cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
R-Current DIS on a Shock Wave: Beyond the Eikonal Approximation

We find the deep inelastic scattering (DIS) structure functions at strong coupling by calculating $R$-current correlators on a finite-size shock wave using AdS/CFT correspondence. We improve on the existing results in the literature by going beyond the eikonal approximation for the two lowest orders in graviton exchanges. We argue that since the eikonal approximation at strong coupling resums integer powers of $1/x$ (with $x$ the Bjorken-$x$ variable), the noneikonal corrections bringing in positive integer powers of $x$ cannot be neglected in the small-$x$ limit, as the noneikonal order-$x$ correction to the ($n+1$)st term in the eikonal series is of the same order in $x$ as the $n$th eikonal term in that series. We demonstrate that, in qualitative agreement with the earlier DIS analysis based on calculation of the expectation value of the Wilson loop in the shock wave background using AdS/CFT, after inclusion of noneikonal corrections DIS structure functions are described by two momentum scales: ${Q}_{1}^{2}\ensuremath{\sim}{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{2}{A}^{1/3}/x$ and ${Q}_{2}^{2}\ensuremath{\sim}{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{2}{A}^{2/3}$, where $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ is the typical transverse momentum in the shock wave and $A$ is the atomic number if the shock wave represents a nucleus. We discuss possible physical meanings of the scales ${Q}_{1}$ and ${Q}_{2}$.
Source code retrieval using program patterns

A method for automating the search for codes that have particular structural features is described. A pattern language is used to specify the pattern of desired code. The benefits of using a pattern language include a higher level of abstraction in specifying patterns and the power to specify complex patterns which are impossible to express in grep type languages. A system that accepts these patterns and locates code fragments in C source files is described. >
Evaluating persistent sleeplessness in children.

In Reply.— We read with interest the comments made by Drs Weinberg et al concerning our management of the infant reported in Pediatrics.1 We agree with their conclusion that arterial catheters in critically ill neonates are potentially dangerous and should be monitored closely. We disagree with Dr Weinberg9s contention that thrombolytic therapy was not indicated in this case. Our patient demonstrated deteriorating renal function due to the thrombus. In view of progression of renal failure on hepanin therapy, thrombolytic therapy was clearly appropriate in this case.
Seeking connections between kinship and the law in early modern England

This article observes the ways in which the law mediated kinship relations in early modern England in three contexts: inheritance, marital property law, and provisions for the financially distressed. An enquiry into statutory law adopted during the period indicates that Parliament was not active in legislating in the area of family law. The courts, however, were actively involved in determining the validity of property settlements, thereby setting their temporal bounds. Both the jurisprudence and the settlements themselves illustrate that families became more interested in providing maintenance within the nuclear family (for children and widows) than they were in fostering patrilineal continuity. Likewise, an obligation to support financially needy kin was required from only a relatively small universe of family members.
Poverty and Opportunity Structure in Rural America

Rural areas have a disproportionate share of the US poverty population. Like poor urban communities, the persistence and severity of poverty in rural America can be linked to a limited opportunity structure which is the outcome of both past social and economic development policies and current economic transformation. Many rural communities lack stable employment, opportunities for mobility, investment in the community, and diversity in the economy and other social institutions. They are increasingly socially and spatially isolated and particularly vulnerable to adverse effects from structural economic change. This study reviews research on rural poverty and traces its relationship to its historical roots in social, political, and economic inequality and to current economic restructuring. Relevant sources of information on rural poverty include classic community and regional analyses, studies of rural-urban migration, regional development and underdevelopment, economic restructuring, and labor market analysis.
Altered sensitization patterns to sweet food stimuli in patients recovered from anorexia and bulimia nervosa

Recent studies show that higher-order appetitive neural circuitry may contribute to restricted eating in anorexia nervosa (AN) and overeating in bulimia nervosa (BN). The purpose of this study was to determine whether sensitization effects might underlie pathologic eating behavior when a taste stimulus is administered repeatedly. Recovered AN (RAN, n=14) and BN (RBN, n=15) subjects were studied in order to avoid the confounding effects of altered nutritional state. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measured higher-order brain response to repeated tastes of sucrose (caloric) and sucralose (non-caloric). To test sensitization, the neuronal response to the first and second administration was compared. RAN patients demonstrated a decreased sensitization to sucrose in contrast to RBN patients who displayed the opposite pattern, increased sensitization to sucrose. However, the latter was not as pronounced as in healthy control women (n=13). While both eating disorder subgroups showed increased sensitization to sucralose, the healthy controls revealed decreased sensitization. These findings could reflect on a neuronal level the high caloric intake of RBN during binges and the low energy intake for RAN. RAN seem to distinguish between high energy and low energy sweet stimuli while RBN do not.
Single-channel fits and K-matrix constraints

A K-matrix formalism is used to relate single-channel and multi-channel fits. We show how the single-channel formalism changes as new hadronic channels become accessible. These relations are compared with those commonly used to fit pseudoscalar meson photoproduction data.
Medical Device Recalls Database: A Review

The Medical Device Recalls database from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) provides consumers, researchers, and medical professionals with information on the latest recalls of medical devices. Free and easy to use, this database provides thorough and plentiful information on medical device recalls. This article will discuss the ease of searching in the database as well as the major features.
Democracy in America: Labor Mobility, Early Liberalism, and Constitutional Reform

Relatively liberal economic and political institutions emerged earlier in America than appreciated by most social scientists. They did not emerge in one great leap forward, but through a gradual process of experimentation, yardstick competition, and constitutional bargaining during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. As in Europe during the nineteenth century, colonial legislative authority gradually increased, privileges and anti-privileges diminished, property and trade institutions liberalized, wealth-based requirements for suffrage gradually reduced, and public education expanded. This paper explores the extent to which economic interests and early liberalism can account for the constitutional and legislative bargains adopted. No revolutions or revolutionary threats were necessary or evident during most of the period of interest.
Atomistic Simulations of Poly(ethylene oxide) in Water and an Ionic Liquid at Room Temperature

The behavior of polymers in ionic liquids is of technological and scientific interest. In this work we present atomistic simulations for the properties of isolated poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) in the ionic liquid 1-butyl 3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM][BF4]) and compare to the properties of the same polymer in water, at room temperature, for degrees of polymerization N ranging from 9 to 40. PEO chains are much more expanded in [BMIM][BF4] than in water. The root-mean-square radius of gyration, Rg, scales as Rg ∼ Nν with ν ≈ 0.9, and the distribution of end-to-end distance is bimodal, with coexisting extended and hairpin-like conformations. The simulations are consistent with polyelectrolyte behavior, i.e., Rg ∼ N, but the chains might be too short to be in the true scaling regime. (For comparison, Rg ∼ N0.5 in water.) [BMIM][BF4] is a much better solvent than water: In [BMIM][BF4] the solvation free energy of the monomer is 50% more negative, and the potential of mean force between two PEO 9-m...
Pressure Effects on the Size of Type-I and Type-II Si-Clathrates Synthesized by Spark Plasma Sintering

The crystallinity of clathrate-I Na8Si46 and clathrate-II Na24Si136 was investigated as a function of applied pressure and temperature employing spark plasma sintering. Na8Si46 and Na24Si136 with full Na and Si occupancies were obtained at 450 and 600 °C, respectively. Microcrystalline powders were obtained at 60 MPa, and single crystals were obtained at 100 MPa. The size of the crystals increased with pressure for the clathrate-II Na24Si136, while a threshold value in pressure separated microcrystalline and single-crystal clathrate-I Na8Si46.
Quasi-Gaussian electromagnetic beams

A class of Maxwellian beams, which is an exact solution of the vector wave equation (Helmholtz equation) and Maxwell's equations, is introduced. The solution, termed a quasi-Gaussian electromagnetic (EM) beam, is formed from a superposition of sources and sinks with complex coordinates, and is characterized by an arbitrary waist ${w}_{0}$ and a diffraction convergence length known as the Rayleigh range ${z}_{R}$. An attractive feature of this beam is the description of strongly focused (or strongly divergent) EM-optical wave fields for $k{w}_{0}\ensuremath{\le}1$, where $k$ is the wave number. A vector wave analysis is developed to determine and compute the spatial Cartesian components of the electric and magnetic fields (valid in the near field and the far field) stemming from Maxwell's vector equations and the Lorenz gauge condition, with particular emphasis on the parameter $k{w}_{0}$ and the polarization states of the vector potentials used to derive the EM field's components. The results are potentially useful in the study of the axial and/or arbitrary wave scattering, radiation force, and torque in lasers operating with strongly focused (or strongly divergent) beams for particle manipulation in optical tweezers and imaging applications.
Basic Course Central Student Learning Outcomes: Enhancing the Traditional with the Critical

Student learning outcomes are important in the basic course in communication because they assist instructors in determining the degree to which students are developing skills necessary to become competent communicators. While traditional student learning outcomes are important, I argue that the inclusion of an overarching critical student learning outcome, based upon the tenets of critical communication pedagogy, can guide the content of the speeches that students produce, can enhance the learning of the traditional outcomes, and can affect change in students’ lives beyond the classroom.
Functions and Predicates

This chapter introduces the fundamental objects to be discussed in this work: numerical functions and numerical predicates. Initially, we are concerned with different procedures that can be used to specify functions and predicates and the manner in which such procedures can be combined. The main tool in our discussion is the notion of minimal closure, which characterizes the class of all functions and predicates that can be generated by using a given set of specification rules.
Patient Perspectives on Communication of Individualized Survival Estimates in Heart Failure.

Abstract Background Despite the availability of validated risk scores for survival in heart failure (HF), individualized estimates are not typically provided directly to patients. Methods and Results We explored patient perspectives regarding conveyance of individualized Seattle Heart Failure Model (SHFM) survival estimates. In 2014 and 2015, 24 HF patients completed a semistructured interview at the initial offering of SHFM survival estimates (baseline) and a follow-up interview. Themes emerging from questions of interest were identified: 1) preferences for receiving estimates: patients generally wished to see their SHFM estimates (acceptors; n = 17, and ideally would have received such information early after HF “diagnosis”; 2) reactions: viewing their personalized estimates restored some control and hope for most patients and rarely increased anxiety; 3) application: some acceptors found the information to be helpful in considering future plans, but its usefulness in specific decisions was restricted owing to perceived model limitations; 4) understanding uncertainty: participants contextualized estimates through observations that uncertainty is pervasive in life; acceptors qualitatively understood the population-based nature of the estimates. Conclusions The majority of patients valued receiving individualized prognostic survival estimates. Acceptors generally understood the nature of the information and found it to provide clarity, control, and hope rather than invoking confusion or anxiety.
Race, demographics, and socioeconomics as they relate to newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer in the United States.

195Background: As screening practices evolve, understanding the influence race, demographics, and socioeconomic status have on the presentation of metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) can lead to improved diagnostic strategies in high-risk populations. Methods: Men diagnosed with prostate cancer in the National Cancer Data Base from 2004-2013 were identified. Characteristics of men presenting with and without metastatic disease were compared. A four-level composite metric of SES was created using census-based income and education data. Multivariable logistic regression analysis evaluated the association of age, SES, race/ethnicity, insurance status and other relevant covariates with the likelihood of presenting with mPCa. Results: Of the 1,034,754 PCa patients identified, 4% presented with mPCa. Compared to the highest SES group, odds of mPCa increased continuously with decreasing SES. A total of 24% of White men were in the lowest SES while more than half of Black and Hispanic men were in lowest SES categor...
Democracy Essential to the Legitimacy of Constitutional Interpretation

Contemporary risks to democracy sharpen the question about what use the Court should make about democratic thought, especially empirical thought. By contrast, the argument over originalism has largely eliminated democracy from constitutional interpretation, partly in reaction to Carolene Products. This manuscript argues, first, that no theory of constitutional interpretation can be legitimate without democracy, and then explores the implications of that conclusion.
Cocaine-Seeking Behavior: Comparisons to Food-Seeking Behavior and Potential Treatments

Abstract This chapter covers a range of models for assessing cocaine-seeking behavior. Similarities and differences between behavior maintained by cocaine and by nondrug reinforcement (food, primarily) will be highlighted. This is followed by a discussion of preclinical studies designed to develop interventions to prevent maladaptive cocaine seeking. It is important to understand variables which differently control the seeking of cocaine and nondrug reinforcers, because these factors may offer insights into mechanisms underlying the maladaptive seeking of cocaine observed in human drug addicts. Such insights are useful in developing preclinical models of cocaine seeking that may offer novel, evidence-based approaches to problematic cocaine-seeking behavior.
Obstetricians and Gynecologists of the Future: A Survey of Medical Students Applying to Residency

OBJECTIVE:To understand the characteristics and career goals of medical students selecting a career in obstetrics and gynecology.METHODS:In 2015–2016, medical students invited for interviews for obstetrics and gynecology residency at the University of Colorado, University of Washington, University o
Slice Swarms for HPC Application Resilience

Resilience in High Performance Computing (HPC) is a constraining factor for bringing applications to the upcoming exascale systems. Resilience techniques must be able to scale to handle the increasing number of expected errors in an energy efficient manner. Since the purpose of running applications on HPC systems is to perform large scale computations as quick as possible, resilience methods should not add a large delay to the time to completion of the application. In this paper we introduce a novel technique to detect and recover from transient errors in HPC applications. One of the features of our technique is that the energy budget allocated to resilience can be adjusted depending on the operator's resilience needs. For example, on synthetic data, the technique can detect about 50% of transient errors while only using 20% of the dynamic energy required for running the application. For a 60% energy budget, an application that uses 10k cores and takes 128 hours to run, will only require 10% longer to complete.
How ordering effects change with cursor placements on scales when evaluating annoyance levels of transient environmental sounds

Sound ordering effects are the impacts of the last heard sound on the rating of the current sound when evaluating a group of signals in sequence. Previously, it was shown that such effects are more significant in evaluations of transient sounds than in evaluations of steady-state sounds. The goal of this study was to investigate whether initial cursor placement on the rating scale could strengthen or attenuate ordering effects. In the previous study, the cursor was placed in the middle for the first signal, and then was left at the place from the last rating. In this follow-up test with the transient sounds, the effect of three different cursor setting strategies was examined: (1) always at the left (indicating the least annoyance level), (2) at the place of the last rating (same as the previous test), and (3) randomly placed on the rating scale. Preliminary results show that the overall trends of sound annoyance ratings with the three cursor setting strategies are similar for most subjects, and results are similar to those in the previous test. However, for some subjects, left cursor placement tends to reduce those subjects’ annoyance ratings.Sound ordering effects are the impacts of the last heard sound on the rating of the current sound when evaluating a group of signals in sequence. Previously, it was shown that such effects are more significant in evaluations of transient sounds than in evaluations of steady-state sounds. The goal of this study was to investigate whether initial cursor placement on the rating scale could strengthen or attenuate ordering effects. In the previous study, the cursor was placed in the middle for the first signal, and then was left at the place from the last rating. In this follow-up test with the transient sounds, the effect of three different cursor setting strategies was examined: (1) always at the left (indicating the least annoyance level), (2) at the place of the last rating (same as the previous test), and (3) randomly placed on the rating scale. Preliminary results show that the overall trends of sound annoyance ratings with the three cursor setting strategies are similar for most subjects, and results a...
Making spaces for co-production: collaborative action for settlement upgrading in Harare, Zimbabwe:

To make co-production work as a strategy for urban development, and to establish a basis for collaborative action, states and organized communities must find a way to manage their unequal power rel...
D4 Receptor-Mediated Solid-State Signaling

In this chapter we begin to explore the function of dopaminestimulated PLM, especially as it relates to neuronal mechanisms that are central to attention. Under normal conditions D4R-mediated PLM activity is limited by the available concentration of dopamine, which is required for changing the receptor to its R* shape and initiating PLM. Nature designed the PLM system in this manner to be responsive to changes in the level of dopamine. Dopamine-releasing nerves can therefore bring about a localized change in membrane fluidity within D4R-containing target nerves across the synapse by causing the dopamine concentration to build up in the synaptic cleft. In other words the design features of this system allow the biophysical character of the post-synaptic membrane to be modulated whenever dopamine is released from the presynaptic nerve. Effects of dopamine-induced PLM on the post-synaptic nerve reflect D4R-mediated solid-state signaling.
18F-fluorobenzoylcystine - A novel radiotracer for tracking apoptosis

218 Objectives Induction of apoptosis is often associated with an oxidative stress response. N-(4-[18F]fluorobenzoyl)cystine (18F-FBC), a potential substrate of the cystine-glutamate exchanger (xCT) which is known to be upregulated under oxidative stress conditions, could serve as novel apoptosis imaging agent. Methods Radiosynthesis of 18F-FBC was achieved by coupling 18F-SFB with L-cystine di-tert-butyl ester followed by deprotection. Apoptosis was induced in EL4 and Jurkat cells with etoposide and staurosporine, respectively. Cell uptake of 18F-FBC in treated and non-treated cells and mixtures thereof was investigated. Apoptotic level was measured by Caspase-Glo assay. The distribution of 18F-FBC in EL4 tumor-bearing Balb/C mice 24h after i.p. administration of etoposide and cyclophosphamide or without treatment was assessed via PET/CT and gamma counting of excised organs. In vitro and ex vivo tracer stability was examined by HPLC analysis of mouse plasma and urine. Results Radiochemical yields of 18F-FBC of 5.9±4.4% (n=8, decay-corrected to end of synthesis of 18F-SFB) were achieved. Higher uptake of 18F-FBC was observed in cells induced for apoptosis than in non-treated cells (up to 5.6±1.2-fold for late apoptotic Jurkat). A strong correlation of uptake of 18F-FBC with apoptotic level was found for all cell types (R2=0.88-1). Uptake of 18F-FBC in late apoptotic EL4 could be partially blocked (57%) by co-incubation with 0.5mM L-cystine. Ex vivo biodistribution studies at 60min p.i. showed that 18F-FBC does not accumulate in EL4 tumors neither without (0.21±0.14 %ID/g, n=3) or with treatment (0.17±0.04 %ID/g, n=3). As confirmed by PET/CT imaging, it is instead excreted almost entirely by the kidneys (112-142 %ID/g). This is not due to complete degradation of 18F-FBC, as 60min p.i. 29% and 18% of intact tracer were still found in blood and urine, respectively. Conclusions Although uptake of 18F-FBC correlates well with apoptotic level in vitro, its potential as apoptosis imaging agent is limited because no in vivo tumor uptake was observed, at least in the model used in this study. Research Support We thank the Radiochemistry Facility and the Small Animal Imaging Center at Stanford for supporting this study.
The Bleeding Post-op CT Patient: Coagulation Tests Versus Thromboelastography

Bleeding is a common complication of cardiac surgery associated with the derangements of the hemostatic system related to cardiopulmonary bypass and the effects and consequences of the disease state. The cause of post-operative bleeding is often multifactorial and minimizing bleeding requires not only the correction of deficiencies, but also balancing of the different blood components that contribute to clot formation. The standard coagulation tests (SCTs) frequently used by clinicians to assess coagulation capacity do not reflect the complexity of the coagulation system and typically do not provide timely information, resulting in empirical management of bleeding. Point-of-care viscoelastic hemostasis assays (VHA) are tests that monitor the different phases from clot formation to clot lysis in whole blood and provide the clinician with more complete information about imbalances in the coagulation system. Coupled with transfusion algorithms, the information provided by VHAs allows clinicians to better identify coagulation defects and improve therapeutic decision-making.
Theil Error Splitting Method for Selecting the “Best Model” in Microbial Inactivation Studies

Escherichia coli K-12 was grown under unbuffered, buffered, and starving environmental conditions and then subjected to isothermal inactivation at 58°C for up to 30 min. Survival versus time data were used to evaluate three models reported as suitable for the prediction of microbial inactivation by thermal means. The error splitting method proposed by Theil was used to divide the average squared difference between each observed and predicted datum into three orthogonal error sources: bias, regression, and random error. The method is based on the hypothesis that if the model is accurate, the overall average predicted and observed values should be the same and a plot of observed versus predicted inactivation values should have a slope of 1. The bias fixed error term quantifies the overall average difference between predicted and observed inactivation values. The regression fixed error term quantifies the difference between observed and predicted values near the end of the predictive region, where shoulders ...
Catalytic Ring Closing Metathesis of Dienynes: Construction of Fused Bicyclic [n.m.0] Rings

Ruthenium carbene 1 (Cl2(PCy3)2RuCHCHCPh2) mediates the efficient and selective conversion of acyclic dienynes to fused bicyclic [n.m.0] rings containing five-, six-, and seven-membered rings. Studies with various X-substituted acetylenes (X = H, alkyls, Ph, CO2Me, SnBu3, TMS, Cl, Br, I) suggest that the dienyne metathesis is sensitive not only to these substituents but also to the catalysts employed. Among the various metal alkylidenes examined, only the ruthenium catalyst 1 exhibited metathesis activity for a range of substrates. These observations further expand the scope of catalytic RCM for the construction of complex organic compounds.
Effect of nanoparticle additives on the refrigerant and lubricant mixtures heat transfer coefficient during in-tube single-phase heating and two-phase flow boiling.

Abstract Lubricant in heat exchangers acts as a contaminant and it affects the heat transfer and pressure losses. Nanolubricants, that is, nanoparticles dispersed in lubricant oils, have shown potential to augment heat transfer rates in refrigerant direct-expansion evaporators. However, the mechanisms of such heat transfer enhancements are still unclear. Experiments were conducted to study the saturated two-phase flow boiling heat transfer phenomena of refrigerant R410A with two nanolubricants in a 9.5 mm I.D. smooth copper tube. The nanolubricants had non-spherical ZnO nanoparticles and spherical γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles dispersed in Polyolester (POE) lubricant. Al2O3 nanolubricant shared similar thermal conductivity in the wet state as that of ZnO nanolubricant. However, Al2O3 nanolubricant had about 15% higher heat transfer coefficient that ZnO nanolubricant. The heat transfer coefficients of R410A-nanolubricant mixtures degraded by about 20% with respect to that of the R410A, but improved at higher vapor qualities. The experiments showed that long-term flow boiling testing of R410A and nanolubricant mixtures resulted in a continuous gradual increase of the heat transfer coefficient. In smooth copper tubes, nanoparticle deposition on the tube inner wall, which was experimentally observed, and the near wall interactions of nanoparticles promoted additional nucleate boiling and led to such increase.
Increasing testing throughput and case detection with a pooled-sample Bayesian approach in the context of COVID-19

Abstract Rapid and widespread implementation of infectious disease surveillance is a critical component in the response to novel health threats. Molecular assays are the preferred method to detect a broad range of pathogens with high sensitivity and specificity. The implementation of molecular assay testing in a rapidly evolving public health emergency can be hindered by resource availability or technical constraints. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the applicability of a pooled-sample testing protocol to screen large populations more rapidly and with limited resources is discussed. A Bayesian inference analysis in which hierarchical testing stages can have different sensitivities is implemented and benchmarked against early COVID-19 testing data. Optimal pool size and increases in throughput and case detection are calculated as a function of disease prevalence. Even for moderate losses in test sensitivity upon pooling, substantial increases in testing throughput and detection efficiency are predicted, suggesting that sample pooling is a viable avenue to circumvent current testing bottlenecks for COVID-19.
Probing the Metrology and Chemistry Dependences of the Onset Condition of Strong "Nanoconfinement" Effects on Dynamics

Polymers in the nanoscale vicinity of interfaces exhibit a broad range of alterations in their dynamics and glass-formation behavior. A major goal in the study of these effects is to understand the...
Is Accounting Information Quality Priced in the Managerial Labor Market

We study whether accounting information quality (AIQ) is priced in the executive labor market. Focusing on externally hired CEO compensation at their initial appointment, we find a 7.38% pay premium for a one-standard deviation decline in AIQ measured in the years preceding the appointment. This result is robust to the inclusion of a comprehensive set of variables reflecting the characteristics of compensation contracts, executives, firms, industries, and states, and three alternative measures of AIQ. Thus our findings are unlikely driven by omitted correlated variables or measurement errors of AIQ. Additional evidence suggests job security concern and accounting failure risk might be the channels to explain the pricing premium for poor AIQ. We also find firms with less effective boards have lower sensitivity of compensation to AIQ, suggesting that private benefits might offset pay premium required by a CEO for low AIQ. Finally, we show the pay premium-AIQ relation is stronger for young CEOs and for CEOs with outside employment restriction, lending further support to the job security mechanism.
Correlation between Visual Locomotion Scoring System and an Electronic Locomotion Scoring System

Detection of lameness is a bottleneck on many dairy farms. Large dairy farms set goals to decrease the costs of labor. Lameness economic losses can be amplified by delayed detection and treatment. An accurate electronic lameness detection system could minimize losses caused by lameness. The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation of a visual locomotion scoring system and an electronic scoring system (stepmetrix).
Should School Boards Be in Charge? The Effects of Exposure to Participatory and Deliberative School Board Meetings

Should school boards be in charge of schools? School boards serve as sites for local democracy, but their power has been under siege for over half a century. This study provides results from an ori...
Limitations of receiver operating characteristic curve on imbalanced data: Assist device mortality risk scores.

Abstract Objective In the left ventricular assist device domain, the receiver operating characteristic is a commonly applied metric of performance of classifiers. However, the receiver operating characteristic can provide a distorted view of classifiers’ ability to predict short-term mortality due to the overwhelmingly greater proportion of patients who survive, that is, imbalanced data. This study illustrates the ambiguity of the receiver operating characteristic in evaluating 2 classifiers of 90-day left ventricular assist device mortality and introduces the precision recall curve as a supplemental metric that is more representative of left ventricular assist device classifiers in predicting the minority class. Methods This study compared the receiver operating characteristic and precision recall curve for 2 classifiers for 90-day left ventricular assist device mortality, HeartMate Risk Score and Random Forest for 800 patients (test group) recorded in the Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support who received a continuous-flow left ventricular assist device between 2006 and 2016 (mean age, 59 years; 146 female vs 654 male patients), in whom 90-day mortality rate is only 8%. Results The receiver operating characteristic indicates similar performance of Random Forest and HeartMate Risk Score classifiers with respect to area under the curve of 0.77 and Random Forest 0.63, respectively. This is in contrast to their precision recall curve with area under the curve of 0.43 versus 0.16 for Random Forest and HeartMate Risk Score, respectively. The precision recall curve for HeartMate Risk Score showed the precision rapidly decreased to only 10% with slightly increasing sensitivity. Conclusions The receiver operating characteristic can portray an overly optimistic performance of a classifier or risk score when applied to imbalanced data. The precision recall curve provides better insight about the performance of a classifier by focusing on the minority class.
In Nonparametric and High-Dimensional Models, Bayesian Ignorability is an Informative Prior

In problems with large amounts of missing data one must model two distinct data generating processes: the outcome process which generates the response and the missing data mechanism which determines the data we observe. Under the ignorability condition of Rubin (1976), however, likelihood-based inference for the outcome process does not depend on the missing data mechanism so that only the former needs to be estimated; partially because of this simplification, ignorability is often used as a baseline assumption. We study the implications of Bayesian ignorability in the presence of high-dimensional nuisance parameters and argue that ignorability is typically incompatible with sensible prior beliefs about the amount of selection bias. We show that, for many problems, ignorability directly implies that the prior on the selection bias is tightly concentrated around zero. This is demonstrated on several models of practical interest, and the effect of ignorability on the posterior distribution is characterized for high-dimensional linear models with a ridge regression prior. We then show both how to build high-dimensional models which encode sensible beliefs about the selection bias and also show that under certain narrow circumstances ignorability is less problematic.
Behavior problems in preschool children

It has been shown that serious problems with aggression and impulse control that are apparent by the preschool years are relatively stable and often persist to school entry and beyond (for a review, see Campbell, 1995). However, not all children with early-appearing problems continue to have difficulties. Roughly half the children identified with problems by preschool age will continue on a path toward externalizing problems, but the other half will improve with development. These data are based on several prospective studies of problem preschoolers followed from ages 3–4 to early elementary school age (Campbell, 1994; Campbell, Ewing, Breaux, & Szumowski, 1986; Richman, Stevenson, & Graham, 1982). This indicates that identifying a young child as problematic at one point in time is not useful, in and of itself, in predicting outcome. Although problem behavior is somewhat stable, increasing the relative risk of a child developing a diagnosable disorder by school age, difficult behavior, such as tantrums, noncompliance, overactivity, or difficulty with peers may be an indicator of emerging behavior problems or an age-appropriate, short-lived manifestation of stress. Thus, there appear to be different developmental pathways: Some children with early-onset problems outgrow their difficulties; others have difficulties that either stabilize or worsen with development; still other children do not show problems in the preschool period but develop problems by school entry, middle childhood or even early adolescence. What accounts for these different developmental pathways?
Range sidelobe suppression in wideband phased array radars

The authors delineate some considerations in achieving RSL (range sidelobe) suppression in wideband phased arrays. Attention is given to wideband radar characteristics suppression of spurious signals, and sources of wideband RSLs. It is suggested that the parallelism associated with the transmitter and antenna paths should mitigate associated uncorrelated time-varying error modulation. The exciter can be a major RSL contributor unless spurious signal suppression with the SSBM (single sideband modulator) is emphasized in design and calibration procedures. >
The futures of digital libraries: the evolution of an idea

The construction of digital libraries have certainly framed technological challenges, particularly with regard to various aspects of scale, and with the complexities of dealing with human languages, and indeed have given rise to substantial progress in these and other technical fields. But I believe that the greatest significance of digital libraries has been at a more profound intellectual level, inviting us to envision new kinds of environments for knowledge discovery, formulation, and dissemination; approaches to defining, managing and interacting with the cultural and intellectual record of our societies. We have repeatedly been forced to revisit questions of what constitutes a digital library, and how (indeed, even if) this differs from simply a collection of digitized or born-digital materials. In my presentation I will look at some of there recent responses of these challenges of vision, examining emerging systems like Europeana and proposals like the Digital Public Library of America, a few well established operational digital libraries in various sectors, developing scientific knowledge management environments that integrate scholarship, scholarly communication and evidence, and even the changing ways in which we think of the collective mass of information available worldwide through the internet. As part of my analysis, I will discuss the enormous distorting effects of current copyright laws on our ability to realize many of our collective visions and to achieve necessary scale, but also the promise offered by the new renaissance in public engagement (citizen science, social media and related developments) and the progress of various movements towards openness. Finally, as I look to the conceptual future of digital libraries I'll consider the steady advance of technological capabilities in the analysis and exploitation of large, dynamic corpora of materials; these will also continue to reshape our understanding of future directions and possibilities.
Bank Acquisition Announcements And Intra-Industry Effects

In this paper we attempt to assess whether gains in wealth associated with bank consolidation are the result of economic efficiencies by analyzing effects of bank merger announcements on the values of bidders, targets, and rival banks in the target’s geographical area. We find target banks earn positive returns, while bidding banks sustain negative returns at acquisition announcement. These findings are consistent with previously reported results in the bank consolidation literature. We also find rival banks earn positive returns that are enhanced when the target bank is in distress. We suggest the results are consistent with the view that investors interpret acquisition announcements as positive, geographically specific signals that may, in turn, reflect event-specific or bank-specific characteristics rather than expectations of increased efficiencies.
Susceptibility of the Rhesus Monkey ( Macaca mulatta ) to H -1 Virus

THE host range of the H-viruses, a new group of small agents approximately 200 A in diameter, is as yet unknown. H-1, H-3 and HB have been isolated from tumours, embryos, and placentae of human beings1,2, while RV and X-14 have been obtained from tumour tissue of rats3,4. All these viruses are distinguished by their ability to produce an infection in new-born hamsters that results in death or a ‘mongoloid-type’ deformity, depending on the concentration of virus given. The present communication indicates that the rhesus monkey (Macaca, mulatta) is also susceptible to an H-virus.
Nitrogen limitation and recovery in the cyanobacterium Aphanocapsa 6308

The effects of nitrogen limitation and recovery on nitrogen-containing macromolecules were followed in the cyanobacterium Aphanocapsa 6308. Removal of nitrogen from growth media triggers the degradation of the endogenous nitrogen reserves phycocyanin and cyanophycin granule polypeptide in the cyanobacterium Aphanocapsa 6308. Nitrogen recovery involves immediate synthesis of cyanophycin granule polypeptide with peak levels of 5–12% of cell dry weight found 8–12 h after a utilizable nitrogen source is added. A rapid decrease in cyanophycin granule polypeptide level then occurs and the level remains low even in light-limited stationary growth with all nitrogen sources tested except nitrate and ammonia. Protein and phycocyanin recoveries began 3 h after a utilizable nitrogen source was added. Data suggest continuous activity of the enzyme system synthesizing cyanophycin granule polypeptide in nitrogen-limited cells, but synthesis of a degrading system only after nitrogen recovery begins.
Weekly Balancing Crude Protein in Diets for Holstein Cows Throughout Lactation Using One Versus Two Grains

Holstein cows (n = 72, 28 primiparous) were fed for ad libitum intake a forage mixture (corn and haycrop silages, 63:37 DM) and a 71:29 ratio of two grain mixtures (13.8 and 36.2% CP, DM basis) at 1 kg/2.5 kg of the previous day's milk during 1 to 28 DIM (covariate period). Thereafter, rations were balanced and adjusted for energy and CP weekly based on monthly DHI data, forage analyses, and NRC requirements. Cows were blocked by parity (1 vs. greater than 1) and assigned randomly to receive one grain (blend of 13.8 and 36.2% CP grains, herd mean) or two grains according to individual needs. Daily yields of milk, 4% FCM, SCM, and resulting intakes of grain were higher for cows fed two grains, but the increase in daily DMI and the decreases in daily forage intake and SCM:grain ratio were not significant. Fewer pluriparous cows (3 vs. 8 out of 19) on the two-grain treatment conceived after first service, but overall services per conception (1.97) were equal. Percentage of cows with SCC below linear score 4 (91%) was equal between treatments. Means adjusted by covariate 4% FCM resulted in more modest treatment effects. Advantage of two-grain versus one-grain treatment for milk per day was 7.7% for parity 1 and only 1.6% for parities greater than 1; corresponding responses (nonsignificant) for 4% FCM were 2.8 and 4.3, respectively. Forage DMI depressions on two-grain treatment were not significant. When covariate-adjusted means were used, the advantage in income over feed cost for individualized feeding of CP was $106 and $36/yr per cow in parities 1 and greater than 1 when cows produced 8209 kg (313 DIM) and 8527 kg (320 DIM) of milk, respectively.
Expression of disialogangliosides GD2 and GD3 on human soft tissue sarcomas

Methods. Fifty-six freshly frozen human sarcomas were studied for expression of disialogangliosides by avi-din-biotin immunohistochemical staining with purified monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) 3F8 (antidisialoganglioside GD2) and R24 (antidisialoganglioside GD3). Results. Ninety-three percent of the tumors tested by the immunohistochemical staining expressed GD2 and 88% expressed GD3. The intensity of expression varied among sarcomas of different histologic types. Lipo-sarcoma, fibrosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, leiomyosarcoma, and spindle cell sarcoma reacted strongly with 3F8 and R24. Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma and synovial sarcoma demonstrated substantially weaker staining by either MoAb. Weakly reactive or nonreactive tumors were, in general, high-grade or meta-static sarcomas. Ganglioside extraction and thin-layer chromatography/immunothin-layer chromatography of two liposarcomas confirmed the identities of these gangliosides. Conclusions. GD2 and GD3 may indicate sites for MoAb-targeted imaging and therapy for sarcomas. The association of a diminished stainability by 3F8 and R24 with aggressive sarcomas may indicate prognostic significance. Cancer 1992; 70:633–638.
Single Impacts of C60 on Solids: Emission of Electrons, Ions and Prospects for Surface Mapping

We report on the co-emission of secondary ions and electrons resulting from 15 keV C60+ and 30 keV C602+ impacts on targets of Al, Si, Au, CsI, glycine, and guanine. The study has been performed by the combination of an electron emission microscope and a time-of-flight (ToF) mass spectrometer. The electron emission occurs near the kinetic emission threshold, yet yields are notable (>3) for all investigated targets. A key observation for the projectile-target combinations studied is the absence of correlation between the electron emission and the number and type of co-emitted secondary ions for flat and homogeneous samples. This observation validates a novel concept of “positional mass spectrometry”. In this approach a surface is probed in the event-by-event bombardment detection mode. Impacts of an individual C60 projectile are localized via electron emission. The location combined with the corresponding secondary ion information allows to map the distribution of surface molecules. The unique feature of p...
Evaluation of Relative Aptamer Binding to Campylobacter jejuni Bacteria Using Affinity Probe Capillary Electrophoresis

Abstract A qualitative capillary electrophoresis immunoassay was developed for the first-time to evaluate aptamer binding to bacterial cells. Binding affinity of aptamers developed against a Campylobacter jejuni bacterial cell target, relative to other common food-borne pathogens was investigated and specific binding affinity was evidenced by pronounced mobility shift and peak broadening with increasing bacteria concentration for both aptamers. Little to no mobility shift was observed for food-borne pathogens, Salmonella typhirium and Escherichia coli, even when increasing concentrations 10-fold over target. These results suggest that affinity probe capillary electrophoresis could be useful for qualitative screening of aptamer candidates for bacterial cell targets.
Matrix transformer for LLC resonant converters

In this paper, a high efficiency high power density matrix transformer structure for LLC resonant converters is proposed. Matrix transformer is help to reduce leakage inductance and the AC resistance of windings. Flux cancellation method is utilized to reduce core size and loss. Synchronous Rectifier (SR) devices and output capacitors are integrated into secondary windings to eliminate termination related winding losses, via loss and leakage inductance. An 1.6 MHz 390 /12 V 1kW LLC resonant converter prototype is built to verify the proposed structure.
Are some chondrule rims formed by impact processes? Observations and experiments.

The ability of high-speed impacts into a parent body regolith to account for the textures and compositions observed for rims on some chondrules is presently supported by both observational and experimental data. Experimental results obtained with a light-gas gun encompass recovered-grain characteristics ranging from fragmented projectile grains mixed with melted aerogel, demonstrating that rim-like thermal and mechanical alterations of projectiles may be due to a high-velocity encounter with a low density target. Irrespective of conclusions for other types of rims, granular and opaque rim characteristics seem inconsistent with nebular condensation.