cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quality Hound — An online code smell analyzer for scratch programs

In this showpiece, we demonstrate the functionality of Quality Hound — an online program analysis tool that takes as input a Scratch project and presents to the user a visual representation of the detected quality problems. Made accessible via a browser-based user interface, Quality Hound is instantaneously accessible to any Scratch user all over the world. The design of Quality Hound is informed by our research on cataloging and automatically detecting recurring quality problems, commonly referred to as code smells. We envision that Quality Hound can benefit the entire Scratch community by raising the awareness of software quality in this visual programming domain.
Laboratory and clinical evaluation of assays for β-hydroxybutyrate

We have performed a two-part evaluation of assays for beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta HB). In Part I, we evaluated the analytical acceptability of a dry film, self-contained analyzer for beta HB measurement (KetoSite; GDS Diagnostics, Elkhart, Ind). The assay response is linear and between-day imprecision is acceptable. Acetoacetate (AcAc) interferes severely with this assay. This interference could be minimized by dilution of serum before the assay. With this predilution protocol, KetoSite beta HB results compare favorably with an automated Sigma (St. Louis, Mo) beta HB assay. In Part II, we compared the clinical utility of beta HB measurements (Sigma) with the qualitative measurement of ketones using the nitroprusside test (Acetest; Bayer, Elkhart, Ind) for the diagnosis and management of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Test results for both assays were abnormal for all patients with DKA on admission. However, frequent monitoring with either test during the management of uncomplicated DKA added little if any additional clinical information over routine measurements of serum glucose and total carbon dioxide.
A Quality Management Case Study: Defects in Spacecraft Electronics Components

Production of spacecraft components presents a management challenge in that the systems are complex, costly to build and launch, and once a spacecraft is launched, it is extremely difficult and exp...
Knowledge and Data Representation for Motion Planning in Dynamic Environments

In this paper we describe our initial efforts to develop a knowledge base for motion planning in dynamic environments. Our eventual goal is to smooth the design and integration of multiple heterogeneous robots working in shared environments, and to enable the creation of libraries of plans that can be shared and reused by different robots. We furthermore attempt to align our work with the ongoing activities of the IEEE Ontologies for Robotics and Automation working group.
Varicocele and the Morphology Of Spermatozoa

It is believed that varicocele is characteristically associated with specific abnormalities of spermatozoal morphology (increased numbers of tapered and amorphous forms). This report summarizes the results of a prospective study of spermatozoal morphology in 208 male partners of infertile couples seen consecutively during an 18-month period. After exclusion of 23 azoospermic males, sperm morphology in the remaining 56 patients with varicocele and 129 men without varicocele were compared. Although the incidence of abnormal spermatozoa was higher in patients with varicocele, no significant differences in the patterns of morphology were observed. In both groups of patients the percentage of normal spermatozoa was significantly correlated with the sperm count and with percentage motility. Sperm count and motility were significantly correlated with each other. The percentages of tapered and amorphous spermatozoa were inversely correlated with the motile sperm count. These results demonstrate that the pattern of spermatozoal morphology observed in men with varicocele is not characteristic or unique to this condition. It appears that abnormality of spermatozoal morphology is commonly associated with diminished sperm count and motility, regardless of the presence or absence of a varicocele.
Human behavior genetics

The conditions described by Penrose prevail in other fields of behavior as well as in psychiatry, and to them he might have added unfamiliarity, since it is evident that behavioral science has thrived without benefit of genetics.rs Still, a field of behavior genetics exists, cultivated mainly by animal geneticists and psychologists and psychiatrists, in which genetic studies of human behavior have been done.26, 31, 48 These interests led, a few years ago, to the formation of a Behavior Genetics Association and to a journal called Behavior Genetics which publishes observations derived from studies of both animals and human beings. A look at the papers in this and related journals reveals that although the animal geneticists are able to work in part with characters that segregate and may thus be associated rather directly with the products of single genes, most of the human work is biometrical. This is because most of the phenotypes under study, while measurable, do not segregate. Other phenotypes, such as the psychoses, which, because they represent abnormality, seem more likely candidates for Mendelian analysis, are even more difficult to analyze because they are neither measurable nor definable in terms upon which all would agree.87,88 These obstacles to precise genetic definition will be reflected in this review, which will consist of a survey of a field more potential than actual. This is not a denigration of the work of the behavior geneticists, but on the contrary, simply underlines the difficulty of the questions they confront and the obdurate resistance of those questions to easy answers.
Renal Complications Following Lung Transplantation and Heart Transplantation

Renal complications are common following heart and/or lung transplantation and lead to increased morbidity and mortality. Renal dysfunction is also associated with increased mortality for patients on the transplant wait list. Dialysis dependence is a relative contraindication for heart or lung transplantation at most centers, and such patients are often listed for a simultaneous kidney transplant. Several factors contribute to the impaired renal function in patients undergoing heart and/or lung transplantation, including the interplay between cardiopulmonary and renal hemodynamics, complex perioperative issues, and exposure to nephrotoxic medications, mainly calcineurin inhibitors.
Administrative Hearings: State Central Panels in the 1990s

law judges, administrative hearing officers, and hearing examiners have become major figures in the American justice system today. One author, talking about "the hidden judiciary," claimed in 1981 that there were more than 4,000 federal and state "administrative law judges" in this country.1 Depending on the definition of an "administrative law judge," the figure was probably far understated. Ten years later, there are probably thousands more than that. In 1991, California alone had anywhere between 400 and 800 such judges and hearing officers, again, depending upon how they are counted.2 Maryland has approximately seventy-two administrative law judges in its Office of Administrative Hearings, which has jurisdiction over most, but not all, state agency hearings in Maryland.3 In any event, there are many thousands of federal and state administrative law judges in this country presiding over and processing, undoubtedly, well over a million administrative matters (cases) a year.
Fundamentals of C–O bond activation on metal oxide catalysts

Fundamental knowledge of the active site requirements for the selective activation of C–O bonds over heterogeneous catalysts is required to design multistep processes for the synthesis of complex chemicals. Here we employ reaction kinetics measurements, extensive catalyst characterization, first principles calculations and microkinetic modelling to reveal metal oxides as a general class of catalysts capable of selectively cleaving C–O bonds with unsaturation at the α position, at a moderate temperature and H2 pressure. Strikingly, metal oxides are considerably more active catalysts than commonly employed VIIIB and IB transition metal catalysts. We identify the normalized Gibbs free energy of oxide formation as both a reactivity and a catalyst stability descriptor and demonstrate the generality of the radical-mediated, reverse Mars–van Krevelen C–O bond activation mechanism on oxygen vacancies, previously established only for RuO2. Importantly, we provide evidence that the substrate plays an equally key role to the catalyst in C–O bond activation. Metal oxides have been identified as a promising class of catalysts for carbon–oxygen bond cleavage in the context of biomass valorization, although the systematic understanding of their reactivity remains elusive. Now, a combination of catalytic screening and first principles calculations provide important insights into this family of catalysts.
Cardiovascular disease risk factors, tract-based structural connectomics, and cognition in older adults.

Abstract Cardiovascular disease risk factors (CVD-RFs) are associated with decreased gray and white matter integrity and cognitive impairment in older adults. Less is known regarding the interplay between CVD-RFs, brain structural connectome integrity, and cognition. We examined whether CVD-RFs were associated with measures of tract-based structural connectivity in 94 non-demented/non-depressed older adults and if alterations in connectivity mediated associations between CVD-RFs and cognition. Participants (age = 68.2 years; 52.1% female; 46.8% Black) underwent CVD-RF assessment, MRI, and cognitive evaluation. Framingham 10-year stroke risk (FSRP-10) quantified CVD-RFs. Graph theory analysis integrated T1-derived gray matter regions of interest (ROIs; 23 a-priori ROIs associated with CVD-RFs and dementia), and diffusion MRI-derived white matter tractography into connectivity matrices analyzed for local efficiency and nodal strength. A principal component analysis resulted in three rotated factor scores reflecting executive function (EF; FAS, Trail Making Test (TMT) B-A, Letter-Number Sequencing, Matrix Reasoning); attention/information processing (AIP; TMT-A, TMT-Motor, Digit Symbol); and memory (CVLT-II Trials 1–5 Total, Delayed Free Recall, Recognition Discriminability). Linear regressions between FSRP-10 and connectome ROIs adjusting for word reading, intracranial volume, and white matter hyperintensities revealed negative associations with nodal strength in eight ROIs (p-values
Thermal desulfurization of pyrite: An in situ high-T neutron diffraction and DTA–TGA study

To study thermal desulfurization of pyrite (FeS2), we conducted in situ neutron diffraction experiments in the temperature range 298–1073 K. On heating, pyrite remained stable up to 773 K, at which it started to decompose into pyrrhotite (Fe1−xS) and S2 gas. Rietveld analysis of the neutron data from 298 to 773 K allowed determination of the thermal expansion coefficient of pyrite (space group Pa $\bar 3$ ) to be αV = 3.7456 × 10−5 K−1, which largely results from the expansion of the Fe–S bond. With further increase in temperature to 1073 K, all the pyrite transformed to pyrrhotite (Fe1−xS) at 873 K. Unit-cell parameters of Fe1−xS (space group P63/mmc) increase on heating and decrease on cooling. However, the rates in cell expansion are larger than those in contraction. This hysteresis behavior can be attributed to continuous desulfurization of pyrrhotite (i.e., x in Fe1−xS decreases) with increasing temperature until the stoichiometric troilite (FeS) was formed at 1073 K. On cooling, troilite underwent a magnetic transition to an orthorhombic structure (space group Pnma) between 473 and 573 K. In addition, using differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) implemented with a differential scanning calorimeter, we performed kinetic measurements of pyrite decomposition. Detailed peak profile and Arrhenius (k = A exp(−Ea/RT)) analyses yielded an activation energy Ea of 302.3 ± 28.6 kJ/mol (based on DTA data) or 302.5 ± 26.4 kJ/mol (based on TGA data) and a ln(A) of 35.3 ± 0.1.
Construction, visualization and application of neutral zone classifiers:

When the potential for making accurate classifications with a statistical classifier is limited, a neutral zone classifier can be constructed by adding a no-decision option as a classification outcome. We show how a neutral zone classifier can be constructed from a receiving operating characteristic (ROC) curve. We extend the ROC curve graphic to highlight important performance characteristics of a neutral zone classifier. Additional utility of neutral zone classifiers is illustrated by showing how they can be incorporated into the first stage of a two-stage classification process. At the first stage, a classification is attempted from easily collected or inexpensive features. If the classification falls into the neutral zone, additional relatively more expensive features can be obtained and used to make a definitive classification at the second stage. The methods discussed in the paper are illustrated with an application pertaining to prostate cancer.
넛지의 양날 (원제) (When Nudges Fail: Slippery Defaults (Korean Edition))

이 문서의 영문 버전에서 찾을 수 있습니다 http://ssrn.com/abstract=2142989 Korean Abstract: “자동 가입” 도입으로 확정 기여 형 (DC) 은퇴 저축 참여를 늘이는 성과를 거둔데 힘 입은 정책 당국이 유사한 ‘기본 대안(default)’을 ‘당좌예금 초과 인출 한도(checking account overdraft coverage)’에서 주택저당 예치 제도(escrow)(부동산거래의 제3자 대리 또는 부동산거래 대금의 제3자 보관인 제도로, 주택 매매의 경우에 주로 사용되며, 본 논문에서는 주택저당 담보 주택에 대한 재산세나 손해 보험료 등을 예치해 두는 경우를 말함-역자 주)에 이르는 여러가지 다른 상황에 도입했다. 인터넷 상사 적 비밀보호(privacy)가 다음 차례 적용대상이 될 것 같다. 그러면 은퇴저축에서의 성과를 어디까지 넓혀 적용할 수 있을까? 다른 상황에서 얻은 증거들을 보면 여기에는 두 가지 문제가 있다. 법이 정한 기본 대안이 피하기 쉽게 되어 있어서, 기본 대안의 혜택을 가장 얻을 사람들이 기본 대안을 회피할 수 있다. 당좌예금 초과 인출 한도의 새로운 기본 대안을 살펴보면 기본 대안을 피하기 어렵게 하려고 여러 가지 장치들을 두었는데, 금융회사들이 계획적으로 무력화시킬 수 있다는 것을 보여준다. 은퇴 저축의 기본 대안과 초과 인출 기본 대안을 서로 비교해 보면, 기본 대안을 정책수단으로 사용해도 그것을 무력화시키는 네 가지 ‘한계 조건(boundary conditions)’이 있다는 것이 잘 드러난다. 즉, 정책 수단으로서 기본 대안은 다음과 같은 경우 무력화된다. (1) 반대할 의도를 가진 금융회사들이 있고 (2) 금융회사들이 소비자들과 접촉할 수 있고 (3) 소비자들이 의사결정 환경을 혼동 스럽게 느끼게 되고 (4) 소비자의 선호가 불명확하게 되는 경우이다. ‘자유주의적 온정주의(libertarian paternalism, 의사결정을 개인에게 맡기지 않고 그를 보호할 목적으로 어버이 같은 정부가 알아서 해주는 것을 말한다.-역자 주)’ 입장을 취하는 정부일지라도 헌법적 그리고 제도적 제약 때문에 이런 한계 조건을 극복하는 조치를 취하지 못할 것이다. 따라서 고객들이 기본 대안을 따르지 않게 만들 동기와 수단을 가진 금융회사에 대해 상당한 규제조치를 두지 않는 한 개인들을 보호하기 위한 정책적 기본 대안은 효과를 거두기 어려울 것이다. 더구나 일반적으로, 반대할 동기가 있는 금융회사들이 반대하면 넛지 역시도 성과를 거두기 어려울 것이다. English Abstract: Inspired by the success of “automatic enrollment” in increasing participation in defined contribution retirement savings plans, policymakers have put similar policy defaults in place in a variety of other contexts, from checking account overdraft coverage to home mortgage escrows. Internet privacy appears poised to be the next arena. But how broadly applicable are the results obtained in the retirement savings context? Evidence from other contexts indicates two problems with this approach: the defaults put in place by the law are not particularly sticky, and the people who opt out can be those who would benefit the most from the default. Examining the new default for consumer checking account overdraft coverage reveals that firms can systematically undermine each of the mechanisms that might otherwise operate to make defaults sticky. Comparing the retirement savings default to the overdraft default, four boundary conditions on the use of defaults as a policy tool are apparent: policy defaults will not be sticky when (1) motivated firms oppose them, (2) these firms have access to the consumer, (3) consumers find the decision environment confusing, and (4) consumer preferences are uncertain. Due to Constitutional and institutional constraints, government regulation of the libertarian paternalism variety is unlikely to be capable of overcoming these bounds. Therefore, policy defaults intended to protect individuals when firms have the motivation and means to move consumers out of the default are unlikely to be effective unless accompanied by substantive regulation. Moreover, the same is likely to be true of “nudges” more generally, when motivated firms oppose them.
Minimal Stimulation Protocol for Assisted Reproductive Technologies in Women with Diminished Ovarian Reserve and/or Advanced Reproductive Age

We present the minimal stimulation protocol for assisted reproductive technologies (ART) that we recommend for women with diminished ovarian reserve and/or advanced reproductive age. The protocol is individualized for each patient reflecting the heterogeneity of this patient population. The minimal stimulation requires assuring the follicle synchronization while keeping LH unsuppressed. Daily clomiphene citrate and, in some cases, daily letrozole are used throughout the entirety of the stimulation. Highly purified human menopausal gonadotropin is added on day 5 of stimulation to be used at 150 IU every other day. Close monitoring allows individualization of half-dose gonadotropin antagonist administration to prevent premature luteinizing hormone surge. This protocol is aimed at accumulating frozen embryos for elective frozen-thawed embryo transfer. Minimal stimulation for ART requires specific conditions and many allocated resources.
Natural Killer Cell Derived Exosomes As a Novel Therapeutic for Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Abstract Introduction: Natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in the innate immune response through their capacity to lyse malignant cells without prior antigen-specific priming. NK cells have been evaluated for safety and efficacy in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), both in the transplant and non-transplant settings. Exosomes, small, 30-150 nm-sized extracellular vesicles originating from the endocytic compartment of parent cells, have recently emerged as a universal intercellular communication system. Exosomes are released by virtually all cells and carry proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids from the parent to recipient cells at short and long distances. The exosome molecular cargo reflects the content of the parent cell and is delivered to recipient cells in a membrane-protected vesicle. We hypothesize that exosomes produced by human activated NK cells carry the machinery necessary for the killing of leukemic cells. Methods: Venous blood (20-50 mL) was obtained from healthy donors (n=10). NK cells were isolated using Ab-based immunomagnetic selection from the recovered peripheral blood mononuclear cells. NK cells were cultured in the presence of interleukin-2 and interleukin-15, and NK-cell supernatants were used for exosome isolation by size exclusion chromatography. Protein levels, numbers and size (qNano), and exosome morphology (transmission electron microscopy) were determined. Exosome cargos were studied by Western blots and/or flow cytometry for NK cell activating and inhibitory receptors, immune inhibitory molecules and for perforin and granzyme B. Cytotoxicity of the NK cell-derived exosomes for K562 targets, AML cell lines (Kasumi, MLL-1) and primary leukemia blasts was measured using flow cytometry-based assays. Results: Activated human NK cells produced large quantities of exosomes. PKH-26-labeled NK cell-derived exosomes were avidly taken up by leukemic blasts. NK cell derived exosomes carried activating NK cell receptor NKG2D, natural cytotoxicity receptors, perforin, granzyme B, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors and PD-1. NK cell derived exosomes mediated anti-leukemia activity against K562 targets, AML cell lines and primary leukemia blasts. Lysis of leukemic blasts by NK cell-derived exosomes was exosome concentration dependent. Conclusion: We report that NK cell derived exosomes have anti leukemia activity in vitro. These data provide a foundation for the future development of new therapeutic strategies using NK cell-derived exosomes for the elimination of leukemia. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Laser treatment of atypical oral pigmentation. A case report

A 46-year-old female Caucasian patient presented with severe black pigmentation of the maxillary attached gingiva. The discoloration extended from tooth #2 to tooth #15 and was noted only on the buccal aspect of the arch. The patient reported that her gingival tissues appeared normal until age 22, at which time her first child was born. Cosmetic considerations prompted by this child's impending marriage caused the patient to seek treatment. It was important to determine the cause of the pigmentation so that we would be reasonably assured that it would not recur. A CO2 laser was used to remove the pigmented tissue in such a manner that the postoperative period was both painless and rapid.
Modeling and Measuring High School Students’ Computational Thinking Practices in Science

Despite STEM education communities recognizing the importance of integrating computational thinking (CT) into high school curricula, computation still remains a separate area of study in K-12 contexts. In addition, much of the research on CT has focused on creating generally agreed-upon definitions and curricula, but few studies have empirically tested assessments or used contemporary learning sciences methods to do so. In this paper, we outline the implementation of an assessment approach for a 10-day high school biology unit with computational thinking activities that examines student pre-post responses as well as responses to embedded assessments throughout the unit. Using pre-post scores, we identified students with both positive and negative gains and examined how each group’s CT practices developed as they engaged with the curricular unit. Our results show that (1) students exhibited science and computational learning gains after engaging with a science unit with computational models and (2) that the use of embedded assessments and discourse analytics tools reveals how students think differently with computational tools throughout the unit.
Going Stealth: Transgender Politics and U.S. Surveillance Practices.: Toby Beauchamp. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2019. 208 pp. $19.02 (paperback), ISBN: 978-1478001577

In the midst of the War on Terror and the era of President Donald Trump, transgender politics and concerns about surveillance, visibility, privacy, and equal rights remain key points of contestatio...
The Right to Work: Legal and Philosophical Perspectives, edited by Virginia Mantouvalou

For institutional economists interested in “employer of last resort” proposals and other types of employment guarantees, The Right to Work is undoubtedly a book worth reading. But the volume deserv...
Agency over social media use can be enhanced through brief abstinence, but only in users with high cognitive reflection tendencies

Abstract Many social media users have lost some agency over the use of these sites. Restoring this sense of agency is important as it can help users live responsibly with the technology, and can serve as a target for therapists treating people with difficulty to control their social media use. Nevertheless, knowledge about ways to increase people's sense of agency has been limited. In this study I propose that invoking reflections about agency but allowing normal use will likely produce realization about loss of agency, and result in undesirable reduced sense of agency. In contrast, I suggest that if invoking reflections on agency is followed by a brief abstinence attempt, people will process insights on their actual ability to exert control over social media use, which will result in an increase in perceived agency. I further argue that this information processing will only accrue in people high in cognitive reflection tendencies. A 2 (time: pre vs. post) by 2 (condition: abstinence vs. control) by 2 (cognitive reflection group: low vs. high) experiment with 610 Facebook users showed an increase in agency only among high cognitive reflection participants who experienced abstinence; all other groups showed decline in perceived agency. Implications are discussed.
Concurrent 43 and 86 GHz Very Long Baseline Polarimetry of 3C 273

We present submilliarcsecond resolution total intensity and linear polarization VLBI images of 3C 273, using concurrent 43 and 86 GHz data taken with the Very Long Baseline Array in 2002 May. The structure seen in the innermost jet suggest that we have fortuitously caught the jet in the act of changing direction. The polarization images confirm that the core is unpolarized (fractional polarization ≤1%) at 86 GHz, but also show well ordered magnetic fields (m ~ 15%) in the inner jet, at a projected distance of 2.3 pc from the core. In this strongly polarized region, the rotation measure changes across the jet by ~4.2 × 104 rad m-2 over an angular width of about 0.3 mas. If the lack of polarization in the core is also attributed to a Faraday screen, then a rotation measure dispersion 5.2 × 104 rad m-2 must be present in or in front of that region. These are among the highest rotation measures reported so far in the nucleus of any active galaxy or quasar, and must occur outside (but probably close to) the radio emitting region. The transverse rotation measure gradient is in the same sense as that observed by Asada and coworkers and by Zavala and Taylor at greater core distances. The magnitude of the transverse gradient decreases rapidly with distance down the jet, and appears to be variable.
Deterring the Drunk Driver: An Examination of Conditional Deterrence and Self-Reported Drunk Driving

This project uses a representative U.S. population sample and Generalized Structural Equation Modeling (GSEM) to explore the deterrence of driving under the influence (DUI) and it’s moderation by t...
Tracking MODIS NDVI time series to estimate fuel accumulation

Patterns of post-fire recovery in southern California chaparral shrublands are important for understanding fuel available for future fires. Satellite remote sensing provides an opportunity to examine these patterns over large spatial extents and at high temporal resolution. The relatively limited temporal range of satellite remote sensing products has previously constrained studies of post-fire recovery to chronosequence approaches, in which space is substituted for time, but the lengthening satellite data record is easing this limitation. In this study, we tracked vegetation recovery using a pixel-explicit approach from 2000 to 2013 using normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor. We attempted to control for inter-annual precipitation variation and examined the influence of shrub cover on MODIS NDVI during the post-fire recovery process. We find strong variation in recovery trajectories associated with site differences, which ...
Treatment of Obesity with Celastrol

Despite all modern advances in medicine, an effective drug treatment of obesity has not been found yet. Discovery of leptin two decades ago created hopes for treatment of obesity. However, development of leptin resistance has been a big obstacle, mitigating a leptin-centric treatment of obesity. Here, by using in silico drug-screening methods, we discovered that Celastrol, a pentacyclic triterpene extracted from the roots of Tripterygium Wilfordi (thunder god vine) plant, is a powerful anti-obesity agent. Celastrol suppresses food intake, blocks reduction of energy expenditure, and leads to up to 45% weight loss in hyperleptinemic diet-induced obese (DIO) mice by increasing leptin sensitivity, but it is ineffective in leptin-deficient (ob/ob) and leptin receptor-deficient (db/db) mouse models. These results indicate that Celastrol is a leptin sensitizer and a promising agent for the pharmacological treatment of obesity.
Protein complexes take the bait

Many cellular functions are carried out by proteins that are bound together in complexes. In two new large-scale studies, labelled proteins are used as 'bait' to capture and identify those complexes.
Cloudiness and the Radiative, Convective Equilibrium

The dependence of the temperature of the earth’s surface upon the cloud cover at various altitudes is estimated. The effect of contrail on the surface temperature is discussed.
This Is My Life: Roseanne, Celebrity, and Autobiography

(2003). This Is My Life: Roseanne, Celebrity, and Autobiography. a/b: Auto/Biography Studies: Vol. 18, Adoption Life Writing: Origins and Other Ghosts, pp. 292-312.
The Demand for Local Public Services, Spillovers, and Urban Decay: The Case of Public Libraries:

This paper focuses on the demand for library services by nonresidents of the community which finances the library. For several middle-size metropolitan areas in New York, it is shown that nonresidents contribute substantially to the financial burden of supporting a library. In addition, while the core areas's ability to support libraries is likely to decrease in the future, the demand for library services by nonresidents is likely to increase. This may lead to a change in the current scheme of local financing used by many public libraries in the United States.
Partitioning of Charged Solutes in Poly(Ethylene Glycol)/Potassium Phosphate Aqueous Two-Phase Systems

Abstract A mathematical model based on the dissociation of charged compounds and the pH of each phase is developed to describe the partitioning of charged compounds in aqueous two-phase systems. Observed partition coefficients of several charged and uncharged compounds, including three pairs of oppositely charged analogs (tryptamine/indole 3-acetic acid, 5-methoxytryptamine/5-methoxyindole 3-acetic acid and 2-(p-tolyl) ethylamine/p-tolyl acetic acid), are compared in identical poly-(ethylene glycol)/potassium phosphate aqueous two-phase systems over the pH range of 5.5 to 9.2. Among these pairs, the partition coefficients of the acids increased with increasing pH, from 8.4 to 33.3 for indole 3-acetic acid, from 11.4 to 53.9 for 5-methoxyindole 3-acetic acid, and from 4.2 to 17.7 for p-tolyl acetic acid. The amine partition coefficients also increased with increasing pH, from 4.0 to 7.8 for tryptamine, from 5.8 to 12.2 for 5-methoxytryptamine, and from 1.6 to 3.0 for 2-(p-tolyl) ethylamine, respectively. C...
EVALUATION OF AUTOMATED DIAGNOSIS AND INSTRUCTION FOR MATHEMATICS PROBLEM-SOLVING

The past several decades have seen numerous approaches toward automated diagnosis and instructional support of students engaged in mathematics problem-solving. These approaches typically involve detailed analysis of potential solution paths for problems, formal representations of correct and incorrect answers, and support in the form of feedback or explanations to students during the process of solving a problem. The approaches of each of a number of representative systems (ACED, ALEKS, Cognitive Tutors, Andes, and Assistments) will be described through a critical evaluation of how they represent content knowledge, their approaches to diagnosis, and their approaches to instructional support. Finally, recommendations are made for new approaches to automated diagnosis and instructional support of mathematics problem-solving.
Multigrid techniques for movement planning in manets with cooperative mobility

Rapid-deployment mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are frequently characterized by common over-arching mission objectives which predicate a cooperativeness on the part of constituent nodes. In this article we present a new strategy to improve MANET communications based on node cooperation with respect to mobility. We present our model for cooperative mobility, and use this cost-benefit framework to explore the impact of cooperation in MANETs where nodes are-to varying extents--willing to be moved for the common good. We develop an effective centralized algorithm for mobility planning based on multigrid techniques. Our simulation results are compelling and demonstrate that the communication infrastructure-specifically, connection bit error rate-can be significantly improved by leveraging this proposed scheme.
The fate of VPg during in vitro translation of poliovirus RNA

Polio virion RNA (vRNA) is covalently linked at its 5’-end to a small protein, VPg,via an @-(S’-uridylyl) tyrosine bond [ 1,2]. The viral-specific RNA found associated with polyribosomes (mRNA) in infected cells, however, lacks VPg and terminates with a 5’uridylate (pU) [3-51. Biochemical analysis has shown that vRNA and mRNA differ only in the presence or absence ofVPg [3,6]. Both types ofRNA are reported to be infectious ([7], L. Fedus, unpublished). synthesis and also in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitors. We have re-examined the unlinking activity under the ribosome binding conditions in [ 171 using a different assay for VPg removal [8]. We have also analyzed a cellular proteinase activity that appears to degrade free VPg while leaving intact VPg linked to RNA as well as newly synthesized viral-specific proteins.
Limitation of gear tooth surfaces by envelopes to contact lines and edge of regression

The authors propose methods for the determination of singularities of generated gear tooth surfaces and sufficient conditions of existence of envelopes to contact lines on the generated and generating surfaces. The developed methods are complemented with computer programs and illustrated by numerical examples.
An improved micro‐extraction cell for supercritical fluid extraction and chromatography of fatty acids

An improved supercritical fluid micro-extraction cell of increased reliability was designed for on-line supercritical fluid extraction and chromatography (SFE/SFC) of food and other lipid-related samples. The key components in the modified cell include a Swagelok stainless steel reducing union with a dual ferrule as the cell, with polyetherether-ketone (PEEK) ferrules and nuts to connect the cell to the control valve. The new cell did not leak under all conditions examined (100–500 atmospheres, 40–80°C), even after numerous extractions (>250). The quantitative performance of the cell was evaluated with fatty acid standard solutions, technical grade fatty acid sources and wheat flour. The percent relative error (%RE) for the fatty acid standards and technical-grade fatty acid samples was ≤6.0% for oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid. The %RE for oleic and linoleic acid in the whole-wheat samples was ≤10%. The results demonstrate that the new extraction cell can be used for quantitative extractions and that the sensitivity of the SFE/SFC technique is excellent. Similar SFE/SFC methods could prove useful in studying the interaction of free fatty acids with various food components such as enzymes, amylose and proteins.
The assimilation of computer-aided marketing activities

The use of computers has been assumed to provide substantial benefits in organizations (e.g., competitive advantage). Consequently, marketers are increasingly accepting computerization, although empirical evidence supporting the value of this technology is limited. To explore this phenomena, data were collected from 195 marketing executives in a national survey. These data were used to test a model involving the benefits from computerization. The results indicate that computerization aids in the assimilation of tactical and strategic activities. The benefits and implications of this integration are discussed.
Social inhibition and the regulation of temporal polyethism in honey bees.

Honey bee division of labor is characterized by temporal polyethism, in which young workers remain in the hive and perform tasks there, whereas old workers perform more risky outside tasks, mainly foraging. We present a model of honey bee division of labor based on (1) an intrinsic process of behavioral development and (2) inhibition of development through social interactions among the workers in a colony. The model shows that these two processes can explain the main features of honey bee temporal polyethism: the correlation between age and task performance; the age at which a worker first forages and how this age varies among hives; the balanced allocation of workers to hive tasks and foraging; the recovery of a colony from demographic perturbations; and the differentiation of workers into different behavioral roles. The model provides a baseline picture of individual and colony behavior that can serve as the basis for studies of more fine-grained regulation of division of labor.
Thermolysis of isomigrastatin and its congeners via [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement: a new route to the synthesis of migrastatin and its analogues.

Thermolysis of isomigrastatin (1) under neat heating conditions afforded migrastatin (1a). The reaction is proposed to proceed via a concerted [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement by which ring expansio...
Deactivation of Sensory-Specific Cortex by Cross-Modal Stimuli

Visual and auditory cortices traditionally have been considered to be "modality-specific." Thus, their activity has been thought to be unchanged by information in other sensory modalities. However, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the present experiments revealed that ongoing activity in the visual cortex could be modulated by auditory information and ongoing activity in the auditory cortex could be modulated by visual information. In both cases, this cross-modal modulation of activity took the form of deactivation. Yet, the deactivation response was not evident in either cortical area during the paired presentation of visual and auditory stimuli. These data suggest that cross-modal inhibitory processes operate within traditional modality-specific cortices and that these processes can be switched on or off in different circumstances.
Optical measurements of ion density in the second vacuum stage of an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer

A portion of the ion beam in the second stage of an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer was mapped using laser induced fluorescence (LIF). With LIF relative density measurements are made in real time with minimal interference to the ion beam. We report axial measurements of Ba and Sc ion density from 22 to 45 mm behind the tip of the skimmer cone. Additionally, maps of radial ion density with and without Pb and Mg matrices are given for the same two analyte species. The results reveal that earlier ion deposition experiments dramatically underestimated the extent of the radial spread of the ion beam and the influence of matrix on the ion beam.
Prospective analysis of uncomplicated bone bruises in the pediatric knee

To determine the incidence of uncomplicated knee bone contusions in pediatric patients. MRI studies were obtained using either high-field (1.5 T) or mid-field strength magnets (0.2–0.3 T), identifying 48 pediatric patients suitable for study. Contusion location, size, and any ligamentous or meniscal injuries were recorded. Exclusionary criteria did not include plain film findings, the interval between injury to imaging, or history of patellar dislocation [Fulkerson (2002) 30:447–456]. Uncomplicated bone bruises were those occurring in the absence of other internal derangements of the knee, such as meniscal and ligament tears. Consensus imaging findings by two reviewing radiologists revealed a 25% incidence of uncomplicated bruises (12/48 patients). These bone bruises involved the lateral and medial knee compartments 56 and 44% of the time, respectively. Bruises of the lateral compartment were larger (2.4 cm) than those found in the medial compartment (1.8 cm). Given the high incidence of symptomatic but uncomplicated contusions identified in this study of a pediatric population, we suggest appropriate joint rest and follow-up without other intervention as a primary course of treatment.
A cruciform structural transition provides a molecular switch for chromosome structure and dynamics.

The interaction between specific sites along a DNA molecule is often crucial for the regulation of genetic processes. However, mechanisms regulating the interaction of specific sites are unknown. We have used atomic force microscopy to demonstrate that the structural transition between cruciform conformations can act as a molecular switch to facilitate or prevent communication between distant regions in DNA. Cruciform structures exist in vivo and they are critically involved in the initiation of replication and the regulation of gene expression in different organisms. Therefore, structural transitions of the cruciform may play a key role in these processes.
Paleoecology of gastropods preserved in turbiditic slope deposits from the Upper Pliocene of Ecuador

Abstract Upper Pliocene gastropods preserved in turbiditic deposits from the Upper Onzole Formation of northwestern Ecuador provide an excellent window into the past for understanding paleoecological dynamics in deep-water habitats, such as shells used as substrata by epi- and endobionts (encrusters and bioeroders), shell use by hermit crabs, and predation (shell repair and drilling) just prior to the closing of the Isthmus of Panama. Previously, paleoecological and taphonomic information was lacking for deep-water (mid-to-outer shelf) and bathyal fossil gastropods in contrast to shallow-water habitats that have been relatively well studied. This study showed that while epibionts were relatively rare on the fossil shells because of curatorial bias, endobionts (bioeroders) occurred on 51% of the 59 species examined. Of the bioeroders, the trace fossil Helicotaphrichnus commensalis was found on 27% of the species. The presence of Helicotaphrichnus indicates that hermit crabs were also a part of the deep-water assemblage prior to burial by the turbidity flow although there are no body fossils of hermit crabs yet reported from this area. Using epi- and endobiont criteria preserved on the shells, the hermit crabs appeared to prefer shells that had large last whorl volumes. Recycling and retention of Upper Pliocene shells by Recent hermit crabs (biological remanie) on the coast of Ecuador also occurs, which could lead to potential temporal anomalies in the fossil record. In addition, the trace fossil Helicotaphrichnus is now reported for the first time from the Upper Pliocene of Ecuador. This trace fossil also occurred on bathyal shells, suggesting that its bathymetric range may be much deeper than previously reported. Records of predation retained on the deep-water fossils were common (66% of the species had shell repair; 68% of the species had drilled shells) and represented a variety of molluscivorous predators. The durophagous predators (e.g. crabs) and drilling predators (naticids, octopods, and muricids) appeared to be selective in their choice of prey items. High-spired gastropods (especially of the family Turridae) were statistically more likely to be affected by predators than all other prey species and groups examined. Shell architecture for other shell types examined, however, did not appear to affect the frequency of shell repair occurrence. Although predation is thought to be a generalist activity in deep-water environments, it may be that in certain areas, specialist predators may be more common than previously considered. Thus, fossil deep-water communities may contain a rich legacy of paleoecological interactions that can then be used for evolutionary ecological questions pertaining to selective predation with depth, variation in encrusters and bioeroders with depth, and to compare differences in paleoecological structure of these molluscan communities before and after the closure of the Isthmus of Panama.
Statistical Model for Predicting Range Expansion of the Red Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis invicta , in Texas

Data on the spread of Solenopsis invicta Buren in the U.S. were gathered for the period 1965–1976. Weather bureau information was summarized to account for climatic conditions actually or potentially encountered by S. invicta . Using statistical and modeling techniques, the range expansion of S. invicta has been related to combinations of climatic variables. A predictive model is presented and we predict that the red imported fire ant will spread to 18 additional counties in Texas during the next 10 years.
PHOSPHORESCENCE QUENCHING OF POLY rA IN GLUCOSE-SODIUM ACETATE SOLUTION AT 77 K*

. The phosphorescence of poly rA at 77 K in an aqueous medium containing glucose is half-quenched by bound ethidium bromide at a fractional concentration, r1/2, of 0.005, and by bound proflavine at r1/2= 0.002: r1/2= 0.024 for Co2+ and r1/2= 0.039 for Mn2+. The decay of the dye-quenched poly rA phosphorescence is markedly nonexponential and decays more rapidly with increasing dye concentration, while the decay of the metal-ion quenched poly rA phosphorescence parallels that of the unquenched poly rA, independent of metal-ion concentration. Forster overlap integrals and critical distances for transfer of both poly rA singlet and triplet excitation to dye singlet states are calculated, and used to explain a consistent interpretation of the experimental results in terms of one-step direct excitation transfer from base to dye or metal ion in a highly folded polymer conformation.
A simple method for follow up studies.

Some problems encountered in cases of premalignant and malignant lesions of the colon and rectum are cited which necessitate regular periodic follow-up studies.
Growth induced by multiple shock waves normally incident on plane gaseous interfaces

Abstract Experiments to measure the visual thickness of the mixing region produced by shock waves incident on continous and discontinous interfaces between gases of different densities have been carried out in a new vertical shock tube. The generation of vortical structures by shock-wave boundary layer interaction at the interface is observed and the need for experimental methods to distinguish the effects of resulting jets on the walls and windows of the shock tube is emphasized. Initially thick interfaces, smoothed by molecular diffusion, exhibit growth after being perturbed by acoustic noise induced during wave reverberation. Thin interfaces, whose perturbations are introduced by the rupture of the supporting plastic membrane, have a more rapid initial growth but the late time growth is comparable to that of the thicker interfaces. In both cases the rate of increase of the thickness of the interfaces is an order of magnitude less than reported by previous investigators.
A New Trick for an Old Dogma: ENaC Proteins as Mechanotransducers in Vascular Smooth Muscle

Myogenic constriction is a vasoconstriction of blood vessels to increases in perfusion pressure. In renal preglomerular vasculature, it is an established mechanism of renal blood flow autoregulation. Recently, myogenic constriction has been identified as an important protective mechanism, preventing the transmission of systemic pressure to the fragile glomerular vasculature. Although the signal transduction pathways mediating vasoconstriction are well known, how the increases in pressure trigger vasoconstriction is unclear. The response is initiated by pressure-induced stretch of the vessel wall and thus is dependent on mechanical signaling. The identity of the sensor detecting VSMC stretch is unknown. Previous studies have considered the role of extracellular matrix-integrin interactions, ion conduction units (channels and/or transporters), and the cytoskeleton as pressure detectors. Whether, and how, these structures fit together in VSMCs is poorly understood. However, a model of mechanotransduction in the nematode Caenorhadbditis elegans (C. elegans) has been established that ties together extracellular matrix, ion channels, and cytoskeletal proteins into a large mechanosensing complex. In the C. elegans mechanotransducer model, a family of evolutionarily conserved proteins, referred to as the DEG/ENaC/ASIC family, form the ion-conducting pore of the mechanotransducer. Members of this protein family are expressed in VSMC where they may participate in pressure detection. This review will address how the C. elegans mechanotransducer model can be used to model pressure detection in mammalian VSMCs and provide a new perspective to pressure detection in VSMCs.