cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute tolerance to the locomotor stimulant effects of nicotine in the rat.

Studies of peripheral nicotinic receptors have revealed that, after an initial agonist action, the receptors remain inhibited either through continued depolarization blockade due to continued presence of the agonist or through a brief inactivation of the receptor following its activation. If a similar phenomenon occurs at central nervous system nicotinic receptors, then behavioral responses to nicotine should exhibit an acute tolerance (tachyphylaxis). Groups of rats were given either saline or 0.2 mg/kg nicotine injections at 20-min intervals in photocell activity cages. A progressive decline in the locomotor responsiveness to nicotine was observed. The time course of this acute tolerance was observed in other rats given initial 0.2 mg/kg nicotine injections followed at differing time intervals by second 0.2 mg/kg nicotine test injections. The secondary antagonism to nicotine's locomotor stimulant effects was maximal at 45–60 min and recovered by 90–120 min. The locomotor response to 0.2 mg/kg nicotine test injections was observed in other rats following exposure to 1.8 mg/kg nicotine, and the behavioral response was attenuated for more than 5 h.
Point charge versus multipole fields in induced absorption

Abstract It is shown that the differences between effects induced by the fields of point charge distributions and by multipole moment approximations to the fields are much less than has sometimes been supposed, the reason being that induced absorption is determined by averages over orientations of the squared field intensities. This provides a stronger basis for multipole moment descriptions, but does not justify neglect of orientation dependent energies and fluctuations.
Methodology issues in risk assessment for radon.

The alpha dose per unit radon daughter exposure in mines and homes is comparable at about 5 mGy/WLM. This means that excess lung cancer risk determined in follow-up studies of miners should be vali...
On the structure and analysis of complex systems of first-order chemical reactions containing irreversible steps—I general properties

Abstract The mathematical structures of systems of first-order reactions containing some irreversible steps are considerably more complicated than the structures of completely reversible systems because the principle of detailed balancing does not apply to the entire system. Characteristic vectors occur that do not correspond to directly responsible straight line reaction paths and the rate constant matrix cannot always be diagonalised. A decomposition of this system into subsystems of reversible reactions interconnected by irreversible steps allows one to introduce the principle of detailed balancing and leads to the development of theorems that should greatly increase one's ability to study such systems.
Microgenetic-algorithm-based design of combined conventional waveguide and photonic crystal devices

We have proposed the hybrid integration of photonic crystals (PhCs) and conventional index-guided waveguides (CWGs) as a potentially attractive method of realizing compact waveguide elements for large-scale planar lightwave circuits (PLCs). In this paper we briefly review the properties of PhC/CWG 90° bends in low index, low index contrast waveguides and then extend them to waveguides with high index and low index contrast. We find that diffraction from the boundary of the PhC region limits the optical efficiency of the bend. To overcome this we use a rigorous design tool based on a micro-genetic algorithm (microGA) and a finite difference time domain (FDTD) method to optimize the boundary layer to suppress the unwanted diffraction. We find that this approach yields an improvement in the bend efficiency for light at 1.55 micron from 80% to 95%.
Determination of anti-Müllerian hormone at estrus during a synchronized and a natural bovine estrous cycle

Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) has been correlated with phenotypic indicators of fertility. However, the effects of exogenous hormones used during estrus synchronization on AMH have not been evaluated. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to determine whether concentrations of AMH at estrus are similar between a synchronized compared with a natural estrous cycle. Nulliparous dairy and beef heifers (n = 68) were synchronized with the Select Synch + controlled internal drug release (CIDR) protocol (GnRH + CIDR-7 d-CIDR removal + PG). Heifers were observed for expression of estrus every 6 h until 84 h after the injection of PG. Visual detection of the subsequent estrus, considered natural estrus, occurred every 6 h from day 16 to 24 after synchronized estrus. At the time of standing estrus, ovarian structures in heifers were evaluated by transrectal ultrasonography. Blood samples were collected at estrus for analysis of concentrations of AMH during the synchronized and natural estrous cycles. The GLM and CORR procedures of SAS were used to analyze data. Concentrations of AMH between natural and synchronized estrus were positively correlated (r = 0.67; P 0.05) between the natural (0.0543 ± 0.0076 ng/mL) or synchronized (0.0428 ± 0.0076 ng/mL) estrous cycles. In conclusion, concentrations of AMH were similar between natural and synchronized estrous cycles. Concentrations of AMH in natural and synchronized estrous cycles were highly correlated within individual heifers and varied among heifers with beef heifers having increased (P < 0.05) concentrations of AMH compared with dairy heifers (0.0638 ± 0.01 and 0.0402 ± 0.01 ng/mL, respectively).
Anesthesia and renal failure

Summary The patient with renal dysfunction who requires anesthesia and surgery presents a number of challenges. As sicker patients come to surgery, the incidence of perioperative renal failure is high and the incidence of postoperative renal failure is increased. This is particularly true of patients undergoing cardiac or major vascular procedures and for trauma patients. Some of these patients require a more thorough preoperative evaluation in order to assure that the surgical procedure can be performed safely. The care of the patient with preexisting renal disease in particular requires careful management in order to avoid worsening the renal function as a result of the anesthetic management, use of nephrotoxic drugs, inappropriate dosages, or by inattention to careful volume monitoring. These patients frequently require more careful perioperative monitoring than routine patients.
Characteristics, context and risk: NGO insecurity in conflict zones.

This paper reports on research conducted on the insecurity of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) between 1999 and 2002, with the goal of contributing to the debate on the reasons why NGO actors are targets of violence in conflict settings. The research involved the collection of data from three countries-Angola, Ecuador and Sierra Leone-and exploration of the relationship between levels of insecurity, context and the characteristics of NGOs. Four risk factors appear to heighten the degree of insecurity that NGOs face: (1) carrying out multiple types of activities and providing material aid; (2)'operationality'(that is, implementing programmes and activities); (3) working with both sides of the conflict; and (4) integrating into the local community. The paper discusses the methodological approach adopted for the research, the differences between ambient and situational insecurity and the findings related to risk factors. It concludes with a summary of the study's implications. Language: en
THE KINETICS OF STARVATION : II. THE LOSS OF WEIGHT IN PIGEONS SUBSISTING ON WATER ALONE.

1. The loss of weight in pigeons subjected to prolonged starvation on water alone may be accurately represented by an appropriate form of the law of autocatakinesis. 2. This function, within proper limitations, gives a definite indication as to the nature and character of the fundamental reactions involved. In addition, it provides quantitative measures of the relative progress and importance of these reactions. 3. Analytically, the process of starvation consists of two nearly symmetrical cycles, corresponding chemically to the destruction of the carbohydrate-fat reserves and to the decomposition of body protein. 4. A suitable transformation overcoming certain difficulties inherent in the general form of the law is discussed and applied to the data reported.
Single-Cell RT-PCR Analysis of TRPC Channels Expressed in Rat Cholinergic, Dopaminergic, Noradrenergic, and Serotonergic Neurons in the Brain

The canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) channels comprise a family of nonselective cation channels composed of seven members (TRPC1-7). TRPC channels are widely distributed in the nervous system and contribute to neuronal excitation. In the present study, using the single-cell RT-PCR method, the distribution of TRPC channel mRNA is analyzed in cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis (NB), serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC), dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN), and dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). NB, LC, SN and VTA neurons are cultured from 3-5 day-old and DRN from 10-12 day-old Long Evans rats. Single-cell RT-PCR was performed on these cultured neurons using the previously described method (Kawano et al., 2004, Neuroscience letters, 358:63). Tyrosine hydroxylase primers were used to identify noradrenergic neurons in LC and dopaminergic neurons in SN and VTA. Choline acetyltransferase primers were used to identify cholinergic neurons in NB, and tryptophan hydroxylase primers were used to identify serotonergic neurons in DRN. TRPC1 mRNA was most frequently detected in all neuron types. TRPC2, involved in pheromone sensing, was not present in any neuron. TRPC3, 4 and 5 existed most frequently in cholinergic neurons in NB (80-90%). TRPC6 was relatively more frequent in dopaminergic neurons in VTA (58%) and SN (46%). TRPC7 was most frequently found in noradrenergic neurons (80%) in LC and cholinergic neurons (80%) in the NB. Interestingly, cholinergic neurons in the NB show the highest frequency of TRPC mRNA expression. Present results demonstrate that each type of neuron expresses specific combination of TRPCs, suggesting that the specific TRPCs are responsible for excitation of each type of neurons.
Suppression of dendritic cell maturation and T cell proliferation by synovial fluid myeloid cells from mice with autoimmune arthritis.

Granulocytes (mainly neutrophils) are abundantly present in the synovial fluid (SF) of inflamed joints in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (1,2), and these cells also constitute a major population of joint-infiltrating cells in murine models of RA including proteoglycan (PG)-induced arthritis (PGIA) (3–7). Neutrophils can inflict considerable damage to joint tissues via secretion of proteinases, reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytokines, and chemoattractants (8). In addition, they can interact with other cell types such as dendritic cells (DCs) that are also present in arthritic joints (9,10). Effects of these neutrophils on joint-resident DCs, which migrate to the joint draining lymph nodes (JDLNs) (11) and may present joint-derived autoantigens (autoAgs) to T cells, could be of importance. In both human and murine systems, activated neutrophils have been shown to induce the maturation of DCs via cell-cell contact and secretion of DC-activating cytokines (12–14). Such an interaction between joint-resident neutrophils and DCs could increase the autoimmune response through enhancement of both the migration of DCs and their capacity to present joint-derived autoAgs to T cells in the JDLNs. Conversely, if suppressive subsets of neutrophils or other myeloid lineage cells are present in an inflamed joint, they may prevent the spreading of arthritis to other joints by inhibiting the maturation of DCs, thus limiting the activation of autoreactive T cells in the JDLNs. A recently described cell population, termed myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), has been implicated in the suppression of T cell activation. MDSCs are a heterogeneous group of cells that belong to the CD11b+ myeloid lineage (15). First identified in cancer patients and tumor-bearing animals, MDSCs were later found to be enriched under the conditions of infection, organ transplantation, and autoimmunity (reviewed in (16)). In mice, two major populations of MDSCs (Ly6-GhiLy6-Cint/lo and Ly6-Gneg/loLy6-Chi) have been distinguished (15,17). Morphologically, the Ly6-GhiLy6-Cint/lo subset resembles granulocytes (neutrophils), whereas the Ly6-ChiLy6-Gneg/lo subset consists of monocyte-like cells. The suppressive activities of MDSCs have been mechanistically linked to their upregulation of arginase 1, inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS), and production of ROS (16,18–20). Although the presence of large populations of joint-infiltrating granulocytic cells in RA and PGIA has long been known, the possibility of joint-resident neutrophils activating DCs (thus potentially enhancing autoimmunity) or acting as MDSCs (thus suppressing autoimmunity), has not been considered. Therefore, the primary goal of this study was to determine whether SF (and spleen) cells in mice with PGIA contained a population that could promote or suppress DC maturation, with a potential to affect the DC-mediated activation of T cells.
Immunohistochemistry used as a screening method for persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection

Cattle persistently infected (PI) with bovine viral diarrhea virus(BVDV) are a major source of infection to herds. To successfully control BVDV, it is necessary to identify and cull those cattle PI with BVDV. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a useful tool for sensitive and specific detection of BVDV antigens in infected cattle. Skin of cattle PI with BVDV is one of the tissues where BVDV can be consistently identified by IHC and is readily accessible for sampling. Use of IHC on skin biopsies (in the form of ear notches)as a method to identify cattle PI with BVDV has resulted in a reliable, affordable technique for mass testing of cattle at an early age without maternal antibody interference. The ability to test large numbers of cattle to identify those Pl with BVDV will enable implementation of programs for control and eventual eradication of BVDV.
The Canopy Horizontal Array Turbulence Study

The Canopy Horizontal Array Turbulence Study (CHATS) took place in spring 2007 and is the third in the series of Horizontal Array Turbulence Study (HATS) experiments. The HATS experiments have been instrumental in testing and developing subfilterscale (SFS) models for large-eddy simulation (LES) of planetary boundary layer (PBL) turbulence. The CHATS campaign took place in a deciduous walnut orchard near Dixon, California, and was designed to examine the impacts of vegetation on SFS turbulence. Measurements were collected both prior to and following leafout to capture the impact of leaves on the turbulence, stratification, and scalar source/sink distribution. CHATS utilized crosswind arrays of fast-response instrumentation to investigate the impact of the canopy-imposed distribution of momentum extraction and scalar sources on SFS transport of momentum, energy, and three scalars. To directly test and link with PBL parameterizations of canopy-modified turbulent exchange, CHATS also included a 30-m profile ...
Improved HELLFIRE, successful use of the Ada language in an embedded, real-time application

The Missile Systems Division of Rockwell International has been involved in the successful development of embedded, highly real-time, Ada software for controlling the guidance of the AGM-114 HELLFIRE antitank missile. This project is the first operational tactical missile application using Ada. This software development effort was a very typical embedded project, with many of the typical embedded project challenges. Using Ada for an embedded, real-time system provided Rockwell with a distinctive set of advantages and disadvantages. It was not only the use of Ada, but a total “Software Engineering” approach that resulted in the overall success of the software project.
Primitive disclosive alethism

The contemporary debate about truth is polarized between deflationists and those who offer robust accounts of truth. I present a theory of truth called ‘Primitive Disclosive Alethism’ that occupies the middle ground between these two extremes. Contrary to deflationist claims, truth has a nature beyond its merely linguistic, expressive function. Truth is objective and non-epistemic, yet cannot be characterized in terms of correspondence. Primitive Disclosive Alethism offers a metaphysically satisfying explanation of our correspondence intuitions, while explaining why the concept of truth is an undefined primitive. The theory also explains why the T-schema offers the clearest expression of what makes a sentence true. I distinguish this theory from the Identity Theory of Truth which equates true propositions with facts.
Sequential electrolytic oxidation and reduction of aqueous phase energetic compounds.

Contamination of soils and groundwater with energetic compounds has been documented at many former ammunition manufacturing plants and ranges. Recent research at Colorado State University (CSU) has...
A Powered Prosthetic Intervention for Bilateral Transfemoral Amputees

This paper presents the design and validation of a control system for a pair of powered knee and ankle prostheses to be used as a prosthetic intervention for bilateral transfemoral amputees. The control system leverages communication between the prostheses for enhanced awareness and stability, along with power generation at the knee and ankle joints to better restore biomechanical functionality in level ground walking. The control methodology employed is a combination of an impedance-based framework for weight-bearing portions of gait and a trajectory-based approach for the nonweight-bearing portions. The control system was implemented on a pair of self-contained powered knee and ankle prostheses, and the ability of the prostheses and control approach to provide walking functionality was assessed in a set of experimental trials with a bilateral transfemoral amputee subject. Specifically, experimental data from these trials indicate that the powered prostheses and bilateral control architecture provide gait kinematics that reproduce healthy gait kinematics to a greater extent than the subject's daily-use passive prostheses.
p-adic Aspects of Jacobi Forms

We are interested in understanding and describing the p-adic properties of Jacobi forms. As opposed to the case of modular forms, not much work has been done in this area. The literature includes [3, 4, 7]. In the first section, we follow Serre’s ideas from his theory of p-adic modular forms. We study Jacobi forms whose Fourier expansions have integral coefficients and look at congruences between them. Non-trivial examples are given by Jacobi-Eisenstein series. It turns out that two Jacobi forms need to have the same index and satisfy a condition on the weights in order to be congruent. If we define p-adic Jacobi forms in the natural way in this context, and restrict ourselves to the case of SL2(Z), we obtain a structure theorem for the space of p-adic Jacobi forms for SL2(Z) of a given weight χ ∈ Z ′ p and index m ∈ Z. Another feature is that p-adic Jacobi forms for Γ0(p) are also forms for SL2(Z). This parallels the similar result for modular forms, and it will most probably play an important role in defining some p-adic operators that do not arise directly from complex operators. In the second section, we associate to every Jacobi form with integral coefficients a measure on Zp with values in the p-adic ring of Katz’s generalized modular forms. This is an injection that allows us to interpret Jacobi forms with p-adic coefficients as truly p-adic objects, and this suggests where to look for the adequate “test objects” for a modular p-adic theory. It also provides examples of p-adic analytic families of modular forms.
Nociceptin/orphanin FQ and opioid receptor-like receptor mRNA expression in dopamine systems

Although nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) influences dopamine (DA) neuronal activity, it is not known whether N/OFQ acts directly on DA neurons, indirectly by means of local circuitry, or both. We used two parallel approaches, dual in situ hybridization (ISH) and neurotoxic lesions of DA neurons by using 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), to ascertain whether N/OFQ and the N/OFQ receptor (NOP) mRNA are expressed in DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra compacta (SNc). In the VTA and SNc, small populations (approximately 6-10%) of N/OFQ-containing neurons coexpressed mRNA for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme for DA synthesis. Similarly, very few (1-2%) TH-positive neurons contained N/OFQ mRNA signal. A majority of NOP-positive neurons (approximately 75%) expressed TH mRNA and roughly half of the TH-containing neurons expressed NOP mRNA. Many N/OFQ neurons (approximately 50-60%) expressed glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 and 67 mRNAs, markers for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons. In the 6-OHDA lesion studies, NOP mRNA levels were nearly 80 and 85% lower in the VTA and SNc, respectively, on the lesioned side. These lesions appear to lead to compensatory changes, with N/OFQ mRNA levels approximately 60% and 300% higher in the VTA and SNc, respectively, after 6-OHDA lesions. Finally, N/OFQ-stimulated [(35)S]guanylyl-5'-O-(gamma-thio)-triphosphate levels were decreased in the VTA and SNc but not the prefrontal cortex after 6-OHDA lesions. Accordingly, it appears that N/OFQ mRNA was found largely on nondopaminergic (i.e., GABA) neurons, whereas NOP mRNA was located on DA neurons. N/OFQ is in a position to influence DA neuronal activity by means of the NOP located on DA neurons.
Abstract 4061: Computer-assisted Gleason grading of prostate cancer: Two novel approaches using nuclear shape and texture feature to classify pathologic Gleason grade patterns 3 and 4

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Introduction: We used two novel computer-assisted imaging applications that incorporate nuclear shape and texture analysis to differentiate Gleason grade patterns 3 and 4 of H&Ein a tissue microarray (TMA). The two approaches utilized a variational adaptive segmentation scheme (AdACM) (Rutgers) and the cardinal multiridgelet transform (CMRT) based texture analysis (University of Pittsburgh). Methods: The TMA include 0.6 mm cores from blocks that included Gleason patterns of CaP radical prostatectomy cases from 40 patients. The TMA comprised 13 Gleason patterns 6 (3+3), 8 pattern 7 (3+4), 7 pattern 8 (4+4) and 5 pattern 9 (4+5) Gleason grade (GG) patterns. The AdACM uses 200 × 200 pixel images extracted for nuclear & architectural textural features. All features were based on mathematical energy terms with a shape prior in a multi-level set formulation. The CMRT is an image transform that is translation- and rotation-invariant, and provides a means of displaying texture contents for selection of discriminative features. With a 3-scale decomposition, it gives 8 ridgelet packets and 16 statistical texture features in a 256 x 256 pixel image patch that are averaged over 9 non-overlapping patches in a given image for separation of GG patterns 3 and 4. Results: The CMRT study utilized 3 of 16 texture features extracted from images and trained a Gaussian kernel support vector machine (SVM), a leave-one-out cross-validation showed an accuracy of 94% and AUC of 0.97. For AdACM, nuclear features and architectural features were extracted. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) was employed for feature selection and best features from all three classes could discriminate Gleason grade 3 vs. 4 with an accuracy of 86% via a SVM classifier. Conclusions: Unique quantitative imaging of tissue nuclear shape and texture features can accurately differentiate Gleason patterns 3 and 4. Our research will next evaluate CaP outcomes. ![Figure][1] Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4061. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4061 [1]: pending:yes
The interaction of Rayleigh waves with ferromagnetic spins; Propagation parallel to the magnetization

Abstract We present a theoretical study of the attenuation and modification of the dispersion relation for Rayleigh waves as a consequence of their interaction with ferromagnetic spins. We consider the geometry where the magnetization and Zeeman field are parallel to the sample surface and to the propagation direction of the Rayleigh wave.
Observation of bimolecular radiative processes in absorbed oxygen

When excited by light at a wavelength corresponding to one of the "double transitions" of its molecular pairs, oxygen adsorbed on Vycor porous glass emits strong luminescence and also displays resonance Raman scattering. The intensities of both these phenomena have a remarkable dependence on the adsorbed oxygen coverage, increasing with decreasing coverage to a maximum at about 0.2 monolayer. We conclude that the random isolation of the molecules on the glass permits the study, at low temperatures, of oxygen in which nonradiative processes are suppressed.
Factors Affecting Groat Percentage in Oat

The groat percentage represents an important quality characteristic of oat (Avena sativa L.). Our objectives were to characterize mechanical factors of the oat dehulling process and the physical characteristics of the oat grain that affect groat percentage. Mechanical factors were determined with a compressed air dehuller. Physical characteristics of oat grain were evaluated from 10 genotypes grown at three locations with digital image analysis. Groat percentage as determined by hand dehulling was compared with mechanical dehulling. The strength and duration of mechanical stress required to separate the hull from the groat and the strength of the aspiration required to remove free hulls from the groats had significant effects on groat percentage results. Insufficient mechanical stress resulted in ineffective dehulling, but excessive stress resulted in groat breakage. Excessive aspiration removed groats as well as hulls, but insufficient aspiration left excessive hulls with groats. Groat percentage values obtained by hand dehulling or by mechanical means correlated well. Hand sorting of mechanically dehulled groats to remove hulls remaining after dehulling improved their correlation, indicating the importance of hand-sorting mechanically dehulled oats. Test weight and oat size uniformity were highly correlated with groat percentage. Negative correlation between hulls remaining after dehulling with groat percentage suggested that heavier hulls, associated with lower groat percentage, were more difficult to remove by aspiration. Positive correlations between groat breakage during dehulling and groat percentage suggest that thin hulls provide less protection to the groat during dehulling, resulting in higher levels of breakage.
Fluoroquinolone- and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus: Insights from the Antimicrobial Resistance Management Program:

Background:Staphylococcus aureus is a frequent cause of infections involving the bloodstream, skin and soft tissue, and lungs in hospitalized patients. These isolates are often multidrug resistant and represent a major therapeutic challenge.Objective:To explore the susceptibilities of S. aureus to nafcillin/oxacillin, a surrogate for methicillin resistance, and the fluoroquinolones and determine whether a relationship might exist between fluoroquinolone use and the prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA).Methods:To date, 353 institutions throughout the US and Puerto Rico have enrolled in the Antimicrobial Resistance Management (ARM) Program, and data have been submitted on nearly 5 million isolates of S. aureus. Isolates submitted from 1990 through 2002 were reviewed for sensitivity to nafcillin/oxacillin, clindamycin, erythromycin, and the fluoroquinolones ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin.Results:From 1990 through 2002 inclusive, susceptibility to nafcillin/oxacillin nationally was 64.9% (n = ...
Generating functions for actions on handlebodies with genus zero quotient

Abstract For a finite group G and a nonnegative integer g , let Q g denote the number of q -equivalence classes of orientation-preserving G -actions on the handlebody of genus g which have genus zero quotient. Let q ( z )=∑ g ⩾0 Q g z g be the associated generating function. When G has at most one involution, we show that q ( z ) is a rational function whose poles are roots of unity. We prove a partial converse showing that when G has more than one involution, q ( z ) is either irrational or has a pole in the open disk {| z | G has at most one involution, we obtain an asymptotic approximation for Q g by analyzing a finite poset which embodies information about generating multisets of G . A finer approximation is found when G is cyclic.
The naive parton model and large pT scattering data

Abstract We attempt to fit FNAL data on large pT scattering beam and trigger particle ratio using a naive QCD parton model constrained as much as possible by existing experimental input. We find that, in the context of a model with canonical gluon distributions, recent data on the production of large pT pions by pion beams gives evidence for the presence of the three-gluon vertex. We argue, however, that there is no set of gluon distributions which is consistent with all the existing data.
Non-isothermal Permeability Impairment by Fines Migration and Deposition in Porous Media including Dispersive Transport

Particle migration and deposition, and resulting permeability impairment occurring in porous media are described by a practical phenomenological model considering temperature variation and particle transport by advection and dispersion. Variation of the filter coefficient and permeability of porous matrix by temperature and particle deposition, and other essential factors are considered by means of the special correlations of the relevant variables and dimensionless numbers. Comparison of the numerical results, obtained using a finite-difference numerical scheme with and without considering the dispersion mechanism and temperature variation, reveals the significance of such effects on fines migration and deposition, and consequent permeability impairment in porous media. Improved model presented in this article can be instrumental for scientifically guided experimentation, analysis, and optimal design of processes involving in transport of colloidal and fine particles through geological subsurface formations.
Non-equilibrium normal metal superconducting tunnel junction detectors

Abstract Measurements of a Normal metal-Insulating-Superconducting (NIS) tunnel junction sensor Ag/AlO x /Al coupled to a thick Pb absorber are presented. All films were thermally deposited on a Si 3 N 4 membrane using a shadow-mask technique. Irradiation experiments with a 55 Fe source were performed using a high bandwidth SQUID with one junction only. We observe a strong position dependence of the pulse shape and amplitude. The different classes of events are probably related to different elements of the sensor. At a bath temperature of 80 mK we have obtained for the main Mn K α peak an energy resolution of 100 eV FWHM. We have preliminary evidence for absorption in the lead and efficient trapping of the resulting quasiparticles on the NIS normal electrode.
High-{Tc} superconducting antenna-coupled microbolometer on silicon

Boulder, Colorado, 80303ABSTRACTA process is described for fabricating antenna-coupled resistive-edge microbolometers based onthe high-Ta superconductor YBaCu3O7 (YBCO) on silicon. The YBCO and a buffer layer of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) were grown epitaxially on silicon to minimize excess electrical noise. A silicon-micromachined YBCO/YSZ air-bridge was incorporated to minimize the thermal conductance and the heatcapacity. The thermal conductance of the air-bridge was measured to be 3 x 10 W/K at a temperatureof 100 K. At an operating temperature of 89 K, the detector is estimated to have a response time of 2us, a responsivity in the 1000 VJW range, and a noise-equivalent power (NEP) in the 1012 W/Hz"2 rangeat 1000 Hz.1. INTRODUCTIONOne of the most straightforward applications of the high-Ta superconductor YBaCu3O7 (YBCO)is as resistive-edge bolometers for detection of infrared and millimeter-wave radiation. Such detectors mayoffer performance advantages over current technology in applications such as long-wavelength infraredimaging and as detectors for FTIR spectrometers.' Much of the research to date has been on surface-absorbing bolometers, in which a surface that absorbs well over the spectral region of interest is in goodthermal contact with the YBCO, but is thermally isolated from the surroundings."2' The typical response
Clinical Experience With the Holmium:YAG Laser for Transmyocardial Laser Revascularization and Myocardial Denervation as a Mechanism

Transmyocardial laser revascularization is emerging as a treatment option for patients with debilitating angina pectoris and no conventional treatment option. Results with the high powered CO 2 laser have been reproducibly encouraging. As the mechanism of action remains uncertain, the importance of the type of laser used is unknown. Interest in developing less invasive approaches, ultimately including catheter-based technologies, has stimulated the evaluation of alternative laser energy sources with fiberoptic delivery systems. One such device is the holmium:YAG laser. Clinical experience with the holmium:YAG-based systems is still in its early stages. We review our experience with one such device and the existing literature on the subject. We also briefly describe experimental evidence that this device is capable of denervating the heart locally.
A combined, rational approach towards inhibition of the MEK-ERK and mTOR pathways in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Promise or deja vu?

Commentary to:Effects of combined inhibition of MEK and mTOR on downstream signaling and tumor growth in pancreatic cancer xenograft modelsQing Chang, Eric Chen, David Hedley
Documenting America: Report assesses the management of the nation's historical records

A recent federally sponsored report on the nation's historical records programs points out many problems and resource needs, but also indicates some possible solutions. Documenting America summarizes the findings and recommendations of extensive, statewide studies of historical records programs carried out in about half of the states. These state reports hopefully will provide the basis for improvement of historical records programs. Additional new initiatives in the archival field also hold the promise for stronger historical records programs.
Trust in God and Trust in Man: The Ambivalent Role of Religion in Shaping Dimensions of Social Trust

We use data from the National Election Study (2000) to analyze relationships among measures of religious orientation and commitment and three aspects of social trust. Results from OLS and ordered logistic regression models indicate that individuals affiliated with specific denominations (e.g., Pentecostal and other Christian) tend to display significantly lower levels of certain types of social trust than members of mainline Protestant denominations, once a variety of controls have been applied. This pattern is reversed, however, among respondents who attend church more frequently and who report that religion provides them substantial guidance in their daily lives.
Effect of Corticosteroid Administration on Vasopressin-Induced Adrenocorticotropin Release in Man

The effect of dexamethasone pretreatment on vasopressin-induced corticotropin release in normal human subjects has been studied. Both synthetic lysine vasopressin (L-8-V) and a synthetic analog of vasopressin (CRA-41) were used as corticotropin-releasing substances. Both were found to possess the same degree of corticotropinreleasing activity in the dexamethasone-pretreated subject when administered in equipressor amounts. When 1.5 mg of dexamethasone was given orally at 3:00 pm and 4 pressor units of CRA-41 or L-8-V was administered intravenously at 5:00 pm, the response of the plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroids was significantly diminished. These data suggested that the response of the dexamethasoneblocked human subject to vasopressin administration differed from that in the experimental animal. The possible significance of these observations as to the site and action of corticosteroid feedback is discussed.
Reactions to Loss Scale: assessing grief in college students.

The most common tools for assessing grief and loss focus on death-related loss. The Reactions to Loss Scale (RTL) broadens the scope of bereavement measures to include reactions to non-death losses. The population targeted by this measure, emerging adults (college students), commonly experiences a myriad of both death-related and non-death losses. The validity of the Reactions to Loss Scale (RTL) is investigated in 4 studies. Factor analysis of the 65-item RTL (N = 564) identified 3 subscales, each demonstrating good reliability. In the first 3 studies, the RTL was found to be related to depression, anxiety, negative affect, and positive measures of satisfaction with life, happiness, and positive affect. In Study 4, prospective data was utilized to evaluate predictive validity. These data found that the RTL was predictive of longitudinal changes in negative affect, perceived social support, satisfaction with life, and positive feelings about the specific loss.
Superconducting surface current equilibria in applied fields

Abstract The inclusion of surface energy terms in the London thermodynamics accounts for the properties of isothermal reversible paths observed on field reversals in hysteretic superconductors.
Propagation of epileptiform activity in the hippocampus can be driven by non-synaptic mechanisms

Most studies of epileptic waves of brain activity assume that propagation is based on synaptic transmission and few of them consider the involvement of synapse-independent effects. Epileptiform propagation can be better observed in the unfolded hippocampus as both transverse and longitudinal pathways have been preserved. In order to better monitor the propagation of epileptiform activity, we used a custom-made micro-electrode penetrating array. The results show that 4-AP-induced epileptiform activity propagates in both the longitudinal and transverse directions. Further experiments using low Ca2+/4-AP and mefloquine/4-AP indicated that propagation does not depend on either chemical or electrical synaptic transmission. All the propagation speeds were measured to be approximately around 0.1 m/s, a value that is not compatible with ionic diffusion or pure axonal conduction. Taken together our results and previous studies, evidence suggests that ephaptic effect might be a non-synaptic mechanism for the epileptiform propagation in the hippocampus.
Emergence of virulent pseudorabies virus infection in Northern China

Our investigation was conducted in order to verify a recent severe epidemic at several swine farms in northern China that indicated a newly emerging disease. Evidence confirmed that the epidemic was caused by a virulent Pseudorabies virus infection in swine herds.
A pilot case control follow-up study on hearing in children treated with tobramycin in the newborn period.

Abstract Objective: To assess the occurrence of hearing loss in children due to neonatal exposure to long courses of tobramycin and/or high tobramycin serum concentrations. Methods: This was a pilot case–control study in 3–4-year old children. Data on tobramycin administration were abstracted from the patient files of an earlier study. Patients exposed in the neonatal period to either long courses (>7 days) or high serum concentrations of tobramycin constituted the study group. The control group consisted of patients without tobramycin exposure. Patients were matched for other risk factor according to criteria of the joint committee on infant hearing. All patients underwent the following investigations: otoscopy and pneumatic otoscopy, followed by impedance audiometry, to exclude middle ear effusion. Click-evoked oto-acoustic emissions (ce-OAE) as well as distortion product oto-acoustic emissions (dp-OAE), tested at f2 frequencies ranging from 1 to 10 kHz, were measured to assess hearing. All patients with abnormal ce-OAE results underwent brainstem electric response audiometry (BERA) as well. Since aminoglycoside ototoxicity is usually bilateral, results were compared per patient and not per ear. Results: A total of 29 patients were tested. Eleven patients were excluded due to middle ear effusion. Data for 18 patients were analyzed. In the tobramycin treated group ( n =9) both ce-OAE and dp-OAE (at all tested frequencies) were not detectable in six ears of three patients. All other patients had normal ce-OAE's as well as normal dp-OAE's in this frequency range. Difference between the tobramycin treated and control group for OAE as well as dp-OAE showed a trend ( P =0.08). In all three patients with undetectable emissions BERA confirmed a cochlear loss of 60–70 dB at 3 kHz in both ears. These three patients had the longest total exposure to tobramycin: 20–24 days and 84–92 mg/kg, respectively. No relation to either peak or trough serum concentrations could be detected. Conclusion: There was no statistical relation between hearing loss and tobramycin exposure, probably due to sample size. Our results do indicate a need for a case–control follow-up study of hearing in neonates exposed to long courses of aminoglycosides.
Ionic mechanisms underlying region-specific remodeling of rabbit atrial action potentials caused by intermittent burst stimulation

Background Pulmonary veins (PVs) and the coronary sinus (CS) play pivotal roles in triggering some episodes of atrial fibrillation. In isolated rabbit right or left atrial preparations, a 3-hour intermittent burst pacing protocol shortens action potential duration (APD) in CS and PV, but not in sinus node (SN) and left Bachmann bundle (BB) regions. Objective The purpose of this study was to use patch clamp techniques to study the rapidly inactivating (I to ) and sustained (I sus ) K + currents as well as Ca 2+ currents (I Ca ) in cells dispersed from intermittent burst pacing and sham PV, BB, CS, and SN regions to determine whether changes in these currents contributed to APD shortening. Methods Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed for transient outward K + and Ca 2+ channel subunit mRNAs to determine if intermittent burst pacing affected expression levels. Results I to densities were unaffected by intermittent burst pacing in PV and Bachmann bundle cells. mRNA levels of K V 4.3, K V 4.2, K V 1.4, and KChIP2 subunits of I to in both regions were stable. In CS cells, I to densities in intermittent burst pacing were greater than in sham ( P Ca density of PV cells was reduced from 14.27 ± 2.08 pA/pF (at −5 mV) in sham to 7.52 ± 1.65 pA/pF in intermittent burst pacing PV cells ( P 1C and α 1D Ca 2+ channel subunits. In contrast, intermittent burst pacing had no effect on Ca 2+ current densities and kinetics of CS cells, but decreased α 1 C and α 1 D mRNA levels. Conclusion There is region-specific remodeling of I to and I Ca by intermittent burst pacing protocols in rabbit atrium. Increased I to in CS cells could account for the APD shortening observed with intermittent burst pacing, whereas an intermittent burst pacing-induced shift in voltage dependence of activation may contribute to APD shortening in PV cells.
Can Civilization (at Least the U.K.) Run Sustainably

MacKay offers an accessible, quantitative account of the changes that are needed to switch the United Kingdom to sustainable energy sources.
Subsidies as incentive mechanisms in sports

Applying even the most fundamental public choice principles suggests that subsidies to sports team owners will be inversely related to ticket prices. The primary aim of this paper is to demonstrate the impact of such an inverse relationship on the pricing behavior of owners. Theory shows that if either the rent or concessions/parking response by policy makers is elastic (percentage change in subsidy is greater than the percentage change in prices by teams), then the other one cannot be. A (very) cursory look at readily available NFL data lends support to the theory, at least for single-use stadiums. The outcomes here may inform any future analysis that extends the idea into the full-blown analysis of the politics of subsidies and for those interested in the rationing by waiting that often occurs at sports events. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Associations Between ADHD and Psychoactive Substance Use Disorders

This article investigates the relationship between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and psychoactive substance use disorders (PSUD) in siblings of ADHD and normal-control probands and addresses issues of psychiatric comorbidity and gender. Using DSM-III-R structured diagnostic interviews and blind raters, the authors conducted a 4-year follow-up of siblings. ADHD and male gender predicted higher rates and an earlier onset of PSUD after adjusting for high-risk status, other psychiatric disorders, and age. Risk was particularly high if the siblings had ADHD plus conduct disorder. This study's findings confirms the authors' prior report highlighting the importance of drug and alcohol prevention and cessation programs aimed at ADHD youth and their siblings, particularly those with comorbid conduct disorder.
The dynamic behavior of business loans and the prime rate

Abstract The purpose of this research is to determine the relevant variables, channels of influence, and dynamics characterizing the business-loan market. To achieve this goal the statistical approach of vector-autoregressive time-series analysis, popularized by Sims (1980, 1981) and Litterman (1979), is applied to a group of variables suggested by the portfolio and liability allocation problems of a representative bank and a representative business firm. The variance and historical decomposition analyses suggest that innovations in the level of business inventories and commercial bank financial assets are the most important casual variables in the business-loan market.
Defined spatial structure stabilizes a synthetic multispecies bacterial community

This paper shows that for microbial communities, “fences make good neighbors.” Communities of soil microorganisms perform critical functions: controlling climate, enhancing crop production, and remediation of environmental contamination. Microbial communities in the oral cavity and the gut are of high biomedical interest. Understanding and harnessing the function of these communities is difficult: artificial microbial communities in the laboratory become unstable because of “winner-takes-all” competition among species. We constructed a community of three different species of wild-type soil bacteria with syntrophic interactions using a microfluidic device to control spatial structure and chemical communication. We found that defined microscale spatial structure is both necessary and sufficient for the stable coexistence of interacting bacterial species in the synthetic community. A mathematical model describes how spatial structure can balance the competition and positive interactions within the community, even when the rates of production and consumption of nutrients by species are mismatched, by exploiting nonlinearities of these processes. These findings provide experimental and modeling evidence for a class of communities that require microscale spatial structure for stability, and these results predict that controlling spatial structure may enable harnessing the function of natural and synthetic multispecies communities in the laboratory.