cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Drug-Responsive and Protease-Resistant Peripheral NADH Oxidase Complex from the Surface of HeLa S Cells

Our laboratory described a ca. 34-kDa protein of the HeLa S cell surface that bound an antitumor sulfonylurea N-(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)-N'-(4-chlorophenyl) urea (LY181984) with high affinity and that exhibited NADH oxidase and protein disulfide-thiol interchange activities also inhibited by LY181984. The quinone site inhibitor 8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-noneamide (capsaicin) also blocked these same enzymatic activities. Using capsaicin inhibition as the criterion, the drug-responsive oxidase was released from the surface of HeLa S cells and purified. The activity of the released capsaicin-inhibited oxidase was resistant to heating at 50 degrees C and to protease digestion. After heating and proteinase K digestion, the activity was isolated in >90% yield by FPLC as an apparent 50- to 60-kDa multimer. Final purification by preparative SDS-PAGE yielded a capsaicin-inhibited NADH oxidase activity of a specific activity indicative of >500-fold purification relative to the plasma membrane. The final activity correlated with a ca. 34-kDa band on SDS-PAGE. Matrix-assisted laser desorption mass spectroscopy as well as reelectrophoresis of the 34-kDa band indicated that the ca. 34-kDa material was a stable mixture of 22-, 17-, and 9.5-kDa components which occasionally migrated as a ca. 52-kDa complex. The purified complex tended to multimerize and formed insoluble 10- to 20-nm-diameter amyloid rods. The components of the purified 34-kDa complex were blocked to N-terminal amino acid sequencing and were resistant to further protease digestion. After multimerization into amyloid rods, the protein remained resistant to proteases even under denaturing conditions and to cyanogen bromide either with or without prior alkylation.
Alcohol-induced protein folding transitions in platelet factor 4: the O-state.

Platelet factor 4 (PF4) (7800 daltons) is an anti-parallel beta-sheet, alpha/beta class protein whose tertiary structure is stabilized by the presence of two disulfide bonds. Titration of PF4 with 2-propanol or similar low molecular weight, aliphatic alcohols induces reversible protein folding transitions which are observed to be in slow exchange on the 600-MHz 1H NMR time scale. Line fitting of resolved resonances assigned to ring protons of Y60, H35, H23, and alpha H of K50 in native and alcohol-induced states (O-states) allows derivation of folding equilibrium constants and exchange kinetics. Folding exchange rates vary between 5 and 100 s-1 on going from 9.8 to 3.3 M2-propanol. Simple linear extrapolation to 0 M2-propanol yields an O-state to N-state exchange rate of about 500 s-1, i.e., millisecond time scale. At relatively high 2-propanol concentration (>9.5 M), where the O-state is predominant (>90%), NMR spectra suggest a more "unfolded" structure, while CD data indicate the preservation of considerable secondary structure. Increasing 2-propanol from 3.3 to 9.8 M, however, shifts the CD-derived fractional compositions significantly, with overall beta-structure decreasing by about 20% and alpha-helix composition increasing by about 25%. Alcohol-jump experiments, which identify O-state long-lived NHs in the NMR spectrum of native PF4, indicate folding transition reversibility and conservation of about 15 long-lived NHs in native and O-states. Most of these NHs are assigned to residues in anti-parallel beta-sheet structure. Of these 15 NHs, H/D exchange rates, although variably reduced in the O-state, are generally still long-lived compared with random coil H/D exchange. Overall, the PF4 O-state is a stable intermediate with an apparently more highly fluctuating anti-parallel beta-sheet structure and a more stabilized C-terminal alpha-helix.
Topside ionosphere of venus and its interaction with the solar wind.

Topside ionosphere of Venus and interaction with solar wind using Mariner 5 two frequency experiment
The pharmacology of LY290324 in the guinea-pig: an orally active, potent and selective cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist.

This study describes the evaluation of LY290324 as a leukotriene D4 (LTD4) receptor antagonist in guinea-pigs. In vitro, LY290324 was a potent and persistent antagonist of the contractile responses to LTD4 and LTE4 with pA2 values of 9.1 +/- 0.2 and 8.9 +/- 0.17 respectively. The antagonism appeared competitive and selective for LTD4/E4, as LY290324 (10(-6) M) had no effects on contraction elicited by LTC4, prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha), histamine and acetylcholine. In vivo the compound was highly effective in a dose-dependent manner by the intravenous, oral and inhaled routes in preventing LTD4-induced bronchospasm. Administered i.v. LY290324 prevented the development (ED50 = 3.4 micrograms/kg) of an LTD4-induced bronchospasm and readily reversed an established bronchospasm, but failed to prevent the bronchospasm to either histamine or platelet activating factor (PAF). Oral studies demonstrated efficacy for at least 12 h. Administered orally 6 h previously, LY290324 reduced LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4-induced bronchospasm with ED50s of 0.3, 0.28 and 0.37 mg/kg respectively. Relatively low inhaled levels (2 micrograms/kg) also significantly reduced (72.5%, P < 0.001) LTD4-induced bronchospasm. Finally the compound administered orally was effective in reducing antigen-induced bronchospasm in immunologically sensitised animals.
Combination Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Receptor Antagonists With Thrombolytics in Acute Myocardial Infarction

Rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque in a coronary artery with subsequent thrombosis is the cause of most acute myocardial infarctions. Thrombolytics are the standard pharmacologic agents used to restore normal blood flow through the occluded coronary artery. While the use of thrombolytics has decreased both short-term and long-term mortality in patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction, these agents do have limitations. Combining glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists with thrombolytics is one strategy being investigated to try to improve outcomes after acute myocardial infarction.
An Introduction to GIS: Concepts, Tools, Data Sources, and Types of Analysis.

This chapter introduces key concepts, tools, data sources, and types of analysis used in geographic information systems.
Connectivity in wireless networks with dynamic key compromise and recovery

This paper considers the problem of key management in wireless networks. In particular, we investigate the effect of dynamic key compromise and recovery on connectivity in large networks. A queuing model with a finite buffer is used to model the dynamics of key compromise. The exact distribution of the fraction of keys compromised is obtained. The result of the queuing analysis is used to determine the probability of outage, where an outage occurs whenever instantaneous end-to-end connectivity, in percolation sense, is not present. Numerical results show that in order to obtain a low outage probability, it is critical that key compromises are detected accurately, and that the average key recovery rate has a weak influence on the outage probability. Thus, for the same average key recovery rate the system must be designed to have a high key recovery probability rather than a large number of key recoveries per unit time with a low key recovery probability.
Hh-induced Smoothened conformational switch is mediated by differential phosphorylation at its C-terminal tail in a dose- and position-dependent manner

The activation of Smoothened (Smo) requires phosphorylation at three clusters of Serine residues in Drosophila Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. However, the mechanism by which phosphorylation promotes Smo conformational change and subsequently activates Smo in response to Hh gradient remains unclear. Here, we show that the conformational states of Smo are determined by not only the amount but also the position of the negative charges provided by phosphorylation. By using a Smo phospho-specific antibody, we demonstrate that Smo is differentially phosphorylated at three clusters of serine residues in response to levels of Hh activity. Mutating the first cluster, compared to mutating the other clusters, impairs Smo activity more severely, whereas mutating the last cluster prohibits C-terminus dimerization. In addition, phosphorylation of the membrane proximal cluster promotes phosphorylation of the distal cluster. We propose a zipper-lock model in which the gradual phosphorylation at these clusters induces a gradual conformational change in the Smo cytoplasmic tail, which promotes the interaction between Smo and Costal2 (Cos2). Moreover, we show that Hh regulates both PKA and CK1 phosphorylation of Smo. Thus, the differential phosphorylation of Smo mediates the thresholds of Hh activity.
An improved method for measuring the thermal coefficient of linear expansion of flexible polymer films

A novel method has been developed and tested to determine accurately the linear coefficient of thermal expansion α of flexible films without subjecting a specimen to a tensile load continuously during the measurement of expansion data. Other methods have invariably required the application of a tensile load which commonly leads to creep during the experimental time. The new method involves mounting an Invar jig in the lower grip in a Dynastat. The closed-loop servo control in the Dynastat enables the length of a specimen to be determined at a series of decreasing or increasing temperatures without subjecting the specimen to a tensile load, except momentarily on occasion while length data are being determined. Otherwise, a specimen is subjected to a small bending force. To demonstrate that the method gives valid results, α for an aluminum foil was determined and found to agree exactly with literature data. Expansion coefficients and values of the glass transition temperature (Tg) were determined on FEP and PFA Teflon films and also on a commercially available polyimide film, Upilex-SGA.
Semi-continuous cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris for treating undigested and digested dairy manures.

The present study, based on a previous batch-wise experiment, investigated a lab-scale semi-continuous cultivation of green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris (UTEX 2714), as a useful means for nutrient reduction as well as production of algal biomass which can be used as potential feedstock for the production of biofuel and other commodities, on 20× diluted dairy manures. Both undigested and digested samples were applied in parallel experiments for comparison regarding the requirements of hydraulic retention times (HRTs), removal efficiencies of nitrogen, phosphorus, and chemical oxygen demand (COD), biomass productivities, and CO2 sequestration abilities. It was demonstrated that algae grown in undigested dairy manure achieved removal rates of 99.7%, 89.5%, 92.0%, and 75.5% for NH 4 + –N, TN, TP, and COD, respectively, under a 5-day HRT, while the HRT had to extend to 20 days in order to achieve 100.0% removal of NH 4 + –N in digested one with simultaneous removals of 93.6% of TN, 89.2% of TP, and 55.4% of COD. The higher organic carbon contained in undigested dairy manure helped boost the growth of mixotrophic Chlorella, thus resulting in a much shorter HRT needed for complete removal of NH 4 + –N. Moreover, algae grown in digested dairy manure provided more penitential than those grown in undigested one in CO2 sequestration per milligram of harvested dried biomass (1.68 mg CO2/mg dry weight (DW) vs 0.99 mg CO2/mg DW), but did not surpass in total the amount of CO2 sequestered on a 15-day period basis because of the better productivity gained in undigested dairy manure.
Social capital, social network and identity bonds: a reconceptualization

We argue that along with social network analysis, or approaches focusing on social ties and social networks, researchers in information science can also benefit from looking at the identity bonding perspective. In this paper, by synthetic and critical reviewing literature on related work from sociology and information science, we provide a new theoretical lens that calls attention to the role played by social identity in creating and increasing social capital.
Ambulatory Surgery Centers and Their Intended Effects on Outpatient Surgery.

Objectives To assess the impact of ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs) on rates of hospital-based outpatient procedures and adverse events. Data Sources Twenty percent national sample of Medicare beneficiaries. Study Design A retrospective study of beneficiaries undergoing outpatient surgery between 2001 and 2010. Health care markets were sorted into three groups—those with ASCs, those without ASCs, and those where one opened for the first time. Generalized linear mixed models were used to assess the impact of ASC opening on rates of hospital-based outpatient surgery, perioperative mortality, and hospital admission. Principal Findings Adjusted hospital-based outpatient surgery rates declined by 7 percent, or from 2,333 to 2,163 procedures per 10,000 beneficiaries, in markets where an ASC opened for the first time (p .4 for test between slopes). Conclusions The opening of an ASC in a Hospital Service Area resulted in a decline in hospital-based outpatient surgery without increasing mortality or admission. In markets where facilities opened, procedure growth at ASCs was greater than the decline in outpatient surgery use at their respective hospitals.
Synthesis and characterization of tunable rainbow colored colloidal silver nanoparticles using single-nanoparticle plasmonic microscopy and spectroscopy

Noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) possess size- and shape-dependent optical properties, suggesting the possibility of tuning desired optical properties of ensemble NPs at single NP resolution and underscoring the importance of probing the sizes and shapes of single NPs in situ and in real-time. In this study, we synthesized twelve colloids of Ag NPs. Each colloid contains various sizes and shapes of single NPs, showing rainbow colors with peak-wavelength of absorption spectra from 393 to 738 nm. We correlated the sizes and shapes of single NPs determined by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) with scattering localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectra of single NPs characterized by dark-field optical microcopy and spectroscopy (DFOMS). Single spherical (2–39 nm in diameter), rod (2–47 nm in length with aspect ratios of 1.3–1.6), and triangular (4–84 nm in length with thickness of 2–27 nm) NPs show LSPR spectra (λmax) at 476 ± 5 or 533 ± 12, 611 ± 23, and 711 ± 40 nm, respectively. Notably, we observed new cookie-shaped NPs, which exhibit LSPR spectra (λmax) at 725 ± 10 nm with a shoulder peak at 604 ± 5 nm. Linear correlations of sizes of any given shape of single NPs with their LSPR spectra (λmax) enable the creation of nano optical rulers (calibration curves) for identification of the sizes and shapes of single NPs in solution in real time using DFOMS, offering the feasibility of using single NPs as multicolored optical probes for study of dynamics events of interest in solutions and living organisms at nm scale in real time.
Selective Hydrogenation of 2-Butenal Using Cluster of Clusters-Based Catalysts

Complex cobalt–carbonyl ligand clusters of clusters are used as well defined molecular precursors for self-supported single metal or bimetallic catalysts. These precursors incorporate two metals: an outer layer formed from the complex cobalt cluster carbonyl ligands [(CO)9Co3CCO2] and an inner core of the metal carboxylate cores. Two types of precursor structures are used: one with two metal atoms in the core (designated as M2Co12, where M = Co, Cu, and Mo) and the other with four metal atoms in the core bonded to a centering oxygen atom (designated as M4Co18, where M = Co and Zn). The catalysts are preparedin situby partial thermolysis (LT catalysts) or complete thermolysis (HT catalysts) of the cluster of clusters precursors. The catalysts derived from Co4Co18, Zn4Co18, Co2Co12, Mo2Co12, and Cu2Co12precursors are used in the selective hydrogenation reaction of 2-butenal. The desired product of the reaction is the thermodynamically less favored unsaturated alcohol (2-butenol). The highest 2-butenol selectivity observed was 100% over HT-Co2Co12catalyst at 373 K. The highest 2-butenol yield observed in our experiments was ≈28% using HT-Co4Co18at 423 K. The activity and selectivity behavior of HT-Co4Co18was stable over at least 50 h of operation. The factors affecting 2-butenol selectivity and yield during 2-butenal hydrogenation using these catalysts are discussed.
Primary care clinicians' use of standardized psychiatric diagnoses.

Objective Treatment of child mental health (MH) problems should be informed by psychiatric diagnosis. Whether primary care clinicians (PCCs) use standardized psychiatric diagnostic criteria to direct the treatment of child MH problems is unknown. This study investigated PCCs’ use of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) criteria during office visits. Methods The data were obtained from 3674 children ages 4‐15 years who were recognized as having one or more MH problems during office visits by clinicians participating in the Child Behaviour Study. Parents completed questionnaires before seeing the clinician. Clinicians completed a survey after the visit. The primary outcome was whether PCCs used standardized criteria to generate a diagnosis for children with recognized MH problems. Results Clinicians used DSM criteria in 23% of visits in which a psychosocial problem was recognized, and 57% of PCCs reported no use of DSM. DSM criteria were used most frequently (38% of visits) when PCCs reported attention problems. Medications were much more likely to be prescribed during visits when PCCs diagnosed using DSM criteria (63% of visits vs. 19% when criteria were not used). However, only 51% of psychotropic medication prescriptions were based on a DSM diagnosis. Conclusions Clinicians used standardized criteria infrequently, and primarily to diagnose attention problems.
Controlled trial of bicarbonate therapy in high-risk premature newborn infants

Sixty-two high-risk acidemic premature newborn infants, given maintenance intravascular infusions of 10% glucose, were assigned to liberal or restricted sodium bicarbonate treatment groups. Those infants in the liberal group received 5 to 15 mEq bicarbonate/dl 10% glucose, depending on the degree of acidosis. Among infants given bicarbonate, correction of pH was not more rapid and mortality was not decreased. Instead, there was a small increase in the number of deaths, but the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage was similar to that in infants not given bicarbonate.
A comment on hypersonic viscous interaction theory.

Hypersonic weak and strong interaction theory for case of uniform flow past flat plate, discussing boundary layer characteristics
Species as individuals

There is no question that the constituents of cells and organisms are joined together by the part-whole relation. Genes are part of cells, and cells are part of organisms. Species taxa, however, have traditionally been conceived of, not as wholes with parts, but as classes with members. But why does the relation change abruptly from part-whole to class-membership above the level of organisms? Ghiselin, Hull and others have argued that it doesn't. Cells and organisms are cohesive mereological sums, and since species taxa are like cells and organisms in the relevant respects, they, too, are cohesive mereological sums. I provide further reasons in support of the thesis that species are mereological sums. I argue, moreover, that the advocate of this thesis is committed to a form of pluralism with respect to the species concept.
DNA polymerase beta: pre-steady-state kinetic analysis and roles of arginine-283 in catalysis and fidelity.

DNA polymerase β (pol β) is the smallest and least complex DNA polymerase. The structure of the enzyme is well understood, but little is known about its catalytic properties, particularly processivity and fidelity. Pre-steady-state analysis of the incorporation of a single nucleotide into a short 25/45 oligonucleotide primer-template by pol β was used to define the kinetic parameters of the polymerase. In addition, nucleotide analogs and site-specific mutants, along with structural analyses, were used to probe the structure−function relationship of pol β. Several significant findings have been obtained: (i) The catalysis by pol β is processive and displays an initial burst under pre-steady-state conditions, but the processivity is poor compared to other polymerases. (ii) The fidelity of pol β is also low relative to other polymerases. (iii) Under pre-steady-state conditions the chemical step appears to be only partially rate-limiting on the basis of the low thio effect (4.3), defined as kpol(dNTP)/kpol(d...
Separating and collapsing results on the relativized probabilistic polynomial-time hierarchy

The probabilistic polynomial-time hierarchy (BPH) is the hierarchy generated by applying the BP-operator to the Meyer-Stockmeyer polynomial-time hierarchy (PH), where the BP-operator is the natural generalization of the probabilistic complexity class BPP. The similarity and difference between the two hierarchies BPH and PH is investigated. Oracles A and B are constructed such that both PH(A) and PH(B) are infinite while BPH(A) is not equal to PH(A) at any level and BPH(B) is identical to PH(B) at every level. Similar separating and collapsing results in the case that PH(A) is finite having exactly k levels are also considered.
Simultaneous gate and vent location optimization in liquid composite molding processes

In liquid composite molding processes the resin is injected into the mold cavity, which contains pre-placed reinforcement fabrics, through openings known as gates while the displaced air leaves the mold through openings called as vents. Gate and vent locations determine process outputs such as fill time, pressure requirements and whether the fabrics will be saturated entirely, a requirement for the success of the mold filling operation. Disturbances such as racetracking, in which the resin flows faster along the edges of the mold, further complicate the gate and vent selection process. In this study, a cascaded optimization algorithm, which is created by integration of branch and bound search and map-based exhaustive search, is proposed for simultaneous gate and vent location optimization in the presence of racetracking. Three case studies are presented to demonstrate usefulness of this methodology and the results are validated in a Virtual Manufacturing Environment.
HELPING USERS FIND HELP: MODELS OF ONLINE HELP ORGANIZATION

As the population and diversity of computer end-users grow rapidly, so do the need and demand for quality, accessible online help. Online help could potentially be one of the most effective information resources available to software users. In fact, users typically request that products provide online help and clearly prefer those products that do. However, online help remains a widely under-used resource.
Nano-positioning of an electromagnetic scanner with a MEMS capacitive sensor☆

Abstract This paper presents the control design and experimentation of a prototype electromagnetic X/Y scanner for small form factor probe storage. An array of probe heads is to be precisely positioned in tracking, scanning and rotation directions so that high areal density (>1 terabit/in2) and high data throughput can be achieved. The scanner has X/Y motion capabilities with a linear stroke of about 300 μ m . It can also generate rotational motion with offset actuators to compensate for disturbances, mechanical tolerance and nonlinearities. System characterization, modeling, MIMO control design and simulation, and preliminary experimental results are presented. The feasibility of rotation control with the capacitive sensor and offset actuators is experimentally confirmed.
Catalytic oxygen transfer between propylene and propylene oxide

The transfer of oxygen between propylene and propylene oxide has been studied at surfaces of silver, gold and (VO2)x. The study was carried out by following the rate of isotopic carbon distribution between propylene and propylene oxide. The following conditions were employed in the experiments: temperature, 60 to 270 °C; partial pressure ratio propylene oxide to propylene, 0.35 to 30; contact time, 1 to 10 sec. No homogeneous reaction nor catalytic decompositions were detected. CO2 formation was <3%. Silver was supported on high and low area Al2O3 or complexed with poly(4-vinylpyridine); gold was supported on MgO. The influence of the ratio of the partial pressures of propylene oxide to propylene on the reaction rate was quantitatively measured on each catalyst and taken as an indication of processes of competitive reactive chemisorption of propylene and propylene oxide. The analysis showed that on silver supported on low area Al2O3, single site adsorption was predominant, while two site adsorption prevailed at the surfaces of the other catalysts tested. Some amount of mixed behavior occurred on all catalysts. Kinetically, the carbon isotope exchange reaction was analyzed in terms of sequence of adsorption-desorption steps. By combining the rate of these steps with that of similar steps for ethylene and ethylene oxide it was possible to predict conditions for the epoxidation of propylene by means of ethylene oxide. A semiquantitative confirmation of this prediction gave supporting evidence for the internal consistence of the kinetic model discussed.
Teams organization and performance analysis in autonomous human-robot teams

This paper proposes a theory of human control of robot teams based on considering how people coordinate across different task allocations. Our current work focuses on domains such as foraging in which robots perform largely independent tasks. The present study addresses the interaction between automation and organization of human teams in controlling large robot teams performing an Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) task. We identify three subtasks: perceptual search-visual search for victims, assistance-teleoperation to assist robot, and navigation-path planning and coordination. For the studies reported here, navigation was selected for automation because it involves weak dependencies among robots making it more complex and because it was shown in an earlier experiment to be the most difficult. This paper reports an extended analysis of the two conditions from a larger four condition study. In these two "shared pool" conditions Twenty four simulated robots were controlled by teams of 2 participants. Sixty paid participants (30 teams) were recruited to perform the shared pool tasks in which participants shared control of the 24 UGVs and viewed the same screens. Groups in the manual control condition issued waypoints to navigate their robots. In the autonomy condition robots generated their own waypoints using distributed path planning. We identify three self-organizing team strategies in the shared pool condition: joint control operators share full authority over robots, mixed control in which one operator takes primary control while the other acts as an assistant, and split control in which operators divide the robots with each controlling a sub-team. Automating path planning improved system performance. Effects of team organization favored operator teams who shared authority for the pool of robots.
Spitzer Space Telescope: Dark Current and Total Noise Prediction for InSb Detector Arrays in the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) for the Post-Cryogen Era

During the expected 5+ years of operation, the Spitzer Space Telescope is and will continue to produce outstanding infrared images and spectra, and greatly further scientific understanding of our universe. The Spitzer Space Telescope’s instruments are cryogenically cooled to achieve low dark current and low noise. After the cryogens are exhausted, the Spitzer Space Telescope will only be cooled by passively radiating into space. The detector arrays in the IRAC instrument are expected to equilibrate at approximately 30K. The two shortest wavelength channels (3.6 and 4.5 micron) employ InSb detector arrays and are expected to function and perform with only a modest degradation in sensitivity. Thus, an extended mission is possible for Spitzer. We present the predicted dark current, noise, quantum efficiency and image residuals for the 3.6 and 4.5 micron IRAC channels in the post-cryogen era.
Fiber-optic interferometric two-dimensional scattering-measurement system

We present a fiber-optic interferometric system for measuring depth-resolved scattering in two angular dimensions using Fourier-domain low-coherence interferometry. The system is a unique hybrid of the Michelson and Sagnac interferometer topologies. The collection arm of the interferometer is scanned in two dimensions to detect angular scattering from the sample, which can then be analyzed to determine the structure of the scatterers. A key feature of the system is the full control of polarization of both the illumination and the collection fields, allowing for polarization-sensitive detection, which is essential for two-dimensional angular measurements. System performance is demonstrated using a double-layer microsphere phantom. Experimental data from samples with different sizes and acquired with different polarizations show excellent agreement with Mie theory, producing structural measurements with subwavelength accuracy.
Models of the Out-of-Body Experience: A New Multi-Etiological Phenomenological Approach

This paper compares several models of out-of-body experience (OBE) leading a new proposed multi-etiological model. Broadly the unitary hypotheses propose several single broad causes and explanations, though each of these recognizes that any specific explanation may not be all encompassing. These are best divided into four groups: Psychological, Brain, Psychopathology, and Experiential. The psychological models of Blackmore (reality distortion), Palmer (body concept) and Irwin (absorption) are followed by the brain empirical descriptions of Penfield, Blanke, and the cerebral explanations of Persinger (vectorial hemsiphericity), Wettach (midbrain near-death experiences), and Nelson (REM-intrusion in near death experiences [NDEs]). Additionally, there is the psychopathological psychiatric perspective, plus the spontaneous and induced OBEs that occur in subjective paranormal experients, which appear phenomenologically quite different. OBE research has generally been based on single questions without detailed qualitative differentiation of the OBE. This creates the erroneous situation of potentially misinterpreting diverse experiences under a single etiological umbrella. Optimally, OBE evaluations require detailed screening for OBEs so that “like” is classified with “like” not “unlike.” The author motivates for a detailed phenomenological analysis model which could accommodate the multiplicity of causes and the different subpopulations. This shifts the model from the unitary etiological hypotheses to Neppe’s Multi-etiological Phenomenological Approach. Detailed phenomenological analyses may demonstrate separate distinct kinds of out-of-body experience and therefore ensure that OBEs are appropriately phenomenologically classified in the context of the population samples being examined. This approach facilitates analyzing form, content, circumstance, and predisposed populations using a predominantly biopsychofamiliosociocultural approach and differentiating five possible legitimate hypothetical groups: 1. subjective paranormal experience (SPE) out-of-body experiences, 2. OBEs in SPE- non-experients who may have psychological experiences, 3. seizure and brain linked OBEs, 4. psychopathology interpreted as OBEs, 5. the non-OBE population.
Visualizing errors in object oriented programs

We describe the results of visualizing object oriented programs errors, and utilizing these results in the design of a set of visual queries on the runtime execution history of a program. We bring together under one coherent framework different approaches such as error classification, bug patterns in object oriented programs, and visual queries. Our work is founded on a novel interactive visualization system for Java called JIVE, developed at Buffalo.
Analysis and Control of a 3-phase PWM Inverter Supplied by Unbalanced Split-Source DC Voltage Bus

Computer analysis and control method aimed at eliminating a DC content in the output currents of a 3-phase pulse-width modulated (PWM) inverter supplied by an unbalanced split- source DC voltage bus and used in an aerospace application is presented. After a thorough examination of the problem, from which a particular case associated with the non-zero DC current content has been identified, a control scheme is proposed for both sinusoidal and space vector PWM inverter whereby DC components in the inverter load currents are removed.
A role for genetic predisposition in subglottic stenosis

We present the development of ASGS in two of three premature male triplets; the affected infants were monozygotic, while the unaffected triplet was dizygotic. All three shared remarkably similar risk factor profiles. There is suggested the existence of a genetic factor or factors which may predispose certain infants to the development of ASGS. The expression of such genetic influence may be expressed through the a priori presence of CSGS or other genetically based mechanisms including abnormal cartilage growth or development, specific patterns of chondral or mucosal injury, the action of specific growth factors, or the effects of autoimmune or inflammatory mediators. We propose that genetic predisposition be considered a possible risk factor in the development of subglottic stenosis.
Diaphragm cell determination of the interdiffusion coefficient for succinonitrile + water

Using diaphragm cells, we have measured the interdiffusion coefficient for succinonitrile+water in the one-phase liquid region at a series of temperatures ranging form 25 to 60°C and compositions ranging from 34.5 to 96 mol% water. The diffusion coefficient was found to be a function of both temperature and concentration, varying from 1.66×10−6 to 16.6×10−6 cm2·s−1. Critical slowing down of diffusion was readily detected at 60°C (critical temperature, 56.17°C) over a broad range of composition on either side of the critical composition (82.7 mol% water).
High altitude and hypertension during pregnancy

Hypertensive complications of pregnancy are more common at high than low altitudes. Hypertension in pregnancy is associated with increased maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality; thus natural selection may be operating against women who develop the disorder and their infants. It has long been hypothesized that chronic hypoxia due to residence at high altitude predisposes women to develop hypertension during pregnancy. Prior studies indicate that maternal adaptation to pregnancy is altered by residence at high altitude such that some physiological characteristics of women pregnant at high altitude resemble those of women who develop hypertension during pregnancy at low altitude. This paper reviews data from studies, conducted over the past decade, which support a relationship between chronic hypoxia and hypertension during pregnancy. The results suggest that both the requirements for successful adaptation to high altitude, as well as the effect of lowered PO2 during pregnancy, may contribute to the development of hypertension during pregnancy. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Entrepreneurship and regulation: dynamics and political economy

Three dynamic, descriptive models of the economy are studied in which entrepreneurship and regulation are interdependent. These models, adapted from population biology, capture Baumol's observation that economic regulations are used by entrepreneurs against entrepreneurs and therefore should be made an endogenous variable in a theory of the supply of entrepreneurship. The models differ in the number of competitive processes admitted, thus permitting comparative analyses. These models allow one to work out the general-equilibrium implications that are not always obvious at first sight. The implications, furthermore, are unambiguous and strong. Four striking implications are derived. First, competition among entrepreneurs for markets does not stimulate economic growth, but promotes economic freedom (i.e., the freedom from economic regulation). Second, competition among regulators for the administrative control of markets leads to faster economic growth and greater economic freedom. Third, these favorable effects also attend deregulation and greater resistance to new regulations. Fourth, the preferential financial treatment of innovations does not necessarily encurage innovations; it ultimately results in more regulation.
The effects of graded hypercapnia on the activation flow coupling response due to forepaw stimulation in α-chloralose anesthetized rats

Activation flow coupling (AFC), changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) due to changes in neural activity with functional stimulation, provides the physiological basis of many neuroimaging techniques. Hypercapnia leads to an increase in CBF while neural activity remains unaffected. Laser Doppler (LD) flowmetry was used to measure CBF changes (LD(CBF)) in the somatosensory cortex due to periodic electrical forepaw stimulation (4 s in duration) before and during graded hypercapnia (3% CO(2), 5% CO(2) and 10% CO(2)). With increasing CO(2) concentrations, the baseline LD(CBF) progressively increased. The peak height (PH) of the LD(CBF) response, expressed as a percent change from the observed baseline for each hypercapnic state, significantly decreased (P<0.05) with increasing CO(2) concentrations. However, the absolute magnitude of the LD(CBF) change was independent of CO(2) concentration. The temporal dynamics of the LD(CBF) response during hypercapnia were significantly prolonged compared to baseline conditions (P<0.05).
Racial/ethnic differences in emergency care for joint dislocation in 53 US EDs ☆,☆☆

Abstract Objective The aim of the study was to investigate racial/ethnic differences in emergency care for patients with joint dislocation. Methods We performed a secondary analysis of the dislocation component of the National Emergency Department Safety Study. Using a principal diagnosis of dislocation, we identified emergency department (ED) visits for joint dislocations in 53 urban EDs across 19 US states between 2003 and 2005. Quality of care was evaluated based on 9 guideline-concordant care measures. Results Of the 1945 patients included in this analysis, 1124 (58%) were white; 561 (29%), black, and 260 (13%), Hispanic. One-third of the 53 EDs cared for 51% of minority patients. After multivariable adjustment, black patients were less likely to receive any analgesic treatment (odds ratio [OR], 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.51-0.90) or opioid treatment (OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.41-0.997), waited longer to receive analgesia (mean difference in time to analgesic treatment, 32 minutes; 95% CI, 16-52 minutes), and were less likely to receive reassessments of pain (OR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.34-0.70) compared with white patients. There were no ethnic disparities in most of the care measures between Hispanic and white patients. There were no disparities in initial pain assessment, pre- and postprocedural neurovascular assessment, procedural monitoring, or success of joint reduction across the racial/ethnic groups. Conclusions Black patients presenting to the ED with joint dislocations received lower quality of care in some, but not all, areas compared with white patients. Future interventions should target these areas to eliminate racial disparities in dislocation care.
Structural changes upon reduction of dipyrido[2,3-a:3',2'-c]phenazine probed by vibrational spectroscopy, ab initio calculations, and deuteration studies.

A series of bridging ligands, dipyrido[2,3-a:3‘,2‘-c]phenazine (ppb), dipyrido[2,3-a:3‘,2‘-c]-6,7-dichlorophenazine (ppbCl2), and dipyrido[2,3-a:3‘,2‘-c]-6,7-dimethylphenazine (ppbMe2), and their b...
Associations between antidepressant adherence and shared decision-making, patient-provider trust, and communication among adults with diabetes: diabetes study of Northern California (DISTANCE).

BACKGROUND Depression and adherence to antidepressant treatment are important clinical concerns in diabetes care. While patient–provider communication patterns have been associated with adherence for cardiometabolic medications, it is unknown whether interpersonal aspects of care impact antidepressant medication adherence.
1 /T1p and Low‐Field 1 / T1 of Tissue Water Protons Arise from Magnetization Transfer to Macromolecular Solid‐State Broadened Lines

We argue that, for solutions of immobilized protein and for tissue, the dependence of 1 / T1 of solvent protons on B0 at low fields and 1 / T1p on B1 for all B0 are both manifestations of the same underlying phenomena: magnetization transfer between mobile water protons and solid-state broadened protein proton levels. Broadening causes rapid mixing of spin orientation within the transverse plane, at all B0, unless B1 is greater than the protein internal field; this affects 1 / T1p of solvent protons by magnetization transfer. Similarly, decreasing B0 below the internal field mixes all orientations of magnetization, which affects the solvent proton low-field 1 / T1 and high-field 1 / T2.© 1992 Academic Press,Inc.
Willingness to pay and political support for a US national clean energy standard

In 2010 and 2011, Republicans and Democrats in the United States proposed mandating clean electricity generation. Research has now analysed public support for a national clean energy standard (NCES) and found that the average US citizen is willing to bear an annual 13% increase in electricity bills in support of a NCES that requires 80% clean energy by 2035.
Modeling growth and dynamics of neural networks via message passing in Erlang: neural models have a natural home in message passing functional programming languages

Erlang is well suited as a platform for modeling neural dynamics and development. We overview similarities between neural architecture and language paradigms in Erlang, specifically functional programming, message passing, distributed computing and concurrency. We present examples of using Erlang to model neural dynamics and development respectively. Finally, we synthesize these two examples into an artificial retina and then we conclude with an overview of ongoing work.
Plastic scintillator response to relativistic Ne, Ar, Fe IONS☆

Abstract The response to relativistic (0–600 MeV/amu) Ne, Ar, and Fe ions and to cosmic ray muons of four widely used commercial plastic scintillators, NE110, Pilot Y, Pilot F, and Pilot B, is discussed. Fitted expressions for scintillation efficiency for each scintillator and charge are given, and these are compared with the predictions of both the Voltz model and a modification of the Birks model. Resolution measurements demonstrate the relative roles of the halo and quenched core in heavy ion response, and point to a novel use for plastic scintillators.
Diagnosis of anemia on computed tomography scans of the thorax

Scans of 14 patients with hemoglobin levels of 7.6 to 10.2 grams/deciliter (gm/dL) were positive for the diagnosis of anemia. All demonstrated the interventricular septum and ascending and descending aortic walls. Scans of 23 patients with hemoglobin levels of 10.5 to 12.8 gm/dL were positive for the diagnosis of anemia in 11 and negative in 12. The ascending and descending aortic walls were seen 39% and 48% of the time, respectively. Scans of 13 patients with hemoglobin levels of 12.9 to 16.0 gm/dL were negative for the diagnosis of anemia.
Permanent atrial pacing lead implant route after Fontan operation.

Background:Atrial pacing is indicated for sinus node dysfunction (SND) after Fontan surgery; preferred lead implantation technique is debated. We compare outcomes of transvenous (TV) and epicardial (Epi) atrial lead implants in this population. Methods:Retrospective review of Fontan patients undergoing atrial lead implant between 1992 and 2007. Demographics, lead performance data, and outcomes were analyzed. Results:78 patients had 90 leads implanted: 25 via TV route and 65 via Epi route. Median follow-up was 1.6 years (TV) and 3.6 years (Epi). TV leads were implanted in older patients (23.1 vs 9.3 years, P < 0.001) and at longer intervals after Fontan (15.2 vs 4.9 years, P < 0.001). Pacing indication for most TV leads was SND, while Epi leads were also indicated for atrioventricular block. Acute complication rates were similar (8% TV vs 19% Epi, P = 0.23), but median hospital stay was shorter for TV (2 vs 5 days, P = 0.03). Thrombus was observed in five patients (two in TV; three in Epi), but no thromboembolic events were observed. Mean lead survival was similar (TV 9.9 vs Epi 7.8 years, P = NS). Energy threshold was lower at implant for TV leads (0.9 vs 2.2 μJ, P = 0.049), but similar at follow-up (1.2 vs 2.6 μJ, P = 0.35). Atrial sensing was unchanged over time for TV (2.2 to 2.1 mV, P = NS), but decreased for Epi (3.3 to 2.5 mV, P = 0.02). Conclusions:Compared to epicardial leads, transvenous atrial pacing leads may be placed in Fontan patients with lower procedural morbidity and equivalent expectation of lead performance and longevity.
Classical Worldsheets for String Scattering on Flat and AdS Spacetime

We present a study of the worldsheets that describe the classical limit of various string scattering processes. Our main focus is on string scattering in AdS spacetime because of its relation via the AdS/CFT (anti\char21{}de Sitter/conformal field theory) correspondence to gluon scattering in $\mathcal{N}=4$ supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory. But we also consider analogous processes in flat Minkowski spacetime which we compare to the AdS case. In addition to scattering of string by string we also find and study worldsheets describing the scattering of a string by external sources.
Pseudoreflux Syndrome-Increased Periodic Breathing During the Neonatal Period Presenting as Feeding-Related Difficulties

Sixteen infants who presented with symptoms suggestive of gastroesophageal reflux (GER)-associated apnea were evaluated at the Breathing Disorder Center of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. These neonates had a history of occasional emesis and an apparent life-threatening event (ALTE) that occurred while awake which was similar to the presentation of a group of infants previously described. Evaluation of the present group of infants however, revealed increased periodic breathing (12.1 ±1.8 SEM% of total sleep time) as opposed to the obstructive apnea that was typically seen with GER. Pathologic gastroesophageal reflux could not be diagnosed in relationship to apneic events. Infants who present during the first month of life with symptoms suggestive of GER-associated apnea should have careful evaluation of reflux and respiratory patterns to confirm the correct diagnosis. Because of the similarities of these infants to the GER group, we have called their disorder pseudoreflux.
Health-related quality of life among online university students.

Background and Objectives: Online university students are a growing population whose health has received minimal attention. The purpose of this cross-sectional Internet survey was to identify risk ...
An enzyme-assessed microplate-assay for neutrophil adherence. I. IgA-induced adherence of human PMNs.

The binding of PMNs to extracellular matrix and cells is crucial to PMN host defense. Adherence mechanisms and the many families of molecules involved are major areas of study. We present here details of an enzyme-assessed microtiter plate assay for neutrophil adherence. This assay uses low numbers of cells (50,000/well) and permits analysis of several hundred wells in a short period of time, by using an ELISA reader. With this assay we observed 5-to 10-fold increases in the number of adherent human PMNs in response to nanogram amounts of LPS or as little as 5.0μg/ml of aggregated IgA. Although fluoride blocked the LPS-induced adherence response, IgA-induced cell binding was largely unaffected.