cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reprogramming the glycolytic pathway for increased hydrogen production in cyanobacteria: metabolic engineering of NAD+-dependent GAPDH

Catabolism of glycogen stored by cyanobacteria occurs during anaerobic auto-fermentation and produces a range of C1–C3 fermentation products and hydrogen via hydrogenase. We investigated both augmenting and rerouting this carbon catabolism by engineering the glycolysis pathway at the NAD+-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH-1), its major regulation site at the nexus of two pathways (Oxidative Pentose Phosphate pathway, OPP, and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis). Null (gap1::aphII) and overexpression (gap1+) strains of Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 were constructed in order to produce more NADPH (via rerouting carbon through OPP) and more NADH (via opening the glycolytic bottleneck), respectively. For gap1::aphII quantitative analyses after four days of dark auto-fermentation showed undiminished glycogen catabolism rate, significant increases of intracellular metabolites in both OPP and upper-glycolysis, decrease in lower-glycolysis intermediates, 5.7-fold increase in NADPH, 2.3-fold increase in hydrogen and 1.25-fold increase in CO2vs. wild type (WT). These changes demonstrate the expected outcome of redirection of carbon catabolism through the OPP pathway with significant stimulation of OPP product yields. The gap1+ strain exhibits a large 17% increase in accumulation of glycogen during the prior photoautotrophic growth stage (gluconeogenesis), in parallel with a 2-fold increase in the total [NAD+ + NADH] pool, foreshadowing an increased catabolic capacity. Indeed, the rate of glycogen catabolism during subsequent dark auto-fermentation increased significantly (58%) vs. WT, resulting in increases in both NADH (4.0-fold) and NADPH (2.9-fold) pools, and terminal fermentation products, hydrogen (3.0-fold) D-lactate (2.3-fold) and acetate (1.4-fold). The overall energy conversion yield over four days from catabolized glycogen to hydrogen increased from 0.6 mole of hydrogen per mole of glucose (WT) to 1.4 (gap1::aphII) and 1.1 (gap1+) under headspace accumulation conditions (without hydrogen milking). These findings demonstrate the significant potential of metabolic engineering for redirecting carbon pathways for carbohydrate catabolism and hydrogen production in cyanobacteria.
A BiCMOS low-power current mode gate

A controllable BiCMOS low-power current mode logic (LPCML) gate is proposed. The LPCML can be controlled to operate in a high-power mode when its inputs and outputs are in transition. When the gate is idle, it is in a low-power mode and the circuit maintains its output levels with very little tail current. A circuit implementation of the LPCML is also reported with a discussion on its design considerations. A circuit implementation of the LPCML with conventional CML indicates that its delay is greater than that of CML by about 60%. The power consumption of LPCML is proportional to the time it spends in the high-power mode, and, hence, may be significantly lower than that of CML. >
A Pneumatic Mechanism for Outdoor Oil Circuit Breakers

This compressed-air mechanism has been developed to answer the requirements of a simple and reliable stored-energy mechanism. By arranging this mechanism to be pneumatically trip-free, it has been possible to get the high-speed operations required of modern oil circuit breakers. The mechanism has been tested under severe operating conditions to insure trouble-free performance. Timetravel curves show satisfactory characteristics for closing, tripping, trip-free, and instantaneous reclosing operations. The absence of synchronized mechanical motions and critical mechanical adjustments contributes to a reduction in maintenance and will add to reliable operation.
Ray-Born inversion for fracture parameters

SUMMARY The purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility of inverting for the fracture parameters using the ray-Born approximation. The fracture parameters normal and tangential weaknesses ΔN and ΔT, derived using a low-frequency effective medium theory, are indicators of the crack density and fracture infill (liquid-filled or dry). In our implementation of ray-Born inversion, ΔN and ΔT are unknown model parameters. We treat the background medium as isotropic, and its elastic properties are assumed to be already determined using other conventional methods prior to inversion. In our current implementation, we assume that the fractures are vertical and the orientation of the symmetry axis of the effective anisotropic medium or the fracture normal is known. We formulate the inverse problem in a least-squares sense and apply the conjugate-gradient method to minimize the error function. To overcome the problem of non-uniqueness in the inversion and to ensure that the inverted model parameters are physically meaningful and unique, we added an analytical function of model parameters to the error function. We show, using a numerical example, that the fracture parameters cannot be reliably obtained from single-component seismic data (vertical or horizontal). Simultaneous inversion of both components is needed for more robust estimates of ΔN and ΔT. The inversion scheme was implemented in the frequency domain, which allowed us to experiment with the number of frequencies used in the inversion. We found that a very small number of frequency samples covering the spectrum of the source wavelet could produce reasonable estimates of ΔN and ΔT. We tested our method on a synthetic data set generated using ray-Born forward modelling. For the experiment shown in the paper, the least-squares inversion scheme produced encouraging results. We also applied our method to a synthetic data set generated using a 3-D anisotropic finite-difference code. The results indicated that our method could predict the parameter trends, but with some inaccuracies in the values of ΔN and ΔT.
High dose anakinra for treatment of severe neonatal Kawasaki disease: a case report

We report an 11-week-old female who presented with Kawasaki disease (KD) complicated by macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). The infant presented to the hospital with persistent fever, cough, diarrhea, and emesis, among other symptoms. Her condition quickly began to decompensate, and she developed classic features (conjunctivitis, rash, cracked lips, distal extremity edema) prompting a diagnosis of acute KD. The patient was treated with standard therapy for KD including three doses of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), aspirin, and high dose glucocorticoids with no change in her condition. Due to a high suspicion for MAS, high dose anakinra therapy was initiated resulting in dramatic clinical improvements. She also received one dose of infliximab for concern for coronary artery changes, and over the course of several months, anakinra and high dose glucocorticoids were tapered. Nearly complete reversal of echocardiogram changes were observed after 8 months, and the infant is now off all immunosuppressive therapy. In this case report, we briefly review the importance of early recognition of MAS in pediatric patient populations with rheumatic diseases, and we suggest early initiation of anakinra therapy as a rapid and effective treatment option.
Secondary leukemia associated with a conventional dose of etoposide: review of serial germ cell tumor protocols.

BACKGROUND Case reports have suggested that treatment with high-dose etoposide can result in development of a unique secondary leukemia. PURPOSE This study was designed to estimate the risk of developing leukemia for patients receiving conventional doses of etoposide along with cisplatin and bleomycin. METHODS We reviewed the records at Indiana University of all untreated patients entering clinical trials using etoposide at conventional doses (cumulative dose, 2000 mg/m2 or less) for germ cell cancer between 1982 and 1991. The records of all patients who received a chemotherapy regimen containing etoposide, ifosfamide, or cisplatin after failing to respond to primary chemotherapy were also reviewed. RESULTS Between 1982 and 1991, 538 patients entered serial clinical trials with planned cumulative etoposide doses of 1500-2000 mg/m2 in combination with cisplatin plus either ifosfamide or bleomycin. Of these 538 patients, 348 received an etoposide combination as initial chemotherapy and 190 received etoposide as part of salvage treatment. To date, 315 patients are alive, with median follow-up of 4.9 years, and 337 patients have had follow-up beyond 2 years. Two patients (0.37%) developed leukemia. One developed acute undifferentiated leukemia with a t(4;11) (q21;q23) cytogenetic abnormality 2.0 years after starting etoposide-based therapy, and one developed acute myelomonoblastic leukemia with no chromosome abnormalities 2.3 years after beginning chemotherapy. During this period, several hundred patients were treated with etoposide-based chemotherapy and did not enter clinical trials. Three of these patients are known to have developed hematologic abnormalities, including one patient with acute monoblastic leukemia with a t(11;19)(q13;p13) abnormality. CONCLUSIONS Secondary leukemia after treatment with a conventional dose of etoposide does occur, but the low incidence does not alter the risk-to-benefit ratio of etoposide-based chemotherapy in germ cell cancer. IMPLICATIONS The reports of leukemia associated with high doses of etoposide emphasize the need for diligent follow-up of patients and make careful risk-to-benefit analysis imperative.
Factors affecting fertility in the postpartum cow: role of the oocyte and follicle in conception rate.

Four experiments were designed to examine the contribution of the oocyte or the follicular, oviductal, or early uterine environments to low fertility associated with the first ovulation postpartum. At 17-25 days postpartum in experiments 1, 2, and 3, suckled beef cows were assigned at random to receive 6 mg norgestomet, via ear-implant, for 9 days (NOR) or to serve as controls (CON). Calves were weaned from all cows 7 days after assignment to treatment in order to induce estrus, an LH surge, ovulation, and subsequent formation of CL. As cows were detected to be in estrus, they were bred first by natural service and 12 h later by artificial insemination. In experiment 1, on Day 3 after estrus, the oviduct ipsilateral to the side of ovulation was removed and flushed for recovery of an embryo or oocyte. Rates of recovery (86%), fertilization (68%), and development of fertilized oocytes to the 4- to 8-cell stage (100%) did not differ between CON and NOR cows. In experiment 2, uteri were flushed nonsurgically on Day 6 after estrus. Rates of recovery of embryos from the uterus were similar between CON (86%) and NOR (71%) cows. In experiment 3, one half of the cows in each group (CON and NOR) were fed melengestrol acetate (MGA) beginning on Day 4 after estrus and continuing until Day 35. The remaining cows in each group served as controls. Treatment with NOR increased (p < 0.05) the proportion of cows that maintained pregnancy until Day 35 (9/22) as compared to controls (0/18). Supplementation with MGA failed to improve maintenance of pregnancy in cows that underwent early luteal regression. In experiment 4 progesterone (200 mg/day) was injected, beginning on Day 4 after cows were bred at first postpartum estrus, to produce luteal-phase concentrations in circulation. This treatment also failed to maintain pregnancy in CON cows with short-lived CL. In conclusion, low pregnancy rate in CON cows was due not only to premature regression of the CL; it may have resulted from ovulation of an oocyte with inherent or acquired defects preventing continued development, or from an oviductal or uterine environment hostile to the developing embryo.
Mechanisms of Chemiluminescence and Bioluminescence

It would be surprising if there was a scientist active today who did not often find himself in a position of having to describe to a lay public, nay even to justify, the nature of his scholarly activity. Although the phenomenon which is the subject of this volume may be described as “Cold Light”, to the layman an explanation with reference to the flash of the firefly is usually more enlightening. A gas phase kineticist might hesitate however to use this example to represent his work since he might have in mind the difficulty of having to untangle collisions between these beetles at hyperthermal velocities.
Suppurative pelvic thrombophlebitis: A study of 202 cases in which the disease was treated by ligation of the vena cava and ovarian vein☆

Abstract Suppurative pelvic thrombophlebitis has been a disease of intense interest on the Tulane Unit at Charity Hospital of Louisiana at New Orleans since 1911. Various combinations of pelvic vein ligations were utilized without too much improvement in mortality rate until ligation of the normal venous return from the uterus (i.e., the vena cava and ovarian vein) was effected. Our experience regarding early and late results in 202 cases of ligation of the vena cava and ovarian vessels is recorded.
Stimulation of ejaculated human spermatozoa by caffeine.

The effect of caffeine (137-trimethyl-26-dioxypurine) a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor on the motility of spermatozoa of low and normal motility was studied. Motility was graded 0 to 4.0 based on forward progression. 128 human semen specimens were diluted with .1 ml of Ringers buffer solution with caffeine added to 6mM of final concentration. Control specimens were prepared without caffeine. All samples were incubated at 37 degrees C. and then examined at 0 1 2 3 4 and 5 hours later. Caffeine (6mM) markedly stimulated and maintained motility particularly of spermatozoa with low initial motility. Differences between the control and the caffeine-treated groups between 1 and 5 hours were statistically significant (p less than .001). After 5 hours this difference declined. In 3 specimens with no initial motility no forward progression was observed but only a slight quivering. From these findings it is suggested that a technique might be devised by which caffeine or a similar chemical substance would improve the fertility of patients whose semen specimens are of low motility.
Inefficient translation of nsrR constrains behaviour of the NsrR regulon in Escherichia coli.

The NsrR protein of Escherichia coli is a transcriptional repressor that contains an [Fe–S] cluster that is the binding site for nitric oxide (NO). Reaction of NsrR with NO leads to de-repression of its target genes, which include those encoding an NO scavenging flavohaemoglobin and the RIC (repair of iron centres) protein involved in the repair of NO-damaged [Fe–S] clusters. The nsrR gene is promoter proximal in a transcription unit with rnr, encoding the cold shock-inducible RNase R. Here, we show that nsrR is expressed from a strong promoter, but that its translation is extremely inefficient, leading to a low cellular NsrR concentration. Conversion of the nsrR start codon from the wild-type GUG to AUG increased the efficiency of translation (which, nevertheless, remained extremely low) and had measurable effects on the expression of some NsrR-regulated genes. We conclude that NsrR abundance in the cell is such that promoters with low-affinity NsrR binding sites may partially escape NsrR-mediated repression. Expression profiling confirmed that genes regulated by NsrR (whether directly or indirectly) tend to express lower mRNA levels when the nsrR start codon is AUG than when it is GUG. Transcriptomics data implicated the pyruvate oxidase gene poxB as a novel NsrR target, which we confirmed and showed to be due to read-through transcription from the upstream hcp-hcr genes. We also present evidence to suggest that NsrR is a regulator of the sufABCDSE genes, which encode the components of an [Fe–S] cluster biogenesis and repair system.
Clinical aspects of evaluation and treatment of sclerocystic ovaries

Sclerocystic ovarian disease is primarily a clinical diagnosis, since there is no pathognomonic physical finding or laboratory study. The purpose of this study was to evaluate in a planned manner consecutive patients suspected of having sclerocystic ovarian disease. Fifty-five consecutive clinic and private cases diagnosed by this plan were carefully studied in relation to menstrual history, physical findings, laboratory studies, and clinical follow-up. Criteria for operation were outlined. In this group of patients, 54 patients had secretory endometrium on first postoperative period, 44 continued regular ovulatory period for one year, and 63 per cent of patients with patent tubes became pregnant in the first 2 years postoperatively.
Rapid Evolution of Mosquito Anti-viral ncRNA Pathway Components

Vector-host non-coding RNA (ncRNA) interactions are important for the maintenance of arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) infection cycles in nature. A major anti-viral pathway in mosquitoes is the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway. Using high throughput sequencing (HTS) data, population genetics analysis was performed on major RNAi components from natural populations of the dengue and zika virus vector, Aedes aegypti. Pairwise comparisons of four geographically separated wild-caught collections (Senegal, Thailand, and Mexico) were analyzed for this study. Mutation rate ratios of siRNA/miRNA orthologs indicated rapid evolution of anti-viral siRNA pathway components, as had been reported previously. Polymorphisms were present in key amino acid residues of RNAi pathway components, which could contribute to variability in arbovirus infection rates, and thereby influence transmission cycles. Haplotype analysis of Argonaute-2 (Ago2), the RNAi slicer enzyme , revealed a hypervariable region in the predicted N-terminus that varied widely among the populations, as well as polymorphisms in the PAZ and PIWI domains. Dicer-2 showed selected coding changes near the DEAD/DEAH helicase , dimerization , and RNase III domains, which also varied among the collections. Senegal (PK10) showed the highest number of coding changes in Ago2 and Dicer-2. Rapid evolution of RNAi components may influence emergence of arbovirus genotypes and contribute to the inter-kingdom arms race of arbovirus pathogens and their hosts.
RF circuit and system innovations for a new generation of wireless terminals

Next-generation (Next-G) wireless terminals need to sense their ambient and adapt to the diverse deployment scenario requirements on the fly while leveraging technology scaling. Several key circuit and system innovations are required to make the realization of this vision possible. We discuss how compressed sampling can be exploited to design a rapid, GHz-wide and energy-efficient interferer detector using a quadrature analog-to-information converter. A family of field-programmable receiver front ends demonstrating two linearity enhancement techniques including interferer-reflecting loops and hybrid Class-AB-C low noise transconductors is discussed. The technology scalable and out-of-band blocker robust switched-capacitor RF front end is then presented.
Enhancement of the physicochemical properties of [Pt(dien)(nucleobase)]2+ for HIVNCp7 targeting

Physicochemical properties of coordination compounds can be exploited for molecular recognition of biomolecules. The inherent π–π stacking properties of [Pt(chelate)(N-donor)]2+ ([PtN4]) complexes were modulated by systematic variation of the chelate (diethylenetriamine and substituted derivatives) and N-donor (nucleobase or nucleoside) in the formally substitution-inert PtN4 coordination sphere. Approaches to target the HIV nucleocapsid protein HIVNCp7 are summarized building on (i) assessment of stacking interactions with simple tryptophan or tryptophan derivatives to (ii) the tryptophan-containing C-terminal zinc finger and (iii) to the full two-zinc finger peptide and its interactions with RNA and DNA. The xanthosine nucleoside was identified as having significantly enhanced stacking capability over guanosine. Correlation of the LUMO energies of the modified nucleobases with the DFT π-stacking energies shows that frontier orbital energies of the individual monomers can be used as a first estimate of the π-stacking strength to Trp. Cellular accumulation studies showed no significant correlation with lipophilicity of the compounds, but all compounds had very low cytotoxicity suggesting the potential for antiviral selectivity. The conceptual similarities between nucleobase alkylation and platination validates the design of formally substitution-inert coordination complexes as weak Lewis acid electrophiles for selective peptide targeting.
Hepatostat: Liver regeneration and normal liver tissue maintenance.

In contrast to all other organs, liver-to-body-weight ratio needs to be maintained always at 100% of what is required for body homeostasis. Adjustment of liver size to 100% of what is required for homeostasis has been called “hepatostat.” Removal of a portion of any other organ is followed with local regeneration of a limited degree, but it never attempts to reach 100% of the original size. The complex mechanisms involved in this uniquely hepatic process encompass a variety of regenerative pathways that are specific to different types of injury. The most studied form of liver regeneration (LR) is that occurring after loss of hepatocytes in a single acute injury, such as rodent LR after two-thirds partial hepatectomy or administration of damaging chemicals (CCl4, acetaminophen, etc.). Alternative regenerative pathways become activated when normal regeneration is thwarted and trigger the appearance of “progenitor” cells. Chronic loss of hepatocytes is associated with regenerative efforts characterized by continual hepatocyte proliferation and often has adverse consequences (development of cirrhosis or liver cancer). Even though a very few hepatocytes proliferate at any given time in normal liver, the mechanisms involved in the maintenance of liver weight by this slow process in the absence of liver injury are not as well understood. (Hepatology 2017;65:1384-1392)
Pacc - a discriminative and accuracy correlated measure for assessment of classification results

Measuring the performance of a classifier properly is important to determine which classifier to use for an application domain. The comparison is not straightforward since different experiments may use different datasets, different class categories, and different data distribution, thus biasing the results. Many performance (correctness) measures have been described to facilitate the comparison of classification results. In this paper, we provide an overview of the performance measures for multiclass classification, and list the qualities expected in a good performance measure. We introduce a novel measure, probabilistic accuracy (Pacc), to compare multiclass classification results and make a comparative study of several measures and our proposed method based on different confusion matrices. Experimental results show that our proposed method is discriminative and highly correlated with accuracy compared to other measures. The web version of the software is available at http://sprite.cs.uah.edu/perf/.
Soil chemistry influences the phytotoxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles

Nanoparticles (NPs) of ZnO and CuO are used in an array of different commercial products. NPs could be introduced into soils by contamination after production from distribution and use, especially from their end-of-life fate. Purposeful introduction to soils may occur in formulations as pesticides, because of their antimicrobial properties, and as fertilisers, to increase the loading of the essential metals Zn and Cu into plant tissues. Use as fertilisers must ensure that application rates do not lead to phytotoxicity. Dose-dependent phytotoxicity is seen in several crops including wheat, Triticum aestivum, when grown hydroponically or in sand. Phytotoxicity is evidenced in wheat by reduced growth and higher tissue loads of Cu or Zn than control plants. Soil properties, however, can mitigate phytotoxicity. Growth reduction in the wheat seedlings was not observed when an alkaline calcareous field soil with initial pH of 8.3 was amended with 300 mg Cu/kg soil from CuO NPs although metal loads increased in the shoots, paralleling observations with ZnO NPs. Phytotoxicity of both NPs was evident in acidic commercial field soils. The level of soluble metal released from the NPs in the aqueous phase varied with soil. Solubility was determined by the soil water pH and in part by the nature of the materials present in the plant root exudates. For example, a typical root exudate, citrate, at pH 5, dissolved more Cu from CuO NPs than did a suspension in water. These findings indicate that phytotoxicity of these metal oxide NPs in soils will vary with the properties of the soils. Consequently soil properties will influence how the NPs could be used as fertilisers.
Classifier Performance and Evaluation

Among all machine learning problems, classification is the most well studied, and has the most number of solution methodologies. This embarrassment of riches also leads to the natural problems of model selection and evaluation.
Education: Skill Training

This article describes how the concept of ‘human capital’ anticipated by Adam Smith applies to decisions to acquire more schooling or to invest in vocational skills on the job; it then discusses the evidence on the incidence, duration, and costs of training. The idea is that workers and their employers act as if they evaluate investments in skills using the same cost-benefit calculus that they would use when assessing the net benefits from any other investment. These investments manifest themselves in increased worker productivity. An important difference between investing in workers and investing in new plants and equipment is that individuals can move. This fact creates an important disincentive for employers to train their employees.
Over-Sampling from an auxiliary domain

The exponential growth of data dimensions presents an obstacle in informatics as data miners try to construct ever greater training sets to overcome the theoretical limitations of statistical learning theory. Machine learning models require a minimum set of samples within each label to develop a representative hypothesis. To overcome these bounds, we developed an algorithm that can extract samples from an auxiliary domain to augment the training set. Our work exploits concepts from the "Transfer Learning" and "Imbalanced Learning" domains to expand the training set and permit standard models to be applied. We present theoretical verification of our method and demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework with experimental results on real-world data.
Two Complementary Circuits in Two-Connected Tournaments

If T is a strongly connected n-tournament, n ≥ 6, different from the 7-tournament which contains no transitive 4-subtournaments, and if T - x is strongly connected for every vertex x of T, then it is proven that T contains two vertex-disjoint circuits of lengths 3 and (n-3).
The "State" of Federal Bankruptcy Law: The Ninth Circuit's Debt Recharacterization Analysis in In re Fitness Holdings International

On April 30, 2013, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in In re Fitness Holdings International, Inc. held that bankruptcy courts have the authority to recharacterize debt as equity when the obligation does not constitute a “right to payment” under state law. In so holding, the court adhered to a state law approach and declined to adopt a federal rule for debt recharacterization, thus creating a split amongst the federal appeals courts. This Comment argues that the Ninth Circuit’s state law approach is more desirable than promulgating a federal debt recharacterization rule because state law is more predictable and guarantees that a property interest will receive the same protections in federal bankruptcy courts as it would in state courts. This Comment also argues that a state law approach is preferable because it is rooted in precedent and avoids the risk that bankruptcy courts will infringe on substantive state policy.
Review: Roles of Prebiotics in Intestinal Ecosystem of Broilers

In recent years, prebiotics have been considered as potential alternatives to antibiotics. Mechanisms by which prebiotics modulate the ecosystem of the gut include alternation of the intestinal microbiota, improvement of the epithelium, and stimulation of the immune system. It is suggested that the administration of prebiotics not only influences these aspects but also regulates the interaction between the host and the intestinal microbiota comprehensively. In this review, we will discuss how each prebiotic ameliorates the ecosystem by direct or indirect mechanisms. Emphasis will be placed on the effects of prebiotics, including mannan oligosaccharides, β-glucans, and fructans, on the interaction between the intestinal microbiota, gut integrity, and the immunity of broilers. We will highlight how the prebiotics modulate microbial community and regulate production of cytokines and antibodies, improving gut development and the overall broiler health. Understanding the cross talk between prebiotics and the intestinal ecosystem may provide us with novel insights and strategies for preventing pathogen invasion and improving health and productivity of broilers. However, further studies need to be conducted to identify the appropriate dosages and better resources of prebiotics for refinement of administration, as well as to elucidate the unknown mechanisms of action.
Boyz n the Hood and the Marginalization of Black Adolescent Males

John Singleton’s Boyz n the Hood debuted over 25 years ago to critical acclaim and compelling cultural relevance. Underscored by several social justice principles, the film highlights the socioeconomic challenges that ravaged low-income, Black communities during the 80s and early 90s. As a critical examination of Boyz n the Hood, this film review explores the movie’s representation of ineffective policing in black communities; the school-to-prison pipeline for students of color; the shortage of basic necessities for underprivileged children; and the importance of intentional parenting in child development. The article then discusses the implications of these social issues on the Black adolescent males featured in the film and closes with hypothetical solutions for minimizing their marginalized experiences.
Cooperative versus competitive influences of emotion and cognition on decision making: A primer for psychiatry research.

Abstract Clinical research across the developmental spectrum increasingly reveals the nuanced ways in which emotion and cognition can work to either support or derail rational (i.e., healthy or goal-consistent) decision making. However, psychological theories offer discrepant views on how these processes interact, and on whether emotion is helpful or harmful to rational decision making. In order to translate theoretical predictions from basic psychology to clinical research, an understanding of theoretical perspectives on emotion and cognition, as informed by experimental psychology, is needed. Here, I review the ways in which dual-process theories have incorporated emotion into the process of decision making, discussing how they account for both positive and negative influences. I first describe seven theoretical perspectives that make explicit assumptions and predictions about the interaction between emotion and cognition: affect as information, the affect heuristic, risk as feelings, hot versus cool cognition, the somatic parker hypothesis, prospect theory, and fuzzy-trace theory. I then discuss the conditions under which each theoretical perspective conceptualizes emotion as beneficial or harmful to decision making, providing examples from research on psychiatric disorders.
An Ecological Approach to Modeling Vision: Quantifying Form Perception Using the Circle Map Equation

AbstractObject perception occurs within a dynamic world, where the environment and the observer (both body and eyes) are continually moving, shifting and changing. We seek to characterize and quant...
Increasing Chlorophyll a Amid Stable Nutrient Concentrations in Rhode Island Lakes and Reservoirs

Addressing anthropogenic impacts on aquatic ecosystems is a focus of lake management. Controlling phosphorus and nitrogen can mitigate these impacts, but determining management effectiveness requires long-term datasets. Recent analysis of the LAke multi-scaled GeOSpatial and temporal database for the Northeast (LAGOSNE) United States found stable water quality in the northeastern and midwestern United States, however, sub-regional trends may be obscured. We analyze a sub-regional (i.e., 3000 km2) trend with the University of Rhode Island’s Watershed Watch Volunteer Monitoring Program (URIWW) dataset. URIWW has collected water quality data on Rhode Island lakes and reservoirs for over 25 years. The LAGOSNE and URIWW datasets allow for comparison of water quality trends at regional and sub-regional extents, respectively. We assess regional (LAGOSNE) and state (URIWW) trends with yearly mean anomalies calculated on a per-station basis. Sub-regionally, temperature and chlorophyll a increased from 1993 to 2016. Total nitrogen shows a weak increase driven by low years in the early 1990s. Total phosphorus and the nitrogen:phosphorus ratio (N:P) were stable. At the regional scale, the LAGOSNE dataset shows similar trends to prior studies of the LAGOSNE with chlorophyll a, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and N:P all stable over time. In short, algal biomass, as measured by chlorophyll a in Rhode Island lakes and reservoirs is increasing, despite stability in total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and the nitrogen to phosphorus ratio. This analysis suggests an association between lake temperature and primary production. Additionally, we demonstrate both the value of long-term monitoring programs, like URIWW, for identifying trends in environmental condition, and the utility of site-specific anomalies for analyzing for long-term water quality trends.
Violence Typologies Among Youth: A Latent Class Analysis of Middle and High School Youth.

Research documents high rates of interpersonal violence (e.g., bullying, dating violence, sexual assault) among middle and high school youth, during which time dating and sexual relationships are e...
Microfictions and Microaggressions: Counselors’ Work With Transracial Adoptees in Schools:

In the United States, transracial adoptions make up 85% of international adoptions and 40% of all domestic adoptions, and most consist of White parents and adoptees of color. This article describes...
Effects of cold water immersion on circulating inflammatory markers at the Kona Ironman World Championship.

Cold water immersion (CWI) purportedly reduces inflammation and improves muscle recovery post exercise, yet its effectiveness in specific contexts (ultraendurance) remains unclear. Thus, our aim was to study hematological profiles, systemic inflammation, and muscle damage responses to a specific post race CWI (vs. control) during recovery after the Ironman® World Championship, a culmination of ~100,000 athletes competing in global qualifying Ironman® events each year. Twenty-nine competitors were randomized into CWI or control (CON) group. Physiological parameters and blood samples were taken pre race (BASE), after intervention (POST), and 24 (+1DAY) and 48 hours (+2DAY) following the race. Muscle damage markers (plasma myoglobin, serum creatine kinase) were elevated at POST, +1DAY, and +2DAY, while inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 and total leukocyte counts were increased only at POST. CWI had no effect on these markers. Numbers of the most abundant circulating cell type, neutrophils, were elevated at POST more so in CWI (p<0.05, vs. CON). Despite that neutrophil counts may be a sensitive marker to detect subtle effects, CWI does not affect recovery markers 24- and 48-hours post race (vs. CON). Overall, we determine that our short CWI protocol was not sufficient to improve recovery. Novelty: • Ironman World Championship event increased circulating muscle damage markers, inflammatory markers, and hematological parameters, including circulating immune cell sub-populations that recover 24-48 hours after the race. • 12-min CWI post ultraendurance event affects the absolute numbers of neutrophils acutely, post race (vs. CON), but does not impact recovery 24- and 48-hours post race.
Visual Historiography: Drawing Time as a Method to Cultivate Varied Temporalities and Heterodox Avenues of Historical Inquiry

In this commentary, I discuss the potential of historical visualization as a practice to address art education’s need for historiographic modes that look beyond the linear and causal by mindfully c...
Differential influences of (±) anatoxin-a on photolocomotor behavior and gene transcription in larval zebrafish and fathead minnows

Though anatoxin-a (antx-a) is a globally important cyanobacterial neurotoxin in inland waters, information on sublethal toxicological responses of aquatic organisms is limited. We examined influences of (±) antx-a (11–3490 µg/L) on photolocomotor behavioral responses and gene transcription associated with neurotoxicity, oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity, in two of the most common alternative vertebrate and fish models, Danio rerio (zebrafish) and Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow). We selected environmentally relevant treatment levels from probabilistic exposure distributions, employed standardized experimental designs, and analytically verified treatment levels using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Caffeine was examined as a positive control. Caffeine influences on fish behavior responses were similar to previous studies. Following exposure to (±) antx-a, no significant photolocomotor effects were observed during light and dark transitions for either species. Though zebrafish behavioral responses profiles were not significantly affected by (±) antx-a at the environmentally relevant treatment levels examined, fathead minnow stimulatory behavior was significantly reduced in the 145–1960 µg/L treatment levels. In addition, no significant changes in transcription of target genes were observed in zebrafish; however, elavl3 and sod1 were upregulated and gst and cyp3a126 were significantly downregulated in fathead minnows. We observed differential influences of (±) antx-a on swimming behavior and gene transcription in two of the most common larval fish models employed for prospective and retrospective assessment of environmental contaminants and water quality conditions. Sublethal responses of fathead minnows were consistently more sensitive than zebrafish to this neurotoxin at the environmentally relevant concentrations examined. Future studies are needed to understand such interspecies differences, the enantioselective toxicity of this compound, molecular initiation events within adverse outcome pathways, and subsequent individual and population risks for this emerging water quality threat.
Three Anarchical Fallacies: An Essay on Political Authority

How is a legitimate state possible? Obedience, coercion and intrusion are three ideas that seem inseparable from all government and seem to render state authority presumptively illegitimate. This book exposes three fallacies inspired by these ideas and in doing so challenges assumptions shared by liberals, libertarians, cultural conservatives, moderates and Marxists. In three clear and tightly argued essays William Edmundson dispels these fallacies and shows that living in a just state remains a worthy ideal. This is an important book for all philosophers, political scientists and legal theorists as well as other readers interested in the views of Rawls, Dworkin and Nozick, many of whose central ideas are subjected to rigorous critique.
Operative Therapy for the Descending and Thoracoabdominal Aorta

Aortic aneurysms are the 13th leading cause of mortality in the Unit ed States. Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAAs), defined as strad dling the diaphragm and extending anywhere between the left subclavian artery down to the aortic bifurcation, remain a less common entity compared to the more frequently presenting aneurysms involving the ascending or infrar-enal aorta. In 1986, E. Stanley Crawford popularized a classification scheme for TAAA based on their extent, a surrogate for the risk of postoperative neurologi cal deficit. This system essentially classifies the extent of aneurysm as primarily involving the thoracic aorta with varying degrees of extension into the abdomi nal aorta (types I and II), and contrasts them to those primarily involving the abdominal aorta with varying degrees of extension into the thoracic aorta (types III and IV). The natural history of aortic aneurysms remains that of inexorable expansion and rupture. Classic early studies on the natural history of untreated TAAA demonstrated a 2-year mortality of 76%, predominantly from aortic rupture. The strongest determinant of the risk for rupture is greatest for those aneurysms with diameters larger than 5 cm. However, other determinants of rup ture include advanced age, a history of hypertension, tobacco use, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Aneurysms presenting with preexisting dissec tion, or those that are larger, typically have higher growth rates and represent a higher risk for rupture. This chapter will discuss the indications for intervention, as well as operative approaches, both open and hybrid.
Ambiguity and Income Taxation

Traditional analysis of tax policy has generally used either the Expected Utility Model or the closely related Subjective Expected Utility Theory to describe how individuals behave under risk and uncertainty. However, the accuracy of this theory has been under attack for a number of decades. This article begins the process of incorporating one of the major lines of criticism of expected utility theories, i.e. that individuals don't necessary calculate precise probabilities of events and are averse to ambiguous risks, into the analysis of tax policy. It discusses how this analysis explains certain 'paradoxes' such as the 'Home Bias' problem. It concludes that these findings argue for lower rates of taxation on entrepreneurial income and for lower rates of tax on portfolio income derived from investment in foreign countries.
Surface T cell Fas receptor/CD95 regulation, in vivo activation, and apoptosis. Activation-induced death can occur without Fas receptor

Fas-mediated apoptosis is a form of cell death that operates through a receptor-ligand interaction. The FasR has been implicated directly in peripheral T cell tolerance and activation-induced apoptosis of T cells in vitro, although to date its expression on murine peripheral T cells has been characterized incompletely. In this study, we document substantial expression of FasR on the vast majority of recent thymic emigrants and resting peripheral T lymphocytes. FasR ligation can induce death in a minor (approximately 5%) subset of these cells. By contrast to rather slow activation-mediated FasR up-regulation in vitro, we demonstrate that in vivo T cell activation by alpha CD3 mAb or superantigen results in rapid up-regulation of the FasR. This up-regulation is paralleled by the kinetics of activation-induced apoptosis in lymph node T cells. However, we demonstrate that the FasR is not necessary for activation-induced cell death. Lymph node T cells from young, healthy, FasR expression-deficient MRL-Ipr/Ipr and animals could be activated in vivo through the TCR-CD3 complex. Most importantly, MRL-Ipr/Ipr T cells underwent massive activation-induced apoptosis in response to high and intermediate doses of alpha CD3. At a low alpha CD3 dose, however, both MRL-Ipr/Ipr and MRL +/+ T cells were activated similarly, but only the latter underwent adequate apoptosis. Taken together, these findings suggest that in vivo, the Fas pathway may not be the only regulator of activation-induced T cell death, but that this pathway may be critical in regulating responses to weak stimuli.
Biohydrogenation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids IV. SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY AND INHIBITION OF LINOLEATE Δ12-CIS, Δ11-TRANS-ISOMERASE FROM BUTYRIVIBRIO FIBRISOLVENS

Three parameters involved in the binding of substrate to linoleate isomerase of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens have been identified from studies of inhibition by fatty acid isomers and analogues. They are (a) the π system of the substrate double bond, (b) hydrophobic interaction, and (c) hydrogen bonding of the substrate carboxyl group. Almost every unsaturated fatty acid tested inhibited the enzyme, regardless of configuration or double bond position between carbons 3 and 12. Superimposed on this contribution of unsaturation was the correlation of inhibition with chain length and with the presence of an active hydrogen on a C-1 substituent. Inhibition by unsaturated fatty acids or their derivatives in all cases examined was competitive. More restrictive requirements for isomerization were revealed by incubation of the enzyme with positional and configurational isomers and carboxyl derivatives of the substrate. An absolute requirement for a cis-9, cis-12-diene system and a free C-1 carboxyl group was shown. Two chelators, o-phenanthroline and EDTA, were identified as reversible inhibitors of the enzyme. Inhibition by o-phenanthroline was noncompetitive. The isomerase was also inhibited by the sulfhydryl reagents, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, iodoacetamide, and N-ethylmaleimide.
Counseling Parents after the Birth of an Infant with Down’s Syndrome

Approximately one in every 600 babies born in this country is diagnosed as having Down’s Syndrome. The condition has lifelong implications for physical appearance, intellectual achievement, and general functioning. It is usually suspected at the time of delivery or shortly thereafter. The clinical diagnosis must be confirmed by chromosome studies for the child with this syndrome has extra genetic material, usually in the form of an entire extra chromosome.
Miscarriages of Justice: A Theoretical and Practical Overview

This article deals with the following topics, among other things:1. Defining miscarriage of justice.2. Factors that affect the felt seriousness of miscarriages of justice. 3. Why we omit normative innocence and state of mind from the definition of miscarriage of justice, at least for the purposes of undertaking reinvestigation.4. Framing a guilty guy and miscarriage of justice. 5. Waivers, Time bars and various kinds of post conviction relief—why waiver and time bar doctrines shouldn’t affect serious actual innocence claims, and how the system can live up to this without opening a floodgate or creating a haystack.6. Exonerations, unsafe verdicts, and radically unsafe verdicts, and the implications of these related but distinct concepts for analyzing the problem of the convicted innocent.
Radiolytic Yields of Nitrogen and Hydrogen in Water Boilers

Yields of nitrogen and hydrogen from several Water Boiler uranyl nitrate solutions were measured in the presence of excess oxygen gas. Nitrogen yield increased with increased uranyl nitrate concent...
Transients in finite inflation

We test a model of inflation with a fast-rolling kinetic-dominated initial condition against data from Planck using Markov chain Monte Carlo parameter estimation. We test both an ${m}^{2}{\ensuremath{\phi}}^{2}$ potential and the $R+{R}^{2}$ gravity model and perform a full numerical calculation of both the scalar and tensor primordial power spectra. We find a slight (though not significant) improvement in fit for this model over the standard eternal slow-roll case.
The NASA Astrophysics Data System: A Heterogeneous Distributed Data Environment

The NADS Astrophysics Data System (ADS) is a distributed information system which provides access to archive, catalog and bibliographic data in astronomy. Because of recent technical and budgetary developments the ADS has become a smaller project and changed its focus. While continuing to provide access to certain archives and databases the ADS will substantially expand its already extensive bibliographic service to include the whole text of articles from the major journals in astronomy; it will thus become a major digital library.