cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Image-Based CFD Modeling of Cerebral Aneurysms

Image-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been increasingly used to investigate the role of hemodynamics in the mechanisms responsible for the development, progression and rupture of intracranial aneurysms. A key aspect of this approach is to be able to connect hemodynamics information to clinical data and observations and thus test hypotheses about the underlying mechanisms or to answer specific clinical questions. This requires large numbers of models in order to produce statistically significant results which in turn require efficient simulation tools and methods. Likewise, this methodology is being used to investigate the effects of different endovascular devices and procedures to improve designs and treatment plans. Again this requires further enhancements to the simulation methods to handle endovascular devices efficiently. This presentation will summarize our efforts in the development of image-based CFD methods and their application to the study of cerebral aneurysms. Particular attention will be paid to the following focus areas: (1) mechanisms of aneurysm evolution, (2) analysis of aneurysm rupture risk, and (3) effects of flow diverting devices for intracranial aneurysms.
The de minimis threshold in international trade: The costs of being too low

With tariffs largely negotiated away, trade facilitation issues such as custom delays and border costs are one of the next key barriers for trade policymakers to address. One important trade facilitation issue is the de minimis threshold (DMT)—a valuation ceiling for imports below which no duty or tax is charged and the clearance procedures are minimal. Customs assessments are costly and low thresholds can hinder trade flows. We offer a detailed analytical approach to assess the direct economic effects of raising the DMT. We focus on Canada, which has one of the lowest DMTs among developed countries. We utilise a unique data set and find that raising Canada's DMT would have positive effects for consumers and businesses, particularly small businesses because the cost saving for smaller entities is disproportionately large. For the government, foregone duty and tax revenues are outweighed by the cost saving, resulting in a fiscally neutral or even positive effect for government revenues.
Electrochemistry in ionic liquids: Case study of a manganese corrole

Voltammetry of [5,10,15-tris(pentafluorophenylcorrole)]Mn(III) was investigated in four different ionic liquids (ILs): 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BMIm-TFSI); 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate (EMIm-EtOSO_3); 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium triflate (EMIm-OTf); and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetracyanoborate (EMIm-TCB). We found that Mn^(IV/III) E_(1/2) values depend on IL counter anion: OTf–< EtOSO_3− < TFSI− < TCB−. In EMIm-TCB and BMIm- TFSI, reversible, diffusion-controlled MnIV/III reactions occurred, as evidenced in each case by the ratio of anodic to cathodic diffusion coefficients over a range of scan rates. Axial coordination was evidenced by a cathodic to anodic diffusion coefficient ratio greater than one, an increasing cathodic to anodic peak current ratio with increasing scan rate, and a split Soret band in the UV-vis spectrum of the complex.
Treatment of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome-associated schizophrenia with comorbid anxiety and panic disorder

22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a risk factor for psychiatric illnesses, including schizophrenia and anxiety. Small studies have shown that several neuroleptic medications are effective in treating psychosis in this population, but are also associated with an increased risk of adverse effects - particularly, seizures. In this case, we discuss a 34-year-old patient presenting with late onset schizophrenia, which ultimately led to her diagnosis of 22q11DS. Subsequent management of the patient’s psychosis with asenapine was complicated by concurrent anxiety and panic disorder; thus, we examine the role of anxiolytic therapy in conjunction with antipsychotics in this patient population.
Promoting Resilience Among African American Girls: Racial Identity as a Protective Factor

This study examines school climate, racial identity beliefs, and achievement motivation beliefs within a cultural-ecological and risk and resilience framework. Data were drawn from a longitudinal study of 733 (Mage = 14.49) African American adolescent girls. A linear mixed effects model was used to determine if racial identity dimensions moderated the relationship between school climate and achievement motivation beliefs across four waves. Results revealed that racial identity (private regard and racial centrality) and ideology (nationalist) beliefs were associated with higher achievement motivation beliefs over time, while racial centrality and private regard, and a sense of belonging served as protective factors. The findings contribute to the importance of racial identity beliefs and increase the visibility of African American girls.
Leadership for Equity and Inclusivity in Schools: The Cultural Work of Inclusive Schools

Abstract A set of schools located across the United States partnered with a federally funded inclusive schools systems approach to improving outcomes for all students—both general and special educa...
Analysis of Vocal Fold Motion Impairment in Neonates Undergoing Congenital Heart Surgery.

Importance Vocal fold motion impairment (VFMI) is a known risk factor following congenital heart surgery (CHS). The impact of this diagnosis on utilization and outcomes is unknown. Objective To evaluate the cost, postprocedure length of stay (PPLOS), and outcomes for neonates with VFMI after CHS. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional analysis of the 2012 Kids’ Inpatient Database (KID) of neonates who underwent CHS was carried out. The KID is an administrative data set of patients, aged 20 years or younger, and contains data on more than 10 million hospitalizations from 44 states. The KID is limited to inpatient hospitalization and contains discharge summary level of data. Patients were limited to those who were born during the hospitalization and those who were aged 28 days or younger at the time of admission for CHS. A weighted total of 4139 neonates who underwent CHS were identified, of which 3725 survived. The proportion of neonates diagnosed with VFMI was 264 (6.92%) of 3725. Exposures Congenital heart surgery. Main Outcomes and Measures Cost of inpatient hospital stay, postprocedure length of stay, odds of pneumonia, gastrostomy tube placement, and tracheostomy tube placement. Risk-adjusted generalized linear models examined differences in cost and PPLOS between neonates who underwent CHS and were diagnosed with VFMI and those who were not. Risk-adjusted logistic regression compared the odds of selected outcomes (gastrostomy, tracheostomy, pneumonia). Models were weighted to provide national estimates. Results Of 3725 neonates (aged 0-28 days), 2203 (59.1%) were male and 1517 (40.7%) were female. Neonates diagnosed with VFMI had significantly higher total cost by $34 000 (95% CI, 2200-65 000) and PPLOS by 9.1 days (95% CI, 4.6-13.7) compared with those who did not. When PPLOS was included as a covariate in the model for cost, presence of VFMI was no longer significant. There were no differences in odds of pneumonia, gastrostomy, or tracheostomy. Conclusions and Relevance Vocal fold motion impairment after CHS was associated with significant increases in cost owing to increased PPLOS. These findings provide a foundation to further investigate standardized screening for VFMI following CHS; early identification and treatment may decrease cost and PPLOS.
Pragmatism and Demonology: Circumscription of the Topic

Jamesian pragmatism is distinguished by its broad understanding of “practical” that includes emotional and existential concerns. This pragmatism is subjected to a challenge by skeptics who see harm in what they believe is a general pollution of knowledge caused by taking psychical research seriously. The author presents his own story of vastation and his consequent ambivalence about exploring the subject of demons and unusual mental states.
Spezialfälle des Endometriumkarzinoms: Fertilitätserhalt und Prävention bei Hochrisikopatientinnen

Die Operation ist die Therapie der Wahl fur Patientinnen mit Endometriumkarzinom. Dazu gehort die Hysterektomie, die bilaterale Salpingooophorektomie, die Beurteilung der peritonealen Zytologie sowie die pelvine und paraaortale Lymphadenektomie bei Patientinnen mit Lymphmetastasenrisiko. Der Erhalt der Ovarien sollte bei pramenopausalen Patientinnen mit Endometriumkarzinom ernsthaft in Erwagung gezogen werden. Bei jungeren Patientinnen gilt zwar die operative Behandlung mit Hysterektomie und Staging als Therapiestandard, aber auch eine nichtoperative Behandlung mit Hormontherapie kann fur ausgewahlte Frauen in Frage kommen, die ihre Fertilitat erhalten wollen. Wegen des hohen Risikos eines simultanen primaren Ovarialkarzinoms bei jungen Patientinnen mit Endometriumskrebs ist eine sorgfaltige Untersuchung der Eierstocke erforderlich, wenn sie erhalten werden sollen. Die meisten Endometriumkarzinome treten sporadisch auf, aber etwa 10% der Falle sind erblich bedingt [25, 26, 27, 28, 29]. Es sind 4 genetische Modelle fur die Entstehung eines EK aufgestellt worden: das hereditare nichtpolypose Kolorektalkarzinom (HNPCC oder Lynch-II-Syndrom), das Cowden-Syndrom (multiples Hamartom-Syndrom, PTEN Hamartom-Tumor-Syndrom), das Peutz-Jeghers Syndrom und eine isolierte Veranlagung zum EK.
Dynamic interactions of the Gag polyprotein.

It has been known for 20 years that all retroviruses possess a similar genetic organization and that a single gene product, the Gag protein, is responsible for directing particle assembly (DICKSON et al. 1984; COFFIN 1984). However it is only very recently that an understanding of how the Gag protein functions has begun to take shape. This chapter reviews recent efforts to understand the assembly and budding functions of the Gag protein with a primary focus on Rous sarcoma virus (RSV, a member of the avian sarcoma-leukosis virus group of oncoviruses) and the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). These studies have shown that in spite of a striking divergence in amino acid sequences, the two viruses utilize fundamentally similar mechanisms to direct assembly and budding.
Comparing EUS and EBUS-Guided Needle Aspirations

Endobronchial ultrasound has established itself as a powerful tool for guiding transbronchial needle aspiration and, therefore, the diagnosis of thoracic lesions and staging of cancer. All aspects of EBUS TBNA are described in detail in other chapters of this book. It is important to consider EUS FNA in this context. Gastroenterologists have been using ultrasound-guided needle aspirations for longer than pulmonologists have been using EBUS. EUS FNA has established itself not just for diagnosis of abdominal lesions, but also extensively for the diagnosis of lesions within the thorax. This obviously does make sense, since the esophagus runs alongside the trachea and many mediastinal abnormalities are within reach of the EUS FNA procedure. Many times, bronchoscopic procedures are preceded by similar technology offered within the GI tract. The main reason for this phenomena is the fact that instruments can usually be larger when used through the esophagus rather than when being advanced though the airways. The need for additional miniaturization to allow ventilation around the instruments, as well as the ability to advance into more distal airways, generally adds years of development time. The size difference is easily visible when comparing EUS FNA and EBUS TBNA scopes side by side (Fig. 9.1). It is clear that the basic architecture of the instruments is the same, with a linear ultrasound scanner at the distal end and an oblique working channel used for needle aspiration using dedicated needle systems. Similar to endobronchial ultrasound, two basic techniques for ultrasound examinations are available.
Child Neurology: An infant with episodic facial flushing: A rare case and review of congenital harlequin syndrome

Congenital harlequin syndrome is rare dysautonomia of the face most often reported in adults and rarely in infants and children. It is a diagnosis of exclusion and a seemingly benign condition. We report a case of a 6-month-old girl with episodic unilateral and bilateral facial flushing provoked upon awakening and resolved with sleeping with associated autonomic features consistent with harlequin syndrome. This is followed by a review of cases identified regarding this condition in infants and children.
Latent heat and sensible heat flux simulation in maize using artificial neural networks

Abstract Latent Heat (LE) and Sensible Heat (H) flux are two major components of the energy balance at the earth’s surface, which play important roles in the water cycle and global warming. There are various methods for their estimation or measurement. Eddy covariance is a direct and accurate technique for their measurement. Some limitations lead to prevention of the extensive use of the eddy covariance technique. Therefore, simulation approaches can be utilized for their estimation. ANNs are the information processing systems, which can inspect the empirical data and investigate the relations (hidden rules) among them, and then make the network structure. In this study, multi-layer perceptron neural network trained by the steepest descent Back-Propagation (BP) algorithm was tested to simulate LE and H flux above two maize sites (rain-fed & irrigated) near Mead, Nebraska. Network training and testing was fulfilled using on two different subsets of the hourly data which were selected from days of year (DOY) 169 to 222 for 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2009. The results showed high correlation between actual and estimated data; the R2 values for LE flux in irrigated and rain-fed sites were 0.9576, and 0.9642; and for H flux 0.8001, and 0.8478, respectively. Furthermore, the RMSE values ranged from 0.0580 to 0.0721 W/m2 for LE flux and from 0.0824 to 0.0863 W/m2 for H flux. In addition, the sensitivity of the fluxes with respect to each input was analyzed over the growth stages so that the most powerful effects among the inputs for LE flux were identified as net radiation, leaf area index, vapor pressure deficit, and wind speed, and for H flux net radiation, wind speed, air temperature, leaf area index and vapor pressure deficit. Furthermore, to achieve the minimal set of input in order to speed up the analysis procedures, the impact intensity of each input on the fluxes was recognized by deactivation of each input vector in network training. This study reveals that artificial neural networks are not only a powerful technique for estimation of LE and H fluxes, but also can identify the effectiveness of each input on the fluxes.
Molecular modeling of LDLR aids interpretation of genomic variants

Genetic variants in low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) are known to cause familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), occurring in up to 1 in 200 people (Youngblom E. et al. 1993 and Nordestgaard BG et al. 34:3478–3490a, 2013) and leading to significant risk for heart disease. Clinical genomics testing using high-throughput sequencing is identifying novel genomic variants of uncertain significance (VUS) in individuals suspected of having FH, but for whom the causal link to the disease remains to be established (Nordestgaard BG et al. 34:3478–3490a, 2013). Unfortunately, experimental data about the atomic structure of the LDL binding domains of LDLR at extracellular pH does not exist. This leads to an inability to apply protein structure-based methods for assessing novel variants identified through genetic testing. Thus, the ambiguities in interpretation of LDLR variants are a barrier to achieving the expected clinical value for personalized genomics assays for management of FH. In this study, we integrated data from the literature and related cellular receptors to develop high-resolution models of full-length LDLR at extracellular conditions and use them to predict which VUS alter LDL binding. We believe that the functional effects of LDLR variants can be resolved using a combination of structural bioinformatics and functional assays, leading to a better correlation with clinical presentation. We have completed modeling of LDLR in two major physiologic conditions, generating detailed hypotheses for how each of the 1007 reported protein variants may affect function. • Hundreds of variants are observed in the LDLR, but most lack interpretation. • Molecular modeling is aided by biochemical knowledge. • We generated context-specific 3D protein models of LDLR. • Our models allowed mechanistic interpretation of many variants. • We interpreted both rare and common genomic variants in their physiologic context. • Effects of genomic variants are often context-specific.
Metacure: Multi-arm multimodality therapy for very high risk localized and low volume metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma.

TPS349Background: Therapeutic advances in the management of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) have not been matched in non-castrate states. A key obstacle is the traditional p...
Early shifts in immune cell subsets to predict response to immune checkpoint blockade in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

105Background: The use of immune targeted agents for NSCLC has improved outcomes for patients (pts) with metastatic disease. Biomarkers such as the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) prior to the...
Where Do Gambling Problems Fit in the Structure of Psychopathology During Emerging Adulthood

Research suggests major mental disorders co-occur at higher than chance levels. In adult samples, a two factor structure emerges when modeling the higher order structure of psychopathology. Specifically, disorders tend to co-aggregate into two dimensions: Internalizing (depression and anxiety) and Externalizing (acting out, impulsive, and addictive) disorders. Despite this large body of evidence, few studies have integrated problem gambling into this overall model. We used confirmatory factor analysis to model how the symptom count of gambling fits into the structure of psychopathology in a large, community based young adult twin sample of men and women (age 24; N=1329). Twins were assessed via in-person, structured diagnostic interviews on disorders including: Major Depression, Phobias, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Anxiety Disorders (internalizing) and Substance Use Disorders, Gambling Problems (self-report), and Antisocial Behaviors (externalizing). The data were fit to a two-factor structure, with gambling symptoms loading most highly on externalizing, rather than internalizing. The problem gambling loadings did not differ by sex. Implications of these findings suggest that during emerging adulthood gambling problems are best classified and conceptualized in the realm of externalizing disorders for both males and females. Results also suggest prevention and intervention efforts be aimed at young adults who exhibit commonly co-occurring psychopathology.
Structural analysis of ionic liquids with symmetric and asymmetric fluorinated anions

Ionic liquids (ILs) with relatively low viscosities and broad windows of electrochemical stability are often constructed by pairing asymmetric cations with bisfluorosulfonylimide (FSI−) or bistriflimide (NTf2 −) anions. In this work, we systematically studied the structures of ILs with these anions and related perfluorobis-sulfonylimide anions with asymmetry and/or longer chains: (fluorosulfonyl)(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BSI0,1−), bis(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imide (BETI−), and (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) (nonafluorobutylsulfonyl)imide (BSI1,4−) using high energy X-ray scattering and molecular dynamics simulation methods. 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium cations with shorter (ethyl, Im2,1+) and longer (octyl, Im1,8+) hydrocarbon chains were selected to examine how the sizes of nonpolar hydrocarbon and fluorous chains affect IL structures and properties. In comparison with these, we also computationally explored the structure of ionic liquids with anions having longer fluorinated tails.
Comparative analyses of parasites with a comprehensive database of genome-scale metabolic models

Protozoan parasites cause diverse diseases with large global impacts. Research on the pathogenesis and biology of these organisms is limited by economic and experimental constraints. Accordingly, studies of one parasite are frequently extrapolated to infer knowledge about another parasite, across and within genera. Model in vitro or in vivo systems are frequently used to enhance experimental manipulability, but these systems generally use species related to, yet distinct from, the clinically relevant causal pathogen. Characterization of functional differences among parasite species is confined to post hoc or single target studies, limiting the utility of this extrapolation approach. To address this challenge and to accelerate parasitology research broadly, we present a functional comparative analysis of 192 genomes, representing every high-quality, publicly-available protozoan parasite genome including Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba, Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Giardia, and other species. We generated an automated metabolic network reconstruction pipeline optimized for eukaryotic organisms. These metabolic network reconstructions serve as biochemical knowledgebases for each parasite, enabling qualitative and quantitative comparisons of metabolic behavior across parasites. We identified putative differences in gene essentiality and pathway utilization to facilitate the comparison of experimental findings. This knowledgebase represents the largest collection of genome-scale metabolic models for both pathogens and eukaryotes; with this resource, we can predict species-specific functions, contextualize experimental results, and optimize selection of experimental systems for fastidious species.
Urban Design and Architecture in Rome and Italy during the Republic and the Early Empire

In a passage from the sixth century ce , Procopius described the Romans as “the most city proud people known” ( Goth. 8.22.7). While their myths, art, and literature reverberated with agrarian associations, from the earliest days the Romans stubbornly, unswervingly associated their achievements with an urban locus. The conquest of Italy and the “subsequent expansion of the empire relied on a system of urban centers for further conquest, defense and administration, and these also participated in the spread of Rome’s version of civilization” (Sewell 2010, 9). The Romans developed elaborate stories to justify the position of their namesake city, citing divine intervention as well as the strategic, economic, and transportation advantages of the site. An island (Insula Tiberina) in the Tiber River allowed traders to easily cross the watery barrier, while the hills to the east offered protection. At the bridgehead on the right bank, markets developed to conduct trade with the Etruscans and numerous tribal groups in central Italy. Yet the site was not perfect (). The hills had sharp scarps and little water; the lowlands were marshy, unhealthy, and flood-prone. Raw materials were few. The unruly Tiber made navigation unpredictable. A heavily laden cart took more than a day to reach the seaside salt beds and port at the sea 25 kilometers away. Early occupants acknowledged that Rome’s placement did not provide the security and ease of access found at other early Italian cities such as Veii and Cuma. And yet it was Rome that came to conquer the world. Why? Common sense dictates that the inland location provided adequate access to the sea by way of the river, while simultaneously offering some protection from potential coastal attacks. Some ancient authors inflated the amenities offered by the site, but Strabo, writing in the first century, presented a different view. He perceptively argued that, established as a matter of necessity rather than of choice, the challenging location molded Roman character by compelling the occupants to reshape the topography, seek accommodation with surrounding peoples, and organize large workforces to create a mighty walled city ( Geog. 5.3.2, 7). The valor and toil of the Romans, their pragmatic and focused character seen in veristic Republican portraits, were irrevocably associated with the fixity of the specific urban site. Thus the place and the actions of its residents, rather than the form of the city, forged an inclusive collective identity, a potent strategy at a time when diverse peoples occupied the Italian peninsula. Wars, sacks, and negative comparison with better-situated and “planned” contemporary cities periodically sparked discussions about moving the center of Roman power, yet the locus of the early settlement on the shores of the Tiber, anchored by the practical advantages of the location and bolstered by the emotional attractions of its founding myths, could not be abandoned.
Transumbilical laparoendoscopic single-site pyeloplasty in infants and children: initial experience

Objective To present the surgical technique of transumbilical laparoendoscopic singlesite pyeloplasty (LESS-P) for pediatric patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO).Methods Twenty-four pediatric patients with UPJO had transumbilical LESS-P performed by the same surgeon from June to December 2010.Sixteen patients were male and eight female aged from 2 to 62 months with an average age of 14 months.Eighteen patients had obstruction on the left side and six on the right side.Dismembered LESS-P was carried out with the Anderson-Hynes anastomosis where 5-0 sutures were uswed over a double J ureteric stent.Results All operations were successful.None was converted to open surgery and no additional sheath tube or incision besides the umbilicus was needed.No intraoperative complications occurred.Ectopic blood vessels were found in two patients during surgery.The mean operative time was 145 min,and the average blood loss about 10 ml.Abdominal drainage tubes remained for 2 -9 d after surgery.The mean postoperative hospital time was 7 d.Two patients had postoperative urinary fistula,which naturally disappeared at 4 and 7 d postoperation,respectively.Follow-up with ultrasound and diuretic renal scintigraphy found 23 patients had significantly decreased renal pelvis diameter,the remaining case showed no obvious change,but diuretic renography showed significantly improved excretion.Conclusions Pediatric transumbilical LESS-P could be safe and effective.LESS-P could achieve comparable clinic outcomes to standard laparoscopy. Key words: Ureteropelvic junction obstruction ; Laparoendoscopic single-site; Pyeloplasty ; Child
Recent advances in linear and nonlinear Raman spectroscopy. Part VI

The purpose of this review is to provide a concise overview of recent advances in the broadly defined field of Raman spectroscopy as reflected in part by the many articles published each year in Journal of Raman Spectroscopy as well as in trends across all related journals publishing in this research area. Context for this review is derived from statistical data on article counts obtained from Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Knowledge by year and by subfield of Raman spectroscopy. Additional information is gleaned from presentations featuring Raman spectroscopy presented at the XXIII International Conference on Raman Spectroscopy in Bangalore, India, in August 2012 and at Scientific Exchange 2012 sponsored by the Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies in Kansas City, Missouri, USA, October 2012. Papers published in the Journal of Raman Spectroscopy in 2011 are highlighted in this review and reflect trends at the cutting edge of Raman spectroscopy, a field that is expanding rapidly as a sensitive photonic probe of matter at the molecular level with an ever widening sphere of novel applications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Clinico-Pathologic Spectrum of Cemento-Osseous Dysplasia

Summary A general discussion of the spectrum of cemento-osseous dysplasias, including detailed discussion of the three interrelated nonhereditary forms, has been presented. In general, these three forms are diseases of the adult alveolar process manifesting with a marked predilection for black women. The diseases occur in other races as well but the gender predilection persists. Clinical and radiographic features that separate the forms have been presented. Histologically, there are no significant differences between the three forms except that in FLCOD there is a likelihood of encountering one or more concomitant simple bone cysts. No treatment is necessary for the nonhereditary forms, but biopsy may be necessary in some instances. The principal complication is osteomyelitis with possible sequestration of necrotic cemental masses. Over time it has been observed that minimal focal disease can evolve into extensive florid disease. A hereditary condition with some radiographic and microscopic similarities to the nonhereditary forms has been presented and it is postulated that this condition (FGC) is most appropriately considered a part of the spectrum of COD.
Learning by Giving applied in an upper-level course on the economics of altruism, philanthropy, and nonprofit organizations

The author of this article describes a form of service learning called “learning by giving,” as applied in a course on the Economics of Altruism, Philanthropy and Nonprofit Organizations. The motiv...
A Bit of History

Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it – George Santayana, Reason in Common Sense (Vol. 1 in The Life of Reason ), 1905. Janos Kirz contributed to this chapter. Rontgen and the discovery of X rays The words of discovery are rarely those of Archimedes’ legendary shout of “Eureka!” or “I have found it!” as he supposedly leaped naked from his bathtub (good thing there weren't webcams in those days!). Instead, the words of discovery are more likely to be along the lines of “hmm … that's odd.” Such is the case of the discovery of X rays [Glasser 1933, Mould 1993]. At the time of their discovery, many investigators were carrying out experiments with various types of cathode ray tubes, but it was only Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen, Professor and Director of the Physical Institute at the University of Wurzburg, who noticed some curious phenomena and decided to investigate further. Rontgen was 50 years old at the time, with a reputation for care in experiments even though his research in the physics of gases and fluids was not particularly cutting-edge. Cathode rays (which we would now call electron beams) were all the rage at the time, so Rontgen decided to investigate whether they would exit thin-walled Hittorf–Crookes tubes. To make it easier to use a phosphor to try to observe this, he surrounded a tube with black paper and worked in a darkened room. While setting up the experiment late on a Friday afternoon (November 8, 1895), he noticed that the phosphor was flickering in synchrony with the fluctuations of the glowing filament in the tube – even though the phosphor was some distance away, and with black paper in between! The odd phenomena immediately captured Rontgen's attention to the point that he did not notice an assistant entering the room later on to retrieve some equipment. When Rontgen's wife Bertha finally succeeded in getting a servant to coax him upstairs to their apartment on the top floor of the Institute, Rontgen ate little of his supper and spoke even less before returning that evening to the puzzle in the lab.
On the Performance of Machine Learning Models for Anomaly-Based Intelligent Intrusion Detection Systems for the Internet of Things

Anomaly-based machine learning-enabled intrusion detection systems (AML-IDS) show low performance and prediction accuracy while detecting intrusions in the Internet of Things (IoT) than that of deep learning-based intrusion detection systems (DL-IDS). In particular, AML-IDS that employ low complexity models for IoT, such as the Principal Component Machine (PCA) method and the One-class Support Vector Machine (1-SVM) method, are inefficient in detecting intrusions when compared to DL-IDS with the two-class Neural Network (2-NN) method. PCA and 1-SVM AML-IDS suffer from low detection rates compared to DL-IDS. The size of the dataset and the number of features or variants in the dataset may influence how well PCA and 1-SVM AML-IDS perform compared to DL-IDS. We attribute the low performance and prediction accuracy of the AML-IDS model to an imbalanced dataset, a low similarity index between the training data and testing data, and the use of a single-learner model. The intrinsic limitations of the single-learner model have a direct impact on the accuracy of an intelligent IDS. Also, the dissimilarity between testing data and training data leads to an increasingly high rate of false positives in AML-IDS than DL-IDS, which have low false alarms and high predictability. In this paper, we examine the use of optimization techniques to enhance the performance of single-learner AML-IDS, such as PCA and 1-SVM AML-IDS models for building efficient, scalable, and distributed intelligent IDS for detecting intrusions in IoT. We evaluate these AML-IDS models by tuning hyperparameters and ensemble learning optimization techniques using the Microsoft Azure ML Studio (AMLS) platform and two datasets containing malicious and benign IoT and industrial IoT (IIoT) network traffic. Furthermore, we present a comparative analysis of AML-IDS models for IoT regarding their performance and predictability.
Global Behavior of Solutions of a Certain Nth Order Differential Equation in the Vicinity of an Irregular Singular Point

This paper is devoted to the global behavior of solutions of the nth order differential equation $${z^n}\left( {{a_n} + {b_n}{z^m}} \right)\frac{{{d^n}y}}{{d{z^n}}} + {z^{n - 1}}\left( {{a_{n - 1}} + {b_{n - 1}}{z^m}} \right)\frac{{{d^{n - 1}}y}}{{d{z^{n - 1}}}} + \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{n = 2} {{z_k}} \left( {{a_k} + {b_k}{z^m} + {c_k}{z^{2m}}} \right)\frac{{{d^k}y}}{{d{z^k}}} = 0$$ Here, m is an arbitrary positive integer. The variable z and the constants a n , b n a n-1 ,b n-1 and a k ,b k ,c k (k = 0,1,2,…,n – 2) are complex with a n ≠ 0, b n ≠ 0, c n–2 ≠ 0. We shall also assume that the difference of no two roots of the indicial equation about the regular singular part z = 0 is congruent to zero module m.
Specifying and Composing Non-functional Requirements in Model-Based Development

Non-functional requirements encompass important design concerns such as schedulability, security, and communication constraints. In model-based development they non-locally impact admissible platform-mappings and design spaces. In this paper we present a novel and formal approach for specifying non-functional requirements as con straint-systems over the space of models. Our approach, based on structured logic programming, allows interacting requirements to be specified independently from each other and composed together. Correct-by- construction operators eliminate some composition mistakes. Our approach is implemented in our formal modeling tool FORMULA , which can analyze the impacts of interacting non-functional requirements on platform mappings and design spaces.
The Fate of Place: A Philosophical History

The Fate of Place:. Philosophical History. Edward S. Casey. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.488 pp.
Reflections on Religious Identity and Diversity in the Economy of Islamic Spirituality

This essay proposes a reflection on the questions of identity vs otherness and unity vs diversity in the context of Islam with a focus on Sufi metaphysics and spirituality. Taking as starting points the notions of islām, tawhīd , and shirk it sketches the ways in which four major Sufi figures—namely Hallāj, Ibn ‘Arabī, Rūmī and Shabistarī, have extracted from these cardinal concepts the principles of a universalist outlook that may allow one to address contemporary issues of pluralism and religious conflicts from the point of view of the very foundations of the tradition itself.
The Ethnographer's Eye: Ways of Seeing in Modern Anthropology: Visual Methods in Social Research

The Ethnographer's Eye: Ways of Seeing in Modern Anthropology. Anna Grimshaw. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 2001. 222 pp. Visual Methods in Social Research. Marcus Banks. New York City: Sage Publications, 2001. 201 pp.
Effect of Water, Egg White, Sodium Chloride, and Polyphosphate on Several Quality Attributes of Unfrozen and Frozen, Cooked, Dark Turkey Muscle

Abstract Ground turkey drum and thigh meat with skin (90.0 ± .5 g) was mixed with various amounts of distilled H2 O (11.1% v/w); egg white (EW, 11.1% w/w); sodium chloride (NaCl, 1% w/w); and Brifisol 414, a food grade polyphosphate (BFS, .5% w/w) to make six different formulations. Percentages, of moisture, protein, and fat of the unfrozen, raw drum and thigh meat with skin were 69.7, 17.0, and 9.1% respectively. Surface pH values of the unfrozen, raw formulations containing MEAT + H2 O + BFS (6.21) and MEAT + EW + NACL + BFS (6.26) were statistically equal and higher than those of other patties. Percent yields of unfrozen, cooked formulations containing MEAT + H2 O + NACL + BFS and MEAT + EW + NACL + BFS were significantly greater than those of other formulations; percent yields of treatments containing MEAT + H2 O + NACL and MEAT + H2 O (or EW) + NACL + BFS were statistically equal across storage conditions. The moisture contents of the unfrozen, cooked formulations containing MEAT + H2 O + NACL and MEAT + H2 O (or EW) + NACL + BFS were equal and higher than those of other formulations. The moisture contents of other unfrozen, cooked formulations were equal. There were no statistical differences across storage conditions for percent moisture. Reduced pan drippings were visually observed for the unfrozen, cooked and frozen, cooked MEAT + H2 O (or EW) + NACL + BFS formulations. Statistical analysis showed no differences in juiciness across storage conditions. Within each storage condition, formulations containing MEAT + H2 O+ BFS were rated by sensory panel as significantly less juicy than all other treatments. The percent expressible moisture (% EM), although not statistically different, was lowest for the unfrozen, cooked MEAT + H2 O + BFS formulations. Due to wide variation in standard deviations for some treatments, there were no differences in percent EM across storage conditions except for the MEAT treatment. Tenderness as evaluated by sensory panel did not differ significantly within or across conditions. The shear force values (kg of force/20 g meat) for unfrozen, cooked MEAT and MEAT + H2 O were statistically equal and greater than those of other formulations. Shear force values for all frozen, cooked formulations excluding MEAT increased as compared to those for the unfrozen, cooked treatments. The shear force value for frozen, cooked MEAT + H2 O + NACL + BFS was significantly greater than that of the same unfrozen, cooked formulation.
A Note on “Multinational Corporate Pricing Policy in the Developing Countries”

Professor Leff proposed in a recent article1 that multinational corporations and their host countries would gain mutually if the former reduced their prices. The rationale for this thesis deserves careful examination since the economic implications are far reaching.
Global Bifurcation Theory of Deep-Water Waves with Vorticity

The classical deep-water wave problem is to find a periodic traveling wave with a free surface of infinite depth. The main result is the construction of a global connected set of rotational solutions for a general class of vorticities. Each nontrivial solution on the continuum has a wave profile symmetric around the crests and monotone between crest and trough.The problem is formulated as a nonlinear elliptic boundary value problem in an unbounded domain with a parameter. The analysis is based on generalized degree theory and the global theory of bifurcation. The unboundedness of the domain renders consideration of approximate problems with stronger compactness properties.
Modeling the lines at the gas stations

A simulation model of the gasoline delivery system demonstrates the panic and formation of long lines at service stations. The dynamics of this process are similar to those observed in Southern California in the Spring of 1979.
Amino acid and protein metabolism in chronic renal failure

Recent studies in humans have demonstrated the importance of the kidney in amino acid metabolism. In particular, it has been shown that conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine occurs in the kidney and at a rate similar to that of the liver. Furthermore, unlike the liver, the kidney releases more tyrosine than it produces. In this review, the importance of this metabolic role of the kidney is discussed in context of chronic renal failure. The effect of renal failure on skeletal muscle protein metabolism is also discussed.
Ocular Disposition of the Hemiglutarate Ester Prodrug of ∆9-Tetrahydrocannabinol from Various Ophthalmic Formulations

Purpose The overall goal of this project is to enhance ocular delivery of ∆9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) through the topical route.
An epidemiological model of the corn stunt system in Central America

Vandermeer, J. and Power, A., 1990. An epidemiological model of the corn stunt system in Central America. Ecol. Modelling~ 52: 235-248. There is increasing appreciation on the part of ecologists of the crucial role that pathogens may play in the structure of plant populations and communities. This study used classic equations of epidemiology to analyze corn stunt in Central America, which includes a leafhopper, Dalbulus maidis, a spiroplasma, and corn, Zea mays. Given the underlying structure, the system is expected always to tend to a 100% infection rate of the corn. The prospect of artificially raising the death rate of infected corn, that is, the selective destruction of infected corn plants or highly infected fields, was investigated using the model. The destruction of infected plants must be greater as the transmission probabilities increase, as the disappearance rate of the leafhopper decreases, and as the number of leafhoppers per plant decreases. Parameters of the model were estimated using data from Nicaragua and Costa Rica. To control the disease by eliminating infected corn plants would require elimination of between 0.11% and 8.3% of the population per week in Nicaragua; the corresponding figures for Costa Rica were 2.2% to > 100%.
Social barriers to emotional expression and their relations to distress in male and female cancer patients

Objective: Emotional expression is an important means of coping with stressful experiences such as cancer. Social barriers to expression may have adverse effects. Research has suggested that men are less likely to express their emotions and have different patterns of social support compared to women. We examined whether male cancer patients have a lower tendency to express emotions, are less likely to perceive social barriers to expression, and are differentially affected by social barriers from different support sources as compared to women. Design: Questionnaires were administered to 41 women and 41 men using a cross-sectional study design. Method: Patients diagnosed with gynaecological or prostate cancer within the past 5 years completed questionnaires on moods, intrusive thoughts, social constraints and emotional expressivity. Results: There was a trend towards greater emotional expressivity in women as compared to men, but no significant gender differences in perceptions of social constraints from spouse/partner or others. Multiple regression analyses revealed that men experienced significantly greater distress in association with social constraints from their spouse/partner than did women. Conclusion: Men may be more vulnerable to social barriers to expression than previously assumed. Gender differences in emotional expressivity may be less important than the social context in which expression takes place.
Direct alkylation of carboxylic in aqueous samples

Carboxylic acids can be converted to their methyl esters in an aqueous sample which contains no organic solvent. The reaction appears to be assisted by the presence of a quaternary ammonium salt surfactant. The procedure is best described as a pseudo-organic phase, or micelle-like, reaction. The important experimental variables have been optimized by Simplex procedures. The reaction proceeds in 80–100% yield, for common carboxylic acids, at room temperature in less than one hour. This reaction is superior to existing two-phase extractive alkylation procedures.
THERMAL ESCAPE FROM SUPER EARTH ATMOSPHERES IN THE HABITABLE ZONES OF M STARS

A fundamental question for exoplanet habitability is the long-term stability of the planet's atmosphere. We numerically solve a one-dimensional multi-component hydrodynamic thermosphere/ionosphere model to examine the thermal and chemical responses of the primary CO2 atmospheres of heavy super Earths (6-10 Earth masses) in the habitable zones of typical low-mass M stars to the enhanced soft X-ray and ultraviolet (XUV) fluxes associated with the prolonged high-activity levels of M stars. The results show that such atmospheres are stable against thermal escape, even for M stars XUV enhancements as large as 1000 compared to the present Earth. It is possible that the CO2-dominant atmospheres of super Earths in the habitable zones of M stars could potentially contain modest amount of free oxygen as a result of more efficient atmosphere escape of carbon than oxygen instead of photosynthesis.
Pesticide deposition on coveralls during vineyard applications.

Deposition of pesticide on the clothing of the applicator was studied in a commercial vineyard using two different application technologies. A typical air-assisted sprayer with centrifugal fans delivered a concentrated spray. A tunnel or hooded sprayer was used at two carrier rates—high volume, low concentration versus low volume, high concentration—to apply Dithane M-45, an agricultural fungicide, at 3,375 g/ha on a light to medium density canopy. Deposition of pesticide was on the coveralls worn by the operator for all applications with a deposition range of 0.43 to 0.63 ng/cm2. The deposition on the clothing was higher for the air-assist sprayer than for the hooded sprayer. However, reducing the volume of water in the non–air assist hooded sprayer offered no advantage in terms of decreasing operator exposure. While the deposition of pesticide on the coveralls of the applicator was fairly uniformly distributed on the garment surface, the neck, shoulder, and upper right arm of our right-handed operator had the highest amount of pesticide deposit and the lower left quadrant of the garment had the lowest deposition. Results of this study indicate that vineyard applicator exposure can be reduced by use of the hooded non–air assisted sprayer and that extra protection is needed in the region of the neck, shoulder, and arm, and attention to the habits of the tractor driver is required.
On robust stabilization on nonlinear control systems

Abstract A robust stabilization problem for general MIMO nonlinear systems is formulated in a Banach space setting in the time domain. Existence and uniqueness theorems are established, a general procedure for solving the problem is illustrated, and a simple example is included to show how the results can be applied.
Individualized Whistle Contours in Bottle-nosed Dolphins ( Tursiops truncatus )

IN 1953, Essapian1 suggested that individual bottle-nosed dolphins, Tursiops truncatus (Montagu), may have distinctive notes which each dolphin can recognize. From his context, in using the word ‘notes’ Essapian referred to the whistle component of Tursiops phonation.