cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low-dose amphetamine elevates movement-related firing of rat striatal neurons.

To study the striatal role in amphetamine's stimulant effects on motor behavior, single neurons were recorded in the dorsolateral striatum of unrestrained rats before and after amphetamine injection (0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg, i.p.). Comparisons of firing were made between similar motor behaviors before and after injection. Mean locomotor firing rates increased 5% to 276% within 30 min after injection and reversed within 2 h. Firing related to specific head- or forelimb-movements, which were similar in all measured parameters before and after injection, was elevated several hundred percent after injection and then reversed, the time course paralleling that of the stimulant effect on these movements. Elevation of movement-related striatal firing rates by low doses of the psychomotor stimulant is in line with established increases in firing rate normally observed for striatal neurons related to motor behavior.
Does diffusion of horse-related military technologies explain spatiotemporal patterns of social complexity 1500 BCE–AD 1500?

Turchin et al. (1) use an agent-based model (ABM) to evaluate the hypothesis “…that the diffusion of horse-related military technologies from the steppe-sown interface to the rest of Afroeurasia results in a characteristic spatiotemporal pattern of spread of intense forms of warfare, leading to macrostate forms of political organization.” Because of design and simulation choices, it appears that their ABM provides less support for this hypothesis than the authors claim.
Altered CYP1A expression in Fundulus heteroclitus adults and larvae: a sign of pollutant resistance?

This study addresses the development of resistance to CYP1A induction in a population of Fundulus heteroclitus from highly contaminated Newark Bay, NJ. CYP1A is a P450 monooxygenase whose expression is induced in vertebrates by numerous organic contaminants, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Reduced expression of CYP1A in highly contaminated populations may represent resistance to chemical stressors. Adult F. heteroclitus from Newark Bay and a reference site were held in clean seawater for 6 months to allow them to depurate their contaminant body burdens. These fish were then exposed to a single intraperitoneal injection of PCBs during gametogenesis and CYP1A expression measured in parents and larvae. Hatching success, larval survival and larval growth were also measured; no effect of PCB treatment was observed in these parameters. Fish from the reference population exhibited a strong CYP1A dose-response to PCB treatments. Reference adult males treated with 0, 10 or 100 mg PCB (kg body weight)−1 had hepatic ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activities of 132±46.1, 43.3±59.5 and 345.4±197.5 pmol min−1 mg−1, respectively, and CYP1A protein levels of 7±5.6; 6.1±4.8 and 92.6±25 pmol mg−1 (means±SD) at 7 weeks post-injection. CYP1A expression in 24-h and 8-day post-hatch larvae from PCB-treated reference parents was measured immunohistochemically and revealed a strong and persistent induction that was dose-related. Further, larval organs responded sequentially to increasing parental PCB dose in the following order: hepatocytes, gill, gut and heart; the kidney appeared to express CYP1A constituitively. In contrast to the reference fish, Newark Bay adults and larvae failed to show induction of CYP1A in response to any PCB treatment. These results indicate that the Newark Bay population has acquired an altered response to CYP1A inducers that is both persistent and possibly heritable, that use of CYP1A as a biomarker may be misleading under conditions of chronic or extreme exposure, and emphasize the need for carefully designed studies which employ indicators in addition to CYP1A as biomarkers of exposure or effects.
Free Radicals in L-Arginine·HCl·H2O Single Crystals X-irradiated at 66K- EPR, ENDOR, EIE and DFT Studies

X-irradiation of L-arginine hydrochloride monohydrate crystals at 66 K led to at least five radicals detectable with K-band Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), Electron-Nuclear DOuble Resonance (ENDOR) and ENDOR-induced EPR (EIE) techniques. Radicals R1a and R1b were identified as carboxyl-centered radicals from one-electron reduction, (H(2)OOC*)CH (NH(3))(+)(CH(2))(3)NHC(NH(2))(2)(+) in two different conformations arising from the two geometrically distinct molecules of the asymmetric unit in the crystal. Density-Functional Theory (DFT) calculations on cluster models constructed separately for each molecule of the asymmetric unit support the assignments. Radical R2 was identified as the decarboxylation radical, *CH(NH(3))(+)(CH(2))(3)NHC (NH(2))(2)(+). Radical R3, with two proton couplings and one nitrogen coupling, was identified as a radical with the unpaired electron localized on the guanidyl group, (-)(OOC)CH(NH(3))(+)(CH(2))(3)NHC*(NH(2))(2)(+). R3 is a product of one-electron reduction different from radicals R1a and R1b. DFT calculations on a cluster model reproduced the experimental values very well and thus supported the assignment of R3. Geometry optimization indicated that the guanidyl group transformed from planar to pyramidal upon trapping the electron. Radical R4 was identified as a side chain dehydrogenation radical, (-)(OOC)CH(NH(3))(+)(CH(2))(2)*CH NHC(NH(2))(2)(+). It was not possible to collect sufficient data to identify radical R5, although it clearly exhibited hyperfine coupling to one nonexchangeable beta-proton.
Thomson scattering diagnostic of solid density plasmas using x-ray lasers

In this article, we demonstrate through calculations and theoretical analysis the first application of an x-ray laser for probing hot, high-density plasmas (ne⩾1023 cm−3) using a Ni-like transient collisional excitation x-ray laser as a probe. Theoretical predictions are used to diagnose the electron temperature in short-pulse (500 fs) laser-produced plasmas. The threshold power of the x-ray probe is estimated by comparing theoretical scattering levels with plasma thermal emission. The necessary spectral resolution of the instrument sufficient for resolving electron temperature is given. Effects of the electron heat flow on the ion-acoustic fluctuation spectra are presented. The outlook for these and next generation experiments are discussed.
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus-Encoded Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen Modulates K1 Expression through Its cis-Acting Elements within the Terminal Repeats

K1 is the first open reading frame encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and lies positionally to the immediate right of the terminal repeats. K1 is a transmembrane glycoprotein having a functional immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) capable of activating B-cell receptor signaling. K1 is expressed mostly during the lytic cycle of the virus and its promoter lies within the terminal repeat which contains the binding sites for latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA). The K1 promoter (K1p) having LANA binding sites assayed by reporter assay demonstrated that LANA is capable of down-regulating K1 promoter transcriptional activity. However, the KSHV replication transcription activator RTA up-regulates K1p transcriptional activity. The promoter deleted of LANA binding sites showed loss in LANA-mediated down-regulation but was unaffected for RTA-mediated up-regulation. Increasing amounts of RTA rescued LANA-mediated repression of K1p transcriptional activity in cotransfection experiments. Reporter assay data suggest that LANA binding to its cognate sequence is critical for LANA-mediated repression of K1p as a LANA construct lacking the DNA binding domain was unable to repress K1p transcription. Additionally, KSHV primary infection experiments suggest that K1 is expressed during early infection but is repressed on the establishment of latency and so follows an expression profile similar to that of RTA during infection. Analysis of the promoter sequence revealed the presence of Oct-1 transcription factor binding sites within the -116 to +76 region. Mutational analysis of the Oct-1 sites abolished RTA-mediated transcriptional activation, suggesting that RTA up-regulates K1p transcription through binding to this transcription factor.
Deletion of Drosophila Nopp140 induces subcellular ribosomopathies

The nucleolar and Cajal body phosphoprotein of 140 kDa (Nopp140) is considered a ribosome assembly factor, but its precise functions remain unknown. To approach this problem, we deleted the Nopp140 gene in Drosophila using FLP-FRT recombination. Genomic PCR, reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR), and immunofluorescence microscopy confirmed the loss of Nopp140, its messenger RNA (mRNA), and protein products from all tissues examined. Nopp140-/- larvae arrested in the second instar stage and most died within 8 days. While nucleoli appeared intact in Nopp140-/- cells, the C/D small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) methyltransferase, fibrillarin, redistributed to the nucleoplasm in variable amounts depending on the cell type; RT-PCRs showed that 2′-O-methylation of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in Nopp140-/- cells was reduced at select sites within both the 18S and 28S rRNAs. Ultrastructural analysis showed that Nopp140-/- cells were deficient in cytoplasmic ribosomes, but instead contained abnormal electron-dense cytoplasmic granules. Immunoblot analysis showed a loss of RpL34, and metabolic labeling showed a significant drop in protein translation, supporting the loss of functional ribosomes. Northern blots showed that pre-RNA cleavage pathways were generally unaffected by the loss of Nopp140, but that R2 retrotransposons that naturally reside within the 28S region of normally silent heterochromatic Drosophila ribosomal DNA (rDNA) genes were selectively expressed in Nopp140-/- larvae. Unlike copia elements and the related R1 retrotransposon, R2 expression appeared to be preferentially dependent on the loss of Nopp140 and not on environmental stresses. We believe the phenotypes described here define novel intracellular ribosomopathies resulting from the loss of Nopp140.
Shear horizontal vibrations of a piezoelectric/ferroelectric wedge

An exact solution is obtained for shear horizontal vibrations of a piezoelectric wedge of polarized ceramics. The results are useful for understanding and accurately predicting energy trapping of shear horizontal modes in resonant piezoelectric devices.
New results on control of multibody systems which conserve angular momentum

A planar system of rigid bodies interconnected by one degree of freedom rotational joints is considered. This multibody system is referred to as a multilink, and the rigid bodies are referred to as links. The angular momentum of the multilink is conserved but is not necessarily zero. We show that if the number of links is at least four, then periodic joint motions can make the absolute orientation of a specified base link track exactly a specified function of time whose time derivative is periodic. This result on the use of periodic joint motions for orientation tracking extends previous work [15], [20], [22] on using periodic joint motions for rest-to-rest reorientation. It has interesting physical consequences. Specifically, in the case of non-zero angular momentum periodic joint motions can maintain the orientation of the base link constant. In the case of zero angular momentum periodic joint motions can change the orientation of the base link at a specified angular rate. We also demonstrate that if the multilink consists of at least three links, then for any value of the angular momentum joint motions can reorient the multilink arbitrarily over anarbitrary time interval. This result extends similar results in [15] for zero angular momentum and in [20] that apply for nonzero angular momentum but not for an arbitrary time interval. In terms of their control-theoretic aspects, the problems treated in the paper can be viewed as controllability problems for a class of nonlinear control system with time-dependent drift.
Getting to Havarti Moving Toward Patient Safety in Obstetrics

Most health care professionals who are involved in efforts to improve patient safety are aware of James Reason's "Swiss cheese" model of how accidents occur. Some elements and pressures of current obstetric practice may weaken defenses and safeguards against perinatal injury. Several components of obstetric care in labor and delivery units can be used as targets for tightening the "holes" in the Swiss cheese model. These include improving communications, preparing for rare critical events through simulation training, developing protocols for administration of important medications used in labor and delivery (oxytocin, misoprostol, and magnesium sulfate), increasing the in-house presence of obstetricians, developing an effective departmental infrastructure that includes effective peer review, providing risk management education about high-risk clinical areas that have the potential to result in catastrophic injury, and staffing the unit for all contingencies during all hours, day and night. Acceptance by the obstetric medical staff is critical to the implementation of these patient safety elements.
Fiber-composite Model for Helical Growth in the Phycomyces Cell Wall

The sporangiophores of the fungus Phycomyces , like all isolated, cylindrically-growing cells, show helical growth, the rotation of one end of the cell relative to the other. This work's fiber composite model for the cell wall shows that helical structure results from the rotation of newly-synthesized microfibrils from an initial tranversely-dominated orientation into a flat helix. The cell wall is modeled as discontinuous fibers imbedded in a matrix with a power-law creep rate. The wall yields to the stresses exerted by turgor pressure, and new material is deposited on its inner surface. Applying this model to the steady-state growth zone of the stage IVb Phycomyces sporangiophore leads to predictions of the fibril orientation of new synthesis and of the mechanical properties of the matrix.
The FXXLF motif mediates androgen receptor-specific interactions with coregulators

The androgen receptor (AR) activation function 2 region of the ligand binding domain binds the LXXLL motifs of p160 coactivators weakly, engaging instead in an androgen-dependent, interdomain interaction with an FXXLF motif in the AR NH2 terminus. Here we show that FXXLF motifs are present in previously reported AR coactivators ARA70/RFG, ARA55/Hic-5, and ARA54, which account for their selection in yeast two-hybrid screens. Mammalian two-hybrid assays, ligand dissociation rate studies, and glutathioneS-transferase adsorption assays indicate androgen-dependent selective interactions of these FXXLF motifs with the AR ligand binding domain. Mutagenesis of residues within activation function 2 indicates distinct but overlapping binding sites where specificity depends on sequences within and flanking the FXXLF motif. Mutagenesis of the FXXLF motifs eliminated interaction with the ligand binding domain but only modestly reduced AR coactivation in transcription assays. The studies indicate that the FXXLF binding motif is specific for the AR and mediates interactions both within the AR and with coregulatory proteins.
American Gastroenterological Association Medical Position Statement: guidelines on constipation.

Abstract This document presents the official recommendations of the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) on constipation. It was approved by the Clinical Practice and Practice Economics Committee on March 4, 2000, and by the AGA Governing Board on May 21, 2000. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2000;119:1761-1766
Efficacy of abduction bracing in the management of total hip arthroplasty dislocation

A retrospective review of total hip arthroplasty (THA) dislocations was performed to determine the effectiveness of abduction bracing following closed reduction. Patients were grouped as a first-time dislocation (n = 91) or recurrent dislocation (n = 58) and whether or not they received an abduction brace; re-dislocation defined failure of treatment. The mean follow-up was 4.0 years in the first-time group and 3.7 years in the recurrent group. Among patients treated for first-time dislocations, 61% re-dislocated with a brace and 64% of nonbraced patients re-dislocated. In the recurrent group, 55% re-dislocated with a brace, whereas 56% re-dislocated without a brace. Chi-square analysis revealed that observed differences were not significant. There was no significant difference among groups with regards to age, sex, operative side, or significant surgical parameters. Abduction bracing following closed reduction of THA dislocation is ineffective in preventing re-dislocation.
Expression of andic and spodic properties in tephra-influenced soils of northern Idaho, USA

Abstract Tephra from Mount Mazama (Crater Lake) has strongly influenced genesis and morphology of forest soils in the Selkirk Mountains of northern Idaho. Characteristics associated with Andisols and their intergrades are common in soils throughout the area. In addition, tephra-influenced soils of the higher elevations exhibit properties of Spodosols as well. This study was initiated to examine development and relative expression of these properties along an elevational transect with its associated bioclimatic gradient. This paper presents data from three soils that encompass the range in expression of andic and spodic properties found along this gradient. Cooler, moister soils of the higher elevations have formed under subalpine fir forest and are strongly influenced by volcanic ash as indicated by color. NaF-pH, glass content, and quantities of oxalate-extractable Fe, Al, and Si. Additionally, podzolization processes have created E-Bhs horizon sequences in these soils within the last 6800 years. The clay fraction of the very strongly acid E horizon is dominated by a well-crystallized smectite mineral. Formation of an E horizon has effectively erased andic characteristics such as accumulation of short-range order minerals (SROMs), high NaF-pH, and high P retention. Soils of the middle elevations have formed under western hemlock forest and also have significant ash influence. These soils have properties transitional to those of the higher-elevation Spodosols and do not exhibit the overprint of podzolization processes. Eluvial horizons are absent although there has been significant accumulation of metal-organic complexes and inorganic SROMs in the upper horizons of these Andisols. Soils of the lower elevations have developed under relatively warmer and drier conditions associated with the lower end of the western hemlock forest zone and have comparatively less volcanic ash influence. The ash has been extensively mixed with coarse-textured glacial drift, and, as a result, these lower elevation soils lack the morphological or chemical properties associated with Spodosol development but do exhibit weak andic characteristics.
An integration of shifts toward risk and caution in gambling situations

Abstract Findings have been reported and replicated indicating group-induced caution at the racetrack and group-induced risk in blackjack gambling. The present research examined the effects of two consistent differences between the blackjack and racetrack situations: (a) the amount of money available to groups versus individuals; and (b) the number of bets made in the postbaseline session. It was found that group-induced caution can occur in the blackjack setting if groups have larger stakes than individuals, as was the case in the racetrack studies, and that this effect disappears over trials, due to group versus individual differences established in the previous blackjack studies. Since current explanations of choice shifts cannot account for the observed trial effects, it was suggested that traditional choice-dilemma material, on which these explanations are largely based, be examined for such effects. Implications of the possible outcomes of such an examination for current group polarization theory were discussed.
Settling Behavior of Unpurified Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Laboratory Settling Columns

The settling behavior of fresh and aged unpurified oocysts was examined in settling column suspensions with varied ionic strengths and concentrations of calcium and magnesium. Independent measurements of the size and density of unpurified oocysts were performed to determine a theoretical settling velocity for the test populations. Viability of the oocysts was assessed using a dye permeability assay. Latex microspheres were included to provide a standard by which to assess the settling conditions in the columns. Mean settling velocities for viable oocysts measured in this work were faster than predicted and faster than measured for purified oocysts in other work: 1.31 (±0.21) μm/s for viable oocysts from populations having a low percentage of viable oocysts and 1.05 (±0.20) μm/s for viable oocysts from populations with a high percentage of viable oocysts. Results were attributed to the higher than previously reported densities measured for oocysts in this study and the presence of fecal material, which al...
Inclusion relations for Bernstein quasi-analytic classes

Abstract The inclusion relations for classes of quasi-analytic functions introduced by S. N. Bernstein are studied. A criterion for determining when such a class is a subset of another is established. This is accomplished with the aid of a counting function associated with the class.
Electrochemical and quartz crystal microbalance evidence for mediation and direct electrochemical reactions of small molecules at tetrathiafulvalene-te

Abstract Rotating disk electrode experiments were used to investigate the electrochemical kinetics of ferricyanide, ascorbic acid and catechol in 0.5 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7) at TTF-TCNQ electrodes. Apparent transfer coefficients (α) of approximately 0.3 were obtained for the oxidation of ascorbic acid and catechol, and suggest that the oxidation may involve heterogeneous catalysis at the TTF-TCNQ electrode surface. For ferricyanide α = 0.5, indicating direct electron transfer. The behavior of the surface was subsequently characterized using in situ quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements. QCM results suggest that a TCNQ 0 rich surface is being produced throughout most of the potential window used during rotating disk electrode experiments. A mechanism is proposed which can account for the low apparent transfer coefficient and which involves TCNQ 0 .
Effect of chemical functionalization on the mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes

Abstract Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been proposed as ideal fibers for the manufacture of the next generation of composite materials. To ultimately increase the interaction of the CNTs with polymer matrices, researchers have attached chemical functional groups to the nanotube walls. The effects of covalent chemical attachments on the mechanical properties of single-walled CNTs are examined with classical molecular dynamics simulations. The maximum compressive (buckling) force for various functionalized and non-functionalized CNTs is calculated. It is found that covalent chemical attachments decrease the maximum buckling force by about 15% regardless of tubule helical structure or radius.
Isolated chromosomes and casual contaminants in electron microscopy.

Objekte, welche in jungst veroffentlichten elektronenmikroskopischen Abbildungen als isolierte Chromosomen identifiziert wurden, sind nichtchromosomalen Beimischungen sehr ahnlich. Ein Irrtum in der Identifizierung dieser Objekte ist wahrscheinlich. Wir haben solche Strukturen in Chromosomen nicht gefunden.
PCDDs and PCDFs in human adipose tissue from the EPA FY82 NHATS repository

Abstract Analysis for tetra- through octachloro-PCDDs and PCDFs was completed for 46 tissue samples prepared from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Human Adipose Tissue Survey (NHATS). The samples were prepared as composites from over 900 specimens to represent the nine U.S. census divisions and three age groups (0–14, 15–44, and 45 plus years). The data demonstrate that PCDDs and PCDFs are prevalent in the general U.S. population and that differences exist with age.
Environmental History of New England: William Cronon’s Changes in the Land

William Cronon’s Changes in the Land presaged a radical turn in environmental thought. His seminal work dramatically reconstructed our view of precolonial New England. He dismissed entirelythe rece...
Radiation studies of avian tumor viruses and of Newcastle disease virus.

Abstract The infectivity of several strains and pseudotypes of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) is about 20 times more resistant to inactivation by ultraviolet (UV) radiation than is the infectivity of several strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The infectivity of Rous-associated virus (RAV) and the ability of RAV to activate RSV are inactivated by UV radiation at the same rate as the infectivity of RSV. X-rays inactivated the infectivity of NDV, RSV, and RAV and the activation of RSV by RAV at the same rate.
Synthesis and spectroelectrochemical characterization of binuclear complexes of bis(bipyridine)ruthenium and pentaammineruthenium bridged with α,ω-dipyridylcyanines

Abstract As part of our systematic investigation of solitonic behavior in molecules and search for structural and dimensional requirements for molecular level electronic components, we have prepared two binuclear compounds which incorporate a pyridocyanine bridging segment between two ruthenium complexes. [(NH3)5Ru(LH)Ru(NH3)5](PF6)4 and [(bipy)2ClRu(LH)RuCl(bipy)2](PF6)2 (where LH is 1,5-dipyridyl-1,3-pentadiene) and the mononuclear complexes [(NH3)5Ru(LH)](PF6)2 and [Ru(bipy)2(LH)Cl](PF6) were synthesized by ligand substitution from the convenient precursors Ru(bipy)2Cl2 and [Ru(NH3)5Cl]Cl2. Deprotonation of the dimeric complexes MLHM afforded cyanine-linked complexes MLM. Attempts to prepare mixed-valence polyenyl complexes electrooxidatively were unsuccessful. A spectroelectrochemical investigation revealed that oxidation of the deprotonated polyenyl bridging moiety occurred at a lower potential than that required for oxidation of the termini centers in the deprotonated complex [(bipy)2ClRu(L)RuCl(bipy)2](PF6)2. Similarly, the expected intervalence transfer between the polyene terminal groups in deprotonated [(NH3)5Ru(L)Ru(NH3)5](PF6)4 was not realized due to ligand dissociation.
Capital Accumulation and the Rise of the New Middle Class

The aim of this paper is to present an historical analysis of the ex pansion of the new middle class in the United States since the beginning of the 20th century. In opposition to conventional accounts which interpret the growth of professional and managerial occupations primarily as a consequence of technological changes associated with the process of industrialization, I argue that changes in the class structure must be viewed as a structurally determined consequence of the inherent contradictions of capitalist society, of the process of class conflict itself, and the adaptive mechanisms which have emerged in response to these. The expansion of the new middle class is analyzed in relation to the his torical development of the capital accumulation process and each of its three principal contradictions: (1) the tendency toward a decline in the rate of profit, (2) the intensification of class antagonism, and (3) problems in the realization of surplus-value. The application of this model to the present peri...
Improving Student Success Through Hybrid Mode of Delivery in Nonscience Major Biology Classes

Three models of course delivery are being used in higher education in North America: onsite, online, and hybrid learning. This study examines the hypothesis that non-science majors perform at least as well when taking introductory biology in a hybrid delivery format as they do in a tradit ional onsite format. At Harold Washington College, a hybrid biology course for non-science majors was offered for the first time in 2010 and the effectiveness of the course for achieving its intended outcomes was evaluated. Multiple assessment strategies were used to measure students' success in terms of ach ieving a high rate of student performance, student satisfaction, and student retention.
The Tyranny of Fraternity in McWilliams' America

LX AREY McWILLIAMS has written a superb book. Caution has been the spirit of Anglo-American political philosophy, at least since T. H. Green, and while this approach has hardly been futile, it is invigorating to find a work as grand as this. Ambition and nobility of purpose are the stuff from which great political philosophy needs to be made. The Idea of Fraternity in America sheds a glow of excellence on the vocation of political philosophy that will for some time to come cast a pleasant light on all of us. Moreover, McWilliams' book is something of a sui generis in another sense. Most of contemporary political philosophy is moral geometry. The form of the arguments goes far toward establishing their proof. But McWilliams apologizes for the occasional introduction of "rigorous structure" and opts for presenting his case as a "rich fabric" of discourse (McWilliams, 1973: 8). The Idea of Fraternity in America sits on one's bookshelf like an old friend who is to be consulted rather than studied or refuted. But McWilliams can dazzle the reader as well. Confronted with what is probably the best writing style to be found in political philosophy since Rousseau, one becomes so fascinated with the aesthetics of tracing the meandering paths of-fraternity in political thought that absorption is more in following McWilliams' trails than in asking the justification for the
SUCCESSFUL RE-INTRODUCTION OF THE MURPHY-STURM LYMPHOSARCOMA AFTER METHYLCELLULOSE-INDUCED REGRESSION OF THIS TUMOUR IN RATS.

Successful Re-Introduction of the Murphy–sturm Lymphosarcoma after Methylcellulose-Induced Regression of this Tumour in Rats
Use Of Different Periodic Analyzers For The Frequency-Mixing Detection Of Polarization-Modulated Light

AbstractWe derive the equations that permit the use of six different periodic analyzers for the frequency- mixingdetection (FMD) of polarization- modulated light. The six periodic analyzers are (1) the rotating linearanalyzer, (2) rotating half -wave plate and fixed linear analyzer, (3) rotating quarter -wave plate and fixedlinear analyzer, (4) rotating linear analyzer and fixed linear analyzer, (5) oscillating -phase retarder andfixed linear analyzer, and (6) oscillating optical rotator and fixed linear analyzer. In all cases, thequiescent (average) polarization and the polarization- and intensity- modulation parameters of the beam can beeasily and explicitly determined from limited Fourier analysis of the detected signal. I. Introduction In lightwave communication systems information can be imparted to the light beam in the form of polariz-ation modulation.1 Polarization modulation is also encountered in "modulation spectroscopy "z where a light -beam probe interacts with a material sample (e.g., a crystal) subjected to an alternating perturbation such asan electric, magnetic, or a stress field. In these and other related applications, detection of a modulatedstate of polarization is required.Recently we have suggested that the parameters that characterize polarization - and intensity -modulatedlight be measured by what we call frequency- mixing detection (FMD).3 In such a scheme, a light beam modulatedat a frequency w passes through a periodic optical analyzer that oscillates at a different frequencywa(wa«wm). Themresulting interaction causes frequency mixing which is borne in variations of the intensityof the light leaving the analyzer. Fourier analysis of the signal received by a photodetector placed afterthe analyzer allows the determination of both the quiescent (average) polarization and the polarization andintensity modulation of the beam.
The survival and differentiation of embryonic lung tissues in diffusion chambers and in mammary fat pads of mice.

The culturing of lung tissues in diffusion chambers in vivo has failed to support epithelial elements. The transplantation of lung rudiments into mammary fat pads of mice, however, has allowed long term culture (11 months) with complete differentiation of the explants.
Frequent sequential interactions as opportunities to engage in temporal reasoning with an online GIS

Temporal reasoning (i.e., reasoning about relationships across time) is complex and difficult, particularly when engaged through complex media such as online Geographic Information System (GIS) applications. Partnering with Social Explorer (SE), a Web-based GIS application that allows users to create interactive visualizations of large sociological datasets, we engaged in frequent sequential pattern mining of a database of users' interactions with SE. The resulting frequent sequences provide initial descriptions of how SE affords opportunities to engage in temporal reasoning.
Atherosclerosis in Japanese Quail Males Selected for High or Low Plasma Cholesterol

Abstract Three lines of Japanese quail males, unselected controls (CL), high response (HL), and low response (LL) lines, selected for plasma total cholesterol for 18 generations, were fed all-plant source, nonatherogenic diets to which 0 or .5% cholesterol were added from 6 to 18 wk of age. Atherosclerotic scores (AS) of aorta of HL birds fed cholesterol were significantly higher than those of LL birds fed cholesterol. Scores of LL fed cholesterol were not higher than LL not fed cholesterol. Fatty infiltration of muscularis and foam cell disruption of elastic fibers were observed in HL males fed cholesterol. In a second experiment, males of the three lines were fed from 6 to 14 wk of age four plant source diets to which were added: 1) 10% glucose monohydrate (cerelose); 2) 10% cerelose + .1% cholesterol; 3) 4% corn oil; or 4) 4% coconut oil. All diets were calculated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Overall, AS of HL and CL males were significantly higher than LL males, but there were no effects of diet for the 56-d feeding period.
Preparation and Photoluminescence of Silicon Carbide Phosphors Doped with Group III a Elements and/or Nitrogen

Silicon carbide phosphors were prepared by firing in an atmosphere of argon containing a trace of nitrogen mixtures of semiconductor grade silicon and spectroscopically pure graphite to which a trace of group III a element was added. Room temperature photoluminescence was observed only with boron doping. Doping with other group III a elements resulted in low‐temperature phosphors, whose brightness had not quite reached peak values at 77°K.
Progressive Parametrization in Subspace Identification Models with finite horizons

Traditional subspace identification (SID) framework uses Kalman filter or predictor to interpret the SID models. To achieve this the horizons f, p have to approach infinity to be consistent. In practice, however, the horizons f, p are finite. We argue that for finite f and p the Kalman filter framework does not apply. In this paper, we introduce a progressive parametrization framework to interpret the models used in each step of SID methods and discuss how the progressively parametrized models lead to the recursive state space models, when additional assumptions are made. Monte- Carlo simulation is conducted on a closed-loop example to demonstrate what each step of SID contributes to the model estimate using the methods of HOARX, SSARX of Jansson [8], and that of canonical variate analysis [11]. We also state that the intermediate non-recursive models can be useful for the purpose of state estimation, fault detection, and control.
Conservation of FcεRI gamma chain coding region in normals and in SLE patients

High-frequency single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) alleles are useful in mapping genes responsible for disease susceptibility. Functionally, Fcgamma receptors (FcgammaR) have been implicated in autoimmune disease, and the gene encoding the signaling element for several FcgammaR, Fc-epsilon-receptor gamma-chain (FcepsilonRIgamma), has several SNPs in the immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motif (ITAM) recorded in GenBank. Direct sequencing of the FcepsilonRIgamma coding region found potentially polymorphic sites in the 5'-->3' direction in control donors, which were not confirmed in the reverse direction (n = 66), and further exploration of 80 SLE patients revealed no non-synonymous SNPs. One normal donor was heterozygous for a non-synonymous SNP at nt 38 which changed the fifth codon from valine (GTG) to methionine (ATG). Although the EST databases suggest candidate SNPs, insertions and deletions, these appear to be artifacts, most probably due to secondary structure. The coding region of FcepsilonRIgamma shows a remarkable absence of nucleotide diversity. Either as yet unidentified regulatory elements of FcepsilonRIgamma or other genes in the region of human chromosome 1q23 are likely to be systemic lupus erythematosus disease susceptibility and severity genes.
Identification of Bot Commands by Run-Time Execution Monitoring

Botnets pose serious threats to the Internet. In spite of substantial efforts to address the issue, botnets are dramatically spreading. Bots in a botnet execute commands under the control of the botnet owner or controller. A first step in protecting against botnets is identification of their presence, and activities. In this paper, we propose a method of identifying the high-level commands executed by bots. The method uses run- time monitoring of bot execution to capture and analyze run- time call behavior. We find that bots have distinct behavior patterns when they perform pre-programmed bot commands. The patterns are characterized by sequences of common API calls at regular intervals. We demonstrate that commands aiming to achieve the same result have very similar API call behavior in bot variants, even when they are from different bot families. We implemented and evaluated a prototype of our method. Run-time monitoring is accomplished by user-level hooking. In the experiments, the proposed method successfully identified the bot commands being executed with a success rate of 97%. The ability of the method to identify bot commands despite the use of execution obfuscation is also addressed.
Influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection on pelvic inflammatory disease

Objective: To examine the influence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on clinical and microbiologic characteristics of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Methods: Forty-four HIV-infected women and 163 HIV noninfected women diagnosed with PID by standard case definition were evaluated by using clinical severity scores, transabdominal sonograms, and endometrial biopsies. After testing for bacterial infections, patients were prescribed antibiotics as recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Results: Symptoms of PID and analgesic use before enrollment did not differ by HIV serostatus. More HIV-infected women had received antibiotics before enrollment (40.9% versus 27.2%, P = .08), a factor associated with milder signs regardless of serostatus. More HIV-infected women had sonographically diagnosed adnexal masses at enrollment (45.8% versus 27.1%, P = .08), a difference that yielded higher median severity scores (17.5 of 42 points versus 15 of 42 points, P = .07). However, those differences were not significant at the P < .05 level. Mycoplasma (50% versus 22%, P < .05) and streptococcus species (34% versus 17%, P < .05) were isolated more commonly from biopsies of HIV-infected women. Within 30 days after enrollment, HIV-infected women generally responded as well to therapy as HIV-noninfected women did, regardless of initial CD4 T-lymphocyte percentage. Conclusion: Among women with acute PID, HIV infection was associated with more sonographically diagnosed adnexal masses. Clinical response to CDC-recommended antibiotics did not differ appreciably by serostatus. Mycoplasmas and streptococci were isolated more commonly from HIV-infected women, but those organisms also might be associated with PID in immunocompetent women.
A novel push-pull sampling methodology for test production in semiconductor manufacturing industries

This paper describes the use of a push-pull sampling methodology on test products to improve manufacturing efficiency. The conventional test technologies heavily rely on manufacturing operators to manually input the necessary information to a station controller for processing a test lot. This approach has resulted in some quality issues of sampling miscalculation owing to under-sample requirements in test processes. A robust solution is developed by applying a two-stage push-pull methodology in a new automated sampling system. The push-pull approach of automated sampling controls and propagates the correct sampling data to the operators for them to run test lots with the correct samples. The system has contributed to improving manufacturing capacity, creating robust controllable system, reducing human handling or dependency, and shortening the lead time to end customers. All these have resulted in effective manufacturing control to eliminate non-value added activities and zero repeated quality cases in the manufacturing test environment. The overall ROI (return of investment) realized by this system is a cost saving of million dollars, by mitigating the cost of human errors against reduction of production cost per unit.
A spatial analysis of population dynamics and climate change in Africa: potential vulnerability hot spots emerge where precipitation declines and demographic pressures coincide

We present an integrative measure of exposure and sensitivity components of vulnerability to climatic and demographic change for the African continent in order to identify “hot spots” of high potential population vulnerability. Getis-Ord Gi* spatial clustering analyses reveal statistically significant locations of spatio-temporal precipitation decline coinciding with high population density and increase. Statistically significant areas are evident, particularly across central, southern, and eastern Africa. The highly populated Lake Victoria basin emerges as a particularly salient hot spot. People located in the regions highlighted in this analysis suffer exceptionally high exposure to negative climate change impacts (as populations increase on lands with decreasing rainfall). Results may help inform further hot spot mapping and related research on demographic vulnerabilities to climate change. Results may also inform more suitable geographical targeting of policy interventions across the continent.
The cost of being object-orientedc A preliminary study

Since the introduction of the Java programming language, there has been widespread interest in the use Java for the high performance scientific computing. One major impediment to such use is the performance penalty paid relative to Fortran. To support our research on overcoming this penalty through compiler technology, we have developed a benchmark suite, called OwlPack, which is based on the popular LINPACK library. Although there are existing implementations of LINPACK in Java, most of these are produced by direct translation from Fortran. As such they do not reflect the style of programming that a good object-oriented programmer would use in Java. Our goal is to investigate how to make object-oriented scientific programming practical. Therefore we developed two object-oriented versions of LINPACK in Java, a true polymorphic version and a “Lite” version designed for higher performance. We used these libraries to perform a detailed performance analysis using several leading Java compilers and virtual machines, comparing the performance of the object-oriented versions of the benchmark with a version produced by direct translation from Fortran. Although Java implementations have been made great strides, they still fall short on programs that use the full power of Java’s object-oriented features. Our ultimate goal is to drive research on compiler technology that will reward, rather than penalize good object-oriented programming practice.
Selection and Cell Communication as Determinants of Female Phenotype

As a consequence of X-chromosome inactivation, one X chromosome becomes the sole determinant of the X-specified characteristics of the cell, leading to potential cellular mosaicism in females. If there were no differences between the maternal and paternal alleles at any X-linked locus, there would be no cellular mosaicism. However, unlike the relatively homogeneous laboratory mouse populations, the human population is very heterogeneous, largely attributable to heterozygosity at many loci. Based on estimates by Harris and Hopkinson (1972), it seems certain that most women are heterozygous at one and probably more than ten X-linked loci. Therefore, with respect to her X-linked genes, the phenotype of the female is determined by the nature of her individual heterozygosity, the effect of random inactivation on the proportions of cells of the two types in each tissue, and the result of selection following inactivation.
Operational sustainability metrics - assessing performance of electronics recycling systems

Despite growing concern about the handling of end-of-life electronics, the existing electronics recycling system has not been characterized in detail, either by the fate of the materials recovered or the economic and environmental performance of the system. There is a need for systematic ways to describe system functioning and quantitative methods to assess system performance. Existing evaluations of eco-efficiency or sustainability are either too aggregated to guide operational decisions or too complex and data intensive to be performed in the context of a low-margin system. A range of performance metrics were assessed for several electronics recycling operators. These metrics were assessed for their ability to provide insights on resource efficiency comparable to more complex indicators, with minimal data required beyond that collected for normal business operations. Value recovery effectiveness results for three US electronic recycling operators are presented, based on several quantitative indicators. Results show that current simple measures such as "mass percent to landfill" are not sufficient to fully assess system performance.
Statistically optimal graph partition method based on modularity

Graph theory provides a formal framework to investigate the functional and structural connectome of the brain. We extend previous work on modularity-based graph partitioning methods that are able to detect network community structures. We estimate the conditional expected network, provide exact analytical solutions for a Gaussian random network, and also demonstrate that this network is the best unbiased linear estimator even when the Gaussian assumption is violated. We use the conditional expected network to partition graphs, and demonstrate its performance in simulations, a real network dataset, and a structural brain connectivity network.
Distribution pricing and tariff structure: The ongoing US reforms

It is hard to report at present any streamlined efforts toward reforming distribution pricing and tariffs to better reflect the technological changes and their value. In particular, at present there is no direct relation between the demand-response commitments to participating in peak load shaving, direct load control programs, on one side, and the prices reflecting their value. As a rule, the signals reflecting the value of the technologies underlying these functionalities are not in place.