cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Continental rift structures and dynamics with reference to teleseismic studies of the Rio Grande and East African rifts

Abstract Teleseismic travel time residuals measured on 600–1000 km seismic arrays across the Rio Grande and East African rifts provide evidence for upper mantle low velocity zones beneath each rift. We propose that these zones arise from asthenosphere replacing the base of the lithosphere . Refraction studies show thinning of the crust below the rift axes. Regional uplift, which extends for hundreds of kilometers on either side of the axes, is isostatically compensated by negative density contrast at depth. Since the refraction results argue against compensation by crustal thickening, compensation within the upper mantle is suggested. Temperature effects alone do not explain the magnitudes of the reduced velocities. Instead, generation of a few percent of partial melt is the most probable source of the reduction. A passive extensional mechanism is investigated for the Rio Grande rift in which hot asthenosphere intrudes into the lithosphere , raising its temperature and generating moderate melting. It requires less than 1% extension to explain the melting; in contrast, a prodigious 26% would be required to raise the temperature from a pre-rifting continental geotherm to the solidus. Geological estimates based on palinspastic reconstruction find that extension is less than 10% over the uplift zone. A passive mechanism is possible if the pre-rifting lower lithosphere geotherm lies closer to the solidus than the geotherm of a stable continent. This hypothesis is supported by the observed high heat flow in the Rio Grande rift uplift region which, given the long time constant for thermal diffusion, reflects elevated temperatures at depth well before the onset of rifting. The elevated asthenosphere boundary, found teleseismically, lies directly beneath both rifts favoring a “pure shear” over the “simple shear” model of rifting. We propose a model for continental rifting in which the asthenosphere intrudes into dike-like structures in the lithosphere beneath the rift zone. This explains the observed upwarp of the Moho beneath the rift as asthenosphere intrudes the upper mantle and base of the crust. The forces associated with wedging apart of the upper mantle give rise to tensional and compressional stresses in the crust which form the graben and uplifted shoulders, respectively. Mantle xenoliths indicate brittle diking occurs in the upper mantle to depths of 70 km. Furthermore, evidence of asthenospheric intrusion from Neodymium ratios supports the role of asthenospheric advection in the rifting process.
Efficient algorithms for (3, 1) graphs

Abstract In this paper, we define a class of graphs which are referred to as (3, 1) graphs. A graph is a member of this class if it has the property that within each set of three vertices, there is at least one edge. We derive a lower bound for the size of a maximum clique in a (3, 1) graph as well as an upper bound for the size of a minimum clique covering. In addition, we show that there exists a linear algorithm for constructing a Hamiltonian circuit in a connected (3, 1) graph and an n 4 -algorithm for finding a minimum coloring in a (3, 1) graph.
Dust Grains and the Luminosity of Circumnuclear Water Masers in Active Galaxies

In previous calculations for the luminosities of 22 GHz water masers, the pumping is reduced and ultimately quenched with increasing depth into the gas because of trapping of the infrared (approximately equals 30-150 micrometers), spectral line radiation of the water molecule. When the absorption (and reemission) of infrared radiation by dust grains is included, we demonstrate that the pumping is no longer quenched but remains constant with increasing optical depth. A temperature difference between the grains and the gas is required. Such conditions are expected to occur, for example, in the circumnuclear masing environments created by X-rays in active galaxies. Here, the calculated 22 GHz maser luminosities are increased by more than an order of magnitude. Application to the well-studied, circumnuclear masing disk in the galaxy NGC 4258 yields a maser luminosity near that inferred from observations if the observed X-ray flux is assumed to be incident onto only the inner surface of the disk.
Measurements of Martin Black at about 10 microns

The BRDF values of several samples of Martin Black have been measured at 10.6 microns and several angles of incidence. The values are in good agreement with data taken recently on an identical sample with a different instrument and with data from an identical sample taken several years ago with a similar instrument.
Pediatric cataract: challenges and future directions

Cataract is a significant cause of visual disability in the pediatric population worldwide and can significantly impact the neurobiological development of a child. Early diagnosis and prompt surgical intervention is critical to prevent irreversible amblyopia. Thorough ocular evaluation, including the onset, duration, and morphology of a cataract, is essential to determine the timing for surgical intervention. Detailed assessment of the general health of the child, preferably in conjunction with a pediatrician, is helpful to rule out any associated systemic condition. Although pediatric cataracts have a diverse etiology, with the majority being idiopathic, genetic counseling and molecular testing should be undertaken with the help of a genetic counselor and/or geneticist in cases of hereditary cataracts. Advancement in surgical techniques and methods of optical rehabilitation has substantially improved the functional and anatomic outcomes of pediatric cataract surgeries in recent years. However, the phenomenon of refractive growth and the process of emmetropization have continued to puzzle pediatric ophthalmologists and highlight the need for future prospective studies. Posterior capsule opacification and secondary glaucoma are still the major postoperative complications necessitating long-term surveillance in children undergoing cataract surgery early in life. Successful management of pediatric cataracts depends on individualized care and experienced teamwork. We reviewed the etiology, preoperative evaluation including biometry, choice of intraocular lens, surgical techniques, and recent developments in the field of childhood cataract.
Further studies on the origins of asymmetric charge partitioning in protein homodimers

Dissociation of gas-phase protonated protein dimers into their constituent monomers can result in either symmetric or asymmetric charge partitioning. Dissociation of α-lactalbumin homodimers with 15+ charges results in a symmetric, but broad, distribution of protein monomers with charge states centered around 8+/7+. In contrast, dissociation of the 15+ heterodimer consisting of one molecule in the oxidized form and one in the reduced form results in highly asymmetric charge partitioning in which the reduced species carries away predominantly 11+ charges, and the oxidized molecule carries away 4+ charges. This result cannot be adequately explained by differential charging occurring either in solution or in the electrospray process, but appears to be best explained by the reduced species unfolding upon activation in the gas phase with subsequent separation and proton transfer to the unfolding species in the dissociation complex to minimize Coulomb repulsion. For dimers of cytochrome c formed directly from solution, the 17+ charge state undergoes symmetric charge partitioning whereas dissociation of the 13+ is asymmetric. Reduction of the charge state of dimers with 17+ charges to 13+ via gas-phase proton transfer and subsequent dissociation of the mass selected 13+ ions results in a symmetric charge partitioning. This result clearly shows that the structure of the dimer ions with 13+ charges depends on the method of ion formation and that the structural difference is responsible for the symmetric versus asymmetric charge partitioning observed. This indicates that the asymmetry observed when these ions are formed directly from solution must come about due either to differences in the monomer conformations in the dimer that exist in solution or that occur during the electrospray ionization process. These results provide additional evidence for the origin of charge asymmetry that occurs in the dissociation of multiply charged protein complexes and indicate that some solution-phase information can be obtained from these gas-phase dissociation experiments.
Whither the Weather Analysis and Forecasting Process

Abstract An argument is made that if human forecasters are to continue to maintain a skill advantage over steadily improving model and guidance forecasts, then ways have to be found to prevent the deterioration of forecaster skills through disuse. The argument is extended to suggest that the absence of real-time, high quality mesoscale surface analyses is a significant roadblock to forecaster ability to detect, track, diagnose, and predict important mesoscale circulation features associated with a rich variety of weather of interest to the general public.
Vocal cord dysfunction mimicking a severe asthma attack

Vocal cord dysfunction is a rare type of airway obstruction that may mimic an acute asthma attack. We present a case of a patient who arrived in the Emergency Department (ED) in acute respiratory distress, with a history of severe asthma requiring previous intubation, who was diagnosed with vocal cord dysfunction by bronchoscopy in the ED.
Diversity surfaces and species wave fronts in a soil microarthropod assemblage: Adding the dimension of time

Summary As a general rule, animal species of intermediate size within a given taxonomic group are most abundant in nature. It is not known if these patterns occur in small-bodied taxa, such as soil microarthropods, or how these patterns change through time. Here I show that Oribatida (Acari), the most abundant and diverse arthropod fauna of coniferous forest soils, exhibit this pattern. However, the pattern is more complex than reported for other arthropods. I analyzed the total species surface comprising 6613 individuals and 54 species by forest stand. The underlying pattern consists of 15-year stands and 30-year stands forming two distinct and separated maxima. These results suggest that assemblage patterns form early in the development of ecological communities, and that these patterns appear within the soil assemblage as waves propagating in species–abundance–body size space during forest development. These results also support the assertion that undescribed species will likely be of intermediate size within a group. This analysis contributes to investigations of biodiversity and body size relationships by adding the temporal dimension. Potential applications are in disturbance and indicator studies or other work where changes in assemblage structure are used as measures of disturbance or as response variables in manipulative studies.
Anomalous supercooling in a binary liquid mixture

The authors have measured the limit of supercooling in a binary mixture of 2-6-lutidine and water an order of magnitude nearer to the critical point than has been possible in previous experiments. This adds to the evidence of enhanced relative supercooling in fluids near the critical point. A recent theoretical prediction of this effect is also reported here.
The Initiator Style Questionnaire: A scale to assess initiator tendency in couples

The tendency of partners in a dyad to initiate or avoid relationship problem discussions has proven to have both theoretical and clinical significance. This tendency is conceptualized here as initiator tendency, which is defined as the propensity to initiate relationship-focused discussions with one’s partner or avoid such discussions. The current paper reports 3 studies summarizing the development of a measure to assess initiator tendency: the Initiator Style Questionnaire (ISQ). The ISQ provides self-report assessments of self and partner’s perceived initiator tendencies. The studies indicate that the 2 parallel 10-item measures exhibit strong unidimensionality, internal consistency, and test–retest reliability, as well as appropriate discriminant validity and good convergent and construct validity. Limitations and applications are discussed.
Building a semantic Web for securing the homeland

Substantial advances in the application of semantic Web technologies arc already occurring in digital library science and among the intelligence communities. Knowledge management for homeland security is one of the most important benefits that will derive from these technologies in the near future. In this article, some of the problems that the semantic Web aims to address, the building blocks that will enable its implementation, and some early efforts in the use of semantic Web technologies for homeland security are reviewed.
Hydrolysis‐induced racemization of amino acids

Acid hydrolysis—induced racemization compromises accurate determination of enantiomeric amino acid compositions. In the present study, the extent of amino acid racemization during a vapor (6 M HCl, 32.5 min, 150±C) and liquid-phase hydrolysis (6 M HCl, 20 h, 110±C) was assessed, and the influence on the accuracy of enantiomer measurements was investigated. The extent of hydrolysis-induced racemization was controlled by the molecular structure of the amino acid polymer and hydrolysis conditions. Vapor-phase hydrolysis showed significantly higher racemization compared to liquid-phase hydrolysis. Without correction, hydrolysis-induced racemization resulted in overestimation of D-enantiomers and could lead to erroneous conclusions about the occurrence of D-enantiomers in natural samples. The range of racemization was determined with proteins and free amino acids, and an averaged racemization value is proposed to account for enantiomer exchange during hydrolysis. In addition, a microwave-assisted vapor-phase hydrolysis is described that allows preparation of 40 samples in about 3 h with very low blanks.
Extensive Cortical Diffusion Restriction in a 50-Year-Old Female with Hyperammonemic Encephalopathy and Status Epilepticus

Comorbid hyperammonemic encephalopathy (HE) and status epilepticus (SE) leading to extensive cortical diffusion restriction (CDR) on MRI have not been previously reported. We describe a patient with HE who subsequently developed provoked SE. Sequential MRIs demonstrated a progressive CDR that involved the entire bilateral supratentorial cortex, thalami, and basal ganglia, resulting in death from cerebral edema and brain herniation. Diffuse CDR is most frequently seen after hypotension or hypoxia, which our patient did not experience. Such findings have also been described in both HE and SE (Milligan et al. (2009), Chatzikonstantinou et al. (2011), U-King-Im et al. (2011), and Bindu et al. (2009)), but not to the extent seen in our patient. Additionally, our patient had distinct radiologic features of both disease processes, suggesting a cumulative effect. The diagnosis of HE and SE in the setting of extensive CDR should not be missed and could lead to improved outcomes for two progressive, malignant, and treatable illnesses that can be easily overlooked.
Quinidine-induced thrombocytopenia

Abstract Gingival bleeding can be induced by many pathologic conditions, such as acute gingivitis, periodontitis, trauma, allergy, metabolic alterations such as vitamin C deficiency, neoplasms, and severe blood dyscrasis, to mention a few. The case presented here illustrates a drug-induced thrombocytopenia accompanied by gingival bleeding. Quinidine is the drug which produced this condition via an antibody-mediated destruction of the platelets.
Prostaglandin Levels in Avian Blood and Reproductive Organs

A radioimmunoassay with a sensitivity of 5 pg/assay tube was established to measure prostaglandins E, F, and A in avian plasma and tissues. Compared to plasma values when no egg is present in the uterus (shell gland), PGE but not PGF or PGA levels were significantly higher in hens in which an egg was present (P<0.001). However, in the various segments of the oviduct as well as in the lung, PGF levels were 2-8 times higher than PGE levels. In the plasma of laying Japanese quail hens, both PGE and PGF (but not PGA) levels were significantly higher than in birds that ceased to lay. Relatively high PGE concentrations were found in turkey hens during the day (855 pg/mi), and these increased significantly in the evening (1310 pg/mI). Prostaglandin levels in the plasma of roosters were generally lower than in hen plasma. Similarly, concentrations in the testes were considerably lower than those found in ovaries. It is suggested that, in the domestic hen, E prostaglandins are involved not only in promoting oviposition (as previously proposed) but also in mobilizing calcium from skeletal stores during the hours of intensive shell formation.
Validation of a new computerized technique for quantitating individual dietary intake: the Nutrition Evaluation Scale System (NESSy) vs the weighed food record

A validation study was conducted in which food intake recorded by research volunteers using a new computerized technique, the Nutrition Evaluation Scale System (NESSy), was compared with food intake obtained from a weighed food record concurrently measured and recorded by metabolic unit dietary staff. Nine women between ages 23 and 35 y resided in the metabolic research unit and recorded their food intake with NESSy for 16 consecutive days. The mean of the differences between NESSy and the manual technique was not significant on a group basis (p less than 0.05) for food energy or any other nutrient. All mean differences were less than 5% and Pearson correlation coefficients ranged from 0.81 to 0.98 (p less than 0.0001), with all but iron, potassium, sodium, and preformed niacin having correlations greater than 0.92. For the majority of the individuals, accuracy within 10% of their actual dietary intake was found for energy and selected nutrients. NESSy is a new computerized approach to dietary intake assessment that yields accurate data on both a group and individual basis.
Hypocaloric feeding in obese women: metabolic effects of medium-chain triglyceride substitution.

Medium-chain (MCT) and long-chain (LCT) triglyceride diets were compared during and after 4 or 12 wk of hypocaloric feeding in obese women to determine the effects on weight loss, ketones, nitrogen balance, and insulin action. After a base-line euglycemic clamp, two groups ingested an 800-kcal/d liquid diet with 30% of calories as LCT (group 1) or 6% of calories as LCT and 24% as MCT (group 2). Rate and amount of weight loss, serum ketones, and N balance were not different between groups. However, the subjects in group 2 (MCT) demonstrated an increase in glucose requirement to maintain euglycemia during the clamp after weight loss (delta 0.18 +/- 0.13 mmol.m-2.min-1) whereas subjects in group 1 (LCT) had a diminished requirement (delta -0.12 +/- 0.10, p = 0.036). Thus, an 800-kcal diet containing 24% of calories as MCT is safe and enhances insulin action but fails to increase the rate or amount of weight loss.
Role of Sodium Citrate in Aqueous Milling of Aluminum Oxide

A study was initiated to identify the mechanism(s) by which chemical additives affect aqueous milling of oxide suspensions. Properties of milled Al2O3 suspensions containing sodium citrate were correlated with ground-powder characteristics. Maximum grinding efficiency was obtained at the sodium citrate concentration which resulted in the maximum (absolute value) zeta potential and the minimum suspension viscosity. The results indicate that sodium citrate indirectly affects comminution by altering the particle arrangements (state of dispersion) in suspension. Fracture strength measurements, determined on porous bulk Al2O3 samples pretreated in distilled water and aqueous sodium citrate solutions, did not support chemomechanical mechanisms.
Intrinsic epileptogenesis of hypothalamic hamartomas in gelastic epilepsy

Hypothalamic hamartomas and gelastic seizures are often associated with cognitive deterioration, behavioral problems, and poor response to anticonvulsant treatment or cortical resections. The origin and pathophysiology of the epileptic attacks are obscure. We investigated 3 patients with this syndrome and frequent gelastic seizures. Ictal single-photon emission computed tomography performed during typical gelastic seizures demonstrated hyperperfusion in the hamartomas, hypothalamic region, and thalamus without cortical or cerebellar hyperperfusion. Electroencephalographic recordings with depth electrodes implanted in the hamartoma demonstrated focal seizure origin from the hamartoma in 1 patient. Electrical stimulation studies reproduced the typical gelastic events. Stereotactic radiofrequency lesioning of the hamartoma resulted in seizure remission without complications 20 months after surgery. The functional imaging findings, electrophysiological data, and results of radiofrequency surgery indicate that epileptic seizures in this syndrome originate and propagate from the hypothalamic hamartoma and adjacent structures.
Outstanding Problems of Presolar Diamond in Meteorites

Diamond is the first mineral type of presolar grains that were isolated from meteorites, yet it is one of the least understood presolar grain types. An isotopically anomalous component Xe‐HL is carried by diamond and is characterized by excesses in both the light, p‐process only isotopes (124 and 126) and the heavy, r‐process only isotopes (134 and 136). These excesses are always correlated although physical settings of these two processes are quite different and there is little reason to always correlate each other. Furthermore, the r‐process Xe and the p‐process Xe in diamond inferred from Xe‐HL are quite different from what is derived from the solar system abundance as well as stellar models. Further studies are needed to investigate these outstanding problems for over three decades.
Regression-based modeling of market option prices: with application to S&P500 options

This paper presents a simple empirical approach to modeling and forecasting market option prices using localized option regressions (LOR). LOR projects market option prices over localized regions of their state space and is robust to assumptions regarding the underlying asset dynamics (e.g. log-normality) and volatility structure. Our empirical study using 3 years of daily S&P500 options shows that LOR yields smaller out-of-sample pricing errors (e.g. 32% 1-day-out) relative to an efficient benchmark from the literature and produces option prices free of the volatility smile. In addition to being an efficient and robust option-modeling and valuation tool for large option books, LOR provides a simple-to-implement empirical benchmark for evaluating more complex risk-neutral models. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deglobalization Scenarios: Who Wins? Who Loses?

The process of globalization is being harshly criticized for a variety of reasons, but mostly because the income of large and/or vocal segments of the population of this and other countries is thre...
A Gravitational Model of Crime Flows in Normal, Illinois: 2004-2012

This study intends to use these past contributions as a framework for a gravity model of crime in the Town of Normal, Illinois from the years 2004 to 2012. Following Smith (1976), Elffers et al. (2008), and Walker (2009), data has been gathered from the local police department and includes a variety of violent crime and property crime. Following Elffers et al.’s (2008) analysis, geographical area and a measure of the residential housing stock will be used as control variables; similarly to the approach followed by Smith (1974), Elffers et al. (2008) and Kahane (2013), the distance between police sub-beats in Normal is approximated by estimating the geographical distance between centroids. Because each of the aforementioned analyses found distance to be a reliable predictor of the concentration of crime across towns and countries, this study expects to establish the same relationship. This article is available in The Park Place Economist: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol22/iss1/10
Atypical Adenomatous Hyperplasia of the Prostate: A Premalignant Lesion?

To better understand genetic alterations in atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) of the prostate, we examined the prevalence of allelic imbalance at 5 microsatellite polymorphic markers on chromosomes 7q31-35, 8p12-21, 8p22, 8q22.2, and 18q12.2 from 15 patients with AAH. DNA samples were obtained from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections using tissue microdissection. We found allelic imbalance in 7 of 15 (47%) cases of AAH. Genetic changes that commonly occur in early prostatic carcinogenesis and prostate carcinoma are found in AAH. Current data provide evidence of a genetic link between some cases of AAH and carcinoma.
Fibrinogen α-chain-derived peptide is upregulated in hippocampus of rats exposed to acute morphine injection and spontaneous alternation testing.

Fibrinogen is a secreted glycoprotein that is synthesized in the liver, although recent in situ hybridization data support its expression in the brain. It is involved in blood clotting and is released in the brain upon injury. Here, we report changes in the extracellular levels of fibrinogen α-chain-derived peptides in the brain after injections of saline and morphine. More specifically, in order to assess hippocampus-related working memory, an approach pairing in vivo microdialysis with mass spectrometry was used to characterize extracellular peptide release from the hippocampus of rats in response to saline or morphine injection coupled with a spontaneous alternation task. Two fibrinopeptide A-related peptides derived from the fibrinogen α-chain – fibrinopeptide A (ADTGTTSEFIEAGGDIR) and a fibrinopeptide A-derived peptide (DTGTTSEFIEAGGDIR) – were shown to be consistently elevated in the hippocampal microdialysate. Fibrinopeptide A was significantly upregulated in rats exposed to morphine and spontaneous alternation testing compared with rats exposed to saline and spontaneous alternation testing (P < 0.001), morphine alone (P < 0.01), or saline alone (P < 0.01), respectively. The increase in fibrinopeptide A in rats subjected to morphine and a memory task suggests that a complex interaction between fibrinogen and morphine takes place in the hippocampus.
Infectious diseases in wildlife: the community ecology context

Species diversity can have important effects on disease dynamics. While these effects are often considered with respect to alternate hosts and predators, the influence of diversity may also be seen at the level of the parasite or pathogen. Pathogenic microbes face an array of abiotic and biotic challenges, both within their host and, often, in the external environment. Here, we examine the role of microbial ecology in maintaining health and in contributing to disease. As suggested by some medical scientists and others, we argue that placing pathogens in an ecological context can contribute to our understanding of emerging infectious diseases in natural systems. In addition, we suggest that this view could provide important insights for the conservation of species, including many amphibians, that are threatened by disease outbreaks.
Implementation and Evaluation of a 3D PET Single Scatter Simulation with TOF Modeling

Accurate quantification in TOF listmode PET reconstruction requires proper modeling of the TOF dependence of scatter. We have extended our non-TOF single scatter simulation to provide this information. We have observed excellent agreement with experimental data and an improvement in the uniformity of scatter correction over scaled non-TOF scatter correction. The method is practical in a clinical setting with existing computational resources. It can also provide simplifications to the reconstruction processing pipeline.
Greater Survival After Breast Cancer in Physically Active Women With High Vegetable-Fruit Intake Regardless of Obesity

Purpose Single-variable analyses have associated physical activity, diet, and obesity with survival after breast cancer. This report investigates interactions among these variables. Patients and Methods A prospective study was performed of 1,490 women diagnosed and treated for early-stage breast cancer between 1991 and 2000. Enrollment was an average of 2 years postdiagnosis. Only seven women were lost to follow-up through December 2005. Results In univariate analysis, reduced mortality was weakly associated with higher vegetable-fruit consumption, increased physical activity, and a body mass index that was neither low weight nor obese. In a multivariate Cox model, only the combination of consuming five or more daily servings of vegetables-fruits, and accumulating 540+ metabolic equivalent tasks-min/wk (equivalent to walking 30 minutes 6 d/wk), was associated with a significant survival advantage (hazard ratio, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.31 to 0.98). The approximate 50% reduction in risk associated with these health...
Examining conservation attitudes, perspectives, and challenges in India

Biodiversity conservation issues are often contentious and complex. Polarized debates on the effectiveness of protected areas and role of people inside them, charismatic species as conservation foci, and on specific policy initiatives are common among Indian and global conservationists. We surveyed Indian conservationists about the conservation effectiveness of protected areas and charismatic species, as well as status of conservation and research efforts. We expected differences among people based on professional affiliation, and educational background. We examined participants' opinions on conservation policies like Project Tiger and Elephant, the Forest Rights Act, and the Tiger Task Force Report. Participants ranked Indian research efforts as average, and identified a bias towards terrestrial species and ecosystems. Ninety-percent of participants considered reserves to be effective, many (61%) participants felt that the situation of people living inside reserves is unsustainable, and many (76%) felt the use of force to protect reserves from illegal human activities is acceptable. Classification and regression tree models for these questions suggested that non-academics were more likely than academics to agree with these positions. On the success of Project Tiger and Elephant, older participants were more likely to think these initiatives were a success. Many (63%) participants felt the Forest Rights Act needed revision, particularly if they had doctoral degrees. Sixty-two percent of participants did not think Tiger Task Force was effective. Overall, participants' professional affiliation, age, and academic degree were important predictors of participants attitudes towards conservation initiatives.
Subthreshold MOS dynamic translinear neural and synaptic conductance

Recent advances in neuromorphic engineering for brain-like computing and neural prostheses are converging towards realization of electronic synaptic arrays approaching the integration density and energy efficiency of the human brain. A major impediment in this development is practical realization of complex conductance-based models of biophysical neural and synaptic dynamics in nanoscale electronics. Here we present such highly compact and low-power realizations, where each conductance is implemented using a single MOS transistor operating in subthreshold. Three alternative realizations are shown, implementing log-domain transformations of the conductance-based dynamics using translinear current scaling, capacitance scaling, and voltage scaling. Transistor level simulations validate the linearity of single transistor neural and synaptic conductance-capacitance dynamics in a 90nm CMOS process.
Smoothness without smoothing: why Gaussian naive Bayes is not naive for multi-subject searchlight studies.

Spatial smoothness is helpful when averaging fMRI signals across multiple subjects, as it allows different subjects' corresponding brain areas to be pooled together even if they are slightly misaligned. However, smoothing is usually not applied when performing multivoxel pattern-based analyses (MVPA), as it runs the risk of blurring away the information that fine-grained spatial patterns contain. It would therefore be desirable, if possible, to carry out pattern-based analyses which take unsmoothed data as their input but which produce smooth images as output. We show here that the Gaussian Naive Bayes (GNB) classifier does precisely this, when it is used in “searchlight” pattern-based analyses. We explain why this occurs, and illustrate the effect in real fMRI data. Moreover, we show that analyses using GNBs produce results at the multi-subject level which are statistically robust, neurally plausible, and which replicate across two independent data sets. By contrast, SVM classifiers applied to the same data do not generate a replication, even if the SVM-derived searchlight maps have smoothing applied to them. An additional advantage of GNB classifiers for searchlight analyses is that they are orders of magnitude faster to compute than more complex alternatives such as SVMs. Collectively, these results suggest that Gaussian Naive Bayes classifiers may be a highly non-naive choice for multi-subject pattern-based fMRI studies.
Towards linear interferometric intensity modulator for photonic ADCs using an injection locked AlInGaAs quantum well Fabry-Pérot laser

A monolithic AlInGaAs quantum well Fabry-Perot laser injection locked to a passively mode-locked monolithic laser is presented here. The FP laser cavity can be used as a true linear interferometric intensity modulator for pulsed light.
What Is a Better Predictor of Work-Family Conflict in India? – Gender or Gender Role Ideology

This study investigated the relationship between gender, gender role ideology (GRI) and work-family conflict (WF conflict), both work-to-family (WFC) and family-to-work (FWC) conflict, on a sample of a total of 405 working men and women from two cities – Mumbai and Bengaluru – in India. Hypotheses embedded within the cultural and contextual reality of India and supported by gender role theory were tested using moderated regression analyses for the dependent variables of WFC and FWC. Although some significant differences in conflict of men and women were observed, the results broadly did not support ‘gender role’ explanations for conflict. There was no significant difference in the levels of WFC between men and women, but FWC was significantly higher for women instead of men as hypothesized. As regards gender role ideology, ‘traditionals’ experienced more of WFC and FWC than ‘egalitarians’. With regard to interaction effects, women ‘traditionals’ experienced higher FWC than women and men ‘egalitarians’ and men ‘traditionals’. The results of the study are discussed with reference to the Indian context.
A Coupled Air–Sea Mesoscale Model: Experiments in Atmospheric Sensitivity to Marine Roughness

A coupled air‐sea numerical model comprising a mesoscale atmospheric model, a marine circulation model, and a surface wave model is presented. The coupled model is tested through simulations of an event of frontal passage through the Lake Erie region. Experiments investigate the effects of different sea surface roughness parameterizations on the atmospheric simulations. The coupled system’s components are the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University‐National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5), the Princeton Numerical Ocean Model (POM), and the GLERL‐ Donelan Wave Model (GDM). The finest of the MM5’s three nested grids covers Lake Erie, on which the POM and GDM operate. The MM5 provides surface heat and momentum fluxes to the POM, and the POM returns lake surface temperatures to the MM5. The MM5 provides 10-m winds to the GDM, and the GDM returns sea state information to the MM5. The MM5 uses this sea state information in calculating overwater roughness lengths (z 0’s). Experiments varying the MM5’s roughness parameterization over Lake Erie are performed, resulting in a broad range of z 0’s. It is found that wave model coupling can significantly increase overwater roughnesses in the MM5, leading to increased surface heat and moisture fluxes and to changes in PBL characteristics. The impacts on the atmosphere from marine model coupling can appear far downstream of the coupled zones. The accuracy of the mesoscale atmospheric simulation appears sensitive to the assumptions behind the marine roughness parameterizations used. The results suggest that, for consistent forecast improvement, marine roughness parameterizations should account for wave age. In addition, it is found that accounting for wave movement in an air‐sea coupling scheme can be a significant factor in the calculation of surface stresses and, with them, surface heat fluxes over marine areas. Thus, the approach with which a coupling scheme implements sea-statedependent roughness parameterizations can be as influential as the parameterizations themselves.
The Power of Imagination: Constructing Innovative Classrooms Through a Cultural-Historical Approach to Creative Education

All children have a need for and a right to educational programs that foster their creative ingenuity. This article presents a cultural-historical approach to creative education (CHACE) to cultivate K-5 students’ higher order thinking, critical inquiries, and imaginative proficiencies. The text illustrates the application of Vygotskian theory in elementary, bilingual classrooms where interdisciplinary, collaborative, and apprentice initiatives in the arts, humanities, and sciences facilitate the acquisition of literacy, numeracy, and content knowledge. Relationship, affect, and cognitive pluralism are discussed as theoretical cornerstones in a system of activities to nurture children’s novel interpretations, enhanced understandings, imaginative problem solving, critical innovations, and artistic creations within a supportive teaching-learning community
Variable Venting Valve for Earmolds

The frequency response and loudness reduction characteristics of earmolds with variable venting valves (VVV) were investigated. Both side-branch and laterally vented earmolds were employed. Sound pressures were measured at 44 frequencies from 100 to 4 000 HZ in a modified HA-2 coupler with the VVV in four stages of opening: closed; 1/3 open; 2/3 open and 3/3 open. The effect of venting is primarily in the low frequencies. Little or no reduction in intensity is observed in the 'speech frequency' range and a modest amount is noted in the higher frequencies. The side-branch vented earmolds were more effective than the laterally vented earmolds. Calculated loudness reductions in phons were small. The effectiveness of the VVV, whether assessed by the frequency response or loudness reduction characteristics, is achieved within the first 1/3 of opening: further opening has little effect. The utility of the VVV, especially to the geriatric hearing aid user, is questionable.
Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves and Down-Hole Tests in the Archeological “Palatine Hill” Area (Rome, Italy): Evaluation and Influence of 2D Effects on the Shear Wave Velocity

A joint analysis of down-hole (DH) and multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) measurements offers a complete evaluation of shear wave velocity profiles, especially for sites where a strong lateral variability is expected, such as archeological sites. In this complex stratigraphic setting, the high “subsoil anisotropy” (i.e., sharp lithological changes due to the presence of anthropogenic backfill deposits and/or buried man-made structures) implies a different role for DH and MASW tests. This paper discusses some results of a broad experimental program conducted on the Palatine Hill, one of the most ancient areas of the city of Rome (Italy). The experiments were part of a project on seismic microzoning and consisted of 20 MASW and 11 DH tests. The main objective of this study was to examine the difficulties related to the interpretation of the DH and MASW tests and the reliability limits inherent in the application of the noninvasive method in complex stratigraphic settings. As is well known, DH tests provide good determinations of shear wave velocities (Vs) for different lithologies and man-made materials, whereas MASW tests provide average values for the subsoil volume investigated. The data obtained from each method with blind tests were compared and were correlated to site-specific subsurface conditions, including lateral variability. Differences between punctual (DH) and global (MASW) Vs measurements are discussed, quantifying the errors by synthetic comparison and by site response analyses. This study demonstrates that, for archeological sites, VS profiles obtained from the DH and MASW methods differ by more than 15 %. However, the local site effect showed comparable results in terms of natural frequencies, whereas the resolution of the inverted shear wave velocity was influenced by the fundamental mode of propagation.
An Examination of Parameters Affecting Large Eddy Simulations of a Square Cylinder

Separated flow over a bluff body is analyzed via large eddy simulations. The turbulent flow around a square cylinder features a variety of complex flow phenomena such as highly unsteady vortical structures, reverse flow in the near wall region, and wake turbulence. The formation of spanwise vortices is often times artificially suppressed in computations by either insufficient depth or a coarse spanwise resolution. As the resolution is refined and the domain extended, the artificial turbulent energy exchange between spanwise and streamwise turbulence is eliminated within the wake region. A parametric study is performed highlighting the effects of spanwise vortices where the spanwise computational domain’s resolution and depth are varied. For Re=22,000, the mean and turbulent statistics computed from the numerical large eddy simulations (NLES) are in good agreement with experimental data. Von-Karman shedding is observed in the wake of the cylinder. Mesh independence is illustrated by comparing a mesh resolution of 2 million to 16 million. Sensitivities to time stepping were minimized and sampling frequency sensitivities were nonpresent. While increasing the spanwise depth and resolution can be costly, this practice was found to be necessary to eliminating the artificial turbulent energy exchange.
Adaptive Control For Time Delay Systems Applied To Flight Control

This paper presents an application of the Adaptive Posicast Controller (APC) to ight control. The APC is an adaptive controller with explicit delay compensation built upon the ideas of the classical Smith Predictor, nite spectrum assignment (FSA) and adaptive control. Simulation results are reported where APC is applied to control the longitudinal dynamics of a jet transport aircraft. These results demonstrate improved performance compared to conventional model reference adaptive controller (MRAC) and eective handling of time delays and uncertainties.
Expanding the Psychological Wellness Threshold for Black College Women: An Examination of the Claiming Your Connections Intervention.

Objectives:This study investigated the effectiveness of a culturally congruent group intervention program entitled “Claiming Your Connections (CYC)” aimed at reducing stress and enhancing psychosoc...
The Foundation and Achievement of the Teaching System of the Information Search Base on Network

The modern teaching system are one of important measures which ensure that the teaching quality incessantly improved.Based on the theoretics of the culture object and curricula structure of the information search,the author makes a systematic exposition and analysis in aspects of the process of organize teaching in new environment,finally further realize a real time,network,and modern information search teaching system through making use of the advanced network technology.
Research on the Applicable Technology for Elimination of Water-bursting and Mud-bursting Risks in Construction of Complicated Karst Tunnel

Research purposes: Yichang-Wanzhou Railway passes through the typical carbonate rock area in west Hubei Province and the total length of karst tunnels is up to 75% of the total railway track length.When the tunnel passes through the soluble rock stratum with lime rock and dolomite rock,the large or extreme large water-bursting and mud-bursting maybe happen because the formation reasons for the rock stratum are very complicated.The water-bursting and mud-bursting can cause huge hazards to construction of tunnel.The large or extreme large accident maybe happen if there is any carelessness in construction.At present,there are no risk control measures for the water-bursting and mud-bursting stipulated in the relative codes for railway tunnel construction and supervision and there is no example to be followed.So it is very urgent to do the research on the applicable technology for eliminating the water-bursting and mud-bursting risks to ensure the tunnel construction safety and establish harmonious railway. Research conclusions: Through application of risk management for construction of risk tunnel on Yichang-Wanzhou Railway,this paper summarizes the key technologies for eliminating water-bursting and mud-bursting risks in construction of karst tunnel.The application shows these technologies are available and have the significance to the risk control of constructing the similar tunnel.
Genome-Based Drug Design

A critical factor in the design of effective drugs is the specificity of the drug/target interaction. In the case of genome-based drug design, the double helical structure of DNA provides three binding mode opportunities for potential ligands. These are (1) binding in the major groove, (2) binding in the minor groove, and (3) intercalation between nucleotide bases. The naturally occurring compounds, netropsin and distamycin, along with their synthetic derivatives, the lexitropsins, bind in the minor groove of duplex DNA. Netropsin and distamycin specifically bind to A/T-rich sequences, whereas lexitropsins may be designed to bind A/T- or G/G-rich segments. Netropsin forms a 1:1 drug:DNA complex, whereas distamycin may form either 1:1 or 2:1 drug:DNA complexes. Both netropsin and distamycin also bind to G-quadruplex DNA. A single netropsin binds to each of the four quadruplex grooves, resulting in a 4:1 netropsin:quadruplex DNA complex. Distamycin dimers bind to one quadruplex groove forming a 2:1 complex or to opposite grooves resulting in a 4:1 complex. Depending on the nucleotide sequence of the G-quadruplex structure, distamycin dimers may bind to the terminal planes of the quadruplex, also resulting in a 4:1 distamycin:quadruplex structure. Typically, lexitropsins are designed to fit into the minor groove as overlapping molecular dimers or as hairpin structures. Hairpin lexitropsins fold onto themselves; as a result, their binding in the minor groove resembles that of dimeric molecules. Since the fundamental DNA sequence reading feature of netropsin, distamycin, and the lexitropsins is the hydrophobic interaction of their pyrrole/imidazole rings with nearby nucleotide bases, strategies to enhance and extend this interaction have been critical in the design of new minor groove recognizing compounds.