cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-Spatial Resolution Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Imaging Analysis of Glucosylceramide in Spleen Sections from a Mouse Model of Gaucher Disease

MALDI mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) enables spatially resolved mass and intensity information to be obtained directly from tissue sections, thereby illustrating how analytes are distributed within these sections. Here we have used an oversampling technique on a commercially available MALDI orthogonal acceleration TOF mass spectrometer with ion mobility separation capability to produce high spatial resolution images of the glycosphingolipid, glucosylceramide (GC). To exemplify the biological application of our approach, GC was imaged in spleen sections from a conditional knockout mouse model of type 1 Gaucher disease in which the catabolism of this glycosphingolipid is impaired. The laser was continually fired at one position until no more ions were observed and then the sample was moved by 15 μm (laser diameter ∼150 μm). Ions were generated from only the unirradiated surface at each of these positions achieving an effective spacing of 15 μm. At 15 μm laser step-size, it was possible to visualize macrop...
Truman in the White House: The Diary of Eben A. Ayers

As assistant press secretary to President Harry S. Truman, Eben A. Ayers brought with him twenty-six years of experience as a newspaperman. He knew when he had a good story and knew how to record it. His private diary, which he kept unbeknownst to his associates, tells the inside story of the Truman White House clearly, colorfully, and with an acute sense of history."
Doping asymmetry in wide-bandgap semiconductors: Origins and solutions

Wide-bandgap (WBG) semiconductors are essential materials for making short-wavelength and transparent optoelectronic devices. However, a serious obstacle to realizing WBG semiconductor-based devices is their common doping asymmetry problem, i.e., a WBG semiconductor can be doped easily either p-type or n-type, but not both. This paper reviews the possible origins for doping asymmetry problems and updates our recent progress in searching for approaches to overcome the doping bottleneck in WBG semiconductors. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Family Interactions in Adoptive Compared to Nonadoptive Families

Despite the large and growing numbers of adoptive families, little research describes interactions in families with adopted adolescents. Yet, adopted adolescents’ increased risk for adjustment problems, combined with the association between family interactions and adolescent adjustment in nonadoptive families, raises questions about differences in adoptive and nonadoptive family interactions. We compared observed and self-reported family interactions between 284 adoptive and 208 nonadoptive families and within 123 families with 1 adopted and 1 nonadopted adolescent. Adolescents averaged 14.9 years of age. Comparisons were made using analysis of variance incorporating hierarchical linear methods in SAS PROC MIXED to control family-related correlations in the data. Parents and children reported more conflict in adoptive families when compared with nonadoptive families. Families with 1 adopted and 1 nonadopted adolescent reported more conflict between parents and adopted adolescents. Observed parental behavior was similar across adoptive and nonadoptive children although adopted adolescents were less warm and, in families with 2 adopted children, more conflictual than nonadopted adolescents. These findings suggest a need for further investigation of the association between family interactions and adopted adolescent problem behavior.
Religion and Secrecy: A Bibliographic Essay

The events of the early twenty-first century have led to a resurgence of interest in the public and private expression of religion and the role of secrecy in religious traditions. In modern incarnations and throughout history, claims to secret knowledge, the limitations of knowledge of the divine, and private or secrete religious activities have existed in all types of religious traditions. From long-standing mystical traditions in Abrahamic faiths to smaller groups such as Theosophists, secrecy touches on many aspects of religious experience. Sociologists, anthropologists, political theorists, historians, and theologians have undertaken studies of religion and secrecy in general and in reference to particular traditions and localities. What follows is an attempt to highlight major themes of religion and secrecy in history and theory, as well as the implications of September 11, 2001, the "War on Terror" and the Patriot Act for religious practice and privacy in the United States of America and beyond.
Perceiving a negative event as central to one's identity partially mediates age differences in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms.

Objective: Older adults report fewer posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms than younger adults, but the reasons for this age difference are unclear. In the current study, the authors explor...
Health education kiosk for low-literacy patients served by community-based clinics

Health care providers and computer-based teaching systems seeking to address the health concerns of medically under-served, low literacy patients share similar challenges. These challenges include differing cultural beliefs, linguistic barriers, and variations in the predisposition to seek timely care. The effects of patient characteristics, such as race, ethnicity, income, education, place of residence and age, on health care are both independent and additive. The lack of access to culturally and linguistically acceptable information about health care magnifies the impact of poor health practices on this population. Using a four-stage development approach a Web-based kiosk system was created that delivers appropriate information on the health effects of smoking and cessation to low literacy Mexican Americans. Simplicity was verified as the key to good design. In addition, the kiosk is an appropriate way to collect data about a clinic population. Results show that there is a need for smoking awareness and cessation education among this population.
Comparison of mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia in coronary artery disease patients with versus without left ventricular dysfunction.

To examine the susceptibility to myocardial ischemia with mental stress in patients who have coronary artery disease and normal left ventricular (LV) function versus those who have impaired LV function, we examined 58 patients who had coronary artery disease, including 22 who had normal LV function (ejection fraction ≥50%), 16 who had mild to moderate LV dysfunction (ejection fraction 30% to 50%), and 20 who had severe LV dysfunction (ejection fraction ≤30%) and underwent bicycle and mental stress testing with myocardial perfusion scintigraphy on consecutive days in random order. Ischemia was assessed based on summed difference scores in regional rest versus stress myocardial perfusion and defined as a summed difference score >3. At comparable double products across the 3 groups, ischemia was induced with mental stress more frequently in patients who had severe LV dysfunction (50%) than in those who had normal LV function (9%; p
Sons, Daughters and Fathers' Absence: Differentials in Father-Leaving Probabilities and in Home Environments

Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this research examines the extent to which the presence or absence of biological fathers from the home is associated with gender differences in the presence or absence of children and gender differences in the home environment encountered by children. For a large national sample of children between the ages of 5 and 9, the results suggest that for White families: (a) fathers are more likely to be present in the home if the child is male; and (b) home environmental advantages that boys appear to have in two-parent households are not apparent in female-headed households. For White families, White single parenthood is clearly linked with a poorer quality environment; nonetheless, it is more equalitarian in terms of boys and girls being similarly socialized. The results for Black children are less systematic, although there is some suggestion that girls lose a modest relative advantage in home environment that they have over boys in father-present homes.
A new and simple control strategy for multiple robots involving redundant motion

The dynamic model of a multirobot system with redundant motions is given by equations involving the generalized inverse of a Jacobian matrix, unmodeled joint frictions and external disturbances, and a grasping matrix which is of full-row rank. In the design of the control torque such that the actual path of the payload's mass-center tracks the desired path without demanding extensive online computations, since redundant motion is involved, a matrix involved is not symmetric and the skew-symmetric property is not easy to verify. The first problem can be easily fixed by pre-multiplying another matrix on both sides, while the validity of the skew-symmetric property still remains unclear due to the existence of a generalized inverse. In this paper a control strategy that does not rely on this property is presented. The novelty of the suggested strategy lies in its simplicity in design and implementation. >
Genome-wide profiling identifies a subset of methamphetamine (METH)-induced genes associated with METH-induced increased H4K5Ac binding in the rat striatum

Background METH is an illicit drug of abuse that influences gene expression in the rat striatum. Histone modifications regulate gene transcription.
Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ strip loaded waveguide electro-optic phase modulator in epitaxial BaTiO/sub 3/ thin film

We demonstrate a strip loaded waveguide electro-optic phase modulator in epitaxial barium titanium (BaTiO3) thin film. Low waveguide propagation losses and low half-wave voltage length product are achieved
Analyzing dividend events with neural network rule extraction

Over the last two decades, artificial neural networks (ANN) have been applied to solve a variety of problems such as pattern classification and function approximation. In many applications, it is desirable to extract knowledge from trained neural networks for the users to gain a better understanding of the network's solution. In this paper, we apply REFANN (rule extraction from function approximating neural networks) in dividend events study. Based on our study of 1530 dividend initiations and 692 resumptions events from April 1965 to December 2000, we find that the positive relation between the short-term price reaction and the ratio of annualized dividend amount to stock price is primarily limited to 96 firms that have high dividend ratio and small firm size. The results suggest that the degree of short-term stock price underreaction to dividend events may not be as dramatic as previously believed. The results also show that the relations between the stock price response and firm size is also different across different types of firms. It is suggested that drawing the conclusions from the whole dividend events data may leave some important information unexamined. Our rule extraction method may shed some lights on further empirical research in corporate events studies because more information can be drawn from the data.
Warranty Spend Forecasting for Subsystem Failures Influenced by Calendar Month Seasonality

Although the need for collecting warranty data originated from financial reasons, it is also extensively used for modeling and analysis to support managerial decision-making in industries. Strategic, tactical, and operational level decisions involving warranty cost very often use warranty spending forecasts that are developed using statistical methods. Existing literature provides warranty forecasting approaches involving variables such as mileage accumulation rate, failure rate, repeat repair rate, and cost per repair. However, there are several key failure modes that are known to be influenced by seasonality. For example, `engine slow to start' conditions drive a higher claim rate in colder months than in warmer months. Accommodation of such failure modes influenced by seasonality has not been considered in the warranty cost modeling literature. This paper presents a flexible approach for developing a monthly warranty spend forecasting model that incorporates calendar month seasonality, business days per month for authorized service centers, and sales ramp-up in addition to the earlier mentioned variables. On one hand, the model allows development of warranty spend forecasts for entire warranty coverage to support strategic level decisions; on the other hand, forecasts for monthly warranty spend help support tactical and operational level decisions. The workability of the proposed methodology is illustrated using an application example.
Similar network activity from disparate circuit parameters.

Although common sense tells us that no two brains are identical, a series of experimental strategies has evolved, on the basis of studies into the influence of controlled variables on neuronal or network function, that are designed to remove the influence of the underlying variance in neuronal properties and synaptic strengths. These strategies include averaging or normalizing data and comparing each preparation to its own control before and after a treatment. Successful as these strategies may be, they implicitly assume that variability between preparations or animals is ‘experimental noise’ rather than an essential characteristic of the nervous system. We used computational models to study this underlying variability in synaptic strengths and neuronal properties in the production of a simple motor pattern. Specifically, we searched for combinations of synaptic strengths and intrinsic properties in threeneuron model networks that produced output patterns within the range of the pyloric rhythms generated by the stomatogastric ganglia of 99 lobsters (Homarus americanus). Here we argue that network output might be more tightly regulated than many of the underlying cellular and synaptic properties. Previous computational work using models of single neurons has shown that similar electrical activity can be achieved with varying combinations of ion channels in the neuron’s membrane 1–4 . Experimental measurements of single membrane currents in the same individually identified neurons in different preparations show severalfold ranges in conductance densities 2,3,5 . Together, these data suggest that individual neurons ‘tune’ themselves to achieve combinations of conductance densities that are consistent with a given target excitability 6–9 . This conceptual framework fits with the compensation that occurs after genetic manipulation of channelgene expression, as alterations in the expression of one channel may be compensated by changes in the density of one or more other channels 10 . We also argue that compensation may occur at the network level as well: that is, each animal’s network has a target activity level, and mechanisms exist that allow each animal to produce a target network performance despite having differing sets of synaptic strengths and intrinsic membrane properties. The present study supports this notion by demonstrating that similar and functional network behavior can result from widely differing combinations of intrinsic and synaptic properties. RESULTS The pyloric rhythm of the crustacean stomatogastric ganglion (STG) is an ideal test bed for studies of how network performance depends on the properties of the neurons and synapses within a functional circuit 11 . Unlike many preparations with relatively ill-defined outputs or connectivity, this ganglion has a small number of neurons and a stereotyped motor pattern, making it relatively easy to determine when and how network behavior is influenced by changes in synaptic strength or intrinsic membrane properties 12,13 .
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis following Seasonal Influenza Vaccination in an Elderly Patient

Although such occurrences are rare, it should be recognized that certain vaccines might trigger serious neurological immune phenomena such as Guillain-Barre syndrome, seizures, cranial neuropathy, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). Here we report on an elderly woman with ADEM following seasonal influenza vaccination who recovered after plasma exchange.
19F NMR indicator displacement assay using a synthetic receptor with appended paramagnetic relaxation agent

An admixture of zinc(II)-bis(dipicolylamine) receptor with covalently attached paramagnetic relaxation agent and fluorine-labeled phosphate indicator enables 19F NMR detection of phosphorylated analytes with amplified switched-on signal intensity.
Racial differences in insulin secretion and sensitivity in prepubertal children: role of physical fitness and physical activity.

KU, CHING-YI, BARBARA A. GOWER, GARY R. HUNTER, AND MICHAEL I. GORAN. Racial differences in insulin secretion and sensitivity in prepubertal children: Role of physical fitness and physical activity. Obes Res. 2000;8:506 ‐515. Objective: To investigate in prepubertal children whether physical fitness and/or physical activity are: 1) associated with insulin secretion and sensitivity and 2) account for racial differences in insulin secretion and sensitivity. Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects included 34 African American and 34 white nondiabetic children aged 5 to 11 years. Data were divided into two sets according to the availability of VO2max and physical activity data. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue and intraabdominal adipose tissue were examined by computed tomography. Insulin sensitivity (SI) and acute insulin response (AIR) were determined by a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. An all-out, progressive treadmill exercise test was used for measuring VO2max. Physical activity data were collected by questionnaire. Results: African American children had lower SI and higher AIR than white children, after adjusting for total body fat mass. African Americans reported higher levels of physical activity (hours/wk) than whites, but had a lower VO2max .I n multiple linear regression analysis, hours/wk of activity and hours/wk of vigorous activity, but not moderate activity, were independently related to SI and AIR after adjusting for race, total body fat mass or fat distribution, and total lean tissue mass. VO 2max was not related to AIR, and was inversely related to S I , after adjusting for body composition. Race remained significantly associated with both S I and AIR, even after adjusting for body composition, fat distribution, and hours/wk of activity or hours/wk of vigorous activity. Discussion: In summary, overall physical activity and, especially, vigorous activity were associated with insulin secretion and sensitivity. However, neither physical activity nor VO 2max explained the racial difference in insulin secre tion (higher in African Americans) and sensitivity (lower in African Americans). Thus, racial (African American to white) differences in aspects of insulin action seem to be due to factors other than body composition, fat distribution, cardiovascular fitness, and amount of physical activity.
Microdisk laser linewidth and spontaneous emission rate enhancement

An increase in the spectral width of microdisk laser spectra biased slightly above threshold is experimentally observed, and an increase in spontaneous emission rate in devices with small optical mode volume is demonstrated.
Reversal of the endocrine toxicity of commercially produced perfluorochemical emulsion.

Perfluorochemicals provide a biologically inert system for oxygen transport to tissue. The purpose of the present study was to determine if a simple clean-up procedure could reverse the endocrine toxicity of a commercially produced perfluorochemical emulsion, Oxypherol-E.T. The clean-up procedure consisted of a combined resin and dialysis treatment. The endocrine toxicity of the untreated and treated perfluorochemical emulsions was tested by determining their effect on testosterone secretion by rat testes perfused in vitro. Rat testes perfused with untreated Oxypherol-E.T. secreted low amounts of testosterone. However, the treated Oxypherol-E.T. was an effective and nontoxic oxygen carrier for testes perfused in vitro. The results are significant because they suggest that the endocrine toxicity of Oxypherol-E.T. is caused by toxic contaminants and not the perfluorochemicals. Additional experiments revealed that the fluoride ion may be the primary toxic contaminant of Oxypherol-E.T. The data support the efficacy of perfluorochemicals as oxygen carriers for rat testes perfused in vitro.
Click on Me! An Example of How a Toddler Used Technology in Play:

This article explores the ways a young child’s play revealed his understanding of technology in contextual and decontextualized ways.The child, James, spent a year (age 21/2 to 31/2) learning how to share CD-ROM storybooks with his mother, who was also the researcher. James’s experience with the hypertext of CD-ROM storybooks is described and the relationship between technology, play, and literacy is explored. James’s experience with CD-ROM storybooks resulted in play behaviors in which he revealed his understandings of the technological concepts related to this new medium of storybook. Consequently, this article brings to the forefront questions concerning a re-conceptualization of literacy in view of new technologies and what internalization of technological concepts will mean to the next generation of emergent literacy learners.
Supercooled liquids and polyamorphism

We have discovered a solid, apparently amorphous phase of triphenyl phosphite to which the supercooled liquid converts, a phase distinct from both the glass and the crystal. To date, this is the clearest and best identified case of a first-order transition from a liquid to another apparently amorphous condensed phase. We discuss this phenomenon in terms of a recently formulated theory of supercooled liquids that predicts and naturally incorporates the existence of such low-temperature phases, thereby suggesting that its existence is a general phenomenon intimately connected with the existence and properties of supercooled liquids. In accord with the theory, we also suggest that although the X-ray scans do not indicate any lattice structure, these apparently amorphous phases may in fact be defect-ordered structures with large unit cells.
Nonreductive Individualism Part II—Social Causation

In Part I, the author argued for nonreductive individualism (NRI), an account of the individual-collective relation that is ontologically individualist yet rejects methodological individualism. However, because NRI is ontologically individualist, social entities and properties would seem to be only analytic constructs, and if so, they would seem to be epiphenomenal, since only real things can have causal power. In general, a nonreductionist account is a relatively weak defense of sociological explanation if it cannot provide an account of how social properties can participate in causal relations. In this article, the author extends NRI to address this weakness and provides an account of social causation that he refers to as supervenient causation.
Estimating Bobcat Population Sizes and Densities in a Fragmented Urban Landscape Using Noninvasive Capture–Recapture Sampling

Bobcats (Lynx rufus) are valuable indicators of connectivity in the highly fragmented landscape of coastal southern California, yet their population sizes and densities are largely unknown. Using noninvasive scat sampling in a capture–recapture framework, we estimated population sizes for 2 similar areas of natural habitat with differing levels of isolation by human development in Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, California. We used scat transects with geographic information system land-use layers and home-range sizes of bobcats to estimate effective sampling area and population densities. Estimates of population size in the study area connected to a much larger habitat area (26–31 individuals) were similar to estimates for the area that was completely surrounded by development (25–28 individuals). Bobcat densities for the 2 study areas also were similar (ranging from 0.25 to 0.42 bobcat/km 2 ) and likely represent recent population declines because of notoedric mange likely interacting with toxicants. These methods proved effective despite particularly low densities of bobcats and may be especially useful when study areas are geographically isolated, reducing the uncertainty in size of the sampling area.
Parenting and child behavioral adjustment in early childhood: A quantitative genetic approach to studying family processes.

The aim of this study was to examine environmental and gene-environment processes linking parenting (i.e., affect, control, responsiveness) and preschool children's behavioral adjustment difficulties (e.g., noncompliance, conduct problems) by using bivariate genetic analyses of parents' and observers' ratings. The sample included 120 identical and same-sex fraternal twin pairs (M age = 43 months). Data sources included in-home observations, interviews, and parents' reports. Observers' ratings of children's difficult behaviors included shared and nonshared environmental variance. In contrast, parents' ratings of children's conduct problems showed genetic and nonshared environmental variance. Observer-rated maternal behavior included shared and nonshared environmental variance, although maternal responsiveness also included child genetic variance. Parent self-reported negative and positive affect included shared and nonshared environment as well as child genetic variance. There was no evidence for gene-environment interaction or dominance. Higher levels of difficult behavior and conduct problems covaried with higher levels of maternal negative affect and control and lower levels of maternal positive affect and control. Shared environmental mediation of these correlations was found for observations, whereas genetic and nonshared environmental mediation was found for parents' ratings. In general, estimates of shared environmental variance and mediation were greatest for observational data, and estimates of child genetic variance and mediation were greatest for parent-rated data. The implications of this pattern of findings for genetic research on family processes are discussed.
Unrolling Loops in FORTRAN

SUhlMARY The technique of ‘unrolling’ to improve the performance of short program loops without resorting to assembly language coding is discussed. A comparison of the benefits of loop ‘unrolling‘ on a variety of computers using an assortment of FORTRAN compilers is presented.
A Tutorial on Queuing and Trunking with Applications to Communications

The motivation for developing this synthesis lecture was to provide a tutorial on queuing and trunking, with extensions to networks of queues, suitable for supplementing courses in communications, stochastic processes, and networking. An essential component of this lecture is MATLAB-based demonstrations and exercises, which can be easily modified to enable the student to observe and evaluate the impact of changing parameters, arrival and departure statistics, queuing disciplines, the number of servers, and other important aspects of the underlying system model. Much of the work in this lecture is based on Poisson statistics, since Poisson models are useful due to the fact that Poisson models are analytically tractable and provide a useful approximation for many applications. We recognize that the validity of Poisson statistics is questionable for a number of networking applications and therefore we briefly discuss self-similar models and the Hurst parameter, long-term dependent models, the Pareto distribution, and other related topics. Appropriate references are given for continued study on these topics. The initial chapters of this book consider individual queues in isolation. The systems studied consist of an arrival process, a single queue with a particular queuing discipline, and one or more servers. While this allows us to study the basic concepts of queuing and trunking, modern data networks consist of many queues that interact in complex ways. While many of these interactions defy analysis, the final chapter introduces a model of a network of queues in which, after being served in one queue, customers may join another queue. The key result for this model is known as Jackson's Theorem. Finally, we state the BCMP Theorem, which can be viewed as a further extension of Jackson's Theorem and present Kleinrock's formula, which can be viewed as the network version of Little's Theorem. Table of Contents: Introduction / Poisson, Erlang, and Pareto Distributions / A Brief Introduction to Queueing Theory / Blocking and Delay / Networks of Queues
Thermal-Mechanical Impact of Thermal Solutions in Handheld Devices

Use of Thermal Interface Materials (TIM) is a common thermal solution approach in handheld devices to reduce junction temperature and control device skin temperature. This work summarizes the thermal benefits of using a TIM for enhancing the user experience and increasing System on Chip (SoC) performance. On the other hand, TIM induces a load on the package which in turn can impose stress on the package solder joints. This paper explains the impact of a variety of parameters such as TIM material and thickness and system boundary conditions on thermal performance of the SoC/system and the load distribution on solder joints. The complexity of mechanical load distribution is discussed through extensive data collection and simulation in phone and tablet form factors. Design guidelines for selection of appropriate TIM are proposed to improve the thermal performance without compromising the reliability of the SoC package.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Supporting veterans: Creating a “military friendly” community college campus

ABSTRACTVeterans are entering the community college classroom as part of their transition from military to civilian life. This article explores what leaders of community colleges could do, and have done, in developing programs, implementing changes, and adopting policies to attract and accommodate the unique needs of student-veterans.
Simultaneous Time-Frequency Control of Active Magnetic Bearing

Active magnetic bearings enable greater spindle dynamic stiffness through higher attainable bearing surface speeds. However, the active magnetic bearing system is highly nonlinear due to the interaction between electromagnetic field and rotor dynamics. Its nonlinear character becomes prominent when rotating in high speed. The operation undergoes route-to-chaos and is vulnerable to external excitation, which eventually leads to detrimental failure. A novel simultaneous time-frequency control theory is developed for controlling the active magnetic bearing at high speed. The control theory is able to tolerate the uncertainties in the system due to on-line identification and the deterioration in both time and frequency domain can be restrained.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Effect of annealing ambient on performance and reliability of low pressure chemical vapor deposited oxides for thin film transistors

The performance and reliability of low pressure chemical vapor deposited (LPCVD) oxides subjected to oxidizing, inert and nitriding annealing ambients is characterized both at low temperature (600°C) and high temperature (950°C). The oxidizing ambient results in worse initial interface state density and charge to break down. We attribute this to the interfacial stress developed during the oxidation, due to the volume mismatch between Si and SiO2. The C-V measurements on poly-Si substrate capacitors and the charge pumping measurements on poly-Si thin film transistors (TFTs) indicate lower trap density for inert and nitriding ambients. The TFTs with inert anneal exhibit lower bias temperature instability compared to oxidizing ambient.
Parenting Styles/Discipline

A parenting style refers to a cluster of parental practices that produce relatively stable and identifiable patterns of child adjustment. Parenting styles reflect variations in the attitudes and practices of parents, and are comprised of discrete parenting behaviors, including disciplinary tactics. Baumrind's parenting styles typology represents the leading typological approach to parenting, and has dominated the parent–child research agenda for the last 50 years. This entry examines the historical context in which the typology emerged, as well as its theoretical and research foundations. It introduces the original parenting styles typology based on three parenting prototypes, and details the research findings that led to an expansion of the typology to include four parenting prototypes. It concludes with a discussion of child outcomes associated with the various parenting styles, as well as proposing future directions for parenting styles research. Keywords: discipline; family communication; parental authority; parenting styles
Clinical Observation on Treating Drug-resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Objective To study the combined Chinese and Western medicine treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis in clinical efficacy.Methods The patient re-treated 80 cases of drug-resistant TB patients were divided into treatment group and control group.The same two groups of patients given anti-TB drug therapy,based on the treatment group of 40 patients a day with a self-made traditional Chinese medicine Yangyinrunfei decoction,sub-2 dose;the control group of 40 patients given only oral anti-TB drugs treatment,course of treatment are 1 month.Healthy control group of 40 human peripheral blood as controls.Results In the treatment group and control group before treatment,peripheral blood T cell subsets was no significant difference(P0.05),compared with healthy control group differences were statistically significant(P0.05);treatment group sputum smear and Mycobacterium tuberculosis sputum culture turned negative lesions absorbed better,erythrocyte sedimentation rate returned to normal compared with the control group significantly(P0.05);peripheral blood T-lymphocyte subsets before and after treatment difference was statistically significance(P0.05),the control group before and after treatment difference was not statistically significant(P0.05).Conclusion Chinese and Western medicine combination therapy can better improve the immune status of patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis,to promote the improvement of clinical symptoms.
Neuroimmunology of the Interleukins 13 and 4.

The cytokines interleukin 13 and 4 share a common heterodimeric receptor and are important modulators of peripheral allergic reactions. Produced primarily by T-helper type 2 lymphocytes, they are typically considered as anti-inflammatory cytokines because they can downregulate the synthesis of T-helper type 1 pro-inflammatory cytokines. Their presence and role in the brain is only beginning to be investigated and the data collected so far shows that these molecules can be produced by microglial cells and possibly by neurons. Attention has so far been given to the possible role of these molecules in neurodegeneration. Both neuroprotective or neurotoxic effects have been proposed based on evidence that interleukin 13 and 4 can reduce inflammation by promoting the M2 microglia phenotype and contributing to the death of microglia M1 phenotype, or by potentiating the effects of oxidative stress on neurons during neuro-inflammation. Remarkably, the heterodimeric subunit IL-13Rα1 of their common receptor was recently demonstrated in dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area and the substantia nigra pars compacta, suggesting the possibility that both cytokines may affect the activity of these neurons regulating reward, mood, and motor coordination. In mice and man, the gene encoding for IL-13Rα1 is expressed on the X chromosome within the PARK12 region of susceptibility to Parkinson’s disease (PD). This, together with finding that IL-13Rα1 contributes to loss of dopaminergic neurons during inflammation, indicates the possibility that these cytokines may contribute to the etiology or the progression of PD.
CTCF-Mediated and Pax6-Associated Gene Expression in Corneal Epithelial Cell-Specific Differentiation.

Background The purpose of the study is to elicit the epigenetic mechanism involving CCCTC binding factor (CTCF)-mediated chromatin remodeling that regulates PAX6 gene interaction with differentiation-associated genes to control corneal epithelial differentiation. Methods Cell cycle progression and specific keratin expressions were measured to monitor changes of differentiation-induced primary human limbal stem/progenitor (HLS/P), human corneal epithelial (HCE) and human telomerase-immortalized corneal epithelial (HTCE) cells. PAX6-interactive and differentiation-associated genes in chromatin remodeling mediated by the epigenetic factor CTCF were detected by circular chromosome conformation capture (4C) and ChIP (Chromatin immunoprecipitation)-on-chip approaches, and verified by FISH (Fluorescent in situ hybridization). Furthermore, CTCF activities were altered by CTCF-shRNA to study the effect of CTCF on mediating interaction of Pax6 and differentiation-associated genes in corneal epithelial cell fate. Results Our results demonstrated that differentiation-induced human corneal epithelial cells expressed typical corneal epithelial characteristics including morphological changes, increased keratin12 expression and G0/G1 accumulations. Expressions of CTCF and PAX6 were suppressed and elevated following the process of differentiation, respectively. During corneal epithelial cell differentiation, differentiation-induced RCN1 and ADAM17 were found interacting with PAX6 in the process of CTCF-mediated chromatin remodeling detected by 4C and verified by ChIP-on-chip and FISH. Diminished CTCF mRNA with CTCF-shRNA in HTCE cells weakened the interaction of PAX6 gene in controlling RCN1/ADAM17 and enhanced early onset of the genes in cell differentiation. Conclusion Our results explain how epigenetic factor CTCF-mediated chromatin remodeling regulates interactions between eye-specific PAX6 and those genes that are induced/associated with cell differentiation to modulate corneal epithelial cell-specific differentiation.
The thinnest path problem for secure communications: A directed hypergraph approach

We formulate and study the thinnest path problem in wireless ad hoc networks. The objective is to find a path from the source to the destination that results in the minimum number of nodes overhearing the message by carefully choosing the relaying nodes and their corresponding transmission power. We adopt a directed hypergraph model of the problem and establish the NP-completeness of the problem in 2-D networks. We then develop a polynomial-time approximation algorithm that offers a ⁁ approximation ratio for general directed hypergraphs (which can model non-isomorphic signal propagation in space) and constant approximation ratio for disk hypergraphs (which result from isomorphic signal propagation). We also consider the thinnest path problem in 1-D networks and 1-D networks embedded in 2-D field of eavesdroppers with arbitrary unknown locations (the so-called 1.5-D networks). We propose a linear-complexity algorithm based on nested backward induction that obtains the optimal solution to both 1-D and 1.5-D networks. In particular, no algorithm, even with the complete knowledge of the locations of the eavesdroppers, can obtain a thinner path than the proposed algorithm which does not require the knowledge of eavesdropper locations.
Track formation in dielectrics

It is presently thought that the formation of etchable tracks in dielectrics arises from secondary processes. Damage in the dielectric is produced by interactions between delta rays ejected by the passing ion and the molecules of the medium. Molecular fragments resulting from secondary interactions are more soluble than the parent molecule. Provided that sufficient fragmentation has taken place and that the etchant can pass freely down the damaged trail into the medium, an etchable track is formed. These considerations lead to a criterion of minimum dosage at a minimal diameter, limited from below by the size of the solvent complex, approximately 5 A in diameter, and from above by electron-microscope observations that the diameter of the damaged region is less than 100 X. and may be as small as 50 A. Further, it must be anticipated that the required dosage is of the order of the gamma-ray dose capable of producing macroscopic damage to the bulk material. These requirements are met in the present theory in which the dose of ionization energy at approximately 20 A from the ion's path must exceed a critical value consistent with radiation-damage experiments on bulk materials.
Transfer and metabolism of thyroid-related substances in the placenta.

The primary role of the placenta is to transfer substances between the mother and fetus. Another function is to metabolize fetal substrates, perhaps including thyroid hormones. This paper will outline general aspects of placental transfer (PT), discuss methods that have been used to evaluate “thyroid-related” substances (TRSs), and review the current information regarding their PT.
Estimation of Breast Cancer Incident Cases and Medical Care Costs Attributable to Alcohol Consumption Among Insured Women Aged <45 Years in the U.S.

Introduction This study estimated the percentage of breast cancer cases, total number of incident cases, and total annual medical care costs attributable to alcohol consumption among insured younger women (aged 18–44 years) by type of insurance and stage at diagnosis. Methods The study used the 2012–2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, cancer incidence data from two national registry programs, and published relative risk measures to estimate the: (1) alcohol-attributable fraction of breast cancer cases among younger women by insurance type; (2) total number of breast cancer incident cases attributable to alcohol consumption by stage at diagnosis and insurance type among younger women; and (3) total annual medical care costs of treating breast cancer incident cases attributable to alcohol consumption among younger women. Analyses were conducted in 2016; costs were expressed in 2014 U.S. dollars. Results Among younger women enrolled in Medicaid, private insurance, and both groups, 8.7% (95% CI=7.4%, 10.0%), 13.8% (95% CI=13.3%, 14.4%), and 12.3% (95% CI=11.4%, 13.1%) of all breast cancer cases, respectively, were attributable to alcohol consumption. Localized stage was the largest proportion of estimated attributable incident cases. The estimated total number of breast cancer incident alcohol-attributable cases was 1,636 (95% CI=1,570, 1,703) and accounted for estimated total annual medical care costs of $148.4 million (95% CI=$140.6 million, $156.1 million). Conclusions Alcohol-attributable breast cancer has estimated medical care costs of nearly $150 million per year. The current findings could be used to support evidence-based interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in younger women.
Still, nobody mean more: Engaging black feminist pedagogies on questions of the citizen and human in anti-Blackqueer times

Still, Nobody Mean More explores how Black youth constructed as queer subjects by state apparatuses and sociocultural institutions encounter, survive, and resist premature death. Engaging with wome...
Hayek's Average Period of Production: One Step Forward and a Missed Opportunity

One of Hayek’s most important contributions is his work on capital theory and business cycles as presented in Prices and Production. Hayek made significant contributions in this field. Significant contribution, however, usually are not free of issues. In this chapter, we discuss the distinctive characteristics of Hayek’s work on capital theory and how the questions his treatment raised can be answered with modern financial calculations. We also discuss Hayek’s work on capital theory after Prices and Production.
A Physics Perspective on the Resistance Distance for Graphs

The notion of resistance distance as a convenient metric for graphs was introduced in Klein (J Math Chem 12:81–95, 1993). It is inspired by the concept of equivalent resistance for electrical circuits and has numerous applications, in particular, in organic chemistry, physics and random walks on graphs. Besides, computing resistance distance of various circuits has always been of interest for electrical engineers. In this paper, we provide a brief review of the concept and a physics perspective on resistance distance, highlighting some useful analytical methods for computing it. To some extend, these methods generalize and build on top of the results presented in Bapat (Math Stud 68(1–4):87–98, 1999, Indian J Pure Appl Math 41(1):1–13, 2010) and Kagan (Am J Phys 83:53–63, 2015). We then illustrate these methods using graphs with rotational symmetry as an example. The same analysis can be applied to computations of the complex impedance of AC-circuits of the same circular topology and can be used to investigate resonance phenomena therein. At the end, we discuss the concept of resistance distance in the context of the Weisfeiler–Leman stabilization.
Model-Based Measures for Detecting and Quantifying Response Bias

This paper proposes a model-based family of detection and quantification statistics to evaluate response bias in item bundles of any size. Compensatory (CDRF) and non-compensatory (NCDRF) response bias measures are proposed, along with their sample realizations and large-sample variability when models are fitted using multiple-group estimation. Based on the underlying connection to item response theory estimation methodology, it is argued that these new statistics provide a powerful and flexible approach to studying response bias for categorical response data over and above methods that have previously appeared in the literature. To evaluate their practical utility, CDRF and NCDRF are compared to the closely related SIBTEST family of statistics and likelihood-based detection methods through a series of Monte Carlo simulations. Results indicate that the new statistics are more optimal effect size estimates of marginal response bias than the SIBTEST family, are competitive with a selection of likelihood-based methods when studying item-level bias, and are the most optimal when studying differential bundle and test bias.
Transforming growth factor-beta 1 modulates type II cell fibronectin and surfactant protein C expression

Extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition by alveolar type II cells is important for repair of a damaged alveolar epithelium. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is abundant in injured lung and has profound effects on ECM production and cell differentiation. We determined the effects of TGF-beta 1 on type II cell expression of fibronectin and surfactant protein C (SP-C) in vitro. TGF-beta 1 increased the proportion of type II cells with detectable mRNA for fibronectin from 9 to 68%, as demonstrated by in situ hybridization, and increased the fibronectin mRNA levels 10-fold. TGF-beta 1-treated cultures had increased immunostaining for fibronectin and increased secretion of metabolically labeled fibronectin. A decreased proportion of type II cells treated with TGF-beta 1 had detectable mRNA for SP-C, and the abundance of this message per cell decreased to 25% of control values. No effects of TGF-beta 1 were noted on the proportion of cells that contained lamellar bodies, which was 87% in both groups. These data indicate that TGF-beta 1 regulates type II cell fibronectin protein an mRNA levels. In addition, the decreased abundance of SP-C mRNA suggests that TGF-beta 1 may also modulate type II cell differentiation in lung injury.
Laser enhanced plating

Present processes for generating metallized patterns for microcircuitry involve many steps including mask fabrication. Maskless metallization of patterns at acceptable resolution would reduce the number of processing steps, add flexibility to the production scheme and facilitate repair of circuitry. Laser enhanced deposition of gold and other metals is believed to represent a significant advance in this field.