cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Allocating Blame for Airbag Deployment Injuries: Separating Manufacturers' Blame from Personal Responsibility

This study examined how people allocate blame for injuries sustained from the deployment of a driver-side airbag. Participants read one of several versions of a fictitious scenario in which the driver of an automobile is injured by a deploying airbag after a driver swerves into oncoming traffic to avoid striking a child who has run into the road. The scenarios depicted a driver sitting within the airbag's deployment zone and varied in the following ways: the stature of the injured driver (small or large); severity of the injury resulting from the deployment of the airbag (permanent blindness in one eye versus quadriplegia); vehicle speed at impact (15 m.p.h. above versus driving at the posted speed limit); and the safety-worthiness of the vehicle (an elaborate system of safety features versus the absence of these features). When assigning blame for the injuries sustained in the crash, participants appeared sensitive to both the quality of the vehicle's safety system and the driving behavior of the injured...
Boundary element method for the analysis of the unsteady flow aroundextreme propeller geometries

The unsteady flow around a marine propeller subject to a spatially nonuniform inflow is analysed by utilizing a time-marching potential-based low-order boundary element method. Constant strength dipole or source distributions are used on each of the quadrilateral panels representing the propeller blades and their trailing wakes. Linear dipole distributions are used at the first wake panels adjacent to the blade trailing edge in order to render the method insensitive to the time step size. An efficient algorithm is implemented in order to ensure an explicit Kutta condition (i.e., pressure equality) at the blade trailing edge at each time step. The numerical method is shown to be consistent with known analytic solutions for two-dimensional unsteady flows. The robustness of the method is tested in the case of a highly skewed propeller in a given wake inflow and the results are shown to converge quickly with number of panels for a broad range of reduced frequencies.
Use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for detection of monoclonal antibodies: experience with antigens of Toxoplasma gondii.

Abstract The usefulness of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) systems for detection of monoclonal antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii was studied. Seven monoclonal antibodies with specificities for membrane antigens, cytoplasmic antigens, or both membrane and cytoplasmic antigens of T. gondii were tested in a ‘sandwich’ or in a ‘double sandwich⌉ assay. Whereas both ELISA systems were sensitive and specific for detection of monoclonal antibodies to T. gondii , the double sandwich ELISA proved more sensitive than did the sandwich assay. Using different T. gondii antigen preparations in both assays, we demonstrated that the ELISA systems are specific, sensitive, rapid, and easy to perform and are therefore useful for screening and detection of monoclonal antibodies of desired isotypes and defined specificities.
Alumina-catalyzed cleavage of ethers and thermal decomposition of aluminum alkoxides

Abstract A relation between the pyrolysis of aluminum alkoxides and the aluminacatalyzed decomposition of alcohols or ethers is shown by a comparison of products obtained from the reactions. Results of comparative studies with alcohols, ethers, and alkoxides that do not contain beta hydrogen atoms provide evidence for alcohol and ether decomposing over alumina via intermediate surface alkoxides. Kinetic results indicate that the decomposition of the intermediate alkoxide proceeds via a cyclic transition state.
Extremely Energetic Cosmic-Ray Event

An energetic cosmic ray event was analyzed using a a. The date of the event, though unspecified, was between Sept., 1959 and May, 1960. The event was recorded at the M.I.T. stution near Albuquerque. The shower center, radius, axis direction, composition, and arrival times at various counters are given. A model for the event is suggested. (T.F.H.)
Marital status, educational level and household income explain part of the excess mortality of survey non-respondents

Survey respondents and non-respondents differ in their demographic and socio-economic position. Many of the health behaviours are also known to be associated with socio-economic differences. We aimed to investigate how much of the excess mortality of survey non-respondents can be explained by the socio-economic differences between respondents and non-respondents. Questionnaire-based adult health behaviour surveys have been conducted in Finland annually since 1978. Data from the 1978 to 2002 surveys, including non-respondents, were linked with mortality data from the Finnish National Cause of Death statistics and with demographic and socio-economic register data (marital status, education and household income) obtained from Statistics Finland. The mortality follow-up lasted until 2006, in which period there were 12,762 deaths (7,994 in men and 4,768 in women) during the follow-up. Total and cause-specific mortality were higher among non-respondents in both men and women. Adjusting results for marital status, educational level and average household income decreased the excess total and cause-specific mortality of non-respondents in both men and women. Of the total excess mortality of non-respondents, 41% in men and 20% in women can be accounted for demographic and socio-economic factors. A part of the excess mortality among non-respondents can be accounted for their demographic and socio-economic characteristics. Based on these results we can assume that non-respondents tend to have more severe health problems, acute illnesses and unhealthy behaviours, such as smoking and excess alcohol use. These can be reasons for persons not taking part in population surveys.
Structure and Functionality of Barley Starches

ABSTRACT Amylose contents of prime starches from nonwaxy and high-amylose barley, determined by colorimetric method, were 24.6 and 48.7%, respectively, whereas waxy starch contained only a trace (0.04%) of amylose. There was little difference in isoamylase-debranched amylopectin between nonwaxy and high-amylose barley, whereas amylopectin from waxy barley had a significantly higher percentage of fraction with degree of polymerization 60°C and corresponded to starch gelatinization; the second was >...
NATURAL HISTORY OF PERIODIC BREATHING IN TERM AND PRETERM INFANTS

Periodic breathing in infancy represents immaturity of respiratory control commonly associated with prolonged apnea. It is therefore important to assess which infants appear to be at greatest risk with periodic breathing and the age at which periodic breathing resolves. To examine these issues, 61 infants (38 pre-term, 23 term) were initially assessed with thermistor-pneumocardiograms and found to have excessive periodic breathing for age. Periodic breathing was defined as respiration 5% of sleep time. The 61 children were prospectively followed with pneumocardiograms every 6-8 weeks. Mean GA was 34.4 ± 0.6 SEM wks. All children had apnea, cyanosis, or brady-cardia that prompted initial evaluation. Twenty-nine (47.5%) had 5-10% of sleep in periodic breathing, 24 (39.3%) had 10-20% of sleep in periodic breathing, and 8 (13.1%) had more than 20% of sleep in periodic breathing. Forty-nine (83.5%) resolved their periodic breathing (< 5% of sleep) by 5 months post-natal age. Fifty-nine (96.7%) had normal sleep studies by 9 months of age. No infant demonstrated periodic breathing beyond 10 months of age. Infants with 5-10%, 10-20% and greater than 20% of sleep in periodic breathing showed no differences in the time it took to resolve their periodic breathing. These results suggest that most (83.5%) of infants resolve their periodic breathing by five months of age. The degree of initial periodic breathing does not influence the age at which this respiratory pattern resolves.
Carbonaceous aerosol over a Pinus taeda forest in Central North Carolina, USA

Abstract Organic aerosol is the least understood component of ambient fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ). In this study, organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC) within ambient PM 2.5 over a three-year period at a forested site in the North Carolina Piedmont are presented. EC exhibited significant weekday/weekend effects and less significant seasonal effects, in contrast to OC, which showed strong seasonal differences and smaller weekend/weekday effects. Summer OC concentrations are about twice as high as winter concentrations, while EC was somewhat higher in the winter. OC was highly correlated with EC during cool periods when both were controlled by primary combustion sources. This correlation decreased with increasing temperature, reflecting higher contributions from secondary organic aerosol, likely of biogenic origin. PM 2.5 radiocarbon data from the site confirms that a large fraction of the carbon in PM 2.5 is indeed of biogenic origin, since modern (non-fossil fuel derived) carbon accounted for 80% of the PM 2.5 carbon over the course of a year. OC and EC exhibited distinct diurnal profiles, with summertime OC peaking in late evening and declining until midday. During winter, OC peaked during the early morning hours and again declined until midday. Summertime EC peaked during late morning hours except on weekends. Wintertime EC often peaked in late PM or early AM hours due to local residential wood combustion emissions. The highest short term peaks in OC and EC were associated with wildfire events. These data corroborate recent source apportionment studies conducted within 20 km of our site, where oxidation products of isoprene, α-pinene, and β-caryophyllene were identified as important precursors to organic aerosols. A large fraction of the carbon in rural southeastern ambient PM 2.5 appears to be of biogenic origin, which is probably difficult to reduce by anthropogenic controls.
Basic tracking using nonlinear 3D monostatic and bistatic measurements in refractive environments

The deleterious effects of atmospheric refraction are often overlooked in work on target tracking. This tutorial shows how the effects of refraction can be directly incorporated into tracking algorithms, improving the performance of tracking algorithms that make use of monostatic and bistatic measurements. Additionally, a technique for converting measurements from the radar's refraction-corrupted local coordinate system (typically bistatic r – u – v coordinates) into Cartesian coordinates is presented. The refraction-compensation algorithms can be used with arbitrary refraction models for which ray tracing techniques for solving boundary value problems and initial value problems are available, though extensions to more complicated propagation scenarios are possible. The algorithms are run on a simple exponential refraction model to demonstrate their effectiveness. This tutorial builds upon the tutorial entitled “Basic Tracking Using Nonlinear 3D Monostatic and Bistatic Measurements” and is complemented by the companion tutorial “Basic Tracking Using Nonlinear Continuous-Time Dynamic Models.”
Oleoresin characteristics of progeny of loblolly pines that escaped attack by the southern pine beetle

Abstract Oleoresin characteristics of first-generation (F1) progeny of loblolly pines (Pinus taeda L.) that escaped mortality from the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), despite heavy mortality of neighbors, were evaluated and compared to trees from a general (i.e., trees produced from bulk seed sources) population over the course of two and a half years in southcentral Mississippi (USA). Trees were 21–25 years old and growing in a common-garden type planting when sampled. The relative concentrations of five monoterpenes, five resin acids, and one phenylpropanoid were determined from oleoresin collected on five dates over 18 months. Multivariate analysis of variance showed that the concentration of 11 oleoresin chemical components did not differ between trees from escape and general populations (P>0.619), providing evidence against the importance of this potential resistance factor. Univariate analyses on three individual resin constituents that were deemed important prior to the study—α-pinene, 4-allylanisole, and limonene—showed that only 4-allylanisole (P x =1.4 vs. 0.9% of oleoresin weight), which does not support the hypothesis that higher concentrations of 4-allylanisole in oleoresin facilitated escape from D. frontalis attack. Oleoresin flow, on the other hand, was significantly higher in escape trees-averaging 1.65 times higher than general population trees over the course of 28 months (eight sampling times). This strongly supports the hypothesis that oleoresin flow can impact the host selection process of D. frontalis, and suggests that increased flow can improve survival under heavy pressure from D. frontalis. These results also may provide an indirect estimate of the magnitude of increase in flow necessary for producing a ‘real world’ impact on the outcome of the interaction between D. frontalis and a preferred host.
A Multiresolution Approach to Regularization of Singular Operators and Fast Summation

Singular and hypersingular operators are ubiquitous in problems of physics, and their use requires a careful numerical interpretation. Although analytical methods for their regularization have long been known, the classical approach does not provide numerical procedures for constructing or applying the regularized operator. We present a multiresolution definition of regularization for integral operators with convolutional kernels which are homogeneous or associated homogeneous functions. We show that our procedure yields the same operator as the classical definition. Moreover, due to the constructive nature of our definition, we provide concise numerical procedures for the construction and application of singular and hypersingular operators. As an application, we present an algorithm for fast computation of discrete sums and briefly discuss several other examples.
Surface Induced Calcium Phosphate Nucleation and Growth

Calcium phosphate nucleation on colloidal oxide surfaces, such as TiO2, SiO2 and Al2O3, has been studied as a model system to understand the role of surface chemistry on crystal nucleation kinetics and phase formation. The nucleation induction times have been measured using Constant Composition (CC) technique and calcium phosphate phases formation have been determined mainly by X-ray diffraction. The results indicated TiO2 not only significantly reduces the nucleation induction time and interfacial energy but also stimulates octacalcium phosphate formation over dicalcium phosphate dihydrate. SiO2 and Al2O3 have little effect on both nucleation kinetics and phase formation.
Quantitative Separation of Tetralin Hydroperoxide from Its Decomposition Products by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

A method for the separation and analysis of tetralin hydroperoxide and its decomposition products by high pressure liquid chromatography has been developed. Elution with a single, mixed solvent from a micron-Porasil column was employed. Constant response factors (internal standard method) over large concentration ranges and reproducible retention parameters are reported.
Perceptions of social support among heterosexual and homosexual adopters.

Social support is a key variable in adoptive family functioning, however, few have addressed this in reference to gay and lesbian adoptive families. Comparison of responses between gay and lesbian adoptees (n = 47) with heterosexual adoptees (n = 25) on a modified version of the Family Support Scale did not indicate differences in overall levels of family support. Differences did exist between the levels of social support in individual categories with heterosexuals relying on my relatives and my own children and gay and lesbians relying on partners and day care centers. Results supported the hypothesis that heterosexual adoptive parents relied more on family, but did not support the hypothesis that gay and lesbian adoptive parents relied more on friends.
Modeling the proliferative response of T cells to IL-2 and IL-4.

Abstract Interleukin (IL) -2 and IL-4 are growth factors for both T and B cells. When both cytokines are present, synergy is observed in some cases and antagonism in others. The studies presented here describe the use of a detailed mathematical model for the proliferative response of the T cell line, HT-2. This cell line responds to IL-2 and to IL-4 and shows a synergistic response when both cytokines are present. This model incorporates the observed synergy between these two cytokines while at the same time incorporating the known down-regulatory effect of IL-4 on the number of IL-2 receptors (IL-2R) at the cell surface, and it is able to reproduce a variety of experimental data. The major results from these studies include the following: the observation that the binding of IL-4 to its receptor is 1 10 as effective in delivering a proliferative signal as IL-2 binding to its receptor, the determination of the threshold number of bindings required to signal proliferation stimulated by IL-2 and IL-4, the demonstration that many different sets of experimental data can be accurately modeled, and the use of simple parameter terms to model the synergy between IL-2 and IL-4.
Production-ratio oriented optimization for multi-recipe material handling via simultaneous hoist scheduling and production line arrangement

Abstract In multi-recipe and multi-stage material handling (M3H) processes, such as electroplating and polymeric coating, the productivity maximization under a customized production ratio of different types of jobs is an ultimate goal. Cyclic hoist scheduling (CHS) is certainly the most concerned aspect to improve the productivity. However, the production-ratio oriented productivity not only depends on the hoist scheduling, but also substantially relies on the production line arrangement (PLA), i.e., the spatial allocation of various processing units. This is because PLA determines the traveling time for the hoist to perform loaded and free moves among different processing units, which in turn inevitably affects the cyclic scheduling time and thus the total productivity. Therefore, CHS and PLA should be simultaneously optimized for the production-ratio oriented productivity maximization for M3H processes. In this paper, an integrated modeling methodology for productivity maximization of M3H processes has been developed with simultaneous consideration of CHS, PLA, and the customized production ratio. It introduces an MILP model that can successfully address all the major concerned issues for M3H processes, such as multiple recipes, multiple jobs, multi-capacity processing units, diverse processing time requirements, production line arrangement, and the customized production ratio in each cycle production. The efficacy of the proposed methodology is demonstrated by various case studies with in-depth analysis.
Animal models for inherited cataracts: a review.

(1984). Animal models for inherited cataracts: a review. Current Eye Research: Vol. 3, No. 5, pp. 765-778.
Influence of extender, cryoperservative and seminal processing procedures on postthaw motility of canine spermatozoa frozen in straws

Abstract Experiments were conducted to evaluate two extenders (egg-yolk Tris and egg-yolk lactose), varying concentrations of two cryopreservatives (glycerol and dimethyl sulfoxide), and rates for cooling to 5°C, cooling from 5 to −100°C, and warming for canine spermatozoa packaged in 0.5-ml French straws. At optimal concentrations of glycerol, egg-yolk Tris extender was superior to egg-yolk lactose in preserving spermatozoal motility. Addition of dimethyl sulfoxide, alone or in combination with glycerol in either extender, was not beneficial to spermatozoal survival after thawing. Canine spermatozoa withstood a range of cooling and equilibration times with no detrimental effect on spermatozoal motility prior to freezing. However, there were differences in spermatozoal motility immediately after thawing; these differences were variable, resulting in a cooling time by equilibration time interaction. Spermatozoal motility after thawing was best preserved by freezing in egg-yolk Tris extender containing 2–4% glycerol, using a moderate rate of cooling from 5 to −100°C (−5°C/min from 5 to −15°C, then −20°C/min from −15 to −100°C). Three of 12 bitches inseminated intravaginally with semen frozen using this protocol became pregnant.
Energy tradeoffs between Northeast fishery production and coastal power reactors

Abstract An investigation of the energy trade-offs between Northeast fishery production and coastal power reactors included an analysis of the fishery as an energy producer and the potential impact of once-through cooling nuclear power plants on fishery energy output. The Northeast fishery system is highly efficient in food protein-production (an input of 4 kcal per kcal of fish protein produced). For every ton of fish protein lost, an added 1.4 × 104 ton oil equivalent per year would be required to replace the fish protein with livestock protein. Assuming perfect substitutability between forms of energy, the impact of a river/salt water sited reactor represents 2% of its annual energy output (measured by fish yield loss and “excess energy investment” loss in equipment). Employing sound environmental and energy conservation management in both fishery activities and nuclear power plant siting, combined with judicious water cooling technology, it would appear that the fishery and power reactors can be relatively compatible.
Test Theory: A Unified Treatment

Contents: General Introduction. Items and Item Scores. Item and Test Statistics. The Concept of a Scale. Reliability Theory for Total Test Scores. Test Homogeneity, Reliability, and Generalizability. Reliability--Applications. Prediction and Multiple Regression. The Common Factor Model. Validity. Classical Item Analysis. Item Response Models. Properties of Item Response Models. Multidimensional Item Response Models. Comparing Populations. Alternate Forms and the Problem of Equating. An Introduction to Structural Equation Modeling. Some Scaling Theory. Retrospective. Appendix: Some Rules for Expected Values.
Breakage mechanisms and mill performance in ultrafine grinding

Abstract Comminution processes that involve a combination of discrete breakage events by particle fracture and continuous degradation through attrition are evaluated. A simplified model for mathematical description of the overall process is described, and process simulations are used to illustrate the effects of the different mechanisms on grinding kinetics and product size distributions. Application to fine grinding systems is discussed.
Discrimination based on response-produced stimuli

This study outlines a simplified operant conditioning procedure for investigating discrimination based on response-produced stimuli. The method, using concurrent schedules of reinforcement, greatly reduced the complexity of the procedures and the number of training sessions necessitated by a recently offered alternative technique. Calculations of Weber’s Constant for discrimination between response-produced stimuli are presented and the relevance for learning theory of empirical studies concerning response-produced stimuli is indicated.
Mathematical theories of learning.

(1953). Mathematical Theories of Learning. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 283-291.
Complexes of tri- and tetra-protonated forms of 1,4,8,12-tetraazacyclopentadecane with chloride, nitrate, iodate, and sulfate ions in aqueous media: I. Formation constants, thermodynamic properties, and bonding mechanisms

Complexation stoichiometries and formation constants of tri- and tetra-protonated forms of 1,4,8,12-tetraazacyclopentadecane with NO 3 − , Cl−, IO 3 − and SO 4 2− ions are determined by pH potentiometric and13C NMR spectrometric measurements. Estimates of ΔH and ΔS are obtained from the values of the temperature dependent formation constants and acid dissociation constants. All four anions form only 1 : 1 complexes with the triprotonated amine species. NO 3 − and Cl− form 1 : 1 complexes only with the tetraprotonated amine, while IO 3 − and SO 4 2− form both 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 complexes. The complexation behavior is interpreted in terms of solvation and internal hydrogen bonding interactions.
Intramolecular energy transfer between the saturated amine and carbonyl chromophores

Abstract The photophysical properties of the rigid, bicyclic amino-ketone 1-azabicyclo(2.2.2)octan-3-one (ABCONE) are compared with similarly structured amines and ketones. The fluorescence spectrum and the radiative rate constant, kR, of ABCONE was found to be similar to those of the ketones. It is suggested that ABCONE's absorption at ca. 235 nm correlates with the low-lying, weak transition observed in the free amines. Energy transfer from the second excited state to the (π* ← n) ketone state was determined to be about 50%.
Idiopathic cecal ulcer. Diagnosis by colonoscopy followed by nonoperative management

Idiopathic ulcer of the cecum has been considered a rare condition requiring surgical treatment because of a high incidence of complications, including bowel perforation. Cecal ulcerations are usually diagnosed at the time of surgery for presumed appendicitis or peritonitis of unknown origin. Preoperative diagnosis of cecal ulcer by barium enema has been unreliable and previous literature cites only one case diagnosed by colonoscopy. We describe four cases in which the diagnosis was made at colonoscopy. Three of our four patients were treated conservatively and did not require laparotomy. Idiopathic cecal ulcer should be considered in the differential diagnosis of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage as well as atypical appendicitis. If the diagnosis of cecal ulcer is made by colonoscopy in a patient without evidence of an acute abdomen, conservative management may be followed by complete healing, avoiding unnecessary surgery.
Possible mechanism of boulder clustering on Mars

Whatever causes small-scale polygonal patterned ground (diameter < ∼20 m) to form pervasively in the northern plains of Mars, appears to also cause boulders to cluster at polygon margins. Assuming that these polygons are caused by the seasonal thermal contraction and expansion of ice in the near-surface to meters of depth, we propose a mechanism that ratchets boulders towards the edges in seasonal cycles on present day Mars. During the contraction (cooling) phase, a CO2 frost layer embeds the boulders. Buffered by condensation and sublimation, the solid CO2 is isothermal and does not contract; we propose that it locks the boulders in place while the H2O ice in the near surface continues cooling and contracts beneath them. In spring/summer seasons when the frost sublimates and heating of the surface begins, the boulders freely move with the expanding near surface ice. We show that over many seasons this process would lead to progressive boulder movement towards polygon edges, with an estimated rate of boulder migration ∼0.1 mm/yr under present Mars conditions.
From scientific management to homemaking: Lillian M. Gilbreth’s contributions to the development of management thought:

Lillian M. Gilbreth played an influential but quiet role in the scientific management movement of the early 20th century. Through her work with Frank B. Gilbreth, she brought the appreciation of th...
Recognition of Territorial Boundaries by Olfactory Cues in Mice (Mus musculus L.)

Effects of varying olfactory cues on the behavior of domestic male mice (Mus musculus) towards territorial boundaries were studied. Territories were established by three pairs of ♂♂ in a 154 times 86 times 10 cm Plexiglas pen with a moveable floor. After establishment of territories, the floor was shifted 19 cm a total of 21 times on different days. After 13 of these shifts the floor was subsequently covered with perforated sheet metal. In all 8 of the uncovered shifts, and in 8 of the 13 covered shifts, the mice behaved as though the boundary was moved in the predicted direction and distance. The results indicate that mice can use olfactory cues to recognize territorial boundaries. Zusammenfassung Versuche in einem Kafig mit beweglichem Boden zeigten, das die Lage der Reviergrenze zwischen zwei Hausmaus-♂♂ durch Anderung der Geruchs- marken am Boden verandert werden kann. Die ubrige Situation blieb konstant. Die Geruchsmarken, welche die Grenzen anzeigen, stammen hochstwahrscheinlich aus dem Urin der ♂♂.
Information theory for experiments with known conditional probabilities: Application to the prediction of branching ratios

Abstract Information theory is used, under conditions of incomplete data, to provide a maximally conservative prior expectation of a population distribution. This is done by systematically refining the estimates of the full distribution via the incorporation of fragmentary data in the form of conditional probabilities. The net effect is to reduce the available phase space volume of the distribution as more data are incorporated. The above refinements are then applied to calculate estimates of branching ratios for chemical reactions with more than one possible product. Two new branching ratio expressions are derived: one for the case where each product's internal state distribution is known for reactions originating from various specific reactant stateś, and when the joint state-to-state reactive probability is known.
Approximating Continuous Probability Distributions Using the 10th, 50th, and 90th Percentiles

In economic decision analyses, continuous uncertainties are often represented by discrete probability distributions. In this article, we analyze the ability of discretizations based on the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles to match the mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis of a wide range of distributions in the Johnson distribution system. In addition, we develop new discretization methods that improve upon current practice. Finally, we demonstrate that all of these methods are special cases from a continuum of weightings and show under which conditions each is most appropriate. Our results provide guidelines for the methods’ applications and limits to their usefulness.
Development of anion selective polymer membrane electrodes based on lutetium(III) porphyrins

Liquid polymer membrane electrodes based on lutetium(III) porphyrins are examined as anion-selective electrodes. The lanthanide metal ion, incorporated into tetraphenylporphyrin or octaethylporphyrin, is added to a plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) membrane. The selectivity coefficients of the resulting membrane electrodes differ from the traditional Hofmeister series, with a preference towards the salicylate anion, while discriminating thiocyanate and iodide. Through separate incorporation of lipophilic ionic additives, the lutetium(III) porphyrin-based electrodes were determined to function via a neutral carrier mechanism. As a result, the addition of cationic (quaternary ammonium) salts to the membrane enhances the response characteristics of the electrodes. An initial study to determine the feasibility of utilizing these electrodes in clinical determinations of salicylate is also demonstrated. Membrane composition and sample pH are varied to optimize salicylate response in the clinical range of salicylate concentrations.
Visual inspections of nursery stock fail to protect new plantings from Blueberry scorch virus infection

Blueberry scorch virus (BlScV) is one of the most pervasive pathogens of highbush blueberry. The virus is aphid-vectored and exhibits a latent period between infection and symptom expression in the host plant of up to 5 years. In many cases, we have observed BlScV symptom expression in new fields that appears inconsistent with aphid-vectored introduction and spread. It was, therefore, speculated that the virus may be introduced through infected nursery stock. To examine this possibility, we first surveyed selected nurseries to determine if mother plants, used for propagation by cuttings, were BlScV-infected. Two nurseries were found to harbor symptomless, infected, mother plants (cv. Duke). Cuttings from one nursery were collected from infected and non-infected plants and rooted in propagation beds. The survival and infection of cohorts from each mother plant were determined one year after planting. A significantly greater proportion of cuttings survived from non-infected mother plants (0.7) than from infected mother plants (0.5). Of the cohort from infected mother plants that survived, 40% tested positive for BlScV. We also surveyed the distribution of infected, symptomatic plants in recent ‘Duke’ plantings that originated from nurseries with BlScV-infected mother plants and compared distribution with older plantings with more advanced BlScV outbreaks. In all cases, the distribution of BlScV symptom development in young fields was random, which is consistent with introduction from planting stock. Older plantings showed a strong clustered distribution, which is consistent with aphid transmission. This study identifies infected nursery stock as an important source of BlScV dissemination and underscores the importance of having symptomless mother plants virus tested.
Electrical resistance tomography during in-situ trichloroethylene remediation at the Savannah River Site

Abstract Electrical resistance tomography was used to monitor in-situ remediation processes for removal of volatile organic compounds from subsurface water and soil at the Savannah River Site near Aiken, South Carolina. This work was designed to test the feasibility of injecting a weak mixture of methane in air as a metabolic carbon source for natural microbial populations which are capable of trichloroethylene degradation. Electrical resistance tomograms were constructed of the subsurface during the test to provide detailed images of the process. These images were made using an iterative reconstruction algorithm based on a finite element forward model and Newton-type least-squares minimization. Changes in the subsurface resistivity distribution were imaged by a pixel-by-pixel subtraction of images taken before and during the process. This differential tomography removed all static features of formation resistivity but clearly delineated dynamic features induced by remediation processes. The air-methane mixture was injected into the saturated zone and the intrained air migration paths were tomographically imaged by the increased resistivity of the path as air displaced formation water. We found the flow paths to be confined to a complex three-dimensional network of channels, some of which extended as far as 30 m from the injection well. These channels were not entirely stable over a period of months since new channels appeared to form with time. Also, the resistivity of the air injection paths increased with time. In another series of tests, resistivity images of water infiltration from the surface support similar conclusions about the preferential permeability paths in the vadose zone. In this case, the water infiltration front is confined to narrow channels which have a three-dimensional structure. Here, similar to air injection in the saturated zone, the water flow is controlled by local variations in formation permeability. However, temporal changes in these channels are minor, indicating that the permeable paths do not seem to be modified by continued infiltration.
Reference samples for use in analytical geochemistry: their availability, preparation, and appropriate use

Abstract A large number of certified and other reference samples are available for use in analytical geochemistry. Certified materials are preferred, but of much more limited availability than other reference samples for most geochemical applications. The availability of rock, sediment, soil, water, and plant reference samples is outlined; ore and mineral separate reference samples are not included in the discussion. The preparation of these materials, including the establishment of certified or recommended concentrations, is then reviewed. It is shown that comparable quality can be achieved for both certified and recommended concentrations, though it has not always been achieved in the past. Finally, the most appropriate ways to use reference samples in quality control and instrumental calibration are discussed.
A Note on a Recursion for the Number of Derangements

Let Dn denote the number of permutations of n with no fixed points, the so-called derangements. We give a direct bijective proof of the recursion Dn + 1 = (n + 1)Dn + (−1)n + 1 for n ⩾ 0 where D0 = 1. Moreover, our bijective proof proves the q-analogue of the recursion due to Garsia and Remmel.
Obstetric and gynecologic care of women with epilepsy

Summary: Optimal gynecologic and obstetric care for women with epilepsy requires a multidisciplinary approach throughout the various life stages. Epilepsy has important effects on puberty, contraceptive efficacy, pregnancy and fetal development, and menopause. This article discusses these effects and makes recommendations for gynecologic and obstetric care of patients with epilepsy, with particular focus on pregnancy. Despite very real risks to both the developing fetus and the mother, the majority of women with epilepsy—with appropriate pregnancy planning and management—have good pregnancy outcomes.
Effect of Carrier Concentration on the Raman Frequencies of Si and Ge

The first-order Raman spectrum of Ge and Si has been investigated as a function of carrier concentration. In $p$-type materials we observed large broadenings of the Raman line and large shifts to higher frequencies of the Stokes line. We attribute these effects to the splitting of the valence band produced by the $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}\ensuremath{\simeq}0$ optical phonon in a manner similar to the effects of doping on the ${C}_{44}$ elastic constant discussed by Keyes. From these results it is possible to estimate the coupling constant ${d}_{0}$ between optical phonons and holes. The $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}\ensuremath{\simeq}0$ phonon should also produce a splitting of the conduction band of Ge (but not of Si). However, for a given impurity concentration, the shifts observed in $n$-type materials are much smaller than those for $p$-type materials. The absence of large effects is probably due to the low rate of intervalley scattering. An effect on $n$-type Si related to the splitting of the ${X}_{1}$ conduction-band degeneracy by the phonon is also discussed and compared with the analogous effect on the elastic constants. It is shown that the internal stress parameter $\ensuremath{\zeta}$ is also affected by doping.
An Advanced Multiblock/Multigrid Method for Incompressible Flows and Its Application to EFG Growth of Silicon Tube

A numerical method for incompressible flow is develped based on the multiblock scheme and implicit conservative block interface treatment and the SIMPLE pressure-correction algorithm using curvilinear finite volume approach. The full approximation scheme-full multigrid (FAS-FMG) is utilized to accelerate the convergence rate. A patch-based multiblock method is used as a smoother in the solution algorithm. The proposed numerical scheme has been tested for several benchmark solutions, including lid-driven cavity, Benard convection and Karman vertex shedding problems. Performance and the convergence characteristics of the multiblock and multigrid method are examined. The proposed method is also applied to an important industrial process, the edge-defined film-fed growth (EFG) of silicon tube, in which the multi-length-scale phenomena is resolved.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Comments on "Higher harmonic generation in CMOS/SOS ring oscillators"

Arguments presented in the referenced paper [1] imply that higher order modes of oscillation should not be expected in ring oscillators with a small number of stages. In contrast to this, third and fifth harmonic oscillations have been observed in 15-stage Si MESFET ring oscillators using BFL inverters. It is explained that the decay mechanism presented in the referenced paper applies primarily to even harmonics in ring oscillators with an even number of stages. Higher order modes of oscillation can be sustained in ring oscillators with a relatively small odd number of stages if the rise and fall times of the inverters used are short in comparison with their total delay.
A Multipronged, Adaptive Approach for the Recruitment of Diverse Community-Residing Elders with Memory Impairment: The MIND at Home Experience.

Objective To provide a critical review of a multipronged recruitment approach used to identify, recruit, and enroll a diverse community-based sample of persons with memory disorders into an 18-month randomized, controlled dementia care coordination trial. Methods Descriptive analysis of a recruitment approach comprised five strategies: community liaison ("gatekeepers") method, letters sent from trusted community organizations, display and distribution of study materials in the community, research registries, and general community outreach and engagement activities. Participants were 55 community organizations and 63 staff of community organizations in Baltimore, Maryland. Participant referral sources, eligibility, enrollment status, demographics, and loss to follow-up were tracked in a relational access database. Results In total, 1,275 referrals were received and 303 socioeconomically, cognitively, and racially diverse community-dwelling persons with cognitive disorders were enrolled. Most referrals came from letters sent from community organizations directly to clients on the study's behalf (39%) and referrals from community liaison organizations (29%). African American/black enrollees were most likely to come from community liaison organizations. Conclusion A multipronged, adaptive approach led to the successful recruitment of diverse community-residing elders with memory impairment for an intervention trial. Key factors for success included using a range of evidence-supported outreach strategies, forming key strategic community partnerships, seeking regular stakeholder input through all research phases, and obtaining "buy-in" from community stakeholders by aligning study objectives with perceived unmet community needs.
Assessment of tissue fluid histamine levels in patients with urticaria

Abstract Tissue fluid histamine in lesions and normal skin sites of patients with various forms of physically induced urticaria and chronic idiopathic urticaria was assessed utilizing suction-induced blisters. Histamine levels were elevated over challenged sites in cold urticaria, solar urticaria, and delayed pressure urticaria. Histamine levels were elevated in both challenged and "control" sites in patients with immediate-pressure urticaria and local heat urticaria in whom the apparatus provoked lesions. In 5 of 13 patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria, the blister fluid histamine levels were elevated in lesions but not in normal-appearing skin, while in 7 patients the blister fluid histamine levels were elevated in lesions as well as in normal-appearing skin. Although the pathogenesis of chronic idiopathic urticaria is unknown, a clear abnormality related to skin histamine has been identified.
Experimental evaluation of a portable powered ankle-foot orthosis

Ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) ameliorate the impact of impairments to the lower limb neuromuscular motor system that affect gait. Emerging technologies provide a vision for fully powered, untethered AFOs. The portable powered AFO (PPAFO) provides both plantarflexor and dorsiflexor torque assistance via a bi-directional pneumatic rotary actuator. The system uses a portable pneumatic power source (bottle of compressed CO 2 ) and embedded electronics to control foot motion during level walking. Experimental data were collected to demonstrate functionality from two subjects with bilateral impairments to the lower legs. These data demonstrated the PPAFO's ability to provide functional assistance during gait. The stringent design requirements of light weight, small size, high efficiency and low noise make the creation of daily wear assist devices challenging; but once such devices appear, they will present new opportunities for clinical treatment of gait abnormalities.
Reports From the 2014 Missouri Library Association Conference, October 8—10, 2014

The 2014 Missouri Library Association Annual Conference was held October 8–10, 2014, at the Holiday Inn® Executive Center–Columbia Mall in Columbia, MO. The conference hosts presentations on a vari...
A Rotaxane-Like Complex with Controlled-Release Characteristics

A rotaxane-like complex, based on a dumbbell-shaped component containing an NH2+ recognition site for a [25]crown-8 ring component and a slippage stopper in the form of a p-(tert-butyl)phenyl group, has been synthesized by a “threading-followed-by-stoppering” approach. The half-life for dissociation of this complex, which is very sensitive to its environment, can be varied from minutes to months by changing the temperature and the polarity of the solvent.
Development of an Acceptable “Ice Cream” Possessing a Reduced Sodium Content

Acceptable “ice cream” products possessing reduced sodium content were developed. Demineralized whey and demineralized whey protein concentrate were used individually and in various combinations to replace 15, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the serum solids contributed by nonfat dry milk. Maximum reduction (63%) in sodium was achieved in one product containing 30.5 mg sodium/100g based upon comparison to a control containing 81.5 mg/100g. A descriptive product rating test was used to evaluate experimental products for appearance, flavor, body, texture, and acceptability. A student panel found all whey-containing experimental products to be acceptable when compared to the control sample, a high quality vanilla ice cream containing nonfat dry milk solids as the only source of serum solids.
Disappearance and reappearance of a cerebral aneurysm: a case report.

Background The false-negative rate of DSA in the setting of a ruptured cerebral aneurysm is approximately 15% (Topcuoglu M, Ogilvy C, Carter B, et al. Subarachnoid hemorrhage without evident cause on initial angiography studies: diagnostic yield of subsequent angiography and other neuroimaging tests. J Neurosurg 2003;98:1235-1240). Detecting these aneurysms is imperative to avoid repeat hemorrhage. Rarely, one is able to document the phenomenon of the disappearance and subsequent reappearance of the ruptured aneurysm. Case Description This is a case report of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in which a cerebral aneurysm of the M1 segment of the left proximal middle cerebral artery was initially detected by CTA at an outside hospital only to evade detection with both CTA and DSA at our institution. Repeat DSA 1 week later revealed the culprit aneurysm, which was then treated endovascularly. Conclusions Patients with significant SAH and negative DSA findings should be considered for further diagnostic testing including CTA or repeat DSA. The current literature supports the strategy used at our institution of initial CTA and DSA in the setting of SAH, and then subsequent repeat DSA as warranted if the initial studies are nondiagnostic. Timing of repeat examination, as demonstrated in this case, should favor a shorter time course.
Grip and arm strength in males and females, age 10 to 69.

More than 6,000 males and females, age 10 to 69 in a total community, Tecumseh, Michigan, were given grip and arm strength tests. Eighty-two percent of the entire community were in the age range studied and participated in the study. Of this 82%, almost all persons without medical contraindications took the strength tests. Percentile scores for both sexes within narrow age ranges are presented. In most populations in which strength has been measured over a wide age range, the participants were volunteers; hence, it is not possible to define the population. Because of the high participation rate, the Tecumseh sample includes those who ordinarily would volunteer for strength tests, but, also those who generally would not. Therefore, the percentile scores presented probably more nearly represent arm and grip strength in healthy males and females than other data which has been published.