cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Child sexual abuse

The sexual abuse of children and youth includes physical contact (e.g., penetration, touching) but may also reflect noncontact sexual acts (e.g., exposure to pornography). Actual legal definitions of child abuse differ by state, resulting in different criminal statutes regarding the types of offenders who are considered to be sexual abusers (e.g., caretaker or not), the age at which consent for sexual activity is legal (e.g., 14 years or 18 years), and whether the offender intended to commit a crime. For example, in its definition of sexual abuse, Pennsylvania law includes “any act or failure to act which causes nonaccidental sexual abuse or exploitation, or any recent act, failure to act, or series of such acts or failures to act which causes an imminent risk of sexual abuse or exploitation,” when committed upon a child under 18 years of age by a perpetrator (Pennsylvania Department of Public Welfare, 1997; p. 5)
Compatibility of large space based power systems with environmental sensors

A methodology is presented for viewing various interactions between power systems and the environment that affect the longevity, calibration, maintenance, and accuracy of sensors. The analysis uses the low-earth-orbit environment and interactions with the space station power system as a case study in system compatibility. Space-based power systems and sensor systems are described, compatibility modeling is discussed, and the analysis of the space station case is presented. Steps to be taken during design to promote compatibility are outlined. >
A proposal for a capture method of low power design intent

The logic designer examines a sequence of the power gate as specifications, and is decided. The logic designer should take responsibility. But big a factors in UPF and CPF is decided by a reason of the chip construction, as if divide it at the time of the insertion of the isolation cells, the insertion of the always on buffer, and the power switch capacity with placement location. These are not responsibility by the logic designers. The UPF and CPF require to the logic designer to define these in as the specifications. Then what will the specifications of the power supply interception that designer should define be originally? I make the thing which should examine the specifications about the power supply interception that I can select as each process by the process of the design as linkage, design intent clear and want to suggest a proposal for the future EDA tool.
Estimates of leafspot resistance in three interspecific hybrids of Arachis

Three species of Arachis [A. sp., 10038 GKP, PI 263133 (A), A. chacoense (nomen nudum), 10602 GKP, PI 276235 (B) and A. cardenasii (nomen nudum), 10017 GKP, PI 262141 (C)] and three of their F1 and F2 hybrids (A×B, A×C and B×C) were inoculated with spore suspensions of 10000 conidia/ml concentration of Cercospora arachidicola Hori (pathogen-1) and Cercosporidium personatum (Beck & Curtis) Deighton (pathogen-2). The reactions of the hosts to the pathogens were measured as: number of lesions/cm2 of leaflet, X1; area of leaflet diseased in mm2/cm2, X2; and percentage of defoliation [(fallen leaflets/total leaflets) x 100], X3. The reactions were read on three rooted cuttings of single plants of A, B and C, the three F1 hybrids and on three cuttings each from 70, 85 and 88 F2 plants of A×B, A×C and B×C for pathogen-1 and from 84 and 80 F2 plants of A×B and A×C for pathogen-2, respectively. Pathogen-2 failed to infect B×C. Analyses were made of the F2 data on X1, X2 and X3 individually and jointly on the principal canonical variable, Y1 (disease index), developed from the principal canonical axis projected from Z1=/n X1, Z2 = arcsin (√X2/100), and Z3 = arcsin (√X3/100). All four analyses provided evidence of heritable variation in the parameters measured in the F2 generations. Species A, susceptible to both pathogens -1 and -2, species B, resistant to -1 and mildly susceptible to -2 and species C, susceptible to -1 but resistant to -2 combined into hybrids intermediate in their resistances and susceptibilities. In the five populations studied, F2 plant-to-plant differences were large and significant (P=0.01) in all of the parameters measured but no F2 plants were found to be as resistant as the resistant parents. Heritability estimates for Y1 ranged from 81.7 to 92.9%. The quantitatively continuous distributions of host reaction in the F2 populations were interpreted to indicate that the variation encountered resulted from multifactorial genetic differences in the hosts. Contribution to host variation by genetic differences within the pathogens was thought to be minimal, since the inoculum of each pathogen traced to a single conidial colony of the original isolates. It is concluded that introgression into the genomes of A. hypogaea of genetic factors from each of the two resistant Arachis species should result in increased host resistance to both pathogens. It is also concluded that the variation in multiple measurements of host reaction, compressed by multiple variate canonical analysis into a single canonical variable (disease index), can be utilized as an aid in developing host resistance.
Short-circuit forces on reactor supports-I

The mechanical stress in the supporting members of any structure or apparatus under steady state is determined by the dimensions of the member and the magnitude of the resultant applied force. Under accelerated motion, however, an additional factor enters, namely, the reaction of the mass; and if the supporting members in this case are resilient, thta is, spring-like, then this becomes still another factor which enters the problem of determining the mechanical stress produccd by a given impressed force. The determination of the stress in the holding device (bolts, etc.) of reactors under short-circuit condition is just such a problem. If any motion whatever is permitted under this condition, the factors of mass and resilience are active. This paper gives a theoretical analysis of the problem, and shows that if any motion is permitted, thus allowing the factors of mass and resilience to become active, then the maximum stress may be significantly increased above that for no motion. Illustrative calculations lations show that this increase in practical cases my be of the order of 25 per cent. On the other hand, if motion of the reactors is prevented by sufficient initial bolt tension, or otherwise, then the maximum stress in the holding device obviously need be only as great as that corresponding to the maximum instantaneous peak of the electromagnetic force.
Decision Analysis Applied to Tunnel Exploration Planning. II: Consideration of Uncertainty

Tunnel exploration is a classic problem of decision making under uncertainty. This paper, Part II, dealing with the exploration problem, discusses the sources of uncertainty in tunnel exploration, and provides techniques to formally incorporate uncertainties into the exploration planning. Part I described the state of uncertainty in geology and exploration reliability using assigned probabilities. These probabilities are, however, uncertain. Construction costs are also uncertain. This paper presents tools with which the decision maker is able to assess the effects of these uncertainties on exploration decisions. Decisions are therefore made based on the value of collecting new, uncertain information through “virtual” exploration prior to actually exploring.
An inducible change in state on the chromosomes of Sciara: Its effects on the genetic components of the X

Normally in Sciara males the sex chromosome constitution of the soma (X m O) differs from that of the germ line (X m X p ), the single X being of maternal origin. Males which are patroclinous for their sex-linked genes (X p O) are found regularly among the progeny of females heterozygous for any one of a number of X-translocations (X′ X t ). The patroclinous males are almost invariably completely sterile. In the present study a comparison is made of the patroclinous males derived from 5 different X-translocations in S. coprophila. The study includes data on the morphology and sexual behavior of the males as well as the cytology of the testis from late 4th instar through pupal life. The study is oriented towards the basic question of whether the paternally-derived X — normally destined to be eliminated — can function properly when it is retained. The comparative study supports our original suggestion that the patroclinous males arise from no-X eggs following 3∶1 disjunction during oogenesis.
Measurement prioritization for optimal Bayesian fusion

This paper examines the ordering of measurement updates for a general Bayesian inference problem and its impact on the estimation of the posterior distribution. The approach used compares the expected improvement to the posterior from various types of potential measurements, taking into account the current estimated prior but not the actual measurements, to determine the optimal measurement to perform and/or incorporate. The expected improvement is quantified using both an entropy and a covariance-based measure, each of which is further approximated for computational expedience. Compared to a random ordering of measurements, the posterior is observed to converge more quickly, resulting in a significant improvement in performance.
Creep behavior of nanocrystalline monoclinic ZrO2

Abstract Creep of nanocrystalline monoclinic zirconia, grain sizes of 75, 125, 175 nm were tested at 950 and 1000 °C. Dynamic grain growth occurred during creep but results were corrected for grain growth. Creep behavior followed an n =1.7 and p =3 behavior. It is proposed that grain boundary sliding is an active mechanism and results fit with Coble creep behavior.
Stability of nonlinear regime-switching jump diffusion

Abstract Motivated by networked systems, stochastic control, optimization, and a wide variety of applications, this work is devoted to systems of switching jump diffusions. Treating such nonlinear systems, we focus on stability issues. One of the distinct features considered here is that the switching process depends on the jump diffusions. First asymptotic stability in the large is obtained. Then the study on exponential p -stability is carried out. Connection between almost surely exponential stability and exponential p -stability is exploited. Also presented are smooth-dependence on the initial data. Using the smooth-dependence, necessary conditions for exponential p -stability are derived. Then criteria for asymptotic stability in distribution are provided. A couple of examples are given to illustrate our results.
Analysis of intrinsic optical bistability in Tm-doped laser-related crystals

We predict and theoretically study intrinsic optical bistability (IOB) mediated by nonlinear energy transfer processes in rare-earth-doped laser-related crystals. In particular, we investigate Tm-Ho and Tm-Yb systems, in which avalanche pumping is overimposed by energy transfer up-conversion. We predict that IOB can be experimentally observed in $(\mathrm{T}\mathrm{m},\mathrm{Y}\mathrm{b}):{\mathrm{BaY}}_{2}{\mathrm{F}}_{8}$ crystals in a wide range of experimentally achievable parameters.
The importance of metadata to assess information content in digital reconstructions of neuronal morphology

Digital reconstructions of axonal and dendritic arbors provide a powerful representation of neuronal morphology in formats amenable to quantitative analysis, computational modeling, and data mining. Reconstructed files, however, require adequate metadata to identify the appropriate animal species, developmental stage, brain region, and neuron type. Moreover, experimental details about tissue processing, neurite visualization and microscopic imaging are essential to assess the information content of digital morphologies. Typical morphological reconstructions only partially capture the underlying biological reality. Tracings are often limited to certain domains (e.g., dendrites and not axons), may be incomplete due to tissue sectioning, imperfect staining, and limited imaging resolution, or can disregard aspects irrelevant to their specific scientific focus (such as branch thickness or depth). Gauging these factors is critical in subsequent data reuse and comparison. NeuroMorpho.Org is a central repository of reconstructions from many laboratories and experimental conditions. Here, we introduce substantial additions to the existing metadata annotation aimed to describe the completeness of the reconstructed neurons in NeuroMorpho.Org. These expanded metadata form a suitable basis for effective description of neuromorphological data.
Risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure from ingested food: The Azerbaijan case study

Risks due to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure from food consumption for the population of Azerbaijan were determined using deterministic and probabilistic methods. The guidelines and methods described and presented in the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund (RAGS) Part A was used in performing the risk assessments. The current study utilized concentration data from different sources representing international studies performed over the past decade to determine those food products that contribute the most exposure to PAHs through ingestion for the Azeri population. Due to lack of concentration data from middle-Eastern countries, only European countries were considered and used for this analysis. Using the benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) toxicity equivalency factors (TEFs) to adjust the concentrations of the individual PAH compounds to BaP equivalent concentrations, risk analyses were performed. Deterministic risk estimates fell within probabilistic risk estimates. Child risks were consistently four to seven times higher in magnitude than adult risks. Risk potentials determined for the food exposure pathway were also determined to be up to ten times higher in magnitude than risks determined from exposures due to other pathways such as soil contamination. It was observed that three major factors contributed to the variability in the assessment results, which were child and adult body weights, consumption rates of the different food groups, and the variances of the input data. The most prevalent pathways of PAH exposure from the dietary patterns of the Azerbaijani population were determined to be from bread and bakery products, milk and dairy products, and egg products.
Surface hydrogen in heterogeneous catalysis

Etude electrochimique des adsorptions du propane, butane, cyclohexane, et hydrogenation de l'ethylene sur Pt/Al 2 O 3
The prognostic value of N-terminal proB-type natriuretic peptide

The heart is not only a pump, but also it is an endocrine organ. Cardiac stretch and overload stimulate the secretion of natriuretic peptides, which have a variety of beneficial actions, such as vasodilation and natriuresis. Cardiac-derived natriuretic peptides, especially B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), have emerged as useful biomarkers for the diagnosis, and potentially the treatment, of heart failure patients. The inactive amino-terminal fragment of the BNP prohormone (NT-proBNP), which is more stable than mature BNP, has also been recognized as an aid in the diagnosis of left-ventricular systolic dysfunction. Furthermore, elevated NT-proBNP concentrations have been shown to be predictive of poor prognosis in a variety of cardiovascular diseases, suggesting that it could be useful for risk stratification of patients. This review summarizes current literature that has addressed the issue of NT-proBNP as a prognostic tool in heart failure, acute coronary syndromes and other conditions.
Incentives population policy and reproductive rights: ethical issues.

The governments of most Asian countries have used incentives or disincentives as a population policy strategy. In the 1960s the Indian government offered money or gifts to acceptors at mass sterilization campaigns. In the late 1960s through the 1970s Singapore enacted legislation penalizing large families including delivery fees for the third and subsequent children denying them government housing and a choice of schools. There were also rewards to small families. During the late 1970s China started its own 1-child policy with the objective of limiting the population to 1.2 billion by the year 2000. Incentives included monthly welfare or nutritional allowances; priorities in housing education and medical care; and expanded maternity benefits. Disincentives included fines deductions from salaries withdrawal of maternity leave health coverage and allowances. There have also been charges of forced sterilization and abortion which led to the US termination of funding to UNFPA because of its support of Chinas program. Incentives and disincentives raise the ethical issue of how to balance governmental actions attempting to control population growth against individual reproductive rights. In practice abuse has been rampant therefore voluntary choice in childbearing should not be infringed upon no matter how strong the government interest is. To this effect some standards are proposed: 1) Governments restricting reproductive choice have the burden of demonstrating that continued population growth threatens the survival of society. 2) The people who are subject to the policy must agree that it is valid. 3) Measures that are less restrictive of voluntary reproductive choice should be tried and proved ineffective before more restrictive measures are employed. 4) The burdens of restrictive measures should be distributed equitably. 5) Penalties that directly punish children for being a high order child should not be used at all.
Intermodality judgements of signal duration.

Inter- and intramodal comparisons of light and tone durations in two-alternative forced-choice situation, noting possible judgment errors
The effect of short-term changes in body mass distribution on feed-forward postural control

It was recently shown that short-term changes in the whole body mass and associated changes in the vertical position of the center of mass (COM) modify anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) [Li X, Aruin AS. The effect of short-term changes in the body mass on anticipatory postural adjustments. Exp Brain Res 2007;181:333-46]. In this study, we investigated whether changes in the body mass distribution and related changes in the anterior-posterior COM position affect APA generation. Fourteen subjects were instructed to catch a 2.2 kg load with their arms extended while standing with no additional weight or while carrying a 9.08 kg weight. Adding weight to a backpack, front pack or belly pocket was associated with an increase of the whole body mass, but it also involved changes in the anterior-posterior (A/P) and vertical positions of the COM. Electromyographic activity of leg and trunk muscles, body kinematics, and ground reaction forces were recorded and quantified within the typical time intervals of APAs. APAs were modified in conditions with changed body mass distribution: increased magnitude of anticipatory EMG activity in leg and trunk muscles, as well as co-activation of leg muscles and decreased anticipatory displacement of the COM in the vertical direction, were seen in conditions with increased body mass. Changes in the COM position induced in both A/P and vertical directions were associated with increased anticipatory EMG activity. In addition, they were linked to a co-activation of muscles at the ankle joints and significant changes in the center of pressure (COP) position. Modifications of the COM position induced in the A/P direction were related to increased anticipatory EMG activity in the leg and trunk muscles. At the same time, no significant differences in anticipatory EMG activity or displacement of COP were observed when changes of COM position were induced in the vertical direction. The study outcome suggests that the CNS uses different strategies while generating APAs in conditions with changes in the COM position induced in the anterior-posterior and vertical directions.
Adaptive Modulation and Coding for Underwater Acoustic OFDM

Underwater acoustic channels are fast varying spatially and temporally according to environmental conditions. Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) is appealing for underwater acoustic communications to improve the system efficiency by matching transmission parameters to channel variations. In this paper, we construct an AMC system with a finite number of transmission modes in the context of underwater orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). We propose the effective signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) computed after channel estimation and channel decoding as a new performance metric for mode switching, which is shown to predict the system performance more consistently than the input SNR and the pilot SNR. Real-time AMC tests have been conducted in a recent sea experiment to maximize the transmission rate with a given transmission power.
Group Violations, Socioeconomic Status and Official Delinquency

This article examines several assumptions about the relationships between (1) official delinquency, (2) socioeconomic status, and (3) the group context of delinquent acts (based on data independent of official records). From self-reported data, group violation rates and distributions of group violations are examined for different offenses among socioeconomic status categories. The extent to which group violation rates, the frequency of self-reported lone and group offenses, and official referrals (arrests) can be predicted from socioeconomic status is also explored. The accuracy of official records on crime and juvenile delinquency has been seriously questioned for many years. The cumulative evidence suggests that they are probably critically biased in a number of ways. Therefore, many criminologists hold the view that official records are not adequate for most scientific
Damage Control Resuscitation

The majority of deaths from trauma occur in the first few hours after injury, with hemorrhage accounting for the largest percentage of these deaths within the first hour of arrival at a trauma center.1–3 Hemorrhagic shock and exsanguination account for more than 80% of deaths in the operating room and nearly 50% of deaths in the first 24 h after injury.2–4 To address such a lethal model of injury, the concept of Damage Control evolved, based on the tenants of rapid cessation of hemorrhage and expedient control of bowel contamination.5 The primary aim of Damage Control is to prevent the development of the lethal triad of coagulopathy, hypothermia, and metabolic acidosis (or to abbreviate the procedure once the triad begins to develop).
Smith-Magenis Syndrome Results in Disruption of CLOCK Gene Transcription and Reveals an Integral Role for RAI1 in the Maintenance of Circadian Rhythmicity

Haploinsufficiency of RAI1 results in Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS), a disorder characterized by intellectual disability, multiple congenital anomalies, obesity, neurobehavioral abnormalities, and a disrupted circadian sleep-wake pattern. An inverted melatonin rhythm (i.e., melatonin peaks during the day instead of at night) and associated sleep-phase disturbances in individuals with SMS, as well as a short-period circadian rhythm in mice with a chromosomal deletion of Rai1, support SMS as a circadian-rhythm-dysfunction disorder. However, the molecular cause of the circadian defect in SMS has not been described. The circadian oscillator temporally orchestrates metabolism, physiology, and behavior largely through transcriptional modulation. Data support RAI1 as a transcriptional regulator, but the genes it might regulate are largely unknown. Investigation into the role that RAI1 plays in the regulation of gene transcription and circadian maintenance revealed that RAI1 regulates the transcription of circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK), a key component of the mammalian circadian oscillator that transcriptionally regulates many critical circadian genes. Data further show that haploinsufficiency of RAI1 and Rai1 in SMS fibroblasts and the mouse hypothalamus, respectively, results in the transcriptional dysregulation of the circadian clock and causes altered expression and regulation of multiple circadian genes, including PER2, PER3, CRY1, BMAL1, and others. These data suggest that heterozygous mutation of RAI1 and Rai1 leads to a disrupted circadian rhythm and thus results in an abnormal sleep-wake cycle, which can contribute to an abnormal feeding pattern and dependent cognitive performance. Finally, we conclude that RAI1 is a positive transcriptional regulator of CLOCK, pinpointing a novel and important role for this gene in the circadian oscillator.
Supporting the Lactation Needs of Mothers Facing Perinatal and Neonatal Loss

Newborn Care Poster Presentation Background Breast milk, long recognized as the optimal food for newborns, has immeasurable benefits to both mom and infant. However, in cases of anticipated perinatal or neonatal loss, breast milk is not usually considered in the plan of care. As hospital‐based lactation consultants, who are also practiced labor and delivery nurses, the authors have been challenged by colleagues who are not supportive of the use of breast milk for infants who are likely to die. These well‐intended professionals feel they are acting in the best interest of the family. However, in many of these cases, the use of breast milk can be a wonderful experience for the mother and her infant. By creating a sense of normalcy in tumultuous times, the use of breast milk can contribute to creating positive memories. Overwhelming grief often accompanies the loss of an infant. In addition, some grieving mothers experience unexpected breast changes that accompany lactogenesis II. Addressing lactation issues immediately postpartum should be routine care aimed to decrease discomfort and distress. These mothers also have options regarding lactation other than suppression, such as donating their breast milk, and should be allowed to make informed choices. Case Some mothers who have experienced a neonatal loss call to inquire about donating their breast milk. These mothers seek to give meaning to their loss experience and to honor their children. Information regarding this option should be provided with knowledgeable guidance. Not all mothers will qualify, and disappointment can be abated if they are counseled properly. Mothers who have not started to pump must be educated on the commitment and possibility of stress interfering with milk production. Ultimately, praise for offering a selfless act enhances their emotional healing, regardless of the outcome. An example case involving an infant in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) involves the physical and emotional comfort of a mother who gave her son drops of breast milk, prior to his death. Conclusion In difficult loss situations, mothers should still have information about the use of breast milk. Maternity and NICU nurses should be familiar with all options and refrain from making judgments for these families. Lactation consultants can be supportive team members who can assist with the care of these special patients. Educating the mother who elects not to use her breast milk should include engorgement management and the normal process of breast involution so she does not encounter unexpected changes alone.
Modification of PEGylated enzyme with glutaraldehyde can enhance stability while avoiding intermolecular crosslinking.

We demonstrate an enzyme stabilization approach whereby a model enzyme is PEGylated, followed by controlled chemical modification with glutaraldehyde. Using this stabilization strategy, size increases and aggregation due to intermolecular crosslinking are avoided. Immediately following synthesis, the PEGylated enzyme with and without glutaraldehyde modification possessed specific activities of 372.9 ± 20.68 U mg−1 and 373.9 ± 15.14 U mg−1, respectively (vs. 317.7 ± 19.31 U mg−1 for the native enzyme). The glutaraldehyde-modified PEGylated enzyme retains 73% original activity after 4 weeks at 37 °C (vs. 8.2% retention for control).
Capital Investments and Trade Balances within the British Empire

Introductory. Effects of international lending and borrowing on imports and exports, 769. — I. British India. The debit and credit items, 770. — Tabular statements, 772. — Foreign capital investments and interest charges, 775. — Obvious gain from productive investments, 779. — II. Canada's heavy borrowings, 780. — Halt in 1914, 783. — Exports and imports, 785. — "Invisible" items, 786. — Approximate balance sheet, 790. — Imports from United States, 791.
Toxocariasis and lung function: Relevance of a neglected infection in an urban landscape

Toxocariasis has been highlighted as a potentially important neglected infection of poverty in developed countries that experience substantive health disparities such as the United States. An association between Toxocara infection and lung function, in concert with a relatively high prevalence of infection, may mark an important mechanism by which this infection could contribute significantly to the differential morbidity across different socioeconomic groups and landscapes. To assess the potential relevance of this infection in a dense urban environment, we measured the association between forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and serology diagnosed Toxocara infection in a sample of US-born New York City residents. We identified a significant independent association between Toxocara infection and lung function, wherein those with previous Toxocara infection had a 236.9 mL reduced FEV1 compared to those without Toxocara infection even after adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, level of education, smoking status, body mass index, and pet ownership. These findings from New York City corroborate similar findings in a national sample and, while the cross-sectional data preclude a direct causal relationship, this study identifies a potentially important neglected infection in a dense urban landscape.
Toy model for the magnetic connection between a black hole and a disk

A magnetic field connecting a Kerr black hole to a disk rotating around it can extract energy and angular momentum from the black hole and transfer them to the disk if the black hole rotates faster than the disk. The energy can be dissipated and radiated away by the disk, which makes the disk shine without the need of accretion. In this paper we present a toy model for the magnetic connection: A single electric current flowing around a Kerr black hole in the equatorial plane generates a poloidal magnetic field which connects the black hole to the disk. The rotation of the black hole relative to the disk generates an electromotive force which in turn generates a poloidal electric current flowing through the black hole and the disk and produces a power on the disk. We will consider two cases: (1) The toroidal current flows on the inner boundary of the disk, which generates a poloidal magnetic field connecting the horizon of the black hole to a region of the disk beyond the inner boundary; (2) the toroidal current flows on a circle inside the inner boundary of the disk but outside the horizon of the black hole, which generates a poloidal magnetic field connecting a portion of the horizon of the black hole to the whole disk. We will calculate the power produced by the magnetic connection and the resulting radiation flux of the disk in the absence of accretion, and compare them with that produced by accretion.
Anorexic effects of ethanolamine-O-sulfate and muscimol in the rat: evidence that GABA inhibits ingestive behavior.

Abstract Intracisternal injections of ethanolamine-O-sulfate (EOS), an irreversible selective inhibitor of GABA-transaminase (GABA-T), resulted in relatively long lasting dose dependent decreases in food consumption and body weight of rats. The anorexic effects of EOS generally corresponded in both time course and magnitude to the elevation of GABA levels and associated decreases in GABA-T activity. Chronic treatment with very high intraperitoneal doses of EOS which were able to cross the blood-brain barrier elevated GABA levels and resulted in weight loss. Muscimol, a GABA receptor agonist also produced anorexia. These findings are consistent with the view that GABA may be involved in mediation of satiety in the rat.
Nonlinear dynamics of intense ion beam envelopes

The nonlinear envelope equations for an intense Kapchinskij-Vladimirskij (KV) beam equilibrium are studied self-consistently for the case of a periodic quadrupole focusing lattice. First, the linearized solutions to the two nonlinearly coupled envelope equations for a matched KV beam are obtained in the smooth-beam approximation. A comparison between the solutions of the linearized equations and the (numerically solved) nonlinear equations is presented. Second, the nonlinear evolution of the envelopes for a mismatched beam is studied numerically. It is found that the oscillation of the beam envelope exhibits chaotic behavior in certain regions of the parameter space (KS/\ensuremath{\varepsilon},${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathit{v}}$). Here, K is the self-field perveance, \ensuremath{\varepsilon} is the unnormalized beam emittance, S is the axial periodicity length, and ${\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{v}}$ is the vacuum phase advance. Detailed numerical results are presented and the stable regime in the parameter space (KS/\ensuremath{\varepsilon},${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathit{v}}$) is determined numerically. It is found that the threshold condition for the onset of unstable oscillations of the envelope functions is independent of the filling factor \ensuremath{\eta} of the quadrupole focusing lattice. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Rb-Sr dating of the Lackner Lake Complex, northern Ontario, Canada

The Lackner Lake Complex of northern Ontario consists of nepheline syenite and ijolite with associated bodies of apatite—magnetite rock and carbonatite. A whole-rock Rb-Sr isochron indicates that these rocks crystallized 1078 ± 7 Ma ago (λ 87Rb = 1.39·10−11a−1) and had an initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.070282 ± 0.00011. This date is slightly lower than a K-Ar date of 1090 Ma for biotite reported previously, but is in agreement with K-Ar dates of several nearby syenite-carbonatite complexes.
The (slightly more) productive use of ne in Montreal French chat

This article investigates the productive use of ne in a 100,000 word corpus of online Montreal French chat discourse. It compares (i) rates of ne use in the present article with those previously reported for other French-language online communities as well as spoken Canadian French and (ii) the discursive-pragmatic function of productive ne in the online Montreal French chat community. The results show that ne is used productively less frequently in Montreal French chat than in other (European) French-language chat communities. At the same time, rates of ne use in the online Montreal speech community are higher than reported in previous studies of spoken Canadian French. Following the presentation of selected descriptive statistics, a qualitative analysis is presented in order to show how emphatic ne is jointly constructed in multiparty interactions.
Sub-100 nm soft lithography for optoelectronics applications

Soft lithography followed by etching is used to pattern compound semiconductor pieces with dense arrays of sub-100 nm features. A variety of possible applications in nanophotonics and optoelectronic devices are discussed.
The commodification of leisure: The case of the model airplane hobby and industry

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of capitalist production on a leisure activity. It demonstrates that as commodities produced for exchange become the predominant objects used in a leisure activity, the leisure activity itself is reshaped. A case study of the model airplane hobby and industry illuminates this process. The history of the hobby is one of gradual control loss by hobbyists and control gain by capital.
Large Trunk Wounds

Management of large trunk wounds begins with good wound management and bandaging. When a healthy wound bed exists and adequate tissue is present, the wound is closed. Fortunately, there is an abundance of loose trunk skin in most animals, and wound closure can be accomplished by simple reconstructive techniques, such as undermining and tension or "walking sutures." Nevertheless, some wounds and areas of the torso may require more advanced tension-relieving techniques, skin stretching, and tissue implants or flaps to achieve tension-free closure and successful wound healing. Use of these techniques allows wound closure and good cosmetic results for even those wounds that initially may seem foreboding.
THE CORE OF A SPATIAL PRICE EQUILIBRIUM GAME

This paper presents a critical appraisal of the use of the core as a solution concept for games involving spatially separated producers. Starting from the classical Samuelson/Takayama-Judge spatial price equilibrium model, the core of a game between the producers of commodities in this economy is defined, the conditions ensuring the nonemptiness of the core are stated, and the problems surrounding the definition and computation of the characteristic function are addressed. An application to the eastern United States’coal market is then presented in order to illustrate the usefulness of the theoretical and algorithmic results of this paper.
Modeling of the Electric Field in a Hypersonic Rarefied Flow

the magnitude of convective and radiative heat transfer to the vehicle surface. The presence of this weak plasma necessitates the existence of an electric field in the shock layer to accelerate the charged particles. In this study, the structure of the self-induced electric field in a rarefied reentry flow is examined using a Direct Simulation Monte Carlo solver that is coupled to a Particle in Cell solver. Computations are performed for a one dimensional model of the stagnation streamline of the flow formed in front of a blunt body reentering the Earth’s atmosphere. The model parameters are chosen to produce a flow field structure similar to that experienced by the FIRE II reentry vehicle at an altitude of 85 km in its reentry trajectory. This is accomplished in a computationally tractable manner by varying the freestream density, the diameters of the particles, and the electron mass from the values at the actual FIRE II flight conditions. The flow field results are compared to results obtained using an approximate DSMC method used to incorporate the eect of the electric field on the structure of a hypersonic shock layer.
The narrow emission lines from SN 1987 A

Observations of the narrow lines from SN 1987 A have been reviewed, along with model interpretations of these observations. In addition, a discussion is provided on characteristics of the radiation from the supernova outburst, and how this affects the thermal structure of the circumstellar gas. Preliminary results from 2D hydrodynamical calculations for the circumstellar structure are also presented.
Back to your heart: Ubiquitin proteasome system-regulated signal transduction

Awareness of the regulation of cell signaling by post-translational ubiquitination has emerged over the past 2 decades. Like phosphorylation, post-translational modification of proteins with ubiquitin can result in the regulation of numerous cellular functions, for example, the DNA damage response, apoptosis, cell growth, and the innate immune response. In this review, we discuss recently published mechanisms by which the ubiquitin proteasome system regulates key signal transduction pathways in the heart, including MAPK JNK, calcineurin, FOXO, p53, and estrogen receptors α and β. We then explore how ubiquitin proteasome system-specific regulation of these signal transduction pathways plays a role in the pathophysiology of common cardiac diseases, such as cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, ischemia reperfusion injury, and diabetes. This article is part of a Special Section entitled "Post-translational Modification."
Ground state of electrorheological fluids from Monte Carlo simulations.

We use Monte Carlo simulations to investigate the ground state of electrorheological (ER) fluids in a strong electric field. Our results suggest a body-centered tetragonal (bct) lattice with conventional Bravais vectors ${\mathbf{a}}_{1}$= \ensuremath{\surd}6 ax^, ${\mathbf{a}}_{2}$= \ensuremath{\surd}6 ay^, and ${\mathbf{a}}_{3}$=2az^ where a is the radius of dielectric spheres and the z axis is the direction of the applied electric field. This bct lattice can be regarded as a compound of chains of class A and class B where chains of class B are obtained from chains of class A by shifting a distance of a in the z direction. For typical ER systems, this bct structure can be formed at room temperature.
Foraging and optimal body size: an overview, new data and a test of alternative models

Studies of an optimal body size for individuals of different species based upon their foraging efficiency are reviewed and a detailed analysis of data specifically collected for this purpose is presented for Microtus pennsylvanicus. The natural selection of body sizes for some species is shown to be consistent with their foraging efficiency. However, a general model of optimal body size based on foraging efficiency ( Reiss, 1986 ), unlike the species by species approach presented here, is shown to be incorrect.
TU‐C‐AUD B‐06: Characterization of Head Scatter Off Axis in Megavoltage Photon Beams

Purpose: To investigate the properties of head scatter in an x‐ray beam as a function of off‐axis position. Method and Materials: The head‐scatter off‐axis ratio (HOA) is the ratio of the kerma from head‐scatter photons to the kerma from direct primary photons along the central axis. We determined HOA from measurements made with an ionization chamber within a miniphantom for a 6 MV x‐ray beam. Measurements of HOA were made for square, rectangular, and half‐blocked fields. We developed an empirical model that includes a Gaussian component to account for scatter from the flattening filter and a second component that is a function of the secondary collimator location to account for scatter from the x and y jaws. Results: Outside of beam collimation, the HOA in the y‐jaw direction was larger than in the x‐jaw direction, approximately 0.02 compared to 0.006. The shift of the beam edge, defined for the HOA as (measured FWHM) / (square field size), was approximately 1.0 and 1.15 along the x‐jaw and y‐jaw directions, respectively. The penumbra width of the HOA was approximately equal along the x‐ and y‐jaw directions. Within beam collimation, an additional block was important for the accurate measurement of HOA, however renormalization was also possible using central‐axis data. Outside of beam collimation, an additional block was not necessary. Conclusion: Head scatter off axis is the dominant source of dose outside of beam collimation, and therefore its characterization is important to accurately determine dose for low dose regions, especially when using IMRT fields. The characteristic difference of HOA between Varian and Siemens accelerators with MLCs will be discussed. The model will be used to predict head‐scatter dose for a variety of IMRT test cases.
Improved Outcomes in Postoperative and Pancreatitis-related Visceral Pseudoaneurysms

Pseudoaneurysm (PSA) of the visceral arterial tree is an uncommon but highly lethal complication of pancreatic surgery and pancreatitis. Surgical and angiographic interventions are used in treatment; however, optimal therapy remains unclear. We hypothesized that the natural history of PSA is different in these discrete clinical settings. From 1995–2005, 37 patients with PSA were treated: 13 after pancreatic surgery and 24 in the setting of pancreatitis. Postoperative patients most frequently presented with bleeding (92%), either from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract or a surgical drain. In this group, the diagnosis was most commonly made by angiography (77%), and 62% had a pancreatic fistula. In patients with pancreatitis, abdominal pain was the only presenting symptom in 62%, and GI bleeding was present in 29%. Eighty-seven percent had an associated pseudocyst or fluid collection. Interventional radiologic therapy successfully arrested hemorrhage in all 35 patients in whom it was employed. There were four false negative angiograms, and two patients required repeated interventions for rebleeding. The overall mortality was 14%. Pseudoaneurysms present differently in these two clinical settings, but transcatheter intervention is the first treatment of choice in clinically stable patients. Early recognition and prompt angiographic occlusion leads to improved outcomes.
High-frequency ultrasound: Determination of the lowest frequency required for cellular imaging and detection of myocardial disease

Abstract We have previously demonstrated that a 600 MHz transducer enables the visualization of cellular detail in specimens of myocardium. However, lower-frequency transducers are more practical and provide better tissue penetration for possible in vivo application of this technique. This study was designed to ascertain the lowest frequency at which cellular detail can be imaged. We performed ultrasound imaging of 5 μm sections of 14 samples of myocardium. Each specimen was examined serially with 600 MHz, 400 MHz, 200 MHz, and 100 MHz transducers. Normal cardiac myocytes and pathologic phenomena such as fibrosis, cell fallout, and round cell infiltration were clearly identified with a 600 MHz transducer. Although there was a slight decrease in resolution, normal and pathologic phenomena were also identified with 400 and 200 MHz transducers. However, cellular detail could not be adequately identified with a 100 MHz transducer. In conclusion, transducer frequencies of 600 to 200 MHz enable visualization of cell detail and detection of pathologic changes in the myocardium. A transducer frequency of at least 200 MHz is probably required for possible in vivo application of this technique.
New Repetitive Control With Improved Steady-State Performance and Accelerated Transient

In repetitive control (RC), the enhanced servo performance at the fundamental frequency and its higher order harmonics is usually followed by undesired error amplifications at other frequencies. In this paper, we discuss a new structural configuration of the internal model in RC, wherein designers have more flexibility in the repetitive loop-shaping design, and the amplification of nonrepetitive errors can be largely reduced. Compared to conventional RC, the proposed scheme is especially advantageous when the repetitive task is subject to large amounts of nonperiodic disturbances. An additional benefit is that the transient response of this plug-in RC can be easily controlled, leading to an accelerated transient with reduced overshoots. Verification of the algorithm is provided by simulation of a benchmark regulation problem in hard disk drives, and by tracking-control experiments on a laboratory testbed of an industrial wafer scanner.
STORAGE and POSSESSION OF PLACE

“Any house needs places for storage and the display of possessions. Things that we possess accumulate with the years and often come to symbolize the memory of a time; of an event. These things stimulate the memory, form a connection with the past, measure the years and punctuate them. The magic of attics has to do with the attic being a container for memories and pasts; a place to save the things to which we attach meaning. We need places to express ourselves which are accessible daily, visually and sensorially. Desktops, shelves, window sills, benches, nooks, hutches, surfaces. Just as importantly, we need proximate larger storage areas where we can store boxes bulging with trivia and mementoes which evoke a nostalgia and remembrance of other times where we can store the old, cumbersom quilt of our grandmother that we intend to patch and use (it's unimportant whether we ever do), where we store our old dolls that we say we'll give to our grandchildren but maybe can never quite part with.“