cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CSS Codes that are Oblivious to Coherent Noise

Physical platforms such as trapped ions suffer from coherent noise that does not follow a simple stochastic model. We view coherent errors as rotations about a particular axis, and observe that since they can accumulate coherently over time, they can be more damaging. It is natural to consider coherent noise acting transversally giving rise to an effective error, which is a $Z$ -rotation on each qubit by some angle $\theta$ . Rather than addressing coherent noise through active error correction, we instead investigate passive mitigation through decoherence free subspaces. In the language of stabilizer codes, we require the noise to preserve the code space, and to act trivially (as the logical identity operator) on the protected information. Thus, we develop necessary and sufficient conditions for all transversal $Z$ -rotations to preserve the code space of a stabilizer code. These conditions require the existence of a large number of weight 2 $Z$ -stabilizers, and together, these weight 2 $Z$ -stabilizers generate a direct product of single-parity-check codes. By adjusting the size of these components, we are able to construct a large family of CSS codes, oblivious to coherent noise, that includes the $[[4L^{2}, 1,2L]]$ Shor codes. Given $m$ even and given any $[[n, k, d]]$ CSS code, we can construct an $[[mn, k, d^{\prime}\geq d]]$ CSS code that is oblivious to coherent noise. This result is generalized to stabilizer codes in [Hu, Liang, Rengaswamy, and Calderbank 2020]. The MacWilliams Identities play a central role in the technical analysis, and classical coding theorists may be interested in connections to classical codes with all weights divisible by some integer $d$ .
Does autotransfusion from a contaminated trauma laparotomy field increase the risk of complications

Abstract Background Autotransfusion (AT) in trauma laparotomy is limited by concern that enteric contamination (EC) increases complications, including infections. Our goal was to determine if AT use increases complications in trauma patients undergoing laparotomy with EC. Methods Trauma patients undergoing laparotomy from October 2011–November 2020 were reviewed. Patients were excluded if they did not receive blood in the operating room, did not have a full thickness hollow viscus injury, or died Results 185 patients were included, 60 received AT, and 46 pairs were matched. After matching, demographics were similar. No differences were noted in septic complications (33 vs 41%, p = 0.39), overall complications (59% vs 54%, p = 0.67), or mortality (13 vs 6%, p = 0.29). Conclusions AT use in contaminated trauma laparotomy fields was not associated with a higher rate of complications.
Indian Affairs and Administrative Law

This brief essay, written for a Symposium on Racism in Administrative Law, highlights the significance of "Indian Affairs" for the history of administrative law, and raises normative questions about excluding such history from prevalent definitions of the field. To erase Native dispossession from the history of American administrative structures necessarily distorts images of United States law and the violence it has produced.
Describing the Properties of Characteristic Polynomial of Marker Set and Its Laplacian

The study of marker set distance matrices, associated with their eigenvalues, characteristic polynomials find a lot of applications. Also the Laplacian associated with marker set distances need to be studied in detail to get range of applications. In recent years these concepts have been studied well. In this chapter, we consider different properties related to characteristic polynomials of M-set distance matrix and its Laplacian.
Understanding Polygons and Polyhedrons Using Flexagons

Introduction The goal of this paper is to help students understand simple polygons and simple polyhedrons. First the project within this paper involves having students look at polygons. Though much of this information should have been learned in the fourth grade it is still important to review this material. Having the students define certain shapes illustrates their true understanding of the subject. The second part to the project within this paper is to use the student’s knowledge of polygons and build polyhedrons. In this paper the students will only have to concern themselves with squares and equilateral triangles. Here they will have to build constructions known as “flexagons.” A flexagon in short is a polyhedron constructed by using tag or poster board and cutting out patterns with wings and rubber banding them together. The third part to the project within this paper is to take all of the polygons and flexagons/polyhedrons and make them into a mobile. The mobile works as a nice way to end the project by displaying the knowledge these students have attained in a creative manner. The Geometry Standards for Grades 3-5 from the NCTM Principles and Standards for School Mathematics web site states; students in grades three through five should be expected to know how to identify, compare, and analyze attributes of twoand three-dimensional shapes and develop a vocabulary to describe the attributes of these figures. Students should also be able to classify these assorted shapes in accordance to their properties and build a distinction between the various classes of shapes. Not only should students understand the vast attributes of twoand three-dimensional shapes they should also be able to create them. Students should be able to create these shapes by drawing them as well as building them. Also students should understand that three-dimensional objects are constructed from two-dimensional shapes.
Analysis of Reversible and Nonreversible Queueing Networks with Rejection Blocking

Queueing networks which contain finite capacities have proved useful in modeling actual computer systems and communication networks. The finite capacity of stations introduces blocking events which should be considered in the performance evaluation. Specifically, we shall examine the effects of rejection blocking upon queueing networks. Rejection blocking is defined in the following manner. Upon completion of its service of a particular station’s server, a job attempts to proceed to its next station. If, at that moment, its destination station is full, the job is rejected. The job goes back to the server of the source station and immediately receives a new service. This is repeated until the next station releases a job and a place becomes available. In the first part of this work the well known exact product form solution for the equilibrium state probabilities is presented for closed rejection blocking networks which have reversible routing. An algorithm is given for computation of performance measures in reversible networks with rejection blocking. In the second part nonreversible networks with rejection blocking are analyzed. The analysis is based on the transformation of the state space of a blocking queueing network into an equivalent state space of a nonblocking network with infinite station capacities. It is shown that the state spaces of both systems are isomorphic under a given condition. Markov processes describing the evolution of both networks over time have the same structure. This leads to the product form solution for blocking networks. Based on product form solution new formulae are given for the exact computation of performance measures.
The effect of social capital and identity factors on Latino/a business network success in new destination communities

Most of what is currently known about the success of immigrant businesses was developed out of research focused on ethnic entrepreneurs embedded in cities. These entrepreneurs are able to draw on ties to co-ethnics to achieve advantages – a result of social capital. What is known about Latinos in rural new destinations suggests that they will not be able to develop these co-ethnic ties. As such, other avenues for Latino/a business success need to be found. One such avenue is membership in a business network. The same factors that make it difficult to develop social capital for these entrepreneurs (particularly cultural impediments to developing trusting relationships outside of family relations) also make membership and sustainability of a business network problematic. This dissertation proposes that trusting relationships (or social capital) can be developed through assurance from a trusted third party that others in the network can be trusted, a history of interaction between members, and a sense of “we-ness” (or, in this case, self-identification as “Latino/a”). As this sense of “we-ness” is usually based on a shared ethnicity (a requirement lacking in new destinations which are composed of Latinos from many different nations), a theory of how to develop a sense of shared identity is proposed. A multi-method analysis of qualitative, survey, and network data collected between 2003 and 2010 on a Latino/a business network in Ottumwa, Iowa, is utilized to test these predictions. Results showed that trust could be developed between Latino/a network members through a third party and a history of exchanges. While there is mixed support for the theory addressing the formation of a sense of “we-ness,” self-identification as Latino/a also increased trust between network members. Further, trust was found to be related to increased perception of business benefits, increased resource exchanges, and network sustainability.
Fostering the Use of Educational Technology: Elements of a National Strategy

The nation's most important educational goal must be to produce learners adequately prepared for life and work in the 21st century. Computer- and network-based technology will play a key role in reaching that goal. In 1983, there was about one computer for every 125 students in the nation's public schools. By 1995, there was one computer for every nine students. In 1994, U.S. schools spent about $3 billion on computer- and network-based technology. Despite all this activity, however, examples of schoolwide use of technology are comparatively rare and isolated. This report identifies principles for guiding public officials, educators, and others concerned with increasing the use of technology to improve the performance of schools and school systems. Prepared as a result of RAND's Critical Technologies Institute (CTI) participation in federal efforts to plan a research agenda and develop a national educational technology plan, it is based upon a series of workshops, interviews, and literature reviews. This report takes stock of the current status of the use of technology by U.S. public elementary and secondary schools and suggests some of the challenges that face educators, policymakers, and producers of educational technology and software as they seek to expand and deepen the use of technology in schools.
The Social Psychology of Hatred

Hatred has not typically been a topic of research in the field of social psychology, although several components which embody hatred have been studied extensively in this field. Social psychologists have traditionally considered prejudice, stereotyping, discrimination and intergroup aggression to be highly important and socially relevant topics for research, and thousands of studies by social psychologists have examined these and other issues related to hatred. There are three primary approaches social psychologists have utilized in studying prejudice and intergroup aggression. The first approach may be thought of as a general model of social influence in which a variety of situational factors have been found to increase, or decrease, laboratory subjects’ proclivity to engage in stereotyping or aggressive behavior. Particular types of situations may promote hatred, such as when individuals in mobs behave in ways they ordinarily would not. The second approach might be termed an interpersonal attitude approach, in the sense that individuals are measured in the degree to which they hold attitudes corresponding to authoritarianism and social dominance, which in turn relate to social hostility and prejudice. This approach, popular in the 1950s and 1960s, fell out of favor during the past quarter century, and is currently experiencing a revival of interest by researchers. The third approach focuses on social cognition or the way in which humans perceive the social world in a biased manner due to limits on the brain’s information processing capacity. The social cognition approach in turn gave rise to social categorization theory and social identity theory, both of which describe important aspects of intergroup processes that explain outgroup derogation and discrimination. Each of these three approaches describes aspects of what we may commonly think of as hatred.
Introduction to bulk metallic glass composite and its recent applications

Bulk metallic glass (BMG) materials are hot topics in recent years, not to mention BMG matrix composites, which further improve the magnetic and mechanical properties of BMG materials. BMG and BMG matrix materials are fast developing and promising materials in modern industry due to their extraordinary properties such as high strength, low density, excellent resistibility to high temperature and corrosion. In this paper, I reviewed processing and application of several recently developed BMG and BMG matrix materials.
Interface effect on ferroelectricity at the nanoscale

Interfaces play a critical role in nanoscale ferroelectricity. We perform a first-principles study of ultrathin KNbO3 ferroelectric films placed between two metal electrodes, either SrRuO3 or Pt. We show that bonding at the ferroelectric−metal interfaces imposes severe constraints on the displacement of atoms, destroying the bulk tetragonal soft mode. If the interface bonding is sufficiently strong, the ground-state represents a ferroelectric domain with an interface domain wall, driven by the intrinsic oppositely oriented dipole moments at the two interfaces. The critical thickness for the net polarization of the KNbO3 film is predicted to be about 1 nm for Pt and 1.8 nm for SrRuO3 electrodes.
Nitric oxide and noradrenaline contribute to the temperature threshold of the axon reflex response to gradual local heating in human skin

The initial skin blood flow response to rapid local heating is an axon reflex, which may be mediated by calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P released from C-fibres. We investigated the role of nitric oxide (NO) and noradrenaline on the temperature threshold for the axon reflex during gradual local heating. 36 subjects participated in two studies. Using microdialysis, we examined the following interventions: NO synthase inhibition (10 mM N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, L-NAME); low-dose NO infusion (1.0 microM sodium nitroprusside, SNP); adrenergic blockade (10 mM bretylium tosylate); and low-dose (0.1 microM) noradrenaline infusion. Laser-Doppler flowmetry was used to measure red blood cell flux. Skin was heated at a rate of 0.1 degrees C min(-1) from 33 degrees C to 40 degrees C. Compared to control skin sites, the axon reflex response was shifted to a higher temperature in 4 subjects in the L-NAME sites (control, 37.0 +/- 0.3 degrees C, n = 16; L-NAME, 39.8 +/- 0.1 degrees C, n = 4; P < 0.001) and absent in 12 subjects. The response was also absent in L-NAME plus low-dose SNP sites and not altered by low-dose SNP infusion alone. Adrenergic blockade, with and without low-dose noradrenaline infusion, also abolished the axon reflex response in all subjects. Low-dose noradrenaline infusion alone shifted the axon reflex to a significantly lower temperature threshold compared to control sites (control, 38.2 +/- 0.5 degrees C; noradrenaline, 37.7 +/- 0.4 degrees C, P < 0.05, n = 5). These results suggest that endogenous NO and noradrenaline contribute to the temperature threshold of the axon reflex response during gradual local heating of the skin.
The stability of child problem behaviors: A longitudinal analysis of inner-city African American children

We focused on the stability of child problem behaviors in a sample of 124 low-income inner-city African American families. Internalizing and externalizing problems were assessed longitudinally across four years. Test-retest correlation coefficients indicated that the relative stability of both internalizing and externalizing problems over the four-year assessment was high for both child and mother reported variables. Partial support was obtained for absolute stability of child problem behavior as analyses of variance revealed that two of four variables of interest did not change significantly over time. Mother report of child problem behavior was more stable than child report, but gender of child or type of problem behavior (internalizing vs. externalizing) was not related to stability. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that the historical context of child problem behaviors is important to consider, as earlier problem behaviors accounted for unique variance in later problem behaviors, beyond that accounted for the most recent assessment.
Tax Expenditures and the Carbon Audit

In the Emergency Improvement and Extension Act of 2008, Congress called for a $1.5 million carbon audit of the Internal Revenue Code, to be conducted by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). This article offers some suggestions concerning the approach the NAS should take in conducting the audit. It argues that tax expenditure analysis should play no role in the audit. Instead of first identifying tax expenditures and then evaluating those expenditures for their environmental impacts, the NAS should include in its carbon audit any existing tax provision which satisfies two criteria: that there is a technically and politically realistic alternative to the provision, and that the choice between the current provision and the alternative would be likely to have a significant impact on greenhouse gas emissions. A provision that does not currently exist in the Code should also be included in the study if it satisfies the same two criteria - that is, if its enactment is technically and politically realistic, and if its enactment would be likely to have a significant effect (good or bad) on greenhouse gas emissions.
Microbiological aspects of the formation and degradation of cellulosic fibers.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on microbiological aspects of the formation and degradation of cellulosic fibers. There are three main subdivisions of the process of formation of any cellulosic fiber of biological origin— namely, biosynthesis of the component chains of the cellulose microfibrils (or parts of these chains) mechanism of orientation of groups of cellulose microfibrils to form bundles, sheets, rings, helices, or other shapes often with remarkable regularity, and ordered association of these aggregates in cells or groups of cells. There are two stages in the incorporation of glucose into the cellulose of cotton, which they identify as the formation of the cellulose of the primary and secondary layers. The formation of the cellulose of the secondary layer is consistent with the assumption of a template mechanism, whereas this mechanism is not applicable to the formation of the cellulose of the primary layer. The biochemistry of cellulose is only a part, although an essential one, of the process of formation of a cellulosic fiber. The orientation of the microfibrils, either during or after actual synthesis, to form larger structures is the next essential step. The mechanism of formation of whole fibers means the process or series of processes whereby the oriented cellulosic structures touched upon previously (bundles, sheets, rings, helices, or other simple shapes) are incorporated with non-cellulosic material to form the complete cell or associated cells. On the other hand, the degradation of native cellulose by enzymes or microorganisms is a slow process as only a small fraction of the linkages are accessible to an enzyme at any given time.
The Mass Impact of Videogame Technology

Publisher Summary This chapter focus on the hardware, software, marketing, legal aspects, and future of coin-operated arcade videogames (“coin-op” or “arcade” games). The chapter presents the history and recent development of videogames. There are many ways to differentiate one videogame from another. The discussion in this chapter attempts to set forth the currently important distinctions of videogame. One way to categorize coin-op games is by the number of players. One and two-player games exist, and although all games allow players to take turns, two-player games allow both to play at the same time: against the machine, against each other, or both. Videogame hardware is examined, starting with the cabinet and proceeding inward to the circuits and logic. The coin-operated videogame is currently available in four physical configurations: full-size upright, mini upright, sit-in, and cocktail table. Animation techniques are rather dependent on the hardware. They can be divided into two types: vector and raster. Vector graphics are drawn random scan and are easily geometrically transformed as wire-frame objects in real time. Raster images can be moved only in x and y directions and possibly rotated by 90°; animation is done as in cartoons by flipping different images at least 12 times a second.
ECOLOGICAL DRIVERS OF ANTIPREDATOR DEFENSES IN CARNIVORES

Mammals have evolved several morphological and behavioral adaptations to reduce the risk of predation, but we know little about the ecological factors that favor their evolution. For example, some mammalian carnivores have the ability to spray noxious anal secretions in defense, whereas other species lack such weaponry but may instead rely on collective vigilance characteristic of cohesive social groups. Using extensive natural history data on 181 species in the order Carnivora, we created a new estimate of potential predation risk from mammals and birds of prey and used comparative phylogenetic methods to assess how different sources of predation risk and other ecological variables influence the evolution of either noxious weaponry or sociality in this taxon. We demonstrate that the evolution of enhanced spraying ability is favored by increased predation risk from other mammals and by nocturnality, but the evolution of sociality is favored by increased predation risk from birds of prey and by diurnality, which may allow for enhanced early visual detection. These results suggest that noxious defenses and sociality are alternative antipredator strategies targeting different predator guilds under different lighting conditions.
Can, or should, a central bank inflation target?

Today’s conventional wisdom states that central banks will be very successful if they engage in developing a monetary policy that targets a specific rate of inflation. To understand whether a central bank can successfully pursue an inflation target policy we must inquire (1) what is the theory that informs us whether a central bank can target inflation? and (2) what is the mechanism that converts a specific monetary policy into achieving a specific rate of inflation?
Simplex optimization of high-performance liquid chromatographic separations

La methode d'optimisation pour les separations chromatographiques liquides a haute performance est la methode simplex. Cet article de synthese presente les algorithmes pour cette optimisation
The short-range component of surface-enhanced Raman scattering: thiourea adsorbed on a silver electrode

Abstract The short-range component of SERS is investigated using a new probe molecule, thiourea. Through a study of the characteristics of thiourea adsorbed on a silver electrode we conclude that resonant surface complexes are not a universal requirement for large enhancement. We further show that the applied voltage definitely influences the enhancement for individual thiourea molecules.
Binomial identities and hypergeometric series

(1987). Binomial Identities and Hypergeometric Series. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 94, No. 1, pp. 36-46.
Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activation mediates proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 phosphorylation and recruitment to β1-integrins in human CD34+ cells

Objective β 1 -integrins mediate hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell homing and retention in the bone marrow (BM) and inhibit hematopoietic proliferation and differentiation. Having no intrinsic kinase activity, integrins recruit intracellular kinases, such as the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) or the related proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2), to initiate signal transduction. Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), which is involved in β 1 -integrin signaling in many cell types, is physically and functionally associated with FAK in anchorage-dependent cells. Because PYK2 is the principal focal adhesion kinase expressed in primary human CD34 + cells, we assessed its functional relationship with PI3K in CD34 + cells in response to integrin engagement. Methods β 1 -integrins on primary mobilized peripheral blood CD34 + cells and CD34 + KG1A cells were engaged by adhesion to fibronectin (FN) or by cross-linking with an anti-β 1 integrin antibody, respectively. PI3K activity and PYK2 phosphorylation were then assessed in the presence or absence of the PI3K inhibitor, wortmannin. Association between PI3K, PYK2, and the β 1 -integrin subunit were also evaluated in co-immunoprecipitation experiments. Results β 1 -integrin engagement induced PI3K activation, which was required for, and temporally preceded, PYK2 phosphorylation, indicating that PI3K lies upstream of PYK2 in CD34 + cells. Furthermore, although PYK2 and PI3K were constitutively associated, interaction of the PYK2/PI3K complex with β 1 -integrins required prior integrin engagement and PI3K activation. Conclusion Activation of PI3K following β 1 -integrin engagement on human CD34 + cells results in subsequent phosphorylation of PYK2, and is required for the recruitment of the PI3K/PYK2 complex to β 1 -integrins at the cell surface.
Analysis of Drosophila 26 S Proteasome Using RNA Interference

We have utilized double-stranded RNA interference (RNAi) to examine the effects of reduced expression of individual subunits of the 26 S proteasome in Drosophila S2 cells. RNAi significantly decreased mRNA and protein levels of targeted subunits of both the core 20 S proteasome and the PA700 regulatory complex. Cells deficient in any of several 26 S proteasome subunits (e.g. dβ5, dRpt1, dRpt2, dRpt5, dRpn2, and dRpn12) displayed decreased proteasome activity (as judged by hydrolysis of succinyl-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-aminomethylcoumarin), increased apoptosis, decreased cell proliferation without a specific block of the cell cycle, and accumulation of ubiquitinated cellular proteins. RNAi of many individual 26 S proteasome subunits promoted increased expression of many non-targeted subunits. This effect was not mimicked by chemical proteasome inhibitors such as lactacystin. Reduced expression of most targeted subunits disrupted the assembly of the 26 S proteasome. RNAi of six of eight targeted PA700 subunits disrupted that structure and caused accumulation of increased levels of uncapped 20 S proteasome. Notable exceptions included RNAi of dRpn10, a polyubiquitin binding subunit, and dUCH37, a ubiquitin isopeptidase. dRpn10-deficient cells showed a significant increase in succinyl-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-aminomethylcoumarin hydrolyzing activity of the 26 S proteasomes but accumulated polyubiquitinated proteins. dβ5-Deficient cells had a phenotype similar to that of most PA700-deficient cells but also accumulated low molecular mass complexes containing subunits of the 20 S proteasome, probably representing unassembled precursors of the 20 S proteasomes. Cells deficient in several of the 26 S proteasome subunits were more resistant to otherwise toxic concentrations of various proteasome inhibitors. Our data suggest that those cells adapted to grow in conditions of impaired ubiquitin and proteasome-dependent protein degradation.
Determinants of psychiatric rehospitalization: a social area analysis.

The purpose of this paper is to develop an analytic framework and methodology for estimating the demand for psychiatric hospitalization in state facilities, either new admissions or readmissions of clients from the Community Services Boards (CSBs) of Virginia. The combination of community and organizational factors with inpatient characteristics for the CSBs can help identify pertinent predictrs of psychiatric hospitalization. Review of the literature on psychiatric epidemiology shows that the predictors of psychiatric hospitalization can be classified into four major dimensions including community resources, socio-demographic factors, CSB client characteristics, and CSB organizational factors.
The vapour-pressure and transition points of TcF6

Abstract The vapour-pressure and transition points of TcF 6 have been measured. The vapour-pressure is represented by the following equations: Solid I (−16·32 to −5·3°) log 10 p = −( 3564·8 T ) −10·787 log 10 T + 41·1252; Solid II (−5·3 to 37·4°) log 10 p = −( 2178·0 T ) − 2·295 log 10 T + 15·33427; Liquid (37·4–51·67°) log 10 p = −( 2404·9 T ) − 5·8036 log 10 T + 24·8087 . TcF 6 undergoes a solid-solid transition at −4·54° and melts at 37·4°.
Laboratory evaluation in neck pain.

Comment Drs. Dreyer and Boden provide a comprehensive overview of the relevant laboratory tests that need consideration in patients with cervical pain syndromes. They point out that systemic disease affecting the cervical spine is quite rare but does occur. They emphasize the red flags of systemic illness, provide an outline of the appropriate tests, and discuss the issues of precision and imprecision that must be considered with all laboratory testing. Drs. Dreyer and Boden give a solid and practical basis for the selection and interpretation of laboratory tests that may be associated with systemic inflammatory or malignant disorders that can affect the neck. –RLS Laboratory tests can help confirm or eliminate clinical diagnoses. In general, laboratory testing plays a minor role in the care of patients with neck pain. Most commonly, neck pain results from mechanical causes, and laboratory tests are not needed. When the clinical presentation is one of fever and stiff neck, and meningitis is suspected, laboratory tests can be critical to the diagnosis and care of the patient. In chronic neck pain, laboratory investigation can contribute to the diagnosis of chronic inflammatory disease. The key to successful use of laboratory tests in the care of patients with neck pain is first to arrive at a presumptive diagnosis using the history and physical examination and then to select laboratory testing to help confirm or eliminate that diagnosis. With the plethora of laboratory tests available and growing, selecting the appropriate tests to order can be daunting. This article examines the tests most commonly ordered for patients with neck pain. Laboratory testing can
Using correlation coefficients to estimate slopes in multiple linear regression

This short note takes correlation coefficients as the starting point to obtain inferential results in linear regression. Under certain conditions, the population correlation coefficient and the sampling correlation coefficient can be related via a Taylor series expansion to allow inference on the coefficients in simple and multiple regression. This general method includes nonparametric correlation coefficients and so gives a universal way to develop regression methods. This work is part of a correlation estimation system that uses correlation coefficients to perform estimation in many settings, for example, time series, nonlinear and generalized linear models, and individual distributions.
An Asperity Microcontact Model Incorporating the Transition From Elastic Deformation to Fully Plastic Flow

This paper presents an elastic-plastic asperity microcontact model for contact between two nominally flat surfaces. The transition from elastic deformation to fully plastic flow of the contacting asperity is modeled based on contact-mechanics theories in conjunction with the continuity and smoothness of variables across different modes of deformation. The relations of the mean contact pressure and contact area of the asperity to its contact interference in the elastoplastic regime of deformation are respectively modeled by logarithmic and fourth-order polynomial functions. These asperity-scale equations are then used to develop the elastic-plastic contact model between two rough surfaces, allowing the mean surface separation and the real area of contact to be calculated as functions of the contact load and surface plasticity index. Results are presented for a wide range of contact load and plasticity index, showing the importance of accurately modeling the deformation in the elastoplastic transitional regime of the asperity contacts. The results are also compared with those calculated by the GW and CEB models, showing that the present model is more complete in describing the contact of rough surfaces.
Somatostatin receptor subtype-4 agonist NNC 26–9100 decreases extracellular and intracellular Aβ1–42 trimers

Soluble amyloid β-protein (Aβ) oligomers are primary mediators of synaptic dysfunction associated with the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Such Aβ oligomers exist dependent on their rates of aggregation and metabolism. Use of selective somatostatin receptor-subtype agonists have been identified as a potential means to mitigate Aβ accumulation in the brain, via regulation of the enzyme neprilysin. Herein, we first evaluated the impact of the somatostatin receptor subtype-4 agonist 1-[3-[N-(5-Bromopyridin-2-yl)-N-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)amino]propyl]-3-[3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propyl]thiourea (NNC 26-9100) on learning and memory in 12-month SAMP8 mice (i.c.v. injection). NNC 26-9100 (0.2 μg-dose) was shown to enhance both learning (T-maze) and memory (object recognition) compared to vehicle controls. Cortical and hippocampal tissues were evaluated subsequent to NNC 26-9100 (0.2 μg) or vehicle administration for changes in neprilysin activity, along with protein expression of amyloid-precursor protein (APP), neprilysin, and Aβ₁₋₄₂ oligomers within respective cellular fractions (extracellular, intracellular and membrane). NNC 26-9100 increased neprilysin activity in cortical tissue, with an associated protein expression increase in the extracellular fraction and decreased in the intracellular fraction. A decrease in intracellular APP expression was found with treatment in both cortical and hippocampal tissues. NNC 26-9100 also significantly decreased expression of Aβ₁₋₄₂ trimers within both the extracellular and intracellular cortical fractions. No expression changes were found in membrane fractions for any protein. These finding suggest the potential use of selective SSTR4 agonists to mitigate toxic oligomeric forms of Aβ₁₋₄₂ in critical regions of the brain identified with learning and memory decline.
Order- v 4 corrections to S -wave quarkonium decay

We compute corrections of relative order ${v}^{4}$ to the rates for the decays of ${}^{1}{S}_{0}$ heavy quarkonium into two photons and into light hadrons and for the decays of ${}^{3}{S}_{1}$ heavy quarkonium into a lepton pair and into light hadrons. In particular, we compute the coefficients of the decay operators that have the same quantum numbers as the heavy quarkonium. We also confirm previous calculations of the order-${v}^{2}$ corrections to these rates. We find that the $v$ expansion converges well for the decays of ${}^{1}{S}_{0}$ heavy quarkonium and for the decay of ${}^{3}{S}_{1}$ heavy quarkonium into a lepton pair. Large higher-order-in-$v$ corrections appear in the decay of ${}^{3}{S}_{1}$ heavy quarkonium into light hadrons. However, we find that the series of coefficients of operators with ${}^{3}{S}_{1}$ quantum numbers, which yields a large correction in order ${v}^{2},$ yields a smaller correction in order ${v}^{4}.$
Autocatalytic cleavage of human γ-glutamyl transpeptidase is highly dependent on N-glycosylation at asparagine 95

γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) is a heterodimeric membrane enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of extracellular glutathione and other γ-glutamyl-containing compounds. GGT is synthesized as a single polypeptide (propeptide) that undergoes autocatalytic cleavage, which results in the formation of the large and small subunits that compose the mature enzyme. GGT is extensively N-glycosylated, yet the functional consequences of this modification are unclear. We investigated the effect of N-glycosylation on the kinetic behavior, stability, and functional maturation of GGT. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we confirmed that all seven N-glycosylation sites on human GGT are modified by N-glycans. Comparative enzyme kinetic analyses revealed that single substitutions are functionally tolerated, although the N95Q mutation resulted in a marked decrease in the cleavage efficiency of the propeptide. However, each of the single site mutants exhibited decreased thermal stability relative to wild-type GGT. Combined mutagenesis of all N-glycosylation sites resulted in the accumulation of the inactive propeptide form of the enzyme. Use of N-glycosylation inhibitors demonstrated that binding of the core N-glycans, not their subsequent processing, is the critical glycosylation event governing the autocleavage of GGT. Although N-glycosylation is necessary for maturation of the propeptide, enzymatic deglycosylation of the mature wild-type GGT does not substantially impact either the kinetic behavior or thermal stability of the fully processed human enzyme. These findings are the first to establish that co-translational N-glycosylation of human GGT is required for the proper folding and subsequent cleavage of the nascent propeptide, although retention of these N-glycans is not necessary for maintaining either the function or structural stability of the mature enzyme.
Implementation of NEDA-based DCT architecture using even-odd decomposition of the 8 × 8 DCT matrix

New Distributed Arithmetic has been been applied to the 1-D DCT to produce a low power, high throughput architecture. In previous work, we applied NEDA to the even-odd decomposition matrices of the 8 × 8 forward and inverse DCT. With the proposed approach, the number of adders required for the adder array for the forward DCT and the inverse DCT is fewer than required if NEDA is applied directly to the 8 × 8 DCT and IDCT matrices. This reduction results in few adders needed, without decreasing the throughput. Also, for the inverse DCT, the number of adder stages is reduced, resulting in faster decoding. In this paper, we present the results of the implementation for the forward DCT using 4:2 compressor trees where needed to decrease the delay and show the results obtained from synthesizing the design in 0.18? technology using Cadence BuildGates.
Orthotopic Liver Transplantation: A Pathological Study of 63 Serial Liver Biopsies from 17 Patients with Special Reference to the Diagnostic Features and Natural History of Rejection†

The histopathological features of orthotopic liver transplants were evaluated in 63 serial biopsy specimens from 17 patients. Biopsies were taken at the time of insertion of the liver (six biopsies), at the time of development of liver function abnormalities (11 biopsies) and as follow-up to previously abnormal biopsies (46 biopsies). The biopsies taken at the time of insertion all showed diffuse hepatocellular ballooning with confluent areas of necrosis in one case. Biopsies taken at the time of onset of rejection (nine cases) all showed a mixed portal inflammatory infiltrate, bile duct damage and central or portal vein endothelialitis (i.e., attachment of lymphocytes to the vein endothelium). Follow-up biopsies showed several patterns including: (i) resolution of changes of acute rejection with subsequent development of recurrent acute or chronic rejection (four cases); (ii) prolonged acute rejection simulating extrahepatic biliary obstruction (four cases); (iii) prolonged acute rejection with predominance of eosinophils simulating a drug reaction (one case); and (iv) rapidly progressive acute rejection leading to death (one case). Biopsy of the transplanted liver at the time of transplantation is useful to provide a baseline for comparison with later biopsies. Biopsy at the time of onset of changes in liver function is essential to confirm the presence of rejection prior to alteration of immunosuppression.
The effect of extender, method of thawing, and duration of storage on in vitro fertility measures of frozen–thawed boar sperm

Abstract Frozen–thawed boar sperm (FTS) has reduced in vitro and in vivo life span compared to liquid semen. Experiments tested whether extenders, thawing procedures, and storage temperatures could extend the fertile life span of FTS. Experiment 1 tested the effect of six extenders on postthaw motility (MOT) and viability (VIA). Straws from boars (n = 6) were thawed, diluted into each extender, and evaluated at 20, 60, and 120 minutes. There was a trend (P = 0.08) for an extender-by-time interaction for MOT and effect of extender and time for MOT (P in vitro fertility at intervals after thawing. Straws (0.5 mL) from different boar ejaculates (n = 15) were thawed at 50 °C for 10, 20, or 30 seconds or at 70 °C for 5, 10, or 20 seconds and evaluated at 5, 30, and 60 minutes. There was an effect of thawing treatment on MOT, VIA, and ACR (viable sperm with intact acrosomes, P in vitro fertility of FTS is affected by extenders, thawing, and storage.
An annular bound-enzyme reactor

A column reactor with an annular cross section was formed by rolling up DEAE cellulose paper and a screening spacer. Glucoamylase was attached by ion adsorption. For the spacer used, pressure drop was very low, suggesting that this form may be useful with feed streams that are not completely particle-free. Tests of this reactor at the high substrate concentrations characteristic of commercial reactors showed very little diffusional resistance, exhibiting zero-order behavior over most of the concentration range. At low concentrations, the reactor had an apparent “half-order” behavior caused by diffusional limitation in the paper. In this range, flow rate influenced the reaction rate, showing that mass transfer in the main stream also is a contributing factor in this range. Because of the high concentrations and the low Michaelis constant (0.0011 M) the reactor does not show first-order behavior, even at very high conversions. The design of a plant-scale reactor was formulated from these data. The increase in the quantity of enzyme necessary to compensate for the effects of diffusion was only a few percent. Two reactors were formed with sheets nonporous to the enzyme, binding the enzyme with cyanogen bromide after forming the reactor. The amount of enzyme bound was about one monolayer, and there appeared to be no diffusional limitations, even at low substrate concentrations.
An autonomous CDR3delta is sufficient for recognition of the nonclassical MHC class I molecules T10 and T22 by gammadelta T cells.

The molecular basis of ligand recognition by γδ TCRs remains vague. Adams and colleagues show that the CDR3δ loop, when grafted in place of a CDR3α loop, is sufficient to confer γδ TCR specificity on an αβ TCR.
Structure and Function of the Transcription Elongation Factor GreB Bound to Bacterial RNA Polymerase

Bacterial GreA and GreB promote transcription elongation by stimulating an endogenous, endonucleolytic transcript cleavage activity of the RNA polymerase. The structure of Escherichia coli core RNA polymerase bound to GreB was determined by cryo-electron microscopy and image processing of helical crystals to a nominal resolution of 15 A, allowing fitting of high-resolution RNA polymerase and GreB structures. In the resulting model, the GreB N-terminal coiled-coil domain extends 45 A through a channel directly to the RNA polymerase active site. The model leads to detailed insights into the mechanism of Gre factor activity that explains a wide range of experimental observations and points to a key role for conserved acidic residues at the tip of the Gre factor coiled coil in modifying the RNA polymerase active site to catalyze the cleavage reaction. Mutational studies confirm that these positions are critical for Gre factor function.
C(14)-substituted corticosteroids; some D ring transformations in the compound S series.

Eine Anzahl am D-Ring substituierter Derivate von Reichsteins Verbindung S wurde als Modellverbindungen in der Synthese neuer Corticosteroide hergestellt. Die beschriebenen Strukturtypen schliessen Dehydroverbindungen, Epoxyde, Halogenhydrine und ein Glykol ein.
Ethyl Alcohol from Whey

Summary 1.Various types of lactose-fermenting yeast were tested for their efficiency in fermenting lactose in whey, and Torula cremoris was selected as the most efficient organism. 2.The optimal operating temperature for the fermentation in the semi-plant was found to be 33–34°C. 3.The pH of a whey mash should be within the range of 4.7 to 5.0. 4.Yeast equivalent to two percent of the weight of the lactose is sufficient for satisfactory fermentation. 5.Yields of alcohol were obtained averaging 90.73 per cent in the laboratory and as low as 84 percent in the plant. 6.The equipment and the operation of a plant producing alcohol from whey are described. 7.The relative economy of the process is discussed.
Hyperspectral signatures of an eastern North American temperate forest

We describe a new approach to unsupervised classification that automatically finds dense parts of the hyperspectral data cloud. These dense regions are identified as the cluster centers required for unsupervised classification. The approach is tested using AVIRIS hyperspectral imagery from central Texas that has spectrally well separated land covers. The algorithm is then applied to the more stressing case of separating coniferous and deciduous forests in eastern Virginia. We find that the major spectral difference is brighter reflectance in the NIR plateau for deciduous forests compared to adjacent coniferous stands. This difference is sufficient to distinguish the forest types, and is confirmed by comparison to ground truth information.
Redetermination of bis­(acetonitrile-κN)octa-μ3-selenido-tetra­kis(triethyl­phosphine-κP)­hexa­rhenium(III) at 150 K

The crystal structure of the cluster compound, trans-[Re6Se8(MeCN)2(Et3P)4](SbF6)2, originally determined at room temperature [Zheng, Gray & Holm (1999). Inorg. Chem. 38, 4888–4895], has been redetermined at 150 K. The cation lies on a crystallographic inversion center, and the SbF6− counter-ions are fully ordered.
Fine structure splittings of potassium-like and rubidium-like ions by the multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock method

Abstract The application of the relativistic coulomb complex concept of Kim and Weiss to the calculation of the fine-structure splittings of high-nuclear-charge (Z) ions within the context of the multi-configuration Dirac-Fock method is reviewed with reference to potassium-like and rubidium-like ions. It is shown that when accurate experimental data are available for neighbouring ions, it is possible to predict unknown splittings by extrapolation of experiment-theory difference curves.
Accommodating diverse clients' needs in evaluation capacity building: a case study of the Tobacco Control Evaluation Center.

Abstract In this case study, we detail and analyze how the Tobacco Control Evaluation Center (TCEC), an evaluation technical assistance center that serves approximately 100 local tobacco control organizations in California, endeavors to build capacity among the state-funded local providers it serves by using evaluation capacity building activities with an utilization-focused evaluation framework. We call this a “blended approach” and describe these methods. Satisfaction and demand for TCEC services are documented to provide measurements for evaluation capacity building. Final evaluation report scores from two intervention cycles (2004–2007 and 2007–2010) submitted to the California Health Department, Tobacco Control Division are also assessed and compared. These measures demonstrate an increase in evaluation capacity by local projects under TCEC's purview.
BFU-E COLONY GROWTH IN RESPONSE TO HYDROXYUREA: CORRELATION BETWEEN IN VITRO AND IN VIVO FETAL HEMOGLOBIN INDUCTION 158

BFU-E COLONY GROWTH IN RESPONSE TO HYDROXYUREA: CORRELATION BETWEEN IN VITRO AND IN VIVO FETAL HEMOGLOBIN INDUCTION 158