cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum(II): a metal complex with significant anticancer activity.

Publisher Summary cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum(II) has been under study for 13 years and in clinical use for 7 years. It is an inorganic complex formed by a central atom of platinum surrounded by chlorine atoms and ammonia moieties. Its structure is unique in the field of cancerostatics. The drug possesses cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antiviral, immunosuppressive, mutagenic, and radiosensitizing properties in a variety of biological systems. It probably exerts its antitumor effects through an interaction with DNA, although, the precise mechanism of action of this drug is uncertain at this time. In toxicology studies, the dog and monkey were predictive for the nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, nausea, and vomiting and myelosuppression seen with DDP. The animals did not predict the anaphylactic reactions and possible neurotoxicity seen in human trials. The drug is active in a number of experimental tumor systems and exhibits synergism with a number of other cancerstatic agents. These synergistic interactions have not been fully exploited clinically. It has remarkable activity in testicular, ovarian, bladder, and head and neck cancer. It is also active in a number of other tumor types, but more clinical trials are needed to confirm this activity.
Optimal channel probing in communication systems: The two-channel case

We consider a multi-channel communication system in which a transmitter has access to two channels, but does not know the state of either channel. We model the channel state using an ON/OFF Markovian model, and allow the transmitter to probe one of the channels at predetermined probing intervals to decide over which channel to transmit. For models in which the transmitter must transmit over the probed channel, it has been shown that a myopic policy that probes the channel most likely to be ON is optimal. In this work, we allow the transmitter to select a channel over which to transmit that is not necessarily the one it probed. We show that in the case where the two channels are i.i.d, all probing policies yield equal reward. We extend this problem to dynamically choose when to probe based on the results of previous probes, and characterize the optimal policy, as well as provide a LP in terms of state action frequencies to find the optimal policy.
The Risk-Return Tradeoff when Converting Wealth into Cash

The paper examines the risk-return tradeoff an individual or trustee who decides to liquidate a position in an asset. Converting concentrated wealth into cash is not without risk as it may not be instantaneous. Just like the selection of an optimal asset mix along the 'efficient frontier', the liquidation problem requires careful balancing of the exposure to the asset return variance (risk) against sale-induced price concessions (cost). An appealing decision tool is found in a Value-at-Risk function used by banks to manage overall trading risk. The individual maximizes the expected profit from the sale strategy minus a penalty function for exposure to the price risk. The penalty 'weight' is related to a selected loss confidence interval.
In Vitro Studies On The Lysozyme-Ovomucin Complex

Abstract THE thick albumen fraction of egg white has long been used as an indication of the length of storage and quality of fresh eggs. Empirical measurements such as Haugh units, albumen index or visual correlations with charts are still used as an index of quality in fresh eggs and have been found to correlate well with changes of the thick white during storage. However, these measurements neither take into consideration variations due to possible genetic differences nor do they explain the chemical events which take place during thinning of the thick white. Of the many studies conducted to explain the basis of the gel structure of egg white, most have involved the participation of the egg white protein ovomucin. One consistent observation has been that in fresh eggs the thick white contains about four times as much ovomucin as the thin white, (Lanni et al., 1949; Feeney et al., 1952;…
Sensitivity-Free Approach for Reliability-Based Robust Design Optimization

This paper attempts to integrate a derivative-free probability analysis method to Reliability-Based Robust Design Optimization (RBRDO). The Eigenvector Dimension Reduction (EDR) method is used for the probability analysis method. It has been demonstrated that the EDR method is more accurate and efficient than the Second-Order Reliability Method (SORM) for reliability and quality assessment. Moreover, it can simultaneously evaluate both reliability and quality without any extra expense. Three practical engineering problems (vehicle side impact, layered bonding plates, and lower control arm) are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the EDR method.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Growth and Fabrication of High Reverse Breakdown Heterojunction n-Gan: p-6H-Sic Diodes

Wide band gap semiconductors are attractive for developing high power switching devices because of their ability to operate at both higher temperatures as well as higher frequencies than conventional Si. In this paper we report on the growth and fabrication of GaN/SiC np heterojunction diodes by depositing Si doped n-GaN films by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy directly on SiC without the use of GaN or AlN buffers. Careful ex-situ and in-situ preparation of the Si terminated 6H- SiC surface was necessary to produce high quality diodes. Vertical circular diodes were fabricated with sizes varying from 200 microns to 1mm in diameter. Mesas were formed by ICP etching of the MBE deposited n-GaN layer using Cl2. A Ti/Al/Ni/Au metal stack was employed as an n-ohmic contact to the GaN layer and an Al/Ti/Au metal stack was employed as a backside p-ohmic contact to the 6H- SiC layer. The diodes were characterized by I-V and C-V measurements. The 1 mm diameter diodes exhibited almost ideal behavior under forward bias with an ideality factor of 1.6, and a reverse saturation current of 10–19 A/cm2. Under reverse bias, these devices were driven up to 1000 V with a measured leakage current of 5×10–7 A. and a dynamic resistance varying from 1010 to 109 ohms with increasing reverse bias. The built-in potential in these n-p heterojunctions was determined from C-V measurements to be 2.25 V. From these values we determined that the heterojunction is of Type II with conduction and valence bands offsets calculated to be 0.65 and 1.1 eV respectively.
Phonovoltaic. I. Harvesting hot optical phonons in a nanoscale p − n junction

The phonovoltaic (pV) cell is similar to the photovoltaic. It harvests nonequilibrium (hot) optical phonons $({E}_{p,\mathrm{O}})$ more energetic than the band gap $(\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}{E}_{e,g})$ to generate power in a p-n junction. We examine the theoretical electron-phonon and phonon-phonon scattering rates, the Boltzmann transport of electrons, and the diode equation and hydrodynamic simulations to describe the operation of a pV cell and develop an analytic model predicting its efficiency. Our findings indicate that a pV material with ${E}_{p,\mathrm{O}}\ensuremath{\simeq}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}{E}_{e,g}\ensuremath{\gg}{k}_{\mathrm{B}}T$, where ${k}_{\mathrm{B}}T$ is the thermal energy, and a strong interband electron-phonon coupling surpasses the thermoelectric limit, provided the optical phonon population is excited in a nanoscale cell, enabling the ensuing local nonequilibrium. Finding and tuning a material with these properties is challenging. In Paper II [C. Melnick and M. Kaviany, Phys. Rev. B 93, 125203 (2016)], we tune the band gap of graphite within density functional theory through hydrogenation and the application of isotropic strains. The band gap is tuned to resonate with its energetic optical phonon modes and calculate the ab initio electron-phonon and phonon-phonon scattering rates. While hydrogenation degrades the strong electron-phonon coupling in graphene such that the figure of merit vanishes, we outline the methodology for a continued material search.
Zebrafish as a model for acetylcholinesterase‐inhibiting organophosphorus agent exposure and oxime reactivation

The current research progression efforts for investigating novel treatments for exposure to organophosphorus (OP) compounds that inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), including pesticides and chemical warfare nerve agents (CWNAs), rely solely on in vitro cell assays and in vivo rodent models. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a popular, well-established vertebrate model in biomedical research that offers high-throughput capabilities and genetic manipulation not readily available with rodents. A number of research studies have investigated the effects of subacute developmental exposure to OP pesticides in zebrafish, observing detrimental effects on gross morphology, neuronal development, and behavior. Few studies, however, have utilized this model to evaluate treatments, such as oxime reactivators, anticholinergics, or anticonvulsants, following acute exposure. Preliminary work has investigated the effects of CWNA exposure. The results clearly demonstrated relative toxicity and oxime efficacy similar to that reported for the rodent model. This review surveys the current literature utilizing zebrafish as a model for OP exposure and highlights its potential use as a high-throughput system for evaluating AChE reactivator antidotal treatments to acute pesticide and CWNA exposure.
Fiber Bragg grating seismic detector

The basic principle of seismic exploration used in petroleum exploration technology and the main disadvantages of the seismic detector used at present are introduced.A fiber Bragg grating seismic detector and related exploring system are designed and the corresponding field experience is accomplished.Comparisons with the electromagnetic type velocity detector is put forward.The results show that the fiber Bragg grating seismic detector is compatible with the seismic recorder used in oil fields and is superior to the velocity detector in the aspects of sensitivity and anti-jamming ability.
The aging process. Physiologic changes and pharmacologic implications.

Preview Although no one theory on aging explains satisfactorily why or how this process occurs, we know that aging causes physiologic changes and a progressive decline of functional organ reserve. The implications of these changes are increasingly important as the elderly segment of the population grows. In this article, Dr Troncale discusses the aging process and its effects, particularly in regard to drug therapy.
Galilean Rationality in the Copernican Revolution

This chapter will attempt to derive some general lessons from the particular analyses of the previous chapters. The previous examples in which Galileo defended Copernicus from various kinds of objections will be combined and reworked as contributions to the Copernican Revolution. The latter episode, in turn, will be taken as an archetypical example of human rationality. The general lessons will be about the nature of rationality; the role in it of the mental activities of criticism, reasoning, and judgment, and of the intellectual traits of fallibilism, openness, fairness, and rational-mindedness; and the all-encompassing notion of critical reasoning.
Improving homework performance among children with ADHD: A randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE Evidence indicates that children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) experience acute and prolonged academic impairment and underachievement including marked difficulty with completing homework. This study is the first to examine the effects of behavioral, psychostimulant, and combined treatments on homework problems, which have been shown to predict academic performance longitudinally. METHOD Children with ADHD (ages 5-12, N = 75, 71% male, 83% Hispanic/Latino) and their families were randomly assigned to either behavioral treatment (homework-focused parent training and a daily report card; BPT + DRC) or a waitlist control group. Children also participated in a concurrent psychostimulant crossover trial conducted in a summer treatment program. Children's objective homework completion and accuracy were measured as well as parent-reported child homework behaviors and parenting skills. RESULTS BPT + DRC had large effects on objective measures of homework completion and accuracy (Cohen's ds from 1.40 to 2.21, ps < .001). Other findings, including unimodal medication and incremental combined treatment benefits, were not significant. CONCLUSIONS Behavioral treatment focused on homework problems results in clear benefits for children's homework completion and accuracy (the difference between passing and failing, on average), whereas long-acting stimulant medication resulted in limited and largely nonsignificant acute effects on homework performance. (PsycINFO Database Record
Improving quality and intelligibility of speech using single microphone for the broadband fMRI noise at low SNR

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is used in many diagnostic procedures for neurological related disorders. Strong broadband acoustic noise generated during fMRI scan interferes with the speech communication between the physician and the patient. In this paper, we propose a single microphone Speech Enhancement (SE) technique which is based on the supervised machine learning technique and a statistical model based SE technique. The proposed algorithm is robust and computationally efficient and has capability to run in real-time. Objective and Subjective evaluations show that the proposed SE method outperforms the existing state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of quality and intelligibility of the recovered speech at low Signal to Noise Ratios (SNRs).
Big Data and Regulation in the Insurance Industry

The purpose of this study is to assess the need for additional regulation and regulatory resources to address Big Data applications in insurance. I find the current regulatory framework is well-suited to address Big Data concerns. Moreover, with cooperation between insurers and regulators, the full benefits of Big Data can quickly become available to consumers.
Designing Optimal Interlink Patterns to Maximize Robustness of Interdependent Networks Against Cascading Failures

In this paper, we consider the optimal design of interlinks for an interdependent system of networks. In contrast to existing literature, we explicitly exploit the information of intra-layer node degrees to design interdependent structures such that their robustness against cascading failures, triggered by randomized attacks, is maximized. Utilizing percolation theory-based system equations relating the robustness of the network to its degree sequence, we characterize the optimal design for the one-to-one structure, with complete interdependence and partial interdependence, under randomized attack. We also extend our study to the one-to-many interdependence structure and the targeted attack model. The theoretically derived optimal interdependence structures have been verified using simulations on scale-free networks.
What Does Catastrophe Reveal for Whom? The Anthropology of Crises and Disasters at the Onset of the Anthropocene

The modernist usage of the word crisis conveys the idea of an event that acts as a historical judgment, marks an epochal transition, and sometimes leads to a utopian era. Furthermore, current uses of crisis in the political sphere often figure catastrophic events as the result of errors and malfunctions, drawing attention away from the quotidian and normatively accepted practices and policies that produce them. Anthropological definitions of disaster, in contrast, understand catastrophes as the end result of historical processes by which human practices enhance the materially destructive and socially disruptive capacities of geophysical phenomena, technological malfunctions, and communicable diseases and inequitably distribute disaster risk according to lines of gender, race, class, and ethnicity. Despite this fundamental difference between customary and scholarly definitions of crises and disasters, the former term is commonly used to refer to the latter by political elites and academics alike. This arti...
Model alignment using optimization and design of experiments

The use of simulation modeling for scientific tasks demands that these models be replicated and independently verified by other members of the scientific community. However, determining whether two independently developed simulation models are "equal," is not trivial. Model alignment is the term for this type of comparison. In this paper, we present an extension of the model alignment methodology for comparing the outcome of two simulation models that searches the response surface of both models for significant differences. Our approach incorporates elements of both optimization and design of experiments for achieving this goal. We discuss the general framework of our methodology, its feasibility of implementation, as well as some of the obstacles we foresee in its generalized application.
A comprehensive study of MPI parallelism in three-dimensional discrete element method (DEM) simulation of complex-shaped granular particles

A three-dimensional (3D) DEM code for simulating complex-shaped granular particles is parallelized using message-passing interface (MPI). The concepts of link-block, ghost/border layer, and migration layer are put forward for design of the parallel algorithm, and theoretical scalability function of 3-D DEM scalability and memory usage is derived. Many performance-critical implementation details are managed optimally to achieve high performance and scalability, such as: minimizing communication overhead, maintaining dynamic load balance, handling particle migrations across block borders, transmitting C++ dynamic objects of particles between MPI processes efficiently, eliminating redundant contact information between adjacent MPI processes. The code executes on multiple US Department of Defense (DoD) supercomputers and tests up to 2048 compute nodes for simulating 10 million three-axis ellipsoidal particles. Performance analyses of the code including speedup, efficiency, scalability, and granularity across five orders of magnitude of simulation scale (number of particles) are provided, and they demonstrate high speedup and excellent scalability. It is also discovered that communication time is a decreasing function of the number of compute nodes in strong scaling measurements. The code’s capability of simulating a large number of complex-shaped particles on modern supercomputers will be of value in both laboratory studies on micromechanical properties of granular materials and many realistic engineering applications involving granular materials.
Cultivating Food Justice: Race, Class, and Sustainability, edited by Alison Hope Alkon and Julian Agyeman

Social movements to create better alternatives to the industrial food system seek to achieve diverse goals related to people, places, and the environment. However, such ­movements often overlook ra...
Conceptual design of an experiment to study dust destruction by astrophysical shock waves

A novel laboratory experimental design is described that will investigate the processing of dust grains in astrophysical shocks. Dust is a ubiquitous ingredient in the interstellar medium (ISM) of galaxies; however, its evolutionary cycle is still poorly understood. Especially shrouded in mystery is the efficiency of grain destruction by astrophysical shocks generated by expanding supernova remnants. While the evolution of these remnants is fairly well understood, the grain destruction efficiency in these shocks is largely unknown. The experiments described herein will fill this knowledge gap by studying the dust destruction efficiencies for shock velocities in the range of approximately 10-30 kilometers per second (microns per nanosecond), at which most of the grain destruction and processing in the ISM takes place. The experiments focus on the study of grain-grain collisions by accelerating small (1 millimeter) dust particles into a large (approximately 5-10 millimeter diameter) population; this simulates the astrophysical system well in that the more numerous, small grains impact and collide with the large population. Facilities that combine the versatility of high-power optical lasers with the diagnostic capabilities of X-ray free-electron lasers, e.g., the Matter in Extreme Conditions instrument at the SLAC (originally named Stanford Linear Accelerator Center) National Accelerator Laboratory, provide an ideal laboratory environment to create and diagnose dust destruction by astrophysically relevant shocks at the micron scale.
Ethical Problems in Science Communication

Philosophers of science have traditionally been concerned with the special epistemological and methodological problems which emerge as we move from common-sense pictures of our immediate surroundings to sophisticated scientific theories of the whole universe. Thus they have asked: How is scientific experimentation different from the casual data collecting which goes on in our ordinary day-to-day existence? How, if at all, is it possible to get knowledge about unobservable entities and processes? Are scientific explanations different in kind from common-sense accounts? Etc.
Hybrid Converters with Reduced Inductor Loss for Integratable Power Conversion

This paper discusses hybrid converters that achieve high efficiency with an inductor positioned at the lower current path to reduce the DC component of inductor current and thus significantly decrease inductor loss. The concept also features reduced inductance requirement by decreasing the voltage swing blocked by the inductor. These improvements bring benefits in both higher efficiency and better integration. The hybrid architecture exploits less voltage stress on switches for switching loss reduction and switching frequency increase. As a result, low-voltage-rated switches with better figure-of-merit can be used, and passive component size reduced. The hybrid converters can be realized for both step-down and step-up power conversion as well as bidirectional power flow. For simplicity and cost, some of switches can be replaced with passive switches such as diodes that simplifies the converter circuit implementation. To explore different applications, a possible extension of an original hybrid topology is discussed as well as utilization of power delivery cable as power conversion component and techniques for soft-switching and soft-charging switched capacitor operations.
A survey of analytical methods for inclusion in a new energy-water nexus knowledge discovery framework

The energy-water nexus, or the dependence of energy on water and water on energy, continues to receive attention as impacts on both energy and water supply and demand from growing populations and c...
IN PATIENTS WITH ATHEROSCLEROTIC CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, HIGH STATIN ADHERENCE OVER 5 YEARS OF FOLLOW-UP IS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPROVED CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES: RESULTS FROM THE IMPRES STUDY

Despite proven benefits of LDL-C lowering among those with ASCVD, adherence to statins remains low. However, very little real-world data exists on the effect of long-term statin adherence on cardiovascular outcomes. Patients >18 years first diagnosed with ASCVD (CAD/MI, CVD, and PAD) between 1999
Magnetoresistance and spin-transfer torque effects in soft CoSiBFeNb magnets

Abstract Magnetotransport properties of ultra-soft magnets were studied on both macroscopic and microscopic scales by performing bulk and point-contact measurements, respectively, in CoSiBFeNb ribbons prepared by melt spinning technique. While the bulk measurements did not show any variations in dc resistance as a function of applied magnetic field (zero magnetoresistance), the point-contact measurements revealed giant-magnetoresistance-like changes in the resistance of small volumes (106–109 nm3) associated with the contacts. A high-density current applied to the contacts was found to affect the point-contact magnetoresistance – the magnetic field where resistive switching occurs was found to shift with the applied dc bias. The magnetotransport effects observed on the microscopic scale could be attributed to specific local configurations of magnetic domains in CoSiBFeNb and effects of spin-transfer torque on the domain configurations.
The Paradox of Positive Self-Concept and Low Achievement Among Black and Latinx Youth: A Test of Psychological Explanations.

Abstract Previous studies often document that Black and Latinx adolescents demonstrate considerable positive self-concept despite their low academic achievement. We critically reviewed two common psychological explanations for this paradoxical phenomenon: selective devaluation hypothesis (lower value placed in schoolwork protects their self-concept) and external attribution hypothesis (external attribution of poor achievement protects their self-concept). For a deeper understanding of Black and Latinx youth’s development of self-concept as racially or ethnically influenced process, we revisited these hypotheses with consideration of explanatory mediator (i.e., academic value) and moderator (i.e., perceived school fairness), based on nationally representative longitudinal data of Black, Latinx, and White 10th graders (n ≅ 12,920, 50.5% female). Contrary to the selective devaluation hypothesis, we found that Black and Latinx youth placed greater value in schoolwork than White adolescents. Contrary to the external attribution hypothesis, self-concept was similarly related to previous achievement between Black and White adolescents and more closely related among Latinx adolescents. Based on the results, we proposed three alternative hypotheses that might better explain the process of developing academic self-concept among Black and Latinx youth.
Impacts of spatial and environmental differentiation on early Palaeozoic marine biodiversity.

The unprecedented diversifications in the fossil record of the early Palaeozoic (541–419 million years ago) increased both within-sample (α) and global (γ) diversity, generating considerable ecological complexity. Faunal difference (β diversity), including spatial heterogeneity, is thought to have played a major role in early Palaeozoic marine diversification, although α diversity is the major determinant of γ diversity through the Phanerozoic. Drivers for this Phanerozoic shift from β to α diversity are not yet resolved. Here, we evaluate the impacts of environmental and faunal heterogeneity on diversity patterns using a global spatial grid. We present early Palaeozoic genus-level α, β and γ diversity curves for molluscs, brachiopods, trilobites and echinoderms and compare them with measures of spatial lithological heterogeneity, which is our proxy for environmental heterogeneity. We find that α and β diversity are associated with increased lithological heterogeneity, and that β diversity declines over time while α increases. We suggest that the enhanced dispersal of marine taxa from the Middle Ordovician onwards facilitated increases in α diversity by encouraging the occupation of narrow niches and increasing the prevalence of transient species, simultaneously reducing spatial β diversity. This may have contributed to a shift from β to α diversity as the major determinant of γ diversity increase over this critical evolutionary interval. The authors suggest that increased dispersal of marine animals from the Middle Ordovician onwards enhanced α diversity, providing a possible mechanism for the shift from β to α diversity as the major component of global diversity.
Basic-hydrophobic sites are localized in conserved positions inside and outside of PH domains and affect localization of Dictyostelium myosin 1s

Comparison of the highly dynamic localizations of Dictyostelium myosin 1s reveals significant differences between their localizations in macropinocytic protrusions and in actin waves. The short bas...
Giving Thanks is Associated with Lower PTSD Severity: A Meta-Analytic Review

A rising interest in the psychological community in resilience has spurred research examining psychological resources that promote resilience to psychopathologies such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). One such psychological resource is gratitude, or one’s perception of a positive outcome resulting from an outside entity. The present study is a meta-analytic review of the relationship between gratitude and PTSD in order to determine whether the current literature is consistent with gratitude acting as a possible protective factor against PTSD severity as well as a possible intervention mechanism. A comprehensive literature review identified 11 studies that met eligibility criteria, resulting in a total of 3694 participants. The mean effect size between gratitude and PTSD severity was − 0.23 [95% CI (− 0.32, − 0.15)], indicating a moderate, negative relationship between gratitude and PTSD severity. Moderator analyses indicated that these results were not impacted by gender or trauma type. The moderate association between gratitude and PTSD is indicative that further study may be needed to explore if and how gratitude may work to protect against or be used to reduce PTSD.
Long-Lived Triplet Excited State in a Heterogeneous Modified Carbon Nitride Photocatalyst.

Heterogeneous carbon nitrides have numerous advantages as photocatalysts, including strong light absorption, tunable band edges, and scalability, but their performance and continued development are limited by fast charge recombination and an under-developed mechanistic understanding of photodriven interfacial electron transfer. These shortcomings are a result of complex photophysics, leading to rate asynchrony between oxidation and reduction, as well as redox processes driven out of electronic trap states rather than excited states. We show that a well-defined triplet excited state in cyanamide-modified carbon nitride is realized with appropriately sized particles. The utility of this long-lived excited state is demonstrated by its ability to drive a hydroamidation photoredox cycle. By the tuning of the particle size of CNx, the oxidation-reduction photochemistry of carbon nitride may be balanced to achieve a redox-neutral closed photocatalytic cycle. These results uncover a triplet excited state chemistry for appropriately sized CNx particles that preludes a rich energy and electron transfer photochemistry for these materials.
Analysis of Processing Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Microalgae Reaction Product with and without Dichloromethane Solvent for Biocrude Recovery

Producing biocrude from hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of microalgae has the potential to complement fossil fuels, while simultaneously reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, biocrude recovery from the HTL reaction product has been a concern. In this study, analysis of yields and property of biocrude recovered with and without using dichloromethane (DCM) organic solvent was investigated. The HTL experiment were performed at reaction temperature of 350 o C and 20 min reaction time using 16 w/w % solids each of Spirulina sp. and Tetraselmis sp. Data obtained showed that use of DCM favours maximum biocrude yield but of lower quality when compared with DCM-free biocrude. Biocrude yield of 58wt% was obtained from Tetraselmis sp. and 48wt% from Spirulina sp. when DCM was used. About 38 and 40wt% biocrude yields were derived with DCM-free recovery process. Higher carbon content, energy dense, and lower heteroatoms content constitutes biocrude recovered without DCM treatment, which is in contrast to the biocrude recovered with DCM. In addition, an average energy input of 13MJ/kg is required to produce unit biocrude, with an additional energy input ~0.5MJ/kg to evaporate DCM when used in biocrude recovery. Keywords — Bio-energy, Hydrothermal liquefaction, Microalgae, Organic solvent, Separation method
Absolute lymphocyte count proliferation kinetics after CAR T-cell infusion impact response and relapse

CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells show characteristic proliferation kinetics after infusion that correlate with response. Clearance of circulating disease, B-cell aplasia (BCA), and cytokine release syndrome (CRS) are used to observe CAR T-cell function, given the lack of commercial CAR T-cell measurement assays. We investigated the utility of common hematology laboratory parameters in 166 patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) who were treated with CAR T-cell therapy targeting CD19. CAR T-cell infusion was followed by disappearance of circulating blasts in 86% of patients at a median of 6 days. After a lag phase, there was a rapid expansion in absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) in the second week that coincided with the appearance of atypical lymphocytes. The expansion phase was followed by a contraction phase with a concomitant decrease in atypical lymphocytes. In vitro CAR T-cell studies showed similar kinetics and morphological changes. Peak ALC and overall expansion was greater in sustained responders compared with that in nonresponders. Patients with early loss of BCA and those with eventual CD19+ minimal residual disease/relapse showed lower overall lymphocyte expansion compared with the controls. Pleomorphic lymphocytosis was noted in the cerebrospinal fluid at post-CAR time points. We conclude that lymphocyte counts and differential can also be used to evaluate CAR T-cell expansion after infusion, along with BCA and CRS. This is the first report to characterize the morphology of CAR T cells and determine the utility of lymphocyte kinetics.
Reduction of the neutron imaginary potential off the stability line and its possible impact on neutron capture rates

The effect of the isovector imaginary optical potential has been studied experimentally by using the particle-evaporation technique for the $^{11}\mathrm{B}+^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$ reaction with a 21.8 MeV $^{11}\mathrm{B}$ beam. Spectra of neutron, proton, and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles emitted from the neutron-rich compound nucleus $^{59}\mathrm{Mn}$ have been measured and analyzed with traditional optical model potentials with their original parametrizations as well as with adjusted isovector imaginary components. It is shown that the isovector component of the imaginary potential is indispensable in the reproduction of proton and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle yields from this reaction and even needs to be enhanced compared with the suggestions of the original model parametrizations. This can lead to important consequences for astrophysical reaction-rate calculations.
Cellular heterogeneity and molecular reprogramming of host response during influenza acute lung injury

Acute lung injury (ALI) caused by influenza A virus (IAV or influenza) manifests from dysregulated cellular interactions between hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells that develop into a pathologic host response. However, the lungs diverse cellular framework that dictates the pathologic host response and acute lung injury remains incompletely understood. We performed a single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) analysis of total lung cells in mice from severe influenza to examine the cellular heterogeneity and cell-specific regulation of host response. We observed that IAV infection resulted in significant myelopoiesis, predominantly monocyte, and macrophage subsets, which constituted over 50% of total immune cells. IAV infection resulted in the significant loss of endothelial and fibroblast cells, representing the most predominant non-hematopoietic cells and crucial to regulating inflammatory response and barrier integrity. We also show the cell-cell communication dynamics of interferon and chemokine signaling and global regulation of these responses in transition from homeostatic to IAV infection state. These data highlight a robust application of scRNA-seq technology in establishing the atlas of cellular heterogeneity from its homeostatic transition to infection state and the host response regulation in IAV-mediated lung pathology.
The impact of bank liquidity risk on risk-taking and bank lending: evidence from European bank

"Objective - This paper uses a sample of annual observations of European banks to examine whether the liquidity risk affects a bank's risk-taking behavior and its future loan growth. Methodology – A sample of European banks (27 member countries of the European Union plus U.K.) over the period of 2005 to 2019 are used in this study. Liquidity risk is measured by the ratio of liquid assets to total assets. Given the longitudinal nature of the data, the authors use panel regression with bank fixed effects to control for unobserved characteristics that might affect the dependent variable. Findings – The authors find that banks holding more liquid assets take less risk and show a higher subsequent loan growth rate. These results hold for both small and large banks. Novelty – To the authors' best knowledge, this is one of the earliest studies to carefully examine the effects of liquidity risk on risk-taking behavior and loan growth rate for European banks. Our research suggests that the current Basel III requirement on liquidity ratio can decrease bank's risking-taking behavior while not necessarily impact their future loan growth. Type of Paper - Empirical"
Abstract 177: Testing of a Novel Pelvic Hemostasis Belt to Control Lethal Pelvic Arterial Hemorrhage

Objectives: Hemorrhage is the leading cause of death for both battlefield and injuries civilian. Hemorrhage caused by pelvic vascular injuries is of particular concern since it is challenging to manage or control prior to surgical intervention. Recently, there has been renewed interest in developing pre-surgical endovascular interventions to control such hemorrhage. However, other short-term techniques may be needed as a conduit to such endovascular approaches. Attempts at external tamponade of these complex injuries as a bridge to definitive surgical care of such injuries is not new. We tested a prototype device called the Pelvic Hemostasis Belt (PHB) for its ability to reduce or stop blood flow in a lethal model of pelvic arterial injury. Methods: Twelve male swine, 43(5.6) kg were utilized in this study. Animals were anesthetized, instrumented then randomized into two groups, Military Anti Shock Trousers group (MAST) and Pelvic Hemostasis Belt group (PHB). Through laparotomy, a stainless-steel monofilament suture was placed through the right iliac artery, the abdomen was closed and the suture was exteriorized. Hemorrhage was produced by pulling the suture through the iliac artery. In both groups, the hemostasis devices (MAST or BHP) were applied over the pelvis and lower abdomen for 60 minutes followed by release and monitoring for 30 minutes or until the animal expired. An infusion of 500 mL of hetastarch was started immediately after initiation of hemorrhage. Results: All animals in the PHB group and only two from the MAST group survived for 60 minutes. Average survival time for the rest of the MAST group was 44(17.9) minutes. The log-rank (Mantel-Cox) survival analysis demonstrated a significant difference in survival time between PHB and MAST group (p = 0.018). Significant differences were noted between the two groups in mean arterial pressure, lactate and central venous hemoglobin oxygen saturation levels. Conclusion: The PHB was successful in improving survival for 60 minutes after a lethal vascular injury. The Pelvic Hemostasis Belt might be helpful to bridge endovascular methods of hemorrhage control.
Teaching Travels: Reflections on the Social Life of Classroom Inquiry and Innovation

How can the lessons faculty gain through inquiry and innovation in particular classrooms and programs be of use to colleagues teaching elsewhere? Can the scholarship of teaching and learning really travel, in the sense not only of leaving home (through conversation, presentation, or publication) but also of arriving at some destination (through being heard, read, interpreted, used by someone else)? And if so, what travels (pedagogical ideas, methods of study, general inspiration)? How far (between faculty in different disciplinary, institutional, or national contexts)? And what happens to it when it gets there (how do faculty adapt the ideas for their own use)?
V -79 Cell Variants Deficient in Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase

We devised a strategy to select cells with reduced levels of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase based on our demonstration of the involvement of this enzyme in the suicide response after high levels of DNA damage (1“ 2). We reasoned that high levels of DNA damage would activate the enzyme to deplete NAD and ATP pools in normal cells resulting in the cessation of all energy dependent processes and rapid cell death, whereas, cells deficient in the enzyme activity would avoid these metabolic perturbations and therefore be more likely to survive. Employing the strategy we isolated variants from V-79 Chinese hamster cells having 5-11% of the normal enzyme activity.
The Social Sciences in the Age of Opulence

The tradition of presidential addresses before this Association is a varied and extremely democratic one, offering no set pattern for the guidance of a pxresident-elect. My immediate predecessor in the presidency, wvho ha,s honoured me by agreeing to take the chair tonight, last year offered us his reflections on one of the fundamental concepts in his field of sociology, the myth. His predecessor applied the tools of his trade as a political theorist to a dissection of the political assumptions of contemporary economics-not entirely, it must be confessed, to the comfort and satisfaction of the economists present in the audience. Previous presidents have frequently employed the occasion to collect in one intellectual basket the fruits of a lifetime of serious scholarship in their own particular vineyard. For my own address tonight, I have chosen to speak on the contemporary position, prospects, and problems of the social sciences. This choice reflects in part a feeling that an address on the kind of professional subject to which I have been devoting my attention in recent years-a topic in the pure theory of international trade-would be of such limited general interest as to strain even the tolerance of this audience. My main reason, however, for choosing to talk about our profession, rather than to exemplify its work in one specific area of economics, is that I think that I can contribute most usefully to fulfilling the purposes of this Association by attempting to place the manifold problems with which its members are currently confronted in a broader historical perspective. I should begin by defining my terms. By the age of opulence I mean simply to refer to our contemporary economy and society, a society characterized by the steady raising of the general standard of living through the accumulation of capital in both human and material forms and the conscious application of science to the improvement of technology and management. The notion has received sufficient popular attention as a result of the work of J. K. Galbraith to require little furtlher elaboration; in any case, I have explored its implications for the formulation of economic theory in a paper presented to this association six years ago.' The term "social sciences," however, requires considerable qualification. I chose it to indicate the four sciences of economics,
Operation of an intense ion beam diode at high repetition rate

A magnetically insulated ion diode with a plasma anode has been operated on a pulsed power system capable of up to 1-kHz repetition rate in bursts of a few pulses. The authors discuss results on diode operating characteristics as a function of anode plasma parameters and insulating magnetic field strength and results on ion beam extraction in single-shot mode. The plasma anode ion source originates as an annular puff of H/sub 2/, C/sub 2/H/sub 2/, or other gas, which is preionized and then inductively broken down by a 1- mu s-risetime magnetic field coil. The plasma is then magnetically driven toward a magnetically insulated high voltage gap. Ion diode operation depends critically on the gas puff pressure and the relative timing between initiation of the main plasma driver pulse and the arrival of the high-voltage pulse at the ion diode. Single-shot and high-repetition-rate results have been compared, and the dependence of diode operation on other diode conditions (e.g. gas puff pressure and magnetic insulation field strength) has been investigated. Anode plasma temperature and density have been measured in hydrogen plasmas using spectroscopic techniques. >
Mental Illness, Social Construction of

Sociologists have long been interested in understanding how our world is socially constructed. This perspective views the world as created (and recreated) through human interaction over time, and stands in contrast to essentialism. While it can be argued that our understanding and responses to health in general are, at least in part, socially constructed, mental illness provides an especially interesting window to understand the social construction of reality. Given the contested nature of what constitutes a “mental” illness, specifically whether it constitutes a real biological problem or a socially constructed cultural problem, much of the early writings on social construction in medical sociology, and even psychiatry, focused on the social construction of mental illness. Keywords: medicalization; medicine; mental health
Sequential Statistical Methods

This article is reproduced from the previous edition, volume 20, pp. 13922–13927, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
VO2/rGO nanorods as a potential anode for sodium- and lithium-ion batteries

VO2 (B) is an interesting cathode candidate in lithium-ion batteries with a high theoretical capacity and fast charge/mass transfer rate. Most of the studies on this material have focused on the lithium insertion reaction in the range of 4.0–1.0 V. In this paper, VO2/rGO nanocomposite was prepared by a microwave-assisted solvothermal method and investigated in both lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries as a potential anode. The VO2 (B) nanorods have an average diameter of ∼200 nm, and is encapsulated by reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets. Electrochemical results reveal that the VO2/rGO electrodes exhibit stable cycling and good rate performance in both Li and Na cells. Reversible capacities of 400 mA h g−1 over 400 cycles (vs. Li/Li+) and 200 mA h g−1 over 200 cycles (vs. Na/Na+) have been achieved, indicating it is potential as an anode candidate either in lithium- or sodium-ion batteries. Nevertheless, the reaction mechanisms seem to be different in Li and Na cells. The crystal structure of VO2 (B) is maintained at a low discharge potential of 0.05 V in lithium-ion cells, while phase amorphization occurs in sodium-ion cells below 0.5 V. This result is consistent with the previous study on TiO2, further confirming that some stable metal oxides may show rather different behaviors in Na cells than expected.
Subsurface chlorophyll maximum and associated Cyclotella pulse in Lake Superior

An investigation of the subsurface chlorophyll layer (SCL) in Lake Superior was conducted from 1 May through 15 October. During spring unstratified conditions (1 May–17 July), chlorophyll a and phytoplankton biomass were vertically and temporally uniform. Phytoflagellates such as Rhodomonas minuta, Cryptomonas spp., and Ochromonas spp. were dominant at this time. The photosynthetic maximum was associated with the depth receiving 10% of surface irradiance, ca. 15–25 m. Once thermal stratification occurred, a SCL developed around 20 m. Although epilimnetic chlorophyll concentrations remained similar to spring mixing levels, concentrations in the SCL increased 3-fold. In situ production was the principal process associated with the development of the SCL. The upper portion of the SCL was dominated by Cyclotella species; C. stelligera, C. comensis, and C. ocellata. The increased abundance of Cyclotella appeared to be related to stable irradiance fields produced during thermal stratification.