cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bio-Optical Inversion in Highly Turbid and Cyanobacteria-Dominated Waters

Phytoplankton pigment absorption data from algal-bloom-dominated waters are highly desirable to better understand the primary productivity and carbon uptake by algal biomass in a regional scale. However, retrieving phytoplankton pigment absorption coefficients, in turbid and hypereutrophic waters, from above-surface remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) is often challenging because of the optical complexity of the water body. In this paper, a quasi-analytical algorithm has been parameterized using in situ data to retrieve inherent optical properties from Rrs(λ) in highly turbid productive aquaculture ponds, where the phytoplankton absorption coefficient (3.44-37.67 m-1 ) contributes 54 % of the total absorption at 443 nm (4.99-47.21 m-1). The model was validated using an independent data set by comparing the model-derived optical parameters with in situ measured values. The absolute percentage error (assuming no error in the in situ measurements) of the estimated total absorption coefficient at( λ) varied from 15.22 % to 24.13 % within 413-665 nm, and the overall average error was 19.87 %. Maximum and minimum errors occurred at 443 and 665 nm, respectively. Similarly, the percentage error for the phytoplankton absorption coefficient aφ(λ) varied from 15.9 % to 41.27 % within the 413-665-nm range, and the average error was 27.24 %. The spectral shape of modeled aφ(λ) matched very well (R2 = 0.97) with the measured aφ(λ). A supplementary method was also developed to retrieve first-order estimates of colored detrital matter absorption coefficients aCDM( λ) from subsurface remote sensing reflectance rrs( λ) using an empirical approach. Results reveal that the retrieval accuracy of aφ(λ) improved after incorporating the first-order estimates of aCDM(λ) in the algorithm.
Are Voters Better Represented

Studies of political participation and representation often contend that elected officials respond more to the preferences of voters than those of nonvoters, but seldom test this claim. This is a critical assumption because if true, biases in who participates will lead to biased representation. Office holders might respond disproportionately to voters’ preferences because voters tend to select like-minded representatives, voters tend to communicate their preferences more, and only voters can reelect representatives. We find that voter preferences predict the aggregate roll-call behavior of Senators while nonvoter preferences do not. We also present evidence supporting the three explanations advanced to account for the preferential treatment of voters.
REDOX STATE OF THE LIVER DURING ANAESTHESIA AS STUDIED BY PARENTERAL GALACTOSE LOADS IN CHILDREN

SUMMARY The elimination rate of a parenteral dose of galactose, an indirect indication of the redox state of the liver hepatocytes, was determined in 46 children during anaesthesia and surgery. The anaesthetics used were thiopentone sodium, propanidid, halothane, diethyl ether, and nitrous oxide, administered in seven different combinations. The results suggest no direct involvement by any of the types of anaesthesia used in the liver redox system. Nevertheless, the normal oxidative metabolism may be affected indirectly by thiopentone-halothane combinations, unless an adequate alveolar ventilation is provided by appropriate measures.
Designing Web sites for the intranet

The Internet is a fast-changing medium with hundreds of thousands of Web sites that range in design from graphically complex to fairly simple. Design advice and guidelines are abundant, both online and in bookstores; and, although the material is often contradictory and confusing, at least it is available. Designing Web sites for an intranet is a different task and necessitates a somewhat different kind of thinking. For one thing, the audience is narrower and easier to define. While the Internet audience is extremely vast and diverse, the intranet audience is often made up of employees of a specific company, maybe even a very small company. In this situation, designers and developers can better survey their audience to understand and meet their needs. Before you begin to develop an intranet Web site, you need to identify and understand your audience, establish your goals and objectives, and decide what you can deliver based on your resources and timeline.
Further Factorial Validity of a Scale of Therapist Theoretical Orientation

Objective: To test the original factor structure of the Theoretical Evaluation Self Test (TEST) and to assess alternate factor structures. TEST includes the major psychotherapy theories (cognitive-behavioral, family, humanistic, and psychodynamic), ecosystemic and pragmatic approaches, and a cultural competency orientation. Method: Composing the replication sample are 146 MSW students and 32 practicing clinicians. Some analyses also include a previously collected sample (n = 130). Results: Five of the six original subscales are replicated by exploratory factor analysis and by assessing factor congruence. A four-factor solution is a better fit in confirmatory factor analysis. Conclusions: The six-factor solution, with its traditional theoretical divisions, is recommended for use as a self-scoring educational tool. However, the statistically stronger four-factor solution is preferable for research applications.
Over-the-Counter Availability of Plan B Emergency Contraception: Further Discussion and Commentary

The controversy surrounding the potential switch of the Plan B emergency contraceptive therapy from prescription to over-thecounter status has been unprecedented. Regulatory, professional, and societal aspects of this issue have been discussed recently and will no doubt continue to be debated. In this editorial, members of the Medicine, Law, and Ethics panel of The Annals of Pharmacotherapy's Editorial Board offer a sampling of viewpoints touching on varying aspects of the controversy. Readers may wish to consider the ramifications of their professional decisions in this and similar situations in advance of having to make such decisions.
They Can’t Shoot Everyone Italians, Social Capital, and Organized Crime in the Chicago Outfit

Force and intimidation have always played a significant role in the success of the Chicago Outfit. Yet, violence is a highly inefficient mechanism for running illegal operations. A far more stable ...
Food and Identity in Early Rabbinic Judaism, by Jordan D. Rosenblum, Cambridge University Press: New York, 2010, xiv + 223 pp. ISBN 978-0-521-19598-0, US$85 (hardback)

Food and Identity in Early Rabbinic Judaism, by Jordan D. Rosenblum, Cambridge University Press: New York, 2010, xiv + 223 pp. ISBN 978-0-521-19598-0, US$85 (hardback) In Food and Identity in Early...
Simplified procedure for preparation of specific antibodies to gamma globulins.

Antibodies were prepared to rhesus monkey, rabbit, dog, and hamster gamma globulins which had been purified by agar-block electrophoresis. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis demonstrated that these antisera were specific for gamma globulin components in whole serum. The use of these antisera as secondary serological reagents was examined. Images
Microbiome Associations of Therapeutic Enteral Nutrition

One of the most effective forms of therapeutic enteral nutrition is designated as “exclusive enteral nutrition” (EEN). EEN constitutes the monotonous enteral delivery of complete liquid nutrition and has been most explored in the treatment Crohn’s disease (CD), a form of inflammatory bowel disease. While EEN’s mechanisms of action are not clearly understood, it has been shown to modify the composition of the intestinal microbiome, an important component of CD pathogenesis. The current literature on the intestinal microbiome in healthy individuals and CD patients is reviewed with respect to EEN therapy. Further investigations in this field are needed to better understand the role and potential for EEN in chronic human disorders.
Nets with Unreliable Hidden Nodes Learn Error-Correcting Codes

In a multi-layered neural network, any one of the hidden layers can be viewed as computing a distributed representation of the input. Several "encoder" experiments have shown that when the representation space is small it can be fully used. But computing with such a representation requires completely dependable nodes. In the case where the hidden nodes are noisy and unreliable, we find that error correcting schemes emerge simply by using noisy units during training; random errors injected during backpropagation result in spreading representations apart. Average and minimum distances increase with misfire probability, as predicted by coding-theoretic considerations. Furthermore, the effect of this noise is to protect the machine against permanent node failure, thereby potentially extending the useful lifetime of the machine.
The efficiency of propulsion by a rotating flagellum

[At very low Reynolds number, the regime in which fluid dynamics is governed by Stokes equations, a helix that translates along its axis under an external force but without an external torque will necessarily rotate. By the linearity of the Stokes equations, the same helix that is caused to rotate due to an external torque will necessarily translate. This is the physics that underlies the mechanism of flagellar propulsion employed by many microorganisms. Here, I examine the linear relationships between forces and torques and translational and angular velocities of helical objects to understand the nature of flagellar propulsion.]
Laserspray Ionization, a New Atmospheric Pressure MALDI Method for Producing Highly Charged Gas-phase Ions of Peptides and Proteins Directly from Solid Solutions

The first example of a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) process producing multiply charged mass spectra nearly identical to those observed with electrospray ionization (ESI) is presented. MALDI is noted for its ability to produce singly charged ions, but in the experiments described here multiply charged ions are produced by laser ablation of analyte incorporated into a common MALDI matrix, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, using standard solvent-based sample preparation protocols. Laser ablation is known to produce matrix clusters in MALDI provided a threshold energy is achieved. We propose that these clusters (liquid droplets) are highly charged, and under conditions that produce sufficient matrix evaporation, ions are field-evaporated from the droplets similarly to ESI. Because of the multiple charging, advanced mass spectrometers with limited mass-to-charge range can be used for protein characterization. Thus, using an Orbitrap mass spectrometer, low femtomole quantities of proteins produce full-range mass spectra at 100,000 mass resolution with
Structural biology of heme monooxygenases

Over the past few years the number of crystal structures available for heme monooxygenases has substantially increased. Those most closely related to one another are cytochrome P450, nitric oxide synthase, and heme oxygenase. The present mini-review provides a summary of some recently published work on how crystallography and solution studies have provided new insights on function and especially the oxygen activation process. It now appears that in all three monooxygenases highly ordered solvent in the active site serves as direct proton donors to the iron-linked dioxygen; a requirement for splitting the O-O bond. This is in sharp contrast to the related peroxidase family of enzymes where strategically positioned amino acid side chains serve the function of shuttling protons. The P450cam-oxy-complex as well as various mutants in a complex with either oxygen or carbon monoxide have enabled a fairly detailed picture to be developed on the role of specific amino acids and conformational changes in both electron transfer and oxygen activation.
Isoflurane can indirectly depress lumbar dorsal horn activity in the goat via action within the brain.

We have examined the response of lumbar dorsal horn cells to a noxious mechanical stimulus during differential delivery of isoflurane to the brain and spinal cord of goats. We hypothesized that isoflurane, acting in the brain, would depress dorsal horn neuronal responses to a noxious mechanical stimulus applied to the hindlimb. Eight goats were anaesthetized with isoflurane and neck dissections performed which allowed cranial bypass. Lumbar laminectomies were performed to allow measurements of single-unit dorsal horn neuronal activity. Isoflurane 1.3% was administered before bypass, and during differential delivery it was administered at each of the following head/torso combinations: 1.3%/1.3%, 0.8%/1.3%, 0.3%/1.3%, 1.3%/0.8%, 0.8%/0.8% and 0.3%/0.8%. When the torso isoflurane concentration was 1.3%, decreasing cranial isoflurane from 1.3% to 0.3% did not significantly affect dorsal horn responses (from mean 325 (SD 262) to 379 (412) impulses min-1; P
Validation of Landscape Irrigation Reduction with Soil Moisture Sensor Irrigation Controllers

The objective of this project was to determine if automatic residential irrigation systems with soil moisture sensor irrigation controllers could reduce irrigation water application while maintaining acceptable turfgrass quality as successfully in homes as in plot studies. Research was conducted on-site at cooperating homes (n=58) in southwest Florida. Experimental treatments were (1) automatic timer with integration of bypass soil moisture sensor control system, (2) automatic timer with rain sensor and educational materials, (3) automatic timer with rain sensor, and (4) automatic timer only (typical for the region). Irrigation application, frequency, quarterly turf quality ratings, and weather data were collected over 26 months. Homes with soil moisture sensor irrigation controllers bypassed unneeded events during both rainy and dry periods, averaging 2 irrigation events per month; all other treatments averaged 4.5–6 events per month. Reduction in number of irrigation events by soil moisture sensor contr...
Is virtual reality exposure therapy effective for service members and veterans experiencing combat-related PTSD?

Purpose: Exposure therapy has been identified as an effective treatment for anxiety disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The use of virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) in the past decade has increased due to improvements in virtual reality technology. VRET has been used to treat active duty service members and veterans experiencing posttraumatic stress symptoms by exposing them to a virtual environment patterned after the real-world environment in which the trauma occurred. This article is a systematic review of the effectiveness of using VRET with these two populations. Method: A search of 14 databases yielded 6 studies with experimental or quasi-experimental designs where VRET was used with active duty service members or veterans diagnosed with combat-related PTSD. Results: Studies show positive results for the use of VRET in treating combat-related PTSD, though more trials are needed with both active duty service members and veterans. Conclusions: VRET is an effective treatmen...
Stream‐flow frequency distributions in California

The flow-duration curve as a means of expressing stream-flow distribution is briefly described together with its applications and construction. Flow-duration curves were prepared for a selected group of ten California streams. The shapes of these curves are discussed in relation to the prevailing basin and climatic conditions. To clarify further the analysis, frequency curves in the form of histograms were plotted. The usefulness of the frequency curve over the flow-duration curve for analytical purposes and the need for further study are emphasized.
A new species of ingerophrynus (Anura: Bufonidae) from a lowland rain forest in southern peninsular Malaysia

Abstract A new, lowland species of the Ingerophrynus biporcatus group is described from the Endau-Rompin National Park in southern, peninsular Malaysia, Johor. It is unique in various aspects of morphology and color and is the third, new herpetological species discovered and described from this region of the Malay Peninsula since 2005. This suggests that the biodiversity of this part of southern Malaysia may be significantly underestimated and underscores the importance of continued field research in these lowland forests which are currently being logged and converted to oil palm plantations.
Rural health roundtables: a strategy for collaborative engagement in and between rural communities.

Introduction The lack of formal public health infrastructure and trained health professionals in rural areas has a deleterious impact on rural populations for various health issues. The purpose of this article is to: (1) suggest a strategy regularly used by the authors that encourages relationship building and serves as a catalyst for rural communities to work together to initiate and make changes based on the local assets and dynamics; (2) provide a descriptive overview of this strategy; and (3) provide an illustrative case, using the Rural Ready Communities project, in which this strategy has been used. Methods The Rural Health Roundtable strategy includes identifying relevant topics and stakeholders; using specific methods to ensure stakeholder attendance; creating an informal, social environment where participants feel comfortable sharing; utilizing targeted questions to engage participants and empower local ownership; and following up with the participants through communication and evaluation. Results The Rural Health Roundtable strategy can result in short-term, intermediate and long-term outcomes using various evaluation tools and methods. Conclusions The Rural Health Roundtable strategy has demonstrated its value as an effective tool in working with rural communities. With fewer human and financial resources at their disposal, this strategy can aid rural communities in identifying and utilizing their unique strengths to overcome resource deficits when responding to public health emergencies and natural disasters. Initiated in 1999, the methodology has been refined and enhanced over the past 8 years to more effectively reach stakeholders, ensure attendance and participation, promote sharing and discussions, build stakeholder networks and encourage continued communication and collaboration. The Rural Health Roundtable strategy has significant potential for replication and application to all areas of rural public health.
Does Congress Exist

Prepared for Florida State’s conference on “Environmental Law without Congress,” this is a sometimes tongue-in-cheek history of the Endangered Species Act, suggesting it is an example of “environmental law deism” given Congress’s long period of dormancy.
Identification of Small Molecules That Protect Pancreatic β Cells against Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Cell Death

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays an important role in the decline in pancreatic β cell function and mass observed in type 2 diabetes. Here, we developed a novel β cell-based high-throughput screening assay to identify small molecules that protect β cells against ER stress-induced cell death. Mouse βTC6 cells were treated with the ER stressor tunicamycin to induce ER stress, and cell death was measured as a reduction in cellular ATP. A collection of 17600 compounds was screened for molecules that promote β cell survival. Of the approximately 80 positive hits, two selected compounds were able to increase the survival of human primary β cells and rodent β cell lines subjected to ER stressors including palmitate, a free fatty acid of pathological relevance to diabetes. These compounds also restored ER stress-impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion responses. We show that the compounds promote β cell survival by reducing the expression of key genes of the unfolded protein response and apoptosis, t...
The Place of Color in the Scheme of Things: A Roadmap to Sellars’s Carus Lectures

Sellars's views on the Myth of the Given and the ontological status of secondary qualities, one would have thought, are well-known, even if not always well-understood. One would not have expected his Carus Lectures, then, to offer anything radically new and exciting. The ground that they cover is, after all, familiar?from "Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind" (1956), from "Philosophy and the Scientific Image of Man" (1962), from "The Identity Approach to the Mind-Body Problem" (1965), and from the ensuing debates with Cornman ("Science, Sense Impressions, and Sensa: A Reply to Cornman," 1971) and with Firth ("Givenness and Explanatory Coherence," 1973). One would not really have anticipated many surprises. But one would have been wrong. Sellars's Carus Lectures, in fact, engender a sense of shock. What has become of "ultimate homogeneity" and the notorious "Grain Argument" over which so much ink has been spilled? Where is the "Strong Principle of Reducibility" which played such a central role in Sellars's reply to Cornman? What are we to make of the new distinction between the mind-body problem and the sensorium-body problem? And why has an ontology of "absolute processes"?hitherto always merely mentioned, more or less as a postscript?suddenly assumed such extraordinary prominence, becoming, in deed, the centerpiece of Sellars's lectures and evidently the linchpin upon which their story turns? Is it possible that, after more than twenty years, we had not yet quite understood what Sellars was up to all along? ("What have you done with the real Wilfrid Sellars?" asked a participant in a symposium at which Sellars presented portions of the Carus Lecture materials.) Yes, curiously enough, it is possible. It is even possible that Sellars has only recently fully understood just what he has been up to for more than twenty years. For while the story Sellars tells in the Carus Lectures is not, I think, radically new and different from that told in his earlier works, it is in those earlier works, I am tempted to say (Sellarsianly) only as the mature oak tree is in the acorn. One thing which it would be useful to have, then, would be some tools for seeing the acorn in the oak, and that, in fact, is what I intend to provide here. I do not, that is, propose here to engage Sellars's story critical ly, argumentatively, or evaluatively, but rather to attempt to command a clear view of what his project and his story in fact are (and, in the sense in dicated, indeed always have been)?a clear view which is a prolegomenon to
Abstract 4296: Activated ALK accelerates the onset of neuroblastoma in MYCN-transgenic zebrafish

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children and originates during development of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system. Advanced-stage disease and a poor outcome are associated with amplification of the MYCN oncogene, often in combination with mutational activation or amplification of another oncogene ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase), suggesting that they cooperate in neuroblastoma pathogenesis. To investigate this possibility, we generated a transgenic zebrafish model of neuroblastoma in which human MYCN is expressed under the control of the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase promoter, and show that the resultant tumors recapitulate childhood neuroblastomas histologically, immunohistochemically, and ultrastructurally. Surprisingly, the tumors arise from a subpopulation of neuroblasts that migrate into the adrenal analogue (interrenal gland) in the zebrafish after organogenesis is complete. Coexpression of activated ALK with MYCN markedly increased the frequency of neuroblastoma and accelerated the time of onset, providing conclusive evidence for synergistic interplay between these two oncogenes in neuroblastoma pathogenesis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4296. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4296
A Neural Network Based Active Rotor Controller With Output Feedback

A neural network based output feedback control system has been developed to optimally suppress rotor vibration caused by the rotor unbalance. The unique feature of this new vibration absorber is its ability to optimally control vibration for a wide range of rotor speeds. Numerical examples dealing with a multi-degree-of-freedom rigid rotor supported by radial magnetic bearings are presented to verify the advantages of this novel neural network based output feedback active vibration absorber.Copyright © 1994 by ASME
Impaired transendothelial migration by neonatal neutrophils: abnormalities of Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18)-dependent adherence reactions.

In order to evaluate the functions of lymphocyte function antigen-1 (LFA-1) (CD11a/CD18) and Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) on neonatal neutrophils, we examined neutrophil adhesion to and migration through human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) monolayers in vitro. Transendothelial migration of adult neutrophils was greatly enhanced by preincubation of HUVEC with interleukin-1 (IL-1). This migration was significantly inhibited by monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) against LFA-1 (CD11a) and Mac-1 (CD11b) subunits. Migration of neonatal neutrophils was markedly diminished compared to adult neutrophils, and MoAbs against LFA-1 further reduced migration. In contrast, anti-Mac-1 MoAb was not inhibitory. Adhesion of adult neutrophils was significantly enhanced by prestimulation of HUVEC with IL-1, and was significantly inhibited by MoAbs against LFA-1. Adhesion of neonatal neutrophils was near adult levels and comparably inhibited by anti-LFA-1 MoAb. In addition, adhesion of neonatal and adult neutrophils to purified ICAM-1 in artificial planar membranes was comparable and almost completely inhibited by anti-LFA-1 MoAb. Chemotactic stimulation induced Mac-1- dependent adhesion of adult neutrophils to endothelial cells, purified intercellular adherence molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and protein-coated glass. In marked contrast, adhesion of neonatal neutrophils to these substrates was not significantly increased by chemotactic stimulation. These findings indicate that diminished transendothelial migration by neonatal neutrophils is related to abnormal interactions of Mac-1 with ICAM-1 and possibly other endothelial ligands. These functional deficits may contribute to impaired inflammation and infectious susceptibility in human neonates.
Kinematic Analysis and Simulation for a Parallel-link Coordinate Measuring Machine Based on ADAMS Environment

The kinematics simulation of parallel-link mechanism sloves the relation between the displacement,speed,acceleration of input components and these parameters of outpue components.This paper researches for the 6-DOF parallel-link CMM(Coordinates Measuring Machine) based on the Stewart platform and the Virtual Prototype model of the 6-SPS parallel-link coordinate measuring machine is established by use of mechanic dynamic analysis software ADAMS.Not only the kinematics and dynamics of the 6-SPS parallel-link coordinate measuring machine are simulated,but also the contact force is analyzed.Firstly,it realizes the analysis of performances of parallel-link coordinate measuring machine,and offers an effective method for designing parallel-link coordinate measuring machine with simulation software.It is the basis of building physics prototype.Secondly,the inverse and forward kinematics of parallel-link CMM is simplified by the Virtual Prototype technology.It creates an advantage for system optimization to parallel-link CMM.
Regulation of myometrial adrenoreceptors and adrenergic response by sex steroids.

Myometrial adrenergic response and receptors are modulated by the hormonal environment. Uteri from rabbits treated with estrogen demonstrate alpha-adrenergic predominance and have an increased number of alpha-adrenergic receptors, measured by [3H]dihydroergocryptine binding, relative to animals treated with estrogen followed by progesterone. In rabbits treated with estrogen followed by progesterone, beta-adrenergic response predominates; however, the number of beta-adrenergic receptors measured by [125I]iodohydroxybenzylpindolol binding is similar in these animals and in those treated with estrogen. Comparing alpha-adrenergic receptors and response in uteri from estrogen-treated and -untreated animals reveals that an estrogen-induced increase appears to be responsible for the increased alpha-adrenergic sensitivity. The increased sensitivity is manifest by a 4.5-fold decrease in the ED50 for norepinephrine in rabbits treated with estrogen. This increased potency of norepinephrine is not explained by treatment-induced change of agonist affinity for alpha-adrenergic receptors, catecholamine reuptake, or a nonspecific increase in contractile sensitivity. The enhanced potency of norepinephrine secondary to increased receptor concentration suggests the presence of spare receptors. This is supported by pharmacological experiments in which reducing the number of available alpha-adrenergic receptors results in an increase in the ED50 for norepinephrine. In contrast to the alpha-adrenergic predominant state, the beta-adrenergic predominance produced by progesterone treatment cannot be explained solely by changes in adrenergic receptors. Beta-adrenergic receptor number, the ratio of beta- to alpha-adrenergic receptors, and the affinity of agonists for alpha- or beta-adrenergic receptors seem unable to account for the development of beta-adrenergic predominance. Thus, although modification of adrenergic receptor concentration by sex steroids can be explained by the myometrial alpha-adrenergic predominance produced by estrogen treatment, alteration in receptors cannot account for the beta-adrenergic predominance present when progesterone treatment follows estrogen.
Mitigation Measures and Preparedness Plans for Volcanic Emergencies

It is vital for volcanologists to be concerned about the caliber of public preparedness for volcanic emergencies in regions of volcanic hazards for, of all people, they possess the knowledge, training, and experience by which they can recognize the existence and character of the hazards. Unless nearby volcanoes are frequently active within the span of human lifetimes, most inhabitants are likely to be unaware of the hazards, which can lead to excessive casualties and property losses if the volcano erupts and adequate preparations have not been made. Thus volcanologists need to promote awareness of the volcano and its potential hazard through education, most of which will likely be informal through meetings with officials, discussions with members of the news media, exhibits at museums, as well as talks and lectures to schools and service and social groups. People must learn essential facts about the types of eruptions that are possible and their consequences, the potential variations in the sizes and frequency of eruptions, and the differences in behavior among volcanoes. They must also understand that forecasting volcanic activity is inexact. Certain kinds of volcanic unrest often portend eruptions, but eruptions do not always follow, and prediction of the timing and size of eruptions is rarely achieved. Well-informed public officials and scientists should work together to develop appropriate preparedness plans. Volcanologists can utilize their volcanic-hazards assessments as a basis to help the officials develop plans to respond to the particular array of hazards offered by the subject volcano. Based on the results of monitoring, scientists can identify successive levels of unrest and determine at which level advisory statements should be increased to warnings. The response plans for warnings are generally developed by public officials, but in consultation with scientists to assure that measures will be compatible with expectable types of volcanic activity. The emergency management plans need to cover procedures for declaring an emergency, the logistics of evacuation, and arrangements for the care and welfare of the evacuees. In most countries the decision to evacuate is made by the public officials because the economic and social consequences are outside the expertise of volcanologists.
Disentangling Ionization Processes by Two-Color Phase Contrast Strong Field Photoelectron Spectroscopy

We demonstrate a method to retrieve and visualize low-energy rescattering signals from the total photoelectron momentum map by Fourier decomposition of angle-resolved two-color strong field photoionization.
A 20 Gbit/s RFDAC-Based Direct-Modulation W-Band Transmitter in 32nm SOI CMOS

This paper presents a 94 GHz transmitter chipset in 32nm SOI CMOS. The transmitter employs two 2- bit high-speed RFDACs driven in quadrature, 20 dB gain LO drivers and 30 Gbps high-speed digital retimers and deserializers. The transmitter chip is capable of supporting BPSK/PAM4/QPSK modulation schemes, at a saturated output power Psat of +4 dBm. A maximum data rate of 20 Gbps was achieved when operating in QPSK mode, and 12 Gbps in BPSK and PAM4 modes. The chip occupies 1.4 x 0.8 mm2, and consumes 110 mW in BPSK/PAM4 modes and 220 mW in QPSK mode, resulting in a state-of-the-art 9 pJ/bit and 11 pJ/bit efficiency, respectively.
Phosphoproteomics of colon cancer metastasis: comparative mass spectrometric analysis of the isogenic primary and metastatic cell lines SW480 and SW620

The contributions of phosphorylation-mediated signaling networks to colon cancer metastasis are poorly defined. To interrogate constitutive signaling alterations in cancer progression, the global phosphoproteomes of patient-matched SW480 (primary colon tumor origin) and SW620 (lymph node metastasis) cell lines were compared with TiO2 and immobilized metal affinity chromatography phosphopeptide enrichment followed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Network analysis of the significantly altered phosphosites revealed differential regulation in cellular adhesion, mitosis, and messenger RNA translational machinery. Messenger RNA biogenesis and splicing, transport through the nuclear pores, initiation of translation, and stability and degradation were also affected. Although alterations in these processes have been associated with oncogenic transformation, control of messenger RNA stability has typically not been associated with cancer progression. Notably, the single phosphosite with the greatest relative change in SW620 cells was Ser2 on eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 2, suggesting that SW620 cells translate faster or with greater efficiency than SW480 cells. These broad changes in the regulation of translation also occur without overexpression of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E. The findings suggest that metastatic cells exhibit constitutive changes to the phosphoproteome, and that messenger RNA stability and translational efficiency may be important targets of deregulation during cancer progression.
Components of practical clinical detox programs--sauna as a therapeutic tool

Saunas can be used very effectively for certain cardiovascular problems and as a means to enhance the mobilization of fat-soluble xenobiotics. When saunas are used to reduce blood pressure and enhance blood flow and cardiac functioning, only short sauna sessions (15 minutes) are necessary. When one wants to enhance the mobilization of heavy metals and chemical xenobiotics, longer sessions are needed and those should be medically monitored. But, for either use, saunas are safe and effective and should be used more frequently to benefit the health of our patients and ourselves.
Noninvasive label-free monitoring of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals in human skin using nonlinear optical microscopy (Conference Presentation)

Over the past decade, nonlinear optical microscopy has seen a dramatic rise in its use in research settings due to its noninvasiveness, enhanced penetration depth, intrinsic optical sectioning, and the ability to probe chemical compounds with molecular specificity without exogenous contrast agents. Nonlinear optical techniques including two-photon excitation fluorescence (2PEF), fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), second harmonic generation (SHG), coherent anti-Stokes and stimulated Raman scattering (CARS and SRS, respectively), as well as transient and sum frequency absorption (TA and SFA, respectively), have been widely used to explore the physiology and microanatomy of skin. Recently, these modalities have shed light on dermal processes that could not have otherwise been observed, including the spatiotemporal monitoring of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. However, a challenge quickly arises when studying such chemicals in a dermatological context: many exogenous compounds have optical signatures that can interfere with the signals that would otherwise be acquired from intact skin. For example, oily solvents exhibit strong signals when probing CH2 vibrations with CARS/SRS; chemical sun filters appear bright in 2PEF microscopy; and darkly colored compounds readily absorb light across a broad spectrum, producing strong TA/SFA signals. Thus, this discussion will first focus on the molecular contrast in skin that can be probed using the aforementioned nonlinear optical techniques. This will be followed by an overview of strategies that take advantage of the exogenous compounds’ optical signatures to probe spatiotemporal dynamics while preserving endogenous information from skin.
Effect of Water on the CO2 Adsorption Capacity of Amine-Functionalized Carbon Sorbents

Molecular simulation is used as a tool to improve understanding of CO2 adsorption in nitrogen-functionalized carbon sorbents in the presence of water vapor, which is crucial to the advancement of adsorption approaches to CO2 separation from exhaust streams of coal- and natural gas-fired power plants. Molecular simulations were carried out for binary mixtures of CO2 and H2O over four N-functionalized surfaces and three variations of the quaternary group with increasing wt % N. The quaternary group was found to be most stable with a 13% loss in CO2 capacity observed, followed by the pyrrolic and pyridonic groups, which lost 25 and 28% CO2 loading capacity, respectively. The oxidized pyridinic group demonstrated a dramatic loss in capacity, i.e., 58% when compared to ideal loading. The quaternary group was the only functionality to display loading in excess of 2.0 mmol CO2 g–1 sorbent under ambient temperature and 1% humidity (2.40 mmol CO2 g–1 sorbent). Further, the two functional groups without oxygen were...
Circadian disruption affects initial learning but not cognitive flexibility in an automated set-shifting task in adult Long-Evans rats

Abstract A sizeable percent of adults are subject to circadian disturbances such as shift work, which involves misalignment of time of light exposure, activity periods, sleep, and eating. Chronic adherence to disruptive circadian schedules can negatively impact cognitive functioning. Developing preclinical models of circadian disruption allow investigation of the relationship and underlying mechanisms between circadian disruption and cognitive functioning. We placed adult Long-Evans rats of both sexes on a 12:12 h light:dark schedule in which rats performed an automated operant-behavior task for 3 months, with daily testing occurring either 4 h after lights-on or lights-off. At the end of this period, rats were tested on an automated set-shifting task to compare the effects of the 2 testing schedules on cognitive flexibility, which is the focus of this report. Over the initial 3-month period, day-tested rats shifted to a diurnal activity schedule, with males shifting more effectively than females, while night-tested rats remained nocturnal. Upon beginning the set-shifting task, night-tested rats took longer to reach criterion performance in the initial, visual-cue detection stage as compared to day-tested rats. The groups did not differ in performance on subsequent egocentric-cue based and reversal phases. Sex-related differences in task performance unrelated to testing schedule, particularly longer latencies to lever press in females, were also detected. One possible explanation for our findings is that the night-tested rats also experienced a form of circadian disruption when they were exposed to ambient light during the daily testing sessions, and that the form they experienced was more detrimental to initial acquisition of the task than testing during the light phase. Subsequent experiments will incorporate a night-tested group that is not exposed to ambient light in order to better understand the effect seen in the night-tested rats in the current study.
Intermuscular coherence reflects functional coordination.

It is often unclear whether correlated activity among muscles reflects their neural binding or simply reflects the constraints defining the task. Using the fact that high-frequency coherence betwee...
Red-shifted luciferase–luciferin pairs for enhanced bioluminescence imaging

Red-shifted bioluminescence reporters are desirable for biological imaging. We describe the development of red-shifted luciferins based on synthetic coelenterazine analogs and corresponding mutants of NanoLuc that enable bright bioluminescence. One pair in particular showed superior in vitro and in vivo sensitivity over commonly used bioluminescence reporters. We adapted this pair to develop a bioluminescence resonance-energy-based Antares reporter called Antares2, which offers improved signal from deep tissues.
Fully autonomous multiple-jammer suppression

For the first time, a fully autonomous jammer suppressor is presented that can suppress two jammers. A system consisting of a 4-pole absorptive bandstop filter (ABSF), a novel multi-jammer detector, and an open-loop filter tuner is described and demonstrated. The ABSF enables high isolation at two frequencies with planar resonators. The jammer detector can identify the location of two jammers in 100 ms-order speeds and can be designed to trade off bandwidth and accuracy while maintaining detection speed. The open-loop filter tuner enables accurate tuning of the ABSF without costly filter feedback through the use of a post-fabrication-calibrated surrogate model. With a single jammer, the system provides fully autonomous suppression of 3055 dB from 1600–2100 MHz. In the presence of two jammers, up to 56 dB suppression is measured with an average of 30–48 dB suppression in the ABSF absorptive region of 1910–2100 MHz.
Effects of surface condition on the work function and valence-band position of ZnSnN 2

ZnSnN_2 is an emerging wide band gap earth-abundant semiconductor with potential applications in photonic devices such as solar cells, LEDs, and optical sensors. We report the characterization by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of reactively radio-frequency sputtered II–IV-nitride ZnSnN_2 thin films. For samples transferred in high vacuum, the ZnSnN2 surface work function was 4.0 ± 0.1 eV below the vacuum level, with a valence-band onset of 1.2 ± 0.1 eV below the Fermi level. The resulting band diagram indicates that the degenerate bulk Fermi level position in ZnSnN_2 shifts to mid-gap at the surface due to band bending that results from equilibration with delocalized surface states within the gap. Brief (< 10 s) exposures to air, a nitrogen-plasma treatment, or argon-ion sputtering caused significant chemical changes at the surface, both in surface composition and interfacial energetics. The relative band positioning of the n-type semiconductor against standard redox potentials indicated that ZnSnN_2 has an appropriate energy band alignment for use as a photoanode to effect the oxygen-evolution reaction.
Finite nuclear size effects in allowed β-decay☆

Abstract A formal definition is put forward for the phase-space factor for allowed β-decay taking into account finite nuclear size effects. A simple and accurate parameterization valid for Z ⩽40, of the Behrens-Janecke electron wavefunctions is given and is used to evaluate the finite size effects analytically in a simple formula valid for high energy transitions where the corrections have practical significance.
Atomically Precise Au25(SG)18 Nanoclusters: Rapid Single-Step Synthesis and Application in Photothermal Therapy

Remarkable recent advances on Au25(SR)18 nanoclusters have led to significant applications in catalysis, sensing, and magnetism. However, the existing synthetic routes are complicated, particularly for the water-soluble Au25(SG)18 nanoclusters. Here, we report a single-step concentration and temperature-controlled method for rapid synthesis of the Au25(SG)18 nanoclusters in as little as 2 h without the need for low-temperature reaction or even stirring. A systematic time-based investigation was carried out to study the effects of volume, concentration, and temperature on the synthesis of these nanoclusters. Further, we discovered for the first time that the Au25(SG)18 nanoclusters exhibit excellent photothermal activities in achieving 100% cell death for MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells at a power of 10 W/cm2 using an 808 nm laser source, demonstrating applications toward photothermal therapy.
Beyond the media's explanation: Examining the determinants of attitudes toward torture

The question of what constitutes torture has perhaps never held as prominent a place in US political discourse as it has since the attacks on 9/11. This has fueled a national conversation that caus...
Gender and Feminist Studies in Sociology

As feminist sociologists have struggled to understand gender from the standpoint of women as well as that of men, we have found that it operates on at least three planes of human experience. Gender shapes who we are as persons, our preferences, our fears, our ways of relating to the world. Gender is also something we do, a way of conducting ourselves in specific situations, a set of standards to which we hold ourselves and one another accountable. Finally, gender is also an aspect of social organization, the outcome when a society divides labor by sex, assigns the work of meeting human needs to women, and devalues that work. Further, what gender is, how it is understood, and how it works is shaped by class and race relations so the impact of gender on men's and women's lives varies significantly depending on their race/ethnic and economic situations. In sum, what might appear to many people as a naturally occurring dichotomy of two opposite sexes is a multilayered and multiple categoried outcome of a great deal of social effort and organization.
The Choice of Optimal Model for Calculating Seepage Losses from Channels and Rivers

Different approaches to calculating seepage losses from channels and rivers, including the concept of hydrostatic pressure redistribution, for choosing optimal hydrogeological models based on data of observations performed in some parts of Kazakhstan and the results of regime studies performed by other researchers in different regions.
Fundamentals of Content-Based Image and Video Retrieval

This chapter contains basic information on Visual Information Retrieval (VIR) systems, particularly the ones whose primary emphasis is on searching for visual information (images or video clips)1 based on their contents, which will henceforth be referred to as Content-Based Image and Video Retrieval (CBIVR) systems.