cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glycoprotein C of herpes simplex virus type 1 is required to cause keratitis at low infectious doses in intact rabbit corneas.

Purpose. To determine whether the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) viral glycoprotein C (gC) plays a role in induction of keratitis in unscarified and scarified rabbit eyes. Materials and methods. A gC deletion mutant (ΔgC) was constructed and then rescued back to wild type (wt) for use as a control. Following ocular infection with each virus in rabbit eyes, with or without prior corneal scarification, keratitis was compared. Results. At low infection doses of 2 × 103 and 2 × 104 plaque-forming units (PFU)/eye, in unscarified cornea, ΔgC produced significantly less keratitis than did wt virus (p = 0.007 and 0.03, respectively). In contrast, the keratitis induced by ΔgC was similar to that induced by the wt virus (p > 0.60) in scarified cornea. At high infection dose (2 × 105 PFU/eye), keratitis induced by ΔgC was similar in scarified and unscarified cornea, and the severity of disease was similar to that seen in scarified eyes at the low-dose ΔgC infections. Interestingly, although ΔgC induced keratiti...
Author's response to comment on “Contributions of the individual ankle plantar flexors to support, forward progression and swing initiation during walking” (Neptune et al., 2001) and “Muscle mechanical work requirements during normal walking: The energetic cost of raising the body's center-of-mass is significant” (Neptune et al., 2004)

We appreciate the opportunity to respond to Kuo and Donelan's letter (Kuo and Donelan, 2009) and hope our response encourages additional dialogue regarding muscle mechanical work and metabolic cost during walking. Below we clarify that much of their critique is based on misguided assumptions regarding our forward dynamics simulations. Further, they inappropriately differentiate “experimental data” (e.g., net joint work -- which is actually derived from linked-segment models) from modeling data and erroneously treat joint and center-of-mass (COM) work as a gold standard for inferring muscle work. Finally, we provide more evidence in support of our conclusion that much muscle work is required in the beginning of single-support, most likely to raise the COM.
Vagal afferents reflexly inhibit exercise in conscious rats.

Activation of vagal afferents reflexly inhibited locomotion induced by stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region in decerebrate cats. However, this reflex has not been tested in intact mammals. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that vagal afferent stimulation wo
An Experimental Test of Behavior under Team Production

This study reports experiments that examine behavior under team production and a piece rate. In the experiments, participants complete a forecasting task and are rewarded based on the accuracy of their forecasts. In the piece-rate condition, participants are paid based on their own performance, whereas the team-production condition rewards participants based on the average performance of the team. Overall, there is no statistically significant difference in performance between the conditions. However, this result masks important differences in the behavior of men and women across the conditions. Men in the team-production condition increase their performance relative to men in the piece-rate condition. However, this gap in male performances across conditions diminishes over the course of the experiment. In contrast, women in the team-production condition show significantly lower performance than the women in the piece rate. As a consequence of these differences, men in the team-production condition show significantly better performance than women in the team-production condition. We also find evidence that men show stronger performance when they are in teams with a larger variation in skill level. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonequilibrium protein folding dynamics : laser-induced pH-jump studies of the helix-coil transition

Abstract The kinetics of the helix–coil transition of poly- l -glutamate were measured in the range of 40 ns to 10 s using a laser-induced pH-jump coupled with time-resolved infrared spectroscopy. Folding of the polypeptide in D 2 O was initiated by photolyzing o -nitrobenzaldehyde, which releases a deuteron, creating a rapid decrease in pD. Side-chain deuteration and conformational changes were monitored independently by varying the IR probe wavelength. The kinetics of the peptide conformational changes observed in the amide I region depended on the initial fraction of helical residues. With essentially no initial helix, amide I absorption changes were indistinguishable from those of instrument response, leading to the conclusion that helix initiation occurs in less than 40 ns. When the initial helix fraction is 0.13, the folding lifetime is lengthened to 625 ns, as predicted by helix–coil theory. We also observe evidence for a kinetically-trapped, nonproductive intermediate formed as the result of rapid deuteration of the unfolded state.
Spiral ganglion cell endings in the cochlear nucleus of young and old rats.

Abstract The spiral ganglion cells (SGCs) forming the auditory nerve have been shown to degenerate with age in both human and animal models, presumably resulting in post-synaptic sites in the cochlear nucleus (CN) that have lost their inputs. The present study examined the morphological changes in the surviving SGC endings in the CN of aged animals. The auditory nerves of 2–3 MO and 25–26 MO male, Fisher 344 rats were anterogradely labeled with horseradish peroxidase and the CN prepared histochemically. This resulted in Golgi-like labeling of afferent fibers and their terminals. All endings within each section were drawn and the area and number of components per ending were measured. Young and old animals both had about the same proportion of “simple”, “string” and “complex” endings within the ventral CN, with complex endings being predominant in both age groups. The area of many complex endings was greater in the old animals with some endings being twice as large as any seen in young animals. There was no evidence of smaller endings in the old animals, suggesting that endings are not shrinking with age. A comparison of the number of components per complex ending revealed significantly more complexity in the endings of aged animals. Following the degeneration of SGCs it seems likely that the remaining cells, by increasing the area and altering the shape of their central terminals, may cover some of the post-synaptic sites made available by degenerated endings in aged animals.
Patterns of Gene Expression in a Rabbit Partial Anterior Cruciate Ligament Transection Model The Potential Role of Mechanical Forces

BackgroundThe inconsistency in healing after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair has been attributed to ACL fibroblast cellular metabolism, lack of a sufficient vascular supply, and the inability to form a scar or scaffold after ligament rupture because of the uniqueness of the intra-articular environment.Hypotheses(1) Stress deprivation in the surgically transected ACL will increase matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression. (2) Stress deprivation will decrease collagen expression. (3) The transected anteromedial bundle of the ACL will demonstrate a pattern of gene expression similar to the completely transected ACL, while gene expression profiles in the intact posterolateral bundle will be similar to the sham-operated controls.Study DesignControlled laboratory study.MethodsThirty-six New Zealand White rabbits underwent a partial ACL surgical transection separating the anteromedial (AM) and posterolateral (PL) bundles and transecting the AM bundle. Contralateral ...
Comparative oughts and comparative evils

The observation that human beings routinely violate their duties is a commonplace. Because we violate our duties, we expect an adequate moral theory to inform us what we ought to do after doing so. Some of these requirements are well-known, such as those having to do with confession, restitution, reparation, blame, repentance, and punishment. We might lump all these together under the general heading of morally good responses to violated duties. But because human beings routinely violate their duties, they also fail to respond in morally good ways to the duties they have violated. So, an adequate moral theory must explain not only our absolute duties, but also what we ought to do when we refuse to fulfill absolute duties. It should tell us what we comparatively ought to do. For example, the moral theory should tell us that we ought at least to restrict our wrongdoing whenever we are determined to act wrongly, such as, "terrorists ought to use less destructive explosives as opposed to more destructive ones." Once we admit a place for such comparative ought-talk, we find, oddly enough, that sometimes we ought to do two wrongs rather than just one because two wrongs are better than one. I will show that two wrongs are sometimes better than one is a conclusion which follows both from eventcentered and agent-centered theories of ethics. A couple of cases of two wrongs being better than one readily come to mind, but I distinguish them from the cases that I am interested in here. Two wrongs are better than one when, for example, you set your watch wrong, misread it, and, because of compensating errors, nonetheless wind up making an appointment that you have promised to keep. This is not the kind of example of two wrongs being better than one that I am concerned with. Setting a watch incorrectly or misreading it are not moral wrongs, and moral wrongs are under consideration. Two wrongs also can be better than
Psychoactive Drugs, Alcohol, and Stress and Coping Processes in Older Adults

Data are presented on a) the relationship between psychoactive substance use and personal characteristics, b) the relationship between psychoactive substance use and appraisal of and coping with stressful situations, and c) the use of psychoactive substances specifically to cope with stress among older people. Data were provided by 141 65-to-74-year-old retired Caucasians who were assessed repeatedly over 6 months. Compared to national samples, subjects were relatively heavy users of alcohol and average users of psychoactive drugs. Use of alcohol increased with income, and drug use was associated with several psychosocial characteristics as well as with psychological and somatic health. Psychoactive substance use did not relate to the ways subjects appraised and coped with stressful encounters. Further, only a small number of subjects used drugs or alcohol specifically to help them cope in these encounters. The findings about psychoactive drug users are compared with other findings about misusers of drugs...
The Skin Tunnel Transformer: A New System that Permits Both High Efficiency Transfer of Power and Telemetry of Data Through the Intact Skin

Artificial organs which are to be chronically implanted require a means of getting power into the body from an external power source with minimum risk of infection and irritation to the skin. The skin tunnel transformer is such a device whereby high level electromagnetic energy can be transmitted through the skin with very low losses and noncritical positioning. Two versions of the transformer are shown and described, and experimental results obtained with dogs are presented. Transmission over 50 watts at better than 95 percent efficiency has been accomplished with no ill effects. The use of the transformer for simultaneous transmission of telemetry data is also discussed.
Prevention of Posttraumatic Alterations in Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Mice by Immunomodulating Drugs

• Infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in traumatized victims, as well as an unfortunate complication following surgical procedures. The incidence of such infections is probably related to immune suppression occurring after severe trauma and surgery. Cell-mediated immunity is an arm of immunity that is probably important in defense against bacterial as well as fungal and viral infections. The status of cell-mediated immunity appears to be reflected by the helper/inducer to suppressor/cytotoxic lymphocyte (Ly1 + /Ly2 + in the mouse model) ratio. A depressed ratio has been shown to correlate with other measures of suppressed immunity. Using monoclonal antibodies and immunofluorescent analysis, splenic lymphocyte subpopulations were enumerated at different intervals after injury in mice receiving various injuries (laparotomy, 40% liver resection, burn injury covering 20% of total body surface area, and crush injury—amputation of hind limb). An immediate fall in the Ly1 + /Ly2 + ratio was observed following the most severe injuries, namely, liver resection, burn, and crush injury—amputation, but not following laparotomy. Changes in the ratio were reflected by both decreases in helper populations (Ly1 + ) and increases in suppressor populations (Ly2 + ). Prostaglandins and histamines have been implicated as possible mediators in producing down-regulation of the immune system. Posttraumatic lymphocyte alterations were prevented in crush injury—amputation group mice when drugs (ibuprofen and cimetidine) to block such mediators were administered prior to trauma; changes were also prevented by administering cyclophosphamide, a drug which in low dose might inhibit proliferation of suppressor lymphocyte populations. ( Arch Surg 1986;121:116-122)
3D analyses of surface flaws in thick-walled reactor pressure-vessels using displacement-hybrid finite element method

Abstract Solutions of stress intensity factors for external and internal unpressurized and pressurized surface cracks in internally pressurized thick-walled reactor pressure vessels are determined directly by a three-dimensional displacement-hybrid finite element method. The finite element method is based on a rigorous modified variational principle of the total potential energy, with arbitrary element interior displacements, interelement boundary displacements and element boundary tractions as variables. Special crack front elements, developed using the hybrid displacement model, which contain the proper square root and inverse square root variations of displacements and stresses, are used in this analysis and the three stress intensity factors, KI, KII and KIII are solved directly along with the unknown nodal displacements. Stress intensity factor variations for pressurized and unpressurized semi-elliptical inner surface cracks in pressurized cylinders with crack aspect ratios of 0.2 and 1.0, crack depth to cylinder wall thickness ratios of 0.5 and 0.8 and outer to inner diameter ratios of 1.5 and 2.0, are presented. Also, for unpressurized outer surface cracks in pressurized cylinders, the solutions are presented for crack aspect ratios of 0.6 and 1.0, crack depth to cylinder wall thickness ratios of 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8, and outer to inner diameter ratio of 1.5.
Cardiac resynchronization therapy: strategies for device programming, troubleshooting and follow-up.

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) improves symptoms, exercise performance, ventricular function, and survival in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, prolonged QRS, and drug-refractory moderate to severe CHF. The growing application of CRT has created a large number of patients with complicated devices that need follow-up care from general practitioners, cardiologists, heart failure specialists and electrophysiologists. Optimal care of the CRT patient includes recognition and management of peri-implantation complications, optimal programming of atrio-ventricular and sequential ventricular timing, and troubleshooting device-related problems during long-term follow-up. A basic awareness of fundamental device features, the techniques to maximize the response to CRT, and an understanding of stored device data to track the response to therapy provide clinicians the ability to maximize clinical outcomes in the CHF patient. As evolving technology continues to increase the complexity of device therapies, clinicians must understand these therapies in order to properly treat heart failure patients. This work summarizes many of the issues involving early complications of CRT device implant, the strategies to optimize device function, and suggests a scheme for follow-up care of patients with CRT devices.
Amniotic fluid acetylcholinesterase: implications of an inconclusive result.

The implications of an “inconclusive” acetylcholinesterase test (a faint but true band) in amniotic fluid were studied over a 2 1/2-year period in our laboratory. One thousand one hundred fifty-four amniotic fluid samples were tested for acetylcholinesterase and α-fetoprotein; the rate of an inconclusive acetylcholinesterase result was 3.3% (38 of 1154). Fourteen such results were found in patients with a high amniotic fluid α-fetoprotein level (23.3%), and 24 results were associated with normal amniotic fluid αB-fetoprotein levels (2.19%). The rates of congenital fetal malformation associated with an inconclusive acetylcholinesterase result in the two groups were 57.14% and 37.5%, respectively. In amniotic fluid samples obtained before 15 weeks' gestation, there was a higher rate of inconclusive acetylcholinesterase tests (9.29%), but a lower percentage of malformed fetuses were found compared with later in pregnancy (2.46% and 56%, respectively). Thus we suggest the terminology “equivocal” for early specimens and “suspicious” for later specimens. If obtained in early second trimester and the ultrasound scan is normal, such findings implicate the need for a careful search for fetal malformations. A positive pregnancy outcome may be expected in most cases.
The Effects of a Parenting Prime on Sex Differences in Mate Selection Criteria

This study tested an evolutionary hypothesis that the mere prospect of caring for a child will increase sex differences in human mate selection criteria. That is, women would adopt a stronger preference for socially dominant men when parenting had been primed and men would adopt a stronger preference for physically attractive women when parenting had been primed. Male and female university students were randomly assigned to be exposed to a parenting prime or a nonparenting prime. Following the priming procedure, participants rated the romantic appeal of a target person of the opposite sex. Exposure to the parenting prime, the target’s social dominance, and the target’s physical attractiveness were orthogonally manipulated. As predicted, women adopted a stronger mate preference for social dominance when parenting was at the forefront of the mind. Contrary to predictions, the parenting prime had no effect on men’s mate preference for physical attractiveness.
Determinants of Internet Poker Adoption

In nearly all jurisdictions, adoption of a new form of gambling has been a controversial and contentious subject. Online gambling has been no different, though there are many aspects that affect online gambling that do not appear in the brick and mortar environment. This study seeks to identify whether demographic, economic, political, technological, and/or sociological determinants contribute to online poker gambling adoption. A theoretical discussion of these categories’ importance to online poker is provided and exploratory empirical analysis is used to examine their potential validity. The analysis revealed support for all of the proposed categories of variables thought to be predictive of online gambling legality.
Sap flow in the stem of water stressed soybean and maize plants

Water stress was imposed upon soybean [Glyxine max (L.) Merr. cv. Williams] and maize [Zea mays (L.) cv. Pioneer 3377] plants grown under controlled-environment conditions during a growing period of several irrigation cycles. Transpiration rates of individual plants were measured with a calibrated heat-pulse method and correlated to the rate of water loss obtained from successive weighings of the pots containing irrigated or water-stressed plants. Transpiration rate was reduced in the stressed plants of both species, but the reduction was not linear with decreasing soil matric potential. Transpiration rates declined rapidly at high soil matric potential, and dropped more slowly as the soil dried. Although measured transpiration rate declined by nearly 30% following a reduction of soil matric potential to -0.1 MPa, differences in leaf water potential and CO2 assimilation rate were small and less than the sensitivity of the measurement techniques used. Total system resistance to water flow increased as the soil dried.
Acid‐tolerant Listeria monocytogenes persist in a model food system fermented with nisin‐producing bacteria

Aims: To investigate the induction of the acid tolerance response (ATR) in Listeria monocytogenes and to assess the persistence of the pathogen in broth fermented using a nisin-producing starter culture. Methods and Results: Lactic, acetic and hydrochloric acids were used to induce the ATR in L. monocytogenes growing at early exponential phase. Cells were then challenged in medium acidified to pH 3·5 with the same acid. Only lactic acid induced a detectable ATR. ATR+ cells maintained their initial numbers after 1 h exposure while ATR− were reduced by c. 4 log10 CFU. ATR+ or ATR− cells were also inoculated in M17G broth fermented with nisin-producing (nis+) or control (nis−) Lactococcus lactis. When exposed to nisin, the numbers of ATR+ cells were c. 2 log10 CFU higher than non detectable ATR− cells at day 3. In the absence of nisin (nis− culture), L. monocytogenes was recovered from all ATR+ and ATR− samples after 30 days. In contrast, no L. monocytogenes were recovered from any nis+ATR− samples but four of five nis+ATR+ samples were positive for L. monocytogenes after 30 days. Conclusions: The ATR confers cross-resistance to nisin for at least 30 days in a system fermented by nisin-producing bacteria. Significance and Impact of the Study: The cross-resistance induced by the ATR should be considered for the safety of foods fermented with bacteriocin-producing cultures.
Introduction to the Special Series: Applying New Technologies to Extend the Scope and Accessibility of Mental Health Care ☆

Abstract Rapidly developing and affordable information and communication technologies, broadening Internet availability, and increasingly sophisticated capacities for live home-based and mobile broadcasting have transformed how we communicate, work, and learn. The growing potential for technological innovations to transform the scope of psychological interventions and extend the accessibility of evidence-based mental health care for traditionally underserved individuals holds enormous promise. New technologies also offer exciting opportunities to broaden the reach of treatment dissemination efforts to previously unimaginable capacities. As the incorporation of new technologies into clinical practice and training efforts becomes increasingly routine, a new set of ethical, legal, and risk management issues must be carefully considered and as a field we must be cautious against technological innovations and opportunities advancing at a pace more rapid than the development of appropriate consensus guidelines and relevant regulatory standards. This special series (a) addresses key matters of consideration regarding the appropriate, safe, and secure application of technology into mental health care from leading experts in the emerging field of behavioral telehealth, and (b) presents recent efforts that illustrate the promise, potential, and challenges associated with the incorporation of new technologies into mental health care.
A New Performance Measurement for Voice Transmission in Burst and Packet Switching

Voice transmission in burst switching is characterized by the process of talkspurt clipping, while in packet switching, it is characterized by the process of packet delay. In most analyses, the talkspurt clipping has been measured by the clipping probability averaged over all bits, and the packet delay has been measured by the delay performance averaged over all packets. The resulting measures overlook the duration of clipping in a talkspurt and the significant difference of delay in packets arriving at different times. Because of the nature of voice, different effects of these may result in substantially different degrees of voice distortion. This paper studies the worst case performance of both processes. The voice traffic is modeled as a process alternating between overload and underload periods. Statistically, more clipping and delay will be incurred while in the overload period. By worst case we mean that, in burst switching, we measure the worst case of talkspurt clipping duration in an overload period, while in packet switching, we measure the worst case of packet delay in an overload period. Furthermore, a simple closed form equation is derived which gives a very good approximation of the worst case mean packet delay performance. This equation can be more generally applied when the packet service time is to be geometrically distributed or when voice and data are to be integrated. The voice performances in burst switching and packet switching are also compared.
Planetary sciences: a smashing pair.

The likely origin of Pluto and its satellite Charon, like the Earth and Moon, is an impact between two planet-sized bodies. Refined simulations show that there may be two distinct modes for the birth of such twins.
ELEVATED FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY ALONG A CORTICOSTRIATAL LOOP AND THE MECHANISM OF AUDITORY/VERBAL HALLUCINATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA

Background Higher levels of inter-region functional coordination can facilitate emergence of neural activity as conscious percepts. We consequently tested the hypothesis that auditory/verbal hallucinations (AVHs) arise from elevated functional coordination within a speech processing network. Methods Functional coordination was indexed with functional connectivity (FC) computed from functional magnetic resonance imaging data. Thirty-two patients with schizophrenia reporting AVHs, 24 similarly diagnosed patients without hallucinations, and 23 healthy control subjects were studied. FC was seeded from a bilateral Wernicke's region delineated according to activation detected during AVHs in a prior study. Results Wernicke's-seeded FC with Brodmann area 45/46 of the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) was significantly greater for hallucinating patients compared with nonhallucinating patients but not compared with healthy control subjects. In contrast, Wernicke's-seeded FC with a large subcortical region that included the thalamus, midbrain, and putamen was significantly greater for the combined patient group compared with healthy control subjects after false discovery rate correction, but not when comparing the two patient groups. Within that subcortical domain, the putamen demonstrated significantly greater FC relative to a secondary left IFG seed region when hallucinators were compared with nonhallucinating patients. A follow-up analysis found that FC summed along a loop linking the Wernicke's and IFG seed regions and the putamen was robustly greater for hallucinating patients compared with nonhallucinating patients and healthy control subjects. Conclusions These findings suggest that higher levels of functional coordination intrinsic to a corticostriatal loop comprise a causal factor leading to AVHs in schizophrenia.
Repairing Holes in the Head: A History of Cranioplasty

Cranioplasty is almost as ancient as trephination, yet its fascinating history has been neglected. There is strong evidence that Incan surgeons were performing cranioplasty using precious metals and gourds. Interestingly, early surgical authors, such as Hippocrates and Galen, do not discuss cranioplasty and it was not until the 16th century that cranioplasty in the form of a gold plate was mentioned by Fallopius. The first bone graft was recorded by Meekeren, who in 1668 noted that canine bone was used to repair a cranial defect in a Russian man. The next advance in cranioplasty was the experimental groundwork in bone grafting, performed in the late 19th century. The use of autografts for cranioplasty became popular in the early 20th century. The destructive nature of 20th century warfare provided an impetus to search for alternative metals and plastics to cover large cranial defects. The metallic bone substitutes have largely been replaced by modern plastics. Methyl methacrylate was introduced in 1940 and is currently the most common material used. Research in cranioplasty is now directed at improving the ability of the host to regenerate bone. As modern day trephiners, neurosurgeons should be cognizant of how the technique of repairing a hole in the head has evolved.
Engaging parents in cognitive behavioral treatment for children with anxiety disorders

The involvement of parents in individual child-focused treatment is a complex issue that needs to be treated as a therapeutic target in its own right. A number of manuals and protocols articulate interventions with parents, but do not describe how to implement them or what to do when parents do not comply. This paper provides a rationale for the inclusion of parents into the treatment of childhood anxiety disorders and describes approaches to engage parents. Discussion is organized around the assessment and intervention in three domains of functioning that might impede progress in individual child cognitive behavioral treatment: parents' beliefs about parenting and their role as parents, family dynamics or interactional styles, and parental psychopathology. This article identifies some of the difficulties inherent in involving parents and offers some treatment goals and procedures, illustrated through clinical vignettes, for involving parents.
Fluoride Uptake and Dissolution Behavior of a Synthetic Dental Enamel - like Substrate

A new ceramic form of hydroxylapatite and enamel were found to behave similarly in regard to their acid dissolution behavior in the presence and absence of topically applied fluoride. Discrepancies between the two materials can be explained by morphological differences between the rough enamel and smooth ceramic particles.
Early Identification of Children at Risk for Developing Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Following Traumatic Injuries

Child injuries are the largest cause of morbidity and mortality among youth in the United States. However, there has been less research attention focused on psychiatric sequelae of serious childhood injuries than on other types of childhood trauma. This article reviews psychiatric sequelae following childhood injury and examines the risk and resilience factors relative to developing posttraumatic stress symptoms following a traumatic injury. Practical applications of risk and protective factors are illustrated through a hospital consultation regarding a 12-year-old girl who sustained an injury following an accident with a lawn mower. Diagnostic and clinical implications regarding psychiatric sequelae following childhood injuries are discussed.
AIDS in African American and Hispanic Adolescents: A Multisystemic Approach.

Abstract The AIDS epidemic poses a significant challenge for mental health professionals, educators, and society at large. Recent studies have shown that AIDS has entered the adolescent population. The incidence is highest in African American and Hispanic populations. Other studies have shown that while adolescents are educated about AIDS, they inconsistently use “safer sex” practices. Traditional explanations and the models that flow from these explanations have focused on the developmental psychodynamics of adolescence. The present paper proposes a multisystemic educational prevention approach to AIDS for adolescents. The model utilizes intrapersonal, interpersonal, and social processes incorporating the school-family-community system. The examples used in this paper, although relevant to the adolescent population in general, focus on AIDS in African American and Hispanic adolescents. In so doing, the sociocultural factors relevant to these populations are emphasized. The role of the family therapist as...
DNA Determinations of Kidney Cell Cultures of Three Species of Monkeys

Photometric determinations of DNA have been made of Feulgen-stained nuclei of kidney cells, both in culture and from sections, of three species of Old World monkeys in the family Cercopithecidae having different diploid chromosome numbers, viz: Macaca mulatta (2n=42), Erythrocebus patas (2n=54) and Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus (2n=60). The mean diploid DNA values were found to be essentially the same for the three species. This result suggests that rearrangements in a basic chromosome set to produce chromosome number changes, rather than mechanisms such as aneuploidy or polyploidy, were involved in the evolutionary divergence of these Primate species.A certain proportion of the cells, especially in culture, do not contain normal diploid amounts of DNA. Such nuclei are interpreted as being aneuploid or polyploid. The origin and significance of such cells is discussed briefly.
Is Long-Term Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease with Cholinesterase Inhibitor Therapy Justified?

The cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine are the current mainstays in the drug treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is convincing evidence that these agents provide at least modest cognitive, behavioural and functional benefit for 6-12 months at all stages of the disease. Longer term benefits cannot be directly examined by placebo-controlled trials. Nevertheless, the results of virtually all open-label extensions of the pivotal trials, studies of patients with AD at different levels of severity and clinical trials using other designs favour treatment over no treatment for periods of up to 5 years. There are plausible biological reasons why ChEIs might be expected to work over a prolonged period of time although, to date, studies using various markers to chart the effects of medication on long-term disease progression have yielded mixed results. The most contentious issue regarding long-term treatment is economic, but the majority of available economic analyses suggest net savings over the long term if patients with AD receive persistent treatment with ChEIs.
Reliability and Validity Issues concerning Large-Scale Surveillance of Physical Activity

The BRFSS is our major source of population-based information on physical activity in the United States. The top priority for the immediate future should be to make sure that the information obtained from the BRFSS in its current form is both reliable and valid. As outlined in this report, this task could be completed in relatively short time frame and at reasonable cost in terms of both financial and human resources. The development of an additional module to assess light-to-moderate activity and strength is currently underway with support from the CDC. As suggested in this report, this task may prove to be extremely difficult, or it may be difficult to develop an instrument of this type given the constraints of a population based telephone survey. The current focus on the health benefits of moderate activity and the interest in tracking this type of activity behavior on a population basis as it relates to national physical activity objectives both argue in favor of developing a physical activity assessment instrument that provides a valid and reliable measurement of moderate activity. Given the complexity and uncertainty of this task it is important to develop a procedure that will allow for periodic evaluation of progress and the potential for success to minimize the risk of making a considerable financial investment in an instrument that may be of limited utility.
Neighborhood alcohol outlets and the association with violent crime in one mid-Atlantic City: The implications for zoning policy

Violent crime such as homicide causes significant excess morbidity and mortality in US urban areas. A health impact assessment (HIA) identified zoning policy related to alcohol outlets as one way to decrease violent crime. The objectives were to determine the relationship between alcohol outlets including off-premise alcohol outlets and violent crime in one urban area to provide local public health evidence to inform a zoning code rewrite. An ecologic analysis of census tracts in Baltimore City was conducted from 2011 to 2012. The data included violent crimes (n = 51,942) from 2006 to 2010, licensed alcohol outlets establishments (n = 1,327) from 2005 to 2006, and data on neighborhood disadvantage, percent minority, percent occupancy, and drug arrests from 2005 to 2009. Negative binomial regression models were used to determine the relationship between the counts of alcohol outlets and violent crimes controlling for other factors. Spatial correlation was assessed and regression inference adjusted accordingly. Each one-unit increase in the number of alcohol outlets was associated with a 2.2 % increase in the count of violent crimes adjusting for neighborhood disadvantage, percent minority, percent occupancy, drug arrests, and spatial dependence (IRR = 1.022, 95 % CI = 1.015, 1.028). Off-premise alcohol outlets were significantly associated with violent crime in the adjusted model (IRR = 1.048, 95 % CI = 1.035, 1.061). Generating Baltimore-specific estimates of the relationship between alcohol outlets and violent crime has been central to supporting the incorporation of alcohol outlet policies in the zoning code rewrite being conducted in Baltimore City.
The Columbia Documentary History of the Asian American Experience

Asian Pacific Americans: An OverviewPart 1: Contact and Conflict: Asia and the Pacific: Through 1900 Part 2: Migration and Settlement: Through 1924 Part 3: Accommodation and Hostility: Through 1941 Part 4: World War II: Through 1945 Part 5: The Pacific Ocean: An American Lake? Through 1975 Part 6: Brave New World: Through 2000
Functional Advantages of Porphyromonas gingivalis Vesicles

Porphyromonas gingivalis is a keystone pathogen of periodontitis. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) have been considered as both offense and defense components of this bacterium. Previous studies indicated that like their originating cells, P. gingivalis vesicles, are able to invade oral epithelial cells and gingival fibroblasts, in order to promote aggregation of some specific oral bacteria and to induce host immune responses. In the present study, we investigated the invasive efficiency of P. gingivalis OMVs and compared results with that of the originating cells. Results revealed that 70–90% of human primary oral epithelial cells, gingival fibroblasts, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells carried vesicles from P. gingivalis 33277 after being exposed to the vesicles for 1 h, while 20–50% of the host cells had internalized P. gingivalis cells. We also detected vesicle-associated DNA and RNA and a vesicle-mediated horizontal gene transfer in P. gingivalis strains, which represents a novel mechanism for gene transfer between P. gingivalis strains. Moreover, purified vesicles of P. gingivalis appear to have a negative impact on biofilm formation and the maintenance of Streptococcus gordonii. Our results suggest that vesicles are likely the best offence weapon of P. gingivalis for bacterial survival in the oral cavity and for induction of periodontitis.
Electric dipole moment studies of carboxylic ester conformations: alkyl acetates, benzoates, 2,4,6-trimethyl-benzoates and 2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzoates

Abstract Electric dipole moments μ in benzene at 30 °C have been determined (Table 3) on methyl, ethyl, isopropyl and t -butyl esters of the title compounds to determine steric effects on conformation in solution. Experimental moments were compared with those calculated for various possible conformations by a 3-dimensional vectorial addition method using bond moments and bond angles. The experimental moments for the alkyl acetates were best interpreted in terms of an out-of-plane deviation of the alkyl group from an s - trans conformation caused by steric interference between the alkyl group and the carbonyl oxygen and increasing in the series from methyl to t -butyl. The dihedral angles 0 (deviations) were calculated using a vector addition method. An increase in the moments of the benzoate series over the acetates was interpreted in terms of conjugative interaction between phenyl and carbonyl groups. Angles of twist φ for the benzoates and trimethylbenzoates were calculated using the Braude-Sondheimer equation. A decrease in the moments of the methyl, ethyl, and isopropyl trimethyl-benzoates as compared with the benzoates was interpreted in terms of steric interference between ortho methyls and both oxygens. The decrease in the angles of twist from methyl to t -butyl for the trimethylbenzoates was tentatively explained by greater steric interaction of the alkyl group with both carbonyl oxygen and ortho methyls, which forces adoption of a more coplanar arrangement between the ring and the carbonyl group than for the other alkyl derivatives, this interaction increasing with the size of the alkyl group. Dipole moments for 2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzoates were nearly the same as for corresponding trimethyl-benzoates, thus showing no conclusive evidence for operation of a “buttressing” effect.
Radiometric studies on the oxidation of (1-14c) fatty acids by drug-susceptible and drug-resistant mycobacteria

A radiometric assay system has been used to study oxidation patterns of (1-14C) fatty acids by drug-susceptible and drug-resistant organisms of the genus Mycobacterium. Two strains of M. tuberculosis susceptible to all drugs, H37Rv and Erdman, were used. Drug-resistant organisms included in this investigation were M. tuberculosis H37Rv resistant to 5 ug/ml isoniazid, M. bovis, M. avium, M. intracellular, M. kansasii and M. chelonei. The organisms were inoculated in sterile reaction vials containing liquid 7H9 medium, 10% ADC enrichment and 1.0 uCi of one of the (1-14C) fatty acids (butyric, hexanoic, octanoic, decanoic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic). Vials were incubated at 37°C and the 14CO2 envolved was measured daily for 3 days with a Bactec R-301 instrument. Although each individual organism displayed a different pattern of fatty oxidation, these patterns were not distinctive enough for identification of the organism. No combination of fatty acids nor preferential oxidation of long chain or of short chain fatty acids were able to separate susceptible from resistant organisms. Further investigation with a larger number of drug susceptible mycobacteria including assimilation studies and oxidation of other substrates may be required to achieve a distinction between drug-susceptible and drug-resistant mycobacteria.
High-quality deposited gate oxide MOSFET's and the importance of surface preparation

The fabrication and electrical characteristics of MOSFETs incorporating thin gate oxides deposited by a modified plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor-deposition (PECVD) process are reported. The gate oxide deposition and all subsequent steps were carried out at or below 400 degrees C. These results represent the first demonstration of near-thermal-gate oxide quality. MOSFETs fabricated using a low-temperature PECVD gate oxide process without requiring a high-temperature anneal. The ultimate performance of the deposited oxide devices is shown to be critically dependent on the degree of process induced microroughness of the starting silicon surface. Low-temperature effective mobility measurements are used to compare inversion-layer scattering mechanisms in these devices. >
Designing limited diffraction beams

Theoretically, limited diffraction beams can only be produced with an infinite aperture. In practice, they can be closely approximated with a finite aperture over a large depth of field. Because of this property, these beams could have applications in medical imaging, tissue characterization, Doppler velocity estimation, and nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of materials, as well as other physics-related areas such as electromagnetics and optics. In this paper, a new method is developed to design limited diffraction beams of desired beam shapes within a finite aperture of interest. It uses previously discovered limited diffraction beams such as Bessel beams and X waves as basis functions, and constructs new beams with linear superpositions of the bases. To construct a new beam of a desired shape, coefficients of the basis functions in the linear superposition are chosen so that the difference between the new beam and a desired beam is minimized under the criterion of least-squares error within the aperture. This procedure is implemented by digitizing both the basis beams and desired beams in the aperture and solving a system of linear equations from its normal equation. The method is applied to several desired beams that are limited diffraction beams known previously. Results show that the designed beams and the desired beams are virtually identical. If the desired beams are not solutions to the wave equation, the designed beams are new limited diffraction beams that are similar in shapes to the desired beams. This suggests that the method may be a powerful and practical tool for developing new limited diffraction beams of desired properties.
“Replacing” problem behavior: An analysis of tactical alternatives

A number of textbooks and professional volumes in applied behavior analysis suggest that interventions designed primarily to decrease a problem behavior should routinely be accompanied by efforts to increase the frequency of at least one appropriate behavior. Some sources describe the objective of this tactic as “replacing” the problem behavior. This paper considers rationales that might underlie this advice, as well as reasons why a general rule to this effect is inappropriate. This review reveals that although there may well be good reasons for considering this tactic, their rationales are often not well articulated and may even be unsound. It is also the case that there are good reasons why this tactic may not always be necessary, thus conflicting with an argument for a general rule.
Exploiting memory bank locality in multiprocessor SoC architectures

Summary form only given. The next generation architectures are expected to accommodate multiple processors on the same chip. While this makes interprocessor communication less costly (as compared to traditional high-end parallel machines), it also makes it even more critical to cut down the number of off-chip memory accesses. Frequent off-chip accesses do not only increase execution cycles but also increase overall power consumption. One way of alleviating this power problem is to divide the off-chip memory into multiple banks, each of which can be power-controlled independently using low-power operating modes. In this work, we focus on a multiprocessor-system-on-a-chip (MPSoC) architecture with a banked memory system, and show how code and data optimizations can help us reduce memory energy consumption. This is achieved by ensuring bank locality, which means that each processor localizes its accesses into a small set of banks. We present a mathematical formulation of the bank locality problem. Our formulation is based on constructing a set of matrix equations that capture the mappings between the data, computation, processor, and memory bank spaces. Based on this formulation, we propose a heuristic solution to the bank locality problem for different scenarios. Our solution involves an iterative process through which we try to satisfy as many matrix constraints as possible. Finally, we report extensive experimental results showing the effectiveness of our strategy in practice. Our results show that the proposed solution improves bank locality significantly, and reduces the overall memory system energy consumption by up to 34% over a strategy that makes use of the low-power modes but does not employ our strategy.