cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study of the x-ray photoelectron spectrum of tungsten—tungsten oxide as a function of thickness of the surface oxide layer

The photoelectron spectrum of tungsten metal using Al Kα X-rays has been studied as a function of a tungsten oxide layer on the surface. The photoelectron lines arising from the 4f shell of tungsten metal are clearly separated in energy from those coming from WO3. The ratio of the intensities of these two sets of lines were measured for a series of metal samples which were anodized to a determined level of tungsten oxide. The data were shown to be consistent with a uniform deposition of oxide film. The escape depth, or thickness from which half the photoelectron intensity is derived, was found for a 1450 eV photoelectron to be 8.9 A and 18.3 A for W and WO3, respectively.
Nuclear quadrupole resonance in C-nitro compounds

Abstract The nitrogen-14 nuclear quadrupole resonance spectra of CH 3 NO 2 and of C 6 H 5 NO 2 were measured at 77°K. The results are: CH 3 NO 2 : e 2 qQ / h = 1694.6 kHz, η = 0.4240 and C 6 H 5 NO 2 : e 2 qQ / h = 1424.9 kHz, η = 0.4039.
A solitary juvenile polyp with hyperplastic and adenomatous glands

This report describes a 21-year-old man with chronic rectal bleeding, who was found to have a solitary juvenile polyp containing hyperplastic and adenomatous glands. This admixture of glandular elements has not been clearly recognized previously. The significance of this finding is uncertain at this time. Since adenomatous polyps are considered premalignant lesions, and juvenile polyps have been associated with colon cancer, we recommend that juvenile polyps with adenomatous glands also be regarded as premalignant lesions.
Nonvisualized gallbladder on oral cholecystography: implications for lithotripsy.

Currently, most protocols evaluating the efficacy of gallstone lithotripsy require a visualized gallbladder on oral cholecystography (OCG). The primary purpose of the OCG is to establish that the cystic duct is patent. When the gallbladder is visualized on OCG, it can also be used to number and size gallstones accurately. Patients with non-visualization of the gallbladder on OCG are excluded from consideration for lithotripsy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate retrospectively the ultrasonographic findings (i.e., number and sizes of stones in 32 patients with nonvisualization on the OCG). In 11 patients (34%) ultrasound (US) did not detect any stone, and it is presumed that the gallbladder failed to visualize for other reasons. Six patients (19%) had one or two stones and 15 (47%) patients had more than three stones. This suggests that 20% of patients with nonvisualization of the gallbladder on OCG would otherwise be eligible for lithotripsy provided that patency of the cystic duct can be demonstrated by other means, such as computed tomographic (CT) examination with oral biliary contrast or cholescintigraphy.
Portable pedagogy: how interaction design made us better teachers

This presentation discusses findings from research conducted with students, faculty, and other university stakeholders around the user experience of assignment writing sheets. We demonstrate how the pedagogical and theoretical takeaways from this research have been translated into personas, conceptual models, and interactive mockups for PromptMe--- a web application that prompts data-driven conversations between instructors and students regarding expectations in assignment sheets. At SIGDOC, we will share our designs, discuss how we see pedagogy reflected in Prompt Me, and highlight the value of designing technologies as a learning strategy. This conversation will spark ideas for enacting democratic teaching through interaction design.
Children's expectations of sex differences in parents' responses to sons and daughters encountering interpersonal problems

The present study examined 8-12-year-old children's perceptions of parents' responses to sons and daughters experiencing interpersonal conflicts. In general, the children expected parents to respond in a manner consistent with traditional instrumental-expressive sex-role stereotypes. The implication of these findings for inadequacies in the socialization of interpersonal problem-solving styles in boys and girls is discussed.
Depletion of L3MBTL1 promotes the erythroid differentiation of human hematopoietic progenitor cells: possible role in 20q- polycythemia vera.

L3MBTL1, the human homolog of the Drosophila L(3)MBT polycomb group tumor suppressor gene, is located on chromosome 20q12, within the common deleted region identified in patients with 20q deletion-associated polycythemia vera, myelodysplastic syndrome, and acute myeloid leukemia. L3MBTL1 is expressed within hematopoietic CD34+ cells; thus, it may contribute to the pathogenesis of these disorders. To define its role in hematopoiesis, we knocked down L3MBTL1 expression in primary hematopoietic stem/progenitor (ie, CD34+) cells isolated from human cord blood (using short hairpin RNAs) and observed an enhanced commitment to and acceleration of erythroid differentiation. Consistent with this effect, overexpression of L3MBTL1 in primary hematopoietic CD34+ cells as well as in 20q− cell lines restricted erythroid differentiation. Furthermore, L3MBTL1 levels decrease during hemin-induced erythroid differentiation or erythropoietin exposure, suggesting a specific role for L3MBTL1 down-regulation in enforcing cell fate decisions toward the erythroid lineage. Indeed, L3MBTL1 knockdown enhanced the sensitivity of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells to erythropoietin (Epo), with increased Epo-induced phosphorylation of STAT5, AKT, and MAPK as well as detectable phosphorylation in the absence of Epo. Our data suggest that haploinsufficiency of L3MBTL1 contributes to some (20q−) myeloproliferative neoplasms, especially polycythemia vera, by promoting erythroid differentiation.
IV, PRACTICAL USES FOR COHERENCE VALUE AND RECEPTIVITY MEASUREMENTS*

Coherence-value and receptivity measurements may be used as (1) a check on incoming raw materials, (2) a basis for selection of certain raw materials, (3) a control test for slip consistency, (4) a control test at various steps in the manufacturing process, and (5) a basis for blending clays and other raw materials. These methods also hold promise of general application in fields other than glaze control.
Reference values for height and weight in Prader-Willi syndrome based on 315 patients.

The spontaneous growth of 315 patients (109 girls and 208 boys) with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) was analysed in a mixed longitudinal and cross-sectional manner. 33 patients were seen in the department between 1970 and 1994; height and weight of 76 patients from Germany were evaluated by means of a questionnaire with detailed measuring instructions, and 206 definite cases were added from the literature. Mean (±SD) length of newborn babies with PWS was 50.2 ± 2.8 cm (145 boys) and 48.9 ± 3.3 cm (79 girls). Mean weight at birth was 2945 ± 570 g in boys and 2782 ± 594 g in girls. During the 1st year, the children's growth was nearly normal, thereafter short stature was present in approximately 50% of PWS patients. Between 3 and 13 years of age, the 50th percentile for height in PWS is roughly identical with the 3rd percentile in healthy controls. Body weight was normal for all boys and girls during the first 2 years. Thereafter, a rapid weight gain occurred; after an age of 10 years weight-for-height index in nearly all patients exceeded the normal range. The extent of pubertal growth was reduced for the group. Mean adult height was 161.6 ± 8.1 cm (23 males) and 150.2 ± 5.5 cm (21 females). Head circumference for age was normal for boys and girls.
Assessment of the role of DNA damage and repair in the survival of primary cultures of rat cutaneous keratinocytes exposed to bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide

Toxicity manifests itself as vesication in human skin exposed topically to bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide (BCES). The destruction of the proliferating population of epidermal cells is a major component of the pathogenic process. Available data strongly suggest that damage to cellular DNA is a critical factor in the loss of these cells. However, the influence of DNA repair on this toxic response has not been adequately studied. Therefore, a study was undertaken to ascertain the influence of DNA repair on the survival of primary monolayer cultures of rat cutaneous keratinocytes exposed to BCES. The sensitive nucleoid sedimentation assay was employed for the determination of DNA damage in cultures exposed to very low levels of BCES. Initial experiments demonstrated that within 1 hr of exposure to as little as 0.1 microM BCES the structural integrity of cellular DNA was compromised, presumably resulting from the appearance of single-strand breaks in the nucleic acid. This same effect was demonstrated in basal cells derived from a stratified, cornified culture grown at the air-liquid interface and exposed topically to the vesicant. Further studies with the monolayer culture demonstrated that the gross structural integrity of the DNA in cells exposed to as much as 5 microM BCES was completely restored within the first 22 hr following the exposure. However, this repair process appeared to be inefficient since a depression of thymidine incorporation into DNA and a significant loss of DNA were exhibited in exposed cultures as long as 72 hr after the initial exposure.
A micromechanical model for damage progression in woven composite systems

Damage progression in woven composites is modeled for multiscale analysis of structures. The proposed model is a representative volume element (RVE) of the woven material, derived from micrographs. In principle, it is applicable to any woven system with periodic fiber placement; however, the focus in this paper is on 3D weaves. The domain and boundary conditions of the RVE are selected such that the model can serve as a repository for predicting the overall behavior under general, multiaxial stress states. The overall response due to applied stress, or strain, and local damage is evaluated by a transformation field analysis (TFA) scheme. Damage mechanisms observed under quasi-static and impact loads are implemented. This includes matrix cracking, frictional sliding and debonding of the fiber bundles, and fiber rupture. The local stress components affected by the active damage modes are removed or reduced by superimposing a transformation stress field on the elastic field caused by the overall loads in the undamaged material. This results in a local stress field that is within the affordable local strength magnitudes, and an overall transformation stress, which modifies the elastic estimate. Implementation of the material model in quasi-static and dynamic finite element procedures is discussed, and examples, which illustrate the model capabilities, are presented.
The ChemSight: an open-path, multichemical detector for security applications

The performance of an open-path, multi-chemical detector designed for continuous, long line-of-sight monitoring is described. The detector system is comprised of an infrared source that projects a collimated broad-spectrum beam towards a detector, which can be located up to 45 m away from the source. The detector spectrally analyzes the beam with an array of room-temperature pyroelectric detectors integrated with bandpass filters. When chemicals intercept the beam, they are detected and identified by a non-linear Mahalnobis distance based detection and identification algorithm, which matches each newly recorded IR absorption spectrum against chemical signatures stored in the detector's onboard, remotely updatable database. Using this algorithm, multiple chemicals can be detected and identified under high humidity conditions and in the presence of interfering chemicals. The sensor and algorithm were tested in the laboratory and field deployments, including continuous operation trials at public transportation centers, office buildings, and chemical storage facilities. In laboratory tests, the detector was presented with various chemicals at known optical densities in a gas containment cell. Different environmental conditions were simulated by varying the relative humidity of the air in the cell and introducing interferent gases. The laboratory tests were used to establish minimum detection sensitivities under varying conditions. Field test data were used to evaluate false negative and false positive rates, and field operation characteristics. These tests demonstrated below IDLH concentration sensitivity for the chemicals tested, no false positive identifications, and no false negatives to field test challenges.
Ultrastructural observations on the cytoarchitecture of axons processed by rapid-freezing and freeze-substitution.

The structure and organization of axons in the cervical connective of wild-typeDrosophila fruit flies were examined in anticipation of studies of various neurological mutants. Dissected flies were rapid-frozen from the living state against a copper block cooled with liquid helium, freeze-substituted, and prepared for electron microscopic examination of thin sections. These cryotechniques showed new details of the structure of cell organelles and cytoplasm inDrosophila axons. The cytoplasmic matrix of axons and glia consists of a material with a fine granular texture enmeshed in a three-dimensional meshwork of short, fine filaments which vary in shape, size and electron density. No neurofilaments are present, but bundles of microtubules are interwoven into the filamentous matrix of the axoplasm. The round wall of microtubules (27 nm overall diameter) is composed of twelve cylindrical protofilaments with a typical substructural periodicity. Mitochondria frequently make contact with microtubules in both axons and glial processes. A thin layer of electron-dense filamentous matrix, which appears to be an axonal basal lamina, contacts most of the axonal exoplasmic surface, especially that of axons where they are surrounded by processes of glial cells, but is scant wherever single axons are contiguous. Thus, an axonal basal lamina occupies the constricted spaces around axons, where extracellular K+ accumulates during neural activity.
Invariant imbedding and radiation dosimetry: Finite order scattering and transmission function

Abstract The diffuse reflection and transmission of radiation by a finite target slab play an important role in radiation dosimetry (cf. Attix and Roesch [1]). In this paper we present a method of computing the scattering and transmission functions of radiation which has undergone a finite number n(n ⩾ 1) of scatterings before emergence from the homogeneous, isotropically scattering slab. Employing the method of invariant imbedding of Bellman and others [2], we arrive at integro-differential recurrence formulae for these functions. Because of the fact that these are linear relations, we can readily compute these functions in an iterative fashion corresponding to any desired number of scatterings. Furthermore, extending the above procedure, we obtain recurrence formulae for the cumulative scattering and transmission functions of radiation, which has undergone interactions once, twice, thrice, and so forth up to any order n(n ⩾ 1) during the passage through the slab. These cumulative functions, as their order n increases indefinitely, tend to the Chandrasekhar's scattering and transmission functions for the standard transfer problem. In the Appendix the extension of the Bellman-Krein formula for the resolvent kernel of a Fredholm integral equation to the case of any finite order n is discussed.
Il problema della velocitá di combustione di un razzo ibrido

I motori razzo ibridi sono di notevole attualita per i numerosi vantaggi che offrono, tra cui l’uso di metalli leggeri e la possibilita di «stop-star».
28G LMDS System Deployment Considerations

The advantages of wireless local access over competing broadband delivery systems is the significantly lower infrastructure cost and the time to market. The technology exists today to develop solid state hardware to economically deploy Local Multipoint Distribution Systems (LMDS) at 28 GHz. In addition to low infrastructure cost, the key to successful deployment lies in the ability to manufacture customer premises equipment at low cost. At these high frequencies it is well understood that line-of-sight or "near" line-of-sight is necessary to assure coverage. Nevertheless, obstacles and other path impairments will be encountered in most environments. The challenge to the system designer it is to engineer an LMDS system in such a way so as to maximize household coverage. This entails some tradeoffs in infrastructure cost. The goal of this tutorial is to provide you with some insights as to how one might go about deploying a broadband two-way wireless access system at 28 Ghz that takes into account coverage and cost.
Use of stress measurements with ultrasonics for nondestructive evaluation of the J integral

Abstract Ultrasonic measurements with longitudinal waves in plane specimens combined with the theory of acoustoelasticity, permit the determination of the planar first stress invariant ( σ xx + σ yy ), and by using an automatic scanning technique such measurements may be made at many points. This paper is concerned with the application of ultrasonic stress analysis to fracture mechanics. A method will be described for nondestructively evaluating the J integral in a plane body containing a crack from knowledge of ( σ xx + σ P yy ) in a region in the vicinity of the crack, by making an assumption about the deformation fields in the region. This technique has been tested experimentally on two specimen configurations, with results that compare favorably with theoretical predictions.
The Nature of Configurational Forces

The standard forces associated with continua arise as a response to the motion of material points. That additional, configurational 1 forces may be needed to describe the internal structure of the material is clear from ESHELBY’S work on lattice defects2 and is at least intimated by GIBBS3 in his discussion of multiphase equilibria. These studies are statical, based on variational arguments, with the configurational forces defined as derivatives of the energy. I take a different point of view. Although variational derivations may point the way toward a correct statement of basic laws, such derivations obscure the fundamental nature of balance laws in any general framework that includes dissipation.While I am not in favor of the capricious introduction of “fundamental physical laws”, I do believe that configurational forces should be viewed as basic primitive objects consistent with their own force balance, rather than as variational constructs.4
Energy supply and demand: Strategies and alternatives for energy management

This is less of a revolutionary concept than it might seem. What it really involves is the recognition that the advent of cheap and abundant fossil fuels was a strikingly singular event in human affairs. For all prior human history, mankind survived by maintaining a careful balance between energy use and the available energy resources from plants, wind and sun. With the discovery of first coal and then petroleum, the door to the candy store was flung open. It then became possible to have an almost profligate use of energy, by drawing down on these stored supplies of solar energy. With such abundant and low-cost supplies many new benefits were made available to mankind. But now a new perception has emerged: this situation can't go on forever. We need to seek to use our intelligence and creativity to find additional low-cost energy sources, e.g. open new candy stores. Yet we should recognize that on a broader scale of human perspectives this was an unusual occurrence and may not happen again. It would seem prudent than to do two things in parallel. First, to seek new energy sources, as is being done. Second, to begin making plans for balancing energy needs against a more reasonable evaluation of supplies which can be made available conveniently without damaging the ability of the planet to house and feed its population. This latter approach need not be a step back in time, if properly done. But without planning and long-term effort on the part of all nations, it is likely that events will simply overtake us and the needed readjustment will be carried across the earth by four grim horse-
ICAM-1 facilitates alveolar macrophage phagocytic activity through effects on migration over the AEC surface.

We postulate that intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on type I alveolar epithelial cells (AEC) facilitates phagocytic activity of alveolar macrophages (AM) in the alveolus. When wild-type a...
The Introductory Technology Course: A Tool for Technology Integration

Two years ago the Arizona State University West (ASUW) College of Education accepted a challenge to redesign the preservice curriculum. Teams of faculty met to create a program that aligned with the new state and national teacher education standards and that prepared new teachers to help their K-12 students meet state academic standards. In addition, the faculty considered areas where the curriculum needed strengthening, based on reports from ASUW graduates. One of these areas was technology. Well-prepared teachers are the key to K-12 student use of technology tools and applications. Yet, approximately "two-thirds of all teachers feel that they are not at all prepared or only somewhat prepared to use technology in their teaching" (Kerry, 2000, p. 39). A more recent study of Arizona K-12 teachers (specifically, in school districts that accepted ASUW students
Nanoscience in Veterinary Medicine

Nanotechnology, as an enabling technology, has the potential to revolutionize veterinary medicine. Examples of potential applications in animal agriculture and veterinary medicine include disease diagnosis and treatment delivery systems, new tools for molecular and cellular breeding, identity preservation of animal history from birth to a consumer's table, the security of animal food products, major impact on animal nutrition scenarios ranging from the diet to nutrient uptake and utilization, modification of animal waste as expelled from the animal, pathogen detection, and many more. Existing research has demonstrated the feasibility of introducing nanoshells and nanotubes into animals to seek and destroy targeted cells. Thus, building blocks do exist and are expected to be integrated into systems over the next couple of decades on a commercial basis. While it is reasonable to presume that nanobiotechnology industries and unique developments will revolutionize veterinary medicine in the future, there is a huge concern, among some persons and organizations, about food safety and health as well as social and ethical issues which can delay or derail technological advancements.
Neural pattern recognition with multi-scale pyramidal coding and selective attention

A new neural network architecture for spatial pattern recognition using multi-scale pyramidal coding is described. The network has an ARTMAP structure with a new class of ART-module, called hybrid ART-module, as its front-end processor. The hybrid ART-module, which has processing modules corresponding to each scale channel of multi-scale pyramid, employs channels of finer scales only if it is necessary to discriminate a pattern from others. This process is effected by serial match tracking. Also, the parallel match tracking is used to select the spatial location having most salient feature and limit its attention to that part.
Oxidative stress contributes to the augmented exercise pressor reflex in peripheral arterial disease patients

Exaggerated blood pressure (BP) responses to dynamic exercise predict cardiovascular mortality in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear and no attempt has been made to attenuate this response using antioxidants. Three physiological studies were conducted in patients with PAD and controls. In Protocol 1, subjects underwent 4 min of low-intensity (0.5-2.0 kg), rhythmic plantar flexion in the supine posture. In Protocol 2, patients with PAD received high-dose ascorbic acid intravenously before exercise. In Protocol 3, involuntary exercise was conducted via electrical stimulation of the tibial nerve. The primary outcome measure was Δ mean arterial pressure (MAP) during the first 20 s of exercise (i.e. the onset of sympathoexcitation by muscle afferents). Compared to controls, patients with PAD had significantly greater ΔMAP during plantar flexion, particularly at 0.5 kg with the most affected leg (11 ± 2 vs. 2 ± 1 mmHg) as well as the least affected leg (7 ± 1 vs. 1 ± 1 mmHg). This augmented response occurred before the onset of claudication pain and was attenuated by ∼50% with ascorbic acid. Electrically evoked exercise also elicited larger haemodynamic changes in patients with PAD compared to controls. Further, the ΔMAP during 0.5 kg plantar flexion inversely correlated with the ankle-brachial index, indicating that patients with more severe resting limb ischaemia have a larger BP response to exercise. The BP response to low-intensity exercise was enhanced in PAD. Chronic limb ischaemia may sensitize muscle afferents and potentiate the BP response to muscle contraction in a dose-dependent manner.
Early Renal Adaptation to Dietary Phosphorus Restriction

An important consequence of dietary phosphorus (P) restriction is the ability of the kidney to virtually clear the urine of phosphate (Pi) (1). This adaptation can occur in the normal, thyroparathyroidectomized (1), and vitamin D-deficient state (2). The adaptation has been demonstrated in isolated perfused proximal tubules (3) as well as in vesicles formed by tubule brush border membranes (BBM) of proximal tubules (4, 5), and has been demonstrated as early as two days in renal BBM of the pig (6). The underlying mechanism for this renal adaptation is unknown. Several reports have suggested that an increased alkaline phosphatase (A1Pase) in the BBM is responsible for increased Pi reabsorption during P-depletion (4, 5). Other studies suggest that the adaptation may occur without concomitant changes in AlPase and there is no causal relationship between the two phenomena (7, 8, 9). The present study was designed to assess how rapid renal adaptation by BBM vesicles (BBMV) to dietary P-restriction develops and whether significant changes in BBM AlPase activity occur prior to changes in BBMV Pi transport. The results demonstrate that Pi uptake by the BBMV increases within 4 hours after dietary P restriction preceding any detectable increase in the AlPase.
Expression of the circadian clock gene Period 1 in neuroendocrine cells: an investigation using mice with a Per1::GFP transgene.

The circadian clock located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus regulates daily temporal organization in behaviour and neuroendocrine function. The molecular basis for circadian rhythm generation is an interacting transcriptional/ translational feedback loop comprised of several ‘clock genes’ and their respective protein products. Clock genes are expressed not only in the SCN but also in numerous other locations throughout the brain, including regions rich in neuroendocrine cells. In order to investigate whether neuroendocrine cells function as autonomous oscillators, we used female transgenic mice in which an unstable, degradable jellyfish green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene is driven by a mouse Period 1 (Per1) gene promoter. Mice were injected (s.c.) with fluorogold (FG) in order to label neuroendocrine cells and brain sections were double-labelled for either FG and Per1 mRNA (labelled by GFP immunostaining) or FG and PER1 protein using fluorescence immunocytochemistry. Mice were killed during either the day or night. Neuroendocrine cells contained Per1 mRNA and PER1 protein in several brain regions with the greatest proportion of double-labelled cells occurring in the arcuate nucleus (Arc). The number of neuroendocrine cells labelled was not affected by the stage of the estrous cycle. Fewer FG-labelled cells expressed Per1 message and protein during the night compared to the day. In the Arc, staining for tyrosine hydroxylase revealed that neuroendocrine cells expressing Per1 message and protein were dopaminergic. Together, these findings suggest that neuroendocrine cells contain the molecular machinery necessary to oscillate independently. It remains to be determined whether these cells actually function as autonomous oscillators or whether these rhythms are driven by signals from the SCN. These findings also indicate that the endocrine system represents an opportunity to study the interactions between central (SCN and neuroendocrine cells) and peripheral circadian (endocrine gland) oscillators.
Shape understanding from Lambertian photometric flow fields

A novel idea for the analysis of shape from reflectance maps is introduced. It is shown that local surface orientation and curvature constraints can be obtained at points on a smooth surface by computing the instantaneous rate of change of reflected scene radiance caused by angular variations in illumination geometry. The resulting instantaneous changes in image irradiance values across an optic sensing array of pixels constitute what is termed a photometric flow field. There is no correspondence problem with respect to obtaining the instantaneous change in image irradiance values between successive image frames. This is because the object and camera remain static relative to one another as the illumination geometry changes. Simulations show how photometric flow fields quantitatively determine local surface orientation from a known incident orientation of an illuminator, as well as determining incident illuminator orientation from a known local surface orientation. >
Numerical modeling of dielectric-resonator antennas in a complex environment using the method of moments

Aperture coupled dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) that reside above a layered background are analyzed using the method of moments (MoM). Dyadic Green's functions for the layered medium are derived in a simple and effective manner and the Rao-Wilton-Glisson (RWG) function is used to expand both electric and magnetic currents. A transmission-line technique is used to compute the antenna-input impedance. Numerical results obtained for both hemispheric and rectangular DRAB agree well with published measurement results.
Life-history costs of reproductive behaviors in a wetland-breeding amphibian

Studies examining the association between life-history strategies and behavior can help inform our understanding of the fitness consequences of reproductive behaviors. Breeding migrations are common in numerous taxa and often represent an important reproductive cost. We examined body mass changes of spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum) during their seasonal breeding migrations to determine the influence of breeding behaviors on reproductive costs. We sampled salamanders entering and exiting a 0.92-ha ephemeral wetland in the North Carolina Piedmont using a 400-m drift fence completely encircling the wetland. Traps were checked daily during annual breeding migrations in mid-January to early March of 2013 and 2014. The relationship between body mass changes and explanatory factors including sex, duration of stay at wetland, and distance between site entrance and exit were examined using a set of candidate linear mixed models selected a priori and compared using Akaike's information criterion. Female sa...
Growth and Development of Pelargonium Pith Cells in vitro

Pelargonium pith callus cultured in media containing auxin and cytokinin will not differentiate formed organs if monthly subcultures are made into fresh medium. Left on semisolid medium for prolonged periods, such callus gives rise to nodules containing lignified cells. Such nodules can be stimulated to produce shoots and roots if cultured for one month in shaken liquid medium or for longer times on semisolid mediium lacking both auxin and cytokinin. The subsequent development of organs is best on semisolid medium. Entire plants have heen produced in this way from initial pith explants containing several hundred cells.
Dynamic HypA zinc site is essential for acid viability and proper urease maturation in Helicobacter pylori.

Helicobacter pylori requires urease activity in order to survive in the acid environment of the human stomach. Urease is regulated in part by nickelation, a process that requires the HypA protein, which is a putative nickel metallochaperone that is generally associated with hydrogenase maturation. However, in H. pylori, HypA plays a dual role. In addition to an N-terminal nickel binding site, HypA proteins also contain a structural zinc site that is coordinated by two rigorously conserved CXXC sequences, which in H. pylori are flanked by His residues. These structural Zn sites are known to be dynamic, converting from Zn(Cys)4 centers at pH 7.2 to Zn(Cys)2(His)2 centers at pH 6.3 in the presence of Ni(II) ions. In this study, mutant strains of H. pylori that express zinc site variants of the HypA protein are used to show that the structural changes in the zinc site are important for the acid viability of the bacterium, and that a reduction in acid viability in these variants can be traced in large measure to deficient urease activity. This in turn leads to a model that connects the Zn(Cys)4 coordination to urease maturation.
The politics of prevention: changing definitions of substance use/abuse.

Over the past decade there has been a significant shift in the language used by the Reagan and Bush administrations in the fight against youthful drug abuse. We believe this shift reflects a change both in the "moral climate" regarding drug use as well as a reconceptualization of the appropriate way to confront the issue the "just say no" philosophy. This paper will first provide a brief sociological overview of the emergence of adolescent drug use as a major social problem. We will then document, through an examination of government-sponsored literature on drug use produced over the past 10 years, the changes in conceptual focus that have occurred and consider some of the potential negative consequences of these changes for education.
Nanocrystal Quantum Dot Waveguides and Photodetectors

Sub-diffraction nanophotonic waveguides are achieved via molecular self-assembly of quantum dots (QDs) and near-field interaction between the QDs. Nanoscale photodetectors with high spatial resolution and sensitivity are also demonstrated by compatible fabrication process.
Model-based covariance mean variance classification techniques: algorithm development and application to the acoustic classification of zooplankton

For inversion problems in which the theoretical relationship between observed data and model parameters is well characterized, a promising approach to the classification problem is the application of techniques that capitalize on the predictive power of class-specific models. Theoretical models have been developed for three zooplankton scattering classes (hard elastic-shelled, e.g., pteropods; fluid-like, e.g., euphausiids; and gas-bearing, e.g., siphonophores), providing a sound basis for model-based classification approaches. The covariance mean variance classification (CMVC) techniques classify broad-band echoes from individual zooplankton based on comparisons of observed echo spectra to model space realizations. Three different CMVC algorithms were developed: the integrated score classifier, the pairwise score classifier, and the Bayesian probability classifier; these classifiers assign observations to a class based on similarities in covariance, mean, and variance while accounting for model spare ambiguity and validity. The CMVC techniques were applied to broad-band (/spl sim/350-750 kHz) echoes acquired from 24 different zooplankton to invert for scatterer class and properties. All three classification algorithms had a high rate of success with high-quality high SNR data. Accurate acoustic classification of zooplankton species has the potential to significantly improve estimates of zooplankton biomass made from ocean acoustic backscatter measurements.
Relation between cusp ion structures and dayside reconnection for four IMF clock angles: OpenGGCM‐LTPT results

When, where, and which type of reconnection (antiparallel or component) happens on the dayside magnetopause are long-standing unsolved questions due to insufficient in situ observation of reconnection sites. Previous studies showed that the dispersed ion signatures observed in the magnetospheric cusps depend on the reconnection mechanism, suggesting that cusp ion signatures can be a good tool to investigate the locations and properties of dayside reconnection. We investigate this close relation between cusp signatures and magnetopause reconnection for four different interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) clock angles (CA) using the Open Global Geospace Circulation Model (OpenGGCM) and the Liouville Theorem Particle Tracer(LTPT). OpenGGCM produces dayside reconnection under the resistive MHD theory, and LTPT calculates cusp ion signatures caused by the simulated reconnection. Our model results show that for CA = 0∘, antiparallel reconnection at both the northern and southern lobes causes a reverse dispersion in which ion energies increase with increasing latitude. For CA = 60∘, unsteady antiparallel reconnection at both the northern and southern lobes causes double reverse dispersions. For CA = 120∘, component reconnection near the subsolar point produces a dispersionless signature in the low-latitude cusp, and antiparallel reconnection on the duskside northern magnetopause produces a normal dispersion in the high-latitude cusp in which ion energies decrease with increasing latitude. For CA = 180∘, antiparallel reconnection near the subsolar point causes a normal dispersion.
The Clinton Budget for FY 1994: Taking Aim At The Deficit

President Clinton's budget for FY 1994 takes a high-risk approach to deficit reduction. By calling for the largest peace-time tax increase in American history as the centerpiece of his five-year economic plan, Clinton invited the possibility of either an outright defeat, unwelcome compromise in Congress, or a “victory” that might severely impair the prospects for economic growth. His willingness to accept such risks may be taken as strong evidence that reducing the deficit was the new administration's top priority.
Using LiDAR Data Analysis to Estimate Changes in Insolation Under Large-Scale Riparian Deforestation1

Greenberg, Jonathan Asher, Erin L. Hestir, David Riano, George J. Scheer, and Susan L. Ustin, 2012. Using LiDAR Data Analysis to Estimate Changes in Insolation Under Large-Scale Riparian Deforestation. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(5): 939-948. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2012.00664.x Abstract: Riparian vegetation provides shade from insolation to stream channels. A consequence of removing vegetation may be an increase in insolation that can increase water temperatures and negatively impact ecosystem health. Although the mechanisms of riparian shading are well understood, spatially explicit, mechanistic models of shading have been limited by the data requirements of precisely describing the three-dimensional structure of a riparian corridor. Remotely acquired, high spatial resolution LiDAR data provide detailed three-dimensional vegetation structure and terrain topography over large regions. By parameterizing solar radiation models that incorporate terrain shadowing with LiDAR data, we can produce spatially explicit estimates of insolation. As a case study, we modeled the relative change in insolation on channels in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta under current conditions and under a hypothesized deforested Delta using classified LiDAR, rasterized at a 1-m resolution. Our results suggest that the removal of levee vegetation could result in a 9% increase in solar radiation incident on Delta waters, and may lead to water temperature increases. General, coarse-scale channel characteristics (reach width, azimuth, levee vegetation cover, and height) only accounted for 72% of the variation in the insolation. This indicates that the detailed information derived from LiDAR data has greater explanatory power than coarser reach-scale metrics often used for insolation estimates.
The Role of Endoscopic Ultrasonography (EUS) and Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiography (ERC) in Diagnosing Choledocholithiasis

Choledocholithiasis is a common clinical condition that poses a risk for pancreatitis, jaundice, and cholangitis. The need to determine the presence or absence of bile duct stones is most often an issue in patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis and planned cholecystectomy, and in patients with biliary pancreatitis. This review highlights the role of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) in the detection of choledocholithiasis, including a description of the recommended techniques and best practices when performing these endoscopic procedures. Patients can be categorized based upon clinical presentation and laboratory values into low, moderate, and high probability for common bile duct stones, and this likelihood governs the diagnostic approach. ERC is reserved for patients at high risk for bile duct stones; on the strength of accurate and less invasive tests such as EUS and magnetic resonance cholangiography, ERC has largely evolved into a therapeutic intervention, rather than a diagnostic exam. EUS-guided ERC is an approach with recent appropriate attention, as it can be performed with the same sedation, obviates > 50% of planned ERCs (thus reducing morbidity), and is cost-effective. Single-operator cholangioscopy and intraductal ultrasonography are useful ancillary techniques that are valuable in certain clinical settings related to choledocholithiasis detection.
Reputational risks and large international banks

The paper considers the causes, costs and consequences of reputational risk in large international financial institutions. A conceptual strategic positioning model focusing on clients, products and geographic arenas is superimposed on a flow of funds model based on the key financial intermediation functions. This nexus is used to identify important areas of reputational risk, which are then documented in an inventory of adverse events in recent banking history, and explained in terms of behavior failures in compliance, public expectations and behavioral norms. This framework is then used to position empirical studies of reputational risk in the literature, and a normative discussion of reputational risk governance and bank culture.
The 2015 Student Paper Competition [ACES Corner]

A student paper competition is held during every Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society (ACES) conference to provide an opportunity for students to present their research in applied computational electromagnetics in a special student paper competition session and to compete for cash prizes. ACES requires that the competition's participants be student authors of the papers. As it is the tradition at all ACES conferences, a student paper competition was held at ACES 2015. The winners of the competition were mentioned in the June 2015 issue of IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine. In this issue's column, the abstracts of the five winning papers are given.
Salah Baouendi 1937–2011: A Mathematical Life on Three Continents

In this brief account, I have tried to weave together some of the many strands of Salah Baouendi’s remarkable mathematical life.
Synthesis and Characterization of Environmentally Responsive Core-Shell Hydrogel Nanoparticles

We report the synthesis of environmentally responsive hydrogels as nano-sized particles with core-shell morphologies. Composed of co-polymers of N-isopropylacrylamide with various co-monomers, these materials can be designed to render the core and shell responsive to different stimuli or to different magnitudes of the same stimulus. The measured phase transitions reflect the degree to which the two materials interact and thereby modulate the responsivity of the particle as a whole. Characterization of these materials is accomplished via dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy.
Aggrecan nanoscale solid-fluid interactions are a primary determinant of cartilage dynamic mechanical properties.

Poroelastic interactions between interstitial fluid and the extracellular matrix of connective tissues are critical to biological and pathophysiological functions involving solute transport, energy dissipation, self-stiffening and lubrication. However, the molecular origins of poroelasticity at the nanoscale are largely unknown. Here, the broad-spectrum dynamic nanomechanical behavior of cartilage aggrecan monolayer is revealed for the first time, including the equilibrium and instantaneous moduli and the peak in the phase angle of the complex modulus. By performing a length scale study and comparing the experimental results to theoretical predictions, we confirm that the mechanism underlying the observed dynamic nanomechanics is due to solid–fluid interactions (poroelasticity) at the molecular scale. Utilizing finite element modeling, the molecular-scale hydraulic permeability of the aggrecan assembly was quantified (kaggrecan = (4.8 ± 2.8) × 10–15 m4/N·s) and found to be similar to the nanoscale hydraul...
CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE.

Cat-scratch disease is a relatively common benign infection, presumably caused by a virus transmitted through the scratch of a cat. It is estimated that since 1951 more than 1000 cases have been recorded.The most important clinical manifestation is lymphadenitis. Diagnosis is based on positive results of a skin test with cat- scratch antigen; treatment includes antibiotic therapy and occasionally drainage by aspiration of suppurative nodes if they become fluctuant.
Etiological factors in alcoholism. Family and personal characteristics.

The personal and family histories of alcoholics were compared with nonalcoholics and with nonalcoholic criminals. The results suggest that interactionist theories of the etiology of alcoholism are ...
Comparison of two techniques for measuring two-dimensional strain in rat left ventricles

Measurements of regional deformation in the left ventricle are needed to understand the structural basis of ventricular function. Two techniques were employed to measure two-dimensional strain in the intact, beating rat heart. Rats were anesthetized and ventilated, and the chest of each rat was opened. Homogeneous two-dimensional strains were measured during the cardiac cycle relative to end diastole with either a triangle of miniature (0.3-0.5 mm) piezoelectric crystals implanted at midwall or with three epicardial surface markers imaged with a 60-Hz video system. Average heart rate was 303 +/- 37 beats/min, end-diastolic pressure was 2 +/- 2 mmHg, and peak-systolic pressure was 106 +/- 31 mmHg in all of the hearts. In general, strains during the cardiac cycle showed similar trends to those previously reported in the dog. The magnitudes of peak systolic cardiac strains on the epicardium and at midwall were -0.076 +/- 0.055, -0.068 +/- 0.014 (circumferential), -0.102 +/- 0.040, -0.082 +/- 0.039 (longitudinal), and 0.065 +/- 0.016, 0.064 +/- 0.043 (in-plane shear). There were mechanical side effects due to the crystal implantation that may limit the usefulness of this technique in its present form in the contracting rat heart. The epicardial surface technique does not have these side effects and will allow measurements of regional systolic cardiac function in rats with pathological interventions or genetic modifications that may alter regional ventricular function.