cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary function is negatively correlated with sputum inflammatory markers and cough clearability in subjects with cystic fibrosis but not those with chronic bronchitis.

Background Polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN)-dominated inflammation is prominent in the airways of subjects with cystic fibrosis (CF) and chronic bronchitis (CB). Interleukin (IL)-8, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and DNA are markers of neutrophilic inflammation. We hypothesized that sputum MPO, DNA, and IL-8 concentrations would negatively correlate with pulmonary function and sputum transportability. Methods We measured pulmonary function and analyzed sputum IL-8, MPO, and DNA concentrations, as well as the transport properties of sputum samples obtained from 16 subjects with CF and 15 subjects with CB. We also evaluated changes in these measurements in paired sputum samples from these subjects obtained 2 to 12 months apart. Results IL-8 and MPO concentrations in the sputum of CF subjects was inversely correlated with FEV 1 percent predicted (IL-8: r = −0.40; p = 0.003; MPO: r = −0.38; p = 0.003) and FVC percent predicted (IL-8: r = −0.4; p = 0.02; MPO: r = −0.4; p = 0.02). IL-8 and DNA concentrations were inversely correlated with sputum cough transportability (CTR) [IL-8: r = −0.4; p = 0.02; DNA: r = −0.36; p = 0.048]. Changes in DNA concentration in sputum samples from CF subjects over time were inversely correlated with changes in FEV 1 percent predicted ( r = −0.58; p = 0.02), FVC percent predicted ( r = −0.74; p = 0.002), and CTR ( r = −0.59; p = 0.02). There was no correlation among pulmonary function, sputum properties, and inflammatory markers in the sputum from subjects with CB. Conclusions The sputum concentrations of IL-8, MPO, and DNA appear to be closely associated with pulmonary function in subjects with CF but not in subjects with CB.
Bromodeoxyuridine treatment of rat liver cells in culture induces an increased metabolic conversion of exogenous ornithine

In the presence of bromodeoxyuridine, rat liver cells show an increased incorporation of radiolabeled ornithine into cellular proteins. This increase was not due to activation of urea cycle enzymes but rather to an increase in metabolism of ornithine. Furthermore, treatment with bromodeoxyuridine changes profoundly and selectively the size of the free amino acid pool in these cells.
Understanding Vector Fields.

(1990). Understanding Vector Fields. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 97, No. 6, pp. 524-527.
CHANGING RACIAL LABELS: FROM “COLORED” TO “NEGRO” TO “BLACK” TO “AFRICAN AMERICAN”

Labels play an important role in defining groups and individuals who belong to the groups. This has been especially true for racial and ethnic groups in general and for Blacks in particular. Over the past century the standard term for Blacks has shifted from "Colored" to "Negro" to "Black" and now perhaps to "African American." The changes can be seen as attempts by Blacks to redefine themselves and to gain respect and standing in a society that has held them to be subordinate and inferior. Racial labels have been of special importance to Black Americans.1 Wrenched from their native lands, Blacks lost their core personal iden- tities. Tribal affiliation, kinship ties, language, and many other cultural attributes were destroyed when Blacks were enslaved by an alien cul- ture in a foreign land. As Blacks gradually began to achieve emancipa- tion or to gain ground under slavery, they forged a new culture and formed institutions and organizations to serve their needs and promote their interests. This effort was continually regulated by White society, which strictly controlled Blacks and sought to shape and regulate Black status and consciousness. The development of a Black commu- nity accelerated after the Civil War with the abolition of slavery, but White racism in general and the Southern system of segregation in particular severely hampered progress. As Blacks established community and national institutions such as churches, colleges, and economic associations, they adopted various
The role of the pupal determinant broad during embryonic development of a direct-developing insect

Metamorphosis is one of the most common, yet dramatic of life history strategies. In insects, complete metamorphosis with morphologically distinct larval stages arose from hemimetabolous ancestors that were more direct developing. Over the past century, several ideas have emerged that suggest the holometabolous pupa is developmentally homologous to the embryonic stages of the hemimetabolous ancestor. Other theories consider the pupal stage to be a modification of a hemimetabolous nymph. To address this question, we have isolated an ortholog of the pupal determinant, broad (br), from the hemimetabolous milkweed bug and examined its role during embryonic development. We show that Oncopeltus fasciatus br (Of’br) is expressed in two phases. The first occurs during germ band invagination and segmentation when Of’br is expressed ubiquitously in the embryonic tissues. The second phase of Of’br expression appears during the pronymphal phase of embryogenesis and persists through nymphal differentiation to decline just before hatching. Knock-down of Of’br transcripts results in defects that range from posterior truncations in the least-affected phenotypes to completely fragmented embryonic tissues in the most severe cases. Analysis of the patterning genes engrailed and hunchback reveal loss of segments and a failure in neural differentiation after Of’br depletion. Finally, we show that br is constitutively expressed during embyrogenesis of the ametabolous firebrat, Thermobia domestica. This suggests that br expression is prominent during embryonic development of ametabolous and hemimetabolous insects but was lost with the emergence of the completely metamorphosing insects.
Rhizome and root anatomy of potential contaminants of Actaea racemosa L. (black cohosh)

Summary Quality control in manufacture of botanical medicines begins with confirmation of botanical identity, yet morphological identification is increasingly neglected. Rhizome and root anatomy of black cohosh (Actaea racemosa or Cimicifuga racemosa) was compared to that of several potential contaminant or substitute species of Actaea. The differences among these species were great enough that the identity of most material can be easily determined. Older pharmacognostic literature was observed to contain valuable botanical data.
Fatal hemorrhage from a persistent right dorsal aorta terminating in the lower lobe of the right lung

Abstract A case of an anomalous branch of the descending aorta arising below and close to the diaphragm has been described. Its probable origin as a persistence of a part of the right dorsal aorta or of this vessel together with one of its early pulmonary branches has been discussed.
The Effects of Castanospermine and Swainsonine on the Activity and Synthesis of Intestinal Sucrase

Castanospermine is an indolizidine alkaloid that is found in the seeds of the Australian tree Castanospermum australe. These seeds have been reported to be toxic to animals and to cause severe gastrointestinal upset. In order to determine whether castanospermine is responsible for this toxicity, the alkaloid was injected into young mice or rats, and its effects on various intestinal disaccharidases were determined. Another indolizidine alkaloid, the alpha-mannosidase inhibitor swainsonine, was also tested to compare its effects to those of castanospermine. Castanospermine strongly and rapidly inhibited the activity of the disaccharidases, sucrase, maltase, and trehalase, with sucrase being the most sensitive to inhibition. The loss of activity of these enzymes, especially sucrase, in injected animals appeared to be due to a direct inhibition of enzyme activity, rather than to a change in the structure of the glycan chains of the enzyme, since only minor alterations in carbohydrates were observed. On the other hand, swainsonine, when injected into animals, also profoundly decreased the activity of the sucrase, but this alkaloid had no direct effect on sucrase activity although it did markedly alter the carbohydrate nature of this glycoprotein. This change in oligosaccharide structure may affect protein conformation, stability, or targeting, any or all of which may in turn affect activity. In in vitro studies with the purified enzyme, castanospermine was found to be a competitive inhibitor of intestinal sucrase, but it was a noncompetitive inhibitor of intestinal maltase. A number of other glucosidase inhibitors that inhibit sucrase activity in vitro are also described.
Resistance of a Lizard (the Green Anole, Anolis carolinensis; Polychridae) to Ultraviolet Radiation–induced Immunosuppression¶

Abstract The green anole (Anolis carolinensis) is the most northerly distributed of its Neotropical genus. This lizard avoids a winter hibernation phase by the use of sun basking behaviors. Inevitably, this species is exposed to high doses of ambient solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Increases in terrestrial ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation secondary to stratospheric ozone depletion and habitat perturbation potentially place this species at risk of UVR-induced immunosuppression. Daily exposure to subinflammatory UVR (8 kJ/m2/day UV-B, 85 kJ/m2/day ultraviolet A [UV-A]), 6 days per week for 4 weeks (total cumulative doses of 192 kJ/m2 UV-B, 2.04 × 103 kJ/m2 UV-A) did not suppress the anole's acute or delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to horseshoe crab hemocyanin. In comparison with the available literature UV-B doses as low as 0.1 and 15.9 kJ/m2 induced suppression of DTH responses in mice and humans, respectively. Exposure of anoles to UVR did not result in the inhibition of ex vivo splenocyte p...
Hydrophobicity and mixing effects on select heterogeneous, water-accelerated synthetic reactions.

formula chem. The influence of aqueous reaction media on organic reactions is a topic of long-standing interest, particularly as it affects the rate or selectivity of synthetic reactions. Sometimes such reactions appear homogeneous, typically in dilute solution, whereas others are obviously heterogeneous, typically in concentrated solution that is more characteristic of a preparative synthetic reaction. The latter situation has been termed "on water." Here, it is demonstrated that the rates of heterogeneous ene reactions, Passerini reactions, and Ugi reactions in pure water and in aqueous solutions are dependent on the mixing method and reactant polarity, consistent with the involvement of hydrophobic interactions in their acceleration.
ELECTROSTATIC CORRECTIONS TO NUCLEON-NUCLEON DISPERSION RELATIONS

BS>Assuming that a nonrelativistic wave-function description of the nucleon-nucleon scattering system is valid at low energy and large distances, analytic properties of nuclear (i.e., total minus Coulomb) partial wave scattering amplitudes are investigated as functions of the c.m. momentum q. For singlet states, the essential singularity at q/sup 2/ = 0 can be treated exactly in the partial wave dispersion relation. The remaining singularities are branch points located at the same position as for the non-Coulomb case. The discontinuity across the 1- pi exchange cut is a simple multiplicative factor (which goes to unity as e/sup 2/ goes to zero) times the discontinuity in the absence of Coulomb scattering. From this structure, an integral equation for the partial wave scattering amplitude is derived. Consequences of these corrections in the /sup 1/S/sub o/ state are investigated. For q/sup 2/ < - mu /sup 2/ there are additional electrodynamic corrections to the interaction produced by multi- pion exchange. These should be, at most, of about the 31/2% mass difference between charged and neutral pions. Any phenomenological treatment of the multi- pion exchange should differ by, at most, 31/2% between n-p and p-p scattering. Representing this interaction by a single pole, but includingmore » exactly, single- pion exchange, and the charged-neutral pion mass difference in that exchange, the low-energy /sup 1/S/sub o/ n-p and p-p scatterings are consistent with charge independence. Assuming exact charge symmetry, an n-n scattering length of -27 plus or minus 1.4 fermi is predicted. Since a departure from charge symmetry of plus or minus 5% would vary this prediction between -18 and -53 fermi, a measurement of this quantity will provide a sensitive quantitative test of charge symmetry. (auth)« less
Study on EA-agglutinating factor released by cells with Fc receptors.

Abstract The supernatant fluids from activated lymphocytes or from herpes simplex virus-infected cells agglutinated EA but not E. The effect of preincubation of various “Fc receptornegative” cells with these supernatant fluids on the formation of EA rosettes was investigated. Following such preincubation lymphoblasts, brain cells, and cells from methyl-cholanthrene-induced murine sarcoma formed EA rosettes.
Evolution of commercial EDFAs

Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs) play crucial role in modern optical telecommunication networks. As the networks evolve, commercial EDFAs faces technical challenges that have to be solved within constrains of ever changing industry.
Interleukin 16 expression changes in association with ovarian malignant transformation.

Objective Long-term unresolved inflammation has been suggested as a risk factor for the development of various malignancies. The goal of this study was to examine whether the expression of interleukin (IL)-16, a proinflammatory cytokine, changes in association with ovarian cancer (OVCA) development. Study Design In an exploratory study, changes in IL-16 expression in association with OVCA development and progression were determined using ovarian tissues and serum samples from healthy subjects (n = 10) and patients with benign (n = 10) and malignant ovarian tumors at early (n = 8) and late (n = 20) stages. In the prospective study, laying hens, a preclinical model of spontaneous OVCA, were monitored (n = 200) for 45 weeks with serum samples collected at 15-week interval. Changes in serum levels of IL-16 relative to OVCA development were examined. Results The frequency of IL-16–expressing cells increased significantly in patients with OVCA ( P P P P P Conclusion This study showed that tissue expression and serum levels of IL-16 increase in association with malignant ovarian tumor development and progression.
Computing non-visibility of convex polygonal facets on the surface of a polyhedral CAD model

Visibility has found wide applications in manufacturing operations planning and computer vision and graphics. The motivation of this paper is to accurately calculate visibility for objects whose surface is represented by polygonal facets. In this paper, the authors focus on determining non-visibility cones, which are the complementary sets of visibility. This is accomplished by determining sliding planes that comprise the boundaries of a non-visibility cone. The approach presented in this paper directly evaluates the boundaries of the non-visibility cone of an arbitrary convex planar polygon due to the visibility blocked by obstacle polygons. The method is capable of calculating visibility for convex polygons with any number of sides, not limited to triangular facetted models. Implementation is demonstrated in this paper for three to six sided polygonal models.
Phosphacan, a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan of brain that interacts with neurons and neural cell-adhesion molecules, is an extracellular variant of a receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase

We have identified cDNA clones encoding a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan of rat brain (previously designated 3F8 and now named phosphacan) that binds to neurons and neural cell-adhesion molecules. A sequence of 1616 amino acids deduced from a 4.8-kb open reading frame contains the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the 3F8 core glycoprotein as well as four internal CNBr, tryptic, and endoproteinase Lys-C peptide sequences from the proteoglycan. The deduced amino acid sequence, beginning with a 24-amino acid signal peptide, reveals an N-terminal domain of 255 amino acids homologous to carbonic anhydrases. The entire amino acid sequence deduced from our cDNA clones corresponds to the extracellular portion of a human receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase (RPTP zeta/beta) with which it has 76% identity, and the proteoglycan may represent an mRNA splicing variant of the larger transmembrane protein. RNA analysis demonstrated that a probe to the N-terminal carbonic anhydrase domain of the proteoglycan hybridizes with rat brain mRNA of 9.5, 8.4, and 6.4 kb, whereas probes to the phosphatase domains hybridize with only the 9.5-kb message and with the 6.4-kb message (which corresponds to a previously identified variant of the transmembrane protein in which half of the extracellular domain is deleted). The 30 N-terminal amino acids of the 3H1 chondroitin/keratan sulfate proteoglycan of brain are identical to those of the 3F8 proteoglycan, and six internal tryptic peptide sequences also matched those found in sequenced peptides of the 3F8 proteoglycan and/or amino acid sequences deduced from the cDNA clones. We therefore conclude that the 3H1 chondroitin/keratan sulfate proteoglycan and the 3F8 chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan represent glycosylation and possible extracellular splicing variants of a receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase. These proteoglycans may modulate cell interactions and other developmental processes in nervous tissue through heterophilic binding to cell-surface and extracellular matrix molecules, and by competition with ligands of the transmembrane phosphatase.
Kappa‐Opioid Receptor Involvement in the Regulation of Pulsatile Luteinizing Hormone Release During Early Pregnancy in the Rat

Abstract The object of this study was to gain further insight into endogenous opioid peptide suppression of pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) release in early gestation in the rat by examining whether selective blockade of mu -, delta -, or kappa-opioid receptor(s) results in stimulation of pulsatile LH secretion at this time. Previous reports demonstrated stimulation of pulsatile LH release during early gestation by intravenous infusions of naloxone, an endogenous opioid peptide receptor antagonist whose binding is not specific to a single class of opioid peptide receptors. In the present study, naloxone infused intraventricularly similarly stimulated an increase in pulsatile LH release on Days 7 to 8 of gestation. Antagonists of specific opioid peptide receptor subtypes were thus given by this route. Administration of nor-binaltorphimine, an antagonist of kappa-opioid receptors, but not beta-funaltrexamine or ICI 174, 864, antagonists of mu- and delta-opioid receptors, respectively, exerted a stimulatory action on both LH pulse amplitude and frequency similar to that of naloxone, indicating involvement of this opioid peptide receptor subtype in the endogenous opioid peptide suppression of pulsatile LH release in early gestation in the rat.
Variability in surface moisture content along a hillslope transect: Rattlesnake Hill, Texas

Abstract Surface soil moisture content exhibits a high degree of spatial and temporal variability. The purpose of this study was (a) to characterize variations in moisture content in the 0–5 cm surface soil layer along a hillslope transect by means of intensive sampling in both space and time; and (b) to make inferences regarding the environmental factors that influence this variability. Over a period of seven months, soil moisture content was measured (gravimetric method) on a near-daily basis at 10 m intervals along a 200 m downslope transect at the Rattlesnake Hill field site in Austin, Texas. Results indicate that significant variability in soil moisture content exists along the length of the transect; that variability decreases with decreasing transectmean moisture content as the hillslope dries down following rain events; and that the dominant influences on moisture content variability are dependent upon the moisture conditions on the hillslope. While topographic and soil attributes operate jointly to redistribute soil water following storm events, under wet conditions, variability in surface moisture content is most strongly influenced by porosity and hydraulic conductivity, and under dry conditions, correlations are strongest to relative elevation, aspect and clay content. Consequently, the dominant influence on soil moisture variability gradually changes from soil heterogeneity to joint control by topographic and soil properties as the transect dries following significant rain events.
Adhesive Dispensing Process Analysis: Steady-State Dispensing of One-Component Adhesives

Abstract The process of dispensing one-component heat-cure adhesives was investigated in order to understand current application processes and to guide new process development. Typical one-component adhesives exhibit non-Newtonian rheological behavior, and hence Newtonian fluid mechanics does not adequately describe the dispensing process. In the present study, the adhesives were modeled as Bingham fluids possessing a yield stress and a steady state viscosity. The model of the dispensing apparatus includes four major flow sections connected in a serial configuration. The fluid mechanics equations derived for Bingham fluids in the individual flow sections were solved by numerical methods in order to understand the interrelationships between the material variables (e.g. yield stress, viscosity, temperature dependencies) and process variables (e.g. pressure, flow geometry, temperature, output). The concept of the model is generic and the details of the model can be modified for any forced-flow adhesive appli...
Perrhenate uptake by iron and aluminum oxyhydroxides: an analogue for pertechnetate incorporation in Hanford waste tank sludges.

Perrhenate (ReO4-), a nonradioactive surrogate for pertechnetate (99TcO4-), was partitioned during precipitation and aging of iron and aluminum oxyhydroxide solids from aqueous simulants of high-level nuclear waste stored at Hanford, WA. Neutralization of acidic metal nitrate solutions (Al/Fe mole ratio 0.25 and 13.5; 40 ppm Re) to a final pH > 13, followed by aging at 90 °C for up to 18 weeks, resulted in substantial amounts of reversibly sorbed Re (∼1−10 ppm). Irreversibly sorbed Re increased in the Fe-dominated system with aging, reaching a final value of ∼83 ppb after 168 h, in a mixture of hematite with minor goethite. Irreversibly sorbed Re in the Al-dominated system generally decreased with time to ∼30 ppb after 18 weeks in solids dominated by boehmite. Increasing the total amount of Re to 1000 ppm increased the extent of irreversible sorption. The presence of 100 ppm Si prevented transformation of and irreversible Re uptake by ferrihydrite in Fe-dominated systems. In Al-dominated systems, 200 ppm ...
Carbon Dioxide Solubility in Polymerized Ionic Liquids Containing Ammonium and Imidazolium Cations from Magnetic Suspension Balance: P[VBTMA][BF4] and P[VBMI][BF4]

Based on sorption experiments up to 180 bar and 75 °C, the CO2 solubility in an ammonium-type ionic polymer, such as poly(p-vinylbenzyltrimethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate), is found to be much higher than that in an imidazolium-type ionic polymer, such as poly(1-(p-vinylbenzyl)-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate), which points to a cation-type effect on the CO2 sorption in polymerized ionic liquids. These two polymers remain glassy in the temperature and pressure ranges studied in this work. The CO2 solubility increases with decreasing temperature and with increasing pressure, but it reaches a limiting value, beyond which it is insensitive to pressure.
Cuticular hydrocarbons of four populations of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki in the united states

The degree of similarity among cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of four populations ofCoptotermes formosanus Shiraki in the United States is reported. Sixteen individual or isomeric mixtures of hydrocarbons were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Hydrocarbon components consist ofn-alkanes, 2-methylalkanes, 3-methylalkanes, internally branched monomethylalkanes on carbons 9–15, and dimethylalkanes. The predominant hydrocarbons have 27 carbons in the parent chain. Methyl-branched hydrocarbons are more abundant thann-alkanes. No qualitative differences were apparent in the hydrocarbon components of workers or soldiers from any of the four populations. Quantitative differences in the hydrocarbon components separate castes and populations into different concentration profiles. Stepwise discriminant analysis and canonical discriminant analysis were used to choose and display seven hydrocarbon components for workers and three for soldiers that best reveal the differences among populations. Within-population variation is low compared to the differences among populations. These results suggest thatC. formosanus from Hallandale, Florida; New Orleans, Louisiana; and Lake Charles, Louisiana, are not related to those from Honolulu, Hawaii, and probably originated from other geographical locations.
The Fritz John and Kuhn-Tucker optimality conditions in continuous-time nonlinear programming

Abstract First-order stationary-point necessary optimality criteria of both the Fritz John and Kuhn-Tucker type are established for continuous-time nonlinear programming problems. Furthermore, the relationship between these criteria and saddlepoint optimality conditions is also discussed. The main auxiliary result employed in the derivation of the principal optimality criteria is a continuous-time version of Gordan's transposition theorem.
Preliminary characterization of IL32 in basal-like/triple negative compared to other types of breast cell lines and tissues.

Background Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and often basal-like cancers are defined as negative for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and Her2 gene expression. Over the past few years an incredible amount of data has been generated defining the molecular characteristics of both cancers. The aim of these studies is to better understand the cancers and identify genes and molecular pathways that might be useful as targeted therapies. In an attempt to contribute to the understanding of basal-like/TNBC, we examined the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) public datasets in search of genes that might define basal-like/TNBC. The Il32 gene was identified as a candidate.
New mesogens with cubic phases: hydrogen-bonded bipyridines and siloxane-containing benzoic acids I. Preparation and phase behaviour

Several 4-(oligodimethylsiloxyl)alkoxybenzoic acids and their hydrogen-bonded complexes with 4,4-dipyridyl or 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane were prepared and their phase behaviour studied by DSC and polarized optical microscopy. The neat acids showed no liquid crystalline phases. The 4,4-dipyridyl complex of 4-(n-heptamethyltrisiloxyl)hexyloxybenzoic acid (Si3C6BA) exhibits an optically isotropic, highly viscous liquid crystalline phase below a smectic A phase. The 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane complex of Si3C6BA also shows an optically isotropic liquid crystalline phase above its smectic C phase. Its behaviour is similar to that of the well known cubic D phase found in 4-n-alkoxy-3-nitrobiphenyl-4-carboxylic acids. In the hydrogenbonded mesogens studied herein, the cubic phase appears to assemble spontaneously in order to take account of the chemical incompatibility between the siloxane moiety terminating the H-bonded complex and the stiff aromatic cores. The transition temperatures of the cubic phases in these ma...
Evaluation of osteogenesis following immediate and delayed reimplantation of frozen autogenous mandibular bone

A follow-up study of the feasibility of delayed reimplantation of frozen autogenous mandibles after ablative surgery for oral carcinomas with mandibular involvement was performed. Fifteen young adult mongrel dogs were used and evaluated clinically, bacteriologically, radiographically, histologically, and by radionuclide imaging. The animals were divided into two groups according to whether they underwent immediate or delayed reimplantation. These were subdivided into those who received grafts with and without autogenous marrow augmentation. The results were positive and suggested clinical evaluation. Twelve patients had undergone delayed reimplantation along with marrow augmentation over the past 3 years. Again, the results are most promising and we believe that, with further refinement, this technique will offer a new and acceptable modality for facial reconstruction in the cancer patient.
A Theoretical Basis for Differentiating Forms of Collective Bargaining in Education

Using a behavioral theory of negotiations and Etzioni's compliance theory of organizations, the author suggests a theoretical basis on which types of bargaining in education can be distinguished. These forms are then related to some decentralization trends in school organization.
Mixed Objective Control Synthesis: Optimal $\ell_ 1/{\cal H}_2$ Control

In this paper we consider the problem of minimizing the $\ell_1$ norm of the transfer function from the exogenous input to the regulated output over all internally stabilizing controllers while keeping its $\cal{H}$$_2$ norm under a specified level. The problem is analyzed for the discrete-time, single-input single-output (SISO), linear-time invariant case. It is shown that an optimal solution always exists. Duality theory is employed to show that any optimal solution is a finite impulse response sequence, and an a priori bound is given on its length. Thus, the problem can be reduced to a finite-dimensional convex optimization problem with an a priori determined dimension. Finally, it is shown that, in the region of interest of the $\cal{H}$$_2$ constraint level, the optimal is unique and continuous with respect to changes in the constraint level.
Down-regulation followed by re-expression of equine CD4 molecules in response to phorbol myristate acetate

The regulatory effects of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) on the expression of the CD4 molecule on horse T cells were investigated. On both peripheral blood lymphocytes and thymocytes, PMA resulted in a rapid and transient down-regulation of equine CD4 expression, but had no such effect on the surface expression of equine CD5, CD8 or major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules. Over 75% of the surface CD4 molecules per cell were lost after a 4 h exposure to PMA at 37 degrees C. The regulation of equine CD4 expression induced by PMA was temperature dependent and reversible. The PMA-mediated loss of CD4 expression was inhibited at 4 degrees C. After 24 h of exposure to PMA, CD4 molecules were re-expressed on the cell surface, even in the continued presence of PMA. These findings demonstrate that equine CD4+ T cells undergo alterations in CD4 expression in response to PMA, and suggest that the equine homolog of the CD4 molecule is regulated by PMA in a similar manner to the human CD4 molecule.
Virus-specific DNA sequences in mouse and rat cells transformed by the Harvey and Moloney murine sarcoma viruses detected by in situ hybridization.

Abstract The [3H]DNA product of the murine sarcoma-leukemia virus (MSV(MLV)) and viral 60–70 S [3H]RNA was annealed with cytological preparations of mouse and rat cells transformed by the Harvey and Moloney strains of MSV. With viral [3H]DNA as cytological probe, these in situ hybridization measurements detected from 25 to 30 autoradiographic grains per interphase nucleus of transformed cells and 1 to 3 grains per nucleus of uninfected rat and mouse cells. With viral 60–70 S [3H]RNA of lower specific radioactivity as cytological probe, 12 grains per transformed cell nucleus were detected. These findings indicate that transformation of cells with MSV(MLV) produces a several-fold increase in the content of some virus-specific DNA sequences. Virus-specific sequences in transformed mouse cells were localized in the chromocenters of interphase nuclei.
Delineating citation concepts

In this poster we clarify concepts related to citations and citer analysis that are often overlooked or vaguely addressed by researchers. How one addresses concepts such as citers, self-citations, and recitation can affect outcomes, so it is important to be clear about what is being measured. We outline the different types of citations as self-citations, recitations and their overlap. New areas related to oeuvre citation counting are outlined.
Optical Solution of Advanced Production Control for Ultrathin Nitrided Gate Oxides

We present an optical metrology solution based on fab-proven thin film ellipometry system for ultrathin nitrided gate oxide production control in semiconductor manufacturing.
Effect of Adenoviral-Mediated Transfer of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 on Colonic Anastomotic Healing

Transforming growth factor-β1 plays a central role in colonic repair. We examined the temporal effect of vector-mediated transfer of transforming growth factor-β1 on colonic anastomotic healing. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 24) underwent transection of the distal colon and single-layer anastomosis. Proximal to the anastomosis, the colon was again transected and a colostomy was matured proximally. The distal colon was intubated with a silicone catheter, tunneled along subcutaneous tissues, and connected to a swivel apparatus for postoperative luminal infusion. Rats were randomized into four groups (n = 6 each). Two control groups received 1010 plaque-forming units of a Type 5 E1-deleted adenovirus carrying the bacterial β-galactosidase gene either immediately following surgery or on postoperative Day 3. The treatment groups received transforming growth factor-β1 with the same viral construct at parallel time points. On postoperative Day 6, anastomotic bursting pressure and site were determined in situ with the anastomotic tissue subsequently harvested and analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for β-galactosidase and transforming growth factor-β1. When compared with its corresponding control, the group that received the transforming growth factor-β1 gene on postoperative day 3 had a significantly higher bursting pressure (mmHg; 119 ± 16 vs. 160 ± 12, mean ± SD; P = 0.001). While the majority of colons (5/6) from the control group burst at the anastomosis, none of the colons in the group that received transforming growth factor-β1 on day 3 burst at the anastomotic site (P = 0.007). β-Galactosidase levels (pg/ml) in anastomotic tissue were significantly increased in both control groups when compared with their respective treatment groups (101 ± 43 vs. 38 ± 30, P = 0.01 when infused the day of surgery and 243 ± 92 vs. 50 ± 30, P = 0.009 when infused on day 3). Anastomotic levels of transforming growth factor-β1 were also increased in the group receiving the transforming growth factor-β1 gene on day 3 (214 ± 66 vs. 135 ± 24, P = 0.02). Gene transfer into the healing colonic anastomosis can be effectively achieved via intraluminal administration of adenoviral vectors. Transfer of transforming growth factor-β1 increased the strength of colonic anastomoses when given at Day 3 but not at Day 0, demonstrating its diverse effects in the wound healing sequence. Thus, gene transfer of transforming growth factor-β1 may avoid the need for a diverting stoma in cases of rectal surgery and impaired healing resulting from chemotherapy or radiation.
Plasmalemma deposits in tissues infected with lettuce infectious yellows virus

Abstract Lettuce infectious yellows virus (LIYV) is a phloem-associated virus that is whitefly-transmitted. The physical characteristics and cytopathology of this virus are similar to those of other members of the Closterovirus group. One unique ultrastructural effect of the infection is the formation of conical deposits on the plasmalemmae of phloem parenchyma cells. The electron-dense deposits are osmiophilic stacks of membrane lamellae spaced at 7 nm. Flexuous virions extend between these deposits from the cytoplasm through plasmodesmata and into adjacent sieve elements. We hypothesize that these plasmalemma deposits may facilitate movement of LIYV into other phloem parenchyma cells for further replication or into sieve elements for rapid transport throughout the host.
Creep resistance of directionally solidified ceramic eutectics of Al203/c-Zr02 with sub-micron columnar morphologies

Abstract Directionally solidified laser float-zone-processed ceramic eutectics, having columnar morphologies made up of colonies of fibrilar and lamellar components of cubic Zr 0 2 surrounded by a component of Al 2 0 3 and having sub-micron morphological wave length, have a potential for remarkable creep resistance in the 1400°C temperature range when stressed parallel to the growth direction. The bulk creep response of both single crystalline Al 2 0 3 and cubic Zr 0 2 have been investigated extensively at this temperature and have shown no extraordinary promise for structural application. However, when directionally solidified and constituted in columnar eutectic morphologies with sub-micron wave length of phase dimensions, the restricted plasticity behavior that should occur can result in remarkable creep resistance. In many respects, this topology of constrained plasticity is expected to resemble that found in the CMSX-III super alloy single crystals.
Phase Selection and Discovery among Five Assembly Modes in a Coordination Polymerization

The combination of zinc(II) nitrate with 1,3,5-(triscarboxyphenyl)benzene (H 3BTB) leads to five different microporous coordination polymers (MCPs). Two of these were previously known (MOF-177 and MOF-39), whereas polymer-induced heteronucleation was used in the discovery of three phases that have not been previously reported ( Zn/BTB ant, Zn/BTB tsx, and Zn/BTB dia). Modification of crystallization conditions allows for the bulk-scale synthesis of each of these MCPs. Zn/BTB ant and Zn/BTB tsx are each interpentrated 6,3-connected nets composed of the basic zinc carboxylate secondary building unit (SBU) and the tritopic linker BTB. The underlying noninterpenetrated net of Zn/BTB ant is derived for the net of anatase, whereas that of Zn/BTB tsx is the previously unreported "tsx" framework. Zn/BTB dia consists of an underlying diamondoid net in which four linear, trinuclear zinc hourglass SBUs are arranged about a central mu 4-oxo anion as the tetrahedral unit in the net and BTB further links the hourglass SBUs. Zn/BTB ant, Zn/BTB tsx, and MOF-177 are here defined as polymorphic frameworks in that each is composed of the same SBU and linker but differ in topology and thus pore structure. These frameworks may be called a polyreticular series by analogy to several reported isoreticular series. The effect of linker-linker interactions are discussed.
Epstein-barr virus nuclear antigen 3C activates the latent membrane protein 1 promoter in the presence of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 through sequences encompassing an spi-1/Spi-B binding site.

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 3C (EBNA-3C) protein is a transcriptional regulator of viral and cellular genes that is essential for EBV-mediated immortalization of B lymphocytes in vitro. EBNA-3C can inhibit transcription through an association with the cellular DNA-binding protein Jκ, a function shared by EBNA-3A and EBNA-3B. Here, we report a mechanism by which EBNA-3C can activate transcription from the EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1) promoter in conjunction with EBNA-2. Jκ DNA-binding sites were not required for this activation, and a mutant EBNA-3C protein unable to bind Jκ activated transcription as efficiently as wild-type EBNA-3C, indicating that EBNA-3C can regulate transcription through a mechanism that is independent of Jκ. Furthermore, activation of the LMP-1 promoter is a unique function of EBNA-3C, not shared by EBNA-3A and EBNA-3B. The DNA element through which EBNA-3C activates the LMP-1 promoter includes a Spi-1/Spi-B binding site, previously characterized as an important EBNA-2 response element. Although this element has considerable homology to mouse immunoglobulin light chain promoter sequences to which the mouse homologue of Spi-1 binds with its dimerization partner IRF4, we demonstrate that the IRF4-like binding sites in the LMP-1 promoter do not play a role in EBNA-3C-mediated activation. Both EBNA-2 and EBNA-3C were required for transcription mediated through a 41-bp region of the LMP-1 promoter encompassing the Spi binding site. However, EBNA-3C had no effect on transcription mediated in conjunction with the EBNA-2 activation domain fused to the GAL4 DNA-binding domain, suggesting that it does not function as an adapter between EBNA-2 and the cellular transcriptional machinery. Like EBNA-2, EBNA-3C bound directly to both Spi-1 and Spi-B in vitro. This interaction was mediated by a region of EBNA-3C encompassing a likely basic leucine zipper (bZIP) domain and the ets domain of Spi-1 or Spi-B, reminiscent of interactions between bZIP and ets domains of other transcription factors that result in their targeting to DNA. There are many examples of regulation of the hematopoietic-specific Spi transcription factors through protein-protein interactions, and a similar regulation by EBNA-3C, in conjunction with EBNA-2, is likely to be an important and unique contribution of EBNA-3C to EBV-mediated immortalization.
Selektion und die gerichtete Evolution

Ich hoffe, meine Darstellung hat klar gemacht, das die Erscheinungen der gerichteten Evolution keineswegs mit der synthetischen Evolutionslehre in Konflikt stehen. Wer versteht, das die Selektion nicht direkt mit Genen arbeitet, sondern nur ganz indirekt durch den Phanotypus, wird auch verstehen, das die Gene, die gemeinsam am Aufbau des Phanotypus beteiligt sind, zu einem harmonischen Gengefuge zusammengeschlossen sein mussen und das ein solches Gengefuge sich nur harmonisch, entwickeln kann.
Viscoelasticity of Concentrated Isotropic Solutions of Semiflexible Polymers. 3. Nonlinear Rheology

Nonlinear rheological properties of a tightly-entangled solution of persistent macromolecules are calculated within the context of a tube model. It is shown that the curvature stress in highly deformed solutions of such chains is dominated by the contributions of deformation-induced “hairpins”, i.e., rare but very tightly curved segments of the deformed chain conformations. The model is found to exhibit strain softening in shear deformations.
Theoretical treatment of multiple site reactivity in large molecules

Abstract The method of electrostatic potentials is generalized via a double perturbation theory to describe the simultaneous attack of a large molecule by two or more charged species. The interaction term is found to reproduce accurately the full “super-molecule” calculation. The scheme is illustrated by treating the diprotonation of adenine and N7-methyladenine. For adenine, the most stable diprotonated species is found to be the N1, N7 combination, while the N3, N9 couple is predicted for the N7 substituted derivative if N3 is the first protonation site.
Fatty acid composition of immature potato tubers

Abstract The fatty acid composition of the tubers from four varieties of potato was determined at different stages of maturity. Contrary to published data, no fatty acids with conjugated double bonds were found in the endogenous lipids. Conjugated unsaturation was present, however, in the fatty acids of aqueous homogenates of potato and was due to artefacts produced by enzymic breakdown of endogenous lipids during aqueous extraction methods.
MODEL FOR EVALUATING COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF RETROFITTING RAILWAY BRIDGES FOR SEISMIC RESISTANCE

Many of the major railroad lines in the Mid-America earthquake region are potentially susceptible to high peak ground accelerations (PGA) and soil liquefaction effects due to an earthquake associated with the New Madrid fault. With geographic information systems (GIS) data and analysis techniques, the risk to the rail network posed by a major earthquake in the region was estimated. It was estimated that about 2,107 active rail route miles and 2,082 railroad bridges, including eight major river-crossing bridges over the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, are in areas with a 2% probability of experiencing PGA values with potential to cause moderate to severe damage (>20% g) in the next 50 years. Because of the importance of this portion of the rail network and the bridges in the region, a model to calculate the cost-effectiveness of retrofitting railway bridges for enhanced seismic resistance was developed. Analysis using the model indicates that retrofitting small to moderately sized bridges is not generally cost-effective in the Mid-America region. However, a sensitivity analysis indicated that for large river-crossing bridges there may be plausible conditions when retrofitting would be cost-effective.
Pharmacist intervention for glycemic control, off-hour access to vaccines, and point-of-sale provision of safety information

Pharmacist intervention for glycemic control In this community pharmacy–based study, Hamarneh et al.1 sought to determine whether a pharmacistrun diabetes management program could improve control of blood glucose among patients with diabetes. During the 26-week study, a statistically significant improvement in A1C in patients (n = 100, mean age 64 years, >60% with hypertension and hypercholesterolemia) was observed compared with their prestudy values (9.1–7.3%, P < 0.001). Of note, 51% achieved an A1C of 7% or less. Further, a reduction in the number of medications being taken by study participants across every class of hypoglycemic agent was reported. Implications. After patients have been diagnosed by their primary care provider and stabilized on their regimen, evaluation by community pharmacists identified those who were not achieving optimal goals. Pharmacist-initiated management improved outcomes, reduced medication use, and reduced the workload on the physician without jeopardizing patient health. In addition, this study adds further evidence of the benefit to patients and physicians of pharmacist management of chronic conditions, with no reported increased risk to safety.
Integration of a molten carbonate fuel cell with a direct exhaust absorption chiller

Abstract A high market value exists for an integrated high-temperature fuel cell-absorption chiller product throughout the world. While high-temperature, molten carbonate fuel cells are being commercially deployed with combined heat and power (CHP) and absorption chillers are being commercially deployed with heat engines, the energy efficiency and environmental attributes of an integrated high-temperature fuel cell-absorption chiller product are singularly attractive for the emerging distributed generation (DG) combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) market. This study addresses the potential of cooling production by recovering and porting the thermal energy from the exhaust gas of a high-temperature fuel cell (HTFC) to a thermally activated absorption chiller. To assess the practical opportunity of serving an early DG-CCHP market, a commercially available direct fired double-effect absorption chiller is selected that closely matches the exhaust flow and temperature of a commercially available HTFC. Both components are individually modeled, and the models are then coupled to evaluate the potential of a DG-CCHP system. Simulation results show that a commercial molten carbonate fuel cell generating 300 kW of electricity can be effectively coupled with a commercial 40 refrigeration ton (RT) absorption chiller. While the match between the two “off the shelf” units is close and the simulation results are encouraging, the match is not ideal. In particular, the fuel cell exhaust gas temperature is higher than the inlet temperature specified for the chiller and the exhaust flow rate is not sufficient to achieve the potential heat recovery within the chiller heat exchanger. To address these challenges, the study evaluates two strategies: (1) blending the fuel cell exhaust gas with ambient air, and (2) mixing the fuel cell exhaust gases with a fraction of the chiller exhaust gas. Both cases are shown to be viable and result in a temperature drop and flow rate increase of the gases before the chiller inlet. The results show that no risk of cold end corrosion within the chiller heat exchanger exists. In addition, crystallization is not an issue during system operation. Accounting for the electricity and the cooling produced and disregarding the remaining thermal energy, the second strategy is preferred and yields an overall estimated efficiency of 71.7%.