cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular cloning and sequencing of a 58-kDa membrane- and microfilament-associated protein from ascites tumor cell microvilli with sequence similarities to retroviral Gag proteins.

Abstract The MAT-C1 subline of the 13762 rat mammary adenocarcinoma has highly stable, branched microvilli and immobile cell surface receptors. A membrane- and microfilament-associated 58-kDa protein (p58) in the MAT-C1 microvilli has been implicated in the stabilization of the microvilli and microfilament-membrane interactions. This protein is associated with a high M(r) glycoprotein complex containing the (proto)oncogene p185neu and other signal transduction components in a putative microfilament-associated signal transduction particle. Amino acid sequences were obtained from two trypsin peptides of p58. Screening a MAT-C1 cDNA library with a degenerate oligonucleotide derived from the larger peptide and polymerase chain reaction amplification of cDNA ends permitted the isolation of overlapping cDNAs encoding the 427-amino acid open reading frame of p58. In vitro transcription and translation using a full-length cDNA gave a protein of approximately 55 kDa, which reacts with anti-p58 antiserum and reconstitutes into a complex with actin and glycoproteins from the membrane-microfilament interaction site. When COS-7 cells were transfected with the full-length cDNA, p58 was localized in a punctate distribution. In addition, the transfected cells exhibited fewer microfilament cables than untransfected neighboring cells. The amino acid sequence showed a surprising similarity to mammalian retroviral Gag proteins and included regions corresponding to p15, p12 and the N-terminal 80% of p30. Comparisons of p58 and the corresponding regions of the Gag proteins for Moloney murine leukemia virus indicated that about 60% of their amino acid residues were identical. These studies suggest that p58 is the product of an endogenous retroviral gene whose expression as a cellular protein alters the properties of the tumor cell to provide a selective advantage for tumor growth in the animal.
Material characterization de-embedding for rectangular to square waveguide

Material parameter extraction techniques require calibrated S-parameter data for accurate permittivity and permeability results. Calibration methods can be applied to remove systematic errors and to mathematically establish measurement reference planes at the face of a sample. A Thru-Reflect-Line (TRL) calibration method is typically employed in waveguide material parameter measurements to provide calibrated test data. Computational electromagnetic simulations of waveguide material measurements offer a controlled measurement environment and can be used to generate S-parameter data for material parameter extraction. This simulated data can be used as truth data and compared against measured test data to aid sample design and measurement verification. If calibration techniques are not appropriately implemented in simulation, the resulting S-parameter data can be impacted by features in the simulation and accuracy reduced. This paper demonstrates the usage of a TRL calibration in a material measurement simulation. The results show that a calibration process accounts for simulated systematic error and produces results that agree with measured test results.
The Convex Feasibility Problem in Image Recovery

Publisher Summary Image recovery is a broad discipline that encompasses the large body of inverse problems, in which an image h is to be inferred from the observation of data x consisting of signals physically or mathematically related to it. Image restoration and image reconstruction are the two main sub-branches of image recovery. The term “image restoration” usually applies to the problem of estimating the original form h of a degraded image x . The following four basic elements are required to solve an image recovery problem: (1) a data formation model, (2) a priori information, (3) a recovery criterion, and (4) a solution method. The recovery criterion defines the class of images that are acceptable as solutions to the problem. It is chosen by the user on grounds that may include experience, compatibility with the available a priori knowledge, personal convictions on the best way to solve the problem, and ease of implementation. The traditional approach has been to use a criterion of optimality, which usually leads to a single best solution. An alternative approach is to use a criterion of feasibility, in which consistency with all prior information and the data defines a set of equally acceptable solutions. The solution method is a numerical algorithm that will produce a solution to the recovery problem—that is, an image that satisfies the recovery criterion. Modification can be made in two directions: in the conventional image recovery framework, one seeks to preserve the notion of an optimal solution, whereas in the set theoretic framework the emphasis is placed on feasibility.
Direct reduction of magnesium oxide to magnesium using thermal plasma technology

A direct route for the reduction of magnesium oxide to magnesium using thermal plasma processing, with methane as the reducing gas, has been systematically evaluated. A feasibility study of the reduction reaction has been performed on the MgO-CH4 system at different methane concentrations and temperatures. The effects of changes in the key process parameters, such as the oxide-to-methane ratio and plasma power, on the yield of magnesium have been systematically evaluated. A maximum yield of about 61 mol% Mg was obtained using power of 20.0 kW and a molar ratio of MgO:CH4=1:1. Phase, morphological, elemental and binding energy analyses were performed on the product powders to understand the reduction reaction. Surface oxidation was observed in smaller magnesium particles in all the experiments, while the in-situ sintering of magnesium rods was observed at a molar ratio of MgO:CH4=1:1.5. Magnesium carbide (Mg2C3) was observed in the product, and its mechanism of formation is proposed using phase equilibrium data and a predominance diagram.
Biomechanical Dynamics of the Heart with MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides a noninvasive way to evaluate the biomechanical dynamics of the heart. MRI can provide spatially registered tomographic images of the heart in different phases of the cardiac cycle, which can be used to assess global cardiac function and regional endocardial surface motion. In addition, MRI can provide detailed information on the patterns of motion within the heart wall, permitting calculation of the evolution of regional strain and related motion variables within the wall. These show consistent patterns of spatial and temporal variation in normal subjects, which are affected by alterations of function due to disease. Although still an evolving technique, MRI shows promise as a new method for research and clinical evaluation of cardiac dynamics.
Dihydrofolate Reductase and Thymidylate Synthase Transgenes Resistant to Methotrexate Interact to Permit Novel Transgene Regulation

Methotrexate (MTX) is an anti-folate that inhibits de novo purine and thymidine nucleotide synthesis. MTX induces death in rapidly replicating cells and is used in the treatment of multiple cancers. MTX inhibits thymidine synthesis by targeting dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and thymidylate synthase (TYMS). The use of MTX to treat cancer also causes bone marrow suppression and inhibits the immune system. This has led to the development of an MTX-resistant DHFR, DHFR L22F, F31S (DHFR(FS)), to rescue healthy cells. 5-Fluorouracil-resistant TYMS T51S, G52S (TYMS(SS)) is resistant to MTX and improves MTX resistance of DHFR(FS) in primary T cells. Here we find that a known mechanism of MTX-induced increase in DHFR expression persists with DHFR(FS) and cis-expressed transgenes. We also find that TYMS(SS) expression of cis-expressed transgenes is similarly decreased in an MTX-inducible manner. MTX-inducible changes in DHFR(FS) and TYMS(SS) expression changes are lost when both genes are expressed together. In fact, expression of the DHFR(FS) and TYMS(SS) cis-expressed transgenes becomes correlated. These findings provide the basis for an unrecognized post-transcriptional mechanism that functionally links expression of DHFR and TYMS. These findings were made in genetically modified primary human T cells and have a clear potential for use in clinical applications where gene expression needs to be regulated by drug or maintained at a specific expression level. We demonstrate a potential application of this system in the controlled expression of systemically toxic cytokine IL-12.
The geographer's aid in nation‐planning

(1932). The geographer's aid in nation‐planning. Scottish Geographical Magazine: Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 1-20.
Effect of nonpeptide angiotensin AT-1 and AT-2 antagonists on isoproterenol-induced renin release

The AT-1 receptor antagonist, losartan potassium, produced a large rise in plasma renin activity (PRA) after peripheral, but not intracerebroventricular (ICV), administration. Peripheral, but not ICV administration of losartan also augmented the release of renin induced by peripheral administration of the beta-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol. The increase in PRA induced by losartan plus isoproterenol was greater than the sum of the increases in PRA induced by the individual treatments. There was, however, no significant enhancement of the hypotensive action of isoproterenol by peripherally administered losartan. The AT-2 receptor antagonist, PD 123319, produced no increase in PRA after either peripheral or ICV injection. However, peripheral injection of PD 123319 slightly increased PRA after peripheral administration of isoproterenol. The data are discussed in terms of the relationship between renin-angiotensin systems and fluid intake, with special reference to the failure of peripherally administered losartan to block isoproterenol-induced water intake.
Investigation of tryptophan-NADH interactions in live human cells using three-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging and Förster resonance energy transfer microscopy.

A method to investigate the metabolic activity of intracellular tryptophan (TRP) and coenzyme-NADH using three-photon (3P) fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) and Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is presented. Through systematic analysis of FLIM data from tumorigenic and nontumorigenic cells, a statistically significant decrease in the fluorescence lifetime of TRP was observed in response to the increase in protein-bound NADH as cells were treated with glucose. The results demonstrate the potential use of 3P-FLIM-FRET as a tool for label-free screening of the change in metabolic flux occurring in human diseases or other clinical conditions.
Stroke burden and risk factors during 1997-2008: Examining the effect of ethnicity and gender

Objective: Examine the effect of race and gender variation on the burden of stroke and associated risk factors among hospital-discharged patients. Materials and Methods: We examined Tennessee Hospital Discharge Database from 1997 to 2008 for patients (older than 20 years) discharged with a diagnosis of stroke. The number of stroke patients was 17,149 in 1997; 19,020 in 2003; and 17,010 in 2008. We also extracted data on cardiovascular risk factors for each patient. Age-adjusted prevalence of hospitalization for stroke per 100K for non-Hispanic white and black patient groups was developed per Center of Disease Control (CDC) procedures of at-risk population. Race- and gender-specific prevalence of stroke and associated cardiovascular risk factors among hospitalized patients were examined using multivariate logistic models. To examine consistency, we compared the two groups at three different points: 1997, 2003, and 2008 regarding the prevalence of stroke and their associated risk factors. Results: Our analyses revealed three major trends: (1) Age-adjusted stroke rate declined by 13.8% over a 12-year period (from 466.8 per 100,000 in 1997 to 402.2 per 100,000 in 2008). This decline occurred for both black and white patients. However, the white stroke rate declined by 19.8% (from 401.9 in 1997 to 322.2 in 2008), compared with only 13.7% among blacks (from 599.2 in 1997 to 517.3 in 2008). Additionally, throughout the 12-year period, although no significant gender differences were observed, the stroke rates among blacks remained consistently higher compared with whites (black:white rate ratios of 1.60 in 1997, 1.40 in 2003, and 1.60 in 2008). Logistic regression analysis revealed the four risk factors that consistently predicted stroke for both black and white patients in 1997, 2003, and 2008, namely, hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM), high cholesterol, and cardiac arrhythmia. Conclusion : Aggressive management of two cardiovascular risk factors (HTN and DM) may subsequently reduce stroke health disparity and the burden of stroke hospitalization among blacks.
THE ECONOMICS OF "A BIT O' VICTUAL," OR MALTHUS AND MOTHERS IN ADAM BEDE

Hetty Sorrel's economic self-interest is impossible to ignore, as is its sexual nature. George Eliot tells us that Hetty is "quite used to the thought that people liked to look at her" and is determined to exchange her physical charms for a life of luxuries (96; ch. 9). Hetty's attraction to the young, wealthy Arthur Donnithorne is unabashedly opportunistic. While Hetty is searching for Arthur, once she is aware of her "swift-advancing shame," the narrator reveals the turn of her thoughts: "He would not marry her and make her a lady; and apart from that she could think of nothing he could give her towards which she looked with longing and ambition" (364; ch. 35, 372; ch. 36). And it is certainly not unusual for economic considerations to figure in the Victorian marriage plot; Mary Barton's attraction to Harry Carson is predicated on his ability to make her a lady; Rosamond Vincy marries Lydgate in the hopes that his relationship to the landed gentry will, quite literally, pay off. It is the lethal turn of Hetty's material self-interest - the murder of her illegitimate child - that makes her story exceptional. I suggest that Hetty's desire to "purchase" Arthur's social prestige and her ultimate rejection of maternal responsibility intersect with Malthusian economics. The central action of the story, infanticide, signifies one of the chief topics of Malthusian debate. T. R. Malthus and his followers suggested that economically imprudent marriages were akin to an unthinking infanticide because the newly weds would likely be unable to feed the children that would arise from their conjugal relations; they also registered child-murder as one of the checks to population, classifying it as "one of the worst forms of vice and misery" (1803: 71; ch. 3). In this essay, I read food and the life-and-death economics of food in Adam Bede as a register for Malthusian concerns about sex, family, responsibility, and dependence. In the novel, these concerns are not only for fathers - which is Malthus's own emphasis - but also for mothers. Although published in 1859, the novel is set in 1799, a year after the first publication of Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population, and three decades before the Poor Law reform developed in response to Malthusian analysis. It is in this context that I propose reading Adam Bede alongside Malthus's Essay. Although Eliot, in contrast to her literary predecessor Harriet Martineau, was not writing fiction to "illustrate" political economy, she did have intellectual ties to classical-school
Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis occurringin premature twins

Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis is reported in premature twins who died at 12 hoursof age. The clinical and pathologic findings are discussed and a review of all reported cases and an analysis of the salient clinical features are presented. Many previously proposed etiologic theories are noted. The possibility is suggested that this abnormality may represent another inborn error of metabolism.
Reliability of a Retail Food Store Survey and Development of an Accompanying Retail Scoring System to Communicate Survey Findings and Identify Vendors for Healthful Food and Marketing Initiatives

Abstract Objective To develop a retail grocery instrument with weighted scoring to be used as an indicator of the food environment. Participants/Setting Twenty six retail food stores in low-income areas in California. Intervention Observational. Main Outcome Measure(s) Inter-rater reliability for grocery store survey instrument. Description of store scoring methodology weighted to emphasize availability of healthful food. Analysis Type A intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) with absolute agreement definition or a κ test for measures using ranges as categories. Results Measures of availability and price of fruits and vegetables performed well in reliability testing (κ = 0.681-0.800). Items for vegetable quality were better than for fruit (ICC 0.708 vs 0.528). Kappa scores indicated low to moderate agreement (0.372-0.674) on external store marketing measures and higher scores for internal store marketing. “Next to” the checkout counter was more reliable than “within 6 feet.” Health departments using the store scoring system reported it as the most useful communication of neighborhood findings. Conclusions and Implications There was good reliability of the measures among the research pairs. The local store scores can show the need to bring in resources and to provide access to fruits and vegetables and other healthful food.
Gender, Schools, and School Social Workers.

ender is a significant factor in ev-ery domain of social work practice,yet explorations of gender often arenot integrated into our understand-ing of everyday practice (Figueira-McDonough, Netting, & Nichols-Casebolt, 1998). This lack of specificattention to gender and gender dy-namics in our practice, research, andeducation can perpetuate gender in-equalities that persist in society. It isfor this reason that the EditorialBoard of
Antichymotrypsin Interaction with Chymotrypsin REACTIONS FOLLOWING ENCOUNTER COMPLEX FORMATION

Abstract Serpins, serine proteinase inhibitors, form enzymatically inactive, 1:1 complexes (denoted E*I*) with their target proteinases, that only slowly release I*, in which the P1-P1′ linkage is cleaved. Recently we presented evidence that the serpin antichymotrypsin (ACT, I) reacts with the serine proteinase chymotrypsin (Chtr, E) to form an E*I* complex via a three-step mechanism, E + I ⇌ E ·I ⇌ EI′ ⇌ E*I* in which EI′, which retains the P1-P1′ linkage, is formed in a partly or largely rate-determining step, depending on temperature (O’Malley, K. H, Nair, S. A., Rubin, H., and Cooperman, B. S. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 5354–5359). Here we extend these studies through the introduction of a new assay for the formation of the postcomplex fragment, corresponding to ACT residues 359 (the P1′ residue) to 398 (the C terminus), coupled with rapid quench flow kinetic analysis. We show that the E·I encounter complex of wild type-rACT and Chtr forms both E*I* and postcomplex fragment with the same rate constant, so that both species arise fromEI′ conversion to E*I*. These results support our earlier conclusion that the P1-P1′ linkage is preserved inEI′ and imply that E*I* corresponds to a covalent adduct of E and I, either acyl enzyme or the tetrahedral intermediate formed by water attack on acyl enzyme. Furthermore, we show that the A347R (P12) variant of rACT, which is a substrate rather than an inhibitor of Chtr, has a rate constant for postcomplex fragment formation from the E·I complex very similar to that observed for WT-rACT, implying that EI′ is the common intermediate from which partitioning to inhibitor and substrate pathways occurs. These results are used to elaborate a proposed scheme for ACT interaction with Chtr that is considered in the light of relevant results from studies of other serpin-serine proteinase pairs.
An Introduction to Feminist Security Studies

International Security and Gender. By Nicole Detraz. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2012. 255 pp., $22.95 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-745-65117-0). Nicole Detraz provides an impressive and accessible introduction to the vibrant and wide-ranging body of International Relations (IR) research now commonly referred to as “feminist security studies” (Sjoberg 2010; Wibben 2011). Addressing itself primarily to advanced undergraduates and graduate students, International Security and Gender adroitly guides the reader through feminist analyses of militarization and militarism, peacekeeping and peacebuilding, terrorism, human security, and environmental security. Surveying foundational texts, recent contributions, and emerging research areas, Detraz presents a strong case for the adoption of “gender lenses” to facilitate much-needed reevaluations of the assumptions that undergird security scholarship. Although issues related to the subordination of women are central to this work, Detraz specifies that her subject is not “women and security,” much less “women in need of security,” but rather “gendered understandings of security” (p. 12). This distinction—pithily captured in the title of Terrell Carver's 1996 book Gender Is Not a Synonym for Women— reflects the work's explicitly feminist theoretical orientation. That is, by defining gender as “a set of socially constructed expectations about what men and women ought to be” (p. 5), Detraz distinguishes her project from nonfeminist security-studies research that treats gender as an unproblematic and dichotomous variable—the “add gender and stir” approach previously criticized by feminist IR scholars (Peterson 1992; Carver 2003; Sjoberg 2006). She rejects, in other words, efforts that merely “bring women into an analysis, which can isolate …
The Virulence of Human Pathogenic Fungi: Notes from the South of France

The Second FEBS Advanced Lecture Course on Human Fungal Pathogens: Molecular Mechanisms of Host-Pathogen Interactions and Virulence, organized by Christophe d'Enfert (Institut Pasteur, France), Anita Sil (UCSF, USA), and Steffen Rupp (Fraunhofer, IGB, Germany), occurred May 2007 in La Colle sur Loup, France. Here we review the advances presented and the current state of knowledge in key areas of fungal pathogenesis.
Surface melting and crystallization of polyethylene

Abstract Extended chain polyethylene crystals yield a striated surface on fracturing. By statistical analysis it is shown that the striations are random and that there is no present compelling reason for assumption of interior grain boundaries. The rough surface starts melting at 100[ddot]C or lower, 40[ddot] below the equilibrium melting point. The interior is unaffected by this annealing process. Measurements on micron-thin slices of extended chain crystals were carried out and showed less superheating before melting than in large crystals. Also, a decreased heat of fusion in the high temperature region was found. The surface reorganization process is shown to be a two-step process: melting followed by recrystallization into folded chain lamellae. The epitaxial lamellae thus grown are analyzed with respect to frequency of occurrence and fold length. Their growth features are discussed. From the instability of the rough surface, it is concluded that under normal crystallization conditions extended chain ...
Characterization of Spherical Lenses Using X-Scan

We developed a theoretical Model to determine the radius of curvature for spherical lenses using the x-scan technique. In addition, the size and type of the lens can be found directly from the results.
Oviposition rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster is influenced by acetic acid

Abstract Fermenting fruit can contain acetic acid, a known attractant for fruit flies. Vinegar food induces a bimodal oviposition rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster, however non-vinegar (control) food induces a unimodal rhythm. The bimodal rhythm has a broad day mode showing variability in onset or pattern and a sharp dusk peak. The day mode may not be coupled to the dusk peak or to the 12L : 12D cycle because some flies show oviposition drifting. The day mode augments at the expense of the dusk mode, the latter diminishing within a few days. The unimodal expression on control food is a single dusk peak. Anticipation in the form of oviposition onset is shown by a few flies several hours before the light-off signal. On control food, a pulse of acetic acid fumes can induce a daytime oviposition. When pulsed twice in the day several hours apart two daytime modes are produced, thus leaving few eggs in the dusk mode. The experiments suggest that the fly is attracted to fruit by odours and oviposit rhythmically of a biological clock. If acetic acid is present in fermenting fruit oviposition is induced, thus overriding the clock.
Beware of mereologists bearing gifts: prolegomena to a medical metaphysics.

This essay considers implications of formal mereologies and ontologies for medical metaphysics. Edward Fried’s extensional mereological account of the human body is taken as representative of a prominent strand in analytic metaphysics that has close affinities with medical positivism. I show why such accounts fail. First, I consider how Fried attempts to make sense of the medical case of Barney Clark, the first recipient of an artificial heart, and show that his analytic metaphysical categories do not have the right kind of fit with the case. A proper medical metaphysic should involve a richer two way dialogue with medicine, and it should not just “apply” formal accounts worked out in other settings. Second, I argue that any effort to account for real wholes with extensional mereological sums requires all sorts of ad hoc, supplementary mechanisms that do the real work, and the full repertoire of these mechanisms involves inconsistencies and semantic shifts. Finally, I consider an alternative strand of work on non-extensional whole/part relations that is closer to medicine and that can deepen reflection on some core problems in bioethics, for example, associated with the determination of death when an organism ceases to function as a whole. In addition to the utility such formal ontologies have for addressing traditional problems such as the determination of death, philosophers of medicine should appreciate the increasingly influential role such formal tools are playing in the development of data system ontologies. Assumptions integral to these ontologies have far reaching implications for the way future research and practice in medicine will be conducted, and much greater critical reflection is needed on the full range of issues associated with the development and use of such medical ontologies.
An Initialization Scheme of Hurricane Models by Vortex Specification

Abstract A scheme is presented to improve the representation of a tropical cyclone in the initial condition of a high-resolution hurricane model. In the proposed method, a crudely resolved tropical cyclone in the large-scale analysis is replaced by a vortex that is properly specified for use in the prediction model. Appropriate filters are used to remove the vortex from the large-scale analysis so that a smooth environmental field remains. The new specified bogus vortex takes the form of a deviation from this environmental held so that it can be easily merged with the latter field at the correct position. The specified vortex consists of both axisymmetric and asymmetric components. The symmetric component is generated by the time integration of an axisymmetric version of the hurricane prediction model. This ensures dynamical and thermodynamical consistency in the vortex structure, including the moisture field, and also compatibility of the vortex with the resolution and physics of the hurricane model. In ...
Black-Hat/White-Hat Strategy in Bilateral Negotiation

Abstract The black-hat/white-hat strategy is a sequential process involving two people who work as a team in a negotiation against an adversary. The first person in the sequence, the black hat, takes a competitive stance toward the adversary; the second in the sequence, the white hat, takes a more cooperative stance. The presumed effect is success in eliciting concessions from the adversary and reaching agreement. The experiment reported here simulated a buyer–seller negotiation to assess the effects of the temporal ordering of the black-hat and white-hat strategies. Subjects, as buyers, negotiated twice with computer-simulated sellers who were either cooperative or competitive in the first negotiation and cooperative or competitive in the second. The results suggested that strategy shifts can play an important role in negotiation: when a new strategy was presented (either more cooperative or more competitive), there was increased concession-making by subjects and reduction of distance between offers. The black-hat/white-hat strategy was most likely to reduce distance and reach agreements. The black-hat/black-hat strategy was least successful by these measures. Evidence of contrast effects was obtained in perceptions of opponent cooperativeness: the black-hat/white-hat strategy produced the greatest perceived cooperativeness. The black-hat/white-hat strategy benefited from two processes: 1. concessions of the white-hat in the second negotiation in reducing distance from agreement, and 2. greater perceived cooperativeness due to the contrast effect. Several indexes of collective efficiency indicated that a black-hat/white-hat aggregate of strategies was more efficient than any other combination of strategies.
Responses to Discrimination and Psychiatric Disorders Among Black, Hispanic, Female, and Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals

Objectives. We examined associations between perceived discrimination due to race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, or gender; responses to discrimination experiences; and psychiatric disorders.Methods. The sample included respondents in the 2004–2005 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (n = 34 653). We analyzed the associations between self-reported past-year discrimination and past-year psychiatric disorders as assessed with structured diagnostic interviews among Black (n = 6587); Hispanic (n = 6359); lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB; n = 577); and female (n = 20 089) respondents.Results. Black respondents reported the highest levels of past-year discrimination, followed by LGB, Hispanic, and female respondents. Across groups, discrimination was associated with 12-month mood (odds ratio [ORs] = 2.1–3.1), anxiety (ORs = 1.8–3.3), and substance use (ORs = 1.6–3.5) disorders. Respondents who reported not accepting discrimination and not discussing it with others had higher odds of p...
Stage II reconstruction after hybrid palliation for high-risk patients with a single ventricle.

Background The hybrid approach to palliate high-risk neonates with a single ventricle and systemic outflow obstruction continues to gain interest. Despite early success, few data exist regarding the physiologic adequacy of this palliation and the outcome of the stage II reconstruction. Methods We reviewed our experience with stage II reconstruction after hybrid palliation in high-risk newborns with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and variants, focusing on the hemodynamic, reintervention, and operative data. Results Among 14 patients undergoing hybrid palliation, interstage reinterventions targeted the ductal stent in 2, the atrial septal communication in 3, and the pulmonary artery bands in 1 patient. The median ratio of pulmonary blood flow to systemic blood flow (Qp/Qs) was 0.76, and pulmonary artery pressure was 14 mm Hg. Stage II reconstruction was performed in 8 patients with a median age of 4 months (range, 3.2 to 5.8 months) and a median weight of 4.9 kg (range, 3.7 to 6.0 kg). Median cardiopulmonary bypass time was 124 minutes (range, 95 to 188 minutes). Median time to extubation was 20 hours (range, 9 to 120 hours). Median oxygen saturation at hospital discharge was 79% (range, 78% to 82%). Two perioperative deaths occurred. To date, all hospital survivors are well. Four patients have completed a Fontan. Conclusions Stage II reconstruction after hybrid palliation for high-risk neonates carries important morbidity and mortality. A considerable number of reinterventions to optimize the palliated physiology are necessary. This approach can provide appropriate preparation for single-ventricle management while avoiding cardiopulmonary bypass in the neonate. Additional experience and critical risk assessment of the entire strategy are necessary to define its advantages.
Biofuel and food security in China and Japan

The Chinese government is promoting the national biofuel program to deal with energy security and excessive grain stocks. The Japanese government is promoting a biofuel program to deal with climate change and energy security, and to promote rural development. This study is an economic analysis of the competition between biofuel and food, and the relationship between biofuel and food security in China and Japan. The definition of competition between biofuel and food can be divided into food and food-related demand, and agricultural production. This analysis shows that not only the feedstock of agricultural product-based biofuel, but also cellulose-based biofuel competes with food and food-related demand, and agricultural production in China and Japan. It is assumed that non-food-based biofuel and cellulosic-based biofuel do not have a serious impact on food security on a country and sub-country level in China and Japan, because the amount of feedstock used for non-food and cellulose-based biofuels is small. However, such use could have a negative impact on undernourished households in China. In its promotion of biofuel development, the Chinese government has to pay full attention to nutrition levels of households. In 2010, the Japanese government released draft sustainable criteria for biofuel, but did not cover food security in partner countries. Such criteria should consider food security in partner countries.
Temporal and spatial alterations in mutant swarm size of St. Louis encephalitis virus in mosquito hosts

St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV; Flaviviridae; Flavivirus) is a member of the Japanese encephalitis serocomplex and a close relative of West Nile virus (WNV). Although SLEV remains endemic to the US, both levels of activity and geographical dispersal are relatively constrained when compared to the widespread distribution of WNV. In recent years, WNV appears to have displaced SLEV in California, yet both viruses currently coexist in Texas and several other states. It has become clear that viral swarm characterization is required if we are to fully evaluate the relationship between viral genomes, viral evolution, and epidemiology. Mutant swarm size and composition may be particularly important for arboviruses, which require replication not only in diverse tissues but also divergent hosts. In order to evaluate temporal, spatial, and host-specific patterns in the SLEV mutant swarm, we determined the size, composition, and phylogeny of the intrahost swarm within primary mosquito isolates from both Texas and California. Results indicate a general trend of decreasing intrahost diversity over time in both locations, with recent isolates being highly genetically homogeneous. Additionally, phylogenic analyses provide detailed information on the relatedness of minority variants both within and among strains and demonstrate how both geographic isolation and seasonal maintenance have shaped the viral swarm. Overall, these data generally provide insight into how time, space, and unique transmission cycles influence the SLEV mutant swarm and how understanding these processes can ultimately lead to a better understanding of arbovirus evolution and epidemiology.
An interactive exploration of gender and computing: unpacking the student experience

Being a computer science and engineering student is experienced differently by male and female students; gendered interactions affect the development of academic and professional role confidence as well as professional identity. In this hands-on special session, participants explore concepts of gender schemas, privilege, and identity using a range of interactive activities. We have found these concepts useful in framing discussion with our students and in understanding and improving student experiences. The session introduces and obtains feedback on a Gender and Engineering Exploration Kit, which the participants are encouraged to review, use, and share at their home institutions.
CROSSROADS---The Atlantic Divide: American and European Approaches to Strategy Research

Unlike most of the social sciences, the field of strategy originated in the United States and arrived in Europe later. Did this trajectory lead to an “Atlantic divide” in strategy research? Does such a divide exist? The papers that follow debate the issue and the effects that such a potential divide may have on the growth of the field.
Power sources for satellites and space vehicles

Abstract Power sources for satellites and space vehicles must be small, light, rugged, reliable for long operational life under the severe environment conditions of outer space. The environment generated by the operation of the power source must also be compatible with the operation of the instrumentation carried by the space vehicle. Chemical batteries, solar energy converters, and nuclear energy devices appear as the most suitable energy systems. Chemical batteries, having proven their practical capabilities in several earth satellites, provide reliable power for relatively short life and low-power requirements. Solar energy converters with or without storage devices, which also have already practically demonstrated their capabilities in several satellites, will offer high power for operation over at least several years. Nuclear devices under development promise characteristics which may ultimately surpass the capabilities of solar energy converters although for some time both systems may stay in close competition.
Hot flash severity in hormone therapy users/nonusers across the menopausal transition.

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the pattern of and factors that influence hot flash severity across the menopausal transition (MT) and early postmenopause (PM). Methods Women from the Seattle Midlife Women's Health Study (N = 302) provided data for these analyses: at least one annual health questionnaire and a menstrual calendar. A subset of women provided a first morning voided urine specimen from 1997 through 2005. Urine samples were assayed for estrone glucuronide and FSH. Linear mixed effects modeling was used to identify change in hot flash severity scores over time, including the relationship to age, MT-related, psychosocial and lifestyle factors. Results Increases in hot flash severity were associated with late transition stage, early postmenopause, use of HRT, duration of early transition stage, age of entry into early PM and level of FSH. Age of entry into early transition and estrone levels were associated with decreased hot flash severity. Not associated with hot flash severity were being in early transition stage, age of entry into or duration of late transition stage and all of the psychosocial (anxiety, stress, depressed mood) and lifestyle variables (BMI, activity level, sleep, alcohol use). Conclusions Variables associated with reproductive aging independently predicted changes in hot flash severity; psychosocial and lifestyle variables did not. The effect of age dropped out when factors associated with reproductive aging were considered. Use of HRT ameliorated but did not eliminate severe hot flashes suggesting that there is room for alternative approaches less likely to cause harm.
Systemic Thinking in a Linear World: Issues in the Application of Interactional Counseling

Counseling practitioners are increasingly being exposed to the theoretical ideas and clinical techniques based in systems thinking. Systemic or interactional counseling approaches are based on an alternative view of causality and symptomatic behavior. As a result, several treatment, ethical, and legal challenges await the counselor who attempts to implement these theoretical ideas. Because of these potential problems, practitioners interested in such approaches must recognize and be prepared to deal with the unique diffculties that accompany this method of counseling. Using spouse abuse as an example, the author reviews the basic components of systemic approaches, identifies the potential problems inherent in their implementation, and offers solutions for the interactional counselor.
Development of an acid degradable drill-in fluid for fractured reservoirs

This paper investigates the use of acid soluble sized fibers as an additive for drill-in fluids when drilling through fractured formations. Experiments were conducted with a dynamic filtration core holder on both fractured and unfractured cores. Two existing drill-in fluids were used as a starting point, a sized salt drill-in fluid and a sized calcium carbonate drill-in fluid were evaluated for unfractured formations. The fluid loss as well as the oil mobility impairment across different sections of an 8 inch long core were monitored. Both drill-in fluids were found to have excellent fluid loss characteristics and were relatively non-damaging. The sized calcium carbonate drill-in fluid resulted in a oil mobility reduction of 71 % while the sized salt drill-in fluid showed a reduction of 18 %. In both cases the damage was limited to the first section of the core (2.5 inches). On the basis of these observations the sized salt drill-in fluid was chosen to be the less damaging fluid under our experimental conditions and experiments were conducted on fractured cores using sized salt as the base fluid. The overall return oil mobility was found to decrease by 83 % when a granular additive (sized salt with a particle size distribution of 15-300 μm) was used as the LCM (loss circulation material) in the sized salt drill-in fluid. Acid soluble fibers (Fibersol) were used as a LCM additive in the sized salt drill-in fluid. The overall return oil mobility after circulating the drill-in fluid across the face of the core for 10 hours was found to be 55 % of the original oil mobility. It was found that extremely low concentrations of Fibersol in the sized salt drill-in fluid were sufficient to reduce the extent of mud solids penetration and formation damage in the fractured cores. Visual observations on the fractured cores indicate particle invasion was significantly less in the case of the drill-in fluid containing Fibersol. Rheological measurements made on the sized salt drill-in fluid containing Fibersol showed excellent rheological properties. The concentration, length and diameter of the Fibersol fibers was varied over a wide range in these rheological measurements. Acid solubility tests were conducted on the filter cake formed by the sized salt drill-in fluid containing Fibersol. It was found that the filter cake was completely soluble in hydrochloric acid and formic acid. The presence of calcium carbonate resulted in the formation of polymer precipitate with spent hydrochloric acid. These findings suggest that the breakdown of filter cakes formed with sized salt drill-in fluids supplemented by Fibersol is achievable by using hydrochloric acid in sandstones or formic acid in carbonates. Based on our results of return oil mobility as well as the solubility of the filter cake, the use of Fibersol supplemented sized salt drill-in fluids in fractured formations is recommended.
Vegard's law.

Vegard's law is an approximate empirical rule which holds that a linear relation exists, at constant temperature, between the crystal lattice constant of an alloy and the concentrations of the constituent elements. Applications of a density-functional theory of nonuniform fluid mixtures to the fluid-solid transition of simple binary mixtures of hard spheres demonstrates the importance of relative atomic sizes in determining lattice constants and suggests that for sufficiently small disparities in atomic size Vegard's law may also hold along the fluid-solid coexistence curve.
Human Extrahepatic Cytochromes P450: Function in Xenobiotic Metabolism and Tissue-Selective Chemical Toxicity in the Respiratory and Gastrointestinal Tracts*

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in extrahepatic tissues often play a dominant role in target tissue metabolic activation of xenobiotic compounds. They may also determine drug efficacy and influence the tissue burden of foreign chemicals or bioavailability of therapeutic agents. This review focuses on xenobiotic-metabolizing CYPs of the human respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, including the lung, trachea, nasal respiratory and olfactory mucosa, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and colon. Many CYPs are expressed in one or more of these organs, including CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2A6, CYP2A13, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C18, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP2F1, CYP2J2, CYP2S1, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP4B1. Of particular interest are the preferential expression of certain CYPs in the respiratory tract and the regional differences in CYP expression profile in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Current research activities on the characterization of CYP expression, function, and regulation in these tissues, as well as future research needs, are discussed.
Special session - The art of assessment: Learning from Alverno College’s ability-based curriculum

The engineering education community has been very focused on learning outcomes since the introduction of the ABET EC2000 criteria. This session will take the topic of "assessment" to a different level by closely linking learning outcomes with teaching methods. For more than thirty years the faculty at Alverno College have taught and assessed student learning outcomes in the context of an ability-based curriculum that emphasizes how students are able to think and what they are able to do as a result of study within and across disciplines. Building on previous collaborative work Alverno College has performed with engineering programs, this session aims to be the start of a continuing dialogue between Alverno College and the engineering education community. The session takes advantage of the FIE 2007 conference location - Milwaukee, home of Alverno College.
Simplicity made difficult

The real locus of dispute, though, must be Tl. After all, analytic relativists tend to accept T3, T4, and T5.1 T2 is a technical claim; whether it is correct is a matter of what sorts of abstract objects it is most useful to assign to embedded occurrences of sentences in a compositional semantic theory. There are relativists and nonrelativists on both sides of the issue, and Cappelen and Hawthorne concede that much of
Moving Beyond “It worked”: The Ongoing Evolution of Research on Problem-Based Learning in Medical Education

Research on Problem-Based Learning in medical education has undergone an evolutionary process from initial proof of concept studies through critiques of the original methods and beyond. Initial studies focused on whether or not the instructional method was effective for medical students and the goals of medical education. Despite much movement back and forth between results demonstrating effectiveness and ineffectiveness, not much forward progress was made in reaching a decisive conclusion. Recently, however, the adoption of different theoretical perspectives, research methods, research targets and technological supports has begun to move the studies along. Current research in the area is focusing not on whether the students learn, but rather what goes on during learning that helps or hinders their learning. As such the group process and its cognitive components has become a more fruitful target of researchers.