cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solution Behavior of Surfactants in Ethylene Glycol: Probing the Existence of a CMC and of Micellar Aggregates

Abstract We explore the solution behavior of surfactants in ethylene glycol from a theoretical point of view utilizing the thermodynamic approach developed earlier for aqueous solutions. In this approach, the standard free energy change on aggregation has three solvent-dependent contributions, namely, (a) the surfactant tail transfer free energy, (b) the aggregate core–solvent interfacial free energy, and (c) the free energy of ionic headgroup interactions at the aggregate surface. We develop estimates for these free energy contributions corresponding to ethylene glycol as the solvent and use them to compute the size distribution of aggregates for alkyl (C12, C14, C16) pyridinium bromides and alkyl (C10, C12, C14, C16) trimethyl ammonium bromides. For all surfactants considered, the theory predicts that aggregates form only at very large surfactant concentrations in contrast to the behavior exhibited by these surfactants in water. Further, the predicted aggregation numbers are quite small. The aggregates seldom exceed in size small oligomers when the surfactant tail length is not too large (fornc= 12 or below). As a result of the small aggregation numbers, the size-dependent solution properties are shown to change only gradually as a function of the total surfactant concentration rather than exhibiting any sharp transitions, thus contributing to the ambiguity in the precise determination of the critical micelle concentration (CMC). Finally, we show that the weak cooperativity in the association process, the resulting small sizes for the aggregates and the corresponding uncertainty in the determination of the CMC are all linked mainly to the surfactant tail transfer free energy and the aggregate core–solvent interfacial free energy contributions and not to the ionic headgroup repulsions.
Management of High Risk Metastatic Prostate Cancer: Defining Risk at the Time of Initial Treatment Failure

Purpose: Even as improvements in therapy success continue, initial treatment for prostate cancer fails in a substantial proportion of patients with apparently localized disease. However, the optimal approaches to defining biochemical failure and determining its clinical significance remain unclear.Materials and Methods: A focused review and search of current literature were performed regarding biochemical recurrence and risk stratification after initial therapy for prostate cancer.Results: Multiple definitions exist for prostate specific antigen failure after therapy for localized and metastatic prostate cancer. The timing of prostate specific antigen recurrence as well as prostate specific antigen kinetic characteristics, such as prostate specific antigen velocity and most significantly prostate specific antigen doubling time, impacts the prediction of posttreatment cancer specific and overall survival after biochemical recurrence is detected. In addition, as with determining the recurrence risk, Gleason...
Analysis of a level-crossing experiment on the 2 (3)P state of 3He.

We have used the theory presented by us in a recent paper to analyze a 1967 level-crossing experiment on the 2 $^{3}P$ state of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ performed at the University of Michigan. Until now a consistent analysis of the experiment had not been possible because of inadequate development of the theory. The present analysis gives excellent agreement with the results of an atomic beam magnetic resonance experiment performed recently by us at Yale University. In fact we have used the combined data to give slightly improved results for four of the 11 relevant parameters. These four are the spin-antisymmetric contact hyperfine interaction constant [C'=-4327(69) MHz)], the 2 $^{3}P$ dipole hyperfine interaction constant [D=-28.145(21) MHz], the 2 $^{3}P$ tensor hyperfine interaction constant [E=-7.1353(38) MHz], and the orbital g factor [${g}_{L}$=0.999 828 6(20)]. .AE
Fluctuations in turbulent He II counterflow

Abstract We have measured power spectra of vortex line density fluctuations in steady turbulent counterflow in a high aspect ratio channel using a second sound burst technique as a local probe. Our results are compared with previous measurements and theoretical predictions.
Fetal Neurosurgery—a New Challenge on the Horizon

Des interventions chirurgicales peuvent maintenant etre realisees sur le fœtus in utero. On aborde ici la chirurgie de l'hydrocephalie et du spinabifida capable d'exercer des effets benefiques sur le cerveau et la moelle epiniere du fœtus in utero
Phosphorylation of p53 serine 15 increases interaction with CBP

p53 exerts its cell cycle regulatory effects through its ability to function as a sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor. CREB-binding protein (CBP)/p300, through its interaction with the N terminus of p53, acts as a coactivator for p53 and increases the sequence-specific DNA-binding activity of p53 by acetylating its C terminus. The same N-terminal domain of p53 has recently been shown to be phosphorylated at Ser15 in response to γ-irradiation. Remarkably, we now demonstrate that phosphorylation of p53 at Ser15 increases its ability to recruit CBP/p300. The increase in CBP/p300 binding was followed by an increase in the overall level of acetylation of the C terminus of p53. These results provide a mechanism for the activation of p53-regulated genes following DNA damage, through a signaling pathway linking p53 N-terminal kinase and C-terminal acetyltransferase activities.
The effect of leg extension training on the mean power frequency of the mechanomyographic signal.

The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the effect of concentric isokinetic leg extension training on the mean power frequency (MPF) of the mechanomyographic (MMG) signal. Twenty-one men were assigned into a training (TRN; n = 12) or control (CTL; n = 9) group. The TRN group performed six sets of leg extensions 3 days per week for 12 weeks at a velocity of 90 degrees /s. All subjects were tested every 4 weeks for peak torque (PT), while MMG was recorded from the vastus lateralis. PT increased, but there was no significant (P > 0.05) change in the MMG MPF over the 12-week training period. These results indicate that MMG MPF, measured from the vastus lateralis, was not sensitive to training-induced increases in leg-extension strength, possibly due to competing influences of hypertrophy on the MMG signal and/or training-induced adaptations in muscles other than the vastus lateralis.
Photoaffinity labelling of melanoma cell MSH receptors

Abstract UV-irradiation at 365 nm of cultured Cloudman S91 mouse melanoma cells in the presence of photoreactive α-MSH analogues induced longlasting receptor stimulation as revealed by the ensuing activation of tyrosinase. Receptor labelling was more efficient with 4-diazirinophenyl and 2-nitro-4-azidophenyl photolabels than with 4-azidophenyl, and was further increased when superpotent [Nle4,D-Phe7]-α-MSH was used as ligand. Incubation of B16 melanoma cell membranes with mono-iodinated [Nle4,D-Phe7 Trp-(Naps)9]-α-MSH followed by UV-irradiation at 310–550 nm labelled a single band on SD-PAGE with a molecular mass ⋍ 45 kDa. The displacement curve obtained in a competitive photolabelling experiment paralleled that of the binding assay, demonstrating that the labelling was specific.
Plasma etching: Safety, health and environmental considerations

Plasma etching in the photovoltaic industries involves several inorganic and organic fluorides, chlorides and bromides, some of which are toxic, corrosive, or flammable. Nitrogen fluoride, a relatively new etching material, presents special concerns because it may form self-ignitable mixtures with some flammable gases. In addition, non-toxic compounds (e.g. Freon), can form toxic by-products in a plasma environment. Another safety concern is failure of vacuum pumps caused by corrosive effluents, and occupational safety issues associated with cleaning traps and reactors. These issues are discussed in this paper and the applicable safety and environmental control options are outlined.
Economic viability of a wind-powered hydroelectric system

Abstract To provide a realistic basis of determining the viability of a wind-powered hydroelectric system at a potential site, an evaluation technique has been developed to determine the ideal combination of models and quantities of various wind energy conversion systems under consideration. Basically, this approach uses a synthesized wind speed time series to simulate the operation of a wind-powered hydroelectric system at a potential wind farm. An application of this approach is presented.
Quick decline of macadamia trees: association with Xylaria arbuscula

Some macadamia trees in a commercial orchard on the island of Hawaii showing symptoms of quick decline had club-shaped fruiting bodies of Xylaria arbuscula on the trunk. X arbuscula was consistently isolated from diseased wood and was shown to kill branches of healthy macadamia trees on inoculation. Trunk infection by this pathogen leading to girdling resulted in a more rapid decline than would be expected with root infection by soil-borne pathogens.
DNA methylation and the regulation of gene expression.

Abstract An inverse relationship between a eukaryotic gene's level of methylation and its level of expression has long been recognized, and generally believed to result from reduced binding of postulated activator proteins to methylated target DNAs. There are, however, some genes where there is no apparent correlation between levels of methylation and gene expression, and even a small class where gene activation is correlated with increased methylation of the DNA. I propose a unifying hypothesis to explain these apparently divergent cases: methylation acts to reduce or abolish binding of regulatory proteins to their DNA target sites. In the majority of genes, methylation acts to block binding of activating factors; “indifferent” genes lack such methylation sites, while the minority class, which is more active when methylated, contains methylation sites which block binding of repressor proteins.
Electron impact on atmospheric gases, 3. Spatial yield spectra for N2

Spatial yield spectra have been calculated for electron energy degradation into molecular nitrogen gas using a Monte Carlo method for 0.1- to 5.0-keV incident electrons. The spectra contain the spatial yield information about the electron degradation process and can be employed to calculate a 'yield' for any inelastic state at any position in the medium. Because of the spectrum's useful nature and simple characteristics, the three-variable spatial yield spectrum U(E, z, E sub zero) is analytically represented as well. This analytic form can then be easily applied to atmospheric and laboratory problems dealing with energetic electron degradation.
LXXXVII. A quantum theory on the asymmetries in the direction of ejection of photo-electrons

(1925). LXXXVII. A quantum theory on the asymmetries in the direction of ejection of photo-electrons. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 49, No. 293, pp. 824-838.
Randomized trial of the Availability, Responsiveness, and Continuity (ARC) organizational intervention with community-based mental health programs and clinicians serving youth.

Objective Evidence-based Practice (EBP) implementation is likely to be most efficient and effective in organizations with positive social contexts (i.e., organizational culture, climate, and work attitudes of clinicians). The study objective was to test whether an organizational intervention labeled Availability, Responsiveness and Continuity (ARC) could improve the organizational social contexts of community-based mental health programs for youth. Method The study randomly assigned 26 community-based mental health programs for youth to ARC or control conditions. The organizational cultures, climates, and work attitudes of clinicians (n = 197) in the programs were assessed with the Organizational Social Context (OSC) measure for mental health services at baseline and following the 18-month ARC intervention. Results Hierarchical linear models (HLM) analyses indicated that organizational culture, climate, and work attitudes were significantly improved in the ARC condition after 18 months. Clinicians in programs assigned to ARC reported less rigid, less centralized and less apathetic organizational cultures, more engaged and functional organizational climates with less role conflict, and work attitudes with improved morale, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. Conclusions ARC improved the organizational social contexts of clinicians in community-based mental health programs for youth. Results suggest that organizational intervention strategies can be used to create the types of organizational social contexts that are believed to be necessary for EBP implementation and other service innovations in mental health programs.
Temperature Dependence of Mechanical and Dielectric Relaxation in cis-1,4-Polyisoprene

The linear viscoelastic properties of 1,4-polyisoprene (PI; MW = 504 000) were measured by combined mechanical and dielectric spectroscopies. For local segmental motion, the respective mechanical and dielectric relaxation times, although differing substantially in magnitude, have identical temperature dependencies. The shape of the segmental relaxation function itself was sensitive to temperature. The data, obtained over a 160 degree range of temperatures, could be reduced to yield ostensibly satisfactory master curves; however, detailed analysis reveals the usual breakdown of time−temperature superpositioning in the glass transition zone. Given the near equivalence of the respective breadths of its terminal and segmental dispersions, thermorheological complexity in PI is unanticipated by theory. In the plateau zone, the mechanical spectrum of PI exhibits power law behavior, with an exponent (0.21) close to a proposed universal value.
Real-Time Location Systems for Hospital Emergency Response

Real-time location systems can help hospitals execute a coordinated response during a disaster. However, before implementing an RTLS in such a setting, management must consider the various technologies and the associated benefits, drawbacks, and challenges.
Ionic interaction induced novel ordered columnar mesophases in asymmetric discotic triphenylene salts

Asymmetric triphenylene imidazolium salts with different spacer lengths were successfully synthesized through quarternization of ω‐bromo‐substituted triphenylenes with 1‐methyl imidazole. The asymmetry in ω‐bromo‐substituted triphenylenes tended to destroy liquid crystallinity in the sample. However, highly ordered columnar mesophases with a lamellar microphase segregation were induced by ionic interactions among the imidazolium salts, and the lamellar morphology was visualized by transmission electron microscopy. On the basis of an X‐ray diffraction study on shear oriented samples, a novel rectangular columnar phase with a plane group of pm was observed for a triphenylene imidazolium salt with a spacer length of C11, while an oblique columnar phase was determined for a triphenylene imidazolium salt with a C8 spacer. Due to the asymmetric molecular shape and ionic interactions in the triphenylene imidazolium salts, the columnar liquid crystalline phase was extended to below room temperature (c. −20°C) for...
Ice hockey and tennis balls: playing at computer science research with robotics

This paper investigates issues involved in establishing an undergraduate research program in robotics. We discuss our motivation for such a program, the challenges involved with various aspects of administration and equipment, and our plans for projects for student research. One project deals with programming a robot to play air hockey and another project involves the collection of tennis balls from a tennis court using a coordinated team of robots. Preliminary results hold promise, and we are optimistic about the future of the program.
Biomarkers for evaluating vaginal microbicides and contraceptives: discovery and early validation.

A biomarker has been defined as "a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes pathogenic processes pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention." Biomarkers can reduce the costs and time required to get a drug from discovery to market. Topical microbicides are new drugs designed to prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Biomarkers that may be important in microbicide development include biomarkers of semen exposure biomarkers of cervicovaginal inflammation and biomarkers of HIV and STIs. The development of biomarkers for use in microbicide development is a high priority. This supplement reports on a meeting entitled "Biomarkers for Evaluating Vaginal Microbicides and Contraceptives: Discovery and Early Validation" held in Reston VA on November 16 to 17 2006. It was sponsored by CONRAD and the Alliance for Microbicide Development with funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The meeting was convened to look at the ways in which biomarkers could be used to attenuate the challenges alluded to above. Availability of key biomarkers could expedite the development of microbicides for which there is a pressing need especially in developing countries where combinations of cultural and socioeconomic pressures on women constrain their ability to protect themselves from STIs. Although the meeting was held 2 years ago the material reviewed and conclusions drawn are still relevant.
To Sell or Not to Sell? Telecommunications Policy in Britain and France

Using Kingdon's agenda setting model and broadening it to the entire policy formation process, I offer an explanation of why the British privatised their telecommunications authority but the French did not. Privatisation is brought about by coupling three streams or factors in critical moments in time: available alternatives generated in policy communities, high government borrowing needs, and party politics. The findings illuminate the usefulness of Kingdon's model beyond its original application in the United States, and have implications for broader theoretical debates in comparative policy research.
Stepping with an ankle foot orthosis re-examined: a mechanical perspective for clinical decision making.

Abstract Background Ankle foot orthoses are used to stabilize the ankle joint and aid toe clearance during stepping in persons after incomplete spinal cord injury. However, little is known about kinematics and kinetics of stepping with an orthosis during the transition from stance-to-swing and swing-to-stance. We intended to examine if an ankle foot orthosis impeded or facilitated optimal ankle, knee and hip joint kinematics, kinetics and spatiotemporal parameters during the transition phases of normal walking. Methods Fourteen healthy participants walked on a split-belt instrumented treadmill with and without a posterior leaf spring ankle foot orthosis at 1.2 m/s. Three dimensional motion data and ground reaction forces were captured during 30 second trials of steady state walking. Findings During stance-to-swing, the orthosis significantly decreased hip extension [8.6 (5.5) to 6.7 (5.5) degrees, P = 0.001], ankle plantarflexion [19.4 (5.7) to 12.0 (5.2) degrees, P Interpretation An ankle foot orthosis affected joint kinematics and kinetics during the transition from stance-to-swing and vice-versa. The use of orthosis to improve transition phase kinematics and kinetics in individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury warrants assessment.
Epidermoid Cyst of the Spleen Successfully Treated by Marsupialization

Nonparasitic splenic cysts, although rare, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of persistent vague upper abdominal pain in children and young adults. These cysts, which are less common than traumatic pseudocysts, include hemangiomas, dermoids, lymphangiomas, and, as in the present case, epidermoid variants. Ultrasound is diagnostic. The pathogenesis of these lesions remains obscure. While some continue to advocate splenectomy as definitive treatment, an operation with splenic salvage should be possible, even in centrally located lesions.
Physical properties of glycosaminoglycan hydrogels

The chemical composition of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) hydrogels was found to have a profound effect on the physical properties of gels. Hyaluronan (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) were each modified with adipic dihydrazide (ADH) with carbodiimide chemistry. The resulting polymer was crosslinked with various concentrations of poly(ethylene glycol) dialdehyde (PEG-diald) to produce a series of hydrogels. The physical properties of these GAG hydrogels varied in a concentration-dependent fashion. Maximal crosslinking was observed at a theoretical crosslinking of 50% for the HA-ADH-PEG-diald hydrogels and 75% for the CS-ADH-PEG-diald hydrogels. Adding PEG-diald beyond the optimum for crosslinking prolonged the in vitro enzymatic degradation time of the hydrogels. The swelling of the crosslinked GAG hydrogels was correlated with the amount of PEG-diald used rather than with the crosslinking density. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 4344–4356, 2004
FUNCTIONAL REDUNDANCY SUPPORTS BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION IN A CLOSED AND CONSTANT ENVIRONMENT

The role functionally redundant species play in ecosystem function has not been adequately investigated. To study this, we examined species richness and an ecosystem function, cellulose decomposition, while environmental conditions were held constant. Our hypotheses were (1) increasing species richness will have no effect on rates of cellulose decomposition and (2) species richness will decline over time in functionally redundant communities. A relatively simple microcosm-based system to manipulate complex microbial interactions was employed. Microcosms containing cellulose as the sole carbon source were inoculated at equal densities with none, one, two, four, or eight species of cellulolytic bacteria. At 5-d intervals for 25 d, community composition and cellulose decomposition were determined. We rejected both of our hypotheses. In a constant environment, greater species richness supported a greater number of individuals and subsequently greater rates of total cellulose decomposition. Furthermore, greater initial species richness maintained greater richness over time. These results provide experimental evidence that functionally redundant species may play an integral role in ecosystem function.
A Transitive Index to Test for Acquiescent Response Style

Summary Acquiescent response bias continues to plague survey research, especially among less educated respondents and among respondents who are less familiar with interviewing and questionnaire methods. The failure of studies to test or control for acquiescence is often due to practical and theoretical limitations of the existing acquiescent measures. A short and convenient transitive index of acquiescence which avoids many of these limitations has been proposed and illustrated with survey data collected from a sample of 591 young men in Kano, Nigeria. The index, validated on the basis of differences in mean scores on sets of Likert and matched non-Likert items worded separately in “modern” and “traditional” directions, has proven useful in testing for spurious and masked relationships due to acquiescent bias. It should be emphasized that the specific items comprising the transitive index in this study are illustrative; a different set or sets of items following the basic transitive principle could be con...
The relationship between slgM positive lymph‐node lymphocytes and breast cancer metastasis

The relative frequency of lymphocytes with surface immunoglobulins (sIgM, sIgG, sIgA) was studied in breast-cancer patients' axillary lymph nodes by the immunofluorescence technique. The study encompassed a total of 105 patients, most of whom had infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC). The results have indicated a significantly higher (p less than 0.005) average percentage of sIgM positive lymphocytes in lymph nodes in the group of IDC patients with lymph-node metastasis. Short-term followup was available for a limited number of patients, but no conclusions were reached with respect to sIgM positive lymphocytes. It is suggested that evaluation of axillary lymph-node and peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations for each cancer patient would provide new information which could aid in determining the extent of the disease process. Moreover, such information may be of assistance in decisions of therapeutic modalities, detection of occult metastasis, and prediction of prognosis.
Cadmium Accumulation and Detoxification by Alveolar Macrophages of Cigarette Smokers

Study objectives: Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal associated with emphysema and lung cancer, which is present in both air pollution and cigarette smoke. Metallothionein (MT) is an inducible protein that binds and detoxifies cellular Cd. The goals of this study were to determine whether increased concentrations of Cd are present in alveolar macrophages (AMs) of cigarette smokers (CSMs) and to determine whether MT accumulated in response to the presence of Cd. Design: AMs were recovered by BAL from 10 healthy nonsmokers (NSMs) and 10 CSMs. The Cd content of the AMs was determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, and the MT content was determined using a Cd/hemoglobin radioassay (with 109 Cd). Measurements: Cd was detected in AMs recovered from all subjects, with higher mean ( SEM) concentrations in CSMs compared with those in NSMs (3.4 0.5 vs 1.3 0.2 ng/10 6 cells; p < 0.005). There was a correlation between current smoking history (cigarettes per day) and the AM content of Cd (r 0.74; p < 0.05). The mean AM content of MT was similar in NSMs (1.2 0.2 g/10 7 cells) and CSMs (1.0 0.2 g/10 7 cells). Conclusions: AMs in CSMs accumulate significant amounts of Cd without a concurrent increase in MT content, indicating greater saturation of MT. Increased Cd burden in alveolar cells could contribute to the development of lung diseases in CSMs. (CHEST 2003; 124:1924 –1928)
Dark matter self-interactions and light force carriers

Recent observations from PAMELA, FERMI, and ATIC point to a new source of high energy cosmic rays. If these signals are due to annihilating dark matter (DM), the annihilation cross section in the present day must be substantially larger than that necessary for thermal freeze-out in the early universe. A new force, mediated by a particle of mass O(100 MeV), leading to a velocity-dependent annihilation cross section—a “Sommerfeld enhancement”—has been proposed as a possible explanation. We point out that such models necessarily increase the DM self-scattering cross section, and use observational bounds on the amount of DM-DM scattering allowed in various astrophysical systems to place constraints on the mass and couplings of the light mediator.
Bullying: A Human Rights and Social Studies Issue

(2008). Bullying: A Human Rights and Social Studies Issue. Childhood Education: Vol. 84, International Focus Issue 2008: Bullying and Violence Issues in Children's Lives: Examining the Issues and Solutions, pp. 383-386.
Electrodiagnostic approach to the patient with suspected mononeuropathy of the upper extremity

Upper extremity mononeuropathies are common. Most are due to compression, whereas others occur in the setting of systemic disorders (e.g., diabetes) or with coexistent polyneuropathies. Electrophysiologic studies are essential in most cases, and provide critical information regarding localization, severity, activity, chronicity, and underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Insights gleaned from the electrodiagnostic report guide clinicians in the optimal management of mononeuropathies of the upper extremity.
Observation of live specimens of Pseudotontonia cornuta (Ciliophora: Oligotrichida) reveals new distinctive characters

A large planktonic ciliate, Pseudotontonia cornuta, was observed during a cruise in the North Sea, Denmark, in summer 2001. Live cells as well as fixed and protargol-stained specimens were studied. The species possessed the characteristic tail of Tontoniidae, somatic ciliature classifying it as a Pseudotontonia, and cell proportions and oral ciliature corresponding to P. cornuta. Observation of live cells, however, revealed distinctive features as chloroplast-containing tentacles emerging just below the apical membranelles and an S-shaped proximal rim of the left margin of the oral cavity. These characters are eye-catching in live specimens, but have passed unnoticed till now because all previous studies on P. cornuta have been made on fixed samples.
Morehead City, NC, Uses an ARIMA Study to End a State Moratorium on New Construction

Morehead City, North Carolina, faced a moratorium on new construction because of problems with its sewage system. We developed an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) transfer function-intervention model to help town officials explain the sources of variation in the volume of sewage-treatment-plant discharge to the state officials who had imposed the moratorium on extending the sewage system lines. The results convinced the state officials that the problems were temporary, not systemic, and that the town's efforts to rehabilitate the system were improving its operation. Consequently, the state officials cut the moratorium by at least a year, allowing development projects worth $50 million to proceed.
Pulsatile lavage irrigator tip, a rare radiolucent retained foreign body in the pelvis: a case report

Retained foreign bodies after surgery have the potential to cause serious medical complications for patients and bring fourth serious medico-legal consequences for surgeons and hospitals. Standard operating room protocols have been adopted to reduce the occurrence of the most common retained foreign bodies. Despite these precautions, radiolucent objects and uncounted components/pieces of instruments are at risk to be retained in the surgical wound. We report the unusual case of a retained plastic pulsatile lavage irrigator tip in the surgical wound during acetabulum fracture fixation, which was subsequently identified on routine postoperative computed tomography. Revision surgery was required in order to remove the retained object, and the patient had no further complications.
Cancer Chemoprevention: Successes and Failures

BACKGROUND: Cancer has traditionally been considered a single disease, but it is now known to be far more complex, with an unfolding etiology. In less than 2 centuries, hundreds—if not thousands—of drugs for the treatment of cancer and for palliative care have been developed and tested, with 143 having achieved approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (MediLexicon International; “Cancer Drugs & Oncology Drugs,” ). Just 13 agents have been approved, however, for treating precancerous lesions or for reducing risk. CONTENT: Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, vitamins, food constituents and spice components, antidiabetic drugs, ω-3 fatty acids, and fiber are just a few of the many classes of compounds that have been tested for their cancer-preventive potential. We highlight some of the agents that have been scrutinized by way of randomized clinical trials in humans for their cancer prevention potential. We summarize the major definitive cancer chemoprevention studies that ( a ) were successful in demonstrating efficacy and ultimately received regulatory approval; ( b ) were not successful in demonstrating efficacy or had unacceptable toxicities, but from which the field has learned important lessons; and ( c ) showed compelling efficacy against surrogate end points but failed to achieve regulatory approval because of a lack of consensus regarding the relevance of those end points to clinical benefit. SUMMARY: Chemopreventive studies have provided new insights into early disease pathogenesis, stimulated new risk assessments and models, fostered important research in end point biomarkers, and led to 13 approved agents. The development of safe and effective chemopreventive agents holds tremendous potential for reducing the burden of cancer.
Superexogeneity and the dynamic linkages among international equity markets

Abstract In this article, we combine the Johansen procedure for cointegration testing with tests of weak exogeneity and invariance in order to ascertain whether a system of equity markets is characterized by superexogeneity. Superexogeneity is rejected for the system comprised of stock indices of the US, UK, Germany and Japan. This finding implies that agents participating in these financial markets are forward looking, all markets are endogenous in our system and the assumption of stability of the asset demand function is questionable.
Lateral temporal bone and parotid malignancy with facial nerve involvement.

Objectives. To review our institution’s experience and outcomes in the treatment of lateral temporal bone (LTB) and parotid malignancy with facial nerve (FN) involvement. To identify risk factors for treatment failures and to clarify previously established prognostic factors for this advanced-stage disease.Study Design. Case series with chart review.Setting. Tertiary care academic hospital.Subjects and Methods. A series of 26 patients treated operatively for malignancy of the LTB and parotid gland with FN involvement were reviewed retrospectively. All patients underwent sacrifice of the FN due to intraoperative determination of nerve invasion. Demographic, historical, intraoperative, pathologic, and follow-up data were collected and analyzed to determine survival outcomes and locoregional control. Risk factor analysis was performed.Results. The FN was found to be grossly involved by tumor at the stylomastoid foramen in 57.7% of patients, resulting in sacrifice more proximally in the vertical segment in 57...
Adjustment of ocean color sensor calibration through multi-band statistics

The band-by-band vicarious calibration of on-orbit satellite ocean color instruments, such as SeaWiFS and MODIS, using ground-based measurements has significant residual uncertainties. This paper applies spectral shape and population statistics to tune the calibration of the blue bands against each other to allow examination of the interband calibration and potentially provide an analysis of calibration trends. This adjustment does not require simultaneous matches of ground and satellite observations. The method demonstrates the spectral stability of the SeaWiFS calibration and identifies a drift in the MODIS instrument onboard Aqua that falls within its current calibration uncertainties.
Using Repeating Earthquakes to Correct High-Precision Earthquake Catalogs for Time-Dependent Station Delays

Waveform cross-correlation allows one to measure the relative arrival times of similar microearthquakes with errors of less than 1/10 of 1 sample. Location algorithms based on these measurements have greatly improved images of earthquake distribution. For the Northern California Seismic Network catalog, however, the relative location errors implied by the scatter of relocated repeating earthquakes (sometimes 10s of meters) is often considerably larger than the errors estimated from Monte Carlo simulations (meters) using a priori estimates of the cross-correlation errors. I find that most of this discrepancy arises from unmodeled time-varying station delays. By identifying many clusters of repeating earthquakes presumed to rupture the same source, and assuming the measured arrival-time differences between event pairs to be due to the difference in origin time plus the difference in station delay, it is possible to invert for time-dependent station corrections. The method is robust, in that these corrections are consistent over many kilometers of fault and greatly reduce the scatter (and residuals) when relocating earthquake clusters not used in the station correction determination. Many of the largest delay changes, some approaching 2 samples (20 ms), are associated with changing station electronics. At several stations an annual cycle is also clearly seen, with amplitudes up to 0.5 samples. Some M >4.7 earthquakes have produced comparable transient delay changes. After applying the station corrections, the scatter within clusters of repeating earthquakes is reduced to a few meters and the apparent seismogenic thickness of many kilometer-long sections of faults is only 10-20 m. Manuscript received 31 May 2001.
Spring Emergence and Seasonal Flight of Delia radicum L. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) in Western Oregon

Abstract Field research was conducted to describe and characterize spring emergence and seasonal flight activity of the cabbage maggot, Delia radicum L. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), in relationship to degree-day accumulations. Turnip and rutabaga fields were monitored in the northern Willamette Valley in western Oregon from 2001 through 2004. Spring emergence from overwintering puparia was monitored using emergence cages. A bimodal spring emergence pattern was observed, with ≈70% of the spring population emerging in an early peak in late March, 2 mo before a later peak near the end of May. The mean degree-day accumulations at 10, 50, and 95% of spring emergence using a lower and upper developmental threshold of 4.3 and 30°C beginning 1 January had corresponding degree-day values of 200 ± 50.2 (8 March), 330 ± 22.2 (4 April), and 762 ± 60.1 (28 May), respectively. Seasonal flight activity was monitored using yellow water traps. Spring flight patterns mirrored the bimodal emergence patterns but with a delay of ...
Substance P and NPY differentially potentiate ATP and adrenergic stimulated vasopressin and oxytocin release.

The supraoptic nuclei are innervated by the A1 neurons of the caudal ventrolateral medulla. Substances colocalized in the A1 terminals include norepinephrine (NE), substance P (SP), ATP, and neuropeptide Y (NPY). ATP, acting at P 2x receptors, caused rapid and unsustained stimulation of vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT) release from perifused explants of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system. SP elicited a concentration-dependent stimulation of VP and OT release that was large and sustained compared with other stimuli. ATP, but not phenylephrine (PE, α 1 -adrenergic agonist), augmented the response to SP (1 μM). In contrast, NPY did not alter basal nor ATP-induced VP or OT release, but it did cause sustained potentiation of PE-induced VP and OT release. The Y 1 -agonist, [Leu 31 ,Pro 34 ]-NPY, increased VP and OT release, suggesting that the ineffectiveness of NPY reflects opposing actions at pre- and postsynaptic receptors. However, [Leu 31 ,Pro 34 ]-NPY did not potentiate hormone responses to ATP or PE. The differential responses to these colocalized neurotransmitters and neuropeptides illustrate the range of potential responses that stimulation of this pathway might elicit from supraoptic neurons.
Bone marrow involvement in Hodgkin's disease: pathology and response to MOPP chemotherapy.

Examination of the bone marrow biopsies of 174 patients with Hodgkin’s disease seen at the National Cancer Institute between 1965 and 1972 revealed tumor involvement of the marrow in 19 cases. Eighteen of the 19 patients were treated with intensive combination chemotherapy (MOPP), and 13 achieved complete remission; the median duration of remission was 25+ mo, and 49% of those at risk remained in continuous remission for at least 3 yr. In all patients with marrow involvement, marrow fibrosis due to increased collagen or reticulin was identified in the pretreatment specimen. Repeat biopsies following therapy revealed entirely normal marrow free of tumor and reticulin or collagen fibrosis in eight patients, although residual collagen was detected in three other patients. Pretreatment leukopenia (WBC less than 5000 cells per cu mm) was present in seven of the 18 patients treated with MOPP, and appeared to be associated with an increased risk of infection and a less favorable response to therapy. These results indicate that nonleukopenic patients with Hodgkin’s disease and bone marrow involvement can be safely and effectively treated with intensive chemotherapy, and that pathologic changes in the marrow, including diffuse myelofibrosis, are often reversible with such therapy.
Design of HDTV Wall Main Control System Based on FPGA+ARM9 Solutions

A master control system of ultra high resolution large-screen digital TV display wall unit is designed,the scheme of ARM9+FPGA system architecture is proposed.The system hardware platform is designed,the embedded system technical scheme of software is implemented,and the FPGA technology based on video signal processing is designed.The practices proves the feasibility of this plan,which well meets the industry standards and planning,and has relatively high performance price ratio.
The Concept of the Wageworkers' Frontier: A Framework for Future Research

Historians have long accorded unskilled and semiskilled laborers a significant role in the early industrial development of the American West. Loggers, miners, migratory harvest hands and construction workers, and even wage-earning cowboys appear in numerous books and articles on such traditional themes as the forest, mining, and ranching frontiers. They figure prominently in histories of radical labor and industrial violence in Rocky Mountain mining camps, California's "factories in the field," and North Pacific timber towns.' But few historians have systematically studied this class of western labor as a distinct group, explored the range of experiences that cut across occupational and national boundaries, or asked whether such workers possessed attitudes and outlooks significantly different from their counterparts in the East or
Basal joint arthroplasty using the Roosevelt Hospital techniques.

Abstract Many reconstructive procedures have been developed to treat osteoarthritis of the basal joint of the thumb. The current article describes techniques used at the Hand Surgery Center at Roosevelt Hospital in New York City. A tonometry applanation radiographic staging system is outlined; it serves as a rationale for selecting which form of arthroplasty is appropriate for a particular patient and is predicated on the extent of involvement of the trapezial articulations. Stage 1 disease implies symptomatic laxity of the trapeziometacarpal joint with normal articular surfaces and is most appropriately treated with volar ligament reconstruction. Stage 2 is an intermediate category and amenable to either volar ligament reconstruction or interpositional arthroplasty of the trapeziometacarpal joint, based on the condition of the articular cartilage at surgery. In stage 3 disease there are significant degenerative changes of the trapeziometacarpal joint with preservation of the articular surfaces of the scaphotrapezial joint. Two variations on ligament reconstruction with interpositional arthroplasty of the trapeziometacarpal joint are described; they have consistently good results. Finally, stage 4 is characterized by pantrapezial degenerative disease and necessitates trapezial resection. Reconstruction may be by silicone rubber implant arthroplasty using a stemmed trapezial implant stabilized by an abductor pollicis longus tenodesis. The alternative is a procedure in which the thumb metacarpal is tethered to the index metacarpal by a ligament reconstruction.
Neonatal Calf Diarrhoea: Identification of a Reovirus-Like (Rotavirus) Agent in Faeces by Immunofluorescence and Immune Electron Microscopy

SUMMARY A reovirus-like agent was identified in faeces from neonatal calf diarrhoea by immunofluorescence of infected cell cultures and immune electron microscopy; specimens from natural cases in field outbreaks and from experimental animals were examined by both tests. Of the 74 faecal samples examined, 88 per cent of the results from the two tests agreed in diagnosing the presence or absence of the virus.
Leiomyoma of deep soft tissue mimicking calcific myonecrosis

Leiomyoma of deep soft tissue is an unusual entity reported in less than 60 cases in the English literature. The lesion is now accepted as a rare neoplasm. Leiomyomata of deep soft tissue have been divided into 2 groups, those occurring primarily in women in the retroperitoneum, histologically similar to leiomyomata of the uterus, and those occurring equally in both sexes in the somatic deep soft tissues. Irrespective of location, these lesions can demonstrate calcification, and even less commonly ossification. We report a unique case of a leiomyoma of deep soft tissue that mimicked the clinical and radiographic features of calcific myonecrosis, also a rare mass forming soft-tissue lesion. Clinical and radiographic information are often critical in the diagnosis of soft-tissue lesions; however, this case demonstrates that a lesion can deviate from the standard clinical and radiographic interpretations most commonly attributed to it.
Fostering Democratic Practices in the Classroom

Colleges and universities are being challenged to prepare students to become empowered leaders who know themselves as engaged, active participants in the creation of a future for society. Unfortunately some students are graduating from of our higher education institutions without having acquired the critical skills needed to navigate life with power. Some students are not getting sufficient opportunities for critical thinking, self-agency, and social action in the classroom.
The human initiator is a distinct and abundant element that is precisely positioned in focused core promoters

DNA sequence signals in the core promoter, such as the initiator (Inr), direct transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II. Here we show that the human Inr has the consensus of BBCA+1BW at focused promoters in which transcription initiates at a single site or a narrow cluster of sites. The analysis of 7678 focused transcription start sites revealed 40% with a perfect match to the Inr and 16% with a single mismatch outside of the CA+1 core. TATA-like sequences are underrepresented in Inr promoters. This consensus is a key component of the DNA sequence rules that specify transcription initiation in humans.
Kinetic Analysis of Vanilloid-Induced Activation in TRPV1 Channel

The capsaicin receptor, TRPV1 ion channel, is a polymodal nociceptor and attractive drug target. Recent advances in cryo-electron microscopy revealed the vanilloid-binding pocket in high resolution, which allowed atomic interactions mediating capsaicin binding to be proposed. In the current model, capsaicin adopts a “tail-up, head-down” pose; key interactions include two hydrogen bonds formed between the amide of capsaicin and Thr551 and between the hydroxyl on the vanillyl group and Glu571 (of mouse TRPV1). Guided by this model, the vanilloid-insensitive TRPV2 channel has been successfully transformed to be vanilloid-sensitive with minimal alterations. In this study, we provide further evidence from kinetic and equilibrium analyses in support of the capsaicin binding model. Eliminating the key hydrogen bonds by point mutations right-shifted the concentration-response relationship, which was achieved by accelerating the current OFF rate and decelerating the ON rate. These observations are consistent with the expectation that mutations would weaken capsaicin binding. Surprisingly, though resiniferatoxin (RTX) has been proposed to bind in a similar fashion as capsaicin, kinetic and equilibrium analyses revealed that removing these crucial hydrogen bonds did not alter RTX activation kinetics as they did capsaicin, suggesting that RTX may behave differently.