cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gone in 60 Milliseconds: Trademark Law and Cognitive Science

Trademark dilution is a cause of action for interfering with the uniqueness of a trademark. For example, consumers would probably not think that "Kodak soap" was produced by the makers of Kodak cameras, but its presence in the market would diminish the uniqueness of the original Kodak mark. Trademark owners think dilution is harmful but have had difficulty explaining why. Many courts have therefore been reluctant to enforce dilution laws, even while legislatures have enacted more of them over the past half century. Courts and commentators have now begun to use psychological theories, drawing on associationist models of cognition, to explain how a trademark can be harmed by the existence of similar marks even when consumers can readily distinguish the marks from one another and thus are not confused. Though the cognitive theory of dilution is internally consistent and appeals to the authority of science, it does not rest on sufficient empirical evidence to justify its adoption. Moreover, the harms it identifies do not generally come from commercial competitors but from free speech about trademarked products. As a result, even a limited dilution law should be held unconstitutional under current First Amendment commercial-speech doctrine. In the absence of constitutional invalidation, the cognitive explanation of dilution is likely to change the law for the worse. Rather than working like fingerprint evidence - which ideally produces more evidence about already-defined crimes - psychological explanations of dilution are more like economic theories in antitrust, which changed the definition of actionable restraints of trade. Given the empirical and normative flaws in the cognitive theory, using it to fill dilution's theoretical vacuum would be a mistake.
A Stakeholder-Engaged Process for Adapting an Evidence-Based Intervention for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder for Peer Delivery.

Peer providers represent a growing sector of the U.S. workforce, yet guidance is needed on best practices for adapting behavioral health interventions for peer delivery. We utilized the Framework for Reporting Adaptations and Modifications to Evidence-based interventions (FRAME; Wiltsey Stirman et al. 2013, 2019) to describe how we systematically adapted Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation (STAIR) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for peer delivery. Our process was iterative and relied on engagement of multiple stakeholders, including a work group of organizational leaders (N = 5), peer interventionists (N = 4), intervention experts (N = 2), and trial participants (N = 18). The FRAME was used to guide rapid coding across multiple data sources, including researcher field notes, meeting minutes, and intervention manual documents, and content analysis of semi-structured interviews with peer interventionists and trial participants. Phase 1 (pre-trial) focused on modifications for fit with the local context and peer model. Key modifications focused on improving intervention design and packaging, removing clinical and stigmatizing language, and addressing peer interventionist training gaps. We used a hybrid approach to delivery, whereby we integrated peer model principles (self-disclosure, mutuality) into a directive approach. Phase 2 (trial) included reactive fidelity-consistent adaptations, such as additional educational resources. Phase 3 (post-trial) focused on adaptations to support roll-out of the intervention at the peer organization (e.g., group format). Our stakeholder-engaged process may serve as a helpful exemplar to others tailoring interventions for peer delivery. Future research is needed to understand the role of stakeholder engagement and adaptation in implementation success.
Digital design of chassis and tire: virtual is real!

The digital transformation for vehicle, chassis, systems and tire design is on its way for the sake of vehicle performances, lead-time and cost reduction. It leads to deep changes into automotive industry design processes and Michelin leads these fast-evolving trends and technical strategies with a complete approach from virtual tire design to tire models delivered to the OEM and fast iterations.
The Jerusalem Temple and Emperor Julian’s “Invention of Tradition”

Emperor Julian based his attempt to rebuild the Jerusalem temple in the spring of 363 CE on a version of Judaism that constitutes an “invented tradition” per the theoretical construct developed by ...
Mechanisms of phosphatidylserine influence on viral production: a computational model of Ebola virus matrix protein assembly

Ebola virus (EBOV) infections continue to pose a global public health threat, with high mortality rates and sporadic outbreaks in Central and Western Africa. A quantitative understanding of the key processes driving EBOV assembly and budding could provide valuable insights to inform drug development. Here we used a computational model to evaluate EBOV matrix assembly. Our model focused on the assembly kinetics of VP40, the matrix protein in EBOV, and its interaction with phosphatidylserine (PS) in the host cell membrane. Human cells transfected with VP40-expressing plasmids are capable of producing virus-like particles (VLPs) that closely resemble EBOV virions. We used data from this in vitro VP40 system to calibrate our computational model. PS levels in the host cell membrane had been shown to affect VP40 dynamics as well as VLP production through recruiting VP40 dimers to plasma membrane inner leaflet. Our computational results indicated that PS may have direct influence on VP40 filament growth and affect multiple steps in the assembly and budding of VP40 VLPs. We also proposed that the assembly of VP40 filaments may follow the nucleation-elongation theory where initialization and oligomerization of VP40 are two separate and distinct steps in the assembly process. This work illustrated how computational and experimental approaches can be combined to allow for additional analysis and hypothesis generation. Our findings advanced understanding of the molecular process of EBOV assembly and budding processes and may help the development of new EBOV treatments targeting VP40 matrix assembly.
Differentiating fallers from nonfallers using nonlinear variability analyses of data from a low-cost portable footswitch device: a feasibility study.

PURPOSE Falls are one of the main causes of injuries in older adults. This study evaluated a low-cost footswitch device that was designed to measure gait variability and investigates whether there are any relationships between variability metrics and clinical balance tests for individuals with a history of previous falls. METHODS Sixteen older adults completed a history of falls questionnaire, three functional tests related to fall risk, and walked on a treadmill with the footswitch device. We extracted the stride times from the device and applied two nonlinear variability analyses: coefficient of variation and detrended fluctuation analysis. RESULTS The temporal variables and variability metrics from the footswitch device correlated with gold-standard measurements based on ground reaction force data. One variability metric (detrended fluctuation analysis) showed a significant relationship with the presence of past falls with a sensitivity of 43%. CONCLUSION This feasibility study demonstrates the basis for using low-cost footswitch devices to predict fall risk.
Low reflectance of nano-patterned Pt-Cu-Ni-P bulk metallic glass

Materials that exhibit very high absorption and low reflectance at optical frequencies are important in a variety of light harvesting applications. We explore nano-scale topography of bulk metallic glasses to realize metallic surfaces with controllable reflectance. Diffuse reflectance as low as 1.6% in the visible range is achieved with nano-patterned Pt-based model bulk metallic glass without further optimization. Effect of pattern dimensions (size, spacing, and aspect-ratio) on the reflectance of bulk metallic glasses is investigated using a combination of simulation and experiments.
The thermal decomposition of oxalates: Part 26. A kinetic study of the thermal decomposition of manganese(II) oxalate dihydrate

Abstract The determination of the most probable mechanism function and calculation of the kinetic parameters of decomposition of manganese oxalate have been achieved by a new kinetic analysis procedure under nonisothermal conditions in both dry and wet N 2 . The isothermal kinetic analysis has also been performed in each atmosphere. Both the isothermal and nonisothermal analyses showed the most probable mechanism function is first order (Fl). The coincidence of results obtained by isothermal and nonisothermal analysis supports the idea that the proposed analysis procedure for nonisothermal conditions is a promising one.
Changes in health outcomes as a function of abstinence and reduction in illicit psychoactive drug use: a prospective study in primary care.

Aims To test (1) whether abstinence and reduction in illicit psychoactive drug use were associated with changes in health outcomes in primary care patients and (2) whether these associations varied by drug type. Design Secondary analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial that tested a brief intervention for drug use in primary care patients (589 enrolled, 574 completed a 6-month assessment). Analyses were conducted overall and stratified by the most commonly self-identified main drugs (marijuana, cocaine and opioids). Setting and Participants Patients who screened positive for illicit drug use at an urban primary care clinic in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Measurements Differences in past-month main drug use at baseline and 6-month outcome were categorized as continued or increased use, decreased use without abstinence and abstinence. Primary outcomes were 6-month changes in drug use consequences [Short Inventory of Problems scores (range 0–45)], depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life (HRQol). Findings Abstinence was associated with a greater decrease in adverse drug use consequences than continued or increased use among the full sample and cocaine and opioids subgroups (adjusted means, full sample: –8.11 versus –0.05, P < 0.001; cocaine: –13.33 versus +1.09, P < 0.001, opioids; –16.84 versus –2.10, P < 0.001). Differences were not significant between those who decreased use compared with those who continued or increased use. There were no significant associations between drug use and depressive symptoms or HRQol. Neither abstinence nor decreased use was associated significantly with consequences in the marijuana subgroup. Conclusions Among primary care patients in the United States who use illicit psychoactive drugs, abstinence but not reduction in use without abstinence appears to be associated with decreased adverse drug use consequences.
CONNECTING YOUTH AND YOUNG ADULTS WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS TO COMMUNITY LIFE

Equipping youth with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) to flourish during and after high school is central to the purpose and practice of special education. However, many students with ASD are leaving high school without the preparation and connections needed to engage meaningfully in their communities. This article reviews research-based approaches for connecting adolescents with ASD to life beyond the classroom by describing promising practices for fostering inclusion in postsecondary education and community activities. Recognizing that relationships are at the core of community life, emphasis is placed on fostering social connections as an essential aspect of helping young people with ASD thrive in these settings. We conclude with suggestions for school staff to support the successful transitions of young people with ASD.
Parallel file system experience on the IBM 9076

Summary form only given, as follows. We present capabilities considered necessary for an IBM-9076-based parallel file system and discuss ways that these capabilities can be delivered in an IBM 9076 environment. Expected input/output performance of both existing serial and specially coded kernels of code are discussed. >
Policy and distance education

Recently, professors from all public universities in a midwestern state were required to sign a policy statement dealing with intellectual property and the development of online courses. Two ingredients of this policy statement were notable. First, all efforts of faculty were considered “works for hire” and were entirely the property of the university system. Second, failure to sign this statement was to be considered a statement that the professor was intending to resign his or her position. Excluded were textbooks written by professors. The two-page policy statement apparently was prepared by central administration with little or no constructive input by faculty. Policy is defined as a written course of action, such as a statute, procedure, rule, or regulation, which is adopted to facilitate program development (King, et al., 2000). Distance education policy is the written course of action adopted by institutions to facilitate the development of distance education programs. Policies provide a framework for the operation of distance education. They form a set of agreed-on rules that explain roles and responsibilities. Policies can be compared to laws of navigation, rules of the road, or language syntax. They provide a standard method of operation, such as “no wake zone”, “keep to the right”, or “subject and verb must match”. Policies give structure to unstructured events and are a natural step in the adoption of an innovation, such as distance education. One key indicator that distance education is moving into the mainstream is the increased emphasis on the need for policies to guide its effective growth. Berge (1998), and Gellman-Danley and Fetzner (1998) have proposed models for distance education policy. These models have been reported and evaluated a number of times in the literature (King, et al., 2000; King et al., 1998), and seem to provide a useful framework for an investigation of distance education policy.
Multiplication of Bacteriophage P1 Mutants in Shigella dysenteriae Strain Sh(P1)

From bacteriophage P1, 10 mutants (P1cl) were isolated which are impaired in their ability to lysogenize Shigella dysenteriae Sh and which fail to make plaques when plated on Sh(P1). When Sh(P1) is infected with P1cl, a considerable proportion of the infected cells is converted into infectious centers, which eventually release P1cl but not P1. This phage release occurs over a period of several hours, during which a manyfold multiplication of infectious centers takes place. In the course of this multiplication, surviving bacteria, lysogenic for P1 only, are produced by segregation. At high multiplicity of infection, Sh(P1) are killed without producing any phage.
Column: File Cabinet Forensics

Researchers can spend their time reverse engineering, performing reverse analysis, or making substantive contributions to digital forensics science. Although work in all of these areas is important, it is the scientific breakthroughs that are the most critical for addressing the challenges that we face. Reverse Engineering is the traditional bread-and-butter of digital forensics research. Companies like Microsoft and Apple deliver computational artifacts (operating systems, applications and phones) to the commercial market. These artifacts are bought and used by billions. Some have evil intent, and (if society is lucky), the computers end up in the hands of law enforcement. Unfortunately the original vendors rarely provide digital forensics tools that make their systems amenable to analysis by law enforcement. Hence the need for reverse engineering. (see PDF for full column)
Identifying High-Quality Preschool Programs: New Evidence on the Validity of the Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale–Revised (ECERS-R) in Relation to School Readiness Goals

Research Findings: The Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale–Revised (ECERS-R) is widely used, often to evaluate whether preschool programs are of sufficient quality to improve children’s school readiness. We examined the validity of the measure for this purpose. Item response theory (IRT) analyses revealed that many items did not fit together to measure single dimensions, particularly when rated by consultants as indicating aspects of quality relevant for multiple domains of child development. IRT results also conflicted with the scale developers’ expectations in terms of whether markers that they attached to higher response categories represented higher quality empirically. When reanalyzed based on experts’ ratings, IRT results also showed that relatively few indicators captured the moderate to high range of quality. Practice or Policy: Our results suggest that policymakers should carefully consider whether measures designed for specific purposes are appropriate for other high-stakes uses. We encoura...
Multi-lingual character recognition using artificial neural networks

Character recognition is one famous problem that artificial neural networks have been applied to deal with. But, recognizing characters from multiple languages is relatively new and needs to be investigated in depth. This paper describes one such implementation. An artificial neural network was designed to recognize a bilingual character set of Tamil and English, even in a noisy environment. The system was designed, implemented, trained and tested and was found to exhibit an accuracy of 93% on noisy characters.
Electrowetting-based droplet mixers for microfluidic systems

Mixing of analytes and reagents is a critical step in realizing a lab-on-a-chip. However, mixing of liquids is very difficult in continuous flow microfluidics due to laminar flow conditions. An alternative mixing strategy is presented based on the discretization of liquids into droplets and further manipulation of those droplets by electrowetting. The interfacial tensions of the droplets are controlled with the application of voltage. The droplets act as virtual mixing chambers, and mixing occurs by transporting the droplet across an electrode array. We also present an improved method for visualization of mixing where the top and side views of mixing are simultaneously observed. Microliters of liquid droplets are mixed in less than five seconds, which is an order of magnitude improvement in reported mixing times of droplets. Flow reversibility hinders the process of mixing during linear droplet motion. This mixing process is not physically confined and can be dynamically reconfigured to any location on the chip to improve the throughput of the lab-on-a-chip.
Patient and parent perceptions of the diagnosis and management of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes

Abstract Background Cystic Fibrosis Related Diabetes (CFRD) is an increasingly common complication in CF. CFRD introduces an additional complex chronic disease to individuals already attending to demanding treatment regimens. An improved understanding of the reaction to and coping mechanisms surrounding CFRD may facilitate management of CFRD. Methods Semi-structured interviews completed by 10 children with CFRD, 10 adults with CFRD and 10 parents of children with CFRD in a single large CF Care Center were analyzed utilizing phenomenological analysis. Results Patients and families reported having limited knowledge of CFRD prior to diagnosis. CFRD was considered an extension of their underlying CF and successful management depended upon integration into existing routines. Conclusions Health care professionals caring for patients with CFRD should be informed of the specific challenges that arise in CFRD. Education in advance of CFRD diagnosis may facilitate management.
Challenging the Objectivist Paradigm: Teaching Biblical Theology with J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, and Guillermo del Toro

The dissimilarity that exists between the historical and cultural situation of North American college students and the world described by the biblical authors poses a problem for theological and religious education. While the biblical authors tell fantastic stories of miracle and magic, the scientific and technological paradigm prevalent in western culture emphasizes the gathering of objective facts in the name of efficiency and pragmatism. Theological education tends to respond to this situation by embracing either a program of historical criticism or a form of Biblicism, both of which reinforce an objectivist approach to education. What is needed in theological education is an approach that “re-mythologizes” the Bible, enabling students to hear the theological message of the text addressed to their cultural and historical situation. One way this approach can be encouraged is through the teaching of the biblical text in conversation with the contemporary stories found in popular culture.
Phytotoxicity of equisetin and epi-equisetin isolated from Fusarium equiseti and F. pallidoroseum

Fusarium equiseti and F. pallidoroseum are frequently reported as secondary colonizers of plant tissues. In this study they were isolated from the embryos of weathered cottonseed. Most isolates tested produced equisetin, an antibiotic, when grown on potato dextrose agar, rice, surface-sterilized cottonseed, or autoclaved cottonseed. This is the first report of equisetin from F. pallidoroseum. Equisetin was extracted from cultures of F. equiseti and F. pallidoroseum with acetone and dichloromethane, and partially purified by TLC. Two epimers of equisetin, designated as EQ and epi-EQ , were separated by HPLC. EQ or epi-EQ at 2.5–10 μg ml −1 suppressed germination or inhibited growth of various monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous seed, when the seed were incubated at 30 °C under aqueous shake conditions. The two epimers also inhibited the growth of young seedlings and caused necrotic lesions on the roots, cotyledons, and coleoptiles of tested plant seedlings. The results suggest that equisetin may be a pathogenic factor of F. equiseti and F. pallidoroseum on seed and seedling health of cotton and other plants.
Further observations above and below twice the Gunn threshold

Previously published experimental data on operation above twice the Gunn threshold is compared to the characteristics of the LSA mode. Conclusions are reached as to the conditions required for LSA generation during a self-modulation cycle. A set of experiments is described which validates the conclusions reached.
SU‐FF‐I‐117: Evaluation of Measure Discontinuity Metrics for 4‐D CT Reconstruction Data

Introduction Measure discontinuity plays a key role for a successful radiotherapytreatment planning in 4‐D radiotherapy therapy, which is increasingly used for lungcancer treatment. An important issue is to define a metric that can determine which breath period is well trained and the obtained image data can be used to reconstruct the 4‐D volume. We evaluate several metrics on 4‐D CT data. Our research can give some practical guidance to determine the quality of the acquired data. Method and Material Supporting s 1 is above s 2, the difference between the last slice in s 1 and the first slice in s 2 is computed (denoted as d). d should be following a distribution p. If we have no prior knowledge, Gaussian distribution is a reasonable choice that is d∼Gaussian(μ,ϐ). The parameters of the distribution can be learned from the differences sets computed from s 1 and s 2. The metrics are computed based on these parameters. Results (1) One of the metrics is effective which can detect about 83.3% stacks with large artifacts. By ROC analysis, the error at equal error rate (intersection with curve diagonal) is 0.833, the threshold at equal error is 0.0320 and the area under curve is 0.8747. (2) Pre‐processing is important. (3) Not all metrics work well. Conclusion Measure discontinuity is a fundamental issue in 4‐D reconstruction, which is not well addressed in the state‐of‐the‐art. The conclusions of our work are: (1) Ground truth data on large scale 4‐D CT data should be created. To our knowledge, no work is done is this field; (2) The distribution of d, should be analyzed further. May be more complicated distributions are better than Gasussian distribution.
Recent advances in adenosine receptor antagonist research

Four types of adenosine receptors (ARs) have been identified and designated A1, A2A, A2B and A3. During the past decades, potent antagonists have been developed for each of these subtypes. Adenosine antagonists have been developed as potential therapeutic agents for CNS disorders, inflammatory diseases, asthma, kidney failure and ischaemic injuries. Structurally, antagonists can be classified as xanthines and non-xanthines. Many ligands that were previously considered selective at the ARs have been found to be less selective at human ARs and therapeutic potential may need to be re-evaluated. Due to the high lipophilicity and corresponding low water-solubility of many very potent adenosine antagonists, bioavailability is often very low. To address this problem, recent approaches have led to the development of water-soluble prodrugs that release highly potent antagonists in vivo with substantially improved bioavailability.
Quantified electrographic scales on 10 pre-term healthy newborns followed up to 40–43 weeks of conceptional age by serial polygraphic recordings

Full-term newborns with seizures exhibit EEG patterns that appear reliable in predicting neurological outcome in almost 75% of the cases in a prospective investigation. These patterns are unreliable for over 25% of infants with seizures and even more so for term and pre-term babies with other complications. Observations that such newborns often show maturational delay in various physiological and/or behavioral parameters, raises the issue of whether indices other than specific EEG patterns might prove reliable in predicting prognosis. As a prerequisite for testing such an hypothesis in prospective investigations of term and pre-term babies with 'risk' factors other than seizures, it appears necessary to obtain quantification of these parameters in normals. Hence a longitudinal study was designed to obtain simultaneously 3 parameters in a control group of newborns born after 30-32 weeks of gestational age, followed with serial polygraphic recordings at weekly intervals until a conceptional age of 43 weeks. The selected parameters were purposefully restricted to three that can be obtained and measured easily in routine recordings without need for more complex instrumentation and analysis. These were: the percentage of interhemispheric synchrony between bursts of 'trace alternant'; the number of spindle-delta complexes ('brushes') during 5 min of REM and NREM sleep; and the concordance between various parameters during the same 5 min epochs. The range of these indices was thus established in a group of normal prematures followed prospectively. Establishing such normative data will allow greater inter-study reliability, and form the basis for other prospective studies of infants 'at risk' to investigate whether those that lag behind the norm in these indices when followed serially during the newborn period differ prognostically from those who recover and reach expected norms for conceptional age.
Activation of protein kinase C delta following cerebral ischemia leads to release of cytochrome C from the mitochondria via bad pathway.

Background The release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria following cerebral ischemia is a key event leading to cell death. The goal of the present study was to determine the mechanisms involved in post-ischemic activation of protein kinase c delta (δPKC) that lead to cytochrome c release. Methods/Findings We used a rat model of cardiac arrest as an in vivo model, and an in vitro analog, oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) in rat hippocampal synaptosomes. Cardiac arrest triggered translocation of δPKC to the mitochondrial fraction at 1 h reperfusion. In synaptosomes, the peptide inhibitor of δPKC blocked OGD-induced translocation to the mitochondria. We tested two potential pathways by which δPKC activation could lead to cytochrome c release: phosphorylation of phospholipid scramblase-3 (PLSCR3) and/or protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Cardiac arrest increased levels of phosphorlyated PLSCR3; however, inhibition of δPKC translocation failed to affect the OGD-induced increase in PLSCR3 in synaptosomal mitochondria suggesting the post-ischemic phosphorylation of PLSCR3 is not mediated by δPKC. Inhibition of either δPKC or PP2A decreased cytochrome c release from synaptosomal mitochondria. Cardiac arrest results in the dephosphorylation of Bad and Bax, both downstream targets of PP2A promoting apoptosis. Inhibition of δPKC or PP2A prevented OGD-induced Bad, but not Bax, dephosphorylation. To complement these studies, we used proteomics to identify novel mitochondrial substrates of δPKC. Conclusions We conclude that δPKC initiates cytochrome c release via phosphorylation of PP2A and subsequent dephosphorylation of Bad and identified δPKC, PP2A and additional mitochondrial proteins as potential therapeutic targets for ischemic neuroprotection.
Protein Alterations and Associated Changes in Porcine Muscle as Influenced by Maturity, Genetic Background, and Post-Mortem Muscle Temperature

SUMMARY Stage of maturity, genetic background, and post-slaughter holding temperature have been studied in relation to their effects on the rate of post-mortem glycolysis, change in gross muscle morphology, and alteration of muscle protein solubility. Muscle from 5-lo-kg animals tended to have more glycogen and less myo-globin as well as less total nitrogen than muscle from 250–300-kg animals. Glycolytie rate appeared to be slightly faster in the postmortem muscle of mature animals, but differences among weight groups were minor. Muscle from mature animals exhibited a greater loss of color after slaughter. Protein solubility also decreased to a greater extent in these mature muscles. This was especially evident in the myofibrillar fraction. Post-slaughter holding temperature did not affect the rate or ex-tent of glycolysis in the muscle, hut chilling gave benefits to subjective score for color and juice-retaining capacity. It also tended to make the loss of protein solubility less severe, particularly for the myofibrillar fraction.
Two-Dimensional Crystallization of Microspheres by a Coplanar AC Electric Field

The particle-field and particle-particle interactions induced by alternating electric fields can be conveniently used for on-chip assembly of colloidal crystals. Two coplanar electrodes with a millimeter-sized gap between them are used here to assemble two-dimensional crystals from suspensions of either latex or silica microspheres. When an AC voltage is applied, the particles accumulate and crystallize on the surface between the electrodes. Light diffraction and microscopic observations demonstrate that the hexagonal crystal is always oriented with one axis along the direction of the field. The particles disassemble when the field is turned off, and the process can be repeated many times. The diffraction patterns from all consecutively formed crystals are identical. This assembly is driven by forces that depend on the electric field gradient, and a model is proposed involving a combination of dielectrophoresis and induced dipole chaining. The organization of large two-dimensional crystals allows characterization of the electrostatic interactions in the particle ensembles. The process can be controlled via the field strength, the frequency, and the viscosity of the liquid media. It could be used to make rudimentary optical switches or to separate mixtures of particles of different sizes.
The civil rights act of 1991: Legislative responses to judicial decisions

The Civil Rights Act of 1991, among other things, responded to nine different Supreme Court decisions. Seven of these dealt with issues of statutory construction, while one was concerned with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and still another with a judicial response to yet another judicial decision. With one exception, the decisional subject matter varied widely. Some of the responses bestowed employee rights directly (as with Americans abroad), while others were more remedial, dealing with court situations in which employees sought rights such as expert fee shifting. Overall, the 1991 Act importantly perpetuated an already established recent trend adding a new interactive dimension to thede jure granting of employee rights by the branches of the Federal Government.
Readiness to Lead: Perspectives of Graduates and Advanced Doctoral Students on Answering the Call to Lead in Community Colleges

Community colleges are facing a shortage in qualified individuals to fill the projected gaps in leadership roles, as the industry is facing an upcoming wave of vacancies due to the retirement of faculty and administrators. This phenomenological, qualitative study explored leadership readiness perspectives of graduates and advanced doctoral students of a cohort-based educational leadership doctoral program. Five doctoral graduates and five advanced doctoral students constituted the participant group for this study. Five themes emerged from the data analyses which include communication, collaboration, leadership, relationships, and support. The findings from this study indicate that the participants value collaborative action and community relationships, support cohort-based stud,; recognize the value of suppor; hold high confidence levels in their leadership ability to address associated leadership challenges, and consider themselves ready to lead.
Effect of continuous glucose therapy with uncooked cornstarch on the long-term clinical course of type 1a glycogen storage disease.

To evaluate the effects of uncooked cornstarch (UCS) on metabolic control, growth, and complications of pubertal and postpubertal subjects with type 1a glycogen storage disease, we studied 26 subjects (16 males), mean age 20.8±5.1 years, in whom continuous glucose therapy with cornstarch began at 6.8±4.3 years. At the time of this analysis, subjects had received cornstarch for 14.1±3.5 years. Metabolic control was determined with subjects receiving their usual home dietary regimens: 4.1±1.3 doses of UCS in the day (9.7±2.6 g/h) and 2.0±0.4 doses at night (11.7±2.2 g/h). Mean height standard deviation score (SDS) was –1.2±1.3, significantly less than the mean target height of –0.2±1.1 (P 20 µg/min) in 31% of subjects; two subjects had clinical albuminuria (>300 mg per 24 h), but none has progressed to chronic renal insufficiency. Of 26 subjects, 13 (50%) had anemia. All of the complications were associated with evidence of suboptimal metabolic control, whereas subjects with no evidence of any long-term complications had near normal blood lactate and total CO2 concentrations. Conclusion: The achievement of optimal biochemical control of glycogen storage disease type 1a continues to be a challenge, but is attainable by meticulous adherence to an individualized dietary regimen based on the results of periodic metabolic evaluation and home blood glucose monitoring. Minimizing the metabolic abnormalities of the disease may decrease the risk of long-term complications.
Fireside corrosion of selected alloys by ash recovered from coal-water slurry combustion

Abstract The corrosion behavior of five selected stainless steels was evaluated in a simulated fireside corrosion atmosphere for a coal-water slurry system. Two types of ash, generated from actual combustion tests of coal-water slurries, were used as the fireside test deposits. The ashes differed in the amount of unburned carbon in each. The alloys selected were Types 304, 316, 321, 347 stainless steels and high-nickel 800 M. Tests were conducted for 48 h at temperatures of 600, 700, 800°C in a simulated flue gas, representative of the atmosphere expected in coal-water slurry combustion, and at 1000°C in inert atmosphere. Analyses of the test coupons after removal from the furnace included scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and weight-loss measurements. Scanning electron microscopy showed the presence of fused corrosion deposits, proving that liquid phases were involved in the corrosion process. Microprobe analysis of selected samples detected no sulfur in the corrosion products, suggesting that complex sulfates were not being formed. The low-carbon ash was more corrosive toward the alloys than the high-carbon ash. The high-carbon ash tended to shift the temperature of maximum corrosion toward higher temperatures. Type 316 stainless steel showed the highest corrosion losses among the five alloys tested with the low-carbon ash at 600–800°C. For tests with the high-carbon ash, the corrosion losses for all the alloys, except for Type 347, were low. The differences in corrosion losses between the types of ashes relate to the differences in carbon and calcium contents of the two ashes. The overall corrosion losses were small when compared to literature values for fireside corrosion losses in pulverized coal combustion.
Phosphate ceramic process for macroencapsulation and stabilization of low-level debris wastes

Abstract Across the DOE complex, large quantities of contaminated debris and irradiated lead bricks have been accumulated for disposal. Under the US Environmental Protection Agency’s Alternative Treatment Standards, the preferred method of disposal of these wastes is macroencapsulation. Chemically bonded phosphate ceramic (CBPC) is a novel binder that was developed at Argonne National Laboratory to stabilize and solidify various low-level mixed wastes. This binder is extremely strong, dense, and impervious to water. In this investigation, CBPC has been used to demonstrate macroencapsulation of various contaminated debris wastes, including cryofractured debris, lead bricks, lead-lined plastic gloves, and mercury-contaminated crushed glass. This paper describes the fabrication of the waste forms, as well as the results of various characterizations performed on the waste forms. The results show that the simple and low-cost CBPC is an excellent material system for the macroencapsulation of debris wastes.
The global response of relativistic radiation belt electrons to the January 1997 magnetic cloud

In January 1997 a large fleet of NASA and US military satellites provided the most complete observations to date of the changes in >2 MeV electrons during a geomagnetic storm. Observations at geosynchronous orbit revealed a somewhat unusual two-peaked enhancement in relativistic electron fluxes [ Reeves et al., 1998]. In the heart of the radiation belts at L ≈ 4, however, there was a single enhancement followed by a gradual decay. Radial profiles from the POLAR and GPS satellites revealed three distinct phases. (1) In the acceleration phase electron fluxes increased simultaneously at L ≈ 4–6. (2) During the passage of the cloud the radiation belts were shifted radially outward and then relaxed earthward. (3) For several days after the passage of the cloud the radial gradient of the fluxes flattened, increasing the fluxes at higher L-shells. These observations provide evidence that the acceleration of relativistic electrons takes place within the radiation belts and is rapid. Both magnetospheric compression and radial diffusion can cause a redistribution of electron fluxes within the magnetosphere that make the event profiles appear quite different when viewed at different L-shells.
North atlantic oscillatiodannular mode: Two paradigms—one phenomenon

The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), as defined in the studies of Sir Gilbert Walker ca. 1930, and the zonal-index cycle, as elaborated by investigators at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology some twenty years later, are different interpretations of the same entity, whose time variations are well represented by the leading principal component of the northern hemisphere sea-level pressure field. The NAO paradigm envisions this phenomenon as involving a unique teleconnection pattern in the Atlantic sector that varies on interannual and longer time-scales in association with large-scale atmosphere-ocean interaction. In contrast, the zonal-index-cycle paradigm posits the existence of independent, fundamentally zonally symmetric (or ‘annular’) modes of variability in the northern and southern hemispheres, both of which fluctuate on intraseasonal as well as interannual time-scales. Spontaneous interactions between the zonally symmetric flow and the eddies are viewed as being largely responsible for the variability of the annular modes at the higher frequencies, and a variety of different mechanisms including, but by no means limited to, atmosphere-ocean interaction are viewed as potentially capable of forcing them at the lower frequencies. The NAO and ‘annular mode’ paradigms offer contradictory interpretations of the causal linkages that are responsible for the observed correlations between North Atlantic climate variability and variations in a diverse array of zonally averaged quantities. They suggest different research agendas and they evoke quite different images in the popular press. It is argued that the two paradigms cannot be equally valid and that it is in the interests of the community to come to a consensus as to which of them is more appropriate. Rules of evidence are proposed as a basis for making that decision.
Clinical Predictors of Electrophysiologic Findings in Patients With Syncope of Unknown Origin

• Unexplained syncope is a common medical problem. Intracardiac electrophysiologic studies (EPS) have been used to uncover the underlying arrhythmic mechanisms. Electrophysiologic studies are especially helpful in the management of patients with inducible tachyarrhythmias, but is of limited usefulness in those with normal EPS findings. We investigated whether clinical and noninvasive laboratory variables can predict the results of EPS in 89 patients with unexplained syncope. The prevalence of inducible ventricular tachycardia (VT) was 15%; supraventricular tachycardia, 15%; bradyarrhythmias, 41%; and normal EPS, 29%. We used multivariate discriminant function analysis to predict the results of EPS. The variables selected for identification of patients with inducible VT by this analysis include New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, gender, digitalis use, nonsustained VT, and atrial fibrillation. Based on our statistical model, performing EPS on 45% of the patients with unexplained syncope would result in a 90% sensitivity in detecting patients with inducible VT. The variables selected for identification of patients with normal EPS findings include: New York Heart Association functional class, heart disease, digitalis use, and intraventricular conduction. Based on this model, it would require that all but 12% of patients with unexplained syncope be studied to achieve a 90% predictive accuracy for identification of patients with normal EPS. During follow-up, recurrence rates for the different EPS categories did not differ significantly. The five-year cumulative survival among the EPS groups were as follows: VT, 37%±28%; SVT, 90%±9%; bradyarrhythmias, 71%±10%; and normal EPS, 96%±4%. Survival of the VT group differed significantly from that of the normal group. In patients with unexplained syncope, EPS findings can be predicted from clinical and noninvasive laboratory data. Mortality during follow-up relates to EPS findings. (Arch Intern Med1988;148:1922-1928)
Brand image of company names matters in ways that can't be ignored

Purpose – This paper seeks to discuss the conceptual problems of family brands, and how conflict of images can work to the detriment of the entire line.Design/methodology/approach – Case examples are presented of a few brands that keep different “levels” of product quality apart by different brand labels contrasting with one company that decided to make it all one name.Findings – Companies often worry more about generating a well‐known brand than about what the brand means to consumers.Practical implications – Consumers can discern the value of related brands of hotels or cell phones or internet service belonging to the same company even if they have different names built around distinct images in each category.Originality/value – Names matter beyond simplistic managerial thinking of brand name awareness.
Coasters: Uniform Resource Provisioning and Access for Clouds and Grids

In this paper we present the Coaster System. It is an automatically-deployed node provisioning (Pilot Job) system for grids, clouds, and ad-hoc desktop-computer networks supporting file staging, on-demand opportunistic multi-node allocation, remote logging, and remote monitoring. The Coaster System has been previously shown to work at scales of thousands of cores. It has been used since 2009 for applications in fields that include biochemistry, earth systems science, energy modeling, and neuroscience. The system has been used successfully on the Open Science Grid, the Tera Grid, supercomputers (IBM Blue Gene/P, Cray XT and XE systems, and Sun Constellation), a number of smaller clusters, and three cloud infrastructures (BioNimbus, Future Grid and Amazon EC2).
Processing and microstructural characterization of sputter-deposited Ni/Ni3Al multilayered thin films

The crystallographic texture, orientation relationships, coherency stress, and thermal stability of sputter-deposited Ni/Ni3Al multilayered thin films were studied as a function of bilayer period (Λ) as well as processing parameters such as substrate type, deposition temperature, and prebake conditions. Deposition onto oxidized Si or single-crystal Cu(001), NaCl(001), or KBr(001) substrates near room temperature produces multilayers with a [111] crystallographic texture along the Ni/Ni3Al interface normal and a disordered face-centered cubic structure for the Ni3Al phase. In contrast, deposition at 673 K onto NaCl(001) or KBr(001) substrates that are prebaked in vacuum at 693 K produces a chemically ordered L12 structure for the Ni3Al phase and (001) epitaxial growth. X-ray diffraction measurements of (001) multilayers with equal volume fraction of Ni and Ni3Al reveals a transition from a nearly incoherent state at Λ=40 nm to a semicoherent one at Λ 40 nm. Remarkably, (001) multilayers were observed to solutionize at 1373 K, which is approximately 100 K below that predicted by the Ni–Al phase diagram.
Resonating circadian clocks enhance fitness in cyanobacteria in silico

Abstract Many different organisms, including the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, have a circadian clock. Advances in molecular biology and biochemistry are rapidly identifying and characterizing the components of the clock. However, its function inside the cell is not well understood, and the mechanism by which it affects fitness is unknown. This paper presents a simulation modeling study that combines existing systems biology models of basic intracellular mechanisms (e.g. DNA replication), photosynthesis, post-translational oscillator and transcriptional/translational feedback loop with an agent-based systems ecology model of individual cells (a new approach called “systems bioecology”). The model is calibrated against and can reproduce the major observed features of the clock, including entrainment to light/dark (LD) cycles, free-running rhythms, phase shifts by dark pulses and KaiC protein dynamics. The observed decrease of the free-running period (FRP) with light intensity (Aschoff's Rule) emerges unexpectedly in the model. This behavior of the model can be eliminated by changing how the ribosome concentration varies with the growth rate, consistent with the observed behavior of an ldpA mutant, which suggests a role for that gene. The model predicts the observed fitness advantage of wild-type and period mutants when the FRP and LD periods match. The mechanism in the model is higher amplitude (resonance) of the clock, which leads to stronger expression of photosynthesis genes and growth rate. This may be the mechanism actually responsible for the fitness effect in this case, but it does not explain the existence of the circadian clock from an evolutionary perspective.