cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distribution and Redistribution of HIV-1 Nucleocapsid Protein in Immature, Mature, and Integrase-inhibited Virions: A Role for Integrase in Maturation

UNLABELLED During virion maturation, HIV-1 capsid protein assembles into a conical core containing the viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complex, thought to be composed mainly of the viral RNA and nucleocapsid protein (NC). After infection, the viral RNA is reverse transcribed into double-stranded DNA, which is then incorporated into host chromosomes by integrase (IN) catalysis. Certain IN mutations (class II) and antiviral drugs (allosteric IN inhibitors [ALLINIs]) adversely affect maturation, resulting in virions that contain "eccentric condensates," electron-dense aggregates located outside seemingly empty capsids. Here we demonstrate that in addition to this mislocalization of electron density, a class II IN mutation and ALLINIs each increase the fraction of virions with malformed capsids (from ∼ 12% to ∼ 53%). Eccentric condensates have a high NC content, as demonstrated by "tomo-bubblegram" imaging, a novel labeling technique that exploits the susceptibility of NC to radiation damage. Tomo-bubblegrams also localized NC inside wild-type cores and lining the spherical Gag shell in immature virions. We conclude that eccentric condensates represent nonpackaged vRNPs and that either genetic or pharmacological inhibition of IN can impair vRNP incorporation into mature cores. Supplying IN in trans as part of a Vpr-IN fusion protein partially restored the formation of conical cores with internal electron density and the infectivity of a class II IN deletion mutant virus. Moreover, the ability of ALLINIs to induce eccentric condensate formation required both IN and viral RNA. Based on these observations, we propose a role for IN in initiating core morphogenesis and vRNP incorporation into the mature core during HIV-1 maturation. IMPORTANCE Maturation, a process essential for HIV-1 infectivity, involves core assembly, whereby the viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP, composed of vRNA and nucleocapsid protein [NC]) is packaged into a conical capsid. Allosteric integrase inhibitors (ALLINIs) affect multiple viral processes. We have characterized ALLINIs and integrase mutants that have the same phenotype. First, by comparing the effects of ALLINIs on several steps of the viral cycle, we show that inhibition of maturation accounts for compound potency. Second, by using cryoelectron tomography, we find that ALLINIs impair conical capsid assembly. Third, by developing tomo-bubblegram imaging, which specifically labels NC protein, we find that ALLINIs block vRNP packaging; instead, vRNPs form "eccentric condensates" outside the core. Fourth, malformed cores, typical of integrase-deleted virus, are partially replaced by conical cores when integrase is supplied in trans. Fifth, vRNA is necessary for ALLINI-induced eccentric condensate formation. These observations suggest that integrase is involved in capsid morphogenesis and vRNP packaging.
Early replicative form DNA of bacteriophage S13. I. Sucrose gradient analysis of replicative form made by gene IV mutants.

Abstract Early replicative form of bacteriophage S13 is the term applied to the small amount of double-stranded DNA synthesized immediately after infection under the following conditions: (1) by wild-type or mutant phage in the presence of at least 100 μg/ml. chloramphenicol, a dose very inhibitory to protein synthesis; or (2) by gene IV mutant phage in the absence of chloramphenicol. The present results show that early replicative form consists of both 21 s (twisted double-stranded ring) and 16 s (untwisted double-stranded ring) components.
Introducing Geographic Information Systems with ArcGIS

This book serves both as a general introduction to geographic information systems (GIS) and as a manual for a variety of functions of the ArcGIS Desktop applications. It focuses on practical knowle...
Magnetic Field and Phase Transition in Thin Film Superconductors

It is found, on the basis of calculations extended from the bulk- superconductor case, that for thin-film superconductors: the superconducting- normal phase transition induced by a magnetic field is second-order at all temperatures; a simple scaling rule exists concerning the field and temperature dependence of the energy gap; and the critical field depends on the thickness and temperature according to a certain formula for thicknesses above about 0.5 x 10/ sup -6/ cm. (T.F.H.)
PARES: A prototyping and reverse engineering system for mechanical parts-on-demand on the national network

Abstract We describe a system in which a mechanical designer, working at a CAD station in one geographic location, communicates with a CAM facility in another geographic location to obtain a fabricated part with rapid turnaround. Simple mechanical components such as flat plates with holes in them have been designed and manufactured in this way. To rapidly fixture and measure components, new techniques have been developed that drive a touch trigger probe around the component and its holding clamps. At present, this implementation is in 2 1 2 - D . In the future, components will exhibit greater complexity and include 3-D parts with features on all sides and curved surfaces. The probing techniques will be extended to such 3-D cases and will also allow for measurement of unknown parts and reverse engineerin, e.g., the machining of a repair part from probe measurements rather than from a CAD specification. For this reason, we call our system PARES, which stands for prototyping and reverse engineering system. In our initial experiment, components were designed using commercial CAD systems. Completed CAD files were converted into the IGES standard format before mailing over Internet. After a CAM facility received them, machine tool commands and setup plans were generated. Component fabrication was then demonstrated on a machine tool, open system, advanced intelligent controller (MOSAIC). This is currently based on a Sun/VMEbus/real-time Unix/C architecture. The various phases of this networked CAD/CAM activity were timed and analyzed. Graphical timelines for components reveal which of the individual phases are the most time consuming and require skilled human intervention. For example, it is shown that the setup planning for the CNC machine tool still requires the experienced judgement of a human machinist with possible inputs from the original designer on such aspects as critical tolerances and design subtleties. These findings point out the directions for future research on current engineering, rapid prototyping, quality assurance in manufacturing, and reverse engineering techniques. The research also represents a first step in the direction of a mechanical MOSIS system, for acquiring mechanical components on Internet.
Enzymatic and antidotal studies on the neurotoxic effect of certain organophosphates

Abstract The antiesterase activity of tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP) and its cyclic phosphate metabolite (SM-1) was examined. Administration of TOCP and SM-1 to hens in ataxia-inducing doses resulted in selective rather than prolonged inhibition of the nerve esterases hydrolyzing butyryl esters of choline, glycerol, and phenols. Nerve esterase inhibition was more persistent with TOCP than with SM-1. Selective inhibition of esterases hydrolyzing butyryl esters was also evident in studies in vitro with spinal cord homogenates and SM-1 or diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP). TOCP and SM-1 did not affect succinate, α-ketoglutarate, or pyruvate oxidation by preparations of nerve and liver from treated birds, nor was the response of the pyruvate oxidation by brain homogenates to thiamine pyrophosphate affected by TOCP. Many compounds tested as possible antidotes for the neurotoxicity induced by TOCP, SM-1, and DFP proved ineffective. Cortisone acetate gave limited improvement in the condition of the birds, thiamine and oxythiamine appeared to be detrimental, and many potential cholinesterase reactivators and other materials were without effect on the neurotoxicity.
Aggregation in Binary Solutions Containing Hexafluorobenzene

Some information about the aggregation in aromatic fluorocarbon−aromatic hydrocarbon systems was obtained on the basis of the Kirkwood−Buff theory of solution. The Kirkwood−Buff integrals and the excess (or deficit) number of molecules aggregated around a central one were calculated for the following systems: hexafluorobenzene−benzene, hexafluorobenzene−toluene, hexafluorobenzene−cyclohexane, benzene−toluene, and benzene−cyclohexane. It was found that the composition dependence of the excess (or deficit) number of molecules aggregated around a central one for the systems hexafluorobenzene−benzene and hexafluorobenzene−toluene has a nontypical character since it changes sign for a mole fraction of about 0.4 for the former and 0.2 for the latter. It was found that such compositions correspond to extrema in the activity coefficients and inflection points in the excess Gibbs energy. The excess (or deficit) number of molecules aggregated around a central one in the systems investigated allowed us to conclude ...
Electrical characterization of the interconnects inside a computer

Calculations of the electrical characteristics of the signal lines and other interconnects in computer modules have in the past often relied upon simplifying assumptions. For instance the quasi-TEM approximation or circuit models are often applied without proper consideration of the operating frequencies and coupling between package features. Though such approximations in most cases are probably valid it is difficult and time consuming to verify them. A better approach would be to employ a so!- ution technique that does not rely on such approximations in the the first place. This paper describes a rigorous approach to such modeling employing a full-wave Maxwell''s equation solution for determining the propagation characteristics of packages. Arbitrarily shaped 3-D signal lines and their discontinuities can be analyzed structures may include finite-size dielectric regions with material composition that may be anisotropic. The approach involves a method-of-moments solution technique with rooftop basis functions used to represent the surface current on the conductors and the polarization current in the dielectrics. To account for the dielectric regions the dielectric is first replaced by an array of interlocking thin-wall sections the electric field boundary conditions are later applied through the use of surface impedances. In the paper the signal propagation concerns in computer packages are first reviewed. Reflections off discontinuities proximity effects associated with nearby but nontouching other signal lines and vias (OLVs) and crosstalk and its sensitivity to various package parameters© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Criteria for Cr Robust Permanence

Abstract Let xi=xifi(x) (i=1, …, n) be a Cr vector field that generates a dissipative flow φ on the positive cone of Rn. φ is called permanent if the boundary of the positive cone is repelling. φ is called Crrobustly permanent if φ remains permanent for sufficiently small Cr perturbations of the vector field. A necessary condition and a sufficient condition for Cr robust permanence involving the average per-capita growth rates ∫ fi dμ with respect to invariant measures μ are derived. The necessary condition requires that infμ maxi ∫ fi dμ>0, where the infimum is taken over ergodic measures with compact support in the boundary of the positive cone. The sufficient condition requires that the boundary flow admit a Morse decomposition {M1, …, Mk} such that every Mj satisfies minμ maxi ∫ fi dμ>0 where the minimum is taken over invariant measures with support in Mj. As applications, we provide a sufficient condition for Cr robust permanence of Lotka–Volterra models and a topological characterization of Cr robust permanence for food chain models.
Electron Tunneling in Metal-Semiconductor Barriers

Tunneling through the space-charge region of a uniformly doped semiconductor has been calculated in the effective-mass approximation. The exact solutions of the one-dimensional Schr\"odinger equation for a parabolic potential are used to determine the transparency of the barrier. Numerical results are presented for parameters appropriate to indium and $n$-type germanium. An example of experimental results typical of this system is quoted to illustrate qualitative agreement.
Treatment of Superior Oblique Palsy with Superior Oblique Tendon Tuck and Inferior Oblique Muscle Myectomy

Twelve patients underwent quantitated superior oblique tendon tuck and ipsilateral inferior oblique muscle myectomy in the primary treatment of unilateral superior oblique muscle palsy. Preoperatively, each patient exhibited a vertical deviation of 30-55 prism diopters in at least one position of gaze. Following a single operation, satisfactory ocular alignment was obtained in all but one case, with fusion demonstrable in clinically significant gaze positions. Eight of 12 patients had no measurable vertical deviation in primary position, and two others had residual hyperphorias of only two prism diopters. No tucks were removed for postoperative Brown's syndrome. Superior oblique tendon tuck combined with ipsilateral inferior oblique muscle myectomy appears to be a safe and effective treatment for large angle superior oblique muscle palsy.
Stop-like modification of the dental fricative /ð/: An acoustic analysis

This study concentrates on one of the commonly occurring phonetic variations in English: the stop-like modification of the dental fricative /ð/. The variant exhibits a drastic change from the canonical /ð/; the manner of articulation is changed from one that is fricative to one that is stop-like. Furthermore, the place of articulation of stop-like /ð/ has been a point of uncertainty, leading to confusion between stop-like /ð/ and /d/. In this study, acoustic and spectral moment measures were taken from 100 stop-like /ð/ and 102 /d/ tokens produced by 59 male and 23 female speakers in the TIMIT corpus. Data analysis indicated that stop-like /ð/ is significantly different from /d/ in burst amplitude, burst spectrum shape, burst peak frequency, second formant at following-vowel onset, and spectral moments. Moreover, the acoustic differences from /d/ are consistent with those expected for a dental stop-like /ð/. Automatic classification experiments involving these acoustic measures suggested that they are salient in distinguishing stop-like /ð/ from /d/.
Mutant Protein A30P α-Synuclein Adopts Wild-type Fibril Structure, Despite Slower Fibrillation Kinetics

α-Synuclein (AS) is associated with both sporadic and familial forms of Parkinson disease (PD). In sporadic disease, wild-type AS fibrillates and accumulates as Lewy bodies within dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. The accumulation of misfolded AS is associated with the death of these neurons, which underlies many of the clinical features of PD. In addition, a rare missense mutation in AS, A30P, is associated with highly penetrant, autosomal dominant PD, although the pathogenic mechanism is unclear. A30P AS fibrillates more slowly than the wild-type (WT) protein in vitro and has been reported to preferentially adopt a soluble, protofibrillar conformation. This has led to speculation that A30P forms aggregates that are distinct in structure compared with wild-type AS. Here, we perform a detailed comparison of the chemical shifts and secondary structures of these fibrillar species, based upon our recent characterization of full-length WT fibrils. We have assigned A30P AS fibril chemical shifts de novo and used them to determine its secondary structure empirically. Our results illustrate that although A30P forms fibrils more slowly than WT in vitro, the chemical shifts and secondary structure of the resultant fibrils are in high agreement, demonstrating a conserved β-sheet core.
The history and technology of a Renaissance erasable notebook (ca. 1575) in the Old World and New

AbstractRecent studies have explored the technological innovation of erasable ‘writing tables' (or ‘tablets') in England and on the Continent. Erasable writing tablets allowed people to write with a metal stylus on gesso-coated paper or parchment leaves, which were often bound into pocket calendars or almanacs printed in England and the Low Countries in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. However, these studies have been based on relatively few extant examples and have disagreed on the chemical composition of the erasable writing surface and other questions. The present article is a case study of a very rare Netherlandish erasable notebook (held at Princeton University Library), which was used for more than a century in Spanish colonial Guatemala City but was probably made in Antwerp (ca. 1575). Scientific examination and historical study of the notebook's production, chemical composition, binding, provenance, and use show that it was coated with layers of Baltic amber varnish as well as gesso, and t...
Comparison of Stability for Different Families of Filter-Based and Wrapper-Based Feature Selection

Due to the prevalence of high dimensionality(having a large number of independent attributes), feature selection techniques (which reduce the feature subset to amore manageable size) have become quite popular. These reduced feature subsets can help improve the performance of classification models and can also inform researchers about which features are most relevant for the problem at hand. For this latter problem, it is often most important that the features chosen are consistent even in the face of changes(perturbations) to the dataset. While previous studies have considered the problem of finding so-called "stable" feature selection techniques, none has examined stability across all three major categories of feature selection technique: filter-based feature rankers (which use statistical measures to assign scores to each feature), filter-based subset evaluators (which also employ statistical approaches, but consider whole feature subsets at a time), and wrapper-based subset evaluation (which also considers whole subsets, but which builds classification models to evaluate these subsets). In the present study, we use two datasets from the domain of Twitter profile mining to compare the stability of five filter-based rankers, two filter-based subset evaluators, and five wrapper-based subset evaluators. We find that the rankers are most stable, followed by the filter-based subset evaluators, with the wrappers being the least stable. We also show that the relative performance among the techniques within each group is consistent across dataset and perturbation level. However, the relative stability of the two datasets does vary between the groups, showing that the effects are more complex than simply "one group is always more stable than another group".
Fluid inclusions in Adirondack granulites: implications for the retrograde P- T path

Investigation of fluid inclusions in granitic and calc-silicate gneisses from the Adirondack Mountains, New York, has revealed the presence of various types, including: (1) CO2-rich, (2) mixed H20 - C02 -}- salt and (3) aqueous inclusions with no visible CO2. Many, if not all, of these inclusions were trapped or modified after the peak of granulite facies metamorphism, as shown by textural relations or by the lack of agreement between the composition of the fluids found in some inclusions and the composition of the peak-metamorphic fluid as estimated from mineral equilibria. Many fluid inclusions record conditions attained during retrograde cooling and uplift, with minimum pressures and temper- atures of 2 to 3 kbar and 200 to 300 ~ C. The tempera- tures and pressures derived from the investigation of these inclusions constrain the retrograde P- T path, and the results indicate that a period of cooling with little or no decompression.
Summary of the Fourth Noise Conference of the Associated Industries of New York State.

(1958). Summary of the Fourth Noise Conference of the Associated Industries of New York State. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal: Vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 435-437.
A blackboard framework for the design of group decision support Systems

Abstract A blackboard framework is a natural model for describing group problem solving in complex and ill-structured settings. At a descriptive level, this leads us to a theory of group interaction. The mapping of the group decision making problem into the blackboard framework suggests that Blackboard systems, as computational entities, can be used as central components in the design of Group Decision Support Systems for organizational decision making tasks at various levels of sophistication. Important features of such systems include the ability to improve communication, actively guide the nature of the information exchange process, and reduce the uncertainty that characterizes group decision problems.
MatML: An XML for standardizing web-based materials property data

Materials-property data distributed on the World Wide Web in documents using hypertext markup language (HTML) present two problems for computer applications intending to use the data: interpretation and interoperability. An HTML code fragment for part of a table in a document from the NIST Ceramics WebBook1 (Figure 1) illustrates these problems. Since the data are not selfdescribing, a complete data dictionary and glossary of terms is needed, as well as exact detailed knowledge of the document structure, in order to write a computer application that uses these data without human intervention. In Figure 1a, for example, it is necessary to distinguish the measurement parameters (magnetic field and temperature) from the property (criticalcurrent density). Assuming a consistent structure within and across documents from the data source, it would then be possible to parse and interpret those data programmatically for subsequent use in another computer application. However, in the absence of tightly and consistently structured documents, a data dictionary,
School Finance Reform and Private School Enrollment: Evidence from California*

Abstract Abstract: This paper uses the school finance reforms in California in the 1970s to examine whether the constraints such reforms impose on school districts lead to switching to private schools. Misspecifications of demand in previous work have led to understatement of reform effects. An empirical model of schooling share equations is derived from a discrete choice framework. Large biases are shown to result from failure to account for heterogeneity of demanders and school-district-specific fixed effects. Simulations indicate that the changes in public provision potentially resulting from reform explain a sizeable portion of the growth in the private school share.
Correspondence between patients' preferences and surrogates' understandings for dying and death

We examined the agreement between hospice patients' preferences for desired experiences during the last week of life and their surrogates' understandings of those preferences (n=92 pairs). Analyses included percent agreement, intraclass correlation coefficients, and Bland-Altman plots. Demographic characteristics and communication measures associated with better agreement were identified using t-tests and analysis of variance. The median number of items on which patients and family members agreed was 14 of 30 (interquartile range, IQR 10, 16). Preferences with good agreement included both observable and non-observable experiences. Patients who reported having had conversations about treatment preferences and who reported that their surrogates knew their preferences reported higher agreement. Surrogates display a better understanding of what is important to patients at the end of life if they have had discussions about patient preferences. These discussions may enable surrogates and clinicians to more accurately follow patient preferences.
Repeated administration of diazepam and triazolam to subjects with histories of drug abuse.

The present study examined the effects of repeated administration of diazepam (DZ) and triazolam (TZ) on psychomotor performance and subject-rated drug liking. Subjects were 11 males (30-41 years) who had documented histories of drug abuse and who resided on a behavioral pharmacology research ward. Six subjects received 80 mg DZ every third day (3 subjects) or every sixth day (3 subjects) for a total of 3-6 dosing occasions and six subjects received TZ (2.0 or 3.0 mg) every second day (4 subjects) or every third day (2 subjects) for a total of 3-5 dosing occasions. The results showed that on the first dose occasion, the two drugs produced generally similar degrees of psychomotor impairment and subject-rated drug liking. Following the first DZ dose, subsequent doses produced less of an effect (i.e. single-dose tolerance). Across at least the first three dose occasions, progressive tolerance development was observed with DZ but no tolerance was observed with TZ. It is hypothesized that pharmacokinetic differences between DZ and TZ may account for the difference in the development of tolerance.
Poster Abstract #2: Surrogate Completion of the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication for a Trial of Corticosteroids in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Introduction Satisfaction with treatment has become a useful outcome measure in oncologic studies, in which severe side effects must be balanced with tumor regression to determine if the treatment is of overall benefit to a patient. The use of corticosteroids in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) poses a similar dilemma: Does the improvement in strength outweigh the inevitable side effects and need for life-long medication? Background We are planning an international, randomized, double-blind trial in 300 DMD boys aged 4 to 7 years to compare three corticosteroid regimens with respect to function and patient–parent satisfaction over a 3- to 5-year follow-up period. Global treatment satisfaction will be measured by the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM), which is a patient-centered assessment of satisfaction with treatment that is particularly relevant to a noncurative therapy applied in a chronic disease. The hypothesis is that a patient–parent satisfaction measure as a component of the primary outcome variable can yield firm evidence for changing practice and developing a standard of care. The questionnaire is designed to be completed by the individual with the chronic disease. Because the DMD boys are too young to complete the form, parents will serve as proxies, answering the questionnaire as they think their sons would. Pilot Study The TSQM has been validated only in adults with chronic disease, and only with the patient as responder. We asked 50 parents to complete the questionnaire from the perspective of their DMD sons taking corticosteroids. Parents also provided the son's age, walking ability, medications, and a rating of ease in completing the TSQM from the son's perspective. Results The results show that the parents felt that they could easily report on behalf of the sons. Associations between TSQM responses and demographic information (e.g., age, ambulatory status) will be analyzed for a future report. Sponsored in part by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health.
Standardized symptomatic treatment versus penicillin as initial therapy for streptococcal pharyngitis

A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted to determine whether the addition of penicillin was superior to patient education and anti-inflammatory drug therapy for relief of the acute discomforts of pharyngitis caused by group A β-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS). One hundred seventy-eight patients, aged 4 to 29 years, received appropriate symptomatic therapy, including specific doses of aspirin or acetaminophen, plus penicillin (91 patients) or placebo (87) for the initial 48 hours of illness. All had 24-hour office and 48-hour telephone reevaluations. In 123 patients (57 with clinically severe pharyngitis), throat cultures yielded GABHS. Penicillin provided a margin of 20% improvement over anti-inflammatory therapy for the complaint of sore throat only after 48 hours of treatment (for the 123 patients with GABHS, p =0.01; for the 57 with both severe pharyngitis and GABHS, p =0.05). No significant improvement was noted for fever, malaise, odynophagia, exudate, adenitis, or pharyngitis. The failure of penicillin to provide much additional benefit makes its routine early prescription specifically for symptomatic relief questionable.
Vascular anatomy of the tibiofibular syndesmosis.

Background: Injuries to the tibiofibular syndesmosis commonly cause prolonged ankle pain and disability. Syndesmotic injuries are associated with slower healing rates compared with rates for other ankle ligament injuries and typically result in longer time away from sports. To our knowledge, the vascular supply to the syndesmosis and its clinical implication have not previously been studied. The purpose of this study was to describe the vascular supply to the tibiofibular syndesmosis with use of a method of chemical debridement of cadaveric specimens. Methods: Twenty-five matched pairs of adult cadaver legs, fifty legs total, were amputated below the knee. India ink, followed by Ward Blue Latex, was injected into the anterior tibial, peroneal, and posterior tibial arteries under constant manual pressure to elucidate the vascular supply of the ankle syndesmotic ligaments. Chemical debridement was performed with 6.0% sodium hypochlorite to remove soft tissue, leaving bones, ligaments, and casts of the vascular anatomy intact. The vascular supply to the syndesmosis was evaluated and recorded. Results: The anterior vascularity of the syndesmosis was clearly visualized in forty-three of fifty specimens. The peroneal artery supplied an anterior branch (the perforating branch) that perforated the interosseous membrane, an average of 3 cm proximal to the ankle joint. This branch provided the primary vascular supply to the anterior ligaments in twenty-seven specimens (63%). The anterior tibial artery provided additional contribution to the anterior ligaments in the remaining sixteen specimens (37%). Conclusions: The location of the perforating branch of the peroneal artery places it at risk when injury to the syndesmosis extends to the interosseous membrane 3 cm proximal to the ankle joint. In the majority of specimens, injury to this vessel would result in loss of the primary blood supply to the anterior ligaments. Clinical Relevance: The vascular supply to the anterior syndesmotic ligaments may be damaged in ankle syndesmotic injuries and may explain the delayed healing that is seen clinically.
Optically injected quantum dash lasers at 1550nm employed as highly tunable photonic oscillators

Experimental investigation of an optically-injected quantum-dash laser's operational map shows large regions of period-one operation. The enhanced and undamped relaxation oscillations of the period-one state are discussed as a building block for tunable photonic oscillators.
The cell cycle of low passage and high passage human diploid fibroblasts.

Abstract Using mitotic selection, synchronous populations of passage 25 and passage 50 WI38 cells were obtained. Thymidine incorporation, mitotic index, and labeling index were determined. No great differences could be seen in the organization of the cell cycle of low passage and high passage cells. Although labeling indices for passage 25 and passage 50 exponential cells were 83% and 37%, respectively, 75% of all mitotically selected cells were found to enter S phase, regardless of passage number. Thus, the loss of late passage diploid cell cultures does not occur from alteration of the cell cycle in the majority of rapidly proliferating cells.
Comparative analysis of sequence variation in gp116 and gp55 components of glycoprotein B of human cytomegalovirus.

Abstract Sequence variation in the gpl 16 component of cytomegalovirus envelope glycoprotein B was examined in 11 clinical strains and compared with variation in gp55. The peptide variation in gpl16 was found to be strongly clustered at codons 27–67, 44–460, and to a lesser extent at codons 181–194, 311–317, and 387–397. Strains adopted one of three to four peptide configurations at these loci, usually consistent with their gp55 sequence configuration. Two instances were observed of a sequence variation arising from recombination within gB. The limited, largely group-specific nature of variation in both gpl16 and gp55 facilitates functional and immunologic analyses.
Reconstitution of Src-dependent Phospholipase Cγ Phosphorylation and Transient Calcium Release by Using Membrane Rafts and Cell-free Extracts from Xenopus Eggs

Abstract We reported previously that egg membrane rafts serve as a subcellular microdomain for sperm-dependent tyrosine kinase signaling in Xenopus fertilization. Moreover, we demonstrated that raft-associated Src tyrosine kinase was activated by sperm in vitro. Here we show that egg rafts incubated with sperm or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can promote Src-dependent phosphorylation of phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ) and transient calcium release in the extracts of unfertilized Xenopus eggs. In vivo egg activation by sperm or H2O2 also promotes tyrosinephosphorylation and raft-translocalization of PLCγ. Immunodepletion of PLCγ from the egg extracts inhibits the raft-dependent calcium release. Rafts prepared from H2O2-activated eggs also promote Src-dependent dephosphorylation of p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase and cell cycle transition from metaphase II to interphase in egg extracts. PLCγ phosphorylation and calcium release in egg extracts can be promoted by rafts prepared from COS-7 cells expressing the Xenopus Src gene. These results demonstrate that the signaling events elicited by fertilization in Xenopus eggs can be reconstituted in vitro. The development of such experimental platforms will allow us to dissect the molecular mechanism of sperm-dependent activation of raft-associated Src and subsequent up-regulation of PLCγ and egg activation machinery in Xenopus eggs.
A note on embedding non-Abelian finite flavor groups in continuous groups

Abstract A non-Abelian finite flavor group G ⊂ SO ( 3 ) can have double covering G ′ ⊂ SU ( 2 ) such that G ⊄ G ′ . This situation is not contradictory, but quite natural, and we give explicit examples such as G = D n , G ′ = Q 2 n and G = T , G ′ = T ′ . This observation can be crucial in particle theory model building.
Optical fibers light yield and radiation damage

Three types of optical fibers are used in high energy physics experiments. Scintillating fibers are used mostly for tracking. Wavelength shifting (WLS) fibers to get the signal out from scintillating tiles, which are used often in calorimetry. The third type of optical fibers are clear, typically made of quartz where the Cerenkov radiation in the quartz fiber is used to measure energy in calorimeters. Quartz fibers are normally used in high radiation areas.
A simple algorithm for generating streamflow networks for grid-based, macroscale hydrological models

A simple algorithm for generating streamflow networks for macroscale hydrological models (MHMs) from digital elevation models (DEMs) is presented. Typically these hydrological models are grid based, with the simulated runoff produced within each cell routed through a stream network which connects the centers of cells in the direction of the major streams. Construction of such stream networks is a time consuming task, which has generally been done by hand with the aid of maps. Results indicate that the algorithm works satisfactorily in areas of both high and low relief, and for a wide range of model cell resolutions, although some manual adjustments may be necessary.
Gas exchange during exercise in hypoxic ducks.

Abstract We quantitatively assessed pulmonary gas exchange in Pekin ducks ( Anas platyrhynchos ) during running exercise (1.44 km·h −1 at 3° incline) while the ducks spontaneously breathed either air ( Fi O 2 = 0.21 ) or a hypoxic gas mixture ( Fi O 2 = 0.12 ). During exercise, oxygen consumption increased 3 times above the resting value in normoxia and 3.6 times above rest in hypoxia. The convection requirement rose 34% and 20% in running normoxic and hypoxic ducks, respectively. The O 2 extraction coefficient was the same in resting normoxic and hypoxic ducks (0.19 vs 0.18) and decreased by the same amount under exercise conditions (0.14 vs 0.15). Arterial P O 2 was maintained during exercise in normoxia but increased slightly during exercise in hypoxia. Cardiac output increased by 73% and 111% during exercise in normoxic and hypoxic ducks, respectively. Calculations indicate that both the O 2 -diffusing capacity and the total conductance for O 2 of the gas exchange system increased markedly during exercise in normoxia and hypoxia. We conclude that at this level of exercise, there was no apparent limitation to gas exchange in either the normoxic or hypoxic Pekin duck.
Laser Processing and Characterization of High-Tc Superconductors

Raman spectra of several samples of YBa2Cu3O7 presented, correlated with resistivity and structural data, and compared with previous results. Laser heating to ∼1100°C in air is shown to produce a surface layer of Y2O3 and Y2BaCuO5. Similar heating of La2−x(Sr,Ba)xCuO4 produces a layer of La2O3. All of these compounds are readily identified by their Raman spectra.
Foot-and-mouth disease virus-induced ribonucleic acid polymerase in baby hamster kidney cells

Abstract Baby hamster kidney cells infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus contain a newly synthesized RNA-dependent RNA polymerase not found in uninfected cells. This polymerase catalyzes the incorporation of nucleoside triphosphates in the presence of actinomycin D into acid-insoluble RNA composed of 37 S viral RNA, 20 S RNase-resistant RNA, and heterogeneous 26–28 S components. These products correspond to components derived from infected cells. Enzyme activity, dependent upon Mg++, the 4 ribonucleoside triphosphates, and an adenosine triphosphate generating system, is strongly inhibited by Mn++. Activity reaches a maximum at 3.5 hours after infection and decreases to half this value by 5 hours, the time of maximal virus production. Infected cells incubated with cell growth medium yield 3- to 3.5-fold greater amounts of both virus and enzymatic activity than do cells incubated with a minimal medium. Polymerase activities have ranged up to 900 μμ/Amoles of labeled uridine incorporated into polyribonucleotides per milligram of protein in 60 minutes. Enzyme preparations from infected cells pretreated with a concentration of guanidine previously found to inhibit virus production have strongly decreased viral RNA polymerase activity. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (0.5%) almost completely inhibits cell-free enzyme activity. Sodium deoxycholate at the same concentration did not decrease the incorporation of labeled precursors into acid-insoluble products, although the viral RNA profile of products from such reaction mixtures was changed from the untreated. Deoxycholate rendered the incorporation system more sensitive to RNase.
Effects of estradiol-17β on expression of mRNA for seven angiogenic factors and their receptors in the endometrium of ovariectomized (OVX) ewes

We have previously established an ovariectomized (OVX) ewe model to study how steroid removal and replacement affects uterine blood vessel and tissue growth. Using this model, endometrial expression of mRNA for 14 angiogenic factors (7 genes and their respective receptors) in caruncular (CAR) and intercaruncular (ICAR) endometrium were evaluated by quantitative real time RT-PCR at 0 (control), 2, 4, 8, 16, or 24 h after treating OVX ewes with an estradiol-17β (E2) implant. In CAR and ICAR, compared to 0 h, the mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor (R)1, soluble guanylate cyclase (GUCY1B3; the R for nitric oxide [NO]), hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) 1α, and placental growth factor (PIGF) increased by 4 h after E2-treatment, but basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2), endothelial NO synthase (NOS3), angiopoietin (ANGPT)1, ANGPT2, ANGPT receptor Tie2 by 2 h after E2. Expression of mRNA for FGFR2IIIc was increased at 2 h by E2-treatment in ICAR, but not in CAR. By contrast, expression of neuropilin (NP) 1 mRNA was increased at 2 h in CAR, but not ICAR. The mRNA expression of VEGF, FGF2, HIF1α, and PIGF was positively correlated with mRNA expression of NOS3, VEGFR1, and Tie2 suggesting some E2-stimulated interactions between these factors in promoting blood vessel growth. Thus, several major angiogenic factors and their receptors are increased within hours after E2-treatment, which indicates that E2 plays a role in regulation of angiogenesis in the uterus. By using the OVX ewe model, we may begin to understand the molecular basis of E2 effects on angiogenesis in the endometrium and, eventually, how angiogenesis is regulated in normal versus pathological conditions.
Lévy statistics of light scattering in turbulent mixing layers.

Experimental evidence and computational evidence suggest that the distribution of random segment lengths defined by the intersections of ray paths with the contorted and folded interface between two fluids mixed by turbulence follows a probability distribution with a Levy law tail. Assuming that the two fluids have different optical properties, one finds that the statistics of light scattered by the mixing interface reflect the probability distribution for the random distances between the intersection points of straight ray paths with the interface. Examples of light-scattering calculations for limiting cases, including the planetary albedo problem and imaging through a transparent mixing layer, are discussed.
Identification and isolation of two rat serum proteins with A-esterase activity toward paraoxon and chlorpyrifos-oxon.

Abstract The active metabolites (oxons) of phosphorothionate insecticides can be detoxified via Aesterase hydrolysis. Two enzymes with A-esterase activity have been isolated from rat serum. Whole serum was applied to anion exchange gel (DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow) and incubated (1 hr). Tris-HCl buffer (0.05 M; pH 7.7, at 5 °) containing 0.25 M NaCl was added to the slurry and incubated. The decant, containing low A-esterase activity but a high protein concentration, was discarded. Further displacement of A-esterase from DEAE gel was achieved with 1.0 M NaCl in 0.05 M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.7 at 5 °). Following desalting and concentration, further separation was achieved by gel filtration (Sephacryl S-100 HR) and two sequential preparative scale isoelectric focusings. Final fractions contained two proteins of high molecular mass (one about 200 kDa and one between 137 and 200 kDa). The apparent range of isoelectric points for the two enzymes was 4.5 to 5.6. Following native-PAGE analysis, activity stains with β-naphthyl acetate and Fast Garnet GBC in the presence of paraoxon (10−5 M) verified that A-esterase activity was associated with both proteins. Spectrophotometric assay detected A-esterase activity toward paraoxon, chlorpyrifos-oxon, and phenyl acetate in the final preparation.
RELATION OF B-TYPE NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE LEVELS WITH DIASTOLIC STRAIN RATE IN PATIENTS WITH HYPERTENSIVE HEART DISEASE

Elevated Nt-pro-BNP levels are associated with increased risk for heart failure in asymptomatic individuals. The degree to which increased BNP is related to subclinical cardiac dysfunction in hypertension (HTN) is unclear. We studied a subset of 330 patients (51p women, aged 61±9
The effects of cytoplasmic male sterility on cytonuclear disequilibria in hybrid zones

Male sterility is studied in hybrid zones by different measures of cytonuclear disequilibria, D, D1, D2, and D3. Of particular interest are the dynamics of disequilibria as the system evolves to equilibrium. Our first model, the hybrid swarm model, yields equilibrium results identical to those observed in a model with random mating. In our second model of a hybrid zone, predictions of the sign pattern of disequilibrium values can be made based on migration values. A characteristic sign pattern may help to distinguish cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) from other mechanisms of selection. Our simple CMS model with migration is successfully fit to cytonuclear data on a hybrid population of cottonwoods.
Derivatives of bis(4‐aminophenyl)‐sulfone. III. Bis(4‐hydrazinophenyl)‐sulfone and its derivatives

For chemotherapeutic studies, bis (4-hydrazinophenyl)-sulfone was prepared with an excellent yield from bis (4-aminophenyl)-sulfone and then converted to the following derivatives: (1) vitamin C derivative (red platelets discoloring at 200°), which inhibits completely the growth of M. Tb. in vitro at a concentration of 2 mg per 10 cm3 of culture and as effective as sulfanilamide in streptococcus hemolyticus infections in mice; (2) vitamin K3 derivative (purplish red leaflets, m.p. 234 to 235°) which is neither active in vitro against M. Tb. nor effective in streptococcus hemolyticus infection in mice; and (3) phthiacol derivative (brownish red thick platelets, decomposing at 190°) which is as active in vitro against M. Tb. as the vitamin C derivative but not effective in strept. hemoly. infection in mice. The last two possess only slight antihemorrhagic activity.
Physician Responsibility in Driver Assessment

This study describes the present physician practice of counseling patients about driving and reporting potentially unsafe drivers. A survey was sent to all licensed general practitioners, internists, ophthalmologists, neurologists, and neurosurgeons in Connecticut. Fifty-nine percent (2,049/3,450) of eligible physicians responded to the questionnaire. Seventy-seven percent of responding physicians stated that they discussed driving with their patients and 14% reported patients to the Department of Motor Vehicles. Specialists were more likely to discuss driving. Seventy-four percent of physicians thought that after a certain age individuals should be screened for their ability to drive. Overall, 59% of physicians thought it was their responsibility to report unsafe drivers to the Department of Motor Vehicles and the primary reasons for reporting were that driver safety was a public health issue and that potentially unsafe drivers posed a risk to themselves or to others. It was concluded that physicians recognize that driving safety is an important public health issue that needs better-defined legal and medical guidelines.
Measurement of noise performance for a white-light optical signal processor.

A measurement technique for the noise performance of a white-light optical signal processor is presented. The technique utilizes a scanning photometer to trace out the output noise intensity fluctuation of the optical system. The effect of noise performance due to noise perturbation at the input and Fourier planes is measured. The experimental results, except for amplitude noise at the input plane, show the claims for better noise immunity, if the optical system is operating in the partially coherent regime. We have also measured the noise performance due to perturbation along the optical axis of the system. The experimental results show that the resulting output SNR improves considerably by increasing the bandwidth and source size of the illuminator. The optimum noise immunity occurs for phase noise at the input and output planes. For amplitude noise, the optimum SNR occurs at the Fourier plane. In brief, the experimental results confirm the analytical results that we recently evaluated.