cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The application of laser Rayleigh scattering to gas density measurements in hypersonic helium flows

Measurements of the mean static free-stream gas density have been made in two Langley Research Center helium facilities, the 3-inch leg of the high-Reynolds-number helium complex and the 22-inch hypersonic helium tunnel. Rayleigh scattering of a CW argon ion laser beam at 514.5 nm provided the basic physical mechanism. The behavior of the scattered signal was linear, confirmed by a preliminary laboratory study. That study also revealed the need to introduce baffles to reduce stray light. A relatively simple optical system and associated photon-counting electronics were utilized to obtain data for densities from 10 to the 23rd to 10 to the 25th per cu m. The major purpose, to confirm the applicability of this technique in the hypersonic helium flow, was accomplished.
Targeting of lysosomal enzymes: N-Acetylglucosamine-1-Phosphotransferase during muscle development

It has been previously shown by morphological techniques and measurements of lysosomal enzyme levels that the I cell mutation is expressed in myoblasts but not in myotubes or mature muscle fibers. These findings suggested the possibility of developmental regulation of the affected enzyme, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine: lysosomal enzyme N-acetylglucosamine-phosphotransferase. In this article, we examine this possibility by measuring the phosphotransferase activity at various stages of muscle differentiation in three different animal species (human, chick, rat). Although activity of the enzyme is consistently higher in myoblasts than in myotubes or mature muscle, the difference in the levels of activity at these three states of muscle differentiation varies widely in the three species examined. We further found that the phosphotransferase activity was absent in the muscle of an I cell patient, in spite of normal muscle morphology. This indicates the presence of a mannose-6-phosphate-independent mechanism for lysosomal enzyme targeting in muscle and other unaffected tissues. The existence of such a pathway cannot be explained by lack of the necessary enzyme, as the phosphotransferase is present at a comparable level in normal muscle of three different species (human, chick, rat).
Biomass development and waste wood co-firing

Abstract Waste wood fuels have been co-fired with coal for a number of years. Many utilities and industries have experimented in the development of this alternative fuel for a host of reasons. Utilities are facing major changes in the future and industries are continuously looking for ways to help the bottom line. Waste wood fuel can lower production costs and provide fuel flexibility at a coal-fired power plant. Wood waste from saw mills, wood products manufacturing, land clearing, furniture companies, pallets, particle board, plywood, railroad ties and utility poles all can serve as supplemental fuels. Reduced sulfur dioxide (SO2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions will be realized with the offset of the non-renewable coal. New York State Electric & Gas (NYSEG) has experience in mixing waste wood with coal for co-firing in stoker plants and Pulverized coal units. We are also developing a separate wood feed system to directly blow prepared wood fuel into a pulverized coal boiler. This approach has the potential of increasing the percentage of waste wood that can be burned with coal in a pulverized coal boiler above a rule of thumb 5 % limit when wood fuel is blended with coal. The objective of our paper is to provide some history of waste wood co-firing, identify some pitfalls and address emissions impacts and greenhouse gas reductions from co-firing.
Constraints on crystal storage timescales in mixed magmas: Uranium-series disequilibria in plagioclase from Holocene magmas at Mount Hood, Oregon

Abstract Uranium-series crystal ages, interpreted within a textural and geochemical framework, can provide insight into crystal storage timescales, especially in cases where crystals may derive from multiple sources. We report here 230 Th– 226 Ra model ages of two distinct populations of plagioclase from low silica dacites from Mount Hood, Oregon, a volcano where previous studies show that the compositions of erupted magmas are controlled by magma recharge, mixing, and incorporation of plagioclase derived from mafic and silicic end-member magmas. We have measured trace element concentrations and 238 U– 230 Th– 226 Ra disequilibria in four plagioclase size fractions from the Timberline (1500 a) and Old Maid (215 a) eruptive sequences. After correction for groundmass and apatite contamination, average 230 Th– 226 Ra model ages of large (> 500 μm) plagioclase are > 4.5 ka (Timberline) and > 5.5 ka (Old Maid), with ages of cores that are > 10 ka in each case, indicating that plagioclase derived from silicic magmas crystallized thousands of years before eruptions. These model ages are longer than timescales of repose between eruptions, indicating that these crystals resided in the sub-surface over multiple eruptions, likely stored in a silicic crystal mush zone that periodically interacts with mafic recharge magmas, remobilizing a fraction of the large plagioclase crystals during each eruptive event. After correction for large plagioclase contamination, small ( 226 Ra)/Ba relative to equilibrium with liquid proxies (groundmass and mafic inclusion), leading to 230 Th– 226 Ra model ages that are 230 Th– 226 Ra disequilibria require that the majority of crystals in the separate are young ( 226 Ra)/[Ba] could potentially be explained by rapid crystallization immediately prior to and/or during mixing events, consistent with evidence of rapid crystallization of rims. Rapid crystallization of mafic intrusions may trigger eruption at Mount Hood by producing a partially-crystalline mafic magma capable of mixing with a reheated silicic crystal mush.
The structure of bovine carboxypeptidase B: results at 5-5 Angstrom resolution.

Abstract We have used rotation and translation search methods to determine whether bovine Carboxypeptidase A and Carboxypeptidase B have similar tertiary conformations. Our results show that, at 5·5 A resolution, the two enzymes are indeed similar in structure. Difference Fourier synthesis reveals features of Carboxypeptidase B that correlate with known differences between the two proteins.
Strengthening the links between educational psychology and the study of social contexts.

Education is an essentially social process, and the understanding of social contexts and reciprocal interpersonal and group processes as they are likely to occur in schools and classes is an important part of educational psychology. Focusing on selected topics originating in social psychology and sociology, this article advocates greater research attention to such factors as the social dimensions of self or identity, social support and belonging in educational settings, and group dynamics as influences on individual learning and motivation.
Wall effects on flow of polymer/particulate/(Carboxylic acid) in dies and rheometers

The addition of carboxylic acids to polyolefins results in an apparent slippage flow along rheometer and die walls. In this article, we seek to extend this investigation to polymer/particulate compounds. An experimental study on the influence of carboxylic acid additive in polyethylene/filler and polystyrene/filler compounds in rheometers is described. Capillary and cone-plate experiments are reported. A series of particle fillers of varying character, including carbon black, calcium carbonate, zinc oxide, and talc are compared. The aliphatic fatty acid, octadecanoic acid, was used as an additive. Significant viscosity reductions were observed. The greatest effects were found in polyethylene/(carbon black) and polystyrene/(calcium carbonate) compounds. All of the polyethylene compounds exhibited slip flow, but the polystyrene compounds did not. Apparently much of the octadecanoic acid was interacting with the polar particle fillers and not with the die wall. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 651–658, 2004
Joint Inversion of Reservoir Production Measurements and 3D Pre-Stack Seismic Data: Proof of Concept

Summary We develop a nonlinear iterative inversion algorithm for estimating three-dimensional (3D) reservoir parameters and initial fluid saturations jointly from pre-stack seismic data and fluid production history. The production measurements and the seismic data are synthetically generated from the output of a multi-phase fluid flow simulator. A Biot-Gassmann rock physics/fluid substitution model is used to enforce a deterministic link between the multi-phase flow parameters and the elastic properties. Iterative nonlinear optimization is used to solve the leastsquares minimization problem associated with the inversion. Fluid production measurements are sensitive to initial fluid saturations, fluid properties, porosity, and permeability. Pre-stack seismic data, on the other hand, provide good lateral and vertical control on lithology and fluid distributions. The proposed joint inversion approach, therefore, allows one to effectively integrate the best of the two measurement sets into a consistent 3D distribution of petrophysical variables and fluid saturations. Such distribution can be used for the accurate assessment of infill drilling and enhanced-oil-recovery operations. Synthetic test examples are presented with the sole objective to advance a proof of concept for the proposed joint inversion technique. The inversions require large computer resources and hence efficient numerical algorithms. We analyze the relative value of both sets of data and propose an extension of our algorithm to assimilate time-lapse 3D seismic data.
Reducing bleeding complications after thrombolytic therapy for stroke: clinical potential of metalloproteinase inhibitors and spin trap agents.

Thrombolysis with alteplase (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator; rtPA) has proven to be beneficial for acute stroke management, despite the narrow window of opportunity for treatment and the increased risk of haemorrhage. Because of the latter, recent studies have attempted to identify compounds that may be given concomitantly with alteplase to reduce the haemorrhage rate
A Human Antibody to Gm (26): An Antigen Usually Present on the γ‐3 Chain of IgG When Gm (15) is Absent1

An antibody to an antigen on IgG was found in the serum of a healthy American Negro, whose phenotype is Gm (1, 13, 15, 17). (When tested for Gm [1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 13, 15, 16, 17, 21].) Subsequent tests of serum samples from US blacks and whites, from Japanese, Ainu, San (Bushmen), Negros, Asiatic Indians and Jews from Cochin India demonstrated that the antibody detects an antigen that is usually present in a haplotype when Gm (15) is absent from it. This antigen had been identified using an antibody produced in a baboon. Tests of isolated myeloma proteins and of Fc and Fab fragments of IgG confirmed that the antigen [Gm (26) or Gm (u) - originally Gm (Pa)] is carried by the Fc portion of the gamma3-chain.
MUNICIPAL RECREATION LAND ALLOCATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES: A LONGITUDINAL REVIEW OF THE CENTRAL CITY/SUBURBAN SITUATION

ABSTRACT This article is a fifteen year review of the comparative relationship of central city and suburban municipal recreation land in the United States. By applying the two traditionally developed standards (recreation and park acreage per capita and the percentage of a municipality's total area devoted to recreation and park uses) to these municipal situations, a longitudinal research base is established that provides a description of both municipal recreation in general and the comparative relationship of central city and suburban municipal recreation. From 1965 to 1980 the municipal recreation land situation, in both the central cities and suburbs, was found to have been characterized by a real and substantial growth. Furthermore, by documenting a fifteen-year increase in the central cities municipal recreation land advantage over the uburbs, this study confirms earlier published findings (Haley, 1979) that the allocations is to be found in the central cities.
Reply to Barbara Malt and Jesse Prinz

In this response to Malt's and Prinz's commentaries, I argue that neo-empiricist hypotheses fail to threaten the argument for the elimination of 'concept' because they are unlikely to be true of all concepts, if they are true at all. I also defend the hypothesis that we possess bodies of knowledge retrieved by default from long-term memory, and I argue that prototypes, exemplars, and theories form genuinely distinct concepts. © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
TIDALLY MODULATED ERUPTIONS ON ENCELADUS: CASSINI ISS OBSERVATIONS AND MODELS

We use images acquired by the Cassini Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) to investigate the temporal variation of the brightness and height of the south polar plume of Enceladus. The plume’s brightness peaks around the moon’s apoapse, but with no systematic variation in scale height with either plume brightness or Enceladus’ orbital position. We compare our results, both alone and supplemented with Cassini near-infrared observations, with predictions obtained from models in which tidal stresses are the principal control of the eruptive behavior. There are three main ways of explaining the observations: (1) the activity is controlled by right-lateral strike slip motion; (2) the activity is driven by eccentricity tides with an apparent time delay of about 5 hr; (3) the activity is driven by eccentricity tides plus a 1:1 physical libration with an amplitude of about 0. ◦ 8 (3.5 km). The second hypothesis might imply either a delayed eruptive response, or a dissipative, viscoelastic interior. The third hypothesis requires a libration amplitude an order of magnitude larger than predicted for a solid Enceladus. While we cannot currently exclude any of these hypotheses, the third, which is plausible for an Enceladus with a subsurface ocean, is testable by using repeat imaging of the moon’s surface. A dissipative interior suggests that a regional background heat source should be detectable. The lack of a systematic variation in plume scale height, despite the large variations in plume brightness, is plausibly the result of supersonic flow; the details of the eruption process are yet to be understood.
Satisfaction of input and output encoding constraints

Three encoding problems relevant to the synthesis of digital circuits are input, output, and state encoding. Several encoding strategies have been proposed in the past that decompose the encoding problem into a two step process of constraint generation and constraint satisfaction. The latter requires the assignment of binary codes to symbols subject to the satisfaction of constraints on the codes. This paper focuses on the constraint satisfaction problem. We prove that constraint satisfaction is NP-complete. We develop a framework for the satisfaction of both input and output encoding constraints, and describe a polynomial time (in the number of symbols to be encoded) algorithm to check for the existence of a solution for a set of input and output constraints. An exact algorithm to determine the minimum number of encoding bits required to satisfy all the given constraints is provided, and a heuristic algorithm is also described. The application of this framework to a variety of encoding problems with different cost functions is illustrated. Experimental results on standard benchmarks are given for the exact and heuristic algorithms. >
Time Diversification and Horizon-Based Asset Allocations

Time diversification, the concept that investments in stocks are less risky over longer periods than shorter ones, has been the subject of spirited debate for decades. Over the last few years the growing acceptance of life cycle investment products, such as target retirement mutual funds, has renewed interest in this topic. The objective of this article is not to prove or disprove time diversification, but to evaluate whether the concept must be valid for a horizon-based asset allocation framework to be viable and appropriate. Our findings suggest that there is little evidence to support the notion that time moderates the perceived volatility inherent in risky assets. However, we would expect the risk/reward relationships of the past to prevail in the future, and if that is the case, a longer investment horizon may support a willingness and ability to assume the greater uncertainty of equity-centric asset allocations. This may be true particularly for younger investors for whom the allocation to human capital and the risk posed by the erosion of purchasing power by inflation can reasonably be assumed to be greatest.
High-Performance Processors in a Power-Limited World

Processor designers and the VLSI industry in general have truly hit the power wall. Many options have been and are being explored to mitigate or circumvent the impact of power limits on performance, but all of these solutions have limited effect and application. The implications of this fundamental limit are far reaching for processor architectures and the shape of computing in coming years. This paper explores the nature of power limitations and some of the implications for the future of processor design
Peer-to-peer data preservation through storage auctions

Digital archives protect important data collections from failures by making multiple copies at other archives, so that there are always several good copies of a collection. In a cooperative replication network, sites "trade" space, so that each site contributes storage resources to the system and uses storage resources at other sites. Here, we examine bid trading: a mechanism where sites conduct auctions to determine who to trade with. A local site wishing to make a copy of a collection announces how much remote space is needed, and accepts bids for how much of its own space the local site must "pay" to acquire that remote space. We define a spectrum of trading scenarios, ranging from a network of archives and digital libraries that trust each other, to a scenario where sites do as they please, including breaking the rules. Then, we focus on developing techniques for the scenarios where sites trust each other, although we discuss issues that may arise if sites are greedy or malicious. We examine the best policies for determining when to call auctions and how much to bid, as well as the effects of "maverick" sites that behave differently than other sites. Simulations of auction and trading sessions indicate that bid trading can allow sites to achieve higher reliability than the alternative: a system where sites trade equal amounts of space without bidding.
Species susceptibility to avian cholera.

Data obtained on losses occurring among various species of waterfowl due to avian cholera were analyzed statistically. Coots, gulls, rodents and rabbits were inoculated with suspensions of Pasteurella multocida. The relation between population size of the individual waterfowl species and the respective mortality rates was not statistically sigificant. No correlation could be found for the average weights and the death rates occurring in each species. The widgeon duck, white-fronted goose and coot had higher losses from avian cholera than other waterfowl. Gulls were more resistant to P. multicoda than the coot, and the laboratory rat was completely resistant whereas the Norway rat was susceptible.
Treatment of Acute and Recurrent Idiopathic Pericarditis

Case Presentation: A 56-year-old previously healthy man presented with 2 days of pleuritic left anterior chest pain, lessened by sitting forward. His examination was pertinent for low-grade fever (37.6°C), blood pressure 122/76 mm Hg without paradox, no jugular venous distension, clear lungs, and a 3-component pericardial friction rub. The ECG showed diffuse concave-upward ST-segment elevation and PR-segment depression in the inferior leads. The serum C-reactive protein level was 64 mg/L, and the cardiac troponin T was not elevated. Echocardiography showed normal left ventricular contractile function without wall motion abnormalities and no pericardial effusion. He was diagnosed with acute pericarditis, and the symptoms responded promptly to oral ibuprofen, continued for 2 weeks. Six weeks later, he redeveloped pleuritic chest pain and clinical and ECG findings identical to the initial presentation. His primary care physician asks for advice about appropriate therapy. Pericarditis accounts for 5% of emergency department visits for chest pain in the absence of myocardial infarction.1 In ≈80% of cases in developed countries, the cause of pericarditis is either postviral or “idiopathic,” in that it cannot be attributed to a specific condition.2,3 Because these 2 etiologies are clinically equivalent, the term idiopathic pericarditis will refer to both in this Clinician Update. Even when managed effectively, many patients with acute pericarditis present with 1 or more repeated episodes, termed recurrent pericarditis .4 Treatment of idiopathic pericarditis has long been empirical, because until recently, there have been few therapeutic trials addressing this condition. The European Society of Cardiology published the only treatment guideline for pericarditis almost a decade ago, and many of the recommendations were based on opinion because of the lack of available study evidence.4 Most patients with idiopathic pericarditis experience self-limited symptoms that improve spontaneously within days to weeks. More rapid relief can be …
Doppler radar respiration measurement for gated lung cancer radiotherapy

Respiration-gated radiation therapy is a promising treatment modality that precisely delivers prescribed radiation dose to the lung tumor while minimizing the incidence and severity of normal tissue complications. Conventional gating techniques either rely on implanted fiducial markers or external surrogates such as markers placed on patients' abdomen. They are either invasive to the patients or do not have sufficient accuracy. In this paper, we present a non-contact Doppler radar method to non-invasively measure the respiration signals, from which, accurate gating signals can be derived to control the linac. No marker is needed in our method, which makes it very convenient in use. We measured the respiration using a 5.8 GHz quadrature radar. Analysis of the measured signal is presented. It has been shown that the non-contact means of respiration measurement is able to supply reliable breathing motions and accurate gating signals for radiotherapy of mobile tumors.
Anatomical Considerations in Obtaining Arterial Access

Arterial cannulation and catheterization are routine parts of medical care in intensive care units for neo nates, children, and adults. In this review I describe the anatomical landmarks that facilitate successful catheteri zation of the radial, ulnar, brachial, axillary, femoral, pos terior tibial, dorsalis pedis, umbilical, and superficial temporal arteries. Criteria for selection of each of these arteries for catheterization are discussed. Risks of arte rial puncture or catheterization include hemorrhage, thrombosis, infection, and vascular compromise to sur rounding structures. These risks are reviewed with ref erence to each of the arteries described.
Estrogens Enhance the Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate- Mediated Induction of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone Receptors in Rat Granulosa Cells

The effects of estrogens on cAMP-induced FSH and LH receptor expression were studied in granulosa cells isolated from immature diethylstilbestrol-implanted rats. Although estradiol alone had negligible effects on granulosa cell maturation, estradiol concentrations from 10−1110−8 M progressively enhanced cAMP production and gonadotropin receptor formation in choleragen-stimulated cells. During 48 h of culture, estradiol augmented cAMP levels by 2-fold, LH receptors by 4- to 6-fold, and FSH receptors by 20–40%. Estradiol also enhanced the extent of LH and FSH receptor formation by other cAMPinducing ligands, including FSH, prostaglandin E2, and forskolin. The stimulatory action of 8-bromo-cAMP on gonadotropin receptors was also increased by estradiol, indicating that part of the estrogenic effect was exerted on cAMP-activated processes. Scatchard analyses indicated that estradiol increased the number of choleragen-induced FSH receptors from 2,600 to 3,200/ cell and of LH receptors from 13,000 to 86,000/cell...
Library analysis of SCHEMA-guided protein recombination

The computational algorithm SCHEMA was developed to estimate the disruption caused when amino acid residues that interact in the three-dimensional structure of a protein are inherited from different parents upon recombination. To evaluate how well SCHEMA predicts disruption, we have shuffled the distantly-related β-lactamases PSE-4 and TEM-1 at 13 sites to create a library of 214 (16,384) chimeras and examined which ones retain lactamase function. Sequencing the genes from ampicillin-selected clones revealed that the percentage of functional clones decreased exponentially with increasing calculated disruption (E = the number of residue–residue contacts that are broken upon recombination). We also found that chimeras with low E have a higher probability of maintaining lactamase function than chimeras with the same effective level of mutation but chosen at random from the library. Thus, the simple distance metric used by SCHEMA to identify interactions and compute E allows one to predict which chimera sequences are most likely to retain their function. This approach can be used to evaluate crossover sites for recombination and to create highly mosaic, folded chimeras.
The control and operation of the programmable wave form generator for the SSRL injector

A CAMAC-based programmable wave form generator which is used to control the quadrupole and sextupole trim power supplies for the 3-GeV booster synchrotron injector for the electron storage ring SPEAR is described. This same type of unit is used to vary the cavity voltage of the RF system. Memory located in the CAMAC module is loaded with a waveform and output to the supplies with an internal clock. The waveform can be loaded either graphically using the X-windows-based control system or with an ASCII text file. >
Lip Positions in American English Vowels

Three kinds of data were used in an attempt to determine the parameters of characteristic lip positions in a range of American English vowels: (1) standardized simultaneous frontal and lateral photographs; (2) lateral x-rays; (3) plaster casts of a subject's lips. Among the measurements taken were the following: (1) distance between the corners of the mouth (width); (2) height of the opening on the midline; (3) area as measured on a frontal view; (4) protrusion; (5) retraction of the corners of the mouth. As a check on the consistency of measurement and performance, these data were used to compare a single subject's production of the set of vowels on a number of occasions. Comparisons with other subjects were also made. The interrelationships of these variables are discussed.
The Environmental Response Inventory in Application

A rationale for the Environmental Response Inventory—a multiscale measure of environmental dispositions-is presented. Details of the development of the instrument are outlined, and a description of the scales is provided. Applications of the ERI to various areas of research in man-environment relations are reviewed-including migration, family planning, architecture and planning, environmental decision-making and conflict resolution, environmental attitudes, recreation behavior, and environmental cognition and perception. Finally, the author discusses proper use of the instrument in environmental research and comments on the process of inventory validation.
Competitive stress can make the herbicide Roundup® more deadly to larval amphibians

Toxicity assessments on nontarget organisms have largely been addressed using short-term, single-species laboratory experiments. Although extremely helpful, these experiments inherently lack many pervasive ecological stressors found in nature. Though a substantial challenge, incorporating these ecological stressors in contaminant studies would shed light on potential synergistic effects. For the world's leading herbicide, glyphosate, we know little about how natural stressors affect the toxicity to nontarget organisms. To explore how the natural stress of competition might interact with a glyphosate-based herbicide, we used outdoor mesocosms containing three tadpole species that were exposed to a factorial combination of three glyphosate concentrations (0, 1, 2, or 3 mg acid equivalent (a.e.)/L of the commercial formulation Roundup Original MAX®) and three tadpole densities (low, medium, or high). We found that increased tadpole density caused declines in tadpole growth, but also made the herbicide significantly more lethal to one species. Whereas the median lethal concentration (LC50) values were similar across all densities for gray treefrogs (Hyla versicolor; 1.7–2.3 mg a.e./L) and green frogs (Rana clamitans; 2.2–2.6 mg a.e./L), the LC50 values for bullfrogs (R. catesbeiana) were 2.1 to 2.2 mg a.e./L at low and medium densities, but declined to 1.6 mg a.e./L at high densities. The large decrease in amphibian survival with increased herbicide concentration was associated with increases in periphyton abundance. We also found evidence that temperature stratification lead to herbicide stratification in the water column, confirming the results of a previous study and raising important questions about exposure risk in natural systems. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:446–454. © 2010 SETAC
Application of WARMF Model to Study the Effect of Land Use Change and Climate Change in the Saugahatchee Creek Watershed

In this study, a watershed model WARMF (Watershed Analysis Risk Management Framework) was applied to the Saugahatchee Creek Watershed in Alabama to investigate hydrologic and water quality response to historical land use scenarios and potential future climate change scenarios. Based on monthly average of daily predicted values, land use changes from 1991 to 2008 led to rising pattern in nutrient levels and algal mass depleting water quality in the Saugahatchee Creek. Future climate projections for the 21 st century derived from HadCM3 A2 and B2 emission scenarios were downscaled using Statistical DownScaling Model (SDSM) to local watershed scale for impact analysis. The monthly average of daily water temperature is predicted to rise and flow is predicted to decrease with warmer and drier future climate projections. Accordingly, nutrient concentrations are expected to increase. Algal concentration is predicted to increase up to mid-21 st century and then decline thereafter. Dissolved oxygen concentration is predicted to fall, especially in summer. These results under different land use and climate change scenarios can be useful information for watershed planning and management decision.
Cascading extinctions and community collapse in model food webs

Species loss in ecosystems can lead to secondary extinctions as a result of consumerresource relationships and other species interactions. We compare levels of secondary extinctions in communities ...
Achieving Maximum Tip Displacement during Resonant Excitation of Piezoelectrically Actuated Beams

A linear, lumped-parameter, single-degree-of-freedom model is formulated to describe the dynamic response of the first mode of a piezoelectrically-actuated cantilevered beam. The modeled system consists of two identical, symmetrically disposed piezoelectric patch actuators bonded to a uniform beam with a tip mass. Specifically, the first mode of the system is described by an equivalent mass-spring-damper system where the equivalent mass, stiffness, damping, and force are functions of the parameters of the piezoelectrically-actuated system. Experimental data are used to verify model damping and displacement. The model is then used to show that the dynamic response of the system depends upon four independent non-dimensional geometric variables. Numerical simulations are performed to graphically demonstrate this dependence and to indicate an optimal configuration for achieving a maximum deflection at the beam's free end during resonant excitation.
Ruminations on ecclesiasticus

I was not raised in the Catholic church, but I have been learning many remarkable and wonderful things from that tradition. The stress of third-year pharmacy school and the pressures of having to answer life’s big questions about the future have been weighing on me heavily, and I have found solace
Complications of laparoscopic living donor nephrectomy and their management: the UCLA experience.

Objectives Because of the shortage of cadaveric kidneys, laparoscopic living donor nephrectomy (LLDN) has become a more common option for transplant recipients. The complication rate has been reported at 6.4% to 16.5%. We present the initial University of California, Los Angeles experience with the complications and their management during LLDN. Methods From January 2000 to December 2005, a single surgeon performed 300 consecutive LLDNs at our institution. A committee of urologists, nephrologists, and support staff approved each donor before surgery. After LLDN was completed, the patients received 30 mg of ketorolac intravenously every 6 hours until discharge. We reviewed the intraoperative and postoperative complications and their management at our institution. Results Three patients required open conversion, for an overall conversion rate of 1%. Two of the three conversions were a result of a major vascular complication (0.6%). The first major vascular complication resulted from an endovascular stapler malfunction during transection of an accessory left renal artery. The second vascular complication was a Veress needle injury to the left common iliac artery. Three postoperative major complications (1%) occurred, including 1 case of rhabdomyolysis and 2 cases of chylous ascites. Also, 7 minor postoperative complications (2.3%) occurred. Our overall complication rate was 4%. No patients died, and the mean hospital stay was 1.1 days. Conclusions Our results have shown that LLDN is a safe procedure associated with low morbidity and a quick recovery. Appropriate patient selection is essential to ensure the safety of this procedure.
Quality of evidence revealing subtle gender biases in science is in the eye of the beholder.

Scientists are trained to evaluate and interpret evidence without bias or subjectivity. Thus, growing evidence revealing a gender bias against women—or favoring men—within science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) settings is provocative and raises questions about the extent to which gender bias may contribute to women’s underrepresentation within STEM fields. To the extent that research illustrating gender bias in STEM is viewed as convincing, the culture of science can begin to address the bias. However, are men and women equally receptive to this type of experimental evidence? This question was tested with three randomized, double-blind experiments—two involving samples from the general public (n = 205 and 303, respectively) and one involving a sample of university STEM and non-STEM faculty (n = 205). In all experiments, participants read an actual journal abstract reporting gender bias in a STEM context (or an altered abstract reporting no gender bias in experiment 3) and evaluated the overall quality of the research. Results across experiments showed that men evaluate the gender-bias research less favorably than women, and, of concern, this gender difference was especially prominent among STEM faculty (experiment 2). These results suggest a relative reluctance among men, especially faculty men within STEM, to accept evidence of gender biases in STEM. This finding is problematic because broadening the participation of underrepresented people in STEM, including women, necessarily requires a widespread willingness (particularly by those in the majority) to acknowledge that bias exists before transformation is possible.
Liberty Bell Hospital: A Case Study In Employee Information Systems Fraud

Information systems provide an attractive opportunity for dishonest employees in sensitive job positions to develop and implement a fraudulent scheme. Many different types of technical information systems controls help prevent these situations from occurring and can also detect occurrences after they have happened. However, in some cases, employees are able to circumvent critical segregation of duties. In addition, management of a company may override traditional internal controls in order to achieve business objectives. Overriding internal controls can produce an environment that is conducive to fraud. Internal auditors with an information systems specialty can often identify red flags prior to fraudulent acts taking place in the organization. This allows an organization to utilize preventive measures to reduce the likelihood of a fraud occurring. In a specific situation where an information system fraud is suspected, internal auditors are often charged with leading the investigation. This case analyzes an employee fraud involving a breakdown of internal information technology and management controls, falsification of business records, and a lack of segregation of duties. This case is designed for use in either an undergraduate auditing, information systems security, accounting ethics, internal auditing, computer ethics or other related class. Its primary purpose is to introduce students to a very common type of employee fraud and to illustrate how professional guidance can be applied in such a situation. While the case is based on a true situation, all identities have been modified to protect each individuals right to privacy.
Persuasive Issue Statements

Issue statements in trial memoranda and appellate briefs present the issues in a light favorable to the advocate's position and invite the reader to view the issues from that perspective. Persuasive issue statements strike a balance between subtle persuasion and obvious bias. An effective issue statement conveys the substance of the issue, emphasizing those aspects that favor the advocate's position. Ideally, the issue statement prepares the judge to read the remainder of the argument with a reasonable understanding of the issue and a predisposition to rule favorably.
Technical basis in support of the conversion of the University of Missouri Research Reactor (MURR) core from highly-enriched to low-enriched uranium - core neutron physics

This report contains the results of reactor design and performance for conversion of the University of Missouri Research Reactor (MURR) from the use of highly-enriched uranium (HEU) fuel to the use of low-enriched uranium (LEU) fuel. The analyses were performed by staff members of the Global Threat Reduction Initiative (GTRI) Reactor Conversion Program at the Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) and the MURR Facility. The core conversion to LEU is being performed with financial support of the U. S. government.
Chemically selective formation of Si-O-Al on SiGe(110) and (001) for ALD nucleation using H 2 O 2 (g)

Abstract Passivation and functionalization via atomic hydrogen, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ( g )), and trimethylaluminum (TMA) on clean silicon–germanium (Si 0.5 Ge 0.5 (110) and Si 0.47 Ge 0.53 (001)) surfaces were studied and compared at the atomic level using ultra-high vacuum (UHV) scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to understand the topological, electronic, and chemical structures of the surfaces. STM and XPS indicate that a sputter-cleaned SiGe(110) surface is terminated with adatoms, while a SiGe(001) surface is terminated with germanium dimers. STS demonstrates that the Fermi level on a clean SiGe(110) surface is pinned near mid-gap due to surface dangling bonds, while the Fermi level on a clean SiGe(001) surface is consistent with unpinning. A saturation dose of H 2 O 2 ( g ) at 25 °C chemisorbs to SiGe surfaces, leaving the Fermi level at the surface consistent with unpinning, and the surface is functionalized mainly with Si–OH, Ge–OH, and Si–O–Ge bonds on both SiGe(110) and (001). After a subsequent TMA dose at 25 °C, XPS and STM verify that a thermally stable and well-ordered monolayer of Al 2 O 3 is formed on SiGe(110) and (001) surfaces, resulting in the formation of Al–O–Si bonds. The H 2 O 2 ( g ) functionalization provides three times more oxygen sites on the surface and three times as great a TMA nucleation density than does H 2 O( g ) at both 25 °C and 120 °C. STS demonstrates that H 2 O 2 ( g )- and TMA-dosed SiGe surfaces show a Fermi level consistent with unpinning and a local density of states (DOS) without any states between the conduction and valence band edge, indicating an ideal template for further atomic layer deposition (ALD) nucleation of high- k materials on SiGe(110) and (001) surfaces.
A New Genus (Costamia) and Species of Mexican Leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)

Apparently related to Mesamia but differing from it by a shorter vertex which is broad and slopes from pronotum to a thick margin. The vertex is twice as broad between eyes at base as median length. The face is convexly rounded. The elytra contain many supernumerary veins which are especially prevalent in the claval and costal areas. The first anteapical cell is divided into several small cells by cross veinlets which extend to the posterior border of the second anteapical cell thereby causing the first apical cell to be very small and triangular. There are two cross veins between the first and second sectors, giving a Deltocephaloid appearance.
Regeneration with Rich Bypass of Aqueous Piperazine and Monoethanolamine for CO2 Capture

Amine scrubbing is the most mature CO2 capture technology for fossil fuel power plants, but the energy use for CO2 regeneration and compression will be 20 to 25% of the power plant output. The objective of this work is to develop alternative stripper configurations that reduce the energy use of CO2 capture. The advanced stripper configurations were modeled and optimized using Aspen Plus. Total equivalent work was used as an indicator of overall energy performance accounting for reboiler duty, compression work, and pump work. The rich exchanger bypass recovers stripping steam heat by using an exchanger. To get better energy performance, this strategy was applied to advanced configurations including a reboiler-based stripper, an interheated stripper, and a flash stripper. Both 9 m monoethanolamine (MEA) and 8 m piperazine (PZ) were investigated. The best energy performance was obtained from the stripper with a warm rich bypass and a rich exchanger bypass, which provides 10% less equivalent work for PZ and 6...
Fan Flow Control for Noise Reduction Part 1: Advanced Trailing Edge Blowing Concepts

*† ‡ § This paper documents trailing edge blowing research performed to reduce rotor / stator interaction noise in turbofan engines, under the Ultra-Efficient Engine Technology and Quiet Aircraft Technology programs at the NASA Glenn research center. Velocity deficits are introduced into an engine's working fluid by viscous losses on fan blade surfaces. These propagate downstream where they are cut by stator vanes and produce interaction noise. The unsteady surface pressure on the vanes is coupled to acoustic duct modes that are excited to produce tonal noise at the blade passing frequency and its harmonics. The wake deficits responsible for the noise can be reduced by injecting air into the working fluid via internal passageways in the fan blades. The current technique requires an excessive amount of air to be drawn from the engine compressor for use in reducing wake deficits, resulting in a large loss of performance. The purpose of this research is to investigate new blowing configurations in order to achieve noise reduction with lesser amounts of air. Using the new configurations, air is not injected into every fan blade. Instead the application of injected air is varied circumferentially. For example, blowing air may be applied to alternating fan blades. This type of blowing configuration both reduces the amount of air used and changes the spectral shape of the tonal interaction noise. The original tones at the blade passing frequency and its harmonics are reduced and new tones are introduced between them. This change in the tonal spectral shape increases the performance of acoustic liners used in conjunction with the trailing edge blowing approach. The total noise reduction is therefore a combination of source-level reduction from wake-filling, absorption from acoustic liners, and increased performance of the liners. This paper presents numerical predictions made to estimate the sound power reductions due to these concepts, as well as experimental results taken on the ANCF rig at NASA Glenn for validation purposes. The results show that the new concepts are successful in increasing the efficiency of trailing edge blowing.
Why Businesses Need Mediation

In this chapter introducing a book developed for companies operating in the EU, Professor Stipanowich summarizes many of the potential benefits of mediation for businesses, including continuing control by parties over dispute resolution process and product; customization of the dispute resolution process; confidentiality; enhancement of communications; a cross-cultural bridge; consideration of commercial realities; cost savings and cycle time reduction; creative and durable solutions; enhancement of relationships; and reduced risk. He also addresses frequently asked questions about mediation.
The Analysis of STD Epidemic for Detention Women Worker of Lanzhou Reeducation-through-labor Camps

OBJECTIVE To knowledgeable about the detention women workers syphilis、gonorrhea、mycoplasma,chlamydia and HIV infection and conditions and popular features. METHODS December 2008, a detention women worker in Lanzhou City detention personnel cluster sampling survey, its history,and high-risk behaiors blood samples from HIV antibodies,syphilis,chlamydia and mycoplasma serologic test. RESULTS Syphilis infection,rate of 27.78%,gonorrhea infection rate of 3.70%,mycoplasma infection rate of 45.40%,chlamydia infection rate of 22.20%,no HIV infection. CONCLUSION Should strengthen the propaganda education and behavior intervention,and paying attention to the detention and regulators,prevent venereal diseases diagnosis spreads further.
Children Living With Uninsured Family Members: Differences by Family Structure

Despite increased access to insurance through the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, uninsurance rates are expected to remain relatively high. Having uninsured family members may expose children to financial hardships. Eligibility rules governing both private and public health insurance are based on outdated expectations about family structure. Using 2009–2011 data from the National Health Interview Survey (N = 65,038), the authors investigated family structure differences in family-level insurance coverage of households with children. Children living with married biological parents were the least likely to have uninsured family members and most likely to have all family members covered by private insurance. Controlling for demographic characteristics and income, children in single-mother families had the same risk of having an uninsured family member as children in married-parent families. Children with cohabiting biological parents had higher rates of family uninsurance than children with married biological parents, even accounting for other characteristics.
Nanopatterning via optical saturable transitions

We report that the diffraction limit of conventional optical lithography can be overcome by exploiting the transitions of organic photochromic derivatives induced by their photoisomerzation at low light intensities.