cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 25 – Pedestrians

Publisher Summary Pedestrian crashes are somewhat unique because the responsibility for them is not equally shared between drivers and pedestrians. In the case of pedestrian crashes, there are several reasons the driver should be assigned a higher proportion of the degree of responsibility. First, drivers must meet minimum standards in regard to knowledge, vision, age, and demonstrated skill level that cannot be legally required of walking. Second, it is often said that driving is a privilege and not a right. One cannot say the same for walking. Although it is possible to remove an individual's driving permit, it would be a gross violation of human rights to deprive someone of the right to walk. Third, pedestrians include individuals who do not have the same physical or cognitive skills as drivers. For example, all children and some seniors do not meet the minimum standards required to operate a motor vehicle. Both these groups have been demonstrated to be deficient in judging gaps. Persons with physical challenges such as the blind pedestrians or persons with mental challenges also have a right to mobility. It cannot reasonably be asserted that a blind pedestrian has the same level of responsibility to avoid a crash as a licensed driver. Because pedestrians are vulnerable road users, it is critical that methods should be developed to improve the safety of walking. One way to improve the safety of pedestrians is to teach drivers and pedestrians to follow the rules of the road.
Urine: The Golden Elixir of Life

Many scientists as well as philosophers have recognized the importance of urination and how this basic physiologic function is vital to sustain life. The urinary system and tract are responsible for the production, refinement and elimination of urine from the body. A thorough examination of urine provides valuable information that assists in patient care. This book is dedicated to the clinical application of urine tests; however before test application, one should understand some basic principles of urine production, refinement and elimination.
Temperature dependence of diffusion length and mobility in mid-wavelength InAs/InAsSb superlattice infrared detectors

In the past decade, infrared detectors with InAs/InAsSb (Gallium-free) type-II strained layer superlattice absorbers became a technology of interest for many imaging applications. In this work, we study the dependence of minority carrier (hole) transport, absorption coefficient, and quantum efficiency (QE) of a 5.6 μm cutoff wavelength mid-wavelength infrared InAs/InAsSb detector on temperatures and applied bias. We found that the minority carrier lifetime is very long (τ ≈ 5.5 μs) and is temperature independent in the temperature range T = 50–150 K. The back-side illuminated QE without anti-reflection coating increases from ∼30% at T = 50 K to ∼60% at T = 180 K. The minority carrier (hole) diffusion length, Ldh, was found from QE and absorption coefficient. The hole diffusion length at T = 50 K is Ldh = 2.4 μm and increases monotonically to Ldh = 7.2 μm at T = 180 K. The hole mobility, calculated from diffusion length and minority carrier lifetime, is μh = 4.5 cm2/V s at T = 50 K and increases with temperature to reach μh = 7.2 cm2/V s at T = 150 K. In addition, we find that at lower temperatures where the diffusion length is shorter, the stronger QE dependence on applied bias is due to minority carrier collection from the depletion region, whose width increases with applied bias.
Effects of Group Behavioral Skills Training on Teacher Candidates’ Acquisition and Maintenance of Active Listening

This study examined group-delivered behavioral skills training (BST) as a method for preparing special education teacher candidates to demonstrate active listening communication skills. Results indicated that: (a) BST was effective for instruction, (b) all instructional groups maintained communication skills across probes, and (c) participants felt prepared to talk to general education teachers and parents after BST in communication skills. Results offer evidence that BST can be implemented in group settings and can be used to teach communication skills to teacher candidates. Teacher preparers should consider BST as a method for communication skills training in university classrooms as a way to support preservice teachers.
Asking People to Explain Complex Policies Does Not Increase Political Moderation: Three Preregistered Failures to Closely Replicate Fernbach, Rogers, Fox, and Sloman's (2013) Findings.

Fernbach et al. (2013) found that political extremism and partisan in-group favoritism can be reduced by asking people to provide mechanistic explanations for complex policies, thus making their la...
First genomic resource of the Columbia lance nematode Hoplolaimus columbus

The Columbia lance nematode Hoplolaimus columbus has been reported frequently from North America due to its negative impact on agricultural production. In this study, for the first time, we sequenced the whole genome of a female specimen by using whole-genome-amplification and Illumina MiSeq. Data were de novo assembled to form scaffolds of 205.75 Mbp consisting of 118,374 contigs. The largest scaffold was 636,881 bp. BUSCO completeness was 66.6% (eukaryotic dataset), and over 8,000 unique genes were predicted by GeneMark-ES. A total of 61,855 protein sequences were predicted by AUGUSTUS, and 10,085 of them were annotated by PANNZER2 with at least one function. These data will provide valuable resources for studies focusing on pathogenicity and phylogenomics of plant-parasitic nematodes.
On sentiment of online fake news

The presence of disinformation and fake news on the Internet and especially social media has become a major concern. Prime examples of such fake news surged in the 2016 U.S. presidential election cycle and the COVID-19 pandemic. We quantify sentiment differences between true and fake news on social media using a diverse body of datasets from the literature that contains about 100K previously labeled true and fake news. We also experiment with a variety of sentiment analysis tools. We model the association between sentiment and veracity as conditional probability and also leverage statistical hypothesis testing to uncover the relationship between sentiment and veracity. With a significance level of 99.999%, we observe a statistically significant relationship between negative sentiment and fake news and between positive sentiment and true news. The degree of association, as measured by Goodman and Kruskal's gamma, ranges between .037 to .475. Finally, we make our data and code publicly available to support reproducibility. Our results assist in the development of automatic fake news detectors.
Abstract 15287: Evolocumab Inhibits the Acute Rise in Lipoprotein(a) in Patients With Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI)- Results From the EVACS Study

Introduction: Elevated Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Although Lp(a) is mostly heritable, and controlled by the apo(a) gene, acute incr...
Crohn's Disease Increases In-Hospital Lengths of Stay, Medical Complications, and Costs of Care following Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty

The literature has shown an increase in prevalence of Crohn's disease (CD) within the United States alongside a concomitant rise in primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) procedures. As such, with these parallel increases, orthopaedic surgeons will invariably encounter CD patients requiring TKA. Limited studies exist evaluating the impact of this disease on patients undergoing the procedure; therefore, this study endeavors to determine whether CD patients undergoing primary TKA have higher rates of (1) in-hospital lengths of stay (LOS), (2) medical complications, and (3) episode of care (EOC) costs. To accomplish this, a nationwide database was queried from January 1, 2005 to March 31, 2014 to identify patients undergoing TKA. The study group, patients with CD, was randomly matched to the controls, patients without CD, in a 1:5 ratio after accounting for age, sex, and medical comorbidities associated with CD. Patients consuming corticosteroids were excluded, as they are at risk of higher rates of adverse events following TKA. This query ultimately yielded a total of 96,213 patients, with 16,037 in the study cohort and 80,176 in the control one. The study compared in-hospital (LOS), 90-day medical complications, and day of surgery and total global 90-day EOC costs between CD and non-CD patients undergoing primary TKA. The results found CD patients undergoing primary TKA had significantly longer in-hospital LOS (4- vs. 3 days, p < 0.0001) compared with non-CD patients. CD patients were also found to have significantly higher incidence and odds of 90-day medical complications (25.31 vs. 10.75; odds ratio: 2.05, p < 0.0001) compared with their counterparts. Furthermore, CD patients were found to have significantly higher 90-day EOC costs ($15,401.63 vs. 14,241.15, p < 0.0001) compared with controls. This study demonstrated that, after adjusting for age, sex, and medical comorbidities, patients with CD have prolonged in-hospital LOS, increased medical complications, and higher EOC costs following primary TKA. Therefore, it establishes the importance for orthopaedists to adequately counsel CD patients of the potential complications and outcomes following their procedure.
Urban Air Pollution and Health in Developing Countries

The rapid economic development occurring in developing countries in recent decades has been accompanied with increasingly worsened air quality. In recent years, severe air pollution episodes have occurred frequently in the cities of some developing countries. The goal of this chapter is to describe outdoor air pollution issues with a focus on urban areas in developing countries. Topics include global air pollution trends, differences in emissions and concentrations of key air pollutants in different regions, emission sources disproportionately affecting developing countries, estimating disease burden in developing countries, and recommendations based on historical successes and lessons from developed countries.
Parasites of Ungulates in the Jackson Hole Area: Scarabaeoid Beetles Acting on Lungworm, Dictyocaulus viviparus, Larvae in Elk Feces Season of 1976

Prevalence of Dictyocaulus viviparus lungworm in elk was previously determined, (1968-74) by elk fecal analyses during spring, summer and winter of each year and by elk lung dissections during the fall hunting season. Percentages positive for and numbers of D. viviparus larvae in elk feces was monitored during the fall hunting season of 1975. Fifteen percent (5 to 33) of the elk checked were positive for D. viviparus according to lung dissections conducted during the period of November 15-18, 1975, in Teton Park.
Features in the Heads of Submarine Canyons Narrative of Underwater Film

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with creep of sediment and rapid flow of sand over the steeply sloping floor of some submarine canyons off California and Baja California. The sediment motion apparently causes scour of the canyon floor and walls. The phenomena were directly observed and filmed by geologists diving in the upper parts of the canyons. Spectacular sand falls develop where there are sharp drop-offs in the canyon's axial profile. In these areas, the pulsation of the sand movement is readily apparent. In one of the fault controlled tributaries, fresh granite surfaces are exposed where the force of the falling sand has plucked and gouged weak and broken granite pieces from the face of the rock wall. Such surfaces are truly examples of contemporary submarine erosion.
Structures and Organization on the Oxidizing Side of Photosystem II

Recently, there has been substantial progress in developing methods by which to resolve Photosystem II biochemically and to manipulate it genetically (for reviews, see 1–3 and references therein). The biochemical developments have allowed samples with significantly higher Photosystem II concentrations to be prepared. This has facilitated the application of a number of spectroscopic techniques and has allowed new physical techniques to be brought to bear on outstanding problems in PSII. The advances in genetic operations that can be applied to PSII proteins now extends to both core polypeptides, Dl and D2. As a result, important components in the electron transfer reactions that precede O2 evolution have been identified and the relevance of C2 symmetry arguments, in analogy to the bacterial reaction center, has been demonstrated (4). Although this analogy must eventually break down simply because of the different functions that occur in bacterial and PSII reaction centers, determining where the divergence occurs is of importance. Already, for example, there are indications that the pigment composition of the PSII reaction center is considerably more complex than that of the bacterial reaction center (5).
Informational modeling of tissue-like materials using ultrasound

The correlation between disease pathology and tissue stiffness can be exploited to detect and potentially diagnose abnormal tissue states. Elastography is an imaging modality that attempts to image tissue stiffness by measuring local displacements caused by an applied force and calculating a strain map. Some elasticity imaging techniques attempt to assign a material parameter, such as Young's or shear modulus, to the imaged region in an effort to increase specificity. Unfortunately, the inversion techniques require many simplifying assumptions which lead to errors in the parameter estimates. One possible solution to increase accuracy in estimation is to first build an empirical model of the tissue using measured force-displacement data, thus eliminating the need for a priori assumptions. We propose the use of informational models for this purpose.
The relationship between prostate volume and prostate-specific antigen variability: Data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging and the Johns Hopkins Active Surveillance Program

Study Type – Prognostic (cohort) Level of Evidence 2b What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Previous studies have attempted to characterize the normal biological variability in PSA among men without prostate cancer. These reports suggest that PSA variability is unrelated to age, but there are conflicting data on its association with the baseline PSA level. There are limited published data regarding the effects of prostate volume on PSA variability. A prior study assessing whether prostate volume changes would confound the use of PSA velocity in clinical practice reported that prostate volume changes were not significantly related to PSA changes. This study did not directly address the effect of baseline prostate volume on serial PSA variability. The objective of the current study was to further examine the relationship between prostate volume and PSA variability. Our hypothesis was that larger baseline prostate volume would be associated with increased PSA variability in men without known prostate cancer and in those with suspected small-volume disease. The results of the study suggest that baseline PSA, not prostate volume, is the primary driver of PSA variability in these populations. OBJECTIVE • To clarify the relationship between serial prostate-specific antigen (PSA) variability and prostate volume in both cancer-free participants from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) and patients with low-risk prostate cancer from the Johns Hopkins Active Surveillance Program (AS). MATERIALS AND METHODS • In all, 287 men from the BLSA and 131 patients from the AS were included in the analysis, all with at least two PSA measurements and concurrent prostate volume measurements. • PSA variability was calculated in ng/mL per year, and a linear mixed-effects model was used to determine the relative effects of prostate volume, baseline PSA and age on PSA change over time. RESULTS • In a model with prostate volume, age and baseline PSA, there was no significant relationship between prostate volume and PSA variability (BLSA, P= 0.57; AS, P= 0.49). • Only baseline PSA showed a significant relationship to PSA yearly variability (PSAYV) (P < 0.001). Specifically, a one unit higher baseline PSA (ng/mL) corresponded on average to 0.09 and 0.06 ng/mL per year higher PSAYV in the BLSA and AS populations, respectively. CONCLUSIONS • The results of the present study suggest that the primary driver of PSA variability is the baseline PSA level, rather than prostate volume. • Clinicians might consider the baseline PSA level to help predict the expected variability in serial PSA measurements.
A Humean Model of Democratic Reasonableness

For the present argument, I propose the same heuristic device, only in reverse. As a model for understanding the motivational requirements of democratic education, I want to explore elements of David Hume’s moral psychology, specifically his internalist doctrine of how the passions and reason are related. Humean internalism, I will argue, provides a compelling model for how a universalizing force (such as reason) may shape, structure, and discipline particularizing forces (such as the various passions) without in any simple sense dominating or, certainly, extinguishing them. Hume’s account of how reason is both a “slave” to the passions yet also an instrument for altering them shows how trans-spherical norms of universal rights can be both subservient to and also, in a sense that is crucial for liberals, boundarykeepers and interveners with regard to the various social spheres. Alongside other key democratic institutions, an education system of necessity sits astride this problematic. To maintain legitimacy, it must configure itself in ways that correspond to the larger social “settlement” in this regard; in doing so, a system of education always maintains a distinctive fingerprint of obligation.
Characteristics and significance of the physiological patterns accompanying growth limitation.

Baarda, I. F. (Iowa State University, Ames) and W. R. Lockhart. Characteristics and significance of the physiological patterns accompanying growth limitation. J. Bacteriol. 84:1085–1093. 1962.—The physiological characteristics of several related strains of Escherichia coli were studied during the transition from exponential growth to stationary phase in defined media with limiting concentrations of the carbon or nitrogen source. The metabolic changes typical of this transition, which often are set in motion before exhaustion of the limiting nutrient has occurred, appear to consist of a series of shifts in the relative emphasis placed on competing reaction sequences leading, respectively, to cell division, protoplasmic synthesis, or cell maintenance. This process of biochemical differentiation has characteristic patterns which are qualitatively distinct for particular limiting nutrients and quantitatively different among strains. Correlation of specific metabolic patterns with the characteristic values of certain growth constants for each strain permits hypotheses concerning the physiological significance of these constants.
Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβ) Receptor Regulation During Fetal Lung Development • 256

Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβ) Receptor Regulation During Fetal Lung Development • 256
Reverse Genetics of Drosophila RNA Polymerase II: Identification and Characterization of Rpii140, the Genomic Locus for the Second-Largest Subunit

We have used a reverse genetics approach to isolate genes encoding two subunits of Drosophila melanogaster RNA polymerase II. RpII18 encodes the 18-kDa subunit and maps cytogenetically to polytene band region 83A. RpII140 encodes the 140-kDa subunit and maps to polytene band region 88A10:B1,2. Focusing on RpII140, we used in situ hybridization to map this gene to a small subinterval defined by the endpoints of a series of deficiencies impinging on the 88A/B region and showed that it does not represent a previously known genetic locus. Two recently defined complementation groups, A5 and Z6, reside in the same subinterval and thus were candidates for the RpII140 locus. Phenotypes of A5 mutants suggested that they affect RNA polymerase II, in that the lethal phase and the interaction with developmental loci such as Ubx resemble those of mutants in the gene for the largest subunit, RpII215. Indeed, we have achieved complete genetic rescue of representative recessive lethal mutations of A5 with a P-element construct containing a 9.1-kb genomic DNA fragment carrying RpII140. Interestingly, the initial construct also rescued lethal alleles in the neighboring complementation group, Z6, revealing that the 9.1-kb insert carries two genes. Deleting coding region sequences of RpII140, however, yielded a transformation vector that failed to rescue A5 alleles but continued to rescue Z6 alleles. These results strongly support the conclusion that the A5 complementation group is equivalent to the genomic RpII140 locus.
Comparison of seismic features extracted by digital signal processing techniques

During the past four years extensive effort has been made by this research group to digitally enhance the seismic data and to seek for the best mathematical features to discriminate between the natural earthquake and the nuclear explosion events. In this paper the recognition results based on different sets of seimic data base are reported. In particular, a critical comparison is made with the most recent seismic data base on the feature sets: autocovariance, power cepstrum, Alpha minus C energy estimate and entropy. The four feature sets are all effective but the autocovariance features provide the best performance with 89.32% correct recognition based on 16 features, 7 best learning samples from each class and the nearest neighbor classification rule. Although the theoretical comparison is not possible, computer results presented are reliable because of the reasonably large sample size used.
Quantifying the regional water footprint of biofuel production by incorporating hydrologic modeling

[1] A spatially explicit life cycle water analysis framework is proposed, in which a standardized water footprint methodology is coupled with hydrologic modeling to assess blue water, green water (rainfall), and agricultural grey water discharge in the production of biofuel feedstock at county-level resolution. Grey water is simulated via SWAT, a watershed model. Evapotranspiration (ET) estimates generated with the Penman-Monteith equation and crop parameters were verified by using remote sensing results, a satellite-imagery-derived data set, and other field measurements. Crop irrigation survey data are used to corroborate the estimate of irrigation ET. An application of the concept is presented in a case study for corn-stover-based ethanol grown in Iowa (United States) within the Upper Mississippi River basin. Results show vast spatial variations in the water footprint of stover ethanol from county to county. Producing 1 L of ethanol from corn stover growing in the Iowa counties studied requires from 4.6 to 13.1 L of blue water (with an average of 5.4 L), a majority (86%) of which is consumed in the biorefinery. The county-level green water (rainfall) footprint ranges from 760 to 1000 L L−1. The grey water footprint varies considerably, ranging from 44 to 1579 L, a 35-fold difference, with a county average of 518 L. This framework can be a useful tool for watershed- or county-level biofuel sustainability metric analysis to address the heterogeneity of the water footprint for biofuels.
NUMFL: Localizing Faults in Numerical Software Using a Value-Based Causal Model

We present NUMFL, a value-based causal inference model for localizing faults in numerical software. NUMFL combines causal and statistical analyses to characterize the causal effects of individual numerical expressions on failures. Given value- profiles for an expression's variables, NUMFL uses generalized propensity scores (GPSs) to reduce confounding bias caused by evaluation of other, faulty expressions. It estimates the average failure-causing effect of an expression using quadratic regression models fit within GPS subclasses. We report on an evaluation of NUMFL with components from four Java numerical libraries, in which it was compared to five alternative statistical fault localization metrics. The results indicate that NUMFL is the most effective technique overall.
Low-dose thiazide diuretics in children with idiopathic renal hypercalciuria.

Abtract Aim: To evaluate the therapeutic effect of hydrochlorothiazide in idiopathic renal hypercalciuria. Methods: We retrospectively analysed the data of 28 children (6.0 ± 4.1 years, M:F = 19:9) diagnosed as having idiopathic renal hypercalciuria from the years 1991 to 2008. The dose of hydrochlorothiazide was initially 0.5 mg/kg/day and gradually increased to achieve the appropriate hypocalciuric effect (urinary calcium/creatinine <0.2 mg/mg) in some unresponsive patients. Results: Twenty-two patients (79%) had gross haematuria, 6 (21%) microscopic haematuria, 2 left flank pain, 6 (21%) urolithiasis and 9 (32%) urinary tract infection at the diagnosis of hypercalciuria. The low doses (0.5 mg/kg/day) of hydrochlorothiazide reduced urinary calcium excretion in 25 patients (89%) and 3 (11%) required the increased doses (1–2 mg/kg/day). Haematuria and urolithiasis gradually resolved in accordance with the improvement of hypercalciuria. Nineteen patients (68%) maintaining hypocalciuria during hydrochlorothiazide therapy were discontinued after 12.5 ± 5.3 months of treatment. Eleven of the 19 patients maintained normocalciuria, while 8 showed increased urinary calcium excretion at 2.9 ± 2.3 months after treatment was stopped, requiring thiazide retreatment. Conclusion: Our results suggest that low dose (0.5 mg/kg/day) of hydrochlorothiazide may be safe and effective in controlling renal hypercalciuria in children.
Spintharus flavidus in the Caribbean—a 30 million year biogeographical history and radiation of a ‘widespread species’

The Caribbean island biota is characterized by high levels of endemism, the result of an interplay between colonization opportunities on islands and effective oceanic barriers among them. A relatively small percentage of the biota is represented by 'widespread species,' presumably taxa for which oceanic barriers are ineffective. Few studies have explored in detail the genetic structure of widespread Caribbean taxa. The cobweb spider Spintharus flavidus Hentz, 1850 (Theridiidae) is one of two described Spintharus species and is unique in being widely distributed from northern N. America to Brazil and throughout the Caribbean. As a taxonomic hypothesis, Spintharus "flavidus" predicts maintenance of gene flow among Caribbean islands, a prediction that seems contradicted by known S. flavidus biology, which suggests limited dispersal ability. As part of an extensive survey of Caribbean arachnids (project CarBio), we conducted the first molecular phylogenetic analysis of S. flavidus with the primary goal of testing the 'widespread species' hypothesis. Our results, while limited to three molecular loci, reject the hypothesis of a single widespread species. Instead this lineage seems to represent a radiation with at least 16 species in the Caribbean region. Nearly all are short range endemics with several distinct mainland groups and others are single island endemics. While limited taxon sampling, with a single specimen from S. America, constrains what we can infer about the biogeographical history of the lineage, clear patterns still emerge. Consistent with limited overwater dispersal, we find evidence for a single colonization of the Caribbean about 30 million years ago, coinciding with the timing of the GAARLandia landbridge hypothesis. In sum, S. "flavidus" is not a single species capable of frequent overwater dispersal, but rather a 30 my old radiation of single island endemics that provides preliminary support for a complex and contested geological hypothesis.
Forensic Techniques Identify the First Record of Snowy Owl (Bubo scandiacus) Feeding on a Razorbill (Alca torda)

ABSTRACT Stomach contents were analyzed using microscopic feather characters and osteological comparisons to document the first record of a Razorbill (Alca torda) being eaten by a Snowy Owl (Bubo scandiacus). Careful comparisons of fragmented morphological evidence in combination with geographic location and other circumstantial data can enhance dietary analyses, especially when it is difficult to obtain DNA sequences from the degraded and digested stomach contents.
Folate and neural tube defects

A protective effect of folate against the development of neural tube defects (NTDs), specifically, anencephaly and spina bifida, is now well recognized, having been established by a chain of clinical research studies over the past half century. This article summarizes the more important of these studies, which have led to the current situation in which all women capable of becoming pregnant are urged to ingest folic acid regularly. The recommended intakes are 4 mg/d for those at high risk (by virtue of a previous NTD pregnancy outcome) and 0.4 mg/d for all others. However, a reduction in NTD births did not follow promulgation of these recommendations, and so folic acid fortification was mandated in the United States and some other countries. Although some controversy remains about the adequacy of fortification levels, the process was followed by significant improvement in folate indexes and a reduction of 25-30% in NTD frequency (about one-half of the proportion of cases assumed to be responsive to folate). The folate-NTD relation represents the only instance in which a congenital malformation can be prevented simply and consistently. Nevertheless, several research gaps remain: identification of the mechanism by which the defect occurs and how folate ameliorates it; characterization of the relative efficacy of food folate, folic acid added to foods, and folic acid by itself; delineation of the dose-response relations of folate and NTD prevention; and more precise quantification of the dose needed to prevent recurrences.
Race and Interactions on Public Transportation: Social Cohesion and the Production of Common Norms and a Collective Black Identity

In this article, I examine interactions on public transportation in order to assess social cohesion among members of the same race. Contrary to the prevailing view of social cohesion in urban places, I find that individuals in poor, black areas demonstrate more social cohesion than individuals in more affluent, white areas. This cohesion is meaningful as it plays a role in the production of common notions of a particular black reality and collective black identity, and that it serves a normative function in defining appropriate behaviors. I use Goffman's idea of civil inattention as a heuristic for studying social cohesion.
Tomographic Reconstruction of Atmospheric Turbulence from Microlens Imagery

Data acquired from a micro-lens array is used to obtain a 3-D reconstruction of the wave front. The problem is modeled as a large-scale inverse problem, which can be efficiently solved using iterative optimization techniques.
Anregung des sonnenbestrahlten Nordlichtes

Das Spektrum des sonnenbestrahlten Nordlichtes besteht im wesentlichen aus den blauen Banden des N2+-Ions und den roten, verbotenen Linien des O-Atoms. Wahrend nachBates die Banden des N2+ durchzwei aufeinanderfolgende Vorgange (Stosionisation und Fluoreszenzanregung durch Sonnenlicht) hervorgerufen werden, mussen wir fur die Linien des O Anregung ineinem Vorgang, vermutlich Elektronenstos, annehmen. Diese Unterscheidung last erwarten, das der blaue Bestandteil eine viel langere Lebensdauer hat als der rote und deshalb viel starker dem Abtreiben durch Winde ausgesetzt ist.
Super-Kamiokandeʼs Solar ν Results

Abstract Super-Kamiokande observed 57,700 recoil electrons from solar 8B and hep neutrino–electron scattering between 3.489 and 19.489 MeV kinetic energy in 3,904 live days. The interaction rate is 45.1 ± 0.7 % of the rate expected from a pure ν e 8B flux of 5.25 × 10 6 / cm 2 s (and a hep flux of 7.88 × 10 3 / cm 2 s ). The observed recoil electron spectrum favors a flat suppression over distortions predicted by standard neutrino flavour oscillation parameters by 1.1 to 1.9σ. The observed day/night variation of − 2.8 ± 1.1 (stat) ± 0.5 (syst) % is consistent with zero at the 2.3σ level. The oscillation analysis of this data determines the solar neutrino mass 2 splitting Δ m 21 2 = 4.69 − 0.83 + 1.80 × 10 − 5 eV 2 , consistent within 1.5 to 2σ with KamLANDʼs anti-neutrino measurement.
The Differential Response of Surface Fluxes from Agro-ecosystems in Response to Local Environmental Conditions

Abstract Meeting the competing demands for freshwater of the urban, industrial, and agricultural communities is increasingly challenging as the global population continues to grow and the need for potable water, food, fiber, and fuel grows with it. One of the keys to meeting these demands is maximizing the efficiency of water use in agricultural applications. Toward this end, a thorough understanding of the factors driving evapotranspiration and their response to spatiotemporal variations in local environmental conditions is needed for the development and validation of numerical and remote sensing-based models. Moreover, because these exchange processes are strongly nonlinear, scaling measurements collected at one scale to another remains a nontrivial task. In an effort to identify the key environmental drivers controlling the latent heat flux (λE) from agro-ecosystems and their potential impacts on upscaling in-situ flux measurements, eddy covariance and micrometeorological data collected over maize and soy at three distinct sites located in Maryland, Iowa, and Minnesota, respectively were evaluated for the years between 2007 and 2011. The magnitudes of the evaporative fluxes were comparable for measurements collected during clear-sky days with similar environmental conditions; on average, the measurements of λE agreed to within 50 W m -2 , or approximately 10%. When considered in terms of evaporative fraction ( f e ), however, there were marked differences among the sites. For example, while the magnitude and diurnal pattern of f e for mature maize at the Minnesota site was nearly constant ( f e = 0.66) during the day, f e at both the Maryland and Iowa site increased steadily during the day from a minimum value near 0.68 at midmorning to peak value of 0.87 in the afternoon. These differences appear to be primarily linked to differences in soil moisture and vegetation density at the various sites. As such, this research underscores the impact of local environmental conditions in controlling land-atmosphere exchange processes. It also underscores the importance accurately describing local environmental conditions when modeling surface fluxes.
Current Smoking Practices among Jordanian College Students: A Pilot Study

This pilot study gauges the smoking rates among college students in Jordan, attitudes toward tobacco policies, knowledge of smoking hazards, and identifies methods of quitting for former smokers. The sample (n = 296) was taken from students attending a General Education course at the University of Jordan. Results show that the majority of respondents (70.3%) had never smoked, 2.8% were former smokers, while 26.9% were current smokers. For former smokers, the main reported reason for quitting was concern for health (63.6%) and the two methods used to quit smoking were: 1) cold turkey (by themselves) (66. 7%); and 2) cut-down smoking and then quit by themselves (33.3%). In addition, a higher level of knowledge related to health effects of tobacco and a higher need for tobacco-related policies was identified by the former/never smokers. Implications for health education are discussed.
High resolution multidetector CT aided tissue analysis and quantification of lung fibrosis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF, also known as Idiopathic Usual Interstitial Pneumontis, pathologically) is a progressive diffuse lung disease which has a median survival rate of less than four years with a prevalence of 15-20/100,000 in the United States. Global function changes are measured by pulmonary function tests and the diagnosis and extent of pulmonary structural changes are typically assessed by acquiring two-dimensional high resolution CT (HRCT) images. The acquisition and analysis of volumetric high resolution Multi-Detector CT (MDCT) images with nearly isotropic pixels offers the potential to measure both lung function and structure. This paper presents a new approach to three dimensional lung image analysis and classification of normal and abnormal structures in lungs with IPF.
On a random Volterra integral equation

Tsokos [12] showed the existence of a unique random solution of the random Volterra integral equation (*)x(t; ω) = h(t; ω) + ∫ k(t, τ; ω)f(τ, x(τ; ω)) dτ, whereω ∈ Ω, the supporting set of a probability measure space (Ω,A, P). It was required thatf must satisfy a Lipschitz condition in a certain subset of a Banach space. By using an extension of Banach's contraction-mapping principle, it is shown here that a unique random solution of (*) exists whenf is (∈, λ)-uniformly locally Lipschitz in the same subset of the Banach space considered in [12].
Is rituximab a safe and effective treatment for patients with active RA, irrespective of methotrexate treatment?

Is rituximab a safe and effective treatment for patients with active RA, irrespective of methotrexate treatment?
The abdominal aorta and constrictive pericarditis: Abdominal aortic respiratory variation as an echocardiographic finding in constrictive pericarditis

A 68-year-old man with a history of pericarditis was referred for evaluation of dyspnea and 6 months of recurrent paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. He initially presented with sweating, fatigue, chest tightness, and abdominal bloating. At the time, an electrocardiogram revealed atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response (190/ min). He was rate controlled and then underwent successful electrical cardioversion to sinus rhythm. An echocardiogram demonstrated a moderate pericardial effusion. Two months later, with recurrent similar symptoms, an electrocardiogram demonstrated atrial flutter. A transesophageal echocardiogram was performed to rule out atrial thrombi. It demonstrated a thickened pericardium, a tiny pericardial effusion, and no thrombus. He again underwent successful electrical cardioversion to sinus rhythm. His medical history was significant for a cerebrovascular accident 3 years prior with residual left-sided paresthesias. His medications included furosemide, metoprolol, diltiazem, propafenone, spironolactone, atorvastatin, rofecoxib, aspirin, and clonazepam.
AEEF: A knowledge-based framework for apparel enterprise evaluation

Abstract The practice of subcontracting some or all the operations involved in manufacturing products is prevalent in many industries. The buying organization typically receives bids from several companies offering to carry out these operations. The process of determining whether a manufacturing facility is capable of producing the required quantity of the commodity at the right time and of the specified quality is fairly complex and involved. In this research, a knowledge-based approach has been adopted to identify the major factors that affect the capability of an apparel manufacturing enterprise to perform on a contract. This knowledge-based framework, known as Apparel Enterprise Evaluation Framework (AEEF), has been developed. In this article, we present the acquisition and representation of the knowledge in a structural hierarchical framework. The article also outlines the selection of the inference mechanism and the decomposition of the high-level abstract enterprise capabilities into low-level observable factors.
Seasonal changes in CO2 assimilation of cranberry leaves

Abstract CO2 assimilation rates of current season and 1-year-old leaves were measured under field conditions in 1991 and 1992 on cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. cultivars ‘Stevens’ (high yielding) and ‘Searles’ (low yielding)) uprights. One-year-old cranberry leaf CO2 assimilation rates increased from May to early June to a peak of about 22 μmol CO2 kg−1 dry weight s−1. Most 1-year-old leaves were retained on uprights into the second growing season until May, after which there was a steady decline in leaf area per upright due to abscission. The early positive CO2 assimilation rates measured on 1-year-old leaves suggest that they can provide photoassimilates for early growth. Current season leaves reached a maximum CO2 assimilation rate of 45 μmol CO2 kg−1 dry weight s−1 almost immediately upon expansion. In both types of leaves, the CO2 assimilation rate declined from August through October when leaves turned visibly red. During the entire growing season, the CO2 assimilation rate of current season leaves was almost twice that of 1-year-old leaves. The significantly higher CO2 assimilation rate in current season leaves than 1-year-old leaves and the continuing abscission of 1-year-old leaves suggest that during fruit set and development, current season photoassimilates from new leaves are the primary source of carbohydrates for fruit set and growth. ‘Searles’ cranberries had higher CO2 assimilation rates than ‘Stevens’, but ‘Stevens’ had greater leaf area per upright and more uprights per ground area than ‘Searles’ and as a result, ‘Stevens’ has higher yields than ‘Searles’.
Pax7 is back.

Two recent studies have reinvigorated the conversation regarding the role of Pax7 in adult satellite. Studies by Gunther et al (Cell Stem Cell 13: 590–601, 2013) and Von Maltzhen et al (Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110: 16474–16479) show that Pax7 is critical for adult satellite cell function and their contribution to muscle repair. Previously, Lepper et al (Nature 460: 627–631, 2009) demonstrated that Pax7 was dispensable for adult muscle repair. In this commentary I have summarized the results from these studies, focusing on the differences in experimental paradigms that led the authors to different conclusions. I also take this opportunity to discuss the potential limitations and hurdles of Cre-lox technology that are responsible for the discrepant results.
Visual pigments of tropical freshwater fishes

Abstract Data from the analysis of retinae from 55 species of tropical freshwater fishes are not consistent with the classic view of the distribution of visual pigments among vertebrates. Retinene1 pigments were just as common as retinene2 pigments among true freshwater fishes. Mixtures of these two pigments, expected only in euryhaline fishes, also occurred frequently within this group.
The mechanism of symphyseal relaxation; the distribution of reducing groups, hexoseamine, and proteins in symphyses of normal and relaxed guinea pigs.

ALTHOUGH the presence of relaxin has been found to be a normal accompaniment of pregnancy in a number of species other than the guinea pig, only in the latter has a function definitely been assigned to this hormone. In an attempt to broaden our knowledge of possible areas of hormone-tissue interaction, a study has been made of the chemical changes occurring in the connective tissue of the guinea pig pubic symphysis during relaxation. Comparative histological studies of the effects of estrogen, progesterone, relaxin, and combinations of these hormones have been made by Talmage (1947), who noted a reversible dissolution of cartilage and “breakdown” of connective tissue fibers in the pubic symphyses of guinea pigs treated first with estrogen and then with relaxin. He also observed a very considerable increase in alkaline phosphatase in symphyseal tissue following prolonged treatment with estrogen; the accumulation and distribution of phosphatase did not appear to be changed markedly upon relaxation.
High speed III-V electrooptic waveguide modulators at lambda -1.3 mu m

Traveling wave GaAs electrooptic waveguide modulators at a wavelength of 1.3 mu m with bandwidth in excess of 20 GHz have been developed and characterized. The design and characteristics of both p-i-n modulators in microstrip configuration and Schottky barrier on n/sup -/-GaAs/semi-insulating (SI) GaAs in the coplanar strip configuration modulators are discussed. It is shown that microwave loss and slowing on n/sup +/ GaAs substrates will limit the bandwidth of the microstrip modulator to less than 10 GHz for a device 8 mm in length. Modulators with bandwidths in excess of 10 GHz are fabricated on SI GaAs substrates. >
Network-bandwidth and archive-storage requirements model for PACS

In designing a picture archival and communications network, it is necessary to take into account the specific rates of flow of information from source devices (acquisition nodes) to destination devices (diagnostic workstations and clinical review stations) and to archival storage. It is also important to consider variations in the flow of data throughout the day to build an accurate model of network activity. Studying the distribution of data generated per patient for all imaging modalities in a radiology department permits analysis of the potential impact on the radiology PACS network. The Radiology Department at the University of Florida performs approximately 150,000 examinations per year. In this study, we investigated the pattern of data generation for fifteen acquisition nodes based on all examinations performed by the department for a four week period. For each acquisition node, the number of studies, types of studies, and number of films per study for discrete hours during the day were recorded. The size of these images in MBytes were calculated based on current computed radiography and film scanner technology. These data provide valuable insights into both the image data storage and image data flow bandwidth needs within our Radiology Department. These data are also useful for evaluating the feasibility and limitations of possible PACS network designs.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Portable Filter Anomaloscope

Color vision testing can be accomplished by several means, each of which has its virtues and limitations. The most common test of color perception is the pseudoisochromatic plate. This is a card composed of a field of dots of varying hue and saturation within which persons with normal color vision can see some figure, but persons with a color vision defect cannot. Alternatively, some pseudoisochromatic plates are constructed so that color normals see one figure and color defectives another. These tests rely upon either the reduced hue discrimination or the reduced saturation discrimination of color defectives as a means of identification of these color defectives. Unfortunately, the illuminant under which the test is conducted is critical, and the diagnostic value of this type of test is limited.
Additional confirmation of the validity of laboratory simulation of cloud radiances

The results of a laboratory experiment are presented that provide additional verification of the methodology adopted for simulation of the radiances reflected from fields of optically thick clouds using the Cloud Field Optical Simulator (CFOS) at Colorado State University. The comparison of these data with their theoretically derived counterparts indicates that the crucial mechanism of cloud-to-cloud radiance field interaction is accurately simulated in the CFOS experiments and adds confidence to the manner in which the optical depth is scaled.
A reflection on the popularity construct: The importance of who likes or dislikes a child.

This study examined the relations between children's peer status and the status of the groups of children who reported liking or disliking them. Ninety children completed a battery of sociometric measures at three time periods. Results showed that children tended to be liked by peers who were similar, and disliked by peers who were dissimilar, in social status and behavioral style. Compared to “dislikers,” the groups of children who liked a particular child were more homogeneous, and their relative social status was more stable across time. The importance of these results for understanding the group processes that cause and maintain peer rejection is discussed with a focus on intervention implications.