cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The relationship between bleaching and mortality of common corals

Reef corals are likely to have many subtle but four gross responses to anomalous warm water. These are (1) not bleach and live (mortality 20%), (3) bleach and live, and (4) bleach and die. The frequency of these four possible gross responses was determined for 18 common coral taxa over an exceptionally warm 1998 El Nino where intense bleaching was observed, and mortality determined from line transects averaged 41.2±34.7 (±SD). Field studies included (1) recording the loss of color (bleaching) and observing recently dead individuals among 6,803 colonies during five sampling periods and (2) estimating mortality based on 180 m of line-intercept transects completed 4 months before and near the end of the bleaching episode. There was no clear relationship between the loss of color and either direct observation or transect-based estimates of mortality for the 18 taxa. The morphology of the taxa did not influence color loss but branching and encrusting taxa had higher mortality than massive and submassive taxa. Loss of color and mortality are the most common responses to warm water as only Pavona did not lose color or die and only two taxa, Cyphastrea and Millepora, did not significantly lose color but died. Of the 15 taxa that lost color, five taxa, Astreopora, Favia, Favites, Goniopora, and Leptoria, did not die. These taxa are those most likely to have reduced potential mortality by the loss of pigments and associated algal symbionts. Death of the branching taxa was detected reasonably by direct field observation but some taxa were underestimated when compared with mortality estimates based on line transects. Death of encrusting and massive taxa including Echinopora, Galaxea, Hydnophora, Montipora, Platygyra, and massive Porites was poorly detected from direct observations but they proved to have modest to high mortality (20–80%) based on line transects. There was no single response of these common corals to warm water but these data, collected during an extreme warm-water anomaly, indicate that the loss of color is most frequently a sign of morbidity, particularly for branching and encrusting taxa.
Who speaks for the health consumer

Although consumer-directed health care has become a fashionable concept in recent years, stories abound asking whether the so-called free market in health care can provide adequate access to quality health care at an affordable price. In spite of these concerns, consumer-directed health care continues as the face of legitimacy behind an industry-driven campaign to limit regulatory protections of the consumer in the market and encourage the growth of health insurance products that place spending options closer to the consumer, whether or not these options are available, affordable, or easily understood. Understanding whether this empowerment is real begins with first asking what it now means to be a health consumer. This commentary offers perspective on the dilemma faced by millions of Americans in navigating our health care system under the assumption that market-driven choices foster consumer empowerment in health care, and suggests approaches for expanding the true consumer voice.
Three-Dimensional Human Airway Segmentation Methods for Clinical Virtual Bronchoscopy☆

Rationale and Objectives. The segmentation of airways from CT images is a critical first step for numerous virtual bronchoscopic (VB) applications. Automatic or semiautomatic methods are necessary, since manual segmentation is prohibitively time consuming. The methods must be robust and operate within a reasonable time frame to be useful for clinical VB use. The authors developed an integrated airway segmentation system and demonstrated its effectiveness on a series of human images. Materials and Methods. The authors’ airway segmentation system draws on two segmentation algorithms: ( a) an adaptive region-growing algorithm and (b) a new hybrid algorithm that uses both region growing and mathematical morphology. Images from an ongoing VB study were segmented by means of both the adaptive region-growing and the new hybrid methods. The segmentation volume, branch number estimate, and segmentation quality were determined for each case. Results. The results demonstrate the need for an integrated segmentation system, since no single method is superior for all clinically relevant cases. The region-growing algorithm is the fastest and provides acceptable segmentations for most VB applications, but the hybrid method provides superior airway edge localization, making it better suited for quantitative applications. In addition, the authors show that prefiltering the image data before airway segmentation increases the robustness of both regiongrowing and hybrid methods. Conclusion. The combination of these two algorithms with the prefiltering options allowed the successful segmentation of all test images. The times required for all segmentations were acceptable, and the results were suitable for the authors’ VB application needs. © AUR, 2002
Mechanism of Abdominal Wall Recurrence After Laparoscopic Resection of Colonic Cancers.

Although abdominal wall recurrence after conventional resection for colon cancer remains a rare event, several reports of trocar site recurrence after laparoscopic oncological procedures have been reported. Although the mechanism is unclear, it appears that local factors are important for trocar recurrence after colorectal cancer procedures. Hematogenous dissemination to the trocar site does not appear to be a primary mechanism. The full realization of port-site recurrence has yet to be uncovered because only a relatively small number of colonic resections have been performed laparoscopically for cancer. Prospective studies must include opportunities for both the discovery of trocar site recurrence and documenting this entity carefully.
Insect Regulatory Genomics

Insects are the most diverse and ecologically important group of animals in the animal kingdom, with more than a million species described to date. Whole-genome sequencing, which has revolutionized many areas of biological research, carries significant potential for achieving a deeper understanding of insect development, physiology, and evolution and for facilitating new biotechnological advances in insect management and biocontrol. Comprehensive genome annotation, including not only genes but also regulatory regions, is necessary for realizing the full benefits of this sequencing. However, regulatory element discovery in non-model organisms remains a major challenge as most regulatory sequences have diverged past the point of recognition by standard sequence alignment methods, even for relatively closely related species such as flies and mosquitoes. We review here some of the advances made in insect regulatory genomics and the methods and resources available for identifying regulatory elements in well-studied model insects such as Drosophila. We discuss recent efforts to extend these approaches to discovering regulatory elements in evolutionarily diverged non-model species and potential applications of the resulting regulatory data.
Transition Events in the Dynamics of Poverty

Poverty rates hit record highs in 1993 and have fallen to record lows in 2000. What events triggered entries into poverty in the early 1990s and exits from poverty in the late 1990s? This paper uses a discrete-time multivariate hazard model and two longitudinal data sets, the PSID and SIPP, to examine how events--such as changes in household composition and labor supply--affect poverty entries and exits. We find that there is no single path in or out of poverty. Changes in household composition, disability status, and especially labor supply are important events for entering and exiting poverty.
Invisible Men: Mass Incarceration and the Myth of Black Progress:

This book stands as a correction to conventional survey approaches and assumptions that form the evidential basis of social policy towards, and social research about, the conditions of poor African...
A MULTI-FIDELITY SIMULATION ENVIRONMENT FOR HUMAN-IN-THE-LOOP STUDIES OF DISTRIBUTED AIR GROUND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

This paper describes a Distributed Air Ground Traffic Management (DAG-TM) simulation environment created at NASA Ames Research Center for conducting human-in-the-loop evaluations of new concepts for managing and controlling air traffic. The simulation environment combines high fidelity full mission flight simulators with mid-fidelity air traffic controller/manager workstations as well as low to mid-fidelity desktop workstations for additional pilots, controllers, experiment managers and observers. The simulation is distributed amongst different facilities and laboratories at Ames and provides for connecting multiple off-site simulators via the Internet. The Crew Activity Tracking System (CATS) can be attached for real-time tracking and analysis of pilot and controller activities, and intelligent agents can supplant ancillary human participants.
Sequence and Stereoselectivity of the C1-Symmetric Metallocene Me2Si(1-(4,7-Me2Ind))(9-Flu)ZrCl2

The homo- and copolymerization behaviors of two C1-symmetric metallocenes Me2Si(Ind)(9-Flu)ZrCl2 (2) and Me2Si(1-(4,7-Me2Ind))(9-Flu)ZrCl2 (3) in the presence of methylaluminoxane (MAO) are compare...
On the Online Cataloging Work in Network Environment

In view of developing state of online cataloging work home and abroad,online cataloging work in network environment is must.This paper analyses the problems of how to promote the progress of online cataloging work.A library should be provided with a certaim level of network conditions and network management.pay attention to establishment of authority file,ensure the quality of bibliographic data,realize the standardization of bibliographic data.
Analysis on epidemiological characteristics of influenza in Nanning City from 2005-2012

[Objective]To understand the epidemiological characteristics of influenza in Nanning City from 2005-2012,provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of influenza.[Methods]Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the epidemic characteristics of influenza in Nanning City from 2005-2012.[Results]A total of 5 866 cases of influenza were reported in Nanning City from 2005-2012,and the average annual incidence rate was 11. 27 / lakh. The cases mainly concentrated in March to May,but the peak seasons changed in different years. Most of patients were people aged 10-19 years old,accounting for 64. 0% of total cases. The number of male patients was greater than that of female patients,the male-to-female ratio was 1. 36 ∶ 1,and the difference was significant( χ2= 46. 790,P 0. 01). The occupational distribution showed that the students accounted for 74. 1% of total cases.[Conclusion]In order to control the outbreak of influenza in Nanning city,it is important to understand the epidemiological characteristics of influenza,and strengthen the surveillance in high-risk population( students).
Analysis on death causes of 668 infestors or patients with HIV /AIDS

Objective To analyze the death causes of patients with HIV/ AIDS for regulating report of death cause,so as to improve treatment measures and decreasing the death rate.Method The 668 cases of patients died with AIDS from 2010/01/01 to 2011/07/03 were analyzed retrospectively.Results One died case was wrong and the others were actually died.The way of spreading was the opposite sexual of young men who were mainly peasant or unemployed people.There were 72.56% patients died of related disease,17.54% of patients died of non-correlation disease,5.40% patients died of unforeseen circumstances,and 4.50% of patients had no quite clear cause.Among the cases,47.68% of patients had ever detected CD4 and 46.23% of which were detected that the average count of CD4 was lower than 50 cells/ μl.The survival time was within one year.Conclusions Being discovered lately and treated lately which were caused by discrimination and bad economy were primary causes of death.So we should formulate effective measures for detection and treatment,so as to improve the quality of follow-up visit and regulate death reporting procedures.
CHAPTER 47 – Hypoparathyroidism in the Differential Diagnosis of Hypocalcemia

In hypoparathyroidism, the clinical findings are those expected as a result of low parathyroid hormone (PTH), including low total and ionized calcium, and an increase in serum phosphorus concentration. Patients with hypoparathyroidism have increased renal calcium clearance because of the absence of a PTH effect, to enhance distal tubular calcium reabsorption. Hypoparathyroidism occurs in patients who have parathyroid or thyroid surgery and particularly after radical surgery for carcinoma involving structures in the neck. Surgical series have indicated that the incidence of transient hypoparathyroidism after thyroid surgery may be as high as 10–15%; the incidence of permanent hypoparathyroidism is about 1–4%. Permanent hypoparathyroidism can be caused not only by inadvertent removal of parathyroid tissue, but also by damage to the blood supply to the parathyroid glands. Temporary hypocalcemia after surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism can occur due to suppression of normal parathyroid glands by hypercalcemia. In the mild primary hyperparathyroidism characteristic of the western world, postoperative hypocalcemia has become uncommon. However, if normal parathyroid glands are suppressed, they usually recover quickly and the serum calcium concentration returns to normal within days.
Structures of the m(6)A Methyltransferase Complex: Two Subunits with Distinct but Coordinated Roles.

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Wang et al. (2016a) report crystal structures of the core of the METTL3/METTL14 m6A methyltransferase complex and propose how the two subunits interact and cooperate to bind and methylate RNA.
Linking blast physics to biological outcomes in mild traumatic brain injury: narrative review and preliminary report of an open-field blast model

Blast exposures are associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and blast-induced TBIs are common injuries affecting military personnel. Department of Defense and Veterans Administration (DoD/VA) reports for TBI indicated that the vast majority (82.3%) has been mild TBI (mTBI)/concussion. mTBI and associated posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) have been called "the invisible injury" of the current conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. These injuries induce varying degrees of neuropathological alterations and, in some cases, chronic cognitive, behavioral and neurological disorders. Appropriate animal models of blast-induced TBI will not only assist the understanding of physical characteristics of the blast, but also help to address the potential mechanisms. This report provides a brief overview of physical principles of blast, injury mechanisms related to blast exposure, current blast animal models, and the neurological behavioral and neuropathological findings related to blast injury in experimental settings. We describe relationships between blast peak pressures and the observed injuries. We also report preliminary use of a highly reproducible and intensity-graded blast murine model carried out in open-field with explosives, and describe physical and pathological findings in this experimental model. Our results indicate close relationships between blast intensities and neuropathology and behavioral deficits, particularly at low level blast intensities relevant to mTBI.Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier B.V. Language: en
Smoky Quartz in the Liberty Hill Pegmatite

(1978). Smoky Quartz in the Liberty Hill Pegmatite. Rocks & Minerals: Vol. 53, No. 5, pp. 208-213.
Dynamic wireless power charging of electric vehicles using optimal placement of transmitters

Advent of Wireless Power Transfer led to fade plugin electric vehicle, have an effective driving distance and decrease battery storage. It is proposed to build the robust and reliable dynamic wireless power charging for electric vehicle. Although there has been great enhancement in static wireless power transfer for energizing electric vehicles, such significant achievement in dynamic charging technology has not been performed to gain desirable efficiency. It is planned in this project to find the optimal power transfer efficiency (PTE) based on the consistent coupling coefficient. The constant coupling coefficient will be derived out of optimal placement of transmitter coils in a road. Through that, the overall coupling coefficient and accordingly the induced current between receiver and transmitters will be always constant. In other words, the static wireless power transfer is replicated by optimal placement of transmitters to define concept of dynamic wireless transfer.
The Perceived Presence/Absence of the Galician Accent on Galician TV Newscasts

Building on the notions of primary and secondary orality, language economics, and the study of intonation as one of the first oral inputs learned by human beings, this essay shares results of a study of intonation patterns used on TV newscasts broadcasted in Galician, Spanish, and Portuguese in the Iberian Peninsula. Sixteen sound files per language were recorded and analyzed using Praat. The different intonation patterns identified in anchors, interviewers, and interviewees in the three languages explored provide good examples of how two linguistic imaginaries, Castilian Spanish and Galician, coexist in Galicia redefining and re-appropriating what is known as Galician and Galician Spanish, making these two languages spoken in Galicia function as a construct, reimagined and restructured by others, for its traditional native speakers.
Understanding the Promise: A Typology of State and Local College Promise Programs.

Over the past decade, but especially in the past few years, programs with a promise label have been advanced at the local, state, and federal levels. To advance understanding of the design, impleme...
A review of the integration of classical biological control with other techniques to manage invasive weeds in natural areas and rangelands

Integrating classical biological control with other management techniques such as herbicide, fire, mechanical control, grazing, or plant competition, can be the most effective way to manage invasive weeds in natural areas and rangelands. Biological control agents can be protected from potential negative impacts of these weed control methods through untreated refugia or by applying the treatment at a time when the agent is not vulnerable. A literature review of experiments that integrated biological control with other management strategies from 1987 to 2017 yielded 39 terrestrial and 16 aquatic studies. The tactics most frequently integrated with biological control were herbicide applications and plant competition. Despite numerous examples of successful programs and calls for more widespread integration of biological control with other weed management strategies, there was no increase in the number of studies reported annually over time. Additional studies investigating the ecological and economic benefits of integrated weed management are needed.
TRANSPORT AND EXCHANGE OF RESPIRATORY GASES IN THE BLOOD | Hemoglobin Differentiation in Fishes

Fish hemoglobins have been extensively studied, not only for their structural and functional properties, but also because they offer the possibility of investigating functional differentiation and molecular adaptations in marine and freshwater species living in a large variety of environmental conditions. The number of available amino-acid sequences of fish hemoglobins yields enough material to study evolutionary, structural, and functional aspects. Unlike most mammals, including humans, fish often exhibit hemoglobin multiplicity, due to gene-related heterogeneity and gene-duplication events. Here, we review and discuss some new insights about hemoglobin functional differentiation in fish. In this context, the contributions of structural biology extend well beyond the elucidation of mechanisms and hemoglobin-structure/function relationships.
Multi-communication type debugging probe

Embedded systems have been growing in ubiquity in recent years. It is expected that the dependence for devices with these systems will continue to grow as technology advances into the era of the Internet of Things (IoT). However, with more interconnectivity comes more vulnerability. If an attacker were to gain access to a single device in a system of interconnected devices, they could obtain a lot more information since they have several devices to listen to. In this paper, we address the relevance of commercial debuggers and how they allow penetration tests and reverse engineering [1] on embedded systems. These debuggers require the testers to be very familiar with the device to be tested. Some of the information the tester needs to have include the type of processor being used on the device, the type of protocol implemented and the pin-out of the transmission lines. We propose a design for a probe that would not be restricted to a specific processor or prior knowledge of the target device pin-out. Instead, our probe will eliminate the time spent on active probing in order to locate the appropriate communication lines. We were able to design and build a prototype which has been able to locate transmission lines on a RS-232 protocol.
Development of remote interaction system in drilling field

The remote interaction system in drilling field was developed for various units to overcome the disadvantage of the technical support of tunnel drilling rig, such as the low efficiency, the high cost, and the backward of support and management way. It realizes the interaction of audio-video and the effective management of drilling maintenance resources. Firstly, we analyze the function and technical difficulties of the system. Then we design the hardware interaction platform for different drilling fields, and develop the interaction software through the access mod of “centralized server + C/S + B/S” architecture. Finally, the system was created with the PC client, the mobile client and the WEB server. Verification test shows that the hardware platform has a reasonable structure with high reliability and the software platform is powerful with stable running.
Lymph node yield during radical prostatectomy does not impact rate of biochemical recurrence in patients with seminal vesicle invasion and node-negative disease.

Abstract Objectives Seminal vesicle invasion (SVI) is a risk factor for poor oncologic outcome in patients with prostate cancer. Modifications to the pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) during radical prostatectomy (RP) have been reported to have a therapeutic benefit. The present study is the first to determine if lymph node yield (LNY) is associated with a lower risk of biochemical recurrence (BCR) for men with SVI. Methods A total of 220 patients from 2 high-volume institutions who underwent RP without adjuvant treatment between 1990 and 2015 and had prostate cancer with SVI (i.e., pT3b) were identified, and 21 patients did not undergo lymph node dissection. BCR was defined as a postoperative PSA>0.2 ng/mL, or use of salvage androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) or radiation. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine whether LNY was predictive of BCR, controlling for PSA, pathologic Gleason Score, pathologic lymph node status, NCCN risk category, etc. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to determine 3-year freedom from BCR. Results Median number of lymph nodes sampled were 7 (IQR: 3–12; range: 0–35) and 90.5% underwent PLND. The estimated 3-year BCR rate was 43.9%. Results from multivariable analysis demonstrated that LNY was not significantly associated with risk of BCR overall (HR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.98–1.03; P = 0.848) for pN0 (HR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.97–1.03; P = 0.916) or pN1 patients (HR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.88–1.06; P = 0.468). Overall, PSA (HR = 1.02, P P = 0.001) were associated with an increased risk of BCR, and increasing LNY increased the likelihood of detecting>2 positive lymph nodes (OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.06–1.65, P = 0.023). Conclusion Seminal vesicle invasion is associated with an increased risk of BCR at 3 years, primarily due to pathologic Gleason score and PSA. Although greater lymph node yield is diagnostic and facilitates more accurate pathologic staging, our data do not show a therapeutic benefit in reducing BCR.
miRNAs in pregnancy-related complications: an update.

Pregnancy-related complications, including preeclampsia (PE), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and preterm delivery (PTD), are the most significant issues modern obstetrics face, affecting at l...
Tyrosine Crystals in Benign Parotid Gland Cysts: Report of Two Cases Diagnosed by Fine-needle Aspiration Biopsy with Ultrastnictural and Histochemical Evaluation

Two cases were encountered in which tyrosine crystals were identified by fine-needle aspiration biopsy in nonneoplastic, retention cysts of the parotid. Tyrosine crystals occasionally have been described in parotid neoplasms, but have not been reported in benign retention cysts. To study the frequency and significance of tyrosine crystals in parotid gland cysts, the authors reviewed parotid cytology specimens collected at Loyola University Medical Center from 1985-1993. Among 97 patients, 8.2% (n = 8) had benign retention cysts. No other patients had tyrosine crystals. The presence of tyrosine crystals in benign retention cysts is largely enigmatic. However, because tyrosine crystals previously have been associated with parotid gland neoplasms, awareness of the fact that these unusual structures may be found in benign retention cysts is useful to avoid the erroneous interpretation of tyrosine crystals as an indication of neoplasia, particularly in aspirated material.
Enhancement-Depletion Logic Circuits

In the next four chapters, we shall study the design of digital circuits made of GaAs MESFETs. We recall from Chapter 1 that the lowfield mobility and peak electron velocity in GaAs are each several times greater than their respective values in Si. Also, in a GaAs device, there is no ground plane and all capacitances between conductors and device terminals are lateral. Moreover, there is no junction capacitance between the drain or source and the substrate as in MOS devices. We expect therefore that the operating speeds of a GaAs transistor to be at least several times faster than those of an MOS transistor of comparable gate length and width. Our task at hand is to look for ways to harness the speed advantage of the GaAs transistor in order to design circuits that will operate at bit rates of several Gigabits per second, or higher. Such circuits are used in fiber-optic communications systems, supercomputers, and real-time signal processing systems.
Sex Chromosome Abnormalities

The sex chromosomes show a much wider range of viable aneuploidy than do the autosomes, presumably for the following reasons. On the one hand, the Y chromosome seems to contain very few genes apart from those determining the male sex; on the other, all but one X chromosome in a cell are inactivated, forming X chromatin bodies in the interphase. This rule can be stated another way: there is one active X chromosome for each diploid complement of autosomes.
Osteosarcoma in an Adolescent with Kniest Dysplasia: A Case Report.

Case A 19-year-old adolescent with Kniest dysplasia was incidentally found to have osteosarcoma of the proximal aspect of the humerus after having a chest radiograph for evaluation of an upper respiratory infection. He underwent chemotherapy and resection of the tumor, and there was no evidence of metastasis at the 16-month follow-up. Conclusion Patients with osteochondrodysplasias often have multiple orthopaedic symptoms. Changes in chronic pain symptoms should be investigated to rule out insidious secondary causes of musculoskeletal pain, such as osteosarcoma.
SearchLens: composing and capturing complex user interests for exploratory search

Whether figuring out where to eat in an unfamiliar city or deciding which apartment to live in, consumer generated data (i.e. reviews and forum posts) are often an important influence in online decision making. To make sense of these rich repositories of diverse opinions, searchers need to sift through a large number of reviews to characterize each item based on aspects that they care about. We introduce a novel system, SearchLens, where searchers build up a collection of "Lenses" that reflect their different latent interests, and compose the Lenses to find relevant items across different contexts. Based on the Lenses, SearchLens generates personalized interfaces with visual explanations that promotes transparency and enables deeper exploration. While prior work found searchers may not wish to put in effort specifying their goals without immediate and sufficient benefits, results from a controlled lab study suggest that our approach incentivized participants to express their interests more richly than in a baseline condition, and a field study showed that participants found benefits in SearchLens while conducting their own tasks.
Imaging of CAR T-cells in cancer patients – paving the way to treatment monitoring and outcome prediction

In 2013, the journal Science named cancer immunotherapy as the “breakthrough of the year” based on targeted approaches using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells. CD19-specific CAR T-cell therapy has revolutionized the treatment landscape for patients with relapsed B-cell acute lymphocytic
DDR2 mutations in lung cancer in adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma and association with MET activation.

8115 Background: The discoidin domain receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (DDR2) gene is mutated in a small subset of squamous cell carcinomas (SQCAs) of the lung. Targeting of DDR2 with the inhibitor dasat...
Prevalence and characterization of chronic rhinosinusitis in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis at a tertiary care center in the United States.

BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is associated with bronchiectasis; however, this relationship has not been well studied in the United States (US) population. In this work we aimed to determine the prevalence of CRS among patients with bronchiectasis affiliated with a US tertiary medical center and identify which comorbid diseases are associated with the presence of CRS in patients with bronchiectasis. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study in which data were obtained from a large database warehouse at a tertiary care center. Patients with bronchiectasis were identified from 2007 to 2017 using diagnosis codes from the the ninth and tenth revisions of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9/10) and confirmed by radiographic evidence of bronchiectasis on chest computed tomography (CT) scans. Patients were divided into cohorts based on presence or absence of concomitant CRS. Characteristics analyzed included demographics, comorbidities, peripheral eosinophil counts, and pulmonary function testing. RESULTS CRS was present in 45% (408 of 900) of patients with bronchiectasis. Females represented a majority of bronchiectasis patients, both with and without CRS (69% and 64%, respectively, p = 0.09). After controlling for demographic factors, asthma (p < 0.01), allergic rhinitis (p < 0.01), gastroesophageal reflux disease (p < 0.01), and antibody deficiency (p < 0.01) were associated with the presence of CRS in patients with bronchiectasis. CONCLUSION CRS had a high prevalence and was associated with numerous comorbid conditions in patients with bronchiectasis. These findings have clinical implications for the treatment of patients with bronchiectasis and future research.
Confidentiality concerns for surgical residents as educational research subjects: A pilot study.

Abstract Background Research within the field of surgical education has been expanding rapidly in order to guide future curricula. However, education studies often have minimal IRB oversight and evolving concerns exist regarding issues of informed consent of trainees. Methods We conducted an electronic, single center, anonymous survey of general surgery residents. The survey study was IRB approved and subjects were provided with information and opt-out sheets. Results The response rate was 43.5% (37/85). Approximately 76% of residents felt that education research was important and that they should participate. If a faculty member conducted the study, 18% of residents would feel coerced to participate and 21% would feel uncomfortable refusing to participate. The majority (81%) felt uncomfortable with peers viewing their identifiable records and a sizeable minority (24%) were uncomfortable with peers viewing de-identified records. Conclusion Surgical residents believe that educational research is important, but researchers should be cognizant of unintended consequences on resident autonomy and confidentiality.
Comparative Immunology and Immunotherapy of Canine Osteosarcoma.

Approximately 800 people are diagnosed with osteosarcoma (OSA) per year in the USA. Although 70% of patients with localized OSA are cured with multiagent chemotherapy and surgical resection, the prognosis for patients with metastatic or relapsed disease is guarded. The small number of patients diagnosed annually contributes to an incomplete understanding of disease pathogenesis, and challenges in performing appropriately powered clinical trials and detecting correlative biomarkers of response. While mouse models of OSA are becoming increasingly sophisticated, they generally fail to accurately recapitulate tumor heterogeneity, tumor microenvironment (TME), systemic immune dysfunction, and the clinical features of tumor recurrence, metastases, and chemoresistance, which influence outcome. Pet dogs spontaneously develop OSA with an incidence that is 30–50 times higher than humans. Canine OSA parallels the human disease in its clinical presentation, biological behavior, genetic complexity, and therapeutic management. However, despite therapy, most dogs die from metastatic disease within 1 year of diagnosis. Since OSA occurs in immune-competent dogs, immune factors that sculpt tumor immunogenicity and influence responses to immune modulation are in effect. In both species, immune modulation has shown beneficial effects on patient outcome and work is now underway to identify the most effective immunotherapies, combination of immunotherapies, and correlative biomarkers that will further improve clinical response. In this chapter, the immune landscape of canine OSA and the immunotherapeutic strategies used to modulate antitumor immunity in dogs with the disease will be reviewed. From this immunological viewpoint, the value of employing dogs with spontaneous OSA to accelerate and inform the translation of immunotherapies into the human clinic will be underscored.
Towards Meaningfully Integrating Human-Autonomy Teaming in Applied Settings

Technological advancement goes hand in hand with economic advancement, meaning applied industries like manufacturing, medicine, and retail are set to leverage new practices like human-autonomy teams. These human-autonomy teams call for deep integration between artificial intelligence and the human workers that make up a majority of the workforce. This paper identifies the core principles of the human-autonomy teaming literature relevant to the integration of human-autonomy teams in applied contexts and research due to this large scale implementation of human-autonomy teams. A framework is built and defined from these fundamental concepts, with specific examples of its use in applied contexts and the interactions between various components of the framework. This framework can be utilized by practitioners of human-autonomy teams, allowing them to make informed decisions regarding the integration and training of human-autonomy teams.
Plasmonic Nanoparticle Lattice Devices for White-Light Lasing.

A plasmonic nanolaser architecture that can produce white-light emission is reported. A laser device is designed based on a mixed dye solution used as gain material sandwiched between two aluminum nanoparticle (NP) square lattices of different periodicities. The (±1, 0) and (±1, ±1) band-edge surface lattice resonance (SLR) modes of one NP lattice and the (±1, 0) band-edge mode of the other NP lattice function as nanocavity modes for red, blue, and green lasing respectively. From a single aluminum NP lattice, simultaneous red and blue lasing is realized from a binary dye solution, and the relative intensities of the two colors are controlled by the volume ratio of the dyes. Also, a laser device is constructed by sandwiching dye solutions between two Al NP lattices with different periodicities, which enables red-green and blue-green lasing. With a combination of three dyes as liquid gain, red, green, and blue lasing for a white-light emission profile is realized.
The Gl569 Multiple System

We report the results of high spectral and angular resolution infrared observations of the multiple system Gl569A and B that were intended to measure the dynamical masses of the brown dwarf binary believed to comprise Gl569B. Our analysis did not yield this result but, instead, revealed two surprises. First, at age ~100 Myr, the system is younger than had been reported earlier. Second, our spectroscopic and photometric results provide support for earlier indications that Gl569B is actually a hierarchical brown dwarf triple rather than a binary. Our results suggest that the three components of Gl569B have roughly equal mass, ~0.04 M☉.
Survey Says ... A Critical Analysis of the New Title IX Policy and a Proposal for Reform

More than thirty years have passed since Congress enacted Title IX, the statute prohibiting sex discrimination by schools, colleges, and universities that receive federal funding. In that time, Congress has confirmed -and reconfirmed- the statute's application to college athletic programs, and the Supreme Court has strengthened the statute's enforcement by construing a private right of action for both injunctive relief and, in certain cases, money damages. Bolstered by these measures, Title IX is duly credited for increasing the number of athletic opportunities for women and girls. But at the college level, female athletes still have far fewer opportunities to participate in athletics relative to their male peers. At most colleges and universities, the percentage of student athletes who are female is lower than the percentage of female college students. One reason for this is that Title IX and its implementing regulations do not mandate that universities attain substantial proportionality. In fact, the regulatory compliance policy that the Office for Civil Rights ("OCR") has administered since 1979 allows for three separate and alternative measures (or "prongs") for complying with Title IX. Universities' efforts to attain compliance under the proportionality prong are often stymied by budget constraints, perceived or otherwise, that prevent universities from achieving proportionality by simply adding opportunities for women. And while universities could alternatively attain proportionality by capping or reducing athletic opportunities for men, this approach is unpopular among male athletes, their coaches, and their supporters. The Author discusses the current state of the law and presents proposals for reform.
Spatial and temporal patterns in maternal energetic traits of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) in Lake Erie

Summary 1. For many fish species, survival during early life stages is linked to the size and energetic condition of females prior to reproduction. For example, females in good energetic condition are often more fecund and produce larger eggs and offspring than those in poor condition. 2. We measured the characteristics of female yellow perch (Perca flavescens) that may influence annual population fluctuations. From 2005 to 2007, we measured spatial variation in female reproductive traits, such as age, length, mass and energy density (J g−1) of somatic tissues and ovaries among four spawning aggregations of yellow perch in western and central Lake Erie. 3. Maternal traits, such as somatic energy density and spawner age distribution, differed between the western and central basin, whereas reproductive traits, such as fecundity and ovarian energy density, differed across years. 4. To understand the implications of observed differences in demographic rates (growth and mortality rates) between basins, we developed a deterministic model to simulate the total egg production in the western and central basins under different scenarios of fishing mortality. 5. High growth rates and low mortality rates combined to produce higher modelled estimates of total egg production in the central than in the western basin, and a larger proportion of eggs were produced by old age classes in the central basin than in the western basin. 6. Our results demonstrate that changing harvest levels for populations with different demographic rates can influence total reproductive output through complex interactions between age-specific mortality, growth and size-specific fecundity, which has implications for the population dynamics of yellow perch and related species across a broad geographic range.
Analyzing Direct Non-local Dependencies in Attribute Grammars

Describing the static semantics of programming languages with attribute grammars is eased when the formalism allows direct dependencies to be induced between rules for nodes arbitrarily far away in the tree. Such direct non-local dependencies cannot be analyzed using classical methods, which enable efficient evaluation.
Short-Term Memory for Space and Time Flexibly Recruit Complementary Sensory-Biased Frontal Lobe Attention Networks

The frontal lobes control wide-ranging cognitive functions; however, functional subdivisions of human frontal cortex are only coarsely mapped. Here, functional magnetic resonance imaging reveals two distinct visual-biased attention regions in lateral frontal cortex, superior precentral sulcus (sPCS) and inferior precentral sulcus (iPCS), anatomically interdigitated with two auditory-biased attention regions, transverse gyrus intersecting precentral sulcus (tgPCS) and caudal inferior frontal sulcus (cIFS). Intrinsic functional connectivity analysis demonstrates that sPCS and iPCS fall within a broad visual-attention network, while tgPCS and cIFS fall within a broad auditory-attention network. Interestingly, we observe that spatial and temporal short-term memory (STM), respectively, recruit visual and auditory attention networks in the frontal lobe, independent of sensory modality. These findings not only demonstrate that both sensory modality and information domain influence frontal lobe functional organization, they also demonstrate that spatial processing co-localizes with visual processing and that temporal processing co-localizes with auditory processing in lateral frontal cortex.
Home (page) style: house members on the web

As Richard Fenno famously demonstrated in Home Style: House Members in Their Districts, Members of Congress tend to be very good at interacting with constituents face-to-face. Digital interaction, however, is inherently new terrain for many Members, and any new activity entails uncertainty and risk. Furthermore, implementing and making effective use of innovations requires new knowledge and new operating procedures. As a consequence, adoption of Web technologies is neither automatic nor effortless. As Dawes and her colleagues (1999: 21) write, "Throughout our history, developments in technology have emerged much faster than the evolution of organizational forms."
TCR Antagonism by Peptide Requires High TCR Expression

Current models of T cell activation focus on the kinetics of TCR-ligand interactions as the central parameter governing T cell responsiveness. However, these kinetic parameters do not adequately predict all T cell behavior, particularly the response to antagonist ligands. Recent studies have demonstrated that TCR number is a critical parameter influencing the responses of CD4(+) T cells to weak agonist ligands, and receptor density represents an important means of regulating tissue responsiveness in other receptor ligand systems. To systematically address the impact of TCR expression on CD8(+) T cell responses, mAbs to the TCR alpha-chain and T cells expressing two TCR species were used as two different methods to manipulate the number of available TCRs on P14 and OT-I transgenic T cells. Both methods of TCR reduction demonstrated that the efficacy of antagonist peptides was significantly reduced on T cells bearing low numbers of available receptors. In addition, the ability of weak agonists to induce proliferation was critically dependent on the availability of high numbers of TCRs. Therefore, in this report we show that TCR density is a major determinant of CD8(+) T cell reactivity to weak agonist and antagonist ligands but not agonist ligands.
Intestinal Absorption and Excretion of Zinc in Streptozotocin-Diabetic Rats as Affected by Dietary Zinc and Protein

65Zn was used to examine the effects of dietary zinc and protein on true zinc absorption and intestinal excretion of endogenous zinc by an isotope dilution technique in streptozotocin-diabetic and control rats. Four groups each of diabetic and control rats were fed diets containing 20 ppm Zn, 20% egg white protein (HMHP); 20 ppm Zn, 10% egg white protein (HMLP); 10 ppm Zn, 20% egg white protein (LMHP); and 10 ppm Zn, 10% egg white protein (LMLP). Measurement of zinc balance was begun 9 d after an i.m. injection of 65Zn. True zinc absorption and the contribution of endogenous zinc to fecal zinc excretion were calculated from the isotopically labeled and unlabeled zinc in the feces, duodenum and kidney. Results from the isotope dilution study indicated that diabetic rats, but not control rats, absorbed more zinc from 20 ppm zinc diets than from 10ppm zinc diets and that all rats absorbed more zinc from 20% protein diets than from 10% protein diets. Furthermore, all rats excreted more endogenous zinc from their intestines when dietary zinc and protein levels resulted in greater zinc absorption. In diabetic and control rats, consuming equivalent amounts of zinc, the amount of zinc absorbed was not significantly different, but the amount of zinc excreted by the intestine was less in the diabetic rats. Decreased intestinal excretion of endogenous zinc may be a homeostatic response to the increased urinary excretion of endogenous zinc in the diabetic rats and may also lead to the elevated zinc concentrations observed in some organs of the diabetic rats.
Development of a hydroxyapatite-poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) infiltrated carbon foam for orthopedic applications

Abstract Reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) foams are of interest in orthopedic applications due to their porous, honeycomb-like structure, biocompatibility, and bio-inert nature. Despite these desirable properties, RVC foams lack the strength necessary for orthopedic applications. Specifically, orthopedic biomaterials, whether bone scaffolds, plates or screws, must be able to withstand normal bone tissue loading at the time of implantation. This manuscript focuses on developing a composite RVC foam infiltrated with a hydroxyapatite (HA)-reinforced poly( d , l -lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) polymer. The HA/PLGA filler is envisioned to increase initial RVC foam mechanical stability while enabling osteoblasts to invade and deposit new tissue within the foam as the filler resorbs, providing long-term strength and osseointegration. Herein, a facile processing technique is developed which results in HA/PLGA-infused RVC foams with good internal interfacial bonding and increased modulus and strength relative to pure RVC foams. As anticipated, in vitro hydrolytic degradation studies indicate that the porous network of the RVC foam becomes progressively more accessible as the PLGA filler degrades and that the RVC foam may support improved structural integrity of the resorbing filler. Initial cell studies also demonstrate that this material system allows for robust osteoblast adhesion. These results indicate the proposed composites warrant further investigation for orthopedic applications.