatient populations. EIA was more sensitive than iodine at a statistically significant level, but there were no statistically significant differences between EIA results and those for fluorescent-antibody staining.
On the fall and rise of the circuit concept

Abstract Engendered by the fundamental contributions of Georg Ohm (J. Chemie and Physik, Vol. 46, p. 137, 1826) and Gustav Kirchhoff (Poggendorff's Ann., Vol. 72, 1847), and greatly fostered by electrotechnical challenges of electrical communication (telegraphy, telephony, radio, television) and electric power (lighting, generators, motors), by our time the simple, familiar electric circuit concept has become firmly established in scientific thinking. Yet insufficient note has been taken of the fact that the validity of this remarkably fruitful concept rests upon essential local homogeneity as well as upon an implicit thermodynamic assumption of an isothermal and workless environment. Ohm himself recognized the impossibility of maintaining constant and uniform temperature conditions when confronted with the necessary presence of internal heat production and the associated entropy production and temperature gradients. Kirchhoff, in turn, obtained the loop and node laws for resistive circuits by applying the circulation and divergence theorems to a plane conducting sheet, but since the discovery of mutual induction in 1831 by Michael Faraday it was known that coupling could occur between circuits which could be physically remote and topologically distinct. Active circuitry clearly commenced with the initial use in Morse telegraphy of Joseph Henry's electromagnetic relay and continued with the development of triodes and transistors. These revolutionary devices ushered in the “Second Industrial Revolution” and fostered the use of the method of controlled sources, permitting direct active intercoupling between circuits based upon instantaneous regulated manipulation and modulation of embedded sources of energy. Later, with the advent of ultrahigh frequency (microwaves, electro-optics) and ultrasmall scale (VLSI, Josephson junctions, quantized Hall effect) simple circuitry faced new difficulties and complexities. To satisfy all of the above demands, multiport bond graphs were devised to replace circuitry by adequate extensions and generalizations including wave-scatter approaches and stochastic dynamics. Nevertheless, we should acknowledge that chemistry in general, and wet-chemistry in particular, operates quite frequently under nearly homogeneous (e.g. stirred tanks) and isothermal and isobaric conditions (e.g. STP) for which complete bond graph representation may be needlessly complex. For these special cases, much simpler circuit-like “chemgraphs” and “chemnets” resurrect the powerful advantages of Ohm and Kirchhoff.
The neuropsychology handbook: An authoritative reference?

Readers in neuropsychology are inundated with offerings from publishers covering many different topics. Indeed, if interested readers seek out just “handbooks” in neuropsychology, they will discove...
The (mis)education of Generation M

The focus of this paper is on the potential problems and challenges presented by the content, quantity and quality of contemporary media influences (electronic, print and digital). Whereas most articles in this arena focus on one form of media influences (e.g., video games), this article looks at the cumulative scope of influence presented by today’s media on the development of young people (ages 5–18). This article reviews previous research and provides resources and recommendations for educators and parents who are, all too often, unaware of the tremendous influence of the media on the development of knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and values. The contemporary social construction of reality via media influences is quickly overtaking the traditional family–school–peer‐based construction of reality. The consequences of this media acculturation are discussed and recommendations and resources for teachers and parents provided.
Hostility in depression.

Subjects (39 men and 30 women) from two university counseling centers and one university medical center were administered the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, the Buss-Durkee Hostility Invento...
Statistical numerical modeling of subsurface initiated spalling in bearing contacts

AbstractSub-surface-initiated spalling, which is the classical mode of failure in rolling element bearings is significantly influenced by the inhomogeneous and stochastic nature of the material microstructure. This microstructural disorder is one of the primary reasons for scatter in fatigue lives for a seemingly identical batch of bearings. In this study, a stochastic fatigue model that takes the material microstructure explicitly into account is used to investigate dispersion in spalling lives for rolling element bearings. Material microstructures are generated stochastically using the process of Voronoi tessellation. Input parameters to the fatigue model are obtained from torsional fatigue tests. Spalling lives are found to follow a three-parameter Weibull distribution more closely compared with the conventionally used two-parameter Weibull distribution. The stress-life results generated using the model are found to correlate well with the Lundberg-Palmgren theory. Based on parametric studies, a new st...
Gibberellic Acid-Enhanced Synthesis and Release of α-Amylase and Ribonuclease by Isolated Barley and Aleurone Layers

Gibberellic acid enhances the synthesis of α-amylase in isolated aleurone layers of barley-seeds (Hordeum vulgare var. Himalaya). In the presence of 20 mm calcium chloride the amount of enzyme obtained from isolated aleurone layers is quantitatively comparable to that of the half-seeds used in earlier studies. After a lag period of 6 to 8 hours enzyme is produced at a linear rate. Gibberellic acid does not merely trigger α-amylase synthesis, but it is continuously required during the period of enzyme formation. Enzyme synthesis is inhibited by inhibitors of protein and RNA synthesis. Small amounts of actinomycin D differentially inhibit enzyme release and enzyme synthesis suggesting 2 distinct processes. Gibberellic acid similarly enhances the formation of ribonuclease which increases linearly over a 48 hour period. During the first 24 hours the enzyme is retained by the aleurone cells and this is followed by a rapid release of ribonuclease during the next 24 hour period. The capacity to release the enzyme is generated between 20 and 28 hours after the addition of the hormone. Ribonuclease formation is inhibited by inhibitors of protein and RNA synthesis. These inhibitors also prevent the formation of the release mechanism if added at the appropriate moment.