cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retrospective Follow-Up of Patients with Struvite Calculi

The cause and effect relationship of urinary infection and urinary calculi is an ancient concept. Contemporary clinical and experimental investigations support the traditional belief that infection-induced calculi result primarily as a consequence of the hydrolysis of urea by the bacterial enzyme urease1. The accumulated information supports the widespread clinical experience that infection induces the formation of struvite and carbonate apatite calculi. The exact incidence of infection-induced calculi is unknown. Available data is collected largely from reference laboratories that analyze many calculi. Such data indicates that the incidence of struvite calculi is up to 20% of calculi analyzed2. This may be a falsely elevated figure, because most struvite calculi are removed surgically and sent for analysis whereas a high percentage of other types of stones, such as calcium oxalate, are passed spontaneously and may not be recovered by the patient or sent by the physician for analysis. Struvite stones comprise approximately 15% of the calculi analyzed at the Baylor-affiliated Urolithiasis Laboratory. Since 1973, 2066 struvite calculi have been analyzed. A questionnaire was devised to evaluate the clinical course of these patients retrospectively. These questionnaires were sent to the attending physician for completion. An attempt was made to design a form that could be filled out easily and quickly in order to obtain a good response rate. The main objectives of the study were to evaluate the incidence of recurrent infection, recurrent calculi, and the types of procedures performed for removing calculi. The format was constructed in such a manner that the information obtained could be easily electronically processed for tabulation and analysis. Approximately 600 questionnaires were returned, and of these 527 were adequate for analysis. Ninety-two percent of the stones were removed surgically. Follow-up ranged from 5-74 months with a mean of 14.5 months.
Monticellina (Polychaeta: Cirratulidae) from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica with descriptions of six new species

Eight species of Monticellina are described from intertidal and subtidal sites on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Six of these species, M. acunai sp. nov., M. antelaxa sp. nov., M . carrikeri sp. nov., M . elongata sp. nov., M . giribeti sp. nov., and M . setosa sp. nov. are new to science while M. cryptica Blake, 1996 and M. tesselata (Hartman, 1960) have been previously described from California. M . acunai sp. nov. has a wide prostomium, a peristomium with four annulations and denticulate capillary setae with numerous well-developed teeth in both the notopodium and neuropodium. M . antelaxa sp. nov. has a small prostomium, a wide peristomium with three annulations, and a double row of denticulate neurosetae with long fibrillar teeth. M . carrikeri sp. nov. has a wide prostomium, a wide peristomium with three annulations, and denticulate neurosetae with a narrow base and an expanded midsection with numerous, scattered, small teeth. M . elongata sp. nov. has a wide prostomium, an elongate peristomium with six annulations, the first segment joined with the first setiger, and denticulate capillary noto- and neurosetae with coarse teeth. M . giribeti sp. nov. has a wide prostomium, an elongate peristomium with five annulations, an asetigerous first segment joined with the peristomium, and denticulate capillary noto- and neurosetae with fine teeth. M . setosa sp. nov. has a small prostomium, a wide peristomium with five annulations, nuchal organs present within narrow indentations of the overlying peristomium, and denticulate capillary neurosetae with fine teeth. Morphological characteristics that may aid in the differentiation of species within the genus are discussed.
Preembolization functional evaluation in brain arteriovenous malformations: the ability of superselective Amytal test to predict neurologic dysfunction before embolization.

PURPOSE To describe the incidence of neurologic dysfunction following embolization of supratentorial AVMs, and to correlate findings with results of preembolization Amytal tests. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data from 147 embolizations of supratentorial AVMs following Amytal tests in 30 awake patients were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS Of five embolizations done after a positive Amytal test, two were followed by neurologic complications. Eighty-two embolizations done as single embolizations immediately after a negative Amytal test were associated with no neurologic complications. The remaining embolizations were parts of multiple series of embolizations, each beginning with an Amytal test and followed by a number of embolizations without catheter movement or repeat Amytal testing. Since any prior embolization in the series might reduce the sump effect of the AVM, embolic agent delivered later in the series could potentially reach functional brain tissue not fully tested by the Amytal test. Therefore, repeat embolizations (not immediately preceded by an Amytal test) were considered separately. In 60 repeat embolizations, six (10%) were associated with some neurologic complication. CONCLUSIONS Repeat Amytal testing might detect the loss of sump effect as the AVM is embolized. We conclude that use of data from superselective Amytal tests adds to the safety of AVM embolizations and that repeat Amytal testing potentially could be valuable when serial embolization of a vessel is planned.
Wastage of Food

This article on food wastage explores the issue of food wastage throughout the whole supply chain and considers the impact of population growth, social change, cultural aspects, and relative wealth. It goes on to highlight that the adoption of engagement programs and application of waste hierarchy pyramids can be useful in bringing about behavioral change.
Seasonal and post-trauma remodeling in cone-dominant ground squirrel retina.

With a photoreceptor mosaic containing ∼85% cones, the ground squirrel is one of the richest known mammalian sources of these important retinal cells. It also has a visual ecology much like the human's. While the ground squirrel retina is understandably prominent in the cone biochemistry, physiology, and circuitry literature, far less is known about the remodeling potential of its retinal pigment epithelium, neurons, macroglia, or microglia. This review aims to summarize the data from ground squirrel retina to this point in time, and to relate them to data from other brain areas where appropriate. We begin with a survey of the ground squirrel visual system, making comparisons with traditional rodent models and with human. Because this animal's status as a hibernator often goes unnoticed in the vision literature, we then present a brief primer on hibernation biology. Next we review what is known about ground squirrel retinal remodeling concurrent with deep torpor and with rapid recovery upon re-warming. Notable here is rapidly-reversible, temperature-dependent structural plasticity of cone ribbon synapses, as well as pre- and post-synaptic plasticity throughout diverse brain regions. It is not yet clear if retinal cell types other than cones engage in torpor-associated synaptic remodeling. We end with the small but intriguing literature on the ground squirrel retina's remodeling responses to insult by retinal detachment. Notable for widespread loss of (cone) photoreceptors, there is surprisingly little remodeling of the RPE or Muller cells. Microglial activation appears minimal, and remodeling of surviving second- and third-order neurons seems absent, but both require further study. In contrast, traumatic brain injury in the ground squirrel elicits typical macroglial and microglial responses. Overall, the data to date strongly suggest a heretofore unrecognized, natural checkpoint between retinal deafferentiation and RPE and Muller cell remodeling events. As we continue to discover them, the unique ways by which ground squirrel retina responds to hibernation or injury may be adaptable to therapeutic use.
Critiquing Modern Constitutionalism

Modern constitutionalism is an important movement in state building. In fact, the terms of modern constitutionalism have played a formative role on how our political and legal world looks today. These terms have had a homogenizing effect, however. In this article I discuss the importance of modern constitutionalism, but also sound a cautionary note regarding the fetishization of the concept. Modern constitutionalism is not a panacea, contrary to what many Americans might think, and the hegemony of any particular constitutional model can undermine conceptual pluralism, and maybe even democracy.
Node-merging method in passive network topology detection

In order to establish a clear picture of Internet topology, our Node-Merging Method (NMM) tries to make use of only the protocol information between two nodes, especially the hop count. When remaining the minimum hop of two nodes unchanged, a complex and redundant network, reconstructed by using hop information, can be simplified into a simple one without any redundancy. In the basis to remain the minimum hop unchanged, it can be inferred into two simple criteria to reduce the algorithm complexity, without computing every minimum hop of node pairs. It can also be proofed the two criteria is a necessary and sufficient condition. After finding out the whole node pairs that can be merged, we come up with a strategy called MAX to tell which pair to select. Finally, it is shown by simulation that NMM is available when only hop information is offered.
Contact Transformations in Solved Form

(1936). Contact Transformations in Solved Form. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 288-293.
Sex-linkage of two enzyme loci in Oncorhyncus mykiss (rainbow trout)

We report the first sex-linked loci in Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout). Previous cytological and breeding experiments have demonstrated an XX/XY sex determining system in this and other salmonid species. Joint segregation data from fathers indicated an average of 8.1 per cent recombination between HEX-2 and the sex determining locus (SEX). The average recombination between HEX-2 and sSOD-1 in fathers was 26.8 per cent. No evidence of non-random segregation of HEX-2 and sSOD-1 was found in mothers; this difference in recombination rates between males and females is concordant with previous studies with rainbow trout and other salmonid species. These results also suggest the possibility that proper chromosomal pairing and segregation in salmonid males does not require a crossover event. Unlike the extreme XX/XY heteromorphy in mammals, functional alleles for HEX-2 and sSOD-1 occur on both the X and Y chromosomes. Significant non-random associations (i.e. gametic disequilibrium) occur between genotypes at HEX-2 and SEX in the hatchery population used for the inheritance study. This gametic disequilibrium has resulted in large changes in allele frequency at HEX-2 from one generation to the next and an excess of heterozygotes in comparison to expected binomial (i.e. Hardy–Weinberg) proportions.
Development of multifunctional fiber reinforced polymer composites through ZnO nanowire arrays

Piezoelectric nanowires, in particular zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires, have been vastly used in the fabrication of electromechanical devices to convert wasted mechanical energy into useful electrical energy. Over recent years, the growth of vertically aligned ZnO nanowires on various structural fibers has led to the development of fiber-based nanostructured energy harvesting devices. However, the development of more realistic energy harvesters that are capable of continuous power generation requires a sufficient mechanical strength to withstand typical structural loading conditions. Yet, a durable, multifunctional material system has not been developed thoroughly enough to generate electrical power without deteriorating the mechanical performance. Here, a hybrid composite energy harvester is fabricated in a hierarchical design that provides both efficient power generating capabilities while enhancing the structural properties of the fiber reinforced polymer composite. Through a simple and low-cost process, a modified aramid fabric with vertically aligned ZnO nanowires grown on the fiber surface is embedded between woven carbon fabrics, which serve as the structural reinforcement as well as the top and the bottom electrodes of the nanowire arrays. The performance of the developed multifunctional composite is characterized through direct vibration excitation and tensile strength examination.
Climate-related variability in abundance of mesozooplankton in the northern Gulf of Alaska 1998–2009

Abstract Significant changes in fisheries resources have occurred in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) in the mid 1970s, with an increase in groundfish and a decrease in crab and shrimp populations. Increased fishing pressure and such events suggest that the GOA is susceptible to climate variation; however the mechanistic links between ecosystem change and climate remain unclear. At-sea surveys were undertaken during the month of May from 1998 to 2009 to collect data on zooplankton abundance and water mass properties in the northern GOA. Significant changes in temperature, salinity and zooplankton abundance were identified during this period. The euphausiid Thysanoessa inermis and the copepod Calanus marshallae had increased abundances in years when there was a strong phytoplankton spring bloom preceded by anomalously cold winters. The euphausiid Euphausia pacifica and the copepods Pseudocalanus spp., Neocalanus plumchrus/flemingeri, and Oithona spp. were more resilient to relatively high mean water temperatures. High zooplankton abundances in years of substantial cross-shelf mixing suggest that iron and nutrient transport between the shelf and oceanic domains are essential for sustaining high zooplankton populations via phytoplankton blooms. The abundance of zooplankton in the northern GOA is highly influenced by advective processes and changes in temperature. Further understanding of biological and physical mechanisms that control the GOA ecosystem are of major importance to predict the response of zooplankton communities to environmental changes.
Investigation on Occupational hazards of Storage Battery Industry in Wujin District of Changzhou City

[Objective]To master the occupational hazard situation of lead in storage battery industry in Wujin district of Changzhou city,so as to make the prevention countermeasure,control and reduce the lead poisoning.[Methods]The occupational hygienic investigation was performed on 10 enterprises which had occupational hazard of lead in Wujin district,air lead concentration of the work places was tested,and physical examination and detection of urine lead were conducted among workers exposed to lead.[Results]The occupational protection was in accordance with regulation basically,and the qualified rate was 84. 60% . The exceeding standard rate of lead concentration in the work places was 14. 5% . The highest concentration of lead fume and lead dust was 0. 270 ～ 0. 590 mg/m3. Among 174 workers,the urine lead level of 23 workers exceed the biological limit,the detection rate was 13. 22% . 4. 60% of workers were observation objects,and suspected chronic poisoning was detected in 8. 62% of total workers who received physical examination.[Conclusion]The occupational hazards were serious in some working posts exposed to lead,which had harmed the health of workers directly,and the efficient comprehensive control measures should be carried out in time.
WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT, HOUSEHOLD STATUS AND CONTRACEPTION USE IN GHANA

Gender inequality is often cited as a barrier to improving women's sexual and reproductive health outcomes, including contraceptive use, in low- and middle-income countries such as those in sub-Saharan Africa. To date there is limited, recent, evidence available regarding women's empowerment, household status and contraceptive use in Ghana. The objective of this study was to investigate whether women's empowerment and status in the household were associated with contraceptive use and unmet need for contraception using the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey. The study sample consisted of 1828 women aged 15-49. Women's empowerment was measured based on two composite indexes created by the DHS: attitudes towards intimate partner violence and decision-making. Women's status in the home was measured using indicators of work status, relationship to household head, control over monetary earnings and land ownership. Decision-making was found to be positively associated with contraceptive use and not having unmet need for contraception. Women who justified wife beating in one or more instances were less likely to use contraception, and more likely to have unmet need for contraception. Current or past employment and higher levels of male partner education were associated with contraceptive use. This study indicates that women's empowerment and household status are influential for contraceptive indicators. Future interventions aimed at improving contraceptive uptake and use should promote women's empowerment, i.e. decision-making, self-worth and education.
From structure to redox: The diverse functional roles of disulfides and implications in disease

This review provides a comprehensive overview of the functional roles of disulfide bonds and their relevance to human disease. The critical roles of disulfide bonds in protein structure stabilization and redox regulation of protein activity are addressed. Disulfide bonds are essential to the structural stability of many proteins within the secretory pathway and can exist as intramolecular or inter-domain disulfides. The proper formation of these bonds often relies on folding chaperones and oxidases such as members of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family. Many of the PDI family members catalyze disulfide-bond formation, reduction, and isomerization through redox-active disulfides and perturbed PDI activity is characteristic of carcinomas and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition to catalytic function in oxidoreductases, redox-active disulfides are also found on a diverse array of cellular proteins and act to regulate protein activity and localization in response to oxidative changes in the local environment. These redox-active disulfides are either dynamic intramolecular protein disulfides or mixed disulfides with small-molecule thiols generating glutathionylation and cysteinylation adducts. The oxidation and reduction of redox-active disulfides are mediated by cellular reactive oxygen species and activity of reductases, such as glutaredoxin and thioredoxin. Dysregulation of cellular redox conditions and resulting changes in mixed disulfide formation are directly linked to diseases such as cardiovascular disease and Parkinson's disease.
Parental Communication of Responsiveness and Control as Predictors of Adolescents' Emotional and Behavioral Resilience in Families with Alcoholic versus Nonalcoholic Parents

Interactions between parents and children establish norms for managing emotions and behavior, which are markers of resilience. This study examines how features of interpersonal communication between parents and children facilitate the resilience of children of alcoholic parents versus nonalcoholic parents. Parent–adolescent dyads (30 families of alcoholics, 30 families of nonalcoholics) were invited to participate in two videotaped interactions, which were then rated for parental responsiveness and control and adolescent emotion regulation and behavioral impulsivity. Parental responsiveness was positively associated with emotion regulation, and parental control was negatively associated with emotion regulation and positively associated with impulsivity. Moderation analyses point to several notable differences in the effects for alcoholic versus nonalcoholic families.
ACCOUNTING ON THE OLD PLANTATION: A Study of the Financial Records of an Ante-bellum Louisiana Sugar Planter

Very little information exists on the accounting methods and procedures of the great cotton and sugar plantations in the Southeastern United States during the period preceding the Civil War. Fortun...
The Relationship between Driver Vision and Accident Involvement1

A battery of eight different driver-related vision tests was administered to a sample of 890 licensed drivers. The battery included tests for static acuity under both normal illumination, low-level...
An Incident Handling Guide for Small Organizations in the Hospitality Sector

Security threats to small organizations are on the rise and many small organizations do not have the aptitude to address and properly responds to these incidents within their organizations. According to a 2016 Ponemon Institute survey of 600 small businesses, fifty percent (50%) had experienced a data breach and fifty-five percent (55%) had experienced a cyber attack in the past twelve months. Having an incident response plan is the most noteworthy cost-saving measure. The 2017 IBM and Ponemon Study found that organizations who can contain a breach in less than 30 days can save about $1 million. Hence, a small organization without an incident response plan is very likely to face great reputational damage and financial losses. The research methodology reviews current incident response frameworks, identifies relevant incident response guidelines and tailors the current and relevant frameworks into a small business-centric incident response guide that tackles threats the small hotels and casinos face.
The Barrow Biomimetic Spine: Comparative Testing of a 3D-Printed L4-L5 Schwab Grade 2 Osteotomy Model to a Cadaveric Model.

Introduction The Barrow Biomimetic Spine project is an ongoing effort to develop a three-dimensional (3D)-printed synthetic spine model with high anatomical and biomechanical fidelity to human tissue. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical performance of an L4-L5 3D-printed synthetic spine model in a lordotic correction test after Schwab grade 2 osteotomies as compared to human cadaveric spines that have undergone the same osteotomies and lordotic correction. Methods Ten different L4-L5 synthetic spine models were 3D printed. Each print varied in either the material used for the soft tissue components, the infill density of the bony and soft tissue structures, the pre-correction disc height, or the model orientation on the print bed. Each print was instrumented with pedicle screws and underwent a Schwab grade 2 osteotomy. Changes in disc height measurements and end-plate angle were compared against cadaveric data acquired using the same study method. Results A simple linear correlation analysis demonstrated that for horizontally printed models using PolyFlex (Polymaker, New York, NY, USA)(models 1-3, 8, 10), the pre-correction posterior disc height and lordotic correction were moderately correlated (r = 0.56), but this correlation did not achieve statistical significance (P = 0.12). Regression analysis demonstrated a very strong correlation between lordotic correction and change in posterior disc height (r = 0.92, P < 0.001). Models printed either vertically (models 4-6) or with low bone density and high soft tissue density (model 10) appeared to perform the most similarly to the cadaveric tissue. Discussion The 3D-printed synthetic spine models demonstrated predictable and reliable performance in a lordotic correction test based on their respective material qualities and print densities. The print variables tested further demonstrated that this model is capable of achieving high biomechanical fidelity to cadaveric tissue when subjected to the same lordotic correction test after Schwab grade 2 osteotomies.
The effect of mechanical or electrical stimulation on apnea length in mice.

Premature birth is a leading cause of infant mortality which is often attributed to irregular breathing and apnea of prematurity. A common treatment for apnea is caffeine to stimulate the brain’s respiratory center. However, caffeine’s long term effect on infant development is not fully comprehended. We hypothesized that noninvasive localized body stimulation regularizes breathing pattern. We investigated the impact of electrical or mechanical stimulation on breathing in mice. After the mice were ventilated for 28 s to induce apnea, mice were taken off the ventilator while receiving mechanical, electrical, or no stimulation in a randomized order. Both stimuli targeted the diaphragm area through a custom-built belt with vibrating motors or adhesive electrodes. After each apnea cycle, the time to take the first breath (T) was recorded. The electrical stimulation given at 4.5, 8.3, 16.7 V (pulse rate = 3 Hz, pulse width = 120 μs) showed no reduction in T. Electrical stimulation at pulse rates of 10 or 20 Hz (16.7 V, pulse width 260 μs) showed a detrimental effect increasing T by ~ 7% compared to control values (p = 0.005, p = 0.038 respectively). High and medium intensity mechanical stimulations significantly reduced T by 11.74 (p < 10−13) and by 17.08% (p < 10−8), respectively. Further reducing the amplitude of vibrations did not affect T. When the probe was attached to the ankles, only the high intensity vibrations resulted in a decrease in T (p < 10−13). Mechanical vibrations, applied at various intensities and locations, could be used to treat irregular breathing and apnea in infants.
Perceived parental acceptance and female juvenile delinquency.

The responses of 62 adolescent females residing at a state training school and 62 high school females on a measure of perceived parental acceptance were compared while statistically controlling for mental age, chronological age, socioeconomic status, social desirability, and family structure. Generally significant (p less than .05) results indicate that incarcerated females viewed their mothers and fathers more negatively than did nonincarcerated females. Slightly more ambivalent results were indicated in the mother-daughter relationship (delinquent girls reported mothers to be more rejecting/neglecting than did nondelinquents, but no significant differences were found between the groups on perceived mother acceptance) than in the father-daughter relationship. Results were discussed in terms of reported parental differences in acceptance-nonacceptance, providing limited support for Ausubel's satellization theory of child development, and the difficulty of inferring causality from retrospective self-report studies using "captive" subjects.
Behavioral characteristics of users with visual impairment in haptically enhanced virtual environments

This study investigated behavioral characteristics of users with visual impairments and tested effect of factors regarding the layout of virtual environments (VEs). Various three-dimensional (3D) VEs were simulated with two different factors: number of objects and layout type (random, symmetric). Using a Novint Falcon haptic device, users with visual impairments were required to complete an object recognition task in 3D VEs with different levels of number of object and layout. The characteristics of their movements (speed, applied force, location, direction, etc.) were recorded, and participants evaluated perceived difficulty after they completed each trial. We analyzed their recorded movements and their rating on perceived difficulty. Results showed that 1) number of objects in 3D VE had significant impact on visually impaired users' behavior; 2) different layout had not showed significant influence on their movement; 3) increased number of objects in 3D VE made the task more difficult; 4) visualized results implied that different users had significant different behavior preference in the same 3D VE. It is expected that the results of this study can improve behavioral understanding of users with visual impairments and guidance for assistive technology development for users with visual impairments.
A small tribute

I have known and admired Dexter since the time long ago when Juris Hartmanis was chairman of his PhD committee and I was a member. Shortly after he came back to Cornell as a professor an occasion arose when he thought to ask why I had not attended his qualifying exam. I told him that Juris had to because he was chair, but that I avoided exams that were superfluous. I am not much on "rites of passage".
Small Molecules and Ions: A Thing or Two We Still don’t Understand

This essay is intended as a thorn to start off the discussions of the Workshop on the Structure of Small Molecules and Ions in memory of Professor Itzhak Plesser, by reviewing some of the aspects of small molecules which we do not yet understand. In many of the situations described here, we at least think we know how to express relevant questions; in some cases, we clearly do not yet know how to ask questions that we can address in a systematic way. And in some cases, perhaps the tools for answering the questions are only now emerging, some perhaps in the context of this Workshop.
Discovery of Major Basement‐Cored Uplifts in the Northern Galiuro Mountains, Southeastern Arizona: Implications for Regional Laramide Deformation Style and Structural Evolution

Lowell Institute for Mineral Resources at the University of Arizona; Arizona Geological Society J. Harold Courtright Scholarship
Magnetic properties of double perovskite L n 2 CoIrO 6 (L n =Eu , Tb , Ho ): Hetero-tri-spin 3 d -5 d -4 f systems

The field of double perovskites is now advancing to three magnetic elements on the A, B and ${\mathrm{B}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ sites. A series of iridium-based double perovskite compounds, $L{n}_{2}{\mathrm{CoIrO}}_{6}$ $(Ln=\mathrm{Eu}, \mathrm{Tb}, \mathrm{Ho})$, with three magnetic elements was synthesized as polycrystalline samples. The compounds crystalize in monoclinic structures with the space group $P{2}_{1}/n$. Magnetic properties of these hetero-tri-spin $3d\text{\ensuremath{-}}5d\text{\ensuremath{-}}4f$ systems were studied by magnetic susceptibility and field dependent magnetization in both DC and pulsed magnetic fields. All these compounds show ferrimagnetic transitions at temperatures ${T}_{C}$ above 100 K, which are attributable to antiferromagnetic coupling between ${\mathrm{Co}}^{2+}$ and ${\mathrm{Ir}}^{4+}$ spins. For ${\mathrm{Eu}}_{2}{\mathrm{CoIrO}}_{6}$, the magnetic properties are similar to those of ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}{\mathrm{CoIrO}}_{6}$. The ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{3+}$ spins show Van Vleck paramagnetism, and do not significantly interact with transition-metal cations. In contrast, ${\mathrm{Tb}}_{2}{\mathrm{CoIrO}}_{6}$ and ${\mathrm{Ho}}_{2}{\mathrm{CoIrO}}_{6}$ reveal a second transition to antiferromagnetic order below a lower temperature ${T}_{N}$. The temperature-induced ferrimagnetic-to-antiferromagnetic phase transition might be explained by a spin-reorientation transition. Moreover, a magnetic-field-induced spin-flop-like transition with a small hysteresis was observed below ${T}_{N}$ in these two compounds. The magnetic moments of all three compounds do not saturate up to 60 T at low temperatures. A moderate magnetocaloric effect was also observed in all three compounds. Our results should motivate further investigation of the spin configuration on single crystals of these iridium-based double perovskites.
Where do we go from here? Examining pediatric and population-level interventions to improve child outcomes

Abstract This paper summarizes and comments on emerging, but important, developments in practice, policy, and research focused on population-level interventions to address disparities in language development among young American children. This examination draws parallels between the need for broad scale Word Gap interventions and existing public health approaches to prevention and early intervention across many dimensions of child well-being. The authors conducted a review of the literature showing both the limited evidence base and promising aspects that predict efficacious implementation in pediatric and public health systems. Based on the results of a literature search, as well as the authors’ experiences in reviewing and developing interventions designed for implementation at scale, we describe some of the important considerations and challenges associated with designing and implementing a population-level effort. After a summarizing the results of the formal literature review, we present case studies of 2 community-based interventions with an evidence base for addressing the word gap as well as 4 promising programs that suggest innovative and scalable ideas for broader implementation, dissemination and research exploration. Further, we highlight the ways in which these interventions, individually and collectively, are showing promise and evidence for implementation in pediatric and public health settings. Interventions include components of universal contact with populations of interest, early and continuous contact with individuals within these populations, coordinated and aligned messaging and intervention across multiple service sectors, and use of both stakeholder engagement in intervention design and trusted messengers in intervention delivery. We close by providing suggestions for population-level interventions aimed at the word gap, including: universal contact with populations of interest, early and continuous contact.
Liftoff of single crystal diamond by epitaxial lateral overgrowth using SiO2 masks

Abstract We describe a method that allows an easy separation of a single crystal diamond layer grown by homoepitaxy in a chemical vapour deposition (CVD) process from the growth substrate. In a first step a thin SiO2 layer is deposited on top of the seed crystal. This layer is patterned by photolithography and reactive ion etching (RIE) to obtain a mask with open windows and covered areas. In an epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELO) process diamond is grown homoepitaxially through the free window areas and laterally across the covered areas until the mask is completely covered by diamond. During cool down from deposition temperature tensile stress σzz perpendicular to the growth surface is formed in the diamond bridges grown in the window areas. The absolute value of the stress depends on growth temperature, difference in coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) between diamond and the specific mask material and finally on the fill factor (FF). The stress amplitude can reach more than +2 GPa and stress intensity factors in the range of typical fracture toughness values reported for single crystal diamond. Our experiments demonstrate that an immediate crack formation can be achieved which facilitates an easy separation between the CVD grown diamond layer and the seed crystal. The described concept develops its highest potential with increasing lateral dimensions of the seed wafers.
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in US Adolescents' Dietary Quality and Its Modification by Weight-Related Factors and Physical Activity.

There are well-known disparities in the prevalence of obesity across racial-ethnic groups, although the behavioral and psychological factors driving these disparities are less well understood. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: (1) to examine differences in dietary quality by race/ethnicity and weight-related variables [body mass index (BMI), weight loss attempt, and weight dissatisfaction] and physical activity (PA) using the Health Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015); and (2) to investigate the interactions and independent associations of race/ethnicity, weight-related variables and PA on dietary quality. Data for adolescents aged 12–19 years (n = 3373) were abstracted from the 2007–2014 National Health and Nutrition and Examination Survey and analyzed using multiple PROC SURVEYREG, adjusting for demographics and accounting for complex sampling. Analyses determined that Hispanic males had better overall HEI-2015 scores than non-Hispanic whites (48.4 ± 0.5 vs. 45.7 ± 0.6, p = 0.003) or blacks (48.4 ± 0.5 vs. 45.5 ± 0.5, p < 0.001). Hispanic females also had better dietary quality than non-Hispanic whites (50.2 ± 0.4 vs. 47.5 ± 0.5, p < 0.001) and blacks (50.2 ± 0.4 vs. 47.1 ± 0.5, p < 0.001). Meeting the PA recommendation modified racial/ethnic differences in dietary quality for females (p = 0.011) and this was primarily driven by the associations among non-Hispanic white females (ΔR2 = 2.6%, p = 0.0004). The study identified racial/ethnic and gender differences among adolescents in factors that may promote obesity. Results may be useful for obesity prevention efforts designed to reduce health disparities in adolescents.
Effects of benztropine analogs on delay discounting in rats

Methylphenidate and d-amphetamine, medications used for treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), are used recreationally and self-administered by laboratory animals. Benztropine (BZT) analogs, like those medications, increase synaptic dopamine levels but are less effective in maintaining self-administration, suggesting clinical utility with less abuse liability. The current study was designed to evaluate potential therapeutic effects of BZT analogs related to ADHD. Rats responded under a delay-discounting procedure in which responses on one lever produced immediate delivery of a single food pellet and alternative responses produced four food pellets either immediately or with various temporal delays, with those delays arranged in ascending or random orders in different groups of rats. Selection of the smaller more immediate reinforcer has been suggested as an aspect of “impulsivity,” a trait with suggested involvement in ADHD. Other rats were studied under fixed-interval (FI) 300-s schedules to assess drug effects on behavior under temporal control. d-Amphetamine, methylphenidate, and the BZT analog AHN 1-055, but not AHN 2-005 or JHW 007, increased selection of the large, delayed reinforcer with either arrangement of delays. All drugs changed the temporal distribution of responses within the FI from one with responses concentrated at the end to a more uniform distribution. Changes in the temporal distribution of FI responding occurred with drugs that did not affect discounting suggesting that discounting does not arise directly from the same temporal control processes controlling FI responding. AHN 1-055 may be of clinical utility in the treatment of ADHD.
Donation after circulatory death (DCD)—lung procurement

The number of lungs available for lung transplantation is far lower than the number of patients awaiting them. Consequently, there is a significant attrition rate while awaiting transplantation. Lung procurement rates are lower than those of other solid organs. Lungs are procured from only 15–20% of donors compared with 30% of decreased donors for hearts. The reason for this low retrieval rate is related to a number of factors. Brain death is associated with neurogenic pulmonary edema. Additionally, injury to the lung itself may occur before or after brain death. Aspiration of gastric contents, pneumonia, previous thoracic trauma, ventilator-associated injury, atelectasis, and pulmonary thrombosis/embolism may all contribute to lung injury before consideration for harvest. Donation after circulatory death (DCD) is one category of nontraditional organ donation now being performed in increasing numbers as a way to increase the number of lungs available for transplantation. In some studies, estimates show that utilization of DCD lung procurement could increase the number of lungs available by up to 50%.
The World Bank and Social Transformation in International Politics: Liberalism, Governance and Sovereignty

Introduction 1. Liberalism and Social Transformation 2. The World Bank, Sovereignty and Development 3. From Structural Adjustment to Good Governance 4. Governance, Liberalism and Social Transformation 5. Transformation in Practice 6. Sovereignty, Development and the Liberal Project
Adaptive Mechanisms of Growth Control

At a meeting in Rome in 1894, Professor Giulio Bizzozero (1894) speculated before his fellow pathologists that the various tissues and organs of the body might be classified according to their mitotic potentials. He referred to those tissues which are in a constant state of proliferation as elementi labili. In others, the cells multiply during maturation, but become mitotically stable in the adult. These he classified elementi stabili. Finally, elementi perenni included the nervous and muscular tissues, the cells of which are incapable of division beyond early stages of development. These categories have since come to be known as mitotically renewing, expanding, and static tissues, respectively (Figure 1).
Nucleotide Activation of Cauliflower α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase

Abstract The complex of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase with lipoyl transsuccinylase isolated from cauliflower florets and assayed with exogenous lipoyl dehydrogenase, is markedly activated by adenosine 5'-monophosphate. This activation shows an optimum at about 1 mm AMP, with higher concentrations producing a smaller increase in rate. Kinetic analysis shows the activation to be of the "coupling" type in which the activator binds to the enzyme-substrate complex. The presence of AMP causes an increase in the maximal velocity of the reaction, measured with variable concentrations of α-ketoglutarate, and decreases the apparent Km for α-keto-glutarate. With the use of the parameters V''max (maximal velocity at infinite activator concentration) and K''m (K''m for α-keto-glutarate at infinite activator concentration) and the ratio V''max: K''m (designated as an activation coefficient), it has been possible to compare the activation by AMP with other nucleotides and related compounds. This comparison shows that AMP is 10 times more effective than ADP, which in turn is about twice as effective as ATP, which produces an activation coefficient about twice that of the untreated control. This method of comparison of activating effectiveness reveals that adenosine nucleotides are preferred by this enzyme, that the 2' and 3' —OH groups on the ribose of the nucleotide are involved in producing a maximal activation, and that both the purine or pyrimidine ring and the phosphate are necessary for maximal effect. Inorganic phosphate produces a significant activation. Hill plots of the rate of this reaction against α-ketoglutarate concentration have a slope of 1, which is not altered by the presence of nucleotide activators. Hill plots of rate against nucleotide concentration also give a slope of 1.
Abstract 4250: Nitric oxide synthase activity and its modulation in the treatment of colorectal cancer

The American Cancer Society estimates more than 141,000 new cases of and about 50,000 deaths from colorectal cancer every year. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy and targeted therapies such as anti-angiogenics. However, no therapies address the key driving factor of colorectal cancer: inflammation. It is well known that chronic inflammatory conditions such as Crohn9s Disease, ulcerative colitis, diabetes, obesity and cigarette smoking all elevate the risk of developing colorectal cancer. One of the hallmarks of chronic inflammation is the elevated levels of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). A primary source of these ROS/RNS is uncoupled Nitric Oxide Synthase. Under non-inflammatory conditions NOS generates Nitric Oxide. However, in an inflammatory environment, such as the oxidative tumor microenvironment, NOS9s cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is oxidized to dihydrobiopterin (BH2). NOS bound to BH2 is said to be uncoupled and produces superoxide O2- and peroxyinitrite (ONOO-). Previous work in our and other9s labs have shown that increased production of ROS/RNS leads to the activation of pro-inflammatory/proliferative molecules such as NFκB, Stat3, β-Catenin and Akt. NOS can be re-coupled by supplementing cells and animals with BH4 or its precursor Sepiapterin (SP). Herein Wwe have shownshow that by recoupling NOS with SP in HCT116, Caco-2 and HT29 cells, decreased tumor cell proliferation, increased β-Catenin degradation and decreased Akt activity. We have also seen increased tumor cell death measured via by in vitro clonogenic assays, as well decreased metabolic uptake in AOM/DSS induced colorectal cancer in vivo measured via by F18Deoxy-Glucose PET imaging. We believe by recoupling NOS both in vivo and in vitro we are modulatingion Wnt signaling via Akt and GSK-3β. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism of decreased Akt activity and the downstream effectors of Wnt signaling which are affected by NOS recoupling. Lastly, we wish to combine radiation therapy with Sepiapterin SP to determine if the combination of these therapies can increase tumor cell deathincrease tumor control. Citation Format: Asim Alam, Chris Rabender, Li Wang, Sundaresan Gobalakrishnan, Jamal Zweit. Nitric oxide synthase activity and its modulation in the treatment of colorectal cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4250. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4250
Rapid Interpretation of Nondestructive Testing Results Using Neural Networks

Artificial neural network tools for structural pavement evaluation have been developed to facilitate the determination of the integrity of existing flexible pavements. With the onset of the movement toward more mechanistic pavement design, such as Mechanistic Empirical Pavement Design Guide, nondestructive testing techniques play a major role to determine properties of pavement structures. Conventional methods such as backcalculating the layer properties are complex and either require a significant computational effort and/or frequent operator intervention. Studies are presented that show the power of artificial neural networks to estimate pavement layer properties and allow for capabilities in developing pavement performance curves and for estimating and monitoring remaining life.
Combination Immunotherapy of Melanoma by inhibiting HSP90 and targeting its client proteins. (TUM7P.934)

HSP90 plays a major role in human melanoma progression, by facilitating the over expression of its client proteins, many of which provide growth, survival and migratory advantages to tumor cells and support a pro-angiogenic tumor microenvironment. HSP90-mediated stabilization also limits the proteasome-dependent processing of client proteins and the subsequent presentation of derivative peptides in tumor cell-associated MHC class I complexes which is required for effective host CD8+ T cell recognition of melanoma cells. When considered in the combination of active vaccination, inhibiting HSP90 function might serve as a highly effective anti-tumor therapy. As a consequence, we analyzed the anti-tumor impact of a range of clinically-relevant HSP90 inhibitors (HSP90i; i.e. NVP-AUY922, STA9090, 17-DMAG, Novobiocin) on client protein expression in vitro (human and murine melanoma cell lines) and in vivo (s.c. B16 tumors established in syngenic C57BL/6 mice). We observed that HSP90i promote the proteasome-dependent (i.e. blocked by inhibitors PS-341 and MG-132) degradation of a range of client proteins. We have also identified H-2Kb/Db-presented peptide epitopes derived from these client proteins that may be recognized by Type-1 CD8+ T cells after specific vaccination. We are currently investigating the capacity of NVP-AUY922 and STA9090 to therapeutically sensitize established melanomas to client protein-specific CD8+ T cells in combination therapy approaches.