cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observinga Object Motion Induces Increased Generalization and Sensitivity

Learning to recognize a new object requires binding together dissimilar images of that object into a common representation. Temporal proximity is a useful computational cue for learning invariant representations. We report experiments that demonstrate two distinct psychophysical effects of temporal association via observed object motion on object perception. First, we use an implicit priming criterion to demonstrate that observation of a dynamic object induces generalization over close temporal neighbors. Second, in contrast to predictions from previous work, we find that shape discrimination between images actually improves following the same training procedure. We suggest that these apparently conflicting sets of results, one demonstrating blurring and the other demonstrating sharpening of the perceived distinction between temporally proximate frames, are consistent with a highly redundant code for object appearance.
Conference Scene: Recent developments in immunology research

The 4th International Conference of the Frontiers in Immunology Research Network (FIRN) facilitated the exchange of information and collaboration among seasoned and young scientists researching in academic and nonacademic organizations, as well as business and government; it served as a forum for all scientists in their efforts to advance immunology in all aspects of research, scholarship and clinical practice for the benefit of human and animal well-being. The event took place in Split, Croatia. The names of more than 200 academicians and practitioners (authors, coauthors and observers), from over 18 countries, appeared in the program; approximately 40 presented orally and via posters. Presenters reported cutting-edge research findings, ranging from conceptual and pragmatic to theoretical and empirical. Participants had the opportunity to experience cosmopolitan Split, the many beautiful islands on the breathtaking Dalmatian Coast, the dreamy sunsets and learn more about the birthplace of the cravat (nec...
Salvage Re-Irradiation for Recurrent Head and Neck Cancer

Purpose: To present a retrospective review of treatment outcomes for recurrent head and neck (HN) cancer patients treated with re-irradiation (re-RT) at a single medical center. Methods and Materials: From July 1996–September 2005, 105 patients with recurrent HN cancer underwent re-RT at our institution. Sites included were: the neck ( n = 21), nasopharynx ( n = 21), paranasal sinus ( n = 18), oropharynx ( n = 16), oral cavity ( n = 9), larynx ( n = 10), parotid ( n = 6), and hypopharynx ( n = 4). The median prior RT dose was 62 Gy. Seventy-five patients received chemotherapy with their re-RT (platinum-based in the majority of cases). The median re-RT dose was 59.4 Gy. In 74 (70%), re-RT utilized intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Results: With a median follow-up of 35 months, 18 patients were alive with no evidence of disease. The 2-year loco-regional progression-free survival (LRPFS) and overall survival rates were 42% and 37%, respectively. Patients who underwent IMRT, compared to those who did not, had a better 2-year LRPF (52% vs. 20%, p p Conclusions: Based on our data, achieving LR control is crucial for improved overall survival in this patient population. The use of IMRT predicted better LR tumor control. Future aggressive efforts in maximizing tumor control in the recurrent setting, including dose escalation with IMRT and improved chemotherapy, are warranted.
Catechol-O-methyltransferase polymorphism modulates cognitive control in children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome

Dopamine plays a critical role in regulating neural activity in prefrontal cortex (PFC) and modulates cognition via a hypothesized inverse U function. We investigated PFC function in children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) in which one copy of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is deleted, thereby shifting them toward the lower end of dopamine turnover on the nonlinear function. A common polymorphism with valine to methionine substitution alters COMT activity that results in higher enzyme activity in the valine variant. Twenty-seven children with 22q11.2DS between 7 and 14 years old, and 21 age-matched typically developing children, performed a modified version of the Attention Network Test. Children with a single valine allele showed a reduction in response times when trials with incongruent flankers were repeated, whereas those who were hemizygous for the methionine allele did not show the same context-based response facilitation. Our results support that a single gene, COMT, could modulate PFC-dependent cognition.
Emergency department-reported injuries associated with mechanical home exercise equipment in the USA

The goal of this study was to generate national estimates of injuries associated with mechanical home exercise equipment, and to describe these injuries across all ages. Emergency department (ED)-treated injuries associated with mechanical home exercise equipment were identified from 2007 to 2011 from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System. Text narratives provided exercise equipment type (treadmill, elliptical, stationary bicycle, unspecified/other exercise machine). Approximately 70 302 (95% CI 59 086 to 81 519) mechanical exercise equipment-related injuries presented to US EDs nationally during 2007–2011, of which 66% were attributed to treadmills. Most injuries among children (≤4 years) were lacerations (34%) or soft tissue injuries (48%); among adults (≥25 years) injuries were often sprains/strains (30%). Injured older adults (≥65 years) had greater odds of being admitted, held for observation, or transferred to another hospital, compared with younger ages (OR: 2.58; 95% CI 1.45 to 4.60). Mechanical exercise equipment is a common cause of injury across ages. Injury awareness and prevention are important complements to active lifestyles.
Factors Influencing the Proportion of Food Consumed by Nursing Home Residents with Dementia

BACKGROUND: Assessment of and interventions for promoting eating in persons with late-stage dementia have primarily focused on facilitation of safe feeding and methods to promote ingestion of nutrients via several routes. Using Social Exchange Theory, this study examined how the quality of the interaction between care giver and care receiver influenced the proportion of food consumed by persons with late-stage dementia. METHODS: Fifty-three dyads composed of nursing home residents with late-stage dementia and Certified Nursing Assistants (CNAs) were observed during the breakfast meal. The proportion of food consumed by the residents was measured by weight. The study included measures of the quality of interaction between the resident and the CNA (Interaction Behavior Measure-Modified (IBM-M) and the IBM), CNA empathy (Interpersonal Reactivity Index), and CNA power (Control subscale of the FIRO-B). RESULTS: Specific resident behaviors and the CNA's ability to allow another person to control a relationship were most predictive of the variance in the proportion of food consumed (R2 =. 41; F3,49 = 12.54; P <. 001). The quality of the resident-CNA interaction accounted for 32% of the variance in the proportion of food consumed. One aspect of power was correlated significantly to the proportion of food consumed whereas CNA empathy was not. CONCLUSIONS: Because eating is the most social of all ADLs and is culturally bound, clinicians need to examine the interactional components of meals within the caregiving dyad when a person with late-stage dementia fails to ingest adequate nutrients.
Tetrodotoxin‐Sensitive action potentials from the brain of the polyclad flatworm, Notoplana acticola

Action potentials recorded intracellularly from the brain of the polyclad flatworm, Notoplana acticola, show reductions in amplitude in the presence of 3.2 × 10−5 M tetrodotoxin. Vibration responder cells and spontaneously active cells were sensitive to tetrodotoxin. One cell was found that did not respond to the toxin. Most brain cells filled with Lucifer Yellow dye were found to be heteropolar multipolar neurones quite unlike those commonly found in other invertebrate ganglia.
Precipitation Forecast Quality of the NMC Nested Grid Model According to Synoptic Situation: Case Study for the Upper Midwest

Abstract Twelve-hour quantitative precipitation forecasts from the National Weather Service National Meteorological Center's nested-grid model are evaluated for 12 stations in the upper Midwest for the period April–July 1987. Statistics for threat score, bias, post agreement, over and under forecasts, and “quantitative correctness” are determined from frequency distributions for precipitation forecasts and verifications categorized into four quantitative amount levels: none, low, medium, and high. The analysis is performed for all cases as a group and for subpopulations representing six different categories for the associated synoptic situation. The synoptic situation descriptors involve proximity to surface frontal or trough positions or lack thereof. It was found that the warm and occluded frontal situations had better forecast performance than the other synoptic situations reflecting the better handling of grid-scale in contrast to convective-scale precipitation by the model. Results provide an example...
Novel mechanism within the paraventricular nucleus reduces both blood pressure and hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal axis responses to acute stress.

Exaggerated activation of the sympathetic nervous system and/or the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis increases cardiovascular disease risk. The present study demonstrates that macrophage m...
Trait, state, and task-contingent conscientiousness: Influence on learning and transfer

Abstract Personality psychology has primarily been concerned with personality traits, but the emphasis on traits ignores momentary expression of personality traits in a given situation and individuals' dynamic contingent response to situations. Integrating trait, process, and contingent approaches to personality, we examined the roles of trait, state, and task-contingent conscientiousness in learning and transfer. Personality and test data were collected from 109 individuals who participated in a learner-controlled computer-based training program. As hypothesized, trait conscientiousness predicted state conscientiousness during training, which in turn predicted self-regulatory processes and learning outcomes. Meanwhile, task-contingent conscientiousness did not predict state conscientiousness during training, when the learning task was relatively easy. More importantly, task-contingent conscientiousness exerted a direct effect on transfer, when task demands became exceedingly difficult and dynamic. The present findings not only provide input for training design and intervention, but also highlight the potential of further investigating contingent units of personality.
Noise signature on interval timing

Among other essential adaptations is the capability of organisms to estimate durations in the seconds-to-hours range (interval timing). Such capabilities are critical for fundamental cognitive processes like decision making, rate calculation, and planning of action [1]. In their seminal work on computational modeling of interval timing, Matell and Meck [2] revitalized the striatal beat frequency (SBF) model that utilizes the coincident activation of a series of oscillators to code for different durations. They showed through numerical simulations that the SBF model is capable of reproducing two of the interval timing signatures: (a) precise timing, i.e. the model output peaks at the training/criterion time and (b) scalar timing, i.e. the error in timing increases linearly with the criterion time. The SBF model was capable of producing scalar timing only when different types of biologically realistic variances (frequency, memory, etc.) were considered [3]. In this work, we investigated what effect each type of variance/noise has on the shape of the SBF model output. In particular, we noticed that the experimentally measured response rate is not quite Gaussian (see Figure ​Figure1A)1A) and instead has a long tail. Mathematically, the output function of set of coincidental (sinusoidal) oscillators is given by [3]: Figure 1 A. Normalized response for mice (squares - redrawn after [4]) versus normalized criterion time and the corresponding best Gaussian fit (continuous line). B. Theoretical output from SBF model with different frequency variances. out(t)=∑cos(2πfiT)cos(2πfit), where T is the criterion time, fi are the frequencies of neural oscillators. The criterion time T is learned during the training phase and stored/retrieved from the long-term memory with some errors. The firing frequencies fi of all neural oscillators also fluctuate. We found that memory variance (sT ) preserves the Gaussian shape of the output function, whereas the frequency variance (sf ) skews and has a long tail similar to experimental observations (see Figure ​Figure1B1B). In addition to the significantly difference contributions to the shape of output functions, we also found that memory and frequency noises shift the peak of the Gaussian. Memory noise affects the storage/retrieval of criterion T and shifts the peak of the output to the right, i.e. tT = T(1+T), where T is a number that depends on the range of stored values of T and the probability distribution function (pdfT ) of the noise. Frequency variance shifts the peak of the output to the left, i.e. tf = T/(1+f), where f is a number that depended on the range of frequencies and the pdff of the noise.
Preformation in vegetative buds of pistachio (Pistacia vera): relationship to shoot morphology, crown structure and rootstock vigor

Effects of rootstock, shoot carbohydrate status, crop load and crown position on the number of preformed leaf primordia in the dormant terminal and lateral buds of mature and immature 'Kerman' pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) trees were investigated to determine if rootstock vigor is associated with greater shoot preformation. There was no significant variation in preformation related to the factors studied, suggesting strong genetic control of preformation in 'Kerman' pistachio. The growth differences observed among trees on different rootstocks were associated with greater stimulation of neoformed growth in trees on the more vigorous rootstocks. However, most annual extension growth in mature tree crowns was preformed, contrasting with the relatively high rate of neoformation found in young tree crowns. Large amounts of neoformed growth in young trees may allow the trees to become established quickly and secure resources, whereas predominantly preformed growth in mature trees may allow for continued crown expansion without outgrowing available resources. We hypothesized that the stimulation of neoformed growth by the more vigorous rootstocks is associated with greater resource uptake or transport, or both. Understanding the source of variation in shoot extension growth on different rootstocks has important implications for orchard management practices.
Hybrid global optimization algorithm based on PSO and DE

A hybrid global optimization algorithm,PSO-DE is presented,which is based on PSO and DE.In order to test PSO-DE,four benchmark functions are used,and the performance of the proposed PSO-DE algorithm is compared with PSO and DE,which demonstrate that it is a more effective global optimization algorithm with high solution quality in the space equal and less than 10 dimensions.
Fatigue-induced changes in myoelectric signal characteristics and perceived exertion.

Perceived exertion (RPE) has been used as a subjective indicator of exercise intensity for extremely light to supramaximal-level dynamic exercise. Little data exist on the relationship of RPE to physiological variables during sustained isometric exercise. Ten male subjects volunteered and participated in this investigation. Subjects were instructed to maintain a hand grip contraction of 50% of maximal effort until exhaustion. During this bout of exercise, electromyographic activity (EMG) and RPE values were recorded at 10 s intervals. The raw EMG signals were processed for frequency content (mean power frequency [MPF] and for signal amplitude (root mean squared [RMS]). RPE was recorded as a subjective value selected from a ten-point scale with ratio properties. Analysis of the data indicated that RPE was strongly correlated to both MPF: r2 = (-).922, and RMS: r2 = .729. These data imply that during sustained isometric exercise changes in perceived exertion are related closely to electromyographic activity of the contracting muscle.
Quantitation and Properties of the Active and Latent Plasminogen Activator Inhibitors in Cultures of Human Endothelial Cells

Human endothelial cells release two forms of a plasminogen activator- specific inhibitor: an active form that readily binds to and inhibits plasminogen activators and an inactive or latent form that has no anti- activator activity but which can be activated by denaturation. Latent and active forms of plasminogen activator-specific inhibitor were measured in cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Latent inhibitor was activated by treatment with 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and both forms were assayed by the 125I-fibrin plate method. After 16 hours, the conditioned medium contained 104.6 U/mL latent inhibitor activity and 2.6 U/mL active inhibitor. The level of each form in the culture medium increased with time although the activity associated with the latent form rose more rapidly: the ratio of latent to active inhibitor activity was 12 at four hours (10.3 U/mL v 0.86 U/mL) and reached 56 at 24 hours (155.3 U/mL v 2.80 U/mL). Intracellular inhibitor activity was associated with the active form only; no additional inhibitor activity was observed following SDS treatment of cell extracts. A decline in active inhibitor activity occurred during incubation at 37 degrees C with a 50% reduction in activity occurring in two hours. Treatment of conditioned medium with 10 U/mL thrombin also resulted in a loss of active inhibitor activity. The latent inhibitor, however, was not affected by either of these conditions. The inhibitor activity lost during incubation at 37 degrees C or thrombin treatment could be regenerated by SDS treatment, suggesting that the loss of the active inhibitor activity represented a conversion of this form to its latent counterpart. Thus, the concentration, stability, and regulation of these two forms of plasminogen activator inhibitor in human endothelial cell cultures differ significantly.
TeleLink: Link Prediction in Social Network Based on Multiplex Cohesive Structures

Given a network where the same set of nodes have multiple types of relationships, how do we efficiently predict potential links in the future (e.g., interactions between social actors), and how do we predict links using information from other relationships? These problems have been widely studied recently, most of the existing methods either aggregate multiple types of relationships into a single network or consider them separately and ignore the correlations across relationships, leading to information loss. In this work, we present TeleLink, a general link prediction model that works for networks with single and multiple relationships. TeleLink predicts potential links based on community detection and improves link prediction by bringing in a cohesive structure across multiple networks constructed by different relationships or node attributes. To further improve the prediction performance, we extend TeleLink to a semi-supervised scheme, incorporating partially labeled information. Our extensive experiments show that TeleLink outperforms existing methods in predicting new links. Specifically, among the various datasets that we study, TeleLink achieves a precision improvement by up to 110 % compared to the baselines.
Vapor-phase infrared and Raman spectra and ab-initio calculations of the axial and equatorial forms of cyclohexane-d1 and d11

Abstract The vapor-phase infrared and Raman spectra of cyclohexane-d11 in the C–H stretching region show two bands at 2891 and 2921 cm−1 corresponding to the axial and equatorial C–H stretching modes respectively. Similarly, cyclohexane-d1 has two C–D stretching modes at 2145 and 2164 cm−1 (Matrai and Gal, 1984) corresponding to the two forms. Force constants were calculated for these vibrations and these confirm the theoretical calculations, which show the equatorial bonds to be shorter and stronger. The force constant for the equatorial C–H stretching is 2% higher than for the axial.
Asymmetric Gaussian Chirplet model for ultrasonic echo analysis

Parametric modeling and estimation of ultrasonic backscattered echoes become a frequently used approach in NDE signal processing. Compared to classical transform based signal processing methods, the parametric echo representation approach offers significant advantages such as high-resolution estimation of test parameters (e.g., time-of-arrival, center frequency, and amplitude), the ability to resolve closely spaced overlapping echoes, and robustness with noise. In this context, parametric models such as Gaussian echo (Gabor function) and Gaussian Chirplet have been used to represent discrete echoes. Furthermore, their composite models have been used to analyze complex ultrasonic measurements such as overlapping echoes from thin layers, backscattered echoes from microstructure of materials, etc. One of the main shortcomings of these models is that their symmetric envelope does not properly represent ultrasonic echo envelopes. A more generic model accounting for this asymmetry will improve ultrasonic echo parameter estimation, (e.g., time-of-arrival, center frequency, bandwidth, chirp rate, etc.), as well as improve sparse decomposition of complex ultrasonic signals. In this study, we introduce the asymmetric Gaussian Chirplet (AGC) model that generalizes the existing parametric echo models. We developed a fast supervised Gauss-Newton algorithm to estimate model parameters subject to constraints defined by a priori knowledge. Supervision ensures convergence to the optimal solution given a reasonable initial guess. This echo model nicely fits echoes acquired from planar surface and geometric reflectors. Finally, this model is used to estimate microstructure grain echoes from a steel block and reverberation echoes from a multi-layered material. Estimation results confirm the advantage of this model compared to the existing models.
Manpower and Rehabilitation

(1956). Manpower and Rehabilitation. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 32-33.
Single scattering properties of non-spherical hydrosols modeled by spheroids

The single scattering properties of hydrosols play an important role in the study of ocean optics, ocean color remote sensing, and ocean biogeochemistry research. Measurements show that hydrosols can be of various sizes and shapes, suggesting general non-spherical models should be considered for the study of single scattering properties of hydrosols. In this work, light scattering by non-spherical hydrosols are modeled by randomly oriented spheroids with the Amsterdam discrete dipole approximation (ADDA) code. We have defined two new parameters to quantify the degree of optical non-sphericity (DONS) and investigated the dependence of DONS on refractive index, size, and aspect ratio. For particles with non-unitary aspect ratios, the magnitude of DONS increases as the refractive index and particle size increase. The dependence of the backscattering fraction on the non-sphericity, size, and refractive index of hydrosols is also studied. It is found that the backscattering fraction is larger for smaller particles as well as for particles with higher refractive indices. Absorptive hydrosols generally have a lower backscattering fraction than non-absorptive hydrosols. This study of light scattering by non-spherical hydrosols would lead to better radiative transfer models in ocean waters and new remote sensing techniques of hydrosol compositions.
Letter by Abdelghany Regarding Article, "A Lead to the Culprit".

I read with great interest the article published by Rahman et al1 and would like to raise 3 important points. First, the authors referred to the GUSTO (Global Utilization of Streptokinase and TPA for Occluded Coronary Arteries) thrombolysis guidelines to define ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and determine when to trigger the primary coronary intervention pathway. This definition is no longer valid and does not match the “Third Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction” document that was endorsed by the 2013 American College of Cardiology Foundation …
Spatial Resolution of Linear Array Xenon Ionization Chamber X-Ray Detectors

One of the most important characteristics of any imaging system is spatial resolution. This report describes a custom linear array Xenon ionization chamber detector developed by GE for sub-millimeter spatial resolution applications. The suitability of such a detector for high resolution digital imaging of turbine blades in both Digital Fluoroscopy and Computed Tomography modes is demonstrated.
Molecular beam epitaxy of semimagnetic semiconductors

Molecular beam epitaxy is used for the growth of novel microstructures involving magnetic and semimagnetic semiconductor compounds. The magnetic properties, through optical measurements, contribute to our understanding of carrier confinement in quantum well structures. At the same time, structures incorporating hetertofore hypothetical materials such as zincblende MnSe, provide for the study of new magnetic semiconductors.
Nanoindentation of CNT Reinforced Epoxy Nanocomposites

The nanoindentation technique has been proven to be a useful tool for the evaluation of deformation behavior at nano and micro scale [1, 2, 3]. Load and displacement sensing nanoindentation is used for determining mechanical properties such as hardness and elastic modulus of materials in small volumes. The most widely used methodology by Oliver and Pharr [4, 5] enables the determination of elastic modulus and hardness by analyzing the unloading segment of the indentation curve as a purely elastic recovery process. However time dependent deformation, including indentation creep and viscoplastic behavior accompanies elastic deformation [2, 3]. Another significant problem with the method is that it does not account for pile-up of material [1] around the contact impression which is observed in many elastic-plastic materials. Consequently, the modulus and the hardness values calculated by the Oliver-Pharr method can be overestimated.
High Mortality of CMV Pneumonia in Hematopietic Cell Transplant Recipients.

Introduction CMV infection remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (allo-HCT) recipients. CMV can cause tissue-invasive disease, especially pneumonitis, with poor outcomes. Methods We performed a retrospective study in HCT recipients who had CMV pneumonia from January 2014 to August 2018. The microbiology laboratory records were queried to identify patients with CMV pneumonia based on CMV viral culture and CMV real time-PCR in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Data on demographics, clinical characteristics, management and mortality were collected. Results A total of 35 patients were diagnosed with CMV pneumonia and 16 (47%) were male, with a median age of 56 years (range: 18-83). The median time from HCT to CMV pneumonia was 141 days (range 25-1579); the majority occurred after day 100 (60%). All patients except one were CMV seropositive and 15/31 (48%) had GVHD at time of diagnosis. The median plasma CMV viral load (VL) at diagnosis was 137 UI/mL (range: 0-6.586) while the median VL in BAL was 1.700 UI/mL (range 79-64.800) (Figure). Foscarnet was the most common antiviral agent used (23, 70%) followed by ganciclovir (16, 48%). Twenty (61%) patients received combination therapy with IVIGs with a mean number of doses of 4.35 (range: 1-17). All-cause mortality was 80% and CMV-associated mortality was 66%. Systemic steroids (75%), co-infections after diagnosis of CMV pneumonia (37%) and mechanical ventilation (82%) were associated with mortality death. Conclusion CMV pneumonia remains a significant cause of mortality after HCT and most occurred after day 100.
Honorary Whites? Asian American Women and the Dominance Penalty:

Women face a double bind in positions of leadership; they are expected to display authority in order to appear competent but are judged as socially deficient if they are perceived to be too dominan...
Subpopulations of human T lymphocytes. II. Effect of thymopoietin, corticosteroids, and irradiation.

Abstract Purified peripheral blood T lymphocytes from healthy donors were examined for the effect of thymopoietin, corticosteroids, and irradiation on cells with receptors for IgM (Tμ) and for IgG (Tγ). Prednisolone had no significant effect on Tμ cells, but significantly suppressed Tγ cells only in some experiments at a concentration of 50 μg/ml. Irradiation suppressed both Tμ and Tγ cells, but more predominantly Tγ cells. At low doses of irradiation, suppression was observed only with Tγ cells. Thymopoietin at 100 ng/ml significantly enhanced the proportion of Tγ cells in some experiments, but had no significant effect on the proportion of Tμ cells. The significance of these influences is discussed.
Generalists, Specialists, and the Direction of Inventive Activity

Due to the cumulative nature of innovation, access to knowledge is important. Although evidence exists concerning the positive impact of increased knowledge access on the rate of inventive activity, less is known about its inﬂuence on the direction of inventive activity. I examine how a change in the cost of access to knowledge inﬂuences inventive activity by exploiting the hack of Microsoft Kinect as an exogenous event resulting in a sudden and unexpected reduction in the cost of motion-sensing research technology. Specifically, I examine changes in the publication rate of academic papers that use motion-sensing keywords and the composition of authorship on these papers before and after the launch of Kinect relative to other academic publications in selected control subﬁelds of electrical engineering, computer science, and electronics. Despite a growing emphasis on the importance of specialists for knowledge creation, I identify researchers with broader exposure to knowledge – generalists – as playing a particularly important role in the process through which this shock inﬂuenced inventive activity. First, generalists have a higher propensity than specialists to respond to opportunities for knowledge creation enabled by the reduction in cost of motion-sensing technology. Second, generalists play a central role in connecting non-motion-sensing specialists to these opportunities, thus inﬂuencing the direction of inventive activity.
Characterizing the Use of Expectations in Orthopedic Surgery Research: A Scoping Review.

Objective Orthopedic literature on expectations is limited by lack of uniformity in how expectations are defined, conceptualized, and measured. Within this scoping review, we present a conceptual framework for understanding the construct of expectations and its derivatives (ie, expectation, expectancy, expectancies, etc) in studies of elective surgical orthopedic procedures. We also utilize this framework to map the current orthopedic surgery literature on expectations, highlighting its strengths, weaknesses, and gaps in its knowledge base. Methods We included articles that mentioned both expectations and one or more of 10 selected surgeries in their title or abstract. We focused on representative elective orthopedic surgeries that covered the body's major regions. We operationalized each study's individual expectation items into one of the expectation concept types within the presented conceptual model. We also extracted the name and type of expectations measurement tool used, whose expectations were measured, and descriptive information (eg, surgery type, publication date, country of origin, and study type). Results Ninety studies were included, with 70% published after 2008. A total of 64% investigated total knee and total hip arthroplasty, whereas 90% of studies investigated the expectations of patients, 5.6% investigated the expectations of physicians, and 4.4% investigated both. Of all studies, 72% utilized either study-specific instruments with close-ended, Likert-type response formats or modifications of existing expectations questionnaires. Most studies focused on desirable, nontimeline-related, treatment outcome expectations. Many studies aggregated multiple expectation results into a single score. Conclusion Adopting the standardized framework for expectations presented in this study will foster clearer communication and permit researchers to aggregate results across studies.
States as Sites of Educational (In)Equality: State Contexts and the Socioeconomic Achievement Gradient.

Socioeconomic achievement gaps have long been a central focus of educational research. However, not much is known about how (and why) between-district gaps vary among states, even though states are...
brt index: an integration of biological relevance and p-value for –omics data along with demonstration in microarray data using a developed R package

Analyses of large-scale -omics datasets commonly use p-values as the indicators of statistical sig-nificance. However, considering p-value alone neglects the importance of effect size (i.e., the mean difference between groups) in determining the biological relevance of a significant difference. Here, we present a novel algorithm for computing a new statistic, the biological relevance testing (BRT) index, in the frequentist hypothesis testing framework to address this problem. We also show that the results from the BRT procedure provided greater insights in biological functions
Incidental COVID-19 in a Heart-Kidney Transplant Recipient with Malnutrition and Recurrent Infections: Implications for the SARS-CoV-2 Immune Response.

The clinical course and outcomes of immunocompromised patients, such as transplant recipients, with COVID-19 remain unclear. It has been postulated that a substantial portion of the disease burden seems to be mediated by the host immune activation to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Herein, we present a simultaneous heart-kidney transplant (SHKT) recipient who was hospitalized for the management of respiratory failure from volume overload complicated by failure to thrive, multiple opportunistic infections, and open non-healing wounds in the setting of worsening renal dysfunction weeks prior to the first case of SARS-CoV-2 being detected in the state of Connecticut. After his third endotracheal intubation, routine nucleic acid testing (NAT) for SARS-CoV-2, in anticipation of a planned tracheostomy, was positive. His hemodynamics, respiratory status, and ventilator requirements remained stable without any worsening for 4 weeks until he had a negative NAT test. It is possible that the immunocompromised status of our patient may have prevented significant immune activation leading up to clinically significant cytokine storm that could have resulted in acute respiratory distress syndrome and multisystem organ failure.
The InSight APSS Data Return Anomaly: Development of an Automated Detection and Response Method

The Auxiliary Payload Sensor Suite (APSS), a collection of environmental sensors carried by the Interior exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy, and Heat Transport (InSight) lander, is capable of measuring Martian air temperature, wind speed, atmospheric pressure, and local magnetic fields. After beginning Mars surface operations, the instrument experienced an anomaly that prevented it from returning science data. The anomaly affected not only the instrument, but also had impacts at the system level. APSS returned to normal operations, however the anomaly occurred again just several weeks later. This proved the need for a streamlined recovery response that would be adaptable to the operations planning cycle and workforce, that would limit the system-level impacts of the anomaly, and that would minimize the instrument downtime. The recovery response evolved from a ground-in-the-loop response to an onboard method for detecting occurrences of the anomaly and automatically recovering the instrument. Ultimately, the automated detection and response method reduced instrument downtime from days to hours and significantly minimized science data loss.
Experimental validation of numerical predictions for “Deviant” density enhancement of protein emulsions in oil (Oleo-Nanofluids)

In this study, an analytical model for estimating the total effective density of nanofluids is developed and experimentally validated. The numerical model is based on weighted average, in proportion, to the indvidual mass fractions of solvent, nanoparticle, and compressed phase of solvent around nanoparticle. Experimental validation of the numerical predictions for deviations in density values, over that of the simple mixture rule, were performed. The neat solvent used in the experiments was a paraffin oil-based phase change material. The experimental results show that the overall enhancement in the density of the nanofluid was 10.9% of which the formation of the compressed phase can be attributed to cause the nanofluid density to deviate by 3%. The “deviant” component of the enhancement for the measured values of density of the nanofluid samples are calculated by taking the difference between the measured values of density and the values predicted by the conventional mixture rule. The experimental results from this study conclusively demonstrate that the formation of the compressed phase can cause deviant behavior by anomalous enhancement of the density (“surplus density”) of the samples of oleo-nanofluids synthesized in this study.
Unnecessary use of radiology studies in the diagnosis of inguinal hernias: a retrospective cohort study

The diagnosis of inguinal hernias is predominantly based on physical exam, although imaging may be used in select cases. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of unnecessary imaging used in the diagnosis of inguinal hernias. Patients who underwent elective inguinal hernia repair at a large academic health system in the U.S. from 2010 to 2017 were included. Within this cohort, we identified patients who received imaging 6 months prior to surgery. Through chart review of physical exam findings and imaging indications, we categorized patients into four imaging categories: unrelated, necessary, unnecessary, and borderline. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with receipt of unnecessary imaging. Of 2162 patients who underwent inguinal hernia surgery, 249 patients had related imaging studies 6 months prior to surgery. 47.0% of patients received unnecessary imaging. 66.9% and 33.1% of unnecessary studies were ultrasounds and CT scans, respectively. 24.5% of patients had necessary studies, while 28.5% had studies with borderline indications. On multivariable analysis, having a BMI between 25.0 and 29.9 kg/m2 was associated with receipt of unnecessary studies. Primary care providers and ED physicians were more likely to order unnecessary imaging. Nearly 50% of all patients who receive any related imaging prior to surgery had potentially unnecessary diagnostic radiology studies. This not only exposes patients to avoidable risks, but also places a significant economic burden on patients and our already-strained health system.
Development of a web-based, patient-centered decision aid for oropharyngeal cancer treatment.

Abstract Objectives Many patients diagnosed with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) have the option of radiation- or surgery-based therapy, and would benefit from a treatment decision aid (DA) to make decisions congruent with their personal values. Our objective was to develop a patient-centered DA for patients with OPSCC that is comprehensible, usable, acceptable, and well-designed. Materials and Methods Decisional needs from a pilot study of OPSCC survivors and treating physicians were used to inform a web-based prototype DA. A multidisciplinary steering group developed and iteratively revised the DA. Feasibility testing was conducted in two cycles to assess perspectives of stakeholders (medical, radiation and surgical oncologists, patient education experts, and OPSCC survivors). Survey data and open-ended responses were used to evaluate and refine the DA. Results 16 physicians, 4 patient education experts, and 6 survivors of OPSCC evaluated a web-based DA prototype in two cycles of testing. Participant feedback was used to revise the DA content and design between cycles. The majority of participants across both cycles indicated that the DA was comprehensible (97%), usable (86%), acceptable (78%), and well-designed (93%). Approximately three quarters of respondents indicated that they would use or share the DA in clinical practice. Conclusion We developed the first patient-centered treatment decision aid (DA) designed for patients with OPSCC, to our knowledge. The DA was perceived favorably by stakeholders, with more than three quarters of respondents indicating they would use it in clinical practice. This tool may improve clinical practice as an adjunct to shared decision-making for OPSCC.
Lineage Versus Environment as a Determinant of Neuronal Phenotype

How do neurons and glial cells acquire their distinct identities? What determines cell fate during neural development? What constraints are placed on the developing nervous system by genetic and environmental factors, and how do these two influences interact? The answers to these questions are essential to understanding how the highly ordered nervous system, characterized by extreme cellular diversity, develops from a seemingly homogeneous population of neuroectodermal cells.
Multinational Companies and International Trade: The Impact of Intrafirm Shipment on U.S. Foreign Trade 1977-1982

This paper presents new data on the trading activities of multinational companies. Estimates of intrafirm shipments are developed for 1977 and 1982 from trade data contained in the U.S. government benchmark surveys of direct foreign investment. The paper shows that intrafirm shipments comprised a significant share of U.S. international trade and contributed to the deficit pressure on the U.S. trade balance.
Studies on lysosomes—X: Effects of tumor-promoting agents upon biological and artificial membrane systems

Abstract Six tumor-promoting compounds (crude croton oil, croton oil resin, phorbol esters, Tween 80, Tween 60 and an extract of tobacco leaves) were tested for their activity on biological and artificial membranes. Each of the agents was capable of releasing aryl sulfatase, β-glucuronidase and acid phosphatase from large-granule fractions of rabbit liver (0.25 M sucrose). Release of enzymes was dependent upon time, temperature and concentration of the tumor-promoting agent. The order of activity upon lysosomes closely followed the order of activity of a given agent as a tumorpromoter (co-carcinogen). Although most of the agents were hemolytic and released malate dehydrogenase from mitochondria, their order of activity on red cells and mitochondria was not directly related to tumor-promoting action. All tumor-promoting agents did not release marker anions from artificial lipid spherules, differing in this property from other membrane-active substances such as steroids or polyene antibiotics. Lysosomes from liver were not disrupted by tumor-initiating agents nor by complete, systemic carcinogens, although “proximate carcinogens” other than N -hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene were not tested. The results suggest that tumorpromoting agents disrupt biological membranes in vitro and that their order of action in vivo is paralleled by their effects upon lysosomes.
Near-toll quality digital speech transmission in the mobile satellite service

This paper discusses system considerations for near-toll quality digital speech transmission in a 5 kHz mobile satellite system channel. Tradeoffs are shown for power performance versus delay for a 4800 bps speech compression system in conjunction with a 16 state rate 2/3 trellis coded 8PSK modulation system. The suggested system has an additional 150 ms of delay beyond the propagation delay and requires an E(b)/N(0) of about 7 dB for a Ricean channel assumption with line-of-sight to diffuse component ratio of 10 assuming ideal synchronization. An additional loss of 2 to 3 dB is expected for synchronization in fading environment.
USP4 inhibits p53 through deubiquitinating and stabilizing ARF-BP1

Tumour suppressor p53 levels in the cell are tightly regulated by controlled degradation through ubiquitin ligases including Mdm2, COP1, Pirh2, and ARF-BP1. The ubiquitination process is reversible via deubiquitinating enzymes, such as ubiquitin-specific peptidases (USPs). In this study, we identified ubiquitin-specific peptidase 4 (USP4) as an important regulator of p53. USP4 interacts directly with and deubiquitinates ARF-BP1, leading to the stabilization of ARF-BP1 and subsequent reduction of p53 levels. Usp4 knockout mice are viable and developmentally normal, but showed enhanced apoptosis in thymus and spleen in response to ionizing radiation. Compared with wild-type mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), Usp4−/− MEFs exhibited retarded growth, premature cellular senescence, resistance to oncogenic transformation, and hyperactive DNA damage checkpoints, consistent with upregulated levels and activity of p53 in the absence of USP4. Finally, we showed that USP4 is overexpressed in several types of human cancer, suggesting that USP4 is a potential oncogene.
Exchange Rate Predictability and the Skewness of Bid-Ask Spreads

I find, regardless of the exchange rate series utilized, that the incorporation of conditional (predicted) skewness as an exogenous variable in ARCH models of the exchange rate process induces significant decreases in the price of exchange rate volatility risk alongside decreases in the risk that dealers will incur losses in transactions with informed traders. In out-of-sample tests, I find ARCH models that incorporate the conditional skewness factor (augmented ARCH models) have better forecast power in relation to ARCH models that exclude the conditional skewness factor (non-augmented ARCH models) only within a low risk foreign exchange market. In aggregate, empirical findings provide evidence of an inverse relation between market risk and market efficiency within the cross-section of foreign exchange markets. This inverse relation is not predicted by theories of market efficiency or theories of intertemporal risk-return trade-offs, but can be induced by market frictions within foreign exchange markets.