cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Business Education as Gendered Discourse

This paper has three central aims: (I) to make the case that business education has developed as a masculine discourse and as a discourse of masculinity; (2) to outline some of the outcomes of that discourse in relation to the structure of business schools and the presentation of gender in selected business and (3) to make suggestions for developing a classroom approach to addressing the gendered discourse.
Sarbanes-Oxley: The Evidence Regarding the Impact of Section 404

Sarbanes-Oxley is the most important securities legislation since the 1930s, and whether it is ultimately considered a success will likely turn on perceptions of its controversial internal controls provision, Section 404. Indeed, whether the law is a success will likely turn on perceptions of 404. SOX 404 has been savagely attacked, especially for its burdensome cost to corporations and its adverse impact on the competitiveness of American capital markets. This article surveys the relevant empirical academic literature. Although that literature does not purport to (and does not) settle the overall question of whether SOX's benefits generally, or SOX 404's specifically, outweigh attendant costs, it does illustrate that the harshest criticisms of SOX are overblown. Importantly, SOX 404 has demonstrably improved corporate financial reporting in the short-term. Its potential for having long-term beneficial impact is largely dependent upon its being perceived as legitimate by capital market participants. At the moment, its legitimacy is being undermined by criticism that ignores much of the important evidence.
Difference in binding-site architecture of the serum-type and liver-type mannose-binding proteins

The carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs) of the serum-type and the liver-type mannose-binding proteins (MBPs) from rat display different binding characteristics toward mannose-rich oligosaccharides derived from N-glycosides, despite the overall similarity in their binding site architecture, oligomeric status and actual binding specificity at the monosaccharide level. We found that the liver-type MBP CRD of rat (MBP-C) bound methyl glycosides of certain mannobioses and -trioses, which are part of the mannose-rich N-glycoside, more tightly than methyl α-mannopyranoside. In contrast, the serum-type MBP CRD of rat (MBP-A) bound all the methyl glycosides of manno-oligosaccharide and methyl α-mannopyranoside with similar affinities. The mannobiose and -triose most strongly bound to MBP-C CRD were Manα(1-2)Manα-OMe and Manα (1-2)Manα(1-6)Manα-OMe, respectively. From these and other data, we postulate that the binding site of MBP-C has an extended area of interaction, probably the size of a mannotriose, while MBP-A interacts essentially with one mannose residue. Abbreviations: MBP, mannose-binding protein; CRD, carbohydrate-recognition domain; BSA, bovine serum albumin; TFA-ah, 6-(trifluoroacetyl)aminohexyl; PNP, p-nitrophenyl
Racial Disparities in Emotional Distress Among Cancer Survivors: Insights from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS)

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of race, cancer history, and their interaction on emotional distress among a nationally representative sample of US adults. Data utilized for this analysis were obtained from the first, second, and fourth iterations of the fourth cycle of the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS). The study sample included 3959, 3630, and 3677 respondents for the years 2011, 2012, and 2014, respectively, for a total sample size of 11,266. A multivariable ordered logistic regression model was used to assess the relationship between emotional distress, race, and cancer history. The effect of cancer history on emotional distress was found to be moderated by race. Specifically, emotional distress was significantly higher among African American cancer survivors. Factors found to be protective against emotional distress included healthy lifestyle, older age, and higher income. Factors associated with high levels of emotional distress included poor general health status, low self-efficacy, and being female. The authors recommend the design, advancement, and implementation of evidence-based culturally sensitive interventions aimed at effectively screening and managing psychological distress symptoms, particularly among African American long-term cancer survivor patient populations.
Comparison of recent coral life and death assemblages to pleistocene reef communities: Implications for rapid faunal replacement on recent reefs

Marine ecologists and paleoecologists are increasingly recognizing that the Pleistocene and Holocene fossil record of coral reefs is the exclusive database from which an assessment of the long-term responses of reef communities to environmental perturbations may be obtained. The apparent persistence of coral communities in the face of intense fluctuations in sea level and sea surface temperature during glacial and interglacial stages of Pleistocene time is in marked contrast to dramatic fluctuations in reef community structure documented by short-term monitoring studies. We compared the taxonomic structure of live and dead coral communities on a modern patch reef currently undergoing a community transition to late Pleistocene facies exposed in the Cockburn Town fossil coral reef. Multidimensional scaling revealed that specific taxa and colony growth forms characterize life, death, and fossil assemblages. The recent decline of thickets ofAcropora cervicornis is represented by their abundance in the death assemblage, whilePorites porites dominates the coral life assemblage. Although additional study of Pleistocene reefal facies is required, the greater similarity of the death assemblage to the fossil assemblage suggests that the present Caribbean- wide decline ofA. cervicornis is without a historical precedent.
Self-perception and physical fitness.

Research examining the relationship between self-concept and physical fitness has been sparse. However, the literature suggests a positive relationship between self-attitude and physical fitness (1, 2, 3, 4 ) . In contrast with prior research where physical fitness was determined by actual physical performance and physiological measures, the present pilot study assessed the relationship between perceived and actual physical fitness and selfconcept reported by 11 male and 22 female freshmen. Due to class withdrawal or incomplete data, results are based upon 15 students. All subjects were pretested on a self-rating scale of perceived physical fitness ( 3 ) and indicated their current perceived physical condition. Test-retest reliability was .76. Actual physical performance was determined by the number of laps completed during a 12-min. run. Self-concept was assessed via a 44item semantic differential rating scale for which test-retest reliability was .82 while internal consistency was .96. Supervised aerobic training (jogging) was conducted at least twice a week for a minimum of 30 min. After the 10-wk. training session, posttest measures were made. A treatment by subjects design using multiple regression analysis was developed to analyze mean differences for preand posttest self-concept, perceived physical fitness, and actual physical performance. A significant difference in self-concept was not observed (M = 241.13, SD = 27.06 vs M = 247.20, SD = 26.50) although the difference was in the predicted directioo ( p = .16). The failure to obtain a statistically significant increase in self-concept was unexpected as other investigators (1, 2) have found self-concept significantly increased with physical training. Lack of significance might be attributed to the restricted sample size or assessment. While perceived physical fitness did not significantly increase ( p = .30) following aerobic training (M = 6.27, SD = 1.44 vs M = 6.53, SD = 1.30) actual physical performance did (M = 1.46, SD = .33 vs M = 1.54, SD = .26, p < .05). As research on perceived fitness is nonexistent, the findings could not be corroborated. Additional examination incorporating a more rigorous physical training schedule is recommended. It was hypothesized, although not substantiated, that perceived physical fitness would accompany an increase in actual physical performance. A moderate but significant correlation ( 9 < .05) obtained between actual and perceived physical performance on both preand posttest measures ( r = .50 and .52, respectively), suggesting the stability and validity of self-report measures of physical fitness. However, cross-validation is needed. Perceived physical fitness and self-concept were also significantly correlated on preand posttests, .53 and 3 7 , corroborating the research of Leonardson ( 4 ) . In contrast, actual physical performance and self-concept were not significantly correlated ( r = .Dl). It appears that perceived physical fitness is a viable aspect of self-concept worthy of study.
How to eliminate "do not use" abbreviations.

Problem Our facilities are aware of and have tried to eliminate the use of ambiguous, error-prone abbreviations, symbols, and dose designations identified by The Joint Commission (formerly the Joint Commission for the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations) and the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP)1,2 because using them is dangerous. Errors caused by ambiguous abbreviations also were discussed extensively in an Institute of Medicine (IOM) report.3 However, these abbreviations still crop up with alarming frequency. How can we put an end to them? Solution Americans love abbreviations-you'll find them everywhere, from their license plates to their e-mails. In medicine, abbreviations are in part necessary to compensate for heavy workloads, and in part used because of powerful tradition and the unique dialect of medical culture. In fact, some abbreviations are so ingrained that health care professionals use them in notes to themselves, casual correspondence, and personal to-do lists. Much of the medical shorthand used in prescribing dates back to the 1400s, when Latin was used as a universal language. As a dead language (a language with no native speakers), it was exact in its meaning and unlikely to be misinterpreted. Many health care providers, having used these abbreviations for decades, are unwilling or reluctant to change.
Role of the cerebellar posterior interpositus nucleus in saccades I. Effect of temporary lesions

The ventrolateral corner of the cerebellar posterior interpositus nucleus (VPIN) contains many neurons that respond during saccades. To characterize the VPIN contribution to saccades, I located thi...
The mechanics of locating earthquakes

abstract A complete reexamination of Geiger9s method in the light of modern numerical analysis indicates that numerical stability can be insured by use of the QR algorithm and the convergence domain considerably enlarged by the introduction of step-length damping. In order to make the maximum use of all data, the method is developed assuming a priori estimates of the statistics of the random errors at each station. Numerical experiments indicate that the bulk of the joint probability density of the location parameters is in the linear region allowing simple estimates of the standard errors of the parameters. The location parameters are found to be distributed as one minus chi squared with m degrees of freedom, where m is the number of parameters, allowing the simple construction of confidence levels. The use of the chi-squared test with n-m degrees of freedom, where n is the number of data, is introduced as a means of qualitatively evaluating the correctness of the earth model.
Model-driven synthesis of formally precise, stylized software architectures

Reliably producing software architectures in selected architectural styles requires significant expertise yet remains difficult and error-prone. Our research goals are to better understand the nature of style-specific architectures, and relieve architects of the need to produce such architectures by hand. To achieve our goals, this paper introduces a formally precise approach to separate architectural style design decisions from application-specific decisions, and then uses these separate decisions as inputs to an automated synthesizer. This in effect supports a model-driven development (MDD) approach to architecture synthesis with style as a separate design variable. We claim that it is possible to formalize this separation of concerns, long implicit in software engineering research; to automatically synthesize style-specific architectures; and thereby to improve software design productivity and quality. To test these claims, we employed a combination of experimental systems and case study methods: we developed an MDD tool and used it to carry out case studies using Kitchenham's methods. Our contributions include: a theoretical framework formalizing our separation of concerns and synthesis approach; an MDD framework, Monarch; and results of case studies that we interpret as supporting our claims. This work advances our understanding of software architectural style as a formal refinement; makes application descriptions an explicit subject of study; and suggests that synthesis of architectures can improve software productivity and quality.
Validity of self-estimated and weighed dietary data for assessment of military rations.

Validity of food intake values, self-estimated by subjects and weighed by researchers, was evaluated during the assessment of a new military ration. As an addition to food intake measured by the two methods, a third set of intake values was generated by combining food intakes from the self-estimated and weighted data. This combined method is proposed as another reference for assessing validity. The new ration, Meal-Ready-to-Eat (MRE), was the sole source of food for an experimental group of 27 soldiers engaged in a 34-day field exercise. A control group of 30 soldiers ate a freshly prepared (A ration) breakfast and dinner and an MRE lunch. Agreement of mean nutrient intake values from self-estimated and weighed data was high among both experimental and control groups (average coefficients of correlation for 16 nutrients, 0.948 and 0.884, respectively). Paired t-tests yielded no significant differences between self-estimated and weighed means for nutrient intake but were significantly different from the means obtained by the combined method (p less than .0001). Mean nutrient intakes determined by both the self-estimated and weighed methods approached 90% of the intakes found by the combined method.
Viability and distribution of leukocytes following cross-circulation experiments between leukemic and normal or irradiated rats.

1. Recipient rats were observed following periods of circulatory mixing with normal or leukemic donor animals. 2. The normal rat tail appears to store leukocytes in its vascular channels, as evidenced by a progressively falling leukocyte count from a tail incision as the tail is "milked." 3. Comparison of irradiated rat tail and arterial blood leukocyte counts during and after cross-circulation revealed the tail values to be consistently higher than the simultaneous arterial levels. This observation excludes a major removal and destructive mechanism by some organ such as the lung as a major cause of the rapid decrease in arterial blood leukocyte levels noted in irradiated rats after the cross-circulation procedure. 4. Tail blood leukocyte counts of irradiated, cross-transfused rats remained higher than those of control irradiated rats for at least three days. 5. After cross-circulation with leukemic donor rats, leukemic cells were identified in the tail blood of normal rats for at least three days. 6. Prolonged observations revealed that 2 irradiated Sprague-Dawley strain recipients of leukemic cells from Sherman strain leukemic donors survived the severe radiation damage but developed leukemia. This observation suggests that transfused leukemic white blood cells protect against radiation damage. 7. Five normal Sherman strain rats developed leukemia after cross-circulation with leukemic Sherman donors. This incidence (50 per cent) of transmission to adult animals is much higher than has been reported by conventional methods of transfer. 8. The observations reported support the concept of viability of leukocytes transfused in rats by this method, and suggest that at least one site of noncirculating transfused leukocytes is within sluggish vascular channels.
Stability analysis and error estimates of an exactly divergence-free method for the magnetic induction equations

In this paper, we consider an exactly divergence-free scheme to solve the magnetic induction equations. This problem is motivated by the numerical simulations of ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations, a nonlinear hyperbolic system with a divergence-free condition on the magnetic field. Computational methods without satisfying such condition may lead to numerical instability. One class of methods, constrained transport schemes, is widely used as divergence-free treatments. So far there is not much analysis available for such schemes. In this work, we take an exactly divergence-free scheme proposed by [Li and Xu, J. Comput. Phys. 231 (2012) 2655–2675] as a candidate of the constrained transport schemes, and adapt it to solve the magnetic induction equations. For the resulting scheme applied to the equations with a constant velocity field, we carry out von Neumann analysis for numerical stability on uniform meshes. We also establish the stability and error estimates based on energy methods. In particular, we identify the stability mechanism due to the spatial and temporal discretizations, and the role of the exactly divergence-free property of the numerical solution for stability. The analysis based on energy methods can be extended to non-uniform meshes, and they can also be applied to the magnetic induction equations with a variable velocity field, which is more relevant to the MHD simulations.
Self-Reported Responses to Player Profile Questions Show Consistency with the Use of Complex Attentional Strategies by Expert Horseshoe Pitchers.

The advantages on an external focus of attention have been demonstrated for a variety of sport tasks. The constrained action hypothesis (Wulf, McNevin, & Shea, 2001) argues that focusing externally on the movement effect results in the use of automated processes for movement control. In contrast, focusing internally in an attempt to control the movements of the body disrupts normally automated processes and degrades performance. Research on experts, however, suggests that they may adopt more complex attentional strategies. The present study provided a unique opportunity to examine expert horseshoe players’ attentional strategies as indicated by their self-reported responses to questions included in a National Horseshoe Pitchers Association (NHPA) player profile questionnaire. Responses submitted by 83 top NHPA players were examined to determine the frequency of references to the use of internal and external focus points and identify categories related to attentional strategies. Results indicated that the large majority of players reported using focus points that are consistent with an external focus of attention and that their thoughts corresponded to one or more categories related to technique, mental focus or concentration, general success, use of external focus cues, and emotional control. The findings are consistent with the view that experts may adopt complex attentional strategies that encompass both an external focus and thoughts about a variety of other performance related factors
Does Incentive-Based Compensation for Chief Internal Auditors Impact Objectivity? An External Audit Risk Perspective

SUMMARY: This paper considers the potential impact of internal audit incentive-based compensation (IBC) linked to company performance on the external auditor's assessment of internal audit objectivity. We posit that external auditors will view IBC as a potential threat to internal audit objectivity, thus reducing the extent of reliance on the work of internal auditors and increasing the assessment of control risk. The increase in risk and external auditor effort should result in higher audit fees. We hypothesize that the form of incentive-based compensation, namely stock-based versus cash bonuses, moderates the association between IBC and external audit fee. Finally, we consider whether underlying financial reporting risk mitigates the external auditor's potential sensitivity to IBC. We find a positive association between external audit fees and internal audit compensation based upon company performance. The association is acute to IBC paid in stock or stock options as opposed to cash bonuses. We also fin...
Clock skew automation for power and area reduction in deep sub micron designs

The importance of the metrics of power vs. performance and area vs. performance can hardly be overstated in the context of timing closure on deep submicron designs. This paper describes how useful clock skew is handled post placement to fix timing without compromising the robustness of the clock tree. A novel method of automation is proposed where useful skew is calculated and applied across the design after evaluating the impact of skew introduction on multiple modes and corners, a limiting factor for most production tools. It is described further how the technique was deployed on a 45 nm multi-million gate imaging subsystem to improve power by 50% and area by as much as 90% in portions of the design. The paper concludes with a comparison of results from traditional setup and hold fixing vs. useful skew adjustment.
Physician Speech and Mandatory Ultrasound Laws: The First Amendment’s Limit on Compelled Ideological Speech

Since Planned Parenthood v. Casey opened the door to more pervasive forms of regulation of the abortion procedure, states have increasingly used their regulatory power to coerce physician speech. The Supreme Court has not yet explained, however, whether and how physicians’ First Amendment rights limit such attempts to coerce state-mandated speech. This Article argues that while the precise contours of physicians’ First Amendment rights have yet to be articulated, physicians certainly retain the core First Amendment right to refuse to speak the state’s ideological messages. I then evaluate whether mandatory ultrasound laws, which require a physician to perform an ultrasound exam and to then display and describe its results to any woman seeking an abortion, impermissibly require physicians to engage in the state’s ideological advocacy. Analyzing the mandatory ultrasound law in Texas, I conclude that the law commandeers physicians into spreading, in their own voice, the state’s value-laden message that pregnancies should be carried to term, and that the law consequently should be subject to strict scrutiny.
Election-related talk and agenda-setting effects on Twitter: A big data analysis of salience transfer at different levels of user participation

This study explores frequency of election-related chatter as an antecedent to agenda setting. In this study, we conducted a longitudinal analysis of 38 million tweets from the 2012 election. Users who participate more in election talk align more with partisan media than less active users. Users who participate less align less with partisan media and more with mainstream media. Overall, agenda-setting relationships differ by participation in election-related talk, with more active users exhibiting a greater agenda-setting effect across all media types. This study provides evidence that as Twitter users talk more about the election, they appear to do so in more homophilous information environments. These environments can alter their perceived importance of issues to match more partisan media. This study echoes previous research that has shown large conversations on Twitter to be more akin to partisan information.
Well-Defined Nanographene–Rhenium Complex as an Efficient Electrocatalyst and Photocatalyst for Selective CO2 Reduction

Improving energy efficiency of electrocatalytic and photocatalytic CO2 conversion to useful chemicals poses a significant scientific challenge. We report on using a colloidal nanographene to form a molecular complex with a metal ion to tackle this challenge. In this work, a well-defined nanographene–Re complex was synthesized, in which electron delocalization over the nanographene and the metal ion significantly decreases the electrical potential needed to drive the chemical reduction. We show the complex can selectively electrocatalyze CO2 reduction to CO in tetrahydrofuran at −0.48 V vs NHE, the least negative potential reported for a molecular catalyst. In addition, the complex can absorb a significant spectrum of visible light to photocatalyze the chemical transformation without the need for a photosensitizer.
“The Goal Is Not to Cheer You Up”: Empathetic Care in Israeli Life Coaching

This article presents the controversial role of emotions in projects of self-realization through the particular practice of empathetic caring. Israeli life coaches claim to allow minimal space for trainees’ emotions: they teach them to master self-steering through a calculative reflexivity that also aims to limit affect. At the same time, they engage with their trainees’ feelings by invoking emotional reactions only to argue against their trainees’ subjective experiences. The article traces this mixture of “emotion-free” empathy and authoritative neoliberal technologies of the self to a culturally specific Israeli notion of care which is grounded in an egalitarian ethos. I therefore showed that Israeli coaching produces a unique vernacular version of neoliberal selfhood, one infused with tensions between seemingly incompatible attitudes: self-reflection and authoritarian assertions and a type of empathetic concern that is centered on the caregiver's assessment rather than the feelings of those being cared for.
Public Accounting and Financing Terrorist Organizations and Activities: Ethical and Legal Obligations

Financing terrorist organizations and activities must be fought on at least four fronts within public accounting: the SEC Audit Requirements PCAOB Auditing Standards, the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct, and state licensing statutes. This paper examines the ethical and legal obligations the public accounting profession face presented by these three domains. It argues first that CPAs have an ethical obligation to report to appropriate authorities evidence of financing terrorist organizations and activities discovered during the course of providing professional services which are not recognized by the SEC Audit Requirements, PCAOB Auditing Standards, the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct and Professional Standards, or state licensing statutes, and second that the SEC Audit Requirements, the PCAOB Auditing Standards, the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct and Professional Standards, and state licensing statutes should be revised to explicitly recognize such ethical obligations and create legal obligations to report to appropriate authorities evidence of financing terrorist organizations and activities discovered during the course of providing professional services.
Abstract 20560: Early National Dissemination and Adoption of the Sixth Vital Sign: A Mobile App For Population Health Surveillance

Background: National telephone surveys are a resource-intensive approach to monitor population health. Smartphone applications (apps) are a novel technique to directly reach people for research and...
Tolerancing a lens for LED uniform illumination

A method to evaluate tolerance sensitivities for lenses used to produce uniform illumination is presented. Closed form surfaces are used to define optical surfaces and relative illumination is calculated from light etendue considerations.
Constance Baker Motley and Women in the Law

The accompanying essay was inspired by the scholarship opportunity presented to law students by the Women Lawyers Association. The purpose of the essay was to demonstrate an understanding of the challenges and issues women encounter in the legal profession. The essay begins with an introduction on the life achievements of Constance Baker Motley, despite her race and sex. The introduction is then followed by information gathered from the Social Progress Index, statistical information provided by the American Bar Association Commission on Women, and comments on an article published by the American Bar Association. The essay ends encouragingly with ideas shared on the importance of incongruity and how being so will undoubtedly help the advancement of women not only in areas of law, but in other fields and social development.
Mapping the Stakeholders: Using Social Network Analysis to Increase the Legitimacy and Transparency of Participatory Scenario Planning

Participatory scenario planning (PSP) processes rely on accurate stakeholder identification to develop a key set of critical uncertainties. While many stakeholder analysis methods are able to ident...
Audience Reactions to Climate Change and Science in Disaster Cli-fi Films: A Qualitative Analysis

Little scholarly attention has been paid to how audiences interpret pop culture messages about climate. This paper addresses this issue by taking up the case of disaster cli-fi films and exploring how audiences react to film representations of climate change. It draws on data from focus groups to evaluate audience responses to disaster cli-fi films. Analysis reveals that by only briefly discussing climate change in their plotlines, the films weaken their environmental message. The paper concludes with a discussion of the effects of disaster cli-fi films on environmental attitudes and suggestions for further research.
An Interface Crack between a Graded Coating and a Homogeneous Substrate

The basic interface crack problem in a nonhomogeneous coating with continuously varying elastic properties bonded to a homogeneous semi-infinite medium is examined. The problem is encountered in studying the fracture mechanics of functionally graded materials, which are mostly 2-phase particulate composites with continuously varying volume fractions. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of the material nonhomogeneity parameters and relative dimensions on the stress intensity factors (SIFs). With the application to fracture mechanics in mind, the main result given in this study is the SIFs and crack opening displacements (CODs) as a function of the nonhomogeneity and the length parameters for various loading conditions. Using integral transforms for the displacements in the plane strain crack problem, the mixed boundary conditions are analytically reduced to a system of singular integral equations that are solved numerically using certain approximate techniques.
Critical sustainability: incorporating critical theories into contested sustainabilities

In the Anthropocene, an age where the Earth is most clearly defined by human impacts on the planet, there is growing pressure to find more sustainable social, political, and environmental relations. Calls for greater sustainability have existed for decades, yet have consistently been embedded in capitalist processes and narratives that dilute their intentions and their impacts. Against this backdrop, we advocate for a critical sustainability, a form of sociopolitical and socioeconomic engagement that rejects the superordinance of capital accumulation over ecological integrity. Critical sustainability is developed as a series of nature-society relations that highlight social and environmental justice concepts and practices. While not entirely “new,” critical sustainabilities are distinct from existing literatures in that they underscore the necessity of engaging not only with socioenvironmental relations, but also with the dominant political economies that so powerfully shape these relations.
Strategies for Slowing Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy

Over the past 15 years renal disease attributed to diabetes mellitus has emerged as the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the United States (Figure 1) (1). ESRD is also the leading cause of death in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) (2); ESRD registries and death certificates, however, may incorrectly presume that all “insulin-treated” diabetics have IDDM, hence deaths in patients with noninsulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM) may also contribute to this statistic. Indeed, most diabetics in ESRD programs have NIDDM, because of the much higher prevalence of NIDDM over IDDM (1). The health care costs per year incurred by diabetics with ESRD in the United States are 20% greater than non-diabetic ESRD patients (3), and the overall expense of medical care for diabetic ESRD patients exceeds $1 billion per year (4). Data from around the world confirm the dominant importance of diabetes to ESRD programs: The European Dialysis and Transplant Association (EDTA) reports that, in 1972, 0.5% of patients treated for ESRD were diabetics, while, in 1985, the figure had risen to 10.5% (5). In Australia and New Zealand, the annual increase in new diabetic ESRD patients has been less marked: 8% in 1985 versus 14% in 1990 (6); while in Japan, in 1990, diabetes accounted for 26.2% of 16,543 new patients begun on maintenance hemodialysis (7).
Two Models, One Disaster New York City Terrorist Attacks on the World Trade Center – September 11, 2001

September 11, 2001 was a day unlike any previously known in the United States. At 8:46 a.m. and 9:03 a.m. two hijacked commercial passenger airliners crashed into the North and South towers of the World Trade Center (WTC) in New York City. Smoke filled the sky of lower Manhattan, fire lapped at the windows of the towers, and steel, glass, and office supplies fell through the air to the ground. Within 90 minutes of the first plane crashing into the North tower, both towers collapsed. Over 2,800 people died and thousands were injured at the WTC, which encompassed nearly 16 acres in lower Manhattan. Of those who died, 343 were firefighters, 23 were New York police officers, and 37 were Port Authority police officers, all of whom were involved in the rescue efforts following the initial attack [1–4] (Image 20.1).
Assumptions of a Latent Survival Model

Whitmore, Crowder, and Lawless (1998), henceforth WCL, consider a model for failure of engineering systems in which the physical degradation process is latent or unobservable but a time-varying marker, related to the degradation process, is observable. Lee, DeGruttola, and Schoenfeld (2000), henceforth LDS, extend the WCL model and investigate the relationship between a disease marker and clinical disease by modeling them as a bivariate stochastic process. The disease process is assumed to be latent or unobservable. The time to reach the primary endpoint or failure (for example, death, disease onset, etc.) is the time when the latent disease process first crosses a failure threshold. The marker process is assumed to be correlated with the latent disease process and, hence, tracks disease, albeit imperfectly perhaps. The general development of this latent survival model does not require the proportional hazards assumption. The Wiener processes assumptions of the WCL model and the extended model by LDS, however, must be verified in actual applications to have confidence in the validity of the findings in these applications. In this article, we present a suite of techniques for checking assumptions of this model and discuss a number of remedies that are available to make the model applicable.
Stationary disk assemblies in a ternary system with long range interaction

The free energy of a ternary system, such as a triblock copolymer, is a sum of two parts: an interface energy determined by the size of the interfaces separating the micro-domains of the three cons...
Staff Training and Incentives

Ongoing training of clinical research staff is essential because clinical research is always changing. Team members need training in GCP, HIPAA, conflicts of interest, specific research protocols, and medical areas of concentration. Professional organizations provide national meetings and certification exams for research staff, including certifications for CCRC, CCRA, CPI, ACRP-CP, and CCCP certifications. Financial incentives, including payment for traveling to national meetings, reimbursement for certifying exams, and bonuses for obtaining additional training should be an integral part of every good clinical research team.
Arrestins: Introducing Signaling Bias Into Multifunctional Proteins.

Abstract Arrestins were discovered as proteins that bind active phosphorylated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and block their interactions with G proteins, i.e., for their role in homologous desensitization of GPCRs. Mammals express only four arrestin subtypes, two of which are largely restricted to the retina. Two nonvisual arrestins are ubiquitous and interact with hundreds of different GPCRs and dozens of other binding partners. Changes of just a few residues on the receptor-binding surface were shown to dramatically affect GPCR preference of inherently promiscuous nonvisual arrestins. Mutations on the cytosol-facing side of arrestins modulate their interactions with individual downstream signaling molecules. Thus, it appears feasible to construct arrestin mutants specifically linking particular GPCRs with signaling pathways of choice or mutants that sever the links between selected GPCRs and unwanted pathways. Signaling-biased “designer arrestins” have the potential to become valuable molecular tools for research and therapy.
Resilience as Function of Space and Time

As a term, resilience has centuries of use as a descriptor in fields as diverse as military operations, to psychology, to civil and environmental engineering. Its synonyms are vast and varied, ranging from insinuations of toughness to elasticity. While it pulls its roots from these early ideas, the modern application of resilience has centered upon analyzing how systems bounce back from disruption. This seems simple enough at first glance, yet as this book will discuss, the methodological application and analysis of how systems bounce back post-disruption can be quite challenging.
Virtual Care 2.0-a Vision for the Future of Data-Driven Technology-Enabled Healthcare.

A busy community cardiologist finished reading eight echocardiograms over lunch and started clinic at 1 pm. As three patients waited, “Jane,” a 45-year-old graphic designer was seen for “skipped heart beat.” She works about 50 h a week, exercises at the local gym, and enjoys eating a healthy diet. About 4 months ago Jane began experiencing her heart “skipping beats.” She initially attributed the symptoms to long hours in the office and caffeine. But, over the holiday, her brother purchased a smart watch and she began digitally recording her cardiac rhythm. About a month ago, the device detected possible atrial fibrillation, so she called and scheduled this visit for a cardiology consultation. Upon that visitation, she and her physician reviewed the device readings. While it appeared to be an irregular rhythm, before either considered a treatment plan, they began to ask questions ranging from the following: “Is this an accurate diagnosis?” “What other data are available to better understand the risk of a cardiac arrhythmia?” “How is this data analyzed so that the best treatment plan can be made?” “And, what type of clinical decision support system is required to ‘virtually’ monitor people like me using digital health devices to improve the efficiency and quality of care delivered in population health?”
Strongyloides stercoralis Infection in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: a Case-Cohort Report at a Single-Center Experience

There is increased recognition of Strongyloides infection in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. Our goal is to describe our experience and published cases of Strongyloides stercoralis infections in SOT recipients. Recently, three cases of Strongyloides stercoralis infections in solid organ transplant recipients have been identified at Baylor College of Medicine, St. Luke's Hospital, an 850-bed tertiary care center. We discuss prevalence and prevention strategies in solid organ transplant recipients.
Processing idioms with multiple meanings

Three experiments are presented that examine understanding of idioms with one or more meaning. The results of Experiment 1 showed that subjects took longer to read and make paraphrase judgments for idioms when both their idiomatic and literal meanings are intended than it did to comprehend idioms meant only literally or idiomatically. In Experiments 2 and 3, subjects were faster at making phrase classification judgments for idioms with several different nonliteral interpretations than they were to make the same judgments for idioms with only one idiomatic interpretation. These findings suggest that idioms with more entries in the mental lexicon are accessed faster because it is more likely that one of their meanings will be encountered in a short time. The data overall support the idea that idioms are represented differently depending on their number of associated meanings.
The use of self-inverse program primitives in system evaluation

Performance comparisons among two or more central processors of a computer system usually involve the execution of special, rather arbitrary test programs called benchmarks. A fundamental difficulty arises when more than one such benchmark is used in the comparison process, namely the absence of any common measure of the power or complexity of the contending benchmarks.
Abstract LB-B11: Myeloid p38 MAPK promotes tumorigenesis by suppressing cytotoxic T cell recruitment

The last decade has seen explosive progress in understanding how tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) contribute to the development, metastasis, and therapy resistance of cancer. TAM and their molecular components are investigated as targets for cancer therapy. However, the precise mechanisms for their function remain to be fully elucidated. The p38 MAP kinase is known to play a pivotal role in cellular responses to stress, mitogenic stimuli, and immune signaling. Evidence from clinical observations and cell culture experiments reveals a role for p38 in many aspects of cancer and immunity. However, little is known about the functions of p38alpha, the most abundant and ubiquitously expressed p38 isoform, in TAM. Here we found that myeloid-specific p38alpha ablation resulted in a decrease in tumor incidence and multiplicity in a DMBA-TPA carcinogenesis model. Tumors from these mutant mice displayed markedly reduced proliferation and poorly developed blood vessels compared to those from control WT mice. Genome-wide expression analysis revealed that p38alpha ablation in macrophages resulted in enhanced CXCL9 expression, a chemokine crucial for cytotoxic T cell recruitment. Indeed, we observed greater number of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells in myeloid-specific p38alpha-knockout mice. p38alpha indel mutations in THP-1 cells also led to elevated CXCL9 induction. TCGA data analysis revealed that higher intratumoral expression of CXCL9 was associated with prolonged survival of cancer patients, suggesting a beneficial effect of CXCL9 in human cancers. Next, we sought to identify the molecular mechanism linking p38alpha to the regulation of CXCL9 expression, and found that p38alpha directly phosphorylates and enables the induction of ATF3, a transcription factor that represses CXCL9 expression. Consistent with this finding, ATF3-deficient macrophages exhibited higher CXCL9 expression similar to p38alpha-deficient macrophages. Therefore, macrophage-specific targeting of p38alpha signaling may promote cytotoxic T cell recruitment to the tumor microenvironment and maximize the potential of checkpoint inhibitor and CAR T cell therapies and other therapeutic modalities that rely on tumor-killing CD8+ T cells. Citation Format: Min-Kyung Choo, Jin Mo Park. Myeloid p38 MAPK promotes tumorigenesis by suppressing cytotoxic T cell recruitment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2019 Oct 26-30; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2019;18(12 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-B11. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.TARG-19-LB-B11
The Common Practice of Transfusing 1–2 Units of Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) to Patients with Mildly Prolonged Prothrombin Times (PT) Does Not Lead to Clinically Significant Changes in Their PT Values.

INTRODUCTION: Various guidelines define appropriateness of FFP administration based on prothrombin time (PT) greater than 1.5 times normal. However, FFP is often transfused to patients with PTs that are in the upper range of normal or mildly prolonged. There is a paucity of data on whether transfusion of FFP to such patients will change their PT. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all FFP transfusions that were administered to patients with a PT below 17 seconds (normal reference range 11.3–13.6 seconds) at a tertiary care hospital in 2004. Patients were included in our analysis if their PT was measured prior to and within six hours of transfusion and if they received no more than two units of FFP. We identified 143 consecutive cases that met these criteria. RESULTS: 66 patients received one unit and 77 patients received 2 units of FFP. The median decrease in PT after the infusion of one or two units of FFP was 0.4 seconds and 0.6 seconds respectively. The pretransfusion PTs in 6 patients ranged between 12.2–13 seconds (subgroup 1), in 17 patients 13–14 seconds (subgroup 2), in 46 patients 14–15 seconds (subgroup 3), in 37 patients 15–16 seconds (subgroup 4), and in 37 patients 16–17 seconds (subgroup 5). Patients in subgroups 1 and 2 were noted to have higher PT values after the administration of FFP (median prolongation of 0.6 and 0.1 seconds respectively). The PT shortened in subgroup 3 by 0.4 seconds (median) and in subgroups 4 and 5 by 0.9 seconds (median) when compared to the pretransfusion PT, which represent clinically insignificant corrections. CONCLUSION: Transfusion of blood products is not without risks; given that PT values of less than 17 seconds do not significantly change following transfusion of one to two units of FFP, this clinical practice should be avoided.
Protein Extraction from Methanol-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue blocks: A New Possibility Using Cell Blocks

In the current era of minimally invasive techniques for obtaining tissue samples for diagnosis and prognosis there is a need for methods to use “limited material” specimens for preclinical investigation. In the current study, we investigated methanol-fixed paraffin-embedded (MFPE) cell blocks for protein yield employing the Cellient automated cell block system. This system utilizes methanol fixation …
ON THE DENSITY OF METEOROIDS. II. THE DENSITY OF FAINT PHOTOGRAPHIC METEORS

The density of 359 photographic meteors, reduced by Hawkins and Southworth, has been computed with a procedure that uses the height of maximum light and does not require the use of the deceleration. The reliability of the method is discussed. It is shown that neither fragmentation nor other known causes can have a large effect on the results. The meteoroids turn out to have a mean density much smaller than 1 g cm−3. The average density of the sporadic meteors, according to the present analysis, is about 0.2 g cm−3. The densities of the members of the principal showers have also approximately the same value. These low densities conform to expectation on the basis of Whipple’s icy-comet model and agree with the porous and crumbling structure shown by all photographic meteors but the brightest fireballs. The meteor density obtained in the present analysis is essentially the same as that previously obtained by the author for the photographic meteors precisely reduced by Jacchia. It is confirmed that short-period meteors have on the average a greater density than meteors with elongated orbits. No conclusive evidence was found in the Hawkins-Southworth material for any meteor of definite asteroidal origin.