cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship between intracellular calcium and oxygen consumption: Effects of perfusion pressure, extracellular calcium, dobutamine, and nifedipine☆

All of the mechanisms that connect the cardiac mechanical work load with energy production have not been clearly defined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between intracellular calcium and oxygen consumption in intact hearts, to further understand this relationship. Intracellular calcium was measured in isolated nonworking perfused rat hearts loaded with Indo-1 by means of a surface fluorometry technique. Glucose was used as a substrate. Myocardial contraction and oxygen consumption were modulated by perfusion pressure (80, 110, and 140 cm of water), extracellular calcium (1, 2, 3, and 4 mmol/L), dobutamine (10(-6) mol/L), and nifedipine (10(-6) mol/L). With all of these interventions there was a close correlation between intracellular calcium (systolic, diastolic, and amplitude) and oxygen consumption or left ventricular developed pressure. Observations in this study support the hypothesis that intracellular calcium plays a regulatory role in the link between cardiac mechanics and energy production.
Geometrical structures, force constants, and vibrational spectra of SiH, SiH2, SiH3, and SiH4

Abstract This paper reports a comprehensive theoretical examination of the re and r0 geometrical structures, harmonic and anharmonic vibrational frequencies, and infrared intensities ofX2Π SiH, X 1A1, a 3B1, and A1B1 SiH2, X2A1 SiH3, and X1A1 SiH4. Both self-consistent-field (SCF) and configuration interaction singles and doubles (CISD) methods have been employed with two basis sets (B1 and B2) of double-zeta plus polarization (DZ +P) and triple-zeta plus double polarization (TZ+2P) quality. For SiH the B2 CISD parameters re = 1.5214 A, r0 = 1.5326 A, ωe = 2062 cm−1, and v0 = 1985 cm−1 are in excellent agreement with the experimental values re = 1.5201 A, r0 = 1.5313 A, ωe = 2042 cm−1, and v0 = 1971 cm−1. The B2 CISD αi rovibrational constants for SiH2D2, SiH4, SiD4, and SiHD3 when utilized to correct experimental A0, B0, and C0 rotational constants give re = 1.4735 A for SiH4. With the same procedure, re(SiH) = 1.5141 A and θe (HSiH) = 92.0° are found for X 1A1 SiH2, and re(SiH) = 1.4871 A and θe(HSiH) = 121.8° are found for A1B1 SiH2. All of these experimentally derived re parameters are in excellent agreement with the B2 CISD re structures for X 1A1 SiH4, X1A1 SiH2, and A1B1 SiH2. For a3B1 SiH2, re = 1.4768 A, θe = 118.3°, and Te = 19.6 kcal/mol are predicted. The B2 CISD harmonic vibrational frequencies for the SiH stretches of SiH4 are only 1–2% too large, and the corresponding theoretical anharmonicities are in error by less than 7 cm−1. Using the SiH4 data to separately scale the B2 CISD ω3 and x3 values for X1A1 SiH2, ν3 = 1981 cm−1 is obtained, which confirms the recent experimental frequencies of Fredin, Hauge, Kafafi, and Margrave. In a similar fashion ν1 = 2117 cm−1, ν2 = 892 cm−1, and ν3 = 2180 cm−1 are predicted for a3B1 SiH2 and ν1 = 2016 cm−1 and ν3 = 2115 cm−1 for A1B1 SiH2. The B2 CISD geometrical parameters for X2A1 SiH3 are re(SiH) = 1.4768 A and θe(HSiH) = 111.1°, and the final (scaled) B2 CISD fundamental frequencies are ν1 = 2150 cm−1, ν2 = 773 cm−1, ν3 = 2180 cm−1, and ν4 = 933 cm−1. These frequencies definitely show that the 1999, 1955, and 996 cm−1 IR absorptions of Milligan and Jacox are not attributable to SiH3. Finally, at the highest level of theory used here, a classical inversion barrier of 5.8 kcal/mol is obtained for SiH3.
Opposing effects of tumor promoters on erythroid differentiation.

TUMOUR promoters are compounds which are not carcinogens but which can induce tumours in mice treated with a subcarcinogenic dose of a chemical carcinogen1,2. The mechanism of action of tumour promoters in vivo is unknown, although recent reports suggest that they may inhibit terminal differentiation of certain cells in vitro. Myogenesis of chick embryo myoblasts3, spontaneous and induced erythroid differentiation of Friend virus-transformed proerythroid cells4,5 and lipogenesis in a clone of BALB/c 3T3 preadipocyte cells are examples of in vitro differentiation processes inhibited by tumour promoters. Unfortunately, inhibition of differentiation by tumour promoters has not yet been shown to occur in vivo. It is also uncertain whether the cells used in the above studies are representative of the actual target cells for tumour promoters in vivo. We report here that tumour promoters can induce as well as inhibit differentiation of virus-transformed proerythroid cells in vitro. Detection of the opposing effects depends on measuring tumour promoter action in more than one virus-transformed proerythroid cell line.
Hepatitis B Virus Transmission Between Heterosexuals

To the Editor.— The article by Alter et al 1 links increased risk of transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) with increased heterosexual activity. Dr Alter has stated elsewhere ( New York Times , Sept 16, 1986) that this study may provide a model for predicting the transmission of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the heterosexual population. The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome has frequently been compared with HBV-induced hepatitis with respect to viral etiology, mode of transmission, and populations at risk. In fact, prior to the isolation of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), HBV had been proposed as an etiologic agent or a contributory agent in the development of AIDS. 2 Certainly, the interrelationship of these two distinct viral illnesses is complex, but there seems to be evidence that their respective effects on the immune system may alter the natural histories of each disease. Host factors may play a role in this
Stuttering and Language Ability in Children: Questioning the Connection

Purpose This article explains why it is reasonable to question the view that stuttering and language ability in children are linked—the so-called “stuttering–language connection.” Method Studies th...
Trends in Cyclone and Anticyclone Frequency and Comparison with Periods of Warming and Cooling over the Northern Hemisphere.

Abstract Available datasets and pertinent climatological studies have been examined to show the statistical trends in frequency of cyclone and anticyclone events for the Northern Hemisphere during periods of warming and cooling this century (as determined from the NASA temperature dataset). Results tend to indicate a decrease in events during cooling and an increase during warming, although further study is warranted. A second objective of this study has been to show the discontinuity introduced by the National Meteorological Center in 1970–71 in the automated 500-mb map analysis of cyclone events.
A Phase I/II trial of concurrent docetaxel and radiation after induction chemotherapy in patients with poor prognosis squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

BACKGROUND The authors conducted a Phase I/II study in patients with a poor prognosis who had locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) and who were treated initially with induction chemotherapy. Patients were treated with weekly docetaxel and concurrent daily fractionated radiation therapy to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of docetaxel and the efficacy of the regimen. METHODS Twenty-two patients were enrolled, and 21 patients were treated. Eight patients had Stage III SCCHN, and 13 patients had Stage IV SCCHN without distant metastases and were treated first with 2-3 cycles of induction chemotherapy, which consisted of cisplatin plus 5-fluorouracil with or without leucovorin. Patients with a poor prognosis were identified as those who achieved a partial response to induction treatment, achieved a complete response with a positive biopsy, or were at high risk for developing recurrent disease. Patients were treated subsequently with concurrent, escalating doses of docetaxel (given weekly × 6) and once daily 200-centigray radiation fractions. RESULTS Three patients were treated with a weekly docetaxel dose of 20 mg/m2 without dose-limiting toxicity (DLT). Both patients who were treated at the next dose level of 30 mg/m2 experienced DLT. A dose of 25 mg/m2 was studied without DLT in the 16 patients who were treated, establishing this as the MTD. Sixty-seven percent of the patients are alive without disease at a median follow-up of 35 months (range, 12–59 months) after the initiation of chemoradiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS The MTD of weekly docetaxel with concurrent daily radiation therapy in the postinduction setting was 25 mg/m2. Disease free survival data from this study were good and indicated that this regimen was effective in the treatment of patients with SCCHN who had a poor prognosis. Cancer 2002;95:1472–81. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10873
Neuronal localization of Ca2+-dependent protein phosphorylation in brain.

: The cellular localization of two Ca2+-dependent protein phosphorylation systems was investigated using the kainic acid lesioning technique for the selective destruction of neurons. In one of these systems, a crude synaptosomal (P2) fraction was preincubated with 32Pj for 30 min; the phosphorylation of several proteins was increased during a short subsequent incubation with veratridine plus Ca2+. In the second system, crude synaptosomal membranes isolated from the P2 fraction were incubated with [γ-32P]ATP; in this system, the phosphorylation of several proteins was increased in the presence of a “calcium-dependent regulator” plus Ca2+. Kainic acid lesioning greatly reduced the amount of Ca-+-dependent protein phosphorylation in both systems. The results indicate a predominantly neuronal localization for both Ca2+-dependent protein phosphorylation systems.
Synthesis and structure of a zinc(II)-carboxylate trimer containing the π···π stacking, 1,8-naphthalimide synthon: A supramolecular metal–organic framework

Abstract The reaction of the bifunctional ligand 3-(1,8-naphthalimido)propanoate ( L C2 − ), which combines a 1,8-naphthalimide strong π ··· π stacking synthon and a carboxylate donor group, with Zn( O 2 CCH 3 ) 2 (H 2 O) 2 in methanol yields trimetallic Zn 3 ( L C2 ) 6 (MeOH) 4 . The solid state structure has a central zinc(II) linked to two equivalent outer zinc(II) by both μ-κ 1 and μ-κ 2 carboxylate ligands. The two equivalent five-coordinate terminal zinc centers are also bonded to a third nonbridging κ 2 -carboxylate and to the oxygen atom of a methanol molecule. The central zinc(II) is six-coordinate with the four bridging carboxylate oxygen atoms forming a square planar arrangement and two trans oriented methanol molecules completing the coordination sphere. These trimers are organized into an extended structure exclusively by noncovalent interactions. Two types of strong π ··· π stacking interactions between sets of three stacked naphthalimide rings from three different trinuclear molecules organize the structure into two-dimensional thick sheets. The third dimension is organized by intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions between the methanol molecules bonded to the terminal zinc(II) and the free oxygen of the μ-κ 1 -carboxylates from adjacent trimeric units. This interaction is supported by weak π ··· π stacking. Overall the structure is a highly organized supramolecular metal–organic framework (SMOF) solid.
Antioxidant defense mechanisms in the male rat: Interaction with alcohol, copper, and type of dietary carbohydrate

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of ethanol, type of dietary carbohydrate (fructose vs. starch), and levels of dietary copper (deficient vs. adequate) on antioxidant defense mechanism in the female rat. The consumption of 20% ethanol in the drinking water depressed growth rate due to a reduction of feed efficiency. Ethanol also lowered hepatic copper concentration, but had no effect on hepatic iron. Among the three antioxidant enzymes studied [i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase], only catalase activity was increased by ethanol. This effect was independent of copper or the type of dietary carbohydrate. As expected, copper deficiency dramatically reduced SOD. Copper deficiency also reduced GSH-Px activity; however, the combination of fructose feeding with copper deficiency caused a further reduction in GSH-Px. The data show that copper deficiency, per se, and the combination of copper deficiency with fructose feeding lower the antioxidant defense system in female rats.
The built environment moderates effects of family-based childhood obesity treatment over 2 years.

Research suggests the neighborhood built environment is related to child physical activity and eating. The purpose of this study was to determine if characteristics of the neighborhood environment moderate the relationship between obesity treatment and weight loss, and if outcomes of particular treatments are moderated by built environment characteristics. The relationship between the built environment and standardized BMI (zBMI) changes for 191 8–12-year-old children who participated in one of four randomized, controlled trials of pediatric weight management was assessed using mixed models analysis of covariance. At 2-year follow-up, greater parkland, fewer convenience stores, and fewer supermarkets were associated with greater zBMI reduction across all interventions. No treatments interacted with characteristics of the built environment. Activity- and eating-related built neighborhood characteristics are associated with child success in behavioral obesity treatments. Efficacy may be improved by individualizing treatments based on built environment characteristics.
The dreaded promise of Christmas and the New Year.

The early psychic dangers of overstimulation, murderous rage, castration, and especially of separation from and loss of the internalized, godlike early parents, who promised eternal life and care in the Garden of Eden, are evoked by repetitious occasions, especially those that involve change. The Christmas/New Year's holidays can provide the psychoanalytic observer with specific, evocative instances of changes that always involve (and sometimes predominantly involve) catastrophic losses from the past. The resulting bad expectations, if not brought to responsible consciousness where they can become subject to the sufferer's will, possess considerable motivational power and can result in vicissitudes of rage directed toward the self or toward others, which can compromise maturational achievements in the present and can dim promising prospects for the future.
Cadmium and zinc distribution in cardiovascular and other tissues of normal and cadmium-treated dogs

Abstract Cadmium, zinc and water concentrations in arterial segments from 11 different sites—heart, kidney cortex and medulla, liver, spleen, diaphragm, rib and sternum—of eight normal control and eight cadmium-treated dogs were compared. Cadmium treatment resulted in significant cadmium deposition in all of the tissues analyzed. Cardiovascular cadmium distribution in normal and treated dogs revealed higher cadmium levels in more peripheral and smaller arteries in comparison with the more central arteries and the myocardium. The distal mesenteric artery, mesenteric artery branches, main renal artery and coronary arteries tended to accumulate more cadmium in normal or cadmium-treated dogs or both. Zinc distribution in cardiovascular tissues revealed the highest zinc concentration in the mesenteric artery branches of normal dogs. Cadmium was, however, preferentially retained by the normal kidney and by the kidney and liver of cadmium-treated dogs. There were significant increases in zinc concentration of the kidney, liver and sternum in response to cadmium administration. Tissue cadmium/zinc ratio increased by a factor of 7.0–282.6 after cadmium administration. There were no significant alterations in the water content of the cadmium-treated tissues. The pathophysiological implications of these data in cadmium-induced hypertension are discussed.
Low-Power Clock Distribution Using a Current-Pulsed Clocked Flip-Flop

We propose a new paradigm for clock distribution that uses current, rather than voltage, to distribute a global clock signal with reduced power consumption. While current-mode (CM) signaling has been used in one-to-one signals, this is the first usage in a one-to-many clock distribution network. To accomplish this, we create a new high-performance current-mode pulsed flip-flop with enable (CMPFFE) using 45 nm CMOS technology. When the CMPFFE is combined with a CM transmitter, the first CM clock distribution network exhibits 62% lower average power compared to traditional voltage mode clocks.
Vehicle routing with soft time windows and Erlang travel times

This paper investigates vehicle-routing problems in which the travel times are random variables, and deliveries are made subject to soft time-window constraints. In particular, we model the travel ...
Tests of hypercubic fermion actions

I have performed scaling tests using quenched spectroscopy of a family of fermion actions which have a hypercubic kinetic term, gauge connections built of smeared links, and an anomalous magnetic moment term. These actions show improved rotational invariance compared to the standard Wilson action and to the tadpole-improved clover action. Hyperfine splittings are improved compared to the standard Wilson action (at the level of a factor of three in the lattice spacing), and are about the same as for the tadpole-improved clover action.
The S–locus and unilateral incompatibility

Plants have many ways to regulate the type of pollen that arrives on the stigma surface. Once there, further control mechanisms regulate compatibility. The latter controls are largely based on biochemical interactions that support compatible pollination and prevent incompatible matings. S-RNase-based self-incompatibility (SI) systems are the most phylogenetically widespread mechanisms for controlling pollination. Studies of Nicotiana establish a firm link between SI and unilateral interspecific incompatibility. Although implicated in both inter- and intraspecific compatibility, S-RNase operates through at least three distinct genetic mechanisms that differ in their dependence on non-S-RNase factors. Identification and characterization of these non-S-RNase factors is currently an area of active research. Searching for genetic and biochemical interactions with S-RNase can identify candidate non-S-RNase factors. HT-protein is one factor that is required for S-allele-specific pollen rejection in the Solanaceae. Major style arabinogalactan proteins such as TTS interact biochemically with S-RNase. These glycoproteins are known to interact with compatible pollen tubes and have long been suggested as possible recognition molecules. Their binding to S-RNase implies a link between stylar systems for compatibility and incompatibility. Thus, genetic and biochemical studies suggest a highly networked picture of pollen-pistil interactions.
Wind turbine design codes: A comparison of the structural response

The National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory is continuing a comparison of several computer codes used in the design and analysis of wind turbines. The second part of this comparison determined how well the programs predict the structural response of wind turbines. In this paper, the authors compare the structural response for four programs: ADAMS, BLADED, FAST{_}AD, and YawDyn. ADAMS is a commercial, multibody-dynamics code from Mechanical Dynamics, Inc. BLADED is a commercial, performance and structural-response code from Garrad Hassan and Partners Limited. FAST{_}AD is a structural-response code developed by Oregon State University and the University of Utah for the NWTC. YawDyn is a structural-response code developed by the University of Utah for the NWTC. ADAMS, FAST{_}AD, and YawDyn use the University of Utah's AeroDyn subroutine package for calculating aerodynamic forces. Although errors were found in all the codes during this study, once they were fixed, the codes agreed surprisingly well for most of the cases and configurations that were evaluated. One unresolved discrepancy between BLADED and the AeroDyn-based codes was when there was blade and/or teeter motion in addition to a large yaw error.
An architecture for self-healing digital systems

The use of very deep submicron technology makes VLSI-based digital systems more susceptible to transient or soft errors, and thus compromises their reliability. This paper proposes an architecture inspired by the human immune system that allows tolerance of such errors.
Issues in modeling language processing analogically

Exemplar-based models of language assert that linguistic processing involves analogy to past linguistic experiences stored in the mental lexicon. This study explores how three factors influence the predictions made by exemplar-based simulations of linguistic phenomena. Three questions are posed as they relate to such simulations: (1) Is type frequency or token frequency a better predictor of outcomes? (2) What is the optimal way of aligning the variables in the database so that the most relevant analogs are found? (3) Are there significant differences between representing variables as phonemes versus representing them in terms of distinctive features? Spanish stress assignment and English past tense formation served as the linguistic phenomena on which these issues were tested. The results suggest that type frequency is a better predictor of outcomes, although simulations using token frequency were most successful when only middle frequency words were included. Several methods for aligning variables in the analogical database are discussed. The dual-alignment method has advantages for the English past tense task, but not in predicting Spanish stress. In the Spanish task, strict phonemic representation of words demonstrated no advantage over feature representation. However, phonemic representation produced better results than distinctive features in predicting the English past tense.
Synthesis of a Magnetic-Dielectric YIG@BaTiO3 Composite via Hydrothermal Processing

YIG@BaTiO3 composite was synthesized by a sequential process involving the formation of TiO2 by sol-gel reaction and a subsequent hydrothermal transformation from TiO2 to BaTiO3. TiO2 layer was coated on YIG particle via sol-gel reaction which comprised hydrolysis and condensation reaction of titanium n-butoxide. The pH value of the solution was precisely controlled to ensure that YIG particles could be well dispersed in the solution and the concentrations of TBOT and H2O were adjusted to obtain variant thickness of TiO2 layer. Nano-sized BaTiO3 coating on YIG was achieved by a hydrothermal conversion of the TiO2 shell layer. BaTiO3 shell layer was synthesized in an autoclave at 240°C for 12 hours and the concentration ratio of [Ba]/[Ti] was 1.6. Phases and morphology of the composite are identified by X-ray diffraction and SEM, respectively. Magnetic properties of YIG@BaTiO3 composite were investigated by vibrating sample magnetometer. Coercivity of YIG@BaTiO3 composites with different composition were not affected but the saturated magnetization dropped down with increasing of the volume ratio of BaTiO3. Permittivity of YIG was raised by coating of BaTiO3 layer and was varied from 6 to 60 and 75 by tuning up the volume ratio of BaTiO3 in the composite. The mechanism of the formation of YIG@BaTiO3 composite was also discussed in the article.
Dirichlet Aspect Weighting: A Generalized EM Algorithm for Integrating External Data Fields with Semantically Structured Queries by Using Gradient Projection Method

In this paper we address the problem of document retrieval with semantically structured queries - queries where each term has a tagged field label. We introduce Dirichlet Aspect Weighting model which integrates terms from external databases into the query language model in a bayesian learning framework. For this model, the dirichlet prior distribution is governed by parameters which depend on the number of fields in the external databases. This model needs additional examples to be augmented to the semantically structured query. These examples are obtained using pseudo relevance feedback. We formulate a loglikelihood function for the Dirichlet Aspect Weighting model and maximize it using a novel Generalized EM algorithm. Comparison of the results of Dirichlet Aspect Weighting model on TREC 2005 Genomics Track dataset with baseline methods using pseudo relevance feedback, while incorporating terms from external databases shows an improvement.
Profligate or abstemious Millianism

Any developed Millianism is forced to make an arbitrary choice. Some Millian theories are profligate: it suffices for believing that Clark flies that you assent to some way of taking that proposition. But Lois no more believes that Clark flies than she fails to believe that Superman flies. An abstemious Millianism requires for believing that Superman flies that you not refrain from assenting to any way of taking that proposition. Profligate Millianism gives subjects beliefs they do not seem to have. Abstemious Millianism takes from subjects beliefs they seem to have. The fact that Millianism confronts such a choice is itself philosophically significant.
The place of prostitution in early twentieth-century Suzhou

In early twentieth-century Suzhou, business and state leaders deployed female prostitution to foster commerce despite its controversial nature and sometime illegality. This political-economic policy variously pitted prostitutes and madams, police, commercial interests and social reformers against one another as tensions between gender reform and economic growth played out in urban development. This article analyses these conflicts to highlight the actions of prostitutes and the prerogatives of male desire in Suzhou's spatial and economic transformation.
RECENT PROGRESS ON NUCLEON STRUCTURE WITH LATTICE QCD

I review recent progress made in the calculation of nucleon structure in lattice QCD. Due to space limitations, I will focus on a few specific topics: systematic control of lattice-QCD matrix elements, probing TeV-physics with the aid of nucleon tensor and scalar charges, and Bjorken-x dependence of nucleon parton distribution functions.
Introduction: Aquatic Organisms as Indicators of Environmental Pollution

The streams, lakes, and estuaries that receive our nation's waste water and runoff are the habitat of fish and other aquatic organisms. The health of these organisms is a direct reflection of the quality of aquatic habitat. Ten papers are offered jointly under the title Aquatic Organisms as Indicators of Environmental Pollution. Most were presented in an all-day session of the International Conference of the American Water Resources Association, November 1986, in Atlanta, Georgia. These papers primarily address using aquatic organisms as indices of habitat quality or the potential environmental threat of a particular contaminant. The ten papers are indexed separately for inclusion in the Energy Data Base.
Generalization of the maximum capacity of recurrent neural networks

The authors have previously proposed a novel model which presents the maximum capacity of 1-layer recurrent neural networks by using an initiator, A, to construct the weight matrix and threshold and to define an equation, which produces all memorized vectors. In this paper, the authors generalize that model by lifting the restriction of A and give the new version of their model. Besides the explanation of the new version of that model, they give more information about it. The authors also compare their model with the SOR method.
The spectral description of climate change including the 100 ky energy

Core records, both ice and deep-sea, suggest that the dominant character is that of a red-noise process or random walk. Examination of a few typical records supports the inference that the contribution of the Milankovitch frequencies to climate change at most represents only a small fraction of total climate variance. Most spectral densities are sufficiently "flat" that rates of change will be dominated by the highest frequencies present in the forcing. A broad maximum near 100 ky period can be readily rationalized without invoking an oscillator. One need only suppose that there is an approximate threshold beyond which the climate system collapses. The quasiperiodicity is then governed by a combination of the collapse threshold, the system memory time scale, and the intensity of the stochastic forcing. Changes in the forcing intensity would lead to a shift in the dominant time scale. Some inferred spectral power laws may be inaccurate owing to undersampling of the records.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH—ENDOCRINOLOGY: Comparison of Free Testosterone Results by Analog Radioimmunoassay and Calculated Free Testosterone in an Ambulatory Clinical Population

ABSTRACT Introduction The most widely used method for measuring free testosterone (FT) is by analog immunoassay (aFT); however, this assay has been criticized as unreliable based on laboratory studies in small groups of men. Calculated FT (cFT), derived from total testosterone (TT) and sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) values has been recommended in its place. There are limited data comparing aFT and cFT in clinical populations. Aim The purpose of this study was to compare aFT with cFT in a population of ambulatory men in a clinical setting. Methods Medical records were reviewed for 100 randomly selected men in a urology practice, yielding 140 test results complete for TT, aFT, and SHBG. Calculated FT was determined via an online calculator. Comparisons were made with Pearson rank coefficients. Main Outcome Measures Pearson rank correlation between aFT and cFT. Results Mean patient age was 52.3±14.3 years (range 24–80). Mean TT was 443.0±208.3ng/dL (range 110–1276). Mean aFT was 1.22±0.54ng/dL (range 0.24–3.8) and mean cFT 9.4±4.5ng/dL (range 1.8–27.8). Mean SHBG was 34.2±19.5nmol/L (range 9–127). A strong correlation was observed for aFT and cFT ( r =0.88, P r =0.73, P r =0.82, P Conclusions A strong correlation was observed between aFT and cFT in this clinical population of ambulatory men. Different sets of reference values must be applied for each of these tests. Moreno SA, Shyam A, and Morgentaler A. Comparison of free testosterone results by analog radioimmunoassay and calculated free testosterone in an ambulatory clinical population.
Understanding Liver Health Using the National Center for Health Statistics

The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) is the principal health statistics agency for the United States. It seeks to provide accurate, relevant, and timely data on health status and utilization of health care. As such, the NCHS represents a tremendous repository of behavioral, biological, and clinical data that can be employed to identify issues and effect change in public policy related to liver health and disease. By providing an understanding of the rich, publicly available data systems within the NCHS, investigators may capitalize on an efficient means to shape current knowledge of liver disease.
Vigilance, patch use and habitat selection: Foraging under predation risk

To balance conXicting demands for food and safety from predation, feeding animals have two useful tools. First, they can vary the amount of time they devote to harvesting patches that vary in predation risk and feeding rates. Second, they can use vigilance to trade-oV food and safety while feeding from a food patch. I present a model for predicting how an optimal forager should jointly use these two tools. Factors inXuencing the use of these tools include encounter rate with predators, predator lethality in the absence of vigilance, eVectiveness of vigilance in reducing predator lethality, the marginal value of energy to the forager and the forager’s survivor’s Wtness. Patch-use behaviours inXuenced by these factors include vigilance level, quitting harvest rate and giving-up density (GUD). All three of these patch-use behaviours should increase in response to an increase in encounter rate with predators, predator lethality and the forager’s survivor’s Wtness, and decrease with an increase in the marginal value of energy. In response to increasing the eVectiveness of vigilance, vigilance should increase and the GUD and quitting harvest rate should decline. The amount of food left by a forager in a depletable food patch, the GUD, provides an empirical link for testing the model’s predictions. Giving-up densities should increase with increasing predation risk, and GUDs should increase with declining food-densityspeciWc harvest rates. DiVerences in GUDs among food patches attributable to diVerences in quitting harvest rates measure the contribution of time allocation to managing diVerences in predation risk. DiVerences in GUDs attributable to diVerences in food-density-speciWc harvest rates measure the contribution of vigilance to managing predation risk.
Relationship Between Basking and Fibropapillomatosis in Captive Green Turtles (Chelonia mydas)

ABSTRACT This research was conducted to determine a potential relationship between fibropapillomatosis (FP) and basking behavior in green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in Hawaii. Only turtles with FP were observed basking, and basking resulted in increased body temperature of 2.9°C above ambient.
Effect of Gene Expression Classifier Molecular Testing on the Surgical Decision-Making Process for Patients With Thyroid Nodules

Importance Commercial molecular testing, such as the gene expression classifier (GEC), is now being used in the work up of cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules. While this test may be helpful in ruling out malignancy in a thyroid nodule, its effect on surgical decision making has yet to be fully defined. Objective We aimed to determine the effect and outcome of GEC test results on the decision-making process for patients with thyroid nodules presenting for surgical consultation. Design, Setting, and Participants A surgical management algorithm was developed that incorporated individual Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology classifications, in addition to clinical, laboratory, and radiological findings. We then retrospectively applied this algorithm to 273 consecutive patients with thyroid nodules and GEC test results who had presented for surgical consultation between February 1, 2012, and December 31, 2014. Interventions GEC testing. Main Outcomes and Measures Changes in management were recorded to identify the effect of GEC testing on the surgical decision-making process. An alteration in management of 20% of cases was considered significant. Results Of the 273 consecutive patients assessed by the GEC, mean (SD) age was 50.8 (14.7) years, 204 (74.7%) were female, and the mean (SD) nodule size was 2.4 (1.3) cm. Test results were suspicious for 233 (85.3%); benign for 31 (11.4%); and indeterminate for 8 (2.9%). The GEC test was also positive for medullary thyroid cancer for 1 patient (0.4%). The GEC test was correctly used as a rule-out test in only 127 patients (46.5%) with indeterminate nodules who lacked a clinical indication for surgery. The clinical management plan of only 23 (8.4%) patients was altered as a result of GEC test results, and of these 23 patients who proceeded to surgery, 16 patients (72.7%) were found to be inappropriately overtreated relative to postoperative histopathology analysis. We found that GEC testing did not affect the surgical decision-making process in 250 (91.6%) of our patients. In 146 cases, the use of GEC testing was not clinically indicated, and the test was being overused in patients for whom the results would not change surgical management. The positive predictive value of the GEC test for cytologically indeterminate nodules was 42.1%, and the negative predictive value was 83.3%. Conclusions and Relevance The GEC testing did not significantly affect the surgical decision-making process. Gene expression classifier testing is often used incorrectly and is overused in patients for whom the results would not change management. The GEC test demonstrated a lower than expected negative predictive value, and there was evidence of overtreatment among patients whose treatment was altered based on this test.
Inflation Criterion in the Enlarged European Union - Summary of the Discussion on Lithuania

The example of Lithuania shows, that using hitherto existing interpretation of inflation criterion in the EU of 27 members has distinct implications for the expansion of the euro area. In the comming years, structural factors, related to the process of catching-up with highly developed European economies, will have significant influence on the inflation rate in the new EU member states from Central Eastern Europe. Since the inception of the euro area, the reference value of the inflation criterion is determined both by the single ECB monetary policy as well as by independent monetary policies of the EU member states outside the euro area. In the enlarged EU this results in a growing divergence between the reference value of the inflation criterion and the euro area inflation rate. The article indicates proposals of changes which would better allow for taking into consideration the dynamics of monetary integration within the EU, yet would not require changes of the Treaty provisions.
Bridging the Gap between Computation and Experiments in GPCRs

GPCRs transduce extracellular signals to intracellular downstream pathway via their ability to dynamically change their orientation to different functional conformations. While kinetic experiments such as correlation spectroscopy or Forster resonance energy transfer can observe projected kinetics and provide information about population distributions, the main limitation is that it only probes a few structural coordinates simultaneously and therefore, few timescales can be uniquely extracted. Such data may suggest simple models that fit with the few states accessible in the experiment. Currently, the only technique that can access dynamics and structure simultaneously in atomistic detail is MD simulation. In contrast to kinetic experiments, MD simulations often reveal highly complex dynamics with many discrete states and multiple timescales. This creates a challenge when reconciling simple models gleaned from experiments to the complex, multidimensional phase space revealed from MD simulations. We use dynamical fingerprinting, a statistical framework that visualizes kinetic features from both simulation and experiment in terms of peaks with specific amplitude and timescale, to identify the residues that are most strongly coupled to distinct activation pathways and suggest labeling sites for future kinetic experiments.
Intent in Fair Use

This Article explores the role of intent in the context of fair use. Specifically, it examines whether a claim of fair use of a copyrighted work should be assessed solely from an “objectively reasonable” vantage point or should, additionally, allow for evidence from the subjective perspective of the user. Courts and scholars have largely sided with the former view but have failed to explain fully why this should be the case or whether there might be countervailing benefits to considering evidence of subjective intent. Crucially overlooked is the possibility that taking the user’s perspective into account would serve copyright’s utilitarian structure by stimulating socially beneficial uses that would not otherwise occur. In addition, formal recognition of the role intent plays in fair use would bring needed transparency to judicial practices in this area. This Article first develops a framework for evaluating the degree to which courts, parties, and scholars have deemed a user’s conscious compliance with fair use principles relevant to the fair use analysis. It then argues for a limited role for evidence of subjective intent, proposing criteria for when such evidence should, and should not, be weighed in the fair use calculus.
Abstract A20: Evidences that GPR43, a G-protein-coupled receptor for short chain fatty acids, suppresses colon cancer

GPR43 is a G protein-coupled receptor for short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Expression of GPR43 is detected in hematopoietic tissues and the large intestine. SCFAs are derived from bacterial fermentation and metabolism of undigested dietary fibers and have been recognized for their cancer prevention activities in the colon. The role of SCFAs, particularly butyrate, in colon cancer therapy has been extensively studied, and its tumor suppressive functions are believed to be due to their intracellular actions, notably inhibition of histone deacetylase. In this study, we show that SCFAs also exert their anti-tumor effects via receptor GPR43 and that GPR43 is frequently lost in colon cancer cells. Immunohistostaining revealed that GPR43 immunoreactivity was high in normal colon tissues (N=31) but was markedly reduced or completely lost in most colorectal adenocarcinoma tissues (N=70) and their corresponding lymph node metastatic adenocarcinomas (N =38). RT-PCR analysis detected the presence of full length GPR43 mRNA in only one (HT-29) out of nine established human colon cancer cell lines. Restoration of GPR43 expression in HCT8 human colonic adenocarcinoma cells induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and activated caspases, leading to increased apoptotic cell death after propionate/butyrate treatment. Restored GPR43 expression, coupled with propionate treatment, induced an upregulation of p21 and a decrease in the levels of cyclin D3 and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) 1 and 2, while the CDK4 and CDK6 levels remained unchanged. Our results suggest that GPR43 functions as a tumor suppressor by mediating SCFA-induced cell proliferation inhibition and apoptotic cell death in colon cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(12 Suppl):A20.
Serum albumin and gamma-globulin in normal human gastric juice.

Summary1. With the aid of an intragastric buffering technic, albumin and γ-globulin were detected in gastric aspirates of human subjects without gastric disease. 2. The range of albumin concentration in these gastric aspirates was 17-451 μg/ml whereas that for γ-globulin was 33-95 μg/ml. Estimates of the corresponding minimum 24-hour outputs for these 2 proteins were 21-690 mg and 33-384 mg respectively. 3. Saliva aspirated concomitantly with gastric contents also contained these plasma proteins, but not invariably. 4. It is unlikely that the gastric juice proteins derived in significant degree from saliva because of (a) the careful continuous removal of saliva by oral aspiration, and (b) presence of significant amounts of plasma proteins in gastric aspirates of individuals whose saliva did not contain detectable amounts of these proteins.
The dwindling Winter Olympic divide between male and female athletes: the NBC broadcast network’s primetime coverage of the 2014 Sochi Olympic Games

AbstractAll 63 h of the National Broadcasting Company’s (NBC) scheduled primetime coverage of the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympic broadcast were analyzed revealing significant sex-based trends. Women athletes received 47.7% of the clock-time on the broadcast, more than in any other Winter Olympiad examined, and significantly more than in the previous four Winter Olympic Games. Women received 41.7% of the mentions in the broadcast and comprised 45% of the top-20 most mentioned athletes. Sex-based divergences in dialogues surrounding attributions of success were found, but none were detected for attributions of failure. Sex-based differences were also found in descriptions of personality/physicality. Contextualization is offered related to other intervening factors such as US medal successes by sex, celebrity and salient storylines surrounding American athletes.
Psychology Degree Beliefs and Stereotypes: Differences in the Perceptions of Majors and Non-Majors

Very little research examines the beliefs and stereotypes students have about the discipline and major of psychology. Previous research has found that psychology majors report hearing a variety of ...
Analysis on epidemiological characteristics of food poisoning in Baiyun District,Guangzhou City in 1998-2012

Objective To study the characteristics and rules of food poisoning incidence in the resent 15 years in Baiyun District so as to put forward its corresponding control measures. Methods We statistically analyzed the food poisoning data collected from the inspection reports,epidemiological survey reports and statistics in Baiyun District during 1998- 2012. Results There were 241 cases of food poisoning reported in Baiyun District in the recent 15 years,with 2,874 persons involved and 26death cases. 16. 1 cases of food poisoning were reported annually,with 191. 6 poisoned persons and 1. 7 death cases each year,and the overall mortality rate was 0. 90%. The incidence of food poisoning and the number of poisoned persons showed a tendency of gradual increase from 1998 to 2012. The cases mostly occurred in July,August and September each year. Food poisoning mostly happened in the collective canteens,and bacteria,especially Vibrio parahaemolyticus were identified as the dominant cause of food poisoning. Conclusions The prevalence of food poisoning in Baiyun District is still severe,and hence,strengthening health supervision and intensifying health propaganda and education are the key measures for food poisoning prevention.
Need Assessment Study for Health Education Materials of AIDS&STD in Female Sexual Workers

[Objective]To study the concrete needs of health education material in female sexual workers,provide the evidence for design and production of publicity materials. [Methods]The combination of focus group interview and questionnaire was applied. [Results]The differences of age,education level and work places have affected the acceptability of the health education material among female sexual workers. [Conclusion]The layout,content and design of health education material could be improved.
ALCOHOLISM IN THE ELDERLY : PHYSICIANS CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE

The prevalence of alcoholism among the elderly is significant. Drinking problems in the aged may be masked by a physical or psychological conditioning. Diagnosis can thus be difficult but once it is made, treatment is fairly standard.
P-121 Developing the rehabilitative model: Hospice health care assistants and physiotherapy project

Aim The aim of the project is to support people9s priorities for independence alongside care at the hospice. It has current relevance to hospices as we try to move forward with a greater focus on a rehabilitative approach to palliative care. Background This project developed from a physiotherapy service review which identified where a supporting role could enhance people’s experience of rehabilitation within the hospice. Across the hospice Health Care Assistants (HCAs) spend time with patients and are well placed to support patients to achieve their rehabilitation goals with supervision of the physiotherapist. Approach used Each HCA would spend 8 weeks working alongside the physiotherapist. To demonstrate clinical skills and competence an in house training framework was followed. A placement workbook containing underpinning knowledge, activities and online resource links was developed by the physiotherapist and the Education lead. The HCA was to observe the physiotherapist in clinical situations, assist with interventions and gradually over the placement period would be able to demonstrate through assessment their knowledge and competency in seventeen identified skill areas. Outcomes The initial placement has been evaluated and the second commenced. Challenges arose in clinical versus non-clinical physiotherapy workload and other personnel issues which overall reduced patient contact time for the HCA. This resulted in lost opportunities for the HCA to achieve the learning outcomes and have a demonstrable longer term impact on patient rehabilitation outcomes after the placement. Conclusion The ambitious timescale of 8 weeks has been revised to 6 months. The expectation is that thiswill present ample opportunities for the development and consolidation of new skills and to demonstrate real impact on patient outcomes. Having the HCA available to support patients with therapeutic activity will enable the physiotherapist to develop activity programmes and increase the therapeutic contact for individuals to achieve their goals.