cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physiologic Monitoring of Stroke in Intensive Care Settings

This chapter discusses physiologic monitoring of stroke in intensive care settings. Cardiorespiratory monitoring in patients who have had a stroke is important for several reasons. Cerebrovascular disease commonly coexists with coronary artery disease. Stroke patients are more likely to die from cardiac dysfunction than from cerebral ischemia. Electrocardiography (ECG) is one of the most well entrenched, noninvasive monitoring techniques. Although every patient in an ICU undergoes continuous ECG monitoring, clinicians are unaware of over 75% of dysrhythmias and ischemic episodes detected. It is important to note that the autoregulatory curve in patients with chronic hypertension shifts to the right. In these individuals, the upper and lower limits of mean arterial pressure autoregulation are shifted upward in proportion to the magnitude of the patient's hypertension. A thorough knowledge of the mechanics of the catheter and the implicit assumptions made during its use is necessary to correctly interpret the clinical data that the device produces. Accurate data gleaned from these measurements allows the clinician to more effectively control cerebral blood flow. For most patients with normal heart rates manipulation of the stroke volume by maximizing the preload or altering the ionotropic state of the myocardium are the most common strategies used to increase cardiac output.
Sporadic intramedullary hemangioblastoma of the spine: a single institutional review of 21 cases.

Introduction: Sporadic intramedullary spinal cord hemangioblastomas are rare, vascular tumours that can present with significant neurological dysfunction. Surgical resection is the standard treatment for these lesions, and we report our institution's experience with patients who underwent surgery for sporadic intramedullary spinal cord hemangioblastomas.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 21 patients (14 male, 7 female) who underwent a total of 23 surgeries for sporadic intramedullary spinal cord hemangioblastoma between 1996 and 2014.We recorded demographic, operative and postoperative factors.Results: The median age was 45 years (IQR: 28). All tumours were present in the cervical (13 of 21, 62%) or thoracic (nine of 21, 43%) spine (one patient had tumours in both locations). Thirteen patients (62%) also had concurrent syringomyelia spanning a median of 11 vertebral levels (IQR: 5). Total resection was achieved in all but one surgery, and no cases involved intraoperative complications. However, postoper...
Stoichiometry and topology in protein folding.

(2011). Stoichiometry and Topology in Protein Folding. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics: Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 617-618.
Linking bacterial diversity and geochemistry of uranium-contaminated groundwater

To understand the link between bacterial diversity and geochemistry in uranium-contaminated groundwater, microbial communities were assessed based on clone libraries of 16S rDNA genes from the USDOE Oak Ridge Field Research Centre (FRC) site. Four groundwater wells (GW835, GW836, FW113-47 and FW215-49) with a wide range of pH (3 to 7), nitrate (44 to 23,400 mg L−1), uranium (0.73 to 60.36 mg L−1) and other metal contamination, were investigated. Results indicated that bacterial diversity correlated with the geochemistry of the groundwater. Microbial diversity decreased in relation to the contamination levels of the wells. The highly contaminated well (FW113-47) had lower gene diversity than less contaminated wells (FW215-49, GW835 and GW836). The high concentrations of contaminants present in well FW113-47 stimulated the growth of organisms capable of reducing uranium (Shewanella and Pseudomonas), nitrate (Pseudomonas, Rhodanobacter and Xanthomonas) and iron (Stenotrophomonas), and which were unique to th...
Effects of the Bending Mode of Vibration on the Hyperfine Structure of ICN

The bending mode of vibration in ICN introduces an asymmetry in the electric field gradient at the iodine nucleus. From an observed variation in the $l$-type doublet splittings of various hyperfine components for the ${v}_{2}=1$ state, the asymmetry parameter is determined as $\ensuremath{\eta}=0.0087$. It is found that the measured splittings can be accounted for fully by including second-order perturbation terms arising from field asymmetry. The ratio $\frac{{(\mathrm{eqQ})}_{v=0}}{{(\mathrm{eqQ})}_{{v}_{2}=1}}$ is measured as 1.0039. This ratio and the observed value of $\ensuremath{\eta}$ are discussed in terms of the molecular bending and I-C bonding electrons.
The surprising social mobility of Victorian Britain

This paper derives new estimates of social mobility in England and Wales between 1851 and 1901, using a large new dataset of fathers and sons linked across censuses from 1851-1881 and 1881-1901. Mobility rates were substantially greater than has been previously estimated, to the extent that mobility in the 1850s was only slightly less than in the 1970s. The development of mass public education in England after 1870 thus had surprisingly modest effects over the long run. Earnings mobility increased moderately for the first generation under public education (1881-1901), but did not increase over the course of the twentieth century. Copyright , Oxford University Press.
Failure of food-aversion conditioning to suppress predatory attack of the grasshopper mouse, Onychomys leucogaster

Food-aversion learning has suppressed predatory attacks toward live prey in several but not all species tested. The purpose here is to show that, in the case of the carnivorous grasshopper mouse, stimuli associated with the movement of the prey contribute to the failure of conditioned taste aversion to suppress an attack. Mice were given intraperitoneal injections of LiCl immediately after an attack or feeding. Mice developed some aversion to the live prey, but not enough to suppress an attack. When the experiment was repeated using dead prey, an attack was suppressed in the majority of the mice. When the suppression of attack toward live and dead prey was measured using a noxious chemical coating as a deterrent, again attacks were inhibited more successfully with dead prey than with live prey. These results are consistent with the notions that the mouse's response to the prey's movements overrides the aversion-induced inhibition of killing and that eating and killing are controlled by separate mechanisms.
A spatio-temporal analysis of on-premises alcohol outlets and violent crime events in Buffalo, NY

Abstract This study examined the spatio-temporal relationship between on-premises alcohol outlet locations and crime events in Buffalo, New York. Specifically, this research examined whether crime became clustered around on-premises alcohol outlet locations after those locations were licensed. Data from licensed alcohol outlets and violent crime events that occurred between 2005 and 2011 were analyzed using global and local bivariate space-time k-function analyses. The global bivariate space-time K-function analyses indicated that there was dispersion between bars and crime over space and time. Personal crimes showed both dispersion and clustering. Local analyses revealed clustering between alcohol outlets and crimes at discrete space-time intervals. Spatio-temporal analysis of the association between bars and crime gives an indication of the direction of the relationship between them. If this dynamic is better understood, it could be better regulated.
John Dewey & psychologizing the subject-matter: big ideas, ambitious teaching, and teacher education

Abstract John Dewey's (The Essential Dewey, Vol. I, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1902) proposal that rich and engaged learning requires teachers to “psychologize” their subject-matter is now 100 years old. Yet his message remains insightful, challenging, and timely in the United States—especially given recent curricular reforms in mathematics and science. We represent his proposal, contrast it with more subject-centered reforms, and emphasize the task of teachers’ understanding of students’ subject-relevant experience. Since published examples of teachers’ “psychologizing” remain relatively scarce, we sketch two—one each from secondary science and mathematics. They show how teachers can combine promising “big ideas” with sensitive analyses of students’ experience to transform subject-matters, especially for academically less successful students. In closing, we argue that support for and focus on this work must begin in teacher preparation programs.
Say Cheese vs. Smile: Reducing Speech-Related Variability for Facial Emotion Recognition

Facial movement is modulated both by emotion and speech articulation. Facial emotion recognition systems aim to discriminate between emotions, while reducing the speech-related variability in facial cues. This aim is often achieved using two key features: (1) phoneme segmentation: facial cues are temporally divided into units with a single phoneme and (2) phoneme-specific classification: systems learn patterns associated with groups of visually similar phonemes (visemes), e.g. P, B, and M. In this work, we empirically compare the effects of different temporal segmentation and classification schemes for facial emotion recognition. We propose an unsupervised segmentation method that does not necessitate costly phonetic transcripts. We show that the proposed method bridges the accuracy gap between a traditional sliding window method and phoneme segmentation, achieving a statistically significant performance gain. We also demonstrate that the segments derived from the proposed unsupervised and phoneme segmentation strategies are similar to each other. This paper provides new insight into unsupervised facial motion segmentation and the impact of speech variability on emotion classification.
The Elements of the Orthogonal Group Ωn(V) as Products of Commutators of Symmetries

Abstract We will assume throughout thatFis a field of characteristic char F≠2 and thatVis a non-degenerate quadratic space overFof finite dimension dim V=n. The orthogonal group ofVis denotedOn(V) and Ωn(V) is its commutator subgroup. John Hsia, in reference to the classical fact that every element of Ωn(V) is a product of commutators of symmetries, asked the following very basic question: ForFa local field, does there exist a boundk, depending only onn, such that every element of Ωn(V) is a product ofksuch commutators or fewer? A corollary of the results of this article answers this question completely for a non-dyadicF: Every element in Ωn(V) is a product of [n/2] such commutators, except for a “handful” of elements which can be listed (all are certain types of involutions whenn≥6), where [n/2]+1 factors are required. (See Theorem 4.) Of course, Hsia's question can be asked for anyF, and most of the analysis is carried out in the more general context.
Resistance and Creativity in Social Interaction: For and Against Memory in Poland, Israel–Palestine, and the United States

In this paper, I present an analysis of Adam Michnik’s notion of “Amnesty without Amnesia”. His was a wise political judgment presented at a critical moment in the struggle to constitute a democratic polity in Poland. Mine is an appreciation of his political position, along with a sociological analysis that highlights the empirical difficulties of its realization in practical action. I will show how at critical moments of social change creative political action works to erase memories of the relevant past, which act as a repressive force, while “re-remembering” (to use Toni Morrison’s formulation). Three cases will be compared, Michnik’s, after the fall of the communist regime in east central Europe, and cases drawn from the Palestinian–Israeli conflict and the American presidential campaign.
Raman characterization of optical thin film coatings

Abstract A simple oblique-incident method for suppressing substrate interference and enhancing Raman sensitivity is discussed. Using this method, Raman spectroscopy on different types of titania films is shown to be a sensitive technique for probing the microscopic structures of thin films and characterizing submicron thin film coatings. With Raman spectroscopy, ion-beam-sputtered and electron-beam-evaporated coatings, when exposed to heat or laser light, are found to crystallize into different polycrystalline structures. The rate of crystal growth may be investigated with in situ Raman scattering. Using zirconia films as an example, polarization analysis of Raman scattered light can be used to discern the state of crystallinity of the film and to enhance the sensitivity of detection of low-frequency Raman modes. It is shown, again by oblique-incident Raman spectroscopy, that a few per cent SiO 2 admixture in an amorphous titania coating can hinder the process of crystallization and increase the onset of the amorphous-crystalline transformation temperature by more than 100°C.
Recurrent hypoglycemia: boosting the brain’s metabolic flexibility

For people with diabetes, recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia limit the brain's ability to sense dangerously low blood sugar levels. In this issue of the JCI, the mechanisms behind this clinical problem of hypoglycemia unawareness are addressed by Herzog et al. The authors provide compelling evidence that recurrent hypoglycemia enhances transport of lactate into the brain and, although not itself a major alternative fuel source, lactate may preserve neuronal function during hypoglycemia by maintaining neuronal glucose metabolism. These findings redefine our understanding of the brain's metabolic adaptations that result from recurrent hypoglycemia.
The chronically reserpinized rat as a possible model for cystic fibrosis. VII. Alterations in the secretory response to cholecystokinin and to secretin from the pancreas in vivo.

Summary: The chronically reserpinized rat has been proposed as an animal model for cystic fibrosis on the basis of morphologic and secretory alterations in the submaxillary gland and of abnormalities in pulmonary secretions. In this investigation, the volume and composition of pancreatic juice from reserpine treated rats (0.5 mg/kg/day) have been compared to those of untreated controls after stimulation with purified cholecystokinin (0.1 μ/ kg body wt) and with crude and purified preparations of secretin (6μ/100 g body wt) infused iv for 30-min periods. The results demonstrate that the treated animals secreted a significantly lower volume of pancreatic juice after stimulation with these secretagogues. Flow rates were also significantly reduced after stimulation with cholecystokinin and crude secretin. Protein and amylase outputs in response to cholecystokinin were smaller than in control animals after unrestricted feedings, but greater after a 24-hr fast. Total bicarbonate output was also reduced after stimulation with either crude or purified secretin and the normal excretion patterns for bicarbonate and chloride were either absent or reversed in the secretin-stimulated pancreatic juice of the treated animals. Whole pancreas homogenates from the treated animals showed significant increases in Ca++ and protein content. These results indicate that chronic administration of reserpine alters the secretion of water, protein, and bicarbonate from the rat pancreas and that it affects several of the exocrine glands involved in cystic fibrosis. These findings lend support to the concept of an animal model for the human disease. Speculation: The chronic administration of reserpine to rats has been shown to induce alterations in salivary and pulmonary secretions which resemble those seen in patients with cystic fibrosis. The concept of an animal model has been proposed on the basis of these observations. The pancreas is another exocrine gland prominently involved in cystic fibrosis and if it can be demonstrated that reserpine administration also induces alterations in pancreatic secretion, the concept of the animal model would be strengthened considerably.
On the sodium tail of comet Hale‐Bopp (C/1995 O1)

Observations of the sodium tail of comet Hale-Bopp (C/ 1995 O1) were made with the Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) satellite near perihelion. Observations of the dust continuum, H2O+ emissions, and sodium tail are reported. The measurements show the Na tail to be diffuse and located between the dust and ion tails. The midrange spatial scale of the MSX measurements (104 to 106 km) is complementary to the high spatial resolution measurements of Brown et al. (submitted to Icarus, 1997) and large-scale measurements of Cremonese et al. [1997], less than 104 km and greater than 3.5×106 km, respectively. The primary Na source appears to be from the inner coma and nucleus region. The observations are fit with a sodium point source model affected only by radiation pressure to obtain excellent agreement.
Matricial norms over cones

Abstract The notion of a vector-valued norm is extended to norms taking values in a partially ordered finite dimensional space. Sufficient conditions are given for the existence of the dual norm and the matrix norm subordinate to a vector norm.
Dewetting Transitions on Superhydrophobic Surfaces: When Are Wenzel Drops Reversible?

On superhydrophobic surfaces, drops in the Wenzel state can be switched to the suspended Cassie state in some cases but in other cases are irreversibly impaled in the surface roughness. To date, the question of when dewetting transitions are possible for Wenzel drops has not been resolved. Here, we show that pinned Wenzel drops being stretched out-of-plane cannot reduce their contact angle below a critical value where unstable pinch-off occurs, preventing dewetting for Wenzel drops that exhibit receding contact angles beneath this critical pinch-off angle. Dewetting transitions are therefore only possible for Wenzel drops with moderately large receding contact angles (θr ≈ 90°), which requires low surface roughness for one-tier surfaces or a Partial Wenzel wetting state for two-tier surfaces.
Feature characteristics of spontaneous speech production in young deaf children

Sixty-five 6-yr-old deaf children from state supported schools were given an adaptation of the Goldman Fristoe test of articulation to assess their spontaneous speech production. Responses were measured in terms of features of manner, place, voice visibility, position, and error type and compared to imitative samples. A rank order of difficulty for each phoneme, error type, and word position is presented. Results show that of the phonemes, low back vowels, diphthongs, laterals, and voiced consonants were more easily produced. A relationship could be found between fundamental frequency, formant frequency, intensity, and phoneme production, suggesting that these variables and features may be providing the governance underlying the phonological rules in the development of speech in the deaf. Suggestions for training are given.
FR discrimination training reverses 6-hydroxydopamine-induced striatal dopamine depletion in a rat model of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.

Five-day-old rats received 6-hydroxydopamine (6-HD; 100 micrograms base) or vehicle intracisternally. Striatal and cortical dopamine (DA) and metabolite levels were then determined when animals were three or 8.5 months of age and the latter rats had been weight-reduced for 5.5 months. In the latter animals these determinations were made 1 month following 4.5 months of home-cage confinement (untrained animals) or of food-maintained fixed-ratio (FR) discrimination training involving either a single discrimination (performance animals) or incrementally more difficult discriminations. Striatal DA levels in 3-month-old and 8.5-month-old (untrained) 6-HD-treated rats were, respectively, only 3% and 11% of those in untrained vehicle-treated animals (controls). Despite such large depletions, striatal DA levels in 6-HD-treated performance rats were 3-fold higher than those in untrained age-matched 6-HD-treated rats (i.e., were 32% of values in controls) while those in incrementally trained 6-HD-treated animals were even higher (i.e., were 60% of control values). Related changes occurred in levels of most metabolites. However, in incrementally trained rats, striatal 3-methoxytyramine concentrations were 154% of control values. Cortical DA and metabolite levels were little affected by 6-HD treatment. The present results confirm and extend our earlier observations suggesting that reversal of 'irreversible' neonatal 6-HD-induced striatal dopamine and metabolic depletion can be accomplished by environmental (training) manipulations in adult rats.
Regulation by the skin of lymphoid cell recirculation and localization properties.

The existence of epidermal Langerhans cells, Ia-positive dermal dendritic cells, lymphocytes which can demonstrate epidermitropism, and keratinocytes capable of secreting Interleukin- 1-like molecules, each support the concept that skin can function as an immunologic organ. Such conclusions are further strengthened by the knowledge that both afferent and efferent immune responses can take place exclusively within the skin. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the ability of skin to regulate lymphoid cell recirculation and localization properties. The use of ultraviolet radiation as ah exogenous stimulus resulted in a pronounced redistribution of antigen-presenting cells from central (spleen) to peripheral (skin and lymph node) lymphoid tissues as well as marked increase in the rate of lymphocyte entry into skin draining lymph nodes. This latter condition was due to elevations in the quantitative levels of high endothelial venules present within the peripheral lymph nodes. The ability of epidermal keratinocytes to express Class II molecules is known to be associated with a number of skin diseases. However, the functional significance of this phenomenon is unknown. The results of our studies, employing a nude mouse model, indicate that the expression of Class II molecules by keratinocytes facilitates the movement of Langerhans cell precursors into the epidermis and may also function to enhance lymphocyte entry into the skin. We conclude that nonlymphoid components resident within the skin can influence essential aspects of the adaptive immune response through the production of soluble factors (e.g., Interleukin-1 or through the cellular expression of Class II molecules).
Potassium Currents in Freshly Dissociated Uterine Myocytes from Nonpregnant and Late-Pregnant Rats

In freshly dissociated uterine myocytes, the outward current is carried by K+ through channels highly selective for K+. Typically, nonpregnant myocytes have rather noisy K+ currents; half of them also have a fast-inactivating transient outward current (ITO). In contrast, the current records are not noisy in late pregnant myocytes, and ITO densities are low. The whole-cell IK of nonpregnant myocytes respond strongly to changes in [Ca2+]o or changes in [Ca2+]i caused by photolysis of caged Ca2+ compounds, nitr 5 or DM-nitrophene, but that of late-pregnant myocytes respond weakly or not at all. The Ca2+ insensitivity of the latter is present before any exposure to dissociating enzymes. By holding at −80, −40, or 0 mV and digital subtractions, the whole-cell IK of each type of myocyte can be separated into one noninactivating and two inactivating components with half-inactivation at approximately −61 and −22 mV. The noninactivating components, which consist mainly of iberiotoxin-susceptible large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ currents, are half-activated at 39 mV in nonpregnant myocytes, but at 63 mV in late-pregnant myocytes. In detached membrane patches from the latter, identified 139 pS, Ca2+-sensitive K+ channels also have a half-open probability at 68 mV, and are less sensitive to Ca2+ than similar channels in taenia coli myocytes. Ca2+-activated K+ currents, susceptible to tetraethylammonium, charybdotoxin, and iberiotoxin contribute 30–35% of the total IK in nonpregnant myocytes, but <20% in late-pregnant myocytes. Dendrotoxin-susceptible, small-conductance delayed rectifier currents are not seen in nonpregnant myocytes, but contribute ∼20% of total IK in late-pregnant myocytes. Thus, in late-pregnancy, myometrial excitability is increased by changes in K+ currents that include a suppression of the ITO, a redistribution of IK expression from large-conductance Ca2+-activated channels to smaller-conductance delayed rectifier channels, a lowered Ca2+ sensitivity, and a positive shift of the activation of some large-conductance Ca2+-activated channels.
Graphical specification of object oriented systems

The graphical notation Objectcharts, introduced in this paper, allows a developer to precisely specify the behaviour of object classes and to reason about the behaviour of particular configurations of objects.Objectcharts combine object oriented analysis and design techniques and Harel's statecharts to give a diagrammatic specification technique for object oriented systems.
Numerical approximation of linear operator equations using a generalized Fourier series: ordinary and partial differential equations with boundary conditions

Abstract Many important engineering problems fall into the category of being linear operators with supporting conditions. In this paper an inner product and norm are used to numerically approximate the linear operator equation by use of generalized Fourier series. The resulting approximation is the “best” approximation in that a least squares error is minimized simultaneously for both fitting the problem's boundary conditions and satisfying the linear operator relationship (the governing equations) over the problem's domain. Because the numerical approximation technique involves a well-defined inner product, the approximation error can be evaluated by using Bessel's inequality. Minimization of the approximation error is subsequently achieved with respect to a weighting of the inner product components and the addition of basis functions used in the approximation. In this paper the numerical modelling technique is applied toward evaluating linear operation relationships such as ordinary and partial differential equations with fixed boundary equations. Nonlinear operators are also considered that can be approximated as being stepwise linear for portions of the problem domain (space or time). Additionally, different types of basis functions are considered, namely, the usual finite element trial function class, and also basis functions that span the domain with nonzero values (almost everywhere) such as polynomials, among others. Application of the generalized Fourier series approach to solving the problem of coupled heat and soil water flow in freezing soils demonstrates the utility of this numerical modelling technique.
A radio-wave study of periclase tiles for the sliding gates of steel-casting buckets

A connection has been established between the dielectric constant e0 of the framework of periclase bushings (nonporous part) and the structure, sintering processes, and the behavior of the bushings during service.
Automatic fuze radiograph inspection device

An electro-optical scanner (AFRID) was built and tested to inspect X-radiographs of grenade fuzes. Presently, all fuzes are inspected by visual examination of the radiographs. High volume production imposes high loads on human inspectors for whom special controls and procedures are needed to reduce the effects of fatigue and hypnosis. The AFRID accepts the format in current inspection use. Each manually loaded 11 in. × 14 in. radiograph contains 100 fuze X-ray images in a 10 × 10 rectangular array. The machine automatically acquires and examines each image. It decides whether each fuze is to be accepted or rejected according to specified criteria. Indicator lamps and audible alarms indicate operational status, and a typewriter and film markers provide bookkeeping.
Geomorphology and hydrology of upper sinking cove, cumberland plateau, Tennessee

Upper Sinking Cove, dissecting the eastern escarpment of the Cumberland Plateau, is characterized by a multiple aquifer, predominantly vadose hydrologic system with minor surface components. There is a central trunk channel along the axis of the cove and a network of independent tributaries. Aquitards within the limestones, particularly Hartselle Formation shales, have influenced both cave and surface landform development by perching ground waters and slowing the vertical growth of closed depressions. Long-term solutional denudation in the portion of the cove underlain by limestones (40 per cent) is an estimated 56 mm per 1000 years, suggesting that karst development began 15–16 million years ago. Despite lower soil CO2 and spring water hardness, 61 per cent of annual denudation occurs in the six winter months when 76 per cent of yearly runoff occurs. Landform development in Upper Sinking Cove appears to have begun as stream erosion carved a valley first in the sandstone caprock of the escarpment and later in the underlying Pennington Formation limestones containing numerous shale layers which promoted surface stream flow. Eventually stream erosion exposed the massive Bangor limestones which allowed deep ground water flow. Surface streams were pirated underground with the eventual formation of the chain of three closed depressions which constitute Upper Sinking Cove.
Electroweak constraints on effective theories with U ( 2 ) × U ( 1 ) flavor symmetry

In a previous analysis presented in Phys. Rev. D 71, 075009 (2005), electroweak constraints were given on arbitrary linear combinations of a set of dimension-6 operators. Flavor universality and thus $U(3{)}^{5}$ flavor symmetry were assumed for the operators. In this article, we expand the analysis to account for the flavor-dependent theories that distinguish the third generation of fermions from the light two generations. We still assume flavor universality for the light two generations to avoid large FCNCs. Consequently, the $U(3{)}^{5}$ flavor symmetry is relaxed to $[U(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1){]}^{5}$, and therefore more operators are added. We calculate the corrections to electroweak precision observables, assuming arbitrary coefficients for the operators. The corrections are combined with the standard model predictions and the experimental data to obtain the ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{2}$ distribution as a function of the operator coefficients. We apply our result to constrain two flavor-dependent extensions of the standard model: the simplest little Higgs model and a model with an $SU(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}SU(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1)$ gauge group.
Perceived Spouse Responses to Pain: The Level of Agreement in Couple Dyads and the Role of Catastrophizing, Marital Satisfaction, and Depression

The primary objective of this study was to examine whether individuals with chronic pain (“participants”) and their spouses agree on perceptions of solicitous, distracting, and punishing spouse responses to pain. The second aim was to examine the role of participant catastrophizing (a negative mental set about pain), participant and spouse marital satisfaction, and participant and spouse depression in participant perceptions of spouse responses, spouse perceptions of their responses, and agreement between participants and spouses. Individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain and their spouses (N=108 couples) completed questionnaire packets. Examination of overall group averages (participants vs. spouses) indicated little or no differences between participant and spouse ratings. Examination of individual agreement in participant and spouse ratings indicated substantial disagreement. The proposed moderators predicted both participant and spouse perceptions and jointly made minor contributions to dyad agreement. Although neither participant nor spouse perceptions of spouse responses are necessarily a reflection of actual behavior, the lack of agreement in this study suggests it may not be valid to use only patient perceptions in research related to spouse responses.
Mercury concentrations in three species of tunas collected from various oceanic waters.

While the primary effort of the National Canners Association and Food and Drug Administration was involved with examination of the extent of the mercury problem in processed tuna, the National Marine Fisheries Service was defining the mercury levels as they existed in the tuna resource at sea. A study was therefore initiated early in 1971 by the National Marine Fisheries Service to relate mercury levels in tuna to such factors as species, size of fish, geographic area of catch and distribution within individual fish. The purpose of this report is to present the data that were accumulated.
Serving Temperature Viscosity Measurements of Nectar- and Honey-Thick Liquids

This study reports the viscosity (thickness) of nectar- and honey-thick liquids measured at a typical serving temperature. Centipoise (cP) measurements were compared for three products (two starch and one gum-based thickener) mixed with five beverages that set for three time intervals (manufacturer-recommended time to thicken, 10 min, and 30 min). The serving temperature of the cold beverages was 4°C (water, apple juice, orange juice, and milk), and the hot beverage (coffee) was measured at 70°C. Statistical analysis showed that all factors interacted with one another, meaning that the viscosity of a nectar- or honey-like liquid varies greatly depending on the type of thickening agent and beverage combination in relation to the amount of time it thickens. Simply Thick, the gum-based thickener, typically produced samples that were the least viscous but they maintained a more consistent level of thickness over time. Serving temperature results are contrasted with viscosity measurements collected at room temperature, showing variable thickening patterns especially related to the type of thickening agent.
Net drift in an atypical estuary, Long Island Sound

Long Island Sound is an estuary with two-layered flow at the eastern opening to the ocean and a salinity gradient of about 5 parts per thousand between the eastern and western extremes. Tidal currents, wind-driven circulation, and river inflow and fresh water influx are investigated as factors affecting the net drift. Current measurements in eastern Long Island Sound indicate that the tidal circulation features that predominate there do not normally affect the net drift at the New Haven dump site. Drifter returns and a numerical model indicate that seasonal prevailing winds seem to be the primary cause of the net drift in central Long Island Sound.
CRF1 Receptor Signaling Regulates Food and Fluid Intake in the Drinking‐in‐the‐Dark Model of Binge Alcohol Consumption

Background Several recent studies implementing the standard “drinking-in-the-dark” (DID) model of short-term binge-like ethanol (EtOH) intake in C57BL/6J mice highlighted a role for the stress-related neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and its primary binding partner, the CRF type-1 (CRF1) receptor. Methods We evaluated the selectivity of CRF1 involvement in binge-like EtOH intake by interrupting CRF1 function via pharmacological and genetic methods in a slightly modified 2-bottle choice DID model that allowed calculation of an EtOH preference ratio. In addition to determining EtOH intake and preference, we also measured consumption of food and H2O during the DID period, both in the presence and absence of EtOH and sweet tastant solutions. Results Treatment with either of the CRF1-selective antagonists CP-376,395 (CP; 10 to 20 mg/kg, i.p.) or NBI-27914 (10 to 30 mg/kg, i.p.) decreased intake of 15% EtOH in male C57BL/6J mice, but did so in the absence of a concomitant decrease in EtOH preference. These findings were replicated genetically in a CRF1 knockout (KO) mouse model (also on a C57BL/6J background). In contrast to effects on EtOH intake, pharmacological blockade of CRF1 with CP increased intake of 10% sucrose, consistent with previous findings in CRF1 KO mice. Finally, pharmacological and genetic disruption of CRF1 activity significantly reduced feeding and/or total caloric intake in all experiments, confirming the existence of nonspecific effects. Conclusions Our findings indicate that blockade of CRF1 receptors does not exert specific effects on EtOH intake in the DID paradigm, and that slight modifications to this procedure, as well as additional consummatory control experiments, may be useful when evaluating the selectivity of pharmacological and genetic manipulations on binge-like EtOH intake.
Spark decomposition of SF/sub 6/: chemical and biological studies

Because electric arcs, sparks or corona can decompose SF/sub 6/ insulators into byproducts having chemical properties different from SF/sub 6/, environmental concerns arise regarding inadvertent human exposures to electrically decomposed SF/sub 6/. Biological assays using mammalian cell culture systems have revealed that SF/sub 6/, spark-decomposed under specific experimental conditions, can produce cell death. Chemical analysis of spark-decomposed SF/sub 6/ has identified the major decomposition pathways and byproducts. Biological testing of individual byproduct mixtures has indicated that these major decomposition products may not account for the majority of the cell-killing effects seen in the assays. Further experiments have suggested that S/sub 2/F/sub 10/ may be produced and accumulate under the specific decomposition conditions and that this compound may be a major contributor to the observed cell lethality. It is concluded that testing of samples from commercial facilities and assays of decomposed gas after ameliorative treatments would both be appropriate investigations. >
Stable population analysis in periodic environments.

Abstract A discrete time model is developed for periodic survivorship and maternal frequency rates. The Leslie matrix is subdivided by an additional variable representing time of birth (season of birth in the example presented) to accommodate both age-specific and time-specific variations in vital rates. Thus, in contrast to the standard time-invariant model, significant periodic alterations in age-specific birth and death rates are explicitly accounted for and may realistically include observed recurrent changes, such as zero or reduced birth rates during unfavorable seasons, etc. Conditions for stability of the extended projection matrix are developed and are shown to be analogous to those of the Leslie model. The periodic model is applicable to populations with overlapping generations in seasonal environments.
Ecological Routes of Avian Influenza Virus Transmission to a Common Mesopredator: An Experimental Evaluation of Alternatives

Background: Wild raccoons have been shown to be naturally exposed to avian influenza viruses (AIV). However, the mechanisms associated with these natural exposures are not well-understood. Methodology/Principal Findings: We experimentally tested three alternative routes (water, eggs, and scavenged waterfowl carcasses) of AIV transmission that may explain how raccoons in the wild are exposed to AIV. Raccoons were exposed to 1) water and 2) eggs spiked with an AIV (H4N6), as well as 3) mallard carcasses experimentally inoculated with the same virus. Three of four raccoons exposed to the high dose water treatment yielded apparent nasal shedding of .10 2.0 PCR EID50 equivalent/mL. Little to no shedding was observed from the fecal route. The only animals yielding evidence of serologic activity during the study period were three animals associated with the high dose water treatment. Conclusions/Significance: Overall, our results indicate that virus-laden water could provide a natural exposure route of AIV for raccoons and possibly other mammals associated with aquatic environments. However, this association appears to be related to AIV concentration in the water, which would constitute an infective dose. In addition, strong evidence of infection was only detected in three of four animals exposed to a high dose (e.g., 10 5.0 EID50/mL) of AIV in water. As such, water-borne transmission to raccoons may require repeated exposures to water with high concentrations of virus.
Home Health Care Services for AIDS Patients: One Community's Response

The AIDS epidemic has challenged communities to develop and mobilize care networks for persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A major part of that mobilization has been a push toward community- and home-based services. The movement of HIV care to the home/community setting is occurring, however, without investigation of either the problems that this change engenders for agencies providing care or the agencies' responses to these problems. This article from one health care market suggests that home care agencies may not be well positioned to meet the cyclical needs of HIV patients, that care is becoming increasingly fragmented with multiple agencies seeking to patch together a program of comprehensive services, and that agency policies may be limiting the numbers of community-based HIV patients eligible for home care.
Effect of Arsenite on Induction of CYP1A and CYP2H in Primary Cultures of Chick Hepatocytes

In earlier studies, treatment with sodium arsenite was shown to decrease total hepatic CYP in rats. A concomitant increase in heme oxygenase, the rate-limiting step in heme degradation to biliverdin, was considered responsible for the decrease in CYP. Here we investigated the effect of sodium arsenite on induction of CYP2H, CYP1A, and heme oxygenase in primary cultures of chicken embryo hepatocytes. When added simultaneously with inducer, arsenite inhibited phenobarbital-mediated increases in CYP2H and 3-methylcholanthrene-mediated increases in CYP1A, as measured enzymatically and immunochemically. Near maximal decreases were observed in these forms of CYP at a concentration of 2.5 microM sodium arsenite. The concentration-dependent decreases in CYP2H and CYP1A by sodium arsenite were concomitant with increases in heme oxygenase. Sodium arsenite was not toxic at concentrations as high as 10 microM, as indicated by protein synthesis and the reduction of MTT by intact cells. Sodium arsenite had no effect on induction of CYP2H1 mRNA, suggesting that the decreases in this form of CYP occurred post-transcriptionally. Treatment of cells with tin mesoporphyrin (SnMeso), an inhibitor of heme oxygenase, resulted in inhibition of arsenite-induced heme oxygenase. However, SnMeso did not alter the effect of arsenite to prevent phenobarbital-mediated increases in CYP2H protein. SnMeso alone inhibited phenobarbital-mediated increases in CYP2H. Inclusion of 2 or 5 microM exogenous heme with arsenite did not prevent the arsenite-mediated decrease in CYP2H. Combined treatment with heme and phenobarbital induced heme oxygenase to the same extent as treatment with heme, arsenite, and phenobarbital. However, CYP2H activity was decreased only when the treatment included arsenite. These results suggest that elevated levels of heme oxygenase alone are not responsible for arsenite-mediated decreases in CYP2H.
Contemporary Perspectives on Stress Management: Medication, Meditation or Mitigation

Stressful life events can increase the risk for developing a variety of physical disorders and emotional problems. A biopsychosocial approach can help mental health professions to better understand and more effectively treat disorders that are related to severe negative life events. Biological approaches focus on suppressing emotional reactions, usually through a reliance on psychopharmacological interventions. Psychological approaches usually focus on the cognitive processes that translate stress into distress. Psychological interventions focus on changing the negative attitudes and maladaptive behaviors that aggravate most stressful situations. Social interventions focus on improving social support and involvement with agencies to confront limited finances, unemployment, and housing problems. In these times of economic crisis and severe financial hardship, psychological and social intervention strategies appear more useful than biological treatments.
Cluster calorimetry by femtosecond stimulated emission pumping: Excitation and evaporative cooling of I - 2 (CO 2 ) n

Femtosecond stimulated emission pumping has been employed as a technique to prepare small clusters with well-known amounts of internal excitation. In this way ${\mathrm{I}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}({\mathrm{CO}}_{2}{)}_{4,5}$ clusters are prepared with 0.58 to 0.99 eV of internal energy. Subsequent evaporation of between two and four ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$ monomers from the primary cluster is observed as a function of excitation energy using tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Analysis of the appearance energies of the open channels using phase-space theory and photoelectron spectroscopy data yields binding energies of the first eight ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$ molecules to ${\mathrm{I}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}({\mathrm{CO}}_{2}{)}_{n}$ clusters.
cAMP-dependent protein kinase activation decreases cytokine release in bronchial epithelial cells.

Lung injury caused by inhalation of dust from swine-concentrated animal-feeding operations (CAFO) involves the release of inflammatory cytokine interleukin 8 (IL-8), which is mediated by protein kinase C-e (PKC-e) in airway epithelial cells. Once activated by CAFO dust, PKC-e is responsible for slowing cilia beating and reducing cell migration for wound repair. Conversely, the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) stimulates contrasting effects, such as increased cilia beating and an acceleration of cell migration for wound repair. We hypothesized that a bidirectional mechanism involving PKA and PKC regulates epithelial airway inflammatory responses. To test this hypothesis, primary human bronchial epithelial cells and BEAS-2B cells were treated with hog dust extract (HDE) in the presence or absence of cAMP. PKC-e activity was significantly reduced in cells that were pretreated for 1 h with 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP) before exposure to HDE (P < 0.05). HDE-induced IL-6, and IL-8 release was significantly lower in cells that were pretreated with 8-Br-cAMP (P < 0.05). To exclude exchange protein activated by cAMP (EPAC) involvement, cells were pretreated with either 8-Br-cAMP or 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-2'-O-methyladenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-CPT-2Me-cAMP) (EPAC agonist). 8-CPT-2Me-cAMP did not activate PKA and did not reduce HDE-stimulated IL-6 release. In contrast, 8-Br-cAMP decreased HDE-stimulated tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-converting enzyme (TACE; ADAM-17) activity and subsequent TNF-α release (P < 0.001). 8-Br-cAMP also blocked HDE-stimulated IL-6 and keratinocyte-derived chemokine release in precision-cut mouse lung slices (P < 0.05). These data show bidirectional regulation of PKC-e via a PKA-mediated inhibition of TACE activity resulting in reduced PKC-e-mediated release of IL-6 and IL-8.