cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurovascular contributions to migraine: Moving beyond vasodilation

Migraine is the third most common disease worldwide, the most common neurological disorder, and one of the most common pain conditions. Despite its prevalence, the basic physiology and underlying mechanisms contributing to the development of migraine are still poorly understood and development of new therapeutic targets is long overdue. Until recently, the major contributing pathophysiological event thought to initiate migraine was cerebral and meningeal arterial vasodilation. However, the role of vasodilation in migraine is unclear and recent findings challenge its necessity. While vasodilation itself may not contribute to migraine, it remains possible that vessels play a role in migraine pathophysiology in the absence of vasodilation. Blood vessels consist of a variety of cell types that both release and respond to numerous mediators including growth factors, cytokines, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and nitric oxide (NO). Many of these mediators have actions on neurons that can contribute to migraine. Conversely, neurons release factors such as norepinephrine and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) that act on cells native to blood vessels. Both normal and pathological events occurring within and between vascular cells could thus mediate bi-directional communication between vessels and the nervous system, without the need for changes in vascular tone. This review will discuss the potential contribution of the vasculature, specifically endothelial cells, to current neuronal mechanisms hypothesized to play a role in migraine. Hypothalamic activity, cortical spreading depression (CSD), and dural afferent input from the cranial meninges will be reviewed with a focus on how these mechanisms can influence or be impacted by blood vessels. Together, the data discussed will provide a framework by which vessels can be viewed as important potential contributors to migraine pathophysiology, even in light of the current uncertainty over the role of vasodilation in this disorder.
The Handbook of East Asian Psycholinguistics

A large body of knowledge has accumulated in recent years on the cognitive processes and brain mechanisms underlying language. Much of this knowledge has come from studies of Indo-European languages, in particular English. Japanese, a language of growing interest to linguists, differs significantly from most Indo-European languages in its grammar, its lexicon, and its written and spoken forms - features which have profound implications for the learning, representation and processing of language. This handbook, the second in a three-volume series on East Asian psycholinguistics, presents a state-of-the-art discussion of the psycholinguistic study of Japanese. With contributions by over fifty leading scholars, it covers topics in first and second language acquisition, language processing and reading, language disorders in children and adults, and the relationships between language, brain, culture, and cognition. It will be invaluable to all scholars and students interested in the Japanese language, as well as cognitive psychologists, linguists, and neuroscientists.
The Ferroxidase Hephaestin (HEPH) is Not Required for Iron Efflux Under Conditions of Enhanced Iron Transport in an Established Model of the Human Intestinal Epithelium (Caco-2 Cells)

The interrelationships between iron and copper metabolism have been recognized for decades. Two multi-copper ferroxidases (FOXs), hephaestin (HEPH) and ceruloplasmin (CP), are the best-identified l...
Self, Not-Self, and the End of Knowledge: Edward Caird on Self-Consciousness

This paper examines Edward Caird’s theory of experience. Influenced by Kant and Hegel, Caird argues that human experience consists of three distinguishable components. First, there exists an awareness of the world of external objects and events; this is the ‘not-self’ pole of experience. Second, there is, to a greater or lesser extent, an awareness of myself as a finite individual who stands in opposition to the world; this is the ‘self’ pole of experience. And third, there exists an awareness of the unity of myself and the world. This unity, which contains both self and not-self, Caird refers to as the ‘absolute’ or ‘God’. Caird argues that my finite and limited self-consciousness is but a truncated expression of this perfect self-consciousness that constitutes its ultimate ground.
On equivalences and fair comparisons among residue number systems with special moduli

Properties and applications of residue number systems (RNS) with special moduli of the form 2k ± 1, with a single power-of-2 modulus often also included, have been studied extensively. We show that lack of systematic studies has led to rediscovery of “new” moduli sets that are really equivalent to previously studied ones and that certain comparisons presented to show advantages of some proposed moduli sets are rather unfair. We prove a general mathematical result that allows us to normalize the single power-of-2 modulus, thus removing some of the problematic variations from such proposed sets. We then offer an assessment strategy based on dynamic ranges of the RNS sets being compared, rather than on artificial parameters that may be different for comparable systems.
Teaching and learning about women and leadership: Students' expectations and experiences

Qualitative, case study methods were used to examine students’ expectations of and experiences with studying women and leadership. Participants were 48 undergraduate students enrolled in an elective course titled Women and Leadership offered in the Leadership Studies minor curriculum at a liberal arts institution. Students perceived women and leadership as a sensitive subject fraught with potential struggles for learners, but were willing to engage in the subject in pursuit of both meaningful learning and their own utilitarian-oriented leadership development. Their experiences show the potential for transformative learning if the course content, structure, and learning environment are purposefully crafted to enable students to deal with anticipated or experienced struggles and engage in rather than resist the learning experience. The findings have implications for leadership curriculum design, course design, and pedagogy. Although this study focused on undergraduate learners in a traditional college classroom, the implications may also be relevant to a range of leadership educators and learners in various educational contexts both within and outside of academe.
Proteins as potential targets of apoptosis induced by chemopreventive isothiocyanates.

5598 Dietary isothiocyanates (ITCs) like phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) and sulforaphane (SFN) are anti-carcinogenic agents. It has been shown that both cruciferous vegetable-derived compounds can inhibit lung adenoma and carcinoma formation in mice treated with tobacco carcinogens, possibly by inducing apoptosis (Yang YM et al. Cancer Res. , 2002 and Conaway CC et al., Cancer Res ., 2005). Studies by others have shown that oxidative DNA damage caused by ITCs may contribute to the induction of apoptosis. However, mechanisms involving direct protein or DNA binding by ITCs can not be ruled out. Using 14 C-PEITC and 14 C-SFN, we have investigated the material balance of ITCs in human non-small lung cancer cell line A549. Thirty μM of PEITC or SFN were incubated with A549 cells for up to 4 h. The results show that despite their similar initial uptake by cells, PEITC protein binding is more than four-fold that of SFN. More importantly, the amount of PEITC bound to protein increases from 7 nmole/mg protein at 30 min to 15 nmole/mg protein at 4 h, whereas the amounts of SFN bound to protein maintain relatively constant during the 4 h incubation (1.5 nmole/mg protein). Interestingly, no direct binding of ITCs to cellular DNA and RNA was detected. As previously reported the glutathione (GSH) conjugates of both PEITC and SFN as the main intracellular species are exported rapidly. Therefore at 4 h, PEITC-protein binding becomes the dominant (∼ 90%) intracellular reaction. Using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein, we confirmed that PEITC binds to protein several folds greater than SFN. The extent of protein binding appears to correlate with the potency of apoptosis induction by PEITC and SFN in A549 cells. By altering redox status to deplete glutathione in A549 cells with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), we show again that the amounts of ITC bound to protein parallel the apoptotic activity of the ITC compounds. Together, these results suggest that proteins are potential targets of ITC, and its binding to proteins may underlie a mechanism for apoptosis. (NCI CA-100853).
High Peripheral Blood CD34 Count in Patients with Idiopathic Myelofibrosis (IF) Is Not Due to Fibrosis and Altered Marrow Microenvironment.

Abstract Idiopathic myelofibrosis (IF) is due to an acquired somatic mutation(s) of a single hematopoietic multipotent progenitor and thus circulating myeloid, erythroid, megakaryocyte, B and T cells (Reeder et al Blood . 2003; 101: 1981–1983) are clonal. It has been suggested that fibrosis may occur secondary to cytokines secreted by the malignant clone. Although marked elevation of circulating CD34 cells occurs in patients with IF, it is not known whether it is a consequence of the primary defect of the hematopoietic stem cell, or secondary to fibrosis and impaired marrow microenvironment. To answer this question, we studied CD34 count in peripheral blood of patients with IF and secondary myelofibrosis due to pulmonary hypertension. Nineteen patients with either primary or secondary pulmonary hypertension due to connective tissue disease and 11 patients with IF were studied. Bone marrow biopsy revealed fibrosis in all 19 patients with PH: 11 severe, 3 moderate, and 5 mild. All eleven patients with IF had severe fibrosis. Clonality studies in 13/14 informative patients with PH showed polyclonal platelets and granulocytes in contrast to monoclonal platelets and granulocytes in patients with IF. Peripheral blood was assayed for CD34+ cells using a three-color direct immunofluorescent staining method. Mean absolute CD34 count was significantly (P=0.02) lower - 6/ul (range: 1–18/ul) in patients with PH compared to 142 /ul (range 4–833/ul) in patients with IF. We therefore conclude that high CD34 count is not seen in patients with PH with secondary myelofibrosis; furthermore, elevated CD34 in patients with IF is not due to marrow fibrosis and altered microenvironment.
Action Spectra: Emphasis Mammalian Cells

The utility of action spectroscopy to study responses of biological cells and tissues is firmly established (Jagger, 1967). At a minimum, a carefully completed action spectrum can assess the amount of biological effect as a function of wavelength. While action spectra are of intrinsic value, providing experimental assessment of the consequences of exposure to electromagnetic radiation, in addition, regulations that set standards for radiation exposure must be based on such biological data. Beyond the need for action spectra in health and regulation lies a more fundamental question frequently addressed by workers in this field, i.e., what is the “target” molecule for each observed effect? The “target” is not always obvious from the details of the action spectrum observed. Although it is possible that the measured effect has the same wavelength dependence as the absorption spectrum for an identifiable, important cellular molecule (Gates, 1930) action spectra, especially in complex systems, often cannot be simply superimposed on the absorption spectrum of a known molecule (Todd et al., 1968).
Manipulating molecules with quantum light.

It was first realized by Purcell (1) that the spontaneous emission rate of a quantum system can be enhanced or suppressed by placing it in a resonant radiofrequency cavity. Spontaneous emission as it was first theoretically described by Einstein (2) is not a pure property of matter. It is described by matter coupled to quantized radiation field modes, which can be manipulated in an artificial structure such as a cavity. Cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) is used to describe such effects that intimately depend on the fact that light is made of photons. Cavity QED has been extensively studied in atoms and the experimental proof was awarded with the Nobel Prize in 2012 (3). It has been applied to cooling of single atoms and for the detection of single atoms and creating and studying states with few photons and few atoms (4). In more recent developments these ideas have been extended to manipulate electronic states (5) and vibrations in molecules (6, 7). In PNAS, Flick et al. (8) introduce recent theoretical developments for the application of cavity QED to molecules and suggest possible novel applications to photochemistry. These include nonadiabatic dynamics of molecules in cavities, the modification of molecular properties, and the integration of QED with density functional theory. A quantized electromagnetic field mode can be described as a harmonic oscillator whose coordinate is the electric field displacement (Fig. 1 A ). The zero point energy translates into a nonvanishing field intensity ⟨ e 2 ⟩ in the ground state | 0 ⟩ (vacuum fluctuations). The electric vacuum field increases for a small cavity volume e c = ℏ ω c V ϵ 0 , [1] Fig. 1. ( A ) Illustration of the standing wave cavity mode and the resulting field quantization (Fock states). ( B ) Combined matter-field states (dressed states, | ± , n ⟩ … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: smukamel{at}uci.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Management of Pulmonary Failure after Burn Injury: From VDR to ECMO

This article highlights the challenges in managing pulmonary failure after burn injury. The authors review several different ventilator techniques, provide weaning parameters, and discuss complications.
GH administration decreases subcutaneous abdominal adipocyte size in men with abdominal obesity.

Abstract Objective To investigate the effects of short-term GH administration on abdominal subcutaneous adipocyte size and CT attenuation in men with abdominal obesity. Design 6-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of GH (starting dose 2μg/kg/d) vs placebo of 15 abdominally obese men (mean age: 34±6years; mean BMI: 37.7±6.1kg/m 2 , mean IGF-1 SDS: −1.9±0.5) who underwent abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) aspirations to determine adipocyte size, CTs for body composition and measures of glucose tolerance at baseline and 6weeks. GH dosing was titrated to target IGF-1 levels in the upper normal age-appropriate range. Results GH administration decreased subcutaneous abdominal adipocyte size compared to placebo. Adipocyte size was positively associated with 120-min glucose and HOMA-IR and inversely associated with peak-stimulated GH and CT attenuation. CT attenuation of SAT was inversely associated with 120-min glucose and HOMA-IR and increased following GH administration. Conclusion In men with abdominal obesity, subcutaneous abdominal adipocyte size is positively associated with measures of impaired glucose tolerance and administration of GH at doses that raise IGF-1 levels within the normal range, decreases abdominal subcutaneous adipocyte size, suggesting that GH administration improves the health of adipose tissue. Clinical trials number: NCT00131378
Raman Identification of Multiple Melting Peaks of Polyethylene

Multiple melting peaks of high-density polyethylene produced by complex thermal pretreatment are investigated with variable temperature Raman spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). We examine the origin of the observed multiple melting peaks with three possible model mechanisms: melting–recrystallization, premelting via mesophases, and melting of multithickness lamellae. We quantitatively analyze Raman spectral change associated with each melting peak with respect to temperature. The Raman spectral change is represented by a least squares moving-window (LSMW) method, which is effective in suppression of high-frequency derivative noise. The conformational similarity among multiple melting peaks strongly suggests that dominant melting occurs from the crystalline phase directly to the amorphous phase at all transitions. The observed multiple melting transitions are consistent with one-step melting of multithickness lamellae as the dominant origin. However, two-dimensional Raman correlation...
Determinants of Corporate International Expansion Beyond the Home Region: An Empirical Examination of U.S. Multinational Enterprises Expansion to Europe and Asia‐Pacific

Research Summary This study extends Rugman and Verbeke (2001)'s model by examining how firm-specific advantages (FSAs) and host region conditions affect multinational enterprise expansion at the inter-regional level. We examine the impact of their three constructs (non-location-bound FSAs, location-bound FSAs, and complementary resources in the host regions) on U.S. MNEs’ sales in Europe and Asia/Pacific. We also suggest and examine the impact of two additional factors (host market efficiency and FSA fragmentation). For empirical testing, we use U.S. industry- and firm-level panel data and compare results from both datasets. We find that location-bound FSAs and fragmented FSAs hinder expansion to other regions, while non-location-bound FSAs, host region complementary resources, and host market efficiencies facilitate expansion to other regions. Results from the two datasets are highly consistent. Managerial summary This study aims to provide guidelines for multinational enterprise (MNE) managers seeking to expand to areas beyond their home region. Some firm capabilities “travel” well to distant countries, to different cultures, and across economic levels, i.e., they are transferable. Others are not, i.e., they are more embedded in the firm's home-country environment. Expansion of U.S. MNEs to Europe and Asia/Pacific is facilitated by (a) higher levels of intrafirm transfers, (b) access to complementary resources abroad, and (c) relative host market efficiencies. In contrast, such expansion is hindered by (a) higher productivity of labor at home relative to that abroad and (b) fragmentation of its product portfolio. This analysis is helpful for managers interested in building the systems, conditions, and mechanisms that increase the MNE's geographic reach. Copyright © 2017 Strategic Management Society.
The CDK4/6 Inhibitor Abemaciclib Induces a T Cell Inflamed Tumor Microenvironment and Enhances the Efficacy of PD-L1 Checkpoint Blockade.

Summary Abemaciclib, an inhibitor of cyclin dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6), has recently been approved for the treatment of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. In this study, we use murine syngeneic tumor models and in vitro assays to investigate the impact of abemaciclib on T cells, the tumor immune microenvironment and the ability to combine with anti-PD-L1 blockade. Abemaciclib monotherapy resulted in tumor growth delay that was associated with an increased T cell inflammatory signature in tumors. Combination with anti-PD-L1 therapy led to complete tumor regressions and immunological memory, accompanied by enhanced antigen presentation, a T cell inflamed phenotype, and enhanced cell cycle control. In vitro , treatment with abemaciclib resulted in increased activation of human T cells and upregulated expression of antigen presentation genes in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. These data collectively support the clinical investigation of the combination of abemaciclib with agents such as anti-PD-L1 that modulate T cell anti-tumor immunity.
Orientation and Approach to Cardiovascular Images

Mastery of conventional anatomy and physiology is essential as a template for understanding of cardiovascular variation and pathology. A multitude of analysis and reconstruction tools including orthogonal, double oblique, and curved multiplanar reformatted 2-D, and volume-rendered 3-D views can be utilized for comprehensive diagnosis of cardiovascular pathology. The goal of this chapter is orientation to review and analysis of cardiovascular structure from CCTA image sets using a systematic approach.
ENDORPHIN AND CORTICOTROPIN REGULATE THE ACTIVITY OF SEPTAL-HIPPOCAMPAL CHOLINERGIC NEURONS

Summary The contents of acetylcholine and choline were determined in rat cortex, striatum, and hippocampus after intraventricular injection of β-lipotropin, β-endorphin, ACTH 1 -24 ACTH 4 -10 or α-MSH. Acetylcholine concentrations in all brain parts remained unchanged after β3-lipotropin, ACTH 4 -10, and α-MSH administration. β-endorphin increased only hippocampal acetylcholine content while ACTH 1 -24 decreased levels of acetylcholine only in the same brain part. Regional brain choline content was not affected by any peptide treatment. When β-endorphin or ACTH 1 -24 was administered into the septum, hippocampal acetylcholine was similarly changed. Levels of acetylcholine in hippocampus per se did not differ from control after combined intraseptal administration of β-endorphin and ACTH 1 -24 Results suggest endorphin and corticotropin function antagonistically as regulators of septalhippocampal cholinergic neurons.
Children's Need to Know: Curiosity in Schools

In this essay, Susan Engel argues that curiosity is both intrinsic to children's development and unfolds through social interactions. Thus, it should be cultivated in schools, even though it is often almost completely absent from classrooms. Calling on well-established research and more recent studies, Engel argues that interactions between teachers and students can foster or inhibit children's curiosity. She offers an explanation for why curiosity is not a priority in our educational system and calls for greater attention to children's interests and explorations, which, she argues, are the mechanisms that underlie authentic learning.
Performance of a low-temperature Gifford-McMahon refrigerator utilizing a neodymium disk regenerator

In this study, the cooling capability of a Gifford-McMahon (GM) refrigerator has been dramatically increased at temperatures near 4.5 K with no significant increase in input power. This increase in low temperature cooling power can be attributed to a change in design in the low temperature regenerative heat exchanger (regenerator). This regenerator was constructed by precisely forming flow holes through disks of neodymium (Nd) which allowed the reduction of the void fraction from about 35%, for conventionally designed regenerators that utilize spheres, to approximately 10%. Neodymium was chosen because it has a relatively high volumetric heat capacity at temperatures below 10 K and it is a pure metal that can be extruded and drawn with relative ease. The flow holes in the disks were formed using a technique similar to the one used to fabricate multi-filamentary NbTi superconducting wire. Approximately fifty disks, each separated from the next by a porous plastic cloth material, were stacked in a stainless steel tube to form the regenerator. The cooling performance of a Leybold Kelcool 4.2® refrigerator with this regenerator installed as its second stage heat exchanger is presented here and compared to its performance with the factory standard regenerator which uses Nd spheres. The new design improved cooling capacity by more than two fold at temperatures near 4.5 K.
Young-onset colorectal cancer: Diagnosis and management

Abstract In the U.S., colorectal cancer (CRC) has become the second most incident cancer among adults younger than age 50, and is a leading contributor to cancer deaths in this age group. Young-onset CRC is a heterogeneous disease entity that encompasses etiologies arising from a mix of genetic and environmental factors. Germline predisposition through major hereditary cancer syndromes account for 10–19% of these patients, while familial clustering of risk can be observed in another 23%. The majority of the patients have sporadic CRCs that predominate the left colon and rectum and are typically already nodally or systemically metastatic at diagnosis. The key components of their management include multidisciplinary oncologic care, clinical genetics care, and multidimensional survivorship care. We herein review the epidemiology, the etiologies, and other considerations surrounding the diagnosis and treatment of young-onset CRC.
Preliminary observations of the skeletal development in pre-flexion larvae of sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria

Sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria support a lucrative fishery in the Gulf of Alaska, but their numbers have been declining despite a regulated fishery. Recruitment in A. fimbria is poorly understood due to its unusual early life history relative to many other deep-water fishes. Developmental patterns can identify critical periods during ontogeny that influence foraging and swimming abilities among individual larvae. External development in A. fimbria has been described, but the data presented here are the first examination of the skeletal development of A. fimbria during the transition to first feeding.
Self-oscillation in the Maxwell-Bloch equations

We elucidated the mechanism of supercritical Hopf bifurcation in the semi-classical Maxwell–Bloch equations for cavity quantum electrodynamics by formulating the atom–field interaction as a feedback control system. It turns out that the existence of self-oscillatory states is a rather unexpected manifestation of the atomic pseudospin precession dynamics born out of the atom–field interaction governed by the driven Jaynes–Cummings Hamiltonian.
EFFECTS OF FINANCIAL INCLUSION ON SELECTED MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES IN NIGERIA

This study assessed the effect of financial inclusion on economic growth, unemployment and human development in Nigeria for the period 2007 to 2015. The specific objectives were to determine the nature of the relationship between financial inclusion and gross domestic product; financial inclusion and level of unemployment; and financial inclusion and human development. The problem was that a large proportion of the adults in Nigeria do not have access to formal financial services despite efforts being made by various stakeholders, such as Central Bank of Nigeria, banks, and the Government. This study adopted an ex-post facto research design. The data for this study were obtained from secondary sources - IMF e-library, and World Development Indicators. Three models were specified and ordinary least squares regression technique was used to analyze the data with the aid of Eviews version 8 application software. The main findings were that no significant relationship existed between financial inclusion and gross domestic product while significant relationship existed between financial inclusion, unemployment and human development. The conclusions drawn from the study were that financial inclusion had an insignificant effect on GDP, very significant relationship with unemployment level and significant relationship with human development. The recommendations include creating deposit and borrowing windows at affordable costs to the poor and the unbanked group; making policy for improvement of collateral framework, as well as policy on financial literacy, training and empowerment among others.
Bilayer Predictive Power Flow Controller for Bidirectional Operation of Wirelessly Connected Electric Vehicles

This paper presents a comprehensive solution that allows a wirelessly connected electric vehicle (EV) to be autonomously charged and discharged, during long-term parking and/or transient stops. A bilayer power flow controller for bidirectional wireless power transfer system (BWPTS) in EVs applications is proposed. The proposed controller can manage the power flow between the EV and surrounding infrastructures, such as utility grid, home micro-grid, building micro-grid, road, or another vehicle. It consists of two control layers; the first is responsible for communicating with the surrounding infrastructures and gathering information from the vehicle operator, charging station, utility grid, and battery management system. These data are analyzed to generate the reference power signal with information about the mode of operation (charge, discharge, or abstain) and rate. The second layer receives the reference signal and predicts the control parameters for the resonant converters (on both the vehicle and grid sides) to track the desired power. The proposed algorithm is adaptively estimating the mutual inductance to consider the misalignments in the system, based on a new simple real-time mutual estimation algorithm using a single voltage measurement from the vehicle side. The second control layer is designed based on an accurate analytical model for the BWPTS's power flow. For verification purposes, a prototype for BWPTS was built and driven by the proposed controller, which was implemented using a field-programmable gate array integrated circuit. Also, a vehicle-level simulation was performed to validate the operation of the proposed controller in quasi-dynamic wireless charging at traffic signals. The proposed controller shows fast and stable response during both the transient and steady-state operation in comparison with the conventional proportional-integral controller.
On a Sincov Type Functional Equation

The present work aims to find the general solution f 1, f 2, f 3 : G 2 → H and f : G → H of the Sincov type functional equation \({f}_{1}(x,y) + {f}_{2}(y,z) + {f}_{3}(z,x) = f(x + y + z)\) for all x, y, z ∈ G without any regularity assumption. Here G and H are additive abelian groups, and the division by 2 is uniquely defined in H.
Electronic interventions aimed at increasing self-worth in mild dementia may not be feasible.

ABSTRACT Alzheimer disease (AD) is a devastating diagnosis. Milieu therapy and memory activities have been shown to improve self-worth and improve mood in AD patients, but adherence to these activities is challenging. This prospective randomized pilot study examined adherence to memory recall activities using positive reinforcement and explored the impact on self-worth and depression. Pretest-posttest scores and data abstraction were used to measure protocol adherence, self-worth (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale), cognitive decline (Mini-Mental Status Examination), and symptoms of depression (Geriatric Depression Scale). Among 22 mild AD participants, there were no statistically significant differences in pretest versus posttest scores for all measures. The results suggest that the intervention of memory recall did not enhance self-worth, improve the status of memory recall, or lower symptoms of depression. Additionally, positive reinforcement did not play a role in adherence to accessing the tasks.
Mixing of Two-Particle, Two-Hole States in Pb 208

The two-neutron transfer reactions $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}(t, p)^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ and $^{210}\mathrm{Pb}(p, t)^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ have been employed to study states in $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$. Several strongly excited states up to 6-MeV excitation can be described as two-particle, two-hole states with strong correlations between the two particles and separately between the two holes. The cross sections to such two-particle, two-hole states are found to be in qualitative agreement with those observed for the ${2}^{+}$ states in $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}$ and $^{210}\mathrm{Pb}$ in the ($p, t$) and ($t, p$) reactions, respectively. A state with ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={0}^{+}$ near 5.2-MeV excitation in $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ is discussed in terms of a two-octupole phonon wave function.
Use of three-dimensional descriptors in molecular design for biologically active compounds

Computer Aided Molecular Design is a methodology used to design novel chemical products of many varieties. The method seeks to combine functional groups to form molecules, much as chemical plant design combines unit operations to design a process. Two algorithmic steps are required for a CAMD method: a system to predict the properties of novel molecular candidates, and an algorithm to search through molecular space to identify near-optimal candidates. This review discusses recent work performed in CAMD. The reviewed research uses group contribution methods, or two-dimensional and three-dimensional molecular descriptors to predict properties, and screening, stochastic optimization, or deterministic optimization to identify good candidate molecules. An antibiotic molecular design performed using three-dimensional MoRSE descriptors is presented as an example.
The Toiling Froy and the Speculating Yidene: Discourses of Female Productivization in the Soviet Shtetl

Despite the fact that Jewish women statistically outnumbered men in the former market towns of the Soviet Union, the discourse of the “new Jew” in the 1920s and 1930s focused overwhelmingly on the Jewish male and was debated primarily by men. This article explores what the restructuring of the economic base of the shtetl meant for Jewish women during the New Economic Policy and the transition to the Stalin Revolution when party activists and theorists grappled with the “shtetl problem” and the question of Jewish productivization. Utilizing socioeconomic studies, political reports, and ethnographic sketches, it raises questions about the perspectives of the (largely male) observers who documented Jewish women in the former market towns. How did these accounts portray the “female economy” of the shtetl, the role of Jewish women as either facilitators or disruptors of Soviet modernization, and the relative value of women’s productive and reproductive labor at a time of profound social disruption?
The autonomous point-of-care diabetic retinopathy examination

Abstract The autonomous point-of-care retinal examination has the potential to improve three key health-care barriers for people with diabetes—cost, access, and quality—by allowing primary care providers to administer the examination during the diabetes wellness visit, within minutes, providing an immediate diagnostic result, without a specialist or telemedicine interpreting the images. Autonomous Artificial Intelligence or Augmented Intelligence (AI) has enormous potential, but clinical acceptance and payments require rigorous validation and adherence to the three principles of safety (first, do no harm), efficacy (to make sure there is a benefit to using the AI), and equity (to make sure it benefits the vast majority of patients, and ethical norms are abided by across all subgroups of patients). These principles of safety, efficacy, and equity need to be safeguarded during the design, development, validation, and clinical use of AI, which requires transparency and accountability from AI developers.
Combined Helmholtz Equation Least-Squares (CHELS) Method

Although the HELS method has exhibited a great promise in reconstructing the acoustic fields in both exterior and interior regions, the accuracy in reconstruction for an arbitrarily shaped structure can be unsatisfactory. This is because the expansion based on the spherical waves for an acoustic field generated by on an arbitrarily shaped surface is incomplete.
Sparse invariant domain preserving discontinuous Galerkin methods with subcell convex limiting

Abstract In this paper, we develop high-order nodal discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods for hyperbolic conservation laws that satisfy invariant domain preserving properties using subcell flux corrections and convex limiting. These methods are based on a subcell flux corrected transport (FCT) methodology that involves blending a high-order target scheme with a robust, low-order invariant domain preserving method that is obtained using a graph viscosity technique. The new low-order discretizations are based on sparse stencils which do not increase with the polynomial degree of the high-order DG method. As a result, the accuracy of the low-order method does not degrade when used with high-order target methods. The method is applied to both scalar conservation laws, for which the discrete maximum principle is naturally enforced, and to systems of conservation laws such as the Euler equations, for which positivity of density and a minimum principle for specific entropy are enforced. Numerical results are presented on a number of benchmark test cases.
CD4+ T-cell epitope prediction by combined analysis of antigen conformational flexibility and peptide-MHCII binding affinity

Antigen processing in the class II MHC pathway depends on conventional proteolytic enzymes, potentially acting on antigens in native-like conformational states. CD4+ epitope dominance arises from a competition between antigen folding, proteolysis, and MHCII binding. Protease-sensitive sites, linear antibody epitopes, and CD4+ T-cell epitopes were mapped in the plague vaccine candidate F1-V to evaluate the various contributions to CD4+ epitope dominance. Using X-ray crystal structures, antigen processing likelihood (APL) predicts CD4+ epitopes with significant accuracy without considering peptide-MHCII binding affinity. The profiles of conformational flexibility derived from the X-ray crystal structures of the F1-V proteins, Caf1 and LcrV, were similar to the biochemical profiles of linear antibody epitope reactivity and protease-sensitivity, suggesting that the role of structure in proteolysis was captured by the analysis of the crystal structures. The patterns of CD4+ T-cell epitope dominance in C57BL/6, CBA, and BALB/c mice were compared to epitope predictions based on APL, peptide binding to MHCII proteins, or both. For a sample of 13 diverse antigens larger than 200 residues, accuracy of epitope prediction by the combination of APL and I-Ab-MHCII-peptide affinity approached 40%. When MHCII allele specificity is also diverse, such as in human immunity, prediction of dominant epitopes by APL alone approached 40%. Since dominant CD4+ epitopes tend to occur in conformationally stable antigen domains, crystal structures typically are available for analysis by APL; and thus, the requirement for a crystal structure is not a severe limitation.
A needs analysis approach: an investigation of clothing for women with chronic neurological disorders

The purpose of the study was to investigate the clothing needs assessment of women with SCI and MS as chronic neurological disorders, using the application of the Functional, Expressive, and Aesthe...
Achieving statistics self-actualization: Faculty survey on teaching applied social statistics

In this paper, we detail a convergent mixed-methods survey of faculty teaching applied social statistics courses, analyzed through a framework of learning theory. The survey explored faculty perceptions and use of recommended strategies for statistics education, perceived barriers to student success, and general recommendations for instruction in applied statistics courses. Results indicate some consistency in practice with the recommendations in the literature, but a lack of consistency was noted for strategies such as student reflections, allowing multiple attempts on assignments, and others. Particular attention is paid to connecting the results to learning theory with the discussion framed around a Statistics Self-Actualization model based on Maslow’s 1943 theory of Hierarchy of Needs. First published June 2020 at Statistics Education Research Journal Archives
Targeting Neuroplasticity to Improve Motor Recovery after Stroke

After neurological injury, people develop abnormal patterns of neural activity that limit motor recovery. Traditional rehabilitation, which concentrates on practicing impaired skills, is seldom fully effective. New targeted neuroplasticity (TNP) protocols interact with the CNS to induce beneficial plasticity in key sites and thereby enable wider beneficial plasticity. They can complement traditional therapy and enhance recovery. However, their development and validation is difficult because many different TNP protocols are conceivable, and evaluating even one of them is lengthy, laborious, and expensive. Computational models can address this problem by triaging numerous candidate protocols rapidly and effectively. Animal and human empirical testing can then concentrate on the most promising ones. Here we simulate a neural network of corticospinal neurons that control motoneurons eliciting unilateral finger extension. We use this network to (1) study the mechanisms and patterns of cortical reorganization after a stroke, and (2) identify and parameterize a TNP protocol that improves recovery of extension force. After a simulated stroke, standard training produced abnormal bilateral cortical activation and suboptimal force recovery. To enhance recovery, we interdigitated standard trials with trials in which the teaching signal came from a targeted population of sub-optimized neurons. Targeting neurons in secondary motor areas on 5-20% of the total trials restored lateralized cortical activation and improved recovery of extension force. The results illuminate mechanisms underlying suboptimal cortical activity post-stroke; they enable identification and parameterization of the most promising TNP protocols. By providing initial guidance, computational models could facilitate and accelerate realization of new therapies that improve motor recovery.
Oxidative Stress, Proton Fluxes, and Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine Treatment for COVID-19

Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have been proposed as treatments for COVID-19. These drugs have been studied for many decades, primarily in the context of their use as antimalarials, where they induce oxidative stress-killing of the malarial parasite. Less appreciated, however, is evidence showing that CQ/HCQ causes systemic oxidative stress. In vitro and observational data suggest that CQ/HCQ can be repurposed as potential antiviral medications. This review focuses on the potential health concerns of CQ/HCQ induced by oxidative stress, particularly in the hyperinflammatory stage of COVID-19 disease. The pathophysiological role of oxidative stress in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has been well-documented. Additional oxidative stress caused by CQ/HCQ during ARDS could be problematic. In vitro data showing that CQ forms a complex with free-heme that promotes lipid peroxidation of phospholipid bilayers are also relevant to COVID-19. Free-heme induced oxidative stress is implicated as a systemic activator of coagulation, which is increasingly recognized as a contributor to COVID-19 morbidity. This review will also provide a brief overview of CQ/HCQ pharmacology with an emphasis on how these drugs alter proton fluxes in subcellular organelles. CQ/HCQ-induced alterations in proton fluxes influence the type and chemical reactivity of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Adaptive Interference Cancellation Using Atomic Norm Minimization and Denoising

The rapid increase in the number of wireless devices in modern communication networks has significantly increased the number of interference sources, which severely impacts communication reliability. Adaptive interference cancellation is rapidly becoming a necessity for modern wireless networks. For interference cancellation, a digital beamformer adaptively adjusts its weight vector using an array processing algorithm. This, in turn, shapes the radiation pattern in a manner that minimizes interference power and maximizes the desired signal power. In this letter, we propose two atomic-norm-minimization-based methods to design a weight vector that can be used to cancel interference. We present numerical and experimental studies and compare with the minimum variance distortionless response beamformer, which outputs the highest possible signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR). We show that our approach is robust to signal corruptions arising from carrier frequency offsets. Uniquely, our algorithm extracts the offset frequencies, thus enabling interference cancellation with maximum SINR.
Cracking styrene derivative polymers in decalin solvent with metal-supported carbon catalysts

The cracking of styrene derivative polymers dissolved in decalin was conducted with metal-supported carbon catalysts under an inert gas atmosphere to recover monosubstituted styrene or monosubstituted ethylbenzene in higher yields than is obtained by pyrolysis, and to elucidate the detailed reaction mechanisms in the solvent. Poly-(4-methylstyrene), poly-(4-t-butylstyrene), poly-(α-methylstyrene), and polystyrene were used. In decalin without a catalyst, each polymer was decomposed into the monomer, dimer, and trimer derived from the corresponding polymer except for poly-(α-methylstyrene), which was decomposed into the monomer and styrene. By using metal-supported carbon, the olefinic compounds derived from the corresponding polymer were thoroughly hydrogenated to the saturated form in a nitrogen atmosphere by a hydrogen transfer reaction from decalin, which was simultaneously dehydrogenated to tetralin and naphthalene with the evolution of hydrogen gas. In comparison with metal species, Pd- and Ru-supported carbon catalysts maintained the hydrogenation activity for a longer time and with a lower evolution of hydrogen than Pt or Rh. The dehydrogenation of decalin was mainly observed not on the metal surfaces, but on the carbon surfaces over Pd-supported carbon. Stabilization of the monomers will be able to suppress the coking which occurs with repolymerization in long running process.
Review of research in photovoltaic panels cooling for domestic and industrial applications

This paper presents a review of recent photovoltaic cooling technologies and techniques used to reduce the negative impact of increased temperature to enhance the production of electricity by photovoltaic (PV) modules. Various cooling methods are reviewed; namely, Thermoelectric cooling, PV cooling with phase change materials (PCM) and nanofluids, PV systems cooled by forced water circulation, water immersion cooling technique, PV systems cooled by heat sinks, and solar PV systems cooled by water spraying. Several research papers are reviewed, and their focus is explained to provide an understanding of each cooling method to decrease the surface temperature of PV modules. In the conclusion section, the advantages and disadvantages of the above-mentioned cooling methods are expressed. This work can be used by engineers working on the design and theory of cooled photovoltaic systems.
Laminar mixing of miscible fluids in a SMX mixer evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Abstract Inline mixing is an important unit operation in industrial processes. SMX mixers, which split, rotate and recombine flow, are considered the best static mixer for laminar mixing for a wide range of fluid viscosities. The objective of this work was to characterize mixing within a 9-element SMX mixer for miscible liquids using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids were evaluated through the acquisition of consecutive MR images that provided spatially localised data of the mixing of 2 equal volume fluids. These images were viewed qualitatively and quantitatively. Mixing indices as a function of axial positions indicated that mixing is more rapid for Newtonian fluids than the non-Newtonian fluid for 50–50 by volume mixing. Characterisation of mixing behaviour within the SMX mixer allows improved prediction of performance based on fluid properties, flow ratio and injection location.