cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analytical modeling dynamic drainage volume for transient flow towards multi-stage fractured wells in composite shale reservoirs

Abstract This paper presents an analytical solution to predict the expansion of drainage volume for a composite transient linear flow system consisting of stimulated-reservoir volume (SRV) and unstimulated reservoir volume. Correct prediction of dynamic drainage volume (DDV) is essential in production data analysis and well space evaluation. With the prediction of DDV, we can calculate the average pressure and average saturation with different time, which can assist designing different exploitation scenarios. The compound linear flow solution within both SRV and unstimulated matrix is derived under constant-flowing-bottomehole-pressure (FBHP) and constant-rate boundary conditions. Laplace transform and numerical inversion are implemented to obtain the analytical solution. The location of pressure front is calculated using the impulse response concept, which is the maximum rate of pressure response. A multi-variable regression method is applied to determine an empirical equation indicating the relationship between DDV and the square root of time; the empirical equation includes conductivities of both SRV and unstimulated matrix volume, fracture length, and fracture spacing. The results suggest that the DDV demonstrates a linear relationship with square-root-of-time for both linear flow regime within SRV and the compound linear flow in composite fractured reservoirs. The advancement of DDV within stimulated-reservoir volume is much faster than unstimulated matrix, which is approximately 100 times in general. To verify the accuracy of newly derived DDV equations, we analyze the synthetic production data from series of fine-grid numerical simulations. Finally, we make a sensitivity analysis of hydraulic fracture spacing with respect to DDV, which can be implemented to evaluate the fracturing design. In practice, the solution derived can be used to determine optimal fracture spacing.
An Invasive Plant Watch List for the National Capital Regional National Parks (USA)

Early detection and rapid response (EDRR) are critical tools for managing invasive plants. A watch list made up of high-priority early detection species that are not yet known to occur in the target area is an important EDRR tool. To make a watch list I used the EDDMapS database of plant occurrences to identify nonnative plants reported within 150 miles of the District of Columbia. I sorted the list to include only species not reported by park staff to be invasive in park natural areas. The resulting 97 candidate species were prioritized using NatureServe's Invasive Species Assessment Protocol (ISAP) to produce an Invasive Species Impact Rank (I-Rank). The ISAP includes questions in four categories (Ecological Impact, Current Distribution and Abundance, Trend in Distribution and Abundance, and Management Difficulty). Each category contributes to an overall I-Rank. The 20 species with the highest I-Rank became the basis for a priority watch list. The watch list will be used to guide presence/absence data collection and treat all identified populations on park land. Removing these populations will protect natural areas and reduce management costs in future years.
Identifying Morphological and Mechanical Traits Associated with Stem Lodging in Bioenergy Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor )

Stem lodging in Sorghum is a major agronomic problem that has far-reaching economic consequences. More rapid and reliable advances in stem lodging resistance could be achieved through development of selective breeding tools that are not dependent on post hoc data or dependent on abiotic or biotic environmental factors. Our objective was to use sorghum to examine how mechanical stability is achieved and lost, and to provide insights into the development of a rapid and reliable phenotyping approach. The biomechanical properties of the stems of six bioenergy sorghum genotypes were investigated using a three-point bending test protocol. Important morphometric data were also collected, and previously collected lodging scores were used to associate with morphological and mechanical traits. Nodes were two to three-folds stronger, stiffer, and more rigid than internodes. In general, internodes were numerically weakest and more rigid between internodes 3 and 6, corresponding to the area where higher stem lodging is observed. Internode strength was negatively correlated with diameter (r = −0.77, P < 0.05) and volume (r = 0.96, P < 0.01), while stem lodging was positively correlated with flexural rigidity (r = 0.85, P < 0.05) and volume (r = 0.78, P < 0.05). The analysis revealed key functional traits that influence the mode and location of stem lodging. Moreover, these results indicate the potential of these methods as a selective breeding tool for indirect selection of stem lodging resistance in bioenergy sorghum.
Single-chain nanoparticles containing sequence-defined segments: using primary structure control to promote secondary and tertiary structures in synthetic protein mimics

We investigated intra-chain isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions to synthesize single-chain nanoparticles (SCNP) containing sequence-defined segments at each junction point in order to create materials featuring multiple protein-inspired elements. Upon intramolecular cross-linking, nanoparticle formation ensues, affording materials with well-defined structural elements situated in a disordered tertiary structure. The resulting nanostructures were characterized using 1H NMR, DOSY NMR, and size-exclusion chromatography. While covalent cross-linking was the intended and predominant mode of SCNP formation, we found that secondary, noncovalent interactions contributed significantly to nanoparticle folding more akin to natural materials.
Experimental characterization of underfill materials exposed to different moisture conditions

Consistent and wide-ranging material property data are needed for microelectronics encapsulants for the determination of mechanical design, reliability assessment, and process optimization of electronic packages. Since, the vast majority of contemporary underfills used are epoxy based, they have the propensity to absorb moisture, which can lead to undesirable reductions in their mechanical and adhesion properties. In this study, the effects of moisture absorption on the stress-strain and creep behavior of an underfill encapsulant were evaluated experimentally. The material behavior changes have been characterized using 60 x 3 x 0.5 mm uniaxial test specimens that were cured with production equipment using the same conditions as those used in actual flip chip assembly. After curing, the samples were separated into 2 groups and subjected to various preconditioning: (1) no preconditioning, (2) prebaking at 85 oC for 24 hours. The fabricated and preconditioned uniaxial test specimens were then exposed to moisture for various durations (0, 1, 3, 10, 20, 30, 60 days) in an environmental chamber using three different sets of hygrothermal conditions including 85°C and 85 % RH (MSL 1, Moisture Sensitivity Level 1); 85°C and 60 % RH (MSL 2); and 30°C and 60 % RH (MSL 3). After the moisture exposures, a microscale tension-torsion testing machine was used to measure the room temperature stress-strain behavior of the material. In addition, the viscoelastic mechanical responses of the underfill encapsulant after the moisture exposures were also characterized via creep testing for a large range of applied stress levels. From the recorded results, it was found that the moisture exposures degrade the mechanical properties of the tested underfill including the effective elastic modulus, ultimate tensile stress, and tensile creep rate. Pre-baking was found to increase the initial material properties before moisture exposure, but the degradations due to subsequent moisture exposures occurred in an analogous manner. The moisture absorption into the underfill samples was also characterized by weight gain measurements for up to 60 days of exposure at the three different MSL conditions. From the results, it has been shown that maximum water weight gain in the material is about 1%. The results also showed that mechanical properties were only dependent on amount of water that has been absorbed by the material, regardless of how rapidly it was absorbed.
Misoprostol Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Production by Equine Leukocytes.

Pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 are potent immune mediators that exacerbate multiple equine diseases such as sepsis and laminitis. Unfortunately, safe and effective cytokine-targeting therapies are lacking in horses; therefore, novel mechanisms of inhibiting cytokine production are critically needed. One potential mechanism for inhibiting cytokine synthesis is elevation of intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP). In human leukocytes, intracellular cAMP production is induced by activation of E-prostanoid (EP) receptors 2 and 4. These receptors can be targeted by the EP2/4 agonist and prostaglandin E1 analog, misoprostol. Misoprostol is currently used as a gastroprotectant in horses but has not been evaluated as a cytokine-targeting therapeutic. Thus, we hypothesized that misoprostol treatment would inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated equine leukocytes in an in vitro inflammation model. To test this hypothesis, equine leukocyte-rich plasma (LRP) was collected from 12 healthy adult horses and used to model LPS-mediated inflammatory signaling. LRP was treated with varying concentrations of misoprostol either before (pretreated) or following (posttreated) LPS stimulation. LRP supernatants were assayed for 23 cytokines using an equine-specific multiplex bead immunoassay. Leukocytes were isolated from LRP, and leukocyte mRNA levels of four important cytokines were evaluated via RT-PCR. Statistical differences between treatments were determined using one-way RM ANOVA (Holm-Sidak post hoc testing) or Friedman's RM ANOVA on Ranks (SNK post hoc testing), where appropriate (p < 0.05, n = 3-6 horses). These studies revealed that misoprostol pre- and posttreatment inhibited LPS-induced TNFα and IL-6 protein production in equine leukocytes but had no effect on IL-8 protein. Interestingly, misoprostol pretreatment enhanced IL-1β protein synthesis following 6 h of LPS stimulation, while misoprostol posttreatment inhibited IL-1β protein production after 24 h of LPS stimulation. At the mRNA level, misoprostol pre- and posttreatment inhibited LPS-induced TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNA production but did not affect IL-8 mRNA. These results indicate that misoprostol exerts anti-inflammatory effects on equine leukocytes when applied before or after a pro-inflammatory stimulus. However, the effects we observed were cytokine-specific and sometimes differed at the mRNA and protein levels. Further studies are warranted to establish the inhibitory effects of misoprostol on equine cytokine production in vivo.
Adenylylation of bacterial glutamine synthetase: physiological significance.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the adenylylation of bacterial glutamine synthetase. The enzyme glutamine synthetase catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from ammonia and glutamate in an ATP-dependent reaction. In bacteria and higher plants, it also participates in net synthesis of glutamate from ammonia and 2-oxoglutarate by functioning in a cycle with glutamate synthase. Physiological studies of Holzer and colleagues indicated that the GS of Escherichia coli was very rapidly adenylylated when the organism was shifted from N-limited medium to a medium containing excess ammonium. Strains of S. typhimurium (glnE) that lack the ability to adenlylate GS show a large growth defect upon shift from N-limited media, media in which they have accumulated high levels of GS, to media containing a high concentration of NH 4 +. This growth defect appears to be because of excessive GS activity after the shift because it is eliminated in glnE strains that also synthesize abnormally low amounts of GS in both N-limited and NH4+, it is prolonged in glnE strains that also synthesize abnormally high amounts of GS in NH4+ excess media and the latter strains continue to show a growth defect even after adaptation to NH 4 +, and glnE strains have normal amounts of both of the glutamatebiosynthetic enzymes under N-limited conditions and after NH 4 + upshift. At present, there appears to be no simple explanation for the distribution of this covalent modification. Although adenylylation of GS occurs widely among gram-negative bacteria, a more complete understanding of the physiological requirements for adenylylation of GS will contribute to understanding the basis for distribution of this covalent modification among the prokaryotes.
Demographic response of Louisiana Waterthrush, a stream obligate songbird of conservation concern, to shale gas development

ABSTRACT Shale gas development continues to outpace the implementation of best management practices for wildlife affected by development. We examined demographic responses of the Louisiana Waterthrush (Parkesia motacilla) to shale gas development during 2009–2011 and 2013–2015 in a predominantly forested landscape in West Virginia, USA. Forest cover across the study area decreased from 95% in 2008 to 91% in 2015, while the area affected by shale gas development increased from 0.4% to 3.9%. We quantified nest survival and productivity, a source–sink threshold, riparian habitat quality, territory density, and territory length by monitoring 58.1 km of forested headwater streams (n = 14 streams). Across years, we saw annual variability in nest survival, with a general declining trend over time. Of 11 a priori models tested to explain nest survival (n = 280 nests), 4 models that included temporal, habitat, and shale gas covariates were supported, and 2 of these models accounted for most of the variation in dai...
Menstrual cyclicity of CA-125 in patients with endometriosis.

Objective To examine the serum levels of CA-125 in the menstrual, follicular, and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle in women with endometriosis and to determine if serum CA-125 levels drawn during menses improve the clinical utility of the test in diagnosing endometriosis. Design Serum CA-125 was measured in the menstrual, follicular, and luteal phases of the cycle preceding surgery. CA-125 levels for each phase were categorized by postoperative diagnosis and endometriosis stage. Setting The reproductive endocrine unit of a tertiary care university-affiliated hospital. Patients A total of 65 patients were recruited from the Fertility and Endocrine Unit and the Gynecology Service of Brigham and Women’s Hospital. Main Outcome Measure Serum CA-125 levels were measured by an immunoradiometric assay and were stratified by menstrual cycle phase, diagnosis, and stage of endometriosis. The menstrual cycle phase was confirmed by serum estradiol and progesterone measurements. Results Serum CA-125 levels in patients with stages II to IV endometriosis were significantly elevated in the menstrual phase compared with levels drawn in the nonmenstrual follicular and luteal phases. The sensitivity and specificity of CA-125 for the diagnosis of endometriosis were not significantly better in the menstrual than in the follicular or luteal phases. Conclusions Despite menstrual cyclicity of CA-125, measurement of serum CA-125 during menses does not improve the clinical utility of the test in the diagnosis of endometriosis.
Grundlagen der Computerarithmetik

In diesem Kapitel werden wir Realisierungsaspekte der Computerarithmetik diskutieren. Unter der Computerarithmetik versteht man die konkrete Realisierung elementarer Arithmetikfunktionen wie Addition, Multiplikation oder trigonometrischer Funktionen. Wir nehmen dabei an, das bereits Grundschaltungen zur Addition und Multiplikation aus einer Grundvorlesung aus der Digitaltechnik bekannt sind. Als Ubersicht kann man Anhang C verwenden oder ein entsprechendes Grundlagenbuch von Spaniol [25] oder Koren [26] zu Rate ziehen. Die Realisierungen von Residuenarithmetikschaltungen, die zumeist keinen Platz in Grundvorlesungen haben, werden wir ausfuhrlich behandeln. Wir werden sehen, das zahlreiche Operationen in Residuenarithmetik einfacher und mit hoherer Taktgeschwindigkeit realisiert werden konnen als in konventioneller Zweierkomplementdarstellung. Andererseits sind z.B. Skalierungen oder Vergleichsoperationen einfacher in Zweierkomplementdarstellung als in Residuenarithmetik zu realisieren. Effiziente Wandlung zwischen den zwei Zahlendarstellungen ist daher auch ein nutzliches Hilfsmittel, um Vorteile beider Arithmetiksysteme ausnutzen zu konnen.
Ethics Through the Ages

Medical ethics is an applied form of ethics, which is a branch of philosophy. which is a study of thoughts, principles, theories, actions, and a way of discussing, explaining, defining, solving a myriad of dilemmas through individual or collective wisdom. It is also a source of lasting mental joy.
Introduction to the Ethics and Economics of Agrifood Competition: Connotations, Complications and Commentary

After briefly explaining the context for questioning whether the agrifood industry suffers from a lack of free and fair competition, this introduction has three objectives. First, to assess the meaning of adequate and fair competition. Second, to summarize the contributed essays published in this volume. Third, to comment about what the analyses tell us about the ethics and economics of agrifood competition.
Comparing successful aging, resilience, and holistic wellness as predictors of the good life

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to compare the relative contributions of Rowe and Kahn’s definition of successful aging (SA), resilience, and the holistic wellness paradigm for predicting ...
A Custom Computer-Controlled Fluid Mixing and Dispensing System for Sweat Sensor Testing Applications

We propose a completely automatized, computer-controlled fluid mixing and dispensing system that is suitable for testing sweat sensing devices. The design is based on Raspberry Pi that controls almost a dozen electronic relays and switches. Easy to use graphical user interface allows end users conduct the tests without any technical problems. A dragon skin based arm mold was also prototyped with pores to simulate a close to real-life arm prototype that sweats. Relay controlled mixing tanks allow different concentration of fluid solutions at various rates of fluid dispensing through pores. With the recent advances in sweat sensors, this platform offers a unique way of testing developed sensing devices before human tests both in development and before testing phases.
Influenza virus inoculum volume is critical to elucidate age-dependent mortality in mice.

The elderly exhibit increased mortality to influenza viral infection for unclear reasons. Mice are frequently used to model how aging impacts disease. Several studies have shown that aged mice exhibit an increased mortality to influenza virus, but two recent studies demonstrated the opposite. These two studies administered the virus intranasally in 20 µL, whereas the other studies used a viral inoculum in at least 30 µL. To determine whether the volume of the inoculum could explain the conflicting reports, we infected young and aged mice via intranasal instillation of 40 µL or 20 µL containing 1 x 104 plaque-forming units (PFU) of H1N1 influenza virus. We found that intranasal administration of 40 µL but not 20 µL of inoculum resulted in age-dependent mortality in mice. Compared to aged mice infected with 40 µL inoculum, those infected with 20 µL inoculum showed reduced levels of live virus and IFN-β in the lung 3 days postinfection. Furthermore, aged mice administered 40 µL of Evans blue intranasally displayed increased dye retention in their bronchoalveolar lavage fluid compared to those administered 20 µL of Evans blue. Our data demonstrate that the inoculating volume of virus is critical for adequate delivery of influenza virus to the lung and thus for efficient infection of aged mice. These findings shed light on discrepant results in the literature regarding aged mice and influenza infection, and establish that mice can be used to examine how aging impacts the response to this biomedically important infection.
Compressed sensing velocity encoded phase contrast imaging: Monitoring skeletal muscle kinematics.

PURPOSE This study implements a compressed sensing (CS) 3-directional velocity encoded phase contrast (VE-PC) imaging for studying skeletal muscle kinematics within 40 s. METHODS Independent variable density random sampling in the phase encoding direction for each temporal frame was implemented for various combinations of CS-factors and views per segment. CS reconstruction was performed for the combined multicoil, temporal datasets using temporal Fourier transform followed by temporal principal component analysis sparsifying transformations. The method was tested on a flow phantom and in vivo, on velocity and strain rate of the medial gastrocnemius muscle of 11 subjects performing isometric contractions. RESULTS For the flow phantom, velocity from 8 undersampled sequences matched very well with the flowmeter values over a range of velocities spanning in vivo muscle velocities. Bland-Altman plots of the peak strain rate eigenvalues comparing 7 undersampled sequences was in good agreement with the reference (full k-space) scan. CS-factor of 4 combined with views per segment of 4 (scan times reduced by 4) yielded images with no visual artifacts allowing and yielded velocities and strain rate maps in the lower leg muscle in 40 s. CONCLUSION This study shows that a reduction in scan time of velocity encoded phase contrast imaging up to a factor of 4 is possible using the proposed CS reconstruction.
CCDC186 recruits EARP and controls dense-core vesicle cargo sorting by exit

ABSTRACT The regulated release of peptide hormones depends on their packaging into dense-core vesicles (DCVs). Two models have been proposed for DCV cargo sorting. The “sorting by entry” model proposes that DCV cargos selectively enter nascent DCVs at the trans-Golgi network (TGN). The “sorting by exit” model proposes that sorting occurs by the post-TGN removal of non-DCV cargos and retention of mature DCV cargos. Here we show that the coiled-coil protein CCDC186 controls sorting by exit. Ccdc186 KO insulinoma cells secrete less insulin, fail to retain insulin and carboxypeptidase E in mature DCVs at the cell periphery, and fail to remove carboxypeptidase D from immature DCVs. A mutation affecting the endosome-associated recycling protein (EARP) complex causes similar defects in DCV cargo sorting, and overexpression of CCDC186 recruits EARP to the site of DCV maturation. CCDC186 and EARP may act together to control the post-Golgi retention of cargos in mature DCVs.
Causal (Progressive) Encoding over BinarySymmetric Channels with Noiseless Feedback.

Traditional channel coding with feedback constructs and transmits a codeword only after all message bits are available at the transmitter. This paper joins Guo & Kostina and Lalitha et. al. in developing approaches for causal (or progressive) encoding, where the transmitter may begin transmitting codeword symbols as soon as the first message bit arrives. Building on the work of Horstein, Shayevitz and Feder, and Naghshvar et. al., this paper extends our previous computationally efficient systematic algorithm for traditional posterior matching to produce a four-phase encoder that progressively encodes using only the message bits causally available. Systematic codes work well with posterior matching on a channel with feedback, and they provide an immediate benefit when causal encoding is employed instead of traditional encoding. Our algorithm captures additional gains in the interesting region where the transmission rate mu is higher than the rate lambda at which message bits become available. In this region, transmission of additional symbols beyond systematic bits, before a traditional encoder would have begun transmission, further improves performance
COVID-19 Recurrence Without Seroconversion in a Patient With Mannose-Binding Lectin Deficiency

IntroductionThe SARS-CoV-2 virus has infected more than 63,000,000 people worldwide after emerging from Wuhan, China in December 2019. This outbreak was declared a Public Health Emergency in Januar...
Retrofitting of Bridge Columns Using UHPC

The National Bridge Inventory reports indicate that a noticeable portion of the United States bridge infrastructure is drastically approaching the end of its intended design life, mainly due to environmental effects such as corrosion. This mandates developing new techniques and materials for rehabilitation of these deficient structures with an accelerated construction method. To address this issue, a repair method has been developed at Florida International University (FIU), using Ultra High-Performance Concrete (UHPC). The properties of UHPC make it a suitable choice as the repair material for retrofitting the damaged body of the marine axially loaded elements, and application of UHPC could provide an efficient solution to address the pressing issue of bridge rehabilitation. However, there have been very limited studies investigating the feasibility of using this material to repair concrete columns. This research aims to investigate the performance of UHPC as retrofit material for damaged bridge columns. To achieve this goal, eleven column prototypes were designed and built to represent a bridge pier or a building column. The columns were then artificially damaged and repaired with UHPC. The specimens were scaled as 1/4 of a bridge column with a height to diameter ratio of 5, and their stubs represented a discontinuity, such as a beam column joint or a footing. The dimensions of the test columns are presented in Figure 1.Toevaluate the mechanical performance of the repaired columns they were tested undera combination of static axial and cyclic lateral loads (to simulate operational conditions). The first phase of the repair procedure is the mechanical removal of the damaged concrete cover and cleaning the substrate from residue particles and creation of exposed aggregate which is essential to have a good bond between UHPC and existing concrete in repaired areas. Then the lost, corroded, or extremely deformed reinforcement is cut and replaced. Before casting UHPC, the substrate concrete surface is sprayed with water. At the end, all the cavities are filled with UHPC using proper forming. The repair process is depicted in Figure 2.
A Review of Sexual Harassment Prevention Practices: Toward a Nonprofit Research Agenda:

Sexual harassment has garnered renewed attention with a wave of allegations against high profile men, including nonprofit executives. Given its legal, organizational, and ethical implications for n...
The impact of background error on incomplete observations for 4d-var data assimilation with the FSU GSM

To assess the impact of incomplete observations on the 4D-Var data assimilation, twin experiments were carried out with the dynamical core of the new FSU GSM consisting of a T126L14 global spectral model in a MPI parallel environment. Results and qualitative aspects are presented for incomplete data in the spatial dimension and for incomplete data in time, with and without inclusion of the background term into the cost functional. The importance of the background estimate on the 4D-Var analysis in the presence of small Gaussian errors in incomplete data is also investigated.
Crossfunctional Relationships and the Quality of Communication: Coordinating the Airline Departure Process

This paper argues that coordination of highly interdependent work processes is best achieved by designing organizations with consistent attention to crossfunctional relationships and the quality of communication. I look deeply into crossfunctional coordination by studying it in the context of one highly interdependent process--airline departures. As in many other service settings, the functional groups which must interact are divided by status and expertise, increasing the challenge of coordination. Using field, archival and survey data which I collected from nine airport sites, spanning four major airlines, I identify features of organization design which improve performance through their effect on crossfunctional relationships and the quality of communication.
Complexity and Correctness of a Super-Pipelined Processor

This thesis introduces the DLXπ+, a super-pipelined processor with variable cycle time. The cycle time of the DLXπ+ may be as low as 9 gate delays (including 5 gate delays for registers), which is assumed to be a lower bound for the cycle time. For the parts of the DLXπ+ that significantly differ form previous implementations correctness proofs are provided. Formulas are developed which compute restrictions to the parameters of the DLXπ+, e.g., the maximum number of reservation station entries for a given cycle time. The formulas also compute what modifications to the base design have to be made in order to realize a certain cycle time and what the impact is on the number of pipeline stages. This lays the foundation for computing the time per instruction of the DLXπ+ for a given benchmark and different cycle times in future work in order to determine the “optimum” cycle time. Kurzzusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wird die DLXπ+ eingefuhrt, ein super-gepipelineter Prozessor mit variabler Zykluszeit. Die Zykluszeit der DLXπ+ kann bis auf 9 Gatter-Delays (inklusive 5 Gatter-Delays fur Register) reduziert werden, was als untere Schranke fur die Zykluszeit angesehen wird. Fur die Teile der DLXπ+, die sich signifikant von bisherigen Implementierungen unterscheiden, werden Korrektheits-Beweise geliefert. Desweiteren werden Formeln entwickelt, die Beschrankungen fur die Parameter der DLXπ+ wie zum Beispiel die maximale Anzahl von Reservation Station Eintragen fur eine gegebene Zykluszeit berechnen. Die Formeln errechnen ausserdem welche Modifikationen am Basis-Design notwendig sind, um eine bestimmte Zykluszeit zu erreichen und welchen Einfluss dies auf die Anzahl der Pipeline-Stufen hat. Damit wird die Grundlage gelegt, um als zukunftige Arbeit die benotigte Zeit pro Instruktion der DLXπ+ fur einen gegebenen Benchmark bei verschiedenen Zykluszeiten zu berechenen und damit die “optimale” Zykluszeit zu bestimmen.
Systematic review of the association between lung function and Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Diabet. Med. 27, 977–987 (2010) Abstract Aims To describe the association between lung function and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods We identified English language studies evaluating the association between lung function and diabetes mellitus in the MEDLINE database from 1 January 1975 to 31 December 2009. We evaluated study quality based on established criteria (54 studies were reviewed, 34 met the inclusion criteria). Results Cross-sectional studies showed that adults with diabetes mellitus have lower forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), with reductions in FVC more consistent than FEV1 and lower diffusion capacity (DLCO) compared with their non-diabetic counterparts. The reduced lung function in patients with diabetes is inversely related to blood glucose levels, duration of diabetes and its severity and is independent of smoking or obesity. Findings in cohort studies have been less consistent, with only a few studies identifying an increased rate of lung function decline in adults with diabetes. In addition, other cohort studies have reported an association between decreased lung function and incident insulin resistance and diabetes. Studies evaluating biological mechanisms to explain the association between lung impairment and diabetes identified microangiopathy of the alveolar capillaries and pulmonary arterioles, chronic inflammation, autonomic neuropathy involving the respiratory muscles, loss of elastic recoil secondary to collagen glycosylation of lung parenchyma, hypoxia-induced insulin resistance and low birthweight, as being associated with both insulin resistance and impaired lung function. Conclusions There is an association between diabetes mellitus and decreased lung function, but the definitive direction as well as the exact pathophysiological mechanism to explain this association requires further investigation.
Constructing patch-based ligand-binding pocket database for predicting function of proteins

Background Many of solved tertiary structures of unknown functions do not have global sequence and structural similarities to proteins of known function. Often functional clues of unknown proteins can be obtained by predicting small ligand molecules that bind to the proteins.
Electrically doped 2D material tunnel transistor

Gate controlled tunnel junctions wherein the PN-junction like potential profile is made by two gates with opposite polarities are currently dominant in the fabrication of 2D material devices. Electrical doping methods are also preferred in tunnel field-effect transistors (TFETs) as chemical doping introduces states within the bandgap of the semiconductor and therefore degrades the OFF-state performance of TFETs. Moreover, low band gap 2D materials are preferable for high performance TFETs. Consequently, bilayer graphene (BLG) TFET is studied in this work. The critical design parameters in the performance of low bandgap electrically doped 2D transistors are investigated here. Through atomistic simulations, it is shown that the key element in the performance of electrically gated junctions is the thickness of the oxide even when the top and bottom gates have different biases. But still the equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) cannot be disregarded completely since it determines the value of the electric field dependent band gap in BLG.
Molecular conservation of the P6 outer membrane protein among strains of Haemophilus influenzae: analysis of antigenic determinants, gene sequences, and restriction fragment length polymorphisms.

Infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae are a major worldwide health problem. In particular, nontypeable strains of H. influenzae are a common cause of otitis media in infants and children. A vaccine to prevent these infections would result in the prevention of substantial morbidity and cost savings. A problem in identifying an appropriate vaccine antigen has been the enormous antigenic heterogeneity among nontypeable strains of H. influenzae. The present study was undertaken to characterize the conservation of the P6 outer membrane protein (approximately 16,000 daltons) among strains of H. influenzae. A total of 20 type b strains and 20 nontypeable strains of diverse geographic and clinical origins was studied. Three approaches were taken. (i) Antigenic determinants recognized by monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies were present on P6 in all 40 strains tested. The molecular weight of P6 was identical in all strains. (ii) Comparison of the DNA sequences of the P6 genes from three epidemiologically and serologically unrelated strains demonstrated 100% homology at the amino acid level and 97 to 99% homology at the nucleotide level. (iii) Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis demonstrated that the P6 gene and flanking sequences were highly conserved among all strains. These three independent series of experiments indicated that the P6 protein is highly conserved among strains of H. influenzae. P6 should receive serious consideration for inclusion in a vaccine to prevent infections caused by nontypeable H. influenzae. Images
Outcomes of a Family Peer Education Program for Families of Youth and Adults with Mental Illness.

Abstract:Family members of consumers with mental illness often play important roles in initiating and supporting treatment. Self-help programs such as the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) Family-to-Family Education Program (FTF) have been shown to provide a variety of benefits for family members. Despite recognizing the benefits of FTF, little is known about who may benefit most, and in what ways they might benefit. One group of interest is family members of younger consumers, a group shown to report more negative caregiving experiences and more depression and anxiety than caregivers of older consumers. The current study assesses whether relatives of youth (ages 8–18) differ in their response to FTF as opposed to relatives of adults (19 years and older). Results suggest that all members benefit from FTF. Family members of youth in FTF, however, reported gains more pronounced on their depressive symptoms, and negative perceptions and experiences, relative to family members of adults. The importan...
RELIGION AND THE FREEDOM OF THE MIND

Summary The conference did not, of course, attempt to arrive at a consensus upon neat answers to the questions raised. Any summary would be inadequate, outstanding impressions would include: The violations of freedom of the mind inflicted by religion were frankly faced Narrow and restrictive loyalties other than religious were also charged with violations Complete freedom of the mind was seriously challenged as being humanly impossible Commitment to high religion was commended as not incompatible with human freedom The strengthening of positive religious conviction was urged as the essential foundation of a society in which freedom might endure
Spinal cord tracts mediating voluntary movement of hindlimb in dog

Abstract A transverse section of the dorso-lateral white column and the white matter ventrally to the tip of the anterior horn at T-8 completely eliminated the hindlimb flexion response of the dog to an auditory command for a period of 2–5 years. The severed white matter was believed to contain the corticospinal, rubrospinal, lateral reticulospinal, and propriospinal tracts.
The cable fable revisited: Discourse, policy, and the making of cable television

Around 1970, Utopian talk about cable television as a dramatic “new technology” swept through the policy arena. Analyzing the talk as a discursive practice demonstrates both the value of discourse analysis and some contradictions of the policy process. The talk treated cable as an autonomous technology and consequently obscured political and economic conditions while exaggerating cable's uniqueness; these characteristics encouraged the reconceptualization of cable in the policy arena in a way that, in combination with several other forces, led to the reregulation of cable and its subsequent growth. The discourse thus helped shape an institution that it failed to describe.
Investigating the effects of slipping on lumbar muscle activity, kinematics, and kinetics

Slips, trips, and falls remain leading causes of occupational injuries and fatalities. The current exploratory study quantified lumbar kinematics and kinetics during both induced slips and normal walking. Individual anthropometry, lumbar muscle geometry, and lumbar kinematics, along with electromyography of 14 lumbar muscles were used as input to a 3D, dynamic, EMG-based model of the lumbar spine. Results indicated that, in comparison with values during normal walking, lumbar kinematics, lumbosacral kinetics, lumbar muscle activations, and lumbosacral reaction forces were all substantially increased during a slip event. Observed levels of muscle activity and lumbosacral reaction forces suggest the potential for low back injury during a slip event. Outcomes of this work may facilitate the identification and control of specific mechanisms involved with low back disorders consequent to a slip.
Modern means for protecting conductors, earth wires, and optical-fiber cables from vibration

A general description of phenomena of vibration of phase conductors and earth wires appearing in overhead transmission lines (OL) and general approaches to their limitation are presented. Development of means for limiting vibrations on OL and some novel designs of vibration dampers created in foreign countries are described. An approach to the advancement of multi-resonance vibration dampers created under laboratory conditions in VNIIE is presented, which makes it possible to update a multi-resonance vibration damper using a synthesis of approaches used by designers of various companies. It is stressed that any novel multi-resonance design of vibration damper can be recommended for wide use on OL only after full-scale in situ testing of its efficiency.
Recoded signed-digit binary addition–subtraction using opto-electronic symbolic substitution

Two opto-electronic implementations of carry-free addition and borrow-free subtraction of recoded signed-digit binary numbers that use optical symbolic substitution are proposed.
Combined adsorbents and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generators in soil for treating reverse osmosis concentrates

The increasing presence of contaminants in water streams is an emerging concern with regards to detection, cost-effective treatments, and analytical methods of addressing the resulting pollution, especially for emerging contaminants. The application of reverse osmosis (RO) is one method used to improve water quality, but few researchers have investigated the specific contaminants found in water, including emerging contaminants generated from the RO process. The present study focused on this issue to investigate a potential method for treating RO concentrates. The method involves a composition system with both chemical and physical treatment effects; this system consists of radical generators and adsorbents in soil. Contaminants from RO concentrates were effectively removed through the combined physical and chemical processes. The proposed composition system has several benefits, including a relatively low cost, no separate equipment, and simplicity of use. This new system may offer a wide range of applications for environmental remediation.
Tau gene transfer, but not alpha-synuclein, induces both progressive dopamine neuron degeneration and rotational behavior in the rat.

Using a viral vector for mutant (P301L) tau, we studied the effects of gene transfer to the rat substantia nigra in terms of structural and functional properties of dopaminergic neurons. The mutant tau vector caused progressive loss of pars compacta dopaminergic neurons over time, reduced striatal dopamine content, and amphetamine-stimulated rotational behavior consistent with a specific lesion effect. In addition, structural studies demonstrated neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic pathology. Wild-type tau had similar effects on neuronal loss and rotational behavior. In contrast, mutant α-synuclein vectors did not induce rotational behavior, although α-synuclein filaments formed in nigrostriatal axons. Dopamine neuron function is affected by tau gene transfer and appears to be more susceptible to tau- rather than α-synuclein-related damage in this model. Both tau and α-synuclein are important for substantia nigra neurodegeneration models in rats, further indicating their potential as therapeutic targets for human diseases involving loss of dopamine neurons.
Topology of bounded-degree graph complexes

Abstract The bounded-degree graph complexes were first introduced by Reiner and Roberts [J. Algebraic Combin. 11 (2000) 135–154]. They arise from the finite free resolution of quadratic Veronese rings and modules. We prove various results about the homotopy types of these complexes, and deduce corresponding characteristic-free results about the quadratic Veronese resolutions. In particular, we characterize the set of multidegrees which support at least one higher syzygy in this resolution. The answer turns out to be independent of the field characteristic.
Effects of risk assessment, predator behavior, and habitat on escape behavior in Columbian black-tailed deer

The relationship between preflight risk assessment by prey and the escape behaviors they perform while fleeing from predators is relatively unexplored. To examine this relationship, a human observer approached groups of Columbian black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus), varying his behavior to simulate more or less threatening behavior. We measured the focal deer's angle of escape, distance moved during flight, duration of trotting and stotting behavior, and change in elevation during flight. Analyses revealed positive relationships between the distance moved during flight and the distance at which they fled. When flight was initiated when the approacher was close, deer fled relatively shorter distances and took flight paths at more acute angles, a property that would force a real predator to change direction suddenly. Our results indicate that deer do not compensate for allowing the observer to approach more closely by fleeing greater distances. Rather, distance moved and flight initiation distance are linked by level of reactivity and habituation: more reactive or less habituated deer both flee at a greater distance and move away to a greater distance during flight. More threatening behavior by the approacher led to longer durations of rapid flight behavior (e.g., trotting and stotting), and deer tended to flee uphill and into taller vegetation, using these landscape features as refuge from danger. Finally, we provide the first evidence for Pitcher's untested “antiambush” hypothesis for the function of stotting and discuss its significance. In general, both preflight predator behavior and habitat features influence both duration and direction of escape.
Portable imaging polarized light analyzer

Many animals, both marine and terrestrial, are sensitive to the orientation of the e-vector of partially linearly polarized light (PLPL). This sensitivity is used for navigation, spatial orientation, and detection of large bodies of water. However, it is not clear what other information animals may receive from polarized light. Natural light fields, both in the sky and underwater, are known to be partially polarized. Additionally, natural objects reflect light that is polarized at specific orientations. Sensors capable of measuring the characteristics of PLPL, namely partial polarization and orientation, throughout an image are not yet available. By placing 2 twisted nematic liquid crystals (TNLCs) and a fixed polarizing filter in series in front of a video camera, and by controlling the angles of rotation of the orientation of polarization produced by the TNLCs, we are able to fully analyze PLPL throughout a full image on a single pixel basis. As a recording device we use a small camcorder. The sensor can be operated autonomously, with the images analyzed at a later stage, or it can be connected (in a future phase) via a frame grabber to a personal computer which analyzes the information online. The analyzed image can be presented as a false color image, where hue represents orientation of polarization and saturation represents partial polarization. Field measurements confirm that PLPL is a characteristic distributed both under water and on land. Marine background light is strongly horizontally polarized. Light reflected from leaves is polarized mainly according to their spatial orientation. Differences between PLPL reflected from objects or animals and their background can be used to enhance contrast and break color camouflage. Our sensor presents a new approach for answering questions related to the ecology of vision and is a new tool for remote sensing.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Si Device Making Method by Using PAG Contained TARC to Enhance DOF of Lithography Process

In this paper, a series of top anti-reflection coating (TARC) with different loading of photo acid generator (PAG) had been studied. The results show that PAG with longer diffusion length or higher loading level, in comparison with PAG contained in resist, has better performance for depth of focus (DOF) enhancement. Besides, we add some binder into the TARC to control the acid diffusion in TARC. Now we can control the diffusion of photo acid by using different TARC with different PAG and binder. Furthermore, when we examined the process window through all pitches, the range of DOF was improved from 0.02μm to 0.05μm. It is demonstrated the common window can be improved from 0.278μm to 0.324μm. From these results, we are convinced that TARC with PAG and binder can be used to enhance DOF for 65nm generation.