cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vortex-induced separation of an unsteady mixed-convection boundary layer

The unsteady evolution of a boundary layer induced by a rectilinear vortex convecting above a heated surface is considered numerically. This model problem is representative of the types of interactions which can occur when vortices encounter solid surfaces in a wide variety of diverse applications involving high-Reynolds number and high-Grashof number flows. It is known that in the case without heat transfer, the vortex-induced boundary layer evolves toward a singularity as it forms a sharp spike which erupts away from the surface. Numerical solutions of the unsteady mixed-convection boundary-layer equations in the Boussinesq limit are obtained in Lagrangian coordinates. Solutions for various values of the inclination angle of the surface and Grashof number show that the coupling between the fluid flow and heat transfer can have a dramatic effect upon the transport of momentum and energy within the boundary layer induced by a vortex. The unsteady eruption carries with it high-temperature near wall fluid and causes large gradients in the thermal boundary layer. The buoyancy force acting on the heated boundary-layer fluid can also have a significant impact on the unsteady separation process, either accelerating or delaying it depending upon the inclination angle of the surface.
Dually Diagnosed Patients with Arrests for Violent and Nonviolent Offenses: Two-Year Treatment Outcomes

The purpose of this study was to examine the history of arrests among dually diagnosed patients entering treatment, compare groups with different histories on use of treatment and mutual-help groups and functioning, at intake to treatment and six-month, one-year, and two-year follow-ups, and examine correlates and predictors of legal functioning at the study endpoint. At treatment intake, 9.2% of patients had no arrest history, 56.3% had been arrested for nonviolent offenses only, and 34.5% had been arrested for violent offenses. At baseline, the violent group had used the most outpatient psychiatric treatment and reported poorer functioning (psychiatric, alcohol, drug, employment, and family/social). Both arrest groups had used more inpatient/residential treatment and had more mutual-help group participation than the no-arrest group. The arrest groups had higher likelihood of substance use disorder treatment or mutual-help group participation at follow-ups. Generally, all groups were comparable on functioning at follow-ups (with baseline functioning controlled). With baseline arrest status controlled, earlier predictors of more severe legal problems at the two-year follow-up were more severe psychological, family/social, and drug problems. Findings suggest that dually diagnosed patients with a history of arrests for violent offenses may achieve comparable treatment outcomes to those of patients with milder criminal histories.
Cyclic Stress Studies by Time-Averaged Photoelasticity,

This paper describes an experimental method whereby the amplitude of cyclic stresses may be readily determined by time-averaged photoelasticity. Using an ordinary polariscope with a monochromatic-light source, ‘time-averaged isochromatics fringes’ are formed if the photographic film in the camera is exposed with an exposure time equal to one or several periods while the photoelastic model is undergoing steady-state cyclic loading. The fringe pattern depicts amplitudes of the oscillating stresses according to the zeroth-order Bessel function. These properties permit the determination of a time-averaged cyclic stress-optic law. It is also possible to use the method to determine time-averaged isoclinics. The method has great potentiality in the study of in-plane vibrations.
Preliminary Archaeological Geophysics Results at Fort Garland, Co

Adams State College has conducted its archaeology field school at Fort Garland, CO for the last six years. A focus of the field work for the last two years has been the parade ground, which is a grass covered field approximately 50 by 75 meters. The parade ground is of interest for several reasons, Fort Garland appears to have a remarkably sophisticated water system for a frontier fort of the 1860s, consisting of multiple wells, cisterns, underground pipes, and open ditches. The second reason is that the flag pole marked the center of the original 36 square mile fort, but the flag pole is known to have been moved a number of times over the years. To attempt to locate the original flag pole location and the water system as well as ensure that the students received a chance to practice all of the geophysical techniques relevant to archaeology a number of geophysical techniques were used: time domain electromagnetic induction metal detection, ground penetrating radar, frequency domain electromagnetic induction conductivity mapping, total field magnetometry and magnetic susceptibility. Neither the water system nor the original flagpole location was found, but a large unknown linear anomaly appeared in a number of the data sets. This anomaly will be further investigated by excavation next year.
Reaction Pathways of Hydrogen-Evolving Electrocatalysts: Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Studies of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Processes

Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions are at the heart of the catalytic processes involved in hydrogen evolution. In this Perspective, the state-of-the-art spectroscopic and electrochemical methods available to elucidate the mechanisms of PCET reactions of fuel-forming catalysts are presented. Through examples of our recent work, the applications of these methods are discussed with a focus on the type of information and the accuracy that can be obtained from each. Three case studies are presented to illustrate different possible origins for peak shifts observed in cyclic voltammograms.
Update in Trauma-induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and its Therapy

Acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) is characterized by acute respiratory failure due to diffuse alveolar injury and severe hypoxemia.Trauma is the second leading cause of ARDS.The current review presents the Berlin Definition of ARDS,which defines " acute" to be within 1 week or less and " severity" by oxygenation as mild,moderate and severe,and abandons the term of Acute Lung Injury(ALI).Studies have demonstrated that lung protective ventilation with low tidal volume(6 mL / kg),moderate PEEP and plateau pressure of 2.94 kPa increases ARDS survival rate,and thus, this strategy is recommended for ARDS treatment.Prone positioning and conservative fluid strategy can improve oxygenation and survival rate of ARDS.Portable extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO) has recently been implemented in US soldiers with ARDS.Mesenchymal stem cells(MSC) and statins might become new therapeutic tools for ARDS.Psychological and physical rehabilitation after ARDS survival is important to improve quality of life.
Morphology and synaptic relationships of physiologically identified low-threshold dorsal root axons stained with intra-axonal horseradish peroxidase in the cat and monkey

The arborizations and synaptic relationships of intra-axonally stained horseradish peroxidase- (HRP) labeled primary afferent fibers to the dorsal horn of the cat and monkey spinal cord have been studied by light and electron microscopic methods. The light microscopic arborizations of the afferent fiber types (hair follicle afferents, pacinian corpuscle afferents, type I and type II slowly adapting afferents) are similar to those described by Brown and his colleagues (1) in the cat. The synaptic profiles formed by labeled afferents contain rounded synaptic vesicles. In serial thin sections, it was found that single dorsal root axons may make hundreds or thousands of synapses with neuronal structures of the dorsal horn. The vast majority of synaptic contacts are on the dendritic trees of dorsal horn neurons. The synapses made by these low-threshold afferent axons are almost all in the deeper laminae (III-VI) of the dorsal horn. The hair follicle afferent axons and the pacinian corpuscle afferents have numerous vesicle-containing structures that synapse on them to form either axoaxonal synapses or dendroaxonal synapses. The slowly adapting afferent axons are less often found to be postsynaptic to axons or dendrites. It is concluded that different physiological classes of primary afferent axons have different morphological characteristics, both at the light and electron microscopic level.
Responses of police officers to cases of officer domestic violence: effects of demographic and professional factors

Although the perpetration of domestic violence by police officers has received more attention lately, little research has examined the topic. This study investigated common responses of police officers (n = 1108) to officer-perpetrated domestic violence case scenarios and the relationships between officer characteristics and such responses. Common responses included encouraging the victim to file a formal report, assisting in finding help for domestic abuse, and referring the offending officer to an employee assistance program (EAP) or counselor. Arrest was a likely response when officers were asked to imagine they witnessed a victim's injuries and heard statements about an assault in a case scenario. Supervisors had the most victim-supportive responses, suggesting they may be very good trainers of front-line officers. Language: en
Nanomedicine: Implications from Nanotoxicity

Feynman’s 1959 vision of a “smaller world” is now actively being realized through advances in nanotechnology and nanoscience [1]. Particularly over the past decade, nanotechnology has emerged as a nexus of physical and medical scientific research.
Clinical Reasoning: A 33-year-old man with cardiomyopathy and myopathy

An 18-year-old Hmong man sought medical care because of worsening performance on military training exercises. He had a previous syncopal episode with prompt recovery. His medical and developmental history were otherwise unremarkable. A chest radiograph revealed cardiomegaly and, after further cardiac tests, he was diagnosed with postinfectious or idiopathic cardiomyopathy. His cardiac function deteriorated and heart transplantation was pursued. During preoperative evaluation, his serum creatine kinase (CK) was noted to be persistently elevated in the 4,000s, prompting further investigation, but since he was not weak or otherwise symptomatic, definitive diagnosis and treatment were not pursued. When 19 years old, he underwent orthotropic heart transplantation. In the following years, he had multiple stents placed for coronary artery disease and developed type 1 diabetes mellitus, but he worked as an information specialist and cared for himself. The authors thank H. Brent Clark, MD, PhD, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, for his assistance preparing the figure.
The Intersection of NO and H2S: Persulfides Generate NO from Nitrite through Polysulfide Formation

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and nitric oxide (NO) are important biosignaling molecules, and their biochemistries are increasingly recognized to be intertwined. Persulfides are an oxidized product of biological H2S and have emerged as important species involved in the biological action of reactive sulfur species. Using isolated persulfides, we employed a combination of experimental and computational methods to investigate the contribution of persulfides to H2S/NO crosstalk. Our studies demonstrate that isolated persulfides react with nitrite to produce NO via polysulfide and perthionitrite intermediates. These results highlight the importance of persulfides, polysulfides, and perthionitrite as intertwined reactive nitrogen and sulfur species.
‘Fence-ing lessons’: child junkers and the commodification of scrap in the long nineteenth century

This article considers the circulation of junk in nineteenth-century American markets, concentrating on its various stages of commodification – and the people responsible for that commodification –...
Gefitinib (’Iressa’, ZD1839) is a BCRP and MDR1 inhibitor.

2454 Gefitinib (‘Iressa’, ZD1839) is an orally active EGFR-TKI (epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor). However, recent data suggest that gefitinib and other 4-anilinoquinazoline (4-AQ) derivatives have additional functions that may influence their clinical use (Erlichman, CR, 2001; Schuetz, AACR proc., 2002). We have shown previously that gefitinib strongly increases the otherwise poor and variable oral bioavailability of the cytotoxic camptothecin (CMT) analogs topotecan and irinotecan. It was hypothesized that gefitinib increases oral absorption by inhibiting intestinal efflux transporters such as the ABC transporter breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), which is known to transport these CMT analogs. The objectives of this study were to determine how gefitinib affects the function of BCRP and evaluate whether gefitinib affects other transporters in vivo . Bcrp1 deficient mice had higher topotecan bioavailability and decreased systemic clearance indicating that this protein plays a major role in the disposition of topotecan in mice. Treatment of Bcrp1 null mice with topotecan and gefitinib further increased topotecan oral absorption. Transport of topotecan by other transporters was confirmed as Mdr1a/b null mice had higher bioavailability than wild type mice treated with topotecan. Moreover, in vitro assays revealed that gefitinib inhibited efflux of Hoechst-33342 from cells engineered to express BCRP, and Calcein-AM efflux from MDR1 transfected cells. Importantly, gefitinib inhibited BCRP and MDR1 function at clinically attainable concentrations (eg 1-5 μM). Gefitinib accumulation in BCRP transfected and vector only transfected Saos-2 cells was not dramatically different at these concentrations, suggesting that gefitinib was functioning as an inhibitor. In conclusion, these studies illustrate the broad implications for the therapeutic combination of gefitinib or other 4-AQ derivatives with agents that are BCRP and MDR1 substrates. Gefitinib may offer a means to normalize variations in oral drug absorption and reverse tumor drug resistance. ‘Iressa’ is a trademark of the AstraZeneca group of companies
Covert calamities: American-backed covert regime changes and civil war

ABSTRACTDo covert regime change operations lead to civil war? Analyzing a sample of 63 American-backed covert regime change attempts during the Cold War (1947–1989), I find that the states targeted for covert regime change were more likely to experience civil war in the 10 years following intervention. Successful regime change attempts – where the target government was replaced – led to civil war by installing domestically unpopular rulers and reducing the new government’s ability to suppress armed opponents. Failed attempts at covert regime change – where the target government remained in power – fostered civil war by destabilizing their targets, undermining peace agreements, and introducing self-reinforcing mechanisms into ongoing civil wars that increased their duration and intensity. Statistical support for the argument comes from bivariate correlation and multivariate probit of a matched sample of cases.
Covalent bonding of heme to protein prevents heme capture by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae

Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) are Gram-negative pathogens that contribute to a variety of diseases, including acute otitis media and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. As NTHi have an absolute requirement for heme during aerobic growth, these bacteria have to scavenge heme from their human hosts. These heme sources can range from free heme to heme bound to proteins, such as hemoglobin. To test the impact of heme structural factors on heme acquisition by NTHi, we prepared a series of heme sources that systematically vary in heme exposure and covalent binding of heme to peptide/protein and tested the ability of NTHi to use these sources to support growth. Results from this study suggest that NTHi can utilize protein-associated heme only if it is noncovalently attached to the protein.
Pearls of wisdom for chief academic nursing leaders.

Abstract There is a significant shortage of executive leadership in nursing academia with large numbers of deans have retired and many more are expected in the upcoming years (AACN, 2015). This has resulted in a steady upward trend of nursing schools reporting a change in deans over the past 5 years; many of the changes in academic nursing leadership involve deans who are new to the role. The role expectations of chief academic nursing leaders are very complex and for which few new leaders are completely prepared. This article describes the role and competencies of the chief academic nursing leader and presents “pearls” for success for new leaders assuming this role.
Archaeological Studies of Cooking and Food Preparation

Foodways have been a component of archaeological research for decades. However, cooking and food preparation, as specific acts that could reveal social information about life beyond the kitchen, only became a focus of archaeological inquiry more recently. A review of the literature on cooking and food preparation reveals a shift from previous studies on subsistence strategies, consumption, and feasting. The new research is different because of the social questions that are asked, the change in focus to preparation and production rather than consumption, and the interest in highlighting marginalized people and their daily experiences. The theoretical perspectives the literature addresses revolve around practice, agency, and gender. As a result, this new focus of archaeological research on cooking and preparing food is grounded in anthropology.
The importance of skin-to-skin contact for early initiation of breastfeeding in Nigeria and Bangladesh.

Background Skin-to-skin contact (SSC) between mother and newborn offers numerous protective effects, however it is an intervention that has been under-utilized. Our objectives are to understand which newborns in Bangladesh and Nigeria receive SSC and whether SSC is associated with the early initiation of breastfeeding. Methods Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data were used to study the characteristics of newborns receiving SSC for non-facility births in Nigeria (DHS 2013) and for both facility and non-facility births in Bangladesh (DHS 2014). Multivariable logistic regression was used to study the association between SSC and early initiation of breastfeeding after controlling for key socio-demographic, maternal and newborn-related factors. Results Only 10% of newborns in Nigeria and 26% of newborns in Bangladesh received SSC. In the regression models, SSC was significantly associated with the early initiation of breastfeeding in both countries (OR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.15-1.76 for Nigeria; OR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.04-1.55, for Bangladesh). Findings from the regression analysis for Bangladesh revealed that newborns born by Cesarean section had a 67% lower odds of early initiation of breastfeeding than those born by normal delivery (OR = 0.33, 95% CI 0.26-0.43). Also in Bangladesh newborns born in a health facility had a 30% lower odds of early initiation of breastfeeding than those born in non-facility environments (OR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.53-0.92). Early initiation of breastfeeding was significantly associated with parity, urban residence and wealth in Nigeria. Geographic area was significant in the regression analyses for both Bangladesh and Nigeria. Conclusions Coverage of SSC is very low in the two countries, despite its benefits for newborns without complications. SSC has the potential to save newborn lives. There is a need to prioritize training of health providers on the implementation of essential newborn care including SSC. Community engagement is also needed to ensure that all women and their families regardless of residence, socio-economic status, place or type of delivery, understand the benefits of SSC and early initiation of breastfeeding.
Cox-nnet: An artificial neural network method for prognosis prediction of high-throughput omics data

Artificial neural networks (ANN) are computing architectures with many interconnections of simple neural-inspired computing elements, and have been applied to biomedical fields such as imaging analysis and diagnosis. We have developed a new ANN framework called Cox-nnet to predict patient prognosis from high throughput transcriptomics data. In 10 TCGA RNA-Seq data sets, Cox-nnet achieves the same or better predictive accuracy compared to other methods, including Cox-proportional hazards regression (with LASSO, ridge, and mimimax concave penalty), Random Forests Survival and CoxBoost. Cox-nnet also reveals richer biological information, at both the pathway and gene levels. The outputs from the hidden layer node provide an alternative approach for survival-sensitive dimension reduction. In summary, we have developed a new method for accurate and efficient prognosis prediction on high throughput data, with functional biological insights. The source code is freely available at https://github.com/lanagarmire/cox-nnet.
Stigma and negative self-perceptions of young people living with human immunodeficiency virus in Bandung, Indonesia: a case series.

Background Young people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) (PLWA) are at risk for HIV stigma. Methods The HIV/AIDS Stigma Instrument for PLWA was administered to 36 young PLWA across six clinics in Bandung, Indonesia, to assess the fear of contagion (FC), verbal abuse (VA), social isolation (SI), workplace stigma (WS), health care neglect (HCN) and negative self-perception (NSP). Results The median scores for FC, VA, SI, WS and HCN were all 0 while the median score for NSP was 4. In the last 3 months approximately 45% of surveyed PLWA felt they did not deserve to live and 64% felt completely worthless. Conclusions While these results are preliminary, access to mental health services should be a priority in the clinics that provide antiretroviral therapies.
Using Genetic Algorithms to Improve the Performance of Classification Rules Produced by Symolic Inductive Methods

In this paper we present a novel way of combining symbolic inductive methods and genetic algorithms (GAs) applied to produce high-performance classification rules. The presented method consists of two phases. In the first one the algorithm induvtively learns a set of classification rules from noisy input examples. In the second phase the worst performing rule is optimized by GAs techniques. Experimental results are presented for twelve classes of noisy data obtained from textured images.
The Role of Context in Understanding the Contributions of Financial Aid to College Opportunity.

Background/ContextFinancial aid is a critical policy lever for increasing college access, choice, and attainment. Even with the substantial investment in financial aid programs, however, inadequate...
Mechanics and Control in Singular Physiological Complex Systems

Passivity and passive control research for singular systems has been effectively developed in [22, 6, 9, 20, 2, 14, 13, 3, 18, 19]. However, there are few references involving any applications of these passive theorems for singular systems to biological complex systems. Therefore, passivity and its associated control research for biological complex systems are of great interest.
Derivatives as Limits

This chapter discusses derivatives as limits. The derivative in one variable can be defined by a limit of functions, = f ′[ x ], rather than by using microscopes. This means that is approximately f ′[ x ] when Δ x is approximately zero. A limit approach can be done with or without referring to ideal infinitesimal numbers. Also, the graphs of the approximations tend to the graph of the derived function.
The use of automated data to identify complications and comorbidities of diabetes: a validation study.

Abstract We evaluated the accuracy of administrative data for identifying complications and comorbidities of diabetes using International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition, Clinical Modification and Current Procedural Terminology codes. The records of 471 randomly selected diabetic patients were reviewed for complications from January 1, 1993 to December 31, 1995; chart data served to validate automated data. The complications with the highest sensitivity determined by a diagnosis in the medical records identified within ±60 days of the database date were myocardial infarction (95.2%); amputation (94.4%); ischemic heart disease (90.3%); stroke (91.2%); osteomyelitis (79.2%); and retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, and vitrectomy (73.5%). With the exception of amputation (82.9%), positive predictive value was low when based on a diagnosis identified within ±60 days of the database date but increased with relaxation of the time constraints to include confirmation of the condition at any time during 1993–1995: ulcers (88.5%); amputation (85.4%); and retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage and vitrectomy (79.8%). Automated data are useful for ascertaining potential cases of some diabetic complications but require confirmatory evidence when they are to be used for research purposes.
Mechanically Similar Gel Simulants for Brain Tissues

Various gels have been used to evaluate the dynamic response of soft tissues. In dynamic experiments studying the brain response to impact loading, gel materials are used as surrogates in the exploration and calibration stages of the experimental research. Gels are simpler in handling and can be made in large quantities. In such experiments, it is clear that the dynamic mechanical behavior of the gels must be similar to that of the brain tissues they are representing. The objective of this study is to experimentally determine the mechanical properties of artificial gels over a wide range of strain rates, in addition to rheological analysis. The behaviors are then compared to that of the brain tissues under identical loading conditions to find candidate gel materials that respond to dynamic loading in a similar manner as the brain tissues. The gels investigated include Perma gel, collagen gel, and Agarose gel. Each type of the gels has multiple concentration levels. The results show that the mechanical properties of agarose gel with concentration of 0.4-0.6% are close to that of brain tissues.
Do Disproportionate Minority Contact (DMC) Mandate Reforms Change Decision-Making? Decomposing Disparities in the Juvenile Justice System:

To reduce disproportionate minority contact (DMC) in their juvenile justice systems, policy makers must alter decision-making processes through policy interventions. Effective DMC reforms should id...
Ruptures and continuities in Soviet/Russian cinema: styles, characters, and genres before and after the collapse of the USSR

This volume will be of great value to scholars and students of Soviet and Russian cinema and to all readers seeking to grasp the complexities of its evolution over the past 35 to 40 years. The norm...
Union, Premium Cost, and the Provision of Employment-based Health Insurance:

The decline of employment-based health plans is commonly attributed to rising premium costs. Using restricted data and a matched sample from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey–Insurance Component...
A numerical study on flow patterns inside an electrical submersible pump (ESP) and comparison with visualization experiments

Abstract This paper presents a numerical study of flow pattern recognition inside the rotating impeller of an electrical submersible pump (ESP) using the transient multiphase Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. The calculation domain is constructed based on the previous experimental facility for visualizing flow patterns in an ESP (Barrios (2007)). The high-quality structured mesh comprising hexahedral grids is generated using multi-block technique in ANSYS ICEM. For CFD simulations, the realizable k-e turbulence model with volume of fluid (VOF) and Eulerian-Eulerian multiphase models is successfully implemented in ANSYS Fluent solver. The sliding mesh technique is applied to interfaces where rotating and stationary parts interact. By incorporating the same boundary conditions as Barrios experimental study, three flow cases with constant gas flow rates and varying liquid flow rates are selected to conduct numerical simulations. The comparison of simulation results with Barrios’ observations shows that the Eulerian-Eulerian multiphase model is superior to VOF model for simulating gas-liquid two-phase flow in a rotating ESP. The single-phase simulation results match catalog curves, which validates the numerical methodology. For two-phase simulations, the simulated flow patterns using Eulerian-Eulerian model agree well with visualization experiments. Different flow patterns prevailing inside the rotating ESP impeller are captured. At low gas flow rate, bubbles are dispersed in liquid phase, and the flow pattern is categorized as dispersed bubble flow. As gas flow rate increases, bubbles can accumulate and coalesce, causing large gas-pocket formation leading to intermittent/slug flow. Transient multiphase CFD simulation is an efficient and reliable tool to predict flow patterns inside ESPs.
Functioning Pituitary Adenoma with Xanthogranulomatous Features: Review of Literature and Case Report.

Objectives We present a patient with a prolactin-secreting adenoma with extensive secondary, noninfectious, xanthogranulomatous changes due to remote intratumoral bleeding and provide a literature review of xanthogranulomas (XGs) of the sellar region with emphasis on prolactinomas with xanthogranulomatous features. Design Case report, with PubMed search of cases of sellar XG, focusing on neuroimaging and surgical approach. Results A 35-year-old male was found to have a large sellar/suprasellar calcified/cystic mass. Endoscopic transsphenoidal approach for extradural resection was performed and diagnosis made. Review generated 31 patients with the diagnosis of sellar XG. In a minority (6 patients), the underlying lesion for the XG was a pituitary adenoma. Headache was the most common presenting symptom and panhypopituitarism the most common endocrinological abnormality. Examples of hyperprolactinemia associated with sellar XG are also uncommon and due to stalk effect. Neuroimaging of XG on T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs) showed 18 cases (56.3%) were hyperintense, 1 case (3.13%) was isointense, 4 (12.5%) had mixed-signal intensity, and 2 (6.25%) were hypointense. On T2-weighted MRIs, five lesions (15.6%) were hyperintense, three (9.38%) were isointense, nine (28.1%) were heterogeneous, and nine (28.1%) were hypointense. Only one case (3.1%) had calcifications on computed tomography scan similar to ours. In 14 cases (43.7%), the lesions enhanced with contrast administration on MRI. Conclusion Prolactinomas with secondary xanthogranulomatous change represent a rare cause of XG of the sella. With no radiological or clinical signs specific for XG of the sellar region, preoperative diagnosis can be challenging, if not impossible.
Haptic Vision: Augmenting Non-visual Travel and Accessing Environmental Information at a Distance

Independent travel is essential to an individual’s ability to lead a healthy and successful life. For individuals who are blind and low vision, however, access to critical safety and way-finding information is limited to the objects within their immediate vicinity. Due to the versatility and information obtained through its use, the long white cane remains the most widely used method of non-visual travel. Non-visual travelers are able to use a cane to interrogate objects to obtain perceptual information allowing them to identify physical characteristics such as position, distance, texture, and slope, but only in close proximity. This work aims to augment current methods of non-visual travel to extend the distance at which a non-visual traveler can obtain information about their surroundings. We propose a relative mapping between the angular direction and distance of an object with respect to the orientation of the user, displayed using a two-dimensional matrix of haptic (vibrotactile) motors. A preliminary experiment revealed that blind and low vision subjects could identify objects and their angular direction and distance through the sense of touch.
Elucidating the relationship between states of water and ion transport properties in hydrated polymers

Abstract Ions transport properties in hydrated polymers is usually correlated with the amount of water assuming that all water contributes equally. Herein, we demonstrate that water in polymers exists in three states (non-freezable, intermediate, and free water), and the different states of water exert different impacts on polymer properties including glass transition temperature and ion sorption and diffusion. We synthesized four systematic series of polymer networks including neutral, zwitterionic, cation exchange, and anion exchange polymers. The amounts of water in different states in the hydrated polymers were determined using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and their dependence on the polymer composition is investigated. The glass transition temperature of the hydrated polymers is satisfactorily correlated with the non-freezable water using the Gordon-Taylor equation. The salt solubility is correlated with the combined free and intermediate water, and the salt diffusivity is satisfactorily correlated with the total water using the modified Yasuda model.
Field-to-farm gate greenhouse gas emissions from corn stover production in the Midwestern U.S.

Abstract Measured field data were used to compare two allocation methods on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions from corn (Zea mays L.) stover production in the Midwest U.S. We used publicly-available crop yield, nitrogen fertilizer, and direct soil nitrous oxide emissions data from the USDA-ARS Resilient Economic Agricultural Practices research program. Field data were aggregated from 9 locations across 26 site-years for 3 stover harvest rates (no removal; moderate removal – 3.1 Mg ha−1; high removal – 7.2 Mg ha−1) and 2 tillage practices (conventional; reduced/no-till). Net carbon uptake by crops was computed from measured plant carbon content. Monte Carlo simulations sampled input distributions to assess variability in farm-to-gate GHG emissions. The base analysis assumed no change in soil organic carbon stocks. In all cases, net CO2 uptake during crop growth and soil-respired CO2 dominated system emissions. Emissions were most sensitive to co-product accounting method, with system expansion emissions ∼15% lower than mass allocation. Regardless of accounting method, lowest emissions occurred for a moderate removal rate under reduced/no-till management. The absence of correlations between N fertilization rate and stover removal rate or soil N2O emissions in this study challenges the use of such assumptions typically employed in life cycle assessments Storage of all carbon retained on the field as SOC could reduce emissions by an additional 15%. Our results highlight how variability in GHG emissions due to location and weather can overshadow the impact of farm management practices on field-to-farm gate emissions.
Understanding the Medication List and Addressing Polypharmacy in Older Adults

Polypharmacy is a common issue when caring for older adults. Albeit clinically justified for some patients, it is critical that the interprofessional team constantly reevaluates the patient’s medication list to minimize negative consequences such as adverse drug events or prescribing cascade. There are many reasons polypharmacy occurs, but it is the role of every healthcare professional to try to address it, especially the pharmacist. Pharmacists can play a key role in educating older adults and their care team about medication-related problems such as drug interactions and potential side effects.
Association Between the Anti-Aging Gene Klotho and Selected Rheumatologic Autoimmune Diseases.

Klotho long recognized for its role in anti-aging, is potentially implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis. Aging of the immune system coincides with the inability of the body to recognize self-antigens, which often leads to autoimmune responses. The role of Klotho in these autoimmune diseases should be of high interest; however, few articles have been published exploring the role of Klotho in the pathogenesis, organ involvement, or clinical manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis. Herein, we discuss information gathered from peer-reviewed publications to describe the emerging role of Kl in these select rheumatologic autoimmune diseases.
A ten-year, single institution experience with percutaneous nephrostomy during pregnancy

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the safety and efficacy of percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) in pregnancy. Materials and methods PCN tubes were placed during 52 pregnancies in 49 patients from 2008 to 2018. The medical records during pregnancies were retrospectively reviewed for imaging findings, procedural parameters, outcomes of delivery, and complications. Results The mean gestational age on percutaneous nephrostomy placement was 27 weeks (range, 8–36 weeks). PCN catheters were placed for the following indications: 1) flank or lower abdominal pain (42%), 2) obstructing calculi (37%), 3) pyelonephritis (20%), and 4) obstructing endometrioma (2%). Prior to PCN, retrograde ureteric stenting was performed in 17 of 49 patients (34%) and attempted but failed in 4 patients (8%). Nephrostomy drainage relieved pain completely or significantly in all 12 patients without prior ureteral stenting, but in only 4 of 10 with retrograde ureteric stents. In one patient in whom the ureteral stent had been removed, PCN relieved her flank pain. The mean number of PCN catheter exchanges was 1.6, ranging from 0 to 9, with a mean time interval of 21.3 days between exchanges. There were 29 difficult exchanges due to encrustation in 15 patients with a mean of 20.5 days between exchanges. Conclusions PCN drainage is a safe and effective treatment for managing symptomatic hydronephrosis in pregnant patients but is less effective in treating pain when retrograde ureteral stents are in place. Rapid encrustation, seen more commonly in pregnancy, tends to recur in the same patients and requires more frequent exchanges than the general population.
Predictors for Postoperative Chyle Leak Following Neck Dissection, a Technique-Based Comparison.

ObjectiveAssess the impact of surgical technique used to address level IV on the rate of postoperative chyle leak.Study DesignRetrospective chart review.SettingAcademic tertiary care center.Methods...
Technology Intelligence Map: Fast Charging for Electric Vehicles

As part of technological forecasting the electrical vehicle (EV) ecosystem, there are specific technologies that need to be developed to reach the desirable extreme fast charging technology (XFC) to propel commercial use and passenger markets. There are economic, environmental, and industry efficiencies of EV charging station technologies necessary for success. From what was gathered during the research, results have shown that XFC stations will be able to recharge battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in less than 10 min and provide roughly 200 miles of driving time. Data collected do support and identify the critical component technologies for the enablement and widespread adoption of XFC technology and infrastructure, to evaluate current and projected progress of critical component technologies, and to detect the potential gating technologies and recommend areas that will most benefit from accelerated development. The authors of this chapter used an evaluative bibliometric approach and literature review to gather data sets and industry findings to lead their results. The data sets are represented in four S-curves elaborated using the Pearl method. The authors’ goal is to identify which technology of the EV charging ecosystem component engineering, specifically XFC batteries to forecast the evolution of this new technology.
A Thin-Film Piezo-Silicon Acoustoelectric Isolator with More than 30 dB Non-Reciprocal Transmission

Bulk acoustic wave (BAW) thin-film lithium niobate (LN)-silicon (Si) delay lines are presented that offer more than 30 dB of non-reciprocal transmission ratio enabled by the acoustoelectric (AE) effect. In this scheme, the interaction of drifting electrons and acoustic phonons turns the microacoustic waveguide into a strong isolator. By tailoring a heterostructure stack of LN and Si, up to ~22 dB of AE gain (160 μW) is measured at only ~4 mW of DC bias power, yielding an unprecedented high power-added efficiency of 4%. This is realized within a 4.3% fractional bandwidth and a spurious-free span of 400 MHz centered around 700 MHz. Furthermore, thermal analysis and measurement results support device operation under large and continuous bias, mostly due to the high thermal conductivity of Si. The increasing demand for nonreciprocal RF components such as isolators and circulators in rapidly growing areas, namely, 5G communications and quantum computing could render this platform a potentially suitable candidate for further investigations.
Temporal Buffer Zones: The Constitutional Case for Regulating Political Speech Immediately Prior to Elections

The First Amendment forbids most limits on political speech, but it permits buffer zones around polling stations on Election Day. This exception to the deregulatory thrust of election speech doctrine is strikingly under-theorized. In what follows, we excavate the values that underpin the buffer zone exception—voter confusion and electoral integrity—and we argue that, properly understood, the same values would justify the use of temporal buffer zones: stricter-than-normal regulations on certain types of political speech in the immediate vicinity of an election. Voting, we suggest, is an act different in kind from the deliberation that precedes it. Accordingly, governmental efforts to ensure the sanctity of voting can satisfy exacting First Amendment scrutiny in manner that similar efforts to quell or influence expression throughout the campaign process cannot. For all the case law (and scholarship) arguing that campaigning should be insulated from legal control, there is an under-appreciated interest in subjecting voting—as distinct from campaigning—to legal controls that help to guarantee its solemnity. Physical buffer zones are paradigmatic. Temporal buffer zones are a natural extension.
Moving target following based on visual reference system

With the continuous development of the computer vision field, visual positioning technology has become a new stable positioning technology. The visual positioning based on artificial landmark recognition has high recognition rate and high robustness, and AprilTag is one of the representatives. We use a distributed control system, take advantage of the characteristics of strong scalability, equipped with a micro processor, OpenMV, WiFi expansion board, etc., real-time acquisition of images and use of homograph transformation to process the images, can achieve precise positioning, in the mobile client Real-time transmission of images, and use of PD algorithm to control the servo system, can respond quickly. After testing, under the condition of normal light, under comprehensive consideration, it is most appropriate to set the distance between the system and the target as 0.8 m.
A near miss: subclinical saddle pulmonary embolism diagnosed by handheld ultrasound.

Introduction Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a life-threatening condition characterized by occlusive disease of the pulmonary vasculature. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) of right ventricular strain patterns have high specificity and low sensitivity for diagnosis. Here, we describe a patient with a saddle PE and low pre-test probability who was diagnosed primarily by handheld POCUS. Case report An 80-year old female was admitted to the intensive care unit with hypotension and lactic acidosis. She also had mild leukocytosis and troponinemia. No other clinical or metabolic abnormalities were present. After transfer to the floor, handheld POCUS demonstrated D-sign and McConnell's sign. Computed tomography angiography showed a saddle PE involving both main pulmonary arteries. The patient was immediately initiated on anticoagulation without further complications. Conclusion Handheld POCUS is inexpensive, carries a low risk of harm and is an invaluable extension of the physical exam when interpreted in the appropriate context.
Nondisclosure Agreements and Sexual Harassment: #MeToo and the Change in American Law of Hush Contracts

In late 2017, the #MeToo moment began as one woman after another breached a contract requiring her to remain silent about sexual harassment, assault, or rape. The news reports began in October 2017, when numerous women said that Hollywood mogul Harvey Weinstein had sexually harassed, assaulted, or raped them over the course of many years. As women began speaking out about experiencing harassment, assault, and rape in entertainment, journalism, politics, sports, and business, it became clear that many were victims of serial predators and their experiences followed a pattern. It also became clear that contractual settlements of harassment that required victims to keep silent were a part of the problem.
Learning from the path not taken: Sensory prediction errors are sufficient for implicit adaptation of withheld movements

Current theories of motor control emphasize forward models as a critical component of the brain9s motor execution and learning networks. These internal models are thought to predict the consequences of movement before sensory feedback from these movements can reach the brain, allowing for smooth, continuous online motor performance and for the computation of prediction errors that drive implicit motor learning. Taking this framework to its logical extreme, we tested the hypothesis that movements are not necessary for the generation of predictions, the computation of prediction errors, and implicit motor adaptation. Human participants were cued to move a computer mouse to a visually displayed target and were subsequently cued to withhold those movements on a subset of trials. Visual errors displayed on both trials with and without movements to the target induced single-trial learning. Furthermore, learning on trials without movements persisted when accompanying movement trials were never paired with errors and when movement and sensory feedback trajectories were decoupled. These data provide compelling evidence supporting an internal model framework in which forward models generate sensory predictions independent of the generation of movements.
Endothelial Stromal PD-L1 (Programmed Death Ligand 1) Modulates CD8+ T-Cell Infiltration After Heart Transplantation

Background: The role of checkpoint axes in transplantation has been partially addressed in animal models but not in humans. Occurrence of fulminant myocarditis with allorejection-like immunologic f...
Censorship in the Semi-Private Domain: A Theory of Cross-Domain Variation and Evidence from WeChat

Previous work addressing China’s censorship regime has primarily focused on public information from social media sites and not information shared more intimately. This article focuses on semi-priva...