cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Indices of dentate gyrus neurogenesis are unaffected immediately after or following withdrawal from morphine self-administration compared to saline self-administering control male rats

Abstract Opiates – including morphine – are powerful analgesics with high abuse potential. In rodents, chronic opiate exposure or self-administration negatively impacts hippocampal-dependent function, an effect perhaps due in part to the well-documented opiate-induced inhibition of dentate gyrus (DG) precursor proliferation and neurogenesis. Recently, however, intravenous (i.v.) morphine self-administration (MSA) was reported to enhance the survival of new rat DG neurons. To reconcile these disparate results, we used rat i.v. MSA to assess 1) whether a slightly-higher dose MSA paradigm also increases new DG neuron survival; 2) how MSA influences cells in different stages of DG neurogenesis, particularly maturation and survival; and 3) if MSA-induced changes in DG neurogenesis persist through a period of abstinence. To label basal levels of proliferation, rats received the S-phase marker bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU, i.p.) 24 -h prior to 21 days (D) of i.v. MSA or saline self-administration (SSA). Either immediately after SA (0-D) or after 4 weeks in the home cage (28-D withdrawal), stereology was used to quantify DG proliferating precursors (or cells in cell cycle; Ki67+ cells), neuroblast/immature neurons (DCX+ cells), and surviving DG granule cells (BrdU+ cells). Analysis revealed the number of DG cells immunopositive for these neurogenesis-relevant markers was similar between MSA and SSA rats at the 0-D or 28-D timepoints. These negative data highlight the impact experimental parameters, timepoint selection, and quantification approach have on neurogenesis results, and are discussed in the context of the large literature showing the negative impact of opiates on DG neurogenesis.
Spirit hospitals and “concern with herbs”: A political ecology of healing and being-in-common in Ghana:

Despite attention to the transformative capacities of “nonhumans” in both political ecology and commons scholarship, analyses remain limited to material realms, ignoring spiritual understandings. T...
Security and Privacy Challenges in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

The steady increase in the number of vehicles on the roads comes with an increased number of accidents and fatalities. The manufacturers’ interest in providing services to the driver (customer), along with safety applications, have contributed to connecting vehicles in networks on the fly (i.e., Ad Hoc networks), to provide certain services and information to the driver. These Ad Hoc networks consist of mobile vehicles that are located in a certain geographical zone and within a certain radius of each other, and communicate with each other or with road side units (RSUs) over the wireless medium. In addition, these mobile vehicles share some common characteristic, e.g., driving direction. These networks are well known as Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). From the extensive adoption and development of Internet of Things (IoT), and the integration of and convergence between VANETs and IoT, has emerged a new type of network known as Internet of Vehicles (IoV). VANETs, IoV and Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) have witnessed an explosive growth over the past two decades. This growth and the wide gamut of applications and services, these systems and networks have also increased the threats and attacks against these networks as well as raised many security and privacy concerns. In this book chapter, we describe the need for security in VANETs in terms of security requirements, current challenges in securing VANETs and present current security issues related to these networks. In particular, we deliver a comprehensive and up-to-date summary of threats and attacks in VANETs. Additionally, we present proposed solutions and countermeasures to mitigate these threats and attacks in order to secure and defend VANETs against them.
What Is the Predictive Ability and Academic Impact of the Altmetrics Score and Social Media Attention

Background:Citation rate and journal impact factor have traditionally been used to assess research impact; however, these may fail to represent impact beyond the sphere of academics. Given that soc...
Fiber Optic Seismic Sensor

A compact seismic sensor has been fabricated by supporting a seismic mass between two fiber-wrapped rubber mandrels which form the two arms of a Michelson interferometer. This sensor has a sensitivity of 104 raft below resonance and 3500 rad/gm above resonance, is easy to fabricate, easy to modifiy for other applications, uses less than fifteen meters of sensing fiber, and has a detection threshold limited by its own intrinsic thermal noise (= 2 μrad/√Hz below resonance) rather than the opto-electronic demodulator noise.
Treatment with a DC-SIGN ligand reduces macrophage polarization and diastolic dysfunction in the aging female but not male mouse hearts

Cardiac diastolic dysfunction in aging arises from increased ventricular stiffness caused by inflammation and interstitial fibrosis. The diastolic dysfunction contributes to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), which in the aging population is more common in women. This report examines its progression over 12 weeks in aging C57BL/6J mice and correlates its development with changes in macrophage polarization and collagen deposition. Aged C57BL/6J mice were injected with dendritic cell–specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) ligand 1 (DCSL1, an anti-inflammatory agent) or saline for 12 weeks. Echo and Doppler measurements were performed before and after 4 and 12 weeks of treatment. DCSL1 prevented the worsening of diastolic dysfunction over time in females but not in males. Cardiac single cell suspensions analyzed by flow cytometry revealed changes in the inflammatory infiltrate: (1) in males, there was an increased total number of leukocytes with an increased pro-inflammatory profile compared with females and they did not respond to DCSL1; (2) by contrast, DCSL1 treatment resulted in a shift in macrophage polarization to an anti-inflammatory phenotype in females. Notably, DCSL1 preferentially targeted tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα+) pro-inflammatory macrophages. The reduction in pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization was accompanied by a decrease in collagen content in the heart. Age-associated diastolic dysfunction in mice is more severe in females and is associated with unique changes in macrophage polarization in cardiac tissue. Treatment with DCSL1 mitigates the changes in inflammation, cardiac function, and fibrosis. The characteristics of diastolic dysfunction in aging female mice mimic similar changes in aging women.
Calcioferrite with composition (Ca3.94Sr0.06)Mg1.01(Fe2.93Al1.07)(PO4)6(OH)4·12H2O.

Calcioferrite, ideally Ca4MgFe3+4(PO4)6(OH)4·12H2O (tetra­calcium magnesium tetrairon(III) hexakis-phosphate tetra­hydroxide dodeca­hydrate), is a member of the calcioferrite group of hydrated calcium phosphate minerals with the general formula Ca4AB4(PO4)6(OH)4·12H2O, where A = Mg, Fe2+, Mn2+ and B = Al, Fe3+. Calcioferrite and the other three known members of the group, montgomeryite (A = Mg, B = Al), kingsmountite (A = Fe2+, B = Al), and zodacite (A = Mn2+, B = Fe3+), usually occur as very small crystals, making their structure refinements by conventional single-crystal X-ray diffraction challenging. This study presents the first structure determination of calcioferrite with composition (Ca3.94Sr0.06)Mg1.01(Fe2.93Al1.07)(PO4)6(OH)4·12H2O based on single-crystal X-ray diffraction data collected from a natural sample from the Moculta quarry in Angaston, Australia. Calcioferrite is isostructural with montgomeryite, the only member of the group with a reported structure. The calcioferrite structure is characterized by (Fe/Al)O6 octa­hedra (site symmetries 2 and -1) sharing corners (OH) to form chains running parallel to [101]. These chains are linked together by PO4 tetra­hedra (site symmetries 2 and 1), forming [(Fe/Al)3(PO4)3(OH)2] layers stacking along [010], which are connected by (Ca/Sr)2+ cations (site symmetry 2) and Mg2+ cations (site symmetry 2; half-occupation). Hydrogen-bonding inter­actions involving the water mol­ecules (one of which is equally disordered over two positions) and OH function are also present between these layers. The relatively weaker bonds between the layers account for the cleavage of the mineral parallel to (010).
Treatment of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) using video telehealth.

OBJECTIVE Previous studies have shown the effectiveness of manual-based treatment for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES), but access to mental health care still remains a problem, especially for patients living in areas without medical professionals who treat conversion disorder. Thus, we evaluated patients treated with cognitive behavioral therapy-informed psychotherapy for seizures with clinical video telehealth (CVT). We evaluated neuropsychiatric and seizure treatment outcomes in veterans diagnosed with PNES seen remotely via telehealth. We hypothesized that seizures and comorbidities will improve with treatment. METHODS This was a single-arm, prospective, observational, cohort, consecutive outpatient study. Patients with video-electroencephalography-confirmed PNES (n = 32) documented their seizure counts daily and comorbid symptoms prospectively over the course of treatment. Treatment was provided using a 12-session manual-based psychotherapy treatment given once per week, via CVT with a clinician at the Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center. RESULTS The primary outcome, seizure reduction, was 46% (P = .0001) per month over the course of treatment. Patients also showed significant improvements in global functioning (Global Assessment of Functioning, P = < .0001), quality of life (Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory-31, P = .0088), and health status scales (Short Form 36 Health Survey, P < .05), and reductions in both depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II, P = .0028) and anxiety (Beck Anxiety Inventory, P = .0013) scores. SIGNIFICANCE Patients with PNES treated remotely with manual-based seizure therapy decreased seizure frequency and comorbid symptoms and improved functioning using telehealth. These results suggest that psychotherapy via telehealth for PNES is a viable option for patients across the nation, eliminating one of the many barriers of access to mental health care.
30 Years of Flipping the Coin—Heads or Tails?

Introduction Swallowed coins are a frequent cause of pediatric emergency department visits. Removal typically involves endoscopic retrieval under anesthesia. We describe our 30-year experience retrieving coins using a Foley catheter under fluoroscopy (“coin flip”). Materials and Methods Patients younger than 18 years who underwent the coin flip procedure from 1988 to 2018 were identified. Failure of fluoroscopic retrieval was followed by rigid endoscopic retrieval in the operating room. Detailed subanalysis of patients between 2011 and 2018 was also performed. Results A total of 809 patients underwent the coin flip procedure between 1988 and 2018. Median age was 3.3 years; 51% were male. The mean duration from ingestion to presentation was 19.8 hours. Overall success of removal from the esophagus was 85.5%, with 76.5% of coins retrieved and 9% pushed into the stomach. All remaining coins were retrieved by endoscopy. Complication rate was 1.2% with nine minor and one major complications, a tracheal tear that required repair. In our recent cohort, successful fluoroscopic removal led to shorter hospital lengths of stay (3.2 vs. 18.1 hours, p Conclusion Patients who present with a coin in the esophagus can be successfully managed with a coin flip, which can be performed without hospital admission, with rare complications.
Double Empirical Bayes Testing

Analysing data from large‐scale, multiexperiment studies requires scientists to both analyse each experiment and to assess the results as a whole. In this article, we develop double empirical Bayes testing (DEBT), an empirical Bayes method for analysing multiexperiment studies when many covariates are gathered per experiment. DEBT is a two‐stage method: in the first stage, it reports which experiments yielded significant outcomes and in the second stage, it hypothesises which covariates drive the experimental significance. In both of its stages, DEBT builds on the work of Efron, who laid out an elegant empirical Bayes approach to testing. DEBT enhances this framework by learning a series of black box predictive models to boost power and control the false discovery rate. In Stage 1, it uses a deep neural network prior to report which experiments yielded significant outcomes. In Stage 2, it uses an empirical Bayes version of the knockoff filter to select covariates that have significant predictive power of Stage 1 significance. In both simulated and real data, DEBT increases the proportion of discovered significant outcomes and selects more features when signals are weak. In a real study of cancer cell lines, DEBT selects a robust set of biologically plausible genomic drivers of drug sensitivity and resistance in cancer.
Keeping Creativity under Control: Contributions of Attention Control and Fluid Intelligence to Divergent Thinking.

Increasing research efforts are focused on explaining the cognitive bases of creativity. However, it remains unclear when and how cognitive factors such as intelligence and executive function uniqu...
The Eddington Limit in Cosmic Rays: An Explanation for the Observed Lack of Low-Mass Radio-Loud Quasars and The M ??M Relation

We present a feedback mechanism for supermassive black holes and their host bulges that operates during epochs of radio-loud quasar activity. In the radio cores of relativistic quasar jets, internal shocks convert a fraction of ordered bulk kinetic energy into randomized relativistic ions, or in other words cosmic rays. By employing a phenomenologically motivated jet model, we show that enough 1-100 GeV cosmic rays escape the radio core into the host galaxy to break the Eddington limit in cosmic rays. As a result, hydrostatic balance is lost and a cosmic ray momentum-driven wind develops, expelling gas from the host galaxy and thus self-limiting the black hole and bulge growth. Although the interstellar cosmic ray power is much smaller than the quasar photon luminosity, cosmic rays provide a stronger feedback than UV photons, since they exchange momentum with the galactic gas much more efficiently. The amount of energy released into the host galaxy as cosmic rays, per unit of black hole rest mass energy, is independent of black hole mass. It follows that radio-loud jets should be more prevalent in relatively massive systems since they sit in galaxies with relatively deep gravitational potentials. Therefore, jet-powered cosmic ray feedback not only self-regulates the black hole and bulge growth, but also provides an explanation for the lack of radio-loud activity in relatively small galaxies. By employing basic known facts regarding the physical conditions in radio cores, we approximately reproduce both the slope and the normalization of the M •-M relation.
The role of race and ethnicity in the dermatology applicant match process.

Abstract Objective : The field of dermatology is one of the least racially diverse specialties. We aimed to identify ways in which minorities become underrepresented within dermatology. Methods : We surveyed dermatology applicants who applied to Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, AZ during the 2018–2019 application cycle and Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Scottsdale, and Jacksonville during the 2019–2020 application cycles. Underrepresented minorities (URM) were defined as Latino/Latina, African American, American Indian/Alaska Native, or Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander. Results : In total, 149 and 142 dermatology applicants completed the initial 2019 and 2020 surveys, 112 and 124 completed the follow-up surveys. The racial breakdown was 69.9% Caucasian, 23.7% Asian, 5.4% African American, 0.4% American Indian/Alaska Native, and 0.7% Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander. Eight percent identified as Hispanic/Latino. Median Step 1 scores were lower for URM (p Conclusion : URM are taking out more loans, pursuing research fellowships more often than their White counterparts, publishing more, completing the same number of away rotations and interviews, yet have lower match rates leading to underrepresentation in the field. It is important to realize how Step scores might reflect and reproduce disparities between different racial/ethnic backgrounds, in turn influencing the racial composition of dermatology residency programs.
A thickness‐shear high voltage piezoelectric transformer

A high voltage piezoelectric transformer working with thickness-shear modes is proposed. For the analysis of the proposed transformer, one-dimensional equations for coupled thickness-shear and flexural motions of a piezoelectric beam with rectangular cross section are employed and are simplified by thickness-shear long wave approximation. Free vibration frequency equation and modes are obtained which exhibit the mechanism of the transformer. The analysis is for piezoelectric materials of arbitrary anisotropy. A ceramic thickness-shear transformer is discussed as an example.
Convection Heat Transfer in Rotating Systems

Publisher Summary Because the convective heat transfer phenomena in rotating systems are intimately related to the flow characteristics, they too are quite complex and offer challenges to theoreticians as well as experimenters. Heat transfer by convection to or from bodies of revolution spinning about their axes of symmetry in an otherwise undisturbed fluid has been studied analytically and experimentally by numerous authors. This chapter summarizes results of more recent investigations. The flow and heat transfer characteristics of spinning bodies of revolution in a forced flow field are important for projectiles or re-entry missiles with spin as well as for certain other engineering problems. The fluid-mechanical phenomena of enclosed rotating disks and of parallel corotating disks are distinctly different from those of disks rotating in an infinite environment. In general, the results for convection heat transfer of a disk rotating in an infinite environment can, therefore, not be applied to shrouded or corotating disks. When a quiescent horizontal layer of fluid is heated from below, the fluid at the bottom becomes lighter than the fluid at the top and convection currents are set into motion. The chapter deals with convection in fluids that are set in motion principally by rotating bounding surfaces, but that do not have an independent axial flow. It also deals with heat transfer by convection in systems in which the fluids also have an independent axial motion superimposed on the rotating motion.
“Nietzsche in Law’s Cathedral: Beyond Reason and Postmodernism”

Nietzsche had very little to say about law and what he did say is fragmentary and sporadic. Nietzsche's philosophy, however, offers a basis for theorizing about law. I use Nietzsche's important works to interpret two major movements in legal thought. The first part of the paper examines how Nietzsche's philosophy augments our understanding of deontological theories about the law. Nietzsche produced a substantial ethical theory. The second part of the paper examines how Nietzsche's philosophy helps us to understand law and economics. Nietzsche had a great deal to say about the intellectual predecessor to law and economics, utilitarianism, and his critique of utilitarianism offers insights into law and economics and its intellectual history. Further, Nietzsche elaborated a philosophy of science that extends to and offers insights about "analytical" social sciences such as economics.
Multiscaling Trading Time

This paper studies the properties of high frequency stock trading time using the Trade and Quote Data starting from 1993 to 2002. I show that all these stocks' trading time dynamics exhibit similar temporal patterns: 1) they can be modeled as multifractal processes at large time scales ranging from one day to two weeks, which confirms the multifractal trading time hypothesis suggested by Mandelbrot (1997); 2) the intra-day dynamics can be modeled as the multiscaling processes, which are the generalization of multifractal processes. These patterns are due to the temporal dependence of trading sequence and the fat tails of the their distributions.
Fathali Moghaddam: From the Terrorists' Point of View: What They Experience and Why They Come to Destroy

September 11, 2001 and the U.S. response to that fateful day have been a boon to publishers, spawning a mini-industry of books aimed at assuaging Western anxieties by explaining fundamentalist Isla...
Regulation of TLR4-promoted inflammatory signaling by β-arrestin 2 (IRM5P.706)

The control of IL-10 production in Toll-like receptor (TLR) signals remains to be elucidated. Here, we report that β-arrestin 2 positively regulates TLR-triggered IL-10 production in a p38 MAPK-dependent mechanism. β-arrestin 2 forms complexes with p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and facilitates p38 activation after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Deficiency of β-arrestin 2 and inhibition of p38 MAPK activity both ameliorate TLR4-stimulated IL-10 response. Additionally, in vivo experiments show that mice lacking β-arrestin 2 produce less amount of IL-10, and are more susceptible to LPS-induced septic shock which is further enhanced by blocking IL-10 signal. These results reveal a novel mechanism by which β-arrestin 2 negatively regulates TLR4-mediated inflammatory reactions.
Investigation of laser tissue welding dynamics via experiment and modeling.

ABSTRACT An in vitro study of laser tissue welding mediated with a dye-enhanced protein solder was performed. Freshly harvested sections of porcine aorta were used for the experiments. Arteriotomies approximately 4 mm in length were treated using an 805 nm continuous-wave diode laser coupled to a 1-mm diameter fiber. Temperature histories of the surface of the weld site were obtained using a fiberoptic-based infrared thermometer. The experimental effort was complemented by the LATIS (LAser-TISsue) computer code, which numerically simulates the exposure of tissue to near-infrared radiation using coupled Monte Carlo, thermal transport, and mass transport models. Comparison of the experimental and simulated thermal results shows that the inclusion of water transport and evaporative losses in the model is necessary to determine the thermal distributions and hydration state in the tissue. The hydration state of the weld site was correlated with the acute weld strength.
The Construction of Minorities: Cases for Comparison across Time and around the World.

The Construction of Minorities: Cases for Comparison across Time and around the World. Andre Burguiere and Raymond Grew. eds. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001. 345 pp.
Relations between excitatory and inhibitory retinal responses as determined by a revised apparatus for the study of induced negative after-images.

INDUCED negative after-images are of interest in that they reflect relations between inhibitery and excitatory retinal function. In 1897, Bidwell1 reported that when a coloured, a white, and a black stimulus are repeatedly presented in that order for certain durations and at certain intensities, only the complement of the coloured stimulus is perceived. This effect facilitates certain after-image investigations as decisions as to reversal of colour are made more readily than are estimates of after-image duration or intensity. Suitable durations for coloured, white, and ‘black’ stimuli are 0.017, 0.10, 0.083 sec respectively; the matter of suitable brightness is the principal concern of this communication.
An enzymatic assay for the detection of natural cytotoxicity.

The pronase-enhanced release of 14C-labeled DNA was used to assay cytotoxicity of murine natural killer cells. YAC-1 lymphoma cells were labeled with [14C]thymidine and incubated with increasing numbers of spleen cells from nude mice. At harvest, nuclease-free pronase was used to digest damaged target cells. Increases in cytotoxicity of 5–39% were obtained using optimal conditions. The reaction could be successfully inhibited with unlabeled YAC-1 cells. The degree of cytotoxicity was similar to that detected by 51Cr release, but a longer period of incubation was required.
Appendix F—Ground‐water studies in Central America

In June, 1943, the United States Geological Survey assigned two ground-water geologists, A. N. SAYRE and G. C. TAYLOR, Jr., to study water-supply problems in Central America for the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs and to make recommendations for remedial measures to provide water for cities and towns, especially along the Inter-American Highway. El Salvador, where a large number of towns along the highway have serious water-shortages during the six-month dry season from December to June, was selected as the country in which most of the work was to be done. The Direccion de Sanidad de Salvador, through its Director, Dr. V. A. SUTTER, provided a list of some 35 cities which suffered the most serious water-shortages and each of these cities was visited. The geological and ground-water conditions in the vicinity were studied by reconnaissance-methods and remedial measures were recommended. In nearly every case the water-shortage was due in large part to improper or incomplete development of the available supplies. Most municipalities obtained their water-supplies from springs which either had inadequate flow or were improperly developed. In a few cases the spring-flow was adequate but a large quantity of water was wasted either through poor distribution-systems or through breaks in the line that conducted water from the spring to the city. Nearly all of the water works were unsanitary. In most places it appeared likely that adequate supplies can be obtained from wells at relatively shallow depth. In some places adequate supplies can be obtained by proper improvements of springs that are now in use. In a very few cases no remedy for the shortage of water could be suggested.
Building inferential prediction models of batch processes using subspace identification

Abstract In this paper, a general method for converting available batch plant data into useful prediction models is proposed. A subspace identification method, which was proposed for identification of continuous systems, is used to develop a batch-to-batch correlation model from plant data. In this context, the state of the model is a holder of relevant information contained in the past batch data for predicting the behavior of current and future batches. The modeling framework naturally allows the user to capture correlations among the variables within each individual batch as well as those of successive batches, as reflected in the modeling data, and take advantage of them in prediction and control. It will be shown that the batch-to-batch model can be converted into a time transition model that can be used to predict the future behavior of the relevant variables, including the end-quality variables, in real time based on incoming measurements. Various practical issues will be addressed, such as the reduction of state dimension and incorporation of delayed laboratory measurements of quality variables.
Optimal two-stage designs for clinical trials based on safety and efficacy.

In clinical trials designed to evaluate treatment efficacy, it is common practice to terminate a treatment arm in which the observed rate of an adverse event is unacceptably high. This practice may be formalized by a group-sequential test based on a multivariate outcome including both adverse and efficacy events. Recently, Thall and Cheng proposed a family of tests for randomized trials of an experimental treatment versus a standard where patient outcome is bivariate with entries characterizing efficacy and safety. The test is motivated by the idea that clinically meaningful improvements over the standard may be characterized by a two-dimensional parameter quantifying trade-offs between efficacy and safety. We provide optimal two-stage designs based on this test that minimize either the mean sample size under the null hypothesis of no treatment difference, or the maximum sample size if the trial continues to a second stage. A more general group-sequential version of the design also is described, an illustration is provided, and application to the special case of single-arm phase II trials is discussed.
Structural and kinetic effects of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy related mutations R146G/Q and R163W on the regulatory switching activity of rat cardiac troponin I

Abstract Mutations in cardiac troponin I (cTnI) that cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) have been reported to change the contractility of cardiac myofilaments, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. In this study, Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) was used to investigate the specific structural and kinetic effects that HCM related rat cTnI mutations R146G/Q and R163W exert on Ca 2+ and myosin S1 dependent conformational transitions in rat cTn structure. Ca 2+ -induced changes in interactions between cTnC and cTnI were individually monitored in reconstituted thin filaments using steady state and time resolved FRET, and kinetics were determined using stopped flow. R146G/Q and R163W all changed the FRET distances between cTnC and cTnI in unique and various ways. However, kinetic rates of conformational transitions induced by Ca 2+ -dissociation were universally slowed when R146G/Q and R163W were present. Interestingly, the kinetic rates of changes in the inhibitory region of cTnI were always slower than that of the regulatory region, suggesting that the fly casting mechanism that normally underlies deactivation is preserved in spite of mutation. In situ rat myocardial fiber studies also revealed that FRET distance changes indicating mutation specific disruption of the cTnI IR −actin interaction were consistent with increased passive tension.
Instrument for Measuring Small Frictional Forces

A simple apparatus has been developed to measure frictional forces of small magnitude. It provides a continuous recording of tangential forces ranging from below 0.01 dyne to about 50 dynes. Details of the stick-slip characteristics are thereby recorded. The small normal forces required are applied and controlled by passing a current through a meter movement. The basic element for sensing frictional forces is a d'Arsonval galvanometer system. The frictional force applied to a lever arm produces a torque about the axis of the galvanometer system. A dual photodiode-servo amplifier system provides a correcting current to the galvanometer so that the mechanically imposed torque is automatically balanced. The correcting current is directly proportional to the tangential force. This apparatus has been extensively used in friction studies of individual textile fibers and for fine wire samples. It has also been used for measurements of stylus friction on flat surfaces under small loads. This paper includes a deta...
An Obligatory Intermediate Controls the Folding of the α-Subunit of Tryptophan Synthase, a TIM Barrel Protein

The proposed kinetic folding mechanism of the alpha-subunit of tryptophan synthase (alphaTS), a TIM barrel protein, displays multiple unfolded and intermediate forms which fold through four parallel pathways to reach the native state. To obtain insight into the secondary structure that stabilizes a set of late, highly populated kinetic intermediates, the refolding of urea-denatured alphaTS from Escherichia coli was monitored by pulse-quench hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry. Following dilution from 8 M urea, the protein was pulse-labeled with deuterium, quenched with acid and mass analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Hydrogen bonds that form prior to the pulse of deuterium offer protection against exchange and, therefore, retain protons at the relevant amide bonds. Consistent with the proposed refolding model, an intermediate builds up rapidly and decays slowly over the first 100 seconds of folding. ESI-MS analysis of the peptic fragments derived from alphaTS mass-labeled and quenched after two seconds of refolding indicates that the pattern of protection of the backbone amide hydrogens in this transient intermediate is very similar to that observed previously for the equilibrium intermediate of alphaTS highly populated at 3 M urea. The protection observed in a contiguous set of beta-strands and alpha-helices in the N terminus implies a significant role for this sub-domain in directing the folding of this TIM barrel protein.
Vitamin B6 in Raw and Fried Chicken by HPLC

An isocratic anion exchange, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed to analyze for five of the six vitamers of B 6 . Recoveries of the B 6 vitamers in a standard were 100% to 97%. Recoveries in fried chicken breast ranged from 96% for pyridoxal phosphate to 102% for pyridoxine (PN). Recoveries in raw chicken breast ranged from 86% for pyridoxamine to 102% for PN. Processing chicken by frying reduced the total vitamer by 6.5%. Vitamers of B 6 were relatively stable to frying
Peripheral neuritis due to hydrazide derivatives.

The antituberculous activity of isoniazid used alone or in combination with streptomycin or para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) has been established.’ One of the most favorable properties of isoniazid is the low incidence of significant toxicity resulting from its use when doses of 3 to 5 mg. per kilogram per day are administered. Some of the reactions reported include toxic psychosis, convulsions, dizziness, euphoria, increased sensitivity to sympathomimetic drugs, hyperreflexia, weakness of the legs, headache, ataxia, muscle tremors, tinnitus, disturbed vision, insomnia, drowsiness, urinary incontinence, polyuria, delay in initiation of micturition, constipation, dryness of the mouth, drug fever, variations in sexual activity, pruritis, skin rash, nausea, vomiting, exertional dyspnea and transitory edema.2 Although this is a long list, toxic reactions are infrequent. The need for discontinuing the drug because of serious toxic reactions occurs in approximately 1 per cent of cases.3 It is interesting to note the dominance of toxic effects referrable to the nervous system.
MODULAR SOFT COMPUTING APPROACH FOR AIRCRAFT CARRIER LANDING TRAJECTORY PREDICTION

A modular learning design for classifying aircraft flight data in time-series prediction is proposed in this paper. This is part of the decision support system to assist landing signal officers in guiding aircraft to land on aircraft carriers. NeuroFuzzy systems are used to emulate the flight patterns for future real-time flight prediction. To improve the learning efficiency, a two stage modular learning design is proposed. The data to be learned is first decomposed into categories in accordance to their physical structure. Each module of data is presented to a different NeuroFuzzy system for learning purpose. Individually trained modules are modeled as genetic chromosomes. Genetic algorithm is used to produce a chromosome module that represents a generalization of all the trained modules. As compared with the non-modular approach, the modular approach offers comparable prediction performance with significantly lower overall computation time. We show that the reduction in computation time with the modular approach is exponential as the problem size increases. Navy aircraft data were used to validate the effectiveness of the modular design and the result is consistent and promising.
A Place for Water Markets: Performance and Challenges

The 2006 United Nations Human Development Report paints a dismal picture of global water scarcity and the increasing pressures on agricultural water supplies. While it acknowledges that demand-side policies are more effective than supply-side approaches, it remains skeptical of water markets as a means of managing scarce water supplies. This contrasts sharply with the successful implementation of water markets within the United States and other countries. To clarify the debate, this article evaluates the performance of established water markets. It also considers different challenges posed by water markets in developed and developing countries and discusses how countries can overcome these challenges.
Molecular cloning and characterization of cDNA encoding mouse hepatocyte growth factor

Abstract A cDNA encoding mouse hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been cloned and completely sequenced by use of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and subsequent cloning. Sequence analysis reveals that mouse HGF, similar to its human and rat counterparts, consists of 728 amino acids, and both the α- and β-chains are encoded in a single open reading frame. Strong homology exists in the primary structure of HGF among the three species of mouse, rat and human (more than 90%), especially in Kringle 1 of the α chain which is assumed to be an essential domain for binding of HGF to its receptor, c-MET, a proto-oncogene product. Our results suggest the existence of evolutionary pressure to conserve the distinct structure, and presumably the biological functions, of HGF.
Breast Cancer Detection by B7-H3–Targeted Ultrasound Molecular Imaging

Ultrasound complements mammography as an imaging modality for breast cancer detection, especially in patients with dense breast tissue, but its utility is limited by low diagnostic accuracy. One emerging molecular tool to address this limitation involves contrast-enhanced ultrasound using microbubbles targeted to molecular signatures on tumor neovasculature. In this study, we illustrate how tumor vascular expression of B7-H3 (CD276), a member of the B7 family of ligands for T cell co-regulatory receptors, can be incorporated into an ultrasound method that can distinguish normal, benign, precursor and malignant breast pathologies for diagnostic purposes. Through an immunohistochemical analysis of 248 human breast specimens, we found that vascular expression of B7-H3 was selectively and significantly higher in breast cancer tissues. B7-H3 immunostaining on blood vessels distinguished benign/precursors from malignant lesions with high diagnostic accuracy in human specimens. In a transgenic mouse model of cancer, the B7-H3-targeted ultrasound imaging signal was increased significantly in breast cancer tissues and highly correlated with ex vivo expression levels of B7-H3 on quantitative immunofluorescence. Our findings offer a preclinical proof of concept for the use of B7-H3-targeted ultrasound molecular imaging as a tool to improve the diagnostic accuracy of breast cancer detection in patients.
Studies on the modifying effect of ultraviolet radiation on chemical skin carcinogenesis.

The effect of ultraviolet light on chemically-induced skin carcinogenesis in mice was studied. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation (5.5 × 10 7 ergs/cm 2 ) 24 hr before repeated applications of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) resulted in an increased tumor yield, while irradiation 1 hr after painting caused a decrease. UV irradiation prior to a single application of 3,4-benzo[a]pyrene as an initiating agent, followed by repeated applications of croton oil, increased the neoplastic response. The enhancing effect of a low, nonulcerating dose of UV light 2.8 × 10 6 ergs/cm 2 on initiation by DMBA in two-stage skin carcinogenesis was also significant.
Simulated evolution of fluorophores for light emitting diodes

Organic light emitting diodes based on fluorophores with a propensity for thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) are able to circumvent limitations imposed on device efficiency by spin statistics. Molecules with a propensity for TADF necessarily have two properties: a small gap between the lowest lying singlet and triplet excited states and a large transition dipole moment for fluorescence. In this work, we demonstrate the use of a genetic algorithm to search a region of chemical space for molecules with these properties. This algorithm is based on a flexible and intuitive representation of the molecule as a tree data structure, in which the nodes correspond to molecular fragments. Our implementation takes advantage of hybrid parallel graphics processing unit accelerated computer clusters to allow efficient sampling while retaining a reasonably accurate description of the electronic structure (in this case, CAM-B3LYP/6-31G∗∗). In total, we have identified 3792 promising candidate fluorophores from a chemical space containing 1.26 × 106 molecules. This required performing electronic structure calculations on only 7518 molecules, a small fraction of the full space. Several novel classes of molecules which show promise as fluorophores are presented.
Professional Specialty Ability Research of Construction Management

Now in china, the professional specialty of construction management began nearly 1980s, so it is very late, and the talent training mode are different in various colleges, especially the analysis to the professional specialty ability is not mature. This article combining with the practice of Disaster Prevention Institute of Science and Technology, analyze and study the professional specialty ability of construction management.
Attitudes and Values Concerning Children Among the Menz in Rural Ethiopia

A 258-item questionnaire was used to investigate the attitudes and practices of child bearing and rearing among the population of Menz in Ethiopia. 258 sets of parents categorized by fathers age occupation educational level family size and geographic location were interviewed. The responses revealed some important differences among the respondents in different categories but as a whole with all items taken together there were more similarities than differences in these samples. The data suggest that having more children provided social prestige and economic security for the parents. Marriage without children was regarded a disadvantage leading to grievous consequences such as divorce but sterility was not attributed to the woman alone. Most of the respondents indicated that in the event of childlessness they would try traditional remedies to have children such as drinking holy water. The parents related that they preferred their 1st-born to be a male and preferred having more male than female children. The findings indicate that any attempt to limit the number of children was unacceptable primarily for religious and economic reasons. The desire to have as many male children as possible may be attributed to the need for economic security. A parent with more children and particularly males was well assured of both current and future social and economic security. The findings strongly suggest that among the people of Menz a very high value is attached to human fertility.
Beneficial effects versus toxicity of medium-chain triacylglycerols in rats with NASH☆

Background/Aims Replacing long-chain triacylglycerols (LCT) with medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCT) reduces alcohol-induced liver injury. Because of the similarity of the pathogenesis of alcohol-induced liver damage and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), our aim was to assess whether MCT is also beneficial in NASH. Methods We used a rat NASH model in which corn oil (35% of total calories) was isocalorically replaced with MCT. Results Partial replacement of LCT did not ameliorate hepatic fat accumulation, 4-hydroxynonenal, collagen type I and its mRNA but it increased TNF-α and its mRNA ( p p Conclusions MCT are not hepatotoxic, provided the diet contains no significant amount of LCT. Total replacement of dietary LCT with MCT fed ad libitum is beneficial whereas partial replacement becomes hepatotoxic, unless the dietary intake is restricted.
Effect of Added Fat on the Rheological Properties of Wheat Flour Doughs

ABSTRACT The effect of added fat content on the rheological properties of wheat flour doughs was determined for three different added fat contents (2.5, 5.0, and 7.5%) at 25°C using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and stress relaxation (SR) tests. Frequency sweeps indicated that added fat had a plasticizing effect on G′ and G″ in the rubbery region. SR results were parameterized using a Maxwell model and a Williams-Watts (WW) model. The WW model indicated that each dough could be characterized by just two major relaxation modes, while four elements were needed for the Maxwell model. The average relaxation time for the shorter process was <1 sec and was not affected by added fat. However, the average relaxation time for the longer WW process actually increased from 107 to 261 sec with added fat up to 5%, and then decreased again. Taken together, these results suggest that added fat actually delayed the onset of viscous flow, while simultaneously attenuating the short-time elastic properties of the gluten...
Humans as geologic agents: Comment and Reply: COMMENT

[Wilkinson (2005)][1], in his timely warning about humans as erosional agents, establishes a baseline (prehuman) rate for soil erosion of 24 ± 11 m/m.y. using [Ronov's (1983)][2] mass-age distribution of Phanerozoic series. This translates into ~7.2 x 109 tonnes per year, assuming an erosional
Mass spectra of some 1,2,4-triazole derivatives

Fragmentation of various 1,2,4-triazole derivatives occurs by two predominant pathways involving the loss of RCN originating from both C3 and C5 positions. The resulting diazirinium radical cation was observed to lose a nitrogen atom to give a nitrilium ion whose substitution pattern was dependent upon the original substituents in the nucleus.
Resurfacing arthroplasty for contained cuff tear arthropathy

Abstract Cuff tear arthropathy has been among the most difficult management problems faced by the shoulder surgeon. Ability to restore motion and alleviate pain has been challenging and has led Neer to coin the term "limited goals" when discussing outcomes of surgery in this group of patients. Over the past 15 years evidence of improved outcomes has been demonstrated with use of the reverse total shoulder prosthetic implant. However, with longer follow-up, a high rate of complication has also been demonstrated with these implants. Furthermore, their utilization significantly affects the local anatomy and takes away a significant amount of native bone stock. In addition, these implants cost in many cases, three to four times the price of a more conventional prosthesis. Not all patients with cuff tear arthropathy have the same degree of pathology. Many patients retain a "captured" humeral head underneath the coracoacromial arch without demonstrating anterior/superior escape and can be managed with a more conventional prosthesis. Indiscriminate use of the reverse prosthesis on all patients with cuff tear arthropathy presents a relatively reckless and irresponsible use of resources while limiting the ability to perform revision in the face of implant failure. Use of a CTA humeral head implant or cup resurfacing in a valgus position provides a seamless covering over the humeral head, which allows smooth seating within a "socket" formed by the coracoacromial arch. Such patients function quite well with excellent pain relief. Should revision ultimately be needed at a later date, a reverse arthroplasty can easily be performed without damage to the existing architecture. Reverse arthroplasty should be reserved for the physiologically older patient with limited demands and anterior/superior escape of the humeral head. Valgus resurfacing should be the procedure of choice in younger, more active patients whose humeral head remains captured within the coracoacromial arch.