cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Double hit lymphoma presenting as haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

A 67-year-old woman with history of severe rheumatoid arthritis and use of multiple biologics including infliximab, tocilizumab and abatacept presented with fever of 39.1°C and severe pancytopenia (white blood cell count (WBC)=1.0×109/L, absolute neutrophil count (ANC)=0.55×109/L, haemoglobin=8.7 g/dL, platelets=46×109/L). As part of the pancytopenia evaluation, imaging (CT of the chest, abdomen and pelvis) showed diffuse lymphadenopathy. Further evaluation revealed an elevated ferritin (8564 ng/mL), hypofibrinogenaemia (fibrinogen=95 mg/dL), elevated triglycerides (399 mg/dL) and a soluble interleukin 2 receptor level of 41 167 units/mL, satisfying diagnostic criteria for haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). A subsequent bone marrow biopsy also revealed morphological evidence of haemophagocytosis (figure 1A), in addition to a population of very large and atypical mononuclear cells with markedly irregular, folded nuclear contours, prominent nucleoli and moderate amounts of cytoplasm (figure 1B,C). A similar large cell infiltrate was identified in …
Oral Anticoagulant Therapy Post-Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Patients who are on oral anticoagulation who receive a stent via PCI represent a challenging patient population. A multitude of pharmacotherapy considerations must be evaluated to design a regimen that reduces bleeding and prevents thrombosis.
مسببات وآثار الطائفیة: دراسة تحلیلیة لبعض النماذج فی المجتمعات الخلیجیة والعربیة

استهدفت الدراسة الوقوف على مسببات الطائفية وآثارها، کما بحثت في آليات الحل والعلاج للمشکلات الاجتماعية والسياسية والأمنية المترتبة على انتشار الطائفية في مجتمعنا العربي. وقد حاولت الدراسة الجمع بين مستويين من التحليل: الکلي والجزئي. ولذا جاءت محاور الدراسة منسجمة مع الهدف الرئيس للدراسة، حيث أفردت الدراسة محورا للبحث يدور حول المغزى السوسيولوجي والدلالة السياسية للطائفية، ومحورا آخر لتسليط الضوء على واقع المشهد الطائفي في بعض البلدان العربية. کما خصصت الدراسة محورين کاملين لمناقشة التراث النظري والأمبيريقي حول موضوع الدراسة. کما حاولت الدراسة تشخيص عوامل ومسسببات الطائفية والبحث في الآثار الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والنفسية المترتبة عليها، ثم طرح الآليات وسبل العلاج. وقد أکدت الدراسة من خلال هذه المحاور أن الطائفية صناعة محلية وعولمية في ذات الوقت، وتحتاج لمواجهتها مزيدا من البحث لخلق مجتمع إيجابي قادر على تعبئة الطاقات البشرية لخدمة الأهداف الاجتماعية، وتحقيق الانسجام الفکري والتعايش الديني والأيديولولجي.
Gelation of plasmonic metal oxide nanocrystals by polymer-induced depletion attractions.

Gelation of colloidal nanocrystals emerged as a strategy to preserve inherent nanoscale properties in multiscale architectures. However, available gelation methods to directly form self-supported nanocrystal networks struggle to reliably control nanoscale optical phenomena such as photoluminescence and localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) across nanocrystal systems due to processing variabilities. Here, we report on an alternative gelation method based on physical internanocrystal interactions: short-range depletion attractions balanced by long-range electrostatic repulsions. The latter are established by removing the native organic ligands that passivate tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) nanocrystals while the former are introduced by mixing with small PEG chains. As we incorporate increasing concentrations of PEG, we observe a reentrant phase behavior featuring two favorable gelation windows; the first arises from bridging effects while the second is attributed to depletion attractions according to phase behavior predicted by our unified theoretical model. Our assembled nanocrystals remain discrete within the gel network, based on X-ray scattering and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The infrared optical response of the gels is reflective of both the nanocrystal building blocks and the network architecture, being characteristic of ITO nanocrystals’ LSPR with coupling interactions between neighboring nanocrystals.
Putin’s Security Policy and Its Implications for NORAD

Especially since the beginning of his third term as Russia’s president in 2012, Vladimir Putin has pursued an increasingly hostile policy toward America and the West. In addition to overseeing Russian military interventions in Georgia, Ukraine, and Syria, Putin has overseen an enormous buildup in Russian nuclear and conventional forces. In addition, Putin has supported nationalist politicians and parties in the West that question or even oppose NATO and the EU in order to undermine Western cohesion. Putin’s support for these nationalist forces may be less aimed at seeing them come to (or remain in) power than to disrupt and even discredit Western democracy. Further, Putin is pursuing these aims with a hybrid strategy short of war that relies on disinformation aimed at exploiting existing tensions (including ethnic and racial) within the West. Putin’s hostility pose a serious challenge to America and the West, not least because the disinformation campaign in particular takes advantage of the freedom of expression that Western societies value so highly, and hence are loathe to curtail. This chapter discusses the nature of the challenge that Putin’s Russia poses, and its implications for America and Canada in particular.
Factors affecting the pre- and post-elective abortion contraception choices in Iowa

To characterize the contraceptive uses and identify contraceptive concerns and preferences among Iowa women seeking abortion.
Aversiveness is in the Mind of the Beholder

The research reported in this chapter grew out of a long-standing interest in the compelling nature of infant cries and their seemingly paradoxical capacity to elicit either nurturant or hostile responses from caregivers. On the one hand, the biological significance of the cry for survival seems obvious (Bowlby, 1969), but crying also may be maladaptive because it is so frequently cited as a major trigger for child abuse (Frodi & Lamb, 1980; Lester & Zeskind, 1982). Furthermore, if crying has adaptive significance, it seems odd that parental sensitivity and responsiveness to crying are reported to vary so widely between cultures (Mead & Newton, 1967). In primitive and traditional societies, the city is treated as an emergency signal and responded to immediately, but in Western cultures, responses are delayed, and infants may cry for several hours each day.
Trajectories of Sexual Orientation from Adolescence to Young Adulthood: Results from a Community-Based Urban Sample of Girls.

Abstract Purpose To examine the longitudinal cohesion and stability of sexual minority status indicators. Methods The sample comprised 2,450 girls recruited from the city of Pittsburgh at ages 5–8 years. Sexual attraction, sexual partnering, romantic partnering, and sexual orientation identity were assessed between 14 and 22 years. Results Repeated measures latent class analysis identified three sexual minority trajectories: primarily other-sex oriented (n = 716), primarily same-sex oriented (n = 90), and bisexually oriented (n = 235). Sexual minority status indicators displayed fluidity over time but cohered within latent classes. Conclusions Within this large sample of girls, several distinct sexuality trajectories emerged. Trajectories are relatively stable from adolescence to young adulthood.
United States Bureau of Reclamation Type IX Baffled Chute Spillways: A New Examination of Accepted Design Methodology Using CFD and Monte Carlo Simulations, Part I

So-called “Type IX” chute spillways with impact baffle blocks have been used successfully around the globe for over 50 years. A key advantage of the chute spillway is the elimination of a costly stilling basin allowing for a more simplistic outlet works design. The current design process is based upon physical models developed in the 1950s and observation of completed projects over the last 50 years. The design procedure is empirical and provides the designer with a range of workable layouts, baffle heights, and baffle spacing. Unfortunately, this approach may not be optimal. This first study of a longer research effort focus uses Monte-Carlo simulations and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to examine the design methodology and physical model basis for the current design procedure. Initially, the study examined the design procedure with a Monte-Carlo simulation to explore the range of acceptable designs that can be realized. Then, using CFD, full-scale prototype (located in Gila, Arizona USA) physical model result that were a key basis for the current design procedure were recreated. The study revealed that a wide range of acceptable chute designs can result from following the current design procedure but that some of these may be better than others. The study also outlines future research efforts needed to revise the current design methodology.
Interests or ideas? Explaining Brazil’s surge in peacekeeping and peacebuilding

Brazil is one of several rising powers that assumed greater protagonism in advancing peace on the global stage and in the Global South beginning in the early 2000s. In places like Haiti, East Timor...
Fugue, Dissociation, and Multiple Personality in Incest Victims

The following excerpts from a brochure written by an adult incest victim with multiple personality explain the flashbacks, low self-esteem, and interpersonal deficiencies which are the residue of her childhood sexual assault and which are intricately related to her.
Optimization of photocrosslinked gelatin/hyaluronic acid hybrid scaffold for the repair of cartilage defect.

There is no therapy currently available for fully repairing articular cartilage lesions. Our laboratory has recently developed a visible light-activatable methacrylated gelatin (mGL) hydrogel, with the potential for cartilage regeneration. In this study, we further optimized mGL scaffolds by supplementing methacrylated hyaluronic acid (mHA), which has been shown to stimulate chondrogenesis via activation of critical cellular signalling pathways. We hypothesized that the introduction of an optimal ratio of mHA would enhance the biological properties of mGL scaffolds and augment chondrogenesis of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs). To test this hypothesis, hybrid scaffolds consisting of mGL and mHA at different weight ratios were fabricated with hBMSCs encapsulated at 20 × 106 cells/ml and maintained in a chondrogenesis-promoting medium. The chondrogenenic differentiation of hBMSCs, within different scaffolds, was estimated after 8 weeks of culture. Our results showed that mGL/mHA at a 9:1 (%, w/v) ratio resulted in the lowest hBMSC hypertrophy and highest glycosaminoglycan production, with a slightly increased volume of the entire construct. The applicability of this optimally designed mGL/mHA hybrid scaffold for cartilage repair was then examined in vivo. A full-thickness cylindrical osteochondral defect was surgically created in the rabbit femoral condyle, and a three-dimensional cell-biomaterial construct was fabricated by in situ photocrosslinking to fully fill the lesion site. The results showed that implantation of the mGL/mHA (9:1) construct resulted in both cartilage and subchondral bone regeneration after 12 weeks, supporting its use as a promising scaffold for repair and resurfacing of articular cartilage defects, in the clinical setting.
Robust Free Energy Perturbation Protocols for Creating Molecules in Solution

Accurate methods to estimate free energies play an important role for studying diverse condensed-phase problems in chemistry and biochemistry. The most common methods used in conjunction with molecular dynamics (MD) and Monte Carlo statistical mechanics (MC) simulations are free energy perturbation (FEP) and thermodynamic integration (TI). For common applications featuring the conversion of one molecule to another, simulations are run in stages or multiple "λ-windows" to promote convergence of the results. For computation of absolute free energies of solvation or binding, calculations are needed in which the solute is typically annihilated in the solvent and in the complex. The present work addresses identification of optimal protocols for such calculations, specifically, the creation/annihilation of organic molecules in aqueous solution. As is common practice, decoupling of the perturbations for electrostatic and Lennard-Jones interactions was performed. Consistent with earlier reports, FEP calculations for molecular creations are much more efficient, while annihilations require many more windows and may converge to incorrect values. Strikingly, we find that as few as four windows may be adequate for creation calculations for solutes ranging from argon to ethylbenzene. For a larger druglike molecule, MIF180, which contains 22 non-hydrogen atoms and three rotatable bonds, 10 creation windows are found to be adequate to yield the correct free energy of hydration. Convergence is impeded with procedures that use any sampling in the annihilation direction, and there is no need for postprocessing methods such as the Bennett acceptance ratio (BAR).
Emerging Nonsteroid-Based Procedural Therapies for Alopecia Areata: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUNDAlopecia areata (AA) is a common form of patchy, nonscarring hair loss. Although intralesional steroid injections are currently the mainstay procedural therapy for AA, other nonsteroid-based procedural therapies, including platelet-rich plasma (PRP), ultraviolet radiation (UVR), and laser-
Bilateral Brenner tumors of the ovary.

Abstract Two cases have been presented in which there were Brenner tumors in each ovary. This makes an approximate total of 29 instances of bilateral Brenner tumors that have been reported. In our first case the bilateral Brenner tumors were similar in appearance and of ovarian stromal origin. In the second case there was apparently a mucinous cystadenoma and 2 separate Brenner tumors in the left ovary and 3 Brenner tumors in the right ovary. The word “apparently” is used because serial blocks of the ovaries were not obtained. In the left ovary there was an area in a Brenner tumor where a cystic cavity was lined in part by mucinous and in part by Brenner epithelium.
Spoofing Presidential Hopefuls: The Roles of Affective Disposition and Positive Emotions in Prompting the Social Transmission of Debate Parody

Exploring factors that contribute to the social transmission of debate parody, this study employs the conceptual lenses of affective disposition and discrete emotions. An online experiment was conducted within days of Saturday Night Live ’s original airing of its parody of the first presidential debate between Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton. Participants ( N = 472) were randomly assigned to view either the parody of the debate or a non-politics-related parody sketch. The debate parody was significantly more mirth and hope inducing when participants had an unfavorable disposition toward Trump; there was no difference in mirth and hope between the exposure conditions among those who had a more favorable disposition toward Trump. Furthermore, mirth and hope were demonstrated to predict willingness to share the humor. Both positive emotions served as significant mediating mechanisms for debate parody’s relationship with willingness to share, as amplified by one’s negative affective disposition for Trump.
Temporal transcript abundance of clock genes, angiogenic factors and nutrient sensing genes in bovine placental explants.

Abstract Recent research has shown expression of clock genes in peripheral tissue explants, targeting multiple pathways leading to the entrainment of circadian rhythms. Temporal variations are not solely regulated by photoperiod, but factors such as maternal feed availability can entrain fetal circadian clock. Currently, a paucity of information exists for clock gene expression and short-term temporal transcript abundance in the bovine placenta, which is essential for proper offspring development. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of early to mid-gestational nutrient restriction on clock genes, angiogenic factors, and nutrient sensing genes mRNA transcript abundance in placental explants during a 24 h period. Placentomes from adequately fed and nutrient restricted heifers were collected via Cesarean section at day 180 of gestation; separated into caruncular and cotyledonary tissue and placed in culture media for a 24 h period. The mRNA transcript abundance of clock genes (ARNTL, CRY1, and PER2), angiogenic factors (HIF1A and VEGFA), and nutrient sensing genes (NAMPT and NR3C1) was determined every 4 h. Clock genes were expressed in caruncular and cotyledonary explant tissue. The caruncular explant transcript abundance of the clock genes was not influenced by time (P > 0.05); while ARNTL abundance decreased over time in the cotyledon explant (P 0.15) mRNA transcript abundance of clock genes, angiogenic factors, or nutrient sensing genes in either caruncular or cotyledonary tissue. Interestingly, these data may indicate limited transmission and synchronization of maternal and fetal temporal variations in transcript abundance. These findings demonstrate that multiple timepoint collections are needed in future studies due to the innate existence of temporal oscillations observed in the bovine placenta.
Rotational hydrogen thermometry by hybrid fs/ps coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering in the plume of a burning metalized propellant

We employed a hybrid femtosecond/picosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (fs/ps CARS) instrument to probe rotational temperatures of molecular hydrogen in the multiphase reaction zone of an aluminized ammonium perchlorate (AP) propellant flame. Significant concentrations of hydrogen, present in the plume due to the decomposition of the propellant binder material and subsequent reactions with AP oxidizers, allowed for single-shot thermometry at the laser repetition rate of 1 kHz. A time-asymmetric picosecond probe pulse time-gated the impulsively generated Raman coherence at a delay of 2.66 ps from the pump and Stokes pulses, before any appreciable coherence dephasing occurred in the atmospheric pressure flames and mitigating uncertainties in the Raman transition frequencies and dephasing processes. Measurements in near-adiabatic H2-air flames at equivalence ratios of $$\phi$$ = 1–1.8 demonstrated measurement accuracy to near 5% of equilibrium predictions with a precision approaching 3% for high signal-to-noise ratio spectra. Introduction of a time-delayed probe pulse provided Raman-resonant spectra from the plumes of burning propellants with ample signal above broadband background emission, which were fit to libraries of synthetic spectra to infer the gas rotational temperature 0–15 mm from the burning surface. The mean fitted temperature of 2494 K from three propellant burns compares favorably to other measurements of gas and particle temperatures in similar propellant studies.
Predictive value of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and platelet to lymphocyte ratio in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated with anti-PD-1 therapy.

BACKGROUND Currently, there are no recognized or validated biomarkers to identify hepatocellular carcinoma patients (HCC) likely to benefit from anti-PD-1 therapy. We evaluated the relationship between neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and survival outcomes, pretreatment and after three doses (posttreatment) of nivolumab in HCC patients. METHODS Medical records of HCC patients treated with nivolumab between June 2016 and July 2018 were reviewed. Kaplan-Meier analysis and the log-rank test were used to calculate and compare overall survival between NLR < 5 Vs ≥ 5 and among PLR tertiles. RESULTS A total of 103 patients were identified. Median age was 66 (29-89) years. Median treatment duration was 26 (2-149) weeks. Sixty-four (62%) patients had Child-Pugh class A (CP-A) liver function. Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage was B in 20 (19%) and C in 83 (81%) patients. CP-A patients who achieved a partial or complete response had significantly lower posttreatment NLR and PLR (P < .001 for both) compared to patients who had stable disease or progression of disease. No relationship was observed between response and pretreatment NLR and PLR. NLR < 5 was associated with improved OS compared to NLR ≥ 5 both pretreatment (23 Vs10 months, P = .004) and posttreatment (35 Vs 9 months, P < .0001). Survival also differed significantly among PLR tertiles both pre- (P = .05) and posttreatment (P = .013). In a multivariable model, posttreatment NLR (HR = 1.10, P < .001) and PLR (HR = 1.002, P < .001) were strongly associated with survival. In a composite model of posttreatment NLR and PLR, a combination of high NLR and PLR was associated with an eightfold increased risk of death (HR = 8.3, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests a strong predictive role of these inflammatory cell ratios in the posttreatment setting in HCC patients treated with anti anti-PD-1 therapy and should be evaluated in a larger cohort.
Effectiveness and safety of live attenuated influenza vaccine in children of 2 to 17 years old

Live attenuated influenza vaccine(LAIV)is a Live attenuated influenza vaccine.LAIV has demonstrated significantly greater protection against influenza in healthy children or children with a history of respiratory diseases or with immunodeficiency diseases 2 to17 years of age as compared with TIV.LAIV can prevent influenza more efficient without increasing hospitalization and emergency department visits as compared with TIV.Except for the runny nose and nasal congestion, no excess risk of adverse events have been found among children who were vaccinated with LAIV compared with those vaccinated with TIV.LAIV has the potential in children to stimulate greater local anti-influenza immune responses and its protective effect can extend beyond the year of administration.Vaccining LAIV is convenient and noninvasive for children, it is easily accepted by children and their parents.LAIV offers a effective approach to prevent influenza. Key words: Influenza vaccines; Live attenuated; Inactivated; Efficacy; Safety; Children
Transition from intelligence cycle to intelligence process: the network-centric intelligence in narrow seas

The defence technologies which have been developing and changing rapidly, today make it difficult to be able to foresee the next environment and spectrum of warfare. When said change and development is looked in specific to the naval operations, it can be said that the possible battlefield and scenarios to be developed in the near and middle terms (5–20 years) are more clarified with compare to other force components. Network Centric Naval Warfare Concept that was developed for the floating, diving and flying fleet platforms which serves away from its own mainland for miles, will keep its significance in the future. Accordingly, Network Centric Intelligence structure completely integrating with the command and control systems will have relatively more importance. This study will firstly try to figure out the transition from the traditional intelligence cycle that is still used in conventional war to Network Centric Intelligence Production Process. In the last part, the use of this new approach on the base of UAV that is alternative to satellite based command control and data transfer systems in the joint operations in narrow seas will be examined, a model suggestion for the use of operative and strategic UAVs which are assured within the scope of the NATO AGS 2 for this aim will be brought.
The FASB Conceptual Framework – A Case of the Emperor’s New Clothes

All introductory economics textbooks proffer essentially the same definition of economics. “Economics is the study of the allocation of scarce resources…” (Worstall, 2015; Yuille, 2015). The methods and fora for allocating limited or scarce resources are determined and constrained by the legal structure of society (Banner, 2011). The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) exploits this basic definition of economics in its “Conceptual Framework,” the stated purpose of which is to provide guidance for developing accounting standards: “…the Statements [of Financial Accounting Concepts]…will guide the Board in developing accounting and reporting standards by providing the Board with a common foundation …Concepts Statements describe concepts that will underlie guidance on future financial accounting practices and in due course will serve as a basis for evaluating existing guidance and practices” (FASB, 2018). Whether lauded or criticized the FASB Conceptual Framework is treated as legitimate. It is not. This paper challenges the legitimacy of the FASB Conceptual Framework as a “coherent system of interrelated objectives and fundamental concepts.” Far from being a “coherent system,” the FASB Conceptual Framework is neither coherent nor a system. I argue that the FASB’s Conceptual Framework is illogical and based on autocratic declarations, faulty assumptions, fallacious conclusions, contradictory assertions, internal inconsistencies, erroneous identification of resources, ignorance of securities laws, and circularity of reasoning and therefore cannot be used as guidance in developing standards of accounting, or provide structure or direction to financial accounting and reporting. To paraphrase an old fable, the FASB Conceptual Framework has no clothes.
Surface Roughness of Milled Lithium Disilicate With and Without Reinforcement After Finishing and Polishing: An In Vitro Study.

PURPOSE To determine the efficacy of various finishing and polishing techniques on the surface roughness of two computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) materials, lithium disilicate (IPS e.max), lithium disilicate reinforced with lithium aluminosilicate (Straumann® n!ce™), and a stackable low-fusing nanofluorapatite glass ceramic (Ceram). MATERIALS AND METHODS Flat specimens (n = 12) per treatment group were fabricated 2 mm thick, 15 mm in length, and 12mm in width. Samples were either glazed or polished. Glazing was accomplished with either Ivoclar IPS e.max CAD crystall glaze spray or IPS e.max Ceram glaze paste, according to manufacturer instructions. Three different polishing systems were tested: Brasseler Dialite HP, Ivoclar OptraFine, and Komet LD/ZR. Polishing was performed using a Kavo adjustable slow speed electric contra-angle handpiece mounted to an oscillating Toothbrush Dentifrice Assessment Instrument. Surface roughness data was collected using a benchtop stylus profilometer and analyzed for statistical significance using two-way ANOVA (α = 0.05). Representative scanning electron micrograph images were generated for all samples. RESULTS Overall there was no significant difference in Ra when comparing types of ceramic (p = 0.9315, F = 0.071). However, there was a statistically significant difference when comparing groups of finishing treatments (p < 0.001, F = 113.5) and also when comparing finishing treatment with ceramic type (p < 0.001, F = 11.13). No significant difference was found with IPS e.max CAD crystall glaze spray on Straumann® n!ce™ versus IPS e.max Ceram glaze paste on IPS e.max Ceram (p = 0.8745) or IPS e.max CAD crystall glaze spray on IPS e.max versus IPS e.max Ceram glaze paste on IPS e.max Ceram (p = 0.3373). Significant differences in Ra of Straumann® n!ce™ were found when comparing Brasseler with Ivoclar (p = 0.0014) and Ivoclar with Komet (p = 0.047). No significant difference was observed between Brasseler and Komet (p = 0.8099). CONCLUSIONS It appears that the degree of surface roughness depends upon the specific finishing system and ceramic combination used. Straumann® n!ce™ is more efficiently polished using Brasseler Dialite HP or Komet LD/ZR polishing systems. Ivoclar crystal glaze spray was found to be equally as effective on Straumann® n!ce™ and IPS e.max as IPS e.max Ceram glaze paste on IPS e.max Ceram.
Modeling the effects of individual layer thickness and orientation on the tribocorrosion behavior of Al/Cu nanostructured metallic multilayers

Abstract Nanostructured metallic multilayers (NMMs) are emerging materials with excellent mechanical, tribological, and corrosion properties, making them ideal candidates to be used under extremely conditions. The high wear and corrosion resistance lead to enhanced tribocorrosion resistance of NMMs compared to many traditional metals and alloys. In this work, a multiphysics finite element model was developed to study the material deformation and degradation during tribocorrosion from wear, corrosion, as well as their synergy. Specifically, this model accounts for elastic-plastic mechanical deformation during wear and galvanic corrosion between exposed inner layers after wear. The effects of individual layer thickness (from 10 to 100 nm) and layer orientation (horizontally and vertically aligned) on the tribocorrosion behavior of Al/Cu NMMs was studied. Both factors were found to affect the subsurface stress and plastic strain distribution and localized surface corrosion kinetics, hence affecting the overall tribocorrosion rate. This model and the obtained understanding could shed light on future design and optimization strategies of NMMs against tribocorrosion.
Clarifying the structure and nature of left-wing authoritarianism.

Authoritarianism has been the subject of scientific inquiry for nearly a century, yet the vast majority of authoritarianism research has focused on right-wing authoritarianism. In the present studies, we investigate the nature, structure, and nomological network of left-wing authoritarianism (LWA), a construct famously known as "the Loch Ness Monster" of political psychology. We iteratively construct a measure and data-driven conceptualization of LWA across six samples (N = 7,258) and conduct quantitative tests of LWA's relations with more than 60 authoritarianism-related variables. We find that LWA, right-wing authoritarianism, and social dominance orientation reflect a shared constellation of personality traits, cognitive features, beliefs, and motivational values that might be considered the "heart" of authoritarianism. Relative to right-wing authoritarians, left-wing authoritarians were lower in dogmatism and cognitive rigidity, higher in negative emotionality, and expressed stronger support for a political system with substantial centralized state control. Our results also indicate that LWA powerfully predicts behavioral aggression and is strongly correlated with participation in political violence. We conclude that a movement away from exclusively right-wing conceptualizations of authoritarianism may be required to illuminate authoritarianism's central features, conceptual breadth, and psychological appeal. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Leukodystrophies in Children: Diagnosis, Care, and Treatment

Leukodystrophies are a group of genetically determined disorders that affect development or maintenance of central nervous system myelin. Leukodystrophies have an incidence of at least 1 in 4700 live births and significant morbidity and elevated risk of early death. This report includes a discussion of the types of leukodystrophies; their prevalence, clinical presentation, symptoms, and diagnosis; and current and future treatments. Leukodystrophies can present at any age from infancy to adulthood, with variability in disease progression and clinical presentation, ranging from developmental delay to seizures to spasticity. Diagnosis is based on a combination of history, examination, and radiologic and laboratory findings, including genetic testing. Although there are few cures, there are significant opportunities for care and improvements in patient well-being. Rapid advances in imaging and diagnosis, the emergence of and requirement for timely treatments, and the addition of leukodystrophy screening to newborn screening, make an understanding of the leukodystrophies necessary for pediatricians and other care providers for children.
Parent-Reported Motivators and Barriers to Participation in a Community-Based Intervention Designed for Children With Motor Skill Difficulties: A Qualitative Program Evaluation.

INTRODUCTION Parents play a critical role in their child's participation in community-based intervention programs. Yet, their perspectives remain largely overlooked in the literature. This qualitative program evaluation used social cognitive theory to understand parents' motivators and barriers to participation in a community-based intervention program designed for children with motor skill difficulties. METHOD Parents (n = 15) of children with motor skill difficulties enrolled in a community-based intervention program participated in semistructured interviews. RESULTS Thematic analysis revealed six motivators (child needs, satisfaction, perceived impact, affordability, design, and program culture) and three perceived barriers (parent knowledge, access, and accommodations). DISCUSSION Parents' motivators and barriers reflected a combination of personal and environmental factors consistent with social cognitive theory. This study revealed novel insight into program-related environmental motivators and barriers. Program leaders should consider ongoing evaluation and application of parental perspectives to optimize family participation and retention in community-based interventions.
The roles of homocysteinemia and methylmalonic acidemia in kidney injury in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by cobalamin C deficiency.

BACKGROUND Cobalamin C (cblC), a vitamin B12 processing protein, plays a crucial role in metabolism for the conversion of homocysteine to methionine and methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA. CblC deficiency, an inborn error of cobalamin processing, is a rare cause of atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome (aHUS) and results in hyperhomocysteinemia and methylmalonic aciduria. Both substances are thought to contribute to thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) in cblC deficiency patients. However, the roles of homocysteine and methylmalonic acid (MMA) in these patients remain unclear. We want to shed more light on the contributions of homocysteine and MMA levels as contributing factors for thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA)/aHUS by a follow-up of a cblC deficiency patient over 6 years. CASE DIAGNOSIS A 27-day-old Hispanic female presented with abnormal C3-carnitine on her newborn screen, poor feeding, decreased activity, and oligouria. She was diagnosed with cblC deficiency after laboratory results revealed elevated serum homocysteine, and serum MMA along with genetic testing showing a homozygous pathogenic frameshift variant in MMACHC. The patient developed aHUS and acute kidney injury (AKI), which resolved after appropriate therapy. Over 6 years, she continued to have normal kidney function with no thrombocytopenia despite persistently elevated homocysteine and MMA levels. CONCLUSION We question the roles of homocysteine and MMA as causative of aHUS/TMA in cblC deficiency as they remained elevated during follow-up but did not result in aHUS/TMA or AKI. Hyperhomocysteinemia and/or MMA caused by other metabolic diseases do not result in aHUS/TMA or AKI. This suggests that other nephrotoxic factors may trigger aHUS/TMA in cblC patients.
Chemogenetics as a neuromodulatory approach to treating neuropsychiatric diseases and disorders

ABSTRACT Chemogenetics enables precise, noninvasive, and reversible modulation of neural activity via the activation of engineered receptors that are pharmacologically selective to endogenous or exogenous ligands. With recent advances in therapeutic gene delivery, chemogenetics is poised to support novel interventions against neuropsychiatric diseases and disorders. To evaluate its translational potential, we performed a scoping review of applications of chemogenetics that led to the reversal of molecular and behavioral deficits in studies relevant to neuropsychiatric diseases and disorders. In this review, we present these findings and discuss the potential and challenges for using chemogenetics as a precision medicine-based neuromodulation strategy.
Identity Before Identity Politics

Introduction 1. The politics of identity: race and sex before the twentieth century 2. Freud and the rise of the psychological self 3. The culture concept and social identity 4. Before Black Power: constructing an African American identity 5. Women's identity/women's politics Epilogue. Identity politics forty years later: assessing their value.
A Comparison of Hurricane Loss Models

Hurricane models are a significant tool used in estimating loss costs in catastrophe-prone areas. While the major hurricane loss cost models consider a consistent set of factors, there are variations in how the factors are treated in the models. This can lead to considerable variation in the modeled average annual losses (AALs), even at the exposure level, depending on the catastrophe model used. Therefore, the model selected could have a dramatic impact on price. Given that in some states, such as Florida, insurers are only allowed to use a single model in rating, an understanding of what drives the differences in AALs is critical. This paper uses a large dataset of wind-only policies in order to analyze the impact of housing, insurance, and mitigation characteristics on AALs for four hurricane loss models. We find that while there is some correlation among the modeled loss costs, the extent of the correlation does vary overall and with respect to housing, insurance, and mitigation characteristics. In addition, our results indicate that there are significant differences in the direction and magnitude of the relation of AAL and housing, insurance, and mitigation characteristics across the models. These results are of interest to insurers, consumers, and regulators as they indicate that the insurer’s selection and use of a particular model is likely to affect the cost of coverage.
ADJUSTMENT OF VENTILATION, INTRAPULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE, AND ACID-BASE BALANCE DURING THE FIRST DAY OF LIFE. INFANTS WITH EARLY RESPIRATORY DISTRESS.

1. Twenty-two newborn infants with early respiratory distress syndrome (all but one cyanotic in room air) were studied. 2. By the hyperoxia test (100% O2 during 30 minutes) differences in behavior of the expected (though unlocalized) true right to left shunt, during the first day of life, allowed separation into three patterns, designated as Types I, II, and III. 3. Type I (eleven infants) was characterized by a large right to left shunt at 4 hours, which increased further during the next 24 hours. Functional residual capacity was decreased; tidal volume to functional residual capacity (VT/FRC) ratio was normal or high. Mixed acidosis, present at 4 hours, remained unchanged during the next 24 hours. Eight infants died with atelectasis associated seven times with hyaline membranes, as shown by autopsy. 4. Type II (eight) infants had a right to left shunt within the normal range during the first day. Functional residual capacity was normal, with low VT/FRC ratio. The important mixed acidosis in infants of this type at four hours disappeared later as the lung condition improved. None died. It is suggested that this respiratory distress was related to aspiration. 5. Type III (three) infants showed a large right to left shunt between 1 and 4 hours of age, with rapid normalization in the next 24 hours. There was no evident association between this type of respiratory distress and a particular disease state. 6. Type I infants were treated with sodium bicarbonate solution, with no effect on CO2 retention or right to left shunt. Seven of the ten treated infants died. 7. The necessity of distinguishing between different types of the respiratory distress syndrome, and the importance of massive oxygen therapy in the type associated with hyaline membranes, became obvious during this study.
ON A CLASS OF RIESZ-FISCHER SEQUENCES

In this note, we give necessary and sufficient conditions for a system of complex exponentials {eiAnt} to form a Riesz-Fischer sequence in L2(-A,A) for every positive number A. The result provides a significant strengthening of the sufficient conditions recently stated by R. M. Reid (1995). ON A CLASS OF RIESZ-FISCHER SEQUENCES The theory of nonharmonic Fourier series is concerned with the completeness, expansion, and interpolation properties of sets of complex exponentials {eiAnt} in LP(-A,A). Its origins, which are classical in spirit, lie in the celebrated works of Paley and Wiener [7] and Levinson [6]. In recent years, in response to the development of functional analysis and, in particular, to the growing interest in bases in Banach spaces, research in the area has flourished. New approaches to old problems have led to important advances in the theory. In a recent issue of these Proceedings [8], the author proves the following generalization of the Riesz-Fischer theorem: If {fAn} is a sequence of real numbers whose differences are nondecreasing and satisfy (1) Z:(An+lAn))2 < c), then the system {eiAntI} forms a Riesz-Fischer sequence in L2(-A, A) for every positive number A. This means that the moment problem A 0 ?(t)e -iAn ' dtCn (n = 1,2,3, .. -A is solvable with q$ in L2 (-A, A) for any square summable sequence of scalars {cn}. The proof is based on the theory of compact operators in Hilbert space together with the following elegant characterization of moment sequences due to Boas [3]. Theorem. If {ffn is a sequence of elements in a separable Hilbert space H, then the moment problem (f , fn) --7Cn (n -1, 2, 3, ...* Received by the editors September 23, 1996. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 42A80.
Role of mucins in the function of the corneal and conjunctival epithelia

The surface of the eye is covered by a tear film, which is held in place by a wet-surfaced, stratified, corneal and conjunctival epithelia. Both are vital for light refraction and protection of vision. Maintenance of tear film on the ocular surface, lubrication, and provision of a pathogen barrier on this wet surface is facilitated by a class of large, highly glycosylated, hydrophilic glycoproteins--the mucins. In the past 15 years, a number of mucin genes have been cloned, and based on protein sequence, categorized as either secreted or membrane associated. Both types of mucins are expressed by ocular surface epithelia. Goblet cells intercalated within the stratified epithelium of the conjunctiva secrete the large gel-forming mucin MUC5AC, and lacrimal gland epithelia secrete the small soluble mucin MUC7. Apical cells of the stratified epithelium of both corneal and conjunctival epithelium express at least three membrane-associated mucins (MUCs 1, 4, and 16), which extend from their apical surface to form the thick glycocalyx at the epithelium-tear film interface. The current hypothesis regarding mucin function and tear film structure is that the secreted mucins form a hydrophilic blanket that moves over the glycocalyx of the ocular surface to clear debris and pathogens. Mucins of the glycocalyx prevent cell-cell and cell-pathogen adherence. The expression and glycosylation of mucins are altered in drying, keratinizing ocular surface diseases.
Growth pressure effects on Si/Si 1−x Ge x chemical vapor deposition

We studied the effects of growth pressure on Si1−xGex/Si heterostructures grown by rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition in the pressure range of 6–220 Torr. The material was characterized by photoluminescence (PL), x-ray reflectivity, and electrical measurements on resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs). High quality material was demonstrated throughout the pressure range, but a weaker PL intensity at higher pressure (220 Torr) indicates lower lifetimes. Interface abruptness was degraded at higher pressures due to gas transients. This was confirmed by x-ray reflectivity measurements and the performance of RTDs. We have established a low pressure limit to interface roughness of 0.2–0.5 nm, determined by x-ray reflectivity.
C++ templates considered harmful

C++ is considered by many professional software developers and educators to be the lingua franca of programming languages. Once mastered, its power of expression is nearly limitless for the class of problems for which an imperative and object-oriented programming language is suited. Template classes are one feature of the language that are widely embraced and taught. In fact it seems that the majority of C++ CS II texts rely heavily on the use of templates with discussion of inheritance and polymorphism given token treatment. This emphasis is harmful to and constrains the student's understanding of data abstraction, inheritance and polymorphism by focusing on the encapsulation facet of object-oriented programming and ignoring inheritance and polymorphism. This paper presents an alternative approach that permits a C++-based CS II experience to also prepare students to deal with collection classes as realized in Java and C#, for example.
A new experimental approach for studying bacterial genomic island evolution identifies island genes with bacterial host-specific expression patterns

Genomic islands are regions of bacterial genomes that have been acquired by horizontal transfer and often contain blocks of genes that function together for specific processes. Recently, it has become clear that the impact of genomic islands on the evolution of different bacterial species is significant and represents a major force in establishing bacterial genomic variation. However, the study of genomic island evolution has been mostly performed at the sequence level using computer software or hybridization analysis to compare different bacterial genomic sequences. We describe here a novel experimental approach to study the evolution of species-specific bacterial genomic islands that identifies island genes that have evolved in such a way that they are differentially-expressed depending on the bacterial host background into which they are transferred. We demonstrate this approach by using a "test" genomic island that we have cloned from the Salmonella typhimurium genome (island 4305) and transferred to a range of Gram negative bacterial hosts of differing evolutionary relationships to S. typhimurium. Systematic analysis of the expression of the island genes in the different hosts compared to proper controls allowed identification of genes with genera-specific expression patterns. The data from the analysis can be arranged in a matrix to give an expression "array" of the island genes in the different bacterial backgrounds. A conserved 19-bp DNA site was found upstream of at least two of the differentially-expressed island genes. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic analysis of horizontally-transferred genomic island gene expression in a broad range of Gram negative hosts. We also present evidence in this study that the IS200 element found in island 4305 in S. typhimurium strain LT2 was inserted after the island had already been acquired by the S. typhimurium lineage and that this element is likely not involved in the integration or excision of island 4305. The "clone-and-transfer" approach of evolutionary study identifies genes whose expression patterns indicate the existence of genera-specific regulatory mechanisms that influence the expression of horizontally-transferred DNA sections. The results provide key information that can be used to facilitate the identification of these regulatory mechanisms.
A dual level leaky bucket traffic shaper architecture for DiffServ networks

A dual level leaky bucket traffic shaper (DLLBTS) architecture for the edge nodes of differentiated services networks is proposed. It can guarantee not only the class-based service level agreement (SLA), but also the fair resources sharing among flows belonging to the same class. In order to make the implementation practical, we proposed a simplified DLLBTS architecture. This simplified scheme can achieve the goal of DLLBTS with a low implementation complexity so that it can be implemented with the current VLSI technology.