cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Note-taking with computers: Exploring alternative strategies for improved recall.

Three experiments examined note-taking strategies and their relation to recall. In Experiment 1, participants were instructed either to take organized lecture notes or to try and transcribe the lecture, and they either took their notes by hand or typed them into a computer. Those instructed to transcribe the lecture using a computer showed the best recall on immediate tests, and the subsequent experiments focused on note-taking using computers. Experiment 2 showed that taking organized notes produced the best recall on delayed tests. In Experiment 3, however, when participants were given the opportunity to study their notes, those who had tried to transcribe the lecture showed better recall on delayed tests than those who had taken organized notes. Correlational analyses of data from all 3 experiments revealed that for those who took organized notes, working memory predicted note-quantity, which predicted recall on both immediate and delayed tests. For those who tried to transcribe the lecture, in contrast, only note-quantity was a consistent predictor of recall. These results suggest that individuals who have poor working memory (an ability traditionally thought to be important for note-taking) can still take effective notes if they use a note-taking strategy (transcribing using a computer) that can help level the playing field for students of diverse cognitive abilities.
Water usage reduction in a semiconductor fabricator

Semiconductor fabricators use immense amounts of water, a large portion of which is used to produce Ultra Pure Water (UPW) also referred to as DI (Deionized) water. Approximately 1500 gallons of city water are required to produce 1000 gallons of UPW. The cost for generating UPW is approximately $12 per 1000 gallons. Producing the UPW also involves UV lamps, filters, pumps, and recirculating systems that require energy to operate. Approximately 46 kWH can be saved for every 1000 gallons of UPW conserved. This paper describes the methodology and results of a cross-functional team to reduce UPW usage in the Fairchild Mountaintop six inch facility. The team comprised process technicians, process engineers, facility engineers, and equipment vendors. Reduction efforts included rinse sink, process, and supply modifications. The goal was to reduce the DI usage by 2 million gallons within one year. The annual savings as a result of this team's efforts are projected to approach 18 million gallons of DI water or about $214,000.
Variation of five major glucosinolate genes in Brassica rapa in relation to Brassica oleracea and Arabidopsis thaliana

Glucosinolates and their derivatives isothiocyanates are important secondary metabolites in the Brassicacea that has biological activity, such as cancer protecting and biofumigant properties. The putative orthologs of five major genes in the glucosinolate biosynthetic pathway, Bra.GSELONG.a, Bra.GSALK.a, Bra.CYP83B1, Bra.SUR1.a and Bra.ST5.a, were cloned from both cDNA and genomic DNA from different subspecies of Brassica rapa. Interspecies comparative analysis disclosed high conservation of exon number and size for GS-Elong, GS-Alk, GS-CYP83B1 and GS-ST5a among B. rapa, B. oleracea and A. thaliana. Splice site mutations caused the differences observed for exon numbers and sizes in GS-SUR1 among the three species. However, the exonic sequences were highly conserved for this gene. There were not major differences of intronic sizes among the three species for these genes, except for intron 1 for GS-Elong in two subspecies of B. rapa. The cloning of the putative orthologs of all these major genes involved in the glucosinolate biosynthesis pathway of B. rapa and sequence analysis provide a useful base for their genetic manipulation and functional analysis.
iNOS-mediated generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species by biomaterial-adherent neutrophils.

Infection due to implanted cardiovascular biomaterials is a serious complication initiated by bacterial adhesion to the surface of the implant. The release of reactive oxygen species by neutrophils, particularly superoxide anion, is a well-known bactericidal mechanism. Additionally, nitric oxide (NO) has also been identified as an important cytotoxic mediator in acute and chronic inflammatory responses with enhanced NO production by upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The interaction of NO and superoxide anion will result in the formation of peroxynitrite (OONO−), a potent cytotoxic oxidant. In this study, we have shown that biomaterial-induced neutrophil activation does not cause upregulation of iNOS and activation of iNOS-mediated pathways. However, NO and O production does occur over time upon adhesion to a biomaterial and is modulated by biomaterial surface chemistry. With no stimulus, the polyethylene oxide-modified polyurethane induced greater neutrophil activation than did the control as indicated by the increased production of NO and O over time. Adherent-stimulated neutrophils generally produced lower amounts of NO over time in comparison with unstimulated cells. Furthermore, there is no evidence of peroxynitrite activity in unstimulated neutrophils adherent to the Elasthane 80A. However, upon stimulation with adherent Staphylococcus epidermidis, peroxynitrite formation did occur. Our results suggest that bactericidal mechanisms in neutrophils involving NO generation (NOS pathway) are further compromised than O producing pathways (NADPH oxidase) upon exposure to biomaterials, resulting in a diminished microbial killing capacity, which can increase the probability of device-centered infections. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
ASPIRATION-BASED REINFORCEMENT LEARNING IN REPEATED INTERACTION GAMES: AN OVERVIEW

In models of aspiration-based reinforcement learning, agents adapt by comparing payos achieved from actions chosen in the past with an aspiration level. Though such models are well-established in behavioural psychology, only recently have they begun to receive attention in game theory and its applications to economics and politics. This paper provides an informal overview of a range of such theories applied to repeated interaction games. We describe dierent models of aspiration formation: where (1) aspirations are xed but required to be consistent with longrun average payos; (2) aspirations evolve based on past personal experience or of previous generations of players; and (3) aspirations are based on the experience of peers. Convergence to non-Nash outcomes may result in either of these formulations. Indeed, cooperative behaviour can emerge and survive in the long run, even though it may be a strictly dominated strategy in the stage game, and despite the myopic adaptation of stage game strategies. Dierences between reinforcement learning and evolutionary game theory are also discussed.
A Single Disulfide Bond Differentiates Aggregation Pathways of ß2-Microglobulin

Deposition of wild-type s2-microglobulin (s2m) into amyloid fibrils is a complication in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis. The native s-sandwich fold of s2m has a highly conserved disulfide bond linking Cys25 and Cys80. Oxidized s2m forms needle-like amyloid fibrils at pH 2.5 in vitro, whereas reduced s2m, at acid pH, in which the intra-chain disulfide bond is disrupted, cannot form typical fibrils. Instead, reduced s2m forms thinner and more flexible filaments. To uncover the difference in molecular mechanisms underlying the aggregation of the oxidized and reduced s2m, we performed molecular dynamics simulations of s2m oligomerization under oxidized and reduced conditions. We show that, consistent with experimental observations, the oxidized s2m forms domain-swapped dimer, in which the two proteins exchange their N-terminal segments complementing each other. In contrast, both dimers and trimers, formed by reduced s2m, are comprised of parallel s-sheets between monomers and stabilized by the hydrogen bond network along the backbone. The oligomerized monomers are in extended conformations, capable of further aggregation. We find that both reduced and oxidized dimers are thermodynamically less stable than their corresponding monomers, indicating that s2m oligomerization is not accompanied by the formation of a thermodynamically stable dimer. Our studies suggest that the different aggregation pathways of oxidized and reduced s2m are dictated by the formation of distinct precursor oligomeric species that are modulated by Cys25-Cys80 disulfide-bonds. We propose that the propagation of domain swapping is the aggregation mechanism for the oxidized s2m, while “parallel stacking” of partially unfolded s2m is the aggregation mechanism for the reduced s2m.
An Immersed Meshfree Galerkin Approach for Particle-Reinforced Composite Analysis

This paper introduces an immersed meshfree approach within a Galerkin framework for the elastic analysis of particle-reinforced composites. A new meshfree discretization is developed and applied to the composite solids with overlapping sub-domains. Since each sub-domain is discretized independently, the generation of a conforming mesh in the finite element method can be evaded. A meshfree convex approximation is employed to approximate the overlapping sub-domains and to enforce the global Dirichlet boundary conditions. In addition, a point-wise continuity is imposed on displacements of interfacial nodes across the interface. This leads to a nonconforming meshfree Galerkin formulation which can be shown to satisfy an optimal error estimate in the energy and L 2 norms. Two numerical benchmarks are analyzed to study the accuracy and the applicability of the method.
Duties of Care and the Constitution: A Negligence Model of Individual Rights

"Arcane" might well be the adjective most frequently used to describe to law students bodies of law that touch on constitutional interpretation. Individual rights jurisprudence is certainly no exception. In fact, grappling with theories about overarching themes, ideologies, and agendas is perhaps a more daunting challenge to the student of individual rights law than is learning the black letter law itself. Academics often think of this body of law as quite malleable and responsive to the normative views of Justices on the Supreme Court, and theories couched in terms of political agendas and ideological biases are frequently offered to explain the direction in which individual rights jurisprudence is moving.1 None of these explanations, however, contemplates the type of interdisciplinary approach that a negligence model of individual rights law would suggest, and few offer rational explanations for the seemingly incoherent divergences one finds in this area of law. This Note seeks to do both. The source of confusion at its most fundamental level that this Note, or any other individual rights theory, must hurdle is quite simply that the individual rights and liberties defined in the Bill of Rights and subsequent amendments do not mean what they say. As the Supreme Court has put it (at least in the case of the Sixth Amendment), "to read th[e seemingly mandatory] language [of certain amendments] literally, it would require"2 unintended and extreme results.
Abstract 56: The Association Between Early Hyperoxemia and Oxygen Exposure with Development of Pulmonary Dysfunction, Survival and Neurological Outcomes After Cardiac Arrest

Introduction: Prior studies inconsistently report an association between hyperoxemia and worse outcomes after cardiac arrest (CA), but are methodologically limited. We used a high-resolution CA-specific database to control for cumulative early oxygen exposure, disease-specific covariates and care processes to test if rigorous adjustment would eliminate any association between hyperoxemia and outcomes. We also tested if exposure to higher inspired oxygen (FiO2) was associated with development of lung dysfunction. Methods: We included patients surviving and ventilated for >24 hours after ROSC. To test the association between hyperoxemia and outcomes, we categorized PaO2 hourly for 24h as severe hyperoxemia (>300mmHg), moderate hyperoxemia (101-299mmHg), normoxia (60-100mmHg) or hypoxia ( Results: Of 184 patients overall mortality was 54% and 36% had severe hyperoxemia. The first PaO2:FiO2 ratio was 241±137, and at baseline 85% had pulmonary failure and 55% had cardiovascular failure as assessed by SOFA. Only severe hyperoxemia was independently associated with decreased survival to hospital discharge (adjusted OR 0.83 per hour, P=0.04) and worse discharge CPC. Higher FiO2AUC was not associated with worsened SOFA-R or lung compliance over 48h but was associated with decreased survival to discharge and worse discharge CPC. This was driven by 50% decreased survival in the highest quartile of FiO2AUC (FIO2>80%/24h) compared to other quartiles. Conclusion: Despite rigorous adjustment, severe hyperoxemia was independently associated with decreased survival to hospital discharge and discharge CPC. We did not observe toxicity at lower levels. High FiO2 was not associated with pulmonary toxicity.
Formation, oxidation and alteration of ianthinite

Ianthinite, UO{sub 2.86}{center_dot}1.5H{sub 2}O, is a weathering product of uraninite, UO{sub 2+x}, and has been reported as a corrosion product of UO{sub 2}. Ianthinite alters to schoepite, UO{sub 3}{center_dot}2H{sub 2}O, or studtite, UO{sub 4}{center_dot}2-4H{sub 2}O, in water. The structures of ianthinite, shoepite and studtite are unknown, but their unit cell parameters differ significantly, and transformations are likely reconstructive. XRD powder data for ianthinite and becquerelite are similar, and they are probably isostructural; U{sup 4+}, as U(OH){sub 2}{sup 2+}, replaces Ca{sup 2+} in the interlayer. The proposed formula is U(OH){sub 2}{sup 2+}[(UO{sub 2}){sub 6}O{sub 4}(OH){sub 6}]{center_dot}6H{sub 2}O. Oxidation in air, has been reported to form shoepite; however, in the absence of water, the oxidation of ianthinite, U(OH){sub 2}{sup 2+}[(UO{sub 2}){sub 6}O{sub 4}(OH){sub 6}]{center_dot}6H{sub 2}O + 1/2 O{sub 2} {yields} (UO{sub 2}){sup 2+}[(UO{sub 2}){sub 6}O{sub 4}(OH){sub 6}]{center_dot}7H{sub 2}O, shows that epi-ianthinite is structurally distinct from shoepite. The oxidation of fine-grained material is rapid, and the color change -- from dark purple to yellow -- is dramatic. The acicular habit of ianthinite is preserved during oxidation, and acicular {open_quotes}shoepite{close_quotes} is observed in nature, as well as in leaching experiments on spent fuel. Possible substitution of Pu{sup 4+} for U{sup 4+} suggests that Pu-ianthinitemore » may control Pu solubility in oxidizing, U-saturated solutions.« less
Current Perspectives in the Management of High-Grade Invasive Bladder Cancer.

Optimal management of high-grade invasive bladder cancer requires aggressive therapy, usually radical cystectomy with preoperative radiation therapy. Recent prospective studies have demonstrated that five-year survival rates for deeply invasive disease have improved to 45- 55% compared to a dismal less than 20% five-year survival for patients treated by definitive radiation therapy alone, or historical series in which cystectomy was used as single modality therapy. The incidence of pelvic lymph node involvement ranges from 10% in patients with P1 and P1S disease to 50% in patients with P3 disease and implies the need to treat the pelvic nodes by lymphadenectomy or adequate preoperative radiation therapy whenever cystectomy is indicated. The improvements in surgical technique, pre-, and postoperative management have resulted in operative mortality as low as 1% and early complication rates as low as 24% for patients treated by single-stage radical cystectomy with pelvic node dissection and urinary diversion. Despite these advances, 50% or more of patients with high-grade invasive bladder cancer die of distant metastases, usually within two years, implying the need to scrutinize adjuvant chemotherapy in carefull controlled prospective studies.
Expression of EVI1 in myelodysplastic syndromes and other hematologic malignancies without 3q26 translocations

The EVI1 gene encodes a zinc-finger, DNA-binding protein originally described as the transforming gene associated with a common ecotropic viral insertion site in myeloid leukemias. Previous studies demonstrated EVI1 expression in human leukemias in cases with 3q26 translocations, but not in normal blood or bone marrow. These studies also suggested an association between EVI1 expression and chromosome 7 deletion (del). Because of this association, we examined expression of EVI1 using RNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute leukemia with and without 3q26 translocations. EVI1 RNA was expressed in 29% of 34 (95% confidence interval, 20% to 50%) patients with the MDS subtypes refractory anemia (RA), refractory anemia with excess blasts (RAEB), or refractory anemia with excess blasts in transformation (RAEB-T). The vast majority of these cases occurred in patients with RAEB and RAEB-T. EVI1 expression was not detected in patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), normal bone marrow or cord blood, or a variety of other hematologic malignancies. EVI1 RNA was detected in three of 18 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and in two of four patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Karyotypes showed that only one AML patient had karyotype 3q26 abnormalities, indicating that EVI1 expression is associated with cases that do not have structural abnormalities involving chromosome 3q26. These studies document for the first time the abnormal expression of EVI1 RNA by patients with MDS, and suggest an important role for EVI1 in the pathogenesis or progression of some myeloid malignancies.
SU‐F‐J‐37: Commissioning a Six Degree of Freedom Couch

Purpose: The proper operation of a six degree of freedom couch (6DOFC) to position a patient for treatment requires that a number systems on the treatment unit work together correctly. Commissioning a 6DOFC requires not only the commissioning of each separate system but also commissioning the interactions between the systems. Methods: To commission a 6DOFC, we tested the resolvers that readout the linear and angular positions; the orthogonality of the axes of the laser positioning system, the imaging system, the gantry and the couch as well as their relationship to each other. An automated Winston-Lutz test was used verify the coincidence of the origins of the laser system, imaging system and treatment unit. The IsoCal phantom was used to verify the consistency of axes orientations between systems. The operation of the couch and imaging system was verified under simulated load conditions and an end to end test was performed to verify correct operation of the system. Results: The tests on the couch resolvers, orthogonality and coincidence of the axes of each system were successfully completed and showed excellent agreement. The automated Winston-Lutz test showed that the maximum displacement of the center of the radiation field with respect to the isocenter was <0.6 mm (radius) at isocenter. The analysis of the IsoCal phantom showed that the maximum variation of the radiation field with respect to known locations in the phantom was ∼0.9 mm for all the BBs in the phantom. Load tests showed maximum errors of 1 mm. Conclusion: We tested all system associated with the 6DOFC and found the uncertainty due to imaging was <.9mm and the uncertainty due to loading ∼1 mm, resulting in a total error of ∼1.4 mm.
Yield of Lumbar Puncture with First Complex Febrile Seizure

Researchers in emergency medicine and pediatric neurology at Children’s Hospital Boston, MA, assessed the rate of acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) among 526 children (56% male) aged 6 to 60 months (median age 17 months) who were evaluated in the ED between 1995 and 2008 for a first complex febrile seizure (CFS).
Materialities of Ritual in the Black Atlantic

The term “black Atlantic,” used widely among scholars of Africa and the African diaspora since Paul Gilroy’s 1993 book of that name, denotes a culture shared by dark-skinned people in Africa, the C...
From Stiffness to Strength: Formulation and Validation of a Hybrid Hyperbolic Nonlinear Soil Model for Site‐Response Analyses

Nonlinear site‐response analyses are becoming an increasingly important component of simulated ground motions for engineering applications. For regional‐scale problems for which geotechnical data are sparse, the challenge lies in computing site response using a very small number of input parameters. We developed a nonlinear soil model that, using only the shear‐wave velocity profile, captures both the low‐strain stiffness and large‐strain strength of soils and yields reliable predictions of soil response to weak and strong shaking. We here present the formulation of the model and an extensive validation study based on downhole array recordings, with peak ground acceleration (PGA) ranging from 0.01g to 0.9g. We also show that our model, referred to as hybrid hyperbolic (HH), outperforms existing nonlinear formulations and simplified site‐response analyses widely used in practice for ground motions that induce more than 0.04% of soil strain (roughly equivalent to PGA higher than 0.05g). In addition to site‐specific response predictions at sites with limited site characterization, the HH model can help improve site amplification factors of ground‐motion prediction equations (GMPEs) by complementing the empirical data with simulated site‐response analyses for very strong ground shaking, as well as physics‐based ground‐motion simulations, particularly for deeper sedimentary sites with low resonant frequencies.
Generation of pure GABAergic neurons by transcription factor programming

Approaches to differentiating pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) into neurons currently face two major challenges-(i) generated cells are immature, with limited functional properties; and (ii) cultures exhibit heterogeneous neuronal subtypes and maturation stages. Using lineage-determining transcription factors, we previously developed a single-step method to generate glutamatergic neurons from human PSCs. Here, we show that transient expression of the transcription factors Ascl1 and Dlx2 (AD) induces the generation of exclusively GABAergic neurons from human PSCs with a high degree of synaptic maturation. These AD-induced neuronal (iN) cells represent largely nonoverlapping populations of GABAergic neurons that express various subtype-specific markers. We further used AD-iN cells to establish that human collybistin, the loss of gene function of which causes severe encephalopathy, is required for inhibitory synaptic function. The generation of defined populations of functionally mature human GABAergic neurons represents an important step toward enabling the study of diseases affecting inhibitory synaptic transmission.
Numerical study of the effect of soft layer properties on bacterial electroporation.

Abstract We present a numerical model of electroporation in a gram-positive bacterium, which accounts for the presence of a negatively charged soft polyelectrolyte layer (which may include a periplasmic space, peptidoglycan layer, cilia, flagella, and other surface appendages) surrounding its plasma membrane. We model the ion transport within and outside the soft layer using the soft layer electrokinetics-based Poisson-Nernst-Planck formalism. Additionally, we model the electroporation dynamics on the plasma membrane using the pore nucleation-based electroporation formalism developed by Krassowska and Filev. We find that ion transport within the soft layer (surface conduction), which depends on the relative importance of the soft layer charged group concentration compared to the buffer concentration, significantly alters the transmembrane voltage across the plasma membrane and hence the pore characteristics. Our numerical simulations suggest that surface conduction significantly lowers the pore number in the plasma membrane. This observation is consistent with experimental studies that show that gram-positive bacteria, in general, have lower transformation efficiencies compared to gram-negative bacteria. Our studies highlight a strong dependence of bacterial electroporation on cell envelope properties and buffer conditions, which need to be taken into consideration when designing electroporation protocols.
Benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation in pediatric asthma

Introduction There are limited studies evaluating the role of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) in pediatric asthma. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed of all pediatric patients with a diagnosis of asthma enrolled in PR. Demographics, medications, and clinical records were reviewed. In addition, PFTs, 6-min walk test (6MWT), and patient/parent symptom and quality of life surveys before and after PR were evaluated. Results A total of 38 patients were enrolled in PR; 18 (47%) female and 20 (53%) male. Mean participant age was 11.33 ± 3.37 (range 4-19) years. Twenty-two (58%) were Caucasian and nine (24%) African American. Chart review was limited by incomplete data sets for many participants. Following PR, significant improvement was noted in mean 6MWT distance (1541 vs 1616 feet, P = 0.05) and FEV1 (89.9% of predicted versus 96.4%, P = 0.04). Survey instruments demonstrated improvement in several clinical factors, however, there was no significant change in weight following PR despite scheduled cardiovascular exercise and dietary counseling. Conclusions Structured PR for pediatric patients with asthma can improve 6MWT distance and FEV1 as well as subjective measures of SOB and QOL, suggesting a role for PR in the chronic management of pediatric asthma. Further prospective investigation is needed to determine if PR has positive effects on other clinical parameters of asthma control and its overall impact on childhood obesity.
Is Inhaled Arsenic Carcinogenic for Sites Other Than the Lung

In March 1984 the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released its Health Assessment Document on Arsenic (US EPA 1984a). In that report numerous epidemiologic studies of the carcinogenic risk of inhaled and ingested arsenic were reviewed. The lung, not surprisingly, has consistently proven to be a target organ for the carcinogenic effects from inhaled arsenic. While some of the epidemiologic studies of persons exposed to arsenic via inhalation noted excess risks of cancer for organs or systems other than the lung, these results have been given little attention.
Pseudo-obstruction of inferior vena cava from Valsalva's maneuver.

Abstract We report a case of pseudo-obstruction of the inferior vena cava, which proved to be the result of Valsalva’s maneuver. We recommend that during the maneuver the patient should hold his breath or expire deeply and not bear down. Other pitfalls in the diagnosis of inferior vena caval pathology are discussed.
ON THE DISSIMILAR EFFECTS OF DRUGS ON THE DIGIT SYMBOL SUBSTITUTION AND CONTINOUS PERFORMANCE TESTS. A REVIEW AND PRELIMINARY INTEGRATION OF BEHAVIORAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE.

A tentative hypothesis is presented to account for the dissociation of the effects of various centrally-acting drugs and other agents on performance of the Continuous Performance Test (C.P.T.) and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (D.S.S.T.): L.S.D., secobarbital, pentobarbital meprobamate and phenobarbital produced significantly greater impairment of the D.S.S.T. than of the C.P.T., while chlorpromazine, sleep deprivation and centrencephalic epilepsy had the reverse effect. Psychological, neurophysiological, electroencephalographic and neuropharmacological data were cited which suggested that the tests were affected differently because they are dependent upon the functioning of somewhat different neural organizations which are, in turn, differentially sensitive to the action of various centrally-active agents.
Three stage cool flame droplet burning behavior of n-alkane droplets at elevated pressure conditions: Hot, warm and cool flame

Abstract Transient, isolated n-alkane droplet combustion is simulated at elevated pressure for helium-diluent substituted-air mixtures. We report the presence of unique quasi-steady, three-stage burning behavior of large sphero-symmetric n-alkane droplets at these elevated pressures and helium substituted ambient fractions. Upon initiation of reaction, hot-flame diffusive burning of large droplets is initiated that radiatively extinguishes to establish cool flame burning conditions in nitrogen/oxygen “air” at atmospheric and elevated pressures. However, at elevated pressure and moderate helium substitution for nitrogen (XHe > 20%), the initiated cool flame burning proceeds through two distinct, quasi-steady-state, cool flame burning conditions. The classical “Hot flame” (∼1500 K) radiatively extinguishes into a “Warm flame” burning mode at a moderate maximum reaction zone temperature (∼ 970 K), followed by a transition to a lower temperature (∼765 K), quasi-steady “Cool flame” burning condition. The reaction zone (“flame”) temperatures are associated with distinctly different yields in intermediate reaction products within the reaction zones and surrounding near-field, and the flame-standoff ratios characterizing each burning mode progressively decrease. The presence of all three stages first appears with helium substitution near 20%, and the duration of each stage is observed to be strongly dependent on helium substitutions level between 20–60%. For helium substitution greater than 60%, the hot flame extinction is followed by only the lower temperature cool flame burning mode. In addition to the strong coupling between the diffusive loss of both energy and species and the slowly evolving degenerate branching in the low and negative temperature coefficient (NTC) kinetic regimes, the competition between the low-temperature chain branching and intermediate-temperature chain termination reactions control the “Warm” and “Cool” flame quasi-steady conditions and transitioning dynamics. Experiments onboard the International Space Station with n-dodecane droplets confirm the existence of these combustion characteristics and predictions agree favorably with these observations.
A geodesic octonion metric for grain boundaries

Abstract We propose a representation of grain boundaries on the unit octonion 7-sphere. This representation comes with algebraic and computational tools for comparing and interpolating between grain boundaries. We derive a geodesic metric based on the inner product between unit octonions, which themselves consist of pairs of quaternions describing the grain orientations in the reference frame of the grain boundary plane. We show how the metric behaves under the application of a number of symmetries: grain exchange symmetry; U ( 1 ) symmetry around the grain boundary normal; the no-boundary condition; and crystal symmetry. We show that this metric reproduces the Mackenzie distribution in the no-boundary case, and correctly determines the angular distances between grain boundaries with a common normal or misorientation. We provide a graphical representation of the mapping of quaternion pairs onto the octonion unit sphere, and describe a number of practical computations in the Supplementary Material accompanying this paper.
Optimizing embryogenic callus production and plant regeneration from 'Tifton 9' bahiagrass seed explants for genetic manipulation

Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) is a warm season forage grass widely cultivated in southeastern U.S. and South America. The cultivar Tifton 9 has several desirable characteristics such as high forage yield, more vigor at the seedling stage, etc.; but its forage quality is very low. As an initial step for future genetic manipulations to improve its forage characteristics, we have optimized in vitro culture conditions for plant regeneration. In this report, we describe an efficient method for embryogenic callus induction and plant regeneration from bahiagrass (cv. Tifton 9) seed explants, which are readily available and easy to manipulate, compared to other explant sources reported in the literature. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 30 μM dicamba and 5 μM 6-benzyladenine (BA) was optimal for callus induction and growth. Out of 9734 seeds cultured, 65.7% germinated and 21.4% produced embryogenic callus on this medium. Shoot formation was best when embryogenic calluses induced in this medium were transferred to MS medium supplemented with 5 μM BA and 1 μM gibberellic acid with 1640 plantlets formed per gram fresh weight of callus tissue. When transferred to hormone-free SH medium, shoot systems produced well-developed root systems. The resulting plantlets grew normally produced viable seeds when transferred to soil in the greenhouse. Histochemical staining for GUS activity arising from transient expression of the introduced uidA (β-glucuronidase) gene indicated that bahiagrass embryogenic callus produced by this method is suitable for gene transfer via biolistic bombardment; and it can serve as a good target tissue for future genetic manipulations to improve the forage quality of bahiagrass (cv. Tifton 9).
An X-Band Quasi-Circulator GaAs MMIC

This paper presents the design of a 8-12GHz quasi-circulator fabricated in a $0.25 \mu \mathrm{m}$ GaAs pHEMT monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) process. The circuit consists of three Lange couplers which connect gates and drains of three equal gain-matched amplifiers. The coupling factor of the unequal-split Lange coupler is designed to achieve an isolation higher than 20dB over a 40% bandwidth, with a return loss of better than 10dB and an insertion gain of 2.4dB across the band. The layout includes bias networks for the three amplifiers and occupies a 2.5mm $\times 2.5$ mm die. The compact quasi-circulator is intended for use in full-duplex front ends.
Chapter 4 – Profit Maximization

Production sets and the standard assumptions typically made about them are defined and described. These assumptions are nonempty, closed, free disposal, no free lunch, possibility of inaction, convexity and the potential for natural inputs. Input requirement sets are defined from the production set. Profit and the supply/demand correspondence are formally defined and the fundamental implications for them of the price-taking profit maximization behavioral postulate are established, including the Law of Demand. The envelope relationship between the profit function and profit objective is explained, leading to the relationship between profit and supply/demand known as Hotelling’s Lemma, and the symmetry and positive semidefiniteness of the matrix of supply/demand price slopes. Additional properties arising from additional features of production sets are explored. Comparative statics of the supply/demand choices are derived, including the elasticity identities and reciprocity. The concepts of a production function and isoquant are introduced and the analysis is repeated for the important special case of a firm that produces a single output.
Signal Sequences Encode Information for Protein Folding in the Endoplasmic Reticulum

Roughly one-third of newly synthesized proteins enter into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via the Sec61 translocon. It is unclear how nascent chains bind correct chaperones and properly fold upon entering the ER lumen. We find that signal sequences harbor information to recruit specific chaperones for protein folding in the ER. Using a substrate-trapping proteomic approach, we identify that marginally hydrophobic signal sequences are transiently clogged at the Sec61 translocon, which recruits BiP chaperone through Sec63 to bind onto nascent chains. Surprisingly, this privileged BiP binding not only releases clogged nascent chains into the ER lumen but also prevent inappropriate interactions and promotes folding and maturation. Signal sequence swapping bypasses BiP-dependent unclogging and translocation, but the translocated nascent chain is terminally misfolded after binding the wrong chaperone in the ER lumen. Thus, signal sequence-dependent chaperone recruitment explains why signal sequences are paradoxically diverse and use multiple protein translocation pathways in cells.
Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil Using Bone and Eggshell Mixture as a Catalyst

Reuse of waste such as eggshells and animal bones as a catalyst to convert waste cooking oil into biodiesel fuel was investigated. A mixture of bone and eggshell waste (50:50) was used as a catalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. Different calcination temperatures have been investigated for the catalyst and the highest production of biodiesel was found at 900°C. The experimental results showed that a methanol/oil ratio of 15:1, a mixture of bone and eggshell catalyst (900°C, 2 h) of 12 wt.%, a reaction temperature of 60°C gave a biodiesel yield of 94% at 4 h. The effects of calcination temperature and catalyst leaching were examined. The catalysts were characterized by x-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption-desorption, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry.
Mesenchymal Neoplasms of Salivary Glands: A Clinicopathologic Study of 68 Cases

Salivary gland neoplasms are uncommon, and most exhibit epithelial differentiation. Mesenchymal neoplasms of the salivary gland are rare, and the incidence ranges from 1.9% to 5%. The aim of this study is to identify the types and clinical-pathological features of mesenchymal salivary neoplasm and review their differential diagnosis. A retrospective search for mesenchymal neoplasms of salivary glands from our institution's pathology archives from the 2004–2021 period and consultation files of one of the authors (AER) was performed. The clinical data were obtained from available medical records, and the histological slides and ancillary studies were retrieved and reviewed. We identified a total of 68 cases that form the study cohort. Thirty-five patients were male, and thirty-three patients were female, with a mean age of 48 years (range, 7 months–79 years), and the male to female ratio was 1:.94. Sixty-three (92.6%) of sixty-eight tumors were benign and included: 38 (56%) lipomas, 9 (13%) hemangiomas, 7 (10.3%) schwannomas, 3 (4.4%) neurofibromas, 3 (4.4%) lymphangioma, 2 (3%) solitary fibrous tumors, 1 (1.5%) myofibroma. Five of sixty-eight (7.4%) were malignant and included: 3 (4.4%) Adamantinoma-like Ewing sarcomas, 1 (1.5%) malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST), and 1 (1.5%) malignant solitary fibrous tumor. The involved sites included: parotid (55), submandibular gland (5), parapharyngeal space (5), buccal mucosa minor salivary gland (2), and sublingual gland (1). Sixty-seven patients underwent surgical resection. One patient with lymphangioma manifested a recurrence/persistence a week post-surgery. One patient with a parotid hemangioma developed post-operative numbness, and another patient developed chronic postauricular pain after surgery. Two patients with MPNST and one patient with adamantinoma-like Ewing sarcoma underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiation and were disease-free after treatment. The remaining 37 patients with available follow-up ranging from 7 days to 96 months (mean, 18 months) had a favorable outcome and were disease-free after treatment. Mesenchymal neoplasms of salivary gland are rare; most are benign and demonstrate adipocytic, endothelial, and schwannian differentiation; awareness of their development is important for adequate diagnosis. The mainstay of treatment is surgical excision, with the extent determined by tumor type. Adjuvant therapy is reserved for high-grade sarcomas and may be given in a neoadjuvant or adjuvant setting.
A note on identification constraints and information criteria in Bayesian latent variable models

It is well known that, in traditional SEM applications, a scale must be set for each latent variable: typically, either the latent variance or a factor loading is fixed to one. While this has no impact on the fit metrics in ML estimation, it can potentially lead to varying Bayesian model comparison metrics due to the use of different prior distributions under each parameterization. This is a problem, because a researcher could artificially improve one’s preferred model simply by changing the identification constraint. Using a single-factor CFA as motivation for study, we first show that Bayesian model comparison metrics can systematically change depending on constraints used. We then study principled methods for setting the scale of the latent variable that stabilize the model comparison metrics. These methods involve (i) the placement of priors on ratios of factor loadings, as opposed to individual loadings; and (ii) use of effect coding. We illustrate the methods via simulation and application.
Postoperative Doxycycline Did Not Improve Early Postoperative Outcomes in Hip Arthroscopy Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Doxycycline has been shown to reduce fibroblast activity in the treatment of multiple pathologies, and was utilized as part of the postoperative medication protocol to help prevent adhesions from developing after hip arthroscopy. The purpose of this study was to compare early postoperative pain outcomes between consecutive case series of femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS) patients treated with or without a 7-day postoperative course of doxycycline following hip arthroscopy. We hypothesized that the doxycycline-treated group would have superior patient-reported outcomes at 6 weeks, and the effect would be more pronounced for patients with low preoperative mental health scores. Our institutional review board–approved prospective outcomes registry was queried for patients who had undergone arthroscopic femoral osteochondroplasty and/or labral repair or reconstruction secondary to FAIS performed by a single, fellowship-trained surgeon. A 7-day postoperative course of doxycycline was initiated in 2018. Six-week postoperative Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS) global (HOOSglobal) and International Hip Outcome Tool (iHOT) scores were compared between the consecutive series treated with versus without doxycycline. Additional subgroup analysis was performed on patients with low preoperative Veterans RAND 12-Item Health Survey (VR-12) mental component scores to determine possible additional benefit of postoperative doxycycline in this group. A total of 134 patients (98 female, 36 male, age = 36.2 ± 13.4 years, body mass index [BMI] = 27.2 ± 5 kg/m2) were identified between 2013 and 2020. There were no differences between the control (n = 84) and doxycycline group (n = 50) in age, sex, or BMI. Postoperative HOOSglobal scores (control = 58.5 ± 13.1, doxycycline = 58.7 ± 14.7, p = 0.96) and iHOT scores (control = 54.4 ± 22.2, doxycycline = 52.3 ± 24.8, p = 0.61) did not differ between groups. The subset of 83 patients with low preoperative mental scores showed no differences in HOOSglobal (control = 51.6 ± 13.3, doxycycline = 57.3 ± 7.4, p = 0.12) or iHOT scores (control = 45.5 ± 20.3, doxycycline = 53.6 ± 23.1, p = 0.250). Our results do not support the hypothesis that postoperative doxycycline leads to significant improvement in early postoperative pain scores or functional outcomes in patients undergoing hip arthroscopy for FAIS.
Stomatogastric Ganglion: Neuromodulatory Role of a Cholecystokinin-Like Peptide and a Recurrent Back Propagation Model of the Gastric Rhythm

A peptide immunoreactive to mammalian cholecystokinin is shown by immunohistochemistry and RIA to be present in the lobster Panulirus interruptus. Bath application of mammalian CCK to the stomatogastric ganglion has characteristic effects on both the gastric and pyloric rhythms. Following feeding in unrestrained animals, the initiation of gastric mill activity is coincident with a rise in blood levels of a CCK-like peptide (CCKLP). Injection of CCK8 can activate the gastric mill although the pattern is not identical to food-induced activity. A specific blocker for CCK can inhibit feeding-induced gastric mill activity, suggesting CCK has a causal role in turning on the pattern. Preliminary studies using a fully-recurrent back propagation network model shows major features such as phase relationships of the gastric pattern can be attributed to simple cellular properties and the strengths of the synaptic connections. While the model mimics the normal pattern, it fails to duplicate experimental perturbations to the system suggesting that important parameters are missing.
Abstract 3953: Enhanced radiation reponse in MCF-7 radioresistant cells by targeting Peroxiredoxin II

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA In our previous study, we identified a protein target, Peroxiredoxin II (PrxII) to be overexpressed in radioresistant MCF+FIR3 breast cancer cells and found that its expression and function is associated with breast cancer radiation sensitivity or resistance. Small interference RNA (siRNA) targeting the PrxII gene expression was able to sensitize MCF+FIR3 radioresistant breast cancer cells to ionizing radiation. The major focus of this work was to investigate how the radiation response of MCF+FIR3 radioresistant cells was affected by siRNA that inhibits PrxII gene expression. Our results presented here show that silencing PrxII gene expression increased cellular toxicity by altering cellular thiol status, inhibiting Ca2+ efflux from the cells and perturbing the intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. By combining radiotherapy and siRNA technology, we hope to develop new therapeutic strategies that may have potential to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents due to its targeted property to specific cancer related genes. Citation Format: Tieli Wang, Anthony Joseph Diaz, Jian-Jian Li, Yun Yen, Daniel Tamae. Enhanced radiation reponse in MCF-7 radioresistant cells by targeting Peroxiredoxin II. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3953. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3953
Nonsaponifiable lipids of representative pleuropneumonia-like organisms.

Rothblat, George H. (University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia), and Paul F. Smith. Nonsaponifiable lipids of representative pleuropneumonia-like organisms. J. Bacteriol. 82:479–491. 1961.—The fate of cholesterol and the nature of carotenoid pigments in various strains of pleuropneumonia-like organisms have been determined by characterization of their nonsaponifiable lipids. All of the cholesterol removed from the medium by a nonfermentative sterol-requiring strain remains unchanged except for a portion of it being esterified. A fermentative sterol-requiring strain of avian origin converts part of the cholesterol to cholesteryl-β-d-glucoside, the amount in the glucoside form being governed by the amount of glucose supplied in the growth medium. This cholesteryl-β-d-glucoside was found to be formed by a fermentative, nonsterol-requiring strain only when supplied exogenous cholesterol. No cholesterol or its derivatives were found in nonsterol-requiring strains when grown in the absence of cholesterol. Three carotenoid pigments were isolated from nonsterol-requiring strains. The most nonpolar pigment was identified as neurosporene. The second pigment appearing in chromatographic column eluates appears to be a hydroxylated neurosporene, based on its polarity and absorption spectrum. The most polar pigment was found to contain reducing sugar following acid hydrolysis and appears to be a carotenoid-glucose complex. When the nonsterol-requiring strains are grown in the presence of cholesterol, cholesterol partially supplants the role of carotenoids and decreases the amount of carotenoids synthesized. The role of steroids and carotenoids in these organisms is discussed.