cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sample Size Allocation for Simultaneous Inference in Comparison with Control Experiments

Abstract A common experiment is to compare p ≥ 2 test treatments with a control in a one-way layout. The object of the experiment can be to establish which test treatments are statistically significantly different from or better than the control or to give simultaneous confidence bounds on the amount of improvement that each of the test treatments offers over the control. Frequently, further experimentation is done with the promising treatments. We consider the problem of optimal allocation of a small to moderate number of observations to treatments in this setting under the assumption of normality with equal variances. The criterion of minimizing the average expected allowance of the simultaneous 95% confidence bounds for the p contrasts between the individual test treatment means and the control mean is used. Dunnett (1955) gave an asymptotic result for the optimal allocation under the assumption of equal test treatment sample sizes. We give tables of optimal designs under the restriction of equal test ...
Triadic Deterrence: Coercing Strength, Beaten by Weakness

Triadic deterrence is the situation when one state uses threats and/or punishments against another state to coerce it to prevent non-state actors from conducting attacks from its territory. Under w...
The Experimental Alteration of Malignancy with an Homologous Mammalian Tumor Material: III. Concerning the Filtrability of the Material

The primary and metastatic phases of the Brown-Pearce rabbit tumor have been greatly enhanced by the injection of an homologous tumor material two weeks before tumor transplantation (1). By this means metastases or primary tumors have been induced in rabbits which would not otherwise have developed them. A single injection of 0.3 c.c. of a 1–3 dilution of the material by either the intratesticular or the intracutaneous route was sufficient. The material responsible for this enhancing action on transplanted tumor growth consisted of a saline emulsion of primary or metastatic rabbit tumor tissue which had undergone prolonged anaerobic refrigeration. Since many biological phenomena have been attributed to intact cells, the present series of experiments was undertaken to determine whether a Berkefeld nitrate of the preserved material would be as active as the unfiltered tissue emulsion. Materials and Methods There were four experiments, carried out respectively from October to December 1931, December 1931 to February 1932, October to December 1932, and from December 1932 to February 1933. The animal material consisted of 72 young adult male rabbits selected on the basis of physical fitness and freedom from such conditions as snuffles, ear canker, diarrhea, and malnutrition. The 18 animals in each experiment were divided into three groups of 6 each, and the groups were matched as closely as possible with regard to the body build, weight, size of the testicles, color and type of fur of the rabbits employed. The three groups were designated arbitrarily “A,” “B,” and “C.”
A Trainable Method for Extracting Chinese Entity Names and Their Relations

In this paper we propose a trainable method for extracting Chinese entity names and their relations. We view the entire problem as series of classification problems and employ memory-based learning (MBL) to resolve them. Preliminary results show that this method is efficient, flexible and promising to achieve better performance than other existing methods.
The ASU Transition Research Facility

The ASU Transition Research Facility is commonly called the ASU Unsteady Wind Tunnel because of its unsteady-flow capability. This facility has been in operation since 1988. It is a closed return tunnel within which oscillatory flows of air can be generated for the study of unsteady problems in low-speed aerodynamics. Because it also has excellent low-turbulence characteristics, it has been used principally as a boundary-layer transition research facility. The wind tunnel is described along with its unsteady calibration data. Examples of freestream turbulence and boundary-layer transition measurements are given.
Measurement Error and Its Impact on the Estimated Relationship between Dust Lead and Children's Blood Lead☆

Abstract Objective.Lead-contaminated house dust is a major contributor to lead intake among urban children, but the reliabilities of various dust lead measurement methods and their impact on the estimated correlations between dust lead and children's blood lead levels are unknown.Methods.Repeated field measurements of lead-contaminated dust from children's homes were taken from 16 housing units using five dust lead measurement methods. Estimates of measurement error were used to obtain reliability ratios for the dust lead measurements, which were then used to correct estimated correlations between lead-contaminated dust and children's blood lead.Results.Reliability varied over methods and surface types (from 0.0 to 0.8), but wipe loading and the BRM vacuum loading methods generally had greater reliability. Technician effects, inadvertent field exposure to lead, contamination of collection equipment, and laboratory instrument error were found to contribute little to total measurement error. Corrected correlations between blood lead and wipe loading measurements were 7 to 104% higher than uncorrected correlations. The multipleR2and partialR2for a wipe composite measurement in a multivariate regression model increased from 0.43 to 0.64 and from 0.053 to 0.26, respectively, after correction for measurement error bias.Conclusions.Variation in lead deposition within small areas and variations in collection inherent to the devices are major contributors to measurement error. Measurement error causes dramatic underestimation of correlation between lead-contaminated house dust and children's blood lead.
On Crossbar Switching Networks

For networks that exhibit neither concentration nor expansion, the well-known probabilistic model of C. Y. Lee is refined so as to take account of the dependence of events in different stages. For series-parallel networks, the refined model yields exact expressions for the point-to-point blocking probability. These expressions bear the same relationship to the refined model as the KittredgeMolina expressions do to Lee's model. Comparison between the two sets of expressions shows that Lee's model tends to overestimate the blocking probability. Asymptotic analysis of the new expressions leads to improved upper bounds on the cost: it is shown that a network that carries N erlangs with a blocking probability at most \epsilon > 0 can be built with 6N \log_{2} N + O(N \log \log 1/\epsilon) contacts.
On four problems in graph theory

The four problems considered are: the Chinese postman problem, the co-postman problem, the odd cut problem, and the odd circuit problem. Relationships are developed between these problems using results from dual matroids and blocking clutters. Connections with Gomory’s group problem are shown. The notion of representations of these binary group problems on augmented graphs is developed along with a discussion of the class of augmented graphs having the same solution set. After some blocking and duality results, we give forbidden augmented minors for problems of one type (e.g., Chinese postman) to be also a second type of problem (e.g., odd cut). Some results are given on b-regular problems and are used in the forbidden augmented minor characterizations.
Treatment of sperm to predetermine sex

There are countless reports of “success”, and occasionally of “failure”, to isolate populations of sperm enriched for either X-chromosome bearing sperm or Y-chromosome bearing sperm (hereafter called X-sperm and Y-sperm), or to induce a skewed sex ratio at birth. Unfortunately, most reports are unreliable because the experiment contained inadequate replication, and thus was destined to be inconclusive; used questionable laboratory procedures to evaluate success; or some data were unavailable or were excluded. Furthermore, failures usually are not reported. Specific and statistically robust laboratory tests to evaluate the ratio of X- to Y-sperm in starting and isolated fractions now are available. This should facilitate progress, provided valid experiments are conducted. Ultimately, efficacy of a procedure for altering sex ratio at birth must be established. Presently, only the use of columns of human serum albumin for treatment of human sperm appears to be successful. However, flow sorting may be applicable when only a few doses of sperm are needed for in vitro fertilization or artificial insemination, and reduced fertility is acceptable. Development of a technique for conveniently isolating large populations of cells highly enriched for either X- or Y-sperm, of normal fertility, or for differentially blocking fertilizing capacity of one type of sperm remains an intellectual challenge.
Can traditional fault prediction models be used for vulnerability prediction

Finding security vulnerabilities requires a different mindset than finding general faults in software—thinking like an attacker. Therefore, security engineers looking to prioritize security inspection and testing efforts may be better served by a prediction model that indicates security vulnerabilities rather than faults. At the same time, faults and vulnerabilities have commonalities that may allow development teams to use traditional fault prediction models and metrics for vulnerability prediction. The goal of our study is to determine whether fault prediction models can be used for vulnerability prediction or if specialized vulnerability prediction models should be developed when both models are built with traditional metrics of complexity, code churn, and fault history. We have performed an empirical study on a widely-used, large open source project, the Mozilla Firefox web browser, where 21% of the source code files have faults and only 3% of the files have vulnerabilities. Both the fault prediction model and the vulnerability prediction model provide similar ability in vulnerability prediction across a wide range of classification thresholds. For example, the fault prediction model provided recall of 83% and precision of 11% at classification threshold 0.6 and the vulnerability prediction model provided recall of 83% and precision of 12% at classification threshold 0.5. Our results suggest that fault prediction models based upon traditional metrics can substitute for specialized vulnerability prediction models. However, both fault prediction and vulnerability prediction models require significant improvement to reduce false positives while providing high recall.
Ecoepidemiology of the effects of pollution on reproduction and survival of early life stages in teleosts

Evidence from the field and laboratory has shown that reproduction and early life-stage survival of several species of teleost fishes have been adversely affected following the release of several classes of synthetic, organic chemicals into the environment. Field studies from many geographic areas over several decades have found associations between exposure to synthetic chemicals in the environment and effects on hatchability, embryological success and larval survival. In more recent research, exposure to sewage treatment and bleached kraft mill effluents has been correlated with changes in reproductive system development and alterations in the endocrine physiology of wild teleost fishes. Loss of fecundity and damage during various stages of development and reproduction have been associated with exposure to endocrine disruptors, including many currently used chemicals. The supporting laboratory studies have confirmed that various wild fish species are sensitive to certain synthetic chemicals at levels of exposure of parts per billion and parts per trillion, concentrations that are biochemically, physiologically, and environmentally relevant. This paper reviews the relevant field and laboratory research, and organizes the studies using the ecoepidemiological criteria of time-order, strength of association, specificity, consistency on replication, coherence and predictive performance. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that ambient concentrations of synthetic chemicals in some regions are at or above concentrations at which certain species could be affected. The viability of fishery resources must be linked not only to the quantity of habitat but also to the quality of habitat.
Grüneisen functions of semicrystalline polymers

The current, and rather incomplete, understanding of the role of amorphous contribution to the Gruneisen functions of semicrystalline polymers is reviewed. There are two kinds of Gruneisen functions. The microscopic mode Gruneisenr parameter is a measure of the volume dependence of lattice frequencies in a solid. Their magnitudes vary with the specific mode. The macroscopic Gruneisen constant relates the mechanical and thermal parameters in solids. It is a weighted average of mode Gruneisen parameters. At a given temperature there is only one Gruneisen constant for a material. Because the various experimental techniques often favor certain lattice modes, there is a great variation in the literature values of Gruneisen functions for polymeric solids., For semicrystalline polymers, the degree of crystallinity and thermal history also affect the measured magnitudes. In this work a unified derivation of the existing equations will be given. Current theoretical models for the Gruneisen constants are described. The available literature data on Gruneisen constants of semicrystalline polymers, principally polyethylene, will be discussed.
A cDNA clone of the hnRNP C proteins and its homology with the single-stranded DNA binding protein UP2

Abstract A cDNA clone which expresses a protein that cross-reacts immunologically with the human C1 and C2 hnRNP core proteins has been isolated. The clone was selected by a sensitive immunochemical assay employing an avidin-biotin complex for detection, and identified as a clone for the hnRNP C proteins by a highly sensitive antibody select assay that is described here. The clone contains 677 nucleotides, and, as shown by northern blotting, is derived from a 1.5 Kb poly(A)+ mRNA. There are regions of strong homology between the human and mouse genes, weak homology is seen with chicken DNA, and very little, if any, homology can be detected with Drosophila, Artemia, sea urchin, or yeast DNAs. Two peptides (a total of 24 amino acids) of the calf thymus single-stranded DNA binding protein UP2 show perfect homology with the deduced amino acid sequence of the clone, suggesting that UP2 is related to the hnRNP C proteins. There is also a region that has a sequence very similar to two regions of the single-stranded DNA binding protein UP1 that contain proposed DNA binding sites.
Combining pattern instability and shape-memory hysteresis for phononic switching.

We report a fully reversible and robust shape-memory effect in a two-dimensional nanoscale periodic structure composed of three steps, the elastic instability governing the transformation, the plasticity that locks in the transformed pattern as a result of an increase in glass transition temperature (Tg), and the subsequent elastic recovery due to the vapor-induced decrease in Tg. Solvent swelling of a cross-linked epoxy/air cylinder structure induces an elastic instability that causes a reversible change in the shape of the void regions from circular to oval. The pattern symmetry changes from symmorphic p6mm to nonsymmorphic p2gg brought via the introduction of new glide symmetry elements and leads to a significant change in the phononic band structure, specifically in the opening of a new narrow-band gap due to anticrossing of bands, quite distinct from gaps originating from typical Bragg scattering. We also demonstrate that numerical simulations correctly capture the three steps of the shape-memory cyc...
Regulation of SIVmac239 Basal Long Terminal Repeat Activity and Viral Replication in Macrophages FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF TWO CCAAT/ENHANCER-BINDING PROTEIN β SITES IN ACTIVATION AND INTERFERON β-MEDIATED SUPPRESSION

CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) β and C/EBP sites in the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) are crucial for HIV-1 replication in monocyte/macrophages and for the ability of interferon β (IFNβ) to inhibit ongoing active HIV replication in these cells. This IFNβ-mediated down-regulation involves induction of the truncated, dominant-negative isoform of C/EBPβ referred to as liver-enriched transcriptional inhibitory protein (LIP). Although binding of the C/EBPβ isoform to C/EBP sites in the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) LTR has previously been examined, the importance of these sites in core promoter-mediated transcription, virus replication, IFNβ-mediated regulation, and the relative binding of the two isoforms (C/EBPβ and LIP) has not been investigated. Here, we specifically examine two C/EBP sites, JC1 (−100 bp) and DS1 (+134 bp), located within the minimal region of the SIV LTR, required for core promoter-mediated transcription and virus replication in macrophages. Our studies revealed that the JC1 but not DS1 C/EBP site is important for basal level transcription, whereas the DS1 C/EBP site is imperative for productive virus replication in primary macrophages. In contrast, either JC1 or DS1 C/EBP site is sufficient to mediate IFNβ-induced down-regulation of SIV LTR activity and virus replication in these cells. We also characterized the differential binding properties of C/EBPβ and LIP to the JC1 and DS1 sites. In conjunction with previous studies from our laboratory, we demonstrate the importance of these sites in virus gene expression, and we propose a model for their role in establishing latency and persistence in macrophages in the brain.
Participation in Prepared Childbirth: Baccalaureate Nursing Education

Nurses need to meet consumer demands for quality maternal-infant health care. To meet this need, the College of Nursing faculty at the University of Florida included prepared childbirth classes as a clinical experience in a BSN program. Each student works with a client couple in an ambulatory care setting to provide complete and individualized nursing care through the final weeks of pregnancy, the labor and delivery experience, and for a brief period postpartum. How this program facilitates students' development of a holistic approach to maternal-infant nursing and increases the quality of health care for expectant parents is described.
The Virtues of Virtue: Social Capital, Network Governance, and Corporate Social Responsibility

Network governance, social capital, and virtue-based forms of corporate social responsibility justify sectoral arrangements organized around reciprocated forms of entrepreneurial accountability to promote best practices of corporate social responsibility benchmarked in near and long terms. Standards of corporate social responsibility require precise elaboration within the contexts of contemporary theories of the firm that specify the normative limits of voluntary business obligations. This article argues that such ethical constraints remain too narrow and suggests how corporate social responsibility might be extended in accordance with eudaimonic principles of social capital and aretaic principles of executive excellence manifested by managerial learning.
A homogeneous model of the Deacon cell in a circumpolar ocean

Dynamics of the three-dimensional structure of the wind-driven Deacon cell in a β-plane channel are discussed in a homogeneous model in the presence of a sufficiently high ridge. The emphasis is on the water mass balance: how the northward surface Ekman drift is returned. It is demonstrated that a sufficiently high ridge can break up the geostrophic constraint and a net geostrophic volume flux across the open latitude band is allowed. It is found that: (1) the Deacon cell is a fundamentally three-dimensional structure, (2) wind forcing can drive an inter-basin water mass exchange in the Southern Ocean, and (3) zonal through-channel transport in the circumpolar ocean varies at different longitudes.
Increased CT scan utilization does not improve the diagnostic accuracy of appendicitis in children

Abstract Background/Purpose: Appendicitis continues to present a diagnostic dilemma in children of all ages leading to increased utilization of radiographic studies. Focused computed tomography (CT) scanning has become the diagnostic test of choice in many hospitals. The purpose of this study was to critically evaluate the use of radiographic studies for the evaluation of acute appendicitis in children and to determine if diagnostic accuracy has improved. Methods: Children undergoing appendectomy for acute appendicitis were reviewed from 1997 to 2001. Diagnostic workup (CT scan, ultrasound [US], or no radiographic study) was recorded as were the final pathology results. Results: Six hundred sixteen appendectomies were performed. Mean age was 10.4 ± 4.1 years, and 60% were boys. Overall, 184 children (30%) underwent CT scanning, 104 (17%) had US performed, and 310 (50%) had no radiographic study (18 patients had both CT and US performed). A pathologically normal appendix was removed in 7% (14 of 202) of CT patients, 11% (14 of 122) of US patients, and 8% (26 of 310) of patients without a study. The frequency of CT scanning increased from 1.3% of all children in 1997 to 58% in 2001, whereas utilization of US decreased from 40% to 7%. Over the same period, the overall negative appendectomy rate did not change significantly from 8% to 7%. Conclusions: With increased utilization of focused CT scanning, the negative appendectomy rate has remained unchanged. History and physical examination by an experienced surgeon is as accurate as CT in correctly diagnosing acute appendicitis in children. J Pediatr Surg 38:659-662. © 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Super-resolution in Digital Holography via Nonlinearity

Like all linear techniques, digital holography suffers from limited resolution due to finite-aperture effects. We show here that nonlinearity breaks down linear limits, formulated by Abbe, as high-frequency spatial modes mix with low-frequency ones.
Do Politics or Mayors' Demographics Matter for Municipal Revenue Expansion?

This study examines whether political factors and mayors' demographics influence municipal success in expanding revenue. Data from forty Colombian municipalities over a 7-year period (1999–2005) ar...
Evidence that chorionic gonadotropin has intrinsic thyrotropic activity.

Summary The thyrotropic and gonadotropic specific biologic activities of chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) as assessed by the mouse thyrotropin and prostate weight bioassays increased at least 5 fold during purification. The hCG generated from recombination of hCG subunits that were essentially devoid of both activities recovered thyrotropic as well as gonadotropic biologic activity. These data show that the substance with thyrotropic activity found in hCG preparations has physicochemical properties indistinguishable from those of hCG and therefore, these results strongly suggest that thyrotropic activity is an intrinsic property of hCG.
The impact of library instruction: do first-year medical students use library resources specifically highlighted during instructional sessions?

This is a copy of an article published in the Journal of the Medical Library Association © 2013 Medical Library Association
On a conjecture of Tomas Sauer regarding nested ideal interpolation

Tomas Sauer conjectured that if an ideal complements polynomials of degree less than n, then it is contained in a larger ideal that complements polynomials of degree less than n - 1. We construct a counterexample to this conjecture for polynomials in three variables and with n = 3.
Thomas–Fermi theory revisited

An exact Thomas–Fermi theory requires the existence of a Frechet functional derivative of the Hohenberg–Kohn universal functional. Although, as recently shown, such a functional derivative cannot exist in quantum theory for more than two electrons, functional derivatives of the more general type defined by Gâteaux do exist. When the theory is reformulated in terms of Gâteaux derivatives, for noninteracting electrons, it is equivalent to the Schrodinger theory. For interacting electrons, it defines a generalized orbital-functional theory. The reformulated theory incorporates Fermi–Dirac statistics for electrons and deals correctly with atomic shell structure. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 90: 262–265, 2002
Laser-induced fluorescence and microwave-optical double-resonance study of the B1Σ+-X1Σ+ system of magnesium monoxide

Abstract Doppler-limited, laser-induced fluorescence spectra on the B 1 Σ + - X 1 Σ + ( v ′ = v ″ = 0 and 1) system of MgO have been obtained. The results of the optical analysis were merged with our microwave-optical double-resonance measurements to produce the following set of spectroscopic parameters for the B and X states, where the units are in cm −1 , and the uncertainties represent 95% confidence limits: T ′ 0.0 = 20003.594(2); B ′ 0 = 0.58004(3); D ′ 0 = 1.13(2) × 10 −6 ; B ″ 0 = 0.57198(3); D ″ 0 = 1.20(2) × 10 6 ; T ′ 1.1 = 20043.423(2); B ′ 1 = 0.57528(4); D ′ 1 = 1.14(11) × 10 6 ; B ″ 1 = 0.56674(4); D ″ 1 = 1.22(10) × 10 6 .
Numerical performance of approximate queuing formulae with application to flexible manufacturing systems

This paper calls attention to two of the more successful queuing approximation formulae — one by Kramer and one by Marchal. The analytic solution of a range of single server Erlang cases is compared to the two approximation formulae. Then a family of H2/M/1 cases is similarly considered. Maximum errors are seen to be about three percent. The Kramer formula seems to be better when the interarrival coefficient of variation is less than 0.66 and the Marchal formula is better for larger interarrival coefficients of variation. Finally, a multiserver refinement function (the ratio of G/G/1 results to M/M/1 results) is proposed to scale M/M/s as an approximation for G/G/s. In most of these multiple channel cases, the maximum error is less than six percent. The last section of this paper presents a simple, representative FMS. It is modelled as an open queuing network. Then the approximation procedure is applied node by node to illustrate the estimation of system performance measures such as machine utilizations and throughput.
Isolation and identification of S(+)-3-hydroxyisobutyric acid in the urine of rats loaded with isobutyric acid.

Abstract 3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid has been isolated from the urine of rats loaded with sodium isobutyrate. An optical rotation measurement of the methyl ester derivative shows this compound to be the S (+) stereoisomer. This is the same stereoisomer that has been previously identified in cultures of bacteria incubated with ammonium isobutyrate
Luminescence Thermochromism in Dicyanoargentate(I) Ions Doped in Alkali Halide Crystals

Single crystals of [Ag(CN)2-]/NaCl and [Ag(CN)2-]/KCl show luminescence spectra that change drastically with temperature. The major luminescence band at 12 K is a UV emission at about 315 nm. Blue-green emissions in the 400−520 nm region appear upon an increase in temperature to 80 K. A further increase in temperature results in the disappearance of the blue-green emissions and the appearance of a high-energy UV emission at about 290 nm. The color changes are reversible and represent a new example of luminescence thermochromism. A kinetic model is proposed to show the radiative and nonradiative pathways at different temperatures. Highly resolved emission spectra are obtained upon a careful selection of the excitation wavelength. Individual peaks within the resolved emission bands are attributed to different geometrical isomers of a given *[Ag(CN)2-]n cluster in the alkali halide lattices. The wide range of luminescence energy, the strong luminescence at ambient temperature, and the control of the profile ...
SEMICONDUCTING CARBON NANOTUBE PHOTOVOLTAIC PHOTODETECTORS

A photovoltaic photodetector harnessing near infrared band gap absorption by thin films of post-synthetically sorted semiconducting single walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWCNTs) is described. Peak specific detectivity of 6×1011 Jones at -0.1 V bias at 1210 nm is achieved using a heterojunction device architecture: indium tin oxide/ ca. 5 nm s-SWCNT / 120 nm C60 / 10 nm 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP) / Ag. The photodiodes are characterized by a series resistance of 2.9 Ω cm2 and a rectification ratio of 104 at ±1V. These results are expected to guide the exploration of new classes of solution-processable, mechanically flexible, integrable, thin film photovoltaic photodetectors with tunable sensitivity in the visible and infrared spectra based on semiconducting carbon nanotubes.
Online Environmental Engagement Among Youth: Influence of Parents, Attitudes and Demographics

Although young citizens may not always politically engage in the same fashion as their elders, research suggests they are using Facebook, Twitter, and other newer communication systems to mobilize politically both generally and around environmental issues. Given the declining environmental conditions facing young citizens, a national stratified quota sample of 1,096 U.S. parents and their children between the ages of 12 and 17 was conducted to investigate the factors potentially related to their efforts to persuade members of their online social networks to be more environmental. We believe that online peer persuasion is an important concept to investigate because peer persuasion can create subjective norms that ultimately may influence behavior. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that, although parents influence youth behavior (Adj. R 2 = .11), the greatest variance in behavior was explained by the youth's own environmental self-efficacy, environmental news consumption, political interest, time sp...
Mathematically assisted adaptive body bias (ABB) for temperature compensation in gigascale LSI systems

Process variations and temperature variations can cause both the frequency and the leakage of the chip to vary significantly from their expected values, thereby decreasing the yield. Adaptive Body Bias (ABB) can be used to pull back the chip to the nominal operational region. We propose the use of this technique to counter temperature variations along with process variations. We present a CAD perspective for achieving process and temperature compensation using bidirectional ABB. Mathematical models are used to determine the exact amount of body bias required to optimize the delay and leakage, and an algorithmic flow that can be adopted for gigascale LSI systems is provided.
A stochastic model of cellular senescence. II. Concordance with experimental data

Abstract This report presents the results of computer simulations of a mathematical model for cell proliferation and senescence. The mathematical model is based on the idea that the in vitro proliferative potential of normal cells is determined by the number of a certain class of self-replicating particles it possesses. In the simulation model these particles are lost by both stochastic and deterministic processes. When all self-replicating particles are lost a cell can divide up to seven times before it irreversibly ceases to replicate. The simulated in vitro lifespans of clones and subclones are shown to be in close agreement with experimental data. We also show that other properties of finitely proliferating cultures can be simulated by this model.
A crossroads in genetic counseling and ethics.

Genetic counselors are on the front lines of the genetic revolution, presented with tests of varying predictive values and reliability, unfair testing distribution mechanisms, tests for conditions where no treatment exists, and companies that oversell the usefulness of their tests to physicians and nurses. Many scholars, both genetic testing task forces as well as the newly formed National Bioethics Advisory Commission, have all noted that genetic counseling programs and services are critical for adequate genetic testing. At the same time, in our own work at the University of Pennsylvania we have encountered many requests for new materials for training genetic counselors in ethics and providing ethics resources for genetic counseling. One of us has noted elsewhere that it is crucial that resources from the Human Genome Project, the Centers for Disease Control, and other public agencies be devoted to providing better resources for genetic counselors facing difficult ethical issues. Although the American Board of Genetic Counseling requires that training programs include some formal coursework in ethics, many wonder whether enough is being done to prepare genetic counselors for an ever-tougher job, and in particular there has been much concern expressed about whether “nondirectiveness” is an outmoded ideal that hampers this profession as it attempts to grow and identify the value of its practice. On the basis of many comments to us by genetic counselors and on the basis of our review of the current literature, we hypothesized that accredited genetic counseling training programs are poised at the turn of the century to begin planning a new approach to teaching the philosophy of genetic counseling, one that integrates philosophical, theoretical, and ethical training throughout the curriculum in genetic counseling.
Mobile Migrants, Mobile Germs: Migration, Contagion, and Boundary-Building in Shenzhen, China after SARS

Shenzhen, a city located on the border between Mainland China and Hong Kong, is populated primarily by internal Chinese migrants. After the 2003 SARS epidemic, the pressure in Shenzhen to contain infectious disease has been considerable. By engaging with issues of global biosecurity, migration and citizenship, and intersubjectivity in medicine, I argue that in their attempts to prevent another SARS and protect their own subject positions as modern, urban citizens, Shenzhen's public health professionals worked to maintain precarious boundaries between themselves and their city's majority migrant population. However, by establishing the migrants as dangerous, biological noncitizens, by denying connections between the migrants' experiences and their own experiences of migration, by failing to engage with the migrants as subjects, and by defending structures that institutionalized these exclusions, they undermined both the health of the migrants and the stability of the city they were trying to protect.
Diffraction evidence for distorted graphite-like ribbons in an activated carbon of very large surface area

Abstract A carbon prepared from petroleum coke which possesses a very large active surface area (3500 m 2 /gm) has been examined with X-ray diffraction techniques. Simultaneous analysis of the low and high angle scattering suggests that the material is composed of distorted ribbons of graphite-like layers. On the average, each ribbon contains only one or a very few graphite-like layers, and these layers are distorted with an average radius of curvature of ~ 25A. This very open structure results in a large surface area and gives rise to extensive small angle scattering.
Comments on ``More general capillary pressure and relative permeability models from fractal geometry'' by Kewen Li

We wish to make several comments related to the pressure-saturation model proposed by Li (2010). Firstly, we would like to point out that new pressure-saturation fractal model in the Li (2010) article is equivalent to that proposed by Perfect (1999) based on the properties of the Menger sponge model. To derive the pressure-saturation curve (Eq. (12) and Eq. (A-16) in the original article), Li (2010) started with a number-size distribution in which the number of pores is a power function of pore size (Eq. (A-1) in the original article). However, Li's results for the pressure-saturation curve duplicate that of Perfect (1999). In the following we show how to derive the Perfect (1999) model using a continuous probability density function, and we demonstrate that the Rieu and Sposito (1991) and Perfect (1999) models are theoretically the same as also reported by Perfect et al. (2004). Although both models contain lower and upper scale cut-offs (hmin and hmax), the Perfect (1999) function includes the upper cut-off scale (hmax) as an unknown parameter which is determined by fitting the model to a measured soil water retention curve. Hunt and Gee (2002) presented a continuous power-law probability distribution function describing the pore-size distribution as follows:
Tissue optical parameter map generated with frequency-domain spectroscopy

Near infrared optical imaging is emerging as a potentially important imaging modality, because it offers real time data access, portability, cost-effectiveness, and the relatively safe use of non-ionizing radiation. Reconstruction of images by optical tomography is complicated by the diffusive character of light propagation in optically heterogeneous tissue. The spatial volume element probed by the light path between the light source and optical detector is rather wide and depends on a variety of experimental and instrumental factors. We have published an optical image of the hand in air based on photon density wave distribution characteristics, using both steady-state (intensity) and frequency-domain (phase and modulation) experimental conditions. Since then, we have developed new instrumentation, better measurement protocols, some reconstruction algorithms and a more complete theoretical understanding of photon diffusion in both homogeneous and heterogeneous media. We have now performed frequency-domain measurements (at a modulation frequency of 160 MHz with 760 nm near infrared light) with the hand immersed in a scattering fluid (the infinite geometry arrangement). The advantages of our current approach include the spectroscopic resolution of physiologically interesting tissue regions, greater spatial resolution, the generation of absorption and reduced scattering coefficient maps of the image, rapid data acquisition, real time simultaneous display of the experimental parameters and calculated optical parameters and the possibility of obtaining some tomographic reconstruction.
External calcium concentration and fertilization in the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotusfranciscansus (A. Agassiz) (Echinodermata)

Abstract The role of external calcium ions in the fertilization of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotusfranciscansus (A. Agassiz), was studied. When eggs were inseminated with jelly-treated sperm in artificial sea waters containing various concentrations of calcium, the percentage of fertilization decreased with decreasing concentrations of calcium. A small amount of external calcium ions was also found to be essential for fertilization by spermatozoa with reacted acrosomes. The binding capacity of jelly-treated spermatozoa to eggs was, however, not adversely affected by a calcium deficiency. These results suggest that calcium ions are required not only for the initiation of the acrosome reaction, but also for successful levels of fertilization following sperm-binding to eggs even after the acrosome reaction has occurred.
Estimating Risk-Adjusted Costs of Financial Distress.

The search for the optimal, or value-maximizing, capital structure involves weighing the expected benefits of higher leverage against the expected “costs of financial distress.” These costs include not only the direct costs of reorganization, but less quantifiable effects of financial trouble such as damage to the firm's reputation, the loss of key employees and customers, and the loss of value from forgone investment opportunities. This article proposes a new method for valuing expected financial distress costs. While researchers have provided estimates of the costs associated with financial distress when it takes place, whether or when these costs will be incurred is, of course, unknown at the time the financing decision. As a result, the “correct” discount rate for valuing expected distress costs is difficult to derive. Instead of adjusting the discount rate to reflect historical default rate probabilities, the authors' method uses “risk-neutral” probabilities of encountering distress that allow for discounting at the risk-free rate. The risk-neutral probabilities of default are derived by incorporating the systematic risk premia implicit in corporate bond yield spreads. This method results in a significant increase in estimates of financial distress costs. In a simple example presented by the authors, distress costs estimated at about 1.6% of firm value using the conventional method turn out to run about 5% after adjusting for the increased systematic risk associated with financial distress.
Preschool Prediction of Low Achievement in Basic School Skills

The purpose of the present study was to determine the extent to which children identified on preschool readiness tests as "high risk" for development of learning difficulties do, in fact, demonstrate low achievement in basic school skills by the time they have completed several years of elementary school. A review by Keogh and Becker (1973) cited nine studies that attempted to locate children with potential learning problems in kindergarten or earlier. However, only four of these studies reported the percentage of correct predictions. A recent review of research published through 1973 (Schaer & Crump 1976) points out the lack of consensus regarding the feasibility of early identification of learning disabilities. Studies conducted from 1973 to the present provide no more reason to be confident about the validity of early identification of learning problems. False-positive rates are often high, and rates of correct prediction differ for failing as well as successful students (Dimitrovsky & Almy 1975, Eaves, Kendall, & Crichton 1974, Feshbach, Adelman, & Fuller 1974). If significant correlations are found between scores on a preschool instrument and later school achievement, it has generally been assumed that the preschool instrument has been established as a valid means of identifying children at risk for developing future learning problems. However, educators who are currently classifying children as at risk or not at risk based on the child's performance on such preschool measures may be making unwarranted assumptions regarding the validity of predictions for individual children. SUBJECTS AND MEASURES
Behavioral characteristics of children with daytime wetting.

Purpose: We hypothesized in this descriptive investigation that children with daytime wetting demonstrate unique emotional/behavioral patterns, independent of gender and age, compared to children with nocturnal wetting.Materials and Methods: Two groups of children 5 to 17 years old with day wetting and urinary tract infections in the absence of organic etiology were recruited for study. There were 488 children in group 1 and 418 in group 2. Group 1 was given a short set of behavioral questions and group 2 was evaluated for behavioral characteristics with a revised and longer set of questions. Also in group 2 children with nocturnal wetting only were recruited as a comparison group. A subgroup of 58 children was randomly selected from group 2 and administered 2 standardized questionnaires.Results: Children with day wetting and urinary tract infection had a significantly higher rate of constipation (35%) than those with day wetting and no infection (25%, p <0.02). Parents of group 1 children reported the le...
Stabilization of coenzyme binding by conjugated steroids and carboxylic acids

Abstract Estradiol disulfate and diethylstilbestrol disulfate, which interfere with the binding of pyridoxal phosphate to kynurenine apotransaminase and protect the apoenzyme from proteolytic inactivation, retarded the dissociation of pyridoxal phosphate from the holo transaminase in freshly homogenized rat kidney. At higher concentrations, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and several carboxylic acids also stabilized pyridoxal phosphate binding. Similar stabilization was observed with partially purified serine transhydroxymethylase of rabbit liver and with the tyrosine-α-ketoglutarate transaminase of freshly homogenized rat liver. Tyrosine transaminase activity in fresh liver homogenates (1 gm liver per 12 mls of water) lost 50% of its activity during incubation for 1 hr at 37°. This activity could not be restored by adding pyridoxal phosphate although the loss could be largely prevented by the presence of 10 −5 M PLP and by 10 −3 M α-ketoglutarate. Benzoate, p-aminobenzoate, α-naphtoate, salicylate, and diethylstilbestrol disulfate, all of which were shown previously to induce hepatic tyrosine transaminase in vivo , retarded the inactivation. Hydrocortisone or diethylstilbestrol disulfate injections also resulted in decreased rates of inactivation in liver homogenates prepared 3 hours after injection as compared with those prepared immediately after injection.
Soft surfaces and a size effect in superdonductivity

Abstract The enhanced critical temperatures of thin or granular non-transition metal superconductors are rationalized in terms of recent theoretical work.
Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection: A review of risk factors, treatments, and outcomes

Episodes of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) are difficult to treat for several reasons. Foremost, data are lacking to support any particular treatment strategy. In addition, treatment of recurrent episodes is not always successful, and repeated, prolonged treatment is often necessary. Identification of subgroups at risk for recurrent CDI may aid in diagnosing and treating these patients. Two likely mechanistic factors increasing the risk of recurrent CDI are an inadequate immune response to C. difficile toxins and persistent disruption of the normal colonic flora. Important epidemiologic risk factors include advanced age, continuation of other antibiotics, and prolonged hospital stays. Current guidelines recommend that the first recurrent episode be treated with the same agent (i.e., metronidazole or vancomycin) used for the index episode. However, if the first recurrence is characterized as severe, vancomycin should be used. A reasonable strategy for managing a subsequent episode involves tapering followed by pulsed doses of vancomycin. Other potentially effective strategies for recurrent CDI include vancomycin with adjunctive treatments, such as Saccharomyces boulardii, rifaximin "chaser" therapy after vancomycin, nitazoxanide, fecal transplantation, and intravenous immunoglobulin. New treatment agents that are active against C. difficile, but spare critical components of the normal flora, may decrease the incidence of recurrent CDI.