cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alleviation of Sleep Maintenance Insomnia with Timed Exposure to Bright Light

Objective: Half of the population over 65 suffers from chronic sleep disturbance. As a consequence, almost 40% of hypnotic medications are prescribed to people over age 60. Yet, hypnotics are often of little benefit in this population. As such, an effective non-drug alternative could prove important in the management of age-related sleep maintenance insomnia. The current study sought to evaluate the efficacy of bright light exposure in the treatment of sleep maintenance insomnia. Design: Following baseline sleep and circadian rhythms assessment, subjects with sleep-maintenance insomnia were treated with timed exposure to either bright white light or dim red light for 12 consecutive days. Sleep and circadian rhythms recordings were subsequently obtained and measures of sleep quality were compared to assess efficacy of the treatments. Setting: Baseline and post-treatment sleep and circadian rhythms assessments took place in the Laboratory of Human Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Cornell University Medical College. The treatment phase of the study was conducted in participants' homes. Participants: Sixteen men and women between the ages of 62 and 81 years were studied. All subjects were free of hypnotic medication, and all had experienced sleep disturbance for at least 1 year prior to entering the study. Results: Exposure to bright light resulted in substantial changes in sleep quality. Waking time within sleep was reduced by an hour, and sleep efficiency improved from 77.5% to 90%, without altering time spent in bed. Increased sleep time was in the form of Stage 2 sleep, REM sleep, and slow wave sleep. The effects were remarkably consistent across subjects. Conclusions: The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of timed exposure to bright light in the treatment of age-related sleep maintenance insomnia. With further refinement of treatment regimens, this non-drug intervention may prove useful in a large proportion of sleep disturbed elderly.
Should All Patients Undergoing Cardiac Catheterization or Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty Receive Oxygen

Background Supplemental oxygen is routinely administered to patients with acute coronary syndromes. The risk of significant morbidity during cardiac catheterization or coronary angioplasty has been well described; however, to our knowledge, the need for routine oxygen supplementation in these patients has not been investigated. Methods In phase 1, we prospectively studied 142 patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization (n = 94) or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) (n = 48) to determine the incidence of procedure-related hypoxemia (pulse oximetry derived oxygen saturation [SpO 2 ] 1 min duration) while breathing room air (RA). In phase 2, 134 patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization (n = 78) or PTCA (n = 56) were randomly allocated to breathe either RA or supplemental oxygen (O 2 , 6 L/min by nasal cannula) to determine the effect of oxygen administration on procedure-related hypoxemia. Oximetry results were compared with pertinent clinical and procedural data that might predispose patients to develop hypoxemia. Results Phase 1—Moderate to severe hypoxemia occurred in 36 percent (34/94) of patients undergoing diagnostic catheterization and in 56 percent (27/48) of patients undergoing PTCA. In the diagnostic catheterization group, there were a total of 25 episodes of moderate hypoxemia (SpO 2 85 to 89 percent) lasting 4.0 ± 4.3 min and 11 episodes of severe hypoxemia (SpO 2 2 2 > 95 percent. Phase 2—Oxygen therapy was associated with a reduction in the incidence of hypoxemia from 42 percent to 5 percent (RA vs O 2 , p 2 , p Conclusions Significant hypoxemia is a common finding among patients undergoing cardiac catheterization or angioplasty despite the absence of predictive risk factors. Severe and prolonged hypoxemic episodes occurred in 10 percent (14/142, phase 1) of patients breathing room air. Patients undergoing diagnostic catheterization with history of chronic lung disease or a baseline SpO 2
Testing the Porcupine Plate Hypothesis

The Porcupine Plate, postulated in 1986 to explain difficulties in reconstructing anomalies 21 and 24 in the North Atlantic, is re-examined. Focusing sharply on the spreading segments nearest to Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone casts doubt on the Porcupine Plate hypothesis.
Percutaneous radio-frequency liver tumor ablation: what are the risks?: Livraghi T, Solbiati L, Meloni MF, et al., Treatment of focal liver tumors with percutaneous radio-frequency ablation: complications encountered in a multicenter study. Radiology 2003;226:441–51

Abstract The purpose of this investigation is to report complications encountered by members of a large collaborative group who performed radio-frequency (RF) ablation in patients with focal liver cancer. Members of 41 Italian centers used a percutaneous, internally cooled RF ablation technique and a standardized protocol for follow-up of treated patients. A questionnaire was used to determine complications and mortality, and their relationship to the RF procedure. Enrollment included 2320 patients with 3554 liver lesions (mean size, 3.1 cm); of these patients 1610 had hepatocellular carcinoma, 693 had metastases, and 17 had cholangiocarcinoma. All 3554 hepatic tumors were treated. Six deaths (0.3%) were noted. These included two deaths caused by multiorgan failure after intestinal perforation; one case each of septic shock after peritonitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus, massive hemorrhage after tumor rupture, liver failure after stenosis of the right bile duct; and one case of sudden death of unknown cause 3 days after the procedure. A total of 50 patients (2.2%) had additional major complications; the most frequent of these were peritoneal hemorrhage, neoplastic seeding, intrahepatic abscesses, and intestinal perforation. An increased number of RF sessions were related to a higher rate of major complications (p
Advances in statistical methods for meta-analysis

Recent advances in statistical methods for meta-analysis help reviewers to identify systematic variation in research results.
Convective and Radiative Coupling in a Burner-Supported Diffusion Flame

A computational investigation of the ine uences of convective and radiative coupling on the total radiative transfer and burner characteristics for a burner-supported diffusion e ame are carried out. By coupling the soot and gas phase chemistry with radiative heat transfer processes, detailed effects of radiation from both the soot and gas phase species on the e ame dynamics can be examined in a transient microgravity spherical acetylene ‐ air diffusion e ame. The gas phase reaction is modeled by one-step chemical kinetics. The soot reaction mechanism includes nucleation, surface growth, oxidation, and coagulation steps. The radiation from both soot and the gas phase species are calculated by employing a spherical harmonics (P-1 approximation ) model. The local Planck mean absorption coefe cients of the radiatively participating species are specie ed in the computations. Unlike normal gravity acetylene ‐ air steady-state jet diffusion e ames in which the radiative emission from soot is signie cantly larger than from gas species, it is found that for a microgravity diffusion e ame, except at very early times, the radiation from the gas products exceeds soot radiation.
In-situ microcompression study of nanostructured Mg alloy micropillars

Abstract We report the compressive results of nanostructured Mg micropillars. Using in - situ scanning electron microscopy microcompression tests, we directly study the mechanical behavior of nanostructured Mg 90 Al 10 (wt%) alloys that have been processed by cryomilling and spark plasma sintering. Compressive yield strength of 320 MPa and an elongation at failure higher than 12% was achieved. Using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, we demonstrate that basal plane sliding and contraction twins are the deformation mechanisms involved in the shear band that occurs at 10% of strain.
Mechanisms that account for the selective release of arachidonic acid from intact cells by secretory phospholipase A2

Abstract The current study examined mechanisms that account for the selective release of arachidonic acid (AA) from cells by secretory phospholipase A 2 (sPLA 2 ). Initial studies demonstrated that low concentrations of group I and group III PLA 2 isotypes and an sPLA 2 -enriched extract from bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) selectively released AA from mast cells. Much higher concentrations of group II PLA 2 were required to release comparable quantities of AA. Group I PLA 2 also selectively released AA from another mast cell line (CFTL-15) and a monocytic cell line (THP-1). In contrast, high concentrations of group I PLA 2 were required to release fatty acids from a promyelocytic cell line (HL-60) and this release was not selective for AA. Binding studies revealed that cell types (BMMC, CFTL-15 and THP-1) which selectively released AA also had the capacity to specifically bind group I PLA 2 . However, group II PLA 2 , which did not selectively release AA from cells, also did not specifically bind to these same cell types. Additional studies revealed that sPLA 2 binding to the mast cell receptor was attenuated after stimulation with antigen or ionophore A23187. Reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction analyses indicated the presence of mRNA for the sPLA 2 receptor in BMMC, CFTL-15 and THP-1 and the absence of this mRNA in HL-60. Final studies demonstrated that p -aminophenyl-α- d -mannopyranoside BSA, a known ligand of the sPLA 2 receptor, also selectively released AA from mast cells but not from HL-60 cells. These experiments indicated that receptor occupancy alone (without PLA 2 activity) is sufficient to induce the release of AA from mast cells. Together, these data reveal that specific isotypes of sPLA 2 have the capacity to selectively release AA from certain cells by their capacity to bind to sPLA 2 receptors on the cell surface.
Does Money Matter in Pennsylvania? School District Spending and Student Proficiency Since No Child Left Behind

Using data spanning school years 2000–2001 through 2008–2009 and across 500 school districts, I find a positive and statistically significant relationship between a district's rate of increase in spending on regular instruction and the percentage by which its students’ “passing rate” improves on the Pennsylvania System of School Assessment (PSSA) tests. This relationship is most pronounced for student cohorts who took the tests initially as 5th graders and later as 8th graders; it is evident as well for 8th–11th grade cohorts. The relationship is likewise more pronounced when the focus is restricted to test outcomes among demographic subgroups.
The assessment of emotional imagery training in fearful children

Recent investigations ( Lang, 1977 , Lang, 1979 ) have found emotional imagery to be facilitative in accessing and altering phobic behavior in adults. In the present study, the use of imagery coupled with filmed modeling was evaluated for its effects on the verbal, physiological, and overt motor behavior of 20 children, ages 6–12, undergoing routine dental treatment. Half the subjects (stimulus group) practiced imagining scenes with instructions to focus on the descriptive details of the scenes as much as possible. The remaining half of the subjects (response group) imagined similar scenes containing an emphasis on active participation. Following imagery training a dental modeling film was shown to all subjects, with response-trained subjects hearing a sound track containing prompts to respond physiologically and stimulus-trained subjects hearing descriptive details about the dental procedures. All subjects went immediately to dental treatment postfilm where a simple amalgam restoration was performed. Reported image clarity increased with practice for response subjects but decreased with practice for stimulus subjects. Small heart rate and respiration changes were found, with response subjects increasing in physiological activity during imagery and stimulus subjects decreasing. Correlation data showed significant relationships between fear of specific dental procedures and physiological responses to viewing those procedures for response, but not stimulus, subjects. Findings were similar when correlating self-report of fear with rated behavioral disruptiveness, with response subjects showing fear-behavior consistency but stimulus subjects showing no relationship between fear and behavior.
Discordance between serum creatinine and creatinine clearance for identification of ED patients with abdominal pain at risk for contrast-induced nephropathy.

Abstract Study Objective Despite creatinine clearance (CrCl) being a better estimate of renal function, serum creatinine (Cr) is more commonly used to screen for renal insufficiency in patients scheduled for an enhanced abdominal computed tomography (CT) in an attempt to reduce the likelihood of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN). Our objective was to determine the incidence of renal insufficiency (a CrCl Methods We performed post hoc analysis of a prospective cross-sectional study that enrolled nongravid adults with acute nontraumatic abdominal pain. Patients on dialysis were excluded. The data that we collected included demographics, history, duration/description of pain, patient reported weight, laboratory data, imaging studies, and final diagnosis. Creatinine clearance values ( 60 mL/min) were compared to Cr values of 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, and 1.8 mg/dL to determine the percentage of patients at risk for nephropathy after contrast injection at each Cr cutoff. Descriptive statistics were used with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Seven hundred sixty-five patients were enrolled; 59% (451/765) had an abdominal CT scan. Of 108 patients with CrCl less than 60 mL/min, 59 patients had a Cr less than 1.8 mg/dL (55%; 95% CI, 45%-64%); 43 had a Cr less than 1.5 mg/dL, the most commonly accepted Cr cutoff for contrast administration (40%; 95% CI, 31%-50%); 21 patients had a Cr less than 1.2 mg/dL (19%; 95% CI, 12%-28%); and 10 had a Cr less than 1.0 mg/dL (9%; 95% CI, 5%-16%). Conclusion The most commonly used Cr cutoff (1.5 mg/dL) for contrast administration fails to identify 40% of the patients at risk for CIN. Future studies should address whether using CrCl rather than serum Cr decreases the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy.
Evaluations of Capacity to Waive Miranda Rights: A Survey of Practitioners' Use of the Grisso Instruments

Minimal information is available regarding the frequency with which practitioners conduct evaluations of capacity to waive Miranda rights or what approaches they use in doing so. Grisso's Instruments for Assessing Understanding and Appreciation of Miranda Rights are the only published instruments designed specifically to assist practitioners in these evaluations. The instruments have been criticized for limited normative data in the test manual and the minimal guidance offered for interpreting results. A survey of practitioners was conducted to determine the nature and frequency of the use of these instruments. Of 401 respondents, 91% were engaged in forensic practice, and 26% had conducted evaluations of one's capacity to waive Miranda rights. Of those conducting Miranda evaluations, 44% had used Grisso's Miranda instruments. Practitioners' responses regarding the ways the instruments are used are reported. Suggestions are offered for informed practice, and related strengths and weaknesses of the instruments are identified.
Bosonic string with extrinsic curvature on the lattice

Abstract The addition of a term proportional to the extrinsic curvature to the Nambu-Goto action could “smooth” the surface described by this theory allowing a correspondence between the bosonic string and the infrared behavior of QCD. We explore this possibility by studying the properties of the model numerically. We find a first order phase transition as the coupling constant for extrinsic curvature is increased from zero. The weak coupling phase has an infinite Hausdorff dimension. We speculate about the possibility of turning this transition into second order by adding other couplings, so that a continuum theory of smooth strings can be defined.
Synchrotron radiation intensity for 50-MeV to 50-GeV electrons

Abstract Tables for practical calculations of the intensity of synchrotron radiation are presented for 50-MeV to 50-GeV electrons. The tables, accurate to five significant figures, list the angular distribution of the intensity and the flux of radiation passing through a rectangular aperture. Two extended versions are given in a form suitable for scaling to any electron energy.
Damage inspection of fiber reinforced polymer-concrete systems using a distant acoustic-laser NDE technique

In this paper, a distant acoustic-laser NDE technique is proposed, utilizing a high powered standoff parametric acoustic array (PAA) and laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV), for the detection of debonding and delamination in multi-layer composite systems. Fiber-reinforced polymer wrapped concrete cylinder specimens with artificial defect were manufactured and used in the validation of the technique. Low-frequency (50 Hz 2 kHz) and highfrequency (2 kHz 7 kHz) focused sound waves were generated by PAA, and surface dynamic signatures of the specimens were remotely measured by LDV. From the results it is found that the proposed technique successfully captures the presence of near-surface debonding/delamination.
Advanced coal-fired low-emission boiler systems

Abstract As part of the Combustion 2000 Program of the US Department of Energy, advanced low-emission boiler systems are being developed for future coal-fired power plants. These plants will be extremely clean, highly efficient and economic, by employing emerging and state-of-the-art technologies. The emissions of SO x , NO x and particulates from the plants will be much lower than the current new source performance standards (NSPS), and the net plant efficiency of generating electricity will be higher than that of today's pulverized-coal-fired utility plants. The high plant efficiency results in low fuel use and reduced emission of gases (CO 2 ) associated with global warming. At present, engineering development of advanced systems is being conducted by three industry teams. The development work includes new emission control technologies, state-of-the-art boiler designs and low-temperature heat recovery systems for improved plant efficiencies, systems for improved ash disposability and reduced waste generation, and optimum system integration and plant controls. The technologies considered by these teams for low-emission boiler systems are discussed.
The Open Science Grid status and architecture

The Open Science Grid (OSG) provides a distributed facility where the Consortium members provide guaranteed and opportunistic access to shared computing and storage resources. The OSG project[1] is funded by the National Science Foundation and the Department of Energy Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing program. The OSG project provides specific activities for the operation and evolution of the common infrastructure. The US ATLAS and US CMS collaborations contribute to and depend on OSG as the US infrastructure contributing to the World Wide LHC Computing Grid on which the LHC experiments distribute and analyze their data. Other stakeholders include the STAR RHIC experiment, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), the Dark Energy Survey (DES) and several Fermilab Tevatron experiments- CDF, D0, MiniBoone etc. The OSG implementation architecture brings a pragmatic approach to enabling vertically integrated community specific distributed systems over a common horizontal set of shared resources and services. More information can be found at the OSG web site: www.opensciencegrid.org.
Parental influences on lactate dehydrogenase in the early development of hybrid frogs in the genus Rana

The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozymes of Rana pipiens pipiens, R. p. sphenocephala, and R. palustris were examined. LDH-5 in all three organisms has the same electrophoretic mobility. There is a group of three to five bands in the LDH-1 position which migrates fastest in R. pipiens sphenocephala, at an intermediate rate in R. pipiens, and slowest in R. palustris. Analysis of this multiple banding in the LDH-1 position in R. pipiens suggests that these bands are distinct molecular forms. When the reciprocal crosses are made between frogs with different LDH patterns the maternal pattern persists in the embryo until stage 19 (heart beat) when hybrid and paternal bands first appear. The maternal contribution to the LDH pattern remains high, however, until stage 25 (feeding). In Rana sylvatica there are at least eighteen bands showing LDH activity. There are five bands in the LDH-1 position, and the rest of the bands can be grouped into LDH-2, LDH-3, LDH-4, and LDH-5, all showing multiple bands. In the normal development of R. sylvatica there are marked shifts in the banding patterns in the LDH-3, LDH-4, and LDH-5 groups between neurula and hatching, suggesting differential synthesis of the subunits forming these isozymes. In crosses between normal R. sylvatica females and a variant male which has additional bands in the LDH-1 position, the paternal type bands appear after hatching.
Conformational changes of brain-derived neurotrophic factor during reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract Recombinant human brain-derived neurotrophic factor (r-HuBDNF) is eluted as two peaks under reversed-phase liquid chromatographic conditions with gradient elution. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis confirmed identical molecular weights in the two peaks, while rechromatography of the separated peaks showed interconvertibility. The two peaks are identified as the monomeric forms of the parent molecules. The molecular weight of the components in the peaks was determined by on-line 90° light scattering using a fluorescence detector as a scatterograph. The early eluted peak is a folded form of the r-HuBDNF monomer, while the later eluted peak is an unfolded form of the BDNF monomer. The conformational states were established using a fluorescence detector both at a fixed wavelength and in the scanning mode.
Adult Intussusception: Presentation, Management, and Outcomes of 148 Patients

Abstract Background Intussusception is a predominantly pediatric diagnosis that is not well characterized among adults. Undiagnosed cases can result in significant morbidity, making early recognition important for clinicians. Study Objectives We describe the presentation, clinical management, disposition, and outcome of adult patients diagnosed with intussusception during a 13-year period. Methods A retrospective study of consecutive adult patients diagnosed with intussusception at a tertiary academic center was carried out from 1996 to 2008. Cases were identified using International Classification of Diseases, 9 th Revision codes and a document search engine. Data were abstracted in duplicate by two independent authors. Results Among 148 patients included in the study, the most common symptoms at presentation were abdominal pain (72%), nausea (49%), and vomiting (36%). Twenty percent were asymptomatic. Sixty percent of cases had an identifiable lead point. Patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) (31%) had higher rates of abdominal pain (relative risk [RR] 5.7) and vomiting (RR 3.4), and were more likely to undergo surgical intervention (RR 1.8) than patients diagnosed elsewhere. There were 77 patients who underwent surgery within 1 month; patients presenting with abdominal pain (RR 2.2), nausea (RR 1.7), vomiting (RR 1.4), and bloody stool (RR 1.9) were more likely to undergo surgery. Conclusions Adult intussusception commonly presents with abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting; however, approximately 20% of cases are asymptomatic and seem to be diagnosed by incidental radiologic findings. Patients presenting to an ED with intussusception due to a mass as a lead point or in an ileocolonic location are likely to undergo surgical intervention.
Patient acceptability of genotypic testing for hemochromatosis in primary care

Purpose: Genetic screening can enable timely detection and treatment of hereditary hemochromatosis (HH). Little is known about patient acceptability of DNA testing as compared to conventional phenotypic testing. Methods: Within the HEIRS Study, a large primary-care screening study of HH and iron overload, we randomly assigned participants to receive brief information on either HH genotypic or phenotypic testing, and assessed the willingness to accept this test. The study was designed to recruit an equal number of African Americans and Caucasians. Results: A total of 2500 participants were recruited from waiting rooms of primary care practices; 2165 participants who self-identified as African Americans and Caucasians were included in the analyses. Overall, 56% had accepted a genotypic test versus 58% for a phenotypic test. Adjusting for Field Center (FC), age, gender, race, educational attainment, global health rating, and knowledge of the test, the odds ratio of accepting a genotypic versus phenotypic test was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.71, 1.02; P = 0.078). Characteristics associated with test acceptance were age 45–64 years, female gender, Caucasian race, self-rated health less than “very good”, and knowledge of the test. Test acceptance was associated with interest in knowing more about health (81%) and in helping family members (71%). Refusal reasons included a need to talk with a doctor (44%), concern about privacy (32%), and dislike of blood drawing (29%). Conclusion: In this diverse sample of primary care patients, stated acceptance of genotypic testing for HH mutations was similar to phenotypic testing for blood iron. Patient education regarding the nature of test, importance of disease detection, and privacy protection appear to be essential for achieving high rates of screening participation.
Placental Transport of I131-Labeled Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine in the Guinea Pig

The placental transfer in the guinea pig of I131-labeled triiodothyronine and thyroxine has been studied using an in situ perfusion technique. The umbilical cord was clamped close to the fetus and an umbilical artery and vein were cannulated. The placenta was perfused with a 1:1 guinea pig plasma: saline mixture. By administering I131-labeled substances either intravenously to the mother or in the placental perfusion fluid, mother to fetus and fetus to mother, transfers were observed. When labeled thyroxine was administered in the maternal circulation, small concentrations of radioactivity, about equally divided between thyroxine and iodide, were recovered from the perfusate outflow. Little transfer of labeled thyroxine from fetus to mother was observed. I131-labeled triiodothyronine administered to the mother did not cross the placenta as such, but radioactive iodide appeared in the perfusate outflow. Perfusion of the placenta with triiodothyronine resulted in little loss of radioactivity from the perfus...
Location of Low Frequency Fringe Signatures in Fourier Transforms of Spectra

Interference fringes or "channel" spectra are a common problem in infrared transmission spectroscopy. Several techniques are available for the elimination of fringes, including recording polarized spectra of samples mounted at the Brewster angle. subtraction of a sine wave, selection of experimental conditions so as to preclude the observation of fringes, and removal of the signature of the channel spectrum from the Fourier transform of the spectrum.
Intrinsic rotations of simply connected regions and their boundaries

This paper considers boundaries of simply connected domains in C that admit an infinite number of intrinsic rotations about some point. The resuIts have applications to the unsolved problem of whether the boundary of a Siegel disk of a rational function must be a Jordan curve.
Chromatic polynomials with least coefficients

In this paper, we characterize the n-point e-edge graphs G that minimize the absolute values ai(G) of the coefficients of the chromatic polynomial P(G; 2) = ~-'~=t(-1 )n-iai(G)2i. Let f2(n, e) be the collection of all connected n-point, e-edge graphs. For a given i, we say that a graph G E f2(n,e) is ai-minimum if ai(G)<~ai(G') for all G' E O(n,e). We show that a graph is ai-minimum iff it is ai-l-minimum for all 2<~i<<.n -2. I. Introduction It is well-known that the number of ways of properly coloring an n-point, e-edge graph G using 2 or fewer colors is given by the chromatic polynomial P(G; 2) = ~-'~n=l(-1)n-iai(G)).i. Let t2(n,e) be the collection of all connected n-point, e-edge graphs. For a given i, we say that a graph GEf2(n,e) is ai-minimum if ai(G)<~ai(G ~) for all G ~ E t2(n,e). Since an(G) = 1 and an-l(G) = e for every G E f2(n,e), all graphs in I2(n,e) are both an-minimum and an_l-minimum. A natural question that arises in this context is that given integers i and j, 1 <<.i, j<~n- 2, are there graphs G1, G2 in f2(n,e) such that G1 is a/-minimum but not a j-minimum while G2 is a j-minimum but not ai-minimum? In this paper we show that such graphs do not exist. Indeed, we show that a graph is ai-minimum iff it is ai_l-minimum for all i, 2<~i<~n- 2. Furthermore, we show that a graph G E I2(n,e) is ai-minimum for every 1 ~< i ~< n - 2 iff one of the blocks, say H, of G contains a clique with I V(H)I- 1 points and the other blocks are bridges of G or two blocks of G are cliques, one of which being K3, while the other blocks are bridges of G.
The Process of Death Imminence Awareness by Family Members of Patients in Adult Critical Care

Background A focus on cost-effective quality end-of-life care remains a high priority in adult critical care given an aging population, high prevalence of death, and aggressive technologies used to extend or sustain life in this setting. Method A Glaserian grounded theory design was used to conduct this retrospective study to yield a substantive middle-range theory. The data source was semistructured interviews with 14 family members of decedents who died 6 to 60 months prior to the study. Objective The purpose of this study was to generate a theory on how family members of patients in adult critical care come to realize that their loved one is dying. Results The Process of Death Imminence Awareness by Family Members of Patients in Adult Critical Care middle-range theory contained 6 phases: (1) patient's near-death awareness, (2) dying right in front of me, (3) turning points in the patient's condition, (4) no longer the person I once knew, (5) doing right by them, and (6) time to let go. Patient's near-death awareness preceded all other phases, if communicated by the decedent with their family. Then, family members iteratively moved through all the other key phases in the process until a time to let go became evident. Discussion This substantive middle-range theory will guide nursing education, practice, and research aimed at providing quality and cost-effective end-of-life care in adult critical care.
Orbital and periorbital myofibromas in childhood ☆: Two case reports

Abstract Purpose Infantile myofibromatosis is an uncommon tumor that occurs rarely in the periorbit and orbit. This article reports two cases of infantile myofibromatosis of the orbital adnexa and describes the associated clinical, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical findings. Design Two retrospective, interventional case reports with clinicopathologic correlation. Intervention Treatment consisted of excision of the tumors. Main outcome measures Histologic and immunohistochemical evaluation and clinical evaluation for tumor recurrence. Results The first patient was a newborn male with a large tumor extending from his eyelid that was excised at day 2 of life. Histologic and immunohistochemistry analyses were used to make a diagnosis of infantile myofibromatosis. He remains disease free at age 7 years. The second case was a 6-year-old boy with a 1-month history of proptosis resulting from an orbital mass. Incisional biopsy revealed a tumor consistent with infantile myofibromatosis. He remains tumor free 12 months after complete gross surgical resection. Conclusions Infantile myofibromatosis is an uncommon tumor that is rare in the orbit. Differential diagnosis can be difficult based solely on histologic analysis. Immunohistochemistry evaluation demonstrating cytoplasmic actin filaments within neoplastic spindle cells confirms the diagnosis. As soon as the diagnosis is made, chest and abdominal imaging is of value to define the prognosis and to direct further treatment. After the diagnosis of nonvisceral infantile myofibromatosis, complete gross resection, if possible, is the treatment of choice.
Gastrin-mediated effects of omeprazole on rat colon mucosa

Abstract Background: Omeprazole increases circulating gastrin levels, which in turn may affect the growth and differentiation of colon mucosa. Chloride transport mechanisms in normal colon were analyzed as markers for possible trophic actions of endogenous hypergastrinemia. Methods: Four groups of Fischer rats were studied for 10 days. Group 1 (baseline) received no treatment. Group 2 received omeprazole only. Group 3 received omeprazole plus vehicle. Group 4 received omeprazole plus CCK-B gastrin receptor antagonist (GRA) L740,093 in vehicle. On day 10 serum gastrin was assayed. Colon mucosa was analyzed for protein and DNA content. Semiquantitative Northern analysis measured levels of messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding for key Cl – transporters: Na-K-Cl cotransporter (Cl – secretion in crypts), Cl – /HCO 3 – exchanger (Cl – absorption in villi), and Na/K adenosine triphosphatase (not directly involved in Cl – transport). Results: Omeprazole increased gastrin levels, which were not altered by vehicle or GRA. Omeprazole increased protein, DNA, and Na/K adenosine triphosphatase mRNA levels, with no effect by GRA. In contrast, omeprazole decreased Na-K-Cl and Cl – /HCO 3 – mRNA levels, effects that were partly reversed by GRA. Conclusions: Omeprazole augments growth index values of colon mucosa independent of serum gastrin. Against a background of omeprazole-induced achlorhydria hypergastrinemia appears to influence differentiation rather than growth of normal colon mucosa. (Surgery 1999;125:272-8.)
Complications of wrist arthroscopy.

Purpose The purpose of this systematic review was to address the incidence of complications associated with wrist arthroscopy. Given the paucity of information published on this topic, an all-inclusive review of published wrist arthroscopy complications was sought. Methods Two independent reviewers performed a literature search using PubMed, Google Scholar, EBSCO, and Academic Megasearch using the terms "wrist arthroscopy complications," "complications of wrist arthroscopy," "wrist arthroscopy injury," and "wrist arthroscopy." Inclusion criteria were (1) Levels I to V evidence, (2) "complication" defined as an adverse outcome directly related to the operative procedure, and (3) explicit description of operative complications in the study. Results Eleven multiple-patient studies addressing complications of wrist arthroscopy from 1994 to 2010 were identified, with 42 complications reported from 895 wrist arthroscopy procedures, a 4.7% complication rate. Four case reports were also found, identifying injury to the dorsal sensory branch of the ulnar nerve, injury to the posterior interosseous nerve, and extensor tendon sheath fistula formation. Conclusions This systematic review suggests that the previously documented rate of wrist arthroscopy complications may be underestimating the true incidence. The report of various complications provides insight to surgeons for improving future surgical techniques. Level of Evidence Level IV, systematic review of Levels I-V studies.
Small-signal characteristics of a read diode under conditions of field-dependent velocity and finite reverse saturation current

Abstract Memristive one-port device modeling of a Read diode, taking into account of the field-dependent velocity and the finite reverse saturation current, is presented. Small-signal characteristics, equivalent circuit and diode impedance are obtained. Degradation and improvement of performance are discussed.
Impact of Body Image on Depression and Quality of Life Among Women with Breast Cancer

The purpose of this study was to explore body image, physical attractiveness, and femininity among survivors of breast cancer and to examine the effects of the aforementioned variables on depression and quality of life. The participants comprised 70 female survivors of breast cancer, ages between 23 and 79 years. They completed a questionnaire that includes Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy, and European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire--Breast Cancer, measuring depression, quality of life, and body image, respectively. On the depression scale, 56% of the participants had scores higher than 16; a score of 16 and above identifies participants with potential depression. Majority of women felt less attractive and less feminine. Low body image, attractiveness, and femininity positively correlated with depression and negatively with overall quality of life. The authors conclude that multidisciplinary health care services relevant to physical attractiveness and femininity of survivors of breast cancer may foster positive body image perceptions, reduced depression, and increased quality of life.
Morphine efficacy is altered in conditional HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice.

Abstract Opiate abuse reportedly can exaggerate complications of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection in the central nervous system (CNS), while opiate drugs are often indicated in the treatment of HIV-1-related neuropathic pain. Despite this quandary, few studies have assessed the relationship between the duration or extent of HIV-1 infection and the intrinsic neurobehavioral responsiveness to opioids. To address this problem, doxycycline (DOX)-inducible HIV-Tat 1-86 transgenic mice were used as a model for HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders, which permitted the regulation of Tat exposure and duration. The effects of continuous Tat induction on the activity of morphine were examined at weekly intervals using standard behavioral assays for nociception and motor function. In the spinal cord, Tat mRNA levels did not increase until the second and third weeks following induction, which corresponded to a significant loss of morphine antinociception as assessed in the tail-flick test. Alternatively, in the striatum, sustained increases in Tat mRNA expression during the second week of induction coincided with significant decreases in rotarod performance and interactions with morphine. Importantly, the behavioral effects of morphine differed depending on the timing and location of Tat expression, with increases in Tat transcript levels in the spinal cord and striatum corresponding to significant alterations in morphine-dependent nociception and rotarod performance, respectively. Assuming Tat levels contribute to the clinical manifestations of HIV-1, the results suggest that regional differences in viral load and opioid phenotype might influence the nature and degree that opiate responsiveness is altered in HIV-1-infected individuals.
The Relationship of the DIT and Behavior: A Replication

Accounting ethics instruction, like accounting ethics research, has been strongly influenced by the work of Kohlberg and his stages of ethical development. The Defining Issues Test (DIT), which is based on Kohlberg's theory, has been extensively used to assess level of ethical development of both accounting students and accounting practitioners. Theory suggests that the relationship between p‐score on the Defining Issues Test (DIT) and behavior should be linear, i.e., ethical behavior should increase monotonically with level of ethical development. However, Ponemon's (1993a) paper reported a quadratic relationship, meaning that subjects with low scores and those with high scores are more likely to behave unethically. This study replicates Ponemon's (1993a) study. Unobtrusive observation of actual behavior in a laboratory experiment is used to record behavior, which is then related to p‐score on the DIT. The results confirm Ponemon's (1993a) finding of a quadratic relationship. However, in this study, the ...
Carbon dioxide concentrations in eutrophic lakes: undersaturation implies atmospheric uptake

Understanding concentrations and contributions of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in aquatic ecosystems is an important part of a comprehensive global carbon budget. Current dogma suggests that world lakes are important emitters of CO 2 to the atmosphere. We estimated the partial pressure of carbon dioxide ( ρ CO 2 ) in 131 agriculturally eutrophic lakes over a 7 year sampling period. Values of ρ CO 2 in these lakes ranged from 0.1 to 40 392 μatm with a median of 322 μatm (n = 3049). In contrast to previous analyses of CO 2 in lakes, 60% of the eutrophic lake samples were undersaturated with CO 2 . Correlation analysis implied that nutrient-driven primary production, reflected by high oxygen concentra­tions, drives CO 2 concentrations below atmospheric equilibrium. Multiple regression analysis showed several limno­logical and catchment characteristics that explained a statistically significant amount of variability in ρ CO 2 (R2 = 0.32). Important variables included chlorophyll a concentration and the ratio of total nitrogen to total phosphorus. Our estimated ρ CO 2 values were significantly (p < 0.0001) lower than a previously published dataset of world lake ρ CO 2 values derived primarily from oligotrophic-mesotrophic lakes. High-nutrient lakes, especially those that are small and rich in oxygen from primary production, could act as net atmospheric CO 2 uptake sites.
Fusion following lateral mass reconstruction in the cervical spine.

OBJECT Recently, aggressive surgical techniques and a push toward en bloc resections of certain tumors have resulted in a need for creative spinal column reconstruction. Iatrogenic instability following these resections requires a thoughtful approach to adequately transfer load-bearing forces from the skull and upper cervical spine to the subaxial spine. METHODS The authors present a series of 7 cases in which lateral mass reconstruction with a cage or fibular strut graft was used to provide load-bearing support, including 1 case of bilateral cage placement. RESULTS The authors discuss the surgical nuances of en bloc resection of high cervical tumors and explain their technique for lateral mass cage placement. Additionally, they provide their rationale for the use of these constructs throughout the craniocervical junction and subaxial spine. CONCLUSIONS Lateral mass reconstruction provides a potential alternative or adjuvant method of restoring the load-bearing capabilities of the cervical spine.
Characterization of data-sensitive wireless distributed networked-control-systems

Distributed networked-controlled-systems (NCS) are a multidisciplinary effort whose aim is to produce a network structure and components that are capable of integrating sensors, actuators, communication, and control algorithms in a manner to suit real-time applications. They have been very popular and widely applied for many years now due to the rapid advancements in data and communication wireless technologies. There are many challenges to be overcome in order to put such a heterogeneous system together. Key issues to be considered are network delay, data sensitivity and information security. This paper characterizes a wireless distributed NCS, a testbed called iSpace based on these key factors. We integrated static network security algorithms DES and 3DES with the NCS testbed iSpace - a multidisciplinary network based robot navigation system - and characterized it on the basis of bandwidth requirement, data classification and data sensitivity, network delay effect on the system performance. The paper demonstrates through results that a dynamic optimization is required between network security for reliability and time-sensitivity of the NCS. Future work in dynamic optimization in security is suggested.
Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure: Navigating Choices Regarding Regulation, Subsidy, and Competition in a Complex Regulatory Environment

This article considers how electricity utility regulators should treat infrastructure investments related to electric vehicles. It begins by analyzing investments using traditional utility regulatory policy norms. Next, the article analyzes whether utility regulators should broaden their consider include positive externalities from electric vehicles such as reducing U.S. petroleum imports and greenhouse gases when making judgments about electric vehicle infrastructure. Finally, it analyzes two key limitations placed on energy regulators under existing state and federal regulatory statutes. Ultimately, the article concludes state utility commissions are probably not best suited to make decisions about subsidies for EV adoption, but they have important roles to play in ensuring that EV infrastructure investments are made in a sound manner. Utility regulators might also consider pro-EV policies as a tie-breaker when traditional regulatory principles do not provide a clear policy outcome. Because of the complex, overlapping regulatory authority governing the U.S. energy sector, state and federal utility regulators should work collaboratively with each other, as well as keep abreast of the energy and climate policy developments outside of the electricity sector which might influence EV policymaking.At this point in the history of the electric vehicle industry, regulators should generally adopt a light-handed approach to regulation, encouraging a nationally competitive market for EV charging services. Competition should promote lower prices within the EV charging market and incentives for service innovations that consumers might find attractive. Regulated utilities should not be prohibited from participating in the market for public charging, but they should not be given exclusive monopoly authority to provide public EV charging services. As we learn more about the technology, the economics, and the social costs and benefits of EVs, regulators should adapt their policies accordingly.