cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Induction of sister chromatid exchanges at common fragile sites

Experiments were performed to gain further insight into chromosome structure and behavior at common fragile sites by testing the hypothesis that gaps at these sites predispose to intrachromosomal recombination as measured by sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs). Human lymphocytes were concurrently treated with aphidicolin, for determination of fragile site expression, and with 5-bromodeoxy-uridine, for SCE analysis. Aphidicolin induced chromosome gaps nonrandomly, with the great majority of gaps occurring at common fragile sites. On average, 66% of gaps were accompanied by an SCE at the site of the lesion. Analysis of two specific common fragile sites at 3p14 and 16q23 showed the same pattern; that is, on average 70% of gaps at these sites were accompanied by an SCE. These results show that common fragile sites are hot spots not only for chromosomal lesions such as gaps but also for SCE formation.
Ionization in Time-Dependent Processes: Proton-Hydrogen Collisions

Measurements of the electron energy and angular distributions of emitted electrons are a widely-used probe of atomic dynamics. The COLd-Target-Recoil-Ion-Mass-Spectrometry (COLTRIMS) imaging technique has been used to obtain energy and angular distributions of electrons ejected from atoms in a variety of atomic processes1. Distributions of electrons produced by slow ion-atom collisions are of particular interest since there is as yet no consensus as to the physical mechanisms that transfer energy from heavy, charged ions with velocity v to electrons. The main difference between electron spectra at low and high-energy is a small contribution or absence of the binary encounter peak in the spectra at low-energy.
Childrearing Stages and Work-Family Conflict: The Role of Job Demands and Resources.

Objective We examine the role of job characteristics in influencing variation in mothers' work-family conflict by childrearing stage. Background Although researchers generally contend that having younger children is related to greater work-family conflict, examination of this association is limited. Method Using data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (N = 774), we conduct fixed effects models to examine variations in mothers' job characteristics across four waves when their children are 6 months old, 15 months old, third graders, and fifth graders and their links to variations in mothers' work-to-family conflict and family-to-work conflict across the same waves. Results Mothers work fewer hours, but perceive more job pressure, fewer career opportunities, and less supervisor support when children are younger. Because of the countervailing patterns of variations by childrearing stage between work hours and job pressure, there is little difference in mothers' work-to-family conflict across the four waves. Mothers report more family-to-work conflict when children are younger, but this difference by childrearing stage disappears when perceived job pressure is controlled for. Conclusion Life course dynamics of job demands and resources may shape variation in work-family conflict by childrearing stage. Implications Workplace policies designed to reduce job pressure while not eliminating career opportunities would be helpful for mothers with young children to adjust to the stressfulness of balancing work and childrearing demands.
Variable stem-final fricative voicing in American English plurals: Different pa[ð ~ θ]s of change

This paper investigates analogical leveling in a small set of English nouns that have irregular plural forms. In these nouns, all of which end in a voiceless fricative, the fricative standardly voices in the plural (e.g., wolf–wol[v]es, path–pa[ð]s, house–hou[z]es). Using audio data from three large spoken corpora of American English, I demonstrate that this stem-final fricative voicing is variable and conditioned by a number of factors, most notably the identity of the stem-final fricative—with /f/-final lexemes (e.g., wolf), /θ/-final lexemes (e.g., path), and the /s/-final lexeme house all patterning differently in apparent time—and the frequency of a lexeme in its plural form. I argue that the way these two factors affect the variation is reminiscent of the patterns seen in children's first language acquisition errors, providing a potential source for the variation and underscoring the importance of considering morphophonological factors when accounting for patterns of change.
Hazardous Air Pollutants and Adverse Birth Outcomes in Portland, OR

Background:The impact of multiple hazardous air pollutant (HAP) exposures during pregnancy on adverse birth outcomes is unknown. We examined associations between cumulative and individual HAP exposures and adverse birth outcomes in Portland, OR, a region that has exceeded HAP air quality guidelines
Complications of the Occult Spinal Dysraphisms

Patients with occult spinal dysraphisms may develop a variety of different complications as a result of the primary spine anomaly. These secondary complications are diverse and frequently require a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals including orthopedic surgeons, urologists, and neurologists, neurosurgeons, physiatrists, therapists, and others in order to achieve the best possible outcomes for affected patients. In this chapter, we outline the most common secondary complications of dysraphisms and describe the presentation and treatment strategy for these conditions.
Machine Learning for Detection of Competing Wearout Mechanisms

Because data from a variety of wearout mechanisms is confounded in circuits, we apply machine learning techniques to detect the parameters of competing failure mechanisms in ring oscillators, which more closely mimic circuit behavior than test structures. This is the first known application using data analysis to distinguish competing wearout mechanisms in circuit-level data. To quickly and efficiently analyze failure data, we propose to use maximum likelihood estimation to separately determine the parameters of each underlying distribution by only observing the time-to-failure of samples. The quasi-Newton method is used to update and optimize the parameter extraction.
Modeling of a Modern Aircraft Through Calibration Techniques

NASA is seeking a new baseline aircraft model to assess the state-of-the-art technology for aircraft noise, emissions, and fuel/energy consumption as an update to a 2005 baseline. The process of modeling engine and airframe models as a system has historically required many iterations at NASA between the airframe and engine models. A new internal process presented in this paper contains a method that simultaneously calibrates an airframe and engine model to known data to create an aircraft system model. The work presented in this paper proposes a new framework in creating new aircraft models for future NASA research. This approach is presented as a general outline applicable to any chosen commercial aircraft. As an applied example, the B737 MAX 8 aircraft is chosen as the integrated engine and airframe model subjected to calibration. Initial results show a close match to available data but further refinement in the process is necessary for this ongoing work.
Impact of Psychiatric Comorbidities on Health Care Costs Among Patients With Cancer

Background Psychiatric disorders are common in cancer patients and impact outcomes. Impact on cancer care cost needs study to develop business case for psychosocial interventions. Objective To evaluate the impact of preexisting psychiatric comorbidities on total cost of care during 6 months after cancer diagnosis. Methods This retrospective cohort study examined patients diagnosed with cancer between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2014, at one National Cancer Institute–designated cancer center. Patients who received all cancer treatment at the study site (6598 of 11,035 patients) were included. Patients were divided into 2 groups, with or without psychiatric comorbidity, based on International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) diagnosis codes. Total costs of care during the first 6 months of treatment were based on standardized costs adjusted to 2014 dollars, determined by assigning Medicare reimbursement rates to professional billed services and applying appropriate cost-to-charge ratios. Quantile regression models with covariate adjustments were developed to assess the effect of psychiatric comorbidity across the distribution of costs. Results Six hundred ninety-eight (10.6%) of 6598 eligible patients had at least one psychiatric comorbidity. These patients had more nonpsychiatric Elixhauser comorbidities (mean 4 vs. 3). Unadjusted total cancer care costs were higher for patients with psychiatric comorbidity (mean [standard deviation]: $51,798 [$74,549] vs. $32,186 [$45,240]; median [quartiles]: $23,871 [$10,705–$57,338] vs. $19,073 [$8120–$38,230]). Quantile regression models demonstrated that psychiatric comorbidity had significant incremental effects at higher levels of cost: 75th percentile $8629 (95% confidence interval: $3617–13,642) and 90th percentile $42,586 (95% confidence interval: $25,843–59,330). Conclusions Psychiatric comorbidities are associated with increased total cancer costs, especially in patients with very high cancer care costs, representing an opportunity to develop mitigation strategies.
Ultrafast optical switching of femtosecond 1550 nm pulses in silicon modulators (Conference Presentation)

A key challenge to widespread implementation of silicon photonics is achieving optical switching at ultrafast speed and ultralow power using on-chip silicon modulators. Here we report experiments demonstrating that the ultrafast photo-induced phase transition in VO2 can be harnessed for all-optical in the telecommunications band when small VO2 volumes are integrated within a silicon waveguide. "On"-to-"off" switching speeds in this in-line modulator are less than 1 ps, thus consistent with Tbps speeds, and switching energies near threshold are less than 500 fJ for modulation depths near 6 dB. Early results showing significant reductions in switching energies in hybrid VO2:Si ring resonators will also be presented.
The Development of a Brief Version of the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI-3) in Older Adult Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.

The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) is an insomnia self-report measure used to identify individuals at risk for insomnia disorder. Although the full ISI is only seven questions, a briefer version wou...
Correlative study of disease activity in Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

e19540Background: Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is an inflammatory myeloid neoplasia that primarily affects younger children, most often involving bone, skin, lung, lymph nodes, or liver. Cur...
Economic Analysis of Li-Ion Battery Energy Storage System

Battery energy storage systems (BESS) serve as vital elements in deploying renewable energy sources into electrical grids in addition to enhancing the transient dynamics of those power grids. An issue facing operators of BESSs and those interested in investing in them are the empirical constraints of BESSs’ economic practicality. Considering the static and dynamic expenses of implementing, operating, and maintaining a BESS, optimal operation is a pivotal constituent. Optimizing the operation of BESS would aid in maximizing the profit margin of operators, maximizing the lifespan of BESS, and ushering in the integration of these systems into power grids. This paper details an application program that analyzes a grid connected BESS in common situations an operator may encounter and outputs the optimal action to be conducted. The provided results of this application program stem from actual Local Marginal Prices, load data, and generation data gathered from Southwest Powerpool and Texas Tech University’s wind turbines. Through the use of this application program, operators can capitalize on the economic practicality of BESS while maximizing these systems’ lifespans.
The Psychology of Leisure: 1975.

The 1975 American Psychological Association meetings included the second symposium on leisure, indicating continued interest in this area among psychologists. This paper discusses some recent contr...
Abstract 1237: Biological effects of a FRα-targeting antibody-drug conjugate, IMGN853 (mirvetuximab soravtansine) in high-grade serous ovarian cancer

Objective: Autophagic cell death is an important mechanism induced by blocking folate receptor (FRα) in inhibiting tumor growth. Here, our objective is to examine the biological effects of IMGN853 (mirvetuximab soravtansine) in preclinical models of ovarian cancer and to identify potential combination therapies. Methods: In vitro, immunoblotting, assays for cell viability, proliferation and cell cycle by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) were performed in an array of high grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) cell lines. Autophagy flux and activities of autophagy factors were also determined. In vivo, metastasis mouse models were used for testing the therapeutic efficacy of IMGN853 monotherapy or in combination with olaparib or cisplatin. Potential synergy with these drugs was assessed using in vitro assays. The resulting tumors were subjected to immunohistochemistry and reverse phase protein arrays (RPPA). Results: Data from the Cancer Genome Atlas Data (TCGA) revealed that FRα copy-number alterations was significantly correlated with shorter disease-free survival in patients with HGSC. Autophagy marker LC3 was upregulated following monotherapy with IMGN853 as well as in combination of IMGN853 with olaparib or cisplatin in HGSC cell lines such as OVCA8 and OVCA432, which express high-level of FRα. Experiments using metastatic HGSC models showed that IMGN853 monotherapy reduced tumor growth (30% change); the combination of IMGN853 and olaparib was superior to olaparib monotherapy (24% change; p 0.0033). Integrated analysis on RPPA revealed increased expression of ABL1 and PEA15 in the groups treated with IMGN853 monotherapy or in combination with olaparib. We further found reduced FRα expression and increased caspase 3 expression in IMGN853 groups compared with control. Conclusion: Our results point to sustained autophagy in FRα positive cells as a mechanism of effect of IMGN853. These findings could have implications for clinical development of anti-FRα therapies, especially in combination with other drugs such as olaparib. Citation Format: Anca Chelariu-Raicu, Elaine Stur, Cristina Ivan, Robert L. Coleman, Anil K. Sood, Wen Yunfei. Biological effects of a FRα-targeting antibody-drug conjugate, IMGN853 (mirvetuximab soravtansine) in high-grade serous ovarian cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 1237.
Trends in Cardiovascular Mortality Among a Cohort of Children and Young Adults Starting Dialysis in 1995 to 2015.

Importance Survival of patients receiving dialysis has improved during the last 2 decades. However, few studies have examined temporal trends in the attributed causes of death (especially cardiovascular-related) in young populations. Objective To determine temporal trends and risk of cause-specific mortality (ie, cardiovascular and infectious) for children and young adults receiving dialysis. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study examined the records of children and young adults (aged Exposures Calendar year. Main Outcomes and Measures Cardiovascular cause-specific mortality. Results A total of 80 189 individuals (median [interquartile range] age, 24 [19-28] years; 36 259 [45.2%] female, 29 508 [36.8%] Black, and 15 516 [19.3%] Hispanic white) started dialysis and 16 179 experienced death during a median (interquartile range) of 14.3 (14.0-14.7) years of follow-up. Overall, 40.2% of deaths were from cardiovascular-related causes (6505 of 16 179 patients). In adjusted analysis, risk of cardiovascular-related death was stable initially but became statistically significantly lower after 2006 (vs 1995) in those starting dialysis as either children (subhazard ratio [SHR], 0.74; 95% CI, 0.55-1.00) or adults (SHR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.83-0.98). Risk of sudden cardiac death improved steadily for all age groups, but to a greater degree in children (SHR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.20-0.47) vs young adults (SHR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.56-0.73) comparing 2015 vs 1995. Risk of stroke became statistically significantly lower around 2010 (vs 1995) for children (SHR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.18-0.88) and young adults (SHR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.59-0.99). Conclusions and Relevance In this study, the risk of cardiovascular-related death declined for children and young adults starting dialysis during the last 2 decades, but trends differed depending on age at dialysis initiation and the specific cause of death. Additional studies are needed to improve risk of cardiovascular disease in young populations.
Genomic stability at the coding regions of the multidrug transporter gene ABCB1: insights into the development of alternative drug resistance mechanisms in human leukemia cells.

Aim Despite considerable efforts to reverse clinical multidrug resistance (MDR), targeting the predominant multidrug transporter ABCB1/P-glycoprotein (P-gp) using small molecule inhibitors has been unsuccessful, possibly due to the emergence of alternative drug resistance mechanisms. However, the non-specific P-gp inhibitor cyclosporine (CsA) showed significant clinical benefits in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which likely represents the only proof-of-principle clinical trial using several generations of MDR inhibitors. Nevertheless, the mutational mechanisms that may underlie unsuccessful MDR modulation by CsA are not elucidated because of the absence of CsA-relevant cellular models. In this study, our aims were to establish CsA-resistant leukemia models and to examine the presence or absence of ABCB1 exonic mutations in these models as well as in diverse types of human cancer samples including AMLs. Methods Drug-resistant lines were established by stepwise drug co-selection and characterized by drug sensitivity assay, rhodamine-123 accumulation, [3H]-labeled drug export, ABCB1 cDNA sequencing, and RNase protection assay. The genomic stability of the ABCB1 coding regions was evaluated by exome sequencing analysis of variant allele frequencies in human populations. Moreover, the mutational spectrum of ABCB1 was further assessed in diverse types of cancer samples including AMLs in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) at the National Cancer Institute. Results We report the development of two erythroleukemia variants, RVC and RDC, which were derived by stepwise co-selection of K562/R7 drug-resistant leukemia cells with the etoposide-CsA and doxorubicin-CsA drug combinations, respectively. Interestingly, both RVC and RDC cell lines, which retained P-gp expression, showed altered multidrug-resistant phenotypes that were resistant to CsA modulation. Strikingly, no mutations were found in the ABCB1 coding regions in these variant cells even under long-term stringent drug selection. Genomically, ABCB1 displayed relatively low variant allele frequencies in human populations when compared with several ABC superfamily members. Moreover, ABCB1 also exhibited a very low mutational frequency in AMLs compared with all types of human cancer. In addition, we found that CsA played a role in undermining the selection of highly drug-resistant cells via induction of low-level and unstable drug resistance. Conclusion Our data indicate that ABCB1 coding regions are genomically stable and relatively resistant to drug-induced mutations. Non-ABCB1 mutational mechanisms are responsible for the drug-resistant phenotypes in both RVC and RDC cell lines, which are also prevalent in clinical AML patients. Accordingly, we propose several relevant models that account for the development of alternative drug resistance mechanisms in the absence of ABCB1 mutations.
Unspecified verticality of Franck─Condon transitions, absorption and emission spectra of cyanine dyes, and a classically inspired approximation

The computed vertical energy, Ev,a/f, from the equilibrium geometry of the initial electronic state is frequently considered as representative of the experimental excitation/emission energy, Eabs/fl = hc/λmax. Application of the quantum mechanical version of the Franck–Condon principle does not involve precise specification of nuclear positions before, after, or during an electronic transition. Moreover, the duration of an electronic transition is not experimentally accessible in spectra with resolved vibrational structure. It is shown that computed vibronic spectra based on TDDFT methods and application of quantum mechanical FC analysis predict Eabs = hc/λmax with a 10-fold improvement in accuracy compared to Ev,a for nine cyanine dyes. It is argued that part of the reason for accuracy when this FC analysis is compared to experiment as opposed to Ev,a/f is the unspecified verticality of transitions in the context of the quantum version of the FC principle. Classical FC transitions that preserve nuclear kinetic energy before and after an electronic transition were previously found to occur at a weighted average of final and initial electronic state molecular geometries known as the r-centroid. Inspired by this approach a qualitative method using computed vertical and adiabatic energies and the harmonic approximation is developed and applied yielding a 5-fold improvement in accuracy compared to Ev,a. This improvement results from the dominance of low frequency vibronic transitions in the cyanine dye major band. The model gives insight into the nature of the redshift when qPCR dye EvaGreen is complexed to λDNA and is applicable to the low frequency band of similar non cyanine dyes such as curcumin. It is found that the computed vibronic cyanine dye spectra from time-dependent FC analysis at 0 K and 298 K show decreased intensity at higher temperature suggestive of increased intensity with restricted motion shown when cyanine dyes are used in biomedical imaging. A 2-layer ONIOM model of the DNA minor groove indicates restricted motion of the TC-1 dye excited state in this setting indicative of enhanced fluorescence.
Selection of patients for large mailed fecal immunochemical test colorectal cancer screening outreach programs: A systematic review:

ObjectiveDigital health care offers an opportunity to scale and personalize cancer screening programs, such as mailed outreach for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. However, studies that describe ...
Reported incidence and treatment modalities of giant cerebral aneurysms in the pediatric population: A systematic review and illustrative case report.

Abstract Giant intracranial aneurysms represent a complex pathology that pose challenges for management, especially in the pediatric population. With emerging endovascular techniques, combined endovascular and open surgical approaches may be a favorable alternative for complex cases. In this systematic review, we characterize the treatment modalities of giant aneurysms in the pediatric population and provide an update on the number of giant aneurysms reported in the literature by anatomic location. We conducted a literature search of PubMed, Embase, and Medline databases with the following terms: ‘pediatric’ AND ‘giant’ AND ‘intracranial aneurysm.’ Studies were included if data on treatment modality and aneurysm location were available for pediatric patients with giant intracranial aneurysms. The literature search yielded a total of 188 papers, with 82 pediatric patients from 33 articles ultimately meeting inclusion criteria. There were significantly more male than female patients (p = 0.011), with 52 and 29 respectively. Patients presenting with a ruptured aneurysm were significantly younger than patients presenting without rupture (p = 0.018), with a median age of 8.0 and 12.0 years, respectively. There were 45 giant aneurysms reported in the anterior circulation and 37 in the posterior circulation. Anterior aneurysms were most often treated with surgical approaches, while posterior aneurysms were typically treated with endovascular interventions (p = 0.002). Although combined surgical and endovascular approaches were the least frequently utilized, we suggest a combined approach may be particularly useful for patients with complex cases that require a management plan tailored to their needs.
An Examination of the Influence of Financial Interventions on Household Decision-Making in the U.S. Housing Market

This paper investigates the impact of what the extant literature has come to view as some of the major causes of the 2007 US housing market crisis. In particular we investigate the hypothesized effect of, lax financial regulations, the “savings glut” that is invested in the US from abroad, government support for increased home ownership, rising homeowners’ equity due to the real-estate boom, expansionary monetary policy, and bankruptcy reform. We examine how these hypothesized causes, working through household and institutional level decision-making, based on information availability and incentives, influenced the outcomes in the market for homes. Using a system dynamics model of household finance, we overlay the hypothesized causes chronologically to extrapolate their real-world simultaneous impact and test the hypothesis that they could have together led to the crisis, by simulating and checking against observed data. We find that with the exception of lax financial regulations, each cause by itself provides only a partial explanation of the crisis. Interestingly, the controversial expansionary monetary policy of the Federal Reserve, blamed by some for fueling the crisis, actually prevents the housing market boom from becoming too large. However on the downside, it discourages household savings and causes the fall in home prices to be deeper, due to weak household finances that result from low savings. We confront our model’s assumptions and outcomes with US economic data. We find our model assumptions are justified and simulation results are strongly supported by the data.
Early Modern Herbals and the Book Trade: English Stationers and the Commodification of Botany

Between 1525 and 1640, a remarkable phenomenon occurred in the world of print: England saw the production of more than two dozen editions identified by their imprints or by contemporaries as 'herbals'. Sarah Neville explains how this genre grew from a series of tiny anonymous octavos to authoritative folio tomes with thousands of woodcuts, and how these curious works quickly became valuable commodities within a competitive print marketplace. Designed to serve readers across the social spectrum, these rich material artifacts represented both a profitable investment for publishers and an opportunity for authors to establish their credibility as botanists. Highlighting the shifting contingencies and regulations surrounding herbals and English printing during the sixteenth and early seventeenth century, the book argues that the construction of scientific authority in Renaissance England was inextricably tied up with the circumstances governing print. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core at doi.org/10.1017/9781009031615.
Controlling for hydrologic connectivity to assess the importance of catchment- and reach-scale factors on macroinvertebrate community structure

Understanding landscape influences on stream ecosystems is a challenging task due to the spatial complexity and connectedness of stream networks. Here, we control for longitudinal connectivity to provide a robust test of the relative importance of reach- and catchment-scale factors in determining macroinvertebrate community structure in southwestern Pennsylvania streams. We determined that sites separated by ≤510 m along the stream network had significantly correlated macroinvertebrate community scores. After controlling for this spatial autocorrelation, a partial least squares regression identified two factors that together accounted for 32% of the variation in community scores. In this model, two reach-scale factors—habitat assessment score and stream pH—were the most important factors for predicting a stream’s macroinvertebrate community score. However, landscape diversity was also important. Landscape diversity is a catchment-scale factor that was highly correlated with percent pasture/hay and measures of habitat fragmentation. Our results provide support for the idea that stream communities in undisturbed areas are heavily influenced by reach-scale characteristics. Furthermore, our results indicate that Pennsylvania natural resource managers should consider habitat score and stream pH after accounting for spatial autocorrelation when identifying restoration targets for impacted streams.
Thermal analysis and adiabatic calorimetry for early-age concrete members

In this study, a finite element model was developed to perform the stress analysis on early-age concrete members to predict the thermally induced stresses and the associated cracking risk. FORTRAN subroutines were created for ABAQUS finite element program to enable solution-dependent material properties in the thermal stress calculation. Young’s modulus development, strength development, tensile creep, and compressive creep behaviors at early age were experimentally obtained, and these material properties were incorporated in the subroutines. Two 1.2-m concrete cubes were constructed with embedded temperature sensors and vibrating wire strain gages to verify the simulation results. Results showed that the calculated temperature and strain values correlated well with the measured field data. Additionally, visual cracks were confirmed at the predicted locations on the concrete cube. It is concluded that the method developed in this study is capable of determining the thermally induced stresses of early-age concrete members.
Arterial deformation with renal artery aneurysm as a basis for secondary hypertension

The goal of this work is to better understand the association between renal artery aneurysms and secondary hypertension through modeling the blood flow and the mechanics of diseased arteries. A large number of patients with renal artery aneurysms exhibit hypertension. Following surgical intervention, some patients experience improvement in their hypertension while others do not. This indicates that for some patients, the aneurysm is directly related to their hypertension, possibly through a hemodynamic effect on hormonal blood pressure control. In previous work, we proposed a possible mechanism for this--that high pressure inside an aneurysm may cause the arterial wall to deform and constrict the artery, creating a "pseudostenosis". Here, we use fluid structure interaction simulations to investigate the deformation of the renal artery in the presence of an aneurysm. Aneurysms on the superior surface and at the main bifurcation of the artery have been modeled, and the effect of changes in mechanical properties and geometry were investigated. For some cases, it was found that an aneurysm could cause flow distortions that led to higher than normal pressure losses without significant vessel wall deformation. For other cases, conditions were determined that induced movement of the arterial wall with constriction of the underlying artery. The maximum occlusion observed was 54% for a symmetric aneurysm at the main bifurcation with a severely weakened wall with a Young's modulus of 1 × 10(3) Pa.
Integrin receptors of phagocytes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of integrin receptors in myeloid cell function with emphasis on host-pathogen interactions. A unique feature of leukocyte integrins is that, despite expression at the membrane, they exhibit little ligand affinity on circulating cells. Teleologically, this is a necessary property for leukocyte adhesion molecules; otherwise, some leukocyte integrins would be continually occupied by ligands such as fibronectin and vitronectin, which circulate with cells in the blood. Other integrins might mediate adhesion and transendothelial migration at inappropriate sites in the body. As integrins represent a signaling system by which phagocytes move out of the bloodstream and into sites of inflammation, receptor occupancy in the circulation would result in deleterious unwarranted leukocyte activation and, potentially, uncontrolled inflammation. In this review of the role of integrins in leukocyte-endothelium interaction is included to illustrate this critical aspect of leukocyte integrin physiology. A major question in integrin biology is how simultaneous ligation of several integrins, with different ligands and distinct but overlapping functions, can be sensed by a single cell. The laboratory has studied this question in monocyte-derived macrophages and in a transfection model of leukocyte integrins. It is examined how signals from these multiply ligated integrins are coordinated into a net effect on cell phenotype.
Object segmentation by long term analysis of point trajectories

Unsupervised learning requires a grouping step that defines which data belong together. A natural way of grouping in images is the segmentation of objects or parts of objects. While pure bottom-up segmentation from static cues is well known to be ambiguous at the object level, the story changes as soon as objects move. In this paper, we present a method that uses long term point trajectories based on dense optical flow. Defining pair-wise distances between these trajectories allows to cluster them, which results in temporally consistent segmentations of moving objects in a video shot. In contrast to multi-body factorization, points and even whole objects may appear or disappear during the shot. We provide a benchmark dataset and an evaluation method for this so far uncovered setting.
A Snapshot in Time: Industrial–Organizational Psychology Today

This chapter aims to provide a big picture view of the field of industrial–organizational (I-O) psychology as it exists today. Major tensions in the field are examined, and compared with tensions that existed thirty years ago. Prominent I-O scholars provided their views on major issues in the field, including (a) a perceived need for increased focus on temporal and change processes, (b) a perceived need for more attention to the meaning of work in people's lives, (c) an increase in attention to worker welfare, and (d) a concern over the viability of I-O psychology as an academic discipline. The authors call for more translational research in I-O psychology, expanding the impact the field has on individual work lives. Keywords: industrial–organizational psychology; occupational psychology; work psychology; business psychology; personnel psychology; human resources; organizational behavior
Improved Methods of Parameterization for Estimating the Magnitude and Frequency of Peak Discharges in Rural Ungaged Streams

AbstractFor the past several decades, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and others have been tasked with development of regional predictor equations to determine flood peaks in unregulated and ungaged rural locations. This study tests several new watershed parameters not commonly used in past studies that have been extracted from available geomorphologic and climatic data using both manual and programmatic methods with the goal of improving the predictive power of the regional equations. Parameters include a derived basin slope corresponding to surface flow direction, discrete travel time for each location in a watershed to the outlet, and development of a watershed subarea correlated with the location of the maximum length isochrone line within each watershed. A case study is presented that tests these parameters in the Valley and Ridge physiographic region of Virginia. Results indicate that the proposed parameters tend to reduce standard model error in predictor equations ranging between 0.97 a...
One-Dimensional Silica Structures and Their Applications to the Biological Sciences

The sections in this article are Introduction Synthesis of Silica Nanowires and Nanosprings Catalyst Preparation and Application Methods for VLS Synthesis of Nanowires Flow Reaction Formation of Nanowires Laser Ablation of Nanowires Chemical Vapor Deposition and Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Nanowires Functionalization of Silica 1-D Silica Nanomaterials Toxicology Studies on 1-D Silica Nanomaterials Intracellular Targeted Delivery A Typical Cellular Targeting Strategy Using 1-D NS-Based Nanostructures In Vitro Toxicity of 1-D Nanostructures In Vivo Toxicity of 1-D Nanostructures Biological Applications of 1-D Silica Nanomaterials Biodetection Keywords: silica nanowires; functionalization; biomolecule; protein; toxicology; biosensor
Observation of global ocean-atmosphere exchanges from spaceborne sensors

The ocean and the atmosphere are coupled by the fluxes of momentum, heat, and water, but in situ measurements of these fluxes are sparse and uneven. Global fields of these fluxes can be derived from satellite data or obtained from operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. The NWP models provide quality control and dynamic interpolation of sparse and uneven data. However, dynamic interpolation is only as good as the model physics and parameterization scheme, and over most of the ocean, there may not be sufficient data for any useful interpolation. Operational NWP models change frequently; the results are inconsistent of climatic studies. Reanalysis to produce long period of consistent data have only been started recently. Adequate observations at temporal and spatial scales significant to global change research can only be achieved from the vantage point of space. Spaceborne sensors provide repeated global observations of some parameters from which these fluxes can be derived. The status and shortfalls of spacebased estimation of the fluxes are summarized and assessed in this report. Satellite data can be assimilated into numerical model to simulate surface fluxes, but the progress in developing assimilation techniques for unconventional satellite data has been slow.
SOME PHYSIOGNOMIC ASPECTS OF NAMING, OR MALUMA AND TAKETE REVISITED.

In an effort to understand some of the functional determinants of naming, Koehler's maluma-takete demonstration was examined in two studies, to see whether the matching of the nonsense words and nonsense figures could be accounted for on the basis of physiognomic similarity, as measured by the semantic differential. Matching was found to occur overwhelmingly in the expected direction, and the similarity of semantic differential locations of matched pairs was far greater than that of non-matched pairs. This held strikingly for “literal” scales (such as “Angular-Rounded”) but also held to a lesser extent for clearly “non-literal” scales (such as “Fresh-Stale”), indicating that physiognomic properties over and beyond simple literal description of the stimuli were involved. Study of the semantic differential locations of letters composing the nonsense words, and of ratings of the “fittingness” of the letters as names for the nonsense figures, showed that the physiognomic similarity presumably mediating the na...
Enterocystoplasty: The Star Modification

AbstractPurpose: A modification of sagittal cystoplasty is described that maximally reconfigures the native neuropathic bladder, as required in enterocystoplasty.Materials and Methods: The star modification incorporates lateral cystotomies with anteroposterior cystotomy, as in the widely used sagittal clamshell technique.Results: Enterocystoplasty was performed in 27 patients with various bowel segments using this technique and none has had complications attributable to cystoplasty after a mean followup of 2.5 years.Conclusions: Star reconfiguration defunctionalizes any potential noncompliant or hyperreflexic tendencies inherent to the neuropathic bladder before augmentation. In addition, the modification provides a technical advantage by increasing the linear length of the edge available for the anastomosis of bowel to bladder.
Electric-field-induced coherent control in a semiconductor

A static electric field enables 1 + 2-photon coherent control of the photoexcited carrier population in semiconductors. A theory based on the Franz-Keldysh effect is compared to results of an experiment in (100) GaAs.
User Fees With “Feebates”: Meeting Revenue and Allocative Objectives Without Tradeoff, Even When Numbers are Small

Abstract User fees are combined with “feebates” in order to meet separate goals of efficiency and revenues in the control of pollution externalities or allocation of common property resources. Without sacrifice to efficiency in meeting allocative targets, revenues can be chosen from within the range of zero to that which would occur under a simple price approach. The feebate/user fee combination can be used with equal efficiency with or without marketable permits, as politics allows. In either case, and unlike for a simple marketable permit system, the feebate/user fee combination achieves its objectives whether rights holders are many or few.
Biological activities of trimethylselenonium as influenced by arsenite.

The present study was designed to evaluate three biological activities of trimethylselenonium (TMSe+): anticarcinogenicity, toxicity, and nutritional availability. These experiments were carried out in female rats both in the presence and absence of arsenite because arsenite is known to affect selenium metabolism. Supplementation with TMSe+ by itself in the diet, at levels of 20, 40, or 80 ppm Se, did not offer any protection against mammary carcinogenesis induced by dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. On the other hand, the coadministration of arsenite (5 ppm As) with the two higher levels of TMSe+ resulted in significant tumor suppression. In the acute toxicity experiment, rats were injected subcutaneously with 0.5 or 1 mg Se/kg, preceded 15 minutes earlier by arsenite at doses of 0.5, 1, or 2 mg As/kg. Although treatment with TMSe+ or arsenite alone did not produce any sign of toxicity, a synergistic toxic effect was evident with the combination. Regarding the ability of TMSe+ to restore hepatic glutathione peroxidase following selenium depletion, it was found that a dietary level of 40 ppm Se was necessary for complete recovery. The nutritional biopotency of TMSe+ was not sensitive to either up- or down-regulation by arsenite under conditions where arsenite also enhanced the anticarcinogenic activity of TMSe+. The contrasting effects of arsenite on these two end points suggest that different forms of selenium are involved. It is hypothesized that arsenite might increase the production of a critical metabolite from methylated selenides. However, there is no clear evidence at the present time to suggest whether the same intermediate(s) is responsible for both anticareinogenicity and toxicity.
The Charged Economic Environment: Its Role in Parental Psychological Distress and Development of Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults

The current downward economic spiral has manifested in increased joblessness, unemployment, and new faces in the landscape of American poverty. More Americans are living in poverty, and vulnerable populations are experiencing psychological distress and despair. This paper addresses the psychological impact of the ongoing economic impasse. There is a call for policymakers, and practitioners to collaborate in facilitating youth and families to develop support strategies (of support) for sustaining them through these challenging times. Case examples illustrate how the economy impacts children and families. Relational/cultural theories and the life course perspective are used to understand the impact of the economy on vulnerable populations.
Equations of state for crystalline zirconium iodide: The role of dispersion

Abstract We present the first-principle equations of state of several zirconium iodides, ZrI 2 , ZrI 3 , and ZrI 4 , computed using density functional theory methods that apply various methods for introducing the dispersion correction. Iodides formed due to reaction of molecular or atomic iodine with zirconium and zircaloys are of particular interest due to their application to the cladding material used in the fabrication of nuclear fuel rods. Stress corrosion cracking (SCC), associated with fission product chemistry with the clad material, is a major concern in the life cycle of nuclear fuels, as many of the observed rod failures have occurred due to pellet–cladding chemical interactions (PCCI) [A. Atrens, G. Dannhauser, G. Baro, Stress-corrosion-cracking of zircaloy-4 cladding tubes, Journal of Nuclear Materials 126 (1984) 91–102; P. Rudling, R. Adamson, B. Cox, F. Garzarolli, A. Strasser, High burn-up fuel issues, Nuclear Engineering and Technology 40 (2008) 1–8]. A proper understanding of the physical properties of the corrosion products is, therefore, required for the development of a comprehensive SCC model. In this particular work, we emphasize that, while existing modeling techniques include methods to compute crystal structures and associated properties, it is important to capture intermolecular forces not traditionally included, such as van der Waals (dispersion) correction. Furthermore, crystal structures with stoichiometries favoring a high I:Zr ratio are found to be particularly sensitive, such that traditional density functional theory approaches that do not incorporate dispersion incorrectly predict significantly larger volumes of the lattice. This latter point is related to the diffuse nature of the iodide electron cloud.
FATIGUE RELIABILITY ANALYSIS USING NONDESTRUCTIVE INSPECTION

In this paper, a comprehensive approach is developed to integrate computational reliability methods and nondestructive inspection (NDI) for fatigue reliability evaluation. Uncertainties existing in the performance and outcome of NDI are considered through numerical statistical measures, and the mathematical relationships among these measures are derived. A new method is proposed to estimate the probability of detection (POD) and confidence interval using these relationships. Also, a new method of using the NDI results to update the reliability estimation is presented, which accounts for POD, measurement accuracy, false call probability, and the probability that a very large flaw may not be detected. The application of the proposed methods is illustrated through an example fatigue problem and inspection techniques with different POD characteristics are compared.
Super-resolution imaging of ciliary microdomains in isolated olfactory sensory neurons using a custom STED microscope

We performed super-resolution imaging of isolated olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) using a custom-built Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) microscope. The design for the STED microscope is based on the system developed in the laboratory of Dr. Stefan Hell1. Our system is capable of imaging with sub-diffraction limited resolution simultaneously in two color channels (at Atto 590/Atto 647N wavelengths). A single, pulsed laser source (ALP; Fianium, Inc.) generates all four laser beams, two excitation and two STED. The two STED beams are coupled into one polarization maintaining (PM) fiber and the two excitation beams into another. They are then collimated and both STED beams pass through a vortex phase plate (RPC Photonics) to allow shaping into a donut at the focus of the objective lens. The beams are then combined and sent into an inverted research microscope (IX-71; Olympus Inc.) allowing widefield epifluorescence, brightfield and DIC imaging on the same field of view as STED imaging. A fast piezo stage scans the sample during STED and confocal imaging. The fluorescent signals from the two color channels are detected with two avalanche photodiodes (APD) after appropriate spectral filtering. The resolution of the system was characterized by imaging 40 nm fluorescent beads as ~60 nm (Atto 590) and ~50 nm (Atto 647N). We performed STED imaging on immunolabeled isolated OSNs tagged at the CNGA2 and ANO2 proteins. The STED microscope allows us to resolve ciliary CNGA2 microdomains of ~54 nm that were blurred in confocal.