cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Travel Techniques in a Complex, Multi-Level 3D Environment

This paper reports on a study that compares three different methods of travel in a complex, multi-level virtual environment using a between-subjects design. A real walking travel technique was compared to two common virtual travel techniques. Participants explored a two-story 3D maze at their own pace and completed four post-tests requiring them to remember different aspects of the environment. Testing tasks included recall of objects from the environment, recognition of objects present and not present, sketching of maps, and placing objects on a map. We also analyzed task completion time and collision data captured during the experiment session. Participants that utilized the real walking technique were able to place more objects correctly on a map, completed the maze faster, and experienced fewer collisions with the environment. While none of the conditions outperformed each other on any other tests, our results indicate that for tasks involving the naive exploration of a complex, multi-level 3D environment, the real walking technique supports a more efficient exploration than common virtual travel techniques. While there was a consistent trend of better performance on our measures for the real walking technique, it is not clear from our data that the benefits of real walking in these types of environments always justify the cost and space trade-offs of maintaining a wide-area tracking system
Gaudium et spes: the church in the world

The Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World Gaudium et spes represented a new genre in conciliar documents. In so doing, it framed what it would mean to be a pastoral council (rather than a dogmatic one), and also laid the groundwork for envisioning a world Church. This article presents the background for the document and traces its development, noting the impact it has had for doing theology, and why it has become a kind of shibboleth in contemporary debates about the Council and future directions of the Church.
Serum Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 Is Associated with Incident Kidney Disease

Fibroblast growth factor-23 is a bone-derived hormone that increases urinary phosphate excretion and inhibits hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Recent studies suggest that fibroblast growth factor-23 may be an early biomarker of CKD progression. However, its role in kidney function decline in the general population is unknown. We assessed the relationship between baseline (1990–1992) serum levels of intact fibroblast growth factor-23 and incident ESRD in 13,448 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study participants (56.1% women, 74.7% white) followed until December 31, 2010. At baseline, the mean age of participants was 56.9 years and the mean eGFR was 97 ml/min per 1.73 m2. During a median follow-up of 19 years, 267 participants (2.0%) developed ESRD. After adjustment for demographic characteristics, baseline eGFR, traditional CKD risk factors, and markers of mineral metabolism, the highest fibroblast growth factor-23 quintile (>54.6 pg/ml) compared with the lowest quintile (<32.0 pg/ml) was associated with risk of developing ESRD (hazard ratio, 2.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.31 to 3.36; trend P<0.001). In a large, community-based study comprising a broad range of kidney function, higher baseline fibroblast growth factor-23 levels were associated with increased risk of incident ESRD independent of the baseline level of kidney function and a number of other risk factors.
The effect of angiotensin II receptor blockers on hyperuricemia

The objective of this review was to explore the efficacy of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) for the treatment of hyperuricemia in individuals diagnosed with gout or hyperuricemia defined as ⩾7 mg/dl at baseline. A literature search of MEDLINE (1946 to June 2015) and EMBASE (1947 to June 2015) was conducted. The following search terms were used: 'uric acid', 'urate transporter', 'gout', 'angiotensin II receptor blockers', 'hyperuricemia' and the names for individual ARBs, as well as any combinations of these terms. Studies were excluded that did not explore fractional excretion or serum uric acid as an endpoint, if patients did not have a diagnosis of gout or hyperuricemia at baseline, or if they were non-English language. A total of eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Of the eight studies identified, six explored ARB monotherapy and two studies investigated ARBs as adjunct therapy. Losartan demonstrated statistically significant reductions in serum uric acid levels or increases in fractional excretion of uric acid in all studies, whereas no other ARB reached statistical benefit. The effect of ARBs on the occurrence of gout attacks or other clinical outcomes were not represented. Four studies evaluated safety effects of these agents indicating abnormalities such as minor changes in lab values. In conclusion, losartan is the only ARB that has consistently demonstrated a significant reduction in serum uric acid levels, although the significance of impacting clinical outcomes remains unknown. Losartan appears to be a safe and efficacious agent to lower serum uric acid levels in patients with hyperuricemia.
Choosing My Children’s Genes: Genetic Counseling

We all want our children to be lovable, capable, happy and successful. We expect them to look like us, but we want them to inherit only our strengths and not our weaknesses. We certainly want their lives to be healthy and full. None of us would wish for them a shortened, painful, or crippled existence. As you have heard, however, medical science knows not only that a certain number of children will not be born whole, but that certain star-crossed families have a predictable high risk of having children born with specific disorders. The only genetic way we know to influence our children’s looks, intelligence and destiny, is by choice of our mates, since inherited characteristics are derived from both parents. There is no other known way to choose advantageous genes for our children. If, however, we were at risk of bearing children with genetic disorders, would we not want to know? Can we choose not to give our children harmful genes? How can the average couple find out about such risks? If they did know of such risks would it change their outlook and plans, particularly about having children? If families at risk did change their reproductive practices, what would be the consequences for their community and for society? The process of genetic counseling aims to give relevant genetic information to families at risk so that they can appreciate the nature and extent of such risks. References
ALANINE: CYCLOSERINE ANTAGONISM. III. QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS AND RELATION TO HEATING OF CULTURE MEDIA.

Abstract Inhibition of growth by d-cycloserine of a clinical isolate of Escherichia coli in a synthetic alanine-free broth medium was blocked by the addition of d-alanine in equimolar or greater amounts. Heating a synthetic broth medium containing the l-isomer of alanine to 115 ° C. resulted in subversion of the antibiotic effect of d-cycloserine on E. coli. Comparable heating with d-alanine resulted in loss of capacity for antagonism toward d-cycloserine-mediated antibiosis. Chemical analysis for d-alanine showed that synthetic broth medium containing l-alanine contained d-alanine following autoclave sterilization. Three commercial broth media, in common use for conventional antibacterial agent susceptibility testing, contained d-alanine before and after autoclave sterilization.
Relationships, Access To Credit And Loan Pricing: An Analysis Of Small Business Experience

This paper examines the association between banking relationships, access to credit, and loan pricing using survey data from 3,642 small firms. The information value of banking relationships has two components: an institutional memory based on arm?s length data acquired from the firm and agent memory based on the informal information acquired through the business and social interaction with the customer. Proxies for agent memory are found to have significant effects on credit availability and loan pricing, independent of institutional memory. Of particular significance is the importance of account manager turnover and social contact with the owner of the firm. This finding raises some questions about the effect of banking sector consolidation on credit costs and availability and suggests that the any benefits of moving toward standardized evaluation scoring for small business loans may be diluted by the erosion of agent memory.
Role of Liquid Polymorphism during the Crystallization of Silicon

Using molecular simulation, we establish the pivotal role played by liquid polymorphs during the crystallization of silicon. When undercooled at a temperature 20% below the melting point, a silicon melt is under the form of the highly coordinated, high-density liquid (HDL) polymorph. We find that crystallization starts with the formation, within the HDL liquid, of a nanosized droplet of the least stable liquid polymorph, known as the almost tetracoordinated low-density liquid (LDL) polymorph. We then show that the crystalline embryo forms within the LDL droplet, close to the interface with the surrounding HDL liquid, thereby following a pathway associated with a much lower free energy barrier than the direct formation of the crystalline embryo from the HDL liquid would have required. This implies that, for substances exhibiting liquid polymorphs, theories, like the classical nucleation theory, and empirical rules, like Ostwald's rule, should be modified to account for the role of liquid polymorphs in the nucleation process.
ONCOLYTIC POLIOVIRUS IMMUNOTHERAPY OF GLIOBLASTOMA

BACKGROUND: With the exception of Burkitt lymphoma, almost all solid cancers are susceptible to infection with poliovirus, due to widespread ectopic expression of the poliovirus receptor, the onco-fetal cell adhesion molecule Necl5/CD155. We engineered a profoundly CNS-incompetent and genetically stable variant of polio through recombination of the cognate internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) with its counterpart from human rhinovirus type 2. The resulting PVSRIPO chimera is incapable of causing poliomyelitis or encephalitis in non-human primates or human subjects, even after high-dose intracerebral inoculation, but retains excellent cytotoxic properties in malignant cells. This is due to constitutively active signal transduction pathways via Raf-Erk MAPKs to the MAPK-interacting kinase, Mnk, and the translation apparatus. METHODS: Raf-Erk-Mnk signals favor translation of mRNAs with highly structured, encumbered 5' untranslated regions, typical for mRNAs encoding potent biological response modifiers, survival factors, growth factors or oncogenes. They afford an enormous advantage to PVSRIPO translation, causing irreversible lethal cytotoxicity as early as 60 min after infection. PVSRIPO infection of GBM produces drastic, violent cytotoxicity and a wide range of pro-inflammatory and immunogenic host responses. These are due to virally-induced ‘immunogenic cell death’, forceful activation of innate antiviral type 1 interferon responses, non-lethal infection and pro-inflammatory stimulation of tumor-associated macrophages/dendritic cells and stimulation of cytotoxic T-cell responses directed against the tumor. RESULTS: A currently accruing Phase-1 clinical trial of PVSRIPO with intratumoral, CED-mediated infusion in recurrent GBM is showing promise with the first patients experiencing durable complete clinical and near-complete radiographic responses >20 months post PVSRIPO infusion. The key to PVSRIPO oncolytic immunotherapy is the early acute phase of viral cytotoxicity after intratumoral infusion. Unhinged translation control, enabling unfettered viral, IRES-mediated initiation, is independent of the notorious intratumoral and inter-individual heterogeneity of advanced, treatment-refractory cancers. To define the molecular mechanism of PVSRIPO-mediated immunogenic cell death, we unraveled a signaling network centered on Raf-Erk-Mnk signals and their control over the Ser-Arg-rich protein kinase. CONCLUSIONS: Provided a solid mechanistic rationale exists for their use, oncolytic viruses such as PVSRIPO may induce tumor-cytotoxic, immune-modulatory and immune-stimulatory effects with an extent and biological range that are difficult to achieve with any other type of anti-cancer agent. SECONDARY CATEGORY: Preclinical Experimental Therapeutics.
Effect of the Juvenile Hormone Analog Methoprene on Nasonia vitripennis When Administered Via a Host, Sarcophaga bullata

Direct application of methoprene (Altosid SR-10®) to prepupae and pupae of Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) resulted in 100% mortality during the pupal stage. However, when the compound was administered by feeding it to its dipteran host, Sarcophaga bullata Parker, no effect on the parasite could be found. The number of wasps emerging from methoprene-treated hosts did not differ significantly from control hosts. Also, the fecundity of wasps reared on methoprene-treated hosts did not differ significantly from wasps reared on control hosts. As far as pupal parasites are concerned, it appears that methoprene is an ideal insect growth regulator for an integrated control program against Diptera breeding in livestock manure.
On the thermochemistry of the solid solution between jarosite and its chromate analog

Minerals of the jarosite group can be a significant environmental sink for hexavalent Cr by substitution of chromate for sulfate. The thermochemistry of the synthetic solid solution between jarosite KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6 and its chromate analog KFe3(CrO4)2(OH)6 was investigated by high-temperature oxide-melt solution calorimetry. The enthalpies of formation (Δ H f) of the latter, as well as of five intermediate compositions in the series KFe3(S1−zCrzO4)2(OH)6, were determined, where z corresponds to the Cr content. The variation of Δ H f with Cr content deviates from ideality, and negative enthalpies of mixing between jarosite and its chromate analog are observed, suggesting some ordering of the sulfate/chromate groups in the solid solution. The measured enthalpy of formation from the elements of the end-member KFe3(CrO4)2(OH)6 is Δ H f = −3762.5 ± 8.0 kJ/mol. In view of this work, and considering literature data, Δ G f = −3305.5 ± 3.4 kJ/mol, Δ S f = −1533.6 ± 29.2 J/(mol·K), and S = 487.7 ± 29.2 J/(mol·K) are recommended for KFe3(CrO4)2(OH)6.
The Emotional Eating Scale adapted for children and adolescents: Factorial invariance across adolescent males and females.

Abstract Objective The purpose of the present study was to assess factorial invariance of the Emotional Eating Scale (EES) across a sample of adolescent males and females. Method Two-hundred-twenty-six middle school students (mean age = 13.19 years; SD = 1.00) completed the EES adapted for children and adolescents and a brief demographic survey. Approximately 40% of the sample were males. An item-level multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was performed specifying a bi-factor model that mapped onto the EES' four scores. Results We found that the EES was partially invariant across sex in the current study's sample. The instrument appeared to measure the same constructs in both groups, except for the two items: worried and bored. Conclusions Our findings suggest that overall the EES items measure their intended constructs in both male and female adolescents, but caution should be used when interpreting scores that include the worried and bored items. These two item may have be measuring their constructs differently in adolescent females and males.
Plasma-Enabled Tuning of a Resonant RF Circuit

A concept of plasma-enabled tuning of radio frequency systems is introduced and experimentally verified in this paper. Specifically, a commercial gas discharge tube (GDT) is employed as a plasma cell integrated in an inductor-capacitor (LC) resonator. The principal factor affecting the characteristics of the LC circuit with the embedded GDT, studied for the first time in this paper, is the decrease in the cathode sheath thickness and thus increase in the capacitance of the plasma cell with increasing current in the abnormal glow discharge regime. The reduction of plasma cell resistance is an additional factor. The sample LC resonator demonstrates frequency tunability by 55% in the range of 240-372 MHz, while the discharge current increases up to 90 mA, at the expense of reduction in quality factor from 62 to 5 as a result of ohmic losses. Theoretical estimates based on the fundamental principles of glow discharges supplemented by circuit simulations show good agreement with measurements. The local minimum in frequency behavior of the resonator's quality factor is shown to be related to frequency-dependent plasma parameters. The results of this paper indicate that plasma tuning techniques could be a viable alternative for emerging applications.
Packed Red Blood Cells and Related Products

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a discussion on packed red blood cells (PRBCs) and related products. PRBCs are made from volunteer donations of whole blood and a number of different preparations of PRBCs are available to meet the needs of the individual patient in the context of his or her current clinical situation. The whole blood (WB) unit is collected from a volunteer donor into the primary blood bag of a multiple-bag system where it is mixed with anticoagulant-preservative solution. The WB unit is stored at room temperature if platelets are to be made from the unit; otherwise it is refrigerated. The WB unit is then centrifuged—usually within 8 hours of collection—to separate the WB into its two major components: PRBCs and platelet-rich plasma. The PRBCs remain in the primary blood bag following removal of the plasma. The duration of storage of the PRBC unit at 1–6°C in a monitored, blood storage refrigerator depends on the type of additive preservative solution with which it is mixed. Further, filtration for leukocyte reduction may be performed at the blood center prestorage leukoreduction in the blood bank or at the bedside. Special bedside filter sets are made for use with PRBC components and cannot be used interchangeably with filters made for platelets. PRBCs and other blood components may be irradiated for the prevention of transfusion-associated graft versus host disease. The minimum recommended dose of gamma radiation is 25 Gy. Because of the increase in supernatant potassium levels following irradiation, irradiated PRBCs must be transfused within 28 days of irradiation or before the original expiration date, whichever comes first. PRBC products should be administered only for the purpose of increasing oxygen-carrying capacity in anemic patients who are at risk for ischemic events.
Educational Programming for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Literature and a Program Development Protocol

Identify the factors that challenge the development of quality educational programs for students with ASD Increase knowledge of the evidence-base in ASD intervention Identify a framework for critically reviewing ASD intervention literature Identify components of the ASD Program Development and Evaluation Protocol
Predictive Model of Surgical Time for Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Maximizing operating room utilization in orthopedic and other surgeries relies on accurate estimates of surgical control time (SCT). A variety of case and patient-specific variables can influence the duration of surgical time during revision total hip arthroplasty (THA). We hypothesized that these variables are better predictors of actual SCT (aSCT) than a surgeon's own prediction (pSCT). Methods All revision THAs from October 2008 to September 2014 from one institution were accessed. Variables for each case included aSCT, pSCT, patient age, gender, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status class, active infection, periprosthetic fracture, bone loss, heterotopic ossification, and implantation/explantation of a well-fixed acetabular/femoral component. These were incorporated in a stepwise fashion into a multivariate regression model for aSCT with a significant cutoff of 0.15. This was compared to a univariate regression model of aSCT that only used pSCT. Results In total, 516 revision THAs were analyzed. After stepwise selection, patient age and American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status were excluded from the model. The most significant increase in aSCT was seen with implantation of a new femoral component (24.0 min), followed by explantation of a well-fixed femoral component (18.7 min) and significant bone loss (15.0 min). Overall, the multivariate model had an improved r 2 of 0.49, compared to 0.16 from only using pSCT. Conclusion A multivariate regression model can assist surgeons in more accurately predicting the duration of revision THAs. The strongest predictors of increased aSCT are explantation of a well-fixed femoral component, placement of an entirely new femoral component, and presence of significant bone loss.
Scattering of He 3 by He 4 and of He 4 by Tritium

The differential elastic scattering cross section has been measured for the scattering of ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ from ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ and the scattering of ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ from tritium for bombarding energies of 5 to 18 and 4 to 18 MeV, respectively. Data were also obtained for the reactions ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}({\mathrm{He}}^{3},p){\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$, ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}({\mathrm{He}}^{3},{p}^{\ensuremath{'}}){\mathrm{Li}}^{6*}$, ${\mathrm{H}}^{3}(\ensuremath{\alpha},n){\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$, and ${\mathrm{H}}^{3}(\ensuremath{\alpha},{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}){\mathrm{Li}}^{6*}$. Levels are seen at 4.65, 6.64, 7.47, and 9.7 MeV in ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$, and at 4.57, 6.73, 7.21, and 9.3 MeV in ${\mathrm{Be}}^{7}$. A phase-shift analysis suggests assignments of ${\frac{7}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\frac{5}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ for the two lower levels in ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$, confirms the ${\frac{5}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ assignment of the 7.47 level, and suggests a ${\frac{7}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ assignment for the new level at 9.7 MeV. Similarly in ${\mathrm{Be}}^{7}$, the assignments of ${\frac{7}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\frac{5}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ for the lower two levels are confirmed, and an assignment of ${\frac{7}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ is suggested for the new level at 9.3 MeV. The reduced widths for $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and nucleon emission were determined by fitting the phase shifts near each level with a single- and/or double-level formula from the $R$-matrix formalism of Lane and Thomas. The results of the analysis are discussed and compared with predictions of recent nuclear-model calculations.
Modeling Time Series

Data that are gathered over time (time series) often present special problems. In particular, observations within a single time series are seldom independent. Such autocorrelation has a powerful effect on a regression model, leading to a spurious impression of accuracy. In addition, several time series often show high correlation, tending to move up and down together. This correlation between series introduces multicollinearity into models using time series data. Special methods help accommodate such data. Regression analysis is also used to model cross-sectional data in which one has before-after pairs of measurements.
Native paraneurial tissue and paraneurial adhesions alter nerve strain distribution in rat sciatic nerves

Paraneurial adhesions have been implicated in the pathological progression of entrapment neuropathies. Surgical decompression of adhesions is often performed, with the intent of restoring nerve kinematics. The normal counterpart of adhesions, native paraneurium, is also thought to influence nerve deformation and mobility. However, influences of native or abnormal paraneurial structures on nerve kinematics have not been investigated. We measured regional strains in rat sciatic nerves before and immediately after decompression of native paraneurial tissue, and before and after decompression of abnormal paraneurial adhesions, which formed within 6 weeks of the initial decompression. Strain was significantly higher in the distal-femoral than in the mid-femoral region of the nerve before either decompression. Decompression of native and abnormal paraneurial tissue removed this regional strain difference. Paraneurial tissues appear to play a major role in distributing peripheral nerve strain. Normal nerve strain distributions may be reconstituted following decompression, even in the presence of paraneurial adhesions.
Interoception and Awareness of Physiological Sexual Arousal in Women With Sexual Arousal Concerns

Laboratory studies assessing physiological genital arousal have largely failed to find differences between women with and without female sexual arousal disorder (FSAD). Therefore, it is possible th...
Emergency healthcare resource requirement analysis: A stochastic timed Petri net approach

A health emergency is a situation that poses an immediate risk to health and life and requires urgent intervention to prevent it from getting worse. An efficient clinic workflow and adequate provisioning of various types of resources in an emergency department (ED) help improve the timeliness of emergency care services. Such resources include doctors, physician assistants, registered nurses, registration clerks, examination beds, CT machines, etc. This paper proposes a simulation framework that supports the analysis of optimal provisioning of resources that ensures timely care service and meanwhile incurs no excessive cost from unnecessary resources acquisition. A stochastic timed Petri net based healthcare workflow and resource modeling technique is presented.
Preformation and Epigenesis in the Origins of the Nervous System and Behavior: Issues, Concepts, and their History

One of the most enduring and fundamental debates in the history of biology was over the problem of how in each generation a complex, functioning organism could arise from the vastly more simple fertilized egg derived from the parents. This ancient inquiry into the process of individual development marked the beginning of an interest in ontogenetic issues. Although philosophers and naturalists as far back as Aristotle were concerned with this question, it was not until the 17th and 18th centuries that the problem of development became a matter of sustained and serious interest.
Tibia functionality and Division II female and male collegiate athletes from multiple sports.

Background Bone strength is developed through a combination of the size and shape (architecture) of a bone as well as the bone's material properties; and therefore, no one outcome variable can measure a positive or negative adaptation in bone. Skeletal robusticity (total area/ bone length) a measure of bones external size varies within the population and is independent of body size, but robusticity has been associated with bone strength. Athletes may have similar variability in robusticity values as the general population and thus have a wide range of bone strengths based on the robustness of their bones. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if an athlete's bone strength and cortical area relative to body size was dependent on robusticity. The second aim was to determine if anthropometry or muscle function measurements were associated with bone robusticity. Methods Bone variables contributing to bone strength were measured in collegiate athletes and a reference group using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) at the 50% tibial site. Bone functionality was assessed by plotting bone strength and cortical area vs body size (body weight x tibial length) and robustness (total area/length) vs body size. Bone strength was measured using the polar strength-strain index (SSIp). Based on the residuals from the regression, an athlete's individual functionality was determined, and two groups were formed "weaker for size" (WS) and "stronger for size" (SS). Grip strength, leg extensor strength and lower body power were also measured. Results Division II athletes exhibited a natural variation in (SSIp) relative to robusticity consistent with previous studies. Bone strength (SSIp) was dependent on the robusticity of the tibia. The bone traits that comprise bone strength (SSIp) were significantly different between the SS and WS groups, yet there were minimal differences in the anthropometric data and muscle function measures between groups. A lower percentage of athletes from ball sports were "weaker for size" (WS group) and a higher percentage of swimmers were in the WS group. Discussion A range of strength values based on robusticity occurs in athletes similar to general populations. Bones with lower robusticity (slender) were constructed with less bone tissue and had less strength. The athletes with slender bones were from all sports including track and field and ball sports but the majority were swimmers. Conclusions Athletes, even after optimal training for their sport, may have weaker bones based on robusticity. Slender bones may therefore be at a higher risk for fracture under extreme loading events but also yield benefits to some athletes (swimmers) due to their lower bone mass.
Scope of future development in LIBS

Abstract In this chapter, a brief overview of the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) application in various fields is presented. LIBS studies have been performed continuously for almost all kinds of test materials in their solid, liquid, gas, and molten states all over the globe, which is highlighted in this chapter along with the possibility of its application in biomedicine. Although its qualitative and quantitative analyses are promising, a lot of research effort is still needed to bring LIBS to a level comparable with other established techniques. A short summary of the major challenges in LIBS and possible directions to calculate their solutions are also indicated. In addition, possible areas of LIBS study for the future and the scope of its commercialization are presented.
Social Cognition in Intermittent Explosive Disorder

Abstract SEIP represents a critical set of processes under the rubric of social cognition. It has been shown to be related to aggression, especially impulsive aggression, and undoubtedly places an important role in the proximal factors that lead to impulsive aggressive behavior. SEIP can be assessed in human subjects fairly easily from both a psychometric and neuropsychobiological point of view. It is likely that clinical/therapeutic strategies that work to reduce aberrant SEIP will be important in treating impulsive aggressive individuals with deficits in SEIP.
The novel optical reporter gene for study of tumor biology

997 For a tumor to constantly proliferate, malignant cells require nutrients, especially glucose and amino acids. There is abundant evidence that tumor growth depends heavily on glucose uptake. The L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is a major nutrient transport system responsible for the transport of large neutral essential amino acids. In normal human tissue, LAT1 mRNA is highly expressed only in the brain, bone marrow and testis. In contrast, LAT1 mRNA levels are over-expressed in most cancer cell lines and patient tumor samples. CXCR4 has been shown to exhibit elevated levels in tumors. We hypothesize that CXCR4 may regulate LAT1 levels and upregulation of LAT1 is necessary for tumor cell growth and invasion that is induced by CXCR4. We found that CXCR4 levels correlated well with LAT1 mRNA levels in various cell lines and lowering CXCR4 levels by small interfering RNA (siRNA) lowered LAT1 mRNA levels. We investigated whether suppressing LAT1 levels would affect cell growth or invasion of CXCR4-positive tumors through the analysis of growth assays and Matrigel invasion assay after the knockdown of LAT1 using siRNA or specific inhibitors of LAT1. To further examine the control of gene expression of LAT1, we amplified the promoter sequence from genomic DNA using PCR methods and subcloned into pGL2-luciferase vector. We found that CXCR4 is required for LAT1 transcriptional activation. Finally, we will determine whether LAT1 overexpression can be a diagnostic marker for tumor detection by using non-invasive Positron Emission Tomography (PET) in preclinic animal models. Dr. Goodman has developed non-natural amino acid, anti-1-amino-3-[18F]fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid (FACBC) that is currently in clinical trial phase I at Emory Clinic. We injected luciferase-positive U87MG glioma cells into the nude mice subcutaneously, two spots each on their back and followed the tumor growth in vivo by non-invasive Bioluminescence imaging (BLI). When the average tumor size reached 1cc, the right-hand side tumors were treated with either 5 mM BCH (synthetic amino acid) while the left-hand side tumors were treated with saline solution by intratumoral injection. Then, animals were injected with FACBC intravenously and scanned in microPET 45 minutes post-injection. On the following day, animals were imaged for BLI. FACBC-PET images show that the right-hand side tumors were darker than the left-hand side tumors, indicating that the pretreatment of amino acids or their analog inhibited L-type amino acid transporter function, which results in much less uptake of FACBC by tumors. These results indicate that FACBC uptake critically depends on L-type amino acid transporter. Our study provides the rationale that FACBC uptake correlates to LAT1 activity and FACBC-PET can be a promising non-invasive diagnostic tool for malignant tumor detection.
Big on Change, Small on Innovation: Evolutionary Consequences of RNA Sequence Duplication

The potential for biopolymers to evolve new structures has important consequences for their ability to optimize function and our attempts to reconstruct their evolutionary histories. Prior work with in vitro systems suggests that structural remodeling of RNA is difficult to achieve through the accumulation of point mutations or through recombination events. Sequence duplication may represent an alternative mechanism that can more readily lead to the evolution of new structures. Structural and sequence elements in many RNAs and proteins appear to be the products of duplication events, indicating that this mechanism plays a major role in molecular evolution. Despite the potential significance of this mechanism, little experimental data is available concerning the structural and evolutionary consequences of duplicating biopolymer sequences. To assess the structural consequences of sequence duplication on the evolution of RNA, we mutagenized an RNA sequence containing two copies of an ATP aptamer and subjected the resulting population to multiple in vitro evolution experiments. We identified multiple routes by which duplication, followed by the accumulation of functional point mutations, allowed our populations to sample two entirely different secondary structures. The two structures have no base pairs in common, but both structures contain two copies of the same ATP-binding motif. We do not observe the emergence of any other functional secondary structures beyond these two. Although this result suggests a limited capacity for duplication to support short-term functional innovation, major changes in secondary structure, like the one observed here, should be given careful consideration as they are likely to frustrate attempts to infer deep evolutionary histories of functional RNAs.
A New Nearctic Species of Duretophragma Borkent Fungus Gnat (Diptera: Mycetophilidae)

A new Nearctic species of Duretophragma Borkent fungus gnat was discovered in a mixed pine and hardwood forest in the eastern Lower Peninsula of Michigan. Duretophragma collina Taber is the third species of its genus known from North America. Many males and one female were collected. No immature form has been discovered.
Decentralized Interactive Planning and Sensing in an Unknown Spatiotemporal Threat Field

We address path-planning for a mobile vehicle, called the actor, to minimize exposure to an unknown spatiotemporally varying scalar threat field. Multiple sensor agents commanded by the actor take pointwise measurements and estimate the threat field using a consensus filter. The actor and sensors communicate over a network with fixed distance-based topology. We introduce a novel interactive planning and sensing algorithm, where sensor agents are iteratively reconfigured to minimize the actor’s cost. Two sensor reconfiguration policies are proposed: one that enforces all sensors to remain within the actor’s communication network, and the other that allows sensors to be deployed farther away. Through numerical simulation results we demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves near-optimal performance for the actor.
Program Directors' Opinions About Otolaryngology Resident Teaching Medical School Anatomy.

Purpose To evaluate whether otolaryngology residency program directors (PDs) provide residents to teach pre-clinical medical students anatomy and to outline their perceptions of this practice. Methods An anonymous online survey was sent to active U.S. otolaryngology residency PDs in 2019, assessing each program's involvement in teaching medical student anatomy. Results Forty-five of 121 (37.1%) of surveyed otolaryngology PDs responded. Sixteen of the 44 (36.4%) residency programs that were associated with a medical school provided residents to teach anatomy ("Teaching Programs"). The 29 (64.4%) remaining programs did not provide residents ("Non-teaching Programs"). No significant differences were found between Teaching and Non-teaching Programs (P<0.05) for the size of the program, the presence of fellowships, the size of medical school, whether residents had won teaching awards, or the number of otolaryngology residency applicants from that school. In general, all PDs responded positively about residents teaching medical school anatomy. Non-teaching Programs primarily cited not being approached by the medical school as a reason for not providing residents to teach. Conclusion The majority of respondent otolaryngology PDs have a positive view of residents teaching medical students but few do it. Otolaryngology departments will need to take the lead on developing opportunities to put students and residents together for anatomy education.
The Pathways of Aggression - Differential Indirect Associations Between Anxiety Sensitivity Cognitive Concerns and Suicidality.

Abstract. Background: Suicide prevention efforts have focused on risk factors that help identify people with an increased risk for suicide. One risk factor related to suicide risk is anxiety sensit...
Abstract PO-007: Deep learning-based computational pathology predicts origins for cancers of unknown primary

Cancer of unknown primary (CUP) is an enigmatic group of diagnoses where the primary anatomical site of tumor origin is undetermined. This poses a significant challenge to effective patient care as modern therapeutics are often specific to the primary tumor. Patients with a CUP diagnosis routinely undergo an extensive diagnostic work-up to determine the primary origin, which is resource-intensive, might significantly delay the administration of suitable treatment, and is not always successful. While previous works have demonstrated the feasibility of predicting the primary origin based on molecular information, we present a deep learning-based algorithm that can provide a differential diagnosis for CUP using routine histology slides. We used 22,833 gigapixel whole slide images with known primaries spread over 18 common origins to train a multi-task deep model to identify the tumor as primary or metastatic and predict its site of origin. We tested our model on a set of 6,499 cases with known primaries and achieved a top-1 accuracy of 0.83, a top-3 accuracy of 0.96 while on our external set of 682 cases from 202 different hospitals, it achieved a top-1 and top-3 accuracy of 0.80 and 0.93 respectively. Additionally, on 316 CUP cases assigned a differential diagnosis, our predictions resulted in concordance for 61% of cases (κ=0.52) and a top-3 agreement of 82%. Our approach can potentially be used as an assistive tool for pathologists and reduce the number of diagnostic IHCs required and improve the quality of diagnosis particularly in low-resource settings where pathology expertise is limited, and genomic testing may not be available. Citation Format: Ming Yang Lu, Tiffany Y. Chen, Drew D.W. Williamson, Melissa Zhao, Maha Shady, Jana Lipkova, Faisal Mahmood. Deep learning-based computational pathology predicts origins for cancers of unknown primary [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Diagnosis, and Imaging; 2021 Jan 13-14. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2021;27(5_Suppl):Abstract nr PO-007.
Income Inequality and Economic Segregation in Los Angeles from 1980 to 2010

Rising income inequality is a critical problem in both the global North and South. In the United States, the Gini coefficient measuring nationwide income inequality rose from 0.403 in 1980 to 0.480 in 2014 (US Census), and residential segregation by income has increasingly occurred in many metropolitan regions and is particularly reflected in the spatial separation of the wealthiest households. This chapter focuses on the change in the level of income inequality in the Los Angeles region since 1980 and how it is related to changes in residential segregation between economic groups over that same time period. We use data from the US Census collected in 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2010. We measure residential segregation between economic groups based on occupational structure, and measure ‘neighbourhoods’ using Census tracts: these are units defined by the US Census and typically average about 4,000 residents. The overall level of inequality in the region is measured at each decade point using the Gini coefficient for household income. Maps demonstrate where different socioeconomic status groups have tended to locate and how economic segregation has changed in Los Angeles over this time period. We also assess the extent to which changes in inequality are related to changes in economic segregation over the last four and a half decades.
Mouse middle-ear forward and reverse acoustics

The mouse is an important animal model for hearing science. However, our knowledge of the relationship between mouse middle-ear (ME) anatomy and function is limited. The ME not only transmits sound to the cochlea in the forward direction, it also transmits otoacoustic emissions generated in the cochlea to the ear canal (EC) in the reverse direction. Due to experimental limitations, a complete characterization of the mouse ME has not been possible. A fully coupled finite-element model of the mouse EC, ME, and cochlea was developed and calibrated against experimental measurements. Impedances of the EC, ME, and cochlea were calculated, alongside pressure transfer functions for the forward, reverse, and round-trip directions. The effects on sound transmission of anatomical changes such as removing the ME cavity, pars flaccida, and mallear orbicular apophysis were also calculated. Surprisingly, below 10 kHz, the ME cavity, eardrum, and stapes annular ligament were found to significantly affect the cochlear input impedance, which is a result of acoustic coupling through the round window. The orbicular apophysis increases the delay of the transmission line formed by the flexible malleus, incus, and stapes, and improves the forward sound-transmission characteristics in the frequency region of 7–30 kHz.
Stochastically estimated covariance matrices for independent and cumulative fission yields in the ENDF/B-VIII.0 and JEFF-3.3 evaluations

Abstract A Monte-Carlo method for the generation of correlation and covariance matrices for independent and cumulative fission yields has been developed. The method uses a constrained Monte-Carlo resampling structure in order to vary evaluated fission yield libraries in a way that meets basic conservation principles. This results in the generation of correlation/covariance matrices with limited model bias and uncertainty; the matrices are primarily reflective of the evaluated fission yield uncertainties and correlations that arise from the evaluation process. This method has been applied to generate correlation and covariance matrices for all of the fissioning systems of the ENDF/B-VIII.0 and JEFF-3.3 evaluations, marking the first time such matrices have been generated for all of these systems. These covariance matrices have been published online for immediate public use. These correlation and covariance matrices can be used to improve uncertainty estimation in calculations of reactor antineutrino emission rates, decay heat problems, and nuclear forensics.
How Can A World Polity Approach be Used to Analyze the Establishment and Redevelopment of Transitional States

This paper uses a world polity approach to analyze the establishment and development of transitional states. To do so, I shed light on the world polity theory as specified by previous literature. The notion of an interconnected set of actors and institutions as being part of a world society is introduced to understand how action in the international community is a byproduct of an interrelated set of context specific processes. Special attention is given to nation states, and international non-governmental organizations to set the stage for where transitional states fall within this paradigm. A causal historical analysis of the Arab Spring is used to describe how a world polity model can be used to analyze how transitional states come into fruition. From this, I offer a case analysis of the ways international non-governmental organizations influenced humanitarian aid in post-revolutionary Egypt as part of redeveloping this transitional state by using the example of anti-female genital cutting campaigns. It was found that these organizations were able to effectively translate world cultural scripts to influence humanitarian action. Overall, this paper highlights how the world polity theory can indeed be used to examine complex transitional states in an innovative and profound manner.
The supralaryngeal articulation of stress and accent in Greek

Abstract It is well reported that articulatory movements comprising prominence units are longer, larger, and faster than their non-prominent counterparts. However, it is unclear whether these effects arise at the level of lexical stress, accent, or both, reflecting a hierarchy of prominence, i.e., being stronger when induced by accent as opposed to stress. It is also uncertain whether prominence-induced kinematic effects are invariant across positions of stress within the word, types of focus that accent denotes, and positions of words in the phrase. Here, we use an electromagnetic articulography (EMA) study to assess the supralaryngeal kinematic correlates of prominence in Greek across three stress positions (antepenultimate, penultimate, ultimate; i.e., all possible stress positions in Greek), two accentual conditions (accented and de-accented), and two phrasal positions (phrase-medial and phrase-final). Focus type is also considered, with the accentual conditions coming from two types of focus (broad and narrow), while the de-accented conditions are by default unfocused. Our results indicate that stressed syllables involve longer, larger, and faster gestures than their unstressed counterparts, regardless of the position of stress within the word. Notably, variation in velocity is accounted for by variation in displacement. Presence of accent does not further expand the stressed gestures, although it is related to minimal kinematic changes across the whole word, the exact profile of which depends on stress position. With the exception of final vowel duration, focus type is not systematically encoded in these kinematic effects. Finally, interactions are detected between the kinematic profile of prominence and that of boundaries. Implications of our findings for the hierarchy of prominence and its cross-linguistic differences are discussed, and a gestural account of prominence and boundaries is put forward.