cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential expression and transcription factor binding associated with genotype at a pharmacogenetic variant in OPRD1

The functional mechanism is unknown for many genetic variants associated with substance use disorder phenotypes. Rs678849, an intronic variant in the delta-opioid receptor gene (OPRD1), has been fo...
Computing over Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks: Challenges and Opportunities

Space-air-ground integrated networks (SAGINs) have gained significant attention and become a promising architecture for ubiquitous connectivity for SG-Advanced and 6G, enabling the integration of satellite networks, aerial networks, and terrestrial networks. This integration brings tremendous communication benefits, such as non-terrestrial networks, seamless global coverage, high flexibility, and augmented system capacity. Meanwhile, computing capability becomes an indispensable part of the SAGIN ecosystem. In SAGINs, limited and unbalanced computation and communication resources of different network segments make it challenging to provide strict quality-of-service (QoS) guarantees for specific traffic (e.g., delay-sensitive traffic and outage-sensitive traffic). To fully utilize available system resources in SAGINs, cooperative computing among different network segments is a promising technology. This article presents the fundamentals and applications of computing over SAGINs by introducing the system architecture and explaining the potential technical issues related to cooperative computing. Furthermore, the potential for cooperative computing over SAGINs is showcased with a preliminary performance evaluation. Finally, future research opportunities are discussed.
Effects of pulsed light and aerosolized formic acid treatments on inactivation of Salmonella enterica on cherry tomato, reduction of microbial loads, and preservation of fruit quality

Abstract Fresh produce remains the leading cause of foodborne illness outbreaks. Novel nonthermal technologies are needed to reduce the risk of pathogen contamination. The objective of this study was to develop a novel intervention technology exploiting integration of high intensity short time (10 s) pulsed light (PL) and aerosolized formic acid (AFA) for inactivation of Salmonella and maintenance of quality of cherry tomato. Smooth surface of tomatoes, inoculated with a cocktail containing three serotypes of Salmonella enterica, was treated with PL for 10 s followed by 2 min treatment with 1% AFA. Non-inoculated tomatoes were used to study the treatment effects on native microflora and quality. PL delivered significant inactivation at low doses. An optimal 10 s PL treatment equivalent to a dose of 10.5 J/cm2, provided 2.2 log CFU/g reduction while a 2 min exposure in 1% AFA antimicrobial yielded comparatively low, 1.7 log CFU/g reductions of Salmonella on tomato. The combination treatments of PL (10 s) followed by 1% AFA (2 min) provided additive inactivation yielding 4.2 log CFU/g reductions (P ≤ 0.05) of the pathogen. During cold storage (10 °C) the survivor population declined further providing 4.8 log CFU/g reductions on day 21. The combination PL-AFA treatment significantly reduced the native microbiota of tomato and also hindered their growth while in storage for three weeks. Mold and yeast (M&Y) spoilage organism populations declined to below the detection level. Furthermore, the quality factors as firmness and color of tomatoes were not significantly affected by the combination treatments. The treatment boosted the redness appearance of tomatoes indicating favorable consumer acceptability. Overall, our results demonstrate that combination of PL and AFA treatment could potentially be used as a novel approach to enhance microbial safety and quality of tomatoes.
Targeted Feedback in the Milestones Era: Utilization of the Ask-Tell-Ask Feedback Model to Promote Reflection and Self-Assessment.

Background The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education's Milestones Project focuses trainee education on the formation of valued behaviors and skills believed to be necessary for trainees to become independent practitioners. The development and refinement of behaviors and skills outlined within the milestones will require learners to monitor, reflect, and assess their own performance over time. External feedback provides an opportunity for learners to recalibrate their self-assessments, thereby enabling them to develop better self-monitoring and self-assessment skills. Yet, feedback to trainees is frequently generic, such as "great job," "nice work," or "you need to read more." Purpose In this article, we describe a feedback model that faculty can use to provide specific feedback, while increasing accountability for learners. We offer practical examples of its use in a variety of settings in the milestone era. Innovation The Ask-Tell-Ask (ATA) patient communication skills strategy, which was adapted for use as a trainee feedback model 10 years ago at our institution, is a learner-centered approach for reinforcing and modifying behaviors. The model is efficient, promotes learner accountability, and helps trainees develop reflection and self-assessment skills. A feedback agreement further enhances ATA by establishing a shared understanding of goals for the educational encounter. Conclusion The ATA feedback model, combined with a feedback agreement, encourages learners to self-identify strengths and areas for improvement, before receiving feedback. Personal monitoring, reflection, self-assessment, and increased accountability make ATA an ideal learner-centered feedback model for the milestones era, which focuses on performance improvement over time. We believe the introduction of the ATA feedback model in surgical training programs is a step in the right direction towards meaningful programmatic culture change.
On the use of partial orders in uniform spaces

We investigate the use of nets indexed by preorders in uniform spaces. Nine different Cauchy conditions and four different convergence conditions yield 36 completeness properties, each of which turns out to be equivalent to a known form of completeness. We also use these preordered nets to characterize the functors θ, λ, and v, which are associated with these completeness properties. In the case of λ we give an example to show that the analogous characterization with predirected nets does not work.
VAT Fraud & Triangulation

Missing trader intra-community (MTIC) fraud has received a lot of domestic enforcement attention. True cross border enforcement (joint or coordinated multi-Member State audit) has been limited. There are signs that this is changing as the Member States become more aggressive in their search for revenue. Along with this shift in enforcement focus, triangulation analysis has moved from being an interesting aspect of the MTIC fraud structure to the central element in a larger understanding of how a fraudster thinks and how he carries out his fraud. We are coming to understand that triangulations are not only the mechanism of how the fraud is carried out; they are a cloak of invisibility that the fraudster casts upon his fraud to hide it from the authorities. Germany for example, is currently engaged in a multi-billion euro fraud investigation involving the triangulation of consumer goods and CO2 certificates. The Augsburg District Court is overseeing the investigation. The Augsburg investigation is not only uncovering triangulations that “hide the goods,” but it is also uncovering sophisticated payment platforms that “hide the money transfers.” The intent of these structures is to make the fraud fully invisible to the authorities (goods and funds) until after the trader has disappeared. The breadth of the German investigation is breathtaking, but with the Mutual Assistance for the Recovery of Claims (MARC) Directive, in effect as of January 1, 2012, this kind of comprehensive multi-jurisdictional MTIC investigation may be becoming the new norm. If so, triangulations will most certainly be at its core. This paper focuses on the developing law. It explains triangulation, triangulation simplification, and then considers several recent court decisions where fraudsters manipulated the VAT system with triangular trades. The cases illustrate both the enforcement problems with triangular trades, and highlight how the courts’ examination of triangular frauds is leading to significant developments in the VAT law. Three cases are drawn from the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), and three are from national courts.
Reactive Scattering Cross Sections I: General Quantal Theory

Reactive scattering events are those in which the “chemical identity” of at least some of the particles changes. Included in this would be chemical exchange reactions, dissociation, ionization, and charge transfer, or a combination of these. Since the “chemical identity” of the species in a scattering process is a persistent asymptotic property, the theory of such processes must include all relevant asymptotic states which may occur or be measured. Being chemists, on the other hand, we may not want to include, even in the theory at first, such often unnecessary complications as exchange of core electrons, electronic excitations in adiabatic chemical reactions, etc. Thus we will want theories which deal effectively with those (and only those) changes of “chemical identity” which are likely to occur for collision energies and reactants of interest.
Thermoregulatory responses of unanesthetized rats exposed to gravitational fields of 1 to 4g.

Rats exposed to 2 g environments (achieved by centrifugation) exhibit a decreased ability to maintain colonic temperature (T co ) when challenged with a 1 hr drop in ambient temperature (T a ). As an extension of this work the present study considers whether the altered ability to maintain T co is proportional to the magnitude of the acceleration field in the range from 1 g- 4 g , and whether the magnitude of the decreased thermoregulatory ability is related to the onset time of the temperature drop relative to that of the acceleration. Male, Sprague-Dawley rats were instrumented on the experimental day with thermistors for measuring T co . The unanesthetized rat was then placed in a plexiglas chamber, positioned on a centrifuge 1.37 m in radius, and exposed to 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, or 4 g for 5–7 hrs. The exposure to reduced temperature (T a = approximately 7°C) for 1 hr began 3 hrs after initiation of centrifugation. These experiments indicated that the magnitude of the cold-induced drop in T co was linearly related to the acceleration field. The effect of a specific stressor (cold) on the thermoregulatory system is therefore a direct function of the gravitational field.
Market structure, market rules and market behavior in a competitive electricity industry

The electric power industry around the world has been undergoing a massive restructuring from an industry dominated by vertically integrated, regulated monopolies to a competitive structure. While there are wide variations in the specific market structures adopted or contemplated by different countries and jurisdictions, a common denominator underlying most of the restructuring plans involves separation of the generation, transmission and distribution sectors where generation is competitive and various restructuring paradigms are in the organization of the transmission sector in terms of commercial and operational structure.
Health and Healing from the Medieval Garden

PETER DENDLE AND ALAIN TOUWAIDE (Eds.) Woodbridge, The Boydell Press, 2008 xiii + 256 pp., ISBN: 978-1-84383-363-5, £50.00/$95.00 From the perspective of the present reviewer—who is both a medieval...
Nonlinear deterministic relationships in bayesian networks

In a Bayesian network with continuous variables containing a variable(s) that is a conditionally deterministic function of its continuous parents, the joint density function does not exist. Conditional linear Gaussian distributions can handle such cases when the deterministic function is linear and the continuous variables have a multi-variate normal distribution. In this paper, operations required for performing inference with nonlinear conditionally deterministic variables are developed. We perform inference in networks with nonlinear deterministic variables and non-Gaussian continuous variables by using piecewise linear approximations to nonlinear functions and modeling probability distributions with mixtures of truncated exponentials (MTE) potentials.
Facile macrocyclizations to beta-turn mimics with diverse structural, physical, and conformational properties.

On-resin S(N)Ar reactions were performed to prepare the macrocyclic beta-turn mimics 1a-n (Scheme 1 and Table 1). These reactions occurred more efficiently than completely analogous macrocyclization reactions that do not involve an iodinated aromatic electrophile. The synthesis was also modified to allow introduction of an alkyne via a solid-phase Sonogashira reaction (giving compound 2, Scheme 2) and an aryne via a solid-phase Suzuki reaction (giving compound 3, Scheme 2). Conformational analyses of three illustrative compounds, i.e., 1i, 2, and 3, were performed using a combination of NMR, circular dichroism, and computer-aided molecular simulation methods. Overall, the preferred conformations of all three molecules tended to be type-I-like beta-turns, but for compound 3 interaction of the electron cloud of the aryl substituent with the oxygen lone pairs seems to cause differences in the preferred orientation of the turn frameworks. This study illustrates how iodinated electrophiles can be used in solid-phase S(N)Ar reactions to increase the molecular and conformational diversity in a library.
Mixed mode fracture of marble/adhesive interfaces

This paper presents the results of a combined experimental and theoretical study of the fracture of marble/adhesive interfaces that are relevant to the historic preservation and the conservation of marble artifacts. Thermoplastic and thermosetting adhesives are considered in this study as well as combinations of the two applied in sequence. The mode mixity dependence of interfacial fracture toughness is measured using Brazil-nut specimens. This dependence is also explained using a crack-shielding model that accounts for the crack profiles and the contact between mating asperities.
A Stone or a Sculpture? It Is All in Your Perception.

Workplace mathematics, a subgroup of research on everyday mathematics and ethnomathematics documents the mathematical activities of both adults and children outside school settings. In this paper, I document the mental mathematical activities of a group of bus conductors in Chennai, India. I draw into the research areas of mental computation and everyday mathematics to report on bus conductors’ use of mental mathematics at work and highlight the role of context and context related parameters in their mental mathematical activities.
IUE and optical data during the low state of H0538+608 (BY Camelopardalis)

IUE short- and long-wavelength spectra, CCD differential BR photometry, and a portion of a J light curve were obtained during January-March 1989 when H0538 + 608 (BY Cam) was in a low state about 3 magnitudes below its normal high-state V magnitude. The IUE short-wavelength spectrum showed that all the strong emission lines apparent at the high state had disappeared while the continuum flux had decreased by about a factor of 3. The B and R data show large (0.8 and 1.5 mag) spikelike increases in light near phase 0.75, while the B light curve shows a slow modulation with peak intensity near phase 0.3. The implications are that both poles are still producing some emission, although the accretion onto the main pole is much reduced from the high-state value. In comparison to the low state of AM Her, the UV and IR fluxes would be consistent with viewing a hot white dwarf and a late-main-sequence secondary at a distance of several hundred pc.
C-SWAT

The temptation to include model parameters and high resolution input data together with the availability of powerful optimization and uncertainty analysis algorithms has significantly enhanced the complexity of hydrologic and water quality modeling. However, the ability to take advantage of sophisticated models is hindered in those models that need a large number of input files, such as the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The process of reading large amount of input files containing spatial and computational units used in SWAT is cumbersome and time-consuming. In this study, the Consolidated SWAT (C-SWAT) was developed to consolidate 13 groups of SWAT input files from subbasin and Hydrologic Response Unit (HRU) levels into a single file for each category. The utility of the consolidated inputs of model is exhibited for auto-calibration of the Little Washita River Basin (611km2). The results of this study show that the runtime of the SWAT model could be reduced considerably with consolidating input files. The advantage of the proposed method was further promoted with application of the optimization method using a parallel computing technique. The concept is transferrable to other models that store input data in hundreds or thousands of files. The majority of SWAT input files are consolidated into 13 integrated files in C-SWAT.Parallelized Shuffled Complex Evolution algorithm is incorporated with C-SWAT.Significant improvement in computational speed is achieved using C-SWAT.C-SWAT is beneficial to large scale studies with potentially great number of data.
Dynamic adaptation of CSMA/CA MAC protocol for wide area wireless mesh networks

Though the popular IEEE 802.11 DCF is designed primarily for Wireless LAN (WLAN) environments, today it is being widely used for wide area wireless mesh networking. The protocol parameters of IEEE 802.11 such as timeout values, interframe spaces, and slot durations, sufficient for a general WLAN environment, need to be modified in order to efficiently operate in wide area wireless mesh networks. The current wide area wireless mesh network deployments use manual configuration of these parameters to the upper limit which essentially makes the networks operate at lower system efficiency. In this paper, we propose d802.11 (dynamic 802.11) which dynamically adapts the protocol parameters in order to operate at varying link distances. In fact, in 802.11, a transmitter can face ACK/CTS timeout even when it started receiving ACK/CTS packet before the timeout value. We present three strategies, (i) multiplicative timer backoff (MTB), (ii) additive timer backoff (ATB), and (iii) link RTT memoization (LRM), to adapt the ACK_TIMEOUT in d802.11 in order to provide better adaptation for varying link dimensions. Through extensive simulation experiments we observed significant performance improvement for the proposed strategies. We also theoretically modeled the maximum link throughput as a function of the link dimension for the proposed system. Our results show that the LRM technique provides the best adaptation compared to all other schemes.
A Double Holliday Junction Dissolvasome Comprising BLM, Topoisomerase IIIα, and BLAP75 *

Bloom syndrome (BS), an autosomal recessive disorder, is marked by a high incidence of cancer early in life. Cells derived from BS patients are unstable genetically and exhibit frequent sister chromatid exchanges, reflective of homologous recombination (HR) deregulation. BLM, the RecQ-like helicase mutated in BS, is found in several cellular protein complexes, all of which contain topoisomerase IIIα (Topo IIIα) and a novel protein BLAP75. Here, using highly purified human proteins, we show that BLAP75 associates independently with both Topo IIIα and BLM. Even though BLM and Topo IIIα can dissolve the double Holliday junction (DHJ) to yield non-crossover recombinants (1), under physiological conditions, DHJ dissolution becomes completely dependent on BLAP75. The effect of BLAP75 on BLM-Topo IIIα is highly specific, as it is not seen with the combination of Topo IIIα and Escherichia coli RecQ helicase or another human RecQ-like helicase WRN. Thus, BLM, Topo IIIα, and BLAP75 constitute a dissolvasome complex that processes HR intermediates to limit DNA crossover formation. This function of the BLM-Topo IIIα-BLAP75 dissolvasome is likely indispensable for genome maintenance and cancer avoidance.
Effect of circulating blasts at time of complete remission on subsequent relapse-free survival time in newly diagnosed AML

Standardized criteria for complete remission (CR) in acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) require the absence of peripheral blood blasts (PBBs). However, MD Anderson (MDA) criteria for CR (CR-MDA), although including the other requirements for CR, have not included the PBB count. We exploit this difference to assess the effect of PBBs at the time of CR-MDA on relapse-free survival (RFS) time. Eighty percent of the 533 patients with newly diagnosed AML or refractory anemia with excess of blasts (RAEB) entering CR-MDA from 1995 to 2000 had no PBBs at time of CR-MDA. Ninety-three percent of the remaining patients, who thus had CR-MDA but not standard CR, had 1% to 5% PBBs at this time. Multivariate analyses, using both conventional and Bayesian approaches, indicated that PBBs had no effect on RFS. For all patients and for the subgroups given and not given granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), the 95% credible interval for the relative risk of failure in the PBB group was nearly centered at 1.0. Thus, our data do not support use of PBBs in defining CR in newly diagnosed AML.
Alternate Pathways of Glycerol Oxidation in Acetobacter suboxydans

A PREVIOUS publication from this laboratory1 has reported in detail the rapid oxidation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by resting whole cells of A. suboxydans 621, at pH 6.0. This conversion proceeds more slowly beyond the dihydroxyacetone stage. In cell-free extracts with triphenyltetrazolium chloride as the electron acceptor, glycerol is oxidized at a rate comparable to the oxidation of dihydroxyacetone, with the pH optimum about 8.5. This contrasting behaviour has been found to be due to the presence of two major oxidative routes for glycerol oxidation, one phosphorylative, the other independent of phosphate, as shown in Table 1. With cell-free extracts at pH 8.5, adenosine triphosphate is obligatory (in kinase systems) not only for the oxidation of glycerol but also for dihydroxyacetone, glucose, ribose or erythritol.
Improvement in Radiology Education: Joint Efforts of the American Board of Radiology and the Diagnostic Radiology Residency Review Committee

The ABR and the Radiology Residency Review Committee have focused their joint efforts in the past three years to improve radiology education. The new structure and timing of the ABR certifying exams and proposed new training program requirement to support them exemplity the efforts to ensure that training relevant to the imaging needs of an increasingly subspecialized medical environment.
Konfiguration der bei Cyclisierung von 6-Nitro-D-glucose und -L-idose gebildeten Desoxynitroinosite und ihre Isomerisierungen mit Alkali

Die Cyclisierung der 6-Desoxy-6-nitro-Derivate von D-Glucose und L-Idose mit Bariumhydroxyd ergibt ein Gemisch von drei Desoxynitroinositen im ungefahren Verhaltnis 3:1:2, die scyllo- („Nitrodesoxyinositol III”1), muco-3-(„Nitrodesoxyinositol II”1) und myo-1-Konfiguration besitzen. „Nitrodesoxyinositol I”1) ist ein Gemisch des scyllo- und myo-1-Isomeren. Die Zuordnung der Konfigurationen ergab sich Vergleich der durch Hydrierung erhaltenen Inosamine mit solchen bekannter Struktur und Verhaltnis von axialen und aquatorialen Substituenten im Cyclohexanring, ermittelt aus Kernresonanzspektren. Penta-O-mesyl-N-acetyl-scyllo-inosamin lies sich durch Behandeln mit Natriumacetat in 2-Methoxy-athanol, wobei zwei Mesylgruppen unter Waldenscher Umkehr abgespalten werden, in epi-Inosamin-(3)-Derivate uberfuhren.
Medical complications after subarachnoid hemorrhage: new strategies for prevention and management.

Purpose of reviewTo summarize new concepts regarding the occurrence, prevention, and management of medical complications following subarachnoid hemorrhage.Recent findingsData regarding the impact of common medical complications after subarachnoid hemorrhage on delayed cerebral ischemia and neurologi
THE ROLE OF THE COLON IN MAINTAINING SODIUM HOMEOSTASIS IN YOUNG CHILDREN

There are few data in children on the homeostatic responses of the colon to Na depletion. We have studied 8 ileostomy patients (median age 160d, range 45-1030, median weight 3.57 kg, range 3-11.5), before and after the ileostomy closure, using non-equilibrium rectal dialysis and 24hr Na balances. Rectal Na absorption and K secretion (nmol/min/cm2) were significantly higher in the children with a negative or low positive Na balance (n=7, median Na balance +0.05 mmol/kg/24hr; median Na absorption 238; median K secretion 89) compared with those with a large positive sodium balance (n=6, median Na balance +2.42 mmol/kg/24hr, p<0.05; median. Na absorption 138, p<0.05; median K secretion 42, p<0.05). Whilst median rectal Na absorption and K secretion before and after closure of the ileostomy were-similar and not different from controls, Cl absorption (nmol/min/cm2) was significantly lower before (median 139, range 65-231) than after (median 175, range 134-259, p<0.05). These data indicate that rectal, and presumably colonic, electrolyte transport is enhanced in children with a negative or low Na balance, and that Cl but not Na absorption is depressed by the temporary diversion of ileal effluent.
Comparison of film, direct digital, and tuned-aperture computed tomography images to identify the location of crestal defects around endosseous titanium implants.

This study compared diagnostic performance obtained from two-dimensional and three-dimensional x-ray images. The latter were produced with a new tomosynthetic method based on aperture theory called tuned-aperture computed tomography. Seven human cadaver mandibular segments containing a total of 20 endosseous implants with a small randomly positioned alveolar crestal defect at each implant site were imated in two dimensions with periapicai film and with a charge-coupled digital detector, and digitally with the same detector in three dimensions with tuned-aperture computed tomography and subtracted tuned-aperture computed tomography techniques. Seven trained dentists viewed randomized displays of all modalities. Outcomes of the diagnostic task of identifying the locations of crestal defects were quantified with accuracy, confidence, and time performance measures. Analyses of variance demonstrated that differences between either three-dimensional technique and either two-dimensional modality were significant for all measures ( p
Manganese cycling in northeast Pacific waters

Particles trapped at depths of 35, 65, 150, 500, 750 and 1500 m in nearshore Californica waters were analyzed for their associated Mn, Al and C content. Although the concentrations of A1 and Mn indicated that the trapped particulates were primarily alumino-silicates, an additional fraction of originally weakly sorbed Mn (5–30%) was found dissolved in the sediment trap salt solutions. The latter Mn was significantly correlated with the trapped particulate organic C and suggests that passively sinking organic detritus is responsible for the removal of dissolved Mn from the water column. The fluxes resulting from this process are on the order of 35 μg Mn/cm2 kyr in the mid-water column and thus represent an improtant factor in marine Mn balance schemes. Amounts of dissolved Mn in the surface waters of the study area always exceeded those in the mid-water column in spite of surface Mn removal at a rate of 1200 μg/cm2 kyr. The only Mn source large enough to balance this removal would appear to be continental weathering, either dissolved riverine Mn or Mn released via the weathering of particulate riverine Mn after its introductive into the marine environment. Residence times based on actual flux and water column measurements were 1.8 years for surface waters and 31 years for the upper 1500 m of the water column.
Contrast and radiation damage in point-projection electron imaging of purple membrane at 100 V

Abstract Experimental transmission point-projection images of edge regions of uncoated, unstained purple membrane (PM) protein have been obtained at a beam energy of 100 V. We find that very high electron doses may be tolerated at this electron energy without structural change at the 2 nm level, that the membrane (thickness about 5.0 nm) is transparent above 1 kV and opaque at 100 V, and that is shows no charging effects below about 200 V. Image interpretation and damage mechanisms are reviewed.
An implicit finite element method for simulating inhomogeneous deformation and shear bands of amorphous alloys based on the free-volume model

Inhomogeneous deformation of amorphous alloys is caused by the initiation, multiplication and interaction of shear bands (i.e. narrow bands with large plastic deformation). Based on the free-volume model under the generalized multiaxial stress state, this work develops a finite element scheme to model the individual processes of shear bands that contribute to the macroscopic plasticity behaviour. In this model, the stress-driven increase in the free volume reduces the viscosity and thus leads to the strain localization in the shear band. Using the small-strain and rate-dependent plasticity framework, the plastic strain is assumed to be proportional to the deviatoric stress, and the flow stress is a function of the free volume, while the temporal change in the free volume is also coupled with the stress state. Nonlinear equations from the incremental finite element formulation are solved by the Newton–Raphson method, in which the corresponding material tangent is obtained by simultaneously and implicitly integrating the plastic flow equation and the evolution equation of the free-volume field. This micromechanical model allows us to study the interaction between individual shear bands and between the shear bands and the background stress fields. To illustrate its capabilities, the method is used to solve representative boundary value problems.
On the use of fuzzy sets in histogram equalization

Abstract The main objective of image enhancement is to generate a new image such that the new image is more suitable for an application than the original image. One of the methods for image enhancement is histogram equalization. In this paper, an algorithm for histogram equalization is presented, based on probability. Then a new algorithm based on fuzzy sets is presented. The new method, denoted by fuzzy histogram equalization (FHE), generates images which are sharper than the images produced by the classical approach of histogram equalization.
Safeguarding the atom: the nuclear enthusiasm of Muriel Howorth

There was more than one response to the nuclear age. Countering well-documented attitudes of protest and pessimism, Muriel Howorth (1886–1971) models a less examined strain of atomic enthusiasm in British nuclear culture. Believing that the same power within the atomic bomb could be harnessed to make the world a ‘smiling garden of Eden’, she utilized traditionally feminine domains of kitchen and garden in her efforts to educate the public about the potential of the atom and to ‘safeguard’ it on their behalf. Boldly entering an overtly masculine arena in which, as a woman and a layperson, she was doubly an ‘other’, Howorth used a variety of publications, organizations and staged events to interpret atomic science and specifically to address women. Her efforts, dating roughly from 1948 to 1962, preceded but had broad overlaps with official Atoms for Peace programmes, and culminated in the formation of the Atomic Gardening Society in 1960 to promote the cultivation of gamma-irradiated seeds by British gardeners.
Moments of the reduced hydrogenic green's function

Abstract Power moments for the hydrogenic one-particle Green's function which is reduced with respect to a 1s-type orbital are derived. Extension to more complicated orbitals is discussed.
Experimental investigation of miscible and immiscible water-alternating-gas (WAG) process performance

Abstract Gas injection is the second largest enhanced oil recovery process, next only to thermal processes used in heavy oil fields. To increase the extent of the reservoir contacted by the injected gas, the gas is generally injected intermittently with water. This mode of injection, called water-alternating-gas (WAG), is being widely practiced in the oil fields. This experimental study is aimed at evaluating the performance of the WAG process as a function of gas–oil miscibility and brine composition. This performance evaluation has been carried out by comparing oil recoveries from WAG injection with those from continuous gas injection (CGI). Miscible floods were conducted at 17.24 MPa (2500 psi) and immiscible floods at 3.45 MPa (500 psi) using rock–fluids systems consisting of Berea cores, n-Decane and two different brines, namely the commonly used 5% NaCl solution and another being the multi-component reservoir brine from the Yates field in West Texas. The coreflood protocol consisted of a series of steps including brine saturation, absolute permeability determination, flooding with oil (drainage) to initial oil saturation, end-point oil permeability determination, flooding with brine (imbibition) to residual oil saturation, end-point water permeability determination, and finally, tertiary gas injection (in both continuous injection and WAG modes) to recover the waterflood residual oil. When oil recovery per unit volume of gas injection was used as a parameter to evaluate the floods, the WAG mode of injection out-performed the CGI. As expected the miscible floods were found to out-perform the immiscible floods. At increased volumes of gas injection, the performance of miscible CGI flood, in spite of the high injection pressure, approached that of the low-pressure immiscible floods. A change in brine composition from 5% NaCl to 0.926% multivalent brine from Yates reservoir showed a slight adverse effect on tertiary gas flood recovery due to increased solubility of CO2 in the latter. The results of this study suggest that the optimum mode of gas injection is a combination process between CGI and WAG modes of gas injection.
Hemodynamic actions of systemically injected pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-27 in the rat

The aims of this study were (1) to characterize the hemodynamic mechanisms underlying the hypotensive effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-27 (PACAP-27 0.1-2.0 nmol/kg, i.v.) in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats, and (2) to determine the roles of the autonomic nervous system, adrenal catecholamines and endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) in the expression of PACAP-27-mediated effects on hemodynamic function. PACAP-27 produced dose-dependent decreases in mean arterial blood pressure and hindquarter and mesenteric vascular resistances in saline-treated rats. PACAP-27 also produced pronounced falls in mean arterial blood pressure in rats treated with the ganglion blocker, chlorisondamine (5 mg/kg, i.v.). The hypotensive and vasodilator actions of PACAP-27 were not attenuated by the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, propranolol (1 mg/kg, i.v.), or the NO synthase inhibitor, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME 50 micromol/kg, i.v.). PACAP-27 produced dose-dependent increases in heart rate whereas the hypotensive response produced by the nitrovasodilator, sodium nitroprusside (10 microg/kg, i.v.), was associated with a minimal tachycardia. The PACAP-27-induced tachycardia was unaffected by chlorisondamine, but was virtually abolished by propranolol. These results suggest that the vasodilator effects of PACAP-27 are due to actions in the microcirculation rather than to the release of adrenal catecholamines and that this vasodilation may not involve the release of endothelium-derived NO. These results also suggest that PACAP-27 produces tachycardia by directly releasing norepinephrine from cardiac sympathetic nerve terminals rather than by direct or baroreceptor reflex-mediated increases in sympathetic nerve activity.
Use of Intravenous Lipids in Very Low-birthweight Infants

Lipids are essential components of parenteral nutrition for preterm infants to provide essential fatty acids and to meet high energy needs. However, there is concern about increased risks of sepsis, displacement of bilirubin from albumin, and pulmonary complications when parenteral lipids are provided to sick preterm infants early in postnatal life. Slow administration of intravenous lipid emulsions, with stepwise increases, appears to be well-tolerated in most preterm infants. High doses probably should be avoided in infants who have severe acute respiratory failure with or without pulmonary hypertension.
MASSES FROM AN INHOMOGENEOUS PARTIAL DIFFERENCE EQUATION WITH HIGHER-ORDER ISOSPIN CONTRIBUTIONS*

In the present work, a mass equation obtained as the solution of an inhomogeneous partial difference equation is used to predict masses of unknown neutron-rich and proton-rich nuclei. The inhomogeneous source terms contain shell-dependent symmetry energy expressions (quadratic in isospin), and include, as well, an independently derived shell-model Coulomb energy equation which describes all known Coulomb displacement energies with a standarad deviation of sigma/sub c/ = 41 keV. Perturbations of higher order in isospin, previously recognized as a cause of systematic effects in long-range mass extrapolations, are also incorporated. The most general solutions of the inhomogeneous difference equation have been deduced from a chi/sup 2/-minimization procedure based on the recent atomic mass adjustment of Wapstra, Audi, and Hoekstra. Subjecting the solutions further to the condition of charge symmetry preserves the accuracy of Coulomb energies and allows mass predictions for nuclei with both Ngreater than or equal toZ and Z>N. The solutions correspond to a mass equation with 470 parameters. Using this equation, 4385 mass values have been calculated for nuclei with Agreater than or equal to16 (except N = Z = odd for A<40), with a standard deviation of sigma/sub m/ = 194 keV from the experimental masses. copyright 1988more » Academic Press, Inc.« less
The design of a low energy FPGA

This work presents the design of an energy efficient FPGA architecture. Significant reduction in the energy consumption is achieved by tackling both circuit design and architecture optimization issues concurrently. A hybrid interconnect structure incorporating nearest neighbor connections, symmetric mesh architecture, and hierarchical connectivity is used. The energy of the interconnect is also reduced by employing low-swing circuit techniques. These techniques have been employed to design and fabricate an FPGA. Preliminary analysis show energy improvement of more than an order of magnitude when compared to existing commercial architectures.
The kinetics and mechanism of the thermal reaction between iron pentacarbonyl and iodine in n-hexane

Abstract The mechanism of the thermal oxidative elimination reaction between iron pentacarbonyl and iodine in n-hexane to afford cis-Fe(CO)4I2 is inferred to involve the successive formation of 1 1 and 1 2 “adducts” of iron pentacarbonyl and iodine; each adduct ultimately yields the observed product through loss of carbon monoxide. A common mechanism can encompass the observed kinetic behavior for both octahedral and trigonal bipyramidal metal carbonyl substrates.
Learning Trajectory Based Instruction Toward a Theory of Teaching

In this article, we propose a theoretical connection between research on learning and research on teaching through recent research on students’ learning trajectories (LTs). We define learning trajectory based instruction (LTBI) as teaching that uses students’ LTs as the basis for instructional decisions. We use mathematics as the context for our argument, first examining current research on LTs and then examining emerging research on how mathematics teachers use LTs to support their teaching. We consider how LTs provide specificity to four highly used frameworks for examining mathematics teaching, namely mathematical knowledge for teaching, task analysis, discourse facilitation practices, and formative assessment. We contend that by unifying various teaching frameworks around the science of LTs, LTBI begins to define a theory of teaching organized around and grounded in research on student learning. Thus, moving from the accumulation of various frameworks into a reorganization of the frameworks, LTBI prov...
Session Discussion: Can Land Use Economists Help Planners?*

T his session's authors do a wonderful job of providing empirical evidence on the population and employment growth patterns currently reshaping the American landscape. Traditional land use patterns are being replaced by new alternatives in many areas and reverting to old patterns in other places. Suburbs and rural communities are being inundated with lowto medium-density residential development, often considered sprawl by longer term residents. Many American cities are de-densifying, with populations dropping while land coverage increases. On the other hand, a few cities are experiencing rebirth and increased density as inner-cities redevelop with luxury high rises and mixed-use communities. Since these trends will drive infrastructure spending decisions, understanding and predicting them is important. The difficulty in predicting and explaining these trends lies in their genesis: millions of people making individual decisions on where to live, work, send their kids to school, etc. Because of the multiplicity of factors inherent in our decisions about lifestyle choices, explaining such decisions with statistical precision is an incredibly difficult task. However, attempts must be made because government officials need guidance in allocating budgets for new roads, schools, water treatment plants, and all the other capital investments that support our modern lifestyle. Incorrect growth forecasts mean billions (or trillions) of tax dollars wasted. The dollar amounts at stake are phenomenal; in 2000, road expenditures alone totaled $127 billion nationwide (U.S. Department of Transportation). Thus, this area of research is of the highest importance. The paper by Partridge et al. looks at where jobs are being created and finds that employment growth in locations near an urban center exceeds that in areas farther away, but the effect is not overwhelming. Further, they find that natural
Reports on long-distance sexual compatibility in Agaricales

Several patterns of long-distance in vitro sexual compatibility are demonstrated for Agaricales: 1) pan-Caribbean distributions of Favolus tenuiculus and Dictyopanus pusillus; 2) overland North American distribution of Phyllotopsis nidulans; 3) Gondwana-land distribution of Conchomyces bursaeformis; and 4) trans-Atlantic boreal forest distribution of Marasmius epiphyllus and Mycena rosella. Distribution and systematics of Pleurotopsis longinqua are discussed.
R68-48 A Multiprogramming Monitor for Small Machines

This paper describes a monitor system for a small display computer, attached as a satellite to the Berkeley SDS-940 time-sharing system. It describes some modifications made to the interrupthandling hardware of the small machine, a DEC PDP-8. It also gives details of a set of calls to the monitor, which allow multiprogramming of tasks in the satellite.
Impact of Manager Certification on Food Safety Knowledge and Restaurant Health Inspection Scores in Tippecanoe County, Indiana

With many states implementing mandatory certification of food service managers in an effort to improve food safety, it is important to determine the exact impact certification has on food safety. In preparation for a nationwide study, a survey instrument was developed and piloted on Indiana food service managers. The purpose of the survey was to determine relationships between manager certification in safe food handling, knowledge, and health inspection scores. This study was different from previous studies in that it surveyed the manager on duty at the time of the inspection. While there were several parts of the survey that will be modified before the nationwide study, the pilot did reveal several interesting correlations. Perhaps the most interesting was that while certified food managers demonstrated a greater knowledge on the food safety questions, they did not earn better health inspection scores.
Trace element contents of primitive meteorites; A test of solar system abundance smoothness

Elemental abundances from Cl carbonaceous chondrite meteorites are thought to represent the average solar system (“cosmic”) composition, based on the agreement between Cl and solar photospheric abundances and on the smoothness of heavy element abundances of odd mass nuclei when plotted as a function of mass number. To test Cl elemental smoothness, we have analyzed Cl meteorites, using conventional PIXE (proton probe) techniques, where we have good sensitivity for the range of elements: Ni to Mo. Preliminary analyses indicate that elemental smoothness is only approximate, with possible deviations of 30% to perhaps even 50%. This may be due to chemical fractionation. Alternatively, explanations for nonsmooth behavior may be understandable with the aid of general ideas of n-capture nucleosynthesis. As Cl abundances are refined, it could be that the lack of elemental smoothness may provide the strongest argument for the identification of Cl with primordial solar system abundances.
Some Reflections on Archeological Interpretation

AMONG our conventional academic divisions, archeology is most closely allied to two disciplines in particular: history, which is the study of events in sequence; and ethnology, which is, in part, the reconstruction of events by the analyses of trait d'istributions. Both history and ethnology seek to trace the course of man's cultural development and to uncover the dynamic forces involved in his cultural growth. In its first relationship archeology is a technique of historical research. This is true both in the New World, where we have imperfect documehtation beginning only at the time of the Discovery, and in the Old World, where known recorded history once began in Classical times and where further written sources leading back to the late Fourth Millennium, as well as a: great body of prehistoric data, have been uncovered by archeologists. In its second aspect archeology is a technique of ethnology. As such it is a study of the cultures of peoples and is an attempt to get at the history of various groups by an analysis of geographical and temporal differences and changes in their cultures. Archeology, then, helps give a time depth to the ethnological study of those peoples for whom we have insufficient historical records, increases the documentation and ethnographic understanding of those groups for whom we do have records, and, within its restricted limits, gives an ethnological or cross-cultural view of culture and civilization at any given period. In principle the interpretations of both archeologists and ethnologists are similar and rest upon the same foundations. Excavation reports, for example, serve two functions. On the one hand they build up, insofar as possible, ethnographic reconstructions of the ways of life of given peoples at given times. On the other, by comparative studies they demonstrate and trace resemblances and differences between specific peoples and contemporaneous, antecedent, and subsequent groups. They also establish time relationships, trade routes, diffusion patterns, and other geographic connections. Thus archeologists operate both on an ethnographic level and also on a cross-cultural, ethnological level to which time differences have been added.' The evaluation of relationships poses identical questions to both the archeologist and the ethnologist. Does a specific set of similarities denote the all too familiar process of culture borrowing, and if so, is it the borrowing by both groups of people from outside sources or by one from the other? Are the cultures of the two groups essentially the same but modified slightly by differing conditions or pressures? Do the cultures of both groups represent thetculture of an ancestral stock which has split in earlier times and continued to develop independently? Or can completely independent origin and develop-