cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrophysiology of Necturus urinary bladder: II. Time-dependent current-voltage relations of the basolateral membranes.

As reported previously (S.R. Thomas et al.,J. Membrane Biol. 73:157–175, 1983) the current-voltage (I–V) relations of the Na-entry step across the apical membrane of short-circuitedNecturus urinary bladder in the presence of varying mucosal Na concentrations are (i) time-independent between 20–90 msec and (ii) conform to the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz constant field flux equation for a single cation over a wide range of voltages. In contrast, theI–V relations of the basolateral membrane under these conditions are (i) essentially linear between the steady-state, short-circuited condition and the reversal potential (E s ); and (ii) are decidedly time-dependent withE s increasing and the slope conductance,E s , decreasing between 20 and 90 msec after displacing the transepithelial electrical potential difference. Evidence is presented that this time-dependence cannot be attributed entirely to the electrical capacitance of the tissue. The values ofg s determined at 20 msec are linear functions of the short-circuit current,I sc, confirming the relations reported previously, which were obtained using a more indirect approach. The values ofE s determined at 20 msec are significantly lower than any reasonable estimate of the electromotive force for K across the basolateral membrane, indicating that this barrier possesses a significant conductance to other ions which may exceed that to K. In addition, these values increase linearly with decreasingI sc and approach the value of the electrical potential difference across the basolateral membrane observed when Na entry across the apical membrane is blocked with amiloride or when Na is removed from the mucosal solution. A possible explanation for the time-dependence ofE s andg s is offered and the implications of these findings regarding the interpretation of previous microelectrophysiologic studies of epithelia are discussed.
White reggae: Cultural dilution in the record industry

(2000). White reggae: Cultural dilution in the record industry. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 15-30.
Synaptic connectivity of local circuit neurons in laminae III and IV of hamster spinal cord.

The present study was undertaken to examine the morphological bases of local synaptic interactions between dorsal horn interneurons. Seven interneurons responding to innocuous mechanical stimuli were intracellularly recorded in lamina III/IV of an isolated preparation of hamster spinal cord with partially intact innervation from an excised patch of hairy skin. Axonal arborizations were stained with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and examined with an electron microscope. Five cells had extensive synaptic terminations (375-1,785 boutons/axon) with localized distributions (rostrocaudal distance, 425-1,251 microns) overlapping the dendritic trees. Two cells gave rise to deep stem axons that bifurcated into rostrocaudal daughter branches with collaterals ventral to the parent cell bodies (79-661 boutons/axon). Axons of local interneurons were thinly myelinated and formed terminal and en passant enlargements (mean [+/- S.D.] diameter = 0.88 +/- 0.24 microns, n = 157) containing clear, round vesicles 20-60 nm in diameter. Collateral branches of deep axon cells produced round, vesicle-containing boutons comparable in diameter (0.93 +/- 0.22 microns, n = 31) to local axon cells. Both types of interneurons formed asymmetric synaptic contacts with dendritic profiles, but not with cell bodies or axon terminals. Postsynaptic profiles contained sparse ribosomes and had a mean diameter of 1.0 +/- 0.5 microns (n = 49), significantly smaller than a population of identified proximal dendrites (2.3 +/- 0.9 microns, n = 47). HRP-labeled boutons were rarely (5/45 or 11%) in synaptic contact with more than one profile. We conclude that lamina III/IV interneurons make axodendritic synapses predominantly with distal dendrites. Thus, terminations of deep dorsal horn interneurons appear to have a postsynaptic distribution overlapping with axodendritic contacts formed by several functional classes of cutaneous sensory fibers signaling innocuous mechanical stimuli. Such overlap suggests that local spinal networks selectively and strongly influence afferent signals at initial stages of somatosensory integration.
Self-Plagiarism and Textual Recycling: Legitimate Forms of Research Misconduct

The concept of self-plagiarism frequently elicits skepticism and generates confusion in the research ethics literature, and the ethical status of what is often called "textual recycling" is particularly controversial. I argue that, in general, self-plagiarism is unethical because it is deceptive and dishonest. I then distinguish several forms of it and argue against various common rationalizations for textual recycling. I conclude with a discussion of two instances of textual recycling, distinguishing them in terms of their ethical seriousness but concluding that both are ethically problematic.
Impact of child maltreatment and interadult violence on children's emotion regulation abilities and socioemotional adjustment.

The present investigation sought to examine the unique and interactive effects of child maltreatment and interadult violence on children's developing strategies of emotion regulation and socioemotional adjustment, as well as the mediational role of emotion dysregulation in the link between children's pathogenic relational experiences and behavioral outcomes. Person-oriented emotion regulation patterns (EMRPs) were determined based on children's emotional behavioral and self-reported responses to simulated interadult anger. One hundred thirty-nine 4- to 6-year-olds (88 maltreated, 51 nonmaltreated) and their mothers served as participants. Maltreatment history predicted children's EMRPs, with approximately 80% of the maltreated preschoolers exhibiting dysregulated emotion patterns (i.e., undercontrolled/ ambivalent and overcontrolled /unresponsive types) compared with only 37.2% of the nonmaltreated controls. Undercontrolled /ambivalent EMRPs were associated with maternal reports of child behavior problems, and were found to mediate the link between maltreatment and children's anxious / depressed symptoms. The present study's findings increase understanding of process relations in pathogenic relational environments, and provide insight into emotion regulation deficits that may impede the development of psychological well-being in maltreated children with varying histories of interadult violence exposure.
Wave-front-dividing array interferometers without moving parts for real-time spectroscopy from the IR to the UV

Interferometers of the Michelson or Mach–Zehnder type are designed as array interferometers. The number of array channels is equal to the number of points needed for an interferogram for Fourier transformation. Similarly one may use an array of step gratings with each grating having a different step height and producing one point of the interferogram. These interferometers, which do not have moving parts, use all the incident light, and the interferogram is instantly produced for real-time spectroscopy.
A note on the use of a photoelectric counter for total particle counting

Abstract The ability of the Nolan-Pollak counter to function as a “total” particle counter was investigated. Comparison with the UMR Absolute Aitken Nuclei Counter operated at an expansion pressure ratio of 1.33 revealed that in mean, the N—P counter measurements (at an expansion pressure ratio of 1.21) were 30% less. This correction, however, depends on particle nature, concentration and size distribution and assumes that particle losses in the central part of the UMRAAN counter are negligible.
Henry Granjon Prize Competition 2006 Co-Winner, Category A “Joining and fabrication technology” Numerical Modelling of Heat Transfer, Fluid Flow and Microstructural Evolution during Fusion Welding of Alloys

The present study focuses on modelling numerous aspects of the welding process which include predictions of molten metal convection in the weld pool, size and shape of the fusion zone (FZ) and heat-affected zone (HAZ), temperature distributions in the FZ and HAZ, solidification conditions of the FZ, and phase transformation kinetics in the HAZ. Integrated models were developed taking into account the interactions of heat, fluid flow and microstructure. In particular, a three-dimensional heat transfer and fluid flow model was used to understand the weld pool phenomena and provided useful insight into the physics of the weld pool. Application of the computed thermal cycles and phase transformation models including Johnson-Mehl-Avrami equation and Monte Carlo simulation provided useful tools to understand the microstructural evolution during welding. The developed models were used to investigate several welding processes such as gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and gas tungsten welding (GTAW) and different materials including AISI 1005 low carbon steel, 1045 mild carbon steel, Ti-6AI-4V alloy and 2025 duplex stainless steel. This paper is an extensive summary of the doctoral research work carried out by the author at the Pennsylvania State University.
CT Angiography of the Mesenteric Circulation

Significant advancements in computed tomography (CT) scanner technology along with the development of powerful and affordable 3-dimensional (3D) software have resulted in new applications for CT imaging. The mesenteric vasculature was traditionally imaged with conventional angiography, but can now easily be imaged rapidly and safely using multidetector-row CT (MDCT) scanners and 3D imaging software. CT can now be used to visualize the normal mesenteric vasculature, both arteries and veins, identify important anatomic variants, and evaluate a wide range of pathology. This article examines the technique of MDCT and its role in imaging the mesenteric circulation.
Drop ejection utilizing sideways actuation of a MEMS piston

Abstract A novel electrostatic sideways actuation drop dispenser (a sideshooter) is presented. The polysilicon Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) drop dispenser is surface micromachined using the SUMMiT™ fabrication process. The dispenser was used to eject satellite free 0.25 pl drops of aqueous solution at 10 m/s using an 80 V pulse 10 μs long. The dispenser enables multiple liquid, viscosity, and drop size, integrated ejection microsystems; useful for wet nano-fabrication.
Medical genetic test reporting for cystic fibrosis (ΔF508) and factor V Leiden in North American laboratories

Purpose: Physicians are ordering an increasing number of genetic tests. Results and additional information provided in the test result report are vital to the physician in making appropriate patient management decisions. Because variability in test result reports can impact patient care, we sought to determine whether variations exist in test reports for cystic fibrosis (CF) and factor V Leiden (fVL) with specific comparison to professional guidelines and recommendations. Methods: A cross-sectional study design analyzing for the presence of 16 critical elements in CF reports and 12 critical elements in fVL reports solicited from United States and Canadian laboratories. Results: Of 44 laboratories performing CF testing and 72 laboratories performing fVL testing, 64% responded. For CF reports, 21% included ethnicity, 64% described methodology, and 61% discussed genetic counseling. For fVL reports, 80% described methodology and 52% discussed the need for genetic counseling in mutation-positive reports. Conclusions: Variability exists in report content among North American laboratories performing CF and fVL testing. Many reports lack information deemed critical by professional guidelines and recommendations.
Reflections on doing geography: learning observations from the fourth grade

“Since the soil develops year after year, doesn't the Earth get bigger?” —Fourth-grade student This was just one of many rather sophisticated inquiries received during geoscience exploration field ...
Dose-response of two cellular proliferation phenotypes produced by simian virus 40 large T antigen

. A set of cell lines was constructed by infection of established murine fibroblasts with recombinant retroviruses encoding the simian virus 40 large T antigen (Tag) gene. By immunofluorescence flow cytometry, it was shown that these cell lines expressed Tag over at least a 20-fold concentration range. Using these cells, the dose-response relationship between Tag concentration and a phenotype detected by flow cytometry that measures the rate at which proliferating cells transit the cell cycle (i.e. cell-cycling phenotype) was determined. This relationship between Tag concentration and phenotype was not linear. Instead, the cell-cycling phenotype became saturated at relatively low Tag concentrations, i.e. a further increase in Tag concentration did not change the phenotype. The dose-response relationship between Tag and a second phenotype, colony formation in soft agar, was also determined. Colony formation in soft agar is a measurement of cell transformation. In contrast to the cell-cycling phenotype, transformation was linearly related to Tag over the entire 20-fold Tag concentration range. This phenotype did not saturate at high Tag concentrations. Therefore, the dose-response relationship between Tag concentration and the cell-cycling phenotype was different from that between Tag concentration and cellular transformation. Since the Tag gene is comprised of multiple genetic domains that independently affect cellular proliferation, one possibility is that the differences in dose-response of the two phenotypes indicate that different genetic domains of the gene are necessary for production of each phenotype.
Extrapolation of site‐specific weighted usable area curves and instream flow requirements to unmeasured streams within the Nooksack watershed in support of strategic watershed planning

Abstract Given the large number of locations within the study watershed (Washington, USA) where instream flow information is required, a GIS based stratification procedure using multivariate data analysis techniques was developed to extrapolate either instream flow recommendations or habitat availability curves (weighted usable area curves) upon which instream flow recommendations could be developed from study sites to other sites where no site‐specific information is available. One‐hundred‐seventy‐two drainages were divided into 21 hydrologically and geomorphologically similar subgroups. Mean annual flow versus drainage area and 60% exceedence flow versus drainage area relationships were also developed for the study area. Monthly instream flow recommendations were then extrapolated to the unmeasured streams within the hydrologically and geomorphologically similar subgroups by scaling them by a percentage of the mean annual flow; weighted usable area curves were extrapolated to the unmeasured streams with...
Toward critical evaluation of the role(s) of molecular biomarkers in the management of bladder cancer

Among genitourinary malignancies, bladder cancer is a common, potentially dangerous and exceedingly costly disease entity. Predicated on substantial gains in our understanding of the natural history and molecular biology of bladder cancer, recent years have seen an explosion of new applied technologies to aid clinicians in the management of bladder cancer. Herein we present a systematic overview of general conceptual issues and specific strategies of potential relevance to the clinical evaluation of patients with bladder cancer. A number of basic epidemiological issues provide the relevant background within which we should consider candidate biomarkers. Within this framework, we highlight a number of important recent research findings representative of the large number of candidate bladder cancer biomarkers that have emerged. With several markers already having obtained regulatory approval for clinical use, this topic is of clear relevance not only to researchers but also to the practicing physician. Bladder cancer is a common, costly, and potentially dangerous disease with the opportunity for significant technological inroads in the area of applied biomarkers. An appreciation of basic epidemiological considerations informs our consideration of the state of the art and identifies specific strategies amenable to further innovation.
Knowledge Intensive Programming: A New Educational Computing Environment.

A recent knowledge intensive computational environment (logic programming) and computer programming language paradigm (Prolog) is explored as an alternative to traditional educational computing procedural programming environments and languages.
Therapy of experimental pulmonary edema in the dog: with special reference to burns of the respiratory tract.

The results of analysis of edema fluid and excised lungs show that there is leakage of protein-rich fluid into the lung tissue and ultimately into the respiratory passages. This leakage cannot be explained by the reduction in oxygen uptake as observed in lung tissue slices. The ultimate cause of pulmonary edema is not known. The survival time of anesthetized dogs suffering from thermal edema, can be prolonged by inhalation of oxygen and by administration of antihistaminic drugs and pulmonary vasodilators.
CITIZENS' EVALUATIONS OF 1980 PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES Influence of Campaign Strategies

In this article, the content of citizens' evaluations of the candidates in the 1980 presidential campaign is explored. Using the “likes/dislikes” questions from the 1980 CPS American National Elect...
Blockade of TGF-β inhibits mammary tumor cell viability, migration, and metastases

TGF-βs are potent inhibitors of epithelial cell proliferation. However, in established carcinomas, autocrine/paracrine TGF-β interactions can enhance tumor cell viability and progression. Thus, we studied the effect of a soluble Fc:TGF-β type II receptor fusion protein (Fc:TβRII) on transgenic and transplantable models of breast cancer metastases. Systemic administration of Fc:TβRII did not alter primary mammary tumor latency in MMTV-Polyomavirus middle T antigen transgenic mice. However, Fc:TβRII increased apoptosis in primary tumors, while reducing tumor cell motility, intravasation, and lung metastases. These effects correlated with inhibition of Akt activity and FKHRL1 phosphorylation. Fc:TβRII also inhibited metastases from transplanted 4T1 and EMT-6 mammary tumors in syngeneic BALB/c mice. Tumor microvessel density in a mouse dorsal skin window chamber was unaffected by Fc:TβRII. Therefore, blockade of TGF-β signaling may reduce tumor cell viability and migratory potential and represents a testable therapeutic approach against metastatic carcinomas.
Control of lateral motion in moving webs

A partial differential equation for the lateral motion of a web conveyance system is derived by modeling the web as a viscoelastic beam under axial tension. This model treats the web position between rollers as a function of both time and space, assumes that there is no slip between the web material and the rollers, and incorporates the web material's viscoelastic damping property. A finite-difference approximation of the model is used to simulate a typical two-span web system. The finite-difference approximation is validated by comparing its frequency responses with those of an analytical frequency domain model. The analytical frequency domain model is used to design feedback compensation strategies that make the two-span web system less sensitive to upstream disturbances. The results show that, using a transverse vibration model incorporating viscoelasticity to design even simple classical controllers, it is possible to make the web system less sensitive to upstream disturbances at the sensor location.
Learning Curve and Rate Adjustment Models: Comparative Prediction Accuracy Under Varying Conditions

Learning curve models have gained widespread acceptance as a technique for analyzing and forecasting the cost of items produced from a repetitive process. Considerable research has investigated augmenting the traditional learning curve model with the addition of a production rate variable, creating a rate adjustment model. This study compares the predictive accuracy of the learning curve and rate adjustment models. A simulation methodology is used to vary conditions along seven dimensions. Forecast errors are analyzed and compared under the various simulated conditions, using ANOVA. As in all simulation studies, findings must be interpreted in light of the assumptions underlying the simulation. Overall results indicate that neither model dominates; each is more accurate under some conditions. Conditions under which each model tends to result in lower forecast errors are identified and discussed. This work was sponsored by the Cost Estimating and Analysis Division of the Naval Sea Systems Command and the Naval Postgraduate School.
The pelota locus encodes a protein required for meiotic cell division: an analysis of G2/M arrest in Drosophila spermatogenesis

During Drosophila spermatogenesis, germ cells undergo four rounds of mitosis, an extended premeiotic G 2 phase and two meiotic divisions. In males homozygous for mutations in pelota, the germline mitotic divisions are normal, but the cell cycle arrests prior to the first meiotic division; pelota males are therefore sterile. Chromosomes begin to condense in these mutants, but other meiotic processes, including nuclear envelope breakdown and spindle formation, do not occur. The arrest phenotype closely resembles that of mutations in the Drosophila cdc25 homolog twine. Although meiosis is blocked in pelota and twine homozygotes, spermatid differentiation continues. pelota is also required for patterning in the eye and mitotic divisions in the ovary. We have cloned the pelota locus and show it encodes a 44〈10 3 Mr protein with yeast, plant, worm and human homologs. SUMMARY
Nuclear matrix proteins and osteoblast gene expression

The molecular mechanisms that couple osteoblast structure and gene expression are emerging from recent studies on the bone extracellular matrix, integrins, the cytoskeleton, and the nucleoskeleton (nuclear matrix). These proteins form a dynamic structural network, the tissue matrix, that physically links the genes with the substructure of the cell and its substrate. The molecular analog of cell structure is the geometry of the promoter. The degree of supercoiling and bending of promoter DNA can regulate transcriptional activity. Nuclear matrix proteins may render a change in cytoskeletal organization into a bend or twist in the promoter of target genes. We review the role of nuclear matrix proteins in the regulation of gene expression with special emphasis on osseous tissue. Nuclear matrix proteins bind to the osteocalcin and type I collagen promoters in osteoblasts. One such protein is Cbfa1, a recently described transcriptional activator of osteoblast differentiation. Although their mechanisms of action are unknown, some nuclear matrix proteins may act as "architectural" transcription factors, regulating gene expression by bending the promoter and altering the interactions between other trans-acting proteins. The osteoblast nuclear matrix is comprised of cell- and phenotype-specific proteins including proteins common to all cells. Nuclear matrix proteins specific to the osteoblast developmental stage and proteins that distinguish osteosarcoma from the osteoblast have been identified. Recent studies indicating that nuclear matrix proteins mediate bone cell response to parathyroid hormone and vitamin D are discussed.
Magnetic-field dependence and Efimov resonance broadening in ultracold three-body recombination

We derive an analytic formula which describes the final bound state dependence in ultracold three-body recombination. Using an energy-dependent loss parameter, the recently observed broad resonance in an ultracold gas of $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ atoms [T. B. Ottenstein, T. Lompe, M. Kohnen, A. N. Wenz, and S. Jochim, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 203202 (2008); J. H. Huckans, J. R. Williams, E. L. Hazlett, R. W. Stites, and K. M. O'Hara, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 165302 (2009)] is described quantitatively. We also provide an analytic and approximation for the three-body recombination rate which encapsulates the underlying physics of the universal three-body recombination process.
Revisiting N-continuous density-functional theory: Chemical reactivity and “Atoms” in “Molecules”

We construct an internally-consistent density-functional theory valid for noninteger electron numbers N by precise definition of a density functional that is continuous in N. In this theory, charge transfer between the atoms of a heteronuclear diatomic molecule, which have been separated adiabatically to infinity, is avoided because the hardness for fractional occupation of a single HOMO spin-orbital is negative. This N-continuous density functional makes possible a variational theory of "atoms" in "molecules" that exactly decomposes the molecular electron density into a sum of contributions from its parts. The parts are treated as though isolated. That theory, in turn, gives a deep foundation to the chemical reactivity theory provided that the hardness of entities with vanishing spin density is positive, as argued to be the case here. This transition from negative to positive hardness closely parallels the transition from the Heitler-London to the Hund-Mulliken picture of molecular bonding.
Planned International Technology Transfer

Since the mid-1980s, Saudi Arabia has required that a percentage of all defense contracts awarded to foreign suppliers be reinvested back in the kingdom into new technology companies. The result has been three “economic offset” programs, encompassing Western defense producers and their home-country governments in the world's largest example of planned international technology transfer. This paper reviews the three main Saudi offsets—attached to the Peace Shield (United States), al-Yamamah (United Kingdom) and Sawari (France) arms deals—for their genesis, operations, achievements, and problems, using interviews with participants and statistical data on companies formed. It then attempts some evaluation of them against their own original explicit and implicit goals, and draws out some lessons and implications.
Self-Sensing Micro- and Nanocantilevers with Attonewton-Scale Force Resolution

Thin, piezoresistive silicon cantilevers are shown to provide unprecedented sensitivity for force detection in an integrated, self-sensing, readily scalable configuration. The devices realized herein are patterned from single-crystal Si epilayer membranes utilizing bulk micro- and nanomachining processes. We demonstrate an electrically transduced force sensitivity of 235 aN/Hz1/2 at room temperature and 17 aN/Hz 1/2 at 10 K. Enhancement of the p+ piezoresistive gauge factor is observed at cryogenic temperatures. The results are employed to elucidate the ultimate, low-temperature sensitivity attainable from self-sensing nanoelectromechanical systems utilizing displacement transduction based upon semiconducting piezoresistors.
Norepinephrine Facilitates the Development of the Murine Sweat Response But Is Not Essential

During development, the sympathetic neurons innervating sweat glands undergo a neurotransmitter switch from noradrenergic to cholinergic between postnatal day (P) 4, when the sympathetic neurons first contact the sweat glands, and P21. Several in vitro experiments suggest that norepinephrine (NE), produced by sympathetic neurons, stimulates sweat glands to produce a factor that then induces the phenotypic switch. We tested this hypothesis in vivo using dopamine beta-hydroxylase-deficient mice (DBH -/-), which are unable to synthesize NE and epinephrine, and tyrosine hydroxylase-deficient mice (TH -/-), which are unable to synthesize any catecholamines. The cholinergic agonist pilocarpine and electrostimulation of the sciatic nerve both elicited a sweat response in adult DBH -/- mice that was indistinguishable from the response of controls, and the cholinergic antagonist atropine effectively blocked these responses. We did note, however, a 1- to 2-week delay in the acquisition of the sweat response in DBH -/- mice. Although diminished in magnitude, a sweat response to pilocarpine was also noted in TH -/- mice at P21. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that TH and vasoactive intestinal peptide were detectable at P14 and increased to adult levels by P21 in DBH +/- and DBH -/- mice. These observations indicate that NE is not essential for the acquisition of the cholinergic phenotype, but it may facilitate its postnatal development.
Internet safety education for youth: stakeholder perspectives

Background: Internet use is nearly ubiquitous among US youth; risks to internet use include cyberbullying, privacy violations and unwanted solicitation. Internet safety education may prevent these negative consequences; however, it is unclear at what age this education should begin and what group is responsible for teaching this topic. Methods: Surveys were distributed to key stakeholders in youth safety education including public school teachers, clinicians, parents and adolescents. Surveys assessed age at which internet safety education should begin, as well as experiences teaching and learning internet safety. Surveys of adults assessed willingness to teach internet safety. Finally, participants were asked to identify a group whose primary responsibility it should be to teach internet safety. Results: A total of 356 participants completed the survey (93.4% response rate), including 77 teachers, 111 clinicians, 72 parents and 96 adolescents. Stakeholders felt the optimal mean age to begin teaching internet safety was 7.2 years (SD = 2.5), range 2-15. Internet safety was regularly taught by some teachers (20.8%), few clinicians (2.6%) and many parents (40.3%). The majority of teachers, clinicians and parents were willing to teach internet safety, but all groups surveyed identified parents as having primary responsibility for teaching this topic. Conclusions: Findings suggest agreement among key stakeholders for teaching internet safety at a young age, and for identifying parents as primary teachers of this topic. Clinicians have a unique opportunity to support parents by providing resources, guidance and support.
Tissue reactions to metals--the influence of surface finish.

Screws of chromium-cobalt alloy and of identical dimensions but with three different surface finishes were inserted into various substances and into the bones of dogs. The torque needed to insert and remove them was measured. In vivo , and also in one in vitro setup, the highest removal torque occurred with the coarsest surface finish. Histological examination of the bone revealed the same tissue reaction to all three surface finishes. Small amounts of a black granular powder of unknown composition were found in all the sections. Weight losses were recorded for all the screws implanted. The factors influencing the torque of insertion and that of removal of a screw were discussed.
Misplaced: The Limits of Contextual Influence on Americans' Political Attitudes

Are Americans' political attitudes shaped by where they live? To date, research on the effects of local contexts in the U.S. has focused on a small subset of potential contextual influences, most notably racial demographics. This paper develops competing hypotheses about the extent to which political attitudes are shaped by contextual attributes more generally. It then analyzes the spatial correlates of attitudes across 11 different issues, including air pollution, climate change, crime, defense spending, economic growth, federal land, income inequality, immigration, nuclear power, terrorism, and wolf hunting. In keeping with hypotheses emphasizing the``morselized'' nature of public opinion, the central finding is of very limited spatial influence. The issues that do show spatial patterning are those that are already salient in national politics. Considered jointly, the results suggest that contextual influence is more the exception than the rule, and that contextual attributes are more likely to be influential when politicized.
An Evolutionary Argument Against Naturalism

In his recently published two-volume work in epistemology, Alvin Plantinga rounds out the discussion (in characteristic fashion) with a subtle and ingenious argument for a striking claim: in this case, his conclusion is that belief in evolutionary naturalism is irrational. Now this claim is not of itself so very surprising; the tantalizing feature here lies rather in the nature of the argument itself. Plantinga contends that taking seriously the hypothesis of evolutionary naturalism (hereafter, N & E) ought to undermine one's confidence in the reliability of our basic cognitive faculties. And if one withholds belief in cognitive reliability, it seems that one ought likewise to refrain from believing propositions that are the output of such faculties. And, for evolutionary naturalists, one such output is belief in evolutionary naturalism itself. Hence, quite apart from comparative evidential considerations that might lead one to prefer theism (or one of its competitors) to N & E, but rather owing to a sort of internal inconsistency (in a suitably broad sense), belief in N & E is shown to be epistemically defective. This is a bold and intriguing suggestion indeed. Let us take a closer look.
Thickness-Dependent Thermal Conductivity of Suspended Two-Dimensional Single-Crystal In2Se3 Layers Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition

Using micro-Raman spectroscopy and finite-element simulations, we determine the in-plane thermal conductivity of suspended two-dimensional single-crystal In2Se3 grown by chemical vapor deposition. The thermal conductivity shows a strong dependence on the layer thickness: it reaches ∼60 W/m·K at the thickness of 35 nm, and it decreases to ∼4 W/m·K for the 5 nm thick layer. This dependence demonstrates the significance of phonon surface scattering and also indicates changes to the phonon dispersion relations as the layer thickness decreases. The determination of the thickness-dependent thermal conductivity provides an important practical basis for advancing 2D In2Se3-based device technologies and, more generally, also enables fundamental insight into the limiting mechanisms for 2D thermal transport.
The Acquisition of English Articles by Second Language Learners: The Sequence, Differences, and Difficulties

Despite the numerous studies on English article acquisition, the acquisition sequence, differences, and difficulties by English-as-a-second language learners (ELLs) remain to be further explored. W...
Ultrastructural Observations of the Respiratory Siphon of the Fourth Instar Culex pipiens pipiens Larva Subjected to Chemical Monolayers

In Culex pipiens pipiens , the perispiracular gland of the respiratory siphon is the site of lipid synthesis. Challenged by water insoluble monolayers of 1-hexadecanol or stearic acid, this gland increases lipid production and thus acts as a hydrostatic defense against “wetting”of the siphon, which is closely associated with drowning. Within the perispiracular gland, endoplasmic reticulum appears active in lipid synthesis. Transport of lipid into the tracheal lumen of the siphon is most probably facilitated by microvilli. Larvae treated with 1-hexadecanol and stearic acid chemical monolayers respectively demonstrated 20% and 50% mortality after 24 hours.
Clinical Pharmacy in the United States: Transformation of a Profession

By Robert M. Elenbaas, Pharm.D., FCCP, and Dennis B. Worthen, Ph.D., Published by the American College of Clinical Pharmacy, Lenexa, KS, 2009. xiv + 201 p. Price $59.95 (nonmembers); $39.95 (members) ![Figure][1] This work traces back the birth of clinical pharmacy from the beginning of the
Prevalence of celiac disease among symptom-free children from the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.

Background/Aim: Epidemiological studies of celiac disease (CD) among Saudi children have been performed only within some groups who are at a high risk of developing CD. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of CD among symptom-free children from the public schools of the military campus of National Guard in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Patients and Methods: Between 2012 and 2014, serum samples were collected from 1141 students (age 6–18 years) attending nine public schools of the military campus of National Guard in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Participants were screened for CD by testing for anti-tissue transglutaminase IgA (IgA-tTG) and IgG antibodies (IgG-tTG). Small intestinal biopsy was offered to all participants who tested positive for IgA-tTG [IgA-tTG >20 relative units (RU)/ml]. Results: Of the 1141 participants, 32 were IgA-tTG positive. Thus, the estimated serology-positive prevalence was 3%. An intestinal biopsy was performed in 10 of the participants with antibody positivity. The biopsy findings of all 10 children were consistent with CD. Thus, the estimated biopsy-confirmed prevalence was about 1%. Conclusions: The prevalence of CD was estimated to be about 1% among symptom-free children from the public schools of the military campus of National Guard in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.
Sociology and Justice

Justice is more often an implicit theme than an explicit object of study in sociology. The most obvious causes of this are the strong pressures toward moral relativism and against metaphysical speculation. The effort to comprehend what is, from the point of view of those living it, lends itself to neither absolute judgments nor a unified definition.1
Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton

From 1966 to 1968, Stokely Carmichael was the public face of Black Power, as sncc’ chairman and a scalding orator of international repute. In 1964–65, he had been a snccfield secretary in Lowndes County, Alabama, an overwhelmingly black county where not a single black person could vote. He helped build an all-black political party, the Lowndes County Freedom Organization, which pioneered the imagery of the Black Panther. This excerpt from his 1967 book with political scientist Charles V. Hamilton presented a surprisingly moderate argument. Carmichael and Hamilton insisted that blacks had the same right to vote in a bloc and demand representation as white immigrant groups such as the Irish, Jews, and Italians. This demand was denounced as a racist call for “black supremacy” by many, even some civil rights leaders.
Chapter 1 Dr. Norman E. Borlaug: Twentieth Century Lessons for the Twenty‐First Century World

Abstract In all history, only five persons have received the Nobel Peace Prize, the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal. Norman Borlaug is one. The others are Mother Teresa, Nelson Mandela, Elie Wiesel, and Dr. Martin Luther King. The Congressional Gold Medal was the capstone of an extraordinary journey that began on an Iowa farm in 1914 and that took Borlaug to the University of Minnesota, hardscrabble farm fields of Mexico, famine threatened areas of India and Pakistan, poverty‐stricken villages of Africa, the faculty of Texas A&M University, the White House to accept the National Medal of Science, and eventually back to Iowa to establish the World Food Prize. Named by TIME Magazine as one of the 100 most influential minds of the twentieth century, Borlaug labored in Mexico for 13 years developing a rust‐resistant wheat variety that dramatically increased yields. In the immediate aftermath of World War II, the specter of mass starvation haunted the Indian subcontinent. But, India and Pakistan were pulled back from enormous human tragedy by the pioneers who ushered in the Green Revolution. Norman Borlaug was presented the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 for leading this effort. One of Norman Borlaug's most lasting contributions may be the creation of the World Food Prize to further inspire such breakthrough achievements. It would be only fitting if Borlaug's twentieth century accomplishments would be the vehicle that brought peace and reconciliation to a deeply troubled twenty‐first century world.
Stabilization of Battery Electrodes through Chemical Pre-Intercalation of Layered Materials

Vanadium oxide with bilayered crystal structure shows high specific capacity in intercalation-based energy storage systems, such as Li-ion and Na-ion batteries. The enhanced charge storage ability is attributed to the high oxidation state of vanadium enabling intercalation of more than one Li + (or Na + ) ion per V 2 O 5 unit cell. In addition, large interlayer spacing of ∼10–13 A, typical for the bilayered vanadium oxide, is believed to lead to the facilitated diffusion of charge carrying ions further improving specific capacity of this material. However, we found that initial high capacity of the bilayered V 2 O 5 notably decreases only after a few cycles. In this work, we show results of the capacity stabilization strategy based on inclusion of inorganic ions, other than lithium ion, between the structural layers using chemical pre-intercalation approach. These ions are believed to form bonds with the V–O layered framework improving structural stability of the material during electrochemical cycling, and therefore they are often called stabilizing ions. In this paper we report how electrochemical stability of the A x V 2 O 5 (A = Na, K, Mg, Ca) cathode materials is correlated with the size and charge of the stabilizing ions. Li-preintercalated vanadium oxide (Li x V 2 O 5 ) served as the reference material in this study. We found that chemical insertion of doubly charged, small (r = 0.86 A) Mg 2+ stabilizing ion results in the highest capacity retention.
Continuous Surface Electric Field Contraction Accompanying Electron Transfer from TiO2 to Oxidized Sensitizers

The electric field present while electrons injected into TiO2 recombine with oxidized sensitizers has been quantified for the first time. This advance was enabled by transient study of [Ru(NH3)5(ina)]2+, where ina is isonicotinic acid, anchored to the mesoporous TiO2 thin films used in dye-sensitized solar cells. Light excitation of the characteristic metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) resulted in a significant change in the molecular dipole, Δμ = 9.1 D, that enabled the surface electric field to be transiently quantified after pulsed light excitation. The field present 70 ns after excited-state injection was E = 0.35 MV/cm, and this value decreased continuously with charge recombination. The observed behavior is most consistent with these surface-anchored sensitizers experiencing a continuous contraction of the electric fields due to delocalized electrons, rather than a discrete number of sensitizers experiencing a localized field, as recombination proceeds.
Reply to Nadler: Spinoza and the metaphysics of suicide

ABSTRACTSteven Nadler has argued that Spinoza can, should, and does allow for the possibility of suicide committed as a free and rational action. Given that the conatus is a striving for perfection, Nadler argues, there are cases in which reason guides a person to end her life based on the principle of preferring the lesser evil. If so, Spinoza’s disparaging statements about suicide are intended to apply only to some cases, whereas in others (such as the case of Seneca) he would grant that suicide is dictated by reason. Here, I object to Nadler’s interpretation by showing that it conflicts with Spinoza’s metaphysical psychology. Even given Nadler’s interpretation of the conatus doctrine, the possibility that reason could guide a person to commit suicide is incompatible with the conatus of the mind. Spinoza holds that the mind cannot contain an adequate idea ‘that excludes the existence of our body’ (E3p10). Yet, as I argue, in order for reason to guide a person voluntarily to end her life, she would need ...
Next-gen tools for big scientific data: ARM data center example

The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility (www.arm.gov) provides atmospheric observations from diverse climatic regimes around the world. Currently, ARM archives over 22 million user assessable data files, primarily stored in NetCDF file format, with total data volumes close to one Petabyte. In this paper, we will discuss how ARM is currently storing, distributing, cataloging and visualizing such large volumes of multi-dimensional climate observations and model data and also describe their future plan.
Ancillary Prognostic and Predictive Testing in Breast Cancer: Focus on Discordant, Unusual, and Borderline Results

Ancillary testing in breast cancer has become standard of care to determine what therapies may be most effective for individual patients with breast cancer. Single-marker tests are required on all newly diagnosed and newly metastatic breast cancers. Markers of proliferation are also used, and include both single-marker tests like Ki67 as well as panel-based gene expression tests, which have made more recent contributions to prognostic and predictive testing in breast cancers. This review focuses on pathologist interpretation of these ancillary test results, with a focus on expected versus unexpected results and troubleshooting borderline, unusual, or discordant results.
STATIN DISCONTINUATION, PERCEIVED LACK OF NEED FOR A STATIN AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK: DATA FROM THE REASONS FOR GEOGRAPHIC AND RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN STROKE STUDY

Many people who discontinue statins may not know their own cardiovascular risk or the risk reduction benefits of statins. We examined the percentage of participants who discontinued statins due to perceived lack of need and their willingness to re-initiate treatment in the national REGARDS study.
Paper-Based Electrochemical Detection of Chlorate.

We describe the use of a paper-based probe impregnated with a vanadium-containing polyoxometalate anion, [PMo11VO40]5−, on screen-printed carbon electrodes for the electrochemical determination of chlorate. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronocoulometry were used to characterize the ClO3− response in a pH = 2.5 solution of 100 mM sodium acetate. A linear CV current response was observed between 0.156 and 1.25 mg/mL with a detection limit of 0.083 mg/mL (S/N > 3). This performance was reproducible using [PMo11VO40]5−-impregnated filter paper stored under ambient conditions for as long as 8 months prior to use. At high concentration of chlorate, an additional catalytic cathodic peak was seen in the reverse scan of the CVs, which was digitally simulated using a simple model. For chronocoulometry, the charge measured after 5 min gave a linear response from 0.625 to 2.5 mg/mL with a detection limit of 0.31 mg/mL (S/N > 3). In addition, the slope of charge vs. time also gave a linear response. In this case the linear range was from 0.312 to 2.5 mg/mL with a detection limit of 0.15 mg/mL (S/N > 3). Simple assays were conducted using three types of soil, and recovery measurements reported.
A Review of the Application of Logistic Regression in Educational Research: Common Issues, Implications, and Suggestions.

ABSTRACTThis study reviews the international literature of empirical educational research to examine the application of logistic regression. The aim is to examine common practices of the report and...
A meta translator of a logic grammar that handles missing constituents

The work reported in the present paper concerns a metatranslator that translates into Prolog code a grammar, written in a notation similar to Definite Clause Grammars, augmented with two operations called HOLD and HELD In order to implement these operations the Prolog code produced by the metatranslator maintains a push-down Hold List. The operations are tested in the resolution of bound and unbound missing constituents of natural language sentences.