cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preferences Toward Risk and Asset Prices: Evidence From Russian Lottery Bonds

This paper studies the relationship between investor risk preferences and asset returns. The paper provides direct evidence on the risk aversion of participants in a securities market. It uses the prices of lottery bonds issued by the Imperial Russian Government in 1864 and 1866 to estimate investor risk aversion and to study changes in preferences toward risk. Time variation in investor risk preferences is then compared to the dynamics of the Russian bond market over the period 1889 to 1904. Increases in risk aversion are positively associated with increases in the price of a risk-free asset. This result is in accord with economic intuition that higher risk aversion is associated with higher demand for a safe asset, and hence, higher equilibrium price of a risk-free security and a lower risk-free rate. Implications of a Consumption CAPM model for a relationship between changes in interest rates and changes of risk aversion are tested. Evidence supporting the model is found. The paper provides evidence on the role of risk aversion in securities market dynamics.
Intervening in Partner Violence Against Women A Grounded Theory Exploration of Informal Network Members’ Experiences

A large body of cross-sectional and longitudinal research demonstrates the important contribution of informal social networks to the well-being and safety of female survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV). Most survivors turn to family and friends before, during, and after their involvement with formal services; and many rely solely on informal forms of support. Yet surprisingly little research exists on the subjective experiences of informal network members themselves. This study used grounded theory to represent the dynamic and fluid process through which network members become aware of the violence in their friend or family member’s intimate relationship, make meaning of the violence, develop a narrative regarding their own role in the situation, and use that narrative to guide subsequent decision making about whether and how to engage with the survivor and/or abusive partner. The authors discuss implications of this model for developing a range of network-oriented intervention and prevention stra...
Early childhood reading educators' perceptions of reading readiness

Abstract The Delphi technique was used to determine whether Early Childhood Reading Educators could move toward consensus on three basic questions related to reading readiness: (1) What is reading readiness? (2) How do we know when a child is ready to read? (3) What should be included in an appropriate reading readiness curriculum for kindergarteners? Jurors’ responses to the first interrogation showed a range from whole language to subskills emphases. Jurors differed widely in their acceptance of the construct reading readiness, with some embracing reading readiness and others rejecting it. Although jurors in this study did not reach consensus on definitions of reading readiness, reading readiness evaluations, or curriculum emphases, they were in agreement in emphasizing a language base. They were in highest disagreement with subskill development, specifically auditory and visual discrimination. Implications include strengthening the base of information which could facilitate the use of whole language ex...
Monitoring cerebral tissue oxygen saturation at frontal and parietal regions during carotid artery stenting

Cerebral oximetry is normally placed on the upper forehead to monitor the frontal lobe cerebral tissue oxygen saturation (SctO2). We present a case in which the SctO2 was simultaneously monitored at both frontal and parietal regions during internal carotid artery (ICA) stenting. Our case involves a 79-year-old man who presented after a sudden fall and was later diagnosed with a watershed ischemic stroke in the distal fields perfused by the left middle cerebral artery. He had diffuse atherosclerotic occlusive lesions in the carotid and cerebral arterial systems including an 85 % stenotic lesion in the left distal cervical ICA. The brain territory perfused by the left ICA was devoid of collateral flow from anterior and posterior communicating arteries due to an abnormal circle of Willis. During stenting, the SctO2 monitored at both frontal and parietal regions tracked the procedure-induced acute flow change. However, the baseline SctO2 values of frontal and parietal regions differed. The SctO2–MAP correlation was more consistent on the stroked hemisphere than the non-stroked hemisphere. This case showed that SctO2 can be reliably monitored at the parietal region, which is primarily perfused by the ICA. SctO2 of the stroked brain is more pressure dependent than the non-stroked brain.
Control of hierarchical polymer mechanics with bioinspired metal-coordination dynamics

In conventional polymer materials, mechanical performance is traditionally engineered via material structure, using motifs such as polymer molecular weight, polymer branching, or block copolymer design. Here, by means of a model system of 4-arm poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels crosslinked with multiple, kinetically distinct dynamic metal-ligand coordinate complexes, we show that polymer materials with decoupled spatial structure and mechanical performance can be designed. By tuning the relative concentration of two types of metal-ligand crosslinks, we demonstrate control over the material's mechanical hierarchy of energy-dissipating modes under dynamic mechanical loading, and therefore the ability to engineer a priori the viscoelastic properties of these materials by controlling the types of crosslinks rather than by modifying the polymer itself. This strategy to decouple material mechanics from structure is general and may inform the design of soft materials for use in complex mechanical environments. Three examples that demonstrate this are provided.
An Examination of the Promise of the NumberShire Level 1 Gaming Intervention for Improving Student Mathematics Outcomes

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to test the promise of the NumberShire Level 1 Gaming Intervention (NS1) to accelerate math learning for first-grade students with or at risk for math difficulties. The NS1 intervention was developed through the Institute of Education Sciences, Small Business Innovation Research Program (Gause, Fien, Baker, & Clarke, 2011) as a digitally based technology tool to allow educators to intervene early and strategically with students struggling to learn mathematics. This study used a randomized controlled trial design to test the promise of the NS1 intervention. In total, 250 first-grade students were randomly assigned within classrooms to the treatment condition or a control condition. Results indicate significant effects favoring the treatment group on proximal measures of whole-number concepts and skills. Intervention effects were not statistically significant for distal outcome measures. Treatment effects were not moderated by special education or English learner status...
Heterobimetallic Models of the [NiFe] Hydrogenases: A Structural and Spectroscopic Comparison

Hydrogen has emerged as a leading alternative fuel; however, efficient chemical methods for generating hydrogen from water are lacking. Thus, chemists have turned to nature for inspiration. The [NiFe] hydrogenases possess rich structural, spectroscopic, and functional properties, motivating extensive synthetic efforts to model the complex active sites. In this comment, the geometric and electronic structures of the [NiFe] hydrogenases are compared to model compounds that most closely reproduce features of the native enzyme. The implications of this comparison and opportunities for advancing the catalytic activity of model compounds are discussed.
Application of Fatty Acids To Elicit Lipoxygenase-Mediated Host- Plant Resistance to Twospotted Spider Mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Phaseolus vulgaris L.

It has been hypothesized that fatty acid oxidation products from the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway can play an important role in plant defense against herbivorous arthropods. Studies were conducted to investigate whether LOX substrate treatment is correlated with defense against spider mites. Excised leaf tissue from Phaseolus vulgaris L. seedlings was treated with several fatty acid substrates of the LOX enzyme complex. Spider mites confined to treated tissue exhibited reduced fecundity relative to untreated controls. The same fatty acid solutions were applied to intact seedlings and allowed to grow for 7 d. Mites were then individually caged on newly emerged leaves and their fecundity monitored for 20 d. Mites on seedlings treated with those fatty acids that are LOX substrates exhibited fecundity reductions similar to that reported previously in bioassay studies where mite resistance was induced by wounding or prior mite feeding. These results suggest that a proposed biochemical basis for this systemically acquired resistance mechanism is probably substrate limited.
Radiant heat transfer between nongray directional surfaces

Real surface property effects on local and overall heat transfer are studied for a simple system of interacting opaque surfaces. Wavelength, temperature and directional dependence of surface properties is included in the analysis for equal and unequal temperature specularly reflecting surfaces. Tungsten is employed as a representative metal and Roberts' model is used to describe the wavelength and temperature dependence of its optical parameters. The relationships of electromagnetic theory are employed to describe the directional dependence of spectral properties. Numerical results establish that gray direction independent property analysis adequately predicts the general trends of real surface analysis. The results also establish that spectral and temperature dependence of surface properties influences radiant heat transfer to a greater degree than does directional dependence of properties. Property models which adequately account for the nongray character of engineering surfaces while neglecting directional dependence of properties can provide heat transfer results of acceptable engineering accuracy.
The Relationship Between Ants and Lycaeides melissa samuelis (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) at Concord Pine Barrens, NH, USA.

The Karner blue butterfly ( Lycaeides melissa samuelis Nabokov) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) is a federally listed, endangered species that has experienced dramatic decline over its historic range. In surviving populations, Karner blue butterflies have a facultative mutualism with ants that could be critically important to their survival where their populations are threatened by habitat loss or disturbance. In this study, we investigated the effects of ants, wild blue lupine population status (native or restored), and fire on adult Karner blue butterfly abundance at the Concord Pine Barrens, NH, USA. Ant frequency (the number of times we collected each ant species in our pitfall traps) was higher in restored than native lupine treatments regardless of burn status during both Karner blue butterfly broods, and the trend was statistically significant during the second brood. We observed a positive relationship between adult Karner blue butterfly abundance and ant frequency during the first brood, particularly on native lupine, regardless of burn treatment. During the second brood, adult Karner blue butterfly abundance and ant frequency were not significantly correlated in any treatments or their combinations. Our findings suggest that a combination of native and restored lupine is important for supporting both Karner blue butterflies and ants at the Concord Pine Barrens, and that burning does not affect the mutualism. Thus, scientists and managers at the site may wish to target their habitat management activities to best support both Karner blue butterflies and the particular ant species that provide the greatest benefit to their survival.
Diagnosing Adenoidal hypertrophy by CT Coronal scans

Objective: The coronal scans of CT at vice-Para nasal sinus that study to diagnosis child adenoidal hypertrophy rarely the value.The child's adenoidal hypertrophy with the vice-nasosinusitis's relation.Method: Sum up the of 82 cases,Divide two sets: no adenoidal hypertrophy— the normal set,41 cases,adenoidal hypertrophy set,41 cases.Be divided into the matched control: Normal set,adenoidal hypertrophy the CT coronal scanning set,adenoidal hypertrophy the CT mark to paint the set,and to gland's thickness,air-way width,gland's thickness+ air-way width and gland's thickness/ air-way the width proceeds diagraph with compare.Result: The of normal set and the adenoidal hypertrophy set in the gland's thickness,air-way width,gland's thickness / air-way width the aspect is obviously different,gland's thickness + air-way the width has no an obvious difference;The child's nasosinusitis and adenoidal hypertrophy have the close relation.
Medication Strategies for the Male with Unexplained Infertility

Approximately 15 % of couples of reproductive age are affected by infertility. For couples, male factor contributes in up to half of these cases of infertility. Up to 25 % of infertile men will have no identifiable cause for their abnormal semen analyses. In this chapter, we discuss the potential indications, mechanism of action, and therapy options for empiric medical therapy of male unexplained infertility. Specific therapy regiments reviewed include selective estrogen receptor modulators such as clomiphene citrate, aromatase inhibitors, and injectable gonadotropins. We additionally discuss the negative impact of exogenous androgens on sperm production.
Stability of automatic guidance for a mobile robot

A control law for the automatic guidance is proposed in this paper as if each obstacle exerts upon the mobile robot a repulsion, which varies inversely with the distance between the robot and the obstacle, and becomes infinite as the robot approaches the obstacle. Stability of the automatic guidance is studied when the mobile robot deviates from the ideal path. The results lead to criteria of selecting control parameters for better guidance.
Evolution of temperature-dependent charge transfer inefficiency correction for ACIS on the Chandra X-ray Observatory

As ACIS on the Chandra X-ray Observatory enters its seventeenth year of operation, it continues to perform well and produce spectacular scientific results. The response of ACIS has evolved over the lifetime of the observatory due to radiation damage and aging of the spacecraft. The ACIS instrument team developed a software tool which applies a correction to each X-ray event and mitigates charge transfer inefficiency (CTI) and spectral resolution degradation. The behavior of the charge traps that cause CTI are temperature dependent, however, and warmer temperatures reduce the effectiveness of the correction algorithm. As the radiator surfaces on Chandra age, ACIS cooling has become less efficient and temperatures can increase by a few degrees. A temperature-dependent component was added to the CTI correction algorithm in 2010. We present an evaluation of the effectiveness of this algorithm as the radiation damage and thermal environment continue to evolve and suggest updates to improve the calibration fidelity.
Francis A. Leyland, [‘The Changing Moods of Branwell Brontë’] (1840–1841), in The Brontë Family, with Special Reference to Patrick Branwell Brontë (London: Hurst and Blackett, two volumes, 1886), vol. i, pp. 265–7, 268–9, 296

… As has been already seen, an acquaintance had existed between Branwell and Leyland; but now that the former had become a resident in the immediate neighbourhood, after his visits to the artist’s studio had been interrupted for six months, or more, by his stay at Broughton-in-Furness, a more frequent intercourse followed between the two.1 It was on a bright Sunday afternoon in the autumn of 1840, at the desire of my brother, the sculptor, that I accompanied him to the station at Sowerby Bridge to see Branwell. The young railway clerk was of gentleman-like appearance, and seemed to be qualified for a much better position than the one he had chosen. In stature he was a little below the middle height; not ‘almost insignificantly small,’ as Mr Grundy states, nor had he ‘a downcast look’; neither was he ‘a plain specimen of humanity’.2 He was slim and agile in figure, yet of well-formed outline. His complexion was clear and ruddy, and the expression of his face, at the time, lightsome and cheerful. His voice had a ringing sweetness, and the utterance and use of his English were perfect. Branwell appeared to be in excellent spirits, and showed none of those traces of intemperance with which some writers have unjustly credited him about this period of his life.
The Slow-Fast Phase Plane

In this chapter, we use phase plane pictures to understand the mechanism of neuronal firing more clearly. The key is the presence of two time scales, a slow one and a fast one: Neurons build up towards firing gradually, then fire all of the sudden. This is what is captured (and in fact this is all that is captured) by the integrate-and-fire model.
Economic Decision Model for First-Time Traumatic Patellar Dislocations in Adolescents.

Background:The surgical management of traumatic patellar dislocations in adolescents is associated with a lower rate of recurrent dislocations compared with nonoperative care. However, the attendan...
Forests of New York, 2017

This resource update provides an overview of the forest resources in New York based on inventories conducted by the USDA Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program of the Northern Research Station. Estimates are based on field data collected using the FIA annualized sample design and are updated yearly. Information about the national and regional FIA programs is available online at http://fia.fs.fed.us. Since 2002, FIA has implemented an annual inventory in New York. For the 2017 inventory, estimates for current variables such as area, volume, and biomass are based on 4,701 plot samples (3,186 forested) collected from 2011-2017. Change variables such as net growth, removals, and mortality are based on 4,538 plots (3,037 forested) collected in 2005-2011 and remeasuredin 2011-2017. Estimates from earlier inventories are shown for comparison. See Bechtold and Patterson (2005), Gormanson et al. (2018), and Burrill et al. (2018) for definitions and technical details. A complete set of inventory tables is available at https://doi.org/10.2737/FS-RU-170.
Quantification of Engineering Disciplinary Discourse in Résumés: A Novel Genre Analysis With Teaching Implications

Background: Undergraduate engineering students often receive insufficient support when crafting resumes. Most notably, there is often a lack of disciplinary-specific instruction and a lack of emphasis on the persuasive function of resumes. Ultimately seeking to strengthen instructional materials, this study investigates a way to quantify the quality of engineering resumes, focusing specifically on the use of disciplinary discourse. Research questions: How do engineering resumes exhibit disciplinary discourse? How can disciplinary discourse be quantified as a way of promoting strong engineering resume writing and professional development skills? Literature review: This project builds on research exploring the qualities of effective resumes. It extends on work establishing disciplinary differences in desired resume qualities, as well as work characterizing resume writing as an opportunity for professional identity development. Grounded in activity theory, this project seeks to elucidate the “rules” of effective engineering resumes at the lexical level. Methodology: This project analyzed a corpus of 31 engineering resumes through both qualitative and quantitative means. Resumes were initially ranked via a rubric, then coded for disciplinary discourse according to the American Association of Engineering Societies’ Engineering Competency Model. Disciplinary discourse scores were then analyzed through descriptive statistics. Results and conclusion: Significant differences in the use of disciplinary discourse were found among strong, moderate, and weak resumes. Though these results are not generalizable due to the small corpus size, they indicate that disciplinary discourse may be a fruitful area for future research on resumes and the development of pedagogical materials.
A review of recent theoretical development in scheduling dual-gripper robotic cells

A robotic cell is a set of machines or processing centres served by a robot or a set of robots. Robotic cells can be classified by certain physical and operating characteristics such as robot type ...
Photosynthetic Phosphorylation by Chloroplasts of Higher Plants

Photosynthesis in green plants may be described as the light-dependent reduction of carbon dioxide to the level of carbohydrates coupled to the oxidation of water to molecular oxygen. In 1931, van Niel suggested that the light-driven step in photosynthesis is the photolysis of water. Water photooxidation would produce reducing equivalents, which van Niel proposed were used to reduce carbon dioxide, and molecular oxygen. Van Neil’s scheme was supported by Hill’s pioneering biochemical investigations of photosynthesis. Hill (1937) demonstrated that cell-free extracts of green leaves that contain broken chloroplasts catalyze the reduction of ferric ions to ferrous ions, concomitant with the evolution of oxygen. Only much later was it demonstrated that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+)* is the natural electron acceptor for the Hill reaction.
Evaluation of Role Detection Approaches in Terrorist Networks

In the past few years many successful terrorist events have taken place in the world. Due to these terrorist activities national security is the biggest concern for the government. Usually terrorists perform their activities in the organized manner. So in order to destabilize such network it is very important to indentify the roles of individuals in the network. A lot of work has already been done to identify the influential nodes in terrorist network. We have analyzed various researches for the detection of influential nodes in past few years. Our analysis is based on qualitative and quantitative parameters. In this paper we presented ten techniques for the detection of roles in the terrorist network. All the models and techniques reported in the papers have some pros and cons. We have reported the limitation of each technique and we also found that HSM (Hierarchal Structure of Members) is best approach for the detection of roles in terrorist network.
Investigating the relationship between phoneme categorization and reading ability

Dyslexia is associated with abnormal performance on many auditory psychophysics tasks, particularly those involving the categorization of speech sounds. However, it is debated whether those apparent auditory deficits arise from (a) reduced sensitivity to particular acoustic cues, (b) the difficulty of experimental tasks, or (c) unmodeled lapses of attention. Here we investigate the relationship between phoneme categorization and reading ability, with special attention to the nature of the cue encoding the phoneme contrast (static versus dynamic), differences in task paradigm difficulty, and methodological details of psychometric model fitting. We find a robust relationship between reading ability and categorization performance, show that task difficulty cannot fully explain that relationship, and provide evidence that the deficit is not restricted to dynamic cue contrasts, contrary to prior reports. Finally, we demonstrate that improved modeling of behavioral responses suggests that the gap between dyslexics and typical readers may be smaller than previously reported.
"Pricking the Lines": The Due Process Clause, Punitive Damages, and Criminal Punishment

The Supreme Court has recently devoted substantial attention to the question of what limits the Constitution places on the permissible amount of punishment. The Court has offered both substantive and procedural answers to this question. In decisions involving challenges to the length of criminal sentences, the Court has identified constraints that are doctrinally independent of one another: a proportionality principle under the Eighth Amendment that forbids a sentence grossly disproportionate to the defendant's crime and a due process principle requiring that any facts that increase the authorized sentence a defendant faces be proved beyond a reasonable doubt to a jury. By contrast, in cases involving challenges to the amount of a punitive damages award, the Court has taken a more doctrinally integrated approach. Substantively, the Court has again adopted a test that centers on proportionality, this time locating the requirement within the due process clauses. But with respect to damages, the Court's procedural solution takes power away from juries and provides for de novo review. This article looks at the sentencing and punitive damages decisions in tandem. Here, as in several other areas, the Court's approaches to similar questions in the civil and criminal arenas take very different turns. Part I considers the Court's articulation of proportionality tests under the Eighth Amendment (for criminal sentences and fines) and the due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments (for punitive damages). It shows that proportionality is both an inherently alluring and an inevitably unsatisfactory measure of constitutionality, particularly with respect to a judicially enforceable rule. Part II looks at the Court's procedural decisions. Given the convergence of substantive constitutional principles in the sentencing and damages cases, what accounts for the sharp divergence in the role the Supreme Court accords juries, reallocating authority to them and away from judges in criminal cases, while doing exactly the opposite in civil ones? I suggest that differences between the two kinds of litigation may explain why proportionality review is relatively more attractive in punitive damages cases. First, the Court may perceive the existence of more objective indicia of excessiveness in the punitive damages cases. Second, the punitive damages cases may raise reverse federalism concerns that are absent from criminal prosecutions. Third, the Supreme Court may think the level of federal intrusion can be better controlled in the civil context. And finally, criminal cases may involve better oversight by politically accountable actors.
Chapter 4 Application of infrared CD to the analysis of the solution conformation of biological molecules

Abstract This article presents the application of a novel technique, which combines the structural sensitivity of vibrational spectroscopy with the conformational sensitivity of chiroptical methods to study the solution conformation of biological molecules. Instrumental aspects, computational methods and spectral results for peptides and nucleic acids will be discussed.
Moving Wisdom. Explaining Cognition Through Movement

The two driving questions are: What may be fruitful ways to modify existing research mores and theoretical assumptions in cognitive studies? How do we integrate the cognitive sciences with the normative? These result respectively in an overture to expand the cognitive canon, and uniquely derive the normative weight to excel from work in the mind sciences and skillful coping connected to standards inherent to and resulting from the active pursuits central to this examination: sports, performing and martial arts, and crafts. Animate bodies best show the connection between the normative and the cognitive, and how these correlate with bodies, their kinetic capabilities, and the context of a community. This leads to a reconsideration of how cognitive studies—to include neuroscience, cognitive science, and philosophy—go about their business. The “cognitive canon” is thus extended and modified on a number of fronts regarding methodology, subject matter, and focus. Specifically, I suggest the need to go beyond conventional research foci embraced by both mainstream cognitivist and alternative embodied cognition approaches: the argument is to go beyond vision, normality and the pathological to explicitly incorporate the kinetic-tactile and the exceptional under a framework that re-conceptualizes matters across the board.
Modeling Nonlinear Synaptic Dynamics: A Laguerre-Volterra Network Framework for Improved Computational Efficiency in Large Scale Simulations

Synapses are key components in signal transmission in the brain, often exhibiting complex non-linear dynamics. Yet, they are often crudely modelled as linear exponential equations in large-scale neuron network simulations. Mechanistic models that use detailed channel receptor kinetics more closely replicate the nonlinear dynamics observed at synapses, but use of such models are generally restricted to small scale simulations due to their computational complexity. Previously, we have developed an ``input-output’’ (IO) synapse model using the Volterra functional series to estimate nonlinear synaptic dynamics. Here, we present an improvement on the IO synapse model using the extbf{Laguerre-Volterra network (LVN) framework. We demonstrate that utilization of the LVN framework helps reduce memory requirements and improves the simulation speed in comparison to the previous iteration of the IO synapse model. We present results that demonstrate the accuracy, memory efficiency, and speed of the LVN model that can be extended to simulations with large numbers of synapses. Our efforts enable complex nonlinear synaptic dynamics to be modelled in large-scale network models, allowing us to explore how synaptic activity may influence network behavior and affects memory, learning, and neurodegenerative diseases.
Effectiveness of an urban emergency department call-back system in the successful linkage to treatment of sexually transmitted infections.

OBJECTIVES There is a high incidence of asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in emergency department (ED) patients. There is no historical indication, physical examination finding, or rapidly available laboratory testing specific for detecting STIs in women. This study was conducted to describe the performance of an ED call-back system for STI screening and linkage to care for treatment. Success was defined as the ability to contact STI-positive women who were undertreated and confirm their return for definitive treatment. METHODS This retrospective, observational study of women 16 years and older evaluated those undertreated for STIs in the ED during the 13-month study period. A structured chart review was performed to determine the proportion of patients returning to an affiliated hospital ED or clinic for treatment after contact by telephone or letter. RESULTS Of 361 patients identified as undertreated, 29.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 24.7-34.1) did not return for definitive treatment. The method of contact was associated with patient return for treatment. Of the 276 patients contacted by telephone, 19.6% did not return for treatment (95% CI 14.9-24.3); of the 83 patients contacted by letter, 60.2% did not return for treatment (95% CI 49.7-70.8; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS A large proportion of patients undertreated for an STI did not return despite a notification of need for further treatment. This study had a high rate of successful telephone contact (76.5%), but contact did not substantially increase the overall proportion of patients who were linked to care and returned to the ED for treatment.
Collaborative learning in economics: Do group characteristics matter?

Abstract While the positive impacts of collaborative learning are well recognized, relatively little is known about how group characteristics (e.g., group size and composition) affect learning outcomes. Consequently, this article explores how group characteristics affect learning. We leverage a random assignment of students into groups of predetermined sizes to explore the effect of group size on learning outcomes in an undergraduate economics class. Though confirming the benefits of collaborative learning, our results indicate smaller group sizes (i.e., groups of about 5 or 6 members) are preferred to enhance learning, in our study context. We also find group learning effects tend to be limited for students with cultural and/or language barriers that limit participation. This is an important consideration for many US institutions with increasing enrollments of international students, particularly from Asian countries.
SOCIOECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF ROAD IMPACT FEES

Unsophisticated applications of road development impact fees have adverse socioeconomic impacts. This occurs when road impact fees are not calibrated to account for variation in household commuting trip lengths by household income proxied by house size in square meters, or when such fees do not account for the variation in work trip generation rates by house location with respect to transit station distance. The purpose of this study is to indicate in what ways unsophisticated fees have adverse socioeconomic effects and pose reasonably straightforward ways in which to correct for those effects. Failure to make these adjustments could lead to inequitable and inefficient road impact fee programs that may result in more fiscal harm than good.
Condensed-Phase, Halogen-Bonded CF3I and C2F5I Adducts for Perfluoroalkylation Reactions.

Tetramethylguanidine and DMSO can be used to prepare the required adducts of type (I), (IX), and (XIV).
Economics and the Tanakh—the Hebrew Bible

The Hebrew Bible or Tanakh offers economic utopias for building a theocratic society. This paper will present various economic situations and concepts found therein. These themes include social policies, the Sabbath, years of Sabbath and Jubilee, the agrarian society and the ethics of social justice. Quotes are offered from the Torah (also known as the Five Books of Moses) as well as the larger corpus of biblical texts, the Tanakh.
Different types of parental stress and childhood obesity: A systematic review of observational studies

Different types of parental stress may influence children's health behaviors and weight. The aim of this review was to systematically examine the relationships between parental stress and child obesity. We reviewed 27 studies published through December 2018 and classified parental stress as parents' general stress, parenting role stress, and life event stress. There were positive relationships of parents' general stress and parenting role stress with child obesity among families with younger children and in longitudinal studies. The relationship between life event stress and child obesity differed by measures. We found that parenting role stress may be associated with unhealthy parenting practices. Contextual factors such as children's and parents' sex, race or ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and family structure appeared to play a moderating role in the relationship between parents' stress and child obesity, which warrant cautious interpretation. Our recommendations for future research include clarifying further the types of parental stress that influence child obesity, evaluating long-term relationship between parental stress and child obesity, and identifying possible mediating factors to support the relationship between parents' stress and child obesity. Researchers may also consider developing stress management programs for parents to address child obesity.
Bridging Motor and Cognitive Control: It’s About Time!

Is how we control our thoughts similar to how we control our movements? Egger et al. show that the neural dynamics underlying the control of internal states exhibit similar algorithmic properties as those that control movements. This experiment reveals a promising connection between how we control our brain and our body.
What Guidewire Is the Best for Bypassing an Impacted Ureteral Stone

Introduction and Objectives: To determine the optimal guidewire for bypassing an impacted ureteral stone. Materials and Methods: Three different benchtop models of varying impaction (300, 362, and ...
Supplemental datasets for examination of the PCAOB's relationship with the audit profession in the United States.

Abstract These datasets have been co-submitted to this journal with the research article “A multi-method analysis of the PCAOB's relationship with the audit profession” [1] . The purpose of these datasets is to assist readers of the research article in obtaining further details on two analyses performed therein: a deviant case analysis of the interview data (enclosed here as Dataset 1) and content analysis of disagreement-report pairs (enclosed here as Dataset 2). These datasets could also inform future research into audit regulation by serving as a starting point in developing research ideas or as a context to settings chosen by the researchers for examination. We developed Dataset 1 by examining interviews of eight PCAOB inspectors and six audit partners who were involved in early interactions between the largest firms and the PCAOB for elements of the data that are inconsistent with the explanations and results in the research article. We developed Dataset 2 by identifying audit firm response letters during the period of 2004-2012 where there are one or more instances of explicit disagreement with the PCAOB's inspection results within the response letter. We identified 15 such audit firm response letters and paired them with the subsequent inspection report based on an inspection that started after the audit firm response letter date. We then examined the content of disagreements and the subsequent deficiencies and highlighted issues in these subsequent reports that appear like disagreements.
Is it Race, Sex, Gender or All Three? Predicting Risk for Alcohol Consumption in Emerging Adulthood

It is well established that heavy episodic drinking (HED) behavior, or four drinks per sitting for women and five or more for men, is a health risk behavior with personal and public health-related costs. There is also evidence of race and sex-based gaps in engagement with White Americans and males consuming more than their Black American and female counterparts. A sociological analysis of these disparities is needed to center racism and gender oppression as contextual factors reproducing trends in use. The current study examines these trends using the Doing Difference framework. According to this framework, dramaturgical performances of race, class and gender guide everyday interactions. The sample includes White and African Americans, ages 18–25, and tests results from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent and Adult Health for the impact of race, sex and gender orientation on engagement in HED behavior. Results suggest that male sex, fulltime employment, and masculine gender orientation promote HED behavior among White Americans; while race, a deterrent, is the only social factor with a significant influence on African American emerging adults.
A High-Speed High-Power-Density Non-Heavy Rare-Earth Permanent Magnet Traction Motor

There has been a global push for higher torque density and lower cost traction motors. The use of non-heavy rare-earth (non-HRE) permanent magnet materials in traction motors are being investigated for the sustainability, profitability and affordability of electric vehicles and to broaden their adoption. A 20,000-rpm permanent magnet traction motor using non-HRE magnet materials is proposed. A dual three-phase winding configuration driven by a segmented dual three-phase drive is proposed to reduce the current ripple, and as a result, the DC Link capacitor, as well as to ease the voltage constraint at high speed and eliminate any risk of uncontrolled regeneration. Furthermore, the dual winding configuration enables a fault tolerant design which is useful for reliability. The paper presents comprehensive electromagnetic, thermal and mechanical designs and analyses using an integrated approach. The results have shown that the design is robust against demagnetization and confirmed its thermal and mechanical viability.
Intracellular homocysteine metabolites in SLE: plasma S-adenosylhomocysteine correlates with coronary plaque burden.

Background and aims We hypothesised that intracellular homocysteine and homocysteine metabolite levels in patients with SLE are disproportionately elevated compared with the levels seen in healthy subjects and that they are independently associated with coronary plaque in SLE. Methods A liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry absolute quantification assay was used for the determination of six analytes in both plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs): homocysteine (Hcy), S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), methionine (Met), cystathionine (Cysta) and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5m-THF). We then compared intracellular (PBMC) and extracellular (plasma) Hcy and Hcy metabolite (SAM, SAH, Met, Cysta and 5m-THF) concentrations in 10 patients with SLE and in 10 age, sex and ethnicity matched controls. Subjects with a history of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, alcohol consumption in excess of 3 units per day, anaemia, renal insufficiency (serum creatinine >1.5 mg/dL) and pregnancy were excluded. All patients with SLE had two coronary CT angiography studies as screening for occult coronary atherosclerotic disease. Results Plasma from patients with SLE had higher levels of Hcy (p Conclusion Intracellular concentrations of Hcy metabolites were significantly different between patients with SLE and controls, despite similar intracellular Hcy levels. Plasma SAH was positively correlated with total coronary plaque, calcified plaque and non-calcified plaque.
Monitoring and Evaluation of Integrated Care - on the quest for the best approach. Designing the M&E Framework for the integrated healthcare pilot program in Poland

The monitoring, evaluation and economic assessment of the benefits of integrated care has been a topic of much recent discussion and ongoing academic discourse. Many approaches, frameworks and models exist, however there are not many cases in which they were truly applied to a specific integrated care (IC) project. In 2018, Poland’s National Health Fund (NFZ) has decided to pilot-test an integrated primary health care model (POZ Plus). The NFZ has sub contracted out some of its ME and consultations with experts. Considering the mechanisms and characteristics of the pilot, as well as IT infrastructure and data management capacity of the stakeholders, the applicability of ME and that there is a need to focus on patient outcomes and experiences. The Framework contains a set of descriptions about how to measure the achievements of the POZ Plus pilot. It describes the indicators, definitions, tools (eg. PROM,), processes, principles, and procedures (eg. COMIC model) through which the functionality of the M&E system to measure the pilot’s results is strengthened. Areas of evaluation of the pilot include impact evaluation, scalability assessment and process evaluations and operations research. Discussions and conclusions Due to the multidimensionality of IC projects, there is no golden standard for M&E of IC. Many approaches to evaluation of IC appeared in recent years, however one must always remember to fit the evaluation model to the context of the project that is being evaluated. Lessons learned Framework for M&E of IC should be created depending on the IC project. In the final evaluation, it is important to look at the IC project as a whole, rather than to evaluate individual elements such as payment mechanisms or new care pathways. At the same time, it is important to look at the project as a joint of different elements and point the interventions that work best or need improvement. Limitations Due to the scope of the contract between the NFZ and the World Bank, the in-depth evaluation of IT systems and the medical substantiation of the clinical care pathways was not included in the consideration for M&E Framework. Suggestions for future research There is a need for more research in evaluation of integrated care.
Israel and Judah Redefined: Migration, Trauma, and Empire in the Sixth Century BCE

In Israel and Judah Redefined, C. L. Crouch uses trauma studies, postcolonial theory, and social-scientific research on migration to analyse the impact of mass displacements and imperial power on Israelite and Judahite identity in the sixth century BCE. Crouch argues that the trauma of deportation affected Israelite identity differently depending on resettlement context. Deportees resettled in rural Babylonia took an isolationist approach to Israelite identity, whereas deportees resettled in urban contexts took a more integrationist approach. Crouch also emphasises the impact of mass displacement on identity concerns in the homeland, demonstrating that displacement and the experience of Babylonian imperial rule together facilitated major developments in Judahite identity. The diverse experiences of this period produced bitter conflict between Israelites and Judahites, as well as diverse attempts to resolve this conflict. Inspired by studies of forced migration and by postcolonial analyses of imperial domination, Crouch's book highlights the crucial contribution of this era to the story of Israel and Judah.
Prognostic factors for residual occult disease in shave margins during partial mastectomy.

Shave margins have been shown to decrease positive final margins in partial mastectomy. We investigated prognostic factors associated with residual disease in shave margins. Patients with invasive breast carcinoma and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) who had circumferential shave margins excised during lumpectomy were abstracted from a retrospective database from 2015 to 2018. We defined residual occult disease (ROD) as either (1) residual disease in a shave margin when the initial lumpectomy specimen had negative margins or (2) residual disease in a shave margin that did not correspond with the positive lumpectomy margin. We identified the frequency of ROD and conducted logistic regression analysis to identify associated prognostic factors. 166 Patients (139 invasive carcinoma, 27 DCIS) were included with median follow-up of 28 months (9–50 months). Residual occult disease existed in 34 (24.5%) with invasive carcinoma and 8 (29.6%) with DCIS. In univariate analyses of the invasive group, invasive lobular carcinoma and a positive initial, non-corresponding lumpectomy margin were predictive of ROD (OR 3.63, p = 0.04, OR 3.48, p = 0.003 respectively). In multivariate analysis, a positive lumpectomy margin remained significant, p = 0.007. No variables were associated with ROD in DCIS. Residual occult disease was shown to be a frequent event in this analysis of lumpectomy with circumferential shave margins. Having a positive initial lumpectomy margin was predictive of ROD in a non-corresponding margin. Surgeons should consider not being selective in their shave margins or margin of re-excision if shave margins were not obtained in their initial surgery.
Vertebral hemangiomas: A report of two unusual cases and a review of literature

Vertebral hemangiomas are among the most common benign lesions of the spine, with an incidence of 10%–12% in the adult population. Vertebral hemangiomas have been reported in all age groups with most prevalence in the fifth decade of life. A small proportion of the lesions (1%) may cause neurological symptoms ranging from pain to full-fledged paraplegia. Since most of the vertebral hemangiomas are asymptomatic and quiescent, no treatment is required. Treatment is to be considered only if there is back pain or neurological symptoms due to vertebral fracture or spinal cord/root compression. Because these active and symptomatic types of vertebral hemangiomas are a rare occurrence, their treatment modalities remain controversial and hence problematic. Since most of the patients are treated by a combination of modalities, the analysis of the efficacy of each treatment is difficult to assess and hence the apt choice of treatment is still controversial.