cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resuscitation in the Hospital: Circadian Variation of Cardiopulmonary Arrest

Abstract Purpose Over 25 reports have found outpatient frequency of sudden cardiac death peaks between 6 am and noon; few studies, with inconsistent results, have examined circadian variation of death in hospitalized patients. This study assesses circadian variation in cardiopulmonary arrest of in-hospital patients across patient, hospital, and event variables and its effect on survival to discharge. Methods A retrospective, single institution registry included all admissions to the Medical Center of Central Georgia in which resuscitation was attempted between January 1987 and December 2000. The registry included 4692 admissions; only the first attempt was reported. Analyses of 1-, 2-, 4-, and 8-hour intervals were performed; 1- and 4-hour intervals are presented. Results Significant circadian variation was found at 1 hour (P=.01), but not at 4-hour intervals. Significant circadian variation was found for initial rhythms that were perfusing (P=.03) and asystole (P=.01). A significantly higher percentage of unwitnessed events were found as asystole during the overnight hours (P=.002). Using simple logistic regression, time in 4-hour intervals and rhythm were each significantly related to patient survival until hospital discharge (P=.003 and P Conclusions Circadian variation of cardiopulmonary arrest in this hospital has several temporal versions and is related to survival. Late night variation in witnessed events and rhythm suggests a delay between onset of clinical death and discovery, which contributes to poorer outcomes.
The effects of social justice and stigma-consciousness on gay customers' service recovery evaluation

Abstract This study examines how social justice and the stigma-consciousness level of gay customers influence their service recovery perceptions. The results, based on an experiment involving 379 gay respondents, indicate that distributive justice, procedural justice, and interactional justice significantly affect gay customers' service recovery evaluations (satisfaction) and post-complaint behavioral intentions (negative word-of-mouth and repatronage). Also, higher stigma-consciousness gay customers show more negative service recovery evaluations and behavioral intentions than those with lower stigma-consciousness. Service providers who are interested in attracting and maintaining gay customers should create awareness among their employees about stigma-consciousness.
A 0.5-Million-Year Record of Millennial-Scale Climate Variability in the North Atlantic

Long, continuous, marine sediment records from the subpolar North Atlantic document the glacial modulation of regional climate instability throughout the past 0.5 million years. Whenever ice sheet size surpasses a critical threshold indicated by the benthic oxygen isotope (delta18O) value of 3.5 per mil during each of the past five glaciation cycles, indicators of iceberg discharge and sea-surface temperature display dramatically larger amplitudes of millennial-scale variability than when ice sheets are small. Sea-surface temperature oscillations of 1 degrees to 2 degreesC increase in size to approximately 4 degrees to 6 degreesC, and catastrophic iceberg discharges begin alternating repeatedly with brief quiescent intervals. The glacial growth associated with this amplification threshold represents a relatively small departure from the modern ice sheet configuration and sea level. Instability characterizes nearly all observed climate states, with the exception of a limited range of baseline conditions that includes the current Holocene interglacial.
An economic analysis of potential rotation crops for Maine potato cropping systems

Potato cropping systems in Maine include both continuous potatoes and short-term potato rotations with small grains. Producers recognize the benefits of increased rotations, but the economics of producing a high-valued crop such as potatoes (Solanm tuberosum L.) create incentives for continuous potato production. Research at the USDA-ARS research site in Newport, ME, is evaluating the agronomic and economic impacts of five crops in two-year rotations on potato production and whole-farm profitability. The rotation crops are barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), sweet corn (Zea mays L.) green bean (Phaseolus vulgares L.), soybean (Glycine max L., Mer.), and canola (Brassica napus L.). Enterprise budgets for the five crops were developed. The budgets and historical prices and yields were used as inputs to a Monte Carlo simulation. The simulation was conducted to determine the impact of rotation crops on whole-farm profitability and income risk, as measured by income variability. The net incomes of the five rotation sequences were compared against continuous potatoes. Two rotation crops, sweet corn and green beans, resulted in an increase in net income relative to continuous potatoes. AU of the rotation crops were found to greatly reduce income risk and chance of economic losses. In the case of green beans and sweet corn, the analysis was rerun using data from the research trials on the following potato crop yields. Depending on whether the rotation effect was negative or positive, net income either fell or rose when compared to fist analysis. However, even when the rotation crop led to decreased yields in the following potato crop, income variability and likelihood of economic loss was still superior to the continuous potato rotation. These findings provide support for including rotation crops as a method to improve potato production and sustainability, increase wholefarm profitability, and reduce income risk.
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG INDIVIDUALS IN A NATURAL POPULATION OF THE OYSTER MUSHROOM PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS

Dispersal via basidiospores has predictable consequences for fungal population structure. Spatial distribution of 60 heterokaryons in a natural population of Pleurotus ostreatus was examined throug...
Membrane-bound intracellular collagen fibrils in fibroblasts and myofibroblasts of regenerating rabbit calcaneal tendons

The ultrastructures of 33 rabbit calcaneal tendons were studied to determine (1) whether vacuolar fibrils are present in three regions of tendons undergoing normal healing after tenotomy and repair, and (2) to stimulate collagen synthesis via functional loading, and hence determine the effect of loading on the presence of vacuolar fibrils in healing tendons. In all the loaded tendons, electron microscopy revealed membrane-bound collagen fibril equivalents in sections of neotendon obtained from the site of tenotomy, and in sections of tendon segments proximal and distal to the site of surgery. Similar vacuolar fibrils were visualized in sections of the proximal and distal segments of the non-loaded regenerating tendons, and also in sections of neotendons formed at the site of tenotomy after 12 and 15 days of healing without functional loading. No such fibrils were visualized in the non-tenotomized normal control tendons. These findings indicate that chemical agents and disease are not necessary to induce the appearance of intracytoplasmic fibrils in vivo and that functional loading augments the presence of fibril-bearing vacuoles in regenerating tendons.
Organic thermal maturity as a proxy for frictional fault heating: Experimental constraints on methylphenanthrene kinetics at earthquake timescales

Abstract Biomarker thermal maturity is widely used to study burial heating of sediments over millions of years. Heating over short timescales such as during earthquakes should also result in measurable increases in biomarker thermal maturity. However, the sensitivity of biomarker thermal maturity reactions to short, higher-temperature heating has not been established. We report on hydrous pyrolysis experiments that determine the kinetic parameters of methylphenanthrene maturation at timescales and temperatures relevant to earthquake heating. Samples of Woodford Shale were heated at temperatures up to 343 °C over 15–150 min. The thermal maturity of the samples as measured by the methylphenanthrene index-1 (MPI-1) increased with heating time and temperature. We find that MPI-1 increases with time and temperature consistent with a first-order kinetic model and Arrhenius temperature relationship. Over the timescales tested here, MPI-1 is strongly affected by maximum temperature and less sensitive to heating duration. Production of new phenanthrene isomers and expulsion of a liquid pyrolyzate also occurred. Differential expulsion of methylphenanthrene isomers affected the apparent maturity of the rock at lower temperatures and may need to be considered for organic-rich fault rocks. Our results demonstrate that the overall MPI-1 reaction extent in both the rock and pyrolyzate are a useful measure of thermal maturity and reflect temperature history during rapid heating.
Towards Enhanced Resource Sharing in Video Streaming with Generalized Access Patterns

Recent workload characterization studies show that a large number of video streaming sessions do not access videos in a sequential manner from the beginning to the end, as assumed in most prior work. In this paper, we study the impact of realistic access patterns on resource sharing and propose and evaluate five enhancements to reduce server load and improve customer-perceived quality-of-service (QoS).
Hypermedia and the Future of Ethnography

In recent years cultural anthropologists have become increasingly self-conscious (and self-critical) about the nature of ethnography. We have been forcefully made to confront the assumptions that underlie our accounts of other peoples, and have been pressed into a "reflexive" mode. According to Marcus and Fischer (1986) we are in a period devoid of paradigmatic concurrence, a period in which "experimental ethnography" provides the platform for our most significant creative efforts. Indeed, the array of new styles for presenting ethnographic accounts is bewildering, and for those seeking comparative understandings, distressing. Given all the concern that has been expressed for finding innovative ways to more satisfactorily present ethnographic materials, it is surprising how little attention has been paid to the media through which our understandings are channeled. True, increasing effort has been put into ethnographic filmmaking in the past few years, often with remarkable results. Most of us who teach anthropology, I presume, now use films to supplement written ethnographies as a way of heightening our students' interest by adding to the written word a more vivid, visual account. But the constraints of written ethnographies, which remain the center of our productive efforts, have largely been taken for granted. It is time, I believe, that we lay bare the limitations of the written medium itself, and take steps to remove the shackles it has imposed upon even our finest efforts. A new technology is at our disposal and we have only to seize the opportunities it provides. It goes by the name of "hypermedia," and has revolutionary implications for ethnography. If the constraints that book formats place on our ethnographic accounts were limiting in earlier eras, in recent times they have become even more severe. To begin with, production costs and marketing considerations have induced publishers to restrict the length of books to only a couple of hundred pages, hardly enough to include much of the data used to construct our accounts. Furthermore, this restriction has been imposed on us just as the level of complexity of ethnographic analysis has taken a quantum leap. We need more space now than ever to produce compelling accounts. The demand that books be marketable has also led ethnographers to explore literary styles that may be suitable for mass audiences, but often at the sacrifice
Distributed Workflow Scheduling Under Throughput and Budget Constraints in Grid Environments

Grids enable sharing, selection and aggregation of geographically distributed resources among various organizations. They are emerging as promising computing paradigms for resource and compute-intensive scientific workflow applications modeled as Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) with intricate inter-task dependencies. With the growing popularity of real-time applications, streaming workflows continuously produce large quantity of experimental or simulation datasets, which need to be processed in a timely manner subject to certain performance and resource constraints. However, the heterogeneity and dynamics of Grid resources complicate the scheduling of streaming applications. In addition, the commercialization of Grids as a future trend is calling for policies to take resource cost into account while striving to satisfy the users’ Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. In this paper, streaming workflow applications are modeled as DAGs. We formulate scheduling problems with two different objectives in mind, namely either maximize the throughput under a budget/cost constraint or minimize the execution cost under a minimum throughput constraint. Two different algorithms named as Budget constrained RATE (\(B\)-RATE) and Budget constrained SWAP (\(B\)-SWAP) are developed and evaluated under the first objective; Another two algorithms named as Throughput constrained RATE (\(TP\)-RATE) and Throughput constrained SWAP (\(TP\)-SWAP) are evaluated under the second objective. Experimental results based on GridSim showed that our algorithms either achieved much lower cost with similar throughput, or higher throughput with similar cost compared with other comparable existing algorithms.
Differential protein profiling in renal-cell carcinoma.

Characterizing the alterations of protein expression in cancer cells can be very useful in providing insight into the changes in the functional pathways and thus the fundamental mechanisms of cancer development at the molecular level. In this study, we profiled protein expressions in eleven pairs of primary cell cultures derived from renal-cell carcinoma (RCC) tissues and patient-matched normal kidney tissues utilizing two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE). Together with the immunoblot analysis of proteins from the RCC tissues, the study also demonstrated that the alterations of protein expression observed in RCC primary cell cultures reflected those observed in the original RCC tissues. We analyzed the expression profiles and identified proteins differentially expressed in RCC primary cell cultures by 2-D PAGE and mass spectrometry (MS). We found sixteen proteins were overexpressed and seven proteins underexpressed in RCC. The deregulated expressions of proteins include those involved in metabolism, cellular morphology, heat shock response, cell growth, etc. Overexpression of three proteins, αβ-crystallin, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), and annexin IV, most commonly observed in primary RCC cell cultures, were also observed by immunoblot analysis of proteins from the RCC tissues from which the primary cell cultures were derived. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis revealed the direct correlation between deregulated gene expression and the corresponding protein abundance in two of the three most commonly upregulated proteins we found in RCC. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Colombian Violencia: An Ex Post Facto Experiment

An ex post facto experiment comparing two similar groups differentially affected by the impact of the Colombian Violencia suggests that the Violencia has contributed to a greater degree of personality disorganization for those more directly affected. Since it has also created more awareness of a common destiny with the country, once Colombia has passed through this crisis, a greater group solidarity and integration may occur within the country. he Violencia, which has been unfoldding for the past 30 years, has had a tremendous impact on Colombia and its people. A greater proportion of the Colombian population has been killed in the Violencia (200,000 of a population of 14,000,000) than the proportion of Americans killed in World War I, World War II, and the Korean War combined.' The Violencia is a peculiarly Colombian phenomenon; it involves illegal murders, torture, thievery, and destruction of property. It began as a deliberate political maneuver to intimidate and destroy the opposition, but gained such rapid monlentum tlhat it was soon totally uncontrolled in many areas of the country. The Violencia has passed
Getting mod: a look at modularity in mobile systems

Current methods of conceiving, engineering and using mobile technology typically embody a single integrated design philosophy. This integrated design approach seeks to combine as many features and functions into a single device as possible. In this manner it can be said that it hides the complexity of the system from the user. However, this design philosophy is by no means ubiquitous. In fact, it is the antithesis of one of the major design philosophies that characterizes modern thinking and underlies other areas of computing: modularity. The modular design approach attempts to create simplicity, not by combining multiple functions into one integrated whole, but by separating them out into distinct functional units. This work examines aspects of modular design that are relevant to computing in general, and what they might offer to the design and use of mobile systems.
Sequence of return of neurological function and criteria for safe ambulation following subarachnoid block (Spinal anaesthesic)

Twenty-three adult men were studied during and after subarachnoid block anaesthesia for elective surgery. Measurements were obtained of mean arterial pressure and pulse, both supine and after standing for five minutes, core body (tympanic) and peripheral skin (toe) temperatures and blood flow in the leg. Time of measurements included one hour after the injection of tetracaine and after regression of the block. Results obtained indicate that the sequence of return of neurological activity following tetracaine subarachnoid block is sympathetic nervous system activity, pinprick sensation, somatic motor function followed by proprioception in the feet. This progression provides the basis for recommended criteria which indicate when it is safe for patients who have been subarachnoid block anaesthesia to become ambulatory. These criteria include: (1) return of pinprick sensation in the peri-anal area (sacral 4--5); (2) plantar flexion of the foot (while supine) at pre-anaesthetic levels of strength; and (3) return of proprioception in the big toe, always provided that the patient is not hypovolaemic or sedated.
Charles II and the reconstruction of royal power

While the restoration of monarchy in 1660 has attracted considerable scholarly interest, historians have usually focused upon the events that led to the abrupt change in the fortunes of Charles II rather than the less dramatic tactics by which the restored king consolidated his power. Yet the challenges Charles faced at his return were formidable, his initial personal popularity surprisingly short-lived. Somehow the regime had to quiet political and religious dissension, satisfy sharply conflicting expectations, and retrieve the power of the sword from a republican army and a volatile and well-armed public. Existing studies of the restoration years fail to explain precisely how the royal government successfully negotiated these difficulties. This essay describes the methods by which order was maintained and control reasserted; how the peaceful disbandment of the republican army and the subsequent control of its veterans were achieved; a police establishment of unprecedented size and effectiveness organized; the foundation for a permanent army laid; and the capacity of English subjects to rebel effectively diminished. In sum, it exposes the policies used to reconstruct royal authority so swiftly and securely that a host of enemies and public disenchantment failed to dislodge it.
The thermochemistry and reaction pathways of energetic material decomposition and combustion

The chemical processes involved in the decomposition and combustion of energetic materials have been investigated theoretically using quantum chemical methods to determine the thermochemistry and reaction pathways. The Bond-Additivity-Corrected Moller-Plesset fourth-order perturbation theory method (BAC-MP4) has been used to determine heats of formation and free energies of reaction intermediates of decomposition and combustion. In addition, the BAC-MP4 method has been used to determine reaction pathways involving these intermediates. A theoretical method for calculating solvation energies has been developed to treat the non-idealities of high pressure and the condensed phase. The resulting chemical processes involving decomposition, ignition and combustion are presented for nitramines and nitromethane. Differences in decomposition mechanisms for the condensed phase and gas phase are discussed. In addition, we discuss the effects that amines can have on the initial stages of condensed-phase nitromethane decomposition. Bond dissociation energies for nitro-triazoles are compared with those of other nitro compounds.
Enhanced allograft survival via simultaneous blockade of transferrin receptor and interleukin-2 receptor.

Background. Transferrin receptor (TfR) expression follows the induction of interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R) expression in a sequence that is necessary to initiate cell proliferation in quiescent T lymphocytes. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that simultaneous blockade of TfR and IL-2R would be more effective in prolonging allograft survival and suppressing T-cell responses to alloantigen than single receptor blockade by modifying T-cell effectors to alloantigen. Methods. Neonatal C57BL/6 hearts were transplanted to CBA/J recipients in a heterotopic, nonvascularized cardiac allograft model. Anti-TfR and/or anti-IL-2R or isotype-matched control monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were administered at 100 mg intravenously on days 0 and 1 of transplantation. Results. Anti-TfR mAb (25.760.9 days) significantly (P<0.01) prolonged cardiac allograft survival compared with anti-IL-2R mAb (12.560.9 days) or the isotype control (15.761.2 days, P<0.01, Wilcoxon ranksum). Anti-TfR plus anti-IL-2R mAbs significantly (P<0.01) prolonged cardiac allograft survival to 50.762.0 days compared with the isotype control or either agent alone. These agents in combination downregulated the intragraft T helper (Th)-1 cytokines, IL-2, interferon-g, and IL-15, while up-regulating the Th2 cytokine, IL-4, and completely abrogating the antigen-presenting cell IL-12p40 mRNA expression. Conclusions. Anti-TfR and anti-IL-2R mAbs are potent immunosuppressants. Combined blockade of TfR and IL-2R at the time of antigen presentation seems to be the most effective by shifting the intragraft Th cytokine paradigm.
Lipoprotein metabolism in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

The risk and incidence of vascular disease in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) are higher than those of the nondiabetic population. The modest changes in the concentration of plasma lipids that have been reported do not fully explain this increased risk of vascular disease in diabetics. However, there have been numerous reports of changes in the composition and structure of plasma lipoproteins in patients with NIDDM that render these lipoproteins more atherogenic. Changes in the subpopulation distribution of plasma low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein, which have been shown to be associated with vascular disease, have been also observed in patients with NIDDM. Although the precise mechanisms that underlie the origination of alterations in the subpopulation distribution of plasma lipoproteins have not been fully elucidated, evidence strongly suggests that changes in the activities of key enzymes in lipoprotein metabolism may contribute to the altered lipoproteins. This review describes the effects of diabetes, along with the confounding effects of obesity and insulin resistance, on the metabolism of plasma lipoproteins. In addition, the changes in the function of enzymes that are involved in the metabolism of cholesterol and triglycerides of circulating lipoproteins that occur in NIDDM are presented. Although new insight on the effects of diabetes and its complications on the metabolism of lipoproteins has been gained, there are still gaps that need to be filled to complete our understanding of the strong relationship between diabetes and vascular disease.
Opposing torture: Moral conviction and resistance to majority influence

Even though nearly every society and moral system condemns the use of torture, and despite recent outrage about abuses at Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo Bay, over half of Americans support the use of torture when interrogating suspected terrorists. Moreover, public support for the use of torture is increasing (Sidoti, 2009). The present study tested the role of people's moral convictions against the use of torture in resisting conforming to a majority of peers who supported the use torture when interrogating suspected terrorists. Results from an Asch-inspired conformity paradigm indicated that after controlling for other indices of attitude strength, strength of moral conviction uniquely predicted the extent that people expressed opposition to torture both publicly and privately. Implications are discussed. The first and second author contributed equally to the research and to this paper; order of authorship was randomly determined. We would like to thank Amir Jacob and Jared Majerle for their assistance in co...
Comprehension Strategy Instruction During Parent-Child Shared Reading: An Intervention Study

This study examined the effectiveness of a series of workshops and at-home activities designed to teach parents to integrate comprehension strategy instruction into read-alouds with their pre-kindergarten-aged children. Twenty parent–child dyads were randomly assigned to condition and parents in the experimental (workshop) condition were taught to engage their children in retelling, recognition, and use of story structure elements, activation and use of prior knowledge, and talking about text. Results revealed significant changes in interaction patterns between parents and children in the experimental group reflecting the strategies, as well as significant effects on children's comprehension. Findings indicate that children are capable of strategically comprehending text well before they are reading connected text independently and that a low-intensity intervention with parents can facilitate the process.
An accurate and efficient method for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations using the projection method as a preconditioner

The projection method is a widely used fractional-step algorithm for solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. Despite numerous improvements to the methodology, however, imposing physical boundary conditions with projection-based fluid solvers remains difficult, and obtaining high-order accuracy may not be possible for some choices of boundary conditions. In this work, we present an unsplit, linearly-implicit discretization of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations on a staggered grid along with an efficient solution method for the resulting system of linear equations. Since our scheme is not a fractional-step algorithm, it is straightforward to specify general physical boundary conditions accurately; however, this capability comes at the price of having to solve the time-dependent incompressible Stokes equations at each timestep. To solve this linear system efficiently, we employ a Krylov subspace method preconditioned by the projection method. In our implementation, the subdomain solvers required by the projection preconditioner employ the conjugate gradient method with geometric multigrid preconditioning. The accuracy of the scheme is demonstrated for several problems, including forced and unforced analytic test cases and lid-driven cavity flows. These tests consider a variety of physical boundary conditions with Reynolds numbers ranging from 1 to 30000. The effectiveness of the projection preconditioner is compared to an alternative preconditioning strategy based on an approximation to the Schur complement for the time-dependent incompressible Stokes operator. The projection method is found to be a more efficient preconditioner in most cases considered in the present work.
Eddy correlation measurements of oxygen fluxes in permeable sediments exposed to varying current flow and light

Based on noninvasive eddy correlation measurements at a marine and a freshwater site, this study documents the control that current flow and light have on sediment–water oxygen fluxes in permeable sediments. The marine sediment was exposed to tidal-driven current and light, and the oxygen flux varied from night to day between 229 and 78 mmol m22 d21. A fitting model, assuming a linear increase in oxygen respiration with current flow, and a photosynthesis–irradiance curve for light-controlled production reproduced measured fluxes well (R2 5 0.992) and revealed a 4-fold increase in oxygen uptake when current velocity increased from , 0t o 20 cm s 21. Application of the model to a week-long measured record of current velocity and light showed that net ecosystem metabolism varied substantially among days, between 227 and 31 mmol m22 d21, due to variations in light and current flow. This variation is likely typical of many shallow-water systems and highlights the need for long-term flux integrations to determine system metabolism accurately. At the freshwater river site, the sediment–water oxygen flux ranged from 2360 to 137 mmol m22 d21. A direct comparison during nighttime with concurrent benthic chamber incubations revealed a 4.1 times larger eddy flux than that obtained with chambers. The current velocity during this comparison was 31 cm s 21 , and the large discrepancy was likely caused by poor imitation by the chambers of the natural pore-water flushing at this high current velocity. These results emphasize the need for more noninvasive oxygen flux measurements in permeable sediments to accurately assess their role in local and global carbon budgets.
A Leptospira borgpetersenii Serovar Hardjo Vaccine Induces a Th1 Response, Activates NK Cells, and Reduces Renal Colonization

Chronic infection of cattle with Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo reduces animal production through reproductive failure and presents a persistent health threat to workers in the animal industry. Cattle are maintenance hosts for serovar Hardjo, and development of vaccines that establish long-term protective immunity has been problematic; induction of high titers of anti-serovar Hardjo antibody does not appear to be protective. Rather, development of an antigen-specific Th1 response appears to be critical for limiting renal colonization and urinary shedding of bacteria. In this study we compared two monovalent killed bacterial cell vaccines to assess long-term (12 months) protection against live serovar Hardjo challenge. Although neither vaccine prevented infection, renal colonization and urinary shedding of bacteria were reduced compared to those of control animals. Increased proliferation of CD4(+), CD8(+), and γδ T cells from vaccinated, but not control, animals was detected. In addition, NK cells from vaccinated animals and from all animals following infection, when exposed to antigen ex vivo, demonstrated a gamma interferon (IFN-γ) recall response. We propose that programming NK cells to respond quickly to L. borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo infection may be an important step toward developing protective immunity.
Effective properties of ferroelectric and/or ferromagnetic composites : A unified approach and its application

A recently developed multiple-scattering approach for calculating the coupled electrical–mechanical response of composites is generalized to treat more-complicated coupling between the constituent phases. This provides a unified theoretical framework for determining the effective properties of ferroelectric and/or ferromagnetic composites with any multifield coupled interaction between electrical, magnetic, mechanical, and thermal effects. Among the advantages of the theory is its simplicity of formulation, which is suited to computation. The common non-self-consistent approximation (NSCA) and self-consistent effective medium approximation (SCEMA) of the theory are discussed through application to a number of piezoelectric, pyroelectricpyromagnetic, and magnetoelectric composites.
CCAAT enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) and AML1 (CBF alpha2) synergistically activate the macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor promoter.

Transcription factors play a key role in the development and differentiation of specific lineages from multipotential progenitors. Identification of these regulators and determining the mechanism of how they activate their target genes are important for understanding normal development of monocytes and macrophages and the pathogenesis of a common form of adult acute leukemia, in which the differentiation of monocytic cells is blocked. Our previous work has shown that the monocyte-specific expression of the macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) receptor is regulated by three transcription factors interacting with critical regions of the M-CSF receptor promoter, including PU.1 and AML1.PU.1 is essential for myeloid cell development, while the AML1 gene is involved in several common leukemia-related chromosome translocations, although its role in hematopoiesis has not been fully identified. Along with AML1, a third factor, Mono A, interacts with a small region of the promoter which can function as a monocyte-specific enhancer when multimerized and linked to a heterologous basal promoter. Here, we demonstrate by electrophoretic mobility shift assays with monocytic nuclear extracts, COS-7 cell-transfected factors, and specific antibodies that the monocyte-enriched factor Mono A is CCAAT enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP). C/EBP has been shown previously to be an important transcription factor involved in hepatocyte and adipocyte differentiation; in hematopoietic cells, C/EBP is specifically expressed in myeloid cells. In vitro binding analysis reveals a physical interaction between C/EBP and AML1. Further transfection studies show that C/EBP and AML1 in concert with the AML1 heterodimer partner CBF beta synergistically activate M-CSF receptor by more then 60 fold. These results demonstrate that C/EBP and AML1 are important factors for regulating a critical hematopoietic growth factor receptor, the M-CSF receptor, suggesting a mechanism of how the AML1 fusion protein could contribute to acute myeloid leukemia. Furthermore, they demonstrate physical and functional interactions between AML1 and C/EBP transcription factor family members.
Economic comparison of broadcast and site-specific herbicide applications in nontransgenic and glyphosate-tolerant Glycine max

Abstract Weed population estimates were collected from four Glycine max fields during the summers of 1997 and 1998. Seedling weed populations were sampled using a regular coordinate system on a grid either 50 by 50, 30 by 30, or 10 by 10 m. MSU-HERB and Mississippi Herbicide Application Decision Support System (HADSS) (yield loss prediction and herbicide recommendation models for G. max) were used to determine the estimated net gain resulting from simulated herbicide applications at each sample location in each field. When necessary, the appropriate data points from the 10- by 10-m grid were removed to form population data sets on grids 20 by 20, 40 by 40, and 80 by 80 m. The objectives of this research were to compare estimated economic returns of site-specific herbicide management and broadcast herbicide management in nontransgenic and glyphosate-tolerant G. max and to evaluate the effects of various weed sampling intensities on estimated economic returns from site-specific herbicide applications. Site-...
A behavioral economics intervention to increase pertussis vaccination among infant caregivers: A randomized feasibility trial.

Abstract Objectives The incidence of pertussis has tripled in the past five years. Infants can be protected by “cocooning,” or vaccinating household contacts with the Tdap vaccine. However, Tdap coverage for adult caregivers of infants is low. This study evaluated the feasibility and impact of interventions informed by behavioral economics (retail pharmacy vouchers for Tdap vaccines and a celebrity public service announcement) to increase Tdap vaccination among caregivers of young infants. Methods We conducted a randomized controlled feasibility trial among adults attending newborn well-child visits at an urban Philadelphia pediatric primary care clinic who were not previously vaccinated with Tdap. Participants were randomized to one of four conditions: ($5-off Tdap voucher vs. free voucher)×(watching a 1 min video public service announcement (PSA) about Tdap vaccination vs. no PSA). Tdap vaccination was assessed by tracking voucher redemption and following up with participants by phone. Results Ninety-five adult caregivers of 74 infants were enrolled in the study (mean age 29.3 years; 61% male; relationship to newborn: 54% father, 33% mother, 13% grandparent or other; caregiver insurance status: 35% Medicaid, 34% private insurance, 32% uninsured). Only 1 subject redeemed the retail pharmacy Tdap voucher. Follow-up interviews suggest that, even with the voucher, significant barriers to vaccination remained including: delaying planned vaccination, perceived inconvenient pharmacy locations, and beliefs about pertussis risk and severity. Conclusions Despite leveraging existing infrastructure for adult vaccination, results suggest that retail pharmacy vouchers delivered during a newborn visit are not an effective strategy for promoting Tdap. Alternate approaches are needed that prioritize convenience and provide an immediate opportunity to vaccinate when motivation is high.
Diasporicity and its Discontents: Liberian Identity Arguments and the Irresolution of Return (1820-2013)

This paper explores the long history of successive transatlantic displacements and returns that have shaped Liberian diasporan identities in order to re-think the central elements that structure diasporicity - a form of identity discourse with increasing currency in the contemporary African context. Liberias history has been one of successive realizations of ideologies of forms of return without any definitive dissolution of diasporic identity. Digging beneath narratives that highlight similarity, longing, and attachment, I consider the neglected centrality of sentiments of abjection and experiences of structural violence in underwriting an identity in which origin is far from fixed but rather continuously re-located so as to critique lived experiences of discontent. Starting with the original back to Africa settlers, this historical analysis highlights how Liberian diasporicities have re-located origin and re-problematized belonging in highly contradictory ways yet always primarily as a marker of socially-selective dispossession rather than merely physical dispersion. Against this historical arc, I hone in on four highly contradictory variations of diasporicity circulating within the current-day Liberian transnational field to underscore how this form of identity is mediated by contextually-specific socio-political conditions racialized experiences; contested along lines of class, gender, and generation; and implicated in multiple political struggles.
Teen-Agers' Activities and Attitudes Toward Activity

How active are teen-agers? How active do teen-agers consider themselves? Should teen-agers be encouraged to be more active? If so, what sorts of activities do they enjoy and approve? This paper indicates partial answers to some of these questions.
Solar Power Satellite Demonstration System for Lunar and Planetary Exploration

The lunar outpost has an estimated need of 12 kW power to support four astronauts, in situ energy production, and a rover. An Outpost Solar Satellite Power Plant (S2P2) is proposed to provide energy from lunar orbit to the lunar outpost for life support and in situ production needs. If such a satellite system is established first before a moon landing by astronauts the development of an outpost on the surface of the moon will become easier as energy supply and some energy infrastructure is already established. This concept applies to other planets, such as Mars, targeted for outpost development as well.
Workshop on stellar tidal disruption

The past year has seen major advances in the observational status of Stellar Tidal Disruption, with the discovery of two strong optical candidates in archived SDSS data and the real-time X-ray detection of Swift J1644+57, plus rapid radio and optical follow-up establishing it as a probable Tidal Disruption Flare (TDF) in “blazar mode”. These observations motivated a workshop devoted to discussion of such events and of the theory of their emission and flare rate. Observational contributions included a presentation of Swift J2058+05 (a possible second example of a TDF in blazar mode), reports on the late-time evolution and X-ray variability of the two Swift events, and a proposal that additional candidates may be evidenced by spectral signatures in SDSS. Theory presentations included models of radio emission, theory of light curves and the proposal that GRB101225A may be the Galactic tidal disruption of a neutron star, an interpretation of Swift J1644+57 as due to the disruption of a white dwarf instead of main-sequence star, calculation of the dependence of the TDF rate on the spin of the black hole, and analysis of the SDSS events, fitting their SEDs to profiles of thoretical emission from accretion disks and showing that their luminosity and rate are consistent with the proposal that TDEs can be responsible for UHECR acceleration.
Including the Family Member in Interdisciplinary Team Meetings: Communication Trend Analysis

This study explored the interaction patterns of family members of individuals with disabilities in a simulated interdisciplinary team problem-solving process. Participants included 15 members of a training cohort within a Leadership Education in Neurodevelopmental and Related Disabilities program. Family trainees and non-family trainees engaged in a simulated team discussion at two points during the training year (Time 1 and Time 2). To understand how family members and other professionals interact in interdisciplinary problem-solving meetings, we applied three coding schemes to the interdisciplinary team discussions to measure language similarity, dominance and domineeringness, problem solving, and balance of power. The results suggested there were trends in the communication dynamics between family trainees and non-family trainees at Time 1 and Time 2. For example, language similarity between groups was high at both Time 1 and Time 2, yet families were less successful at controlling the team conversatio...
Discussion Cellular Proliferation in the Liver

Dr. Grisham has presented a fine compilation of data pertaining to various aspects of hepatic growth. At the end he dwelt upon the crux of the matter—the quest for the mechanisms that control the growth process.
Indians inside Asylums: Staff, Patients and Power

He refers in a loud, screaming voice + extra anger to my having once had him put into a bag for restraint. When I smiled he said as much as,
Integrated Hybrid Life Cycle Optimization with Application to Sustainable Design of A UK Advanced Biofuel Supply Chain

Abstract By combining life cycle assessment (LCA) with multi-objective optimization (MOO), the life cycle optimization (LCO) framework holds the promise not only to evaluate the environmental impacts for a given product but also to compare different alternatives and identify both ecologically and economically better decisions. Despite the recent methodological developments in LCA, most LCO applications are developed upon process-based LCA, which results in system boundary truncation and underestimation of the true impact. In this study, we propose a comprehensive LCO framework that seamlessly integrates MOO with integrated hybrid LCA. It quantifies both direct and indirect environmental impacts and incorporates them into the decision making process in addition to the more traditional economic criteria. The proposed LCO framework is demonstrated through an application on sustainable design of a potential bio-ethanol supply chain in the UK. Results indicate that the proposed hybrid LCO framework identifies a considerable amount of indirect greenhouse gas emissions (up to 58.4%) that are essentially ignored in process-based LCO.
Accelerating data shuffling in MapReduce framework with a scale-up NUMA computing architecture

Nowadays, MapReduce has become very popular in many applications, such as high performance computing. It typically consists of map, shuffle and reduce phases. As an important one among these three phases, data shuffling usually accounts for a large portion of the entire running time of MapReduce jobs. MapReduce was originally designed in scale-out architecture with inexpensive commodity machines. However, in recent years, scale-up computing architecture for MapReduce jobs has been developed. Some studies indicate that in certain cases, a powerful scale-up machine can outperform a scale-out cluster with multiple machines. With multi-processor, multi-core design connected via NUMAlink and large shared memories, NUMA architecture provides a powerful scale-up computing capability. Compared with Ethernet connection and TCP/IP network, NUMAlink has a much faster data transfer speed which can greatly expedite the data shuffling of MapReduce jobs. The impact of NUMAlink on data shuffling in NUMA scale-up architecture has not been fully investigated in previous work. In this paper, we ignore the computing power (i.e., map and reduce phases) of MapReduce, but focus on the optimization of data shuffling phase in MapReduce framework in NUMA machine. We concentrate on the various bandwidth capacities of NUMAlink(s) among different memory locations to fully utilize the network. We investigate the NUMAlink topology using SGI UV 2000 as an example and propose a topology-aware reducer placement algorithm to speed up the data shuffling phase. In addition, we extend our approach to a larger computing environment with multiple NUMA machines, and design a reducer placement scheme to expedite the inter-NUMA machine data shuffling. Experiments results show that data shuffling time can be greatly reduced in NUMA architecture with our solution.
No Influence of Ischemic Preconditioning on Running Economy

Many of the potential performance-enhancing properties of ischemic preconditioning suggest that the oxygen cost for a given endurance exercise workload will be reduced, thereby improving the economy of locomotion. The aim of this study was to identify whether ischemic preconditioning improves exercise economy in recreational runners. A randomized sham-controlled crossover study was employed in which 18 adults (age 27 ± 7 years; BMI 24.6 ± 3 kg/m2) completed two, incremental submaximal (65–85% VO2max) treadmill running protocols (3 × 5 min stages from 7.2–14.5 km/h) coupled with indirect calorimetry to assess running economy following ischemic preconditioning (3 × 5 min bilateral upper thigh ischemia) and sham control. Running economy was expressed as mlO2/kg/km and as the energy in kilocalories required to cover 1 km of horizontal distance (kcal/kg/km). Ischemic preconditioning did not influence steady-state heart rate, oxygen consumption, minute ventilation, respiratory exchange ratio, energy expenditure, and blood lactate. Likewise, running economy was similar (P = 0.647) between the sham (from 201.6 ± 17.7 to 204.0 ± 16.1 mlO2/kg/km) and ischemic preconditioning trials (from 202.8 ± 16.2 to 203.1 ± 15.6 mlO2/kg/km). There was no influence (P = 0.21) of ischemic preconditioning on running economy expressed as the caloric unit cost (from 0.96 ± 0.12 to 1.01 ± 0.11 kcal/kg/km) compared with sham (from 1.00 ± 0.10 to 1.00 ± 0.08 kcal/kg/km). The properties of ischemic preconditioning thought to affect exercise performance at vigorous to severe exercise intensities, which generate more extensive physiological challenge, are ineffective at submaximal workloads and, therefore, do not change running economy.