cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Grade interaction with words and pictures in a paired-associate task: a proposed explanation.

Abstract An experiment was designed to test an explanation of a previously observed developmental interaction between age and mode of stimulus material presentation in a paired-associate task. Third and sixth graders learned lists of pairs of drawings of objects or pairs of the printed names of those objects. As each pair was presented the experimenter engaged in one of three kinds of verbalization: (a) no verbalization; (b) the names of the objects; or (c) a sentence containing the names of the objects. The task was divided into item learning and associative learning components by use of recognition and matching procedures. Subjects either (a) studied and were tested with printed words; (b) studied and were tested with drawings; or (c) studied drawings and were tested with printed words (incongruent condition). When both pictures and words were aurally unlabeled, pictures led to more efficient item learning and the gain in efficiency was greater for sixth graders than for third graders. When the names of the objects were provided experimentally to subjects, this Grade × Mode interaction vanished in the congruent conditions. It is suggested that younger children are less likely to spontaneously generate a label for a picture during encoding processes. The affects of pictures and levels of verbalization on the item and associative learning dependent measures are also examined.
SYMBOLIC DISTORTION IN THE VOCABULARY DEFINITIONS OF SCHIZOPHRENICS.

(1964). Symbolic Distortion in the Vocabulary Definitions of Schizophrenics. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 1-8.
Children, adolescents, and the media: The molding of minds, bodies, and deeds

New research reveals that media use may contribute to shaping not only adolescents' developing beliefs about gender, race, sexuality, and beauty ideals but also their brains and biology.
The Life Cycle of Lightning and Severe Weather in a 3–4 June 1985 PRE-STORM Mesoscale Convective System

Abstract Cloud-to-ground lightning flash characteristics of a series of four mesoscale convective systems (MCS) that occurred in Oklahoma and Kansas on 3–4 June 1985 during the Oklahoma-Kansas Preliminary Regional Experiment for STORM-Central project are described. A total of 23 490 flashes were detected by the network from all four MCSs; 96% of them lowered negative charge to ground. Because the second MCS (MCS II) spent nearly all of its lifetime within the optimal region of coverage of the lightning and radar networks, trends in ground-flash characteristics could be documented throughout the system's life cycle. Lightning trends were analyzed relative to rainfall parameters based on radar network data and were stratified by the flashes’ polarity and locations according to their association with convective and stratiform radar echoes. Most flashes in the second MCS were negative ground strikes within convective radar echoes. In convective regions the flashes were primarily negative; in stratiform region...
Prostaglandin E2 and Krüppel-like transcription factors synergistically induce the expression of decay-accelerating factor in intestinal epithelial cells

Summary The decay-accelerating factor (DAF) prevents the intestinal mucosa from bystander killing by complement. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) induces the expression of DAF that may protect the tumour environment from com- plement attack. In the present study, we demonstrate synergistic actions of PGE2 and two Kruppel-like factors (KLFs), which are zinc finger- containing transcription factors, in DAF regulation. Overexpression of KLF4 and KLF5 robustly induced transcriptional activity of the DAF pro- moter. In combination, PGE2 and either KLF4 or KLF5 increased the expression of DAF in a synergistic fashion. Moreover, cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) enzymes, KLF4/5 and DAF protein were coordi- nately expressed in normal intestinal mucosa as well as in intestinal neo- plasm. In radiation-injured mouse intestine, COX-1 was rapidly induced and remained at relatively high levels. While KLF5 was quickly elevated after irradiation, KLF4 exhibited a delayed increase. Interestingly, levels of DAF increased gradually following the induction of COX-1 and KLFs. Mimicking the circumstances in vivo, coexpression of both COX and KLFs resulted in a synergistic or additive induction of DAF transcription in intestinal epithelial cells. Our data suggest that COX-derived PGE2 may collaborate with KLF4/5 to regulate the activation of the complement system and exert diverse effects on the intestinal epithelium.
Hepatitis-associated antigen in urban children.

Using an immunodiffusion technique, hepatitis-associated antigen (HAA) was detected in 3 children with posttransfusion or serum hepatitis. Five children lacking a history of parenteral exposure had a clinical diagnosis of infectious hepatitis; 2 of these children were HAA positive. Two of 636 hospitalized children, excluding those with known hepatitis, had positive tests for HAA. Four of 27 contacts of HAA-positive children were found to have positive tests. A striking history of exposure to adults who had had hepatitis or who used drugs was obtained. These results, from a crowded urban area in which drug usage is prevalent, suggest that children may be HAA positive as a consequence of exposure to HAA-positive individuals. In addition, it is postulated that some cases of hepatitis in urban children may be due to nonparenteral transmission of serum hepatitis virus rather than infectious hepatitis virus as usually assumed.
Carrier frequency of the common mutation IVS8-1G>C in DHCR7 and estimate of the expected incidence of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome.

Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a multiple congenital anomaly/mental retardation syndrome of variable severity with an incidence previously estimated at 1 in 20,000-60,000 based on case frequency surveys. Identification of the gene defect in SLOS has made it possible to calculate the carrier frequency and estimate disease incidence using molecular methods to identify carriers. Using a previously described PCR-RFLP assay we screened 1503 anonymous blood samples from random newborn screening blood spot cards for the presence of the common SLOS mutation IVS8-1G>C in order to determine the carrier frequency. Sixteen carriers were identified in the 1503 samples. Since the frequency of the IVS8-1G>C mutation among all SLOS gene mutations is known, the overall carrier frequency for all mutations can be calculated. The calculated carrier frequency for all mutations based on this result is 1 in 30, predicting an SLOS incidence of 1 in 1590 to 1 in 13,500. The current incidence estimate may, therefore, significantly underestimate the true incidence of SLOS. This discrepancy between calculated and observed incidence could be due to undiagnosed mild cases, misdiagnosed severe cases, death prior to diagnosis, or fetal loss. More comprehensive incidence studies are needed to determine if SLOS is as common as predicted by the very high (1 in 30) carrier frequency determined in this study.
Ca2+ store-dependent potentiation of Ca2+-activated non-selective cation channels in rat hippocampal neurones in vitro.

1Potentiation of calcium-activated non-selective cation (CAN) channels was studied in rat hippocampal neurones. CAN channels were activated by IP3-dependent Ca2+ release following metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) stimulation either by Schaffer collateral input to CA1 neurones in brain slices in which ionotropic glutamate and GABAA receptors, K+ channels, and the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger were blocked or by application of the mGluR antagonist ACPD in cultured hippocampal neurones. 2The CAN channel-dependent depolarization (ΔVCAN) was potentiated when [Ca2+]i was increased in neurones impaled with Ca2+-containing microelectrodes. 3Fura-2 measurements revealed a biphasic increase in [Ca2+]i when 200 μm ACPD was bath applied to cultured hippocampal neurones. This increase was greatly attenuated in the presence of Cd2+. 4Thapsigargin (1 μm) caused marked potentiation of ΔVCAN in CA1 neurones in the slices and of the CAN current (ICAN) measured in whole cell-clamped cultured hippocampal neurones. 5Ryanodine (20 μm) also led to a potentiation of ΔVCAN while neurones pretreated with 100 μm dantrolene failed to show potentiation of ΔVCAN when impaled with Ca2+-containing microelectrodes. 6The mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (2 μm) also caused a potentiation of ΔVCAN. 7CAN channels are subject to considerable potentiation following an increase in [Ca2+]i due to Ca2+ release from IP3-sensitive, Ca2+-sensitive, or mitochondrial Ca2+ stores. This ICAN potentiation may play a crucial role in the ‘amplification’ phase of excitotoxicity.
High-performance liquid chromatography of cholesterol autoxidation products

Abstract High-performance liquid chromatography with microparticulate silica gel and octadecyl silica reversed-phase columns accords ready resolution of the common autoxidation products of cholesterol. Resolution of two pairs of isomeric sterols (5,6α-epoxy-5α-cholestan-3β-ol and 5,6β-epoxy-5β-cholestan-3β-ol, 3β-hydroxy-5α-cholest-6-ene-5-hydroperoxide and 3β-hydroxycholest-5-ene-7α-hydroperoxide) not previously resolved chromatographically has been achieved in both systems. Application of the procedure to the isolation of cholesta-4,6-dien-3-one from autoxidized cholesterol is described.
Genetic evidence of self-fertilization in the sea anemone Epiactis prolifera

Biochemical genetic variation provided evidence for the mode of reproduction of brooded young in the sea anemone Epiactis prolifera Verrill, 1869. Individuals of E. prolifera are female when small but hermaphroditic when large (i.e., gynodioecious); juveniles are brooded externally on the column. Brooding individuals collected from 6 intertidal sites (5 in central California and 1 in Washington State, USA) in the spring and summer of 1980 were assayed for gene-enzyme variation by starch-gel electrophoresis. Three of 12 enzyme loci were polymorphic; phosphoglucose isomerase appeared to be encoded by two, closely linked loci. Genotypic frequencies deviated markedly from expected random mating proportions. Only three heterozygotes were found; two were heterozygous at all three polymorphic loci, and the other was polymorphic at the two PGI loci. All 158 juveniles from 25 brooding individuals were assayed (2–19 juveniles per parent). Juveniles on homozygous adults were always identical to their parent. However, brooded young of heterozygous individuals were not identical to their parent. but showed 1:2:1 phenotypic segregation ratios consistent with reproduction by self-fertilization. This genetic evidence together with findings of marked heterozygote deficiencies and genetic identity of homozygous adults and their brooded young supports the conclusion that E. prolifera usually reproduces by self-fertilization, and cross-fertilization is rate.
The blood-brain barrier: an engineering perspective.

It has been more than 100 years since Paul Ehrlich reported that various water-soluble dyes injected into the circulation did not enter the brain. Since Ehrlich’s first experiments, only a small number of molecules, such as alcohol and caffeine have been found to cross the blood-brain barrier, and it remains the major roadblock to treatment of many central nervous system diseases. At the same time, many central nervous system diseases are associated with disruption of the blood-brain barrier that can lead to changes in permeability, modulation of immune cell transport, and trafficking of pathogens into the brain. Therefore advances in our understanding of the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier are key to advances in treatment of a wide range of central nervous system diseases. Over the past 10 years it has become recognized that the blood-brain barrier is a complex dynamic system that involves biomechanical and biochemical signaling between the vascular system and the brain. Here we reconstruct the structure, function, and transport properties of the blood-brain barrier from an engineering perspective. New insight into the physics of the blood-brain barrier could ultimately lead to clinical advances in the treatment of central nervous system diseases.
Revolutionary Change in the Third World: Recent Soviet Assessments

A reexamination of revolutionary processes in the developing countries indicates mounting doubts among Soviet academic specialists that radical third-world policies will redound to the U.S.S.R.'s advantage. The author investigates the following topics: the relationship of socialist orientation to socialism; shortcomings of the vanguard parties; correct foreign and domestic economic policies; the suitability of the Marxist model for Eastern societies; and the evolution of the non-aligned movement. The congruence between these academic discussions and fresh official formulations could give Western analysts and policy makers valuable insights into new Soviet proposals for reducing East-West tensions over events in the third world.
Cofired biomass fly ashes in mortar: Reduction of Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR) expansion, pore solution chemistry and the effects on compressive strength

Abstract This document comprehensively studies reduction of ASR expansion by cofired biomass fly ashes in mortar and compares it to pure woody and coal ashes. An experimental matrix by ASTM C 227 at ambient temperature includes (1) six fly ashes (three cofired, one pure woody and two from coal), (2) three fly ash/cement (mass) ratios of 15/85, 25/75 and 35/65 and (3) testing periods up to 600 days. The cement samples (no fly ash), no opal and opal, the most reactive aggregate in ASR expansion, serve as low and high expansion control. Three cofired biomass fly ashes coming from herbaceous/coal and one woody combustion, despite of their more than doubled available alkali of Class C, can reduce ASR expansion comparable to or much better than Class C. Pore solution chemistry with high pressure mold squeezing has unveiled that alkali dilution, alkali absorption and alkali ions transfer reduction, or combinations of the above three factors, play roles in reduction of ASR expansion. Alkali leaching from the curing containers by ASTM C490 is about 10%. This investigation provides significant motivation to revisit the provisions of ASTM C618, to include biomass fly ash in concrete rather than exclusion just by their “non coal” origin.
Centerline extraction with principal curve tracing to improve 3D level set esophagus segmentation in CT images

For radiotherapy planning, contouring of target volume and healthy structures at risk in CT volumes is essential. To automate this process, one of the available segmentation techniques can be used for many thoracic organs except the esophagus, which is very hard to segment due to low contrast. In this work we propose to initialize our previously introduced model based 3D level set esophagus segmentation method with a principal curve tracing (PCT) algorithm, which we adapted to solve the esophagus centerline detection problem. To address challenges due to low intensity contrast, we enhanced the PCT algorithm by learning spatial and intensity priors from a small set of annotated CT volumes. To locate the esophageal wall, the model based 3D level set algorithm including a shape model that represents the variance of esophagus wall around the estimated centerline is utilized. Our results show improvement in esophagus segmentation when initialized by PCT compared to our previous work, where an ad hoc centerline initialization was performed. Unlike previous approaches, this work does not need a very large set of annotated training images and has similar performance.
Chronic: A SAS procedure for statistical analysis of carcinogenesis studies

A user-oriented PL/1 computer program for Niansncal analysis oi carcinogenesis data has been written and developed into a SAS procedure. The program follows a unified approach to the estimation and testing of the tumor onset, prevalence and mortality functions. This paper discusses the realization of these functions in carcinogenesis data, describes the estimation and testing procedures implemented by the program, documents usage of the SAS procedure, and provides a numerical exampe of its application.
STRUCTURED OBSERVATION OF MANAGERIAL WORK: A REPLICATION AND SYNTHESIS*

This study uses structured observation categories to investigate the relationship between managerial behaviour, performance, and environmental and demographic variables. We found significant differences in managerial behaviour related to environmental and demographic variables but not to performance. Our replication and synthesis of other studies generally supports earlier conclusions regarding the brief, varied, fragmented and interpersonal nature of managerial work. The results also point to the important relationship between the environment and managerial behaviour. Implications for managerial practice and research are discussed.
The rotating ring-disk electrochemistry of the copper(II) complex of thyrotropin-releasing hormone

Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone (TRH) forms an electroactive Cu(II) complex in aqueous solution. Rotating ring-disk electrochemistry reveals oxidation at the disk electrode and reduction at the ring electrode. The plot of limiting current vs. square root of rotation frequency deviates from the Levich equation, indicating both preceding and following chemical reactions. The reaction following the oxidation is a multiple-electron ECE-type of process that has been seen before in Cu(II)-peptide electrochemistry. The preceding reaction is unusual. The deviation from diffusion-controlled behavior is more pronounced at higher initial concentration of Cu(II) and peptide. We propose that a non-electroactive dimer, Cu(II)(2)-TRH(2), is in a slow equilibrium with the electroactive Cu(II)-TRH. Simulation of the RRDE behavior of the postulated Cu(II)-TRH system has succeeded in matching experimental data. Capillary electrophoresis indicates that there is a negative charge on the dimer. It is suggested that a hydroxo-bridge may link the two Cu(II) centers. Calculations verify that bi-nuclear Cu(II)(2)-TRH(2) complexes are possible.
Functional differential equations and age dependent population growth

Growth equations are established for a population of individuals that have fixed age dependent reproduction and mortality rates. Equations are obtained both for the population density and for the numerical size of the population in a fixed age group. Age and time dependent migration is taken into consideration. The usual integral equation of renewal type for these variables is shown to be equivalent to a functional differential equation of retarded type; these differential equations are of main interest in this work. The role of initial data in characterizing a unique solution of the functional differential equation is examined in detail. Finally, some special cases for the reproduction and mortality rates are considered where the functional differential equations take a reasonably simple form.
Where might it lead

Scientists' professional aims should benefit from embracing the 'what if' mentality of science fiction.
Effect of chemical sympathectomy on myocardial cell division in the newborn rat.

Summary: Myocardial chemical sympathectomy was achieved by daily SC injection of 100 μg/g body weight of 6-OH-dopamine to each of 239 Holtzman newborn rat pups for the first seven days of life. Effective sympathectomy was verified by identifying a decrease in ventricular myocardial norepinephrine concentrations to 31% ± 12 S.E. of control at 20 days of age. Activity of DNA polymerase was used to indicate the extent of myocardial cell division. Beginning at eight days of age, DNA polymerase activity was increased in the sympathectomized pups relative to control. The DNA polymerase activity was highest relative to control at 16 days (235% ± 31 S.E.) and remained elevated beyond 20 days (188% ± 30 of control). The DNA polymerase data was analyzed by covariance and was significantly greater in the 6-OH-dopamine rat pups (P < 0.001). Speculation: Myocardial cell division continues for 10 to 14 days after birth in the newborn animal of several species, and the cell division then ceases by an unknown mechanism. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that this postnatal decrease in myocardial cell division is related to the development of cardiac sympathetic nerve ingrowth. Because nerve ingrowth was inhibited after 6-OH-dopamine and increased myocardial cell division occurred, it appears that sympathetic ingrowth indeed may play a key role in affecting myocardial cell division in the newborn animal.
Wall Structures, Classification, and Evolution in Planktonic Foraminifera: ABSTRACT

Previous classifications and generic determinations of planktonic Foraminifera have been based variously on features of gross test morphology, including chamber shape and arrangement; test shape and ornamentation; and apertural number, form, and position. Certain of these features appear to be convergent adaptations for a planktonic existence, and hence are unreliable for determining natural relations. Skeletal, chemical, and mineralogical composition, microcrystalline structure, and septal lamellar characters appear not to be environmentally affected, and hence probably best reflect relationships. Planktonic Foraminifera, superfamily Globigerinacea, have perforate tests constructed of radially built calcite crystals, with c-axes perpendicular to the test surface. Although the surface texture may be modified by secondarily deposited material (crusts, pustules, and rugosities), the primary texture is determined by three different types of radial microstructure. These characteristic wall features of the enrolled planktonic Foraminifera provide a useful basis for family delineation. A wall constructed of closely packed identical crystals, resulting in a predominantly smooth surface, is found in the Cretaceous families Planomalinidae, Schackoinidae, Rotaliporidae, and Globotruncanidae, and also is characteristic of the Cenozoic Globorotaliidae and Hantkeninidae. The Cenozoic family Catapsydracidae differs in having thicker rod-like crystals surrounded by finer ones between which occur the test perforations. In the Globigerinidae, thicker crystals are greatly elongated as spines extending far beyond the general test surface, and very thin crystals surround the crystal spine bases. This characteristic wall structure, distinguishable even where elongate spines are broken, is the latest to appear in the geologic record. The Globorotaliidae and Catapsydracidae appear to have descended directly from Cretaceous stocks and the Hantkeninidae from the Globorotaliidae in the Eocene. Cenozoic Globigerinidae are not closely related to the morphologically similar Cretaceous hedbergellids, but were derived from the Catapsydracidae during Eocene time. End_of_Article - Last_Page 637------------
Ground‐Motion Simulation and Validation of the 2008 Chino Hills, California, Earthquake

We present a simulation of the 2008 M w 5.4 Chino Hills earthquake for a maximum frequency up to 4 Hz and a minimum shear‐wave velocity down to 200 m/s and perform a validation study comparing data obtained from seismic networks with simulation synthetics on more than 300 recording stations. The simulation was done using a parallel‐computing code for earthquake simulations that implements a finite‐element solution to anelastic wave propagation in heterogeneous media. The source model corresponds to that of an independent inversion study, and the material model used is a community velocity model (CVM) developed by the Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC). Our results for the goodness‐of‐fit measure of the synthetics indicate that, from a regional perspective, the simulation starts to deviate from the data at frequencies above 1 and 2 Hz. At particular locations or station clusters, however, the synthetics yield very good results, even at frequencies between 2 and 4 Hz. The best results are obtained between 0.1 and 0.25 Hz over the entire region and up to 1 Hz within the major basins. These and other results from comparisons at boreholes, biases of the peak surface response, and the differences in the strong‐phase duration of the waveforms and the arrival time of P waves suggest a strong sensitivity to seismic velocities. In particular, the CVM used seems to misrepresent the shallow soil deposits and overestimate seismic velocities in the upper layers outside the basins. These observations are helpful in identifying regions where the velocity model may need to be revised. Overall, this study shows that extending the maximum frequency for deterministic earthquake simulations beyond 1 Hz is an effort worth pursuing.
Eye Movement Artifact May Account for Putative Frontal Feedback-Related Potentials in Nonhuman Primates

The event-related potential (ERP) technique uses a process of simple averaging to minimize noise in continuous electroencephalography (EEG) recordings. It relies on the assumption that incidental voltage fluctuations occur independently of trial timing. Using ERPs, [Miltner et al. (1997)][1]
A Computer Algorithm for Calculating the Product AB Modulo M

It is possible to find the smallest nonnegative integer R congruent modulo M to the product AB of two nonnegative integers without dividing by M. In multiple precision arithmetic, doing away with the division cuts the calculation time by varying amounts, depending on machine architecture. It also cuts storage space.
Collaborative localization enhancement to the Global Positioning System

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is the dominant position location system in operation. It uses 31 operational satellites producing eight line of sight satellites available to users at all times. However if a user's visibility is blocked from large buildings, mountains, or the user is located indoors, the number of visible satellites decreases degrading accuracy and availability. Additionally, the signal quality is also degraded in such environments. This paper therefore explores the effect of collaborating users with known (or estimated) distances between the users. Specifically, we examine the usefulness of multiple GPS receivers using measured inter-receiver distances along with standard pseudoranges to cooperatively determine all receiver locations.
The role of free amino acids in the adaptation to reduced salinity in the sipunculid Golfingia gouldii

Abstract 1. 1. Intracellular concentration of free amino acids, determined by a colorimetric method, in the body wall tissue of Golfingia was found to be about 550 mmoles/kg tissue water. By contrast,t he coelomic fluid contained only about 80 mmoles free amino acids per liter. 2. 2. In animals subjectecd to different degrees of reduced salinity (90%, 80% and 50% sea water), a sharp drop in the free amino acid concentration in both compartments was observed, Increased in tissue water content could account could account for only a small fraction of the change inf ree amino acid concentration. 3. 3. Dilution of the sea water to 90% or 80% produced a relatively greater decrease in the free amino acid concentration of t he tissue than when the salinity was lowered to 50%. 4. 4. Animals immersed in 90% and 80% sea water gained weight initially, and then gradually lost weight over a period of 6 days. However, this weight loss was not significantly different from that of control animals. Hence the animals did not seem to possess any volume-regulatory capacity. 5. 5. The regulation of intracellular amino acid concentration appears to be t he only mechanism employed by Golfingia to counteract a decrease in external salinity. This mechanism is thoroughly adequate when the salinity change is modest, but compensates only partly for a wide variation in salinity.
Diffusion-limited patterning of molecules in nanofluidic channels.

Diffusion-limited patterning (DLP) is a new technique that enables patterning of labile molecular species in solution phase onto surfaces that are not easily accessible. This technique is self-aligning and is simple to implement for patterning multiple species. We demonstrated DLP by patterning alternating bands of fluorescently labeled and unlabeled streptavidin in biotin-functionalized nanofluidic channels with spatial resolution better than 1 μm. The methodology of DLP also enables experimental measurement of a unique parameter that relates molecular surface grafting density, concentration, diffusivity, and channel geometry.
A comparison of the concentration-dependent actions of thyrotropin-releasing hormone, angiotensin II, bradykinin, and Lys-bradykinin on cytosolic free calcium dynamics in rat anterior pituitary cells: selective effects of dopamine.

Using Indo-1 as a fluorescent probe, we studied the dynamics and the underlying mechanisms of the response of cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]i) to different concentrations of four prolactin secretagogues, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, angiotensin II, bradykinin, and lys-bradykinin in rat anterior pituitary cells. Low concentrations (1-100 pM) of these peptides caused a sustained increase in [Ca2+]i, whereas high concentrations (up to 100 nM) caused a large transient elevation of [Ca2+]i that was followed by a lower sustained plateau. Experiments with protein kinase C-depleted cells suggested that phorbol diester-sensitive protein kinase C was not involved in the transition of [Ca2+]i from spike to plateau seen with high concentrations of secretagogue. Specific concentrations of secretagogue mobilized different pools of [Ca2+]i, as indicated by experiments with Ca2+-depleted medium. Low concentrations of secretagogue induced a Ca2+ response that was abolished by Ca2+- depleted medium, whereas high concentr...
Health and Ecological Effects of Adiponitrile

Adiponitrile (ADN) has moderate acute toxicity with an oral LD50 in rats of 100 to 500 mg/kg and a 4-hr LC50 in rats of 1.71 mg/L (vapor plus aerosol). ADN produced slight eye but no skin irritation in rabbits. Repeated exposures by inhalation produced changes in the hematologic profile with effects seen at 100 or 300 mg/m3. The hematologic changes were reversible upon cessation of further inhalation exposures. Dogs fed up to 500 ppm (equivalent to 12-15 mg/kg) showed no effects but 1,000 ppm produced vomiting and nausea which limited further testing at that concentration. ADN was not a genetic toxin, developmental toxin, reproductive toxin nor did it produce an increase in tumors in a 2-yr drinking water study in rats. Human experience reports are limited to one accidental poisoning case and a few skin exposures resulting in transient irritation and inflammation. ADN is rapidly absorbed and excreted by mammals, and is metabolized to some extent although unchanged ADN is readily detected in urine, and does not bioaccumulate.
Nonlinear Finite-Element Analysis of Dual Support Breakaway Sign

Breakaway supports are common devices used for dual support signs located along the roadway. Design of these systems often involves several costly vehicle crash tests to ensure their effectiveness. It is believed that mathematical modeling can be used to help develop new sign systems in a more timely and cost-effective manner. To this end, a dual support breakaway sign system was successfully modeled using LS-DYNA3D, a nonlinear, large deformation finite-element package. Small component models were first constructed on critical parts of the breakaway sign system. The component models were compared with physical component tests to aid in the development process, as well as to validate the results. The components were then assembled into a complete system model. Very few changes were made in the complete sign model, because problems were worked out in component modeling. Results from two full-scale vehicle crash tests were used to validate the system model. With successful results, the model can now be used to study various sign modifications and configurations.
Breaking the ties that bind centriole numbers.

Newly formed centrioles can spring forth from clouds of pericentriolar material, violating the precise regulation of centriole counting. These observations challenge the long-standing view that centriole number is determined by the periodic activation of an assembly template thought to reside on pre-existing centrioles.
MAGNETIC FOOTPOINT DIFFUSION AT THE SUN AND ITS RELATION TO THE HELIOSPHERIC MAGNETIC FIELD

We discuss the physics associated with the motion of the radial magnetic field footpoints at the Sun and its relation to the heliospheric magnetic field. Using the observed photospheric convection spectrum, we construct a model for the heliospheric magnetic field and relate it to observations made by Ulysses in the outer heliosphere in the fast solar wind during solar minimum. We find excellent agreement between both the magnitude and the radial variation of the large-scale transverse magnetic variance observed by Ulysses compared to the model calculations using the observed supergranulation velocity spectrum. This suggests that the model represents the physics well. We then calculate the spatial diffusion coefficient associated with the observed magnetic footpoint motion at the solar photosphere. The calculations are based on the motion of passive additives embedded within the transverse photospheric flows. Two different models for the temporal evolution of the transverse velocity are considered. We find that the diffusion coefficient associated with these motions is in the range κ ≈ 1500-1920 km2 s-1. This is approximately 3 times larger than is commonly used in models of the long-term solar magnetic field. It is also larger than is inferred from actual measurements of the dispersion of magnetic features on the Sun. The cause of this discrepancy is not yet clear.
Simultaneous Approximation in Positive Characteristic

Let \(\) be the approximation exponent of a power series α (so that when α is algebraic of degree d, then \(\) by Dirichlet’s and Liouville’s Theorems). If the characteristic is positive, q is a power of the characteristic, and \(\) are related by a fractional linear transformation with polynomial coefficients, then by respective work of Voloch and of de Mathan, there are constants \(\) such that \(\) has no solution if \(\), and infinitely many solutions if \(\). We will formulate and prove generalizations to simultaneous approximation.
Foundations of Societal Inequality

Economic and social outcomes, including incomes, poverty, life expectancy, and infant mortality, differ widely between societies. Such inequalities within countries also vary to a great degree. Despite the importance and ubiquity of these differences, their sources are poorly understood and hotly debated. Although we know how the broad patterns of inequality between countries have evolved over the past two centuries ( 1 , 2 ), most of what we know about within-country inequality comes from contemporary data. On page 682 in this issue, Borgerhoff Mulder et al. ( 3 ) show that wealth inequality in 21 historical and contemporary “small-scale societies” is determined by the intergenerational transmission of different types of assets. What makes the findings important for social science is the link between inequality and institutions that regulate the inheritability of assets.
Female preferences for male calling bout duration in a field cricket

The calls of male field crickets attract sexually receptive females. In Gryllus integer, males differ from one another in their durations of uninterrupted calling (calling bout lengths). Tape recordings of the calls of 50 wild-caught males revealed that 14 males spent most of their calling time in short bouts (Fig. 1A), 18 in both short and long bouts (Fig. 1B), and 18 in long bouts (Fig. 1C). Re-recordings of 32 males after 3 weeks showed that calling bout lengths of individual males are stable with time (age) (Fig. 2). Three phonotaxis experiments investigated whether calling bout lengths of males affect female preferences. They demonstrated that (1) females can discriminate among conspecific males on the basis of calls alone; (2) females are preferentially attracted to males with long calling bout lengths; and (3) calling bout length is the specific factor responsible for preferential attraction. These results precisely identify a criterion that females use to discriminate among potential mates of their own species.
The application of chemical, physical, and materials analytical methods to high-TC superconductor ceramics

Abstract We compile and reference the methods used to study the properties of ceramic high-transition-temperature superconductors and present them arranged by method (listed systematically in Table I) and by property (listed alphabetically in Table II).
Electronic structure of beryllium fluoride

Vacuum-ultraviolet reflectance, absorptance, and photoelectron spectroscopy of vitreous and crystalline Be${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ are reported. The data are interpreted with reference to self-consistent unrestricted Hartree-Fock cluster calculations also presented in this paper. The first allowed exciton reflectance peak in crystalline Be${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ is at 12.9 eV, similar to the 12.8-eV peak found in the glass. Optical transmission of bulk samples extends at least to 9.5 eV, and can be assumed to be impurity limited in available material. Calculations of several defect and impurity levels are presented. Since the calculations presented here indicate that Be${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ should have an optically forbidden band edge similar to that in Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, the ultimate transparency range of purified Be${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ will depend on the forbidden exciton absorption, not yet observable above the impurity background. Grazing-incidence reflectance spectra near the ${\mathrm{Be}}^{2+}$ $K$ edge are interpreted in terms of a core exciton state lying at or slightly below the conduction-band minimum as determined from x-ray photoelectron data and the optical band gap.
Sol-gel synthesis of monoclinic phase of barium aluminosilicate ceramics

Abstract Barium aluminosilicate (BAS) powders have been synthesized by the sol-gel process. X-ray analysis and thermal analysis including differential thermal analysis (DTA), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) have been performed to characterize the powders. Also the effects of catalysts have been examined through an appropriate drying and sintering schedule for the formation of monoclinic celsian. It has been shown that the type of acid used as a catalyst controls the formation of polymorphs (hexagonal vs. monoclinic) of BAS ceramic. Because synthesis of monoclinic celsian by the sol-gel process requires relatively low temperatures and no seed crystals, it is less expensive, more producible, and easier to scale up than other synthesis processes.
Ice motion and driving forces during a spring ice shove on the Alaskan Chukchi coast

An ice shove along the Alaskan Chukchi Sea coast occurred in June 2001, affecting the communities of Barrow and Wainwright, some 150 km apart. Aerial photography before and after the event allowed measurement of ice displacement vectors near Barrow where up to 395 m of ice motion was accommodated almost entirely in discrete ridges up to 5 m high. The forces required to build these ridges are estimated at 35−62 kN m-1, and driving forces of the whole event are investigated. Most ice deformation at or near the beach coincided with local onshore winds, but the event was preceded by the compaction of pack ice in the central Chukchi Sea and the closure of the coastal flaw lead, driven by the larger-scale wind field acting over several days beforehand. Whether this acted to impart pack-ice stress to the coast or simply to create a critical fetch of consolidated ice is uncertain. The near-melting near-isothermal state of the ice may have been a complicit factor and affected the behavior of the land-fast ice. Coastal morphology and bathymetry affected the location of deformation. This study highlights the range of scales at which processes act and culminate to have implications for Arctic communities.
Mega-utilities drive invisible technologies

Despite their apparent simplicity, invisible technologies represent the pinnacle of engineering accomplishments in digital design, networking, user interfaces, and machine learning as well as in the social science disciplines of psychology and anthropology. It takes a lot of science to move technology from the foreground to the background. This paper focuses on leading-edge science that is inspiring the next generation of pervasive computing. It considers how computers are becoming pervasive in part because megahertz, megabits per second, and megabytes have become utilities much like water, gas, and electricity.
Association between statins given in hospital and mortality in pneumonia patients.

BACKGROUND Statins are prescribed to lower cholesterol, but also have anti-inflammatory properties. Some observational studies suggest that statins may reduce mortality from sepsis.
A description logic based approach for IDS security information management

The upsurge of network distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks on computer networks demands great effort in network security management. Currently, intrusion detection systems (IDS) are used to secure computer networks. However, IDS may generate a huge volume of alerts, making it hard for security administrators to uncover hidden attack scenarios. In this paper, we propose a description logic-based approach for IDS event semantic analysis, which allows inferring attack scenarios and enabling the attack knowledge semantic queries. With an attack knowledge base consisting of Abox and Tbox, IDS alerts are converted into machine-understandable uniform alert streams. The ontology and attack instances of the attack knowledge base are applied to derive attack scenarios. Then the attack semantic query is implemented by the spreading activation technique, which enables administrators to query the intrusion states of the networks
Joint throughput and energy optimization for pipelined execution of embedded streaming applications

We present a methodology for synthesizing streaming applications, modeled as task graphs, for pipelined execution on multi-core architectures. We develop a task graph extraction and characterization framework that accurately determines the structure, computation and communication characteristics of application task graph from its specification in C. Furthermore, we develop a provably optimal algorithm that jointly balances the workload assigned to each core, and minimizes inter-core communication traffic. Experiment results show that our versatile method improves the through-put of streaming applications significantly under a variety of hardware configurations.
Market for Bank Control, Charter Value, and Risk Incentives: Evidence from a Landmark Court Decision

This study examines structural shifts in the market for bank control resulting from the court decision of Northeast Bancorp, Inc., et al. v. Board of Governors (1985), and analyze its impact on stock prices and risk incentives in affected banks. The outcome of the case reaffirmed the constitutionality of regional compacts in interstate banking laws, which were motivated by protectionist policies. We document large, positive reactions in the affected bank stock prices, and show that it is mostly due to takeover speculation on expected targets. These price reactions negatively impact subsequent risk-taking. We find consistent evidence using disaggregated data on risky lending behavior within border counties with different regulatory environments.
Topic integration: How technical communications can equip engineers for industry

The author describes a course taught at Arizona State University which introduces students to topic integration, requiring students to prepare written and oral communication materials that integrate technical, economic, manufacturing, ethical, and human issues. As students prepare their oral and written communication materials they also learn to focus on economic, manufacturing, ethical, and human issues. During the informative phase of the course, which results in a 2000-word informative report, students first develop a detailed project plan outlining a specific company (real or imaginary) and their roles in that company. In addition, the plan helps them determine the audiences they will address and the reason(s) why the company needs to know the information in the report. >
Does a video-interpreting network improve delivery of care in the emergency department?

Objective To measure the impact of a policy change from use of telephonic and face-to-face interpreting to use of a video-interpreting network on Emergency Department (ED) care.
One functional switch mediates reversible and irreversible inactivation of a herpesvirus protease.

Distinct mechanisms have evolved to regulate the function of proteolytic enzymes. Viral proteases in particular have developed novel regulatory mechanisms, presumably due to their comparatively rapid life cycles and responses to constant evolutionary pressure. Herpesviruses are a family of human pathogens that require a viral protease with a concentration-dependent zymogen activation involving folding of two R-helices and activation of the catalytic machinery, which results in formation of infectious virions. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus protease (KSHV Pr) is unique among the herpesvirus proteases in possessing an autolysis site in the dimer interface, which removes the carboxyl-terminal 27 amino acids comprising an R-helix adjacent to the active site. Truncation results in the irreversible loss of dimerization and concomitant inactivation. We characterized the conformational and functional differences between the active dimer, inactive monomer, and inactive truncated protease to determine the different protease regulatory mechanisms that control the KSHV lytic cycle. Circular dichroism revealed a loss of 31% R-helicity upon dimer dissociation. Comparison of the full-length and truncated monomers by NMR showed differences in 21% of the protein structure, mainly located adjacent to the dimer interface, with little perturbation of the overall protein upon truncation. Fluorescence polarization and active site labeling, with a transition state mimetic, characterized the functional effects of these conformational changes. Substrate turnover is abolished in both the full-length and truncated monomers; however, substrate binding remained intact. Disruption of the helix 6 interaction with the active site oxyanion loop is therefore used in two independent regulatory mechanisms of proteolytic activity.
Is it better to be injured when you are pregnant

THERE HAS BEEN MUCH INVESTIGATION into the differential effects of sex hormones on the response to injury and hemorrhage. The preponderance of experimental reports have demonstrated that the hormonal milieu, in particular, increased levels of 17b-estradiol and decreased testosterone, affects cell-mediated immunity and organ system tolerance of shock through complex receptor-mediated and cell-specific interactions. In contrast, clinical studies of this phenomenon cannot confirm these experimental results. John et al investigate this hypothesis by analyzing injured pregnant women who were entered in the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) from 2001 to 2005. By comparing pregnant and nonpregnant women using a multiple regression analysis with computer matching for covariates, these authors demonstrate that pregnant women were 40% less likely to die after an injury. Importantly, no differences in outcome were observed between pregnant and nonpregnant women who had an Injury Severity Score (ISS) more than 15, severe head or abdominal injury, or hypotension on admission. This group of patients is expected to be at greatest risk for death after injury. The authors conclude, perhaps speciously, that hormonal and physiologic differences during the gestation period may impact outcomes after trauma in pregnant women. Although these results will not resolve the debate about the impact of sex hormones on mortality after