cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
100+ Ideas for Directed Sandtrays in Counseling

This article developed out of a year-long project where the author challenged herself to complete a sandtray a day and journal about each tray. The author lists more than 100 ideas for directed sandtray interventions to help spur other therapists using the sandtray to be more creative in their sandtray work. These ideas may also translate to other expressive arts interventions in counseling.
Low-conductance K channels in apical membrane of rat cortical collecting tubule

Low-conductance, K-selective channels were identified in the apical membrane of the rat cortical collecting tubule (CCT) by use of the patch-clamp technique. Isolated, split tubules were bathed in K gluconate medium to depolarize the cell while keeping the intracellular K concentration high. With the patch-clamp pipette containing predominantly either Na+ or Li+ but no K, outward currents were observed through channels that had a single-channel conductance (g) of 9 pS and a probability of being open (Po) of greater than 0.9, independent of the voltage (+/- 40 mV) applied to the pipette (Vp). Similarly, only outward currents were observed when the patch was excised into high-K solution, implying a high selectivity of the channel for K+. When 1 mM BaCl2 was added to the pipette, Po decreased to 0.36 at Vp = 0; however, g was not changed but the channels flickered rapidly between open and blocked states; Po decreased as Vp was made positive, and increased as Vp was made negative. With the pipette filled with...
Real-time dyebath monitoring of reactive dyeing on cationized cotton for levelness control: part 1—influence of dye structure, temperature, and addition of soda ash

Chemical cationization of cotton has been a subject of increased interest due to the ability of cationized cotton to attract negatively charged dyes, thus eliminating the use of electrolytes during dyeing and increasing color yield. However, electrostatic attractions between cationized cotton and anionic dyes also result in significantly increased dye strike rates, which may cause levelness problems, especially when light to medium shades are required. In this study, cotton fabric cationized using 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethylammonium chloride was used to investigate the method for obtaining appropriate dye strike rate to produce a level reactive dyeing on cationized cotton. To effectively control the dyeing kinetics of reactive dyes on cationized cotton, real-time exhaustion of six commercially significant reactive dyes were monitored. The influence of temperature, dye structure, and addition of soda ash on dyeing kinetics and levelness of cationized cotton were evaluated.
Molecular Pathogenesis of Infective Endocarditis

This chapter focuses on infective endocarditis, specifically on the formation of vegetations, adherence of bacterial cells to damaged heart valves and their entry into mammalian cells. Emphasis is placed on those organisms that are common causative pathogens of endocarditis, including Staphylococcus aureus, viridans group streptococci and Enterococcus faecalis. In addition, this chapter concentrates on specific adherence molecules and virulence factors that play a critical role in infective endocarditis and are most commonly associated with the organisms mentioned above. Candida species are also briefly discussed as the incidence of these infections, as well as research on them, has increased in recent years.
Cell Fate Specification in Glossiphoniid Leech: Macromeres, Micromeres, and Proteloblasts

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on three aspects of cell lineage and cell fate determination in the early development of glossiphoniid leech embryos. The work on cell fate determination of the D' macromere and the teloblast precursors (DM and DNOPQ proteloblasts) to which it gives rise at the fourth cleavage is summarized here. This chapter provides a stepwise process of cell fusions responsible for forming the syncytial yolk cell (from which the definitive gut epithelium forms) and how this process is regulated in the case of the A'" and B"' macromeres. It also discusses the diversity of cell lineage patterns and cell fates within the group of 25 micromeres that arise during cleavage from all four quadrants of the embryo. The objectives are not only to improve an understanding of how leech embryos develop at the cellular and molecular levels, but also to facilitate comparisons among developmental processes in leeches and other animals.
A Privacy-aware Platform for Sharing Personal Information on Wearable Devices

Personal information (PI) embodies a wide and sometimes fuzzy spectrum of user privacy and security concerns. Recently, with the rapid progression in mobile technologies, a new frontier with both opportunities and vulnerabilities has come to fruition. Multitudes of personal fitness devices are able to capture data at any time, storing it on users' mobile devices. Third party developers can access this data, raising questions about the security of users' sensitive information, in addition to privacy concerns related to the possibly identifiable nature of the data. Frameworks such as Apple's HealthKit provide terms to developers, which restrict what can be done with personal user information. However, the wording of these frameworks is largely vague, and sharing settings within the OS are restrictive. In order to provide users with a more customizable and informative user-interface, as well as developers with a framework for requesting access to health data, a new standard must be created. We propose a model able to store privacy predicates for each piece of health information requested. We also propose a new platform, allowing users to select privacy settings in an efficient and informative manner. It is imperative that a uniform and scalable solution be put in place such that the privacy and security of personal and potentially identifiable health data remains an utmost concern. Our implementation provides a method to meet these concerns.
Divergence and overlap in bilingual conceptual representation: does prior language brokering experience matter?

The present research examined whether conceptual divergence is reduced in bilinguals with extensive informal translation experience. Across two experiments, Spanish–English bilinguals (brokers vs. non-brokers) generated exemplars for 10 categories, using the same or different language across sessions. Both groups demonstrated more divergence for different than same language responses across sessions a week apart. More convergence was found in both groups for no delay compared to delayed responses. Brokers showed significantly more convergence in exemplars than non-brokers; for both immediate and delayed sessions Findings indicate exemplars are differentially accessible depending on language and timing of response, but also individual differences in brokering experience. Extensive brokering experience may lead to a more integrated conceptual representation for features of concepts shared across languages. Findings support concept models that emphasize the dynamic and distributed nature of concepts, and underscore the need to consider the cognitive impact of systematic sources of variability among bilinguals.
English Language Learner education finance scholarship: An introduction to the special issue

In this article, I introduce the special issue on education finance and English Language Learners, with the purpose to disseminate timely and relevant education finance scholarship with a particular focus on English Language Learners (ELLs).Here, I provide an analytical argument for why this topic is of great importance for our educational system and policy, yet it remains especially understudied. Next, I provide a brief overview of the previous ELL school finance literature. Then I outline the four scholarly papers included within this special issue, noting each paper’s contributions to our knowledge base and implications for policy. I conclude by pointing to further scholarship based on articles in this special issue.
Secondary Metabolites Produced by Heterorhabditis Symbionts and Their Application in Agriculture: What We Know and What to Do Next.

Gram-negative Photorhabdus bacteria have a dual lifestyle: they are mutualists of Heterorhabditis nematodes and are path- ogens of insects. Together, this nematode–bacterium partnership has been used to successfully control a wide range of agricultural insect pests. Photorhabdus produce a diverse array of small molecules that play key biological roles in regulating their dual roles. In particular, several secondary metabolites (SM) produced by this bacterium are known to play a critical role in the maintenance of a monoxenic infection in the insect host and are also known to prevent contamination of the cadaver from soil microbes and/or predation by arthropods. A few of the SM this bacteria produce have been isolated and identified, and their biological activities have also been tested in laboratory assays. Over the past two decades, analyses of the genomes of several Photorhabdus spp. have revealed the presence of SM numerous gene clusters that comprise more than 6% of these bacteria genomes. Furthermore, genome mining and characterization of biosynthetic pathways, have uncovered the richness of these compounds, which are predicted to vary across different Photorhabdus spp. and strains. Although progress has been made in the identification and function of SM genes and gene clusters, the targeted testing for the bioactivity of molecules has been scarce or mostly focused on medical applications. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of Photorhabdus SM, emphasizing on their activity against plant pathogens and parasites. We further discuss their potential in the management of agricultural pests and the steps that need to be taken for the implementation of Photorhabdus SM in pest management.
The Creeping Federalization of Corporate Law

The collapse of Enron and WorldCom, along with only slightly less high profile scandals at numerous other U.S. corporations, has reinvigorated the debate over state regulation of corporate governance. Post-Enron, politicians and pundits called for federal regulation not just of the securities markets but also of internal corporate governance. As Congress and market regulators began implementing some of those ideas, there has been a creeping - but steady - federalization of corporate governance law. The NYSE'S new listing standards regulating director independence is one example of that phenomenon. Other examples appeared to little public debate in the sweeping Sarbanes-Oxley legislation. Taken individually, each of Sarbanes-Oxley's provisions constitutes a significant preemption of state corporate law. Taken together, they constitute the most dramatic expansion of federal regulatory power over corporate governance since the New Deal. No one seriously doubts that Congress has the power under the Commerce Clause to create a federal law of corporations if it chooses. The question of who gets to regulate public corporations thus is not one of constitutional law but rather of prudence and federalism. In this essay, I advance both economic and non-economic arguments against federal preemption of state corporation law. Competitive federalism promotes liberty as well as shareholder wealth. When firms may freely select among multiple competing regulators, oppressive regulation becomes impractical. If one regulator overreaches, firms will exit its jurisdiction and move to one that is more laissez-faire. In contrast, when there is but a single regulator, exit is no longer an option and an essential check on excessive regulation is lost.
The Petroleum Revolution II: Concentrated Power and Concentrated Industries

In our first chapter we developed the link between the historical development of energy sources and the development of human society. More energy has allowed humans to do more work, including that of producing more humans. We use the joule, for those not steeped in physical science, as the standard measure of energy. One joule is the amount of energy needed to lift a mass of 1 kg a distance of 1 m on the surface of the earth. A joule is equal to about one quarter of a calorie. Our more familiar unit is the kilocalorie (often written as Calorie), and is found, for example, on the back of food packages. One kilocalorie is 1,000 cal, equal to about 4.18 kJ. Thus if you consume a drink that says it has 100 Calories it you will have consumed 418 KJ. Later, in Chap. 8, we explore the relation between energy and power from a scientific perspective. Power is the rate of doing work, and is commonly measured in watts. From the standpoint of physics, power is energy used or expen­ded per unit of time, or the work that power causes or allows to be done. The most common unit of power is the watt, where 1 W = 1 J used/second.
Moeder in paniek

Het is zes uur ‘s avonds, spitsuur op de SEH. Patienten met allerlei klachten lopen af en aan. Plotseling komt er een vrouw binnen gehold. Zij heeft haar 12-jarige zoon Jeroen bij zich. De jongen is duidelijk niet lekker. Hij heeft moeite met ademhalen en heeft een rood gelaat. Zijn moeder is volledig overstuur en klampt verschillende verpleegkundigen en artsen aan. Ze is niet tot bedaren te brengen. Wat te doen?
The Impact of Population Change on Consumption

The past fifteen years have seen the emergence or the re-emergence (Serow, 1975) of concern with the economic consequences of the demographic and social changes implicit in what appear to be more or less permanent changes in the demographic behavior of citizens of industrialized nations. Paramount among these is the sustained levels of low fertility in all such nations (see Serow, 1981 for additional evidence of this) which, coupled with decreases in mortality, have led to substantial aging both over the recent past and into the foreseeable future. This aging has also been accompanied by other behavioral changes — increased divorce and delayed/foregone marriage — all of which have increased the number of households relative to the size of population in industrialized nations.
Development of the data-driven thermal satisfaction prediction model as a function of human physiological responses in a built environment

Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate and determine the relationship between occupants’ thermal satisfaction and physiological responses in an office environment, and to estimate their thermal satisfaction level via human physiological signals. This study adapted the heart rate and seven local body skin temperatures as physiological signals, as well as human factors (gender, age, BMI), to determine establish a thermal satisfaction prediction model by combining human factors and physiological signals. The results revealed significant correlations between overall thermal satisfaction levels and local body skin temperatures, as well as heart rates. The heart rates showed a negative correlation with overall thermal satisfaction, and the skin temperature of the forehead, arm, wrist (back and front), chest, and belly also revealed a significant correlation with the thermal satisfaction levels of the study participants. This study also determined the order and priority of local skin temperatures (as well as gender and BMI) by their impact on thermal satisfaction. Considering all human physiological factors and practical application of the results, the local skin temperatures of the forehead, wrist (back), and gender demonstrated 88.52% accuracy for estimating thermal satisfaction, which provided significant validation for practical use of this procedure.
Communicating to the Public in the Era of Conspiracy Theory

During the last decade, social scientists have taken a strong interest in both the veracity of citizens beliefs and the quality of information on which those beliefs are based. In particular, socia...
Intraventricular radioimmunotherapy targeting B7H3 for CNS malignancies.

e13592Background: Tumors metastasizing to the central nervous system (CNS) are associated with significant mortality. We tested the toxicity and dosimetry of intraventricular 131I-labeled monoclona...
Post-Crisis Corporate Culture and Governance in Banking

This paper provides a brief assessment of how ethics, culture and corporate governance have evolved in banking since the financial crisis. It concludes that we need to strengthen capital ratios and equity governance in banking to improve ethics and culture, and de-emphasize liquidity regulation. It also advocates the embrace of authentic organizational higher purpose in banking as a way to foster stability and growth.
The Impact of Institutional Factors on Physician Burnout: A National Study of Urology Trainees

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the prevalence of burnout in urology trainees and examine the influence of personal, programmatic, and institutional factors on burnout rates. Study Design We conducted an anonymous survey of burnout in urology residents across the United States using a 50-question REDCap-based electronic questionnaire in May of 2018. The survey included demographic questions, an inventory of stress-reduction techniques and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Univariate analysis and multinomial logistic regression models were used to assess associations between individual, program, and organizational factors and resident burnout. Results Overall response rate was 20.9%. Individual factors such as age, gender, exercise, and meditation were not associated with burnout while reading for relaxation (P = .022) and spending time with family (P = .025) were protective against burnout. Residents working >80 hours vs 60-80 hours and Conclusion The prevalence of burnout in urology trainees is high. Institutional factors such as formal mentorship and access to mental health services may play an important role in resident well-being.
Uncertainties of GPM Microwave Imager Precipitation Estimates Related to Precipitation System Size and Intensity

AbstractThe uncertainties in the version 5 Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) precipitation retrievals are evaluated via comparison with the radar–radiometer (so-called “...
A Personal Approach to Teaching Braille Reading to Youths and Adults

The emphasis in this four-phase approach to teaching braille is on the development of good reading skills, especially movement and the use of context. Contractions and signs are introduced as they ...
Drainage water management effects on energy flux partitioning, evapotranspiration, and crop coefficients of corn

Abstract Over the past 20 years, marketplace demand for corn has prompted many farmers in the Red River Valley (RRV) of the north to include more corn in their crop rotations. With a very flat topography and heavy clayey soils, the RRV can have shallow water tables in the spring and fall but can be dry in the summer. Due to these field conditions, some farmers have installed subsurface drainage (SD) systems with structures for controlled drainage (CD, manage the water table in a field) and subirrigation (SI, add water to the field via the SD system) to improve corn production. In a CD + SI field, an eddy covariance system was used to measure and quantify energy flux components along with soil moisture content (SWC) and water table depth (WTD) measurements during four corn growing seasons in 2012, 2013, 2016 and 2017. The results show that the average SWC in 2012 was significantly different from the other three years. The SWC and WTD in 2016 were more stable compared to the other years. The CD practice had a positive effect during a wet year in 2013, which resulted in 26.7% higher yield than the county average. During the dry growing season of 2017, the use of subirrigation resulted in 6.6% higher yield than the county average. The corn evapotranspiration totals (ETa) were 468, 476, 551, and 537 mm for 2012, 2013, 2016, and 2017 growing seasons, respectively. The average crop coefficients were 0.49, 0.73, 0.88, 0.86, and 0.69 for the initial, development, tasseling, reproductive, and maturity stages, respectively. They were calculated from the daily ETa, values only from days with more than 45% of total available water in the root zone, and the ASCE-EWRI standardized grass-based reference evapotranspiration. This study showed that the SD along with the CD + SI system can be used for optimal water management of field corn during both wet and dry years.
Western Faculty Members' Cross-Border Lived Experiences.

Universities in China and the United States have been engaged in cross-border education through partnerships establishing international branch campuses (IBCs). This qualitative study used Moustakas’s (1994) strategy of inquiry as a framework and explored Western faculty members’ cross-border lived experiences at IBCs in China. IBCs in this study were coestablished by American universities and their Chinese partners. The central research question that guided this study asked about the lived experiences of Western faculty members at IBCs in China. This study purposefully selected 14 participants and data were collected through semistructured, one-on-one, face-to-face interviews. Moustakas’s (1994) seven-level method of analysis involving a process of meaning reduction was followed. The essence of the participants’ lived experiences described two components: value and adjustment. Findings from this study are valuable for leaders to rethink how to better support Western faculty in this joint higher education venture
Chapter 5 – Nonconservative Models

Publisher Summary In each of the N-body, conservative models, the implicit structure of the equations required that a system of nonlinear, algebraic equations be solved at each time step. Such a requirement is relatively expensive, even for moderate values of N. Discrete models can still be formulated and studied by using explicit formulas that are described by several examples in this chapter. Economy will then be obtained at the expense of exact conservation. Often, however, a reasonable nonconservative model can be developed by concentrating on that portion of a natural phenomenon that is, itself, nonconservative. The chapter discusses the way to incorporate long-range forces into the models. It reviews shock waves. The heating of the walls of the tube—a phenomenon of fundamental importance in shock tube generation—is usually very difficult to incorporate into continuous models. In anticipation of developing complex models that incorporate both long- and short-range forces, it is wished to avoid stability problems and these can, in general, be so avoided by the use of a higher order set of formulas called the leap-frop formulas. The chapter discusses these formulas and explains Stefan problems as well. Stefan problems are freeboundary problems associated with the processes of melting of solids and crystallizing of liquids. The chapter discusses a phenomenon in which the long range force is gravity. An emphasis is also given to physical aspects of the problems of viable modeling in the chapter. Porous flow is the study of liquid transport through a solid or an earthlike conglomerate of small solids. The chapter discusses a particular porous flow problem.
Observation of the sedation and analgesia effects of fentanyl and midazolam on post-operation infants with congenital heart disease

Objective To obese the sedation and analgesia effects and adverse flects of infusing Fentanyl and Midazolam on post-cardiac surgery in infants.Methods Forty patients with congenital heart disease used in two groups for sedation.The effects and adverse effects of the sedation and analgesia were observed on 2 h,8 h,24 h,48 h after surgery of each group.And Ramsay,Comfort value were assessed simultancously in each group.Results There were significant difference in Ramsay、Comfort value on 2 h,8 h,24 h(P<0.05),and no differentce on 48 h between the two groups.Only one case in analgesia group showed temporarily bradycardia and hypotension and recovered in several minutes.No nausea,vomiting and bleeding were observed in the two groups.Conclusion The sedation and analgesia of midazolam and Fentanyl can be used safely and effectively in infants on the early stage of post-cardiac surgery. Key words: Fentanyl; Midazolam; Sedation; Analgesia; Infant
Septins and a formin have distinct functions in chiral cortical rotation in the anaphase C. elegans zygote

Abstract Many cells and tissues exhibit chirality that stems from the chirality of constituent proteins and polymers. For example, the C. elegans zygote undergoes an actomyosin-driven chiral rotation in which the entire cortex is displaced circumferentially around the division plane during anaphase. This phenomenon thus relates to how force and chirality are translated across scales. Although it is known that actomyosin contractility drives this rotation, its molecular mechanisms are incompletely understood. Septins are candidates for contributing to cell-scale chirality due to their ability to anchor and organize the actomyosin cytoskeleton. Here, we report that septins are required for anaphase cortical rotation. In contrast, the formin CYK-1, which we found to be enriched in the posterior in early anaphase, is not required for cortical rotation, but contributes to its chirality. Simultaneous loss of septin and CYK-1 function led to highly abnormal and often reversed cortical rotation. We propose a model by which anaphase cortical contractility is biased in a chiral fashion via interaction between the circumferential cytokinetic ring and perpendicular, longitudinal formin-based actin bundles that have accumulated torsional stress during formin-based polymerization. Our findings thus shed light on the molecular and physical bases for cellular chirality in the C. elegans zygote. We also identify conditions in which chiral rotation fails but animals are developmentally viable, opening avenues for future work on the relationship between early embryonic cellular chirality and animal body plan.
Possible clinical implications of prostate capsule thickness and glandular epithelial cell density in benign prostate hyperplasia.

PURPOSE The negative correlation between BPH-size and incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) is well-documented in the literature, however the exact mechanism is not well-understood. The present study uses histo-anatomical imaging to study prostate volume in correlation to prostate capsule thickness, and glandular epithelial cell density within the peripheral zone (PZ). MATERIALS AND METHODS Specimens were selected from radical prostatectomies ranging from 20 to 160 mL based on ease of anatomical reconstruction by the slides. A total of 60 patients were selected and underwent quantitative measurements of prostate capsule thickness and glandular epithelial density within the PZ using computer-based imaging software. Pearson's correlation and a stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between these measured parameters and the clinical characteristic of these patients. RESULTS Pearson's correlation analysis revealed a strongly significant, negative correlation between prostate volume and glandular epithelial cell density (r(58)=-0.554, p<0.001), and a strongly significant, positive correlation between prostate volume and average capsule thickness (r(58)=0.462, p<0.001). Results of multiple regression analysis showed that average glandular epithelial cell density added statistically to this prediction (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that growth of the transition zone in BPH causes increased fibrosis of the PZ, leading to atrophy and fibrosis of glandular cells. As 80% of PCa originates from the glandular epithelium within the PZ, this observed phenomenon may explain the inverse correlation between BPH and PCa that is well-documented in the literature.
CERTIFICAÇÃO AMBIENTAL COMO ESTRATÉGIA EMPRESARIAL: ESTUDO EM EMPRESAS DE GERENCIAMENTO E DESCARTE DE RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS

Os stakeholders pressionam as empresas para que elas assumam a responsabilidade ambiental, nesse sentido a gestao e certificacao ambiental tornam-se um diferencial na construcao de uma imagem positiva do negocio. Assim, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a adocao da certificacao ambiental como estrategia empresarial em empresas de gerenciamento e descarte de residuos solidos. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo de caso em duas empresas do Vale dos Sinos/RS cujos dados foram coletados atraves de pesquisa em sites institucionais e midias sociais das empresas analisadas, alem da aplicacao de um questionario com questoes abertas sobre o Sistema de Gestao Ambiental (SGA) e certificacao. Os resultados mostram que as empresas percebem o SGA e a certificacao ISO 14001 de grande importância para o reconhecimento do empreendimento no mercado, entre as estrategias para adocao da certificacao estao o reconhecimento da marca, a prospeccao de clientes e a competitividade de mercado.
Face Masks as Awareness and Engagement Platforms

The COVID-19 pandemic required the adoption of several health-safety practices that have been demonstrated to be crucial for limiting the spread of the virus, including the use of personal protection equipment (PPE). Particularly, face masks have become a ubiquitous component of our daily lives. However, despite their effectiveness, they have several drawbacks. In addition to being uncomfortable for many users, they entirely cover the mouth, which, in turn, poses limitations to non-verbal communication and interpersonal interaction. In this paper, we present the user-centered design process of a solution that augments face masks with additional features that support interaction, awareness, and engagement.
Bent or broken: analysis of set screw fracture in the TFNa implant.

Objectives To evaluate set screw fracture in the Trochanteric Femoral Nail Advanced implant (TFNa, Synthes, West Chester, PA) and to identify additional mechanisms of set screw failure in the TFNa. Materials and methods Patients who had experienced failure after open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with the TFNa were identified. TFNa implants were explanted and inspected following revision surgery. Medical device reports (MDRs) and manufacturer's inspection reports describing similar failures for the TFNa in the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database were also reviewed. Results Four set screw fractures that occurred at a level II trauma center were observed. Sixty-seven reported failures were identified in the MAUDE database for review. Twenty-eight failed implants were returned to the manufacturer for inspection with a published inspection report available for analysis. Set screw fractures can occur in the TFNa when the set screw is deployed prematurely into the proximal screw aperture prior to blade/screw insertion. The set screw can also bend and deform if it is advanced against a helical blade/lag screw that is not fully seated into position, thereby potentially compromising its function. Conclusion The TFNa set screw allows for potential fracture during implant insertion leading to uncontrolled collapse, early excessive proximal femoral shortening, and rotational instability of the helical blade/lag screw. Similar failures in the TFNa can be prevented by having the surgeon inspect the proximal screw aperture after attachment of the proximal aiming aim to ensure the set screw has not been deployed prematurely. Level of evidence Therapeutic Level III.
Implications of Racism for Social Work Practice

This paper examines school and practice issues in social work in relationship to the concepts of ethnicity, minority groups, racism, and institutional racism. Operational definitions to establish conceptual clarity are also developed. The statistical aspects of progression vis-a-vis cultural diversity in social work institutions, enrollment in schools of social work, and representation on the faculty of schools of social work are studied. Social policy and the implementation of change in social work practice and education are then dealt with in relation to the current reality of the profession and the society in which it functions. *Seymour Mirelowitz is an assistant professor at the Jane Addams College of Social Work, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle.
Ben's perception of space and subitizing activity: a constructivist teaching experiment

This 22-session constructivist teaching experiment set out to investigate a preschool student’s number understanding relative to his subitizing activity. Subitizing, a quick apprehension of the numerosity of a small set of items, has been found to characterize perceptual and conceptual processes students rely on as their understanding of number develops. The purpose for this study is to investigate how a preschool student’s, Ben, perceptual subitizing activity changed relative to the density of items and the development of his number understanding. Findings indicated that early on in the teaching experiment, Ben’s perceptual subitizing activity was influenced by his primary reliance upon the perceived amount of space between items. Shifts in reasoning when perceptually subitizing indicated physiological and experiential development in Ben’s number understanding, as Ben described the number of items increasing when the perceived amount of space between items decreased. Number conservation was considered as relevant to these findings because Ben’s explanation for why a number could increase or decrease mirrored similar logic when unable to conserve number. Implications of this study suggest nuances in number understanding development which can explain preschool students’ reliance upon a more refined set of perceptual subitizing.
Natural Selection Explanation and Origin Essentialism

Etude du debat sur le role de la selection naturelle dans l'explication des traits des organismes individuels. Examinant la reponse positive de Neander et Metthen et la reponse negative de Sober et Walsh, l'A. montre que la these de l'essentialisme originel refute le pouvoir explicatif de la selection naturelle, a la fois en ce qui concerne le comportement individuel et la connaissance innee.
Teaching Individuals to Signal for Assistance in a Timely Manner

The study describes the adaptive-switch performances of 8 adults with severe multiple impairments. Each was given a series of progressively more difficult discrimination tasks that, if solved, would require the participant to close the switch to activate a device that was not operating or to stay away from the switch if the device was operating. Then in a 2-choice format, a preference test was conducted by providing 2 devices simultaneously that could be activated or deactivated by closure or release of the switch. Finally, a preferred device was activated and then surreptitiously deactivated. Switch closures in this contingency activated a speech-generating device that played the message, “Help me.” All 8 participants learned to control devices using their adaptive switch, but only 4 participants learned to make a request for help. Reasons for the different performances across learners and nonlearners are discussed.
PASSIVE INTRAPERITONEAL MOUSE PROTECTION TEST IN A STUDY OF IMMUNE RESPONSE TO H. PERTUSSIS VACCINATION

A passive mouse protection test and its use in testing sera from infants given a course of phase I pertussis vaccine is described. Infants 3 to 6 months of age consistently developed mouse protective antibodies following immunization with a phase I H. pertussis vaccine. Agglutinating antibodies did not develop consistently in these infants and the agglutinin titer did not closely parallel the values obtained by the mouse protection test.
COAST: Correlated material assisted STT MRAMs for optimized read operation

We present a novel technique for optimizing the read operation of spin-transfer torque (STT) MRAMs by employing a correlated material in conjunction with a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ). The design of the proposed memory cell is based on exploiting the orders-of-magnitude difference in the resistance of the two phases of the correlated material (CM) and triggering operation-driven phase transitions in the CM by judiciously co-optimizing devices and the memory cell. During read, the CM operates in the metallic and insulating phases when the MTJ is in the low resistance and high resistance states, respectively. This leads to superior distinguishability, read efficiency and stability. During write, the CM operates in the metallic phase, which minimizes the impact of the CM resistance on the write speed. Our analysis shows that CM amplifies the cell tunneling magneto-resistance from 107% (for the standard STT MRAM) to 1878% (for the proposed cell) leading to 68% higher sense margin. In addition, 45% enhancement in the read disturb margin and 36% reduction in the cell read power is achieved. At the same time, the write asymmetry associated with different state transitions is mildly mitigated, leading to 9% reduction in the write power. This comes at a negligible cost of 4% larger write time. We also discuss the layout implications of our technique and propose the sharing of the CM amongst multiple cells. As a result of the sharing, the proposed technique incurs no area penalty.
A search for radiative neutrino decay from supernovae

If a massive neutrino species exists then it is possible that it has a radiative decay mode. Cosmological arguments require that a neutrino of mass > 100eV be unstable. Motivated by these considerations, a 3-D model of radiative neutrino decay has been developed and used to simulate the decay evolution of supernova neutrinos. A sensitive search for the decay gamma rays using extragalactic supernovae and SN1987a as neutrino sources is proceeding using the COMPTEL instrument aboard the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory. The non-observation of decay gamma rays would place more stringent mass/lifetime limits on the neutrino than current limits by about 1-6 orders of magnitude (depending on mass). Such a systematic analysis has never before been attempted. In addition, the production of the decay gamma rays over cosmological time-scales is being studied to determine its possible relationship to the diffuse gamma ray emission.
Ion-enhanced adhesion of Ni films on glassy carbon: I. 28Si+ implantation☆

Abstract The adhesion of 30 nm Ni films on glassy carbon (GC) was examined as a function of the interface modification produced by 28Si+ implantation through the interface. The Ni/GC specimens were held at 100°C and implanted with 55 keV 28Si+ at doses ranging from 1 × 1016 to 5 × 1017 Si/cm2. The ion implantation had very little influence on the surface topography, but had a tremendous influence on the depth distribution of the elements. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) depth profiling revealed that the as-deposited films formed rather sharp interfaces with the GC substrates. Following ion implantation, the Ni/GC interface was substantially graded. This interfacial grading increased with the ion dose. The implanted Si reached a maximum concentration (15 at% for the 1 × 1017 Si/cm2 implant) in the Ni layer and then extended deep into the GC substrate. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of the interfaces of the specimens implanted with high doses of 28Si+ (> 5 × 1016 Si/cm2) showed that it was composed of a mixture of Ni-Si, Si-C, Si-O and C-O chemical bonding. The XPS results showed no evidence of chemical bonding between Ni and C at the Ni/GC interfaces. Adhesion testing, using a scratch tester in conjunction with SEM/AES analysis, showed a dramatic increase in adhesion for the 28Si+ implanted specimens. The as-deposited specimens were readily removed at forces less than 1 N. In contrast, the films implanted with doses of 5 × 1016 Si/cm2 or greater could not be removed short of catastrophic substrate failure (at approximately 45 N). This adhesion increase was attributed to a combination of enhanced interfacial bonding, mechanical interlocking, and stress relief through interfacial grading.
Improved amplifier performance of the NRL ubitron

Abstract Improved amplifier performance of the NRL Ku-band ubitron is reported following several experimental modifications. The major modification is the substitution of a higher-current (100 A), higher-quality electron gun for the original modified SLAC klystron gun (250 kV, 37 A). The experimental configuration is otherwise unchanged: a solid, uniform-density electron beam propagating through a helical wiggler/axial guide field configuration, interacting with a co-propagating circularly polarized TE 11 rf wave. With these changes, small-signal gains of 23 dB have been observed in the 12.6–17.5 GHz frequency range. Good agreement between measured and calculated gain in the Raman regime has been obtained using a three-wiggler model in the 3D nonlinear FEL code ARACHNE.
Textbooks, Technologies, and Tocqueville: Alternatives for Introductory American Government

In a typical year of this decade, some 14 million students will occupy space in American colleges and universities. They will "produce" nearly 2 million degrees, three-quarters of them associates and bachelors.' Only a small fraction of the latter output-well under 50,000-will be political science degrees per se. Yet when it comes time to schedule the introductory courses, particularly the American government survey, it sometimes seems the whole world doth contemplate a major in poli sci. Drawing on some combination of interest (arguably healthy in a democratic citizenry) and distributional requirements (as an ever-popular part of the curricular "core"), poli sci survey offerings are often filled to bursting. A glance at the APSA "want ads" shows that anyone who wants an academic slot must contemplate such teaching. Anyone who is remotely an Americanist (and many who are not) must contemplate teaching "Intro AG" in particular. Based on publishers' estimates, in a typical year as many as 500,000 students may be exposed to fundamentals of the American system in a higher education setting.2 Students' expectations for this exposure are often not very high, since their prejudice is that the course only revisits what they learned in high school civics a year or two before. (Usually true; of course, most of them have forgotten most of what they learned then.) It doesn't tend to be an inspiring prospect for instructors either, who face teaching the same basic material, with minor variations, year after year. The only consistent excitement may come to department heads, who better stand to justify budget and position requests with the volume of credit hours so generated. (Not to mention that, under certain capitated reimbursement schemes, departments can make a fortune on these classes in their own right.) Worthwhile or not, inspiring or not, the mass demand for surveys like Intro AG remains. Under current production technologies, that demand is most likely to be met in the large lecture class, typically in conjunction with large, fact-filled textbooks. New tools, like computerbased interactive media, may well point to a better way of learning for the future; for now, though, their price is well beyond most budgets. Lesser revitalization, within the constraints of the lecture hall, may also be provided on the cheap: using now-mundane technologies like overheads, slides, and videotapes. Even cheaper, but rather more perilous, is occasionally to remove the expensive textbook itself as the centerpiece of the class, and supplant it with a "real" book or two. Textbook publisher representatives, as well as a few senior colleagues, may in fits of candor say that only new, naive professors will consider this seriously-attempting graduate-school teaching methods entirely inappropriate to younger and blanker minds. But after a year and a half of experimentation with Alexis de Tocqueville's Democracy in America as my main text for Intro AG, I am not yet convinced such ventures are mistakes. Tocqueville's Perspective
Comparison of various gate dielectrics on the performance of AlGaN/GaN HFETS

s We report a comparison of various gate dielectrics including SiO 2 , Si 3 N 4 , ZrO 2 and Pb(Zr, Ti)O 3 (PZT) on AlGaN/GaN heterojunction field-effect transistors, deposited by PECVD, MBE, and sputtering respectively. In terms of I-V characteristics, maximum drain-source current could be enhanced under positive gate voltage and the reverse leakage current level decreases by orders of magnitude. In terms of DC measurements, very thin SiO 2 layers can improve performance, which may be due to the passivation effect to remove surface states. No significant difference exists between control and the Si 3 N 4 and ZrO 2 samples. Slightly reduction in transconduction is observed on the sample with PZT probably because of the much thicker layer was utilized. The thickness of insulator layers examined from C-V measurements reveals a better crystal quality can be obtained by PECVD deposition. While the RF S-parameters measurements shows the PZT gate dielectric brings the highest cut-off frequency or the lowest gate capacitance confirmed also by C-V data, which makes it a better candidate for microwave applications.
Low latitude electrodynamic plasma drifts - A review

The characteristics and driving mechanisms of low latitude ExB plasma drifts and electric fields particularly at F-region heights are reviewed. It is concluded that the general characteristics of the quiet-time plasma can be explained as resulting from E- and F-region dynamo and interhemispheric coupling processes. The disturbance dynamo effects are found to be responsible for the drift perturbations following the periods of enhanced magnetic activity. The prompt penetration of high-latitude electric fields to lower latitudes produces large perturbations on the upward/poleward drifts, but has no significant effect on the low-latitude and the equatorial zonal drifts. Detailed low-latitude and global numerical models for studying the characteristics of plasma drifts are capable of reproducing the latitudinal variation of the perturbation electric fields and their diurnal variations.
Effect of polyphosphate and sodium chloride on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus in ultra-high temperature milk.

With UHT-sterilized milk as a model system, combinations of polyphosphate (.5 and 1.0%) and NaCl (.5 and 4.5%) were studied to determine their effects on the growth kinetics of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A and Staphylococcus aureus 196E. The milk was inoculated with 10(3) to 10(4) cfu/ml of either L. monocytogenes or S. aureus and incubated under aerobic conditions at 12, 19, 28, or 37 degrees C. The addition of polyphosphate did not significantly inhibit the growth of either microbe at the temperatures studied, but the addition of NaCl or a combination of salts significantly inhibited growth. The addition of .5 or 1.0% polyphosphate alone to dairy products is not likely to affect substantially the growth of S. aureus or L. monocytogenes.