cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estrogen replacement therapy among elderly women: results from the 1995 medicare current beneficiary survey

Abstract Research Objectives: To develop population-based estimates of estrogen replacement therapy use rates in 1995 among women over age 65 living in the community; to estimate the impact of socioeconomic and health characteristics on estrogen use. Method: Estimates are based on a large, nationally representative sample of Medicare beneficiaries; detailed self-report data were merged with Medicare claims. Results: Overall, 13.1% of women reported use of estrogen replacement therapy in 1995. Estrogen users were more likely to be white, age 65–74, with private insurance, high income, history of osteoporosis and heart problems, no history of breast cancer, and a patient of gynecologists. Conclusions: Estrogen use was substantially lower among the socioeconomically disadvantaged, controlling for medical history variables, suggesting considerable inequity in access to estrogen replacement therapy treatment.
Effects of somatic cell count on quality and shelf-life of pasteurized fluid milk

Milk was collected from eight Holstein cows four times before and four times after intramammary infection with Streptococcus agalactiae. Postinfection milk had significantly higher somatic cell count (SCC) (849,000 cells/ml) than preinfection milk (45,000 cells/ml). High SCC raw milk had more lipolysis and proteolysis than low SCC raw milk. Pasteurized, homogenized, 2% fat milks from pre- and postinfection periods were stored at 5 degrees C and analyzed for lipolysis, proteolysis, microbial quality, and sensory attributes at 1, 7, 14, and 21 d post processing. During refrigerated storage, the average rates of free fatty acid increase (i.e., lipolysis) and casein hydrolysis in high SCC milk were, respectively, three and two times faster than those in low SCC milk. In general, standard plate counts, coliform counts, and psychrotrophic bacterial counts of both the high and low SCC milks remained low (<100,000 cfu/ ml) during 5 degrees C storage. Low SCC milk maintained high organoleptic quality for the entire 21-d shelf-life period. However, for high SCC milk, between 14 and 21 d, sensory defects were detected, which resulted in low overall quality ratings. The sensory defects mainly included rancidity and bitterness and were consistent with higher levels of lipolysis and proteolysis. Hence, mastitis adversely affected the quality of pasteurized fluid milk. It is recommended that the fluid milk industry consider implementation of premium quality payment programs for low SCC milks.
Multitaper marginal time-frequency distributions

Time-frequency distributions (TFDs) belonging to Cohen's class yield a frequency marginal that is equivalent to the periodogram of the signal. It is well-known that the periodogram is not a good spectral estimator since it is not a consistent estimate, i.e. its variance does not decrease with the sample size. Thomson addressed this issue by introducing a multitaper spectrum estimator with high resolution and statistical stability [D.J. Thomson, Spectrum estimation and harmonic analysis, Proc. IEEE 70 (9) (1982) 1055-1096]. In recent years, various approaches have been developed to extend such multitaper spectral estimators to the area of nonstationary signal analysis [F.Cakrak, P. Loughlin, Multiple window nonlinear time-varying spectral analysis, in: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, vol. 4, 1998, pp. 2409-2412; F. Cakrak, P. Loughlin, Multiple window nonlinear time-varying spectral analysis, IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 49 (2) (2001) 448-453; J.W. Pitton, Time-frequency spectrum estimation: an adaptive multitaper method, in: Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Time-frequendcy and Time-scale analysis, 1998, pp. 665-668; J.W. Pitton, Nonstationary spectrum estimation and time-frequency concentration, in: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, vol. 4, 1998, pp. 2425-2428; G. Frazer, B. Boashash, Multiple window spectrogram and time-frequency distributions, in: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, vol. 4, 1994, pp. 293-296; M. Bayram, R.G. Baraniuk, Multiple window time-frequency analysis, in: Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Time-frequency and Time-scale analysis, 1996, pp. 173-176.]. In this paper, a new method that approaches the problem from the perspective of frequency marginals is introduced. A class of time-frequency distributions, multitaper marginal TFD (MTM-TFD), is constructed for analyzing time-varying signals in noise with statistically stable frequency marginals. A kernel design method yielding any desired frequency marginal, such as provided by Thomson's spectrum estimator, is derived for a given signal. The improvement in the performance of this new class of time-frequency distributions compared to the conventional time-frequency distributions is illustrated through examples.
Computer signal detection by monitoring auditory evoked potentials

A digital computer, using a simple decision algorithm, attempted to determine when an acoustical signal had been presented to a cat by monitoring the amplitude of the evoked potentials (EP) at brainstem auditory nuclei. The signal-to-noise level at threshold and the shape and range of the decision model “psychometric functions” were similar to those obtained from humans in the same task. In addition, the detection performance obeys Weber’s law, the mean amplitude of the EP increases monotmonically with signal level, the variance of the amplitude is independent of both signal and noise level, and both the mean latency and the variance of the latency of the peaks decrease with increasing signal level. These findings suggest that the synchronization in firing of a population of single units plays a part in determining the amplitude of the EP. Interaural effects in detection performance were found at the inferior colliculus and, to a lesser extent, at the superior olive.
Knowledge acquisition via incremental conceptual clustering

Conceptual clustering is an important way of summarizing and explaining data. However, the recent formulation of this paradigm has allowed little exploration of conceptual clustering as a means of improving performance. Furthermore, previous work in conceptual clustering has not explicitly dealt with constraints imposed by real world environments. This article presents COBWEB, a conceptual clustering system that organizes data so as to maximize inference ability. Additionally, COBWEB is incremental and computationally economical, and thus can be flexibly applied in a variety of domains.
Adsorption and desorption of phosphate on Fe2O3: effect of fulvic acid and pH

Environmental context. Adsorption controls the mobility of chemical species like nutrients in the soil and water environments and forms the basis for some of the methods of treating contaminated waters. Nutrients are introduced into environments where there are large quantities of humic substances adsorbed onto mineral oxides in the soil and sediments but no work has specifically focussed on the effect of adsorbed and free humic substances on the mobility of nutrients, and their adsorption and desorption mechanism on surface sites covered with adsorbed humic substances is still obscure. We believe that our findings and the proposed adsorption mechanism will help advance the technologies and methodologies for the removal of nutrients from wastewater. Abstract. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of adsorbed fulvic acid (FA) on the mobility of phosphate (Pi) using Fe2O3 as the soil or sediment model. The study showed that adsorbed FA increased the amount of adsorbed Pi as a function of time and pH without it being remobilised. We envisage that Pi adsorbs onto both residual cationic surface sites and onto the adsorbed FA and that additional Pi loads onto the adsorption surface as FA–Pi precipitate. Addition of FA to Fe2O3 with adsorbed Pi resulted in the remobilisation of Pi as FA got adsorbed at pH 5.30 and 6.30. At pH 8.30, FA adsorbed without remobilising Pi. FA is a stronger base than the Pi species at pH 5.30 and 6.30 and should adsorb more strongly. At pH 8.30, FA is thought to bind onto adsorbed Pi. The experimental isotherm data could not be completely fitted into the Freundlich equation. This could be due to the complex adsorption mechanism.
HIGH‐POWER MICROWAVE NONLINEAR COUPLING TO ACOUSTIC RESONANCES IN A WARM PLASMA

The nonlinear high‐power coupling of microwave power to electroacoustic resonances which are at a harmonic of the driving frequency, ω1, is discussed. Experimental results that indicate the existence of this nonlinear coupling are presented, and a one‐dimensional theory which includes the thermal properties of the plasma is briefly developed. The inclusion of the temperature phenomena allows one to explain previously unexplained resonances in harmonic output.
Experimental solutions for searching in an architectural and urban planning-specific database

This paper studies the search behavior of an image search retrieval system using the model of an architectural and urban planning database. In this mixed-method study, interviews and surveys were conducted to identify unique search behaviors employed by student-workers at Community Design Solutions, a non-profit architectural and urban planning organization at the School of Architecture and Urban Planning (SARUP) located at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. The study looked for users to indicate the problems with the search strategies they formulated to navigate the current database, the problems they encountered and any suggestions they had for improving the system. Based off of the findings, we found that a lack of metadata and associated text, users had a very difficult time locating related images. From this, we propose a proximity retrieval system.
Needle biopsy versus open perineal biopsy for the detection of carcinoma of the prostate.

The significance of prostatic carcinoma as a primary cause of death is presented; the concept that prostatic carcinoma is omnipresent in elderly males is challenged; the incidence of prostatic carcinoma is reviewed and discrepancies in published reports are analyzed. A comparison is made between the yield of positive diagnoses using open perineal biopsy and needle biopsy techniques. Contraindications in the use of needle biopsy for the diagnosis of operable carcinoma of the prostate are discussed.
Floodplain storage of mine tailings in the belle fourche river system: A sediment budget approach

Arsenic-contaminated mine tailings that were discharged into Whitewood Creek at Lead, South Dakota, from 1876 to 1978, were deposited along the floodplains of Whitewood Creek and the Belle Fourche River. The resulting arsenic-contaminated floodplain deposit consists mostly of overbank sediments and filled abandoned meanders along White-wood Creek, and overbank and point-bar sediments along the Belle Fourche River. Arsenic concentrations of the contaminated sediments indicate the degree of dilution of mine tailings by uncontaminated alluvium. About 13 per cent of the 110 × 106 Mg of mine tailings that were discharged at Lead were deposited along the Whitewood Creek floodplain. Deposition of mine tailings near the mouth of Whitewood Creek was augmented by an engineered structure. About 29 per cent of the mine tailings delivered by Whitewood Creek were deposited along the Belle Fourche River floodplain. About 60 per cent of that sediment is contained in overbank deposits. Deposition along a segment of the Belle Fourche River was augmented by rapid channel migration. The proportions of contaminated sediment stored along Whitewood Creek and the Belle Fourche River are consistent with sediment storage along the floodplains of perennial streams in other, similar sized watersheds.
Management of obstructive sleep apnea: Comparison of various treatment modalities

From July, 1982 through March, 1986, 253 patients with moderate to severe sleep apnea (OSA) were treated and had polysomnographic assessment of treatment. The treatment modalities were: 1. uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPP), 2. nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), 3. tracheostomy, 4. medication (tricyclic antidepressants), 5. tongue retaining device (TRD), and 6. orthodontic device. Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty was performed in 98 patients. The patients were categorized according to post-treatment improvement in the apnea/hypopnea index (A+HI) and severity index (SI) into good, moderate, and poor responders. There were 37 (37.7%) good, 33 (33.6%) moderate, and 28 (28.5%) poor responders in this group. Twenty-four patients underwent tracheostomy. Eighteen (75%) patients continue to have their tracheostomies without complications (mean follow-up time 32 months). One hundred thirty-eight patients were evaluated with CPAP. Of the 100 patients who began home CPAP use, 53 continue to use CPAP successfully at 18 months. Medical treatment (tricyclic antidepressants) was used in 35 patients. The response to this modality was generally poor. Six patients were fitted with TRD. The compliance to this device was poor, although two have had significant improvement in their apnea. An orthodontic appliance was used in two patients with one responding successfully.
Demography and pedigree structure of an SPF colony of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

The SPF rhesus colony at the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Bastrop, Texas, was analyzed with the aim of determining the demographic and genetic effects of stringent selection for virus-free breeders, permanent quarantine, continued surveillance, and culling of animals that show evidence of viral infection. The analysis shows minimal effects on population viability and loss of genetic variability in comparison with the traditionally managed (non-SPF) portion of the population.
Kainic acid lesions of pigeon paleostriatum: a model for study of movement disorders.

Abstract The paleostriatal complex (PC) of the pigeon and the mammalian basal ganglia are thought to be analogous structures. The analogy is based upon neuroanatomical and histochemical observations. To test the analogy on a behavioral basis, small volumes of kainic acid (KA) (2.5 μg/μl or 0.426 μg/μl) were stereotaxically injected unilaterally into the PC. Kainic acid is a neurotoxin that kills cell bodies but spares axons of passage. If the PC is the avian analogue of the mammalian basal ganglia, then the behavioral problems following KA injection into the PC should be similar to those seen in mammals after injection of KA into the basal ganglia. Kainic acid had pronounced neurotoxic effects particularly upon the large neurons of the PC. The birds demonstrated behavioral disturbances similar to those induced in mammals. More specifically these included episodes of rapid rotation toward the side of the injection, involuntary movements and postural disturbances. The pigeon may therefore serve as another useful experimental model system to assess behavioral and histochemical changes associated with movement disorders.
El Niño and annual floods on the north Peruvian littoral

Abstract A three-component mixed Gumbel distribution satisfactorily models the observed annual flood frequencies of rivers in northern Peru which display highly variable annual peak-flood characteristics corresponding to three sets of ocean-atmosphere conditions. Physical support for the “a priori” subdivision of the series is provided by consideration of the regional offshore oceanic-atmospheric conditions. Exceptionally warm waters (El Nino) cause extensive heavy rains; unusually cold waters (anti-El Nino) restrict both the quantity and distribution of precipitation. Model parameters reveal marked spatial trends in the severity and extent of flooding during any set of offshore conditions and geographic shifts in the regional flood-frequency characteristics between such conditions.
How IGF-1 activates its receptor

Hormones are chemicals that are produced to carry signals around the body. Mammals, including humans, need hormones called insulin and insulin-like growth factors (or IGF for short) to grow and develop normally. These hormones bind to, and activate, specific proteins—known as receptors—that span from the outside of the cell to the inside through the cell's surface membrane. The insulin and IGF receptors are complex molecules, each composed of two identical protein subunits that are linked together. The hormones bind to the part of the proteins (known as the extracellular domains) that are on the outside surface of cells. When no hormone is bound to the receptor, these two extracellular domains form an inverted ‘V’ shape and the two regions that cross the membrane are held far apart. It was unclear, however, how this shape changes when the hormone binds, and how this change in shape activates the receptor. Kavran et al. have now compared the known three-dimensional structures of the extracellular domains of the insulin receptor, both with and without a molecule of insulin bound to it. This comparison highlighted an interaction between the two receptor subunits that was disrupted when insulin was bound to the receptor. This interaction appeared to stabilize the inverted ‘V’ structure and hold apart the parts of the proteins that span the surface—which in turn separates the regions of the proteins that are inside the cell. Kavran et al. suggest that this separation keeps the insulin receptor in an inactive state. Removing either the whole extracellular domain of the IGF receptor—or a smaller portion that keeps the regions that cross the cell membrane separate—resulted in the receptor being activated, even when insulin-like growth factor was not bound to the receptor. Kavran et al. then confirmed that when a molecule of insulin-like growth factor binds to the extracellular domain of the IGF receptor, it causes a shape change that moves the parts of the receptor that span the cell membrane closer together. This results in the regions of the receptor proteins located inside the cell adding chemical tags, called phosphate groups, to one another—which activates the receptor. When there are problems with how these receptors are activated or inactivated in humans, serious disorders including diabetes and cancer can occur. As such, the findings of Kavran et al. might help future work aimed at regulating the activation of the insulin and IGF receptors to treat these and other diseases.
Management of Patients with Chronic Renal Insufficiency in the Northeastern United States

Comorbid conditions that develop during chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) contribute to the high morbidity and mortality among patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Thus, appropriate management during CRI may lead to improved ESRD outcomes. A retrospective cohort study was performed to describe the management of patients with CRI. A total of 602 patients with CRI (creatinine > or =1.5 mg/dl for women and > or =2.0 mg/dl for men) were seen between October 1994 and September 1998 at five nephrology outpatient clinics in the Boston area. The mean (SD) age of the patients was 63 (15.5) yr, and 53% were male. At the first nephrology visit, mean (SD) serum creatinine was 3.2 (1.6) mg/dl, and mean (SD) predicted GFR was 22.3 (8.9) ml/min per 1.73 m(2). Laboratory tests for iron levels were performed in only 18% of patients, serum parathyroid hormone levels were obtained in only 15%, lipid studies were obtained in fewer than half, and among patients with diabetes, only 28% had a glycosylated hemoglobin level measured. A hematocrit <30% was present in 38%, and abnormal calcium-phosphorus metabolism was noted in 55%. Only 59% of patients who had hematocrit <30% received recombinant human erythropoietin. Among patients who received recombinant human erythropoietin, only 47% received iron. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use was recorded for only 65% of patients with diabetes (49% of patients overall). Among patients who were known to have progressed to ESRD, only 41% had permanent access placed before initiation of dialysis. There seems to be room for improvement in the management of patients with CRI, which could result in a slower rate of progression of CRI and reduced severity of comorbid conditions.
Selective adsorption of ethylene over ethane and propylene over propane in the metal–organic frameworks M2(dobdc) (M = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn)

A significant reduction in the energy costs associated with the cryogenic separation of ethylene–ethane and propylene–propane mixtures could potentially be realized through the use of selective solid adsorbents that operate at higher temperatures. The metal–organic frameworks M2(dobdc) (M = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn; dobdc4− = 2,5-dioxido-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate) are of particular interest for this application, owing to their high density of coordinatively unsaturated M2+ cation sites that can selectively interact with unsaturated hydrocarbons. Here, we present gas adsorption data for ethylene, ethane, propylene, and propane at 45, 60, and 80 °C for the entire series. The means of sample preparation and activation is found to be important for achieving high separation selectivities and capacities. While all of the compounds investigated show good performance characteristics, Fe2(dobdc) and Mn2(dobdc) exhibit the highest selectivities for the separation of ethylene–ethane and propylene–propane mixtures, respectively. Crystal structures determined from neutron powder diffraction data elucidate the binding of ethane, ethylene, and propylene in Mn2(dobdc) and Co2(dobdc).
Aerodynamic design of the George Washington University Solar Car Sunforce 1

Aerodynamics play a critical role in the success of a competitive solar vehicle. In particular, the topics addressed in this paper are minimizing the drag forces acting on the car surface while providing an effective angle of solar exposure, ventilation, manoeuvring stability, maintenance accessibility, and component 'functional duality', while simultaneously maintaining stringent racing regulations. Starting with a conceptual design, modifications were analysed through a commercial, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package in order to evaluate drag and lift characteristics. By visualizing wind tunnel flow as a means of support of the coded model, the computational design has been validated. Although the design of the George Washington University (GWU) Solar Car. 'Sunforce 1', was geared towards the November 1993 World Solar Challenge held in Australia, results of the fourth place finish in the US Sunrayce '93 were used to demonstrate the effectiveness of this design.
Immunization with modified vaccinia virus Ankara prevents eczema vaccinatum in a murine model of atopic dermatitis.

Immunization with modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) protects mice with allergic skin inflammation from developing eczema vaccinatum (EV), suggesting that immunization with MVA would be effective in preventing EV in patients with atopic dermatitis.
Passivation of GaAs Mesfet’s with PECVD Silicon Nitride Films of Different Stress States

The passivation of GaAs MESFET's with PECVD silicon nitride films of both compressive and tensile stresses is reported. The shift of MESFET parameters due to passivation was found to be dependent upon gate orientation. For example, it is found that the shifts of threshold voltage are of opposite sign for MESFET's oriented along [011] and [01 1 ] directions. Our experiments show that nitride of tensile stress is preferable for MESFET's with [01 1 ] oriented gates. The shifts in V TH I DSS and G M of the devices before and after nitride passivation are lesd thaw s% if the nitride of appropriate stress states are used for passivation. Breakdown voltage of the MESFET's after nitride deposition was also studied. It is found that the process with higher hydrogen incorporation tends to reduce the surface oxide and increase the breakdown voltage after nitride deposition.
CD4+ T Cells Prevent Spontaneous Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Anti–Myelin Basic Protein T Cell Receptor Transgenic Mice

Autoimmune diseases result from a failure of tolerance. Although many self-reactive T cells are present in animals and humans, their activation appears to be prevented normally by regulatory T cells. In this study, we show that regulatory CD4+ T cells do protect mice against the spontaneous occurrence of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model for multiple sclerosis. Anti–myelin basic protein (MBP) TCR transgenic mice (T/R+) do not spontaneously develop EAE although many self-reactive T cells are present in their thymi and peripheral lymphoid organs. However, the disease develops in all crosses of T/R+ mice with recombination-activating gene (RAG)-1 knockout mice in which transgenic TCR-expressing cells are the only lymphocytes present (T/R− mice). In this study, crosses of T/R+ mice with mice deficient for B cells, CD8+ T cells, NK1.1 CD4+ T (NKT) cells, γ/δ T cells, or α/β T cells indicated that α/β CD4+ T cells were the only cell population capable of controlling the self-reactive T cells. To confirm the protective role of CD4+ T cells, we performed adoptive transfer experiments. CD4+ T cells purified from thymi or lymph nodes of normal mice prevented the occurrence of spontaneous EAE in T/R− mice. To achieve full protection, the cells had to be transferred before the recipient mice manifested any symptoms of the disease. Transfer of CD4+ T cells after the appearance of symptoms of EAE had no protective effect. These results indicate that at least some CD4+ T cells have a regulatory function that prevent the activation of self-reactive T cells.
Event-based QoS for a distributed continual query system

Continual queries for information flows are attracting increased interest. However, two important characteristics of information flows are not adequately addressed by current continual query packages: distribution and quality-of-service (QoS). In this paper, we use Infopipes, an abstraction for information flows, and the Infopipes stub generator to create a distributed version of the linear road benchmarking application around an existing continual query server (CQ server). Then, we install a QoS event generator/monitor pair that observes system response latencies. Receipt of each query result generates a feedback event reporting the latency (response time) for that request. If latencies exceed a threshold as parameterized by a WSLA, then the Infopipes controlling the CQ server can attempt to restore latencies to an acceptable level by generating an adaptation event for the Infopipes managing the CQ server.
STORAGE AND TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON APPEARANCE AND TEXTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CONVENTIONAL MILK YOGURT

The effects of storage days (0–56) and temperature (4.4, 7 or 10C) on appearance and textural sensory characteristics of conventional milk yogurt were evaluated. Covariate analysis determined the effects of storage days, temperature and their interaction on 20 sensory variables. Time–temperature interaction and temperature effects were not significant for any sensory response. The sensory variables significantly affected by time were: five of 10 appearance attributes (color description, brightness, evenness, particle intensity, distribution) and six of 10 texture attributes (hand-felt [HF]: slipperiness, ropiness, firmness; mouthfelt [MF]: viscosity, slipperiness, firmness). Color, particles and distribution increased in intensity over storage and temperature. Slipperiness and firmness increased for both HF and MF textures. Ropiness HF and viscosity MF increased over time. Correlation analyses within each of the two sensory groupings included only those significantly affected by time. Principal component analysis was moderately effective at reducing dimensionality. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Appearance and textural attributes of conventional milk yogurt and the effects of storage time and temperature can be monitored using descriptive analysis. Measurement of yogurt's textural attributes includes both mouthfelt and hand-felt attributes that are equally important to the overall quality of yogurt. This research adds dimensionality to the descriptive textural attributes of yogurt by evaluating both sensory categories. The changing pace of food and dairy science demonstrates the need for descriptive knowledge that can be transferred easily into predictive knowledge. Dairy manufacturers can refer to descriptive studies to characterize the sensory attributes of yogurt at a specific age or storage time to determine marketability of the stored product. Consumers can be critical of the perceived sensory characteristics of foods, thus making it additionally important for the dairy industry to monitor the quality and acceptability of conventional milk yogurt.
ESR EVIDENCE FOR CHLOROPHYLL‐PHOTOSENSITIZED ONE‐ELECTRON OXIDATION OF WATER BY BENZOQUINONE*

—Illumination with red light of degassed solutions of chlorophyll and benzoquinone in dry acetone does not result in quinone radical formation, even though the presence of quinone greatly enhances the photoproduction of chlorophyll cation radical at low temperatures. However, when small amounts of water (or alcohols) are added to this system, large benzoquinone anion radical electron spin resonance (ESR) signals are generated. The effects on the low-temperature ESR signals of microwave power saturation, replacement of chlorophyll and quinone by their deuterated analogs, and replacement of H2O by D2O, lead to the suggestion that a one-electron oxidation of water is occurring. Pheophytin and bacteriochlorophyll are shown to sensitize a similar photoreaction. These results could lead to new insights into the mechanism of oxygen formation in photosynthesis.
Targeting of E. coli β-galactosidase to the nucleus in yeast

In order to identify determinants governing nuclear protein localization, we constructed a set of hybrid genes by fusing the S. cerevisiae gene, MAT alpha 2, coding for a presumptive nuclear protein, and the E. coli gene, lacZ, coding for beta-galactosidase. The resultant hybrid proteins contain 3, 13, 25, 67, or all 210 amino acids of wild-type alpha 2 protein at the amino terminus and a constant, enzymatically active portion of beta-galactosidase at the carboxy terminus. Indirect immunofluorescence and subcellular fractionation studies with yeast cells containing the alpha 2-LacZ hybrid proteins indicate that the alpha 2 segment can direct localization of beta-galactosidase to the nucleus. A segment as small as 13 amino acids from alpha 2 is sufficient for this localization. Comparison of amino acid sequences of other nuclear proteins with this region of alpha 2 reveals a sequence that may be necessary for nuclear targeting. Production of some alpha 2-LacZ hybrid proteins causes cell death, perhaps as a result of improper or incomplete localization. These studies also indicate that the alpha 2 protein, argued on genetic grounds to be a negative regulator, acts in the yeast nucleus.
Tempo and mode of speciation in the Baja California disjunct fish species Anisotremus davidsonii

The Baja California region provides a natural setting for studying the early mechanisms of allopatric speciation in marine systems. Disjunct fish populations from several species that occur in the northern Gulf of California and northern Pacific coast of Baja California, but are absent from its southern shores, were previously shown to be genetically isolated, making them excellent candidates for studying allopatry. In addition, one of these species, the sargo Anisotremus davidsonii, has two pairs of congeneric Panamic trans-isthmian geminate species that allow for internal molecular clock calibration. Phylogeographic and demographic approaches based on mitochondrial (cytochrome b) and nuclear (S7 ribosomal protein) sequences showed that A. davidsonii entered the gulf from the south, and later colonized the Pacific coast, approximately 0.6-0.16 million years ago. Pacific coast colonization may have used a route either around the southern cape of Baja California or across the peninsula through a natural seaway. However, while several seaways have been described from different geological times, none matches the dates of population disjunction, yet much geological work remains to be done in that area. At the present time, there is no evidence for dispersal around the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula. Signatures of incipient allopatric speciation were observed, such as the reciprocal monophyly of disjunct populations for the mitochondrial marker. However, other characteristics were lacking, such as a strong difference in divergence and coalescence times. Taken together, these results suggest that disjunct populations of A. davidsonii may be consistent with the earliest stages of allopatric speciation.
Militarized Spaces and Open Range: Piñon Canyon and (Counter)Cartographies of Rural Resistance

This paper examines how rural communities in Colorado have confronted military expansion. Against the backdrop of a series of base realignments and closures during the past three decades that have streamlined US military holdings nationwide, the US Army base at Fort Carson, Colorado, has been growing. In 1983 Fort Carson expanded into a 95 500-hectare training area in southeastern Colorado known as the Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site (PCMS). In 2006 the Army announced plans to expand the PCMS by 169 000 hectares. Under the Army's proposal, a significant portion of southeastern Colorado would be transformed into the largest Army training ground in the US. This prospect galvanized a diverse coalition of rural residents to oppose the Pinon Canyon expansion. Our research critically considers how the principal actors in this case—the US Army and a rural citizen opposition coalition—mobilized different narrative and political strategies based substantially upon contrasting cartographic representations to shape the debate and construct contested geographies of this space as military training ground versus open range. As of 2014, the expansion of PCMS is on hold, although there is no guarantee that base or military area expansion will not proceed in the future
Adipose tissue stearoyl-CoA desaturase mRNA is increased by obesity and decreased by polyunsaturated fatty acids

Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) is a key regulatory enzyme in the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Although regulation of hepatic SCD by obesity and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) has been well investigated, no studies have addressed whether similar regulation occurs in adipose tissue. We addressed these questions by feeding control (12% corn oil) and high-PUFA (48% corn oil) diets to lean and obese Zucker rats and analyzing SCD mRNA levels in adipose tissue and liver. We report that SCD mRNA content was dramatically elevated in adipose tissue of obese vs. lean rats on both diets and was significantly decreased by PUFA in both genotypes. Interestingly, we demonstrate that SCD expression was directly downregulated in a dose dependent manner by PUFA in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We conclude that 1) obese Zucker rats overexpress the SCD gene in both liver and adipose tissue and 2) PUFA directly suppress SCD expression in adipocytes. Further studies will elucidate the mechanisms responsible for obesity- and PUFA-mediated regulation of SCD in adipose cells.
Fuel Efficiency Standards Should Not Be Raised

The authors argue that efforts to promote fuel efficiency by raising Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards fail because of perverse incentives created by them to increase driving when the relative cost of fuel falls. They argue further that raising CAFE standards may harm society by leading to higher vehicle costs and the manufacture of lighter, less-safe vehicles.
Delay-Tolerant Network Management: The Definition and Exchange of Infrastructure Information in High Delay Environments

A delay-tolerant network (DTN) may comprise nodes whose information exchange is delayed either by signal propagation delay or frequent link disruption. Nodes on the far side of these high-latency links must still be managed. However, these nodes do not support closed-loop control with a human-in-the-loop network operations center. Terrestrial network management (NM) applications such as the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) achieve closed-loop control through the use of pull mechanisms to request finegrained performance information and apply node configurations. Implementing these mechanisms over DTNs requires a level of bandwidth utilization and round-trip delay that may not be sufficiently reactive to apply corrective action before catastrophic network failure. Open-loop network management uses a push model inspired by the implementation of spacecraft telemetry systems. A push model requires the implementation of automation and fault protection at nodes communicating over high-latency links. This paper redefines the roles and responsibilities of DTN NM, presents state information to be captured for an emerging DTN data protocol, identifies key characteristics of a successful NM protocol, and discusses how these protocols interact with counterparts in low-latency networks. This paper concludes that a data exchange model in high-delay networks must rely upon the intelligent push of relevant node information. The intelligent push of data must be driven by missionspecific configuration and support fault protection. Such systems push the state of the art for management applications, but have precedent in spacecraft on-board systems and other embedded, real-time, mission-critical applications operating without human intervention.
Sliding mode control of vibration in a flexible structure using output feedback method

This paper presents a new approach for the robust control of vibration in a flexible structure in the presence of uncertain parameters and the effect of observation spillover. The development of the technique which is based on the sliding mode control algorithm and direct output feedback is presented. The uncertainty matrix need not satisfy the invariance or matching conditions. The small gain theorem / μ analysis is applied to analyze the asymptotic behavior of the closed-loop system with parametric uncertainties inside boundary layers. Using a flexible tetrahedral truss structure, numerical examples are presented to verify the theoretical analysis.© 2003 ASME
Coexisting adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and of the esophagogastric junction

A case is presented showing two carcinomas involving the esophagus. One was a poorly differentiated invasive adenocarcinoma rising in the cardia, and the other was a grossly papillary, preinvasive adenocarcinoma involving the lower half of the esophagus. Evidence is presented, suggesting the origin of the latter tumor in the overgrowing gastric mucosa following reflux esophagitis in the presence of a sliding hiatal hernia.
Correction of misleading information in prescription drug television advertising: The roles of advertisement similarity and time delay.

Abstract Background Prescription drug television advertisements containing potentially consequential misinformation sometimes appear in the United States. When that happens, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration can request that companies distribute corrective advertisements to address misinformation and inaccurate claims. Previous research has demonstrated effectiveness in corrective advertising for various products. Objectives The present article builds on that work with a randomized experimental study (n = 6454) of corrective advertising investigating the extent to which visual similarity matters between violative and corrective ads and the extent to which time delay matters between violative and corrective advertisement exposure. Methods Our study sample included overweight or obese U.S. adults recruited from an existing online consumer panel representative of the U.S. adult population. We created a brand for a fictitious prescription weight-loss drug and produced corresponding direct-to-consumer (DTC) television ads. All participants viewed the same violative ad, but were randomly assigned to view corrective ads with different levels of visual similarity and exposure time delay using a 4 × 4 between-subjects factorial design. Results Results suggest corrective ad exposure can influence consumer perceptions of drug efficacy, risks, and benefits previously established by violative ads that overstated drug efficacy, broadened drug indication, and omitted important risk information. Corrective ads also can weaken consumer intentions to consider and investigate a drug. However, ad similarity does not appear to affect consumer perceptions and preferences. Although we found that the effects of violative ad exposure tend to diminish over time, the length of the delay between violative and corrective ad exposure has limited influence. An exception to this was observed with regard to recall of drug benefits and risks, where the impact of corrective ad exposure increases with greater time delay. Conclusions These results extend previous research to a new health condition and hold implications for regulatory policy.
Discussion Leader Comments: The impact of Changing Retail Landscape on Future Strategy Development- Discussion Points for Building a Shopper’s Paradise

These comments are organized to address specific points with the papers individually. Comments with regard to future research implications and ideas for strategic implementation are presented first. Integration and discussion of the value of the combined efforts and the session are presented in the conclusions.
Nucleic acid hybridization and the nature of chromosomal protein bound RNA.

The past decade has seen a rapid advance in the state of knowledge of isolated interphase chromosomes, termed chromatin, in a variety of higher organisms. A number of relatively standard procedures for the study of such chromosomal material have been developed (Bonner et al., 1968a) and enough of its biological properties are known (Bonner et al., 1968b) that it now appears possible to begin to elucidate the mechanisms involved in gene regulation in higher organisms. In this paper we review recent evidence regarding the structure and function of a regulatory ribonucleoprotein of chromatin.
Laparoscopic Heller Myotomy with Toupet Partial Posterior Fundoplication

For patients with achalasia, a complete workup including upper endoscopy, esophageal radiography, and esophageal manometry is essential to definitively confirm the diagnosis. Laparoscopic Heller myotomy with Toupet partial posterior fundoplication is an extremely effective treatment for symptoms of dysphagia and regurgitation, as well as the respiratory symptoms that frequently accompany this disease, and can be considered as first line of therapy in the majority of patients. In particular, it is important to ensure that the length of the myotomy onto the gastric cardia is at least 3 cm in order to achieve the highest patient satisfaction rates with the least likelihood of needing subsequent intervention for dysphagia.
FFT based algorithm to demodulate high frequency chirp signals

This study presents an innovative algorithm to extract binary data from a high frequency linear chirp signal contained in wideband radar pulse signal. The algorithm is designed for chirp signals (bandwidth of 125 – 1375 MHz) with a maximum chirp rate of 750 MHz per 100 ns and a maximum chirp range equivalent to the signal bandwidth. Additionally a maximum bit length of 64 bits and a SNR range of -20dB - 20dB is used. These parameters are randomized and used to generate the chirp signal containing the data stream with white Gaussian noise.
Economic politics: Macroeconomic Politics and the Costs of Democracy

According to one conventional view of macroeconomic politics in contemporary democracy, governments are responsible for performance regarding inflation, unemployment, and income growth. Periodic elections give voters an opportunity to judge that performance and to approve or disapprove, choosing new leaders if performance has been unsatisfactory. From that perspective, democratic institutions provide ways to ensure both the accountability of public officials and the adequacy of government performance. A persistent or unusual problem may lead to a reform that is designed to resolve the problem, such as the creation of the quasi-independent monetary authority in 1913, or the establishment of a new set of budgetary procedures in 1974. According to another conventional view, the democratic process is not so benign. In that view, politicians are opportunistic, and voters are naive. Incumbents manipulate their performance to appear misleadingly good at election time, and both challengers and incumbents make unrealistic and insincere promises. Voters are myopically oriented to the present, which makes them unprepared to hold incumbents accountable for their performance over entire electoral periods, or to relate electoral choices to future well-being in a meaningful way. Economic performance deteriorates. Politicians exploiting popular discontent propose superficial reforms that fail to solve the problems, such as the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings deficit-reduction acts of 1985 and 1987. The truth is likely to be found somewhere in between those extreme alternatives, which I shall designate as the benign and the malignant views, and the truth is likely to vary over time and place.
Temp to Perm: Stacking the Electoral Deck Through U.S. Senate Appointments?

ABSTRACTOne concern with allowing governors to appoint replacements for U.S. Senate vacancies is that appointees may have an advantage over their competition in seeking election. Another is that governors may use their power to further their own political ambitions. This investigation explores whether an electoral benefit is conferred through receiving or making an appointment. The analysis provides insight into how gubernatorial appointments shape electoral outcomes for quasi-incumbents and the Senate's membership. Notably, the results reveal an electoral boost for representatives who are appointed prior to making a run for the Senate. Although the results demonstrate that some appointees gain an advantage by receiving appointments, governors who run for Senate do not experience an electoral benefit from making an appointment.
PROBING MAGNETISM IN THE WELL

Electrons confined in two dimensions, such as within ultra-thin semiconductor layers, lead to quantum-well states. Creating such states in metallic thin films, produces quantum wells that are spin-polarized or magnetic. This phenomenon may find applications in a new generation of magnetic recording media.
Numerical Methods for Controlled Switching Diffusions

This work presents a survey on some of the recent results on numerical methods for controlled switching diffusions. Before presenting the numerical parts, the basics of switching diffusions are recalled. Finally, some numerical examples are presented for demonstration.
Children's use of comparison and function in novel object categorization.

Abstract Although young children often rely on salient perceptual cues, such as shape, when categorizing novel objects, children eventually shift towards deeper relational reasoning about category membership. This study investigates what information young children use to classify novel instances of familiar categories. Specifically, we investigated two sources of information that have the potential to facilitate the classification of novel exemplars: (1) comparison of familiar category instances, and (2) attention to function information that might direct children’s attention to functionally relevant perceptual features. Across two experiments, we found that comparing two perceptually similar category members—particularly when function information was also highlighted—led children to discover non-obvious relational features that supported their categorization of novel category instances. Together, these findings demonstrate that comparison may aid in novel object categorization by heightening the salience of less obvious, yet functionally relevant, relational structures that support conceptual reasoning.