cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Qualitative Versus Quantitative Radiographic Analysis of Foot Deformities in Children With Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy

Background: Qualitative assessments of standing plain radiographs are frequently used to determine treatment strategies and assess outcomes for the management of a wide range of foot and ankle conditions in children. A quantitative technique for such analyses would presumably be more precise and reliable. The goal of this study was to compare qualitative and quantitative techniques for the assessment of plain radiographs of the foot and ankle in children with hemiplegic type cerebral palsy (CP). Methods: Standing anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of the foot and ankle of the involved side for 49 children with hemiplegic CP were analyzed qualitatively by 2 pediatric orthopaedists, based upon a 3-segment (hindfoot, midfoot, and forefoot) foot model. Quantitative assessment of the same radiographs was performed by 2 examiners, using 6 radiographic measurements developed to describe the alignment of the foot based upon the same 3-segment model. Intraobserver and interobserver reliability was determined for both the qualitative and the quantitative techniques. The qualitative and quantitative techniques were compared to determine agreement. Results: The qualitative technique demonstrated poor-to-fair interobserver reliability (percent agreement range, 23%-31 %; weighted K range, 0.291-0.568). The quantitative technique demonstrated good-to-excellent intraobserver (correlation coefficient range, 0.81-0.99) and interobserver (correlation coefficient range, 0.81-0.97) reliability. Percent agreement between the quantitative and the qualitative techniques for the assessment of foot segmental alignment for each examiner ranged from 22.2% to 100% (mean agreement for examiner 1 was 51% [correlation coefficient range, 0.04-0.48]; mean agreement for examiner 2 was 65.3% [correlation coefficient range, 0.22-0.85]). Percent agreement between the quantitative technique and both observers ranged from 11.1% to 83.3% (mean agreement was 36.7% [correlation coefficient range, 0.17-0.94]). Discussion: Reliable quantitative radiographic analysis of the segmental alignment of the involved foot and ankle in children with hemiplegic CP is possible and is more precise and reliable than traditional qualitative techniques. Quantitative techniques can identify a wider range of foot segmental malalignments and should facilitate deformity analysis, preoperative planning, assessment of outcome, and comparison of results between centers.
Introduction: The Great Drug Policy Debate: What Means This Thing Called Decriminalization?

The contemporary debate over decriminalization mimics in almost every respect a debate that took place in the 1960s and early 1970s. In both the earlier challenges to the status quo and the current attack on the criminalization of drug use, critics have stressed the counterproductive consequences of the prohibitionist ethos. Although it is unlikely that America will move toward decriminalization in the near future, the current debate provides an opportunity to examine the underlying premises of the massive expenditure of resources on repressive measures.
War and interpreters

This paper attempts to shed light on issues of trust, control, ethics and identity concerning military interpreters who use their language skills against the country or people of their own cultural heritage. It examines linguists (translators and interpreters) who worked in military intelligence and operations during the Pacific War and the occupation of Japan, and military linguists involved in the current context of the “global war on terror”. Drawing on Cronin’s notion (2002, 2006) of heteronomous and autonomous interpreting systems, this paper discusses different sourcing avenues of military linguists during and after the Pacific War: Caucasian linguists trained at US military Japanese schools as autonomous, Japanese nationals locally hired for the occupation as heteronomous, and Nisei (second-generation Japanese American) linguists as in-between. Parallels and comparisons are drawn between the ambiguous standing of those Nisei linguists and the situations of foreign-born US military interpreters and ...
Sagittal plane coordination dynamics of typically developing gait

Abstract Background Individuals who undergo an instrumented gait analysis often have an aberrant gait pattern due to neuromuscular impairments that adversely affect their coordination. Conventional instrumented gait analysis descriptors fail to capture the complex coordination dynamics of gait. This paper presents a straightforward methodology for generating descriptors of coordination dynamics based on dynamical systems theory and provides the largest reported dataset of sagittal plane coordination measures, including adjacent and non-adjacent segment pairings, from individuals free of gait pathology walking over-ground. Methods Tri-planar marker trajectories from 104 unimpaired subjects between the ages of 8 and 66 years were collected as they walked at a self-selected speed on a level surface. Phase portraits for the pelvis, thigh, shank, and foot and continuous relative phase diagrams for the segment pairs of pelvis–thigh, thigh–shank, shank–foot, and thigh–foot were calculated. Findings The low coefficients of variation for each coordination curve are comparable to inter-subject coefficients of variation for kinematic curves, narrow confidence intervals for relative phase angles at four essential footfall conditions, and small standard deviation bands of the continuous relative phase diagrams are evidence that these curves characterize the coordination dynamics of normal gait. Interpretation These findings support the use of this normative dataset as a reference for coordination studies in the clinic or research laboratory. Improving our understanding of gait strategies from the level of coordination and characterizing the natural variability in gait patterns offer a means to enhance our understanding of atypical gait patterns.
Global inhibition for selecting modes of attention

Abstract The nucleus reticularis thalami, NRT, is a neural sheet draped over the lateral and anterior aspects of the mammalian thalamus. It is situated to play a major role in deciding an animal's modes of attention. We model nonoscillatory aspects of NRT-cortical-thalamic interactions involved in deciding these modes. The model's modules are dynamically aggregated into coupled sets by ongoing brain operations. Global inhibition distributes attention over the sets. A complete analysis of the model's equilibria and dynamics shows that it has the desired convergent properties.
Violence, Mourning, Politics

This essay argues that mourning can provide resources for the rethinking of community and of international relations and that the military preemption and derealization of loss undermines fundamental human ties. The author suggests that nonviolence can and should emerge from the practice of mourning. The essay links a relational conception of the self to an ethics of nonviolence and a politics of a more radical redistribution of humanizing effects. In this way, the author connects a psychoanalytically informed concept of subject formation to a politics that offers a critique of the derealizing effects of U.S. military violence. Because lives, under current political conditions, are differentially grieved, egalitarian mourning offers the possibility of expanding the very conception of the human.
Science in the contemporary world: the human implications of scientific advance.

The following comments were presented at an international symposium entitled The Symposium on Rational Social Use of Health Resources which was held in Milan, Italy December 5-6, 1975.
On-column injection in the stopped-flow mode with open-tubular columns

A simple, inexpensive, on-column injector of the septum moving-needle kind is described for quantitative analysis using open-tubular columsn. when operated in the stopped-flow mode an improvement incolumn efficiency is observed combined wit a diminished tendency to produce split-top peaks, particularly for late eluting peaks. Using electronic integration a relative error of about 2.7% was observed for peaks spanning a wide range of sample concentrations and volatilities.
Decuplet Sum Rules for Pseudoscalar-Meson-Hadron Scattering in Exact and Broken SU(3) Symmetry

It is assumed that an arbitrary $s$-channel amplitude $A+B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}C+D$ superconverges when the $t$-channel system $A\overline{C}$ belongs to the 10 (or $\overline{1}\overline{0}$) representation of $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ or has the quantum numbers $I=\frac{3}{2}$, $Y=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ or $I=0$, $Y=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2$. The particular cases of $\mathrm{PP}$, $\mathrm{PV}$, and $\mathrm{PB}$ elastic scattering are studied, both in the $\mathrm{SU}(3)$- symmetric and in the broken-symmetry limit. The $\mathrm{PP}$ sum rule is saturated in the $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ limit by the nonet spectrum ${J}^{\mathrm{PC}}={1}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{-}},{2}^{++}$. The Okubo form for the nonet couplings is obtained in the limit of nonet mass degeneracy. When $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ symmetry is relaxed, the resultant sum rules provide a constraint on the form (but not the scale) of symmetry-breaking effects. An unphysical result (implying a complex mixing angle) derived by Sakurai from the Weinberg second sum rule and a vector-dominance assumption is reproduced by the vector saturation of a $\overline{K}K$ backward scattering amplitude. It is pointed out that the effects of higher-spin mesons can, in this approach, restore the reality of the mixing angle. Analogous sum rules for $\mathrm{PV}$ elastic scattering imply the $\mathrm{SU}(6)$ result for the singlet/octet $\mathrm{PVV}$ coupling ratio. In the limit of $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ symmetry, baryon octet-decouplet mass degeneracy, and zero pseudoscalar-meson mass, the $\mathrm{PB}$ sum rule, when combined with the sum rule of Sakita and Wali, yields the $\mathrm{SU}(6)$ result for the $\frac{f}{d}$ ratio and the decuplet/octet coupling ratio, independent of experimental input. When $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ symmetry is relaxed, the resultant $\mathrm{PB}$ sum rules, one of which has been evaluated by Chan and Yen, can provide information on the $\mathrm{BBP}$ coupling constants. Typically, the sum rules studied, based initially only on the assumptions of $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ symmetry and superconvergence, lead to the results of a higher symmetry when the degenerate mass spectrum of the higher symmetry is used in the saturation scheme. When the mass degeneracy is broken, the sum rules yield information on how this higher symmetry is broken. When $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ symmetry is relaxed, the sum rule splits into a family of sum rules which are classified according to $t$-channel hypercharge and isospin content. Some of these sum rules are still valid provided certain weaker assumptions (such as the conservation, or the absence, of appropriate currents) continue to hold, and these sum rules, in turn, provide information on $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ violations.
Precursors of employee turnover: A multiple‐sample causal analysis

Two models of the nature of linkages among precursors of voluntary turnover were examined using four distinct samples. A model which includes both job satisfaction and organizational commitment as exogenous variables leading to one's intention to resign was shown to provide results which support its usage in future research. Analyses of longitudinal data for precursors across two points in time, before turnover, however, provided only weak support for causality.
Habitat-specific density and diet of rapidly expanding invasive red lionfish, Pterois volitans, populations in the northern Gulf of Mexico.

Invasive Indo-Pacific red lionfish, Pterois volitans, were first reported in the northern Gulf of Mexico (nGOM) in summer 2010. To examine potential impacts on native reef fish communities, lionfish density and size distributions were estimated from fall 2010 to fall 2013 with a remotely operated vehicle at natural (n = 16) and artificial (n = 22) reef sites. Lionfish (n = 934) also were sampled via spearfishing to examine effects of habitat type, season, and fish size on their diet and trophic ecology. There was an exponential increase in lionfish density at both natural and artificial reefs over the study period. By fall 2013, mean lionfish density at artificial reefs (14.7 fish 100 m−2) was two orders of magnitude higher than at natural reefs (0.49 fish 100 m−2), and already was among the highest reported in the western Atlantic. Lionfish diet was significantly different among habitats, seasons, and size classes, with smaller (<250 mm total length) fish consuming more benthic invertebrates and the diet of lionfish sampled from artificial reefs being composed predominantly of non-reef associated prey. The ontogenetic shift in lionfish feeding ecology was consistent with δ15N values of white muscle tissue that were positively related to total length. Overall, diet results indicate lionfish are generalist mesopredators in the nGOM that become more piscivorous at larger size. However, lionfish diet was much more varied at artificial reef sites where they clearly were foraging on open substrates away from reef structure. These results have important implications for tracking the lionfish invasion in the nGOM, as well as estimating potential direct and indirect impacts on native reef fish communities in this region.
Effects of cobalt substitutions on the magnetoelectric coupling of M-type hexaferrite films

We have experimentally investigated the correlation between the magnetoelectric coupling α and Co substitutions in M-type hexaferrite films. Specifically, the following family of M-type hexaferrites materials were investigated Sr2+Cox2+Ti3−0.5x4+Fe83+O192−, where x varied from 1.2 to 3.5. The parameter α was measured for the cases (a) the induced magnetization was perpendicular, α⊥, and (b) parallel, α∥, to the applied electric field. A maximum value of α⊥ = 1.01 × 10−8 sec/m was measured for x = 1.65. This optimum value may be related to the maximum packing density of cobalt ions in octahedral sites and still maintain charge neutrality. Also, α∥ reached a minimum value of 2.51 × 10−10 sec/m for x = 1.9.
Reduced-order solution to the finite-time optimal-control problems of linear weakly coupled systems

The optimal solution to the finite-time optimal-control problem of weakly coupled linear systems is found in terms of completely decoupled reduced-order differential equations for both closed-loop and open-loop control. This is achieved through the use of the decoupling transformation that block diagonalizes the Hamiltonian matrix of the weakly coupled linear-quadratic control problem. The convergence to the optimal solution is pretty rapid. The proposed technique is very well suited for parallel computations. >
The backprojection method applied to classical tomography

A method based upon backprojection of projection images which allows six degrees of freedom in the selection of the plane to be tomosynthesized is described. Data can be collected with any type of classical tomographic apparatus, including linear, circular, or other complex motion unit, which has been modified by the addition of a digital imaging chain. A set of projection images can be acquired in a single sweep, although, in principle, they could be acquired simultaneously. In addition, C-arms can also be used with no limitations of the selection of tomosynthesized planes.
The generation of 5'-deoxyadenosyl radicals by adenosylmethionine-dependent radical enzymes.

Abstract Adenosylmethionine-dependent radical enzymes provide a novel mechanism for generating the highly oxidizing 5′-deoxyadenosyl radical in an anaerobic reducing environment. Recent studies suggest a unique covalent interaction between adenosylmethionine and a catalytic iron–sulfur cluster that may promote inner-sphere electron transfer to the sulfonium, resulting in the reductive cleavage of a CS bond and the generation of a 5′-deoxyadenosyl radical. The utilization of this radical as a catalytic and stoichiometric oxidant in many different enzyme reactions reflects the broad diversity of radical enzymes throughout biology.
INFLUENCES AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS' CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS

This study estimates the relative and unique effects on changes in critical thinking of three dimensions of students' college experience: curricular exposure, formal classroom and instructional experiences, and out-of-class experiences. Students' classroom/instructional and out-of-class experiences both make positive, statistically significant, and unique contributions to gains in critical thinking above and beyond students' precollege characteristics and level of critical thinking. Theoreticians have long speculated that students' academic and nonacademic experiences jointly influence change, and this study supports that belief. The design and instruments in this study may be of interest to persons involved in assessment or the study of college impact.
Quaternary sedimentation in the Arctic ocean

Abstract A distinct boundary between sediment types usually occurs at a depth of about 10 cm in bottom cores raised from the Alpha Rise in the Arctic Ocean. The sediment between the tops of the cores and the 10 cm boundary is a dark brown, foraminiferal lutite mixed with ice-rafted sand and pebbles. The sediment between the 10 cm boundary and a depth of about 40 cm is a light brown sand with ice-rafted material but few Foraminifera. The 10 cm boundary apparently represents the most recent change in pelagic deposition in this region and must be connected with climatic changes. Foraminifera from a zone between 7 and 10 cm have been dated by the C14 method as 25,000 ± 3000 and as 30,000 years BP in two different samples. The 10 cm boundary itself has been dated as 70, 000 years BP by a uranium series method. If these dates are accepted, a low sedimentation rate of 1 1 2 to 3 mm/1000 years is indicated for the Alpha Rise and for the Arctic Ocean as a whole if pelagic sedimentation has been uniform over the entire ocean. Cores from the Canada Abyssal Plain differ in character from the Alpha Rise cores consisting primarily of olive-gray lutite without Foraminifera or ice-rafted material. This sediment was probably deposited by turbidity currents. A 3 mm layer of dark brown, foraminiferal lutite occurs at the top of the Canada Abyssal Plain cores. This layer is similar to the upper layer in Alpha Rise cores and apparently represents continued pelagic deposition since the last turbidity current. Foraminifera from this upper 3 mm layer have been dated as 700 ± 100 years BP by the C14 method. The conclusion is that pelagic sedimentation has continued unchanged in the Arctic Ocean from about 70,000 years ago to the present. This implies that the present ice cover has existed for that length of time.
A DISPOSABLE DENTAL FACE MASK WITH A PLASTIC EYE SHIELD FOR OPERATING WITH THE AIR TURBINE DRILL.

Abstract A practical method of protecting both the dentist and his patient from the microbial aerosol generated by air turbine units during dental procedures has been suggested. By attaching a clear, flexible plastic sheet of proper dimension to the upper part of a standard disposable paper face mask, a shield is created which protects the eyes and allows clear visibility. The masks are used by both the patient and the dentist, and are discarded after each operative procedure.
The Political Economy of Domestic Labor Mobility: Specific Factors, Landowners, and Education

Political actors today seek to influence labor mobility via education just as they have for centuries. Landowners in countries with large industrial sectors attempt to suppress education levels to maintain their labor supply, as educated workers are able to move into industrial work more easily than uneducated workers. However, the relationship between large landowners and education is more complex than has been previously theorized. Using a specific-factors model, I show that large landowners in countries with little economic development actually have an incentive to increase education levels. They realize the returns of an educated workforce without fearing their mobility because competing industrial opportunities for the workers do not exist. In either case, the ability of landowners to achieve their political goals is a function of their ability to overcome the collective action problem and effectively influence the state’s provision of education. Powerful landowners successfully deny education in industrialized countries and provide it in agricultural countries. An analysis of panel data covering 77 countries from 1975 to 2000 confirms the conditional nature of the relationship.
Microprocessor assisted ESR measurements of radical concentrations in polymers

Abstract The relative concentration of radical species created in polymers is difficult to measure accurately by ratios of peak heights due to the complexity of the spectra often encountered. Proper analysis of the data by double integration of spectra from strip chart plots is tedious and time consuming. In this paper a microprocessor is described which helps to alleviate these problems by performing an on-line baseline corrected double integration of the spectra with direct digital display. The combination of the microprocessor readout of double integrals with ESR dual cavity techniques to determine radical concentrations is discussed. The microprocessor described provides simple, inexpensive, immediate data analysis with measurement precision to within ± 11%.
Building and maintaining an academic library pamphlet collection

Describes how the pamphlet collection at the University of Toledo’s Carlson Library is built and maintained, centering on the Pamphlet Collection Manual, which was specifically written for the collection. Discusses the collection’s mission, arrangement, OPAC access, circulation, selection, ordering, online cataloging, processing, weeding and record keeping as detailed in the manual. Provides a review of the literature since 1970 on academic library pamphlet collections.
Deformation and cracking in Ge-Sb-Se chalcogenide glasses during indentation

Deformation and cracking behavior of Ge–Sb–Se binary and ternary chalcogenide glasses of varying average covalent coordination number, 〈r〉, was studied by indenting with Vickers and Brinell microindenters using static and recording machines, and subsequent analysis using a non-contact profilometer. Vickers-produced cracks were the smallest around the GeSe4 composition (〈r〉=2.4) after unloading, hence the indentation toughness was a maximum and the brittleness a minimum at 〈r〉=2.4. Brinell-created pond (crater) depth, the mound (pile-up) height, and the radial fractures originating from the mounds displayed minima in the binaries, presumably due to maximized elastic recovery around 〈r〉=2.4. Consequently, Brinell hardness computed from the unloaded depth (HBD) showed a maximum around GeSe4. The maximized elastic recovery around GeSe4 is consistent with Phillips' optimized connectivity arguments. GeSe4 resembles the “anomalous” SiO2 glass for deformation and cracking behavior. Surprisingly, many of the extrema were nearly non-existent in the ternary glasses. The apparent contrast to the binary glasses is not understood.
Traffic-Dependent Pricing for Delay-Sensitive Multimedia Networks

Existing network pricing solutions mainly focus on congestion-dependent pricing schemes, while ignoring the users' traffic state information, which we shall show in this paper can be exploited to significantly improve the service provider's revenue. In order to derive pricing strategies that explicitly take into account the users' traffic dynamics, we propose a systematic framework of traffic-dependent pricing by focusing on delay-sensitive multimedia networks. First, we introduce a finite-state Markov chain to capture the users' traffic dynamics, and a service demand model that is dependent on the users' traffic state information. Thus, we relate the users' traffic dynamics to the service provider's pricing policy, by means of the traffic-dependent demand model. Then, we formulate the service provider's pricing problem into a Markov decision process, and propose a low-complexity pricing algorithm, i.e., static pricing without considering the resource constraint, which can achieve a close-to-optimal performance. Next, by considering a practical scenario in which the service provider does not know the users' traffic dynamics a priori, we propose a learning-based algorithm that allows the service provider to identify an (locally) optimal pricing policy. Finally, we conduct simulations to quantify the proposed framework of traffic-dependent pricing.
Incidence of imipenem hypersensitivity reactions in febrile neutropenic bone marrow transplant patients with a history of penicillin allergy

The purpose of this retrospective study was to assess cross-hypersensitivity between imipenem/cilastatin and penicillin in patients with reported penicillin allergies. Medical records of febrile neutropenic, penicillin-allergic bone marrow transplant recipients who received imipenem/cilastatin treatment were retrospectively reviewed. The findings of this study indicate the incidence of cross-reactivity between imipenem/cilastatin and penicillin among patients with a history of penicillin allergy may be lower than previously reported.
Perceptions of Empowerment Within and Across Partnerships in Community-Based Participatory Research A Dyadic Interview Analysis

Although the concept of empowerment is a key principle of community-based participatory research (CBPR), little is known about how academic and community partners perceive empowerment during a CBPR process. CBPR partners' perceptions of the process were explored using semi-structured interviews with both partners in 10 CBPR partnerships that had completed projects addressing social determinants of health. Dyadic interview analysis was employed to understand dynamics within and across partnerships. Five partnerships showed no differences in perceptions of empowerment. Four had minor discrepancies. Only one partnership varied considerably between partners, where the community partner perceived less empowerment regarding determining the study topic and overall control, influence, and respect throughout the process. This article discusses implications of findings for CBPR. Evaluating partners' perceived empowerment throughout a CBPR project might reveal areas to adjust, as not all projects with quantifiably successful outcomes involve processes that are successful in terms of empowerment.
Articulation rate: effects of age, fluency, and syntactic structure

Abstract We report basic findings on articulation rate effects derived from experimental research on children's sentence planning. The experiments were designed to evaluate production processes with attention to syntactic variables while controlling for lexical and phonological variables. Articulatory rate measures showed (1) rates differed for children (3–8.11) and adults, with adult rates significantly faster than child rates; (2) the effects of fluent and dysfluent host utterances on fluent substrings differed for adults and children; (3) rate patterns for relative clause and conjoined clause utterances differed, both from each other and across age group.
The Political Economy of U.S. Foreign Direct Investment in Latin America: A Reappraisal

This study examines the political and economic determinants of U.S. foreign direct investment (FDI) in Latin America. The analysis focuses on fifteen Latin American and Caribbean countries for the period of 1979 to 1996. Market size, workers' skill levels, and political instability are found to have a statistically significant effect on the investment behavior of U.S. multinational firms. In addition, we find that a poor human rights record and military coups d'etat positively influenced U.S. FDI flows during the time series.
Chronic disease self-management support: public health perspectives.

1 Arthritis Program, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA 2 Healthy Aging Program, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA 3 Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA 4 Epilepsy Program, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA *Correspondence: tob9@cdc.gov
STRENGTH OF COMPOSITE LATTICED STRUCTURES

This paper investigates the strength of composite latticed cylindrical and conical shells under axial compressive loads. The latticed structures are composed of circumferential and helical members, whose cross-sections are rectangular. This research examines the failure modes of both cylindrical and conical composite latticed shells. New design constraints to achieve weight efficient structures with high failure loads is presented. Two main failure modes, general buckling as a shell and excessive shear stress in the members, are considered. The main emphasis is placed on the effects of geometrical configuration of the structure and the manufacturing process. In order to automate the fabrication process and to minimize manufacturing costs, filament winding was chosen as the method of construction. Numerical results are obtained by finite element analysis which are compared with experimental solutions. The motivation of the present work is to find the optimal winding pattern which filament winding can be easily applied and still provides the highest strength to weight ratio. The final result of this research includes the numerical and experimental analysis of composite latticed cylindrical and conical shells via filament-winding. This provides a comprehensive understanding of composite latticed structures that will be useful in preliminary design of such structures.
Passing Rates of American Children and Youth on the FITNESSGRAM Criterion-Referenced Physical Fitness Standards

Abstract The purpose of this study was two fold: (1) to determine the percentage of 6-18-year-old students who passed the FITNESSGRAM criterion scores for percent body fat (%BF), body mass index (BM/), mile run (MR). sit-ups (SU), pull-ups (PU), and sit and reach (SR F =97%), followed by the two body composition items (%BF: M = 89%; F = 91%) (BMI:M = 88%; F = 85%), the MR (M = 77%; F = 60%), SU (M = 65%, F = 57%), and finally the PU (M = 73%; F = 32%). It is recommended that the criterion cut-off scores be statistically validated using the illustrated technique when the active (instructed) group has been trained with documented levels of frequency, intensity, and duration and the inactive (uninst...
Evaluation of effectiveness of median of absolute deviations outlier rejection-based I/sub DDQ/ testing for burn-in reduction

CMOS chips having high leakage are observed to have high burn-in fallout rate. I/sub DDQ/ testing has been considered as an alternative to burn-in. However, increased subthreshold leakage current in deep submicron technologies limits the use of I/sub DDQ/ testing in its present form. In this work, a statistical outlier rejection technique known as the median of absolute deviations (MAD) is evaluated as a means to screen early failures using I/sub DDQ/ data. MAD is compared with delta I/sub DDQ/ and current signature methods. The results of the analysis of the SEMATECH data are presented.
A Public Sociology for California

Some of the most inspiring public sociology takes place at the local level, often hidden from or obscured by professional sociology. Taking inspiration from Edna Bonacich's research with labor and Elizabeth Leonard's research with survivors of extreme domestic violence, this article sketches out what a public sociology for California might mean, and the ways in which professional and critical sociology could support and benefit from such a project.
Physics of Resonance in a Supersonic Forward-Facing Cavity

An experimental study of a blunt nose with a forward-facing, cylindrical cavity was conducted in a Mach 4, quiet-e ow wind tunnel. The length of the cavity was varied, whereas the diameter was e xed. A fast-response pressure transducer was located at the cavity base. Under conventional (noisy) wind-tunnel conditions, the rms pressure e uctuations were nearly 0.4% of the mean pressure. Under quiet-eow conditions, the rms e uctuations were on the order of 0.04% of the mean. A laser-perturbation system created controlled, repeatable, and localized disturbances upstream of the bow shock. These disturbances convected with the e ow, impinged on the nose, and caused damped cavity oscillations. As the cavity length was increased, the resonant frequencies and the damping both decreased. The small damped oscillations present under quiet-eow conditions seem to explain the low heat transfer rates measured previouslyine ight. The largee uctuation levels observed in conventional wind tunnels are an artifact of the high levels of noise present there and should not be expected under typical eight conditions. Nomenclature A = dimensional constant in Eqs. (2) and (3) a0 = speed of sound in the cavity, based on stagnation temperature D = diameter of cavity f1n = primary resonant frequency, Hz L = depth of cavity L ¤ = axial distance from the cavity base to the mean shock
Holstein Cows and Calves Under Beef Cattle Management

Abstract Holstein cows were maintained under beef cattle management during six years. Cows had a potential for producing 14kg milk daily for four months, but it was not until the calves were four months old that they consumed all this milk. At the end of 155 days single calves had consumed an average of 1,760±65kg milk and had gained 152±6kg since birth. Birth weights, 205 day weights, and age at weaning for 32 male and 34 female calves were 43.8±1.0kg and 41.3 ±1.0kg; 245±7kg and 236±7kg; and 253±8 days and 232±8 days. Although the cows were high milk producers, no serious complications arose. Mastitis occurred in some cows but did not constitute a major problem. There was no evidence of active mastitis when the calves were weaned. Only during one summer was there serious trouble with scours. Since it occurred only in one of the six years, it could not be attributed to the high intake of milk by the calves. The calving interval for Holsteins under beef management and natural breeding was similar to the calving interval for the same cows when they were under dairy management and were bred artificially.
The illusion of illusory memory

In this commentary on the paper, Psychotherapy and Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse: A Cognitive Perspective, by Lindsay and Read, three points are addressed. First, although the bulk of Lindsay and Read's paper is devoted to elaborating an explanation for the phenomenon that 'memory recovery therapies' may 'inadvertently lead some adult clients to create illusory memories of childhood sexual abuse', this phenomenon itself has never been demonstrated. There is a logical flaw in inferring the existence of a phenomenon from the fact that there might be an explanation for it. Second, Signal Detection Theory (SDT) is proposed as a useful heuristic for conceptualizing the debate regarding true memory versus illusory memory for sexual abuse. SDT is applied to elucidate the phenomenon of memory for sexual abuse, and then several directions for future research on this topic using the SDT framework are proposed. Finally, the cognitive research literature on the prevalence of suggestively planted memories is discussed. It is proposed that 'memory recovery therapy' is not widespread in the field of psychotherapy and that the evidence for therapist-implanted illusory memories for incestuous sexual abuse is very weak. Language: en
Neural Processes Underlying Memory Attribution on a Reality-monitoring Task

A relatively common form of memory distortion arises when individuals must discriminate items they have seen from those they have imagined (reality monitoring). The present fMRI investigation (at 1.5 T) focused on the processes that relate to memory assignment regardless of accuracy (e.g. that correspond with the belief that an item was presented as a picture, regardless of whether that belief is correct). Prior to the scan, participants (n = 16) viewed concrete nouns and formed mental images of the object named. Half of the names were followed by the object's photo. During the scan, participants saw the object names and indicated whether the corresponding photo had been studied. Activity in visual-processing regions (including the precuneus and fusiform gyrus) corresponded with the attribution of an item to a pictorial presentation. In contrast, activity in regions thought to be important for self-referential processing (including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate gyrus) was associated with attribution to a nonpresented source. These neural findings converge with behavioral evidence indicating that individuals use the amount of different types of information retrieved (e.g. perceptual detail, information about cognitive operations) to determine whether an item was imagined or perceived.
Comment: Muscle strength at age 18 and Parkinson disease among Swedish men from a nationwide cohort

Gustafsson et al.1 report an association between low muscle strength at age 18 years and incidence of Parkinson disease (PD) later in life using a unique nationwide Swedish cohort of men. They report that low handgrip strength (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.38 between lowest and highest fifth) and elbow flexion strength (HR = 1.34) at age 18 years in Swedish men were associated with higher risk of incident PD later in life, and suggest that this may be an early marker for development of PD. The strength of the article is the large population data (n > 1 million) with long follow-up (mean 30 years), mainly from the Swedish National Patient Register. The large number of 977 incident PD cases is uncommon for PD studies. Possibly as both a strength and as a cautionary note, the modest magnitude of association found here would be difficult to detect in smaller studies. As with most longitudinal studies, censoring due to emigration and death during follow-up might influence results if related to PD. The result on parental PD is exploratory as it is subject to censoring. The finding from this study needs to be interpreted with caution, as it might not be applicable to women or other races and ethnicities. However, it presents an intriguing hypothetical biomarker that prompts further study.
Overview of early and investigational chemotherapeutic agents in solid tumors.

A tentative evaluation is proposed for the clinical status of 15 early and investigational drugs in human solid tumors.
A critical concern: pediatrician self-care after disasters.

As of this writing, health care in the areas impacted by Hurricane Katrina has shifted from emergency to primary care mode. Disasters take a heavy toll not only on victims but also on professionals and volunteers who experience the immediate, short-term, and long-term impact through their patients. The impact may occur because of the helping professional's effort to empathize with and be compassionate to patients. There is a rich literature that discusses the risks and impact of vicarious traumatization on psychotherapists, rescue workers, and health care providers who work with survivors, including those who have experienced community traumas such as natural disasters, state-sponsored terrorism, torture, mass murder, and acts of war. The psychological impact of working with those who have suffered trauma has been variously referred to as “vicarious traumatization,” “compassion fatigue,” or, more simply, “burnout.” Vicarious traumatization is described as the emotional and psychological reactions that are triggered by the experience of empathic engagement with patients who are survivors of trauma. This reaction is considered an inescapable aspect of trauma work. Working with a large population of individuals who have been traumatized by a shared catastrophic event raises many challenges to the individual health care provider. Community traumas involve multiple threats to and actual losses of life but also can cause the breakdown of social structures such as family, communities, employment, and housing, thereby dealing a blow to the basic structure of social life by damaging connections between people and their sense of community. A large percentage of health care providers had to evacuate their homes and offices after Katrina and lost their livelihoods and sense of community. It is also likely that many experienced the loss of loved ones. As a result, the emotional toll on health care professionals continuing to treat a traumatized and dislocated population is … Address correspondence to Paula A. Madrid, PsyD, The Resiliency Program, National Center for Disaster Preparedness, Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W 168th St, 10th Floor, New York, NY 10032. E-mail: pam2109{at}columbia.edu
Action of Diazoxide on Skeletal Muscle Vascular Resistance

Controversy exists as to whether arteriolar dilation after diazoxide (DZ) administration is due to a prolonged vascular effect that outlasts the presence of circulating levels of DZ or to equilibrium of arteriolar sites with circulating DZ. To resolve this question, the direct effects of DZ on the vascular resistance (VR) of the isolated blood-perfused (constant-flow) gracilis muscle were evaluated in 44 anesthetized dogs. Intra-arterial infusions of DZ resulted in falls in vascular resistance (-35.9±5.5 SEM %) which returned to control levels after the infusions, thus indicating that irreversible binding to arterioles or a prolonged arteriolar effect independent of plasma levels of the drug did not obtain. Decreases (- 16% to -35%) in VR could also be achieved by premixing DZ in the blood perfusion reservoir at concentrations between 40 and 100 mg/L (which may be achieved clinically); thus albumin binding does not abolish the activity of DZ. Decreases in VR by DZ were not related to stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors, alteration in Na + or K + balance, or changes in venous levels of glucose, lactate, pO 2 , pCO 2 , or pH. When norepinephrine and angiotensin II were infused during diazoxide infusions their vasoconstrictor response was attenuated. Thus DZ has a direct effect in lowering VR which is independent of measurable changes in gracilis muscle metabolism. Moreover, the VR effect of DZ is not dependent on a prolonged arteriolar effect independent of plasma concentrations of the drug.
PMU Placement for Line Outage Identification via Multinomial Logistic Regression

We consider the problem of identifying a single line outage in a power grid by using data from phasor measurement units (PMUs). When a line outage occurs, the voltage phasor of each bus node changes in response to the change in network topology. Each individual line outage has a distinctive signature, and a multinomial logistic regression classifier can be trained to distinguish between these signatures reliably. We consider first the ideal case in which PMUs are attached to every bus. We then describe techniques from regularized optimization for placing PMUs selectively on a subset of buses, with the subset being chosen to allow discrimination between as many outage events as possible. Experimental results with synthetic 24-h demand profile data generated for IEEE 14-, 30-, 57-, and 118-bus systems are presented.
CJASN—One Year Later

CJASN has continued on its successful path. The CJASN Editorial Team has worked tirelessly to reach the goals we set when we assumed responsibility for the journal 1 year ago. The quality of the accepted original manuscripts has improved. The new Attending Rounds (Jeff Berns, Editor) and Public
Courtship Behavior and Evidence for a Sex Attractant in the Male Caribbean Fruit Fly, Anastrepha suspensa

Male Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae) release one or more volatile pheromones that attract females in laboratory assays. Males probably release the pheromone(s) while distending the pleural region of abdominal segments 3, 4, and 5, and an anal pouch. Males produce bursts of rapid wing fanning while distending the pouches. Organic solvent extracts of males and pieces of absorbent paper left for several days in male cages also attract females. Maximum attraction of 45% of females tested occurs when males and females are 11 days old. The ovaries and terminal oocytes also mature in females at about 11 days. The bioassay apparatus is described.
Ground state conformational preferences and CH stretch-bend coupling in a model alkoxy chain: 1,2-diphenoxyethane.

1,2-Diphenoxyethane (C6H5–O–CH2–CH2–O–C6H5, DPOE) is a flexible bichromophore in which the two phenyl rings are separated from one another by an −O–CH2–CH2–O– chain with five flexible dihedral angles about which hindered rotation can occur. As such, it is a phenyl capped analog of dimethoxyethane (DMOE), which has served as a model compound for development of force fields for polyethylene glycol (PEG). The ground state conformational energy landscape of DPOE is explored using a combination of single-conformation spectroscopy of the jet-cooled molecule and calculations of the conformational minima and transition states. In the experimental UV spectrum, ultraviolet hole-burning establishes the presence of just two conformations with significant population in the supersonic jet expansion. Fluorescence dip infrared (FDIR) spectroscopy is used to record infrared spectra of the two conformers in the alkyl CH stretch, CH bend, and CO stretch regions. When compared with harmonic vibrational frequency calculations...
Microfabricated Linear Hydrogel Microarray for Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Detection

A platform is developed for rapid, multiplexed detection of single-nucleotide polymorphisms using gels copolymerized with oligonucleotide capture probes in a linear microchannel array. DNA samples are analyzed by electrophoresis through the linear array of gels, each containing 20–40 μM of a unique oligonucleotide capture probe. Electrophoresis of target DNA through the capture sites and the high concentration of capture probes within the gels enables significantly shorter incubation times than standard surface DNA microarrays. These factors also result in a significant concentration of target within the gels, enabling precise analysis of as little as 0.6 femtomoles of DNA target. Differential melting of perfectly matched and mismatched targets from capture probes as a function of electric field and temperature enables rapid, unambiguous identification of single-nucleotide polymorphisms.
Lake View – A Roadmap for Asserting the Rights of the Jailed Mentally Ill

In 2000, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Arkansas won a class action lawsuit, Terry v. Hill, which was brought on behalf of all pretrial detainees in Arkansas’s jails who were either awaiting a forensic evaluation under a section 305 order of the Arkansas Code or admission to Arkansas State Hospital for restoration to competency under a section 310 order of the Arkansas Code. The lawsuit was initiated because the Division of Mental Health Services (“Division”) was not performing evaluations in a timely manner, which resulted in too many mentally ill detainees languishing in jails for periods exceeding one year, often with no treatment. The situation for these inmates and the jail staff was often intolerable, with the mentally ill suffering due to lack of treatment, and the jail staff lacking the resources and expertise to accommodate these individuals. The defendant named in the lawsuit was Richard Hill, then Director of the Division of Mental Health Services, which is a division of the Arkansas Department of Human Services. The lawsuit was brought in the Eastern District of Arkan-