cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of ReCl(H 2 )(AsMePh 2 ) 4 , a classical hydride complex; reexamination of ReCl(H 2 )(PMePh 2 ) 4 and theoretical calculations on model compounds

The synthesis of ReCl(H(2))(AsMePh(2))(4) is reported and verified on the basis of (1)H NMR and FAB-MS. The minimum T(1) time for the metal-bonded hydrogen atoms was determined to be 44 ms (-78 degrees C) and 89 (-48 degrees C) ms at 200 and 400 MHz, respectively. From this minimum T(1) time, and, allowing for contributions from other nuclei to the relaxation, a metal-bonded H to H atom distance of 1.57 A can be assessed. The complex is reversibly oxidized at a potential E(1/2)(ox) = +0.07 V. The J(HD) coupling in the related ReCl(HD)(AsMePh(2))(4) compound was at 3.3 Hz. These data for ReCl(H(2))(AsMePh(2))(4) suggest that this molecule contains classical hydrides, and interpretations on T(1) and X-ray data published previously for ReCl(H(2))(PMePh(2))(4) suggest that this molecule contains a very long metal-bonded H-H interaction of 1.39 A. Theoretical calculations on model compounds ReCl(H(2))(XR(3))(4) (X = P, As; R = H, Me) give virtually identical average d(H-H) values of 1.5 (XH(3)) and 1.63 (XMe(3)) A.
The Effect of Surgical Treatment on Survival from Early Lung Cancer: Implications for Screening

We assessed the effect of surgery on survival from stage I non-small-cell lung cancer based on data collected in these screening programs. The majority of patients diagnosed in each program were treated by surgical resection, but 5 percent of the Sloan-Kettering group, 21 percent of the Hopkins group and 11 percent of the Mayo group failed to receive surgical treatment. Appoximately 70 percent of the stage I patients in each program who were treated surgically survived more than five years, but there were only two five-year survivors among those who did not have surgery. We conclude that patients with lung cancers detected in stage I by chest x-ray film and treated surgically have a good chance of remaining free of disease for many years. Those stage I lung cancers which are not resected progress and lead to death within five years. Therefore, every effort should be made to detect and treat lung cancer early in high-risk populations.
The Limbus and the Neolimbus in Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip

The limbus and the neolimbus are both pathological lesions that form in response to a developmentally dislocated hip. An understanding of these structures is integral to treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). Yet, we believe the current peer-reviewed orthopaedic literature and orthopaedic textbooks commonly fail to correctly use or define these terms. The neolimbus is best defined as a hypertrophied ridge of fibrocartilage in the superolateral region of the acetabulum caused by pressure from the dislocated hip on this region. The limbus is the labrum that is hypertrophied with fibrous and fibrocartilaginous overgrowth, and is a potential block to concentric reduction of a dysplastic hip. We review the early and current literature in an attempt to clarify the use of the terms limbus and neolimbus and provide an overview of the importance and treatment of these abnormal structures associated with DDH. Level of Evidence: Level V, therapeutic study. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The role of protein synthesis in cell cycling and cancer

Cell cycling and protein synthesis are both key physiological tasks for cancer cells. Here we present a model for how the elongation phase of protein synthesis, governed by elongation factor 2 and elongation factor 2 kinase, both modulates and responds to cell cycling. Within this framework we also discuss survivin, a protein with both pro-mitotic and anti-apoptotic roles whose persistence in the cell is tied to protein synthesis due to its short half-life. Finally, we provide a brief overview of efforts of cancer researchers to target EF2 and EF2 kinase.
From rotations and inclinations to zero configurational velocity surfaces, II. The best possible configurational velocity surfaces

The best possible zero configurational velocity surfaces for the generalN-body problem in three space are derived. The basic construction of these surfaces is described in detail for the three body problem and for other flat configurations. The construction for nonflat configurations is outlined.
Kinetics of NO reduction by black liquor char

The reduction of NO by black liquor char and activated carbon was studied at atmospheric pressure in a fixed bed reactor at temperatures between 450 and 650 °C. Black liquor char has a high Na to fixed C ratio (2.7), and the Na is well dispersed within the carbon matrix. The reduction of NO by both materials was confirmed to be of first order with respect to NO. The reaction rate constant, based on total surface area, for black liquor char was over 3 orders of magnitude higher than that for activated carbon which is consistent with the role of Na in catalyzing the NO reduction reaction. In the temperature range studied, N2 and CO2 were the major reaction products for the reaction by black liquor char. In the presence of CO, the rate of NO reduction by black liquor char was enhanced by CO over the temperature range studied by a factor of 2.5 with 4% CO. The consumption of carbon was reduced to zero and the black liquor char provided a catalytic surface for NO reduction by CO. The activation energies of NO ...
Impact ionization of impurities in heavily compensated germanium

Abstract The low temperature electrical characteristics of heavily compensated germanium has been investigated experimentally as a function of the majority impurity concentration and the degree of compensation. The majority impurity has been varied from about 6.5 × 10 14 atoms per cm 3 to 4.5 × 10 15 atoms per cm 3 . The minority impurity concentration was varied from about 10 to 100 per cent compensation. Curves of the breakdown field versus compensation ratio; peak current versus compensation ratio; and breakdown and sustaining fields versus majority impurity concentrations were plotted. In addition, a curve of the variation of peak current with majority impurity concentration was also obtained. An interpretation of the experimental data is included, based on the hydrogen molecule ion inelastic scattering mechanism. Qualitative agreement is obtained between theory and the experimental measurements.
Development of a High Performance Ion Chromatographic (HPIC) Method for the Determination of Sodium Metabisulfite in Parenteral Formulations

Abstract A high performance ion chromatographic (HPIC) method for the determination of sodium metabisulfite (a pharmaceutical antioxidant) in injectable formulations is described. The method is selective for both the sulfite and sulfate ions with a minimum of sample preparation.
Gene Modulation for Treating Liver Fibrosis

Despite tremendous progress in our understanding of fibrogenesis, injury stimuli process, inflammation, and hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation, there is still no standard treatment for liver fibrosis. Delivery of small molecular weight drugs, proteins, and nucleic acids to specific liver cell types remains a challenge due to the overexpression of extracellular matrix (ECM) and consequent closure of sinusoidal gaps. In addition, activation of HSCs and subsequent release of inflammatory cytokines and infiltration of immune cells are other major obstacles to the treatment of liver fibrosis. To overcome these barriers, different therapeutic approaches are being investigated. Among them, the modulation of certain aberrant protein production is quite promising for treating liver fibrosis. In this review, we describe the mechanism of antisense, antigene, and RNA interference (RNAi) therapies and discuss how the backbone modification of oligonucleotides affects their in vivo stability, biodistribution, and bioactivity. Strategies for delivering these nucleic acids to specific cell types are discussed. This review critically addresses various insights developed with each individual strategy and for multipronged approaches, which will be helpful in achieving more effective outcomes.
Pelvic inflammatory disease associated with Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis: clinical correlates

The purpose of this study was to determine whether selected clinical features can distinguish salpingitis associated with endocervical Neisseria gonorrhoeae from that caused by Chlamydia trachomatis in black, inner-city adolescents. We reviewed retrospectively the charts of teenagers presenting to a university hospital outpatient department between January 1982 and January 1984 who were diagnosed as having salpingitis. We included all teenagers who presented with a history of low abdominal pain plus (1) either cervical motion tenderness (n = 15), adnexal tenderness (n = 13), or both (n = 57); and (2) either cervical cultures positive for N. gonorrhoeae and negative for C. trachomatis (n = 31) or cervical cultures negative for N. gonorrhoeae and positive for C. trachomatis (n = 54). Discriminant analysis indicated that the presence of breakthrough vaginal bleeding (standard regression coefficient [SRC] = 0.301; P = 0.023), current usage of oral contraception (SRC = 0.408; P = 0.009), and an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (SRC = 0.522; P = 0.0002) were significantly more often related to the presence of endocervical C. trachomatis. However, we found no significant differences between the two groups for other variables that have been described as distinguishing features (i.e., duration of pain, fever, and leukocyte count).
Analytical and experimental evaluation of a 3-D hypersonic fixed-geometry, swept, mixed compression inlet

The performance of a fixed-geometry, swept, mixed compression hypersonic inlet is presented. The experimental evaluation was conducted for a Mach number of 6.0 and for several angles of attack. The measured surface pressures and pitot pressure surveys at the inlet throat are compared to computations using a three-dimensional Euler code and an integral boundary layer theory. Unique features of the intake design, including the boundary layer control, insure a high inlet performance. The experimental data show the inlet has a high mass averaged total pressure recovery, a high mass capture and nearly uniform flow diffusion. The swept inlet exhibits excellent starting characteristics, and high flow stability at angle of attack.
Ethanol Alters Production and Secretion of Estrogen-Regulated Growth Factors That Control Prolactin-Secreting Tumors in the Pituitary

Several reports provide evidence for the existence of high levels of prolactin in male and female chronic alcoholics. Two studies conducted in Europe and Japan using alcoholic women who reported daily alcohol intake of 84 to 170 g daily for a period between 2 and 16 years but had no clinical evidence of alcoholic liver cirrhosis showed persistent hyperprolactinemia (Seki et al., 1991; Valimaki et al., 1990). Studies conducted in the United States reported hyperprolactinemia (22 to 87 ng/ml) in 6 of 12 alcohol-dependent women who had a history of drinking 75 to 247 g of alcohol per day for a minimum period of 7 years (Teoh et al., 1992). Alcohol-induced hyperprolactinemia is also reported in healthy, well-nourished women during residence on a clinical research ward for 35 days (Mendelson and Mello, 1988). Sixty percent of women in the heavy drinker category (blood alcohol level: 109 to 199 mg/dl) and 50% of moderate drinkers (blood alcohol levels: 48 to 87 mg/dl) showed elevated plasma prolactin levels, and many of these drinkers had elevated plasma prolactin several days after cessation of drinking. Alcoholic men also showed elevated levels of prolactin (Ida et al., 1992; Marchesi et al., 1992; Soyka et al., 1991). Male alcoholic patients frequently show evidence of feminization such as gynecomastia, spider angiomata, palmar erythema and changes in body hair patterns (Van Thiel, 1979). Alcohol-induced hyperprolactinemia and pituitary hyperplasia have been demonstrated in nonhuman primates (Kornet et al., 1991; Mello et al., 1988). In estrogen-sensitive Fischer-344 female rats, chronic ethanol administration increases plasma prolactin levels and pituitary weight in cyclic female rats and ovariectomized rats as well as potentiates estradiol’s mitogenic effects in ovariectomized female rats (De et al., 1995; Sanchis et al., 1985). How ethanol increases lactotropic cell proliferation is not well understood. In Fischer-344 rats, estradiol’s mitogenic action is regulated by the interplay of various growth-inhibitory and growth-stimulatory peptides. It has been shown that lactotrope proliferation is inhibited by transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) (Hentges et al., 2000a; Sarkar et al., 1998) but stimulated by TGF-β3 (De et al., 2002; Hentges et al., 2000a) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) (Chaturvedi and Sarkar, 2005; Hentges et al., 2000b). Estradiol, a potent mitogen for lactotropes, decreases TGF-β1 levels but increases TGF-β3 and bFGF levels by altering the gene transcription of these peptides in the pituitary (Chaturvedi and Sarkar, 2005; Hentges et al., 2000a,b; Pastorcic and Sarkar, 1997). The role of these growth-regulating peptides in ethanol’s modulation of lactotropic cell proliferation was investigated in this study.
Highly accelerated projection imaging with coil sensitivity encoding for rapid MRI.

Purpose: Rapid magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acquisition is typically achieved by acquiring all or most lines of k-space after one radio frequency (RF) excitation. Parallel imaging techniques can further accelerate data acquisition by acquiring fewer phase-encoded lines and utilizing the spatial sensitivity information of the RF coil arrays. The goal of this study was to develop a new MRI data acquisition and reconstruction technique that is capable of reconstructing a two-dimensional (2D) image using highly undersampled k-space data without any special hardware. Such a technique would be very efficient, as it would significantly reduce the time wasted during multiple RF excitations or phase encoding and gradient switching periods. Methods: The essence of this new technique is to densely sample a small number of projections, which should be acquired at an angle other than 0° or multiples of 45°. This results in multiple rays passing through a voxel and provides new and independent measurements for each voxel. Then the images are reconstructed using the unique information coming from these projections combined with RF coil sensitivity profiles. The feasibility of this new technique was investigated with realistic simulations and experimental studies using a phantom and compared with conventional nonuniform fast Fourier transform technique. Eigenvalue analysis and error calculations were conducted to find optimal projection angles and minimum requirements for dense sampling. Results: Reconstruction of 64 × 64 images was done using a single projection from simulated data under different noise levels. Simulated reconstruction was also tested with two projections to assess the improvement. Experimental phantom images were reconstructed at higher resolution using 4, 8, and 16 projections. Cross-sectional profiles illustrate that the new technique resolved compartment boundaries clearly. Conclusions: Simulations demonstrated that only a single k-space line might be sufficient to reconstruct a 2D image using this new technique. Experimental results showed that this is a promising new technique for fast imaging. Using the information from the simulations and fast imaging parameters published in the literature, it could be predicted that a two-dimensional image could be acquired in about 10 ms. One of the major advantages of this new technique is that it does not require any additional hardware and can be implemented on a conventional scanner with an eight-channel coil.
Site bond correlated-percolation theory of polymer gelation applied to a polymer with preferential binding at two disparate sites

Abstract The site bond correlated-percolation theory of polymer gelation of Coniglio et al. [1] is generalized to include preferential binding of different solutions at two disparate sites on the molecule. The model is applied to one of the most important of gelling polymers, hyaluronic acid, in the ubiquitous intracellular buffer, phosphate, which undergoes an order-disorder transition at a solution pH (and ionic strength) determined by the properties of the solution. Hyaluronic acid is treated as representative of a general class of polymers undergoing changes in entropy. The model is also related to polyelectrolyte theory.
A New Theory for Fourier Analysis. II. Further Analysis on the Space of Test Functions

Abstract This is the second in a series of papers extending the theory supporting Fourier analysis. Bounds for basic mappings on the space of test functions, the convergence of certain sequences of lest functions, and the convolution of test functions are discussed.
Perceptual Priming by Invisible Motion

When observers see motion that is not really there, they can nonetheless show evidence of motion priming. And when observers do not see motion that is really there, they also show evidence for motion priming. Evidently, the process responsible for establishing motion correspondence is sensitive to contextual information, and this sensitivity is modulated at preconscious levels of visual analysis.
Concanavalin A-sepharose affinity chromatography of axon plasma membrane proteins. Heterogeneity of cholinergic binding sites.

: Lysolecithin-solubilized proteins from axon plasma membranes of lobster walking leg nerve bundles were chromatographed on concanavalin A (Con A)-sepharose. Bound glycoproteins were eluted with α-methyl-D- mannoside. Near quantitative recovery of total protein was observed, 20–30% of the total protein being eluted in the Con A-binding glycoprotein fraction. A 5-fold enrichment of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was achieved, demonstrating the glycoprotein nature of the axonal enzyme. The chromatographed fractions were characterized for binding of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB), [3nicotine (Nic), and [1251]α-bung arotoxin (BgTx) in an attempt to distinguish possible “muscarinic” and “nicotinic” binding sites in axonal membranes. All of the high-affinity “muscarinic” [3H]QNB binding activity appeared in the non-Con A-binding protein fractions, while binding of the two “nicotinic” ligands, [3Nic and 125I-BgTx, was found in both the glycoprotein and non-Con A-binding protein fractions. BgTx interaction with the Con A-binding glycoproteins could be blocked with dtubocurarine, but BgTx binding in the non-Con A-binding proteins was not inhibited by curare. The significance of multiple cholinergic binding sites in axonal membranes is discussed. These data suggest a closer similarity between the cholinergic ligand binding proteins of peripheral nerve membrane and ganglia than between the axonal cholinergic binding sites and the ACh receptor of the neuromuscular junction.
The use of tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy for rapid measurements of the δ13C of animal breath for physiological and ecological studies

In this study we introduce the use of tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) as a technique for making measurements of the delta13C of animal 'breath' in near real time. The carbon isotope ratios (delta13C) of breath CO2 trace the carbon source of the materials being metabolized, which can provide insight into the use of specific food resources, e.g. those derived from plants using C3 versus C4 or CAM photosynthetic pathways. For physiological studies, labeled substrates and breath analyses provide direct evidence of specific physiological (e.g. fermentative digestion) or enzymatic (e.g. sucrase activity) processes. Although potentially very informative, this approach has rarely been taken in animal physiological or ecological research. In this study we quantify the utilization of different plant resources (photosynthetic types--C3 or C4) in arthropod herbivores by measuring the delta13C of their 'breath' and comparing it with bulk tissue values. We show that breath delta13C values are highly correlated with bulk tissues and for insect herbivores reflect their dietary guild, in our case C3-specialists, C4-specialists, or generalists. TDLAS has a number of advantages that will make it an important tool for physiologists, ecologists and behaviorists: it is non-invasive, fast, very sensitive, accurate, works on animals of a wide range of body sizes, per-sample costs are small, and it is potentially field-deployable.
Bleomycin-resistant DNA synthesis in ataxia telangiectasia cells.

Ataxia telangiectasia (AT) is a human autosomal recessive disease that exhibits (in addition to the symptoms implied by its name) immune deficiencies, greatly increased risk of lymphoreticular cancer and unusual sensitivity to ionizing radiation (see ref. 1 for review). Although cells from AT patients are abnormally sensitive to killing by X-ray irradiation, DNA synthesis in AT cells is resistant to such treatment2,3. This resistance is primarily due to less inhibition of replicon initiation in AT cells than in normal cells, but there is also less inhibition of chain elongation in AT cells3. We now report that DNA synthesis in AT cells is also resistant to DNA damage induced by bleomycin but not to damage induced by N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) or actinomycin D. Of these agents, only X rays and bleomycin directly cause DNA strand breaks, indicating that AT cells are defective in the system that in normal cells prolongs the time during which strand breaks can be repaired, replicon initiation inhibited and the chromatin structure returned to its normal state.
Kaon differential flow in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Using a relativistic transport model, we study the azimuthal momentum asymmetry of kaons with fixed transverse momentum, i.e., the differential flow, in heavy-ion collisions at beam momentum of $6 \mathrm{GeV}/c$ per nucleon, available from the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). We find that in the absence of kaon potential the kaon differential flow is positive and increases with transverse momentum as that of nucleons. The repulsive kaon potential as predicted by theoretical models, however, reduces the kaon differential flow, changing it to negative for kaons with low transverse momenta. Cancellation between the negative differential flow at low momenta and the positive one at high momenta is then responsible for the experimentally observed nearly vanishing in-plane transverse flow of kaons in heavy-ion experiments.
The Phenomenon Happiness: Prolegomena to a Phenomenological Description

This article argues that phenomenology should investigate the phenomenon human happiness because this distinctive style of philosophizing has the potential to make a special contribution to the determination of the highest human good. This distinctive contribution is a function of the phenomenological method, which generally involves the performance of the phenomenological epoche and the execution of the transcendental reduction with respect to the acts of consciousness and their correlatively constituted objects. By means of an axiological application of the phenomenological method specifically to this fundamental ethical and practical question, it becomes possible to distinguish in a rigorous manner between what people think or feel happiness is and what it genuinely is. For example, the phenomenological approach to happiness enables people to neutralize their natural attitude toward the perceived highest good, in which it is given naively and straightforwardly, and to adopt the transcendental attitude ...
Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Veratreae

The genera of the Veratreae, a tribe of the Melanthioideae, have many features in common: there are usually many ovules, except for Amianthium (with 2 4), arranged in 2 -4 longitudinal placental rows per carpel; all are bitegmic, basipetal, and campylotropous. Of 37 species examined, only 2 have open sutures at the lowermost level of ovular insertion, but 13 species have holes in the centre of the pistil. These holes may represent possible stages in the evolutionary closure of previously open sutures. Most flowers were epigynous, only 11 being hypogynous-perigynous. The tribe as a whole is marked by the presence of 3 composite (heterologous) vascular bundles, composed of joined staminal and tepallary bundles alone and 3 composite bundles, as above, fused to a dorsal bundle. The bundles were united below the locular base in all genera except Schoenocaulon and Toxicoscordion. Two major kinds of central cylinder arrangement occurred at the level of the lowermost ovular insertion: either 6 inverted ventral bundles or 6 simple septal bundles, with normally arranged (or sometimes inverted) xylem and phloem centrifugally located and 6 simple placental bundles, with inverted xylem and phloem, at the centripetal end of the septum. Generally each septal bundle united with its nearest adjoining placental bundle about the mid-locular level.
DNA polymerase III, a second essential DNA polymerase, is encoded by the S. cerevisiae CDC2 gene

Three nuclear DNA polymerases have been described in yeast: DNA polymerases I, II, and III. DNA polymerase I is encoded by the POL1 gene and is essential for DNA replication. Since the S. cerevisiae CDC2 gene has recently been shown to have DNA sequence similarity to the active site regions of other known DNA polymerases, but to nevertheless be different from DNA polymerase I, we examined cdc2 mutants for the presence of DNA polymerases II and III. DNA polymerase II was not affected by the cdc2 mutation. DNA polymerase III activity was significantly reduced in the cdc2-1 cell extracts. We conclude that the CDC2 gene encodes yeast DNA polymerase III and that DNA polymerase III, therefore, represents a second essential DNA polymerase in yeast.
Host plant resistance in some wild wheats to the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Homoptera: Aphididae)

A total of 259 accessions of wild Triticum species originating from different countries, along with 91 triticale (6×)× bread wheat true-breeding derivatives, two bread wheat, and three triticale cultivars were screened for resistance to the Russian wheat aphid, a serious insect pest of the wheat crop. Twenty-four entries with low damage ratings on the basis of amount of leaf rolling and leaf chlorosis were retested along with resistant and susceptible controls. On the basis of leaf roll damage ratings, eight entries including four Triticum monococcum var. boeoticum (T. boeoticum), one T. monococcum var. monococcum (T. monococcum), two T. timopheevii var. araraticum (T. araraticum), and one triticale cultivar were significantly superior to ‘Karl’ (susceptible control) wheat. Among these, four accessions — three T. boeoticum and one T. araraticum— were significantly superior to all other entries and were equal to the resistant control (PI 372129) in resistance rating based on leaf rolling and leaf chlorosis (except T. boeoticum TA 202). The leaf chlorosis damage rating of all accessions were significantly lower than that of the susceptible check.
Impact of dopamine-glutamate interactions on striatal neuronal nitric oxide synthase activity

It is known that dopamine (DA) D1 receptor activation stimulates striatal nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, whereas D2 receptor activation produces the opposite effect. However, the mechanisms involved in the dopaminergic modulation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) are unknown. We hypothesized that the effects of DA on striatal NO signaling are dependent on ongoing glutamatergic activation of NOS. Therefore, the current study examined whether intact N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor activation is required for the dopaminergic modulation of NOS activity. We assessed the impact of pharmacological manipulations of D1, D2, and NMDA receptors on NOS activity in the dorsal striatum and motor cortex using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry. Drugs were administered systemically to conscious animals and NADPH-d staining was quantified in these regions using ex vivo measurements of tissue optical density. Administration of the neuronal NOS inhibitor N G-propyl-l-arginine (NPA), the D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390, and the NMDA receptor antagonist 3-phosphonopropyl-piperazine-2-carboxylic acid (CPP) all attenuated staining selectively in the striatum. Administration of the D2 receptor agonist quinpirole decreased NADPH-d staining in both the striatum and cortex. Striatal NADPH-d staining elicited by administration of the D1 receptor agonist SKF 81297 or the D2 receptor antagonist eticlopride was attenuated by NPA, SCH 23390, and CPP pretreatment. Quinpirole pretreatment also abolished the facilitatory effect of SKF 81297. These studies show for the first time that ongoing NMDA receptor activation is necessary for the modulation of striatal NOS activity by both facilitatory (D1 receptor activation) and inhibitory (D2 receptor activation) dopaminergic signaling mechanisms.
Salmonella transcriptional signature in Tetrahymena phagosomes and role of acid tolerance in passage through the protist

Salmonella enterica Typhimurium remains undigested in the food vacuoles of the common protist, Tetrahymena. Contrary to its interaction with Acanthamoeba spp., S. Typhimurium is not cytotoxic to Tetrahymena and is egested as viable cells in its fecal pellets. Through microarray gene expression profiling we investigated the factors in S. Typhimurium that are involved in its resistance to digestion by Tetrahymena. The transcriptome of S. Typhimurium in Tetrahymena phagosomes showed that 989 and 1282 genes were altered in expression compared with that in water and in LB culture medium, respectively. A great proportion of the upregulated genes have a role in anaerobic metabolism and the use of alternate electron acceptors. Many genes required for survival and replication within macrophages and human epithelial cells also had increased expression in Tetrahymena, including mgtC, one of the most highly induced genes in all three cells types. A ΔmgtC mutant of S. Typhimurium did not show decreased viability in Tetrahymena, but paradoxically, was egested at a higher cell density than the wild type. The expression of adiA and adiY, which are involved in arginine-dependent acid resistance, also was increased in the protozoan phagosome. A ΔadiAY mutant had lower viability after passage through Tetrahymena, and a higher proportion of S. Typhimurium wild-type cells within pellets remained viable after exposure to pH 3.4 as compared with uningested cells. Our results provide evidence that acid resistance has a role in the resistance of Salmonella to digestion by Tetrahymena and that passage through the protist confers physiological advantages relevant to its contamination cycle.
Three-Dimensional Fluid-Structure-Interaction Simulation of Tilting Disk Mechanical Heart Valve

The current computational effort will focus on the numerical analysis of current tiling disk MHVs. In this work an implicit fluid-structure-interaction (FSI) simulation of the Bjork-Shiley design was carried out using in-house codes implemented in the commercial code software FLUENT™. In-house codes in the form of journal files, schemes, and user-defined functions (UDFs) were integrated to automate the inner iterations and enable communication between the fluid and the moving disk at the interfaces. Based on the investigations of the current simulations, a new design aiming at improving the hemodynamic performance is suggested. Hemodynamics of the flow in current tilting-disk valves is compared with the suggested design and it is concluded that the suggested design has a better hemodynamic performance in terms of shear stress values and residence times.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Obstruent harmony and tonogenesis in Jabêm

Abstract This paper examines tonal phenomena and their origins in Jabem, an Austronesian language of Papua New Guinea. Capell (1949) suggested that Jabem tonal distinctions might reflect Proto-Austronesian (PAN) obstruent voicing contrasts. Dempwolff (1936) and Milke (1965) noted similar correlations between Jabem tones and obstruent voicing in other PNG Austronesian languages. This led them to suspect the presence of tone in those languages as well. New evidence from nontonal languages closely related to Jabem indicates that phonemic tone is a relatively recent and independent innovation of Jabem and its sister-language, Kawac, not a retention of ancestral tone. Tonal contrasts appear to derive from ancestral obstruent voicing contrasts (not in PAN but in some lower-order proto-language) in a manner quite similar to other unrelated cases of tonogenesis described by Haudricourt (1961), Matisoff (1973) and others. Finally, harmony and verb-conjugation class phenomena that Dempwolff (1939) and others considered to be tone-dependent are seen to derive from an unusual kind of obstruent harmony and obstruent-dependent conjugation classes.
On the variability of 18 Degree Water formation as observed from moored instruments at 55°W

Abstract The analysis of hydrographic time series from moored sensors from the eastern end of the Sargasso Sea has shown that in the late 1980s the Subtropical Mode Water was dominated by high temperatures. The 18 Degree Water observed during this period was warmer and saltier than the definition given by Worthington, with an increase in values over the observation period. Although severe winter conditions in 1988 led to the formation of colder types of 18 Degree Water at the eastern part of the Sargasso Sea, they were not incorporated in the subtropical gyre. Simultaneous current meter measurements indicated eastward flow within the “southern recirculation gyre” during spring that might have been responsible for the fact that these cold Mode Water types have not been entrained into the gyre. The meteorological forcing fields show considerable interannual variability that is, in part, mimicked by changes in the 18 Degree Water properties. Due to the strong influence of the advection field on the 18 Degree Water properties, the relationship between the surface forcing and 18 Degree Water properties remains qualitative. The continuing influence of further mild winters after 1989, however, is manifested in rising temperatures within the Mode Water range.
Rare Gas Pressure Broadening of the NO Fundamental Vibrational Band

Abstract Pressure broadening of rotational transitions in the nitric oxide fundamental band was studied using Fourier transform spectroscopy. Rotational level dependent broadening coefficients were determined for both the 2 Π 1/2 and 2 Π 3/2 substates at 300 K using the five noble gases as the broadening species. Pressure broadening coefficients were also determined for Q -branch transitions using Ar as the collision partner. This information was subsequently used to study the broadening of the Q -branch absorption lines at 900 Torr total pressure. The high-pressure spectra showed significant deviations from a simple fit using a sum of Lorentzians that indicated the possible effects of line coupling.
A mid-Permian chert event: widespread deposition of biogenic siliceous sediments in coastal, island arc and oceanic basins

Abstract Radiolarian and conodont of Permian siliceous rocks from twenty-three areas in teh the circum-Pacific and Mediterranean regions reveal a widespread Permian Chert Event during the middle Leonardian to Wordian. Radiolarian- and (or) sponge spicule-rich siliceous sediments accumulated beneath high productivity zones in coastal, island arc and oceanic basins. Most of these deposits now crop out in fault-bounded accreted terranes. Biogenic siliceous sediments did not accumulate in terranes lying beneath infertile waters including the marine sequences in terranes of northern and central Alaska. The Permian Chert Event is coeval with major phosphorite deposition along the western margin of Pangea (Phosphoria Formation and related deposits). A well-known analogue for this event is middle Miocene deposition of biogenic siliceous sediments beneath high productivity zones in many parts of the Pacific and concurrent deposition of phosphatic as well as siliceous sediments in basins along the coast of California. Interrelated factors associated with both the Miocene and Permian depositional events include plate reorientations, small sea-level rises and cool polar waters.
Antisaccades and Task Switching

: Executive functions allow us to respond flexibly rather than stereotypically to the environment. We examined two such functions, task switching and inhibition in the antisaccade paradigm, in two studies. One study involved 18 normal subjects; the other, 21 schizophrenic patients and 16 age-matched controls. Subjects performed blocks of randomly mixed prosaccades and antisaccades. Repeated trials were preceded by the same type of trial (i.e., an antisaccade following an antisaccade), and switched trials were preceded by a trial of the opposite type. We measured accuracy rate and latency as indices of processing costs. Whereas schizophrenic patients had a threefold increase in error rate for antisaccades compared to normals, the effect of task switching on their accuracy did not differ from that in normal subjects. Moreover, the accuracy rate of trials combining antisaccade and task switching was equivalent to a multiplication of the accuracy rates from trials in which each was done alone. Schizophrenic latencies were disproportionately increased for antisaccades, but again they were no different from normal subjects in the effect of task switching. In both groups the effect of task switching on antisaccades was a paradoxical latency reduction. We conclude that the executive dysfunction in schizophrenia is not generalized but selective, sparing task switching from exogenous cues, in which the switch is limited to a stimulus-response remapping. The accuracy data in both groups support independence of antisaccade and task-switching functions. The paradoxical task-switching benefit in antisaccadic latency effects challenges current models of task switching. It suggests either carryover inhibition by antisaccadic performance in the prior trial or facilitation of antisaccades by simultaneous performance of other cognitive operations.
Severe Fusobacteria infections (Lemierre syndrome) in two boys.

Abscess formation is a rare cause of febrile illness in childhood but always has to be considered in such clinical presentations. Belonging to the resident flora of the oropharyngeal region, Fusobacteria are known to cause local infections; from here they may extend to other sites via the bloodstream or are aspirated into the lung (Lemierre disease). We report on two boys with Lemierre disease due to infection by Fusobacteria in monoculture causing two different clinical phenotypes. Case 1 presented with a large subphrenic abscess and pneumonic infiltration of the right middle lobe. Primary focus of infection was periodontal disease. Case 2 presented with a life-threatening septicaemia due to a retropharyngeal abscess and perforated otitis media followed by osteomyelitis of the atlas and thrombosis of the left sigmoid sinus and internal jugular vein. Conclusion: Fusobacteria should be considered in any abscess formation in children. A thorough examination of the oropharyngeal region as a possible site of primary manifestation is mandatory.
Toward an Integrative Theoretical Perspective on Organizational Membership Negotiations: Socialization, Assimilation, and the Duality of Structure

In this article we argue that a component of structuration theory—the duality of structure—is a valuable heuristic for an integrative framework seeking to explain the role of communication in how membership is negotiated over time. The membership negotiations (MNs) perspective detailed here considers structural features of negotiation processes, while accounting for how active participation of newcomers and incumbents sustains and alters them. We offer a model of MNs and 18 propositions concerning how role expectations, group/organizational norms, formal structure, external and indirect sources of socialization, identification, power relationships, and member interaction are media for ongoing organizational MNs. Through these media, incumbents and newcomers interactively rely upon, sustain, and occasionally alter focal structures, practices, and the meanings of membership.
A numerical study of superfluid turbulence in the self-induction approximation

Abstract Two stable numerical methods are presented to solve the self-induction equation of vortex theory. These numerical methods are validated by comparison with known exact solutions. A new self-similar solution of the self-induction equation is presented and the approximate solutions are shown to converge to the exact solution for the self-similar solution. The numerical method is then generalized to solve the equations of motion of a superfluid vortex in the self-induction approximation where reconnection is allowed. A careful numerical study shows that the mesh spacing of the method must be restricted so that the approximate solutions are accurate. The line length density of a system of superfluid vortices is calculated. Contrary to earlier results it is found that the line length density produced does not scale as the velocity squared and therefore is not characteristic of homogeneous turbulence. It is concluded that the model equation used is inadequate to describe superfluid turbulence.
Liberian Age Province (about 2,700 m.y.)and Adjacent Provinces in Liberia and Sierra Leone

Whole-rock Rb-Sr dating of rocks from the crystalline basement has disclosed an age province in Liberia and Sierra Leone of about 2,700 m.y. The approximate eastern boundary of this province with the adjoining Eburnean age province of about 2,000 m.y. has been found in eastern Liberia. Much younger rocks of PanAfrican age (about 550 m.y.) bound the ancient province in Sierra Leone and western Liberia in a belt adjacent to the coast. Groups of infolded metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks have been tentatively identified as associated with two of these ages. The Kambui Schists of Sierra Leone show whole-rock Rb-Sr ages of about 2,700 m.y. The pelitic and iron-bearing metamorphic rocks in the Marampa Formation of Sierra Leone, and similar sections in the Nimba Range, Liberia, appear to be about 2,200 m.y. old, and may fall within the typical Eburnean age range. The age values are scattered, however, and the Nimba rocks may be equivalent t o the Kambui. The Kasila Group of Sierra Leone, and a coastal belt in Liberia believed to be a continuation of the Kasila, yield typical PanAfrican ages of about 550 m.y.
Realization of a novel on-site coding digital beamformer using FPGAs

Ultra-wideband (UWB) systems with digital beam forming are essential to realizing cognitive and software defined radios. Concurrently, advances in digital signal processing hardware and algorithms have allowed for increased data rate handling, large memory blocks, and adaptivity. Therefore, these digital back-ends have drastically reduced the complexity of digital beamforming. Consequently, techniques such as monopulsing, multiple beams and null steering can be employed for phased arrays and MIMO based antennas. Even more important is the realization of beam forming across large, nearly 10:1, bandwidths as is the case here.
Remarks on uncertainty assessment and management in modeling and computation

We discuss questions related to uncertainty in scientific computations for mathematical models. A computationally tractable probabilistic framework to treat uncertainty in the estimation of parameters or inverse problems is given. The theory is illustrated by a simple computational example for the estimation of constant parameters in differential equations by treating the parameters as random variables.
Identification of phosphate groups important to self-splicing of the Tetrahymena rRNA intron as determined by phosphorothioate substitution

The group I intron from the rRNA precursor of Tetrahymena undergoes self-splicing. The intron RNA catalyst contains about 400 phosphate groups. Their role in catalysis has been investigated using phosphorothioate substituted RNA. In such RNA one of the peripheral oxygens of the phosphodiesters is replaced with sulfur. Incorporation of adenosine 5' phosphorothioate in either the 5' or 3' half of the ribozyme blocked splicing whereas incorporation of uridine 5' phosphorothioate only blocked splicing if the substitution was in the 3' half of the molecule. Modification-interference assays located two major and three minor inhibitory phosphorothioate substitutions suggesting that the corresponding phosphates play a significant role in self-splicing. These are all located in the most highly conserved region of the intron.
RENESTING DECISIONS AND ANNUAL FECUNDITY OF FEMALE DICKCISSELS (SPIZA AMERICANA) IN ILLINOIS

Abstract Renesting decisions and annual fecundity are crucial for interpreting other demographic information, yet are infrequently reported. We used radiotelemetry to monitor female Dickcissels (Spiza americana) throughout the 1999 and 2000 breeding seasons in southeastern Illinois. Overall fecundity (regardless of whether females remained in the study area throughout the breeding season) was 0.61 ± 0.13 female fledglings per year. Of females that remained within the study area, 94% fledged young (1.25 ± 0.15 female fledglings per year). Most females (62%) that experienced nest failure emigrated from the study area (moved >10 km) in 2.8 ± 0.6 days; others (36%) initiated subsequent nests in 8.5 ± 0.8 days. After fledging ≥1 young, 95% of females ceased breeding for the season. Successful and failed nest sites were indistinguishable on the basis of vegetative characteristics. Moreover, replacement nests had similar vegetative characteristics and were similar distances from habitat edges, compared with init...
New Strategies in Prostate Cancer: Translating Genomics into the Clinic

With the rapidly developing use of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies, there has been a surge in our knowledge of the genomic landscape of prostate cancer and a movement towards developing a molecular sub-classification system for the disease. With this new understanding comes enormous clinical potential, both for the development of biomarkers and new therapeutic targets. Herein, we highlight the potential clinical utility of recent discoveries and how they fit in to our current paradigm. We describe the challenges that lie ahead as we move genomic sequencing towards routine clinical practice and adopt precision cancer care for prostate cancer patients.