cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of complexes between caffeine and aromatic donors.

Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of caffeine complexes with benzene and mesitylene in carbon tetrachloride solution show that the aromatic molecule associates specifically in the 7-nitrogen region and that caffeine acts as an acceptor in these complexes. This latter conclusion is consistent with earlier solubility studies but is contrary to predictions made from molecular orbital theory assuming that charge transfer interactions were important. These studies provide evidence that electrostatic interactions provide the dominant contribution to complex stability.
Maintenance and repair injuries in US mining

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify key tasks, tools, and equipment associated with maintenance and repair injuries at US mines and to provide some mitigation strategies to reduce these types of injuries. Design/methodology/approach – This study analyzed incidents resulting in injuries reported to the US Mine Safety and Health Administration from 2002 to 2011. Incident reports were limited to those occurring at mining plants, shops, yards, and aboveground locations. Incident reports were analyzed to determine which activities contributed to injuries and were due to machine maintenance and repair, non-powered hand tools, and powered hand tools. An in-depth analysis of the root causes of these injuries was then performed. Findings – Maintenance and repair in mining is associated with a significant number of hand and finger injuries with a range of severities and averaging over 20 amputated fingers, 180 fractured hands and fingers, and 455 hand and finger lacerations per year. Many of these in...
Potential Interaction between Clopidogrel and Proton Pump Inhibitors

Clopidogrel is widely used in patients with acute coronary syndromes and following percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation. The antiplatelet action of clopidogrel is felt to be of critical importance for the reduction of abrupt thrombotic occlusion of stents, particularly with drug-eluting devices. When clopidogrel is used alone or in combination with aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), the benefits of antiplatelet therapy must be weighed against the potential for serious bleeding, particularly gastrointestinal (GI) bleeds. To minimize the risk of GI injury, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are considered the drugs of choice. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that PPIs may adversely interact with clopidogrel, diminishing the antiplatelet effect. Although the current evidence remains controversial, the potential for increased risk of thrombotic complications warrants cautious use of this drug combination until further research can determine the extent of this interaction and whether it is a drug-class effect.
Fluctuation X‐ray microscopy: a novel approach for the structural study of disordered materials

Measuring medium-range order is a challenging and important problem in the structural study of disordered materials. We have developed a new technique, fluctuation x-ray microscopy, that offers quantitative insight into medium-range correlations in disordered materials at nanometre and larger length scales. In this technique, which requires a spatially coherent x-ray beam, a series of speckle patterns are measured at a large number of locations in a sample using various illumination sizes. Examination of the speckle variance as a function of the illumination spot size allows the structural correlation length to be measured. To demonstrate this technique we have studied polystyrene latex spheres, which serve as a model for a dense random-packed glass, and for the first time have measured the correlation length in a disordered system by fluctuation X-ray microscopy. We discuss data analysis and procedures to correct for shot noise and detector noise. This approach could be used to explore medium-range order and subtle spatial structural changes in a wide range of disordered materials, from soft matter to nanowire arrays, semiconductor quantum dot arrays and magnetic materials.
Effector cells in natural cytotoxicity against human bladder cancer cell lines.

Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained by ficoll-hypaque sedimentation were depleted of Fc-receptor-bearing (FcR+) cells. Cytotoxicity (direct killing of target cells by effector cells), tested in a 40 h assay, was significantly decreased against a variety of target cells. Tests in which no FcR+ cells could be detected were also positive for “natural killing” (NK) against a spectrum of target cells from normal donors. NK in this system was mediated by more than one subpopulation of lymphocytes. Monocytes probably did not play a significant role.
Cyclin kinase inhibitor p21 potentiates bile acid–induced apoptosis in hepatocytes that is dependent on p53

Abstract Prolonged activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway enhances expression of the cyclin kinase inhibitor p21 that can promote growth arrest and cell survival in response to cytotoxic insults. Bile acids can also cause prolonged MAPK activation that is cytoprotective against bile acid-induced cell death. Here, we examined the impact of bile acid-induced MAPK signaling and p21 expression on the survival of primary mouse hepatocytes. Deoxycholic acid (DCA) caused prolonged activation of the MAPK pathway that weakly enhanced p21 protein expression. When DCA-induced MAPK activation was blocked using MEK1/2 inhibitors, both hepatocyte viability and expression of p21 were reduced. Surprisingly, constitutive overexpression of p21 in p21+/+ hepatocytes enhanced DCA-induced cell killing. In agreement with these findings, treatment of p21−/− hepatocytes with DCA and MEK1/2 inhibitors also caused less apoptosis than observed in wild-type p21+/+ cells. Expression of p21 in p21−/− hepatocytes did not modify basal levels of apoptosis but restored the apoptotic response of p21−/− cells to those of p21+/+ cells overexpressing p21. These findings suggest that basal expression of p21 plays a facilitating, proapoptotic role in DCA-induced apoptosis. Overexpression of p21 enhanced p53 protein levels. In agreement with a role for p53 in the enhanced apoptotic response, overexpression of p21 did not potentiate apoptosis in p53−/− hepatocytes but, instead, attenuated the death response in these cells. In conclusion, our data suggest that overexpression of p21 can promote apoptosis, leading to elevated sensitivity to proapoptotic stimuli. (H EPATOLOGY 2002;36:39-48.)
Uranium(VI) bis(imido) chalcogenate complexes: synthesis and density functional theory analysis.

Bis(imido) uranium(VI) trans- and cis-dichalcogenate complexes with the general formula U(NtBu)2(EAr)2(OPPh3)2 (EAr = O-2-tBuC6H4, SPh, SePh, TePh) and U(NtBu)2(EAr)2(R2bpy) (EAr = SPh, SePh, TePh) (R2bpy = 4,4′-disubstituted-2,2′-bipyridyl, R = Me, tBu) have been prepared. This family of complexes includes the first reported monodentate selenolate and tellurolate complexes of uranium(VI). Density functional theory calculations show that covalent interactions in the U−E bond increase in the trans-dichalcogenate series U(NtBu)2(EAr)2(OPPh3)2 as the size of the chalcogenate donor increases and that both 5f and 6d orbital participation is important in the M−E bonds of U−S, U−Se, and U−Te complexes.
Communicating Corporate Environmental Citizenship: An Examination of Fortune 500 Web Sites

Due to the importance of environmental issues to the public, corporations have paid more attention to these issues in recent years. This article aims to explore how Fortune 500 companies’ Web sites are used to convey corporate environmental messages. The findings indicate that these leading firms do try to communicate a number of different environmental issues or activities. However, most of these communications occur on the second- or third-level Web page rather than on the company home page. It has also been found that there is a clear association between most of the environmental issues and firm sales. Implications of the research are discussed.
Preventing Dental Caries: Breaking the Chain of Transmission

Besides using all possible techniques to increase host resistance (fluoride, sealants) and decrease exposure to fermentable carbohydrates (for example, use of sugar substitutes), dentists must treat caries as infectious and transmissible. Antimicrobial agents are recommended.
Echinochrome synthesis in hybrid sea urchin embryos

Abstract These experiments were designed to assess the interaction of parental genes and maternal cytoplasm in the development of the pigment echinochrome in sea urchin embryos. Hybrids between Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and Strongylocentrotus franciscanus , including both of the reciprocal crosses, were compared with normal embryos of both species. Observations included: (1) the time of first appearance of echinochrome during development; (2) the rate of accumulation of cytochrome in the embryo; and (3) the time of hatching and of the beginning of gastrulation. In the two species of sea urchins, the time of first appearance of echinochrome, measured chemically, was not related to the time of the other developmental markers, hatching and gastrulation. In fact, the species which developed faster by these criteria, S. franciscanus , begins making echinochrome only some time after the beginning of gastrulation, whereas the other species, S. purpuratus , begins to gastrulate later but begins to make echinochrome earlier. The time of first appearance of echinochrome in the hybrids falls very close to that of the maternal species, and a definite effect of the paternal genes is not demonstrated. The rate of echinochrome accumulation in the hybrid S. purpuratus ♀ × S. franciscanus ♂ falls between that of the maternal species, in which the rate is highest, and that of the paternal species. However, the same result is not obtained from the reciprocal cross. Here the rate of accumulation of echinochrome is as low as that of S. franciscanus , the maternal species. The results are discussed in the light of the prevailing hypothesis that the timing of individual developmental events reflects the activation of genes concerned with these events. The cases of apparent control by the maternal cytoplasm do not contradict this hypothesis once it is recognized that the supply of substrates in a developing egg may be limited by the cytoplasmic constitution.
Increasing robustness in self-localization and pose estimation

Ideally, an algorithm used for either self localization or pose estimation would be both efficient and robust. Many researchers have based their techniques on the absolute orientation research of B. K. P Horn. As will be shown in this paper, while Horn s method performs well with an additive Gaussian noise of large variance, mismatches and outliers have a more profound effect. In this paper, the authors develop a new closed-form solution to the absolute orientation problem, featuring techniques specifically designed for increasing the robustness during the critical rotation determination stage. We also include a comparative analysis of the various strengths and weaknesses of both Horn s and the new techniques.
CONTINUING EDUCATION IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS FOR THE PRIMARY CARE PHYSICIAN

An educational program in rheumatoid arthritis was developed for primary care practitioners. This program is community based and utilizes physicians, identified by their peers as being influential, for the dissemination of information. A marked change in knowledge has been noted in those completing the program, but further followup is needed to determine if a change in the care of patients with rheumatoid arthritis will also result.
Cheerio, laddie! Bidding farewell to the Glasgow Coma Scale.

It is time to abandon the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). As discussed below, this ubiquitous neurologic scoring system is confusing, unreliable, and unnecessarily complex, and its manner of common clinical use is statistically unsound. Teasdale and Jennett devised the GCS in 1974 not for acute care, but rather for the “repeated bedside assessment” in a neurosurgical unit to detect “changing states” of consciousness and to measure the “duration of coma.” They never intended for its elements to be assigned numeric scores or for its 3 subscales to be merged or totaled. Yet, despite their objections both such dubious modifications subsequently proved irresistible to the medical community. The quantitative GCS subsequently has become the undisputed universal criterion standard for mental status assessment and is thus a fundamental part of the culture of emergency medicine, out-of-hospital care, trauma surgery, and neurosurgery. This scale is a core component of prominent trauma and life support courses, and in most of the developed world out-of-hospital care providers routinely assess the GCS for each patient with trauma or altered mental status. The original GCS article has been cited almost 6,000 times. This editorial outlines the potent limitations of the GCS and why it should now be considered obsolete within acute care medicine. This scale might be useful, however, for detecting subtle neurologic changes over time in an ICU (as originally envisaged). Curiously, though, it has never been validated for this separate role.
Preliminary development of a standardized hand function test

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present a new hand function test. Test purpose, detailed description, and reproducible instructions for administrators and scoring are presented. The test was analyzed for test-retest and interrater reliability, validity, and normative data. Fifty-six normal volunteers, aged 20 to 79, participated in the study. The test involves the measurement of the time required for a patient to transfer 19 light, common items positioned on a felt pad to an adjacent box. This hand function test is easily portable and simple to administer. It has substantial properties that differ from other available standardized and nonstandardized hand function tests. Results indicated well-distributed normative data for the population studied. The test appeared reliable as evidenced by test-retest correlations. Concurrent validity was demonstrated by using correlation with a previously standardized measure, the Box and Block test. Interrater reliability was high. Also included were analyses of dominance and trial effects, as well as gender, handedness, and age affects. We hope this test will ultimately be useful, along with other available testing methods, in the evaluation of the patient with impaired upper extremity.
ISSAC: Indiana student software awards competition

The Indiana Student Software Awards Competition (ISSAC) was created to encourage students in the state of Indiana to improve their software development skills, to potentially consider a career in information technology, and to help stem the flow of graduates out of Indiana - "the brain drain". High school or college students who develop a software project for class, personal enrichment or corporate internships may submit a project. ISSAC 2003 is the third year of the competition. Finalist projects are judged at the annual Indiana Technology Summit, and students are awarded scholarships and plaques based upon the overall quality and functionality of their software.
Toward an Applied Sociology of Sport

The development of the academic sub-discipline sociology of sport over the past 15 years, while noteworthy in many respects, has been characterized by a noticeable disinterest in an applied perspective. In this essay, arguments which support the initiation of such a research paradigm are juxtaposed with a discussion of selected counterforces which make such a possibility problematic. Specifically, it is suggested that (1) the "court ship" of sociology, (2) the professional training which prospective sport sociologists presently receive, and (3) the value system and style of scholarship extant within the oc cupational subculture of academic sport sociologists collectively serve the latent func tion of discouraging a serious commitment to an action-oriented, applied perspective. The future development of an applied sociology of sport is further discussed in relationship to the accompanying adoption of a more humanistic commitment, one which welcomes speculation, prediction and theorizing about the future. I...
Phosphorylation of IκB-α Inhibits Its Cleavage by Caspase CPP32 in Vitro

IkappaB proteins function as direct regulators of Rel/NF-kappaB transcription complexes. We show that the cell-death protease CPP32 (caspase-3) in vitro specifically cleaved chicken and human IkappaB-alpha at a conserved Asp-Ser sequence. This cleavage site appears to be identical to the site at which chicken IkappaB-alpha is cleaved in vivo in temperature-sensitive v-Rel-transformed chicken spleen cells undergoing apoptosis. Other caspases, namely interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme (caspase-1) and Ich-1 (caspase-2), did not cleave IkappaB-alpha. CPP32 also cleaved mammalian IkappaB-beta in vitro at the analogous Asp-Ser sequence. Cleavage of IkappaB-alpha by CPP32 was blocked by serine phosphorylation of IkappaB-alpha. Cleavage of IkappaB-alpha by a CPP32- like protease could generate a constitutive inhibitor of Rel transcription complexes. This report provides evidence for a direct biochemical interaction between the NF-kappaB signaling pathway and a cell-death protease signaling pathway.
Success and yield of second attempt ERCP

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has been shown to be an accurate and reliable method to evaluate biliary and pancreatic disorders. When an attempt to perform ERCP fails, the managing physician must decide whether to repeat the procedure or rely on other alternatives. We tallied the data from 113 patients referred to our institution for repeat ERCP after a failed attempt at another hospital. This group represented approximately 5% of the total population studied during that period of time. All of the patients had undergone one or more unsuccessful ERCP(s) and were referred to our center for another attempt at ERCP. Using a variety of techniques, we were successful in cannulating the desired duct in 96% of attempts. Pathologic findings were present in 64% of cases, of which 22% were sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Thus, second attempt ERCP is generally worthwhile if clinically indicated and ERCP expertise is geographically available.
Postnatal inorganic lead exposure decreases the number of spontaneously active midbrain dopamine neurons in the rat.

Abstract This study examined the effect of lead (Pb) exposure during postnatal development on the electrophysiological activity of midbrain dopamine (DA)-containing neurons. Single-cell electrophysiological recordings were made in the substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) of chloral hydrate anesthetized rats. In this post-weaning exposure protocol 22-day-old male Sprague–Dawley rats were exposed to Pb- (100, 250, and 500 ppm) or Na-acetate in the drinking water for a period ranging from 3 to 6 weeks. Animals were exposed up to the day of electrophysiological recording. One Pb- and one Na-treated animal were recorded each experimental day. The post-weaning exposure protocol used in this study resulted in a significant Pb-dependent decrease in the number of spontaneously active DA neurons at the time of electrophysiological recording. Analysis of covariance, using duration of exposure as the covariate (i.e. 3, 4, 5, or 6 weeks), did not indicate that there was a consistent relationship between exposure duration and the number of spontaneously active DA neurons. However, the effect of Pb was dependent on the level of Pb exposure through the drinking water. At the 250 and 500 ppm level of exposure, Pb produced a significant decrease in the number of spontaneously active DA neurons in both anatomical regions. The number of active DA neurons was not significantly affected by the 100 ppm Pb treatment over the 3–6 weeks exposure period. The average discharge rate, and the percentage of spontaneously active DA neurons classified as having discharge patterns with bursts (i.e. ‘bursting DA neurons’), was not changed at any of the three levels of Pb exposure. Based on results obtained from electrophysiological studies, the effect of selected Pb exposure levels, 250 and 500 ppm, were examined during the postnatal period using tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immuno-histochemistry to determine if Pb affects the survival of dopamine neurons within SN and VTA. TH immuno-histochemical studies revealed that the reduction in the number of spontaneously active DA neurons in animals treated with 250 and 500 ppm Pb was probably not related to the physical loss of cells (e.g. necrosis or apoptosis).
Discussion: Effects of Shifts of Aggregate Demand upon Income Distribution

[2] BATCHELDER, ALAN B., "Decline in the Relative Income of Negro Men," Quart. J. Econ. 78:525-548, Nov. 1964. [3] GREENE, CHRISTOPHER, Negative Taxes and the Poverty Problem, Washington, Brookings Institution, 1967. [4] KALDOR, NICHOLAS, "Economic Growth and the Problem of Inflation," Part I, Economica, N.S., 26:287-298, Nov. 1959. [5] LIPSEY, RICHARD G. "The Relation Between Unemployment and the Rate of Change of Money Wage Rates in the United Kingdom, 1862-1957: A Further Analysis," Economica, N.S., 27:1-31, Feb. 1960. [6] MINSKY, HYMAN P., "The Role of Employment Policy," in Poverty in America, ed. Margaret S. Gordon, San Francisco, Chandler Publishing Company, 1965, pp. 175-200. [7] PERKINS, BRIAN, AND DALE HATHAWAY, The Movement of Labor Between Farm and Non-Farm Jobs, Michigan State University Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Bul. 3, 1966. [8] PHILLIPS, A. W., "The Relation Between Unemployment and the Rate of Change of Money Wage Rates in the United Kingdom, 1861-1957," Economica 25:283-299, Nov. 1958. [9] Ross, A. M., AND W. GOLDNER, "Forces Affecting the Interindustry Wage Structure," Quart. J. Econ. 64:254-281, May 1950. [10] SCHULTZE, CHARLES, "Recent Inflation in the United States," Study Paper 1, in Study of Employment Growth and Price Levels, Joint Economic Committee, U.S. Congress, Sept. 1959. [11] SCITOVSKY, TIBOR, "Equity," in Papers on Welfare and Growth, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1964. [12] SIMONS, HENRY C., Personal Income Taxation: The Definition of Income as a Problem of Fiscal Policy, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1938. [13] -, "A Positive Program for Laissez-Faire: Some Proposals for a Liberal Economic Policy," in Economic Policy for a Free Society, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1948, pp. 40-77. [14] ULMAN, LLOYD, "Labor Mobility and the Industrial Wage Structure in the Postwar United States," Quart. J. Econ. 79:73-97, Feb. 1965.
Developmental and Comparative Aspects of Social Play of Mantled Howling Monkeys in Costa Rica

The social play of infant and juvenile mantled howling monkeys in Costa Rica was studied via focal sampling (529.2 h) of known individuals of known age over a 22-month period. Observations of adult males (291.2 h of focal samples), done over portions of 3 calendar years, provided supplemental data for the social play of adults. Developmental patterns of play are presented, and are compared with data available for other mantled howlers, other sites, and other species of howlers. Social play by infants and juveniles occurred at the rate of .56 bouts/h, represented 5.79% of the total focal observation time, and bouts had a mean duration of 6.19 minutes. Play by an adult male occurred at the rate of .03 bouts/h (.007/h for all 4 adult males combined), represented 0.24% of his total focal time, and had a mean duration of 5.0 minutes. Ontogenetically, social play began in the 8th week of life. Infants' rates of play and percentage of time spent in play increased from the I1 stage through the I3 stage, then decreased into the juvenile period (> 1 year of age). Mean durations of play bouts increased through the 3 infant stages, then decreased slightly in the J1 stage. The occurrence ofplay groups (3 or more individuals) increased through the infant and juvenile stages. As infants aged, a larger percentage of bouts occurred further from the infants' and juveniles' mothers. With respect to social variables, no overall developmental pattern was evident for playing with an older or younger partner, or a partner that was the offspring of a mother ranked higher or lower than one's own mother; different age classes showed different patterns. When an older sibling was available as a play partner, no preference for this relative was shown. I3's had the highest number of different play partners. Immature howlers played predominantly with other immatures (93% of their interactions). The behaviours observed during play were similar to those reported for other howlers; the behaviours emitted by an adult male were similar to those of the juvenile partner, as was the style and intensity of play. The social play of these mantled howlers is viewed with respect to social, demographic, and ecological variables. The play of howlers is both facilitated and constrained by these variables.
Political Animals: Luck, Love and Dignity

Human beings are both needy and dignified. How should we think about the relationship between our neediness and our worth? Card argues well that our vulnerability to luck is intertwined in the very conditions of moral agency. We can see the merit of her approach even more clearly by turning to some difficulties the Stoics have in preserving dignity while removing vulnerability. Stoicism does, however, help us to sort through the difficulties involved as we try to combine love of particular people with respect for all human life. Richardson is correct to suggest that love itself can animate the concern for all humanity; I also agree with him that institutions must play a major role in any solution to problems of inequality between nations. Although the “capabilities approach” offers an attractive account of one part of the goal of just political institutions, combining, as Moody-Adams suggests, respect for difference with a commitment to universal norms, I now believe that the capabilities account should be combined with a form of Rawlsian political liberalism that protects spaces within which citizens may pursue the good as they understand it.
Surface Reactivity and Plasma Energetics of SiH Radicals during Plasma Deposition of Silicon-Based Materials

The surface reactivity of the SiH radical was measured during plasma deposition of various silicon-based materials using the imaging of radicals interacting with surfaces (IRIS) method. In this technique, spatially resolved laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) is used to determine surface reaction probabilities, R or β, of plasma species. For SiH, R is near unity, 0.96 ± 0.04, and shows no dependence on the gas mixture (SiH4, Si2H6, SiH4/H2, Si2H6/H2, SiH4/NH3, SiH4/N2, and SiH4/CH4) or on the plasma conditions used. The velocity of SiH in the molecular beam has also been measured, yielding the SiH kinetic translational temperature in the plasma. Modeling of the kinetic data yields an average SiH translational temperature of ∼1100−1200 K for both SiH4 and Si2H6 plasmas, which is nearly independent of the applied rf plasma power. The rotational temperature determined from the SiH rotational spectrum is ∼600 K for both plasmas, also with no clear dependence on applied power. The difference in these temperatures...
Seriously considering play: Designing interactive learning environments based on the blending of microworlds, simulations, and games

Little attention has been given to the psychological and sociological value of play despite its many advantages to guiding the design of interactive multimedia learning environments for children and adults. This paper provides a brief overview of the history, research, and theory related to play. Research from education, psychology, and anthropology suggests that play is a powerful mediator for learning throughout a person's life. The time has come to couple the ever increasing processing capabilities of computers with the advantages of play. The design of hybrid interactive learning environments is suggested based on the constructivist concept of a microworld and supported with elements of both games and simulations.
Utilization of landfills as building sites

Abstract Landfill gas (LFG) control measures and operating experience are described for two landfill sites which have been developed in the City of Carson, California. Investigations began in 1975 to develop a completed 10.5-ha Class II landfill site (household and commercial wastes) as a six-screen drive-in theatre including projection and concession facilities. LFG control facilities include 30 extraction wells for on-site protection, 19 perimeter extraction wells for migration control, blower/flare facilities and a subslab membrane and automatic gas detection system for backup protection during active system downtime. Investigations for the second site began in 1977 to develop 3.8 ha of a 7.2-ha Class II landfill site as a truck sales and service centre. LFG control facilities include 14 extraction wells, blower/flare facilities and a subslab membrane. Ongoing operation and maintenance of LFG control facilities is required at both sites to permit continued site occupancy. Activities include blower/flare maintenance, well field monitoring and adjustment, site settlement inspection and repair, monitoring system calibration and maintenance, etc. Buildings at both locations are supported on foundation piles driven through the former landfilled materials.
Historic buildings and modern technology: the California State Library remodels for automation—a case study

Challenges in modifying an older building to accommodate a contemporary library include many of those inherent in planning for any new building: defining future needs, anticipating growth, projecting how new technology will affect functions and staffing patterns. An older building presents additional challenges because electrical, plumbing, and other systems often must be retrofitted to accommodate higher demands. The introduction of new technologies also imposes requirements for ventilation, noise suppression, and temperature regulation that are much more complex than old designs anticipated. Sophisticated, contemporary electronic linkages for voice and data communications make demands that were unknown when the building was designed. These challenges are related to the remodeling of the California State Library.
Morphological and physiological variation among seagrass (Zostera marina) genotypes

Intraspecific variation in habitat-forming species can have important ecological consequences at the population, community, and ecosystem level. However, the contribution of genetic variation among individuals to these effects is seldom documented. We quantified morphological and physiological variation among genotypes of a marine foundation species, the seagrass Zostera marina. We grew replicate shoots of eight genetically distinct Zostera individuals collected from Bodega Bay, California, in a common garden environment and then quantified shoot production and morphology, nutrient uptake, and key photosynthetic parameters. We found that genotypes differed in shoot production, biomass, and both root and shoot nutrient uptake rates, even when corrected for genotype-specific biomass differences. In addition, the rank order of uptake ability differed for ammonium and nitrate, indicating that genotypes may exhibit resource partitioning of different forms of nutrients. Our results suggest that both niche complementarity among genotypes and the sampling/selection effect could contribute to previously observed positive effects of seagrass clonal diversity on resource utilization and biomass production. Further, they highlight that genotypic variation in key traits of habitat-forming species could have measurable effects on community structure and function.
A data-driven software tool for enabling cooperative information sharing among police departments

Abstract Police departments utilize information technology for combating crime, however, mostly for tactical purposes. This paper presents an Artificial-Intelligence software, Crime Similarity System (CSS) that helps police departments develop a strategic viewpoint toward decision-making. CSS utilizes socioeconomic, crime and enforcement profiles of cities to generate a list of communities that are best candidates to cooperate and share experiences. By providing a list of relevant similar communities from whom past experience and learnings can be shared, this tool offers the potential for proactive management. CSS provides a user-friendly front-end enabling easy usage. Camden, NJ and Philadelphia, PA police departments were partners in this development effort. Feedback from these two police departments has validated the benefit of this software in uncovering opportunities for police departments to cooperate. An evaluation using human subjects showed that the CSS software provided significantly better support than a conventional database. The modeling framework developed in this work is versatile, potentially useful for applications beyond law enforcement.
Cyanide lability and linkage isomerism of hexacyanochromate(III) induced by the Co(II) ion.

Reactions between the [MIII(CN)6]3− (M = Fe and Co) anions and the mononuclear complex [CoII(dppe)2(H2O)][BF4]2 result in the formation of two isostructural trinuclear clusters {[CoII(dppe)2]2[MIII(CN)6]}(BF4). Surprisingly, reactions of [Co(dppe)2(H2O)](BF4)2 and [Co(triphos)(CH3CN)2](BF4)2 with [Cr(CN)6]3− yield the mononuclear complexes [Co(dppe)2(CN)](BF4) and [Co(triphos)(CN)2], respectively. In the former case, an unusual pentanuclear intermediate complex {[CoII3(dppe)4(MeCN)][CrIII(CN)6]2} was isolated. The reaction was probed by solution IR spectroscopy, which revealed a gradual conversion of the ν(C≡N) stretches of the starting materials to those of the CN-bridged intermediate and eventually to the single ν(C≡N) stretch of the final mononuclear product. The loss of carbon-bound CN− ligands from [Cr(CN)6]3− occurs on a sufficiently slow time-scale for observation of varying degrees of cyanide linkage isomerism in the trigonal bipyramidal complex {[Co(tmphen)2]3[Cr(CN)6]2}; the study was aided by t...
Introduction, history, and theory of wind power

This paper gives a brief history of wind turbines and what it typically used for. It also analyzes the theory of the wind turbine as well as the parts involved in a correct wind turbine, types of wind turbines, implementation on power systems, and possible advancements in wind power.
Le Choc des langues au Québec 1760-1970 , Guy Bouthillier et Jean Meynaud

En originale konceptita kolekto, la kompilintoj represas dokumentojn, ofte nebone konatajn, ec de autoroj kies biografioj estas netroveblaj. Ne temas pri verkoj por fakuloj, aparte ne por lingvistoj. En la epoko de verkado, la lingvistiko kaj aparte la socilingvistiko kaj politika lingvistiko ne ekzistis.La autoroj sekvas la lingvan problemon en Kebeko de 1760, post la brita venko, gis 1970, kiam la problemo daure restis nesolvita. La plimulto de la libro konsistas el la dokumentoj - eseoj, raportoj, oratorajoj, poemoj ktp., cefe de franc-kanadanoj sed foje de anglalingvanoj au francoj. Enkonduko kutime donas biografion. Entute la libro provizas kulturhistorion de Kebeko kun atento al la nacia, kultura kaj lingva idento.Enkonduko diskutas la demandojn en socilingvistika kaj politik-lingvistika perspektivo. Gi parte diskutas la dokumentojn, sed parte generale esprimas la poiitikan filozofion de la verkintoj. La autoroj koncentrigas al Kebeko. La antaua espcro radii el Kebeko la francan civilizon kaj kulturon al la tuta Ameriko montrigis donkifiota, kaj la franclingvaj usonanoj nepre estos asimilitaj. Kebeko povos helpi la franclingvajn kanadanojn ekster Kebeko nur igante nacia hejmo de ciuj franc-kanadanoj (kp. la vortojn de la Balfour-deklaracio).La lingva konduto igis temo de aktiva soci-scienca esploro nur lastatempe. Giajn cltrovojn oni raportas interalie en LMLP. Forpasis la epoko de sprita, engagita verkado pri kclkaj aspektoj de la temaro. Do ci tiu cefverko longe retenos sian dokumentan valoron.
Effect of stimulation intensity and botulinum toxin isoform on rat bladder strip contractions.

Abstract The present experiments compared the inhibitory effects of botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) and botulinum toxin D (BoNT-D) on neurally evoked contractions of rat bladder strips. We examined the effect of fatigue (trains of 100 shocks at 20 Hz every 20 s for 10 min) followed by non-fatigue stimulation (trains of 100 shocks at 20 Hz every 100 s for 20 min) on the onset of effect and potency of the two toxins. For non-fatigue experiments, strips were untreated ( n =4); or incubated with 1.36 nM BoNT-A ( n =4). During fatigue experiments, strips were untreated ( n =5); or treated with either 1.36 nM BoNT-A ( n =6) or 0.8 nM BoNT-D ( n =6). In non-fatigue experiments, BoNT-A produced significant decreases in contractile area after 1 h of stimulation compared to untreated strips ( P P P
Linear information coupling problems

Many network information theory problems face the similar difficulty of single letterization. We argue that this is due to the lack of a geometric structure on the space of probability distribution. In this paper, we develop such a structure by assuming that the distributions of interest are close to each other. Under this assumption, the K-L divergence is reduced to the squared Euclidean metric in an Euclidean space. Moreover, we construct the notion of coordinate and inner product, which will facilitate solving communication problems. We will also present the application of this approach to the point-to-point channel and the general broadcast channel, which demonstrates how our technique simplifies information theory problems.
The female orgasm: Pelvic contractions

Eleven nulliparous women manually self-stimulated to orgasm, each on three separate occasions. Pelvic contraction pressure was measured by an anal probe and a vaginal probe simultaneously. Near the perceived start of orgasm, a series of regular contractions began in nine of the women. Anal and vaginal contraction waveforms were synchronized with each other, and the same number of orgasmic contractions occurred in each lumen. Anal pressure had a higher resting baseline and greater amplitude contractions than vaginal pressure. The perceived start of orgasm did not correspond precisely with the onset of regular contractions. Mean intercontraction intervals increased linearly at an increment of about 0.1 second through the series of regular contractions. Amplitudes of contraction pressure waveforms, representing pelvic muscular force, were initially low, increased through the first half of the regular series, and then decreased. Area and net area of the pressure waveforms, reflecting pelvic muscular exertion (force x time), increased during the regular orgasmic contractions. Three of the women's orgasms consistently included only a series of regular contractions (orgasm type I). For six other women, orgasms consistently continued beyond the regular series with additional irregular contractions (orgasm type II). Types I and II had been identified previously in men. Two women had no regular contractions during reported orgasms. This pattern, type IV, had not been recorded in men. Women of different types showed marked differences in orgasm duration and number of contractions. Identification of these types in subjects is important for meaningful comparison of contraction parameters in different studies.
Childhood out-of-home placement and dynamics of public shelter utilization among young homeless adults

Abstract This study determined the prevalence of childhood experiences with child welfare supervision and placement among a cohort of 11,401 young sheltered homeless adults and assessed the associations between this prior involvement with child welfare services and the risk of experiencing recurrent and extended episodes of shelter use. This study used the administrative data from two New York City agencies: the Administration for Children's Services and the Department of Homeless Services. Overall, 29% had a childhood child welfare history, and 21% (74% of those with childhood child welfare histories) had histories of out-of-home placement through the child welfare system. Childhood out-of-home placement was associated with an increased number of days spent in shelters among family shelter users and with an increased likelihood of experiencing repeated shelter stays during early adulthood in both the family shelter and single-adult shelter groups. These findings underscore the need for more extensive support and housing services during early adulthood for persons with childhood child welfare histories.
Selective placement and replication strategies for storing audio clips in a naval application

Reduced manning in the naval system requires that a given amount of tasks be performed for time-critical and externally paced missions in an accurate and timely manner utilizing less number of personnel in a warship. The MultiModal WatchStation (MMWS) in navy ships provides a mechanism to aid in this endeavor. The focus of this study is on the storage and management of audio clips generated by MMWS operators within and across the navy ships. The generated audio clips must be stored in a persistent storage (i.e., secondary and tertiary storage) in order to facilitate future query on the past messages. Since the persistent storage is distributed across many sites (i.e., ships), a query response time might be intolerable if the requested clips are not stored local to the party submitting the query. In order to improve the query response time, traditional solutions tend to replicate data across all the sites. One problem preventing them from this over- replication is the overhead associated with ensuring data consistency when information is modified. Within the MMWS application, however, the size of audio clips are large and hence it is not cost effective to replicate them at every site. Furthermore, the audio clips once stored are never modified and hence consistency is not an issue. Finally, the types of queries on stored audio clips, and their frequency of submissions are known a priori. This knowledge can be exploited for a selective replication which can improve query response time. Therefore, focusing on MMWS application, we propose a dynamic placement/replacement strategy which intelligently stores read-only and large-size audio clips by considering query workload. We compared the performance of our dynamic strategy with other alternative static strategies using a simulation experiment. Our results indicate that the dynamic strategy is promising with regards to query response time.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Decomposition Scheme for Continuous Network Design Problem with Asymmetric User Equilibria

The continuous network design problem is formulated as a mathematical program with complementarity constraints (MPCC) and a Gauss-Seidel decomposition scheme is presented for the solution of the MPCC model. The model has an upper level as a nonlinear programming problem and the lower level as a nonlinear complementarity problem. With the application of the complementarity slackness condition of the lower-level problem, the original bilevel formulation can be converted into a single-level nonlinear programming problem. To solve the single-level problem, a decomposition scheme that can resolve the possible dimensionality problem (i.e., a large number of defining variables) is developed. The decomposition scheme is tested, and promising results are shown for well-known test problems.
Abstract LB-187: Dietary energy balance modulation of Kras- and Ink4a/Arf+/-driven pancreatic cancer: the role of insulin-like growth factor-1.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC New molecular targets and intervention strategies for breaking the obesity-pancreatic cancer link are urgently needed. Using relevant murine spontaneous and orthotopically transplanted models of pancreatic cancer, we tested the hypothesis that dietary energy balance modulation impacts pancreatic cancer development and progression through an insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1—dependent mechanism. In LSL-KrasG12D/Pdx-1-Cre/Ink4a/Arflox/+ mice, calorie restriction, versus overweight- or obesity-inducing diet regimens, decreased serum IGF-1, tumoral Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, pancreatic desmoplasia, and progression to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC); and increased pancreatic tumor-free survival by 50%. Serum IGF-1, Akt/mTOR signaling, and orthotopically transplanted PDAC growth were decreased in liver-specific IGF-1—deficient mice (versus wild-type mice), and rescued with IGF-1 infusion. Thus, dietary energy balance modulation impacts spontaneous pancreatic tumorigenesis induced by mutant Kras and Ink4a/Arf deficiency, the most common genetic alterations in human pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, IGF-1 and components of its downstream signaling pathway are promising mechanistic targets for breaking the obesity-pancreatic cancer link. Citation Format: Laura M. Lashinger, Lauren M. Harrison, Audrey J. Rasmussen, Craig D. Logsdon, Susan M. Fischer, Mark J. McArthur, Stephen D. Hursting. Dietary energy balance modulation of Kras- and Ink4a/Arf+/-driven pancreatic cancer: the role of insulin-like growth factor-1. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-187. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-LB-187
Marketing online banking to the indifferent consumer: A longitudinal analysis of banks' actions

US banks have invested heavily in developing online capabilities, with the expectation of migrating customers to the new, cheaper delivery system. Results in the USA thus far have been mixed at best. This paper reports on the second of two studies conducted to investigate the reasons for the mediocre performance. While the first study focused on the consumer perspective, this one examines banks' online marketing efforts to migrate customers. A quantitative, longitudinal study examined banks' actions in March 2002 and again in September 2003. The findings indicate that most banks have not learned much. Both in 2002 and in 2003, most banks have acted as though customers were already convinced about the appeal of online banking services. The marketing activities reported here were inappropriate and insufficient to appeal to the indifferent consumer. Almost no learning or improvement in tactics has been observed during the 18-month period. Most banks simply continue to pursue ineffective strategies. Specific suggestions for future efforts to accelerate the adoption rate by focusing on an experiential-learning approach are discussed.
Pharmacological enhancement of protease inhibitors with ritonavir: an update

Advances in HIV treatment since the approval of the first antiretroviral (ARV) medication have occurred at a rapid pace. However, resistance to these medications can occur quickly owing to inadequate plasma concentrations resulting from poor adherence related to intolerable drug toxicities and complex dosing schedules. Drug–drug and drug–food interactions can also result in inadequate ARV drug exposure. Ritonavir is a potent cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitor and low doses can be used in combination with almost all protease inhibitors to overcome most drug–drug and drug–food interactions. Little toxicity can be attributed to the addition of low-dose ritonavir to an ARV regimen, and most patients find that the added pills do not adversely affect adherence. This article reviews the pharmacological use of ritonavir for pharmacokinetic enhancement (or boosting) and updates the clinical use of boosted protease inhibitors.