cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Heat Treatment and Storage Temperature on Phosphatase Reactivation in Butter

Abstract Cream separated from Grade A raw milk was pasteurized at 77, 85, 93, and 101.7 C using holding times of 15 seconds, 10, and 15 seconds, 5, 10, and 15 seconds, and 1, 5, 10, and 15 seconds, respectively. Butter churned from these creams was stored at 4.4 and 10 C for 24 hours, one, two, and four weeks. Phosphatase tests on the butter were made immediately after churning and at the end of each storage period. Positive reactions were observed most frequently under the following conditions: Pasteurization at 93 C for 10 seconds, 10 C storage temperature, four-week storage period, and during the fall season (September–November). No positive reactions were obtained in the butter churned from cream pasteurized at 77 C.
A Two-Stage Procedure for Selection and Assessment of Agreement of the Best Instrument with a Gold Standard

Abstract We consider a method-comparison study of assessing agreement between the gold standard and the unknown best among the k instruments under consideration. The goal is to identify the best when this agreement is close enough in terms of certain metric. We propose a two-stage procedure that employs the logarithm of the mean squared deviation as the metric for comparison and uses its large-sample properties. Our procedure has a prespecified significance level under the null hypothesis of insufficient agreement. Further, it correctly rejects the null hypothesis and selects the true best with probability no less than a prespecified level (in the asymptotic sense), when the best has sufficiently close agreement with the gold standard and is not practically equivalent to other competing instruments. For k = 2, we assume bivariate normality for the differences of paired measurements and study the small-sample properties of the procedure using simulation. We observe that a first-stage sample of size 15 is a...
Practical approaches to feeding the high producing cow

Abstract The feeding period 30 days prepartum to 30 days postpartum is critical for optimum milk yield, health, and reproduction. Two dry cow rations (traditional and transitional) can minimize metabolic disorders, adjust body condition scores, and shift the rumen physiology. Feeding strategies in the transitional diet include higher levels of undegraded protein, added trace minerals and vitamins, anionic salts, yeast culture, niacin, and propylene glycol. Dry matter intake can be 10–18% below target levels achieved later in lactation. Weight loss must be managed to avoid ketosis, maintain fertility, and minimize fatty liver syndrome. Recommended feeding groups would include traditional dry cow group, transition dry cow group, fresh cow group, early lactation group, and first lactation group.
Assignment of the anomalous lines in the proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of alkynoic fatty acids and esters

Abstract The proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra (NMR) of a homologous series of alkynoic fatty esters having the terminal portion of methyl 9-octadecynoate and proximal methylenes varying from one to seven were studied. The previously designated anomalous lines in the NMR spectra of alkynoic acids have been assigned to the proximal internal protons. The change of shape of the lines is attributable to virtual coupling of the proximal internal protons. The chemical shift of the lines is shown to arise as a result of the deshielding of the proximal internal protons by the lateral deshielding zones of the carboxyl group acting in concert with the deshielding effect of the triple bond. The direct change in peak intensity of lines results from the change in the number of proximal internal protons.
William James: His Life and Thought

This book is the first comprehensive interpretative and critical study of one of America's foremost philosophers and psychologists. Gerald Myers traces James's life and career and then uses this fresh biographical information to illuminate his writings and ideas.
Introduction to the JEEG Agricultural Geophysics Special Issue

Near-surface geophysical methods have become increasingly important tools in applied agricultural practices and studies. The great advantage of geophysical methods is their potential rapidity, low cost, and spatial continuity when compared to more traditional methods of assessing agricultural land, such as sample collection and laboratory analysis. Agricultural geophysics investigations commonly focus on obtaining information within the soil profile, which generally does not extend much beyond 2 meters beneath the ground surface. Although the depth of interest oftentimes is rather shallow, the area covered by an agricultural geophysics survey can vary widely in scale, from experimental plots (10 s to 100 s of square meters), to farm fields (10 s to 100 s of hectares), up to the size of watersheds (10 s to 100 s of square kilometers). To date, three predominant methods—resistivity, electromagnetic induction (EMI), and ground-penetrating radar (GPR)—have been used to obtain surface-based geophysical measurements within agricultural settings. However, a recent conference on agricultural geophysics (Bouyoucos Conference on Agricultural Geophysics, September 8–10, 2009, Albuquerque, New Mexico; www.ag-geophysics.org) illustrated that other geophysical methods are being applied or developed. These include airborne electromagnetic induction, magnetometry, seismic, and self-potential methods. Agricultural geophysical studies …
The ultrastructure of disrupted herpesvirus nucleocapsids.

Abstract Nucleocapsids prepared by treating herpes simplex or varicella-zoster virions with Nonidet P-40 were found to be degraded by EDTA-trypsin. Initial action of the enzyme appeared to be to degrade the pentameric capsomeres located on the vertices of the icosahedron and thus cause the capsid to flatten and the capsomeres to align in a characteristic radial array. Examination of hexagonal clusterings of capsomeres showed that they were linked by strands approximately 2 nm wide which originated from edges of the hexagonal prisms. A tri-membered arrangement for these intercapsomeric linkages was proposed in which one strand linked adjacent capsomeres and the central capsomere of the cluster.
Identification of gene(s) involved in carcinogenic progression of ataxia telangiectasia cells

By using vector-mediated gene transfer and expression cloning, cDNAs of dominantly acting genes have been identified that cause phenotypic conversion of cells from flat, contact-inhibited growth to focus formation and anchorage-independent growth. Such morphologic growth changes are consistent with carcinogenic progression steps. Plasmid rescue and polymerase chain reaction amplification have permitted the identification of four candidate cDNAs (two unknown and two known) that are present in these transformed cells. Partial sequence analysis shows that one unknown gene contains sequence homology to the envelope sequences of the human retrovirus (HIV-1). This characteristic suggests that the isolated cDNA may be a putative oncogene. The model system reported here permits identification and characterization of genes that may be associated with progression steps from the immortal state to anchorage independence and tumorigenicity. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Structure of the cysteine-rich intestinal protein, CRIP.

Abstract LIM domains are Zn-binding arrays found in a number of proteins involved in the control of cell differentiation, including several developmentally regulated transcription factors and a human proto-oncogene product. The rat cysteine-rich intestinal protein, CRIP, is a 76-residue polypeptide which contains a LIM motif. The solution structure of CRIP has been determined by homonuclear and1H-15N heteronuclear correlated nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Structures with individual distance violations of ≤0.03 A and penalties (squared sum of distance violations) of ≤0.06 A2were generated with a total of 500 nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE)-derived distance restraints (averaging 15.6 restraints per refined residue). Superposition of backbone heavy atoms of ordered residues relative to mean atom positions is achieved with pairwise rms deviations of 0.54(±0.14) A. As observed previously for a peptide with the sequence of the C-terminal LIM domain from the avian cysteine-rich protein, CRP (cCRP-LIM2), CRIP binds two equivalents of zinc, forming N-terminal CCHC (Cys3, Cys6, His24, Cys27) and C-terminal CCCC (Cys30, Cys33, Cys51, Cys55) modules. The CCHC and CCCC modules in CRIP contain two orthogonally-arrayed antiparallel β-sheets. The C-terminal end of the CCHC module contains a tight turn and the C terminus of the CCCC module forms an α-helix. The modules pack via hydrophobic interactions, forming a compact structure that is similar to that observed for cCRP-LIM2. The most significant differences between the structures occur at the CCHC module–CCCC module interface, which results in a difference in the relative orientations of the modules, and at the C terminus where the α-helix appears to be packed more tightly against the preceding antiparallel β-sheet. The greater abundance of NOE information obtained for CRIP relative to cCRP-LIM2, combined with the analysis of J-coupling and proton chemical shift data, have allowed a more detailed evaluation of the molecular level interactions that stabilize the fold of the LIM motif.
The Tourette's Disorder Scale (TODS): development, reliability, and validity.

To address the lack of a simple and standardized instrument to assess overall illness severity of Tourette's disorder (TD), the authors developed and tested a 15-item scale to measure a broad range of common symptoms including tics, inattention, hyperactivity, obsessions, compulsions, aggression, and emotional symptoms. Independent investigators used the 15-item Tourette's Disorder Scale (TODS) to assess 60 TD patients who were taking part in a double-blind placebo-controlled multicenter 8-week treatment study. Interrater reliability, internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity, and sensitivity to change were examined. The TODS was associated with good interrater reliability, excellent internal consistency, and favorable levels of validity and sensitivity to change. Individual TODS items showed good convergent and discriminant validity against other measures. The TODS is a simple, efficient way for clinicians and parents to rate the severity of multiple symptoms commonly found in patients w...
Surgery of the renal arteries

Hypertension is a pervasive disease affecting between 10% and 15% of the population. Hypertension is manifested silently by an accelerated rate of atherosclerosis leading to increased incidence of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular morbidities and deaths. Through activation of the renin-angiotensin axis, renovascular disease (RVD) accounts for approximately 5% of this hypertensive population. Recently, the relationship between renovascular occlusive disease and progressive renal insufficiency has been delineated and termed ischemic nephropathy. Patients with ischemic nephropathy present with hypertension in conjunction with elevated serum creatinine. It has been estimated that 15% of patients initiating dialysis each year have renovascular disease as the origin of their renal dysfunction. Renal dysfunction is due to a global reduction in renal perfusion, most often as a result of bilateral renal artery occlusive disease, although a mild form of renal insufficiency can be brought on by unilateral occlusive disease due to the effects of the renin-angiotensin system on the contralateral kidney. Historically, treatment of RVD has been centered on interrupting the renin-angiotensin axis and curing the resultant hypertension and its associated morbid disease. Currently, repair efficacy has been realized with concurrent retrieval of excretory renal function and cure of renovascular hypertension.
Depolarization elicits, while hyperpolarization blocks uptake of endogenous glutamate by retinal horizontal cells of the turtle

We have employed an immunoreaction against glutamate to qualitatively demonstrate varying levels of glutamate in retinal horizontal cells of the turtle. Glutamate-like immunoreactivity (GLI) in horizontal cells could be demonstrated after glutamate decarboxylase was inhibited by aminooxy acetic acid (AOAA) and its degradation to GABA was blocked. Depolarization of horizontal cells by kainic acid (KA) induces strong glutamate immunoreactivity in these cells, whereas hyperpolarization by 2,3-cis piperidine dicarboxylate (PDA) abolishes glutamate-like immunoreactivity in horizontal cells. When glutamate release from cones and bipolar cells is blocked in the absence of calcium, or when glutamate uptake is blocked by DL-threo β-hydroxy aspartate, KA/AOAA treatment of the retina does not induce GLI in horizontal cells. Our data show that horizontal cells are capable of taking up glutamate from the endogenous retinal pool in an activity dependent way. Our interpretation of these findings is that retinal horizontal cells are capable of regulating glutamate levels in the extracellular space of the cone pedicle complex by an activity-dependent uptake system. We suggest that inhibition of glutamate uptake upon hyperpolarization rather than inhibition of GABA release may evoke the antagonistic surround response of retinal bipolar cells.
δ-Aminolevulinic acid effects on neuronal and glial tumor cell lines

Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) or precursor syndrome is a well described neuropathic clinical entity with incompletely known etiology. The most prominent biological abnormalities associated with this syndrome are elevations in serum and hepatic δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and porphobilinogen (PBG). We determined the impact of ALA and PBG on human neuroblastoma and glioblastoma tumor cell survival as measured by the MTT assay. ALA proved to be cytotoxic in neuroblastoma cells, while PBG lacked cytotoxic effects. This cytotoxic effect of ALA could be enhanced by deferoxamine and diminished by heme, presumably through modulation of ALA synthesis. In conclusion, ALA excess may prove to be associated with the development of neuropathy in AIP.
Tuberculous Empyema Treated with Streptokinase-Streptodornase: Report of a Case with Cure

A patient with tuberculous empyema and non-expandable lung was treated by the pleural instillation of streptococcal concentrates containing streptokinase-streptodornase. The enzyme therapy resulted in prompt expansion of the lung and disappearance of the empyema following aspirations. The enzyme solution may be specific in the treatment of tuberculous empyema when used before irreversible pathological changes have taken place.
The Use of Liver Transglutaminase for Protein Labeling

Guinea-pig transglutaminase catalyzes the formation of an amide bond between the γ-carboxyl group of peptide-bound glutamine and a variety of amines, including fluorescent or spin-labeled derivatives. A systematic study was conducted with this enzyme in order to establish its usefulness as a protein-labeling technique. Transglutaminase-catalyzed amine incorporation was tested with isolated proteins, intact cells, membrane preparations, and virus particles. It was found that, due to its large molecular weight and its specificity, the transglutaminase reaction is limited to highly exposed glutamine residues. For example, proteins such as tubulin and α2-macroglobulin were modified while immunoglobulins (IgG) from a variety of sources were not, despite their high glutamine content. The peptide hormone glucagon was modified by transglutaminase, which resulted in the loss of hormonal activity. Most of the intact cells were not labeled with transglutaminase. Only in the case of human fibroblasts the labeling of a few heavy-molecular-weight proteins, including large external transformation-sensitive (LETS) protein, occurred. However, isolated membrane preparations, such as erythrocyte ghosts, sarcoplamic reticulum and retinal disc membranes, were significantly labeled. Intact influenza virions were susceptible to the transglutaminase-catalyzed reaction; however, only hemaglutinin but not neuraminidase was labeled. The transglutaminase reaction was found useful when specific and limited labeling is required. This technique should be particularly amenable for the introduction of fluorescent probes into membrane proteins and for elucidation of the structure-function relationship of the proteins.
Metallurgical amd electroluminescence characteristics of vapor-phase and liquid-phase epitaxial junction structures of In x Ga 1−x As

InxGa1−xAs (x = 0.05 to 0.32) p-n junction structures have been grown on GaAs substrates by vapor-phase epitaxy (VPE) and liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE). It is shown that by step-grading the VPE material, lattice-mismatch strain can be absorbed by dislocations at the grading interfaces, leaving the final constant-composition device layers relatively dislocation free. In contrast, the dislocation density for LPE InxGa1−xAs increases with increasing InAs concentration. For both materials, diffusion lengths, electroluminescence efficiencies, and 77°K laser-diode parameters (threshold and efficiency) can be correlated with their dislocation densities. The VPE materials have electrical and luminescence properties that are independent of InAs concentration, and match those of their GaAs counterparts. The LPE materials exhibit properties that degrade with increasing InAs concentration.
Gamma radiation effects on indium-zinc oxide thin-film transistors

Abstract The effect of gamma radiation on low-temperature fabricated indium–zinc–oxide (IZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) has been investigated. A negative turn-on voltage shift and sub-threshold swing degradation are observed after irradiation with a total dose of 1.7 Mrads from 60 Co. There is an increase in electron mobility from 2.8 to 8.8 cm 2 /V-s after the exposure. The changes in the electrical properties of these TFTs are attributed to the combined effects of interface states creation and electron–hole pair generation in the insulating layer. Better electrical reliability of the IZO TFTs over amorphous-silicon TFTs makes them promising candidates for space applications.
Work in progress - a first-year introduction-to-engineering course on Society’s Engineering Grand Challenges

A new cross-disciplinary first-year course, ldquoIntroduction to Societypsilas Engineering Grand Challenges,rdquo has been developed as part of a college-wide initiative at the University of Wisconsin-Madison to transform undergraduate engineering education for 2010 and beyond. The inspiration for developing this new course was the National Academy of Engineeringpsilas ldquoEngineering Grand Challengesrdquo project. By emphasizing humanitarian applications in an introductory engineering course, we expect to not only inspire future generations of engineers and show students how the skills they will be learning can have a positive impact on quality of life, but also encourage more women to pursue engineering degrees. The course consists of an introductory module followed by two theme-based modules of the studentpsilas choosing, selected from the following themes: ldquoEngineering challenges that impact our lives on a personal scale,rdquo ldquoEngineering for the developing world,rdquo ldquoEngineering the megacity,rdquo ldquoGlobal engineering challenges,rdquo and ldquoEngineering beyond Planet Earth.rdquo The team-taught course is being offered for the first time in the spring of 2008. This paper presents an overview of the course, the expected outcomes, and the preliminary results from a survey-based assessment tool.
Prolactin activation of phospholipase A activity in membrane preparations from mammary glands.

The addition of prolactin to the 150,000 x g sedimented fraction of mammarygland homogenates increased by about two-fold the rate of [3H]-arachidonic acid released from phosphatidyl choline. This enhanced activity was observed during incubation periods of 1–3 hours and occurred with prolactin concentrations ranging between 2.5 and 100 yg per 300 βl. The enhanced rate of arachidonic acid release fromphosphatidyl choline suggests that prolactin stimulates phospholipase A activity and this may be the primary site of action of prolactin in the mammary gland. Specificity of the prolactin effect is suggested by the fact that growth hormone at 100 yg per 300 βl had no effect on the rate of [3H]-arachidonic acid release from phosphatidyl choline.
A general test data generator for COBOL

This article discusses the effort being made by the Air Force Logistics Command in developing a method of generating effective program test data. This "Test Data Generator" is designed to operate in conjunction with the COBOL compiler implemented by AFLC. As such, the system not only builds data conforming to descriptions given in the Data Division of a COBOL program but also places in these items necessary data relationships to test the logic of the COBOL program. Both the utilization and the method of operation of the system are discussed in this paper.
Enantioselective construction of quaternary N-heterocycles by palladium-catalysed decarboxylative allylic alkylation of lactams

The enantioselective synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocycles (N-heterocycles) represents a substantial chemical research effort and resonates across numerous disciplines, including the total synthesis of natural products and medicinal chemistry. In this Article, we describe the highly enantioselective palladium-catalysed decarboxylative allylic alkylation of readily available lactams to form 3,3-disubstituted pyrrolidinones, piperidinones, caprolactams and structurally related lactams. Given the prevalence of quaternary N-heterocycles in biologically active alkaloids and pharmaceutical agents, we envisage that our method will provide a synthetic entry into the de novo asymmetric synthesis of such structures. As an entry for these investigations we demonstrate how the described catalysis affords enantiopure quaternary lactams that intercept synthetic intermediates previously used in the synthesis of the Aspidosperma alkaloids quebrachamine and rhazinilam, but that were previously only available by chiral auxiliary approaches or as racemic mixtures.
Derived access control specification for XML

The growth in interchange of business and other sensitive data has led to increasing interest in access control. While broad-based access control may be adequate for library-style document bases, new applications demand different access rights on different documents, or different parts of a document. Methods have been developed that enforce fine-grained access control in XML, but the administrative complexity of hard-coding rules is still a challenge. We present an XQuery-based approach for deriving access control rules from schemalevel rules, document or database content, or rules on other documents. This approach provides a novel capability to exploit non-structural information in broadly-applicable rules, making it feasible to specify data- and context-dependent rules for large document sets.
Deconvolution Estimation in Measurement Error Models: The R Package decon

Data from many scientific areas often come with measurement error. Density or distribution function estimation from contaminated data and nonparametric regression with errors-in-variables are two important topics in measurement error models. In this paper, we present a new software package decon for R, which contains a collection of functions that use the deconvolution kernel methods to deal with the measurement error problems. The functions allow the errors to be either homoscedastic or heteroscedastic. To make the deconvolution estimators computationally more efficient in R, we adapt the fast Fourier transform algorithm for density estimation with error-free data to the deconvolution kernel estimation. We discuss the practical selection of the smoothing parameter in deconvolution methods and illustrate the use of the package through both simulated and real examples.
Crisis in the NHS.

I refer to the article by Edin Lakasing and Heather Francis1 — may I congratulate you on publishing it. The article should be compulsory reading for all policy makers in the Department of Health and for every member of the RCGP and BMA. It is eloquent, accurate, and painfully honest in the way it lays the problems bare. If either of the authors were to stand for election they would have my vote.
Implications of Growing Biofuel Demands on Northeast Livestock Feed Costs

The relationship between complete-feed prices and ingredient prices is estimated in order to analyze the effect of higher commodity prices on feed costs, with particular attention paid to the substitutability of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Using the historical price correlation between corn and DDGS, each $1 per ton increase in the price of corn increases feed costs between $0.45 and $0.59 per ton across livestock sectors. Marginal feed costs based on lower forecasted price correlations are reduced between $0.05 to $0.12 per ton across livestock sectors, but only for the dairy ration is the reduction statistically significant. Overall, DDGS cost savings are relatively limited and insufficient to offset the impact of other higher-priced feedstocks.
Encephalitozoon cuniculi Strain III Is a Cause of Encephalitozoonosis in Both Humans and Dogs

Microsporidia are obligate intracellular eukaryotic organisms found in a wide range of vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Encephalitozoon cuniculi is commonly found in domestic rabbits and rodents and also occurs in dogs, other canids, and primates, including humans. DNA sequencing of the ribosomal RNA genes has been used to identify these parasites to a species level and to define E. cuniculi strains I, II, and III. Eight new dog isolates were characterized as E. cuniculi strain III by use of molecular methods. This strain has also been identified in isolates from immunocompromised humans, suggesting the zoonotic potential of this parasite species. Prolonged microsporidial spore shedding from asymptomatic dogs is also reported.
Nomenclature-based data retrieval without prior annotation: facilitating biomedical data integration with fast doublet matching.

Assigning nomenclature codes to biomedical data is an arduous, expensive and error-prone task. Data records are coded to to provide a common representation of contained concepts, allowing facile retrieval of records via a standard terminology. In the medical field, cancer registrars, nurses, pathologists, and private clinicians all understand the importance of annotating medical records with vocabularies that codify the names of diseases, procedures, billing categories, etc. Molecular biologists need codified medical records so that they can discover or validate relationships between experimental data and clinical data. This paper introduces a new approach to retrieving data records without prior coding. The approach achieves the same result as a search over pre-coded records. It retrieves all records that contain any terms that are synonymous with a user's query-term. A recently described fast algorithm (the doublet method) permits quick iterative searches over every synonym for any term from any nomenclature occurring in a dataset of any size. As a demonstration, a 105+ Megabyte corpus of Pubmed abstracts was searched for medical terms. Query terms were matched against either of two vocabularies and expanded as an array of equivalent search items. A single search term may have over one hundred nomenclature synonyms, all of which were searched against the full database. Iterative searches of a list of concept-equivalent terms involves many more operations than a single search over pre-annotated concept codes. Nonetheless, the doublet method achieved fast query response times (0.05 seconds using Snomed and 5 seconds using the Developmental Lineage Classification of Neoplasms, on a computer with a 2.89 GHz processor). Pre-annotated datasets lose their value when the chosen vocabulary is replaced by a different vocabulary or by a different version of the same vocabulary. The doublet method can employ any version of any vocabulary with no pre-annotation. In many instances, the enormous effort and expense associated with data annotation can be eliminated by on-the-fly doublet matching. The algorithm for nomenclature-based database searches using the doublet method is described. Perl scripts for implementing the algorithm and testing execution speed are provided as open source documents available from the Association for Pathology Informatics (www.pathologyinformatics.org/informatics r.htm).
Distributed discrete-event simulation

Traditional discrete-event simulations employ an inherently sequential algorithm. In practice, simulations of large systems are limited by this sequentiality, because only a modest number of events can be simulated. Distributed discrete-event simulation (carried out on a network of processors with asynchronous message-communicating capabilities) is proposed as an alternative; it may provide better performance by partitioning the simulation among the component processors. The basic distributed simulation scheme, which uses time encoding, is described. Its major shortcoming is a possibility of deadlock. Several techniques for deadlock avoidance and deadlock detection are suggested. The focus of this work is on the theory of distributed discrete-event simulation.
GENETICS AND GENOMICS IN PEDIATRIC SEPTIC SHOCK

Objectives Pediatric septic shock continues to be an important public health problem. Several investigative groups have applied genetic and genomic approaches as a means of identifying novel pathways and therapeutic targets, discovery of sepsis-related biomarkers, and identification of septic shock subclasses. This review will highlight studies in pediatric sepsis with a focus on gene association studies and genome-wide expression profiling.
Wealth Accounting, Exhaustible Resources and Social Welfare

The empirical literature on natural resource accounting uses methods which implicitly or explicitly entail measuring changes in total resource asset value when an exhaustible resource is depleted. In contrast, the growth theoretic literature on saving, social welfare and sustainable development is built upon a central finding, that the change in real wealth (as measured by net or ‘genuine’ saving) is proportional to the change in social welfare. We show that the change in total wealth exceeds the change in real wealth in optimal and non-optimal models of resource-extracting economies. This suggests that the change in social welfare is over-estimated when the change in total resource asset value is used as the measure of depletion. A simple empirical exercise, using World Bank data on ‘adjusted net saving’, reinforces the results from theory.
Modeling the forms of international cooperation: distribution versus information

The problems of distribution and information impede international cooperation. They arise when actors select how they will cooperate. An exploration of the interaction between these problems using a limited information model of cooperation leads to six conclusions. First, leadership solutions to coordination problems always exist, but leadership here is very different from hegemonic provision of public goods. Second, actors can cooperate in the face of anarchy even without a shadow of the future. Third, diffuse reciprocal strategies arise naturally in coordination problems. Fourth, norms and institutions are intertwined within successful cooperation. Fifth, the form of cooperation on an issue varies with the relative importance of distribution and information. Finally and most important, distributional and informational problems interfere with each other. Arrangements to cooperate can successfully address one, but not both, of these problems.
Tau Paired Helical Filaments from Alzheimer's Disease Brain and Assembled in Vitro Are Based on β-Structure in the Core Domain†

Tau protein, a neuronal microtubule-associated protein, forms insoluble fibers (“paired helical filaments”) in Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies. Conflicting views on the structure of the f...
The Papillomavirus Episteme: a central resource for papillomavirus sequence data and analysis

The goal of the Papillomavirus Episteme (PaVE) is to provide an integrated resource for the analysis of papillomavirus (PV) genome sequences and related information. The PaVE is a freely accessible, web-based tool (http://pave.niaid.nih.gov) created around a relational database, which enables storage, analysis and exchange of sequence information. From a design perspective, the PaVE adopts an Open Source software approach and stresses the integration and reuse of existing tools. Reference PV genome sequences have been extracted from publicly available databases and reannotated using a custom-created tool. To date, the PaVE contains 241 annotated PV genomes, 2245 genes and regions, 2004 protein sequences and 47 protein structures, which users can explore, analyze or download. The PaVE provides scientists with the data and tools needed to accelerate scientific progress for the study and treatment of diseases caused by PVs.
Manifestations of Magnetic Field Inhomogeneities

Both observations and simulations reveal large inhomogeneities in magnetic field distributions in diffuse plasmas. Incorporating these inhomogeneities into various calculations can significantly change the inferred physical conditions. In extragalactic sources, e.g., these can compromise analyses of spectral ageing, which I will illustrate with some current work on cluster relics. I also briefly re-examine the old issue of how inhomogeneous fields affect particle lifetimes; perhaps not surprisingly, the next generation of radio telescopes are unlikely to find many sources that can extend their lifetimes from putting relativistic electrons into a low-field ‘freezer’. Finally, I preview some new EVLA results on the complex relic in Abell 2256, with implications for the interspersing of its relativistic and thermal plasmas.
Neutron Detection With Gamma-Ray Spectrometers for Border Security Applications

Development of technologies for neutron detection that do not require 3He is important because the supply of 3He is very limited, and the cost of the gas is becoming prohibitive for many applications. This study evaluates the ability to detect neutron sources with gamma-ray spectrometers that are already present in many radiation measurement systems. Detection is based on count rates for gamma rays in the 3 to 8 MeV range, which are produced by the emission of fission gamma rays and neutron capture reactions in vehicles and their cargo. For materials in the normal stream of commerce, gamma rays above 3 MeV are produced only by sources that also emit neutrons. Therefore, unless the gamma-ray count rate is high enough to produce excessive random pileup, the detection of high-energy gamma rays provides an unambiguous indication of the presence of a neutron source. As part of this investigation, several shields that are suitable for use in radiation portals were constructed and characterized for their abilities to produce additional high-energy, neutron-capture gamma rays. A shield (composed of alternating layers of polyethylene and steel) enhances the ability to detect neutrons without producing detrimental effects for gamma-ray measurements. Calculations show that when shielded by neutron-detection-enhancing materials, NaI detectors can be as sensitive to the presence of a concealed neutron source as moderated 3He detectors.
On the modification of an eigenvalue problem that preserves an eigenspace

Eigenvalue problems arise in many application areas ranging from computational fluid dynamics to information retrieval. In these fields we are often interested in only a few eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of a sparse matrix. In this paper, we comment on the modifications of the eigenvalue problem that can simplify the computation of those eigenpairs. These transformations allow us to avoid difficulties associated with non-Hermitian eigenvalue problems, such as the lack of reliable non-Hermitian eigenvalue solvers, by mapping them into generalized Hermitian eigenvalue problems. Also, they allow us to expose and explore parallelism. They require knowledge of a selected eigenvalue and preserve its eigenspace. The positive definiteness of the Hermitian part is inherited by the matrices in the generalized Hermitian eigenvalue problem. The position of the selected eigenspace in the ordering of the eigenvalues is also preserved under certain conditions. The effect of using approximate eigenvalues in the transformation is analyzed and numerical experiments are presented.
My music, my world: using the MP3 player to shape experience in London

This article examines the ways in which individuals use MP3 players to shape their experiences of the London commute. To investigate MP3 listening practices, I conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with eight DJs and ‘listeners’ living in London. I argue that MP3 players enable individuals to use music to precisely shape their experiences of space, place, others and themselves while moving through the city. In doing so, individuals experience great control as they transform urban journeys into private and pleasurable spaces. While experienced effects of MP3 player listening were similar among respondents, pre-existing relationships to music appear to relate to motivations for use. This article draws on a variety of social theorists ranging from Simmel and Adorno to Lefebvre to interrogate the experience of control MP3 users describe, and to understand the implications for the autonomy of urban inhabitants.
BiCMOS process design for mixed-signal applications

Mixed-signal BiCMOS processes must provide for higher-voltage operation and diverse components to support a fragmented market. Most BiCMOS processes have evolved from an existing core 5V CMOS technology. The impact on process design of extending the voltage range and adding analog components is described. The ABCMOS-2 process, whose device cross-sections are shown, is used to illustrate the effects. Its major performance parameters are summarized, and components and future trends are considered. >
Fish assemblages respond to altered flow regimes via ecological filtering of life history strategies

SUMMARY 1. In riverine ecosystems, streamflow determines the physical template upon which the life history strategies of biota are forged. Human freshwater needs and activities have resulted in widespread alteration of the variability, predictability and timing of streamflow, and anticipating the biotic consequences of anthropogenic streamflow alteration is critical for successful environmental flow management. In this study, we examined relationships between dam characteristics, metrics of flow alteration and fish functional community composition according to life history strategies by coupling stream flow records and fish survey data in paired flow-regulated and free-flowing rivers across the conterminous United States. 2. Dam operations have generally reduced flow variability and increased flow constancy based on a comparison of pre- and post-dam flow records (respective mean record lengths 26.2 and 43.1 years). In agreement with ecological theory, fish assemblages downstream of dams were characterised by a lower proportion of opportunistic species (a strategy favoured in environmental settings dominated by unpredictable environmental change) and a higher proportion of equilibrium species (a strategy favoured in more stable, predictable environments) compared to free-flowing, neighbouring locations. 3. Multiple linear regression models provided modest support for links between alteration of specific flow attributes and differential life history representation below dams, and they provided strong support for life history associations with dam attributes (age and release type). We also found support for a relationship of both reduced flow variability and dam age with higher representation of non-native species below dams. 4. Our study demonstrated that river regulation by large dams has significant hydrological and biological consequences across the United States. We showed that on ecological time scales (i.e. the order of years to decades), dams are effectively changing the functional composition of communities that have established over millennia. Furthermore, the changes are directional and indicate a filtering by dams for some life histories (equilibrium strategists) and against other life histories (opportunists). Finally, our study highlights that dependence upon long-term flow records and availability of biotic surveys extracted from national survey efforts limit our ability to guide environmental flow standards particularly in data-poor regions.
Ssa1 Overexpression and [PIN+] Variants Cure [PSI+] by Dilution of Aggregates

Abstract Several cellular chaperones have been shown to affect the propagation of the yeast prions [PSI+], [PIN+] and [URE3]. Ssa1 and Ssa2 are Hsp70 family chaperones that generally cause pro-[PSI+] effects, since dominant-negative mutants of Ssa1 or Ssa2 cure [PSI+], and overexpression of Ssa1 enhances de novo [PSI+] appearance and prevents curing by excess Hsp104. In contrast, Ssa1 was shown to have anti-[URE3] effects, since overexpression of Ssa1 cures [URE3]. Here we show that excess Ssa1 or Ssa2 can also cure [PSI+]. This curing is enhanced in the presence of [PIN+]. During curing, Sup35–GFP fluorescent aggregates get bigger and fewer in number, which leads to their being diluted out during cell division, a phenotype that was also observed during the curing of [PSI+] by certain variants of [PIN+]. The sizes of the detergent-resistant [PSI+] prion oligomers increase during [PSI+] curing by excess Ssa1. Excess Ssa1 likewise leads to an increase in oligomer sizes of low, medium and very high [PIN+] variants. While these phenotypes are also caused by inhibition of Hsp104 or Sis1, the overexpression of Ssa1 did not cause any change in Hsp104 or Sis1 levels.
Dawn and Dusk “Chorus” in Visually Communicating Jamaican Anole Lizards

Abstract: A key hypothesis explaining the existence of dawn and dusk choruses in acoustically communicating animals centers on the need to advertise continued territorial occupancy after and before a period of nocturnal inactivity. If this hypothesis is correct, it follows that similar dawn and dusk choruses should occur in territorial animals exploiting other signal modalities. Adult male Anolis lizards defend territories by using elaborate head‐bobbing displays and extensions of a throat fan or dewlap. Males are inactive at night and return to their territories at dawn, remaining there until dusk. I quantified the production of visual displays as a function of time of day for four species on the island of Jamaica: Anolis lineatopus, Anolis sagrei, Anolis grahami, and Anolis opalinus. All exhibited dawn and/or dusk peaks in display behavior. These patterns have remarkable parallels with the dawn and dusk choruses reported for many acoustically communicating animals.
Alleviation of Oxidative-Stress Induced by Drought Through Application of Compost in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Plants

Water deficit is one of the main environmental factors that adversely affect plant growth and productivity. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of compost (Co) addition to soil on total biomass production (TBP), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activities of the antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR)), as well as non-antioxidant enzymes (ascorbate (ASC), glutathione (GSH)) in wheat plants under well-watered and drought stress conditions. Seeds were germinated in plastic pots containing either sandy soil or sandy soil amended with the compost under natural conditions. At the beginning of blooming stage, two levels of soil moisture (80% of the soil field capacity for well-watered control and 40% for drought stress treatment) were applied for 28 days. Drought stress significantly decreased TBP; however application of compost increased this parameter. Plant biomass production was higher in compost-treated plants than that in untreated ones. Data also showed that there were lower superoxide (O ) anion radical and hydrogen peroxide 2 -- (H O ) and the by-product of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde (MDA)) concentrations in leaves of compost- 22 treated plants grown under well-watered (WW) and drought stress (DS) conditions. Compost application led to increasing the activities of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, GPX, CAT, APX and GR of wheat grown under drought conditions, compared to the control plants. Levels of ASC and GSH in leaves were higher in compost- treated than that in untreated plants under WW and DS conditions. All these changes contributed to protecting wheat leaves from oxidative stress damage induced by drought as indicated by low levels of ROS. Data suggested that compost alleviates oxidative damage in wheat plants grown under drought by improving plant growth and activating antioxidant defense systems, thereby improving stability of membranes in plant cells. This study provides evidence for a beneficial effect of compost application in enhancing drought tolerance of wheat under water deficit conditions.
Anodic process of electrorefining spent driver fuel in molten LiCl-KCl-UCl3/Cd system

This paper summarizes the experimental results and engineering aspects regarding the anodic process for electrorefining irradiated EBR-II driver fuel assemblies. This work is part of a demonstration project for the Department of Energy (DOE) to treat spent nuclear fuel. The focus of this paper is on the anode due to its unique geometry, complex chemical compositions and highly demanding process goals. Chemical analysis results of cladding hull samples were used as the key criteria to evaluate the effectiveness of the uranium dissolution and noble metal retention. A parametric study indicated that the diffusion of reactants in the porous fuel matrix was the rate-controlling step to the uranium dissolution from the chopped fuel segments. Anode resistance was the most effective parameter to assess the completeness of uranium dissolution and noble metal retention.
African Americans and Clinical Research: Evidence Concerning Barriers and Facilitators to Participation and Recruitment Recommendations

Purpose of the study The goal of the study was to examine barriers and facilitators to clinical research participation among African Americans, as well as recommendations for overcoming these. Design and methods Eight focus groups were conducted consisting of 64 individuals. These focus groups targeted 2 groups of individuals: (a) community members, including both individuals involved in research and individuals not involved in research, and (b) community leaders, including clergy, community health care providers and service providers who may influence decisions to participate in research. Results Among participants in both groups, the most common barriers to participation included fear and mistrust of research due to multiple factors, such as a lack of information about research and prevailing knowledge of historical occurrences. Facilitators to research participation included intrinsic factors, such as a desire to help others, and extrinsic factors, such as familiarity with the research recruiter. The focus groups also directly engaged participants in discussions of strategies that might improve recruitment, such as the importance of providing personal stories that enable community members to understand the potential benefits of research. Implications Findings from these focus groups address the mandate from funding agencies that emphasize the importance of including racially diverse populations in clinical research studies, and offer potential solutions for increasing the recruitment and retention of minority participants.