cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spray drying of high pressure jet-processed condensed skim milk

Abstract Condensed skim milk (CSM) was high pressure jet (HPJ) processed at 100–500 MPa and then spray dried to obtain skim milk powders (SMP-100 to SMP-500). Physical and instant properties of SMP-100 to SMP-400 were similar to those of the control. However, SMP-500 showed a higher apparent particle density (1.25 g cm−3) and a lower solubility (93.2%) compared to the control. A marked increase in foam expansion index (FEI) and foam volume stability index (FVSI) was observed for the reconstituted SMP-400 and SMP-500, with the latter showing a FEI > 110% and a FVSI > 85%, 8 h after foaming. Moreover, emulsions prepared with reconstituted SMP-500 showed a higher emulsion stability index (ESI) compared to other SMPs. The observed differences in interfacial properties of reconstituted SMP-400 and SMP-500 are consistent with HPJ-processed skim milk, which showed extensive pressure- and shear-induced casein micelle modifications.
Bullying in Intimate Partner Relationships: Teen Dating Violence and Adult Intimate Partner Violence as Forms of Bullying

This chapter provides an overview of bullying dynamics manifested in teen dating violence (TDV) and intimate partner violence (IPV) between married, cohabitating, or dating adult partners. An overview of TDV and IPV are provided including definitions, prevalence rates, causes, and consequences. Then we go on to apply the bullying definitional framework (repetition, power imbalance, intent to harm) to TDV and IPV and argue that these forms of violence can be understood as forms of bullying. For example, both power and repetition are emphasized in a cycle of coercion and violence inherent in these two forms of violence. Many researchers do not include TDV or IPV in their definition of bullying; however, we apply the lens of the bullying dynamic to broaden the understanding of perpetration and victimization in close relationships. Many couples experience power imbalances and repeated aggression with intent to harm in overt or covert ways. Viewing intimate partner dynamics through the lens of bullying behavior creates a unique way to understand conflict that can plague adolescent and adult couples.
Analysis of a Case of Food Poisoning Caused by Two Conditional Pathogens' Composite Pollution

Objective The study was conducted to identify the cause of the food poisoning and provide evidence for prevention and control of similar incidents in the future.Methods The analysis of food poisoning was based on clinical symptoms,epidemiological investigation,and laboratory testing results.Results Enterobacter cloacae and proteus mirabilis were detected in the anal swab samples of 12 patients and employees,remainder sauced meat products,kitchen knife,cutting board and female workers' hands.Conclusion This incident was a mixed bacterial food poisoning beacause the sauced meat products were polluted by employees.Except the drain enterbacteriaceae,pathogenic factor may also be proteus mirabilis toxin.
Electron beam lithography

Abstract: A focused electron beam (e-beam) represents the smallest, finest practical writing pencil known, with the capability of producing pattern features down to a few nanometers in size. Electron beam lithography does not rely on a pre-existing patterned mask, but can write the pattern directly from stored data. Because of its inherent high resolution and pattern flexibility, e-beam lithography remains the method of choice for fabricating nanometer-scale structures in low volume. The historical Achilles heel of e-beam lithography has been its low throughput. This can be mitigated by exposing many pixels in parallel. A survey of present-day e-beam lithography is presented.
Perceptions of governance effectiveness and fisheries restriction options in a climate refugia

Abstract Common-pool resources are challenged by a number of factors including broadly acceptable resource extraction restrictions and effective implementation of proposed restrictions. Consequently, we evaluated fisher's perceptions of effectiveness of their governance institutions and benefits of restrictions in 16 East African marine fishing communities. At this site level the mean perceived effectiveness of 10 governance institutions and benefits of six restrictions were positively related (r2 = 0.57, p
Reward processing and psychopathic traits in children.

Growing evidence has suggested that the mechanisms underlying the 3 dimensions of psychopathic traits, including grandiose-manipulative, callous-unemotional, and daring-impulsive, are different. As yet, the neurobiological correlates of each dimension have not been fully understood. In this study, we examined if reward processing deficits were differentially associated with these traits, and whether social adversity moderated these relationships. Pre-ejection period (PEP) was assessed in children between 8 and 10 years of age from the community (N = 340, Mage = 9.06, SD = .60; 48.2% boys) while they were completing a reward task, and the caregivers rated children's psychopathic traits. Results indicated that (a) high callous-unemotional traits were associated with less PEP shortening, reflecting reward hyporesponsivity, at low levels of social adversity, and more PEP shortening, indicating hyperresponsivity, at high levels of social adversity, (b) high daring-impulsive traits were associated with hyperresponsivity at low levels of adversity only, and (c) grandiose-manipulative traits were not linked to reward processing deficits. Findings provide further evidence that different etiologies may underlie various dimensions of psychopathic traits and highlight the important role of psychosocial factors in understanding the neurobiological mechanism of youth psychopathy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Study Turbulence and Probe Magnetic Field Using Gradients Technique: Application to HI-to-H2 Transition Regions

The atomic-to-molecular (HI-to-H$_2$) transition in photodissociation regions (PDRs) has been investigated over the last several decades through analytic and numerical modeling. However, classical PDR models typically assume uniform density gas, ignoring the turbulent nature of the interstellar medium. Recently, Bialy et al. (2017b, 2019) have presented a theoretical framework for studying the HI-to-H$_2$ in a realistic turbulent medium with a non-homogeneous density structure. Here we extend these turbulent-chemical models to explore the possibility of tracing the magnetic field direction in turbulent PDRs using the Gradients Technique. We utilize both subsonic and supersonic magnetohydrodynamic numerical simulations for chemical HI/H$_2$ balance calculations. We confirm that the density fluctuations induced by turbulence can disperse the distribution of H$_2$ and HI fraction. We find that the energy spectrum of moment maps gets shallower when the sonic Mach number MS increases. We explore the ability in magnetic field tracing of gradients of higher-order velocity centroids and compare their performance with that of traditional velocity centroid gradients (VCGs) and with intensity gradients (IGs). We find that the velocity gradients of the second-order centroids (VC$_2$Gs) are more accurate than VCGs and IGs in probing the magnetic field orientation.
Physical activity prevents acute inflammation in a gout model by downregulation of TLR2 on circulating neutrophils as well as inhibition of serum CXCL1 and is associated with decreased pain and inflammation in gout patients.

Objectives Gout is the most prevalent inflammatory arthritis. To study the effects of regular physical activity and exercise intensity on inflammation and clinical outcome, we examined inflammatory pathogenesis in an acute model of murine gout and analyzed human gout patient clinical data as a function of physical activity. Methods NF-κB-luciferase reporter mice were organized into four groups and exercised at 0 m/min (non-exercise), 8 m/min (low-intensity), 11 m/min (moderate-intensity), and 15 m/min (high-intensity) for two weeks. Mice subsequently received intra-articular monosodium urate (MSU) crystal injections (0.5mg) and the inflammatory response was analyzed 15 hours later. Ankle swelling, NF-κB activity, histopathology, and tissue infiltration by macrophages and neutrophils were measured. Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 was quantified on peripheral monocytes/neutrophils by flow cytometry and both cytokines and chemokines were measured in serum or synovial aspirates. Clinical data and questionnaires accessing overall physical activity levels were collected from gout patients. Results Injection of MSU crystals produced a robust inflammatory response with increased ankle swelling, NF-κB activity, and synovial infiltration by macrophages and neutrophils. These effects were partially mitigated by low and moderate-intensity exercise. Furthermore, IL-1β was decreased at the site of MSU crystal injection, TLR2 expression on peripheral neutrophils was downregulated, and expression of CXCL1 in serum was suppressed with low and moderate-intensity exercise. Conversely, the high-intensity exercise group closely resembled the non-exercised control group by nearly all metrics of inflammation measured in this study. Physically active gout patients had significantly less flares/yr, decreased C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and lower pain scores relative to physically inactive patients. Conclusions Regular, moderate physical activity can produce a quantifiable anti-inflammatory effect capable of partially mitigating the pathologic response induced by intra-articular MSU crystals by downregulating TLR2 expression on circulating neutrophils and suppressing systemic CXCL1. Low and moderate-intensity exercise produces this anti-inflammatory effect to varying degrees, while high-intensity exercise provides no significant difference in inflammation compared to non-exercising controls. Consistent with the animal model, gout patients with higher levels of physical activity have more favorable prognostic data. Collectively, these data suggest the need for further research and may be the foundation to a future paradigm-shift in conventional exercise recommendations provided by Rheumatologists to gout patients.
Comment: Ridge Regression, Ranking Variables and Improved Principal Component Regression

Hoerl and Kennard’s (1970) ridge regression is an early and influential instance of regularization being used to improve the performance of a widely used modeling technique. Roughly 30 years later,...
Training, Technique, and Automaticity: Teacher Preparation at the Charles Sposato Graduate School of Education

A controversial innovation within the field of teacher education is the relocation of teacher preparation to new graduate schools of education (nGSEs). nGSEs are state-authorized institutions of hi...
Endogenous Regulation of Pheromone Biosynthesis in Heliothis Moths

Regulation of the diel periodic biosynthesis and release of sex pheromones by females of Lepidoptera is critical for reproductive success. Although other mechanisms often function in conjunction with temporally distinct pheromone communication periods to effect reproductive isolation (Sanders, 1971; Kaae et al., 1973; Roelofs and Carde, 1974; Tamaki and Honma, 1976; Carde et al, 1977; Grant, 1977), some cases have been documented in which differences in periodicity function as the major factor in reproductive isolation. Among noctuid moths, the prime importance of temporal regulation for maintenance of species isolation is exemplified by three, interfertile, sibling species of the genus Euxoa. Females of these moths produce a pheromone which is equally attractive to males of all three species (Byers et al., 1981). However, all three species have discrete reproductive periods which are tightly regulated so as to afford species specific, distinct peaks of reproductive activity under various temperature regimes (Teal et al., 1978; Teal and Byers, 1980).
Perioperative Evaluation and Decision-Making, When to Operate and by Which Approach: Tube Cholecystostomy

Percutaneous cholecystostomy tube (PCT) placement is a viable method of treating acute cholecystitis in patients that are not surgical candidates for cholecystectomy. Appropriate selection of patients and proper follow up are essential for the use of this modality. PCT has an extremely high success rate of placement allowing the acute cholecystitis to resolve and plans to be made for the management of the patient’s gallbladder. Options post placement include interval cholecystectomy for patients that can tolerate surgery, destination tube placement, or removal of the tube in select individuals.
All in the fiber optical communication

Summary form only given. It is now possible to perform all the major functions of optical communication in fiber based devices. This includes amplification, laser oscillation, dispersion correction, filtering, and modulation. The talk will describe the basic physics of all of these applications in their fiber setting and how they might be applied to an All in the Fiber Communication system in which the light is born, manipulated, and transmitted without ever leaving the optical fiber environment.
Long-term ecosystem carbon losses from silage maize-based forage cropping systems

Abstract Intensification of the US dairy industry has driven increased reliance on maize (Zea mays L.) silage as a primary forage source in place of perennial forages such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Using 29 site-years of eddy covariance, plant, and manure measurements, we calculated net ecosystem C balances (NECB) for two silage maize-based forage cropping systems and a soybean-maize grain rotation. We found that C losses were over threefold greater from continuous silage maize (-4.9 Mg C ha−1 yr−1) than from the predominant grain cropping system in the region, the soybean-maize rotation (-1.3 Mg C ha−1 yr−1). Including alfalfa in rotation reduced C losses by 23% relative to continuous silage maize, but net losses were still observed (-3.8 Mg C ha−1 yr−1). For every megagram of crop residue C left in-field, net C balances increased by +0.9 Mg C ha−1. A winter rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop and applications of liquid dairy manure marginally improved C-balances but were insufficient to offset C losses in respiration and crop harvest. Increasing manure application rates could bring these systems to a net equilibrium C balance but would also result in soil N and P surpluses and unacceptable loss of nutrients to air and water. Since 1980, over 800,000 hectares of alfalfa have been lost across the Upper Midwest US, and C export in harvested maize grain and silage have increased dramatically. This shift implies a substantial reduction in SOC on forage cropped soils in the region.
A Linear Model of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) as Drivers of Lower Hope Mediated by Lower Attachment Security in an Adult Sample

Research has established a link between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and mental health difficulties across the lifespan. This includes recent research that linked ACEs to lower hope in adulthood. To better understand the link between ACEs and lower hope, the current study tested a model, based in both attachment and hope theory, of ACEs as a driver of lower hope via lower attachment security as a mediator. To test the theorized linear relationship between variables, among a sample of U.S. adults (N’ = 293), the study employed established measures of ACEs, attachment style, and hope. A 3 variable path model with full mediation model was hypothesized, with ACEs driving lower attachment security that is linked to lower hope. The model was tested with structural equation modeling (SEM). The results indicated the theory proposed full mediation model fit the data well (Χ2 = 102.0, df = 52; p < .001; RMSEA = .057 [90% CI: .041, .074]; CFI: .96; SRMR: .053), with the model indicating ACEs drove attachment insecurity (R2 = .125) that generated lower hope (R2 = .208). A subsequent bootstrapping analysis (n = 5,000) validated the full mediation model. Multigroup analyses also indicated the model was stable across demographic groups. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the results, including how the data suggests a need for further research into interventions for ACE survivors to promote attachment security and hope.
Multi-class Cardiovascular Disease Detection and Classification from 12-Lead ECG Signals Using an Inception Residual Network

A number of deep neural network (DNN)-based models have been applied to help classify and detect severe cardiovascular diseases using 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. These models, however, suffer from poor performance in detecting one or two specific cardiac abnormalities, like ST-segment abnormalities, with their accuracy lingering at only around 60%, which in turn limits their applicability in clinical practice. In this paper, we show that the convolution layers of these DNN models can cause the diminishment of the key features of ST-segment abnormalities, making it, compared to cardiac arrhythmia and normal sinus rhythm (NSR), hard to be classified out from the ECG. Correspondingly, we, in this paper, propose a novel DNN-based model that is able to achieve high accuracy of detecting 9 classes of rhythms. In specific, the moving averages of the ECG signals are used as the second input to the proposed model so that it can help fully mine the features relevant to the ST abnormalities. In addition, as opposed to the convolution layers, our model utilizes the inception-residual layers to preserve features from the shallow layers for reuse in the deep layers. On top of these network architecture improvements, we further introduce a customized differential layer so that all the relevant features can be preserved and/or amplified for classification purposes. Trained with CPSC 2018 dataset, our proposed model is able to accurately classify the 9 rhythm classes, with an F1 score as high as 89.7%, up by merely 4.2% from the best result reported in the literature. As far as the ST segment abnormalities are concerned, the proposed model achieves an 89.6% F1 score for STD and an 80.8% F1 score for STE, which is 7.8% and 13.1% respectively higher than that of the best result. The proposed method is thus poised to become a viable solution for cardiovascular health monitoring with the increasing availability of portable and home-based ECG devices.
Nonlocal quantum computing theory and Poincare cycle in spherical states

Four new fundamental nonlocal quantum computing diagonal operator-state relations are derived which model the interaction between two adjacent atoms of an entangled atomic chain. Each atom possesse...
Education Futures: Language and Human Rights in Global Literacy

The continued use of English, French and Portuguese for educational purposes in Africa monopolizes the control of national educational policies and goals. This chapter explores the constraints of these linguistic choices through the report of the cultural agency of the United Nations about falling education standards in the world. This chapter involves an extensive review of theory and practices regarding the consequences of the use of local languages in school in order to explore the effects of language choices on learning. Based on several field visits over a period of many years, involving observation in classrooms and interviews, the findings examine how the use of local language affects the learning in Africa. The study finds that the use of colonial languages as languages of schooling has been influenced by the still powerful notion throughout Africa that learning in a foreign language will promote development and modernization. This research shows that local languages and local curriculum need to be valued as a Human Rights and children need to be prepared in order to be reflective, critical, knowledgeable and mobile in the world, and that this will support African development.
Business and property types experiencing excess violent crime: a micro-spatial analysis.

Background: Beyond alcohol retail establishments, most business and property types receive limited attention in studies of violent crime. We sought to provide a comprehensive examination of which properties experience the most violent crime in a city and how that violence is distributed throughout a city. Methods: For a large urban city, we merged violent incident data from police reports with municipal tax assessor data from 2012-2017 and tabulated patterns of violent crime for 15 commercial and public property types. To describe outlier establishments, we calculated the proportion of individual parcels within each property-type that experienced more than 5 times the average number of crimes for that property-type and also mapped the 25 parcels with the highest number of violent incidents to explore what proportion of violent crime in these block groups were contributed by the outlier establishments. Results: While the hotel/lodging property-type experienced the highest number of violent crimes per parcel (2.72), each property-type had outlier establishments experiencing more than 5 times the average number of violent crimes per business. Twelve of 15 property-types (80%) had establishments with more than 10 times the mean number of violent incidents. The 25 parcels with the most violent crime comprised a wide variety of establishments, ranging from a shopping center, grocery store, gas station, motel, public park, vacant lot, public street, office building, transit station, hospital, pharmacy, school, community center, and movie theatre, and were distributed across the city. Eight of the 25 parcels with the highest amount of violent crime, accounted for 50% or more of the violent crime within a 400-meter buffer. Conclusions: All property-types had outlier establishments experiencing elevated counts of violent crimes. Furthermore, the 25 most violent properties in the city demonstrated remarkable diversity in property-type. Further studies assessing the risk of violent crime among additional property-types may aid in violence prevention.
New World Bruchidae Past, Present, Future

The New World beetle family Bruchidae is diverse and extensive but largely endemic to the Western Hemisphere. More than 1000 species names have been proposed of which an estimated 750 are considered to be valid. These are assigned to 40 genera, of which 11 are monotypic. The fauna of the West Indies, Canada, the United States, Mexico and Central America, and the northern countries of South America is fairly well known, but the southern part of South America is largely unexplored. Five research scientists and three graduate students are currently working on the classification of this important family. Three of the scientists will soon retire. Since 1929, about 250 papers relating to taxonomy and biology of New World bruchids have been published of which 29 are generic monographs. A substantial foundation now exists on which to further explore the New World fauna.
Accelerated aging of silicone rubber cable terminations

In order to ensure that the silicone rubber used for cable terminations will not track or erode due to dry-band arcing, inorganic fillers, such as alumina trihydrate or silica, are usually added to the polymer. However, in order to satisfy the easy installation requirement, the filler concentration is usually lower than that used for outdoor polymer insulators. The reduced filler loadings have caused premature failures in certain laboratory tests, but the same terminations have been successfully used in the field for over 20 years. In order to determine the factors of this discrepancy, a systematic evaluation in a fog chamber was performed, where the experimental conditions were varied over a wide range. Changes occurring in the polymer were monitored periodically using electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis. It is demonstrated that the experimental conditions play a significant role in the accelerated aging of silicone rubber terminations. Good correlation with experience in the field is obtained when the test parameters allow the material to recover its hydrophobicity. >
Life Prediction Tool for Ceramic Matrix Composites at Elevated Temperatures

A life prediction method for ceramic matrix composites is developed. This model is based upon damage mechanics concepts included in the framework of the critical element model. One unique feature of the model is its ability to include general variations of temperature and applied loads as functions of time. A detailed description of application of the model to elevated temperature fatigue is given. In addition, a validation example is presented that includes the combined effects of rupture and fatigue. The comparison with the experimental data is shown to be good, although the result does appear to be dominated by the rupture effect.
DEFINITIONS AND REPRESENTATIONS OF MULTIVARIATE LONG-RANGE DEPENDENT TIME SERIES

The notion of multivariate long-range dependence is reexamined here from the perspectives of time and spectral domains. The role of the so-called phase parameters is clarified and stressed throughout. In particular, examples of causal (one-sided) representations of multivariate long-range dependent time series with general-phase parameters are constructed. A multivariate extension of the autoregressive fractionally integrated moving-average series is introduced with explicit formulas for its autocovariance function.
Head direction cells recorded in the anterior thalamic nuclei of freely moving rats

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are critically involved in the maintenance of long-term potentiation (LTP) (Reymann and Matthies, 1989; Behnisch et al., 1991; Izumi et al., 1991; Bashir et al., 1993). In order to assess further the physiological role of MGluRs in LTP, we injected freely moving rats with the recently available, competitive mGluR antagonist (R,S)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine (MCPG) intraventricularly and recorded extracellularly the population spike (PS) as well as the field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) of the granule cells of the dentate gyrus in response to stimulation of fibers of the perforant path. MCPG was administered in two concentrations (A = 20 mM/5 microliters; B = 200 mM/5 microliters) either 30 min prior to or 5 min after LTP induction. Sodium chloride infusion served as a control. Normal synaptic transmission was not altered by MCPG. However, the mGluR antagonist inhibited LTP in a concentration-dependent manner. Concentration A did not influence the potentiation shortly after the tetanus. In the PS, short-term potentiation (STP), which is decremental in its time course, occurred normally, but in contrast to controls the potentiation declined back to baseline values after 2–3 hr. This dose also reduced the posttetanic increase in the slope function of the fEPSP, and led to a time course of potentiation similar to that for the PS. Concentration B completely abolished the tetanus-induced potentiation. This block was similar to that obtained for the NMDA antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate (AP5). Both MCPG concentrations had no influence on the time course of preestablished LTP. These effects seem to be due to the action of the (+)-isomer of MCPG, since intracerebroventricular application of the (- )-isomer was without effect on the duration and magnitude of LTP. In addition, we were interested in the mGluR subtypes involved in the blocking mechanism of MCPG. 1S,3R-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxic acid (ACPD)-activated PPI hydrolysis in hippocampal slices was competitively inhibited by MCPG at a concentration of 1 mM or higher. In contrast, this concentration of MCPG did not affect the reduction of forskolin- stimulated cAMP formation by ACPD. These results corroborate recent findings that mGluRs are required for the induction of LTP in CA1 and CA3 in vitro (Bashir et al., 1993; Sergueeva et al., 1993) and in vivo (Riedel and Reymann, 1993). The process of STP is found to be independent of mGluR activation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Influence of Ligand Geometry in Bimetallic Ytterbocene Complexes of Bridging Bis(bipyridyl) Ligands

Two new bimetallic complexes, [Cp*2Yb]2(μ-1,3-(2,2‘-bipyridyl)-5-tBu-C6H3) (1) and [Cp*2Yb]2(μ-1,4-(2,2‘-bipyridyl)-C6H4) (2), and their corresponding two-electron oxidation products [1]2+ and [2]2+ have been synthesized with the aim of determining the impact of the bridging ligand geometry on the electronic and magnetic properties of these materials. Electrochemistry, optical spectroscopy, and bulk susceptibility measurements all support a ground-state electronic configuration of the type [(f)13-(πa*)1-(πb*)1-(f)13]. Density functional theory calculations on the uncomplexed bridging ligands as doubly reduced species also indicate that the diradical electronic configuration is the lowest lying for both meta- and para-bis(bipyridyl) systems. The electrochemical and optical spectroscopic data indicate that the electronic coupling between the metal centers mediated by the diradical bridges is weak, as evidenced by the small separation of the metal-based redox couples and the similarity of the f−f transitions...
Catalytic properties of tetraimidophthalocyanines

The catalytic properties of the tetrafunctional phthalocyanine complexes derived from 1, 2, 4, 5-tetracyanobenzene and ferric chloride and/or cupric chloride were investigated and compared to those previously obtained by Inoue, et al. It was found that, although the iron tetraimido derivative strongly catalyzes the oxidation of the ethylene acetal of acetaldehyde, its activity differs little from that of unsubstituted iron(II) phthalocyanine. Mossbauer and magnetic data were obtained on the iron complexes.
A Bayesian approach to real-time 3D tumor localization via monoscopic x-ray imaging during treatment delivery

Purpose: Monoscopic x-ray imaging with on-board kV devices is an attractive approach for real-time image guidance in modern radiation therapy such as VMAT or IMRT, but it falls short in providing reliable information along the direction of imaging x-ray. By effectively taking consideration of projection data at prior times and/or angles through a Bayesian formalism, the authors develop an algorithm for real-time and full 3D tumor localization with a single x-ray imager during treatment delivery. Methods: First, a prior probability density function is constructed using the 2D tumor locations on the projection images acquired during patient setup. Whenever an x-ray image is acquired during the treatment delivery, the corresponding 2D tumor location on the imager is used to update the likelihood function. The unresolved third dimension is obtained by maximizing the posterior probability distribution. The algorithm can also be used in a retrospective fashion when all the projection images during the treatment delivery are used for 3D localization purposes. The algorithm does not involve complex optimization of any model parameter and therefore can be used in a ''plug-and-play'' fashion. The authors validated the algorithm using (1) simulated 3D linear and elliptic motion and (2) 3D tumor motion trajectories of amore » lung and a pancreas patient reproduced by a physical phantom. Continuous kV images were acquired over a full gantry rotation with the Varian TrueBeam on-board imaging system. Three scenarios were considered: fluoroscopic setup, cone beam CT setup, and retrospective analysis. Results: For the simulation study, the RMS 3D localization error is 1.2 and 2.4 mm for the linear and elliptic motions, respectively. For the phantom experiments, the 3D localization error is < 1 mm on average and < 1.5 mm at 95th percentile in the lung and pancreas cases for all three scenarios. The difference in 3D localization error for different scenarios is small and is not statistically significant. Conclusions: The proposed algorithm eliminates the need for any population based model parameters in monoscopic image guided radiotherapy and allows accurate and real-time 3D tumor localization on current standard LINACs with a single x-ray imager.« less
Electron cytochemistry of crystalline inclusions in human skeletal muscle mitochondria

Limb muscle biopsies from a patient with idiopathic progressive ophthalmoplegia and a patient with a slowly progressive neuromuscular disorder since infancy revealed by conventional electron microscopy the presence of crystalline inclusions in the mitochondria as the most prominent morphological finding. Electron cytochemical studies on fresh tissue blocks showed no cytochrome C oxidase or carnitine acetyl transferase activity within the crystalline inclusions. The study of respiration linked accumulation of electron dense strontium supported by either NAD or flavoprotein linked substrates on freshly isolated mitochondrial fractions showed no electron dense strontium within the crystalline inclusions. These electron cytochemical findings suggest that the crystalline inclusions are space occupying structures that do not have an active functional role within the mitochondrion.
Intracellular localization of growth hormones in plants.

Autoradiographic studies of Allium cernuum and Vicia faba root-tip cells treated with indoleacetic acidmethyl-C14 or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid-carboxyl-C14 revealed nuclear and cytoplasmic labeling of the cells. The cytoplasmic labeling decreased with time after the removal of the labeled auxin, but nuclear and chromosomal labeling was retained for at least 120 hours.
MUTATIONS THAT ALTER THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE MALPIGHIAN TUBULES IN DROSOPHILA

During Drosophila embryogenesis the malpighian tubules evaginate from the hindgut anlage and in a series of morphogenetic events form two pairs of long narrow tubes, each pair emptying into the hindgut through a single ureter. Some of the genes that are involved in specifying the cell type of the tubules have been described. We surveyed mutations of previously described genes and identified ten among those surveyed that are required for morphogenesis of the malpighian tubules. Of those ten, four block tubule development at early stages, four block later stages of development, and two, rib and raw, which we have described previously, alter the shape of the tubules without arresting specific morphogenetic events. Three of the genes, sna, twi, and trh, are known to encode transcription factors and are therefore likely to be part of the network of genes that dictate the malpighian tubule pattern of gene expression.
Development, Characterization, and Design Considerations of Ni19.5Ti50.5 Pd25Pt5 High-temperature Shape Memory Alloy Helical Actuators

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) have been used in various applications since their discovery. However, their use as actuation devices in high-temperature environments has been limited due to the temperature constraints of commercially available materials. Recently, SMAs that produce good work characteristics at elevated temperatures have been developed at NASA's Glenn Research Center. One such alloy, Ni 19.5 Ti 50.5 Pd 25 Pt 5 , has shown repeatable strain recovery on the order of 2.5% in the presence of an externally applied stress at temperatures greater than 250°C. Based on these findings, potential applications for this alloy are being explored and further work is being done to assess the use of this alloy in various structural forms. In this article, the characterization of Ni 19.5 Ti 5O . 5 Pd 25 Pt 5 helical actuators is reported, including their mechanical responses and how variations in their responses correlate to changes in geometric parameters and training loads. Finally, implementation of previously published SMA spring design methodology in future SMA helical actuator development is considered through comparison of the observed and predicted responses.
X-Ray Band Spectra and Electronic Structure of Ti S 2

An electronic structure, in terms of molecular orbitals, is suggested for the layered compound Ti${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$. This structure is based on the combined $\mathrm{Ti}{L}_{\mathrm{III}}$, $\mathrm{Ti}K$, $\mathrm{S}{L}_{\mathrm{II},\mathrm{III}}$, and $\mathrm{S}K$ x-ray-emission and -absorption band spectra. The x-ray data appear to be compatible with the optical reflectivity spectrum but at odds with theoretical estimates of the band structure. Although the results are empirically conjectural they are used to suggest that Ti${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ is a metal or semimetal instead of a small-gap semiconductor.
Dynamics of herbivores and resources on a landscape with interspersed resources and refuges

A tradeoff between energy gain from foraging and safety from predation in refuges is a common situation for many herbivores that are vulnerable to predation while foraging. This tradeoff affects the population dynamics of the plant–herbivore–predator interaction. A new functional response is derived based on the Holling type 2 functional response and the assumption that the herbivore can forage at a rate that maximizes its fitness. The predation rate on the herbivore is assumed to be proportional to the product of the time that the herbivore spends foraging and a risk factor that reflects the habitat complexity; where greater complexity means greater interspersion of high food quality habitat and refuge habitat, which increases the amount of the edge zone between refuge and foraging areas, making foraging safer. The snowshoe hare is chosen as an example to demonstrate the resulting dynamics of an herbivore that has been intensely studied and that undergoes well-known cycling. Two models are studied in which the optimal foraging by hares is assumed, a vegetation–hare–generalist predator model and a vegetation–hare–specialist predator model. In both cases, the results suggest that the cycling of the snowshoe hare population will be greatly moderated by optimal foraging in a habitat consisting of interspersed high quality foraging habitat and refuge habitat. However, there are also large differences in the dynamics produced by the two models as a function of predation pressure.
TIDAL WIND FIELDS IN THE ATMOSPHERE

Abstract After evaluation of the surface wind system associated with the stationary wave, the total tidal wind field on the surface is developed from the total semidiurnal pressure oscillation. Two major criticisms of the linear theory are studied and are shown to be unfounded. It is shown that the effect of the earth's magnetic field can certainly be neglected up to the E region. It is shown that even at 125 kilometers the viscous terms are some ten million times smaller than the retained linear terms. The 100-km tidal wind field is developed from the surface tidal wind field and some deductions from the linear theory of Taylor and Pekeris. The ionospheric wind observations near 100 km reported in the literature are discussed, and are shown to be in general agreement with the computed tidal winds.
Endoscopic Approach to the Bile Duct in the Patient with Surgically Altered Anatomy

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in surgically altered anatomy can be technically challenging, because of three main problems that must be overcome: (1) endoscopically traversing the altered luminal anatomy, (2) cannulating the biliary orifice from an altered position, and (3) performing biliary interventions with available ERCP instruments. This article addresses the most common and most challenging variations in anatomy encountered by a gastroenterologist performing ERCP. It also highlights the innovations and progress that have been made in coping with these anatomic variations, with special attention paid to altered anatomy from bariatric surgery.
A calcium-binding monoclonal antibody that recognizes a non-calcium-binding epitope in the short consensus repeat units (SCRs) of complement Clr

Clr is a Ca2+-binding serine protease that interacts with two other plasma proteins, Clq and Cls, to form Cl, the first component of the complement cascade. A monoclonal antibody, BG6, has been produced which binds to Clr only in the presence of Ca2+, requiring 3–5 μM Ca2+ for half-maximal binding. The antibody reacts with native and heat-denatured C1r, and with zymogen Clr, but does not cross-react with Cls or Clq. BG6 did not significantly affect the esterolytic activity of Clr toward a synthetic thioester substrate nor the hemolytic activity of Cl reconstituted from subcomponents in the presence of the antibody. A tryptic fragment of Clr which consists of the C-terminal γ region of the A chain disulfide-linked to the B chain (γB) binds in a Ca2+-dependent manner to BG6-Sepharose. Western blotting experiments have further localized the epitope to the γ region of the A chain, which is composed of two short consensus repeat (SCR) units. The N-terminal α region contains the only previously determined Ca2+-binding site in the Clr molecule. Equilibrium dialysis experiments confirmed that Clr-γ B does not bind Ca2+, and showed that antibody BG6 and the γB/BG6 complex do bind Ca2+. Thus, the Ca2+-dependent nature of this interaction is due exclusively to binding of the metal ion to the antibody. Equilibrium dialysis and immunoblotting have further localized the Ca2+-binding site to the Fab fragment of BG6, indicating that the metal-induced conformational change resides in or near the variable region of the IgG. BG6 may set a precedent for the preparation of Ca2+-dependent antibodies to non-Ca2+-binding epitopes in other proteins.
Framing News Stories: The Role of Visual Imagery in Priming Racial Stereotypes

Two thematic news reports on the three-strikes law and school vouchers were differentially illustrated with photographs. Online news stories were either illustrated with no images, with 2 photographs of Blacks, with 2 photographs of Whites, or with 2 photographs, 1 of a Black and the other of a White person (mixed condition). In none of the four conditions did the text make any reference to the ethnic/racial identity of the subjects in the photographs juxtaposed with the text. White respondents assessed the extent to which each ethnic/racial group was affected by the social problem or issue discussed in the news stories. Differential pictorial illustration of ethnic groups fostered differentiation association of ethnic groups with the social problem. Implicit racial images of Blacks helped prime racial stereotypes about blacks and led to stronger association of Blacks with social problems addressed in the stories. The concept of implicit visual propositioning is discussed as a discursive form through whic...
Homebuyer choices and search behaviour in a distressed urban setting

Abstract Buyers purchase homes in Cleveland, Ohio, because visible neighbourhood qualities, structural attributes and neighbourhood amenities are appealing. How they perceive their housing and their neighbourhoods tends to vary with income, education, previous tenure and their type of employment. Their perceptions are confounded, however, by their race, the presence of school age children, their previous place of residence, work location and time expected to reside in the house. Neighbourhood familiarity and locational convenience are also key components in the homebuyer's decision process. Moreover, few higher income homebuyers anticipate remaining in their homes for more than four years. Because their work orientation is outside the downtown, future housing purchases may similarly occur outside the city. To the extent that there is a slackening in the purchasing of housing units in the central city by higher income households, housing market and neighbourhood stability are likely to deteriorate.
Some simple remarks on variational bounds in Faddeev-type formalisms

Abstract A bound on the energy obtained from the differential equation forms of Faddeev-type equations is derived. The procedure is based on the standard variation principle for the Schrodinger equation plus the observation that the ordinary Schrodinger wavefunction |ψ(i)> equals the sum of the Faddeev-type “channel wavefunctions” |ψ λ ( i )>.
Obtaining CMP data with automatically planted geophones

Summary The time required to obtain accurate CMP data in a 2-D near-surface seismic survey can be reduced significantly by rigidly attaching the geophones to channel iron and planting them simultaneously. Experiments conducted earlier showed that rigidly connecting geophones to channel iron did not prevent the recording of seismic information, including reflections. Therefore, the purpose of the experiments here was to demonstrate that rigidly attached geophones can accurately record CMP data. Comparing data from a conventionally planted control line with an automatically planted test line showed that accurate shallow-reflection information could be acquired. Results such as these may stimulate efforts to automate CMP reflection surveys.
Effects of the single-particle potential insertions in the effective interaction.

We investigate the effects of the single-particle potential insertions in the effective interaction by comparing energy spectra obtained from different treatments of these insertions as a function of the size of the no-core model space. The Brueckner reaction matrix used in the first calculation includes the single-particle insertions in ladder diagrams to all orders, while the Brueckner reaction matrix used in the second calculation only keeps the single-particle potential term in the lowest-order ladder diagram. The two calculations yield almost identical ground-state energies and low-lying excitation spectra for $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ and $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ for large enough no-core model spaces, indicating that the effects of the single-particle potential insertions in second- and higher-order ladder diagrams are small. We explain the reason for the diminishing role of these insertions with increasing size of the model space. We also show that, through a standard method of instilling a single center-of-mass wave function into all low-lying states, the spurious center-of-mass kinetic-energy term shifts the energies of all the low-lying states by nearly a constant and, therefore, has little effect on the excitation spectrum.
Heterosexual Melancholia and Mysticism in the Early Society of Jesus

In the last decades of the sixteenth century the Society of Jesus prohibited its members the reading of several mystical texts. A theme that cuts across these texts is the use of erotic language to describe the relationship between the soul and God. I argue that what lies behind the prohibition is the fear that desire, especially homoerotic desire, would be a threat to Jesuit identity. I use Judith Butler's concept of heterosexual melancholia to illuminate this episode in Jesuit history.
Bayesian approaches for on-line robust parameter design

Two new Bayesian approaches to Robust Parameter Design (RPD) are presented that recompute the optimal control factor settings based on on-line measurements of the noise factors. A dual response model approach to RPD is taken. The first method uses the posterior predictive density of the responses to determine the optimal control factor settings. A second method uses in addition the predictive density of the noise factors. The control factor settings obtained are thus robust not only against on-line variability of the noise factors but also against the uncertainty in the response model parameters. On-line controllable and off-line controllable factors are treated in a unified manner through a quadratic cost function. Both single and multiple-response processes are considered and closed-form robust control laws are provided. Two simulation examples and an example taken from the literature are used to compare the proposed methods with existing RPD approaches that are based on similar models and cost function...