cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MOLYBDENUM AND TUNGSTEN CP COMPLEXES THAT CONTAIN 2,2'-DIAMIDODIPHENYLAMIDO OR 2-AMIDO-2'-OXYDIPHENYLAMIDO LIGANDS

Abstract Cp∗MCl4 compounds (MMo or W) react with 2-amino-2′-hydroxydiphenylamine ([H2NNHOH]) to yield complexes of the type Cp∗M[HNNO]Cl. An X-ray study of the one electron reduction product, {Na(C2H5)2O}{Cp∗Mo[HNNO]Cl}, showed it to contain square pyramidal {Cp∗Mo[HNNO]Cl}t- ions weakly connected by bridging Na(ether) units. Cp∗ W[HNNO]Cl could be oxidized readily by AgOTf in acetonitrile to produce {Cp∗W[HNNO]Cl}+OTf−. Both Cp∗M[HNNO]Cl compounds are reduced by hydrazine to give the diamagnetic compound, Cp∗M[HNNO](NH3). An X-ray structure of Cp∗Mo[HNNO](NH3) showed that the almost planar [HNNO]3− ligand and the ammonia ligand occupy the four basal positions in an approximately square pyramidal “piano stool” complex. Red crystalline Cp∗W[HNNNH]Cl ([HNNNH]3− = [(2-NHC6H4)2N]3−) could be prepared from Cp∗WCl4 and 2,2′-diaminodiphenylamine. It can be oxidized with AgOTf or NOPF6 to yield {Cp∗W[HNNNH]Cl}X (X = OTf or PF6). {Cp∗W[HNNNH]Cl}PF6 reacts with three equivalents of NH2NMe2 to afford Cp∗W[HNNNH](NNMe2), with four equivalents of isopropylamine to produce Cp ∗ W[HNNNH](N -i- Pr ) , and with water in the presence of K2]CO3 to yield Cp∗W[HNNNH](O). Cp∗W[HNNNH]Cl reacts with dimethyl zinc at 80° to give Cp∗W[HNNNH]Me, which can be subsequently oxidized by silver triflate to give {Cp∗W[HNNNH]Me}OTf. Deprotonation of {Cp∗W[HNNNH]Me}OTf with DBU yielded an imido complex, Cp∗W[2-N-C6H4)(2′-NH-C6H4)N]Me via loss of one of the two ligand NH protons.
Rewards and Incentives for Nonsalaried Clinical Faculty Who Teach Medical Students

We surveyed the clerkship administrators of pediatrics, family medicine, and internal medicine at U.S. medical schools, and of pediatrics at Canadian medical schools to determine what rewards and incentives are being offered to nonsalaried faculty for office-based teaching. Monetary payment was offered by 13% to 22% of the programs. Nonmonetary rewards like educational opportunities were offered by 70% to 89%; academic appointments by 90% to 95%; special recognition events by 62% to 79%; and appreciation letters by 74% to 84% of programs. Only 3 of 338 responders offered no rewards or incentives.
Anxiety, depression, and behavioral symptoms of executive dysfunction in ecstasy users: Contributions of polydrug use

Abstract Background Given ecstasy's (MDMA) potential serotonergic neurotoxicity, it is plausible that regular ecstasy users would have an elevated prevalence of behavioral executive dysfunction or mood symptoms. However, recent studies have found that the relationship between ecstasy use and psychological symptoms was no longer significant after controlling for marijuana use (e.g., Morgan et al., 2002). The goal of the present study was to examine the relationship between ecstasy exposure and self-reported executive functioning and psychological symptoms after controlling for gender, ethnicity, and other drug use. Methods Data were collected from 65 men and women with a wide range of ecstasy use (including 17 marijuana-using controls). Participants were administered the Frontal Systems Behavioral Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for adults, and the Beck Depression Inventory-2nd edition. Results Although 19–63% of the ecstasy users demonstrated clinically elevated psychological symptoms, frequency of ecstasy use did not predict the psychological symptoms. No gender differences or interactions were observed. Conclusions These results revealed that, although ecstasy users demonstrate elevated levels of psychological symptoms and executive dysfunction, these symptoms are not statistically associated with their ecstasy consumption. Instead, other drug use (alcohol, marijuana, opioids, and inhalants) significantly predict psychological symptoms in this sample of polydrug users.
EFFECT OF ESTROGENIC SUBSTANCE ON BLOOD VOLUME

We have reported in previous papers (1, 2) that women who have had both ovaries removed show a reduction in blood volume of 20 to 25 per cent. A normal blood volume is found in women after the menopause even though the ovaries presumably cease their function at this time. In menopause artificially produced by radiotherapy the blood volume also remains normal. These facts appear to indicate that some substance is produced in the ovary, even when the menstrual cycle is in abeyance, which influences the amount of circulating blood. It has been reported that there is an absence of female sex hormone in the blood and urine of castrated women (3). The low blood volume and the absence of female sex hormone in these cases suggested the possibility of a relationship worthy of further investigation. Since it is easy to supply biologically standardized estrogenic hormone by subcutaneous injections, the effect of this substance on the blood volume could be studied.
Specificity of gold thioglucose for ventromedial hypothalamic lesions and hyperphagia.

IN a recent publication1 it was shown that gold thioglucose produces lesions in the ventromedial hypothalamic area of injected mice. It had previously been shown2 that gold thiomalate, although similar to gold thioglucose with respect to toxicity, gold content and molecular weight, does not cause obesity; its injection does not lead to hypothalamic lesions1. To study further the specificity of gold thioglucose in causing ventromedial hypothalamic lesions and hyperphagia the action of other gold thio compounds was examined, in particular a compound where the gold thio moiety is linked to a radical very similar to glucose, namely, gold thiosorbitol (supplied through the kindness of Abbott and Co.), and compounds where the gold thio moiety is linked to metabolites other than glucose: besides gold thiomalate, gold thiocaproic acid and gold thioglycerol were available (also supplied by Abbott and Co.). The effects of gold thioglycoanilide and gold sodium thiosulphate were also examined. The main dose of each compound used in these experiments was calculated to provide as much gold as is contained in the dose of gold thioglucose found most effective to yield obese mice. (In a series of 800 Swiss mice treated with gold thioglucose 1 mgm./gm. body-weight was found to induce obesity in 60 per cent of surviving mice and varying degrees of ventromedial hypothalamic damage in all animals examined.) For each compound in addition to the main dose a number of multiples and fractions of this standard dose were used.
Falsely Elevated Urinary Excretion of Catecholamines and Metanephrines in Patients Receiving Labetalol Therapy

Five patients with essential hypertension who were receiving treatment with the beta- and alpha-adrenoreceptor-blocking drug labetalol had elevated urinary excretion of catecholamines. When measured with a radioenzymatic assay, all five subjects had elevated urinary excretion of norepinephrine and normal urinary excretion of epinephrine; when measured with a fluorometric assay, four subjects had elevated urinary excretion of epinephrine with normal urinary excretion of norepinephrine, and one subject had elevated urinary norepinephrine excretion with normal urinary excretion of epinephrine. In three subjects who could be reevaluated three days to two months after labetalol therapy was discontinued, the urinary catecholamine levels had returned toward normal. Our studies indicate that labetalol produced a false elevation of urinary catecholamine levels. Although labetalol also interfered with the measurement of urinary excretion of metanephrine, it did not interfere with the measurement of urinary excretion of vanillylmandelic acid, homovanillic acid, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and serotonin, and it probably did not interfere with the measurement of plasma concentrations of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. We conclude that labetalol therapy should be discontinued, and another beta-blocking drug, such as propranolol, that does not interfere with these tests should be temporarily substituted at least three days before a patient collects a 24-hour urine for measurement of the urinary excretion of catecholamines and metanephrine.
In practice—Student as teacher: The insiders' view of peer instruction

Rutgers College, the oldest college of Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, relies solely on peer instructors to teach its first-year seminar course. The authors offer a look inside the selection and training of these peer instructors and share the students' thoughts on their experiences.
Preparation and characterization of flexible asymmetric supercapacitors based on transition-metal-oxide nanowire/single-walled carbon nanotube hybrid thin-film electrodes.

In the work described in this paper, we have successfully fabricated flexible asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) based on transition-metal-oxide nanowire/single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) hybrid thin-film electrodes. These hybrid nanostructured films, with advantages of mechanical flexibility, uniform layered structures, and mesoporous surface morphology, were produced by using a filtration method. Here, manganese dioxide nanowire/SWNT hybrid films worked as the positive electrode, and indium oxide nanowire/SWNT hybrid films served as the negative electrode in a designed ASC. In our design, charges can be stored not only via electrochemical double-layer capacitance from SWNT films but also through a reversible faradic process from transition-metal-oxide nanowires. In addition, to obtain stable electrochemical behavior during charging/discharging cycles in a 2 V potential window, the mass balance between two electrodes has been optimized. Our optimized hybrid nanostructured ASCs exhibited a superior devi...
Demonstration of Pathotype Specificity in Stem Rust of Perennial Ryegrass

Rust diseases cause significant damage in forage and seed crops of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), which is highly heterozygous and heterogeneous and thus presents difficulty in genetic analysis. There has been no definitive demonstration of the existence of pathotypes for stem rust or other rusts of perennial ryegrass, although experiments with crown rust (Puccinia coronata) of this host are strongly suggestive of pathotype specificity. We made single-pustule isolates of P. graminis subsp. graminicola, and applied them individually to a set of genetically diverse, clonally propagated individuals of L. perenne. There were clear examples of different patterns of virulence among isolates across the different plant clones, including qualitative and quantitative differences in resistance. These data demonstrate the existence of pathotype specificity in stem rust of L. perenne, information which will be useful in breeding for disease resistance.
Endoscopic cricopharyngeal myotomy for management of cricopharyngeal achalasia (CA) in an 18–month–old child

A 6-month-old patient presented with dysphagia and failure to thrive. Video fluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS), esophagogastroduodenoscopy, and manometry were diagnostic for CA. A gastrostomy tube was placed at 8 months. Botulinum toxin injection improved symptoms, but within 10 weeks symptoms returned. At 18 months, an uncomplicated endoscopic CPM was performed. A postoperative VFSS demonstrated cricopharyngeal bar resolution. Within 3 months, patient was feeding orally without a G tube. Pediatric CPA treatment options consist of dilation, botox, and transcervical CPM. To our knowledge, this is the youngest patient treated with endoscopic CPM. Intraoperative video and photographs are presented.
Biochar based solid acid catalyst hydrolyze biomass

Abstract The new carbon solid acid, which was prepared from biochar and sulfuric acid, is a potential substitute for mineral acid in biomass hydrolysis. The biochar based solid acid has higher hydrolysis activity of biomass and cellulose than sulfuric acid has at similar concentrations. Soluble reducing sugar is a major product of biomass hydrolyzates that have been catalytically hydrolyzed with biochar solid acid. Similar to sulfuric acid, it is easier to hydrolyze hemicellulose in biomass or xylan with biochar solid acid than it is to hydrolyze cellulose in biomass or microcrystalline cellulose. The biochar solid acid shows higher glucan hydrolysis speed and glucose selectivity than sulfuric acid shows for cellulose and all three biomass sources used (corn stover, switch grass, and prairie cordgrass). Although sulfuric acid shows higher hemicellulose hydrolysis conversion than biochar solid acid, the selectivity of xylose is much lower in hydrolyzates prepared with sulfuric acid. The biochar solid acid also shows fewer soluble lignin derived compounds in the resulting hydrolyzates than sulfuric acid shows. Ultimately, biochemical and thermochemical platforms can be integrated together when the biomass hydrolysis process is catalyzed with biochar based solid acids.
The Rise of Theological Schools in America

Professional Schools in the United States, whether of medicine, law, engineering, or theology, are of relatively recent orgin. It is a matter of interest that the ministry was the first profession in America for which a technical and standardized training was provided. While the first law school in America was founded in the same year as the oldest theological seminary (1784), the courses were loosely organized and there was no definitely prescribed amount of work required of graduation and no academic requirement for the practice of law. In all the institutions where there were law departments or law schools, even as late as the middle of the last century, the law students were considered as distinctly inferior to the regular college students.
Critical conditions for ferric chloride‐induced flocculation of freshwater algae

The effects of algae concentration, ferric chloride dose, and pH on the flocculation efficiency of the freshwater algae Chlorella zofingiensis can be understood by considering the nature of the electrostatic charges on the algae and precipitate surfaces. Two critical conditions are identified which, when met, result in flocculation efficiencies in excess of 90% for freshwater algae. First, a minimum concentration of ferric chloride is required to overcome the electrostatic stabilization of the algae and promote bridging of algae cells by hydroxide precipitates. At low algae concentrations, the minimum amount of ferric chloride required increases linearly with algae concentration, characteristic of flocculation primarily through electrostatic bridging by hydroxide precipitates. At higher algae concentrations, the minimum required concentration of ferric chloride for flocculation is independent of algae concentration, suggesting a change in the primary flocculation mechanism from bridging to sweep flocculation. Second, the algae must have a negative surface charge. Experiments and surface complexation modeling show that the surface charge of C. zofingiensis is negative above a pH of 4.0 ± 0.3 which agrees well with the minimum pH required for effective flocculation. These critical flocculation criteria can be extended to other freshwater algae to design effective flocculation systems.
Performance measurements for evaluating static and dynamic multiple human detection and tracking systems in unstructured environments

The Army Research Laboratory (ARL) Robotics Collaborative Technology Alliance (CTA) conducted an assessment and evaluation of multiple algorithms for real-time detection of pedestrians in Laser Detection and Ranging (LADAR) and video sensor data taken from a moving platform. The algorithms were developed by Robotics CTA members and then assessed in field experiments jointly conducted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and ARL. A robust, accurate and independent pedestrian tracking system was developed to provide ground truth. The ground truth was used to evaluate the CTA member algorithms for uncertainty and error in their results. A real-time display system was used to provide early detection of errors in data collection.
Electronic phase transition and amorphization in AuIn 2 at high pressure

High-resolution angular-dispersive x-ray diffraction shows that the intermetallic compound AuIn 2 retains its initial CaF 2 structure to pressures of 23 GPa. We observe continuous broadening of diffraction lines with pressure, leading to amorphization at 24 GPa. The pressure-volume equation of state exhibits an anomaly around 2.7 GPa, in agreement with previous findings and not attributable to nonhydrostaticity. Instead, ab initio plane-wave self-consistent field calculations indicate that the observed anomaly is associated with topological changes in the electronic band structure under pressure.
Uncovering CPU load balancing policies with harmony

We introduce Harmony, a system for extracting the multiprocessor scheduling policies from commodity operating systems. Harmony can be used to unearth many aspects of multiprocessor scheduling policy, including the nuanced behaviors of core scheduling mechanisms and policies. We demonstrate the effectiveness of Harmony by applying it to the analysis of the load-balancing behavior of three Linux schedulers: O(1), CFS, and BFS. Our analysis uncovers the strengths and weaknesses of each of these schedulers, and more generally shows how to utilize Harmony to perform detailed analyses of complex scheduling systems.
Detection of the anti-Hu antibody in the serum of patients with small cell lung cancer—A quantitative western blot analysis

We looked for the presence of the anti-Hu antibody in the sera from 50 normal subjects; 44 patients with small cell lung cancer, not associated with paraneoplastic disease; and 25 patients with small cell lung cancer associated with paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy, encephalomyelitis, or both. Using the avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase method and a highly sensitive quantitative Western blot analysis, the anti-Hu antibody was not detected in the 50 normal human sera. Seven of the 44 patients with small cell lung cancer but no paraneoplastic syndrome had detectable levels (average titer, 76 U/ml) of anti-Hu antibody on Western blot. These levels are significantly lower than the average titer of the 25 patients who had small cell lung cancer and paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy or encephalomyelitis (average titer, 4,592 U/ml). In the group with nonparaneoplastic small cell lung cancer (low anti-Hu titer) there was a predominance of women (5 women: 2 men), and all patients had "limited" disease when diagnosed. In the antibody-negative group the sex ratio was 16 women to 21 men and 51% of the patients had "extensive" disease. None of the 7 patients with a low-titer anti-Hu antibody developed a paraneoplastic syndrome by the time of writing. The anti-Hu antibody appears, when present, to be a good marker for small cell lung cancer and, when present at high titer, for small cell lung cancer associated with a paraneoplastic syndrome.
New evidence that both T-type calcium channels and GABAA channels are responsible for the potent peripheral analgesic effects of 5α-reduced neuroactive steroids

Neurosteroids are potent blockers of neuronal low-voltage activated (T-type) Ca(2+) channels and potentiators of GABA(A) ligand-gated channels, but their effects in peripheral pain pathways have not been studied previously. To investigate potential analgesic effects and the ion channels involved, we tested the ability of locally injected 5alpha-reduced neurosteroids to modulate peripheral thermal nociception to radiant heat in adult rats in vivo and to modulate GABA(A) and T-type Ca(2+) channels in vitro. The steroid anesthetic alphaxalone (ALPX), the endogenous neurosteroid allopregnanolone (3alpha5alphaP), and a related compound ((3alpha,5alpha,17beta)-3-hydroxyandrostane-17-carbonitrile, (ACN)), induced potent, dose-dependent, enantioselective anti-nociception in vivo and modulation of both T-type Ca(2+) currents and GABA(A)-mediated currents in vitro. Analgesic effects of ALPX were incompletely antagonized by co-injections of the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline. The neurosteroid analogue ((3alpha,5alpha)-3-hydroxy-13,24-cyclo-18,21-dinorchol-22-en-24-ol (CDNC24), a compound with GABAergic but not T-type activity, was not analgesic. However, (3beta,5alpha,17beta)-17-hydroxyestrane-3-carbonitrile (ECN)), which has effects on T-type channels but not on GABA(A) receptors, also induced potent enantioselective peripheral anti-nociception. ECN increased pain thresholds less than ALPX, 3alpha5alphaP and ACN. However, when an ineffective dose of CDNC24 was combined with ECN, anti-nociceptive activity was greatly enhanced, and this effect was bicuculline-sensitive. These results strongly suggest that GABA(A) channels do not contribute to baseline pain transmission, but they can enhance anti-nociception mediated by blockade of T-type Ca(2+) channels. In conclusion, we demonstrate that potent peripheral analgesia induced by 5alpha-reduced neurosteroid is mediated in part by effects on T-type Ca(2+) channels. Our results also reveal a role of GABA-gated ion channels in peripheral nociceptive signaling.
Structural, spectroscopic, and electrochemical properties of a series of high-spin thiolatonickel(II) complexes.

A series of high-spin thiolatonickel(II) complexes, [PhTttBu]Ni(SR) (PhTttBu = phenyltris((tert-butylthio)methyl)borate; 2, R = triphenylmethyl; 3, R = pentafluorophenyl; 4, R = phenyl), were synth...
Insulin- and warts-dependent regulation of tracheal plasticity modulates systemic larval growth during hypoxia in Drosophila melanogaster

Adaptation to dynamic environmental cues during organismal development requires coordination of tissue growth with available resources. More specifically, the effects of oxygen availability on body size have been well-documented, but the mechanisms through which hypoxia restricts systemic growth have not been fully elucidated. Here, we characterize the larval growth and metabolic defects in Drosophila that result from hypoxia. Hypoxic conditions reduced fat body opacity and increased lipid droplet accumulation in this tissue, without eliciting lipid aggregation in hepatocyte-like cells called oenocytes. Additionally, hypoxia increased the retention of Dilp2 in the insulin-producing cells of the larval brain, associated with a reduction of insulin signaling in peripheral tissues. Overexpression of the wildtype form of the insulin receptor ubiquitously and in the larval trachea rendered larvae resistant to hypoxia-induced growth restriction. Furthermore, Warts downregulation in the trachea was similar to increased insulin receptor signaling during oxygen deprivation, which both rescued hypoxia-induced growth restriction, inhibition of tracheal molting, and developmental delay. Insulin signaling and loss of Warts function increased tracheal growth and augmented tracheal plasticity under hypoxic conditions, enhancing oxygen delivery during periods of oxygen deprivation. Our findings demonstrate a mechanism that coordinates oxygen availability with systemic growth in which hypoxia-induced reduction of insulin receptor signaling decreases plasticity of the larval trachea that is required for the maintenance of systemic growth during times of limiting oxygen availability.
Synthetic aperture radar detection and clutter rejection minace filters

Abstract New shift-invariant distortion-invariant Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) filters for detection are described. They employ new modified Minimum Noise and Correlation Energy (MINACE) filters. Test results are provided for real SAR data with 360° aspect views of two different objects and for 100 real SAR clutter chips (natural and man-made) that passed the second stage of the Lincoln Laboratory's SAR processor. We obtained high detection rates P D =100% and few false alarms P FA ⩽ 0.82% using only three filters per object class. The shift-invariance of the filters allow their use as adjuncts for all stages (detection, discrimination, classification) of a SAR image processor. Classification results are also briefly reported.
Mathematical analysis and computer simulation of the respiratory system in the newborn infant

A mathematical model of neonatal respiratory control which can be used to simulate the system under different physiological conditions is proposed. The model consists of a continuous plant and a discrete controller. Included in the plant are lungs, body tissue, brain tissue, a cerebrospinal fluid compartment, and central and peripheral receptors. The effect of shunt in the lungs is included in the model, and the lung volume and the dead space are time varying. The controller utilizes outputs from peripheral and central receptors to adjust the depth and rate of breathing, and the effects of prematurity of peripheral receptors are included in the system. Hering-Breuer-type reflexes are embodied in the controller to accomplish respiratory synchronization. The model is examined and its simulation results under test conditions in hypoxia and hypercapnia are presented. >
Neonatal RU-486 (mifepristone) exposure increases androgen receptor immunoreactivity and sexual behavior in male rats.

Abstract Progesterone and progestin receptors (PRs) are known to play a role in the development of brain physiology and behavior in many different species. The distribution and regulation of PRs within the developing brain suggest that they likely contribute to the organization of the brain and behavior in a sex-specific manner. We examined the role of PR signaling during development on the organization of adult sexual behavior and androgen receptor (AR) expression in the brain. We administered the PR antagonist, RU-486, subcutaneously to male and female rats on postnatal days 1–7 (0=day of birth) and examined adult sexual behavior and AR-immunoreactivity (AR-ir) in the adult brain. A typical sex difference in lordosis quotient (LQ) was observed and neonatal RU-486 treatment did not alter this behavior. In contrast, neonatal RU-486 treatment increased adult male sexual behavior and AR-ir in several brain areas in males. These data indicate that a transient disruption in PR signaling during development can have lasting consequences on the male brain and may increase male sexual behavior in part by increasing AR expression, and therefore androgen sensitivity, in adulthood.
THE CALIBRATION OF DIFFUSION MEMBRANES AND THE CALCULATION OF MOLECULAR VOLUMES FROM DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS.

In the membrane method for measuring diffusion coefficients (Northrop and Anson (1928-29)) diffusion takes place through a porous disc. Under these conditions convection currents which usually make diffusion measurements difficult are avoided, the time required for a measurement is greatly shortened, and it becomes possible to remove the diffused substance for estimation. Under suitable conditions the rate of diffusion of one substance is independent of other substances present. To calculate the diffusion coefficient it is necessary to know only the per cent, not the absolute amount, of the original material which passes through the disc in a given time. The method can be applied, therefore, even to impure biological substances which can be estimated only by activity measurements. Since the dimensions of the pores are unknown, the membrane is calibrated by measuring the rate of diffusion through it of a substance of known diffusion coefficient. The first part of this paper describes the calibration of diffusion membranes with sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and hydrochloric acid and summarizes the evidence that the membrane method yields correct diffusion coefficients. The second part of this paper states the assumptions made in calculating molecular volumes from diffusion coefficients by Einstein's law, states the consequences if these assumptions are not valid, and discusses the possible reasons why molecular volumes of various proteins calculated from their diffusion coefficients are higher than the molecular volumes calculated from osmotic pressures and sedimentation data. The third part
Time-dependency of microzooplankton grazing and phytoplankton growth in the subarctic Pacific

Abstract Dilution experiments were conducted on SUPER Program cruises in June 1987 and May and August 1988 to assess the role of microzooplankton in controlling phytoplankton stocks in the subarctic Pacific. Net growth rates of chlorophyll a varied in individual experiments from −0.4 to +0.7d −1 . Experiments incubated for 48h gave higher net estimates than 24h incubations (0.01 to 0.22 d −1 for different cruises), exaggerating the imbalance between growth and grazing. Specific growth rates (μ) and grazing mortality (m) for 24h incubations were approximately balanced for the June and May cruises, and net growth estimates from the dilution experiments predicted changes in chlorophyll concentrations for May that closely matched those observed in the field, A major decline in phytoplankton abundance in the middle of May coincided with a high abundance of ciliates. Cell counts indicated that Synechococcus and small autotrophic nonflagellates were always kept in check by microzooplankton grazing, even when chlorophyll indicated uncontrolled phytoplankton growth in August 1988 experiments. Diatoms showed high growth potential in most incubations and dominated among the cells that bloomed in August. Our results support the hypotheses that micrograzers are major consumers of phytoplankton in the subarctic Pacific and that their grazing can control some elements of the phytoplankton community. However, growth limitation, presumably from iron deficiency, remains essential to the explanation of phytoplankton control in mid to late summer.
Selective growth of malignant cells by in vitro incubation on Teflon.

Abstract The selective growth of malignant cells on non-adhesive Teflon substrates is reported. Neoplastically transformed cell lines of human and murine origin proliferated on Teflon whereas similarly seeded normal non-tumorigenic cells were unable to undergo cell division and subsequent growth. This substrate should be especially useful in establishing primary cultures from human tumor material.
Cloning, Expression, and One-Step Purification of the Minimal Essential Domain of the Light Chain of Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A

A truncated but functional form of the botulinum neurotoxin A light chain (Tyr 9-Leu 415) has been cloned into the three bacterial expression vectors, pET 28, pET 30, and PGEX-2T, and produced as fusion proteins. This 406-amino-acid light chain was expressed with 1 six-histidine tag (LC-pET28), 2 six histidine tags and a S-tag (LC-pET30), or a six-histidine tag and a glutathione S-transferase tag (LC-pGEX-2T). The three fusion proteins have been overexpressed in Escherichia coli, purified in a soluble form, and tested for protease activity. All three recombinant proteins were found to have similar enzymatic activity, comparable to the light chain purified from the whole toxin. The LC-pET30 protein was the most soluble and stable of the three fusion proteins, and it could be purified using a one-step affinity chromatography protocol. The purified protein was determined to be 98% pure as assessed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel. This protein has been crystallized and initial X-ray data show that the crystals diffract to 1.8 A.
The Effect of Gas-Surface Interactions on Laser-Generated BaTiO3 Plumes

Two models, based on hydrodynamic and Direct Simulation Monte Carlo approaches, have been investigated for the simulation of species fluxes arriving at substrates during pulsed laser deposition of thin films. The models are assessed in light of the results of mass spectrometric and optical imaging observations of the plume. Model predictions of film composition are compared with the results of microscopic compositional analysis across a deposited BaTiO 3 film. The spatial distributions of the relative abundance of total Ba and Ti were a particular focus of this study, with the latter model giving the best agreement with experiment. The Monte Carlo simulation results indicate that the incoming concentration ratio of total Ba to Ti, across the substrate surface, is strongly modified by gas collisions within a compressed region that forms between the infalling plume and the substrate surface, and also by momentum exchange (scattering) between the lighter plume species and the added background gas.
Prediction of tyrosine sulfation in seven-transmembrane peptide receptors.

Posttranslational modification by tyrosine sulfation regulates many important protein-protein interactions and modulates the binding affinity and specificity of seven-transmembrane peptide receptors. We developed a log-odds position-specific-scoring-matrix (PSSM) to accurately predict tyrosine sulfation using 62 tyrosine sites known to be sulfated and 421 tyrosine sites known not to be sulfated. We predict that 49 tyrosines of 32 seven-transmembrane peptide receptors are sulfated. Although we did not incorporate characteristics of confirmed sulfation sites such as clustering and conservation across species into our PSSM, our predicted sites nevertheless exhibited these characteristics. The observed conservation suggests that there are strong evolutionary pressures to preserve selected biological activity of seven-transmembrane receptors. The predicted tyrosine sulfation sites predominantly occur in the extracellular tail and extracellular loop 2, regions consistent with their association with binding pockets of the receptor.
Folate supplementation in schizophrenia: A possible role for MTHFR genotype

Abstract Background Folate deficiency and the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677C > T polymorphism have been linked to negative symptoms in schizophrenia both independently and synergistically. This study examined the effect of folate supplementation on negative symptoms overall and in relation to MTHFR 677C > T genotype. Method Forty-six stable adult schizophrenia outpatients were enrolled and 32 were randomised, double-blind, in a parallel-group, twelve week add-on trial of folate 2 mg/d or matching placebo. The primary outcome measure was change from baseline to week 12 on the modified SANS total score using a mixed-model analysis. In addition, we measured the effect of MTHFR genotype on treatment effects and on changes in serum folate by grouping participants with T/T genotype together with C/T genotype and comparing their interactions to patients with C/C genotype. Results Twenty-eight participants completed the trial. Folate supplementation did not significantly affect negative symptoms compared to placebo across the entire cohort. However, there was a significant genotype × treatment effect on negative symptoms (F = 7.13, df = 1,39, p = 0.01). In addition, MTHFR status significantly moderated the relationship between change in serum folate and change in negative symptoms: among participants with at least one copy of the T allele negative symptoms were more likely to improve with increased serum folate (p = 0.03). Conclusion We did not detect a therapeutic benefit of folate supplementation in a sample of patients with residual negative symptoms. However, a possible association between genotypes associated with reduced MTHFR activity and benefit from folate supplementation should be investigated further.
Synthesis and metabotropic glutamate receptor activity of S-oxidized variants of (-)-4-amino-2-thiabicyclo-[3.1.0]hexane-4,6-dicarboxylate: identification of potent, selective, and orally bioavailable agonists for mGlu2/3 receptors.

(−)-4-Amino-2-thiabicyclo-[3.1.0]hexane-4,6-dicarboxylate (LY389795, (−)-3) is a highly potent and selective agonist of metabotropic glutamate receptors 2 (mGlu2) and 3 (mGlu3). As part of our ongoing research program, we have prepared S-oxidized variants of (−)-3, compounds (−)-10, (+)-11 (LY404040), and (−)-12 (LY404039). Each of these chiral heterobicyclic amino acids displaced specific binding of the mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist 3H-2S-2-amino-2-(1S,2S-2-carboxycycloprop-1-yl)-3-(xanth-9-yl)propanoic acid (3H-LY341495) from membranes expressing recombinant human mGlu2 or mGlu3 and acted as potent agonists in cells expressing these receptor subtypes. Docking of the most potent of these derivatives, (+)-11, to mGlu2 revealed the possibility of an additional H-bond interaction between the sulfoxide oxygen of (+)-11 with tyrosine residue Y236. Pharmacokinetic analysis of mGlu active enantiomers (+)-11 and (−)-12 in rats showed each to be well absorbed following oral administration. Consistent with their mGl...
Variable susceptibility of Lewis rats to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Abstract This report is to alert other investigators that Lewis rats, which are widely employed in studies of autoimmune diseases, very considerably with respect to susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), depending upon commercial source.
Impact of increasing adherence to disease-modifying therapies on healthcare resource utilization and direct medical and indirect work loss costs for patients with multiple sclerosis.

AbstractObjectives:To estimate the effect of adherence to disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) among patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) on healthcare resource utilization (HRU) and costs, and model the impact of a 10 percentage point increase in adherence on these outcomes.Methods:Employed patients, 18–64 years old, with ≥2 MS diagnoses and ≥1 DMT claim during January 1, 2002 to September 30, 2012 were identified from a large commercially-insured US claims database. Adherence was measured as proportion of days covered (PDC) during follow-up. Multivariate regression analyses were conducted to estimate the effect of adherence on HRU related to urgent care (i.e., inpatient or emergency room visit), days of work loss, direct medical cost, and indirect work loss costs. Model coefficients were used to evaluate the impact of a 10 percentage point increase in adherence on the outcomes.Results:A total of 1510 patients were included (mean age = 43.4 years, 64% female). Patients with higher adherence had lower HRU,...
Liver metastasis formation by laminin-1 peptide (LQVQLSIR)-adhesion selected B16-F10 melanoma cells.

Laminin-1, a major basement membrane glycoprotein, promotes tumor cell malignancy. Incubation of B16-F10 melanoma cells with a peptide containing an active sequence in laminin-1, designated AG-73 (leu-glu-val-glu-leu-ser-ile-arg; LQVQLSIR), enhances in vitro adhesion, migration, invasion and gelatinase production and in vivo lung colonization and metastases to the liver. In the current study, we have tried to define the mechanism of enhancement of liver metastases induced by AG-73 using B16-F10 murine melanoma cells selected for adhesion on AG-73-coated dishes. Cells were sequentially selected for adhesion more than 30 times and then characterized. AG-73 selected cells had much longer cytoplasmic processes and occasionally formed nodular aggregates. AG-73 selected cells attached 1.2- to 1.5-fold better to both AG-73 and laminin-1, were able to invade through the Matrigel-coated filter up to 6-fold more, grew s.c. 1.5-2 times faster, produced twice the number of lung colonies, and showed more liver nodules (12 of 28 vs. 1 of 27) than parental cells. Our data demonstrate that the enhanced malignant phenotype of B16-F10 cells can be observed in the absence of added peptide with the adhesion-selected cells. Int. J. Cancer 71:436-441, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma in Children and Adolescents

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is the most common mature T-cell neoplasm in children and adolescents and one of the most curable cancers in pediatrics. Dissimilar from ALCL in adults, ALCL in children is nearly universally anaplastic large cell lymphoma kinase (ALK) positive. Multiple clinical trials have employed different chemotherapy strategies resulting in survival rates of 70–90%. Despite the relative rarity of the disease, a great deal of insight into the pathogenesis of ALCL has been learned by researching the essential oncogenic role of ALK. The elucidation of the pathogenesis of this unique disease has provided insight into many potential new agents for treatment. In fact, our knowledge of the biology of ALCL has now led to clinical challenges in attempting to study all the potential new agents in a limited number of patients. This chapter will provide an overview of the pathology, clinical features, prognostics factors, and treatment for children and adolescents with ALCL.
Use of 16S rDNA clone libraries to study changes in a microbial community resulting from ex situ perturbation of a subsurface sediment

Total community DNA was isolated from a series of low-biomass subsurface sediments immediately after coring, either maintained as intact cores or homogenized and maintained at 17°C for up to 21 weeks. Eubacterial 16S rRNA genes were recovered by PCR amplification, and full-length, cloned genes were digested with CfoI. Resulting restriction enzyme patterns were used to group clones into specific RFLP groups. The abundance and distribution of individual clones within the RFLP groups was used to assess the changes in community structure as a function of storage time and sample condition (i.e., intact versus homogenized). Ninety-eight different RFLP groups were identified in toto. Large subsets of new RFLP groups were continuously identified at increasing times post-sampling. Only 12 specific RFLP patterns were identified in both homogenized and intact samples, however, indicating that the response of these communities varied significantly between the homogenized and intact sediments. Further, a comparison of clone libraries from the multiple sample treatments provided evidence that the relative abundance of clones within specific RFLP groups reflected a change in the abundance of that specific RFLP group within the microbial community. These results support the hypothesis that both growth and resuscitational processes are responsible for post-sampling stimulation of subsurface microorganisms. These and similar approaches will further enhance our ability to more rigorously analyze the composition and structure of low-biomass (e.g., <105 cells g−1), subsurface microbial communities.
Asymmetrical memory decline in normal aging and dementia

We assessed whether age-associated memory impairments and the memory impairment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is comparable in the verbal and nonverbal domains. Subjects incidentally learned the identity and location of a group of objects and later verbally recalled the objects as well as recalling their previous spatial location. Comparison subject (younger subjects for experiment 1, and older subjects for experiment 2) were tested after retention intervals that equated their performance with that of the index subjects. We found that memory does not change uniformly with age. Verbal memory is more affected than nonverbal memory. This asymmetrical pattern is a feature of normal aging and does not appear to be due to a degenerative process such as Alzheimer's disease.
Racial Differences Among Supported Housing Clients in Outcomes and Therapeutic Relationships

This study examined racial differences between African American and White supported housing clients in clinical outcomes and in their relationships with their landlords, medical and mental health care providers, and religious faith. Housing, mental health, and substance abuse outcomes of 204 White clients and 269 Black clients participating in a national homeless initiative were examined, along with their ratings of their relationships with landlords, health care providers, and religious participation. There were no significant racial differences found on outcomes or on client ratings of the helpfulness of relationships with landlords and health care providers. However, Black participants reported significantly stronger religious faith and religious participation than White participants. Together, these results suggest the religious faith of Black clients should be appreciated as a potential asset in supported housing services and that efforts to maintain racial equality should be continued in the delivery of health services.
The quarter wave resonator as a superconducting linac element

Abstract The electrical and mechanical properties of quarter wave resonators are derived. A procedure for optimal design of a quarter wave resonator for use in a superconducting heavy ion linac is given. It is concluded that a quarter wave resonator has significant advantages for this application.
Accessibility and Intraurban Travel

This paper contains an examination of the fundamental assumption underlying the use of accessibility indicators: that an individual's travel behavior is related to his or her location vis-a-vis the distribution of potential activity sites. First, the conceptual and measurement issues surrounding accessibility and its relationship to travel are reviewed; then, an access measure for individuals is formulated. Using data from the Uppsala (Sweden) Household Travel Survey and controlling for sex, automobile availability, and employment status, the authors explore the relationship between both home- and work-based accessibility and five aspects of an individual's travel: mode use, trip frequencies and travel distances for discretionary purposes, trip complexity, travel in conjunction with the journey to work, and size of the activity space. From the results it can be seen that although all of these travel characteristics are related to accessibility to some degree, the travel–accessibility relationship is not a...
Nimodipine, a dihydropyridine‐type calcium channel blocker, prevents alcoholic hepatitis caused by chronic intragastric ethanol exposure in the rat

It has been shown recently that inactivation of Kupffer cells prevents free radical formation and early alcohol-induced liver injury, and that hypoxia subsequent to a hypermetabolic state caused by activated Kupffer cells is likely involved in the mechanism. Calcium is essential for the activation of Kupffer cells, which contain L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether a Ca2+ channel blocker, nimodipine, prevents early alcohol-induced liver injury in vivo and to evaluate its effect on intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) in Kupffer cells in vitro. Male Wistar rats were exposed to ethanol (10-12 g/kg/d) continuously for up to 4 weeks via intragastric feeding using an enteral model developed by Tsukamoto and French. In this model, ethanol causes steatosis, necrosis, and inflammation in only a few weeks. In the experimental group, nimodipine (10 mg/kg/d) was added to the diet and was shielded from direct light. Nimodipine had no effect on body weight over a 4-week treatment period, nor were mean ethanol concentrations or their cyclic pattern in urine affected. The mean urine ethanol values were 154 +/- 11 mg/dL in ethanol-fed and 144 +/- 38 mg/dL in ethanol + nimodipine-fed rats. After 4 weeks, serum aspartate transaminase (AST) levels were elevated in ethanol-treated rats to 183 +/- 78 U/L. In contrast, values only reached 101 +/- 9 U/L in rats given nimodipine + ethanol-values which were significantly lower. Steatosis and necrosis assessed histologically were also reduced significantly by nimodipine. Nimodipine (10 micrograms/kg) also blocked the swift increase in alcohol metabolism and elevated oxygen consumption in perfused livers from rats treated with alcohol in vivo. Further, in cultured Kupffer cells, nimodipine (1 mumol/L) largely prevented the elevation in [Ca2+]i caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (LPS, 200 +/- 11 nmol/L; LPS + nimodipine, 94 +/- 31 nmol/L; P < .05). These results indicate that nimodipine prevents alcoholic hepatitis, possibly by inhibition of endotoxin-mediated Kupffer cell activation.
Female Consumers' Brand Orientation: The Influence of Quality and Demographics

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether quality proneness and demographic variables were predictors of female consumers' brand orientation. A national random sample of 1,000 female consumers, ages 25—44, was sent ques tionnaires, resulting in a 43 percent (n = 383) return rate. Quality proneness, annual apparel expenditures, and type of store shopped were found to be sig nificant (p < .05) predictors of brand orientation. Results will benefit retailers and apparel manufacturers in identifying targetable market segments for their brand- name products.