cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimization of the radio frequency power, time and cooling water temperature for pasteurization of Salmonella Typhimurium in shell eggs

Abstract Radio frequency (RF) power, treatment time and cooling water temperature affect inactivation of Salmonella Typhimurium in shell eggs and internal quality. Eggs were processed using 40.68 MHz RF at 30–45 W, 2.5–8 min and 30–38 °C, followed by hot water (HW) treatment at 56.7 °C for 15 min. Five conditions achieved >5 log reduction of Salmonella without observable quality change. Analyses of the longest (8 min at 30 W and 30 °C) and shortest (4.5 min at 35 W and 38 °C) treatments indicated that combined RF/HW treatments significantly (P
Added Value From Abbreviated Brain MRI in Children With Headache.

OBJECTIVE. The purposes of this article are to describe implementation of an abbreviated brain MRI protocol for use in children with primary headache and to present an experience with the adaptatio...
Time-Temperature-Transformation (TTT) diagram of a carbon fiber epoxy prepreg

Abstract The Time-Temperature-Transformation (TTT) diagram of a commercially available carbon fiber epoxy prepreg system has been developed by determining the gelation and vitrification behavior using small amplitude oscillatory shear and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. Rheological measurements were made on the neat matrix system through separation of the fiber from the matrix using acetone washing of the un-cured carbon fiber epoxy prepreg. Dynamic DSC experiments were performed on the as-received carbon fiber epoxy prepreg system, and their cure kinetics modeled using two phenomenological models. Development of the TTT diagram for the carbon fiber epoxy prepreg will aid in the development of the optimal molding conditions required to improve manufacturing cycle time.
Baseline training sequence affects speed of emergent conditional discriminations

We examined the effects of baseline training sequence on the emergence of conditional discriminations in an intraverbal naming task. Thirty-two college students were randomly assigned to two groups. The tact-intraverbal (TI) group first learned to vocally tact eight visual stimuli using a unique verbal label for each stimulus, and then to intraverbally relate four pairs of verbal labels. The intraverbal-tact (IT) group received the same training but in the opposite sequence. Both groups then received a match-to-sample test involving the visual stimuli alone. On average, the TI group had significantly shorter reaction times than the IT group throughout all four test blocks, even when controlling for intraverbal retention, which was lower in the IT group. Accuracy on the MTS test did not differ significantly between groups when controlling for intraverbal retention. However, MTS accuracy and intraverbal retention were strongly correlated in the IT group but uncorrelated in the TI group. We suggest the effect of training sequence reflects different sources of stimulus control available to subjects in different groups when confronted with the novel MTS trials.
Abstract WMP29: Contrast Enhancement Measurement of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms: A 3T High-Resolution Vessel Wall Imaging Validation Study

Background: High-resolution vessel wall imaging (HR-VWI) has emerged as a valuable tool in assessing unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs). There is no standardized method to quantify contrast e...
Medical Management: Role of NSAIDs/Topical Medications

Oral and topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) commonly are used in the management of lateral epicondylitis. Limited studies suggest that they might be helpful for short-term pain management, but likely do not alter the long-term course of disease or outcome. As topical NSAIDs have fewer significant adverse effects than oral NSAIDs, the former might be considered preferable for short-term management of pain associated with lateral epicondylitis.
The last straw: Characterization of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in commercially-available plant-based drinking straws.

Abstract Paper and other plant-based drinking straws are replacing plastic straws in commercial settings in response to trending plastic straw bans and the larger global movement for reducing plastic pollution. The water-resistant properties of many plant-based straws, however, may be attributed to the use of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) during manufacturing. In this study, 43 brands of straws (5 plastic, 29 paper, 9 other plant-based) were analyzed for the presence of 53 semi-volatile PFAS using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. While the plastic straws had no measurable PFAS, 21 PFAS were detected in the paper and other plant-based straws, with total mean PFAS concentrations (triplicate analysis) ranging from 0.043 ± 0.004 ng/straw to 29.1 ± 1.66 ng/straw (median = 0.554 ng/straw). Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) were the most frequently detected species. In a follow-up experiment, the brand with the highest PFAS levels and most diversity was tested for leaching in water at initial temperatures of 4 °C, 20 °C, and 90 °C. Approximately 2/3 of the total extractable PFAS leached compared to the initial methanol extraction. Semi-volatile PFAS concentrations measured in this study may be the result of manufacturing impurities or contamination, as PFAS approved for food-contact use are, typically, polymeric species. The presence of PFAS in plant-based drinking straws demonstrates that they are not fully biodegradable, contributing to the direct human ingestion of PFAS and to the cycle of PFAS between waste streams and the environment.
Examining the Clinical Utility of Selected Memory-Based Embedded Performance Validity Tests in Neuropsychological Assessment of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Within the neuropsychological assessment, clinicians are responsible for ensuring the validity of obtained cognitive data. As such, increased attention is being paid to performance validity in patients with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). Experts have proposed batteries of neuropsychological tests for use in this population, though none contain recommendations for standalone performance validity tests (PVTs). The California Verbal Learning Test, Second Edition (CVLT-II) and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test, Revised (BVMT-R)-both of which are included in the aforementioned recommended neuropsychological batteries-include previously validated embedded PVTs (which offer some advantages, including expedience and reduced costs), with no prior work exploring their utility in pwMS. The purpose of the present study was to determine the potential clinical utility of embedded PVTs to detect the signal of non-credibility as operationally defined by below criterion standalone PVT performance. One hundred thirty-three (133) patients (M age = 48.28; 76.7% women; 85.0% White) with MS were referred for neuropsychological assessment at a large, Midwestern academic medical center. Patients were placed into "credible" (n = 100) or "noncredible" (n = 33) groups based on a standalone PVT criterion. Classification statistics for four CVLT-II and BVMT-R PVTs of interest in isolation were poor (AUCs = 0.58-0.62). Several arithmetic and logistic regression-derived multivariate formulas were calculated, all of which similarly demonstrated poor discriminability (AUCs = 0.61-0.64). Although embedded PVTs may arguably maximize efficiency and minimize test burden in pwMS, common ones in the CVLT-II and BVMT-R may not be psychometrically appropriate, sufficiently sensitive, nor substitutable for standalone PVTs in this population. Clinical neuropsychologists who evaluate such patients are encouraged to include standalone PVTs in their assessment batteries to ensure that clinical care conclusions drawn from neuropsychological data are valid.
Inversion of coherent surface scattering images via deep learning network

Coherent surface scattering imaging is a powerful tool for imaging a surface/interface of a thin nanostructure deposited on an opaque substrate. A mathematical conversion of an object image from a scattering pattern is essential for coherent surface scattering imaging to visualize structures of specimens. It has been achieved by using phase retrieval algorithms requiring oversampling in scattering patterns and employing alternating projection approaches. It is a computationally challenging and time-consuming process. In this paper, we demonstrate CSSI-NN, which is a deep learning neural network model to predict images of objects from scattering intensities in coherent surface scattering imaging. This model allowing for the instant outcome from scattering patterns would be tremendously beneficial not only for effective experiments but also for data analysis of phase retrieval.
Mutation of either G box or I box sequences profoundly affects expression from the Arabidopsis rbcS‐1A promoter.

A deletion analysis of the Arabidopsis thaliana rbcS-1A promoter defined a 196 bp region (-320 to -125) sufficient to confer light-regulated expression on a heterologous Arabidopsis alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) reporter gene in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) leaves. This region, which contains DNA sequences I, G and GT boxes, with homology to other ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit (RBCS) gene promoter sequences, directed expression independent of orientation and relative position in the Adh promoter. Site-specific mutagenesis of these conserved sequences and subsequent expression analysis in transgenic tobacco showed that both G box and I box mutations in the context of the full (-1700 to +21) rbcS-1A promoter substantially reduced the expression of Adh and beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter genes. The G box has previously been shown to specifically bind in vitro a factor isolated from nuclear extracts of tomato and Arabidopsis. This factor (GBF) is distinct from the factor GT-1 which binds to adjacent GT boxes in the pea rbcS-3A promoter. Multiple mutations in putative Arabidopsis rbcS-1A promoter GT boxes had no pronounced affect on expression, possibly due to a redundancy of these sites. Experiments in which rbcS-1A promoter fragments were fused to truncated 35S CaMV (cauliflower mosaic virus) promoter--GUS reporter constructs showed that cis-acting CaMV promoter elements could partially restore expression to G-box-mutated rbcS-1A sequences.
Differential Equations With Maple V

This text intends to transform students from passive observers of mathematics to participants in it. The book employs a spiral development of ideas to blend the requirements of problem solving, analytical thinking, computational technique, and applications, and emphasizes the interplay of algebraic and geometric concepts. It includes an extensive number of exercises, ranging from routine to challenging. The Third Edition offers 40 percent new material, including manynew applications. It incorporates MATLAB to demonstrate how computational software tools can be used in this field.
Towards a molecular understanding of allostasis in free-ranging marine mammals (703.6)

Chronic stress negatively affects reproduction and survival of pelagic predators, threatening ecosystem stability. However, our understanding of the stress response in marine mammals is limited and...
Scalability of the microsoft cluster service

An important argument for the introduction of software managed clusters is that of scale: By constructing the cluster out of commodity compute elements, one can, by simply adding new elements, improve the reliability of the overall system in terms of performance and in availability. The limits to how far such a cluster can be scaled seems to be dependent on the scalability of its management software, which in its core has a collection of distributed algorithms to guarantee the correct operation of the cluster. The complexity of these algorithms makes them a vulnerable component of the system in terms of their impact on the overall scalability of the system. This paper examines two of the distributed components of the Microsoft Cluster Service [8] that are most likely to have an impact on its scalability: the membership and the global update managers. The first sections of the paper will provide some general background on these distributed services and scalability issues. After that the algorithms used to implement these service are described in detail and an analysis of their impact on scalability is given. The scalability analysis is based on an off-line analysis of the algorithms as well as the results of on-line experiments on a cluster with a, in MSCS terms, large number of nodes.
Nature, Poetry, and Public Pedagogy: The Poetic Geographies of the Khmer Rouge

Between 1975 and 1979, more than 2 million men, women, and children died in what has become known as the Cambodian genocide. In just under four years, approximately one quarter of the country's prewar population succumbed to arbitrary murder, torture, detention, starvation, and disease. Amidst these acts of destruction, however, the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK; the Khmer Rouge) advanced various pedagogical practices, including the promotion of poetry. Superficially, poems produced by the Khmer Rouge are literary forms of propaganda. Such a conclusion is incomplete. Through a reading of Khmer Rouge–era poetry, this article contributes to two themes in geography: fictive and public pedagogy. We argue that the Khmer Rouge used poetry as a form of public pedagogy. More specifically, Khmer Rouge–era poetry presented nature as the fulcrum on which society was to be transformed. The cultivation of a proper political consciousness required the nurturing of a community identity of what Democratic Kampuchea w...
Clinical experience with oral versus intravenous vitamin K for warfarin reversal.

BACKGROUND: Reversal of warfarin with plasma accounts for a large amount of fresh-frozen plasma transfused in the United States. The use of vitamin K is an alternate strategy. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Records of vitamin K prescriptions for warfarin reversal were examined and recipients identified where data were available on dosage, route of administration (oral [PO] and intravenous [IV]) and the availability of both pre- and postadministration international normalized ratio(s) (INRs). RESULTS: A total of 135 administration events were evaluated: 81 PO and 54 IV. The median (range) preadministration INRs were 5.8 (1.9-16.5) versus 5.0 (1.4-16.5; p = 0.61) and the median (range) for the postadministration INRs were 2.4 (1.0-10.4) and 2.1 (1.2-8.2; p < 0.01) for the PO and IV routes, respectively. The median (range) doses were 2.5 (1-10) and 2.0 (1-10) mg for PO and IV, respectively (p < 0.01). A total of 44% of the IV vitamin K group achieved an INR of 2 or less within 12 hours versus 14% for the PO route (p < 0.01). In multilinear regression the preadministration INR (r = 0.14, p < 0.01) and time after administration (r = −0.05, p < 0.01) were independent variables influencing the postadministration INR but the dose administered (r = 0.09, p = 0.07) was not. CONCLUSION: Vitamin K needs to be given IV if urgent partial correction (<12 hr) of warfarin is required. No influence of dose administered in the range 1 to 10 mg on the postadministration INR was observed.
Synovial chondromatosis in a child’s thumb: a case report and review of the literature

Primary synovial chondromatosis consists of cartilaginous metaplasia of the synovium, which leads to the production of intra-articular and periarticular osteocartilaginous bodies [8, 12, 18, 19]. The nomenclature has evolved with time to include chondromatosis of the joint capsule, diffuse enchondroma of the joint capsule, joint chondroma, synovial osteochondromatosis, and synovial chondromatosis [8, 9, 16, 18, 20]. Primary synovial chondromatosis most commonly occurs in young and middle-aged adults and is rarely found in children (youngest patient reported was 14 years old) [12, 19]. The entity usually involves the synovium of large joints (knee, hip, elbow, and shoulder) [3, 8, 15, 16, 18, 19, 26] but has been reported in the hand [2, 10–12, 20, 26]. To our knowledge, only two cases have been reported in the interphalangeal joint of the thumb [13, 14]. We report on a 13-year-old female with primary synovial chondromatosis of the inter-phalangeal (IP) joint of her thumb.
Multiple osteogenic sarcomata--metastatic or multicentric? Report of two cases and review of literature.

Osteogenic sarcomata in 2 adolescent girls are reported with multiple, almost simultaneously arising tumors suggesting the possibility of multiple de novo growths. However, in both patients reported here, as well as those from the literature, the first noted tumor was larger than a second symmetrically located lesion. The natural history of other multiple osteogenic sarcomas is reviewed illustrating a remarkable variability of clinical course including a relatively low grade but miliary osteogenic sarcoma in adults and the more typical metastatic osteogenic sarcoma. An age and sex difference is suggested. It is concluded that the multicentric origin cannot be established.
Total radiation widths of levels in antimony, mercury, ruthenium and iridium

An extension and elaboration of the “thin-thick” area method for the determination of the total widths of neutron resonances using transmission studies is described. Such determinations were made for a variety of levels in various isotopes of antimony, mercury, ruthenium and iridium, using the Brookhaven fast chopper and 1024-channel time-of-flight analyser. Using a broad range of sample thicknesses, these data, in conjunction with the neutron widths obtained for these levels, resulted in a determination of the total radiation widths of a total of 18 resonances in these nucleides. Of particular importance were the total radiation widths obtained for the 6.23, 15.4 and 29.7 eV levels in Sb121 and the 43.3 and 71.8 eV levels in Hg201. Previously reported experiments found these widths to differ by approximately a factor of 2 for levels in the same nucleide, contrary to what has been found in almost all medium and heavy nuclei investigated. The results presented here find these widths to be the same, within experimental error, for the levels in Sb121, in disagreement with previous work, and confirm the wide fluctuations found for the resonances in Hg201. A total of five radiation widths were obtained for levels in Ru, and in conjunction with data obtained using enriched isotopes, these results served to isotopically identify a level in Ru99 and one in Ru102, which were not uniquely assigned on the basis of data from separated isotopes only. Total radiation widths were also obtained for three levels in Ir191 and one level in Ir193. A discussion of these results is presented.
Alleys on an extensive apparent frontoparallel plane: a second experiment.

Small light points were presented, in the dark, around a point in the center which was fixed at a distance of about 3 m from the subject. In experiment 1, the subject adjusted the positions of poin...
Müllerian Inhibiting Substance Activity in Bovine Fetal, Newborn and Prepubertal Testes

Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS) activity in bovine fetal newborn and prepubertal testes was investigated. MIS was present in all fetuses studied during the 1st 6 weeks after birth. Activity was present but diminished at 8 weeks. Loss of activity appeared to coincide with the time of weaning. Electron microscopic studies of the neonate testes revealed highly active Sertoli cells with a morphology suggestive of a protein secreting cell and implicate the Sertoli cell as the source of MIS. It is concluded that the neonate calf testes may be an excellent source of material for the isolation and biochemical characterization of MIS.
Intermetallic compound formation in thin-film and in bulk samples of the Ni-Si binary system

In this study, we attempt to clarify the difference between interdiffusion in thin‐film and in bulk samples, and we have chosen the Ni‐Si binary system for experimentation. A major difference is in the behavior of intermetallic compound formation; while the compounds form sequentially in thin films, they tend to appear simultaneously in bulk samples. The essence of sequential formation is the absence of the other stable phases during the growth of a specific one. We have used cross‐sectional lattice imaging of the interface between a NiSi film and a Si to confirm the absence of NiSi2 at the interface. Other differences between the sequential growth of a compound in the thin‐film Ni‐Si samples and the simultaneous growth of several compounds in the bulk Ni‐Si samples have been compared and discussed.
Current issues in prevention of infective endocarditis

Prevention of infective endocarditis continues to concern health care providers in many specialties. The well-known lack of primary clinical trials in this area is not expected to change. Therefore, the evolution of recommendations and practice must be based on theoretic considerations and continuing assessment of secondary sources of information. Recent developments include a report of 52 cases in which antibiotic prophylaxis for infective endocarditis was attempted but appeared to fail. Most of these patients had undergone dental procedures after oral penicillin prophylaxis, with subsequent development of streptococcal endocarditis. In two thirds, the organism was sensitive to the antibiotic used. Notably, the most common underlying cardiac lesion among these patients was mitral valve prolapse. However, two recent independent analyses have concluded that providing endocarditis prophylaxis for all patients with mitral valve prolapse during procedures that might cause bacteremia would not be cost-effective. This is primarily because mitral valve prolapse is common and endocarditis is relatively rare, resulting in an adverse risk-benefit ratio. Parenteral prophylaxis for mitral valve prolapse might even cause a net loss of life from anaphylaxis. On the other hand, for the individual patient or physician, the reassurance provided by attempted prophylaxis with oral penicillin can be purchased at low cost and low risk. Very few cases of infective endocarditis have been reported after gastrointestinal and other endoscopic procedures; most of these do not need antibiotic coverage. Prophylactic antibiotics should be restricted to those situations in which both the procedure and the underlying cardiac condition seem to pose significant risk, for example, endoscopic sclerotherapy of esophageal varices in patients with prosthetic heart valves. Newly revised recommendations have been issued by the Medical Letter, the American Heart Association, and the American Dental Association. These regimens are shorter and simpler than earlier versions.
Characterization of anthraquinone-2-carbonyl chloride as an alcohol derivatization reagent for negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry.

Anthraquinone-2-carbonyl chloride has been utilized as a derivatization reagent for alcohols to impart electron affinity and aid in transport via a particle beam liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) interface. In addition, the gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry, UV, fluorescence, and electrochemical characteristics of the derivatives were determined. A series of model compounds, 2-phenylethanol (phenethyl alcohol), 1-phenyl-2-propanol, 2-methyl-l-phenyl-2-propanol, hexanol, and methyl 2-methylglycerate, were used as analytes.
Thermotolerance and intracellular pH in two Chinese hamster cell lines adapted to growth at low pH.

As an in vitro model for the low extracellular pH (pHe) which has frequently been observed in tumors, cell lines have been grown in a low-pH medium in order to allow cell adaptation to that milieu. Two Chinese hamster cell lines [Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and Chinese hamster ovarian carcinoma (OvCa)] were compared, both of which acquired thermotolerance during 42°C heating in pHe = 7.3 buffer, but not in pHe = 6.7 medium unless grown at that pH long enough to become adapted. CHO cells, even when acutely acidified, showed higher intracellular pH (pHi) values in a suspension assay than OvCa cells, which confirmed the danger of comparing absolute values of pHi between cell lines. Despite this fundamental difference, relative changes in pHi were similar in that both lines showed a higher pHi in adapted than in unadapted cells, over the range of pHe values tested. The upregulation of pHi was statistically significant, but the two lines differed in the time frame over which adaptation occurred. OvCa cells acquired an enhanced ability to develop tolerance to 42° heat at pHe = 6.7 in 4 days, but the CHO cells acquired this ability more progressively, achieving a maximum ability at approximately 100 days. In contrast, both lines were able to upregulate their pHi within 4 hours of being exposed to pH 6.7 medium. A further indication of different biochemical mechanisms at work was the opposite effects seen on pHi in the two cell lines upon the removal of extracellular CO2/HCO−3. The differential between adapted and unadapted OvCa cells was enhanced by removal of bicarbonate, whereas CHO cells seemed less stable and the data with greater scatter failed to show any difference between adapted and unadapted cells. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Characterization of New CIS-1,4-Diaminocyclohexane and Piperidine Platinum(II) Complexes Containing Disubstituted Sulfide Groups

Abstract A series of cationic platinum(II) complexes of the type [Pt(cis-1,4-DACH)(R′R″S)Cl]NO3 and [Pt(PIP)2(R′R″S)Cl]NO3 (where cis-1,4-DACH = cis-1,4-diaminocyclohexane; PIP = piperidine; and R′R″S = dimethylsulfide, diethylsulfide, dipropylsulfide, diisopropylsulfide, dibutylsulfide, diphenylsulfide, dibenzylsulfide, methylphenylsulfide, or methyl-p-tolylsulfide) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and infrared, 1H, and 195Pt nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Reconstruction of prehistoric plant production and cooking practices by a new isotopic method

As archaeological research has focused increasingly on economic questions, archaeologists have collected data that reflect production and consumption of food. Macrobotanical remains, recovered by methods such as water flotation, often provide the most available and relevant data concerning production in archaeological contexts. However, these data do not necessarily reflect the proportion of crops that were consumed1. Here we present a new method, based on isotopic analysis of burnt organic matter, allowing the characterization of previously unidentifiable plant remains extracted from archaeological contexts. We used this method to reconstruct prehistoric production, preparation and consumption of plant foods, as well as the use of ceramic vessels, in the Upper Mantaro Valley region of the central Peruvian Andes2. The method will be of use to archaeologists studying these prehistoric activities in other areas of the world.
«EQUALITY! THE SACRED RIGHT OF EQUALITY». REPRESENTATION UNDER CONSTITUTION OF 1812

Historians generally argue that Spaniards were not willing to grant Americans equal representation in the Cortes of Cadiz. This article examines the nature of representation in the Antiguo Regimen and the reasons inequality existed in the institutions that emerged after 1808, the Junta Central, the Regency, and the Cortes. Although it is true that the Peninsular majority refused to grant the castas full political rights, they acted to preserve equal representation for themselves in the Cortes. Their actions were predicated on an erroneous belief about the total population of the overseas territories. Opposition to granting the castas full political rights was also shared by some American deputies — those from regions with large African origin population—. Although the Peninsular majority failed to grant Americans the equal representation based on population that they desired, the Spaniards went further than the leaders of any other European nation. England never considered granting the white population of its North American possessions any representation in Parliament, much less equality.
Mutational Definition of RNA-binding and Protein-Protein Interaction Domains of Heterogeneous Nuclear RNP C1

The heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hn- RNP) C proteins, among the most abundant pre-mRNA-binding proteins in the eukaryotic nucleus, have a single RNP motif RNA-binding domain. The RNA-binding domain (RBD) is comprised of approximately 80-100 amino acids, and its structure has been determined. However, relatively little is known about the role of specific amino acids of the RBD in the binding to RNA. We have devised a phage display-based screening method for the rapid identification of amino acids in hnRNP C1 that are essential for its binding to RNA. The identified mutants were further tested for binding to poly(U)-Sepharose, a substrate to which wild type hnRNP C1 binds with high affinity. We found both previously predicted, highly conserved residues as well as additional residues in the RBD to be essential for C1 RNA binding. We also identified three mutations in the leucine-rich C1-C1 interaction domain near the carboxyl terminus of the protein that both abolished C1 oligomerization and reduced RNA binding. These results demonstrate that although the RBD is the primary determinant of C1 RNA binding, residues in the C1-C1 interaction domain also influence the RNA binding activity of the protein. The experimental approach we described should be generally applicable for the screening and identification of amino acids that play a role in the binding of proteins to nucleic acid substrates.
Simplified modeling of flushing and residence times in 42 embayments in New England, USA, with special attention to Greenwich Bay, Rhode Island

Abstract A simplified protocol has been developed to meet the need for modeling hydrodynamics and transport in large numbers of embayments quickly and reliably. The procedure is illustrated with 42 embayments in southern New England, USA, giving special attention to Greenwich Bay, RI. The methodology uses simplifying assumptions. It efficiently uses available information wherever possible, and invokes experience where data are unavailable. It uses two-dimensional hydrodynamic and transport models to simulate tidal and subtidal circulation, flushing times, local residence times, and the distributions of conservative constituents over individual embayments. Preliminary results for a subset of the systems compare favorably with published values. The full set of results reveals relationships between flushing times and physical properties of the embayments. A set of relationships to estimate flushing and maximum residence times from the length and surface area of embayments in southern New England is also presented.
Attachment and fusion of endoplasmic reticulum with vacuoles containing Legionella pneumophila

Legionella pneumophila is an intracellular pathogen that replicates in a unique vacuole that avoids endocytic maturation. Previous studies have shown host vesicles attached to the L. pneumophila-containing vacuole (LCV) minutes after uptake. Here we examine the origin and content of these vesicles by electron microscopy (EM). Our data demonstrate that the attached vesicles are derived from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) based the presence of the resident ER proteins glucose-6-phosphatase, protein disulphide isomerase (PDI) and proteins having the ER-retention signal lysine-aspartic acid-glutamic acid-leucine (KDEL). After tethering occurred, ER markers inside of attached vesicles were delivered into the lumen of the LCV, indicating ER fusion. Treatment of cells with brefeldin A did not interfere with the attachment of ER vesicles with the LCV, suggesting that tethering of these vesicles does not require activities mediated by ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF). ER vesicles were not tethered to the LCV in cells producing the Sar1H79G protein, indicating that vesicles produced by the Sar1/CopII system are necessary for vesicle attachment. From these data we conclude that formation of the organelle that supports L. pneumophila replication is a two-stage process that involves remodelling of the LCV by early secretory vesicles produced by the Sar1/CopII system, followed by attachment and fusion of ER.
Different Paths to Pathogenesis

In a recent issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Elsen and colleagues identify a novel hemolysin in a highly virulent Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain that lacks a type III secretion system. Their analysis provides another example of how individual strains of P. aeruginosa utilize different virulence mechanisms to cause severe infections.
Quality of life as an outcome measure in alcoholism treatment research.

Objective: The present article reviews the literature to date dealing with quality of life (QoL) as it relates to drinking behavior, alcohol use disorders and treatment outcome. Methods: Articles using the term "quality of life" to describe a status or outcome construct for individuals diagnosed with or being treated for alcohol use disorders or that used one or more instruments considered to reflect patients' QoL were identified primarily through Psychological Abstracts, MEDLINE and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism's ETOH archival database. Results: Thirty-six studies, published between 1993 and 2004, met these criteria. Twelve different QoL measures were used. Frequent heavy drinking or episodic heavy drinking (e.g., five or more drinks per occasion) patterns were associated with reduced QoL. Alcoholics had lower levels of QoL compared with general population norms or with other chronic health conditions. This relationship appears to be moderated by a number of sociodemographic and...
Dawn mission and operations

Dawn is the first mission to attempt to orbit two distant planetary bodies. The objects chosen, 4 Vesta followed by 1 Ceres, are the two most massive members of the asteroid belt that appear to have been formed on either side of the dew line in the early solar nebula. This paper describes the present status of the mission development and the plans for operation at Vesta and Ceres.
Safety of nonfederally insured versus federally insured credit unions in the United States

The recent failure of the Rhode Island Share and Deposit Indemnity Corporation has heightened the debate about mandating federal deposit insurance for credit unions. To date, however, opponents of and proponents for required federal deposit insurance for credit unions have relied primarily on anecdotal evidence to support their positions. The objective of this study is to provide empirical evidence concerning differences in the behavior of federally insured versus nonfederally insured credit unions in the United States in 1989. Results suggest that the problems occurring in Rhode Island are not symptomatic of widespread differences in the safety of the two groups of credit unions throughout the country.
The Geneva Finance Research Institute

Geneva's prominent role on the international financial arena dates from the financing of the Dutch West Indies Company in the 17th century and the creation of the first Swiss stock exchange in 1857...
A new criterion for adaptive beamsumming

A new criterion for adaptive beamsumming is introduced which explicitly accounts for mean and RMS signal amplitudes yet is relatively simple to implement. The adaptation criterion is expressed as a convex combination of squared-mean array-gain and mean-squared array-gain at the output of the beamsummer. Theoretical and practical motivation for the criterion is given. Simulations are provided which indicate that, relative to the classical beamsummer, the new method gives adaptive weights which have better convergence properties, allow better multiple signal resolution, and produce lower signal angle-of-arrival estimator variance. >
Porous silicon‐based polymer replicas formed by bead patterning

Monodisperse, micrometer-sized polymer beads can be imparted with a porous nanostructure by softening them into a porous silicon photonic crystal template. Infiltration of the polymer and replication of the photonic spectral properties is verified by optical reflectivity measurements of the beads as they infuse into the nanostructure. The polymer beads can be removed from the porous Si template by dissolution of the template with a basic solution. This treatment destroys the photonic properties, although scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals that some nanotexturing remains in the polymer beads. This simple, solvent-free process provides a means to produce nanotextured particles of controllable size and shape.
Political Geography in the Geographical Review: Volumes 1-99

Editors' Note: This essay by Alexander Murphy begins the final set of retrospective works commissioned to celebrate the centennial volume of the Geographical Review. In this group, American Geographical Society Councilors undertake the challenge of reviewing major conceptual approaches or topical fields as presented in the journal's first ninety-nine volumes and to muse about how those approaches will contribute to the field in its second century. In addition to Murphy, the contributors comprise Councilors Marie Price and Douglas Sherman, as well as a review of fieldwork by Associate Editor Dydia DeLyser and her coauthor, Paul Karolczyk. As much as retrospective views, we hope these essays point the way for scholarship in the coming years.
Solubilization and chromatographic separation of gonadotrop in receptor from adenylate cyclase in ovarian preparations

Abstract The distribution of gonadotropin receptor and adenylate cyclase activities has been monitored in Sepharose 6B chromatographic eluates of a Lubrol solubilized fraction of 25 day old rat ovarian tissue. The receptor was resolved from the adenylate cyclase activity. Chromatography of a gonadotropin desensitized rat ovarian preparation showed that the desensitized preparation contained normal amounts of the adenylate cyclase activity when compared with the control ovarian preparation, but there was a marked reduction in the receptor activity in the desensitized ovaries. This study demonstrates that in ovarian tissue adenylate cyclase is a separate entity distinct from the receptor molecule and that the desensitization causes a reduction in the receptor activity with no detectable change in the catalytic and chromatographic properties of the adenylate cyclase.
Using CSP to Understand Complex Chemical Kinetics

Abstract The conventional methods of simplified kinetics modeling through the use of partial-equilibrium and quasi-steady approximations are reviewed and critiqued. The method of computational singular pertutbation (CSP) is then presented with special emphasis on the interpretation of CSP data to obtain physical insights on massively complex reaction systems. A simple example is used to demonstrate how CSP deals with complex chemical kinetics problems without the benefits of intuition and experience.
An absence of changes in σ receptor subtypes in the brains of genetically dystonic (dt) rats

Binding sites for the σ ligand [3H]di-o-tollylguanidine [3H]DTG) have been reported to be altered in the brains of genetically dystonic rats. In the present study, selective σ1 and σ2 assay conditions were utilized in an effort to define which subpopulation of [3H]DTG binding sites is altered in the dystonic strain (dt). Both this approach and a re-examination using conditions similar to the previous report failed to confirm a difference between the brains of dystonic and normal rats in terms of σ binding. Although not directly negating the possible involvement of σ receptors in dystonia, these results indicate that σ1 and σ2 receptors appear unchanged in dystonic rats.
Physical characteristics of sound and hearing.

Abstract The physical and physiologic properties of sound are described with special reference to those properties that pertain to heart sounds. Pertinent definitions are given, and explanations are presented for terms used in auscultation and phonocardiography.
Selective Excitation of Protons Directly Bonded to Carbon-13

New pulse sequences for the selective excitation and editing of NMR spectra of protons directly bonded to carbon-13 in CH, CH2, and CH3 groups are described. Experimental results as well as theoretical calculations demonstrate that these sequences have excitation profiles of about ±0.5JCH or less and require no pulse shaping or special hardware to implement. After the isotope-directed excitation of the protons has been generated, the proton magnetization may be relayed to other protons via an isotropic mixing sequence to yield 1D HOHAHA subspectra or 2D COSY subspectra. Examples of applications to compounds containing carbon-13 either at natural abundance or with enrichment are shown.
Supporting model evolution through demonstration-based model transformation

Model evolution is often supported by writing model transformation rules in specialized languages. This presents challenges to those who are unfamiliar with model transformation languages or metamodel definitions. This poster describes research that simplifies the creation of model evolution transformations by recording and analyzing the operational behavior exhibited by end-users.
Performance Optimization of a Rotor Alone Nacelle for Acoustic Fan Testing

This paper describes the techniques, equipment, and results from the optimization of a two-axis traverse actuation system used to maintain concentricity between a sting-mounted fan and a wall-mounted nacelle in the 9 x 15 (9 Foot by 15 Foot Test Section) Low Speed Wind Tunnel (LSWT) at the NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC). The Rotor Alone Nacelle (RAN) system, developed at GRC by the Engineering Design and Analysis Division (EDAD) and the Acoustics Branch, used nacelle-mounted lasers and an automated control system to maintain concentricity as thermal and thrust operating loads displace the fan relative to the nacelle. This effort was critical to ensuring rig/facility safety and experimental consistency of the acoustic data from a statorless, externally supported nacelle configuration. Although the tip clearances were originally predicted to be about 0.020 in. at maximum rotor (fan) operating speed, proximity probe measurements showed that the nominal clearance was less than 0.004 in. As a result, the system was optimized through control-loop modifications, active laser cooling, data filtering and averaging, and the development of strict operational procedures. The resultant concentricity error of RAN was reduced to +/- 0.0031 in. in the Y-direction (horizontal) and +0.0035 in./-0.001 3 in. in the Z-direction (vertical), as determined by error analysis and experimental results. Based on the success of this project, the RAN system will be transitioned to other wind tunnel research programs at NASA GRC.
Growth of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes from Discrete Catalytic Nanoparticles of Various Sizes

Discrete catalytic nanoparticles with diameters in the range of 1−2 nm and 3−5 nm respectively are obtained by placing controllable numbers of metal atoms into the cores of apoferritin, and used for growth of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNTs) on substrates by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and micro-Raman spectroscopy are used to characterize isolated nanotubes grown from the discrete nanoparticles. The characterizations, carried out at single-tube and single-particle level, obtain clear evidence that the diameters of nanotubes are determined by the diameters of catalytic nanoparticles. With nanoparticles placed on ultrathin alumina membranes, isolated SWNTs are grown and directly examined by transmission electron microscopy. For the first time, both ends of an as-grown single-walled nanotube are imaged by TEM, leading to a microscopic picture of nanotube growth mechanism. It is shown that controlling the structures of catalytic ...
First-Passage-Time Distributions under the Influence of Quantum Fluctuations in a Laser

The distribution of first-passage times is calculated for a homogeneously broadened two-mode laser, that is characterized by a bistable potential. As a consequence of quantum fluctuations, such a system tends to switch spontaneously between the two metastable states. The results of the calculation are compared with first-passage-time measurements of a two-mode dye laser.
A technique for determination of cathodic activity during corrosion of a metal matrix composite

During the aqueous corrosion of aluminum in the presence of oxygen, Al loses electrons to form Al{sup 3+} ions and the O{sub 2} is reduced and forms (OH){sup {minus}} ions. These reactions occur at local anodic and cathodic sites and it is difficult to determine where the micro-cathode is for several reasons. In this research, Al specimens were immersed in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution containing also 0.5--1 ppm of PdCl{sub 2}. During the corrosion process the Pd{sup 2+} ions gain electrons at the micro-cathodic sites and are deposited there. Pd distribution micrographs can then be easily obtained in the SEM due to the great atomic weight difference between Al and Pd. The Pd distribution micrographs can be used directly to demonstrate the cathodic activity of very fine microstructural features such as precipitates and 0.5 {micro}m diameter SiC whiskers. Results from two aluminum matrix composites are reported. The first is a SiC whisker reinforced 2124 composite (SiC{sub w}/2124), the other is an alumina particulate reinforced 6061 composite (Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}/6061).
Changes in Electrical Characteristics Associated With Degradation of InGaN Blue Light-Emitting Diodes

Because of the high concentration of threading dislocations, the reverse current-voltage (I–V) characteristics for either homo- or heterojunctions made on GaN-based materials grown on sapphire often show a strong electric field dependence (called a soft breakdown characteristic), which can be described by a power law I=Vn, with n between 4 to 5. We find a significant increase of reverse currents associated with the early degradation of emission in InGaN blue single-quantum-well light-emitting diodes (LEDs) subjected to aging tests (injected current of 70 mA over a total time of about 300 h). The formation of dislocations might be due to the relaxation of strain in the thin InGaN active layer during the aging tests.
The futility of physical testing in the assessment of disability

Although medical opinions are widely utilized, disability is ultimately a legal and not a medical determination. In individuals with complex medical problems, particularly those claiming disability in relation to chronic pain, tests of physical functioning alone have little utility in either predicting ultimate disability or in accurately assessing its presence. In this population, psychosocial factors appear to be more significant determinants of disability. Appropriate assessment, therefore, calls for multidisciplinary intervention by experienced professionals.