cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Living Dead: Bacterial Community Structure of a Cadaver at the Onset and End of the Bloat Stage of Decomposition

Human decomposition is a mosaic system with an intimate association between biotic and abiotic factors. Despite the integral role of bacteria in the decomposition process, few studies have catalogued bacterial biodiversity for terrestrial scenarios. To explore the microbiome of decomposition, two cadavers were placed at the Southeast Texas Applied Forensic Science facility and allowed to decompose under natural conditions. The bloat stage of decomposition, a stage easily identified in taphonomy and readily attributed to microbial physiology, was targeted. Each cadaver was sampled at two time points, at the onset and end of the bloat stage, from various body sites including internal locations. Bacterial samples were analyzed by pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Our data show a shift from aerobic bacteria to anaerobic bacteria in all body sites sampled and demonstrate variation in community structure between bodies, between sample sites within a body, and between initial and end points of the bloat stage within a sample site. These data are best not viewed as points of comparison but rather additive data sets. While some species recovered are the same as those observed in culture-based studies, many are novel. Our results are preliminary and add to a larger emerging data set; a more comprehensive study is needed to further dissect the role of bacteria in human decomposition.
Human NK cell lytic granules and regulation of their exocytosis

Natural killer (NK) cells form a subset of lymphocytes that play a key role in immuno-surveillance and host defense against cancer and viral infections. They recognize stressed cells through a variety of germline-encoded activating cell surface receptors and utilize their cytotoxic ability to eliminate abnormal cells. Killing of target cells is a complex, multi-stage process that concludes in the directed secretion of lytic granules, containing perforin and granzymes, at the immunological synapse. Upon delivery to a target cell, perforin mediates generation of pores in membranes of target cells, allowing granzymes to access target cell cytoplasm and induce apoptosis. Therefore, lytic granules of NK cells are indispensable for normal NK cell cytolytic function. Indeed, defects in lytic granule secretion lead or are related to serious and often fatal diseases, such as familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 2 - 5 or Griscelli syndrome type 2. A number of reports highlight the role of several proteins involved in lytic granule release and NK cell-mediated killing of tumor cells. This review focuses on lytic granules of human NK cells and the advancements in understanding the mechanisms controlling their exocytosis.
A population-based autopsy study of sudden, unexpected deaths from natural causes among persons 5 to 39 years old during a 12-year period

All unexpected deaths in New Mexico from 1977 to 1988 were reviewed. By statute each such death must be reported to the Office of the Medical Examiner (OMI) and according to institutional policy autopsied even when death is presumed to be from natural causes. From this group the 650 index cases that form the basis of this report were obtained. The crude rate of sudden, unexpected death among New Mexico residents 5 to 39 years old during the study period was 6.6/100,000 persons at risk. As documented by autopsy, the underlying cause of death in a majority of these cases (53.4%) was related to cardiovascular disease and alcoholism. Male persons in general are at increased risk for sudden, unexpected death, and American Indian and black male persons are at greater risk than their Anglo and Hispanic counterparts. American Indians account for a disproportionate share of the unexpected deaths resulting from alcoholism, and black male persons are at particular risk for unexpected death resulting from cardiovascular diseases. This report emphasizes the importance of life style and diet in the well-being of persons 5 to 39 years old.
The structures of 5-methyl-5-phenyl-5H-dibenzo[b,f] silepin and its saturated analog

Abstract The structures of 5-methyl-5-phenyl-5H-dibenzo[b,f] silepin (I) and 5-methyl- 5-phenyl-1O,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo [b,f] silepin (II) have been determined from three-dimensional X-ray data collected by counter methods. I crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnam with a 7.596(3), b 18.102(5) and c 12.190(2) A; observed and calculated densities (Z = 4) are 1.17 and 1.18 g cm−3, respectively. II crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P 2 1 c with a 11.115(3), b 7.920(3), c 20.765(5) A and β 111.71(2)°; observed and calculated densities (Z = 4) are 1.17 g cm−3. Anisotropic refinement of nonhydrogen atoms, with hydrogen atoms included at fixed ideal locations, gave conventional R-factors of 4.5% (I) and 5.0% (II). Compound I exhibits the boat conformation for the tricyclic framework and is located on a crystallographically required mirror plane. Com- pound II has the expected folded boat conformation. The torsion angle about the 10,11-bond is 0.0° for I, a crystallographic symmetry requirement, and 89.9° for II. Mean SiC bond distances are 1.863 A(I) and 1.875 A(II). The dihedral angles between the planar benzo groups are 129.7° (I) and 137.2° (II); introduc- tion of unsaturation at the 10,11-position decreases the dihedral angle in the tri- cyclic system, i.e., the tricyclic system is more bent.
Cellular GDNF delivery promotes growth of motor and dorsal column sensory axons after partial and complete spinal cord transections and induces remyelination

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is the prototypical member of a growth factor family that signals via the cognate receptors ret and GDNF-receptor alpha-1. The latter receptors are expressed on a variety of neurons that project into the spinal cord, including supraspinal neurons, dorsal root ganglia, and local neurons. Although effects of GDNF on neuronal survival in the brain have previously been reported, GDNF effects on injured axons of the adult spinal cord have not been investigated. Using an ex vivo gene delivery approach that provides both trophic support and a cellular substrate for axonal growth, we implanted primary fibroblasts genetically modified to secrete GDNF into complete and partial mid-thoracic spinal cord transection sites. Compared to recipients of control grafts expressing a reporter gene, GDNF-expressing grafts promoted significant regeneration of several spinal systems, including dorsal column sensory, regionally projecting propriospinal, and local motor axons. Local GDNF expression also induced Schwann cell migration to the lesion site, leading to remyelination of regenerating axons. Thus, GDNF exerts tropic effects on adult spinal axons and Schwann cells that contribute to axon growth after injury.
Mirror coatings with atomic layer deposition: initial results

The technology of Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) holds promise to enable a future strategic mission that can address both ultraviolet (UV) astrophysics and optical exoplanet science with a shared telescope. The technology path to a shared telescope requires the development of a mirror coating with high reflectance from 100 nm to 1000 nm, and low polarization effects (i.e., s-p phase shifts that can vary with angle of incidence across a primary and secondary mirror) in the optical range. Currently, UV coatings have low reflectance, and conventional optical coatings have poor polarization properties for high-contrast coronagraph applications. In this paper we attempt to take a first step toward solving both problems simultaneously by using ALD, taking advantage of the fact that ALD can potentially produce mirror coatings with denser layers than conventional coatings (hence better reflectance, durability, and water resistance). In addition, ALD can potentially produce coatings with new composite materials (hence better control of polarization). We report here the results of our initial experiments with mirror coatings using ALD.
The degradation of lactate dehydrogenase isozymes injected into frog eggs

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozymes from beef tissues were injected into newly fertilized frog eggs. Embryos at various stages were examined by starch gel electrophoresis to determine whether the injected isozyme was present. Beef LDH-1 was stable for at least twelve days following injection, while beef LDH-5 was present in the embryos as a functional molecule for less than six days. These very different in vivo stabilities are not in agreement with the in vitro stabilities obtained here, and suggest that regulated differential stability of isozymes may be important to the organism in conferring greater metabolic flexibility during cell differentiation when the isozyme repertory commonly changes. During the degradation of beef LDH-1, no hybrid beef-frog LDH molecules could be detected although such molecules can be formed by a simple in vitro technique. Since frog LDH is synthesized during the degradation of the injected LDH, the lack of detectable hybrid molecules indicates that the subunits of the degraded molecules cannot be reused—either because the molecule is degraded as a whole, without the release of subunits, or because the sites of synthesis and degradation are mutually inaccessible.
Palaeoenvironmental reconstructions using the modern analogue technique: the effects of sample size and decision rules:

Palaeoenvironmental information is often extracted from pollen records using the modem analogue technique (MAT). It is largely unknown how sensitive the MAT is to subsampling-induced variation in pollen assemblages, or to the decision rules used to reconstruct climate and vegetation. We examine these issues in a Monte Carlo framework in which simulated pollen assemblages at eight count sizes were created from four fossil pollen assemblages. Simulated and fossil assemblages are compared with modern data sets at squared chord distance cut-off values between 0.05 and 0.55 to: (1) quantify count-size-induced variation in pollen assemblages, and (2) determine how count-size-induced variation affects analogue selection and climate reconstruction. The effects of sample size and decision rules on vegetation reconstructions are examined using two analogue selection schemes and two levels of minimum required analogues. The results show that decision rules have as much impact on reconstruction precision and accuracy...
Health risks associated with contamination of groundwater by abandoned mines near Twisp in Okanogan County, Washington, USA.

Abandoned mines are known to contaminate private drinking water wells with toxic metals and arsenic (As). Little attention is given, however, to sites in rural areas with low population densities where natural, geogenic sources of contaminants might also occur. This study measured arsenic and trace element exposure among residents consuming water from wells adjacent to abandoned mines near Twisp, in Okanogan County, Washington, USA, estimated the risk of adverse health effects, and considered the degree of uncertainty associated with the assessed risk. Water samples were collected between October 1999 and June 2001. Average As concentrations ranged from <1 to 298 µg L−1, lead (Pb) ranged from 0 to 94 µg L−1, cadmium (Cd) 0–5 µg L−1, and selenium (Se) 0–390 µg L−1. Concentrations varied seasonally with maximum concentrations occurring in conjunction with snow-melt. The calculated risk of mortality from cancer following exposure to As at average concentrations as low as 8 µg L−1 was greater than one in 10,000. Additional noncarcinogenic risks are associated with exposure to As, Cd, Pb and Se. A potentially affected population, estimated to be between 1000 and 1287 residents, live within a 6.5-km (4-mile) radius of the study site. This study emphasises the need to test drinking water wells in the vicinity of abandoned mines during times of maximum snow-melt to determine the extent of risk to human health. Residents drinking water from wells tested in this study who want to reduce the estimated carcinogenic risk and the noncarcinogenic hazard quotient should consider treating their water or find alternative sources.
Germany: Hegemonic power and economic gain?

German economic power in Europe is uncontested. What is contested are its effects on Germany's neighbors. Accompanying the obvious benefits that accrue to Europe from German economic might are also potential disadvantages, particularly that of dependence. Data on Germany's relationship with countries in both East and West Europe shed light on this issue. This study suggests that the benefits outweigh any associated costs, thus rendering Germany a benign hegemon.
Synapsin I Is a Major Endogenous Substrate for Protein L-Isoaspartyl Methyltransferase in Mammalian Brain

The accumulation of potentially deleterious L-isoaspartyl linkages in proteins is prevented by the action of protein L-isoaspartyl O-methyltransferase, a widely distributed enzyme that is particularly active in mammalian brain. Methyltransferase-deficient (knock-out) mice exhibit greatly increased levels of isoaspartate and typically succumb to fatal epileptic seizures at 4-10 weeks of age. The link between isoaspartate accumulation and the neurological abnormalities of these mice is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that synapsin I from knock-out mice contains 0.9 +/- 0.3 mol of isoaspartate/mol of synapsin, whereas the levels in wild-type and heterozygous mice are undetectable. Transgenic mice that selectively express methyltransferase only in neurons show reduced levels of synapsin damage, and the degree of reduction correlates with the phenotype of these mice. Isoaspartate levels in synapsin from the knock-out mice are five to seven times greater than those in the average protein from brain cytosol or from a synaptic vesicle-enriched fraction. The isoaspartyl sites in synapsin from knock-out mice are efficiently repaired in vitro by incubation with purified methyltransferase and S-adenosyl-L-methionine. These findings demonstrate that synapsin I is a major substrate for the isoaspartyl methyltransferase in neurons and suggest that isoaspartate-related alterations in the function of presynaptic proteins may contribute to the neurological abnormalities of mice deficient in this enzyme.
Ethnicity and access to care in systemic lupus erythematosus

Objective. To define access to care and to examine the relationship between ethnicity and access to care in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods. A review of published literature was supplemented with preliminary data from a pilot study. Data from patient interviews, chart reviews, and insurer surveys were collected at 2 sites and used to develop several measures of access. The relationship between ethnicity and access was examined through chi-square analyses, difference of means testing, and multivariate regression. Results. Although African-American SLE patients appear less likely to be privately insured and more likely to be uninsured, no significant differences in utilization rates were detected between ethnic groups. Uninsured patients, however, had significantly fewer physician visits than both the Medicaid and the privately insured patients. Multivariate regression results confirm a strong and negative relationship between physician visits and patient coinsurance rates. Conclusion. Careful examination of multiple dimensions of access may highlight differences between ethnic groups. Further research is necessary to document these differences and explore their relationships to outcomes.
The site of phosphorylation associated with Photosystem I

Abstract 1. 1. Small particles prepared from spinach chloroplasts after treatment with digitonin, exhibited Photosystem I reactions, including phosphorylation, at rates as high as those in chloroplasts, whereas electron flow from water to NADP + or ferricyanide through Photosystem II was completely lost. Mediators of cyclic electron flow, such as pyocyanine, or N -methylphenazonium methosulfate in red light, had to be reduced to support photophosphorylation. Diaminodurene at high concentrations catalyzed cyclic phosphorylation under anaerobic conditions without addition of a reductant. In fact, addition of ascorbate gave rise to a marked inhibition which was released by addition of a suitable electron acceptor such as methylviologen. 2. 2. Under aerobic conditions a low O 2 uptake, observed in the presence of diaminodurene, was stimulated several-fold upon addition of methylviologen and was stimulated again several-fold on further addition of ascorbate. The rate of phosphorylation, however, remained the same. The low P/2e ratio obtained under these conditions was not decreased at lower light intensities. 3. 3. These findings suggest a phosphorylation site associated with cyclic electron flow through Photosystem I without participation of the electron carriers of Photosystem II. A non-cyclic electron flow to O 2 can be induced in this system by addition of methylviologen which effectively competes with the electron acceptors of cyclic flow. This non-cyclic electron flow still involves the same phosphorylation site. A scheme for electron transport and for the location of phosphorylation sites in chloroplasts is proposed.
Inferoseptal Myocardial Infarction: Another Cause of Precordial ST-segment Depression in Transmural Inferior Wall Myocardial Infarction?

Electrocardiographic ST-segment depression in the anterior precordial leads is a frequent observation during the initial hospital phase of acute transmural inferior myocardial infarction (MI), but is of uncertain significance. No available clinical studies have examined the prevalence of inferoseptal necrosis complicating inferior MI. Therefore, the clinical course, electrocardiographic features, radionuclide angiograms and cardiac enzyme changes in 57 patients with transmural inferior MI who did not have prior anterior or concomitant "true posterior" MI, associated anterior or posterolateral asynergy by radionuclide ventriculography, or left or right bundle branch block were reviewed retrospectively. Patients were categorized according to the presence (group A) or absence (group B) of precordial ST-segment depression and according to the presence (group I) or absence (group II) of radionuclide septal wall motion abnormalities. There were no significant differences in global left ventricular ejection fraction (group A, 49 +/- 8, group B, 52 +/- 41; group I, 51 +/- 7, group II, 51 +/- 6), right ventricular ejection fraction (group A, 45 +/- 9, group B, 42 +/- 7; group I, 43 +/- 8, group II, 41 +/- 8), or clinical outcome in the hospital. However, chi-square analysis revealed a significant (p less than 0.05) association between the presence or absence of septal asynergy and the presence or absence of precordial ST depression. In addition, average peak creatine kinase elevation (group I, 761 +/- 164 IU; group II, 698 +/- 178 IU) attained marginal significance by paired t test (p = 0.06). Precordial ST-segment depression during transmural inferior MI is frequently associated with septal asynergy by gated radionuclide angiography (15 of 26 patients, 58%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Optical network technologies for datacenter networks (invited paper)

We review the optical communication technologies required to support data center operations and warehouse-scale computing.
Periodontal treatment and its effects on glycemic controlA review of the evidence

Persisting poor glycemic control has been shown to be associated with the incidence and progression of diabetes-related complications. The bulk of oral health-related research has focused on the impact of diabetes on periodontal health, yet there are several lines of evidence to support the plausibility of the notion that periodontal infections contribute to problems with glycemic control. This article reviews the body of English-language literature containing reports of clinical research that has considered the relationship between treatment of periodontal diseases and improvement in glycemic control in humans. Although there is supportive clinical and epidemiologic evidence, equivocal and contrary evidence also exists. It is concluded from this review that the quantity, breadth, and strength of evidence-based knowledge are currently insufficient to establish periodontal therapy as influential in improving glycemic control in either type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Further rigorous, systematic study of the effects of treating periodontal infection on glycemic control is warranted.
II. Audi on mental images

In an article entitled “The Ontological Status of Mental Images’, Robert Audi rejects the view presented in Hannay's Mental Images: A Defence, and proposes ‘the property account of imaging’ as an alternative. Some of the strengths and weaknesses of Audi's proposal are discussed, and a more detailed and specific version of the property account offered; it is suggested that imaging χ should be described as entertaining the thought that if one were looking at (or smelling, touching, hearing, etc.) x, things would appear ϕ.
Truth in Medicine: Why Most Reviews and Commentaries on Spine Treatments are Flawed

Spinal pathology is a common cause for healthcare visits in the United States. Due to the rising healthcare costs associated with treating this condition, a large number of review articles and commentaries have come forward proclaiming the benefits or lack of efficacy for various treatments for spine pathology. However, most of the primary literature and subsequent reviews have recurring flaws that severely limit the ability to appropriately interpret the results and conclusions. These typically include inappropriate grouping of heterogeneous subjects and procedural techniques, insufficient outcome measures, and incorrect statistical analysis. This article will therefore review these common errors, and identify simple steps that can be taken to rectify them in both primary research and subsequent review articles.
Stability of dendrite growth during directional solidification in the presence of a non-axial thermal field

Abstract The liquid–metal-cooling (LMC) directional-solidification process offers refinement of dendritic structure due to the increased cooling rate from enhanced heat extraction. However, under some conditions in the LMC process substantial lateral heat extraction occurs that leads to a change in dendrite morphology, resulting in grain nucleation or lateral growth – the formation of long secondary dendrite arms overgrowing favorably aligned primary dendrites. The conditions under which lateral growth occurs during solidification of alloys CMSX-486 and Rene-N4 have been studied experimentally and via solidification modeling. Solidification experiments have been conducted in a LMC furnace that utilizes liquid tin as the cooling medium and a floating ceramic baffle. A mold geometry was designed to evaluate a range of thermal conditions during solidification and assess the tendency for lateral growth. Correlations between dendritic structure, solidification-front curvature, solidification rate and thermal gradients have been analyzed. A criterion for predicting the onset of lateral growth based on the inclination of the solidification front at the casting surface is demonstrated.
WITTGENSTEIN'S LATER PICTURE “THEORY” OF MEANING

Recently, commentators such as Kenny and Hacker have disagreed about whether Wittgenstein's early picture theory of meaning is at all compatible with his later theory of “meaning-as-use”. Arguing in favor of their compatibility, Kenny finds that meaning-as-use supplements, rather than rivals the earlier conception of meaning:
Antenatal diagnosis of diaphragmatic hernia: parents’ emotional and cognitive reactions

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to assess parent’s emotional and cognitive reactions to the prenatal diagnosis of diaphragmatic hernia in their prospective children. Methods A survey was conducted by means of a questionnaire. In the period ranging from 1997 to 2002, 40 couples in whom an established diagnosis of diaphragmatic hernia was made in their fetus were seen for prenatal consultation at a tertiary referral center. Results Overall response rate was 93% (37 couples). Mean period since diagnosis for compilation of the questionnaire was 2 weeks. Mean gestational age at diagnosis was 25 weeks (range, 16 to 35 weeks). All parents lacked prediagnostic knowledge of diaphragmatic hernia and consider a single consultation with the paediatric surgeon inadequate to have a clear understanding of the anomaly. Only 1 mother and 1 father reported they understood all the information given by the surgeon. The most frequent (75%) feeling during and after the consultation was fear. Most parents (70%) referred to the intense emotions as the factor that made it difficult to follow the surgeon’s explanations as well as to ask questions. Conclusions Because of the incompatibility of emotional distress and optimum learning, impairment of early comprehension of information about diaphragmatic hernia is unavoidable. Therefore, we believe that follow-up antenatal consultations and provision of written and visual illustration are extremely important to facilitate informed choices.
Regulating actin dynamics in neuronal growth cones by ADF/cofilin and rho family GTPases.

Growth cone motility and navigation in response to extracellular signals are regulated by actin dynamics. To better understand actin involvement in these processes we determined how and in what form actin reaches growth cones, and once there, how actin assembly is regulated. A continuous supply of actin is maintained at the axon tip by slow transport, the mobile component consisting of an unassembled form of actin. Actin is co-transported with actin-binding proteins, including ADF and cofilin, structurally related proteins essential for rapid turnover of actin filaments in vivo. ADF and cofilin activity is regulated through phosphorylation by LIM kinases, downstream effectors of the Rho family of GTPases, Cdc42, Rac and Rho. Attractive and repulsive extracellular guidance cues might locally alter actin dynamics by binding specific GTPase-linked receptors, activating LIM kinases, and subsequently modulating the activity of ADF/cofilin. ADF is enriched in growth cones and is required for neurite outgrowth. In addition, signals that influence growth cone behavior alter ADF/cofilin phosphorylation, and overexpression of ADF enhances neurite outgrowth. Growth promoting effects of laminin are mimicked by expression of constitutively active Cdc42 and blocked by expression of the dominant negative Cdc42. Repulsive effects of myelin and sema3D on growth cones are blocked by expression of constitutively active Rac1 and dominant negative Rac1, respectively. Thus a series of complex pathways must exist for regulating effectors of actin dynamics. The bifurcating nature of the ADF/cofilin phosphorylation pathway may provide the integration necessary for this complex regulation.
A reconceptualization and revised scoring procedure for the ITPA based on multivariate analysis of the original normative data.

This research was conducted to (1) determine whether a factor analysis of the original normative ITPA data would support the dimensions of Osgood’s psycholinguistic model which provides its theoret...
Dichotic Right Ear Advantage in Children 5 to 131

Summary We have shown that dichotically presented nonsense syllables with strict acoustic and phonetic control of the stimuli, generate a right ear advantage that is essentially fixed by 5 years of age. What seems to change with age in our sample is total accuracy, phonetic content and nature of the errors, and something for want of a better term we might call “capacity” of the hypothesized left hemisphere speech processor.
Programmable low-dithering-jitter interpolator-based CDR

This paper presents a methodology to determine the optimum filter settings for interpolator-based CDR. The proposed methodology quantifies the relationship between filter settings, latency of the CDR loop and input data frequency offset. A programmable interpolator-based CDR is designed to verify the proposed methodology. The CDR is implemented in TSMC 60nm LP CMOS technology. Measurement results show correlation between calculated results versus simulation and characterization results.
U- 74389G DOES NOT AFFECT THE SEVERITY OF HYPOXIC ISCHEMIC BRAIN INJURY IN THE PIGLET. 2243

U- 74389G DOES NOT AFFECT THE SEVERITY OF HYPOXIC ISCHEMIC BRAIN INJURY IN THE PIGLET. 2243
Comparison of Patient Care Delivery by Neonatal Nurse Practitioners and Pediatric Residents: Outcomes and Hospital Charges for Infants with Birth Weights less than 1,000 g. † 1276

Comparison of Patient Care Delivery by Neonatal Nurse Practitioners and Pediatric Residents: Outcomes and Hospital Charges for Infants with Birth Weights less than 1,000 g. † 1276
Cerebral acetylcholine in thiamine deficiency.

SummaryThis study assesses the hypothesis that severe thiamine deficiency may lead to a depletion of cerebral ACh, which, in turn, may be responsible for the cerebral dysfunction seen in this condi...
The acutely reduced kidney

The acutely reduced kidney. The mechanism whereby the kidney maintains water and electrolyte excretion immediately after partial infarction was studied in the uninephrectomized rat. Clearance and micropuncture studies were made for 2 1/2; hr before and immediately after loss of approximately 60% of the functioning renal mass as produced by tying one or two branches of the renal artery. Qualitatively similar responses were seen in all animals, although urine flow rate, GFR, RPF and electrolyte excretion tended to be higher in those animals given intravenous lissamine green than in those infused with aldosterone and ADH. Total kidney GFR and RPF fell in proportion to the degree of infarction. Mean urine flow rate, however, was unchanged, and there was an immediate rise in the flow rate in surviving nephrons, maximal after one hour. This was due to a fall in proximal fractional reabsorption, absolute reabsorption in the proximal convolution remaining unchanged. There was no evidence that changes in hydrostatic or oncotic pressures within the proximal tubules or peritubular capillaries were important in this response. The role of the interstitial fluid pressure remains unknown. Le rein reduit de maniere aigue. Le mecanisme par lequel le rein maintient l'excretion d'eau et d'electrolytes immediatement apres un infarctus partiel a ete etudie chez le rat uninephrectomise. Des etudes de clearance et par microponctions ont ete realisees deux heures et demie avant et immediatement apres la perte d'environ 60% de la masse renale fonctionnelle obtenue au moyen de la ligature d'une ou deux branches de l'artere renale. Des reponses qualitativement semblables ont ete observees chez tous les animaux quoique le debit urinaire, le debit de filtration glomerulaire, le debit plasmatique renal et l'excretion d'electrolytes tendait a etre plus grand chez les animaux recevant du vert de lissamine intraveineux que chez ceux perfuses avec de l'aldosterone et de l'ADH. La filtration globale du rein et le debit plasmatique renal ont diminue en proportion de l'importance de l'infarctus. Le debit urinaire moyen, cependant, n'a pas ete modifie et il y a eu une augmentation immediate du debit tubulaire dans les nephrons restants, maximale apres une heure. Cela etait du a la chute de la reabsorption fractionnelle proximale, la reabsorption absolue dans ce segment demeurant inchangee. Il n'y a eu aucun argument permettant de penser que des modifications de pression hydrostatique ou oncotique dans les tubes proximaux ou les capillaires peritubulaires jouent un role important dans cette reponse. Le role de la pression interstitielle demeure inconnu.
Shifting Spaces and Emerging Voices: Participation, Support, and Conflict in One School Administrative Team

Research Findings: Collaborative work and supportive relationships are highly valued by teachers and school administrators. Collaboration, however, necessitates constructive conflict resolution (P. M. Senge, 1990); yet conflict is often experienced as interpersonally threatening and undermining supportive working conditions. This contradiction is critical for educators wishing to develop prosocial conflict resolution skills in children: It is unrealistic to expect students to resolve conflicts peaceably if adults in the system do not model these behaviors themselves. This study examines the management team of a school engaged in conflict resolution training to assess whether they were able to (a) create a more participatory and supportive team climate and (b) change how team members interacted during conflicts (use of internal state language as well as structural elements—voice and turn-taking behavior—were examined). Results suggest that the team improved its climate along expected dimensions and that, b...
Diagnosis of posttraumatic transverse sinus thrombosis with magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance venography: report of two cases.

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is an uncommon but potentially lethal condition that can present with headache, focal deficits, seizures, altered mental status, and papilledema. Nontraumatic dural sinus thrombosis is associated with medical conditions such as oral contraceptive use, pregnancy, dehydration, coagulopathies, connective tissue disorders, and leukemia. Traumatic dural sinus thrombosis has been primarily diagnosed at autopsy and was originally considered benign. The superior sagittal sinus (SSS) has been the main structure associated with traumatic sinus thrombosis. Traumatic thrombosis of other venous sinuses, such as the transverse sinus (TS), is thought to be uncommon but may be underdiagnosed using standard imaging techniques. During the evaluation of patients who have sustained head trauma, posttraumatic sinus thrombosis, although uncommon, should be considered in the differential diagnosis because of its potentially lethal consequences. A patient with an undiagnosed sinus thrombosis can suddenly worsen if the thrombosis spreads from a sinus to a cerebral vein, leading to epilepsy, neurologic deficits, or death. Furthermore, some authors have ascribed sinus thrombosis a pathogenetic role in the formation of vascular malformations such as dural arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs). In the adult patient, dural AVFs are generally accepted as being acquired disorders because adults with dural AVF frequently have etiologic risk factors for venous sinus thrombosis, including head trauma, neurologic surgery, and ear or sinus infection. Animal models have also supported the theory that sinus thrombosis contributes to the development of dural vascular malformations. Thus, early recognition and diagnosis of venous sinus thrombosis is important for both the acute and long-term management of patients with this potentially lethal condition. Recognition of cerebral sinus thrombosis can be aided by the use of computed tomographic (CT) scans, angiograms and, most recently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance venography (MRV). The cases presented here illustrate the role of MRV in the diagnosis of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis after head trauma.
CONVERSION OF P,P'-DDT TO P,P'DDD IN THE LIVER OF THE RAT.

Feeding experiments with rats demonstrate that p,p9 DDT [1,1,1- trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane] is converted to p,p9 DDD [1,1-dichloro- 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane] in the liver.
Mash-1 is expressed during ROD photoreceptor differentiation and binds an E-box, Eopsin-1 in the rat opsin gene

It has been shown previously that the transcription factor Mash-1 plays a significant role in mammalian neurogenesis. In the present study we show that Mash-1 is expressed during rat retinal development and that it interacts specifically with an E-box identified in the promoter of the opsin gene during rod photoreceptor differentiation. We propose that opsin may be one of the downstream neuronal genes regulated by Mash-1 during neurogenesis in the central nervous system.
Emissions and Atmospheric CO2 Stabilization: Long-Term Limits and Paths

The objective of stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations is often envisioned as a monotonic approach to higher constant concentrations. For CO2 to approach a constant concentration over a finite time, CO2 emissions must peak and then gradually approach zero over 1,000+ years, regardless of the concentration level. While this intellectual architecture has proved useful, we suggest consideration of a broader range of scenarios, including ones in which net emissions decline to zero over a finite period of time resulting in a maximum CO2 concentration followed by a long-term decline to a lower level. Carbon cycle model results illustrate these scenarios.
The effect of propranolol on exercise-induced ischemic S-T segment depression

Abstract The effects of propranolol on exercise-induced ischemic S-T segment depression were assessed in 11 patients with angina pectoris. In 9 of the 11 patients administration of propranolol increased exercise tolerance, as measured by walking on a treadmill. Maximal S-T depression was decreased by propranolol in 9 patients, and for the entire group of 11, maximal S-T depression was reduced from an average of 2.3 to 1.0 mm. In 4 patients this depression was limited to 0.2 mm. or less, and in 2 of them it was completely prevented. The amount of exercise necessary to induce S-T depression of 1 mm. was increased by propranolol in 6 of the 7 patients with this degree of depression. The average increase in the 7 patients was 72 per cent. These data suggest that propranolol, which has been shown to decrease the frequency of chest pain in angina pectoris, improves the relation between myocardial oxygen supply and demand while it increases exercise tolerance.
Reversible renal glycosuria in acute interstitial nephritis.

Renal glycosuria is defined as the excretion of glucose in urine in a normoglycemic state. It results from renal tubular dysfunction or immaturity of tubular function in the newborn. Etiologically, renal glycosuria is of 3 types—benign renal glycosuria, glycosuria with diabetes mellitus (including gestational diabetes) and tubular defects (Fanconi syndrome). Prognosis of benign renal glycosuria is excellent and reversible. Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is one of the main causes of acute renal failure and may often result in tubular dysfunction. In this study, the authors report the occurrence of AIN with acute renal failure that contributed to reversible renal glycosuria. The glycosuria observed in the patient of this study was an isolated tubular defect, with no phosphaturia, aminoaciduria or bicarbonaturia. Such a presentation is very rare in adults and has not been previously reported. These findings confirm that AIN with acute renal failure can cause an isolated tubular defect with benign reversible glycosuria in an adult.
Enzymology of intracellular membrane fusion.

A combination of cell-free biochemical and morphological studies has revealed that a coated bud-coated vesicle transport system shuttles newly synthesized proteins through the successive processing compartments of the Golgi apparatus. These “Golgi coated vesicles” operate in a manner formally analogous to the clathrin coated pitcoated vesicle system responsible for receptor-mediated endocytosis; however Golgi coated vesicles do not contain clathrin.
Rectal thiopental compared with intramuscular meperidine, promethazine, and chlorpromazine for pediatric sedation

Study objectives: We studied the hypothesis that rectal thiopental is an effective agent for emergency department pediatric sedation and may have advantages over a more traditional regimen. Design: Rectal thiopental 25 mg/kg was compared with the combination of meperidine 2 mg/kg, promethazine 1 mg/kg, and chlorpromazine 1 mg/ kg in a prospective, randomized, double-blinded study. Type of participants: Children between 18 months and 6 years of age presenting to our teaching hospital ED for laceration repair were entered after the clinical decision was made to sedate. Patients with altered sensorium, medical contraindications to sedation, or medication allergy were excluded. Interventions: After informed consent, each patient received IM injection (drug combination or placebo) and rectal suspension (rectal thiopental or placebo) simultaneously. Measurements and main results: Vital signs, pulse oximetry, and pediatric Glasgow Coma Scores were recorded before and every 15 minutes after sedation until discharge. Intradermal lidocaine and suturing began when the patient appeared adequately sedated, and response was numerically scored. Patients were discharged when able to stand. Twenty-nine patients 34 ± 13 months old were studied. Fifteen patients received rectal thiopental, and 14 received the drug combination. Analysis using the wilcoxon two-sample test revealed no differences in age, sex, weight, or wound location between groups. The time course of sedation was different for the two treatment regimens. At 15 and 30 minutes after administration, patients who received rectal thiopental were more deeply sedated than those who received the drug combination, as evidenced by significantly lower Glasgow Coma Scores ( P P P P = NS). Vital signs remained stable, no adverse reactions occurred, and no patient had decreased oxygen saturation to less than 95%. Conclusion: Rectal thiopental is superior to this drug combination for pediatric sedation because it can be administered painlessly, has a more rapid onset and offset of action, and is of equal safety and efficacy at the dosage studied.
Development and optimization of a solid-phase extraction scheme for determination of the pesticides metribuzin, atrazine, metolachlor and esfenvalerate in agricultural runoff water

Abstract Concomitant determination of the pesticides metribuzin, atrazine, metolachlor and esfenvalerate in agricultural runoff water was developed utilizing solid-phase extraction (SPE). A 2 5 factorial experimental design compared relative importance for extraction efficiency of the five variables sample pH, elution solvent strength, ionic strength of the sample, addition of organic modifier to the sample, and elution by gravity or vacuum. The protocol was further optimized with respect to sorbent mass, sample volume, elution volume and concentration. The approach offers optimal recoveries, low detection limits, rapid extraction, and final determination by either gas or high-performance liquid chromatography.
S + versus S- fading in prompting procedures with autistic children.

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to assess the relative effectiveness of two prompt-fading procedures for teaching difficult visual discriminations to autistic children. Both prompt procedures involved within-stimulus fading where manipulation occurred on the relevant component of the discrimination. One procedure involved fading first along the S+ stimulus, while holding the S− stimulus constant. The other procedure involved fading first along the S− stimulus, while holding the S+ stimulus constant. Eight autistic children were each taught two discriminations, one by each of the prompt procedures. Results indicated that for all but one child, the discriminations were acquired significantly faster, with fewer errors, when the S+ stimulus was faded first. These findings are related to the literature on the effects of stimulus novelty on selection and learning.
Gravitational wave forms at finite distances and at null infinity.

Motivated by the methodology of numerical studies of gravitational radiation, we investigate the discrepancies that arise if wave forms are observed at a finite distance as opposed to infinity. Our study is based upon scalar radiation from a spherically symmetric Einstein-Klein-Gordon system. This allows us to isolate the effects of backscattering and redshifting while avoiding more complicated effects that arise in nonspherical systems with gravitational radiation. We show that discrepancies close to 100% can arise at large observation distances $RggM$ for sufficiently periodic systems. They are most pronounced for radiation losses between one-quarter and one-half of the initial mass. This falls within the expected regime of the spiral infall of a relativistic binary system. The predominant contribution to this discrepancy stems from a time-dependent redshift arising from radiative mass loss.
Guess What Happened on the Way to Revolution? Precursors to the Supreme Court's Federalism Revolution

In recent years, the Rehnquist Court has been accused of ushering in a “federalism revolution.” The Court's decisions have been contentious and often viewed as assertions of the Court's anti-majoritarian power. However, these assessments misunderstand the role of the Court in the American political system. Not only are the Court's recent decisions relatively modest departures from existing constitutional doctrine, but its rediscovery of federalism follows, rather than leads, developments in the elected branches. Efforts to rehabilitate federalism as a political value began in the elected branches as early as the 1960s. By 1980, federalism had become an important cleavage issue between the parties; Republicans advocated a form of “fixed federalism” while Democrats advocated a form of “flexible federalism.” Despite the desire of the Reagan and Bush administrations to use the judiciary to advance the GOP's view of federalism, confirmation hearings for members of the Rehnquist Court demonstrate that Democrats in Congress paid little attention to federalism. Attitudes about federalism thus made their way onto the Court without notice and without challenge, and the sharp disagreements that emerged on the Court during the late-1990s mirror the same party cleavages that developed much earlier in the elected branches. Copyright 2004, Oxford University Press.
Assessing the Feasibility of a Nailing Operation for Bone Fracture Fixation Using a Cavity-Expansion Based Penetration Model

After a bone is fractured the two bone segments must be realigned and fixated so that proper healing can occur. It is beneficial and often necessary to also fixate any bone fragments that may have formed during the injury. Traditionally a fracture fixation plate must be inserted using bone screws to hold the bone segments together. Any additional fragments must be attached using screws, bone pins, or wires. Each fracture, especially when complex in nature, may require a unique set of hardware to achieve proper fixation. Proper planning by a skilled surgeon is usually necessary. Insertion of these implants may also be rather invasive since the devices must be inserted into incisions at least as large as the device itself. All of these factors increase the duration of the surgery.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Energy Dependence of the Effective Debye Temperature Obtained from Low-Energy-Electron-Diffraction-Intensity Measurements

A discussion of the effect of lattice vibrations on the effective electron-ion-core elastic scattering vertex is given using the model of Duke and Laramore. The renormalization introduced by the lattice vibrations can substantially increase the number of partial waves necessary to describe this scattering. The vertex approximation using the $s$-wave part of the phonon renormalization factor and phase shifts from a realistic potential to describe the electron-rigid-ion scattering is compared with the vertex approximation using the full phonon renormalization factor and the constant phase shift $s$-wave model to describe the electron-rigid-ion scattering. Model calculations of low-energy-electron-diffraction (LEED) intensity profiles are presented for a system having the geometrical parameters of Al(100), and effective Debye temperatures are obtained for the Bragg peaks in the intensity profiles. The dependence of these effective Debye temperatures on the inelastic-collision mean free path and on the characteristic falloff of the vibrational amplitude of the ion cores with distance from the surface is investigated. Even for a constant mean free path the ${{\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{D}}^{\mathrm{eff}}$ exhibit a pronounced energy dependence. By comparing the calculated ${{\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{D}}^{\mathrm{eff}}$ with the experimental measurements of Quinto et al., a crude estimate of the inelastic-collision mean free path in the surface region of aluminum is obtained.