cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Opportunity to reduce transfer of patients with mild traumatic brain injury and intracranial hemorrhage to a Level 1 trauma center.

Abstract Objective Current guidelines do not address the disposition of patients with mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) and resultant intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Emergency medicine clinicians working in hospitals without neurosurgery coverage typically transfer patients with both to a trauma center with neurosurgery capability. Evidence is accruing which demonstrates that the risk of neurologic decompensation depends on the type of ICH and as a result, not every patient may need to be transferred. The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors for admission among patients with mild TBI and ICH who were transferred from a community hospital to the emergency department (ED) of a Level 1 trauma center. Methods Study subjects were patients ≥ 18 years of age who were transferred from a community hospital to the ED of an urban, academic Level 1 trauma center between April 1, 2015 and March 31, 2016, and with an isolated traumatic ICH. Patients who had an epidural hematoma, were deemed to require a trauma center's level of service, were found to have non-traumatic ICHs, or had a Glasgow Coma Scale of Results 644 transferred patients were identified; 205 remained eligible after exclusion criteria. Presence of warfarin (odds ratio [OR] 4.09, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.64, 10.25, p = 0.0026) and a subdural hematoma (SDH) ≥ 1 cm (OR 6.28, 95% CI 1.24, 31.71, p = 0.0263) were independently statistically significant factors predicting admission. Age, sex, GCS, presence of neurologic deficit, aspirin use, clopidogrel use, SDH Conclusions After controlling for factors, transferred patients with mild TBI with a SDH ≥ 1 cm or on warfarin have a higher odds ratio of requiring inpatient admission to a Level 1 trauma center. While these patients may require admission, there may be opportunities to develop and study a low risk traumatic intracranial hemorrhage protocol, which keeps a subgroup of patients with a mild TBI and resultant ICH at community hospitals with access to a nearby Level 1 trauma center.
Probing Charge Transport through Peptide Bonds

We measure the conductance of unmodified peptides at the single-molecule level using the scanning tunneling microscope-based break-junction method, utilizing the N-terminal amine group and the C-terminal carboxyl group as gold metal-binding linkers. Our conductance measurements of oligoglycine and oligoalanine backbones do not rely on peptide side-chain linkers. We compare our results with alkanes terminated asymmetrically with an amine group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other to show that peptide bonds decrease the conductance of an otherwise saturated carbon chain. Using a newly developed first-principles approach, we attribute the decrease in conductance to charge localization at the peptide bond, which reduces the energy of the frontier orbitals relative to the Fermi energy and the electronic coupling to the leads, lowering the tunneling probability. Crucially, this manifests as an increase in conductance decay of peptide backbones with increasing length when compared with alkanes.
Lay (Mis)Perceptions of Sexual Harassment toward Transgender, Lesbian, and Gay Employees

LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer-identified) employees commonly experience sexual harassment at work. The perceptions of lay observers of this harassment, such as their coworkers and managers, likely influence beliefs about appropriate individual and organizational responses to harassment. Thus, we conducted an experiment (n = 279 U.S. college students) to examine (a) whether four motivations (power, prejudice, gender policing, and sexual attraction) were perceived to underlie harassment toward LGT individuals; (b) how these motivations were related to perceived acceptability of the harassment; and (c) and how acceptability was related to recommended responses to the harassment. We found that compared to lesbian, gay, or cisgender heterosexual targets, participants perceived harassment toward transgender targets as less acceptable when they viewed it as more motivated by power and prejudice and less by attraction. Compared to male targets, participants perceived sexual harassment toward female targets as less acceptable when they viewed it as more motivated by prejudice. Finally, perceiving the harassment as less acceptable was associated with recommending that the target report the harassment. These results suggest that harassment targeting men and gay and lesbian employees may be minimized, underlining the need for organizations to protect against employees’ mistreatment and challenge beliefs about sexual harassment motivations and acceptability.
Non-Traditional Trademarks and Inherently Valuable Expression

Trademark laws now allow companies to obtain trademark rights in colors, three-dimensional shapes, scents, sounds, flavors, textures, and other “non-traditional” marks that identify and distinguish the source of goods or services. This paper argues that this type of trademark subject matter can communicate expression protected by the right to freedom of expression just like words that describe a product’s qualities or characteristics. These product attributes may intrinsically convey information, ideas, emotions, pleasures, or other messages unrelated to source-identification. For example, the color green can communicate an environmentally-friendly message and a human skull shape is often associated with death and holidays such as Halloween or the Day of the Dead. This commercial expression is protected by the right to freedom of expression in constitutions, human rights treaties, and statutes. Thus trademark laws regulating this expression must have a sufficient justification and should directly further the purpose of the law and not harm expressive values more than necessary to achieve that purpose. This paper also contends that the free expression right can be harmed when governments register and protect trademark rights in expression that was inherently valuable in the marketplace before it was adopted or used as a trademark, which is the case for many non-traditional marks. Granting trademark rights in such marks may suppress and chill protected expression, as trademark laws today are not limited to regulations of misleading commercial expression and it is difficult to predict what expressive uses of product features claimed as marks are prohibited or allowed by non-traditional trademark laws. Nations can reduce the conflict between trademark rights and the right to freedom of expression by declining to register and enforce trademark rights in non-traditional marks that expressed inherently valuable messages unrelated to source-identification before they were adopted or used as marks. At a minimum, nations should provide only a narrow scope of protection for such marks. They can promote expressive values, fair competition, and the other goals of trademark law by requiring product attributes and other non-traditional subject matter to be non-functional and have substantial proof of acquired distinctiveness through use before they are registered and protected as trademarks. Governments should also focus on regulating misleading commercial expression in trademark laws and enact defenses explicitly allowing certain legitimate uses of non-traditional marks, including fair use of inherently valuable expression and functional product features claimed as a mark by another.
Comprehension of vibrotactile route guidance cues

Two experiments with 24 participants each evaluated comprehension of vibrotactile route guidance instructions via a tactile seat in a driving simulator. Vibrotactile patterns were presented from an array of 8 tactors arranged in two rows of 4 tactors located in the seat pan. A faster pulse rate and a slower pulse rate as well as four distinct locations on the tactile seat (Front-Left, Front-Right, Back-Left, Back-Right) created 8 different combinations of stimuli. Across all participants, the most consistent interpretation was that the faster pulse rate played from the back two tactors was perceived as an instruction to make the next most immediate turn while a slow pulse rate from the front two tactors was interpreted as a cue directing the user to the direction of the next eventual turn. Results have direct implications for design of effective vibrotactile and multimodal route guidance systems.
Identification of a new mutation in medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency

A mutation involving an A-to-G nucleotide replacement at position 985 of the medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) cDNA was found in homozygous form in 18 unrelated MCAD-deficient families and in heterozygous form in 4 families. By PCR amplification and sequencing of cDNA from a compound heterozygote, we have detected a new mutation in an MCAD-deficient patient in whom one MCAD allele produces mRNA that is missing 4 bp in the MCAD cDNA, while the other allele carries the A-to-G-985 mutation. The presence of this 4-bp deletion was confirmed in the patient's genomic DNA by dot-blot hybridization with allele-specific oligonucleotide probes and by restriction analysis of PCR products. A rapid screening test for this 4-bp deletion was developed, based on mismatched primer PCR amplification. The deletion created a new restrictive-enzyme site which yielded two DNA fragments. The 4-bp deletion was not found in the three remaining MCAD chromosomes not harboring the A-to-G-985 mutation, nor it was present in 20 chromosomes from 10 unrelated normal Caucasians. The PCR-based method for screening these two mutations can detect over 93% of all MCAD mutations.
Biological Therapy for Multiple Myeloma

The National Cancer Institute defines biological therapy as: “A form of treatment that implies the administration of substances which produce a biological reaction in the organism thus enhancing or restoring the host immune response, modifying the behavior of cancer cells, blocking the pathways of cell neoplastic transformation and tumor ability to metastasize, or facilitating the repair of cells damaged by aggressive forms of cancer treatment. It includes the use of sera, antitoxins, vaccines, genes, cells, tissues, and organs.” In this chapter we will highlight different biological therapies that have been recently used against multiple myeloma (MM).
Independence of the judiciary, prospects and limitations of judicial review in terms of the United States model in a new South African order: towards an alternative judicial structure

The purpose of this study is to investigate the notion and practice of judicial review in Anglo-American constitutional systems and to consider its potential and possible pitfalls in a new South African order. The discussion is approached from a comparative perspective and an attempt is made to benefit from the trials and errors of judicial review in other nations - particularly independent African countries. The questions to be addressed include the reasons advanced for, and the different scope of judicial review. Independence of the judiciary is an important clement in protection against arbitrary action on the part of officials of the state. The composition and historical role of the present South African judiciary is investigated to highlight the potential problems that judicial review in terms of the Anglo-American model pose for a new South Africa. The challenge for a future South Africa is not merely to replace the present judiciary (appointed by the apartheid order) with a new set of judges appointed by the new order, but rather to devise an alternate, more democratic judicial structure, better suited to the realities of the South African situation. The article will provide a model judicial struction and define the scope of judicial review based on the European models which, it will be argued, are better suited to the realities of South African society.
Activation of Caspase-Independent Programmed Pathways in Seizure-Induced Neuronal Necrosis

Our current concept of how prolonged epileptic seizures (status epilepticus, or SE) kill neurons originated in the 1970s from the pioneering work done by John Olney and associates. Olney reported in 1969 that monosodium glutamate killed neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, a region that lacks a blood–brain barrier (Olney 1969). Subsequently, Olney and associates found that administration of glutamate (GLU), the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, killed hypothalamic neurons in the infant mouse (Olney 1971), and that systemic administration of a GLU analogue, kainic acid (KA) to the adult rodent resulted in SE and neuronal death (Olney et al. 1974). In 1985, Olney put forth his excitotoxic hypothesis as it applies to SE (Olney 1985). This hypothesis, which states that excessive presynaptic GLU release results in the death of postsynaptic neurons, has proved to be remarkably robust, and is applicable to a wide variety of acute neuronal insults, as mentioned in the Introduction.
Time, History, and Tradition

Consciousness, for Husserl, is both traditional and autonomous. The union of tradition and autonomy is seen perhaps most strikingly and most concisely in his essay “On the Origin of Geometry.”1 Husserl points to the fact that “[t]he geometry which is ready-made..., from which the regressive inquiry begins, is a tradition. Our human existence moves within innumerable traditions. The whole cultural world, in all its forms, exists through tradition” (Hua VI: 366/354). But, Husserl reminds us, “everything traditional has arisen out of human activity, that accordingly past men and human civilizations existed, and among them their first inventors, who shaped the new out of materials at hand, whether raw or already spiritually shaped” (Hua VI: 366/355). Hence, anyone interested in a genuine understanding of the geometrical tradition can “reactivate” in a self-evidencing the sedimented meaning-formations at first taken for granted by us (Hua VI: 375/365). Such reactivation is a manifestation of what Husserl elsewhere calls “authentic thinking,” i.e., actively thinking for oneself without reliance on passively preconstituted and sedimented meanings. However, this suggests that traditional thinking is inauthentic, that the traditional character of consciousness is something to be overcome. This suggests, in other words, that the traditional character of consciousness is accidental rather than essential. But this last suggestion is clearly inconsistent with Husserl’s accounts of the essential temporality and historicity of consciousness.
Impact of a formal human papilloma virus (HPV) education program in a childhood cancer survivor center.

10568Background: The HPV vaccine has proven efficacy in preventing secondary cancers. It was approved for females age 11-26 in 2006 and for males age 11-21 in 2011. Despite this, vaccination rates ...
Leukemic presentation of ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma with a novel partner, poly(A) binding protein cytoplasmic 1 (PABPC1), responding to single-agent crizotinib.

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) characterized by T or null phenotype pleomorphic cells that express CD30. Systemic ALCL is sub-classified into two distinct entities, ALK-positive (ALK+ ALCL) and ALK-negative (ALK− ALCL), according to whether it
Parasitism declines with distance from the site of introduction for the kudzu bug, Megacopta cribraria (F.), and depends on host density at different spatial scales

Individuals at the frontlines of expanding populations tend to experience less parasitism than those in the core of their range. This reduction in parasitism may contribute to the rapid spread of invasive species because parasites could otherwise reduce host population growth. To better understand patterns of parasitism in the invasive population of the kudzu bug, Megacopta cribraria (F.), we examined how both the proportion of eggs parasitized and the incidence of parasitism—presence or absence of parasitism within a clutch of eggs—varied with distance from the kudzu bug’s site of introduction and with their density at two different spatial scales: at the level of sites (10–20 m2) and the level of the egg clutch (number of eggs in a clutch). Egg clutches were collected from populations along an east–west and a south-north transect of the U.S. invasion. We found that both metrics of parasitism declined with increasing host-density at the site level, which may be a general trend for the wind-dispersed parasites of invasive species. We also found that both metrics of parasitism declined with increasing distance from the site of introduction. However, since kudzu bug density tended to decrease across their invasion gradient and parasitism rates increased with decreasing kudzu bug density, the reductions in parasitism with increasing distance from site of introduction were not discernible if the effect of site-level density was not accounted for; leaving site-level density out of our models made it seem as though there was no distance effect. This finding complicates models that exhibit a “honeymoon phase”, where vanguard populations of the host suffer from little or no parasitism. In addition, we observed a small effect of clutch size on the incidence of parasitism, but no interaction among the spatial scales of density investigated. Our results underscore the importance of considering host density at different scales when seeking to understand trends in parasitism across a host’s invasive range.
Improving serrated adenoma detection rate in the colon by electronic chromoendoscopy and distal attachment: systematic review and meta-analysis

Background and Aims The evidence for modification of conventional colonoscopy using either "distal attachments" (DAs; endocap, endocuff, and endoring) or "electronic chromoendoscopy" (EC; narrow-band imaging [NBI], iScan, blue-light imaging, autofluorescence imaging, and linked-color imaging) to improve the detection of serrated adenomas during colonoscopy has shown conflicting results. Methods A comprehensive literature search was performed using Medline, Google Scholar, Embase, and Cochrane Library based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing any DA or EC with high-definition white-light colonoscopy for detection of serrated adenomas (sessile serrated adenoma/polyp and traditional serrated adenoma) were included. The primary outcome was serrated adenoma detection rate (SADR) defined as the number of patients with at least 1 serrated adenoma of total patients in that group. The secondary outcome was the number of serrated adenomas per subject. Pooled rates were reported using risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence interval. Results Seventeen studies with 13,631 patients (56% men; age range, 50-66 years) met the inclusion criteria. The use of DAs (RR, 1.21; P = .45) and EC (RR, 1.29; P = .09) during colonoscopy did not show a significant improvement in SADR. The SADR using EC was 6.9% (4 studies) and that with NBI alone was 3.7% (3 studies). Conclusions The results indicate that, except for NBI, the use of DAs or EC during colonoscopy does not improve detection of serrated adenomas in the colon. More RCTs evaluating NBI are needed to explore the effect.
Content-centric networking using anonymous datagrams

Using Interests (requests that elicit content) and maintaining per-Interest forwarding state in Pending Interest Tables (PIT) are integral to the design of the Named Data Networking (NDN) and Content-Centric Networking (CCNx) architectures. However, using PITs makes the network vulnerable to Interest-flooding attacks, and PITs can become very large. It is shown that in-network caching eliminates the need for Interest aggregation and obviates the use of PITs. A new approach to content-centric networking (CCN-GRAM) is introduced that provides all the benefits of NDN and CCNx, eliminates the use of PITs by means of anonymous datagrams, and is immune to Interest-flooding attacks. Routers maintain routes to the anonymous origins of Interests using an on-demand routing approach in the data plane that can also be used to provide native support for multicasting in the dat a plane. Simulation experiments show that the number of forwarding entries required in CCN-GRAM is orders of magnitude smaller than the number of PIT entries.
The novel lupus antigen protein Acheron promotes breast cancer progression

4141 Gene microarray databases have shown that the newly described La protein family member Acheron (Achn) is up-regulated in basal-like breast cancers relative to normal mammary tissue. We sought to determine if Achn expression could exacerbate the malignant properties of breast cancer cells in human. Retroviral constructs were created that encoded wild-type Achn (AchnWT), as well as Achn lacking either its nuclear localization signal (AchnNLS) or its nuclear export signal (AchnNES), fused in frame with enhanced GFP. These constructs were subsequently introduced into a breast cancer line, MDA-MB-231, through retroviral infection. Both AchnWT and AchnNES enhanced cell proliferation and the invasive activity of the engineered cells relative to controls, while ectopic AchnNLS did not have ability to alter these activities. Consistent with the increased invasive behavior, cells expressing either AchnWT or AchnNES expressed elevated levels of active MMP-9 and VEGF. Using an MMP-9 promoter-luciferase reporter system, we found that both AchnWT and AchnNES but not AchnNLS were able to drive luciferase expression, suggesting that nuclear Achn plays a role in MMP-9 transcription. Achn-engineered MDA-MB-231 cells were then injected into 4-week old SCID/Beige mice and the resulting tumors examined over a 7 week period. AchnWT and AchnNES expressing tumors were five-fold larger than those generated from control or AchnNLS expressing cells. Concomitantly, an immunohistological analysis displayed an approximately five-fold increase in expression levels of VEGF in both the AchnWT and AchnNES expressing tumors relative to that seen in the control or AchnNLS tumors. Taken together, these data suggest that nuclear Achn can enhance the metastatic behavior of breast cancer cells in part by altering proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis at several levels.
Wildlife habitat associations in SILVAH and NED

Foresters and wildlife managers have long known that forest management activities have impacts on wildlife communities (see Smith 1962). Research has also shown that private landowners often cite provision of wildlife habitat as one of their main reasons for owning forest land (Hodge 1996, Jones et al. 1995, Kluender et al. 1999). Direct census of wildlife populations is challenging and expensive, and until the late 1980s, publications developed to provide information on how forest management activities can benefit wildlife tended to focus on single species, especially game species, and how to manage their habitats, such as deer wintering areas in northern regions (see Berner and Gysel 1969, Boer 1978, Larson et al. 1978).
Where Have All the Pancreas Transplants Gone and What Needs to Change

To shed light on the multiple factors impacting a decline in pancreas transplant volume and to present strategies that individual transplant centers can implement to increase their volumes. Overall, pancreas transplant volume is declining in the USA and in several other countries of the world. The reasons are multifactorial, but an important driving factor is the delayed progression to end-stage renal disease in patients with type 1 diabetes due to better diabetes care. Another factor contributing to the lack of expansion of the pancreas transplant field is an under appreciation by the endocrinology and medical communities that pancreas transplantation offers excellent results that are now substantially improved over historic outcomes. Compounding these trends, there appears to be a continual negative cycle of low volume at many training centers leading to inadequate training, which then results in a lack of confidence and expertise in practicing surgical faculty and inpatient transplant units. Of all types of solid organ transplants, pancreas transplantation is unique in that as outcomes have improved over the last several decades, the number of pancreas transplants performed is declining. We discuss the reasons underlying the declining numbers and will highlight specific strategies that can be implemented at centers to increase individual pancreas transplant center volumes.
Nonparametric efficient causal mediation with intermediate confounders

Interventional effects for mediation analysis were proposed as a solution to the lack of identifiability of natural (in)direct effects in the presence of a mediator-outcome confounder affected by exposure. We present a theoretical and computational study of the properties of the interventional (in)direct effect estimands based on the efficient influence fucntion (EIF) in the non-parametric statistical model. We use the EIF to develop two asymptotically optimal, non-parametric estimators that leverage data-adaptive regression for estimation of the nuisance parameters: a one-step estimator and a targeted minimum loss estimator. A free and open source \texttt{R} package implementing our proposed estimators is made available on GitHub. We further present results establishing the conditions under which these estimators are consistent, multiply robust, $n^{1/2}$-consistent and efficient. We illustrate the finite-sample performance of the estimators and corroborate our theoretical results in a simulation study. We also demonstrate the use of the estimators in our motivating application to elucidate the mechanisms behind the unintended harmful effects that a housing intervention had on adolescent girls' risk behavior.
Nucleation control and interface structure of rocksalt PbSe on (001) zincblende III-V surfaces

We study the early stages of growth of the IV-VI semiconductor PbSe on (001)-oriented III-V substrates with different surface chemistry and lattice parameter, with the aim of achieving high quality cube-on-cube rocksalt on zincblende epitaxy. We find that PbSe nucleation on bare GaSb, InAs, and GaAs substrates is varied, yet consistently results in mixed orientation growth due to chemistry-dependent interfacial-energy penalties, irrespective of lattice mismatch. To overcome this, we locate a growth window for cube-on-cube single-orientation nucleation of PbSe on III-arsenide surfaces utilizing a high-temperature surface treatment with PbSe flux that we find creates a better template for subsequent low-temperature growth and leads to sharp interfaces. We probe this interface between PbSe and InAs, finding a Chain[Pb,As] atomic arrangement, tantamount to a discontinuous anion sublattice between III-V and IV-VI materials. We also observe a vertical displacement of the first few monolayers of the Se sublattice that we believe has origins in the heterovalency of this interface. Our results point towards surface chemistry as the primary factor governing film orientation, and lattice mismatch governing island coalescence behavior in these heterovalent interfaces with dissimilar crystal structures.
Bovine neurologic examination

Physical examination is the cornerstone of the diagnosis of neurologic disease. Cattle with neurologic disease can be dangerous to themselves and others. However, failure to adequately examine the patient is a direct path to empirical treatment. Examination at a distance followed by a cranial nerve examination, postural reactions, spinal reflexes, and palpation can provide the information necessary to determine a gross anatomical diagnosis.
Yagi-Uda Antenna with Fully 3D-Printed Bow-Tie Elements

In this work, additive manufacturing technology by fused deposition modelling 3D-printing has been exploited in order to design and realize a first example of fully 3D-printed broadband Yagi-Uda antenna operating at 2.45 GHz characterized by 3D-printed bow-tie dipoles and reflection plane. Novel dielectric and conductive 3D-printable filaments, properly modeled in the UHF band, have been used. The structure has been firstly simulated with the full-wave simulation software CST Microwave Studio and then realized by 3D-printing the different elements, which have been subsequently assembled. The measurements on the prototype are in good agreement with the simulations, thus proving the feasibility of the manufacturing procedure and the effectiveness of the 3D-printing technology as a new alternative for fast prototyping efficient UHF antennas and RF devices.
Auditory-Reliant Intracortical Brain Computer Interfaces for Effector Control by a Person with Tetraplegia

Brain computer interfaces (BCI) have been successful in enabling control of external effectors, such as a computer cursor or robotic arm by people with severe motor impairment. While current usage relies heavily on the users’ ability to reliably utilize visual feedback from the interface, a visual-based BCI can be difficult or even unfeasible to use by people whose paralysis is accompanied by limitations of eye movements or vision. Here we present a novel auditory paradigm, and present pilot data from a person with tetraplegia performing a BCI task with auditory cues.
Would Collective Action Clauses Raise Borrowing Costs? An Update and Additional Results

Collective action clauses raise borrowing costs for low-rated borrowers and lower them for high-rated borrowers. This result holds for all developing country bonds and also for the subset of sovereign bond issuers. It is easy to say that the International Monetary Fund should not resort to financial rescue for countries in crisis; this is hard to do when there is no alternative. That is where collective action clauses come in. Collective action clauses are designed to facilitate debt restructuring by the principals - borrowers and lenders - with minimal intervention by international financial institutions. Despite much discussion of this option, there has been little action. Issuers of bonds fear that collective action clauses would raise borrowing costs. Eichengreen and Mody update earlier findings about the impact of collective action clauses on borrowing costs. It has been argued that only in the past year or so have investors focused on the presence of these provisions and that, given the international financial institutions' newfound resolve to bail in investors, they now regard these clauses with trepidation. Extending their data to 1999, Eichengreen and Mody find no evidence of such changes but rather the same pattern as before: Collective action clauses raise the costs of borrowing for low-rated issuers but reduce them for issuers with good credit ratings. Their results hold both for the full set of bonds and for bonds issued only by sovereigns. They argue that these results should reassure those who regard collective action clauses as an important element in the campaign to strengthen international financial architecture. This paper - a product of the Development Prospects Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to analyze international capital flows. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Pricing of Bonds and Bank Loans in the Market for Developing Country Debt. The authors may be contacted at eichengr@econ.berkeley.edu or amody@worldbank.org.
A rare case report of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor involving both the small bowel and large bowel

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) contains properties and histologic markers of both neural crest cells and mesenchymal cells. It is a rare diagnosis, with an incidence of 1:100,000/year or 4%-10% of soft-tissue sarcomas. There are very few cases reported and studied. Therefore, establishing a proper diagnosis and treatment of MPNST provides a challenge. We present this unique and rare case of metastatic MPNST of the small and large bowel with bone, pulmonary, liver, and splenic metastases. The patient subsequently developed hemorrhagic brain metastases and died 6 months after THE initial diagnosis.
Voting Amid COVID: The Response of Voters to Voting during the Pandemic

This paper is a tour of mostly public opinion evidence about how COVID affected the experience of voters as they cast ballots in 2020. Topics covered include turnout, reasons for not voting, precautions observed in polling places, and the confidence voters felt about whether the layout of voting locations protected them against the coronavirus. Key findings include: (1) individual turnout analysis using the CES shows that respondents were less likely to vote in counties with high COVID death rates; (2) Democrats who knew someone who died of COVID were less likely to vote, but not Republicans; (3) voters with poor health, less interest in the news, and higher educational attainment were more likely to vote by mail, as were Democrats and those living in counties with his COVID death rates; (4) highly engaged Democrats were more likely to vote by mail than unengaged Republicans, while the opposite was true of Republicans; and (4) voters were highly confident that the layouts of voting locations protected against the spread of COVID. An interesting complicating finding is that many of the factual and attitudinal answers to survey questions about voting were identical whether or not the respondent’s report of voting was validated. This raises important methodological and theoretical questions about not only the validity of the findings in this paper, but also the findings in research that relies on self-reports about the experience of voters (or election officials, for that matter) on Election Day.
Flavor as a Probe for Non-SM Physics

This chapter introduces the motivations for the measurement described in this thesis. After a brief description of the general theoretical framework we focus on \(C\!P\) violation in \({B_{s}^{0}}-{\bar{B}^0_s}\) mixing through \(B^0_s\rightarrow J/\psi \phi \) decays as probe for non-standard model physics. An overview of the measurement, and a summary of the current experimental status are also presented.
Teacher Perceptions of Student Needs and Implications for Positive Behavior Supports.

ABSTRACT: The practices of school-wide positive behavior supports (SWPBS) are dependent on teachers to implement them in their classrooms; thus, gaining the “buy-in” and support of teachers is a cr...
A new inversion for the hydrostatic stratification of the sun

Inversions for the spherically symmetric component of the hydrostatic stratification of the Sun are presented. These employ the Backus-Gilbert optimally localized averaging procedure applied to oscillation multiplet frequencies in the range 1.5 – 3 mHz of modes with 4 ≤ l ≤ 140 determined by Libbrecht et al. (1990) from observations carried out in 1986. We also obtain an estimate of the helium abundance in the solar convective envelope.
Polyacrylamide Slab Gel Electrophoresis of Soluble Proteins for Studies of Bacterial Floras

A polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis procedure was used to compare cellular proteins from bacterial isolates of gingival crevice floras. Isolates with identical protein patterns consistently were shown to be members of the same species. When used to screen isolates, the procedure reduced total analytical time and expense without sacrificing accuracy, and it provided additional verification of the identity of strains characterized by conventional phenotypic tests. Images
Biosynthesis of terpenes: III. Mevalonic kinase from higher plants

Mevalonic kinase activity has been demonstrated in extracts from several plant species. Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) seedlings had the highest activity of the various plant materials tested, and they were therefore used as a source of the enzyme for further investigations. Mevalonic kinase from pumpkin seedlings was partially purified, and its properties were investigated. Maximum activity is obtained with ATP as the phosphate donor, though several other nucleotides can also be utilized. A divalent metal ion is required: Mn2+ is the most effective, but several others, including Mg2+, can replace it. The optimum pH for the enzyme is about 5.7. The enzyme remains in the supernatant solution after fractionation of the cell components by centrifugation, suggesting that it is associated with the soluble cytoplasm. The product of the enzymic reaction contains by analysis one mole of phosphate per mole of mevalonate, and gives RF values in paper chromatography which agree with published values for 5-phosphomevalonic acid. With crude enzyme extracts this product is partly converted into a second derivative, which is tentatively identified, from RF values, as 5-pyrophosphomevalonic acid.
Privacy Preserving Database Generation for Database Application Testing

Testing of database applications is of great importance. Although various studies have been conducted to investigate testing techniques for database design, relatively few efforts have been made to explicitly address the testing of database applications which requires a large amount of representative data available. As testing over live production databases is often infeasible in many situations due to the high risks of disclosure of confidential information or incorrect updating of real data, in this paper we investigate the problem of generating synthetic databases based on a-priori knowledge about production databases. Our approach is to fit the general location model using various characteristics (e.g., constraints, statistics, rules) extracted from a production database and then generate synthetic data using model learned. The generated data is valid and similar to real data in terms of statistical distribution, hence it can be used for functional and performance testing. As characteristics extracted may contain information which may be used by attackers to derive some confidential information about individuals, we present our disclosure analysis method which applies cell suppression technique for identity disclosure and perturbation for value disclosure analysis.
INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION AND TISSUE GROWTH : III. Thyroid Cancer

Intercellular communication was examined in normal and cancerous isolated thyroids with an intracellular electrical technique. The cells of normal thyroid (rat, mouse, hamster, man) communicate, within any given follicle, through permeable junctions. The cells of a wide variety of thyroid cancers (rat, hamster) do not communicate to any detectable degree and have resting membrane potentials lower than those of normal cells.
Applications of Stable Isotopes in Hydrocarbon Exploration and Environmental Forensics

Hydrocarbon exploration and environmental forensics may appear to be two unrelated topics but in many ways are closely related. Techniques that have been developed and utilized in the hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation industry for many decades have found their way to the forefront of environmental forensics area over the past decade. Whereas hydrocarbon exploration is geared towards finding new resources, environmental forensics is directed to looking at what happens to those resources as they, or products derived from them, are spilled into the environment. In the former one uses sophisticated techniques to correlate oils, or gases, with their suspected sources and in the later, one is trying to correlate the spilled product with its suspected source. The source may be a tanker, pipeline, underground storage tank or something similar. The most widely used techniques in both of these areas for many years have been gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) but recent years have seen an exponential increase in the utilization of stable isotopes. There is nothing new about applying stable isotopes to exploration problems but the majority of the older applications utilized bulk isotope numbers for crude oil correlation studies. The availability of the combined gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometer systems (GCIRMS) over the past 10–20 years, has played an important role in the increased number of applications where stable isotopes have to be used to investigate problems in both of these areas.
Evaluation of a Novel Anisotropic Conductive Adhesive Shear Under Multiple Tin-Lead and Lead-Free Reflow Cycles for Package-on-Package (POP) Assembly

The continued desire for an alternative to lead-based solder materials for electrical interconnections has led to significant research interest in Anisotropic Conductive Adhesives (ACAs). These create bonds using a combination of metal particles and epoxies to replace solder. The novel ACA discussed in this paper allows for bonds to be created through aligning columns of conductive particles along the Z-axis. These columns are formed by the application of a magnetic field, during the curing process. The benefit of this novel ACA is that it does not require precise printing of the adhesive on pads and also enables the mass curing without creating shorts in the circuitry.The novel ACA’s applicability for PCB-level assembly has been successfully demonstrated by RIT. The research at RIT has also characterized the base material properties, analyzed the effect of various process parameters, identified failures, and investigated the ACA’s long-term reliability for surface mount PCB assembly. Reliability testing included an investigation of the assembly performance in temperature and humidity aging, thermal aging, air-to-air thermal cycling, and drop testing conditions. For example, it has been shown that by modifying the filler particle size and coating, reliability of >1500 hours in high temperature, high humidity aging (HTHH), and 100 hours in highly accelerated stress testing (HAST) can be successfully achieved.This paper highlights research comparing the shear loading performance of the novel ACA to that of tin-lead and lead free solders. Samples assembled with the adhesive and the solders were subjected to multiple tin-lead and lead free reflow cycles. The primary objective was to understand the deterioration in shear loading as influenced by multiple reflow cycles. Published research materials have shown the influence of the change in solder joint performance with multiple reflows due to the increase in intermetallic thickness. The results of a DOE study show the influence of the various factors and levels. Shear stress calculations indicate higher stress experienced by the adhesive joints as compared to the solder joints due to the spreading of the solder during wetting. Empirical relationships will be derived from the experimental data to help determine the required contact area for a given level of shear loading. The experimental results also reveal the rapid decrease in Shear stress between the first and second reflow and the slow decline in strength up to five reflows. Findings from this work will be used to assess the use and reliability of this adhesive for attaching the top component of Package-on-Package (PoP) 3D stacked components, in thermal cycling, HAST and HTHH environments.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Study Abroad and an Accidental Death: Lessons Learned.

Social work programs are increasingly relying on study abroad to prepare students for global practice. A growing body of literature reports on the positive features of international education, yet little attention has been focused on preparing social work programs and the faculty who lead them to handle the emergencies that can arise during study abroad. This paper uses a case study of an actual emergency in a study abroad program to examine how the event was handled and to assess its short- and long-term consequences. Elements of the case are analyzed in an effort to identify general issues for study abroad programs to consider.
Oxygen‐dependent binding of Nro1 to the prolyl hydroxylase Ofd1 regulates SREBP degradation in yeast

Sre1, the fission yeast sterol regulatory element-binding protein, is an ER membrane-bound transcription factor that controls adaptation to low oxygen growth. Under low oxygen, Sre1 is proteolytically cleaved and the N-terminal transcription factor domain (Sre1N) is released from the membrane and enters the nucleus to activate hypoxic gene expression. Ofd1, a prolyl 4-hydroxylase-like 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase, controls the oxygen-dependent stability of Sre1N. In the presence of oxygen, Ofd1 accelerates the degradation of Sre1N, but under low oxygen Ofd1 is inhibited and Sre1N accumulates. To identify the regulators of Sre1N, we performed a plasmid-based screen for genes that increased Sre1N transcriptional activity. Here, we identify Nro1 (SPCC4B3.07) as a positive regulator of Sre1N stability and a direct inhibitor of Ofd1. In the absence of oxygen, Nro1 binds to the Ofd1 C-terminal degradation domain and inhibits Sre1N degradation. In the presence of oxygen, Nro1 binding to Ofd1 is disrupted, leading to rapid degradation of Sre1N. We conclude that the Ofd1 dioxygenase domain functions as an oxygen sensor that regulates binding of Nro1 to Ofd1 to control oxygen-dependent Sre1N stability.
The DNA replication fork can pass RNA polymerase without displacing the nascent transcript

Replication proteins encoded by bacteriophage T4 generate DNA replication forks that can pass a molecule of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase moving in the same direction as the fork in vitro. The RNA polymerase ternary transcription complex remains bound to the DNA and retains a transcription bubble after the fork passes. The by-passed ternary complex can resume faithful RNA synthesis, suggesting that the multisubunit RNA polymerase of E. coli has evolved to retain its transcript after DNA replication, allowing partially completed transcripts to be elongated into full-length RNA molecules.
Enantiomeric and isomeric separation of herbicides using cyclodextrin-modified capillary zone electrophoresis

Cyclodextrin-modified capillary zone electrophoresis (CD-CZE) was applied successfully to the enantiomeric and isomeric separation of three herbicides (imazaquin, diclofop and imazamethabenz). Commercially available cyclodextrins were evaluated for separation of the enantiomers and isomers of the three herbicides having varied molecular structures. The enantiomers of imazaquin and diclofop, and the isomers of imazamethabenz could be resolved with a resolution of ≥1.5. The resolution was found to depend on pH of the run buffer, cyclodextrin type and cyclodextrin concentration. By employing mixed cyclodextrins in the running buffer, the three herbicides were simultaneously separated in a single run. In addition, rapid (less than 3 min) enantiomeric separation is demonstrated using imazaquin as a model herbicide. The reported capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods are simple, rapid, efficient and reproducible and our results demonstrate that CE provides a powerful analytical tool for enantiomeric and isomeric separation of herbicides.
Periodic Solutions of Differential-Difference Equations with Relay Control

ABSTRACT When a linear system with delays is controlled by a non-linear element, periodic solutions can give important information about the stability of the entire system. The mathematical model of the system under investigation is described by a differential-difference equation. Two methods for finding a periodic solution of a linear inhomogeneous differential-difference equation are presented. By applying these techniques to second-order linear differential-difference equations, the two methods are compared and their value is discussed.
Fault-tolerant database using distributed associative memories

Abstract This paper describes an approach to fault-tolerant database retrieval using the distributed-associative-memory (DAM) paradigm. The fault tolerance is with respect to noise (errors) in the input key and/or corruption in the memory itself. Experimental results are presented to prove the feasibility of our approach. These results show how fault-tolerant retrieval is affected by various factors, such as the type of stored data, database size, and type of errors. We also show how the DAM model can be applied to implement a fault-tolerant relational database, in which selection operations may be easily performed with a noisy key/subkey, and complex queries can be answered correctly even if there are spelling inconsistencies in the internal representation.