cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shake flask to fermentor : What have we learned?

Initially the concern on scale-up of fermentation processes was with oxygen transfer. Strain stability on scale-up was thought to be sufficiently established by serial transfer in shake flasks where conditions were homogeneous. Unfortunately, we now know that there are often mixing problems in large-scale fermentors. The conditions within the vessel can be highly non-homogeneous even on a macro-scale. These non-homogeneous variations include temperature, dissolved oxygen, and fluid shear. Such variations can cause strain degradation and failure of a strain to perform satisfactorily over long fermentation times in large-scale vessels. Also, the highly mutated industrial strains often have hidden auxotrophy that only may be exposed in non-homogeneous conditions. For this reason scale-up is still an art not an exact science. We need to learn how to achieve better mixing in large-scale fermentors.
Anode-supported thin-film fuel cells operated in a single chamber configuration 2T-I-12

The performance characteristics of anode-supported, thin-film, single chamber fuel cells (SCFCs) have been investigated. Cells, in which Ni+Sm_(0.15)Ce_(0.85)O_2 (Samaria doped ceria, SDC) served as the anode and SDC as the electrolyte, were fabricated by dry pressing. High quality, bilayer structures with electrolyte thicknesses as small as 10 μm were prepared with excellent reproducibility. The cathode, 70 wt.% Sm_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)CoO_3 + 30% SDC, was deposited by a spray method. The cells were operated in a dilute propane+oxygen mixture. The influence of environmental temperature, gas composition and flow rate on the fuel cell performance were investigated. At low temperatures, fuel cell power output was limited primarily by poor catalytic activity at the anode whereas at high temperatures it was limited primarily by high catalytic activity of the cathode towards propane oxidation. Thus, intermediate temperatures are optimal for maximizing power densities. An increase in fuel flow rate led to an increase of the fuel cell temperature due to exothermal partial oxidation on the anode, producing a complex response in fuel cell power output. Under optimized gas compositions and flow conditions, a peak power density of ∼210 mW/cm^2 was obtained.
Comparison of ion-excited Auger electron emission and secondary ion emission from silicon bombarded with noble gas ions

Abstract The projectile-energy dependence of Si-LMM Auger electron emission and Si2+ and Si3+ secondary ion emission from silicon has been measured in situ for bombardment with 2–30 keV Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe ions at an angle of incidence of 45°. Si2+ and Si3+ emission has also been studied at normal incidence. It was found that all signals increase very rapidly with increasing projectile energy, I ∝ En, with n up to 5. The low energy threshold, Eth, depends upon the maximum energy transfer between primary ion and target atom. The intensities of Auger electrons and multiply charged secondary ions are directly proportional to each other. Si2+ and Si3+ are thus produced as a result of Auger deexcitation of sputtered Si ions containing a 2p hole. Excitation is mostly due to symmetric SiSi collisions in the bulk. Additional excitation due to direct projectile-target interaction is observed in the case of Ar impact. The intensity ratios I(45°)/(I(0°) for Ne, Kr, and Xe bombardment increase by a factor of three between 3 and 10 keV.
Stratification of polysiloxanes at the film-air and film-substrate interfaces in silicone-modified acrylic coatings; an ATR FI-IR spectroscopic study

Abstract Film-air (F-A) and film-substrate (F-S) interfaces of silicone-modified acrylic coatings were characterized using attenualed total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR)spectroscopy. Previous studies suggested that when silicone linkages are part of a polymer backbone-containing polymers, they tend to accumulate near the F-A interface. These studies show that when polysiloxanes are dispersed in a silicone-modified acrylic/polysiloxane solution, they appear to accumulate near F-S interfaces. When polysiloxanes were added to a dispersion of silicone-modified acrylic resin, the distribution of polysiloxanes between F-A and F-S interfaces became less pronounced. These differences result from the mobility of polysiloxanes, and are attributed to the molecular weight dependence and compatibility differences between the systems.
Block of fear conditioning induced by habituation or extinction

Drinking suppression due to presentation of a fear CS was lessened by nonreinforced presentations of the CS. Equal reduction of suppression occurred whether the non-reinforced trials preceded (habituation) or followed (extinction) conditioning. Thus, habituative nonreinforcement may be functionally, as well as operationally, similar to extinctive nonreinforcement.
Reaction of benzophenone UV filters in the presence of aqueous chlorine: kinetics and chloroform formation

The transformation of two benzophenone UV filters (Oxybenzone and Dioxybenzone) was examined over the pH range 6-11 in the presence of excess aqueous chlorine. Under these conditions, both UV filters were rapidly transformed by aqueous chlorine just above circumneutral pH while transformation rates were significantly lower near the extremes of the pH range investigated. Observed first-order rate coefficients (k(obs)) were obtained at each pH for aqueous chlorine concentrations ranging from 10 to 75 μM. The k(obs) were used to determine the apparent second-order rate coefficient (k(app)) at each pH investigated as well as determine the reaction order of aqueous chlorine with each UV filter. The reaction of aqueous chlorine with either UV filter was found to be an overall second-order reaction, first-order with respect to each reactant. Assuming elemental stoichiometry described the reaction between aqueous chlorine and each UV filter, models were developed to determine intrinsic rate coefficients (k(int)) from the k(app) as a function of pH for both UV filters. The rate coefficients for the reaction of HOCl with 3-methoxyphenol moieties of oxybenzone (OXY) and dioxybenzone (DiOXY) were k(1,OxY) = 306 ± 81 M⁻¹s⁻¹ and k(1,DiOxY) = 154 ± 76 M⁻¹s⁻¹, respectively. The k(int) for the reaction of aqueous chlorine with the 3-methoxyphenolate forms were orders of magnitude greater than the un-ionized species, k(2,OxY) = 1.03(±0.52) × 10⁶ M⁻¹s⁻¹ and k(2_1,DiOxY) = 4.14(±0.68) × 10⁵ M⁻¹s⁻¹. Also, k(int) for the reaction of aqueous chlorine with the DiOXY ortho-substituted phenolate moiety was k(2_2,DiOxY) = 2.17(±0.30) × 10³ M⁻¹s⁻¹. Finally, chloroform formation potential for OXY and DiOXY was assessed over the pH range 6-10. While chloroform formation decreased as pH increased for OXY, chloroform formation increased as pH increased from 6 to 10 for DiOXY. Ultimate molar yields of chloroform per mole of UV filter were pH dependent; however, chloroform to UV filter molar yields at pH 8 were 0.221 CHCl₃/OXY and 0.212 CHCl₃/DiOXY.
Rapid prototyping of an automated video surveillance system: a hardware-software co-design approach

FPGA devices with embedded DSP and memory blocks, and high-speed interfaces are ideal for real-time video processing applications. In this work, a hardware-software co-design approach is proposed to effectively utilize FPGA features for a prototype of an automated video surveillance system. Time-critical steps of the video surveillance algorithm are designed and implemented in the FPGAs logic elements to maximize parallel processing. Other non timecritical tasks are achieved by executing a high level language program on an embedded Nios-II processor. Pre-tested and verified video and interface functions from a standard video framework are utilized to significantly reduce development and verification time. Custom and parallel processing modules are integrated into the video processing chain by Altera's Avalon Streaming video protocol. Other data control interfaces are achieved by connecting hardware controllers to a Nios-II processor using Altera's Avalon Memory Mapped protocol.
Angiotensin II stimulates sodium-hydrogen exchange in adult rabbit ventricular myocytes

Objective: The aim was to characterise the effects of angiotensin II on Na+/H+ exchange in adult ventricular myocytes. Methods: Intracellular pH (pHi) was continuously measured with the fluorescent pH indicator, SNARF-1, in single resting myocytes obtained from adult rabbits by enzymatic dissociation. In some experiments cells were electrically paced to elicit contractions. All experiments were performed at 36 °C in HEPES buffered solution containing no added CO2 or HCO3post− (pHo 7.4). Results: Rapid application of angiotensin II caused pHi to rise. The initial rate of rise and initial net H+ efflux responded to angiotensin II in a concentration dependent manner, EC50 = 7.8. Buffering of cytosolic calcium with the calcium chelator BAPTA did not affect the initial net H+ efflux elicited by 1 μM angiotensin II. The increase in steady state pHi was blocked by inhibitors of Na+/H+ exchange, amiloride (1 mM) and EIPA (10 μM). Angiotensin II also increased the rate of pHi recovery from intracellular acidosis at pHi values above approximately 6.9. During inhibition of Na+/H+ exchange the application of angiotensin II decreased steady state pHi. This acidosis was blocked by preincubation in dextrose-free solution containing 20.0 mM 2-deoxy-D-glucose and 10 μM EIPA. The positive inotropic effect of angiotensin II was markedly suppressed by amiloride. Conclusions: Angiotensin II exerts a concentration dependent stimulatory effect on Na+/H+ exchange in adult rabbit ventricular myocytes. This effect does not appear to involve changes in cytosolic calcium. During inhibition of Na+/H+ exchange, angiotensin II causes pHi to fall, perhaps by stimulating metabolic acid production. The positive inotropic action of angiotensin II depends, in part, on stimulation of Na+/H+ exchange.
Combining opinions from several experts

Abstract This paper addresses the problem of aggregating a number of expert opinions that have been expressed in some numerical form. An important feature of sets of expert opinions is the possibility of stochastic dependence between members of the sets. We develop an approach for combining expert opinions that formally allows for such dependence. This approach is based on an extension of the Dempster-Shafer theory, a well-known calculus for reasoning with uncertainty in artificial intelligence.
Intracellular injection of cAMP induces a long-term reduction of neuronal K+ currents

Intracellular signals that trigger long-term (24-hour) changes in membrane currents in identified neurons of Aplysia have been examined in order to understand the cellular mechanisms underlying long-term sensitization. Adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) was directly injected into individual sensory neurons to mimic the effects of sensitization training at the single cell level. Potassium currents of these cells were reduced 24 hours after injection of cAMP; these currents were similar to those reduced 24 hours after behavioral sensitization. These results suggest that cAMP is part of the intracellular signal that induces long-term sensitization in Aplysia.
Induction of gap junctional intercellular communication, connexin43 expression, and subsequent differentiation in human fetal neuronal cells by stimulation of the cyclic AMP pathway

Expression of gap junction proteins and cell-cell communication was studied in the human neural-glial cell line, SVG, as a first step in defining whether the SVG cells could be used as a model system to study the role of gap junctions in neuronal precursor cells. SVG cells were found to express connexin43 protein that co-migrated with WB-F344 rat liver connexin43 and that reacted with connexin43-specific antibodies on Western blots. However, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analysis of 5,6-carboxyfluorescein-loaded cells failed to show significant dye coupling. Agents that stimulate the adenylyl cyclase/cAMP pathway were used to induce gap junctional intercellular communication in the SVG cultures. A 24-48 h treatment of SVG cells with 5 microM forskolin or 5 microM forskolin + 200 microM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine increased the percentage of dye-coupled cells from 5-65%, using the fluorescent recovery after photobleaching method. The increase in dye coupling induced by forskolin or forskolin + 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine was inhibited by octanol, which is known to block gap junction-mediated cell communication. Western blot analysis of total protein extracts revealed the appearance of a higher molecular weight connexin43 protein band after treatment of SVG cells with forskolin or forskolin + 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, that was not observed in vehicle-treated controls. Alkaline phosphatase treatment of total protein extracts from forskolin or forskolin + 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine-treated cells reduced the higher molecular weight band to approximately 41,000 the same as observed in the control extracts. The alkaline phosphatase treatment demonstrates that the higher molecular weight band was due to a phosphorylation event stimulated by forskolin or the forskolin + 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine combination. In addition, treatment of the SVG cells with the forskolin or forskolin + 3-isobutyl-l-methylxanthine stimulated outgrowth of neurite-like processes from the cell body which immunostained positive for the connexin43 protein as well as protein markers for neurons and oligodendrocytes. We hypothesize that the SVG cells may represent a neuronal progenitor cell population that has the ability to differentiate when exposed to the appropriate signals.
Prognostic gene mutations and distinct gene- and microRNA-expression signatures in acute myeloid leukemia with a sole trisomy 8

Prognostic gene mutations and distinct gene- and microRNA-expression signatures in acute myeloid leukemia with a sole trisomy 8
Interfacial phenomena in solid electrolyte systems

Abstract Conduction in solid mixed (primarily ionic or electrolytic) conductors is reviewed from the viewpoint of electrochemistry. The d.c. polarization method of C. Wagner to obtain electronic conduction is discussed as well as the transient response of an electrolyte-electrode system to a change in the applied voltage.
Androgen-dependent mammary carcinogenesis in rats transgenic for the Neu proto-oncogene

Transgenic rats were created with overexpression of the Neu proto-oncogene in the mammary gland of both sexes, yet only males developed mammary cancer in an androgen-dependent fashion. Transgenic females only developed mammary cancer if treated with androgens. These tumors were positive for androgen receptor (AR), but negative for estrogen and progesterone receptors. Extensive analysis failed to detect mutations anywhere within the neu transgene from mammary carcinomas. Established mammary carcinomas eventually escaped their dependency on androgens. Transgenic long-term gonadectomized rats did not develop mammary cancer, but Neu overexpression stimulated the growth of their mammary glands. Our results suggest crosstalk between the Neu proto-oncogene and AR signaling pathways in the growth of both the normal and cancerous mammary epithelium.
Effects of phosphate‐solubilizing microorganisms on strawberry yield and nutrient concentrations

Phosphorus (P)-solubilizing bacteria and fungi can increase soil-P availability, potentially enhancing crop yield when P is limiting. We studied the effectiveness of Bacillus FS-3 and Aspergillus FS9 in enhancing strawberry (Fragaria x ananasa cv. Fern) yield and mineral content of leaves and fruits on a P-deficient calcareous Aridisol in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. The 120 d pot experiment was conducted in three replicates with three treatments (Bacillus FS-3, Aspergillus FS9, control) and five increasing rates of P addition (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200kg P ha ―1 ). Fruit yield and nutrient content of fruits and leaves and soil P pools were determined at the end of the experiment. Phosphorus-fertilizer addition increased all soil P fractions. Strawberry yield increased with P addition (quadratic function) reaching a maximum of 94 g pot ―1 at 200 kg P ha ―1 in the absence of P-solubilizing microorganisms. At this yield level, Bacillus FS-3 and Aspergillus FS9 inoculation resulted in P-fertilizer savings of 149 kg P ha ―1 and 102 kg P ha ―1 , respectively. Both microorganisms increased yields beyond the maximum achievable yield with sole P-fertilizer addition. Microorganism inoculation increased fruit and leaf nutrient concentrations (N, P, K, Ca, and Fe) with the largest increases upon addition of Bacillus FS-3. We conclude that Bacillus FS-3 and Aspergillus FS9 show great promise as yield-enhancing soil amendments in P-deficient calcareous soils of Turkey. However, moderate additions of P fertilizer (50―100 kg ha ―1 ) are required for highest yield.
Introduction to the Special Section: Transformative Research on Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation

—Scholars are giving increased attention to the need to incorporate research on more basic developmental processes into new paradigms for understanding and treating mental illness in children and adolescents. The study of emotion regulation, rooted in neurodevelopment, has proven a fruitful model for understanding and characterizing problems of behavior and risk in children and adolescents. This article summarizes NIMH initiatives designed to encourage transformational research on the neurodevelopment origins of mental illness. It highlights the NIMH Strategic Plan and the Report on Transformative Neurodevelopment Research as part of an introduction to a collection of articles that grew out of a previously organized NIMH workshop on developmental and translational models of emotion regulation and dysregulation.
Leiomyomatoid angiomatous neuroendocrine tumor of the uterine myometrium with synchronous renal leiomyosarcoma: case report and review of the literature

Uterine smooth muscle tumors of uncertain malignant potential, also called STUMP, lack uniformity in their clinical course and therefore prognosis. A recently described variant of STUMP, leiomyomatoid angiomatous neuroendocrine tumor (LANT), contains both neuroendocrine cells and smooth muscle leiomyomatous vascular components. We describe a case of a LANT originating in the uterine myometrium, with a synchronous renal leiomyosarcoma, in a 53-year-old woman who presented with menometrorrhagia and unintentional weight loss. She underwent primary surgical treatment of both tumors and remains without evidence of disease 1 year later. Our discussion also includes a review of the literature guiding clinical management.
Cinematography and Case Videos: Some Observations on Selection and Teaching:

An understanding of how cinematography can enhance the pedagogical impact of video cases is presented. We contend that the video medium has unique advantages for the case method that have only been partially developed. This article examines three means of judging effective case videos: "percepts and concepts," "erotetic narration," and "variable framing." We also discuss cinematic techniques that are related to the implementation of these ideas. Guidelines to assist in case selection are presented.
Diffusion of deuterated toluene in polystyrene

Abstract The diffusion of deuterated toluene (d-toluene) from the vapour into glassy polystyrene has been studied using forward recoil spectrometry (FRES) over a range of temperatures (20–35°C) and d-toluene activities (0.10 to 0.35). At the highest d-toluene activity a Case II diffusion front is observed to form and propagate at a constant velocity into the polymer. The velocity is thermally activated with an activation enthalpy, ΔHv, of 1.49 eV. The diffusion coefficient, D, of d-toluene into the glass can be extracted from the measured concentration profile ahead of the front and was also found to be thermally activated with an activation enthalpy, ΔHD, of 1.12 eV. Because the Thomas and Windle model of Case II diffusion predicts that ΔH v = (ΔH D + ΔH η ) 2 , where ΔHη is the activation enthalpy for viscous creep of glassy polystyrene, previously determined to be 1.76 eV, we can compare the predictions of this model with experiment. The good agreement observed gives further evidence that the basic premise of the Thomas and Windle model of Case II diffusion is correct. Measurements of D at low d-toluene activities as well as the exchange diffusion coefficient were made and yield values that are in reasonable agreement with those extracted from the concentration profile ahead of the Case II front. These results show that D is approximately independent of d-toluene volume fraction below the critical volume fraction, oc, for Case II front formation.
Biomarkers in the diagnosis of aspiration syndromes

Recognizing and managing the different types of aspiration events remain a challenging task due to the lack of distinguishing clinical or laboratory characteristics. Numerous biomarkers in serum, sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage have been studied, and their role in the recognition of aspiration remains controversial at this time. Recent animal investigations using an array of biomarkers based on distinct pathogenic features of each aspiration event have produced promising results; however, they have not been validated in humans. Newer markers are being introduced as diagnostic and prognostic tools in conditions such as community-acquired pneumonia and sepsis, but they have not been examined in aspiration. The present review summarizes the different biomarkers that have been studied in aspiration and those who might have a potential clinical use in the future.
Simultaneous rational approximations in the study of dynamical systems.

We discuss rational approximations to a single irrational number and pairs of mutually irrational irrational numbers and show that the binary ``Farey'' tree organization of the rationals extends naturally to a binary organization of pairs of rationals with a common denominator. There are obvious applications to theory and experiments in dynamical systems.
Microbial and safety implications of the use of modified atmospheres to extend the storage life of fresh meat and fish

Abstract Recently there has been a renewed interest in the use of modified and controlled atmospheres to extend the shelf-life of fresh muscle foods at reasonable cost. The use of vacuum packaging, hypobaric conditions and atmospheres based on gas blends (CO 2 , O 2 , N 2 , CO) in fresh meat and fish preservation, recent trends in this area, and the possible food safety implications of the application of such technologies, are reviewed in this paper. Oxygen depletion and/or CO 2 addition into a package are effective in retarding the growth of the typical aerobic spoilage bacteria in muscle foods. Yet there is a possibility that when such foods are temperature abused they may become unsafe with respect to certain foodborne bacterial pathogens and especially with respect to Clostridium botulinum . The question of whether or not spoilage may precede toxigenesis and thus alarm the processor or the consumer has not been fully clarified. Lack of such knowledge has remained the limiting factor to greater commercial expansion, especially by the fish industry. Carbon dioxide enriched atmospheres have thus far received the greatest commercial usage for the bulk shipment of muscle food. Under strict temperature control atmospheric modification can extend the shelf-life of such foods safely. More studies are needed before we fully utilize modified atmosphere technology. Such studies should include investigations on the action and interactions of the various factors in modified atmospheres upon the potential growth of pathogens as well as development or use of additional antimicrobial ‘hurdles’ to assure a predictable safety.
Light and electron microscope structure of secretory cells in the medulla of bursal follicles of normal and cyclophosphamide treated chickens.

Abstract A specialized cell was identified in the medulla of bursal follicles referred to as a secretory cell (SC). The SC, present at all ages was concentrated in the vicinity of the corticomedullary border. Each secretory cell near the nucleus usually possessed a single long process containing 3–10 dark granules surrounded by a membrane. The SC increased in number and apparent secretory activity after cyclophosphamide treatment. All medullary pores were filled with a darkly staining substance, apparently secreted by the SC.
Model studies on the kinetics and mechanism of polyarylate synthesis by acidolysis

Model reactions were carried out to simulate the acidolysis process for polyarylate synthesis by using p-tert-butylphenyl acetate (ptBuPhOAc) and benzoic acid in diphenyl ether. p-tert-Butylphenol was formed in the reaction mixture and its concentration stayed constant throughout the reaction. Acetic benzoic anhydride and benzoic anhydride were detected by NMR. Based on this experimental evidence, a mechanism for the acidolysis was proposed involving the mixed anhydride. The kinetics of the acidolysis reaction was studied for this model reaction. The overall reaction order is two and the reaction order with respect to each reactant is one. Second-order reaction rate constants were measured at different reaction conditions (200–250°C). The activation energy (Ea), activation enthalpy (ΔH≠), and activation entropy (ΔS≠) were calculated from these data. The thermodynamic parameters of the acidolysis reaction were also measured for the analogous reaction of p-tert-butylphenyl pivalate (ptBuPhOPiv) and benzoic acid. The kinetics of two other elementary reactions involved in the acidolysis reaction were also studied: p-tert-butylphenol with acetic anhydride or benzoic anhydride, and p-tert-butylphenyl pivalate with benzoic acid.
Immune responses in vitro: V. Role of mercaptoethanol in the mixed-leukocyte reaction

Abstract The addition of mercaptoethanol to the culture medium has permitted a mixed-lymphocyte culture (MLC) reaction to be achieved with mouse spleen cells in a chemically defined protein-free medium. Enhancement of the MLC by unrelated reducing agents indicates that the active moiety of MET is the sulfhydryl group. Although the mode of action of mercapto-ethanol is yet to be elucidated, it appears that the time at which it affects the reaction is during the first 24 hr of culture.
Structure and Properties of Biaxial-Oriented Crystalline Polymers by Solid-State Crossrolling

The effect of biaxial orientation by solid- state crossrolling on the morphology of crystalline poly- mers including polypropylene (PP), high density polyeth- ylene (HDPE) and Nylon 6/6 was investigated with polarized optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, wide-angle X-ray scattering, and small-angle X-ray scatter- ing techniques. It was found that crossrolling gradually changed the initial spherulitic structure into a biaxially ori- ented crystal texture with chain axis of crystals becoming parallel to the rolling direction for all three polymers. The effect of microstructure change on the macromechanical properties was studied in tension at both ambient temper- ature and � 40 � C. In tension at room temperature, the localized necking deformation of HDPE and PP control changed upon orientation into homogeneous deformation for the entire sample length. This was attributed to that the oriented crystal morphology eliminated the stress con- centration, which existed in the original spherulitic struc- ture from lamellae orientation in the polar and equatorial regions. At ambient conditions, the elastic moduli of HDPE and PP were found to decrease slightly with orien- tation whereas the modulus of Nylon 6/6 increased with increasing orientation. This was due to the fact that the amorphous chains of HDPE and PP are in a rubbery state and orientation increased the shear relaxation in the orien- tation direction but the amorphous chains of Nylon 6/6 are in the glassy state inhibited the shear relaxation. Both the yield stress and strain hardening exponent increased with increasing orientation for all three polymers. In ten- sion at � 40 � C, orientation changed the failure mechanism of all three polymers from brittle fracture into ductile fail- ure, as the original spherulitic structure was changed into an oriented structure with chain axis of crystals becoming parallel to the tension direction, which allowed chain slip deformation of crystals and resulted in oriented samples showing ductile failure. V C 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 118: 659-670, 2010
Selective deuterium labeling of steroidal estrogens.

Abstract Refluxing estrone ( 1 ) and equilenin ( 8 ) in methanol-OD under basic conditions places a deuterium atom at position 4 and 16, and for estradiol at position 4. The location of the label in ring A is confirmed by nmr examination of the aromatic protons. Milder procedures that can be used for labeling the ortho and para positions of phenol and the cresols were not successful among steroids. Using palladized charcoal and deuterium, the benzylic hydrogens of estrone can be exchanged. Following the same procedure, but using hydrogen for a back exchange, one deuterium atom remains at position 6 as shown by C13 nmr spectroscopy.
Optimal Positioning Control of IPMC Actuators

There has been a growing interest in electroactive polymers (EAP) because of their ability to serve as artificial muscles for both macro and micro positioning tasks. Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMC) are among the EAP materials that have been extensively studied in the last few years. Along with development of better manufacturing methods and increasing understanding of their mechanical properties, extensive studies have been geared towards controlling the actuation of these actuators. Despite many efforts, the one problem that has not been fully addressed is on electromechanical modeling and control of these actuators. This paper presents additional details on the model that was earlier proposed by the authors for positioning such actuators. Experimental data on Nafion IPMC specimens of various sizes indicated that the specimen has both resistive and capacitive properties that vary with time. By using this experimental data, electrodynamics and electrostatics principles were used in developing an electromechanical model that was experimentally validated on Nafion IPMC specimens of various sizes again. The resulting model was found to be nonlinear time varying that can be linearized and controlled by standard linear optimal control algorithms.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Effect of guanidinium ion on DNA denaturation and renaturation

Abstract Guanidinium chloride (GuCl) in concentrated solutions has been used in denaturing proteins ( Tanford, Kawachara and Lapanje 1967 ) and for this reason, it has also been suggested for use in the isolation of nucleic acids from nucleoproteins ( Cox 1968 ). While there is no apparent effect of this procedure on the products so isolated, little has been reported as to its action on DNA alone. Rice and Doty (1957) observed earlier that the decrease in intrinsic viscosity of calf thymus DNA occurred at a lower temperature in 3.2 M GuCl than in 0.8 M NaCl, but 8 M urea was more effective than 3.2 M GuCl. The present studies employ the measurement of the absorbance-temperature profile ( Rice and Doty 1957 , Cavalieri and Rosenberg 1957, Marmur and Doty 1962) and show that the degree of stabilization of DNA helicity by GuCl at low ionic strength is proportional to the molarity of the salt, whereas at high concentrations, the reverse is the case. Thus, the results suggest a unique, dual effect of GuCl uncommon to most denaturants.
Design of a lifelong Harrington rod

Harrington rods are now well accepted as surgical implants for the correction of scoliosis and in general have proven to be effective in this role. However a number of the rods have been observed to break. The purpose of this note is to outline a simple approach to the redesign of rods which will significantly reduce the incidence of broken rods. By means of a straight-forward stress analysis the propensity to fail of an existing rod is evaluated and two new designs proposed which offer a considerably improved resistance to failure during a patient's lifetime.
Lenalidomide: a synthetic compound with an evolving role in cancer management.

AbstractLenalidomide is a functional and structural analogue of thalidomide with a relatively benign toxicity profile and pleiotropic anti-tumor activity, exhibiting anti-angiogenic and immunomodulatory effects. Lenalidomide has already been approved for the management of low or intermediate-1 risk myelodysplastic syndrome with chromosome 5q31 deletion and relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma in combination with dexamethasone. During the last five years, multiple clinical trials have been conducted to explore its potential efficacy in hematologic as well as in solid malignancies, revealing a significant benefit in clinical outcomes. This review outlines the mechanisms of action, the toxicity profile and the efficacy of lenalidomide, reviewing the current literature and focusing on the current status of the compound in cancer management. The determination of molecular biomarkers, predictive of clinical response to lenalidomide may reveal a more substantial role of this agent in the treatment of hematologic...
On the Communicative Underpinnings of Campaign Effects: Presidential Debates, Citizen Communication, and Polarization in Evaluations of Candidates

Previous research on presidential debates has largely focused on direct effects of debates on viewers. By expanding the context of debate effects to post-debate citizen communication, this study moves beyond the direct and immediate impact of debate viewing and investigates indirect effects of debate viewing mediated by debate-induced citizen communication. Results from two-wave panel data collected before and after the 2004 presidential debates show that, as previous literature has suggested, debate viewing leads to partisan reinforcement and that these debate effects are in part mediated through post-debate political conversation. These findings provide a new layer of complexity to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying debate effects.
The Effect of a Boiling Additive on R123 Condensation on a Vertical Integral-Fin Surface

Abstract This paper examines the effect of the addition of 0.5% mass isopentane to R123 on the vapor-space condensation heat transfer of R123. In a previous study, the pool boiling performance of R123 was improved by adding 0.5% mass isopentane. Consequently, the impetus of the present study was a desire to quantify the consequence of the boiling additive on the condensation heat transfer performance of pure R123. In this way, the net effect of the additive on the cycle performance of pure R123 can be estimated. The data consisted of the heat flux and the wall temperature difference measurements for pure R123 and R123/isopentane (99.5/0.5) on an integral-trapezoidal-fin surface. The temperature of the saturated vapor was held constant at 313.15 K for all of the tests. On average, the R123/isopentane mixture exhibited a 4% smaller heat flux than that of pure R123. Presumably, the degradation was caused by the zeotropic behavior of the mixture, which led to a loss of available driving temperature difference for heat transfer across the liquid film. Considering that the boiling performance was enhanced on average by 10% with the addition of 0.5% mass isopentane, isopentane may still be a viable means of improving the cycle performance of R123 despite the 4% condensation heat transfer degradation.
Seizure initiation and propagation in the pilocarpine rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy.

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common type of epilepsy in adulthood. It is characterized by seizures originating from the limbic system, particularly the hippocampus, parahippocampal regions, and amygdala. TLE is frequently associated with an initial precipitating injury such as perinatal
Spectrophotometric determination of phenylephrine

Abstract This paper describes a spectrophotometric assay procedure for the determination of small amounts of phenylephrine in the presence of a variety of foreign substances including ascorbic acid. This method is based on the formation of a blue colored indophenol derivative from the reaction of phenylephrine with N ,2,6-trichloro- p -benzoquinoneimine.
The development of the secretory granules in the rat adrenal medulla

The structure of adrenal medullary cells of embryonic and early postnatal rat adrenals has been studied after fixation with glutaraldehyde followed by osmium tetroxide. Highly opaque granules with a diameter of 900–1000 appear in some cells of the sympathomedullary region of rat embryos 12 days old. The Golgi apparatus of these cells is well developed and in places encloses some very dark material in its membrane system. This material is similar in structure to that of the opaque granules. Analysis of serial sections shows that the number of such dark granule-like Golgi structures calculated per unit volume of the Golgi apparatus is larger than the number of cytoplasmic granules calculated per unit volume of cytoplasm, indicating that the granules first develop in the Golgi apparatus. All the cells in this region contain many vesicular structures about 500–1000 in diameter. In embryos 13–15 days old, the opaque granules become more profuse in the cells, as do the granule-like Golgi structures; but at the 15-day stage the cytoplasmic granules outside the Golgi apparatus are more numerous than the granule-like structures incorporated in the Golgi apparatus, as revealed by serial sections. The number of cytoplasmic vesicles also is increased, but the ratio of vesicles to granules is smaller than at the 12-day stage. At the 16–17-day stages, as the future medullary cells are migrating to the center of the adrenal gland, granules containing moderately dense material along with the very dense begin to appear in the majority of the cells. They have been called intermediate granules. In early postnatal stages most of the cells containing intermediate granules also have granules containing a homogeneous inner structure of moderately dense material. The medullae of 8-day-old rats show two distinct cell types similar to those of the adult animal.
Strategic Planning for Municipal Information Systems Some Lessons from a Large U.S. City

In 1995, the City of St. Louis undertook a major strategic planning effort for its municipal information systems. The project was initiated in the midst of acrimonious debate regarding mainframe bo...
A phase 1/2 and biomarker study of preoperative short course chemoradiation with proton beam therapy and capecitabine followed by early surgery for resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Purpose To evaluate the safety, efficacy and biomarkers of short-course proton beam radiation and capecitabine, followed by pancreaticoduodenectomy in a phase 1/2 study in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients. Methods and Materials Patients with radiographically resectable, biopsy-proven PDAC were treated with neoadjuvant short-course (2-week) proton-based radiation with capecitabine, followed by surgery and adjuvant gemcitabine. The primary objective was to demonstrate a rate of toxicity grade ≥3 of Results The phase 2 dose was established at 5 daily doses of 5 GyE. Fifty patients were enrolled, of whom 35 patients were treated in the phase 2 portion. There were no grade 4 or 5 toxicities, and only 2 of 35 patients (4.1%) experienced a grade 3 toxicity event (chest wall pain grade 1, colitis grade 1). Of 48 patients eligible for analysis, 37 underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy. Thirty of 37 (81%) had positive nodes. Locoregional failure occurred in 6 of 37 resected patients (16.2%), and distant recurrence occurred in 35 of 48 patients (72.9%). With median follow-up of 38 months, the median progression-free survival for the entire group was 10 months, and overall survival was 17 months. Biomarker studies showed significant associations between worse survival outcomes and the KRAS point mutation change from glycine to aspartic acid at position 12, stromal CXCR7 expression, and circulating biomarkers CEA, CA19-9, and HGF (all, P Conclusions This study met the primary endpoint by showing a rate of 4.1% grade 3 toxicity for neoadjuvant short-course proton-based chemoradiation. Treatment was associated with favorable local control. In exploratory analyses, KRAS G12D status and high CXCR7 expression and circulating CEA, CA19-9, and HGF levels were associated with poor survival.
Advanced materials for a sustainable, clean energy future

The current annual worldwide energy consumption stands at about 15 terawatts (TW, x1012 watts). Approximately 80% of it is supplied from fossil fuels: oil (34 %), coal (25 %), and natural gas (21 %). Biomass makes up 8% of the energy supply, nuclear energy accounts for 6.5 %, hydropower has a 2% share and other technologies such as wind and solar make up the rest. Even with aggressive conservation and new higher efficiency technology development, worldwide energy demand is predicted to double to 30 TW by 2050 and triple to 46 TW by the end of the century. Meanwhile oil and natural gas production is predicted to peak over the next few decades. Abundant coal reserves may maintain the current consumption level for longer period of time than the oil and gas. However, burning the fossil fuels leads to a serious environmental consequence by emitting gigantic amount of green house gases, particularly CO2 emissions which are widely considered as the primary contributor to global warming. Because of the concerns over the greenhouse gas emission, many countries, and even some states and cities in the US, have adopted regulations for limiting CO2 emissions. Along with increased CO2 regulations, is an emergingmore » trend toward carbon “trading,” giving benefits to low “carbon footprint” industries, while making higher emitting industries purchase carbon “allowances”. There have been an increasing number of countries and states adopting the trade and cap systems.« less
Effects of vaporization and condensation on Apollo 11 glass spherules: implications for cooling rates

Fourteen of 40 glass spherules present in a section of the Apollo 11 microbreccia 10019,22 were found to exhibit steep concentration gradients at their rims; the oxides of the relatively volatile elements Na, K, and P increase by, respectively, factors of up to 67, 16, and greater than 54 at the spherule rims in comparison to the homogeneous centers. These gradients usually extend over 25-30 microns. Furthermore, the natural surfaces of 11 unpolished glass spherules separated from the fines 10084,97, in 60-80% of all cases, show higher concentrations in Na2O, K2O, and P2O5 than the averages for the central portions of 45 independently analyzed glass spherules. It is suggested that the concentration gradients observed are diffusion gradients and are the result of the impact event which produced the glasses; in the impact melting process, splash drops of melt formed that lost volatiles by vaporization. A procedure is described to determine the cooling rate of a spherule from measured concentration gradients, provided the diffusion coefficients are known for the particular glass compositions in question.
Treatment of severe electric injuries.

Abstract From January 1945 through January 1959, thirty-four patients with acute electric burns or deformities from old electric injuries were treated at the Mayo Clinic. Most of the patients had had treatment elsewhere prior to coming to the clinic. This series does not include minor electric burns or thermal burns from hot electric elements. A study of these thirty-four cases has led us to conclude that early excision of the burned region has little if any application in the high tension type of burn because vascular damage and tissue necrosis exist beyond the apparent limits of the burn. In these cases it seems preferable to wait until a definite line of demarcation between viable and nonviable tissue is evident. Even burns about the lips from electric cords are better left alone until healed, after which plastic repair of residual deformities can be undertaken; often these minor burns about the mouth will heal so satisfactorily that little, if any, subsequent plastic work is required.
Magnetic cellular switches

This paper focuses on the development of magnetic cellular switches to enable magnetic control of intracellular functions in living mammalian cells, including receptor signal transduction and gene transcription. Our approach takes advantage of the mechanosensitivity of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) induction and downstream transcription controlled by the cAMP regulatory element (CRE) to engineer gene constructs that optically report gene expression in living cells. We activate transcription of these gene reporters by applying magnetic (mechanical) stress to magnetic microbeads bound to cell surface integrin receptors. In these gene reporter constructs, CRE motifs drive the expression of fluorescent proteins or enzymes that produce fluorescent products, such as DsRed and /spl beta/-lactamase (BLA), respectively. We demonstrate that a chemical inducer of cAMP (forskolin) increases expression of CRE-DsRed in living cells. More importantly, a threefold increase in CRE-BLA expression is induced by application of mechanical stress to magnetic microbeads (4.5 /spl mu/m) bound to cell surface integrin receptors. Induction of cAMP could be detected within 5 min using a protein fragment complementation assay involving interactions between the KID and KIX domains of the CRE binding protein linked to complementary halves of the BLA enzyme. These studies confirm that application of magnetic stress to integrins induces gene transcription by activating the cAMP-dependent transcription factor CREB. Ongoing studies focus on optimizing sensitivity and reducing signal-to-noise by establishing stable cell lines that express these gene reporters. These studies collectively demonstrate the feasibility of using magnetic technologies to control function in living mammalian cells and, hence, support the possibility of developing magnetically-actuated cellular components for use in future micro- and nanotechnologies.
Sulphotransferases and phosphotransferases in insects

Abstract 1. 1. High-speed supernatant fractions from tissue homogenates of eight species of insects representing four major orders were tested for sulphotransferase and phosphotransferase activities. 2. 2. A sulphotransferase system was present in all the species tested and required ATP, Mg 2+ and inorganic sulphate for the sulphation of p -nitrophenol, dehydroepiandrosterone and 22,25-bisdeoxyecdysone. 3. 3. A phosphotransferase which in the presence of ATP and Mg 2+ catalyzed the phosphorylation of p -nitrophenol was present in the Madagascar cockroach and in some of the other species investigated.
Why flying dogs are rare: A general theory of luck in evolutionary transitions

There is a worry that the 'major transitions in evolution' represent an arbitrary group of events. This worry is warranted, and we show why. We argue that the transition to a new level of hierarchy necessarily involves a nonselectionist chance process. Thus any unified theory of evolutionary transitions must be more like a general theory of fortuitous luck, rather than a rigid formulation of expected events. We provide a systematic account of evolutionary transitions based on a second-order regularity of chance events, as stipulated by the ZFEL (Zero Force Evolutionary Law). And in doing so, we make evolutionary transitions explainable and predictable, and so not entirely contingent after all.