cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Spectral Sequence for the K-theory of Tiling Spaces

Let T be an aperiodic and repetitive tiling of R with finite local complexity. We present a spectral sequence that converges to the K-theory of T with page-2 given by a new cohomology that will be called PV in reference to the Pimsner-Voiculescu exact sequence. It is a generalization of the Serre spectral sequence. The PV cohomology of T generalizes the cohomology of the base space of a fibration with local coefficients in the K-theory of its fiber. We prove that it is isomorphic to the Cech cohomology of the hull of T (a compactification of the family of its translates). 1 Main Results Let T be an aperiodic and repetitive tiling of R with finite local complexity (definition 3). The hull Ω is a compactification, with respect to an appropriate topology, of the family of translates of T by vectors of R (definition 4). The tiles of T are given compatible ∆complex decompositions (section 4.2), with each simplex punctured, and the ∆-transversal Ξ∆ is the subset of Ω corresponding to translates of T having the puncture of one of those simplices at the origin 0Rd. The prototile space B0 (definition 9) is built out of the prototiles of T (translational equivalence classes of tiles) by gluing them together according to the local configurations of their representatives in the tiling. The hull is given a dynamical system structure via the natural action of the group R on itself by translation [13]. The C∗-algebra of the hull is isomorphic to the crossed-product C∗-algebra C(Ω)⋊R. There is a map po from the hull onto the prototile space (proposition 1) Ξ∆ → Ω ↓ p0 B0 which, thanks to a lamination structure on Ω (remark 2), resembles (although is not) a fibration with base space B0 and fiber Ξ∆ (remark 4). The Pimsner-Voiculescu (PV) ∗Work supported by the NSF grants no. DMS-0300398 and no. DMS-0600956.
Synthesis and x‐ray crystal structures of isonipecotinamide derivatives as reverse amide analogues of fentanyl

Several isonipecotinamide derivatives which represent reverse amide derivatives of the potent analgetic agent fentanyl were prepared and evaluated for analgetic activity. The synthetic approaches utilized and stereochemical assignments are discussed. The most potent compound, 3, displayed much weaker analgetic activity than fentanyl itself.
Measuring quality in international trade

Abstract Product quality plays a vital role in international trade flows, but the measurement of quality remains to be a challenge because true quality is usually unobserved in trade data. In this study, we propose a straightforward measurement of quality—the weighted-income index—and compare it with the unit-value proxy in a microeconomic model with quality choice. Then we compare the two measurements in the automobile industry. The empirical result shows that the weighted-income quality index performs better than the unit-value quality proxy in ranking true quality.
Optimal movement-assisted sensor deployment and its extensions in wireless sensor networks

Abstract In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), a good sensor deployment method is vital to the quality of service (QoS) provided by WSNs. This QoS depends on the coverage of the monitoring area. In WSNs with locomotion facilities, sensors can move around and self-deploy to ensure coverage and load balancing, where each unit of monitoring area is covered by the same number of sensors. The movement-assisted sensor deployment deals with moving sensors to meet coverage and load balancing requirements. In SMART [J. Wu, S. Yang, SMART: a scan-based movement-assisted sensor deployment method in wireless sensor networks, in: Proceedings of INFOCOM, 2005], various optimization problems are defined to minimize different parameters, including total moving distance, total number of moves, communication/computation cost, and convergence rate. In this paper, we focus on minimizing the total moving distance and propose an optimal, but centralized solution, based on the Hungarian method. This solution is illustrated in an application where the monitoring area is a 2-D grid-based mesh. We then propose several efficient, albeit non-optimal, distributed solutions based on the scan-based solution in Wu and Yang (2005). Extensive simulations have been done to verify the effectiveness of the proposed distributed solutions.
Some examples of chiral moduli spaces and dynamical supersymmetry breaking

We investigate the low-energy dynamics of SU(N) gauge theories with one antisymmetric tensor field, N − 4 + Nf antifundamentals and Nf fundamentals, for Nf ⩽ 3. For Nf = 3 we construct the quantum moduli space, and for Nf < 3 we find the exact quantum superpotentials. We find two large classes of models with dynamical supersymmetry breaking. The odd N theories break supersymmetry once appropriate mass terms are added in the superpotential. The even N theories break supersymmetry after gauging an extra chiral U(1) symmetry.
Flow study in relativistic nuclear collisions by Fourier expansion of azimuthal particle distributions

We propose a new method to study transverse flow effects in relativistic nuclear collisions by Fourier analysis of the azimuthal distribution on an event-by-event basis in relatively narrow rapidity windows. The distributions of Fourier coefficients provide direct information on the magnitude and type of flow. Directivity and two dimensional sphericity tensor, widely used to analyze flow, emerge naturally in our approach, since they correspond to the distributions of the first and second harmonic coefficients, respectively. The role of finite particle fluctuations and particle correlations is discussed.
Zirconium-promoted bicyclization of enynes. Effects of enyne structure

Abstract The bicyclization reaction of enynes of the XC≡CCH2YCH2CH=CH2 type promoted by 2 n-BuLi-Cl2ZrCP2 proceeds in high yields in cases where X is alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, Me3Si, or Me3Sn and Y is CH2 or NCH2Ph.
Evidence arguments for using formal methods in software certification

We describe a generic approach for automatically integrating the output generated from a formal method/tool into a software safety assurance case, as an evidence argument, by (a) encoding the underlying reasoning as a safety case pattern, and (b) instantiating it using the data produced from the method/tool. We believe this approach not only improves the trustworthiness of the evidence generated from a formal method/tool, by explicitly presenting the reasoning and mechanisms underlying its genesis, but also provides a way to gauge the suitability of the evidence in the context of the wider assurance case. We illustrate our work by application to a real example-an unmanned aircraft system - where we invoke a formal code analysis tool from its autopilot software safety case, automatically transform the verification output into an evidence argument, and then integrate it into the former.
High Performance Multidimensional Analysis and Data Mining

Summary information from data in large databases is used to answer queries in On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) systems and to build decision support systems over them. The Data Cube is used to calculate and store summary information on a variety of dimensions, which is computed only partially if the number of dimensions is large. Queries posed on such systems are quite complex and require different views of data. These may either be answered from a materialized cube in the data cube or calculated on the fly. Further, data mining for associations can be performed on the data cube. Analytical models need to capture the multidimensionality of the underlying data, a task for which multidimensional databases are well suited. Also, they are amenable to parallelism, which is necessary to deal with large (and still growing) data sets. Multidimensional databases store data in multidimensional structure on which analytical operations are performed. A challenge for these systems is how to handle large data sets in a large number of dimensions. These techniques are also applicable to scientific and statistical databases (SSDB) which employ large multidimensional databases and dimensional operations over them.In this paper we present (1) A parallel infrastructure for OLAP multidimensional databases integrated with association rule mining. (2) Introduce Bit-Encoded Sparse Structure (BESS) for sparse data storage in chunks. (3) Scheduling optimizations for parallel computation of complete and partial data cubes. (4) Implementation of a large scale multidimensional database engine suitable for dimensional analysis used in OLAP and SSDB for (a) large number of dimensions (20-30) (b) large data sets (10s of Gigabyte)Our implementation on the IBM SP-2 can handle large data sets and a large number of dimensions by using disk I/O. Results are presented showing its performance and scalability.
Generation of subpicosecond X-ray pulses using RF orbit deflection

Abstract A technique is proposed for producing high average intensity X-ray radiation from a storage ring for studies of the ultrafast phenomena on a subpicosecond time scale. Two RF cavity accelerating structures excited in the E 110 mode can be installed in a storage ring to create vertical displacements of electrons correlated with their longitudinal position in the bunch. The magnitude of these displacements can be sufficient for the X-ray radiation of the electron bunch between accelerating structures to be viewed as produced by a large number of independent sources, each of a subpicosecond duration.
Rudolf Hermann, wind tunnels and aerodynamics

Abstract Rudolf Hermann was born on December 15, 1904 in Leipzig, Germany. He studied at the University of Leipzig and at the Aachen Institute of Technology. His involvement with wind tunnels began in 1934 when Professor Carl Wieselsberger engaged him to work at Aachen on the development of a supersonic wind tunnel. On January 6, 1936, Dr. Wernher von Braun visited Dr. Hermann to arrange for use of the Aachen supersonic wind tunnel for Army problems. On April 1, 1937, Dr. Hermann became Director of the Supersonic Wind Tunnel at the Army installation at Peenemunde. Results from the Aachen and Peenemunde wind tunnels were crucial in achieving aerodynamic stability for the A-4 rocket, later designated as the V-2. Plans to build a Mach 10 ‘hypersonic’ wind tunnel facility at Kochel were accelerated after the Allied air raid on Peenemunde on August 17, 1943. Dr. Hermann was director of the new facility. Ignoring destruction orders from Hitler as WWII approached an end in Europe, Dr. Hermann and his associates hid documents and preserved wind tunnel components that were acquired by the advancing American forces. Dr. Hermann became a consultant to the Air Force at its Wright Field in November 1945. In 1951, he was named professor of Aeronautical Engineering at the University of Minnesota. In 1962, Dr. Hermann became the first Director of the Research Institute at the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH), a position he held until he retired in 1970.
Solar and stellar flares: Questions and problems

Although progress has been made in understanding certain aspects of the physics of solar and stellar flares, there are a number of topics which, in the author’s opinion, still pose a problem. We summarize these topics here.
Enhanced osteoclast-like cell functions on nanophase ceramics

Synthesis of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and formation of resorption pits by osteoclast-like cells, the bone-resorbing cells, on nanophase (that is, material formulations with grain sizes less than 100nm) alumina and hydroxyapatite (HA) were investigated in the present in vitro study. Compared to conventional (that is, grain sizes larger than 100 nm) ceramics, synthesis of TRAP was significantly greater in osteoclast-like cells cultured on nanophase alumina and on nanophase HA after 10 and 13 days, respectively. In addition, compared to conventional ceramics, formation of resorption pits was significantly greater by osteoclast-like cells cultured on nanophase alumina and on nanophase HA after 7, 10, and 13 days, respectively. The present study, therefore, demonstrated, for the first time, enhanced osteoclast-like cell function on ceramic surfaces with nanometer-size surface topography.
Binary-compatible signed-digit arithmetic

Binary compatible signed digit number system characterized by variable length and significant arithmetic operations
On Optimal Quantization Rules for Some Problems in Sequential Decentralized Detection

We consider the design of systems for sequential decentralized detection, a problem that entails several interdependent choices: the choice of a stopping rule (specifying the sample size), a global decision function (a choice between two competing hypotheses), and a set of quantization rules (the local decisions on the basis of which the global decision is made). This correspondence addresses an open problem of whether in the Bayesian formulation of sequential decentralized detection, optimal local decision functions can be found within the class of stationary rules. We develop an asymptotic approximation to the optimal cost of stationary quantization rules and exploit this approximation to show that stationary quantizers are not optimal in a broad class of settings. We also consider the class of blockwise-stationary quantizers, and show that asymptotically optimal quantizers are likelihood-based threshold rules.
Linear confinement and AdS/QCD

In a theory with linear confinement, such as QCD, the masses squared m^2 of mesons with high spin S or high radial excitation number n are expected, from semiclassical arguments, to grow linearly with S and n. We show that this behavior can be reproduced within a putative 5-dimensional theory holographically dual to QCD (AdS/QCD). With the assumption that such a dual theory exists and describes highly excited mesons as well, we show that asymptotically linear m^2 spectrum translates into a strong constraint on the INFRARED behavior of that theory. In the simplest model which obeys such a constraint we find m^2 ~ (n+S).
Limits of Reliable Communication with Low Probability of Detection on AWGN Channels

We present a square root limit on the amount of information transmitted reliably and with low probability of detection (LPD) over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels. Specifically, if the transmitter has AWGN channels to an intended receiver and a warden, both with non-zero noise power, we prove that o(√n) bits can be sent from the transmitter to the receiver in n channel uses while lower-bounding α + β ≥ 1-e for any e > 0, where α and β respectively denote the warden's probabilities of a false alarm when the sender is not transmitting and a missed detection when the sender is transmitting. Moreover, in most practical scenarios, a lower bound on the noise power on the channel between the transmitter and the warden is known and O(√n) bits can be sent in n LPD channel uses. Conversely, attempting to transmit more than O(√n) bits either results in detection by the warden with probability one or a non-zero probability of decoding error at the receiver as n→∞.
Ranching, Invasive Annual Grasses, and the External Costs of Wildfire in the Great Basin: A Stochastic Dynamic Programming Approach

The spread of invasive annual grasses and resulting escalation of wildfire frequency and severity pose a significant and growing threat to the economic and ecological viability of the rangelands in the Great Basin. While private ranchers have the option to limit the severity of wildfires through fuels removal treatments, few ranchers engage in such land treatments. Without internalizing the public cost of wildfire suppression in the decision problem, private ranchers likely to under-invest in fuels treatments. In this article, using a bio-economic model of rancher decision making, we analyze the private incentives for engaging in land treatments. We find that the downside shocks on available grazing land due to wildfires are proportionately smaller for larger ranches and that for that reason larger ranches exhibit a greater ability to adjust production in response to wildfires, thus implying a potential source of increasing returns to scale in ranch operation in presence of wildfire risks. We also find that valuation of fuels treatment is substantially different between a private rancher and a “social planner” that internalizes wildfire suppression costs in the decision problem.
FUNCTIONAL UNIFICATION GRAMMAR: A FORMALISM FOR MACHINE TRANSLATION

Functional Unification Grammar provides an opportunity to encompass within one formalism and computational system the parts of machine translation systems that have usually been treated separately, natably analysis, transfer, and synthesis. Many of the advantages of this formalism come from the fact that it is monotonic allowing data structures to grow differently as different nondeterministic alternatives in a computation are pursued, but never to be modified in any way. A striking feature of this system is that it is fundamental reversible, allowing a to translate as b only if b could translate as a.
The architecture of a comprehensive equation browser for the print impaired

In current work, the Math Genie project is being integrated into a multi-lingual environment that will allow print impaired users in English, French and German speaking countries to not only learn higher level mathematics, but also to share their knowledge and work with others in these language groups. The design of this environment employs generalized markup languages, which will allow the future inclusion of numerous other national languages and math Braille standards. The remainder of this paper discusses the issues associated with building an equation browser that both includes the majority of print impaired users (blind, low vision and dyslexic) and also supports numerous natural languages and national Braille codes.
The relationship between parent immigration status and concrete support service use among Latinos in child welfare: Findings using the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-being (NSCAWII)

Abstract The underutilization of concrete services by immigrants is widely documented across several service sectors, yet evidence is lacking on the use of such services among immigrants reported to child welfare for the purposes of reducing maltreatment. It has been suggested that Latino immigrants involved with the child welfare system may face steep challenges to receiving needed services due to issues surrounding legal status, language and cultural barriers. The purpose of this study was to determine whether referral to and receipt of concrete services by Latino families reported to child welfare agencies, was associated with legal immigration status. The sample included children of Latino parents who participated in the second National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-being (NSCAWII), who remained in the home following a child welfare investigation (n = 561). Over a third (37%) of Latino families were referred for at least one concrete service, yet only 17% received any. Weighted logistic regression models showed that families in which the primary caregiver was undocumented had significantly lower odds (OR = .24) of receiving services once referred. Families who had trouble paying for basic necessities (OR = 7.52), those with active domestic violence in the home (OR = 4.98), and those receiving ongoing child welfare services (OR = 4.52) had increased odds of referral for services by the caseworker. The odds of receiving services increased when the primary caregiver was unemployed (OR = 5.24), when there was domestic violence in the home (OR = 4.59), and with the receipt of child welfare agency services (OR = 8.83). There appears to be an unmet need for concrete services among Latinos investigated by child welfare, as demonstrated in the gap between overall service referral and receipt. A parent's legal status may be one reason for that unmet need, implying that children of undocumented parents are less likely to have basic needs met to mitigate economic stress and reduce maltreatment risk upon contact with child welfare. Policy recommendations and implications for child welfare practice are discussed.
Dearomatization Strategies in the Synthesis of Complex Natural Products

Evolution in the field of the total synthesis of natural products has led to exciting developments over the last decade. Numerous chemoselective and enantioselective methodologies have emerged from total syntheses, resulting in efficient access to many important natural product targets. This Review highlights recent developments concerning dearomatization, a powerful strategy for the total synthesis of architecturally complex natural products wherein planar, aromatic scaffolds are converted to three-dimensional molecular architectures.
New Iron(III) Phosphate Phases: Crystal Structure and Electrochemical and Magnetic Properties

Two new iron(III) phosphates, FePO4, have been synthesized from the dehydration of hydrothermally prepared monoclinic and orthorhombic hydrated phosphates FePO4·2H2O. The structures of both hydrates were redetermined from single crystal data. On dehydration, a topotactic reaction takes place with only those bonds associated with the water molecules being broken, so that both FePO4 phases have essentially the same Fe−P backbone frameworks as the corresponding hydrates. They are, respectively, monoclinic FePO4, space group P21/n, a= 5.480(1) A, b = 7.480(1) A, c= 8.054(1) A, β = 95.71(1)°, and Z = 4; and orthorhombic FePO4, space group Pbca, a = 9.171(1) A, 9.456(1) A, c = 8.675(1) A, and Z = 8. Both of these phases are thermally unstable relative to the trigonal quartz-like FePO4. The electrochemical studies find that the orthorhombic iron phosphate is more active than the monoclinic phase, while both are more active than trigonal FePO4. Both phases approach Curie−Weiss behavior at room temperature, with t...
Synthesis of (2S,3R)-β-methyltyrosine catalyzed by tyrosine phenol-lyase

Abstract A one-step enzymatic synthesis of the conformationally restrained tyrosine analog (2S,3R)-β-methyltyrosine is reported. This synthesis extends the preparative chemistry associated with tyrosine phenollyase. This β-methyltyrosine derivative was shown to be an efficient protein tyrosine kinase substrate, suggesting that conformational restraint may ultimately be used to enhance tyrosine kinase recognition of substrates.
Automatic text area segmentation in natural images

We present a hierarchical method for segmenting text areas in natural images. The method assumes that the text is written with a contrasting color on a more or less uniform background. No assumption is made regarding the language or character set used to write the text. In particular, the text can contain simple graphics or symbols. The key feature of our approach is that we first concentrate on finding the background of the text, before testing whether there is actually text on the background. Since uniform areas are easy to find in natural images, and since text backgrounds define areas which contain "holes" (where the text is written) we thus look for uniform areas containing "holes" and label them as text backgrounds candidates. Each candidate area is then further tested for the presence of text within its convex hull. We tested our method on a database of 65 images including English and Urdu text. The method correctly segmented all the text areas in 63 of these images, and in only 4 of these were areas that do not contain text also segmented.
The missing link: bicycle infrastructure networks and ridership in 74 US cities

Cities promote strong bicycle networks to support and encourage bicycle commuting. However, the application of network science to bicycle facilities is not very well studied. Previous work has found relationships between the amount of bicycle infrastructure in a city and aggregate bicycle ridership, and between microscopic network structure and individual tripmaking patterns. This study fills the missing link between these two bodies of literature by developing a standard methodology for measuring bicycle facility network quality at the macroscopic level and testing its association with bicycle commuting. Bicycle infrastructure maps were collected for 74 Unites States cities and systematically analyzed to evaluate their network structure. Linear regression models revealed that connectivity and directness are important factors in predicting bicycle commuting after controlling for demographic variables and the size of the city. These findings provide a framework for transportation planners and policymakers to evaluate their local bicycle facility networks and set regional priorities that support nonmotorized travel behavior, and for continued research on the structure and quality of bicycle infrastructure and behavior.
Stochastic space‐time regional rainfall modeling adapted to historical rain gauge data

[1] Stochastic rainfall models are important tools both for practical issues and in studies of weather- and climate-sensitive systems. We propose an event-based model, continuous in space (two-dimensional) and time, that describes regional-scale, ground-observed storms by a Boolean random field of rain patches. The model creates complex space-time structures with a mathematically tractable framework. The estimation method relates temporal observations at fixed sites to the movement of the model storm rain field, thereby making historical rain gauge data suitable for model fitting. The model is estimated using hourly historical data at eight rain gauges in Alabama and tested for its capabilities in capturing statistical characteristics of the historical data, including rainfall intensity, rainfall intensity extremes, temporal correlation, effects of temporal aggregation, spatial coverage, and spatial correlation.
Father Absence and Male Aggression. A Re-Examination of the Comparative Evidence

Beatrice B. Whiting suggested that sex-identity conflict leads to male violence cross-culturally. While subsequent worldwide cross-cultural research has been equivocal regarding the "sex-identity conflict" hypothesis, we suggest that this may be because researchers have failed to pay attention to Whiting's contingent conditions—how powerful men are compared to women, and the degree to which aggression is considered a component of the male adult role. Using multiple regression, we examine how homicide and assualt rates also may be affected by the degree to which aggression is explicitly encouraged, the extent of corporal punishment, and whether the father or the mother is the main publisher
Knowledge growth and the allocation of time

We analyze a model economy with many agents, each with a different productivity level. Agents divide their time between two activities: producing goods with the production-related knowledge they already have and interacting with others in search of new, productivity-increasing ideas. These choices jointly determine the economy’s current production level and its rate of learning and real growth. We construct the balanced growth path for this economy. We also study the allocation chosen by an idealized planner who takes into account and internalizes the external benefits of search. Finally, we provide three examples of alternative learning technologies and show that the properties of equilibrium allocations are quite sensitive to two of these variations.
Empennage Noise Shielding Benefits for an Open Rotor Transport

NASA sets aggressive, strategic, civil aircraft performance and environmental goals and develops ambitious technology roadmaps to guide its research efforts. NASA has adopted a phased approach for community noise reduction of civil aircraft. While the goal of the near-term first phase focuses primarily on source noise reduction, the goal of the second phase relies heavily on presumed architecture changes of future aircraft. The departure from conventional airplane configurations to designs that incorporate some type of propulsion noise shielding is anticipated to provide an additional 10 cumulative EPNdB of noise reduction. One candidate propulsion system for these advanced aircraft is the open rotor engine. In some planned applications, twin open rotor propulsors are located on the aft fuselage, with the vehicle s empennage shielding some of their acoustic signature from observers on the ground. This study focuses on predicting the noise certification benefits of a notional open rotor aircraft with tail structures shielding a portion of the rotor noise. The measured noise of an open rotor test article--collected with and without an acoustic barrier wall--is the basis of the prediction. The results are used to help validate NASA s reliance on acoustic shielding to achieve the second phase of its community noise reduction goals. The noise measurements are also compared to a popular empirical diffraction correlation often used at NASA to predict acoustic shielding.
Forensic Science in Transition: Critical Leadership Challenges

Abstract Our nation needs strong forensic leaders. National leaders are needed to champion reforms recommended by the National Research Council and Committee on Identifying the Needs of the Forensic Sciences Community (2009). Leaders are also needed in laboratories to address difficult challenges in the context of resource limitations and constraints that hamper progress toward important goals. Business tools, strategies, and tactics are reviewed from the extant literature to help forensic leaders develop necessary skills. Specifically, leader influence tactics can be used to gain commitment for important projects. We draw from our experience and research to facilitate a discussion of the “best practices” for developing leader effectiveness in forensic science. In this regard, we offer six recommendations for effectiveness measures. Finally, we describe four components of a laboratory that must be in alignment going forward. Leadership is needed at both the national and local levels to provide new directi...
Linear diophantine equations over polynomials and soft decoding of Reed-Solomon codes

This paper generalizes the classical Knuth-Schoumlnhage algorithm computing the greatest common divisor (gcd) of two polynomials for solving arbitrary linear Diophantine systems over polynomials in time, quasi-linear in the maximal degree. As an application, the following weighted curve fitting problem is considered: given a set of points in the plane, find an algebraic curve (satisfying certain degree conditions) that goes through each point the prescribed number of times. The main motivation for this problem comes from coding theory, namely, it is ultimately related to the list decoding of Reed-Solomon codes. This paper presents a new fast algorithm for the weighted curve fitting problem, based on the explicit construction of a Groebner basis. This gives another fast algorithm for the soft decoding of Reed-Solomon codes different from the procedure proposed by Feng, which works in time (w/r) O(1)nlog2n, where r is the rate of the code, and w is the maximal weight assigned to a vertical line
High-density central I/O circuits for CMOS

An I/O circuit design for VLSI CMOS is described that reduced the percentage of chip area occupied by I/O circuits from roughly 22% to under 3% for a 256 I/O chip. The technique, implemented in the IBM RISC System/6000 workstation processor chips, uses stackable macros to improve density per I/O signal by 10 times. The reorganization of the I/O structure relies on a top layer of metal dedicated to I/O circuit-to-pad wiring and power distribution. It takes full advantage of C4 solder bond package connection technology, which allows package connections to be located over chip circuitry. Decoupling I/O circuit layout from package connection layout and grouping by identical circuit type permits the full range of layout optimization techniques to be applied. I/O circuits are produced that are fully compatible with internal circuit terrain. >
Incorporation of probabilistic seismic phase labels into a Bayesian multiple-event seismic locator

SUMMARY We add probabilistic phase labels to the multiple-event joint probability function of Myers et al. that formerly included event locations, traveltime corrections and arrival-time measurement precision. Prior information on any of the multiple-event parameters may be used. The phase-label model includes a null label that captures phases not belonging to the collection of phases under consideration. Using the Markov-Chain Monte Carlo method, samples are drawn from the multiple-event joint probability function to infer the posteriori distribution that is consistent with priors and the arrival-time data set. Using this approach phase-label error can be accessed and phase-label error is propagated to all other multiple-event parameters. We test the method using a ground-truth data set of nuclear explosions at the Nevada Test Site. We find that posteriori phase labels agree with the meticulously analysed data set in more than 97 per cent of instances and the results are robust even when the input phase-label information is discarded. Only when a large percentage of the arrival-time data are corrupted does prior phase label information improve resolution of multiple-event parameters. Simultaneous modelling of the entire multiple-event system results in accurate posteriori probability regions for each multiple-event parameter.
Technology and Decision Rules in the Theory of Investment Behavior

1. Introduction, 523. — 2. Technology, 525. – 3. Objective function, 529. — 4. Optimal investment policy, 534. — 5. Decision rules, 537.
A method for measuring swelling of hands and feet: part I normal variations and applications in inflammatory joint diseases.

SummaryThe size of the hands and wrists and of the feet and ankles can be accurately and quickly determined by a simple apparatus using the principle of water displacement. The measurements of the hands and wrists of 36 normal active individuals taken both in the morning and in the afternoon of the same day showed a difference in volume of less than 1 %. Variations of the normal hands and wrists between the morning and afternoon during five successive days showed a mean coefficient of variation of 1.5 %. The accuracy of hand-volume apparatus was tested in ten normal subjects. Ten determinations of the hand size made in rapid succession in each of these ten normal individuals showed a variation of less than 1 %.The volume of the feet varied more from hour to hour and from day to day than did the volume of the hands. For this reason, it is recommended that measurements of the feet be taken early in the morning and at the same time of the day. Under these conditions the normal variation from day to day has b...
Active brazing alloy containing carbon fibers for metal-ceramic joining

The addition of 8.4 vol% short metal-coated carbon fibers to an active brazing alloy increased the debonding strength of metal/ceramic joints by 18% to 28%. The carbon fibers helped to strengthen the brazing alloy and to decrease slightly the thermal stress at the brazing interface. The carbon fibers were either uniformly distributed in the brazing layer or concentrated near the ceramic side of the metal/ceramic brazing interface. The latter resulted in a lower thermal expansion in the part of the brazing filler near the ceramic and gave superior joints such that the debonding occurred in the part of the brazing filler without carbon fibers. The titanium in the active brazing alloy was segregated at the interfaces between the brazing filler and the ceramic, between the brazing filler and the metal (steel), and between the carbon fibers and the matrix of the brazing filler. The amount of titanium at the interface between the brazing filler and the ceramic was smaller when carbon fibers were present in the brazing filler. Titanium segregation at the fiber-matrix interface was also observed when bare carbon fibers instead of metal-coated fibers were used. The bare carbon fibers gave joints comparable in quality to the metal-coated carbonmore » fibers. The carbon fibers also served to lower the cost of the brazing material.« less
Optical trap detector for calibration of optical fiber powermeters: coupling efficiency

The optical trap detector is based on two, 1 cm x 1 cm silicon photodiodes and a spherical mirror contained in a package that is highly efficient for measuring light diverging from the end of an optical fiber. The mathematical derivation of the coupling efficiency relies on the integral directional response weighted by the angular intensity distribution of an idealized parabolic optical beam. Results of directional-uniformity measurements, acquired with the aid of a six-axis industrial robotic arm, indicate that the trap has a collection efficiency greater than 99.9% for a fiber numerical aperture of 0.24. Spatial uniformity measurements indicate that the variation of detector response as a function of position is less than 0.1%. The detector's absolute responsivity at 672.3, 851.7, and 986.1 nm is also documented by comparison with other optical detectors and various input conditions and indicates that the design is well suited for laser and optical fiber power measurements.
A model of stem cell population dynamics: in silico analysis and in vivo validation

The proper renewal and maintenance of tissues by stem cell populations is simultaneously influenced by anatomical constraints, cell proliferation dynamics and cell fate specification. However, their relative influence is difficult to examine in vivo. To address this difficulty we built, as a test case, a cell-centered state-based computational model of key behaviors that govern germline development in C. elegans, and used it to drive simulations of cell population dynamics under a variety of perturbations. Our analysis provided unexpected possible explanations for laboratory observations, including certain ‘all-or-none’ phenotypes and complex differentiation patterns. The simulations also offered insights into niche-association dynamics and the interplay between cell cycle and cell fate. Subsequent experiments validated several predictions generated by the simulations. Notably, we found that early cell cycle defects influence later maintenance of the progenitor cell population. This general modeling approach is potentially applicable to other stem cell systems.
Hybrid LQG-neural controller for inverted pendulum system

The paper presents a hybrid system controller, incorporating a neural and an LQG controller. The neural controller has been optimized by genetic algorithms directly on the inverted pendulum system. The failure-free optimization process stipulated a relatively small region of the asymptotic stability of the neural controller, which is concentrated around the regulation point. The presented hybrid controller combines benefits of a genetically optimized neural controller and an LQG controller in a single system controller. High quality of the regulation process is achieved through utilization of the neural controller, while stability of the system during transient processes and a wide range of operation are assured through application of the LQG controller. The hybrid controller has been validated by applying it to a simulation model of an inherently unstable system - the inverted pendulum.
Preparation of Uniform Colloidal Strontium Ferrite Particles

A procedure is described that yields uniform ferrite particles containing strontium. The process consists of crystallizing the solids from a ferrous hydroxide gel in the presence of SrCl2 and a mild oxidizing agent (KNO3) at 90°C. The amount of Sr2+ in the particles can be varied with the concentration of the SrCl2 in the original system, but its content decreases with extensive washings. Calcination of the powder partially inhibits the leaching of Sr2+. Magnetic properties of such materials are also given.
Recent advances in multicomponent reactions for diversity-oriented synthesis

Interest in multicomponent reactions (MCRs) has surged during the past two decades as interest in the efficient synthesis of small molecule libraries has gained prominence. MCRs fill an important niche in library synthesis by providing direct access to library compounds and by serving as starting points for Diversity-Oriented Synthesis (DOS). Recent advances in the area of MCR chemistry have included the discovery of new reactions, development of the first asymmetric catalysts, and the application of MCRs to natural products and other targets of biological interest. This review will highlight recent developments in MCRs as a rich source of molecular diversity.
Polycrystalline plastic deformation and texture evolution for crystals lacking five independent slip systems

Abstract W e clearly elucidate the kinematic constraints, and the corresponding kinematic indeterminacy of part of the deviatoric stress tensor, in a rigid-viscoplastic single crystal lacking five independent slip systems. The indeterminate stress component is a Lagrange multiplier enforcing the kinematic constraint, and it must be determined from equilibrium considerations. A simple polycrystalline model is constructed which precisely satisfies local kinematic constraints as well as global compatibility. Volume-average global stresses are obtained by approximating the local constraint stress as the corresponding projection of the (to-be-determined) global stress. Applications of the model to hexagonal crystals without pyramidal slip, and to large deformation and texturing of orthorhombic polycrystalline materials (olivine; HDPE) are made.
Unified explanation of catalyzed and non-catalyzed chemical reactions

Abstract A right hyperbola, specific for each molecule, is used to convert vibrational frequencies from infrared spectra into numbers of electrons. This conversion greatly increases the information to be obtained from spectra and has led to the discovery of a third type of interaction of a gas with a solid surface, neither physical nor chemical adsorption. This discovery along with the Myers’ Hypothesis that a synchronization of the vibrational frequencies of reactants would facilitate reaction has led to 14 publications in catalysis. Combining the hyperbolas, one from each reactant provides a quantitative interpretation of catalysis by specifying the catalytic metal, its numerical oxidation state, the mechanism of the reaction and the necessary structure of the catalyst, heterogeneous or homogeneous (enzyme). Ions that have low-lying electronic states, below 4000 cm −1 , in the Atomic Energy Levels (AELs) tables from NIST produce an electric field, which serves as a site for catalysis. The electric field at the catalyst affects the reactants as if electron density has been added or removed. For homogeneous or enzyme catalysis both reactants are altered the same way. In the case of heterogeneous catalysis both reactants may be altered the same way or one reactant may be altered as if it has gained and the other as if it has lost electron density. Reactants in non-catalyzed reactions are positive and negative ions generated by solution in ionic solvents or generated by increases in temperature.
Prospective analysis of a wage subsidy for Cape Town youth

Abstract Persistently high youth unemployment is one of the most pressing problems in South Africa. We prospectively analyze an employer wage subsidy targeted at youth, a policy recently enacted by the South African government to address the issue. Recognizing that a credible estimate of the policy's impact requires a model of the labor market that itself generates high unemployment in equilibrium, we estimate a structural search model that incorporates both observed heterogeneity and measurement error in wages. Using the model to simulate the policy, we find that a R1000/month wage subsidy paid to employers leads to an increase of R596 in mean accepted wages and a decrease of 12 percentage points in the share of youth experiencing long-term unemployment.
Biases in approximating log production

Most empirical work in economic growth assumes either a Cobb–Douglas production function expressed in logs or a log-approximated constant elasticity of substitution specification. Estimates from each are likely biased due to logging the model and the latter can also suffer from approximation bias. We illustrate this with a successful replication of Masanjala and Papagerogiou (The Solow model with CES technology: nonlinearities and parameter heterogeneity, Journal of Applied Econometrics 2004; 19: 171–201) and then estimate both models in levels to avoid these biases. Our estimation in levels gives results in line with conventional wisdom.
Normal-zone detection in tokamak superconducting magnets with co-wound voltage sensors

This paper the discusses advantages and disadvantages of different locations of co-wound voltage sensors for quench detection in tokamak magnets with a cable-in-conduit conductor. The voltage sensor locations are analyzed and estimates of the anticipated noise vs. dB/dt are derived for transverse, parallel, and self fields. The LLNL Noise Rejection Experiment, also described here, is designed to verify theoretical expectations on a copper cable exposed to these fields that will simulate the tokamak field environment.
Individualized Predictions of Disease Progression Following Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer

Purpose Following treatment for localized prostate cancer, men are monitored with serial prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measurements. Refining the predictive value of post-treatment PSA determinations may add to clinical management, and we have developed a model that predicts future PSA values and the time to future clinical recurrence for individual patients. Patients and Methods Data from 934 patients treated between 1987 and 2000 were used to develop a comprehensive statistical model to fit the clinical recurrence events and patterns of PSA data. A logistic model was used for the probability of cure, mixed models were used for serial PSA measurements, and a proportional hazards model was used for recurrences. Data available through February 2001 were fit to the model, and data collected between February 2001 and September 2003 were used for validation. Results T-stage, baseline PSA, and radiotherapy dosage are all associated with probability of cure. The risk of clinical recurrence in those not cured ...
The power of local information in social networks

We study the power of local information algorithms for optimization problems on social and technological networks. We focus on sequential algorithms where the network topology is initially unknown and is revealed only within a local neighborhood of vertices that have been irrevocably added to the output set. This framework models the behavior of an external agent that does not have direct access to the network data, such as a user interacting with an online social network. We study a range of problems under this model of algorithms with local information. When the underlying graph is a preferential attachment network, we show that one can find the root (i.e. initial node) in a polylogarithmic number of steps, using a local algorithm that repeatedly queries the visible node of maximum degree. This addresses an open question of Bollobas and Riordan. This result is motivated by its implications: we obtain polylogarithmic approximations to problems such as finding the smallest subgraph that connects a subset of nodes, finding the highest-degree nodes, and finding a subgraph that maximizes vertex coverage per subgraph size. Motivated by problems faced by recruiters in online networks, we also consider network coverage problems on arbitrary graphs. We demonstrate a sharp threshold on the level of visibility required: at a certain visibility level it is possible to design algorithms that nearly match the best approximation possible even with full access to the graph structure, but with any less information it is impossible to achieve a non-trivial approximation. We conclude that a network provider's decision of how much structure to make visible to its users can have a significant effect on a user's ability to interact strategically with the network.
Non-nanogold catalyzed aerobic oxidation of secondary amines to imines

Bulk gold powder (∼103 nm particle size) is a highly active catalyst for the oxidative dehydrogenation of secondary amines to imines under the mild conditions of 1 atm O2 and 60–100 °C.