cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Biologist in Wonderland: The Texas Biology Textbook Adoption Hearings

During the 1984 presidential campaign, a colleague at a prestigious eastern university told me that Ronald Reagan had virtually no chance of reelection because "the whole country sees through his shallow, media-controlled approach to government." My response, after a brief moment of speechlessness, was, "You've to get out more; you've been talking primarily to your academic colleagues and to other people who think the way you do." My job takes me regularly to cities and towns across America, and in 13 years of such travel Ihave learned not to assume that the perspective shared by biology educators is necessarily the prevailing viewpoint for the rest of the country. That lesson was brought home to me once again when I attended the biology textbook adoption hearings in Austin, Texas, in July 1990. The Texas biology adoption process is important-and bizarre. It is important because Texas, as one of the most populous of the 22 adoption states, has an inordinate impact on the textbook market; publishers pay attention to what happens there and often structure their books to ensure adoption. Because it is not financially feasible to develop alternate textbooks for less lucrative markets, the rest of the states in effect have their curriculum influenced by decisions in Texas (Moyer 1985). The process also is bizarre, however, because Texas has more than its share of creationists, some of whom, such as Mel and Norma Gabler, have been calling the cadence on a march toward ignorance for three decades. Creationist opposition to evolution content in biology textbooks is well organized, and the creationists' zeal and antediluvian pronouncements at the adoption hearings bring out the media in force. Only Texas residents and publishers' representatives are permitted to testify at the hearings; I testified in my capacity as director of Biological Sciences Curriculum Study. Two of our books, Blue Version (D.C. Heath) and Green Version (Kendall/Hunt), were among the nine books competing for eight possible places on the adoption list. All nine books were subject to creationist attacks because the books "fail to present alternative explanations for life on Earth." The creationists, of course, think that "creation science"-a wonderful oxymoron-is an acceptable scientific alternative. Their testimony is a monument to scientific illiteracy and reminds us once again that our perspective as science educators is not as universal as we might wish. I provide below a few excerpts from the testimony of some 20 creationists; about 35 Texas residents testified in total. The verbal testimony came too fast to ensure the verbatim accuracy of the statements, but I assure you that the speakers' essential points are preserved.
A Single Amino Acid Deletion in the Matrix Protein of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Confers Resistance to a Polyclonal Swine Antibody with Broadly Neutralizing Activity

Assessment of virus neutralization (VN) activity in 176 pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) identified one pig with broadly neutralizing activity. A Tyr-10 deletion in the matrix protein provided escape from broad neutralization without affecting homologous neutralizing activity. The role of the Tyr-10 deletion was confirmed through an infectious clone with a Tyr-10 deletion. The results demonstrate differences in the properties and specificities of VN responses elicited during PRRSV infection.
Location coding with symbols resembling letter strokes is better than with whole letters

Abstract Three experiments were run to test a model in which location is encoded better for letter strokes than for letters. A string of four letters or four single-stroke symbols resembling long letter strokes appeared on each trial, with the target indicated by a cue in the postexposure mask. The four were chosen from a set of 12 possible items of each type, with letters and symbols never mixed within a display. An error could involve either the intrusion of an item not in the array, or the mislocation of one appearing at other than the target location. In all three experiments the predominance of mislocations over intrusions was greater for letters, with the reverse true for symbols, supporting better location coding for letter strokes than for whole letters.
The quantification of EMG normalization error

Electromyography (EMG) and normalized EMG have been accepted as methods of quantifying the activity level of a muscle. Normalized EMG, in conjunction with the EMG/force relationship and muscle cross-sectional area data, allows researchers to estimate the amount of muscle force exerted across a joint. An accurate description of this muscle force is a critical input to models designed to describe the risk of injury of a task. In order to be able to make statements about the relative intensity of an EMG signal, researchers who use normalization procedures take a given EMG activity level, at a known joint angle, and relate it to some reference activity level obtained at that particular joint angle. However, there have been studies where the EMG activity of an unrestricted dynamic task, such as walking, cycling, performing an occupational task, etc., has been normalized with respect to an EMG value taken during a single maximum voluntary contraction performed at one reference joint angle. This practice will render inaccurate results because at different joint angles there are changes in the portion of the muscle within the viewing area of the electrode, as well as changes in the length/tension relationship of the muscle which would cause changes in the maximum EMG value. The present study was an attempt to quantify the errors associated with normalization relative to a reference EMG value collected at an arbitrary joint position. Four subjects performed a series of controlled trunk extension exertions. As they performed these exertions the EMG activities were collected for eight trunk muscles. The task EMG values that resulted were then: (1) all normalized with respect to the maximum EMG at a single arbitrary trunk angle and (2) each normalized with respect to that specific trunk angle's maximum EMG. The results show that for the primary trunk extensors (erector spinae) large errors (greater than 75%) resulted from normalization using a single reference point and the magnitude of these errors followed consistent patterns within subjects as a function of trunk angle.
Cone phototransduction and growth of the ERG b-wave during light adaptation.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether cone redepolarization accounts for the amplitude increase of the b-wave of the human electroretinogram (ERG) during light adaptation. The time course of the b-wave amplitude increase was compared to the time course of the change in the activation phase of cone phototransduction, as derived from a delayed Gaussian model applied to the leading edge of the ERG a-wave. ERG recordings were obtained from five visually normal subjects, alternately in the presence of the adapting field (adapt-on condition) and 300 ms after its temporary extinction (adapt-off condition). The proportional increase in amplitude was less for Rmp3 (maximum amplitude of P3, the massed cone photoreceptor response) than for the b-wave for both adaptation conditions, and the time course of the amplitude increase for Rmp3 was faster than that for the b-wave in the adapt-off condition. The results demonstrate that time-dependent changes in the activation phase of cone phototransduction have only a minimal role in governing the increase in the amplitude of the human cone-derived ERG b-wave during light adaptation. In addition, the systematic increase in b-wave amplitude and the decrease in b-wave implicit time in the adapt-off condition indicates that the ERG response measured shortly after adapting field offset does not necessarily represent the waveform of the dark-adapted cone ERG.
Near-threshold electron-impact doubly differential cross sections for the ionization of argon and krypton

We present normalized doubly differential cross sections (DDCS's) for the near-threshold, electron-impact single ionization of argon and krypton, similar to those taken earlier for Ne and Xe [Yates et al., J. Phys. B 42, 095206 (2009)]. The Ar measurements were taken at incident energies of 17, 18, 20, and 30 eV while the Kr measurements were taken at 15, 16, 17.5, and 20 eV. The DDCS scattering angles range from 15${}^{\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}}$ to 120${}^{\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}}$. The differential data are initially normalized to available experimental cross sections for excitation of the ground ${\mathit{np}}^{6}$ to the ${\mathit{np}}^{5}(n+1)s$ excited states of the noble gas and, after integration, to well-established experimental total ionization cross sections of Rapp and Englander-Golden [J. Chem. Phys. 43, 1464 (1965)].
Chemical Studies of Behavior: V. Procedures in Drug Experimentation with College Students

(1961). Chemical Studies of Behavior: V. Procedures in Drug Experimentation with College Students. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 173-211.
Nomenclature of the Princes of Reuss

great impact of colonial society upon its constituent African populations and that the descriptions of the Lugbara, Nuer, and other excellent accounts, ignored the consequences of state (colonial) power for those populations. There are no reasons that we could discern in the arguments of Goldschmidt, Kunkel, Brokensha, and Erasmus and Fallers to show why Africans would be unique in face of colonialism, nationalism, and world market; rather, most rural Africans now, and many African societies in the past, were peasants.
Dibasic aminod acid transport in rat-kidney cortex slices

Abstract The effect of anaerobiosis, Na+ deprivation and pH alteration on the accumulation of l -lysine, l -arginine, l -diaminobutyric acid and l -cystine was studied at physiological levels of substrate in rat-kidney cortex slices. Lysine, arginine and diaminobutyric acid were capable of being actively transported despite oxygen and Na+ lack in the incubation medium. Initial rates of accumulation of lysine and diaminobutyric acid appeared to be normal under the latter conditions although the steady-state concentration gradients were reduced. Cystine and arginine transport was inhibited initially and there was impairment of the ability to form a concentration gradient, most marked for cystine in Na+-free medium. The variation of accumulation with pH differed for each of the amino acids, the curve of cystine being more like that of glycine, than the dibasic amino acids. The results lend further support to the concept that cystine transport in kidney slices occurs by a system separate from that of dibasic amino acids and indicate that for the other dibasic amino acids, variation of intra-group transport characteristics is present.
Synthesis of Diiron Hydrogenase Mimics Bearing Hydroquinone and Related Ligands. Electrochemical and Computational Studies of the Mechanism of Hydrogen Production and the Role of O−H···S Hydrogen Bonding†

A new synthetic method for annulating hydroquinones to Fe2S2(CO)6 moieties is reported. Piperidine catalyzed a multistep reaction between Fe2(μ-SH)2(CO)6 and quinones to afford bridged adducts in 2...
Sensory nerve endings in the rat oro-facial region labeled by the anterograde and transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase: a new method for tracing peripheral nerve fibers

The purpose of the present investigation is to introduce the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for the study of the morphology and peripheral distribution of sensory nerve endings. HRP was injected into the trigeminal ganglion or trigeminal brainstem nuclear complex (TBNC) in separate adult rats. HRP injected into the trigeminal ganglion was taken up by the neuronal perikarya and transported anterogradely in massive amounts to sensory nerve endings in the cornea, vibrissal hair follicles, tooth pulps, and periodontal ligaments. HRP injected into the TBNC was taken up by trigeminal primary afferent fibers that terminated there and transported transganglionically, i.e., past or through the trigeminal ganglion, to peripheral sensory endings. The results of the present study demonstrate for the first time that: (1) anterograde HRP transport is a highly successful method of labeling with an intracellular marker trigeminal sensory endings in a variety of oro-facial tissues, and (2) trigeminal primary sensory neurons possess intra-axonal transport mechanisms by which HRP, and possibly other substances, taken up in the central nervous system may be transported to the periphery.
Information Sharing in an Interorganizational GIS Environment

The increased acceptance and use of computerized GIS and digital data sets in private and public organizations in the United States has been in recent years further encouraged by the Federal initiatives which promote sharing of geographic data. In spite of the obvious benefits in terms of efficiency and effectiveness to be derived from sharing geographic information both within and between organizations, the idea continues to be resisted, leading to inefficiencies from duplication of data collection and storage. Using case-study methodology, we examine in this research the mechanisms and behavioral factors that can facilitate or inhibit the willingness of organizations to share GIS and databases. Five cases, including organizations with varied levels of joint GIS and database activities, were studied to determine the characteristics underlying successful interorganizational GIS. Our findings offer a number of suggestions for organizations seeking to derive maximum benefits from the interorganizational GIS...
Optical and structural properties of solution deposited nickel manganite thin films

Abstract Nickel manganite thin films of interest for microbolometer applications have been prepared using chemical solution and spin spray deposition and studied using transmission electron microscopy to quantify the material crystallinity and spectroscopic ellipsometry to extract the complex dielectric function (e = e1 + ie2) and film microstructure. A parameterization for e over a spectral range from 0.04 to 5.15 eV has been developed to model well-crystallized nickel manganite, and the visible-range critical point features, infrared vibrations, and optical absorption onset have been identified. A multiple sample analysis structural model and procedure has been developed for spin spray deposited films exhibiting complicated void evolutions with thickness. Variations in e and crystallite grain size have been observed as a function of film processing and indicate that the optical properties and microstructural information gained from spectroscopic ellipsometry is useful in process monitoring for this material system.
In vitro evaluation of fluoride and non-fluoride releasing orthodontic adhesives on bracket bond strength.

A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the shear bond strength of a metal orthodontic bracket bonded to enamel with four commercially available orthodontic adhesives. The mean shear bond strengths ranged from 0.95 to 16.59 MPa. A fluoride-releasing glass ionomer adhesive resulted in significantly lower bond strengths when compared to resin adhesive systems.
Possible chemical modification of oceanic lithosphere by hotspot magmatism: Seismic evidence from the junction of Ninetyeast Ridge and the Sumatra–Andaman arc

Abstract Tomograms of the upper mantle, which represent perturbations in P-wave, shear wave speed, and bulk-sound speed, image the Indo-Australian plate subducting beneath the Eurasian plate along the Sumatra–Andaman arc. The detailed images of the subducting slab are well constrained by the large number of intermediate depth earthquakes and moderate seismic station coverage along the entire Indonesian–Sumatra–Andaman arc. The steeply dipping slab is coherent, defined by seismicity and higher velocity perturbations, beneath the entire arc, but at approximately 9.5–12.5 °N and at 60–160 km depth, the slab is characterized by a low P-wave signal, with only a small decrease in the S-wave speed, and a modest decrease in bulk-sound speed. At this position along the arc the inactive Ninetyeast Ridge, suggested to be a plume-fed spreading ridge, is being subducted beneath the Andaman Islands. The negative P-wave and bulk-sound speed anomalies in the slab, along with only a small decrease in S-wave speed cannot be explained by thermal variations alone and hence suggest a possible change in composition. We find that the seismic anomalies in this region of the slab are best fit by orthopyroxene-rich zones within the peridotitic lithospheric mantle. If correct, we speculate that these pyroxene-rich lithologies formed by the interaction of upwelling magmas with preexisting oceanic lithospheric mantle beneath the Ninetyeast Ridge before subduction. Our observations represent one of few seismic evidences for extensive chemical modification of lithospheric mantle.
Effect of heterogeneity and assumed mode of inheritance on lod scores.

Heterogeneity is a major factor in many common, complex diseases and can confound linkage analysis. Using computer-simulated heterogeneous data we tested what effect unlinked families have on a linkage analysis when heterogeneity is not taken into account. We created 60 data sets of 40 nuclear families each with different proportions of linked and unlinked families and with different modes of inheritance. The ascertainment probability was 0.05, the disease had a penetrance of 0.6, and the recombination fraction for the linked families was zero. For the analysis we used a variety of assumed modes of inheritance and penetrances. Under these conditions we looked at the effect of the unlinked families on the lod score, the evaluation of the mode of inheritance, and the estimate of penetrance and of the recombination fraction in the linked families. 1. When the analysis was done under the correct mode of inheritance for the linked families, we found that the mode of inheritance of the unlinked families had minimal influence on the highest maximum lod score (MMLS) (i.e., we maximized the maximum lod score with respect to penetrance). Adding sporadic families decreased the MMLS less than adding recessive or dominant unlinked families. 2. The mixtures of dominant linked families with unlinked families always led to a higher MMLS when analyzed under the correct (dominant) mode of inheritance than when analyzed under the incorrect mode of inheritance. In the mixtures with recessive linked families, assuming the correct mode of inheritance generally led to a higher MMLS, but we observed broad variation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Breaking of thunderstorm-generated gravity waves as a source of short-period ducted waves at mesopause altitudes

[1] Numerical simulation results indicate that the breaking of atmospheric gravity waves generated by tropospheric convection can excite short-period secondary waves, which are trapped in the lower thermospheric duct and which closely resemble quasi-monochromatic structures commonly observed in airglow imaging experiments.
Enabling in-Line Flip Chip Process - A Novel Interconnect Technique of Flipchip Discrete Packaging

Flip Chip packaging provides designers a competitive advantage to convert existing wired packages to smaller footprint packaging plus the overall reduction of package resistance for faster switching applications. Several interconnection techniques are available to attach a Flip Chip die to the lead frame or substrate. One of these known techniques is using a bumped die (electroplated or Cu bumped) and soldering the Flip Chip component to the lead frame via a solder paste interconnect material. Several Flip Chip equipments are available in the market offering in-line Flip Chip process solution from dispensing, Flip Chip and reflow process. In a Flip Chip process, solder paste material is deposited to the lead frame pad via dispensing process. There are several dispensing technologies capable for consistent solder dot sizes. But the use a high speed dispensing process paired with a showerhead (multi hole) dispense tool design remains a challenge to achieve faster throughput. In this study, a pneumatic dispense system and an Auger dispense system was evaluated and compared. Pneumatic dispense systems uses pressure and time parameter to dispense a solder pattern while the auger type volumetric system dispenses a solder patterns through a screw fitted in the dispense system. Both systems have advantages and disadvantages as well which needs careful characterization to prevent solder clogging in the dispense tool opening. The selection of suitable solder material characterization will also affect the overall dispensing quality.
Appellate Court Adherence to Precedent

Why do lower courts follow precedent, or any law? Traditional rational choice theories that rely on presumptions of ideological decision making have struggled to explain the power of judicial hierarchy. This article addresses the issue in three components. The first two sections examine the conventional positive political theory explanations for circuit court adherence to Supreme Court preferences based on a risk of reversal by the Court. These sections explain how these conventional theories cannot be theoretically sustained under prevailing resource constraints. The next two sections set forth an alternative explanation that considers the possibility of judges who possess both political and legal preferences. Using linguistic theory, these sections explain how the two types of preference could interact to produce partial adherence to precedent. The final section empirically examines circuit court decision making. This analysis shows that both political and traditional legal considerations have a significant effect on circuit court decision making, while contemporaneous Supreme Court preferences exert no discernible influence. The theoretical and empirical evidence support a conclusion that lower courts adhere to the law out of an affirmative judicial preference for such adherence rather than out of a fear of reversal by a higher court.
Channel selection for in-beam γ-ray spectroscopy using a 4π phoswich array

Abstract A modular 4π array of up to 26 charged particle detectors has been designed and constructed to provide channel selection for in-beam γ-ray spectroscopy. The system is useful for the identification and study of nuclei far from stability, populated in very weak fusion-evaporation channels. The individual detectors are phoswich scintillator telescopes of plastic and CaF2(Eu), optimized for identification of evaporation protons and alpha particles. The detector array is very compact, to allow large Ge γ-ray detectors to be placed close to the target. The system has been used for the identification of nuclei in the very neutron-deficient Ge region, produced with submillibarn cross sections.
Periodic Review of Pathology Training Program Teaching Files A Quality Improvement Study

Pathology training programs typically retain teaching files of classic and unusual diagnostic cases. Since diagnostic criteria and terminology are mutable, we reviewed a surgical pathology teaching archive to determine if the materials continued to be acceptable for educational purposes. Each case (from 2001–2003) consisted of 1 to 3 slides and a 3 × 5 card with clinical information and the diagnosis. Cases were reviewed at a daily faculty consensus conference and categorized as follows: no diagnostic change; diagnosis added; or changed diagnosis. Slides were entirely missing from 79 (35.0%) of the 226 cases reviewed. Of the remaining 147 cases, 28 (19.0%) required additional clinical information and/or slides. The final disposition of the 147 cases was as follows: diagnosis unchanged, 126 (85.7%); diagnosis added, 15 (10.2%); and diagnosis changed, 6 (4.1%). Teaching files should be subject to prospective and retrospective controls to preserve the quality of the educational experience.
On calculations of the ionization in the upper atmosphere

Experiments with radio waves, such as the measurements of the skip-distances, the time-intervals for short radio pulses to travel up to the high atmosphere and return, the polarization and the absorption of the waves, have shown that the regions of the high atmosphere above 100 km are heavily ionized, the maximum ionization being at about 200 km above sea-level. The radio waves indicated that during the daytime the density of the ions was about 107 at 100 km and increased with the height, and that the electronic density was around 103 at 100 km and increased with the height to about 3×105 at 200 km. At night the ionization appeared to separate into two separate banks, one at about 120 km with about 3×107 ions and one at a higher level with about 109 ions or 5×104 electrons. The diurnal variation of the magnetic field of the Earth is attributed to the diamagnetic effects of the ionization and indicated a total number of about 1.9×1016 ions in a 1-cm2 vertical column up through the atmosphere which would amount to an ion density of 4.7×109 in the levels from 150 to 190 km at noon at the equator; the ionization at night was about ⅙ of that during the day. Further than this the exact distribution of the ions and electrons with height and the manner in which the distribution changes during the day and the night can not be derived from the data of radio and terrestrial magnetism which are available at the present time.
A Community Prevalence Study of Mental Retardation in New York State

A prevalence study was undertaken of the number of retarded persons in Dutchess County, New York. The study indicated a large discrepancy between the New York State Department of Mental Hygiene's projected figures and the actual number of retarded reported. The projection indicated about 3.3% of the county population would be retarded. The actual figure was closer to 5%. The projection estimated 11% of the retarded population with IQs below 50, whereas the actual figure was 33%. The findings for Dutchess County have not altered or qualified the Department of Mental Hygiene's projections. In terms of planning facilities and services, the magnitude of error is evident.
Reliability of adolescents' reports of height and weight.

Abstract The purpose of our study was to compare adolescents' self-reports of height and weight with measured height and weight to assess possible bias in self-report. The study was designed to be a cross-sectional, clinical study in a primary care Adolescent Medicine Clinic in an urban teaching hospital. The subjects were 725 consecutive patients aged 14–20 years (564 females, 161 males) with initial visite during a 2-month period. Our results showed that height was overreported by 0.5 cm and 0.6 cm by females and males, respectively. Weight was underreported by 1.5 and 1.2 kg by females and males, respectively. Differences in height or weight reports were not due to subjects' age. Females and males in the heaviest quartiles of measured weight underreported weight by significantly more than those in lighter quartiles. There were no differences in the accuracy of height or weight reports when subjects were grouped by height quartile. in conclusion, adolescents' self-reports of weight are particularly likely to differ from measured values, and these differences are largest for heavier individuals. This bias In self-report could affect results of clinical and survey research using self-report. The magnitude of such an effect would likely be small.
Testing for temperature acclimation of plant carbon exchange: a comment on ‘Global patterns of the responses of leaf-level photosynthesis and respiration in terrestrial plants to experimental warming’ by Liang et al.

© The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Botanical Society of China. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com Testing for temperature acclimation of plant carbon exchange: a comment on ‘global patterns of the responses of leaf-level photosynthesis and respiration in terrestrial plants to experimental warming’ by liang et al.
Regression analysis for correlated data.

Regression analysis is among the most commonly used methods of statistical analysis in public health research. Its objective is to describe the relationship of a response with explanatory variables. One example of a regression problem is to identify factors associated with the racial difference in the risk of low birthweight (29). Regression includes the following as special cases: linear models for measured responses, logistic models for binary responses, and survival analyses for times to events. A basic assumption of regression analysis is that all observations are statistically independent, or at least uncorrelated with each other. In the low birthweight example, this assumption would mean that knowing one child's birthweight status provides no informa­ tion as to whether another child in the study has a low birthweight. One may argue that the assumption of independence is unlikely to be true if children of the same mother are included in the sample. Due to their common household environment and genes, we would expect a child to have a greater chance of having a low birthweight if his/her sibling had. Data from this hypothetical example can usefully be thought of as being "clustered" into families. Birth­ weights from different families are likely independent; those from the same cluster are not. This dependence among observations from the same cluster must be accounted for in assessing the relationship between risk factors and health outcomes.
HIF-1α at the center of the sepsis Yin and Yang

Ancient Chinese philosophy ascribes to two opposing but complementary forces found in all things in the universe: Yin, the confusion and turmoil; Yang, the peace and serenity. Similar opposing forces can be seen in sepsis, a major cause of death in the intensive care units that is characterized by a complex and dynamic but often dysregulated host inflammatory response to infection. Sepsis is a balance of pro- versus anti-inflammatory states, with an early cytokine inflammatory phase followed by a later immunosuppressive phase. Despite decades of investigation and numbers of failed trials, the underlying molecular and immunological basis for the sepsis is still not well understood. Shalova and colleagues took a stab at understanding the mechanisms of sepsis by focusing on circulating blood monocytes. They compared the transcriptomes of monocytes from patients during Gram-negative sepsis to monocytes taken from the same patients after they have recovered weeks later. The monocytes shifted from a proinflammatory state during infection to a more immunosuppressed phenotype similar to control monocytes after sepsis resolved. The authors then profiled the transcriptomes of the same monocyte populations after stimulation with endotoxin ex vivo. Septic monocytes showed profound gene reprogramming with blunted response to endotoxin, including impaired NF-κB activation, whereas the recovered monocytes were fully capable of NF-κB signaling. Despite the defective response to endotoxin, the septic monocytes were still phagocytic and able to restrict bacterial growth, suggesting that these cells were not globally suppressed but rather reconfigured during sepsis. Importantly, at the center of this reconfiguration were upregulated hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and many hypoxia-inducible genes. HIF-1α triggered IRAKM, a negative regulator of Toll-like receptor signaling and inducer of endotoxin tolerance. Thus, HIF-1α may possibly control the transcriptional and functional re-programming of monocytes during sepsis This work highlights the potential of HIF-1α as a possible pharmacologic target to modulate monocytic responses during sepsis. Continued system biology-based studies that combine serial patient samples, transcriptomic analyses, and functional studies, but focused on subpopulations of immune cells during the various phases of sepsis, will likely provide further insights into the complicated Yin and Yang responses during sepsis. I. N. Shalova et al. , Human monocytes undergo functional re-programing during sepsis mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α. Immunity 42 , 1-15 (2015). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2015.02.001
The Role of Ion Mass on End-of-Range Damage in Shallow Preamorphizing Silicon

Preamorphization is commonly used to form shallow junction in silicon CMOS devices. The purposeof this experiment was to study the effect of the preamorphizing species’ mass on the interstitial concentration at the end-of-range (EOR). Isovalent species of Si, Ge, Sn and Pb were compared. Silicon wafers with a buried boron marker layer (4700 A deep) were amorphized using implants of 22 keV 28Si+, 32 keV 73Ge+, 40 keV 119Sn+ or 45 keV 207Pb+, which resulted in similar amorphous layer depths. All species were implanted at a dose of 5×1014 /cm2. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) was used tomeasure amorphous layer depths (approximately 400 A). Post-implantation anneals were performed at 750 °C for 15 minutes. Plan-view transmission electron microscopy (PTEM) was used to observe and quantify the EOR defect population upon annealing. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) was used to monitor the transient enhanced diffusion (TED) of the buried boron marker layer resulting from the EOR damage introduced by the amorphizing implants. Based upon the SIMS results Florida Object Oriented Process Simulator (FLOOPS) calculated the resulting time average diffusivity enhancements. Results showed that increasing the ion mass over a significant range (28 to 207 AMU) not only affects the quantity and type of damage that occurs at the EOR, but results in a reduced diffusivity enhancement.
Infection of Mice with Lyme Disease Spirochetes Constitutively Producing Outer Surface Proteins A and B

Outer surface protein A (OspA) of the Lyme disease spirochete is primarily produced in the tick vector. OspA, which is a receptor for attaching spirochetes to the tick gut, is down regulated as the spirochetes leave the tick and enter the mammalian host. Although OspA is not a major antigen produced in the mammal, the protein appears to be produced under some conditions and production has been linked to more severe disease. A Lyme disease vaccine based on recombinant OspA has been approved for human use. However, the vaccine is no longer available, in part because of fears that OspA causes arthritis in people. To further understand the consequences of OspA production in the host, we created a Borrelia burgdorferi mutant that was unable to down regulate OspA. C3H/HeN mice infected with this mutant developed a specific anti-OspA immune response, and the spirochetes were unable to persist in these mice. In contrast, immunodeficient SCID mice were persistently infected with the mutant. We conclude that spirochetes producing OspA and B from the flaB promoter in immunocompetent mice stimulate an immune response that clear the bacteria without any signs of disease development in the mice.
Use of Probabilistics in Campaign Analysis

Presented at the SAE Aerospace Congress and Exhibition, Seattle, WA, September 10-13, 2001.
Prereferral rectal artesunate for treatment of severe childhood malaria: a cost-effectiveness analysis.

Summary Background Severely ill patients with malaria with vomiting, prostration, and altered consciousness cannot be treated orally and need injections. In rural areas, access to health facilities that provide parenteral antimalarial treatment is poor. Safe and effective treatment of most severe malaria cases is delayed or not achieved. Rectal artesunate interrupts disease progression by rapidly reducing parasite density, but should be followed by further antimalarial treatment. We estimated the cost-effectiveness of community-based prereferral artesunate treatment of children suspected to have severe malaria in areas with poor access to formal health care. Methods We assessed the cost-effectiveness (in international dollars) of the intervention from the provider perspective. We studied a cohort of 1000 newborn babies until 5 years of age. The analysis assessed how the cost-effectiveness results changed with low (25%), moderate (50%), high (75%), and full (100%) referral compliance and intervention uptake. Findings At low intervention uptake and referral compliance (25%), the intervention was estimated to avert 19 disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; 95% CI 16–21) and to cost I$1173 (95% CI 1050–1297) per DALY averted. Under the full uptake and compliance scenario (100%), the intervention could avert 967 DALYs (884–1050) at a cost of I$77 (73–81) per DALY averted. Interpretation Prereferral artesunate treatment is a cost-effective, life-saving intervention, which can substantially improve the management of severe childhood malaria in rural African settings in which programmes for community health workers are in place. Funding The Disease Control Priorities Project; Fogarty International Center; US National Institutes of Health; and the Peter Paul Career Development Professorship, Boston University.
Portugal in Africa: A Noneconomic Interpretation

Contemporary critics of Portugal's presence in Africa charge that economic exploitation is the basis of Portuguese colonialism. They often emphasize, to the exclusion of other factors, economic reasons for Portugal's past and present stake in the tropics. These arguments contrast the actual and potential mineral wealth, agricultural produce, and abundant sources of hydroelectric power in Angola and Mozambique with the lack of them in Portugal. The Portuguese goal is often characterized as making the African dominions yield a profit on investments, furnish raw materials, and provide protected markets for metropolitan industries (Hance 1967, p. 23). In a recent issue of Africa Today, Jennifer Davis concluded that “the prospects for profit are exciting. Small wonder that the Portuguese want to keep their colonies now” (1970, p. 6). John Gellner, in a special to the Toronto Globe and Mail (1971), wrote: “Thus the strategic aim of the Portuguese is to hold what is worth holding.…Angola is a very rich country.” African revolutionaries and their sympathizers reiterate these economic explanations of Portuguese behavior in a steady stream of books, pamphlets, and leaflets. Marxist in outlook, the authors couch their analysis of Portugal's colonial motives almost exclusively in economic terms. With the exception of revolutionary leaders such as Amilcar Cabral and Eduardo Mondlane, who identified other reasons for Portugal's retention of African colonies, many of those favorable to African liberation emphasize the economic rationale for Portuguese colonialism. (For representative accounts, see Chaliand 1969, pp. 5-12; Dependency…, pp. 3-6; Davidson 1969, pp. 25-28.)
Analytical techniques for diagnostic functional allocation

The allocation of maintenance system elements to accomplish the diagnostic mission must be optimized to balance performance, size, weight, and cost. The authors discuss techniques used to create a functional dependency model of a subject system and derive an effectiveness and cost model for the diagnostic system. It is concluded that the diagnostic elements of a weapon system may be designed properly through the use of dependency models and adherence to a structured system engineering process. The critical process of functional allocation is the trade-off of diagnostic performance against operational system efficiencies. Models which have been created for this purpose assist the system engineer in the allocation and design processes, document the results for updates and changes, and help to achieve an optimized system design. >
Reading the Lives of the Illiterate: London's Poor

In writing medieval social and cultural history I have studied groups of people who, for the most part, could not read or write: peasants, criminals, children, and women. In this article, I have taken a difficult group of illiterates to read, the poor of medieval London. Even among those people in the Middle Ages who could write, recording personal experiences was extremely rare. Communication in the Middle Ages was largely oral and only when something went wrong and came into courts or when someone had the foresight to have an agreement written down do we have a record of these people. As in my other studies of the Middle Ages I have used a variety of legal records that informed me about those instances when recourse to law was necessary. The scraps of information in court records yield an odd picture of the world. The information is fragmented and people usually appear with no social context, no family history, and no subsequent appearance. Economic, social, and cultural historians confront the problem of establishing narratives, evoking personal experiences, and trying to find broader patterns and trends using the records of manor courts, tax lists, court rolls and books, appeals, notary registers, wills, miracle stories, and a number of other official or unofficial documents. While the textual evidence of the literate is articulate, reading the lives of the illiterate in medieval records is a challenge, but it is one that none of us engaged in archival research is willing to forgo. How do we know about these people, speaking their vernacular and regional languages, whose words are trans lated into official Latin? Their voices are filtered through legal formulas of testi mony, questions by inquisitors, and distortions by those who are recording the information itself. It is the sense of solving mysteries that keeps researchers going back to the archives for tedious, long days. It is the hope of finding some insight into the lived life experience, the material environment or the economy, and peo ple's ways of coping with their society. The methods that a researcher might employ in reading these voluminous rec ords are numerous. In some cases, property disputes in particular, it is possible to follow a case through its various permutations until it either drops from the record or is resolved. Scholars have been very clever in following families through the records, at the royal, regional, and even village level. But some records are repetitious and need a quantitative approach to make sense of them. One peasant does not illustrate a village experience, nor does one criminal describe the under world, nor does one woman who makes a success of business make a class of female entrepreneurs. But sometimes the cases are very full and many voices are present and can be analyzed. I intend to experiment here with a number of dif
Geometrically non‐linear enhanced strain mixed methods and the method of incompatible modes

A class of ‘assumed strain’ mixed finite element methods for fully non-linear problems in solid mechanics is presented which, when restricted to geometrically linear problems, encompasses the classical method of incompatible modes as a particular case. The method relies crucially on a local multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient into a conforming and an enhanced part, formulated in the context of a three-field variational formulation. The resulting class of mixed methods provides a possible extension to the non-linear regime of well-known incompatible mode formulations. In addition, this class of methods includes non-linear generalizations of recently proposed enhanced strain interpolations for axisymmetric problems which cannot be interpreted as incompatible modes elements. The good performance of the proposed methodology is illustrated in a number of simulations including 2-D, 3-D and axisymmetric finite deformation problems in elasticity and elastoplasticity. Remarkably, these methods appear to be specially well suited for problems involving localization of the deformation, as illustrated in several numerical examples.
High-efficiency power amplifier using dynamic power-supply voltage for CDMA applications

Efficiency and linearity of the microwave power amplifier are critical elements for mobile communication systems. This paper discusses improvements in system efficiency that are obtainable when a DC-DC converter is used to convert available battery voltage to an optimal supply voltage for the output RF amplifier. A boost DC-DC converter with an operating frequency of 10 MHz is demonstrated using GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors. Advantages of 10 MHz switching frequency and associated loss mechanisms are described. For modulation formats with a time-varying envelope, such as CDMA, the probability of power usage is described. Gains in power efficiency and battery lifetime are calculated. An envelope detector circuit with a fast feedback loop regulator is discussed. Effects of varying supply voltage with respect to distortion are examined along with methods to increase system linearity.
Use of cover habitat by bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus, and lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, in a laboratory environment.

Lacustrine-adfluvial bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus, migrate from spawning and rearing streams to lacustrine environments as early as age 0. Within lacustrine environments, cover habitat provides refuge from potential predators and is a resource that is competed for if limiting. Competitive interactions between bull trout and other species could result in bull trout being displaced from cover habitat, and bull trout may lack evolutionary adaptations to compete with introduced species, such as lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush. A laboratory experiment was performed to examine habitat use and interactions for cover by juvenile (i.e., <80 mm total length) bull trout and lake trout. Differences were observed between bull trout and lake trout in the proportion of time using cover (F 1,22.6 = 20.08, P < 0.001) and bottom (F 1,23.7 = 37.01, P < 0.001) habitat, with bull trout using cover and bottom habitats more than lake trout. Habitat selection ratios indicated that bull trout avoided water column habitat in the presence of lake trout and that lake trout avoided bottom habitat. Intraspecific and interspecific agonistic interactions were infrequent, but approximately 10 times greater for intraspecific interactions between lake trout. Results from this study provide little evidence that juvenile bull trout and lake trout compete for cover, and that species-specific differences in habitat use and selection likely result in habitat partitioning between these species.
Radiatively driven breakdown of symmetry and softCP violation

We reexamine a model for spontaneousCP violation and particle-antiparticle asymmetry in which two spinor fields are coupled to two scalar fields through Yukawa couplings. The model has a gauge symmetry and a Higgs potential which, in tree approximation, has a minimum when the vacuum expectation values of the two scalar fields are identical in magnitude but differ by a phase. We show that when one-loop contributions to the effective potential are included, a new nonperturbative vacuum state can appear at a new minimum in which even the magnitudes of the vacuum expectation values of the two scalar fields differ. This second nonperturbative vacuum state manifests spontaneousCP violation due to radiative corrections of the effective potential, a result manifestly different from the consequences of using the tree approximation to the effective potential. In both ground states the model develops two different kinds of domains, in which the particle masses are identical, but the coupling constants in the effective Lagrangians differ. Even when such violations do occur, baryonantibaryon number asymmetries still will not develop unless baryon number violation is initially built into the model. We also note that decay rates for unstable particles are different in the two kinds of domains, even though these total decay rates must be identical for particles and antiparticles in any one domain.