cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The ‘requirement of total evidence’ and its role in phylogenetic systematics

The question of whether or not to partition data for the purposes of inferring phylogenetic hypotheses remains controversial. Opinions have been especially divided since Kluge's (1989, Systematic Zoology 38, 7–25) claim that data partitioning violates the requirement of total evidence (RTE). Unfortunately, advocacy for or against the RTE has not been based on accurate portrayals of the requirement. The RTE is a basic maxim for non-deductive inference, stipulating that evidence must be considered if it has relevance to an inference. Evidence is relevant if it has a positive or negative effect on a given conclusion. In the case of ℈partitioned’ phylogenetic inferences, the RTE is violated, and the basis for rational belief in any conclusion is compromised, unless it is shown that the partitions are evidentially irrelevant to one another. The goal of phylogenetic systematics is to hypothesize past causal conditions to account for observed shared similarities among two or more species. Such inferences are non-deductive, necessitating consideration of the RTE. Some phylogeneticists claim the parsimony criterion as justification for the RTE. There is no relation between the two – parsimony is a relation between a hypothesis and causal question(s). Parsimony does not dictate the content of premises prior to an inference. ℈Taxonomic congruence,’ ℈supertrees,’ and ℈conditional combination’ methods violate the RTE. Taxonomic congruence and supertree methods also fail to achieve the intended goal of phylogenetic inference, such that ℈consensus trees’ and ℈supertrees’ lack an empirical basis. ℈Conditional combination’ is problematic because hypotheses derived from partitioned data cannot be compared – a causal hypothesis inferred to account for a set of effects only has relevance to those effects, not any comparative relevance to other causal hypotheses. A similar problem arises in the comparisons of hypotheses derived from different causal theories.
Editorial comment: 2013 Limb Lengthening and Reconstruction Society.

The author certifies that he, or any member of his immediate family, has no funding or commercial associations (eg, consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research ® editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request. The opinions expressed are those of the writers, and do not reflect the opinion or policy of CORR ® or the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons®.
A Galërkin projection and multiple scales approach to Feshbach resonance in Bose-Einstein condensates

In this paper, solutions of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation with a parabolic and a periodic potential modelling the dynamics of Bose-Einstein condensates are considered. A Galerkin projection approach is applied to reduce the partial differential equation to a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. In the case of Feshbach resonance, a multiple scales approach is applied to the reduced equations and is used to capture the dynamics of the full behavior of the PDE. Averaging is also used when the period of the oscillations corresponds to that of the difference in eigenvalues, thus inducing a resonance in the reduced equations. Accurate predictions of the overall behavior of the PDE can be made through this simplified model, including some very interesting resonance results.
Single K562 human leukemia cells express and are inducible for both erythroid and megakaryocytic antigens

In a previous study we explored the inducibility of erythroid, granulocytic, monocytic and megakaryocytic antigens in the human multipotent leukemia cell line K562. In this study we examine the relationship between induction into the two lineages for which inducibility is most marked: erythroid and megakaryocytic types. Specifically, does any cell manifest markers of both lineages? We show that 1) cultured without inducer, a minority of single cells expresses both erythroid and megakaryocytic antigens, i.e., glycophorin A and Plt-1 antigen, 2) thymidine-hypoxanthine and phorbol dibutyrate each induce each antigen, 3) the percentage of individual cells carrying both antigens increases under each of these inducing conditions, 4) the induction of each is not only relative in terms of percentage of total cells that are positive, but also absolute in terms of mean antigen per cell and (taking into account cell multiplication) total antigen per ml of culture, and 5) the inducibility of individual cells bearing both erythroid and megakaryocytic markers is confirmed by using a different inducer (butyric acid) and antibodies for different inducer (butyric acid) and antibodies for different erythroid and megakaryocytic antigens (VIE-G4 and AP-3, respectively).
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in dorsal root ganglion neurons include the α6β4* subtype

The α6-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have recently been implicated in diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), including Parkinson's disease and substance abuse. In contrast, little is known about the role of α6* nAChRs in the peripheral nervous system (where the asterisk denotes the possible presence of additional subunits). Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons are known to express nAChRs with a pharmacology consistent with an α7, α3β4*, and α4β2* composition. Here we present evidence that DRG neurons also express α6* nAChRs. We used RT-PCR to show the presence of α6 subunit transcripts and patch-clamp electrophysiology together with subtype-selective α-conotoxins to pharmacologically characterize the nAChRs in rat DRG neurons. α-Conotoxin BuIA (500 nM) blocked acetylcholine-gated currents (IACh) by 90.3 ± 3.0%; the recovery from blockade was very slow, indicating a predominance of αxβ4* nAChRs. Perfusion with either 300 nM BuIA[T5A;P6O] or 200 nM MII[E11A], α-conotoxins that target the α6β4* subtype, blocked IACh by 49.3 ± 5 and 46.7 ± 8%, respectively. In these neurons, IACh was relatively insensitive to 200 nM ArIB[V11L;V16D] (9.4±2.0% blockade) or 500 nM PnIA (23.0±4% blockade), α-conotoxins that target α7 and α3β2*/α6β2* nAChRs, respectively. We conclude that α6β4* nAChRs are among the subtypes expressed by DRG, and to our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of α6β4* in neurons outside the CNS.—Hone, A. J., Meyer, E. L., McIntyre, M., McIntosh, J. M. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in dorsal root ganglion neurons include the α6β4* subtype.
Study on Cervical Spine Injuries in Vehicle Frontal Impact

The human spinal column is a highly complex and sophisticated system both from an engineering and neurological point of view, and provides a source of biomimetic inspiration for analysis of its function in trauma scenarios. A three-dimensional multi-body model of the 50th percentile male human and discretized neck were built for the study on cervical spine injuries in vehicle frontal impact. The discretized neck includes of cervical spine vertebrae, intervertebral discs, ligaments, and muscles. Following motor front crash evaluations, a finite element vehicle model was propelled straight ahead into a concrete barrier at a speed of 50 km/h. The longitudinal velocity of driver seat was decreased due to the absorbing energy function of the crumple zones. A Hybrid III adult male dummy was seated on a sled, restrained using safety belt, and longitudinal velocity measured from frontal impact was applied to simulate cervical spine injuries. The disk bending loads, interspinous ligament loads and disk shear strain of the cervical spine were analyzed in this paper.
Activation of the S-H group in Fe(μ2-SH)Fe clusters: S-H bond strengths and free radical reactivity of the Fe(μ2-SH)Fe cluster

Absolute rate constants were determined for the abstraction of hydrogen atoms from (OC)3Fe(μ-SH)2Fe(CO)3 (Fe2S2H2) and (OC)3Fe(μ-SCH3)(μ-SH)Fe(CO)3 (Fe2S2MeH) by benzyl radicals in benzene. From the temperature-dependent rate data for Fe2S2H2, ΔH⧧ and ΔS⧧ were determined to be 2.03 ± 0.56 kcal/mol and −19.3 ± 1.7 cal/(mol K), respectively, giving kabs = (1.2 ± 0.49) × 107 M−1 s−1 at 25 °C. For Fe2S2MeH, ΔH⧧ and ΔS⧧ were determined to be 1.97 ± 0.46 kcal/mol and −18.1 ± 1.5 cal/(mol K), respectively, giving kabs = (2.3 ± 0.23) × 107 M−1 s−1 at 25 °C. Temperature-dependent rate data are also reported for hydrogen atom abstraction by benzyl radical from thiophenol (ΔH⧧ = 3.62 ± 0.43 kcal/mol, ΔS⧧ = −21.7 ± 1.3 cal/(mol K)) and H2S (ΔH⧧ = 5.13 ± 0.99 kcal/mol, ΔS⧧ = −24.8 ± 3.2 cal/(mol K)), giving kabs at 25 °C of (2.5 ± 0.33) × 105 and (4.2 ± 0.51) × 103 M−1 s−1, respectively, both having hydrogen atom abstraction rate constants orders of magnitude slower than those of Fe2S2H2 and Fe2S2MeH. Thus, Fe2S2MeH i...
Conformationally Specific Misfolding of an Integral Membrane Protein

Membrane protein misfolding is related to the etiology of many diseases, but is poorly understood, particularly from a structural standpoint. This study focuses upon misfolding of a mutant form of diacylglycerol kinase (s-DAGK), a 40 kDa homotrimeric protein having nine transmembrane segments. Preparations of s-DAGK sometimes contain a kinetically trapped misfolded population, as evidenced by lower-than-expected enzyme activity (with no accompanying change in substrate K(m)) and by the appearance of a second band in electrophoresis gels. Misfolding of s-DAGK may take place during cellular overexpression, but can also be reproduced using the purified enzyme. TROSY NMR spectra of s-DAGK as a 100 kDa complex with detergent micelles exhibit a single additional set of resonances from the misfolded form, indicating a single misfolded conformational state. The relative intensities of these extra resonances correlate with the percent reduction in enzyme activity below the maximum observed for fully folded s-DAGK. Misfolded s-DAGK exhibits a modest difference in its far-UV CD spectrum compared to the folded enzyme, consistent with a small degree of variance in secondary structural content between the two forms. However, differences in NMR chemical shift dispersion and temperature-dependent line widths exhibited by folded and misfolded s-DAGK support the notion that they represent very different structural states. Cross-linking experiments indicate that both the correctly folded enzyme and the kinetically trapped misfolded form are homotrimers. This work appears to represent the first documentation of conformationally specific misfolding of an integral membrane protein.
Analysis of systematic variation and impact on circuit performance

Yield loss due to process variations can be classified as catastrophic or parametric. Parametric variations can further be random or systematic in nature. Systematic parametric variations are being projected as a major yield limiter in sub- 65nm technologies. Though several models exist to describe process-induced parametric effects in layouts, there is no existing design methodology to study the variational (across process window) impact of all these effects simultaneously. In this paper, we present a methodology for analyzing multiple process-induced systematic and statistical layout dependent effects on circuit performance. We describe physical design models used to describe four major sources of parametric variability - lithography, stress, etch and contact resistance - and their impact on device properties. We then develop a methodology to determine variability in circuit performance based on integrating the above device models with a circuit simulator like SPICE. A circuit simulation engine for 45nm SOI devices is implemented, which shows the extent of the impact of layout-dependent systematic variations on circuit parameters like delay and power. Based on the analysis, we demonstrate that all systematic effects need to be simultaneously included to match the hardware data. We believe a flow that is capable of understanding process-induced parametric variability will have major advantages in terms of improving physical design and yield in addition to reducing design to hardware miscorrelations and advantages in terms of diagnosis and silicon debug.
Post-bifurcation behavior in the plastic range

Abstract In the first part of the paper a simple model is used to introduce some of the analytical and physical features of post-bifurcation phenomena in continuous elastic-plastic systems. An analysis is presented for the initial post-bifurcation behavior of a class of elastic-plastic solids subject to loads characterized by a single load parameter. Bifurcations which occur at the lowest possible load are singled out for attention. The theory makes connection with Hill's general theory of bifurcation and uniqueness in elastic-plastic solids and Koiter's general approach to the initial post-buckling behavior of conservative elastic systems. Buckling of an axially compressed column in the plastic range is used to illustrate the theory.
SIR-B Radar Imagery of Volcanic Deposits in the Andes

The Andean Cordillera of western South America between 16°S and 28°S and south of 34°S latitude have been two of the most volcanically active areas in the world for the last 25 million years (Ma). Synthetic-aperture radar imagery from the Shuttle Imaging Radar-mission B (SIR-B) was collected in October 1984 over the central Andes between 20°S and 24°S and also south of 42 °S. Despite signal-strength problems that drastically reduced the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of the images, volcanic features of both areas show up well. In particular, ignimbrite sheets formed by large explosive eruptions stand out as very strong radar reflectors due to their characteristically rough erosional surface. High backscatter is apparently caused by erosional relief on the ignimbrites at scales ranging from the radar wavelength (23 cm for SIR-B) to the 30-200 m scale of quebradas (gullies and canyons). The quebradas are steep-sided and straight, and have a similar southeast orientation in ignimbrites separated by as much as 450 km spatially and 6 Ma temporally. The consistent regional erosional pattern appears unrelated to the emplacement of the ignimbrites, and is probably caused by preferential eolian erosion in the direction of the prevailing wind. Hand-held space photographs, ground observations, and Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery support the interpretation of the ignimbrite radar signature. The Chilean volcano Michinmahuida (43°S) was imaged by four radar data takes at different incidence angles, which show tectonic, glacial, and volcanic features of that nearly inaccessible and often cloud-covered region.
Henry’s law constant for environmentally significant compounds

Many nonvolatile organic compounds, e.g., polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are readily stripped during aerobic biodegradation. This is because of the high infinite dilution activity coefficient resulting from forces generated by the water-organic interactions at the molecular level. Several models have been proposed for air-stripping based on the Henry’s law constant. By definition, the Henry’s law constant is the infinite dilution activity coefficient multiplied by the pure component vapor pressure. In this article, a gas saturation technique was used to measure the very low vapor pressures exhibited by these nonvolatile compounds. Literature values of other PAHs have been tabulated and are presented. For determining infinite dilution activity coefficients, a differential ebulliometery apparatus has been constructed. In this technique, the boiling point difference between pure water and a water-organic solution is measured very precisely. Thermodynamics is then used to calculate the infinite dilution activity coefficient. The method’s accuracy has been tested using the phenol-water system.
Mitral valve stenosis and left ventricular hemodynamic alterations after mitral valve repair

Background Mitral valve repair (MVR) shows clinical and economic superiority over mitral valve replacement in patients with dystrophic and rheumatic regurgitation, but outcomes are less certain in chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR). We hypothesize that MVR may have adverse effects on LV hemodynamics resulting from suboptimal annuloplasty geometry and post-repair mitral valve stenosis whose consequences are most acutely felt in IMR patients because of their impaired LV function. To test this hypothesis, we qualitatively described post-repair hemodynamics and measured LV inflow quantities (peak diastolic inflow velocity, transmitral pressure, and inflow angle) after MVR in sheep. Methods
Combination Therapy for Non-neurogenic Male Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: 1 + 1 Does Not Equal 2

A clinically significant drug response rarely achieves adequate disease control, resulting in the need for combination pharmacotherapy. Virtually every prevalent chronic condition including hypertension, coronary artery disease, hyperlipidemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and diabetes are commonly treated with combination drug regimens. Non-neurogenic male lower urinary tract symptoms (NNMLUTS) should be no exception. a-Blockers, 5a-reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs), antimuscarinics (anti-Ms), and phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors are effective monotherapies for subsets of NNMLUTS. These monotherapies rarely ‘‘cure’’ LUTS. Therefore, combining these agents is the next obvious step in pharmacologic management of NNMLUTS. Fullhase et al. [1] examined the medical evidence supporting combination medical treatment of NNMLUTS. The authors are to be congratulated for their comprehensive and scholarly systematic review. Unfortunately, there are at least three fundamental limitations of the medical literature for NNMLUTS combination therapy. First, there is a paucity of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials for themajority of the combinations. Second, there are no cost-effectiveness studies to assess whether observed benefits justify the added cost. Third, the definition of NNMLUTS is unclear. The differential diagnosis of NNMLUTS includes a multitude of non-neurogenic factors that contribute to lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). For several of the a-blocker/5-ARI studies identified in the review, NNMLUTS includes clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). For other a-blocker/5-ARI studies, NNMLUTS includes clinical BPH and large prostates. For most a-blocker/anti-M studies, NNMLUTS includes clinical BPH refractory to a-blockers. For the a-blocker/PDE studies, NNMLUTS includes BPH and erectile dysfunction. Every combination examined by Fullhase et al. defines a unique cohort of men with NNMLUTS. I have been an active participant in the evolving story of medical therapy since 1983, when I characterized the human prostatic a1 adrenoceptors. I will use this editorial as an opportunity to express my perspective about the role of combination medical therapy for BPH (NNMLUTS) based onmy interpretation of themedical evidence with, at times, deviation from the conclusions of Fullhase et al. [1]. I will limit my comments to the a-blocker plus 5-ARI and a-blocker plus anti-M combinations because the medical evidence for all other combinations is deficient. I will also limit my analysis to LUTS and disease progression due to space limitations.
Direct electrochemistry of Shewanella oneidensis cytochrome c nitrite reductase: evidence of interactions across the dimeric interface.

Shewanella oneidensis cytochrome c nitrite reductase (soNrfA), a dimeric enzyme that houses five c-type hemes per protomer, conducts the six-electron reduction of nitrite and the two-electron reduction of hydroxylamine. Protein film voltammetry (PFV) has been used to study the cytochrome c nitrite reductase from Escherichia coli (ecNrfA) previously, revealing catalytic reduction of both nitrite and hydroxylamine substrates by ecNrfA adsorbed to a graphite electrode that is characterized by “boosts” and attenuations in activity depending on the applied potential. Here, we use PFV to investigate the catalytic properties of soNrfA during both nitrite and hydroxylamine turnover and compare those properties to the properties of ecNrfA. Distinct differences in both the electrochemical and kinetic characteristics of soNrfA are observed; e.g., all detected electron transfer steps are one-electron in nature, contrary to what has been observed in ecNrfA [Angove, H. C., Cole, J. A., Richardson, D. J., and Butt, J. N...
Intra-Ethnic Disparities in Respiratory Health Problems Among Hispanic Residents Impacted by a Flood

Objectives. The primary objective of this article is to assess the respiratory health impacts of a flood disaster on Hispanic people residing in the United States, with a focus on intra-ethnic disparities related to age, sex, socioeconomic status, mold exposure, family conflict, English-language proficiency, and a lack of US citizenship. Methods. Data were collected in 2010 after a flood disaster (2006) in El Paso County (Texas), which has a Hispanic majority population. A mail-out population-based survey was used retrospectively to assess respiratory health impacts for 363 people residing in 176 self-identified Hispanic households impacted by the flood; logistic regression was utilized to assess intra-ethnic health disparities in flood impacts. Results. About 41% of individuals experienced one or more post-flood respiratory health problem. Lower income (OR = 0.532,p = .002), mold exposure (OR = 2.267, p < .001), increased family conflict (OR = 1.452, p = .025), English-language proficiency (OR = 4.023, p...
Calculated Potential-Energy Curves for CH +

Ab initio calculations have been performed for states of C${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ which arise from atomic ${\mathrm{C}}^{+}(^{2}P)$ and $\mathrm{H}(^{2}S)\ensuremath{-}X^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}^{+}$, $A^{1}\ensuremath{\Pi}$, $^{3}\ensuremath{\Pi}$, and $^{3}\ensuremath{\Sigma}^{+}$. Potential curves have been constructed over a wide range of internuclear distances. All computed energies are believed to be within 1 eV of their exact nonrelativistic Born-Oppenheimer value, and all energy differences are believed to have an accuracy of better than 0.3 eV. Results, with known experimental values in parentheses, are ${R}_{e}(X^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}^{+})=2.136$ (2.137) a.u.; ${D}_{e}^{0}(X^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}^{+})=4.11$ (4.21) eV; ${R}_{e}(A^{1}\ensuremath{\Pi})=2.232$ (2.333) a.u.; ${T}_{e}(X\ensuremath{-}A)=24970$ (24146) ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$; ${R}_{e}(^{3}\ensuremath{\Pi})=2.130$ a.u. No evidence is found for a quasibound $^{3}\ensuremath{\Sigma}^{+}$ Rydberg state, although such behavior has been predicted for isoelectronic BH.
Role of protonic and charge transfer doping in solid-state polyaniline

Addition of triflate salts to the emeraldine base form of polyaniline in the solid state causes a lowering of its work function but not an increase of its conductivity. It is postulated that this effect is due to the formation of localized energy states in the band gap. On the other hand, strong protonic acids such as triflic acid as well as tetrafluoroboric acid lower both the work function and increase the conductivity of PANI-EB according to the known protonic form of the doping mechanism. The difference between these two kinds of doping has been demonstrated by measurement of the work function, conductivity, UV−vis, and IR spectroscopy.
Predisposition to renal cell carcinoma due to alteration of a cancer susceptibility gene

A single germ line gene mutation at a tumor susceptibility locus in a rodent model of hereditary human renal cancer caused a 70-fold increase in susceptibility to chemical carcinogenesis. A carcinogen that targeted both renal epithelial and mesenchymal cells caused an increase in tumors of epithelial origin in susceptible animals; the number of carcinogen-induced mesenchymal tumors was unaffected by the presence of the mutation at the susceptibility locus. Thus, this mutation defines a genetic locus for susceptibility to carcinogen-induced tumors and modulation of carcinogen susceptibility by this locus exhibits cell-type specificity.
MC CREERY TESTS OF RHYTHM AND PITCH: THEIR RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY

Grade school norms had been developed for the McCreery rhythm and pitch tests on 3,000 children in the public schools of Maywood, Illinois. These have been issued with the instructions for the test since 1937. Harris (1945) investigated the reliability and validity of these tests with 745 public school children in 4 locations. He found reported reliability and validity coefficients that are comparable to those for the Drake, Seashore, and Kwalwasser-Dykema tests.
The Value of a Net-Cage as a Fish Aggregating Device in Southern California

There is an urgent need for primary data that can be used to quantify the value of marine aquaculture facilities that also describe influences on the surrounding natural ecosystem and its wild fish communities. Divers completed 360 transect replicates below a net-cage and at nearby and distant rocky reefs off Catalina Island, California, estimating the species abundance and size class of all conspicuous fishes in the water column. We observed 10,234 fishes aggregating below the net-cage with a mean annual density of 142 (SE ± 30) per 100 m2 and diversity H′ 2.29. At the adjacent reference reef, we counted 8452 fishes with a mean annual density of 117 (SE ± 20) and H′ 1.45 and at Reference Reef 2, located 500 m away, there were 8958 fishes with a density of 124 (SE ± 20) and H′ 1.13. The total density of fishes was the same between the study sites (ANOVA; P = 0.24); however, the spatial density of fishes in the water column was different between the net-cage and reference reefs. Additionally, the density of juvenile fish was significantly lower at the net-cage (ANOVA; P = 0.02), while the density of subadult and adult fishes was higher (ANOVA; P = 0.03). Feeding guild analysis ranked the net-cage highest (3507), while Reference Reef 1 (2149), and Reference Reef 2 (2241), had lower values, a relationship often found between artificial and natural reefs. This suggests the importance of available trophic resources to the adult population of wild fishes, and has implications in the artificial reef attraction–production debate. The results of this study not only reproduce a pattern of fish attraction to net-cages in the marine environment reported in previous studies but also demonstrate a relative habitat value compared in both time and space, of the fish community at a net-cage compared with vibrant kelp bed communities.
Evolution and taxonomy in the genus Brucella: Brucellosis of rodents

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to determine if strains of Brucella isolated from rodents were antique novelties or were simply strains that had not been fully characterized as to their identity and probable animal source. Except for B. neotomae , the source of which remains obscure, all strains were found to be similar to the existing biotypes of the species B. suis . Evidence was presented which indicates that the source of infection for the rodents was domesticated livestock, wild animals, and feral animals.
An entity-relationship design system for graphical software development

The Entity-Relationship (ER) Model has proven to be a more useful technique than in just the field of database design. It and its extensions have become prominent in the design and analysis phases of software development. This paper will describe a system built in Smalltalk, the Entity-Relationship Design System, which allows the graphical creation and manipulation of ER diagrams. The system then generates Smalltalk code to create the ER database that is specified by the diagram. This allows the ER Model to be used in the implementation phase of software development, as well as in design and analysis.
Update on phenylketonuria

Abstract Phenylketonuria (PKU), one of the commonest inherited metabolic disorders, is caused by deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). To date, over 460 different mutations in the PAH gene have been described. PAH deficiency results in failure of hydroxylation of phenylalanine to tyrosine. Raised body levels of phenylalanine interfere with normal brain development in infancy and childhood. For over 30 years, there has been a newborn screening programme for PKU. Early detection combined with an effective dietary treatment results in normal development for affected individuals. Although relaxation of diet after childhood has little or no detrimental effect upon intelligence, the current recommendation in the UK is for such treatment to be continued into adulthood. Women with PKU must be under strict dietary control at the time of conception and during pregnancy in order to prevent damage to the fetus. Although new therapies are being investigated, they are unlikely to replace the need for dietary treatment in the foreseeable future.
A novel dialkylthio benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene derivative for high open-circuit voltage in polymer solar cells.

A new dialkylthio benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene (S-BDT) was designed and synthesized and the polymer S-PBDT was prepared by a Stille coupling reaction. A high open-circuit voltage (Voc) of up to 0.99 V was achieved in polymer solar cells with PCBM.
News & Views: Bring on the Biomarkers—It's Time for the “Big Science” Approach

In the past decade, more than 150 000 publications have documented thousands of newly discovered candidate biomarkers representing hundreds of millions of dollars in research investment, yet only about 100 biomarkers have demonstrated potential clinical utility. Additionally, although large-scale and high-throughput technologies such as proteomics and genomics have held special promise for the discovery of novel biomarkers that can be used clinically, these promises have yet to be fulfilled. In a recent article in Nature (1), Dr. George Poste, the chief scientist at the Complex Adaptive Systems Initiative and Regents Professor of Health Innovation at Arizona State University, argues that “the dismal patchwork of fragmented research on disease-associated biomarkers should be replaced by a coordinated ‘big science’ approach.” Highlights of this article are summarized below. Major components …
Longitudinal bone mineral density changes in female child artistic gymnasts.

Changes in bone mineral density (BMD), and related factors, in female child artistic gymnasts (n = 9) and their age- (±0.3 years), height- (±2.8 cm), and weight- (±1.7 kg) matched controls (n = 9) were prospectively examined. It was hypothesized that gymnasts would possess higher BMD at baseline, 6, and 12 months later and have greater gains in BMD over 1 year compared with controls. BMD (g/cm2) of the total proximal femur (TPF), Ward's triangle (WT), trochanter (Troch), femoral neck (FN), lumbar spine (LS, L1–L4), and total body (TB) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Physical activity was measured by a 7-day recall; daily dietary intakes of energy and nutrients were estimated from 3-day records. Serum osteocalcin and urinary pyridinium cross-links were measured by radioimmunoassay and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Gymnasts versus controls possessed significantly higher BMD at all sites measured. Although not significantly different (p > 0.05), gymnasts compared with controls had moderately larger percentage changes in Troch (% Δ = 8.6 ± 3.0 vs. 3.8 ± 5.1%, d = 0.41), FN (% Δ = 6.1 ± 1.2 vs. 3.9 ± 1.6%, d = 0.55), LS (% Δ = 7.8 ± 1.1 vs. 6.8 ± 1.6%, d = 0.26), and TB BMD (% Δ = 5.6 ± 0.8 vs. 3.4 ± 0.7%, d = 0.98) as evidenced by the magnitude of the effect sizes (d). Gymnasts versus controls possessed a lower percentage body fat (p < 0.01) and engaged in more hours of very hard activity (p < 0.0001). Calcium, as a percentage of adequate intake, decreased over 12 months (p < 0.01), and urinary cross-links significantly decreased over 6 months in both groups. Female child gymnasts possess higher BMD at the TPF and related sites, LS, and TB compared with nongymnast controls, and 1 year of gymnastics training moderately increases Troch, FN, LS, and TB BMD for gymnasts compared with controls. These findings lend support to the idea that gymnastics training in childhood helps maximize peak BMD.
The Electric Spectrum of Liquid Water from Five to Twenty Centimeters

A magnetron generator was used in the production of continuous electromagnetic radiation with wave-lengths ranging from five to twenty centimeters. The refractive index and absorption index of liquid water were determined for nineteen wave-lengths distributed over this region, by using two completely different methods of investigation. The conventional free wave method was studied and an expression for the energy transmitted through an absorption cell derived. This equation was experimentally verified but it is concluded that one must be very careful to exclude undesirable diffraction effects if satisfactory results are to be secured. It is also shown that several methods of calculation frequently applied are incorrect. A wire wave method suggested by the experiments of Seeberger is presented and discussed. This method is analyzed in detail and a simplified procedure is given in which the determinations of absorption index and refractive index are separated. The two methods were compared at a wave-length of 10.20 cm and an agreement between results to within one percent was secured. The wire wave method has a great advantage because of the high reproducibility of its results while the free wave method is laborious to use and its results are difficult to duplicate. The absorption index was observed to increase steadily from 0.048 at 20.44 cm to 0.153 at 4.80 cm. The average refractive index was 8.80 with only one point differing from the mean by more than 0.6 percent. Although there was no clear evidence of dispersion, reasons are given for expecting a slight variation of refractive index. The expected variation however lies within the limits of experimental error. A very complete comparison is given between the data presented in this paper and the abundant but discordant results previously published.
Reclamation of phytotoxic tailing

The reclamation of tailing that is toxic to vegetation (phytotoxic) was the subject of laboratory and field research. Using trona tailing as an example of phytotoxic waste, research identified three areas that may be critical to reclamation: A pilot reclamation program was developed in which a 20-cm layer of coarse gravel formed a capillary barrier between phytotoxic tailing and overlying material. To maintain the integrity of the capillary barrier, a 20-cm layer of fine gravel was applied to the coarse gravel surface; soil was then applied to the fine gravel surface. A zone of shallow soil was used to allow water, which collected during the late winter, to evaporate from the tailing during the dry summer. Soil depth requirements were assessed by measuring the response of shrubs and grasses to increasing soil depth.
N-β-Alanyldopamine: Major Role in Insect Cuticle Tanning

N-β- Alanyldopamine is the major tyrosine metabolite in the hemolymph and cuticle during pupal tanning in the tobacco hornworm , Manduca sexta L. Its concentration in hemolymph increases over 800-fold above larval levels by the start of tanning and decreases as the pupal cuticle darkens and hardens. It is a major catechol in species representing several insect orders and is the preferred substrate for pupal cuticular o- diphenol oxidase. In insects, N -β- alanyldopamine appears to be the main precursor for tanning chemicals at certain developmental stages .
Thermosolutal transport and macrosegregation during freeze coating of a binary substance on a continuous moving object

Abstract The process of freeze coating of a binary substance on a continuous moving plate is investigated theoretically. A comprehensive model describing the momentum, heat, and mass transport in the freeze-coating system has been developed that accounts for the coupling between the macroscopic and microscopic aspects of the process. The problem is formulated using the single-domain approach and the governing equations are solved by the finite difference method. Effects of various controlling parameters on the freeze-coat thickness and the macrosegregation pattern have been determined. It is found that macrosegregation could be important in the freeze-coating process. As the distance from the surface of the plate is increased, the solid species concentration considerably decreases, reaching a minimum value and rising toward the ambient concentration. The macrosegregation pattern appears to be most sensitive to the equilibrium partition ratio. As the latter is increased, the difference between the solid and liquid species concentrations tends to decrease, leading to a substantial reduction of macrosegregation within the freeze coat.
Cognition and discourse production in right hemisphere disorder

Abstract This study sought preliminary relationships between discourse deficits and cognitive abilities in persons with right hemisphere disorder (RHD). Seven participants with RHD were matched with a non-neurologically impaired control group. One narrative and two procedural samples were elicited: the story of Cinderella and two procedural discourse samples based on familiar tasks. Macrostructural and microstructural measures of the discourse samples were correlated to cognitive domain scores achieved on a cognitive assessment, the Cognitive Linguistic Quick Test ( CLQT [Helm-Estabrooks, N. (2001). Cognitive Linguistic Quick Test . San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation]). Two-tailed t -tests indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in cognitive scores between the RHD and control groups, nor were there differences in discourse measures between the two groups on either procedural task. The narrative production task yielded significant group differences on four measurements—CIU, CIU/minute, total main concept points, and number of absent main concepts. Within the RHD group, there were correlations between the attention, clock drawing, and visuospatial domains of the cognitive measure and narrative measures. The results of this study indicated that although there were no significant differences between the two groups on the cognitive measure, the RHD group produced insufficient narratives. Narrative discourse appears to be a sensitive context in which to pursue the exploration of cognitive–discourse relationships in RHD.
An Efficient Preprocessing Algorithm to Speed-Up Multistage Production Decision Optimization Problems

In this paper we focus on the problem of optimizing a Multistage Production Network (MPN), in which a number of products need to be manufactured. Each product can be produced by one or more assembly node processes, where each assembly is composed of several machines working in parallel. For the required demand of the output products, a decision must be made on how much should be produced by each MPN assembly node, which machines should be on and their output level as to minimize the total production cost. We previously proposed the online-decomposition algorithm (ODA) based on offline preprocessing of static assembly components in order to catalog optimal machine configurations and cost functions for possible assembly outputs. The online ODA uses the preprocessed catalog to decompose the original MPN problem into smaller problems and reduce the exponential search space of machine configurations into a small number of optimal or near optimal machine configurations. Thus, ODA significantly improves the online solution quality and time complexity at the expense of the offline preprocessing. In this paper we focus on preprocessing and propose an adaptive algorithm that considers only a small part of the discretized range of assembly output values, by iteratively classifying outputs based on their predicted machine configuration. We also conduct an initial experimental evaluation, that shows significant improvement in preprocessing time with no reduction in the quality of the online solution.
Chlamydia induces anchorage independence in 3T3 cells and detrimental cytological defects in an infection model.

Chlamydia are Gram negative, obligate intracellular bacterial organisms with different species causing a multitude of infections in both humans and animals. Chlamydia trachomatis is the causative agent of the sexually transmitted infection (STI) Chlamydia, the most commonly acquired bacterial STI in the United States. Chlamydial infections have also been epidemiologically linked to cervical cancer in women co-infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV). We have previously shown chlamydial infection results in centrosome amplification and multipolar spindle formation leading to chromosomal instability. Many studies indicate that centrosome abnormalities, spindle defects, and chromosome segregation errors can lead to cell transformation. We hypothesize that the presence of these defects within infected dividing cells identifies a possible mechanism for Chlamydia as a cofactor in cervical cancer formation. Here we demonstrate that infection with Chlamydia trachomatis is able to transform 3T3 cells in soft agar resulting in anchorage independence and increased colony formation. Additionally, we show for the first time Chlamydia infects actively replicating cells in vivo. Infection of mice with Chlamydia results in significantly increased cell proliferation within the cervix, and in evidence of cervical dysplasia. Confocal examination of these infected tissues also revealed elements of chlamydial induced chromosome instability. These results contribute to a growing body of data implicating a role for Chlamydia in cervical cancer development and suggest a possible molecular mechanism for this effect.
Toward small-scale x-ray lasers (Invited Paper)

An overview of the X-ray Laser project at Princeton University will be given. Emphasis will be on improvements being made to the small scale soft x-ray laser (SXL). New target designs to enhance cooling and others to reduce losses due to beam refraction have been introduced though results are stilt preliminary. Proof of principle experiments for the application of the SXL to both transmission and reflection microscopy have been performed. To generate shorter wavelength x-ray lasers on a reasonable scale-size, a high power, 300 fsec pulse duration, ultraviolet KrF laser system (the PSP-laser) has been developed. Of the several theoretical schemes which exist, the two-laser approach and a newly proposed recombination approach will be described. The new approach proposes to scale the existing 18.2 nm recombination x-ray laser to shorter wavelength (<4 nm) by making use of the short-pulse pump laser and rapid cooling associated with the adiabatic expansion of µsphere targets.
The nonmicrosomal production of N-(4-chlorophenyl)-glycolhydroxamic acid from 4-chloronitrosobenzene by rat liver homogenates

Abstract The incubation of 4-chloronitrosobenzene (4-CNB) with subcellular fractions of rat liver resulted in the formation of a previously unknown type of hydroxamic acid metabolite for mammals. This new metabolite, N -(4-chlorophenyl)glycolhydroxamic acid (Gl-CHA), is most likely formed through the action of liver transketolase on the substrate 4-CNB. Gl-CHA was produced only by the 10 000 g and 105 000 g supernatant fractions, and required glucose-6-phosphate as an energy source. No hydroxamic acid metabolites were produced in detectable quantities by the microsomal fraction of the rat liver homogenate. Gl-CHA was positively identified by isolation and comparison to an authentic sample of Gl-CHA. Authentic Gl-CHA was prepared by the condensation of 4-chlorophenylhydroxylamine with glycolic acid in the presence of dicylohexylcarbodiimide. The highest observed conversion of 4-CNB to Gl-CHA was 18%, which occurred at the lowest concentration of 4-CNB incubated with the 105 000 g supernatant. Gl-CHA was not produced by C-hydroxylation of the corresponding acetyl-derived hydroxamic acid, since none of the subcellular fractions of rat liver would effect this conversion. The incubation of 4-chloroaniline under identical conditions failed to result in the production of Gl-CHA; however, such an observation is probably not important to the possibility that Gl-CHA might be a significant metabolite in vivo .
Heterogeneity of yield strain in low-density versus high-density human trabecular bone

Understanding the off-axis behavior of trabecular yield strains may lend unique insight into the etiology of fractures since yield strains provide measures of failure independent of elastic behavior. We sought to address anisotropy of trabecular yield strains while accounting for variations in both density and anatomic site and to determine the mechanisms governing this behavior. Cylindrical specimens were cored from vertebral bodies (n=22, BV/TV=0.11+/-0.02) and femoral necks (n=28, BV/TV=0.22+/-0.06) with the principal trabecular orientation either aligned along the cylinder axis (on-axis, n=22) or at an oblique angle of 15 degrees or 45 degrees (off-axis, n=28). Each specimen was scanned with micro-CT, mechanically compressed to failure, and analysed with nonlinear micro-CT-based finite element analysis. Yield strains depended on anatomic site (p=0.03, ANOVA), and the effect of off-axis loading was different for the two sites (p=0.04)-yield strains increased for off-axis loading of the vertebral bone (p=0.04), but were isotropic for the femoral bone (p=0.66). With sites pooled together, yield strains were positively correlated with BV/TV for on-axis loading (R(2)=58%, p<0.0001), but no such correlation existed for off-axis loading (p=0.79). Analysis of the modulus-BV/TV and strength-BV/TV relationships indicated that, for the femoral bone, the reduction in strength associated with off-axis loading was greater than that for modulus, while the opposite trend occurred for the vertebral bone. The micro-FE analyses indicated that these trends were due to different failure mechanisms for the two types of bone and the different loading modes. Taken together, these results provide unique insight into the failure behavior of human trabecular bone and highlight the need for a multiaxial failure criterion that accounts for anatomic site and bone volume fraction.
A Distributed Drafting Algorithm for Load Balancing

It is desirable for the load in a distributed system to be balanced evenly. A dynamic process migration protocol is needed in order to achieve load balancing in a user transparent manner. A distributed algorthim for load balancing which is network topology independent is proposed in this paper. Different network topologies and low-level communications protocols affect the choice of only some system design parameters. The "drafting" algorithm attempts to compromise two contradictory goals: maximize the processor utilization and minimize the communication overhead. The main objective of this paper is to describe the dynamic process migration protocol based on the proposed drafting algorithm. A sample distributed system is used to further illustrate the drafting algorithm and to show how to define system design parameters. The system performance is measured by simulation experiments based on the sample system.
A TEM and EPR Investigation of the Competitive Binding of Uranyl Ions to Starburst Dendrimers and Liposomes: Potential Use of Dendrimers as Uranyl Ion Sponges

Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of UO22+-negatively stained starburst dendrimers (SBDs), members of the family of dendritic macromolecules, have been analyzed in the absence and in the presence of dimyristoyl-phosphatidylcoline (DMPC) liposomes and mixed DMPC/DMPA-Na (the sodium salt of DMP-colate) liposomes at different relative percentages of DMPC and DMPA-Na. Under most conditions with dendrimers present, the dendrimers, rather than the liposomes, are visible in the TEM images, demonstrating that the UO22+ is complexed to the dendrimers and not to the liposomes. Only at high composition of DMPA-Na in the liposomes (>40%) and under the condition of high protonation of the dendrimer surface are the liposomes imaged by TEM. Mixed liposomes show a rodlike shape. To confirm the TEM results, an EPR study was performed by adding to the SBD solution various amounts of Cu2+ and UO22+. Uranyl ions compete favorably with copper ions for the complexation with the nitrogen ligand sites at both the external ...