cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From Dream to Reality A Participant's View of the Implementation of Part H of P.L. 99-457

Part H of P.L. 99-457 (reauthorized in 1991 as IDEA) established “a new Federal discretionary program to assist states in developing and implementing a comprehensive, coordinated, interdisciplinary system of early intervention services for infants and toddlers with disabilities and their families.” Part H made considerable promises concerning the way the system was to be designed and the way services were to conceptualized, funded, and delivered. The challenges to such sweeping changes were predictable and extensive. This paper is a study of systems change and those forces that work for or against realizing visionary intent. It examines the process of moving from federal legislation to implementation in one state (New York). However, it is clear that the challenges that New York faced and continues to deal with are not unique to that state (Gallagher, Harbin, Thomas, Clifford, & Wenger, 1988; Gallagher, Trohanis, & Clifford, 1989; Garwood & Sheehan, 1989; Trohanis, 1991). Through an examination of systems...
Establishing a fetal therapy center: lessons learned

Antenatal diagnosis and treatment are well established. The unborn baby with an anomaly is a patient who requires assessment and potential prenatal intervention. Congenital anomalies now surpass prematurity as the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality but still are rare. The unique needs of abnormal fetuses and their families are best served in specialized centers with focused expertise and extensive clinical experience. This article details the essential components of a center for fetal diagnosis and treatment and describes some of the lessons learned based on our experience at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP).
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of Jun a 1, the major allergen isolated from pollen of the mountain cedar Juniperus ashei

Jun a 1, the major allergen of pollen from the mountain cedar Juniperus ashei, has been crystallized using the hanging-drop vapor-diffusion method at 277 K. The crystals are monoclinic, space group P21, with unit-cell parameters a = 53.38, b = 113.48, c = 72.44 A, β = 96.36° and four molecules in the unit cell. A complete 2.5 A data set has been collected at 100 K with X-rays from a Cu Kα rotating-anode generator.
TH-A-137-06: Development of a 4DOF Robotic Frameless SRS System for Both Translational and Rotational Head Motion Cancellation

Purpose: Frameless techniques have not been able to match or achieve spatial target accuracies better than traditional frame based SRS. This is due to the fact that decreased invasiveness will lead to decreased accuracy. Here, relaxation of the immobilization parameter by replacement of the head ring (strong immobilization) with a more comfortable immobilization device (weak immobilization) will lead to expression of a patient's natural intrinsic small sub‐millimeter involuntary motions. Current frameless techniques do not offer a means for correcting this intrinsic motion. To address this issue, we propose a novel non‐immobilization SRS approach based on continuous cancellation of a patient's intrinsic head motion throughout the radiation delivery process. The work presents for the first time a system where both translational (XYZ) and rotational (pitch) head motion cancellation is performed. Methods: A 4D (xyz+pitch) robotic motion cancellation device was constructed using 4 stepper motors and a 4 axis motor controller (PCI‐7344, National Instruments). Real‐time 6D head motion was optically monitored using either IR markers (Polaris, NDI) or a 3D surface camera (AlignRT, VisionRT). The measured head motion was inputted into a Labview algorithm based on a proportional‐integrative‐derivative (PID) controller used to guide the motors for performing real‐time head motion cancellation. Results: The real‐time (15 fps) 6D head motion of a human volunteer was monitored with and without the use of robotic cancellation. For all axes where motion cancellation was applied (XYZ+pitch), the mean translational and rotational motion never exceeded 0.001mm and 0.01deg., respectively (essentially reduced to small fluctuations around zero). Without cancellation, this increased to 0.8mm and 0.4deg., respectively. Conclusion: It is found that substantial reductions in both translational and rotational head motion can be realized through real‐time robotic motion cancellation. This has potential to allow frameless SRS to be performed at accuracies equal or greater than frame based SRS.
The Deinococcus radiodurans-encoded HU protein has two DNA-binding domains.

Deinococcus radiodurans can reconstitute its genome from double-strand breaks, most likely due to unusually efficient DNA repair and recombination. Factors that may contribute to such processes inc...
Head and Neck Cancer in Cardiothoracic Transplant Recipients

Introduction There is an increased incidence of cancer in patients after organ transplantation. We reviewed a large series of cardiothoracic transplant recipients to determine the incidence and natural history of head and neck malignancy. Methods A total of 1069 heart (n = 855), heart/lung (n = 111), and lung (n = 103) transplants were performed at Stanford University from January 1968 to February 1998. Demographic data, risk factors, and disease course were evaluated in patients who developed cancer. The mean length of follow-up was 8.9 ± 5.2 years. Results One hundred twenty patients (11.2%) developed 547 non-lymphomatous malignancies. The mean number of malignancies per cancer patient was 4.6. The average time from transplantation to development of cancer was 63.1 months. A total of 50.5% of malignancies presented in the head and neck; 96.4% of these were cutaneous in origin and 3.6% were noncutaneous. Of cutaneous malignancies, 79.3% were squamous cell carcinoma and 15.9% were basal cell carcinoma. Cutaneous malignancies most commonly presented on the scalp, cheek, lip, and neck. Noncutaneous malignancies involved the oral cavity (5), thyroid (4), and parotid (1). Thirteen percent of cutaneous head and neck cancers behaved aggressively, requiring e-tensive management including radical surgery, radiation, and/or chemotherapy. A total of 34.2% of cancer patients developed metastases and 54.9% of cancer patients died as a direct result of cancer. A total of 68% of cancer patients were smokers and 23.8% had significant alcohol use. Conclusion Transplant recipients have an increased incidence of cancer presenting in the head and neck. Malignancies in transplant patients behave more aggressively than in the general population. Recognition of this aggressive biological behavior and heightened cancer surveillance should result in improved outcomes.
Serial immunoassays in parallel on a microfluidic chip for monitoring hormone secretion from living cells.

A microfluidic chip that allows for the continuous monitoring of cellular secretions from multiple independent living samples was developed. Performance of the device was characterized through the analysis of insulin secretion from islets of Langerhans. The chip contained four individual channel networks, each capable of performing electrophoresis-based immunoassays of the perfusate from islets. In the networks, islets were housed in a chamber that was continuously perfused with pressure-driven biological media at 0.6 μL min-1. Electroosmosis was used to pull perfusate containing secreted insulin into 4-cm-long reaction channels where it mixed with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled insulin and anti-insulin antibody for 60 s. The reaction streams were sampled at 6.25-s intervals and analyzed in parallel using an on-chip capillary electrophoresis separation with laser-induced fluorescence detection by a scanning confocal microscope. The limit of detection for insulin was 10 nM. The device was used to compl...
On the NMR spectra of pentafluorobenzenes

Abstract The AA′BB′C NMR spin systems of the pentafluorobenzene derivatives with the substituents -Cl, -Br, -I, -OH, ⊖-0, -NH 2 , -NH 3 and -CN have been carefully recorded and analyzed completely using in every case iterative fitting to the experimental transitions. Relative to the vicinal fluorine-fluorine NMR coupling as negative, it was possible to establish the signs of all the couplings. Contrary to some previous investigations, most of the relevant coupling constant sign information for these spin systems can be extracted from high quality spectra via close scrutiny of the line positions and relative line intensities. For the most weakly coupled systems, double resonance techniques were also employed to establish the correct spectral assignments. The coupling constant sign results provide further verification of the predictions of Abraham's recent treatment of the substituent effects on the 4 J FF and 5 J FF couplings in fluorine-substituted aromatic molecules. The coupling parameters, 3 J FF , 4 J FF and 5 J FF , in the pentafluorobenzenes are compared with similar couplings in fluoro-olefins and fluoro-1,3-diene systems as regards the important mechanisms of fluorine-fluorine couplings.
PATTERNS OF POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT AND DEMOCRATIZATION: A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS

(1967). PATTERNS OF POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT AND DEMOCRATIZATION: A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS. Historical Methods Newsletter: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 2-3.
Studying deterrence with active residential burglars

Research designed to test deterrence/rational choice theory has contributed much to the knowledge of sanction threats, and the extent to which they are used in individuals' decision-making processes. The accumulation of knowledge about such perceptions among active and incarcerated offenders has surfaced only in recent years. We identified and interviewed active residential burglars to examine how they take into consideration the perceptions of risks and rewards before committing a burglary. Employing a series of estimation techniques which have not yet been used to study this research question, we find that offenders are influenced by the perceptions of both risk and rewards, though the latter are a stronger predictor of the decision to engage in a residential burglary. Theoretical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Dual formulation of Youla's theory of broadband matching

It is shown that Youla's theory of broadband matching is equally valid in terms of the load admittance. Using this result, explicit formulas for the synthesis of an optimum broadband impedance-matching network having Butterworth power/gain characteristic of arbitrary order are presented, which reduce the design to simple arithmetic.
Piercing the Family’s Private Veil: Family Violence, International Human Rights, and the Cross‐Cultural Record

International law does not take family violence seriously enough. Although reviews and commentaries of international law regularly ignore family violence, such violence increasingly becomes a central concern of modern international treaties and plans of action. This article details how international law, which still tends to limit itself to inter-state behavior, seeks to transform local cultural practices and forms of interpersonal relations that lead to family violence. Although these developments largely remain in their infancy, the article proposes that international human rights developments are both legitimate and necessary.
Steroidogenesis by isolated porcine oocyte‐cumulus complexes: Lack of an inhibitory effect of low molecular weight fraction of porcine follicular fluid on conversion of androgen to estrogen

The ability of isolated porcine oocyte-cumulus complexes to secrete progesterone and convert androgens to estrogen during two days of culture was examined. We studied the effects of steroids, as well as a partially purified fraction of follicular fluid oocyte maturation inhibitor (Sephadex Peak A OMI), on the ability of oocyte-cumulus complexes to mature and convert androgen to estrogen. The addition of 0.014, 0.14 or 1.4 μg/ml androstenedione to the culture medium resulted in a substrate dose-dependent accumulation of estrogen in the culture medium after two days. Oocyte-cumulus cell complexes secreted more estrogen in the presence of androstenedione than in the presence of testosterone (P < 0.05). The addition of 1.4 μg/ml testosterone, androstenedione, or estradiol, but not dihydrotestosterone, inhibited cumulus cell progesterone secretion (P < 0.001 versus untreated control culture). Oocyte maturation was not altered by the addition of steroids in doses up to and including 1.4 μg/ml. The Sephadex Peak A OMI fraction of pFFL inhibited oocyte maturation 51% (P < 0.01) and progesterone secretion 91% (P < 0.01) but had no effect on the conversion of androgens to estrogens. Cumulus cell monolayer formation was inhibited 71.5% (P < 0.01) by the Sephadex Peak A OMI fraction and 35.4% (P < 0.05) by the Sephadex Peak A OMI fraction plus androstenedione. These studies indicate that porcine oocyte-cumulus complexes can convert androgens to estrogens and that partially purified OMI does not inhibit conversion of androgens to estrogen.
An ERP-based, control-question lie detector analog: algorithms for discriminating effects within individuals' average waveforms.

Two experimental, P3-based analog control question tests were run. In both, guilty subjects were presented with a set of seven phrases describing antisocial acts of which they were innocent, plus one phrase describing a guilty act (the analog relevant question), and one act to which a “yes” response (yes-target stimulus) was required to assure attention. Innocent subjects (run only in Experiment 1) saw all innocent acts plus the yes-target act. Thus nine acts were seen by guilty and innocent subjects. In both experiments, all subjects had to selectively review their guilty acts privately. Also in both experiments, all subjects were especially questioned about four acts of which guilty subjects were known to be innocent of all but one, and of which innocent subjects were known to be innocent of all. (These falsely accused acts were regarded as control question analogs.) In Experiment 1, the private review and rehearsal took place on the same day as the main test. In Experiment 2, one subgroup (delay-only) of guilty subjects was run as in Experiment 1, except that the private review-rehearsal was separated from the main run by 7–14 days. Another subgroup (delay-rehearsal) of guilty subjects was run just as was the subgroup delay-only, except that the delay-rehearsal subgroup additionally received a non-selective additional interrogation/rehearsal on the delayed main run day. Parietally maximal P3 responses were obtained to yes-target items in all groups. In Experiment 1, only in the guilty group was the relevant-minus-control P3 amplitude difference significant. In Experiment 2, the difference was significant only in the delay-rehearsal subgroup. A four-step algorithm (involving relevant-control amplitude differences and relevant target vs. control-target cross-correlations) was used to assess effects within individuals. In Experiment 1, 12 of 13 guilty subjects and 13 of 15 innocent subjects were correctly diagnosed. In Experiment 2, 3 of 8 delay-only subjects and 7 of 8 delay-rehearsal subjects were correctly diagnosed. In Experiment 2, the relevant-minus-control group P3 amplitude difference was significant in the delay-rehearsal but not in the delay-only subgroup. The results suggest that temporally proximal, non-selective rehearsal procedures are sufficient to activate personal knowledge of a salient (oddball). P3-generating stimulus phrase, and that even selective rehearsal of guilty acts is not sufficient without temporal proximity.
Foreign Exchange Queues, Informal Traders, and a Zero Premium in the Black MarketA Cape Verdean Puzzle

During 1996-98, several indicators hinted at the apparent unsustainability of Cape Verde`s exchange rate peg. The country, faced with a considerable backlog of approved but unmet applications for foreign currencies, tolerated a parallel market. Street traders, however, demanded only negligible premiums (if any at all) for foreign exchange. By integrating the emigrants` transfer decisions into a basic Mundell-Fleming-type model, the author conjectures that this puzzle can be explained with the increasing use of transfer channels outside the banking system, leading to unrecorded inflows of foreign exchange. Analysis of the relevant balance of payments data appears to support this result.
A temperature chart and formulas useful with the USASI B31.7 code for thermal stress in nuclear power piping

Abstract A chart and formulas give values of ΔT 1, max , ΔT 2 , and N Fo as functions of N Bi for the case of sudden change in temperature of fluid flowing in a thin wall insulated pipe. These results are useful in designing according to the USAS B31.7 Code for Nuclear Power Piping. The procedure outlined is suitable at high values of heat transfer coefficient, as obtained with liquid metal-cooled and pressurized water reactors.
DELAY OF KNOWLEDGE OF RESULTS: A PROBLEM IN DESIGN

One of the most widely cited principles in the area of learning is that the shorter the delay of knowledge of results (KR) after a response, the better the performance. The type of situation in which this problem has been investigated most frequently is one where a given response is made repeatedly at regular intervals of time, as for instance in the line drawing studies. To illustrate the basic design by means of a simplified example let us say that Group I draws a line (R1), is given immediate KR, rests 10 sec., draws another line (Rz) , is given immediate KR, rests 10 sec., etc. Group I1 might then draw a line (R1), wait 20 sec., receive KR, wait 10 sec., draw another line (R2) , wait 20 sec., receive KR, etc. The general finding is that Group I is superior to Group 11, from which it is concluded that immediate KR is superior to delayed KR. This design, however, has been criticized on the grounds that another variable is confounded with the length of delay of KR, namely the intertrial interval ( 5 ) . To illustrate this confounding let us refer to Table 1. There we may see that as the length of delay of KR varies, so does the intertrial interval.
The reaction of fuel-sulfur in hydrocarbon combustion

Comprehensive sulfur species measurements were performed on combustion gases in a premixed, jet-stirred reactor containing 0.23 mole % total sulfur. Species measured were H 2 S, COS, CS 2 , C 4 H 4 S, SO 2 , O 2 , CH 4 , and C 2 H 2 by gas chromatography; relative SH and CS and absolute OH by uv absorption spectroscopy; and SO 3 by controlled condensation. Reactor fuels were C 3 H 8 , C 2 H 2 , CH 4 , H 2 , and a H 2 /CO mixture. Sulfur dopants were C 4 H 4 S, H 2 S, and SO 2 . Reactor conditions were 1600≤T≤1800 K, 0.7≤Ф≤1.7, and 3.5≤τ≤7 ms. Pressure was 0.9 atm, except for SO 3 measurements at 0.9≤P≤2.9 atm. It was confirmed that SO 2 was always the dominant product. In fuel-rich flames lacking significant hydrocarbons, H 2 S was the stable non-SO 2 product sampled—of order 5% yield. In hydrocarbon flames at richer conditions, COS and CS 2 replaced H 2 S as the non-SO 2 product. Kinetic interpretation indicated that internal equilibration of the S−H−O subsystem occurred and that H 2 S, COS, and CS 2 likely formed within the sample probe through reaction of SO. The SO 3 measurements, in conjunction with inference of O-atom concentrations from measured OH, indicated that the reaction SO 2 +O+M→SO 3 +M predicts SO 3 formation provided that a second order pressure limit of 0.3 atm is assumed.
Margin placement of esthetic veneer crowns. Part III: Attitudes of patients and dentists

Attitudes of 396 subjects were surveyed concerning crown margin placement, and 112 dentists were surveyed regarding their treatment approach in respect to crown margin placement. The results of this study indicate that: 1. Routine subgingival margin placement of esthetic crowns may overtreat many patients. 2. Routine subgingival margin placement of esthetic crown is not always necessary. 3. Some patients may accept supragingival crown margins, even if they show. 4. A substantial group of patients may prefer optimum health potential over esthetics. 5. A thorough diagnosis should include analysis of patient's attitudes.
Constructed wetlands for mitigation of atrazine-associated agricultural runoff.

Abstract Atrazine was amended into constructed wetlands (59–73×14×0.3 m) for the purpose of monitoring transport and fate of the pesticide to obtain information necessary to provide future design parameters for constructed wetlands mitigation of agricultural runoff. Following pesticide amendment, a simulated storm and runoff event equal to three volume additions was imposed on each wetland. Targeted atrazine concentrations were 0 μg/l (unamended control), 73 μg/l, and 147 μg/l. Water, sediment, and plant samples were collected weekly for 35 days from transects longitudinally distributed throughout each wetland and were analyzed for atrazine using gas chromatography. Between 17 and 42% of measured atrazine mass was within the first 30–36 m of wetlands. Atrazine was below detection limits (0.05 μg/kg) in all sediment and plant samples collected throughout the duration of this study. Aqueous half lives ranged from 16 to 48 days. According to these data, conservative buffer travel distances of 100–280 m would be necessary for effective runoff mitigation.
Variations in behavior therapy techniques: A note of caution

Behavior therapists as scientists and practitioners are cautioned to adhere strictly to the procedural specifications of various techniques. Variations which may be of theoretical and practical significance should be clearly emphasized so as to minimize confusion. Specific reference is made to Gaupp, Stern and Galbraith (1972) and the distortion present in their so-called aversion relief paradigm.
Glycine and GABAA receptors mediate tonic and phasic inhibitory processes that contribute to prepulse inhibition in the goldfish startle network

Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is understood as an inhibitory process that attenuates sensory flow during early stages (20-1000ms) of information processing. Here, we applied in vivo electrophysiology and pharmacology to determine if prepulse inhibition (PPI) is mediated by glycine receptors (GlyRs) and/or GABAA receptors (GABAARs) in the goldfish auditory startle circuit. Specifically, we used selective antagonists to dissect the contributions of target receptors on sound-evoked postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) recorded in the neurons that initiate startle, the Mauthner-cells (M-cell). We found that strychnine, a GlyR antagonist, disrupted a fast-activated (5 ms) and rapidly (< 50ms) decaying (feed-forward) inhibitory process that disrupts PPI at 20 ms prepulse/pulse inter-stimulus intervals (ISI). Additionally we observed increases of the evoked postsynaptic potential (PSP) peak amplitude (+87.43 ± 21.53%; N=9) and duration (+204 ± 48.91%, N=9). In contrast, treatment with bicuculline, a GABAAR antagonist, caused a general reduction in PPI across all tested ISIs (20-500 ms), essentially eliminating PPI at ISIs from 20-100 ms. Bicuculline also increased PSP peak amplitude (+133.8 ± 10.3%, N=5) and PSP duration (+284.95 ± 65.64%, N=5). Treatment with either antagonist also tonically increased post-synaptic excitability in the M-cells, reflected by an increase in the magnitude of antidromically-evoked action potentials (APs) by 15.07 ± 3.21%, N=7 and 16.23 ± 7.08%, N=5 for strychnine and bicuculline, respectively. These results suggest that GABAARs and GlyRs are functionally segregated to short- and longer-lasting sound-evoked (phasic) inhibitory processes that contribute to PPI, with the mediation of tonic inhibition by both receptor systems being critical for gain control within the M-cell startle circuit.
Abdominal complications after cardiac transplantation

Maj or abdominal complications after car­ diac transplantation occur with remark­ able frequency, and have been observed in from 15% to over 30% of patients in a variety of reported series.!" Such intra-abdominal compli­ cations are often catastrophic and usually occur early after transplantation, when the patient's hemodynamic and general conditions may be at their most unstable. Therefore, major intra­ abdominal complications have the potential to disrupt a significant number of otherwise suc­ cessful cardiac transplantations. A rational ap­ proach to anticipating, recognizing, and defini­ tively managing these serious difficulties can lead to successful rehabilitation ofthese desper­ ately ill patients. Theoretically, every intra-abdominal organ may be involved by significant pathology after cardiac transplantation. Immunosuppressive agents used after transplantation may make the symptoms and physical findings subtle, but a high index of suspicion, coupled with knowl­ edge of anatomy and experience with the pre­ senting signs and symptoms of various forms of intra-abdominal pathology, is usually sufficient to initiate successful diagnostic intervention. Fever often accompanies a significant intra­ abdominal disorder. However, fever in immu­ nosuppressed patients may be low-grade or absent. A rise in body temperature to 9goF or 100°F may be highly significant in a transplant recipient whose usual temperature is 97°F. Similarly, abdominal symptoms, while occasion­ ally marked, may be extremely subtle. Vague, poorly localized pain or slight alterations in bowel function may be the only signs of diffuse peritonitis or major intestinal dysfunction. Potential intra-abdominal pathology can be
Field testing of virus resistant transgenic plants

Abstract A number of crop plants have been genetically modified for the purpose of resisting virus infection. Different resistance types have been observed in transgenic crops. The practical value of genetically modified, virus resistant, economically important crops can be evaluated only by field testing. The criteria for effective field resistance to viral disease can vary significantly depending on the crop and the virus. Furthermore, field testing is required to determine whether important agronomic properties of modified crops were changed by plant transformation and to confirm that the resistance observed under controlled environment is effective also under natural field conditions and to demonstrate the economical value of virus resistant, transgenic plants.
Asset health monitors: development, sustainment, advancement

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) has developed the Captive Carry Health Monitor Unit (HMU) and the Humidity Indicator HMU. Each of these devices provides end users information that can be used to ensure the proper maintenance and performance of the missile. These two efforts have led to the ongoing development and evolution of the next generation Captive Carry HMU and the next generation Humidity Indicator HMU. These next generation efforts are in turn, leading to the future of HMUs. This evolutionary development process inherently allows for direct and indirect impact toward new HMU functionality, operability and performance characteristics by influencing their requirements, testing, communications, data archival, and user interaction. Current designs allow systems to operate in environments outside the limits of typical consumer electronics for up to or exceeding 10 years. These designs are battery powered and typically provided in custom mechanical packages that employ sensors for temperature, shock/vibration, and humidity measurements. The data taken from these sensors is then analyzed onboard using unique algorithms. The algorithms are developed from test data and fielded prototypes. Onboard data analysis provides field users with a simple indication of missile exposure. The HMU provides missile readiness information to the user based on storage and use conditions observed. To continually advance current designs PNNL evaluates the potential for enhancing sensor capabilities by improving performance or power saving features, increasing algorithm and processing abilities, and adding new features. Future work at PNNL includes the utilization of power harvesting, using a defined wireless protocol, and defining a data/information structure. These efforts will lead to improved performance allowing the HMUs to benefit users with direct access to HMUs in the field as well as benefiting those with the ability to make strategic and high-level supply and inventory decisions in real-time.
Evaluation of genetic risk scores for lipid levels using genome-wide markers in the Framingham Heart Study

Multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms have been associated with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglyceride (TG) levels. In this paper, we evaluate a weighted and an unweighted approach for estimating the combined effect of multiple markers (using genotypes and haplotypes) on lipid levels for a given individual. Using data from the Framingham Heart Study SHARe genome-wide association study, we tested genome-wide genotypes and haplotypes for association with lipid levels and constructed genetic risk scores (GRS) based on multiple markers that were weighted according to their estimated effects on LDL-C, HDL-C, and TG. These scores (GRS-LDL, GRS-HDL, and GRS-TG) were then evaluated for associations with LDL-C, HDL-C, and TG, and compared with results of an unweighted method based on risk-allele counts. For comparability of metrics, GRS variables were divided into quartiles. GRS-LDL quartiles were associated with LDL-C levels (p = 2.1 × 10-24), GRS-HDL quartiles with HDL-C (p = 5.9 × 10-22), and GRS-TG quartiles with TG (p = 5.4 × 10-25). In comparison, these p-values were considerably lower than those for the associations of the unweighted GRS quartiles for LDL-C (p = 3.6 × 10-7), HDL-C (p = 6.4 × 10-16), and TG (p = 4.1 × 10-10). GRS variables were highly predictive of LDL-C, HDL-C, and TG measurements, especially when weighted based on each marker's individual association with those intermediate risk phenotypes. The allele-count GRS approach that does not weight the GRS by individual marker associations was considerably less predictive of lipid and lipoprotein measures when the same genetic markers were utilized, suggesting that substantially more risk-associated genetic marker information is encapsulated by the weighted GRS variables.
From inventory to insight: making sense of the global landscape of higher education research, training, and publication

Through a yearlong study, the Boston College Center for International Higher Education developed a (third edition) global inventory of higher education research centers/institutes, academic programs, and journals/publications. As higher education expands globally, these resources are essential for training effective leaders and producing research that guides decision-making and policy. Since the 2006 edition of this inventory, numbers of centers, programs, and journals have increased dramatically, and globally. However, these units and initiatives continue to be more prevalent in developed countries, a worrisome trend when considering the importance of higher education for development everywhere. Detailed analysis and insight is offered on centers' and programs' focus areas, geographic dispersion, degrees offered, years of establishment, and other relevant information.
What Did We Learn From the Evaluation of Project Greenlight

Project Greenlight was a prison-based reentry program developed by the Vera Institute of Justice in 2000–2001 that was associated with negative program effects. This article reviews the basics of the program and the results of the evaluation, along with more recent evidence, and then discusses what the evaluation says about correctional practices and programs. Lessons learned from Project Greenlight were both specific to corrections and more generally about program development. The evaluation of the Greenlight intervention highlighted some unintended consequences and provided some explanations about why negative program effects occurred. In so doing, the failures of the program have provided greater insights into some of the intricacies of correctional interventions and perhaps can inform future correctional practice.
Predictive ability of subsets of single nucleotide polymorphisms with and without parent average in US Holsteins.

Genome-enabled prediction of breeding values using high-density panels (HDP) can be highly accurate, even for young sires. However, the cost of the assay may limit its use to elite animals only. Low-density panels (LDP) containing a subset of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) may give reasonably accurate predictions and could be used cost-effectively with young males and females. This study evaluates strategies for selecting subsets of SNP for several traits, compares predictive ability of LDP with that of HDP, and assesses the benefits of including parent average (PA) as a predictor in models using LDP. Data consisting of progeny-test predicted transmitting ability (PTA) for net merit and 6 other traits of economic interest from 4,783 Holstein sires were evaluated using testing and training sets with regressions on their high-density genotypes and parent averages for net merit index. Additionally, SNP subsets of different sizes were selected using different strategies, including the “best” SNP based on the absolute values of their estimated effects from HDP models for either the trait itself or lifetime net merit, and evenly spaced (ES) SNP across the genome. Overall, HDP models had the best predictive ability, setting an upper bound for the predictive ability of LDP sets. Low-density panels targeting the SNP with strongest effects (for either a single trait or lifetime net merit) provided reasonably accurate predictions and generally outperformed predictions based on evenly spaced SNP. For example, evenly spaced sets would require at least 5,000 to 7,500 SNP to reach 95% of the predictive ability provided by HDP. On the other hand, this level of predictive ability can be achieved with sets of 2,000 SNP when SNP are selected based on magnitude of estimated effects for the trait. Accuracy of predictions based on LDP can be improved markedly by including parent average as a fixed effect in the model; for example, a set with the 1,000 best SNP using the parent average achieved the 95% of the accuracy of a HDP model.
The characterization of the damage introduced during Micro-erosion of MgO single crystals

Abstract The plastic damage introduced in MgO single crystals by bombardment with A1 2 O 3 microspheres (0.3, 10, 20 and 27 μm diam.) has been studied using optical, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Most of the damage is in the form of dislocation dipoles (two closely spaced dislocations of opposite sign) which lie on {110} slip planes. The dislocation density increases with the increase in the energy of the impinging particles. Using stereo-microscopy the damage has been shown to be uniformly distributed in thin foils. Studies done on indentations produced by a sharp pin show a very high density of single dislocations.
Effect of Dipolar Cross Correlation on Model-Free Motional Parameters Obtained from 13C Relaxation in AX2 Systems

Abstract The importance of dipolar cross correlation in 13 C relaxation studies of molecular motion in AX 2 spin systems (A = 13 C, X = 1 H) was examined. Several different models for the internal motion, including two restricted-diffusion, and two-site jump models, the Kinosita model [K. Kinosita, Jr., S. Kawato, and A. Ikegami, Biophys. J. 20 , 289 (1977)], and an axially symmetric model, were applied through the Lipari and Szabo [ J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104 , 4546 (1982)] formalism to calculate errors in 13 C T 1 , obtained from inversion-recovery measurements under proton saturation, and NOE when dipolar cross correlation is neglected. Motional parameters in the Lipari and Szabo formalism, τ m , S 2 , and τ e , were then determined from T 1 and NOE (including the errors) and compared with parameters initially used to simulate the relaxation data. The resulting differences in the motional parameters, while model dependent, were generally small for plausible motions. At larger S 2 values (≥ 0.6), the errors in both τ m and S 2 were e increased with S 2 but were usually less than 10%. Larger errors in the parameters were found for an axially symmetric model, but with τ m fixed even those were >5% only for the τ m = 1 ns, τ e = 10 ps case. Furthermore, it was observed that deviations in a given motional parameter were mostly of the same sign, which allows bounds to be set on experimentally derived parameters. Relaxation data for the peptide melittin synthesized with gly enriched with 13 C at the backbone cu position and with lys enriched with 13 C in the side chain were examined in light of the results of the simulations. All in all, it appears that neglect of dipolar cross correlation in 13 C T 1 (With proton saturation) and NOE measurements in AX 2 systems does not lead to major problems in interpretation of the results in terms of molecular motion.
Asthma Patient Education

Patient education is a very important aspect of the treatment of asthma. Success of therapy is highly dependent upon patients' knowledge of asthma and the correct use of their medications. Over the last decade the morbidity and mortality rates due to asthma have increased. Education of patients is necessary to reduce these rates. Pharmacists can play a major role in the education of patients. Pharmacists are readily available and see most patients frequently for refills. Regular use of anti-inflammatory medications, use of β2-agonists for rescue therapy, and prevention of exercise induced asthma, and correct inhaler technique should be stressed. Spacer devices and peak flow meters should be routinely recommended by pharmacists. Educational aids such as handouts, pamphlets, and video tapes are available from many different organizations that can help make education more time efficient. Asthma education is a rewarding service to offer asthma patients and helps to develop loyalty as well as overall better he...
Composition of bladder urine of the coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae

Major inorganic electrolytes and organic solutes were measured in urine obtained from the bladder of a live specimen of the coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae, and the results were compared with data on blood serum from the same fish. Osmolarity is essentially identical in the two fluids. Magnesium, phosphate, sulfate, creatine, creatinine and glucuronate are highly concentrated in the urine whereas chloride, bicarbonate, protein and glucose are much lower in urine than in serum. There are moderately higher levels of potassium, total amino acids and total carbohydrates and somewhat lower concentrations of sodium, trimethylamine oxide and lactate in urine than in serum. Total calcium levels in urine are considerably lower than serum total calcium, but are slightly higher than the dialyzable calcium fraction of serum. Urea levels in urine and serum are identical.
Quality rehabilitation ‐ oasis or mirage?

Discusses the progress that has been made nationally with quality rehabilitation services for people with physical disabilities in terms of competence, respect, choice, accessibility and responsiveness. Finds implementation to be patchy, but gives examples of good practice. Suggests quality measures for hospital and community care components of rehabilitation services.
767-5 Differential Effects of Lidocaine on Defibrillation Threshold with Monophasic and Biphasic Waveforms

Antiarrhythmic drugs can interfere with electrical defibrillation using monophasic non-sequential shocks (MS). It is unknown if these drugs affect the efficacy of biphasic defibrillation shocks (BS). Since MS and BS waveforms can exhibit disparate effects on myocardial excitability and refractoriness (properties which may influence defibrillation efficacy), it is possible that antiarrhythmic drugs, such as lidocaine (L), will affect defibrillation threshold (DFT) of one waveform differently than another. We studied 25 pentobarbital anesthetized farm swine who had endocardial pacing and monophasic action potential catheters placed into the right ventricle. Pacing was used to induced sustained ventricular fibrillation (5-8 s) which was followed by defibrillation via epicardial electrodes. Each pig was assigned to one of four treatment groups; 1) MS + D5W (n = 7), 2) MS + L (n = 7) 3) BS + D5W (n = 5), or 4) BS + L (n = 7). DFTs were measured at baseline (Base) and subsequently during treatment (D5W or L). DFT values (joules) predicting 50% success at baseline were: + D5W = 7.34 ± 1.59, MS + L= 7.11 ± 1.5, BS + D5W = 5.28 ± 1.55 and BS + L = 3.86 ± 1.2. The figure depicts Download : Download high-res image (130KB) Download : Download full-size image treatment DFT values as percent of baseline. In the MS groups, the change in DFT from Base to L was 92 ± 28% vs the change from Base to D5W of 0.6 ± 29% (p l 0.0001). In the BS groups, however, the change in DFT from Base to L was similar to the change from Base to D5W (-6.7 ± 15 vs -29 ± 17%, p = 0.08). Compared to D5W, L increased DFT in the biphasic group by a magnitude that was ¼ that seen in the monophasic group. Clinical Implications: The effect of antiarrhythmic drugs on DFT (especially increased DFT values) may be less of a concern when using implantable devices employing biphasic waveforms.
Diversity oriented synthesis: concise entry to novel derivatives of Yohimbine and Corynanthe alkaloids

A novel MCAP-cycloaddition sequence has been applied to the facile synthesis of β-carboline intermediates to gain rapid access to novel derivatives of yohimbine-like and corynanthe-like compounds that may be easily diversified by cross-coupling reactions and N-derivatizations to generate small compound libraries.
Dosimetric measurements of an n-butyl cyanoacrylate embolization material for arteriovenous malformations.

Purpose: The therapeutic regimen for cranial arteriovenous malformations often involves both stereotactic radiosurgery and endovascular embolization. Embolization agents may contain tantalum or other contrast agents to assist the neurointerventionalists, leading to concerns regarding the dosimetric effects of these agents. This study investigated dosimetric properties of n-butyl cyanoacrylate (n-BCA) plus lipiodol with and without tantalum powder. Methods: The embolization agents were provided cured from the manufacturer with and without added tantalum. Attenuation measurements were made for the samples and compared to the attenuation of a solid water substitute using a 6 MV photon beam. Effective linear attenuation coefficients (ELAC) were derived from attenuation measurements made using a portal imager and derived sample thickness maps projected in an identical geometry. Probable dosimetric errors for calculations in which the embolized regions are overridden with the properties of water were calculated using the ELAC values. Interface effects were investigated using a parallel plate ion chamber placed at set distances below fixed samples. Finally, Hounsfield units (HU) were measured using a stereotactic radiosurgery CT protocol, and more appropriate HU values were derived from the ELAC results and the CT scanner’s HU calibration curve. Results: The ELAC was 0.0516 ± 0.0063 cm{sup −1} and 0.0580 ±more » 0.0091 cm{sup −1} for n-BCA without and with tantalum, respectively, compared to 0.0487 ± 0.0009 cm{sup −1} for the water substitute. Dose calculations with the embolized region set to be water equivalent in the treatment planning system would result in errors of −0.29% and −0.93% per cm thickness of n-BCA without and with tantalum, respectively. Interface effects compared to water were small in magnitude and limited in distance for both embolization materials. CT values at 120 kVp were 2082 and 2358 HU for n-BCA without and with tantalum, respectively; dosimetrically appropriate HU values were estimated to be 79 and 199 HU, respectively. Conclusions: The dosimetric properties of the embolization agents are very close to those of water for a 6 MV beam. Therefore, treating the entire intracranial space as uniform in composition will result in less than 1% dosimetric error for n-BCA emboli smaller than 3.4 cm without added tantalum and n-BCA emboli smaller than 1.1 cm with added tantalum. Furthermore, when effective embolization can be achieved by the neurointerventionalist using n-BCA without tantalum, the dosimetric impact of overriding material properties will be lessened. However, due to the high attenuation of embolization agents with and without added tantalum for diagnostic energies, artifacts may occur that necessitate additional imaging to accurately identify the spatial extent of the region to be treated.« less
Effect of castration, estrogen, and timed progestins on induced endometrial carcinoma in the rabbit.

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of castration, estrogen, and progestins on the rate of carcinogenesis and the histologic appearance of induced endometrial cancer in the rabbit. Strings impregnated with 3-methylcholanthrene and beeswax were inserted into the right uterine horn of 102 young adult rabbits. Strings with beeswax alone were placed in the left horn. The animals died of intercurrent disease or were sacrificed between 7 and 14 months. Twenty-two rabbits served as controls. Twenty-seven rabbits were castrated at string insertion; nine of these received estrogen, and eight received estrogen plus 17 hydroxyprogesterone caproate (PCAP). Thirty-two rabbits received PCAP beginning either 2 months before string insertion, at the time of string insertion, or 7 or 10 months after string insertion. Similarly 21 rabbits received norlutin enanthate (NOR). With presence of cancer as the dependent variable, a linear multiple regression equation was used to control confounding variables (duration of string emplacement, year of entry, health of rabbit) while providing a risk estimate (RE) for the development of cancer in each treatment group. Castration strongly inhibited carcinogenesis (RE = .08 vs .78 for control group), and this effect was reversed by exogenous estrogen (RE = .76). PCAP did not modify the reversal (RE = .88). Otherwise PCAP strongly inhibited carcinogenesis. NOR showed minimal inhibitory effect. Progestational histologic effect was significantly less with NOR than with PCAP.
S3-S4 Linker Length Modulates the Relaxed State of a Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel

Voltage-sensing domains (VSDs) are membrane protein modules found in ion channels and enzymes that are responsible for a large number of fundamental biological tasks, such as neuronal electrical activity. The VSDs switch from a resting to an active conformation upon membrane depolarization, altering the activity of the protein in response to voltage changes. Interestingly, numerous studies describe the existence of a third distinct state, called the relaxed state, also populated at positive potentials. Although some physiological roles for the relaxed state have been suggested, little is known about the molecular determinants responsible for the development and modulation of VSD relaxation. Several lines of evidence have suggested that the linker (S3-S4 linker) between the third (S3) and fourth (S4) transmembrane segments of the VSD alters the equilibrium between resting and active conformations. By measuring gating currents from the Shaker potassium channel, we demonstrate here that shortening the S3-S4 linker stabilizes the relaxed state, whereas lengthening the linker or splitting it and coinjecting two fragments of the channel have little effect. We propose that natural variations of the length of the S3-S4 linker in various VSD-containing proteins may produce differential VSD relaxation in vivo.