cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Imposing security awareness on wearables

Bluetooth reliant devices are increasingly proliferating into various industry and consumer sectors as part of a burgeoning wearable market that adds convenience and awareness to everyday life. Relying primarily on a constantly changing hop pattern to reduce data sniffing during transmission, wearable devices routinely disconnect and reconnect with their base station (typically a cell phone), causing a connection repair each time. These connection repairs allow an adversary to determine what local wearable devices are communicating to what base stations. In addition, data transmitted to a base station as part of a wearable app may be forwarded onward to an awaiting web API even if the base station is in an insecure environment (e.g. a public Wi-Fi). In this paper, we introduce an approach to increase the security and privacy associated with using wearable devices by imposing transmission changes given situational awareness of the base station. These changes are asserted via policy rules based on the sensor information from the wearable devices collected and aggregated by the base system. The rules are housed in an application on the base station that adapts the base station to a state in which it prevents data from being transmitted by the wearable devices without disconnecting the devices. The policies can be updated manually or through an over the air update as determined by the user.
The Soviet Navy in Transition

My subject is the way the Soviets view their own navy: not so much how they would use it against the West, rather the way it is apt to develop over the next ten or 20 years. Those who build navies must contend with a very complex series of factors within their own countries. Navies are extremely expensive. That is why in peacetime, in the past, they have often fared very badly in inter-service rivalry: because they are so obviously expensive, and because fewer and fewer people understand that material still travels by sea, even if people no longer do. If you speak to someone who is not concerned with maritime matters, he actually believes that you can move heavy goods by air, which is very regrettable because the Messiah has not yet arrived, and the laws of physics are still in effect.
Urokinase lock or flush solution for prevention of bloodstream infections associated with central venous catheters for chemotherapy: a meta-analysis of prospective randomized trials.

Background Intravascular devices (IVDs) carry significant risk of device-associated bloodstream infection (BSI). Catheter thrombosis increases the likelihood of microbial colonization of the catheter and BSI. Urokinase has been studied for the prevention of BSI associated with IVDs. We undertook a systematic review to determine the efficacy of urokinase-heparin lock or flush solution compared with heparin alone in preventing IVD-associated BSI. Methods Computerized databases were searched for relevant publications in English from January 1966 to 1 January 2007. We identified randomized controlled trials comparing a urokinase-heparin lock or flush solution with heparin alone for prevention of BSI associated with long-term IVDs. Summary effect sizes were calculated with assessment of heterogeneity. Results Five randomized, controlled trials involving a total of 991 patients being treated with IVDs met the inclusion criteria; all five studies were conducted among patients with cancer; three of these studies were undertaken in children and two in adults. The summary risk ratio with a urokinase-heparin lock solution for IVD-associated BSI was 0.77 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60-0.98; p=0.01). Results of the test for heterogeneity were not statistically significant (p=0.53). Conclusions Use of a urokinase lock solution in high-risk patient populations being treated with long-term central IVDs may reduce the risk of BSI. However, there are few randomized trials and methodologic limitations of these preclude more robust recommendations regarding the use of urokinase to prevent BSI. Further adequately powered studies should seek to evaluate the efficacy of urokinase and optimize dosage and instillation regimen.
Quaternary structure of the yeast pheromone receptor Ste2 in living cells.

Abstract Transmembrane proteins known as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been shown to form functional homo- or hetero-oligomeric complexes, although agreement has been slow to emerge on whether homo-oligomerization plays functional roles. Here we introduce a platform to determine the identity and abundance of differing quaternary structures formed by GPCRs in living cells following changes in environmental conditions, such as changes in concentrations. The method capitalizes on the intrinsic capability of FRET spectrometry to extract oligomer geometrical information from distributions of FRET efficiencies (or FRET spectrograms) determined from pixel-level imaging of cells, combined with the ability of the statistical ensemble approaches to FRET to probe the proportion of different quaternary structures (such as dimers, rhombus or parallelogram shaped tetramers, etc.) from averages over entire cells. Our approach revealed that the yeast pheromone receptor Ste2 forms predominantly tetramers at average expression levels of 2 to 25 molecules per pixel (2.8 · 10 − 6 to 3.5 · 10 − 5 molecules/nm 2 ), and a mixture of tetramers and octamers at expression levels of 25–100 molecules per pixel (3.5 · 10 − 5 to 1.4 · 10 − 4 molecules/nm 2 ). Ste2 is a class D GPCR found in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae of the mating type a , and binds the pheromone α-factor secreted by cells of the mating type α . Such investigations may inform development of antifungal therapies targeting oligomers of pheromone receptors. The proposed FRET imaging platform may be used to determine the quaternary structure sub-states and stoichiometry of any GPCR and, indeed, any membrane protein in living cells. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Interactions between membrane receptors in cellular membranes edited by Kalina Hristova.
Transient In Vivo Resistance Mechanisms of Burkholderia pseudomallei to Ceftazidime and Molecular Markers for Monitoring Treatment Response

Much is known about the mode of action of drugs and resistance mechanisms under laboratory growth conditions, but research on the bacterial transcriptional response to drug pressure in vivo or efficacious mode of action and transient resistance mechanisms of clinically employed drugs is limited. Accordingly, to assess active alternative metabolism and transient resistance mechanisms, and identify molecular markers of treatment response, the in vivo transcriptional response of Burkholderia pseudomallei 1026b to treatment with ceftazidime in infected lungs was compared to the in vitro bacterial response in the presence of drug. There were 1,688 transcriptionally active bacterial genes identified that were unique to in vivo treated conditions. Of the in vivo transcriptionally active bacterial genes, 591 (9.4% coding capacity) genes were differentially expressed by ceftazidime treatment. In contrast, only 186 genes (2.7% coding capacity) were differentially responsive to ceftazidime treatment under in vitro culturing conditions. Within the genes identified were alternative PBP proteins that may compensate for target inactivation and transient resistance mechanisms, such as β-lactamses that may influence the potency of ceftazidime. This disparate observation is consistent with the thought that the host environment significantly alters the bacterial metabolic response to drug exposure compared to the response observed under in vitro growth. Notably, this study revealed 184 bacterial genes and ORFs that were unique to in vivo ceftazidime treatment and thus provide candidate molecular markers for treatment response. This is the first report of the unique transcriptional response of B. pseudomallei from host tissues in an animal model of infection and elucidates the in vivo metabolic vulnerabilities, which is important in terms of defining the efficacious mode of action and transient resistance mechanisms of a frontline meliodosis chemotherapeutic, and biomarkers for monitoring treatment outcome.
A partially-rated active filter enabled power architecture to generate oscillating power from wave energy converter

This paper proposes an active filter (AF) enabled power architecture to harness oscillating power from wave energy converter (WEC). The proposed power architecture consisting of a diode rectifier and a dc-dc converter along with the partially-rated active filter, is cost-effective compared to conventional fully-rated power converter in generating oscillating power. The architecture is suitable to generate power using both squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG) as well as permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). In the current work, over all system modeling and control strategy is described for a SCIG based system. Feasibility of the proposed system is validated through experimental implementation with an emulated WEC excited by practical ocean wave data. The proposed system can also be effectively utilized to generate varying power from the tidal energy converter (TEC).
Middle of line RC performance study at the 7 nm node

In this paper, a study on MOL (middle-of-the-line) RC performance and optimization of MOL resistance at both source/drain contact and local interconnect level at 7 nm node is presented. We focus on the device delay from 10 nm node to 7 nm node using a single stage driver circuit. The device delay is calculated based on a real 10 nm FINFET device. Then the result is compared with a shrunk version of the circuit at the 7 nm dimension. Therefore, using this model the impact of the MOL on the circuit performance can be determined. By using a liner-free W (tungsten) metallization at source drain contact level and Co (cobalt) or Ru (ruthenium) metallization in the MOL local interconnect level, a 45% reduction in MOL resistance was obtained which is crucial to achieve a better 7 nm MOL performance over the 10 nm node.
Ultra narrowband infrared absorbers for omni-directional and polarization insensitive multi-spectral sensing microsystems

This paper reports on the experimental demonstration of wide-angle and polarization insensitive ultra­narrowband mid-infrared (MIR) plasmonic absorbers for multispectral sensing and imaging applications. By optimizing geometry and fabrication process of an ultra-thin (400 nm) metal-insulator-metal (MIM) metamaterial structure, we have been able to experimentally demonstrate high absorptivity (η>91%) mid-IR absorbers with the narrowest absorption bandwidth reported to date (full width at half maximum, FWHM∼225 nm, 4.29% at λ=5.23μm), while maintaining angle (θ=0∼60°) and polarization insensitivity. The unprecedented performance of such batch-microfabricated and lithographically defined ultra-thin absorbers paves the way to the development of new classes of plasmonically-enhanced multi-spectral sensing and imaging microsystems for non-invasive chemical sensing and IR spectral signature detection.
Joselito and Calentito: diminutive enigmas

Two exceptional diminutives exist that have received little attention in the relevant literature. Joselito is unusual because it takes the suffix - lito , which may come from the /l/ in Jose Luis since the two are the most frequent collocates. The early appearance of Joselito , along with the fact that most of the other words that take - lito were later borrowings into Spanish, suggests that Joselito was the first diminutive of its kind. It then served as an analog for the diminutives of subsequent borrowings that ended in stressed vowels (e.g. cafelito , bebelito ). The diminutive variant - tito (e.g. cafetito , sofatito ) is also discussed. Calentito stands out because it does not retain the diphthong of its base, caliente , as most diminutives do. Historically, diminutives did not have diphthongs prior to the 15th century when they adopted them. In the early 20th century grammarians both prescribed and dispreferred monophthongal diminutives, but in usage most monophthongal forms were eliminated with calentito emerging as the most common exception. However, contemporary corpus data attest the sporadic existence of other diminutives without diphthongs such as merendita and celito .
Absorption spectra of localized surface plasmon resonance observed in an inline/picoliter spectrometer cell fabricated by a near ultraviolet femtosecond laser

Abstract Absorption spectra based on localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) were obtained with an inline/picoliter spectrometer cell. The spectrometer cell was fabricated into an optical glass fiber by focusing a near UV (NUV) femtosecond laser pulses at a wavelength of 400 nm with an energy of 30 μ J. The laser beam was focused from two directions opposite to each other to fabricate a through-hole spectrometer cell. A diameter of the cell was approximately 3 μ m, and the length was approximately 62.5 μ m, which was nearly equal to the core diameter of the optical fiber. Liquid solution of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) with a diameter of 5–10 nm was injected into the spectrometer cell with its volume of 0.4 pL. The absorption peak centered at 518 nm was observed. An increase of absorption associated with the increase of the number of nanoparticles was in agreement with the numerical calculation based on the Lambert–Beer law.
Psychology course redesign: an interactive approach to learning in a micro-flipped classroom

A micro-flipped classroom combines the traditional lecture-based course and the flipped classroom for a blended mixture of the two pedagogical approaches. It allows the instructor time to lecture in class, while promoting more interactive discussions between the students. In this study, we compared the differences between a traditional lecture-based course and a micro-flipped course to see if there were differences in three exam grades and overall course grades. Exam specific analyses revealed that exams delivered in the early and mid-semester (Exams 1 and 2) resulted in slightly higher grades in the micro-flipped class group, and the statistically significant benefits of the micro-flipped course emerged during the third exam. We conclude that all increases in student performance are meaningful, and benefits of the micro-flipped classroom can be realized within the course of one semester.
A Broadcast Approach to the Single-User Energy Harvesting Channel

This paper proposes a broadcast strategy for the single-user slowly fading channel in which transmission power is supplied by energy harvesting units. The transmitter is assumed to be oblivious to the fading state of the channel, and it splits its message into multiple superimposed information layers. This facilitates sustaining reliably decodable transmission rates adapted to the unknown state of the randomly-varying channel fading and energy harvesting processes. The maximum achievable rate and the associated policies and algorithms for the optimal allocation of power across the information layers and time are characterized. Specifically, it is observed that designing the optimal allocation of power across information layers and time can be decoupled. A closed-form characterization of the optimal allocation of power across layers is established, and an algorithm is provided that determines the exact optimal allocation of power over time.
VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURE IN A NINETEENTH CENTURY AMERICAN CORPORATION: THE DEMISE OF MANAGERIAL INFORMATION AS A SIGNIFICANT ELEMENT OF FINANCIAL REPORTING

In a report issued in 1994, the Jenkins Committee advocated the integration of managerial statistics, which could be used to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of a firm's management, into financial statements. This study traces the development, and subsequent demise, of similar managerial information within the financial statements of the Quincy Mining Company in the nineteenth century. Two contemporary models for financial disclosure are developed for comparative purposes and it is concluded that the Quincy Mining Company intentionally restricted the information available to shareholders. By clarifying the disclosure practices of a single firm in an unregulated environment, this study provides insights to the origins of modern financial reporting.
Magnetic Resonance Elastography of the Liver in Children and Adolescents: Assessment of Regional Variations in Stiffness

Rationale and Objectives We describe our experience in measuring parenchyma stiffness across the liver Couinaud segments in lieu of the conventional practice of using a single slice-wise “global” region-of-interest. We hypothesize that the heterogeneous nature of fibrosis can lead to regional stiffness within the organ, and that it can be reflected by Couinaud segment-based magnetic resonance elastography measurements. Materials and Methods This retrospective study involved from 173 patients (116 males, 57 females, 1.0–22.5 years, 14.7 ± 3.5 years) who underwent exams between June 2017 and September 2018. Liver stiffness across the eight Couinaud segments was measured in addition to a single-slice global measurement by two analysts. Inter- and intrarater analysis was performed in a subset of 20 cases. Individual segment stiffness values, the average across the segments, and the coefficients of variation (CoV) were compared to global single-slice-derived values using linear and Lin's concordance correlation coefficients. Linear correlations between stiffness values versus age, gender, and body-mass-index (BMI) were also evaluated. Results We observed CoVs ranging from 3.1%–79.2%, 17.2 ± 7.2%. The CoV was not correlated with age or BMI (r2 Conclusion There exists potential variations in parenchyma stiffness across the liver Couinaud segments, which may reflect the heterogeneous nature of fibrosis. This variation can potentially provide additional diagnostic and clinical information.
Mad Men, Maddicts, and Recapturing the Carousel Through Kodak Moments and Selfies

Betancourt investigates the relationship between family and nostalgia in Mad Men, specifically Don Draper’s Kodak Carousel advertising campaign pitch and as employed historically by Kodak. The role of fans, Maddicts, is explored in terms of their nostalgia for the series and the ways in which they create “Kodak Moments” to mark their fandom and communitas. Betancourt offers close readings of the images in the Carousel and demonstrates ways in which nostalgic responses to Draper’s pitch and family photos may be productive. Through questioning practices of inclusion and exclusion in the pitch, the author explains how conceptions of gender, race, family, and memory are addressed in the series and by its fans. The chapter concludes with a reflection on the creation of family photos, the rituals of sharing them, and the possibility of embracing nostalgia as generative.
Reverse Heterojunction (Al)GaInP Solar Cells for Improved Efficiency at Concentration

Mitigating series resistance is crucial to the efficiency of concentrator solar cells at high current density. Conventional AlGaInP junction designs for the top junction of III–V multijunction cells present a challenging tradeoff between series resistance on the one hand and current collection and voltage on the other hand. In this article we discuss the physics of a reverse heterojunction solar cell that aims to improve on this tradeoff by combining a high bandgap Al0.18Ga0.33In0.49P base and a lower bandgap (Al)GaInP emitter. The high mobility of the emitter leads to a relatively low series resistance, compared with a high bandgap homojunction cell. The electroluminescence spectrum shows emission peaks from both the emitter and base, leading to an open-circuit voltage that is not strictly dominated by either layer. The reverse heterojunction design is increasingly beneficial as the one-sun voltage increases.
Do patients with cancer have a poorer prognosis of COVID-19? An experience in New York City.

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in late 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has been spreading rapidly. As the infection has become widespread, concern for the influence of COVID-19 on patients with cancer has grown. Zhang et al.1Zhang L. Zhu F. Xie L. et al.Clinical characteristics of COVID-19-infected cancer patients: a retrospective case study in three hospitals within Wuhan, China.Ann Oncol. 2020; 31: 894-901Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (306) Google Scholar reported a retrospective case study of 28 COVID-19-infected cancer patients with an astonishingly high mortality rate (28.6%). However, as Oh2Oh W.K. COVID-19 infection in cancer patients: early observations and unanswered questions.Ann Oncol. 2020; 31: 838-839Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (10) Google Scholar pointed out, the result cannot be applied to other countries with different cancer epidemiology and practice. We herein sought to determine whether patients with cancer in the USA have a poorer prognosis of COVID-19 by analyzing the electronic medical records of Mount Sinai Health System (MSHS) in New York City.
6 – Radiation and Materials

Publisher Summary Bombarding particles may have low or high energy; they may be charged, uncharged, or photons; they may be heavy or light in the scale of masses. The targets may be similarly distinguished, but also exhibit degrees of binding that range from none—“free” particles, to weak—atoms in molecules and electrons in atoms, to strong—nucleons in nuclei. In most interactions, the higher the projectile energy in comparison with the energy of binding of the structure, the greater is the effect. Materials may be of biological form, including the human body, or they may be inert substances used for protective shielding against radiation. Excitation and ionization by electrons occur in the familiar fluorescent light-bulb, or in a vacuum tube used in electrical devices, in an X-ray machine, or in matter exposed to beta particles. If an electron that enters a material has a very low energy, it will merely migrate without affecting the molecules significantly.
On Quadratic Programming Based Iterative Learning Control for Systems with Actuator Saturation Constraints

When feedback control systems are given a commanded desired trajectory to perform, they produce a somewhat different trajectory. The concept of bandwidth is used to indicate what frequency components of the trajectory are executed reasonably well. Iterative Learning Control (ILC) iteratively changes the command, aiming to make the control system output match the desired output. The theory of linear ILC is reasonably well developed, but in hardware applications the nonlinear effects from hitting actuator saturation limits during the process of convergence of ILC could be detrimental to performance. Building on previous work by the authors and coworkers, this paper investigates the conversion of effective ILC laws into a quadratic cost optimization. And then it develops the modeling needed to impose actuator saturation constraints during the ILC learning process producing Quadratic Programming based ILC, or QP-ILC. The benefits and the need for ILC laws that acknowledge saturation constraints are investigated.
Intraductal Tubulopapillary Neoplasm of the Pancreas Presenting as a Localized Pancreatic Tumor in a 52-Year-Old Woman: Focusing on a Rare Pancreatic Malignancy and Contrasting to Intrapapillary Mucinous Neoplasm.

Intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm (ITPN) is a distinctive type of pancreatic tumor first discovered more than three decades ago. ITPNs currently account for less than 1% of all pancreatic exocrine tumor cases recognized, and less than 5% of pancreatic intraductal tumors. A patient's presentation is often nonspecific in comparison to other intraductal pancreatic neoplasms. We discuss a 52-year-old female presenting with abdominal pain and weight loss with ITPN, and go on to define the typical presentation, clinical features, and pathology behind the tumor.
RAG deficiencies: Recent advances in disease pathogenesis and novel therapeutic approaches

The RAG1 and RAG2 proteins initiate the process of V(D)J recombination and therefore play an essential role in adaptive immunity. While null mutations in the RAG genes cause severe combined immune deficiency with lack of T and B cells (T- B- SCID) and susceptibility to life-threatening, early-onset infections, studies in humans and mice have demonstrated that hypomorphic RAG mutations are associated with defects of central and peripheral tolerance resulting in immune dysregulation. In this review, we provide an overview of the extended spectrum of RAG deficiencies and their associated clinical and immunological phenotypes in humans. We discuss recent advances in the mechanisms that control RAG expression and function, the effects of perturbed RAG activity on lymphoid development and immune homeostasis, and propose novel approaches to correct this group of disorders.
Brønsted-Acid-Catalyzed Intramolecular Carbonyl-Olefin Reactions: Interrupted Metathesis vs Carbonyl-Ene Reaction.

Lewis acid catalysts have been shown to promote carbonyl-olefin metathesis through a critical four-membered-ring oxetane intermediate. Recently, Bronsted-acid catalysis of related substrates was similarly proposed to result in a transient oxetane, which fragments within a single elementary step via a postulated oxygen-atom transfer mechanism. Herein, careful quantum chemical investigations show that Bronsted acid (triflic acid, TfOH) instead invokes a mechanistic switch to a carbonyl-ene reaction, and oxygen-atom transfer is uncompetitive. TfOH's conjugate base is also found to rearrange H atoms and allow isomerization of the carbocations that appear after the carbonyl-ene reaction. The mechanism explains available experimental information, including the skipped diene species that appear transiently before product formation. The present study clarifies the mechanism for activation of intramolecular carbonyl-olefin substrates by Bronsted acids and provides important insights that will help develop this exciting class of catalysts.
A field sentinel study investigating withering syndrome transmission dynamics in California abalones

Abstract We examined the risk of withering syndrome (WS) rickettsia-like organism (WS-RLO) infection in sentinel red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) deployed in modules at two Southern California field sites, one adjacent to an abalone farm and one adjacent to wild abalones. WS-RLO DNA was detected in seawater near modules at the wild abalone site but not near the farm (WS-RLO DNA was detected in the farm effluent). More WS-RLO DNA was detected in tissue from abalone near the farm relative to those near wild abalones (p 0.05) and were independent of WS-RLO DNA loads in abalone tissue and seawater. More stippled (ST)-RLO than WS-RLO were observed with more ST-RLO infections near wild abalone than near the abalone farm (p
On Harris’s Systems of Report and Paraphrase

In his remarkable monograph, The Two Systems of Grammar: Report and Paraphrase’1, the eminent linguist Zellig Harris makes a number of timely observations concerning logical form or structure. “From an attempt to isolate the independent elements of sentence construction,” he notes (p. 613), “we arrive at two different and separately acting grammatical systems…: a system of predicates… and a system which can be considered an extension of morphophonemics…. The predicate system carries all the objective information in the sentence, and the most natural interpretation of its structure is that of giving a report. The morphophonemic system is interpretable as being paraphrastic, and changes at most the speaker’s or hearer’s relation to the report. The grammar of the language as a whole is simply the resultant of these two systems.”
A Disposable on-Chip Air Detonator for Driving Fluids on Point-of-Care Systems

This paper presents a disposable on-chip air detonator for driving fluids on points-of-care systems. Pressurized air pre-stored in a chamber works as a source of pressure for driving fluids upon breaking membrane that seals the pressurized air. By applying an electrical pulse through the localized microheater, the thermoplastic membrane can be easily broken and consequently the pressurized air can be detonated to drive liquids through microchannels. In this paper, we report the development of new device fully microfabricated using plastic substrate and plastic membrane, which is fabricated as one body to reduce fabrication steps for low-cost disposable alternative on-chip pressure sources. Dynamic response of pressure in microfluidic channel has also been fully characterized.
Geographical Indications: I Say "Kalamata", the EU Says "Black Olive" (A)

In April 2005, Alexandra was the owner of an Australian farm that produced olives, including Kalamata table olives. Alexandra had invested in the expansion of her farm in anticipation of the evolution of her market from domestic trade in Australia to international export. There was, however, a disruptive dispute before a WTO tribunal between Australia and the EU regarding the protection of Geographical Indications, which identify a product's origins and are treated as trademarks in some respects by international trade rules. Though Alexandra prepared her Kalamata olives in the traditional Kalamata technique, her use of the regionally specific name was threatened by the intellectual property rights provided by GIs. The case focuses on what should be the legal outcome of the WTO dispute, as well as possible business strategies by Alexandra in the event of an adverse outcome to Australia.
A Practical Algorithm for Geometric Theorem Proving

This paper describes a practical algorithm for the problem of geometric theorem proving. Our work is motivated by several recent improvements in algorithms for sign determination and symbolic-numeric computation. Based on these, we provide an algorithm for solving triangular systems efficiently using straight-line program arithmetic. The geometric theorem prover so obtained works over both real closed and algebraic closed fields and handles the problem of degeneracy via the use of randomisation. The report concludes with a description of an implementation and provides preliminary benchmarks from the same.
Architecture and application s of DADO: a large-scale parallel computer for artificial intelligence

As part of our research on very high performance parallel architectures, we have been investigating; machine architectures specially adapted to the highly efficient implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) software. In the course of our research we designed DADO, a highly parallel, VLSI-based, tree-structured machine, and implemented a high-speed algorithm for production systems on a simulator for DADO. Subsequent research has convinced us that DADO can support many other AI applications, including the very rapid execution of PROLOG programs, and a large share of the symbolic processing typical of contemporary knowledge-based systems. In this brief report, we outline the hardware design of a moderate size DADO prototype, comprising 1023 processing elements, which is currently under construction at Columbia University. We then sketch the software base being implemented on a small 15 processing element prototype system including several applications written in PPL/M, a high-level language designed for specifying parallel computations on DADO.
Ambivalence, the Intergroup Contact Hypothesis, and Attitudes about Gay Rights

This article examines the effect of contact with gays and lesbians on inducing or decreasing ambivalence among citizens’ attitudes toward gay rights. Contact may create cross-pressure or ambivalence among strong conservative-leaning citizens, causing internal conflict between their political values and their contact with gays and lesbians. Citizens torn between conflicting values will have less predictable attitudes than those not experiencing such conflict. Contact, however, is likely to have the opposite effect among liberal-leaning citizens, reducing ambivalence and making their attitudes more predictable and uniform. Results from heteroskedastic regression models indicate that contact increases the error variance among evangelical Christians, strong conservatives, and strong Republicans while decreasing it among their liberal-leaning counterparts. The results suggest that contact with gays and lesbians can impact the mean level of support for gay rights, as well as the clarity or certainty of those attitudes, although its effect differs across these two dimensions of public opinion. Related Articles Bramlett, Brittany H. 2012. “The Cross-Pressures of Religion and Contact with Gays and Lesbians, and Their Impact on Same-Sex Marriage Opinion.” Politics & Policy 40 (1): 13-42. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2011.00337.x/full Barth, Jay L., and Janine Parry. 2009. “2 > 1 + 1? The Impact of Contact with Gay and Lesbian Couples on Attitudes about Gays/Lesbians and Gay-Related Policies.” Politics & Policy 37 (1): 31-50. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00160.x/abstract Skipworth, Sue Ann, Andrew Garner, and Bryan J. Dettrey. 2010. “Limitations of the Contact Hypothesis: Heterogeneity in the Contact Effect on Attitudes toward Gay Rights.” Politics & Policy 38 (5): 887-906. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2010.00262.x/abstract Related Media It Gets Better Project. 2010. “What Is the It Gets Better Project?” Accessed on December 20, 2012. Available online at http://www.itgetsbetter.org/pages/about-it-gets-better-project Edsall, Thomas B. 2012. “Let the Nanotargeting Begin.” The New York Times (April 15). http://campaignstops.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/15/let-the-nanotargeting-begin
Genetic Variability of Transpiration Response of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] Shoots to Leaf Hydraulic Conductance Inhibitor AgNO3

Transpiration rate (TR) of a slow-wilting soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] line, PI 416937, is constant with increasing vapor pressure deficit (VPD) at high VPD (> ?2 kPa). The basis of such a limitation on TR was recently linked to limited leaf hydraulic conductance. It was hypothesized that this genotype may lack an AgNO3-sensitive protein-mediated water pathway in the leaf, possibly involving aquaporins (AQPs), causing it to have a low hydraulic conductance. The possibility of genetic variability for sensitivity of derooted plants exposed to 200 iM AgNO3 was investigated among 12 soybean genotypes including progeny of PI 416937. Segregation among genotypes in their response to AgNO3 was observed. Genotype PI 416937 and two of its progeny lines were insensitive to the AgNO3 treatment indicating that they lacked a protein-mediated water pathway that is sensitive to this inhibitor. The remaining nine genotypes were sensitive to the AgNO3 treatment, and the decrease in TR indicated that the AgNO3 sensitivity accounted for 25 to 50% of the usual hydraulic pathway in the leaves. Among the AgNO3-sensitive lines, the genotypes could be further segregated based on previous observations in the response of intact plants to increasing VPD. It is hypothesized that this additional segregation might be a result of a difference in hydraulic limitation in their roots.
Improvement in vernier acuity with practice.

In 1863, Volkmann reported that his resolution acuity and that of his assistant had improved with practice. It was an observation that would be made by many experimenters in subsequent years (Gibson, 1953). Anticipating the signal detection theorists, Wilcox (1936) attributed the change in two-bar acuity he found with practice to a shift in the subject's criterion for "doubleness." Certainly, most of the practice effects observed with the simple psycho­
Synthesis of reovirus double-stranded RNA within virionlike particles

Abstract The enzyme responsible for the synthesis of reovirus double-stranded RNA (SS → DS RNA polymerase) and its double-stranded RNA product synthesized in vitro were investigated. They were studied by determining (1) the sedimentation pattern of SS → DS RNA polymerase in cesium chloride and sucrose density gradients; (2) the sedimentation pattern of the SS → DS RNA polymerase product under nondenaturing conditions in CsCl and sucrose density gradients and (3) the response of SS → DS RNA polymerase activity and its nondenatured product to treatment with chymotrypsin. SS → DS RNA polymerase activity is associated with particles which sediment in sucrose density gradients slightly slower than virions, have a density in CsCl of 1.34 g/ml as compared with 1.36 g/ml for virions and which are converted to particles with a density of 1.43 g/ml in CsCl after treatment with chymotrypsin. Double-stranded RNA synthesized by these particles in vitro is not released but remains associated with them. These results suggest that double-stranded RNA is synthesized in a viruslike particle consisting of a corelike structure to the outside of which additional protein molecules are attached.
Search and exploration of scanned books

In this demo, we present Proteus, a novel interface for interacting with multiple retrieval types extracted from scanned books provided by the Internet Archive. The primary purpose of Proteus is to provide a rich interactive experience for users to explore collections with automatically extracted and linked entity data. The system supports seamlessly shifting perspectives between books, entities, and topics. Proteus provides a starting point for a variety of exploratory search tasks.
Attitudes of physicians toward elderly drivers and driving policy.

OBJECTIVE: To examine physicians' attitudes toward and knowledge concerning driving in older persons. DESIGN: Questionnaire survey. MEASUREMENTS: A questionnaire was sent to physician members of the American Geriatrics Society (n = 5009). The questionnaire explored physicians' practice characteristics, general approach to record keeping, frequency of behavior toward educating, counseling, and reporting patients to authorities when deemed appropriate, and their personal understanding of driving issues and physician responsibilities within the state in which they practice. RESULTS: A response rate of 48% was obtained. There was a lack of consensus among physicians, with a broad range of attitudes and practices dealing with this growing public health concern. Physicians generally believed that they had a legal responsibility to assess driving ability but were uncertain about how to assess driving competence and their responsibility toward their senior patients who drive. CONCLUSIONS: Physician practices concerning the appropriate management of older drivers vary widely. Physicians should be aware that medical literature is available to aid in the evaluation of the elderly driver with medical impairments. In addition, physicians should consider referring their elderly patients to driver refresher courses to improve or maintain their driving skills. More research is needed to help guide health professionals in assessing the frail elder with multiple medical impairments and decreasing the crash risk for the older driver.
Transient lysozymuria during sarcoma I tumor rejection.

Abstract The present studies on the in vivo regulation of lysozyme synthesis by cytotoxic macrophages infiltrating Sarcoma I (Sa I) tumor ascites of C57BL/KS mice are an extension of previous observations that the elevation of serum and urinary lysozyme levels might reflect the degree of macrophage-mediated host resistance. Cytotoxic macrophages of host origin are required in the natural rejection of tumors by C57BL/Ks mice challenged with Sa I. The amounts of lysozyme in the serum and urine of the affected mice are quantitated during Sa I growth and rejection. The enzyme levels are correlated with the number of macrophages in the tumor and with the capacity for lysozyme synthesis measured in vitro on monolayers of macrophages isolated from the ascites. The results indicate that the elevation of serum and urinary lysozyme activity is a reflection of both the increased number of cytotoxic macrophages in the host and the qualitative change in the functional state of the cells. These parameters alone cannot account for the extent of the in vivo release of lysozyme in the serum and urine of the affected animals. High levels of lysozyme are present in the extracellular fluids of the mice only when the macrophages are actively participating in host defense. We conclude that in vivo control mechanisms which depend on the presence of viable tumor cells are responsible for the regulation of lysozyme release by cytotoxic macrophages. However, the high levels of lysozyme do not always indicate complete rejection, as indicated by a preliminary observation in which extensive lysozymuria was followed by tumor relapse.
Statistical relevance and explanatory classification

Numerous philosophers, among them Carl G. Hempel and Wesley C. Salmon, have attempted to explicate the notion of explanatory relevance in terms of the statistical relevance of various properties of an individual to the explanandum property itself (or what is here called narrow statistical relevance). This approach seems plausible if one assumes that to explain an occurrence is to show that it was to be expected or to exhibit its degree of expectability and the factors which influence its expectability. But considerations of narrow statistical relevance do not provide an adequate basis for explanatory classification, and the aforementioned views of explanation are accordingly mistaken. Explanatory classification must provide at least a partial account of the nature of a thing, and such an account will generally go beyond what is required as a basis for correct expectation.
Characteristic Scales of Photospheric Flows and Their Magnetic and Temperature Markers

We study the characteristic scales of quiet-Sun photospheric velocity fields along with their temperature and magnetic markers in Doppler images from the Michelson Doppler Imager aboard the SOHO satellite (SOHO/MDI) in simultaneous, Doppler, magnetic, and intensity images from the San Fernando Observatory and in full-disk magnetograms and an intensity image from National Solar Observatory (Kitt Peak). Wavelet flatness spectra show that velocity fluctuations are normally distributed (Gaussian). This is often assumed in stochastic models of turbulence but had not yet been verified observationally for the Sun. Temperature fluctuations also are Gaussian distributed, but magnetic fields are intermittent and are gathered into patterns related to flow structures. Wavelet basis functions designed to detect characteristic convection cell-flow topologies in acoustically filtered SOHO/MDI Doppler images reveal granulation scales of 0.7-2.2 Mm and supergranulation scales of 28-40 Mm. Mesogranular flows are weakly but significantly detected in the range 4-8 Mm. The systematic flows account for only 30% of the image variances at granular and supergranular scales and much less in between. The main flows for the intermediate range of 2-15 Mm are self-similar, i.e., chaotic or turbulent.
Self-phase modulation in long-geometry optical waveguides

We calculate the effect of self-phase modulation of a pulse propagating in a long-geometry waveguide. Our calculations go beyond the usual theory, which does not take into account the envelope time variation in the nonlinear term of the wave equation. We show that for long waveguides with relatively small group-velocity dispersion but finite nonlinear coefficient ${n}_{2}$, the pulse will develop a sizable asymmetric frequency and temporal spectra.
Thermochemistry of cyclopentene and cyclopentadiene from studies of gas-phase equilibria☆

Abstract The equilibrium constants of the reactions: I 2 +cyclopentene = cyclopentadiene + 2HI (1) I 2 +cyclopentane = cyclopentene + 2HI (2) were measured spectrophotometrically in the gas-phase. They are: log 10 (K 1 /atm) = (7.55 ±0.13) - (22.16 ±0.32)kcal mol −1 /RT 1n 10 between 177.6 and 413.4 °C, and log 10 (K 1 /atm) = -1.16 ±0.02 at 317.9 °C, respectively. The van't Hoff parameters of K1 combined with critically selected entropies and heat capacities, yields a second law ΔHfo(298 K) and So(298 K) for cyclopentadiene of 31.9 kcal mol−1 and 65.6 cal K−1 mol−1, respectively, in excellent agreement with the third law values and ΔHfo(298 K) obtained calorimetrically. The third law ΔHfo(298 K) of cyclopentene is 8.2 kcal mol−1, which is also in excellent agreement with the calorimetric value.
Compact z = 2 Electrodynamics in 2 + 1 Dimensions: Confinement with Gapless Modes

We consider $2+1$-dimensional compact $U(1)$ gauge theory at the Lifshitz point with a dynamical critical exponent $z=2$. As in the usual $z=1$ theory, monopoles proliferate the vacuum for any value of the coupling, generating a mass scale. The theory of the dilute monopole gas is written in terms of a nonrelativistic sine-Gordon model with two real fields. While monopoles remove some of the massless poles of the perturbative field strength propagator, a gapless mode representing the incomplete screening of monopoles remains, and is protected by a shift invariance of the original theory. Timelike Wilson loops still obey area laws, implying that minimal charges are confined, but the action of spacelike Wilson loops of linear size $L$ goes instead as ${L}^{3}$.
No Evidence for a Higher Resting Metabolic Rate in Noninstitutionalized Alzheimer's Disease Patients

OBJECTIVE: It has previously been suggested that Alzheimer's disease patients have higher resting energy requirements than healthy individuals, which may contribute to their unexplained weight loss. We examined whether resting metabolic rate, the largest component of daily energy expenditure, is elevated in Alzheimer's patients compared with healthy older controls. DESIGN: Cross-sectional SETTING: General Clinical Research Center and Baltimore VA Medical Center PATIENTS: Twenty-five noninstitutionalized demented patients (74 ± 8 years; mean ± SD) with a wide range of Mini-Mental Examination scores (1 to 20) and 73 healthy older individuals (69 ± 7 years). MEASUREMENTS: Resting metabolic rate was measured by indirect calorimetry, fat-free mass and fat mass by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and daily energy intake by food diaries. RESULTS: No differences in fat-free mass and fat mass were noted between Alzheimer's disease patients and healthy older controls. Resting metabolic rate was similar in Alzheimer's disease patients (5446 ± 962 kJ/day) and healthy older individuals (5647 ± 887 kJ/day). These results persisted when resting metabolic rate was statistically adjusted for differences in body composition and age. CONCLUSION: These results provide no evidence for an elevation in resting energy requirements in noninstitutionalized demented patients.
ESTIMATING A MATRIX POPULATION GROWTH OPERATOR FROM DISTRIBUTIONAL TIME SERIES

ABSTRACT Most efforts to analyze and forecast interregional population growth and distribution are hampered by the general paucity of reliable data on interregional migration. This has led demographers to rely on crudely constructed measures of net migration. Recent efforts to express the population growth process in matrix form, however, suggest a means whereby the schedule of growth that operates in an interregional system may be estimated solely on the basis of historical data on interregional population distributions. Such a method ist described and illustrated in this paper. The method estimates a growth regime which, when applied to the initial interregional population distribution in the time series, most closely reproduces the remaining population distributions in the historical sequence.