cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neonatal renal venous and arterial thrombosis.

Renal vein thrombosis (RVT) is one of the more common forms of neonatal thrombosis accounting for 15-20% of systemic thromboembolism[1,2]. A median age at presentation of 2-3 days have been reported [1,3], with unilateral and bilateral involvement of renal vein in 89-72% and 28-11% of cases, respectively[4,5]. The clinical presentation of RVT consists of increased kidney size, macroor microhematuria, reduced urine output with some degree of renal failure and thrombocytopenia. RVT in neonates is a multifactorial disease and it was associated with coagulopathy, maternal diabetes, birth asphyxia, sepsis, placement of central venous lines (CVL) and hereditary thrombophilic factors[5,6]. In specific, FV 1691G>A mutation and elevated Lp(a) concentrations are independent risk factors for the development of RVT in neonates. In non-CVL-related RVT, thrombus formation occurs in the small vessels of the kidney and may extend into the renal vein and inferior vena cava. In the neonates with CVL-related RVT, the thrombus most likely formed first in the vessel adjacent to the CVL and then extended into the kidney[4]. Renal ultrasonography shows unior bilateral kidney enlargement with loss of cortico-medullary differentiation and reduced or absent flow in renal vein[7]. Long-term functional complications include renal insufficiency, renal tubular dysfunction and hypertension in up to 30% of patients[1,8]. Controlled data on appropriate clinical management of neonatal RVT are lacking and recommendations of its treatment are based on low quality evidence. Current guidelines suggest for unilateral RVT in the absence of renal impairment or extension into the inferior vena cava, either 1) supportive care with radiologic monitoring for extension of thrombosis or 2) anticoagulation with unfractionated heparin (UFH)/ low-molecolar-weight heparin (LMWH) in therapeutic doses rather than no therapy[9]. For unilateral RVT that extends into the inferior vena cava, anticoagulation with UFH/LMWH for a total duration of between 6 weeks and 3 months is suggested[9]. For bilateral RVT with evidence of renal impairment, anticoagulation with UFH/LMWH or initial thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator followed by anticoagulation with UFH/LMWH is suggested[9]. Renal artery thrombosis (RAT) in the neonate is far less common than RVT, and there is little information about its incidence. It is associated with umbilical catheters, patent ductus arteriosus and hereditary thrombophilia [10,11]. The clinical presentation is rather silent and renal ultrasound findings can be minimal unless Doppler imaging is used. The outcome of the affected kidneys is poor with common global atrophy. For neonates with a peripheral arterial catheter-related thrombosis, immediate removal of the catheter and UFH anticoagulation with or without thrombolysis or surgical thrombectomy and microvascular repair with subsequent heparin therapy are suggested[9].
Theorien des Kristallwachstums

Bei der Behandlung des Kristallwachstums gehen wir vom bereits vorhandenen makroskopischen Kristall aus und betrachten zwei wichtige Probleme: die Form des Kristalls und die Geschwindigkeit des Wachstums. Beide Eigenschaften hangen von der Natur des Kristalls selbst und von den auseren Bedingungen ab, unter denen der Kristall wachst. Die regelmasige ausere Form der Kristalle wurde wohl zuerst von Gibbs 8 durch die Bedingung erklart, das bei konstantem Volumen die freie Energie des Systems ein Minimum hat.
Parallel and Nondeterministic Time Complexity Classes (Preliminary Report)

A random access machine model that has parallel processing and string manipulation is introduced. It is shown that NP is equal to the class of sets accepted by this model in nondeterministic time 0(log n), and this result is generalized to arbitrary time classes. A well-behaved subclass of the class of parallel, nondeter-ministic programs is analyzed.
Private rights, public interests and water use conflicts: evolving water law and policy in Michigan

Water conflicts are rare across Michigan9s history. As a result, water rights have received little attention by courts or the legislature. Traditionally, the common law of water rights in Michigan embraces the riparian doctrine for surface water and provides landowners with the right to use groundwater. However, two recent changes in common and statutory law significantly modify the legal relations among water users and others with a stake in water use decisions. A 2005 Michigan Court of Appeals decision created a new legal relation among riparian and groundwater rights holders. In 2008, Michigan9s legislature passed laws aimed at regulating surface water and groundwater withdrawals. As an exercise of police power intended to protect public rights in water and associated environmental quality, the 2008 laws cap total water withdrawals. This program of restricting water withdrawals coexists with the state9s common law which provides for reasonable use of surface water by riparian landowners and groundwater by owners of the overlying land. The result is a new set of legal relations, an uncertain legal environment, and a growing likelihood of water use conflicts. Because Michigan9s body of water law is unique, neither courts nor legislature can rely on solutions used in other states.
Electrically controlled nanoparticle synthesis inside nanopores.

From their realization just over a decade ago, nanopores in silicon nitride membranes have allowed numerous transport-based single-molecule measurements. Here we report the use of these nanopores as subzeptoliter mixing volumes for the controlled synthesis of metal nanoparticles. Particle synthesis is controlled and monitored through an electric field applied across the nanopore membrane, which is positioned so as to separate electrolyte solutions of a metal precursor and a reducing agent. When the electric field drives reactive ions to the nanopore, a characteristic drop in the ion current is observed, indicating the formation of a nanoparticle inside the nanopore. While traditional chemical synthesis relies on temperature and timing to monitor particle growth, here we observe it in real time by monitoring electrical current. We describe the dynamics of gold particle formation in sub-10 nm diameter silicon nitride pores and the effects of salt concentration and additives on the particle’s shape and size....
Serum estrogen binding proteins in tissues of the immature rat: quantitation by radioimmunoassay.

SummaryRadioimmunoassays specific for rat serum albumin and rat α-fetoprotein have been described. These systems are capable of measuring the serum proteins in as little as one nanoliter of rat serum. Negligible cross reaction with other albumins and globulins was observed in sera from a variety of animal species. These radioimmunoassay systems have proved most useful in the quantitation of RSA and AFP in extracts from tissues where their mass and their affinities for estradiol could interfere with the estrogen receptor and hence compromise analyses of the binding events in estrogen action studies. Such interference would be amplified in the less mature rat, be influenced by the method of tissue preparation, and most likely occur in tissues characterized by femto and subfem-tomolar levels of estrogen receptor.
Evaluating Promising Practices in Undergraduate STEM Lecture Courses

Over the course of one year, we systematically observed instruction in nearly all large gateway STEM courses at the University of California, Irvine to assess the prevalence of promising instructional practices and their implications for student success. More than half of the courses included promising instructional practices. Our most conservative student fixed-effects models suggest that students earn slightly higher grades in courses where instructors use explicit epistemological instruction, frequent assessment, and interactive instruction. Although we find no evidence to suggest that these strategies have lasting effects for the average UC Irvine student, we do find they have unique positive effects on the achievement of first-generation college students.
Simultaneous Determination of 7 Anti-diabetic Drugs in Traditional Chinese Medicines and Health Foods by Solid-phase Extraction and HPLC

An HPLC method for the determination of 7 anti-diabetic drugs glipizide,gliclazide,glibenclamide,gliquidone,repaglinide,metformin and phenformin in health foods was established.Maximum cation-exchange cartridge was used for sample treatment.The eluting solvent was optimized for the anti-diabetic drugs.Separations of analytes on a ZORBAX SB-C18 column(4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm)were achieved by gradient elution at flow rate of 1 mL/min at ambient temperature with phosphate buffer(0.02 mol/L,pH 2.8) and acetonitrile as mobile phases.The recoveries of 2 standard addition in three samples were 83%-101%.
Use of fructose in the treatment of acute alcoholic intoxication

The literature concerning the use of fructose to lower ethanol blood levels in acute alcoholic intoxication is reviewed. Studies indicate that 500 ml of a 40% infusion of fructose solution given over a 30-minute period can increase the rate of decline of ethanol blood levels by 25%. The recommended daily dosage is one to three liters of a 10% solution. Lactic acidosis is a potentially serious side effect of large doses of fructose. The lack of controlled clinical studies or other convincing evidence makes the routine use of fructose to treat acute alcoholic intoxication inadvisable.
Factors influencing the stability of heart phosphofructokinase.

Phosphofructokinase from the guinea pig heart is an extremely labile enzynme. It becomes more stable in the presence of perchloric acid extracts from the liver. Fructose-1,6-P2 has been identified in these extracts as a potent stabilizer for the enzyme. The stabilizing effects for enzyme activity of the following four groups of compounds were tested: thiol derivatives, hexose phosphate, adenylic nucleotides, and polyvalent inorganic anions. The most potent representatives of these groups are: glutathione or mercaptoethanol, fructose-1,6-P2, ADP or ATP, and phosphate or sulfate anion. A combination of these agents, besides providing complete protection for the enzyme, causes a slight activation during incubation.
Bilateral free flap breast reconstruction.

Bilateral mastectomies are relatively frequent. Free flaps from the abdomen, buttock, and lateral thigh can be used for simultaneous or staged reconstructions. For patients who are unsuitable for implants or who have had failed implant reconstructions, such autologous tissue reconstructions are important alternatives.
Abstract LB-270: Inhibition of the stromal p38MAPK pathway abrogates breast cancer metastases

Bone metastasis is a devastating and fatal complication of breast cancer for which we lack effective therapies. Thus, identifying therapies that effectively limit metastases will significantly reduce comorbidities and improve long-term survival. Recently we demonstrated that the p38MAPK pathway sustains the pro-tumorigenic senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and targeting this pathway limits the tumor-promoting capabilities of senescent cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Because we found that a significant percentage of p38MAPK-dependent SASP factors are expressed in the stroma associated with breast cancer lesions, we asked whether targeting p38MAPK could limit primary and metastatic breast cancer growth. While p38MAPK inhibition modestly limited primary tumor growth, we found that this inhibition significantly reduced breast cancer bone metastases by targeting the stromal compartment. Further, p38MAPK inhibition was as effective as paclitaxel at limiting tumor growth in the bone but in contrast to paclitaxel, which failed to protect from cancer-induced bone loss, p38MAPK inhibition also protected against devastating bone loss. This contrasts our p38MAPK approach from zoledronic acid, which limits bone loss but fails to slow tumor growth in already engrafted tumors. Analysis of the mechanism(s) responsible for this reduced metastasis suggests that p38MAPK inhibition specifically targets reactive and/or senescent osteoblasts within the bones of animals harboring metastatic lesions. Because we find that senescent osteoblasts are present in human bone, we postulate that they promote metastatic outgrowth and thus p38MAPK inhibition limits the pro-metastatic activities of these cells. Finally, we will present recent data from our clinically relevant preclinical model that demonstrates that inhibition of the p38MAPK pathway can drastically reduce metastasis from the primary site. We propose that p38MAPK is an important stromal-specific therapy for breast cancer metastasis to the bone. Citation Format: Sheila A. Stewart, Bhavna Murali, Xinming Su, Kevin Flanagan, Jasmin Sponagel, Xianmin Luo, Yujie Fu, Elise Alspach, Kathleen Leahy, Joseph Monahan, Katherine Weilbeacher. Inhibition of the stromal p38MAPK pathway abrogates breast cancer metastases. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-270.
Synthetic Chlorins, Possible Surrogates for Chlorophylls, Prepared by Derivatization of Porphyrins

Chlorophylls make Earth green, are the central constituents in the engine of photosynthesis, and not surprisingly have garnered immense attention. A chlorin, the core chromophore of a chlorophyll, is a dihydroporphyrin macrocycle that contains one pyrroline ring and three pyrrole rings. The dominant method for the synthesis of chlorins has entailed the derivatization of porphyrins. The present review covers the ostensibly simple conversion of porphyrins, regardless of synthetic or biological origin, to chlorins. The period covered encompasses the entire history since the beginnings of chlorin synthetic chemistry in the early 20th century through 2015. Representative transformations include hydrogenation, cycloaddition, annulation, and diverse “breaking and mending” approaches. Altogether, the synthesis of >1000 chlorins or chlorin-like compounds (containing >50 distinct pyrroline motifs) is described. Such diversity animates the question “what structural features are essential for a chlorin to resemble ch...
Multi-frequency finite-difference frequency-domain algorithm for active nanophotonic device simulations

First-principles simulation of active nanophotonic devices is indispensable to optical engineering. However, direct simulation of active devices with traditional time-domain methods have been prohibitively expensive due to the inherently large time-scale difference between optical and modulation frequencies. To overcome this challenge, we present a multi-frequency finite-difference frequency-domain algorithm that efficiently performs first-principles steady-state simulations in active devices. We validate our algorithm by simulating a modulated waveguide device and find that the result of the simulation is in excellent agreement with that of coupled mode theory, while also revealing features that are neglected in typical coupled mode theory treatments. We further demonstrate that this algorithm makes it possible to effectively simulate realistic active optical devices. Our algorithm should facilitate and expedite the design and analysis of active nanophotonic components.
Scaled VRB system modeling and simulating

Deeply research vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) energy storage technology in the field of power system, it should establish battery system simulating model to study the system operating characteristics. Electrochemical battery, however, belongs to non-linear time-varying system, and the internal chemical material properties are susceptible to variety of factors. Battery model should not be simply equivalent to an ideal voltage source or current source. The target model should reflect most characteristics of battery, such as the internal resistance, polarization, self-discharge, shunt current loss and temperature or even other factors which may influence the operating characteristics of the battery system. First it defined the key parameters of VRB characteristics from the point of application, then based on the external characteristics of VRB system, the system-level quasi-steady-state model had been established, which contains the factor time-varying, temperature change and shunt current etc. Then by simulating on the platform of PSCAD/EMTDC, the model proved to be correct and well reflected the charge and discharge characteristics and dynamic response characteristics of VRB system.
Abstract 13426: Suppression of Epsin Expression Rescues Diabetes Triggered Impaired Lymphatic Function by Limiting VEGFR3 Degradation

Rationale: Impaired lymphatic circulation causes lymphedema and contributes to pathological conditions, such as diabetes. VEGF-C/VEGFR3 signaling is a crucial regulator of lymphatic development; however, whether manipulation in signaling improves lymphatic circulation under pathological conditions is unclear. Objective: We recently uncovered that loss of epsins in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) caused heightened VEGFR3 signaling and delayed lymphatic formation during development. Herein, we investigated whether elevated VEGFR3 signaling caused by epsin loss is critical for pathological lymphatic circulation in adult mice. Methods and Results: Using innovative near-infrared lymphatic imaging, and tail lymphedema models, we demonstrated that epsin loss accelerated recovery from diabetic secondary lymphedema. High-glucose-induced oxidative stress results in reduced VEGFR3 signaling, impaired lymphangiogenesis and delayed recovery from diabetic secondary lymphedema. The dual luciferase reporter assay system and ChIP assay showed in STZ-induced diabetic mice drove Src- and AP-1- mediated upregulation of epsin expression. Epsin deletion in primary LECs caused heightened VEGFR3 signaling and promoted in vitro lymphangiogenesis by preventing VEGFR3 downregulation. Mechanistically, we showed that by protecting cell surface VEGFR3 from degradation, lack of epsin rescued high-glucose-induced VEGFR3 loss, defective lymphangiogenesis in vitro , and ameliorated STZ-induced diabetic secondary lymphedema in vivo . Conclusions: Epsins essentially regulate lymphatic circulation through the modulation of VEGFR3 signaling. In STZ- induced diabetic mice, Src induces epsin expression via transcription factor AP-1. Epsin depletion ameliorated diabetic secondary lymphedema under hyperglycemic condition by protecting VEGFR3 from oxidative stress-induced degradation. Our findings highlight the therapeutic potential for targeted inhibition of epsins within the lymphatic endothelium as a treatment for secondary lymphedema caused by uncontrolled diabetes. Key Words: Epsin, VEGFR3, Lymphatics, Secondary Lymphedema, Diabetes
Anisotropic Electroless Deposition on DNA Origami Templates To Form Small Diameter Conductive Nanowires.

An improved method for the metallization of DNA origami is examined in this work. DNA origami, a simple and robust method for creating a wide variety of nanostructured shapes and patterns, provides an enabling template for bottom-up fabrication of next-generation nanodevices. Selective metallization of these DNA templates is needed to make nanoelectronic devices. Here, we demonstrate a metallization process that uses gold nanorod seeds followed by anisotropic plating to provide improved morphology and greater control of the final metallized width of the structure. In our approach, gold nanorods are attached to an origami template to create a seed layer. Electroless gold deposition is then used to fill the gaps between seeds in order to create continuous, conductive nanowires. Importantly, growth during electroless deposition occurs preferentially in the length direction at a rate that is approximately 4 times the growth rate in the width direction, which enables fabrication of narrow, continuous wires. Th...
Photodegradation of polymer-CNT nanocomposites: effect of CNT loading and CNT release characteristics

Information is currently lacking on the effect that carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have on the mechanism and extent of polymer photodegradation as well as the quantity, kinetics, and form of CNTs released. To address this, we followed in detail the photodegradation of a photolabile CNT-polymer nanocomposite (CNT-PNC), composed of single walled CNTs and polycaprolactone. Analysis of released CNT-containing fragments was accomplished with single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (sp-ICP-MS). The mechanism of polymer photodegradation remained unchanged upon CNT inclusion, although polymer mass loss decreases systematically as CNT loading increases. This inhibitory effect is due to the light absorption and scattering properties of CNTs, which reduces the depth of photolysis and consequently the extent of CNT-PNC mass loss. Preferential CNT retention in the polymer during photodegradation results in CNT release at lower quantities than predicted based on their mass loading. The form of the released CNTs depends on CNT loading and evolves as the CNT-PNC photodegradation process proceeds. For CNT-PNCs with higher CNT loadings, multiple CNTs are initially released embedded within polymer fragments; as CNT-PNC degradation slows, released fragments contain predominantly isolated CNTs. For sufficiently long irradiation times, a dense CNT-mat forms at the surface, stabilizing the CNT-PNC towards further polymer or CNT loss. Extrapolating our findings to other CNT-PNC systems suggests that the quantity and form of released CNTs, as well as the extent of CNT-PNC photodegradation, will be influenced by the CNT loading and will evolve over the course of the CNT/PNC photodegradation process.
Neuronal network models for sensory discrimination

Previous modeling studies have demonstrated that lateral inhibition contributes to enhanced precision in sensory networks. That is, inhibitory connections reduce the spread of activity and repress neighboring cells, increasing the reliability of a sensory response. However, much less is understood about how connections that spread activity might contribute to the processing of sensory stimuli in the context of a sensory discrimination task. In this work, we examine the role of excitatory connections and gap junctions in network dynamics and some contributions to sensory discrimination.
Design principles for radiation-resistant solid solutions

We develop a multiscale approach to quantify the increase in the recombined fraction of point defects under irradiation resulting from dilute solute additions to a solid solution. This methodology provides design principles for radiation-resistant materials. Using an existing database of solute diffusivities, we identify Sb as one of the most efficient solutes for this purpose in a Cu matrix. We perform density-functional-theory calculations to obtain binding and migration energies of Sb atoms, vacancies, and self-interstitial atoms in various configurations. The computed data informs the self-consistent mean-field formalism to calculate transport coefficients, allowing us to make quantitative predictions of the recombined fraction of point defects as a function of temperature and irradiation rate using homogeneous rate equations. We identify two different mechanisms according to which solutes lead to an increase in the recombined fraction of point defects; at low temperature, solutes slow down vacancies (kinetic effect), while at high temperature, solutes stabilize vacancies in the solid solution (thermodynamic effect). Extension to other metallic matrices and solutes are discussed.
Cultural variation in pro-positive versus balanced systems of emotions

People generally perceive positive emotions more favorably than negative emotions and try to increase positive emotions and decrease negative emotions. However, the extent to which people hold such pro-positive and contra-negative orientations to emotions differs across cultures. We review research that examines cultural influences on the valuation, regulation, and experiences of positive and negative emotions. Based on this research, we propose that a pro-positive and contra-negative system of emotion is more prevalent in Western, especially American cultural contexts, whereas a balanced system of emotion is more dominant in East Asian cultural contexts. At the end, we propose directions for future research.
Induction, Consensus and Catastrophe

The conception of induction we shall articulate and defend is based on a concern for truth and the constraint of social consensus. Inductive inference, if totally successful, would yield maxiverific results. The result of accepting statements in a language is maxiverific if and only if the set of statements accepted contains all true statements of the language and only true statements of the language. In a language adequate for all scientific purposes, there is no realistic method for finding the maxiverific set. We require some local method of induction consistent with the general objective. We shall propose such a method based on consensual probability assignments which determine the cost and benefits of accepting statements in the quest for the maxiverific.
Perioperative Care of a Pediatric Patient With Cockayne Syndrome

First described in 1936, Cockayne is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by dwarfism, premature aging, impaired development of the nervous system, dental complications, abnormal photosensitivity, and optic atrophy. Of primary concern to anesthesia providers is the potential for a difficult airway related to many physical features including micrognathia, a small mouth, large teeth, overbite, limited mouth opening, and restriction of temporomandibular joint movement. Additional comorbid involvement includes associated coronary artery disease, hypertension, and diabetes. The perioperative implications of Cockayne syndrome are discussed, previous perioperative reports are reviewed, and options for anesthetic care are presented. J Med Cases. 2017;8(10):330-333 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc2913w
Analyses of nine years of citizen-based biological control monitoring of Dalmatian toadflax, Linaria dalmatica (Plantaginaceae) in Idaho, USA

Dalmatian toadflax has been a target for biological control in North America since the 1960s. The stem-mining weevil Mecinus janthiniformis was first released in Canada and the western United States in the mid-1990s. Since 2007, a citizen-based monitoring program in Idaho, USA has supplemented data collection to help evaluate the impact of M. janthiniformis on Dalmatian toadflax abundance and assess changes in the surrounding plant community. We monitored and analysed trends in toadflax, weevil, and the plant community abundance following weevil releases at the regional and site level (34 sites) across the state of Idaho, USA. Significant declines in toadflax cover and stem density were recorded across the majority of sites. Weevil populations have established at all release sites. The mechanistic model indicated that the population dynamics of toadflax at our sites are negatively affected by M. janthiniformis abundance. When averaged across the region, 15 years after weevil release, Dalmatian toadflax stem density and cover declined by 93 and 84%, respectively. We observed significant declines in toadflax abundance in over 75% of the sites. Changes to the surrounding plant community following weevil releases were less consistent among sites. At the regional scale we found evidence for an overall increase in average cover of native perennial grasses and other exotic weeds (primarily annual grasses and exotic forbs) but a decline in native forbs.
Methanol synthesis from hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide over a CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst

Abstract The steady-state synthesis of methanol over a commercial low-pressure CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst was studied in a fixed-bed, steady-flow reactor with a well mixed fluid phase at pressures of 2.89 MPa and 4.38 MPa, temperatures between 483 K and 513 K, and varying CO/H2/CO2 compositions. Additional experiments were conducted by replacing carbon monoxide with helium in the feed gas to determine the effect of carbon dioxide on the methanol formation rate. Carbon dioxide was found to contribute significantly to the total production rate of methanol. It was found that the optimum carbon dioxide concentration occurred near 2 mole percent carbon dioxide in the feed. Higher carbon dioxide concentrations resulted in decreasing methanol production rate. In the limited number of experiments in which carbon monoxide was replaced with helium in the synthesis gas, no optimum carbon dioxide concentration, in the range of 2–8 mole percent carbon dioxide in the feed, was found beyond which the methanol production rate decreased. Thus it appears that carbon dioxide inhibits carbon monoxide hydrogenation when above 2 mole percent in the feed but not its own hydrogenation to methanol. Significantly more water was produced during the helium experiments than during those experiments in which carbon monoxide was present in the synthesis gas mixture. Thus, the water—gas shift reaction appeared to proceed in the reverse direction in the helium experiments and in the forward direction when carbon monoxide was present in the feed.
Evolutionary Underpinnings of Innate-Like T Cell Interactions with Cancer

ABSTRACTCancers impose a significant health and economic burden. By harnessing the immune system, current immunotherapies have revolutionized the treatment against human cancers and potentially off...
The negative growth of a brief depressive spell among U.S. adolescents

OBJECTIVE Studying adolescent-onset brief depressive spells, we saw a chance to adapt a cross-cohort approach for successive cross-sectionally gathered epidemiological estimates on birth cohorts. METHODS The United States (US) study population estimates are for noninstitutionalized community-dwelling 17- to 18-year-olds, sampled, recruited, and assessed using audio computer assisted self-interviews for the National Surveys on Drug Use and Health each year, 2008-2016. Estimated age and year-specific lifetime history cumulative incidence proportions are presented, with 95% confidence intervals, as well as age-specific meta-analysis summary estimates. RESULTS Occurrence of a brief depressive spell (BDS) among the 2008 U.S. 17-year-olds showed a surprising difference with the 2009 statistically independent sample of that same "birth cohort" assessed at age 18 years. "Negative growth" was seen instead of an expected increase in those affected. Independent replication estimates of this BDS negative growth difference were seen in multiple successive birth cohorts. CONCLUSIONS This well-replicated difference in BDS estimates offers a fascinating puzzle to be solved with focused inquiry. The puzzle's solution is important because National Surveys on Drug Use and Health does not assess Major Depression unless a BDS lifetime history is ascertained.
Observed versus predicted fire behavior in an Alaskan black spruce forest ecosystem: an experimental fire case study

Fire managers tasked with assessing the hazard and risk of wildfire in Alaska, USA, tend to have more confidence in fire behavior prediction modeling systems developed in Canada than similar systems developed in the US. In 1992, Canadian fire behavior systems were adopted for modeling fire hazard and risk in Alaska and are used by fire suppression specialists and fire planners working within the state. However, as new US-based fire behavior modeling tools are developed, Alaskan fire managers are encouraged to adopt the use of US-based systems. Few studies exist in the scientific literature that inform fire managers as to the efficacy of fire behavior modeling tools in Alaska. In this study, I provide information to aid fire managers when tasked with deciding which system for modeling fire behavior is most appropriate for their use. On the Magitchlie Creek Fire in Alaska, I systematically collected fire behavior characteristics within a black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.) ecosystem under head fire conditions. I compared my fire behavior observations including flame length, rate of spread, and head fire intensity with fire behavior predictions from the US fire modeling system BehavePlus, and three Canadian systems: RedAPP, CanFIRE, and the Crown Fire Initiation and Spread system (CFIS). All four modeling systems produced reasonable rate of spread predictions although the Canadian systems provided predictions slightly closer to the observed fire behavior. The Canadian fire behavior prediction modeling systems RedAPP and CanFIRE provided more accurate predictions of head fire intensity and fire type than BehavePlus or CFIS. The most appropriate fire behavior modeling system for use in Alaskan black spruce ecosystems depends on what type of questions are being asked. For determining the rate of fire movement across a landscape, REDapp, CanFIRE, CFIS, or BehavePlus can all be expected to provide reasonably accurate estimates of rate of spread. If fire managers are interested in using predicted flame length or energy produced for informing decisions such as which firefighting tactics will be successful, or for evaluating the ecological impacts due to burning, then the Canadian fire modeling systems outperformed BehavePlus in this case study.
A cross-sectional analysis of 2017 stroke symptoms recognition at the US regional level.

ObjectivesStroke symptom recognition is critical in reducing time to treatment, but it is not known whether the increased support for stroke education programs during the last several years has led...
"If I was to post something, it would be too vulnerable:" University students and mental health disclosures on instagram.

Objective: Assess Instagram use for mental health disclosure in university students to assess the potential for Instagram use as mental health support-seeking.Participants: Twenty-one students using mental health services while attending a private, Mid-Atlantic university between 6/2017-12/2017.Methods: Collected qualitative interview and Instagram data and analyzed them in parallel. Instagram data supplemented interview themes and were coded and analyzed quantitatively to define features of participants' Instagram use.Results: Participants displayed aversions to posting mental health disclosures on Instagram, citing public and self-stigma as barriers to disclosure. Despite this, participants reported instances in which their Instagram posts directly or indirectly reflected their lived experiences. Some also maintained second anonymous accounts for fuller disclosure.Conclusions: Given the benefits of mental health disclosures to well-being and the predilection for social media use in university students, student and university-led initiatives to promote social media environments conducive to disclosures could have widespread mental health benefits.
Efficient Join Synopsis Maintenance for Data Warehouse

Various sources such as daily business operations and sensors from different IoT applications constantly generate a lot of data. They are often loaded into a data warehouse system to perform complex analysis over. It, however, can be extremely costly if the query involves joins, especially many-to-many joins over multiple large tables. A join synopsis, i.e., a small uniform random sample over the join result, often suffices as a representative alternative to the full join result for many applications such as histogram construction, model training and etc. Towards that end, we propose a novel algorithm SJoin that can maintain a join synopsis over a pre-specified general θ-join query in a dynamic database with continuous inflows of updates. Central to SJoin is maintaining a weighted join graph index, which assists to efficiently replace join results in the synopsis upon update. We conduct extensive experiments using TPC-DS and a simulated road sensor data over several complex join queries and they demonstrate the clear advantage of SJoin over the best available baseline.
Global transcriptomic changes occur in aged mouse podocytes

Glomerular podocytes undergo structural and functional changes with advanced age, that increase susceptibility of aging kidneys to worse outcomes following superimposed glomerular diseases. To delineate transcriptional changes in podocytes in aged mice, RNA-seq was performed on isolated populations of reporter-labeled (tdTomato) podocytes from multiple young (two to three months) and advanced aged mice (22 to 24 months, equivalent to 70 plus year old humans). Of the 2,494 differentially expressed genes, 1,219 were higher and 1,275 were lower in aged podocytes. Pathway enrichment showed that major biological processes increased in aged podocytes included immune responses, non-coding RNA metabolism, gene silencing and MAP kinase signaling. Conversely, aged podocytes showed downregulation of developmental, morphogenesis and metabolic processes. Canonical podocyte marker gene expression decreased in aged podocytes, with increases in apoptotic and senescence genes providing a mechanism for the progressive loss of podocytes seen with aging. In addition, we revealed aberrations in the podocyte autocrine signaling network, identified the top transcription factors perturbed in aged podocytes, and uncovered candidate gene modulations that might promote healthy aging in podocytes. The transcriptional signature of aging is distinct from other kidney diseases. Thus, our study provides insights into biomarker discovery and molecular targeting of the aging process itself within podocytes.
Audit fees and Corporate Innovation

Purpose - Investigates the extent to which a client’s innovative effort affects the level of audit effort and whether the innovative-effort efficiency can attenuate the demand for greater audit effort associated with a client’s risky research-and-development (R&D) investments. Design/methodology/approach - We treat R&D expenditure as an input measure and the patent obtained/cited in a given year as an output measure of a firm’s innovative effort. We estimate innovation efficiency as the number of patents granted to a firm in a given year, scaled by its R&D capital. As a proxy for audit effort, we use audit fees. Combining firm-year observations for fiscal years 2000 to 2010 from Compustat, patent data from the United States Patent and Trademark Office, and Audit Analytics provided a sample of 11,646 observations from 2,051 unique firms. Findings - Results confirm that a client firm’s strategic emphasis on corporate innovations may require greater audit effort. However, we find evidence that the efficiency of a firm’s innovative effort can attenuate the demand for heightened audit effort against risky innovative efforts, implying that the external auditor’s role is not necessarily detrimental to corporate innovation, which suggests that the efficiency of a firm’s innovation effort lowers the client business risk perceived by an auditor related to corporate innovation. Originality/value - Contributes to a stream of literature identifying facilitators and impediments to corporate innovation. Our findings also complement an emerging body of literature on the effect of a firm’s business strategies on the auditor’s decision. Prior studies have not considered the input‒output conversion of a firm’s R&D expenditure as something that the firm values. By using the number of patents obtained and cited as an output measure of a firm’s innovative effort, we extend understanding of the influence of a firm’s business strategies on the level of audit effort.
Dynamic proteome response of a marine Vibrio to a gradient of iron and ferrioxamine bioavailability

Abstract Competition for limited iron resources is a key driver of microbial community structure in many regions of the surface ocean. The bacterial siderophores ferrioxamine and amphibactin have been identified in marine surface waters, suggesting that they may represent an important bacterial strategy for obtaining iron from a scarcely populated pool. Using proteomics, siderophore isolation, and iron uptake experiments, we observed a dynamic proteome response to iron and ferrioxamine treatments by the amphibactin-producing marine bacterium, Vibrio cyclitrophicus str. 1F-53 (V. cyclitrophicus). Proteomic analyses identified upregulation of the amphibactin NRPS system and a putative amphibactin siderophore transporter in response to low iron concentrations. However, when desferrioxamine was present, amphibactin production decreased and an uncharacterized putative ferrioxamine receptor increased in abundance. This suggests that in low Fe conditions, V. cyclitrophicus senses and takes up exogenous ferrioxamine in lieu of producing its own siderophores. Such cheating phenotypes, which appear widespread among marine amphibactin producers, highlight the strategies that contribute to the fitness of marine bacteria in the face of iron stress. These results provide mechanistic information behind the siderophore producer and cheater phenotypes that likely contribute to the ecological success of these microbes across iron-limited marine ecosystems.
Agrin/Lrp4 signal constrains MuSK activity during neuromuscular synapse development in appendicular muscle

The receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK, its co-receptor Lrp4 and the Agrin ligand constitute a signaling pathway critical in axial muscle for neuromuscular synapse development, yet whether this pathway functions similarly in appendicular muscle is unclear. Here, using the larval zebrafish pectoral fin, equivalent to tetrapod forelimbs, we show that like axial muscle, developing appendicular muscles develop aneural acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clusters prior to innervation. As motor axons arrive, neural AChR clusters form, eventually leading to functional synapses in a MuSK-dependent manner. Surprisingly, we find that loss of Agrin or Lrp4 function, which abolishes synaptic AChR clusters in axial muscle, results in enlarged presynaptic nerve endings and progressively expanding appendicular AChR clusters, mimicking the consequences of motoneuron ablation. Moreover, musk depletion in lrp4 mutants partially restores synaptic AChR patterning. Combined, our results provide compelling evidence that, in contrast to axial muscle in which Agrin/Lrp4 stimulates MuSK activity, Agrin/Lrp4 signaling in appendicular muscle constrains MuSK activity to organize neuromuscular synapses. Thus, we reveal a previously unappreciated role for Agrin/Lrp4 signaling, thereby highlighting distinct differences between axial and appendicular synapse development.
Long-Tailed Recognition of SAR Aerial View Objects by Cascading and Paralleling Experts

Aerial View Object Classification (AVOC) has started to adopt deep learning approaches with significant success in recent years, but limited to optical data. On the other hand, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) has wild aerial view related applications in the remote sensing field. However, SAR has received far less attention due to the special characteristics of the SAR data, which is the long-tailed distribution of the aerial view objects that increases the difficulty of classification. In this paper, we present a two-branch framework, including the cascading expert branch and paralleling expert branch, to tackle the long-tailed distribution of the dataset. Our proposed multi-expert architecture achieves 24.675% and 26.029% in the development phase and testing phase, respectively, in the NTIRE 2021 Multimodal Aerial View Object Classification Challenge Track 1. The proposed method is proved to possess the effectiveness (top-tier performance among 157 participants) and efficiency (i.e., a lightweight architecture) for the AVOC task.
5-Aryloxy substitution enables efficient mechanically triggered release from a synthetically accessible masked 2-furylcarbinol mechanophore.

Polymers that release small molecules in response to mechanical force are attractive materials for a wide variety of applications. Here, we report a new mechanophore platform based on a masked 2-furylcarbinol derivative that incorporates a 5-aryloxy group, which serves as both an electron-rich substituent to accelerate molecular release and the position of polymer attachment proximal to the furan–maleimide junction. The mechanophore is readily synthesized and efficiently releases both phenol and arylamine payloads following mechanical activation.
Special issue on the National Criticality Experiments Research Center

I am honored to introduce this special issue of Nuclear Science and Engineering dedicated to and in honor of the 10th operational anniversary of the Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) and the National ...
The Impact Behavior of the Hybrid II Dummy

The head, chest and femurs of three Hybrid II dummies were impacted with a ballistic pendulum at various angles to determine what differences in accelerometer and femur load cell putput would result for a constant energy input. Also evaluated were suspicious tension loads in the femur load cell putput when the legs were subjected to obvious off-center impacts during crash tests. It was found that the dummy legs can be subjected to very high torsion and bending loads which can have a significant effect on the femur load cell axial load outputs.
Monte Carlo study of the rare decay B-->X s l + l -

We study, using a monte carlo approach, the rare decay $B\to X_s \ell^+ \ell^-$ including effects of the arbitrariness of the phase between the $\psi$ amplitudes and the perturbative amplitude, $b$-quark fermi motion inside the $B$ meson, and experimental smearing of lepton momenta. The fermi motion of $b$-quark inside the $B$ meson is modeled by the ACCMM model. We found that such effects reduce the sensitivities of the spectra of invariant mass and forward-backward asymmetry of the lepton pair to new physics; especially, in the neighborhood of the $\psi$ resonances. We also estimate the sensitivity range of Wilson coefficients with respect to the uncertainties.
Theoretical foundations for enabling a web of knowledge

The current web is a web of linked pages. Frustrated users search for facts by guessing which keywords or keyword phrases might lead them to pages where they can find facts. Can we make it possible for users to search directly for facts embedded in web pages? Instead of a web of human-readable pages containing machine-inaccessible facts, can the web be a web of machine-accessible facts superimposed over a web of human-readable pages? Ultimately, can the web be a web of knowledge that can provide direct answers to factual questions and support these answers by referencing and highlighting relevant base facts embedded in source pages? Answers to these questions call for distilling knowledge from the web's wealth of heterogeneous digital data into a web of knowledge. But how? Or, even more fundamentally, what, precisely, is this web of knowledge, and what is required to enable it? To answer these questions, we proffer a theoretical foundation for a web of knowledge: We formally define a computational view of knowledge in a way that enables practical construction and use of a web of knowledge.