cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Practical limits to the Uniform Determination of Death Act.

Death is a transition laden with meaning. Rather than overrule a common lifeworld understanding of death with scientific criteria, a process of involvement and interpretation might help health-care practitioners understand what death means for the family and the patient and possibly allow all to come to some shared agreement on appropriate treatment. The UDDA was offered as a way to standardize the practice of diagnosing death based on brain-related criteria. While these criteria may be essential to recognizing death in certain circumstances, they should not be used as the final word on withdrawal of life-support in the absence of or in place of an understanding with the patient's family.
COMPARISON OF CONTINUOUS AMBULATORY PERITONEAL DIALYSIS AND HEMODIALYSIS FOR DIABETICS

To determine the relative efficacy of hemodialysis (HD) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) we compared all diabetic patients starting these treatments between April 1978 and August 1983. There were 37 HD patients and 34 CAPD patients who were comparable in age and degree of systemic disease. In the CAPD group survival was 81% at one and three years, and in the HD group 76% and 400/() at one and three years (P I year), and between the two entire groups. Predialysis and one-year laboratory data was compared with paired Student's t-test. Yate's Chi square test was used to assess significance of differences between frequencies. Actuarial survival rates were obtained from life-table analysis (18). Standard errors for each term of the curves were calculated cumulatively (18) and a normal test was applied to the rates to obtain the significance of their differences. All data are presented as means ± standard errors of the means.
Dynamic responses of beams with flexible supports subject to transversal impact

A method for dynamic responses of beams was presented with specific constrained condition which appears as elastic and damping feature,i.e.beams with flexible supports.The mechanics models of beams with flexible supports were established,and elastic and dumping supports,lumped masses at the beams ends and non-symmetric supports were taken account.Based on the formulae of the relationship between the contact force and the embedding depth,the dynamic equations of beams with flexible supports subject to transversal impact were proposed by use of Lagrange method.The impact force and transversal displacement of the beam with flexible supports were compared with those of simply supported one under the same impact conditions,which proves the influence of the flexible supports on dynamic responses.The results show that flexible supports have little influence on impact forces but have notable influence on responses of displacement.Compared with simply supported beam,a transformation stage of the beam with elastic supports under impact was added.
Coronary artery bypass surgery in patients seventy years of age and older.

Fifty patients 70 years of age and older underwent coronary artery bypass surgery for disabling angina pectoris or congestive heart failure or both (two quadruple, 11 triple, 25 double grafts, 12 single). Twenty additional procedures were done (11 mitral valve replacements for papillary muscle dysfunction, six ventricular aneurysmectomies, four aortic valve replacements, and one repair of ventricular septal defect). Surgical mortality rate was 8 per cent (four patients). Total mortality rate was 14 per cent, after a mean follow-up of 17 months. Of 30 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery alone, two died during surgery and none on follow-up. Age alone should not be a contraindication for coronary artery bypass surgery. Surgical risk is acceptable in older patients, and improvement can be expected in the majority of patients.
Unexpected retention and efficiency behaviors in supercritical fluid chromatography: A thermodynamic interpretation

Experimental conditions leading to unexpected shift in retention, band compression, and to band enlargement of small molecules in supercritical fluid chromatography are reported. The stationary phase is a 3.0mm×150mm column packed with 1.8μm fully porous high strength silica (HSS) StableBond (SB) C18 particles. The mobile phase is pure carbon dioxide preheated at 107°C and the column back pressure is set at 100bar. The column was thermally insulated in a vacuum chamber at a pressure of 10-5Torr in order to maintain the integrity of the peak symmetry. The sample solution was prepared by dissolving seven n-alkylbenzenes (from benzene to dodecylbenzene) in pure acetonitrile. The injected sample volume (1μL) was three orders of magnitude smaller than the column volume. Remarkably, the retention time of octylbenzene is found 15% smaller than that expected for this series of homologous compounds. Most strikingly, the plate counts change from about 20000 for the three least retained analytes (benzene, ethylbenzene, and butylbenzene) to 60000 for hexylbenzene and to only 5000 for the three most retained compounds (octylbenzene, decylbenzene, and dodecylbenzene). These unexpectedly high (reduced plate height of 1.3) and low (reduced plate height of 15) column efficiencies observed for closely related compounds are consistent with the overlap between the spatial concentration zone of the sample solvent (acetonitrile, Langmuir isotherm, k≃2) and those of the analytes (competitive linear isotherms, 0<k<10). The present observations are fully supported by chromatogram simulations which assume that the Henry's constants of the infinitely diluted analytes are strongly dependent on the concentration of the sample solvent in the mobile phase.
Electronic transitions of Rb2 above 25 000 cm−1

Abstract Rubidium dimers were formed by thermal vaporization of the metal followed by continuous co-expansion with argon through a small pinhole into a vacuum chamber. The dimers were detected by laser-induced fluorescence. Vibrationally resolved excitation spectra were recorded for two new band systems in the wavelength regions around 394 nm and 353 nm. The well known D-X system near 430 nm was also observed. All three band systems exhibited long vibrational progressions, indicative of substantial changes in the equilibrium bond lengths on electronic excitation. Isotope splittings between the bands of 85 Rb 2 and 85 Rb 87 Rb were resolved for the band system centered at 353 nm. Vibrational analyses were carried out, and the upper state vibrational constants are reported. Possible assignments of the electronic configurations for the newly observed states are considered.
Use of a Computer Based Neurocognitive Software Program in Asymptomatic Neurologically Intact Adults with Sickle Cell Disease.

Abstract Abstract 1524 Poster Board I-547 Incidence of stroke in sickle cell disease (SCD) is approximately 11% under the age of 20, and 24% of patients have had a stroke by age 45. In children with SCD, 24% with no history of stroke are found to have neurocognitive deficits and silent infarcts. At least 20% of adults with SCD and no history of stroke also have an abnormal MRI, and up to 63% have either an abnormal MRI or neurocognitive dysfunction. However, formal neurocognitive testing can be difficult to obtain, especially in adults, as it is costly, time-consuming, and requires specialized expertise. An office-based screening tool would therefore be beneficial in this population. CNS Vital Signs™ (CNS-VS) is a computer-based software program designed to evaluate neurocognitive deficits based on traditional neuropsychological testing. The test reports an overall score referred to as the neurocognitive index (NCI), as well as scores based on seven domains: verbal memory, visual memory, finger tapping, symbol digit coding, Stroop test, shifting attention, and continuous performance test. The domains reflect areas of memory, psychomotor speed, reaction time, cognitive flexibility and complex attention. We conducted a pilot study in neurologically intact adults with SCD (HbSS or Sβ0 thalassemia) using CNS-VS as an office-based computer-administered tool for possible screening of patients with SCD for subtle neurocognitive impairment. SCD subjects were recruited from the Duke adult sickle cell clinic. Age, sex, and race matched controls were recruited by word of mouth. Each subject also underwent screening tests for severe depression and cognitive limitations using the mini mental status exam (MMSE) and the depression dejection score (DDS) from the Profile of Moods Survey. Patients also completed a perceived stress survey. Subjects with SCD were excluded if they had a recent hospitalization for pain within three weeks prior to enrollment, history of stroke or TIA, DDS score >40, or MMSE score Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Breeze computing: A just in time (JIT) approach for virtualizing FPGAs in the cloud

In this paper, we introduce a new design flow and architecture that lets programmers replace synthesis with compilation to create custom accelerators within data center and warehouse scale computers that include reconfigurable many core architectures. Within our new approach, we virtualize FPGAs into pre-defined partially reconfigurable tiles. We then define a run time interpreter that assembles bit stream versions of programming patterns into the tiles. The bit streams as well as software executables are maintained within libraries accessed by the application programmers. In our approach, synthesis occurs hand in hand with the initial coding of the software programming patterns when a Domain Specific Language is first created for the application programmers. Initial results show the approach allows hardware accelerators to be compiled 100x faster compared to the time required to synthesize the same functionality. Initial performance results further show a compilation/interpretation approach can achieve approximately equivalent performance for matrix operations and filtering compared to synthesizing a custom accelerator.
Give Me a Break!: Personalized Timing Strategies to Promote Learning in Robot-Child Tutoring

A common practice in education to accommodate the short attention spans of children during learning is to provide them with non-task breaks for cognitive rest. Holding great promise to promote learning, robots can provide these breaks at times personalized to individual children. In this work, we investigate personalized timing strategies for providing breaks to young learners during a robot tutoring interaction. We build an autonomous robot tutoring system that monitors student performance and provides break activities based on a personalized schedule according to performance. We conduct a field study to explore the effects of different strategies for providing breaks during tutoring. By comparing a fixed timing strategy with a reward strategy (break timing personalized to performance gains) and a refocus strategy (break timing personalized to performance drops), we show that the personalized strategies promote learning gains for children more effectively than the fixed strategy. Our results also reveal immediate benefits in enhancing efficiency and accuracy in completing educational problems after personalized breaks, showing the restorative effects of the breaks when administered at the right time.
Epidermal growth factor prevents APOE4-induced cognitive and cerebrovascular deficits in female mice

Cerebrovascular dysfunction is re-emerging as a major component of aging, and may contribute to the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Two important risk factors for cerebrovascular dysfunction are APOE and female sex, which are primarily researched in the context of high amyloid-β (Aβ) levels as found in AD. However, APOE4 and sex modulate Aβ-independent pathways that may induce cerebrovascular dysfunction as a downstream consequence. Therefore, testing the activity of factors that target cerebrovascular dysfunction in Aβ-independent models that incorporate APOE4 and female sex is crucial. We have previously demonstrated that peripheral administration of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) prevents cognitive dysfunction, cerebrovascular leakiness, and cerebrovascular coverage deficits in female mice that express APOE4 and overproduce Aβ, without affecting Aβ levels. These data raise the question of whether EGF protects the cerebrovasculature from general stress-induced damage. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine whether EGF prevents Aβ-independent cerebrovascular dysfunction. In eight-month old mice that express human APOE, the interaction of APOE4 and female sex induced cognitive dysfunction, increased cerebrovascular leakiness and lowered vessel coverage. Importantly, in a prevention paradigm (from six to eight and a half months of age), EGF ameliorated cognitive decline and cerebrovascular deficits in female mice that express APOE4. Thus, developing treatment strategies based on EGF signaling could provide alternative therapeutic options for age-related cerebrovascular dysfunction and reduce AD risk.
A Fugue of Legacies: A Meditation for Maryse Conde

Pas sa faute si elie souffrait du complexe des victimes et s'identifiait a ceux qui sont poursuivis. Maryse Conde, Histoire de la femme cannibale Comment pourrais-je oublier mon passe? dit le Juif. Non seulement il me poursuit depuis ma naissance mais, parfois, j'ai la conviction qu'il sera mon avenir. Edmond Jabes, Le livre de l'hospitalite I have come back to Brooklyn today, a return to my native land that constitutes a coming home only because we are here together--"coming home" not to a place, but to the deepening of a relationship that shares mutual concerns over the intricacies of belonging, the struggles around politics of identification and, for you as a writer, the insistence on a certain form of dis-identification necessary to creative freedom. I have responded to your curiosity, Maryse, to your openness, to your queries about a disturbing New York incident by offering to take you and Richard Philcox through the section of Brooklyn known as Crown Heights. This neighborhood was the scene of interracial riots in 1991 between Blacks and Jews after a Hasidic driver accidentally killed a Guyanese-born boy, Gavin Cato, setting off the violence that then killed a young Australian Yeshiva student, Yankel Rosenbaum. You are wondering what such a neighborhood can possibly look like, imagining it, and, literally, trying to figure it. As you have in each of your novels, from unnamed African countries, to Salem, to Segou, to Capetown, you will combine the experiential, the historical, and the imaginary aspects of this little trip, distilling something from it that, through your writing, will become art. So we are crawling through traffic on Bedford Avenue, passing jerk chicken shops, coiffeurs advertising braiding (weaving) and corn rows, music shops blaring reggae, salsa, zouk, RB do-rags become streirnels, the men's round, fur-trimmed hats; woven hairpieces are replaced by sheitls, the wigs of the Ultra Orthodox Jewish women, as we slowly cross one of those invisible frontiers delineating neighborhoods round in New York City. Roland Barthes might have spun one of his "mythologies" in Crown Heights, reading racial tensions as being all about hair! Crossing the grand old boulevard that is Eastern Parkway, we have moved from Jamaica, Haiti, Trinidad, Guyana, to Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine, Romania, from Creole to Yiddish, from roti to challah, from conch to gefilte fish. You are at home in these shifting borderlands, global citizen that you are, and these are the spaces and places that your protagonists explore on their journeys to self-discovery, from Veronica to Tituba to Marie-Noelle to Celanire to Roselie, to name but a few. Your refusal to align yourself with any dogmatic essentialism, be it racial, nationalist, feminist, ethnic, in favor of the continued construction of the true land of the free, that of the literary imagination, is textualized as a willingness to explore difference(s), invent possible new relationships, traverse spaces and cultures. …
Collecting Interviewer Observations to Augment Survey Data

Any time that interviewers are used to collect survey data it is possible to leverage their observations to augment the self-reports solicited from respondents. While interviewer observations have been used in various forms for many years, it has not been until recently that this important form of paradata has been subjected to rigorous study. In some cases, interviewer observations may be very accurate and valuable, but in other cases they may be prone to serious errors that compromise their utility. This chapter identifies a few empirically validated uses of interviewer observations and discusses the best practices for these uses. The chapter also outlines several potentially important uses of interviewer observations where additional research is needed to determine the value and accuracy of the observations.
Geostatistics Coupled with Physics Model for ELF Signal Strength Analysis

The Extreme Low Frequency (ELF) signal strength used in submarine communications was regionalized and geostatistics was applied for the analysis of its spatial distributions. An extensive variogram structural analysis was made to specify the correlations between the spatial variability of field strengths measured and the site specific antenna patterns as well as the physics model of signal propagations. Residual Kriging (RK), coupled with the physics model of ELF field signal strength, was employed for the spatial interpolation of ELF strength values. RK and variogram models used were cross-validated by checking variances of normalized estimation errors. Contour maps by kriging and the physics model were compared against field data measured.
Policy and Electromagnetic Fields

In 1999, it will be twenty years since the publication of the paper by Nancy Wertheimer that high current configuration wiring in houses is associated with a higher risk of childhood leukemia [Wertheimer, 1979]. This is perhaps the single thing that gave birth to the consideration of policies to limit exposure of people to low frequency, low strength magnetic fields, and literally brought this issue home. Before this, the issue of health effects from chronic exposure to magnetic fields had been raises as an issue related to siting -- of high voltage transmission lines, and of communication systems. Public concerns of health effects were mostly dismissed as a ploy for effective arguments when the real concern was for aesthetics and property values rather than for health.
Classification, Natural History, and Evolution of the Subfamily Peloniinae (Coleoptera: Cleroidea: Cleridae). Part XIV. Taxonomy of the South American Genera Corinthiscus Fairmaire and Germain, Morulaptoma Opitz, New Genus, and Petorca Opitz, New Genus

The genera CorinthiscusFairmaire and Germain, 1861, Morulaptoma Opitz, new genus, and Petorca Opitz, new genus, are redescribed/described, and revised. The species composition of these genera involves: Corinthiscus insignicornisFairmaire and Germain, 1861, Morulaptoma canuta Opitz, new species, Morulaptoma nigra (Chevrolat, 1876), new combination, and Petorca denticolla (Spinola, 1849), new combination. Corinthiscus nigra (Chevrolat) is now the type species of Morulaptoma. Lectotypes are designated for Corinthiscus insignicornisFairmaire and Germain, 1861, Pelonium nigrumaChevrolat, 1876, and Clerus denticollisSpinola, 1849. Biogeographical evidence suggests that these checkered beetle genera evolved in significantly different forest communities, and morphological observations indicate that they are carnivorous. It is hypothesized that the ancestor of this monophyletic assemblage diversified in a region involving Chile and Argentina, with radiation into the forested biomes of southeastern Brazil.
Statistical and Methodological Critique of Baker’s Chapter

Robin Baker’s chapter contains methodological and factual errors in the “Statistics” and “Results” subsections of the two sections “Compass Orientation” and “Goal Orientation”; there are also problems with the “Physiology” subsection of “Magnetoreceptors?” Corrections of these errors substantially weaken Baker’s conclusions.
“Taking the ghetto out of the dog:” reproducing inequality in pit bull rescue

ABSTRACTThis paper examines how rescuers of pit bulls in the Los Angeles area participate in remaking pit bulls so that the dogs shed their racialized, gendered, and classed identities as companion...
Visual Data Mining of Log Files

Data mining is based on a simple analogy. The growth of data warehousing has created mountains of data. The mountains represent a valuable resource to the enterprise. But to extract value from these mountains, we must “mine” for the gold in data warehouses and data marts. Everywhere that there are data warehouses, data mines are also constructed. Data visualization has the ability to present a great deal of information in a user friendly format. It is well known that humans comprehend visual information much quicker and more efficiently than verbal information. “A picture is worth a thousand words.” Successful visualizations can reduce the time it takes to get the information, make sense out of it, and enhance creative thinking. Great strides have been made in the area of computer generated data visualizations in recent years. This paper discusses visual data mining techniques for analyzing real forensic data.
Residual tumor volume discriminates prognosis after surgery for neuroendocrine liver metastasis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES We developed objective measurements of preoperative and residual tumor volume, and debulking rate, to evaluate their prognostic value for neuroendocrine liver metastasis (NELM). METHODS Seventy-three patients who underwent surgery for NELM were analyzed retrospectively. Indices of preoperative and postoperative residual tumor volume (pre-volume index [VI] and post-VI) were calculated as the sum of the cubes of individual tumor diameters on preoperative and postoperative imaging, respectively. The debulking rate (%) was calculated as 100 - 100 × post-VI/pre-VI. The classification and regression trees method was used to classify pre-VI and post-VI. RESULTS Overall survival (OS) was discriminated by preoperative tumor volume (5-year OS rates, 87.8% for low pre-VI and 60.1% for high pre-VI; P = .037) and residual tumor volume (5-year OS rates, 88.1% for low post-VI and 24.8% for high post-VI; P < .001). In contrast, debulking rates of 100%, ≥90%, and <90% did not discriminate OS (5-year OS rates, 88.0%, 61.9%, and 58.9%, respectively, not significant). In multivariate analysis, residual tumor volume (high post-VI, hazard ratio, 6.40; 95% confidence interval, 1.45-32.3) was an independent prognostic factor for OS. CONCLUSIONS Objective measurement of tumor volume demonstrates that residual tumor volume is prognostic after surgery for NELM.
Angiostrongyliasis infection masquerading as granulomatosis with polyangiitis: a case-based review

Pulmonary angiitis is a small vessel vasculitis commonly reported in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) but is rarely attributed to angiostrongyliasis. We report a case of a patient with well-controlled rheumatoid arthritis, who was treated for GPA based on lung biopsy results with glucocorticoids (GC). Upon re-review of the initial pathology, along with peripheral eosinophilia and history of recent travel, the patient was eventually diagnosed with angiostrongylus-like nematode infection. GCs were subsequently discontinued and instead, the patient was treated with anthelmintics with complete resolution of symptoms. Commonly associated with eosinophilic meningitis or abdominal angiostrongyliasis in humans, clinical pulmonary manifestations of this parasite species are rare. With parasitic infiltration of the pulmonary vessels mimicking clinical GPA, diagnosis and treatment can be difficult in these patients. We discuss the third-reported case and first-reported survivor of Angiostrongylus-induced pulmonary angiitis followed by a focused review of the literature.
Is there evidence for sensitive periods in emotional development

During sensitive periods an individual's development is especially receptive to information from the environment in ways that it is not at earlier and later developmental stages. Here, we describe challenges in applying the concept of sensitive periods to the domain of socio-emotional development, review what applications of this approach have accomplished, and point to promising future directions. We also argue that since emotional development consists of higher-order cognitive processes, it likely involves multiple and overlapping sensitive periods tied to different mechanisms (e.g., facial recognition, reward processing, fear conditioning). Moreover, we note a distinction between the construct of a sensitive period versus the identification of an effect of early experience-two ideas that are often confused in the literature. Progress in the study of emotion will require understanding the mechanisms involved in developmental change and models that predict children's behavior based on their prior experience.
The role of STEM professors’ mindset beliefs on students’ anticipated psychological experiences and course interest

Two decades of research consistently demonstrates that students’ beliefs about the malleability of intelligence (also known as “mindsets”) influence their motivation and academic outcomes. The current work provides a novel extension to this literature by examining how STEM professors’ mindset beliefs can influence students’—and particularly female students’—anticipated psychological experiences and interest in those professors’ courses. In 3 experiments, college students evaluated STEM courses taught by professors who espoused either fixed or growth mindset beliefs. Students’ anticipated psychological experiences (i.e., fair treatment concerns, sense of belonging, evaluation concerns), anticipated course performance, and ultimately, course interest were assessed. Results revealed that, regardless of gender, students anticipated more negative psychological experiences, lower performance, and lower course interest when courses were taught by STEM professors who endorsed more fixed (vs. growth) mindset beliefs. However, consistent with an identity threat framework, the effects of STEM professors’ mindset beliefs (in all studies and across all outcomes) were much larger among female students. Results suggest that professors’ perceived mindset beliefs may deter students from taking the STEM courses students need in order to major in STEM. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)
Eigenspectrum, Chern numbers and phase diagrams of ultracold color-orbit-coupled SU(3) fermions in optical lattices

We study ultracold color fermions with three internal states, red, green, and blue, with $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ symmetry in optical lattices, when color-orbit coupling and color-flip fields are present. This system corresponds to a generalization of two internal state fermions with $\mathrm{SU}(2)$ symmetry in the presence of spin-orbit coupling and spin-flipping Zeeman fields. We investigate the eigenspectrum and Chern numbers to describe different topological phases that emerge in the phase diagrams of color-orbit coupled fermions in optical lattices. We obtain the phases as a function of artificial magnetic, color-orbit, and color-flip fields that can be independently controlled. For fixed artificial magnetic flux ratio, we identify topological quantum phases and phase transitions in the phase diagrams of chemical potential versus color-flip fields or color-orbit coupling, where the chirality and number of midgap edge states changes. The topologically nontrivial phases are classified in three groups: The first group has total nonzero chirality and exhibits only the quantum charge Hall effect; the second group has total nonzero chirality and exhibits both quantum charge and quantum color Hall effects; and the third group has total zero chirality but exhibits the quantum color Hall effect. These phases are generalizations of the quantum Hall and quantum spin Hall phases for charged spin-$1/2$ fermions. Lastly, we also describe the color density of states and a staircase structure in the total and color filling factors versus chemical potential for fixed color-orbit coupling, color-flip field, and magnetic flux ratio. We show the existence of incompressible states at rational filling factors precisely given by a gap labelling theorem that relates the filling factors to the magnetic flux ratio and topological quantum numbers.
Introduction to Neuroimmunology: What the Cerebrospinal Fluid Teaches Us About Diseases of the Central Nervous System

Components of the immune system can impact diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). This chapter is designed to introduce the reader to immunological discoveries that changed the research community’s perspective on many diseases of the CNS. Many of these discoveries were made using samples of cerebrospinal fluid, which is a part of the human CNS that we can readily access. Thus, this chapter focuses on research findings of the CSF that have advanced our understanding of certain CNS diseases. This chapter also provides primary literature for these discoveries, and several recent review articles that will provide a useful foundation for subsequent chapters in this book.
Neighborhood diversity and the creative class in Chicago

Abstract Richard Florida's creative class theory posits that highly skilled workers with creative- or knowledge-intensive occupations are particularly sensitive to ‘quality of place’, a key component of which is an open and tolerant attitude toward different peoples, cultures, and lifestyles. While diversity, as a proxy for tolerance, has proven to be a relatively weak pull-factor at the inter-metropolitan level, the potential role of neighborhood-level diversity in the residential location of creative class workers has yet to be explored empirically. In this study we use ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and geographically weighted regression (GWR) to test the hypothesis that there exists significant associations between particular types of neighborhood diversity (i.e., sexual orientation, language, race, and income) and the proportion of workers with specific creative class occupations. The results of our Chicago case study suggest a significant positive relationship between the creative class and the proportion of gay households and income diversity, but not racial or linguistic diversity. Overall, diversity appears to play a limited role in predicting where creative class workers reside, though the GWR analysis indicated substantial spatial variation in the strength of association between neighborhood diversity and creative class share across the study area.
Why task domains (still) matter for understanding expertise

Abstract Researchers often find it unsettling that domain experts sometimes agree and sometimes do not. This paper argues that previous investigators may have lacked sufficient appreciation of domain differences. That is, task characteristics have a major impact on the behavior of experts. The purposes of this paper are: (1) to review empirical evidence on agreement/disagreement by experts in various domains, (2) to outline a commonly-accepted conceptualization that questions the competence of experts when there are disagreements, (3) to relate domain differences to the degree of agreement between experts, (4) to suggest an alternate conceptualization of expertise that views such differences in agreement/disagreement as inevitable, (5) to look at implications of this conceptualization for future directions of research on expertise.
Cutaneous polymodal receptors: characteristics and plasticity

The cutaneous sensory units labeled C-fiber polymodal nociceptors have a broadly coherent set of responsive characteristics. These include; (a) elevated thresholds to mechanical stimulation and to heat; (b) excitation by irritant and algesic chemicals; and (c) sensitization by injury or algesic substances. These characteristics and the match between the signals produced by C-polymodal nociceptors to pain-causing stimuli and human reports of pain indicate a probable causal connection. Nevertheless, there are indications that this population of sensory units may contain functionally-distinct subtypes. Some human C-polymodal nociceptors have been reported to be excited by histamine at low concentrations, whereas much of the population lacks such responsiveness. Further, in vitro studies of the effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents and low pH on sensitization suggest distinctions in the responsiveness of different elements whose general characteristics place them into the C-polymodal category. The enhanced responsiveness of C-polymodal nociceptors after heat stimulation or exposure to acidity has a probable relationship to the primary hyperalgesia produced after injury to hairy skin or in the presence of inflammation. Furthermore, the alterations of C-polymodal nociceptor characteristics after partial nerve injury and sympathectomy imply a change in phenotype of neurons spared by denervation and are suggestive of a possible relationship to sympathetically related pain and post-sympathetic neuralgias. These evidences of plasticity in responsiveness of a set of sense organs putatively associated with cutaneous pain represent lessons in the adaptability of biological mechanisms, and clues to the pathophysiology of pain.
Black Female “Things” in International Law: A Meditation on Saartjie Baartman and Truganini

Through the figures of Saartjie Baartman, the Hottentot Venus, and Truganini, the “last Tasmanian Aboriginal,” this Chapter explores the contrasts between the historic status of black women as chattel (“not-human” things) and their choices and actions in pursuit of the “things” of importance to them. The “choices” made by these women add complexity to the understanding of the nature of “choice” in international law, with particular relevance to the discussion of “choice” and “consent” in the global struggle against human exploitation. The Chapter also addresses Saartjie Baartman’s and Trugannini’s roles in relation to their contemporaneous and contemporary communities. Their bodies “proved” the scientific bases of “natural” racial hierarchies and subordination. The stories of their exploitation cemented the theoretical foundations of the expansion of positivist theories of international law, and illustrate the co-existence of freedom and enslavement.
Deviations from theory by femtosecond lasers due to noise

We compare deviations from theory in the yield of second harmonic generation in order to characterize high-repetition rate femtosecond laser sources where the amplitude and phase differs from pulse to pulse. Experimental results are presented for cases with phase noise and a post-pulse.
Device design using the steady-state ab initio laser theory

We present a method for designing highly multimode lasers for use as effectively incoherent light sources in optical imaging techniques.
Human Factors Engineering

Human Factors Engineering (HFE) is that discipline of engineering concerned with the analysis, design, and development of human-technological systems in which the primary emphasis is to improve or optimize system performance by considering the human's capabilities and limitations in the system. HFE uses the fundamental engineering sciences to provide the mathematical and analytical methods necessary to implement human factors applications. This chapter describes the applications of HFE to ergonomic engineering practice with specific examples from biomechanics, bioelectronics, and biothermodynamics. The chapter concludes with the application of human control engineering for evaluating the tradeoff in equipment design and human operator capabilities. Keywords: bioelectronics; biomechanics; biothermodynamics; control systems; ergonomics; human factors; human control engineering; workload
Depth‐shifting cores incompletely recovered from the upper oceanic crust, IODP Hole 1256D

Seafloor drilling operations, especially those in crustal rocks, yield incomplete recovery of drilled sections, and depths of the recovered core pieces are assigned with some uncertainty. Here we present a new depth-shifting method that is simple and rapid, requires little subjective input, and is applicable to any core-log integration problem where sufficient comparable data have been collected in both the open hole and from the recovered core. Over the depth range for which both core and log data have been collected, an automatic algorithm selected the best new depth for each piece. The criteria for determining the best depth were as follows: (1) find new depths for as many pieces as possible, and (2) minimize the difference between core density and log density. In this study, depth-shifting is applied at Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Hole 1256D, which is our first opportunity to study a section of intact, in situ upper ocean crust drilled down to gabbro. The new depths significantly improve the agreement between an independent data set and the logging record.
Location, location, location: the cell biology of immunoglobulin allelic control

Individual lymphocytes express antigen receptors of a singular specificity. How this process, known as allelic exclusion, is established and maintained is unknown. Differences in subnuclear localization appear to contribute to enforcement of monoallelic receptor expression.
Earlier onset of the Indian monsoon in the late twentieth century: The role of anthropogenic aerosols

[1] The impact of the late twentieth century increase of anthropogenic aerosols on the Indian monsoon onset was investigated with a state-of-the-art climate model with fully interactive aerosols and chemistry. We find that aerosols are likely responsible for the observed earlier onset, resulting in enhanced June precipitation over most of India. This shift is preceded by strong aerosol forcing over the Bay of Bengal and Indochina, mostly attributable to the direct effect, resulting in increased atmospheric stability that inhibits the monsoon migration in May. The adjusted atmospheric circulation leads to thermodynamic changes over the northwestern continental region, including increased surface temperature and near-surface moist static energy, which support a stronger June flow and, facilitated by a relative warming of the Indian Ocean, a vigorous northwestward precipitation shift. These findings underscore the importance of dynamical feedbacks and of regional land-surface processes for the aerosol-monsoon link. Citation: Bollasina, M. A., Y. Ming, and V. Ramaswamy (2013), Earlier onset of the Indian monsoon in the late twentieth century: The role of anthropogenic aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 3715–3720, doi:10.1002/grl.50719.
On classical envelopes in optimal control theory

The method of characteristics is utilized to investigate the value function of an optimal control problem with a smooth control near singularities of the corresponding flow of extremals. A direct generalization of the classical concept of envelopes from the calculus of variations to the optimal control problem is formulated. As a simple illustration it is shown that the local geometric properties of the flow of extremals near a fold singularity are identical with those of the field of catenaries in the classical example of minimum surfaces. The geometry of trajectories near a simple cusp singularity is described as well.
Correlations and accuracy of estimation of spectroscopic constants and term values

Abstract A comparison and evaluation of the various methods for reducing spectroscopic data to spectroscopic constants or term values is made with the aid of an analysis of a number of “synthetic” Σ-Σ bands generated from fixed sets of constants with random noise superimposed on the line positions. It is shown that the strong correlations that exist between the upper-state constants B′, D′ and the lower-state constants B0, D0 can be effectively broken up by using the difference constants ΔB = B′ - B0 and ΔD = D′ - D0, along with ν0, for representing the upper states. The lower state constants B0 and D0 and their standard errors calculated from the combination differences Δ2F″(J) are shown to be as good as those obtained from direct polynomial fits. If data for a number of bands originating in the same lower state are available, a considerable increase in accuracy of estimating the lower-state constants can be attained by analyzing the bands simultaneously, e.g., using combination differences, provided the data are free from systematic errors. The dependence of the accuracy of determining the constants B0, D0, ν0, ΔB, and ΔD on the extent of the band analyzed was investigated by varying the minimum and maximum J-values. The plots showing this dependence for both the actual errors and standard errors can be used e.g., to assess the band size necessary to attain a desired accuracy for a given constant. Aslund's term-value method is cast in a form which permits simple derivation of explicit formulas for the correlation coefficients connecting all the upper- and lower-state term values, and of explicit relations between the term values and the combination differences. Modifications of the term-value method suitable for the case where one or more transitions originate in an unperturbed state are explored. It is shown that the “difference term values” referred to the lower (unperturbed) state with the same value of J, Ti(J)-T0(J), are essentially uncorrelated to the lower state constants B0 and D0. Since these quantities can be expressed directly as the eigenvalues of the energy matrix for a given J in the presence of perturbations, their use for representing the energies of perturbed rovibronic states is recommended.
Correction of mitral insufficiency under direct vision.

The incompetent valves in the majority of patients with mitral regurgitation can be surgically corrected by the technics described above. The ease and effectiveness of the correction are largely dependent upon the severity of the pathologic process. The roles of chronic myocarditis, myocardial failure, pulmonary vascular sclerosis, and the presence of other valvular defects are important factors in the eventual result. Fortunately, the abnormality in the majority of valves can be corrected, and the myocardial reserve is usually sufficient to provide satisfactory function. With continued progress in this field, earlier surgical intervention, and probably less severe disease from improved treatment, better results can be anticipated in the future.
How Old are African American Women When they Receive their First Mammogram? Results from a Church-Based Study

African American women in the U.S. have the highest breast cancer mortality though not the highest breast cancer incidence. This high mortality rate has been attributed in part to discrepancies in screening between African American and White women. Although this gap in mammography utilization is closing, little is known about what has been and is driving the screening practices of African American women, in particular age at first mammogram. This study examined the rates of breast cancer screening in an African American community sample from eight churches in greater Baltimore, Maryland and investigated the association between various factors and age at first mammogram. Participants were 213 women ages 22–89 years. About 77% of women had ever had a mammogram. Over 40% had their first mammogram before age 40. Women who first screened before age 40 had greater odds than women who had never screened of being knowledgeable about screening guidelines, of having received a physician recommendation to screen, and of having three or more female relatives who had been screened. Women who first screened at or after age 40 were more likely to have stronger religious beliefs of health than women who never had screened. These findings suggest the importance of reinforcing factors in screening behavior for African American women and have implications for physician training and public health education about breast cancer screening. A better understanding of African American women’s mammography practice including early screening is needed to reduce this population’s disproportionate breast cancer mortality risk.
Role of size and shape on biofilm eradication for nitric oxide-releasing silica nanoparticles.

Nitric oxide (NO), a reactive free radical, has proven effective in eradicating bacterial biofilms with reduced risk of fostering antibacterial resistance. Herein, we evaluated the efficacy of NO-releasing silica nanoparticles against Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus biofilms as a function of particle size and shape. Three sizes of NO-releasing silica nanoparticles (i.e., 14, 50, and 150 nm) with identical total NO release (∼0.3 μmol/mg) were utilized to study antibiofilm eradication as a function of size. To observe the role of particle shape on biofilm killing, we varied the aspect ratio of the NO-releasing silica particles from 1 to 8 while maintaining constant particle volume (∼0.02 μm3) and NO-release totals (∼0.7 μmol/mg). Nitric oxide-releasing particles with decreased size and increased aspect ratio were more effective against both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus biofilms, with the Gram-negative species exhibiting the greatest susceptibility to NO. To furthe...
Relation between Measures of Critical Thinking and Learning Styles

This study investigated differences and relationships between critical thinking and learning styles for 184 students majoring in Elementary Education, Health and Physical Education, Psychology and Special Education, and Secondary and Higher Education. Analyses showed some significant differences among groups in learning style and critical thinking and relationships between the variables studied.
DIFFRACTION FROM QUASICRYSTALS : ORIENTATIONAL ORDER, ATOMIC STRUCTURE, AND ELASTICITY

Etude de quelques proprietes du facteur de structure des quasicristaux. On montre que l'ordre d'orientation lie induit un ordre quasicristallin icosaedrique. Une phase avec un ordre d'orientation icosaedrique pur est aussi possible et peut conduire a des diagrammes de diffraction semblables a ceux qu'on observe experimentalement. Determination des facteurs de structure geometriques pour les deux methodes de modelisation des structures quasicristallines communement employees. Influence des fluctuations thermiques sur le facteur de structure
Prey-size Preference, Maximum Handling Size, and Consumption Rates for Redear Sunfish Lepomis microlophus Feeding on Two Gastropods Common to Aquaculture Ponds.

Maximum handling sizes, prey size and species preferences, and ad libitum consumption rates were determined for three size classes of redear sunfish Lepomis microlophus feeding on Physa gyrina and Helisoma trivolvis, two common aquaculture-pond snails which serve as intermediate hosts for fish parasites. Maximum handling-size experiments indicated that redear sunfish as small as 14-cm total length were capable of consuming all sizes of Physa typically observed in ponds, whereas only redear sunfish of at least 32-cm total length are capable of consuming all commonly observed sizes of pond-dwelling Helisoma. When presented with a range of sizes of both snail species, redear sunfish consumed higher proportions of smaller- and medium-sized snails; the largest snails offered were uneaten or consumed in relatively small quantities. Multiple linear regression was applied to consumption data to develop a simple model for predicting mean daily ad libitum consumption rate (g/g per d) for redear sunfish feeding on snails with temperature (20–27 C) and fish total length (9–24 cm) as independent variables. Our findings will facilitate prediction of numbers of redear sunfish of a given size required to control populations of Physa and Helisoma in ponds. Such predictions will enable pond owners to quickly evaluate whether stocking redear sunfish as a control agent for undesirable snail populations will be economically and logistically feasible. Findings also indicate potential limitations in the use of redear sunfish to control populations of Helisoma due to the inability of redear sunfish as large as 24-cm total length to consume the largest 30–40% of Helisoma commonly observed in ponds and to the expense of stocking larger fish (32-cm total length) capable of consuming all sizes of Helisoma.