cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Renin-angiotensin system inhibition in advanced chronic kidney disease: how low can the kidney function go?

Purpose of reviewTo present the available data on the risks and benefits for ACEi/ARB usage in patients with advanced CKD.Recent findingsIt has been well established that ACEi/ARB use is beneficial in patients with mild-to-moderate CKD, especially in patients with proteinuria. The majority of availa
Markers of BRCAness in breast cancer

Abstract Background Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 cause deficiencies in homologous recombination repair (HR), resulting in repair of DNA double-strand breaks by the alternative non-homologous end-joining pathway, which is more error prone. HR deficiency of breast tumors is important because it is associated with better response to platinum salt therapies and to PARP inhibitors. Among other consequences of HR deficiency are characteristic somatic-mutation signatures and transcriptomic patterns. The term “BRCAness” describes tumors that harbor an HR defect but have no detectable germline mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2. A better understanding of the genes and molecular aberrations associated with BRCAness could provide mechanistic insights and guide development of targeted treatments. Methods Using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) genomic data from breast cancers in 1101 patients, we identified tumors with BRCAness based on somatic mutations, homozygous deletions, and hypermethylation of BRCA1 and BRCA2. We then evaluated germline mutations, somatic mutations, homozygous deletions, and hypermethylation of 24 other breast-cancer predisposition genes. Using somatic-mutation signatures, we compared these groups against tumors from 44 TCGA patients with germline mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2. We also compared gene-expression profiles of tumors with BRCAness versus tumors from BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. A statistical resampling approach enabled objective quantification of similarities among tumors, and dimensionality reduction enabled graphical characterizations of these relationships. Results Somatic-mutation signatures of tumors having a BRCA1/BRCA2 somatic mutation, homozygous deletion, or hypermethylation (n = 64) were markedly similar to each other and to tumors from BRCA1/BRCA2 germline carriers (n = 44). Furthermore, somatic-mutation signatures of tumors with germline or somatic events in BARD1 or RAD51C showed high similarity to tumors from BRCA1/BRCA2 carriers. These findings coincide with the roles of these genes in HR and support their candidacy as genes critical to BRCAness. As expected, tumors with either germline or somatic events in BRCA1 were enriched for basal gene-expression features. Conclusions Somatic-mutation signatures reflect the effects of HR deficiencies in breast tumors. Somatic-mutation signatures have potential as biomarkers of treatment response and to decipher the mechanisms of HR deficiency.
Consistent slow exhumation in a late Cenozoic glaciated landscape: The Presidential and Carter ranges of the White Mountains in New Hampshire, USA

Abstract To investigate the ability of the onset of Quaternary glaciations to drive an acceleration in erosion rates we compare short timescale (103–104 yr) erosion rates using the in situ terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) 10Be to longer time scale exhumation rates (106–107 yr) using the apatite (U Th)/He method in the Presidential and Carter ranges of the White Mountains in New Hampshire, USA. Our results are generally consistent with but refine previous studies using similar techniques. Resulting (U Th)/He ages and thermal modeling from Mt. Washington in the Presidential Range (n = 4, 91.7 to 117.3 Ma) suggest that exhumation rates from the Late Cretaceous to the present were slow,
Examining the Parole Officer as a Mechanism of Social Support During Reentry From Prison

Emerging research has shown that the parole officer, much like friends and family, can be an important source of social support for returning persons. While this body of literature is growing, existing research provides little insight into understanding how specific types (e.g., interpersonal and/or professional) of parole officer support matter. Using panel data from the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative, results of mixed-effects models demonstrate that greater levels of parole officer support are associated with decreased odds of reincarceration. Furthermore, parole officer professional support (e.g., providing correct information) exerts a more robust effect than interpersonal support (e.g., listening and caring). Findings suggest policy makers should consider programming to strengthen the professional relationship between the parole officer and returning person.
Pulmonary Complications in Patients with Primary Immunodeficiency Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Introduction Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is curative therapy for a variety of primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDs). Patients with PID have high rates of pulmonary disease from infections and immune-mediated lung damage, and post-HSCT pulmonary complications account for considerable morbidity and mortality. It is unknown whether pre-HSCT pulmonary disease places PID patients at higher risk for post-HSCT complications. We hypothesize that PID patients with pre-HSCT pulmonary disease have higher risk of transplant-related mortality (TRM), more pulmonary complications, and lower overall survival (OS) compared to PID patients without pre-HSCT pulmonary disease. Objectives The primary aim of this study is to compare TRM in PID patients with and without pre-HSCT pulmonary disease. Secondary aims of the study are to compare OS, incidence of non-infectious and infectious pulmonary disease post-HSCT, ICU transfer for any cause, incidence of acute or chronic GVHD, and immune reconstitution. Methods This is a single center, retrospective, chart review. All pediatric patients (ages 0-18 years) who underwent allogeneic HSCT for a diagnosis of a PID at Boston Children's Hospital from January 2007-June 2018 (n=115) were included in the analysis. We defined non-infectious pulmonary disease as either functional lung impairment based on pulmonary function tests (PFTs), radiographic evidence of pulmonary disease, or documentation of a specific pulmonary diagnosis. We defined infectious pulmonary disease as either viral, bacterial, fungal or other infection in conjunction with positive radiographic and/or bronch/BAL findings. Results Within our cohort, the most common PIDs were SCID (n=28), DOCK8 deficiency (n=16), Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (n=15), and chronic granulomatous disease (n=9). Of the 115 patients, 54 (47%) had a pre-HSCT diagnosis of pulmonary disease. Pulmonary infection (n=30) and bronchiectasis (n=11) were the most common diagnoses (Fig. 1A). Compared to patients without pre-HSCT lung disease, patients with pre-HSCT lung disease had higher numbers of pulmonary complications after HSCT, such as the need for non-invasive or mechanical ventilation (23 of 54 patients [43%] vs. 12 of 61 patients [20%]) (Fig. 1B). Amongst patients with pre-HSCT lung disease, 1-year survival was 81% compared with 92% in patients without pre-HSCT lung disease. Overall survival was 76% at a median follow up time of 1.6 years versus 89% at a median follow up of 2.7 years in patients with and without pre-HSCT lung disease, respectively (censored logrank p = 0.05) (Fig. 2). Conclusion Within our single center study, PID patients with pre-HSCT lung disease had a trend towards more post-HSCT lung complications and lower OS compared to PID patients without pre-HSCT lung disease. Pulmonary risk factors should be carefully considered in PID patients prior to HSCT.
The Relationship between Croup and Gastroesophageal Reflux: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objective The mechanism by which recurrent croup occurs is unknown. Gastroesophageal reflux is commonly implicated, although this relationship is only loosely documented. We conducted a systematic review with a meta-analysis component to evaluate the relationship between recurrent croup and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and to assess for evidence of improvement in croup symptoms when treated. Style design Systematic Review and Meta Analysis. Methods We searched five separate databases. Studies were included if they discussed the relationship between croup and GERD in children, >5 subjects, and available in English. Literature retrieved was assessed according to pre-specified criteria. Retrieved articles were reviewed by two independent authors and decisions mediated by a third author. If there was a difference of opinion after first review, a second review was performed to obtain consensus. Heterogeneity was calculated and summarized in forest plots. Results Of 346 initial records, 15 met inclusion criteria. These were two retrospective cohort and 13 cross-sectional studies. Thirteen of 15 articles support an association between recurrent croup and GERD. Although heterogeneity is high among studies that reported prevalence of GERD, there is less uncertainty in results for improvement to recurrent croup after GERD treatment. Most studies lacked a control group and all carry a moderate-to-high risk of bias. Conclusion There is limited evidence linking GERD to recurrent croup; Further research is needed to assess for causality as most studies are retrospective, lack a control group, and have a study design exposing them to bias. Patients treated with reflux medication appear to demonstrate a reduced incidence of croup symptoms. Level of evidence 1 Laryngoscope, 131:209-217, 2021.
Sigmund Freud and Social Theory Manqué

What was lost when sociology lost Freud? And why do some non-Freudians--who do not find themselves enamored with Freud’s theories--nonetheless find the loss of Freudian terms of art from the theoretical languages of the human sciences disturbing? Beginning with cues from Howard Kaye and Samuel Moyn, this short response to Dr. Kaye’s recently published book explores these questions.
Developing safety performance functions for freeways at different aggregation levels using multi-state microscopic traffic detector data.

Abstract Safety Performance Functions (SPFs) have been widely used by researchers and practitioners to conduct roadway safety evaluation. Traditional SPFs are usually developed by using annual average daily traffic (AADT) along with geometric characteristics. However, the high level of aggregation may lead to a failure to capture the temporal variation in traffic characteristics (e.g., traffic volume and speed) and crash frequencies. In this study, SPFs at different aggregation levels were developed based on microscopic traffic detector data from California, Florida, and Virginia. More specifically, five aggregation levels were considered: (1) annual average weekday hourly traffic (AAWDHT), (2) annual average weekend hourly traffic (AAWEHT), (3) annual average weekday peak/off-peak traffic (AAWDPT), (4) annual average day of the week traffic (AADOWT), and (5) annual average daily traffic (AADT). Model estimation results showed that the segment length and volume, as exposure variables, are significant across all the aggregation levels. Average speed is significant with a negative coefficient, and the standard deviation of speed was found to be positively associated with the crash frequency. It is noteworthy that the operation of the high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes was found to have a positive effect on crash frequency across all the aggregation levels. The model results also showed that the AAWDPT and AADOWT models consistently performed better (the improvements range from 3.14%–16.20%) than the AADT-based SPF, which implies that the differences between the day of the week and peak/off-peak periods should be considered in the development of crash prediction models. The model transferability results indicated that the SPFs between Florida and Virginia are transferrable, while the models between California and the other two states are not transferrable.
Interfaith Experiences and Their Relationship with Heterosexual Collegians' Attitudes toward Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual People.

For queer-spectrum students, college and university campuses are often sites of marginalization, discrimination, and/or harassment. Though such experiences are not singularly attributable to worldv...
Mosaicism in rare disease

Abstract Mosaicism is the presence of two or more genomes in an individual derived from a single zygote. Mosaicism may occur in germ cells (germline mosaicism), potentially causing recurrent aneuploidies in offspring. It may also occur in somatic cells as a postzygotic event. The mosaic events may involve small regions (single nucleotide variants or insertions/deletions) or large chromosomal regions including aneuploidy. Mosaicism may also occur in selected cells across the body or it may be confined to a particular organ or region. Recent next-generation sequencing methods have improved the sensitivity to detect mosaic events, elucidating their roles in a broad range of diseases including aneuploidies, obligate mosaic diseases that are otherwise lethal in the germline, and Mendelian diseases that manifest in a mosaic form.
Imagining the Age of Goethe in German Literature, 1970-2010

The Age of Goethe is widely viewed as the apogee of German culture. Its writers and thinkers, especially Goethe, have been exalted as role models for life and art, particularly after 1945. Yet in the 1970s, a new generation of German writers in both East and West rebelled against the postwar hagiography, taking up a tradition of imaginatively engaging with the giants of the period, casting them in major roles in their works in order to critique the nation's past and its present, a tradition that has been carried on by more contemporary writers. This is the first book-length study devoted to modern German 'author-as-character' fiction set in the Age of Goethe. It shows for the first time in a sustained manner the powerful hold the 'Goethezeit' continues to exercise on the imagination of many of Germany's leading writers. This inner-German dialogue across the ages provides an important corrective to the dominant critical view that contemporary German-language literature is composed primarily under the sign of both globalization and the influence of mass American culture. The book will be of interest to both scholars of the 'Goethezeit' and of contemporary German literature and culture. John D. Pizer is Professor of German and Comparative Literature at Louisiana State University.
Adjustment to External Shocks in Developing Countries

Drawing in large part on the results of two earlier studies (Balassa et al, 1981; 1982), this paper will analyse adjustments to external shocks in 28 developing economies that cover a broad range in terms of the level of development, the character of external shocks, and the policies applied. The investigation does not, however, include the poorest countries of Africa and Asia, where overall development problems predominate.
An Early Cretaceous garnet pressure–temperature path recording synconvergent burial and exhumation from the hinterland of the Sevier orogenic belt, Albion Mountains, Idaho

Rocks may undergo complex pressure–temperature (P–T) histories during orogenesis in response to alternating episodes of synconvergent burial and exhumation. In this study, chemical zoning in garnets combined with textural and chemical evidence from the schist of Willow Creek in the Albion Mountains of south-central Idaho (USA), reveals a complex P–T path during the early stages of Sevier orogenesis. The distribution of quartz inclusions combined with internal resorption features establishes a hiatus in garnet growth. Chemical zoning was simulated using a G-minimization approach to yield a P–T path consisting of three distinct pressure changes during increasing temperature, defining an “N” shape. Lu–Hf isochron ages from multiple garnet fractions and whole-rock analyses in two samples are 132.1 ± 2.4 and 138.7 ± 3.5 Ma. The samples were collected from the hanging wall of the Basin-Elba thrust fault and yielded results similar to those previously obtained from the footwall. This leads to several conclusions: (1) Both the hanging wall and footwall experienced the same metamorphic event, (2) the paths document a previously unrecognized crustal thickening and synorogenic extension cycle that fills an important time gap in the shortening history of the Sevier retroarc, suggesting progressive eastward growth of the orogen rather than a two-stage history, and (3) episodes of extensional exhumation during protracted convergent orogenesis are increasingly well recognized and highlight the dynamic behavior of orogenic belts.
A comprehensive simulation study of strained-Si/SiGe nMODFET scaling for RF applications

2-dimensional (2-D) device simulations have been performed to study the scaling of strained-Si/SiGe nMODFETs. Device fabrication has been conducted to verify the simulation results. It is found that lateral scaling alone cannot improve the device performance. In order to achieve high speed (fT > 300 GHz), acceptable voltage gain (> 10) and good turnoff characteristics (> 1000) for RF applications, vertical scaling of the layer structure and source/drain junctions is also required. Preliminary experimental results support the scaling theory.
Hydraulic Characteristics of Buried-Invert, Elliptical Culverts

In response to recent and ongoing adaptation of culvert designs to environmentally sensitive installations, inlet loss coefficients and inlet control flow performance data are presented that are specific to environmentally sensitive culvert geometries. A common practice for such culvert designs is to bury the culvert inverts and create a simulated streambed through the culvert. Common cross-sectional geometries of such culverts typically include circular, elliptical, or pipe arch. These buried- or depressed-invert culverts create inlet geometries for which inlet loss information and inlet control flow performance curves have not been developed. Regardless of the method used to design environmentally sensitive culverts, the ability of the culvert to pass the design flood must be determined. In an effort to provide such information, an elliptical smooth-wall culvert with an invert burial depth of 50% was tested under various conditions (e.g., various end treatments, inlet and outlet control, submerged and unsubmerged inlet conditions, and ponded and channelized approach flow conditions) to determine the inlet loss coefficient and flow performance curve characteristics. The test results show that the inlet loss coefficient is relatively independent of both Reynolds number and the ratio of the distance from the inlet invert to the upstream total energy grade line to the culvert diameter (HW/D) and that the inlet loss coefficients for the elliptical culvert with 50% burial depth are approximately equal to the published coefficients for traditional culvert inlets. The inlet control data adapt well to the Form 1 and Form 2 unsubmerged and the submerged equations recommended by the Federal Highway Administration.
Analysis of α-decay widths of light 4n nuclei

Abstract Previous analyses of the α-widths of the ground state band of 20Ne are extended to most data for 20Ne, 16O, and 12C. The simple prescription that the spectroscopic factor is the ratio of the observed width to the single particle width calculated by a Woods-Saxon potential, is re-examined using R-matrix theory. Especially, the effects of antisymmetrization, the energy shift correction, and the energy dependence of the hard sphere scattering phase shift are taken into account. For narrow resonances the simple prescription gives good results, while for broad resonances the two latter effects are found important. We obtained a new formula for the spectroscopic factor which depends on the choice of the channel radius. The optimum value of the channel radius is also discussed. For levels whose nature is well known, we obtained generally good agreement with shell model predictions. For levels whose nature is not well known, the extracted spectroscopic factors are used to identify the band structure.
Solar Eclipses as a Vehicle for International Astronomy Education

The public’s attention is drawn to astronomy whenever solar eclipse-partial, annular, or total-is visible, and we must take advantage of the opportunity to teach about the nature of science, the ability of astronomers to predict and analyze distant bodies and events, and the value of scientific research. We must also instruct people how to watch the partial and annular phases safely and that the total phase is not harmful.
Ein Multicast Synchronisationsprotokoll zur Unterstützung kooperativer Anwendungen

In kooperativen Anwendungen, wie z.B. Arbeitsplatzrechnerkonferenzen, werden Gruppenereignisse durch Multicast-Nachrichten an alle teilnehmenden Benutzer ubertragen. Gleichzeitige Gruppenereignisse erzeugen Nebenlaufigkeit innerhalb der Multicast-Kommunikation, welche im Falle der zentralen Komponente Gruppenverwaltung zu inkonsistenten Gruppensichten bei den Teilnehmern fuhren kann. Es wird ein Synchronisationsprotokoll fur Multicast-Nachrichten vorgestellt, das die Gruppenverwaltung bei der Integration und Ausgliederung von Konferenzteilnehmern unterstutzt, ohne den Konferenzablauf zu unterbrechen.
Wachstum und Tod von Mikroorganismen

Wachstum ist die gleichmasige Zunahme aller Bestandteile eines Organismus. So ist eine Grosenzunahme infolge Wasseraufnahme oder Lipidablagerung kein echtes Wachstum. Die Zellvermehrung ist eine Folge des Wachstums. Bei einzelligen Organismen fuhrt die Vermehrung zu einer Vergroserung der Zahl der Individuen, die dann eine Population oder eine Kultur bilden.
On the complexity of graph critical uncolorability

In their paper, C.H.Papadimitriou and M.Yannakakis [PY] posed the problem of classifying the complexity of graph critical uncolorability; and in particular, they asked whether the minimal-3-uncolorability problem is DP-complete. This paper gives an affirmative answer to the above question. We show that minimal-k-uncolorability is DP-complete, for all fixed k≥3. Furthermore, the reduction can be modified by using “sensitive” transformations to resolve the planar case (for k=3), bounded vertex degree case and their combination.
Biotin Deficiency in the Cat and the Effect on Hepatic Propionyl CoA Carboxylase

Biotin deficiency was produced in growing kittens by feeding a diet containing dried, raw egg white. After receiving either an 18.5% egg white diet for 25 weeks, or a 32% egg white diet for 12 weeks, they exhibited dermal lesions characterized by alopecia, scaly dermatitis and achromotrichia, which increased in severity with the deficiency. Females developed accumulations of dried salivary, nasal and lacrymal secretions in the facial region although a male did not. There was a loss of body weight in all cats as the deficiency progressed. Hepatic propionyl CoA carboxylase activities were measured on biopsy samples of liver during biotin deficiency and after biotin supplementation. In the deficient state, activities were 4% and 24% of that following biotin supplementation. Propionyl carboxylase activity in the liver of the cat was comparable to that reported in the rat and chick in the deficient and normal states. Subcutaneous injection of 0.25 mg biotin every other day while continuing to receive the egg white diet caused remission of clinical signs, a body weight gain and increased food intake.
Development of Iodine Waste Forms Using Low‐Temperature Sintering Glass

This presentation will describe our recent work on the use of low temperature-sintering glass powders mixed with either AgI or AgI-zeolite to produce a stable waste form. Radioactive iodine ({sup 129}I, half-life of 1.6 x 10{sup 7} years) is generated in the nuclear fuel cycle and is of particular concern due to its extremely long half-life and its effects on human health. As part of the DOE/NE Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative (AFCI), the separation of {sup 129}I from spent fuel during fuel reprocessing is being studied. In the spent fuel reprocessing scheme under consideration, the iodine is released in gaseous form and collected using Ag-loaded zeolites, to form AgI. Although AgI has extremely low solubility in water, it has a relatively high vapor pressure at moderate temperatures (>550 C), thus limiting the thermal processing. Because of this, immobilization using borosilicate glass is not feasible. Therefore, a bismuth oxide-based glasses are being studied due to the low solubility of bismuth oxide in aqueous solution at pH > 7. These waste forms were processed at 500 C, where AgI volatility is low but the glass powder is able to first densify by viscous sintering and then crystallize. Since the glass is notmore » melted, a more chemically stable glass can be used. The AgI-glass mixture was found to have high iodine leach resistance in these initial studies.« less
A relational query language interface to a hierarchical database management system

The authors present an efficient structured query language (SQL) interface to an IMS hierarchical database management system (DBMS). This interface is a part of DATAPLEX, a heterogeneous distributed database management system that will provide location-transparent access to diverse databases using SQL in the engineering and manufacturing environment. The initial target DBMSs to be interfaced are IMS, DB2, and INGRES. For IMS, the hardest to provide with an SQL interface, an SQL interface called SQL/IMS was developed. A method which translates IMS data definitions is developed. A procedure which decomposes an SQL query into a set of simple IMS-processable queries and recomposes partial results is derived. SQL/IMS was tested using a small test database and a large production database. The performance of SQL/IMS is compared with that of another system used to access IMS data. >
Lymphotoxin and TNF: How it all began—A tribute to the travelers

The journey from the discoveries of lymphotoxin (LT) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) to the present day age of cytokine inhibitors as therapeutics has been an exciting one with many participants and highs and lows; the saga is compared to that in “The Wizard of Oz”. This communication summarizes the contributions of key players in the discovery of the cytokines and their receptors, the changes in nomenclature, and the discovery of the LT family’s crucial role in secondary and tertiary lymphoid organs. The remarkable advances in therapeutics are detailed as are remaining problems. Finally, special tribute is paid to two pioneers in the field who have recently passed away: Byron H. Waksman and Lloyd Old.
Effects of Repeated Loading and Moisture on the Fracture Toughness of SAE 4340 Steel

U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Contract No. Nonr 2947 (01) (x), SP Task Assignment 71402, Project Order 970
A global delay model for domino CMOS circuits with application to transistor sizing

Domino CMOS circuits have played important roles in the design of high-speed VLSI chips such as 32-bit microprocessors and their family chips. Many researchers have worked on the characterization of the delay time and optimal design of domino CMOS circuits using circuit simulators as the main CAD tools. This paper presents a global analytical delay model for an important class of domino CMOS circuits wherein a multitude of n-channel transistors form a series connection. the new model is shown to predict the delay time from the precharging clock edge to the 0.5 VDD output level with less than 10% error as compared to that from SPICE simulation over the entire design space. the delay model has been applied efficiently to the design automation of domino CMOS circuits modules.
Sensitivity analysis of the influence of slurry characteristics and pipe size on Wasp model's accuracy

Abstract Sensitivity analysis of Wasp model for pressure gradient in solid–liquid slurries was conducted. The experimental work was carried out in 22-mm ID and 45-mm ID pipelines utilizing slurries composed of spherical glass beads having particle size distribution (PSD) following the Rosin–Rammler distribution and mean size of 50 μm. The spreads of the distribution were 1.7 and 7, corresponding to wide and narrow distributions, respectively. The slurries examined in this study had concentrations ranging from 5% to 25% by volume. Statistical tests for equivalence of means and variances provided some evidence that Wasp model is more accurate in predicting pressure gradients for the slurries of narrower PSD and at higher solid concentrations. Although the model was designed specifically for relatively large pipes, it was found more accurate in predicting pressure gradients in the 22-mm ID pipeline than in the 45-mm pipeline. Experimental results obtained in the same flow loop diameter indicated that the slurry of the narrower distribution produced higher-pressure gradients than those for the slurry of wider distribution. Pressure gradient increased markedly with increasing slurry concentration regardless of the pipe diameter and slurry PSD. However, the pipe diameter was found to have more significant influence on the pressure gradient than the slurry concentration does.
Countertransference in the family therapy of survivors of sexual abuse

As family therapy of sexual abuse survivors has become more common, theoretical and technical issues have received considerable attention. Less attention has been devoted to the countertransference experience of the therapist. Unexamined therapist countertransference is a critical element in the treatment of these families, which markedly influences the nature and direction of treatment. Particular types of countertransference are presented here. In addition, the contention is made that countertransference is not only evoked by the particular presentation of the family members, but also by the therapist's unexplored political and moral beliefs.
An Examination of Computing Styles among Teachers in Elementary Schools

In this article I examine the ways in which teachers organize their workplace behaviors as they respond to computers in their schools. Particular attention is given to the strategies that develop among teachers enabling them to address their own occupational concerns and organizational expectations simultaneously. Data were collected through extensive observation and formal interviewing in nine elementary schools. Computers had been in each of the schools for at least five years at the time of the study. Findings reveal that teachers shape the meaning of computer technology in their schools through styles of computing including avoidance, integration, and technical specialization. This influence has critical implications for the ongoing process of computer implementation in elementary schools.
Lattice rotation of the cube orientation to the β fiber during cold rolling of AA 5052 aluminum alloy

Abstract The hot bands and annealed hot bands of AA 5052 aluminum alloy were cold rolled to different reductions ranging from 0% to 92%. The ODFs of cold rolled samples were determined by X-ray diffraction. The rotation path of the cube orientation to the β fiber was determined based on the variation in the orientation distribution function with reduction, and the stability of orientations on the β fiber was discussed.
Tests of the E-Z Reader Model: Exploring the Interface between Cognition and Eye-Movement Control.

Abstract This paper is simultaneously a test and refinement of the E-Z Reader model and an exploration of the interrelationship between visual and language processing and eye-movements in reading. Our modeling indicates that the assumption that words in text are processed serially by skilled readers is a viable and attractive hypothesis, as it accounts not only for “normal” reading data, but also for the pattern of decrements that occur when text is withheld from view during certain periods of time, such as in the boundary paradigm and the disappearing text paradigm. Our analyses also indicate (a) that lexical processing during reading is essentially continuous and (b) that the trigger for eye movements has to be a different (and prior) event to the trigger for shifts of covert spatial attention. In addition, the parameter values in our model are in accordance with what is known about such processes and should be taken as serious hypotheses for how long these processes last. Although a parallel model may be able to duplicate the predictions of the E-Z Reader model, we think that it is likely to be far less parsimonious and not nearly as good a heuristic device for using eye movements to understand language processing in reading.
Monotone-gradient systems

Abstract The paper studies the system z + ƒ(g 1 (z)) = ƒ(g 2 (z)) , where ƒ is monotone and g 1 and g 2 are gradient functions. This structure is introduced in connection with a new problem of control of the phase portrait of the system. For the studied problem, necessary and sufficient conditions are obtained.
β-Glucuronidase activation of latent aggression-promoting cues in mouse bladder urine

Abstract The present study was designed to investigate the chemical properties of the aggression-promoting cues present in bladder urine of male mice. The results of the first experiment confirmed earlier work by demonstrating the presence of an aggression-promoting chemosignal in bladder urine. In Experiment 2, behavioral assays were separately performed on the organic and aqueous layers of bladder urine obtained by repeated dichloromethane extractions. Only the combined organic layers of the initial three extractions demonstrated behavioral activity. A fourth extraction showed no behavioral activity for both organic and aqueous layers. However, the findings of Experiment 3 showed that incubation of the aqueous layer from the third CH2Cl2 extraction in β-glucuronidase can free additional aggression-promoting cues into a subsequent CH2Cl2 extraction. It is concluded that two forms of the aggression-promoting chemosignal are present in bladder urine. One is lipophilic and behaviorally active, whereas the other is conjugated, possessing latent chemosignal properties.
Fertility management in dryland conservation cropping systems of the Pacific Northwest

The Pacific Northwest dryland region is moving toward conservation tillage to control excessive erosion on steep slopes, but progress has been slow because of adverse effects on plant growth and yield. Fertility relations in cereal grains with conventional tillage are well known, with deficiencies occurring for nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, in declining order of frequency. N and S deficiencies are more severe in conservation tillage, although the pattern of crop response to nutrient application is the same as in conventional tillage. Placing nutrients in a subs urface band near the seed is more effective than broadcasting on the surface. Higher fertility is required near developing root systems to offset greater competition from grassy weeds and more intense pressure from root-pruning soil pathogens. Conservation tillage alters soil fertility and plant growth in different ways on different landscapes. These differences must be considered to ensure tha t conservation tillage will be effective over the entire field.
New approach to the activation of anti-cancer pro-drugs by metalloporphyrin-based cytochrome P450 mimics in all-aqueous biologically relevant system.

Abstract The low-molecular weight water-soluble Fe(III) and Mn(III) porphyrins – in biologically relevant phosphate-buffered saline medium with ascorbic acid as a source of electrons, under aerobic conditions but without co-oxidant – catalyze the hydroxylation of anti-cancer drug cyclophosphamide to active metabolite 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide in yields similar or higher than those typically obtained by the action of liver enzymes in vivo . The Fe(III) meso tetrakis(2,6-difluoro-3-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin, highly electron-deficient at the metal site, was the most effective catalyst. If proven viable in vivo , this methodology could be expanded to localized or systemic activation of the entire family of oxazaphosphorine-based (and many other) anti-cancer drugs and become a powerful tool for an aggressive treatment of tumors with less toxic side effects to the patient.
Visualizations of mosquito risk: A political ecology approach to understanding the territorialization of hazard control

Sophisticated geospatial modeling of environmental problems and hazards is far advanced in geography, decision science, and related fields. The political ecological application of these tools, especially in visualizing, debating, and contesting risk, is underdeveloped, however. By using visualizations of risk as an analytical tool to explore the views of citizens and county health officials, geospatial models can help to explore the schisms, connections, and associations among complex landscapes, diverse publics, and logics of governance. In this paper, we explore the case of West Nile virus in the Southwest United States, a site where county health departments, vector control districts, and urban residents practice varying methods of mosquito management. We created geospatial visualizations of mosquito microhabitat using a dynamic simulation model and remotely sensed imagery. These data, when differentially aggregated, produced divergent visualizations of mosquito risk spaces across the city of Tucson. Presenting maps to neighborhood residents and local health officials, we found they invited different understandings of spatialized areas of responsibility for mosquito management. Neighborhood focus groups expressed territorial notions of risk and responsibility that diverged widely from those of health officials. Visualizations were shown to both reflect and produce different mosquito narratives, showing how mapped models can help elicit political–ecological insight into the territorialization of mosquito control.
Familial Vesicoureteral Reflux—Is Screening Beneficial?

Purpose: The familial nature of vesicoureteral reflux is well recognized. Screening siblings for reflux is controversial. We identified a group of siblings of index patients with vesicoureteral reflux who are most likely to be affected. We also identified risk factors for renal scarring.Materials and Methods: Between 1998 and 2007 the parents of 215 index patients with grades III to V vesicoureteral reflux were asked permission to screen siblings younger than 6 years for reflux. The 251 siblings with reflux were divided into those who were diagnosed following a urinary tract infection and those who were screened. Siblings were also divided into those younger than 3 years and those 3 to 6 years old at diagnosis. Dimercapto-succinic acid scans were available in 172 index patients and in 180 siblings.Results: Of the 251 siblings with reflux 105 and 146 were diagnosed after a urinary tract infection and after screening, respectively. A total of 207 siblings (82.5%) were younger than 3 years and 44 (17.5%) wer...
Community Colleges in the Information Age: Gains Associated with Students' Use of Computer Technology

Computer literacy is increasingly important in higher education, and many educational technology experts propose a more prominent integration of technology into pedagogy. Empirical evidence is needed to support these theories. This study examined community college students planning to transfer to 4-year universities and estimated the relationship between students' use of technology and their self-reported educational and technology gains. In doing so, this study provides valuable information for 4-year university and community college administrators, instructors, and students. Results indicate a significant relationship between students' use of technology for academic purposes and self-reported educational gains as well as technological gains. These results add support to claims of the need for a more symbiotic relationship between technology and pedagogy. Implications are discussed for how to better prepare community college students for successful transfer to 4-year institutions. Suggestions on how clos...
Clinical Understanding of Spasticity: Implications for Practice

Spasticity is a poorly understood phenomenon. The aim of this paper is to understand the effect of spasticity on daily life and identify bedside strategies that enhance patient's function and improve comfort. Spasticity and clonus result from an upper motor neuron lesion that disinhibits the tendon stretch reflex; however, they are differentiated in the fact that spasticity results in a velocity dependent tightness of muscle whereas clonus results in uncontrollable jerks of the muscle. Clinical strategies that address function and comfort are paramount. This is a secondary content analysis using a qualitative research design. Adults experiencing spasticity associated with neuromuscular disorder were asked to participate during inpatient acute rehabilitation. They were asked to complete a semistructured interview to explain and describe the nature of their experienced spasticity on daily basis. Spasticity affects activities of daily living, function, and mobility. Undertreated spasticity can lead to pain, immobility, and risk of falls. There were missed opportunities to adequately care for patients with spasticity. Bedside care strategies identified by patients with spasticity are outlined. Uses of alternative therapies in conjunction with medications are needed to better manage spasticity. Patient reports on spasticity are important and should be part of clinical evaluation and practice.
Accelerated pavement testing of drained and undrained pavements under wet base conditions

The California Department of Transportation requires that all new flexible pavements include a 75-mm layer of asphalt-treated permeable base (ATPB) between the asphalt concrete and aggregate base layers. The purpose of the ATPB layer is to intercept water entering the pavement, either through cracks in the asphalt concrete or through high-permeability asphalt concrete, and to transport it out of the pavement before it reaches the unbound materials. Results are presented of a study using heavy vehicle simulator (HVS) trafficking to evaluate the performance of drained and undrained flexible pavements under wet conditions. A drained structure is a pavement section that contains an ATPB layer between the asphalt concrete and aggregate base. An undrained structure is a pavement section that does not contain an ATPB layer. Wet conditions intend to simulate approximate surface infiltration rates that would occur along the northwest coast of California during a wet month for a badly cracked asphalt concrete layer...
Carotene and Riboflavin in Alfalfa

Abstract DURING recent years the value of alfalfa meal as a source of carotene and riboflavin has been recognized. This has been particularly true in the case of poultry feeds where quite frequently alfalfa is the chief carrier for carotene (provitamin A). That alfalfa meal can meet the vitamin A requirements of laying hens has been shown by Williams, Lampman, and Bolin (1939) and the need for riboflavin (vitamin B2) in poultry feeds has also been amply demonstrated by Lepkovsky, Taylor, and Almquist (1939), and it is a recognized fact that alfalfa can be a significant source of this vitamin. It is the intention of this paper to review the quality of alfalfa meals on the Kansas market, in 1940, from the standpoint of carotene and riboflavin. To accomplish this, the authors, with the cooperation of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture, analyzed 99 samples of alfalfa meal collected during the . . .
Vaccine for cervical cancer: reaching adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa

Mercks vaccine for cervical cancer is being reviewed as a priority by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) with a ruling due on June 8 and GlaxoSmithKline submitted an application for its vaccine in the European Union on March 9. The issue of how best to introduce these vaccines to young people before they become sexually active is now therefore a research priority. Vaccination against cervical cancer is especially important in developing countries where nearly 80% of cases are reported and where effective methods of diagnosis--such as the Pap smear--are rarely used. Modelling studies indicate that vaccines against human papillomavirus (HPV) could be effective in preventing cervical cancer provided all adolescents--not just those at high risk--are vaccinated before they become sexually active. The need to reach large numbers of adolescents with a series of three injections is a challenge however especially in sub-Saharan Africa. (excerpt)
Free Radical Addition Polymerization Kinetics without Steady-State Approximations: A Numerical Analysis for the Polymer, Physical, or Advanced Organic Chemistry Course

A numerical analysis of the free radical addition polymerization system is described that provides those teaching polymer, physical, or advanced organic chemistry courses the opportunity to introduce students to numerical methods in the context of a simple but mathematically stiff chemical kinetic system. Numerical analysis can lead students to an appreciation of the power of numerical methods applied to chemical systems while providing a better understanding of the steady-state approximation and giving a more complete picture and deeper understanding of reaction dynamics. The description and Mathcad and MATLAB tutorials provided in the Supporting Information offer a variety of levels of student engagement ranging from classroom presentations of numerical and steady-state comparisons to projects requiring students to set up, run, and interpret numerical analyses for a free radical addition polymerization system.
The backscattering of radiation from a sphere to a plane.

Abstract The problem of backscattering of radiation from a sphere situated above an emitting plane is considered. Two analytic estimates of this backscattering are given, one applicable for an optically thin sphere and the other applicable for an optically thick sphere. However, both results are robust with respect to the optical size of the sphere. Numerical results are given to compare the two approaches.
Characterization of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor signal sequence of human Cryptic with a hydrophilic extension

Epidermal Growth Factor-Cripto-1/FRL-1/Cryptic (EGF-CFC) proteins, including human Cripto-1 (hCFC2/hCR-1) and human Cryptic (hCFC1), are membrane-associated Nodal co-receptors, which have critical roles in vertebrate development. Most of the EGF-CFC proteins have been experimentally proven or predicted to be glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins. However, unlike other EGF-CFC proteins, hCFC1 does not exhibit a typical GPI-signal sequence, containing a 32-amino acid hydrophilic extension in its COOH-terminal end. Here we experimentally demonstrate that the COOH-terminal sequence of hCFC1 functions as a GPI-anchoring signal. Moreover, addition of a hydrophilic epitope tag of 55-amino acids (V5-His) after the GPI signal of hCR-1 interfered with generation of a GPI-anchored form of hCR-1. In contrast, addition of the same epitope tag to the end of GPI signal of hCFC1 did not affect the GPI-attachment of hCFC1. The COOH-terminal signal of hCFC1 could produce two different forms of the protein; a GPI-anchored form and an unprocessed form which was more prone to be secreted into the conditioned medium. The hydrophilic extension of hCFC1 negatively regulates the activity of hCFC1 as a Nodal co-receptor. These results demonstrate the presence of endogenous GPI-signal sequence with a hydrophilic extension, which can generate both GPI-anchored and soluble forms of the protein.
Iterative edge detection

A computationally simple iterative edge detection procedure is described and illustrated. The edges give a rather pleasing representation of the original gray level picture. Repeated iteration produces increasingly thinner edges. One-pixel edge thickness is mostly achieved in approximately four iterations with a 5 × 5 local operator neighborhood. Preservation of the continuity of contours, however, is not emphasized. Excessive iteration using integer numbers fragments the edges before they vanish.