cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Local Antibody Response to Experimental Poliovirus Infection in the Central Nervous System of Rhesus Monkeys

By employing the techniques of immunofluorescence and radioimmunodiffusion using (32)P-labeled poliovirus as the antigen, the immunoglobulin response to poliovirus in serum, nasopharynx, spinal fluid, and in different segments of the central nervous system (CNS) was studied after intramuscular, oral, intranasal, and intrathalamic administration of inactivated (Salk), live attenuated (Sabin), or live virulent (Mahoney) type I poliovirus. Spinal fluid gammaG antibody was detected after immunization with Sabin or Mahoney virus and intramuscular administration of Salk vaccine. The response in the CNS was characterized by the appearance of gammaG antibody after oral or intrathalamic administration of Mahoney virus and rarely after intrathalamic inoculation of Sabin vaccine. The antibody activity in CNS was limited to the areas of poliovirus replication. Intrathalamic immunization with Mahoney virus resulted in local gammaG antibody production in the CNS in the absence of any detectable response in serum. Discrete foci of gammaG-containing cells were observed in those areas of CNS which contained poliovirus antibody. No immunoglobulin-containing cells or poliovirus antibody was seen in the CNS of monkeys immunized with intramuscularly or orally administered Sabin or Salk vaccine and in sham-immunized control monkeys. It is suggested that the CNS, when stimulated locally with a potent replicating viral antigen, may manifest a specific local antibody response, which is independent of the response in serum.
Neutron transport and diffusion in inhomogeneous media. I

The asymptotic solution of the neutron transport equation is obtained for large near‐critical domains D which possess a cellular, nearly periodic structure. A typical mean free path in D is taken to be of the same order of magnitude as a cell diameter, and these are taken to be small (of order e) compared to a typical diameter of D. The solution is asymptotic with respect to the small parameter e. It is a product of two functions, one determined by a detailed cell calculation and the other obtained as the solution of a time dependent diffusion equation. The diffusion equation contains precursor (delayed neutron) densities, equations for which are derived. The coefficients in the diffusion equation, which are determined using the results of the cell calculation, differ from those now used in engineering applications. The initial condition for the diffusion equation is derived, and the problem of determining the boundary condition is discussed.
Intellectual Property on the Internet and the Cultural Digital Divide

Unless the Internet-connected world reconsiders its chauvinistic belief in the global benefits of technological homogenization and provides adequate tools to begin to bridge the cultural divide of the Internet, its promise, like the promise of globalization, may stumble on its own excesses. Present Internet protection standards must do more than simply “foster Internet growth.” They must address the negative impact the choices and assumptions made about such Western concerns as the protection and use of traditional forms of intellectual property have upon the cultural accessibility of the Internet. To ignore the cultural digital divide by treating these concerns as separate from the issue of intellectual property protection is to continue to marginalize them and their potential negative impact on the growth of the global digital marketplace. If the “divide” becomes a “chasm,” digital trade may sink into the abyss.
Effects of Crew Coordination and Level of Instruction on Process Control Operator Behavior

The effects of crew coordination and level of instruction on performance, system monitoring, operators' internal representation of the system, communication, and reaction were assessed in a laboratory simulation of a process control plant. Results indicated that crew coordination and procedures or principles-based instruction enhanced performance, but no interaction between these factors was found. System monitoring behavior was not affected by coordination or level of instruction but subjects receiving procedures or principles-based instruction perceived the task as requiring a higher level of effort. Internal representation and communication data are currently being analyzed.
Sleep and fatigue countermeasures for the neurology resident and physician.

Purpose of review Fragmented sleep, prolonged work hours, misalignment of sleep-wake cycles, and an expectation to make medical decisions when alertness levels are reduced are pervasive in neurology residency training. Sleep loss in residency training can lead to cognitive and psychosocial impairment and accidents, compromise patient care, and reduce the trainee's quality of life. Neurology residents experience levels of hypersomnolence similar to residents in surgical specialties and have comparable subjective levels of sleepiness as persons with pathologic sleep disorders such as narcolepsy and obstructive sleep apnea. Over the past 2 decades, work-hour limitations were established to alleviate fatigue and sleepiness. However, the implementation of work-hour limitations alone does not guarantee alleviation of fatigue and may be insufficient without additional key measures to prevent, counteract, and control sleepiness when it strikes. This article provides effective strategies to combat sleepiness, such as modification of the on-call structure (night float), power naps, and caffeine, in neurologists in training and those who are at risk for excessive sleepiness. Recent findings Despite two specific work-hour restrictions set by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, the most recent in July 2011, little data exist about the efficacy of work-hour restrictions alone in improving fatigue and sleepiness. Curtailed work hours, while appearing attractive on the surface, have important financial, educational, and patient care imperfections and fail to address the core issue--sleepiness. Summary Historically, sleepiness and fatigue place both residents and patients at risk. Excessive sleepiness in residency training occurs because of sleep deprivation and a spectrum of other factors, such as mood disorders or even the anxiety of anticipating being woken up. An effective model to counteract sleep deprivation and its consequences is a multiplayer approach that uniquely targets and addresses the needs of all the stakeholders. A sleep medicine perspective is proposed along with other interventions to prevent adverse consequences.
Effect of diazoxide on renal handling of sodium in the rat.

1. To assess whether diazoxide-induced sodium retention is due to a direct renal action of the drug, independent of its systemic haemodynamic effects, diazoxide was infused directly into one renal artery of hydropenic rats. During the infusion period there was a small fall in mean systemic arterial blood pressure. There were no significant changes in the clearances of inulin or p -aminohippurate by either kidney. 2. Absolute and fractional excretion of sodium were unchanged on the non-infused side. On the side of infusion, there was a significant increase in absolute and in fractional sodium excretion. 3. Thus natriuresis rather than sodium retention seems to be the direct renal effect of diazoxide and may be related to its vasodilator properties.
Heart disease mortality among Alaska Native people, 1981-2007.

OBJECTIVES Historically, Alaska Native (AN) people have exhibited low overall rates of heart disease mortality compared with the U.S. white (USW) population. We compared AN and USW heart disease mortality rates during the 27-year period from 1981 through 2007. METHODS We compared AN and USW heart disease mortality rates overall and by gender, age, and disease subtype. We calculated age-adjusted rates for AN people for three nine-year periods from 1981 through 2007 and compared them with the rates for USW people. RESULTS AN people > or = 35 years of age had a significantly lower rate of heart disease mortality compared with their USW counterparts (rate ratio [RR] = 0.80). The lower overall RR was due primarily to a lower ischemic heart disease mortality RR (RR = 0.63). Overall heart disease mortality decreased during the 27-year study period for both the AN (33.1%) and USW (35.0%) populations. However, hypertensive heart disease mortality increased 155.2% for AN people and 13.7% for USW people. Age-specific heart disease mortality was about 30.0% lower for AN people > or = 75 years of age compared with their USW counterparts, while it was virtually identical for the two racial/ethnic groups among people 35-74 years of age. CONCLUSIONS The age-adjusted AN heart disease mortality rate was consistently about 20.0% lower than the USW rate from 1981 through 2007, with similar RRs for men and women. However, combining all ages and all heart disease subgroups into a single, age-adjusted statistic obscures many important differences across ages and disease subtypes.
The treatment of Cushing's syndrome and adrenal cancer.

Cushing’s syndrome can be classified as either ACTH-dependent or ACTH-independent, and appropriate treatment depends on an accurate differential diagnosis as the treatment modality is different for each category. This article details the therapies now being used and their success rates.
Time-dependent vector functions in electromechanical energy conversion and related low frequency phenomena

Performance of electromagnetic devices and systems can be analyzed using the system vectors or the field vectors. This approach results in simple techniques and in rigorous treatments; to illustrate this, some conventional problems are discussed. Extension to high frequency problems is also outlined.
Collagenase expression by normal human eosinophils

Collagenolytic activity was detected in extracts from human blood eosinophilic granulocytes. To characterize this collagenase, we compared extracts from isolated populations of eosinophils and neutrophils. Significant collagenase activity against type I and II collagens was present in extracts from both cell populations. Although collagenase activity was present in eosinophils, the cells did not stain with antibodies specific for fibroblast, neutrophil collagenase, or collagenase-3. In contrast, neutrophils immunostained positively with antibody to neutrophil collagenase. Western blot analysis confirmed the presence of immunoreactive protein in neutrophil extracts but not in the eosinophil extracts. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using primers specific for all three known collagenases of an eosinophil cell suspension from peripheral blood that had 3% contamination with immature neutrophils showed a polymerase chain reaction product only with neutrophil collagenase oligonucleotide primers, but not with fibroblast collagenase or collagenase-3 primers. Eosinophil collagenase would appear to have a unique antigenic structure and may represent a new enzyme.
The human pituitary proteome: clinical applications

Publisher Summary Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics plays an important role to clarify the protein alterations, a crucial factor in the pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas; to elucidate the basic molecular mechanisms in the formation of a pituitary adenoma; and to detect tumor-specific proteins and potential biomarkers. The state-of-the-art biological mass spectrometric “soft-ionization” technologies (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI); electrospray ionization (ESI)) facilitate the routine characterization of proteins. These two ionization methods are integrated with several different ion analyzers to form a variety of mass spectrometers. Protein-separation technology includes two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE) and multiple-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with different stable isotope-labeling strategies, and protein databases include Swiss-Prot and NCBInr. Proteins are characterized with peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) and MS/MS data. 2DGE is currently the only technique that can be routinely applied for the parallel quantitative expression profiling of large sets of complex protein mixtures from human tissues, and that can deliver a map of intact proteins that reflects any change in the protein expression level, isoforms, or post-translation modifications (PTMs). A protein biochip is the counterpart of the array technology in the genomics field. Currently, the Ciphergen's ProteinChip® array surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionization (SELDI) MS system is available. Chips with a broad range of binding properties, including immobilized metal affinity capture, and with biochemically characterized surfaces, such as antibodies and receptors, form the core of SELDI.
Focus on Creativity – Literacy – Numeracy

The TR/NYCity model of teaching-research has its origins at Hostos Community College (HCC) in the Mathematics/English-as-a-Second-Language (ESL) linked course teaching experiment, entitled ESL/Math Collaboration Toward Building the Family Model at Hostos CC1 (Chapter 5.1).
Challenging/interesting lignin times

Anyone who is working in the fuels industry knows that we are living in challenging times. On a personal note, I recall that ~5 years ago, some of my children's friends headed out into the petroleum industry to start their careers and several have now returned because of the retrenching work force. Despite these challenging times, the cellulosic ethanol industry continues to develop commercial operations, but with today's cost structure, biofuels production facilities have certainly slowed their pace of development and roll-out. Furthermore, the biological technology platform for biorefining plant polysaccharides to biofuels has been reported to have an intrinsic advantage, if it can convert its waste lignin stream to value-added components.[1]
Feminist Theory: Postmodern

Postmodern theories have exerted a powerful influence on feminist thought in the latter half of the twentieth century. Building on the work of thinkers such as Foucault and Derrida, postmodern feminists advocate an approach to gender issues that emphasizes the constitutive role of discourse in defining gender, sexuality, and the realm of the feminine. Eschewing attempts to develop totalizing theories of social reality or the essential nature of ‘woman,’ postmodern feminists have focused on how discursive regimes construct and maintain male dominance and hierarchical definitions of sexuality. They argue for a redefinition of the subject as constituted by discourses. Postmodern concepts have generated both strong support and vehement criticism in the feminist community. Its defenders argue that modernist thought presupposes the essential inferiority of woman, while postmodernism allows feminists to understand gender and sexuality in nonessential, discursive terms. Its critics argue that it obviates the possibility of feminist politics and an agentic feminine subject.
Using gameplay data to examine learning behavior patterns in a serious game

Research has shown how open-ended serious games can facilitate students' development of specific skills and improve learning performance through problem-solving. However, understanding how students learn these complex skills in a game environment is a challenge, as much research uses typical paper-and-pencil assessments and self-reported surveys or other traditional observational and quantitative methods. The purpose of this study is to identify students' learning behavior patterns of problem-solving and explore behavior patterns of different performing groups within an open-ended serious game called Alien Rescue. To accomplish this purpose, this study intends to use gameplay data by incorporating sequential pattern mining and statistical analysis. The findings of this study confirmed the results from previous research (using ex situ data such as interviews) and at the same time provide an analytical approach to understand in-depth students' sequential behavior patterns using in situ gameplay data. This study examined the frequent sequential patterns between low- and high-performing students and showed that problem-solving strategies were different between these two performing groups. By using this integrated analytical method, we can gain a better understanding of the learning pathway of students performance and problem-solving strategies of students with different learning characteristics in a serious games context. Sequential pattern mining identifies different problem-solving stages in a game.Frequent patterns indicate students' engagement in the process of scientific inquiry.Problem-solving strategies are different between low- and high-performing students.Educational contexts should be incorporated into pattern mining algorithms.
The Disproportionate Representation of Black Students within Special Education

The purpose of this research is to discuss the causes of disproportionality of African American students within special education program. Also, this research is discussing the misuse of special education law against this population as well as represents suggestions to reduce the increase of black students in special education. Furthermore, this research has showed previous suggestions to decrease the overrepresentation of black students in special education along with the author’s suggestions. The aim of this research is to enhance the concept of inclusion and find methods to increase the inclusion of those marginalized groups in public schools.
Redefining dental occlusion.

As a dentist who has been in the field of dental occlusal research, temporomandibular disorders (TMD), and lately, dental sleep apnea, it is often puzzling to me how so many of my colleagues could ...
Logic Built-in Self-test

The last two chapters represented two DFT methods. Scan testing in Chap. 7 focused on testing inside a core (or the logic part), while boundary scan testing focused on interfaces between cores. This chapter presents still another DFT method, and as in Chap. 7, the focus is testing inside of a core. Unlike Chaps. 7 and 8, where our test methods heavily depended on ATEs, the DFT method presented here tries to eliminate or, at least, reduce the need for an ATE. This is done by adding testability hardware to the CUT, in a way that the added hardware tests parts or all of the CUT.
Temperature-dependent sex-reversal by a transformer-2 gene-edited mutation in the spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii

Female to male sex reversal was achieved in an emerging agricultural insect pest, Drosophila suzukii, by creating a temperature-sensitive point mutation in the sex-determination gene, transformer-2 (tra-2), using CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated) homology-directed repair gene-editing. Ds-tra-2 ts2 mutants developed as normal fertile XX and XY adults at permissive temperatures below 20 °C, but at higher restrictive temperatures (26 to 29 °C) chromosomal XX females developed as sterile intersexuals with a predominant male phenotype, while XY males developed with normal morphology, but were sterile. The temperature-dependent function of the Ds-TRA-2ts2 protein was also evident by the up- and down-regulation of female-specific Ds-Yolk protein 1 (Ds-Yp1) gene expression by temperature shifts during adulthood. This study confirmed the temperature-dependent function of a gene-edited mutation and provides a new method for the more general creation of conditional mutations for functional genomic analysis in insects, and other organisms. Furthermore, it provides a temperature-dependent system for creating sterile male populations useful for enhancing the efficacy of biologically-based programs, such as the sterile insect technique (SIT), to control D. suzukii and other insect pest species of agricultural and medical importance.
Aerobic Oxidations of Light Alkanes over Solid Metal Oxide Catalysts

Heterogeneous metal oxide catalysts are widely studied for the aerobic oxidations of C1–C4 alkanes to form olefins and oxygenates. In this review, we outline the properties of supported metal oxides, mixed-metal oxides, and zeolites and detail their most common applications as catalysts for partial oxidations of light alkanes. By doing this we establish similarities between different classes of metal oxides and identify common themes in reaction mechanisms and research strategies for catalyst improvement. For example, almost all partial alkane oxidations, regardless of the metal oxide, follow Mars–van Krevelen reaction kinetics, which utilize lattice oxygen atoms to reoxidize the reduced metal centers while the gaseous O2 reactant replenishes these lattice oxygen vacancies. Many of the most-promising metal oxide catalysts include V5+ surface species as a necessary constituent to convert the alkane. Transformations involving sequential oxidation steps (i.e., propane to acrylic acid) require specific reacti...
CJASN: What’s Behind and What’s Ahead

The past 12 months have been busy at the Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (CJASN), because this past year, we received the highest volume of submissions for peer review since the inception of the journal. We begin 2018 grateful for the tireless efforts of our editorial team,
Enabling jamming-resistant communications in wireless MIMO networks

In this paper, we propose a practical anti-jamming solution for wireless MIMO networks to enable their legitimate communications in the presence of multiple high-power and broadband radio jamming attacks, and evaluate the proposed solution using real-world implementations in a WiFi network. We first develop a blind jamming mitigation (BJM) algorithm, which can cancel jamming signals from multiple unknown radio jammers and, at the same time, equalize channel to recover the signals from the legitimate sender. Unlike the existing jamming mitigation algorithms, the BJM algorithm does not need any channel information for jamming mitigation and signal recovery. Based on the BJM algorithm, we develop a jamming-resistant receiver (termed JrRx) and a holistic anti-jamming scheme to salvage legitimate communications in the face of jamming attacks. We have built a prototype of JrRx and evaluated its performance in a WiFi network. Experimental results show that, as long as JrRx has more antennas than the jammers, it can successfully decode the signals from the sender, even if the jamming signals are 20 dB stronger than the signals of interest.
Rapid Determination of Bitumen Content in Athabasca Oil Sands by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Evaluation of bitumen content in oil sands feedstock is important to control the extraction process and improve the recovery efficiency. Current standard techniques for bitumen determination in oil sands ore suffer whether from their time-consuming labor intensive method of sample preparations or from requiring a high number of samples for calibration purposes. The analysis of bitumen ore samples is very challenging for the analytical chemist due to its nature of several phases of wet and dry particles and heterogeneous mixture of clay, bitumen, water, and solid contents. In this paper, we present a new enabling method using LIBS to determine rapidly and without sample preparation the bitumen content in oil sands ores. A qualitative study by principal component analysis was first done, and then a partial least-squares method was performed to assess the feasibility of determining bitumen by LIBS. The results show a good correlation between LIBS spectra and bitumen content and a prediction averaged absolute...
Effects of lexical ambiguity, frequency, and acoustic details in auditory perception.

This paper presents a set of auditory perception experiments testing the effects of lexical ambiguity, lemma frequency, and acoustic details. In an AX discrimination task with stimuli produced in isolation, lexically ambiguous phonologically matching forms (e.g., sun-sun, sun-son) were evaluated more slowly and identified as ‘different’ more often than lexically unambiguous forms (e.g., cat-cat). For stimuli extracted from meaningful sentences, pairs of homophone mates (sun-son) were evaluated more slowly than same pairs of such words (sun-sun), following from the greater acoustic distance between homophone mates in several measures. The individual lexical frequency of homophone mates was a significant factor in both identification tasks, though frequency effects in the AX tasks were weaker and driven by the lexically unambiguous items. In both studies, greater acoustic distance between items was a predictor of longer response times, though the significance of particular acoustic measures varied. Identification of homophone mates also depended on context of production; listeners were above chance accuracy for choosing between homophone mates extracted from sentences, but not for homophone mates produced in isolation. While results for stimuli produced in sentential contexts indicate that listeners are sensitive to acoustic details and can weakly associate production patterns with lexical items, the absence of such differences for homophone mates produced in isolation suggests that these details are not an inherent part of the representation.
Using Physics-Based M&S for Training and Testing Machine Learning Algorithms

Machine learning algorithms have been used to successfully solve many complex and diverse problems especially in the domain of unmanned vehicle systems. However, machine learning algorithms require training data that contain extensive variations in specimens. These variations include variations of the sensor settings, terrain conditions, environmental conditions, and variants of the objects of interest themselves. Capturing training specimens that span these variants is time consuming, expensive, and in some cases impossible. Training data in a narrow range of variations lead to decreases in performance such as overfitting. Therefore, collecting training data is often the limiting factor in developing robust machine learning algorithms for applications such as object detection and classification. Another time-consuming task is labeling training specimens with metadata needed in some training approaches. In this paper, we demonstrate using a physics-based modeling and simulation (M&S) capability to generate simulated training data spanning variations in sensor settings, terrain conditions, and environmental conditions that include a versatile automated labeling process. The product of prior efforts, the Virtual Autonomous Navigation Environment (VANE), is a high-fidelity physics-based M&S tool for simulating sensors commonly used on unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).
Comparing the accuracy and speed of four data-checking methods

Double entry locates and corrects more data-entry errors than does visual checking or reading the data out loud with a partner. However, many researchers do not use double entry, because it is substantially slower. Therefore, in this study we examined the speed and accuracy of solo read aloud, which has never before been examined and might be faster than double entry. To compare these four methods, we deliberately introduced errors while entering 20 data sheets and then asked 412 randomly assigned undergraduates to locate and correct these errors. Double entry was significantly and substantially more accurate than the other data-checking methods. However, the double-entry participants still made some errors. Close examination revealed that whenever double-entry participants made errors, they made the two sets of entries match, sometimes by introducing new errors into the dataset. This suggests that double entry can be improved by focusing attention on making entries match the original data sheets (rather than each other), perhaps by using a new person for mismatch correction. Solo read aloud was faster than double entry, but not as accurate. Double entry remains the gold standard in data-checking methods. However, solo read aloud was often substantially more accurate than partner read aloud and was more accurate than visual checking for one type of data. Therefore, when double entry is not possible, we recommend that researchers use solo read aloud or visual checking.
Modeling and Control of a Four-port DC-DC Converter for a Hybrid Energy System

This paper presents modeling and controllers design of a four-port DC-DC converter for integration of a hybrid energy system which includes a photovoltaic (PV) panel, wind turbine generator (WTG), and a battery. A small signal model is first derived from the differential equations of the converter in different operation stages. Based on this model, four controllers are developed to control the voltage and current of the battery, and the output voltage of the converter while eliminating the coupling item between two voltage loops. Simulation and experimental studies are carried out and validate that these controllers are capable of controlling the power flow of renewable energy sources, battery, and the load. Besides, they can protect the battery from over-charging and over-discharging while maintaining constant DC link voltage.
Age-related deficits in motor learning are associated with altered motor exploration strategies

Abstract How is motor learning affected by aging? Although several experimental paradigms have been used to address this question, there has been limited focus on the early phase of motor learning, which involves motor exploration and the need to coordinate multiple degrees of freedom in the body. Here, we examined motor learning in a body-machine interface where we measured both age-related differences in task performance as well as the coordination strategies underlying this performance. Participants (N = 65; age range 18–72 years) wore wireless inertial measurement units on the upper body, and learned to control a cursor on a screen, which was controlled by motions of the trunk. Results showed that, consistent with prior studies, there was an age-related effect on movement time, with middle-aged and older adults taking longer to perform the task than young adults. However, we also found that these changes were associated with limited exploration in older adults. Moreover, when considering data across a majority of the lifespan (including children), longer movement times were associated with greater inefficiency of the coordination pattern, producing more task-irrelevant motion. These results suggest exploration behaviors during motor learning are affected with aging, and highlight the need for different practice strategies with aging.
Development of a novel murine femur fracture and fixation model.

Abstract Background Animal models have been used for decades to simulate human fractures in the laboratory setting. Fracture models in mice are attractive because they offer a high volume, relatively low-cost method of investigating fracture healing characteristics. We report on the development of a novel murine femur fracture model that is rapid, reproducible and inexpensive. Methods As part of a pilot study to investigate the effects of smoking on fracture healing, fifteen 35–43 g twelve-week old female CD-1 mice underwent a novel surgical protocol using direct visualization of femur fracture creation and fixation. Following surgery, mice were sacrificed at 14 days, 28 days and 42 days. After sacrifice, the femora were analyzed using MicroCT and histology to evaluate progression of healing. Results Of the 14 mice that survived the surgical procedure (one succumbed to a complication of anesthesia), two lost reduction and did not heal. Histology demonstrated at 14 days 44.1% (SD±2.9%) of callus composed of cartilage. At 28 days there was 19.0% (SD±3.4%) of callus composed of cartilage. At 42 days there was 8.4% (SD±2.6%) callus composed of cartilage (p Conclusions Our novel fracture and fixation model is an effective, rapid, reproducible and inexpensive method to simulate a fracture in a laboratory setting. Additionally, our model reliably creates a reproducible progression of radiographic and histological bone healing.
Ten years of experience with herpes zoster vaccine in primary care- how attitudes and practices have changed and what it may mean for a new zoster vaccine.

Abstract Zoster vaccine live (ZVL [Zostavax]) has been recommended for the prevention of herpes zoster (HZ) among immunocompetent adults ≥60 years in the United States since 2008. To examine changes in healthcare providers’ perceptions and practices related to HZ disease and vaccination, we administered surveys to national networks of primary care physicians in 2005, 2008, and 2016. Ten years after ZVL was first licensed, physicians were more likely to respond that they perceived HZ as a serious disease and more strongly recommended ZVL, and were less likely to report less likely to report several major barriers to HZ vaccination such as patient cost, vaccine effectiveness and competing medical concerns. Overall, physician attitudes appear to be more favorable towards zoster vaccination after a decade of availability of a HZ vaccine. The new recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV [Shingrix]) may benefit from physician’s increased perception of the importance of HZ and HZ vaccination.
Whether and How to Inform Patients of “Bad News,” Family Dynamics at the End of Life

Telling patients the truth about a life-threatening condition is less common outside of the United States.
Bringing a Small Academic Library Back from the Brink

When Villa Madonna College moved from Covington to Crestview Hills, Kentucky in 1968 to become Thomas More College, the designers of the new campus knew that the library would be a vital component ...
Crisis-Induced Behavior: From Fear and Frugality to the Familiar

Abstract This research uncovers the impact of a multi-faceted crisis on consumers? immediate shopping behaviors, short-term financial spending, and long-term shopping and spending responses. This longitudinal study adopts a future studies approach to expose consumers? current experiences, expectations of the future, and realized future experiences to understand a pandemic?s impact on consumers? collective shopping and spending behaviors. Data were collected at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, during its peak, and as restrictions were being lifted. Findings reveal that consumers adapt their shopping and spending behavior through a crisis in response to constantly shifting environmental stimuli. Consumers moved from fear to frugality and then followed one of two paths ? maintaining new crisis-induced behaviors or, more often, returning to prior familiar consumption behaviors. Retailers and service providers must understand these responses to be able to serve both groups during and after a crisis.
Differences Between Female Singers With Phonotrauma and Vocally Healthy Matched Controls in Singing and Speaking Voice Use During 1 Week of Ambulatory Monitoring.

Purpose Previous ambulatory voice monitoring studies have included many singers and have combined speech and singing in the analyses. This study applied a singing classifier to the ambulatory recor...
Church Autonomy after Our Lady of Guadalupe School: Too Broad? Or as Broad as it Needs to Be?

In Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru (Guadalupe), the Supreme Court reaffirmed that the Religion Clauses of the First Amendment preserve a broad right of church autonomy. The breadth of Guadalupe’s church autonomy doctrine respecting religious institutions’ personnel decisions in particular, is potentially remarkable. It is, however, also required given the empirical evidence about the crucial role personal witness plays in preserving and promoting religious beliefs and norms. At the same time, Guadalupe’s church autonomy doctrine poses potentially dangerous incentives and consequences, threatening both the doctrine and religious institutions. This Article will examine these matters as follows: Part I will detail the breadth of Guadalupe’s church autonomy doctrine. Part II will attend to potentially narrower readings of the doctrine suggested by the majority opinion, especially the prospect that its application might be limited to teachers directly charged to transmit the faith. It concludes, however, that severe limitations are unlikely. Parts III and IV propose that Guadalupe’s church autonomy doctrine is no broader than it needs to be respecting religions’ freedom to appoint personnel. Part III examines religious teaching about the role of personnel in preserving and communicating an institution’s faith, doctrine, and mission. Part IV reviews a body of empirical research indicating the dispositive role played by personal witness toward preserving and communicating religious beliefs and norms. This literature—variously published in the fields of “social influence” theory and the psychology and sociology of religion—confirms the practical wisdom of religions’ theologically-based personnel policy: to staff their institutions with persons whose beliefs and conduct strengthen the community’s witness to its faith and mission, by communicating to others the plausibility and even attractiveness of the religious mission(s). If Guadalupe means to allow religions to effectively govern their own “faith and doctrine,” including its transmission, then this empirical literature strongly indicates that the state will have to leave religions a wide berth of freedom to choose their own personnel. Part V considers future threats to a broad church autonomy doctrine, and recommendations to counter these. The Guadalupe dissenters highlight fears that religious institutions will abuse their roles as employers and courts will abdicate their judicial responsibilities to determine the applicability of the church autonomy doctrine. Both of these errors can be avoided.
Phylogenetic, biogeographical, and morphological diversity of the Paronychia chartacea (Caryophyllaceae) clade from the Coastal Plain Floristic Province of North America

The Coastal Plain Floristic Province is a biogeographic hotspot that contains a diverse flora, but botanists are still striving to learn the extent of its species diversity. Nine species of Paronychia (Caryophyllaceae) occur in the Coastal Plain Floristic Province, and an additional four species are distributed in the adjacent Appalachian Mountains. A recent study of ecological speciation in Paronychia taxa that occur in the Coastal Plain identified substantial phylogenetic distance between P. chartacea var. chartacea and P. chartacea var. minima. We evaluated the taxonomic status of the varieties and provide evidence for the recognition of P. minima at the specific level. Phylogenetic distances estimated from a posterior distribution of chronograms identified the two former varieties as being more divergent than other species pairs in the genus. In addition to a substantial geographic distance between the two disjunct taxa, we identified a suite of previously overlooked morphological traits that differentiate the two taxa. In recognizing P. chartacea var. minima at the specific rank, we recommend a reevaluation of its conservation status. A key is provided that allows for the identification of all Paronychia species from the Coastal Plain Floristic Province and Appalachian Mountains.
Structure and function of the T‐loop structural motif in noncoding RNAs

The T-loop is a frequently occurring five-nucleotide motif found in the structure of noncoding RNAs where it is commonly assumed to play an important role in stabilizing the tertiary RNA structure by facilitating long-range interactions between different regions of the molecule. T-loops were first identified in tRNA(Phe) and a formal consensus sequence for this motif was formulated and later revised based on analyses of the crystal structures of prokaryotic ribosomal RNAs and RNase P and the corresponding primary sequence of their orthologues. In the past decade, several new structures of large RNA molecules have been added to the RCSB Protein Data Bank, including the eukaryotic ribosome, a self-splicing group II intron, numerous synthetases in complex with their cognate transfer RNAs (tRNAs), transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA) in complex with SmpB, several riboswitches, and a complex of bacterial RNase P bound to its tRNA substrate. In this review, the search for T-loops is extended to these new RNA molecules based on the previously established structure-based criteria. The review highlights and discusses the function and additional roles of T-loops in four broad categories of RNA molecules, namely tRNAs, ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), P RNAs, and RNA genetic elements. Additionally, the potential application for T-loops as interaction modules is also discussed.
In vivo vocal fold cover layer replacement

Objectives/Hypothesis An animal vocal fold replacement model is needed to investigate treatments for vocal fold scarring. We developed a rabbit surgical model, hypothesizing that orthotopic vocal fold cover implants would attach and survive. We further hypothesized that superficial scarring would be limited, allowing unimpeded vibration. Study Design Translational research: animal surgical study. Methods Rabbit vocal fold covers were excised and immediately reimplanted. After 4 weeks, rabbits were phonated and vibration was recorded with high-speed videography. Larynges were then excised, elastic moduli measured by indentation, and covers sectioned for histology. Results Five of six rabbits survived. Phonation was achieved in all, with mucosal waves evident. Elastic modulus did not differ significantly from contralateral uninjured control vocal folds. Histology demonstrated epithelial integrity, partial preservation of elastic fibers, and variable degrees of collagen deposition. Conclusions Vocal fold cover implantation in rabbits is feasible, and grafts survived. Attachment onto the thyroarytenoid muscle prevented excessive scarring, maintained tissue mechanics, and preserved mucosal vibration. Level of Evidence NA Laryngoscope, 125:406–411, 2015
Error field considerations for BPX

Irregularities in the position of poloidal and/or toroidal field coils in tokamaks produce resonant toroidal asymmetries in the vacuum magnetic fields. Otherwise stable tokamak discharges become nonlinearly unstable to disruptive locked modes when subjected to low level error fields. Because of the field errors, magnetic islands are produced which would not otherwise occur in tearing mode stable configurations; a concomitant reduction of the total confinement can result. Poloidal and toroidal asymmetries arise in the heat flux to the divertor target. The field errors from perturbed BPX (Burning Plasma Experiment) coils are used in a field line tracing code of the BPX equilibrium to study these deleterious effects. Limits on coil irregularities for device design and fabrication are computed along with possible correcting coils for reducing such field errors. >
Benzhydrylpiperazine antihistamines, hydramnios, and congenital malformations in the rat.

Abstract Meclizine hydrochloride, an antihistamine and teratogen in the rat, is also able to induce the condition of hydramnios in the pregnant experimental animal. This condition has not been associated with the genesis of the malformations observed but rather has been attributed to the direct antihistaminic property of the drug.
Some Physico-Chemical Properties of Lactose: I. The Spontaneous Crystallization of Supersaturated Solutions of Lactose

Summary Lactose solutions may be supercooled greatly without crystallization taking place. The degree of supercooling necessary for crystallization to occur, in the absence of agitation, is less for concentrated solutions than for dilute solutions. There is no sharp line dividing the metastable and labile zones in the case of supersaturated lactose solutions. As a solution of lactose is supercooled, the rate of nuclei formation passes through a maximum. The temperature of most rapid nuclei formation is higher in the case of concentrated solutions. The rate of crystal growth passes through a maximum as the temperature is lowered. At low temperatures, the rate of crystallization, in the absence of agitation, is so slow that mutarotation cannot be the limiting factor. Lactose solutions may be prepared which are so greatly supersaturated as to resemble solids. Such glasses are stable at room temperature, if protected from moisture. Lactose glasses are hygroscopic, absorbing moisture from the air until sufficiently dilute for crystallization to take place. Lactose glasses are supersaturated with respect to both alpha hydrate and beta anhydride. Either modification may appear when such glasses crystallize. When desiccated, lactose glasses lose a part of their moisture quickly, coming to an apparently constant weight. This probably accounts for the success of the Mojonnier method of determining total solids in milk. The removal of the last portions of water from such glasses is very slow. Lactose precipitated by alcohol is not equilibrium lactose, though it may resemble it closely. Alpha lactose is more readily precipitated from solution by alcohol than is beta lactose. Consequently, precipitated lactose varies in composition. It usually contains a greater proportion of alpha lactose than is present in the equilibrium mixture.
GDNF Protection against 6-OHDA: Time Dependence and Requirement for Protein Synthesis

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) injected intranigrally protects midbrain dopamine neurons against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) toxicity. The timing between GDNF administration and exposure to 6-OHDA is critical in achieving optimal protection. When injected 6 hr before an intranigral injection of 6-OHDA, GDNF provides complete protection as measured by the number of surviving neurons in the substantia nigra of adult rats. The surviving neuronal population decreases by ∼50% with 12 and 24 hr separating GDNF and 6-OHDA administrations. In controls with 6-OHDA lesions, there is
Biochemistry of Citrate

The metabolism of citrate has been a prominent topic in biochemistry since the discovery of the tricarboxylic acid cycle by Krebs in the 1930’s. However, as a subject of clinical interest, renal citrate excretion and metabolism have only recently come into vogue. The current interest in this subject arises from recent emphasis on the role of decreased citrate excretion in the pathogenesis of urolithiasis, and from the use of potassium citrate in treating certain types of recurrent stone formation.
Feature ranking for pattern recognition: A comparison of filter methods

This paper presents an approach for comparing various feature ranking (FR) methods. First, six classification benchmarks are created using Exhaustive Search (ES) to select the best feature subsets. The subset selections have been done within double (nested) cross-validation procedures guaranteeing realistic accuracy predictions to unseen examples. Next, seven filter FR approaches are compared and ranked in respect to the top five best feature subsets for each data set. This paper also introduces a method for quantifying and comparing FR results. The results hint that using Gini index or scatter ratios leads to rankings closest to ES on average.
FINITE-ELEMENT MODELING AND MODEL VERIFICATION OF STEEL W-BEAM GUARDRAILS SUBJECT TO PENDULUM IMPACT LOADING

The experimental and simulated response of steel W-beam guards to pendulum impact loading for impact velocities of 20 km/h, 30 km/h, and 35 km/h are presented. The guardrails were supported by four posts and cable-anchored at each end to ensure that the full tension capacity of the rail could be developed. Experiments carried out with a 912-kg impact pendulum are compared with LS-DYNA finite-element simulations of the impact events. Pendulum tests were completed at the Turner Fairbank Highway Research Center of the Federal Highway Administration. Acceleration, velocity, and displacement time histories are compared for the pendulum impact test and the LS-DYNA simulations. Comparison of the experimental and simulation acceleration records is made using the Numerical Analysis of Roadside Design time-domain statistics. The comparative statistics show that the simulations are in good agreement with the experiments. Guardrail tension data and cable tension data are presented from the LS-DYNA simulations. Result...