cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of drive for thinness in the association between weight status misperception and disordered eating.

Abstract Weight status misperception is related to disordered eating outcomes, but little research has explored the differential impacts of misperception directionality, nor factors that explain these relationships. Self-Discrepancy Theory applied to body image gives a framework to how weight status over-perception may prompt a drive for thinness, which in turn may be important in the development of disordered eating cognitions and behaviors. Aims To that end, the current study tested whether drive for thinness may account for the association between direction of weight status misperception and disordered eating behaviors. Methods Young adults (N = 522) completed measures identifying weight status perception (accurate, under-, and over-perception), drive for thinness, and disordered eating attitudes and behaviors (appearance satisfaction, restrained, uncontrolled, and emotional eating). Indirect effect models with drive for thinness entered as the intervening variable were estimated for each outcome. Results Drive for thinness accounted for the associations between weight status misperception and all outcomes. In general, compared to either accurate or under-perception, over-perception of weight status was associated with more disordered eating attitudes and behaviors via higher drive for thinness. Conclusions Consistent with Self-Discrepancy Theory, drive for thinness emerged as a possible mechanism of the association between weight status misperception and disordered eating outcomes. Findings suggest potential utility in targeting drive for thinness, as opposed to accuracy of weight status perception, for prevention of disordered eating attitudes and behaviors, including those that may contribute to weight gain.
War and Terrorism, Geography of

Recognizing that war and terrorism are inherently geographic, we aim to highlight the expanding geographies of war and terrorism. We believe that all-things-military are increasingly permeating the everyday and everywhere. The blurring of ‘militarized’ and ‘civilian’ space and the overlap of military technologies and everyday life is a distinctive feature of contemporary society. The objective of our article is to posit an emphasis on critical geographical understandings of war and terrorism by examining the embodiment of war and terror, the nexus of ‘nature’ and ‘war,’ the shifting ‘place’ of war and terror, and the forwarding of peace geographies.
Qualified Immunity and Federalism All the Way Down

In Qualified Immunity and Federalism, Aaron Nielson and Chris Walker argue that the federalism dimensions of qualified immunity counsel the Supreme Court against reconsidering the doctrine. They argue, in essence, that: the Court’s qualified immunity doctrine is an extremely strong shield against civil rights damages actions; state and local governments have essentially guaranteed officers indemnification in reliance on that shield; eliminating qualified immunity would increase filings and payouts in civil rights cases so substantially that it would cause real upheaval in state and local governments; and, therefore, any adjustment to qualified immunity’s protections should come from the States or Congress—not the Court. I agree with Nielson and Walker that insufficient attention has been given to the federalism dimensions of qualified immunity, and applaud their work mapping states’ indemnification statutes. But truly appreciating the federalism dimensions of qualified immunity—and Section 1983 more generally—requires taking account of a whole range of federal, state, local, and non-governmental people, rules, and practices that do not make an appearance in Nielson and Walker’s article. In this Essay, I offer an alternative account of the relationship between qualified immunity and federalism that takes federalism “all-the-way-down” to the local and non-governmental people, rules, and practices that shape, administer, and constrain Section 1983 doctrine on the ground. Viewing qualified immunity and indemnification statutes in the context of the civil rights ecosystems in which they operate makes clear that: qualified immunity is not the impenetrable shield to liability that Nielson and Walker suggest; state indemnification statutes were not crafted in reliance on qualified immunity; states’ and localities’ indemnification provisions do not guarantee indemnification but, instead, give officials significant discretion to craft indemnification policies and determine whether individual officers should be indemnified; and eliminating qualified immunity would impact the dynamics of civil rights litigation—more significantly in some parts of the country than others—but would not have ruinous consequences for state and local governments. Moreover, to whatever extent eliminating qualified immunity does impact state and local government operations, officials can use various tools at their disposal (including but not limited to indemnification policies and decisions) to restore balance in qualified immunity’s absence. This more nuanced story about the federalism dimensions of qualified immunity weakens Nielson and Walker’s reliance argument. The Court has expressed willingness to reconsider qualified immunity in light of evidence that the doctrine does not achieve its intended policy goals. This Essay makes clear that reliance concerns should not prevent the Court from doing so.
Dynamic and kinematic properties of the vestibulocollic and cervicocollic reflexes in the cat.

In situations where the body and head can move independently, the VCR and CCR must work together to stabilize the head with respect to space and with respect to the body. The dynamic and kinematic properties of these two reflexes appear to be organized to promote relatively simple, linear interactions between them over a wide range of head movement frequencies. Neck EMG outputs produced by both reflexes exhibit nearly identical second-order lead characteristics as stimulus frequencies increase from 0.5 to 5.0 Hz. Their input/output curves are matched so that the threshold of the VCR is offset by the high sensitivity of the CCR at low stimulus amplitudes. In addition, the patterns of muscle activation produced by the two reflexes in the decerebrate cat are quite similar. Direct evidence of linear summation of the VCR and CCR has been obtained in situations where the head rotates with respect to a stationary trunk [16, 22] and where animals make head motions to compensate for rotation of the trunk [3, 22], In the latter situation, the two reflexes appear to play an important role in stabilizing the head of the cat at frequencies below about 3 Hz [3]. In primates, however, voluntary head movements may override this reflex stabilization [1, 25].
P-029 Longitudinal Monitoring of Flow-diverting Stent Tissue Coverage after Implant Using Neurovascular High Frequency Optical Coherence Tomography

Introduction High frequency optical coherence tomography (HF-OCT) is an intra-vascular imaging modality designed for cerebrovascular anatomy. With a spatial resolution approaching 10 µm, HF-OCT can visualize the interaction between the vessel wall and neurovascular devices in great detail.1, 2 In this study, we sought to evaluate its use to monitor tissue growth over flow diverter stents (FDS) in an arterial bifurcation rabbit model. Materials and methods Six FDS (Pipeline Embolization devices) were deployed in 6 animals, covering the iliac bifurcation. Four animals were treated with double antiplatelet therapy (10 mg/kg aspirin and clopidogrel), 1 with aspirin (10 mg/kg) and 1 was not given any treatment. HF-OCT data were obtained at three different time points per each animal (at implant for all animals then 14 and 60 or 7 and 30 days). For each ostium section, manual segmentation was performed to quantify the percentage of the ostium surface covered by metal and tissue (figure 1A). Results Good quality HF-OCT data sets were successfully acquired in all cases. An average of 35 sections (with a spacing between sections of approximately 70 µm) were analyzed per ostium for each time point. Between 0 and 30 days after implant, HF-OCT analysis showed a significantly higher ostium coverage when DAPT was not given. After 30 days, similar growth rates were found in the DAPT and in the aspirin group (Figure 1B). At 60 days a high 90% coverage rate was reached in both groups. Conclusions HF-OCT enables an accurate visualization of tissue growth over time on FDS struts. HF-OCT imaging can contribute in the pre-clinical evaluation of novel neurovascular devices and, in the near-future, it could potentially contribute to a personalized care, helping the physicians in determining and modulating the ideal antiplatelet regimen for each patient. References Chen C-J, Kumar JS, Chen SH, et al. Optical coherence tomography: future applications in cerebrovascular imaging. Stroke 2018. Gounis MJ, Ughi GJ, Marősfoi M, et al. Intravascular optical coherence tomography for neurointerventional surgery. Stroke 2018. Disclosures J. Caroff: None. G. J. Ughi: 4; C; Gentuity LLC. 5; C; Employee of Gentuity LLC. R. King: None. M. Marosfoi: None. E. Langan: None. M. Gounis: None.
Climate Change, Ecology, and Justice

The world is in a global environmental crisis as a result of powerful human-caused situations: climate change, human-induced destruction, environmental injustice, and ecological devastation of our land, air, water, and living beings. The consequences are now being felt across generations with vulnerable populations feeling the heaviest burden of environmental injustice. The pace at which our planet is heating and the damaging impacts are repeatedly described by scientists as greatly outpacing their predictions. The urgency of the situation requires immediate action through interdisciplinary approaches with people from within communities taking leadership. For those who hold official positions of power, there is no longer room for the denial of the climate science; now is the time for enacting policies to protect the planet and all life.
Mountain Biking Injuries

Mountain bicyclists are subject to various traumatic and overuse injuries. Traumatic injuries range from minor abrasions and contusions to wrist fractures, shoulder injuries, and concussions. Helmet use is important in preventing serious head trauma. Many overuse injuries stem from improper bike fit, anatomic malalignments, and training errors. Treatment includes adjustments to the bike and modification of training habits. Included are tables regarding a variety of malalignments, related overuse injuries, and suggested bicycle adjustments. A companion article (page 71) provides guidance for doctors and patients on proper bike fit.
Perspectives on Developing and Sustaining a Small Baby Program

Abstract The Small Baby Program at Nationwide Children's Hospital was launched in 2004 in response to a need for better care for infants born extremely preterm. Standardization of care, decreased variability, multidisciplinary support, and robust research and quality improvement have allowed us to greatly improve our outcomes. In addition to the numerous medical and technological advances during this time, a strong commitment to kangaroo care and family-centered care have been integral to the growth and success of our program. The following review of the program aims to highlight the above areas while detailing the specific processes that have contributed to its ongoing success. Key areas of focus have been on respiratory management, neurodevelopmental care, and nutritional optimization. The implementation and continued refinement of the Small Baby Program has allowed us to improve the survival of extremely preterm infants, decrease certain morbidities, and improve long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes.
Using Renewable Energy Policies to Develop Carbon Dioxide Removal

Despite recent efforts to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, scientists still project that we will not avoid dangerous climate change. Models that calculate that we can avoid this result almost exclusively rely upon carbon dioxide removal options to stay below this level of warming. Although a number of CDR technologies are theoretically possible, they all have limitations. More germane here, they all remain far from the level of development and installation required.
Degree Phrase Raising in Relative Clauses

In this paper I will argue that modal degree of amount relative clauses, as well as Spanish AP degree relative clauses, are derived via overt DegP raising. I show that the two types of degree relative clauses discussed here are mirrored by two types of DegP that were proposed in Neelman, van de Koot and Doetjes (2004). This raises the possibility that the syntactic and semantic differences of the classes of degree relative constructions can be reduced to the type of lexical item that is raised out of the CP. Keywords:﻿﻿ degree phrase; relative clause
Research on inverse problems in materials science and engineering

The role of inverse problems in the characterization of materials is discussed. Four such problems are described in detail: deconvolution for acoustic emission, tomographic reconstruction of temperature distribution, electrical-conductivity profiling and inverse scattering. Each exploits a priori information in a different way to mitigate the ill-conditioning inherent in most inverse problems.
A comparison of sequence alignment algorithms for measuring secondary structure similarity

Methods for protein secondary structure prediction have improved significantly in recent years. This has lead to enhanced protein homology modeling efforts. Protein homology modeling involves the subtask of identifying a set of homologous proteins from a protein database when given as input the amino acid sequence of a query protein, with the ultimate goal of using the resulting set of homologous proteins as a starting point for predicting the 3D structure of the query protein. Previous work has indicated that improvements can be made when combining secondary structure sequence alignment using a 3-state structure symbol alphabet together with primary amino acid sequence alignment methods. These approaches typically use a local alignment algorithm. We compare the performance of several dynamic programming alignment algorithms on the task of aligning secondary structure sequences using an 8-state secondary structure alphabet. Our results indicate that the typical use of a local alignment algorithm may not be best when aligning protein secondary structure information.
Coding for tag collision recovery

It has been recently observed that some information can be extracted from the received signal by the reader when the tag collision happens. Using the radio cross section (RCS) technique one can determine how many tags are backscattering simultaneously. Motivated by this technique we introduce the new notion of singulation code. In a singulation code, any two collection of codewords, of size up to some number s, have distinct vector-sums. We propose a new protocol for tag singulation problem using the singulation codes. Upper and lower bounds on the size of singulation codes are provided. It is shown that there exists families of singulation codes that guarantee any positive throughput, asymptotically, using the singulation coding protocol. Two explicit constructions of singulation codes, with low complexity encoding and decoding algorithms, are proposed. It is shown that these constructions are feasible to be implemented in RFID tags. The singulation protocol with these explicit constructions is compared with the randomized ALOHA based algorithm. It is shown that the time required for the tag identification with the proposed protocol is reduced by a factor of log s comparing to the randomized ALOHA based algorithm, where s is the number of tags to be identified. Other advantages of the proposed protocol are also discussed.
Soft Borders: Complex Interdependencies and Multi-Scalar Associations

The paper I am proposing will develop my argument for soft borders and transnational citizenship exercised within and across multiple, fluid polities of different scales: negotiable, flexible, and overlapping spaces of political association. Given our contemporary landscapes of mobility and dismobility, failing sovereigns and competing ethnocrats, and new global actors, crises, and creative challenges we need to be rethinking our notions of political association beyond container states and fixed territorial spaces. The practices of fixing identities into differential political statuses and arbitrary geographic borders are not only dangerous but also out of synch with new technologies of time and space. While many pundits suggest that it is the lack of defined or secure borders that encourage violent conflicts and tempt traffickers to defy checkpoints and border guards, I argue that it is the proliferation of hard borders (symbolic, legal, and material walls, fences, and frontiers) that incites violence, provides mechanisms for domination, and undermines opportunities for peaceful and sustainable political association. This is not a utopian argument for world government, but an attempt to rethink the spaces, places, and players of political association recognizing and appreciating complexity and interdependency, fluidity and connectivity. This paper draws on my earlier interrogation of traditional notions of sovereignty in the context of ongoing processes of fragmentation and integration and my concern that the linkage of citizenship to nationality in this context exposes many individuals to conditions of extreme vulnerability and violence. Reiterating the themes of the 2009 Annual Meeting, the paper goes on to propose a different way of conceptualizing multi-scalar spaces of public life, recognizing complex and interdependent relationships, identities and interests of individuals and groups at intersecting and multiple levels of political association. Appreciating complexity and interdependency requires us to think in terms of fluidity and malleability in a way that both respects local associations and cultural ties and resists communal entrenchment. Softening borders undermines the construction of power relations around fixed definitions of difference and institutionalized practices of domination and violence. While it does not promote any particular set of institutions, the argument for soft borders is an argument for processes and background conditions of social choice that increase the likelihood of more rather than less democracy, defined by relationships of equality and interdependence.
C-Terminal Cysteine Residues Determine the IgE Binding of Aspergillus fumigatus Allergen Asp f 2

The knowledge of the structure function relationship of the allergen is essential to design allergenic variants with reduced IgE binding capacity but intact T cell reactivity. Asp f 2 is a major allergen from the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus and >90% of A. fumigatus-sensitized individuals displayed IgE binding to Asp f 2. In the present study, we evaluated the involvement of C-terminal cysteine residues in IgE binding conformation of Asp f 2. The deletion mutants were constructed by adding three C-terminal cysteines of the native Asp f 2 one at a time to the non-IgE binding Asp f 2 (68-203). The point mutants of Asp f 2 (68-268) with C204A and C257A substitutions were constructed to study the role of C-terminal cysteines in IgE binding. Immunological evaluation of reduced and alkylated Asp f 2 and its mutants were conducted to determine the contribution of free sulfhydryl groups as well as the disulfide bonds in allergen Ab interaction. Four-fold increase in IgE Ab binding of Asp f 2 (68-267) compared with Asp f 2 (68-266) and complete loss in IgE binding of C204A mutant of Asp f 2 (68-268) indicate the involvement of C(204) and C(267) in IgE binding conformation of Asp f 2. A significant reduction in IgE binding of wild and mutated Asp f 2 after reduction and alkylation emphasizes the importance of cysteine disulfide bonds in epitope Ab interaction. The hypoallergenic variants may be explored further to develop safe immunotherapeutic strategy for allergic disorders.
Recent Advances in Approximation Concepts for Optimum Structural Design

The basic approximation concepts used in structural optimization are reviewed. Some of the most recent developments in that area since the introduction of the concept in the mid-seventies are discussed. The paper distinguishes between local, medium-range, and global approximations; it covers functions approximations and problem approximations. It shows that, although the lack of comparative data established on reference test cases prevents an accurate assessment, there have been significant improvements. The largest number of developments have been in the areas of local function approximations and use of intermediate variable and response quantities. It also appears that some new methodologies are emerging which could greatly benefit from the introduction of new computer architecture.
Induced Biosynthesis of Formic Hydrogenlyase in Iron-Deficient Cells of Escherichia coli

Fukuyama, T. (University of Washington, Seattle), and E. J. Ordal. Induced biosynthesis of formic hydrogenlyase in iron-deficient cells of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 90:673-680. 1965.-Escherichia coli cells were grown aerobically on a lactate-mineral salts medium from which iron had been removed by extraction with 8-hydroxyquinoline and chloroform. These cells carried out induced biosynthesis of formic hydrogenlyase in a reaction mixture containing glucose, formate, and phosphate without the addition of amino acids, providing adequate amounts of iron salts were present. In the absence of iron, glucose was fermented and acids were produced, but no formic hydrogenlyase developed. When iron-deficient E. coli cells were repeatedly washed, the property of carrying out induced biosynthesis of formic hydrogenlyase with glucose, formate, phosphate, and iron was lost, but was restored on addition of acid-hydrolyzed casein to the reaction mixture. An energy source (provided as glucose) was necessary for enzyme production. Iron-deficient cells were devoid of hydrogenase and formic hydrogenlyase but showed formic dehydrogenase activity when adequate amounts of selenium and molybdenum were present in the growth medium. Hydrogenase was consistently absent in iron-deficient cells but appeared concomitantly with formic hydrogenlyase during induced biosynthesis of the latter in iron-deficient cells of E. coli.
Testing the Structure of Exotic Nuclei via Coulomb Excitation of Radioactive Ion Beams at Intermediate Energies

With the advent of accelerator facilities dedicated to the production of radioactive nuclei, experimenters had to develop new, efficient techniques that can measure observables with the available beam rates. In-flight separated beams offer large luminosity gains through the use of thick secondary targets when combined with the detection of γ-rays to indicate inelastic scattering. Here we review the status of Coulomb excitation at intermediate energies, a technique that allows for the measurement of transition rates in atomic nuclei with beam rates of a few particles per second.
Bias- and Temperature-Dependent Accumulated Stress Modeling of Mixed-Mode Damage in SiGe HBTs

This paper uses a physics-based TCAD degradation model to examine the accumulated stress damage of SiGe HBTs under pseudodynamic mixed-mode stress as a function of both electrical stress bias and temperature. The temperature dependence of mixed-mode stress damage is fully explored, beginning with impact-ionization calibration, and then by identifying and calibrating the dependence of scattering length and hydrogen diffusion parameters of the degradation model. After calibrating the model across electrical bias and temperature, the effectiveness and limitations of accumulated stress damage while varying electrical bias and while varying temperature are identified, and the implications of this aging model for circuit designers are discussed.
The safety alliance of cushing – a model example of cooperation as an effective counterterrorism tool

Oklahoma, known for its oil, is home to the Cushing Pipeline Junction (CPJ), one of the nation's most critical infrastructure assets. In wake of the modern terrorism threat that has specifically identified the petroleum industry as a target, CPJ stakeholders have implemented the most basic of tools – cooperation – to counter this threat; in doing so, they have sharpened this tool to a degree that their cooperation has become a model for the nation.
Torture as a Problem in Ordinary Legal Interpretation

American legal discourse on torture takes for granted some, usually all, of the following propositions, that make discussion of torture more difficult than it should be. Torture is assumed to present unusually difficult problems of definition, full of vague concepts, fine lines, gray areas, murky moral dilemmas, "dirty hands." This vagueness is thought to be even more of a problem for the attendant concept of "cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment." The legal sources of either prohibition are assumed to be dubious under American law. Prohibiting torture is, perhaps for these reasons, thought to require moral justification not necessarily required of other legal prohibitions discussed in legal scholarship. This moral justification, in turn, is thought to be quite difficult. The advocate of prohibiting torture must be prepared to analyze hypothetical situations in which torture might be appropriate, and the supposed presence of these hypothetical situations casts doubt on the moral justification of the prohibition. This Article demonstrates by contrast that the prohibition of torture is firmly established in American, let alone international, law. As legal concepts go, it is rather well-defined. Its reach may be understood through ordinary techniques of legal interpretation such as applications to common fact patterns. The moral appeal of prohibiting torture is intuitive, even a sort of obvious case for legal regulation, and calls for no special moral justification not required in the application of any fairly ordinary legal prohibition. It is neither necessary nor helpful to imagine highly unrealistic hypothetical situations in order to understand when, and how, law prohibits torture. It is a mistake in this context to give away the austerity of normal law for the vagaries of moral discourse.
Disordered food intake and obesity in rats lacking cholecystokinin A receptors.

Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats develop obesity, hyperglycemia, and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and do not express cholecystokinin A (CCK-A) receptors, the receptor subty...
Adaptive control and optimal task distribution of multi-robot systems

A strategy for adaptive control and optimal task distribution of multirobot systems is proposed. The novelty of the strategy lies in the fact that the detailed description of the robot/payload dynamics is not required and that much less online computation is involved in the strategy. Moreover, the strategy achieves optimal task sharing under force constraints arising from fine manipulation of payload. >
Performance of a ceramic ultrafilter with sea water

Abstract This paper presents performance data obtained on a ceramic ultrafilter device developed by Du Pont when used as a pretreatment ultrafilter for sea water. These data were obtained at the Wrightsville Beach, N.C., test facility operated by the Office of Water Research and Technology of the Department of the Interior.
Vapor-phase growth of amorphous materials: A molecular-dynamics study

We have studied the vapor-phase growth of a mixture of two differently sized Lennard-Jones particles as a function of relative atomic size and substrate temperature, and we investigated what influence the substrate has on the growth. As a function of relative atomic size there is an abrupt change from well-layered crystalline growth to a nonlayered disordered growth. This transition is not affected in a substantial way by temperature or size of the substrate atoms or by the periodic boundary conditions used in the calculations.
Absorption of Organic Acids from the Omasum

Summary Absorption of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and lactic acid from the omasum of 4- or 5- mo.-old Holstein calves was studied by two methods. The first consisted of a study of the relative concentrations of these acids in the contents of the stomach compartments of six calves in relation to concentrations of chromic oxide remaining from previous oral adininistration. On a dry matter basis, levels of chromic oxide increased in order from the rumen, to the reticulum, to the omasum, to the abomasum; and, in the same order, VFA declined. The ratios of VFA to chromic oxide indicated a decrease in VFA of 51% from the reticulum to the omasum and a further decrease of 83% from the omasum to the abomasum. The second method involved injection of sodium-n-butyrate-1-C 14 into the exteriorized omasum of two calves. Organic acid levels and distribution of C 14 activity were determined on samples of blood drawn simultaneously from the omasal vein and the carotid artery at various time intervals during 1 hr. following injection. The animals then were sacrificed and concentrations of acids and distribution of label in the ingesta of the stomaeh compartments were studied. Butyrate-C 14 was absorbed rapidly from the omasum into the blood of the omasal vein, peak concentrations appearing at 5 to 10min. after injection. Labeled metabolite continued to be absorbed throughout the experiment. Conversion of butyrate to other VFA occurred in the omasum, as indicated by the presence of label in the acids isolated from ingesta in that organ. The appearance of 50% of the recovered label in omasal blood in the form of lactic acid suggests an unknown pathway for the conversion of butyrate to lactate by omasal epithelium. Average concentrations of butyric, propionic, and acetic acids were greater in the omasal vein blood than in the carotid artery blood; the reverse was true for lactic acid. It is concluded that absorption of organic acids does occur from the omasum and apparently in considerable magnitude.
Stimulus Properties, Frequency of Exposure, and Affective Responding:

Summary.-Several variables which might be useful in explaining the relationship between frequency of exposure and attitudinal liking are investigated. Complexity of the stimuli and their familiarity were the major variables of interest. Also involved were the sex of Ss and the individual stimuli. Four sets of stimuli were presented 20 times to independent groups of Ss, with scale ratings taken on the 1st and 20th presentations. The results showed that familiarity and complexity interacted in a complex fashion for liking. For highly familiar stimuli, an inverse relationship between complexity and affect held (p = .lo), but for novel stimuli a significant direct relationship held. Implications of the data for the hypothesized relationship of affect and complexicy were discussed. In a recent monograph, Zajonc (1968) has hypothesized and confirmed in varied instances that there exists a positive relationship between the logarithm of frequency of exposure to a stimulus and attitudinal liking for that stimulus. Although no full explanation of this phenomenon was attempted, it was suggested that an initially novel stimulus (one having no pre-experimental familiarization) elicits negative affect simply because of its novelty. Conflict, fear, and uncertainty occur upon the presentation of a novel stimulus and, in the absence of other events, mere exposure is sufficient to reduce these feelings, with a consequent increase in positive attitudinal responding. Research focussed specifically on these topics relative to liking-disliking is varied but not extensive. Jakobovits and Lambert (1964) found that certain stimuli increased in liking following multiple exposures, but certain other stirnuli decreased. Harrison1 (1968) found that response competition, the presence of incompatible responses, was reduced by increased frequency of exposure, and this occurred concomitant with an increase in positive attitudinal responding. Stimulus uncertainty and arousal was studied by Berlyne, Craw, Salapatek, and Lewis (1963). They found that GSR arousal went down with increased exposures (which was also reported by Zajonc), but they also found that both stimulus complexity, which is typically equated with uncertainty, and incongruity did not relate significantly. In Berlyne's theory of arousal, affect, and stimulus properties (Berlyne, 1960), a relationship would have been expected. Terwilliger ( 1963), Wohlwill ( 1968), and Eisenman and Robinson (1968) have all found a curvilinear relationship between stimulus complexity and liking. Complexity in these cases, and in the study to be reported here, is identified with the uncertainty or variability of the stimulus attributes involved.
Green Lab:Designing Environmentally Sustainable Computer Classrooms during Economic Downturns

Abstract This article offers a detailed design and concrete plan for the stewardship of an environmentally sustainable computer classroom that employs a thin client approach to power management. Though greener computer labs might seem financially out of reach during the current economic crisis, this article explains how writing programs can align efforts to reduce energy consumption with efforts to weather the current financial downturn while providing up-to-date communications technologies instruction.
The pro region of BPTI facilitates folding.

Abstract The in vitro folding pathway of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) has been described previously in terms of the disulfide-bonded intermediates that accumulate during folding of the protein. Folding is slow, occurring in hours at pH 7.3, 25°C. In addition, approximately half of the BPTI molecules become trapped as a dead-end, native-like intermediate. In vivo, BPTI is synthesized as a precursor protein that includes a 13 residue amino-terminal pro region. This pro region contains a cysteine residue. We find that, in vitro, both the rate of formation and the yield of properly folded BPTI are increased substantially in a recombinant model of pro-BPTI. The cysteine residue is necessary for this effect. Moreover, a single cysteine residue, tethered to the carboxy-terminal end of BPTI with a flexible linker of repeating Ser-Gly-Gly residues, is sufficient to assist in disulfide formation. Thus, the pro region appears to facilitate folding by providing a tethered, solvent-accessible, intramolecular thiol-disulfide reagent.
Disruption of hSWI/SNF-Complexes in T cells by WAS Mutations Distinguishes X-linked Thrombocytopenia from Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS), an immunodeficiency disorder, and X-linked thrombocytopenia (XLT), a bleeding disorder, both arise from nonsynonymous mutations in WAS, which encodes a hematopoietic-specific WASp. Intriguingly, XLT evolves into WAS in some patients but not in others; yet the biological basis for this cross-phenotype (CP) effect remains unclear. Using human T-helper (TH) cells expressing different disease-causing WAS mutations, we demonstrated that hSWI/SNF-like complexes require nuclear-WASp to execute their chromatin-remodeling activity at promoters of WASp-target, immune function genes during TH1 differentiation. Hot-spot WAS mutations Thr45Met and Arg86Cys, which result in XLT-to-WAS disease progression, impair recruitment of hBRM- but not BRG1-enriched BAF complexes to IFNG and TBX21 promoters. Moreover, promoter enrichment of histone H2A.Z and its catalyzing enzyme EP400 are both impaired. Consequently, activation of Notch signaling, a hBRM-regulated event, and its downstream effector NF-κB are both compromised, along with decreased accessibility of nucleosomal DNA and inefficient transcription-elongation of WASp-target TH1 genes. In contrast, patient mutations Ala236Gly and Arg477Lys that manifest in XLT without progressing to WAS do not disrupt chromatin remodeling or transcriptional reprogramming of TH1 genes. Our study defines an indispensable relationship between nuclear-WASp– and hSWI/SNF-complexes in gene activation and reveals molecular distinctions in TH cells that might contribute to disease severity in the XLT/WAS clinical spectrum.
Thrombotic microangiopathy after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation : A pathologic abnormality associated with diverse clinical syndromes

Thrombotic microangiopathy after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: a pathologic abnormality associated with diverse clinical syndromes
The Woman Ph.d.: A Recent Profile

This article describes the professional characteristics of women, married and unmarried, who have received their doctorates in four major academic divisions between the years 1958 and 1963, and who are employed full time. Such characteristics as type and place of employment, professorial rank, tenure, and salaries are compared against men who have received their doctorates in the same substantive areas and over the same period of time. It also compares productivity, as measured primarily by publications, professional recognition, and identification, among unmarried women, married women, and men with doctorates.
Characterization of seed producing pearl millet x elephantgrass hexaploid hybrids

Successful widespread use of a forage or biomass plant depends largely on its ease of establishment. Elephantgrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) is used for both forage and biomass production, due to its high dry matter production, aggressiveness, perenniality, and forage quality. However, lack of high quality seed has limited the use of elephantgrass and its hybrids to pearl millet (P. glaucum L. R.Br.). Development of a seed-propagated pearl millet x elephantgrass hexaploid cultivar, which would combine desirable characteristics from both of these species, would be highly desirable. The objectives of this study were to characterize morphological and seed-related traits from the selfed progeny of seven hexaploid hybrids, and to determine whether seed size had any influence on these traits. Traits studied included number of tillers, height, leaf length and width, panicles per plant, days to flowering, panicle length, seed set, seed production, and weight of 100 seeds. Genetic differences were found among the progeny of the seven hybrids. Differences were also found between plants derived from large- and small-seed lots within families. Plants descended from larger seed had better growth and seed-related characteristics, which resulted in more desirable plants. These hexaploid hybrids showed potential for direct seeding into the field for biomass or forage production.
Low energy electron diffraction and auger electron spectroscopy studies of the structure of adsorbed gases on solid surfaces

Abstract Low energy electron diffraction (LEED) studies of the structure of adsorbed molecules on crystal surfaces revealed that ordered surface structures predominate under most conditions of the experiments. In the absence of chemical reactions with the substrate, the degree of ordering depends on the heats of adsorption, Δ H ads , and the activation energies for surface diffusion, Δ E D ∗. Since Δ H ads is usually markedly larger than Δ E D ∗, small changes of substrate temperature facilitate ordering without appreciable increase in desorption rates. The surface structures of adsorbed gases that have been reported so far have been tabulated. For molecules whose size is compatible with the interatomic distance of the substrate, rules of ordering can be proposed that permit prediction of the structure of the adsorbed layer that is likely to form. These rules indicate close packing due to attractive interactions in the adsorbed layer, and that the rotational multiplicity of the substrate is likely to be maintained by the adsorbate structure. When molecules whose dimensions are larger than the substrate interatomic distance are adsorbed, the conditions that control ordering are more complex and simple rules may not be readily applicable. The surface structures of adsorbed gases have also been studied on high Miller Index substrate surfaces. These surfaces are characterized by ordered steps separated by terraces of low index surface orientation. Many gases have different ordering characteristics on stepped surfaces than on low index crystal faces due to the stronger substrate-adsorbate interactions in these surfaces. The dissociation of diatomic molecules at steps induces the formation of new types of surface structures (frequently one-dimensional) and the dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons at steps induces the formation of ordered carbonaceous surface structures that would not nucleate on low index substrate planes. So far, mostly work function changes upon adsorption gave indication of the magnitude of charge transfer upon adsorption and on forming of new surface chemical bonds. Most recently, chemical shifts of the Auger transitions of the substrate atoms and of the adsorbed molecules upon chemisorption, have been found to provide additional information on charge redistribution during adsorption.
An Unstructured Finite-Volume Method for Structure–Electrostatics Interactions in MEMS

Radio-frequency microelectromechanical systems (RF MEMS) are widely used for contact actuators and capacitive switches, and involve metal–dielectric contact. In these devices, the structure is activated by an electrostatic force, whose magnitude changes as the gap closes. It is advantageous to model fluid and structural mechanics and electrostatics within a single comprehensive numerical framework to facilitate coupling between them. In this article, we extend a cell-based finite-volume approach popularly used to simulate fluid flow to characterize structure–electrostatics interactions. The method employs fully implicit second-order finite-volume discretization of the integral conservation equations governing elastic solid mechanics and electrostatics, and uses arbitrary convex polyhedral meshes. Results are presented in this article for a fixed-fixed beam under electrostatic actuation.
Twice a day dosing of aripiprazole

Despite pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evidence, unconventional dosing is seen in clinical practice. This article reviews data in the use of multiple daily dosing of aripiprazole, and agent with a long half-life that is indicated for once daily dosing.
Structural aspects of face recognition and the other-race effect.

The other-race effect was examined in a series of experiments and simulations that looked at the relationships among observer ratings of typicality, familiarity, attractiveness, memorability, and the performance variables ofd’ and criterion. Experiment 1 replicated the other-race effect with our Caucasian and Japanese stimuli for both Caucasian and Asian observers. In Experiment 2, we collected ratings from Caucasian observers on the faces used in the recognition task. A Varimax-rotated principal components analysis on the rating and performance data for the Caucasian faces replicated Vokey and Read’s (1992) finding that typicality is composed of two orthogonal components, dissociable via their independent relationships to: (1) attractiveness and familiarity ratings and (2) memorahility ratings. For Japanese faces, however, we fond that typicality was related only to memorahility. Where performance measures were concerned, two additional principal components dominated by criterion and byd’ emerged for Caucasian faces. For the Japanese faces, however, the performance measures ofd’ and criterion merged into a single component that represented a second component of typicality, one orthogonal to thememorability-dominated component. A measure offace representation quality extracted from an autoassociative neural network trained with a majority of Caucasian faces and a minority of Japanese faces was incorporated into the principal components analysis. For both Caucasian and Japanese faces, the neural network measure related both to memorability ratings and to human accuracy measures. Combined, the human data and simulation results indicate that the memorahility component of typicality may be related to small, local, distinctive features, whereas the attractiveness/familiarity component may be more related to the global, shape-based properties of the face.
Sodium zirconium phosphate (NZP) as a host structure for nuclear waste immobilization : a review

Sodium zirconium phosphate [NZP] structural family, of which NaZr[sub 2]P[sub 3]O[sub 12] is the parent composition, has been reviewed as a host ceramic waste form for nuclear waste immobilization. NZP compounds are characterized for their ionic conductivity, low thermal expansion and structural flexibility to accommodate a large number of multivalent ions. This latter property of the [NZP] structure allows the incorporation of almost all 42 nuclides present in a typical commercial nuclear waste. The leach studies of simulated waste forms based on NZP have shown reasonable resistance for the release of its constituents. The calculation of dissolution rates of NZP structure has demonstrated that it would take 20,000 times longer to dissolved NZP than quartz.
Effects of aflatoxin B1 and caffeine on viability in natural strains of Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract Thirty-five natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster from Virginia were tested for their degree of sensitivity to the carcinogen Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) and to caffeine. Significant variations in sensitivity to each was demonstrated among these strains, but no correlation existed for relative degrees of sensitivity to AFB 1 or caffeine when strains were compared, although most strains were more severely affected by AFB 1 . Eight of these strains were tested for the effects of simultaneous administration of AFB 1 and caffeine. Generally, caffeine demonstrated both a significant protective effect in preventing the high degree of egg-adult mortality produced by AFB 1 alone and a retardation of the significant decrease in body length shown by adults which survive in the AFB 1 treatments.
Societal implications of nanotechnology: occupational perspectives

Nanotechnology-infused products have begun to enter the market in spite of the fact that many sectors of society are still debating whether or not exposure to such products will result in detrimental side effects. Due to a lack of regulation of nanoproducts, it is difficult to track these products to assess how they interact with humans and the environment. Acknowledging this limitation, several studies are starting to investigate situations where individuals are exposed to nanoparticles in the workplace; it is to be noted that manufacturing of materials is the first stage in the product life cycle where exposure may occur. This paper reviews and discusses the potential societal implications associated with the manufacturing of nanoparticles: health concerns, workers’ perceptions, rights, ethics, and the role of policy and regulation. Scenarios are presented, possible implications are discussed, and recommendations are given for appropriate action. Finding the right solution to the identified implications represents a critical challenge. In summary, it is imperative that all stakeholders including industry, academia, government entities, and the public adopt a proactive attitude to ensure that nanotechnology matures in a sustainable manner.