cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Animal-Bacterial Interactions in the Early Life History of Marine Invertebrates: The Euprymna scolopes/Vibrio fischeri Symbiosis

SYNOPSIS. The symbiotic association between the Hawaiian sepiolid squid Euprymna scolopes and the marine luminous bacterium Vibrio fischeri is being developed as a model system for the study of animal-bacterial interactions during development. Changes in light organ morphology during embryogenesis foster successful infection of the light organ with the proper bacterial partner. These embryonic events of light organ morphogenesis include the elaboration of an epithelial surface with a complex ciliated, microvillous field. The squid host hatches without the bacterial symbionts, but acquires them within hours from the free-living population of the bacteria in the water column. Upon exposure to the proper symbionts, the host organ undergoes a series of morphogenetic changes, including loss of the ciliated, microvillous field. The light organ then goes on to mature into a morphological configuration that serves to promotethe maintenance of a stable association with the bacteria and that correlates with the use of the bacterial bioluminescence in behavior of the host. This symbiosis is discussed in light of other cyclically transmitted animal-bacterial associations.
Forest Cover Change in the Northeastern U.S.: A Spatial Assessment in the Context of an Environmental Kuznets Curve

An analysis of the association of forest cover, treated as an environmental good, and income at the county scale in the Northeastern United States was conducted for 2006. Global analysis using a spatial error regression model indicates an environmental Kuznets curve EKC type of relationship, with total forest cover, percent forest cover, and forest cover per capita is better associated with per capita income and is better specified as a polynomial rather than in linear terms. Local analysis, using geographically weighted regression, indicates that sub-regional effects are pronounced, and that conformity to an EKC varies spatially and by forest cover measure. The findings should be interpreted strictly within their context of a cross-sectional analysis and within certain statistical limitations, primarily engendered by multicollinearity of the explanatory variables in the regression models.
Consequences of TCDD Treatment on Intra-Hepatic Lymphocytes During Liver Regeneration

Increasing evidence demonstrates a physiological role for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in regulating hepatocyte cell cycle progression. Previous studies have used a murine model of liver regeneration to show that exposure to the potent exogenous AhR ligand, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), suppresses hepatocyte proliferation in vivo. Based on recent reports that natural killer (NK) cells negatively regulate liver regeneration, coupled with the well-established immunomodulatory effects of TCDD, it was hypothesized that alterations in lymphocyte activation contribute to the suppression of liver regeneration in TCDD-treated mice. To test this, mice were treated with TCDD (20 μg/kg) 1 day prior to 70% partial hepatectomy (PH), in which two-thirds of the liver was surgically resected. Lymphocytes were collected from the remnant liver and analyzed by flow cytometry. Whereas exposure to TCDD did not alter the number of NK cells or CD3+ T-cells recovered from the regenerating liver, it reduced t...
Extended MHD simulation of resonant magnetic perturbations

Resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) have been found effective in suppressing edge localized modes (ELMs) in the DIII-D experiment (Evans et al 2006 Phys. Plasmas 13 056121, Moyer et al 2005 Phys. Plasmas 12 056119). Simulations with the M3D initial value code indicate that plasma rotation, due to an MHD toroidal rotation or to two-fluid drifts, has an essential effect on the RMP. When the flow is below a threshold, the RMP field can couple to a resistive mode with a helical structure, different from the usual ELM, that amplifies the non-axisymmetric field. The magnetic field becomes stochastic in the outer part of the plasma, causing density and temperature loss. At higher rotation speed, the resistive mode is stabilized and the applied RMP is screened from the plasma, so that the stochastic magnetic layer is thinner and the temperature remains similar to the initial unperturbed state. The rotational flow effects, along with the remnants of the screened RMP, cause a density loss which extends into the plasma core. The two-fluid model contains intrinsic drift motion and axisymmetric toroidal rotation may not be needed to screen the RMP nor stabilize the resistive mode.
Monitoring and data acquisition for a large roof-mounted photovoltaic array

This paper describes a data acquisition system (DAS) used to monitor the large photovoltaic power system mounted on the roof of the Georgia Tech Aquatic Center (USA). An example of the data collected from the DAS is given in an example monthly report of the PV system's performance. This report also describes a diagnostic application of this data.
Understanding gains in breastfeeding rates. Promising policies and programs.

b d w i a T r p r t here are well-established shortand long-term health benefits of breastfeeding to children and others. For a review of the benefits of breastfeeding or infants, children, and mothers see American Acadmy of Pediatrics (2005), Leon-Cava et al. (2002), and abbok (2001). Studies in the United States and abroad ave found evidence that children who are breastfed ave better health outcomes than those children who re not breastfed, including lower rates of urinary and espiratory tract infections, allergic diseases, and bacerial meningitis. The list of beneficial maternal health utcomes includes lowered risk of breast and ovarian ancers, and decreased incidence of long-term osteoorosis and pregnancy-induced obesity. Despite the numerous benefits of breastfeeding, not ll mothers choose to breastfeed their infants and reastfeeding rates fluctuate over time. After steadily eclining between 1983 and 1990, United States breasteeding rates at initiation and 6 months after birth ave increased since 1991 (Ryan et al., 2002). Given the ealth benefits of breastfeeding, it is important to dentify and understand the factors explaining these ncreasing breastfeeding rates to ensure their continung growth. Any gains future research can make in nderstanding and disentangling the explanations for he increases in breastfeeding rates will help policyakers craft policy to facilitate future increases in reastfeeding rates and also help medical professionls to better advise their patients. Four promising olicy levers that may explain these increasing breasteeding trends and warrant future research include aw and policy, workplace and employer support,
Proportional share scheduling of operating system services for real-time applications

While there is currently great interest in the problem of providing real time services in general purpose operating systems, the issue of real time scheduling of internal operating system activities has received relatively little attention. Without such real time scheduling, the system is susceptible to conditions such as receive livelock-a situation in which an operating system spends all its time processing arriving network packets, and application processes, even if scheduled with a real time scheduler, are starved. We investigate the problem of scheduling operating system activities such as network protocol processing in a proportional share manner. We describe a proportional share implementation of the FreeBSD operating system and demonstrate that it solves the receive livelock problem. Packets are processed within the operating system only at the cumulative rate at which the destination applications are prepared to receive them. If packets arrive at a faster rate then they are discarded after consuming minimal system resources. In this manner the performance of "well behaved" applications is unaffected by "misbehaving" applications. We demonstrate this effect by running a set of multimedia applications under a variety of network conditions on a set of increasingly sophisticated proportional share implementations of FreeBSD and comparing their performance. This work contributes to our knowledge of the engineering of proportional share real time systems.
The Council of Pisa, 1135: A Re-examination of the Evidence for the Canons

THE Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio of Mansil terminated over two centuries of conciliar study.2 It is the standard initial textual recourse for most mediaeval church councils. The quality of that voluminous collection is inferior, however, to the scholarship of the greatest ecclesiastical historians of the preceding age such as Baluze and Hardouin.3 Mistakes abound; but concluding an era of historiography the Amplissima is invaluable as a record, although not always a lucid and accurate record, of knowledge to the end of the eighteenth century regarding any particular council.4 Portions of the work naturally have
Myotypic Respecification of Regenerated Nerve-fibres in Cichlid Fishes

In man and other mammals normal motor co-ordination is not restored, as a rule, after regeneration of a severed peripheral nerve-trunk (Sperry, 1945). The random misdirection of regenerating fibres into foreign muscles tends to prevent normal dissociated action within the re-innervated musculature. In contrast, larval amphibians have been found to show excellent recovery of motor function in the form of ‘homologous or myotypic response’ (Weiss, 1936, 1941) following the cutting and regeneration of limb-nerves, limb transplantation, and the cross-connecting of limb nerves to foreign muscles. Similarly, good restoration of muscle co-ordination has been observed in the pectoral fin of adult teleost fishes (Sperry, 1950, 1956).
Plantae Hobdyanae Kauaienses II Hawaiian plant studies 45

The first part of this series (St. John: 1972) dealt with eight plant novelties collected on the island of Kauai. They were gathered by Robert W. Hobdy, then assistant forester in the Hawaii Division of Forestry, and stationed on Kauai. The present, second part, describes three more of the species collected by Hobdy on Kauai.
When Reversible Ligands Do Not Reverse, and Other Modelers' Dilemmas

Among the many applications of PET to neuroimaging research, the determination of the percentage of receptors occupied by an exogenously administered drug stands out for the immediate and practical information that can be derived from one or a small number of studies ( [1][1] ). Knowledge of the
cDNAs of aminopeptidase-like protein genes from Plodia interpunctella strains with different susceptibilities to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins.

Aminopeptidase N has been reported to be a Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry1A toxin-binding protein in several lepidopteran insects. cDNAs of aminopeptidase-like proteins from both Bt-susceptible RC688 s and Bt-resistant HD198 r strains of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella, were cloned and sequenced. They contain 3345 and 3358 nucleotides, respectively, and each has a 3048 bp open reading frame that encodes 1016 amino acids. Putative protein sequences include 10 potential glycosylation sites and a zinc metal binding site motif of HEXXH, which is typical of the active site of zinc-dependent metallopeptidases. Sequence analysis indicated that the deduced protein sequences are most similar to an aminopeptidase from Heliothis virescens with 62% sequence identity and highly similar to three other lepidopteran aminopeptidases from Plutella xylostella, Manduca sexta, Bombyx moriwith sequence identities of 51‐52%. Four nucleotide differences were observed in the open reading frames that translated into two amino acid differences in the putative protein sequences. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed an aminopeptidase gene coding difference between RC688 s and HD198 r strains of P. interpunctella in the PCR amplification of a specific allele (PASA) using preferential primers designed from a single base substitution. The gene mutation for Asp 185 !Glu 185 was also confirmed in two additional Bt-resistant P. interpunctella strains. This mutation is located within a region homologous to the conserved Cry1Aa toxin binding regions from Bombyx mori and Plutella xylostella. The aminopeptidase-like mRNA expression levels in the Bt-resistant strain were slightly higher than those in the Bt-susceptible strain. The sequences reported in this paper have been deposited in the GenBank database (accession numbers AF034483 for susceptible strain RC688 s and AF034484 for resistant strain HD198 r ). © 2000
Dolly: virtualization-driven database provisioning for the cloud

Cloud computing platforms are becoming increasingly popular for e-commerce applications that can be scaled on-demand in a very cost effective way. Dynamic provisioning is used to autonomously add capacity in multi-tier cloud-based applications that see workload increases. While many solutions exist to provision tiers with little or no state in applications, the database tier remains problematic for dynamic provisioning due to the need to replicate its large disk state. In this paper, we explore virtual machine (VM) cloning techniques to spawn database replicas and address the challenges of provisioning shared-nothing replicated databases in the cloud. We argue that being able to determine state replication time is crucial for provisioning databases and show that VM cloning provides this property. We propose Dolly, a database provisioning system based on VM cloning and cost models to adapt the provisioning policy to the cloud infrastructure specifics and application requirements. We present an implementation of Dolly in a commercial-grade replication middleware and evaluate database provisioning strategies for a TPC-W workload on a private cloud and on Amazon EC2. By being aware of VM-based state replication cost, Dolly can solve the challenge of automated provisioning for replicated databases on cloud platforms.
Microtiter Plate-Based Assay for Inhibitors of Penicillin-Binding Protein 2a from Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), the molecular determinant for high-level β-lactam resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), is intrinsically resistant to most β-lactam antibiotics. The development and characterization of new inhibitors targeting PBP2a would benefit from an effective and convenient assay for inhibitor binding. This study was directed toward the development of a fluorescently detected β-lactam binding assay for PBP2a from MRSA. Biotinylated ampicillin and biotinylated cephalexin were tested as tagging reagents for fluorescence detection by using a streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate. Both bound surprisingly well to PBP2a, with binding constants of 1.6 ± 0.4 μM and 13.6 ± 0.8 μM, respectively. Two forms of the assay were developed, a one-step direct competition form of the assay and a two-step indirect competition form of the assay, and both forms of the assay gave comparable results. This assay was then used to characterize PBP2a binding to ceftobiprole, which gave results consistent with previous studies of ceftobiprole-PBP2a binding. This assay was also demonstrated for screening for PBP2a inhibitors by screening a set of 13 randomly selected β-lactams for PBP2a inhibition at 750 μM. Meropenem was observed to give substantial inhibition in this screen, and a follow-up titration experiment determined its apparent K(i) to be 480 ± 70 μM. The availability of convenient and sensitive microtiter-plate based assays for the screening and characterization of PBP2a inhibitors is expected to facilitate the discovery and development of new PBP2a inhibitors for use in combating the serious public health problem posed by MRSA.
AN ODE WHOSE SOLUTIONS CONTAIN ALL KNOTS AND LINKS

Periodic orbits of a third-order ODE are topological knots. Using results from the theory of branched 2-manifolds, we prove the existence of simple ODEs whose periodic orbit set contains every type of knot and collection of knots (link). The construction depends on the dynamics near certain configurations of Shil'nikov connections, and can be applied to, among other things, a model of a nonlinear electric circuit.
Architectural concepts in implementation of end-system protocols for high performance communications

The paper presents a functional view of end-system protocol implementations whereby the protocol is decomposed into multiple functions, each causing a change in the protocol state. This view makes the interactions and the relationships among the various functional modules explicit. In terms of this view, currently prevalent architectural optimizations for performance improvement (such as 'parallel executions' and 'integrated layer processing') can be easily described as a set of control flow relationships among modules. If a protocol implementation is analyzed using our functional model, the possible architectural optimizations in the protocol can be easily identified and implemented without violating correctness. Thus, our approach can be used to optimize existing implementations by casting the underlying protocols in our framework, and it is particularly useful in developing implementations for new protocols.
Hydrogenic fast-ion diagnostic using Balmer-alpha light

Hydrogenic fast-ion populations are common in toroidal magnetic fusion AQ1 devices, especially in devices with neutral beam injection. As the fast ions orbit around the device and pass through a neutral beam, some fast ions neutralize and emit Balmer-alpha light. The intensity of this emission is weak compared with the signals from the injected neutrals, the warm (halo) neutrals and the cold edge neutrals, but, for a favourable viewing geometry, the emission is Doppler shifted away from these bright interfering signals. Signals from fast ions are detected in the DIII-D tokamak. When the electron density exceeds ∼7×10 19 m −3 , visible bremsstrahlung obscures the fast-ion signal. The intrinsic spatial resolution of the diagnostic is ∼5 cm for 40 keV amu −1 fast ions. The technique is well suited for diagnosis of fast-ion populations in devices with fast-ion energies (∼30 keV amu −1 ), minor radii (∼0.6 m) and plasma densities (10 20 m −3 ) that are similar to those of DIII-D. AQ2 (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
Packed AES-GCM Algorithm Suitable for AES/PCLMULQDQ Instructions

The level of interest in Galois Counter Mode (GCM) Authenticated Encryption rose significantly within the last few years. GCM is interesting because it is the only authenticated encryption standard that can be implemented in a fully pipelined or parallelized way and it is the most appropriate for encrypting packetized data. McGrew and Viega [CHECK END OF SENTENCE] described (but did not detail) how GHASH can be implemented with more than one multiplier operating in parallel. This paper details how that can be done and shows that, when N multipliers are used, and the multipliers use the approach of multiplying polynomials then applying a modular reduction, a single modular reduction can be used instead on N separate operations. This optimization can be used even when there is a single multiplier, which makes this implementation strategy have a broader appeal. Recently Intel has introduced new ISA instructions into the next generation CPU core, namely: AES family and PCLMULQDQ operating in XMM registers domain. In this paper, we discuss the example implementation of proposed GHASH modifications using above instructions.
Climatology of Storm Characteristics in Costa Rica using the TRMM Precipitation Radar

AbstractTropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Precipitation Radar precipitation features are analyzed to understand the role of storm characteristics on the seasonal and diurnal cycles of precipitation in four distinct regions in Costa Rica. The distribution of annual rainfall is highly dependent on the stratiform precipitation, driven largely by seasonal increases in stratiform area. The monthly distribution of stratiform rain is bimodal in most regions, but the timing varies regionally and is related to several important large-scale features: the Caribbean low-level jet, the ITCZ, and the Chorro del Occidente Colombiano (CHOCO) jet. The relative importance of convective precipitation increases on the Caribbean side during wintertime cold air surges. Except for the coastal Caribbean domain, most regions show a strong diurnal cycle with an afternoon peak in convection followed by an evening increase in stratiform rain. Along the Caribbean coast, the diurnal cycle is weaker, with evidence of convection assoc...
The effect on conversion of flow rate variations in a heterogeneous catalytic reactor

The unsteady state behavior of a tubular heterogeneous catalytic reactor, in which significant adsorption effects occur, has been investigated theoretically and experimentally. Transient responses of conversion to step increases and decreases of flow rate as well as to periodic variations in flow rate are considered. A simplified procedure for anticipating gross effects in cyclic processes is suggested.
A hybrid medical image segmentation approach based on dual-front evolution model

In this paper, a hybrid medical image segmentation approach is proposed based on a dual front evolution and fast sweeping evolution. This approach is composed of two stages. In the first stage, a fast sweeping evolution with a stopping criterion based upon gradient information is adopted to give a fast and rough initial boundary estimate close to (or overlapping) the actual boundary. Next, a morphological dilation is used to expand this boundary to a narrow region large enough to contain the actual boundary. In the second stage, a dual front evolution model is used to refine the final segmentation result. In this step, the evolution speeds consider the gradient information together with less local image statistics to improve the veracity and compatibility of the algorithm. The experimental results show that this two-stage algorithm can provide close, smooth and accurate final contours with low computational complexity O(N).
Toward Meta-cognitive Tutoring: A Model of Help Seeking with a Cognitive Tutor

The research reported in this paper focuses on the hypothesis that an intelligent tutoring system that provides guidance with respect to students' meta-cognitive abilities can help them to become better learners. Our strategy is to extend a Cognitive Tutor (Anderson, Corbett, Koedinger, & Pelletier, 1995) so that it not only helps students acquire domain-specific skills, but also develop better general help-seeking strategies. In developing the Help Tutor, we used the same Cognitive Tutor technology at the meta-cognitive level that has been proven to be very effective at the cognitive level. A key challenge is to develop a model of how students should use a Cognitive Tutor's help facilities. We created a preliminary model, implemented by 57 production rules that capture both effective and ineffective help-seeking behavior. As a first test of the model's efficacy, we used it off-line to evaluate students' help-seeking behavior in an existing data set of student-tutor interactions. We then refined the model based on the results of this analysis. Finally, we conducted a pilot study with the Help Tutor involving four students. During one session, we saw a statistically significant reduction in students' meta-cognitive error rate, as determined by the Help Tutor's model. These preliminary results inspire confidence as we gear up for a larger-scale controlled experiment to evaluate whether tutoring on help seeking has a positive effect on students' learning outcomes.
A Real-Time Method for Measuring cAMP Production Modulated by Gαi/o-Coupled Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors

Group II and group III metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that inhibit adenylyl cyclase via activation of Gαi/o. The purpose of this study was to design a universal method that overcomes previous challenges in consistently measuring group II and group III mGlu-receptor (mGluR) activation in stably transfected systems. In Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably transfected with the GloSensor cAMP biosensor, we optimized conditions for simple and highly reproducible (<5% S.E.M.) measurements of cAMP in real time. The GloSensor cAMP biosensor is a recombinant firefly luciferase conjugated to a cAMP-binding domain, where cAMP binding promotes a conformational shift within the GloSensor protein, inducing luciferase activity; cAMP levels are positively correlated with light output resulting from the luciferase-mediated breakdown of d-luciferin. Each group II and group III mGluR was then stably transfected into the CHO-GloSensor cell line, and experimental conditions were optimized for each receptor. During assay optimization, we observed ion sensitivity of several receptors and inverse agonist activity of the antagonist, LY341495 [2-[(1S,2S)-2-carboxycyclopropyl]-3-(9H-xanthen-9-yl)-d-alanine]. Although these phenomena have been previously reported, they remain poorly understood, emphasizing the GloSensor assay as an important tool with which to study group II and group III mGlu receptors. Our results highlight many advantages of using the GloSensor method for measuring activation of group II and group III mGlu receptors, and they further suggest that corresponding methods designed to measure activation of any Gαi/o- or Gαs-coupled GPCR will be similarly advantageous.
Overexpression of fetA (ybbL) and fetB (ybbM), Encoding an Iron Exporter, Enhances Resistance to Oxidative Stress in Escherichia coli

Reactive oxygen species are generated by redox reactions and the Fenton reaction of H2O2 and iron that generates the hydroxyl radical that causes severe DNA, protein, and lipid damage. We screened Escherichia coli genomic libraries to identify a fragment, containing cueR, ybbJ, qmcA, ybbL, and ybbM, which enhanced resistance to H2O2 stress. We report that the ΔybbL and ΔybbM strains are more susceptible to H2O2 stress than the parent strain and that ybbL and ybbM overexpression overcomes H2O2 sensitivity. The ybbL and ybbM genes are predicted to code for an ATP-binding cassette metal transporter, and we demonstrate that YbbM is a membrane protein. We investigated various metals to identify iron as the likely substrate of this transporter. We propose the gene names fetA and fetB (for Fe transport) and the gene product names FetA and FetB. FetAB allows for increased resistance to oxidative stress in the presence of iron, revealing a role in iron homeostasis. We show that iron overload coupled with H2O2 stress is abrogated by fetA and fetB overexpression in the parent strain and in the Δfur strain, where iron uptake is deregulated. Furthermore, we utilized whole-cell electron paramagnetic resonance to show that intracellular iron levels in the Δfur strain are decreased by 37% by fetA and fetB overexpression. Combined, these findings show that fetA and fetB encode an iron exporter that has a role in enhancing resistance to H2O2-mediated oxidative stress and can minimize oxidative stress under conditions of iron overload and suggest that FetAB facilitates iron homeostasis to decrease oxidative stress.
Radioactivity of Ti 44

${\mathrm{Ti}}^{44}$ has been produced by the ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{45}(d, 3n){\mathrm{Ti}}^{44}$ reaction. The radiations of ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{44}$ were studied with gamma-scintillation spectrometers alone and in coincidence. A decay scheme is suggested in which ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{44}$ electron captures predominantly to a 144-kev level in ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{44}$ which in turn de-excites by two gamma rays in cascade. A ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{44}$ half-life of approximately ${10}^{3}$ years is deduced.
Temporal and Spatial Variations of Dissolved and Colloidal Trace Elements in Louisiana Shelf Waters

Abstract Selected trace elements (TEs), dissolved organic carbon and nutrients were studied in Louisiana Shelf waters including the low salinity Mississippi (MR) and Atchafalaya (AR) River plumes during periods of high, intermediate and low river discharge in 2008–2009. The dissolved phase (
Engines of innovation.

The article discusses the innovation and human collaboration of city dwellers that can solve problems and generate and share ideas globally. One example of collaborating and integrating economies is N. R. Narayana Murthy, the billionaire and founder of Indian software company Infosys, that united U.S. and Indian markets. Other benefits of city living include better health for older people and youth, revolutions or uprisings in cities that lead to more democracy, and the use of online social networks like Facebook to increase human collaboration.
ApoE Distribution Among Lipoproteins of Rhesus Monkeys Is Modulated by Dietary Fat and Cholesterol

The effect of dietary saturated fat and cholesterol on plasma cholesterol and apolipoprotein E (apoE) distribution among lipoproteins was studied in rhesus monkeys. Two groups of four monkeys had been fed diets containing 31% energy as either corn oil or coconut oil for 5 yr from birth. Each group was then fed short-term their respective diet with a 0.2% cholesterol supplement, the opposite fat without cholesterol, the opposite fat +0.2% cholesterol, followed by their original fat without cholesterol for 5 to 8 wk periods. Plasma was assayed for total cholesterol, total triglyclerides, and the distribution of apoE within lipoproteins (VLDL, IDL, LDL, HDL) separated by gradient-density electrophoresis. When coconut oil was fed, plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were 134% and 157%, respectively, of the levels when corn oil was fed. Cholesterol supplementation of corn oil also elevated the plasma cholesterol (141%), whereas cholesterol supplementation of coconut oil appeared to induce a synergistic increase (198%). Both groups of monkeys responded similarly to a given diet. The distribution of apoE in lipoproteins differed according to dietary treatment, with cholesterol feeding causing a major shift from HDL to IDL, whereas coconut oil caused a modest shift from HDL to VLDL. The relative amount of apoE in LDL was unchanged by diet. We conclude that dietary saturated fat or cholesterol can modulate the apoE distribution within lipoproteins in rhesus monkeys in conjunction with the previously noted expansion of the cholesteryl ester pool in VLDL and IDL.
Toxicological study of biofuel ethanol with blue green alga Spirulina platensis

Abstract In this study, tolerance of the blue green algal strain Spirulina platensis ( Spirulina ) to biofuel ethanol was investigated by monitoring algal growth, measuring respiration, photosynthetic O 2 production and chlorophyll fluorescence induction with varying ethanol concentrations. Algal growth monitoring showed a dose dependent inhibitory effect of ethanol. The concentration of ethanol which inhibits algal growth by 50% (IC 50 ) was found to be 0.36 M. The rates of oxygenic photosynthesis and cellular respiration in a liquid suspension of S. platensis cells measured with a Clark-type oxygen electrode system revealed that ethanol affects both the photosynthetic apparatus and mitochondria. The ethanol IC 50 value on Spirulina oxygenic photosynthesis was measured to be 1.59 M. The algal chlorophyll fluorescence induction indicated that ethanol at the IC 50 concentrations of 0.36 M (with respect to algal growth) and 1.59 M (photosynthesis) can apparently uncouple certain antenna chlorophyll pigments from the photosynthetic reaction center systems, resulting in increased background chlorophyll fluorescence. In the presence of 1.59 M ethanol, the slow S to M fluorescence rise pattern appears altered, indicating that the photosynthetic excitation energy state 2 to state 1 transition in blue green algae is affected at such concentration. These results provide certain physiological insight of ethanol toxicological effects in S. platensis .
Association of Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test with lower extremity injury in NCAA Division 1 athletes: an independent validation study

Abstract Objectives To determine if the Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test (LQYBT) is predictive of lower extremity injury in NCAA Division 1 athletes. Design Prospective cohort, therapy. Participants One hundred eighty-nine NCAA Division 1 athletes participated in the study and underwent a preparticipation screen that included the LQYBT. Maximal reach distances were recorded in each direction and normalized to leg length. A composite score was calculated by summing the three normalized reach distances and dividing by three times leg length. Side to side asymmetry was calculated as the lesser of the two composite scores, divided by the greater of the two composite scores, multiplied by 100. Injuries for the following season were tracked and recorded; LQYBT scores were compared between injured and non-injured athletes. Results In our sample, 90 [59 female, 31 male] of the 189 athletes participating suffered a lower extremity injury. No significant differences were found between injured and non-injured athletes for reach distance, normalized reach distance, normalized composite reach distance, or normalized composite percent score ( P >0.05). Conclusions The LQYBT does not appear to predict general lower extremity injury in a diverse population of NCAA D1 athletes. These results are in direct conflict with previous findings suggesting the LQYBT is predictive of injury suggesting its utility as an injury risk screening tool in a general collegiate athletic population should continue to be questioned.
Origins: Politics, Art and Philosophy in the Young Marcuse

In 1922 Marcuse summarized his early life in the ‘Lebenslauf’ (biography) required as part of a German doctoral dissertation: I was born on July 19, 1898 in Berlin, the son of the businessman Carl Marcuse and his wife Gertrud, born Kreslawsky. I attended the Mommsen Gymnasium and from 1911 the Kaiserin-Augusta Gymnasium in Charlottenburg until my summons to military service in 1916. After completing my final examination (Reifeprufung), I entered Reserve Division 18 (Train-Ers.-Abtg. 18) but remained in the homeland on account of my poor eye-sight and was transferred to the Zeppelen Reserves (Luftschiffer-Ers. Abtg. 1) where I received permission and the opportunity to visit lectures. After my release in the Winter of 1918, I studied regularly for four semesters in Berlin and four semesters in Freiburg, first Germanistik, and then modern German literary history as my main subject (Hauptfach) and philosophy and political economy as subsidiaries (Nebenfach).1
Laboratory measurements of the 5–20 cm wavelength opacity of ammonia, water vapor, and methane under simulated conditions for the deep jovian atmosphere

Abstract Over the past decade, several extensive laboratory studies have been conducted of the microwave opacity of ammonia and water vapor in preparation for interpretation of the precise measurements of jovian microwave emission to be made with the Microwave Radiometer (MWR) instrument aboard the NASA Juno Mission. (See, e.g., Hanley et al. [2009] Icarus, 202, 316–335; Karpowicz and Steffes [2011a] Icarus 212, 210–223; Karpowicz and Steffes [2011b] Icarus 214, 783; Devaraj et al. [2014] Icarus, 241, 165–179) These works included models for the opacity of these constituents valid over the pressure and temperature ranges measured in the laboratory experiments (temperatures up to 500 K and pressures up to 100 bars). However, studies of the microwave emission made using these models indicate that significant contributions to the emission at the 24-cm and 50-cm wavelengths to be measured by the Juno MWR will be made by layers of the atmosphere with temperatures at or exceeding 600 K. While the ammonia opacity models described by Hanley et al. (2009) and Devraj et al. (2014) give consistent results at temperatures up to 500 K (within 6%), they diverge significantly at temperatures and pressures exceeding 550 K and 50 bars, respectively. Similarly, at temperatures above 500 K, the model for water vapor opacity developed by Karpowicz and Steffes (2011a,b) exhibits non-physical attributes. To resolve these ambiguities, we have conducted laboratory measurements of the microwave opacity of ammonia at temperatures up to 600 K and that for water vapor at temperatures up to 600 K. Additionally, since the microwave opacity of ammonia is influenced by pressure-broadening from methane (a significant constituent in jovian atmospheres), measurements of the effects of methane on the ammonia absorption spectrum have also been conducted. These measurements have resulted in updated models for the opacities of ammonia and water vapor under conditions of the deep jovian atmosphere.
Articular cartilage injury

In an effort to decrease the risk of post-traumatic osteoarthritis, surgeons and scientists have been seeking ways to prevent progressive joint degeneration following injury. Surgeons have used operative treatments, including penetrating subchondral bone, soft-tissue grafts, and cell transplants, to stimulate restoration of damaged articular surfaces, with variable results. This chapter covers recent advances in the use of artificial matrices, growth factors, and immature chondrocytes or stem cells to promote cartilage repair as well as work suggesting that several biologic agents, including capsase inhibitors, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory drugs may minimize the effects of mechanical damage to chondrocytes.
Arthrofibrosis Associated with the Surgical Treatment of Chronic Lyme Arthritis and a Concomitant Medial Meniscal Tear: A Case Report.

Case: We describe a case of refractory Lyme arthritis in an adolescent patient with a concomitant medial meniscal tear. The patient underwent arthroscopic synovectomy and meniscal repair, and required additional surgery for subsequent decreased range of motion. We describe the presentation, the intraoperative findings, the course of recovery, and the literature regarding Lyme arthritis and meniscal tears. Conclusion: Refractory Lyme arthritis commonly is treated successfully with arthroscopic synovectomy. We describe a patient who presented with a concomitant medial meniscal tear; he underwent initial medial meniscal repair and a partial meniscectomy. He required additional surgery before full recovery was achieved.
Familial ethnic socialization, gender role attitudes, and ethnic identity development in Mexican-origin early adolescents.

OBJECTIVES This study examined the relations between familial ethnic socialization and ethnic identity development in 438 Mexican-origin (n = 242 boys and n = 196 girls) preadolescents. In addition, machismo and marianismo gender role attitudes were examined as potential mediators in this link. METHOD Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) of the Familial Ethnic Socialization Scale (FES), Machismo Measure (MM), Marianismo Beliefs Scale (MBS), and the Ethnic Identity Brief Scale (EISB) were conducted to test the factor structure with a preadolescent Mexican-origin sample. Separate path analyses of analytic models were then performed on boys and girls. RESULTS Results of the CFAs for survey measures revealed that for the FES, a 1-factor version indicated acceptable fit; for the MM, the original 2-factor structure indicated acceptable model fit; for the MBS, a revised 3-factor version indicated acceptable model fit; and, for the EISB, the affirmation and resolution dimensions showed acceptable fit. Among boys, FES was significantly and positively linked to caballerismo, and EISB affirmation and resolution; furthermore, the links between FES and EISB affirmation and resolution were indirectly connected by caballerismo. In addition, traditional machismo was negatively linked to EISB affirmation, and caballerismo was positively linked to EISB affirmation and resolution. Among girls, FES was significantly and positively related to the MBS-virtuous/chaste pillar, and EISB affirmation and resolution. The MBS-subordinate to others pillar was negatively linked to EISB affirmation. CONCLUSIONS This study underscores the importance of FES and positive gender role attitudes in the link to ethnic identity development among Mexican-origin preadolescents. (PsycINFO Database Record
Electron transfer processes occurring on platinum neural stimulating electrodes: calculated charge-storage capacities are inaccessible during applied stimulation.

Objective Neural prostheses employing platinum electrodes are often constrained by a charge/charge-density parameter known as the Shannon limit. In examining the relationship between charge injection and observed tissue damage, the electrochemistry at the electrode-tissue interface should be considered. The charge-storage capacity (CSC) is often used as a predictor of how much charge an electrode can inject during stimulation, but calculating charge from a steady-state i-E curve (cyclic voltammogram) over the water window misrepresents how electrodes operate during stimulation. We aim to gain insight into why CSC predictions from classic i-E curves overestimate the amount of charge that can be injected during neural stimulation pulsing. Approach In this study, we use a standard electrochemical technique to investigate how platinum electrochemistry depends on the potentials accessed by the electrode and on the electrolyte composition. Main results The experiments indicate: (1) platinum electrodes must be subjected to a 'cleaning' procedure in order to expose the maximum number of surface platinum sites for hydrogen adsorption; (2) the 'cleaned' platinum surface will likely revert to an obstructed condition under typical neural stimulation conditions; (3) irreversible oxygen reduction may occur under neural stimulation conditions, so the consequences of this reaction should be considered; and (4) the presence of the chloride ion (Cl-) or proteins (bovine serum albumin) inhibits oxide formation and alters H adsorption. Significance These observations help explain why traditional CSC calculations overestimate the charge that can be injected during neural stimulation. The results underscore how careful electrochemical examination of the electrode-electrolyte interface can result in more accurate expectations of electrode performance during applied stimulation.
Eating the ocean

What does it mean to produce and consume fish in a sustainable way? Can we care more about the complex and entangled human-ocean-fish relations that are created through our production and consumpti...
Measuring Embodied Blue Water in American Diets: An EIO Supply Chain Approach

Abstract Food systems worldwide rely on water resources that are facing demand from a growing population while regional water supplies are increasingly uncertain due to climate change. In this environment, dietary changes may have the potential to reduce water used in food production. At the same time, it is well established that American diets need to change in order to align with Federal healthy eating guidelines. In this article, we examine if there are synergies between healthier diets and blue water conservation in the U.S. food system. We estimate blue water use by supply chain stage using a multi-regional environmental input-output model. Then, we link this blue water to individual food items and use mathematical optimization to model healthy diet scenarios that meet the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. We find that while healthier U.S. diet outcomes and blue water conservation can be synergistic, these goals may also be competing. Making minimal changes from current American consumption to a healthy omnivore or vegetarian diet, blue water use increases by 16%, but the omnivore and vegetarian diets reduce embodied blue water by 63 and 66%, respectively, when the objective is to minimize water use.
Contesting Commercialization: Political Influence, Responsive Authoritarianism, and Cultural Resistance:

We develop theory on how a contentious moral market can develop, and we test it with data from a study of the commercialization of Buddhist temples in China from 2006 to 2016, as local government o...
The impact of teacher language on students’ mindsets and statistics performance

Studies have shown that performance feedback provided by teachers can communicate mindset messages to students and subsequently impact students’ performance. We sought to examine whether non-feedback related comments could also influence students’ mindsets and performance. We utilized a sample of undergraduate students enrolled in a research pool (n = 106) and compared their mindset and quiz scores after receiving a statistics lesson under one of three conditions. In two conditions the instructor introduced the lesson making comments that communicated either a fixed or growth mindset. A third condition served as a control. Students receiving growth comments moved towards growth mindset beliefs more so than those who received fixed mindset comments and had higher quiz scores when compared to the control group. These results provide early evidence that even non-feedback related comments can influence students’ mindsets and performance. We discuss implications for teaching, teacher training and future research.
Magnetic Refrigeration: A Review of a Developing Technology

Magnetic refrigeration has been used for over 50 years as a technique to achieve temperatures well below 1 K. However, in the last ten years, the technology has been developing for refrigeration applications above 1 K up to, and including heat pumps above room temperature. The work has been multinational in scope and has focused on analysis of magnetic thermodynamic systems, investigation of magnetic materials suitable for refrigerants, and development of prototype refrigerators. Devices providing refrigeration between 1.5 K and 4.2 K, 4.2 K and 20 K, and near room temperature have been emphasized. Recently development efforts have been extended into the 20 K to 80 K temperature range. The understanding of the fundamental limits on magnetic refrigeration is slowly evolving as is a data base for design. The thermodynamic performance of the prototypes has been steadily improving but still has not reached the theoretical limits predicted by analysis.
Synaptic Mechanisms of Induction and Maintenance of Long-Term Sensitization Memory in Aplysia

The marine snail Aplysia californica exhibits a simple defensive withdrawal reflex that can undergo several forms of learning. In particular, the reflex can exhibit long-term sensitization (LTS), a form of nonassociative memory. LTS is mediated by long-term facilitation (LTF) of the monosynaptic connection between the sensory and motor neurons that mediate the withdrawal reflex. LTS and LTF represent one of the best understood model systems of long-term memory extent. Furthermore, discoveries from work on this system have provided fundamental insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate the induction and maintenance of long-term memory. This chapter reviews this work; it concludes with a discussion of recent studies of the role of protein kinase M in the persistence of the long-term memory and of memory reconsolidation in Aplysia. It is suggested that the study of LTS and LTF can provide important mechanistic information on these two intriguing memory phenomena.
Modeling Hazardous, Free-Surface Geophysical Flows with Depth-Averaged Hyperbolic Systems and Adaptive Numerical Methods

The mathematical modeling and numerical simulation of gravity-driven, free-surface geophysical flows—such as tsunamis, water floods, and debris flows—are described. These shallow flows are often modeled with two-dimensional depth-averaged equations that possess similar mathematical structure: they are usually nonconservative hyperbolic systems with source terms. Some numerical challenges presented by these systems, particularly with regard to features common to depth-averaged models for flow over topography, are highlighted. The open-source software package GeoClaw incorporates numerical algorithms designed to tackle many of the common difficulties presented by depth-averaged models, particularly for large multiscale problems featuring inundation influenced by topography. Some simulation results for tsunamis, floods, and debris flows highlight the capabilities of GeoClaw.