cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Launch ascent testing of a representative Altair ascent stage methane tank

Abstract In order to support long duration cryogenic propellant storage, the NASA is investigating the long duration storage properties of liquid methane. The Methane Lunar Surface Thermal Control (MLSTC) testing is using a tank of the approximate dimensions of the Altair lunar ascent propellant tanks. The tank was insulated with multilayer insulation and placed inside of a vacuum chamber to simulate the various environments that would be encountered during launch and travel from the earth to the lunar surface, including long duration stays on the lunar surface. One of these environments to be studied is the launch and ascent environment; while all the effects of this mission phase cannot be simulated at the same time, an effort was made to simulate as many as possible. Boil-off testing included ambient pressure ground hold testing followed by a rapid depressurization of the vacuum chamber during which the liquid methane tank was allowed to come to steady state condition in the high vacuum environment. The data gathered from the series of tests fit with-in pre-test predictions and yielded much needed test data for rapid depressurization using liquid methane.
How Trainees Transfer What They Have Learned: Toward a Taxonomy of Use

Researchers have consistently advocated for clearer concepts and better operational definitions of measures of training transfer. To clarify what trainees actually do on the job, we defined transfer as use on the job of what was learned in training and developed a prototype taxonomy of use. To form the taxonomy we asked, “How do relatively autonomous workers, taught open skills, use in their work what they have learned from training?” To create categories of use, we analyzed, defined, and reorganized former trainees’ stories of application from studies by Yelon and others (Yelon, Reznich, & Sleight, 1997; Yelon, Sheppard, Sleight, & Ford, 2004; Yelon, Ford, & Golden, 2013). We identified, as part of the prototype taxonomy the actions, content, conditions, tasks, purposes, and beneficiaries of different types of use. We discuss how this multidimensional framework provides a way of conceiving of and measuring transfer as use and the implications for practice and research.
Age Structure, Unwanted Fertility, and the Association Between Racial Composition and Family Planning Programs: A Comment on Wright

A previous analysis of family planning availability in the U.S. by G.C. Wright concluded that racism is an important factor in the provision of such services. The author of this article contends that Wrights conclusion was based on a spurious correlation and is inconsistent with the pattern of program activity. Instead he contends that federal funding practices determine family planning program availability. A countys need for services is determined by 1) economic status of the population; 2) the age distribution of females in the population; and 3) the prevalence of unwanted fertility. Wrights study controlled for economic status but not for age distribution or unwanted fertility. All 3 factors operate to make demand for family planning services greater in areas with high concentrations of young poor and black women. Analysis of the data shows that racial composition of the population alone does not affect the availability of currently-operating family planning services. Low income and low education levels are more influential factors.
Intrathoracic splenosis: status after a motor vehicle accident.

The authors examined a 33-year-old man who was involved in a motor vehicle accident approximately 10 years previously and had sustained significant injuries, including splenic rupture, left diaphragmatic rupture, hemopneumothorax, and left lung collapse. Immediately, the patient was operated on: His spleen was removed and the left diaphragm was repaired. Ten years later, the patient was examined because of a new nonhealing ulcer overlying a right tibial fracture. A Tc-99m-labeled WBC scan was performed to rule out osteomyelitis. Although he had no chest- or abdominal-related complaints, the labeled WBC scan showed multiple foci of intense tracer uptake in the left hemithorax. These foci represent left intrathoracic splenosis after left diaphragmatic rupture. Splenosis is usually seen in the abdomen and pelvis and is unusual in the chest.
Posthypnotic amnesia for recently learned material: Interactions with "episodic" and "semantic" memory.

Abstract In two experiments, posthypnotic amnesia was suggested for a word list memorized during hypnosis. After an initial test of amnesia the subjects gave word associations (Experiment 1) or category instances (Experiment 2) to stimuli intended to elicit the critical (word list) items covered by the amnesia. The extent of initial amnesia observed was strongly associated with measured hypnotic susceptibility. Even among the most hypnotizable subjects, however, the dense amnesia did not prevent the critical items from being elicited by the semantic memory tasks, nor did it modulate the priming which these associations received by virtue of the prior learning experience. Moreover, production of the critical items did not, in general, remind the amnesic subjects of those items which they had previously learned, but could not now remember. Full memory was restored after the amnesia suggestion was canceled by a prearranged cue. Posthypnotic amnesia appears to represent a temporary dissociation of episodic features from memory traces, so that the subject has difficulty in reconstructing the context in which the target events occurred.
Early Developmental Effects of Lime‐Neutralized Iron Hydroxide Suspensions on Brook Trout and Coho Salmon

Abstract A study of the effect of lime-neutralized iron hydroxide suspensions on eggs and alevins of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) was conducted with a modified proportional diluter. Effects were interpreted from data on hatchability, survival, and growth in five test concentrations and control. Growth of 90-day-old coho salmon alevins was reduced in water containing 1.27 mg Fe/liter of lime-neutralized suspended iron, whereas hatchability was unaffected in the highest concentration tested, 10.5 mg Fe/liter, However, 10.5 mg Fe/liter water had no measurable effect on hatchability, survival, and growth of brook trout alevins. The safe upper limit of lime-neutralized suspended iron for hatchability, survival, and growth of coho salmon alevins may lie between 0.97 and 1.27 mg Fe/liter.
Abstract 557: Galectin-3 binding protein produced by neuroblastoma cells stimulates the expression of interleukin-6 in bone marrow mesenchymal cells

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC There is recent evidence that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells (BMMC) play an important role in bone metastasis in several cancers, including myeloma and neuroblastoma. We previously reported that in neuroblastoma these cells are a source of interleukin-6 (IL-6) that promotes the growth and survival of neuroblastoma cells and bone degradation. We have recently isolated and identified Galectin-3 binding protein (Gal-3BP) as a soluble factor produced by a neuroblastoma cell line as a factor upregulating the production of IL-6 by BMMC. Here we document the production of Gal-3BP in several neuroblastoma cell lines, in particular those without MYCN amplification that correlates with their ability to induce the production of IL-6 in BMMC. The stimulation of IL-6 by Gal-3BP is mediated by Gal-3, a multifunctional glycoprotein that binds Gal-3BP and is present in BMMC. It is also dependent on the activation of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK1/2 pathway by Gal-3BP/Gal-3 and is blocked by the ERK1/2 inhibitor PD980559. Transcriptional activation of IL-6 by Gal-3BP/Gal-3 requires a 115 bp region (−97 to −212) in the IL-6 promoter that contains recognition motifs for a cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) and a CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP). The expression of Gal-3BP was also examined by immunohistochemistry in 38 primary neuroblastoma tumors with (n=9) and without (n=29) MYCN amplification. This analysis revealed that Gal-3BP is paradoxically more abundant in MYCN non-amplified tumors. This unanticipated observation suggests a significant difference in the Gal-3BP/Gal-3/IL-6 pathway between subgroups of neuroblastoma tumors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 557.
Electrostatic Cooperativity of Hydroxyl Groups at Metal Oxide Surfaces

The O−H bond distribution of hydroxyl groups at the {110} goethite (α-FeOOH) surface was investigated by molecular dynamics. This distribution was strongly affected by electrostatic interactions with neighboring oxo and hydroxo groups. The effects of proton surface loading, simulated by emplacing two protons at different distances of separation, were diverse and generated several sets of O−H bond distributions. DFT calculations of a representative molecular cluster were also carried out to demonstrate the impact of these effects on the orientation of oxygen lone pairs in neighboring oxo groups. These effects should have strong repercussions on O−H stretching vibrations of metal oxide surfaces.
Pituitary fibroblast growth factor as a stimulator of growth in cultured rabbit articular chondrocytes.

Growth promoting activity for rabbit chondrocytes has been described as a contaminant of partially purified TSH and LH prepared from bovine and ovine pituitaries. We have investigated fibroblast growth factor (FGF), a small growth promoting peptide isolated from bovine pituitary tissue, in a rabbit chondrocyte system. The results suggest to us that FGF is the factor or one of the factors responsible for chondrocyte growth stimulating activity previously described in the pituitary hormone preparations. DNA synthesis in these cells is stimulated by FGF at final medium concentrations of 10-9 g/ml. Bovine NIH-LH is not stimulatory below concentrations of 10-7 g/ml. FGF also stimulates cell growth in the presence of 10% fetal bovine serum. Dexamethasone, at concentrations of 10-5 to 10-9 g/ml exerts a synergistic effect with FGF on both DNA synthesis and cell growth. Over a concentration range of 10-6 to 10-9 g/ml, FGF does not stimulate synthesis of sulfated mucopolysaccharides. (Endocrinology 97: 359, 1975)
Design of a Reacceleration Experiment Using the Choppertron

The Microwave Source Facility at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is commencing a series of experiments involving reacceleration of a modulated beam alternating with extraction of energy in the form of X-band microwaves. The Choppertron, a high-power microwave generator, is used to modulate a 5-MV, 1-kA induction accelerator beam. The modulated beam is then passed through a series of traveling-wave output structures separated by induction cells. In this paper we report on computer simulations used in the design of these experiments. Simulations include analysis of beam transport, modulation, power extraction and transverse instabilities.
Chromosome replication in Escherichia coli 15T− at different growth rates: Rate of replication of the chromosome and the rate of formation of small pieces

Abstract The initiation and termination of chromosome replication in Escherichia coli 15T − have been measured at slow growth rates and after transfer from poor to rich media. Replication of the chromosome (travel-time) requires 80 minutes in aspartate medium (cell doubling time, 120 min). After transfer to glucose (travel-time, 40 min) the rate of replication increases slightly. After transfer to Casamino acids medium (doubling-time, 27 min) a somewhat decreased rate of travel of the replication fork is observed for 50 to 60 minutes, after which it increases to the travel-time characteristic for Casamino acids (40 min). At 37 °C and in all growth media, short pulses of [ 3 H]thymidine will label DNA which can be extracted by alkali in the form of low molecular weight “Okazaki” pieces. These pieces are about 1 μ in length and correspond in number to the replication of 2.5 μ of the chromosome in glucose or Casamino acids medium and 1.5 μ in aspartate medium. The time required to synthesize such a piece is less than 12 seconds and more than 6 seconds at 20 °C. This time is the same in aspartate and glucose media, and after a shift-up from aspartate to Casamino acids medium. It corresponds to about 2.5 seconds of replication at 37 °C, which in turn corresponds to the maximum rate of travel of the replication fork in glucose or Casamino acids media. It is proposed that only one Okazaki segment of the chromosome can be synthesized per replication fork at any instant, and that the rate of completion of such pieces sets an upper limit on the rate of chromosome replication. Replication of DNA at slow growth rates is limited by (a) the rate at which replication of the chromosome is initiated and (b) the rate at which the replication fork can initiate synthesis of 1-μ Okazaki pieces.
In vivo interaction of ketoconazole and sucralfate in healthy volunteers.

Absorption of ketoconazole is impaired in subjects with an increased gastric pH due to administration of antacids, H2-receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, or the presence of hypochlorhydria. Sucralfate could provide an attractive alternative in patients receiving ketoconazole who require therapy for acid-peptic disorders. Twelve healthy human volunteers were administered a single 400-mg oral dose of ketoconazole in each of three randomized treatment phases. In phase A, ketoconazole was administered orally with 240 ml of water. In phase B, ketoconazole and sucralfate (1.0 g) were administered simultaneously with 240 ml of water. In phase C, ketoconazole was administered with 240 ml of water 2 h after administration of sucralfate (1.0 g) orally with 240 ml of water. A 680-mg oral dose of glutamic acid hydrochloride was administered 10 min prior to and with each dose of ketoconazole, sucralfate, or ketoconazole plus sucralfate. Simultaneous administration of ketoconazole and sucralfate led to a significant reduction in the area under the concentration-time curve and maximal concentration of ketoconazole in serum (78.12 +/- 12.20 versus 59.32 +/- 13.61 micrograms.h/ml and 12.34 +/- 3.07 versus 8.92 +/- 2.57 micrograms/ml, respectively; P < 0.05). When ketoconazole was administered 2 h after sucralfate, the observed ketoconazole area under the concentration-time curve was not significantly decreased compared with that of ketoconazole alone. The time to maximal concentrations in serum and the ketoconazole elimination rate constant were not significantly different in any of the three treatment phases. In patients receiving concurrent administration of ketoconazole and sucralfate, doses should be separated by at least 2 h.
p130 Is Dispensable in Peripheral T Lymphocytes: Evidence for Functional Compensation by p107 and pRB

The proteins encoded by the retinoblastoma gene family, pRB, p107, and p130, have been implicated in the regulation of cellular proliferation, differentiation, and transformation. Because interactions between p130 and E2F transcription factors have been proposed to play a role in the establishment and/or maintenance of quiescence in human peripheral T lymphocytes, we examined lymphoid differentiation and proliferation in p130-deficient mice. We show that p130-/- T cells proliferate normally in culture and exhibit normal cell-mediated immune function in vivo. However, p130-/- T lymphocytes expressed elevated levels of p107, and the characteristic p130-E2F DNA binding complex was replaced by a p107-E2F complex. Adoptive transfer of fetal liver lymphoid progenitors allowed us to circumvent the neonatal lethality associated with loss of p130 and p107 and to analyze the phenotype of p130-/-;p107-/- peripheral T lymphocytes. These cells achieved a quiescent state, exhibited derepression of a subset of E2F target genes, and were hypersensitive to concanavalin A stimulation. Interestingly, a significant portion of the E2F-4 in p130-/-;p107-/- T cells was detected in a complex with pRB and an as-yet-unidentified protein. These findings provide a biochemical basis for functional compensation between pRB family proteins.
A RESPONSE SURFACE TEST BED

SUMMARY A method is presented for creating randomly generated polynomial functions to be used as a test bed of simulated response surfaces. The need for the test bed to perform empirical comparisons of experimental design strategies is discussed and the methods used to create the surfaces are explained. An important feature of the test bed is that the user can control some of the characteristics of the surfaces without directly controlling the surface functions. This allows the user to choose the types of surfaces on which a simulation study is run while preserving the random nature of the surfaces needed for a valid simulation study. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Medical Image Acquisition and Processing: Clinical Validation

The validation of medical imaging (processing and acquisition) can be achieved in multiple ways, somewhat influenced by the context. There are three traps to avoid: First reliance on ground truth requires the knowledge of it before the end of the trial, second comparison to gold standards cannot show improvement and finally one needs to deal with confirmation bias. In this paper we discuss those topics and alternative validation schemes.
Design and Implementation of FAITH, An Experimental System to Intercept and Manipulate Online Social Informatics

Social informatics is the core of Facebook's business and is its most valuable asset which consists of the social graph and the private data of over 500 million users. However, without secure methods of managing this data, Face book has become vulnerable to privacy risks and devaluation. In Facebook's model, users are asked upon access to grant applications the required permissions without sufficient knowledge of the applications' intentions. As a result, if they are deceived, users risk the exposure of sensitive and personal data. This paper presents a system dubbed FAITH (Face book Applications: Identification, Transformation & Hyper visor) to mitigate or eliminate these issues by enhancing the management of social data. First, FAITH allows users to adjust the visibility of their social informatics for each individual application depending on how much they trust the application. Users can configure FAITH to let non-trusted applications run with the least privileges (least amount of social informatics) to minimize potential privacy leaks. Second, FAITH logs the activities of applications to assist users in making more secure decisions. Users can closely monitor each activity performed by applications to adjust their privacy settings more securely. Third, FAITH allows users to transform their social graph such that different applications see different social graphs preventing the formation of friendship inflation caused by applications. The implementation of FAITH only needs the resources and tools available to the public by Face book and requires no further cooperation from the social network. FAITH is a prototype system: the design and concept can be extended to secure other OSNs (Online Social Networks). Currently, FAITH contains thirteen Face book social applications and has been officially released for public usage with approximately two hundred monthly active users as of now.
On the foundations of certain theories of turbulence

Abstract The author briefly discusses the foundations of modern theories of turbulence based on hydrodynamics equations. He shows that these theories seem to offer only a limited number of possible solutions.
Standardization of Pain Management in the Postanesthesia Care Unit

Abstract A project is described in which a standard in the Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) for managing patients with acute pain was implemented. The nurses' documentation and their perceptions concerning pain management were assessed. The data collected from the pre-questionnaires showed misconceptions about pain medication, lack of knowledge about measurement tools, and value systems that were inconsistent with recognizing a comfortable and safe "comfort level" of pain for patients. The pre-audit of PACU nursing documents showed that the assessment of pain was noted in terms of presence or absence but not quantified by the use of a measurement standard. After the implementation of a pain standard, results of the post-questionnaires showed changes in behaviors, attitudes, and knowledge that showed significant increases in the use of a numerical or visual pain tool, and an increase in documented evaluation of pain.
LDL Containing Apolipoprotein CIII Is an Independent Risk Factor for Coronary Events in Diabetic Patients

Objective— Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins that contain apolipoprotein CIII (apoCIII) are prominent in diabetic dyslipidemia. We hypothesized that these lipoproteins increase coronary disease risk i...
Technology developments toward the practical use of femtosecond laser micromaterials processing

We describe several scenarios of basic femtosecond machining and materials processing that should lead to practical applications. Included are results on high through-put deep hole drilling in polymers and glasses in ambient air, and precision high speed micron-scale surface modification of materials.
Mucosal brush biopsy testing of the inferior turbinate to detect local, antigen-specific immunoglobulin E.

Background: This study investigated the ability of mucosal brush biopsy testing (MBBT) from the inferior turbinate to detect local, antigen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) in patients with allergic rhinitis, and these results were then compared to skin prick testing (SPT). Methods: A standard cytology brush was used to harvest epithelial cells from the inferior turbinates of 20 patients who tested positive to 2 or more airborne antigens out of a panel of 9 on SPT (N = 20). These cells were lysed and the resulting solution was tested for total and antigen-specific IgE using immunofluorescence. Results: Antigen-specific IgE for at least 1 antigen was detected in 15 (75%) patients on MBBT. A statistically significant association overall between the results of MBBT and SPT was present (p = 0.01), but no significant associations were seen when examining individual antigens. Patients with positive tests on MBBT had higher amounts of IgE and total protein in biopsy samples than patients without positive tests on MBBT. The mean wheal diameter in tests that were positive on MBBT were significantly larger than the mean wheal diameter in tests that were negative on MBBT (p < .0001). Eight tests were positive on MBBT that were negative on SPT in the same patients. Conclusion: This study demonstrates for the first time that antigen-specific IgE can be detected using MBBT in the sinonasal cavity. MBBT is more likely to be positive in higher SPT grades and in biopsy samples with more protein present. MBBT is also able to detect local IgE that is not detected on SPT. © 2011 ARS-AAOA, LLC.
Observations of diffuse interstellar bands attributed to C- 7

Recent advances in laboratory gas-phase spectroscopy of large molecules and their ions permit a direct comparison between the diUuse interstellar bands (DIBs) and proposed carriers. On the basis of gas-phase data, Tulej et al. recently suggested that —ve electronic transitions of the linear A2% u ^ X2% g carbon-chain anion match with DIBs. We have obtained high-resolution visible spectra of four C 7 reddened stars (HD 46711, HD 50064, HD 183143, and Cyg OB2 12) to make a detailed comparison with the laboratory data. Our data show that three of the bands at 6270.2 at 6064.0 C 7
Larval Description of Cicindela (Dromochorus) pruinina (Casey) (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Cicindelinae) with Notes on Habitat and Adult Behavior

Abstract Cicindela (Dromochorus) pruinina (Casey) is a flightless tiger beetle that was described by Casey in 1897. Since its description, it has had a diverse nomenclatural history. It occurs from Kansas and central Missouri south through Oklahoma to south Texas. Aspects of the life history are poorly known, and the larval stages have not been described. Collections of live adults from Onaga, Kansas, were transferred to a terrarium, eggs were obtained, and larvae were reared and described. Larvae were similar to other known species of Cicindela L. Notes on habitat and adult behavior were also made.
Plant Galls and Cancerous Growths in Animals

This chapter is in a sense a continuation of the last chapter and deals likewise with the factors, mechanisms and coordination of development and growth but in a somewhat more fundamental aspect.
Propagation in Tissue Culture of Cytopathic Agents from Patients with Rubella-Like Illness.

SummaryViruses, apparently not heretofore described, have been isolated from the urine or blood of 4 patients with rubella-like illnesses. These agents were serially propagated in primary human amnion cultures and produced unique cytopathic changes characterized by the aggregation of nuclear material and the presence of inclusion bodies. Other attributes demonstrated included: filterability, failure to grow in embryonated eggs or produce disease in newborn mice, lack of hemadsorption or hemagglutination, interference with Sindbis virus, relative stability on storage, and destruction by ether. By inhibition of specific cytopathic activity, low but consistent rises in levels of neutralizing antibody were demonstrated in paired sera from cases of rubella. Moreover, patients from 5 epidemics of rubella, widely separated in time, exhibited serologic evidence of infection with the agents studied. These findings suggest that the viruses herein described may be responsible for a significant proportion of illnesse...
A Note on the Calculation of Euler's Constant

(1916). A Note on the Calculation of Euler's Constant. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 73-73.
Pheromone Application and Monitoring Equipment Used in Field Studies of the Navel Orangeworm (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

A wire clip and clip applicator were designed for placing pheromone dispensers within a tree canopy. A wire hook useful for hanging many types of large objects, such as traps, in a tree canopy is described. Also described are a mating bucket for containing wing-clipped females and a disposable fiberglass screen cage for containing female moths as bait in sticky traps for biological monitoring of male activity. This equipment was used in almond orchards for studies of the navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker), and it should be valuable to researchers working with pheromones or on other research projects in orchards.
Multiple Gestations—Multiple Headaches

Twins now comprise over 3 % of all live births in the USA. This incidence has increased over the years, mainly due to the expanding use of assisted reproductive technologies. Twins may be monozygotic (one egg, fertilized by one sperm cell) or dizygotic (two eggs, fertilized by two sperm cells). Higher order multiples can be either or, occasionally, a combination. Morbidity and mortality are increased both in the mother and her fetuses/neonates. Ultrasound plays a very important role in the diagnosis and management of these pregnancies, from very early in gestation, up the second and third trimesters and to the delivery room. This role includes establishing the early diagnosis of the presence of a multiple gestation, accurate dating, the precise determination of chorionicity and amnionicity, and the surveillance and management of complications unique to these pregnancies, although for several of these complications (such as restricted growth, twin-to-twin transfusion, preterm labor and delivery), this is, usually, less of a clinical issue of the first trimester.
Abuse and Factitious Disorders

Recognizing the cutaneous manifestations of child abuse, including physical and sexual abuse, is an important component of the medical evaluation in both the hospital-based and outpatient setting. Subtle clues on the skin examination may indicate the need for further evaluation, and the provider needs to be able to distinguish the features of injuries suspicious for non-accidental trauma from accidental skin injuries, medical conditions such as vasculitis, and skin signs of cultural practices such as cupping. Clinicians should also be able to recognize the signs of child neglect, in particular in high-risk situations or in cases where child abuse is also suspected. With regard to anogenital skin findings, sexual abuse should be considered when the lesions present indicate trauma. Finally, the possibility of self-induced skin lesions should always be considered when the history and/or examination is not consistent with a defined skin disorder.
Weighted sliding mode control

This paper presents a design method for controlling multiple sliding surfaces of nonlinear systems with matched uncertainty using a single actuator. Sliding mode control, in general, requires one actuator for every control objective. Compared to the vast literature on sliding mode control, there has been little work on general theories that can be applied to underactuated nonlinear control. A sufficient condition to guarantee simultaneous robust stabilization of multiple surfaces is derived. A corollary is presented for the case when the sliding surfaces are affine in the control. An example of an overhead crane is presented to validate the design method.
Horizontal Gene Transfer and its Role in the Evolution of Prokaryotes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the horizontal gene transfer and its role in the evolution of prokaryotes. Horizontal gene transfer of genes among different species is evolutionary phenomenon whose extent and significance have been the subject of an intense debate, particularly with regard to apparent cases that involve eukaryotes. In the pregenomic era, horizontal gene transfer has been typically considered a marginal phenomenon without much general evolutionary significance. Horizontal transfer events fall into the distinct categories of acquisition of genes that are new to the given lineage, acquisition of paralogues of pre-existing genes, and xenologous gene displacement, whereby a gene is displaced by a horizontally transferred orthologue from another lineage. The fixation and long-term retention of horizontally transferred genes indicates that they confer a selective advantage upon the recipient organism. The suspicion that horizontal gene transfer might have been part of the evolutionary history of a particular gene usually emerges when the gene sequence from a particular organism shows the strongest similarity to a homologue from a distant taxon.
WAVES: Automatic Synthesis of Client-Side Validation Code for Web Applications

The current practice of Web application development treats the client and server components of the application as two separate pieces of software. Each component is written independently, usually in distinct programming languages and development platforms - a process known to be prone to errors when the client and server share application logic. When the client and server are out of sync, an aimpedance mismatcha occurs, often leading to software vulnerabilities as demonstrated by recent work on parameter tampering. This paper outlines the groundwork for a new software development approach, WAVES, where developers author the server-side application logic and rely on tools to automatically synthesize the corresponding client-side application logic. WAVES employs program analysis techniques to extract a logical specification from the server, from which it synthesizes client code. WAVES also synthesizes interactive client interfaces that include asynchronous callbacks (AJAX) whose performance and coverage rival that of manually written clients while ensuring no new security vulnerabilities are introduced. The effectiveness of WAVES is demonstrated and evaluated on three real-world web applications.
Cross-linkable styrene-functionalized fullerenes as electron-selective contacts for robust and efficient perovskite solar cells

Styrene functionalized fullerene derivatives have been designed for use as electron-selective contacts in perovskite solar cells. Unlike films of PC 61 BM and C 60 fullerene, films of these styrene-functionalized fullerenes (SFFs) can be transformed into a solvent resistant material through thermal curing. Conventional-geometry perovskite solar cells utilizing cured and uncured thin films of SFFs on titania were fabricated and tested for PCE and fracture resistance, and compared to cells employing C 60 . These cells displayed significant improvements in the fracture resistance (> 200 %) while exhibiting only a 7% drop in PCE (13.8 % vs 14.8 % PCE), with larger V OC and J SC values in comparison to the C 60 control cell. Inverted cells fabricated with SFFs displayed an even greater increase in fracture resistance (> 400 %) with only a 6 % reduction in PCE (12.3 % vs 13.1 %) in comparison to those utilizing PC 61 BM.
Intraoperative Electrophysiologic Monitoring

The lateral approach to minimally invasive lumbar spine surgery has been around since the 1980s [1–6]. However, this approach had been fraught with resultant nerve injuries which were appreciated postoperatively. In its beginnings, the rate of intraoperative nerve injury during lateral approaches to lumbar spine surgery was approximately 30 %, making this approach unappealing compared to alternative approaches to the lumbar spine [1]. The addition and advances of intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) have made this technique safer with lesser rates of postsurgical paresis. Advances in IONM made this previously morbid approach less morbid by means of awareness to the surrounding neural structures that can be compromised with the lateral access approach to the spine. In this chapter, we describe the considerations, benefits, and utility of IONM in lateral access lumbar spine surgery.
A biopsychological review of gambling disorder

The present review is an overview of previous experimental work on biopsychological aspects of gambling disorder. It includes the topics 1) gambling disorder from the neuroimaging and electroencephalography (EEG) perspective, 2) cognitive, executive functioning, and neuropsychological aspects of gambling disorder, and 3) rodent models of gambling disorder. Penalties and losses in gambling can differ in terms of brain activity. Also, specific patterns of brain activity, brain anatomical traits, EEG responses, and cognitive and executive performance can discriminate pathological gamblers from nonpathological gamblers. Also, pathological gamblers can display dysfunction in such brain areas as the insula, frontal lobe, and orbitofrontal cortex. Pathological gambling is a heterogeneous disorder that can vary depending on the severity of cognition, the style of gambling (strategic or not), the prospect of recovery, proneness to relapse, and proneness to treatment withdrawal. Finally, based on rodent models of gambling, the appropriateness of gambling decision is influenced by the presence of cues, the activity of dopamine receptors, and the activity of some brain areas (infralimbic, prelimbic, or rostral agranular insular cortex). Pathological gamblers differed in terms of frontoparietal brain activation compared to nonpathological gamblers (if winning or losing a game). Pathological gamblers had dysfunctional EEG activity. The severity of gambling was linked to the magnification and content of cognitive distortions. The insula was fundamental in the distortion of cognitions linked to result analysis during gambling activity.
Milton’s Sonnet 18: on the Late Massacre in Piedmont

(1994). Milton’s Sonnet 18: on the Late Massacre in Piedmont. The Explicator: Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 70-72.
The Worker Subjects

One of the more slippery signifiers in cultural and political theory is the “worker.” Entire histories, epistemologies, political platforms, economies, and indeed states have been formed around the worker, and it is no exaggeration to say that the long worker century (longer than all those others that trespass beyond a hundred years) has been epochal in how we understand the human subject. Of course, that the concept of subject is so easily associated with the edifice of bourgeois thought (and white, male, European too) has presented itself as a catechresistic nightmare for thinking the worker.
Complete fusion of /sup 16,18/O with /sup 24,26/Mg

Total fusion cross sections for $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ + $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}$, $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ + $^{26}\mathrm{Mg}$, and $^{18}\mathrm{O}$ + $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}$ have been measured in the energy range $18 \mathrm{MeV}\ensuremath{\le}{E}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}\ensuremath{\le}50 \mathrm{MeV}$ by detection of the evaporation residues. In addition, elastic scattering angular distributions have been measured and analyzed with the optical model. The fusion cross section for $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ + $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}$ saturates at \ensuremath{\sim} 1100 mb, while that for $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ + $^{26}\mathrm{Mg}$ and $^{18}\mathrm{O}$ + $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}$ reaches \ensuremath{\sim} 1200 mb. The fusion cross section excitation functions can be well described by the model of Glas and Mosel using reasonable parameters; the model of Bass reproduces the data well above ${E}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}\ensuremath{\approx}25$ MeV but overpredicts the cross section below this energy.
Numerical simulations for determination of minimum representative bundle size in wire wrapped tube bundles

Abstract When constructing an experiment or simulation for flow through a wire-wrapped fuel rod bundle, scientists may utilize a smaller bundle than design in order to minimize material or computational costs. Small bundles may not capture the required flow physics experienced by larger bundles. This paper compares the flow fields through wire-wrapped rod bundles of 19, 37, 61, and 91 pins and investigates the ability of each to capture the relevant physics of a larger bundle. For model verification, the SST k-ω and elliptic blending k-∊ RANS models were compared against an LES simulation of the 19 pin domain, finding both RANS turbulent models capable for the given geometry. The central subchannel transverse velocity and inter-channel mass exchange for each bundle was compared, revealing a strong dependence of inter-channel mixing on the bundle size. Furthermore, analysis of the inter-channel mass exchange for subchannels at a varying distance from the surrounding shroud revealed than the mass exchange as a function of height is strongly tied to distance from the wall, with a slight adjustment in magnitude for the bundle size. The asymmetrical aspect of the wall effect was observed, revealing that the outside 2 or 3 rings of subchannels experience a large deviation from the characteristic subchannel behavior, but the central subchannels of the 37, 61, and 91 pin bundles are largely isolated from the asymmetric wall effect. Based on these findings the authors recommend a 37 pin bundle as the minimum surrogate for a larger bundle, and 61 pins as the preferred bundle size.
Polytetrafluoroethylene: History of its Development and Some Recent Advances

In the first paper on fluorocarbon polymers in this Symposium [1], Dr. Plunkett described the details about his discovery of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) nearly fifty years ago [2]. It is the purpose of this paper to continue his story and to review aspects of the history that are listed on Table I. This list includes an overview of the nature of PTFE, the history of some key inventions and development of scientific understanding about the polymer, and brief mention of a few recent studies. Even in this published version of the paper from the Symposium, it is not feasible to cover the history in any sort of detail. Therefore, this paper can only outline the general background, with sufficient references to the literature so that detailed information will be readily accessible. The references, shown within [ ], are selective, rather than exhaustive, leading the reader to some of the many people who made PTFE the important material it is. Usually, a reference is made to a pioneering patent or paper rather than to many that followed.
Variation in Age Ratio of Midcontinent Greater White-Fronted Geese During Fall Migration

Abstract Annual productivity is an important parameter for the management of waterfowl populations. Fall age ratio (juveniles:total birds) is an index of productivity of the preceding breeding seas...
Leibniz and Hegel on Language

No two classical German philosophers have occupied themselves more with the problem of “teaching philosophy to speak German” than Leibniz and Hegel. Both, throughout their lives, and their writings, were also preoccupied with the broader problem of developing an adequate linguistic idiom in general (German or otherwise) for expressing philosophical truth. In Leibniz’s case, these two endeavors, though motivated by the same search for universal truth and clarity which animates all his thinking, tend to diverge; he not only treats them as separate problems, but writes about them in separate works, in different languages and styles. His discussions about the need for the Germans to develop their own intellectual language are often written in German and have an exhortatory and homiletic style. On the other hand, his discussions on the need for philosophy in general to develop an adequate, universal language and symbolism are usually written in Latin or French, the international languages of the time, and have an intramural and erudite quality. This divergence in style and substance is understandable, given the nature of the respective problems and the different audiences to whom he was addressing himself.
Control of Mammary Epithelial Cell Proliferation: The Unique Role of the Progesterone Receptor

Prior to the advent of genetically engineered mice (GEM), classical hormone ablation and replacement studies performed in the 1950’s and 1960’s revealed that the ovarian steroid hormones estradiol (E) and progesterone (P) in conjunction with pituitary peptide hormones and adrenal steroids were responsible for initiating ductal and alveolar morphogenesis (Topper and Freeman 1980). The next wave of breast research, which dominated until the advent of GEM, focused on the response of established human breast cancer cell lines to estrogen, progesterone or steroid hormone antagonist treatment. However, these cell lines are routinely genetically unstable and contain a plethora of genetic alterations. In fact, as will be emphasized in this review, it is becoming more apparent from the study of GEM that impair steroid hormone function, that the regulation of mammary development induced by steroid hormones is complex and depends on an appropriate three-dimensional environment. For example, recent experiments have indicated that E+P-regulation of alveolar proliferation depends not only on levels of steroid receptor expression over the course of development, but also on their spatial distribution. In fact, changes in estrogen and progesterone receptor (ER and PR) expression levels, altered cellular distribution, as well as association with markers of proliferation are now beginning to be identified in the transition from normal development to breast disease.
Isomorphisms of Non-Standard Fields and Ash’s Conjecture

Cohesive sets play an important role in computability theory. Here we use cohesive sets to build nonstandard versions of the rationals. We use Koenigsmann’s work on Hilbert’s Tenth Problem to establish that these nonstandard fields are rigid. As a consequence we obtain results about automorphisms of the lattices of computably enumerable vector spaces arising in the context of Ash’s conjecture.
Political implications of digital (e-) government

Citizen participation-driven e-government is, in theory, a desirable objective of government. However, it is complex along a variety of dimensions: from a design standpoint, considering the implementation aspects of access, and awareness; from a baseline assessment of what has been implemented to date empirically; and in terms of a meaningful design of responsive policy. Much of the observed variations in e-government applications is still descriptive in nature and given the rapidly emerging technological and political ramifications, is expected. Following an overview of several examples of different types of participation-related e-government applications, we present preliminary results of an examination of the relationship between state e-government initiatives and underlying demographic, cultural or economic variables. While the population of a state appears to be related to the presence of e-government applications, beyond this, curiously, few of the expected relationships appear, or appear to operate in conflicting manners depending on the dataset used. As such, additional research drawing on larger dataset and more robust instrumentation is needed.
American Meteorological Society: 100 Years of Supporting the Scientific Community

AbstractOver the past century, the atmospheric and related sciences have seen incredible advances in our understanding of Earth’s environment and our ability to monitor and predict its behavior. Th...
Transdisciplinarity and sustainability science: A response to Sakao and Brambila-Macias in the context of sustainable cities research

Abstract In a recent Volume of this journal, authors Sakao and Brambila-Macias ask if we “share an understanding of transdisciplinarity in environmental sustainability research?”. This response to their timely question argues that while transdisciplinarity is highly desirable, the accepted goal of incorporating multiple stakeholders in research projects (T2) may be problematic due to the heterogeneity that this introduces. This challenge is explored in two case studies taken from sustainable urbanism research, one focused on green gentrification, the other upon urban food production. The paper concludes with an endorsement of a sequential program of T1 and T2 research.
Use of Daily Station Observations to Produce High-Resolution Gridded Probabilistic Precipitation and Temperature Time Series for the Hawaiian Islands

AbstractIt is a major challenge to develop gridded precipitation and temperature estimates that adequately resolve the extreme spatial gradients present in the Hawaiian Islands. The challenge is pa...
Swarm Signal Temporal Logic Inference for Swarm Behavior Analysis

In this letter, we propose methods to perform swarm behavior analysis with a novel swarm signal temporal logic (SwarmSTL). We define generalized moments to describe swarm features and propose a logical proposition to represent an event, where the Boolean value of the logical proposition at a certain time is known a priori . We develop methods for SwarmSTL monitoring and inference. As the swarm size can be large, we also propose methods to perform the above tasks by sampling. The methods are applied to three case studies that aim to monitor swarm “maneuver” behavior, infer a SwarmSTL formula to describe the cause of split , and explore a SwarmSTL formula to describe “mixed-species foraging flock” of birds.
Reformulation of plasma spectral line broadening with computer simulations

Abstract Spectral line broadening by plasmas can be computed by solving the equation of motion for the dipole of the radiating system perturbed by a fluctuating radiator–plasma interaction obtained from computer simulations. These calculations usually described the radiator by a localized charge distribution of negligible size and the plasma by an electric potential plus inhomogeneities at the radiator nucleus. Using an alternative approach, it is shown that starting from the full Coulomb interaction and then introducing approximations leads to expressions that naturally take advantage of readily available data from atomic packages. Applying this alternative approach to screened Coulomb interactions in so-called trivial molecular dynamics to account for neglected plasma correlations leads to a modified multipole expansion compared to the standard method. Issues associated with the ad hoc introduction of the screened Coulomb potential are discussed.