cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An integrative approach to spatial mapping of pressure distribution in microrolling

Abstract Microrolling is an advanced manufacturing process for the mass production of miniaturized components. At the micrometer scale, small deviation in material thickness or roll misalignment can lead to significant variation of the pressure distribution across the product, resulting in dimensional inaccuracy of the imprinted texture. To address this problem, an embedded sensing system has been developed to monitor in situ the spatial pressure distribution across the tool–workpiece interface. A key element of the sensing system is a pressure reconstruction algorithm, which determines the deformation across the roll structure from a limited number of sensing points, and converts the data subsequently into pressure distribution across the workpiece. This paper investigates how backprojection and interpolation can be integrated synergistically to improve the accuracy and robustness of pressure reconstruction. Specifically, interpolation is performed as a pre-possessing step to increase the resolution in capacitance variation estimation and improve the robustness of back-projection in solving the inverse problem of capacitance–pressure conversion. Experimental study confirmed the performance of the developed method.
Supporting large-scale science with workflows

Current workflow systems support data flow through complex analyses in a distributed environment. The scope of scientific workflow systems could expand to support the entire scientific research cycle, which includes data flow, design flow, and knowledge flow tasks. Example tasks and requirements within each of these are explored, illustrated by a use case in environmental science. Nexus points between scientific tasks and potential workflow support mechanisms are identified and described. Several new ideas, or modifications of existing ideas are introduced: science dashboards, meta-provenance, event-driven workflows, extreme workflow development, and collective thinking workflows.
Prey size selection and feeding ecology of an omnivorous invader: Hemimysis anomala

Abstract We studied the feeding ecology of the Ponto-Caspian mysid Hemimysis anomala , a recent invader to the Great Lakes that is expanding to other bodies of water. Experimentally we found that H. anomala 's prey consumption rates were affected by prey size and by illumination. Juvenile H. anomala fed at similar rates under soft light and darkness, while adults fed more in complete darkness, indicating reliance on different prey-receptors. Small prey was preferred by juvenile and medium-size H. anomala , but large H. anomala also exploited larger prey sizes. Juveniles also consumed a large proportion of algae, but they became more carnivorous as size increased indicating an ontogenetic diet shift from juvenile (4.5 mm length) to young adult (6.5 mm length). Results from field-collected (wild) H. anomala juveniles showed that they consumed similar quantities of algae and zooplankton. The juvenile δ 13 C corresponded to pelagic algae consumption; however, larger wild H. anomala had enriched δ 13 C from benthic algae, indicating different habitat utilization than juveniles. The δ 15 N for the largest wild H. anomala collected was 1‰ above that of juveniles, pointing to an increased reliance on animal food with size. Wild H. anomala also fed on large amounts of detrital material, possibly deriving a nutritional benefit from them. H. anomala is an adaptable organism capable of exploiting pelagic and benthic regions of the littoral zones of lakes. H. anomala 's preference for small prey puts it in competition with larval fish and could potentially impact both upper and lower trophic levels.
The Cyber-Pornography Use Inventory: The Development of a New Assessment Instrument

Internet pornography usage has become widespread in recent years, and the task of assessing this usage has proven difficult. Furthermore, assessing this usage in religious populations has proven nearly impossible due to the morally charged nature of the subject. As such, this study recounts the development of a new instrument for assessing Internet pornography usage that could be effectively used in religious populations. Factor analyses of the instrument revealed a three-factor structure that demonstrated acceptable reliability (α >.80) for each factor, as well as some measure of construct validity. The instrument also offered initial analyses of the feelings of guilt and distress experienced by religious populations as a result of their Internet pornography consumption. These results demonstrate great potential for future clinical application as well as research, particularly in populations that are prone to experience more guilt as a result of their usage.
Developing and testing of an error propagation model for GIS overlay operations

Abstract This study examines the propagation of thematic error through GIS overlay operations. Existing error propagation models for these operations are shown to yield results that are inconsistent with actual levels of propagation error. An alternate model is described that yields more consistent results. This model is based on the frequency of errors of omission and commission in input data. Model output can be used to compute a variety of error indices for data derived from different overlay operations.
Nibbling, Sniping, and the Role of Uncertainty in Second-Price, Hard-Close Internet Auctions: Empirical Evidence from eBay

Internet auctions have gained widespread appeal as an efficient and effective means of buying and selling goods and services. This study examines buyer behavior on eBay, one of the most well-known Internet auction Web sites. eBayâ€™s auction format is similar to that of a second-price, hard-close auction, which gives a rational participant an incentive to submit a bid that is equal to his or her maximum willingness to pay. But while traditional second-price, hard-close auctions assume that participants have reliable information about their own and other biddersâ€™ reservation prices, eBay participants usually do not. This raises the possibility that eBay participants may adapt their bidding strategies and not actually bid their reservation prices because of increased uncertainty. In this article, we empirically examine the bidding patterns of online auction participants and compare our findings to the behavior of bidders in more conventional auction settings.
Attention allocation and the relationship between primary and secondary task difficulty. A reply to Kantowitz and Knight

Abstract Kantowitz and Knight have argued that Kahneman's attention-allocation theory requires primary and secondary task difficulty to interact. It is shown that whether or not these two variables interact depends upon (1) the shape of the function relating task difficulty and available capacity to performance and (2) the difficulty levels of each task.
Error correction for Moiré based creep measurement system

Due to the high temperatures and stresses present in the high-pressure section of a gas turbine, the airfoils experience creep or radial stretching. Nowadays manufacturers are putting in place condition-based maintenance programs in which the condition of individual components is assessed to determine their remaining lives. To accurately track this creep effect and predict the impact on part life, the ability to accurately assess creep has become an important engineering challenge. One approach for measuring creep is using moire imaging. Using pad-print technology, a grating pattern can be directly printed on a turbine bucket, and it compares against a reference pattern built in the creep measurement system to create moire interference pattern. The authors assembled a creep measurement prototype for this application. By measuring the frequency change of the moire fringes, it is then possible to determine the local creep distribution. However, since the sensitivity requirement for the creep measurement is very stringent (0.1 micron), the measurement result can be easily offset due to optical system aberrations, tilts and magnification. In this paper, a mechanical specimen subjected to a tensile test to induce plastic deformation up to 4% in the gage was used to evaluate the system. The results show some offset compared to the readings from a strain gage and an extensometer. By using a new grating pattern with two subset patterns, it was possible to correct these offset errors.
Famine versus feast: understanding the metabolism of tumors in vivo

To fuel unregulated proliferation, cancer cells alter metabolism to support macromolecule biosynthesis. Cell culture studies have revealed how different oncogenic mutations and nutrients impact metabolism. Glucose and glutamine are the primary fuels used in vitro; however, recent studies have suggested that utilization of other amino acids as well as lipids and protein can also be important to cancer cells. Early investigations of tumor metabolism are translating these findings to the biology of whole tumors and suggest that additional complexity exists beyond nutrient availability alone in vivo. Whole-body metabolism and tumor heterogeneity also influence the metabolism of tumor cells, and successful targeting of metabolism for cancer therapy will require an understanding of tumor metabolism in vivo.
Is there a natural order for expressing semantic relations

Abstract All languages rely to some extent on word order to signal relational information. Why? We address this question by exploring communicative and cognitive factors that could lead to a reliance on word order. In Study 1, adults were asked to describe scenes to another using their hands and not their mouths. The question was whether this home-made “language” would contain gesture sentences with consistent order. In addition, we asked whether reliance on order would be influenced by three communicative factors (whether the communication partner is permitted to give feedback; whether the information to be communicated is present in the context that recipient and gesturer share; whether the gesturer assumes the role of gesture receiver as well as gesture producer). We found that, not only was consistent ordering of semantic elements robust across the range of communication situations, but the same non-English order appeared in all contexts. Study 2 explored whether this non-English order is found only when a person attempts to share information with another. Adults were asked to reconstruct scenes in a non-communicative context using pictures drawn on transparencies. The adults picked up the pictures for their reconstructions in a consistent order, and that order was the same non-English order found in Study 1. Finding consistent ordering patterns in a non-communicative context suggests that word order is not driven solely by the demands of communicating information to another, but may reflect a more general property of human thought.
Direct histological validation of diffusion tensor MRI in formaldehyde- fixed myocardium

Diffusion tensor MRI is emerging as a rapid, nondestructive method to map myocardial fiber organization. It accurately measures myofiber orientation in hearts bathed in or perfused with cardioplegic solution. This study shows it also accurately maps the fibrous architecture of formalin-fixed hearts. Fiber orientations obtained by MRI and histology at the same locations in an excised portion of rabbit ventricle differed on average by 3.7 degrees (SD = 6.4 degrees, N = 70), a closer correspondence than achieved with previous preparations. The longer acquisition times afforded by fixed-heart imaging provides better accuracy, and should enable high-resolution reconstruction of the entire ventricular architecture. Magn Reson Med 44:157-161, 2000.
Novel markers of early ovarian pre-granulosa cells are expressed in an Sry-like pattern.

Mammalian gonad differentiation involves sexually dimorphic cell-fate decisions within the bipotential gonadal primordia. Testis differentiation is initiated by a center-to-poles wave of Sry expression that induces supporting cell precursors (SCPs) to become Sertoli rather than granulosa cells. The initiation of ovary differentiation is less well understood. We identified two novel SCP markers, 1700106J16Rik and Sprr2d, whose expression is ovary-biased during early gonad development, and altered in Wnt4, Sf1, Wt1, and Fog2 mutant gonads. In XX and XY gonads, both genes were up-regulated at ∼E11 in a center-to-poles wave, and then rapidly down-regulated in XY gonads in a center-to-poles wave, which is reminiscent of Sry expression in XY gonads. Our data suggest that 1700106J16Rik and Sprr2d may have important roles in early gonad development, and are consistent with the hypothesis that ovarian SCP differentiation occurs in a center-to-poles wave with similar timing to that of testicular SCP differentiation. Developmental Dynamics 238:812–825, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
SPODOPTERA EXIGUA : MATING DISRUPTION, MEASUREMENT OF AIRBORNE CONCENTRATION OF PHEROMONE, AND USE OF SPECIALIST RECEPTOR CELL RESPONSES FOR COMPARISON TO FEMALE PHEROMONE EMISSION

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate Shin-Etsu Yoto-con-S 'rope' pheromone dispensers applied at different site densities in cotton to determine efficacy in disrupting sexual communication and mating of beet armyworm moths, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner); obtain atmospheric measurements of the disruptant pheromone components in and away from treated areas; and relate this information to estimates of the concentration of pheromone in the near vicinity of a calling virgin female moth. The number of pheromone-dispensing sites/ha ranged from 25 with 20 ropes/site up to a total of 247 sites with 2 ropes each. A total of 112 g pheromone of a 70:30 blend of (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-l- ol acetate (ZETA) and (Z)-tetradecen-1-ol (Z9-14:OH) was applied/ha. As few as 25 sites/ha effectively disrupted sexual communication by 91%, as measured by reductions of moth captures in traps baited with pheromone lures, and mating by beet armyworm females by 94% for at least 10 weeks post-treatment. The results compared favorably to an earlier large-scale field experiment in which beet armyworm larval populations were reduced 95% using 500 pheromone-dispensing sites/ha (two ropes/site) and 160 g total pheromone/ha. The airborne concentration of ZETA and Z9-14:OH measured within the pheromone-treated plots that disrupted mating was 1.5 x 10(-13) M and 1.2 x 10(-13) M, respectively. The airborne concentration of ZETA and Z9-14:OH in the vicinity of a female was estimated (by excision and electrophysiological methods) to range between 2.1 x 10(-11) M and 2.4 x 10(-12) M, respectively, in a 1.6 km/h (1 mph) wind speed. Thus, the average ZETA concentration in the treated plots was about 140 times less than that expected from a single female; the average Z9-14:OH in the treated plots was about 20 times less. The data support an argument that disruption of mating by beet armyworm resulted from an imbalance in sensory input because mating was almost completely disrupted in all of the plots for at least 10 weeks with a mixture of ZETA:Z9-14:OH that differed significantly with that from excised female sex pheromone glands. Estimates of these parameters provide a benchmark for the requisite pheromone concentration in the atmosphere to achieve a high level of mating disruption for beet armyworm and possibly other insect pest species.
Diffuse skeletal angiomatosis

Diffuse skeletal angiomatosis is a rare disease that is usually associated with visceral angiomatosis. The bony changes are striking and the roentgen examination is the most important diagnostic measure. The lesions are almost invariably lytic and are usually well-defined. The most commonly involved bones are the femur, the pelvis, ribs, humerus, the skull, and vertebrae. The pattern of bony involvement is reviewed and the types of involvement are illustrated including a unique example with extensive changes in the bones of the hand.
Remarks on dispersionless KP, KdV, and 2D gravity

We use the SDiff(2) framework of Takasaki and Takebe and the (L, M) program (L is the Lax operator andMω=ωλ) to show that $$\mathfrak{M}$$ =semiclassical limit ofM is $$\hat \xi + \sum\nolimits_2^\infty {T'_n } \lambda ^{n - 1} $$ , where ( $$\lambda , - \hat \xi $$ ) are action angle variables in the Gibbons-Kodama theory of Hamilton-Jacobi type for dispersionless KP. We also show $$\hat \xi $$ is the semiclassical limit ofWxW −1 (W is the gauge operator), whereG=WxW −1 is a quantity studied by the author in an earlier paper in connection with symmetries. We give then a semiclassical version of the Jevicki-Yoneya action principle for 2D gravity, where again $$\hat \xi $$ arises in calculations, and this yields directly the Landau-Ginsburg equation that corresponds to the semiclassical limit of an integrated string equation. For KdV we also show how inverse scattering data are connected to Hamiltonians for dispersionless KdV. We also discuss Hirota bilinear formulas relative to the dispersionless hierarchies and establish various limiting formulas.
The Generalized Moment Method for Analysis of Structures with Varying Feature Sizes

Analysis of structures with varying spatial discretization to capture geometric subtleties poses challenges that are two-fold: (i) choosing proper representation so as to capture the physics of the problem and (ii) overcoming the computational bottleneck posed by such constraints. This problem not necessarily new, and solutions to the problem exist. Our approach, however, will be slightly different in that we will construct the appropriate basis function space using the generalized method of moments and augment this code with an acceleration kernel. Results that demonstrate the efficacy of this approach will be presented at the conference. (8 pages)
Lévy-Ciesielski random series as a useful platform for Monte Carlo path integral sampling.

We demonstrate that the L\'evy-Ciesielski implementation of Lie-Trotter products enjoys several properties that make it extremely suitable for path-integral Monte Carlo simulations: fast computation of paths, fast Monte Carlo sampling, and the ability to use different numbers of time slices for the different degrees of freedom, commensurate with the quantum effects. It is demonstrated that a Monte Carlo simulation for which particles or small groups of variables are updated in a sequential fashion has a statistical efficiency that is always comparable to or better than that of an all-particle or all-variable update sampler. The sequential sampler results in significant computational savings if updating a variable costs only a fraction of the cost for updating all variables simultaneously or if the variables are independent. In the L\'evy-Ciesielski representation, the path variables are grouped in a small number of layers, with the variables from the same layer being statistically independent. The superior performance of the fast sampling algorithm is shown to be a consequence of these observations. Both mathematical arguments and numerical simulations are employed in order to quantify the computational advantages of the sequential sampler, the L\'evy-Ciesielski implementation of path integrals, and the fast sampling algorithm.
The pentapeptide GGAGG has PII conformation.

Most of what we know about proteins reflects their native folded structure. Much less is understood about the structure of unfolded proteins, which tends to be referred to as "random coil", lacking extended alpha-helix or beta-strand structure. Recent work suggests that unfolded proteins might adopt significant population of PII structure, an extended left-handed helix found in collagen and proline-rich peptides. A series of short peptides AcGGXGGNH2 has been adopted as a model for studying unfolded protein structure because of the minimal steric effect imposed by flanking glycines. Peptide AcGGAGGNH2 makes possible a host-guest conformation analysis of the middle residue alanine. NMR experiments reveal that the Phi and Psi dihedral angles of the central alanine are -73 degrees and 125 degrees , respectively, placing the alanine in the PII region of the Ramachandran plot. Circular dichroism shows a typical PII spectrum with a strong negative absorbance at 190 nm. Temperature experiments show the alanine structure shifts to increasing beta-strand at high temperature. Because the alanine side chain most closely represents unsubstituted peptide backbone, these results have significant implications for the conformational entropy of unfolded polypeptide chains.
GaAs junction lasers containing the amphoteric dopants Ge and Si

Abstract Laser operation ofp-n junctions in GaAs doped with amphoteric impurities is demonstrated. The previous limitation to laser operation of such junctions caused by the broad spatial spread of the injected carriers (electrons), and their consequent low density at a given current level, can be overcome with a heterojunction reflecting barrier juxtaposed within a diffusion length of the junction. The effect of the barrier is great enough to allow significant stimulated emission to occur in GaAs (p-type GaAs : Ge and GaAs : Si) not previously lased in junction structures, and at current levels 10 × lower than those that have been previously inadequate.
Characterization of the human lung CYP2F1 gene and identification of a novel lung-specific binding motif.

Abstract The CYP2F1 gene encodes a cytochrome P450 enzyme capable of bioactivating a number of pulmonary-selective toxicants. The expression of CYP2F1 is highly tissue-selective; the highest expression is observed in the lung with little or no hepatic expression. The objective of these studies was to elucidate the mechanisms that govern the unique tissue-specific regulation of CYP2F1. Cosmid and bacterial artificial chromosome clones were screened and sequenced to identify a gene that spanned 14 kbp containing 10 exons, including an untranslated exon 1. Primer extension analysis and 5′-rapid amplification of cDNA ends were used to identify the transcription start site. Several sequences homologous to known cis-elements were identified in the 5′-upstream region of the CYP2F1 promoter. Transient transfection studies with luciferase reporter constructs demonstrated a significant functional lung cell-specific CYP2F1 promoter region (from position −129 to +115). DNase footprinting analysis of 1.6 kbp of the upstream sequence with nuclear extracts from human lung tissues revealed one strong DNA-protein complex at −152 to −182. This nuclear protein (called lung-specific factor, LSF) was present only in lung but not liver or heart tissues. Competitive electrophoretic mobility shift assays characterized a DNA consensus site, within the LSF-binding domain, that was highly similar to two E box motifs, but no known “E box” trans-factors were identified. These studies identified a novel LSF and its consensus sequence that may control tissue-specific expression of CYP2F1.
Prostaglandin E2 attenuates hyperoxia-induced injury in cultured rabbit tracheal epithelial cells.

ABSTRACT: We assessed the kinetics of hyperoxia-induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production by cultured rabbit tracheal epithelial (TE) cells with different inherent capacities to generate PGE2 and the role of endogenous PGE2 production in protecting these cells from hyperoxic injury. Rabbit TE cells grown to confluence with or without lipid supplements [0.1% Excyte III (Miles-Pentex) and 1 /μM arachidonic acid] were exposed for 2 h to control (5% CO2/air) or hyperoxic (5% CO2/90% O2) atmospheres at a gas-fluid interface. Serial cell culture effluents collected during exposure were analyzed for PGE2 by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Basal PGE2 production by lipid-supplemented cells was approximately 3-fold greater than that by unsupplemented cultures (p < 0.01). In lipid-supplemented cells, PGE2 production doubled after 15 min of hyperoxic exposure (p < 0.05) and then declined to approximately 50% of initial levels, whereas exposure to 5% CO2/air did not significantly change PGE2 production. In unsupplemented cells, neither control nor hyperoxic exposure altered PGE2 production. Hyperoxia-exposed TE cells had decreased ability to convert 10 μM exogenous arachidonic acid to PGE2, suggesting hyperoxia-induced inhibition of the enzymes involved in PGE2 synthesis. Lipid-supplemented cells were less susceptible to hyperoxic injury than unsupplemented monolayers, as evidenced by increased viability (trypan blue exclusion) and decreased generation of lipid peroxides (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances). Addition of exogenous PGE2 to unsupplemented cultures at concentrations that were produced by lipid-supplemented cells (2 ng/mL every 15 min) during hyperoxic exposure eliminated these differences in hyperoxia-induced lipid peroxidation and cytotoxicity. Our observations suggest that hyperoxic exposure inhibits TE cell cyclooxygenase activity and that endogenously produced airway epithelial cell PGE2 has a cytoprotective role against hyperoxia-induced injury.
The role of defects in the reaction of chlorine atoms with alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) in ultra-high-vacuum is used to investigate the reaction of gas-phase atomic chlorine with octanethiolate self-assembled-monolayers on Au(111). Exposure to Cl atoms results in the formation of a variety of surface defects, and eventually leads to a complete loss of order within the alkanethiolate monolayer. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and thermal desorption mass spectrometry show that these morphological changes are accompanied by significant chlorination of the monolayer as well as a ∼30% decrease in the amount of adsorbed sulfur. The rate of reaction is measured through the analysis of sequences of STM images, and coverage-vs.-exposure data shows that the average reactivity of any given molecule within the monolayer decreases as the reaction progresses. Working with the assumption that monolayer defects created by Cl-atom reaction will affect the reactivity of neighboring molecules, a kinetic Monte Carlo simulation shows the data are consistent with defect sites inhibiting reaction rate by a factor of 5 or more. This behavior is opposite to that found for hydrogen-atom reactions, where edge and defect sites were far more reactive. The dynamics of chlorine-atom reactivity are described primarily in terms of the formation and subsequent reaction of surface-adsorbed radicals, with surface defects providing sites where these radicals can be quenched.
Direct Quantitative Analysis from Thin-Layer Chromatography Plates Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Direct quantitative analysis using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) has been demonstrated. An internal standard and a data collection protocol were used for analysis directly from TLC plates to compensate for shot-to-shot signal degradation, as well as deviations of analyte and internal standard spatial distributions within the TLC spot. Cocaine hydrochloride was used as a model compound for this study, and cocaine-d3 was used as the internal standard. Quantitative analysis by TLC/MALDI yielded comparable results to those obtained with stainless steel substrates (the standard MALDI method) for point-to-point repeatability, % RSD of the standard curve, and measurement precision. For silica gel and reverse-phase TLC plates, the relative standard deviation of the standard curve slope was better than 3%, the relative standard deviations of the analyte/internal standard intensity ratios ranged from 3.8% to 9.5%, the precision was estimated to be better than 12%, and the detection limits were estimated to be 60 pg for both TLC plate types. Quantitative analysis using stainless steel substrates yielded a lower detection limit than that obtained by TLC/MALDI by a factor of six. Perspectives for improving the detection limits of direct TLC/MALDI quantitative analysis are discussed.
Treatment of cerebral ischemia with electrical stimulation of the cervical spinal cord

We observed an increase in cerebral blood flow (CBF) for control of pain but were otherwise normal. Based on that observation, we implanted stimulators for cervical spinal cord stimulation (cSCS) in three patients who had symptomatic cerebral ischemia. Two had severe basivertebral occlusive disease and one had bilateral carotid occlusive disease. In all three cases, cSCS alleviated the symptoms of ischemia. Xenon-CBF studies or single-photon emission computer tomography (SPECT) showed increased CBF in response to cSCS. Although no mechanism clearly responsible for this remarkable therapeutic efficacy can be proposed yet, further clinical trials of cSCS for inoperable cerebral ischemia may be justified.
Applying a Narrative Frame to the Assessment of Children

Psychological assessment has been sharply criticized for its role in sorting children, especially nunority children (Jitendra & Rohena-Diaz, 1996; Malgady, 1996), and for representing the views of the dominant school structure (Milofsky, 1989). This article calls for reconceptualization of psychological assessment of children as narrative, representing both the process and product of constructing the story of a child's growth. Psychological assessment and report writing are reframed here as hermeneutic activities that seek to understand the meanings of children's behavior in the social and cultural contexts in which children grow. Narrative is proposed as an alternate framework to that provided by the diagnostic/prescriptive model, grounding psychological assessment in a humanistic rather than positivistic tradition of identification and remediation of pathology. The psychological report is explored as a particular kind of writing that shares with ofher narrative genres an emphnsis On developing a plausib...
Plasma trazodone concentrations in elderly depressed inpatients: cardiac effects and short-term efficacy.

Twenty-three depressed patients with an average age of 78.86 were treated with trazodone in dosages averaging 354.3 mg/day. Despite pretreatment cardiac conduction delay in 30%, no electrocardiographic abnormalities were produced or exaggerated during the study. Plasma steady state trazodone levels averaged 1,474.4 ng/ml and significantly correlated with dosage at r = 0.415. In a subgroup of 13 patients, six who sustained good short-term response to trazodone had lower mean steady state plasma levels than seven who did not, suggesting that plasma levels above 1,500 ng/ml may not be therapeutic in the short run.
STUDIES OF PITUITARY LACTOGENIC HORMONE. XXIV. PREPARATION OF AN ACTIVE CORE FROM A LIMITED CHYMOTRYPTIC DIGEST OF THE OVINE HORMONE.

Abstract The effect of limited chymotryptic digestion on the lactogenic activity of ovine prolactin was studied. Fractionation of the 50% digest of monomer prolactin resulted in the preparation of an active core. Some properties of the core have been investigated.
Regulation of entry, labor market institutions and the informal sector

Abstract This paper develops a two-sector matching model that incorporates the main features of Latin American labor markets. It has an innovation in its matching structure that makes it more consistent with some key stylized facts of the informal sector in these countries. The model is numerically solved using Brazilian data and several policy simulations are performed. Reducing formal sector's entry cost significantly reduces the size of the informal sector and improves overall labor market performance. Increasing enforcement significantly reduces informality but has strong adverse effects on unemployment and welfare. Thus, the results indicate that the tradeoff between lower informal employment and higher unemployment rates is not present when one looks at policies that aim at reducing the costs of being formal, as opposed to policies that simply increase the costs of being informal.
Cytoskeletal elements of chick embryo fibroblasts revealed by detergent extraction

Treatment of chick embryo fibroblasts with 0.5% Triton X-100 extracts most of the cell protein, leaving an organized part of the cell structure attached to the tissue culture dish. This "Triton cytoskeleton" consists largely of intermediate-sized filaments and bundles of microfilaments. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reveals that this cytoskeleton is made up of three main proteins. One protein component is 42,000 daltons and co-migrates with muscle actin. The other two components are 52,000 and 230,000 daltons and remain quantitatively associated with the cytoskeleton during the detergent extraction. The possible identity of these three protein components and their organization into a supramolecular structure is discussed.
Glioblastoma multiforme masquerading as a pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma.

Since its first description by Kepes in 1979, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) has been considered a tumor with a benign course. Two cases are presented here that support the concept that PXA may be more accurately considered part of a spectrum of astrocytomas that occasionally may act aggressively. These cases represent astrocytomas with PXA components and are characterized by meningeal proximity, a high number of mitoses, and subsequently aggressive clinical behavior. The importance of recognizing the potential of a “benign” PXA to transform into a malignant entity has obvious implications for the therapeutic management of these tumors.
Release of platelet factor 4 (PF4) measured by a polybrene® assay in response to in vitro platelet damage

Abstract PF4 activity was measured in PPP prepared from PRP which had been subjected either to controlled wall impact surface injury or to shear stress force in a jet stream injection device. PF3 activity was also measured to compare the sensitivity of the two methods of assessment of platelet damage. PF4 activity was compared with the Polybrene instead of the less stable agent protamine. Both PF4 and PF3 were found to increase after wall impact injury, and were equally sensitive indicators of platelet injury. There was a lesser but significant increase in activity of both factors with shear stress injury. These experiments suggest that membrane damage and either leakage or selective release results from the injury occurring in these controlled conditions. Previous observations had failed to demonstrate significant release of radioactive serotonin in response to injury, and suggested that the platelet membrane remained intact. PF4 release measurement is simple, sensitive index of mechanical platelet damage.
Ovoperoxidase assembly into the sea urchin fertilization envelope and dityrosine crosslinking

Abstract Ovoperoxidase, the enzyme implicated in hardening the extracellular coat of the fertilized sea urchin egg, is inserted into the assembling uncrosslinked (soft) fertilization membrane via specific interactions with a protein, proteoliaisin ( P. Weidman, E. Kay, and B. M. Shapiro (1985). J. Cell. Biol. 100, 938–946 ), and the vitelline scaffold. Dityrosine crosslinks introduced by ovoperoxidase have been postulated to harden the assembled structure from such indirect data as the discovery of dityrosine in hard fertilization membranes ( Foerder and B. M. Shapiro (1977). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 4214-4128 ; H. G. Hall (1978). Cell 15, 343–355. ) In this report, we show directly that soft fertilization membranes (SFM) contain no dityrosine residues but acquire these crosslinks in vitro only during hardening. In vitro hardening alters the susceptibility of the fertilization membrane to disruption in cation-depleted solutions and in detergent; the kinetics of these phenomena are all similar to those of hardening in vivo. Ovoperoxidase substrates were identified as a class of high-molecular-weight proteins of SFM by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after in vitro hardening or after an ovoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination reaction. The specificity of ovoperoxidase for particular substrates decreased once it was no longer associated with these polypeptides within the SFM. Moreover, after disruption of the SFM, ovoperoxidase had an increased capacity to iodinate an exogenous protein, myoglobin. These data suggest that assembly of ovoperoxidase into a specific locus within the soft fertilization membrane provides a regulatory mechanism to guarantee the crosslinking of only certain appropriately juxtaposed tyrosyl residues in the assembled structure.
Protein kinase C-α regulation of gallbladder Na+ transport becomes progressively more dysfunctional during gallstone formation

Gallbladder Na + absorption and biliary Ca 2+ are both increased during gallstone formation and may promote cholesterol nucleation. Na + /H + exchange (NHE) is a major pathway for gallbladder Na + transport. Ca 2+ -dependent second messengers, including protein kinase C (PKC), inhibit basal gallbladder Na + transport. Multiple PKC isoforms with species- and tissue-specific expression have been reported. In this study we sought to characterize Ca 2+ -dependent PKC isoforms in gallbladder and to examine their roles in Na + transport during gallstone formation. Gallbladders were harvested from prairie dogs fed either nonlithogenic chow or 1.2% cholesterol-enriched diet for varying periods to induce various stages of gallstone formation. PKC was activated with the use of phorboldibutyrate, and we assessed gallbladder NHE regulation by measuring unidirectional Na + flux and dimethylamiloride-inhibitable 22 Na + uptake. We measured gallbladder PKC activity with the use of histone III-S phosphorylation and used Go 6976 to determine PKC-α contributions. Gallbladder PKC isoform messenger RNA and protein expression were examined with the use of Northern- and Western-blot analysis, respectively. Prairie dog and human gallbladder expresses PKC-α, βII, and δ isoforms. The PKC activation significantly decreased gallbladder J Na ms and reduced baseline 22 Na + uptake by inhibiting NHE. PKC-α mediated roughly 42% of total PKC activity under basal conditions. PKC-α regulates basal gallbladder Na + transport by way of stimulation of NHE isoform NHE-2 and inhibition of isoform NHE-3. PKC-α blockade reversed PKC-induced inhibition of J Na ms and 22 Na + uptake by about 45% in controls but was progressively less effective during gallstone formation. PKC-α contribution to total PKC activity is progressively reduced, whereas expression of PKC-α mRNA, and protein increases significantly during gallstone formation. We conclude that PKC-α regulation of gallbladder NHE becomes progressively more dysfunctional and may in part account for the increased Na + absorption observed during gallstone formation.
Morphology of Human Epidermal Healing

Summary Tissues obtained at surgical treatment for pressure sores, venous ulcers and bum injuries have been investigated using immunohistochemical techniques. Non-healing lesions show very disorganised epidermal/granulation tissue boundaries and have extra-cellular plasminogen. Healing wounds show superficial advancement of epidermal cells and cellular plasminogen staining. All leading epidermal edges lay down their basement membrane components, collagen IV and laminin after the cell sheet has advanced.
Formation of an eta-mesic nucleus

Abstract The possibility of the formation of η-nucleus bound states is examined. It is found that with an attractive ηN interaction, as determined from an isobar model analysis of πN → ηN cross sections, bound states can exist for nuclei with mass number A ⩾ 12. These bound systems constitute a new category of nuclei, which is termed the η-mesic nuclei. Analyses of such bound systems will yield information on η-nucleon interactions in nuclei.
Destructive disassembly of bolts and screws by impact fracture

Disassembly, the process of removing components from a product at the end of its useful life, is complex due to a variety of fastener shapes and variability in their damage during use. Mechanical impact has been suggested as a cost-effective method for destructive disassembly of joining elements. This research analyzes the process of impact disassembly by studying the characteristics of elastic waves caused by the impact. Elastic waves are modeled in a one-dimensional bar, which transfers the impact energy to a protruded bolt head mounted in an infinite elastic medium or structure. Stress wave equations are presented for each period when they bounce back and forth between the two ends of the bar. It is determined that the maximum stress occurs when the wave front reflects in the second or later period. This higher stress can be applied to shear off the bolt head with the same amount of energy invested as in a single wave impact. The results can be used to design effective destructive disassembly procedures and new demanufacturing tools, resulting in an increase of disassembly efficiency and a reduction of recycling cost.
Moment Analysis for the Probit Model of Directional Selection

An iteration relation is given for the moments of the surviving individuals after probit directional selection if the individuals before selection are normally distributed. The proportion, mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis are expressed in closed form.
Executive compensation and risk: The case of internet firms

Abstract A major prediction of agency theory is that there is a trade-off between risk and incentive compensation. Aggarwal and Samwick (1999) [Aggarwal, R., Samwick, A., 1999. The other side of the trade-off: the impact of risk on executive compensation. Journal of Political Economy, 107, 65–105.] directly test and find results consistent with agency theory—pay-performance sensitivity is decreasing in risk. However, Prendergast, 2002 , Prendergast, 2000 [Prendergast, C. 2002. The tenuous trade-off between risk and incentives. Journal of Political Economy 110 (5), 1071–1102; Prendergast, C. 2000. What trade-off risk and incentives? The American Economic Review 90 (2), 421–425.] offers a number of reasons why the sensitivity of pay to performance can be higher in risky environments. We use data from a sample of Internet firms for 1997–1999 to provide empirical evidence on these competing arguments regarding the relation between risk and CEO compensation. Consistent with Aggarwal and Samwick (1999) , our results show that pay–performance sensitivity declines with increases in variance in a base model. After controlling for size, we find that pay–performance sensitivity is positively related to risk, consistent with the theoretical predictions in Prendergast, 2002 , Prendergast, 2000 . However, sensitivity tests in later periods show that the Aggarwal and Samwick (1999) results are more robust to changes in the economic environment.
Three-dimensional anisotropic moisture absorption in quartz-reinforced bismaleimide laminates

The three-dimensional anisotropic moisture absorption behavior of quartz-fiber-reinforced bismaleimide (BMI) laminates is investigated by collecting 21 months of experimental gravimetric data. Laminates of six, twelve, and forty plies and various planar aspect ratios are used to determine the three-dimensional anisotropic diffusion behavior when exposed to full immersion in distilled water at 25°C. The long-term moisture absorption behavior deviates from the widely used Fickian model, but can be accurately captured by the three-dimensional, anisotropic hindered diffusion model (3D HDM). Excellent agreement is achieved between experimental gravimetric data and the 3D HDM for all laminate thicknesses. Recovered model parameters are shown to slightly vary with laminate thickness due to the small changes in the cured-ply thickness. However, model parameters identified for a given laminate thickness are observed to accurately predict the absorption behavior of samples with different planar dimensions. Equilibrium moisture content of 1.72, 1.69, and 1.84% and corresponding diffusion hindrance coefficients of 0.807, 0.844, and 0.671 are recovered for six, twelve, and forty-ply laminates, respectively, thus confirming strong non-Fickian behavior. Moisture absorption parameters may be determined successfully at 16.5 months of immersion, before reaching approximately 85% of the equilibrium moisture content at 21 months. Subsequent gravimetric measurements up to 21 months are consistent with the predicted long-term behavior. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:137–146, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Relief of the ‘air hunger’ of breathholding. A role for pulmonary stretch receptors

Fowler (Fowler, W.S., 1954, J. Appl. Physiol. 6:539-545) showed that rebreathing, despite worsening PCO2 and O2 saturation, relieved the distress of breathholding; he suggested a role for vagal input in the relief. We studied effects on respiratory sensation of breathholding and rebreathing in normals, patients with bilateral lung transplants (LT), who have a decrease in number of pulmonary stretch receptors (PSR), and heart transplant recipients (HT). Subjects held their breath until distress became intolerable, rebreathed various combinations of CO2 and O2, then performed another maximal breathhold. Respiratory distress was rated continuously (visual analog scale) by each subject. Both LT and HT had earlier onset of and more rapidly developing distress during breathholding, resulting in shorter breathhold times, than normals. Relief with rebreathing was neither as rapid nor as great in LT as in HT and normals. Our findings suggest that mechanisms that produce respiratory distress in HT and LT are similar, but differ from normals. However, reduction in distress on rebreathing is more rapid and greater in HT and normals than in LT. This is compatible with the loss during rebreathing of the inhibitory effect of PSR input on neural mechanisms that lead to respiratory distress.
Comparing multivariate complex random signals: Performance analysis and application

We consider a recently proposed generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) for comparing two complex multivariate random signal realizations to ascertain whether they have identical power spectral densities. In this paper we analyze the performance of this GLRT by deriving an approximate asymptotic distribution of the test statistic under the alternative hypothesis. We also provide robustification of this approach by adding artificial white noise to the received noisy signals. The results are illustrated via computer simulations which include application to user authentication in wireless networks with multiantenna receivers.
A statistical basis for testing the significance of mass spectrometric protein identification results

A method for testing the significance of mass spectrometric (MS) protein identification results is presented. MS proteolytic peptide mapping and genome database searching provide a rapid, sensitive, and potentially accurate means for identifying proteins. Database search algorithms detect the matching between proteolytic peptide masses from an MS peptide map and theoretical proteolytic peptide masses of the proteins in a genome database. The number of masses that matches is used to compute a score, S, for each protein, and the protein that yields the best score is assumed as the identification result. There is a risk of obtaining a false result, because masses determined by MS are not unique; i.e., each mass in a peptide map can match randomly one or several proteins in a genome database. A false result is obtained when the score, S, due to random matching cannot be discerned from the score due to matching with a real protein in the sample. We therefore introduce the frequency function, f(S), for false (r...