cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON THE NATURE OF THE VIRUS OF INFLUENZA : I. THE DISPERSION OF THE VIRUS OF INFLUENZA A IN TISSUE EMULSIONS AND IN EXTRA-EMBRYONIC FLUIDS OF THE CHICK.

A considerable fraction of the influenza A virus contained in infected allantoic fluid of the developing chick is not sedimentable under conditions which remove virus activity almost completely from filtrates of emulsified mouse lung. The infectious unit from tissue suspensions is about 100 mmicro in diameter and is of the same chemical composition as particles of the same size and abundance separated from normal tissues by an identical procedure. Evidence has been presented showing that the infectivity can be, and probably is, carried on such normal cell components as an adsorbate. Other non-infective particles such as erythrocytes may also become infectious units through adsorption of the virus. The virus occurs in allantoic fluid in two states of dispersion. A variable percentage is associated with particles considerably less than 100 mmicro in diameter, probably more nearly 10 mmicro, while the remainder is reversibly aggregated. Reversal to the more disperse state may be effected by dilution, sonic vibration, or moderate heat treatment.
Correlates of African American Children In and Out of Their Families

Most African American children reside with their families but a large number do not due to placement in child protective services, the juvenile justice system, or in relative care. Social disorganization theory provides that societal change produces social disorganization, which may cause social problems. Some neighborhoods are better able to address problems than are others. In this study, the authors use social disorganization theory to understand the separation of African American children from their families. An evaluation of 263 neighborhoods in Franklin County, Ohio, found moderate support for social disorganization theory in that 11 of 19 demographic variables were significantly correlated with whether African American children lived with their families or elsewhere. A perceptive analysis shows that lower percentages of demographic variables are significantly correlated with children remaining in their homes.
A Nonstationary Model of Binary Choice Applied to Media Exposure

In the field of media research, the beta binomial has performed very well for estimating the distribution of the frequency of exposures to a media vehicle. However, long-term projections have shown consistent biases. The beta binomial geometric model, an extension of the well-known beta binomial model, which incorporates non-stationarity of individuals' exposure probabilities, is able to account for these errors. In addition this beta binomial geometric framework provides insights into the sensitivity of various media statistics to non-stationarity. This model is a particular operationalization of Howard's general Dynamic Inference Model Howard, R. A. 1965. Dynamic inference. Oper. Res.13 2 712-733.. The paper focuses on applications to some television viewing and magazine readership data. The properties of the model, estimation of the parameters and statistical tests are also presented. Finally, some future research possibilities are discussed.
Imaging capabilities of proximity x-ray lithography at 70-nm ground rules

This paper discusses the resolution capabilities of proximity x-ray lithography (PXRL) system. Exposure characteristics of features designed at 150 nm pitch size: 75 nm dense lines with 1:1 duty ratio, 2D features at 1:1 and 1:2 duty ratios and isolated lines have been studied. Aerial image simulations were compared to the experimental data. Verification of the aerial image model has been accomplished by measurements of exposure windows of 100 nm and 125 nm nested lines. The PXRL aerial image parameter, equivalent penumbra blur, has been determined from the experimental data. Contributions from the synchrotron radiation x-ray source, stepper and the chemically amplified resist to the degradation of the aerial image have been evaluated. Patterning capability of PXRL at 75 nm feature size is compared to projection optics using the optical k1 factor as a common figure of merit. To facilitate the comparison, optical imagin was at pattern sizes currently manufacturable by the mainstream optical tools while the PXRL imaging was at 75 nm pattern size. Requirements for a PXRL system of manufacturing VLSI at 70 nm minimum feature sizes with the critical dimension control better than 10 percent are also discussed.
Image formation in high contrast optical systems: the role of polarization

To find evidence of life in the Universe outside our solar system is one of the most compelling and visionary adventures of the 21st century. The technologies to create the telescopes and instruments that will enable this discovery are now within the grasp of mankind. Direct imaging of a very faint planet around a neighboring bright star requires high contrast or a hypercontrast optical imaging system capable of controlling unwanted radiation within the system to one part in ten to the 11th. This paper identifies several physical phenomena that affect image quality in high contrast imaging systems. Polarization induced at curved metallic surfaces and by anisotropy in the deposition process (Smith-Purcell effect) along with beam shifts introduced by the Goos-Hachen effect are discussed. A typical configuration is analyzed, and technical risk mitigation concepts are discussed.
Ethical Currents: Still Trying to Add a “W”

: Liam Frink is contributing editor of “Ethical Currents,” the AAA Committee on Ethics column in Anthropology News.
Reduced amino acid availability inhibits muscle protein synthesis and decreases activity of initiation factor eIF2B

We have examined the effect of a hemodialysis-induced 40% reduction in plasma amino acid concentrations on rates of muscle protein synthesis and breakdown in normal swine. Muscle protein kinetics w...
Direct Sub-Lattice Imaging of Interface Dislocation Structures in CdTe/GaAs(001)

This paper presents directly interpretable atomic resolution images of dislocation structures at interfaces in CdTe/GaAs(001) systems. This is achieved using the technique of Z-contrast imaging in a 300 kV scanning transmission electron microscope in conjunction with maximum entropy image analysis. In addition to being used to further the understanding of the relation between growth conditions and exhibited properties, the data presented provides direct information on the atomic arrangements at dislocation cores.
Counting YouTube videos via random prefix sampling

Leveraging the characteristics of YouTube video id space and exploiting a unique property of YouTube search API, in this paper we develop a random prefix sampling method to estimate the total number of videos hosted by YouTube. Through theoretical modeling and analysis, we demonstrate that the estimator based on this method is unbiased, and provide bounds on its variance and confidence interval. These bounds enable us to judiciously select sample sizes to control estimation errors. We evaluate our sampling method and validate the sampling results using two distinct collections of YouTube video id's (namely, treating each collection as if it were the "true" collection of YouTube videos). We then apply our sampling method to the live YouTube system, and estimate that there are a total of roughly 500 millions YouTube videos by May, 2011. Finally, using an unbiased collection of YouTube videos sampled by our method, we show that YouTube video view count statistics collected by prior methods (e.g., through crawling of related video links) are highly skewed, significantly under-estimating the number of videos with very small view counts (
Solitary wave families of NLPDES via reversible systems theory

The Ostrovsky equation is an important canonical model for the unidirectional propagation of weakly nonlinear long surface and internal waves in a rotating, inviscid and incompressible fluid. Since solitary wave solutions often play a central role in the long-time evolution of an initial disturbance, we consider such solutions here (via the normal form approach) within the framework of reversible systems theory. Besides confirming the existence of the known family of solitary waves and its reduction to the KdV limit, we find a second family of multihumped (or N-pulse) solutions, as well as a continuum of delocalized solitary waves (or homoclinics to small-amplitude periodic orbits). On isolated curves in the relevant parameter region, the delocalized waves reduce to genuine embedded solitons. The second and third families of solutions occur in regions of parameter space distinct from the known solitary wave solutions and are thus entirely new. Directions for future work, including on other NLPDEs, are also mentioned.
Valproate-associated pancreatitis

To assess the clinical characteristics of valproate (VPA)-associated pancreatitis, information from three sources was gathered: (a) a survey among 507 physicians with a special interest in treatment of epilepsy, (b) a review of the authors' patient population, and (c) a review of the literature. Of 366 physicians answering the survey, 53 (14.5%) reported a case of pancreatitis. Thirty-nine cases were available for review (24 from the medical literature, 12 from the survey, and 3 from the authors). Pancreatitis appeared to be more frequent in young persons (mean age 16.4 years) but may occur at any age. The highest risk appears to exist during the first months of treatment: 43.8% of the cases developed during the first 3 months, and 68.8% developed during the first year. Seventy-six percent of patients were receiving polytherapy, and 41% had some form of associated chronic encephalopathy. In most patients, the reaction was rapidly reversible when VPA was discontinued. It was severe in 6 patients, with 3 deaths reported. Rechallenge with VPA was attempted in 9 patients, with a high incidence of relapses. Asymptomatic elevation of serum amylase in patients receiving VPA was reported by 40 (10.9%) of the physicians surveyed. Awareness of the problem and early discontinuation of VPA may be effective in preventing serious reactions.
Nd isotopes and the origin of 1.9-1.7 Ga Penokean continental crust of the Lake Superior region

Nd isotopic data on 26 samples demonstrate the origin of the Early Proterozoic crust of the Penokean orogen. The three major components are (1) the Marquette Range Supergroup, a predominantly miogeoclinal continental-margin sequence deposited before 1.85 Ga on Archean basement; (2) ca. 1.88 Ga felsic metavolcanic rocks of the Wisconsin magmatic terrane to the south, of evolved island-arc affinity; and (3) 1.87-1.76 Ga granitoids that intrude the metavolcanic rocks. Initial ϵ Nd values for the metavolcanic rocks of the magmatic terrane range between 0.0 and +2.4 and T DM ages between 1.9 and 2.2 b.y. The volcanic rocks primarily represent new crustal material that had only a limited Archean input, probably through mixing of subducted sediments into the magma source area. ϵ Nd (T) values for sedimentary rocks in the lower part of the Marquette Range Supergroup indicate an Archean source, most likely the 2.7 Ga Superior province to the north. On the other hand, the sedimentary rocks in the upper part of the Marquette Range Supergroup (graywackes of the upper Michigamme Formation) have initial ϵ Nd values between -0.8 and +1.5, indicative of an Early Proterozoic source. These graywackes probably are foredeep deposits derived from the volcanic rocks of the Wisconsin magmatic terrane to the south. Thus, the time of deposition of the upper Michigamme Formation dates the final convergence of the Wisconsin magmatic terrane with the continental margin. The granitoids of the Wisconsin magmatic terrane have a wide range of ϵ Nd (T) values, from -4.5 to +4.0. They represent mixtures of variable amounts of new crustal material and recycled Archean detritus. The more negative ϵ Nd (T) values occur in samples close to the northern boundary of the Wisconsin magmatic terrane, which is marked by a mylonitic shear zone (the Niagara fault zone). We suggest that the miogeoclinal lower Marquette Range Supergroup rocks having an Archean Nd signature became involved in magma genesis close to the collisional boundary, whereas increasingly lesser amounts of this older material were available for mixing farther away from the suture. The 1.9-1.7 Ga Penokean events involved major growth of new crust from the mantle.
Pathogenicity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in complement factor five-deficient mice.

We have previously determined the relative virulence of isolates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the basis of differences in proliferation and resistance to clearance in CD-1 mice. These infections were not fatal. To further characterize S. cerevisiae pathogenesis, we studied a virulent clinical isolate, YJM128, and an avirulent nonclinical isolate, Y55, in C5-deficient mice. DBA/2N mice were infected intravenously with YJM128 or Y55, and temporal burdens of yeast cells in various organs were determined. After infection with 10(7) CFU, Y55 increased by 13-fold and YJM128 increased by 20-fold in the brain from day 0 to 3. In addition, YJM128 increased by 4-fold in the kidneys, whereas Y55 decreased by 16-fold. Both isolates declined in number in other organs. In all studies, 90% of mice infected with 10(7) CFU of YJM128 died between days 2 and 7, whereas no mice infected with equivalent numbers of Y55 died. No mice died after infection with 10(6) CFU of Y55 or YJM128. The importance of C5 was confirmed by studies using B10.D2/oSnJ (C5-) mice and their congenic C5+ counterparts. Again, the C5- mice were most susceptible to infection with S. cerevisiae, with 63% infected with YJM128 dying by day 7; no C5+ mice died. No Y55-infected mice died, and mean burdens in the brain at day 14 were sevenfold lower in C5+ mice than in C5- mice. Seven of 10 other S. cerevisiae isolates were also more virulent in DBA/2N than CD-1 mice, causing > or = 40% mortality. These data indicate that C5 is a critical factor in host resistance against S. cerevisiae infections and further confirm the pathogenic potential of some isolates of S. cerevisiae.
Putting the 'I' in 'team': an ego-centric approach to cooperative localization

This paper describes a cooperative method for relative localization of mobile robot teams; that is, it describes a method whereby every robot in the team can estimate the pose of every other robot, relative to itself. This robot does not require the use of GPS, landmarks, or maps of any kind; instead, robots make direct measurement of the relative pose of nearby robots, and broadcast this information to the team as a whole. Each robot processes this information independently to generate ego-centric estimate for the pose of other robots. Our method uses Bayesian formalism with a particle filter implementation, and is, as a consequence, very robust. It is also completely distributed, yet requires relatively little communication between robots. This paper describes the basic ego-centric formalism, sketches the implementation, and presents experimental results obtained using a team of four mobile robots.
Directed molecular evolution to design advanced red fluorescent proteins

In this Perspective the authors discuss strategies for the development of improved fluorescent proteins, with a focus on probes at the red end of the spectrum. They synthesize the literature on chromophore photochemistry and protein structure to identify residues for targeted mutagenesis, and consider improvements in molecular evolution methodologies to enable improved screening for desired probes.
Using Coaxial Probe for Broadband Microwave Characterization of Biological Tissues

A key advantage of using coaxial probe for microwave characterization of biological media is the non-invasive nature of the technique. It is being used extensively for the complex permittivity measurements of materials in the microwave region. Usually, coaxial probe measurements require electromagnetic full-wave analysis or a calibrated reflection coefficient, S11, of the material under test. In this paper, we present a new coaxial probe technique for the microwave characterization of biological tissues based on the calibrated reflection coefficient S11 of a know dielectric constant. This technique only needs the well known distilled water as a reference material for the broadband microwave characterization of biological tissues. The complex permittivities of normal tissues from animals and both normal and cancerous tissues from human bodies were measured over a broadband microwave region with this technique. The biological tissue measurements showed that the complex permittivities measured by this technique are in good agreement with other investigations. This is a cost effective, non invasive and easy to use technique which makes it very suitable for diagnostic and therapeutic applications of microwaves in biomedicine.
Integrating self-regulation theories of work motivation into a dynamic process theory

Abstract Instead of merely combining theories of self-regulation, the current paper articulates a dynamic process theory of the underlying cognitive subsystems that explain relationships among long-used constructs like goals, expectancies, and valence. Formal elements of the theory are presented in an attempt to encourage the building of computational models of human actors, thinkers, and learners in organizational contexts. Discussion focuses on the application of these models for understanding the dynamics of individuals interacting in their organizations.
Public use of olfactory information associated with predation in two species of social bees

Recent studies have documented that social bees can use heterospeci!c information to!nd or avoid food resources, but little is known about whether bees gain information from heterospeci!cs about predation risk. We report the!rst detailed!eld tests in bees of hetero- and conspeci!c avoidance of olfactory information associated with predation. We determined whetherApis melliferaandBombus impatiens would respond either to hetero- or conspeci!c haemolymph as an indication of a predation event, or to sting gland contents, which provide an alarm pheromone in honeybees and in many other social Hymenoptera.Bombus impatiensavoided their own haemolymph andA. melliferahaemolymph in foraging arena choice experiments.Bombus impatiensdid not respond toA. melliferaalarm pheromone or to the odour of conspeci!c sting gland. In!eld experiments,A. melliferaavoided their own haemolymph and their own sting alarm pheromone, but did not avoid the haemolymph or sting gland contents of B. impatiensor native bumblebees (Bombus vosnesenskii) that regularly foraged around their hives. One factor behind the response ofB. impatiensto heterospeci!c cues of predation may be its habit of solitary foraging, which may lead to more interactions with heterospeci!cs than would social foraging in which bees recruit nestmates to resources. !2012 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Experimental Generation and Observation of Intrinsic Localized Spin Wave Modes in an Antiferromagnet

By driving with a microwave pulse the lowest frequency antiferromagnetic resonance of the quasi-1D biaxial antiferromagnet $({\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{5}{\mathrm{NH}}_{3}{)}_{2}{\mathrm{CuCl}}_{4}$ into an unstable region, intrinsic localized spin waves have been generated and detected in the spin wave gap. These findings are consistent with the prediction that nonlinearity plus lattice discreteness can lead to localized excitations with dimensions comparable to the lattice constant.
Fish assemblage and environmental differences upstream and downstream of a cave: a potential reset mechanism

The traditional view of stream systems, exemplified by the river continuum concept, shows predictable shifts in species composition and ecosystem function based on changes in nutrients and energy. Usually headwaters have fewer species, lower nutrients and greater habitat variability than downstream sites. The modern view of stream systems is much more complex with disturbances altering expected environmental conditions and assemblages. Reset mechanisms function to change the expected downstream biotic assemblages so that they resemble what would be expected at an upstream location. The presence of a reset mechanism may be indicated by a variety of factors including decreases in biomass and diversity. To assess the potential impacts of a cave, which can impact a variety of hydrologic factors including temperature, fish assemblages and environmental conditions were sampled around a cave. Differences were seen both in assemblage and environmental conditions between sites located upstream and downstream of a cave; variation in assemblage and environment also occurred at a 10 m scale. Overall, species diversity and richness were lower downstream of the cave, resembling a headwater-like site. There was a shift from warmer water species upstream to an assemblage defined by high abundances of mottled sculpin and the presence of brown trout. These differences in assemblage were linked with environmental conditions, including temperature, that were likely influenced by the presence of the cave. Results of this study indicate that, in this case, a cave has impacted fish assemblages and the surrounding stream ecosystem and may be functioning as a reset mechanism, resulting in decreased species diversity and changes in assemblage composition over a short distance.
210-GHz InAlN/GaN HEMTs With Dielectric-Free Passivation

Lattice-matched depletion-mode InAlN/AlN/GaN high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) on a SiC substrate were fabricated, for the first time, with a dielectric-free passivation (DFP) process in which the device access region was treated by O2/Ar plasma. Similar to dielectric passivation using SiN and Al2O3, the plasma treatment can effectively shorten the gate-length extension. As a result, the current gain cutoff frequency fT of a 60-nm rectangular-gate HEMT increased from 125 to 210 GHz after the plasma DFP; this RF performance is among the highest reported fT for GaN-based HEMTs. The device showed a dc drain current density of 2.1 A/mm and a peak extrinsic transconductance of 487 mS/mm after DFP. The Lg-fTproduct of 12.6 GHz ·μm is among the highest reported for a gate-physical-length-to-barrier-thickness aspect ratio of 5.6. Small gate lag and drain lag are observed in pulsed I-V measurements with a 300-ns pulsewidth.
Life in the Times of Whypox: A Virtual Epidemic as a Community Event

In the past ten years, multiplayer games have increased in popularity with now millions of players spending dozens of hours or more online each week. Researchers have documented many aspects of the activities and motivations of players highlighting how players in these communities are defined by a common set of endeavors and social practices. (2003) called game communities for this reason ‘affinity’ groups. Often particular practices such as avatar selling and adena farming or events such as warrior revolts and virtual elections are used to illustrate issues with community norms (Steinkuehler, 2006), ownership and freedom of expression (Taylor, 2002; 2005) in virtual worlds. With few exceptions (Cassell, Huffaker, Tversky, & Ferriman, 2006), most of these practices and events have been emergent phenomena.
Effects of 5, 7-dihydroxytryptamine lesions of the nucleus accumbens on rat inravenous morphine self-administration

Abstract The role of serotonergic innervations of the nucleus accumbens in the processes maintaining intravenous morphine self-administration were assessed. Pairs of male rat littermates were implanted with intravenous jugular catheters and bilateral injection guide cannulae into the central medial nucleus accumbens, made physically dependent on morphine and then allowed to intravenously self-administer with continuous access. When stable baselines of drug intake were obtained (2–3 weeks), one of each pair received bilateral microinjections of vehicle and the other 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) into the nucleus accumbens. Response independent infusions of morphine were delivered for 24 hours at the previous rate of self-injection and the animals were again allowed to self-administer while drug intake was monitored for thirteen days. The littermate pairs were then sacrificed by immersion in liquid nitrogen, the brains removed at −20°C and frozen sections of the cannulae tract taken for histological assessment. The nucleus accumbens, anterior caudate nucleus and pyriform cortex were removed at -20°C and biogenic monoamine content determined. The 5,7-DHT lesions resulted in a significant increase in drug intake and significantly decreased the content of serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the nucleus accumbens (−49% and −30%, respectively) and 5-HT in the anterior caudate nucleus (−14%) and pyriform cortex (−17%). Dose-effect relationships were assessed in four additional animals before and after similar bilateral 5,7-DHT lesions. The lesion resulted in similar rates of responding maintained by all drug doses including vehicle, thus eliminating the typical pattern of dose related decreases in responding as a function of increasing dose. 5-HT innervations of the nucleus accumbens appear to participate in neuronal activity mediating intravenous morphine self-administration.
Selective Laser Foaming for Three-Dimensional Cell Culture on a Compact Disc

A selective laser foaming process is developed to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) scaffold on a commercially available compact disc (CD) made of polycarbonate (PC). The laser-foamed 3D structure could be utilized to form high throughput perfusion-based tissue model device. In this study, effects of significant parameters and the morphology of porous structure were analyzed. As a result, laser foaming of gas saturated polycarbonate creates inverse cone-shaped wells with 3D porous structure on the surface region and the pores are tens of micrometers in diameter. The size of the well is dependent on the laser power and laser exposure time. The pore size relies on the gas concentration in the PC CD samples. The fabricated micro-scale porous scaffolds will be used to create centrifugal force driven two-chamber tissue model system arrays for high throughput drug testing.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Educational attainment and adult literacy: A descriptive account of 31 Sub-Saharan Africa countries

Background More than 60 years ago the international community declared literacy a basic human right. Recognition of its intrinsic value and evidence of its social and economic benefits have motivated an expansive international effort to estimate the percentage of adults that can read, especially in low-income countries where educational opportunities are limited. Population data on adults' educational attainment is commonly used to approximate adult literacy rates. Though increasing evidence from school-based studies of pupils confirm literacy achievement is not universal - even at advanced grades - it remains unclear whether adults' educational attainment is reflective of their literacy.
The Emerging Role of Protein S-Nitrosylation in Cancer Metastasis

Nitric oxide (NO) has increasingly been recognized as an important cell signaling molecule that controls various steps of cancer development and metastasis. NO regulates a wide range of tumor-associated proteins through S-nitrosylation, a reversible coupling of a nitroso moiety to a reactive cysteine thiol (SH) group to form an S-nitrosothiol (SNO). In this article, we discuss the various roles of protein S-nitrosylation in cancer development with a focus on anoikis resistance, cell invasion and angiogenesis, which are key determinants of cancer metastasis. We specially address the effect of S-nitrosylation on protein function and discuss how this post-translational modification affects the aggressive and metastatic behaviors of cancer cells. We propose that dysregulated NO signaling is common in many, if not most, metastatic cancers and that understanding the S-nitrosylation process will facilitate the development of novel therapeutic and preventive strategies against cancers.
The Triple Aim for Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome

For decades, the diagnosis of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) was relatively rare in the US; however, the recent epidemic of prescription and nonprescription opioid use across the country has made this once novel diagnosis common.1 The number of infants diagnosed with NAS in the US has grown nearly 5-fold since 2000. Today, one infant with NAS is born every 25 minutes, accounting for an estimated $1.5 billion in hospital charges.2 The rapid rise of NAS in our nurseries and neonatal intensive care units demands that improvements in research and care delivery systems keep pace.
Antibody-mediated inhibition of Nogo-A signaling promotes neurite growth in PC-12 cells

The use of a monoclonal antibody to block the neurite outgrowth inhibitor Nogo-A has been of great interest for promoting axonal recovery as a treatment for spinal cord injury. While several cellular and non-cellular assays have been developed to quantify the bioactive effects of Nogo-A signaling, demand still exists for the development of a reliable approach to characterize the effectiveness of the anti-Nogo-A antibody. In this study, we developed and validated a novel cell-based approach to facilitate the biological quantification of a Nogo-A antibody using PC-12 cells as an in vitro neuronal cell model. Changes in the mRNA levels of the neuronal differentiation markers, growth-associated protein 43 and neurofilament light-polypeptide, suggest that activation of the Nogo-A pathway suppresses axonal growth and dendrite formation in the tested cell line. We found that application of anti-Nogo-A monoclonal antibody can significantly enhance the neuronal maturity of PC-12 cells by blocking the Nogo-A inhibitory effects, providing enhanced effects on neural maturity at the molecular level. No adverse effects were observed on cell viability.
Synthesis of Inorganic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Polymers on Metal Surfaces

Films of copper(II) imidazolate, an aromatic, heterocyclic hydrocarbon polymer, have been synthesizedin situ at room temperature on copper surfaces. The films were made using a copper(II) salt formed as a thin film on an metallic copper substrate with subsequent complexation and deprotonation of the imidazole molecule. Thein-situ formed copper(II) imidazolate polymer films have been studied by elemental analyses, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray photoelectron and Auger spectroscopy. The copper Auger parameter has been derived for the films.
Understanding the Relationship Between Latino Students’ Preferred Learning Styles and Their Language Spoken at Home

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between Latino students’ learning styles and their language spoken at home. Results of the study indicated that students who spoke Spanish at home had higher means in the Active Experimentation modality of learning (M = 31.38, SD = 5.70) than students who spoke English (M = 28.08, SD = 5.36) or both languages (M = 30.79, SD = 5.93) at home. Students in all 3 groups—students who spoke Spanish, English, and both languages at home—had similar means and standard deviations in the Reflective Observation modality of learning.
Immediate uricosuric effect of probenecid in normal humans.

SummaryUrinary uric acid output of 2 healthy male subjects on an hourly feeding regimen was markedly increased on the first day of probenecid ingestion. The amount of uric acid excreted the second day of probenecid administration was greater than normal but not as great as on the first day. This is in contrast to the previous finding that patients with normal amounts of body urate do not show a long term uricosuria after probenecid or phenylbutazone. It is suggested that these drugs induce uricosuria in all cases but that this uricosuria is self-limiting in subjects with no body stores of urate since equilibrium between urate production and disposal must be re-established.
The application status and the quality characteristics of reclaimed water

Objective:To study the current application status and the quality characteristics of reclaimed water.Methods:The spot investigation of eighty reclaimed water manufacturers in an area was carried out;Collection of reclaimed water produced by reclaimed water manufacturers for continuous water quality monitoring was accomplished.Results:It suggested that the main areas of application of the reclaimed water were residential areas,schools,hotels,restaurants and office buildings.The reclaimed water was mainly used for toilet flushing,greening,road spraying,landscaping,car washing,equipment cooling and part of the public area cleaning.The source of reclaimed water was domestic sewage.Chlorine disinfection was the primary disinfection of reclaimed water.Eleven physical and chemical quality characteristics analysis of reclaimed water indicated that except a few of poor water quality samples,the majority of reclaimed water samples could reach the water standard limits.Two microbiological indicators suggested that the microorganisms were the main influencing factors of reclaimed water qualities and it mainly related with the disinfection effects of reclaimed water production.Conclusion:Reclaimed water was mainly used for flushing and landscaping in residential areas,schools and other public places.The hygiene microorganism indicators of reclaimed water are still far from being satisfactory.
Extinction of the dinosaurs: A 1982 understanding

The objective record appears to be that the dinosaur fauna of the latest Maastrichtian (i.e., latest Cretaceous) was chiefly (and perhaps exclusively) restricted to the Western Interior Seaway of the United States and southern Canada and included fewer than 20 species distributed among approximately 15 genera and 10 families. In the late Maastrichtian, as has been known for many years, sea level went down by 150 to 200 m in the western interior. The interior seaway (along which the dinosaurs were living) dried up and seasonality increased and habitable area was reduced as widespread flood plains yielded to uplifted, restricted basins. This occurrence of a gradually changing ecology correlated with animal extinction conforms to the observed pattern characteristic of many other times in the fossil record. If this pattern applies to dinosaurs as well, then the extinction of the dinosaurs is neither necessarily nor reasonably attributable to any extraterrestrial event. In addition, it appears that the magnitude of the extinction is greatly over estimated because a very small number of species and genera were actually responsible for the familial extinctions.
Some Phragmobasidiomycetes from Acre and Amazonas

Apreliminary survey of Phragmobasidiomycetes from the Brazilian Amazon revealed three new species: Tremella riobrancensis Lowy, Ductifera elastica Lowy, and Dacryopinax maxidorii Lowy. Ten other species representing the families Auriculariaceae, Tremellaceae, and Dacrymycetaceae previously unreported from Acre and Amazonas were also collected.
Ribosome structure and dynamics by smFRET microscopy.

Composed of both RNA and protein components, the ribosome is one of the largest macromolecular machines in life responsible for the production of all protein. Interestingly, the major catalytic center of the ribosome (the peptidyl transferase center) and much of the binding regions for both mRNA and tRNA are composed of RNA making the ribosome one of the most complex and widely studied ribozymes. Further, large-scale conformational rearrangements throughout the ribosome are required for proper function making the ribosome a riboswitch as well. Recent advances in single-molecule biophysics have significantly augmented our understanding of ribosome function as both a ribozyme and riboswitch. Here, we discuss single-molecule Forster resonance energy transfer and its application to the study of the ribosome. Also, we describe how these experiments are designed from sample preparation to data acquisition and analysis. The general approach and methods described here can be generally applied to many other biological systems.
A Survey of Techniques for Architecting Processor Components Using Domain-Wall Memory

Recent trends of increasing core-count and bandwidth/memory wall have motivated researchers to explore novel memory technologies for designing processor components such as cache, register file, shared memory, and so on. Domain-wall memory (DWM), also known as racetrack memory, is a promising emerging technology due to its non-volatility and very high density. However, use of DWM presents challenges due to characteristics of both DWM itself (e.g., requirement of shift operations, variable latency) and processor components. Recently, several techniques have been proposed to address these challenges. This article presents a survey of architectural techniques for using DWM for designing components in both CPU and GPU. We discuss techniques related to performance, energy, and reliability and also discuss works that compare DWM with other memory technologies. We also highlight the opportunities and obstacles in using DWM for designing processor components. This survey is expected to spark further research in this area and be useful for researchers, chip designers, and computer architects.
An agent-based simulation model of patient choice of health care providers in accountable care organizations

Accountable care organizations (ACO) in the United States show promise in controlling health care costs while preserving patients’ choice of providers. Understanding the effects of patient choice is critical in novel payment and delivery models like ACO that depend on continuity of care and accountability. The financial, utilization, and behavioral implications associated with a patient’s decision to forego local health care providers for more distant ones to access higher quality care remain unknown. To study this question, we used an agent-based simulation model of a health care market composed of providers able to form ACO serving patients and embedded it in a conditional logit decision model to examine patients capable of choosing their care providers. This simulation focuses on Medicare beneficiaries and their congestive heart failure (CHF) outcomes. We place the patient agents in an ACO delivery system model in which provider agents decide if they remain in an ACO and perform a quality improving CHF disease management intervention. Illustrative results show that allowing patients to choose their providers reduces the yearly payment per CHF patient by $320, reduces mortality rates by 0.12 percentage points and hospitalization rates by 0.44 percentage points, and marginally increases provider participation in ACO. This study demonstrates a model capable of quantifying the effects of patient choice in a theoretical ACO system and provides a potential tool for policymakers to understand implications of patient choice and assess potential policy controls.
System scaling approach and thermoeconomic analysis of a pressure retarded osmosis system for power production with hypersaline draw solution: A Great Salt Lake case study

Abstract Osmotic power with pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) is an emerging renewable energy option for locations where fresh water and salt water mix. Energy can be recovered from the salinity gradient between the solutions. This study provides a comprehensive feasibility analysis for a PRO power plant in a hypersaline environment. A sensitivity analysis investigates the effects of key technical and financial parameters on energy and economic performances. A case study is developed for the Great Salt Lake in Utah, USA (which has an average 24% salt concentration). A 25 MW PRO power plant is investigated to analyze the necessary components and their performances. With currently available technologies, the power plant would require 1.54 m 3 /s (24,410 GPM) fresh water flow rate and 3.08 m 3 /s (48,820 GPM) salt water flow rate. The net annual energy production is projected to be 154,249 MWh, with capital cost of $238.0 million, and operations and maintenance cost of $35.5 million per year. The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) would be $0.2025/kWh, but further design improvements would reduce the LCOE to $0.1034/kWh. The high salinity of the Great Salt Lake is a critical factor toward making the osmotic power plant economically feasible.
Imaging of Skeletal Disorders Caused by Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Gene Mutations

Fibroblast growth factors and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) play important roles in human axial and craniofacial skeletal development. FGFR1, FGFR2, and FGFR3 are crucial for both chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. Mutations in the genes encoding FGFRs, types 1-3, are responsible for various skeletal dysplasias and craniosynostosis syndromes. Many of these disorders are relatively common in the pediatric population, and diagnosis is often challenging. These skeletal disorders can be classified based on which FGFR is affected. Skeletal disorders caused by type 1 mutations include Pfeiffer syndrome (PS) and osteoglophonic dysplasia, and disorders caused by type 2 mutations include Crouzon syndrome (CS), Apert syndrome (AS), and PS. Disorders caused by type 3 mutations include achondroplasia, hypochondroplasia, thanatophoric dysplasia (TD), severe achondroplasia with developmental delay and acanthosis nigricans, Crouzonodermoskeletal syndrome, and Muenke syndrome. Most of these mutations are inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion and are gain-of-function-type mutations. Imaging plays a key role in the evaluation of these skeletal disorders. Knowledge of the characteristic imaging and clinical findings can help confirm the correct diagnosis and guide the appropriate molecular genetic tests. Some characteristics and clinical findings include premature fusion of cranial sutures and deviated broad thumbs and toes in PS; premature fusion of cranial sutures and syndactyly of the hands and feet in AS; craniosynostosis, ocular proptosis, and absence of hand and foot abnormalities in CS; rhizomelic limb shortening, caudal narrowing of the lumbar interpediculate distance, small and square iliac wings, and trident hands in achondroplasia; and micromelia, bowing of the femora, and platyspondyly in TD. ©RSNA, 2017.
Age and experience dependent changes in Egr-1 expression during the ontogeny of the context preexposure facilitation effect (CPFE).

Abstract The context preexposure facilitation effect (CPFE) is a variant of contextual fear conditioning in which acquisition of the contextual representation and association of the retrieved contextual memory with an immediate foot-shock are separated by 24 h. During the CPFE, learning- related expression patterns of the early growth response-1 gene (Egr-1) vary based on training phase and brain sub-region in adult and adolescent rats (Asok, Schreiber, Jablonski, Rosen, & Stanton, 2013; Schreiber, Asok, Jablonski, Rosen, & Stanton, 2014; Chakraborty, Asok, Stanton, & Rosen, 2016). The current experiments extended our previous findings by examining Egr-1 expression in infant (PD17) and juvenile (PD24) rats during the CPFE using preexposure protocols involving single-exposure (SE) or multiple-exposure (ME) to context. Following a 5 min preexposure to the training context (i.e. the SE protocol), Egr-1 expression in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) and lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) was differentially increased in PD24 rats relative to PD17 rats. In contrast, increased Egr-1 expression following an immediate foot-shock (2s, 1.5 mA) did not differ between PD17 and PD24 rats, and was not learning-related. Interestingly, increasing the number of exposures to the training chamber on the preexposure day (i.e. ME protocol) altered training-day expression such that a learning-related increase in expression was observed in the mPFC in PD24 but not PD17 rats. Together, these results illustrate a clear maturation of Egr-1 expression that is both age- and experience-dependent. In addition, the data suggest that regional activity and plasticity within the mPFC on the preexposure but not the training day may contribute to the ontogenetic profile of the effect. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the causal role of sub-region-specific neuroplasticity in the ontogeny of the CPFE.
Use of the ARCS model in education: A literature review

Abstract This article reviews empirical research on applying the Attention, Relevance, Confidence, and Satisfaction (ARCS) model to real educational settings, including computer-based learning approaches. This review focuses on three aspects: (1) how the ARCS model was applied to what specific educational settings; (2) what research methods were used; and (3) what outcomes were reported in these studies. Our findings indicate that the ARCS model was applied to a variety of countries and educational settings. The course component(s) in which the ARCS model was incorporated included single course component (e.g. course email), multiple course components, and other programs (e.g. specific software or game). Quantitative methods were used more than qualitative and mixed methods in these reviewed studies. Four major research outcomes were found in regard to participants’ affective domain, cognitive domain, learning behaviors, and psychological traits. We also summarized the studies in this review and provided future research directions. The latter includes applications of design-based research to educational problems that the ARCS model might address, especially in the context of computer-based learning.
Culture matters: what cultural values influence budget transparency?

This article empirically examines whether cultural values significantly influence budget transparency. We employ data for budget transparency from the Open Budget Index, and data for national cultu...
An effective pedagogy for child welfare education

ABSTRACTPreparing social workers for child welfare practice with the complexly traumatized children now in the system has created the need for schools of social work to integrate trauma content into the curriculum. This article presents findings of an evaluation of a child welfare course designed to prepare MSW level trauma-informed child welfare practitioners. Findings indicate that students in 29 schools of social work not only significantly increased their confidence in working with traumatized children and families but also are significantly more prepared to work toward these three child welfare goals of safety, permanency, and well-being.