cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intermodulation-Based Nonlinear Smart Health Sensing of Human Vital Signs and Location

This paper discusses the use of a nonlinear sensing technology based on radio frequency (RF) intermodulation response to track both the vital signs and location of human subjects. Smart health sensing was realized through the use of a wearable nonlinear tag and an intermodulation-based nonlinear sensor operating in both Doppler and frequency shift keying (FSK) modes. The Doppler mode was used to detect the heartbeat and breathing of the target subject while human subject localization was achieved in the FSK mode. One of the key advantages of this nonlinear smart sensor system was clutter rejection. This system identified the signal reflected from the wearable nonlinear tag and suppressed undesired signals and interferences that were reflected from other objects. The wearable tags used for the experiments were passive, hence they did not require any battery or power supply for their operation. Since the respiration signal is typically stronger than the heartbeat signal, the nonlinear detection setup was designed such that the respiratory signal receives less gain to avoid its sidelobes and harmonics from interfering heartbeat signal detection. This enhanced the heartbeat signal quality so that the cardiac activity could be easily tracked. Four types of experiments were performed on multiple subjects to demonstrate the advantages of this intermodulation-based nonlinear smart health sensing system. Previously, 2nd order harmonics were utilized for target localization and vital sign monitoring. However, these 2nd order harmonics suffer from high path loss and licensing issues. In this paper, target localization and smart health sensing were realized using 3rd order intermodulation with less path loss and no licensing issues compared with its harmonic counterparts. The experiment performed in nonlinear FSK mode was able to detect and locate the source of motion with high accuracy. Similarly, vital signs were recorded in the nonlinear Doppler mode. The design effectively made the amplitude of the heartbeat signal component more prominent, so that the sidelobes and harmonics of respiration do not suppress heartbeat signal.
Assessing the risk of venous thromboembolism in multiple myeloma

Patients with multiple myeloma (MM) have an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) compared to the general population. This risk is highest during the first year of diagnosis and subsequently decreases over time. Development of VTE in patients with MM is associated with inferior outcomes, with patients with VTE and MM having an increased risk of death compared to those with MM without VTE. Primary thromboprophylaxis has the potential to decrease risk of VTEksanfilippo@wustl.edu (K.M. Sanfilippo) in MM and improve outcomes. Current studies assessing thromboprophylaxis in MM excluded patients at high risk of VTE. A meta-analysis of trials of primary thromboprophylaxis in ambulatory cancer patients at high risk of VTE identified by use of a risk-prediction score found a reduction in risk of VTE with prophylaxis with no significant increase in risk of major bleeding. However, these trials contained relatively few patients with MM. Three clinical risk prediction scores are available to assess risk of VTE in MM: 1) the International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG)/National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN); 2) the SAVED score; and 3) the IMPEDE VTE score. The latter two have recently been shown to outperform the IMWG/ NCCN score for predicting VTE in MM. Biomarkers have the potential to improve prediction of VTE in patients with MM. Future research should focus on the addition of biomarkers to available risk scores in MM to improve discrimination in this high-risk patient population.
An Evaluation of the SCORE Program: A Novel Research and Mentoring Program for Medical Students in Obstetrics/Gynecology and Otolaryngology.

Background There has been a steady decrease in the number of physician-scientists and a lack of diversity and inclusion of underrepresented minorities (URMs) in medicine. Objective To assess the research productivity, interest, and experience of medical students, including URMs, and resident and faculty mentors of the Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center's 8-week, intensive, mentored Summer Clinical Otolaryngology and Obstetrics/Gynecology Research (SCORE) Program for second-year medical students. Methods A database of SCORE Program research projects was generated from 2016, when the program was launched, through 2018. SCORE Program students and faculty completed a brief, mixed-methods, anonymous exit survey that captured respondents' experiences, perceived program strengths, and opportunities for improvement. The number of peer-reviewed manuscripts produced were counted. Results A total of 16 SCORE Program students (50% female and 38% URMs) between 2016 and 2018 and 8 residents and 8 faculty members in 2018 completed a brief, mixed-methods, anonymous exit survey that captured respondents' experiences, perceived program strengths, and opportunities for improvement. The medical students coauthored 12 published peer-reviewed articles, 25 abstracts or national posters, and 1 opinion editorial. According to the program's annual exit survey, 87% of students reported an increased interest in pursuing research, 93% had an increased interest in their respective specialties, and 93% believed they had positive mentorship experiences. Similarly, faculty and residents enjoyed mentoring students, thought that students positively contributed to their projects, and would support the SCORE Program in the future. Conclusion Structured research and mentoring experiences, such as the SCORE Program, may encourage students, including URMs, to pursue research throughout their careers in addition to adding research to their curriculum vitae to strengthen their residency applications.
The COVID-19 pandemic impact on breast cancer care delivery at an academic center in New York City

88Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has altered healthcare delivery. To save resources and reduce patient exposure, non-urgent care has been postponed. Previous work has ...
Barbara Lee’s Peacebuilding Discourse as Transformative Social Justice Politics

This essay explores discourses of Congresswoman Barbara Lee (D-Calif.), appreciating her intersectional standpoint as a leader in Trumpian times, and as the lone AA woman dissenter who has long adv...
Advanced Practice Providers Utilization Trends in Otolaryngology From 2012 to 2017 in the Medicare Population

ObjectiveNurse practitioners and physician assistants form a growing advanced practice provider (APP) group. We aim to analyze the trends and types of services provided by APPs in otolaryngology.St...
Finding a Depressive Twitter User by Analyzing Time Series Tweets

Mental Health Status is a significant feature in human life, and it is observed through one's actions and behavior. This behavior is reflected in the changes in emotions, feelings, and loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities. Several researchers attempted to interpret social website data to find new events. Twitter is one of the prominent social sites with more than 330 million users sending a considerable number of tweets a day. We collected 0.2 million tweets related to the keywords of the Kessler Ten-point questionnaire and analyzed them. The tweet data set of a day is compared with our corpus to find the abnormality. We attempted to grade these depression keyword tweet time-series into four categories to isolate the anomaly. Our studies further suggested a process to identify a user from the tweets of a time series zone.
Knuckle cracking at night associated with sodium oxybate treatment.

During upward titration of a dose of sodium oxybate therapy for narcolepsy with cataplexy, a 25-year-old woman was observed by her husband to have new onset of knuckle-cracking and moaning behavior...
ODIN: A Bit-Parallel Stochastic Arithmetic Based Accelerator for In-Situ Neural Network Processing in Phase Change RAM.

Due to the very rapidly growing use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) in real-world applications related to machine learning and Artificial Intelligence (AI), several hardware accelerator de-signs for ANNs have been proposed recently. In this paper, we present a novel processing-in-memory (PIM) engine called ODIN that employs hybrid binary-stochastic bit-parallel arithmetic in-side phase change RAM (PCRAM) to enable a low-overhead in-situ acceleration of all essential ANN functions such as multiply-accumulate (MAC), nonlinear activation, and pooling. We mapped four ANN benchmark applications on ODIN to compare its performance with a conventional processor-centric design and a crossbar-based in-situ ANN accelerator from prior work. The results of our analysis for the considered ANN topologies indicate that our ODIN accelerator can be at least 5.8x faster and 23.2x more energy-efficient, and up to 90.8x faster and 1554x more energy-efficient, compared to the crossbar-based in-situ ANN accelerator from prior work.
Big names and small price tags: an analysis of celebrity endorsement on consumers’ perceptions of price, quality, and intent to purchase

This paper investigates if celebrity endorsement offsets the negative effect low prices have on quality perceptions. This research highlights the interactive effect between celebrity endorsement an...
Hypophysiary involvement and immuno/growth depression in rabies. II.:

A monoclonal antibody characterized bovine paralytic rabies (BPR) virus isolate, ATC vr-985, was inoculated intrathecally (i.t.) or intralingually (i.l.) into 13 Holstein calves (5 controls) weighing 66±15 kg. Infected calves with the highest dose stopped growing earlier, later with the lowest dose: collapse (loss in body weight) was at a steady negative daily rate. Growth rates, collapse rates and chronology were predictable and reproducible, and the kinetics verified in a rabbit model. The BPR virus was found in large numbers in lower and upper spinal cord, cerebellum and hypothalamus. The best diagnostic specimen was the trigeminus nerve, followed by the cerebellum. Immunoperoxidase-PAP staining made Negri bodies very apparent particularly in the hypothalamus. The marked presence of BPR virus in the cerebellum coincided with obvious motor and equilibrium changes. A chronogram of clinical manifestations in 3 calves injected i.t. is presented. Effects on growth, and the linear regression analysis of the different titrations applied to the wasting syndrome phenomenon, are among the aspects tabulated or shown graphically. There are several microphotographs. It is concluded that experimental BPR was clinically indistinguishable from the field disease. It is postulated that BPR acts upon the hypothalamic/hypophysiary/thymic axis by its tendency to infect the hypothalamus and the (adeno-) hypophysis, impairing the production of somatotropic (growth) hormone.
Realizable Monotonicity and Inverse Probability Transform

Abstract A system (P α : α ∈ A) of probability measures on a common state space S indexed by another index set A can be “re al ized” by a system (X α : α ∈ A) of Svalued random variables on some probability space in such a way that each X α is distributed as P α. Assuming that A and S are both partially ordered, we may ask when the system (P α : α E A) can be realized by a system (X α : α ∈ A) with the monotonicity property that X α ≤ Xβ almost surely whenever α≤ β. When such a realization is possible, we call the system (P α : α ∈ A) “realizably monotone.” Such a system necessarily is stochastically monotone, that is, satisfies P α < P β in stochastic ordering whenever α ≤ β. In general, stochastic monotonicity is not sufficient for realizable monotonicity. However, for some particular choices of partial orderings in a finite state setting, these two notions of monotonicity are equivalent. We develop an inverse probability transform for a certain broad class of posets S, and use it to explicitly construct a system (X α : α ∈ A) realizing the monotonicity of a stochastically monotone system when the two notions of monotonicity are equivalent.
Bacterial Mutation Assay

The bacterial mutation assay is a reliable and extensively used short-term assay for initial screening of chemicals/drugs for their potential mutagenic/carcinogenic activity. But short-term tests have their own advantages and limitations. This article presents an overview of the utilization of bacterial systems for mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals. Keywords: bacterial mutation assay; carcinogenic activity; mutagenic activity; gene mutations; drugs
Acoustic and Elastic Imaging to Model Disease-Induced Changes in Soft Tissue Structure

Ultrasonic techniques are presented for the study of soft biological tissue structure and function. Changes in echo waveforms caused by microscopic variations in the elastic properties of tissue can reveal disease mechanism, in vivo. On a larger scale, elasticity imaging describes the macroscopic elastic properties of soft tissues. We present an analysis framework and preliminary results for studying disease-induced changes in soft tissue using these two acoustic techniques to investigate structural changes at different scales.
Simulation Permutation Networks on Hypercubes

Various permutation interconnection networks have recently been suggested as an alternative to the hypercube. We investigate embeddings of these permutation networks on hypercubes. Our embeddings exhibit a marked trade-off between dilation and expansion and for the n-dimensional star network have the following dilation and expansion bounds:
HIV-1 gene therapy: promise for the future.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the experimental genetic approaches to block HIV-1 replication and current gene-delivery techniques to transduce therapeutic genes into the precise target cells. Because the discovery that the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by HIV-1, several billion dollars have been invested worldwide to develop and test new pharmaceutical agents to control the spread of this epidemic disease. New conventional drugs are specifically designed to block the action of HIV-l-specific enzymes, such as the reverse transcriptase or the protease. Efforts are being made in many laboratories to develop alternative genetic approaches to inhibit the replication of this virus. With growing insight into the mechanism and regulation of HIV-1 replication, in the past decade, a large arsenal of genetic antivirals has been developed. Gene expression vectors have been constructed that express various antiHIV-1 products (RNAs or proteins) that attack basically every step in the viral life cycle. Tissue-culture cells have been transduced with such genes and it has been shown that such gene-transduced cells can become rather resistant to HIV-1 infection. It is unknown whether dormant viruses like HIV-1 can become active again late in the life of an HIV-l-infected individual and whether cells carrying antiHIV-1 antivirals would still be available and active to block reemerging viruses and reoccurring infections. Efficient gene-delivery tools are available at this point that would enable robust delivery to the actual target cell in vivo. Series of clinical trials and application of new findings have widened the scope to keep the promise for HIV-1 gene therapy in near future.
Magnetic resonance imaging of human embryonic stem cells.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may emerge as an ideal non-invasive imaging modality to monitor stem cell therapy in the failing heart. This imaging modality generates any arbitrary tomographic view at high spatial and temporal resolution with exquisite intrinsic tissue contrast. This capability enables robust evaluation of both the cardiac anatomy and function. Traditionally, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPIO) has been widely used for cellular MRI due to SPIO's ability to enhance sensitivity of MRI by inducing remarkable hypointense, negative signal, “blooming effect” on T2*-weighted MRI acquisition. Recently, manganese chloride (MnCl2) has been reported by our laboratory for its ability as a contrast agent to track biological activity of viable cells. Hyperintense, positive signals can be achieved from the Mn2+-labeled stem cells on T1-weighted MRI acquisition. Cytotoxicity is a potential drawback of Mn2+ labeling of the cells. However, in our laboratory the labeling method has been optimized to minimize cytotoxic effects. This article describes two different magnetic labeling methods of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) using SPIO and MnCl2. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 10:5A.3.1-5A.3.9. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: human embryonic stem cell (hESC); magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO); manganese
Catalytic isomerization over metal, acid and hybridsites

Abstract Recent results are presented illustrating principal mechanistic differences between alkane isomerization in liquid acids and over solid acids, including bifunctional catalysts. Isotopic labeling shows that butane isomerization over solid acids proceeds preferentially as a bimolecular process, i.e. via a C 8 intermediate, which subsequently decomposes, preferentially into two iso -C 4 structures. Bronsted acid sites in zeolites form chemical bonds with metal clusters. The resulting metal-proton adducts function as “collapsed bifunctional sites”.
IgE receptor signaling in food allergy pathogenesis

The pathogenesis of food allergy remains poorly understood. Recent advances in the use of murine models have led to discoveries that mast cells and IgE receptor signaling not only drive immediate hypersensitivity reactions but also exert an immunoregulatory function, promoting the development of allergic sensitivity to foods. We review the evidence that IgE, IgE receptors, key signaling kinases and mast cells impair oral tolerance to ingested foods, preventing the induction of regulatory T cells (Treg) and promoting the acquisition of pro-allergic T helper (Th) 2 responses. We discuss innovative strategies that that could be implemented to counteract these immunoregulatory effects of IgE-mediated mast cell activation, and potentially reverse established sensitization, curing food allergy.
Ubiquity of Undiagnosed Sleep Disordered Breathing in Community-Dwelling Older Male Veterans

Objective To determine the point prevalence of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) in a community-based sample of older male veterans and to determine if common markers of SDB apply to this population. Methods Two hundred fourteen older male Veterans (age 55–89 years) were recruited for a study on post-traumatic stress disorder and cognitive decline. Questionnaires concerning anthropomorphic and psychological variables were obtained, as was an overnight polysomnographic examination of sleep. Results Only 13% of the participants lacked clinically meaningful SDB, whereas 33% had moderate SDB and 54% had severe SDB. Being overweight, self-reported snoring, and excessive daytime sleepiness all had good sensitivity (0.86–0.92) but very poor specificity (0.10–0.28) for the prediction of SDB. Conclusions Undiagnosed SDB was more than threefold higher than expected in these community-dwelling older veterans. Traditional markers of SDB were not specific for predicting clinically relevant SDB.
Strategies to Improve the Integration of Community Health Workers Into Health Care Teams: "A Little Fish in a Big Pond".

INTRODUCTION The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act acknowledges the value of community health workers (CHWs) as frontline public health workers. Consequently, growing attention has been placed on promoting CHWs as legitimate partners to provide support to health care teams and patients in the prevention, management, and control of chronic disease, particularly among diverse populations and high-need individuals. METHODS Using a mixed-methods research approach, we investigated the integration of CHWs into health care teams from the CHW perspective. We conducted a survey of 265 CHWs and interviews with 23 CHWs to better understand and describe their experience and their perceived opportunities and challenges regarding their integration within the context of health care reform. RESULTS Feelings of organizational support were positively correlated with the number of CHWs in the organization. CHWs reported the following facilitators to integration: having team meetings (73.7%), training inside (70.4%) and outside of the organization (81.6%), access to electronic health records, and ability for CHWs to stay connected to the community. CONCLUSION The perspectives of CHWs on their positive and negative experiences offer useful and innovative insight into ways of maximizing their impact on the health care team, patients, and their role as key emissaries between clinical services and community resources.
Investigating the Incidence of Killer Amendments in Congress

While much empirical research has been devoted to the study of “killer amendments” in recent years, few studies have explicitly examined the theoretical foundations of the phenomenon. The goal of this paper is to investigate why some killer amendment attempts are successful, when theory suggests that they should always fail. More specifically, we examine the practical political constraints on legislators’ abilities to neutralize the imminent threat of killer amendments through sophisticated voting. We also present two new cases, both occurring during the Reconstruction era, in which killer amendments were used successfully. In the end, our findings support previous research on all successful killer amendments detailed in the congressional literature: race was the issue under consideration at the amendment stage.
Solitary (juvenile) xanthogranuloma: a comprehensive immunohistochemical study emphasizing recently developed markers of histiocytic lineage.

Summary Solitary (juvenile) xanthogranuloma (SXG) is an uncommon, benign lesion that usually occurs in children. The cell of origin of SXG has been the subject of debate, with hypotheses including endothelium, dermal dendrocytes, dermal indeterminate cells, and the plasmacytoid monocyte, among others. We further characterized the immunophenotype of SXG with an extended immunohistochemical panel, paying special attention to recently described or novel markers of histiocytic lineage. Forty-one SXG and 23 benign fibrous histiocytomas (BFHs) were immunostained for factor XIIIa, CD4, CD11c, CD163, CD31, CD45, lysozyme, and S-100. The mononuclear cells of SXG and the spindled cells of BFH were scored as “negative,” “1+” ( 50% positive). SXG immunohistochemistry showed the following: factor XIIIa, 35/40 (88%); CD4, 34/36 (94%); CD11c, 36/37 (97%); CD163, 36/36 (100%); CD31, 14/31 (45%); CD45, 14/32 (44%); lysozyme, 23/30 (77%); and S-100, 0/32 (0%). The 5 factor XIIIa–negative cases all showed 2+-3+ CD4, CD11c, and CD163 expression. In contrast, only 8 (35%) of 23 BFH cases were factor XIIIa positive. All other stains were universally negative in the lesional cells of BFH, although these tumors frequently contained interspersed cells expressing various histiocytic markers. Our results strongly support histiocytic lineage for the mononuclear cells of SXG. CD11c expression has not been previously described in SXG. CD163 expression appears to be characteristic of SXG, as it was not expressed by the lesional cells of BFH, in contrast to previous reports. CD31 expression in SXG represents a potential diagnostic pitfall, as many (dermato)pathologists are unaware of CD31 expression in histiocytes.
Quantitative and in toto imaging in ascidians: working toward an image-centric systems biology of chordate morphogenesis.

Summary Developmental biology relies heavily on microscopy to image the finely controlled cell behaviors that drive embryonic development. Most embryos are large enough that a field of view with the resolution and magnification needed to resolve single cells will not span more than a small region of the embryo. Ascidian embryos, however, are sufficiently small that they can be imaged in toto with fine subcellular detail using conventional microscopes and objectives. Unlike other model organisms with particularly small embryos, ascidians have a chordate embryonic body plan that includes a notochord, hollow dorsal neural tube, heart primordium and numerous other anatomical details conserved with the vertebrates. Here we compare the size and anatomy of ascidian embryos with those of more traditional model organisms, and relate these features to the capabilities of both conventional and exotic imaging methods. We review the emergence of Ciona and related ascidian species as model organisms for a new era of image-based developmental systems biology. We conclude by discussing some important challenges in ascidian imaging and image analysis that remain to be solved. genesis 53:143–159, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
LEXICAL PRIORITY AND THE PROBLEM OF RISK

Some theories of practical reasons incorporate a lexical priority structure, according to which some practical reasons have infinitely greater weight than others. This includes absolute deontological theories and axiological theories that take some goods to be categorically superior to others. These theories face problems involving cases in which there is a non-extreme probability that a given reason applies. In view of such cases, lexical-priority theories are in danger of becoming irrelevant to decision-making, becoming absurdly demanding, or generating paradoxical cases in which each of a pair of actions is permissible yet the pair is impermissible.
Diagnosis and treatment of diastolic heart failure.

Up to 40% of patients with heart failure have isolated diastolic dysfunction. With proper management, the prognosis is generally more favorable than in systolic dysfunction. Distinguishing diastolic from systolic dysfuntion is essential since the optimal therapy for one condition may aggravate the other. New echocardiographic methods enable accurate diagnoses.
The effect of male calling on female locomotor activity of Teleogryllus commodus

The calling song of the ♂-cricket, Teleogryllus commodus, attracts ♀♀ for mating. Both calling and ♀-locomotor activity are under circadian control and the behaviors occur approximately at the same time. Daily playback of calling songs for 3–12 h in constant light failed to entrain ♀-running. Instead, calling acts as an external stimulus which can release ♀-locomotion at any time of the 24-h period, while the clock-induced activity continues to run freely. The stimulatory effect of the calling song causes flexible extension of ♀-locomotor activity, but a subsequent restorative period is necessary. The ecological consequences of acoustical stimulation are discussed.
Experimental collapse determination of cylindrical composite panels with large cutouts under axial load

Abstract An experimental program has been carried out to evaluate the effect of large rectangular cutouts on the collapse of cylindrical composite panels. The effects of boundary conditions and residual stresses are considered. Comparisons are made between experimental and finite element results. The finite element analysis was carried out using the STAGS C-1 computer program.
Marginalization and school nursing.

The concept of marginalization was first analyzed by nursing researchers Hall, Stevens, and Meleis. Although nursing literature frequently refers to this concept when addressing “at risk” groups such as the homeless, gays and lesbians, and those infected with HIV/AIDS, the concept can also be applied to nursing. Analysis of current school nursing literature and research suggests school nursing may be a marginalized specialty, encompassing many of the characteristics of marginalization including isolation, role confusion, and barriers to practice. School nurses can reduce or eliminate these characteristics by increasing their visibility and collaborative opportunities in the educational and nursing communities while also providing mentoring opportunities to new school nurses.
CFD STUDY ON FLOW DISTRIBUTION UNIFORMITY IN FUEL DISTRIBUTORS HAVING MULTIPLE STRUCTURAL BIFURCATIONS OF FLOW CHANNELS

Abstract This work studied the issues of uniform flow distribution for general application in fuel cells, fuel processing chemical reactors, and other industrial devices. A novel method for uniform flow distribution was proposed, in which multiple levels of flow channel bifurcations were considered to uniformly distribute a flow into 2 n flow channels at the final stage, after n levels of bifurcation. To study the effect of the flow channel bifurcation structure and dimensions on the flow distribution uniformity, numerical analysis was conducted. Parameters such as the flow channel length and width at each level of bifurcation as well as the curvature of the turning area of flow channels were particularly investigated. Important results concerning the geometrical design of flow distributors for better flow distribution and uniformity are presented. The best structure of a flow distributor was selected based on the criterion of flow distribution uniformity and low pressure loss. Since the studied novel flow distributor distributes a flow into a number of parallel channels in a remarkable uniformity, the flow distribution structure is expected to be widely used in fuel cells, fuel cell systems, and variety of industrial reactors and heat exchangers to significantly improve the performance of these devices. The studied flow regime is limited to laminar flow. A CFD tool FLUENT @ was used for the simulation. The numerical treatment of convection terms in governing equations was based on the QUICK scheme, and the coupled computation solving for pressure and velocity fields was based on the SIMPLE algorithm.
Screening of monoclonal antibody formulations based on high‐throughput thermostability and viscosity measurements: Design of experiment and statistical analysis

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the utility of combining a design of experiment (DOE) approach with high-throughput formulation screening to identify the main factors affecting protein thermostability and solution viscosity. The optimization of buffer compositions was guided by statistical analysis of the data to obtain the targeted combination of low viscosity and high thermostability. Different monoclonal antibody (mAb) formulation variables were evaluated in the study to achieve optimization of two parameters: (i) thermostability characterized by temperature of hydrophobic exposure and (ii) viscosity. High-throughput measurements were employed to characterize both parameters. The significance of each factor and the two-way interactions between them was studied by multivariable regression analysis. An experimental design was used to estimate the significance of all factors, including interaction effects. The range of optimal buffer compositions that maximized thermostability and minimized viscosity of a mAb formulation was determined. The described high-throughput methods are well suited for characterization of multiple protein formulation compositions with minimized resources such as time and material. The DOE approach can be successfully applied to the screening of mAb formulations early in the development lifecycle.
The Usefulness of VEPTR in the Older Child With Complex Spine and Chest Deformity

The vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib (VEPTR) was originally designed to treat chest and spine deformities in young children. However, older children with complex spinal deformities may also benefit from placement of a VEPTR when vertebral column resections are deemed too risky neurologically. We report: (1) the changes in Cobb angle, T1 angle, and head tilt; and (2) the occurrence of complications in children older than 10 years of age treated with VEPTR. From a database of 214 patients treated in a Food and Drug Administration Investigational Device Exemption study of VEPTR, we identified 10 patients with assorted diagnoses who underwent surgery after age 10 and had a minimum of 24-month followup (mean, 39.6 months; range, 24–75 months). No patient sustained neurologic injury. Patients underwent an average of five lengthenings. The mean preoperative Cobb angle was 64.7° and improved to 48.4°. Head shift improved an average of 3.8 cm. Two device-related complications occurred (both in the same patient). Four patients have since undergone definitive spinal fusion. For a select group of patients 10 years of age or older, the VEPTR offers a reasonable alternative to potentially risky vertebral column resections for correcting deformities in selected patients. Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Photography as a research tool

This paper attempts to delineate a research design and method for using the photograph as a research tool. An analysis of the photograph's research suitability will consider its ability to structure “articulated visual statements” of the community and to generate “explanatory models” for analysis and interpretation. A significant aspect of the study is the material it offers for a discussion on an important methodological dimension for acquiring knowledge through visual research data. The question is not whether to use photographs as research tools, but how to fit the photograph into the research design and process.
Design and Performance of 40 MM, 6.5 T, Collared, Cold-Iron Model Magnets

Model magnets have been built and tested at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory to verify a candidate design for the main bending magnets of the SSC. Construction of this series of dipole models was begun in October 1984 and will be completed in October 1985. To date, three models with collars, C1, C2, and C3, have been completed. Model C1 and C2 have been tested.
German Idealism: The Struggle Against Subjectivism, 1781–1801 by Freerick C. Beiser and German Philosophy, 1760–1860: THE LEGACY OF IDEALISM by Terry Pinkard

German Idealism: The Struggle Against Subjectivism, 1781–1801. German Philosophy, 1760–1860: THE LEGACY OF IDEALISM. By Terry Pinkard.
Combining spectral and temporal representations for multipitch estimation of polyphonic music

Due to the difficulty of creating pitch-labeled training data that cover the rich diversity found in music signals, unsupervised feature-based approaches derived from signal processing and feature design remain critical for multipitch estimation (MPE) of polyphonic music. While a large number of feature representations have been proposed in the literature, an effective means of combining different domains of features for MPE is still needed. In this paper, we propose a novel approach, referred to as combined frequency and periodicity (CFP), that detects pitches according to the agreement of a harmonic series in the frequency domain and a subharmonic series in the lag (quefrency) domain. This approach nicely aggregates the complementary advantages of the two feature domains in different frequency ranges, and improves the robustness of the pitch detection function to the interference of the overtones of simultaneous pitches. We report a comprehensive evaluation that compares CFP against three state-of-the-art approaches using three MPE datasets and four symphonies. The evaluation is characteristic of the coverage and complexity of music (in terms of instrument type and degree of polyphony). In addition, we also evaluate the performance of the MPE approaches when a number of audio degradations are applied. Results show that the proposed unsupervised method performs consistently well across the types of Western polyphonic music considered, and is robust to audio degradations such as high-pass filtering and MP3 compression.
SU‐E‐I‐58: Detecting Tumors with Extremely Low Contrast in CT Images

Purpose: Tumors such as the prostate focal lesions and the brain metastases have extremely low CT contrast and MRI is usually used for target delineation. The target contours are propagated to the CT for treatment planning and patient positioning. We have employed an advanced denoising method eliminating the noise and allow magnification of subtle contrast of these focal lesions on CT. Methods: Five prostate and two brain metastasis patients with MRI T2, diffusion or dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) images confirmed focal lesions were included. One brain patients had 5 metastases. A block matching 3D (BM3D) algorithm was adapted to reduce the noise of kVCT images used for treatment planning. The gray-level range of the resultant images was narrowed to magnify the tumor-normal tissue contrast. Results: For the prostate patients, denoised kVCT images showed focal regions at 5, 8,11-1, 2, and 8–10 oclock for the 5 patients, this is highly consistent to the radiologist confirmed focal lesions based on MRI at 5, 7, 11-1, 2 and 8–10 oclock in the axial plane. These CT focal regions matched well with the MRI focal lesions in the cranio-caudal position. The average increase in density compared to background prostate glands was 0.86%, which corresponds to ∼50% increase in cellularity and is lower than the average CT noise level of 2.4%. For the brain patients, denoised kVCT showed 5/6 metastases. The high CT-density region of a metastasis is 2-mm off from its corresponding elevated MRI perfusion center. Overall the detecting sensitivity was 91%. Conclusion: It has been preliminarily demonstrated that the higher tumor cellularity can be detected using kVCT. The low contrast-to-noise information requires advanced denoising to reveal. The finding is significant to radiotherapy by providing an additional tool to locate focal lesions for confirming MRI-CT registration and providing a highly accessible outcome assessment tool.
Always already new: The possibilities of the enfolded instant

Friedrich Nietzsche considered himself an inverse (or anti-) Platonist. But in the admittedly strong interpretation of Pierre Klossowski, the eternal return shows affinity with the thought of Neoplatonists Meister Eckhart and Nicholas of Cusa: for all, the newly emergent and the recurrent beyond origin curiously coincide; no thing, and no time, is only itself. Eckhart demands an infinite birth of an already-crucified God; Nicholas mutually enfolds all possibility and all actuality in a God who is neither simply (actually) a being nor not. And Klossowski's sense of affirming the return demands that we affirm not only the ‘tremendous moment’ in which Nietzsche comes upon the thought, but also every possible mutation of that moment, because if everything returns, every possibility is unfolded from any actuality. For all of these thinkers, a revelation appears as the astonishingly new which is precisely the same as the old without a first.
Calorimetric determination of the micro ionization constants of glutathione.

Abstract The enthalpy changes for ionization of the four acidic protons of glutathione were measured calorimetrically, from both directions, using NaOH and HClO 4 as titrants. For the third and fourth proton ionizations, Δ H = 7.56 and 8.33 kcal/mole, respectively. These are composite values for the overlapping ionizations of the SH and NH 3 + groups of glutathione. The micro-constants for ionization of the SH and NH 3 + groups were determined by resolving the composite enthalpy changes into the fractions prceeding by the sulfhydryl and amino routes. This calculation is based on the assignment of “standard” values to the enthalpy changes for ionization of the SH and NH 3 + groups. The micro-constants calculated are in good agreement with previously reported values obtained by different procedures. The Δ HG ∘, Δ HH ∘, and Δ HS ∘ values measured or calculated for all four ionization steps of glutathione are reported. The data suggest that glutathione has no unusual intramolecular interactions.
Cyclocreatine phosphate as a substitute for creatine phosphate in vertebrate tissues. Energetic considerations

Abstract The measured equilibrium constant of the reaction, P-creatine 2− + cyclocreatine ⇌ creatine + P-cyclocreatine 2− , catalyzed by creatine kinase in the presence of a trace of MgATP, is 26 at 37°. P-Cyclocreatine has a V max 0.6% that of P-creatine and a K m of 3.7 mM, vs. 2.8 mM for P-creatine, with chick breast muscle creatine kinase at pH 7.0. These results suggest that the high ratio of P-cyclocreatine/cyclocreatine (ca. 45) previously observed in breast muscle of cyclocreatine-fed chicks, compared to the much lower ratio of P-creatine/creatine (ca. 2) in the same tissue, primarily reflects free energy relationships between the synthetic and natural phosphagens.
Reliable network connections

We present two systems, reliable sockets (rocks) and reliable packets (racks), that provide transparent network connection mobility using only user- level mechanisms. Each system can detect a connection failure within seconds of its occurrence, preserve the endpoint of a failed connection in a suspended state for an arbitrary period of time, and automatically reconnect, even when one end of the connection changes IP address, with correct recovery of in-flight data. To allow rocks and racks to interoperate with ordinary clients and servers, we introduce a general user-level Enhancement Detection Protocol that enables the remote detection of rocks and racks, or any other socket enhancement system, but does not affect applications that use ordinary sockets. Rocks and racks provide the same functionality but have different implementation models: rocks intercept and modify the behavior of the sockets API by using an interposed library, while racks uses a packet filter to intercept and modify the packets exchanged over a connection. Racks and rocks introduce small throughput and latency overheads that we deem acceptable for the level of mobility and reliability they provide.
Immune complex formation and resolution in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-prone and non-SLE-prone mice.

Abstract Immune complex formation was induced by the injection of BSA into female MRL/Mp lpr/lpr mice, which develop spontaneous systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-like disease, and MRL/Mp +/+ mice, which do not. Following the injection of the 10 mg of 125 -I-bovine serum albumin (BSA) immunofluorescence, immunoperoxidase, and electron microscopy revealed a few small, electron-dense deposits in mesangial areas and some resolving immune deposits in a subepithelial position of capillary basement membranes in the nonlupus mice. By contrast, glomeruli of the SLE-like kidneys revealed proliferation of mesangial cells and some increase in mesangial matrix material. Numerous electron-dense deposits were present in a subepithelial position of capillary basement membranes and in mesangial areas. Some deposits were also located in an intramembranous or subendothelial position of capillary basement membranes. The lumens of some capillaries showed massive electron-dense deposits. The resolving subepithelial deposits observed were fewer than half the number found in kidneys of the non-SLE mice. Whole body counts were also observed daily following the injection of 125 I-BSA. Results suggest an impairment in the ability of SLE mice to resolve immune complexes, whether they are nuclear-antinuclear or from an exogenous source, i.e., BSA-anti-BSA, compared to controls in this experimental model of the superimposition of exogenous immune complex formation on systemic lupus erythematosus-like disease.
Conversational versus expository discourse: a study of syntactic development in children, adolescents, and adults.

In this cross-sectional investigation, syntactic development was compared in conversational versus expository discourse in 120 typically developing children, adolescents, and adults, age 7 to 49 ye...
A selective effect of Mg2+ on the photochemistry at one type of reaction center in photosystem II of chloroplasts.

Abstract The area growth over the seemingly exponential fluorescence rise curve of 3-(3′,4′-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea-poisoned, envelope-free chloroplasts suspended in media devoid of Mg 2+ is biphasic. Its kinetics can be described as the sum of two independently occurring first order processes which are attributed to two different types of photochemical centers in unicentral photosystem II units. An addition of Mg 2+ changes the kinetic pattern of the photochemistry at one type of centers to nonfirst order, but does not affect the kinetics at the other type. This differential effect of Mg 2+ suggests that certain photochemical centers and their light harvesting pigments may become integrated in larger, multicentral units under the influence of Mg 2+ , or become more tightly coupled to adjacent light harvesting pigment beds.
STATISTICS OF MAGNETOCONDUCTANCE IN BALLISTIC CAVITIES

The statistical properties of magnetoconductance in ballistic microcavities are investigated numerically. The distribution of conductance for chaotic cavities is found to follow the renormalized Porter-Thomas distribution suggested by random-matrix theory for the Gaussian ensemble while the conductance distribution of regular cavities in magnetic fields is nonuniversal and shifted towards the maximum value for a given number of open channels. The renormalized Porter-Thomas distribution implies a universal dependence of fluctuation amplitude on the mean conductance for chaotic cavities in the absence of time-reversal symmetry. The fluctuation amplitude for regular cavities is found to be larger than the saturation value of the fluctuation amplitude of chaotic cavities predicted by random-matrix theory. The change of the mean conductance as a function of the external magnetic field is consistent with semiclassical predictions.
Imaging of Sports Injuries of the Upper Extremity in Children

Competitive athletics in school-aged children has become the norm rather than the exception. The increased repetitive stresses placed on the upper extremity in a wide variety of sports result in a host of injuries unique to the skeletally immature athlete. This article focuses on a discussion of the more common upper extremity injuries encountered in the child athlete and the role of radiography and MRI in diagnosis and management.
A Loveless Economy? Intergenerational Altruism and the Marriage Market in a Tuscan Town, 1415–1436

This article examines the role of dowries and highlights the variables that affected the size of dowries in fifteenth-century Tuscany [Italy]. The estimation which matches the households found in the marriage contracts with the corresponding households in the Florentine Catasto of 1427 offers support for the present net value hypothesis and for the altruism model. Results indicate a positive correlation between a brides dowry size and her age when used as proxy for her contribution to the marital household. Parents also provided their daughters with larger dowries when they married `down into relatively less wealthy or socially prominent households. (EXCERPT)
Membrane-initiated Actions of Estradiol that Regulate Reproduction, Energy Balance and Body Temperature

It is well known that many of the actions of estrogens in the central nervous system are mediated via intracellular receptor/transcription factors that interact with steroid response elements on target genes. However, there now exists compelling evidence for membrane estrogen receptors in hypothalamic and other brain neurons. But, it is not well understood how estrogens signal via membrane receptors, and how these signals impact not only membrane excitability but also gene transcription in neurons. Indeed, it has been known for sometime that estrogens can rapidly alter neuronal activity within seconds, indicating that some cellular effects can occur via membrane delimited events. In addition, estrogens can affect second messenger systems including calcium mobilization and a plethora of kinases to alter cell signaling. Therefore, this review will consider our current knowledge of rapid membrane-initiated and intracellular signaling by estrogens in the hypothalamus, the nature of receptors involved and how they contribute to homeostatic functions.