cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The association between manic symptoms in adolescence and preschool symptoms: The importance of family history.

Objectives First, to investigate whether specific manic symptoms in preschool predict manic symptom severity in adolescence. Second, to investigate the interaction between family history (FH) of bipolar disorder (BP) and preschool manic symptoms in predicting later adolescent manic symptom severity. Methods This analysis utilized data from the Preschool Depression Study (PDS) which followed 306 preschoolers aged 3-6 years over time since 2003. Only subjects who had data both at baseline (age 3-6 years) and at or after age 12 were included (n = 122). Baseline manic symptom severity scores and diagnoses were assessed by the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA). Manic symptoms severity at age ≥12 was assessed by the Kiddie Mania Rating Scale (KMRS). FH were ascertained by Family Interview for Genetic Studies (FIGS). Multilevel models of KMRS total score at age ≥12 by preschool mania symptoms with gender, baseline age, baseline ADHD, as well as baseline MDD diagnosis as covariates, and false discovery rate correction were used in statistical analysis. Results Hypertalkativity, flight of ideas, uninhibited gregariousness, decreased need for sleep (DNFS), and increased motor pressure/ motor activity/ energy in preschool were associated with increased KMRS score at age ≥12. Racing thoughts, inappropriate laughing, and DNFS in early childhood were associated with higher manic symptoms in adolescence in subjects with FH of BP compared to those without FH. Conclusion The longitudinal clinical importance of displaying manic symptoms (racing thoughts, inappropriate laughing, and DNFS) in early childhood varies by FH. Among the aforementioned symptoms, DNFS was a robust predictor of later manic symptoms. Assessing FH of BP is very important in clinical risk prediction from early childhood.
The role of language ability in verbal fluency of individuals with multiple sclerosis.

Abstract Background While cognitive deficits in memory and processing speed have been well-documented in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS), language is largely considered to be intact. Verbal fluency deficits observed in MS are often attributed to impaired processing speed and executive functions rather than language ability. The current study evaluates the contribution of various cognitive factors to verbal fluency including language ability, oral-motor speed, processing speed, and executive functions. Methods We analyzed pre-existing data from seventy-four (74) individuals with MS who completed a battery of neuropsychological tests designed to assess individual ability for various cognitive factors. We conducted linear multiple regression analyses with letter and category verbal fluency as outcome variables and performance on other cognitive domains (e.g., processing speed, executive functioning) as predictors. Results Both vocabulary and processing speed predicted letter fluency while only vocabulary predicted category fluency. These findings suggest that the observed verbal fluency deficits in MS may reflect both impaired language ability and processing speed. Conclusion We propose that further research on language ability in MS is needed to determine if comprehensive neuropsychological test batteries for persons with MS should include tests of language ability to fully understand the cognitive profile of any given patient. Given the importance of language ability, it may be necessary to conduct a more thorough assessment of language in individuals with MS who experience a deficit in this domain.
The Day Evaluation Q-Sort

Abstract. The Day Evaluation Q-sort (DEQ) is a measure designed to describe the day as it is experienced. In two undergraduate samples (Ns = 472 and 302), this research explores how the day is desc...
Influence of Morphology and Waveform Parameters on the Neural Response to Spinal Cord Stimulation

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is a neurostimulation treatment for patients suffering from refractory chronic pain. Thousands of SCS systems are implanted annually, yet its success rate remains suboptimal, largely because its therapeutic mechanisms of action are not well understood. The direct effects of SCS – i.e., which neuronal elements are activated directly by the electrical currents produced by SCS systems – remain unclear, precluding improvement. In this study, we used computational modeling to investigate which neuronal elements are activated directly by SCS, and how various physiological and technical factors influence the neural response. To simulate the neural response to SCS, we evaluated the SCS-produced voltage distributions using the finite element method and then applied these voltages to biophysical neuron models of local cells in the spinal cord's dorsal horn as well as primary afferent fibers. We performed this analysis for three common SCS paradigms – conventional (50 Hz), 10 kHz, and burst stimulation. Our results indicate that primary afferent fibers are recruited at lower stimulation amplitudes than local cells in the dorsal horn for all SCS paradigms. Furthermore, we observed that primary afferent collateralization patterns (i.e., number and spacing of collaterals) and medio-lateral electrode shift affected the neural response.
Full Code to Do-Not-Resuscitate: Culturally Adapted Palliative Care Consultations and Code Status Change Among Seriously Ill Hispanic Patients.

Background:Palliative care and hospice services are disproportionately underutilized by ethnic minority patients. Addressing barriers to utilization of these services is critical to reducing dispar...
Introduction to the management of penile cancer

The diagnosis and management of penile carcinoma presents many challenges. The purpose of this book is to centralize the most current information in an easily accessible source to reduce practice variability in the detection and management of penile cancer. The first part of the book deals with the epidemiology and natural history; the pathology of penile cancer detailing the clinical, morphologic, and outcome features of each tumor type that highlights the pathologic risk factors; the genetic pathologic mechanisms of penile cancer utilizing genetic and proteomic approaches that identify potential genetic and circulating tumor markers; and an overview of prognostic factors for penile cancer. Next, there is a critical review of current and newer imaging techniques for the detection, clinical staging, and surveillance of penile cancer with a critical assessment of their utility in each of these applications.
Evangelical Youth Culture: Christian Music and the Political

Evangelical Christianity has become a powerful force in American popular media and the political arena. The reason for evangelicalism’s rise to prominence has been widely researched. Contemporary manifestations of popular evangelicalism remain connected to a mythology that can be traced to one of many expressions commonly associated with the American counterculture of the 1960s, specifically a revival of conservative Christianity known as the Jesus Movement, a new way of expressing Christian belief that largely targeted American youth. Today’s youth (not unlike youth in every generation) continue to seek identity. For the most part, the media paradigm that emerged during the 1970s and 1980s evolved into a parallel universe of evangelical culture, which operated as chief purveyor of both evangelical belief and identity. The result was a groundswell of new activity as the evangelical culture industry rallied around new, popular ways of expressing Christian belief; the most compelling example has been contemporary Christian music. This essay will focus primarily on Christian music as a potential causal agent in the lives of evangelical youth, and considers how these youth are formed by music while also challenging how popular music represents evangelical belief and identity.
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED conference on Languages, compilers, and tools for embedded systems

It is with great pleasure that we welcome you to the ACM 2007 Conference on Languages Compilers and Tools for Embedded Systems (LCTES'07) on behalf of its organizational committees. The aim of LCTES is to provide a premier forum for sharing the latest significant research results on embedded systems, with an emphasis on programming languages, compilers, tools, and novel architectures. We hope that you will find this year's program interesting and thought-provoking and that the conference will once again provide you with a good opportunity to interact with researchers and practitioners from around the world. In response to our call for papers, 76 papers were submitted from academic and industrial institutions in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, Middle East, and North and South Americas. All submissions were reviewed through a "double-blind" process, in which the authors remained anonymous (except to the Program Chair) until the acceptance decisions were made by the program committee. Papers submitted by members of the program committee were subjected to the same review process. Neither the program Chair nor the general Chair submitted any papers. Each submitted paper was reviewed by at least three committee members, with the help from external expert reviewers in some cases. Over 93% of the submitted papers were each reviewed by four to six committee members. The program committee convened on the 25th of March in Chicago for an all-day meeting to reach consensus on the program. Members with a potential conflict of interest on a paper neither reviewed nor participated in the discussion of the paper. Anyone from the same institution of a coauthor or, in the past three years, having published a paper with him or her is considered as having a conflict of interest on that submission. The program chair had a conflict of interest on one of the submissions. The review and discussion of that paper was moderated by Professor Jack Davidson of University of Virginia without any involvement of the Program Chair. At the end of the meeting, the program committee selected 21 high quality papers for the regular program, representing roughly a 28% acceptance rate. The committee also identified nine additional papers and invited their authors to the poster session. We are pleased that the poster authors have an opportunity to present a work-in-progress summary in a special session. The composition of the program before you covers a range of important issues in embedded systems, including software reliability, low-power computing, embedded Java, real-time systems, multi-core systems, VLIW for DSP/stream applications, compiler analysis, and the entire memory hierarchy. We thank the program committee and the external reviewers for their diligent review effort and to all the authors who submitted their most recent fine work to this conference.
A 167 μW 915 MHz gain-boosted LC VCO

This paper presents the design and performance of a gain-boosted LC voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) topology for ultra-low-power applications. The proposed topology utilizes a second active gain stage to reduce startup power while maintaining acceptable phase noise for low-data-rate applications. The VCO consumes 167 μW from a 1.2 V supply when operating at 915 MHz and exhibits phase noise of −97.9 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset. It has a 4-bit digital tuning range of about 80 MHz and an analog tuning range of at least 22.5 MHz. The VCO also has a binary frequency-shift keying (BFSK) modulating system with 550 kHz shift. The VCO is realized in a 0.13 μm CMOS process and occupies 0.26 mm2 of area.
Structure and Function of the Hemoglobins of the Carp, Cyprinus carpio

Abstract Amino acid analysis and tryptic peptide mapping indicate that the α chains of the three major hemoglobin components are significantly different, whereas either no or very slight differences were found among the β chains. The amino acid sequence of the first 28 residues of the β chain of Component I indicates that the A helix is probably the same length in both carp and human β chains. The oxygen equilibria of the isolated components, I, II and III, appear to be indistinguishable from one another. ATP enhances the normal alkaline Bohr effect of carp hemoglobin, and CO2 depresses the Bohr effect between pH 7 and 8. Cooperativity as measured by n in Hill's equation is maximal at about pH 6.5 in 0.05 m bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-imino-tris-(hydroxymethyl)methane, 0.1 m NaCl but shifts to pH 7.5 in the presence of saturating ATP. A simple model suggests that cooperativity in carp hemoglobin may require the presence of a particular set of protonated species, the concentration of which is maximal at about pH 6.5. The model suggests that the alkaline shift in the position of this maximum in the presence of ATP may result from the preferential binding of ATP at low pH.
Fractal Location and Anomalous Diffusion Dynamics for Oil Wells from the KY Geological Survey

Utilizing data available from the Kentucky Geonet (KYGeonet.ky.gov) the fossil fuel mining locations created by the Kentucky Geological Survey geo-locating oil and gas wells are mapped using ESRI ArcGIS in Kentucky single plain 1602 ft projection. This data was then exported into a spreadsheet showing latitude and longitude for each point to be used for modeling at different scales to determine the fractal dimension of the set. Following the porosity and diffusivity studies of Tarafdar and Roy1 we extract fractal dimensions of the fossil fuel mining locations and search for evidence of scaling laws for the set of deposits. The Levy index is used to determine a match to a statistical mechanically motivated generalized probability function for the wells. This probability distribution corresponds to a solution of a dynamical anomalous diffusion equation of fractional order that describes the Levy paths which can be solved in the diffusion limit by the Fox H function ansatz.
Problems and Challenges of the echr’s Extraterritorial Application to Law-Enforcement Operations at Sea

Recently the European Court of Human Rights has been challenged with questions concerning the scope of the State’s responsibility for violations of human rights that occurred on international waters. The complaints concern the international fight on illicit drug trafficking, piracy and illegal immigration. The analysed case law provides that occurrences on international waters constitute cases of extraterritorial jurisdiction and may engage responsibility of the State under the ECHR in the events that take place on board a vessel flying its flag (jurisdiction de iure ) and in case of occurrences that happen on board foreign vessels, if the State exercises an effective control over a ship or its crew (jurisdiction de facto ). Unfortunately, the Court’s findings prove difficult to follow in a few points as the judges applied the Strasboaurg standard too strictly, irrespective of the practical challenges of maritime law-enforcement operations and existing institutions of the law of the sea.
Genetic Structure of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii and viciae Populations Found in Two Oregon Soils under Different Plant Communities

An investigation was carried out to determine the genetic structure in soil populations of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii and viciae at each of two Oregon sites (A and C) that were 1 km apart. Although the soils were similar, the plant communities were quite different because grazing by domestic animals had been allowed (site A) or prevented (site C). Analysis of allelic variation at 13 enzyme-encoding loci by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis delineated 202 chromosomal types (ETs) among a total of 456 isolates representing two populations of R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii (AT and CT) and two populations of R. leguminosarum bv. viciae (AV and CV). Regardless of their site of origin or biovar affiliation, isolates of the same ET were confirmed to be more closely related to each other than to isolates of other ETs by repetitive extragenic palindromic and enterobacterial repetitive intergeneric consensus sequences and the PCR technique. Despite the wide range in densities of the Rhizobium populations ( 105/g of soil), their overall genetic diversities were similar (mean genetic diversity, 0.45 to 0.51), indicating that low-density populations of soil-borne bacterial species are not necessarily of little genetic diversity. Linkage disequilibrium analysis revealed significant multilocus structure (nonrandom associations of alleles) within each of the four populations. From a combination of cluster and linkage disequilibrium analyses, a total of eight distinct groups of ETs were defined in the four populations. Two groups (I and III) contributed significant numbers of ETs and isolates to each population. The two populations of R. leguminosarum bv. viciae (AV and CV) exhibited similar genetic structures despite existing at different densities, in different plant communities, and in the presence (CV) or absence (AV) of their local Vicia hosts. In contrast, total linkage disequilibrium was partitioned differently in two biovar populations occupying the same soil (AV and AT), with disequilibrium in the latter being due entirely to the presence of group V.
Robustness of the Astrom-Wittenmark's self-tuning controller

In robust adaptive control, the problem concerning robustness of the original self-tuning controller proposed by K. J. Astrom and B. Wittenmark in 1973 is still open. A solution of this problem is presented, and it is proved that a least-squares based self-tuning controller is robust with respect to unmodeled dynamics and unstructured external disturbances. Global stability of the considered self-tuning controller is established by incorporating projection of the parameter estimates in the estimation algorithm and assuming that the reference signal is persistently exciting. It is shown that behind the robustnsss of the least-squares based self-tuning controller is the self-excitation mechanism, which provides a condition number of the ponderation matrix in the estimation algorithm to be always bounded. >
Auxin-induced Expansion Growth in Disks of Chicory Root (Cichorium intybus)

Expansion growth in response to auxin in chicory root slices is greater than that reported for any other fleshy tissue. Responsiveness depends on time of harvest and duration of root storage.
Ethanol and the response to electric shock in rats.

Abstract Moderate doses of ethanol (2 g/kg) were found to have an analgesic effect in rats. When tested with either foot- or tail-shock, the animals showed progressive analgesia with increasing levels of ethanol in the blood. The vocalization response seemed to be the most sensitive indicator of this parameter. The analgesic effect of ethanol was decreased by half when serotonin levels in the brain were decreased after treatment of animals with p-chloroamphetamine. Inhibition of catecholamine synthesis with α-methyl tyrosine had no effect on the analgesic effect of ethanol.
Linear logical approximations

The abstract interpretation of programs relates the exact semantics of a programming language to an approximate semantics that can be effectively computed. We show that, by specifying operational semantics in a bottom-up, linear logic programming language -- a technique we call "substructural operational semantics" (SSOS) -- manifestly sound program approximations can be derived by simple and intuitive approximations of the logic program. As examples, we describe how to derive a simple alias analysis, 0CFA, and kCFA analysis from a substructural operational semantics of the relevant languages.
Squamous-cell carcinoma of the vulva: locally advanced disease

Abstract About 30–40% of vulvar cancers present with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) (clinical) stage III or IV disease. Although surgical staging was introduced by FIGO in 1988 and hard data on this system are still relatively few, a review of our own patients suggests that this percentage of patients with advanced stage vulvar cancer probably still holds. We have considered carcinoma of the vulva to be locally advanced when the primary or recurring tumour cannot be locally managed by a radical vulvar resection. Current approaches to the treatment of locally advanced vulvar cancer include ultraradical surgery, radiotherapy, chemo-radiotherapy and a combination of treatment modalities. This chapter reviews the current approaches to the treatment of locally advanced vulvar cancer.
Repeatedly Thinking about a Non-event: Source Misattributions among Preschoolers

Abstract In this paper we review the factors alleged to be responsible for the creation of inaccurate reports among preschool-aged children, focusing on so-called "source misattribution errors." We present the first round of results from an ongoing program of research that suggests that source misattributions could be a powerful mechanism underlying children′s false beliefs about having experienced fictitious events. Preliminary findings from this program of research indicate that all children of all ages are equally susceptible to making source misattributions. Data from a follow-up wave of data indicate that very young children may be disproportionately vulnerable to these kinds of errors when the procedure is changed slightly to create mental images more easily. This vulnerability leads younger preschoolers, on occasion, to claim that they actually experienced events that they only thought about. These preliminary findings are discussed in the context of the ongoing debate over the veracity and durability of delayed reports of early memories, repressed memories, dissociative states, and the validity risks posed by therapeutic techniques that entail repeated visually guided imagery inductions.
Extremum-seeking adaptive controller for swirl-stabilized spray combustion

An extremum-seeking controller was demonstrated in a swirl-stabilized spray combustor. Pressure signals measured by a pressure transducer at the dump plane were processed and utilized to operate a high-frequency valve that modulated the fuel stream. The effects of phase delay control were investigated in two modes: a manual off-line determination of the optimum phase delay and an adaptive peak-seeking algorithm. The adaptive scheme was able to achieve similar suppression levels as the manually set optimal phase: 43% and 79% reduction in pressure and heat flux oscillations, respectively. The extremum-seeking algorithm achieved control at the optimal phase within 1.75 s. Stability margins of the extremum-seeking algorithm were determined by varying operational parameters including the perturbation signal frequency and amplitude and the integrator gain. Perturbation frequencies were required to be significantly different from the instability frequency to allow distinction between the perturbation and instability timescales. The amplitude of the perturbation signal had to be an order of magnitude smaller than the pressure fluctuations level to achieve convergence and prevent continuous destabilization of the combustion. Outside the required parameters range, the controller lost its authority and caused destabilization of the system. NOx and CO emissions were recorded at the exhaust of the combustor during controlled operation. The NOx was reduced by 16%, while the CO increased by 33% due to a decrease in temperature.
Kinetic pathways and carbonic anhydrase mechanisms

Abstract Carbonic anhydrase (CA) exists in three forms: the low-pH form (L); the high-pH form (H); and the anion-inhibited from (A). The latter includes the bicarbonate complex. All three forms have been demonstrated in CA I and, when sulfate is removed, in CA II. The L-form of CA III has not yet been seen, even at pH 5. Equilibrium among the three forms in a sample of CA can be established, in principle, by kinetic pathways connecting any two forms; which pathway dominates is as yet an open question. By invoking the usual ping-pong mechanism of CA, during which hydration of CO2 causes the enzyme to go from H to L, the kinetic pathway connecting A and H is ignored, essentially by definition. Rarely has the AH pathway been considered (cf. Koenig et al., 1980). Though there are few data to demonstrate the relative kinetics of the AL and AH pathways, it can be argued that the latter is buffer-mediated, which could distinguish the two. In this case, the lifetime of a bound anion would be buffer-dependent. We have investigated this point by measuring the nuclear relaxation rates of fluorine of trifluoroacetate in Co2+CA II solutions. The fluorine linewidth, and thus the anion exchange rate, is independent of buffer concentration up to ∼50 mM, which argues for the AL pathway predominating.
Data-parallel mesh connected components labeling and analysis

We present a data-parallel algorithm for identifying and labeling the connected sub-meshes within a domaindecomposed 3D mesh. The identification task is challenging in a distributed-memory parallel setting because connectivity is transitive and the cells composing each sub-mesh may span many or all processors. Our algorithm employs a multi-stage application of the Union-find algorithm and a spatial partitioning scheme to efficiently merge information across processors and produce a global labeling of connected sub-meshes. Marking each vertex with its corresponding sub-mesh label allows us to isolate mesh features based on topology, enabling new analysis capabilities. We briefly discuss two specific applications of the algorithm and present results from a weak scaling study. We demonstrate the algorithm at concurrency levels up to 2197 cores and analyze meshes containing up to 68 billion cells.
The special effect of fluoride on the chromatography of acidic analytes on polybutadiene-coated zirconia

The special effect of fluoride as a Lewis base additive in suppressing the ligand-exchange interactions for acidic analytes on polybutadiene-coated zirconia (PBD-ZrO2) has been investigated. We found that fluoride is more effective than phosphate in improving the separation efficiency for strong acids. The improvement is attributed to that fluoride has a smaller size and a more flexible coordination chemistry towards zirconium centers than phosphate; consequently, fluoride can more effectively improve the kinetics of the ligand-exchange processes for strongly acidic analytes. We demonstrated that using a small amount of fluoride in combination with a larger quantity of phosphate is a practical way to improve the separation efficiency and resolution for acidic analytes. Some example separations are presented.
Cynical Mistrust and the search for self-worth

Abstract Cynical Mistrust was examined among 64 medical and surgical patients, 23 of whom were selected for a history of CHD and 41 for an absence of such a history. Cynical Mistrust was found to differentiate subjects with a positive history from those without such a history. As hypothesized, persons scoring high in Cynical Mistrust also scored high in Self-Worth by Social Comparison, Playing Hardball with Others and Self-Criticism. Surprisingly, high scores in Cynical Mistrust among subjects with a coronary history also scored high in Dependency on others for validation that they were deserving of being loved. We suggest that the pathogenicity of Cynical Mistrust for CHD may be potentiated by the presence of certain other dispositions. Further investigation of dependency on others in particular appears to be worthwhile in order to determine whether consideration of this disposition can improve the identification of risk for CHD.
Performance Analysis and Optimization of Distributed Workflows in Heterogeneous Network Environments

Large-scale e-science features complex DAG-structured workflows comprised of computing modules with intricate inter-module dependencies. Mapping such workflows in heterogeneous network environments and optimizing their end-to-end performance are crucial to the success of scientific collaborations that require fast system response and smooth data flow. We construct analytical cost models and formulate workflow mapping as optimization problems for minimum end-to-end delay and maximum frame rate. The difficulty of these problems essentially arises from the topological matching nature in the spatial domain, which is further compounded by the resource sharing complicacy in the temporal dimension. For unitary processing applications, we develop a workflow mapping algorithm based on a recursive critical path optimization procedure to minimize the latency; while for streaming applications, we conduct a rigorous workflow stability analysis and develop a layer-oriented dynamic programming solution based on topological sorting to identify and minimize the global bottleneck time. The accuracy of the proposed exact delay calculation algorithm is verified in comparison with an approximate solution, a dynamic distributed system simulation program, and a real network deployment, and the performance superiority of the proposed mapping approaches are illustrated by extensive simulation-based comparisons with existing algorithms and verified by large-scale experiments on real-life scientific workflows through effective system implementation and deployment in real networks.
Corrigendum: How many People have Alcohol Use Disorders? Using the Harmful Dysfunction Analysis to Rectify Prevalence Rates in Two Community Surveys

In this corrigendum, we identify and correct some misleading results concerning 1-year alcohol use disorder (AUD) reported in our earlier publication (1). The problems stem from coding anomalies in the epidemiological survey from which we drew data for our secondary analyses. Misinterpretations based on the misleading results are also corrected.
Adding colchicine to standard therapy after cardiac surgery reduced risk for the postpericardiotomy syndrome

Source Citation Imazio M, Trinchero R, Brucato A, et al. COlchicine for the Prevention of the Post-pericardiotomy Syndrome (COPPS): a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial...
Red cell glutathione reductase: mechanism of action of inhibitors.

Abstract 1. 1. The mechanism of action of 3 inhibitors of human red cell glutathione reductase (NADPH:oxidized glutathione oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.4.2), hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), N -ethylmaleimide, and 2,5-dinitrobenzoic acid was studied in relation to the two forms of the enzyme, an active form with flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and an inactive form without FAD. 2. 2. N -Ethylmaleimide (1 mM optimal) inhibits glutathione reductase activity both in the active form and in the inactive form to the same extent in the presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). The inhibition of the active form of glutathione reductase by N -ethylmaleimide is completely reversible, but the effect of N -ethylmaleimide on the inactive form is irreversible. 3. 3. Hexavalent chromium (0.5 mM optimal) inhibited almost irreversibly 90% of glutathione reductase activity in the active form associated with FAD in the presence of NADPH. However, hexavalent chromium appears to be incapable of inhibiting the inactive form of glutathione reductase without FAD. Sulfhydryl group(s) of the enzyme protein of glutathione reductase are essential for irreversible inhibition of the active form by Cr(VI). 4. 4. 2,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid (4 mM optimal) irreversibly inhibited about 50% of glutathione reductase activity in both the active and the inactive forms to the same extent. Sulfhydryl group(s) or FAD appears to be unnecessary for inhibition of the enzymatic activity. 2,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid may bind irreversibly to some structure(s) of the enzyme protein other than sulfhydryl radicals.
Biological activities of monoclonal antibodies reactive with antigenic sites mapped on the G1 glycoprotein of La Crosse virus

Monoclonal antibodies have been prepared which are specific for the G1 glycoprotein of La Crosse virus. By competitive radioimmunoassay, 20 IgG-producing clones were found to map in eight antigenic sites; three distinct and five which showed individual patterns of partial competition indicating they may be in close proximity. Unique in situ trypsin cleavage sites on G1 have helped in orienting these defined epitopes relative to the viral membrane. Antibody molecules belonging to one epitope (H) mapped on the trypsin-resistant part of G1 and had negative or extremely low neutralizing and hemagglutination inhibition activities. Seven epitopes were located on the trypsin-sensitive part of G1, a 25,000-Da region which is probably the amino terminus of the protein. Antibodies binding to six of these seven epitopes (A, B, D, E, F, and G) were positive for neutralization and inhibition of hemagglutination, but exhibited a wide range of activities. Epitopes A, F, and G seem to be in an immunodominant region containing the primary site(s) for attachment to cell receptors. Antibody specific for the remaining epitope (C) was unique in that it bound to a site closely adjacent to neutralizing antibody sites, enhanced antibody binding to epitopes A and G, but lacked the capacity to neutralize viral infectivity or inhibit hemagglutination. Enhancement of antibody binding also occurred between two other closely adjacent sites (B and D) and one other distinct epitope (G). In addition, antibody from an IgM-producing clone competed with antibodies to these same four epitopes (B, C, D, and G), indicating they are in close proximity. These data have been used to construct an antigenic map that may now be used as a working model for the study of virus neutralization.
Differential Regulation of Enolase during Anaerobiosis in Maize

It was reported previously that enolase enzyme activity and ENO1 transcript levels are induced by anaerobic stress in maize (Zea mays). Here we show that not all isoforms of maize enolase are anaerobically induced. We cloned and sequenced a second enolase cDNA clone (pENO2) from maize. Sequence analysis showed that pENO2 shares 75.6% nucleotide and 89.5% deduced amino acid sequence identity with pENO1 and is encoded by a distinct gene. Expression of ENO2 is constitutive under aerobic conditions, whereas ENO1 levels are induced 10-fold in maize roots after 24 h of anaerobic treatment. Western-blot analysis and N-terminal sequencing of in vivo-labeled maize roots identified two major proteins selectively synthesized upon anaerobic stress as isozymes of enolase. We describe the expression of enolase in maize roots under anaerobic stress.
In Vivo and In Vitro Characterization of the Immune Stimulating Activity of the Neisserial Porin PorB

Vaccines play a vital role in modern medicine. The development of novel vaccines for emerging and resistant pathogens has been aided in recent years by the use of novel adjuvants in subunit vaccines. A deeper understanding of the molecular pathways behind adjuvanticity is required to better select immunostimulatory molecules for use in individual vaccines. To this end, we have undertaken a study of the essential signaling pathways involved in the innate and adaptive immune responses to the Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane protein Porin B (PorB). We have previously demonstrated that PorB is an agonist of Toll-Like Receptor 2 (TLR2) and acts as an adjuvant in vaccines for protein, carbohydrate and lipopolysaccharide antigens using murine models. Here we demonstrate NFκB translocation following stimulation with PorB only occurs in the presence of TLR2. IL-6 and TNF-α secretion was shown to be MAPK dependent. Surface expression of activation markers on macrophages, including CD40, CD69, and CD86, was increased following PorB stimulation in vitro. Interestingly, some upregulation of CD54 and CD69 was still observed in macrophages obtained from TLR2 KO mice, indicating a possible non-TLR2 mediated activation pathway induced by PorB. In a murine vaccination model, using ovalbumin as the antigen and PorB as the adjuvant, a decreased antigen-specific IgG production was observed in TLR2 KO mice; adjuvant-dependent increased IgG production was entirely ablated in MyD88 KO mice. These observations demonstrate the importance of the above pathways to the adjuvant activity of PorB. The potential TLR2 independent effect is currently being explored.
Detailed Food Web Networks of Three Greater Antillean Coral Reef Systems: The Cayman Islands, Cuba, and Jamaica

Food webs represent one of the most complex aspects of community biotic interactions. Complex food webs are represented as networks of interspecific interactions, where nodes represent species or groups of species, and links are predator-prey interactions. This paper presents reconstructions of coral reef food webs in three Greater Antillean regions of the Caribbean: the Cayman Islands, Cuba, and Jamaica. Though not taxonomically comprehensive, each food web nevertheless comprises producers and consumers, single-celled and multicellular organisms, and species foraging on reefs and adjacent seagrass beds. Species are grouped into trophic guilds if their prey and predator links are indistinguishable. The data list guilds, taxonomic composition, prey guilds/species, and predators. Primary producer and invertebrate richness are regionally uniform, but vertebrate richness varies on the basis of more detailed occurrence data. Each region comprises 169 primary producers, 513 protistan and invertebrate consumer species, and 159, 178, and 170 vertebrate species in the Cayman Islands, Cuba, and Jamaica, respectively. Caribbean coral reefs are among the world's most endangered by anthropogenic activities. The datasets presented here will facilitate comparisons of historical and regional variation, the assessment of impacts of species loss and invasion, and the application of food webs to ecosystem analyses.
A Game Theoretic Bus Selection Method for Loads in Multibus DC Power Systems

DC power systems with multiple buses for redundancy are more reliable and provide reconfiguration options. A game-theoretic-based modeling approach for bus selection is proposed in this paper, which is based on local information of the player and does not require a centralized controller. The initial section provides the modeling and optimization of a single-input player. This modeling mainly follows on the players' local objectives and discrete choices of bus connections. Therefore, in this case, the controller obtains Nash equilibrium (NE) for the pure strategy game. Then, the approach is extended for the integration of global objectives with minimal communication. In addition, different objective priorities are integrated into the optimization routine. Next, the analysis is extended to multi-input player situations which are related to the class of mixed and continuous strategy games. This modeling is important, since the payoff matrix approach does not find an NE in all cases. Finally, the bus selection modeling is carried out by taking the system dynamics into account. This is important for the cases where the system has sudden load or source fluctuations. Experimental results are obtained, which validate the theory.
Adsorption Equilibrium of Benzene-P-Xylene Vapor Mixture on Silicalite

Abstract Adsorption equilibrium of benzene—p-xylene vapor mixture on silicalite is measured at 70°C with a specially designed cyclic volumetric apparatus at pressure levels of 2.53 and 1.20 kPa. The isobaric isotherms are S-shaped, and selectivity curves at different pressures cross over; the p-xylene selectivity at 2.53 kPa is higher than that at 1.20 kPa over a certain composition range. The heterogeneous ideal adsorption solution (HIAS) model implemented on two patches qualitatively predicts these highly unusual behavior. The observed extraodinary phenomena are attributed to structural heterogeneity, a result of the tight-fit of sorbate molecules in silicalite pores. The succes of HIAS attests to the paramount importance of adequate representation of heterogeneity in adsorption models.
THE CYCLIC CHANGES IN THE MAMMARY GLAND UNDER NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS : II. THE CHANGES IN THE PREGNANT GUINEA PIG, THE EFFECT OF LUTEIN INJECTIONS, AND THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE CYCLE OF THE UTERUS AND OVARIES AND THE CYCLE OF THE MAMMARY GLAND.

1. In the pregnant guinea pig proliferation of the mammary gland becomes regular only at a later stage of pregnancy; namely, during the period following the 24th day of pregnancy. Previous to this period proliferation was absent in the majority of cases. Proliferation of the mammary gland during pregnancy becomes regular only at a period of time which exceeds the duration of the normal sexual cycle unaccompanied by pregnancy. It is probable that pregnancy as well as the presence of living deciduornata and corpora lutea increases the proliferative activity of the mammary gland as compared with the ordinary cycle in non-pregnant animals or in animals lacking corpora lutea and deciduornata. 2. After the completion of pregnancy and in the beginning of secretion some mitotic proliferation may still be present, but it soon ceases, probably as the result of those processes that lead to secretion. While during the period of secretion, notwithstanding the presence of a new pregnancy, mitotic proliferation soon ceases, some proliferative stimulus seems still to be active, which, however, under existing conditions apparently leads only to a mitotic multiplication of nuclei. The latter conclusion is only suggested at the present time and needs confirmation through further studies. 3. In cases in which abortion took place in the first half of pregnancy secretion in the gland was not established; secretion occurred in two animals aborting toward the latter part of pregnancy. In one of these cases, mitotic proliferation of some gland cells was associated with the microscopic appearances of secretion. 4. In guinea pigs castrated during an early period of pregnancy in which pregnancy continued for some time, proliferative changes were absent in the mammary gland. In conjunction with a partial similar effect observed after extirpation of the corpora lutea during pregnancy, we may perhaps attribute the lack of proliferation in some of these cases to the absence of the ovaries. 5. Extirpation of the corpora lutea during pregnancy induces a new ovulation and with it the primary proliferation in the mammary gland; abortion does not necessarily prevent these proliferative changes. Extirpation of the corpora lutea during pregnancy perhaps prevents the secondary proliferative changes in the mammary gland. 6. Five injections of cow's lutein given in relatively large quantities intraperitoneally do not produce proliferation of the mammary gland in the guinea pig.
Entanglement perturbation theory for the elementary excitation in one dimension

Abstract The entanglement perturbation theory is developed to calculate the excitation spectrum in one dimension. Applied to the spin- 1 2 antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model, it reproduces the des Cloiseaux–Pearson Bethe ansatz result. As for spin-1, the spin-triplet magnon spectrum has been determined for the first time for the entire Brillouin zone, including the Haldane gap at k = π .
Wavelength regulation in iodopsin, a cone pigment

The opsin shift, the difference in wavenumber between the absorption peak of a visual pigment and the protonated Schiff base of the chromophore, represents the influence of the opsin binding site on the chromophore. The opsin shift for the chicken cone pigment iodopsin is much larger than that for rhodopsin. To understand the origin of this opsin shift and the mechanism of wavelength regulation in iodopsin, a series of synthetic 9-cis and 11-cis dehydro- and dihydro-retinals was used to regenerate iodopsin-based pigments. The opsin shifts of these pigments are quite similar to those found in bacteriorhodopsin-based artificial pigments. On the basis of these studies, a tentative model of wavelength regulation in iodopsin is proposed.
Debate Watching and the Acquisition of Political Knowledge

On the awareness of political issues, watching the presidential debates appeared to widen the existing information gap between the knowledge-rich and the knowledge-poor.
Evaluation of centrally acting drugs in mice with fighting behaviour induced by isolation.

A modification of a method to evaluate drugs with tranquilizing activity in male mice with fighting behaviour induced by isolation is described. Reduction in fighting time rather than a reduction in the incidence of fighting episodes is used as a criterion of evaluation. The dose response regression lines for chlorpromazine, chlordiazepoxide and meprobamate obtained with this method are given.
Psychotic and depressed children: a new entity.

Both cross-sectional and longitudinal assessments of 6 children ages 6–12 years who clinically present as both psychotic and depressed are described. Diagnostic assessments included standardized assessments for diagnosis, ratings of severity of depression, family history and the dexamethasone suppression test. Three children are described clinically. Review of all diagnostic data for 6 children suggests that a diagnosis of major depressive disorder with psychotic features and/or with schizoaffective disorder may be appropriate for certain prepubertal children.
On the Relationship Between Wear and Thermal Response in Sliding Systems

Experimental results reveal that the temperature rise of two contacting bodies in relative sliding motion is related to the wear rate. Experimental wear tests pertain to a ring-on-ring configuration for two sets of contacting materials: Bronze SAE 40 on Steel 4140 and 70-30 Brass on Steel 4140. Temperature variation within the contacting bodies during the tests is measured using a thermocouple. It is shown that the temperature of the interface can effectively characterize the steady-state wear. The results of the present approach are verified by calculating Archard’s wear coefficient using the relationships derived in this paper and compared to published values in literature.
Circadian variations in radioligand binding to muscarine receptors in rat brain dependent upon endogenous agonist occupation

Abstract Although total levels of muscarine receptors in the rat forebrain and brainstem are constant at different times of day, there are large circadian changes in the numbers and carbachol-affinities of unoccupied receptors, which appear to reflect varying levels of endogenous acetylcholine—receptor complexes and the activity of cholinergic synapses.
Developmental and hormonal regulation of sericin RNA in the silkworm, Bombyx mori

Abstract Sericin and fibroin are the major protein products of the terminally differentiated silk gland in the commercial silkworm, Bombyx mori , accounting for more than 90% of the protein in the cocoon. cDNA clones to sericin RNA were isolated and used as probes to measure sericin RNA abundance during silk gland development in the final two larval instars. Sericin RNA was found exclusively in the middle silk gland. It is present in low abundance during the fourth (next to last) larval instar, undetectable during molt, and accumulates to high abundance during the fifth instar. This contrasts with fibroin RNA which accumulates to the same level in the fourth and fifth instars. In the fifth instar, sericin RNA is initially detected as an 11-kb transcript. Midway through the instar, a 9.6-kb sericin transcript begins to accumulate, and by the end of this developmental period, the 9.6-kb transcript is the predominant species. The two sericin RNAs appear to be transcribed from a single gene and probably result from either altered processing or polyadenylation. The steroid hormone ecdysone affects the abundance and size of these transcripts. Injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone results in a dramatic reduction in the accumulated level of both sericin and fibroin RNA. However, topical administration of 20-hydroxyecdysone has little effect on fibroin RNA accumulation but causes a premature shift in the sericin RNA accumlated, from the 11-kb to the 9.6-kb species. We hypothesize that fibroin and sericin RNA levels are regulated by circulating hormones, one of which is ecdysone. The two genes have different sensitivities to ecdysone such that low levels of the hormone affect sericin RNA transcripts but not fibroin transcripts.