cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are functional deficits in concussed individuals consistent with white matter structural alterations: combined FMRI & DTI study.

There is still controversy in the literature whether a single episode of mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) results in short-term functional and/or structural deficits as well as any induced long-term residual effects. With the inability of traditional structural brain imaging techniques to accurately diagnosis MTBI, there is hope that more advanced applications like functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) will be more specific in diagnosing MTBI. In this study, 15 subjects who have recently suffered from sport-related MTBI and 15 age-matched normal controls underwent both fMRI and DTI to investigate the possibility of traumatic axonal injury associated with functional deficits in recently concussed but asymptomatic individuals. There are several findings of interest. First, MTBI subjects had a more disperse brain activation pattern with additional increases in activity outside of the shared regions of interest (ROIs) as revealed by FMRI blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) signals. The MTBI group had additional activation in the left dorsal-lateral prefrontal cortex during encoding phase of spatial navigation working memory task that was not observed in normal controls. Second, neither whole-brain analysis nor ROI analysis showed significant alteration of white matter (WM) integrity in MTBI subjects as evidenced by fractional anisotropy FA (DTI) data. It should be noted, however, there was a larger variability of fractional anisotropy (FA) in the genu, and body of the corpus callosum in MTB subjects. Moreover, we observed decreased diffusivity as evidenced by apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) at both left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DL-PFC) in MTBI subjects (P < 0.001). There was also a positive correlation (P < 0.05) between ADC and % change of fMRI BOLD signals at DL-PFC in MTBI subjects, but not in normal controls. Despite these differences we conclude that overall, no consistent findings across advanced brain imaging techniques (fMRI and DTI) were observed. Whether the lack of consistency across research techniques (fMRI & DTI) is due to time frame of scanning, unique nature of MTBI and/or technological issues involved in FA and Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) quantification is yet to be determined.
MARS Code Developments, Benchmarking and Applications

Recent developments of the MARS Monte Carlo code system for simulation of hadronic and electromagnetic cascades in shielding, accelerator and detector components in the energy range from a fraction of an electron volt up to 100 TeV are described. The physical model of hadron and lepton interactions with nuclei and atoms has undergone substantial improvements. These include a new nuclear cross section library, a model for soft prior production, a cascade-exciton model, a dual parton model, deuteron-nucleus and neutrino-nucleus interaction models, a detailed description of negative hadron and muon absorption, and a unified treatment of muon and charged hadron electro-magnetic interactions with matter. New algorithms have been implemented into the code and benchmarked against experimental data. A new Graphical-User Interface has been developed. The code capabilities to simulate cascades and generate a variety of results in complex systems have been enhanced. The MARS system includes links to the MCNP code for neutron and photon transport below 20 MeV, to the ANSYS code for thermal and stress analyses and to the STRUCT code for multi-turn particle tracking in large synchrotrons and collider rings. Results of recent benchmarking of the MARS code are presented. Examples of non-trivial code applications are given for the Fermilab Booster and Main Injector, for a 1.5 MW target station and a muon storage ring.
Isotope effects on the Raman spectrum of buckminsterfullerene, C60

The Raman spectrum of C60 was calculated for molecular samples containing carbon isotopes with natural abundance. The results confirm experimental results indicating that isotopic perturbations are not an important source of silent-mode Raman activity. Detailed predictions for the Raman spectrum of C60 in gas phases or isolating matrices are presented. The accuracy of the theoretical calculations was maximized by using experimental vibrational wavenumbers and bond polarizability parameters fitted to experimental data. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The evolution of indirect reciprocity

Human societies are based on cooperation among large numbers of genetically unrelated individuals. This behavior is puzzling from an evolutionary perspective. Because cooperators are unrelated it cannot be the result of kin selection, and the large scale seems to preclude explanations based on direct reciprocity. Alexander (1987) has proposed that large-scale cooperation among humans can be understood as resulting from networks of “indirect” reciprocity. For example, individual A may help individual B even though A receives no direct reciprocal benefit. Instead, B might help C who helps D who finally returns the help indirectly to A. Here we describe a simple mathematical model of the evolution of indirect reciprocity. Analysis of this model suggests that indirect reciprocity is unlikely to be important unless interacting groups are fairly small.
Residential Life Cycle Assessment Modeling: Comparative Case Study of Insulating Concrete Forms and Traditional Building Materials

Abstract Innovative, sustainable construction products are emerging in response to market demands. One potential product, insulating concrete forms (ICFs), offers possible advantages in energy and environmental performance when compared with traditional construction materials. Even though ICFs are in part derived from a petroleum-based product, the benefits in the use phase outweigh the impacts of the raw material extraction and manufacturing phase. This paper quantitatively measures ICFs' performance through a comparative life cycle assessment of wall sections comprised of ICF and traditional wood-frame. The life cycle stages included raw materials extraction and manufacturing, construction, use and end of life for a 2,450 square foot house in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Results showed that even though building products such as ICFs are energy intensive to produce and thus have higher environmental impacts in the raw materials extraction and manufacturing phase, the use phase dominated in the life cycle. F...
Dietary fatty acids, cholesterol, and behavior in the rat

The behavioral effects and effects on serum cholesterol of diets containing different fats were studied in Long-Evans hooded rats. Adult males were fed one of four diets: AIN-76A, Group CON; AIN-76A plus 20% safflower oil, Group POLY; AIN-76A plus 20% coconut oil, Group SAT; AIN-76A plus 20% olive oil, Group MONO. After 29 days, the rats were tested for irritability toward handling, open-field activity, passive-avoidance learning on a modified apparatus, and visual discrimination learning with reversal. The rats in Group POLY had lower total-cholesterol-to-HDL- cholesterol ratios than did animals in any other group. Except for shorter latencies by Group MONO rats to leave the platform on the passive-avoidance training trials, no behavioral differences were observed.
Time-dependent effect of glutaraldehyde on the tendency to calcify of both autografts and xenografts

To determine mechanisms responsible for the reduced calcification in short-term glutaraldehyde (Glu)-treated autologous pericardial bioprostheses, we studied the time effect of Glu on subsequent calcification and differences in calcification of autograft and xenograft implants in a rat subcutaneous implantation model. In experiment 1, four groups of bovine pericardial pieces (1 cm 2 ) were prepared: (A) fresh bovine pericardium without Glu, (B) with 15-minute Glu, (C) with 60-minute Glu, and (D) with 120-minute Glu. Seven young male Sprague-Dawley rats were used; each received four bovine pericardial pieces from group A, B, C, or D for subcutaneous implantation. Calcium content of the implants ( μ g/mg dry weight) 45 days later was 4.8 ± 2.9, 29.8 ±13.6, 106.3 ±13.7, and 176.3 ± 85.5 in groups A, B, C, and D, respectively ( p μ g/mg dry weight in groups 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively ( p
Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate inhibits adipogenesis and induces apoptosis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Objective Green tea catechins have been shown to promote loss of body fat and to inhibit growth of many cancer cell types by inducing apoptosis. The objective of this study was to determine whether epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the primary green tea catechin, could act directly on adipocytes to inhibit adipogenesis and induce apoptosis. Research methods and procedures Mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and mature adipocytes were used. To test the effect of EGCG on viability, cells were incubated for 3, 6, 12, or 24 hours with 0, 50, 100, or 200 microM EGCG. Viability was quantitated by MTS assay. To determine the effect of EGCG on apoptosis, adipocytes were incubated for 24 hours with 0 to 200 microM EGCG, then stained with annexin V and propidium iodide and analyzed by laser scanning cytometry. Both preadipocytes and adipocytes were also analyzed for apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay. To determine the effect of EGCG on adipogenesis, maturing preadipocytes were incubated during the 6-day induction period with 0 to 200 microM EGCG, then stained with Oil-Red-O and analyzed for lipid content. Results EGCG had no effect on either viability or apoptosis of preconfluent preadipocytes. EGCG also did not affect viability of mature adipocytes; however, EGCG increased apoptosis in mature adipocytes, as demonstrated by both laser scanning cytometry and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assays. Furthermore, EGCG dose-dependently inhibited lipid accumulation in maturing preadipocytes. Discussion These results demonstrate that EGCG can act directly to inhibit differentiation of preadipocytes and to induce apoptosis of mature adipocytes and, thus, could be an important adjunct in the treatment of obesity.
Two-dimensional anisotropic scattering in a semi-infinite cylindrical medium exposed to a laser beam

Abstract A modification of Ambarzumian's method is used to develop the integro-differential equations for the source function, flux, and intensity at the boundary of a two-dimensional, semi-infinite cylindrical medium which scatters linearly. The incident radiation is collimated, normal to the top surface of the medium, and is dependent only on the radial coordinate. The radial variation is assumed to be a Bessel function or a Gaussian distribution. The Gaussian boundary condition is used to simulate a laser beam. Numerical results are presented in graphical and tabular forms for both boundary conditions. Results for forward and backward scattering phase functions are compared with those for isotropic scattering. A method is presented for extending these results to the problem of a strongly anisotropic phase function which is made up of a spike in the forward direction superimposed on a linear phase function.
Posterior vitreous detachment and neovascularization in diabetic retinopathy.

Abstract The authors evaluated the effect of posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) in 172 eyes (114 patients) with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy on the development of retinal or optic disc neovascularization. Patients were followed for more than 6 months after the initial vitreous examination (mean, 32 months). None of the patients 39 years of age or younger had PVD, but this condition became more prevalent thereafter with age. In 124 eyes of patients 40 years of age or older, neovascularization developed eventually in 20 (22%) of 93 eyes without PVD but in only 1 (3%) of 29 eyes with complete PVD ( P
Associations Between Hypertension and Genes in the Renin-Angiotensin System

The genes of the renin-angiotensin system have been subjected to intense molecular scrutiny in cardiovascular disease studies, but their contribution to risk is still uncertain. In this study, we sampled 192 African American and 153 European American families (602 and 608 individuals, respectively) to evaluate the contribution of variations in genes that encode renin-angiotensin system components of susceptibility to hypertension. We genotyped 25 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the renin-angiotensin system genes ACE , AGT , AGTR1 , and REN . The family-based transmission/disequilibrium test was performed with each single-nucleotide polymorphism and with the multilocus haplotypes. Two individual single-nucleotide polymorphisms were significantly associated with hypertension among African Americans, and this result persisted when both groups were combined. The associations were confirmed in haplotype analysis for REN , AGTR1 , and ACE in African Americans. Consistent but less significant evidence was found in European Americans. We also randomly sampled unrelated individuals across families to obtain 84 cases and 108 controls among the African Americans and 41 cases and 113 controls in the European Americans. Single-nucleotide polymorphism and haplotype analyses again showed consistent, albeit weaker, results. Thus, in this biracial population sample, we find evidence that interindividual variation in the renin-angiotensin system genes contributes to hypertension risk.
Characterization of hexadecanoic acid perdeuterated from carbon eight to carbon sixteen: a novel conformational probe for amphipathic systems

Abstract The molecule (9,9,10,10,11,11,12,12,13,13,14,14,15,15,16,16)-heptadecadeuterio hexadecanoic acid has been characterized as a useful tool for conformational studies of lipid chains in membranes. Calorimetric and mass spectrometry tests successfully established the sample to be of high purity 99.6 ± 0.2% and to be deuterated as specified above. Detailed Raman spectra of the sample were analyzed in all regions of interest between 50 cm −1 and 3100 cm −1 . The optical skeletal bands arising from the perdeuterated octyl tail are uncoupled from the bands proceeding from the head portion of the molecule. Likewise, the very strong symmetric and antisymmetric CD 2 stretching bands fall in the region of 2000–2200 cm −1 where no other bands are present. Bands associated in the CH 2 twisting, CH 2 bending and CH 2 stretching have also been identified. The relevance of this study to conformational analyses in lipids is discussed.
Production of γ-linolenic acid and stearidonic acid in seeds of marker-free transgenic soybean

Through a single desaturation step, the Borago officinalis L. Δ 6 desaturase can convert linoleic acid and α-linolenic add to γ-linolenic acid (GLA) and stearidonic acid (STA), respectively. Both GLA and STA are of interest to the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. Production of these fatty acids is costly. One potential strategy to reduce production cost would be to generate them in a major oilseed crop. To this end, a cDNA of the B. officinalis Δ 6 -desaturase gene was cloned downstream of the embryo-specific promoter β-conglycinin. The resultant cassette was assembled into a two T-DNA binary vector, in which the second T-DNA element harbored a selectable marker cassette. The final plasmid was subsequently used to transform soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. The simultaneous delivery of two T-DNA elements was used as a strategy to derive soybean progeny transgenic for the Δ 6 desaturase T-DNA and free of the marker gene T-DNA. Twenty-nine transgenic soybean lines were recovered that harbored both T-DNA elements, of which 17 produced GLA and STA in the seed storage lipids. Average GLA levels ranged from 3.4 up to 28.7%, while STA levels varied from just under 0.6 to 4.2% in the T 1 generation. Among the 17 lines that produced GLA and STA, four lines were identified that were free of the selectable marker T-DNA element.
Stem cells: So what's in a niche?

Much effort is being invested in defining the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that control stem cell maintenance and proliferation. Recent studies have identified a signaling hierarchy involved in coordinating the proliferation of germ line and somatic stem cells in the Drosophila ovary.
Methane production in the sulfate-depleted sediments of two marine basins

Abstract Rates of methane production via both acetate fermentation and CO 2 reduction were directly measured with radiotracer techniques in the sulfate-depleted sediments of Saanich and Princess Louisa Inlets. Comparison of measured and modelled rates suggests that these two pathways account for the majority of methane produced below the sulfate reduction zone in the sediments of both basins. Methane production via CO 2 reduction was slightly more important than acetate fermentation with 57–58% of the methane in Saanich Inlet and 52–57% in Princess Louisa Inlet being produced from bicarbonate. The results from Saanich Inlet, a seasonally anoxic basin, are compared with Princess Louisa Inlet, with a permanently oxic hypolimnion. Although the two basins have comparable organic-carbon rain rates, the rates of methanogenesis are much lower in Princess Louisa Inlet. This decrease in methane production can be attributed to the consumption of organic carbon via aerobic respiration occurring in the surface sediments of Princess Louisa Inlet, thereby decreasing the actual input of organic carbon to the zone of methane production. The relative importance of CO 2 reduction and acetate fermentation in the production of methane was the same in both basins, suggesting that prior aerobic degradation of the organic matter has little influence on the pathways of methane production. The results from this study in the two marine systems (high sulfate) are also compared to published studies in freshwater environments (low sulfate) where acetate fermentation is the predominant pathway of methane production.
Detailed glycan structural characterization by electronic excitation dissociation.

The structural complexity and diversity of glycans parallel their multilateral functions in living systems. To better understand the vital roles glycans play in biological processes, it is imperative to develop analytical tools that can provide detailed glycan structural information. This was conventionally achieved by multistage tandem mass spectrometry (MSn) analysis using collision-induced dissociation (CID) as the fragmentation method. However, the MSn approach lacks the sensitivity and throughput needed to analyze complex glycan mixtures from biological sources, often available in limited quantities. We define herein the critical parameters for a recently developed fragmentation technique, electronic excitation dissociation (EED), which can yield rich structurally informative fragment ions during liquid chromatographic (LC)-MS/MS analysis of glycans. We further demonstrate that permethylation, reducing end labeling and judicious selection of the metal charge carrier, can greatly facilitate spectral i...
Smooth quantum potential for the hydrodynamic model

An effective stress tensor and energy density for the quantum hydrodynamic (QHD) equations are derived in the Born approximation to the Bloch equation. The quantum potential appearing in the stress tensor and energy density is valid to all orders of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Elzxh}}}^{2}$ and to first order in \ensuremath{\beta}V, and involves both a smoothing integration of the classical potential over space and an averaging integration over temperature. In the presence of discontinuities in the classical potential (which occur, for example, at potential barriers in semiconductors), the effective stress tensor and energy density are more tractable analytically and numerically than in the original O(${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Elzxh}}}^{2}$) QHD theory. By cancelling the leading singularity in the classical potential at a barrier and leaving a residual smooth effective potential (with a lower potential height) in the barrier region, the effective stress tensor makes the barrier partially transparent to the particle flow and provides the mechanism for particle tunneling in the QHD model. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
The Colorectal Cancer Control Program: partnering to increase population level screening.

w t s a t e h s o P v Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States, killing more nonsmokers than any other cancer.1 In 2006, more than 139,000 people were diagnosed with CRC and more than 53,000 died of the disease.2 Screening can effectively decrease CRC incidence and mortality in 2 ways: first, unlike most cancers, screening offers the opportunity to prevent cancer by removing premalignant polyps; second, screening can detect CRC early when treatment is more effective.3,4 If CRC is diagnosed at early stages, the 5-year survival rate is more than 88%.5 In a modeling study to assess deaths revented through increased use of clinical preventive ervices, Farley et al6 estimated that 1900 deaths could be revented for every 10% increase in CRC screening with a olonoscopy. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends RC screening for average-risk individuals beginning at ge 50 by using annual high-sensitivity fecal occult blood esting, sigmoidoscopy every 5 years, or colonoscopy evry 10 years.7 Data from the Centers for Disease Control nd Prevention (CDC) suggest that only 62.9% of Amerians aged 50 to 75 years are up to date with CRC screenng, with more than 22 million adults estimated to be
Relationship of literacy and heart failure in adults with diabetes

Although reading ability may impact educational strategies and management of heart failure (HF), the prevalence of limited literacy in patients with HF is unknown. Subjects were drawn from the Vermont Diabetes Information System Field Survey, a cross-sectional study of adults with diabetes in primary care. Participants' self-reported characteristics were subjected to logistic regression to estimate the association of heart failure and literacy while controlling for social and economic factors. The Short Test of Functional Health Literacy was used to measure literacy. Of 172 subjects with HF and diabetes, 27% had limited literacy compared to 15% of 826 subjects without HF (OR 2.05; 95% CI 1.39, 3.02; P < 0.001). Adjusting for age, sex, race, income, marital status and health insurance, HF continued to be significantly associated with limited literacy (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.00, 2.41, P = .05). After adjusting for education, however, HF was no longer independently associated with literacy (OR 1.31; 95% CI 0.82 – 2.08; P = 0.26). Over one quarter of diabetic adults with HF have limited literacy. Although this association is no longer statistically significant when adjusted for education, clinicians should be aware that many of their patients have important limitations in dealing with written materials.
SIZE OF BENDER GESTALT DRAWINGS IN PSYCHOTIC DEPRESSION.

Comparisons of total area scores of Bender Gestalt drawings produced by 3 patient groups (16 psychotic depressives, 20 schizophrenics, and 16 hysterical character disorders) and 28 normals were nonsignificant, suggesting that there is no generally reduced productivity in depression.
Ultrafast Core-Level Dynamics During Femtosecond Laser Ablation

We report, to our knowledge, the first use of pump-probe photoelectron spectroscopy to study core-level dynamics during a laser-driven phase transition. Synchrotron xrays probe the phase transition dynamics during the initial moments of femtosecond laser ablation.
Some morphological aspects of the innervation of a spider's silk gland

A structure in the ampullate silk gland of an orb-weaving spider, previously thought to be a pressure receptor, was studied by electron microscopy to clarify its sensory function. This lamellated 'bulbous region' is situated between the gland and the beginning duct, which consists of a layered, acellular matrix (muco-protein), surrounded by a flat epithelium and partly covered by connective tissue. The epithelial cells are densely filled by a mesh-work of microtubules and interconnected by extensive cell junctions, both indicating exposure to mechanical stress. The few nerve fibres found to supply the bulbous region do not exhibit specialized dendritic endings and provide no evidence for a receptor function. The abundance of translucent vesicles of 400-500 A (synaptic'?) and dense granules of 1000-1500 A (neurosecretory?) indicate efferent fibres, possibly controlling the secretion of the matrix. The function of the bulbous region remains to be investigated. Similar nerve fibres but with distinct synaptic foci were noted in the adjacent gland duct in large numbers. The neuro-glandular synapses have a characteristic location, namely, opposing the mesaxon-like invagination of the epidermal cells. These nerve fibres are believed to play a role in water uptake and/or secretion of the extra-cellular duct lining.
Dimensionality of the Marital Communication Inventory: A Preliminary Factor Analytic Study:

An abbreviated version of the Marital Communication Inventory was administered to a university sample of 54 married couples in an earlier study. To assess the dimensionality of the scale, the data were analyzed through a common factor analysis with varimax rotation. Results indicate that the inventory does not appear to be unidimensional as has been commonly assumed, but instead appears to be heavily loaded with an element of marital adjustment or conventionality rather than being solely a measure of marital communication. The consequences for previous research and the implications for the future assessment of marital communication by researchers and clinicians are discussed. Guidelines for further investigation of the validity of the inventory are proposed.
Interaction between Ca or Mg ions and nucleoprotein from sea urchin sperms

Abstract Deoxyribonucleoprotein (DNP) prepared from sea urchin sperms with the use of citrate and 0.009 M NaCl solutions is precipitated by very small amounts of Ca or Mg ions. The precipitation starts for a 0.2-0.1 per cent DNP solution at 10−4.2 M CaCl2 or MgCl2. At lower salt concentrations the Ca ions have an aggregating effect on the DNP molecules. Precipitated DNP (with 35 per cent DNA) contains about one Ca ion per 11 nucleotides. In a CaCl2-DNP concentration diagram the change in the precipitation point seems to fulfil the requirements of an ordinary solubility product with about 7 Ca ions per apparent unit of DNP. The DNP precipitated with Ca ions can be brought back into solution by treatment with citrate.
Emma Willard: Pioneer in Social Studies Education

Abstract The work of Emma Willard was carried on in the 19th century, but is important to social studies today for many reasons. Willard held an integrated view of social science education and her textbooks, which were highly successful, reflect that. Emma Willard was one of the first women in the field of teacher education and she trained many young women in the Troy Female Seminary. Willard's interests were in geographic education, and citizenship education, as well as history, views more typical of the 1960s than of the 1860s.
Ion Trapping with Fast-Response Ion-Selective Microelectrodes Enhances Detection of Extracellular Ion Channel Gradients

Previously, functional mapping of channels has been achieved by measuring the passage of net charge and of specific ions with electrophysiological and intracellular fluorescence imaging techniques. However, functional mapping of ion channels using extracellular ion-selective microelectrodes has distinct advantages over the former methods. We have developed this method through measurement of extracellular K+ gradients caused by efflux through Ca2+-activated K+ channels expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. We report that electrodes constructed with short columns of a mechanically stable K+-selective liquid membrane respond quickly and measure changes in local [K+] consistent with a diffusion model. When used in close proximity to the plasma membrane (<4 μm), the ISMs pose a barrier to simple diffusion, creating an ion trap. The ion trap amplifies the local change in [K+] without dramatically changing the rise or fall time of the [K+] profile. Measurement of extracellular K+ gradients from activated rSlo channels shows that rapid events, 10–55 ms, can be characterized. This method provides a noninvasive means for functional mapping of channel location and density as well as for characterizing the properties of ion channels in the plasma membrane.
The distribution and dynamics of uncertainty in art galleries: A case study of new dealerships in the Parisian art market, 1985–1990

Abstract This work builds on previous scholarly material which has examined the work of art dealers in terms of their place in a larger system which filters artistic production. By expanding on the dichotomous concepts of the division of production presented by Marcia Bystryn in terms of experimental and gatekeeping galleries and those of Raymonde Moulin which distinguished between the work of ‘entrepreneurs’ and ‘negotiators’, I focus on the complexities of the gallery system which operates, in my view, much more centrally in the middle-range of uncertainty. This paper does two things: (1) it provides a typology of the distribution of uncertainty in galleries based on the kinds of artistic and personal resources available to the dealer; and, (2) it identifies strategies used by galleries to manage different levels of uncertainty. These strategies include turning liabilities into assets; creating risks; and economic and aesthetic diversification.
The Kinetics of Cytokine Gene Expression in the Thyroids of Mice Developing Granulomatous Experimental Autoimmune Thyroiditis

Abstract To study the potential roles of cytokines in development and resolution of granulomatous experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT), the kinetics ofin vivoexpression of cytokine genes in thyroid infiltrates was analysed using reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR). Both Th1 (IL-2 and IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokines as well as TGF-βTNF-αIL-12 and IL-1β were detected in thyroids during both the initial phase and peak of granulomatous EAT. Maximal expression of cytokine genes generally occurred 11–14 days after cell transfer, prior to maximal EAT severity, which occurred 19–21 days after cell transfer. The relative ratios of Th1:Th2 cytokines and mouse thyroglobulin-(MTg)-specific IgG1 and IgG2a autoantibody levels were similar during both the initial phase and peak of EAT. Depletion of CD8+T cells did not decrease the severity of EAT but delayed resolution of lesions. Cytokine gene expression in thyroids was not decreased by anti-CD8 treatment. Together, these data indicate that both Th1 and Th2 cytokines produced by CD4+T cells are involved in induction and development of granulomatous EAT, and CD8-dependent resolution of granulomatous EAT is apparently not mediated by these cytokines.
Relapsing Acute Myeloid Leukemia Manifesting as Hypopyon Uveitis

Purpose Although acute lymphoblastic leukemia may masquerade as hypopyon uveitis, acute myeloid leukemia has only rarely been reported to cause this complication, and ocular relapse generally has been associated with evidence of malignant cells at other sites. We studied a patient with acute myeloid leukemia whose only sign of relapse was bilateral anterior uveitis with pseudohypopyon that was refractory to topical and systemic corticosteroids. Methods A 26-year-old woman with acute myeloid leukemia in remission, who had bilateral anterior uveitis and increased intraocular pressure at initial examination, was studied clinically. Blood films, bone marrow smears, and preparations were examined by using immunoperoxidase staining. Results Although there was no evidence of leukemia in the blood or bone marrow samples, the cells obtained from the anterior chamber showed myeloblastic leukemic cells with morphologic characteristics similar to those present in the original bone marrow biopsy obtained 14 months previously. Irradiation and chemotherapy were used to kill the malignant cells in the eye and central nervous system. The persisting glaucoma resolved after anterior chamber washout of necrotic tumor cells. Conclusions Unusual features of uveitis in this patient indicated that she had a masquerade syndrome, despite normal results of bone marrow and blood film tests. Aspiration of intraocular cellular infiltrate for cytopathologic examination was required to obtain the correct diagnosis and enable treatment to commence without delay.
Toward a benchmark for optimal prudency policy

This paper presents a benchmark model of prudency policy. The incidence and the financial implications of optimal prudence reviews are examined in a stylized setting. In the environment considered, prudence reviews optimally occur following particularly unfavorable performance by the regulated firm, and they impose expected penalties on the firm. However, rewards as well as penalties from prudence reviews are generally optimal. Furthermore, the risk and expected penalties associated with prudence reviews decline as the regulator's ex ante assessment of the firm's activities becomes more favorable.
On a unified boundary-integral equation method

In this paper the connection is developed between the direct and indirect boundary-integral equation methods of linear elastostatics from both a physical and a mathematical viewpoint. It is shown that the indirect method in its various forms, like the direct method, can be derived from Somigliana's identity, and one particular indirect formulation is presented which reduces the mixed problem of elastostatics to a system of Cauchy singular integral equations.
Comparison of the Photodesorption Activities of cis-Butene, trans-Butene, and Isobutene on the Rutile TiO2(110) Surface

The chemical and photochemical properties of three butene molecules (cis-butene, trans-butene and isobutene) were explored on the clean rutile TiO2(110) surface using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and photon simulated desorption (PSD). At the low coverage limit, trans-butene was the most strongly bound butene on the TiO2(110) surface, desorbing at ~ 210 K, however increased intermolecular repulsions between trans-butene molecules at higher coverage diminished its binding. Both cis-butene and isobutene saturated the first layer on TiO2(110) at a coverage of ~0.50 ML in a single TPD feature at 184 and 192 K, respectively. In contrast, the maximum coverage that trans-butene could achieve in its 210 K peak was ~1/3 ML, with higher coverages resulting a low temperature desorption at ~137 K. Coverages of these molecules above 0.50 ML resulted in population of second layer and multilayer states. The instability of trans-butene at a coverage of 0.5 ML on the surface was linked to the inversion center in its symmetry. In the absence of coadsorbed oxygen, the primary photochemical pathway of each butene molecule on TiO2(110) was photodesorption. The photoactivities of these molecules on TiO2(110) at an initial coverage of 0.50 ML followed the trend: isobutene > cis-butene > trans-butene. In contrast,more » the photoactivities of low coverages of cis-butene and trans-butene exceeded those measured at 0.50 ML. These data suggest that intermolecular interactions (repulsions) play a significant role in diminishing the photoactivities of weakly bound molecules on TiO2 photocatalysts. Work reported here was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Science, Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences, and performed in the Williams R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory (EMSL), a Department of Energy user facility funded by the Office of Biological and Environmental Research. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is a multiprogram national laboratory operated for the U.S. Department of Energy by the Battelle Memorial Institute under contract DEAC05-76RL01830.« less
The relevance of democracy to organizational management

The relationship between democratic ideals and organizational structuring and functioning receives attention in this article. After a brief historical consideration of liberal democracy in the United States, we analyze social, managerial, ethical, and economic issues defining the relevance of democracy to organizational management. These issues lead to a presentation of specific purposes that particular mechanisms of organizational democracy can serve. Because of other scholarly attention to participative management and employee ownership, hierarchical constraints receive emphasis here.
Adult Sibling Relationships in the Context of a Mid- to Late-Life Parental Divorce

There has been much research on the influence of parental divorce on children, but less is known about whether and how a later-life parental divorce influences the lives of adult children. Through qualitative interviews with 40 adult children of divorce—those whose parents divorced after they were 18 years of age—adult sibling relationships were explored to determine if a mid- to late-life parental divorce affects the adult sibling relationship. The majority of participants reported that their sibling relationships were not negatively affected by the parental divorce; however, a minority of participants noted that their adult sibling relationships were negatively affected, especially if they “took sides” during the parental divorce.
Cyclotron targetry for production of short-lived positron emitters.

The basic concepts of cyclotron target design are presented along with the relevant practical experience gained by workers in this field over the years. Results are presented from several recent studies on the temperature and density distribution inside gas and liquid targets. 5 refs., 3 figs.
A Springer Theorem for Hermitian forms

Throughout this paper, we let (D,σ) be a central F -division algebra with involution σ such that Fσ={d ∈ F|σ(d)=d} is a Henselian valued field. By [11], the valuation on Fσ extends uniquely to a valuation on D. We denote this valuation by v. Moreover, we assume that the characteristic of the residue field, Open image in new window, is not 2. If the valuation on F is discrete, then any quadratic form q can be written as q= q1⊥πq2, where π is a uniformizer and qi are unit forms. Springer's Theorem states that q is isotropic if and only if at least one of the residue forms Open image in new window and Open image in new window is isotropic. In this paper we generalize this result to ɛ -Hermitian forms. In Section 4, we use the connection between involutions on algebras and ɛ-Hermitian forms to prove an analog of the Springer Theorem for involutions.
Molecular Imaging of Hemoglobin for Vasculature Mapping Using Ground State Recovery Pump-Probe Optical Coherence Tomography (gsrPPOCT)

Ground-state recovery pump-probe OCT allows for 3D spatially resolved molecular imaging of nonfluorescent species. We have used it for vasculature mapping based on transient absorption in hemoglobin.
Interdomain Interaction of Merlin Isoforms and Its Influence on Intermolecular Binding to NHE-RF

Abstract Merlin, the neurofibromatosis 2 tumor suppressor protein, has two major isoforms with alternate C termini and is related to the ERM (ezrin, radixin, moesin) proteins. Regulation of the ERMs involves intramolecular and/or intermolecular head-to-tail associations between family members. We have determined whether merlin undergoes similar interactions, and our findings indicate that the C terminus of merlin isoform 1 is able to associate with its N-terminal domain in a head-to-tail fashion. However, the C terminus of isoform 2 lacks this property. Similarly, the N terminus of merlin can also associate with C terminus of moesin. We have also explored the effect of merlin self-association on binding to the regulatory cofactor of Na+-H+exchanger (NHE-RF), an interacting protein for merlin and the ERMs. Merlin isoform 2 captures more NHE-RF than merlin isoform 1 in affinity binding assays, suggesting that in full-length merlin isoform 1, the NHE-RF binding site is masked because of the self-interactions of merlin. Treatment with a phospholipid known to decrease self-association of ERMs enhances the binding of merlin isoform 1 to NHE-RF. Thus, although isoform 1 resembles the ERM proteins, which transition between inactive (closed) and active (open) states, isoform 2 is distinct, existing only in the active (open) state and presumably constitutively more available for interaction with other protein partners.
Successive linearization and non-linear smoothing†

This paper considers the problem of sequential fixed-point interpolation for non-linear processes via the method of successive linearization. The method is illustrated by an example.
Current driven plasma instabilities in lower dimensional systems

Our earlier work on the possibility of spontaneous generation of plasma waves in current driven lower dimensional solid state systems is reviewed and extended, and new directions are suggested. Feasibility of plasma wave generation has been shown for uniform lower dimensional systems, and some modulated systems. The merits and problems for each system are enumerated. New directions to circumvent some of these problems are suggested. Prospects for experimental verification and potential device applications are discussed.
Effect of T-Bar Anchor Tags on Growth of Black Crappies

Abstract T-bar anchor tags provide a means for identifying individual fish in tagging experiments. Despite prior use, no information is available regarding the effect of these tags on the growth of black crappies Pomoxis nigromaculatus. We compared the growth of black crappies larger than 180 mm total length that were tagged with t-bar anchor tags with the growth of untagged members of the same cohort over 1-year periods in four Minnesota lakes. We found no difference in the growth of tagged and untagged black crappies in three of the lakes, but in the fourth lake growth of tagged fish averaged 3.7 mm less than that of untagged fish. While the effect on the growth of individual fish may be substantial, the overall effect on the population of tagged black crappies was minor. Therefore, concerns about effects on growth should not deter the use of t-bar anchor tags for tagging black crappies.
Ethametsulfuron Methyl Metabolism and Crop Selectivity in Spring Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)

Abstract Ethametsulfuron methyl (methyl 2-[[[[(4-ethoxy-6-methylamino-1,3,5-triazine-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoate, formerly DPX-A7881) is a sulfonylurea herbicide for postemergence broadleaf weed control in spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), including canola varieties. Plant response data are presented demonstrating the tolerance of spring oilseed rape to application of 64 g a. i./ha ethametsulfuron methyl while sensitive weeds including Chenopodium album, Sinapsis arvensis, and Amaranthus retroflexus are controlled at rates of 16 g a. i./ha or lower, under greenhouse conditions. The relative tolerance of different weed species and oilseed rape varieties to this sulfonylurea herbicide is related to the rate at which the compound is metabolized to inactive metabolites. Ethametsulfuron methyl is metabolized with a half-life of 1.2-2.5 hr in tolerant oilseed rape, while sensitive weed species or oilseed rape varieties metabolize this herbicide more slowly, with half-lives ranging from 5 to 14 hr. Metabolites of ethametsulfuron methyl were isolated from canola seedlings and analyzed using thermospray liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), packed capillary LC/MS, and cochromatography with authentic standards. The major early metabolites are O-desethyl ethametsulfuron methyl, which was confirmed by cochromatography with an authentic reference standard, and N-desmethyl-O-desethyl ethametsulfuron methyl. O-Desethyl ethametsulfuron methyl is herbicidally inactive in whole plant studies and is a poor inhibitor of acetolactate synthase, the target site for sulfonylurea herbicides. Additional data are presented which show that the concentration in foliage of ethametsulfuron methyl applied postemergence to oilseed rape at 30 g a.i./ha declines from an initial value of 890 ppb to less than 0.5 ppb 60 days after treatment, and the total radiolabeled burden is only 5 ppb. Thus, the ability of oilseed rape to rapidly metabolize ethametsulfuron methyl accounts for its tolerance to this herbicide and, along with growth dilution, contributes to an extremely low residue lever 60 days after treatment.
Colorado Front Range Rock Glaciers: Distribution and Topographic Characteristics

ABSTRACT In the Colorado Front Range, rock glacier distribution has been noted on U.S. Geological Survey maps and in several publications; however, a comprehensive account of distribution is not available. When analyzed in a Geographic Information System (GIS), Digital Elevation Model variables (elevation, slope, or aspect) could reveal unique topographic characteristics of rock glaciers. The objectives of this study are to provide an accurate, complete account of rock glacier locations in a digital format, to compare topographic variables of rock glacier form and activity classes, and to evaluate glacier and rock glacier topographic information. Rock glacier locations were obtained from previous studies and were re-digitized on high-resolution digital orthophotos. Glacier distribution was determined through classification of a satellite image. Topographic information for rock glacier form and activity classes as well as for glaciers was obtained through zonal overlay in a GIS. Results indicate that tongu...
A Nurse's Primer on Recruiting Participants for Clinical Trials

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To identify common barriers to the recruitment of participants for oncology clinical trials, identify strategies that would be useful in increasing enrollment of participants in oncology clinical trials, and describe the role of the clinical trial nurse in the recruitment process. DATA SOURCES Published articles and abstracts, empirical studies, conference proceedings, references from bibliographies of pertinent articles and books, and computerized databases from 1994-2001. DATA SYNTHESIS The barriers to participant recruitment in clinical trials may be categorized as being related to either the patient, healthcare provider, or protocol. CONCLUSIONS Several achievable strategies for improving recruitment to oncology clinical trials exist. Nurses need to understand the complex and diverse factors that influence participant accrual to oncology clinical trials. Strategies to increase enrollment should focus on increased communications and education for patients and healthcare providers. Dedicated clinical trials nurses can play an integral part in the recruitment and accrual of patients to oncology clinical trials. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Clinical trial nurses play many important roles in the conduct of oncology clinical trials. To better plan and manage these investigations, nurses need to develop strategies to mitigate the complex and diverse factors that may influence accrual patterns.