cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Scale of Attitudes Towards Disabled Persons (SADP): Cross-cultural Validation in a Middle Income Arab Country, Jordan

The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the level of the existing attitudinal barriers towards disabled persons in four communities of Jordan. Jordan is a middle income Arab country, with a PPP-adjusted GDP/capita of US$ 4320. The study attempted to determine the present level as a baseline of prejudice against people with a disability in Jordan, and to examine the relationship between the randomly selected participants’ attitudes and their previous exposure to and experience with disability. The Scale of Attitudes towards Disabled Persons (SADP) was selected as the instrument. An Arabic translated version of the Scale was used for 191 participants. The respondents showed overall negative attitudes towards disabled persons, as illustrated by previous documented materials. The result of this survey was highly correlated with the collective opinion expressed by the focus group that was conducted by the author in Amman in January, 2005. Thus, the cross-cultural validity of this instrument has been confirmed, and the major findings of this pilot study could inform future policy directions and public awareness raising strategies to foster positive public attitudes.
Ecological Traps: Modeling habitat selection for mobile animals in heterogeneous landscapes

We used a research framework including sources, sinks, and ecological and perceptual traps to evaluate the role that habitat selection plays in native species adaptation to transformed landscapes. We built a simulation model in MATLAB to evaluate the correspondence between habitat selection and quality with forest generalist birds in tropical agroforestry plantations. We generated an algorithm that defines ecological neighborhoods, and evaluates the spatial and temporal patterns of habitat selection behaviors and habitat quality outcomes. We started with a continuous cover of forest that was converted to coffee in variable proportions by replacing individual cells of forest by coffee in different configurations. These included (1) random, (2) lateral, (3) radial, and (4) percolation replacement. Coffee and forest cells can have constant or variable canopy cover as identified with field sample in an actual plantation in Santa Marta, Colombia. We distinguished between three hypothesized possible roles for habitat selection (neutral, adaptive or maladaptive) and created a spatially-explicit population model to explore the consequences of the interplay between habitat selection, quality and availability. We use a novel and multi-scale methodological approach to link landscape structure, individual behavior, and population outcomes of mobile animals in heterogeneous landscapes. We defined bird attributes in both habitats based on data collected. We distinguished between juveniles, breeding adults and floaters whose survival and fecundity rates varied by habitat and stage. We allowed the birds to search for nesting territories within four different distances (defined by number of cells). We incorporated an algorithm that simulated field sampling to assess potential researcher biases. We tested theoretical predictions of habitat selection models using a study system to prompt generally applicable lessons for management and conservation. We found clear differences between scenarios of neutral, adaptive and maladaptive habitat selection consistent with current theoretical predictions and evaluated vital rates changes associated with these scenarios. The largest effects were associated with changes occurring during the transient demographics before all territories are occupied. Birds with neutral selection distributed homogenously in the landscape and were intermediate in population growth. Birds with adaptive selection settled in the favorable habitat and had the highest population growth. Birds with maladaptive selection concentrated in the most unfavorable habitat and had the lowest population growth. These differences were mostly due to lowest recruitment in the unfavorable habitat. Sampling affected the ability to identify these differences. We were able to evaluate how previous methodological limitations are hindering our ability to explore the ecological mechanisms allowing species persistence in anthropogenic and disturbed regions.
$\hbox{QB}^{2}\hbox{IC}$ : A QoS-Based Broadcast Protocol Under Blind Information for Multihop Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks

Broadcasting is an important operation in wireless networks where control information is usually propagated as broadcasts for the realization of most networking protocols. In traditional ad hoc networks, broadcasts are conducted on a common channel, which is shared by all nodes in the network. However, in cognitive radio (CR) ad hoc networks, unlicensed users may observe heterogeneous spectrum availability, which is unknown to other unlicensed users before the control information was broadcast. Thus, it is extremely challenging that broadcasts can be successfully conducted without knowing the spectrum availability information in advance. In addition, since broadcast collisions (i.e., simultaneous reception of broadcast messages at the same node) often lead to the waste of network resources, they should be efficiently mitigated in multihop scenarios. In this paper, a quality-of-service (QoS)-based broadcast protocol under Blind Information for multihop CR ad hoc networks, i.e., QB2IC, is proposed with the aim of having a high success rate and short broadcast delay. In our design, we do not assume that unlicensed users are aware of the network topology, the spectrum availability information, and time synchronization information. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper that investigates the broadcast issue in multihop CR ad hoc networks under blind information. Simulation results show that our proposed QB2IC protocol outperforms other broadcast schemes in terms of a higher success rate and shorter average broadcast delay.
Error-correcting codes and B/sub h/-sequences

We construct error-correcting (nonlinear) binary codes using a construction of Bose and Chowla in additive number theory. Our method extends a construction of Graham and Sloane for constant weight codes. The new codes improve 1028 of the 7168 best known h-error-correcting codes of word length /spl les/512 with 1/spl les/h/spl les/14. We give asymptotical comparisons to shortened Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes.
Effective field theory of large scale structure at two loops: The apparent scale dependence of the speed of sound

We study the effective field theory (EFT) of large-scale structure for cosmic density and momentum fields. We show that the finite part of the two-loop calculation and its counterterms introduces an apparent scale dependence for the leading-order parameter ${c}_{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ of the EFT starting at $k=0.1\text{ }\text{ }h{\mathrm{Mpc}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. These terms limit the range over which one can trust the one-loop EFT calculation at the 1% level to $kl0.1\text{ }\text{ }h{\mathrm{Mpc}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at redshift $z=0$. We construct a well-motivated one-parameter ansatz to fix the relative size of the one- and two-loop counterterms using their high-$k$ sensitivity. Although this one-parameter model is a very restrictive choice for the counterterms, it explains the apparent scale dependence of ${c}_{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ seen in simulations. It is also able to capture the scale dependence of the density power spectrum up to $k\ensuremath{\approx}0.3\text{ }\text{ }h{\mathrm{Mpc}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at the 1% level at redshift $z=0$. Considering a simple scheme for the resummation of large-scale motions, we find that the two-loop calculation reduces the need for this IR resummation at $kl0.2\text{ }\text{ }h{\mathrm{Mpc}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Finally, we extend our calculation to momentum statistics and show that the same one-parameter model can also describe density-momentum and momentum-momentum statistics.
An examination of the concentration of organic components water-extracted from petroleum products

Abstract Overboard discharge of effluent water resulting from the usual methods used to separate ships' oily waste water may present a pollution problem since the dissolved organics are present. By means of total carbon analysis the solubility characteristics of petroleum products commonly found in naval vessels were investigated. Special emphasis is given to the dependence of the organic concentration in the water phase to the water—oil ratio of the system. By means of various abstractive treatments an estimate was made of the relative amounts of polar compounds and hydrocarbons that are present in the water phase.
Genesis 38 in Social and Historical Perspective

While many scholars still view the Judah-Tamar tale in Genesis 38 as a once-independent unit secondarily woven into the Joseph story (chs. 37-50), the relationship with its intertext in 2 Samuel 13 is more complicated. Questions remain regarding a possible direction of literary influence from one narrative to the other, or whether both narratives independently drew from a common trove of tradition. The present study addresses this issue through a closer look at Genesis 38, evaluating its linguistic/sociolinguistic features, its tradition-historical and sociological presuppositions, and the symbolic/mythic valences running through the text. The author behind Genesis 38 drew from an authoritative agrarian mythology that also informed the composition of the narrative beginning in 2 Samuel 13 but cast this mythology in contradistinction to its function in that work.
In vitro cytotoxicity and chemosensitizing activity of the dual function nitroimidazole RB 6145

Abstract Purpose : To determine the cytotoxicity and chemosensitizing potential of RB 6145 in mouse KHT/iv and human A549 tumor cells. Methods and Materials : RSU 1069, the lead compound in a series of nitroimidazoles containing an alkylating aziridine function, has been shown to possess a high degree of selective cytotoxicity for hypoxic cells in addition to being a potent sensitizer of radiation and chemotherapy. Unfortunately, preliminary clinical studies have revealed a dose-limiting gastrointestinal toxicity for RSU 1069. Recently RB 6145, the ring-opened analogue of RSU 1069, has been found to be less emetic than RSU 1069. In the present studies, we assessed both the differential hypoxic cell cytotoxicity of RB 6145 and its chemosensitizing potential when combined concomitantly with variable doses of the activated form of cyclophosphamide (4-hydroperoxy-cyclophosphamide, 4-OOH-CP) or the nitrosourea CCNU. Results : As we had observed previously for RSU 1069, RB 6145 was found to be less cytotoxic to human than rodent tumor cells. In addition, the degree of selective cytotoxicity toward hypoxic cells was (a) less in A549 than in KHT/iv cells (factor of 9 vs. 80) but (b) comparable to that seen with RSU 1069. For both cell lines, inclusion of the sensitizer enhanced the cell killing of the chemotherapeutic agent 4-OOH-CP by a factor of ∼ 1.5–1.7-fold. When combined with CCNU, RB 6145 increased the killing of A549 cells ∼ 1.8-fold. Similar hypoxic cell preferential cytotoxicity and enhancement in anti-tumor treatment efficacy were seen when A549 cells were exposed to the R enantiomer of RB 6145 (PD 144872) either alone or in combination with CCNU. Conclusion : These data support the notion that further consideration should be given to the clinical application of these Bioreductive agents.
Haar-Based Multiresolution Stochastic Processes

Modifying a Haar wavelet representation of Brownian motion yields a class of Haar-based multiresolution stochastic processes in the form of an infinite series $$X_t = \sum_{n=0}^\infty\lambda_n\varDelta _n(t)\epsilon_n,$$ where λnΔn(t) is the integral of the nth Haar wavelet from 0 to t, and en are i.i.d. random variables with mean 0 and variance 1. Two sufficient conditions are provided for Xt to converge uniformly with probability one. Each stochastic process Open image in new window, the collection of all almost sure uniform limits, retains the second-moment properties and the same roughness of sample paths as Brownian motion, yet lacks some of the features of Brownian motion, e.g., does not have independent and/or stationary increments, is not Gaussian, is not self-similar, or is not a martingale. Two important tools are developed to analyze elements of Open image in new window, the nth-level self-similarity of the associated bridges and the tree structure of dyadic increments. These tools are essential in establishing sample path results such as Holder continuity and fractional dimensions of graphs of the processes.
Surface association and uptake of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles by Aspergillus flavus

Aim: To study the interaction of fluorescently tagged nanoparticles with Aspergillus flavus. Materials & methods: Covalently tagged poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (PLGA-tetramethylrhodamine [PLGA-TRITC]), and PLGA-TRITC with entrapped coumarin-6 (double-tagged) nanoparticles, were synthesized using an oil-in-water emulsion evaporation method. Nanoparticle interaction with A. flavus was assessed using fluorescent microscopy. Results: PLGA-TRITC nanoparticles associated with the surface of fungal spores and hyphae, with limited fluorescence observed within the interior. With double-tagged nanoparticles, comparatively more red fluorescence (TRITC) was measured on the fungal surface and more green (coumarin-6) on the interior, resulting from uptake of released coumarin-6. Conclusion: The majority of nanoparticles associated with the fungal surface, while smaller nanoparticles were internalized. Surface association between polymeric nanoparticles and A. flavus may facilitate content uptake.
A Longitudinal Study of the Outcome and Associated Factors of Subsyndromal and Syndromal Depression in Community-Dwelling Older Adults with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder.

Objective Studies examining depression in older adults with schizophrenia have been limited by cross-sectional data. This study examines longitudinal changes in depression, predictors of depression, and the impact of depression on clinical and psychosocial variables in this population. Methods The sample consisted of 104 community-dwelling persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorder aged 55 and over who developed the disorder before age 45. Mean follow-up was 54 months (range: 12–116 months), mean age was 61 years, 55% were men, and 55% were white. Presence of subsyndromal or syndromal depression (SSSD) was defined as scoring >7 on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D). Results There were no significant differences in SSSD rates between interviews (61% baseline; 54% follow-up); 44% of the sample had SSSD at both assessments, 30% did not have SSSD at either assessment, 16% went from SSSD to nondepression, and 10% went from nondepression to SSSD. Similarly, 20%, 27%, and 53% of the sample exhibited >0.5 effect size increase, decrease, or no change, respectively, in their CES-D scores between assessments. There were two significant time 1 predictors of SSSD at time 2: SSSD and greater number of psychotropic medications. SSSD at time 1 predicted having higher time 2 anxiety scores. Conclusion Persistent ("core") depression occurs in about two-fifths of persons, 30% remain persistently nondepressed, and one-fourth may fluctuate between depression and nondepression. No association was found between depression and most predictor variables. This study supports recent findings that schizophrenia in later life is not a quiescent state or one of affective withdrawal.
Crack opening displacement and the rate of fatigue crack growth

Using a direct proportionality between the rate of fatigue crack growth and crack opening displacement above a threshold, it is shown that fatigue crack growth data for a wide variety of different materials can be accurately described in terms of the mechanical properties and two material constants; the constant of proportionality A and the threshold stress intensity factorKth. Some 65 sets of data for tests atR ≅ 0 were analysed by computer and it is shown that the approach is valid to growth rates up to about 10−4 in./cycle, i.e. until the onset of crack propagation by dimple formation. It is found thatA can be related to the yield strain for crack growth in non-aggressive environments, and is increased by increasingly severe environments, whileKth is decreased. These changes provide a measure of the severity of the environment. Crack growth rate in non-aggressive environments is shown to be independent of the yield stress and proportional to the strain intensity factor above the threshold. The tabulation ofA andKth values as a function of material, environment and loading conditions provides a systematic engineering approach to estimating rates of fatigue crack growth and in determining the residual lifetimes of flawed structures.
SHORT TERM UPTAKE OF NUTRIENTS BY ENTEROMORPHA PROLIFERA (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1

Rates of NH4+ and NO3− uptake were determined by accumulation of 15N in plant tissue and by disappearance of nutrient from the medium. Agreement between rates calculated by the two methods was good, averaging 82.7% (SD = 15.8%) and 91.2% (SD = 13.7%) for NH4+ and NO3− uptake, respectively. An average of 93.4 and 96.0% of added 15NH4+ and 15NO3− was recovered from the medium and /or plant tissue at the end of the incubations. Both bacterial uptake and regeneration of NH4+ may contribute to discrepancies between NH4+ uptake rates calculated by 15N accumulation and disappearance of NH4+ from the medium. The influence of tissue composition on uptake of NH4+, NO3− and PO43- by Enteromorpha prolifera (Muller) J. Agardh was examined. For NH4+ uptake, Vmax was 188 μmol NH4+. g dry wt−1. h−1 and Ks ranged from 9.3 to 13.4 μM, but there was no correlation between kinetic parameters and tissue nitrogen content. For NO3−, both kinetic parameters were higher for plants with low tissue nitrogen than for plants with high tissue nitrogen. Maximum rates were 169 and 75.4 μmol NO3−. g dry wt−1. h−1, and Ks was 13.3 and 2.31 μM for low and high tissue nitrogen plants, respectively. Estimates of uptake in the field suggested that NH4+ accounted for 65% and NO3− for up to 35% of total nitrogen uptake during the summer. Nutrient uptake rates of field-collected plants also indicated that E. prolifera in Yaquina Bay, Oregon was not likely to have been nitrogen-limited, but may have been phosphorus-limited.
Effects of Halfway House Placement on Retention of Patients in Substance Abuse Aftercare

One hundred twenty-four male veterans were enrolled in the Birmingham VAMC Outpatient Substance Abuse Clinic (OSAC) aftercare program following inpatient treatment for alcohol, cocaine, or mixed alcohol-cocaine abuse/dependence. Forty-two of the patients were concurrently admitted to a nearby halfway house (HH) while the remaining 82 patients made community-based (CB) living arrangements. Chi-square analysis showed the two groups were matched, p >. 05, in regard to age, race, marital status, presenting problem, and referral source. The CB group experienced significantly, p <. 05, higher early dropout (40 vs 0%) from aftercare. Of the others engaging in treatment, the HH patients stayed in OSAC aftercare 60 days longer and had significantly, p <. 01, more clinic visits. A higher proportion, p <. 01, of HH patients completed each of four treatment milestones: education group, psychological testing, psychological interview, and treatment planning/update. On average, the HH patients remained in OSAC an additi...
Avoid Automatic Piercing: a Comment on Blumberg and Strasser

This comment argues against piercing by default, a regime that the arguments of the main piece do not justify. Piercing of subsidiaries veil in contract law is justified but under exceptional circumstances and presumed piercing would not cover all of them. Legislatures, courts, and agencies have moved to validate rather than undermine limited liability. Moreover, automatic piercing would erode the socially desirable incentive for business creation that limited liability provides, reduce or eliminate the markets for venture capital, buyouts and corporate control, and preclude the flexible financing that limited liability makes possible.
Civic responsibility in a risk democracy

Abstract The National Research Council advocates for what they term a risk democracy, in which risk issues require community decision-making based on dialogue. This essay focuses on the promotion of civic responsibility in a risk democracy. Award-winning public awareness campaigns are analyzed to demonstrate how community partnerships and civic responsibility can improve community resilience. First, the role of a community in an emergency is discussed; second, the current focus of the Department of Homeland Security on prevention rather than preparation as illuminated by interviews with emergency managers is critically examined; and finally, public awareness campaigns are presented to show how personal and civic responsibility can assist in emergency planning and response.
The development of an excellent occlusion.

Abstract The development of an excellent occlusion has been discussed. At the age of 7 years there were a midline deviation of 1.2 mm. and an end-to-end molar relationship which corrected themselves. At 10 years there was no interdental spacing distal to the deciduous maxillary canines. The permanent canines and the first and the second premolars were 1.8 mm. larger than the corresponding deciduous teeth. In the mandibular arch the size of the posterior deciduous teeth was similar to that of their corresponding permanent teeth. The maxillary permanent anterior teeth were 5.9 mm. larger than the corresponding deciduous teeth combined with the interdental spacing. In the mandibular arch the discrepancy was 5.3 mm. Several factors contributed to the good alignment of the teeth: (1) Caries on deciduous teeth did not affect interproximal surfaces. (2) There were small permanent posterior teeth and average anterior teeth within an average arch width. (3) The anterior teeth tipped labially from 6 to 9 years of age. The maxillary incisors changed 12 degrees, and the mandibular incisors changed 19 degrees. These changes, in turn, increased the space available for the canines and premolars. (4) The canines, the first and second premolars, and the second molars emerged simultaneously.
Classification For Optical Signal Processing Architectures

A new and general formulation for optical signal processors is advanced. Time and space integrating systems represent the major divisions. Spatially and temporally multiplexed, multi-functional, multi-dimensional and hybrid time and space integrating processors represent the sub-classes considered. Examples of each of these systems and the advantages and disadvantages of each are advanced.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Validation of precision-cut liver slices in dynamic organ culture as an in vitro model for studying CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 induction

The utilization of precision-cut liver slices in dynamic organ culture as an in vitro model was validated by comparing the induction of the biomarker responses following in vitro (rat liver slice) and in vivo exposure of rats to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The biomarker responses investigated were cytochrome P450s 1A1 and 1A2 (CYP1A1 and CYP1A2) mRNA, protein, and activities. Precision-cut rat liver slices were incubated in dynamic organ culture for 24 hr with medium containing 0.001-10 nM TCDD or medium without TCDD (control). The resultant mean TCDD concentration in the slices ranged from 19 to 80,925 ppt (wet wt), respectively. A concentration-dependent induction of CYP1A1 mRNA, protein, and activities and a more modest induction of CYP1A2 mRNA was observed in liver slices at all medium concentrations of TCDD. The O-demethylation of 7-methoxyresorufin, a marker for CYP1A2 activity, was induced at TCDD medium levels of 0.01 nM and greater, whereas a detectable increase in CYP1A2 protein occurred only at the higher concentrations. Comparable liver concentrations of TCDD (8-64,698 ppt wet wt) were achieved at 24 hr following a single in vivo exposure of rats to TCDD at doses ranging from 0.002 to 5 microg/kg po. Concentration-effect and dose-response relationships for induction of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 were similar following in vitro and in vivo exposure to TCDD, although the magnitude of induction was greater for in vivo exposure. The data support the use of liver slices in dynamic organ culture for assessing the relative in vivo potency of a compound to induce CYP1A1 and CYP1A2. Human tissue can also be readily utilized in this in vitro model to predict the biological and toxicological effects of a given in vivo exposure to TCDD.
The Comparative Validity of Questionnaire Data (16PF Scales) and Objective Test Data (O-A Battery) in Predicting Five Peer-Rating Criteria:

Thirty tests from the 1955 edition of Cattell's Ob jective-Analytic (O-A) Test Battery, plus Forms A and B of the Sixteen Personality Factor Question naire (16PF), were administered to 82 male under graduates. In addition, each subject was rated by 7 to 11 close associates on each of 20 bipolar rating scales, 4 scales tapping each of 5 peer-rating fac tors. These peer ratings were used as criterion vari ables to be predicted by the 16PF scales and by the O-A Battery. The O-A Battery measures were slightly more highly related to one peer-rating fac tor (Culture); the 16PF scales were slightly more highly related to another (Conscientiousness); and the two sets of test variables were essentially equiv alent in predicting the other three factors (two of which showed no significant relationships with either instrument). The lack of any consistent su periority of the objective test scores over the ques tionnaire scales, coupled with some criticisms of the objective tests on purely logical grounds, should make ...
Multiple natural killer cell-activating signals are inhibited by major histocompatibility complex class I expression in target cells

Several lines of evidence indicate that major histocompatibility complex class I molecules expressed by target cells can prevent natural killer cell (NK) lysis, possibly by engaging inhibitory receptors expressed by NK cells. On the other hand it is likely that NK cells must be activated to lysis by the recognition of unidentified NK target structures on target cells. To investigate the relationship between positive activation of NK cells by NK target structures versus inhibition by target cell class I molecules, we have examined various NK/target cell interactions for which the expression of inhibitory class I molecules by the target cells is known. The results suggests that specific properties of the target cell other than the absence of class I expression are necessary to activate NK-mediated lysis. Furthermore, different effector cell populations, i.e. freshly isolated versus interleukin-2 activated NK cells, differ in their capacity to kill class I-deficient lymphoblast target cells. In general, class I-deficient target cells that are resistant to direct lysis by a given NK population can be lysed by the NK cells when the reaction is mediated by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Most significantly, all types of NK-mediated lysis of lymphoblasts, of tumor cells and of almost any target by ADCC can be inhibited by appropriate class I gene expression in the target cell. These results suggest a model in which lysis by NK cells must be triggered by any one of a set of distinct target cell ligands, but that all of these signals can be overruled by class I-mediated inhibition.
Characterization of Equine Adipose Tissue‐Derived Stromal Cells: Adipogenic and Osteogenic Capacity and Comparison with Bone Marrow‐Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

Objective— To characterize equine adipose tissue-derived stromal cell (ASC) frequency and growth characteristics and assess of their adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation potential. Study Design— In vitro experimental study. Animals— Horses (n=5; aged, 9 months to 5 years). Methods— Cell doubling characteristics of ASCs harvested from supragluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue were evaluated over 10 passages. Primary, second (P2), and fourth (P4) passage ASCs were induced under appropriate conditions to undergo adipogenesis and osteogenesis. Limit dilution assays were performed on each passage to determine the frequency of colony-forming units with a fibroblastic (CFU-F) phenotype and the frequency of ASC differentiation into the adipocyte (CFU-Ad) and osteoblast (CFU-Ob) phenotype. Results— ASC isolates exhibited an average cell-doubling time of 2.1±0.9 days during the first 10 cell doublings. Approximately 1 in 2.3±0.4 of the total stromal vascular fraction nucleated cells were ASCs, based on the CFU-F assays, and 1 in 3.6±1.3 expressed alkaline phosphatase, an osteogenic marker. Primary ASCs differentiated in response to adipogenic (1 in 4.9±5.4, CFU-Ad) and osteogenic (1 in <2.44, CFU-Ob) inductive conditions and maintained their differentiation potential during subsequent passages (P2 and P4). Conclusion— The frequency, in vitro growth rate, and adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation potential of equine ASCs show some differences to those documented for ASCs in other mammalian species. Clinical Relevance— Adipose tissue is a potential source of adult stem cells for tissue engineering applications in equine veterinary medicine.
A note on a role of intelligence analysis in logistics operations research

An illustration is provided of an effective use of intelligence analysis in logistics support studies as a contributing discipline in problems susceptible to solution by operations research techniques. Further, it is suggested that application of intelligence analysis might be profitable to other support activities when examining hardware consumption in the environments imposed by area contingency plans.
Hardness Assurance through Supplier Data Monitoring

This paper describes the need for continuously evaluating the hardness of a component supplier's production and defines a method by which this evaluation may be performed. The evaluation method, known as Supplier Data Monitoring, is described in detail and actual examples are given which demonstrate its utility as a hardness assurance tool. The Supplier Data Monitoring Program is oriented toward use on a production program for which hardness design confirmation has been performed on a previous R&D program. Its prime objective is to maintain the hardness of each production component. It is the purpose of this paper to demonstrate how monitoring supplier component data achieves this objective through early detection of adverse hardness shifts at the component level.
Fossil woodpeckers from Bermuda with the description of a new species of Colaptes (Aves: Picidae)

Abstract Fossils of woodpeckers (Picidae) occur on Bermuda in late Pleistocene and Holocene deposits. Most of these are from a flicker (Colaptes), presumably derived from the North American Colaptes auratus that was smaller than all mainland forms of that species. The Bermuda flicker was larger than C. a. gundlachi of Grand Cayman and is named as a new species Colaptes oceanicus, that probably persisted into the colonial period (1600s). Three fossils are referred to the migratory Yellow-bellied Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius), which winters in small numbers on Bermuda. One distal end of a tarsometatarsus of a woodpecker appears to differ from either of the previous species, but its identity was not further determined. Colaptes oceanicus would probably have excavated nest holes in the resident palm trees (Sabal bermudana) and in rotten limbs and stumps of hardwoods. These excavations would have been crucial for the evolution of the small owl Aegolius gradyi and probably provided shelter for other Bermuda or...
Transport properties of copper phthalocyanine based organic electronic devices

Ambipolar charge carrier transport in Copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) is studied experimentally in field-effect transistors and metal-insulator-semiconductor diodes at various temperatures. The electronic structure and the transport properties of CuPc attached to leads are calculated using density functional theory and scattering theory at the non-equilibrium Green’s function level. We discuss, in particular, the electronic structure of CuPc molecules attached to gold chains in different geometries to mimic the different experimental setups. The combined experimental and theoretical analysis explains the dependence of the mobility and the transmission coefficient on the charge carrier type (electrons or holes) and on the contact geometry. We demonstrate the correspondence between our experimental results on thick films and our theoretical studies of single molecule contacts. Preliminary results for fluorinated CuPc are discussed.
Critical Role of Complement and Viral Evasion of Complement in Acute, Persistent, and Latent γ-Herpesvirus Infection

Abstract Several γ-herpesviruses encode homologs of host regulators of complement activation (RCA) proteins, suggesting that they have evolved immune evasion strategies targeting complement. We evaluated the role of complement factor C3 (C3) and the murine γ-herpesvirus 68 (γHV68) RCA protein in viral pathogenesis. Deletion of the γHV68 RCA protein decreased virulence during acute CNS infection, and this attenuation was specifically reversed by deletion of host C3. The γHV68 RCA protein was also important for persistent viral replication and virulence in IFNγR −/− mice. In addition, C3 played a role in regulating latency, but this was not counteracted by the γHV68 RCA protein. We conclude that complement is a key host defense against γ-herpesvirus infection and that γ-herpesviruses have evolved an immune evasion strategy that is effective against complement-mediated antiviral responses during acute but not latent infection.
Acquisition of classically conditioned eyeblink response following bilateral lesions of flocculus and paraflocculus

Stimulation of regions of the cerebellar flocculus can elicit eyeblinks, but the relationship of this floccular eyeblink zone to eyeblink classical conditioning is unknown. In this experiment, New Zealand white rabbits received bilateral lesions of the flocculus and paraflocculus and were subsequently classically conditioned with tone and corneal airpuff on the left and then the right eye. All animals reached training criterion on both eyes, with the exception of one animal whose lesion included the superior cerebellar peduncle and who was unable to learn on the ipsilateral eye. The lesioned group was not significantly different from unlesioned controls in rate of acquisition or conditioned or unconditioned response amplitude. These results indicate that the flocculus and paraflocculus are not by themselves the essential site of plasticity for classical conditioning of the rabbit eyeblink response.
Low-temperature chemical vapor deposition processes and dielectrics for microelectronic circuit manufacturing at IBM

Significant progress has been made over the past decade in low-temperature plasma-enhanced and thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The progress has occurred in response to the high demands placed on the insulators of multilevel microelectronic circuits because of the continuing reduction in circuit dimensions. High-aspect-ratio gap filling is foremost among these demands, which also include lower processing temperatures and improved dielectric planarization. This paper reviews the history of interlevel and intermetal dielectrics used in microelectronic circuit manufacturing at IBM and the current status of processes used in IBM manufacturing and development lines, and describes the challenges for future memory and logic chip applications.
Characterization of ptxS, a Pseudomonas aeruginosa gene which interferes with the effect of the exotoxin A positive regulatory gene, ptxR.

The complicated process of exotoxin A production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is controlled by several genes. We have recently described a toxA positive regulatory gene, ptxR. We also proposed the presence of another gene which is adjacent to ptxR and interferes with ptxR function on exotoxin A production. In the presence of a fragment that carries the putative gene, the enhancement in exotoxin A production by ptxR was reduced threefold. In this study, we describe the characterization of this gene. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the 2.1-kbp fragment at the 5′ end of ptxR revealed the presence of an open reading frame designated ptxS (the gene next to ptxR) which encodes a 37.4-kDa protein. The gene ptxS is transcribed in the opposite orientation to ptxR from the other DNA strand. The deduced amino acid sequence of ptxS exhibited a strong homology to several proteins of the GalR-LacI family of repressors. A putative helix-turn-helix DNA binding motif was identified at the amino-terminus region of PtxS. When PtxS was overexpressed in Escherichia coli using the T7 expression system, a single protein of 38-kDa molecular weight was detected. An isogenic mutant defective in ptxS was constructed in PAO1 using the gene replacement technique. The loss of ptxS resulted in a twofold increase in exotoxin A production compared to PAO1. The effect of ptxS on ptxR was examined using a ptxR-lacZ fusion. In the presence of ptxS, the level of β-galactosidase activity produced by the ptxR-lacZ fusion was significantly reduced. These results suggest that ptxS encodes a protein which negatively regulates ptxR expression in P. aeruginosa.
Quantum spin Hall effect in graphene

We study the effects of spin orbit interactions on the low energy electronic structure of a single plane of graphene. We find that in an experimentally accessible low temperature regime the symmetry allowed spin orbit potential converts graphene from an ideal two-dimensional semimetallic state to a quantum spin Hall insulator. This novel electronic state of matter is gapped in the bulk and supports the transport of spin and charge in gapless edge states that propagate at the sample boundaries. The edge states are nonchiral, but they are insensitive to disorder because their directionality is correlated with spin. The spin and charge conductances in these edge states are calculated and the effects of temperature, chemical potential, Rashba coupling, disorder, and symmetry breaking fields are discussed.
Tissue-specific regulation of vein/EGF receptor signaling in Drosophila.

Abstract Signaling by the Drosophila EGF receptor (DER) is modulated by four known EGF-like proteins: the agonists Vein (Vn), Spitz (Spi), and Gurken (Grk) and the antagonist Argos (Aos). DER is broadly expressed and thus tissue-specific regulation of ligand expression and activity is an important mechanism for controlling signaling. Here we investigate the tissue-specific regulation of Vn signaling by examining vn transcriptional control and Vn target gene activation in the embryo and the wing. The results show a complex temporal and spatial regulation of vn transcription involving multiple signaling pathways and tissue-specific activation of Vn target genes. In the embryo, vn is a target of Spi/DER signaling mediated by the ETS transcription factor PointedP1 (PntP1). This establishes a positive feedback loop in addition to the negative feedback loop involving Aos. The simultaneous production of Vn provides a mechanism for dampening Aos inhibition and thus fine-tunes signaling. In the larval wing pouch, vn is not a target of Spi/DER signaling but is expressed along the anterior–posterior boundary in response to Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Repression by Wingless (Wg) signaling further refines the vn expression pattern by causing a discontinuity at the dorsal–ventral boundary. The potential for vn to activate DER target genes correlates with its roles in development: vn has a minor role in embryogenesis and does not induce DER target genes such as aos and pntP1 in the embryo. Conversely, vn has a major role in wing development and Vn/DER signaling is a potent inducer of DER target genes in the wing disc. Spi also has the potential to induce DER target genes in the wing disc. However, the ligands appear to evoke specific responses that result in different patterns of target gene expression. Finally, we show that other factors modulate the potential of Vn so that induction of Vn/DER target genes in the wing pouch is cell specific.
SOURCE APPORTIONMENT OF SECONDARY AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTER IN A POLLUTED ATMOSPHERE

Secondary airborne particulate matter formed from gas-phase pollutants contributes significantly to the most severe particulate air quality events that occur in the United States each year. In this study, a mechanistic air quality model is demonstrated that can predict source contributions to the size distribution of secondary airborne particulate matter. Calculations performed for a typical air quality episode in Southern California show that NOx released from diesel engines and catalyst-equipped gasoline engines account for the majority of the secondary particulate nitrate aerosol measured at inland locations. NH3 released from catalyst-equipped gasoline engines, farm animals, and residential sources account for the majority of the secondary particulate ammonium ion at inland locations in the region. When both tailpipe and road dust emissions are considered, transportation sources dominate the size distribution of total (primary plus secondary) airborne particulate matter in the South Coast Air Basin during the episode studied. These findings suggest that the public health risk associated with air pollution released from transportation sources is significant relative to other public health threats such as traffic accidents.
EFFECTS OF JUVENILE HORMONE MIMICS ON THE OVARY IN THE IMMATURE SPIDER CRAB, LIBINIA EMARGINATA

Immature spider crab females were treated with juvenile hormone analogs, ZR-512, ZR-619, and ZR-777. After 15 days, the ovaries were collected and prepared for electron microscopy. Many oocytes in premeiotic stages became necrotic after treatment showing chromatin condensation, intra-nuclear membrane-bound vesicles, and many electron-dense cytoplasmic bodies. Early vitellogenic oocytes, however showed little response to any of the analogs. ZR-619 and to a lesser extent ZR-777 caused the development of large spaces between follicle cells and between follicle cells and oocytes.
A novel method for studying the dynamic behavior of both plane-parallel and curved thin liquid films

Abstract A new experimental technique was developed to study the thinning behavior of both flat and curved liquid films with fluid-fluid interfaces. The method uses a specially designed glass cell for forming flat or curved films having different sizes and, thereby, different capillary pressures. Our surface force balance equipped with this new cell in conjunction with differential interference microscopy was used to measure film thickness and disjoining pressure. This method is applicable to both symmetric foam and emulsion films, and asymmetric films such as those between approaching small oil droplets and an oil water surface, or water droplets and an air-oil surface. The results of the film thickness stability for the curved foam films were compared with those for the plane-parallel films. It was found that, for thicker films (i.e. greater than 100 nm), the curved film drained at a slower rate than the plane-parallel film but, for thinner films (i.e. less than 100 nm), the curved micellar films stratified with a higher rate of thinning and had decreased thickness stability.
Regional circadian variation of acetylcholine muscarinic receptors in the rat brain

The level of binding of a labeled acetylcholine muscarinic antagonist (quinuclidinyl benzilate) to different cerebral membranes has been measured. Of the regions examined, circadian rhythmicity of binding could only be detected significantly in the hippocampus and the hypothalamus and not in the cerebral cortex, striatum, or cerebellum.
Hydroxyl radical and atomic oxygen concentrations in high-intensity turbulent combustion

Spectroscopic measurements of OH-radical and O-atom concentrations are analyzed for high-intensity turbulent combustion of methane/air in a modified Longwell jet-stirred reactor at conditions P=0.92 atm, ΦFA=0.57 to 1,33, andm0307/V=1.89×10−2 to 4.03 ×10−2 g/cm3-s. Absolute OH concentrations were determined from the measured integrated absorption of resolved spectral lines in the OH2π-2+ (0,0) band. Atomic oxygen was inferred from chemiluminescence measured at 3500due to the radiative recombination CO+O→CO2+hv. Thermocouple temperatures varied from 1440 to 1910°K, with the OH rotational temperature being greater by ca. 7%. Hydroxyl radical concentrations versus equivalence ratio exhibited an apparent maximum near ΦFA≅0.85, and increased with increasingm0307/V. Partial equilibrium between OJ and O-atom was also observed in the vicinity of ΦFA≅0.85. The peak O-atom concentration occurred at FA≅0.8. Form0307/V=1.89×10−2 g/cm3-s, the peak values for OH and O-atom were 2700 and 720 ppm (molar), respectively. Calculations of NOx formation, using the PSR model with the measurements of OH and O-atom concentrations and rotational temperature as input, fell below measurements of NOx determined by gas sampling.
Effect of mitogens and anti-bovine leukosis virus serums on DNA synthesis of lymphocytes from cattle.

Abstract Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from normal cattle and cattle infected with bovine leukosis virus (BLV) were treated with three different mitogens (phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A and pokeweed mitogens). Lymphocytes from four cattle infected with BLV had increased spontaneous DNA synthesis. Suppressed mitogen responses were observed in lymphocytes from one leukemic steer with enlarged tumorous lymph nodes. Mitogen responses characterized by low stimulation indexes were also observed in lymphocytes from three other infected animals. The spontaneous DNA synthesis in lymphocytes from BLV infected animals was markedly reduced with BLV antiserum in the culture fluid. BLV production in lymphocyte culture, as indicated by syncytium assays was also inhibited by the antiserum. These inhibitory effects were abolished by absorbing the antiserum with BLV. The results suggest that extracellular BLV as well as BLV antigen on cell surface may be responsible for the increased spontaneous DNA synthesis and the altered mitogen responses of PBL from BLV infected cattle.
Small-Satellite Projects Offer Big Rewards

In 1958, the United States launched its first satellite ever, the Explorer 1. This rocket shaped satellite was a little over 2-m long with a diameter of about 16 cm and weighed roughly 14 kg. But as small as it was, the Explorer 1 ended up successfully completing its mission and made a significant impact on science and our overall understanding of the Earth's magnetosphere as the first spacecraft to detect the Van Allen radiation belts.
Stereotyping, Implicit Association Theory, and Personnel Decisions: I Guess We Will Just Have to Agree to Disagree

My focal article generated a good deal of both heat and light embodied in 13 commentaries. In this response, I address both the heat and the light by clarifying some of my original comments, responding to criticisms in the commentaries, and using the commentaries to suggest a research agenda for studying the possible influence of stereotypes on real-world personnel decisions.