cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Robust Estimation for Random Graphs

We study the problem of robustly estimating the parameter $p$ of an Erd\H{o}s-R\'enyi random graph on $n$ nodes, where a $\gamma$ fraction of nodes may be adversarially corrupted. After showing the deficiencies of canonical estimators, we design a computationally-efficient spectral algorithm which estimates $p$ up to accuracy $\tilde O(\sqrt{p(1-p)}/n + \gamma\sqrt{p(1-p)} /\sqrt{n}+ \gamma/n)$ for $\gamma < 1/60$. Furthermore, we give an inefficient algorithm with similar accuracy for all $\gamma <1/2$, the information-theoretic limit. Finally, we prove a nearly-matching statistical lower bound, showing that the error of our algorithms is optimal up to logarithmic factors.
Efficient hybridization between Lycopersicon esculentum and L. peruvianum via embryo callus

Embryo callus was produced in up to 12% of the undeveloped seeds of the interspecific cross L. esculentum cv. VFNT cherry x L. peruvianum LA1283-4, a cross which does not produce viable seeds. Plants were produced from 90% of those callus clones by regeneration and rooting. Evidence that these plants were hybrid includes morphology, isoenzyme patterns and fertility relations. Both diploid and tetraploid plants were produced, 40% of the regenerated callus clones producing at least one diploid plant. Thus, up to 4% of the undeveloped seeds plated for callus production eventually yielded diploid hybrid plants. In contrast, among 401 undeveloped seeds dissected, no embryos suitable for embryo culture were found. A backcross of the embryo callus hybrids to the L. esculentum parent has succeeded — producing, as expected, only undeveloped seeds; these undeveloped seeds have produced callus.
Crash and Creativeness in Education.

If the group is an elementary group, they might be asked to use similar games which are simpler in nature. For example, they might play a game for which there are no rules, or for which too many rules have been formulated, or for which rules are frequently changed. Another day in a law-focused education seminar might center around a discussion of the First Amendment and freedom of expression. Substantive information would be followed by films appropriate to the teaching level of the participants, an attitude survey on free expression, or perhaps an original simulation devised by Law Focused Education, Inc. entitled: "What A Lot Of Hooey University." This simulation centers around a hypothetical situation in which a college teacher is allegedly denied the right of freedom of expression. A handbook of strategies has been prepared for the participants in which 25 strategies are described in detail. The participants are given an opportunity to participate in using each of these strategies and are encouraged to develop original strategies or variations of the 25 presented in the handbook. Strategies used include such devices as the continuum, role playing, brainstorming, open interviewing, unfinished story, alternatives, cartoons, collages, simulations, the inner-outer circle, the case method approach, the mock trial, structured discussion, field trips, and resource speakers. Although evaluation of the project's first year of work is not yet complete, comments by participants in seminars and college classes indicate a uniformly positive reaction to the program. An elementary teacher wrote:
Dynamical evolution of the Oort cometary cloud

The dynamical evolution of comets in the Oort cloud under the influence of stellar perturbations has been modeled using Monte Carlo techniques. It is shown that the cloud has been depleted over the history of the solar system. Comets are lost from the cloud by direct ejection due to close stellar encounters, diffusion of aphelia to distances beyond the sun's sphere of influence, or diffusion of perihelia into the planetary region where Jupiter and Saturn perturbations either eject them on hyperbolic trajectories or capture them to short-period orbits. The population of the cloud is estimated to be 1.0 - 1.5 x 10 to the 12th comets and the total mass is on the order of 1.9 earth masses. In addition to random passing stars, less frequent encounters with giant molecular clouds may play a significant role in randomizing the orbits of comets in the cloud and reducing the effective radius of the sun's sphere of influence.
Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity

Sexual orientation refers to the erotic-love-affectional partners a person prefers. In lay usage, one often speaks of a person as a homosexual or heterosexual, and indeed, people often refer to themselves the same way. Such usage, however, often links together those whose regular sexual partners are of the same sex with those whose same-sex encounters are rare. The terms heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual are better used as adjectives, not nouns, and are better applied to behaviors, not people. Diamond has encouraged using the terms androphilic, gynecophilic, and ambiphilic to describe the sexual-erotic partners one prefers (andro = male, gyneco = female, ambi = both, philic = to love). Such terms obviate the need to specify the subject and focus instead on the desired partner. This usage is particularly advantageous when discussing the partners of transsexual or intersexed individuals. These newer terms also do not carry the social weight of the former ones. Keywords: gender identity; homosexuality; identity; lesbianism; sexual orientation
Actualizing a Culture of Engaged Scholarship in the College of Education at the University of Florida

A dean and a faculty member describe three strategies they have incorporated to initiate the building of an engaged scholarship culture: (1) communicating a scholarship of engagement vision; (2) creating new traditions, rituals, and symbols to support and reinforce the vision; and (3) creating new roles and responsibilities to help faculty redefine their individual work as engaged scholarship. Implications for transferring engaged scholarship from theory to practice are discussed.
Sleep, Thermoregulation, and Circadian Rhythms

The sections in this article are: 1 Influences of Sleep on Thermoregulation 2 Influences of Temperature on Sleep 3 Interactions of Sleep, Thermoregulation, and the Chronobiological Environment 4 Interactive Systems in Torpor and Hibernation 5 Conclusions
Purification of Oligonucleotides Using Denaturing Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

Cloning vectors derived from filamentous phage are extremely useful because they allow cloned DNA to be isolated as either single- or double-stranded DNA. This unit contains protocols for preparing both forms of DNA and for characterizing inserts in M13-derived vectors. A protocol is also presented for preparing single-stranded DNA from plasmids using superinfection with helper phage. This method is advantageous because it allows cloned DNA to be maintained in the form of a plasmid while permitting single-stranded DNA to be isolated for DNA sequencing.
Dancing with Maggots and Saints: Visions for Subject Matter Knowledge, Pedagogical Knowledge, and Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Science Teacher Education Reform

IntroductionAre you not mad, my friend? What time o’ the’ moon is’t? Have not youmaggots in your brain? (Fletcher, 1620)Historically, having maggots in your brain was an appealing notion. Fancifuldance tunes of the 1700’s by such titles as “Cary’s Maggots” and “Barker’s Maggots”celebrated whimsical, footloose, and fancy-free characters. The phrase, “When themaggot bites” quite literally suggested one who was swept away with capriciousand fickle thoughts. Folklore suggested that if the maggot’s bite was hexagonal,then poetry would consume that person; if circular – then eloquence; if conical –politics. But an academic distinction exists between being a visionary and simplyhaving visions, just as there is a fine line between being whimsical or imaginativeand being “mad as a hatter” — the absence of level-headed thinking. It is of historicalinterest to note that during this same time period, mercurous nitrate was used tomake felt for hats, and its poisonous effects produced a dance of an unstable rhythm—Saint Vitus’ Dance.One can only speculate that the shape of the maggot’s bite for educationalreform is probably triangular, albeit ragged around the edges. I suggest this onlybecause a centerpiece of educational reform (at least within the circles of scienceteacher education) has been largely a tripartite structure with the anchoring pointsbeing teachers’ subject matter knowledge (SMK), pedagogical knowledge (PK),and pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). The idea of a tripartite structure thatseems to capture the fundamental attributes of an entity is certainly not new. One isreminded of Plato’s three parts of the soul (reason, appetites, and spirit [ thumos]) orFreud’s notion of personality (id, ego, and superego). Still, Shulman (1986a; 1986b;1987; Shulman & Sparks, 1992) was certainly an instrumental visionary inadvancing the importance and distinction among SMK, PK, and PCK. Shulmanviewed these domains of knowledge as separate but interacting. While Shulman(1987) advanced other categories or “domains” for teacher knowledge (e.g. curricularknowledge, knowledge of learners, knowledge of educational contexts, knowledgeof philosophical and historical aims of education), SMK, PK, and PCK remained atthe forefront of what is essential to effective science teaching. Assuming that manyteacher educators would assent to the claim that this tripartite structure constitutesa large share of the attributes behind being a(n) “exemplary,” “model,” or “effective
Border Pedagogy: A Critical Framework for Service-Learning

The general focus of a course on adult literacy and community service at a large state university was to increase students' understanding of adult literacy as a societal issue and to support their involvement as tutors in local adult literacy programs. To understand what students learned from their experience in the course, the instructors began collecting and analyzing various source material. They also began developing case studies of individual tutors and their learning experiences. As the instructors analyzed the accounts of the tutors, they became interested in how the service learning experience provided opportunities for the tutors to adopt a more critical perspective on common assumptions about adult literacy students, dominant tutoring practices, and the structures of schooling. They reviewed tutors' case profiles and original source material to see if they could identify forms of resistance to dominant practices or beliefs. In more recent work associated with critical postmodernism and educational theory, they found the concepts of border and border crossing. They found that the metaphors of border crossing and borderlands could illuminate the service learning experience for students. These metaphors suggested how service learning helps students with the following: understanding their own culture in new ways, appreciating cultural differences, becoming more critically aware of social inequities and power relations, and envisioning a more democratic society. (Contains 12
Review of human studies evaluating individual dietary responsiveness in patients with hypercholesterolemia

Individual variation in the low-density-lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol response to a cholesterol-lowering diet has been well documented in inpatient and outpatient diet studies. This variation could be due to both clinical and biological factors. Clinical factors include adherence to dietary changes and changes in body weight. Biological factors include specific changes in dietary composition, initial serum cholesterol concentrations, presence of excess body weight, the fractional catabolic rate of LDL with a diet high in saturated fatty acid, the presence of specific isoforms of apoprotein E and apoprotein A-IV, changes in the gene encoding apoprotein B or the apoprotein A-I promoter region, and the ultracentrifugation pattern of LDL lipoproteins. Work exploring the metabolic basis for individual variation in responsiveness to a cholesterol-lowering diet is in its infancy. Careful studies controlling for the clinical influences of responsiveness are needed so that true biological determinants of response can be uncovered.
High Resolution X-ray Spectroscopy of Galaxies and Clusters with AXAF

We review the high resolution X-ray spectroscopy capabilities of the AXAF observatory focusing on the High Energy Transmission Grating (HETG). As part of the Guaranteed Time Observation (GTO) program, the HETG science team will observe both elliptical galaxies and clusters of galaxies. We discuss the problems associated with observing extended sources with the HETG and some of the potential scientific insights which AXAF's spectroscopy capabilities can provide for these classes of objects.
Whole grain consumption and associations with body weight measures in the United States: results from NHANES 2009-10 and the new USDA Food Patterns Equivalents Database (810.23)

National estimates of whole grain (WG) intake in the United States, dietary sources of WG, and the relationship between WG and body measures for children and adults were examined. Dietary data from...
Horocycle flows are loosely Bernoulli

It is proved that horocycle flows associated with transitiveC 2-Anosov flows are loosely Bernoulli with respect to their unique ergodic measures.
Melting of carbon at 50 to 300 kbar

Diamond (∼1 μm) and graphite (1–10 μm) in NaCl were melted at 50 to 300 kbar in a diamond anvil cell using a pulsed YAG laser. The samples were removed from the cell and the structures of the quenched phases were studied by transmission electron microscopy. The melted regions of the samples were found to consist of nearly perfect spheres of carbon ranging in size from ∼1 μm down to less than a few nanometers. In the diamond sample melted at 300 kbar, the larger spherules (>0.2 μm) are polycrystalline diamond with either a granular or radial texture. The smaller spherules (<0.2 μm) give electron diffraction patterns with four diffuse rings that correspond to the 002, 100, 004 and 110 of graphite. This diffraction pattern is typical of disordered graphite randomly oriented about the c-axis. Dark field imaging, using a portion of the 002 ring, produces a “bow tie” figure in each of the smaller spherules. The orientation of the “bow tie” figure depends on the portion of the ring used to form the image, and indicates a radial orientation of the c-axis of the disordered graphite. The spacing between the 002 layers depends on the pressure at the time of melting. We interpret this to indicate that there is some sp3 bonding between layers in the disordered graphite in the smaller spherules. The smaller spherules may have the disordered graphite structure because of the effect of the size on the free energy relationship between the phases, or they may have been quenched more rapidly than the larger spherules thus preserving some of the character of the melt. If the latter explanation is correct, then our results may indicate that the diamond melt contains significant sp2 bonding. Lattice images (Fig. 12) of the internal structure of the smallest spherules observable (∼50 A) clearly show that the carbon layers are parallel to the surface of the spherules and that there is a great deal of disorder in the layers. These observations are entirely consistent with our conclusions based on the dark field images.
Airborne Antibiotic Resistant and Nonresistant Bacteria and Fungi Recovered from Two Swine Herd Confined Animal Feeding Operations

Inhalation of microorganisms could be a health concern for workers inside and downwind of animal confinement units. Using the Andersen two-stage viable microbial particle sizing sampler, air samples were collected from locations upwind, inside, and downwind during two visits to two swine herd confined animal feeding operations. Six samples were taken at each location on each site. Bacteria isolated from each site were then tested for antibiotic resistance using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Resistant bacterial forms were found inside and downwind of the swine confinement facilities, indicating that resistant organisms were being produced in and released from these facilities. Resistance to a battery of antibiotics including ampicillin, erythromycin, oxytetracycline, penicillin, tetracycline, and tylosin was found in the following bioaerosols: Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., and fecal coliforms. The major conclusion reached by this study was that bacteria were recovered inside and downwind of these facilities in levels that previous studies had stated could cause a potential human health hazard.
A note on the turn and arrival likelihood algorithms of traffic assignments

Abstract This note illustrates by means of examples that two of the three modifications of Dial's assignment algorithm suggested recently by Tobin (1977) should be subject to further research prior to implementation. Three potential problems with these algorithms are shown to be significant for small contrived networks.
Perceived Extraversion in a Best Friend

The present study was conducted to determine whether students perceived their best friends as similar to them along the dimension of extraversion-introversion. Subjects' scores on the Eysenck Personality Inventory were compared with their perceptions of their own best friends' personalities. An over-all tendency to perceive similarity was indicated, with the exception being inventory-scaled introverts who showed no preference. In addition, preference for an hypothetical roommate was influenced by the amount of similarity between the roommates' perceived level of extraversion and the subjects' own degree of extraversion.
Through-Wall Bio-Radiolocation With UWB Impulse Radar: Observation, Simulation and Signal Extraction

In this paper the cardio-respiratory signatures of human beings were studied using both an ultra-wide band (UWB) impulse radar system in a laboratory through-wall experiment and a numerical simulation using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. Signals from both the physical experiment and numerical simulation are processed with the Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT), a novel signal processing approach for nonlinear and non-stationary data analysis. The results show that by using the HHT, human respiration characteristics can be successfully identified and differentiated for different subjects and a variety of respiratory statuses. However, reliable detection of cardiologic signatures requires a radar system with higher central frequency. Our results demonstrate that this combination of UWB impulse radar and HHT data processing has potential for through-wall life detection and possibly other applications.
An “inverse” relationship between mathematics identities and classroom practices among early career elementary teachers: The impact of accountability

Abstract This qualitative case study guided by portraiture examines the relationships between three early career elementary teachers’ beliefs about themselves in relation to mathematics (mathematics identities) and their classroom practices. Through autobiographical inquiry, reflective practice, classroom observations, interviews, and artifacts, findings show that all three second grade teachers appeared to have an “inverse” relationship between their mathematics identities and their classroom practices. In this relationship, as negative as they felt about themselves with regards to mathematics, they expended that much more effort to ensure that their students would have positive experiences with it and not be stigmatized by it as they had been. Accountability to schools, students, and parents, to increase student achievement appeared to play an important role in this relationship. Implications for preservice teacher education, inservice professional development, and research on beliefs and practices are discussed.
Experiments with computed X-ray tomography to observe horizontal two phase pipe flow.

Abstract Void fraction distributions were observed downstream from a centerline point injection of air into water flowing under fully turbulent conditions in a horizontal 3·75 cm ID pipe. An EMI 5005 X-ray tomography unit was used to quantitatively image void fractions across a series of planes downstream from the injection point and normal to the flow direction. Since data were acquired over a relatively long time frame (30 s) the images represent time average distributions.
Boron analogs of the 2-norbornyl cation

Abstract The relative stability of classical versus nonclassical mono- and bis-boron analogs of the 2-norbornyl cation was investigated by ab initio and density functional methods. Nonclassical structures were preferred in carbon bridged isoelectronic 1,2-diboranorbornyl anions having the following substituents on boron: H, CH 3 and CN. The difluoro analog preferred the classical structure. The mono-boron analog preferred an open structure.
Inverse Kinematics in Biology: The Protein Loop Closure Problem

Assembling fragments from known protein structures is a widely used approach to construct structural models for new proteins. We describe an application of this idea to an important inverse kinematics problem in structural biology: the loop closure problem. We have developed an algorithm for generating the conformations of candidate loops that fit in a gap of given length in a protein structure framework. Our method proceeds by concatenating small fragments of protein chosen from small libraries of representative fragments. Our approach has the advantages of ab initio methods since we are able to enumerate all candidate loops in the discrete approximation of the conformational space accessible to the loop, as well as the advantages of database search approach since the use of fragments of known protein structures guarantees that the backbone conformations are physically reasonable. We test our approach on a set of 427 loops, varying in length from four residues to 14 residues. The quality of the candidate...
The play of skin in The Changeling

Traditionally read as a tragedy about the erotics of vision, Thomas Middleton and William Rowley's The Changeling (1622) more compellingly foregrounds the affective force of the sense of touch. Attention to three scenes that foreground female touch – Beatrice's dropping of her gloves in Act 1, her touching of DeFlores’ face in Act 2 and her offering of a ‘scientific’ potion to her waiting woman in Act 4 – reveals how obsessively the play ponders the materiality of human skin. Reading these scenes, I depart from the traditional account of the play as a moralistic drama about the dangers of female sexuality. As it stages artisanal, medical and scientific modes of encounter with skin, I argue, The Changeling dispenses with conventional ideas of individual agency and offers instead a narrative of unwilled proximities, ‘hands-on’ practices and queer circuits of desire.
Metabolic inhibition by transition metal ions in a slow-growing, toluene-enriched microbial population

We studied the effects of common first-row transition metal ions, Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), on the respiration of a mixed microbial population enriched for toluene degradation. Dissolved oxygen consumption, i.e., respiration rate, was used to measure metabolic activity of a slow-growing consortium of toluene-enriched microorganisms. Respiration rates decreased within 30 s of exposure to the metal ions and did not measurably recover during observation times (<80 min.). Metal ion toxicity increased with metal-phosphate binding affinities, consistent with cell damage by conformational changes in the phospholipid bilayer membrane to accommodate geometry requirements of complexes with transition metal ions. Changes in normalized metabolic activity (AN) with aqueous composition were compared with an equilibrium free-ion toxicity mechanism relating the fraction of membrane phosphatic ligands affected by metal ion chemisorption to diminished metabolic activity. AN measurements agreed with model predictions that the toxicity function (AN−1−1) is proportional to the free metal ion concentration when hydrogen ions do not compete with metal ions for the phosphatic membrane sites and proportional to the square root of the free metal ion concentration if hydrogen ions effectively compete with metal ions for membrane phosphate ligands. Transition metal ion uptake and toxicity were diminished by concentrations of competing Ca(II) and Mg(II) metal ion concentrations an order of magnitude larger than concentrations of transition metal ion. The Cu(II)-EDTA complex was nontoxic compared to Cu(II) ions. Metabolic inhibition produced by Cu(II) ions was not significantly reversed by sequestering Cu(II) ions using EDTA, suggesting that membrane damage is irreversible. Published 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol Water Qual 13: 249–261, 1998
Double bond requirement for the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.

Abstract We showed previously that polyenoic fatty acids with double bonds at carbon 5,8,11 are good substrates for the 5-lipoxygenase and also can be converted to LTC and dihydroxy acids. In order to determine whether all three double bonds are necessary for the 5-lipoxygenase-leukotriene pathway we studied 5,8,14-eicosatrienoic and 5,11,14-eicostrienoic acid. C 14 -labeled fatty acids were incubated with 10,000 × g supernatant of homogenate of rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-1) cells in the presence of Ca ++ at 37°C. 5,11,14-Eicosatrienoic acid was not converted by the 5-lipoxygenase pathway and 5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid was mainly converted to 5-hydroxy-6,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid (5-HETE). This monohydroxy was identified by UV spectrometry (UVmax 235 nm) and GC-mass spectrometry. Incubations with whole homogenate analyzed by HPLC and bioassay showed that no detectable LTC, LTD or LTE was formed. These data indicate that fatty acids which have double bonds at carbon 5 and carbon 8 are readily converted to the 5-hydroperoxide. However double bonds at carbon 5,8 and 11 are necessary for LTA biosynthesis. This study therefore extends the characterization of the double bond requirement of the 5-lipoxygenase-leukotriene pathway. The number of double bonds necessary at each step varies and increases with each step in the pathway.
Improving OCR performance using character degradation models and boosting algorithm

Abstract We introduce three character degradation models in a boosting algorithm for training an ensemble of character classifiers. We also compare the boosting ensemble with the standard ensemble of networks trained independently with character degradation models. An interesting discovery in our comparison is that although the boosting ensemble is slightly more accurate than the standard ensemble at zero reject rate, the advantage of the boosting training over independent training quickly disappears as more patterns are rejected. Eventually the standard ensemble outperforms the boosting ensemble at high reject rates. Explanation of such a phenomenon is provided in the paper.
Women, Education and History.

(1976). Women, education and history. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 15, Democracy In Education, pp. 47-53.
Neurophysiological and neuropsychological evidence for attentional dysfunction in schizophrenia

The behavior of the P50 wave of the auditory evoked potential in a paired stimulus or conditioning-testing paradigm has been used as a measure of sensory gating disturbance in schizophrenia. Schizophrenics fail to decrement the P50 response to the second stimulus of the pair, so that the ratio of the test to the conditioning amplitude is elevated over normal values. The aim of this study was to compare this neurophysiological measure to neuropsychological measures of attention and memory. As expected, schizophrenics performed worse than controls on most measures. The time to complete a digit cancellation test, a measure of sustained attention, was found to be particularly longer in schizophrenics than in control subjects. Furthermore, the increased time to complete this task correlated with the increased ratio of the amplitude of the test P50 response to the conditioning response in the schizophrenics. Thus, a neurophysiological defect in sensory gating may relate to a disorder in sustained attention in schizophrenia. Although the P50 wave may come from the hippocampus, neuropsychological measures of verbal learning and memory were not correlated with alterations in the P50 ratio.
Modeling the impact of land use and climate change on neighborhood-scale evaporation and nighttime cooling: A surface energy balance approach

Abstract We investigated the impacts of temperature changes derived from climate change scenarios and land cover change on patterns of external residential water consumption and nighttime cooling in suburban Hillsboro, Oregon. Three downscaled climate warming scenarios and two land cover change scenarios (sprawl and dense) for the 2040s were used as inputs for an urban energy balance model, the Local-Scale Urban Meteorological Parameterization Scheme (LUMPS). Based on the surface energy fluxes simulated by the LUMPS model, we calculate that the combination of the sprawl scenario with the 3 °C temperature rise increases external water consumption by 4061 L per household for August. Alternately, dense development concomitant with temperature increase constrains increases in water consumption, but reduces nighttime cooling rates by more than 0.3 °C. Increasing the fraction of trees would increase efficiency in promoting urban cooling while reducing external water consumption. This study demonstrates that urban land cover and water use are naturally intertwined at the neighborhood scale, suggesting that urban land-use planning and water management should be fully integrated to design cities that can accommodate future population growth and development while minimizing negative impacts of potential climate change.
Use of organ cultures to evaluate biodegradation of polymer implant materials.

An in vitro organ culture method was developed for the study of biodegradation of surgical implant materials. This method gives valuable information in less than 24 hr in the case of rapidly biodegradable materials such as poly(lactic acids) and poly(alkyl 2-cyanoacrylates). These data correlate well with the results of long-term in-vivo implantation studies. The organ culture technique can be used for the study of metabolism of polymers including the formation of volatile metabolites during biological degradation. Finally, histological and electron microscopic studies of the exposed organ slices can give indication of the formation of toxic metabolites during the biological degradation process.
A fracture mechanics approach to the problem of friction and wear

Abstract It is proposed that the application of fracture mechanics to the study of wear processes is both feasible and fruitful. Its use is demonstrated in explaining the complicated wear behaviour in the Ti-6Al-4V system.
Radiation pattern anomalies in the broadband CP reconfigurable E-shaped patch antenna

The evolution of wireless communications towards wideband systems has motivated research worldwide to develop new high performance antenna designs. In particular, one class of antennas that has gained popularity are broadband CP reconfigurable patch antennas. Such antenna designs not only minimize the dependence on antenna orientation, but they also provide additional functionality for diversity and MIMO systems. Recently, an asymmetric E-shaped patch antenna was introduced as a new design candidate for wideband CP applications. This design has shown much promise in providing a wide S 11 /AR bandwidth by introducing asymmetric slots into the E-shaped design. Polarization reconfigurable designs using MEMS switches have also been demonstrated. The typical design approach for this and other CP patch antennas optimizes the S 11 and the AR towards broadside. In this paper, we will show that this approach can lead to E-shaped designs with peculiar beam tilts in the pattern at upper frequencies. The direction of these beams change for RHCP/LHCP polarization states, making beam tilt compensation more difficult to achieve for all configurations. We investigate this beam tilt further to understand its origin and possible compensation techniques for single radiator and array applications.
The Helderberg Advocate

The article annouces the Library's acquisition of "The Hilderberg Advocate," Volume I, No. i through Volume III, No. 23 (September 1, 1841-August 16, 1843). The paper is an interesting episode in the anti-rent war waged by the tenants of the Van Rensselaers of upstate New York for several generations until finally the matter was settled in the 186o's.
Being religious and being altruistic: A study of college service volunteers

Abstract Questionnaire responses from 245 college students were analyzed to determine whether individuals who perform service volunteer work differ in their approach to religion from those who do not. In the first comparison, individuals reporting higher levels of volunteer activity during college scored significantly higher on the Intrinsic scale than those reporting lower levels. In the second comparison, college seniors applying to a postgraduate volunteer service organization scored significantly higher on the Quest scale and significantly lower on the Extrinsic scale than did college seniors who indicated no interest in joining such an organization. Although altruism may be generally regarded as a religious value, its particular expression in helping behavior may vary as a function of individual orientations to religion. Further investigation of the connection between religion and altruism therefore requires a careful delineation of how religion is approached as well as of the style and context of helping behavior considered.
Wavelet analysis of observed geopotential and wind: blocking and local energy coupling across scales

ABSTRACT Atmospheric blocking during three unusual winter months is studied by multiresolution analysis and a wavelet based adaptation of traditional Fourier series based energetics. We demonstrate that blocking, in part a large and localized meteorological phenomenon, is largely described by just the largest scale part of the multiresolution analysis. New forms of the transfer functions of kinetic energy with the mean and eddy parts of the atmosphericcirculation are introduced. These quantify the spatially localized conversion of energy between scales. A newaccounting method for wavelet indexed transfers permits the introduction of a physically meaningful localizedscale flux function. These techniques are applied to the data, and some support is found for the hypothesis that blocking is partially maintained by an inverse cascade. Keywords: atmospheric blocking, energetics, kinetic energy flux function, kinetic energy transfer, inverse cascades, multiresolution analysis, wavelet, scale interactions, low frequency atmospheric variability
A personal perspective on the early, early history of in vivo (DNA-based) gene therapy.

Abstract Our first efforts in the laboratory to explore the concept of in vivo gene therapy began in late 1984. Our first peer-reviewed paper demonstrating success in vitro was published in January 1988, and our first demonstration of proof-of-principle in vivo in an experimental animal was published in August 1989. At this stage, as a strong supporter of the future of gene and cell therapy, I felt I could make a more important contribution as a scientific leader than as a bench scientist. Accordingly, in late 1989, I moved to the University of Pennsylvania in a senior leadership position where I was able, among other accomplishments, to establish the Institute for Human Gene Therapy in 1992 and the Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering in 1993. Dr. Jim Wilson was recruited in 1993 to head these two academic units as Director and Chairman, respectively. The burgeoning growth and accelerating successes in the field of gene and cell therapy worldwide, the important contributions to the field by a...
Kinetics and thermochemistry of the gas phase reaction of methyl ethyl ketone with iodine. I. The resonance energy of the methylacetonyl radical

The gas phase reaction of iodine (2.8–43.3 torr) with methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) (7.4–303.4 torr) has been studied over the temperature range 280–355°C in a static system. The initial rate of disappearance of I2 is first order in MEK and half order in I2. The rate-determining step is the abstraction of a secondary hydrogen atom by an iodine atom: where k1 is given by and θ = 2.303RT in kcal/mole. This activation energy is equivalent to a secondary CH bond strength of 92.3 ± 1.4 kcal/mole and ΔH of the methylacetonyl radical = -16.8 ± 1.7 kcal/mole. By comparison with 95 kcal/mole for the secondary CH bond strength, when delocalization of the unpaired electron with a pi bond is not possible, the resonance stabilization of the methylacetonyl radical is calculated to be 2.7 ± 1.7 kcal/mole. This value is 10 kcal/mole less than the stabilization energy of the isoelectronic methylallyl radical. The difference in pi bond energies in the canonical forms of the methylacetonyl radical is shown to account for the variation in stabilization energies.
Grains or Veins: Is Enteral Nutrition Really Better Than Parenteral Nutrition? A Look at the Evidence

Background Enteral nutrition is said to be better than parenteral nutrition for providing nutrition support to humans. Purpose To assess the literature documenting the assertions that enteral nutrition is superior to parenteral nutrition with respect to cost, safety, physiology, intestinal structure and function, bacterial translocation, and outcome. Data identification Sources included MEDLINE search, personal files, and references from human comparative studies of enteral vs parenteral nutrition. Study selection The goal was to include all human studies directly addressing questions of comparative efficacy of enteral and parenteral nutrition. Emphasis was given to prospective randomized controlled studies where available. Retrospective comparisons were not included. Data extraction An attempt was made to briefly summarize methodology and findings of relevant studies. No general attempt was made to assess quality of individual studies. Results of data synthesis Enteral nutrition appears to be less expensive than parenteral nutrition, but new economic analyses are needed given the newer aggressive access techniques for enteral nutrition. Enteral nutrition is associated with meaningful morbidity and mortality. The little comparative data existent suggest no differences in safety. Comparative studies of physiology and metabolism as well as comparative and noncomparative studies of intestinal function and structure do not support putative advantages of enteral nutrition. There is no evidence that enteral nutrition prevents bacterial translocation in humans. Enteral nutrition probably reduces septic morbidity compared with parenteral nutrition in abdominal trauma. Otherwise, there is no evidence that enteral nutrition consistently improves patient outcome compared with parenteral nutrition. Conclusions With the exception of decreased cost and probable reduced septic morbidity in acute abdominal trauma, the available literature does not support the thesis that enteral nutrition is better than parenteral nutrition in humans.
Pandemics: A deadly business

Andy Tatem traces the global tracks of pathogens that have clung to the coat-tails of trade over the centuries.
Induction of Megakaryocyte Differentiation by a Novel Pregnancy-specific Hormone

Maturation of megakaryocytes and subsequent platelet release are normally regulated by a network of cytokines, including thrombopoietin and various interleukins. Because abnormal platelet production and activation have been implicated in gestational pathologies, additional pregnancy-specific cytokines may play important roles in the regulation of megakaryocytopoiesis. Consistent with this hypothesis, we have found that the hormone prolactin-like protein E, a placental hormone that we have recently characterized, targets megakaryocytes through a specific cell surface receptor and induces megakaryocyte differentiation through a gp130-dependent signal transduction pathway.
Mechanisms of crustacean egg hatching: Evidence for enzyme release by crab embryos

During the summer of 1989, we examined mechanisms of egg hatching in three species of brachyurans that occupy different habitats as adults near Beaufort, North Carolina, USA:Neopanope sayi (Smith) (subtidal),Uca pugilator (Bosc) (intertidal) andSesarma cinereum (Bosc) (supratidal). Results of casein assays indicated that embryos of all species release proteolytic enzymes near the time of egg hatching. Species differences in specific enzyme activity were suggested, with increased activity in the more terrestrial crabs. Embryos ofN. sayi released enzymes several hours before larval release by the female, whileU. pugilator andS. cinereum released enzymes closer to the time of larval release; enzyme release coincided roughly with time of egg-membrane breakage in all species. Direct observations of hatching showed a sequence of outer-membrane breakage apparently followed by inner-membrane breakage and emergence of the larva. Egg volumes increased most during early and/or mid-stages of development, with a marked slowing of the increase during the several days before hatching. Thus, a gradual osmotically-driven increase in water content may also be involved in egg hatching.
Sex Roles and Friendship Patterns.

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships among sex, sex role orientation, and friendship. Based on the Bem Sex Role Inventory, 164 participants were categorized as either androgynous (17 males; 29 females), traditional (36 males; 39 females), or undifferentiated (26 males; 17 females) in their sex role orientation. Participants reported the number of close male and female friends, and responded to several questionnaires: interpersonal trust of male and female friends, communal and exchange orientations, affective and activity attributes associated with male and female friends, loneliness, and friendship satisfaction. Results indicate that close friends tended to be same sex, even though females had more close friends overall than did the males. Androgyny was related to characteristics that enhance the development and maintenance of close friendships, such as a communal orientation and positive conceptions of friends, while the undifferentiated orientation was related to less relationship enhancing orientations and a less rewarding interpersonal milieu. The study confirms that sex and sex role orientation are important factors in both quantitative and qualitative aspects of friendship during young adulthood.
The mechanism of hydrogen-deuterium exchange of 1-methyl-4-pyrimidone

Abstract HD exchange of 1 -methyl-4-pyrimidone ( 3 ) to give 1 -methyl-4-pyrimidone-2d ( 4 ) is shown, by rate comparisons with model compounds, to involve initial deuteration at N-3 and subsequent deprotonation to give a ylide which yields 4 . The change in mechanism for C-2 HD exchange from direct proton removal for 1-methyl-4-pyridone ( 1 ) to addition-elimination for 3 is intelligible in terms of the relative kinetic acidities of the free base and the corresponding 'onium salt for each case. A suggestion is made that anionic or ylide intermediates similar to those involved in these exchanges are involved in the biosynthesis of uridylic acid.
Subscale cryo-thermal tests of a large 4-K space telescope

Thermal performance testing of a large cryogenic system of an open geometry (not contained within a dewar) is problematic due to the proximity of room temperature and very low temperature components. These tests require careful attention to the closeouts between temperature zones to prevent unwanted radiation transfer and to avoid perturbing the system under test. We are demonstrating the possibility of performing these sensitive tests on a small scale which makes the tests faster and cheaper. It also offers the possibility of refining these close-outs, which may not be practical on a full size system. This paper describes a test item modeled on a larger passive and actively cooled future space telescope, and the apparatus used to test it down to 4 K.
Irreversible quantum hydrodynamics from kinetic theory

Abstract A kinetic equation for the quantum Brownian motion is derived by starting from the quantum Liouville equation for a N-particle density matrix. The friction coefficient presented through the kinetic approach is derived self-consistently within the theory and expressed in terms of the intermolecular forces acting on the Brownian particle. Particular interest is focused on the derivation of macroscopic irreversible quantum hydrodynamics equations from quantum kinetic theory. From a computer simulation of a reduced description of these equations applied to the problem of an incident wave packet through a square-well potential with friction, the existence of a bound state has been discovered; that is, part of the incident wave packet is trapped within the inelastic well.
DNA vaccination with map1 gene followed by protein boost augments protection against challenge with Cowdria ruminantium, the agent of heartwater

Abstract A DNA vaccine encoding the immunodominant MAP1 protein of Cowdria ruminantium (Crystal Springs (CS) strain) was shown to partially protect DBA/2 mice against homologous lethal challenge. To enhance the protective capacity of this DNA vaccine, the effects of length of interval between vaccinations and of prime-boost regimes were investigated. Increasing the interval between vaccinations from 2 to 12 weeks did not result in better protection (P=0.900). However, boosting DNA vaccine-primed mice with recombinant MAP1 protein significantly augmented protection on homologous challenge in various trials from 13–27 to 53–67% (P
Isolation, primary structure and synthesis of two neuropeptides from Leucophaea maderae: Members of a new family of cephalomyotropins☆

Abstract 1. 1. Two peptides which stimulate the contractile activity of the cockroach hindgut were isolated from head extracts of the cockroach, Leucophaea maderae. 2. 2. A series of four high-performance liquid-chromatographie (HPLC) fractionations yielded sufficient quantities of pure peptides for micro amino acid analyses and primary sequence determinations. The sequences obtained for the two peptides were: Asp-Pro-Ala-Phe-Asn-Ser-Trp-Gly-NH2 and Asp-Pro-Gly-Phe-Ser-Ser-Trp-Gly-NH2. The two octapeptides were designated leucokinins I and II (L-I, L-II), respectively. 3. 3. Minimum concentrations of synthetic L-I and L-II required to produce a response from the isolated cockroach hindgut were 2.0 × 10−10 and 1.6 × 10−10M, respectively. These concentrations were virtually identical to the threshold concentrations observed with the naturally occurring peptides.
Biofunctionalized poly (amic) acid membranes for absolute disinfection of drinking water

Abstract The integration of biological building-blocks with synthetic nanomaterials may permit unprecedented ability to detect, disinfect and completely remove pathogens in water. We hereby described the synthesis of biodegradable, interpenetrating polymeric networks of poly (amic) acid (PAA), glutaraldehyde-derivatized PAA (PAA-GA) and chitosan-modified poly (amic) acid (PAA-CS) using phase-inversion procedures. The characterization data from NMR, FT-IR, SEM and cyclic voltammetry confirmed the successful formation of electroactive, bifunctional, glutaraldehyde-linked PAA membranes. Toxicological, electrochemical and mechanical characterization data showed the successful formation of non-toxic, biodegradable, porous, free-standing and mechanically strong membranes. PAA-GA showed the highest modulus of 568.1 Mpa followed by PAA-CS-GA (495.0 Mpa). The optimized membranes were tested against three of the most common drinking water contaminants, namely Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii and Staphylococcus epidermidis with 100% removal achieved using dead end filtration and tangential flow filtration.