cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MO-AB-207-04: ACR Update in Mammography

A goal of an imaging accreditation program is to ensure adequate image quality, verify appropriate staff qualifications, and to assure patient and personnel safety. Currently, more than 35,000 facilities in 10 modalities have been accredited by the American College of Radiology (ACR), making the ACR program one of the most prolific accreditation options in the U.S. In addition, ACR is one of the accepted accreditations required by some state laws, CMS/MIPPA insurance and others. Familiarity with the ACR accreditation process is therefore essential to clinical diagnostic medical physicists. Maintaining sufficient knowledge of the ACR program must include keeping up-to-date as the various modality requirements are refined to better serve the goals of the program and to accommodate newer technologies and practices. This session consists of presentations from authorities in four ACR accreditation modality programs, including magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, nuclear medicine, and mammography. Each speaker will discuss the general components of the modality program and address any recent changes to the requirements. Learning Objectives: 1. To understand the requirements of the ACR MR Accreditation program. The discussion will include accreditation of whole-body general purpose magnets, dedicated extremity systems well as breast MRI accreditation. Anticipated updates to the ACR MRI Quality Control Manual will also be reviewed. 2. To understand the requirements of the ACR CT accreditation program, including updates to the QC manual as well as updates through the FAQ process. 3. To understand the requirements of the ACR nuclear medicine accreditation program, and the role of the physicist in annual equipment surveys and the set up and supervision of the routine QC program. 4. To understand the current ACR MAP Accreditation requirement and present the concepts and structure of the forthcoming ACR Digital Mammography QC Manual and Program.
DD48: Virtuelle Streiks in Second Life? (August 2007)

Irgendwer kam letzte Woche mit der Idee, im Second-Life-Raum zu streiken. „Wir konnen es nicht wagen, gegen die Kurzungsplane unserer Firma offen aufzutreten. Wir streiken jetzt virtuell!“ Mein erster Gedanke war: „Das werden sie wahrscheinlich tun, es wird eine soziale Revolution.“ Mein zweiter naturlich: „Schande uber uns, wenn es so kommt.“
The Health Educator as Counselor: What Does it Take?

(1986). The Health Educator as Counselor: What Does it Take? Health Education: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 17-22.
New approaches to nesting rectangular patterns

In this study, two approaches are explored for the solution of the rectangular stock cutting problem: neuro-optimization, which integrates artificial neural networks and optimization methods; and genetic neuro-nesting, which combines artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms. In the first approach, an artificial neural network architecture is used to generate rectangular pattern configurations, to be used by the optimization model, with an acceptable scrap. Rectangular patterns of different sizes are selected as input to the network to generate the location and rotation of each pattern after they are combined. A mathematical programming model is used to determine the nesting of different sizes of rectangular patterns to meet the demand for rectangular blanks for a given planning horizon. The test data used in this study is generated randomly from a specific normal distribution. The average scrap percentage obtained is within acceptable limits. In the second approach, a genetic algorithm is used to generate sequences of the input patterns to be allocated on a finite width with infinite-length material. Each gene represents the sequence in which the patterns are to be allocated using the allocation algorithm developed. The scrap percentage of each allocation is used as an evaluation criterion for each gene for determining the best allocation while considering successive generations. The allocation algorithm uses the sliding method integrated with an artificial neural network based on the adaptive resonance theory (ART1) paradigm to allocate the patterns according to the sequence generated by the genetic algorithm. It slides an incoming pattern next to the allocated ones and keeps all scrap areas produced, which can be utilized in allocating a new pattern through the ART1 network. If there is a possible match with an incoming pattern and one of the scrap areas, the neural network selects the best match area and assigns the pattern. Both approaches gave satisfactory results. The second approach generated nests having packing densities in the range 95–97%. Improvement in packing densities was possible at the expense of excessive computational time. Parallel implementation of this unconventional approach could well bring a quick and satisfactory solution to this classical problem.
Basic Forward Chaining Construction for Logic Programs

Abstract : One of the problems which motivated this paper is how do we deal with inconsistent information. For example, suppose that we want to develop an expert system using logic programming with negation as a failure. One problem is that the resulting program may be inconsistent in the sense that the program has no stable model. That is the experts may not be consistent. The question then becomes how can we eliminate some of the clauses so that we can get a consistent program. That is, at a minimum, we would like to select a subprogram of the original program which has a stable model. In this paper, we shall present a basic Forward Chaining type construction which can be applied to any general logic program. All stable models of the original program will be constructed by our Forward Chaining construction for suitable orderings. Moreover, we shall show that for finite propositional logic programs, our construction will run in polynomial time.
Stem Cells and Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders

Cell-based therapy using neural stem and progenitor cells offers great hope for treating neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson and Huntington diseases. Therapeutic strategies include cell replacement through transplantation of exogenous cells, cell replacement through mobilization of endogenous cells and delivery of therapeutic agents through transplantation of genetically engineered cells. Keywords: neural stem cell; neural progenitor cell; Parkinson disease; Huntington disease; Alzheimer disease; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase is required for normal alveolar development

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are expressed during lung development, but their role may be limited, as mice deficient in MMP-3, 7, 9, or 12 develop a normal adult lung. Because membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) is expressed in the developing lung epithelium, we examined the lung structure of MT1-MMP-deficient (-/-) mice. Branching morphogenesis was normal, but alveolar development was abnormal in the MT1-MMP-/- lungs with 40% less alveolar surface area at 1 month (P < 0.01). MT1-MMP-/- airways and alveoli had an abnormal ultrastructural appearance, but epithelial cell differentiation markers were distributed similarly in both strains. There was no evidence of excess extracellular matrix deposition or inflammation at the time points examined. In contrast, by adulthood MMP-2-/- mice had normal alveolar size and structure, indicating normal alveolar development was not dependent on the ability of MT1-MMP to activate pro-MMP-2. These data indicate that MT1-MMP is required for normal lung development.
Natural selection of PAH-degrading bacterial guilds at coal-tar disposal sites.

Microbial activity patterns at buried coal-tar disposal sites have been under investigation for several years to determine the response of naturally occurring microflora to polycyclic aromatic hydr...
NMR of live systems

Abstract Continuous non-destructive in vivo biochemical measurements have been a desired but seemingly unattainable goal for many years. Now, however, the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) seems to be close to reaching that end. This review can be divided into two sections. The first introduces and discusses relevant NMR parameters such as chemical shift and relaxation times form the view of their application to biologic systems. The second part highlights recent achievements by showing the variety of chores NMR can perform. In particular, the topics of pH measurement, quantitation and identification of phosphorus and carbon metabolites, and enzyme kinetics are all discussed. Also mentioned are limitations of NMR such as low sensitivity. Finally, there is a discussion of the new NMR technologies such as whole body proton imaging and topical NMR.
Fine-scale multi-species aggregations of oceanic zooplankton

Abstract Sixteen Longhurst-Hardy Plankton Recorder tows were taken at different depths in the northwest Atlantic for analysis of fine-scale horizontal patchiness. Abundant species were non-randomly distributed in patches with scales of tens to hundreds of meters. Positive correlations between species abundances dominated, indicating that the patches were multi-species associations. Most horizontal pattern appeared to be of biological origin.
Biosynthesis of Mescaline and N-Acetylmescaline by Mammalian Liver

WE have shown that mescaline, a well established hallucinogen found in the peyote cactus, can also be formed by mammalian liver from an appropriate precursor. An enzyme can be extracted from various mammalian tissues (by centrifugation at 100,000g for 1 h), including human brain and liver that transfers a rnethyl group from S-adenosyl[Me-14C]methionine (14C-SAM) to 4-O-methylated catecholamine metabolites to form corresponding 3,4-di-O-methylated compounds1,2. One of the substrates for this enzyme is iso-N-acetylmethoxytyr-amine (i-NAMT), which is converted to N-acetyl-3,4-di-methoxy-β-phenethylamine (NADMPEA). An enzyme in the same fraction of liver can transform 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-β-phenethylamine (4-desmethylmescaline or 4-DMM) to mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxy-β-phenethylamine), and N-acetyl-4-hydroxy-3,5- dimethoxyphenethylamine (N-acetyl-4-des-methyl-mescaline or NA-4-DMM) to N-acetylmescaline.
Effects of feeding on luminal pH and morphology of the gastroesophageal junction of snakes.

Abstract At the gastroesophageal junction, most vertebrates possess a functional lower esophageal sphincter (LES) which may serve to regulate the passage of liquids and food into the stomach and prevent the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus. Snakes seemingly lack an LES and consume meals large enough to extend anteriorly from the stomach into the esophagus thereby providing the opportunity for the reflux of gastric juices. To explore whether snakes experience or can prevent gastric reflux, we examined post-feeding changes of luminal pH of the distal esophagus and stomach, the fine scale luminal pH profile at the gastroesophageal junction, and the morphology of the gastroesophageal junction for the Burmese python ( Python molurus ), the African brown house snake ( Lamprophis fuliginosus ), and the diamondback water snake ( Nerodia rhombifer ). For each species fasted, there was no distension of the gastroesophageal junction and only modest changes in luminal pH from the distal esophagus into the stomach. Feeding resulted in marked distension and changes in tissue morphology of the gastroesophageal junction. Simultaneously, there was a significant decrease in luminal pH of the distal esophagus for pythons and house snakes, and for all three species a steep gradient in luminal pH decreasing across a 3-cm span from the distal edge of the esophagus into the proximal edge of the stomach. The moderate acidification of the distalmost portion of the esophagus for pythons and house snakes suggests that there is some anterior movement of gastric juices across the gastroesophageal junction. Given that this modest reflux of gastric fluid is localized to the most distal region of the esophagus, snakes are apparently able to prevent and protect against acid reflux in the absence of a functional LES.
Multiple equilibria and maintenance of additive genetic variance in a model of pleiotropy

We describe a multilocus model that incorporates pleiotropic stabilizing selection on a large number of characters. We find many different stable equilibria with different levels of polymorphism and additive genetic variability. The results lend support to Wright's concept of a complex adaptive surface with many peaks of different heights. The model assumes that alleles contribute additively to the characters. We analyze the multilocus model by first considering a two-locus model. The two-locus model depends critically on having loci of different effect and on having the optimum phenotype not be that of a completely heterozygous individual. The effects of different loci need to differ only by less than a factor of two. For the multilocus, multicharacter model, we assume that completely heterozygous individuals do not have the optimum phenotype. By restricting attention to a two-allele model, we also assume that there are no alleles that can affect all characters in all possible combinations of directions.
Learning with half a brain

Since the 1970s, human subjects that have undergone corpus callosotomy have provided important insights into neural mechanisms of perception, memory, and cognition. The ability to test the function of each hemisphere independently of the other offers unique advantages for investigating systems that are thought to underlie cognition. However, such approaches have been limited to mammals. Here we describe comparable experiments on an insect brain to demonstrate learning-associated changes within one brain hemisphere. After training one half of their bisected brains, cockroaches learn to extend the antenna supplying that brain hemisphere towards an illuminated diode after this has been paired with an odor stimulus. The antenna supplying the naive hemisphere shows no response. Cockroaches retain this ability for up to 24 h, during which, shortly after training, the mushroom body of the trained hemisphere alone undergoes specific post-translational alterations of microglomerular synaptic complexes in its calyces. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2007.
Post-socialism and notions of context in St Petersburg

L'anthropologie du post-socialisme s'articule pour une bonne part autour d'une abstention de jugement sur la « transition » vers le capitalisme de marche. L'auteur explore ici ce theme comme une question ethnographique et s'interroge sur la maniere dont le contexte social est marque localement. Bien qu'il soit presque impossible de surseoir indefiniment a un jugement sur la nature du contexte (il faut bien organiser les mariages, faire des etudes a l'universite, etc.), les gens ont souvent une attitude pratique qui est proche, dans les faits, de l'hesitation anthropologique a formuler un jugement. L'auteur affirme que les manieres d'imaginer le contexte sont davantage liees a des pratiques de la personnalite et du « faire semblant » historiquement informees qu'a la crise et au chaos.
Existentially Complete Nerode Semirings

Let Λ denote the semiring of isols. We characterize existential completeness for Nerode subsemirings of Λ, by means of a purely isol-theoretic “Σ1 separation property”. (A “concrete” characterization that is not Λ-theoretic is well known: the existentially complete Nerode semirings are the ones that are isomorphic to Σ1 ultrapowers.) Our characterization is purely isol-theoretic in that it is formulated entirely in terms of the extensions to Λ of the Σ1 subsets of the natural numbers. Advantage is taken of a special kind of isol first conjectured to exist by Ellentuck and first proven to exist by Barback (unpublished). In addition, we strengthen the negative part of [13] by showing that existential completeness is not secured, for a given Nerode semiring, by either (i) a certain “functional closure” property for the extensions of partial recursive functions or (ii) the property of “pulling in” some portion of each partial recursive fiber; these latter results are perhaps a little surprising.
Killing of mice by rats prevented by early interaction between the two species

Forty control male rats were exposed to mice for the first time as adults; 18 (45%) killed one or two mice. Twenty experimental male rats lived with mice from 21 to 57 days of age and were later exposed to strange mice; no mice were killed. The implications of the findings for instinct theory and the “deprivation experiment” are discussed.
Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man

This review provides an overview of the evolutionary path to the mammalian heart from the beginnings of life (about four billion years ago ) to the present. Essential tools for cellular homeostasis and for extracting and burning energy are still in use and essentially unchanged since the appearance of the eukaryotes. The primitive coelom, characteristic of early multicellular organisms ( approximately 800 million years ago), is lined by endoderm and is a passive receptacle for gas exchange, feeding, and sexual reproduction. The cells around this structure express genes homologous to NKX2.5/tinman, and gradual specialization of this "gastroderm" results in the appearance of mesoderm in the phylum Bilateria, which will produce the first primitive cardiac myocytes. Investment of the coelom by these mesodermal cells forms a "gastrovascular" structure. Further evolution of this structure in the bilaterian branches Ecdysoa (Drosophila) and Deuterostoma (amphioxus) culminate in a peristaltic tubular heart, without valves, without blood vessels or blood, but featuring a single layer of contracting mesoderm. The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system. A later innovation is the parallel circulation to the lungs, followed by the appearance of septa and the four-chambered heart in reptiles, birds, and mammals. With differentiation of the cardiac chambers, regional specialization of the proteins in the cardiac myocyte can be detected in the teleost fish and amphibians. In mammals, growth constraints are placed on the heart, presumably to accommodate the constraints of the body plan and the thoracic cavity, and adult cardiac myocytes lose the ability to re-enter the cell cycle on demand. Mammalian cardiac myocyte innervation betrays the ancient link between the heart, the gut, and reproduction: the vagus nerve controlling heart rate emanates from centers in the central nervous system regulating feeding and affective behavior.
Separation of Normoblasts from Whole Blood by Ultracentrifugation on Arabino‐Galactane Discontinuous Gradients: A Tool for Prenatal Diagnosis

Normoblasts can be separated at high resolution from whole blood by ultracentrifugation on discontinuous gradients of arabino-galactane after the red blood cells are removed by sedimentation. With this method, isolation of fetal normoblasts from maternal blood could provide a tool for rapid prenatal diagnosis. The availability of this noninvasive technique could avoid the cost and the risks of miscarriage that are associated with the current invasive procedures.
Solution structures of GroEL and its complex with rhodanese from small-angle neutron scattering

Abstract Background: Molecular chaperonins 60 are cylindrical oligomeric complexes which bind to unfolded proteins and assist in their folding. Studies to identify the location of the protein substrate have produced contradictory results: some suggest that the substrate-binding site is buried within the interior of the complex, whereas others indicate an external (polar) location. Results Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements were made on GroEL chaperonin and on a complex of GroEL with rhodanese. The radius of gyration and the molecular weight determined from SANS measurements of GroEL agree well with those from its crystal structure. The positions of residues which were unresolved in the crystal structure have been confirmed. In addition, through model fitting of the SANS data, conformational changes in solution have been assessed and the location of bound rhodanese has been determined. Conclusion The overall structure of GroEL in solution is similar to the crystal structure. In GroEL the N-terminal and C-terminal residues are organized compactly near the equator of the cylinder and the apical domains are flared by about 5°. The best fit of SANS data suggests the existence of an equilibrium between the complex and single rings and monomers. SANS data for the GroEL–rhodanese complex are consistent with a model wherein one rhodanese molecule binds across the opening to the chaperonin cavity, rather than within it.
Design and Experimental Evaluation of a Vertical Lift Walker for Sit-to-Stand Transition Assistance

A walker capable of providing vertical lift support can improve independence and increase mobility of individuals living with spinal cord injury (SCI). Using a novel lifting mechanism, a walker has been designed to provide sit-to-stand assistance to individuals with partially paralyzed lower extremity muscles. The design was verified through experiments with one individual with SCI. The results show the walker is capable of reducing the force demands on the upper and lower extremity muscles during sit-to-stand transition compared to standard walkers. The walker does not require electrical power and no grip force or harness is necessary during sit-to-stand operation, enabling its use by individuals with limited hand function. The design concept can be extended to aid other populations with lower extremity weakness.
The resistive-heating characterization of laser heating system and LaB6 characterization of X-ray diffraction of beamline 12.2.2 at advanced light source

Abstract X-ray diffraction from LaB 6 standards document a precision of 478 ppm in lattice-parameter determinations for beamline 12.2.2 at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory′s Advanced Light Source, a facility for characterizing materials at high pressures and temperatures using laser- and resistance-heated diamond cells. Melting of Ni, Mo, Pt and W, resistively heated at 1 atm pressure in Ar, provides a validation of the beamline spectroradiometric system that is used to determine sample temperatures. The known melting temperatures, which range from 1665 to 3860 K for these metals, are all reproduced to within ±80 K.
The relationship between the public and the technical spheres of argument: A case study of the challenger seven disaster

A number of authors have argued that public argument is being eroded by increased reliance on experts. In order to test this thesis, the arguments that dominated the decision‐making before and after the Challenger accident are examined. The ultimate conclusion is that the relationship between the public and technical spheres is more complicated than has been realized previously.
Flow phenomena and convective heat transfer in a conical supersonic nozzle.

Turbulent boundary layer flow in conical supersonic nozzle, discussing convective heat transfer and adverse pressure gradient effect
Conversion and extraction efficiencies for ground particles in heterogeneous process reactors

Chemical conversion of particles and extraction from particles are encountered in many metallurgical processes. Equations characterizing particle size distributions resulting from grinding were coupled with the rate equations for quasi-spherical particles under several different commonly encountered rate controlling conditions to calculate conversion/extraction efficiencies for particulate feeds in batch, plug flow, and backmix flow reactors. Families of curves were computed expressing the fraction of feed unreacted as a function of a normalized average residence time parameter. Using these curves, the required sizes of process reactors to yield a selected conversion/extraction efficiency can be determined from limited laboratory kinetic data.
Lower Extremity Regional Anesthesia with the Low Sciatic Nerve Block

Regional anesthesia with local anesthetics is an important component of the perioperative pain management algorithm in the context of lower extremity orthopedic surgery. These techniques have proved to be consistent and effective in minimizing postoperative pain and narcotic usage, and in reducing the morbidity associated with lower extremity surgery. The mechanisms of local anesthetic agents as they relate to acute surgical pain are reviewed in this article, with an emphasis on the low sciatic nerve block. Administration techniques and the clinical experience of the author with this blockade are discussed.
Pathology of the Prostate

Embryology and Postnatal Development of the Prostate. Anatomy and Normal Histology of the Human Prostate. Aspiration Biopsy and Prostate Cytology. Critical Assessment of Inflammatory Lesions of the Prostate, Including Cytopathologic Appearances and Diagnosis. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia. Differential Diagnosis of Prostatic Intraglandular Proliferative Lesions. Small Glandular Patternsin the Prostate Gland: The Differential Diagnosis of Small Acinar Carcinoma. Basal Cell Proliferations and Tumours of the Prostate. Examination of Radical Prostactectomy Specimens: Therapeutic and Prognostic Significance. Grading Prostate Cancer. Pathologic Features that Predict Progression of Disease Following Radical Prostatectomy. Histologic Features of Metastatic Prostate Cancer. Relationships Between Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen and Histopathologic Appearances of Prostate Carcinoma. Histochemistry of the Prostate, Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer. Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer Altered By Ionizing Radiation with and Without Neoadjuvant Antiandrogen Hormonal Ablation. DNA Flow Cytometry and Immunohistochemistry of P53 Pathway Genes as Predictive Modalities in Localized Prostate Cancer. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Prostate Carcinoma. Identification and Pathologic Significance of Neuroendocrine Differentiation in Human Prostate Carcinoma. Soft Tissue Neoplasms and Other Unusual Tumours of Prostate, Including Uncommon Carcinomas. Significance of Neovascularity in Human Prostate Carcinoma. Chromosomal Abnormalities in Human Prostate Cancer: Their Detection and Pathologic Significance.
Understanding the commercializing farmer in developing countries

Abstract Successful agricultural development in developing countries requires farmers gradually to change from subsistence to commercial farming. During the transition period they can be called commercializing farmers. Farmers in these circumstances face major changes in their life styles and must learn numerous new skills, requirements often not recognized by change agents. They also have several unique economic characteristics not found among farmers who have completed the change to commercial farming. Successful response by commercializing farmers requires policy approaches which recognize these unique characteristics.
Survival of Spanish goats exposed to continuous or acute irradiation.

SummaryGroups of male and female Spanish goats approximately 15 months old were assigned to radiation areas receiving 60Co gamma radiation at average daily exposure of 0, 2·6, 7·2, 15, 30 and 40 R/20-hour day. The median lethal exposure at 7·2, 15, 30 and 40 R/day was 2650, 2415, 2450 and 2000 R, respectively, in females and 8330, 3600, 2770 and 2290 R, respectively, in males. Only 25 per cent of the animals exposed to 2·6 R/day died from radiation effects during the 48½-month period. The acute median lethal dose (80 R/hour) was 550 R. Survivors of the acute lethality studies were exposed to continuous irradiation at an exposure rate of 40 R/day beginning 86 days after the acute exposure. Median survival times did not differ significantly from controls not previously irradiated.
The effects of flurbiprofen on the passive transfer of adjuvant-induced arthritis

The effect of flurbiprofen on the passive transfer of adjuvant-induced arthritis was studied to determine if flurbiprofen acted in the donor and/or recipient arms of this model. Groups of donor and recipient rats were treated with either placebo or flurbiprofen 4 mg/kg. Joint scores were markedly decreased in recipient rats treated with flurbiprofen irrespective of the whether donor animals were treated with placebo or flurbiprofen (p<0.01). There was also a moderate decrease in the ability of donor cells from rats treated with flurbiprofen to suppress the severity of arthritis (p<0.01); however, this effect was less marked than that seen in recipient animals. These data imply that flurbiprofen may act at multiple sites in adjuvant-induced arthritis, but the major site of action of flurbiprofen in this model is in the recipient animals.
Evidence of cave use by savanna chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Fongoli, Senegal: implications for thermoregulatory behavior.

Much attention has been paid to how humans both adapt and acclimate to heat stress, primarily due to the relevance of these issues to hominid evolution in open Plio-Pleistocene environments. However, little is known about the responses of human's closest living relative, the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), to similar environmental stressors. In southeastern Senegal, one of the hottest and driest habitats that chimpanzees (P. t. verus) live in today, apes rely on behavioral mechanisms of dealing with ther- mal stress. Chimpanzees' use of caves was based primarily on indirect evidence (feeding traces, feces, and hairs) gathered from one cave from January to December 2004, but data from observational records collected from May 2001 through March 2006 supplement these data. The hypothesis that chimpanzees' use of caves is a response to heat was tested by collecting data on temperatures within the largest cave and in different habitats used by chim- panzees, such as gallery forest and woodland. Results indicate that chimpanzees primarily use caves as shelters during the hottest times of year and that caves are consis- tently and significantly cooler than open habitats. Insight into the way that chimpanzees in Senegal cope with ex- treme temperatures may help us to better understand the behavior of early hominids in such an environment.
What does the WMS–III tell us about memory changes with normal aging?

The standardization sample from the WMS-III (N = 1250), which varied in age from 16 to 89, was used to determine whether encoding, retrieval, or storage of verbal and spatial information was most affected by normal aging. Immediate and delayed recall and recognition of Logical Memory and Visual Reproduction were examined. Immediate verbal and spatial recall significantly deteriorated with increasing age, and the age-associated deterioration in delayed recall and recognition was largely explained by poorer immediate memory. These findings, in concert with the smaller aging effects for percent retention after a delay, suggest that the aging effect is due to deterioration in encoding more than retrieval or storage of new information. While Visual Reproduction deteriorated more rapidly with age than Logical Memory, the pattern of performance decrements as a function of age were comparable across both tests. Decreases in performance were first seen in the fifth decade with gradual deterioration until the eighth decade when there was another precipitous drop. These results suggest that functions that are more dependent on the frontal lobes are more vulnerable to aging than those that are more dependent on the temporal lobes.
Gross and semiquantitative histologic findings in mononuclear cell myocarditis causing sudden death, and implications for endomyocardial biopsy

The distribution of gross myocardial lesions and the relative density of the inflammatory cells in various myocardial locations (subepicardial and subendocardial halves of the left ventricular free wall, right ventricular and left ventricular halves of the ventricular septum, and the right ventricular free wall) were studied in 14 patients (11 male [79%], 8 black [57%], aged 7 months to 65 years [median 16 years]) who died suddenly of acute mononuclear-cell myocarditis. Grossly visible myocardial lesions were present in 8 patients, and preferentially involved the subepicardial regions of the left ventricular free wall. The highest mean number of mononuclear cells were seen in the subepicardial regions of the left ventricular free wall (193 cells per high-power field) and the lowest in the right ventricular one half of the ventricular septum (92 cells per high-power field, p < 0.001). Thus the predominant location of the gross myocardial lesions in acute mononuclear-cell myocarditis is the subepicardial region of the left ventricular free wall. A relatively low density of mononuclear cells are found in the right ventricular half of the ventricular septum, the main location of endomyocardial biopsies.
Delivery of neurotrophin-3 from fibrin enhances neuronal fiber sprouting after spinal cord injury

Neurotrophins have been shown to promote axonal growth and regeneration after spinal cord injury. The therapeutic utility of neurotrophins may be enhanced by using a controlled delivery system to increase the duration of neurotrophin availability following injury. Such a delivery system can be incorporated into a bioactive scaffold to serve as a physical bridge for regeneration. This study assessed the effect of controlled delivery of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) from fibrin scaffolds implanted in spinal cord lesions immediately following 2-mm ablation injury in adult rats. Nine days after injury, fibrin scaffolds containing the delivery system and NT-3 (1000 ng/mL) elicited more robust neuronal fiber growth into the lesion than did control scaffolds or saline (1.5- to 3-fold increase). Implantation of fibrin scaffolds resulted in a dramatic reduction of glial scar formation at the white matter border of the lesion. Hindlimb motor function of treated animals did not improve relative to controls at 12 weeks post-injury. Thus, controlled delivery of NT-3 from fibrin scaffolds enhanced the initial regenerative response by increasing neuronal fiber sprouting and cell migration into the lesion, while functional motor recovery was not observed in this model.
THE INVERSE SCATTERING PROBLEM FOR TIME-HARMONIC ACOUSTIC WAVES IN AN INHOMOGENEOUS MEDIUM

Probleme de la determination de la celerite du son dans un milieu heterogene connaissant les champs diffuses lointains
Immune-Mediated Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Associated with Thymic Epithelial Neoplasms

Introduction This retrospective study aimed to characterize the clinical hematological and immunological features of patients with thymic epithelial neoplasms.
Paths to Blame and Paths to Convergence

The past 10 years have seen an unprecedented rise in research on moral psychology. The thoughtful and creative comments on our target article illustrate the vibrancy of the field and the many open ...
First international telemedicine trial to China using the Internet

Recent advances in telecommunications via the Internet have significantly improved international communication. We report a case of teleconsultation using the World Wide Web (WWW) and related technologies on the internet to facilitate the successful diagnosis and treatment of a rare illness that occurred in Beijing, China. This case report demonstrates some of the advantages and disadvantages of using such a system to gather, to retrieve medical information, and to facilitate communication among physicians in different countries. It also demonstrates international teleconsultation using the internet and WWW is possible and effective in this case which saved this young student's life.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Contact diode laser: high power application through fiberoptic cutting tips.

Diode laser energy has been applied through a fiberoptic probe using a power setting of 2.5 watts (W) in the continuous mode. In this study we employed high-power diode laser energy (4 to 12 W, continuous wave) to incise ocular tissue through a fiberoptic probe using 100μm and 300μm tips. The retina was photocoagulated with a 300μm orb tip. No bleeding occurred at the incision sites. Histologic evaluation revealed coagulation into the healthy tissue ranging from 10 to 50μm.
Coefficient change in embedded econometric and input-output models at the regional level

This paper examines the nature of coefficient change in integrated econometric (EC) and input–output (IO) models that employ an embedding strategy. Existing approaches towards coefficient change in integrated models are first reviewed and several substantive processes that give rise to dynamic coefficients at the regional level are identified. The main sources of coefficient change arise from dynamic adjustment processes that affect the regional purchase coefficients, regional technological coefficients and regional integration parameters. Each of these sources of change requires a different treatment when adopting an EC perspective. A general framework is suggested that nests each treatment as a specific case. The different specifications are then implemented in an embedded EC and IO employment demand model for the San Diego region, and evaluated through a series of in-sample and out-of-sample forecasting experiments. Simulation performance is found to improve through the use of a time-varying integra ti...
Internet browsing and searching: user evaluations of category map and concept space techniques

The Internet provides an exceptional testbed for developing algorithms that can improve browsing and searching large information spaces. Browsing and searching tasks are susceptible to problems of information overload and vocabulary differences. Much of the current research is aimed at the development and refinement of algorithms to improve browsing and searching by addressing these problems. Our research was focused on discovering whether two of the algorithms our research group has developed, a Kohonen algorithm category map for browsing, and an automatically generated concept space algorithm for searching, can help improve browsing and/or searching the Internet. Our results indicate that a Kohonen self-organizing map (SOM)-based algorithm can successfully categorize a large and eclectic Internet information space (the Entertainment subcategory of Yahool) into manageable sub-spaces that users can successfully navigate to locate a homepage of interest to them. The SOM algorithm worked best with browsing tasks that were very broad, and in which subjects skipped around between categories. Subjects especially liked the visual and graphical aspects of the map. Subjects who tried to do a directed search, and those that wanted to use the more familiar mental models (alphabetic or hierarchical organization) for browsing, found that the map did not work well. The results from the concept space experiment were especially encouraging. There were no significant differences among the precision measures for the set of documents identified by subject-suggested terms, thesaurus-suggested terms, and the combination of subject- and thesaurus-suggested terms. The recall measures indicated that the combination of subject- and thesaurus-suggested terms exhibited significantly better recall than subject-suggested terms alone. Furthermore, analysis of the homepages indicated that there was limited overlap between the homepages retrieved by the subject-suggested and thesaurus-suggested terms. Since the retrieved homepages for the most part were different, this suggests that a user can enhance a keyword-based search by using an automatically generated concept space. Subjects especially liked the level of control that they could exert over the search, and the fact that the terms suggested by the thesaurus were real (i.e., originating in the homepages) and therefore guaranteed to have retrieval success.
A school-based P.G.C.E. course: Problems and possibilities

Few schools and colleagues will be unaffected by some of the fundamental changes being brought about in initial teacher education. The P.G.C.E. route for intending teachers could be an expending part of the primary education scene. This article discusses the principles and rationale that underlie a successful ‘school-based’ course. It would be heartening if it prompted teachers, lecturers and students to write their own accounts for the journal — as that a dialogue between involved professionals could inform decision-making.
Determination of the internal series resistance of CIS and CIGS photovoltaic cell structures

A new method is described to determine the internal series resistance of thin film solar cells. The method involves illumination of a small area of the solar cell with light sufficiently intense to make the internal resistance easily observable. For the CIS and CIGS cells examined, specific internal resistances ranging between 7/spl times/10/sup -2/ and 3/spl times/10/sup -4/ /spl Omega/ cm/sup 2/ were obtained. Such remarkably low values confirm the ability of CIGS to function as a concentrator solar cell.
Ambiguous words in context: An event-related potential analysis of the time course of meaning activation ☆ ☆☆

Abstract Words with a single spelling and pronunciation but at least two distinct meanings (homographs) were used to terminate sentences of moderate contextual constraint. Following each sentence, a target was presented which was either (1) related to the contextually biased meaning of the homograph, (2) related to the unbiased meaning, or (3) unrelated to either meaning. Across subjects, the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between homograph and target was either short (200 ms) or long (700 ms). The naming latencies recorded in Experiment 1 revealed priming for both contextually appropriate and inappropriate related targets at the short SOA but for only the contextually appropriate targets at the long SOA. The event-related potentials elicited by these same stimuli in Experiment 2 showed a similar pattern of priming at the long SOA. At the short SOA, however, the priming effect for contextually inappropriate targets had a later onset than that for contextually appropriate targets. We interpret these data as indicating that both meanings of ambiguous words are not activated at the same time. The late priming effect for contextually inappropriate targets is discussed in tems of backward priming.
The value of a liberal education: An essay on the power of knowing

It is not easy to summarize what has been suggested in this essay. But in greatly simplified terms, something like this may serve.
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms of T cell receptor ζ chain in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

Objective Signaling molecules from the T cell receptor zeta/Fcepsilon receptor gamma (TCRzeta/FcRgamma) family play a critical role in the function of Fcgamma receptors and the TCR and are located on human chromosome 1, where lupus susceptibility genes are located. This study was undertaken to investigate the possibility of polymorphisms and/or mutations of TCRzeta in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods We amplified the whole coding region of TCRzeta by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and directly sequenced the PCR products with a dye primer technique to facilitate heterozygote detection. Results An alternative splicing form of TCRzeta, with a CAG codon (glutamine) inserted at the splice junction of exons 4 and 5, was found both in SLE and in non-SLE subjects. Both splice isoforms of TCRzeta occurred in human mixed peripheral blood mononuclear cells, natural killer cells, and Jurkat T cells. In TCRzeta, 2 silent and 2 missense mutations were found, but neither coding change occurred in the immunoreceptor tyrosine-activation motif. No unique mutations were found in Caucasian, African American, Hispanic, Chinese, or Japanese SLE patients living in North America. Conclusion The uncommon and equal occurrence of novel single-nucleotide polymorphisms in both SLE patients and normal subjects makes it improbable that they play important roles in genetic susceptibility to SLE.
Lorazepam discontinuation promotes ‘inverse agonist’ effects of benzodiazepines

1. The effects of lorazepam discontinuation on responses to benzodiazepine agonists and antagonists were studied in mice. 2. The convulsant dose of pentylenetetrazol was decreased after an acute dose of lorazepam (0.5 mg kg-1) at 4 days after drug discontinuation, compared to 1 or 7 days after discontinuation or to vehicle treatment. 3. The percentage of mice undergoing convulsions after an acute dose of FG 7142 (40 mg kg-1) was increased at 4 days after lorazepam discontinuation, compared to 1 or 7 days after discontinuation or to vehicle treatment. 4. After an acute dose (0.5 mg kg-1), lorazepam concentrations in cortex tended to be greater in lorazepam-treated compared to vehicle-treated mice at 4 days after discontinuation compared to 1 and 7 days. 5. These data indicate a shift toward reduced agonist sensitivity and increased inverse agonist sensitivity in mice 4 days after lorazepam discontinuation.
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcomaAn ultrastructural study

Ultrastructural analysis of an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma has revealed immature rhabdomyoblasts with an abundance of cytoplasmic organelles and membranous systems. More mature elements demonstrated progressive accumulation of cytoplasmic fibers which ultimately occupied the greater part of the cytoplasmic substance. Even within the largest cells encountered, however, the definitive banding of striated muscle was not observed. Characterization of the neoplasm as myosarcomatous was not possible on the basis solely of ultrastructural morphology. It is felt that the electron microscope will offer scant prospect of success in the differentiation from one another of anaplastic soft part sarcomas which have escaped definitive identification by conventional methods.
Enzymes involved in the synthesis of ethylene from methionine, or its derivatives, in tomatoes

Abstract Three enzymes, a transaminase, an enzyme with lipoxygenase activity and a peroxidase, appear to be involved in the synthesis of ethylene from methionine in extracts from tomatoes. Fatty acid hydroperoxides formed by the action of soya bean lipoxygenase or by the tomato enzyme on linolenate can initiate the production of ethylene from its precursor 4-methylmercapto-2-oxobutyric acid in the presence of a peroxidase and its co-factors. Changes in the activities of these three enzymes during the ripening of tomatoes have been determined and a quantitative assessment of their activities has been attempted. The results indicate that they can account for the production of ethylene from either whole fruit or tissue slices.
Microweve Radiative Transfer through Clouds Composed of Realistically Shaped Ice Crystals. Part II. Remote Sensing of Ice Clouds.

Abstract This paper presents the results of polarized microwave radiative transfer modeling of cirrus clouds containing five different particle shoes and 18 Gamma size distributions. Upwelling brightness temperatures for tropical and midlatitude winter atmospheres are simulated at 85.5, 157, 220, and 340 GHz using scattering properties computed with the discrete dipole approximation (described in Part I). The key parameter for the results is the sensitivity (ΔTb/IWP), which relates the modeled brightness temperature depression to the ice water path. It is shown that for the higher frequencies or distributions of larger particles (i.e., in the scattering regime) the sensitivity is nearly independent of cloud temperature and details of the underlying atmosphere. As expected from the single-scattering results, the characteristic particle size has a large effect on the sensitivity, while the distribution width has only a minor effect. The range in sensitivity over the five particle shapes is typically a facto...