cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
STRUCTURE SIMULATION OF SPARSE SILICA AEROGELS

Developed for the simulation of silica aerogel (an ultrafine structure of very high porosity) is a theoretical model that combines the concepts of percolation and cluster agglomeration. The model is formulated via a statistical growth algorithm. A set of probabilistic parameters determines the structural properties of the simulated porous medium and can be adjusted to match a wide spectrum of situations, including extremely sparse structures. The proposed model is discussed on the basis of Monte-Carlo simulations and renormalization theory. The fractal dimension of the simulated structure is in good agreement with the results of X-ray scattering experiments. This shows the potential of the proposed method for characterizing and analyzing structure-related physical properties of silica aerogels, like their extremely low thermal conductivity and extraordinary optical properties.
The expanded racial and ethnic codes in the Medicare data files: their completeness of coverage and accuracy.

OBJECTIVES: This paper evaluates the new race/ethnicity codes for Asian Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans that have recently been added to the Medicare enrollment database. METHODS: The race/ethnicity code revisions made by the Health Care Financing Administration are described and evaluated by (1) comparing the numbers of persons identified as Asian Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans with corresponding population census projections and (2) determining whether Medicare enrollees born in Asian and Hispanic countries are assigned Asian and Hispanic codes. RESULTS: Among persons 65 years of age and older, approximately 24% of Hispanics, 17% of Native Americans, and 56% of Asian Americans are identifiable by the new codes. From 18% to 29% of enrollees 65 years old or older born in Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Cuba are coded as Hispanic, and from 14% to 73% of enrollees born in nine Asian countries are classified as Asian American. Classification is not random but is related to timing of migration...
Geosynclinal Sedimentation in Central Gulf Region of United States: ABSTRACT

More than 30,000 feet of Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments are present in the central Gulf region of southern United States. They constitute a great sedimentary complex (Gulf Coast geosyncline) composed of marine and deltaic deposits. The deltaic sediments occur as overlapping ladle-shaped and irregularly lenticular masses with areas of maximum accumulation (depocenters) in general parallel with the coast line. Individual deltaic masses coalesce to form elongate, geosynclinal deltaic complexes. Thin marine strata are present between the deltaic depocenters; thick marine sediments occur on the seaward edges of the deltaic masses. Landward, currently updip, both the marine and deltaic units are replaced by marginal and fluviatile deposits; seaward, the marine facies are deepe -water and the deltaic facies are more marine. Three major depositional stages are represented: a lower, marginal-deltaic stage; a middle, marine stage; and an upper, marginal deltaic stage. These primary stages coincide with major fluctuations of sea-level. Minor depositional stages and sea-level fluctuations complicate the sedimentary history of the area. Axes of maximum deposition shifted from time to time in position and alignment and progressed generally in a seaward direction. Major interruptions of the seaward progression occurred in the Cretaceous and Tertiary. The geographic positions and stratigraphic thicknesses of these depositional axes are shown on maps and cross sections. The stratigraphic and sedimentary history of the area, along with Recent geologic events, indicate that subsidence has been a major factor in creating a linear, arcuate geosyncline in the Gulf Coastal Plain of the United States. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2067------------
Exchange inert Co (III)-carboxypeptidase A: a catalytically inactive metallocarboxypeptidase.

Abstract Exposure of cobalt (II) carboxypeptidase Aα, [(CPD)Co(II)], to small molar excesses of the oxidizing agent m-chloroperbenzoate rapidly destroys ( E. coli alkaline phosphatase. Thus, m-chloroperbenzoate has the characteristics of an active-site directed oxidizing reagent for [(CPD)Co(II)].
Abstract 3008: Effects of HSPG on inhibition of chemokine-induced angiogenesis

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA PURPOSE: The purpose of the study is to inhibit angiogenesis by using using specific inhibitors to the CXCR2 receptor that binds angiogenic CXC chemokines, while varying the concentration of heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), an important molecule for multiple angiogenesis factors. METHODS: Using endothelial tubule formation assays on Matrigel, human umbilical vascular endothelial cells were treated with either antibody to CXCR2 or a small selective non-peptide inhibitor SB225002 (N-(2-hydroxy-4-nitrophenyl)-N9-(2-bromophenyl)urea at varying concentrations and compared to control creating a dose-response curve. Experiments were repeated using Growth Factor Reduced (GFR) Matrigel which has 40-50% less HSPG. After 4 hours incubation, endothelial tubule formation was quantified by counting tubule numbers in four random microscopic fields using the microscope camera software NIS-Elements AR 3.10 in triplicate and compared to control. RESULTS: There was a significant and dose-dependent inhibition of endothelial tubule formation on Matrigel by SB225002 at concentrations ranging from 0.56 µM to 11 µM (p=0.04 to 0.004). The IC50 was 5.2 µM. There was also significant inhibition of tubule formation with anti-CXCR2 antibody at 20-40 µg/ml in a dose-dependent manner (p=0.001 and 0.00003), with IC50 of 33.6 µg/ml on Matrigel. However, on GFR Matrigel, the IC50 for SB225002 inhibition of endothelial tubule formation was lower at 0.61 µM with a significant dose-dependent inhibition from 0.56 µM to 11 µM (p=0.0004 to 0.00001). Anti-CXCR2 antibody inhibition of tubule formation was also significant on GFR Matrigel at 20 µg/ml (p=0.006) with IC50 of 18.6 µg/ml. CONCLUSION: A selective non-peptide inhibitor of CXCR2 (SB225002) inhibited endothelial tubule formation with 8.5 times a lower dose when HSPG concentrations were reduced using GFR Matrigel. Angiogenesis factors such as VEGFA, FGF-2 and CXC chemokines require HSPGs on the cell surface of endothelial cells, so optimal control of angiogenesis may require control of HSPGs as well. The inhibition of transmembrane CXCR2 is important for emerging therapies for inflammation and malignancy, and associated angiogenesis. Citation Format: Donghong Ju, Cecelia Speyer, David Gorski, Mary A. Kosir. Effects of HSPG on inhibition of chemokine-induced angiogenesis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3008. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3008
Drosophila Wee1 kinase rescues fission yeast from mitotic catastrophe and phosphorylates Drosophila Cdc2 in vitro.

Abstract Cdc2 kinase activity is required for triggering entry into mitosis in all known eukaryotes. Elaborate mechanisms have evolved for regulating Cdc2 activity so that mitosis occurs in a timely manner, when preparations for its execution are complete. In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Wee1 and a related Mik1 kinase are Cdc2-inhibitory kinases that are required for preventing premature activation of the mitotic program. To identify Cdc2-inhibitory kinases in Drosophila, we screened for cDNA clones that rescue S. pombe wee1- mik1- mutants from lethal mitotic catastrophe. One of the genes identified in this screen, Drosophila wee1 (Dwee1), encodes a new Wee1 homologue. Dwee1 kinase is closely related to human and Xenopus Wee1 homologues, and can inhibit Cdc2 activity by phosphorylating a critical tyrosine residue. Dwee1 mRNA is maternally provided to embryos, and is zygotically expressed during the postblastoderm divisions of embryogenesis. Expression remains high in the proliferating cells of the central nervous system well after cells in the rest of the embryo have ceased dividing. The loss of zygotically expressed Dwee1 does not lead to mitotic catastrophe during postblastoderm cycles 14 to 16. This result may indicate that maternally provided Dwee1 is sufficient for regulating Cdc2 during embryogenesis, or it may reflect the presence of a redundant Cdc2 inhibitory kinase, as in fission yeast.
NARRATIVE TENSION IN ALAN PATON'S “THE WASTE LAND”

(1992). NARRATIVE TENSION IN ALAN PATON'S “THE WASTE LAND”. English Studies in Africa: Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 77-81.
Serial processing of visual spatial patterns in a search paradigm

Abstract Previous experiments in this laboratory employing a search paradigm have found highly significant differences in the detectability of a briefly exposed target pattern as a function of the spatial location of the target when it is presented simultaneously with a number of discriminably different nontarget patterns. These detectability differences, at loci equidistant from the fovea, could not be accounted for by any known variation in retinal spatial resolution or by differential lateral masking effects of the target by nearby nontarget patterns. These observations led to the hypothesis that the target in these experiments was detected by a serial mechanism which “scanned” a persisting but rapidly degrading neural representation of the visual scene with increasing detection failures the later in time the scan processed the location occupied by the target. If this hypothesis is correct, then target detectability should vary inversely with the number of stimuli which must be examined. The present experiment confirmed this expectation. A mathematical model of such a serial scanning process also predicts other, less obvious, effects on target detectability which were observed when the number of nontarget patterns was changed.
Increase in the Complexity of α-Crystallins during Differentiation of Lens Cells

PRELIMINARY studies of the changes in crystallin proteins occurring during development of the lens have indicated that the α-crystallins of foetal, calf and adult lenses differ in their chromatographic properties when fractionated on DEAE-cellulose1. The studies reported here indicate that the types of subunits present in bovine α-crystallins change during lens development. In a previous study, we showed that the α-crystallins can be resolved into five components by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and that these multiple forms of α-crystallin contain identical subunit chains2. As they vary only in their proportions of these subunits, we have combined the five α-crystallin components into one fraction in the following experiments in order to get an overall picture of the types of α-crystallin subunits produced at different stages of development.
A model for predicting the wearout lifetime of the LeRC/Hughes 30-cm mercury ion thruster

An investigation of parameters that affect the erosion rates of 30-cm-diameter mercury-ion-thruster components is described. A sputter-erosion model is formulated in terms of the design, operational, and material characteristics of the thruster. The erosion model is applied to the screen electrode, which is assumed to be the life-limiting component of the 30-cm thruster, resulting in a model of wearout lifetime. Results of short-term erosion-rate tests are presented that illustrate the dependence of component wear rates on variables such as discharge voltage, accelerator-grid open-area fraction, ion energy, electrode material, and the partial pressure of facility residual gases such as nitrogen. Test results are compared with wearout rates predicted by the sputter-erosion model.
Design and optimization of parylene nanomechanical cantilevers with integrated piezoresistors for surface-stress based biochemical sensing

The sensitivity of surface-stress based cantilever sensor can be significantly increased by using polymer as the cantilever material. In our previous research, parylene nanomechanical cantilevers with integrated poly-crystal silicon piezoresistors have already been developed for biochemical applications. However, parylene cantilevers exhibit different behaviors compared with their more rigid counterparts. In this paper, a new analytical model has been developed and verified using finite element simulations. The design optimization has also been discussed based on the new analytical model, resulting in several useful design guidelines that are unique to parylene or more generally to polymer cantilevers with integrated poly-crystal or single-crystal silicon piezoresistors for surface stress sensing.
MICROSCOPIC MAGNETIC TRAPS FOR NEUTRAL ATOMS

We describe planar and mostly planar current geometries for constructing microscopic magnetic traps for neutral atoms. These geometries are well-suited for fabrication from superconductors using standard microfabrication techniques. Magnetic-field gradients greater than 5×10^5 G/cm, and field curvatures greater than 10^8 G/cm^2 can be produced in microscopic traps. Trap loading could be accomplished by constructing a nested series of traps, and compressing atom clouds from larger traps into smaller ones. In the smallest magnetic microtraps the motional ground-state energy of atoms in the trap can exceed the recoil energy from resonant photons, which may allow direct laser cooling to the trap ground state. If a number of atoms can be simultaneously cooled to the ground state, the resulting "Bose clusters" should exhibit interesting optical behavior, since their spatial extent would be less than the resonant light wavelength.
Are Dogs Children, Companions, or Just Animals? Understanding Variations in People's Orientations toward Animals

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the variations in dog owners' attitudes toward, treatment of, and interactions with, animals. Based on 28 in-depth interviews with dog owners from a county in the Midwestern United States, I demonstrate that pets are an important part of many people's lives, often providing companionship, entertainment, and meaningful interactions; however, there are notable, distinct variations in how people relate to them. Pet owners typically exhibit one of three orientations toward pets: “dominionistic,” “humanistic,” or “protectionistic.” The dominionistic have relatively low regard for their pets, valuing them primarily for the uses they provide, such as protection. Those employing the humanistic orientation elevate their pets to the status of surrogate humans and value their pets primarily for the affective benefits they enjoy from their close attachments. The protectionistic have high regard for both pets and animals more generally. They view pets as valuable companions and as creatures...
Nonpeptide Inhibitors of Measles Virus Entry

Measles virus (MV) is one of the most infectious pathogens known. Despite the existence of a vaccine, over 500 000 deaths/year result from MV or associated complications. Anti-measles compounds could conceivably reverse these statistics. Previously, we described a homology model of the MV fusion protein trimer and a putative binding site near the head−neck region. The resulting model permitted the identification of two nonpeptidic entry inhibitors. Here, we present the design, synthesis, and bioevaluation of several series of fusion inhibitors and describe their structure-activity relationships (SAR). Five simply substituted anilides show low-μM blockade of the MV, one of which (AS-48) exhibits IC50 = 0.6−3.0 μM across a panel of wild-type MV strains found in the field. Molecular field topology analysis (MFTA), a 2D QSAR approach based on local molecular properties (atomic charges, hydrogen-bonding capacity and local lipophilicity), applied to the anilide series suggests structural modifications to improv...
Centiman: elastic, high performance optimistic concurrency control by watermarking

We present Centiman, a system for high performance, elastic transaction processing in the cloud. Centiman provides serializability on top of a key-value store with a lightweight protocol based on optimistic concurrency control (OCC). Centiman is designed for the cloud setting, with an architecture that is loosely coupled and avoids synchronization wherever possible. Centiman supports sharded transaction validation; validators can be added or removed on-the-fly in an elastic manner. Processors and validators scale independently of each other and recover from failure transparently to each other. Centiman's loosely coupled design creates some challenges: it can cause spurious aborts and it makes it difficult to implement common performance optimizations for read-only transactions. To deal with these issues, Centiman uses a watermark abstraction to asynchronously propagate information about transaction commits through the system. In an extensive evaluation we show that Centiman provides fast elastic scaling, low-overhead serializability for read-heavy workloads, and scales to millions of operations per second.
Hyperdense posterior cerebral artery sign in a setting of spontaneous vertebral artery dissection: a blessing in disguise?

Objective: To report a case of a hyperdense posterior cerebral artery (PCA) sign in the setting of spontaneous vertebral artery dissection. Clinical Presentation and Intervention: A 28-year-old, previously healthy female presented with rapidly progressive coma. A noncontrast computerized tomographic (CT) scan showed a hyperdense PCA sign, which prompted an urgent arteriogram. She was found to have spontaneous vertebral artery dissection with an occluding thrombus. She underwent intra-arterial thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator. Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging showed an area of acute infarction in the medial temporal and occipital regions corresponding to the area supplied by the left PCA. The patient was started on systemic anticoagulation therapy with intravenous heparin. She showed slow and continued recovery but was left with significant neurological deficits that required posthospital discharge to a long-term rehabilitation facility. Conclusion: This case showed that the hyperdense PCA sign on a noncontrast CT scan necessitated an emergent CT angiogram that showed vertebral artery dissection and a devastating vascular occlusion. Hence, we suggest an early intervention that may allow for potential revascularization therapy.
Performance of a magnetic gear using ferrite magnets for low speed ocean power generation

A magnetic gear offers many advantages over its mechanical counterpart such as contact free torque production, no gear lubrication and inherent overload protection. However, current magnetic gear designs use large quantities of rare-earth magnet material and unfortunately the high cost of rare-earth material makes the magnetic gear uncompetitive with alternative technology. This paper investigates a low-cost magnetic gear using ferrite magnets. The ferrite magnets are arranged in a spoke-type arrangement. A novel mortise and tenon joint method is used to construct the magnetic gear. The gear is design for a very low speed ocean generation application
Technological Innovation and Inequality in Health

The effect of education on health has been increasing over the past several decades. We hypothesize that this increasing disparity is related to health-related technical progress: more-educated people are the first to take advantage of technological advances that improve health. We test this hypothesis using data on disease-specific mortality rates for 1980 and 1990, and cancer registry data for 1973–1993. We estimate education gradients in mortality using compulsory schooling as a measure of education. We then relate these gradients to two measures of health-related innovation: the number of active drug ingredients available to treat a disease, and the rate of change in mortality from that disease. We find that more-educated individuals have a greater survival advantage in those diseases for which there has been more health-related technological progress.
CBN Tool Wear Modeling in Finish Hard Turning

The cubic boron nitride (CBN) cutting tools are commonly used for single point turning of hardened materials. The wear behavior and tool life of CBN cutters are important issues in order for hard turning to be a viable technology in view of the high cost of CBN cutting tools and the cost of down-time for tool change. The objective of this study is to develop a methodology to model the rate of CBN tool wear on both the flank and rake faces. The model can serve both as a basis to guide the design of CBN tool geometry and to optimize cutting parameters in finish hard turning. First, the kinematics, stress distribution, and temperature variation on the tool flank and rake faces are formulated. Subsequently, the wear volume loss is modeled as functions of cutting temperature, stress, and other process information based on the consideration of main wear mechanisms of abrasion, adhesion, and diffusion. Then, flank/crater wear rates are predicted in terms of tool/work material properties and cutting configuration. Finally, based on the calibrated wear coefficients in independent tests, the proposed models are experimentally validated in finish turning hardened 52100 bearing steel using a low CBN content insert. The model predictions agree with the measurements in terms of the behavior of stable growths of wear land and crater. The adhesion is found to be the dominating wear mechanism over the range of cutting parameters examined.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Timing of tracheostomy in the critically ill patient.

The decision for timing of tracheostomy remains controversial. The relative complication rates in two retrospective series, in which 79 and 150 critically ill patients were examined, respectively, showed increased incidence of late complications with tracheostomy and led Petty's group to conclude "The value of tracheotomy when an artificial airway is required for periods as long as 3 weeks is not supported by data obtained in this study."
Sensor motion control and mobile platforms for aquatic remote sensing

Modern remote sensing systems used in repetitive environmental monitoring and surveillance applications are used on various platforms. These platforms can be categorized as stationary (fixed) or moving platforms. The sensing systems monitor the ambient environment which also may have inherent motion, such as the water surface with water waves. This is particularly the case for airborne or ship borne sensing of aquatic environments and is true for ground based walking or crawling systems. The time sequential comparison and spatial registration of sensor images, particularly "hyperspectral imagery" requires pixel to pixel registration for science based change and target (or medium) detection applications. These applications require sensor motion control combined with platform motion control. If the pixel sizes are small - on the order of 1 meter to less than 1 mm, then "nano-positioning accuracy" may be necessary for various aspects of the camera or surveillance sensor system, and/or related sensors used to control the moving platform. In this paper and presentation, an overview of converging technologies to sensor motion control and nano-positioning is discussed. The paper and presentation will demonstrate that the technologies converging on this aspect of remote sensing monitoring systems will require professionals with a combination of skills that are not readily available in today's workforce nor taught in educational programs today - especially at the undergraduate level. Thus there is a need to consider new avenues for educating professionals necessary to engineer and apply these converging technologies to important social environmental monitoring and surveillance needs.
Philosophy lessons from the clinical setting: Seven sayings that used to annoy me

Traditional medical approaches to moral issues found in the clinical setting can, if properly understood, enlighten our philosophical understanding of moral issues. Moral problem-solving, as distinct from ethical and metaethical theorizing, requires that one reckon with practical complexities and uncertainties. In this setting the quality of one's answer depends not so much upon its content as upon the quality of reasoning which supports it. As the discipline which especially focuses upon the attributes of good-quality reasoning, philosophy therefore has much to contribute to the clinical enterprise of moral (and medical) problem-solving.
Characterization of Dengue Virus Complex-Specific Neutralizing Epitopes on Envelope Protein Domain III of Dengue 2 Virus

The surface of the mature dengue virus (DENV) particle is covered with 180 envelope (E) proteins arranged as homodimers that lie relatively flat on the virion surface. Each monomer consists of three domains (ED1, ED2, and ED3), of which ED3 contains the critical neutralization determinant(s). In this study, a large panel of DENV-2 recombinant ED3 mutant proteins was used to physically and biologically map the epitopes of five DENV complex-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). All five MAbs recognized a single antigenic site that includes residues K310, I312, P332, L389, and W391. The DENV complex antigenic site was located on an upper lateral surface of ED3 that was distinct but overlapped with a previously described DENV-2 type-specific antigenic site on ED3. The DENV complex-specific MAbs required significantly higher occupancy levels of available ED3 binding sites on the virion, compared to DENV-2 type-specific MAbs, in order to neutralize virus infectivity. Additionally, there was a great deal of variability in the neutralization efficacy of the DENV complex-specific MAbs with representative strains of the four DENVs. Overall, the differences in physical binding and potency of neutralization observed between DENV complex- and type-specific MAbs in this study demonstrate the critical role of the DENV type-specific antibodies in the neutralization of virus infectivity.
Addiction and Genes: Animal Models

Genes influence susceptibility to alcohol and drug dependence. The sequence of a gene may differ among individuals, and each gene form (or allele) may produce a different product (i.e. a different form of a protein, such as an enzyme, receptor or hormone). Differences in gene sequence or polymorphisms are one source of individual differences in risk for addiction. In addition, individuals with the same form of a gene may express the gene product in different amounts, and this may be another source of differential risk. Genetic animal models are used to study genetic influence and identify addiction-relevant genes. These include classical genetic models, such as standard inbred strains and selected lines, and newer era genetic models and techniques such as transgenics, knockouts, microarray analysis, next generation sequencing and optogenetics. These genetic models are important tools used to identify factors that influence risk for addiction and mechanisms that could lead to novel treatments. Key Concepts: Addiction is not a single gene trait (also known as a Mendelian trait) like Huntington's disease or sickle-cell anaemia. Each gene that influences addiction may have a relatively small influence but together can account for a significant amount of the variation among people in risk for addiction. The newest tools used to explore the genetics of addiction have benefited from the complete sequencing of the human genome and the genome of several other species. Successful selective breeding indicates that there is genetic influence on the measured trait. Bidirectional genetic research occurs when animal studies lead to investigation of similar genetic factors in humans and vice versa. Optogenetics is a relatively new and exciting procedure for controlling brain activity with light using specific genetic manipulations. Keywords: gene mapping; mutagenesis; gene expression; quantitative trait locus (QTL); RNAseq; optogenetics; selected line; congenic strain
Vanilloid receptor 1-positive neurons mediate thermal hyperalgesia and tactile allodynia

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: The vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1) is expressed by the type II A-delta and C-fiber neurons, functioning as a molecular integrator for nociception. VR1 can be selectively ablated by resiniferatoxin (RTX), an ultra-potent excitotoxic agonist, when injected into sensory ganglia. PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of the VR1-positive neurons in neuropathic pain. STUDY DESIGN: Photochemical injury to rat sciatic nerve (Gazelius model). METHODS: Two groups of rats underwent the photochemical injury and RTX treatment. RTX was injected in the dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) of the L3, L4, L5, and L6 nerve roots, either after or before the nerve injury. The animals were tested for thermal hyperalgesia (noxious heat stimuli) and mechanical allodynia (von Frey filaments). Immunohistochemical analysis of the DRGs was performed after euthanasia. RESULTS: In the tactile allodynic rats, RTX injection in the DRGs improved the average withdrawal threshold from 1.62 g to 5.68 g. Immunohistochemical labeling showed that almost all VR1-positive neurons were eliminated. When RTX was administrated into the ipsilateral DRGs before the nerve injury, this treatment prevented the development of tactile allodynia in 12 out of 14 rats. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the VR1-positive neurons were eliminated in the rats that did not develop tactile allodynia, whereas they were still present in the allodynic rats. CONCLUSIONS: VR1-positive neurons are essential for the development of mechanical allodynia. In rats already exhibiting neuropathic pain, the VR1-positive neurons mediate the most sensitive part of mechanical allodynia. RTX injection in sensory ganglia may represent a novel treatment for neuropathic pain. 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
The Structure and Process of Talking About Doing

People talk about what they do, often at the same time as they are doing. This reporting has an important function in coordinating action between people working together on real everyday problems. It is also an important source of data for social scientists studying people's behavior. In this paper, we report on some studies we are doing on report dialogues. We describe two kinds of phenomena we have identified, outline a preliminary process model that integrates the report generation with the processes that are generating the actions being reported upon, and specify a systematic methodology for extracting relevant evidence bearing on these phenomena from text transcripts of talk about doing to use in evaluating the model.
Coupling I/O channels for the IBM eServer z900: reengineering required

The IBM eServer z900 introduces new Parallel Sysplex® coupling channels that satisfy evolving requirements in a way that minimizes product and development costs. Their design also provides backward compatibility with earlier S/390® models, spans all three coupling channel design points, and anticipates future end-of-life technology issues. The original intersystem channel (ISC) design was improved, and new features added, but the core chips were retained. This paper describes the efforts that led to the improved design.
Phosphate excretion patterns following intravenous injection of ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA)

Phosphate clearance (CP) and tubular reabsorption of phosphate (TRP) were measured before and after intravenous injections of ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA). Titratable serum calcium following EDTA decreased approximately 3 mg/100 ml below control. Normal persons increased Cpand decreased percentage of TRP after injections of either EDTA or saline, but the changes following EDTA were significantly greater. Nine of 11 hyperparathyroid patients decreased Cp and increased percentage of TRP after EDTA, but the responses of 2 hyperparathyroid patients were similar to those of normal persons. Patients with hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism also decreased Cp and increased percentage of TRP after EDTA but the changes were not as great as in hyperparathyroidism. A possible mechanism of action of EDTA in conditions of normal and of abnormal parathyroid function is presented.
Exploring the middle ground between environmental protection and economic growth.

Public preference concerning the environment and the economy typically has been characterized as either pro-environmental protection or pro-economic development. Researchers and policymakers increa...
CONTENT AND UPTAKE OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IN BONE. INFLUENCE OF ADRENALECTOMY, ALDOSTERONE, DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE AND SPIRONOLACTONE.

The effects have been studied in the rat of adrenalectomy and of treatment with aldosterone, desoxycorticosterone acetate and spironolactone upon the content of stable sodium and potassium in compact bone. Simultaneously, the effects of these maneuvers upon the in vivo bone uptake of radioactive sodium and radioactive potassium were determined. Treatment with either aldosterone or desoxycorticosterone results in decreased bone uptake of Na22 and K42. This is a reproducible phenomenon whether the plasma level of isotope increases, decreases or remains unchanged. Total stable bone sodium does not fall significantly upon administration of mineralocorticoids for 15 days. Treatment with a spironolactone, Aldactone, is associated with increased bone uptake of Na22. These results indicate that aldosterone plays a role in regulating the transfer of electrolytes between bone and extracellular fluid.
Rule-mitigated collaboration technology

The design of an appropriate paradigm for collaboration ultimately stands or falls on the question of whether human users are able to cooperate effectively with it. In this work, we begin with a paradigm of interaction in which human collaborators have shown themselves facile. This paradigm is based on the formal meeting protocol commonly known as parliamentary procedure or Robert's Rules of Order (RRO). These rules are at the same time descriptive and prescriptive of effective meeting behavior. Electronic meeting systems, likewise, have to manage time and communicative resources, maintain logs, and produce artifacts that constitute the fruit of the collaboration. The technology disclosed here facilitates the generation of coauthored artifacts (documents, designs, project plans, etc.) as the direct outcome of the collaborative process. The efficacy of rule-mitigated collaboration technology is based on four major components: an extended parliamentary procedure rule set, a scoping policy and set of application programming interfaces, an object-based client-server architecture, and an M-Net synchronous meeting environment.
Randomized trial of an intensive care unit-based early discharge planning intervention for critically ill elderly patients.

• BACKGROUND Few investigators have targeted elderly patients and monitored outcomes of care in studies on discharge planning interventions after critical illness. • OBJECTIVES To pilot test an intensive care unit–based nursing screening intervention to assist in determining the discharge needs and outcomes of critically ill elderly patients. • METHOD A randomized clinical trial with in-hospital and mailed questionnaires was used. Patients 65 years and older who were hospitalized in 1 of 2 intensive care units at 2 midwestern university-affiliated medical centers were recruited for the study. Control patients (n = 53) received usual discharge planning; experimental patients (n = 47) were screened in the intensive care unit by using the Discharge Planning Questionnaire. Both groups were assessed for readiness for discharge when discharged from the hospital and were followed up 2 weeks later with a survey completed at home. • RESULTS One hundred patients 65 to 90 years old (mean 73, SD 5.78) completed the study. Sixty-six percent were men. The 2 groups did not differ with regard to age, race, sex, severity of illness, lengths of stay in the intensive care unit or hospital, education level, or income. Patients in the experimental group were more ready than patients in the control group for discharge (P = .06). Patients in the experimental group were also more likely to report they had adequate information, had less concern about managing their care at home, knew their medicines, and knew danger signals indicating potential complications. • CONCLUSION Intensive care unit–based early discharge planning can affect elderly patients’ preparation for discharge. (American Journal of Critical Care. 2004;13:335-345)
An empirical investigation of the EOE gold options market

Abstract On April 2, 1981, the European Option Exchange introduced the first organized exchange trading of options on spot gold. We study this new market for three months at its inception and in a parallel period a year later via various tests of rational boundary conditions. Additionally, we use call-put parity to infer implied risk free rates (IRFR's). Deviations of the IRFR's from the prevailing risk free rate permit the possibility of arbitrage through positions known as forward and reverse conversions. Our tests are modified to allow for transaction costs to more fully address the question of market efficiency.
Expression of Nav1.7 in DRG neurons extends from peripheral terminals in the skin to central preterminal branches and terminals in the dorsal horn

Sodium channel Nav1.7 has emerged as a target of considerable interest in pain research, since loss-of-function mutations in SCN9A, the gene that encodes Nav1.7, are associated with a syndrome of congenital insensitivity to pain, gain-of-function mutations are linked to the debiliting chronic pain conditions erythromelalgia and paroxysmal extreme pain disorder, and upregulated expression of Nav1.7 accompanies pain in diabetes and inflammation. Since Nav1.7 has been implicated as playing a critical role in pain pathways, we examined by immunocytochemical methods the expression and distribution of Nav1.7 in rat dorsal root ganglia neurons, from peripheral terminals in the skin to central terminals in the spinal cord dorsal horn. Nav1.7 is robustly expressed within the somata of peptidergic and non-peptidergic DRG neurons, and along the peripherally- and centrally-directed C-fibers of these cells. Nav1.7 is also expressed at nodes of Ranvier in a subpopulation of Aδ-fibers within sciatic nerve and dorsal root. The peripheral terminals of DRG neurons within skin, intraepidermal nerve fibers (IENF), exhibit robust Nav1.7 immunolabeling. The central projections of DRG neurons in the superficial lamina of spinal cord dorsal horn also display Nav1.7 immunoreactivity which extends to presynaptic terminals. The expression of Nav1.7 in DRG neurons extends from peripheral terminals in the skin to preterminal central branches and terminals in the dorsal horn. These data support a major contribution for Nav1.7 in pain pathways, including action potential electrogenesis, conduction along axonal trunks and depolarization/invasion of presynaptic axons. The findings presented here may be important for pharmaceutical development, where target engagement in the right compartment is essential.
Reactivity of dolomite in water-saturated supercritical carbon dioxide: Significance for carbon capture and storage and for enhanced oil and gas recovery

Abstract Carbon dioxide injection in porous reservoirs is the basis for carbon capture and storage, enhanced oil and gas recovery. Injected carbon dioxide is stored at multiple scales in porous media, from the pore-level as a residual phase to large scales as macroscopic accumulations by the injection site, under the caprock and at reservoir internal capillary pressure barriers. These carbon dioxide saturation zones create regions across which the full spectrum of mutual CO 2 –H 2 O solubility may occur. Most studies assume that geochemical reaction is restricted to rocks and carbon dioxide-saturated formation waters, but this paradigm ignores injection of anhydrous carbon dioxide against brine and water-alternating-gas flooding for enhanced oil recovery. A series of laboratory experiments was performed to evaluate the reactivity of the common reservoir mineral dolomite with water-saturated supercritical carbon dioxide. Experiments were conducted at reservoir conditions (55 and 110 °C, 25 MPa) and elevated temperature (220 °C, 25 MPa) for approximately 96 and 164 h (4 and 7 days). Dolomite dissolves and new carbonate mineral precipitates by reaction with water-saturated supercritical carbon dioxide. Dolomite does not react with anhydrous supercritical carbon dioxide. Temperature and reaction time control the composition, morphology, and extent of formation of new carbonate minerals. Mineral dissolution and re-precipitation due to reaction with water-saturated carbon dioxide may affect the contact line between phases, the carbon dioxide contact angle, and the relative permeability and permeability distribution of the reservoir. These changes influence fundamental properties of hysteresis of drainage and imbibition cycles, rock wettability, and capillary pressure. The efficacy of physical carbon dioxide trapping mechanisms, integrity of caprock, and injectivity of a carbon dioxide storage reservoir as well as the injectivity and production rate of an enhanced oil recovery operation may be affected.
Peru's Apra: Parties, Politics, and the Elusive Quest for Democracy

Part 1 APRA As Opposition: APRA 1931-1968 - Confrontation, Compromise, and Counterreform APRA and the Military "Docenio" - The Stolen Revolution. Part 2 APRA 1980-1985: Renovation and Results. Part 3 APRA in Power: From Unprecedented Consensus to Policy Collapse Partido de Goberino o del Gobierno? APRA's Relations with the Opposition APRA and the Marginalised. Part 4 Impossible Revolution, Relinquished Reform: Conclusion.
Ultrasonographic evaluation of geniohyoid muscle and hyoid bone during swallowing in young adults.

Objectives/Hypothesis The geniohyoid muscle plays an important role in hyoid bone movement. Adequate hyoid bone movement during swallowing is important for effective bolus flow and pharyngeal clearing. The aim of this study was to estimate the relationship between the geniohyoid muscle size and function and hyoid bone movement during swallowing in healthy young adults, as measured via ultrasound, in different body positions. Study Design Cross-sectional study. Methods Forty young (20–40 years old) adults (20 male and 20 female) participated. The cross-sectional area of the geniohyoid muscle at rest (seated position), the geniohyoid muscle contraction velocity, and the hyoid bone displacement during swallowing 10 mL of mineral water were measured by ultrasound in seated, supine, and right lateral decubitus positions. Results The size of the geniohyoid muscle correlated with body height. Males had larger geniohyoid cross-sectional area than females and greater maximal and anterior hyoid displacement during swallowing than females, and maximal and anterior hyoid bone displacement during swallowing correlated with the size of geniohyoid muscle only when the body was in the supine position; these two movements were positively correlated to each other. Conclusions Genders vary in hyoid bone movement during swallowing, and the correlation between geniohyoid muscle size and hyoid bone displacement varies among different body positions during swallowing. This investigation also illuminates the use of ultrasound in providing quantitative measures of geniohyoid muscle and hyoid bone displacement during swallowing. Level of Evidence 2c. Laryngoscope, 125:1886–1891, 2015
A Dominant-Negative Herpesvirus Protein Inhibits Intranuclear Targeting of Viral Proteins: Effects on DNA Replication and Late Gene Expression

The d105 dominant-negative mutant form of the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) single-stranded DNA-binding protein, ICP8 (d105 ICP8), inhibits wild-type viral replication, and it blocks both viral DNA replication and late gene transcription, although to different degrees (M. Gao and D. M. Knipe, J. Virol. 65:2666–2675, 1991; Y. M. Chen and D. M. Knipe, Virology 221:281–290, 1996). We demonstrate here that this protein is also capable of preventing the formation of intranuclear prereplicative sites and replication compartments during HSV infection. We defined three patterns of ICP8 localization using indirect immunofluorescence staining of HSV-1-infected cells: large replication compartments, small compartments, and no specific intranuclear localization of ICP8. Cells that form large replication compartments replicate viral DNA and express late genes. Cells that form small replication compartments replicate viral DNA but do not express late genes, while cells without viral replication compartments are incapable of both DNA replication and late gene expression. The d105 ICP8 protein blocks formation of prereplicative sites and large replication compartments in 80% of infected cells and formation of large replication compartments in the remaining 20% of infected cells. The phenotype of d105 suggests a correlation between formation of large replication compartments and late gene expression and a role for intranuclear rearrangement of viral DNA and bound proteins in activation of late gene transcription. Thus, these results provide evidence for specialized machinery for late gene expression within replication compartments.
Application of the Mangled Extremity Severity Score in a combat setting.

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the Mangled Extremity Severity Score (MESS) in a combat setting. Methods: Data on extremity injuries were collected from a forward surgical team. MESS and Revised Trauma Score values were retrospectively calculated for each patient. Student' t test was used to compare amputated and salvaged limbs. Results: A total of 60 extremities was identified in 49 patients. There were 10 major vascular repairs (20%). MESS values differed significantly for the eight amputations performed (mean MESS, 7.87 ± 1.91) and 50 salvaged extremities (mean MESS, 2.44 ± 0.438; p = 0.001). Conclusions: A MESS of >7 correlated with amputation, thus validating the MESS in a combat setting. A young average patient age and high-energy injury mechanism on the battlefield leave ischemic time and shock as the most important factors in dictating whether a MESS is >7 or <7.
Vehicle speed and acceleration profile study for metered on-ramps in California

Ramp metering has been proven as an effective freeway-management strategy; however, one of the critical challenges in design and operation of ramp metering is the lack of up-to-date design guidance for acceleration lanes. This paper aims to investigate the actual acceleration characteristics for metered on-ramps with various geometric features and also figure out speed profiles to guide the design of acceleration-lane length. A piecewise-constant acceleration model, which assumes vehicles making uniformly accelerated motion within each short space or time interval, was employed to model vehicle acceleration characteristics. The approach of using distance versus speed profiles for acceleration-length design was also introduced. RESULTS show that acceleration rate at metered on-ramps is not constant; vehicles usually accelerate at a higher acceleration rate when speed is lower and vice versa. It was observed that taper ramps usually produce higher acceleration rates than ramps with an auxiliary lane, and existing acceleration length would also affect drivers' acceleration behavior. Finally, this study pointed out that the acceleration performance data documented in the AASHTO Green Book, which are now widely employed by several state DOTs in the United States as acceleration length design guidance for metered on-ramps, is approximately 1.7 times greater than the value measured at typical taper-type metered on-ramp in California. Language: en
Review Article-Renewable Energies

Abstract A majority of the communities around the world rely heavily on oil, natural gas and coal for their energy needs. These fuels draw on lots of resources that will eventually diminish, which in turn makes them too expensive or too environmentally damaging to recover. This review article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of renewable energies; therefore based on the benefits of these energy resources, the use of renewable energies, instead of, fossil fuels will be a good solution for the control of the environmental, social and economical problems of our communities.