cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of thermal conductivity and thermal boundary conductance sensitivities in continuous-wave and ultrashort-pulsed thermoreflectance analyses.

Thermoreflectance techniques are powerful tools for measuring thermophysical properties of thin film systems, such as thermal conductivity, Λ, of individual layers, or thermal boundary conductance across thin film interfaces (G). Thermoreflectance pump–probe experiments monitor the thermoreflectance change on the surface of a sample, which is related to the thermal properties in the sample of interest. Thermoreflectance setups have been designed with both continuous wave (cw) and pulsed laser systems. In cw systems, the phase of the heating event is monitored, and its response to the heating modulation frequency is related to the thermophysical properties; this technique is commonly termed a phase sensitive thermoreflectance (PSTR) technique. In pulsed laser systems, pump and probe pulses are temporally delayed relative to each other, and the decay in the thermoreflectance signal in response to the heating event is related to the thermophysical properties; this technique is commonly termed a transient thermoreflectance (TTR) technique. In this work, mathematical models are presented to be used with PSTR and TTR techniques to determine the Λ and G of thin films on substrate structures. The sensitivities of the models to various thermal and sample parameters are discussed, and the advantages and disadvantages of each technique are elucidated from the results of the model analyses.
Expanding Horizons of Risk in Criminology

Few topics in the social sciences have witnessed as dramatic an increase in scholarly attention over the past two decades as the topic of risk. In this essay we examine sociological approaches to risk in criminological research and theory. After briefly describing the concept of risk in classical and neoclassical criminology, we turn our attention to three emerging social science perspectives on risk, those associated with the scholarship on risk society, edgework, and governmentality. We examine the new directions that these emerging ``risk paradigms'' open for criminological theory and research, including new perspectives on the motivation for criminal risk-taking, the organization of policing and criminal justice systems, and public and political responses to crime. We conclude by reviewing critiques of the scholarship associated with the new risk paradigms and by suggesting promising future directions for criminological research seeking to advance these perspectives.
Levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) versus methadone: treatment retention and opiate use

Aims To compare the effects of levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) and methadone maintenance (MM) on treatment retention and abstinence from opiate use. Design A two-group experimental design with patients randomly assigned (2 : 1 LAAM : MM) to receive LAAM (three doses per week) or methadone (daily dosing).
Newburgh-Kingston caries-fluorine study. VIII. Combined clinical and roentgenographic dental findings after eight years of fluoride experience.

vestibular surfaces of the mandibular teeth and the lingual surfaces of the maxillary teeth in every phase of the problem of occlusion was apparent. Occlusion is not a matter of “occlusal” surface occluding with “occlusal” surface only. The investigation uncovered four sig­ nificant phenomena which govern the change of occlusal surfaces due to wear. Two of these phenomena, separately or together, characterize the syndrome of traumatic occlusion of wear. The other two are compensatory and when occur­ ring adequately, prevent the develop­ ment of traumatic occlusion. The nature of normal and traumatic occlusion was explored. The light thrown on the basic nature of traumatic occlu­ sion led to an exploration of the phe­ nomenon of bruxism. The theory of occlusion as a constantly changing condition because of wear of­ fered a reasonable explanation for pre­ vious anthropological findings and was compatible with the histology of the teeth. The observations suggest an approach to the problem of occlusion that is much at variance with the predominant con­ cepts of the past century. 652 Stimson Building
On calculating forces from the flow field with application to experimental volume data

The use of flow field information to compute the fluid dynamic force on a body is investigated with specific application to experimental volumetric measurements. The calculation method used avoids the explicit evaluation of the pressure on the boundaries. It is shown that errors in the data introduce an artificial dependence of the calculations on the position origin, and also that these errors are amplified by the position vector. A statistical description of the calculation variation associated with origin dependence is presented. A method is developed that objectively determines an origin which reduces the effect of the amplified error. The method utilises mathematical identities which relate the measurements to the main sources of error in a physically meaningful way, and is also found to be effective for changes of the external and internal boundaries of the fluid.
Leadership style and incentives

We study the relationship between a firm's environment and its optimal leadership style. We use a model in which contracts between the firm and managers are incomplete so that providing incentives to subordinates is not straightforward. Leadership style, whether based on organizational culture or on the personality of the leader, then affects the incentive contracts that can be offered to subordinates. We show that leaders who empathize with their employees adopt a participatory style and that shareholders gain from appointing such leaders when the firm has the potential for exploiting numerous innovative ideas. By contrast, when the environment is poor in new ideas, shareholders benefit from hiring a more selfish i.e., more profit maximizing leader whose style is more autocratic.
USDA Food and Nutrient Databases Provide the Infrastructure for Food and Nutrition Research, Policy, and Practice

The USDA food and nutrient databases provide the basic infrastructure for food and nutrition research, nutrition monitoring, policy, and dietary practice. They have had a long history that goes back to 1892 and are unique, as they are the only databases available in the public domain that perform these functions. There are 4 major food and nutrient databases released by the Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center (BHNRC), part of the USDA's Agricultural Research Service. These include the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, the Dietary Supplement Ingredient Database, the Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies, and the USDA Food Patterns Equivalents Database. The users of the databases are diverse and include federal agencies, the food industry, health professionals, restaurants, software application developers, academia and research organizations, international organizations, and foreign governments, among others. Many of these users have partnered with BHNRC to leverage funds and/or scientific expertise to work toward common goals. The use of the databases has increased tremendously in the past few years, especially the breadth of uses. These new uses of the data are bound to increase with the increased availability of technology and public health emphasis on diet-related measures such as sodium and energy reduction. Hence, continued improvement of the databases is important, so that they can better address these challenges and provide reliable and accurate data.
Pinpointing data locality bottlenecks with low overhead

A wide gap exists between the speed of modern processors and memory subsystems. As a result, long latencies associated with fetching data from memory often significantly degrade execution performance. To aid with program tuning, application developers need tools to analyze memory access patterns and guide them how to reuse data in the fastest levels of a system's memory hierarchy. In this paper, we describe a novel, efficient, and effective tool for data locality measurement and analysis. Unlike other tools, our tool uses both statistical PMU sampling to quantify the cost of data locality bottlenecks and cache simulation to compute reuse distance to diagnose the causes of locality problems. This approach enables us to collect rich information to provide insight into a program's data locality problems. Our tool attributes quantitative measurements of observed memory latency to program variables and dynamically allocated data, as well as code. Our tool identifies data touched by reuse pairs and the accesses involved, identified with their full calling context. Finally, our tool employs both sampling and parallelization to accelerate the computation of representative reuse distance information. Experiments show that with an overhead of only about 13%, our tool provides detailed insights that enabled us to make non-trivial improvements to memory-bound HPC benchmarks.
Fault-tolerant clock synchronization for distributed systems using continuous synchronization messages

We present a probabilistic synchronization algorithm which sends periodic synchronization messages, instead of periodic bursts of synchronization messages as other algorithms do. Our "continuous" approach therefore avoids the burst network loads of other algorithms. Nodes always have current estimates of other nodes' clocks, allowing them to monitor the state of system synchronization, and adjust their clocks as needed. The algorithm is fault-tolerant, and may be easily adapted to a wide variety of systems and networks. We analyze and simulate the algorithm's performance on a 64-node hypercube, and show that the algorithm provides tight synchronization while imposing only a light load on the network. >
STATUS CHARACTERISTICS AMONG OLDER INDIVIDUALS: The Diminished Significance of Gender

Previous theory and experimental research suggest that gender operates as a status characteristic in social interaction. Here I test an alternative hypothesis based on evolutionary psychology that gender may not work as a status characteristic when individuals are older (aged over 50). In an experimental study, pairs of subjects (young men with young women, older men with older women) were asked to make a series of decisions about a gender-neutral, perceptual task with input from their partners. I find that while gender operated as a status characteristic for younger individuals, it did not operate as a status characteristic for older individuals. In addition, older individuals were more resistant to influence on average than younger individuals.
Acute whole-body cooling for exercise-induced hyperthermia: a systematic review.

Abstract Objective: To assess existing original research addressing the efficiency of whole-body cooling modalities in the treatment of exertional hyperthermia. Data Sources: During April 2007, we ...
Classification of Cognitive Load from Speech using an i-vector Framework

The goal in this work is to automatically classify speakers’ level of cognitive load (low, medium, high) from a standard battery of reading tasks requiring varying levels of working memory. This is a challenging machine learning problem because of the inherent difficulty in defining/measuring cognitive load and due to intra-/inter-speaker differences in how their effects are manifested in behavioral cues. We experimented with a number of static and dynamic features extracted directly from the audio signal (prosodic, spectral, voice quality) and from automatic speech recognition hypotheses (lexical information, speaking rate). Our approach to classification addressed the wide variability and heterogeneity through speaker normalization and by adopting an i-vector framework that affords a systematic way to factorize the multiple sources of variability. Index Terms: computational paralinguistics, behavioral signal processing (BSP), prosody, ASR, i-vector, cognitive load
Activation of NMDA receptors in rat dentate gyrus granule cells by spontaneous and evoked transmitter release.

Activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors by synaptically released glutamate in the nervous system is usually studied using evoked events mediated by a complex mixture of AMPA, kainate, a...
The Role of Continental Scientific Drilling in Studies of Earthquakes, Crustal Deformation, and Lithospheric Dynamics

Reduction of the devastating consequences of earthquakes is an important objective of geologists and geophysicists around the world. The occurrence of great earthquakes along major plate boundaries is well known, both within subduction zones (e.g., beneath Japan, Alaska, South America, etc.) and along major transform faults (e.g., the San Andreas fault, the Anatolian fault, Managua fault,etc.). Since the confirmation of the tectonic plate hypothesis and establishment of effective Scismic networks around the world, there has been tremendous progress in our understanding of plate boundary earthquakes. Yet despite what we have learned, we do not adequately understand the long-term process of strain accumulation and release to accurately assess long-term Scismic hazard, we do not know the basic physical conditions required for earthquake occurrence, and we do not have verified physical models for short-term precursory phenomena prior to large earthquakes.
Osteogenic Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells: Advancements and Future Directions for Bone Tissue Engineering

Adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) present a promising cell source for tissue engineering applications. ASCs are attractive due to their abundance and ease of procurement through subcutaneous liposuction and subsequent isolation from lipoaspirates. ASCs are also preferable to more controversial stem cell sources due to ethical considerations and potential for teratoma formation. Recent approaches to promote osteogenesis have incorporated potent agents such as exogenous osteogenic growth factors, substrate-induced differentiation using mechanical properties of scaffolds, and genetic modification using viral vectors, RNAi, and nanotechnology. In this manuscript we review current literature on methods for the differentiation of ASCs for the purpose of improving bone tissue engineering.
Some Reflections on Authority, Corruption, and Punishment: The Social-Psychological Context of Watergate

(1976). Some Reflections on Authority, Corruption, and Punishment: The Social-Psychological Context of Watergate. Psychiatry: Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 303-317.
Specializations of some carotenoid-bearing feathers

Certain of the Eurylaimidae (broadbills) and Cotingidae (cotingas) bear feathers of a violet or deep maroon color that is uncommon in birds. These feathers show a number of peculiarities not found in typical feathers colored by melanins or schemochromes (structural colors). I investigated the external and internal morphology of feathers from broadbills, cotingas, and other families in order to determine details of structure, amount of variation between species, and the possible taxonomic value of these specialized feathers. In a typical feather barb there are rows of barbules present. Cross sections show two layers of cells: a prominent pigmented medulla surrounded by a cortex that usually appears clearer and more or less homogeneous. Desselberger (1930) pointed out that when heavy deposits of lipochromes are present, barbs may be flattened, lack barbules, and be undifferentiated internally. Brush and Seifried (1968) showed a definite correlation between this modified structure and carotenoid deposition in the Gouldian Finch (Poephila gouldiae) and several other species.
An extensive form-based proof of the existence of sequential equilibrium

We argue that an approach that relies solely on the sequential structure of a game would be useful, and provide an alternative proof of the existence of sequential equilibrium.
Effect of Maillard reaction and its products on Shaoxing rice wine

Maillard reaction is a common reaction during food processing and storage.The Shaoxing rice wine was rich in saccharides and amides involved in Maillard reaction.Therefore,Maillard reaction was one of the important reactions during the brewage and storage of Shaoxing rice wine.The principle of Maillard reaction,effect of products on rice wine flavor and influence factors of Maillard reaction in Shaoxing rice wine were introduced and analyzed in this article.
Clinical value of ~1H-MRS in breast disease

Objective To study the 1H-MRS metabolic features of breast diseases and assess the clinical usefulness in distinguishing benign from malignant lesions.Methods Analyze retrospectively the 1H-MRS metabolic features of 57 breast diseases(32 malignant and 25 benign)confirmed by pathology and 12 normal breast.Results Spectroscopy findings were positive in 15 of 32 carcinomas(show increased choline resonance peak at 3.23 ppm,SNR≥2)but negative for all benign lesions and normal breast.Eight cases were(5 malignant and 3 benign)failed(ie,determination of positive or negative of choline could not be made).The mean sensitivity and specificity were 55.6%±7.1% and 100% respectively,mean accuracy was 75.5%±6.1%,and positive predictive value was 100%,the negative predictive value was 64.7%±6.8%.Kappa=0.529±0.104,P=0.0000.05.Conclusion 1H-MRS is useful in distinguishing benign from malignant lesions,but the sensitivity of choline is low owe to many influencing factors now.The clinical value of spectroscopy want to be study further.
Parental Responses to Infants in Intensive Care: The Separation Issue Reevaluated

The literature on mother-infant separation involving healthy newborn infants is discussed, and the validity of extrapolating these findings to high-risk infants is examined. The author suggests that factors other than separation are operative in parental response to the infant at risk, and that the quality of mother-infant interactions is ultimately more important than the early onset of these interactions.
Causes of Third Party Military Intervention in Intrastate Conflicts

Seemingly recent increases in military interventions into states that are embroiled in civil conflicts (Iraq, Yemen, Syria, Afghanistan, etc.) leads to questions of why these actions are unfolding, despite traditional calls for nonintervention. This book statistically tests numerous independent variables on the occurrence of intervention at the cross-national level. In particular, this book focuses three chapters on the hegemonic abilities of the United States as it intervened (or did not) in cases across the Middle East in the Cold War and post-Cold War eras. The U.S. reaction to the crises in Lebanon, Algeria and Libya provide interesting examples for comparison to the cross-national results and complete a mixed methods approach to understanding the causes of third party military interventions in intrastate conflicts.
A Simple Modification to the Mosquito Homogenization Protocol Safely Inactivates West Nile Virus and Allows Virus Detection by the Rapid Analyte Measurement Platform (RAMP®) ASSAY

Abstract We evaluated the ability of the Rapid Analyte Measurement Platform (RAMP®) mosquito-grinding buffer to inactivate West Nile virus (WNV) by subjecting WNV-positive samples ground in RAMP buffer to incubation intervals ranging from 5 min to 60 min. At each time point an aliquot was removed and serially diluted in bovine albumin (BA)-1 cell culture media to stop the inactivation process by RAMP buffer. Each BA-1 sample was tested for viable virus using Vero 6-well cell culture plaque assay and observed for plaques. We observed very limited inactivation of WNV (1–2 log10 plaque-forming units/ml) by RAMP buffer. Concerned for RAMP operators who may be using this assay in low-level biocontainment facilities, we developed an alternate sample homogenization protocol using Triton X-100 detergent that ensures complete WNV inactivation without compromising the performance of the RAMP assay.
Logic characterization vehicle design for yield learning

A comprehensive investigation of new integrated circuit (IC) design and fabrication technologies is crucial for yielding reliable ICs. This work describes the state of a novel test chip design methodology that results in a test chip referred to as the Carnegie Mellon Logic Characterization Vehicle (CM-LCV). Experiments show that the CM-LCV is able to achieve single stuck line fault coverage of up to 99.4% using an optimal, minimal test set.
Persistent stenosis and deformity of the right pulmonary artery after correction of the Waterston anastomosis

Between July, 1975, and July, 1979, 16 patients with cyanotic heart disease and previously constructed ascending aorta-right pulmonary artery (AA-RPA) shunts underwent subsequent operations. Fourteen of the 16 had significant physiological and anatomic problems associated with the shunts. Eight had kinking and preferential flow to the right pulmonary artery (RPA), four had preferential flow without kinking, and two had small pulmonary arteries bilaterally. Various techniques were used to close the RPA after Waterston takedown: direct suture in four, pericardial patch in five, prosthetic patch in four, and conduit in three. Five patients required reoperation 3 months to 3 years after Waterston dismantling because of persistent deformity of the RPA. Four patients had pericardial patch reconstruction of the RPA and one had direct closure of the opening in the RPA when the Waterston shunt was dismantled. All five patients received prosthetic patch enlargement of the RPA either alone or with a conduit. The four surviving patients are doing well 7 to 15 months following repair. Three have been studied angiographically and have been found to have no pulmonary artery deformity.
Transmission Markets, Congestion Management, and Investment

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the development of approaches to create open access to the transmission system and compares these approaches in terms of managing congestion and creating incentives for transmission investment. It discusses the evolution of transmission organizations in the United States. It reviews various approaches that are implemented for transmission organizations in the United States using data from different markets. It also provides an overview of significant regulatory developments related to the Energy Policy Act of 2005. Nearly a decade has passed since the introduction of transmission open access in the United States under Order 888. During this period the electric utility industry has witnessed significant changes in the transmission business with the development of organized markets operated by Regional Transmission Organizations (RTOs), the continued refinement of the open access rules outside the organized markets, and the development of new transmission companies, such as merchant transmission projects and Independent Transmission Companies. Transmission investment has generally lagged generation investment, putting greater emphasis in the United States on the role of price-based congestion management in market design than has occurred elsewhere. However, there is renewed focus on transmission with several initiatives to encourage investment and improve transmission markets. The August 2003 Northeast Blackout also drew attention to transmission operations and served as a catalyst for the development of enforceable reliability standards.
Racial Identity Contestation: Mapping and Measuring Racial Boundaries

Survey based research typically uses a single measure of racial self-classification to study racial inequality and to make group based comparisons. Race, however, is multidimensional; experienced not only in accord with how one self-identifies, but also in relation to how one is perceived racially by others. For example, an individual can self-identify racially as Black, but be perceived by most others as non-Black. We refer to this experience as racial identity contestation. We briefly review the growing set of literature on related topics, detail the divergent approaches to measuring racial identity contestation with survey data, and compare descriptive estimates of racial identity contestation across methodological approaches. Moreover, we seek to cull others into considering the analytic utility of racial identity contestation for research on racial boundaries. We argue that a focus on racial identity contestation can be leveraged as an analytical tool to better understand the topography of ongoing racial projects by mapping social definitions of who is and is not typically perceived as a member of a particular racial group.
Time-delay neural networks and independent component analysis for EEG-based prediction of epileptic seizures propagation

This research focuses on the development of a machine learning technique based on Time-Delay Neural Networks (TDNN) and Independent Component Analysis (ICA), to analyze EEG signal dynamics related to the initiation and propagation of epileptic seizures. We aim at designing a generative model to simulate EEG time-series after alteration of specific localized channels (electrodes) in order to explore the effects of brain surgery ex-vivo.
Fisher's exact test from a Bayes perspective

AbstractFisher's exact test is commonly used to test the null hypothesis H0 of independence or homogeneity in 2 × 2 contingency tables. This paper presents a closed formula for the Bayes factor for testing independence or homogeneity in 2 × 2 contingency tables under a flexible family of spike-and-slab testing priors. Bayes factors are also compared numerically to Fisher's exact p-values for 2 × 2 contingency tables with equal row totals. Numerical results show that a large percentage of tables with 0.01 < p-value ≤ 0.05 have more evidence in favor of H0 than H1 from the Bayesian perspective.
Meeting the Needs of the Community: A Project to Prevent Stroke in Hispanics

The Hispanic population is the fastest growing minority population in the United States. Little research has been done to address the stroke risk in the Hispanic population that has a higher prevalence of diabetes, alcohol use, and physical inactivity. To change behavior and decrease the risk of stroke, a comprehensive program that combines education, risk identification, and follow-up is needed. The purpose of this article is to identify the increased risk factors of stroke in the Hispanic population, identify the barriers to health care, and outline the development of a stroke education and screening program for Hispanics.
Quantitative Phase-Change Thermodynamics and Metastability of Perovskite-Phase Cesium Lead Iodide

The perovskite phase of cesium lead iodide (α-CsPbI3 or “black” phase) possesses favorable optoelectronic properties for photovoltaic applications. However, the stable phase at room temperature is a nonfunctional “yellow” phase (δ-CsPbI3). Black-phase polycrystalline thin films are synthesized above 330 °C and rapidly quenched to room temperature, retaining their phase in a metastable state. Using differential scanning calorimetry, it is shown herein that the metastable state is maintained in the absence of moisture, up to a temperature of 100 °C, and a reversible phase-change enthalpy of 14.2 (±0.5) kJ/mol is observed. The presence of atmospheric moisture hastens the black-to-yellow conversion kinetics without significantly changing the enthalpy of the transition, indicating a catalytic effect, rather than a change in equilibrium due to water adduct formation. These results delineate the conditions for trapping the desired phase and highlight the significant magnitude of the entropic stabilization of thi...
Progress in tandem solar cells based on hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites

Owing to their high efficiency, low-cost solution-processability, and tunable bandgap, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) made of hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite (HOIP) thin films are promising top-cell candidates for integration with bottom-cells based on Si or other low-bandgap solar-cell materials to boost the power conversion efficiency (PCE) beyond the Shockley-Quiesser (S-Q) limit. In this review, recent progress in such tandem solar cells based on the emerging PSCs is summarized and reviewed critically. Notable achievements for different tandem solar cell configurations including mechanically-stacked, optical coupling, and monolithically-integrated with PSCs as top-cells are described in detail. Highly-efficient semitransparent PSC top-cells with high transmittance in near-infrared (NIR) region are critical for tandem solar cells. Different types of transparent electrodes with high transmittance and low sheet-resistance for PSCs are reviewed, which presents a grand challenge for PSCs. The strategies to obtain wide-bandgap PSCs with good photostability are discussed. The PCE reduction due to reflection loss, parasitic absorption, electrical loss, and current mismatch are analyzed to provide better understanding of the performance of PSC-based tandem solar cells.
Characterization of seal whisker morphology: implications for whisker-inspired flow control applications

Seals with beaded whiskers-the majority of true seals (Phocids)-are able to trace even minute disturbance caused by prey fish in the ambient flow using only sensory input from their whiskers. The unique three-dimensional undulating morphology of seal whiskers has been associated with their capability of suppressing vortex-induced vibration and reducing drag. The exceptional hydrodynamic traits of seal whiskers are of great interest in renovating the design of aero-propulsion flow components and high-sensitivity flow sensors. It is essential to have well-documented data of seal whisker morphology with statistically meaningful generalization, as the solid foundation for whisker-inspired flow control applications. However, the available whisker morphology data is either incomplete, with measurements of only a few key parameters, or based on a very limited sample size in case studies. This work characterizes the morphology of 27 beaded seal whiskers (harbor seal and elephant seal), using high-resolution computer-tomography scanning at NASA's Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, OH. Over two thousand cross-sectional slices for every individual whisker sample are reconstructed, to generate three-dimensional morphology. This is followed by detailed statistical analysis of a set of key parameters, under an established framework (Hanke et al 2010 J. Exp. Biol. 213 2665-72). While the length parameters are generally consistent with previous studies, we note that the angle of incidence of elliptical cross-sections varies in a wide range, with a majority falling between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Angles of incidence at both peaks and troughs appear to roughly follow a Gaussian distribution, but no clear preference of orientation is identified. We discuss the current knowledge of whisker-inspired flow studies, focusing on choices of morphology parameters. The new understanding of whisker morphology can better inform future design of high-sensitivity flow sensors and aero-propulsion flow structures.
Estimation of the Percentage of Newly Diagnosed HIV-Positive Persons Linked to HIV Medical Care in CDC-Funded HIV Testing Programs.

Missing data create challenges for determining progress made in linking HIV-positive persons to HIV medical care. Statistical methods are not used to address missing program data on linkage. In 2014, 61 health department jurisdictions were funded by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and submitted data on HIV testing, newly diagnosed HIV-positive persons, and linkage to HIV medical care. Missing or unusable data existed in our data set. A new approach using multiple imputation to address missing linkage data was proposed, and results were compared to the current approach that uses data with complete information. There were 12,472 newly diagnosed HIV-positive persons from CDC-funded HIV testing events in 2014. Using multiple imputation, 94.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): [93.7%, 94.6%]) of newly diagnosed persons were referred to HIV medical care, 88.6% (95% CI: [88.0%, 89.1%]) were linked to care within any time frame, and 83.6% (95% CI: [83.0%, 84.3%]) were linked to care within 90 days. ...
When natural mentors matter: Unraveling the relationship with delinquency

Abstract Research in the field of adolescent delinquency has, for some time now, shown a positive correlation between mentoring relationships and increased social capital, such as self-esteem, education, and employment achievements. Youth who have a mentor are also likely to have lower rates of some measures of problem behaviors. These findings, however, are complicated by factors such as type of mentor and characteristics of the mentoring relationship. In this paper, we use life-course theory and the sociological construct of “mattering” derived from social learning theory, as frameworks for disentangling predictors of delinquency and the role of mentors. Given the usually positive influence of mentors in the lives of youths, especially those considered “at-risk,” we explore the role of natural mentors in the delinquency and dangerousness outcomes of adolescents using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health data (Add Health), waves I-III (N = 10,120). Results show that natural mentors reduce delinquency over time depending upon characteristics of the mentoring relationship. A key finding is that mattering to others is in fact a vital part of the relationship between natural mentors and delinquency outcomes. The implications of these findings are discussed along with suggestions for future research.
Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy of Thyroid Nodules

Cytologic examination of fine needle aspiration (FNA) specimens from thyroid nodules is the key test for the evaluation of thyroid nodules, and the results are critical in the selection of patients with nodules for thyroid surgery. Although needle placement for FNA is traditionally and most commonly guided by nodule palpation alone, the widespread availability of thyroid ultrasonography has made possible a technical refinement of this technique, needle placement under ultrasonographic guidance. Ultrasound-guided FNA is often valuable, and sometimes essential, in obtaining accurate diagnostic material. This chapter reviews the role of ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (UG FNA) in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules.
An Introduction to the System

This chapter presents an introduction to the system. It also presents the notion of the data base and its rules, the logical events that add new rules to the data base, the most commonly used commands, and various issues of general concern such as errors, aborting computations, etc. The system widely known as the Boyer–Moore theorem prover not only includes the theorem proving program but also provides a large number of features having little to do with theorem proving, such as a mechanization of the shell and definition principles, dependency tracking, a compiler for the logic, a run-time environment for executing functions in the logic, and various facilities for keeping track of the evolving data base of rules. The theorem proving system is a mechanical tool for building theories. The user generally constructs his new theory from an old one by adding shell declarations and function definitions and proving theorems about the new concepts. The system is organized as an interactive command interpreter that performs operations on a global data base representing the evolving theory.
Ultraviolet Photodetectors based on GaN and AlGaN

Semiconductor detectors operating in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum would have a multitude of interesting applications, from astronomy and spectroscopy (Joseph 1995) to terrestrial detection of flame and rocket exhaust (Smith et al. 1999) . At altitudes below 20000 ft, absorption by the ozone layer virtually eliminates solar radiation in the spectral region of 240–280 nm. Photodetectors operating in this range, and not responding to solar illumination outside it, would not be limited by background radiation, that is, would be solar-blind. In order to be useful, and to compete with ultraviolet-sensitive photomultipliers, solar-blind photodetectors would have to satisfy a few difficult requirements: 1. high photoresponse in the 240–280 nm range;
Alendronate-induced esophagitis in an elderly woman.

Ingestion of alendronate sodium (Fosamax) had been reported to sometimes cause erosive or ulcerative esophagitis. Despite its widespread use and several case reports describing the clinical and endoscopic presentation, there has been limited discussion on the histologic appearances of the esophagitis caused by the medication. Here we describe one case of an elderly woman who presented with alendronate-induced esophagitis. The histopathologic changes that make this case unique are the large, “bizarre” squamous epithelial cells and scattered dyskaratotic cells, two findings not well described in previous reports. These unique features add to the histologic spectrum of alendronate-induced esophageal injury, and shall help differentiating this type of esophagitis from those with other etiologies.
Reconstructing Terrestrial Paleoenvironments Using Sedimentary Organic Biomarkers

Organic geochemical biomarkers are an increasingly utilized set of tools for reconstructing past terrestrial conditions. These biomarkers can be preserved from all life, representing Archaea, Eukarya, and Bacteria, and are deposited in sediments and soils, and yet they can be separated in the laboratory for analysis of individual compounds from the same sample. Often well preserved in the geologic record, new proxies based on these “molecular fossils” extracted from sedimentary archives have allowed for the reconstruction of a wide array of paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic conditions, including but not limited to past temperature, vegetation, and hydroclimate. This review provides a brief overview of those molecular proxies that might be most applicable for terrestrial environmental conditions.
LeafCutter vs. MAJIQ and comparing software in the fast-moving field of genomics

In a recent publication, Li et al introduced LeafCutter, a new method for detecting and quantifying differential splicing of RNA from RNASeq data. In this work, Li et al first compared LeafCutter to existing methods, then used it for a study of splicing variations and sQTL analysis from a large set of GTEx samples. While the study was elaborate and comprehensive, we want to highlight several issues with the comparative analysis performed by Li et al. We argue these issues created an inaccurate and misleading representation of other tools, namely MAJIQ and rMATS. More broadly, we believe the points we raise regarding the comparative analysis by Li et al are representative of general issues we all, as authors, editors, and reviewers, are faced with and must address in the current times of fast-paced genomics and computational research.
On the Polarization Sensitivity of Antenna Arrays

The manifold of an array with identical antennas is generally assumed to be insensitive to the polarization of the impinging signal. We show that the manifold of such arrays is generally sensitive to signal polarization and that ignoring this may degrade the performance of direction-of-arrival estimation algorithms, especially for closely spaced sources. We develop two measures which indicate the degree to which an array is sensitive to polarization.
Polarization-dependent non-uniform rotation rates of rhombohedral calcite.

We demonstrate the polarization-dependent torque on rhombohedral calcite in an optical trap. Our precipitate technique produces regular crystals approximately 10μm on all edges. The regularity of the crystal shape makes it possible to visually identify the optical axis as well as the orientation of the polarization axes. When a rhombohedral crystal is trapped in an elliptically polarized beam, it orients itself with its optic axis approximately parallel to the beam axis. While in this orientation, the total torque increases and decreases relative to three extraordinary and ordinary axes of the crystal. We measure this axis-dependent calcite rotation through video analysis and model the dependence of the torque on the crystal orientation. The ability to predict the motion of calcite gives an analytical tool for applications such as fluid stirring or “lab on a chip” systems.
The Cahokian Crucible: Burning Ritual and the Emergence of Cahokian Power in the Mississippian Midwest

Much of what is known about the Indigenous city of Cahokia, located in and influential on the North American midcontinent during the eleventh through fourteenth centuries AD, derives from decades of salvage, research, and CRM excavations in the surrounding American Bottom region. We use this robust dataset to explore patterns of building conflagration that suggest these practices of burning were part of pre-Mississippian traditions that were bundled into new Cahokian landscapes during the early consolidation of the city. These bundled practices entangled sources of power that were at once political and religious, thus transforming the practices and meanings associated with terminating building use via fire.
Different Effects of Knockouts in ALDH2 and ACSS2 on Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation

Background Ethanol (EtOH) is a teratogen that causes severe birth defects, but the mechanisms by which EtOH affects stem cell differentiation are unclear. Our goal here is to examine the effects of EtOH and its metabolites, acetaldehyde (AcH) and acetate, on embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation. Methods We designed ESC lines in which aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2, NCBI#11669) and acyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 2 (ACSS2, NCBI#60525) were knocked out by CRISPR-Cas9 technology. We selected these genes because of their key roles in EtOH oxidation in order to dissect the effects of EtOH metabolism on differentiation. Results By using kinetic assays, we confirmed that AcH is primarily oxidized by ALDH2 rather than ALDH1A2. We found increases in mRNAs of differentiation-associated genes (Hoxa1, Cyp26a1, and RARβ2) upon EtOH treatment of WT and Acss2-/- ESCs, but not Aldh2-/- ESCs. The absence of ALDH2 reduced mRNAs of some pluripotency factors (Nanog, Sox2, and Klf4). Treatment of WT ESCs with AcH or 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), another substrate of ALDH2, increased differentiation-associated transcripts compared to levels in untreated cells. mRNAs of genes involved in retinoic acid (RA) synthesis (Stra6 and Rdh10) were also increased by EtOH, AcH, and 4-HNE treatment. Retinoic acid receptor-γ (RARγ) is required for both EtOH- and AcH-mediated increases in Hoxa1 and Stra6, demonstrating the critical role of RA:RARγ signaling in AcH-induced ESC differentiation. Conclusions ACSS2 knockouts showed no changes in differentiation phenotype, while pluripotency-related transcripts were decreased in ALDH2 knockout ESCs. We demonstrate that AcH increases differentiation-associated mRNAs in ESCs via RARγ.
Recurrence of type 1 diabetes following simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation

Abstract Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation (SPKT) is an important option for patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and end-stage renal disease. While most SPKT recipients experience long-term euglycemia, about 5%, return to insulin therapy, 5–20 years after transplantation due to T1D recurrence (T1DR). Over the last two decades, we have assessed autoimmunity in our patients, evaluating T1D-associated autoantibodies (GAD65, IA2, and ZnT8), autoreactive T cells against islet antigens, and pancreas transplant biopsies. Most patients with T1DR demonstrate seroconversion for multiple autoantibodies. Autoreactive memory T cells have been identified in their peripheral blood, pancreas transplant, and peripancreas transplant tissues. Biopsies generally exhibit insulitis, the typical lesion of T1D, affecting pancreatic islets in the pancreas transplant. In addition to membrane surface expression of memory markers, we have identified other biomarkers, including CXCR3, on circulating and infiltrating autoreactive memory T cells. We hope that this work will lead to therapeutic intervention in our patients with T1DR, and that this will translate to effective treatment for T1D.
Harnessing iron-oxide nanoparticles towards the improved bactericidal activity of macrophage against Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been increasingly used in various biomedical applications in preclinical and clinical settings. Although the interactions of IONPs with macrophages have been well-reported in the context of nanoparticle toxicity, harnessing the capacity of IONPs in reprograming macrophages towards bactericidal activity has not been explored. Here, using an in vitro culture model of macrophages and an in vivo mouse model of skin wound infection by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), we demonstrated that IONPs in combination with a strategy to trigger the Fenton reaction could significantly enhance bactericidal effects of macrophages against intracellular S. aureus by inducing a M1 macrophage polarization that stimulates the production of reactive oxygen species. Our study supports that harnessing the characteristic of IONPs to tune macrophage polarization to exhibit a bactericidal activity may provide a new strategy for treating infectious diseases.
Communication in Pediatric Critical Care Units: A Review of the Literature.

Topic Current communication styles in pediatric critical care units do not often consider the needs of providers, patients, or family members. Clinical relevance The Child Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems score has begun real-world testing and soon will be mandatory and tied to reimbursement. Poor communication in pediatric critical care units can lead to reduced continuity of care, escalated or unnecessary care, and poor outcomes for patients and hospitals. Improving communication in pediatric critical care units is imperative. Purpose of paper Extant literature was reviewed to assess communication in pediatric critical care from the provider, parent, and patient perspectives. Communication tools were also reviewed. Content covered Twenty-eight articles met inclusion criteria and were analyzed according to study focus (provider, parent/caregiver, patient, or tool). This review links communication to outcomes related to providers, parents, and patients. Current tools are reviewed to evaluate their effectiveness in addressing communication barriers and to guide future research in communication. Findings indicate that effective communication is challenging in intensive care units despite robust evidence that effective communication improves patient outcomes and quality metrics. Repeated and varied forms of communication, especially written reinforced with verbal communication, seem to have the strongest effect and show promising results. Common barriers nurses face on their units are identified, and solutions are suggested. This review adds to current knowledge by linking communication to measurable outcomes and examining communication barriers and needs specific to pediatric critical care populations from the provider, parent, and patient perspectives.
Carpe Elephants: Seize the Global Heavy Hitters

Detecting "heavy hitter" flows is the core of many network security applications. While past work shows how to measure heavy hitters on a single switch, network operators often need to identify network-wide heavy hitters on a small timescale to react quickly to distributed attacks. Detecting network-wide heavy hitters efficiently requires striking a careful balance between the memory and processing resources required on each switch and the network-wide coordination protocol. We present Carpe, a distributed system for detecting network-wide heavy hitters with high accuracy under communication and state constraints. Our solution combines probabilistic counting techniques on the switches with probabilistic reporting to a central coordinator. Based on these reports, the coordinator adapts the reporting threshold and probability at each switch to the spatial locality of the flows. Simulations using traffic traces show that our prototype can detect network-wide heavy hitters with 97% accuracy, while reducing the communication overhead by 17% and switch state by 38%, compared to existing approaches.