cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Benchmarking of State of Formal Theoretical Modeling in Realm of Finance

It is a stylized fact of formal mathematical modeling that a 'space' cannot be described by attempts at parameterization of distances or areas (under or above curves) that feasibly could occur within the space. Tools for parameterization of mathematical spaces, such as Set Theory, Connectedness, or 'Reducio Ad Absurdum' are tools of 'pure mathematics' (quali tools). By the same token, research objectives that attempt to model changes within a system require parameterization of either of distances, areas, or points for arrival at formal mathematical solutions. Tools for parameterization of distances, areas, or points, such as ODEs, PDEs, Utility Functions, or Integrands are tools of 'quantitative mathematics' (quant tools). Let 'problems of Finance' refer to 'finance research questions' that require workouts of formal theoretical models for arrival at resolution. This literature review achieves three main objectives. In no particular order, first, it demonstrates that application of quali tools to resolving of problems of Finance that can be reformulated for application of quant tools produce more rigorous model outcomes. Second, whereas quali tools are formally shown to produce workouts of problems of Finance that are more robust, there exists a severe drought of sole applications of such tools to resolving of either of General Equilibrium or game theoretic problems. Third, formal theoretical predictions and supporting evidence show models that attempt to combine quant tools and quali tools for resolving of problems of Finance inherently are non-robust. This prediction is a general equilibrium outcome, that is, is normative, is not restricted to problems of Finance. Using in addition, reviews of 12 studies that are published in top tier Finance journals, non-robustness of mixtures of quant and quali tools for resolving of problems of Finance is unequivocally validated. In presence of validation of the general equilibrium prediction, a precondition for robustness of workouts of formal theoretical models is a pre-determination as to whether problems of Finance are best worked out with sole application of quant tools, or sole application of quali tools. Using this criterion, and `inferential' transformations of this criterion, this review of the literature reveals paucity of robust workouts of problems of Finance in top tier Finance journals.
Modeling of Marginal Cost for PV Inverter Ancillary Services Considering Inverter Aging under Transactive Energy Framework

PV inverters can provide ancillary services while simultaneously providing active power. A transactive energy system (TES) incentivizes a PV inverter to provide ancillary services and compensates for the cost of additional power losses due to additional reactive power production. However, providing ancillary services can shorten the lifetime of the PV inverter since additional reactive power increases the thermal stress of it. This paper models the lifetime shortening effect of a PV inverter when providing ancillary services. Based on the lifetime estimation, an improved marginal cost curve of reactive power generation for the PV inverter is proposed. The improved marginal cost considers the normalized lifetime (NLT) of the PV inverter given the active power, reactive power, and ambient temperature. The proposed NLT algorithm is validated by a simulation case study.
Renal Involvement and Its Treatment in Pediatric Patients With Proteinase-3 Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody Positive Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis: A Case Series.

We describe three pediatric patients between the ages of 10 and 14 years old who were diagnosed with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) between 2014 and 2019. Each case involves variations in presentation, symptomatology, diagnostics, and induction and maintenance therapy regimens. Patient 1 presented with significant renal involvement, hypertensive emergency, and focal alveolar hemorrhage, a rare presentation of GPA that causes up to 60% mortality.Patient 2 presented with minimal renal involvement and a diffuse petechial rash, which is the most common cutaneous presentation of GPA. Finally, patient 3 presented with significant renal involvement and later on with symptoms of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), a unique and rare presentation associated with GPA. Despite the heterogeneity of these cases, the similar therapy regimens used in each case successfully achieved induction and maintenance of disease remission, providing an evidentiary basis for these treatment regimens even in severe and unusual pediatric GPA cases.
Heat shock protein vaccines in glioblastoma

Abstract Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are cellular chaperones abundant in mammalian cells, and play an important role in response to stressors such as hyperthermia, hypoxia, and oxidative stress. The peptide-binding property of HSPs, together with their ability to deliver antigens to antigen-presenting cells, makes them a target for modulation in cancer immunotherapy. As a result, an autologous, patient-derived HSP-96 peptide complex vaccine (HSPPC-96) has been leveraged as an active immunotherapy to stimulate innate and adaptive responses in multiple cancers, including glioblastoma (GBM). To date, HSPPC-96 has demonstrated safety and tolerability in phase I and single-arm phase II trials for recurrent and newly diagnosed GBM, while producing robust immune responses as measured by increased leukocyte counts. Compared with historical controls, the single-arm phase II trials of HSPPC-96 for newly diagnosed and recurrent GBM demonstrated increased progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), spurring a phase IIb randomized trial of the vaccine in combination with or in comparison with bevacizumab for recurrent GBM. The impact of immune checkpoints on responsiveness to the vaccine has been identified through post hoc analysis of completed clinical trials, and is now the target of a combined approach utilizing HSPPC-96 vaccination with immune checkpoint inhibition in newly diagnosed GBM.
Steady-state bifurcation with Euclidean symmetry

We consider systems of partial differential equations equivariant under the Euclidean group E(n) and undergoing steady-state bifurcation (with nonzero critical wavenumber) from a fully symmetric equilibrium. A rigorous reduction procedure is presented that leads locally to an optimally small system of equations. In particular, when n = 1 and n = 2 and for reaction-diffusion equations with general n, reduction leads to a single equation. (Our results are valid generically, with perturbations consisting of relatively bounded partial differential operators.) In analogy with equivariant bifurcation theory for compact groups, we give a classification of the different types of reduced systems in terms of the absolutely irreducible unitary representations of E(n). The representation theory of E(n) is driven by the irreducible representations of O(n - 1). For n = 1, this constitutes a mathematical statement of the `universality' of the Ginzburg-Landau equation on the line. (In recent work, we addressed the validity of this equation using related techniques.) When n = 2, there are precisely two significantly different types of reduced equation: scalar and pseudoscalar, corresponding to the trivial and nontrivial one-dimensional representations of O(1). There are infinitely many possibilities for each n equal to or greater than 3.
Deformations of open stein manifolds

We consider the deformation of the complex structure on an open Stein manifold. We show that a tame, compactly supported deformation of a Stein manifold is trivial. The remainder of our results are for deformations of the standard complex structure on Cn. A deformation of Cn which tends to a constant deformation faster that r-3 is trivial. Harmonic deformation tensors (w.r.t to the standard Euclidean metric) which are regular at infinity are constant.
The neurobiology of primate puberty.

In higher primates the protracted prepubertal phase of development is occasioned by a mechanism that suppresses pulsatile hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion from late infancy until the onset of puberty and thereby guarantees, in the juvenile, the quiescence of the pituitary-gonadal axis. Studies from our laboratory have employed the rhesus monkey, a representative higher primate, as an experimental paradigm. GnRH release has been measured using luteinizing hormone secretion by the in situ pituitary as a bioassay for the hypothalamic hormone. The nature of the prepubertal brake on pulsatile GnRH release in the monkey has been probed using physiological, neuroanatomical and neuropharmacological approaches. Such studies have led to the view that the prepubertal hiatus in pulsatile GnRH release results from a withdrawal in late infancy of a synchronized frequency-facilitated afferent neural input to the GnRH network, which in all other respects appears to exhibit properties identical to those in the postpubertal animal. The mechanism timing the onset of puberty, i.e. that responsible for the reactivation of synchronous activity in the GnRH network, is posited to be under the control of a central neural time- or growth-tracking device.
Handbook of Qualitative Research Methods in Marketing

The Handbook of Qualitative Research Methods in Marketing is an edited book that provides innovative methodological and theoretical guidance to researchers across a vast array of substantive domain...
Causal Attributions following Success and Failure at an Achievement Motor Task

Abstract Past research has shown that success is predominantly attributed to internal factors and failure attributed to external factors. The purpose of the present experiment was to determine whether this attributional pattern was also found when subjects were performing a motor task. The degree of ego involvement in the task (evaluation) and the effect of prior practice (novelty) were also investigated in order to determine the extent to which these variables affect subjects' self-attributions. Thus, the effects of ego involvement and past experience following success and failure on causal attributions were investigated in a 2 × 2 × 2 (evaluation × novelty × outcome) factorial design with 80 college undergraduates. The task was a motor maze. Consistent with past research, subjects showed a relative tendency toward internal attributions over external attributions and a tendency toward stable attributions over unstable attributions. Moreover, success increased the relative bias toward internal attribution...
Runway Positioning and Moving Object Detection Prior to Landing

Safe navigation of both manned and unmanned aircraft requires a robust runway identification process and reliable obstacle detection to determine the runway status before landing. The navigation data extracted from multiple sources of current synthetic navigation sources are not adequate for positioning an aircraft, and it cannot detect moving obstacles on runways, especially during reduced visibility conditions. The enhanced vision system (EVS) described in this article can augment current synthetic vision database capabilities by providing more accurate positioning of a runway and detecting moving objects on it from an onboard infrared sensor. Our EVS is based on a two-step process. We first analyze the sensor image to identify and segment the runway coordinates. These estimates are then used to locate the runway structure and detect moving obstacles. In the segmentation process, we apply an adaptive thresholding technique to calculate the edges of a runway based on the predicted synthetic data. To match a runway template on the edges, we examine alternative fitting models. The predicted coordinates and the detected edges are then correlated to determine the location of the actual runway coordinates within the sensor image. These coordinate estimates are fed to the dynamic stabilization of the image sequence in the obstacle detection process. We also use feature points beyond the estimated runway coordinates to further improve the stabilization process. Next, we normalize the stabilized sequence to compensate for the global intensity variations caused by the gain control of the infrared sensor. We then create a background model to create an appearance model of the runway. Finally, we identify moving objects by comparing the image sequence with the background model. We have tested our EVS and reported significant improvements over the synthetic navigation data. We have been able to detect distant moving objects around the runway.
Aeronautical communications research and development needs for future air traffic management applications

Continuing growth in regional and global air travel has resulted in increasing traffic congestion in the air and on the ground. The resulting congestion, which constrains expansion of the air transportation industry, inflicts schedule delays and decreases overall system efficiency, creating a pressing need to develop more efficient methods of air traffic management (ATM). New ATM techniques, procedures, airspace automation methods and decision support tools are being researched and developed for deployment in time frames stretching from the next few years to the year 2020 and beyond. As these methods become more advanced and increase in complexity, the requirements for information generation, sharing and transfer among the relevant entities in the ATM system increase dramatically. However, current aeronautical communications systems will be inadequate to meet the future information transfer demands created by these advanced ATM systems. Therefore, the NASA Glenn Research Center is undertaking research programs to develop communications methods and key technologies that can meet these future requirements. As part of this process, studies, workshops, testing and experimentation, and research and analysis have established a number of research and technology development needs. The purpose of this paper is to outline the critical research and technology needs that have been identified in these activities, and explain how these needs have been determined.
Evaluation of different patterns of high frequency spinal cord stimulation (HF-SCS) to activate the inspiratory muscles

Background: HF-SCS is a novel method of inspiratory muscle activation and may be a useful method to support artificial ventilation. In this study, the effects of different patterns of HF-SCS on inspiratory muscle activation were compared to spontaneous breathing (SB). Methods: In 3 anesthetized dogs, single motor unit (SMU) activity of the diaphragm (D) and parasternal muscles (P) were assessed during SB and HF-SCS at the T2 level with ramp and non-ramp stimulation by measuring a) time of onset (To) and b) time to peak firing frequency (TTP) of SMUs. To and TTP were determined relative to the onset of inspiratory flow and expressed as a percentage of inspiratory time (Ti). Results: During SB, mean onset of D and P were8.0±1.1 and 14.2±2.0%Ti, respectively. During non-ramp HF-SCS, To was 1.7±0.7 and 2.4±0.3%Ti for D and P, respectively (p Mean peak firing frequencies of D and P during both HF-SCS and SB were not different. During SB, TTP was 74.0±8.7 and 71.5±6.9%Ti for D and P. During non-ramp HF-SCS, TTP was 10.6±3.1 and 15.8±3.5%Ti, for D and P (p Conclusion: Activation of the inspiratory motoneuron pools via HF-SCS is responsive to different patterns of electrical stimulation. Ramp HF-SCS compared to non-ramp HF-SCS results in a more physiologic method of inspiratory muscle activation. Support: NIH-NINDS (R01NS064157). Disclosure: Dr.DiMarco has a significant financial interest in Synapse BioMedical, Inc, a manufacturer of diaphragm pacing systems.
Transforming Race and Class in Suburbia: Decline in Metropolitan Baltimore – By Thomas J. Vicino

The article reviews the book "Transforming Race and Class in Suburbia: Decline in Metropolitan Baltimore," by Thomas J. Vicino.
Cosmological H II Bubble Growth during Reionization

We present general properties of ionized hydrogen (H II) bubbles and their growth based on a state-of-the-art, large-scale (100 Mpc h−1) cosmological radiative transfer simulation. The simulation resolves all halos with atomic cooling at the relevant redshifts and simultaneously performs radiative transfer and dynamical evolution of structure formation. Our major conclusions include the following: (1) For significant H II bubbles, the number distribution is peaked at a volume of ~0.6 Mpc3 h−3 at all redshifts. But at -->z ≤ 10, one large, connected network of bubbles dominates the entire H II volume. (2) H II bubbles are highly nonspherical. (3) The H II regions are highly biased with respect to the underlying matter distribution, with the bias decreasing with time. (4) The non-Gaussianity of the H II region is small when the universe becomes 50% ionized. The non-Gaussianity reaches its maximum near the end of the reionization epoch -->z ~ 6. But at all redshifts of interest there is a significant non-Gaussianity in the H II field. (5) Population III galaxies may play a significant role in the reionization process. Small bubbles are initially largely produced by Population III stars. At -->z ≥ 10 even the largest H II bubbles have a balanced ionizing photon contribution from Population II and Population III stars, while at -->z ≤ 8 Population II stars start to dominate the overall ionizing photon production for large bubbles, although Population III stars continue to make a nonnegligible contribution. (6) The relationship between halo number density and bubble size is complicated, but a strong correlation is found between halo number density and bubble size for large bubbles.
The Phillips Curve: Evidence of a “lady or tiger dilemma”

Abstract This study examines the relation between inflation and unemployment. Granger Causality was applied to U.S. data since the end of the Vietnam War. The results support the conclusion that there is a unidirectional causation running from inflation to unemployment. This result has important policy and research implications. The natural rate hypothesis is not supported for the time period examined. It cannot be determined, however, whether the slope coefficient for the Phillips Curve characteristic of this period is positive or negative. This result, together with the existence of policy lags, implies that there is inherent risk in any policy perscription. Further, the results support Irving Fisher's specification of regression models used to estimate posited relations between inflation and unemployment.
The ionic basis of the membrane potential in a rat glial cell line.

Abstract Intracellular ionic concentrations, membrane potential and Na + and K + flux were measured in a clonal rat glial cell line, C6. Intracellular concentrations of C6 cells were: (mmole/liter cell water) K + 145 ± 4S.D., Na + 18 ± 4S.D.,Clsu−14 ± 1S.D.. Cells maintained a steady state level of K + over the duration of the experiments. This was substantiated by the close agreement between absolute values for K + influx and efflux measured with 42 K. When cells were depleted of internal Na + , K + influx was significantly reduced suggesting that a portion of inward K + movement is linked to Na + extrusion. Efflux of Na + , calculated from the half-time of exchange from cells preloaded with 22 Na, was higher than passive Na + influx determined by blocking Na + extrusion with ouabain. Since cell Na + concentration remained relatively constant, part of the Na + efflux may be due to exchange diffusion. The average membrane potential of C6 cells was —36 mV. The potential showed a 31 mV slope for a 10-fold change in external K + so that it is determined predominantly by the ratio of external/internal K + . The potential however, consistent with the relatively large passive Na + influx, was influenced by Na + . Replacing all but 20 m M external Na + with choline hyperpolarized the membrane by 13 mV. The ratio of P NA /P K of 0.11 suggests that Na + is outwardly transported to maintein the steady-state concentrations observed. Since these responses are similar to those in non-tumor glia, it suggests that the C6 cell line may provide a useful model for studying ionic regulation in glial cells.
Lower bounds for multiplayer noncooperative games of incomplete information

Abstract This paper (see also [1]) extends the alternating Turing machine (A-TM) of Chandra, Kozen and Stockmeyer [2], the private and the blind alternating machines of Reif [3,4] to model multiplayer games of incomplete information. We use these machines to provide matching lower bounds for our decision algorithms described in our companion paper [5]. We also apply multiple person alternation to other machine types. We show that multiplayer games of incomplete information can be undecidable general. However, one form of incomplete information games that is decidable we term as hierarchical games (defined later in this paper). In hierarchical multiplayer games, each additional clique (subset of players with same information) increases the complexity of the outcome problem by a further exponential. Consequently, if a multiplayer game of incomplete information with k cliques has a space bound of S ( n ), then its outcome can be k repeated exponentials harder than games of complete information with the same space bound S ( n ). This paper proves that this exponential blow-up must occur in the worst case. We define TEAM-PRIVATE-PEEK and TEAM-BLIND-PEEK, extending the previous models of PEEK. These new games can be shown to be complete for their respective classes. We use these games to establish lower bounds on complexity of multiplayer games of incomplete information and blindfold multiplayer games. We analyze the time bounded alternating machines, and conclude that time is not a very critical resource for multiplayer alternation. We also show DQBF (a variant of QBF) to be complete in NEXPTIME .
Identification of the Sites of N-Linked Glycosylation on the Human Calcium Receptor and Assessment of Their Role in Cell Surface Expression and Signal Transduction

The human calcium receptor (hCaR) is a G-protein-coupled receptor containing 11 potential N-linked glycosylation sites in the large extracellular domain. The number of potential N-linked glycosylation sites actually modified, and the effect on cell surface expression and signal transduction of blocking glycosylation at these sites, was examined by site-directed mutagenesis. Asparagine residues of the consensus sequences (Asn-Xaa-Ser/Thr) for N-linked glycosylation were mutated to glutamine individually and in various combinations to disrupt the potential N-linked glycosylation sites in the context of the full-length receptor. The cDNA constructs were transiently transfected into HEK-293 cells lacking endogeneous hCaR, and expressed receptors were analyzed by mobility differences on immunoblots, glycosidase digestion, intact cell enzyme-linked immunoassay, and extracellular calcium-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis assay. Immunoblot analyses and glycosidase digestion studies of the wild typeversus mutant receptors demonstrate that, of the 11 potential sites for N-linked glycosylation, eight sites (Asn-90, -130, -261, -287, -446, -468, -488, and -541) are glycosylated; the three remaining sites (Asn-386, -400, and -594) may not be efficiently glycosylated in the native receptor. Sequential mutagenesis of multiple N-linked glycosylation sites and analyses by immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, biotinylation of cell surface proteins, and intact cell enzyme-linked immunoassay indicated that disruption of as few as three glycosylation sites impairs proper processing and expression of the receptor at the cell surface. Disruption of five glycosylation sites reduced cell surface expression by 50–90% depending on which five sites were disrupted. Phosphoinositide hydrolysis assay results for various glycosylation-defective mutant receptors in general correlated well with the level of cell surface expression. Our results demonstrate that among 11 potential N-linked glycosylation sites on the hCaR, eight sites are actually utilized; glycosylation of at least three sites is critical for cell surface expression of the receptor, but glycosylation does not appear to be critical for signal transduction.
Aztec psychotherapy: a study of help-giving in ancient Mexico.

Utilizing Jerome Frank's sociocultural definition of psychotherapy, it is argued that, more than four centuries ago, the supposedly "barbaric" Aztecs of Mexico were practising a genuine form of psychotherapy. Furthermore, it is suggested that structural and "process" components of Aztec psychotherapy seemed to be highly effective in restoring the hope of demoralized individuals.
Release of Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone by Direct Application of Epinephrine to Pituitary Grafts.

Summary1. Homologous grafts of pituitary tissue to the anterior chamber of the eye of the hypophysectomized rat retain the ability to secrete ACTH, both spontaneously and in response to activation by epinephrine.2. The effect of epinephrine in releasing ACTH may be brought about by its direct application to anterior pituitary tissue.
CO2/CH4, CH4/H2 and CO2/CH4/H2 separations at high pressures using Mg2(dobdc)

Abstract High-pressure separations of binary and ternary mixtures of CO 2 , CH 4 , and H 2 are relevant to carbon dioxide capture as well as hydrogen and natural gas purification. Metal–organic frameworks represent a class of porous materials that could be used to accomplish these separations, and Mg 2 (dobdc) (dobdc 4− = 1,4-dioxido-2,5-benzenedicarboxylate), also sometimes referred to as Mg–MOF-74 or CPO-27–Mg, is an especially lightweight metal–organic framework with a high concentration of coordinatively-unsaturated metal sites decorating its interior surfaces. High pressure CH 4 adsorption isotherms presented here, together with CO 2 and H 2 adsorption behavior, are analyzed using the Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory to model CO 2 /CH 4 , CH 4 /H 2 , and CO 2 /CH 4 /H 2 mixture separations using Mg 2 (dobdc). The selectivities, working capacities and breakthrough performances for these three mixtures are reported, and Mg 2 (dobdc) is shown to outperform zeolite 13X in each scenario.
Low‐cost solution optimizes water quality of reservoir effluent

A large reservoir can provide reliable access to water, control flooding, and be used to generate hydroelectricity. On the other hand, large dams can upset local ecosystems by changing river flow patterns or by affecting nutrient and oxygen concentrations in downstream flows. Damming a river and constructing a reservoir requires balancing these benefits and risks.
Reference by Your Side: Redesigning the Library Help Desk

This article describes a model of side-by-side reference that eliminates the traditional reference desk, where librarians offer intensive assistance to one or two people while simultaneously handli...
A Study of Social Workers' Job Satisfaction as Based on an Optimal Model of Care for the Terminally Ill

Data from interviews with 100 social workers who treat the terminally ill in hospitals, skilled nursing facilities, and hospices were analyzed. A number of concepts which-may be related to an optimal model of care were found, including open communication between the patient, family, and hospital staff; the control of symptoms to ease the patients' pain; and the patient/family as a unit of care. It was found that the presence of symptom control and open communication in the setting were more important to the social workers' job satisfaction than the setting itself.
A new snow growth model with application to radar precipitation estimates

This study describes the development of a snow growth model (SGM) that predicts the vertical evolution of ice particle size spectra based on the relative humidity or supersaturation. It is analytically formulated in terms of the processes concerning vapor diffusion and aggregation, ice crystal nucleation and cloud updrafts. By solving the moment conservation equations for number concentration and radar reflectivity, these processes are interrelated analytically, resulting in an accurate description of complex processes yet with reduced computation time relative to numerical treatments of these processes. An equation relating the properties of ice particles and the size distribution to the ice water content and the radar reflectivity was developed that allows the SGM to be initialized with operational radar reflectivities (Z w ). It thus has potential use in quantitative precipitation estimates (QPE), since the lowest Z w over mountainous regions is often well above cloud base. By initializing the SGM with the lowest radar echo, the SGM may provide improved estimates of snowfall rate and amount at ground level, as demonstrated in a case study. The predicted evolution of ice particle size spectra appear to be typical of the observed evolution of size spectra in frontal clouds. Size distributions (SD) are predicted to be superexponential, with crystals less than about 200μm in length having greater concentrations than predicted by exponential fits to the SD. A one-dimensional steady-state formulation of the SGM was tested by initializing it at cloud top for a frontal cloud case study. The predicted vertical evolution of ice particle size, concentration and ice water content agreed favorably with those observed. The SGM provides a potential explanation to a long standing mystery, which is why the SD slope λ is approximately constant in the lower regions of most frontal clouds. The reason is that aggregation broadens the SD until the dispersion in fall velocities becomes so small that aggregation growth is effectively terminated. Thereafter the SD broadens by diffusional growth only, with λ decreasing at a much slower rate. The SGM also predicts that the evolution of size spectra and the snowfall rate are sensitive to changes in ice particle shape for a given vertical profile of supersaturation. It is not likely that current cloud resolving models account for this predicted sensitivity.
Photo stream alignment for collaborative photo collection and sharing in social media

With the popularity of digital cameras and camera phones, it is common for different people, who may or may not know each other, to attend the same event and take pictures and videos from different spatial or personal perspectives. Within the realm of social media, it is desirable to enable these people to share their pictures and videos in order to enrich memories and facilitate social networking. However, it is cumbersome to manually manage these photos from different cameras, of which the clocks settings are often not calibrated. In this paper, we propose an automatic algorithm to accurately align different photo streams or sequences from different photographers for the same event in chronological order on a common timeline, while respecting the time constraints within each photo stream. Given the preferred similarity measure (e.g., visual, temporal, and spatial similarities), our algorithm performs photo stream alignment via matching on a sparse representation graph that forces the data connections to be sparse in a explicit fashion. We evaluate our algorithm on real-world personal online albums for thirty-six events and demonstrate its efficacy in automatically facilitating collaborative photo collection and sharing.
Lead Exposure among Adult Temporary Residents in Eastern Europe: Should Blood Lead Levels Be Monitored?

Background: The risk of lead exposure among temporary residents in Eastern Europe is unknown. We monitored blood lead levels (BLLs) of Peace Corps Volunteers serving in Albania, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia from June 1991 through June 1994. Methods: BLLs were analyzed before the Volunteers left the United States (Sample 1), at mid-service (median of 15 months in-country, Sample 2), and at end-of-service (median of 22 months in-country, Sample 3). Results: Among 425 study participants who provided at least one follow-up blood sample, BLLs were significantly higher at Samples 2 and 3 compared to the U.S. baseline (paired t-test, p<.0001); however, the mean increase in BLL was only 1.0 ug/dL (range = -9.6 to 10.7). Overall, 74% of Volunteers experienced an increase in BLLs, 24% a decrease in BLLs, and 2% no change in BLLs at Sample 3 compared to their U.S. baseline. The highest increases in BLLs were among Volunteers in Albania, Bulgaria, and Romania (analysis of variance, p<.0001). In addition, men had higher mean increases in BLLs at Samples 2 and 3 compared to women (t-test, p=.017 and.029). Conclusions: The risk of significant lead exposure among our study population was low, and monitoring of BLLs among adult short-term residents in Eastern Europe does not seem to be indicated.
Robust tracking for very long range radars: Part I. Algorithm comparisons

The problem of tracking with very long range radars is studied in this paper. An important feature of the measurement conversion from a radar's r-u-v coordinate system to the Cartesian coordinate system is that, beyond a certain limit, measurement conversion based on the second order Taylor expansion (CM2) is necessary (and sufficient) to guarantee the consistency of the converted measurements (see part II [1] for the details). Initialized with the converted measurements (using CM2), four Cartesian filters are evaluated. It is shown that, among these filters, the Converted Measurement Kalman Filter with second order Taylor expansion (CM2KF) is the only one that is consistent for very long range tracking scenarios. Another two approaches, the Range-Direction-Cosine Extended Kalman Filter (ruvEKF) and the Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) are also evaluated and shown to suffer from consistency problems. However, the CM2KF has the disadvantage of reduced accuracy in the range direction. To fix this problem, a consistency-based modification for the standard Extended Kalman Filter (E1KF) is proposed. This leads to a new filtering approach, designated as Measurement Covariance Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter (MCAEKF). For very long range tracking scenarios, the MCAEKF is shown to produce consistent filtering results and be able to avoid the loss of accuracy in the range direction. It is also shown that the MCAEKF meets the Posterior Carmer-Rao Lower Bound for the scenarios considered.
Rheumatic Nephrosclerosis With Special Reference to Rheumatic Endarteritis

Three instances of rheumatic nephrosclerosis are described in patients with chronic rheumatic valvular heart disease. The underlying mechanism of this renal lesion consists of an obliterating rheumatic endarteritis, involving mainly medium-sized and small arteries of the renal cortex. The arterioles take relatively little part in these changes. The widespread occlusive vascular disease gives rise to innumerable microscopic infarctions, resulting in a coarsely granular external surface of the kidneys. A similar granular appearance of cerebral convolutions may or may not occur in these cases, depending on whether the small meningeal and cortical vessels of the brain are extensively involved.
Assessment of a submerged grid mooring in the Gulf of Maine

The University of New Hampshire (UNH) developed and maintained an offshore aquaculture test site in the Western Gulf of Maine, south of the Isles of Shoals in approximately 50 m of water. This site was designed to have a permanent moored grid to which prototype fish cages or surface buoys could be attached for testing new designs and the viability of the structure in the exposed Gulf of Maine.
Microstructural dependence of sputtered YBa2Cu3O7-x thin films on deposition parameters

Abstract An extensive characterization study of sputtered YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7- x thin films deposited on single-crystal (001) LaAlO 3 substrates was carried out using electron-microscopy techniques to investigate the effect of the deposition parameters on the microstructure of the films. The research focused mainly on the study of the phases present in the film and the orientation and morphology of the grains. The film microstructure was found to be strongly dependent on the atomic mobility during deposition. Lower deposition temperatures and higher oxygen partial pressures led to a lower mobility of atoms favoring smaller grain sizes, larger a -axis coverage and a higher density of stacking faults. A computer model was developed to simulate the microstructural devlopment in the film. With the use of this model, the nucleation density of a -axis grains was found to range from 10 7 to 8×10 11 nuclei/cm 2 .
A Hacker in Every History Department: An Intelligent Radical’s Guide to the Digital Humanities

Rather than making the next generation of history Ph.D.'s redundant or contingent laborers, digital technologies and the Internet have the potential to revive full time teaching. Although Digital Humanities is growing rapidly as a field, few history departments have tapped into the power of its pedagogy to teach critical thinking and research skills. Focused on making, rather than banking, knowledge, DH emphasizes flexibility and originality. Furthermore, by giving historians the technical and design skills to work outside the academy, it not only produces a new source of employment but would force universities to compete for historians just as they do for lawyers, economists and scientists.
Response to “Comment on ‘Finding finite-time invariant manifolds in two-dimensional velocity fields’ ” [Chaos 11, 427 (2001)]

Lapeyre, Hua, and Legras have recently suggested that the detection of finite-time invariant manifolds in two-dimensional fluid flows, as described by Haller and Haller and Yuan, can be substantially improved. In particular, they suggested (a) a change of coordinates to strain basis before the application of Theorem 1 of Haller and (b) the use of a nondimensionalized time computed from Theorem 1. Here we discuss why these proposed steps will not result in a significant overall improvement. We verify our arguments in a more detailed computation of the example analyzed in Lapeyre, Hau, and Legras (the Kida ellipse), as well as in a two-dimensional barotropic turbulence simulation. While in both of these examples the techniques suggested by Lapeyre, Hau, and Legras reveal additional thin regions of hyperbolicity near vortex cores, they also lead to an overall loss of detail in the global computation of finite-time invariant manifolds.
Gender and success in the American dance world

Abstract This article will explore the relationship of gender to funding for dance in the United States. Historically a female field in this country, since the 1960s, dance in America has turned to men for its leadership. At about the same time, in 1965, the National Endowment for the Arts was founded — the first government agency organized to “encourage and support American art and artists.” Until that year, the arts in the United States had relied almost exclusively on priviate patronage for support. Over the years, the Endowment has taken an authoritative role in arts giving, seeking to influence funding from corporations and individual sources and, in effect, giving artists an imprimatur when they are selected for NEA awards. Research will focus on the U.S. government funding process, describing the hierarchy of federal, state, and local agencies, and giving special attention to NEA policies because of their impact on all other sources of funding. For purposes of clarity, the article will concentrate on grants given to individual artists; the make-up of selection panels will be examined along with the success rate of both men and women applicants. In addition, current gender ratios within various areas of American dance will be described in order to assess the relationship of gender to artistic, economic, and administrative leadership within the profession.
Synthesis of Surface-Initiated Stimuli-Responsive Diblock Copolymer Brushes Utilizing a Combination of ATRP and RAFT Polymerization Techniques

The synthesis of diblock copolymer brushes, including poly(styrene) (PSty)-b-PSty, PSty-b-poly(acrylic acid), PSty-b-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), and poly(methyl acrylate)-b-poly(N,N-(dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate), was achieved utilizing a combination of surface-mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization techniques. Conversion of bromine end groups of homopolymer brushes formed by ATRP via a modified atom transfer addition reaction to a RAFT agent and diblock extension via RAFT polymerization allowed the direct formation of well-defined stimuli-responsive diblock copolymer brushes. The addition of sacrificial initiator and/or chain transfer agent permitted formation of well-defined diblock copolymer brushes and free polymer chains in solution. The free polymer chains were isolated and used to estimate the molecular weights and polydispersity index of chains attached to the surface. Ellipsometry, contact angle measurements...
Indentation plasticity and microfracture in silicon carbide

The extent of the plastically deformed region associated with indentation in silicon carbide is determined by means of selected-area electron channelling. It is found that the extent of the plastic zone beneath an indent is quite large, i.e. equal to about five times the impression radius. Microcrack formation is studied in the SEM, and the combined results are discussed in terms of current elastic-plastic indentation fracture models. The first cracks to form are radial microcracks; their morphology, and the observed indentation plastic zone dimensions, support the elastic-plastic model of Perrott for indentation cracking inα-SiC.
Search for CP Violation in Hyperon Decays at Fermilab

The HyperCP collaboration is performing a precision search for CP violation in hyperon decays. Hyperon decays are sensitive to exotic sources of CP violation that kaon decays, for example, are not. The measured CP observable is A Ξ Λ = ( α Ξ α Λ − α Ξ ¯ α Λ ¯ ) / ( α Ξ α Λ + α Ξ ¯ α Λ ¯ ) , where α Ξ and α Λ are decay parameters for Ξ − → Λ π − → p π − π − , and α Ξ ¯ and α Λ ¯ are decay parameters for Ξ ¯ + → Λ ¯ π + → p ¯ π + π + . We report on an analysis of 118 million Ξ − decays and 42 million Ξ ¯ + decays from the 1999 Fermilab fixed-target run, about 10% of the total HyperCP data set, giving a preliminary result of A Ξ Λ = [ 0.0 ± 5.1 ( stat ) ± 4.4 ( syst ) ] × 10 −4 .
A controller switching design approach via parameterization for control of hard disk drive dual-stage actuators

Control of a dual-stage actuator in hard disk drives presents a challenge to best distribute control effort among two actuators, avoid saturation and satisfy time-varying control objectives. This paper presents a switched controller design approach to address these issues. It is shown that an output regulating controller parameterization facilitates controller switching with guarantees of stability, output regulation and minimum convergence rate. Simulations show the efficacy of the proposed controller approach.
Characterization of central nervous system structures by magnetic resonance diffusion anisotropy

Abstract Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides information about tissue water diffusion. Diffusion anisotropy, which can be measured with diffusion tensor MRI, is a quantitative measure of the directional dependence of the diffusion restriction that is introduced by biological structures such as nerve fibers. Diffusion tensor MRI data was obtained in the brain, brain stem, and cervical spinal cord. For each region, scans were performed in four normal volunteers. Fractional anisotropy (FA), an index of diffusion anisotropy, was measured within regions of interest located in the corpus callosum, capsula interna, thalamus, caudate nucleus, putamen, brain cortex, pyramidal tract of the medulla, accessory olivary nucleus, dorsal olivary nucleus, inferior olivary nucleus, spinal white and gray matter. The highest FA value was measured in the corpus callosum (81±3%). The values of the other areas decreased in the following order: pyramidal tract in the medulla (72±1%), spinal white matter (65±4%), capsula interna (62±3%), accessory olivary nucleus (36±2%), spinal gray matter (34±5%), dorsal olivary nucleus in the medulla (29±2%), thalamus (28±2%), inferior olivary nucleus (15±2%), putamen (13±2%), caudate nucleus (13±2%), and brain cortex (9±1%). Our results indicate that the underlying fiber architecture, fiber density, and uniformity of nerve fiber direction affect anisotropy values of the various structures. Characterization of various central nervous system structures with diffusion anisotropy is possible and may be useful to monitor degenerative diseases in the central nervous system.
Theory of light scattering by a nonequilibrium binary mixture.

A binary mixture subject to a large temperature gradient is studied. Solutions of the evolution equations for the time-dependent fluctuation correlations are obtained using mode-coupling theory subject to the assumption that the mixture is not close to a critical point. From these results predictions for the light-scattering spectrum at the Rayleigh and Brillouin lines are made. The temperature gradient is shown to cause a large enhancement of the scattering amplitude at the Rayleigh line, whereas the effect at the Brillouin line is found to be small.
Coronary Artery Disease Risk in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease

As the congenital heart disease population ages, coronary artery disease may emerge as a significant comorbidity. This presents a new problem to cardiologists caring for an aging population that did not previously exist. Various congenital heart defects are likely at higher risk for the development of coronary artery disease including congenital coronary artery anomalies, defect with abnormal coronary artery connections to the ventricles, and conotruncal anomalies that require coronary artery reimplantation. The impact of coronary artery disease on this population remains to be seen.
Dental insurance and the oral health of preschool children

Using data from the Rand Health Insurance Experiment, the effects of cost-sharing plans on the health of the primary teeth in 264 children aged 3 to 5 years were investigated. From six areas in the United States, families were assigned at random to different dental and medical insurance plans. The plans varied in the amount of required cost sharing. Families participated in the study for 3 (70%) or 5(30%) years. Children covered by the plan (requiring no cost sharing) had significantly fewer decayed teeth and deft (decayed, extracted, and filled teeth) at the end of the study than did children covered by the cost-sharing plans. No differences existed among plans in the number of extracted and restored teeth. Children of middle- and low-income families benefited most from having access to free dental care.
How Cauchy Missed Ramanujan's 1 ψ 1 Summation

The appellation " IVl" signifies that the series is bilateral, with one set of factors in the numerator and one in the denominator. In the words of Bruce Berndt [1], [12], to whom we owe so much for his exegesis of Ramanujan's work, (1.1) "was first brought before the mathematical world by Hardy" in 1940 [20], in the last of Hardy's "lectures" on Ramanujan. It was first brought before the readership of this MONTHLY by Richard Askey in 1980 [8]. Our goal is to show how (1.1) is a natural continuation of [13], a paper of Cauchy best known for a result that we call the Cauchy-Crelle series.