cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drivers of Conflict in Developing Country Infrastructure Projects: Experience from the Water and Pipeline Sectors

Despite the considerable scholarship focused on infrastructure investment in the developing world and the substantial sums of money spent each year on developing-country infrastructure, little attention has been given to understanding the drivers of conflict that shape the trajectory and cost structures of these massive investments. The manifestation of conflict among stakeholders in infrastructure projects ranges from the renegotiation of contract terms by project partners to popular protests among consumers of privatized services. The principal objective of this research is to identify combinations of country, project, and stakeholder factors that are associated with the emergence of legal and political conflict within natural gas and oil pipeline projects and water supply concessions and leases. The analysis includes data from 26 infrastructure projects spanning 31 countries and uses an analytical approach derived from Boolean algebra. Country-level character- istics, such as extent of democracy and rate of international NGO membership, are found to be important elements in the recipes for conflict among water supply projects but not for pipeline projects. Local impacts such as service price increases (water supply) and limited provision of oil and gas to the project host country (pipelines) are also important drivers of conflict for both subsectors. The involvement of one or more international financial institutions is also associated with the emergence of conflict in projects. Contrary to expectations, public consultatio ni s associated with conflict in both subsectors. Overall, the study findings suggest that several factors associated with conflict in infrastructure projects can be minimized with careful project design. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000333. © 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Infrastructure; Water pipelines; Construction management; Partnerships; Fuzzy sets; Public participa- tion; Conflict; Developing countries. Author keywords: Infrastructure; Pipelines; Water supply; Construction management; Public-private partnerships; Fuzzy sets; Public participation; Conflict; Developing countries.
Intrinsic localized defect states in a-Se associated with dihedral angle distortions

Abstract Studies of the transport properties in a-Se have shown that the hole and electron drift mobilities are controlled by shallow traps associated with intrinsic bonding defects. We propose a model for these defects that is based on a distortion of the normal dihedral angle in which the lone-pair orbitals on a pair of neigboring Se atoms in the defect configuration are parallel, rather than nearly perpendicular as in the normal bonding arrangement.
Trait versus state aspects of the MMPI during the early course of schizophrenia.

Scores on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)-168 item version were examined during periods of clinical remission and of psychosis for recent-onset schizophrenia patients (n = 19) and at comparable time intervals for demographically matched normal participants (n = 19). To determine diagnostic specificity, MMPIs for participants with bipolar affective disorder in remission (n = 12) were also examined. Methods for distinguishing between stable vulnerability indicators, mediating vulnerability factors and episode indicators of psychopathology were adapted from Nuechterlein and Dawson (1984). MMPI scales Pa, Sc and validity scale F showed a combination of trait and state qualities, characteristic of mediating vulnerability factors. These scales reflect changes that occur during psychotic episodes but also apparently tap personality characteristics that endure into periods of clinical remission. Unexpectedly, some MMPI scales that are not typically associated with psychotic disorders (i.e. Hs, D, and Hy) were significantly higher in schizophrenia patients across psychotic and clinically remitted states than in normal participants. In clinical remission, higher scores on scales Hs, D and Hy, showed some specificity to schizophrenia relative to bipolar disorder. While MMPI-168 scales Pd and Pt fit the pattern for vulnerability indicators, it was uncertain whether they belonged to the 'stable' versus 'mediating' subtype. MMPI scores that continue to be higher in remission than in a normal sample may reflect either enduring vulnerability factors or the impact of schizophrenia and the individuals' attempts to cope with the disorder. Studies of first-degree relatives will be needed to provide converging evidence that certain personality characteristics reflect genetic predisposition to schizophrenia.
Radial Model for Particle Formation from the rapid expansion of supercritical solutions

Abstract A numerical model for the rapid expansion of supercritical-fluid solutions (RESS) is presented. Considering the complete expansion of the fluid into a vacuum, the process is modeled as inviscid, radial flow. The particulate material is described by the moments of the particle size distribution by numerically integrating the moments with the equations describing an inviscid flow of a non-ideal solution. By varying the initial process conditions, we examine the trends due to changes in specific operational parameters for typical RESS solutions. These calculations show that in the limit of a very rapid expansion with no precipitation in the nozzle itself, an increase in solute concentration produces a large increase in the particle size of the solids produced. Increasing the initial temperature causes a decrease in the calculated mean particle size, while an increase in pressure produces larger particles. However, both temperature and pressure have a much smaller effect on the calculated particle sizes than does concentration. The calculations demonstrate that small particles with a narrow size distribution can be achieved by using as low a solute concentration as possible and operating at relatively low preexpansion pressures and high preexpansion temperatures.
Improved survival of patients undergoing palliation of hypoplastic left heart syndrome: Lessons learned from 115 consecutive patients

Background Outcome of stage 1 palliation (S1P) for hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) has improved coincident with application of treatment strategies including continuous superior vena cava oximetry (SvO 2 ), phenoxybenzamine (POB), strategies to minimize the duration of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) and efforts to ameliorate the inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) using aprotinin and modified ultrafiltration. Methods and Results Analysis of a consecutive series of 115 patients undergoing S1P was done to identify the risk factors for mortality and the impact of new treatment strategies. For the current era, July 1996 to October 2001, hospital survival was 93% (75/81) compared with 53% (18/34) for the time period, January 1992 to June 1996, P P P 2 monitoring as a factor favoring S1P survival ( P =0.02) and use of POB as a factor favoring survival to S2P ( P =0.003). In the current era shorter duration of DHCA was associated with improved survival to S2P ( P =0.02). Conclusions–Improved survival following S1P can be achieved with strategies that allow for early identification of decreased systemic output and the use of afterload reduction to stabilize systemic vascular resistance and therefore the pulmonary to systemic flow ratio. Strategies to ameliorate the inflammatory response to CPB may decrease the degree and duration of postoperative support. Strategies to minimize duration of DHCA may improve intermediate survival and merit additional studies.
Stereotype Threat, Inquiring About Test Takers' Ethnicity and Gender, and Standardized Test Performance1

Steele and Aronson (1995) found that the performance of Black research participants on ability test items portrayed as a problem-solving task, in laboratory experiments, was affected adversely when they were asked about their ethnicity. This outcome was attributed to stereotype threat: Performance was disrupted by participants' concerns about fulfilling the negative stereotype concerning Black people's intellectual ability. The present field experiments extended that research to other ethnic groups and to males and females taking operational tests. The experiments evaluated the effects of inquiring about ethnicity and gender on the performance of students taking 2 standardized tests—the Advanced Placement Calculus AB Examination, and the Computerized Placement Tests—in actual test administrations. This inquiry did not have any effects on the test performance of Black, female, or other subgroups of students that were both statistically and practically significant.
Heat transfer, a review of current literature

Results of research on heat transfer published during the foregoing year are reviewed. The review is divided into sections dealing with following subjects: donduction, channel flow, boundary-layer flow, flow with separated regions, transfer mechanisms, natural convection, convection from rotating surfaces, combined heat and mass transfer, phase changes, radiation, liquid metals, low-density heat transfer, measurement techniques, heat-transfer applications, and thermodynamic and transport properties. A bibliography of 508 references, arranged according to the above subjects, is given. (D.L.C.)
Exact Analytic Solutions for Optimal Control Problems Under Multiplicative Noise

Abstract Control-dependent (multiplicative) noise makes it difficult to achieve optimal control because large control signals amplify noise. This paper considers a minimal (one-dimensional) system that includes multiplicative noise and solves the optimal control problem for arbitrary cost functions. In a limit when the control-cost approaches zero, this formulation becomes analytically solvable. The analysis reveals several important properties that are absent in traditional LQ anlysis. In particular, multiplicative noise makes optimal solutions depend on the global features of cost functions.
Interactive Effects of Disturbance, Productivity, and Consumer Diversity on the Structure of Prey Communities

Experiments show that consumer diversity can have important effects on the control of prey diversity and abundance. However, theory also indicates that the strength of consumer effects on such properties will vary depending on system productivity and disturbance regime. Using a laboratory-based system composed of ciliate consumers and bacterial prey, I explored the interactive effects of productivity, disturbance, and consumer diversity on prey diversity and trophic-level abundance. Consumer diversity had productivity-dependent effects on bacterial prey that were consistent with theoretical expectations. At low productivity, increasing consumer diversity reduced prey abundance while at high productivity no effects were detected due to compensatory responses among bacteria. In contrast, consumer diversity had weak effects on prey diversity at low productivity but significantly depressed prey diversity at high productivity. Disturbance on consumers enhanced prey diversity but did not alter consumer diversity effects on prey. These results indicate that consumer diversity may play an important role in the regulation of prey communities, but the strength of this effect varies with system productivity.
VHR and PTP1 protein phosphatases exhibit remarkably different active site specificities toward low molecular weight nonpeptidic substrates

The dual-specificity protein phosphatases have recently been shown to act as key regulators of mitogenic signaling pathways as well as of the cell cycle process. The are unusual catalysts in that they can utilize protein substrates containing phosphotyrosine as well as phosphoserine/threonine. The dual-specificity phosphatases and the protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPase) share the active site motif (H/V)C(X)5R(S/T) but display little amino acid sequence identity outside of the active site. Although the dual-specificity phosphatases and the PTPases appear to bring about phosphate monoester hydrolysis through a similar mechanism, there is very limited information about the structural features that control the substrate specificity for the two groups of enzymes. As a first step in the development of selective dual-specificity phosphatase inhibitors, we have examined the active site substrate specificity of the human dual-specificity phosphatase, VHR [for VH1-Related; Ishibashi et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 12170-12174]. Like the tyrosine-specific PTP1, VHR also preferentially catalyzes the hydrolysis of aromatic phosphates. However, we demonstrate herein that relatively modest changes in the substitution patterns on the phosphorylated aromatic nucleus generates dramatic, and differential, swings in substrate selectivity for VHR and PTP1. For example, VHR appears to be significantly more accommodating than PTP1 toward sterically-demanding substrates. Thus, the active site specificity of these two protein phosphatases is decidedly dissimilar. In addition, we have also identified several low molecular weight compounds that are more efficient substrates than the most potent peptidic substrates ever reported for VHR. Finally, we have shown that the Michaelis constants exhibited by these substrates are accurate assessments of enzyme affinity. Consequently, it should be possible to develop phospatase-selective inhibitors based upon the distinct substrate specificities of these enzymes.
Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a recombinant yellow fever vaccine against the murine malarial parasite Plasmodium yoelii

The live-attenuated yellow fever vaccine (YF17D) is one of the safest and most effective vaccines available today. Here, YF17D was genetically altered to express the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) from the murine malarial parasite Plasmodium yoelii. Reconstituted recombinant virus was viable and exhibited robust CSP expression. Immunization of naive mice resulted in extensive proliferation of adoptively transferred CSP-specific transgenic CD8(+) T-cells. A single immunization of naive mice with recombinant YF17D resulted in robust production of IFN-gamma by CD8(+) T-cells and IFN-gamma and IL-2 by CD4(+) T-cells. A prime-boost regimen consisting of recombinant virus followed by a low-dose of irradiated sporozoites conferred protection against challenge with P. yoelii. Taken together, these results show that recombinant YF17D can efficiently express CSP in culture, and prime a protective immune response in vivo.
How intensive should radiotherapy for head and neck cancer with synchronous distant metastases be? Review of cases.

Purpose Given the differences in treatment objectives among oncologists and complexities of standards of therapy for advanced head and neck cancer (HNC), we sought to determine whether HNC patients with simultaneous distant metastases (M1) benefit from aggressive therapeutic intervention. Materials and Methods Among the 1,988 patients diagnosed with HNC during a 22-year period, 7 patients with synchronous M1 tumors were identified. Of these individuals, 4 were treated with a prolonged course of radiotherapy for HNC (group A) and 3 were not (group B). Results The median survival and 60-day mortality rate in group A were 14 months and 0%, respectively, whereas the corresponding observations for group B were 5.5 months and 50%. No difference in HNC stage or M1 extent was present between the 2 groups. The patients composing group A were older than those in group B. Conclusion These data suggest that some benefit may be obtained by the application of a full course of irradiation for HNC with synchronous M1 disease. The practice of intensive radiotherapy for this particular complicated neoplastic condition needs to be reviewed, considering the health care reform and emphasis on cost-effectiveness in the near future.
A lunar core and the moon's magnetic field

The suggestion that the moon's magnetic field is due to adiabatic magnetohydrodynamic convection of a molten core has been made by a number of recent authors. Considerations based on petrology, mass and rotational inertia limit the size of this hypothetical core to a few hundred kilometers at the most. A proposal has been made that this core is either molten iron or iron sulfide. The properties are known of both molten iron and iron-sulfide at lunar core pressures. No way can be found to maintain circulation in a hypothetical lunar core, as circulation is contingent upon a temperature gradient being greater than the adiabatic gradient, or an internal heat source.
One-electron wavefunctions. Dynamic dipole polarizabilities

Abstract Variational perturbation theory is used to calculate dynamic dipole polarizabilities of H+2. The procedure locates the wavelength of the first parallel and perpendicular excitations to within 0.02 A. Pade approximant lower bounds are in excellent agreement with the polarizabilities calculated using variational perturbation theory.
POTENTIAL CHANNELS OF IMMIGRANT INFLUENCE ON THE ECONOMY OF THE RECEIVING COUNTRY

ABSTRACT Immigrants may affect natives through a number of channels. Among these many channels of influence, the production theory and public sector channels have been most frequently studies in the context of contemporary U.S. immigration. Other channels that may be important are changed local demand for final goods and services (including that generated by immigrant wealth); indirect and induced demands for factors of production, demand for fixed capital (e.g. housing) and land, technological change, scale and agglomeration economies, unemployment, labor fore participation, inflation, balance of payments, regional and national net experts, internal migration, remittances, externalities and fertility patterns. This paper discusses certain problems with the use of the production theory and public sector channels and also describes the potential importance of other channels, as indicated for other countries and/or for the U.S. during other periods of time. While these alternative channels may sometimes reinforce the two they frequently run counter to them.
The p160 steroid receptor coactivator 2, SRC-2, regulates murine endometrial function and regulates progesterone-independent and -dependent gene expression.

The role of the p160 steroid receptor coactivator 2 (SRC-2) in the regulation of uterine function and progesterone (P4) signaling was investigated by determining the expression pattern of SRC-2 in the murine uterus during pregnancy and the impact of SRC-2 ablation on uterine function and global uterine gene expression in response to progesterone. SRC-2 is expressed in the endometrial luminal and glandular epithelium from pregnancy d 0.5. SRC-2 is then expressed in the endometrial stroma on pregnancy d 2.5–3.5. Once the embryo is implanted, SRC-2 is expressed in the endometrial stromal cells in the secondary decidual zone. This compartmental expression of SRC-2 can be mimicked by treatment of ovariectomized mice with estrogen and P4. Ablation of SRC-2 in the uterus resulted in a significant reduction in the ability of the uterus to undergo a hormonally induced decidual reaction. Microarray analysis of RNA from uteri of wild-type and SRC-2−/− mice treated with vehicle or P4 showed that SRC-2 was involved in...
Flow cytometric analysis of vesicular pH in rat hepatocytes after ethanol administration

Abstract We examined the effect of ethanol administration on intravesicular pH in intact hepatocytes by applying a flow cytometric technique to detect fluorescein-isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-dextran) in acidic vesicles. Rats were pair-fed liquid diets containing either ethanol or isocaloric carbohydrate for 1 to 5 weeks. Our study showed that ethanol administration increased the in situ pH of hepatic lysosomes by 0.15 to 0.2 pH units. This pH increase was sufficient to cause a significant reduction in lysosomal protein degradation. Long-term ethanol administration also caused a significant alkalinization of hepatic endosomes, and this increased pH was sustained over the course of vesicular acidification in hepatocytes incubated in vitro. Direct exposure of hepatocytes from rats fed control diet to either 25 mmol/L ethanol or 50 micromol/L colchicine also brought about a rapid alkalinization of acidic vesicles in a manner that resembled that seen in hepatocytes from ethanol-fed rats. These same treatments augmented the vesicular alkalinization already present in cells from ethanol-fed animals. Although ethanol administration had no effect on the content of the hepatic mannose-6-phosphate/IGFII receptor, the results indicate that sustained alkalinization of endosomes could have important functional consequences by impairing M-6-P/IGFII receptor recycling, thereby disrupting the delivery of newly synthesized hydrolases to lysosomes. This decreased complement of hydrolases within lysosomes together with alkalinization of the intralysosomal compartment would result in an overall decrease in lysosomal proteolysis. (Hepatology 1997 Oct;26(4):929-34)
Somatization, secondary gain, and chronic pain: Is there a relationship?

This article reviews the concept of somatization and its importance to chronic pain patients. In addition, this article addresses the hypothesis that some chronic pain patients may be using somatization for secondary gain. Evidence for this hypothesis is reviewed, and I conclude that there is very little scientific evidence to support this hypothesis now.
Bringing product and consumer ecosystems to the strategic forefront

Abstract The widespread adoption of technology and electronic media has dramatically altered the set of products consumers compare before making a purchase decision. Online platforms have succeeded at drawing linkages among products by highlighting those that are preferred, evaluated, or purchased together. However, despite the increase in both product and customer inter-connectedness across markets, managers continue to make decisions based largely on the dynamics of competition within narrow product categories. In this article, we raise the call for a migration from a category-focused mindset to an ecosystem-focused strategic mindset that acknowledges and accounts for the network of related or unrelated entities that a specific product resides within. We illustrate the importance of this shift using examples of preference, choice, and customer networks from popular online platforms. We then discuss the impact of the shift in strategic mindset toward ecosystems on competitive structure analysis, market research, brand footprint analysis, intra-band ecosystems, promotion planning, new product development, customer valuation, strategic alliances, and market segmentation.
Implementation of hierarchical single surface δ0 and δ1 models in finite element procedure

Hierarchical single surface (HISS) δ0 and δ1 models are briefly discussed. An algorithm for the implementation of δ0 and δ1 models in a finite element code and the associated subroutines, written in FORTRAN 77, are presented. The algorithm is general and can be adopted for other computer codes with minor changes. Detailed steps and subroutines are included for easy implementation of the models in specific codes. Two example problems are also presented to enable the user to verify the implementation.
Applications of aquaporin inhibitors.

The aquaporins are a family of small, integral membrane proteins that function as plasma membrane transporters of water and in some cases small polar solutes such as glycerol. There are at least 10 distinct aquaporins in mammals with specific patterns of expression in epithelial, endothelial and other tissues. Recent studies in aquaporin-null mice have indicated key roles for certain aquaporins in the urinary concentrating mechanism, fluid secretion by glands, brain swelling, skin moisture, hearing and vision, and gastrointestinal absorption. The only known inhibitors of some aquaporins are mercurial sulfhydryl-reactive compounds, which are too toxic and nonspecific for use in vivo. Small-molecule or peptide aquaporin blockers have potential applications in the treatment of disorders of fluid/pressure homeostasis such as heart failure, hypertension, brain swelling and glaucoma.
Treatment and Prevention of Rotavirus Infection in Children

Rotavirus infection is the most common cause of severe diarrhea disease in infants and young children worldwide and continues to have a major global impact on childhood morbidity and mortality. No antiviral therapy is available. Treatment of rotavirus gastroenteritis is limited to rehydration therapy. Recently, therapies, such as probiotics, have been developed as adjuncts to rehydration therapy. Two effective rotavirus vaccines are available and recommended for routine immunization of all infants. These vaccines have been introduced in both developed and developing countries. As rotavirus vaccines are implemented, studies that assess health impact, indirect benefits, and strain changes after the introduction of rotavirus vaccine have been reported. In the United States, rotavirus vaccination has led to dramatic drops in severe rotavirus-related hospitalizations and has reduced emergency room visits. Herd immunity has also been noted after routine rotavirus immunization. There have been no significant strain shifts or escape mutants noted since the introduction of rotavirus vaccines.
Conversions of hydrazones to diazo compounds by n-butyllithium and azidotris(diethylamino)phosphonium bromide

Abstract Lithium hydrazonides, prepared by reactions of hydrazones with n -BuLi/hexane in THF at −78°C, are converted by azidotris(diethylamino)phosphonium bromide in THF at ∼0°C efficiently, rapidly, and safely to their corresponding diazo compounds along with tris(diethylamino)phosphorimine, nitrogen, and lithium bromide.
The time-cost tradeoff in research and development: A review

Abstract This paper provides a literature review which describes the current state of knowledge regarding the tradeoff between completion time and development cost in Research and Development projects. A review of the theoretical literature suggests a strictly convex curve, with more severe compressions of project duration being purchased at increasingly high cost. Empirical results support this theory, showing, for example, that a one percent reduction in project duration may increase project cost by one to two percent.
Effects Of Coating Thickness Non-Uniformities On The Polarization And Optical Figure Properties Of Large Mirrors (~4 Meters)

There is growing interest in using larger primary mirrors (3- to 4-meter diameter range) as the output optic in various laser systems. A major advantage of this approach is a reduction in the thermal blooming problem when laser beams are transmitted through the atmosphere. Another significant advantage is the increase in focussed intensity, which becomes available if non-uniformities of coatings can be kept to a certain limit. The thickness non-uniformities are caused by the vacuum coating chamber's physical constraints and the coating process. These non-uniformities manifest themselves in three ways, i.e., 1) as variation in spectral reflectivity performance over the clear aperture; 2) as variation in polarization state properties of the coating over the clear aperture; and 3) as figure distortions. This paper deals with the physical constraints of the coating chamber that controls the non-uniformities in thickness and how these thickness non-uniformities affect the polarization and optical figure properties of a coating design. A simplistic coating design is initially selected for a set of two wavelengths and its optical performance over the clear aperture of a 3.6-meter optic is given along with the effect on the optical figure. It was found that this initial design produces phase distortion of opposite signs at the two wavelengths. This causes a problem in that, if the misfigure is partially corrected by focussing for one wavelength, this will aggravate the misfigure for the other wavelength. It has been shown in this paper that a modified, still simplistic design (full- or half-quarter wave design) can be used to correct this problem without appreciably affecting the reflectivities at the wavelengths of interest.
Toxicity of rabbit anti-dog lymphocyte serum to human cell cultures.

Die Kombination von Kaninchen Anti-Hund Lymphozytenserum und Kaninchen Komplement war fur menschliche Blutzellen in in-vitro-Kultur sowie fur. Blutlymphozyten von Patienten mit chronischer lymphatischer Leukamie toxisch.
Ionophore-Mediated Calcium Entry Induces Mussel Gill Ciliary Arrest

Lateral cilia of freshwater mussel gills, which normally beat with metachronal rhythm, are arrested pointing frontally by perfusion with 6.25 to 12.5 millimolar calcium and 10(-5) molar A23187, a calcium ionophore. Arrest does not occur in either calcium or ionophore and monovalent cations alone. Activity returns with continued perfusion in potassium chloride or calcium chloride, and more slowly in sodium chloride, after removal of ionophore. These results support the hypothesis that a local rise in internal calcium causes ciliary arrest.
Perspective: test and treat this silent killer.

The scourge of the hepatitis C virus in the United States is woefully underestimated. Brian R. Edlin reckons it's time the infection is given the priority it demands.
Polyelectrolyte negative resist patterns as templates for the electrostatic assembly of nanoparticles and electroless deposition of metallic films

Electron-beam lithography is used to pattern either cationic polyvinyl N-methyl pyridine or anionic sulfonated polystyrene polymers, that act as negative resists, to produce templates for electroless deposition and the electrostatic assembly of metallic, magnetic, or semiconductor nanoparticles.
Studies in Vibronic Spectroscopy: The Detailed Polarization of Absorption, Fluorescence, and Phosphorescence in Four Benzene Derivatives†

Photoselection techniques are used to obtain the detailed polarizations of aniline, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-phenylenediamine, and N,N,n′,n′-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine. The equivalence of the polarized photo-oxidation and polarized emission techniques is established. The treatment of the polarization data with a calibrating factor (e) is supported. Using e, the components of the intrinsic molecular fractional transition probabilities (of absorption and emission) are calculated along the axes of the molecule and found to be wavelength dependent. That is, changing polarizations of absorption, fluorescence, and phosphorescence are found, indicating the presence of forbidden character in these transitions. In the first absorption band, the mixed polarization has to do only with the lowest singlet. The second absorption band appears to be of uniform (long axis) polarization. The polarization of fluorescence results exhibit less long axis character than is found in absorption and establish that out of plane character is absent in the lower singlet states. The polarization of the phosphorescence is mixed, mostly in plane, and makes possible a 3La assignment for the lowest triplet state. In the following paper, still more valuable information is presented, a consequence of the application of vibronic theory to the results. Die Orientierung der einzelnen Absorptionsubergange in Anilin, N,N-Dimethylanilin, p-Phenylendiamin und N,N,n′,n′-Tetramethyl-p-phenylendiamin wird mit zwei verschiedenen Methoden der “Photoselektion” untersucht. Es zeigt sich, das die Photooxydation mit polarisiertem Licht und die Analyse des Polarisations-grades der Lumineszenz bei selektiver Anregung mit polarisiertem Licht aquivalente Ergebnisse liefern. Mit Hilfe eines Eichfaktors e werden die Komponenten der Ubergangswahrscheinlichkeiten fur Absorption und Emission nach den verschiedenen Molekulachsen berechnet; sie sind wellenlangenabhangig. Veranderliche Polarisationsgrade in Absorption, Fluoreszenz und Phosphoreszenz deuten auf einen teilweise “verbotenen Charakter” der Ubergange hin, d.h. auf Komponenten des Ubergangsmoments, die von den Kernkoordinaten abhangen. Fur das Zustandekommen der “gemischten” Polarisation innerhalb der langwelligen Absorptions-bande genugt die Beteiligung des niedersten Singulettzustandes. Die zweite Absorptionsbande erscheint einheitlich nach der langen Molekulachse polarisiert. In der Fluoreszenz ist die Komponente nach der langen Achse schwacher als in Absorption. Eine Komponente senkrecht zur Molekelebene fehlt in den niederen Singulett-Singulett-Ubergangen. Die Polarisation der Triplett-Singulett-Phosphoreszenz ist gemischt; sie liegt uberwiegend in der Molekelebene und ist im Einklang mit einer Charakterisierung des niederste Triplettzustandes als 3La. In der nachfolgenden Arbeit werden mit Hilfe der Theorie der Elektronen-Schwingungs-Wechselwirkung noch weitergehende Schlusse gezogen.
Mixed solubilization of benzene and cyclohexane in sodium deoxycholate micelles

Sodium deoxycholate micelles of two sizes, containing about 14 and about 40 molecules, were used as a model system to study the solubilization of benzene and cyclohexane mixtures. The results show that the composition of the intramicellar solution was the same as the composition of the contacting solution. This observation means that the interior of the micelle is hydrocarbonlike. The size of the micelle does not affect the solubilization process, indicating that the configuration of the primary micelle unit probably does not change as the micelle size increases. The solubilization data were obtained by direct extraction experiments at saturation and by vapor pressure measurements made from below saturation so that the possibility of emulsion formation was eliminated.
A wide-band nonblocking 2/spl times/2 switching node for a SPINet network

We present SPINet (Scalable Photonic Integrated Network), a novel optical packet switching architecture that is chiefly designed for implementation with photonic integrated circuit technology, where fiber delay lines cannot be employed. A novel physical layer acknowledgment protocol is introduced to mitigate the penalty associated with message dropping. The architecture's concepts are described and the fabrication of a prototype semiconductor optical amplifier-based switching node is reported. Routing of 160-Gb/s (16/spl times/10 Gb/s) optically addressed messages with bit-error rates better than 10/sup -12/ and the successful back-propagating transmission of acknowledgment pulses are experimentally demonstrated.
Ruptured descending and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms.

Abstract Background . Advances in end-organ protection have dramatically reduced the incidence of the life-threatening complications associated with the elective repair of thoracoabdominal and descending thoracic aortic aneurysms. However, in the setting of a ruptured thoracic aneurysm, one may not have the luxury of complex end-organ support. We analyzed our experience with ruptured thoracic aneurysms to define morbidity and mortality in the present era. Methods . One hundred seventy-two patients with thoracoabdominal or descending thoracic aneurysms were operated on between July 1997 and October 2001. Forty presented with either a contained or free rupture. Three techniques were used for aortic reconstruction: clamp and sew, left heart bypass, and hypothermic circulatory arrest. Adjuncts for neurologic and renal support were used when circumstances and anatomy permitted. Results . Seven of 40 patients died in the hospital (17.5%). Four patients died intraoperatively, all of acute myocardial infarction. Five of the seven deaths were in patients who presented in shock. Two patients (5%) experienced paraplegia, 3 (7.5%) had renal failure requiring hemodialysis, 8 (20%) required a tracheostomy, and 6 (15%) had recurrent nerve palsies. There was one stroke (2.6%). Mean diameter of ruptured aneurysms was 8.5 cm. Conclusions . Ruptured thoracic aneurysms can be repaired with a gratifying rate of salvage. Rapid diagnosis and triage for repair is necessary to avoid progressive deterioration into shock. The incidence of myocardial infarction, and the mortality associated with this event, underscores the need for aggressive cardiac evaluation in the elective thoracic aneurysm patient. The size at rupture also emphasizes the need for earlier referral for elective aneurysm repair.
Antigenic changes during the life cycle of the beetle, Tenebrio molitor

Abstract 1. 1. Ontogenic studies of the beetle, Tenebrio molitor, using saline extracts of six selected stages in the life cycle were performed by means of agar-diffusion, immunoelectrophoretic and turbidimetric precipitin tests and disk electrophoresis. 2. 2. Results of the four methods agree and indicate that gradual and sequential changes in antigenic and electrophoretic components occur. 3. 3. Evidence for concomitant qualitative changes in antigenic components during development is presented.
Structural aspects of stretched emeraldine as determined by X-ray scattering

Small angle X-ray scattering experiments on amorphous and partially crystalline samples of polyaniline stretched by two different methods indicate the development of quite different structural features in the size range 5–100 nm. A qualitative comparison of wide angle scattering data shows that both processing methods produce orientation at the molecular level. The two types of scattering experiments indicate that the stretching processes result in reduced crystallinity. Doping the stretched polymers with Cl− was found to produce changes in both large and small scale structure.
Tunable, Coherent Vacuum Ultraviolet Radiation for Photoionization Mass Spectrometry

Coherent vacuum ultraviolet radiation between 118 and 129 nm (10.5 and 9.6 eV) is generated by third-harmonic conversion of radiation between 355 and 390 nm. The conversion efficiency of a single negatively dispersive rare gas (xenon or krypton) is compared to the efficiency of a mixture of a negatively dispersive gas with a positively dispersive gas (argon). The rare-gas mixtures are found to give significantly higher third-harmonic conversion efficiencies. They also have much narrower wavelength tuning ranges than the single gases. Optimum gas pressures, mixing ratios, and conversion efficiencies are tabulated at selected wavelengths. The photoionization characteristics of compounds that exhibit little or no parent ion abundance with conventional 70-eV electron impact ionization are evaluated with tunable vacuum ultraviolet radiation. n-Alkanes, alkenes, aldehydes, amines, carboxylic acids, ethers, and ketones are ionized without significant fragmentation by using wavelengths close to the ionization thresholds. Alcohols and esters, however, fragment extensively, even at the ionization threshold.
Dual Ionic and Photo-Crosslinked Alginate Hydrogels for Micropatterned Spatial Control of Material Properties and Cell Behavior.

Biomaterial properties such as mechanics, degradation rate, and cell adhesivity affect cell behaviors including spreading, proliferation, and differentiation. To engineer complex tissues, it is often desirable to achieve precise spatial control over these properties. Here, methacrylated alginate (MA-ALG) was used to create hydrogels comprising a single base material with regions of different types and levels of crosslinking and subsequently different material properties. Ionic and ultraviolet light crosslinking mechanisms were combined to create dual-crosslinked hydrogels with significantly increased stiffness and decreased swelling compared to calcium-crosslinked or UV-crosslinked hydrogels. MC3T3 cells showed significantly enhanced proliferation on the surface of dual-crosslinked hydrogels compared with calcium-crosslinked hydrogels. Photomasks were then used to create patterned hydrogels with precise spatial control over regions that were only calcium-crosslinked versus dual-crosslinked. This spatial v...
Theoretical potential energy curves for triplet H2OO2 contact charge transfer complexes

Abstract CNDO/S computation on the H2OO2 complex show stable triplet n → π* charge transfer states at 8.8 and 10.0 cV. The charge transfer stabilization mechanism postulated by Mulliken and Tsubomura is confirmed.
Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of PBO/SWNT Composites &

Poly(p-phenylene benzobisoxazole) (PBO) has been synthesized in the presence of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in poly(phosphoric acid) (PPA) using typical PBO polymerization conditions. PBO and PBO/SWNT lyotropic liquid crystalline solutions in PPA have been spun into fibers using dry-jet wet spinning. The tensile strength of the PBO/SWNT fiber containing 10 wt % SWNTs is about 50% higher than that of the control PBO fibers containing no SWNTs. The structure and morphology of these fibers have been studied.
Optimal Control of a Model for a System Subject to Continuous Wear

The state of a system is modelled by Brownian motion with negative drift and an absorbing barrier at the origin. A repairman arrives according to a Poisson process of rate λ. If the state of the system at arrival of the repairman does not exceed a certain threshold, he/she increases it by a random amount, otherwise no action is taken. Costs are assigned to each visit of the repairman, to each repair, and to the system being in state 0. It is shown that there exists a unique arrival rate λ which minimizes the average cost per unit time over an infinite horizon.
Hydrophobic engineered cementitious composites for highway applications

Abstract The U.S. highway infrastructure is in desperate need of repair, especially in areas exposed to harsh environments. Freezing and thawing cycles in northern regions lead to serious durability problems in bridges and early need for repair or replacement. The effective use of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers in engineered cementitious composites (ECC) enables one to design a durable concrete capable of withstanding large deformations from heavy loading and temperature variations such as freezing and thawing. Greater longevity is achieved in the service life of roadways due to the increased ductility induced by the multi-cracking and strain hardening behavior of the ECC. Combining ECC with overhydrophobic and superhydrophobic admixtures results in a material with controlled, evenly-spaced air voids and improved multi-cracking response. In superhydrophobic engineered cementitious composites (SECC), small, evenly spaced air voids act as artificial flaws, promoting crack formation while still maintaining high flexural and compressive strength. This research demonstrates that high ductility can be achieved in ECC with a stronger cementitious matrix.
Comparison of the cleavage reactions of α-nitrocumene radical anion and α,p-dinitrocumene radical anion

The rates of loss of NO2− from the radical anions of 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-nitropropane (α,p-dinitrocumene) and 2-phenyl-2-nitropropane (α-nitrocumene) were compared by three different methods. The rate constant for the apparently heterolytic process (DN) undergone by the radical anion of the dinitrocumene was measured by pulse radiolysis to be 2 × 103 s−1 in dimethylformide at 25°C. This value is in reasonable agreement with values estimated from an indirect chemical method and from cyclic voltammetry at low temperature. The rate for the formally homolytic dissociation process (DR) undergone by the radical anion of the mononitrocumene could not be determined by pulse radiolysis but could be shown to be between 50 and 1000 times faster than the dinitro case using the other two methods. Possible reasons for the faster rate for the DR process are discussed with reference to related systems for which the DR process had been found to be unexpectedly slow.
Some aspects of the immune defense against cancer. II. In vitro studies on human tumors.

MAJOR AIM OF OUR LABORATORY IS TO A analyze immunologic reactions against antigens associated with (or specific for) human neoplasms. We are particularly interested in lymphocyte-mediated antitumor reactions, since these can lead to destruction of the neoplastic cells. By studying such reactions in vitro, information may be obtained which has it fairly direct relevance in respect to a patient's immunologic defense against his tumor. A summary of animal studies, on which our approach was based, is given in the preceding paper,"J as well as in recent review article~.l9-~1 The techniques used in our human tumor studies are the same as employed in our animal work. They have been published in detail.9 The first human tumor investigated by us was neuroblastoma. This tumor was chosen for at least two reasons: the neoplastic cells grow well in vitro with a characteristic morphology, and neuroblastomas belong to the few types of human tumors known to occasionally regress, indicating that at least some neuroblastomas may be immunogenic. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with neuroblastomas were found to be inhibitory to cultivated neuroblastoma cells.llJ2 This was seen independently of whether the lymphocytes were tested on a patient's own autochthonous, tumor cells or on neuroblastoma cells from another patient, indicating that neuroblastomas possess common tumorassociated (specific?) antigens. Normal skin fibroblasts from the same patients were not inhibited.
Expression of the Arabidopsis AtAux2-11 auxin-responsive gene in transgenic plants.

Five constructions containing deletions of the promoter from an auxin-inducible gene of Arabidopsis thaliana, AtAux2-11, were fused to the coding region of the reporter gene LacZ, which encodes β-galactosidase, and a polyadenylation 3′-untranslated nopaline synthase sequence from Agrobacterium. These chimeric genes were introduced into Arabidopsis by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, and expression of the gene was examined by spectrophotometric and histochemical analyses. A 600 bp fragment from the AtAux2-11 promoter conferred histochemical patterns of staining similar to the longest 5′ promoter tested, a 3.0 kb fragment. Localization of AtAux2-11/LacZ activity in the transgenic plants revealed spatial and temporal expression patterns that correlated with tissues and cells undergoing physiological processes modulated by auxin. LacZ activity was expressed in the elongating region of roots, etiolated hypocotyls, and anther filaments. Expression was detected in the vascular cylinder of the root and the vascular tissue, epidermis, and cortex of the hypocotyl, and filament. The AtAux2-11/LacZ gene was preferentially expressed in cells on the elongating side of hypocotyls undergoing gravitropic curvature. Expression of the chimeric gene in the hypocotyls of light-grown seedlings was less than that in etiolated seedling hypcotyls. The AtAux2-11/LacZ gene was active in the root cap, and expression in the root stele increased at sites of lateral root initiation. Staining was evident in cell types that develop lignified cell walls, e.g. trichomes, anther endothecial cells, and especially developing xylem. The chimeric gene was not expressed in primary meristems. While the magnitude of expression increased after application of exogenous auxin (2,4-D), the histochemical localization of AtAux2-11/LacZ remained unchanged.
Cell-cell communication in plants: Self-incompatibility in flower development

Self-incompatibility, a mechanism that prevents self-fertilization in plants, is based on the ability of the pistil to discern the presence of self-pollen and on the female tissue's capacity to inhibit the growth or germination of self-related, but not of genetically unrelated, pollen. As a self-recognition system, self-incompatibility responds to specific cellular products and signals and thus offers a unique system in which to study the components of cellular communication in plants. The cytological manifestations of self-incompatibility have been well studied, and, with the cloning of cDNAs for several proteins associated with this recognition process, a detailed molecular view of self-incompatibility is emerging.