cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Principal series representations of finite Chevalley groups

Let B be a Bore1 subgroup of the finite Chevalley group G. Then B = TU where T is a split torus and U is a maximal unipotent subgroup of G. Each complex character h of T can be extended to a linear character h, of B defined by h,(tzc) = h(t), t E T, u E U. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the structure of the generalized Hecke algebra (centralizer ring) H(G, B, A) of the induced representation heG, and to discuss the splitting of hBG into its irreducible constituents which are called the principal series of G. Section 1 contains the notation and standard results about Chevalley groups which are needed for the rest of this paper. Most of these facts can be found in Chevalley [7]. In Section 2 we show, using a result of Springer and Steinberg [24], that the centralizer WA of h in the Weyl group W of G relative to T is always a reflection subgroup of G. Section 3 contains some results of a general nature about reflection subgroups of Weyl groups. In particular we show that a distinguished set of generators 1,\ can be chosen for WA , making (lV,, , IA) a Coxeter system. The special properties of In are then exploited in Section 4 to prove the main structure theorem (4.17) which states that H(G, B, A) has a natural presentation, as an associative algebra with identity, which is identical to the presentation given in Curtis et al. [ll] for the specialization at t --j q of the generic ring A(W, , I, , t) of the Coxeter system (WA , IA). This structure theorem essentially reduces the problem of the study of the irreducible constituents of XBG to the special case when X = 1, , the principal character of T, and in Section 5 it is shown how this can be done. The special case hBG = 1,G has been studied extensively in [l-4, 11, 191, and most of these results are generalized to hBG in Section 5. In particular we show that there is a l-l correspondence between the set of all irreducible characters 5 of WA and the set of all irreducible constituents x6 of &o. The degree of each xc is given generically by a polynomial which depends only upon WA and < and which is
New research avenues in toxicology: 7-gas N-gas model, toxicant suppressants, and genetic toxicology

Three research areas -- a 7-gas N-Gas Model, toxicant suppressants, and genetic toxicology -- are presented as new research approaches in toxicology. The current 6-gas N-Gas Model predicts the toxic potency of the combustion products of materials based on the toxicological interactions of the fire gases carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), low oxygen (O2) concentrations, hydrogen cyanide (HCN), hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen bromide. The present research includes nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in a new 7-gas model which incorporates the synergistic effects of NO2 and CO2, the antagonistic effects of NO2 and HCN, and the additive effects of NO2 with CO and low O2. The area of toxicant suppressants concerns chemicals, which when added to a material, will inhibit or reduce the concentration of a specific toxic gas normally generated during thermal decomposition of that material. The effectiveness of this approach was demonstrated at the US National Institute of Standards and Technology when HCN generation was reduced by 90% and the resultant toxicity of the combustion products was lowered by 50% when a flexible polyurethane (FPU) foam was treated with 0.1% (by weight) cuprous oxide (Cu2O). Although melamine-treated FPU foams are being promoted as more fire safe than standard foams, a melamine-treated foam generated 10 times more HCN than a foam without melamine. The addition of Cu2O to this melamine foam also reduced the HCN generation by 90%. The genetic toxicology research entails the examination of DNA damage that results from the exposure of human cells to various environmental toxicants and gases.
Game theory analyses applied to water resource problems

Abstract Most economists are more or less familar with game theory † still, applications of game theory have been limited, for the most part, to: the operations research literature on war games ‡ (including differential or pursuit games); § Some scattered works on bargaining, labor negotiations, ¶ etc. and finally some recent literature on game theory applied to water resource problems of various sorts. It is this latter category which will be subject of this paper. Our concern is with the theory of cooperative games involving two or more actors. The practical problem dealt with is how to apportion “fairly” the reduced costs and increased benefits which arise when individual actors band together in order to reap the gains of collective action. The study of these problems is of considerable potential imporance as most of the larger water resource development projects are collective endeavors. Furthermore, a large proportion of waste treatment projects involve at least two major actors. In addition, in the last several years many water resource development situations have attracted the attention of a third party in the form of the Environmental Protection Agency (and/or its cousins on the State/Regional level; e.g. the Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Boards in California). This intervention opens up a range of new bargaining outcomes wherein standard-setting government agencies allot themselves a share of the benefits of cooperation which would normally have accrued solely to the local participants. ∥ In the first section below we give a brief description of cooperative games. In the second section we use simplified, though likely, scenarios to illustrate the concepts we have developed, along with some of the pitfalls and complexities involved in even the simplest situations. In the final section we outline four real world situations where cooperative game theory has provided a useful framework for analysis.
Splenic tumour: a clinicopathological study

Summary Splenic tumours are occasionally found during routine physical check-ups or elective abdominal image studies. Histologically, most splenic tumours are of benign vascular origin. To avoid unnecessary surgery for asymptomatic patients with benign splenic tumours and clarify the clinicopathological features of spleen tumours, this study gathered 44 cases of primary or isolated metastatic spleen tumours confirmed by pathology from surgery specimens or biopsies. The differences of clinicopathological features and image presentations between benign and malignant spleen tumour were investigated. Thirty-two cases involved benign tumours while 12 cases were malignant. Among the benign tumours, vascular originating tumours were most common (with 14 cases of cavernous haemangiomas, 13 cases of lymphangioma, three cases of lymphangiohaemangioma and one case of Littoral cell angioma). Notably, one case of inflammatory pseudotumour because of Schistosoma parasite infection was also noted. Among the malignant tumours, there were four cases of angiosarcomas with vascular endothelium origins, as well as lymphomas and six metastatic tumours. Image studies were non-specific. Image study alone is an inadequate basis for making differential diagnoses between benign and malignant tumours. Instead, pathological studies are required for a final diagnosis. By previous studies and this investigation, fine needle aspiration biopsy of spleen tumours with the help of ultrasonic or computed tomography appears a safe and effective method for getting biopsy specimens. Splenectomy is recommended only for patients with malignancies or complications such as intractable abdominal pain, coagulopathy or tumour rupture with an unstable haemodynamic state.
Effect of Hardness on the Surface Integrity of AISI 4340 Steel

The effect of hardness on the residual stress in the machined surface of AISI 4340 steel was studied. Chips produced during the machining also were examined and the surface structure was investigated using optical microscope and scanning transmission microscope. Reflection electron diffraction study revealed the existence of austenite in the white layer of the machined surface together with untempered martensite. The residual stress near the machined surface or hardened steel is a compressive stress, and it changes to tensile stress as the hardness decreases. Chip segmentation was observed when steel with hardness of over Rc 50 was machined.
Modulation of Perforin, Granzyme A, and Granzyme B in Murine Natural Killer (NK), IL2 Stimulated NK, and Lymphokine-Activated Killer Cells by Alcohol Consumption

Alcohol consumption in mice suppresses the cytolytic activity of natural killer (NK) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells through unknown mechanisms. Herein, we found that alcohol consumption decreased target cell-induced release of granzyme A activity in freshly isolated splenic NK cells, in NK cells stimulated for 18 h with 1000 IU/ml of interleukin 2, and in LAK cells. The total activity and protein expression of granzymes A and B also were lower in these cells than in cells isolated from water-drinking mice. Interleukin 2 increased granzyme A protein expression independent of alcohol consumption; however, this increase was associated with decreased enzyme activity. In contrast, granzyme B protein expression and enzymatic activity increased in response to interleukin 2. Perforin activity and protein expression were reduced in LAK cells generated from alcohol-consuming mice. We conclude that the mechanism underlying the suppression of NK and LAK cytolytic activity by alcohol consumption involves the collective reduction of target-induced release, activity, and expression of perforin and granular proteases.
CHARACTERISTICS AND MIGRATION EXPERIENCE OF AFRICANS IN CANADA WITH SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO GHANAIANS IN GREATER TORONTO

While the migration of Africans is an age-old phenomenon, the most documented aspect has been rural-urban migration. Better life chances in the urban areas, compared with the rural areas compel the young and energetic rural people to migrate to the cities even if their chances of finding decent jobs are slim. In recent times, however, deteriorating national socio-economic and political conditions have made living conditions in African towns and cities as precarious as is in the countryside, and consequently the migrants' dream of better lives in the cities most often proves to be a mirage. These conditions and the increasing desire to make better lives for themselves have precipitated international migration among Africans. This paper argues that the unprecedented international migration among Africans should be seen as an extension of the rural-urban migration in quest for better opportunities. A sample of 149 Ghanaian immigrants in the Greater Toronto area was surveyed through a questionnaire. It appears that for most of them, their arrival in Canada has completed a series of step-wise moves which may have started from their home towns via the regional cities to the national capital and across the borders to a number of countries before arriving in Canada. The paper demonstrates, among other things, that stepwise migration characterizes the Ghanaian migration experience at both local and international levels. Bien que la migration des Africains soit un phenomene ancien, l'aspect le plus documente a ete la migration rurale-urbaine. Les meilleures chances de vie dans les regions urbaines, comparees avec regions rurales incitent les jeunes personnes energiques des milieux ruraux a migrer aux villes, meme s'il y a peu de chances que ces personnes trouvent des emplois de qualite. Ces dernieres annees, cependant, la degradation des conditions socio-economiques et politiques nationales ont rendu les conditions de vie de villages et des grandes villes africaines aussi precaires qu'a la campagne, et par consequent, le reve d'une meilleure vie s'avere, la plupart du temps, un mirage. Ces condiitions et le desir grandissant d'une vie meilleure ont accelere la migration internationale chez les Africains. Cet article soutient que la migration internationale sans precedent chez les Africains devrait etre vue comme un prolongement de la migration rurale-urbaine en quete des meilleures chances. On a fait une enquete d'un echantillon de 149 immigres Ghaneens dans la region de Toronto par questionnaire. II semble que, pour la plupart d'entre eux, leur arrivee au Canada ait termine une serie de mouvements graduels: de leurs villes natales via les villes regionales a la capitale nationale et, a travers les frontieres, a beaucoup d'autres pays avant d'arriver au Canada. L'article demontre, entre autres choses, que la migration graduelle caracterise l'experience au niveaux local et international.
Comparison of peripheral dose from image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) using kV cone beam CT to intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)

Abstract Purpose The growing use of IMRT with volumetric kilovoltage cone-beam computed tomography (kV-CBCT) for IGRT has increased concerns over the additional (typically unaccounted) radiation dose associated with the procedures. Published data quantify the in-field dose of IGRT and the peripheral dose from IMRT. This study adds to the data on dose outside the target area by measuring peripheral CBCT dose and comparing it with out-of-field IMRT dose. Materials and methods Measurements of the CBCT peripheral dose were made in an anthropomorphic phantom with TLDs and were compared to peripheral dose measurements for prostate IMRT, determined with MOSFET detectors. Results Doses above 1cGy (per scan) were found outside the CBCT imaged volume, with 0.2cGy at 25 cm from the central axis. IMRT peripheral dose was 1cGy at 20 cm and 0.4cGy at 25 cm (per fraction). Conclusions An appreciable dose can be found beyond the edge of the IGRT field; of similar order of magnitude as peripheral dose from IMRT (mGy), and approximately half the dose delivered to the same point from the IMRT treatment (0.2cGy c.f. 0.4cGy 25 cm from the isocenter). This shows that peripheral dose, as well as the in-field dose from CBCT, needs to be taken into account when considering long term care of radiation oncology patients.
Towards the Development of Coarse Grained Multibody Force Fields: A Theoretical Perspective

Force fields are a computational tool commonly used for a variety of biophysical studies, ranging from structural to dynamic explorations of proteins and nucleic acids. To increase the accessible time scales of those biophysical simulations researchers have recently moved towards structural abstraction or “coarse-graining” the systems being studied. However, the process of coarse graining necessarily excludes potentially relevant information from an atomic-level representation. The idea of reintroducing this information back into coarse-grained representation has been explored in a limited sense with the advent of specialized multibody terms to simulate secondary structures such as β-sheets. We here present initial efforts towards developing a generalized statistics-based multibody force field for the coarse grained simulation of biomolecules. In this offering, we describe a statistical exploration of protein structures from the PDB using an information theoretic perspective. We analyze our findings using comparisons to simple theoretical models, such as particles in a box, and protein folding on a grid.
Effects of fluorescamine labeling on mitochondrial ATPase activity

Abstract Fluorescamine labeling of rat liver mitochondria enhances the ATPase activity. It reached maximum stimulation when mitochondria were treated with 30–34 nmol fluorescamine per mg of mitochondrial protein. This stimulation is inhibited by N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The maximum stimulation caused by labeling is the same as that obtained from uncoupler with optimum concentration. The chemiosmotic potential (Δμ H + ) decreases as the labeling increased. However, Δμ H + is not abolished completely even when ATPase activity reaches a maximum. The results suggest that primary amino groups may be involved in controlling mitochondrial ATPase activity.
Neonatal Apnea: What's New?

Apnea of prematurity (AOP) remains a major clinical problem in present day neonatology that warrants frequent evaluations and imposes challenges in therapeutic strategies. Although the pathogenesis of AOP is poorly understood, it is probably a manifestation of physiologic immaturity of breathing control rather than a pathologic disorder. Immature breathing responses to hypoxia, hypercapnia and exaggerated inhibitory pulmonary reflexes in preterm infants might also contribute to the occurrence or severity of AOP. Recent data suggest a role for genetic predisposition. Although typically resolve with maturation, the role of bradycardia and desaturation episodes associated with AOP in the development of sleep disorder breathing and neurodevelopmental delay needs further clarification. Pharmacological treatment with methylxanthines and CPAP remain the mainstay for treatment of AOP. However, recent studies have implicated central inhibitory neuromodulators including prostaglandins, GABA and adenosine in its pathogenesis, the fact that might provide future specific targets for treatment. This review will summarize new insights involving these issues as well as others involving the pathogenesis, treatment strategies and consequences of apnea in premature infants.
Myostatin is increased and complexes with amyloid-β within sporadic inclusion-body myositis muscle fibers

Myostatin is a negative regulator of muscle mass and strength. Sporadic inclusion-body myositis (s-IBM) is the most common degenerative muscle disease of older persons and is characterized by pronounced muscle wasting. s-IBM is of unknown etiology and pathogenesis, and it lacks definitive treatment. We have now demonstrated in samples from 12 s-IBM biopsies that: (1) by light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry, myostatin/myostatin precursor is accumulated within muscle fibers and co-localized with amyloid-β (Aβ); (2) by immunoblots, both myostatin and myostatin precursor are increased; and (3) by immunoprecipitation, myostatin precursor complexes with Aβ. Our study suggests that myostatin/myostatin precursor, either alone, or bound to Aβ, may play a novel role in the pathogenesis of s-IBM.
Stimulation of Pituitary Thyrotropin Synthesis and Release by Hypothalamic Extract1

Rat pituitary was cultured for 4, 6 or 9 days at 37 C, and rat hypothalamic or cerebral cortical extract was added to the medium after 1, 3 or 6 days of culture. TSH was assayed by the McKenzie method. Release of TSH into the medium by pituitary exposed to rat cerebral cortical extract (Control) fell to very low levels after the first 3 days of culture. When rat hypothalamic extract was incorporated into the medium at the end of 3 or 6 days of culture, output of TSH by the pituitary for the following 3 days increased to levels equal to or exceeding those of the first 3 days. The total amount of TSH removed from the medium and pituitary explants cultured with hypothalamic extract for 4 or 6 days was 50–97 % greater than found initially in fresh rat pituitary. These results indicate that a rat hypothalamic extract can increase synthesis as well as release of TSH by the rat pituitary in vitro. (Endocrinology 78: 1002, 1966)
High trait self-control predicts positive health behaviors and success in weight loss

Surprisingly few studies have explored the intuitive connection between self-control and weight loss. We tracked participants’ diet, exercise and weight loss during a 12-week weight loss program. Participants higher in self-control weighed less and reported exercising more than their lower self-control counterparts at baseline. Independent of baseline differences, individuals high in dispositional self-control ate fewer calories overall and fewer calories from fat, burned marginally more calories through exercise, and lost more weight during the program than did those lower in self-control. These data suggest that trait self-control is, indeed, an important predictor of health behaviors.
Language And Adolescent Peer Groups

This article focuses on the use of linguistic resources from the perspective of the creation and maintenance of adolescent groups and categories, and specifically on the use of aspects of verbal style in the creation and maintenance of distinctiveness. It explores the use of a variety of types of linguistic resources, phonological and grammatical variation, lexical innovation, language crossing, and interactive style. It shows how oppositions with which the group defines itself generally also serve as organizing principles within the group, accounting not only for intergroup but for intragroup differences in language use.
Religion and Disability: The Experiences of Families of Children with Special Needs

This investigation examined experiences of families of children with disabilities in their spiritual communities. Using the Spiritual Community Experiences Inventory, parents rated importance of and satisfaction with clergy, various religious activities, and support received from clergy and spiritual community members. Families reported that participation in religious activities and support from clergy and members were important. Moreover, families were highly satisfied with these activities and support. As predicted, a significant relationship was found between frequency of attendance, amount of support, and satisfaction with activities and support. Only in the case of formal ceremonies was the frequency/satisfaction relationship not significant.
Enhanced mycobacterium tuberculosis direct test for detection of M. tuberculosis complex in positive ESP II broth cultures of nonrespiratory specimens.

Abstract The reliability of the Gen-Probe enhanced Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Direct Test (E-MTD) for identification of M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) in ESP II broth cultures of nonrespiratory specimens was evaluated by testing aliquots from 262 signal-positive bottles. Cultures of blood were excluded from analysis because of the high rate (13/18 [72.2%]) of equivocal results for aliquots from cultures that were negative for MTBC. E-MTD results were compared to those obtained by usual laboratory protocol, whereby MTBC was identified by DNA probe (Gen-Probe, Inc.), testing colonies on a solid medium. For the first 112 cultures, from which 34 mycobacteria (including 8 MTBC) were recovered, both fresh and frozen aliquots were tested. E-MTD results on both fresh and frozen aliquots agreed with identification by usual protocol in all cases; so for the remaining 150 cultures, only frozen aliquots were tested. Of the total 262 ESP II cultures (158 patients) evaluated, 60 (22.9%) grew mycobacteria, including 17 MTBC. Of these 17 aliquots, 16 were E-MTD positive, as was one culture that was negative for mycobacteria. The latter culture was from a patient who had a specimen collected the following day from which MTBC was isolated; therefore, the E-MTD result was considered a true positive. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of E-MTD were 94.1, 100, 100, and 99.6%, respectively. The mean times (± SEM) from specimen receipt to identification of MTBC were 17 (±2) days (range, 5–30 days) for ESP II plus E-MTD and 19 (±1) days (range, 6–28 days) for the usual protocol (Student's t test, P , not significant). These data indicate that the performance of E-MTD for identification of MTBC in fresh or frozen aliquots of broth from positive ESP II cultures of nonrespiratory specimens, excluding blood, is excellent. However, because the E-MTD did not significantly reduce time to identification of MTBC in these cultures, limiting testing to those types of specimens most likely to yield MTBC is reasonable.
Scattering of acoustic waves in irregular layered media: full wave solutions

Abstract A full wave approach is used to derive the complete expressions for the acoustic waves excited by line sources in irregular layered media. It is assumed that the height of the interface between the stratified media, the adiabatic bulk modulus, the equilibrium density, and the absorption of the media vary along the path of propagation. The acoustic pressure and velocity are represented completely in terms of their generalized Fourier transforms, and exact boundary conditions are imposed at the irregular interface. The equations of continuity and force are converted into rigorous first-order coupled differential equations for the forward- and backward-scattered wave amplitudes. The equations for the wave amplitudes are solved iteratively to account for the singly scattered far fields.
Ostwald Ripening of Hydrocarbon Emulsion Droplets in Surfactant Solutions

Ultrasonic attenuation spectra (1−150 MHz) of a series of 5 wt % oil-in-water emulsions containing hydrocarbon droplets (n-decane, n-dodecane, n-tetradecane, n-hexadecane, n-octadecane) stabilized by various surfactants (Brij 35, Tween 20, SDS, Triton X-100) were measured as a function of time. Droplet size distributions were calculated from attenuation spectra using ultrasonic scattering theory. Changes in droplet size distribution were also measured by static light scattering on the same emulsions after dilution (<0.01 wt %). Ostwald ripening rates were determined from the time-dependence of the mean droplet size using the Lifshitz−Slyozov−Wagner theory. Ultrasonic spectroscopy was more sensitive to small changes in droplet size than light scattering and could be used to analyze emulsions containing smaller droplets (d < 100 nm). Ripening rates decreased exponentially as the molar volume of hydrocarbon increased. They also depended on the type of surfactant used to stabilize the emulsions, decreasing in...
Near-wall measurements in a three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer

An experiment was performed to measure near-wall velocity and Reynolds stress profiles in a pressure-driven three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer. An initially two-dimensional boundary layer (Reθ≈4000) was exposed to a strong spanwise pressure gradient. At the furthest downstream measurement locations there was also a fairly strong favourable streamwise pressure gradient. Measurements were made using a specially designed near-wall laser-Doppler anemometer (LDA), in addition to conventional methods. The LDA used short focal length optics, a mirror probe suspended in the flow, and side-scatter collection to achieve a measuring volume 35 μm in diameter and approximately 65 μm long. The data presented include mean velocity measurements and Reynolds stresses, all extending well below y+=10, at several profile locations. Terms of the turbulent kinetic energy transport equation are presented at two profile locations. The mean flow is nearly collateral (i.e. W is proportional to U) at the wall. Turbulent kinetic energy is mildly suppressed in the near-wall region and the shear stress components are strongly affected by three-dimensionality. As a result, the ratio of shear stress to turbulent kinetic energy is suppressed throughout most of the boundary layer. The angles of stress and strain are misaligned, except very near the wall (around y+=10) where the angles nearly coincide with the mean flow angle. Three-dimensionality appears to mildly reduce the production of turbulent kinetic energy.
Evaluation of an ex vivo model implication for carrier-mediated retinal drug delivery.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the implication of an ex vivo model for carrier-mediated retinal drug delivery using an Ussing chamber system. Methods: Dutch Belted Pigmented rabbits weighing 2–2.5 kg were used in these studies. Excised posterior segment tissues (RPE-choroid-sclera and sclera), mounted on the Ussing chamber, were used as an ex vivo model. Transport studies were carried out across sclera and RPE-choroid-sclera (RCS) tissue preparations in the sclera to retina (S → R) and retina to sclera (R → S) directions for 3 hr at 37°C. The model was validated by permeability studies with paracellular and transcellular markers ([H]mannitol and [C]diazepam, respectively), tissue viability studies (bioelectrical and biochemical assays), and tissue histology and electron microscopy studies. Functional presence of a carrier-mediated transport system for folic acid (folate receptor alpha) was investigated on the basolateral side of the rabbit retina. Results: Results from bioelectrical, b...
Orphanin FQ produces gender-specific modulation of trigeminal nociception: behavioral and electrophysiological observations.

Abstract The present study aimed to determine if orphanin FQ, an endogenous ligand for the opioid receptor like-1 receptor, produces gender-specific effects in the modulation of N -methyl- D -aspartate (NMDA)-evoked responses of trigeminal nociceptive neurons, and in the NMDA-induced nociceptive behavior. Single-unit extracellular recordings were made from nociceptive-specific and wide dynamic range neurons in the superficial and deeper dorsal horn of the medulla (trigeminal nucleus caudalis) in anesthetized (1.5 g/kg urethane) rats. In the proestrous female, orphanin FQ applied microiontophoretically produced facilitation of the NMDA-evoked responses in 50% (16/32) of nociceptive neurons, inhibition in 31% (10/32), and biphasic effects in 19% (6/32). In contrast, in the male, it inhibited the responses in 86% (18/21), and facilitated the responses in 14% (4/21). In ovariectomized animals, orphanin FQ inhibited the responses in 75% (9/12) of nociceptive neurons, facilitated the responses in 17% (2/12) and produced biphasic effects in 8% (1/12). In contrast, in estradiol-treated ovariectomized rats, it facilitated the responses in 46% (5/11), inhibited the responses in 36% (4/11) and produced biphasic effects in 18% (2/11). For behavioral studies, NMDA-induced scratching behavior was used to assess the effects of orphanin FQ. Twenty-eight male, ovariectomized and estradiol-treated ovariectomized rats were microinjected with NMDA (2 nmol in 10 μl) alone through a cannula implanted in the medullary region, while another 27 rats were microinjected with orphanin FQ (10 nmol in 10 μl) 10 min prior to giving NMDA. Orphanin FQ reduced the NMDA-induced nociceptive scratching behavior by 92% in the male, and by 96% in ovariectomized rats. In contrast, in estradiol-treated ovariectomized animals, orphanin FQ facilitated the NMDA-induced scratching behavior by 210%. We conclude from these studies that orphanin FQ is primarily pronociceptive in the female and primarily antinociceptive in the male. Furthermore, we suggest that estrogen is involved in generating the gender-specific effects of orphanin FQ.
Dislocation Activity Under Nanoscale Contacts Prior to Discontinuous Yield

In nanoindentation, when stresses near the theoretical strength are reached, it is commonly assumed that the volume tested is dislocation free. This study examines the case where permanent deformation occurs prior to an apparent yield point. Force-modulated creep and quasi-static (QS) nanoindentation tests were conducted on Co, W, Ir, and Pt. Statistical comparisons show that the percentage of tests displaying creep correlates with the percentage of QS tests displaying plasticity prior to pop-in. This is evident that apparent plastic behavior prior to pop-in is due to dislocation motion, and permanent deformation can and does occur at extremely small indenter displacements before pop-in.
Conformations of cis‐ and trans‐2, 3‐methanomethionine stereoisomers in the tripeptide mimic system Ac{cyclo‐M}NHiPr

Quenched molecular dynamics (QMD) was used to simulate low-energy conformers of the tripeptide mimics Ac?cyclo-Met?NHiPr, where the 2.3-methanomethionine is the cis-derivative (2R,3S)-cyclo-Met and the trans-derivative (2R,3R)-cyclo-Met. Variations of the favored omicron, upsilon values. and differences between the simulated preferred conformations for the two structures, were rationalized and discussed. Physical data for the cis-derivative (NMR, CD and FT-IR) gave no conclusive evidence for any preferred conformation. However for the trans-derivative, Ac?(2R,3R)-cyclo-Met?NHiPr, the physical data suggests that a conformer with partial helical structure is favored. This work provides details of how the rigidly constrained side chain and cyclopropane of 2,3-methanoamino acids can be used to manipulate phi, psi values in a logical fashion.
Information and Communications Technology for Development (ICT4D) - A Design Challenge?

In this paper, we make the case that ICT projects in the developed and developing world often lead to partial or total failures due to the incomplete assessment of the problem being solved and the metrics used to evaluate solutions. While in the developed world the success of ICT solutions are often determined by the market, with available infrastructure and market mechanisms, in the developing world this ecosystem does not exist thus requiring an understanding of the ecosystem in which ICT solutions are to be applied. Using literature from the design space, and experiences in ICT for development, we elaborate the dimensions of design such as incorporation of stakeholders, incentive structures, and design participation that are critical to successful deployment. We examine some successes and failures in product/solution development in the ICT area to identify the dimensions of good design incorporated by these products and services. With the perspective that ICT for sustainable development issues are ill-structured and "wicked problems" that have to incorporate all the defined dimensions of design, we propose a model of product and service identification and development that is based on insights from asynchronous computational agent problem solving. We claim that new methods such as the one proposed need to be identified, developed and tested for their effectiveness in the development of products and services that satisfy the needs of human development.
Longevity of Donor Serum

Purpose: To determine the viability of long-term, stored serum, which is used in human in vitro production as a source of energy substrates, amino acids, vitamins, growth factors, and other nutrients. Method: Two-cell mouse embryos were used in this prospective, cohort study. Serum stored for 1-, 5-, 10-, and 12-year intervals was subjected to four replications of mouse-embryo testing. Result(s): There were no significant differences in blastocyst rates between any of the replicates by year (80–100% blastocyst rate; P > 00.1) or between pooled replicate means by time period. Conclusion(s): Serum may be frozen up to 12 years.
Some observations on the effects of time curtailing on the parameters of decaying exponentials fitted to biomedical data.

Abstract Digital-computer methods allow for resolution of certain experimental response curves versus time into a sum of exponentials without prolonging the actual experiment until a straight-line part of the curve appears. This report indicates that mean parameter values (exponential coefficients and factors) for exponential fittings to experimental curves of 22Na outflow from squirrel monkey brain biopsies undergo no statistically significant difference when the points belonging to the second half-hour of the experiment were not used. This result might be extended to other sets of experimental data. Some practical implications of this finding are: (a) economy in time for the recording of experimental data, (b) better survival possibilities for biological tissues kept under precarious conditions, (c) reassurance for records which could not be carried out to completion.
Investment Fund Money and the Reproduction of Capitalism: A Marxian Approach

Investment fund money is a particular form of credit money whose nominal value is linked to the market prices of the assets held by mutual investment funds. The present paper argues — contrary to some neoclassical theorists — that investment fund money cannot (by itself) provide an adequate monetary basis for the reproduction of capitalism. The argument is based on the role of a medium of circulation of credible exchange value in the processes by which a credit crisis creates conditions for an eventual renewal of capital accumulation.
Photophysical and ab Initio Studies of Mononuclear Copper(I) Complexes

Described are the photophysical properties of the mononuclear copper(I) complexes CuL4+ (L = pyridine (py), 4-methylpyridine, 4-phenylpyridine, or acetonitrile), Cu(lut)3+ (lut = 2,6-lutidine), and Cu(lut)2+. Each of these compounds as their solid PF6- salts display a relatively long-lived (>1 μs), visible range emission at both ambient temperature and at 77 K but not in fluid solutions. Also reported are the results for ab initio calculations at the restricted Hartree−Fock self-consistent field level to probe the natures of lower energy excited states of the hypothetical species CuLn+ (L = NH3, CH3CN, or py; n = 1−4). These results point to an assignment of the lowest energy, luminactive excited states as being largely metal centered, d → s in character for each of the above complexes with the possible exception of the CuL4+ species where L is py or a substituted analogue. In the case of Cu(py)4+ the ab initio calculations indicate a metal-to-ligand charge transfer to be the lowest energy Franck−Condon s...
Diffraction and imaging from a beam of laser-aligned proteins: resolution limits.

The effect of the limited alignment of hydrated molecules is considered in a laser-aligned molecular beam, on diffraction patterns taken from the beam. Simulated patterns for a protein beam are inverted using the Fienup–Gerchberg–Saxton phasing algorithm, and the effect of limited alignment on the resolution of the resulting potential maps is studied. For a typical protein molecule (lysozyme) with anisotropic polarizability, it is found that up to 1 kW of continuous-wave near-infrared laser power (depending on dielectric constant), together with cooling to liquid-nitrogen temperatures, may be needed to produce sufficiently accurate alignment for direct observation of the secondary structure of proteins in the reconstructed potential or charge-density map. For a typical virus (TMV), a 50 W continuous-wave laser is adequate for subnanometre resolution at room temperature. The dependence of resolution on laser power, temperature, molecular size, shape and dielectric constant is analyzed.
Are solutions of almost radial nonlinear elliptic equations almost radial

In this paper we study the radial properties and asymptotic behavior of solutions of the problem {Delta}u = f(x,u) lim u(x) = {infinity} {vert_bar}x{vert_bar} {yields} {infinity} where f(x,u) is continuous and positive for u > 0 and x {element_of} {Omega} = R{sup n} - {Beta}. Here {Beta} is an open ball with center at the origin and n {ge} 3. We also assume for some {gamma} > 1 that f(x,u)/u{sup {gamma}} {yields} {infinity} as u {yields} {infinity} pointwise in x for {vert_bar}x{vert_bar} sufficiently large. We do not require solutions of (1.1a,b) to be defined for all x in {Omega}, but rather only for {vert_bar}x{vert_bar} sufficiently large. 20 refs.
Clinical experience with rapid 2DFT SSFP imaging at low field strength

A retrospective analysis of clinical imaging using 2DFT SSFP at 0.14 T is presented. The technique's potential for tissue characterization and its utility for clinical diagnosis were tested by both in vitro measurements of various tissues and in vivo clinical images. Different pulse angles not only influenced image contrast, but also helped characterize lesions, particularly those containing fat. In addition, the pulse angle changed the signal from venous flow perpendicular to the imaged slice. The slow flow sensitivity of the 2DFT SSFP technique was demonstrated in the detection of CSF motion. Rapid SSFP offers flow sensitivity and adequate lesion detecting ability, along with high patient throughput.
Lung carcinoma after radiation therapy in women treated with lumpectomy or mastectomy for primary breast carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Prior studies have demonstrated that women who receive adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) after mastectomy for breast carcinoma have an increased risk of a second primary lung carcinoma after 10 years, but, to the authors' knowledge, the risk associated with adjuvant RT after breast-conserving surgery (lumpectomy) has yet to be determined. The purpose of the current study was to confirm and extend earlier findings of the effects of postmastectomy RT on second primary lung carcinoma and to investigate the impact of postlumpectomy RT on second primary lung carcinoma in the same population and to compare the results. METHODS The authors used data from the population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program of the U.S. National Cancer Institute, encompassing approximately 10% of the U.S. population, from 1973 to 1998. Of the women with nonmetastatic invasive breast carcinoma, 194,981 had been treated with mastectomy and 65,560 were treated with lumpectomy. Cox regression analysis was used to estimate the relative risk (RR) of a second primary lung carcinoma among women treated with RT compared with those who received surgery alone as a function of time interval since treatment and laterality for both types of surgery. RESULTS Although no statistically significant elevation in risk for second primary lung carcinoma prior to 10 years was observed, the authors estimated a RR of 2.06 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.53–2.78) and 2.09 (95% CI, 1.50–2.90) for ipsilateral lung carcinoma at 10–14 years and 15+ years after postmastectomy RT, respectively, whereas no increased risk was observed for the contralateral lung. The excess risk of ipsilateral lung carcinoma after postmastectomy RT was found for all three major histologic subtypes of lung carcinoma (adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and small cell carcinoma). No increased risk of lung carcinoma was observed at 10–14 years after postlumpectomy RT for either lung. CONCLUSIONS Postmastectomy RT was found to provide a moderate increase in risk for ipsilateral lung carcinoma starting 10 years after exposure; this increased risk is reported to persist to at least 20 years. Postlumpectomy RT does not appear to incur an increased risk. These findings should be reassuring to women treated with either type of RT, but the excess risk in the postmastectomy group should be considered in the choice between treatment options. Cancer 2003;97:1404–11. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11214
Variability of specific activities and specific-activity ratios.

Abstract In studies involving the use of specific activities or specific-activity ratios, the amount of the P32 inoculum will apparently have no effect on the coefficient of variation of the results. Dilution of the biological material prior to fractionation, dilution of the digested fractions, or loss of material during digestion will lead to a rise in the coefficient of variation through the loss of total phosphorus.
Conversational Interaction and Second Language Development: Recasts, Responses, and Red Herrings?

This article examines the effects of negotiated interaction on the production and development of question forms in English as a second language (ESL). The study focused on one feature of interaction, recasts, which have recently been the topic of interactional work in the SLA literature (Long, 1996; Long, Inagaki, & Ortega, this issue; Lyster & Ranta, 1997; Oliver, 1995). The study compared groups of learners who received interactionally modified input with learners who received the same input containing intensive recasts in order to investigate: (a) the effect of recasts on learners' short term interlanguage (IL) development, and (b) the nature and content of learners' responses to recasts. The results suggest that for more advanced learners, interaction with intensive recasts may be more beneficial than interaction alone in facilitating an increase in production of targeted higher-level morphosyntactic forms. These positive developmental effects were found for recasts even though, as is generally acknowledged in the discourse, recasts were usually not repeated and rarely elicited modification by the learners. This study, therefore, suggests that recasts may be beneficial for short term IL development even though they are not incorporated in learners' immediate responses. In fact, the responses may be red herrings.
Measles and rubella on campus: how far have we come?

Abstract Outbreaks of measles and rubella continue to occur on college campuses. In 1984, 67 cases of measles occurred on 17 campuses. During the first 19 weeks of 1985, 28% of all measles cases reported in the U.S. occurred on college campuses. In 1983 and 1984, 6 rubella outbreaks occurred on the nation's campuses. During 1984, rubella cases on campuses accounted for 13% of all rubella cases reported in the U.S. A survey of 1,861 of the nation's 3,600 colleges and universities in early 1984 showed that only 16% had immunization requirements. Significant progress has been made in the development of state laws and regulations and school requirements. Despite the absence of supporting evidence, many colleges remain uncertain towards adopting immunization policies for fear of losing students or the increased cost of the administrative effort.
Marine Support Concepts for Aero Derivative Turbine Engines

Aero derivative turbine engines have been developed for both commercial and military marine applications. The “field” support for these installations has been effectively derived from aircraft support systems, and, in some cases, enjoy substantial commonality in the area of operational support. This paper describes an approach used by the Allison Gas Turbine Division of General Motors to logistically support Aero derivative marine engines.Copyright © 1990 by ASME
DC plasma etching of silicon by sulfur hexafluoride. Mass spectrometric study of the discharge products

Polycrystalline silicon wafers were etched in dc discharges of SF6. SFx species were extracted from the discharges and measured with a mass spectrometer. A systematic procedure was used to measure the SF x + signals such that they are indicators of events in the discharge close to the sample undergoing etching. The picture that emerges is remarkably simple and shows the relative stability of several SFx species including SF6, SF4, SF2, and SF which are shown to be extracted from the discharge both in the presence and absence of the silicon sample. When silicon is being etched on the cathode of the discharge cell, the only significant additional products are SiF4 and S2F2. A comparison of blank and sample data for opposite substrate polarities shows that there is only a small cation-assisted etching effect and suggests that ions do not play an important role in the etching of silicon by SF6 discharges.
Origins of an intrinsic hippocampal EEG pattern

Sharp waves (SPWs) are irregular waves that originate in field CA3 and spread throughout the hippocampus when animals are alert but immobile or as a component of the sleep EEG. The work described here used rat hippocampal slices to investigate the factors that initiate SPWs and govern their frequency. Acute transection of the mossy fibers reduced the amplitude but not the frequency of SPWs, suggesting that activity in the dentate gyrus may enhance, but is not essential for, the CA3 waves. However, selective destruction of the granule cells and mossy fibers by in vivo colchicine injections profoundly depressed SPW frequency. Reducing mossy fiber release with an mGluR2 receptor agonist or enhancing it with forskolin respectively depressed or increased the incidence of SPWs. Collectively, these results indicate that SPWs can be triggered by constitutive release from the mossy fibers. The waves were not followed by large after-hyperpolarizing potentials and their frequency was not strongly affected by blockers of various slow potassium channels. Antagonists of GABA-B mediated IPSCs also had little effect on incidence. It appears from these results that the spacing of SPWs is not dictated by slow potentials. However, modeling work suggests that the frequency and variance of large mEPSCs from the mossy boutons can account for the temporal distribution of the waves. Together, these results indicate that constitutive release from the mossy fiber terminal boutons regulates the incidence of SPWs and their contribution to information processing in hippocampus.