cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fast retrieval of electronic documents in digital libraries

This paper presents an index structure for retrieving electronic documents in digital libraries. The documents considered may contain mistyped words or spelling errors. Given a query string (e.g., a search key), we want to find those documents that approximately contain the query, i.e., certain inserts, deletes and mismatches are allowed when matching the query with a word, (or phrase) in the documents. Our approach is to store the documents sequentially in a database and hash their "fingerprints" into a number of "fingerprint files". When the query is given, its fingerprints are also hashed into the files and a histogram of votes is constructed on the documents. We derive a lower bound, based on which one can prune a large number of nonqualifying documents (i.e., those whose votes are below the lower bound) during searching. The paper presents some experimental results, which demonstrate the effectiveness of the index structure and the lower bound.
A New Active Fault-Tolerant SVPWM Strategy for Single-Phase Faults in Three-Phase Multilevel Converters

Multilevel converters have been well studied for high-voltage high-power renewable energy applications. Owing to the multibranch structure, these converters can be operated under fault conditions in case of a loss of a branch or voltage cell. In this regard, this paper proposes a new active fault-tolerant space vector pulsewidth modulation strategy for single-phase faults in three-phase multilevel converters. The proposed modulation strategy treats the multilevel converter as a two-level converter by introducing an offset vector. A generalized approach is proposed to search for the offset vector and to adjust the modulation of the converter online under different fault operation conditions. Several short- and open-circuit faults have been demonstrated on a seven-level hybrid input-switched converter to prove the effectiveness of the proposed fault-tolerant scheme.
Dual-channel near-infrared/visible imaging systems

Two imaging systems for 1 meter telescope with f/ratios of f/10 and f/16 capable of simultaneous operation in any one of the U, B, V or R passbands together with any one of the J, H or K passbands are described. The visible bands are separated from the IR bands by a dichroic beam-splitter. Identical fields are imaged on a 2048 by 2048 CCD with 15 micron pixels, and an InSb 1024 by 1024 array with 27 micron pixels at a scale of 0.3 arc-seconds per pixel. The system uses reflective optics prior to the dichroic followed by refractive optics to produce the final f/ratios. The astigmatism introduce into the IR transmitted beam by the dichroic substrate is corrected using a cylindrical mirror. An additional prismatic correction necessitated by the dispersion in the beam splitter is also addressed.
The synthesis of core–shell iron@gold nanoparticles and their characterization

Au-coated magnetic Fe nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized by partial replacement reaction in a polar aprotic solvent with about 11 nm core of Fe and about 2.5 nm shell of Au. In this work, a combination of TEM (transmission electron microscopy), XRD (X-ray powder diffractometry), EDS (energy disperse X-ray spectroscopy), SQUID (superconducting quantum interference device), TGA (thermograviometric analysis) and UV–visible absorption spectroscopy were employed to characterize the morphology, structure, composition and magnetic properties of the products. HRTEM images show clear core–shell structure with different crystal lattices from Fe and Au. SQUID magnetometry reveals that particle magnetic properties are not significantly affected by the overlayer of a moderately thick Au shell. The Au-coated particles exhibit a surface plasmon resonance peak that red-shifts from 520 to 680 nm. And all the above characterizations show that in this sample there are no iron oxides inside the particle.
A faster sorting algorithm in the broadcast communication model

We present a simple sorting algorithm for the broadcast communication model (BCM, for short). With a sequence on n items as input, our algorithm runs in O(/sup n///sub p/log/sup n///sub p/+logk) time on a p-processor, k-channel BCM, a considerable improvement over the state of the art. >
Schottky Solar Cells Based on Colloidal Nanocrystal Films

We describe here a simple, all-inorganic metal/NC/metal sandwich photovoltaic (PV) cell that produces an exceptionally large short-circuit photocurrent (>21 mA cm -2 ) by way of a Schottky junction at the negative electrode. The PV cell consists of a PbSe NC film, deposited via layer-by-layer (LbL) dip coating that yields an EQE of 55-65% in the visible and up to 25% in the infrared region of the solar spectrum, with a spectrally corrected AM1.5G power conversion efficiency of 2.1%. This NC device produces one of the largest short-circuit currents of any nanostructured solar cell, without the need for sintering, superlattice order or separate phases for electron and hole transport.
Integration of microbolometers with infrared microstrip antennas

We report on various integration schemes of infrared microbolometers with microstrip antennas. The first integration design consists of two gold (Au) rectangular microstrip patches coupled along the radiating edges by a narrow niobium (Nb) strip. Devices using silicon oxide are compared to devices using amorphous silicon as antenna substrate. An extension of the twin-patch detector design is the microstrip dipole antenna-coupled microbolometer. Two ways of connecting the device to the contact pads via narrow dc leads are presented and compared. The contribution of the dc leads to the detector response is eliminated by directly connecting the dipole to the contact pads. The thermal isolation of the microbolometer from the silicon wafer is improved by incorporating air into the antenna dielectric substrate. This leads to higher detector responsivity and shifts the resonance towards longer antennas. The implementation of a bridge microstrip dipole antenna structure is also discussed.
Social science constructs in ecosystem assessments: revisiting community capacity and community resiliency.

This article explores the development of sociological constructs in community assessment components of large-scale ecosystem assessments. We compare the conceptual and operational development of the constructs of community capacity and community resiliency used in three community assessments in the western United States: the Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team, the Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project, and the Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project. The policy mandates, research goals, and methodologies of the assessments are considered in order to better understand the evolution of these constructs. We compare the constructs and find them similar in concept but slightly different in application. We suggest further conceptual refinement of community capacity and resiliency by distinguishing foundational assets from mobilizing assets. We present several methodological and theoretical challenges that, if overcome, may increase the effectiveness and relevance of community capacity or communi...
Spatio-temporal dynamics of protein kinase B/Akt signaling revealed by a genetically encoded fluorescent reporter

The serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt is a critical regulator of insulin signaling, cell survival, and oncogenesis. The activation mechanisms of this key kinase are well characterized. In contrast, inactivation of PKB signaling by phosphatases is less well understood. To study the dynamics of PKB signaling in live cells, we generated a genetically encoded fluorescent reporter for PKB activity that reversibly responds to stimuli activating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Specifically, phosphorylation of the reporter expressed in mammalian cells causes changes in fluorescence resonance energy transfer, allowing real-time imaging of phosphorylation catalyzed by PKB. Because of its reversibility, the reporter also allows termination of PKB signaling by phosphatases to be monitored. We found that PKB signaling in the cytosol was more rapid and more transient compared with that in the nucleus, suggesting the presence of differentially regulated phosphatase activity in these two compartments. Furthermore, targeting of the reporter to the plasma membrane, where PKB is activated, resulted in accelerated and prolonged response compared with the response in the cytosol, suggesting that release of PKB or its substrates from the membrane is required for desensitization of PKB signaling. These data reveal spatio-temporal gradients of both signal propagation and signal termination in PKB signaling.
The Impact of Skill-Based Immigration Restrictions: The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

This paper considers the impact of skill-based immigration restrictions, using the Chinese Exclusion Act as a natural experiment. I find that restrictions reduced the average occupational standing of Chinese immigrants, suggesting substitution between observed and unobserved skills. Conversely, children of restricted immigrants have greater human capital than those of unrestricted immigrants, despite restricted immigrants themselves having lower skill. This suggests particularly strong intergenerational transmission of skill among Chinese immigrants of the exclusion era. More generally, the findings indicate that the effects of skill-based restrictions are not always straightforward and may be heterogeneous across groups.
"Systems Savvy: Theory, Measurement, and Impact"

Systems of people, technology, and organization practice continue to intertwine and grow in their importance for understanding organizational outcomes. We offer systems savvy, an individual’s abili...
A homotopy method for optimal design using an envelope function

Philip Y. Shin and Henry A. Castillo ** Naval Postgraduate School An efficient and easy-to-implement procedure for the globally convergent homotopy method for nonlinear optimization is discussed in this paper. An envelope function is used to augment multiple inequality constraints so that difficult active set strategy can be avoided. The procedure is applied for a simple constrained minimization problem, and its convergency is tested for different values of an envelope function parameter. The results indicates that for a large value of the parameter, fast convergence is achieved, but it could result in large errors in the solution. The paper also demonstrates application to optimal design of one-ring stiffened shells. A sequence of optimal designs has been obtained as a function of external hydrostatic pressure. It is seen from the results that the single ring-stiffener works more effectively at lower levels of pressure. INTRODUCTION columns and stiffened composite plates. The multimodal characteristics which occur at the exact optimum are also discussed in the papers. One of the advantages of the homotopy method over other conventional optimization techniques is that instead of obtaining a simple optimum, which is typical of other methods, the homotopy technique generates, in a single computer execution, an entire family of optimum designs for a given parameter. So the method can be applied to the types of problems in which a designer's interest is in comparing different optimal designs for certain values of a parameter. Also, the method shows guaranteed convergence to a desired optimum design. However, the method is hampered when there are several inequality constraints. When the system of equations, derived from the Lagrange multipliers technique, are solved by a homotopy tracing algorithm, the solution path has several branches due to changes in the active constraint set. At a branching point, the Jacobian matrix looses its full ranks, so numerical ill-conditioning The objective of this paper is to devise a ------------------technique to eliminate this branching point Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engistrategy. Since the homo to^^ optimization has neering, Member A I M , ASME. practical difficulties in dealing with several inequality constraints, special treatments of " Graduate Student, Lieutenant, U.S. Navy. augmenting all the inequalities by using the Kreisselmeier-Steinhauser [7] smooth envelope functions are discussed. This approach is first This paper is declared a work of the U.S. Government and tested for a simple constrained function is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. minimization, then, it is applied for optimal design of stiffened cylindrical shells under hydrostatic pressure.
LPE Growth of Doped Sige Layers Using Multicomponent Phase Diagrams Calculations

Heavy doping of n-type Si-Ge alloys is necessary for improving their high temperature thermoelectric properties. Because of the limited solid solubility of the best dopant available, phosphorus, simultaneous additions of gallium were started several years ago. The substantially higher carrier concentration values obtained in such super-saturated, hot-pressed SiGe/GaP materials point to significant changes in dopant solid solubilities. To better understand the behavior of these alloys, investigation of homogeneous single crystalline materials were needed. As a near-thermodynamic equilibrium technique with processing temperatures well below the melting point of these materials, liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE) was particularly suited to the study of the mechanisms of multidoping. Based on successful crystal growth of Si1-xGex thin films using metals such as Ga, In, Sn and Bi for solvents, several experiments were designed to grow multi-doped SiGe layers with III-V dopant combinations. Knowledge of ternary and quaternary phase diagrams is essential to develop the LPE process. Ternary Si-Ge-M systems computations in good agreement with experimental determinations were used to calculate some of the necessary multicomponent phase diagrams and assess the strength of the various III-V interactions.
Flawed justice: A study of wrongly convicted African American women

ABSTRACTThis exploratory study examines 37 wrongfully convicted Black women. The cases were culled from electronic databases located at the Innocence Project, the Center on Wrongful Convictions, the Death Penalty Information Center, the National Registry of Exonerations and from the innocence database at forejustice.org in addition to newspaper and magazine articles. Prosecutorial misconduct and perjury by criminal justice officials constituted the 2 most important factors leading to wrongful convictions. Police misconduct was the 3rd most important factor, followed by ineffective assistance of counsel and insufficient evidence to support a conviction. The use of informants, false confessions, witness errors, and forensic errors were among the least common contributors. Limitations of the study and suggestions for future research are also addressed.
Study on the association between C159-T polymorphism in promoter region of CD14 and juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Objectives To investigate the distribution of CD14 promoter gene-C-159T polymorphism in Guangdong Han population of China and analyze the association of CD14 polymorphisms with juvenile idiopathic arthritis(JIA).Methods Genotypes of CD14 were determined in 104 JIA patients and 281 controls by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism.Results CD14 promoter-159 genotype frequencies of CC,CT and TT in systemic JIA group were 10.87%,41.30%,47.83%;and 12.50%、 50.00%、 37.50% in polyarticular JIA group;and 10.00%、 65.00%、 25.00% in oligoarticular JIA;and 7.14% 、 71.43% 、 21.43% in other JIA;and in normal control group were 37.01%、 46.98%、 16.01%.Genotype distribution was in accordance with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.There existed statistically significant difference in frequencies of genotype and allele in CD14 C-159T polymorphism between systemic JIA group and control group,Polyarticular JIA group and control group.There also existed statistically difference in frequencies of allele between oligoarticular JIA group and control group.The T allele frequency of male and female were significantly higher than those in the control group(P 0.001 of both).Conclusions There existed statistically significant correlation of CD14 gene promoter region-159 polymorphism with systemic JIA and polyarticular JIA among Han population in Guangdong;The T allele of the C-159T polymorphism of CD14 gene may be a risk factor for juvenile idiopathic arthritis in Han population.
Handling Probability and Inconsistency in Answer Set Programming

Answer Set Programming (ASP) is a powerful declarative computing paradigm that is especially suitable for modeling commonsense reasoning problems. However, the crisp nature of the underlying semantics, the stable model semantics, makes it difficult to handle reasoning domains involving probability and inconsistency. To address this issue, we present an extension of logic programs under the stable model semantics, where rules are associated with weights. Under our semantics, probabilistic commonsense domains where inconsistency might be involved can be represented in an intuitive and elaboration tolerant way. Our semantics extends MLN and logic programming under stable model semantics. We have shown that probabilistic action domains and Pearl’s probabilisitic causal models can be represented, and various existing probabilistic logic programming frameworks can be embedded in our language. Future work includes further investigating the property of this language, devising algorithms for inference and learning in our language, and exploring various possible extensions of our language.
Gender in Cardiology: Work Yet to Be Done.

Women make up the minority of cardiologists. Work/life balance, family planning, radiation exposure, and the traditional male demographic among cardiologists have all been cited as barriers preventing women from choosing the cardiovascular field. Perhaps I was fortunate to be sheltered from these
表在性天疱瘡（落葉状天疱瘡，紅斑性天疱瘡）の犬34例におけるテトラサイクリンおよびニコチン酸アミド併用療法の有効性（1995–2010）

Thirty-four dogs with superficial pemphigus (pemphigus foliaceus, pemphigus erythematosus) were treated with tetracycline and niacinamide (TCN). Follow-up information was available for 29 dogs and 62% of those responded satisfactorily to TCN. Success or failure of TCN treatment was not associated with patient sex, duration of disease prior to treatment, previous systemic glucocorticoid therapy, the presence or absence of pruritus, duration of TCN administration, TCN dosage, ability to reduce the frequency of administration of TCN, or distribution of skin lesions.
Jeffreys prior regularization for logistic regression

Logistic regression is a statistical model widely used for solving classification problems. Maximum likelihood is used train the model parameters. When data from two classes is linearly separable, maximum likelihood is ill-posed. To address this problem as well as to handle over-fitting issues, regularization is commonly considered. A regularization coefficient is used to control the tradeoff between model complexity and data fit and cross-validation is applied to determine the coefficient. In this paper, we develop a regularization framework for logistic regression using Jeffreys prior, which is free of any tuning parameters. Our experiments show that the proposed regularization outperforms other well-known regularization approaches.
Astrocyte Ca2+ Influx Negatively Regulates Neuronal Activity

Maintenance of neural circuit activity requires appropriate regulation of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission. Recently, glia have emerged as key partners in the modulation of neuronal excitability; however, the mechanisms by which glia regulate neuronal signaling are still being elucidated. Here, we describe an analysis of how Ca2+ signals within Drosophila astrocyte-like glia regulate excitability in the nervous system. We find that Drosophila astrocytes exhibit robust Ca2+ oscillatory activity manifested by fast, recurrent microdomain Ca2+ fluctuations within processes that infiltrate the synaptic neuropil. Unlike the enhanced neuronal activity and behavioral seizures that were previously observed during manipulations that trigger Ca2+ influx into Drosophila cortex glia, we find that acute induction of astrocyte Ca2+ influx leads to a rapid onset of behavioral paralysis and a suppression of neuronal activity. We observe that Ca2+ influx triggers rapid endocytosis of the GABA transporter (GAT) from astrocyte plasma membranes, suggesting that increased synaptic GABA levels contribute to the neuronal silencing and paralysis. We identify Rab11 as a novel regulator of GAT trafficking that is required for this form of activity regulation. Suppression of Rab11 function strongly offsets the reduction of neuronal activity caused by acute astrocyte Ca2+ influx, likely by inhibiting GAT endocytosis. Our data provide new insights into astrocyte Ca2+ signaling and indicate that distinct glial subtypes in the Drosophila brain can mediate opposing effects on neuronal excitability.
Pea Diseases and their Management

Peas are grown worldwide as either dry peas used for human or animal consumption or as fresh, processing peas. One particular characteristic of pea agronomy that has implications for disease management is that peas are usually the first crop sown in spring and thus are often planted into cold and wet soils. Peas are affected by a number of bacterial, fungal, viral, and nematode diseases. These diseases, under the right conditions, can significantly decrease both yield and quality. In this chapter we divide pea diseases broadly into soilborne, airborne and viral diseases, a convenient classification when it comes to managing these different diseases. Important groups of organisms causing soilborne diseases on pea include fungi, bacteria, and nematodes. Soilborne fungal diseases discussed in this chapter include seedling diseases, root rots and wilts. The pea cyst, the root knot and the root-lesion nematodes cause soilborne nematode diseases. Fungi and bacteria cause major foliar diseases of pea. Foliar diseases caused by fungal pathogens include white mold, powdery mildew, downy mildew and Ascochyta blight. Important bacterial diseases include bacterial blight as well as brown spot. Finally, major diseases caused by viruses include Alfalfa mosaic virus, Bean leafroll virus, Pea enation mosaic virus, Pea streak virus, Red clover vein mosaic virus and Pea seedborne mosaic virus.
Selective toxicity of the antimalarial primaquine-evidence for both uncoupling and inhibitory effects of a metabolite on the energetics of mitochondria and its ATP synthase complex.

A methylene-linked dimeric metabolite of primaquine can exist as an oxidized form (PD+) or a reduced form (PDH). Using a rat liver mitochondrial preparation, low concentrations (E 50% = 12 µM) of PD+ were found to act as a classical uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation leading to a stimulation of mitochondrial respiration. At higher concentrations, PD+ was found to inhibit a purified F1-ATPase preparation, while its effects on the complete ATP synthase complex (F0F1-ATPase) was bimodal. A working hypothesis relating F0F1-ATPase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity to the selective toxicity of primaquine on the malaria parasite and host is presented.
Pathogenesis of Reovirus Myocarditis

Acute myocarditis (Aretz et al. 1986) is prevalent in humans, with reports suggesting that 5%–20% of the population has suffered some form of viral myocarditis (Bandt et al. 1979; Okuni et al. 1975; Woodruff 1980). It is often fatal in infants (Cherry 1995; Kaplan et al. 1983; Martin et al. 1994). In older individuals the acute disease usually resolves but can progress to chronic myocarditis and/or dilated cardiomyopathy (Archard et al. 1991; Kandolph et al. 1991; Keeling et al. 1994; Martino et al. 1994; Matsumori and Kawai 1982; Morimoto et al. 1992; Olsen 1992; Sole and Liu 1994) with concomitant cardiac failure (Borggrefe et al. 1994; Di Lenarda et al. 1994). Enteroviruses (mainly coxsackieviruses) most likely account for 20%–50% or more of the cases (Archard et al. 1991; Bowles et al. 1986; Easton and Eglin 1988; Kandolph et al. 1987, 1991; Tracy et al. 1990a,b; Weiss et al. 1991), and there is compelling evidence that enterovirus chronic myocarditis and acute myocarditis are immune-mediated (Cook et al. 1995; Guthrie et al. 1984; Hashimoto et al. 1983; Huber 1992; Huber et al. 1988; Kishimoto and Abelmann 1990; Klingel et al. 1996; Leslie et al. 1989; Liu et al. 1995; Martino et al. 1995; Rose et al. 1988, 1992; Schwimmbeck et al. 1996; Wolfgram et al. 1985; Woodruff 1980).
Modulation of myofibroblast and smooth-muscle phenotypes in the lung.

The lung contains a full complement of vascular and visceral smooth-muscle cells (SMCs) [2, 16, 18]. Additionally, in the normal alveolar wall, there are contractile interstitial cells that contribute to normal function [10, 12] as well as to alveolar remodeling seen in such disorders as pulmonary hypertension and interstitial fibrosis [11, 21]. This review will present three topics: (1) the differentiation of these cells during normal lung development, (2) the phenotypic changes that occur during pulmonary interstitial remodeling, including the appearance of alveolar and interstitial myofibroblasts during pulmonary fibrosis, and (3) the regulation of cell phenotype by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Other chapters in this volume also are particularly relevant to what is covered here (Chaps. 1, 5, 6, 15, 18).
Motivation for physical activity and the moderating effect of cancer diagnosis: A nationally representative cross-sectional study.

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate associations between types of motivation for physical activity and self-reported weekly aerobic moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in the 2012 and 2014 waves of the nationally representative Health Information National Trends Survey 4 (n = 7307). We further explored differential associations between MVPA and types of motivation for physical activity by cancer survivor status. We found that those who were more motivated by “getting enjoyment from exercise” reported 26.4% more MVPA (+49.8 min/week) than those who were less motivated by this factor, adjusting for covariates (p = 0.025). Conversely, those who were more motivated by “concern over the way you look” reported 22.1% less MVPA (−55.5 min/week) than those who were less motivated by this factor, adjusting for covariates (p = 0.002). We found no evidence for a relationship between motivation from either “pressure from others” or “feeling guilty when you skip exercising” and MVPA. We identified a significant interaction for “feeling guilty when you skip exercising” and cancer survivor status, adjusting for covariates (p = 0.034). Cancer survivors who reported being more motivated by “feeling guilty when you skip exercising” reported 36.2% less MVPA (−71.75 min/week) than those who were less motivated by this factor; there was no statistically reliable difference in those without a history of cancer. Findings are concordant with previous literature highlighting the primacy of enjoyment for physical activity adherence. There is a need for further inquiry into guilt-related motivation for physical activity among cancer survivors, as it may have a unique, negative impact in this population.
Oral Administration of a Chemically Modified Curcumin, TRB-N0224, Reduced Inflammatory Cytokines and Cartilage Erosion in a Rabbit ACL Transection Injury Model.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of TRB-N0224, a chemically modified curcumin (CMC) with zinc binding properties and improved pharmacokinetics, in a rabbit anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) transect...
Appendix 3: Names, Terms, and Historical Events

Abgar the Toparch According to legend, Abgar was the King of Edessa who wrote to Jesus to cure him of his illness. The legend, as recorded by Eusebius, states that Jesus declined in a letter of his own, but promised to send a disciple, Thaddeus, to Abgar endowed with his powers. This legend became increasingly popular during the Middle Ages, as the contents of Jesus' letter were copied onto talismans and amulets.
Redesign, Field-Testing, and Validation of the Physical Activity Campus Environmental Supports (PACES) Audit

This paper describes the redesign, field-testing, and convergent validity of a practical tool-Physical Activity Campus Environmental Supports (PACES) audit. Methods. The audit includes two parts: (1) PACES-Programs, which is comprised of questions regarding populations served, fees, programs (recreation/fitness classes and intramurals), proximity, adequacy of facilities, and marketing, and (2) PACES-Facilities, which is comprised of questions regarding built environment (aesthetics, bike racks, stairs, and universal design), recreation equipment, staff, amenities, and access. Each item criterion is specifically scored using a five-point, semantic-differential scale ranging from limited to extensive environmental support. A few questions utilize select all that apply for a summed score. PACES training, interrater reliability, and data collection are all accessible via an online portal. PACES was tested on 76 college campuses. Convergent validity was examined by comparing the PACES-Programs questions to Healthy Campus Initiatives-Programs questions (HCI-Programs) and comparing the PACES-Facilities questions to questions contained in the Physical Activity Resource Assessment (PARA) Instrument. Statistical analyses included Cronbach's alpha, ANOVA, latent profile analysis, and Spearman correlations. Results. The PACES-Programs audit includes 10 items for a potential total of 73 points (α = 0.72) and PACES-Facilities audit includes 15 items for a potential total of 77 points (α = 0.837). Most (77.8%) of the 153 facilities assessed scored in the most healthful range (20-42), which was mainly due to the extensiveness of the aerobic equipment/amenities and the competence/accessibility of staff. Significant differences in PACES-Total and PACES-Programs scores were associated with campus size and PACES-Facilities across regions. For the paired validation assessments, correlations were significant between PACES-Programs and HCI-Programs ((n=41) r=0.498, p < 0.001) and PACES-Facilities and PARA (n=29) for both features (r=0.417, p=0.024) and amenities (r=0.612, p < 0.001), indicating moderate convergent validity. Conclusion. The PACES audit is a valid, reliable tool for assessing the quality of recreation facilities and programs in a variety of college campus environments.
Similarities in pelvic dimorphisms across populations.

OBJECTIVES The shape and size of the pelves of males and females differ, due in part, to the differing constraints of the sexes. Previous research has demonstrated that many factors impact pelvic morphology, thereby it is not surprising that there is pelvic variation within and across populations. Because of this variation, pelvic measures that are sexually dimorphic also differ by population. However, measures that are critical for reproduction should remain sexually dimorphic, regardless of circumstance. This study examines pelvic dimorphisms across six samples to determine if they are consistent. METHODS Twenty-three pelvic measurements were collected from 668 individuals from six skeletal populations. Multiple t-tests were run within samples to determine which traits were dimorphic. Further, an index value was computed for each variable to examine and to classify level of dimorphism; values were classified as high, moderate, or low. All results were compared across samples. RESULTS Ten measures remained dimorphic across every population; females were consistently larger for posterior spaces of the inlet, midplane, and outlet, bi-spinous diameter, transverse diameter of the outlet, and circumference of the midplane. Males were consistently larger for anterior space of the outlet, pelvic breadth, iliac length, and pelvic depth. Index values varied across populations; however, level of dimorphism remained consistent. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that some measures of the pelvic canal have a higher selection intensity than others. Further, variability in index values suggests that while maintaining the statistically significant presence of dimorphism, there is a degree of flexibility in the degree of dimorphism.
Deep Learning for Assessing Image Focus for Automated Cervical Cancer Screening

Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of women's mortality worldwide. Early diagnosis of precancer, the highest grade of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) prior to being called cancer, is critical in improving the survival rate. Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) is a visual examination technique that reveals lesions with HPV infection that whiten on exposure to 5% acetic acid. Combined with HPV testing, VIA can be an effective screening technique in low resource settings. Recently, a deep learning method for screening cervical images showed the ability to detect precancer at a rate superior to human experts, particularly in women 25–49 years of age, the critical age for high yield in screening the disease. However, the method's performance depends on having good quality images. Smartphone-based enhanced cervical image assessment is a strong candidate to replace the commonly used VIA technique in rural low-resource settings but is susceptible to poor image quality – particularly out-of-focus images. Thus, detecting sharp images is a critical first step toward accurate screening for cervical precancer. We present a deep learning architecture that detects in-focus smartphone cervical images. The method was evaluated on over 4500 images acquired by a commercial cervical image acquisition framework. We examined and compared three types of deep learning networks: an object detection model (RetinaNet); fine-tuned deep learning models (VGG, Inception); and transfer learning models (VGG, Inception Feature extractor + SVM) in evaluating the sharpness of the images. The highest technical image quality assessment accuracy we obtained was 94%.
Coupled Ethical-Epistemic Analysis as a Tool for Environmental Science

This paper presents a new model for how to jointly analyze the ethical and evidentiary dimensions of environmental science cases, with an eye toward making science more participatory and publically...
Cell Culture for Testing Anticancer Compounds

Publisher Summary This chapter presents details of cell culture methods for testing anticancer compounds. The need for new and effective anticancer drugs is mandated by the substantial numbers of human tumors that are resistant to currently available drugs and the development of multidrug resistance in tumors that had previously responded to treatment. The search for anticancer drugs is a dynamic process. Historically, anticancer drug discovery programs have depended on in vivo tumor models for drug screening and new drug development. As screening devices, in vitro assays maximize the efficient allocation of resources by performing two critical functions. In vivo reduction in tumor cell burden is one of the most common and clinically relevant end points used in evaluating the efficacy of anticancer drugs. The in vitro counterpart takes the form of cell survival assays in which the number of target cells remaining in culture is quantified after exposure to cytocidal or cytostatic compounds.
Prior breastfeeding experience and infant feeding at discharge among women with pregestational diabetes mellitus.

Objective To compare multiparous women with pregestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM) with and without prior breastfeeding (BF) experience and to ascertain their infants' feeding type during hospitalization and at discharge. Methods A retrospective cohort study of 304 women with PGDM who delivered at ≥34 weeks gestational age (GA). Prior BF experience and infant feeding preference was declared prenatally. At discharge, BF was defined as exclusive or partial. Results BF experience and no experience groups were similar in diabetes type 1 and 2, race and number of pregnancies. Women with no experience had more spontaneous abortions (35 vs 27%), fewer term deliveries (51 vs 61%) and living children (median 1 vs 2). In the current pregnancy, mode of delivery: vaginal (36 & 37%), cesarean (64 & 63%), birthweight (3592 & 3515 g), GA (38 & 37 w), NICU admission (14 & 11%) and hypoglycemia (44 & 43%) were similar. Women with experience intended to BF (79 vs 46%), their infants' first feeding was BF (64 vs 36%) and had lactation consults (96 vs 63%) more often than those without experience. At discharge, women with BF experience were different in rate of exclusive BF (33 vs 11%), partial BF (48 vs 25%) and formula feeding (19 vs 64%). Conclusion Prior BF experience leads to better BF initiation rates while the absence of BF experience adds a risk for BF initiation failure. A detailed BF history could provide insight into obstacles that lead to unsuccessful BF experiences and may help define appropriate preventive or corrective strategies.
Attachment anxiety in young adulthood is associated with childhood unpredictability and predicts intentions to engage in unprotected sex

Abstract Developing a better understanding of the individual differences associated with people's intentions to engage in unprotected sex is crucial to reducing rates of unplanned pregnancy and the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among young adults. We thus used a sample of young adults in the U.S. to examine the extent to which two notable individual differences—romantic attachment insecurity and childhood ecology—account for variability in people's intentions to engage in unprotected sex. Individuals with more (versus less) unpredictable childhood ecologies demonstrated greater attachment anxiety in early adulthood that was associated with stronger intentions to engage in sex without protection against pregnancy (but not against STDs). In contrast, harsh childhood ecologies were unassociated with attachment insecurity and intentions to engage in unprotected sex. We discuss implications and future research directions.
Differentiating clinically depressed adolescents with and without active suicidality: An examination of neurophysiological and self-report measures of reward responsiveness.

Background Suicidality in youth is a major public health problem and objective methods for identifying those at greatest risk are critically needed. Suicidality has been associated with alterations in reward-related decision-making, but the extent to which measures of reward responsiveness (RR) can differentiate youth with and without suicidality in clinical samples remains unclear. Methods We examined reliable and accessible neurophysiological (i.e., reward positivity [RewP] event-related potential) and self-report (Behavioral Activation System subscales) measures of RR in relation to active suicidality in 58 clinically depressed adolescents (14- to 18-year-olds). Results Logistic regression analysis indicated that active suicidality in depressed adolescents was associated with heightened RR at both the self-report and neurophysiological levels. A relatively more positive RewP to win and a more negative RewP to loss uniquely predicted active suicidality beyond demographic, clinical, and self-report measures. Conclusions Results support the utility of neurophysiological measures in differentiating clinically depressed adolescents with and without suicidality. Although depression is commonly characterized by reduced RR, depressed adolescents with active suicidality exhibited relatively enhanced neural responses to reward and loss feedback. Results highlight the need for consideration of heterogeneity in RR in depression and research on personalized depression treatment.
Aging and the Brain: A Quantitative Study of Clinical CT Images.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Though CT is a highly calibrated imaging modality, head CT is typically interpreted qualitatively. Our aim was to initiate the establishment of a reference quantitative database for clinical head CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An automated segmentation algorithm was developed and applied to 354 clinical head CT scans with radiographically normal findings (ages, 18–101 years; 203 women) to measure brain volume, brain parenchymal fraction, brain radiodensity, and brain parenchymal radiomass. Brain parenchymal fraction was modeled using quantile regression analysis. RESULTS: Brain parenchymal fraction is highly correlated with age (R2 = 0.908 for men and 0.950 for women), with 11% overall brain volume loss in the adult life span (1%/year from 20 to 50 years and 2%/year after 50 years of age). Third-order polynomial quantile regression curves for brain parenchymal fraction were rationalized and statistically validated. Total brain parenchymal radiodensity shows a decline as a function of age (14.9% for men, 14.7% for women; slopes not significantly different, P = .760). Age-related loss of brain radiomass (the product of volume and radiodensity) is approximately 20% for both sexes, significantly greater than the loss of brain volume (P CONCLUSIONS: An automated segmentation algorithm has been developed and applied to clinical head CT images to initiate the development of a reference database for quantitative brain CT imaging. Such a database can be subject to quantile regression analysis to stratify patient brain CT scans by metrics such as brain parenchymal fraction, radiodensity, and radiomass, to aid in the identification of statistical outliers and lend quantitative assessment to image interpretation.
Copine A regulates the size and exocytosis of contractile vacuoles and postlysosomes in Dictyostelium

Copines are a family of cytosolic proteins that associate with membranes in a calcium-dependent manner and are found in many eukaryotic organisms. Dictyostelium discoideum has six copine genes (cpnA-cpnF), and cells lacking cpnA(cpnA- ) have defects in cytokinesis, chemotaxis, adhesion, and development. CpnA has also been shown to associate with the plasma membrane, contractile vacuoles (CV), and organelles of the endolysosomal pathway. Here, we use cpnA- cells to investigate the role of CpnA in CV function and endocytosis. When placed in water, cpnA- cells made abnormally large CVs that took longer to expel. Visualization of CVs with the marker protein GFP-dajumin indicated that cpnA- cells had fewer CVs that sometimes refilled before complete emptying. In endocytosis assays, cpnA- cells took up small fluorescent beads by macropinocytosis at rates similar to parental cells. However, cpnA- cells reached a plateau sooner than parental cells and had less fluorescence at later time points. p80 antibody labeling of postlysosomes (PL) indicated that there were fewer and smaller PLs in cpnA- cells. In dextran pulse-chase experiments, the number of PLs peaked earlier in cpnA- cells, and the PLs did not become as large and disappeared sooner as compared to parental cells. PLs in cpnA- cells were also shown to have more actin coats, suggesting CpnA may play a role in actin filament disassembly on PL membranes. Overall, these results indicate that CpnA is involved in the regulation of CV size and expulsion, and the maturation, size, and exocytosis of PLs.
Chapter 47 – Circadian Rhythms

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses circadian rhythms in insects. Circadian rhythms are daily oscillations in physiology, metabolism, or behavior that persist (freerun) in organisms that have been isolated from periodic fluctuations in the environment. There are four transcriptional regulators genes which are crtical for generating the basic circadian oscillation, the period (per), timeless (tim), cycle (cyc), and clock (clk). There are 4 essential elements–—a pacemaker or oscillator that generates the primary timing signal, photoreceptors for entrainment, and two coupling pathways, one that mediates the flow of entrainment information from the photoreceptor to the pacemaker, and another that couples the pacemaker to the effector mechanisms that it controls. In insects, the circadian system is responsible for imposing daily rhythmicity on a wide variety of processes including locomotor activity, mating, oviposition, egg hatching, pupation and pupal eclosion, pheromone release, retinal sensitivity to light, olfactory sensitivity, and even learning and memory. Studies on the anatomical and physiological organization of circadian systems in insects have largely focused on behavioral rhythms and their control by the nervous system. The goal of these studies has been to identify tissues and cells that comprise the functional defined components of the circadian system.
Analysis of Spatiotemporal Field Modes of Particle-in-Cell Plasma Simulations via Proper Orthogonal Decomposition

The Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) is a data-driven technique that allows extraction of coherent structures from a set of data. The POD allows for the extraction of spatiotemporal modes that can be used for the construction of reduced order models. We showcase its use on a numerical particle-in-cell simulation of an accelerated electron beam in the presence of a transverse magnetic field.
Community Influential Directors and Corporate Social Performance

We draw upon the attention-based view of the firm to identify the conditions under which community influentials (CIs) on a board impact a firm’s corporate social performance (CSP). We test our hypo...
The Assessment of Convalescent Plasma Efficacy against COVID-19

Antibody-based therapy for infectious diseases predates modern antibiotics and, in the absence of other therapeutic options, was deployed early in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic through COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) administration. Although most studies have demonstrated signals of efficacy for CCP, definitive assessment has proved difficult under pandemic conditions, with rapid changes in disease incidence and the knowledge base complicating the design and implementation of randomized controlled trials. Nevertheless, evidence from a variety of studies demonstrates that CCP is as safe as ordinary plasma and strongly suggests that it can reduce mortality if given early and with sufficient antibody content.
Effect of bubble nucleating agents derived from biochar on the foaming mechanism of poly lactic acid foams

Abstract Improvement and new technologies for effective poly (lactic acid) (PLA) foaming are still in developing. This study examines the ability of biochar (BC) to assist in PLA foaming through a supercritical CO2 batch process. To determine suitable foaming parameters, process optimization was conducted on neat PLA films. BC particles derived from three different sources – sludge (SLG), pistachio shells (PST) and green waste (GW) were ground, and ball milled to a microscale and then blended with PLA. The PLA/BC blends were extruded into films and then batch foamed. The effect of BC was found to be concentration and source dependent. At 0.25 wt%, BC particles were found to be effective nucleating agents showing an increase up to four orders of magnitude in cell density and 10-fold reduction in the mean pore size compared to the neat PLA foams. An increase in BC content to 0.5 and 1 wt% induced particle aggregation, which resulted in non-homogenous foam densities. BC particles derived from SLG were the most effective nucleating agents due to their narrow size distribution, improved dispersibility and mesoporous surface. This work shows that BC can act as an effective bio-derived nucleating agent for PLA.