cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A hierarchical model for the development of cerebral arteriovenous malformations.

Abstract Objective Cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are vascular lesions whose pathogenesis, although not fully elucidated, is likely multifactorial. Recent research investigating vessel development suggests a potential hierarchical model in which capillary sprouts from higher-flow arteries give rise to lower-flow veins. It is possible that an embryologic structural vascular dysgenesis in this hierarchical development heavily contributes to the formation of AVMs. Subsequent genetic “second hits” may then allow development of a clinically significant cerebral AVM. We review this vascular developmental process and describe a novel proposal for the embryogenesis of AVMs and its implications in relation to recent research on polymorphisms and AVMs. Methods A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed for recent research relative to cerebral AVMs, embryologic vascular development, and polymorphisms involved in AVM pathology. Results It has recently been shown that both centrally, in the axial embryo, and peripherally, in the embryonic yolk sac, veins form via capillary sprouting from parent arteries. In developing intracranial vessels, a derangement in this embryonic process may lead to a primitive arteriovenous shunt. After this structural “first hit,” we suggest that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are a major component in allowing AVM growth into symptomatic clinical lesions. Conclusions This is a novel theory for the embryologic formation of cerebral AVMs. Hierarchical vessel development, where higher-flow parent arteries give rise to lower-flow veins, provides a potential mechanism for the formation of primitive arteriovenous shunts that, with the influence of polymorphisms, allows AVMs to develop.
Optical Pumping of Stripped Relativistic Ions

Selected states of ions in the sodium-like isoelectronic sequence (P through Ca) in a beam accelerated to relativistic energies can be excited by a beam of optical laser radiation that intersects their trajectory at an appropriate angle. Pumping rates can be estimated, assuming the line broadening mechanism to be Doppler and available laser intensities. We find that it is possible to generate population inversions between the 32D3/2 states and the 32p3/2 states of those ions by selectively exciting the 42P1/2 state. To a fixed observer, the radiation from transitions between those states will be Doppler-upshifted into the X-ray region and will be tunable. Moreover, given sufficiently high ion density and low beam emittance, and assuming that backward emission can be suppressed by means of a traveling-wave pumping system, moderate gain by stimulated emission along the ion column may be achieved.
A brief history Vacuum Nanoelectronics, the IVNC, and the present status of the Spindt cathode

The notion of applying microfabrication technology to vacuum devices originated at MIT in the 1950's. At the end of the decade the technology migrated to the Stanford Research Institute (now SRI Int'l), and developed over subsequent years to a technology that captured worldwide interest by the 1980's. This interest led to first International Vacuum Microelectronics Conference (IVMC), held in Williamsburg VA in 1988. The conference (now the IVNC has been held annually ever since, with the 25th meeting being held in Jeju, Korea in 2012.
A measurement of ? in deep inelastic neutrino - nucleon scattering at the Tevatron

Measurements of neutrino - nucleon and antineutrino - nucleon differential cross sections using the CCFR neutrino detector at Fermilab have been used to extract preliminary values of in the kinematic region 0.01 < x < 0.6 and . The new data provide the first measurements of R in the region x < 0.1. The x and dependence of R is compared with a QCD-based fit to previous data. The QCD fit, which provides an estimate of R in the small-x region where R has not been previously measured, is in good agreement with the new CCFR data.
Parametric approach for speech denoising using multitapers

Spectral estimation is a major component of obtaining high quality speech in many speech denoising techniques. Autoregressive spectral estimation using Multitaper Autoregressive data (ARMT) is a parametric approach that generates AR filter coefficients from multitaper autocorrelation estimates. The ARMT proves to be a best fit smooth curve to the mutitaper spectral estimates (MTSE) hence has very low high frequency bias and has even less variance than the standard MTSE. As such, ARMT is a smoother and less computationally intensive alternative to wavelet domain reduction (denoising) of the MTSE error. In this paper, the ARMT is used to derive the optimal gain parameters in the signal subspace approach to reducing environmental noise. Objective measures and informal listening tests demonstrate that results are indistinguishable from its successful predecessor that uses the non-parametric approach for speech denoising.
Mending broken vessels a fusion between color markings and anchor points on surface breaks

This paper presents a method to assist in the tedious process of reconstructing ceramic vessels from excavated fragments. The method exploits vessel surface marking information coupled with a series of generic models constructed by the archaeologists to produce a virtual reconstruction of what the original vessel may have looked like. Generic models are generated based on the experts' historical knowledge of the period, provenance of the artifact, and site location. The generic models need not to be identical to the original vessel, but must be within a geometric transformation of it in most parts. By aligning the fragments against the generic models, the ceramic vessels are virtually reconstructed. The alignment is based on a novel set of weighted discrete moments computed from convex hulls of the markings on the surface of the fragments and the generic vessels. When the fragments have no markings on them, they are virtually mended to abutting fragments using intrinsic differential anchor points computed on the surface breaks and aligned using a set of absolute invariants. For axially symmetric objects, a global constraint induced by the surface of revolution is added to guarantee global mending consistency.
Addressing Health Maintenance Needs of Minority Elders in a Senior Housing Unit

Extending the health education model to residential living apartments forseniors can provide a vital link in the continu- ity of care for the frail elderly. This paper describes a prevention model to promote health and reduce stress for residents rn a senior public housing unit. The assessment measurements, program con- tent and results are discussed alon with suggestions for conducting health promotion programs for el f ers.
Propylenedioxythiophene (ProDOT)–phenylene copolymers allow a yellow-to-transmissive electrochrome

In order to create multicolour displays using electrochromic (EC) technologies, the modulation of the intensity of three primary subtractive colours (red, yellow, blue, or cyan, magenta, yellow) could be used to express any colour in the spectrum. Herein we report the first cathodically colouring yellow-to-transmissive switching EC polymer, which completes a full colour palette and promises to fulfil the requirements necessary to create multicolour EC displays.
Correlation of permian and triassic palynomorph assemblages from the central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica

from the overlying Fremouw and Falla Formations (Triassic) were also examined. The Buckley assemblages are interpreted as Late Permian (Australian Stage 5). Silicified peat from the Fremouw Formation (Early-Middle Triassic) yielded an assemblage indicating a possible Anisian age (Middle Triassic). Shales and shaley coals from the Falla Formation (Late Triassic) contained assemblages correlative with possible Norian (Late Triassic) sequences in Australia and Tasmania. Permian-Triassic palynofloras in Antarctica show greater similarity with Australian assemblages than with those from other Gondwana continents.
Kinetics of adsorption of globular proteins at an air-water interface.

Adsorption of globular proteins at an air—water interface from an infinite stagnant medium was modeled as one-dimensional diffusion in a potential field. The interaction potential experienced by an adsorbing molecule consisted of contributions from electrostatic interactions, work done against the surface pressure to clear area at the interface in order to anchor the adsorbed segments, and the change in the free energy due to exposure of penetrated surface hydrophobic functional groups to air. The assumption of irreversible adsorption is employed in the present analysis. The energy barrier to adsorption, present at sufficiently large surface pressures, was found to be higher for smaller surface hydrophobicities, larger surface pressures, larger size molecules, and oblate orientation of an ellipsoidal molecule. Consequently, more adsorption occurred at larger surface hydrophobicities, smaller size molecules, and for prolate orientation of ellipsoidal molecules. The subphase concentration has been shown to be zero at short times, increasing with time at larger times, and eventually becoming close to the bulk concentration as a result of increasing energy barrier to adsorption. The predicted evolution of surface concentration with time for adsorption of lysozyme at an air—water interface agreed well with the experimental data of Graham and Phillips (1979a).
Minimally invasive cancer therapy using polyhydroxy fullerenes.

Every year, 1.3 million women are diagnosed with breastcancer worldwide [1]. Breast cancer remains the most commonmalignancy among United States (U.S.) women affecting nearly 1in 8 women [2]. Breast cancer is also the second most commoncause of cancer related mortality among U.S. women [2]. Currenttreatment strategies typically involve disﬁguring and painfuloperations that have tremendous health and psychological side-effects. New, effective, painless non-invasive treatment strategieswith minimal side-effects are needed to advance treatment ofbreastcancer.Photothermal therapy is an emerging strategy which usesdeeply penetrating near infrared (NIR) light to activate certainnanomaterials, resulting in localized photothermal cancer celllysis [3,4]. This treatment paradigm offers the possibility ofdestroying tumors without the side effects to other surroundingtissues seen with surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy.Concerns over the safety and biocompatibility of nanostructurescurrentlyunderdevelopmentforphotothermaltherapy(gold-basednanostructures and carbon nanotubes) may limit their clinicaldevelopment and application [5]. Over 80% of these injectednanomaterials (gold based nanostructures and carbon nanotubes)accumulate in the liver and spleen with unknown long-termconsequences [6,7].Clinical advances in breast magnetic resonance (MR) imagingare providing unprecedented insight into characterization andlocalization of breast cancers. Breast MR is currently the mostsensitive clinical test for breast cancer detection [8]. In addition,tocarefullycharacterizingthenature,size,andlocationofprimarybreast tumors, breast MR is identifying small secondary sitesof breast cancer in the ipsilateral and contralateral breast [8–10]. Work from our research group [9] and others [10] have
Further Validation of the Obsessive-Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS): Relationship to Alcoholism Severity

The authors administered the Obsessive-Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS), a self-rated questionnaire that quantifies some cognitive and behavioral dimensions of “craving” for alcohol, to 124 alcohol-dependent subjects in three pharmacological treatment studies. The OCDS total scores had significant correlations with both the Alcohol Dependence Scale (r = 0.42; Plt;0.0001). and the alcohol subscale of the Addiction Severity Index (r = 0.44; P<0.0001). Previous alcoholism treatment was associated with higher OCDS Total and Obsessive subscale scores. These data support the congruent validity of the OCDS with previously well established measures of alcohol dependence severity and suggest that this measurement of craving may help in formulating appropriate treatment plans for alcoholic patients.
Effects of Phase Transformations on Fatigue Endurance of a Superelastic NiTi Alloy

It is well known that NiTi shape memory alloys exhibit superelasticity where a large elastic deformation proceeds under a constant stress due to the formation of stress-induced martensite. However, for most commercial NiTi alloys used in medical devices, the materials are processed in such a way that the R-phase transformation is apparently separated from the martensitic transformation. The B2 to R-phase change exhibits a much smaller shape change and a narrower hysteresis than does the B2 to B19′ martensite transformation. Hence, the transformation temperatures as well as the thermomechanical properties associated with the R-phase are much more stable during cyclic deformation when compared to those associated with the B19′martensite. The crystallographic features for both martensitic and R-phase transformations are reviewed, and their effects on the tensile properties and rotating-beam fatigue endurance are studied in the present paper.
Commentary: Luke and Cooper are wrong: physical activity has a crucial role in weight management and determinants of obesity

Luke and Cooper claim that evidence does not support a relationship between physical activity (PA) and obesity, and that policy recommendations to control the obesity epidemic should be limited to ‘altering the modern food environment’.1 We disagree and contend that to support their position Luke and Cooper misrepresent and/or ignore an extensive evidence base of observational and experimental studies that clearly support an effect of PA on obesity, as follows.
Expanding Homes and Increasing Inequalities: U.S. Housing Development and the Residential Segregation of the Affluent

Theories of metropolitan development in the United States explain that higher status populations tend to occupy newer housing while lower status groups tend to be restricted to older housing. The housing system thus reflects the broader stratification structure and likely changes in response to important shifts like the steep rise of income inequality at the end of the twentieth century. Indeed, a striking trend of increasingly large houses with many amenities emerged in U.S. metropolitan areas during this period, indicating that new construction may have become ever more exclusive and targeted to the affluent as inequality rose. In this article, I investigate whether the stratifying impact of new house construction intensified along with growing inequality and changing house structures using a variety of U.S. Census Bureau sources, examining both trends in the income level of new house buyers and the relationship of housing growth to affluent residential segregation. I find striking evidence that new housing did become much more dominated by the affluent, and was increasingly stratifying and segregating at the end of the twentieth century. These changes may exacerbate inequality in the future through opportunity structures linked to place of residence, including access to education and the accumulation of housing equity.
The Development of Reasoning about Beliefs: Fact, Preference, and Ideology.

Abstract The beliefs people hold about the social and physical world are central to self-definition and social interaction. The current research analyzes reasoning about three kinds of beliefs: those that concern matters of fact (e.g., dinosaurs are extinct), preference (e.g., green is the prettiest color), and ideology (e.g., there is only one God). The domain of ideology is of unique interest because it is hypothesized to contain elements of both facts and preferences. If adults' distinct reasoning about ideological beliefs is the result of prolonged experience with the physical and social world, children and adults should reveal distinct patterns of differentiating kinds of beliefs, and this difference should be particularly pronounced with respect to ideological beliefs. On the other hand, if adults' reasoning about beliefs is a basic component of social cognition, children and adults should demonstrate similar belief representations and patterns of belief differentiation. Two experiments demonstrate that 5–10 year old children and adults similarly judged religious beliefs to be intermediate between factual beliefs (where two disagreeing people cannot both be right) and preferences (where they can). From the age of 5 years and continuing into adulthood, individuals distinguished ideological beliefs from other types of mental states and demonstrated limited tolerance for belief-based disagreements.
Cheaters, diffusion and nutrients constrain decomposition by microbial enzymes in spatially structured environments

Extracellular enzymes allow microbes to acquire carbon and nutrients from complex molecules and catalyse the rate-limiting step in nutrient mineralization. Because the factors regulating enzyme production are poorly understood, I used a simulation model to examine how competition, nutrient availability and spatial structure affect microbial growth and enzyme synthesis. In simulations where enzyme-producing microbes competed with cheaters (who do not synthesize enzymes but take-up product), higher enzyme costs favoured cheaters, while lower rates of enzyme diffusion favoured producers. Cheaters and producers coexisted in highly organized spatial patterns at intermediate enzyme costs and diffusion rates. Simulations with varying nutrient inputs showed that nitrogen supply can limit carbon mineralization, microbial growth and enzyme production because of the nitrogen-demanding stoichiometry of enzymes (C : N ¼ c. 3.5 : 1). These results suggest that competition from cheaters, slow diffusion and nitrogen limitation may constrain microbial foraging and the enzymatic decomposition of complex compounds in natural environments.
DEMOGRAPHY OF A DECLINING POPULATION OF WARBLING VIREOS IN COASTAL CALIFORNIA

Abstract We investigated population trends, adult survival, and productivity indices of a breeding population of Warbling Vireos (Vireo gilvus) in north coastal California using capture-recapture data from 19 years of standardized mist-netting conducted at Point Reyes National Seashore. We found significant long-term declines in abundance of both breeding and migratory Warbling Vireos. In addition, we found a significant long-term decline of hatching-year birds captured during the breeding season. The number of new adults in a given year, defined as those birds not previously banded and assumed to be an index of adult recruitment, was significantly correlated with the capture rate of hatching-year birds in the previous year, suggesting a link between reproductive success and adult abundance and recruitment. Our analysis of capture-recapture data provided an estimate of 50.4% for adult annual survival, similar to estimates for other species in stable populations. We could detect no temporal trend in surviv...
Percutaneous Catheter Placement for Cyst Drainage in the Subarachnoid Space

A technique for percutaneous catheter drainage of cystic masses in the subarachnoid space was developed and shown to be safe and effective in an 18-year-old boy with life-threatening, recurrent neuroenteric cysts that compressed the brain stem, cerebellum, and spinal cord. Percutaneous drainage through a C1-C2 approach was performed on 11 separate occasions. Decompression was always accomplished and no infection or other complication occurred, even with continuous catheter drainage for 9 months. This technique provides opportunities for interventional neuroradiologic therapy in the subarachnoid space. It appears to be suited for percutaneous drainage of intraspinal and intracranial cysts when surgery is not indicated due to intractability or inaccessibility.
Acid-base optimization during hypothermia.

Cardiac arrest (CA) often results in hemodynamic and metabolic compromise with associated poor prognosis. Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) has become the standard of care for CA survivors, decreasing reperfusion injury and intercellular acid–base disturbances, with improved neurologic outcomes. These benefits are realized despite a mild acidosis that can potentially occur during TH. By contrast, the severity of acidosis after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) must be monitored carefully and managed appropriately. Bicarbonate should be used only in case of severe acidosis and as a continuous infusion. The blood gas samples are usually warmed to 37 °C before analysis; hence, it is worth noting that the blood gas values are temperature dependent. Therefore, a calculated correction for values may be necessary.
In The Shadow of the Wall: Family Separation, Immigraton Enforcement and Security

The current debates about immigration reform have centered on increasing border and immigration enforcement, creating a guest worker program, and providing a path to citizenship for people who came to the United States as children. Our years conducting research and interviewing deportees along the border have resulted in a powerful new set of data on migration and immigration enforcement that calls into question just what people mean by a secure border. In this brief report, we outline some of the preliminary findings of our research that show the consequences of a broken immigration system, as well as a discussion of the impacts of current enforcement practices. Border enforcement practices have long operated behind a veil of silence and often behind closed doors. Our goal is to explain with precision how these programs work in order to evaluate what elements would constitute border security and an effective immigration system. This report will help us first understand who is being deported, and in particular their family connections to the United States, then provides descriptions of the violence inherent in crossing the border. After discussing what it is like to cross the border, we follow by discussing labor conditions in the United States and the exploitation of undocumented migrants. In the next sections we analyze people’s experiences with U.S. authorities, particularly issues related to due process, abuses at the hands of U.S. authorities, and specific programs related to enforcement, namely, Operation Streamline, immigration detention, the Alien Transfer and Exit Program (ATEP) and Secure Communities. Our data collected in a second wave of surveys as part of the Migrant Border Crossing Study (MBCS), highlight the violence and other severe human traumas created by the absence of a functional immigration system in the United States. The data also show that border enforcement is a complicated process consisting of numerous removal programs. We must ask which types of enforcement are appropriate and which programs fail to achieve their stated goals. In this report we provide information with a high level of social scientific reliability and validity, using an unbiased sampling method (random interviewees rather than assembled complaints), interviewers who were neither government officials or activists, and non-loaded questions that consider a wide range of potential experiences. The findings thus have particular value for public discussion of border and immigration issues.
Guest Editors' Introduction: Rights and Chinese Thought

The past decade has seen a vigorous discussion of human rights both within China and between China and other nations. It is easy to think of China as a latecomer to human rights discourse, in part because during most of the post-1949 period, rights and human rights were taboo subjects in the People's Republic. In fact, however, there was a rich and contested debate on rights throughout the first half of this century. By translating the most important pre-1949 essays on rights and human rights, we aim to reintroduce themes from this forgotten discourse into contemporary debates. These essays show that the discussion of rights in China has long been motivated by indigenous concerns, rather than imposed from without, and it has been interpretive and critical, rather than passive and imitative.
The Contribution of George H. Mead to the Sociology of Knowledge

can obscure the fact that there may be referents whose importance he does not perceive or cannot verbalize. Moreover, efforts aimed solely at making qualitative distinctions between groups, i.e., is a particular group a referent or not, may result in the failure to recognize that the task is often not to determine which of several groups is important but to index their relative influence. Techniques which will provide both objective and subjective data that permit this type of precision specification are needed. The problem is, of course, more than a technical one. Since research is intimately related to theory, further development of reference group theory, particularly as it deals with that complex process in which the individual resolves the conflicting expectations of his membership groups, would considerably simplify the task of delineating and quantifying referents.
Is exposure to Agent Orange a risk factor for hepatocellular cancer?-A single-center retrospective study in the U.S. veteran population.

Background: Approximately 15% to 35% of those with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) related cirrhosis will develop hepatocellular cancer (HCC). With this burden increasing across the globe, identification of risk factors for HCC has become imperative. Exposure to Agent Orange has been implicated as a possible risk factor for liver cancer in a study from the Republic of Korea. However, there has been no study in U.S. veterans with CHC and cirrhosis that has evaluated exposure to Agent Orange as a risk factor for HCC. We conducted a retrospective study of U.S. military veterans diagnosed with CHC and cirrhosis over a period of 14 years to evaluate potential risk factors for HCC including exposure to Agent Orange. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 390 patients with confirmed CHC-related cirrhosis between 2000 and 2013 and identified patients with HCC. We compared demographic, laboratory, and other clinical characteristics of patients with and without HCC. Results: The mean age of the cohort was 51 years (SD =7.5), with the majority being male (98.5%). Seventy-nine of 390 (20.2%) patients developed HCC, diagnosed on average 8 (SD =4.8) years after diagnosis of CHC. Nearly half (49.4%) were Childs A, 40.5% were Childs B, and 10.1% were Childs C. HCC patients were more likely to be African American than non-HCC patients (40.5% vs . 25.4%, P=0.009) and to be addicted to alcohol (86.1% vs . 74.3%, P=0.027). A trend toward significance was seen in the HCC group for exposure to Agent Orange (16.5% vs . 10.0%, P=0.10) and smoking addiction (88.6% vs . 80.7%, P=0.10). Consequently, race, alcohol addiction, Agent Orange exposure, and smoking addiction were included in the multivariable logistic regression (MLR) analysis. Alcohol addiction [odds ratio (OR) =2.17; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07–4.43] and African American race (OR =2.07; 95% CI, 1.22–3.51) were found to be the only two definitive independent risk factors for HCC in our sample. Conclusions: African American race and alcohol addiction were independent risk factors for HCC development in this U.S. veteran population. There was no significant association between exposure to Agent Orange and HCC, although larger studies are needed in the U.S. military veteran population to evaluate further this toxic herbicide from the Vietnam War era.
On Involutions of a Circle

(1972). On Involutions of a Circle. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 79, No. 2, pp. 159-160.
Occupational exposure to the coke oven emissions(COEs)and it's genetic damage to the P53 exon 5 and 8

Objective To explore the relationship between urinary 1-hydroxypyrene(1-OHP)concentration of the coke oven workers and the genetic damage of the exon 5、exon 8of the P53 gene.Methods 239 workers from a coke oven plant were recruited,high performance liquid detection(HPLC)were used to detect the urinary 1-OHP concentration,the exon 5and exon 8genetic damage index of the P53 gene were evaluate by the real-time PCR technique through relative threshold cycle method.Results The urinary1-OHP concentration of workers in the cove-oven workshop and coke tar workshop were higher than those in the coal preparation workshop and methanol produce workshop;adjusted urinary 1-OHP concentration were positive correlated with the P53 exon 8 damage index.Conclusions Coke-oven emissions exposure may increase the P53 exon 8genetic damage,while with no relation with the exon5.
A system for extracting study design parameters from nutritional genomics abstracts.

Summary The extraction of study design parameters from biomedical journal articles is an important problem in natural language processing (NLP). Such parameters define the characteristics of a study, such as the duration, the number of subjects, and their profile. Here we present a system for extracting study design parameters from sentences in article abstracts. This system will be used as a component of a larger system for creating nutrigenomics networks from articles in the nutritional genomics domain. The algorithms presented consist of manually designed rules expressed either as regular expressions or in terms of sentence parse structure. A number of filters and NLP tools are also utilized within a pipelined algorithmic framework. Using this novel approach, our system performs extraction at a finer level of granularity than comparable systems, while generating results that surpass the current state of the art.
Enhancing Risk Management by Focusing on the Local Level: An Integrated Approach

An integrated approach to risk management that focuses on the local level will lead to a more satisfactory and timely resolution of localized risk situations such as chemical contamination of groundwater that serves as a source of drinking water. More importantly this approach will result in additional positive long-range effects — increased local capabilities to deal with future chemical risk problems and improved prevention of some types of chemical contamination of groundwater. Conceptualizing the management of risks as having inputs (the risk situation, laws and policies, technical context, and community context), process, and outcomes illustrates that neither outside intervenors nor the local community should approach a risk situation without regard for all of the inputs or without understanding the dynamics of the process of managing risks at the local level.
Preservation of neuromuscular function in symptomatic SOD1-G93A mice by peripheral infusion of methylene blue.

Abstract In mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mouse models of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS) some of the earliest signs of morphological and functional damage occur in the motor nerve terminals that innervate fast limb muscles. This study tested whether localized peripheral application of a protective drug could effectively preserve neuromuscular junctions in late-stage disease. Methylene blue (MB), which has mitochondria-protective properties, was infused via an osmotic pump into the anterior muscle compartment of one hind limb of late pre- symptomatic SOD1-G93A mice for ≥ 3 weeks. When mice reached end-stage disease, peak twitch and tetanic contractions evoked by stimulation of the muscle nerve were measured in two anterior compartment muscles (tibialis anterior [TA] and extensor digitorum longus [EDL], both predominantly fast muscles). With 400 μM MB in the infusion reservoir, muscles on the MB-infused side exhibited on average a ~ 100% increase in nerve-evoked contractile force compared to muscles on the contralateral non-infused side (p
The Effect of Conflict and Power Differentials on Social Identity and Intergroup Discrimination

Social identity theory posits that situational factors increase category salience that, in turn, brings intergroup bias, such as prejudice, stereotype, and discrimination. This study investigates the effects of two situational factors, conflict and power differentials, on social identity and intergroup discrimination. We hypothesize that high-conflict or high power differentials raise the strength of social identity and therefore result in greater intergroup discrimination. Result showed that intergroup power differentials had a direct effect on intergroup discrimination, not mediated by social identity strength. Additionally, different response patterns were found between male and female subjects, with females showing stronger gender identity and less intergroup discrimination than males. Male's gender identity was stable across conditions, while female showed greater variability of gender identity across conditions. Some implications on managing diversity were suggested.
Shoulder Muscle Parameters as Predictors of Outcome Following Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Introduction: Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) has become instrumental in relieving pain and returning function to patients with end-stage rotator cuff disease. A distalized and medialized center of rotation in addition to a semi-constrained implant design allows the deltoid to substitute for the non-functioning rotator cuff. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between specific deltoid and rotator cuff muscle parameters and functional outcomes following RTSA. Methods: Patients undergoing RTSA by a single surgeon were enrolled in a prospective, IRB approved RTSA outcomes registry. Inclusion criteria were diagnosis of cuff tear arthropathy or massive rotator cuff tear, a minimum 2-year follow-up, and a preoperative shoulder MRI. We excluded patients undergoing revision arthroplasty, fracture, and a history of previous open shoulder surgery. For the 28 patients meeting our criteria, the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the anterior, middle, and posterior deltoid were measured on an axial MRI (Figure 1). Fatty infiltration (FI) of the deltoid, supraspinatus (SS), infraspinatus (IS), teres minor, and subscapularis were assessed on sagittal T1-MRI quantitatively via image processing and qualitatively on the 5-point Fuchs scale by a fellowship-trained musculoskeletal radiologist. Outcome measures included active forward elevation (aFE), active external rotation (aER), active internal rotation (aIR), strength in abduction, Constant-Murley score (CMS), Subjective Shoulder Value (SSV), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) pain, and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) total and ASES activities of daily living (ADL) scores as assessed by a trained, clinical research nurse. Correlation of deltoid CSA and FI with outcomes measures was analyzed with a Spearman rank correlation coefficient (ρ) with significance at P Results: The correlations between preoperative deltoid size and quantitative deltoid FI to postoperative function are shown in Table 1. The total deltoid CSA showed the most significant, positive correlations with outcome measures. The anterior deltoid CSA showed the strongest correlation to postoperative strength in abduction. Quantitative FI of the deltoid was negatively associated with several outcome measures (Table 1). Quantitative FI of the SS and IS demonstrated a significant negative correlation with aER (ρ = −.732, P = .039 and ρ = −.790, P = .004, respectively). The grade of FI, as assessed using the Fuchs scale, did not correlate to any clinical outcome data. Discussion and Conclusion: Preoperative deltoid size and FI of the deltoid and the rotator cuff muscles correlate to 2-year functional outcomes following RTSA. The anterior, posterior, and total CSA of the deltoid had significant, positive associations with several outcome measures, whereas FI of the deltoid, SS, and IS had significant, negative associations, particularly with humeral rotation. In the future, optimization of deltoid and rotator cuff muscle function preoperatively may improve functional outcomes in RTSA.
Warfarin Use May Be Associated with Increase Prevalence of Valvular Calcification.

Abstract 3137 Poster Board III-74 Background Warfarin affects the synthesis and function of the matrix Gla protein, a vitamin K–dependent protein, which is a potent inhibitor of tissue calcification. We aimed to study the association of use of warfarin with calcification of the mitral valve, mitral annulus, and aortic valve. Methods We reviewed 1155 patient9s charts with a diagnosis of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Based on the chart review, patients were grouped into the warfarin group and the no warfarin group. The following parameters were recorded in both groups: age, ethnicity, glomerular filtration rate, calcium-phosphate product, lipid profile, coronary artery disease, diabetes, hypertension and intake of medications including aspirin, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, statins, and beta blockers. All the echocardiograms were analyzed by two cardiologists blinded to the clinical details of subjects but alerted to evaluate for the presence of mitral valve calcium (MVC), mitral annular calcium (MAC), aortic valve calcium (AVC), or any of the three. Stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to identify significant independent risk factors associated with any calcification using twenty five variables. Results Out of 1155 patient records reviewed, 725(63%) were in the warfarin group and 430(37%) were in the no warfarin group. MVC, MAC, or AVC was present in 473 of 725 patients (65%) on warfarin versus 225 of 430 patients (52%) not on warfarin (p Conclusion Warfarin intake is associated with a significantly higher prevalence of MVC, MAC or AVC. Further studies are needed to confirm this association and the duration of warfarin intake for development of calcification. A pilot study has been started to study the effect of oral vitamin K on valvular calcification. Disclosures Off Label Use: Oral Vitamin K in preventing calcification.
White-Light Emission and Structural Distortion in New Corrugated Two-Dimensional Lead Bromide Perovskites

Hybrid inorganic–organic perovskites are developing rapidly as high performance semiconductors. Recently, two-dimensional (2D) perovskites were found to have white-light, broadband emission in the visible range that was attributed mainly to the role of self-trapped excitons (STEs). Here, we describe three new 2D lead bromide perovskites incorporating a series of bifunctional ammonium dications as templates which also emit white light: (1) α-(DMEN)PbBr4 (DMEN = 2-(dimethylamino)ethylamine), which adopts a unique corrugated layered structure in space group Pbca with unit cell a = 18.901(4) A, b = 11.782(2) A, and c = 23.680(5) A; (2) (DMAPA)PbBr4 (DMAPA = 3-(dimethylamino)-1-propylamine), which crystallizes in P21/c with a = 10.717(2) A, b = 11.735(2) A, c = 12.127(2) A, and β = 111.53(3)°; and (3) (DMABA)PbBr4 (DMABA = 4-dimethylaminobutylamine), which adopts Aba2 with a = 41.685(8) A, b = 23.962(5) A, and c = 12.000(2) A. Photoluminescence (PL) studies show a correlation between the distortion of the “PbB...
Genome-Wide Exome Analysis of Cmv5-Disparate Mouse Strains that Differ in Host Resistance to Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection.

Host resistance to murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) varies in different strains of laboratory mice due to differences in expression of determinants that control and clear viral infection. The major histocompatibility complex class I D k molecule is one such determinant that controls MCMV through the action of natural killer (NK) cells. However, the extent of NK cell–mediated D k -dependent resistance to infection varies in different mouse strains. The molecular genetic basis of this variation remains unclear. Previous work to examine the D k effect on MCMV resistance in MA/My × C57L offspring discovered multiple quantitative trait loci (QTL) that may serve to modify NK cells or their capacity to respond during MCMV infection. One QTL in particular, Cmv5 , was found to regulate the frequency of NK cells and secondary lymphoid organ structure in spleen during MCMV infection. Cmv5 alleles, however, have not been identified. We therefore sequenced and analyzed genome-wide exome (GWE) variants, including those aligned to the critical genetic interval, in Cmv5 -disparate mouse strains. Their GWE variant profiles were compared to assess strain-specific sequence data integrity and to analyze mouse strain relatedness across the genome. GWE content was further compared against data from the Mouse Genomes Project. This approach was developed as a platform for using GWE variants to define genomic regions of divergence and similarity in different mouse strains while also validating the overall quality of GWE sequence data. Moreover, the analysis provides a framework for the selection of novel QTL candidate sequences, including at the Cmv5 critical region.
Comparisons in Biomass and Refuse Derived Fuel Pyrolysis. Multivarate Analysis Applied to an Experimental Design

At the University of Washington, biomass devolatilization or pyrolysis has been studied from a fundamental perspective by analysis of single reacting macroparticles. Despite the steep temperature gradients inside macroparticles, large chips will likely be used in industrial processes for economic reasons owing to the high cost of biomass size reduction. To investigate particle size as well as other effects, numerous experiments have been made on actual and fabricated wood as well as densified refuse-derived fuel macroparticles under well-controlled, realistic pyrolysis conditions of industrial importance. A large number of quantitative measurements have been made on each devolatilizing macroparticle. These include: devolatilization product compositions (overall product fractions and detailed chemical species) as functions of time, internal particle temperature histories, as well as infra-red spectroscopy and surface area of the char residues. However, many of the reaction products and observables appear to vary together, in other words, they are highly correlated over a wide range of experimental conditions. In a previous paper, we examined the product slate correlation for wood devolatilization. In this paper, we explore the similarities and differences between biomass and municipal solid waste devolatilization of thermally thick particles. The large data base, obtained in the same experimental apparatus using the principles of statistical experimental design, now permits us to see if some devolatilization products are “surrogates” for others. By this we mean, can only a few gas or tar species be measured and be predictive of nearly the entire composition matrix? This paper presents preliminary efforts in this direction.
EphA2 promotes the development of experimental cerebral malaria. (MPF7P.707)

Cerebral malaria is a severe complication of infection with the Plasmodium falciparum parasite, yet the etiology of the disease is not fully understood. In the well-established Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbANKA) mouse model of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM), sequestration of parasitized red blood cells (pRBCs) and CD8 + T cells in the brain microvasculature is required for ECM development. However, our understanding of the receptors involved in CD8 + T cell adherence to the brain endothelium during ECM is currently incomplete. We hypothesize that EphA2, a member of the Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases, is involved in the sequestration of CD8 + T cells in the brain during ECM through its interactions with membrane-bound ephrin-A ligands on CD8 + T cells. Using the PbANKA model of ECM, we show that EphA2 is upregulated in the brains of mice six days post-infection at the onset of cerebral symptoms in a lymphotoxin-α dependent manner. Ephrin-A ligands are also upregulated on splenic T cells of mice infected with PbANKA three days post-infection prior to potential trafficking to the brain. Importantly, EphA2 -/- mice show significant resistance to death from ECM compared to EphA2 +/+ mice. Similar numbers of pRBCs accumulate in the brains of EphA2 -/- and EphA2 +/+ mice, but EphA2 -/- mice have less CD8 + T cells in the brain six days post-infection correlating with improved survival. Our data demonstrates a novel potential role for the EphA2 receptor in the pathogenesis of ECM.
NEMESIS: a software approach for computing in presence of soft errors

Soft errors are considered as the main reliability challenge for sub-nanoscale microprocessors. Software-level soft error resilience schemes are desirable because they require no hardware modifications and their protection can be tuned based on the application requirements. However, existing software-level error tolerant schemes do not provide high-level of protection. In this work, we present NEMESIS - a compiler-level fine-grain soft error detection, diagnosis and recovery technique that can provide high degree of error-resiliency. NEMESIS runs three versions of computations and detects soft errors by checking the results of all memory write and branch operations. In the case of mismatch, NEMESIS recovery routine reverts the effect of error from the architectural state of the program and program resumes its normal execution. Our extensive μ-architectural-level fault injection experiments results show that NEMESIS transformation is able to detect all soft errors and recover from 97% of detected errors.
The American Muslim voter: Community belonging and political participation

The past few election cycles have brought increased attention on voting rates among racial and ethnic minorities in the United States, focusing on African Americans, Asian Americans and Latinos. Building on theories of in-group identity, we assess whether or not American Muslims are similarly mobilized to vote consonant with other ethnic minorities in the U.S. whereby in-group attachment and group-level resources encourage participation. Using a national sample of American Muslims, we find that those who live around more co-ethnics and those who actively engage their religious identity are more likely to report they voted, and more likely to vote Democratic. This research offers the first evidence that American Muslims may follow similar patterns of in-group identity mobilization to other racial and ethnic groups in the United States.
Commingling Analysis: Historical and Methodological Perspectives

The chapters assembled in this volume represent a testimony to the growing need for commingling analysis within forensic anthropology and to the vast array of approaches available now to meet that need. Although basic inventory and documentation techniques are desirable in all cases, specific problems call for the selection of particular methods. This volume, beginning with this chapter on historical and methodological perspectives in commingling analysis, provides the reader with an overview of both the problems and the solutions.