cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary mechanics and gas exchange characteristics in uncommon etiologies of acute respiratory distress syndrome

Background: Common causes of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) include pneumonia, aspiration, non-pulmonary sepsis and trauma. Little is known about pulmonary mechanics and gas exchange in less-common etiologies of ARDS, which comprises 12–23% of cases. Our hospital’s ARDS quality assurance database contained a substantial number of these cases. This descriptive study examines the pulmonary mechanics, and gas exchange characteristics of this diverse cohort of ARDS subjects. Methods: Between March 2010 and April 2017 we identified 94 subjects with less common etiologies of ARDS who had dead space fraction (V D /V T ) and respiratory system compliance (CRS) measured within 24 hours of ARDS onset; 86 of whom did not have sepsis as a co-diagnosis. There were 18 identifiable sources of ARDS. For descriptive purposes these were subsumed under 10 etiologic categories: pancreatitis (n=16), hemorrhagic shock/reperfusion injury (n=9), transfusion-associated acute lung injury (TRALI) (n=3), drug overdose (n=13), inhalation injury (n=10), idiopathic (n=10), neurogenic (n=8), pulmonary toxicity (n=3), hyper-immune response (n=4), hepatic failure (n=7), and 3 other cases: 2 cutaneous burns and one case of malaria. V D /V T was measured using the Enghoff-Bohr equation. Arterial blood gases were drawn simultaneously with mixed expired CO2 using volumetric capnography and standard pulmonary mechanics measurements. Data are expressed as median (IQR). Comparisons between groups used Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s post-tests, Mann-Whitney tests or Fisher exact tests. Results: The majority of less common ARDS were from indirect sources (79%) with 9% attributed to direct causes and 11% idiopathic. Because of the small sample sizes, there were no differences in pulmonary mechanics or gas exchange between subgroups classified as indirect, direct and idiopathic, or between subgroups sharing common lung injury mechanisms. Nevertheless, salient trends were apparent particularly in CRS and V D /V T . CRS was most severely reduced in the toxicity subgroup and least impaired in the idiopathic subgroup [18 (11 to 22), and 40 (30 to 43) mL/cmH2O respectively]. V D /V T was extraordinarily high in the hepatic failure subgroup and lowest in pancreatitis [0.78 (0.57 to 0.79) and 0.54 (0.47 to 0.65) respectively]. There was less distinction in oxygenation as median values for all subgroups met moderate ARDS criteria. For the entire cohort, only V D /V T was statistically different between non-survivors and survivors: 0.66 (0.57 to 0.78) vs. 0.59 (0.51 to 0.68), P=0.012. Conclusions: Within a diverse cohort having less common presentations of ARDS, there was apparent variability in the distribution of CRS, V D /V T compared to differences oxygenation dysfunction. Elevated pulmonary dead space still identified patients with higher mortality, as is the case with more common causes of ARDS.
Perspective: Work-Related Stress and Mortality among Black Men

The life expectancy and mortality risk rates of Black men are of interest among public health researchers. In 2016, the life expectancy of Black men was 71.8 compared with 76.3 for White men.1 Although still relatively high, Black men’s overall relative risk of mortality was reduced from 1.36 (95% CI: 1.35 to 1.37) in 2000 to 1.21 (95% CI: 1.20 to 1.21) in 2014 when compared with White men.2 For Black men, mortality is affected by a wide range of biopsychosocial risk exposures during critical periods of the life course, one of which is the point when Black men become involved in the workforce and are exposed to work-related stress.3 One of the driving causes of this stress may be the norm adopted within the United States that defines masculinity as the ability to successfully work and adequately provide for family while having a sense of efficacy and control.4 However, Black men’s work experiences as they transition from adolescence to adult working age are associated with unresolved conflicts related to employment inequality that often mediate masculinity.5 In turn, some research has shown that Black men who ascribed to a strong work ethic but were unable to actualize the expected male role reported increased stress and health problems and were less likely to engage in health-promoting behaviors.6 A PubMed search using phrases such as “occupational stress/work stress/work-related stress and life course,” “occupational stress and life course,” “occupational stress/work stress/work-related stress and Black men,” “occupational stress/work stress/work-related stress and African American men,” “occupational stress/work stress/work-related stress and mortality,” and “occupational stress/work stress/work-related stress and life expectancy” found only one study published in 2005 that included Black men — showing that data regarding work-related stress and mortality risk across the life course of Black men are lacking.
Efficacy of Hypoxia Against Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Throughout Ontogeny.

Hermetic grain storage technology offers a viable chemical-free approach to control storage insects. However, there is limited knowledge on how hypoxia affects the survival of insect life stages during grain storage in hermetic bags. We exposed Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) eggs (2 d), young larvae (7 d), old larvae (21 d), pupae (28 d), and adults (2 d after emergence) to 2, 4, 8, and 20.9% oxygen levels for 1, 3, 5, 10, and 15 d and assessed subsequent mortality. At 2% oxygen, complete mortality was achieved in 3 d for eggs and young larvae, 10 d for old larvae and pupae, and 15 d for adults. At 4% oxygen, 15 d were required to kill all eggs and old larvae but not the other insect life stages. At 8% oxygen after 15 d, complete mortality of any insect life stage was not observed; but even a relatively short exposure (1–3 d) caused significant developmental delays in immature insects. Our study shows potential utility of hermetic technology for control of T. castaneum, but internal oxygen should be maintained below 2% level for at least 15 d for complete control. Increased oxygen levels improved the development of all insect life stages leading to increased adult emergence. There is a need to explore exposure time required to achieve complete mortality of all insect life stage above the 2% oxygen level.
A Dimeric Hydride-Bridged Complex with Geometrically Distinct Iron Centers Giving Rise to an S = 3 Ground State

Structural and spectroscopic characterization of the dimeric iron hydride complex [Ph2B(tBuIm)2FeH]2 reveals an unusual structure in which a tetrahedral iron(II) site (S = 2) is connected to a squa...
Regulation of the Nurse Practitioner Workforce: Implications for Care Across Settings

Introduction The current shortage of physicians in the United States has potential to dramatically limit access to healthcare. Nurse practitioners (NPs) can provide a cost-effective solution to the shortage, yet few states allow NPs to practice independently. Purpose The purpose of this study was to provide an up-to-date description of the NP workforce and to identify the professional and organizational factors associated with NP care quality. Methods Cross-sectional survey data from a sample of NPs actively employed in four states with reduced or restricted practice (California, Florida, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania) was used. NPs were categorized into acute and primary care. Regression models were fit to estimate the odds of three measures of care quality: overall quality of patient care, NP confidence that patients and their caregivers can manage their care at home, and whether NPs would recommend their practice facility to family and friends. Results Receiving support from administrative staff and physicians was associated with an increase in the three measures of quality. The greatest effects were seen in primary care settings. Conclusion It is imperative that legislators and healthcare administrators implement policies that provide NPs with an environment that supports clinical practice and enhances care delivery.
Chapter 14 – In Silico Biofluid Mechanics

In this chapter, we begin the discussion of how computational methods can be used to study various biofluid mechanics problems. We begin by presenting various computational methods, such as the large eddy simulations and direct numerical simulations. The use of various computational programs is illustrated with a diverging channel and then the human left main coronary artery. We then move into a discussion of the need for and the difficulty of fluid structure interaction modeling, in which the movement of blood vessels can be coupled to the fluid flow through the blood vessel. Particle trajectories and the calculation of the shear history on particles are presented. The development of the Buckingham Pi Theorem is discussed, to derive salient dimensionless numbers. Some of the important dimensionless numbers for biofluid mechanics are presented. These numbers can be used to develop dynamically similar conditions.
Wireless Subnanosecond RF Synchronization for Distributed Ultrawideband Software-Defined Radar Networks

In this article, we present a distributed and decentralized synchronization algorithm for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The proposed method achieves subnanosecond synchronization using low-cost commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) software-defined radios (SDRs) and is implemented entirely in software without the need for custom hardware or atomic clocks. In an $N$ sensor network, the proposed protocol results in each sensor having full knowledge of baseband clock offsets, RF carrier phase offsets, and pairwise RF time of flight to subnanosecond precision for the entire network after $2N$ total transmissions, making this method efficiently extendible to larger sensor networks. The method is decentralized and does not rely on a hierarchical master–slave structure, making it robust to sensor dropout in contested or harsh environments. The proposed methodology is validated in simulation and tested in field experiments using a three-sensor network. This work has a wide range of applications, including transmit (TX) beamforming, distributed sensor localization, and coherent multistatic/multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) radar imaging for autonomous sensor swarms.
Getting someone else to play with you: entering into play in everyday family interactions

This paper examines the ways in which children engage other family members in participation in play activities. The focus of this article is on when children seek to engage the participation of oth...
The Chest: Indication and Techniques for Trauma Exploration

Thoracic trauma continues to cause at least 25% of traumatic deaths in the USA, and many of these injuries cause death within the first minutes to hours following trauma. Mortality of thoracic injuries is second only to head injuries. Many deaths are preventable by prompt diagnosis and treatment given the vital structures that reside within the thoracic cavity. Injuries from chest trauma range from rib fractures requiring only pain control to cardiac lacerations with tamponade or exsanguinating hemorrhage. Given the range of injuries, acuity and clinical presentation, multiple diagnostic modalities, and treatment options exist for thoracic trauma. Thoracoscopic techniques have evolved from simple cavity washout through an existing chest tube site with evaluation of diaphragmatic injury to the currently used video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS). Management of critical injuries by means of sternotomy or thoracotomy remains valuable procedures.
Ethanol Biomarker Testing and Challenges.

CONTEXT.— Clinical and forensic testing for ethanol biomarkers, including ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS), is used to discern alcohol use from abstinence. These markers can be key in major decisions, including transplant eligibility or retaining licensure after alcohol misuse. Accuracy, precision, and recognition of the implications of reporting cutoffs are all essential for correct interpretation. OBJECTIVE.— To evaluate trends in testing for EtG and EtS, including how laboratories perform testing and how comparable participant results are. DESIGN.— The study examined the College of American Pathologists ethanol biomarker proficiency testing survey from 2013 to 2019. Trends in methodology, reporting cutoffs, and participant performance were evaluated for qualitative and quantitative EtG testing and for quantitative EtS testing. RESULTS.— There was little consensus in reporting cutoffs, which ranged from 10 to 1000 ng/mL for EtG and 10 to 1500 ng/mL for EtS. Although median EtG and EtS compared well with target concentrations, individual participants' results varied widely. For quantitative enzyme immunoassay, accuracy and precision were best in EtG challenges less than 1500 ng/mL. For EtG or EtS by mass spectrometry, overall accuracy was good over a wide concentration range, but variability between participants was high. Approximately 10% (409 of 4059) of results were unacceptable, which for mass spectrometry corresponded to more than 35% above or below the group mean. CONCLUSIONS.— Although many participants performed well, there was insufficient consensus in reporting cutoffs, and a consistent fraction of laboratories failed to achieve survey standards. Guidelines for assay performance and reporting could greatly benefit laboratories and end users.
Trends and patterns in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among children and adults by race and/or ethnicity, 2003-2018

Objective: Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption has declined steadily. This study uses the latest national data to examine trends in SSB consumption among children and adults by race and/or ethnicity and to document whether long-standing disparities in intake remain. Design: Trend analyses of demographic and dietary data measured by 24-h dietary recall from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Setting: Data from the 2003–2004 through 2017–2018 NHANES survey cycles were analysed in 2020. Participants: The study sample included 21 156 children aged 2–19 years and 32 631 adults aged 20+ years. Results: From 2003–2004 to 2017–2018, the prevalence of drinking any amount of SSB on a given day declined significantly among all race and/or ethnicity groups for children (non-Hispanic (NH) White: 81·6 % to 72·7 %; NH Black: 83·2 % to 74·8 %, Hispanic: 86·9 % to 77·2 %) and most race and/or ethnicity groups for adults (NH White: 72·3 % to 65·3 %; Hispanic: 84·6 % to 77·8 %). Consumption declined at a higher rate among NH Black and Hispanic children aged 12–19 years compared with their NH White peers; among NH Black children aged 6–11 years, the rate of decline was lower. Despite significant declines in per capita SSB energy consumption from soda and fruit drinks, consumption of sweetened coffee/tea beverages increased among older children and nearly all adults and consumption of sweetened milk beverages increased among NH White and Hispanic children. Conclusions: SSB consumption has declined steadily for children and adults of all race and/or ethnicity groups, but disparities persist, and overall intake remains high.
Toward an Office of Evidence-Based Learning in Public Health: Formal Support, Pedagogical Scholarship, and Effective Teaching

[...]SoTL efforts and leadership housed in schools and programs of public health can focus on developing an evidence base to support these unique skills.6 Academic tenure and promotion norms that value research over teaching also present barriers to adopting evidence-based teaching and conducting SoTL projects.10 It is widely noted that academic settings, where student tuition constitutes the lion's share of institutional funding, provide relatively few incentives for faculty to engage in SoTL. Traditionally, faculty receive little or no training in either teaching approaches or SoTL in their own graduate school education. [...]faculty may rely on familiar teaching methods, such as lectures, without much incentive or support to innovate. INSTITUTIONAL-LEVEL SUPPORT ACTIVITIES OEBL's research on teaching innovation focuses on methodologically rigorous evaluations of newly adopted teaching approaches selected based on the pedagogy evidence, including team-based learning,13,14 community-engaged learning,15 and problem-based learning.16 The mixed-methods studies on team-based learning and problembased learning show that students value interactive and team-based activities and report strong confidence in meeting the course learning objectives.131416 Community partners who worked with the community-engaged learning courses indicate that students provided quality data that informed their subsequent work.15 In addition, OEBL conducts and disseminates less formal course evaluations in the BSHES department to assess teaching approaches across different sections of the same courses and to inform changes to course structure and content delivery. [...]of these findings, the flipped classroom approach was expanded to other sections the following year.
Holocene climate and oceanography of the coastal Western United States and California Current System

Abstract. To understand and contextualize modern climate change, we must improve our understanding of climatic and oceanographic changes in the Holocene (11.75 ka–present). Climate records of the Holocene can be utilized as a “baseline” from which to compare modern climate and can also provide insights into how environments and ecosystems experience and recover from environmental change. However, individual studies on Holocene climate in the literature tend to focus on a distinct geographic location, a specific proxy record, or a certain aspect of climate (e.g., upwelling or precipitation), resulting in localized, record-specific trends rather than a comprehensive view of climate variability through the Holocene. Here we synthesize the major oceanographic and terrestrial changes that have occurred in the Western United States (bounded by 30° N to 52° N and 115° W to 130° W) through the most recent 11.75 ka and explore the impacts of these changes on marine and terrestrial ecosystems and human populations. This three-tiered systematic review combines interpretations from over 100 published studies, codes and geospatially analyzes temperature, hydroclimate, and fire history from over 50 published studies, and interprets nine representative time series through the Holocene. We find that the early Holocene is characterized by warming relative to pre-Holocene conditions, including warm sea surface conditions, a warm and dry Pacific Northwest, a warm and wet Southwest, and overall spatial and temporal stability. In the mid Holocene, these patterns reverse; this interval is characterized by cool sea surface temperatures, a cool and wet Pacific Northwest and warm and dry Southwest. The late Holocene is the most variable interval, both spatially and temporally, and a novel spatial trend appears in terrestrial climate with warmer coastal areas and cooler inland areas. Human communities interacted with the environment throughout the entire Holocene, as evidenced in archeological and paleoenvironmental records, yet the recent era of colonization (1850–present) represents an unprecedented environmental interval in many records. Overall, our analysis shows linkages between terrestrial and oceanographic conditions, distinct environmental phases through time, and emphasizes the importance of local factors in controlling climate through the dynamic Holocene.
Systematic Analysis of Brain MRI Findings in Adaptor Protein Complex 4-Associated Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia.

Background and Objectives AP-4-associated hereditary spastic paraplegia (AP-4-HSP: SPG47, SPG50, SPG51, SPG52) is an emerging cause of childhood-onset hereditary spastic paraplegia and mimic of cerebral palsy. This study aims to define the spectrum of brain MRI findings in AP-4-HSP and to investigate radioclinical correlations. Methods We performed a systematic qualitative and quantitative analysis of 107 brain MRI studies from 76 individuals with genetically confirmed AP-4-HSP and correlation with clinical findings including surrogates of disease severity. Results We define AP-4-HSP as a disorder of gray and white matter and demonstrate that abnormal myelination is common and that metrics of reduced white matter volume correlate with severity of motor symptoms. We identify a common diagnostic imaging signature consisting of (1) a thin splenium of the corpus callosum, (2) an absent or thin anterior commissure, (3) characteristic signal abnormalities of the forceps minor (“ears of the grizzly sign”), and (4) periventricular white matter abnormalities. The presence of 2 or more of these findings has a sensitivity of ∼99% for detecting AP-4-HSP; the combination of all 4 is found in ∼45% of cases. Compared to other HSPs with a thin corpus callosum, the absent anterior commissure appears to be specific to AP-4-HSP. Our analysis identified a subset of patients with polymicrogyria, underscoring the role of AP-4 in early brain development. These patients displayed a higher prevalence of seizures and status epilepticus, many at a young age. Discussion Our findings define the MRI spectrum of AP-4-HSP, providing opportunities for early diagnosis, identification of individuals at risk for complications, and a window into the role of the AP-4 complex in brain development and neurodegeneration.
Do Tax Deferred Accounts Improve Lifecycle Savings? Experimental Evidence

Tax deferred accounts (TDAs) are an increasingly popular method of saving for retirement, and have become common across many developed countries. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether TDAs actually improve a household's lifecycle savings behavior and retirement preparedness because it is difficult to perform a counterfactual analysis. Households always have other means of savings so there is no guarantee that a TDA, with its inflexible restriction that funds cannot be drawn until retirement, will be attractive or improve lifecycle savings. In this paper we resort to laboratory experiments to address the question of whether TDAs improve lifecycle savings by comparing experimental treatments where subjects have access to TDAs with treatments where they do not, and we are also careful to consider the tax consequences of our different treatments as well. We find that the presence of TDAs substantially improves a household's lifecycle savings behavior, making them better prepared for retirement.
Do you see what I see?: Large-scale Learning from Multimodal Videos

In this talk we present recent progress on large-scale learning of multimodal video representations. We start by presenting VideoBert, a joint model for video and language, repurposing the Bert model for multimodal data. This model achieves state-of-the-art results on zero shot prediction and video captioning. Next we show how to extend learning from instruction videos to general movies based on cross-modal supervision. We use movie screenplays to learn a speech to action classifiers and use these classifiers to mine video clips from thousands of hours of movies. We demonstrate a performance comparable or better than fully supervised approaches for action classification. Next we present an approach for video question answering which relies on training from instruction videos and cross-modal supervision with a textual question answer module. We show state-of-the-art results for video question answering without any supervision (zero-shot VQA) and demonstrate that our approach obtains competitive results for pre-training and then fine-tuning on video question answering datasets. We conclude our talk by presenting a recent video feature which is fully transformer based. Our Video Vision Transformer (ViViT) is shown to outperform the state-of-the-art on video classification. Furthermore, it is flexible and allows for performance / accuracy trade-off based on several different architectures.
Analysis of vibration and sound field evaluation and simulation method of main sound source equipment in substation

The main sound source equipment of UHV substation is transformer, high voltage shunt reactor and capacitor. According to the previous literature, the main research object of substation noise modeling and calculation is transformer. In foreign research, Gordon C.G. established the acoustic model of transformer for the first time in 1979. When calculating the sound field around the substation, the sound source such as transformer is simplified as an ideal point source model. The sound wave emitted from the point source propagates in space in the form of spherical wave. In this way, the calculation process is simplified and easy to program, but its application scope is limited, Considering the influence of other noise source equipment and obstacles in the substation, the point source model is not scientific and reasonable. Since then, various sound source models of main equipment proposed by different scholars have been further improved on this basis. For example, Xiao bing used noise software to carry out noise prediction and analysis. Different models were selected according to the nature of noise sources. Large equipment such as main transformer and high-voltage reactor were modeled in the form of area sound source, while wires were considered as line sound source, Other noise generating equipment shall be considered as point source[1]. This paper involves the acquisition of noise source model parameters of UHV substation main equipment, the analysis of substation noise propagation mode and influencing factors, the determination of substation noise prediction method and platform construction.
Optimal spares for stochastically failing equipment

A mathematical model is formulated for determining the number of spare components to purchase when components stochastically fail according to a known life distribution function and there is a cost incurred when a component is replaced. Bounds are determined for the optimal inventory which indicate that the inclusion of the replacement cost lowers the optimal inventory. Since these bounds are no easier to calculate than the optimal spares level, the theory is specialized to components with exponentially distributed time to failure. Procedures are given for calculating the optimal spares level, and numerical examples are provided.
Internet Plagiarism: A Teacher's Combat Guide

Paper sharing or copying is not something new, but it has become more widespread due to the easy access of computers and the Internet. Students are able to copy and paste vast amounts of text quickly with just a few clicks of the mouse. Students can also download, as well as purchase, free essays, reports, and term papers from several web sites. The fees can run from about $10 and up per page (Schevitz, 1999). It is estimated that there are at least 400 web sites that currently offer essays, with 20-30 of them being run professionally (Plagiarized.com, 2000). Some sites that teachers need to be aware of are A1 Termpaper (http://www.a1-termpaper.com/) ●
Effects of model uncertainty on security assessment in deregulated power systems

In this paper we address the issue of quantifying transmission security in a deregulated power market. In particular, we are interested in effects of model uncertainties on characterization of system security. The paper addresses two types of uncertainties: 1) structural uncertainties (e.g., line outages) are modeled by contingency scenarios (by utilizing the matrix inversion lemma in the constraint sets), and 2) perturbation of model parameters (by utilizing first-order perturbation matrix theory in the optimization criterion and the constraint sets). The paper embeds these considerations in an optimization procedure that checks if transmission security is maintained, and, when necessary, generates minimal corrections in existing contractual transactions that ensure security. Given our interest in real-time applications, we consider problem formulations based on convex optimization, thus assuring the solution existence and uniqueness. The paper proposes a convex form of a linearized AC power flow model to describe the transmission network. Model is applied on example standard 68-node New England/New-York interconnected power system.
Virtual gene: a gene selection algorithm for sample classification on microarray datasets

Gene Selection is one class of most used data analysis algorithms on microarray dataset. The goal of gene selection algorithms is to filter out a small set of informative genes that best explains experimental variations. Traditional gene selection algorithms are mostly single-gene based. Some discriminative scores are calculated and sorted for each gene. Top ranked genes are then selected as informative genes for further study. Such algorithms ignore completely correlations between genes, although such correlations is widely known. Genes interact with each other through various pathways and regulative networks. In this paper, we propose to use, instead of ignoring, such correlations for gene selection. Experiments performed on three public available datasets show promising results.
The Legacy of John Kenneth Galbraith

be no subject, however large or small, that a Harvard faculty member cannot treat fairly briefly. This article will attempt to sum up the economic legacy of Professor Galbraith, but because brevity is required, it may not do the professor full justice. At the height of the Keynesian Golden Age, Paul Samuelson famously remarked that economistsexcept for a few on the right and the leftagreed about what economics was and what it was intended to do. Friedrich von Hayek, from the fastness of Mont Pelerin, even then disagreed with Samuelson, Milton Friedman from the Gothic corners of Hyde Park disagreed, and Paul Sweezy from the pages of the Monthly Review (for quite different reasons) disagreed with this idea that economics enjoyed what amounted to a medieval Catholic unity,
Epidemiological and immunological studies of diphtheria in Shaoguan from 1956 to 2007.

Objective To understand the epidemiological trend of diphtheria in Shaoguan from 1956 to 2007,and to evaluate the immunological status of the residences to diphtheria.Methods Retrospective descriptive epidemiological survey and serological studies were performed to analyze the occurrence of diphtheria.Results The increased in level of immunity to diphtheria was correlated with the increased in the rate of immunization in the population.The incident rate of diphtheria was found to decrease from 48.13 per 100 000 to 0.07 per 100 000 between 1959 and 1989.The last incidence of death was reported in 1991 and the mortality rate was decreased from 6.19 per 100 000 to 0.02 per 100 000 in 1987.No reported case of diphtheria was noted since 1987.The cost-benefit ratio was 1:12.53.Conclusion The prevalence of diphtheria was controlled after the increase of vaccination in Shaoguan.The society was benefit from the eradication of diphtheria.Vaccination with DPT and disease surveillance program,especially on the adult patients,should be continuous for the prevention of emergency of diphtheria.
Suppression of Established Friend Virus Leukemia by Statolon I. Demonstration of a Latent Infection in Clinically Normal Mice

Abstract A single inoculation of statolon into mice with established Friend virus (FV) leukemia can suppress the viral infection and produce a clinical remission lasting many months. Eventually, however, most of the mice develop characteristic FV leukemia. Persistence of FV activity in the spleens of mice during clinical remission can be demonstrated by cell transfer and histopathologic studies. Transfer to normal mice of a large number of spleen cells (107) from mice in remission produces FV leukemia, and transfer of a small number of cells (102) produces immunity to FV challenge. Histopathologic examination reveals clusters of abnormal FV leukemia-like cells directly beneath the capsules of the spleens of mice in clinical remission.
Credibility, peer review, and Nature, 1945–1990

This paper examines the refereeing procedures at the scientific weekly Nature during and after World War II. In 1939 former editorial assistants L. J. F. Brimble and A. J. V. Gale assumed a joint e...
Conductometric analysis of the second acid dissociation constant of H2S in highly concentrated aqueous media

Abstract Discrepancies by a factor of 105 have been reported for the fundamental S2− aqueous acid equilibrium constant which acts as a cornerstone for the foundation of aqueous metal sulphide thermochemistry. We report the conductometric determination of the Gibbs free energy and the acid equilibrium constant for S2−aq,K2: Uncertainty in K2 directly affects solubility, thermodynamic and redox potential values of each of the metal sulphides. Unlike previous investigations, the conductometric measurements determine the extent of free OH− in solution directly. This study is performed in unusually concentrated media, and makes conventional use of the anomalously high equivalent conductance of hydroxide compared with other anions. The differential conductometric measurements and conductometric titrations reported here demonstrate that hydroxide resists dehydrolysis in solutions containing less than 3 M hydrosulphide and hydroxide, and the equilibrium: lies substantially to the left, confirming that pK2 > 16. As the concentration is increased from 3 to 7 M, the relative conductivity diminishes, and free OH− is consumed increasingly. A solution containing 6.4 M KHS and 6.4 M KOH, a solution with a pH of approximately 17, is shown (i) to contain comparable concentrations of free S2−, HS− and OH− species, (ii) to have an ionic conductance for free sulphide of λ 1 2 s2−= 0.87 λHS−, and (iii) to affirm that aqueous sulphide salt thermodynamics, solubilities and rest potentials are limited by HS− and not S2− chemistry.
Development and Validation of an S-N Based Two Phase Bending Fatigue Life Prediction Model

The stress-life (S-N) method along with the Palmgren-Miner cumulative damage theory is the simplest and the most commonly used fatigue life prediction technique. Its main advantage is that the material properties needed are easy to collect and life calculation is simple. However under many variable amplitude loading conditions, life predictions have been found to be unreliable. Various modifications have been proposed to the Palmgren-Miner theory, but they have not lead to more reliable life predictions. In this paper, a two-stage cumulative damage model will be developed and validated. This model divides fatigue life into two phases-a crack initiation phase and a crack propagation phase. It will be shown that the proposed method results in greatly improved life prediction capabilities. Also, the proposed method retains the simplicity of the S-N based approach in that the material data is still relatively simple to generate and the calculations are straightforward.
A 3-dimensional analysis of molar movement during headgear treatment.

Superimposition of serial cephalograms provides a limited description of tooth movement that could be complemented by data obtained from serial dental casts. The aim of this study was to develop a mathematical method for superimposing 3-dimensional data obtained from selected landmarks on longitudinally collected dental casts to describe maxillary first molar movement during headgear treatment. The material consisted of dental casts taken bimonthly from 36 children whose Class II Division 1 malocclusion was treated with straight-pull headgear during a 24-month period. Control data were collected from initial and final models of 38 subjects with a similar malocclusion who were not treated during a 24-month observation period. Spatial data from each subject's initial model were oriented similarly in an anatomically derived coordinate system, and a best-fit superimposition of palatal rugae landmarks from subsequent models allowed the measurement of molar movement. On average, headgear treatment resulted in distal movement of the molars, and the fitted net difference between treated and control subjects was 3.00 mm (SE, 0.37 mm; P < .001). Also, the headgear caused significantly more molar extrusion (0.56 mm; SE, 0.20 mm; P < .006) and buccal expansion (0.58 mm; SE, 0.17 mm; P < .001) on average than in the control group. Poor reliability of the method for measuring molar rotations indicated that they could not be determined accurately. Longitudinal description of molar movement for each subject revealed great individual variability in the amount and pattern of tooth movement. Several reasons could account for the wide range of individual variation and warrant exploration.
A new conceptual model for forest fires based on percolation theory

INTRODUCTION T he question of what relatively simple model might describe forest fire propagation and occurrence as well as frequency–area statistics has occupied a number of authors [1-12] (not an exhaustive list). Except for the first citation, these models fall into two classes: self-organized criticality (SOC) (second through the sixth) [13] and percolation (seventh through twelfth) [14] models. A review [15] is rather pessimistic regarding the interpretation of forest fire dynamics in the context of percolation theory. The present conceptual development is based on percolation theory but has some characteristics of SOC, and is not directly related to existing percolation models. There is certainly considerable evidence to support the SOC model that suggests that the following equation for the (noncumulative) frequency f of forest fires of burn area A is universal,
A knowledge base organization for rules about programming

PECOS is a knowledge-based system for automatic program synthesis. Programs are specified as abstract algorithms in a high-level language for symbolic computation. Through the successive application of programming rules, the specification is gradually refined into a concrete implementation in the target language. The existence of several rules for the same task permits the construction of a variety of distinct programs from a single initial specification. Internally, program descriptions are represented as collections of nodes, each labeled with a programming concept and with other properties related to that concept. The refinement process is guided by the selection and application of rules about programming. These rules are stated as condition-action pairs, but the identification of certain rule types permits the use of various techniques for efficient rule retrieval and testing, including the determination of retrieval patterns and the automatic separation of the condition into an applicability pattern and a binding pattern.
Preparing Business and Information Technology Students to Contribute to Organizational Cultures Grounded in Moral Character

The ethical crisis in business and information technology is very real. Countering this crisis by creating organizational cultures grounded in moral character is the challenge people face as leaders if they are to regain the respect and confidence of the public. As educators of future business and information technology leaders, how can educators prepare their students to understand, appreciate, and contribute to the establishment of cultures of character in the organizations which employ them-and which they may ultimately lead? In this article the authors distinguish among four corporate cultures with respect to ethics -cultures of defiance, compliance, neglect, and character-and present a blueprint for constructing an organizational culture grounded in moral character. With respect to showing students how to contribute to such a culture, the authors then a describe how to establish an effective learning context for teaching about ethics, b proffer a number of practical suggestions for student assignments and experiences that can empower students to understand, appreciate, and contribute to organizational cultures of character, and c explain how to enhance experiential learning by conducting an effective debriefing session. The authors conclude the article by providing three examples from their own experience illustrating how these ideas can be incorporated into programs designed to show business and information technology students how to contribute to organizational cultures grounded in moral character.
A molecular vernier

Abstract The spontaneous organization of individual molecules into complex assemblies with precise dimension is essential to biological systems. The “vernier” mechanism is one of only a very few ways (Figure 1) proposed for regulating the size of the resulting aggregate, but no instance of a vernier's operation has yet been demonstrated in either a biological or nonbiological setting. The first example of a molecular vernier is now described (Figures 2 and 3): Three molecules of a dicarboxylate combine with two molecules of a triguanidinium to give a pentamer of predetermined dimension.
Altered bacterial aggregation and adherence associated with changes in rat parotid-gland salivary proteins induced in vivo by β-adrenergic stimulation

Reduced adherence and aggregation were associated with protein alterations in parotid saliva after chronic treatment with the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol. In contrast, saliva from animals treated with the β-antagonist, propranolol, did not cause such changes; the protein composition of this saliva was similar to that of controls. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of protein in saliva samples before and after they were mixed with 10 mg of spheroidal hydroxyapatite beads (HA), as well as protein adsorbed and recovered from the HA, showed that an acidic, proline-rich protein with a molecular weight of approx. 40,000 was the predominant protein adsorbed. This protein was significantly diminished in saliva from isoproterenol-treated rats. Proteins with molecular weights between 44,000 and 48,000 and unique to the saliva from isoproterenol-treated animals were also adsorbed to HA. Thus alterations in proline-rich proteins of parotid saliva may influence the adherence and aggregation of oral bacteria, two processes considered important for in-vivo colonization of oral surfaces.
Validation of growth-hormone-releasing peptide 2 for the diagnosis of adult growth hormone deficiency

Validation of growth-hormone-releasing peptide 2 for the diagnosis of adult growth hormone deficiency
A general mechanism of martensitic nucleation: Part III. Kinetics of martensitic nucleation

The growth of martensitic fault embryos in the fault plane, the development of their interfacial structure, and the thickening of the embryos normal to the fault plane are examined as possible rate limiting steps in the total martensitic nucleation process. Growth of the embryos in the fault plane appears the most probable rate limiting step, capable of accounting for both the observed isothermal and athermal kinetic behavior depending on the parameters (such as activation volume) which control the motion of the transformational dislocations. The thermally activated nucleation of dislocation loops responsible for lattice invariant deformations is a possible rate limiting step for some isothermal transformations, though such deformations are not required for all martensitic transformations. Embryo thickening by the nucleation of discrete loops of transformation dislocations appears improbable in bulk material; instead, a plausible pole mechanism for embryo thickening is presented which incorporates existing “forest” dislocations intersected by embryos growing in the fault plane. Lattice softening phenomena may lower the critical chemical driving force for nucleation, but are not essential for martensitic nucleation by the proposed faulting mechanism.
Original Article: Continuous-time predator-prey systems with Allee effects in the prey

A continuous-time predator-prey model without spatial variation is proposed to study the impact of Allee effects upon the predator-prey interaction when the prey population is subject to Allee effects. The system exhibits a threshold below which both populations become extinct. The model undergoes a Hopf bifurcation when the unique interior steady state loses its stability. We also examine the notion of Turing instability of the homogeneous interior steady state when both populations can disperse randomly. We prove that the solutions are square integrable and the system does not exhibit Turing instability. It is demonstrated via numerical simulations that the system may exhibit spatial nonhomogeneous steady states.
FemCap with removal strap: ease of removal, safety and acceptability.

Abstract Objectives FemCap™ is a silicone–rubber barrier contraceptive approved for marketing in the United States. To address reported problems with removal and dislodgment, the device's developer added a strap to the device and increased the height of the brim. This trial assessed whether the new design reduced removal difficulties and had any effects on dislodgment, genital pain/discomfort, safety, and acceptability. Methods Women used the strapped device for 8 weeks with follow-up visits at 2 and 8 weeks. Outcome measures were obtained through diary cards, questionnaires, and naked eye examination. Data from these 120 women were compared with data from 419 women who used the unstrapped FemCap in a previous contraceptive effectiveness study. Results The strapped device was not significantly easier for users to remove than the unstrapped device. Similar odds of dislodgment and cervical/vaginal irritation were seen with the two devices. Both female and male participants were significantly more likely to report pain/discomfort with use of the strapped device. Female users of the strapped device were significantly more likely to say they disliked their device. In six weeks, two pregnancies were observed, but pregnancy was not an endpoint in the study and no conclusions should be drawn regarding pregnancy rates. Conclusions The modifications to the FemCap did not significantly improve the ease of device removal and appears to have resulted in significantly more female and male partner pain/discomfort and decreased acceptability, compared with the unstrapped device.
Bringing Rad52 foci into focus.

In 2007, we published the results of a genome-wide screen for ORFs that affect the frequency of Rad52 foci in yeast. That paper was published within the constraints of conventional online publishing tools, and it provided only a glimpse into the actual screen data. New tools in the JCB DataViewer now show how these data can—and should—be shared.
Raman spectra of molten gallium chloride: 1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium chloride at ambient temperatures

Abstract Raman spectra of ambient temperature liquids comprising GA 2 Cl 6 and 1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium chloride mixtures have been recorded for samples with a wide range of Lewis acidity. Assignments for GaCl 4 − and Ga 2 Cl − 7 ions are made on the basis of spectral data for known solids and high temperature melts. Overall behavior is analogous to the related AlCl 3 melt system. The nature of the species present at molar fractions of GaCl 3 N > 0.67 is unresolved.
Comserve: moving the communication discipline online

Comserve is an electronic information service for individuals in the field of human communication studies. One of the oldest and largest online disciplinary resources, Comserve has been in continuous operation on Bitnet/Internet and connected networks since 1986. Comserve provides online conferences, an electronic white pages for the discipline, a large library of resources for research and pedagogy, an electronic peer-reviewed scholarly journal, an index to the core periodical literature of the discipline, client interface programs, and a host of other features. Comserve is now operated as a service of the Communication Institute for Online Scholarship. This article overviews Comserve and discusses some of the problems faced by online disciplinary services, especially those related to adoption and funding