cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frasnian Late Devonian conodont biostratigraphy in New York: graphic correlation and taxonomy

Two regional composite sections in the Frasnian, Upper Devonian, of New York State result from graphic correlation of conodont species. The first extends from Frasnian conodont zones 3 to 7, the second from Frasnian zones 11 to 13c (we prefer this terminology to “Montagne Noire” or “MN” zonation as the zone-defining species occur throughout the Devonian tropics). Key beds, widely traceable bases of prominent black shales, have been used with only a few exceptions to position the lines of correlation (LOC) in the graphs. Other key beds, not used for positioning, fall exactly on the LOC supporting the hypothesis of their synchrony. Fifty-five conodont species in the New York regional composites are compared with their ranges in the global Frasnian Composite Standard proving no major discrepancies. The taxonomy of Ancyrodella nodosa Ulrich and Bassler, widely misidentified in the past, has been clarified through restudy of the type specimens, resulting in its distinction from A. hamata Ulrich and Bassler (=A. buckeyensis Stauffer). A new species of Polygnathellus Bassler, which is restricted to Frasnian Zone 4, is kept in open nomenclature because the rarity of specimens is insufficient to determine the extent of intraspecifc variation and whether one or two species are represented in our New York and Western Australian collections.
The Future of Federal Housing Policies in the United States

The first federal housing policies in the United States, as expressed in federal legislation, were developed in 1933. In the intervening 32 years an enormous amount of legislation dealing with a wide variety of housing and land use problems has been enacted with varying degrees of effectiveness.1 On the explicit asumption that the factors which contributed to the success or failure of policies in the past will continue to influence the success or failure of policies in the future, it is the purpose of this paper to examine, albeit very briefly, certain segments of federal programmes in order to identify the most significant elements associated with their operation. Specifically, three general questions are examined:
Assembly of multienzyme complexes on DNA nanostructures

This protocol from Fu et al. describes the use of self-assembled DNA nanostructures as assembly scaffolds to spatially arrange multienzyme complexes and probe their interactions.
In Vitro Assays to Identify Antibiotics Targeting DNA Metabolism

DNA metabolism embodies a number of biochemical pathways, which include targets of clinically used antibiotics as well as those that are only being explored as potential targets for inhibitory compounds. We give an overview of representative cell-based and enzymatic assays suitable for high-throughput-driven search for novel DNA metabolism inhibitors of established and novel DNA metabolism targets in bacteria. The protocol for a colorimetric coupled primase-inorganic pyrophosphatase assay developed by our group is described in detail.
Dark vs. Dim Silicon and Near-Threshold Computing

Due to limited scaling of supply voltage, power density is expected to grow in future technology nodes. This increasing power density potentially limits the number of transistors switching at full speed in the future. Near-threshold operation can increase the number of simultaneously active cores, at the expense of much lower operating frequency (“dim silicon”). Although promising to increase overall throughput, dim cores suffer from diminishing returns as the number of cores increases. At this point, hardware accelerators become more efficient alternatives. To explore such a broad design space, we have developed an analytical framework called Lumos to quantify the performance limits of many-core, heterogeneous systems operating at near-threshold voltage. Lumos augments Amdahl’s Law with detailed scaling of frequency and power, calibrated by circuit-level simulations using a modified Predictive Technology Model (PTM) and factors in effects of process variations. While our results show that dim cores do indeed boost throughput, even in the presence of process variations, significant benefits are only achieved in applications with very high parallelism or with novel architectures to mitigate variation. A more beneficial and scalable approach is to use accelerators. However, reconfigurable logic that supports a variety of accelerators is more beneficial than a dedicated, fixed logic accelerator, unless (1) the dedicated kernel has overwhelming coverage across applications (e.g., twice as large as the total of all others), or (2) the speedup of the dedicated accelerator over the reconfigurable equivalent is significant (e.g., 10×–50×).
A 30-Minute, Monthly, Live, Webinar-Based Journal Club Activity Alters the Self-Reported Behaviors of Dermatologic Surgeons.

BACKGROUNDJournal clubs provide a way to communicate advances in recent literature. In outpatient surgical subspecialties, such as dermatologic surgery, physicians may face challenges in finding or attending meetings pertinent to their practice.OBJECTIVETo assess the utility of a live web-based jour
Predictive utility and measurement properties of the Strength of Implementation Intentions Scale (SIIS) for condom use.

Abstract Background Implementation intentions are situation-linked action plans that increase health behaviors such as condom use. Few studies have measured the strength of implementation intentions, especially regarding condom use. Non-injection drug users are at high risk for HIV due to risky sexual practices. Substance use before sex may increase risky sexual behaviors, and implementation intentions are a promising, practical route for HIV prevention. Purpose This prospective study assessed the measurement properties of the newly developed Strength of Implementation Intentions Scale (SIIS) for condom use and investigated whether the SIIS predicted condom use one-year later. The study evaluated whether behavioral intentions and alcohol or methamphetamine use before sex modified the relationship between the SIIS and condom use. Methods Participants were 590 non-injection drug users convicted of nonviolent drug offenses in court-mandated outpatient drug diversion programs. They completed self-directed computer assessments at baseline and at one-year follow-up. Measures included demographics, behavioral intentions to use condoms, the SIIS for condom use, alcohol and methamphetamine use before or during sex, and condom use. Psychometric properties, direct, and interaction effects of the SIIS were evaluated using structural equation modeling and general linear regressions. Results The SIIS, behavioral intentions, and condom use were positively correlated and there was discriminant validity between all three constructs. In addition, the SIIS predicted condom use one-year later in this high-risk population. No significant interactions were detected. Conclusions The SIIS is predictive of condom use behavior, is psychometrically sound and distinct from behavioral intentions, and can be incorporated into HIV prevention interventions and used as a mediator variable. In addition, it can be used as an outcome measure where a follow-up is not feasible. The SIIS can also be tailored for additional HIV-related behaviors such as HIV-testing, adhering to antiretroviral medication, prescribing and adhering to pre-exposure prophylaxis, and other health behaviors.
Female-to-Male Chest Reconstruction: A Review of Technique and Outcomes.

PurposeFemale-to-male transgender individuals frequently seek out chest wall masculinization as part of their gender transition and to aid with treating gender dysphoria. Critical evaluation of techniques, complications, and outcomes is important particularly as the surgery becomes more commonly per
Technology development in the U.S. and Japan: the case of the phase-shifting mask

The status of American competitiveness in high technology, and in particular the semiconductor industry, has been the subject of concern for some time now. 1 With the rise of Japanese manufactures to preeminence in the manufacturing of DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) chips during the 1980's, the fundamental assumptions of modern economic theory have been called into question. 2 Various factors have been cited by various authors to account for the recent rise in Japanese competitiveness, including industrial policies of the Japanese government, differences in the cost of capital, investments in research and development, and the requirement of American companies to post financial results quarterly. 3 There is, however, a real need for concrete case studies, which can examine the actual history of a technology and establish mechanisms of cause and effect.
OR37 Persistence of T cells from the first donor after a second allogeneic stem cell transplantation

The monitoring of chimerism is a standard procedure to help assess engraftment and achievement of full donor lymphoid cells after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. T cell chimerism analysis is essential since T cells support the engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells. TCRαβ T cells provide anti-tumor activity but can also cause graft vs. host disease (GVHD). In contrast, TCRγδ T cells have been found not to be associated with GVHD. Here we report a case in which residual T cells from the first donor were identified in a patient who received a second conditioning regiment and a subsequent second hematopoietic stem cell transplant. These cells from the first donor need to be closely monitored since they are TCRαβ T cells. A 10-year old male with high risk Acute Myeloid Leukemia received a 10/10 matched unrelated donor peripheral stem cell transplant (PSCT) with TCRαβ T cell depletion in May of 2015. He had been doing well until July 2016 when he relapsed. The patient underwent one dose of donor lymphocyte infusion in August 2016, with no improvement. He then received the second conditioning regimen and a KIR favorable maternal haplo-identical CD3/CD19 depleted PSCT on 11/9/16. The patient has done well overall post-transplant. He remains in remission with 100% donor engraftment without GVHD. Interestingly, his T cell engraftment analysis indicates he has T cell chimerism. 9% of his T cells are from the first unrelated donor and 91% are from the second donor. A subsequent analysis of TCRγδ T cell enriched engraftment showed that 100% of the TCRγδ T cells were from the second donor. This result suggests that the residual T cells identified from the first donor were most likely TCRαβ T cells. These results demonstrated that even after TCRαβ-depletion of the first graft and intensified immunosuppressive therapy conditioning regiment prior to the second transplant, CD3 + TCRαβ T cells from the first donor persisted. The patient is currently in remission. The expansion of the first donor T cells would strongly suggest a high risk of GVHD. Thus, it is clinically relevant to closely monitor these cells.
Current Laser Medicine

As is evident from the current meetings of Laser and Optoelectronics in Medicine in Munich and the 4th International Society of Laser Surgery in Tokyo 1981 and the second meeting of the American Society of Laser Medicine and Surgery, there has been tremendous progress in Laser Medicine. Additional proof is the growth of societies of Laser Medicine over the world, including the new International Confederation of the Advisory Council in Laser Medicine, to work with WHO. Much to the delight of the laser industry, finally there is now a real laser biomedical instrumentation market.
Genital warts and cervical cancer: VII. An improved colposcopic index for differentiating benign papillomaviral infections from high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

A new colposcopic sign (sharpness of peripheral margins) was graded into three objective categories representing subclinical papillomaviral infection, lower grade dysplasia, and grade 3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Colposcopic features were prospectively recorded in 72 women and then correlated with histologic findings. Histologic diagnoses were evenly spread within the disease spectrum: 18 patients had subclinical papillomaviral infection without associated dysplasia; 15 had grade 1, 16 had grade 2, and 23 had grade 3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia with or without koilocytotic atypia. Differences in the pattern of the peripheral margin were discriminatory throughout the entire diagnostic range. Predictive accuracy of this new colposcopic sign (79%) compared favorably with that of color (72%), vascular atypia (81%), and iodine staining (72%). Each criterion was independent of the other three. Hence, combining these four individual signs into a colposcopic index was 97% correct in forecasting approximate histologic findings. Because formulation of the colposcopic index is based on critical analysis rather than pattern recall, the use of this method will greatly simplify the otherwise arduous task of learning colposcopy.
Web Application Servers

In recent years, the World Wide Web has evolved from a network of static information to a dynamic application deployment and management system.
The Consequences of Biofilm Dispersal on the Host

Chronic infections are often associated with the presence of a biofilm, a community of microorganisms coexisting within a protective matrix of extracellular polymeric substance. Living within a biofilm can make resident microbes significantly more tolerant to antibiotics in comparison to planktonic, free-floating cells. Thus, agents that can degrade biofilms are being pursued for clinical applications. While biofilm degrading and dispersing agents may represent attractive adjunctive therapies for biofilm-associated chronic infections, very little is known about how the host responds to the sudden dispersal of biofilm cells. In this study, we found that large-scale, in vivo dispersal of motile biofilm bacteria by glycoside hydrolases caused lethal septicemia in the absence of antibiotic therapy in a mouse wound model. However, when administered prudently, biofilm degrading enzymes had the potential to potentiate the efficacy of antibiotics and help resolve biofilm-associated wound infections.
Experimental evolution of independent genetic pathways for resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenicity within the nematode Caenorhabditis remanei

ABSTRACT Pathogenic host-microbe interactions can result from continuous evolution of a host’s ability to resist infection and a pathogen’s ability to survive and replicate. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a versatile and opportunistic pathogen, ubiquitous in the environment, and capable of damaging plants, vertebrates, and invertebrates. Previous studies in nematodes suggest that the pathogenic effects of P. aeruginosa can result from multiple distinct pathways: a toxin-based effect that kills within a few hours and a generalized virulence that kills over the course of multiple days. Using experimental evolution in the highly polymorphic nematode Caenorhabditis remanei, we show that nematode resistance to the two modes of pathogenesis in P. aeruginosa evolves through genetically independent pathways. These results demonstrate that multiple virulence patterns in a pathogen can result in multiple responses in the host, and the genetic lines established here create resources for further exploration of the genetic basis for resistance to P. aeruginosa.
CHAPTER 22 – Racial/Ethnic Influences on Risk of Osteoporosis

This chapter focuses on the relationship between race and age-related bone loss. The wide ranges in bone mass and in the incidence of osteoporotic fracture observed across ethnic groups and geographic regions confirm that many factors affect the determination of osteoporosis risk. Interethnic studies that include a wide variety may help elucidate possible etiologies in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. In order to best delineate these factors, investigators must explore contributions from the genetic, environmental, and cultural milieu that characterize different groups of people. Bone mass, in and of itself, may not best predict fracture risk in all groups. Variables such as rates of bone turnover, bone geometry, calcium intake and metabolism, vitamin D status, body composition, and life-style factors contribute to fracture risk, reflecting the rich diversity and flexibility in adaptation that is peculiar to the human species.
Decision Support: An Examination of the DSS Discipline

Foreword.- Chapter 1: GDSS Past, Present, and Future.- Chapter 2: Reflections on the Past and Future of Decision Support Systems: Perspective of Eleven Pioneers.- Chapter 3: The Intellectual Structure of Decision Support Systems Research (1991-2004).- Chapter 4.- Ethical Decision-Making and Implications for Decision Support.- Chapter 5: Web and Mobile Spatial Decision Support as Innovations: Comparison of United States and Hong Kong, China.- Chapter 6: Knowledge Management Capability in Education.- Chapter 7: Knowledge Warehouse Design for Decision Support in Critical Business Processes: Conceptual Modeling and Requirements Elicitation.- Chapter 8: Agent-based Modeling and Simulation as a Tool for Decision Support for Managing Patient Falls in a Dynamic Hospital Setting.- Chapter 9: Context-aware Mobile Medical Emergency Management Decision Support System for Safe Transportation.- Chapter 10: General Motors Bailout Problem: A Teaching Case Using the Planners Lab (TM) Software.- Chapter 11: Assessing Today: Determining the Value of Decision Support Systems.
Economic Model-Based Controller Design Framework for Hydraulic Fracturing To Optimize Shale Gas Production and Water Usage

As water issues associated with hydraulic fracturing have received much attention, several optimization approaches have been developed for effective water management. However, most of them have not...
Nonvolatile memory based on redox-active ruthenium molecular monolayers

A monolayer of diruthenium molecules was self-assembled onto the silicon oxide surface in a semiconductor capacitor structure with a “click” reaction for nonvolatile memory applications. The attachment of the active molecular monolayer was verified by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The prototypical capacitor memory devices in this work employed a metal/oxide/molecule/oxide/Si structure. With the intrinsic redox-active charge-storage properties of diruthenium molecules, these capacitor memory devices exhibited fast Program and Erase speed, excellent endurance performance with negligible degradation of the memory window after 105 program/erase cycles, and very good 10-year memory retention. These experimental results indicate that the redox-active ruthenium molecular memory is very promising for use in nonvolatile memory applications.
Carrier mobility of silicon by sub-bandgap time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy.

Low density charge mobility from below bandgap, two-photon photoexcitation of bulk silicon (Si) is interrogated using time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy (TRTS). Total charge mobility is measured as a function of excitation frequency and fluence (charge carrier density), cut angle, and innate doping levels. Frequency dependent complex photoconductivities are extracted using the Drude model to obtain average and DC-limit mobility and carrier scattering times. These dynamic parameters are compared to values from contact-based Hall, above bandgap photoexcitation, and comparable gallium arsenide (GaAs) measurements. Mobilities are shown to increase beyond Hall values at low carrier densities and are modestly higher with increasing dopant density. The former occurs in part from below bandgap photoexcitation exhibiting abnormally small (faster) scattering times, while both reflect unique conduction characteristics at lowest (> 2x1012 cm−3) carrier densities achieved through photodoping.
The making of a metric: Co-producing decision-relevant climate science

Author(s): Jagannathan, K; Jones, AD; Ray, I | Abstract: Developing decision-relevant science for adaptation requires the identification of climatic parameters that are both actionable for practitioners as well as tractable for modelers. In many sectors, these decision-relevant climatic metrics and the approaches that enable their identification remain largely unknown. “Co-production” of science with scientists and decision-makers is one potential way to identify these metrics, but there is little research describing specific and successful co-production approaches. This paper examines the negotiations and outcomes from Project Hyperion, wherein scientists and water managers jointly developed decision-relevant climatic metrics for adaptive water management. We identify successful co-production strategies by analyzing the project's numerous back-and-forth engagements and tracing the evolution of the science during these engagements. We found that effective mediation between scientists and managers needed dedicated “boundary spanners” with significant modeling expertise. Translating practitioners' information needs into tractable climatic metrics required direct and indirect methods of eliciting knowledge. We identified four indirect methods that were particularly salient for extracting tacitly held knowledge and enabling shared learning: developing a hierarchical framework linking management issues with metrics, starting discussions from the planning challenges, collaboratively exploring the planning relevance of new scientific capabilities, and using analogies of other “good” metrics. The decision-relevant metrics we developed provide insights into advancing adaptation-relevant climate science in the water sector. The co-production strategies we identified can be used to design and implement productive scientist-decision-maker interactions. Overall, the approaches and metrics we developed can help climate science to expand in new and more use-inspired directions.
Utilizing Text Messages for Effective Outreach

As librarians strive to reach students and share reference content, text messages are a new avenue to explore. Although many libraries receive reference questions through text, few initiate the con...
Frequency-domain Flexibility Characterization of Heterogeneous End-use Loads for Grid Services

Demand response, based on flexible loads, has been a novel and important proposal for smart grids. A population of small loads can be aggregated to provide ancillary services to the grid and generate value for the owners. In this paper, we investigate the flexibility of such populations from the frequency-domain perspective. We propose a methodology to characterize the frequency-dependent flexibility of heterogeneous populations of loads considering practical constraints. The resultant frequency-domain characterization can help flexible load aggregators assess and represent the capability of contracted populations. System operators can also benefit from a better understanding of the capabilities of the service providers. The effectiveness of the methodology is demonstrated by simulations.
Foreign bank entry and bank competition: Cross-country heterogeneity

Abstract This study investigates the impact of foreign bank entry on bank competition in the host countries. Using data for 148 countries over 1987–2015, I find that although on average an increase in the number of foreign banks is associated with more competition in the host country, competition increases in developed but decreases in developing countries. Stringent capital requirements, higher market entry barriers, and effective credit information sharing can mitigate the impact of foreign bank entry, while better supervision and external governance strengthen the link between foreign bank presence and competition. The findings justify the regulations on bank capital adequacy and call for an effective credit information sharing mechanism.
G-CSF and G-CSFR Modulate CD4 and CD8 T Cell Responses to Promote Colon Tumor Growth and Are Potential Therapeutic Targets

Cytokines are known to shape the tumor microenvironment and although progress has been made in understanding their role in carcinogenesis, much remains to learn regarding their role in tumor growth and progression. We have identified granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) as one such cytokine, showing that G-CSF is linked with metastasis in human gastrointestinal tumors and neutralizing G-CSF in a mouse model of colitis-associated cancer is protective. Here, we set out to identify the role of G-CSF and its receptor, G-CSFR, in CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in the tumor microenvironment. MC38 colon cancer cells were injected into WT, G-CSFR-/- mice, or Rag2-/- mice. Flow cytometry, Real Time PCR and Multiplex cytokine array analysis were used for in vitro T cell phenotype analysis. Adoptive transfer of WT or G-CSFR-/- CD4+ of CD8+ T cells were performed. Mouse tumor size, cytokine expression, T cell phenotype, and cytotoxic activity were analyzed. We established that in G-CSFR-/- mice, tumor growth of MC38 colon cancer cells is significantly decreased. T cell phenotype and cytokine production were also altered, as both in vitro and in vivo approaches revealed that the G-CSF/G-CSFR stimulate IL-10-producing, FoxP3-expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, whereas G-CSFR-/- T cells exhibit increased IFNγ and IL-17A production, leading to increased cytotoxic activity in the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, peritumoral injection of recombinant IFNγ or IL-17A inhibited colon and pancreas tumor growth compared to controls. Taken together, our data reveal an unknown mechanism by which G-CSF, through its receptor G-CSFR, promotes an inhibitory Treg phenotype that limits tumor immune responses and furthermore suggest that targeting this cytokine/receptor axis could represent a novel therapeutic approach for gastrointestinal, and likely other tumors with high expression of these factors.
New approaches to symptomatic treatments for Alzheimer's disease.

Successful development of agents that improve cognition and behavior in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is critical to improving the lives of patients manifesting the symptoms of this progressive disorder. There have been no recent approvals of cognitive enhancing agents for AD. There are currently 6 cognitive enhancers in Phase 2 trials and 4 in phase 3. They represent a variety of novel mechanisms. There has been progress in developing new treatments for neuropsychiatric symptoms in AD with advances in treatment of insomnia, psychosis, apathy, and agitation in AD. There are currently 4 AD-related psychotropic agents in Phase 2 trials and 7 in Phase 3 trials. Many novel mechanisms are being explored for the treatment of cognitive and behavioral targets. Progress in trial designs, outcomes measures, and population definitions are improving trial conduct for symptomatic treatment of AD. Advances in developing new agents for cognitive and behavioral symptoms of AD combined with enhanced trial methods promise to address the unmet needs of patients with AD for improved cognition and amelioration of neuropsychiatric symptoms.
Colonic Motility Is Improved by the Activation of 5-HT2B Receptors on Interstitial Cells of Cajal in Diabetic Mice.

Background & Aims Constipation is commonly associated with diabetes. Serotonin (5-HT), produced predominantly by enterochromaffin (EC) cells via tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1), is a key modulator of gastrointestinal (GI) motility. However, the role of serotonergic signaling in constipation associated with diabetes is unknown. Methods We generated EC cell reporter Tph1-tdTom, EC cell–depleted Tph1-DTA, combined Tph1-tdTom-DTA, and interstitial cell of Cajal (ICC)-specific Kit-GCaMP6 mice. Male mice and surgically ovariectomized female mice were fed a high-fat high-sucrose diet to induce diabetes. The effect of serotonergic signaling on GI motility was studied by examining 5-HT receptor expression in the colon and in vivo GI transit, colonic migrating motor complexes (CMMCs), and calcium imaging in mice treated with either a 5-HT2B receptor (HTR2B) antagonist or agonist. Results Colonic transit was delayed in males with diabetes, although colonic Tph1+ cell density and 5-HT levels were increased. Colonic transit was not further reduced in diabetic mice by EC cell depletion. The HTR2B protein, predominantly expressed by colonic ICCs, was markedly decreased in the colonic muscles of males and ovariectomized females with diabetes. Ca2+ activity in colonic ICCs was decreased in diabetic males. Treatment with an HTR2B antagonist impaired CMMCs and colonic motility in healthy males, whereas treatment with an HTR2B agonist improved CMMCs and colonic motility in males with diabetes. Colonic transit in ovariectomized females with diabetes was also improved significantly by the HTR2B agonist treatment. Conclusions Impaired colonic motility in mice with diabetes was improved by enhancing HTR2B signaling. The HTR2B agonist may provide therapeutic benefits for constipation associated with diabetes.
Strategies for Pan-Brachial Plexus Reconstruction: The Mayo Clinic Brachial Plexus Team Approach

Pan-brachial plexus injuries present a challenging set of problems for the reconstructive surgeon. Patients often have numerous deficits but limited or no intraplexal donors, necessitating judicious use of all available resources and techniques. Effective communication among providers and between the care team and patient is never more important than in this challenging population. This chapter discusses the general philosophy used at our institution in treating these injuries and highlights the team approach we have developed to optimize the care of brachial plexus injury patients.
The Z-source breaker for ship power system protection

The Navy is considering alternative power system architectures to traditional 60 Hz Medium Voltage Alternating Current (MVAC) power systems for shipboard operation. One alternative architecture being strongly considered for several reasons, is Medium-Voltage Direct Current (MVDC). With that consideration, comes the need for effective electrical fault risk prevention and mitigation. This paper explores the application of the recently invented “z-source dc circuit breaker” to a ship power system. Specifically, detailed simulation is used to study the response of the z-source breaker to faults at various locations in a ring-type dc power system. The addition of a central control unit results in ideal response in that only breakers necessary to isolate the fault remain open for all cases. This paper further explores implementation issues for eventual application to Navy ships.
Permeability of solutes through hydrated polymer membranes. Part II. Permeability of water soluble organic solutes

The diffusive permeabilities, P, of sodium chloride, urea, creatinine, secobarbital and bis-hydroxyethyl terephthalate through water swollen polymer membranes were studied. The linear dependence of log P on the reciprocal of the volume fraction of water in the water swollen membrane, 1/H, (reported in Part I) was also found for those solutes investigated. The negative slope of the plot was found to increase with increasing size of solute. Ionic charge of the membrane phase was found to decrease the permeability of ionized solutes from values for neutral membranes and changes the permeability ratios of solutes. The permeability of highly ionized solutes, such as sodium chloride, are reduced by either positive or negative charge on the membrane phase; however, the permeability of weakly ionized organic solutes is affected mainly by membrane charge identical to the organic ions, and the effect of counter ions was found to be small.
Immunochemical Analysis of Arylsulfatase Accumulation in Sea Urchin Embryos. (extracellular matrix/arylsulfatase/sea urchin embryo/tissue-specific gene products/sea urchin embryo/in situ hybridization)

We have determined the expression pattern of arylsulfatase in embryos of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Polyclonal antibodies raised against a fusion protein containing sequences encoded by SpARSI (Yang et al., 1989, Dev. Biol. 135: 53–61, 1989) detect several peptides of 65–70 kD on immunoblots. Treatment with glycopeptidase F shows that at least one of these peptides is modified by N-linked glycosylation, which accounts for some of the peptide diversity. We have also identified a second arylsulfatase gene (SpARSII) whose sequence is highly similar to ARS, a gene expressed in the Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus embryo. Arylsulfatase activity is detectable in unfertilized eggs, in which only SpARSII mRNA can be detected. Both SpARSI and SpARSII mRNAs increase greatly in abundance during embryogenesis accompanied by parallel changes in arylsulfatase activity and immunoreactivity. Immunohistochemistry with the anti-SpARSI antibody shows that arylsulfatase accumulates primarily along the apical surface of the aboral ectoderm of pluteus larvae, and to a lesser extent along portions of oral ectoderm. At earlier stages, the protein is more uniformly distributed along all presumptive ectoderm, reflecting a more uniform mRNA distribution. Treatment of embryos with glycine-EDTA, which dissociates but does not lyse cells of the embryo, releases virtually all enzymatic activity and all immunoreactive protein. Embryos cultured in sulfate-free sea water, which arrest at gastrula stage, show normal accumulation and secretion of peptide detected with the SpARSI antibody.
Impact of Victim, Offender, and Relationship Characteristics on Frequency and Timing of Intimate Partner Violence using Life History Calendar Data

Objectives:To examine whether victim, offender, and relationship characteristics increase the risk and frequency of intimate partner violence (IPV). The effect of separation length on the risk of IPV is also evaluated.Methods:Using abuse incident data (N = 4,960) from IPV victims (n = 497), who accessed a health-care facility over a one-year period, between-individual differences in the frequency and timing of abuse were assessed. Dependence of event times within respondents was accounted for with conditional risk set “gap time” models, which stratified participants across event number and failure order.Results:Employment of both partners and only the victim decreased the risk and frequency. Employment of only the abuser and length of separation decreased frequency but was not significantly associated with timing of abuse. Separated and non-separated respondents were not significantly different in frequency (incident risk ratio = 1.06, p > .05) and timing of abuse, (exp (b) = 0.95, p > .05).Conclusions:By...
TFIIA induces conformational changes in TFIID via interactions with the basic repeat.

Abstract DNA-binding studies with Saccharomyces cerevisiae TFIID point mutants indicated that TFIIA interacts with the basic repeat region of TFIID and induces structural changes. The latter was shown by the ability of TFIIA to compensate for TFIID point mutants defective for DNA binding. Interaction with TFIIA also rendered TFIID binding temperature independent, thus mimicking the effect of removing the nonconserved N terminus of TFIID. In addition, N-terminal truncation of the TFIID point mutants defective for DNA binding mimicked the ability of TFIIA to restore DNA binding of those mutants. Taken together, these results suggest that TFIIA enhances TFIID binding to DNA by eliminating an otherwise inhibitory effect of the nonconserved N terminus of TFIID. Furthermore, analyses of TFIID contact points on DNA and binding studies with TATA-containing oligonucleotide probes showed that TFIIA decreases the effect of sequences flanking the adenovirus major late TATA element on TFIID binding to DNA, suggesting a possible role of TFIIA in allowing TFIID to recognize a wider variety of promoters.
A Delegation-based Object Calculus with Subtying

This paper presents an untyped object calculus that reflects the capabilities of so-called delegation-based object-oriented languages. A type inference system allows static detection of errors, such as message not understood, while at the same time allowing the type of an inherited method to be specialized to the type of the inheriting object. The main advance over previous work is the provision for subtyping in the presence of delegation primatives. This is achieved by distinguishing a prototype, whose methods may be extended or replaced, from an object, which only responds to messages for which it already has methods. An advantage of this approach is that we have full subtyping without restricting the “runtime” use of inheritance. Type soundness is proved using operational semantics and an analysis of typing derivations.
Coxsackievirus B5 Infections in Acute Oliguric Renal Failure

Six patients with acute oliguric renal failure were studied for detection of acute viral or mycoplasma infection. Precipitating causes, such as streptococcal infection, use of nephrotoxic drugs, etc., were ruled out. Tests for neutralization and complement fixation antibodies, in which 19 viral and mycoplasma agents were used as antigens, demonstrated a recent coxsackievirus B5 infection in five of the six patients. Rises in titer to other antigens tested were not noted. A group of control patients showed no significant rises in titer of antibody to coxsackievirus B5. These studies strongly suggest that an association exists between coxsackievirus B5 infections and acute oliguric renal failure. Whether this association is etiologic is not known.
Pressure dependence of magnetic ordering in correlated-electron materials

Abstract Magnetic ordering response to hydrostatic pressure provides a sensitive experimental probe of correlated-electron behavior. A striking feature is that the ordering temperature may be relatively insensitive or even rise initially with pressure, while the ordered moment decreases or indeed plunges dramatically. We will show that this is expected as the f spectral density distribution in space and time is driven by increased band-f hybridization, and that this picture can be quantified using the theoretical framework we have developed for the diminution of ordered moment in highly correlated systems. We validate this theory by detailed calculation for the ferromagnet UTe where Link et al. have shown that T c increases from 104 K to a maximum of 181 K at 7.5 GPa and then decreases to 156 K at 17.5 GPa. Our calculations (1) match the experimental lattice change with pressure within 2% and provide the decrease in average 5f electron number, (2) calculate the increase in two-ion coupling with pressure (from increased f spectral admixture into the bands) giving the initial increase in T c , (3) calculate the decrease in ordering temperature (in terms of coupling) with decreased 5f number (decreased localized 5f spectral density giving ordered moment) which gives the ultimate decrease in T c . The influence of the loss of localized f spectral weight on magnetic ordering is simulated by an Ising model with holes, where the LDA-calculated number of holes increases with pressure, and each site fluctuates between being occupied by a moment or empty.
EXPLORING THE LIMITS OF GPS-BASED PRECISE ORBIT DETERMINATION

High-fidelity numerical simulations were conducted to assess the anticipated level of radial orbit error for low-altitude geodetic and oceanographic satellites tracked by GPS. Tracking data were simulated for a GPS flight receiver in 700 and 300 km altitude polar orbits and for a ground network of 24 GPS tracking stations. The simulations suggest that it should be possible to achieve 3 cm radial orbit accuracy for altitudes in the 700 km range, either with tuning of the geopotential or with filtering techniques that exploit the continuous, three-dimensional nature of GPS tracking. The simulations also suggest it should be possible to achieve 6 cm radial orbit accuracy for altitudes in the 300 km range. To improve upon this level of accuracy at such low altitudes, improvement of the geopotential and atmospheric drag models will probably be required.
A Linear Model with Plot Effects

It is a common practice to analyze the data from agricultural experiments using randomized block design where each block has homogeneous experimental units (plots). However, many times, during the period of study, due to unavoidable circumstances such as natural calamities, say floods, for example, plots are no longer homogeneous. Thus, it is desirable to consider the plot effects also in the model. An appropriate model and an example of the analysis of data with plot effects is provided here.
Public relations identity and the stakeholder–organization relationship: A revised theoretical position for public relations scholarship

Abstract This paper addresses the challenge to differentiate public relations scholarship from other related communication disciplines (i.e., marketing, advertising, communication studies) by examining the concept of the stakeholder–organization relationship and public relations’ unique contributions therein. This paper proposes that public relations scholars move beyond discussing relationship attitudes and examine the central concept of a relationship, which comprises mutual orientation around a common interest point and the multiplicity of stakes and stakeholders. Research imperatives in the integration of relationship stakes and the value of social media in relationship analysis stand to further differentiate public relations from marketing.
Target-spin effects on elastic scattering cross sections

Abstract It is shown, using a simple model and empirical results, that the odd-even differences in the scattering of He ions from 59 Co and 60 Ni can be explained as due to the scattering from the quadrupole moment which is allowed for the odd target nucleus but not the even.
Notable Two-Synodic-Period Earth-Mars Cycler

Earth-Mars cycler trajectories (cyclers) could play an important role in a future human transportation system to Mars. A particular cycler that repeats every two synodic periods and has one intermediate Earth encounter is very promising. In a circular-coplanar model it requires no propulsive maneuvers, has 153-day transfer times between Earth and Mars, and has arrival V ∞ magnitudes of 4.7 km/s at Earth and 5.0 km/s at Mars. A method to find an analog cycler in a more realistic model (i.e., using an accurate ephemeris for the states of Earth and Mars) is described. Two cost metrics are considered: total cycler AV and total cycler AV plus total taxi ΔV. Numerical solutions are presented for both metrics. The total required AV is very small, though not zero. If the Earth-Mars and Mars-Earth transit times are constrained, then the characteristics of the optimal cycler trajectory change. Tradeoffs between maximum transit time and other mission characteristics are analyzed for all possible launch periods.
C. elegans positive butanone learning, short-term, and long-term associative memory assays.

The memory of experiences and learned information is critical for organisms to make choices that aid their survival. C. elegans navigates its environment through neuron-specific detection of food and chemical odors1, 2, and can associate nutritive states with chemical odors3, temperature4, and the pathogenicity of a food source5. Here, we describe assays of C. elegans associative learning and short- and long-term associative memory. We modified an aversive olfactory learning paradigm6 to instead produce a positive response; the assay involves starving ~400 worms, then feeding the worms in the presence of the AWC neuron-sensed volatile chemoattractant butanone at a concentration that elicits a low chemotactic index (similar to Toroyama et al.7). A standard population chemotaxis assay1 tests the worms' attraction to the odorant immediately or minutes to hours after conditioning. After conditioning, wild-type animals' chemotaxis to butanone increases ~0.6 Chemotaxis Index units, its "Learning Index". Associative learning is dependent on the presence of both food and butanone during training. Pairing food and butanone for a single conditioning period ("massed training") produces short-term associative memory that lasts ~2 hours. Multiple conditioning periods with rest periods between ("spaced training") yields long-term associative memory (<40 hours), and is dependent on the cAMP Response Element Binding protein (CREB),6 a transcription factor required for long-term memory across species.8 Our protocol also includes image analysis methods for quick and accurate determination of chemotaxis indices. High-contrast images of animals on chemotaxis assay plates are captured and analyzed by worm counting software in MatLab. The software corrects for uneven background using a morphological tophat transformation.9 Otsu's method is then used to determine a threshold to separate worms from the background.10 Very small particles are removed automatically and larger non-worm regions (plate edges or agar punches) are removed by manual selection. The software then estimates the size of single worm by ignoring regions that are above a specified maximum size and taking the median size of the remaining regions. The number of worms is then estimated by dividing the total area identified as occupied by worms by the estimated size of a single worm. We have found that learning and short- and long-term memory can be distinguished, and that these processes share similar key molecules with higher organisms.6,8 Our assays can quickly test novel candidate genes or molecules that affect learning and short- or long-term memory in C. elegans that are relevant across species.
The influence of internal fluctuations and external noise on the gene frequency in a haploid population.

We consider a Markov chain modeling competition between two alleles in a haploid population of constant size and undergoing mutation, selection and Fisher-Wright mating. The Markov chain is rescaled to a diffusion process. We study the interaction of external noise (due to a random selection coefficient) and internal fluctuations (due to mating); the interaction is found to be additive. The stationary probability density displays a critical point. We draw an analogy between the behavior of the probability density at the critical point and the theory of phase transitions; critical exponents are introduced and calculated. We also analyze the effect of external noise on the genetic diversity of the population and on mean first passage times of the gene frequency.
Thermodynamics of ionization of water at temperatures 278.15⩽⩽⩽T / K⩽⩽⩽ 393.15 and at the pressurep = 0.35 MPa: apparent molar volumes and apparent molar heat capacities of aqueous solutions of potassium and sodium nitrates and nitric acid

The apparent molar volumes Vφand apparent molar heat capacitiesCp, φ of aqueous solutions of potassium and sodium nitrate and of nitric acid have been determined over the temperature range 278.15 ⩽T / K⩽ 393.15 and molality range 0.015 ⩽m / (mol · kg − 1) ⩽ 0.5 at the pressure p = 0.35 MPa. Densities of these solutions were measured using a vibrating-tube densimeter (DMA 512, Anton Paar, Austria). The density results were used to calculateVφ for each solution. The massic heat capacities of these same solutions were measured using a twin fixed-cell, differential-output, temperature-scanning calorimeter (NanoDSC model 6100, Calorimetry Sciences Corporation, Spanish Fork, UT, U.S.A.) and these measurements were used to calculate Cp, φfor each solute. The Vφand Cp, φresults were fit to semi-empirical equations by regression. These equations were used to calculate the change in volume ( m, T,ΔrVm ) and the change in heat capacity ( m,T , ΔrCp, m) for ionization of water in KNO3 (aq) and NaNO 3(aq). The ( m, T,ΔrCp, m ) results were integrated to obtain the change in enthalpy ( m, T, ΔrHm), the molality quotient ( m, T, pQw), and change in entropy ( m,T , ΔrSm) for the ionization reaction of water.