cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differences in the chemesthetic subqualities of capsaicin, ibuprofen, and olive oil.

Chemesthetic sensations elicited by ibuprofen, extra-virgin olive oil, and capsaicin were compared to quantify perceptual differences between known agonists of TRPA1 and TRPV1. Extra virgin olive oil contains a phenolic compound, oleocanthal, which is thought to share unique chemesthetic qualities with the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ibuprofen. Pilot work suggested participants had difficulty distinguishing between multiple chemesthetic subqualities (e.g., burn, sting, itch, tickle, etc.) in a multiattribute rating task. Here, we assessed overall irritation via direct scaling, and a check all that apply task was used to collect information about chemesthetic subqualities over time. Replicated ratings were collected at discrete intervals using the generalized labeled magnitude scale to generate time-intensity curves; maximum intensity (Imax) and area under the curve were extracted for each participant. Intensity responses varied substantially across participants, and within a participant, the relationship was strongest between ibuprofen and olive oil. However, there were also positive, albeit weaker, correlations between capsaicin and ibuprofen and capsaicin and olive oil. The correlation found between olive oil and capsaicin may suggest the presence of unknown TRPV1 agonists in olive oil. This view was also supported by the qualitative data: Capsaicin was described most often as burning and warm/hot, whereas ibuprofen was numbing and tickling. Olive oil shared characteristics with both capsaicin (warm/hot) and ibuprofen (tickle).
Data model property inference and repair

Nowadays many software applications are deployed over compute clouds using the three-tier architecture, where the persistent data for the application is stored in a backend datastore and is accessed and modified by the server-side code based on the user interactions at the client-side. The data model forms the foundation of these three tiers, and identifies the set of objects stored by the application and the relations (associations) among them. In this paper, we present techniques for automatically inferring properties about the data model by analyzing the relations among the object classes. We then check the inferred properties with respect to the semantics of the data model using automated verification techniques. For the properties that fail, we present techniques that generate fixes to the data model that establish the inferred properties. We implemented this approach for web applications built using the Ruby on Rails framework and applied it to five open source applications. Our experimental results demonstrate that our approach is effective in automatically identifying and fixing errors in data models of real-world web applications.
Micro radiography imaging of the rodent with phenylephrine induced vascular hypertension

Vascular tonicity plays a major role in regulating the blood pressure and the perfusion of organs, and hypertension is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans. We use phenylephrine, a vasoconstrictor, to create a model of hypertension in the rat. This work demonstrates the use of a micro-X-ray digital subtraction angiography (DSA) system to image pharmacologically mediated changes in the vascular system of the rat. Imaging physiological function in the rodent calls for high spatial and temporal resolutions and the use of a reproducible image acquisition chain. Dynamic vascular images and quantitative perfusion metrics were acquired before and after a vasoconstrictor, phenylephrine drug injection. Dramatic effects of the vasoconstrictor on vascular dynamics are seen in the prolonged blood flow mean transit time, amount of ventricular filling, the size increase of the pulmonary arteries and aorta, and a substantial increase in mean arterial pressure.
Toll-like receptor signaling: a potential link among rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus, and atherosclerosis.

Abbreviations: –/–=deficient, ApoE=apolipoprotein E, CCP=cyclic-citrullinated peptide, DAMP=damage-associated molecular pattern, DC= dendritic cell, dsDNA=double-stranded DNA, ECM=extracellular matrix, EDA=extra domain A, gp96=96-kDa heat shock glycoprotein, HMGB1= high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1, HSP=heat shock protein, IKK=IκB kinase, IL-1Ra=IL-1R antagonist, IRAK=IL-1R-associated kinase, IVD macrophage=in vitro differentiated macrophage, LDL=low-density lipoprotein, LDLr=LDLR, Mal=MyD88 adaptor-like protein, MMP=matrix metalloproteinase, MyD88s=MyD88short, NZB=New Zealand Black, oxLDL=oxidized low-density lipoprotein, Pam3CSK4=palmitoyl-3-cysteine-serine-lysine-4, PAMP=pathogen-associated molecular pattern, pDC=plasmacytoid DC, PRR=pattern recognition receptor, RA=rheumatoid arthritis, RAGE=receptor for advanced glycation end-products, RNP=ribonucleoprotein, RP105=radioprotective 105, SCW=streptococcal cell wall, SLE=systemic lupus erythematosus, SRA=scavenger receptor A, TIR=Toll/IL-1R, TIRAP=Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor protein, TRAF6=TNFR-associated factor 6, TRAM=TIR domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-α-related adaptor molecule, TRIF=Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-α
Active pixel sensors on high resistivity silicon and their readout

The concept of X-ray active matrix pixel sensor (XAMPS) is introduced. XAMPSs are direct illumination, position sensitive X-ray detectors with the possibility of containing 1000 000 pixels. They count the number of diffracted X-rays in each pixel by measuring the total charge released by converted X-rays in the body of the sensor. Readout is accomplished with a relatively small number of channels equal to the square root of the number of pixels. The estimated readout time can be about 1 ms. Noise of the readout electronics can be so low that practically no additional fluctuations in the number of incident X-rays per pixel are added and, therefore, the XAMPS performance is very close to that of an ideal detector for X-ray crystallography.
Novel Protein and Mg2+ Configurations in the Mg2+ GDP Complex of the SRP GTPase Ffh

Ffh is the signal sequence recognition and targeting subunit of the prokaryotic signal recognition particle (SRP). Previous structural studies of the NG GTPase domain of Ffh demonstrated magnesium-dependent and magnesium-independent binding conformations for GDP and GMPPNP that are believed to reflect novel mechanisms for exchange and activation in this member of the GTPase superfamily. The current study of the NG GTPase bound to Mg2+GDP reveals two new binding conformations—in the first the magnesium interactions are similar to those seen previously, however, the protein undergoes a conformational change that brings a conserved aspartate into its second coordination sphere. In the second, the protein conformation is similar to that seen previously, but the magnesium coordination sphere is disrupted so that only five oxygen ligands are present. The loss of the coordinating water molecule, at the position that would be occupied by the oxygen of the γ-phosphate of GTP, is consistent with that position being privileged for exchange during phosphate release. The available structures of the GDP-bound protein provide a series of structural snapshots that illuminate steps along the pathway of GDP release following GTP hydrolysis. Proteins 2004;54:000–000. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Methodological and Ethical Issues in Alcohol Research

A commitment to scientific endeavors is an important part of the healing mission and public apprehension derived from this type, of activity should not inhibit efforts to gain new knowledge. This imperative, however, does not dismiss the responsibility of every investigator to be deeply concerned with the morality of research activities and its impact on the health and welfare of the persons who participate as subjects. It was therefore considered important to review in this chapter some of the ethical principles that guide research, and in particular those relevant to research paradigms that incorporate the administration of alcohol (ethanol) as one of the variables. “Everything has been said but it is necessary to be said again because some have not listened.” >—Andre Gide
Torsion and Flexure of Closed Thin-Walled Beams

In Ref. 2, a method of determining the stress and deformation of curved thin-walled beams having general loading and geometry was presented. This method considered the effects of warping of the cross section and was applicable to both open and closed cross sections. In addition, the concepts of the shear center and the center of twist were no used in the analysis. Contained herein are the results of the application of the aforementioned theory to a straight closed cross section beam having its ends constrained against warping. Also included are the results for an unsymmetrical straight beam, which was studied to investigate the question of the effect of warping constraint on the location of the center of twist. This was done because there appears to be some discrepancies in the literature concerning this question.
Control Experiments to Test Autopolymerization of styrene and n-butyl acrylate

It is important to rule out the possibility that stage II monomers can homopolymerize under the reaction conditions to somehow lead to the effect observed in the experiments in Chap. 10. The presence of significant levels of homopolymerization could also lead to the possibility of chain transfer and radical initiation on the polymer backbone, which could still lead to potentially similar effects as would be produced by trapped polymer radicals.
Race, Place, and Space: Ecosocial Theory and Spatiotemporal Patterns of Pregnancy Outcomes

Since John Snow’s geographic analysis of Cholera in London in the mid-nineteenth century, the intersection of social stratification and spatial patterns in population health have interested social and health scientists. Over the past two decades theorizing about the social determinants of population health has evolved, while somewhat independently a neighborhood-effects, place, and health literature has emerged. These two themes may be complementary, but much current literature is limited to cross-sectional analysis of arbitrarily bounded neighborhoods and point-in-time health measures. In this chapter I aim to ‘spatialize’ aspects of Kriegers’ ecosocial theory, as motivated by empirical analysis of race-specific patterns in poor pregnancy outcomes among black and white women in Georgia. Three spatial themes are explored. The question of ‘how local is local’ is asked by considering women’s neighborhoods as defined at multiple scales of census geography as well as with egocentric neighborhoods. The accumulation of socio-spatial ‘exposures’ across the life course is considered through the lens of the weathering hypothesis for accelerated aging and perinatal health. Finally the independent contribution of neighborhood trajectories and temporal dynamics on pregnancy outcomes is explored.
Interviews Kathleen Cleaver

(1971). Interviews Kathleen Cleaver. The Black Scholar: Vol. 3, The Black Woman, pp. 54-59.
Sensitization of the mouse to bradykinin.

SummaryPertussis-inoculation enhances the sensitivity of the white mouse to the lethal effects of bradykinin. The β-adrenergic blocking agent, propanolol, mimics the action of pertussis. The role of bradykinin in anaphylaxis is discussed.
Innovative Teacher’s Perceptions of Their Development When Creating Learner-Centered Classrooms with Ubiquitous Computing

﻿Though many USA schools embrace ubiquitous computing, few teachers reach a pedagogical developmental stage that makes the most effective use of technology for learning. In order to better understand the advanced stage of pedagogical development, this research gathers the perceptions of seven innovative – advanced teachers, from four different schools in order to report on their change processes. All participants once taught in traditional classrooms and now create learner-centered classrooms with ubiquitous computing. The results are based on interviews in a comparative case study framework. Despite teaching in various contexts, results revealed that teachers had common experiences. Qualitative themes were based on combining three common developmental change theories. The “entry” stage was heavily influenced by dissatisfaction of societal needs and past ineffective teachers. In later stages, teachers developed strong beliefs coupled with student observations and project creation techniques, and they overcame obstacles of fear through collegial collaboration, furthering their continuous growth. As innovators, teachers’ current concerns focused on how to deepen student learning with meaningful experiences so that technology was worth the cost of time and effort. Teachers’ experiences suggest concepts for further exploration in research and professional development.
Abstract 4583: Potential role of neuropilin-2 in the regulation of c-MET-induced PD-L1 expression in renal cancer cells

Neuropilin-1 and -2 (NRP1 and NRP2) are the transmembrane glycoproteins that act as co-receptors for class III semaphorins and several members of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family. In conjunction with VEGF receptors and plexins, NRPs and semaphorins modulate various biological responses. Recent studies suggest that NRPs are up-regulated in many types of cancer cells, and may play a major role in tumor growth. In addition to semaphorins and VEGF, NRP1 and NRP2 can also bind to hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), which is the ligand for the tyrosine kinase receptor c-MET. c-MET is highly over-expressed in renal cancer cells; however, the impact of NRPs on c-MET-mediated tumorigenic pathways have not been studied. Recently, we have reported that HGF-/c-MET-induced signaling increases the expression of immunosuppressive and negative-co-stimulatory molecule programmed death-1 ligand (PD-L1) on renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells, and it protects tumor cells from immune-mediated killing. In this study, we investigated whether NRPs and its ligands can modulate the expression of HGF-/c-MET-induced PD-L1. We have observed that NRP2, and to a lesser extent NRP1, is over-expressed in human RCC cell lines (786-O, ACHN and Caki-1) compared with normal renal epithelial cells at both mRNA and protein level. siRNA-mediated silencing of NRP1 and NRP2 promoted apoptosis of renal cancer cells, suggesting possible role(s) of NRPs in tumor growth. The knock-down of NRP2 down-regulated the cell surface expression of PD-L1 possibly through the reduced interaction of growth-promoting ligands (like, HGF) with NRP2. Interestingly, SEMA3F, a class III semaphorin ligand for both NRP1 and NRP2, has been reported to have anti-tumorigenic effects. We observed that SEMA3F was significantly down-regulated in RCC cells compared with normal renal epithelial cells; and when we added SEMA3F to the cultures of renal cancer cells, it down-regulated both basal and HGF-/c-MET-induced PD-L1 expression. Together, our findings suggest that NRPs (primarily NRP2) can play a critical role in regulating HGF-/c-MET-induced PD-L1 expression in renal cancer cells to mediate immune escape of tumor cells. Therefore targeting NRP2 and/or its activation through SEMA3F/synthetic ligands may restrict c-MET-PD-L1-induced tumor promoting pathways in renal cancer cells. Citation Format: Murugabaskar Balan, Soumitro Pal. Potential role of neuropilin-2 in the regulation of c-MET-induced PD-L1 expression in renal cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4583.
Robust product design using manufacturing adjustments

Tuning variables represent factory floor manufacturing adjustments commonly used to correct variational noise errors in a product. Some examples are voltage supply adjustments, adjustable links and screws, or shims. This paper presents methods to determine the increased performance and robustness when using different possible manufacturing adjustments. All possible potential tuning adjustments that exist in a design are identified. Given this, the tuning variable model can be used to calculate the reduced product variation when using any of the potential tuning adjustments, including none at all. This process can be used to help select which product variables should be adjusted, based on the increased robustness to noise and the increased difficulty in manufacture. Doing so allows for more robust product performance at reduced manufacturing expense, by allowing the potential adjustment on many different possible variables. This is better than always adjusting the source of the manufacturing errors, which can be expensive.
Comment: Capacity, consent, and country in acute stroke research.

As a general principle, any research involving humans requires voluntary participation based on informed consent.1 This also applies to enrollment in clinical trials und usually requires participants to give written informed consent after having received detailed information about potential benefits and risks as well as alternative treatment options, and after having had adequate time for consideration. Trials in acute stroke, however, present several challenges to this approach. Reperfusion therapies in acute stroke show a clear time-dependent effect, being more effective the earlier treatment is started, or reperfusion achieved.2,3 Both routine care and clinical trials in acute stroke are carried out under pressure of time. Thus, time available for consideration is very short. In addition, the brain injury commonly compromises language function, awareness of neurologic deficits, conscious level, and physical abilities, including vision and writing, relevant to the usual consent process. Since most stroke patients lack capacity to provide consent,4,5 alternative approaches are needed,6,7 and the bias introduced by systematic exclusion of certain subgroups of stroke patients, e.g., those with aphasia, has been reviewed critically.8
Social Identity: Categorization, Cognition, and Affect

One important type of social identity is “categorial” identity, which establishes in-groups and out-groups. Such categorization is complex, involving inclusion criteria, identification criteria, and other components. We have multiple categorial identities and hierarchize them by reference to such properties as salience and durability. Social identity categorization is continuous with other processes of categorization, with consequences for information processing and motivation or emotion. However, in the case of categorial identification, the information is often mistaken, and the motivational consequences are often destructive. Our information processing of social identity categories is involved with cognitive modeling (including a limited number of prominent models) and emplotment (including a limited number of prominent narrative structures). Emotionally, categorial identity affects one’s interpersonal or empathic stance toward in-group and out-group members.
A review of Genetic Programming and Artificial Neural Network applications in pile foundations

Uncertainty in the behavior of geotechnical materials (e.g. soil and rock) is the result of imprecise physical processes associated with their formation. This uncertainty provides complexity in modeling the behavior of such materials. The same condition is applied to the behavior of the structural elements dealing with them. In this regard, pile foundations, as the structural elements used to transfer superstructure loads deep into the ground, are subjected to these material uncertainties and modeling complexity. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has demonstrated superior predictive ability compared to traditional methods in modeling the complex behavior of materials. This ability has made AI a popular and particularly amenable option in geotechnical engineering applications. Genetic Programming (GP) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) are two of the most common examples of AI techniques. This paper provides a review of GP and ANN applications in estimation of the pile foundations bearing capacity.
HUMOR EFFECTIVENESS IN SOCIAL VIDEO ENGAGEMENT

This study extends research on humor effectiveness to videos intended for social media engagement. A survey and content analysis of 2,911 videos revealed an attitude favorability toward humor over ...
Megalopyge opercularis Caterpillar Stings Reported to Texas Poison Centers

Introduction The Megalopyge opercularis caterpillar is covered with spines that break off and release venom on contact, resulting in severe pain, erythema, rash, and other adverse effects. In Texas, these caterpillars are abundant and of potential health threat. This study describes M opercularis caterpillar stings reported to Texas poison centers. Methods Cases were M opercularis caterpillar stings reported to Texas poison centers during 2000–2016. The distribution of stings was determined related to exposure circumstances and management. Results There were 3484 M opercularis caterpillar stings reported during 2000–2016. The annual number of stings did not consistently change over the 17-year time period. The monthly number of stings was highest in July (12%) and October to November (59%). The patients were female in 53% of cases and aged 20 years or more in 56%. The sting occurred at the patient's own residence in 91% of cases. The patients were managed outside of a healthcare facility in 89% of cases; 93% of the patients were known or expected to have no or at most minor clinical effects. Dermal clinical effects were reported in 90% of cases, the most common being irritation/pain (84%), puncture/wound (45%), erythema/flushed (29%), and edema (15%). Conclusions M opercularis caterpillar stings reported to Texas poison centers were more frequently reported in July and October to November. Most of the patients were adults. The majority of patients were managed outside of healthcare facilities and did not have serious outcomes. Most of the adverse clinical effects were dermal in nature.
Stroke in Younger and Older Adults

Many of the common stroke risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, physical inactivity, and smoking can occur in all age groups. Incidence and prevalence of metabolic syndrome have been increased among younger adults. Predominant causes for stroke differ in different age groups. Atherosclerosis, small vessel disease, and atrial fibrillation are the main causes of stroke in the older adults yet the causes of ischemic stroke in younger adults are diversified. Treatment protocol for acute stroke is essentially the same for young and old patients, with a focus on administration of tissue plasminogen activator as a first-line treatment.
Microfluidic production of 18F-labeled TSPO ligands

1512 Objectives Radiolabeling of candidate compounds is a bottleneck within the molecular imaging probe development paradigm. Microfluidic preparation of radiopharmaceuticals is an alternative approach to classical, box-based radiosyntheses. The high-throughput nature of microfluidic approaches enables rapid optimization and evaluation of various radiochemical conditions, which may subsequently inform the feasibility of larger scale production. We have evaluated microfluidic radiolabeling of known (i.e., 18F-PBR06 and 18F-DPA714) and novel TSPO ligands typically prepared using traditional means. Methods The Advion NanoTekTM LF system was used to perform microfluidic radiolabeling of a variety of aryloxyanilide and pyrazolo-pyrimidine based TSPO ligands with fluorine-18. The labeling parameters optimized were reaction temperature, solvent, and residence time. Radiochemical yield was estimated through TLC analysis while specific activities were calculated using a HPLC derived standard curve. Results We found that optimizing reaction temperatures had a major impact on radiochemical yield. Labeling efficiencies up to and greater than 90% could be achieved for all compounds characterized when carried out at optimal temperature. Use of solvent, including ACN and DMF, also had a profound effect on the observed radiochemical yield for pyrazolo-pyrimidines. Importantly, optimized microfluidic conditions were informative towards the accelerated development of high-specific activity, large-scale production methodologies developed in a GE Tracer Labs FX module. Conclusions Microfluidic radiochemistry appears to be a useful component of PET probe development. Given the improved throughput and effectiveness of this approach, we envision its utility for determining labeling feasibility, probe stability, and optimal reaction conditions prior to transitioning to full-scale hot-cell based production. This pre-production optimization could drastically streamline probe development capabilities achievable by traditional radiochemistries
Long-term outcomes and quality of life should be the future focus of research measuring effectiveness of lung cancer surgery approaches.

The manuscript by Cerfolio et al. begins to fill a gap in the robotic lung cancer surgery literature by demonstrating long term follow up data for patients. This group of 4 separate institutions has combined data from 1,339 patients to show 5 year stage-specific survival and to be able to use this as a potential future benchmark for robotics, thoracoscopic, and open lung cancer surgery.
Integrative Learning in US Undergraduate Public Health Education: A Review of Student Perceptions of Effective High-Impact Educational Practices at Georgia State University.

In 2003, the United States (US) Institute of Medicine of the National Academies recommended the establishment of undergraduate public health programs to assist the public health workforce educate the public on health issues. In line with this recommendation, and that of the Consensus Conference on Undergraduate Public Health Education, Georgia State University established a Bachelor of Science in Public Health (BSPH) program in 2016, with the mission of advancing health through leadership, scholarship, research, and service, to better the human condition and to promote the common good, especially for urban communities in the US and for global populations. Using integrative approaches that encourage student empowerment and self-development, and which seek to equip students with the requisite knowledge and skills to be integrative thinkers, critical and analytical problem solvers, and reflective learners, the Georgia State University BSPH program currently offers a range of generalist introductory public health courses to over 400 students. This review seeks to examine the integrative practices utilized by Georgia State University faculty in its BSPH program and to investigate the extent to which these integrative educational practices prepare students to use insights gained in the classroom and from the field, to question, modify, connect, and integrate material learned in the academic setting, to real-life public health challenges. It also seeks to identify which of the integrative educational practices have the highest impact of helping students integrate the knowledge and skills gained to public health issues.
Degradation of Dicloran in Irradiated Water-Sediment Systems.

Shallow water systems are uniquely susceptible to environmental processes such as photolysis and hydrolysis that can influence the dissipation of pesticides into sediments. The fungicide dicloran has previously been shown to undergo photolysis and is reported to dissipate in soils and sediments. The photodegradation and dissipation of dicloran in freshwater and seawater was monitored in a laboratory-simulated shallow water system. While no difference was observed between freshwater and seawater systems in the presence of simulated sunlight, the dissipation of dicloran in dark trial systems differed between salinities; 30% of the applied mass dissipated into the sediment in freshwater vs 22% in seawater, and the photodegradation rate and half-life were also impacted by the presence of sediment. The potential for dicloran to dissipate and photodegrade affects the overall behavior of dicloran between waters. Differences in chemical behavior with sediment presence and potential for photodegradation have the c...
Agbots: Weeding a field with a team of autonomous robots

Abstract This work presents a strategy for coordinated multi-agent weeding under conditions of partial environmental information. The goal is to demonstrate the feasibility of coordination strategies for improving the weeding performance of autonomous agricultural robots. It is shown that, given a sufficient number of agents, a team of autonomous robots can successfully weed fields with various initial seed bank densities, even when multiple days are allowed to elapse before weeding commences. Furthermore, the use of information sharing between agents is demonstrated to strongly improve system performance as the number of agents increases. As a domain to test these algorithms, a simulation environment, Weed World, was developed, which allows real-time visualization of coordinated weeding policies, and includes realistic weed generation. In this work, experiments are conducted to determine the required number of agents for given initial seed bank densities and varying allowed days before the start of the weeding process.
Automatic tuning scheme for second order bandstop filters based on phase comparison

A new automatic tuning scheme for bandstop filters is proposed. The method is based on tuning the filter parameters such as center frequency, bandwidth and attenuation by using phase comparison, where the phase difference between the input and the output of the bandstop filter is detected by D flip flops. The tuning circuit consists of D flip-flops, counters, switches, DACs, and passive components. The tuning method was verified by simulation and experimental results. Simulation results show the frequency tuning error of $$0.13\%$$ and the bandwidth tuning error of $$0.88\%$$ at 1.5 GHz with a bandwidth of 478 MHz. Experimental results were obtained using discrete components, showing the frequency tuning error of $$0.22\%$$ and the bandwidth tuning error of $$0.66\%$$ at 1 kHz with a bandwidth of 200 Hz.
Co-operatives exhibit greater behavioral cooperation than comparable businesses: Experimental evidence

Abstract Cooperatives as can be presumed to rely on the economic cooperation of their members. However, game-theoretic and institutional models suggest that cooperatives may be inherently fragile due to the individual costs of cooperation. Because of this it is widely believed that organizations which rely less on cooperation may be more stable, while organizations that require cooperation may be at higher risk of folding. Therefore, if cooperatively owned or managed businesses do in fact require higher levels of prosocial and cooperative behavior than hierarchically managed firms, they must attract and maintain cooperation among participants in order to function. We hypothesized that successful consumer food cooperatives will exhibit greater generalized cooperation than conventional grocery stores. We employed an experimental dictator game to measure altruistic cooperation among consumers at a food cooperative and a comparable conventional grocery. Cooperative customers exhibit a higher base rate of cooperation than similar conventional shoppers, and this relationship holds even when taking demographic factors such as income, education, and age into account. We conclude that, when successful, consumer cooperatives exhibit greater levels of cooperation than comparable traditional businesses.
7 – More on Trigonometric Functions and the Hyperbolic Functions

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the different kinds of trigonometric functions and hyperbolic functions. If y is any number in the interval [–1,1], then there are an infinite number of values of x for which sin x = y. The chapter further describes a periodic motion as a very common occurrence in physical or biological settings. A simple example is given by the back and forth motion of a pendulum. Another is given by the oscillating size of the population of an animal species. It often happens that the equations describing periodic or harmonic motion involve the sine and cosine functions. The chapter presents a model to illustrate the horizontal motion of a spring. Trigonometric functions describe oscillatory behavior, while hyperbolic functions describe situations in which there is exponential growth or decay.
The analysis of the value of microbiological examination in infection control

Objective To analyze the value and effect of microbiological examination in hospital infection control.Methods 600 patients were randomly divided into group A and group B,300 cases for each group.Group A took routine clinical treatment and nursing,group B monitor patients' infection phenomenon by microorganism inspection method on the basis of group A.The details of infection phenomenon of two groups in all process of hospital admission were analyzed and compared.Results There were 122 cases(40.6％) of infection in group A,and 29 cases(9.6％) in group B; the difference was statistically significant(P ＜ 0.05).Among 122 cases of infection in group A,there were 21 cases of severe infection,79 cases of moderate infection,22 cases of slight infection; there were 2 cases of severe infection,12 cases of moderate infection,15 cases of slight infection in group B; the differences were statistically significant(P＜ 0.05).Conclusions Microbiological examination can prevent hospital infection,reduce patients' pain,make patients recover rapidly.Microbiological examination plays a positive role in hospital infection control. Key words: Microbiological examination; Infection control; Value
Racial disparities in patients with unresectable stage III/IV esophageal cancer at time of diagnosis: A National Cancer Database Analysis.

e16589Background: Significant racial disparities exist in the patterns of care and clinical outcomes for patients with early stage, non-metastatic esophageal cancer but data in advanced esophageal ...
Combination drug regimens for metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Renal cell carcinomas (RCC) make up about 90% of kidney cancers, of which 80% are of the clear cell subtype. About 20% of patients are already metastatic at the time of diagnosis. Initial treatment is often cytoreductive nephrectomy, but systemic therapy is required for advanced RCC. Single agent targeted therapies are moderately toxic and only somewhat effective, leading to development of immunotherapies and combination therapies. This review identifies limitations of monotherapies for metastatic renal cell carcinoma, discusses recent advances in combination therapies, and highlights therapeutic options under development. The goal behind combining various modalities of systemic therapy is to potentiate a synergistic antitumor effect. However, combining targeted therapies may cause increased toxicity. The initial attempts to create therapeutic combinations based on inhibition of the vascular endothelial growth factor or mammalian target of rapamycin pathways were largely unsuccessful in achieving a profile of increased synergy without increased toxicity. To date, five combination therapies have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, with the most recently approved therapies being a combination of checkpoint inhibition plus targeted therapy. Several other combination therapies are under development, including some in the phase 3 stage. The new wave of combination therapies for metastatic RCC has the potential to increase response rates and improve survival outcomes while maintaining tolerable side effect profiles.
Generalizing Genetic Dissection of Behavior

Genetic dissection refers to the use of induced mutations to analyze physiological mechanisms of single behaviors. Defined in this way genetic dissection is a powerful methodological advance for behavioral research; one that promises eventual understanding of mechanisms of behavior from their molecular origins. However, the empirical logic of dissection, using genes that affect behavior as treatment variables to locate their physiological mediation, can be applied to advantage using other genetic methods in addition to mutation. This idea can be developed by referring to an early report that applied dissection to visual system function in Drosophila where Hotta and Benzer (1969) suggested altering elements of behavior by specific mutations. Later in the same paragraph they stated the rationale more generally as “Changes in the genes controlling the development and function of the participating structures affect the resulting behaviour, and can be used, in principle, to dissect the system.” The thesis to be developed here is that generalizing the methods for producing changes in the genes will extend the nature of the system that can be dissected and the questions that can be addressed without altering the principle. Extension will allow analysis of multiple and naturally variable behaviors and it will open up questions of behavior’s consequences or function for genetic dissection.
Abstract PO005: A comprehensive analysis of the transcriptional effects of progesterone receptor isoforms A and B identifies VEGF, PDGF and STAT3 as therapeutic targets

Progesterone prevents development of endometrial cancers through its receptors A (PRA) and B (PRB) although the molecular mechanisms have yet to be fully characterized. In this study, we performed a global analysis of gene regulation by progesterone using human endometrial cancer cells that express heterologous progesterone receptors. Functional replicate Affymetrix microarrays encompassing 54,000 transcripts were performed for two independent experiments. Data suggest that progesterone exerts the growth-limiting effects in endometrium via down-regulation of several growth factors important in angiogenesis and cell proliferation. In particular, progesterone down-regulates the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) genes. Down-regulation of these pro-growth pathways required the co-expression of both PR isoforms A and B, whereas expression of either isoform alone resulted in unchanged or even elevated levels of PDGF and STAT3 transcripts. Our study identifies these pathways as central to the growth limiting effects of progesterone in endometrial cancer and suggests that these factors constitute important targets for future therapeutic interventions. We also provide a comprehensive catalogue of the transcriptional effects of PR isoforms in endometrial cancer for future reference. Citation Format: Kimberly K. Leslie, Stephanie M. Leiva, Donghai Dai, Yuping Zhang, Kristina W. Thiel. A comprehensive analysis of the transcriptional effects of progesterone receptor isoforms A and B identifies VEGF, PDGF and STAT3 as therapeutic targets [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference: Endometrial Cancer: New Biology Driving Research and Treatment; 2020 Nov 9-10. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2021;27(3_Suppl):Abstract nr PO005.
Inroads, Narrowings, and Restrictions

This article addresses the recently retired Justice Anthony M. Kennedy’s legacy. While Justice Kennedy wrote many significant state tax opinions, his opinion in Wayfair is the most important state tax case in 26 years. Nonetheless, constitutional law scholars will almost certainly disregard Kennedy’s state tax opinions when analyzing his legacy. They will instead focus on his opinions on gay rights, abortion rights, the death penalty, affirmative action, and his willingness to cite foreign law. Ironically, due to Justice Kennedy’s decision to retire under a Republican president, the new conservative majority on the Court will likely erode his most liberal decisions (especially if Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg is forced to leave the Court during the Trump presidency). Outright reversals of these decisions are unlikely, but instead expect a series of inroads, narrowings, and restrictions. Maybe the Wayfair dissenters’ emphasis on stare decisis was merely an eye toward the future — one in which they may have to rely on this principle to protect Kennedy’s opinions that were often not firmly rooted in the text of the Constitution. Unfortunately, above all else, Kennedy’s decision in Citizens United seems likely to live on, despite its cataclysmic and corrosive undermining of our democratic values.
Accountability at its Finest: Law Enforcement Agencies and Body-Worn Cameras

Policy makers and police departments have suggested the implementation of body-worn cameras (BWC) to increase officer accountability. BWC may be a contributing factor in altering police officers’ b...
Schröder combinatorics and ν-associahedra

Abstract We study ν -Schroder paths, which are Schroder paths which stay weakly above a given lattice path ν . Some classical bijective and enumerative results are extended to the ν -setting, including the relationship between small and large Schroder paths. We introduce two posets of ν -Schroder objects, namely ν -Schroder paths and trees, and show that they are isomorphic to the face poset of the ν -associahedron A ν introduced by Ceballos, Padrol and Sarmiento. A consequence of our results is that the i -dimensional faces of A ν are indexed by ν -Schroder paths with i diagonal steps, and we obtain a closed-form expression for these Schroder numbers in the special case when ν is a ‘rational’ lattice path. Using our new description of the face poset of A ν , we apply discrete Morse theory to show that A ν is contractible. This yields one of two proofs presented for the fact that the Euler characteristic of A ν is one. A second proof of this is obtained via a formula for the ν -Narayana polynomial in terms of ν -Schroder numbers.
Forecasting energy trends and peak usage at the University of Virginia

Forecasting energy trends, especially peak usage, is a valuable and necessary part of energy management. Accurate prediction allows for the control and alleviation of overuse during peak times with the implementation of energy efficiencies. Using hourly kilowatt data from over 200 buildings on the University of Virginia’s campus this paper examines the most effective techniques for developing both individual building and overall grid use energy models with a specific focus on predetermining peak usage points. This paper proposes that the expectation-maximization algorithm within the state-space framework is the most effective method for smoothing missing values, a common occurrence when working with metered energy data. Next, this paper covers two separate methods for creating forecasting models. The first, a linear model, was found to be most successful in predicting campuswide energy usage, with the inclusion of features of temperature, humidity, school session, and three temporal variables. The second method, found to be most successful when forecasting short term individual building energy use, uses a seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model. Finally this paper delves into the intricacies involved in clustering buildings based on their energy usage trends rather than building use, and the implications that arise from such a process. The conclusions made in this paper can be rescaled and applied to larger energy systems outside the university setting.
US public cord blood banking practices: recruitment, donation, and the timing of consent.

BACKGROUND: Cord blood has moved rapidly from an experimental stem cell source to an accepted and important source of hematopoietic stem cells. There has been no comprehensive assessment of US public cord blood banking practices since the Institute of Medicine study in 2005. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Of 34 US public cord blood banks identified, 16 participated in our qualitative survey of public cord blood banking practices. Participants took part in in-depth telephone interviews in which they were asked structured and open-ended questions regarding recruitment, donation, and the informed consent process at these banks. RESULTS: Thirteen of 16 participants reported a variably high percentage of women who consented to public cord blood donation. Fifteen banks offered donor registration at the time of hospital admission for labor and delivery. Seven obtained full informed consent and medical history during early labor and eight conducted some form of phased consent and/or phased medical screening and history. Nine participants identified initial selection of the collection site location as the chief mode by which they recruited minority donors. CONCLUSION: Since 2005, more public banks offer cord blood donor registration at the time of admission for labor and delivery. That and the targeted location of cord blood collection sites are the main methods used to increase access to donation and HLA diversity of banked units. Currently, the ability to collect and process donations, rather than donor willingness, is the major barrier to public cord blood banking.
Weeding worries, part 1: books

Purpose – The need to cull collections comes from a variety of concerns. Space, budgets and relevancy are the primary sources of exploration into the weeding of a collection. The purpose of this paper is to provide current commentary on the potential reactions to and unexpected consequences of weeding from the fiscal perspective of community stakeholders. Design/methodology/approach – This paper provides insight gathered from a recent emergency library board meeting on weeding, and expands the debate to provide recommendations for future course of action. Findings – Communication before, during and after a weeding project in light of informed and emotional community fiscal and material interest in a collection, above board and/or executive interest, is the recommended path to smooth weeding activities. Originality/value – This paper reveals a new reality for library leaders previously accustomed to a less informed user understanding of the impact of weeding. It explains the effect of the global recession on the increased financial astuteness of patrons scrutinizing library expenditures in the twenty-first century.
River Variability and Complexity: Types of rivers

Before considering the variability of a single river, it is necessary to consider the different types of rivers that exist (Table 2.1). Once a topic is sufficiently comprehended, it appears logical to develop a classification of its components. A classification can provide a direction for future research, and there have been many attempts to classify rivers (e.g., Schumm, 1963; Mollard, 1973; Kellerhals et al ., 1976; Brice, 1981; Mosley, 1987; Rosgen, 1994; Thorne, 1997; Vandenberghe, 2001). Indeed, Goodwin (1999) thinks that there is an atavistic compulsion to classify, and indeed, an individual's survival may depend on an ability to distinguish different river types (deep versus shallow). Depending upon the perspective of the investigator, a classification of rivers will depend upon the variable of most significance. For example, the classic braided, meandering and straight tripart division of rivers (Leopold and Wolman, 1957) is based upon pattern with boundaries among the three patterns based upon discharge and gradient. Brice (1982, 1983) added an anabranched or anastomosing channel pattern (Figure 2.1) to the triad and distinguished between two types of meandering channels (Table 2.1). The passive equiwidth meandering channel is very stable as compared to the wide-bend point-bar meandering channel (Figure 2.2). This is a very important practical distinction between active and passive meandering channels (Thorne, 1997, p. 188). A highly sinuous equiwidth channel gives the impression of great activity whereas, in fact, it can be relatively stable (Figure 2.3).
Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations: The consequences of bypassing the capillary bed

completely resected after the removal of hemorrhage and blood clots in the thorax. Postoperative recovery was uneventful. No recurrence of symptoms was observed during a 5-year follow-up. PAVFs are rare vascular malformations of the lung. The cause may be congenital or acquired. Although more than half of patients with PAVFs are asymptomatic, the typical symptoms of fatigability, exertional dyspnea, and palpitations are frequently found in some patients. Hemothorax