cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fine structure and origin of the tunic of Perophora viridis

The fine structure of the tunic of a typical ascidian was investigated because of the cellulose-like polysaccharide known to occur in its substance. The glycoprotein mantle does contain filaments very much like plant cellulose in morphology. Tunicin filaments are 35–50 A in diameter, often beaded, and of indeterminate length. Histochemical evidence that they are composed of cellulose is given here and past chemical and physical studies on the unusual ascidian polysaccharide are reviewed. Moreover, we present here for the first time direct autoradiographic evidence that epidermal cells are involved in the synthesis and secretion of tunicin. Tritiated glucose is immediately incorporated into the Golgi zone of epidermal cells and labeled product appears in the tunic at later intervals. The fine structure of the epidermal cell is described in detail. Unlike the rather moribund appearing vanadocyte that wanders through the tunic, the epidermal cell has well-developed cytoplasmic organelles and a large vesicular nucleus. The granular endoplasmic reticulum is abundant and the Golgi complex is highly developed. It seems likely that the lamellae and vesicles of the Golgi complex are involved in the production of the tunic sugar and that tunic proteins of as yet unknown nature are produced by the ergastoplasm. Further investigation of the ascidian mantle should be of interest because of the possibility that cellulose is a more general component of glycoprotein surface coats in animals than has heretofore been recognized.
Harmonic Blind Sound Source Isolation Enhanced by Spectrum Clustering

Automatic indexing of music by instruments and their types is a challenging problem, especially when multiple instruments are playing at the same time. We have built a database containing more than one million of music instrument sounds, each described by a large number o features including standard MPEG7 audio descriptors, features for speech recognition, and many new audio features developed by our team. Our previous research results show that all these features only lead to classifiers which successfully identify music instruments in monophonic music (only one instrument playing at a time). Their confidence for polyphonic music is much lower. This brought the need for blind sound source separation algorithms. In this paper, we present a new spectrum clustering enhanced method which improves the estimation of fundamental frequency as well as the balance of the categorization tree of training datasets, and therefore enhances the precision of automatic indexing. The system is recursively detecting the pitch of the predominant sound source, then calculates the features based on the estimated pitch, and then predicts the most similar spectrum by the corresponding classification tree, and finally subtracts the estimated predominant spectrum until silence is detected.
A comparison of the aerobic cost and muscle use in aerobic dance to the energy costs and muscle use on treadmill, elliptical trainer and bicycle ergometry

Objective: To determine the energy consumed and muscle use during dance compared to different standard exercise devices. Design: Longitudinal study. Methods: Fifteen female subjects were evaluated to assess the energy cost and muscle activity during a 20 minute dance video compared to treadmill, elliptical track and bicycle ergometry. The later 3 forms of exercise were accomplished in four, 5 minute bouts at different intensities of exercise. Subjects were in the age range of 22-24 years old, were free of cardiovascular disease and did not have any neurological injuries. They were not sedentary and exercised at least twice a week. During the exercise, muscle activity was measured by the electromyogram recorded by surface electrodes on 6 muscle groups. A Cosmed metabolic cart was used to measure oxygen consumption during the exercise. Results: The aerobic dance video that was tested here was equivalent to a hard workout on any of the 3 exercise modalities. The dance routine was equivalent in terms of energy consumed to running at 225 watts of work or running for 20 minutes at a speed of 2 meters per second (4.47 miles per hour). Compared to the bicycle, it was equivalent to cycling at 112 watts for 20 minutes (2.25 kpm), and for the elliptical trainer, dance was equivalent to 435 watts. Concerning muscle use, the dance routine was the most balanced for upper, core and lower body muscles. Although the elliptical trainer was close, it required muscle less muscle use. Conclusion: A good dance video can be more effective than standard exercise equipment.
Unexpected Hemoglobin A1c Results

A 52-year-old woman with a medical history of hepatitis B, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, anemia, and depression presented to the internal medicine clinic for a routine visit. Laboratory tests 3 months previously had revealed an impaired fasting glucose concentration of 5.9 mmol/L (106 mg/dL) [reference interval, 3.9–5.6 mmol/L (70–100 mg/dL)]. Therefore, a hemoglobin (Hb)2 A1c analysis was performed. The initial Hb A1c evaluation by cation-exchange HPLC (CE-HPLC) (Hb A1c Program on the VARIANT II TURBO Link System; Bio-Rad Laboratories) showed an Hb A1c value of 115.8% (reference interval, 4.0%–6.0%) (Fig. 1). Fig. 1. CE-HPLC chromatogram for Hb A1c analysis. Hb S and an aberrant Hb A1c value of 115.8% represented the predominant Hb peaks in the chromatogram. In an effort to determine if the unusual Hb A1c result was due to potential hemoglobinopathies, we performed an Hb variant analysis with the Bio-Rad VARIANT CE-HPLC β-Thalassemia Short Program. The analysis revealed the absence of Hb A and the presence of sickle cell Hb (Hb S) (37.4%), along with normal Hb A2 (3.2%) and Hb F (<1.0%) (Fig. 2). Also evident was another large peak (53.0%) that eluted earlier than Hb A, which we called P2. This study suggested the presence of an Hb variant with a chromatographic retention time virtually identical to that of Hb A1c, in addition to Hb S (Figs. 1 and 2). A subsequent Hb electrophoretic analysis at pH 6.0 (QuickGel Acid; Helena Laboratories) identified Hb S and another abnormal band with a mobility similar to Hb F (not shown). Fig. 2. Chromatogram of Hb variants analysis with the CE-HPLC β-Thalassemia Short Program. Hb S (37.4%), wild-type Hb A2 (3.2%), and Hb F (<1.0%) were identified, but Hb A was not detected. A large peak, which we designated P2, was detected at 53.0%. ### PATIENT FOLLOW-UP To identify the Hb variants, we investigated DNA sequences corresponding to the patient's β-globin genes. This …
Cellular supercomputing with system-on-a-chip

System-on-a-chip technology allows a level of integration that can be leveraged to develop inexpensive high-performance, low-power computing nodes. When used in aggregate, this approach promises to challenge conventional supercomputer architectures in the high-performance computing arena. Systems under consideration reach into the hundreds of thousand nodes per machine. Architecture for these systems are described.
Complete Sequence of the 43-kb Human Ribosomal DNA Repeat: Analysis of the Intergenic Spacer

We have sequenced the remaining 12.4 kb of the 30-kb human ribosomal DNA intergenic spacer (IGS), which allows us to piece together both a complete IGS and a 43-kb rDNA unit. The sequence of the complete IGS reveals a collection of sequence motifs that can be correlated with functions known or expected to reside in the rDNA repeat: modulation of transcription, recombination, initiation of DNA replication, and chromosomal organization. Finally, we find that IGS accumulates variation at a much higher rate than the transcribed regions. This finding leads us to correlate sequence character with types of mutation and sequence context with rate of mutation.
On the role of linear precoding in signal processing for wireless

Summary form only given. Linear precoding (LP) is a useful signal processing tool for coping with frequency-selective propagation channels encountered with high-rate wireless block transmissions. LP is important for single- and multi-carrier (OFDM) systems, and has links with error-control coding. It has features for both point-to-point and multiple access links, with emphasis placed on the generalized multicarrier CDMA. Novel ideas of block-spreading and chip-interleaving are also of interest.
Tamoxifen use in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ and T1a/b N0 invasive carcinoma.

Background The purpose of this study was to determine how often patients with ductal carcinoma in situ and T1a/b N0 cancer are offered and accept tamoxifen for secondary chemoprevention. Study design A retrospective review of 284 patients with T1a/b N0 invasive cancer treated between February 1995 and December 2001 and 129 patients with DCIS treated after September 1998 was carried out. Patient and tumor characteristics associated with being offered and accepting tamoxifen were compared. Results Tamoxifen was offered to 67% of the invasive cancer patients and accepted by 76% (51% of the entire group). Hormone receptor status was the only significant predictor of being offered tamoxifen (p = 0.004). Older age (p = 0.04), Caucasian race (p = 0.01), and parity (p = 0.04) in premenopausal women were significant predictors of tamoxifen acceptance on univariate analysis. After the publication of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 trial, significantly more patients were offered tamoxifen (p = 0.02), but acceptance rates did not change. Tamoxifen was offered to 91% of the ductal carcinoma in situ patients and accepted by 73% (67% overall). Lumpectomy was associated with significantly higher rates of being offered (p = 0.02) and accepting tamoxifen (p = 0.002) on univariate analysis. Conclusions Factors associated with tamoxifen risks and benefits correlate poorly with the use of the drug.
Cortical columns: Building blocks for intelligent systems

The neocortex appears to be a very efficient, uniformly structured, and hierarchical computational system [25], [23], [24]. Researchers have made significant efforts to model intelligent systems that mimic these neocortical properties to perform a broad variety of pattern recognition and learning tasks. Unfortunately, many of these systems have drifted away from their cortical origins and incorporate or rely on attributes and algorithms that are not biologically plausible. In contrast, this paper describes a model for an intelligent system that is motivated by the properties of cortical columns, which can be viewed as the basic functional unit of the neocortex [35], [16]. Our model extends predictability minimization [30] to mimic the behavior of cortical columns and incorporates neocortical properties such as hierarchy, structural uniformity, and plasticity, and enables adaptive, hierarchical independent feature detection. Initial results for an unsupervised learning task-identifying independent features in image data-are quite promising, both in a single-level and a hierarchical organization modeled after the visual cortex. The model is also able to forget learned patterns that no longer appear in the dataset, demonstrating its adaptivity, resilience, and stability under changing input conditions.
A tool for practical reasoning about state machine designs

Critical systems (e.g. safety critical and security critical systems) need the highest levels of assurance. The effective engineering design of critical systems still lacks easy to use, practical and above all trustworthy tools which allow the exploration of possible design strategies, and support formal reasoning about their critical properties. We describe the Veracity prototype tool, aimed at providing support for modelling and reasoning about state machine designs for critical software based devices. The tool has three main components: a graph editor, for constructing state transition diagrams; an animator, for exploring symbolic execution of the machine; and a prover, for verifying critical properties of the machine.
Three-dimensional swimming behavior of individual zooplankters: observations using the acoustical imaging system FishTV

There is increasing recognition that three-dimensional tracks of individual zoo-plankters are needed for studies in biological oceanography, including, for example, the role of individual behavior in patch formation and maintenance. The three-dimensional acoustical imaging system FishTV provides a means of non-invasively examining zooplankton swimming behavior. The system forms a set of 64 acoustic beams in an 8 by 8 pattern, each beam 2° by 2°, for a total coverage of 16° by 16°. The 8 by 8 beams form two dimensions of the image; range provides the third dimension. The system has 20 kHz of bandwidth and operates at a center frequency of 445 kHz. Observations of zooplankton swimming at 37 m depth were made from the research platform RP “FLIP” at a site in the San Diego Trough, 28 km south-west of San Diego, California, USA. In a 1-min-long sequence of 60 images, acquired at 2101 h, 24 March 1993, 314 plankters were tracked for lengths of time ranging from 2 to 13 s. The animals ranged from −83.0 dB re 1 m 2 to −57.7 dB target strength. Movement of each animal was divided into directed and random components. The directed component was attributed to currents, waves and (possibly) a slight vertical migration. The random component was attributed to random behavior. Analysis of random velocities and turning behavior showed an inverse relationship between swimming speed and path curvature. Turning rates were approximately 1.2 rad s −1 regardless of the size or speed of the animals. Mean swimming speeds were positively correlated with distance from a pair of bright lights (part of a video system), while mean path curvatures were negatively correlated. These observations are consistent with a model for swimming behavior that leads to aggregation.
A new criterion of relative homogeneity of climatological series

When investigating, as a random sample, a series of differences between rather relatively homogeneous series of annual temperatures at two places, about 70 miles distant from one another it can be shown that the frequency distribution of the differences can be approximated by a „normal distribution”. Conversely, a „normal distribution” of the elements of the series of differences can be taken as a new criterion for the relative homogeneity of two series of average temperatures. This conclusion is verified by the agreement between other criteria for relative homogeneity and the new one.
Television as an aesthetic medium

Aesthetic or literary approaches to television, this essay argues, provide an essential corrective to recent emphases on the ideological dimensions of modern media. Calling for an aesthetic anthropology that understands television shows both as manufactured artifacts and as fictional texts, the essay defines television as a contemporary American instance of consensus narrative, a cultural formation or institution in which society's central beliefs and values undergo continuous rehearsal, testing, and revision.
Inlet Formation and Evolution of the Sediment Bypassing System: New Inlet, Cape Cod, Massachusetts

ABSTRACT Nauset Spit was breached during a moderate northeast storm on 2 January 1987, forming New Inlet. Factors leading to the breach included a long-term narrowing of the barrier; a 0.5-m storm surge superimposed on near perigean, perihelion, and spring tide conditions; restricted flow through existing inlets, and large differences in tidal range and tidal phase between the ocean and Pleasant Bay. Ultimately, destruction of the foredune ridge and a large hydraulic slope across the barrier (> 1.2 m) facilitated the development of an overwash channel, which led to tidal exchange and inlet formation. As the channel captured an increasingly larger portion of the bay tidal prism, the inlet grew in size from 0.5 km after two months to almost 2.0 km wide by early 1988. Opening of New Inlet increased the tidal range from 1.2 to 1.5 m, which drastically changed the hydraulic character and sediment transport patterns in Pleasant Bay. The opening of New Inlet washed much of the sand from the eroding barrier into ...
Perceptual and acoustic reliability estimates for the Speech Disorders Classification System (SDCS)

A companion paper describes three extensions to a classification system for paediatric speech sound disorders termed the Speech Disorders Classification System (SDCS). The SDCS uses perceptual and acoustic data reduction methods to obtain information on a speaker's speech, prosody, and voice. The present paper provides reliability estimates for the two perceptual methods (narrow phonetic transcription; prosody-voice coding) and the acoustic analysis methods the SDCS uses to describe and classify a speaker's speech competence, precision, and stability. Speech samples from 10 speakers, five with significant motor speech disorder and five with typical speech, were re-measured to estimate intra-judge and inter-judge agreement for the perceptual and acoustic methods. Each of the speakers completed five speech tasks (total = 50 datasets), ranging in articulatory difficulty for the speakers, with consequences for the difficulty level of data reduction. Point-to-point percentage of agreement findings for the two perceptual methods were as high or higher than reported in literature reviews and from previous studies conducted within the laboratory. Percentage of agreement findings for the acoustics tasks of segmenting phonemes, editing fundamental frequency tracks, and estimating formants ranged from values in the mid 70% to 100%, with most estimates in the mid 80% to mid 90% range. Findings are interpreted as support for the perceptual and acoustic methods used in the SDCS to describe and classify speakers with speech sound disorders.
Distributed maximum likelihood estimation for sensor networks

The problem of finding the maximum likelihood estimator of a commonly observed model, based on data collected by a sensor network under power and bandwidth constraints, is considered. In particular, a case where the sensors cannot fully share their data is treated. An iterative algorithm that relaxes the requirement of sharing all the data is given. The algorithm is based on a local Fisher scoring method and an iterative information sharing procedure. The case where the sensors share sub-optimal estimates is also analyzed. The asymptotic distribution of the estimates is derived and used to provide a means of discrimination between estimates that are associated with different local maxima of the log-likelihood function. The results are validated by a simulation.
Some Results on Greedy Embeddings in Metric Spaces

Geographic Routing is a family of routing algorithms that uses geographic point locations as addresses for the purposes of routing. Such routing algorithms have proven to be both simple to implement and heuristically effective when applied to wireless sensor networks. Greedy Routing is a natural abstraction of this model in which nodes are assigned virtual coordinates in a metric space, and these coordinates are used to perform point-to-point routing. Here we resolve a conjecture of Papadimitriou and Ratajczak that every 3-connected planar graph admits a greedy embedding into the Euclidean plane. This immediately implies that all 3-connected graphs that exclude K 3,3 as a minor admit a greedy embedding into the Euclidean plane. We also prove a combinatorial condition that guarantees nonembeddability. We use this result to construct graphs that can be greedily embedded into the Euclidean plane, but for which no spanning tree admits such an embedding.
Classifying Message Board Posts with an Extracted Lexicon of Patient Attributes

The goal of our research is to distinguish veterinary message board posts that describe a case involving a specific patient from posts that ask a general question. We create a text classifier that incorporates automatically generated attribute lists for veterinary patients to tackle this problem. Using a small amount of annotated data, we train an information extraction (IE) system to identify veterinary patient attributes. We then apply the IE system to a large collection of unannotated texts to produce a lexicon of veterinary patient attribute terms. Our experimental results show that using the learned attribute lists to encode patient information in the text classifier yields improved performance on this task.
Austerity, Growth, and Public Policy

Deceleration in growth and weakened fiscal buffers in the aftermath of the global financial crisis brought the issue of austerity vs. growth to the forefront of the public policy debate. Some authors have argued that fiscal stimulus can increase the rate at which the output gap is closed, minimizing the cost of recession and bringing down debt ratios. Others have proposed that fiscal stimulus under current conditions could further weaken macro fundamentals and be detrimental to growth; conversely, fiscal consolidations can have expansionary effects. This note reviews the evidence in support of both views, concluding that fiscal consolidation can have a positive impact on growth, but these effects are not guaranteed and are more likely to work when commitments are credible and accompanied by complementary policies. The mixed nature of the evidence is also reflected in the different policy stances adopted by G20 members in response to the global crisis.
Notes on Three Hemlock Fungi

Among the large number of fungi described by Peck as new species was one found by him on Tsuga canadensis. It was the first of two species which he described under his new genus Gelatinosporium.1 Several years later he found an ascocarpic fungus on Abies balsamea. He described this one as a new species of Cenangium, C. balsameum.2 Early in November 1931, our attention was called to a few small hemlock trees at Scarsdale, N. Y., which were in bad con? dition. They had been planted in this place a few years pre? viously. Some of the trees had recently died and branches on others were losing their leaves as though infected with some fungus blight. As a rule no fungus fruiting bodies were present, but certain dead branches that had been pruned off were found thickly dotted with conidial fructifications (plate 10, b) corre? sponding very well with Peck's Gelatinosporium abietinum, as typified by a specimen collected on hemlock by Peck at Greenbush, N. Y., and now at The New York Botanical Garden as no. 2488 of the Ellis collection. It is probably a part of the type. On the lower ends of some of the same branches of the Scarsdale hemlocks bearing the Gelatinosporium were many mature ascocarps of Peck's Cenangium balsameum (plate 10, a). Such an association was noted by Peck 3 for C. balsameum var. Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 25: 84. 1873. ' Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 38: 101. 1885. 1 Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 43: 40. 1890. [Mycologia for July-August (24: 353-419) was issued July 1, 1932] 421
Analysis of status of rotaviruses infection in Shenzhen in 2008

Objective:To investigate the status of rotaviruses infection in Shenzhen and provide primary data for the prevention and treatment of diarrhea.Methods:The stool samples of 606 patients with diarrhea were collected and rotaviruses were determined by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase reaction(real-time RT-PCR).Results:The infection rate of rotaviruses was 15.18%(92/606)with 16.41% in male and 13.72% in female,respectively,and the infection rate was 28.21% among aged 0~2 years group,0% among 3~4 years group,18.75% among 5~14 years group and 5.71% among 15~19 years group and 13.77% among older than 20 years group,respectively.Conclusion:Rotaviruses infection can occur throughout the year,particularly having a higher rate of infection in Winter.Almost all aged-group can be infected by rotaviruses and the highest positive rate is among the 0~2 years group.The surveillance on rotaviruses among people,especially among infants,should be emphasized.
Enhanced oxidase/peroxidase-like activities of aptamer conjugated MoS2/PtCu nanocomposites and their biosensing application

Hybrid composite materials are particularly useful and offer great opportunities for catalysis due to their multifunctionalities. Taking advantage of the high catalytic properties of bimetallic alloy nanoparticles, the large specific surface area and co-catalytic function of MoS2 nanosheets, we prepare a novel MoS2/PtCu nanocomposite with intrinsic high oxidase- and peroxidase-like activity. The preparation of MoS2/PtCu nanocomposites does not require organic solvents or high temperature. The introduction of single-layer MoS2 nanosheets not only improves porous PtCu nanoparticles with a fine dispersion, but also readily incorporates recognition elements. As a mimic oxidase, the independence of hydrogen peroxide shows the good biocompatibility of MoS2/PtCu for promising bioapplications. On the basis of oxidase-like activity, a novel colorimetric aptasensor (apt-MoS2/PtCu) was developed and its application in the colorimetric detection of cancer cells with different MUC1-protein densities was demonstrated. The as-prepared apt-MoS2/PtCu shows good sensitivity and selectivity to targeting cells. The proposed strategy will facilitate the utilization of MoS2-based nanocomposites with high oxidase/peroxidase activities in biotechnology, biocatalysis etc.
Reaction of bis(dimethoxyphosphino)dimethylhydrazine (dmpdmh) with Ru3(CO)12 : Evidence for facile ligand fragmentation in Ru3(CO)10(dmpdmh) to give Ru4(CO)12 [μ-N(Me)N(Me)], Ru3(CO)11[P(OMe)3], and Ru3(CO)9 [μ-P(OMe)3]

Thermolysis of the cluster Ru3(CO)12 with the bis(phosphanyl)hydrazine ligand (MeO)2PN (Me)N(Me)P(OMe)2 (dmpdmh) in toluene at 75°C furnishes the known clusters Ru4(CO)12 [μ-N(Me)N(Me)] (2) and Ru3(CO)11[P(OMe)3] (3), in addition to the new cluster Ru3 (CO)10(dmpdmh) (1) and the phosphite-tethered cluster Ru3(CO)9[μ-P(OMe)3] (4). The simple substitution product Ru3(CO)10(dmpdmh), a logical intermediate to clusters 2–4, was synthesized by treating Ru3(CO)12 with Me3NO in CH2Cl2 at room temperature, and independent thermolysis reactions using cluster 1 was shown to yield clusters 2–4. The solid-state structure of clusters 2 and 4 were unequivocally established by X-ray diffraction analysis. Ru4(CO)12[μ-N(Me)N(Me)] crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnna (#52), a = 12.913(1), b = 13.3238(6), c = 12.5690(8) A, V = 2162.5(2) A3, Z = 4, and d calc = 2.452 g/cm3. Ru3(CO)9[μ-P(OMe)3] crystallizes in the triclinic space group P $$\bar 1$$ a = 9.586(1), b = 14.354(1), c = 14.997(2) A, α = 89.82(1)°, β = 98.36(1)°, γ = 92.010(8)°, V = 2040.4(4) A3, Z = 4, and d calc = 2.212 g/cm3. The coordination of the dimethylazo linkage to the four ruthenium atoms in 2 and the phosphorus atom and one of the oxygen atoms of the methoxy groups to the three ruthenium centers in 4 are confirmed by X-ray analysis.
The Anesthetic Management of Interventional Procedures for Acute Ischemic Stroke

Acute ischemic stroke is a medical emergency. Expedient reperfusion is a key component of treatment and improves the odds for a good outcome. Anesthesiologists play an important role in the peri-procedural management of cerebral revascularization procedures in patients with acute ischemic stroke. We review critical concepts and provide evidence-based recommendations, when available, for the management of patients having angiographic procedures to treat acute ischemic stroke.
Industry Case Studies: Steel, Biofuel Production, Semiconductors, Automobiles, Call Centers

This chapter will present case studies of incentives in five industries. The first concerns the steel industry. Classic locational tournaments have characterized the announcement of new plants, while during the current recession, companies have been asking for subsidies to avert shutdowns. The second case examines the use of incentives to biofuel production facilities (note: not general subsidies to biofuels) in a number of countries throughout the world. The third case is microchip fabrication, which pits several locations in the US and Europe against developing countries like Singapore, China and soon, India. Fourth, there will be a brief recounting of selected bidding wars for auto facilities in both the industrialized and developing world. Finally, we analyze a much less capital intensive sector, the call center industry. It will focus in particular on the use of incentives in the spread of this industry to India, South Africa, the Philippines, parts of the Caribbean and Canada, as well as some cases in the US where the use of incentives have been credited with a decision in their favor over competing jurisdictions in India. In all of these cases, there is no way to be exhaustive; instead, limitations of space and information availability play a role.
Unified model of 1-D pulsed heating, combining Wunsch-Bell with the Dwyer curve: This paper is co-copyrighted by Intel Corporation and the ESD association

Heat flow from a surface source to a sink at a specified depth, using uniform "effective" materials parameters, models many power-to-fail (Dwyer) curves, while capturing the Wunsch-Bell relation as the infinite depth limit. A fast-converging series produces the complete thermal impedance function and predicts peak temperature for arbitrary power waveforms.
Hyperspectral Imaging in Live Mouse Cortex Using a 48-Channel Multiphoton Microscope

We constructed a hyperspectral multiphoton microscope that collects 48 channels of excitation/emission spectral data, while retaining the imaging depth of nonlinear microscopy. We demonstrate imaging of multiple overlapping fluorophores in vitro and in vivo.
Modulation of near-bed hydrodynamics by freshwater mussels in an experimental channel

Freshwater mussels are important ecosystem engineers, and recent studies have illustrated their many ecological contributions, but little is known about the interaction between mussels and their surrounding flow environment at the organism scale. In the present experimental campaign, we examine the hydraulic interactions between mussels and open-channel flow. We quantify how a mussel-covered bed alters bed roughness and near-bed turbulent flow, determine the filter behavior and capacity of live Lampsilis siliquoidea, and design a model mussel to simulate live mussel filtering to examine the impact of the biologically mediated activity of filter feeding on near-bed turbulent flow. In comparison to a gravel bed, a mussel-covered bed increased shear velocity by 28% and bed roughness by nearly 300%, and significantly reduced near-bed flow velocity. The filter velocity in L. siliquoidea varied within and between individuals, and ranged from 0.4 to 20 cm/s. The excurrent flow of the model mussel accurately simulated excurrent flow observed in live mussels and, when subjected to various boundary conditions, altered water velocity and turbulent kinetic energy downstream. The ability to describe and quantify these hydrodynamic interactions provides new insight into how mussels modulate near-bed flow and mixing processes, which can contribute to future conservation efforts.
A Rich Morphological Tagger for English: Exploring the Cross-Linguistic Tradeoff Between Morphology and Syntax

A traditional claim in linguistics is that all human languages are equally expressive—able to convey the same wide range of meanings. Morphologically rich languages, such as Czech, rely on overt inflectional and derivational morphology to convey many semantic distinctions. Languages with comparatively limited morphology, such as English, should be able to accomplish the same using a combination of syntactic and contextual cues. We capitalize on this idea by training a tagger for English that uses syntactic features obtained by automatic parsing to recover complex morphological tags projected from Czech. The high accuracy of the resulting model provides quantitative confirmation of the underlying linguistic hypothesis of equal expressivity, and bodes well for future improvements in downstream HLT tasks including machine translation.
Financial Models for Effective Primary Care

Primary care is the linchpin of high-quality cost-effective health care. There are many methods to pay for primary care. Some methods support the transformation of primary care from a face-to-face visit with a physician to comprehensive management by a health-care team. Any successful financial model needs to support effective primary care and those who provide it. It needs to address the national imperative to provide affordable care. Any model is only as good as its implementation. The profession has an opportunity to lead in a changing environment as better models for effective primary care are developed and deployed.
Fibrous dysplasia of the mandible: Report of two cases

Abstract Two cases of fibrous dysplasia of long duration involving the mandible, one in a 39-year-old white woman and the other in a 45-year-old white man, are presented. The second patient gave a history of previous trauma. The characteristics of this disease are described. The so-called “ossifying fibroma” of the mandible is considered to be a form of monostotic fibrous dysplasia of bone.
Donor opr and values-fit incongruence: An improved predictor of donations of unrestricted funds for 501(c)(3) publicly-supported, tax-exempt, faith-based, not-for-profit organizations?

This study examined donor development processes in a faithbased, 501(c)(3) publicly-supported, tax-exempt organizational setting. The conceptual framework is relationship marketing theory as informed from a systems theory alignment perspective. Organization-public relationship (OPR) dynamically predicts donor willingness to contribute unrestricted funds. It is proffered that the discrepancy variable, “values-fit incongruence,” significantly affects this dynamic. This contention is explored by asking the following two questions: (a) does donor-organization values-fit incongruence significantly negatively predict donor willingness to contribute unrestricted funds, and b) is the OPR construct strengthened with the patent inclusion of values-fit incongruence as an interactive moderator variable. Results suggest values-fit incongruence significantly negatively predicts donor willingness to contribute unrestricted funds. The results also suggest the OPR model is not strengthened by patently including the values-fit incongruence variable, as it may already be latently accounted for.
The Yellow Pages as An Advertising Tool for Small Businesses

The yellow-pages are an important advertising medium for small businesses. However, the effectiveness of advertising in the yellow-pages is not well understood. This study examined the use of the y...
Challenges associated with online health information seeking among older adults

Abstract Information and communication technologies, such as Internet-connected computers and smartphones, provide new means to search for health information (including, but not limited to, information on illnesses, diseases, medications, and healthcare providers) and provide unprecedented potential for older adults to assume a more pronounced role in managing their own health and healthcare decision-making. Yet, while more older adults are turning to the Internet to search for health information, there remain significant barriers and challenges to conducting searches that prevent older adults from successfully interpreting and using the information found. This chapter discusses such challenges, including physical health limitations, cognitive limitations, literacy (i.e., health literacy, numeracy, and digital literacy), and negative attitudes toward technology. This chapter also discusses ways in which technology designers and training interventionists may help older adults overcome these challenges.
Chest Radiography in the Intensive Care Unit Patient

Interpretation of a bedside film is fraught by numerous pitfalls. However, a number of studies have demonstrated that daily chest radiographs frequently demonstrate new, unexpected, or changing abnormalities, which result in changes in therapy. Daily portable chest examinations should therefore be performed in all but the most stable ICU patients.
Exploratory behavior, cortical BDNF expression, and sleep homeostasis.

Study objective Slow-wave activity (SWA; 0.5-4.0 Hz) during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep is a reliable indicator of sleep need, as it increases with the duration of prior wakefulness and decreases during sleep. However, which biologic process occurring during wakefulness is responsible for the increase of sleep SWA remains unknown. The aim of the study was to determine whether neuronal plasticity underlies the link between waking activities and the SWA response. Design We manipulated, in rats, the amount of exploratory activity while maintaining the total duration of waking constant. We then measured the extent to which exploration increases cortical expression of plasticity-related genes (BDNF, Arc, Homer, NGFI-A), and the SWA response once the animals were allowed to sleep. Setting Basic neurophysiology and molecular laboratory. Participants Male Wistar Kyoto rats (250-300 g; 2-3 month old). Interventions None. Results We found that, within the same animal, the amount of exploratory behavior during wakefulness could predict the extent to which BDNF was induced, as well as the extent of the homeostatic SWA response during subsequent sleep. Conclusions This study suggests a direct link between the synaptic plasticity triggered by waking activities and the homeostatic sleep response and identifies BDNF as a major mediator of this link at the molecular level.
Chemical Approaches to Produce Graphene Oxide and Related Materials

The “physical” separation of graphite layers with adhesive tape was a novel approach that spawned a flurry of activity but the chemical separation of graphite layers has been known for decades. The chapter starts off with a historical perspective of chemical exfoliation. The following topics are then discussed in detail: the morphology of chemically converted graphene (CCG) and graphene oxide (GO); models and supporting experiments that provide insight into the structural properties of GO; electrical characterization of CCG and GO; improvements made in CCG formation and functionalization of CCG; and, obtaining graphene ribbons from carbon nanotubes.
Tributary: spot-dancing for elastic services with latency SLOs

The Tributary elastic control system embraces the uncertain nature of transient cloud resources, such as AWS spot instances, to manage elastic services with latency SLOs more robustly and more cost-effectively. Such resources are available at lower cost, but with the proviso that they can be preempted en masse, making them risky to rely upon for business-critical services. Tributary creates models of preemption likelihood and exploits the partial independence among different resource offerings, selecting collections of resource allocations that satisfy SLO requirements and adjusting them over time, as client workloads change. Although Tributary's collections are often larger than required in the absence of preemptions, they are cheaper because of both lower spot costs and partial refunds for preempted resources. At the same time, the often-larger sets allow unexpected workload bursts to be absorbed without SLO violation. Over a range of web service workloads, we find that Tributary reduces cost for achieving a given SLO by 81-86% compared to traditional scaling on non-preemptible resources, and by 47-62% compared to the high-risk approach of the same scaling with spot resources.
The DNMT1-associated lincRNA DACOR1 reprograms genome-wide DNA methylation in colon cancer

DNA methylation is a key epigenetic mark in mammalian organisms that plays key roles in chromatin organization and gene expression. Although DNA methylation in gene promoters is generally associated with gene repression, recent studies demonstrate that DNA methylation in gene bodies and intergenic regions of the genome may result in distinct modes of gene regulation. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms underlying the establishment and maintenance of DNA methylation in human health and disease remain to be fully elucidated. We recently demonstrated that a subset of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) associates with the major DNA methyltransferase DNMT1 in human colon cancer cells, and the dysregulation of such lncRNAs contribute to aberrant DNA methylation patterns. In the current study, we assessed the impact of a key DNMT1-associated lncRNA, DACOR1, on genome-wide DNA methylation using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS). Our findings demonstrated that induction of DACOR1 in colon cancer cells restores DNA methylation at thousands of CpG sites throughout the genome including promoters, gene bodies, and intergenic regions. Importantly, these sites overlap with regions of the genome that become hypomethylated in colon tumors. Furthermore, induction of DACOR1 results in repression of FOS and JUN and, consequently, reduced AP-1 transcription factor activity. Collectively, our results demonstrate a key role of lncRNAs in regulating DNA methylation in human cells, and the dysregulation of such lncRNAs could emerge as a key mechanism by which DNA methylation patterns become altered in human tumors.
Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory

Prior research demonstrated that learning information via retrieval practice, which entails studying and taking practice tests, resulted in less memory impairment under stress than learning information via repeated studying. The present experiment combined three experimental procedures to further examine the memory mechanisms underlying the efficacy of retrieval practice in the context of stress. A list-discrimination task was implemented, in which participants learned two distinct wordlists. This was combined with a retrieval-practice manipulation, as half of the participants engaged in practice testing and half engaged in conventional studying during learning. A week later, participants underwent stress induction, using the Trier Social Stress Test. Before and after stress induction, participants completed tests of item and source memory (i.e., list discrimination). The combination of these three procedures yielded informative results: retrieval practice, in the context of stress, improved item memory but not source memory relative to conventional studying. Limitations and future directions for the use of this methodology are discussed.
Reflections and Transmutations: A Portrait of the Diabetic as a Young Man

My life as I had known it would become what the physician and historian Chris Feudtner termed, transmuted . He argued, diabetes as a disease concept had transmuted , changing over time by society’s interference in its natural progression. And so began my transmutation, as I reflect upon my life, the life of a young man as a diabetic whose natural progression was altered less by the disease and more by society’s attempts to define and control it.
The Enzymes of Transcription and Transfer RNA Genes

The transcription of genes is undoubtedly the most complex and difficult undertaking of cells. Before transcription can begin, the enzyme must locate the specific, relatively brief sector of the genome that is to be transcribed. Out of the multimillion combinations of just the four different base pairs that comprise the DNA molecules, it is necessary to identify a sequence of as few as 100 or so pairs. Once this region has been recognized, the enzyme must attach to the DNA and separate the two strands. Transcription of the proper strand must then begin at a precise point and, after this initiation step, the RNA molecule thus begun must be elongated in accordance with the information in the genome. Then, finally, transcription must be terminated at the correct point to permit processing later, the new RNA then being released.
The Gears and Wires of Robot Sex

This chapter introduces the main theme—that sex robots have multiple uses; they fulfill our desire to create, they are physical manifestations of our storytelling natures, and they are there to be the perfect woman (and they usually are, indeed, female in form). In this chapter, Gibson unpacks some of the reasons we feel the need, as humans, to explore robotics, cybernetics, and cyborgs, rather than sticking to non-physical/fictional, but fully human, companions, and then looks at why we desire our creations and why that desire morphs into fetishization—which often has a racialized component. Finally, Gibson discusses the idea that sci-fi is both predictive and reactive, and we tell stories to explain our desires to ourselves and others.
Perinatal exposure to lead results in altered DNA methylation in adult mouse liver and blood: Implications for target versus surrogate tissue use in environmental epigenetics

ABSTRACT Background DNA methylation is a critical epigenetic mechanism linking early developmental environment to long-term health. In humans, the extent to which toxicant-induced changes in DNA methylation in surrogate tissues, such as blood, mirror those in the target tissues is unclear. The Toxicant Exposures and Responses by Genomic and Epigenomic Regulators of Transcription (TaRGET II) consortium was established by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences to address the utility of surrogate tissues as proxies for toxicant-induced epigenetic changes in target tissues. Objectives The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of perinatal exposure to a human environmentally relevant level (32 ppm in maternal drinking water) of lead (Pb) on liver and blood DNA methylation in adult male and female mice. We hypothesized that developmental Pb exposure would lead to persistent changes in DNA methylation, and that a subset of differentially methylated loci would overlap between liver and blood. Methods Enhanced reduced-representation bisulfite sequencing was used to assess DNA methylation in 5 month old Pb-exposed and control mice. Sex-stratified modeling of differential methylation by Pb exposure was conducted using an established bioinformatics pipeline. Results Although Pb exposure ceased at 3 weeks of age, we observed thousands of stably modified, sex-specific differentially methylated regions in the blood and liver of Pb-exposed animals, including 44 genomically imprinted loci. In males, we discovered 5 sites that overlapped between blood and liver, and exhibited changes in DNA methylation in the same direction in both tissues. Conclusions These data demonstrate that perinatal exposure to Pb induces sex-specific changes in hepatic DNA methylation in adulthood, some of which are also present in blood. Ongoing studies will provide additional exposure-specific insights, and include other epigenetic marks that will enable further refinement of the design and analysis of human studies where target tissues are inaccessible.