cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Apply within, apply without?

This commentary on the field of applied linguistics (AL) focuses on the tensions that exist between theory and practice, on the one hand, and homogeneity and diversity on the other. It is argued that theory and practice need not be seen as separate activities, and that diversity is an inevitable – and desirable – consequence of the interdisciplinary nature of AL. The paper examines the institutional and social context of AL, as an academic entity with its own degree programs and so on, and suggests that its independence must be balanced by an interdependence with many other relevant fields. It notes that the relationship between AL and linguistics is a problematic one, particularly in view of the definitions of science, theory and language that many linguists adopt. It is suggested that these definitions are not immutable. As an example, the author proposes that a ‘paradigm’ need not be seen as Kuhn's ‘closed box’, but can profitably be construed as an open system, or an ecology. Finally, the article comments briefly on the role of the generalist, seen as someone who can find a common language with which to represent the diversity of perspectives and specialized projects which inevitably characterize a healthy AL.
Engineering challenges in high density cell culture systems

High density cell culture systems offer the advantage of production of bio-pharmaceuticals in compact bioreactors with high volumetric production rates; however, these systems are difficult to design and operate. First of all, the cells have to be retained in the bioreactor by physical means during perfusion. The design of the cell retention is the key to performance of high density cell culture systems. Oxygenation and media design are also important for maximizing the cell number. In high density perfusion reactors, variable cell density, and hence the metabolic demand, require constant adjustment of perfusion rates. The use of cell specific perfusion rate (CSPR) control provides a constant environment to the cells resulting in consistent production. On-line measurement of cell density and metabolic activities can be used for the estimation of cell densities and the control of CSPR. Issues related to mass transfer and mixing become more important at high cell densities. Due to the difference in mass transfer coefficients for oxygen and CO2, a significant accumulation of dissolved CO2 is experienced with silicone tubing aeration. Also, mixing is observed to decrease at high densities. Base addition, if not properly done, could result in localized cell lysis and poor culture performance. Non-uniform mixing in reactors promotes the heterogeneity of the culture. Cell aggregation results in segregation of the cells within different mixing zones. This paper discusses these issues and makes recommendations for further development of high density cell culture bioreactors.
Early history of Los Alamos with emphasis on the two Van de Graaff accelerators from the University of Wisconsin

Abstract The early involvement of the author in the nuclear bomb project in the period commencing January 1942 at Madison, Wisconsin and ending July 16, 1945 with the test explosion at Trinity site is discussed. The text is based on a historical talk.
Somebody Else, Somewhere Else: Racisms, Racialized Spaces and the Popular Geographical Imagination in Sweden

In conjunction with recurrent economic dislocations and the restructuring and melting of national capitalisms into one another, there has been a resurgence of racisms in Europe; even in Sweden, a country long stereotyped as an international champion of equality and economic and political justice. An array of concrete and racialized spaces has emerged and contributed to the further spread of racism. Deeply enmeshed in this process is a disjuncture between racist attitudes and behaviors, and a widely held image of the self and the nation as altruistic and just. Confronted by such internal dissonance, many, if not most, Swedes resolve matters through denial and projection: believing or asserting that the country's only racists are either skinhead youths or right-wing extremists, “somebody else.” The contradiction between the racisms and national identity is also commonly culturally reworked through projecting upon other locations as well as other groups. To demonstrate the complexities and internal contradictions of this popular geographical imagination, this paper provides a detailed depiction and critique of one of its elements—the municipality of Sjobo.
Integration of InxGa1−xN Laser Diodes with Dissimilar Substrates by Laser Lift-off

Continuous-wave (cw) indium-gallium nitride (InGaN) multiple-quantum-well (MQW) laser diodes (LDs) were successfully transferred from sapphire onto copper and diamond substrates using a two-step laser lift-off (LLO) process. Reduced threshold currents and increased differential quantum efficiencies were measured for LDs on Cu due to a 50% reduction of the thermal impedance. Light output for LDs on Cu was three times greater than comparable LDs on sapphire with a maximum output of 30 mW. Increased light output for LDs on diamond were also measure with a maximum output of 80 mW.
CS habituation produces a “latent inhibition effect” but no active “conditioned inhibition”

Abstract The effects of nonreinforced, preconditioning exposures to a CS were investigated in two experiments involving Pavlovian eyelid conditioning in the rabbit. Experiment 1 replicated the often-reported consequent retardation in appearance of conditioned responding, or “latent inhibition effect” (e.g., Lubow & Moore, 1959 ; Siegel, 1969 ). Experiment 2 employed identical training conditions but evaluated whether or not the prehabituated CS would also serve as a “conditioned inhibitor” (Pavlov, 1927) . The results indicated that the latent inhibition effect is not the result of the acquisition of active, response-inhibiting properties by the CS, but may be better accounted for in terms of an attentional decrement.
The release of arsenic from contaminated sediments and muds

Abstract Stream muds and sediments, contaminated with arsenic from an industrial waste water, have been studied, under laboratory conditions, for release of this contaminant to overlying waters. The arsenic content of the muds was determined initially whereupon simulated reservoirs were prepared from these muds and natural stream water. The systems studied were: anaerobic conditions at 25o, 20o, 15°, 10°, and 4°C, aerobic conditions at 20°and 10°C with dissolved oxygen (DO) levels of 100%, 50%, 25%, and 10% saturation. Distribution coefficients, the dimensionless ratio of AS /AS ,, were determined. In both the water mud aerobic and anaerboic systems, lower temperatures produced smaller distribution coefficients (those in the 4–10oC range were about 40% of the coefficients at the higher 20–25°C range). Very little difference was found in the distribution coefficients at a given temperature between reservoirs having either 10%, 25%, 50%, or 100% of saturation of dissolved oxygen. Anaerobic conditions led to...
Replacing the Social Contract with the Covenant

Dr. John B. Bennett from Quinnipiac University in Hamden, CT examines the concept of covenant and its benefits in the academy.
SU-FF-T-234: Detailed Characterization of the Water-Equivalent Material Virtual Water in High-Energy Photon and Electron Beams

Purpose: In reference dosimetry for high‐energy photon and electron beams a solid phantom offers a number of advantages over water as the reference material including ease of use and positioning reliability. This paper describes the characterization of the material Virtual Water (manufactured by Med‐Cal). Method and Materials:Ionization measurements were made in Co‐60, 6 & 10 MV photons and five electron beams (4–22 MeV). Two techniques were used: i) substitution ‐ Virtual Water slabs displaced water in a water phantom, and ii) direct comparison of ionization measurements in a water and Virtual Water (VW) phantom. Two formulations of Virtual Water were evaluated, having different densities. Results: Neither formulation showed exact water equivalence in photon beams — the water/VW ratio varied with the depth of measurement with a difference of over 1% at 10 cm depth. However, by using a density (range) scaling factor very good agreement (< 0.2%) between water and VW at all depths was obtained. In the case of the electron beams a range‐scaling factor was also required to match the shapes of the depth dose curves in water and Virtual Water. However, there remained a difference in the measured fluence in the two phantoms after this scaling factor had been applied. For measurements around the peak of the depth‐dose curve this difference amounted to 0.4%. Conclusion: The level of water equivalence for Virtual Water is among the best reported for epoxy‐resin based materials. The low overall uncertainty on the fluence ratio ‐ estimated to be 0.18% ‐ opens up the possibility of performing dosimetry in a solid phantom with an accuracy approaching that of measurements in water. This is particularly of interest for low energy electron beams (< 6 MeV) where positioning errors in a water phantom can contribute significantly to the overall uncertainty.
Consumer Health Educators in Health Care Institutions in West Virginia

A two-phase survey was conducted of administrators of health care institutions (hospitals, rural primary care clinics, and com munity mental health centers) and, in turn, people conducting consumer health education (patient and community) in these settings. The purposes of the surveys were to identify the people who were conducting health education activities, their training, the tasks they were performing, and how they practiced health education. A broad variety of professionals was identified who perform consumer health education in these health care institutions. Only two professionally trained health educators were iden tified out of 232 respondents. The type of health education practice varied by type of institution, with hospitals being patient education oriented, mental health centers being community education oriented, and rural clinics requiring both patient and community education activities from their health educators. Most respondents reported the distribution of printed materials and individu...
Distribution of Pseudacteon curvatus and Pseudacteon tricuspis (Diptera: Phoridae) in Arkansas

From 1995 to 2009, four Pseudacteon species were released in the U.S. with 3 species, P. curvatus, P. tricuspis, and P. obtusus released in Arkansas. To determine Pseudacteon establishment and expansion, sticky traps were used to monitor phorid fly species at and near 10 release sites, in counties bordering neighboring states, and along regional transects. Pseudacteon flies were captured in 16 Arkansas counties: Ashley, Chicot, Clark, Desha, Drew, Hempstead, Howard, Little River, Montgomery, Nevada, Perry, Phillips, Pike, Polk, Sevier, and Union. Pseudacteon curvatus was found in areas far from release sites, suggesting dispersal from neighboring states. The range of P. tricuspis evidently also expanded from its initial release sites in southern Arkansas.
Evolving the Message Passing Programming Model via a Fault-Tolerant, Object-oriented Transport Layer

In this position paper, we argue for improved fault-tolerance of an MPI code by introducing lightweight virtualization into the MPI interface. In particular, we outline key-value store semantics for MPI send/recv calls, thereby creating a far more expressive programming model. The general message passing semantics and imperative style of MPI application codes would remain essentially unchanged. However, the additional expressiblity of the programming model 1) enables the underlying transport layer to handle fault-tolerance more transparently to the application developer, and 2) provides an evolutionary code path towards more declarative asynchronous programming models. The core contribution of this paper is an initial implementation of the DHARMA transport layer that provides the new, required functionality to support the MPI key-value store model.
Heterochromatic modulation photometry

Heterochromatic modulation photometry is a method for obtaining equiluminance for a pair of heterochromatic lights presented in temporal alternation. A series of fixed standard luminance/test luminance ratios are presented, and at each ratio the modulation depth of the pair is reduced in tandem until the observer reports that flicker disappears. The data can be described by a luminance contrast template that appears V shaped when plotted on log–log coordinates. In the fitting of individual data, a free vertical scaling factor reflects the observer’s sensitivity to luminance modulation and a free horizontal scaling factor reflects the observer’s similarity in spectral sensitivity to the CIE standard observer. Data for red/green flicker photometric matches demonstrate the technique. Heterochromatic modulation photometry offers several advantages over flicker photometry: (1) a single fixed perceptual transition occurs on each trial series, namely, the transition from flicker to steady, and (2) luminance matches can be obtained at fixed frequencies at a number of luminance levels. The same procedure can be applied to the measurement of the minimally distinct border and to the identification of tritan pairs (stimulus pairs that differ only in their stimulation of short-wavelength-sensitive cones).
PROTEIN INSOLUBILIZATION IN FROZEN GREENLAND HALIBUT (REINHARDTIUS HIPPOGLOSSOIDES)

Frozen storage of minced Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) at -10°C resulted in a rapid loss in salt solubility of “my ofibrillar proteins” (approximately 50% in 15 days) and in a gradual loss in water solubility of “sarcoplasmic proteins” (approximately 40% in 120 days). The water and salt inextractable protein from frozen mince (R) was completely soluble in 4% sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) when a disulfide bond reducing agent such as mercaptoethanol (ME) was present. Other reagents, including urea and Triton X 100, were less effective in solubilizing the protein from mince after frozen storage. Evidence presented supports the thesis that disulfide bond formation contributes to the observed loss in protein extractability during frozen storage of mince. Addition of various thiol reagents to mince prior to freezing was effective in minimizing protein insolubilization. An estimated 50% of the reduced cysteine associated with protein is oxidized in mince after long time storage at -10°C. However, the kinetics of disulfide bond formation do not parallel the time course of protein insolubilization; accordingly, the possibility that disulfide bond formation is a secondary event cannot be excluded. Other lines of evidence indicate that additional covalent or strong bond interactions contribute to the formation of(R). Solubilization and boiling of(R) in SDS/ME does not dissociate high molecular weight aggregates (500–1000 Kdaltons) although these aggregates are disrupted by sodium borohydride reduction. In addition, the degree of hydrolysis of proteins in frozen mince by certain proteolytic enzymes is lower then that of fresh mince despite the complete solubilization of the mince protein by these proteolytic enzymes. The mince protein from frozen fish contains substantially more fluorescence than that of fresh fish. Fluorescence is associated with the high molecular weight peptide fraction after pepsin catalyzed hydrolysis. The amino acid composition of mince proteins after HCl or formic acid/HCl hydrolysis did not change appreciably as a result of frozen storage. The data indicate that covalent bond formation by sulfhydryl residues and other borohydride and acid labile linkages contribute to the loss in solubility of the protein in Greenland halibut mince during frozen storage at -10°C.
Variation of early growth and nutrient content of no‐till corn and soybean in relation to soil phosphorus and potassium supplies

Abstract Knowledge of relationships between variation in early plant growth and soil nutrient supply is needed for effective site‐specific management of no‐till fields. This study assessed relationships between soil test phosphorus (STP) and potassium (STK) with early plant growth and P or K content of young corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plants in eight no‐till fields. Composite soil (0–15 cm depth) and plant (V5‐V6 growth stages) samples were collected from 400‐m2 areas at the center of 0.14‐ha cells of a 16‐cell square grid and from 2‐m2 areas spaced 3 m along each of two 150‐m intersecting transects. Correlation, regression, multivariate factor analyses were used to study the relationships between the variables. Variability was higher for samples collected from the transects. Plant dry weight (DW), P uptake (PU), and K uptake (KU) usually were correlated with STP and STK but the correlations varied markedly among fields. Relationships between soil and plant variables could not...
Visible lasing from GaN:Eu optical cavities on sapphire substrates

Abstract We report visible (red) lasing emission from Eu-doped GaN thin films grown on sapphire substrates. The edge emission fulfills the requirements of stimulated emission properties: super-linear characteristic, spectrum line narrowing, polarization effect, lifetime reduction, and longitudinal modes in a Fabry–Perot cavity. The GaN:Eu active layer has low threshold (∼10 kW/cm2) for the onset of lasing. The optical gain and loss are of the order of 50 and 20 cm−1, respectively. Growth conditions are investigated for gain enhancement and loss reduction. To obtain the high gain and low loss active layer, N-rich growth conditions are required. Channel waveguide cavities result in 5× increase in gain value compared to planar waveguides.
Essential role for G proteins in prostate cancer cell growth and signaling.

Purpose: G proteins are involved in the regulation of multiple cellular functions, including metabolism and proliferation. We studied the role of Gi/o protein subunits in the growth and survival of prostate cancer cells.Materials and Methods: We investigated the effects of pertussis toxin and the Gβγ sequestrant peptide G protein coupled receptor kinase 2 carboxy terminus on the growth and mitogenic signaling of prostate cells.Results: Pertussis toxin treatment inhibited the lysophosphatidic acid and serum mediated growth of prostate cancer PC-3 cells by 70% to 80% but showed no effect on insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) or epidermal growth factor (EGF) mediated growth of these cells. Growth and survival of cells are dependent on activation of intracellular signaling cascades, including those of the mitogen activated protein kinase and Akt pathways. Treatment of the PC-3 cells with lysophosphatidic acid, EGF or serum induced an 8-fold increase in the phosphorylation levels of the mitogen activated pro...
Building Shelters Safeguards in Public Disclosure of Outcomes Data

The individuals which are best fitted for the complex, and, in the course of ages, changing conditions to which they are exposed, generally survive. . . Charles Darwin Nothing can escape the effects of evolution. Since the earth was formed, evolution has overpowered the strong, outrun the swift, and outwitted the wise. Every creature, from dinosaurs to human beings, has felt its influence. However, while other species have languished and disappeared, ours has flourished and endured. The secret to this success is not luck or circumstance but rather our ability to adapt to an ever-changing environment. In this time of sweeping change, the medical profession must take the lessons of human evolution to heart. On the surface, the healthcare system in the United States seems to be “the best . . . in the world.”1 With only 5% of the world’s population, we have received almost half of the Nobel prizes in medicine.2 We also lead the world in medical innovation, training, and technology. However, while our system remains at the forefront in medical innovation, it lags behind the rest of the world in affordability.1 To continue the tradition of excellence in American medicine, we must adapt to the changing medical climate. Health care must evolve. Fortunately, we seem to be up to the challenge. Despite the failure of the Clinton plan, physicians have begun to work with insurers on necessary reform measures. This time, however, the movement toward reform is not driven by political rhetoric but rather by economic reality. Providers, payers, and patients alike recognize that something must be done, and soon. The question is what? Public disclosure of hospital- and surgeon-specific outcomes has become the latest hot-button issue in healthcare reform. The editor of the New England Journal of Medicine called it “the third …
Evaluation of clinical outcomes of prophylactic versus preemptive cytomegalovirus strategy in liver transplant recipients.

Summary Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality following solid organ transplantation (SOT). Two strategies, prophylactic, and preemptive have emerged for the prevention of CMV infection and disease after SOT. This retrospective chart review of two liver transplant cohorts: prophylactic and preemptive, compares the clinical impact of transitioning from prophylactic to preemptive strategy. The primary outcome is the incidence of CMV viremia at 3-and 6-months post-transplant. Secondary outcomes include: incidence of CMV tissue-invasive disease, acute cellular rejection, leukopenia and neutropenia, opportunistic infection rates, hospital readmission rates, and mortality at 3-and 6-months post-transplant. A total of 109 patients were included in the analysis. The incidence of CMV viremia was 4.9% and 50.0% (P < 0.001) in the prophylactic versus preemptive cohort, respectively, at 3 months post-transplant. The incidence of CMV viremia was 24.6% and 8.3% (P = 0.026) in the prophylactic versus preemptive cohort, respectively, at 6 months post-transplant. There were no statistical significant differences in the secondary outcomes between both cohorts. In conclusion, there is a statistical significant difference in time to onset of CMV viremia; however, the use of either prophylactic or preemptive strategy was not associated with significant negative clinical outcomes of CMV.
Resistive switching in aluminum nitride

Resistive random access memories (ReRAM), also referred to as memristors, have gained a great deal of attention recently as a potential high density, low energy replacement for flash and DRAM. Furthermore, the analog properties of this device are a potential enabler of neuromorphic computing. Of particular interest are the class of ReRAM based on based on the valence change mechanism and fabricated from transition metal oxides (TMOs) such as TaO x and HfO x [1]. This particular class of ReRAM have achieved record endurance (1012 cycles) [2], sub-nanosecond switching speeds [3], and demonstrated operation in 10×10 nm devices [4]. For the first time, we present resistive switching in a ReRAM structure with an AlN based switching layer. The electrical characteristics are very similar to those observed in the valence change class of ReRAM. In particular, we have observed bipolar switching at less than ±1V and repeatable linear current-voltage (I–V) behavior at subswitching (read) voltages similar to the electrical characteristics of TaO x ReRAM. Physical analysis using TEM with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) reveals that the switching layer contains oxygen, likely forming aluminum oxynitride (AlON).
The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery in Patients with Bipolar I Disorder

The Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) initiative was devised to identify a neurocognitive battery to be used in clinical trials targeting cognition in schizophrenia, a process, which resulted in the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). The MCCB has been selected by the United States Food and Drug Administration to be used as the primary outcome measure in registry trials for cognitive agents in schizophrenia. Given the clinical and cognitive overlap between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (BPD), it is likely that any compound shown to have cognitive benefits in schizophrenia will subsequently be tested in BPD. Unlike the MCCB for schizophrenia, there remains no consensus regarding outcome measures if cognitive trials were to be undertaken in BPD. The utility of the MCCB in BPD has not yet been systematically investigated. We administered the MCCB to 80 bipolar I patients; 37 were strictly euthymic and 43 were symptomatic. We compared their performance with a demographically matched healthy sample (n=148) on seven MCCB domains, and the composite. BPD patients were statistically significantly impaired on five of seven MCCB domains at levels consistent with meta-analytic studies of cognition in BPD. In contrast, patients' performance was less impaired on the Reasoning and Problem-solving and Social Cognition domains, differences that did not survive statistical correction for multiple testing. Symptomatic status only modestly influenced performance. These data suggest that the MCCB, devised for use in schizophrenia, may also represent a useful outcome measure in cognitive trials for BPD. Additional studies should address important psychometric features such as repeatability and potential practice and/or ceiling effects.
Reproducing kernels for Hardy spaces on multiply connected domains

Associated with a boundedg-holed (g≥0) planar domainD are two types of reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces of meromorphic functions onD. We give explicit formulas for the reproducing kernel functions of these spaces. The formulas are in terms of theta functions defined on the Jacobian variety of the Schottky double of the regionD. As applications we settle a conjecture of Abrahamse concerning Nevalinna-Pick interpolation on an annulus and obtain explicit formulas for the curvature (in the sense of Cowen and Douglas) of rank 1 bundle shift operators.
Polynomial configurations in difference sets

Abstract We prove a quantitative result on the existence of linearly independent polynomial configurations in the difference set of sparse subsets of the integers. This result is achieved by first establishing a higher dimensional analogue of a theorem of Sarkozy and then applying a simple lifting argument.
Laminar boundary layers on moving continuous surfaces

Abstract A parametric study of steady, compressible boundary-layer flows induced by a moving continuous flat plate or an axisymmetric body is conducted employing an implicit finite-difference numerical scheme. Exact solutions are sought in the framework of boundary-layer theory. First order compressible boundary-layer equations are solved for the flat plate case while for the axisymmetric body, the first order effect of transverse curvature is included. The similarity solutions are first obtained and a step by step integration technique marching along the body is used to find the non-similar solutions in the whole flow field. A polyester plane sheet or fiber with velocity and temperature gradients in the direction of motion is selected as a typical example. Boundary layer velocity and temperature profiles as well as frictional drag and heat transfer on the body are determined along with other relevant boundary-layer parameters. Comparisons to previous investigations are made for coefficient of friction for both planar and axisymmetric bodies, and for heat transfer on plane bodies.
Tuning the properties of complex transparent conducting oxides: Role of crystal symmetry, chemical composition, and carrier generation

The electronic properties of single- and multication transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) are investigated using first-principles density-functional approach. A detailed comparison of the electronic band structure of stoichiometric and oxygen deficient ${\text{In}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3}$, $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, and $\ensuremath{\beta}{\text{-Ga}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3}$, rock salt and wurtzite ZnO, and layered ${\text{InGaZnO}}_{4}$ reveals the role of the following factors which govern the transport and optical properties of these TCO materials: (i) the crystal symmetry of the oxides, including both the oxygen coordination and the long-range structural anisotropy; (ii) the electronic configuration of the cation(s), specifically, the type of orbital(s)---$s$, $p$, or $d$---which form the conduction band; and (iii) the strength of the hybridization between the cation's states and the $p$ states of the neighboring oxygen atoms. The results not only explain the experimentally observed trends in the electrical conductivity in the single-cation TCO, but also demonstrate that multicomponent oxides may offer a way to overcome the electron localization bottleneck which limits the charge transport in wide band-gap main-group metal oxides. Further, the advantages of aliovalent substitutional doping---an alternative route to generate carriers in a TCO host---are outlined based on the electronic band structure calculations of Sn, Ga, Ti, and Zr-doped ${\text{InGaZnO}}_{4}$. We show that the transition metal dopants offer a possibility to improve conductivity without compromising the optical transmittance.
Small-polaron hopping via defect centres: anomalous temperature and voltage dependence of current through fatty-acid monolayers

We study electron hopping in thin metal–insulator–metal structures which involves two defect centres with a strong electron–phonon coupling. We calculate the dependences of the current, J, on voltage, V, and temperature, T, and show that they are consistent with those observed in molecular monolayers of fatty acids. We analyse in detail an unusual, near-exponential temperature dependence of the current: observed at K in eicosanoic acid (C20) organic monolayers sandwiched between Pt electrodes, where the parameter T0 increases with the bias voltage. We show that at relatively high voltages the two-defect small-polaron hopping results in N-shape current–voltage characteristics which were observed in some organic molecular monolayers.
Research trends in ice mechanics

Abstract In sea ice geophysics, the formulation and implementation of a continuum anisotropic ice dynamics model is required in order to increase the spatial resolution of the Polar Ice Prediction System (PIPS) used by the National/Naval Ice Center to provide sea-ice analyses, forecasts, outlooks and ship-routing recommendations within the marginal ice zone of Arctic and Antarctic seas. Currently, too little is known about the formation of leads in the Arctic, a situation that should rapidly improve via automated ice-tracking SAR algorithms. Many questions remain concerning the influences of inhomogeneities (thermal cracks, ridges, thickness variability, and rubble) on wave propagation, constitutive behavior and overall ice strength at various scales. Floe scale ice models appear to offer the means to bridge the scales between geophysical and structural applications by being able to accurately model the mechanics of ridging, rafting and leading. At the scale of ice forces on structures and ships, a diverse range of creep-brittle failure modes awaits incorporation into ice force models. Knowledge concerning the multiaxial compressive failure of freshwater and saline ice is now available. The constitutive modeling of sea ice lags well behind that for freshwater ice. The important issues of scale effects and inhomogeneities on tensile strength at lab- to structural-scale are discussed, as are the links between various scales.
Fabrication of a digitally scanned, custom-shaped abutment: A clinical report

A procedure for the creation of a custom, anatomic implant abutment copy milled with digitally scanned information has been described. The definitive restoration was a custom-machined abutment with a ceramic crown that had an aluminous oxide core.
Virtual libraries, virtual communities, and the future of the public library

THE DEVELOPMENT AND DEPLOYMENT of various, costeffective information technologies now make it possible for librarians, educators and civic planners to think about a not-too-distant future in which virtual libraries furnish the basis for the provision of high-quality services into every sector of the community, whether the community is urban, suburban, or rural. The virtual library is, in essence, about connectedness. It is one of the more important ideas at work today in the broad area of computing and the information sciences because it addresses not only the desire to use technologies for good, but also because today there are affordable, so-called "off the shelf" technologies that can be used in networked environments to dimish the importance of time and space where access to library resources is concerned, and also elevate the general level and quality of library and information services. Until recently, colleges and universities have been in the forefront in the development of "virtual libraries," but it may well be that in the future the greatest benefits will accrue to the users of public libraries, a group that has been largely excluded until recently from most networking initiatives. For example, providing services through some form of distributed computing has the potential to ensure that the users of the public library branch in an economically disadvantaged neighborhood have access to the same resources and services as the patrons of the branch library serving the city’s most services as those patrons of the branch library serving the city’s most affluent neighborhood. It may also ensure that students in an inner-city school will have access to most, if not all of the resources available to the students who attend public schools in the suburbs. Implementations of the virtual library concept also offer the potential to raise the level of public library service in rural areas. This paper examines important expressions of the idea of the virtual library, including the first generation of applications, in an effort to understand how it may affect the nature and quality of public library services, especially branch services, in the near future.
A calorimetry and deuterium NMR study of mixed model membranes of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleylphosphatidylcholine and saturated phosphatidylcholines

Abstract Binary phase diagrams bave been constructed from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data for the systems 1-palmitoyl-2-oleylphosphatidylcholine (POPC)/dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), POPC/ dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and POPC/distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC). Mixtures of POPC with DMPC exhibit complete miscibility in the gel and liquid crystalline states. Mixtures of POPC with DPPC or with DSPC exhibit gel phase immiscibility over the composition range 0–75% DPPC (or DSPC). These results, when taken together with previous studies of mixtures of phosphatidylcholines, are consistent with the hypothesis that PCs whose order-disorder transition temperatures ( T m values) differ by less than 33 deg. C exhibit gel state miscibility. Those whose T m values differ by more than 33 deg. C exhibit gel state immiscibility. 2 H-NMR spectroscopy has been used to further study mixed model membranes composed of POPC and DPPC, in which either lipid bas been labeled with deuteraum in the 2-, 10- or 16-position of the palmitoyl chain(s) or in the N- methyls of the choline head group. POPC/DPPC mixtures in the liquid crystalline state are intermediate in order between pure POPC and DPPC at the same temperature. The POPC palmitoyl chain is always more disordered than the palmitoyl chains of DPPC in liquid crystalline POPC/DPPC mixtures. This is attributed to the fact that a POPC palmitoyl chain is constrained by direct bonding to have at least one oleyl chain among its nearest neighbors, while a DPPC palmitoyl chain must have at least one neighboring palmitoyl chain. When liquid crystalline POPC, DPPC and POPC/DPPC mixtures are compared at a reduced temperature (relative to the acyl chain order-disorder transition), POPC/DPPC mixtures are more disordered than predicted from the behavior of the pure components, in agreement with enthalpy data derived from DSC studies. Within the temperature range of the broad phase transition of 1:1 POPC/DPPC, a superposition of gel and liquid crystalline spectra is observed for 1:1 POPC/[ 2 H]DPPC, while 1:1[ 2 H]POPC/DPPC exhibits only a liquid crystalline spectrum. Thus, at temperatures within the phase transition region, the liquid crystalline phase is POPC-rich and the gel phase is DPPC-rich. Comparison of the liquid crystalline quadrupole splittings within the thermal phase transition range suggests that mixing of the residual liquid crystalline POPC and DPPC is highly non-ideal.
KIDNEY TISSUE SOMATOMEDIN-C INCREASE AFTER NEPHRECTOMY IS INDEPENDENT OF GROWTH HORMONE

Somatomedin-C (SmC) is a peptide mitogen whose serum and tissue levels are considered to be growth hormone dependent. We previously reported that tissue SmC is significantly elevated in regenerating kidneys after contralateral nephrectomy. In the present study, we measured SmC tissue levels in the surgically removed left kidney of 12 wk old hypophysectomized rats and in the remaining kidney 5 days later. Similar measurements were made on kidneys from hypophysectomized rats following sham surgery. Serum concentrations (nephrectomy: 1.17±0.17 units/ml; sham: 1.09±0.21 units/ml) were no different. Injection of 125I-SmC into nephrectomized and sham operated animals showed no difference in right kidney uptake 5 days after surgery. Thus, SmC is increased in regenerating kidney tissue even in the absence of growth hormone. Since there was no change in renal uptake of labelled SmC, the changes observed do not reflect renal clearance. (Supported by NIH grant HL-25907)
Prostate cancer xenografts engineered from 3D precision-porous poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogels as models for tumorigenesis and dormancy escape

Synthetic biomaterial scaffolds show promise for in vitro and in vivo 3D cancer models. Tumors engineered in biomaterial scaffolds have shown evidence of being more physiologically relevant than some traditional preclinical model systems, and synthetic biomaterials provide the added benefit of defined and consistent microenvironmental control. Here, we examine sphere-templated poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) scaffolds as the basis for engineering xenografts from multiple human prostate cancer cell lines. pHEMA scaffolds seeded and pre-cultured with tumorigenic M12 cells prior to implantation generated tumors in athymic nude mice, demonstrating the ability of the scaffolds to be used as a synthetic vehicle for xenograft generation. pHEMA scaffolds seeded with LNCaP C4-2 cells, which require Matrigel or stromal cell support for tumor formation, were poorly tumorigenic up to 12 weeks after implantation even when Matrigel was infused into the scaffold, demonstrating a lack of necessary pro-tumorigenic signaling within the scaffolds. Finally, M12mac25 cells, which are ordinarily rendered non-tumorigenic through the expression of the tumor suppressor insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7 (IGFBP7), displayed a tumorigenic response when implanted within porous pHEMA scaffolds. These M12mac25 tumors showed significant macrophage infiltration within the scaffolds driven by the foreign body response to the materials. These findings show the potential for this biomaterials-based model system to be used in the study of prostate cancer tumorigenesis and dormancy escape.
Factors influencing endothelial injury and vascular thrombosis after perfusion.

Abstract Vessels of rabbits and dogs were cannulated and perfused with Ringer's lactate solution under conditions of varying temperature and pH. Histologic sections of perfused rabbit vessels showed progressive sloughing of the endothelial cells, pyknosis of cell nuclei, and occasional cell vacuolization after 2 hr of perfusion. Aggregates of polymorphonuclear leukocytes were observed between endothelial cells and in the intima of some vessels. Thrombi partially adherent to the intima were occasionally observed. Electron micrographs of perfused rabbit vessels showed degenerative changes and progressive elevation of cells from the internal elastic membrane after 15 min of perfusion and necrosis of many endothelial cells after 2 hr of perfusion. Canine perfusion studies demonstrated that thrombosis was common in isolated arterial segments which were perfused for 4 hr and then restored to the systemic circulation. Hypothermic perfusion did not change the findings. On the other hand, perfusion with a solution with a pH of 3.0 produced more rapid and more extensive sloughing of endothelial cells than did a solution with a neutral pH. These studies indicate that endothelial cell injury may be produced by vessel perfusion in contrast to the minimal cell changes observed in nonperfused vessels.
Parathyroidectomy for hypercalcemic crisis: 40 years' experience and long-term outcomes

Background Hypercalcemic crisis is a serious and potentially life-threatening complication of markedly increased serum calcium concentrations most commonly due to severe primary sporadic hyperparathyroidism (HPT). Methods A review of 1,310 consecutive patients with severe sporadic HPT who underwent parathyroidectomy at a single institution from April 1970 through July 2009 was performed. Of this series, 88 patients were treated operatively for hypercalcemic crisis associated with signs and symptoms of acute calcium intoxication and/or serum calcium concentrations ≥14 mg/dL (3.5 mmol/L). Clinical presentation, laboratory values, operative success, operative failure, and disease recurrence were compared to noncrisis patients. Results Preoperative calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations were significantly greater among patients with hypercalcemic crisis. Crisis patients had a greater incidence of mental status changes, fatigue, ectopic glands, and pancreatitis. Postoperatively, calcium and PTH levels were similar. Overall, crisis patients had a lesser rate of operative success compared to noncrisis patients (92% vs 97%). With the advent of intraoperative PTH monitoring–guided focused parathyroidectomy in 1993, success rates equalized (95% vs 97%). There was no difference in disease recurrence. Overall follow-up was 59 months. Conclusion Hypercalcemic crisis patients are appropriately treated by expeditious parathyroidectomy, but overall have slightly lesser rates of initial operative success than noncrisis patients. Long-term results reveal similar serum calcium, PTH concentrations, and recurrence rates at a mean follow-up of nearly 5 years.
Multilocus Sequence Typing of Pseudomonas syringae Sensu Lato Confirms Previously Described Genomospecies and Permits Rapid Identification of P. syringae pv. coriandricola and P. syringae pv. apii Causing Bacterial Leaf Spot on Parsley

ABSTRACT Since 2002, severe leaf spotting on parsley (Petroselinum crispum) has occurred in Monterey County, CA. Either of two different pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae sensu lato were isolated from diseased leaves from eight distinct outbreaks and once from the same outbreak. Fragment analysis of DNA amplified between repetitive sequence polymerase chain reaction; 16S rDNA sequence analysis; and biochemical, physiological, and host range tests identified the pathogens as Pseudomonas syringae pv. apii and P. syringae pv. coriandricola. Koch's postulates were completed for the isolates from parsley, and host range tests with parsley isolates and pathotype strains demonstrated that P. syringae pv. apii and P. syringae pv. coriandricola cause leaf spot diseases on parsley, celery, and coriander or cilantro. In a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) approach, four housekeeping gene fragments were sequenced from 10 strains isolated from parsley and 56 pathotype strains of P. syringae. Allele sequences were uplo...
Postoperative edema after vascular access causing nerve compression secondary to the presence of a perineuronal lipoma: case report.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Median nerve neuropathy can be clinically devastating to a patient. It can be caused by compression of the median nerve anywhere along its course. We present the case of delayed median nerve neuropathy after the placement of a vascular graft in the arm. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: An arm shunt was placed in the nondominant upper extremity in a 60-year-old man with end-stage renal disease. Twelve hours postoperatively, the patient developed neurapraxia in the median nerve distribution in the hand. INTERVENTION: Exploration of the arm revealed a lipoma coursing along and deep to the median nerve. Resection of the lipoma decompressed the nerve. CONCLUSION: In this patient, median nerve neuropathy was caused by a lipoma and postoperative swelling from placement of the vascular graft. The swelling that occurred after the shunt placement unmasked subclinical compression of the nerve by a lipoma deep to the median nerve. To our knowledge, this report is unique in documenting damage to the median nerve after vascular graft placement as a result of an occult mass.
A Nightmare in Elm City: When Evaluation Field Experiences Meet Organizational Politics

Despite the growing attention that has been directed in recent years to the politics of evaluation, there has been little detailed analysis of the implications of this discussion for the design and supervision of students' field experiences in program evaluation. This article uses a case study of one such experience to examine some of the political issues and decisions that instructors face in this area. It is concluded that a more fully developed analytical framework is needed to address the political dynamics involved in evaluations that serve as training experiences for students.
A comparison of two methods for classifying forestland

Two methods of developing land-cover classifications using Landsat multispectral data were compared. The first method, called P-1, uses a semi-automated approach to develop training statistics which characterize the land-cover types. The second, called multicluster blocks, depends more on analyst interaction to produce the training statistics used by the classifier. The results showed that P-1 performed as well as the multicluster-blocks approach on a mountainous study area in southwestern Colorado. These results may interest any resource discipline which has available to it ground-checked or photointerpreted information. P-1 can use this information directly to output a land-cover classification with little analyst interaction.
Bending Stiffness Factors in Conjugate Fiber Crimp

A bending moment induced by differential length changes is the physical basis for crimp in conjugate fibers. There fore, effects of cross-sectional shapes and component distributions on crimp can be estimated from considerations of mechanical principles governing the bending of rods or beams. Indices of these effects are defined as (a) stiffness of components relative to an axis perpendicular to the line between component area centroids and (b) angular deviation of this line from the cross-section principal moment of inertia axis. Regression analysis of experimental data shows these indices are statistically significant factors in bicomponent fiber crimp.
Osteoarthritis: health insurance perspective.

Health care costs for members with osteoarthritis have been estimated as twice the cost of a random population, controlling for comorbid conditions. This population generates approximately 5% of the medical cost of a health plan. As such, patients with osteoarthritis provide opportunity to improve outcomes and are candidates for medical management. The goals of medical management are improvement in the quality of health care and a reduction in its cost—preferably both simultaneously. Opportunities in osteoarthritis include assurance of a reasonable and appropriate medical plan, support, and education of the patient to promote adherence, reduction of adverse events and drug reactions, and concurrent management of comorbidities and psychosocial barriers. Several domains of effort are available.