cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extensive contribution of Rb‐deficient cells to adult chimeric mice with limited histopathological consequences.

Homozygosity for a mutation in the Rb tumor suppressor gene causes mid-gestation embryonic lethality in the mouse. Using a two-step targeting protocol, we have constructed Rb homozygous mutant mouse embryonic stem cells and used them to create chimeric animals partially composed of Rb-deficient cells. Analysis of these chimeras demonstrates widespread contribution of the mutant cells to adult tissues, including the retina and mature erythrocytes. Despite the presence of large numbers of Rb-deficient cells in most tissues of these mice, they are remarkably normal but do exhibit certain histological defects including cataracts, hyperplasia of the adrenal medulla, and enlarged cells in the cerebellum and the liver. Like animals heterozygous for the Rb mutation, the chimeras develop tumors of the intermediate lobe of the pituitary, and the rate of pituitary tumorigenesis is greatly accelerated.
Properties and metabolism of 2-alkylalkanoates. III: Absorption of methyl and ethyl 2-methylpalmitate

The recovery from rat and rabbit tissues of fed methyl-14C and ethyl-2-14C 2-methylpalmitate with unaltered specific activity has demonstrated the existence of mechanisms for the absorption and deposition of both methyl and ethyl esters of fatty acids, at least for 2-methylpalmitate. In thoracic duct-cannulated rats, approximately 9% of the fed compounds was recovered from the lymph during the first 24 hr, the rate of recovery reaching a maximum between 6 and 8 hr. In the rabbit, the fed, unaltrred esters in plasma were transported principally by means of the low density lipoproteins. Only trace amounts of the unaltered esters were subsequently detected in the blood and tissue lipids after feeding, however, even during the period of maximal absorption; moreover, in contrast to at least one report by others, further analyses for methyl or ethyl esters of other fatty acids has shown that such esters of short-chain alrohols constitute no more than a trace amount (0.004-1.03%) of the lipids extracted from a wide variety of mammalian tissues. The possibility remains that even these trace amounts of esters arose as artifacts of autolysis, extraction, or assay.
Antiviral treatment and other therapeutic interventions for herpes simplex virus epithelial keratitis

Background Eye disease due to herpes simplex virus (HSV) commonly presents as epithelial keratitis which, though usually self-limiting, may persist or progress without treatment.
Software design sketching with calico

Despite the availability of a host of software design notations and associated tools, software developers are known to frequently turn to the whiteboard when faced with a specific design problem. There, they typically engage in an informal form of software design that relies heavily on sketching. However, whereas whiteboards afford flexibility and fluidity, they at the same time limit a designer in only being able to draw and erase content. This paper presents Calico, a novel software design tool that leverages electronic whiteboards to enhance the design experience with explicit support for the creative, exploratory aspects of design. Specifically, Calico offers a grid, scraps, and a palette together with gesture-based input to address several natural behaviors exhibited by software designers, including frequent shifts in focus, use of low-detail models, and use of a mix of notations. To evaluate Calico, we performed a laboratory experiment involving eight pairs of graduate students and collected and analyzed six corporate design sessions that employed Calico. Results are promising and indicate the benefits of Calico, while they at the same time highlight several ways in which it can be enhanced.
Techniques of columellar and alar nasal reconstruction

Nasal defects of the columella and alar subunits are among the most challenging facial defects to reconstruct. The distinctive contours and discrete borders as well as the free margin of the nostrils contribute to the difficulty in executing these reconstructions. We present the reader with an up-to-date review of the philosophy behind treating defects in these nasal subunits. We also provide some detailed examples of techniques that can be used to achieve successful reconstruction of defects in these challenging locations.
Gating the pore of P2X receptor channels

Three families of ligand-activated ion channels mediate synaptic communication between excitable cells in mammals. For pentameric channels related to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and tetrameric channels such as glutamate receptors, the pore-forming and gate regions have been studied extensively. In contrast, little is known about the structure of trimeric P2X receptor channels, a family of channels that are activated by ATP and are important in neuronal signaling, pain transmission and inflammation. To identify the pore-forming and gate regions in P2X receptor channels, we introduced cysteine residues throughout the two transmembrane (TM) segments and studied their accessibility to thiol-reactive compounds and ions. Our results show that TM2 lines the central ion-conduction pore, TM1 is positioned peripheral to TM2 and the flow of ions is minimized in the closed state by a gate formed by the external region of TM2.
Preclinical trial of L-arginine monotherapy alone or with N-acetylcysteine in septic shock.

Objective:l-arginine supplementation in sepsis is controversial. Septic shock has been alternatively viewed as an l-arginine-deficient state or as a syndrome caused by excess nitric oxide, an end-product of l-arginine metabolism.Design:Randomized, placebo-controlled, and double-blinded (investigator
Emitter subset selection for passive multistatic synthetic aperture radar

This paper combines relevant metrics (signal to noise ratio, ambiguity function integrated sidelobes, effective multistatic resolution area, and contrast ratio) in a multi-objective optimization to select subsets of available emitters for passive multistatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR). Assumed limitations in the number of available receiver channels constrain the optimization to select the best emitter combinations up to a maximum subset size. Analog and digital waveforms are simulated for a scene with twenty-four emitters. The combined metrics are used to rank all combinations of up to four emitters. Results indicate that the proposed ranking successfully differentiates between emitter sets resulting in good images and those sets resulting in poor images. The results also reveal the impact of contrast ratio on image quality.
1728 LUNG WATER AND VASCULAR PERMEABILITY-SURFACE AREA IN LAMBS WITH HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE (HMD)

HMD is associated with increased intrapulmonary shunting and clinical evidence of increased vascular permeability. Multiple-tracer methods were used to measure vascular permeability-surface area (PS) for 14C-urea using the integral extraction method in premature newborn lambs delivered by cesarean section (CS). Fourteen studies were performed during the first 7 hours after birth in 7 HMD lambs delivered at 127-133 days of gestation using 51Cr-erythrocytes, 125I-albumin and 14C-urea. Pulmonary blood flow was corrected for extra-pulmonary shunts using a flowcuff and microspheres. Extravascular lung water content (ELW) was measured post mortem with a 51Cr-erythrocyte method. The results were compared with those from 12 identical studies in 5 lambs without HMD delivered by CS around 140 days. Normalized to dry lung weight, the data expressed as mean ± S.E.M. were as follows:
Appearance of parenterally administered proteins in saliva.

IMMUNOCHEMICAL investigations have revealed that proteins which react with specific antisera to serum albumin and globulins constitute a substantial fraction of the salivary proteins1,2. Thus, barring the possibility of synthesis of proteins with similar immunologieal properties by salivary glands, albumin and globulins are secreted into the saliva from plasma.
Piezoreflectance in Ge

Observation of the change in position of identified reflectance peaks caused by the application of uniaxial stress along various directions can yield information concerning the shift of band edges under hydrostatic pressure and, in principle, of deformation potential constants. The reflectance peaks of Ge and Si below 5 eV have been studied in crystals subjected to four-point bending. A measurable effect was observed only in the 2-eV peaks associated with the ${{L}_{3}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{L}_{1}$ transitions in Ge. The shift for principal stress along the [111] direction was somewhat larger than that for stress along the [100] direction. Values are obtained for the pressure shift of the ${{L}_{3}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{L}_{1}$ gap, the pressure shift of individual band edges, ${{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{25}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, ${{L}_{3}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, and ${L}_{1}$, and for the deformation potentials associated with the ${{L}_{3}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ minima.
Abstract: Exploring Crawford-Ferguson Family of Rotations Through an Interactive Visual System.

Factor indeterminacy has been of the most heated areas of factor analysis literature. Theoretical developments along with increases in computational ease produced numerous solutions in forms of rot...
Dual radionuclide subtraction imaging of the spleen

Dual radionuclide subtraction imaging of the spleen using 67 Ga citrate and 99m Tc is useful in further delinearing lesions that are identified on either a routine radiogallium survey or on a conventional sulfur colloid liver-spleen image. Better anatomic localization of left subphrenic abscesses may be obtained. Differentiation of tumors and abscesses from less serious lesions such as cysts, infarcts, and hematomas is possible. We have found this technique to be generally applicable to any organ that can be selectively imaged using a technetium radiopharmaceutical, including the liver, bones, and kidneys. In addition, we are currently evaluating thallium-pertechnetate subtraction imaging in the evaluation of parathyroid adenomata.
Culture of porcine embryos from the one- and two-cell stage to the blastocyst stage in sheep oviducts

Abstract To better define the environmental conditions required for the development of early cleavage stage pig embryos, one- and two-cell embryos were transferred to the ligated oviducts of anestrous sheep (n=6) for four days. The recovery rate was 83% (54/65), and of those recovered 72% (39/54) developed to the compact morula or blastocyst stage. Two suitably synchronized recipient gilts received 8 or 16 embryos. The gilt receiving 8 embryos aborted one fetus after 32 d of gestation, whereas the gilt receiving 16 embryos gave birth to 8 normal piglets. Thus, it is concluded that the requirements for early development of pig embryos are met by the sheep oviduct.
Inelastic magnetic neutron scattering in CeT2Si2 (T=Au, Pd, Ru or Pt): crystal fields and quasi-elastic scattering

The authors have measured the inelastic magnetic scattering of neutrons in polycrystalline samples of CeT2Si2 (T=Au, Pd, Ru or Pt) for energy transfers in the range 0-40 meV at several temperatures. Quasi-elastic scattering as well as scattering from crystal field levels is observed. For CeAu2Si2 at T=8 K a crystal field excitation is observed at 20.5 meV with a linewidth equal to the instrumental resolution. For CePd2Si2 a crystal field is observed at 21 MeV whose linewidth (10 meV) is much larger than the resolution. Below TN=10 K a magnon is observed at 2.5 meV; for T equal to 12 K and 100 K quasi-elastic scattering is observed with linewidths Gamma QE of 0.76 meV and 2.56 meV, respectively. For CeRu2Si2 quasielastic scattering is observed at T equal to 5 K, 50 K and 100 K with linewidths of 1.78 meV, 2.07 meV and 2.52 meV, respectively. No crystal field excitations are observed although the known transport behaviour implies their existence. The data for CePt2Si2 can be fitted to the quasi-elastic law at T=5, 50 and 100 K ( Gamma QE=15, 10.7 and 9.9 meV); however, they are also consistent with a spectrum consisting of a quasi-elastic line with a smaller linewidth plus a broadened crystal field at a higher energy. In the discussion, they show that the measured linewidths yield Kondo temperatures (kBTK- Gamma QE) in good agreement with the known thermodynamic properties of these compounds and confirm that spin fluctuation effects increase in the sequence T identical to Au, Pd, Cu, Ru, Pt. They find that CePd2Si2 has nearly the same quasi-elastic linewidth and normal state transport behaviour as the heavy-fermion superconductor CeCu2Si2. They argue that stronger ferromagnetic correlations in CePd2Si2 stabilise the moment and allow for antiferromagnetism in the ground state.
A computational framework for finding functional modules across multiple biological networks

We propose a computational framework to identify functional modules in multiple networks that can be constructed from different types of "omics" data through incorporating network topology with constitutional similarity between nodes representing biomolecules across networks. With the help of mixed integer programming, the framework outputs locally optimized modules, which can be either conserved or network-specific. We apply the framework to four yeast protein-protein interaction networks and compare with several state-of-the-art algorithms. The comparison results show that our framework outperforms the competing algorithms in term of protein complex prediction.
The effect of thickness and loading force on wear behavior of HfO2

The effect of annealing treatment on hafnium oxide (HfO2) thin films with two thicknesses (20 and 50 nm) has been observed. The surface morphology and tribological properties of HfO2 thin films were measured through atomic force microscopy (AFM). It is found that annealing treatment and increasing thickness of thin film would promote the formation and growth of island-like grains, which contributes a raise in surface roughness. During scratch test, plowing behavior dominated the deformation mechanism in the form of lumps along the edge of grooves by AFM-3D images. Besides, slower scratch speed led to larger deformation energy and caused a serious fracture. The annealing-induced crystallization resulted in reduced penetration depth and coefficient of friction (COF). The varied COF with respect to different normal forces reflected substrate effect. The thicker HfO2 films exhibited better wear resistance regardless of annealing conditions. It is because that increase in film thickness accompanied growth of polycrystalline structure.
Surgical Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is now commonly treated at the time of valvular heart surgery or coronary artery bypass grafting. Surgical ablation of AF, which is predicated upon the Maze procedure, includes creation of lines of conduction block and excision of the left atrial appendage. A full bi-atrial lesion set is associated with success in 80% to 95% of patients and virtually eliminates the risk of late stroke. A complex but safe operation, the classic cut-and-sew Maze procedure has been applied by relatively few surgeons. However, recent advances in understanding of the pathogenesis of AF and development of new ablation technologies enable surgeons to perform pulmonary vein isolation, create linear left and right atrial lesions, and remove the left atrial appendage rapidly and safely. Lesions are created under direct vision, minimizing the risk of damage to the pulmonary veins and adjacent mediastinal structures. Recently developed instrumentation now enables thoracoscopic and keyhole approaches, facilitating extension of epicardial AF ablation and excision of the left atrial appendage to patients with isolated AF and no other indication for cardiac surgery. In addition, novel devices designed specifically for minimally invasive epicardial exclusion of the left atrial appendage will broaden the range of treatment options for patients with AF, possibly eliminating the need for anticoagulation in selected patients.
Evolving Strategies of Labor-Community Coalition-Building

Multiracial labor-community coalitions have attracted considerable attention from scholars and activists based on their potential to rebuild local working-class movements, but we lack a systematic understanding of their emergence and evolution. This article explores the divergent development of collaborative efforts in Chicago, Milwaukee, and Pittsburgh following successful campaign to pass a living wage ordinance in each city during the late 1990s. Activists' capacity to bridge cultural differences and develop new structures and strategies within an intermediary organizational level is the key factor in explaining the emergence of durable coalitions.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation and recovery

Objective Respiratory failure develops in many patients on lung transplant waiting lists before a suitable donor organ becomes available. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation may be used to bridge such patients to recovery or lung transplantation. Methods This is a review of a single-institution's experience with placing patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with the intention of bridging them to lung transplantation. End points included successful bridging, duration of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support, extubation, weaning from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, overall survival, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation–related complications. During an approximate 5-year period, acute respiratory failure developed in 18 patients (median age, 34 years) on the institution's lung transplant waiting list (8 hypoxemic, 9 hypercarbic, and 1 combined) who were placed on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (13 venovenous and 5 venoarterial). Results All patients achieved appropriate extracorporeal membrane oxygenation blood flow rates (median, 4.05 L/min) and good gas exchange (median, on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide 43 mm Hg and partial pressure of arterial oxygen 196 mm Hg). Thirteen patients (72%) were successfully bridged: 10 to transplant and 3 returned to baseline function. Eleven patients (61%) survived beyond 3 months, including the 10 (56%) who underwent transplantation and are still alive. The median duration of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support for patients who underwent transplantation was 6 days (3.5-31 days) versus 13.5 days (11-19 days) for those who did not undergo transplantation ( P = .45). Six patients (33%) were extubated on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, 4 of whom underwent transplantation. Four patients (22%) who were too unstable for conventional interhospital transfer were transported on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation to Columbia University Medical Center. This subgroup had a 75% bridge to transplant or recovery rate and 100% survival in transplanted patients. Conclusions Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is a safe and effective means of bridging well-selected patients with refractory respiratory failure to lung transplantation or return to their baseline condition.
Loss of adrenocortical suppression after acute brain injury: role of increased intracranial pressure and brain stem function.

The function of the pituitary-adrenal axis was studied in 23 acutely brain-injured, comatose patients (14 head trauma and 9 intracranial hemorrhage), who were treated with dexamethasone (16–64 mg/daily). Patients with normal intracranial pressure (ICP) and normal brain stem function (group 1) had decreased plasma cortisol levels (≤5 μg/dl) within 36 h (mean ± sem, 2.4 ± 0.3 μg/dl; t½, 18 h). In contrast, patients with elevated ICP (i.e. >20 mm Hg; midline shift, or compressed ventricles) and normal brain stem function (group 2) had persistently elevated cortisol concentrations (15.4 ± 2.6 μg/dl; P < 0.001). Superimposition of brain stem dysfunction resulted in generally low cortisol levels regardless of the presence (group 4; 3.9 ± 1.0 μg/dl; P < 0.001 compared to group 2) or absence (group 3; 2.1 ± 0.5 μg/dl) of elevated ICP. Plasma ACTH levels in 31 samples obtained before or during dexamethasone therapy in 14 patients irrespective of group were not elevated (45.6 ± 12.5 pg/ml); there was no correlation...
Optofluidic bio-lasers: Bridging photonics, nanotechnology, and biology

The optofluidic bio-laser integrates microfluidics, microcavity, and biochemically related gain medium. I will introduce the unique and advantageous characteristics of the optofluidic bio-laser, describe its current implementations, and discuss the future research and development.
SOLO: a generator of efficient layouts from optimized MOS circuit schematics

This paper describes SOLO, a program for mapping arbitrary MOS circuit schematics into efficient corresponding layouts. SOLO employs a layout strategy which allows it to be applied to circuits with sized transistors as well as to circuits which include unequal numbers of n-MOS and p-MOS transistors. The program can effectively be applied to module-size circuits including up to roughly 200 transistors.
Fatal attraction: tumors beckon regulatory T cells.

Tumor tissue and ascites from patients with ovarian cancer contain high levels of cells with all the hallmarks of regulatory T cells. These cells migrate into the tumor microenvironment in a process mediated by the chemokine CCL22, and are capable of suppressing antitumor responses (pages 942–949).
A FORTRAN program for predicting the effects of chromatic adaptation on color appearance based on current CIE recommendations

The CIE has recently recommended for field trial a method for predicting corresponding colors with a change in chromatic adaptation. To aid the CIE in collecting results illustrating the accuracy of these predictions, a FORTRAN program currently used by the Munsell Color Science Laboratory is listed along with test data. This chromatic-adaptation transform can be used to calculate CIELAB or CIELUV metrics for non-daylight illuminants, indices of illuminant metamerism, and indices of color constancy. Including this transform in these calculations, it is hoped, will result in metrics with better correlation to visual assessments. It is hoped that readers will implement this method, compare the effectivness of this chromatic-adaptation transform to visual evaluations, and report their results to CIE Technical Committee 1–06.
First-principles calculation of the geometric and electronic structure of the Be(0001) surface

Linearized-augmented-plane-wave calculations for a nine-layer Be(0001) slab agree with the unusual experimental finding of a substantial outer-layer expansion relative to the truncated bulk lattice. They imply that the separation between the outer two layers should be 3.9% larger than in the bulk, while the second- to third-layer separation should be 2.2% larger. The surface expansion is accompanied by demotion of ${\mathit{p}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}$ to s electrons on outer-layer Be's. The surface Be's loss of three neighbors makes the energy cost of s- to ${\mathit{p}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}$-electron promotion, which is necessary for the formation of strong bonds to the next layer down, less profitable than in the bulk.
Topoisomerase II Is Required for the Proper Separation of Heterochromatic Regions during Drosophila melanogaster Female Meiosis

Heterochromatic homology ensures the segregation of achiasmate chromosomes during meiosis I in Drosophila melanogaster females, perhaps as a consequence of the heterochromatic threads that connect achiasmate homologs during prometaphase I. Here, we ask how these threads, and other possible heterochromatic entanglements, are resolved prior to anaphase I. We show that the knockdown of Topoisomerase II (Top2) by RNAi in the later stages of meiosis results in a specific defect in the separation of heterochromatic regions after spindle assembly. In Top2 RNAi-expressing oocytes, heterochromatic regions of both achiasmate and chiasmate chromosomes often failed to separate during prometaphase I and metaphase I. Heterochromatic regions were stretched into long, abnormal projections with centromeres localizing near the tips of the projections in some oocytes. Despite these anomalies, we observed bipolar spindles in most Top2 RNAi-expressing oocytes, although the obligately achiasmate 4th chromosomes exhibited a near complete failure to move toward the spindle poles during prometaphase I. Both achiasmate and chiasmate chromosomes displayed defects in biorientation. Given that euchromatic regions separate much earlier in prophase, no defects were expected or observed in the ability of euchromatic regions to separate during late prophase upon knockdown of Top2 at mid-prophase. Finally, embryos from Top2 RNAi-expressing females frequently failed to initiate mitotic divisions. These data suggest both that Topoisomerase II is involved in the resolution of heterochromatic DNA entanglements during meiosis I and that these entanglements must be resolved in order to complete meiosis.
Characterization of chloride-depleted human sulfite oxidase by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy: experimental evidence for the role of anions in product release.

The Mo(V) state of the molybdoenzyme sulfite oxidase (SO) is paramagnetic and can be studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Vertebrate SO at pH 9 exhibits characteristic EPR spectra that correspond to two structurally different forms of the Mo(V) active center termed the low-pH (lpH) and high-pH (hpH) forms, respectively. Both EPR forms have an exchangeable equatorial OH ligand, but its orientation in the two forms is different. It has been hypothesized that the formation of the lpH species is dependent on the presence of chloride. In this work, we have prepared and purified samples of the wild type and various mutants of human SO that are depleted of chloride. These samples do not exhibit the typical lpH EPR spectrum at low pH but rather exhibit spectra that are characteristic of the blocked species that contains an exchangeable equatorial sulfate ligand. Addition of chloride to these samples results in the disappearance of the blocked species and the formation of the lpH ...
THERMODYNAMIC, KINETIC AND SURFACE TEXTURE FACTORS IN THE PRODUCTION OF ACTIVE SOLIDS BY THERMAL DECOMPOSITION

The production of an active solid by thermal decomposition of some precursor material usually an oxysalt is only one way of producing such a material. The activity of any solid resides at the surface albeit some of the surface may be internal or in the decomposition process a reaction interface. The peculiar property of any solid phase is that to describe it properly one must cite the pre-history of the material, and it can be shown that the pre-history of any solid phase is mainly that of altering the surface and textural properties. This fact influences the application of thermodynamic and kinetics to processes involving the solid phase. This becomes more evident in the case of active solids where a larger proportion of chemical species than usual resides at or near the surface. This is evidenced by the existence of many or more active solids in an amorphous phase and the possible co-existence of different types of solid phase. In this review, the usefulness of normal solid phase structural determination is discussed and the manner in which thermal analysis can be used to determine thermodynamic and kinetic parameters.
The influence of the perceived quality of community environments on low-income women's efforts to walk more.

There is increasing interest in how the quality of community environments influences health. We present the results of a pilot study designed to encourage overweight and obese low-income women to increase their level of physical activity, and explore the factors that either support or constrain their walking. The findings suggest that even relatively small increases in lifestyle physical activity among overweight or obese low-income women (an increase in 2,000 steps per day) can lead to significant weight loss. The interviews we carried out with study participants suggest there are several ways in which the perceived quality of community environments affects low-income women’s efforts to increase their steps. Having friends and family living within walking distance was supportive of participant’s efforts, in some cases because their homes represented places to walk to, and in others because in addition, friends and family were walking companions. The perceived lack of safety participants reported as a constraint to walking reflected in some cases the fear of being assaulted or harassed, and in others the fear that passers-by would not stop to help if needed. Our findings point to the importance of including community-level interventions that address residents’ safety and security concerns, along with future efforts to increase physical activity and decrease obesity among low-socioeconomic status groups.
Surface profiles and substructures in CeO2 and PrOx

Abstract The rare earth oxides are used as catalysts and catalyst supports, hence a knowledge of their surface structure is of interest. High-resolution electron microscopic examinations of surface profiles in CeO 2 , PrO x and Pr 12 O 22 were made. The surface morphologies reflect the dominance of (111) F planes. The restructuring of CeO 2 surfaces on annealing is illustrated. The effects of subsurface defects and bulk superstructures on the surface structure are illustrated in PrO x and Pr 12 O 22 surface profiles.
Changes in Fluid Intake suggesting Depressed Appetites in Rats with Central Catecholaminergic Lesions

THE catecholaminergic neurones of the mammalian brain are generally believed to be important in the control of voluntary behaviour and affect. The evidence for this comes from work with pharmacological agents which enhance or block the post-synaptic effects of noradrenergic or dopaminergic neurones1–3. This has led to speculations implicating central catecholaminergic dysfunction in affective disorders such as depression1,4,5 and in other disorders such as Parkinson's disease6 and schizophrenia7,8. But research on the behavioural effects in animals of pharmacological interference with the normal functions of central catecholamines has been hindered by the fact that the sudden withdrawal of either noradrenaline or dopamine leads to behavioural sedation and inactivity9–14, which precludes any fine analysis of behavioural deficits.
A study of absolute permeability dependence on pore-scale characteristics of carbonate reservoirs using artificial intelligence

An artificial neural network (ANN) was designed and tested in the present study to examine the correlation between permeability estimations and porous medium properties, such as porosity, specific surface area, and irreducible water saturation. The network developed in this work uses soft computing techniques to investigate the absolute permeability dependence on pore-scale characteristics of carbonate reservoirs. The present study indicates that ANN generated permeability values are consistent with those obtained from core analysis. Results from this study confirm the complex relationship among permeability, porosity, specific surface area and irreducible water saturation of carbonate reservoirs, and suggest that variations in specific surface area affect the magnitude of irreducible water saturations, thus creating an apparent dependence of permeability on irreducible water saturation. Additional observations support a direct relationship between porosity and permeability, and an inverse relationship between specific surface area and permeability. [Received: March 5, 2008; Accepted: May 16, 2008]
Optimal Detection Sensitivities in Activation with Fast Neutrons from an 241Am-242Cm—Be Source:

The detection sensitivities of 60 chemical elements in activation with the fast neutrons from an 241Am-242Cm-Be source have been measured. The source consisted of six slugs with a total output of 4.8×109 unmoderated neutrons/sec, and a flux of 1.4×108 fast neutrons/sec-cm2. In general, the sensitivity (counts in a selected photopeak per gram of target element) for each element was obtained with irradiation for two to three half-lives of the short product nuclide, and counting for the same length of time. Neither irradiation nor counting was longer than 1 h. The detector was a cylindrical thallium-activated sodium iodide crystal 10 cm long and 10 cm in diam. The measured sensitivities are compared with reported sensitivities in activation with thermal neutrons.
The arterial system pressure-volume loop.

Although the ventricular P–V loop has become a popular tool to characterize aspects of the performance of the heart, an arterial system P–V loop has not yet been described. In principle, the volume stored in the arterial system (V) could be calculated by integrating the difference between inflow and outflow. In practice, however, flow out of the innumerable arterioles cannot be measured directly. To overcome this obstacle, it has been shown that outflow can be approximated by input pressure divided by total peripheral resistance. Recently, the classical Windkessel model was generalized with the concept of apparent arterial compliance (Capp), the transfer function relating pressure and volume expressed in the frequency domain. The arterial system P–V loop serves as a time-domain representation of Capp. This simple technique provides the first known characterization of an arterial system P–V loop.
A radioimmunoassay for antibodies against surface membrane antigens using adhering cells.

Abstract A radioimmunoassay using cells adhering to plastic is described. In this assay, A-10 mammary carcinoma attached to the surface of plastic in microtiter plates were permitted to bind antibody and the bound antibody was detected with purified rabbit 125 I-anti-mouse-Fab. The bound radioactive material was eluted with glycine-HCl buffer (pH 2.5), and the acid eluates were counted in a gamma counter. This assay can be used to detect cytolytic or noncytolytic antibody to cell surface antigens in studies with any tumor or normal cell that will adhere to a solid surface.
OSSA's Telescience concept for the Space Station era

NASA's Office of Space Science and Applications has formulated an operational concept, 'telescience', for Space Station-related missions; telescience encompasses teledesign, teleoperations, teleanalysis, and an overall integrating structure that defines and delineates the system's architectural infrastructure and networking for implementation. Attention is here given to the development status of data interchange standards, interoperable networks, automated data-ingest mechanisms and access directories, means to the accessing of heterogeneous data bases, and user-support environments.
International Pediatric Fistula First Initiative: A Call to Action

The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services and the National Kidney Foundation-Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative have emphasized the need for increased arteriovenous fistula (AVF) use and decreased central venous catheter use. A Fistula First National Vascular Access Improvement Initiative was undertaken to achieve these targets in adult patients through change concepts and process improvement. Despite increasing numbers of children receiving hemodialysis in the United States, AVF use rates decreased during the past 10 years. Studies of children dialyzed using AVFs showed superior dialysis delivery, improved access survival, and markedly lower infection rates. The purpose of this article is to alert nephrologists to consider a fistula first in long-term pediatric hemodialysis patients. In this article, we describe the status of vascular access in the United States and worldwide in children, the importance of AVF creation, and the need for surgical expertise, including microsurgery, in this population. Additionally, we introduce the International Pediatric Fistula First Initiative, a multidisciplinary team consisting of pediatric nephrologists, vascular access surgeons, and interventional radiologists aiming to increase awareness, offer educational tools, and implement the fistula first initiative in children.
On numerical nonlinear analysis of highly flexible spinning cantilevers

The general nonlinear discretized equations of motion of spinning elastic solids and structures are derived as a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations for the case when the strain-displacement and velocity-displacement relations are nonlinear up to the second order. It is shown that the cost of generation of such equations is proportional to the fourth power of the number of degrees of freedom. A computer program is written to automatically generate the equations for the case of spinning cantilevers with initial imperfections. The types and the number of the coordinate functions used in the trial solution are parameters of the program.
Aquatic Programs for Disabled Children

Unidisciplinary recreational and therapeutic approaches to aquatic programs for the disabled have created an apparent dichotomy which carries with it associated programmatic problems. The recreational/therapeutic split exists in both practice and literature and a probably influential relationship is demonstrated between program type and philosophies, principles, staff composition, roles and training. The purpose of this article is to analyze these issues, as well as to describe an integrated recreational and therapeutic approach to aquatic programming, which is proposed as a solution and a rationale for development of a model and guidelines for aquatic intervention for disabled children.
Is statistical power to detect trends a good assessment of population monitoring

The ability to detect trends in population abundance is of obvious interest to wildlife managers. In recent years, the probability of detecting defined population trends has been the most common method of assessing monitoring programs. Such analyses require many assumptions, including a model for population change and a model for variance. To demonstrate potential effects of these assumptions on power analysis results, we present data for Red-tailed Tropicbirds (Phaethon rubricauda) from Tern Island, Hawaii. Depending on our assumptions, the power to detect a 50% decline over 10 years varied from 80% to 100%. We argue that monitoring standards based upon the ability to detect population trends should be applied cautiously. As a complementary approach, we propose that monitoring standards should emphasize attributes of sampling design that increase precision (e.g., randomization, bias, and detection probability). By using standards of precision, managers can focus on the sources of variation that can be minimized. A sampling design approach to monitoring standards provides a useful complement to standards of statistical power to detect annual trends.
Using the simultaneous protocol to study equivalence class formation: the facilitating effects of nodal number and size of previously established equivalence classes.

The emergence of equivalence classes in college students is unlikely when all baseline relations are trained concurrently and all probes for emergent relations are then introduced concurrently (the simultaneous protocol). This experiment showed how the number of nodes and the size of previously established equivalence classes enhanced the emergence of new equivalence classes under the simultaneous protocol. First, one-node three-, five-, or seven-member classes or three-node five- or seven-member classes were established with college students. A sixth group received no pretraining. Then, the simultaneous protocol was used to establish new three-node five-member equivalence classes with all students. The speed and variability with which the baseline relations were established in the simultaneous protocol were inverse functions of number of nodes in the previously established classes, but not of their size. The percentage of subjects who showed the emergence of new equivalence classes under the simultaneous protocol was a direct function of number of nodes and size of pretrained classes. The additional time spent for pretraining greatly reduced the total training time needed to produce individuals who showed the emergence of classes under the simultaneous protocol. The total time saved was a direct function of number of nodes and number of stimuli in the pretrained classes.
Utilizing artificial neural networks in matlab to achieve parts-per-billion mass measurement accuracy with a fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer

Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry has the ability to realize exceptional mass measurement accuracy (MMA); MMA is one of the most significant attributes of mass spectrometric measurements as it affords extraordinary molecular specificity. However, due to space-charge effects, the achievable MMA significantly depends on the total number of ions trapped in the ICR cell for a particular measurement, as well as relative ion abundance of a given species. Artificial neural network calibration in conjunction with automatic gain control (AGC) is utilized in these experiments to formally account for the differences in total ion population in the ICR cell between the external calibration spectra and experimental spectra. In addition, artificial neural network calibration is used to account for both differences in total ion population in the ICR cell as well as relative ion abundance of a given species, which also affords mean MMA values at the parts-per-billion level.
Taurine-, aspartate- and glutamate-like immunoreactivity identifies chemically distinct subdivisions of Kenyon cells in the cockroach mushroom body.

The lobes of the mushroom bodies of the cockroach Periplaneta americana consist of longitudinal modules called laminae. These comprise repeating arrangements of Kenyon cell axons, which like their dendrites and perikarya have an affinity to one of three antisera: to taurine, aspartate, or glutamate. Taurine-immunopositive laminae alternate with immunonegative ones. Aspartate-immunopositive Kenyon cell axons are distributed across the lobes. However, smaller leaf-like ensembles of axons that reveal particularly high affinities to anti-aspartate are embedded within taurine-positive laminae and occur in the immunonegative laminae between them. Together, these arrangements reveal a complex architecture of repeating subunits whose different levels of immunoreactivity correspond to broader immunoreactive layers identified by sera against the neuromodulator FMRFamide. Throughout development and in the adult, the most posterior lamina is glutamate immunopositive. Its axons arise from the most recently born Kenyon cells that in the adult retain their juvenile character, sending a dense system of collaterals to the front of the lobes. Glutamate-positive processes intersect aspartate- and taurine-immunopositive laminae and are disposed such that they might play important roles in synaptogenesis or synapse modification. Glutamate immunoreactivity is not seen in older, mature axons, indicating that Kenyon cells show plasticity of neurotransmitter phenotype during development. Aspartate may be a universal transmitter substance throughout the lobes. High levels of taurine immunoreactivity occur in broad laminae containing the high concentrations of synaptic vesicles. J. Comp. Neurol. 439: 352‐367, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Indexing terms: amino acid immunoreactivity; glutamate; brain parcellation; insect; learning and memory
Henry condensations with 4,6-O-benzylidenylated and non-protected d-glucose and l-fucose via DBU-catalysis

Mechanistic intermediates, and thermodynamically favored side products, in the Henry condensations of partially protected and non-protected pyranoses with a free anomeric hemiacetal function with nitromethane in various solvents for the kinetically controlled syntheses of C-glycopyranosides in the presence of DBU/molecular sieve catalyst system were identified.
Broadband vibration control using passive circuits in the matrix-second order framework

In this research, a broadband variable passive and semi- active circuit is presented. The detailed procedure to obtain the augmented second order differential equations of motion for an electrical dynamic absorber (shunted circuit) using integrated piezoelectric material are given using Hamilton's principle and the finite element modeling procedure. The effect of the electrical dynamic absorber is shown through frequency response and analysis by varying the capacitance and inductance in the shunted circuit. Modal identification and gain scheduling techniques are also employed to identify each mode of the vibration of the structure. Simulations are implemented using a cantilevered aluminum beam with a PZT-5H (lead zirconate titanate) patch. The simulated results are provided in multiple formats.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Nonexistence of axially symmetric, stationary solution of Einstein vacuum equation with disconnected symmetric event horizon.

In this short note, we prove that if an axially symmetric, asymptotically flat, stationary solution of the Einstein Vacuum Equation admits an involution interchanging the components of the event horizons, then the force between at least two of the event horizons must be positive. The proof is based on an observation that in this case the force can be expressed as a line integral with positive integrand.
Pathogenesis of the anemia of chronic disease: A cytokine-mediated anemia

The anemia found in patients with chronic infectious, inflammatory and neoplastic disorders, known as the anemia of chronic disease (ACD), is one of the most common syndromes in medicine. A characteristic finding of the disorders associated with ACD is increased production of the cytokines which mediate the immune or inflammatory response, such as tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 1 and the interferons. All the processes involved in the development of ACD can be attributed to these cytokines, including shortened red cell survival, blunted erythropoietin response to anemia, impaired erythroid colony formation in response to erythropoietin and abnormal mobilization of reticuloendothelial iron stores. Improved understanding of the role played by cytokines in the pathogenesis of ACD may lead to the development of more specific therapy for this syndrome.
Interspecific Competition and the Foraging Behavior of Plain-Brown Woodcreepers

When Plain—brown Woodcreepers (Dendrocincla fuliginosa) follow swarms of army ants on Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone, they forage in the zone near the ground more frequently when Ocellated Antthrushes (Phaenostictus mcleannani) are absent. The ground—foraging ant thrushes regularly supplant the smaller woodcreepers, which then move to higher or to peripheral and less productive zones. This seems a clear example of competitive exclusion by dominance. On Trinidad, where competing low—foraging antbirds are nearly always absent, fuliginosa forages near the ground at swarms. In British Guiana, where several small antibirds saturate the lower levels over the ants, fuliginosa again forages high in the undergrowth. Instead of following Svardson's hypothesis that increasing interspecific competition restricts the habitat of a species, fuliginosa restricts the foraging—zone dimension of its habitat when interspecific competition is low. Both on Barro Colorado and on Trinidad the species gravitates to a na...
Ambicoloration in Tank Cultured Flounder, Paralichthys dentatus

Abstract The high incidence of ambicoloration which occurs in tank cultured Paralichthys dentatus can be reduced if the fish are provided at an early age with a substrate in which they can bury. Evidence is presented which indicates that some reversal of ambicoloration is possible. The presence of a significant degree of ambicoloration may prejudice consumer acceptance of cultured flounder which are sold with skin and heads intact.