cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Workplace Integrated Safety and Health Program Uptake in Nursing Homes: Associations with Ownership

Workers in nursing homes are at high risk of occupational injury. Understanding whether—and which—nursing homes implement integrated policies to protect and promote worker health is crucial. We surveyed Directors of Nursing (DON) at nursing homes in three US states with the Workplace Integrated Safety and Health (WISH) assessment, a recently developed and validated instrument that assesses workplace policies, programs, and practices that affect worker safety, health, and wellbeing. We hypothesized that corporate and for-profit nursing homes would be less likely to report policies consistent with Total Worker Health (TWH) approaches. For each of the five validated WISH domains, we assessed the association between being in the lowest quartile of WISH score and ownership status using multivariable logistic regression. Our sample included 543 nursing homes, 83% which were corporate owned and 77% which were for-profit. On average, DONs reported a high implementation of TWH policies, as measured by the WISH. We did not find an association between either corporate ownership or for-profit status and WISH score for any WISH domain. Results were consistent across numerous sensitivity analyses. For-profit status and corporate ownership status do not identify nursing homes that may benefit from additional TWH approaches.
The Inhibition of Acetate, Pyruvate, and 3-Phosphoglycerate Kinase by Chromium Adenosine Triphosphate

Abstract The inert coordination complex, chromium ATP, has been used to study the steady state kinetic mechanisms of acetate, pyruvate, and 3-phosphoglycerate kinases. With pyruvate and 3-phosphoglycerate kinases, CrATP competes with both substrates and has a dissociation constant of 200 µm. This behavior is consistent with a random sequential mechanism for these enzymes. The fact that saturation with the non-nucleotide substrate eliminates most or all of the CrATP inhibition makes these enzymes useful as coupling enzymes (together with lactate dehydrogenase or glyceraldehyde-P dehydrogenase) in assays for other kinases when CrATP inhibition is being studied. With acetate kinase, CrATP competes with MgATP and is noncompetitive versus acetate. As a product inhibitor, acetyl phosphate is noncompetitive versus either MgATP or acetate. Initial velocity studies show the enzyme to have a sequential mechanism. A random mechanism is proposed which accounts for the kinetic data, and for the isotope exchanges and the phosphoenzyme isolated by other workers.
Advanced mid-IR solid-state laser developments

This paper reviews the state-of-the-art 2-micron solid-state laser developments. A world record one-Joule-per-pulse energy laser system and an advanced thermal management with fully conductive cooled laser technique are discussed.
Optimal immunity meets natural variation: the evolutionary biology of host defence.

Summary This editorial introduces the seven articles that comprise the Parasite Immunology special issue on the Evolutionary Biology of Host Defence. The rationale for an evolutionary approach to immunoparasitology is briefly outlined, and then the articles are placed in that broader context. A central aim of each article is to explain the generation and maintenance of immunological heterogeneity among hosts in nature. The authors describe new tools and approaches that enable unprecedented insight into evolutionary and immunological processes in both the laboratory and the wild. The examples discussed include insects, birds and mammals (as hosts) and trypanosomes, apicomplexans and nematodes (as parasites).
Effects of changing glutamate 487 to lysine in rat and human liver mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase : a model to study human (oriental type) class 2 aldehyde dehydrogenase

Many Oriental people possess a liver mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase where glutamate at position 487 has been replaced by a lysine, and they have very low levels of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase activity. To investigate the cause of the lack of activity of this aldehyde dehydrogenase, we mutated residue 487 of rat and human liver mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase to a lysine and expressed the mutant and native enzyme forms in Escherichia coli. Both rat and human recombinant aldehyde dehydrogenases showed the same molecular and kinetic properties as the enzyme isolated from liver mitochondria. The E487K mutants were found to be active but possessed altered kinetic properties when compared to the glutamate enzyme. The Km for NAD+ at pH 7.4 increased more than 150-fold, whereas kcat decreased 2-10-fold with respect to the recombinant native enzymes. Detailed steady-state kinetic analysis showed that the binding of NAD+ to the mutant enzyme was impaired, and it could be calculated that this resulted in a decreased nucleophilicity of the active site cysteine residue. The rate-limiting step for the rat E487K mutant was also different from that of the recombinant rat liver aldehyde dehydrogenase in that no pre-steady-state burst of NADH formation was found with the mutant enzyme. Both the rat native enzyme and the E487K mutant oxidized chloroacetaldehyde twice as fast as acetaldehyde, indicating that the rate-limiting step was not hydride transfer or coenzyme dissociation but depended upon nucleophilic attack. Each enzyme form showed a 2-fold activation upon the addition of Mg2+ ions. Substituting a glutamine for the glutamate did not grossly affect the properties of the enzyme. Glutamate 487 may interact directly with the positive nicotinamide ring of NAD+ for the Ki of NADH was the same in the lysine enzyme as it was in the glutamate form. Because of the altered NAD+ binding properties and kcat of the E487K variant, it is assumed that people possessing this form will not have a functional mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase.
Control of thin filament lengths by sarcomeric tropomodulin isoforms: insights from mouse models (1102.2)

The uniform lengths of skeletal muscle thin filaments are controlled by actin subunit exchange at pointed ends (P-ends). Each P-end is capped by two sarcomeric tropomodulin (Tmod) molecules, with T...
Assessing the function of STAS domain protein SypA in Vibrio fischeri using a comparative analysis

Colonization of the squid Euprymna scolopes by Vibrio fischeri requires biofilm formation dependent on the 18-gene symbiosis polysaccharide locus, syp. One key regulator, SypA, controls biofilm formation by an as-yet unknown mechanism; however, it is known that SypA itself is regulated by SypE. Biofilm-proficient strains form wrinkled colonies on solid media, while sypA mutants form biofilm-defective smooth colonies. To begin to understand the function of SypA, we used comparative analyses and mutagenesis approaches. sypA (and the syp locus) is conserved in other Vibrios, including two food-borne human pathogens, V. vulnificus (rbdA) and V. parahaemolyticus (sypAVP). We found that both homologs could complement the biofilm defect of the V. fischeri sypA mutant, but their phenotypes varied depending on the biofilm-inducing conditions used. Furthermore, while SypAVP retained an ability to be regulated by SypE, RbdA was resistant to this control. To better understand SypA function, we examined the biofilm-promoting ability of a number of mutant SypA proteins with substitutions in conserved residues, and found many that were biofilm-defective. The most severe biofilm-defective phenotypes occurred when changes were made to a conserved stretch of amino acids within a predicted a-helix of SypA; we hypothesize that this region of SypA may interact with another protein to promote biofilm formation. Finally, we identified a residue required for negative control by SypE. Together, our data provide insights into the function of this key biofilm regulator and suggest that the SypA orthologs may play similar roles in their native Vibrio species.
Effect of Venlafaxine and Desvenlafaxine on Drug Efflux Protein Expression and Biodistribution In Vivo

Venlafaxine, and to a lesser extent desvenlafaxine, has previously been shown to induce the expression of the drug efflux transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) in whole cells and alter the cellular permeability of a known drug efflux probe (rhodamine 123). To validate these in vitro findings, wild-type mice were treated for 4 days with 10 mg/kg venlafaxine or desvenlafaxine, and drug efflux transporter expression was examined in the brain, liver, and intestine. P-gp and BCRP expression was significantly upregulated in the intestine, following a treatment with venlafaxine (2.6- and 6.7-fold, respectively) or desvenlafaxine (2.3- and 4.8-fold, respectively). In addition, venlafaxine increased the BCRP expression in the brain (40%) and liver (60%), whereas desvenlafaxine had no effect on drug efflux transporter levels in these tissues. Using the same treatment paradigm, we observed a minimal impact of either drug on the brain disposition of the known drug efflux probe, topotecan. However, in the periphery, venlafaxine treatment significantly reduced the topotecan oral bioavailability by nearly 40%, whereas the impact of desvenlafaxine on topotecan plasma levels was more modest (23%). These studies demonstrate an effect of venlafaxine on the drug efflux transport activity and the potential for clinical drug–drug interactions. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 102:3838–3843, 2013
Thinking About the Civil Rights Movement in a Conservative Age

Recent studies of the civil rights movement have turned their attention to the period after 1965 and to regions outside the south. Disputing established popular and academic narratives that limit their discussion to voting rights and Jim Crow legislation, these works claim that we must understand the movement as a broader protest against the unequal distribution of political and economic power. This argument challenges the growing appropriation of civil rights rhetoric by conservatives, who have used the discourse of equality and reverse discrimination on behalf of whites and the wealthy.
The Mechanism of Action of Ethanolamine Deaminase: I. STUDIES WITH ISOTOPIC HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN

Deuterated and tritiated ethanolamine and H218O were used to study the mechanism of the conversion of ethanolamine to acetaldehyde and ammonia catalyzed by ethanolamine deaminase, a coenzyme-B12-dependent enzyme. An isotope effect of 6.8 was shown in the deamination of deuterated ethanolamine, indicating that the rate-limiting step involves the transfer of hydrogen. However, the fact that the tritium isotope effect was only 5.8 in the face of the deuterium isotope effect of 6.8 suggested the possibility of a large secondary isotope effect in the reactions conducted with deuterated substrate. The conversion of ethanolamine to acetaldehyde was shown to take place with the transfer of hydrogen from the carbinol carbon to the amino carbon without exchange with water. Both intra- and intermolecular hydrogen transfer appear to take place. Moreover, it was shown that, in carrying out this transfer, the enzyme was capable of distinguishing between the 2 hydrogen atoms on the carbinol carbon. Experiments with deuterated ethanolamine confirmed the previous observation that the carbinol carbon of the substrate becomes the carbonyl carbon of acetaldehyde. Experiments conducted in H218O showed that the oxygen atom of the substrate is retained in the product.
Glucocorticoid receptor-binding site in the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat

Abstract Previous reports (P. D. Katsanakis, C. E. Sekaris, and D. A. Spandidos, Anticancer Res. 11:381-383, 1991; J. Laurence, M. B. Sellers, and S. K. Sikder, Blood 74:291-297, 1989; R. Miksicek, A. Heber, W. Schmid, U. Danesch, G. Posseckert, M. Beato, and G. Schutz, Cell 46:283-290, 1986) have suggested the existence of a glucocorticoid response element in the long terminal repeat of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1. This study demonstrated a sequence-specific interaction of the glucocorticoid receptor DNA-binding domain with the previously predicted HIV glucocorticoid response element. This interaction may be relevant to the steroid responsiveness of HIV (P. A. Furth, H. Westphal, and L. Hennighausen, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 6:553-560, 1990; J. Laurence, M. B. Sellers, and S. K. Sikder, Blood 74:291-297, 1989; J. Laurence, H. Cooke, and S. K. Sikder, Blood 75:696-703, 1990; D. A. Spandidos, V. Zoounpovilis, A. Kotsinas, C. Tsiripotis, and C. E. Sekeris, Anticancer Res. 10:1241-1246, 1990).
Overview of short bowel syndrome and intestinal transplantation

Short bowel syndrome is at once a surgical, medical, and a disorder, with potential for life-threatening complications as well as eventual independence from artificial nutrition. Navigating through the diagnostic and therapeutic decisions is ideally accomplished by a multidisciplinary team comprised of nutrition, pharmacy, social work, medicine, and surgery. Early identification of patients at risk for long-term PN-dependency is the first step towards avoiding severe complications. Close monitoring of nutritional status, steady and early introduction of enteral nutrition, and aggressive prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infections such as line sepsis, and bacterial overgrowth can significantly improve prognosis. Intestinal transplantation is an emerging treatment that may be considered when intestinal failure is irreversible and children are suffering from serious complications related to TPN administration.
A four-level-metal fully planarized interconnect technology for dense high performance logic and SRAM applications

The authors describe a four-level-metal (4LM) interconnect technology used to wire high-density, high-performance logic and SRAM chip designs. Process features includes oxide planarization under all metal levels, tungsten studs for contacts and interlevel vias, layered titanium and aluminium-0.5% copper metal lines patterned by reactive ion etch (RIE), and fusible metal links for redundancy applications. Functional 300K circuit ASIC logic test sites (4LM) and 256K SRAMs (3LM) have been fabricated in both 125-mm and 200-mm wafer sizes. Process details are described along with the results of standard electrical tests and reliability stresses. >
Brain Edema and the Blood-Brain Barrier

This chapter explains basic concepts related to brain edema and the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Brain edema is defined as an increase in brain tissue water content. Because the increase occurs within a closed cranium and is accompanied by brain swelling, edema often produces a clinical syndrome manifested by intracranial hypertension, papilledema, and neurological symptoms characteristic of progressive brain compression (headache, nausea, vomiting, disturbances of consciousness, and coma). Edematous brain may displace and compress brain structures, reducing cerebral perfusion and ultimately leading to infarction and brain herniation, common causes of death. Brain edema can be produced by acutely decreasing plasma tonicity, by interfering with brain cell metabolism, or by disturbing the integrity of the BBB at cerebral capillaries. In the clinic, osmotic edema may follow an acute reduction of blood glucose by insulin in diabetic hyperglycemia. Vasogenic edema complicates stroke, tumor, trauma, inflammation, large doses of X-ray or alpha particle radiation, and hypertensive encephalopathy. It usually is irreversible, but can be transient after temporary opening of the BBB by carotid infusion of a hypertonic sugar solution or by an acute hypertensive insult.
A new LPC excitation signal

Linear-predictive-coding synthesis using impulse type excitations is generally plagued by buzziness present in the synthesized speech. An excitation signal that takes into account the desired attributes of flat spectrum, broad pulse shape, and correspondence to the events at the glottal level is presented. The performance of this signal is compared with five other excitation signals using forced-pair trials. The results show that the proposed signal compares favorably in the quality of the synthesized speech. >
Species of Nectria (Ascomycetes, Hypocreales) having orange perithecia and colorless, striate ascospores

Nine species ofNectria are described or redescribed. Ascospores of all are colorless and striates; their perithecia are orange and do not become red in KOH. Three groups of species are represented. One group includesNectria grammicospora, N. cf.grammicospora, N. subquaternata, and the new species:N. grammicosporopsis, N. lucifer, andN. neogrammicospora. A second group includes the new speciesN. chlorogloea andN. septomyrotheciae. The third group is represented by the single new speciesN. dacryocarpa. The life-cycles of these species are described. Anamorphs ofN. grammicospora, N. grammicosporopsis, N. lucifer, andN. subquaternata are species ofClonostachys. The anamorph, ofN. neogrammicospora isAcremonium- orCephalosporiopsis-like in having monophialidic conidiophores and phragmosporous conidia, and that ofN. cf.grammicospora isAcremonium-like with amerosporous conidia. The anamorphs ofN. chlorogloea andN. septomyrotheciae have green conidia. The anamorph ofN. chlorogloea isMyrothecium sp.; its conidia are unicellular and the conidioma is a synemma. The anamorph ofN. septomyrotheciae isSeptomyrothecium cf.uniseptatum; its conidioma is a sporodochium and the conidia are bicellular. The new genus and speciesDacryoma alba are described for the anamorph ofN. dacryocarpa. All of these fungi are pantropical or Australasian in distribution.
Factors Related to Skill Degradation and their Implications for Refresher Training

The purpose of this paper is to present a proposed form, the Refresher Training Requirements Rating Form (RTRRF), which is believed to be capable of assisting training professionals in determining which tasks to include in a refresher training program. This form is based on the literature on skill retention and degradation. The variables included in the rating scale are those that have been consistently found to have either some direct effect on the retention of tasks, or a major impact on the decision to regularly retrain a task. Additional applications of the rating scale are also discussed.
Intentional resolution of privacy protection in database systems

Traditionally, privacy protection in database systems is understood to be the control over what information a given user can get from a database. This paper is concerned with another, independent, dimension of privacy protection, the control over what a user is allowed to do with a piece of information supplied to him by the database. The ability to condition the supply of information on its intended use is called here “intentional resolution” of privacy protection.The practical importance of intentional resolution is demonstrated by several examples, and its realization is discussed. It is shown that intentional resolution can be achieved, but that it involves a radical change from the traditional approach to the process of user-database interaction. In particular, it appears to be necessary for the database to impose a certain amount of control over the internal behavior of users' programs which interact with it. A model for user-database interaction which admits such a control is developed.
Cancer stage at diagnosis, treatment, and survival among American Indians and non-American Indians in Montana.

BACKGROUND The intent of the current study was to ascertain whether differences in cancer survival between Montana non-American Indians (non-AI) and Montana American Indians (AI) were related to differences in stage of disease at diagnosis or in the type of treatment received. METHODS A case-control design was utilized using data from the Montana Central Tumor Registry and the Indian Health Service medical records. AIs diagnosed between January 1, 1984 and December 31, 1993 were the cases in the study, and non-AIs diagnosed in the same period were the controls. Chi-square tests and life table techniques were used to analyze the data. RESULTS Five hundred twenty-two cases were matched with controls. The 5-year cancer survival rate for AIs was 36% and was 47% among non-AIs. The stage at the time of diagnosis was local in 34% of AIS and 36% of non-AIs. The stage was regional in 30% of AIs and 26% of non-AIs. Distant disease at the time of diagnosis was present in 25% of AIs and 24% of non-AIs, whereas an unknown extent of disease was present in 11% of AIs and 14% of non-AIs. AIs underwent surgery less frequently than non-AIs (79% vs. 86%), but this did not appear to contribute to the survival differences observed. CONCLUSIONS The survival differences observed in the current study cannot be explained easily by differences in the cancer stage at diagnosis or the type of treatment received. Cancer 2000;89:181–6. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
CONJUGATE HEAT TRANSFER IN FALLING LAMINAR LIQUID FILMS

An analysis is presented for the heat transfer characteristics of a falling liquid film flow over a fin by the conjugate convection-conduction theory. Numerical results are presented for the dimensionless heat transfer coefficients, local and overall heat fluxes and temperature distribution of the fin by a simultaneous solution of the convective boundary layer equations of the fluid and the energy equation of the fin.
Simplifications and improvements in unified constitutive equations for creep and plasticity—II. Behavior and capabilities of the model

Abstract The capabilities of the MATMOD-BSSOL unified constitutive equations, developed in Part I of this paper, are demonstrated through comparisons of computed results against a wide variety of mechanical test data for pure aluminum and Al Mg alloys. Flow stress plateaus and Class I steady state creep in the alloys are accurately simulated. These results confirm the viability of modeling solute strengthening through the short range back stress variable. Independent predictions of primary creep, the temperature dependence of the strain rate sensitivity, creep-plasticity interaction, stress relaxation, and the effects of changes in the applied stress are presented. The predictions generally compare favorable with the data. Discussion of these results emphasizes that the internal behavior of the model is consistent with the physical processes believed to control nonelastic deformation, thus providing confidence in predicting mechanical responses to complex deformation histories. The model's breadth, accuracy, and the effort required to evaluate the material constants are also discussed.
EEG and prognosis of neurologic recovery of dogs under profound hypothermic circulatory arrest

Abstract Deep hypothermia (18–20°C) (DH) during prolonged circulatory arrest and cardiopulmonary bypass is used to repair complex intracardiac lesions and vascular neurosurgical lesions. DH diminishes the risk of ischemic damage and multiorgan failure after circulatory arrest. Profound hypothermia (PH) to 6–7°C has recently been reported to improve the neurological outcome of dogs after 2 h of circulatory arrest. There are no reports of the possible utility of EEG activity to predict the neurological outcome. As a part of a controlled study of cardiopulmonary bypass and 2 h of circulatory arrest we compared EEG recovery to the neurological outcome in 2 groups of dogs: 4 under DH and 4 under PH. All of the dogs under PH had a good outcome: mean neurodeficit score was 6.25500 in PH and 139.25500 in DH dogs ( P P We conclude that PH exerted a protective effect for animals undergoing 2 h of circulatory arrest. EEG was a useful tool for predicting neurological outcome under the studied conditions.
The value of being imitated

Abstract Theories and research on the topics of attraction, conformity, and imitation support the view that the relational stimulus arising from being imitated serves a reinforcing function. To examine this possibility, 48 preschool children performed a task in which some neutral stimuli were repeatedly associated with an adult's matching the behavior of the subject, and other neutral stimuli were associated with the same adult's mismatching the behavior of the subject. Preference for the stimuli associated with being matched was greater at the end of training than earlier, and the overall preference for the matched stimuli exceeded chance. The results are considered in terms of the thesis that similarity arising from being imitated served a reinforcing function and the thesis that response strategies were adopted by the children.
Permanent wave contact dermatitis: Contact allergy to glyceryl monothioglycolate

Eight hairdressers and four clients were found to be allergic to glyceryl monothioglycolate (GMTG) contained in "acid" permanent waves used in American beauty salons only since 1973. Previous studies in Germany showed that compounds closely related to GMTG were strong sensitizers. In contrast, ammonium thioglycolate (ATG) has been used since 1943 in cold "alkaline" permanent waves both in homes and in salons with no clearly documented cases of contact allergy. Our allergic patients reacted to GMTG in concentrations as low as 0.25%, although their exposure in practice could reach concentrations of 20% to 80%. GMTG-allergic patients reacted to GMTG when it was tested through a variety of glove fabrics. Household-weight neoprene gloves were protective.
Model simplification and digital design of multivariable sampled-data control systems via a dominant-data matching method

Abstract A dominant-data matching method is developed for model simplification and design of digital multivariable sampled-data control systems. A mixed method combining dominant-data matching and the dominant-pole technique is also derived for determining a stable reduced-degree multivariable digital controller. A real semiactive terminal homing missile system is used as an illustrative example.
The role of AP-1 in the transcriptional regulation of the rat apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter.

Ileal reclamation of bile salts, a critical determinant of their enterohepatic circulation, is mediated primarily by the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT=SLC10A2). We have defined mechanisms involved in the transcriptional regulation of ASBT. The ASBT gene extends over 17 kilobases and contains five introns. Primer extension analysis localized two transcription initiation sites 323 and 255 base pairs upstream of the initiator methionine. Strong promoter activity is imparted by both a 2.7- and 0.2-kilobase 5′-flanking region of ASBT. The promoter activity is cell line specific (Caco-2, not Hep-G2, HeLa-S3, or Madin-Darby canine kidney cells). Four distinct specific binding proteins were identified by gel shift and cross-linking studies using Caco-2 or rat ileal nuclear extracts. Two AP-1 consensus sites were identified in the proximal promoter. DNA binding and promoter activity could be abrogated by mutation of the proximal AP-1 site. Supershift analysis revealed binding of c-Jun and c-Fos to this AP-1 element. Co-expression of c-Jun enhanced promoter activity in Caco-2 cells and activated the promoter in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Region and developmental stage-specific expression of ASBT in the rat intestine correlated with the presence of one of these DNA-protein complexes and both c-Fos and c-Jun proteins. A specific AP-1 element regulates transcription of the rat ASBT gene.
Developing evidence-based interdisciplinary care standards and implications for improving patient safety

Abstract Aim: Establish an organizational infrastructure to foster the delivery of quality clinical care through the development of interdisciplinary patient care standards that are evidenced-based and consistent throughout IHC. Design: Develop a process for document development, review, and approval that includes best evidence from research and input from clinical experts. Results: After six years of development, the electronic reference InfoBase (a searchable online reference manual which provides easy access to standards for clinical practice throughout the organization) contains over 700 interdisciplinary patient care standards (e.g., protocols, procedures, standards of care) and over 1000 " information chunks " (e.g., assessments, instructions, scales, tables, graphics) that support consistency in care delivery. All documents have been written, based on the best evidence available from research and reviewed by a group of clinicians at IHC facilities and approved for use throughout the company. An example of how standardization of interdisciplinary standards can improve patient safety in the area of falls is also included.
Charged boson problem and fusion

Abstract A new approach to controlled thermonuclear fusion is described. This approach is based in part on a statistical affinity of charged bosons in a neutralizing background at given thermodynamic conditions and employs a thin film sample of single-crystal palladium partially saturated with deuterium to effect this configuration. The given configuration is effected by a series of two short-pulsed frequency inputs at temperature T ≈ 9 K . The initial particles so emitted are used in a secondary process in which they are incident on a block of single crystal Li 6 D . It is noted that resulting collisions contribute to a chain reaction. A rough estimate for a 5 cm 3 fuel sample, assuming no chain occurrence, gives the yield 1.25 GJ.
Constrained dynamics both orthograde and contragrade

Deacon's (2011) Incomplete Nature is a formative work within the field of emergence theory, and it will have long-lasting implications. What I will present here are two ways of interpreting Deacon's work on emergence. The two interpretations have very different implications for how one would apply Deacon's work in subsequent interdisciplinary investigations. To demonstrate this point, I will outline the five meanings of the word “emergence” and the four approaches to emergence theory established by Clayton (2004) in his book Mind & Emergence. I will consider how Clayton applies these categories to Deacon's work, and then I will offer an alternative application of the same categories. In my alternative application, Deacon's account of orthograde change, contragrade change, and constraint are crucial.
An inequality for convex functions involving G-majorization☆☆☆

Abstract In this paper we derive a simple inequality involving expectations of convex functions and the notion of G-majorization. The result extends a similar inequality of Marshall and Proschan (1965) , J. Math. Anal. Applic. Useful applications of the more general inequality are presented.
Sensitive measures of the nutritional status of children with cancer in hospital and in the field

Sensitive measures of nutritional status exist. Initial assessment must include some measure that is independent of tumour mass, particularly in children with large solid tumours. Arm anthropometry, including triceps and biceps skinfold thickness (SFT), and mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC) are ideal in this situation, but MUAC is probably the simplest measure to use. In the clinical setting, a direct measure of fat-free body mass (FFBM) does not exist, but bio-electrical impedance (BIA) measures FFBM indirectly, and has many advantages, in particular its ease of use and immediate results. The BIA analyzer is portable and hence can be used in the field as well as by the bedside. Serum proteins and insulin-like growth factors are insufficiently sensitive as nutritional indices and have only a minor role in nutritional assessment. Int. J. Cancer Supplement 11:10–13, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mirroring and autonomy: The dual tasks of mothers

Theexperience of being a mother, of being the developmental partner for the pre-oedipal child, is complex and demanding. A woman must learn to balance her own needs and identity as a person with the child's need for appropriate merging and distancing. The child's own developmental push requires a constant shifting in the mother's balance between herself and the child. This article explores some of the factors involved in the mother's experience of her dual task, and some of the ways in which the mother's development as a person is reciprocally related to her child's developmental demands.
Recursion Theory on Orderings. I. A Model Theoretic Setting

In [6], Metakides and Nerode introduced the study of the lattice of recursively enumerable substructures of a recursively presented model as a means to understand the recursive content of certain algebraic constructions. For example, the lattice of recursively enumerable subspaces, , of a recursively presented vector space V ∞ has been studied by Kalantari, Metakides and Nerode, Retzlaff, Remmel and Shore. Similar studies have been done by Remmel [12], [13] for Boolean algebras and by Metakides and Nerode [9] for algebraically closed fields. In all of these models, the algebraic closure of a set is nontrivial. (The formal definition of the algebraic closure of a set S , denoted cl( S ), is given in §1, however in vector spaces, cl( S ) is just the subspace generated by S , in Boolean algebras, cl( S ) is just the subalgebra generated by S , and in algebraically closed fields, cl( S ) is just the algebraically closed subfield generated by S .) In this paper, we give a general model theoretic setting (whose precise definition will be given in §1) in which we are able to give constructions which generalize many of the constructions of classical recursion theory. One of the main features of the models which we study is that the algebraic closure of set is just itself, i.e., cl( S ) = S. Examples of such models include the natural numbers under equality 〈 N , = 〉, the rational numbers under the usual ordering 〈 Q , ≤〉, and a large class of n -dimensional partial orderings.
Myogenic differentiation in permanent clonal mouse myoblast cell lines: regulation by macromolecular growth factors in the culture medium.

Abstract A permanent clonal cell line of mouse myoblasts (MM14) has been used to study the transition from proliferation to terminal differentiation. Results indicate that the transition is strictly dependent on the culture medium environment. Evidence from clonal density cultures suggests that (1) specific macromolecular mitogenic components of the culture medium stimulate mouse myoblast proliferation and prevent differentiation, (2) mouse myoblasts eliminate mitogenic activity from the culture medium before differentiating, and (3) lowered activity of specific mitogens stops mouse myoblast proliferation and triggers the program of terminal differentiation leading to the elaboration of muscle specific gene products and formation of myotubes. Evidence for the regulatory role of specific mitogens is the stimulation of proliferation and delay of differentiation by the addition of nanomolar concentrations of fibroblast growth factor to mitogen-depleted, differentiation-promoting, culture medium, whereas the addition of other purified mitogens has no effect. The results support and extend evidence from other muscle culture systems that stimulation of proliferation delays myoblast differentiation, and they provide an experimental basis for controlling the synchronous differentiation of pure populations of clonally derived mouse myoblasts.
Prey selection in relation to sexual dimorphism of fishers (Martes pennanti) in New Hampshire

Etude de la predation chez M. pennanti. Les relations entre le choix de proies et les caracteristiques de l'individu sont examinees. Les caracteristiques sont le sexe, l'âge et la masse corporelle
What is behavior? And so what?

This article addresses a longstanding problem in the field of psychology, that of lacking an adequate explication of what is arguably our central concept as a “science of behavior,” the concept of “behavior” itself. The three sections comprising the paper are devoted, respectively, to (a) presenting a conceptual formulation of behavior; (b) discussing this formulation by, among other things, addressing objections to it and noting its advantages over psychology’s currently preferred definition of behavior as observable activity; and (c) relating why having such a formulation is important. The final section includes several uses to which the present formulation has already been and can in future be put, including a sketch of how it may be used to integrate the various subfields of our currently fragmented science of behavior.
48 hours of cisatracurium reduced 90-day mortality in patients with early, severe ARDS

Source Citation Papazian L, Forel JM, Gacouin A, et al. Neuromuscular blockers in early acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:1107-16. 20843245
Regulation of superoxide dismutase expression by copper availability

The most abundant copper proteins in green tissues are plastocyanin (PC) in thylakoids and copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/ZnSOD) of which the major isoforms are found in the cytosol and in the chloroplast stroma. An iron superoxide dismutase (FeSOD) can also be found in the stroma. The expression of superoxide dismutases (SODs) has been studied mainly in the context of abiotic stress. However, the availability of metal cofactors may also determine SOD expression patterns. Indeed, in Arabidopsis thaliana, Cu/ZnSOD enzymes were only expressed when copper was sufficient. This observation was made for plants grown on sucrose-containing tissue culture media and regulation of SOD expression by copper has not been tested for other species. To investigate the effect of copper on SOD expression, we used a hydroponic set-up in which plants grew without any evident stress symptoms. We observed that A. thaliana, Brassica juncea, Lycopersicum lycopersicum, Zea mays and Oryza sativa, downregulated Cu/ZnSOD in response to copper limitation. Under this condition, FeSOD expression was upregulated to replace Cu/ ZnSOD in the stroma in all plants except Z. mays, in which FeSOD was not detectable. Copper limitation did not affect PC accumulation in any of the plants except Z. mays. Comparisons of leaf copper contents and SOD expression suggest that Cu/ZnSOD and FeSOD expression levels are good indicators of impending copper deficiency. Plants that downregulate Cu/ ZnSOD and upregulate FeSOD under copper limitation can maintain superoxide scavenging and save copper for use in PC, which is essential for photosynthesis.
The role of metabolism in the action of prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide on the development of tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine

Administration of melanotropin release inhibiting factor, a tripeptide (Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2) has been shown to inhibit the development of tolerance to opiates. In order to understand the mechanism by which this effect is produced, the effects of the possible metabolites of Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 on the development of tolerance to the analgesic effects of morphine were determined in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were made tolerant to morphine by the subcutaneous implantation of four pellets of morphine over a 3-day period. Each pellet contained 75 mg of morphine, free base. Rats serving as controls were implanted with placebo pellets. Following implantation of the morphine-containing pellets, tolerance developed to the analgesic effect of morphine as shown by the decreased response to morphine. Subcutaneous injections of Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2, Pro-Leu-OH or Leu-Gly-NH2 (10 mumol/kg per day), prior to and during the implantation of pellets, inhibited the development of tolerance to morphine. However, Pro-Leu-Gly-OH and Leu-Gly-OH, administered in the same dose as the other compounds, had no effect on the development of tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine. It is concluded that the inhibitory effect of Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2, which has a short biological half life, may be mediated by its conversion to active metabolites.
The usage and efficacy of a combination analgesic preparation

SummaryCombination analgesics are frequently prescribed for the treatment of a multitude of conditions. Many of these preparations contain agents with no proven analgesic efficacy. We examined 3059 patients using a new combination agent containing only paracetamol, codeine, and ibuprofen. It appears that despite a wide variation in the administration of the tablet that good pain relief was obtained by the patients. Patient compliance and tolerance of the tablet was good. A small number of adverse events was noted and these were mostly related to the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory component of the tablet. None of the adverse events were considered serious. The tablet was prescribed for a wide range of conditions, most of which involved pain of an inflammatory nature. Most patients indicated that they would use this preparation again if needed.
A Powered Lower Limb Orthosis for Providing Legged Mobility in Paraplegic Individuals

This paper presents preliminary results on the development of a powered lower limb orthosis intended to provide legged mobility (with the use of a stability aid, such as forearm crutches) to paraplegic individuals. The orthosis contains electric motors at both hip and both knee joints, which in conjunction with ankle-foot orthoses, provides appropriate joint kinematics for legged locomotion. The paper describes the orthosis and the nature of the controller that enables the SCI patient to command the device, and presents data from preliminary trials that indicate the efficacy of the orthosis and controller in providing legged mobility.
Parental immigration status is associated with children's health care utilization: findings from the 2003 new immigrant survey of US legal permanent residents.

Our objective was to examine the association between parental immigration status and child health and health care utilization. Using data from a national sample of immigrant adults who had recently become legal permanent residents (LPR), children (n = 2,170) were categorized according to their parents’ immigration status prior to LPR: legalized, mixed-status, refugee, temporary resident, or undocumented. Logistic regression with generalized estimating equations was used to compare child health and health care utilization by parental immigration status over the prior 12 months. Nearly all children in the sample were reported to be in good to excellent health. Children whose parents had been undocumented were least likely to have had an illness that was reported to have required medical attention (5.4 %). Children whose parents had been either undocumented or temporary residents were most likely to have a delayed preventive annual exam (18.2 and 18.7 %, respectively). Delayed dental care was most common among children whose parents had come to the US as refugees (29.1 %). Differences in the preventive annual exam remained significant after adjusting for socioeconomic characteristics. Parental immigration status before LPR was not associated with large differences in reported child health status. Parental immigration status before LPR was associated with the use of preventive annual exams and dental services. However, no group of children was consistently disadvantaged with respect to all measures.
The year 2000 computerized farm: a project to enhance computer use education.

Abstract This paper describes a project to enhance farm level computer use education entitled The Year 2000 Computerized Farm . The farm management information system implemented at the Stiles Foundation Farm is described as well as its effect on farm profits. An evaluation of the short courses taught at the farm provide an insight as to the approach and results of that educational effort. The suggestion is made that other educational institutions could follow a similar approach for staff and user training.
Chronic fetal vascular access

Abstract Intensive management of the fetus is limited by our inability to achieve access to the fetal circulation. Using laparoscopic surgery, we can maintain long-term access to the fetal circulation by extra-amniotic catheterisation of chorionic vessels in third-trimester monkeys and early-gestation sheep. We can sample fetal blood, continuously measure blood pressure, and infuse drugs without complications. Safe vascular access will permit assessment of fetal status during fetal surgical procedures and improve postoperative monitoring. Lancet 1993; 342: 1086–87
Anisotropy in the room-temperature deformation of α–β colonies in titanium alloys: role of the α–β interface

The anisotropy in room-temperature critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) has been investigated in single α(hcp)–β(bcc) colonies of a commercial α–β titanium alloy (Ti–6Al–2Sn–4Zr–2Mo–0.1Si (where the composition is in weight per cent)) oriented for activation of individual basal slip systems. Detailed transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies of the slip transmission mechanisms through the α–β interfaces have been performed to elucidate the role of these interfaces in determining yield and strain-hardening behaviour. Significant anisotropy in the room-temperature CRSS for the three unique basal slip systems is measured and is attributed to the slip transmission mechanisms active owing to the observed near-Burgers orientation relationship. TEM results indicate that the α–β interface provides little hindrance to slip for the slip system with the smallest misorientation between dislocations in the two phases. For the second slip system, an 11° misorientation exists between the primary dislocations, as w...
Shape-controlled synthesis of high tap density cathode oxides for lithium ion batteries

A new synthesis approach has been developed to control the morphology of Mn- and Ni-containing carbonate precursors. Through a controlled release of the precipitate, the carbonate precursors form in a “non-classical crystallization” process similar to the natural crystallization of CaCO3, resulting in shapes tunable from microcubes to microspheres. The oriented attachment in the mesocrystal precursors leads to uniform particles with high tap density. Further lithiation of the shape-controlled carbonates produces the final 5 V spinel cathode LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 with superior electrochemical properties in lithium-ion cells, while maintaining the high tap density and offering high volumetric energy density.
Buffer- and Diffusion-Mediated Calcium Concentration Fluctuations Accelerate the Stochastic Dynamics of Calcium-Triggered Events

Ca2+ plays a significant role in many cell signaling pathways, some of which are localized to spatially restricted “domains” in the cell. Ca2+ binding proteins (buffers) play an important role in regulating [Ca2+] and increase the effective volume of these domains. Because fluctuations in [Ca2+] decrease in proportion to the square root of the domain volume, one might expect that buffers decrease [Ca2+] fluctuations and minimize the subsequent influence on Ca2+-dependent signaling. We tested this hypothesis in two settings: (1) closed domains with no influx or efflux of either Ca2+ and buffer and (2) open domains with influx and efflux of both Ca2+ and buffer. In both settings, we derive the appropriate Langevin system of stochastic differential equations describing the fluctuating dynamics of Ca2+ and buffer, determine the size of [Ca2+] fluctuations for different buffer properties, and use Monte Carlo simulation to investigate the influence of buffers on the stochastic dynamics (e.g., the waiting time) for events triggered by rapid sequential binding of Ca2+ ions. We find that buffers increase the magnitude of [Ca2+] fluctuations in closed domains, in contrast with a naive application of the concept of effective volume, and buffer-mediated [Ca2+] fluctuations generally decrease the expected waiting time for Ca2+-triggered events. The effect of buffers on [Ca2+] fluctuations in open domains is more complex. In the presence of Ca2+ influx, the dynamics of [Ca2+] fluctuations depend on buffer concentration as well as binding and diffusion rates. In general, fast mobile buffers lead to larger fluctuations than slower and less mobile buffers. Our results demonstrate that buffers alter the dynamics of [Ca2+] fluctuations and raise the intriguing question of whether [Ca2+] fluctuations are physiologically significant and perhaps regulated.