cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Prediction of Electrochemical Reactivities from Contemporary Theory: Some Comparisons with Experiment.

Abstract The application of current theoretical treatments of electron transfer to outer-sphere electrochemical reactions are considered with regard to the numerical prediction of rate parameters from thermodynamic and structural data. Formalisms based on a “semiclassical” treatment for the Franck-Condon barrier together with an “encounter preequilibrium” model for the preexponential factor are summarized and related to the more widely considered treatments for homogeneous redox reactions. Comparisons are made between the theoretical predictions and experimental rate parameters for representative inorganic outer-sphere reactions at electrode surfaces, and with relative reactions in homogeneous solution. The effects of altering the electrode material and the outer-shell solvent are also considered. Although the measured rate parameters for several reactions at mercury electrodes are in reasonable agreement with the theoretical predictions, significant and even large discrepancies are seen for a number of cases. Likely reasons for these findings are discussed, including nonadiabaticity and specific solvation effects.
The microbiology and sensory evaluation of pheasants hung at 5, 10 and 15 degrees C.

Synopsis Pheasants hung for 9 d at 10 °G were found to be more acceptable than those hung for 4 d at 15 °G or for 18 d at 5 °G. The birds stored at 15 °G were tough by comparison with those held for longer at the lower temperatures and the clostridia, including Clostridium welchii, increased considerably in the intestines during the storage period. Microbial growth in the muscle tissue was generally found to occur only in birds in which the gut had been perforated by shot. There is an indication that 9 d at 10 °C produced a more “ gamey “ bird than 18 d at 5 °G or 4 d at 15 °G, but the most “ gamey “ birds, independent of temperature, were those in which the muscle was damaged by shot.
Brief intervention for co-occurring anxiety and depression in primary care: a pilot study.

Objective:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a brief cognitive-behavioral intervention for co-occurring anxiety and depression in primary care patients.Method:Participants in this study were 35 veterans seeking care from a VA primary care clinic. Patients were selected for inclusion in this study based on mild to moderate levels of self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depression. Participants received four weekly sessions of cognitive behavioral intervention for their symptoms. The effectiveness of this intervention was compared with the passage of time alone. Measured outcomes included symptoms of anxiety and depression and quality of life.Results:Statistical testing demonstrated that the intervention led to significant reductions in depression and anxiety and improved role functioning. These changes were maintained except for some return of anxiety over a one-month follow-up period following the end of treatment.Conclusions:This study shows that primary care patients with co...
Avoidance of sedation during total colonoscopy

A prospective study of the necessity of sedation, or analgesia, or both in total colonoscopy was performed. The procedures were performed in the office on 212 consecutive, nonselected patients. Intravenous sedation was not started initially, and all procedures were begun without medication. If the patient developed significant discomfort or sharp pain, intravenous diazepam (Valium®, Roche, Nutley, NJ) or midazolam (Versed®, Roche, Nutley, NJ) was given. Total colonoscopy was successful in 201 (95 percent) patients. Of these procedures, 173 (82 percent) patients required no analgesia or sedation. In the remaining 39 (18 percent) patients, only small doses of Valium or Versed were necessary. There were 2 (1 percent) complications, but they were directly related to polypectomy (stalk bleeding, serosal burn) and not to the colonoscopy. Patient acceptance was high because most of the patients were able to leave the office immediately after the procedure and many (at least 82 percent) were able to return to work or resume normal activities that same day. Intravenous sedation is routinely used during total colonoscopy by most practitioners and is considered the standard of care in most communities. However, the need for sedation during total colonoscopy has never been proven and is probably not necessary in most cases. Furthermore, when sedation is necessary, most patients are probably overanesthetized. This is significant, as it may make total colonoscopy more accessible, less expensive, and safer.
Luminal flow induces eNOS activation and translocation in the rat thick ascending limb. II. Role of PI3-kinase and Hsp90

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) regulates NaCl absorption by the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (THAL). We found that augmenting luminal flow induces eNOS activation and translo...
The local piecewisely linear kernel smoothing procedure for fitting jump regression surfaces

It is known that a surface fitted by conventional local smoothing procedures is not statistically consistent at the jump locations of the true regression surface. This article suggests a procedure for modifying conventional local smoothing procedures such that the modified procedures fit the surface with jumps preserved automatically. Taking the local linear kernel smoothing procedure as an example, in a neighborhood of a given point, a bivariate piecewisely linear function is fitted with possible jumps along the boundaries of four quadrants. The fitted function provides four estimators of the surface at the given point, which are constructed from observations in the four quadrants. When the difference among the four estimators is smaller than a threshold value, the given point is most likely a continuous point, and the surface at that point is then estimated by the average of the four estimators. When the difference is larger than the threshold value, the given point is likely a jump point, and at least ...
Can bare dispositions explain categorical regularities

One of the traditional desiderata for a metaphysical theory of laws of nature is that it be able to explain natural regularities. Some philosophers have postulated governing laws to fill this explanatory role. Recently, however, many have attempted to explain natural regularities without appealing to governing laws. Suppose that some fundamental properties are bare dispositions. In virtue of their dispositional nature, these properties must be (or are likely to be) distributed in regular patterns. Thus it would appear that an ontology including bare dispositions can dispense with governing laws of nature. I believe that there is a problem with this line of reasoning. In this essay, I’ll argue that governing laws are indispensable for the explanation of a special sort of natural regularity: those holding among categorical properties (or, as I’ll call them, categorical regularities). This has the potential to be a serious objection to the denial of governing laws, since there may be good reasons to believe that observed regularities are categorical regularities.
Medication inhibits tolerance to seawater in coho salmon smolts

Abstract Applications of 10 therapeutic and two anesthetic agents to healthy smolts of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) by conventional methods were followed by two different posttreatment circumstances. In condition I, fish were treated and then transferred directly to 28‰ seawater for 10 days; in condition II, fish were treated and held in fresh water for 4 days before their medium was gradually changed over a 4-hour period to 28‰ seawater. In condition I, no mortality occurred among fish treated with 2,4-D, trichlorofon, simazine, quinaldine, or light to moderate doses of MS-222. About 10% mortality occurred among fish treated with formalin and nifurpirinol. High mortality in seawater followed treatments with copper sulfate, hyamine 1622, potassium permanganate, malachite green (one protocol), and heavy doses of MS-222. In condition II, mortality was reduced but still high for copper sulfate and potassium permanganate, much lower for malachite green and hyamine 1622, and zero for the other agents. Th...
Deep Space Ka-Band Link Management and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter: Long-Term Weather Statistics Versus Forecasting

During the last 40 years, deep space radio communication systems have experienced a move toward shorter wavelengths. In the 1960s, a transition from L- to S-band occurred, which was followed by a transition from S- to X-band in the 1970s. Both these transitions provided deep space links with wider bandwidths and improved radio metrics capability. Now, in the 2000s, a new change is taking place: namely, a move to the Ka-band region of the radio frequency spectrum. Ka-band will soon replace X-band as the frequency of choice for deep space communications, providing ample spectrum for the high data rate requirements of future missions. The low-noise receivers of deep space networks have a great need for link management techniques that can mitigate weather effects. In this paper, three approaches for managing Ka-band Earth-space links are investigated. The first approach uses aggregate annual statistics, the second one uses monthly statistics, and the third is based on the short-term forecasting of the local weather. An example of weather forecasting for Ka-band link performance prediction is presented. Furthermore, spacecraft commanding schemes suitable for Ka-band link management are investigated. Theses schemes will be demonstrated using NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft in the 2007-2008 period, and the demonstration findings will be reported in a future publication.
Achieving Standards in the English Language Arts (and More) Using The RULER Approach to Social and Emotional Learning.

This article introduces The RULER Approach (‘‘RULER’’) to social and emotional learning, with a particular focus on its Feeling Words Curriculum. Through this curriculum, RULER contributes to the ultimate goals of an English language arts education— preparing students to achieve personal, social, and academic goals and to be engaged and contributing citizens. RULER complements the English language arts curriculum and draws on national learning standards to develop language skills in reading, writing, listening, speaking, and visually representing information. This article describes how RULER simultaneously reinforces student learning in the English language arts and develops 5 critical emotion skills—recognizing, understanding, labeling, expressing, and regulating emotion.
The design and application of a novel high-speed partial discharge diagnostic system

A high-speed partial discharge diagnostic system that can monitor transient and fast-risetime (on the order of several-nanosecond) partial discharge pulses in capacitor insulation with good sensitivity and fidelity has been developed. This system is referred to as the fast discharge detector (FDD). The key performance specifications include a detection sensitivity of 6+or-2 pC, minimum risetime of 4+or-1 ns, and temporal resolution of less than 0.1 mu s. The sensitivity is maintained for insulation test specimens with capacitances as large as approximately 10 nF, which is considerably greater than the limits of most conventional apparatus. Some representative test data concerning the characteristics of high-speed partial discharge phenomena in mica capacitors are presented to illustrate the diagnostic capabilities of the FDD. Several research applications for the FDD that could yield information about partial discharge mechanisms and their effects on the insulation system of modern power capacitors are stated. >
Mechanistic studies on DOM as a discriminative stimulus.

Abstract Ten rats were trained to discriminate racemic DOM (1.0 mg/kg, IP) from saline using a standard two-lever operant procedure. Once responding was stable, these animals were administered doses of lisuride and the purported 5-HT1 agonist 8-OH DPA in tests of stimulus generalization. DOM-stimulus generalization occurred with lisuride, but not with 8-OH DPAT. These animals were also administered doses of LY-53,857, ritanserin, CP-52,215, and THT in tests of stimulus antagonism. Each of these agentspossesses a significant affinity for 5-HT2 binding sites, and each effectively attenuated the DOM-stimulus. These results, coupled with our earlier findings, support the hypothesis that DOM may be producing its stimulus effects via a 5-HT2-related mechanism.
Singular value decomposition Geršgorin sets

Abstract In this note, we introduce the singular value decomposition Gersgorin set , Γ SV ( A ), of an N × N complex matrix A , where N ⩽ ∞. For N finite, the set Γ SV ( A ) is similar to the standard Gersgorin set, Γ ( A ), in that it is a union of N closed disks in the complex plane and it contains the spectrum, σ ( A ), of A . However, Γ SV ( A ) is constructed using column sums of singular value decomposition matrix coefficients, whereas Γ ( A ) is constructed using row sums of the matrix values of A . In the case N = ∞, the set Γ SV ( A ) is defined in terms of the entries of the singular value decomposition of a compact operator A on a separable Hilbert space. Examples are given and applications are indicated.
A 1-Day Course to Improve the Teaching Effectiveness of Health Professions Faculty Members

Objective. To determine the effect of a 1-day teaching-methods course for pharmacy and nursing faculty members on teaching proficiency and perceptions of effective teaching. Design. A 1-day teaching-methods course was created and presented to 12 pharmacy and nursing faculty members. Participants’ teaching sessions were video-recorded pre- and post-course. Assessment. A panel of educators evaluated pre- and post-course video-recorded teaching presentations to assess teaching effectiveness. Participants completed pre- and post-course self-evaluations and surveys. Panelists’ assessments confirmed significant improvement in 7 of 10 domains. Perceptions of teaching efficacy and proficiency to teach effectively improved after completion of the course. Conclusion. A 1-day teaching-methods course, requiring minimal resources, is a valuable development resource that can improve teaching effectiveness through enhanced communication and teaching techniques. Because effective teaching is positively correlated with students’ learning, training seminars can be integral to comprehensive quality improvement.
Ground cover patterns near streams for urban land use categories

Land along the edges of streams in urban areas is used in many ways, with many objectives, including buffering streams from the effects of nutrient, sediment and pesticide runoff; maintaining shade to prevent the rise of stream temperature; and providing shelter for wildlife and aquatic life. A relatively narrow corridor of naturally vegetated land along stream edges has been cited to preserve many of these functions. This study documents the associations of the types and amounts of ground cover that occur within 25 m of stream edges for nine land use categories in Syracuse, New York.
Causes of the Soft Budget Constraint: Evidence on Three Explanations

Abstract This paper conducts empirical evaluations of three recent theories of the soft budget constraint (SBC) using data from China's enterprise reform period. For enterprises with financial losses, we find that employment of nonproduction workers, investment with below-average rate of return, and distribution of excessive amounts of bonuses have all contributed significantly to the losses. In addition, there is no evidence that these factors decrease in response to financial losses. These findings support all three theories identifying political influence, creditor's lack of information and commitment, and insider control as causes of the SBC. J. Comp. Econom., March 1998, 26(1), pp. 104–116. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1220.
Three‐dimensional morphology of a very rough interface formed in the soldering reaction between eutectic SnPb and Cu

We have used scanning electron microscopy to study the interfacial morphology of the Cu‐Sn compounds formed between a eutectic SnPb alloy and Cu at 200 °C. A selective etching reveals the three‐dimensional morphology of the Cu‐Sn compounds. On the solder side, the compounds grow rapidly as big scallops and the interface becomes extremely rough as compared to the Cu side of the interface. In order to understand this rapid and extremely irregular growth of the Cu‐Sn compounds, we propose that it is caused by the dissolution of Cu into the liquid solder and the coarsening of the scallop‐type compounds by Ostwald ripening. The growth of the Cu‐Sn compounds has a serious impact on solder joint rework in electronic packaging.
Sex-Related Alcohol Expectancies Among African American Women Attending an Urban STI Clinic.

African American women are disproportionately affected by human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Alcohol use is a significant risk factor for HIV/STI acquisition. Sex-related alcohol expectancies (SRAEs) may partially account for alcohol-related risky sexual behaviors. Using qualitative interviews we explored the link between alcohol use and risky sex among 20 African American women attending an STI clinic who had consumed four or more alcoholic drinks per drinking day (binge drinking) and/or reported vaginal or anal sex while under the influence of alcohol. Four SRAEs emerged, which we named drink for sexual desire, drink for sexual power, drink for sexual excuse, and drink for anal sex. While the desire SRAE has been documented, this study identified three additional SRAEs not currently assessed by expectancy questionnaires. These SRAEs may contribute to high-risk sex when under the influence of alcohol and suggests the impo...
Functional organization of the partial reactions of Na+ + K+ - activated ATPase within the red cell membrane

Abstract Effects of false substrates and modifiers of the partial reactions of the Na+, K+-ATPase complex on Na+ transport in resealed red cell ghosts were studied. A ouabain-sensitive efflux of Na+ into a Na+-free medium was initiated when p-nitrophenylphosphate (NPP) and K+ were added to the medium. Na+-efflux into a Na+-containing medium required the simultaneous presence of K+, NPP, and a nucleotide in the medium. When Na+-efflux was stimulated, NPP hydrolysis was increased. We conclude that the K+-dependent phosphatase facing the medium-side of the membrane is the primary ion translocator, and that an enzyme on the matrix-side of the membrane supplies a physiological substrate (the “phosphorylated intermediate”) for the translocator-phosphatase.
Structural health monitoring using an array of spatially distributed sensors

This paper presents the use of an array of spatially distributed sensors for the development of a complete system designed for structural health monitoring. The system includes wireless and wired sensors and has a low cost implementation. We have build a reduced size system for the proof of concept, using a Resistive Temperature Detector with Infra-red connectivity, monitored by a Local Station communicating to a Central Station, allowing the characterization of an entire structure. If implemented in a campus of buildings, the Local Stations collect data from the sensors and send it to the Central Station. When risks arise, the closest Local Station and the Central Station trigger alarms, depending on the degree of danger. The administrator of the building is sent an e-mail message, letting him know the type of the alarm that was triggered and the location of the danger.All the tasks mentioned above are automated using dedicated software applications developed in LabView and C#. A commercially available software package is provided by National Instruments [1], but it was developed with concern to wireless sensors. In addition to that one, we adapted our system so that it could also integrate wired sensors.
The phallometric assessment of sex offenders: an update

The paper traces the development of the phallometric assessment of sex offenders in the 1990s. There has been little improvement in the standardization of the technique in terms of procedure, stimuli used or the analysis of results since the last review (Launay, 1994). However, the validity of the technique is now more strongly established and the usefulness of phallometrically derived indexes of deviance for the prediction of re-offending has been confirmed. A case is made in favour of analysing the phallometric traces over the time the sexual stimuli are presented rather than relying on average responses. Problems associated with the ethics of the procedure and the interpretation of the results are discussed. Finally, the usefulness of the phallometric monitoring of therapeutic interventions is illustrated with the presentation of a case study conducted at Maidstone prison. The conclusion is that although the validity of the technique for research and clinical assessment is now established, justification for the routine use of the technique must await a proper standardization of the technique and the publication of reliable norms. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Induction of innate and adaptive immunity by delivery of poly dA:dT to dendritic cells

A conjugate generated by expressed protein ligation between an antibody targeting dendritic cells (DCs) and an immune-stimulating double-stranded DNA reveals that DCs can mediate both innate and adaptive immunity and represents its potential utility as a vaccine adjuvant.
Bisphenol derivatives as antioxidants for carotene

Relative values for the carotene-stabilizing effects in mineral oil solutions of a number of bisphenol derivatives were determined. Certain relationships between molecular structure and antioxidant activity were observed. Alkyl substitutions in the reactiveortho andpara positions were shown to improve the stabilizing efficiency of the compounds studied. High activities were obtained with bisphenols linked by methylene or sulfur. Several of the most effective antioxidants were found to be also effective for stabilizing carotene in alfalfa meal.
Scaling effects on microstructure and electromigration reliability for Cu and Cu(Mn) interconnects

EM reliability of Cu and Cu(Mn) interconnects was investigated, focusing on the scaling effect on grain structure and mass transport. The microstructure of Cu and Cu(Mn) interconnects was characterized up to the 22 nm node using a high-resolution TEM diffraction technique. Compared to Cu interconnects of the 45 nm node, the 28 nm Cu(Mn) structures were found to have a strong {111} texture along the line length direction and a low fraction of coherent twin boundaries (~2%). Inclusion of Mn was found to be important for microstructure evolution. The effect of Mn alloying on EM reliability was examined by comparing the lifetime statistics to Cu interconnects with standard SiCN cap and CoWP metal cap. The interfacial and GB diffusivities together with activation energies were extracted from resistance traces in EM tests. Mn was found to effectively reduce EM-induced mass transport, particularly for interfacial diffusion. These results were combined to project the Mn alloying effect for future technology.
Role of neutrophils in decreased resistance of protein-malnourished mice to Candida albicans

To elucidate the role of neutrophils in decreased resistance of protein-malnourished mice to Candida albicans, mice maintained on protein-sufficient (PS) or protein-deficient (PD) diets for 35 days were infected with Candida and neutrophil function studies were performed in addition to following the outcome of the infection. Abscess development, with its attendant neutrophil influx and Candida clearance, progressed more slowly in PD mice than in PS mice, and PD mice allowed more extensive and longer-term infection of organs than PS mice. Although blood neutrophil levels were comparable in PD and PS mice before Candida infection, PD neutrophils increased later, and to a much higher level than PS neutrophils, in response to Candida infection. Neutrophil migration and phagocytosis were comparable in PD and PS mice, but neutrophil participation in abscess formation was delayed and Candida killing was impaired in PD mice. Circulating lymphocytes in PD mice were lower than those in PS mice throughout the dietary period, and this may be partially responsible for the reduced PD neutrophil clearance observed.
Being There: Establishing Instructor Presence in an Online Learning Environment.

The purpose of this essay is to critically examine course structure and the role it may play in improving teaching presence in an asynchronous online learning environment. The examination is grounded in experiential learning; adult learning principles; case-based and problem-based learning methods; and peer reviews. The discussion is concluded with a proposed course structure and a learning intervention model that might be used to enhance and strengthen teaching presence for instructors engaged in asynchronous online education.
Morphological changes due to diffusion induced grain boundary migration

Abstract The evolution of the morphological changes that are caused by diffusion induced grain boundary migration (DIGM) has been studied on Fe exposed to Zn vapor at 600°C. The changes can be divided into four types; the first three involve pre-existing grain boundaries while the fourth is the growth of zinc-rich hillocks on the surfaces of grains. Those changes that occur at grain boundaries comprise: 1. (a) normal DIGM in which boundaries merely migrate, 2. (b) a combination of normal DIGM and the formation of new grains which grow in the other direction 3. (c) the nucleation, along a boundary, of two sets of new grains which grow in opposite directions and then coalesce giving rise to four orientations where there was initially two. Types b and c are interpreted as arising from diffusion induced boundary dissociation. Dezincification experiments showed that the boundaries return to their former positions without reversing topographic and compositional changes produced by their earlier migration.
Effect of attack intensity on host utilization in grape phylloxera

Abstract The ability of grape phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch), to utilize different Vitis hosts was tested with laboratory and greenhouse assays at three different attack intensities using a susceptible (Cabernet Sauvignon) and a weakly resistant (AXR#1) and two strongly resistant (3309C and 5C) rootstocks. Performance of grape phylloxera increased as numbers of attacking phylloxera increased on the susceptible and weakly resistant but not on the strongly resistant rootstocks. Development rate and fecundity of phylloxera were significantly greater at high attack intensity in comparison with low and medium attack intensities. Phylloxera performance was positively correlated with the size of tuberosities induced by phylloxera at the feeding sites. Resistance may not be overcome by high numbers of attacking phylloxera in strongly resistant rootstocks. The implications of this study with respect to phylloxera management are discussed.
An improved assignment lower bound for the euclidean traveling salesman problem

A simple transformation of the distance matrix for the Euclidean traveling salesman problem is presented that produces a tighter lower bound on the length of the optimal tour than has previously been attainable using the assignment relaxation. The improved lower bound is obtained by exploiting geometric properties of the problem to produce fewer and larger subtours on the first solution of the assignment problem. This research should improve the performance of assignment based exact procedures and may lead to improved heuristics for the traveling salesman problem.
THE ORIENTING RESPONSE AS AN INDEX OF MASS COMMUNICATION EFFECT

A study is described of the contribution of the electrodermal response to the measurement of broadcast communication effect. A 2 × 2 mixed between-within groups design was employed. The within groups variable was radio commercial content, while the between groups variable was production style. Electrodermal measurements included average log conductance change, number of responses, and recovery half time. Comparison measures included retention test, interestingness scales, and semantic differentials. Only average log conductance change significantly discriminated stimuli on both between and within groups variables. An explanatory model incorporating Sokolov's notion of the neuronal model and the Deutsch and Deutsch model for attention is offered.
Photooxidation of ferrocyanide and iodide ions and associated phosphorylation in NH2OH-treated chloroplasts

Abstract NH2OH-treated, non-water oxidizing chloroplasts are shown to be capable of oxidizing ferrocyanide and I− via Photosystem II at appreciable rates (⩾ 200 μequiv/h per mg chlorophyll). Using methylviologen as electron acceptor, ferrocyanide oxidation can be measured as O2 uptake, as ferricyanide formation, or as H+ consumption (2 Fe2+ + 2H+ + O2 → 2 Fe3+ + H2O2). I− oxidation can be measured as methylviologen-mediated O2 uptake, or spectrophotometrically, using ferricyanide as electron acceptor. The oxidation product I2 is re-reduced, as it is formed, by unknown reducing substances in the reaction system. The rate-saturating concentrations of these donors are very high: 30 mM with ferricyanide and 15 mM with I−. Relatively lipophilic Photosystem II donors such as catechol, benzidine and p-aminophenol saturate the photooxidation rate at much lower concentrations ( The efficiency of phosphorylation (P/e2) is 0.5 to 0.6 with ferrocyanide and about 0.5 with I−. In contrast the P/e2 ratio is 1.0 to 1.2 when water, catechol, p-aminophenol or benzidine serves as electron donor. These differences imply that only one of two phosphorylation sites operate when ferrocyanide and I− are oxidized. Ferrocyanide and I− are also chemically distinct from other Photosystem II donors in that their oxidation does not involve proton release. It is suggested that the mechanism of energy conservation associated with Photosystem II may be only operative when the removal of electrons from the donor results in release of protons (i.e. with water, hydroquinones, phenylamines, etc.).
Cathodic stripping voltammetric analysis of arsenic species in environmental water samples

Abstract A simple, fast and sensitive arsenic speciation method has been developed for environmental water analysis by using differential pulse cathodic stripping voltammetry (CSV) performed on a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE). Electroactive As(III) is determined by direct CSV analysis. As(V) is converted to As(III) species first and is subsequently quantified by the concentration difference between total inorganic arsenic and As(III). A new batch-mode As(V) reduction procedure by l -cysteine was developed in this study. The optimized parameters for quantitative As(V) reduction include treatment with 20 mM l -cysteine and 0.03 M HCl for 6 min at 70 °C. Organic arsenic, including monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), can be decomposed to As(V) through UV photooxidation with peroxydisulfate and quantified through subtracting total inorganic arsenic from the total arsenic. At optimum condition, the detection limits for As(III), As(V), and organic arsenic (MMA and DMA) were all 0.3 μg/L and with the linear range from 2.5 to 190 μg/L. Interference from ions common in natural water (Mn, Fe, Cr, Cd, Ca, Zn, Mg, and phosphate) is minimal. The method was validated by analyzing the NIST 1640 natural water standard reference material and by recovery tests on spiked tap water and groundwater. When applied to on-site analysis of sediment pore water and stream water, the CSV results agree well with those obtained by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) methods.
Beyond NIMBY and poverty deconcentration: reframing the outcomes of affordable rental housing development

Policies and research around affordable rental housing remain stuck between the “rock” of not-in-my-backyard (NIMBY) fears and the “hard place” of deconcentrating poverty goals, leading to fragmented outcome measurement in contemporary project-based affordable rental housing programs. This article compares the motivations and results of existing research focused on NIMBY concerns around place to that of programs that promote the deconcentration of poor people. We suggest reframing the argument for project-based affordable rental housing by bolstering outcome measurement on neighborhoods and developments and expanding it to include tenants. Building upon current evaluation practices of mobility studies and the Low Income Housing Tax Credit program, we present a comprehensive framework for evaluating outcomes of project-based rental housing developments within their local context at three relevant scales: project, household, and community. We present an array of indicators and examine data collection needs ...
SEVERE FETAL DEFORMITIES ASSOCIATED WITH INGESTION OF EXCESSIVE ISONIAZID IN EARLY PREGNANCY

There is general agreement that pregnant women with active tuberculosis require immediate treatment with some combination of isoniazid (INH), ethambutol, rifampin or streptomycin. Other than the possibility of fetal ototoxicity from streptomycin none of these drugs in normal dosages has proved teratogenous to the human fetus (1). We therefore report here a possible association between fetal malformations and excessive early maternal ingestion of INH.
Clinical and Serologic Evaluation of Neonates for Congenital Syphilis: A Continuing Diagnostic Dilemma

Neonates born to women with reactive serologic tests for syphilis were studied; the total of 116 included 18 who were symptomatic, 60 asymptomatic but possibly infected, and 38 asymptomatic and probably uninfected. The fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption (FTA-ABS) 19S IgM test and an IgM capture ELISA for Treponema pallidum, both treponema-specific assays, and the reverse enzyme-linked immunospot (RELISPOT), which detects immunoglobulin-secreting cells and is a nonspecific indicator of infection, were evaluated. Sensitivities among symptomatic neonates were 88% (IgM ELISA), 73% (FTA-ABS), and 78% (RELISPOT). Specificities ranged from 97% to 100%. A major problem has been the inability to identify which asymptomatic but possibly infected neonate is really uninfected. Among 41 such babies who had all three tests done, 93% were negative by all assays, suggesting they were uninfected or recently infected. Strategies to accurately identify the truly uninfected asymptomatic newborn would prevent the unnecessary hospitalization of all at-risk infants, resulting in improved quality of care and reduced costs.
Standards for the reporting of kinetic isotope effects in enzymology

Abstract Kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) are a powerful tool in the study of enzymatic mechanism and function. Standardization of how data are reported would allow for comparisons of data collected under different conditions, in different laboratories, or by different assays, and will contribute to the assessment of their fit to different models and support of quantitative and qualitative conclusions. This paper will provide suggestions and examples as to how KIE data should be presented in publications of enzyme reaction mechanisms. The importance of following the Standards for the Reporting of Enzymological Data committee׳s recommendations when reporting KIE studies are outlined and a particular focus is placed on procedures for calculating, propagating, and reporting experimental errors. We hope that this paper will be useful for researchers, authors of scientific papers and presentations, and reviewers of these papers alike, and will eventually enhance the impact of KIE studies by assisting in broader application and implications of data.
Differences in the expression of Ly-6C on neutrophils and monocytes following PI-PLC hydrolysis and cellular activation

All leukocytes, except some subsets of lymphocytes, express Ly-6C. However, virtually all of the regulation studies of this antigen have been done on lymphocytes only. Recently we showed that monocytes and neutrophils express 10-100 times the level of Ly-6C expressed by lymphoid cells. We compared Ly-6C expression on neutrophils and monocytes following short-term cell activation induced by C5a or phorbol esters or treatment with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase-C (PI-PLC). Activation of the neutrophil led to a rapid ( < 30 min) increase in surface expression of Ly-6C, but similar treatment had little effect on or slightly diminished the expression of the monocyte molecule. Prolonged treatment of the monocyte with IFN-gamma (24 h) led to increased Ly-6C expression. Low doses of TNF-alpha inhibited the up-regulation of Ly-6C induced by IFN-gamma. Similar to what has been described for the lymphocyte, the monocyte form of Ly-6C was hydrolyzed by PI-PLC treatment within 30 min. In contrast, the neutrophil molecule was unaffected by PI-PLC for up to 2 h. SDS-PAGE Western blot analysis demonstrated that the neutrophil and monocyte molecules were in the same molecular weight range (14-18 kDa Mr). Our results clearly show differences in the regulation of Ly-6C expression on monocytes versus neutrophils. Thus, it is likely that the potential function of Ly-6C will be unique for each cell.
Review of Forward Physics at RHIC

The RHIC high energy collision of species ranging from p+p, p(d)+A to A+A provide access to the small-x component of the hadron wave function. The RHIC program has brought renewed interest in that subject with its ability to reach values of the parton momentum fraction smaller than 0.01 with studies of particle production at high rapidity. Furthermore, the use of heavy nuclei in the p(d)+A collisions facilitates the study of saturation effects in the gluonic component of the nuclei because the appropriate scale for that regime grows as A 1 3 . We review the experimental results of the RHIC program that have relevance to small-x emphasizing the physics extracted from d+Au collisions and their comparison to p+p collisions at the same energy.
Coupling efficiency of rhodopsin and transducin in bicelles.

G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) can be activated by various extracellular stimuli, including hormones, peptides, odorants, neurotransmitters, nucleotides, or light. After activation, receptors ...
p53 gene deletions in paraffin-preserved lymphoid tumors from irradiated mice.

Experiments were performed to measure deletions in the p53 gene in paraffin-embedded tissues (tumors and control) derived from mice exposed to γ-rays or neutrons up to 28 years ago. Deletions in exons 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 9 were monitored by PCR and Southern blotting techniques. The results of these experiments demonstrated p53 deletions in only 1/6 spontaneous tumors but in 5/6 γ-ray-induced and 5/6 neutron-induced tumors. Exons deleted in tumors from γ-ray exposed mice were similar to those deleted in tumors from neutron-exposed mice. They document differences in spectra of p53 deletions in comparing spontaneous radiation-induced tumors.
Oviposition Preference of Darkwinged Fungus Gnats (Diptera: Sciaridae) Among Trifolium Species

We examined the oviposition preference of darkwinged fungus gnats, Bradysia spp., on 14 Trifolium cultivars representing seven species and seedling mortality following fungus gnat larval feeding. Variation in fungus gnat oviposition preference was detected for interspecific Trifolium cultivars but not for intraspecific cultivars. In a replicated free-choice greenhouse test, subterranean clover, T. subterraneum L., was preferred significantly over other tested species, followed by crimson clover, T. incarnatum L.; arrow leaf clover, T. vesiculosum Savi; red clover, T. pretense L.; kura clover, T. ambiguum Bieb.; white clover, T. repens L.; and ball clover, T. nigrescens Viv. All Trifolium species were susceptible to feeding by fungus gnat larvae; we have also observed the death of 20 white clover seedlings by as few as six fungus gnat larvae. Fungus gnats may pose a serious threat to cool-season pasture legumes. Field surveys and population studies are needed to determine the importance of fungus gnat feeding in reducing the pasture persistence of cool and warm-season forage legumes.
StralSV: assessment of sequence variability within similar 3D structures and application to polio RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

Most of the currently used methods for protein function prediction rely on sequence-based comparisons between a query protein and those for which a functional annotation is provided. A serious limitation of sequence similarity-based approaches for identifying residue conservation among proteins is the low confidence in assigning residue-residue correspondences among proteins when the level of sequence identity between the compared proteins is poor. Multiple sequence alignment methods are more satisfactory--still, they cannot provide reliable results at low levels of sequence identity. Our goal in the current work was to develop an algorithm that could help overcome these difficulties by facilitating the identification of structurally (and possibly functionally) relevant residue-residue correspondences between compared protein structures. Here we present StralSV (str ucture-al ignment s equence v ariability), a new algorithm for detecting closely related structure fragments and quantifying residue frequency from tight local structure alignments. We apply StralSV in a study of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of poliovirus, and we demonstrate that the algorithm can be used to determine regions of the protein that are relatively unique, or that share structural similarity with proteins that would be considered distantly related. By quantifying residue frequencies among many residue-residue pairs extracted from local structural alignments, one can infer potential structural or functional importance of specific residues that are determined to be highly conserved or that deviate from a consensus. We further demonstrate that considerable detailed structural and phylogenetic information can be derived from StralSV analyses. StralSV is a new structure-based algorithm for identifying and aligning structure fragments that have similarity to a reference protein. StralSV analysis can be used to quantify residue-residue correspondences and identify residues that may be of particular structural or functional importance, as well as unusual or unexpected residues at a given sequence position. StralSV is provided as a web service at http://proteinmodel.org/AS2TS/STRALSV/ .
Bilateral pigmented villonodular synovitis in a dog

Villonodular synovitis is an extremely rare condition of the synovial membrane in the dog. A 10-year-old, neutered crossbreed was presented with bilateral, progressive hindlimb lameness. Periarticular swelling was noted in both stifle joints. No craniocaudal instability was noted. Radiographs showed massive intra-articular soft tissue proliferation in both joints, with no bony involvement. Arthrocentesis was unsuccessful. Exploratory arthrotomy of the left stifle revealed a greatly thickened, florid, proliferative synovial membrane. An incisional biopsy was carried out and the histopathological diagnosis was chronic active villonodular synovitis. A radical synovectomy was carried out in the right stifle joint 10 days later. Corticosteroid treatment was initiated 10 days after the second surgery and continued for six weeks, with a continuous clinical improvement. Eighteen months after discontinuation of the steroid therapy, the owners reported no recurrence of clinical signs although a mild stiffness was still present.
Mast Cell IL-6 Improves Survival from Klebsiella Pneumonia and Sepsis by Enhancing Neutrophil Killing

The pleiotropic cytokine IL-6 has favorable and harmful effects on survival from bacterial infections. Although many innate immune cells produce IL-6, little is known about relevant sources in vivo and the nature of its contributions to host responses to severe bacterial infections. To examine these roles, we subjected mast cell-specific IL-6-deficient mice to the cecal ligation and puncture model of septic peritonitis, finding that survival in these mice is markedly worse than in controls. Following intranasal or i.p. inoculation with Klebsiella pneumoniae, IL-6 (-/-) mice are less likely to survive than wild-type controls and at the time of death have higher numbers of bacteria but not inflammatory cells in lungs and peritoneum. Similarly, mast cell-specific IL-6-deficient mice have diminished survival and higher numbers of K. pneumoniae following i.p. infection. Neutrophils lacking IL-6 have greater numbers of live intracellular K. pneumonia, suggesting impaired intracellular killing contributes to reduced clearance in IL-6(-/-) mice. These results establish that mast cell IL-6 is a critical mediator of survival following K. pneumoniae infection and sepsis and suggest that IL-6 protects from death by augmenting neutrophil killing of bacteria.
Adaptive Cell Segmentation and Tracking for Volumetric Confocal Microscopy Images of a Developing Plant Meristem

Automated segmentation and tracking of cells in actively developing tissues can provide high-throughput and quantitative spatiotemporal measurements of a range of cell behaviors; cell expansion and cell-division kinetics leading to a better understanding of the underlying dynamics of morphogenesis. Here, we have studied the problem of constructing cell lineages in time-lapse volumetric image stacks obtained using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM). The novel contribution of the work lies in its ability to segment and track cells in densely packed tissue, the shoot apical meristem (SAM), through the use of a close-loop, adaptive segmentation, and tracking approach. The tracking output acts as an indicator of the quality of segmentation and, in turn, the segmentation can be improved to obtain better tracking results. We construct an optimization function that minimizes the segmentation error, which is, in turn, estimated from the tracking results. This adaptive approach significantly improves both tracking and segmentation when compared to an open loop framework in which segmentation and tracking modules operate separately.
Interleukin-10 Inhibits Interleukin-12 p40 Gene Transcription by Targeting a Late Event in the Activation Pathway

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine that suppresses the induction of proinflammatory cytokine genes, including the IL-12 p40 gene. Despite considerable effort examining the effect of IL-10 on specific transcription factors and signaling molecules, the mechanism by which IL-10 inhibits gene transcription has remained elusive. To provide a different perspective to this problem, we examined the effect of IL-10 on molecular events occurring at the endogenous IL-12 p40 locus in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated peritoneal macrophages. IL-10 abolished recruitment of RNA polymerase II to the p40 promoter. However, it only modestly reduced binding of C/EBPβ, as monitored by genomic footprinting and chromatin immunoprecipitation. It also had little effect on NF-κB complexes that are critical for p40 induction. A substantial reduction in nucleosome remodeling at the p40 promoter was observed, but the magnitude of this reduction appeared insufficient to account for the strong inhibition of transcription. Finally, a lipopolysaccharide-inducible DNase I hypersensitive site identified 10 kb upstream of the start site was unaffected by IL-10. Thus, despite a dramatic reduction in p40 transcription, several events required for activation of the endogenous p40 gene occurred relatively normally. These findings suggest that IL-10 blocks one or more events that occur after p40 locus decondensation and nucleosome remodeling and after, or in parallel with, the binding of a subset of p40 transcriptional activators.