cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Current and Evolving Therapies for Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer: Are We Stuck With Cytotoxic Chemotherapy?

At present, front-line therapy for metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is combination chemotherapy, most commonly FOLFIRINOX (fluorouracil, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin) or gemcitabine and nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel. Despite a better understanding of the genomic landscape and the importance of the tumor microenvironment, we have not made a seismic shift in the overall survival for this disease. Given our growing understanding of the biology of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, the question remains whether novel, noncytotoxic agents will augment or even replace conventional chemotherapy. The thrust of ongoing efforts can be divided into broad categories, including exploiting the DNA damage repair phenotype, stroma and specific pathway–targeting agents, and enhancing immune destruction of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. In this article, we review the current and evolving therapeutic landscape of metastatic pancreatic cancer.
Testosterone replacement therapy: role of pituitary and thyroid in diagnosis and treatment

Crosstalk among hormones characterizes endocrine function, and assessment of the hypogonadal man should take that into consideration. In men for whom testosterone deficiency is a concern, initial evaluation should include a thorough history and physical exam in which other endocrinopathies are being considered. Hypogonadism can be associated with both pituitary and thyroid dysfunction, for which appropriate biochemical evaluation should be undertaken in certain clinical scenarios. If low serum testosterone is confirmed measurement of luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormones (LH and FSH respectively) is essential to establish whether the hypogonadism is primary or secondary. In secondary hypogonadism measurement of prolactin is always necessary, and measurement of other pituitary hormones, along with pituitary imaging, may be indicated. Checking thyroid function may also be enlightening, and can raise additional therapeutic considerations. Correction of other pituitary axes may attenuate the need for testosterone replacement therapy in some cases.
Global Offset Compensation for CNC Machine Tools Based on Workpiece Errors

Machine tool accuracy and repeatability is one of the most important considerations for manufacturing parts with the required quality for consistent performance in their assemblies. One of the most challenging areas has been the ability to quickly identify and evaluate the quasi-static and dynamic machine errors and apply the corresponding error models to compensate. Because there are many challenges associated with some methods, including the cost in design, analysis and control of precision machine tools, the compensation method has been the most effective approach to control part quality. This paper presents the development of a Global Offset compensation method utilizing the measurements of machined part(s). The Global Offset for a machine tool is estimated through a model while utilizing the computed deviation between the measured and nominal dimensions of the part. Examples are provided to demonstrate the capabilities of this new method.
Improved method for creating criterion maps for automatic mind map analysis

In this work, we continue our study on analyzing student created mind maps automatically by providing a new methodology to select the technical vocabulary that students use in their mind maps. The basis of our previous experiments is an instructor chooses a set of twenty words used within the course that will be the set of words to test in mind maps. The instructor then creates their own mind map with this set of words, which is called the criterion map. Next, students create their mind maps using the same twenty words, and the criterion map and student map are analyzed with each other using various algorithms to produce metrics that quantify how similar the two maps are. When this activity is repeated longitudinally over a semester we can show that students are learning if their metrics of similarity are improving over time. One challenge, however, is which twenty words should be selected by the teacher. Similarly, will the set of twenty words impact the quality of observed learning. In 2011 and 2012, we collected our mind map data based on twenty words selected with no methodology (random). In 2013 and 2014, we created a methodology where approximately forty words are initially chosen, and these forty words are reduced down to 20 by creating a larger mind map and picking the words that have low connectivity. The hypothesis here is that less connectivity in the mind map will make it easier for the student to create their own quality maps. Our results show that this new methodology improves the arithmetic average of one of our best comparison metrics for all data points by a worse case of 2.4% better and best case 75% better.
Unknown time-varying input delay compensation for uncertain nonlinear systems

Abstract A tracking controller is developed for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems subject to unknown time-varying input delay and additive disturbances. A novel filtered error signal is designed using the past states in a finite integral over a constant estimated delay interval. The maximum tolerable error between unknown time-varying delay and a constant estimate of the delay is determined to establish uniformly ultimately bounded convergence of the tracking error to the origin. The controller development is based on an approach which uses Lyapunov–Krasovskii functionals to analyze the effects of unknown sufficiently slowly time-varying input delays. A stability analysis is provided to prove ultimate boundedness of the tracking error signals. Numerical simulation results illustrate the performance of the developed robust controller.
Clinical assessment of coronary arteries in Kawasaki disease: Focus on echocardiographic assessment

Echocardiography is an excellent noninvasive imaging modality for evaluation and follow-up of cardiac lesions, especially coronary artery changes occurring as a result of Kawasaki disease. The information obtained has prognostic implications and can be complemented with other modes of imaging for risk stratification and optimization of both medical and interventional therapy. The aim of this article is to describe the time line of echocardiographic follow-up of patients affected with Kawasaki disease. The classification of coronary artery changes and transthoracic echocardiographic views recommended for detailed evaluation of the coronary arteries are delineated in detail in this report.
Modeling of BTI-aging V T stability for advanced planar and FinFET SRAM reliability

In this study, the comparison of time-zero V t and Bias-Temperature Instability (BTI) induced Vt shift on advanced planar (20nm System-on-Chip, 20SoC) and FinFET (16nm FinFET, 16FF) is investigated, which is modeled by Dispersive Skellam (DS) cumulative distribution framework. As a result of the much better time-zero Vt mismatch and less V T shift spread in FinFET devices, the SRAM static noise margin (SNM) shift distribution of 16FF is less than 20SoC planar technology node. We present a universal picture of time-zero Vt and BTI-aging V T shift management to correlate SRAM bit cell SNM shift, which offers a prospected approach for advanced planar and FinFET SRAM reliability optimization.
Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: A Thorough Review, Present Status and Future Perspective as HIV Therapeutics.

BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a severe viral infection that has claimed approximately 658,507 lives in the US between the years 2010-2014. Antiretroviral (ARV) therapy has proven to inhibit HIV-1, but unlike other viral illness, not cure the infection. OBJECTIVE Among various Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved ARVs, nucleoside/ nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are most effective in limiting HIV-1 infection. This review focuses on NRTIs mechanism of action and metabolism. METHODS A search of PubMed (1982-2016) was performed to capture relevant articles regarding NRTI pharmacology. RESULTS The current classical NRTIs pharmacology for HIV-1 prevention and treatment are presented. Finally, various novel strategies are proposed to improve the efficacy of NRTIs, which will increase therapeutic efficiency of present-day HIV-1 prevention/treatment regimen. CONCLUSION Use of NRTIs will continue to be critical for successful treatment and prevention of HIV-1.
Tryptophan and 5-HT in Psychiatric Illness

Brain serotonin (5-HT) content is dependent on plasma levels of tryptophan (TRP). Rapid, transient depletion of TRP in humans can be accomplished by oral administration of a TRP-free amino acid mixture. This procedure leads to a 30 to 50% decrease in brain 5-HT levels in laboratory animals and decreases human plasma TRP levels by 70–80% in 5 hours. TRP depletion alters human behaviour in different ways depending on the gender and clinical status of the subject. This presentation will review current experience with TRP depletion in healthy subjects, depressed patients, panic disorder patients, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) patients, and medication-free, psychiatrically-well subjects with a prior history of major depression. TRP depletion causes a transient return of anxiety and depressive symptoms in antidepressant-treated psychiatric patients, regardless of diagnosis. In contrast, TRP depletion causes minimal change in symptoms in healthy subjects or in actively ill, medication-free patients with OCD, panic disorder or major depression. These results suggest that antidepressant drugs treat depressive and anxiety symptoms by enhancing 5-HT neurotransmission but dysfunction of the 5-HT system may not be the immediate cause of OCD, panic disorder, or major depression.
Sound of the Penis: Secrecy, Sex, and Stigma

Urethral insertion – colloquially referred to as sounding – has primarily been restricted to case and quantitative studies within the medical literature, thereby reinforcing a stigma element to sou...
Additively unique sets of prime numbers

Spiro proved that the identity function is the only multiplicative function with f(p)≠0 for some prime p and f(p + q) = f(p) + f(q) for all prime p and q. We determine the sets S of primes for whic...
Keratoprosthesis in end-stage dry eye.

In very dry eyes with opaque corneas, regular keratoplasty is rarely successful. In these cases a keratoprosthesis (window of artificial material) seems a logical possibility. Progress in this field has been slow, however. The difficulties have been less related to the materials used, or even to the designs, but rather to the frequent occurrence of tissue necrosis around the device, resulting in leak, infection and even extrusion. Formation of a retroprosthesis membrane as well as late secondary glaucoma or retinal detachment have also diminished the long-term usefulness of this approach. (For a recent review of the field of keratoprostheses, see reference1).
A-Kinase Anchoring Proteins as the Basis for cAMP Signaling

Common challenges to any cell are the processing of the extracellular stimuli it receives into intracellular signaling cascades that initiate a multitude of diverse biological functions. However, many of these stimuli act via a common signaling pathway, suggesting the cell must somehow discriminate between different stimuli and respond accordingly. Subcellular targeting through the association with adaptor and scaffolding proteins has emerged as a key mechanism by which cells maintain signaling specificity. Compartmentation of cAMP signaling is maintained by the clustering of cAMP signaling enzymes in discrete units by the scaffolding protein A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAP). In doing so, AKAPs provide the molecular architecture for the cAMP micordomains that underlie the spacial-temporal control of cAMP signaling.
Controlling the Levers of Power: How Advocacy Organizations Affect the Regulation Writing Process

The Federal regulation-writing process is vital to understanding how laws are translated into policy. This paper re-examines data on human services interest groups active in lobbying the executive branch to determine what factors influence their effectiveness. Building on findings from Hoefer (2000), structural equation modeling is used to re-analyze the original regression model of interest group effectiveness (IGE) on a sample of 127 Washington D.C.-based interest groups. Results indicate that some of the previous findings are not supported and an alternative model is proposed. A group's position, context and access to information and policymakers emerge as significant determinants of IGE. Access also mediates the impact of a group's strategy and position on IGE. Implications for practice and future research are provided.
Three-dimensional framework of uranium-centered polyhedra with non-intersecting channels in the uranyl oxy-vanadates A2(UO2)3(VO4)2O (A=Li, Na)

Abstract The uranyl vanadates A 2 (UO 2 ) 3 (VO 4 ) 2 O ( A =Li, Na) have been synthesized by solid-state reaction and the structure of the Li compound was solved from single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal structure is built from ∞ 1 [ UO 5 ] 4 - chains of edge-shared U(2)O 7 pentagonal bipyramids alternatively parallel to a ⇒ - and b ⇒ -axis and further connected together to form a three-dimensional (3-D) arrangement. The perpendicular chains are hung on both sides of a sheet ∞ 2 [ ( UO 2 ) ( VO 4 ) 2 ] 4 - parallel to (001), formed by U(1)O 6 square bipyramids connected by VO 4 tetrahedra, and derived from the autunite-type sheet. The resulting 3-D framework creates non-intersecting channels running down the a ⇒ - and b ⇒ -axis formed by empty face-shared oxygen octahedra, the Li + ions are displaced from the center of the channels and occupy the middle of one edge of the common face. The peculiar position of the Li + ion together with the full occupancy explain the low conductivity of Li 2 (UO 2 ) 3 (VO 4 ) 2 O compared with that of Na(UO 2 ) 4 (VO 4 ) 3 containing the same type of channels half occupied by Na + ions in the octahedral sites. Crystallographic data for Li 2 (UO 2 ) 3 (VO 4 ) 2 O: tetragonal, space group I 41/ amd , a = 7.3303 ( 5 ) A , c = 24.653 ( 3 ) A , V = 1324.7 ( 2 ) A 3 , Z = 4 , ρ mes =5.32(2) g/cm 3 , ρ cal =5.36(3) g/cm 3 , full-matrix least-squares refinement basis on F 2 yielded, R 1 = 0.032 , w R 2 = 0.085 for 37 refined parameters with 364 independent reflections with I ⩾ 2 σ ( I ) .
Infrared Behavior of QCD

In this talk I will describe a series of calculations based on a general non-perturbative continuum approach to the problem of the IR behavior of QCO. This investigation, done in collaboration with F. Zachariasen and M. Baker, Is based on using the Schwinger-Dyson eqs. (hereafter S.D. eq.) for the quark and gluon propagators and using the appropriate Ward identities to obtain closed integral equations for the quantities of interest [1]. In particular, we have been able to show that a 1/q4 singularity in the gluon propagator produces a consistant solution to the integral equation. When this propagator is used in the integral equation for the quark propagator the pole singularity of a free massless quark is weakened to a simple square root branch point; furthermore we find that a mass-like tern (breaking chiral symmetry) which is an entire function, is consistent with the equations, though not required [2]. Finally, we construct an effective classical Lagrangian which is consistent with our form for the gluon propagator and automatically Includes the long range quantum fluctuations of QCD [3].
Proposal for a new diagnosis for U.S. diplomats in Havana, Cuba, experiencing vestibular and neurological symptoms.

Between 2016 and 2017, several U.S. Diplomats in Havana, Cuba, experienced perplexing vestibular and neurological symptoms attributed to an unknown source. They presented with significant vestibular and headache symptoms similar to individuals who experience vestibular migraine (VM). As such, we hypothesize that VM may be a possible explanation for the Havana cohort's presenting symptoms. To evaluate this hypothesis, we compared symptoms reported by the affected individuals in Havana, Cuba, to symptoms reported by corresponding patients from a tertiary academic neurotology clinic with a chief complaint of vertigo or disequilibrium, who met the International Classification of Headache Disorders criteria for VM. The prevalence of the Havana subjects experiencing various symptomatic domains was compared with the VM cohort, leading to 26 unique domains and statistical comparisons between the cohorts. Of the 26 domains compared between the two cohorts, 18 were not significantly different. This included the two most important components of meeting criteria for VM, namely the co-existence of headache and vestibular symptoms. On regression analysis, the only feature which kept its significant difference between the two cohorts was acute intense head pressure (P = 0.007). The domains with similar occurrence ratios included dizziness, headache, light sensitivity, hearing reduction, and tinnitus. In other words, multiple headache and vestibular symptoms, consistent with VM criteria, were similar between the two cohorts. The considerable similarities across various domains between VM patients and Havana subjects could be due to migraine as a possible common etiology for both groups. We propose VM as a potential etiology for the symptomatology in the U.S. diplomats in Cuba.
Self-distancing as a path to help-seeking for people with depression.

Abstract Objective Three studies explored whether self-distancing, a method where the self is treated as an other, can impact help-seeking among those with depression. Self-distancing was expected to reduce the negative biases associated with depression by minimizing self-relevance through taking the perspective of an objective other. We hypothesized that when thinking about a past experience of help-seeking, a selfdistancing prompt would cause increased help-seeking intentions and more favorable help-seeking outcome expectations. The influence of selfdistancing on the self-stigma of help-seeking was also explored. Methods Participants were randomly assigned to write (Studies 1 and 3) or watch a video (Study 2) where they were prompted to think about helpseeking from their own perspective or an objective other's perspective. Studies 2 and 3 were pre-registered on the Open Science Framework. Results In Study 1, self-distancing increased help-seeking intentions but did not influence help-seeking expectations or self-stigma. The a priori hypotheses were not supported in Study 2 or 3. However, exploratory analyses of Study 3 revealed an interaction between condition and level of depressive symptomatology indicating that the distancing condition weakened the relationship between higher levels of depressive symptomatology and lower help-seeking intentions, and between higher levels of depressive symptomatology and higher self-stigma. Additionally, analyses of written responses indicated participants in the distancing condition were significantly less likely to write responses void of positive content. Conclusion Although a priori hypotheses were not supported, further research is warranted as results indicate the potential for using self-distancing approaches to increasing help-seeking among some people with depressive symptomatology.
SCMiner: localizing system-level concurrency faults from large system call traces

Localizing concurrency faults that occur in production is hard because, (1) detailed field data, such as user input, file content and interleaving schedule, may not be available to developers to reproduce the failure; (2) it is often impractical to assume the availability of multiple failing executions to localize the faults using existing techniques; (3) it is challenging to search for buggy locations in an application given limited runtime data; and, (4) concurrency failures at the system level often involve multiple processes or event handlers (e.g., software signals), which can not be handled by existing tools for diagnosing intra-process(thread-level) failures. To address these problems, we present SCMiner, a practical online bug diagnosis tool to help developers understand how a system-level concurrency fault happens based on the logs collected by the default system audit tools. SCMiner achieves online bug diagnosis to obviate the need for offline bug reproduction. SCMiner does not require code instrumentation on the production system or rely on the assumption of the availability of multiple failing executions. Specifically, after the system call traces are collected, SCMiner uses data mining and statistical anomaly detection techniques to identify the failure-inducing system call sequences. It then maps each abnormal sequence to specific application functions. We have conducted an empirical study on 19 real-world benchmarks. The results show that SCMiner is both effective and efficient at localizing system-level concurrency faults.
History of elbow arthroscopy

Elbow arthroscopy is a minimally invasive surgical technique used to diagnose and treat elbow joint pathologies and is now one of the most commonly performed orthopedic elbow procedures. Although the technique of arthroscopy emerged more than a century ago, elbow arthroscopy has only significantly advanced since the 1980s. With the early dominance of knee arthroscopy, many of the early developments in elbow arthroscopy were influenced by that knowledge, with some degree of ongoing cross pollination of ideas. However, many of the steps in the evolution of elbow arthroscopy were unique to the elbow joint, independent of those taking place in other joints. This article presents the evolution of elbow arthroscopy, as well as, predictions for the future of this surgical technique.
Barriers to retinopathy screening in youth and young adults with type 1 diabetes

Early detection of diabetic retinopathy (DR) is imperative; however, adherence to screening guidelines is poor. We hypothesized that youth and young adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) who met American Diabetes Association criteria for recommended DR screening at the time of the study (10 years old or greater with diabetes duration of 5 years or more) would report multiple barriers to screening and that targeted barriers and subpopulations could be identified to improve access to care. 271 youth aged 10 to 26 years with T1D of at least 5 years duration were recruited from clinic, diabetes camp, and a diabetes conference and completed a patient-reported questionnaire. 113 (41.7%) reported at least one barrier to DR screening, with missed school and work being the most common (20.7%). Older participants (P = 0.007) and those with a longer diabetes duration (P = 0.018) were more likely to report barriers to screening. Recruitment location, sex, race and ethnicity, HbA1c, insulin regimen, and clinic visit frequency were not associated with reporting at least one barrier. Slightly less than two-thirds (62.1%) of participants who responded (n = 235 out of 271) adhered to recommended screening guidelines of the time and reported having an eye exam within the past year, 24.7% 12-23 months ago, 9.8% 2 years ago or more, and 3.4% had never had a DR exam. As older patients and those with longer duration of diabetes are more likely to have DR, targeted interventions to address barriers to care, such as, missed school and work should be implemented in these groups.
Revenue Impacts of the 2015 Avian Influenza Virus Outbreak on the United States Table Egg Wholesalers

From December 2014 to June 2015, the U.S. poultry industry experienced an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (AI), resulting in considerable bird depopulations. Both turkey and egg producers were impacted and farms affected faced losses from costs of bird disposal and farm repopulation. This study isolates the table egg subsector of the poultry industry and looks at the revenue impact of the AI outbreak at the wholesale level. To determine this revenue impact, a vector error correction model (VECM) was defined and used to generate the counterfactual revenue during the time period the outbreak occurred. This counterfactual revenue was compared to the actual revenue observed during that time period and the difference is the revenue impact due to the outbreak, ceteris paribus. Additionally, machine learning algorithms, using innovations from the VECM, allowed determining causal relationships in contemporaneous time among the variables considered within the industry. The model was developed using eight variables, the number of table egg layers on farm during a month and eggs, egg price, feed input prices, retail pork and beef prices, and real disposable personal income. When the counterfactual revenue was compared to the actual revenue from December 2014 to June 2015, a gain of about $676 million to wholesalers was determined to be attributed to the outbreak. Additionally, analysis of contemporaneous relationships of innovations, as shown by directed acyclic graphs, indicated that innovations in egg price are independent of innovations in direct production quantities, number of layers on farm and eggs, but are affected by production costs such as feed input costs. These results can be accounted for by various factors including the inelasticity of egg price and the imperfectly competitive behavior of the wholesalers and time delays in layer production. Future studies can use price transmission principles to expand this study and identify AI outbreak impacts at the consumer and producer levels.
Rethinking the Efficiency of Price Discrimination

Analysis of efficiency in legal fields from contracts to competition assumes that a consumer’s demand depends on the price the consumer faces, not on the prices a firm charges other customers. This project provides evidence to the contrary. It examines how the phenomenon impacts the analysis of personalized pricing, also known as perfect or first-degree price discrimination. Courts have long considered the practice efficient, and companies increasingly use big data to that end. The paper reports the results of a sequence of experiments on a simple transaction: flatware purchases. When participants learned about a firm’s personalized-pricing mechanism, demand contracted by up to 24.8%. I model a company’s most profitable response to this behavior — namely, keeping consumers in the dark about personalization — and find that the ensuing demand-side inefficiency can dwarf that of uniform monopoly pricing. Because personalized pricing has galvanized an industry of transparency-focused startups, I also model a company’s response when it cannot obscure its pricing mechanism. Its second-best strategy is to sell to a narrow range of high-value customers. Doing so excludes some lower-income or less-interested consumers from the market. This prompts a supply-side inefficiency that can also exceed that of uniform monopoly pricing. Faithfully applying the consumer-welfare approach to these results suggests an expanded paradigm and new types of antitrust harms. Both strategies — opaqueness and exclusion — can lead to violations of the Sherman Act and facilitate showings of harm under the Robinson Patman Act. As such, this project supports policies aimed at the transparency of prices.
'A Sixth Generation Fighter?' An Update

Abstract: This working paper endeavors, with an eye to the author's prior discussion of the sixth generation fighter aircraft (initially drafted in 2010), consider the development of the technology in the past decade as revealed through the publicly available literature on the subject, and that development's interaction with the technological, economic and political changes of the period. It concludes that while (as the author had suggested would be the case) technological change has been slower than predicted, and economic growth slow, making implausible the development and large-scale procurement of the radical aircraft in question ("morphing," hypersonic, intercontinental-range, potentially unmanned fighter aircraft with integral directed-energy weaponry), the more aggressive relations among the major powers have seen them more determined to acquire the most advanced combat aircraft available. The result is the presently aggressive pursuit of new fighter designs of more advanced but less revolutionary character (which, if characterized as sixth generation fighters, may ultimately prove to be fifth generation or fifth generation+ planes).
A highly-specific fully-human antibody and CAR-T cells targeting CD66e/CEACAM5 are cytotoxic for CD66e-expressing cancer cells in vitro and in vivo.

Abstract Neuro-endocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) accounts for about 20% of lethal metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). NEPC has the most aggressive biologic behavior of all prostate cancers and is associated with poor patient outcome. Effective treatment for NEPC is not available because NEPC exhibit distinct cell-surface expression profiles compared to other types of prostate cancer. Recently, the carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5 (CEACAM5) (known as CEA or CD66e) was suggested to be a specific surface protein marker for NEPC. Therefore, we identified a new, fully-human anti-CEACAM5 monoclonal antibody, 1G9, which bound to the most proximal membrane domains, A3 and B3, of CEACAM5 with high affinity and specificity. It shows no off-target binding to other CEACAM family members, membrane distal domains of CEACAM5, or 5800 human membrane proteins. IgG1 1G9 exhibited CEACAM5-specific ADCC activity toward CEACAM5-positive prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) based on scFv 1G9 induced specific and strong antitumor activity in a mouse model of prostate cancer. Our results suggest that IgG1 and CAR-T cells based on 1G9 are promising candidate therapeutics for CEACAM5-positive NEPC and other cancers.
The sea as a potential source of protein food.

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the sea as a potential source of protein food. Successful harvest is limited for the most part to fishes whose habits of aggregation and migration, and whose size facilitates their capture. Fish production varies even on different parts of a single bank. The production of usable animal protein in the sea varies widely from one area to another and covers about the same range of variation as pasture land, which supports from 5 or less tons per square mile up to around 130. Aesthetic standards are a major factor in determining the acceptability of food from the sea. The most promising way to enlarge the harvest of the sea is through husbandry; husbandry not in the sense of being abstemious in making use of the fishery stocks, but rather by aggressively utilizing them to the fullest extent of their maximum sustained productivity, in the light of the best scientific principles. The manufacture of fish meal for animal feeds is a crude process. The product has a strong fishy flavor, which may be acceptable in countries where people are accustomed to pungent taste, but not elsewhere. The chapter discusses proteins in marine organisms, such as algae, invertebrates, fish, etc. Variations in protein content are also elaborated.
Facile carboxylate ligand variation of heterotrimetallic 12-metallacrown-4 complexes

Abstract Single crystal X-ray structures are presented for three 12-metallacrown-4 complexes, Er III Na ( L ) 4 [ 11 - MC Mn III ( N ) shi - 4 ] , where L is trimethylacetate (OTMA), benzoate (OBen), or salicylate (OSal), MC is metallacrown, and shi3− is salicylhydroximate: ErIIINa(OTMA)4[ 12 - MC Mn III ( N ) shi - 4 ](H2O)3.73(DMF)0.27·7.45DMF·1.47H2O, 1, ErIIINa(OBen)4[ 12 - MC Mn III ( N ) shi - 3 ](H2O)4·4DMF·0.87H2O, 2, and ErIIINa(OSal)4[ 12 - MC Mn III ( N ) shi - 4 ](H2O)3.54(DMF)0.73·4DMF·0.24H2O, 3, where DMF is N,N-dimethylformamide. Compounds 1–3 demonstrate the facile ligand variation of a self-assembled supramolecular coordination complex containing three different metal types. In all three structures, the monoanion carboxylate ligands serve as bridges between the central ErIII ion and the ring MnIII ions. The structures of 1–3 are all domed towards the side of the central Na+ ion, and the 12-MC-4 frameworks of 1–3 are very similar regardless of the monoanion carboxylate bridge, as the metallacrown cavity radii of 1–3 are 0.55 A, 0.54 A, and 0.55 A, respectively. In addition, the cross cavity measurements indicate that the metallacrown frameworks are not significantly altered by the presence of different monoanion carboxylate ligands as the MnIII–MnIII cross cavity distances for 1–3 are 6.52 A, 6.51 A, and 6.49 A, respectively, and the oxime oxygen–oxime oxygen cross cavity distances for 1–3 are 3.71 A, 3.68 A, and 3.69 A, respectively. The conservation of the 12-MC-4 framework among the different structures will be important when assessing the physical and chemical properties of this class of molecules.
Theories, Psychosocial Problems

In Section I, there is a cross-theoretical comparison chart. Use that chart for reference here.
Harman-3-carbonsäure, ein neues Alkaloid aus Aspidosperma polyneuron

Aus der Stammrinde vonAspidosperma polyneuron Mull. Arg. wurde ein glykosidisches Alkaloid isoliert, dessen Aglykon als Harman-3-carbonsaure identifiziert werden konnte. Diese Verbindung ist von biogenetischem Interesse, da sie den ersten Fall darstellt, in dem Tryptophan an Stelle von Tryptamin in ein komplizierteres Alkaloid eingebaut ist.
Economic Suicide: The Collision of Ethics and Risk in Securities Laws

The article discusses what has now become apparent: that during the 1990s many investors engaged in risky trading and investing strategies without an understanding of the risks involved. It is settled law that, while brokers owe duties to their customers when they control the account or make recommendations, brokers can, in the absence of fraud, stand by and allow their customers to place financially disastrous trades, considered by the securities industry to be "economic suicide." This article first analyzes whether there are any legal principles to support an expanded view of the broker's duties to prevent the customer's economic suicide. Because most broker-dealer disputes currently are resolved through arbitration, the authors next examine arbitration awards to decide whether, as has been frequently reported, arbitrators are routinely awarding damages to customers in economic suicide cases. The article then addresses whether policy considerations support an extension of brokers' duties. It concludes: (1) arbitrators generally are following the law and not imposing liability on brokers for their customers' economic suicide; and (2) policy considerations, including the regulatory focus on full disclosure, support a modest expansion of brokers' duties to include a duty to warn investors about risky trading strategies.
Comparative Studies of Drosophila Antennapedia Genes

The Antennapedia (Antp) homeotic gene of Drosophila melanogaster controls cell fates and pattern formation in the epidermis, nervous system and mesoderm of thoracic segments. Its expression is controlled at the levels of transcription, alternative RNA splicing, polyadenylation and translation. Two nested Antp transcription units extend over 103 kb and produce sixteen different transcripts. We have compared the Antp genes of Drosophila virilis, Drosophila subobscura and D. melanogaster to determine which structural features are conserved and therefore may be important to the gene's function. The overall gene structures are similar. There are many conserved sequence blocks throughout the large introns, at least 15 kb upstream of the first promoter, and at least 3 kb downstream of the last polyadenylation site. Intron and exon sequence conservation around alternative splice sites indicates that alternative protein coding forms may also be conserved. Protein coding potential is perfectly conserved around the C-terminal homeodomain, well conserved in the N-terminal region, and more variable in the middle. The large size of the Antp gene may reflect a large number of control elements necessary for appropriate Antp protein expression. The conservation of transcript complexity suggests functional requirements for the different protein forms.
Intrinsic Motivation to Learn: The Nexus Between Psychological Health and Academic Success

Intrinsic motivation (IM) to learn, if cultivated, can lead to many academic and social/emotional improvements among K-12 students. This article discusses intrinsic motivation to learn as it relates to Self Determination Theory and the trouble with relying solely on extrinsic motivators. The academic benefits of IM in the specific subject areas of reading and mathematics are reviewed, as well as various psychological benefits (e.g., enhanced persistence, prosocial behavior and happiness). Science-based methods of fostering IM in students are considered, especially enhancing children’s environments through elevating teacher and parental autonomy support. Suggestions for integrating intrinsic motivation with behavioral interventions are also provided.
Ultrastructural Localization of Sucrases in Streptococcus mutans GS-5 and an Extracellular Polysaccharide Mutant: a Comparative Cytochemical and Immunocytochemical Study

Electron microscopy and cytochemical and immunocytochemical procedures were used to study the ultrastructural distribution of sucrase enzymes in two strains of Streptococcus mutans. In a strongly adherent and virulent parent strain, GS-5, most of the invertase and fructosyltransferase activities were demonstrated extracellularly or bound to the cell surfaces. Intracellularly, enzymatic sites were detected near the plasma membrane on the periphery of the nucleoid and central mesosome. In GS-511, a mutant of diminished virulence and adherence, most of the enzymatic activity was not located on the cell surfaces, but was found away from the cell walls and associated with extracellular polysaccharides. Intracellularly, GS-511 manifested the same distribution of invertase and fructosyltransferase as did GS-5; however, the close association of these enzymes with the plasma membrane was not shown in GS-511. In both strains, extracellular areas near regions associated with cross wall formation appeared to show localized concentrations of these sucrases. Antibodies against partially purified glucosyltransferase (GTF) enzymes from GS-5 were used to localize GTF by immunocytochemical techniques. Indirect ferritin localization procedures showed that the extracellular and cell-bound GTF enzymes were distributed in similar locations as the fructosyltransferase and invertase enzymes. By absorption of the antiserum with whole GS-511 cells, the location of extracellular GTF and surface antigens unique to GS-5 was demonstrated. The dramatically reduced levels of cell-bound sucrase activity in GS-511 indicates the significant role of these enzymes in adherence and cariogenicity.
Reflection as a key component in faculty development

Purpose – Reflection is key to learning from experience, including the experience of teaching. Aims to investigate whether critical reflection is as important in faculty development as it is in student learning.Design/methodology/approach – Offers the authors' experience with a service‐learning program as a case study of the benefits and challenges of structuring faculty development around reflection.Findings – Reflection on their teaching both deepens faculty's understanding of their roles as educators and allows them to model those abilities and perspectives they want their students to develop. Further, collaborating with our students in the reflective process promotes a strong sense of learning community, positioning students and faculty alike as engaged in collaborative inquiry.Originality/value – Provides useful information on reflection as a means of development for faculty.
Cultural Intersections in Later Chinese Buddhism

This collection of essays on "later" Chinese Buddhism takes us beyond the bedrock subjects of traditional Buddhist historiography - scriptures and commentaries, sectarian developments, lives of notable monks - to examine a wide range of extracanonical materials that illuminate cultural manifestations of Buddhism from the Song dynasty (960-1279) through the modern period. Straying from well-trodden paths, the authors often transgress the boundaries of their own disciplines: historians address architecture; art historians look to politics; a specialist in literature treats poetry that offers gendered insights into Buddhist lives. The broad-based cultural orientation of this volume is predicated on the recognition that art and religion are not closed systems requiring only minimal cross-indexing with other social or aesthetic phenomena but constituent elements in interlocking networks of practice and belief.
Visualization of flameholding mechanisms in a supersonic combustor using PLIF

Abstract Laser-induced fluorescence of OH and CH 2 O was imaged to investigate the flame stabilization mechanism in a flameholder with a Mach 2.4 free stream. Ethylene was burned in a rectangular cavity with two points of injection: the aft wall and the cavity floor. When injected from the aft wall, the fuel came into immediate contact with hot combustion products from the reaction zone under the shear layer. Primary combustion occurred under the shear layer and in the aft region of the cavity volume. In contrast, when fuel was injected from the floor, a jet-driven recirculation zone of hot products near the upstream wall of the cavity served as a flameholder. The reaction then occurred on the underside of the shear layer. In conditions near lean blowout, significant changes in the flameholding mechanisms were observed. Improved CH 2 O fluorescence signal was obtained by taking advantage of the long fluorescence lifetime at low pressures and delaying the camera gate to reduce the background signal.
Q-binary spaces

Abstract We distinguish and investigate the class of Q -binary spaces. Several equivalent descriptions enable us to show a rich geometric structure of Q -binary connected spaces. They coincide, up to homeomorphism, with spaces that admit binary normal closed subbase.
THE WINNING WAYS OF A LOSING STRATEGY: EDUCATIONALIZING SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN THE UNITED STATES

Abstract In this essay, David Labaree examines the paradox of educationalization in the American context. He argues that, like most modern Western societies, the United States has displayed a strong tendency over the years for educationalizing social problems, even though schools have repeatedly proven that they are an ineffective mechanism for solving these problems. He starts by examining the ways in which the process of educationalizing social problems is deeply grounded in American beliefs, social processes, political and organizational tensions, and structural possibilities. These include utility, individualism, optimism, professional interest, political interest, political opportunity, structural limits, and formalism. Then Labaree examines the roots of education’s failure in the role of social reform agent. Finally, he closes with an analysis of why we continue to pursue educationalization in the face of its ineffectiveness.
Stackelberg strategies in discrete linear quadratic problems

Linear closed-loop Stackelberg strategies in sequential decision-making problems for linear time-invariant discrete systems and trace criteria which may be interpreted as the expected value of quadratic criteria are considered. Necessary conditions for the solution are developed and an algorithm of the multi-level Stackelberg problem is presented. An example for a two-level problem is presented to illustrate the proposed numerical algorithm
Hyperon decays and CP nonconservation.

We study all modes of hyperon nonleptonic decay and consider the CP-odd observables which result. Explicit calculations are provided in the Kobayashi-Maskawa, Weinberg-Higgs, and left-right-symmetric models of CP nonconservation.
Erythema elevatum diutinum associated with lupus panniculitis in a patient with discoid lesions of chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus

Erythema elevatum diutinum associated with lupus panniculitis in a patient with discoid lesions of chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus John Hancox;Christopher Wallace;Omar Sangueza;Gloria Graham; Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
Needle-knife papillotomy: a helpful and safe adjunct to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in a selected population.

Background and Study Aims: Needle-knife papillotomy (NKP) has been shown to be a useful alternative when standard techniques fail to provide access during ERCP. A retrospective review was conducted to reevaluate the indications, efficacy, and complications of NKP at a tertiary referral center. Patients and Methods: A total of 1205 therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiography procedures (ERCPs) were reviewed. Sixty-eight patients (5.6%) had undergone NKP after an established algorithm of techniques had failed to provide access. The NKP results were analyzed in two periods, including initial experience with 470 ERCPs (group 1, NKP n = 22) and later experience with 735 patients (group 2, NKP n = 46). Results: Immediate free cannulation in group 1 was achieved in 14 of 22 patients (64%), vs. 34 of 46 (74 %) in group 2. The delayed cannulation rate was five of eight patients in group 1 (62.5%) vs. 11 of 12 in group 2 (92 %). The success rate was 19 of 22 patients in group 1 (86%) vs. 45 of 46 in group 2 (98%). The overall success rate was 64 of 68 (94 %). Successful cannulation led to a therapeutic intervention in 94% of these patients. A complication rate of 6%, without mortality, was noted. Conclusions: NKP is a valuable tool that allows a high success rate for cannulation, with a low complication rate. The success rate increases with operator experience. NKP should be carried out by experienced endoscopists after standard maneuvers fail to provide access, and when cannulation is likely to be followed by a therapeutic intervention.
Effect of creatine supplementation on cardiac muscle of exercise-stressed rats.

The role of creatine supplementation in altering the physiological parameters regulating cardiac muscle's functional capacity through the initiation of cardiac hypertrophy and altered contractile protein expression has not been determined. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of creatine supplementation, with and without exercise stress, on physiological parameters regulating functional capacity through alterations in rat cardiac mass and contractile-protein expression. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 30 min of exercise stress 5 days/week for 3 weeks with 2% of total body mass attached to the tail. Animals were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: group 1 (Con) received (1 ml/day) sucrose water by intubation tube (n=8); group 2 (Cr) received (1 ml/day) sucrose/creatine solution (n=6); group 3 (EX) received 1 ml/day sucrose water and the exercise stimulus (n=8), and group 4 (Cr/EX) received (1 ml/day) sucrose/creatine solution and the exercise stimulus (n=8). At the conclusion of the 21-day exercise-training period, the heart was collected and weighed for determination of wet weight, total protein, total RNA, and myosin heavy chain protein expression. RNA concentration decreased significantly (13%) in the EX group, but not in the CR/EX group, indicating an interactive effect of creatine and exercise. Total RNA significantly decreased (15%) in the EX group. Protein concentration significantly increased (9%) in the exercising treatments, while total protein did not change. Cardiac myosin heavy chain expression significantly shifted towards a predominant expression of the β-isoform in the Cr/EX group [54.53% (3.42) β]. These results indicate an interaction of creatine supplementation and swimming exercise stress that potentially alters cardiac protein synthesis and demonstrates a possible mechanism through which the combination of creatine supplementation and swimming stress stimuli act to alter the physiological parameters regulating cardiac functional capacity.