cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The structure of rapidly thermally annealed nitrogen-implanted silicon

The structure and composition of nitrogen-implanted silicon (to a low dose of 2 × 1017cm−2) were studied. The implantation produced an amorphized silicon layer containing nitrogen, followed by a crystalline silicon layer with a high density of {113} defects and faulted loops on {111} planes. Rapid thermal annealing (heat pulse) at 900 and 1000°C for 20s removed the metastable {113} defects, increased the density of {111} defects and resulted in a redistribution of nitrogen in the polycrystalline silicon formed from the amorphous silicon layers.
Reducing water quality degradation through minimized leaching management

Abstract The U.S.A. has adopted a policy of enhancing water quality and of conserving natural resources. The concept of minimized leaching has been advanced to help meet these goals by reducing salinity pollution from irrigated agriculture. It has received considerable attention by those concerned with management of water resources and is promoted by some as a generally applicable method for minimizing salinity pollution. This paper reviews the basis of the concept and identifies the conditions under which minimized leaching will and will not enhance water quality.
DISPERSION CORRECTIONS TO THE LEVELS OF MUONIC ATOMS.

Abstract The contributions of discrete nuclear states to the dispersion (nuclear polarization) corrections to the levels of muonic atoms may be calculated in a model-independent way by observing that experimental inelastic electron scattering cross-section provide the necessary nuclear matrix elements. Expressions are derived for the contributions of the nuclear giant resonances and numerical estimates obtained for the dipole case.
Black carbon reductions in the Arctic tied to declining emissions

Black carbon, or soot, is now considered to be the second most potent driver of anthropogenic climate change, its effect on global temperatures trailing only that of carbon dioxide. Whereas carbon dioxide emissions spread broadly across the planet, black carbon's effects are far more localized. On broad regional scales, black carbon can have a prominent effect, particularly in polar regions where soot strongly dampens the surface albedo.
Poly(p-phenylene vinylene): Incipient doping in conducting polymers

Abstract High molecular weight organic solvent soluble precursor polymers poly (p-xylylene-α-dimethylsulfonium salts), 1 – 4 were prepared. Polymers were characterized by Infrared spectroscopy as well as by elemental analysis. A DSC scan of polymer 1 was similar to poly (p-xylylene-α-dimethylsulfonium chloride) and the sample after the scan was yellow-orange, typical of PPV. However, the DSC scan of polymers 2 – 4 showed multiple endo and exothermic peaks and samples after the scan were black and conducting. We interpret this result by introducing a new concept which we call Incipient Doping . IR spectra of the incipeintly doped film of polymer 4 showed reduced intensity of the peaks due to dimethyl sulfide group but peaks to AsF6- were very strong. Results of physical characterization (conductivity, etc) are discussed.
Electron-irradiation effects on the infrared absorption properties of the EL2 defect in GaAs.

Infrared absorption measurements of electron-irradiated GaAs grown by the liquid-encapsulated Czochralski technique were used to study the electron irradiation effects on the EL2 defect. Based on the photoquenching and thermal recovery signatures, the quenchable component of the ir absorption spectra is attributed to the EL2 defect. It is found that EL2 is unaffected by 2.1-MeV electron irradiation up to the maximum dose used in the present study. It is proposed that the fluctuation of the EL2 concentration in samples exposed to different irradiation levels is primarily due to the compensation mechanism rather than the dissociation of the EL2 complex.
Astrometry of Pluto from 1930?1951 Observations: the Lampland Plate Collection

We present a new analysis of 843 photographic plates of Pluto taken by Carl Lampland at Lowell Observatory from 1930?1951. This large collection of plates contains useful astrometric information that improves our knowledge of Pluto?s orbit. This improvement provides critical support to the impending flyby of Pluto by New Horizons. New Horizons can do inbound navigation of the system to improve its targeting. This navigation is capable of nearly eliminating the sky-plane errors but can do little to constrain the time of closest approach. Thus the focus on this work was to better determine Pluto?s heliocentric distance and to determine the uncertainty on that distance with a particular eye to eliminating systematic errors that might have been previously unrecognized. This work adds 596 new astrometric measurements based on the USNO CCD Astrograph Catalog 4. With the addition of these data the uncertainty of the estimated heliocentric position of Pluto in Developmental Ephemerides 432 (DE432) is at the level of 1000 km. This new analysis gives us more confidence that these estimations are accurate and are sufficient to support a successful flyby of Pluto by New Horizons.
Counseling Past and Present: Is There a Future?.

Major criticisms directed at counseling are identified and prominent suggestions for their elimination are described through an analysis of the counseling literature of the past 10 years. A brief outline of the history of counseling offers a historical perspective to the discussion. One suggestion to improve counseling, that counselors become change agents in their institutions, is examined and described with steps for its implementation. The implementation of the change-agent role for counselors would address much of the substantive criticism directed at counseling, and would remold the profession to more effectively meet today's needs.
Two-stage global search designs for linkage analysis using pairs of affected relatives

We investigate the two-stage procedure proposed by Elston [(1992) Proceedings of the XVIth International Biometric Conference, Hamilton, New Zealand, December 7-11, 1992, pp 39-51, and (1994) "Genetic Approaches to Mental Disorders." Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, pp 3-21] for performing a global search of the genome to locate disease genes by linkage analysis using affected relative pairs. The optimal design depends on the type of pairs studied, the effect of the disease locus, the relative costs of recruiting affected persons and typing markers, how informative the markers are, and the amount of genetic heterogeneity. It is specified by the initial number of markers to use, the number of affected relative pairs to study, the initial significance level alpha* to use at the first stage, and the number of flanking markers to use at the second stage around markers significant at the first stage. Asymptotically, the optimal design does not depend separately on either the desired final significance level or power, but rather on a function of the two. Both as the effect of the disease locus increases and as the relative cost of recruiting a subject increases, the optimal number of initial markers increases and the optimal number of pairs decreases. The expected cost of the study decreases as the effect of the disease locus increases, but increases as the relative cost of recruiting a subject increases. The optimal initial number of markers decreases but the number of pairs increases when there is genetic heterogeneity present; conversely, the optimal initial number of markers increases when markers are less than fully informative. Compared to a one-stage procedure, a two-stage procedure typically halves the cost of a study.
Pyrophoricity of nano-sized aluminum particles

The temperature histories are calculated for spherical nano-sized aluminum particles with no protective oxide shell inserted in air at 300 K. In calculations, initial particle temperatures varied and the minimum initial temperature leading to the particle ignition was determined. The particle, initially without any oxide coating, was assumed to react adiabatically forming a monomolecular oxide coverage; the following oxidation was assumed to be governed by the Cabrera–Mott reaction mechanism. Convection and radiation heat losses were considered. Convection was accounted for using a transition regime heat transfer model by Fuchs. Aluminum particles with diameters less than about 68 nm are predicted to be pyrophoric, e.g., ignite without appreciable initial pre-heating.
Parallel real-time garbage collection of multiple heaps in reconfigurable hardware

Despite rapid increases in memory capacity, reconfigurable hardware is still programmed in a very low-level manner, generally without any dynamic allocation at all. This limits productivity especially as the larger chips encourage more and more complex designs to be attempted.Prior work has shown that it is possible to implement a real-time collector in hardware and achieve stall-free operation --- but at the price of severe restrictions on object layouts. We present the first hardware garbage collector capable of collecting multiple inter-connected heaps, thereby allowing a rich set of object types.We show that for a modest additional cost in logic and memory, we can support multiple heaps at a clock frequency competitive with monolithic, fixed-layout heaps. We evaluate the hardware design by synthesizing it for a Xilinx FPGA and using co-simulation to measure the run-time behavior over a set of four benchmarks. Even at high allocation and mutation rates the collector is able to sustain stall-free (100% minimum mutator utilization) operation with up to 4 inter-connected heaps, while only requiring between 1.1 and 1.7 times the maximum live memory of the application.
Is Binocular Fusion of “Cortical Yellow” an Illusion, Contingent upon Abstraction of Coherent Sensory Information from the Two Eyes?

This research on the binocular fusion of phenomenal yellow, given red-filtered flashes of light in one eye and green-filtered flashes of light in the other, directly compared the effects of wider-bandwidth and narrow-bandwidth filtering. 20 male college students with normal stereopsis, Mage = 19.3 yr., SD = 2.2, were tested for the binocular perception of flashing yellow sensations given wider-bandwidth versus narrow-bandwidth filtering of light flashes which, monocularly, were experienced as red sensations in one eye and as green sensations in the other. When 3 wide-bandwidth tests for binocular yellow fusion were alternated with 3 narrow-bandwidth tests, simultaneous flashes of red-filtered light in one eye and green-filtered light in the other were binocularly perceived as yellowish on 25% of the wide-bandwidth tests (SD = 40%)--as yellow on 8% of the tests, orange on 12% of the tests, yellow-green on 5% of the tests-and were binocularly perceived as yellowish on 0% of the narrow-bandwidth tests. When wider-bandwidth and narrow-bandwidth testing were separated spatially and conducted contemporaneously, the red-filtered flashes in one eye and green-filtered flashes in the other were binocularly experienced as yellowish sensations by 80% of all participants under wider-bandwidth conditions--as yellow by 55%, orange by 10%, yellow-green by 15%--and as yellowish sensations by 0% of the participants under narrow-bandwidth conditions.
INFLUENCE OF BRINING PROCEDURES ON SALT CONTENT AND DISTRIBUTION IN SMOKED WHITEFISH CHUBS

In order to determine processing parameters, commercially smoked chub were analyzed for salt and moisture and for visual quality by trained judges using industry criteria. Desirable smoked chub from both convection and controlled environment smokehouses contained approximately 3.2% water phase salt (SWP) while those of lower quality were higher in SWP and lower in moisture. Conventional brining studies on chub yielded center sections of dorsal muscles with lower SWP than either end of the muscle. External and internal areas of dorsal muscles analyzed after brining and hanging for 14h were similar in SWP within brines and times in brine. Chub (63–134g) brined in experiments with 6.6% NaCl brine for 16h and leached in 2% NaCl solution for 24h were more uniform in SWP after smoking than chub leached in 3.3% (38°F) water for 20 min. Modifications in brine concentration and/or time in brine may be necessary for larger chub.
GENE CONTROL MECHANISMS AND THEIR POSSIBLE BEARING ON THE NEUTRALIST-SELECTIONIST CONTROVERSY.

This paper deals with mechanisms of gene control in higher organisms; specifically, it considers in some detail two aspects of a model proposed by Wallace and Kass (1974) in which a selective advantage is said to reside in the possession of dissimilar sequences of transcription-initiating sensors at homologous gene loci. The advantage that may arise by virtue of dissimilar allelic sequences is examined in detail by means of a simple example. Second, the bearing of the model on the current neutralist-selectionist controversy is discussed. Under the proposed model, the advantage of heterozygotes appears to be inversely correlated with population size, growing as population size decreases.
Synthesis and Properties of Liquid Crystalline Polymers Containing an Oxyethylene Backbone and n-Octylsulfonylmethyl Side Groups

Poly(oxyethylene)s containing n-octylthiomethyl side groups were synthesized by the reaction of poly[oxy(chloromethyl)ethylene] (CE) and sodium n-octanethiolate in DMAc. These were oxidized to poly(oxyethylene)s containing n-octylsulfonylmethyl side groups. When the mole percentage of sulfur containing monomeric units in the copolymers was about 60% or more, ordered phases formed. Structural analysis of the ordered phase of poly(oxyethylene)s containing n-octylthiomethyl side groups is in progress. The ordered phase of poly(oxyethylene)s containing n-octylsulfonylmethyl side groups was studied using differential scanning calorimetry, cross-polarizing optical microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. It was found to be a smectic A liquid crystalline phase.
Mutational analysis of domain antibodies reveals aggregation hotspots within and near the complementarity determining regions

High-affinity antibodies are critical for numerous diagnostic and therapeutic applications, yet their utility is limited by their variable propensity to aggregate either at low concentrations for antibody fragments or high concentrations for full-length antibodies. Therefore, determining the sequence and structural features that differentiate aggregation-resistant antibodies from aggregation-prone ones is critical to improving their activity. We have investigated the molecular origins of antibody aggregation for human V(H) domain antibodies that differ only in the sequence of the loops containing their complementarity determining regions (CDRs), yet such antibodies possess dramatically different aggregation propensities in a manner not correlated with their conformational stabilities. We find the propensity of these antibodies to aggregate after being transiently unfolded is not a distributed property of the CDR loops, but can be localized to aggregation hotspots within and near the first CDR (CDR1). Moreover, we have identified a triad of charged mutations within CDR1 and a single charged mutation adjacent to CDR1 that endow the poorly soluble variant with the desirable biophysical properties of the aggregation-resistant antibody. Importantly, we find that several other charged mutations in CDR1, non-CDR loops and the antibody scaffold are incapable of preventing aggregation. We expect that our identification of aggregation hotspots that govern antibody aggregation within and proximal to CDR loops will guide the design and selection of antibodies that not only possess high affinity and conformational stability, but also extreme resistance to aggregation.
LY 294002, an Inhibitor of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase, Inhibits GH-Mediated Expression of the IGF-I Gene in Rat Hepatocytes

The signal transduction pathways that mediate GH-dependent regulation of IGF-I gene expression remain poorly defined. To establish a GH-responsive in vitro model system to study the effect of GH on the expression of the endogenous IGF-I gene, primary hepatocytes from adult male rats were prepared. These cells expressed both the GH receptor and the IGF-I gene, as demonstrated using a ribonuclease protection assay. Western blot analyses using antibodies directed against the phosphorylated forms of the ERKs, signal transducer and activator of transcription-5, and Akt/protein kinase B, a protein kinase that is downstream of PI3K, demonstrated GH-dependent phosphorylation of these signaling molecules. These signaling molecules are components of the major signal transduction pathways that are activated by GH. To determine whether GH-responsive IGF-I gene expression could be demonstrated in these cells, hepatocytes were treated without or with 50 ng/ml GH for 3--48 h. IGF-I mRNA levels increased within 3 h, and a maximal 2.2-fold increase was observed after 24 h of GH treatment. To determine whether ERK activation contributes to GH-induced IGF-I gene expression, hepatocytes were treated for 12 h without or with 50 ng/ml GH and 50 microM PD98059, an inhibitor of MAPK kinase-1 and -2. Treatment with PD98059 did not have a significant effect on GH-induced IGF-I gene expression. Similar studies were performed using 50 microM LY 294002, an inhibitor of PI3K. These studies demonstrated that treatment with LY 294002 completely abrogated GH-induced IGF-I gene expression. In contrast, PI3K-specific doses of another inhibitor of PI3K, wortmannin, failed to inhibit the GH-induced increase in IGF-I mRNA levels. In summary, rat hepatocytes in primary culture provide a good model system to study GH-induced IGF-I gene expression, and the results of these studies suggest that a signaling pathway inhibited by LY 294002, possibly a PI3K-dependent pathway, is important for GH-stimulated IGF-I gene expression in hepatocytes.
Identifying patterns of syntactic disorder in six-year-old children.

SummaryThis study analyzes profiles of syntactic usage among six-year old language disordered children. By means of the LARSP categories, the syntactic structures of 30 language disordered and 15 normal children were grouped, by a Q-Factor analysis into clusters of mathematically similar profiles. Two groups with imbalanced syntactic development, in contrast to the normal pattern of balanced development were discerned. These appear to be similar to patterns found by Crystal. The first group (A) reveals normal clause development but inadequate phrase and word structures. The second group (B) exhibits a pattern of depressed word and phrase structure but even lower ability in the area of clause structure, with the added features of inconsistent performance and a wide gap between maximum and typical performance. The relationships between profiles found in this study and those found by Crystal, as well as implications of the research are discussed.
Determination of a minimal region of loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 18q21.33 in osteosarcoma.

Previous analysis of tumor-specific constitutional LOH had identified a putative tumor-suppressor gene (LOH18CR) active in osteosarcoma tumorigenesis, which mapped to a subregion of chromosome 18q linked to both familial Paget's disease and FEO. Using 9 new polymorphic loci within the previous minimal region of LOH, we have reduced the minimal region of LOH in osteosarcoma tumors to localize the LOH18CR locus to the distal end of chromosome 18q21.33. This new region is approximately 500 kb and contains at least 7 known genes; however, it excludes 2 previous candidate genes: TNFRSF11A (RANK) and BCL2. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Decision support for improved service effectiveness using domain aware text mining

This paper presents a decision support system 'Domain Aware Text & Association Mining (DATAM)' which has been developed to improve after-sales service and repairs for the automotive domain. A novel approach that compares textual and non-textual data for anomaly detection is proposed. It combines association and ontology based text mining. Association mining has been employed to identify the repairs performed in the field for a given symptom, whereas, text mining is used to infer repairs from the textual instructions mentioned in service documents for the same symptom. These in turn are compared and contrasted to identify the anomalous cases. The developed approach has been applied to automotive field data. Using the top 20 most frequent symptoms, observed in a mid-sized sedan built and sold in North America, it is demonstrated that DATAM can identify all the anomalous symptom - repair code combinations (with a false positive rate of 0.04). This knowledge, in the form of anomalies, can subsequently be used to improve the service/trouble-shooting procedure and identify technician training needs.
Serum markers of cerebral ischemia.

Rapid diagnosis and management of stroke patients is becoming increasingly important with the emergence of new interventional strategies for acute cerebral ischemia. A biochemical surrogate of cerebral ischemia, rapidly detectable in the serum before radiological diagnosis, might have clinical utility in the setting of acute stroke, high-risk cardiovascular procedures, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Such a marker might also aid in the neurological prognosis of anoxic brain injury. Several serum markers have been evaluated in acute cerebral ischemia. These include neuronal enzymes such as neuron-specific enolase; markers of glial injury and activation, such as protein S100β; and mediators of inflammation, such as interleukin-6. The clinical and preclinical data supporting the use of these biochemical surrogates of cerebral ischemia are reviewed.
Lift Prediction of Spanwise Cambered Delta Wings

An analytic prediction method is derived to estimate the lift of delta wings with constant anhedral or dihedral, i.e., a V wing. The method is based on the leading-edge suction analogy, with expressions for leading-edge suction being developed that account for anhedral and dihedral. An empirical correction is combined with the resulting expression to incorporate an effective leading-edge sweep interpretation of wing roll. This approach allows an estimation of the disparate effects of anhedral and dihedral. The attached e ow lift component is estimated using a Trefftz plane expression for the apparent mass of a V wing. Comparisons are made with a variety of planforms, with encouraging agreement between theory and experiment being demonstrated.
Alteration of estrogen-regulated gene expression in human cells induced by the agricultural and horticultural herbicide glyphosate:

Gene expression is altered in mammalian cells (MCF-7 cells), by exposure to a variety of chemicals that mimic steroid hormones or interact with endocrine receptors or their co-factors. Among those populations chronically exposed to these endocrine disruptive chemicals are persons, and their families, who are employed in agriculture or horticulture, or who use agricultural/horticultural chemicals. Among the chemicals most commonly used, both commercially and in the home, is the herbicide glyphosate. Although glyphosate is commonly considered to be relatively non-toxic, we utilized in vitro DNA microarray analysis of this chemical to evaluate its capacity to alter the expression of a variety of genes in human cells. We selected a group of genes, determined by DNA microarray analysis to be dysregulated, and used quantitative real-time PCR to corroborate their altered states of expression. We discussed the reported function of those genes, with emphasis on altered physiological states that are capable of initiating adverse health effects that might be anticipated if gene expression were significantly altered in either adults or embryos exposed in utero.
Solving certain principal value integrals by reduction to the dilogarithm

Abstract Principal value integrals occur commonly in physics such as in applications of the Kramers-Kronig relations. They are ordinarily solved indirectly by the theory of residues. It is shown in this work that certain principal value logarithmic integrals containing simple real poles can be solved directly by reduction to the dilogarithm function. It is contended that physical processes contained in a principal value integral are observable in a directly obtained solution.
Identifying kinetic gating mechanisms for ion channels by using two-dimensional distributions of simulated dwell times

Ion channels are integral membrane proteins that regulate ionic flux through cell membranes by opening and closing (or gating) their pores. The gating can be monitored by observing step changes in the current flowing through single channels. Analysis of the durations of the open and closed intervals and of the correlations among the interval durations can give insight into the gating mechanism. Although it is well known that the correlation information can be essential to distinguish among possible gating mechanisms, it has been difficult to use this information because it has not been possible to correct the predicted correlations for the distortion of the single-channel data because of filtering and noise. To overcome this limitation we present a method based on a comparison of simulated and experimental two-dimensional dwell-time distributions constructed by analysing simulated and experimental single-channel currents in an identical manner. The simulated currents incorporate the true effects of filtering and noise, the two-dimensional distributions retain the correlation information, and the identical analysis allows direct maximum-likelihood comparison of the simulated and experimental two-dimensional distributions. We show that the two-dimensional simulation method has a greatly increased ability to distinguish among models, compared with methods that use one-dimensional distributions.
Adverse events during the scleroderma lung study

Abstract Background The Scleroderma Lung Study (SLS) was a 1-year, randomized, controlled trial of oral cyclophosphamide for scleroderma-related pulmonary alveolitis. It concluded that oral cyclophosphamide slowed the decline in the forced vital capacity (% predicted) and had a beneficial effect on dyspnea, skin changes, and several quality of life measures of systemic sclerosis. We now report an in-depth assessment of the toxicity of cyclophosphamide during the year of therapy and the year after therapy was completed, during which time the investigators were still masked to the treatment assignment. Methods One-year, double-blind, randomized controlled trial of oral cyclophosphamide versus placebo with 1-year masked follow-up. Adverse events (AEs) were tabulated, described, and compared using descriptive statistics (eg, mean and median) and t , Wilcoxon rank sum, chi-squared, or Fisher's exact tests as appropriate. Results During year 1, treatment-related overall AEs occurred more frequently in cyclophosphamide (CYC)-treated patients (overall AEs for CYC=154 events vs placebo=60 events; P =0.002), and especially for mild to moderate leukopenia (CYC=19 subjects vs placebo=0 subjects; P Conclusion Over 2 years, cyclophosphamide was associated with more AEs than placebo, including overall AEs and relative leukopenia. There were no differences in other AEs, including serious AEs, cancers, or deaths.
Formation of c-Cbl·Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Complexes on Lymphocyte Membranes by a p56lck-independent Mechanism *

The proto-oncogene c-Cbl was originally identified as a cellular homologue of the transforming protein expressed by the murine Cas NS-1 retrovirus. The full-length c-Cbl protein is a predominantly cytoplasmic protein, abundant in lymphoid cells, and potentially involved in signal transduction in several cell types. The specific signal transduction pathways in which c-Cbl participates, and its precise role in these pathways, are unclear. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that c-Cbl is the predominant tyrosine-phosphorylated protein bound to the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase on T lymphocyte and B lymphocyte activation. To further understand the properties of c-Cbl and the significance of its interactions with PI 3-kinase, we have further studied the cellular biological and biochemical responses of c-Cbl to stimulation in lymphoid cells. We show that stimulation induces the association of a highly tyrosine-phosphorylated pool of c-Cbl with lymphocyte membranes and with a detergent-insoluble particulate fraction. Immunoprecipitation of c-Cbl from subcellular fractions reveals that p85 is predominantly associated with the c-Cbl pool recovered from the membrane fraction, despite the fact that this pool represents a small amount of total cellular c-Cbl. The formation of c-Cbl·PI 3-kinase complexes on lymphocyte membranes did not depend on the catalytic activity of PI 3-kinase since it was unaltered by the treatment of cells with wortmannin prior to stimulation. Interestingly, c-Cbl tyrosine phosphorylation and the formation of c-Cbl·PI 3-kinase complexes were also observed in a mutant Jurkat cell line, JCaM1.6, lacking p56lck expression. Because p56lck is critical for mitogenic signal transduction in response to T cell receptor activation, our results suggest that the activation of c-Cbl and the formation of c-Cbl·PI 3-kinase complexes occur upstream or independently of mitogenic signal transduction pathways in T cells.
Effects of composition drift on the effectiveness of random copolymer reinforcement at polymer–polymer interfaces

Random copolymer layers are surprisingly effective at reinforcing polymer-polymer interfaces. One hypothesis is that composition drift during synthesis can account for the higher than expected toughening. To test this hypothesis, we polymerized a series of poly(d-styrene-r-2-vinylpyridine) (dPS f -r-PVP 1 f ) copolymers with various fractions (f) of deuterated styrene to only 10% completion to avoid composition drift. The fracture energies (G c ) of polystyrene/dPS-r-PVP/poly(2-vinylpyridine) interfaces with relatively thick layers of dPS-r-PVP were measured. G c decreased relative to interfaces reinforced with composition-drifted dPS-r-PVP. Conversely, G c increased when two or more copolymers were blended together. In such samples, the copolymers form distinct layers with multiple interfaces characterized by the difference in f (Δf) between adjacent layers. We find that G c is governed by Δf max , the largest difference in adjacent compositions, and, therefore, by the width of the narrowest interface (w min ). G c increases strongly as w min increases from 3 to 5 nm. Remarkably, these w min values are about half the entanglement spacing in bulk polystyrene.
The effect of age on pediatric tympanoplasty outcomes: A comparison of preschool and older children

Abstract Objectives Determine whether the outcome of tympanoplasty in preschool children is different from that of older children. Study design Retrospective case series. Methods Retrospective review of children having undergone a primary tympanoplasty by 4 surgeons for a tympanic membrane perforation between 2002 and 2013. Results Data from 50 children age 2–4, 130 children age 5–7 and 105 children age 8–13 years old were reviewed. Median follow-up was 7.5 months. On crude analysis, the incidence of anatomical success was not significantly different between the different age groups (p = 0.38), the success rate was respectively 69.4%, 68.5% and 79.1% with an overall rate of 72.5%. 5.9% of all children required later insertion of tympanostomy tubes, 10.2% in preschool children. The post-operative audiology results were similar for all groups with a mean improvement of 9 dB in the air-bone gap. When limiting the analysis to the 155 children having at least 6 months of follow-up, the rate of success was respectively 50.0%, 60.8% and 74.0% (p = 0.10). After multivariate analysis controlling for the effect of surgeon, approach and etiology, the odds ratio of perforation was respectively 5.48, 2.27 and 1.00 for the different age groups. Conclusion Children younger than 4 years of age have the worst outcome after tympanoplasty. It remains uncertain whether the benefits of hearing improvement and quality of life may outweigh that of a high rate of a residual, usually smaller, perforation. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these results and delineate the patient characteristics and technique most likely to lead to successful results.
Recent Changes in the Natural Gas Industry and the Potential Shape of Its Future: A Regulatory Perspective

From 1954 through 1981 the retail price of most natural gas in the interstate market was equal to the sum of a regulated wellhead price, a regulated transportation cost, and a regulated distribution cost. The profits of each segment of the natural gas industry were controlled by regulators and were essentially independent of the profits of the other two segments. Currently, the sum of the prices allowed by regulators exceeds the price the marketplace will allow. The various sectors of industry must now compete against each other for a share of the consumer's dollar. The industry practices that developed during the past regulated environment are proving to be inefficient in the new competitive environment of the 1980s. As a consequence, the industry structure and practices will change.
Reaction time to “tone-off”

Fifteen college students gave reactions to both the onset and end of a 1000 cps tone. After a few initial trials in which the Ss seemed to be adjusting to the novelty of responding at a signal’s end, reaction times were significantly shorter to the end of the tone than to its onset.
Decentralized neural network control of a class of large-scale systems with unknown interconnections

A novel decentralized neural network (DNN) controller is proposed for a class of large-scale nonlinear systems with unknown interconnections. The objective is to design a DNN for a class of large-scale systems which do not satisfy the matching condition requirement. The NNs are used to approximate the unknown subsystem dynamics and the interconnections. The DNN is designed using the back stepping methodology with only local signals for feedback. All of the signals in the closed loop (system states and weights estimation errors) are guaranteed to be uniformly ultimately bounded and eventually converge to a compact set.
Image-Based Color Schemes

This paper presents a novel method for generating color schemes based on images intended to anchor color designs. This has wide applicability for Web pages, printed materials, or other applications where images are used as a key part of the overall design. Unlike methods that are variants of color quantization and try to pixel-wise approximate the image, this method draws on graphic-design principles by emphasizing hue selection first, weighting effects of color by saturation, and considering the local spatial coherency in order to determine the overall visual impact of a color. Results demonstrate that the method generalizes to a wide range of images, choosing visually important elements of the coloration of the source image.
Prevention and treatment of viral diarrhea in pediatrics

Diarrhea is the second largest cause of mortality worldwide in children from the perinatal period to the age of 5 years. Rotavirus has been the most commonly identified viral cause of diarrhea in children. Norovirus is now recognized as the second most common viral pathogen. Adenovirus, astrovirus and sapovirus are the other major viral causes of pediatric gastroenteritis. Strategies for prevention include basic hygiene, optimization of nutrition and, ultimately, vaccination. Two new vaccines have recently been licensed for the prevention of rotavirus, the monovalent human rotavirus vaccine (Rotarix) and the pentavalent bovine-human reassortant vaccine (RotaTeq). These vaccines have already dramatically decreased the morbidity associated with rotavirus in countries where they are widely used. Efforts to develop a norovirus vaccine face substantial hurdles. Treatment of the viral pathogens is primarily limited to symptomatic measures.
Framing effects on adolescent task representations, analytic and heuristic processing, and decision making: Implications for the normative/descriptive gap

Adolescent decision making derives from the functioning of two independent informationprocessing systems. Analytic processing — the focus of most previous decision making and cognitive developmental research — often produces responses consistent with those that have traditionally been deemed correct. Heuristic processing, by contrast, often produces judgments and decisions at odds with existing norms. In part because heuristic processing is the system’s ‘‘default,’’ a large normative/ descriptive gap exists. In the present research, early adolescents, middle adolescents, and young adults solved probability, contrary-to-fact, and sunk cost decision-making problems. The normative/ descriptive gap decreased with age, but fallacious responses, assumed to reflect heuristic processing, were predominant across ages. ‘‘Framing’’ instructions to view the problems logicallyincreased analytic processing and decreased, but by no means eliminated, the normative/descriptive gap. It is argued that by early adolescence, various heuristic processes and biases are firmly entrenched response tendencies that may represent overgeneralizations of strategies that are often adaptive. Prior to implementing decision-making interventions, the challenge of delineating conditions under which heuristic processing is adaptive and maladaptive must be met. D 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Impact of data sources on citation counts and rankings of LIS faculty: Web of science versus scopus and google scholar

The Institute for Scientific Information's (ISI, now Thomson Scientific, Philadelphia, PA) citation databases have been used for decades as a starting point and often as the only tools for locating citations andsor conducting citation analyses. The ISI databases (or Web of Science [WoS]), however, may no longer be sufficient because new databases and tools that allow citation searching are now available. Using citations to the work of 25 library and information science (LIS) faculty members as a case study, the authors examine the effects of using Scopus and Google Scholar (GS) on the citation counts and rankings of scholars as measured by WoS. Overall, more than 10,000 citing and purportedly citing documents were examined. Results show that Scopus significantly alters the relative ranking of those scholars that appear in the middle of the rankings and that GS stands out in its coverage of conference proceedings as well as international, non-English language journals. The use of Scopus and GS, in addition to WoS, helps reveal a more accurate and comprehensive picture of the scholarly impact of authors. The WoS data took about 100 hours of collecting and processing time, Scopus consumed 200 hours, and GS a grueling 3,000 hours. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Generation of paramagnetic hybrid inorganic/organic thin films

There is a growing interest in developing advanced materials for thin film applications in biology, electronics, photonics and engineering. We report the development of hybrid inorganic/organic thin films containing nickel, iron and cobalt paramagnetic materials. By etching the resist in oxygen plasma after processing, most of the organic component of the resist was removed. The elemental chemical composition of the films was confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. This process can potentially lead to patterning paramagnetic thin films containing paramagnetic materials by following standard photolithography protocols, obviating the need for a wet or vacuum metal deposition. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Post-shunt ascites in infants with optic chiasmal hypothalamic astrocytoma: role of ventricular gallbladder shunt

Introduction We report a series of infants with optic chiasmal hypothalamic astrocytomas (OCHAs) who developed abdominal ascites following ventriculo-peritoneal (VP) shunting. The mechanism of ascites development among these patients with OCHA remains speculative and unclear.
The good and bad of being fair: : effects of procedural and interpersonal justice behaviors on regulatory resources

The justice literature has paid considerable attention to the beneficial effects of fair behaviors for recipients of such behaviors. It is possible, however, that exhibiting fair behaviors may come at a cost for actors. In this article, we integrate ego depletion theory with organizational justice research in order to examine the consequences of justice behaviors for actors. We used an experience-sampling method in a sample of managerial employees to examine the relations of performing procedural justice and interpersonal justice behaviors with subsequent changes in actors’ regulatory resources. Our results indicate that procedural justice behaviors are draining, whereas interpersonal justice behaviors are replenishing for actors. Depletion, in turn, adversely affected the performance of citizenship behavior, and depletion mediated relations of justice behavior with citizenship. Furthermore, 2 traits that impact self-regulatory skills—extraversion and neuroticism—moderated the replenishing effects of engaging in interpersonal justice behaviors. We conclude by discussing implications and avenues for future research.
Atherosclerosis; inhibiting effect of an antihistaminic drug, chlorpheniramine.

Cholesterol-induced rabbit atherosclerosis was inhibited by the antihistaminic, chlorpheniramine, given orally at a rate of either 2, 4, or 8 mg./day/rabbit. Two attempts, both unsuccessful, were made to demonstrate directly the expected chlorpheniramine-mediated decrease in the permeability of the rabbit aortic wall to serum constituents: (1) study of sudan-red-stained frozen sections of aortas from rabbits fed a high-cholesterol diet for a few days, with and without added chlorpheniramine, and (2) a study of the effect of chlorpheniramine on the permeability of the inner aspect of the aorta to I 13l -labeled serum albumin. A possible mechanism, based on aortic reaction to injury, is presented to account for the localization and development of atherosclerosis. This hypothesis led to the selection of chlorpheniramine for study as a possible atherosclerosis-inhibiting agent and underlies the belief that the atherosclerosis-inhibiting effect of this compound is due to inhibition of aortic reaction to injury.
Relating Noninvasive Cardiac Output and Total Peripheral Resistance Estimates to Physical Activity in an Ambulatory Setting

The prevalence and cost of heart disease indicate the need for better methods of detecting, diagnosing and treating this pervasive problem. Appropriate monitoring outside of the hospital can potentially lead to earlier diagnosis and reduced costs. We use electrocardiogram (ECG) and continuous arterial blood pressure (ABP) data collected in an ambulatory setting to examine two important cardiovascular quantities, namely cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance (TPR), over a range of physical activities. CO and TPR can be estimated from heart rate, pulse pressure and mean arterial blood pressure, which in turn are directly obtained from the ECG and ABP signals. More specifically, we employ a wearable cardiac and motion monitor designed by colleagues at MIT to simultaneously record ECG and 3-axis acceleration to onboard memory. The acceleration data is used to generate an estimate of physical activity at each time point. Additionally, we use a Portapres continuous blood pressure monitor to concurrently record the ABP waveform. We present representative results from data collected in a controlled ambulatory setting. Heart rate, mean ABP, CO and TPR responses to physical activity are generally consistent with what might be expected from cardiovascular physiology. The longer-term challenge is to correlate the dynamic behavior of these quantities with the state of cardiac health.
Physicochemical properties of texturized meat analog made from peanut flour and soy protein isolate with a single-screw extruder

The objective of this study was to establish conditions for the texturization of soy protein isolate and peanut flour mixture using a single-screw extruder. The effects of feed moisture, screw-speed, and barrel temperature on the characteristics of the texturized products were studied. Feed moisture was the most important factor affecting the texture. Feeding ingredients with 22% moisture had the highest water absorption and expansion indices, and Hunter L value (P < 0. 05). When the screw speed was above 180 RPM, the meat analog had a 12% decrease in the expansion index and a 5% decrease in moisture content (P < 0.05). When the barrel temperature was increased to 165C, there was a 12% decrease in the water absorption index, and a 23% decrease in the expansion index of the meat analogs (P < 0.05). Overall, an acceptable meat analog could be successfully produced with 22% moisture in the raw ingredient, screw speed at 140 RPM, and barrel temperatures at 150, 155, and 160C for the three temperature zones, respectively.
HUMPBACKS' BUMPY FLIPPERS

![Figure][1] Humpback whales' lumpy flippers don't look like anything a human engineer would design – unlike airplane wings, bumps called tubercles cover the fins' leading edges, giving them an almost serrated appearance. But humpbacks are some of the most agile of the large whales. Maybe
Phoneme selective speech enhancement using the generalized parametric spectral subtraction estimator

In this study, the generalized parametric spectral subtraction estimator is employed in the context of a ROVER speech enhancement framework to develop a robust phoneme class selective enhancement algorithm. The parametric estimator is derived by a) optimizing the weighted Euclidean distortion cost function and b) by modeling clean speech spectral magnitudes as Rayleigh distributed priors. A set of enhanced utterances are generated from a single noisy utterance by tuning the parameters of the parametric estimator for different phoneme classes. The speech and non-speech segments are segregated using a voice activity detector. Thereafter, the mixture maximum model is used to make soft decisions on these segments to determine their phoneme class weights. The segments from the enhanced utterances are weighted by these decisions and combined to form the final composite utterance. Using segmental SNR and Itakura-Saito metrics over two noise types and four SNR levels, it was demonstrated that the composite utterance exhibited better phoneme class improvement than the individual utterances enhanced from the parametric estimator.
Distributional Properties of CUSUM Stopping Times

Abstract Let S n be the partial sum of i.i.d. random variables X 1,X 2,…, and let N be the usual CUSUM stopping time based on S n . Under suitable conditions we determine ψ(α,β) = E exp(α S N − β N), where β > 0 and α is a suitable number. The given formula can be used to study the distributional properties of N, S N , and S N − h. Because the CUSUM based on maxima is reducible to N, the formula can be used to obtain the distributional properties of the maximal process as well. Several examples are discussed, and certain applications are shown in the so called trading securities. The formulas can also be used to study the distributional properties of a symmetric two-sided CUSUM.
Generalized partially relaxed pseudomonotone variational inequalities and general auxiliary problem principle

Let be a nonlinear mapping from a nonempty closed invex subset of an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space into . Let be proper, invex, and lower semicontinuous on and let be continuously Frechet-differentiable on with , the gradient of , -strongly monotone, and -Lipschitz continuous on . Suppose that there exist an , and numbers , , such that for all and for all , the set defined by is nonempty, where and is -Lipschitz continuous with the following assumptions. (i) , and . (ii) For each fixed , map is sequentially continuous from the weak topology to the weak topology. If, in addition, is continuous from equipped with weak topology to equipped with strong topology, then the sequence generated by the general auxiliary problem principle converges to a solution of the variational inequality problem (VIP): for all .