cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Justice in Reparations: The cost of memory and the value of talk

Christopher Kutz Jurisprudence and Social Policy Program, U.C.- Berkeley ckutz@law.berkeley.edu Justice in Reparations: The cost of memory and the value of talk Central and Eastern Europe’s latter-day history has consisted in a number of spectacularly failed experiments in political philosophy. Communism’s failure brought with it an important set of lessons; and in the former Soviet Union since 1989, the failure of unbounded capitalism has confirmed some important truths about healthy polities, for example the crucial role played by social trust in civil society, and the importance of a functioning tax and regulatory system. One important set of lessons, however, is yet to be fully distilled. These lessons arise from Central Europe’s recent attempts to undo the expropriations and deprivations that occurred during the forcible transformation of peasants and bourgeoisie, institutions and individuals, from free-holders in land into unlanded participants in socialism. Many others, of course, were losers under state socialism: those denied a choice of career, freedom to travel, possibilities of political agency. But losing land has had a special salience, partly because of the special role land ownership plays in social memory, and partly because the formerly landed often have other assets, and are able to mobilize political forces effectively. Thus, the restoration of expropriated property in kind or in value has been a legislative priority in the new states. The programs themselves have varied greatly in pace, ambition, efficiency, and scope. Any complete assessment of the success or failure of these programs must be highly local and contextual. Taken together, however, they pose a common problem: what should a state do when deprivation and injustice are systematic, their correction Forthcoming in Phil. & Pub. Aff. (Summer 2004)
Predicting the Tube Diameter in Melts and Solutions

A simple conjecture relating chain dimensions to the “tube diameter”, which represents the topological confining effect of entanglements on a chain, works well for all flexible entangled polymer melts. I extend this conjecture to semidilute solutions: first for ϑ solvents, where it is shown to be equivalent to the Colby−Rubinstein scaling picture, and then for good solvents. In the latter case, it turns out that the number of “blobs” per entanglement strand B is not a constant as had been previously assumed, but depends on the ratio of the packing length to the swelling length. This unified picture is consistent with existing data on semidilute solutions.
Chemical Surface Modification of Porous Silicon

Resistance to room temperature oxidation and control over wetting properties can be achieved by chemical modification of a porous‐silicon surface. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used in the transmission mode to monitor the surface chemistry of both treated and untreated porous‐silicon samples before and after exposure to humid air at room temperature. Surface modification methods investigated include: (i) vapor‐phase silation using either hexamethyl‐disilazane or trimethylchlorosilane, and (ii) rapid thermal annealing in nitrogen, ammonia, or argon ambients. The silation treatments, carried out in the presence of trace moisture, were successful both in creating surface trimethylsilyl groups and in suppressing room temperature oxidation. Rapid thermal annealing at temperatures as low as 500°C for 30 s eliminates all silicon hydrides. Nitrided porous‐silicon layers are formed at 1100°C in either ammonia or nitrogen; in both cases the silicon nitride infrared absorption peaks scale with the porous layer thickness, indicating that the compounds are distributed throughout the porous layer.
On a conjecture of Widom

We prove a conjecture of Widom (2002 Int. Math. Res. Not. 455–64 (Preprint math/0108008)) about the reality of eigenvalues of certain infinite matrices arising in asymptotic analysis of large Toeplitz determinants. As a byproduct, we obtain a new proof of Okounkov's formula for the (determinantal) correlation functions of the Schur measures on partitions.
Motional diminishing of optical activity: a novel method for studying molecular dynamics in liquids and plastic crystals

Abstract Molecular dynamics calculations and optical spectroscopy measurements of weakly active infrared modes are reported. The results are qualitatively understood in terms of the “motional diminishing” of IR lines, a process analogous to the motional narrowing of a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal. In molecular solids or liquids where the appropriate intramolecular resonances are observable, motional diminishing can be used to study the fluctuations of the intermolecular interactions having time scales of 1 to 100 ps.
Comparison of Postasphyxial Resuscitation with 100% and 21% Oxygen on Cortical Oxygen Pressure and Striatal Dopamine Metabolism in Newborn Piglets

The present study tests the hypothesis that ventilation with 100% O 2 during recovery from asphyxia leads to greater disturbance in brain function, as measured by dopamine metabolism, than does ventilation with 21 % oxygen. This hypothesis was tested using mechanically ventilated, anesthetized newborn piglets as an animal model. Cortical oxygen pressure was measured by the oxygen-dependent quenching of phosphorescence, striatal blood flow by laser Doppler, and the extracellular levels of dopamine and its metabolites by in vivo microdialysis. After establishment of a baseline, both the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO 2 ) and the ventilator rate were reduced in a stepwise fashion every 20 min over a 1-h period. For the subsequent 2-h recovery, the animals were randomized to breathing 21 or 100% oxygen. It was observed that during asphyxia cortical oxygen pressure decreased from 36 to 7 torr, extracellular dopamine increased 8,300%, and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid decreased by 65 and 60%, respectively, compared with controls. During reoxygenation after asphyxia, cortical oxygen pressure was significantly higher in the piglets ventilated with 100% oxygen than in those ventilated with 21 % oxygen (19 vs. 11 torr). During the first hour of reoxygenation, extracellular dopamine levels decreased to -200% of control in the 21% oxygen group, whereas these levels were still much higher in the 100% oxygen group (-500% of control). After -2 h of reoxygenation, there was a secondary increase in extracellular dopamine to -750 and -3,000% of baseline for the animals ventilated with 21 and 100%, respectively. It is concluded that although 100% FiO 2 after asphyxia increases cortical oxygenation compared with 21 % FiO 2 , it also results in poorer recovery in dopamine metabolism and higher secondary release of striatal dopamine. The resulting increased extracellular levels of dopamine may exacerbate posthypoxic cerebral injury
Automatic helical rotorcraft descent and landing using a microwave landing system

A helical-approach concept is presented for Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) operation of rotorcraft into congested terminal areas where separation from high-speed jet traffic is highly desirable and the airport-precision-approach aid is a Microwave Landing System (MLS). The concept takes advantage of the fact that rotorcraft need not land on the main runway but can operate from a pad that lies on an MLS radial offset from the centerline. The results of 48 flights using a UH-1H helicopter and a research avionics system are presented. Three levels of navigation sophistication were also investigated. It is shown that an approach helix can be contained in a relatively small volume and that being within the Instrument Landing System (ILS) Category II window at a 30-m (100-ft) altitude is not a requirement for a successful hover over a landing pad. Only two of the three navigation systems provided estimates that allowed all flights to descend from hover to touchdown.
Type IIA Moduli Stabilization

We demonstrate that flux compactifications of type IIA string theory can classically stabilize all geometric moduli. For a particular orientifold background, we explicitly construct an infinite family of supersymmetric vacua with all moduli stabilized at arbitrarily large volume, weak coupling, and small negative cosmological constant. We obtain these solutions from both ten-dimensional and four-dimensional perspectives. For more general backgrounds, we study the equations for supersymmetric vacua coming from the effective superpotential and show that all geometric moduli can be stabilized by fluxes. We comment on the resulting picture of statistics on the landscape of vacua.
FINITE DENSITY ALGORITHM IN LATTICE QCD|A CANONICAL ENSEMBLE APPROACH

I will review the finite density algorithm for lattice QCD based on finite chemical potential and summarize the associated difficulties. I will propose a canonical ensemble approach which projects out the finite baryon number sector from the fermion determinant. For this algorithm to work, it requires an efficient method for calculating the fermion determinant and a Monte Carlo algorithm which accommodates unbiased estimate of the probability. I shall report on the progress made along this direction with the Pade–Z2 estimator of the determinant and its implementation in the newly developed Noisy Monte Carlo algorithm.
A study of diamond laminated surfaces in evaporative spray cooling

Abstract The performance of diamond laminated surfaces under conditions of evaporative spray cooling and high heat flux was studied. The effect of surface size, contact angle, roughness, and coolant and secondary gas flow rates, on the heat transfer characteristics is presented. The experimental results presented illustrate the robustness of the surface, its enhanced heat transfer characteristics and the need for improved methods of bonding the diamond to other surfaces. Exceptional heat flux rates of over 1100 W cm −2 were obtained within superheats of 40 °C.
Nonlinear optical effects of ultrahigh-Q silicon photonic nanocavities immersed in superfluid helium

Photonic nanocavities are a key component in many applications because of their capability of trapping and storing photons and enhancing interactions of light with various functional materials and structures. The maximal number of photons that can be stored in silicon photonic cavities is limited by the free-carrier and thermo-optic effects at room temperature. To reduce such effects, we performed the first experimental study of optical nonlinearities in ultrahigh-Q silicon disk nanocavities at cryogenic temperatures in a superfluid helium environment. At elevated input power, the cavity transmission spectra exhibit distinct blue-shifted bistability behavior when temperature crosses the liquid helium lambda point. At even lower temperatures, the spectra restore to symmetric Lorentzian shapes. Under this condition, we obtain a large intracavity photon number of about 40,000, which is limited ultimately by the local helium phase transition. These new discoveries are explained by theoretical calculations and numerical simulations.
Valuing Prepayment and Default in a Fixed-Rate Mortgage: A Bivariate Binomial Options Pricing Technique

This paper uses a bivariate binomial options pricing technique to value the prepayment and default options in a fixed-rate mortgage. The American style options are dependent on two stochastic variables: (1) house price, (2) one year spot rate. The paper uses the standard lognormal process for house price and the CIR square-root process for interest rates. By forcing the two underlying state variables to undergo transformations, two new uncorrelated variables with constant volatilities are established. With constant volatilities, a computationally simple bivariate binomial tree is formed which greatly reduces the complexity of working with two state variables and is pedagogicallyuseful. Using this procedure, the price of any real estate contingent claim whose value is dependent on the one year spot rate and house price can be determined. Results are compared with those from a finite difference model.
N3-methyl-mafosfamide as a chemically stable, alternative prodrug of mafosfamide.

Abstract The presence of an alkyl substituent at N 3 in the oxazaphosphorine ring stabilizes N-substituted 4-(alkylthio)cyclophosphamides from spontaneous decomposition. Based on this finding, N 3 -methyl-mafosfamide was synthesized and examined as a chemically stable, biooxidative prodrug of mafosfamide. This prodrug was stable in aqueous buffer (pH 7.4, 37 °C) and underwent N-demethylation in a time dependent manner when incubated with rat hepatic microsomes. N 3 -Methyl-mafosfamide was 10-fold more cytotoxic in vitro than cyclophosphamide against mouse embryo Balb/c 3T3 cells (LC 50 = 3.6 μM). Preliminary in vivo antitumor evaluation against L1210 leukemia in mice showed that this prodrug was active [Increase of life span (ILS) > 29 %].
Image thresholding based on Ali-Silvey distance measures

A relative entropy based approach to image thresholding was proposed recently. It was demonstrated that this method was successful for image thresholding. Relative entropy is a member of the class of Ali-Silvey distance measures. In this paper we generalize the relative entropy based approach and present image thresholding algorithms based on the class of Ali-Silvey distance measures. A number of members of this class are selected and used for implementation in image thresholding algorithms. Performance is evaluated by applying these algorithms to several images and comparing them to a few histogram based thresholding methods.
A Directed Isoperimetric Inequality with application to Bregman Near Neighbor Lower Bounds

Bregman divergences are important distance measures that are used in applications such as computer vision, text mining, and speech processing, and are a focus of interest in machine learning due to their information-theoretic properties. There has been extensive study of algorithms for clustering and near neighbor search with respect to these divergences. In all cases, the guarantees depend not just on the data size n and dimensionality d, but also on a structure constant μ ≥ 1 that depends solely on a generating convex function φ and can grow without bound independently. In general, this μ parametrizes the degree to which a given divergence is "asymmetric". In this paper, we provide the first evidence that this dependence on μ might be intrinsic. We focus on the problem of ac{ann} search for Bregman divergences. We show that under the cell probe model, any non-adaptive data structure (like locality-sensitive hashing) for c-approximate near-neighbor search that admits r probes must use space Ω(dn1 + μ/c r). In contrast for LSH under l1 the best bound is Ω(dn1+ 1/cr).Our results interpolate between known lower bounds both for LSH-based ANN under l1 as well as the generally harder Partial Match problem (in non-adaptive settings). The bounds match the former when μ is small and the latter when μ is Ω(d/log n). This further strengthens the intuition that Partial Match corresponds to an "asymmetric" version of ANN, as well as opening up the possibility of a new line of attack for lower bounds on Partial Match.Our new tool is a directed variant of the standard boolean noise operator. We prove a generalization of the Bonami-Beckner hypercontractivity inequality (restricted to certain subsets of the Hamming cube), and use this to prove the desired directed isoperimetric inequality that we use in our data structure lower bound.
Nuclear and neutron star radii

Abstract We investigate the correlation between nuclear neutron radii and the radius of neutron stars. We use a well-established hadronic SU(3) model based on chiral symmetry that naturally includes nonlinear vector meson and scalar meson–vector meson couplings. The relative strengths of the couplings modify the nuclear isospin-dependent interactions. We study the dependence of nuclear and neutron star radii on the coupling strengths. The relevance of the results for parity-violating electron–nucleus scattering is discussed.
Self-assembled hydrogels utilizing polymer–nanoparticle interactions

Mouldable hydrogels find a variety of applications in the biomedical industry. Here, Appel et al. show a method to fabricate hydrogels through a self-assembly process based on the interaction between biopolymers and functional nanoparticles for multistage drug delivery in vivo.
Integrated modeling for design of lightweight, active mirrors

Lightweight, active, silicon carbide mirrors have the potential to enable larger primary aperture, space-based optical systems, hence improving the resolution and sensitivity of such systems. However, due to the lack of design heritage, the best mirror designs are not yet known. Therefore, an integrated model of the lightweight mirrors is created in order to explore the design space. The model determines the achievable radius of curvature change within wavefront error limits, the peak launch stress, and the mass of a mirror segment. However, designing a mirror to meet any of these individual objectives results in a system that performs poorly in terms of the other objectives. Therefore, a full trade space analysis is run to determine the portions of the design space that best balance the trade-offs between metrics. These results are used to determine designs that perform well with respect to specific missions and can be used for future mirror designs.
The nature of dark matter in elliptical galaxies: Chandra observations of NGC 4636

Abstract We determine the total enclosed mass profile from 0.7 to 35 kpc in the elliptical galaxy NGC 4636 based on the hot interstellar medium temperature profile measured using the Chandra X-ray Observatory, and other X-ray and optical data. The total mass increases as r 1.2 to a good approximation over this range in radii, attaining a total of [ 1.5 × 10 12 M ⊙ (corresponding to M tot L v = 40 ) at 35 kpc. We find that at least half, and as much as 80%, of the mass within the optical half-light radius is non-luminous, implying an exceptionally low baryon fraction in NGC 4636. The large inferred dark matter concentration and central dark matter density, consistent with the upper end of the range expected for standard cold dark matter halos, imply that mechanisms proposed to explain low dark matter densities in less massive galaxies are not effective in elliptical galaxies.
THE FACTOR CONTENT OF FOREIGN TRADE

In the factor proportions trade theory (the Heckscher-Ohlin theory) the factor content of the pattern of trade plays a major role both in theoretical and in empirical investigations. It is therefore valuable to identify restrictions on permissible vectors of the factor content of trade which necessarily hold in equilibrium. If certain restrictions are empirically testable they can be used for preliminary testing of the theory before a more thorough examination is undertaken, or they can be used to reject the theory. It is my intention to develop in this paper a set of restrictions on the vectors of the factor content of trade which can be used for these purposes. It is well known that autarky commodity prices impose restrictions on possible patterns of trade. These restrictions provide a precise prediction of the pattern of trade for a two-country two-commodity world, in the sense that the exporter of a good is readily identifiable from autarky price data (as the country with the lower relative price of the good). I will start by showing that in the presence of factor price equalisation autarky factor rewards impose restrictions on the factor content of trade patterns which are completely analogous to the restrictions imposed by autarky commodity prices on the commodity patterns of trade. This result is in line with the view that in the factor proportions model trade in commodities represents indirect trade in factor services. Unfortunately, these restrictions rely on autarky information, and they are, therefore, not very useful for empirical work. In order to overcome this difficulty, I explore an alternative approach. I argue that common predictions of the factor content of trade flows Which are based on post-trade observable data - the data relevant for empirical studies rely on unnecessarily restrictive assumptions, i.e. the assumption that preferences are homothetic and identical across countries and the assumption of factor price equalisation. The assumption of identical homothetic preferences seems to be necessary when factor price equalisation is assumed, because in this case there is an indeterminancy in the pattern of production. Nevertheless, the two assumptions taken together imply the same factor content of a country's net import vector from the rest of the world for every equilibrium production pattern. However, in a many-country world the factor content of bilateral trade flows depends on the realised production patterns, and they cannot, therefore, be predicted. I will show that in the absence of factor price equalisation (which many
Problems with lattice methods for electroweak preheating

Recently Garcia Bellido et al. have proposed that electroweak baryogenesis may occur at the end of inflation, in a scenario where the reheat temperature is too low for electroweak symmetry restoration. I show why the scenario is difficult to test reliably by classical field techniques on the lattice.
Toward a metadata standard for digitized historical newspapers

This paper is a case study of metadata development in the early stages of the National Digital Newspaper Program, a twenty-year digital initiative to expand access to historical newspapers in support of research and education. Some of the issues involved in newspaper metadata are examined, and a new XML-based standard is described that is suited to the large volume of data, while remaining flexible into the future.
Mechanisms of Mn(OAc)3-based oxidative free-radical additions and cyclizations

The mechanistic details of Mn(OAc)3-based oxidative free-radical additions and cyclizations are reviewed. The mechanisms of electron transfer to generate radicals, electron transfer to convert the radicals to oxidized products, and further oxidation of the products are covered.
Management of dyslipidemia as a cardiovascular risk factor in individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most frequent cause of liver disease in the United States and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cardiovascular (CV) mortality, independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. CVD is one of the most common causes of death among individuals with NAFLD and management of NAFLD must extend beyond liver disease to include CVD risk modification. Clinicians should assess CVD risk with the Framingham Risk Score and screen for CVD risk factors including dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, tobacco use, and the metabolic syndrome. CVD risk factors, particularly dyslipidemia, require aggressive medical management to reduce the high risk of CVD events and death in individuals with NAFLD.
Structure and activity of composite oxide-supported iridium and platinum catalysts

Abstract The objective of this study is to investigate the structure and activity of composite oxide (Al 2 O 3 TiO 2 and TiO 2 Al 2 O 3 )-supported Pt and Ir catalysts. Two characterization techniques, temperature-programmed reduction/temperature-programmed desorption (TPRd/TPD) and ethane hydrogenolysis were used. TPRd/TPD provided information on the structure of the catalyst whereas ethane hydrogenolysis provided information on the structure and activity. The TPRd, TPD, and ethane hydrogenolysis results suggest that two processes, Al 3+ dissolution in acidic impregnation solutions and TiO x overlayer formation occurring in reducing environments affect the structure and activity of these catalysts. Specifically, the TPRd results indicate that the readsorbed Al 3+ species inhibits the amount of chloride liberated during calcination; this results in an increase in the amount of hydrogen consumed during reduction. The TPD results suggest that TiO x overlayer formation occurs in the case of composite oxides. The readsorbed Al 3+ increases the hydrogenolysis activity of these catalysts. The intimate association of the noble metal and Al 3+ suggests that alloys of the form Pt 3 Al and IrAl may exist on the surface of the Pt and Ir catalysts. These factors have been considered and models for the structures of these catalysts have been proposed.
Dynamic efficiency of steady-state equilibria in an overlapping-generations model with productive capital

Abstract This paper establishes sufficient technological conditions under which, for any feasible set of well-behaved preferences, stationary over-investment relative to the Golden Rule is ruled out and the economy's steady-state equilibria are therefore dynamically efficient.
The Living Tree of Nursing Theories

TOPIC Three behavioral theories have been used to develop major nursing theories: interactive, systems, and developmental. PURPOSE To provide a symbolic image as a framework for nurses to visualize the multitude of nursing theories starting with the first nurse theorist, Florence Nightingale. SOURCES Published research articles, authors' experience, educational classes and workshops. CONCLUSIONS The Living Tree helps organize various nursing theories so a nurse can apply the theories to practice.
Z-beamlet (ZBL) multi-frame back-lighter (MFB) system for ICF/plasma diagnostics

Z-Beamlet [1] is a single-beam high-energy Nd:glass laser used for backlighting high energy density (HED) plasma physics experiments at Sandia's Z-accelerator facility. The system currently generates a single backlit image per experiment, and has been employed on approximately 50% of Z-accelerator system shots in recent years. We have designed and are currently building a system that uses Z-Beamlet to generate two distinct backlit images with adjustable time delay ranging from 2 to 20 ns between frames. The new system will double the rate of data collection and allow the temporal evolution of high energy density phenomena to be recorded on a single shot.
On basic forbidden patterns of functions

The allowed patterns of a map on a one-dimensional interval are those permutations that are realized by the relative order of the elements in its orbits. The set of allowed patterns is completely determined by the minimal patterns that are not allowed. These are called basic forbidden patterns. In this paper, we study basic forbidden patterns of several functions. We show that the logistic map L"r(x)=rx(1-x) and some generalizations have infinitely many of them for 1
Approximation algorithms for the bandwidth minimization problem for a large class of trees

We present approximation algorithms for the bandwidth minimization problem (BMP) for a large class of trees. The BMP is NP-hard, even for trees of maximum node degree 3. The problem finds applications in many areas, including VLSI layout, multiprocessor scheduling, and matrix processing, and has been studied for both graphs and matrices. We study the problem on trees having the following property: given any tree nodev, the depth difference of any two nonempty subtrees rooted atv is bounded by a constantk. We call such treesh(k)trees orgeneralized height-balanced (GHB)trees. The above definition extends the class of balanced trees to trees with depthd=Θ(\N\). For any tree in the above defined class, anO (logd) times optimal algorithm is presented. Furthermore, we extend the application of the algorithm to trees that simulate theh(k) property, which we callh(k)-like trees, and also provide intuitive ideas for an approximation algorithm for general trees.
The synthesis and lactamase inhibitory activity of 6-(carboxymethylene)penicillins and 7-(carboxymethylene)cephalosporins

Abstract A series of 6-(carboxymethylene)penicillinates and 7-(carboxymethylene)cephalosporanates were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of one type A and two type C β-lactamases. Disodium 6-(carboxymethylene)penicillinate sulfone ( 15 ) showed broad spectrum activity. A kinetic analysis demonstrated that 15 was a potent, partially irreversible inhibitor of the β-lactamase derived from Enterobacter cloacae P99.
Electrodynamics of amorphous media at low temperatures

Amorphous solids exhibit intrinsic, local structural transitions, which give rise to the well-known quantum-mechanical two-level systems at low temperatures. We explain the microscopic origin of the electric dipole moment of these two-level systems: the dipole emerges as a result of polarization fluctuations between near degenerate local configurations, which have nearly frozen in at the glass transition. An estimate of the dipole's magnitude, based on the random first-order transition theory, is obtained and is found to be consistent with experiment. The interaction between the dipoles is estimated and is shown to contribute significantly to the Gruneisen parameter anomaly in low T glasses. In completely amorphous media, the dipole moments are expected to be modest in size despite their collective origin. In partially crystalline materials, however, very large dipoles may arise, possibly explaining the findings of Bauer and Kador [J. Chem. Phys., 118, 9069 (2003)].
Investigations of the intramolecular Ni(II)/Cr(II)-mediated coupling reaction: Application to the taxane ring system

Abstract The intramolecular Ni(II)/Cr(II)-mediated coupling reaction of activated olefins with aldehydes is studied in order to identify an ideal arrangement of functionality for construction of the taxane ring system.
FWM-based flexible wavelength conversion in whole C-band using realistic HNLF having dispersion slope

Flexible conversion from an arbitrary wavelength to desired wavelength in whole C-band is studied and demonstrated within 1.7dB efficiency variation among all conversion pairs using HNLF having dispersion slope of +0.02ps/nm2/km and γ of 30/W/km.
Do You Know What’s in Your Benchmark?

The authors identify several problematic assumptions underlying the benchmark return methodology used by the Center for Research in Security Prices (CRSP), which practitioners and academics would be unlikely to know or mimic. In particular, CRSP includes non-common stock securities that most researchers exclude. CRSP does not follow a typical buy-and-hold methodology, and it excludes delisting returns. The authors discuss these issues and show how they can affect results in a number of research settings. The commonly used value-weighted, size-based benchmark returns, as well as all equally weighted daily benchmark returns, are particularly problematic.
Synthesis and Reactions of 3-(Nosyloxy)-2-keto Esters

A series of 3-(nosyloxy)-2-keto esters 7a−j were prepared from the corresponding α-keto esters by conversion to the trimethylsilyl enol ether and reaction with p-nitrobenzenesulfonyl peroxide. Conversion of these materials to 1,2,3-trifunctionalized compounds is described, and comparison of their properties with isomeric 2-(nosyloxy)-3-keto esters is discussed.
The influence of moving deciduous teeth on the permanent successors

Abstract Histologic investigation of experimentally moved deciduous and permanent teeth and their surrounding tissues reveal: Orthodontic movement of teeth of the deciduous or mixed dentition produces migration of underlying and adjoining tooth germs. This is made possible by bone resorption and deposition. Hence orthodontic treatment in the deciduous dentition can affect the development of the permanent successors. The direction in which tooth germs move corresponds to the direction taken by the roots of the adjacent erupted teeth. Therefore movement of the roots of these teeth in the proper direction is essential. Displacement of the roots of teeth in the same direction as their crowns are shifted is assured only if tipping movements are avoided. Where tipping appliances must be used observation of the following rule may help to keep the center of rotation near or at the apex: “Use weak forces, applied near the gingival margin, in a pulling manner and in a direction never pointing toward the root.”
Asian Flu or Wall Street virus? Tech and non-tech spillovers in the United States and Asia

Using TGARCH models, this paper finds that U.S. stock markets have been the major source of price and volatility spillovers to stock markets in the Asia-Pacific region during three different period ...
Decomposition of bulk metallic glasses

Abstract An atom probe field ion microscopy (APFIM) characterization has been performed on the decomposition of several bulk metallic glasses. Evidence of short range order for aluminum has been detected in as-cast nickel-containing Zr60Al15Ni25 and Zr55Al10Cu5Ni30 metallic glasses. Titanium-enriched, zirconium-enriched and Be2Zr phases have been analyzed in annealed Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10.0Be22.5 bulk metallic glass.
Accelerated Molecular Dynamics Simulation of AFM Experiments Using the Bond-Boost Method

Accelerated molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of recent Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) experiments on oxidized silicon surfaces demonstrate a nontrivial dependence of frictional force on sliding velocity as well as temperature. By implementing hyper dynamics (HD) via the bond-boost method these simulations achieve sliding velocities in the range of real experimental values. Moreover, an analysis of the effects of temperature and sliding velocity on friction provide evidence for a systematic deviation from the modified Tomlinson model. We hypothesize regarding the origin of these deviations, and use the simulations to analyze the atomic processes that accompany sliding.
A CASE OF CALCIPHYLAXIS IN A PATIENT WITH HYPOPARATHYROIDISM AND NORMAL RENAL FUNCTION

Objective: To present the case of a patient with a history of thyroid cancer, postsurgical hypoparathyroidism, chronic calcitriol use, and normal renal function who presented with painful skin lesions secondary to calciphylaxis.Methods: We describe the history, biochemistry, histopathology, evaluation, and management of this patient.Results: A 47-year-old female with hypoparathyroidism, chronically treated with calcitriol and calcium, presented with exquisitely painful skin ulcerations. Four months prior to the onset of symptoms, she had initiated warfarin therapy for atrial fibrillation. Review of laboratory data from the past year revealed elevated calcium and phosphorus levels. A diagnosis of calciphylaxis was made based upon pathologic evaluation of a skin biopsy. Management included titration of calcitriol and calcium to maintain serum calcium and phosphate levels in the low-normal range. Sodium thiosulfate was administered at a dose of 25 mg intravenously 3 times a week with some resolution in the p...
Enhanced arithmetic for Fortran

The 1978 Fortran standard[1] permits mixed-mode expressions, that is, expressions with operands of differing data types. Expressions containing floating point operands of differing precisions pose special problems of interpretation. Consider the statement
Molecular theory for the phase equilibria and cluster distribution of associating fluids with small bond angles.

We develop a new theory for associating fluids with multiple association sites. The theory accounts for small bond angle effects such as steric hindrance, ring formation, and double bonding. The theory is validated against Monte Carlo simulations for the case of a fluid of patchy colloid particles with three patches and is found to be very accurate. Once validated, the theory is applied to study the phase diagram of a fluid composed of three patch colloids. It is found that bond angle has a significant effect on the phase diagram and the very existence of a liquid–vapor transition.
A New Look at Higgs Constraints on Stops

We present a simple new way to visualize the constraints of Higgs coupling measurements on light stops in natural SUSY scenarios beyond the MSSM, which works directly in the plane of stop mass eigenvalues (with no need to make assumptions about mixing angles). For given stop mass eigenvalues, the smallest value of X t that can bring the correction to the h → gg and h → γγ couplings into agreement with data is computed. Requiring that this X t is consistent — i.e. that the chosen mass eigenvalues can be the outcome of diagonalizing a matrix with a given off-diagonal term — rules out the possibility that both stops have a mass below ≈ 400 GeV. Requiring that X t is not fine-tuned for agreement with the data shows that neither stop can be lighter than ≈ 100 GeV. These constraints are interesting because, unlike direct searches, they apply no matter how stops decay, and suggest a minimum electroweak fine-tuning of between a factor of 5 and 10. We show that a multi-parameter fit can slightly weaken this conclusion by allowing a large Higgs coupling to b-quarks, but only if a second Higgs boson is within reach of experiment. Certain models, like R-symmetric models with Dirac gauginos, are much more strongly constrained because they predict negligible X t . We illustrate how the constraints will evolve given precise measurements at future colliders (HL-LHC, ILC, and TLEP), and comment on the more difficult case of Folded Supersymmetry.
Evening types are prone to depression

Certain preferences for the timing of daily activities (chronotype) may predispose an individual to sleep problems and mood disorders. In this study, we have examined the link between chronotypes and depression. Participants (N = 6071) were recruited from a random sample of the general population aged 25 to 74 yrs living in defined geographical areas, as part of the National FINRISK Study in 2007 in Finland. Chronotype assessment was based on six items from the original Horne-Ostberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire. Depression was assessed with four self-reported items, including two probes for a diagnosis of a major depressive episode, diagnosed or treated depression, and use of antidepressants. We also analyzed correlations between chronotype and several health indicators, such as systolic and diastolic blood pressures, resting heart rate, weight, and waist circumference. The odds ratios for a range of indicators of depression were higher for evening types (2.7- to 4.1-fold) and intermediate types (1.5- to 1.9-fold) than for morning types. Our results suggest that individuals having a preference for evening hours to carry out their daily activities are prone to depression.
ITLinQ: A new approach for spectrum sharing in device-to-device communication systems

We consider the problem of spectrum sharing in device-to-device communication systems. Inspired by the recent optimality condition for treating interference as noise, we define a new concept of informationtheoretic independent sets (ITIS), which indicates the sets of users for which simultaneous communication and treating the interference from each other as noise is information-theoretically optimal (to within a constant gap). Based on this concept, we develop a new spectrum sharing mechanism, called informationtheoretic link scheduling (ITLinQ), which at each time schedules those users that form an ITIS. We first provide a performance guarantee for ITLinQ by characterizing the fraction of the capacity region that it can achieve in a network with sources and destinations located randomly within a fixed area. Furthermore, we demonstrate how ITLinQ can be implemented in a distributed manner, using an initial 2-phase signaling mechanism which provides the required channel state information at all the users. Finally, through numerical analysis, we show that distributed ITLinQ can outperform similar state-ofthe-art spectrum sharing mechanisms, such as FlashLinQ, by more than a %100 of sum-rate gain, while keeping the complexity at the same level.
Occupational health nursing interventions to reduce third-party liability in workplace injuries.

This aRticle explores general principles of workers' compensation law and the ability to sue third parties for employee injuries by using case law and the treatise Larson's Workers' Compensation Law. This overview provides occupational health nurses with a background on workers' compensation law, who is liable for employee injuries, and how recovery from third parties is distributed between the employer or insurer and the employee. The author then explores interventions that occupational health nurses can implement to reduce employee injury and employer costs for providing workers' compensation. The goal of this article is to stimulate occupational health nurses' critical-thinking and problem-solving skills so they may identify risks and implement cost-effective solutions that will prevent injuries to employees.
I Came a Stranger: The Story of a Hull-House Girl

Hilda Satt Polacheck's family emigrated from Poland to Chicago in 1892, bringing their old-world Jewish traditions with them into the Industrial Age. Throughout her career as a writer and activist, Polacheck never forgot the immigrant neighborhoods, markets, and scents and sounds of Chicago's West Side. In charming and colorful prose, Polacheck recounts her introduction to American life and the Hull-House community; her chance meeting with Jane Addams and their subsequent long friendship and working relationship; her marriage; her support of civil rights and women's suffrage; her work with the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom; and her experiences as a writer for the Works Progress Administration.
Charles Ragin's Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) used for linguistic summarizations

Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) is a methodology for obtaining linguistic summarizations from data that are associated with cases. It was developed by the eminent social scientist Prof. Charles C. Ragin, but has, as of this date, not been applied by engineers or computer scientists. Unlike more quantitative methods that are based on correlation, fsQCA seeks to establish logical connections between combinations of causal conditions and an outcome, the result being rules that summarize the sufficiency between subsets of all of the possible combinations of the causal conditions (or their complements) and the outcome. The rules are connected by the word OR to the output. Each rule is a possible path from the causal conditions to the outcome. This paper, for the first time, explains fsQCA in a very quantitative way, something that is needed if engineers and computer scientists are to use fsQCA.
Experimental study on the effect of stabilization on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels

The effect of flow instabilities on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels is investigated using water as the working fluid. The experimental test section has six parallel rectangular microchannels, each having a cross-sectional area of 1054 × 197 microns. Flow restrictors are introduced at the inlet of each microchannel to stabilize the flow boiling process and avoid the backflow phenomena. The mass flow rate, inlet temperature of water, and the electric current supplied to the resistive cartridge heater are controlled to provide quantitative heat transfer information. The results are compared with the unrestricted flow configuration.
Yersinia high pathogenicity island genes modify the Escherichia coli primary metabolome independently of siderophore production.

Bacterial siderophores may enhance pathogenicity by scavenging iron but their expression has been proposed to exert a substantial metabolic cost. Here we describe a combined metabolomic-genetic approach to determine how mutations affecting the virulence-associated siderophore yersiniabactin affect the Escherichia coli primary metabolome. Contrary to expectations, we did not find yersiniabactin biosynthesis to correspond to consistent metabolomic shifts. Instead, we found that targeted deletion of ybtU or ybtA, dissimilar genes with similar roles in regulating yersiniabactin expression, were associated with a specific shift in arginine pathway metabolites during growth in minimal media. This interaction was associated with high arginine levels in the model uropathogen Escherichia coli UTI89 compared to its ybtU and ybtA mutants and the K12 strain MG1655, which lacks yersiniabactin-associated genes. Because arginine is not a direct yersiniabactin biosynthetic substrate, these findings show that virulence-associated secondary metabolite systems may shape bacterial primary metabolism independently of substrate consumption.
A sharper view of the outer Galaxy at 1420 and 408 MHz from the Canadian Galactic Plane Survey – I. Revisiting the KR catalogue and new Gigahertz Peaked Spectrum sources

Arcminute-resolution radio continuum images at 408 and 1420 MHz from the Canadian Galactic Plane Survey (CGPS) have been used to re-examine radio sources listed in the Kallas & Reich catalogue. This catalogue is of particular interest to Galactic studies as it lists both extended and compact radio sources found in the second Galactic quadrant. We have determined the nature (extended versus compact, Galactic versus extragalactic) of all of these bright radio sources. A number of large H II regions with no optical counterparts are highlighted along with a sample of large radio galaxies. Many sources previously thought to be extended Galactic objects are shown to be point sources. A sample of point sources with flat or rising spectra between 408 and 1420 MHz has been compiled, and within this sample likely Gigahertz Peaked Spectrum sources have been identified.
X-ray Emission from Optically Selected Radio-intermediate and Radio-loud Quasars

We present the results of an investigation into the X-ray properties of radio-intermediate and radio-loud quasars (RIQs and RLQs, respectively). We combine large, modern optical (e.g., SDSS) and radio (e.g., FIRST) surveys with archival X-ray data from Chandra, XMM-Newton, and ROSAT to generate an optically selected sample that includes 188 RIQs and 603 RLQs. This sample is constructed independently of X-ray properties but has a high X-ray detection rate (85%); it provides broad and dense coverage of the l-z plane, including at high redshifts (22% of objects have z = 2-5), and it extends to high radio-loudness values (33% of objects have R* = 3-5, using logarithmic units). We measure the 'excess' X-ray luminosity of RIQs and RLQs relative to radio-quiet quasars (RQQs) as a function of radio loudness and luminosity, and parameterize the X-ray luminosity of RIQs and RLQs both as a function of optical/UV luminosity and also as a joint function of optical/UV and radio luminosity. RIQs are only modestly X-ray bright relative to RQQs; it is only at high values of radio loudness (R* {approx}> 3.5) and radio luminosity that RLQs become strongly X-ray bright. We find no evidence for evolution in the X-ray properties of RIQsmore » and RLQs with redshift (implying jet-linked IC/CMB emission does not contribute substantially to the nuclear X-ray continuum). Finally, we consider a model in which the nuclear X-ray emission contains both disk/corona-linked and jet-linked components and demonstrate that the X-ray jet-linked emission is likely beamed but to a lesser degree than applies to the radio jet. This model is used to investigate the increasing dominance of jet-linked X-ray emission at low inclinations.« less
Active portfolio management with benchmarking: Adding a value-at-risk constraint

Abstract We examine the impact of adding a value-at-risk (VaR) constraint to the problem of an active manager who seeks to outperform a benchmark while minimizing tracking error variance (TEV) by using the model of Roll [1992. A mean/variance analysis of tracking error. Journal of Portfolio Management 18, 13–22]. We obtain three main results. First, portfolios on the constrained mean-TEV boundary still exhibit three-fund separation, but the weights of the three funds when the constraint binds differ from those in Roll's model. Second, the constraint mitigates the problem that when an active manager seeks to outperform a benchmark using the mean-TEV model, he or she selects an inefficient portfolio. Finally, when short sales are disallowed, the extent to which the constraint reduces the optimal portfolio's efficiency loss can still be notable but is smaller than when short sales are allowed.