cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anisotropic thermodynamic and transport properties of single-crystalline CaKFe4As4

We grew single-crystalline, single-phase CaKFe4As4 out of a high-temperature, quaternary melt. Temperature-dependent measurements of x-ray diffraction, anisotropic electrical resistivity, elastoresistivity, thermoelectric power, Hall effect, magnetization, and specific heat, combined with field-dependent measurements of electrical resistivity and field and pressure-dependent measurements of magnetization indicate that CaKFe4As4 is an ordered, stoichiometric, Fe-based superconductor with a superconducting critical temperature, Tc=35.0±0.2 K. Other than superconductivity, there is no indication of any other phase transition for 1.8K≤T≤300 K. All of these thermodynamic and transport data reveal striking similarities to those found for optimally or slightly overdoped (Ba1-xKx)Fe2As2, suggesting that stoichiometric CaKFe4As4 is intrinsically close to what is referred to as “optimal-doped” on a generalized, Fe-based superconductor, phase diagram. Furthermore, the anisotropic superconducting upper critical field, Hc2(T), of CaKFe4As4 was determined up to 630 kOe. The anisotropy parameter γ(T)=H$$⊥\atop{c2}$$/H$$∥\atop{c2}$$, for H applied perpendicular and parallel to the c axis, decreases from ≃2.5 at Tc to ≃1.5 at 25 K, which can be explained by interplay of paramagnetic pair breaking and orbital effects. The slopes of dH$$∥\atop{c2}$$/dT≃-44 kOe/K and dH$$⊥\atop{c2}$$/dT≃-109 kOe/K at Tc yield an electron mass anisotropy of m⊥/m∥≃1/6 and short Ginzburg-Landau coherence lengths ξ∥(0)≃5.8A and ξ⊥(0)≃14.3A. Finally, the value of H$$⊥\atop{c2}$$(0) can be extrapolated to ≃920 kOe, well above the BCS paramagnetic limit.
Breeding Wheat and Triticale

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) is the world’s most important crop. Its importance is derived from the properties of its gluten, a cohesive network of tough endosperm proteins that stretch with the expansion of fermenting dough, yet hold together to produce a “risen” loaf of bread. Only the grain of wheat, and to a lesser extent the grain of rye, has this property. In addition to its utilization for bread, large quantities of wheat are utilized for pastry products, for unleavened bread such as the chapati of India, and for semolina products. These uses, combined with its nutritive value and storage qualities, have made wheat a staple food for more than one-third of the world’s population.
SURGERY | Pectus Carinatum, Poland's Syndrome, Cleft Sternum, and Acquired Restrictive Thoracic Dystrophy

There are a variety of congenital and acquired deformities of the chest wall, including anomalies such as pectus carinatum, Poland's syndrome, cleft sternum, and acquired restrictive thoracic dystrophy. All of these may cause respiratory impairment. Most are of congenital origin, manifest early in life, and progress during growth. Although most chest wall deformities occur sporadically, familial cases may also occur. The deformities may also be a part of a syndrome and/or connective tissue disorder. Contrary to congenital anomalies, acquired restrictive thoracic dystrophy occurs as a result of damage to the rib growth centers and/or owing to the suturing of perichondrium behind the sternum in young patients during repair of pectus excavatum. The severity of the respiratory impairment caused by these anomalies is related to the degree of the deformity and may be explained by a reduced thoracic volume, restricted mobility of the thorax, paradoxical movements of the chest wall and mediastinal structures, and concomitant cardiac abnormalities. The deformities may also leave the internal thoracic organs unprotected and may have significant psychologic implications. The treatment of anterior chest deformities consists primarily of timely surgical repair, which both corrects the deformity and normalizes further growth of the thoracic cage.
Hemophilia and inhibitors: current treatment options and potential new therapeutic approaches

The immune response to infused factor concentrates remains a major source of morbidity and mortality in the treatment of patients with hemophilia A and B. This review focuses on current treatment options and novel therapies currently in clinical trials. After a brief review of immune tolerance regimens, the focus of the discussion is on preventing bleeding in patients with hemophilia and inhibitors. Recombinant factor VIIa and activated prothrombin complex concentrates are the mainstays in treating bleeds in patients with inhibitors. Both agents have been shown to reduce bleeding episodes to a similar degree when infused prophylactically; however, individual patients may respond better to one agent over the other at any given time. The international immune tolerance trial revealed that a high-dose factor VIII regimen provided significantly better bleeding protection than the low-dose regimen. Given the high cost of treatment and the potential for a high-dose immune tolerance regimen to prevent bleeding in some patients, we discuss how we treat patients to maximize the prevention of bleeds while minimizing cost. Novel approaches to treatment of these patients are in development. These include agents that mimic factor VIII or augment thrombin generation by bypassing the inhibitor, as well as agents that inhibit the natural anticoagulants.
Genomic Safe Harbors in Human iPS Cells

Abstract Abstract SCI-47 Current hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy relies on randomly integrated retroviral vectors and is hampered by the risk of insertional oncogenesis often leading to leukemia. This risk would be minimized if therapeutic transgenes could be inserted in selected sites of the genome that permit appropriate function without disruption or dysregulation of endogenous genes — referred to as “genomic safe harbors.” The advent of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell technology offered unprecedented opportunities for the genetic engineering of human cells. iPS cells, unlike HSC, can be extensively cultured in vitro, enabling the selection and study of unique sites of transgene integration for the first time in a relevant setting. We proposed a definition of safe harbor sites, based on their topology in the genome with relation to coding genes and other genomic landmarks, using five criteria: (i) distance of at least 50 kb from the 5' end of any gene, (ii) distance of at least 300 kb from any cancer-related gene, (iii) distance of at least 300 kb from any microRNA, (iv) location outside a transcription unit, and (v) location outside ultraconserved regions of the human genome ( 1 ). To test them, we developed a strategy to select iPS cell clones harboring a single copy of a randomly integrating vector at sites that meet our safe harbor criteria. In a recent proof-of-principle study, using a model for genetic correction of β-thalassemia major, we demonstrated that erythroid progeny of patient-specific iPS cell clones harboring a lentivirally encoded β-globin transgene in a safe harbor site express therapeutic levels of β-globin without perturbing neighboring genes. This approach, entailing the prospective screening and selection of integration sites, based on combined bioinformatics and functional analyses, provides a robust and dependable strategy for the genetic engineering of human iPS cells. iPS cell-derived cell products used in regenerative medicine will need to be genetically engineered to correct a genetic disease or permit in vivo cell tracking or the elimination of residual undifferentiated cells or progeny gone astray. Our strategy should be broadly applicable to introducing reporter, suicide, or therapeutic genes in a clinically relevant manner. We are currently exploiting this strategy to express a conditional HSV-tk suicide gene for purging of iPS cell progeny from teratoma-initiating cells. With the emergence of improved technologies for homologous recombination into human cells, targeted gene addition may soon become a realistic option if predefined validated safe harbor sites in the human genome are identified. We are utilizing our selection strategy in iPS cells (using lentiviral vectors with reporter cassettes that can be exchanged using Cre recombinase-mediated cassette exchange) as a platform for the de novo discovery and characterization of putative universal safe harbor sites that can be broadly used for the genetic engineering of multiple human cell types. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Resistive Training and Molecular Regulators of Vascular-Metabolic Risk in Chronic Stroke

Background Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ coactivator (PGC-1α) gene and Sirtuin-1 (SIRT-1) respond to physiological stimuli and regulate insulin resistance. Inflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and the soluble forms of intracellular adhesion molecule (sICAM-1) and vascular CAM-1 (sVCAM-1) are associated with increased risk of diabetes and coronary heart disease. Resistive training (RT) reduces hyperinsulinemia and improves insulin action in chronic stroke. Yet, the molecular mechanisms for this are unknown. This study will determine the effects of RT on skeletal muscle PGC-1α and SIRT-1 mRNA expression and inflammatory and vascular markers. Methods Stroke survivors (50-76 years) underwent a fasting blood draw for measurement of TNF-α, IL-6, CRP, serum amyloid A, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, and bilateral vastus lateralis biopsies before and after RT. Participants were also assessed using bilateral multislice thigh computed tomography scans from the knee to the hip, a total body scan by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and 1-repetition maximum strength testing. Subjects performed 2 sets of 3 lower extremity RT exercises 3 times per week for 12 weeks. Results Bilateral leg press and leg extension strength increased ~30-50% with RT ( P P P P P Discussion RT in chronic stroke induces changes in key skeletal muscle regulators of metabolism, without effecting circulating inflammation.
Collaborative Metric Learning

Metric learning algorithms produce distance metrics that capture the important relationships among data. In this work, we study the connection between metric learning and collaborative filtering. We propose Collaborative Metric Learning (CML) which learns a joint metric space to encode not only users' preferences but also the user-user and item-item similarity. The proposed algorithm outperforms state-of-the-art collaborative filtering algorithms on a wide range of recommendation tasks and uncovers the underlying spectrum of users' fine-grained preferences. CML also achieves significant speedup for Top-K recommendation tasks using off-the-shelf, approximate nearest-neighbor search, with negligible accuracy reduction.
Epigenetic Reprogramming During Plant Reproduction

Epigenetics is the study of heritable change in gene expression state that is independent of DNA sequence variation. Such change can occur through DNA methylation or posttranscriptional modifications of histones. Epigenetic mechanisms play critical roles in regulating gene expression during development and in response to environmental stimulation. Such epigenetic information represents the transcriptional memory associated with cell fate decisions, developmental switches, or stress responses; memory that often needs to be erased and reset during reproduction. By contrast, transgenerational epigenetic information refers to more indelible marks that can be stably transmitted through meiosis and inherited in the subsequent generation. Epigenetic reprogramming, a global change in DNA and/or histone methylation, has been reported during reproduction in mammals and in flowering plants. Such reprogramming is thought to be essential for ensuring meiosis competence, establishing genomic imprinting, and silencing transposons. In Arabidopsis, gene imprinting is a consequence of a large-scale epigenetic reprogramming via DEMETER-mediated active DNA demethylation during gametogenesis. Such reprogramming is believed to be critical for the maintenance of trans-generational epigenome integrity.
Mechanical Thrombectomy for Acute Ischemic Stroke

Ischemic stroke is characterized by the blockage of cerebral arteries. After this event takes place, the deprivation of blood flow leads to irreversible damage of the brain tissue area located in the proximity of the vessel occlusion. Surrounding this area called the stroke core, we can find damaged but salvageable brain tissue, the penumbra. As time progresses, the central area of necrosis will grow as the irreversible damage extends to the penumbra, making time between stroke onset and therapy initiation critical. Mechanical thrombectomy offers the potential to save the penumbra from ischemic infarction. Reperfusion of a large-vessel occlusion with mechanical thrombectomy improves functional outcome in patients presenting with ischemic stroke and is now considered standard of care. This chapter describes the history, selection criteria, and postprocedure care of mechanical thrombectomy.
Duplex-Guided Diagnosis and Surgical Repair of a Posterior Circumflex Humeral Artery Aneurysm in a Major League Baseball Pitcher:

Aneurysms involving the third portion of the axillary artery and its branches have been reported in baseball pitchers and in other overhead-throwing athletes. The abnormality can vary from intermit...
802.11g/n Compliant Fully Integrated Wake-Up Receiver With −72-dBm Sensitivity in 14-nm FinFET CMOS

This paper presents an 802.11g/n compliant wake-up radio solution that consists of an innovative on–off keying (OOK) emulating orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation scheme, and a fully integrated, highly scaled, ultra-low power wake-up receiver design in 14-nm FinFET CMOS technology requiring only a 32-kHz real-time clock reference. The receiver achieves −72-dBm sensitivity and +20 dBr adjacent channel interference (ACI) rejection at 10−3 bit error rate (BER) while consuming $95~\mu \text{W}$ . This receiver can be utilized along with any legacy Wi-Fi transmitter without changing any hardware.
Location of a grasped object’s effector influences perception of the length of that object via dynamic touch

Perception of properties of a grasped object via dynamic touch (wielding) contributes to dexterity in tool use (e.g., using a hammer, screwdriver) and sports (e.g., hockey, tennis). These activities differ from simple object manipulation in that they involve making contact with an intended target. In the present study, we examined whether and how making (percussive) contact with a target influences perception of the length of a grasped object via dynamic touch. Making contact with a target by the tip resulted in a more accurate perception of the length than simple wielding. However, making contact with the target at a point along the length did not influence the accuracy of perception. These findings suggest that the location of a grasped object's effector influences perception of properties of that object via dynamic touch. We discuss these findings in terms of time-varying properties of vibrations generated by the percussive contact of the grasped object and target.
POPULATION DENSITY OF TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS DONNE IN MENSTRUATING WOMAN AND IN CLIMACTERIUM

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the results of experiments conducted to study population density of Trichomonas vaginalis Donne in menstruating woman and in climacterium. Two mathematical indexes were elaborated for the more accurate evaluation of the density. It was outlined that indexes V1 and V2 vary in the same manner in the monthly woman cycle as well in the acute as in the chronic infection but show variability different in the asymptomatic infection. The report reveals that in the acute and chronic infections, there were significant differences between the values of V1 and V2 in the early estrogen phase and ovulation phase and also between this latter phase and the late luteal phase. In the asymptomatic infection, there were significant differences observed between the values of V2 in the early estrogen phase and the late luteal phase and ovulation phase. The results show that in the chronic infection in women in climacterium, the values of both indexes vary less than in menstruating women.
The Compost of Disagreement: Creating Safe Spaces for Engagement and Action

The experiences gained in almost two decades of supporting community-based deliberative processes highlight the importance of balancing participants’ desire for civility and safety with the passionate expression of deeply held values and beliefs. Effective deliberations may surface highly contested positions in which intimidation or bullying can occur. At times, even the deliberative process itself may become the object of ideological objections. This has the potential to a create a climate of fear on the part of participants and public officials seeking solutions to complex issues related to public investments, long-term planning, or improved governance. We apply the metaphor of “community compost” to emphasize the value of eliciting diverse points of view on hot topics that have divided residents as well as public officials. By turning the fertile soil of passion, values, and disagreement, we have been able to find common ground useful to decision-makers. Balancing the need for safety and the benefits of strong disagreement, shared understanding and agreement may be achieved.
Orthostatic Edema: Treatment and Prognosis

It is important, both for the physician and for the patient, to be aware that, although orthostatic edema is an uncomfortable and sometimes distressing disorder, it seldom, if ever, shortens life or incapacitates the patient. Unfortunately, no cure is available, and remissions, both spontaneous and therapeutically induced, are rare. It is therefore obviously essential to prescribe treatment that will reduce discomfort but will not have serious side effects when used daily for several years. Fortunately, there are several ways in which gratifying reduction in discomfort can be accomplished, with negligible long-term hazards to the patient. Many patients are relieved when they are reassured that the disorder seldom worsens with the passage of time and has no grave implications with regard to their longevity.
Your ears never sleep: Auditory processing of nonwords during sleep in children

The auditory system in humans is the only sensory system that remains active for the continuous scanning and processing of information during sleep; however, little research has investigated this phenomenon. This study examined whether a brief exposure to auditory stimuli during sleep could result in memory traces indicated by event-related potentials (ERPs) in children. Twelve preschool children with normal hearing (2–5 years) were presented with three randomly selected nonwords (250 trials; 45–50 dB SPL) for 10 min during a regular nap (sleep state verified by EEG). After the nap, children’s memory for the stimuli was evaluated using a passive listening version of the “old/new” ERP paradigm that included three nonwords from the nap exposure (repeated condition, 45 trials), 3 new nonwords (sham repeated condition, 45 trials), and 45 other distinct nonwords (novel condition). Memory for the “nap exposure” words was reflected by increased positive amplitudes at midline parietal locations between 350 and 600 ms compared to the sham and novel conditions. This evidence of the memory trace for the auditory stimuli experienced during sleep can have implications for children with hearing loss who routinely remove their assistive devices during sleep. Preliminary results from children with cochlear implants will be discussed.
Social Choice and Voting

When individuals in a society have different preferences over the options available to the society, how should social decisions be taken so as to achieve a reasonable compromise? What are the principles that one should use in one’s ethical evaluation of different states of the society? These ethical issues are at the centre of the theory of social choice and welfare. While they have been discussed and debated for centuries, what the modern theory of social choice and welfare has done is to bring to bear formal reasoning in exploring them. The literature that has developed in this area over the last 70 years or so is vast and it is not possible to give in this short review even a list of the major developments. What I seek to do here is to focus on a few of the most conspicuous landmarks in this literature.
Chiral Molecular Structures of Substituted Indans: Ring Puckering, Rotatable Substituents, and Vibrational Circular Dichroism.

The chiral molecular structures of four different substituted indans, namely, (S)-1-methylindan, (R)-1-methylindan-1-d, (R)-1-aminoindan, and (S)-1-indanol, were investigated using experimental vib...
EXTREME AMENABILITY OF ABELIAN L0 GROUPS

We show that for any abelian topological group G and arbitrary diffused submeasure µ, every continuous action of L0(µ,G) on a compact space has a fixed point. This generalizes earlier results of Herer and Christensen, Glasner, Furstenberg and Weiss, and Farah and Solecki. This also answers a question posed by Farah and Solecki. In particular, it implies that if H is of the form L0(µ,R), then H is extremely amenable if and only if H has no nontrivial characters, which gives an evidence for an affirmative answer to a question of Pestov. The proof is based on estimates of chromatic numbers of certain graphs on Z n . It uses tools from algebraic topology and builds on the work of Farah and Solecki.
A Preliminary Exploration of the Professional Support Networks the EDGE Program Creates

Programs such as the Enhancing Diversity in Graduate Education (EDGE) Program for women focus on improving outcomes for women and minorities in postgraduate degree programs in mathematics. One of the functions of these programs is increasing the size and reach of professional networks, including both mentors and peers. This is, in part, based on research showing a direct correlation between the strength of professional networks and individual professional success. However, little work has been done to analyze networks created by such programs. We extracted the network connections between EDGE participants from their undergraduate and graduate training in addition to their EDGE co-participants. We then examined these connections according to some frequently explored metrics of network organization to ascertain whether features of participation within the EDGE network were critical to individual success. Unfortunately, for the purpose of this work, EDGE was a victim of its own success: nearly all the past participants of the program were successfully employed in roles that utilized their postgraduate degrees in mathematics! We subsequently chose a more restrictive definition for success and explored factors within the available EDGE network that might predict the completion of a doctoral degree in mathematics. Our preliminary study lays the groundwork for future efforts to understand the true impact of EDGE-like programs and how to design purposefully targeted, efficient, and effective interventions.
A biphasic role of non-canonical Wnt16 signaling during early anterior-posterior patterning and morphogenesis of the sea urchin embryo.

ABSTRACT A Wnt signaling network governs early anterior-posterior (AP) specification and patterning of the deuterostome sea urchin embryo. We have previously shown that non-canonical Fzl1/2/7 signaling antagonizes the progressive posterior-to-anterior downregulation of the anterior neuroectoderm (ANE) gene regulatory network (GRN) by canonical Wnt/β-catenin and non-canonical Wnt1/Wnt8-Fzl5/8-JNK signaling. This study focuses on the non-canonical function of the Wnt16 ligand during early AP specification and patterning. Maternally supplied wnt16 is expressed ubiquitously during cleavage and zygotic wnt16 expression is concentrated in the endoderm/mesoderm beginning at mid-blastula stage. Wnt16 antagonizes the ANE restriction mechanism and this activity depends on a functional Fzl1/2/7 receptor. Our results also show that zygotic wnt16 expression depends on both Fzl5/8 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Furthermore, Wnt16 is necessary for the activation and/or maintenance of key regulatory endoderm/mesoderm genes and is essential for gastrulation. Together, our data show that Wnt16 has two functions during early AP specification and patterning: (1) an initial role activating the Fzl1/2/7 pathway that antagonizes the ANE restriction mechanism; and (2) a subsequent function in activating key endoderm GRN factors and the morphogenetic movements of gastrulation.
On Thompson Sampling with Langevin Algorithms

Thompson sampling for multi-armed bandit problems is known to enjoy favorable performance in both theory and practice. However, it suffers from a significant limitation computationally, arising from the need for samples from posterior distributions at every iteration. We propose two Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods tailored to Thompson sampling to address this issue. We construct quickly converging Langevin algorithms to generate approximate samples that have accuracy guarantees, and we leverage novel posterior concentration rates to analyze the regret of the resulting approximate Thompson sampling algorithm. Further, we specify the necessary hyperparameters for the MCMC procedure to guarantee optimal instance-dependent frequentist regret while having low computational complexity. In particular, our algorithms take advantage of both posterior concentration and a sample reuse mechanism to ensure that only a constant number of iterations and a constant amount of data is needed in each round. The resulting approximate Thompson sampling algorithm has logarithmic regret and its computational complexity does not scale with the time horizon of the algorithm.
Persistence, prudence, and a few possibilities

I have been a professor and teacher for more than 50 years, and I welcome the opportunity to reflect on my life and career. This is not the first time I have grappled with my contributions and shortcomings (e.g. Hoy, 2001, 2012), so it should not be surprising that some earlier ruminations are also reflected in this essay.
Structural monitoring of a transient intermediate in the hemagglutinin fusion machinery on influenza virions

The influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) fusion protein has long been viewed as a "spring-loaded" fusion machine whereby activation at low pH initiates a rapid and irreversible cascade of conformational changes that drives the membrane fusion reaction. This mechanism has shaped our understanding of how type 1 viral fusion proteins function as a whole. Experimental limitations have hindered efforts to expand our mechanistic and structural understanding of viral membrane fusion. Here, we used pulse-labeling hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry and cryo-electron tomography to monitor and characterize the structural dynamics of HA during fusion activation on intact virions. Our data reveal how concurrent reorganizations at the HA1 receptor binding domain interface and HA2 fusion subunit produce a dynamic fusion intermediate ensemble in full-length HA. The soluble HA ectodomain transitions directly to the postfusion state with no observable intermediate.
Unexpected expression of mismatch repair protein is more commonly seen with pathogenic missense than with other mutations in Lynch syndrome.

Summary It has been observed that some patients with colorectal cancer due to germline or double somatic pathogenic variants in the mismatch repair (MMR) genes may have intact protein expression in their tumors as assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). This has been speculated to occur more frequently in Lynch syndrome (LS) cases due to pathogenic missense mutations, leading to expression of a full-length but nonfunctional protein with retained antigenicity. Our goals were to study the frequency of unexpected MMR expression in colorectal cancers among LS cases with missense mutations, LS cases with truncating mutations, as well as cases with double somatic MMR mutations and evaluate if the unexpected MMR expression is more common in certain categories. IHC slides were available for 82 patients with MMR deficiency without methylation, which included 56 LS cases and 26 double somatic MMR mutation cases. Sixteen of 82 MMR-defective cases showed unexpected MMR expression, with 10 cases showing tumor staining weaker than the control and 6 cases (7%) showing intact staining. Unexpected MMR expression was most commonly seen with LS cases with missense mutations (4 of 9, 44%), followed by MMR double somatic mutation cases (7 of 26, 27%), and finally by LS cases with truncating mutations (5 of 47, 11%). Cautious interpretation of MMR IHC is advised when dealing with tumor staining that is weaker than the control regardless of the percentage of tumor staining as these cases may harbor pathogenic MMR gene mutations. Missense mutations may account for some LS cases that may be missed by IHC alone. Strict adherence to proper interpretation of IHC with attention to staining intensity and the status of heterodimer partner protein will prevent many potential misses.
Flexible Design Opportunities in Small-Satellites Launch Infrastructures

The emergence of new small launchers for 100–250 kg satellite payloads makes the case for new space launch complexes that can support the future growing demand for launches of satellite constellations. However, development timeline and architecture of new launchers, as well as launch demand, are uncertain. Therefore, there is great uncertainty about the economic viability of any specific design for the development of new launch infrastructure projects. This study demonstrates how flexible design of the launch facility can increase the financial feasibility of new launch infrastructure projects. We do this by comparing the economic performance of fixed and flexible designs, considering uncertainties about the type of launchers that will succeed on the markets, their development time, and the launch demand. The infrastructure is hypothetically located in Europe, where there is a high uncertainty about the future emergence of new launchers. The fixed, inflexible designs involve upfront decisions to realize launches using a single propellant (solid, liquid, or hybrid). The flexible design invests only in a minimal set of initial flexible facilities that can support various propellants, while holding the option to add later propellant-specific infrastructure. The economic analysis applies Monte Carlo simulation to a spreadsheet of the discounted cash flows of revenues and expenses over the life to the project. This leads to estimates of the distribution of both Expected Net Present Value (ENPV) and the 5% Value at Risk (VAR) of the project. The results show that the flexible design has the highest VAR, because acquiring flexibility is costly as it requires to design after a superset of requirements; however, while all projects have a negative ENPV, the flexible design outperforms the inflexible designs on average, and dominates the inflexible designs if one considers the incentives of both the public and private parts in a hypothetical public-private partnership.
American Indians/Alaskan Natives and Alcohol: Biology, Nutrition, and Positive Programs

There are currently 4.1 million people in the United States that self-identify as being an American Indian (AI) or Alaskan Native (AN) that area also another race; while 2.5 million that are only AI/AN [1]. There are 560 tribes recognized by the United States, with Cherokee being the largest followed by Navajo as the second largest tribes in the nation [2]. The state with the most American Indians in the country is California with Oklahoma next and Arizona ranking third [2]. The regions of the United States with the most to least AI/AN are West (48 %), South (29.3 %), Midwest (16 %), and Northeast (6.6 %) [3]. US census 2010 data has not become available to update population data currently, but predictions of population have the AI population in the year 2020 getting up to 3.5 million [4]. Sixty-three percent of AI/AN live in urban locations of the United States versus those that reside on reservation/native land [1].
Life-Cycle Costing for Distributed Stormwater Control Measures on the Gray-Green Continuum: A Planning-Level Tool

AbstractManaging stormwater is an important element of sustainable water management. Access to multiple types of stormwater control measures (SCMs) along the gray-green continuum presents decision ...
Changes in the summer wild bee community following a bark beetle outbreak in a Douglas-fir forest

The status of wild bees has received increased interest following recent estimates of large-scale declines in their abundances across the United States. However, basic information is limited regarding the factors affecting wild bee communities in temperate coniferous forest ecosystems. To assess the early responses of bees to bark beetle disturbance, we sampled the bee community of a Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.), forest in western Idaho, United States during a Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), outbreak beginning in summer 2016. We resampled the area in summer 2018 following reductions in forest canopy cover resulting from mortality of dominant and codominant Douglas-fir. Overall, results from rarefaction analyses indicated significant increases in bee diversity (Shannon's H) in 2018 compared to 2016. Results from ANOVA also showed significant increases in bee abundance and diversity in 2018 compared to 2016. Poisson regression analyses revealed percent tree mortality from Douglas-fir beetle was positively correlated with increases in total bee abundance and species richness, where community response variables displayed a cubic trend with percent tree mortality. Percent reduction in canopy cover from 2016 to 2018 was also correlated with bee species richness and diversity. These findings suggest that wild bee communities may benefit from changes in forest structure following bark beetle outbreaks.
Long-term art therapy clinical interventions with military service members with traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic stress: Findings from a mixed methods program evaluation study

Art therapy has been found to help Veterans with symptoms of post-traumatic stress. There is however limited scholarship on the differences in outcomes based on dosage (short-term vs. long-term tre...
Submillimeter Plasma Diagnostics in Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion Research

The characteristic parameters of plasma in the tokamak, the mirror and the bumpy torus devices used in controlled thermonuclear fusion research are such that submillimeter wavelengths are required for a number of important diagnostics. These diagnostics include measurements of plasma density, electron cyclotron radiation levels, ion temperature, and impurity-concentration. It may also be possible to use sub-millimeter radiation to measure transverse thermal conductivity in a tokamak plasma by local heating and to determine the poloidal magnetic field by cyclotron absorption and measurements.
Cross-specialty PROMIS-global health differential item functioning

To investigate the functioning of the PROMIS-Global Health (PROMIS-GH) across clinical setting, patient age, and medical complexity by evaluating differential item functioning (DIF) within the Global Physical Health (GPH) and Global Mental Health (GMH) domains. To our knowledge, no study demonstrates lack of differential item functioning (DIF) for PROMIS-GH across these populations. We hypothesize that the PROMIS-GH domains of GMH and GPH will perform similarly when compared across these populations. Seven thousand nine hundred and seventy four complete PROMIS Global Health measures were retrospectively analyzed using the ‘Lordif’ package on the R platform. DIF was investigated for both GMH and GPH across clinical environment (Orthopedic Surgery, Family Medicine, & Internal Medicine), age group (≤ 53, > 53–66, > 66), and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI:0, CCI:1, CCI:2 +) using quasi Monte Carlo estimation. To assess the significance of DIF, Wald tests were used with the Benjamini & Hochberg procedure. No items contained in the GMH or GPH demonstrated DIF across age groups, medical complexity, or clinical environment. Items assessing the domains of GMH and GPH within the PROMIS–GH function comparably across treatment setting, age category, and medical comorbidities. The PROMIS–Global Health holds potential to facilitate interdisciplinary patient care and patient optimization prior to surgical intervention.
Evaluation of Clinical Recovery After Surgical Treatment for Hand Ischemia From Vasospastic and Occlusive Disease Using PROMIS.

BackgroundThere is a paucity of literature describing the recovery trajectory after surgery for upper extremity ischemia. Using Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Phy...
Adam Smith and Macroeconomics

Adam Smith’s economic system followed his philosophical convictions. The policy conclusions came before the analysis. To support his policy of Free Trade, or rather, the ‘system of liberty’, Adam Smith gradually built up his economic system , from the Lectures on Jurisprudence to the Wealth of Nations. In the process, he had to exorcise the impact of unemployment. This paper shows how Smith was enabled to come to such a conclusion. Smith argued that employment was set by technology and prior capital accumulation. Even if Government wished to do so, it could not increase aggregate employment. Much of the paper concerns the various ways in which Smith made such an argument plausible. It also shows how Smith is related to the general equilibrium models of today.
PCM-Based Analog Compute-In-Memory: Impact of Device Non-Idealities on Inference Accuracy

The impact of phase change memory (PCM) device non-idealities on the deep neural network (DNN) inference accuracy is systematically investigated. Based on the experimental PCM data, statistical models of device non-idealities were extracted and incorporated into our PyTorch-based simulation framework for evaluations on the CIFAR-10 dataset. Our specific results include: 1) nonlinear ${I}$ – ${V}$ could incur a significant accuracy degradation, but it can be eliminated depending on how the input activations are encoded (e.g., no degradation with pulse-encoding schemes); 2) resistance variation and read noise induce a relatively mild accuracy degradation ( ${T} \pm 15 ^{\circ }\text{C}$ ; and 4) resistance drift leads to a significant accuracy degradation over time and is the most challenging non-ideality to address by algorithmic means alone (drift coefficient < 0.015 is needed to achieve < 3% degradation in ten years). A “weight transfusion” (WT) method has been proposed to effectively recover the inference accuracy by incrementally activating additional pre-trained neurons over time. The main overhead is the additional area to store pre-trained weights beforehand, which is likely affordable given the high density of MLC PCM.
Approach to drug-resistant cytomegalovirus in transplant recipients.

Purpose of review updated information on diagnosis of CMV drug resistance, treatments for drug-resistant infection and potential uses of experimental antiviral compounds.
Motor responses to paired stimulation of giant interneurons in the cockroachPeriplaneta americana

1. Dorsal giant interneurons (GIs) of the cockroach were stimulated intracellularly alone and in pairs, while activity in levator and depressor motor neurons of one metathoracic leg was recorded extracellularly. 2. Paired stimulation of GI-6 (which excites primarily levators) and ipsilateral GI-7 (which excites both levators and depressors) resulted in a stronger levator response than that recorded when either GI was stimulated alone (Figs. 3, 4). 3. Paired stimulation of GI-5 (which excites primarily depressors) and ipsilateral GI-7 resulted in a stronger depressor response than that recorded when either GI was stimulated alone (Fig. 7). 4. Paired stimulation of GI-5 exciting depressors and ipsilateral GI-6 exciting levators resulted in increased activity in either levators or depressors, depending on the individual animal. The muscle group whose activity increased was constant in any given preparation but varied from animal to animal (Fig. 9). 5. Delayed stimulation of one GI in paired trials uncovered no inhibition during the first part of the GI stimulus train (Fig. 10). 6. Contralateral dorsal GIs and non-giant interneurons can also sum with dorsal GIs to elicit stronger motor outputs (Fig. 11).
When 1 &#43 1 No Longer Equals 2: The New Math of Legal 'Additionality' Controlling World and U.S. Global Warming Regulation

Both U.S., E.U. and Kyoto carbon regulation have imposed a new requirement of “additionality” to qualify any offset credit within their carbon cap-and-trade regulation regimes. There are many different meanings of “additionality,” none of which are universally accepted, and some of which are controversial. This creates a new legal currency for projects participating in climate change control efforts. This new currency of “additionality” has become particularly difficult for certain projects, and can frustrate the achievement of some government goals. In the U.S., renewable power is prevented from creating carbon offsets because it is not deemed “additional.” World-wide, preservation of forests, a primary source of carbon absorption and reduction, is not deemed “additional” and disqualified from credit or participation. “Additionality” has become the new meta-value for cap-and-trade climate change credit creation and trading. And on it hinges much of the prospect for future success of climate change control in real time. This article looks at the new legal concept of “additionality,” its inconsistent definition and application, and U.S. law in California and RGGI (East Coast states) compared against E.U. and Kyoto requirements. The awkward exclusion of renewable power from U.S. carbon offset programs is examined. Regulatory and legal nuances are examined, and court decisions analyzed to determine how “additionality’ shapes the future of climate control as the new legal variable.
Strategies to decrease costs associated with GBS prophylaxis in preterm gestations.

Abstract Objective: 1) To evaluate the costs associated with a practice of routinely culturing women for Group B β-Streptococcus (GBS) who are at risk for preterm delivery. 2) To evaluate the charges associated with a policy of empiric antibiotic therapy in women suspected of imminent delivery prior to 37 weeks gestation. Methods: In our hospital, women who present with preterm contractions (PTC), preterm labor (defined as uterine contractions resulting in cervical change, PTL), and preterm rupture of the membranes (PROM) were cultured for GBS. Women with PTL and PROM received parenteral antibiotic therapy pending availability of culture results (48 hours). We reviewed the records of women who participated in a study to determine the sensitivity and specificity of a rapid test for GBS (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;176:S35). Results of the Lim broth culture, our gold standard, were used for this analysis. The charges for performing cultures ($32/culture) and administering intravenous ampicillin ($54/dose) were calculated. Results: There were 118 women with PTC, 52 women with PTL, and 64 with PROM. Thirty-four (14.5%) of the cultures were positive. The results are presented below. Result Del Del 2–7 Days Del > 7 Days n $ Charges n $ Charges n $ Charges PTC + 0 0 0 0 15 480 − 10 320 6 192 87 2784 PTL + 0 0 3 1392 3 1392 − 19 8816 4 1856 23 10672 PROM + 7 3248 3 1392 3 1392 − 37 17168 8 3712 6 2784 In women with PTC, the incidence of GBS was 12.7%. The culture results were available and guided care in only the 6 women who delivered between 2 and 7 days. In women with PTL the incidence of positive cultures was 11.5%. All of the women received antibiotics pending results of cultures. The majority of the women had delivery delayed 48 hours until results were available. Care was modified in the 7 women who delivered between 2 and 7 days. In women with PROM the incidence of GBS was 20.3%. The culture results were available and guided therapy in 11 women. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that GBS cultures have limited clinical value in women with PTC. Only 6 women, 5.5%, had their care modified as a result of the cultures, at a cost of $3776. In women with PTL, we over-treated the majority of women with antibiotics, most of whom delivered after culture results were available. Cultures had minimal impact on management. Antibiotics should be reserved for women whose labor is progressing on tocolysis. In women with PROM, most delivered prior to availability of culture results. We would have saved $2048 had no cultures been obtained. These results are probably irrelevant, if routine antibiotic administration is utilized in PROM to prolong latency intervals regardless of GBS status.
Tapeworms of the families Progynotaeniidae Fuhrmann, 1936 and Dioecocestidae Southwell, 1930 from shorebirds of South Africa

Among the helminths found in several species of shorebirds, which were collected in South Africa by the second author, were three species of the Progynotaeniidae and one species of the Dioecocestidae. Proterogynotaenia marcusae n. sp. has a single field of testes, a feature by which it differs from nine other species in the genus. Proterogynotaenia paulinae n. sp. differs from closely related species as follows: P. haematopodis (Davies & Rees, 1947) has 34 hooks, compared with 12 in P. paulinae; P. polytestis Belopolskaya, 1973 has 80 testes, compared with 42–60 in P. paulinae; and the large and small hooks of P. rouxi Fuhrmann, 1911 measure 46 and 27 µm long, compared with 34–40 and 6–10 µm respectively in P. paulinae. A key to 10 species of Proterogynotaenia is provided. Paraprogynotaenia charadrii (Yamaguti, 1956) has clusters of eggs surrounded by ‘floats’ which are described for the first time. Gyrocoelia perversa Fuhrmann, 1899 is reported from three new shorebird hosts, Charadrius marginatus, C. pallidus and C. tricolaris.
Making Japanese Citizens: Civil Society and the Mythology of the Shimin in Postwar Japan

Simon Andrew Avenell, Making Japanese Citizens: Civil Society and the Mythology of the Shimin in Postwar Japan (2010), xi + 356 (University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, $6...
Prognostic factors in early vulvar cancer

Abstract Prognostic parameters were evaluated in 22 patients with small (⩽2 cm) superficially invasive ( P P > 0.05). Two patients initially treated with wide local excision and ipsilateral superficial inguinal lymph node dissection developed recurrent vulvar neoplasia on the contralateral vulva, and both were successfully retreated by wide local excision. All patients are presently alive and well with no evidence of disease. None of the histomorphologic parameters studied were predictive of tumor recurrence. These data suggest that wide local excision with ipsilateral superficial inguinal lymphadenectomy is effective in the treatment of patients with small, superficially invasive carcinomas of the vulva.
Comparable complex rearrangements involving 8;21 and 9;22 translocations in leukaemia.

FOR many years chromosomal abnormalities in tumours seemed to be so variable that it seemed most reasonable to view them as epiphenomena. But banding techniques have revealed non-random chromosomal abnormalities in several human and mammalian malignancies. The observation of relatively consistent translocations in several types of leu kaemia and lymphoma lends credence to Boveri's hypothesis1 that chromosomal alterations are among the fundamental changes that result in malignancy. For example, the Philadelphia (Ph1) translocation2 is observed in 85–90% of patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML), and the 8;21 translocation is observed in 10–15% of patients with acute myelocytic leukaemia (AML)3,4. We report here that, when more complex structural changes occur, com parable patterns of rearrangements are found for both the 9;22 and the 8;21 translocations. This provides further sup port for Boveri's hypothesis.