cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Case Report: Using an Auditory Trainer with Caregiver Video Modeling to Enhance Communication and Socialization Behaviors in Autism

A minimally verbal child with autism was exposed to short daily sessions of watching his parents on video in conjunction with an FM auditory trainer for a period of 4 weeks. Baseline measures of verbal and social behaviors were taken pre-treatment and repeated post treatment. Results indicate substantial gains in word productions, social orienting, and increased eye contact. Results are discussed in terms of the contributions of auditory-visual processing to establishing communication and socialization in autism and early intervention effectiveness.
A new technique for the preparation of copper single crystals

Abstract Application of a new technique has made it possible to prepare single crystals of copper of (100), (110) and (111) orientations. This technique requires thermal cycling of the melt within a few degrees above and below the melting temperature followed by two stages of different cooling rates. No seeding is required. Special design of the reaction vessel minimizes the oxidation. In addition to copper, gold and magnesium single crystals are produced.
The Development of Structure of Interests in Children: Setting the Stage.

Abstract The literature on the development of the structure of interests in children is reviewed and then directions and hypotheses for future research are presented. Most research on interests in children assumes the validity of the circular RIASEC structure but this assumption appears questionable given that there is a paucity of research on interest structure and its development in children. Focus is placed on detailing the extent of our knowledge in the area as well as proposing methodological and conceptual models for further study.
Steering the Course Between Optimal Policies and Practical Restraints

It is with great pleasure that I welcome the launch of the Journal of Fetal Medicine. This will add to the range of publication options for researchers in the field and as a consequence it should, over time, establish a high reputation among potential readers. Moreover, the new journal is well positioned to fill a niche currently lacking. Despite their best intentions, many existing journals do not fully reflect the range of clinical practice across the continents. These journals are rightly predominantly concerned with reporting the latest scientific discoveries. Subsequently, pilot studies designed to test the practicality of clinical implementation of the new findings,
Can a high-risk case-finding approach identify all women with thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy?

Can a high-risk case-finding approach identify all women with thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy?
The Use of Task Forces to Develop Strategies to Alleviate Prison Crowding: An Analysis of Their Recommendations and the Development of a Typology of Task Force Activities

Abstract The majority of states have used task forces to develop policy recommendations to alleviate prison crowding. This paper examines the formation, composition, and structure of state prison crowding task forces throughout the United States. The policy recommendations issued by these committees are presented and the effectiveness of task forces in implementing their recommendations is analyzed. A typology of task forces is developed and the relationship between task force structure and the degree of success achieved in the implementation process is examined.
Germanium isotope measurements of high-temperature geothermal fluids using double-spike hydride generation MC-ICP-MS

Abstract We present a double-spike isotope dilution MC-ICP-MS technique for the determination of germanium (Ge) isotope fractionation. Using this technique we determined Ge isotope compositions of geothermal spring fluids, a Columbia River Basalt sample, and an in-house diatom standard. Our technique uses a 73Ge/70Ge double spike in combination with hydride generation for Ge extraction from the sample matrix. Fractionation is determined on the 74Ge/72Ge mass ratio. The double spike allows us to effectively correct analytical isotope fractionation. Our external standard reproducibility is 0.4‰ (2 SD) over the course of several months. The minimum quantity of Ge needed for isotope analysis is approximately 2 ng. Consistent with previous work on geothermal fluids, Ge in the geothermal spring samples presented here is enriched over Si as compared to low temperature weathering signatures. This observation is typically interpreted as Ge exclusion during silicate mineral precipitation (e.g., quartz). Our isotope results indicate that the analyzed high temperature fluids fractionate Ge isotopes with a range in δ74Ge between −0.4‰ and −1.4‰ relative to a Columbia River basalt. We cautiously interpret the observed fractionation as preferential removal of heavy Ge isotopes out of solution during cooling of the hydrothermal fluid and subsequent precipitation of quartz.
Desmoplastic Melanoma of the Head and Neck: Histopathologic and Immunohistochemical Study of 28 Cases

Studies of the immunohistochemical profiles and clinical course of desmoplastic melanoma have produced conflicting results. We identified 28 cases of desmoplastic melanoma after a search of our files for spindle cell neoplasms of the head and neck from 1960 through 1995. The 17 male (61%) and 11 female (39%) patients averaged 65 years of age. The cheek was the most common location (12 cases, 43%). The average length of follow-up was 5 years. Overall 5-year survival rate was 46%. Melan A and tyrosinase positivity (P = 0.0195), smooth muscle actin positivity (P = 0.0328), tumor size (P = 0.0297), and tumor thickness (P = 0.0419) were significantly associated with local progression-free survival. No histologic or immunohistochemical marker was associated with overall or metastasis-free survival.
Laryngotracheobronchitis complicated by spontaneous pneumomediastinum

Spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SPM) is an unusual clinical entity that most frequently follows episodes of increased intrathoracic pressures. While typically a benign condition, potentially fatal complications of SPM must be considered and ruled out with each case. We aim to present the first case of croup-associated SPM in the otolaryngology literature and to discuss clinical, diagnostic and management principles. Days following the diagnosis of viral croup, a 7-year-old asthmatic girl presented with unstable vital signs and severe SPM. The patient was urgently taken to the operating room for an endoscopic airway evaluation, which revealed only a mild bacterial croup superinfection. Conservative treatment with inpatient monitoring and antibiotic therapy successfully resolved the episode. SPM should be immediately considered in the differential diagnosis of any patient presenting with cervical emphysema, especially in association with asthma, cough or strenuous activity. Following exclusion of other causes of SPM, conservative and supportive therapies are the mainstays of SPM management.
Plastic response of hippocampal excitatory amino acid receptors to deafferentation and reinnervation

Abstract In vitro autoradiography was used to examine the response of excitatory amino acid receptors in the hippocampus of rat following unilateral lesions of the entorhinal cortex. The density of N -methyl- d -aspartate and quisqualate receptor binding was determined on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 30 and 60 postlesion both ipsilateral and contralateral to the lesion and in unoperated controls. The results are compared to the time-course of deafferentation and reinnervation. The molecular layer of the dentate gyrus contralateral to the lesion is only minimally denervated, but is known to exhibit extensive synapse loss and replacement. N -methyl- d -aspartate receptor binding density in the contralateral hippocampus increased (10–15% relative to unoperated controls) as early as 3 days postlesion and remained elevated through all postlesion times examined. In contrast, the quisqualate receptors in the contralateral hippocampus were unaffected at all times investigated. In the deafferented molecular layer of the ipsilateral dentate gyrus there was a small transient decrease (15–20%) in the binding density of quisqualate receptors 3 days postlesion. At later postoperative times (30–60 days postlesion) the density of both N -methyl- d -aspartate and quisqualate receptors in the ipsilateral molecular layer was higher (15–50%) than that of unoperated controls. These results indicate that N -methyl- d -aspartate and quisqualate receptors are differentially regulated in response to deafferentation. The rapid decrease in quisqualate (and perhaps also N -methyl- d -aspartate receptor binding at 3 days postlesion may simply reflect the loss of presynaptic receptors, the turnover of postsynaptic receptors or the down-regulation of postsynaptic receptors. The gradual recovery and subsequent increase over control values in the binding density of both types of receptors at later postoperative times, however, suggest that long-term plastic compensatory processes take place in the hippocampus in response to deafferentation. The changes in the inner molecular layer and in the contralateral hippocampus indicate that the response of receptors is not restricted to the areas that are directly denervated. These adaptive responses may participate in the functional restoration of partially damaged circuitry.
Using biomarkers in sewage to monitor community-wide human health: isoprostanes as conceptual prototype.

Timely assessment of the aggregate health of small-area human populations is essential for guiding the optimal investment of resources needed for preventing, avoiding, controlling, or mitigating exposure risks. Seeking those interventions yielding the greatest benefit with respect to allocation of resources is essential for making progress toward community sustainability, promoting social justice, and maintaining or improving health and well-being. More efficient approaches are needed for revealing cause-effect linkages between environmental stressors and human health and for measuring overall aggregate health of small-area populations. A new concept is presented – community health assessment via Sewage Chemical Information Mining (SCIM) – for quickly gauging overall, aggregate health status or trends for entire small-area populations. The approach – BioSCIM – would monitor raw sewage for specific biomarkers broadly associated with human disease, stress, or health. A wealth of untapped chemical information resides in raw sewage, a portion comprising human biomarkers of exposure and effects. BioSCIM holds potential for capitalizing on the presence of biomarkers in sewage for accomplishing any number of objectives. One of the many potential applications of BioSCIM could use various biomarkers of stress resulting from the collective excretion from all individuals in a local population. A prototype example is presented using a class of biomarkers that measures collective, systemic oxidative stress — the isoprostanes (prostaglandin-like free-radical catalyzed oxidation products from certain polyunsaturated fatty acids). Sampling and analysis of raw sewage hold great potential for quickly determining aggregate biomarker levels for entire communities. Presented are the basic principles of BioSCIM, together with its anticipated limitations, challenges, and potential applications in assessing community-wide health. Community health assessment via BioSCIM could allow rapid assessments and intercomparisons of health status among distinct populations, revealing hidden or emerging trends or disparities and aiding in evaluating correlations (or hypotheses) between stressor exposures and disease.
Inhibition of Human Natural Killer Cell Activity Following in Vitro Exposure to Ozone

AbstractPrevious findings have revealed impairment of several host defense mechanisms in animals and humans resulting from ozone exposure. In this study we have examined the effect of in vitro ozone exposure on human peripheral blood natural killer (NK) cell activity measured against K562 tumor target cells. The data show that NK activity is inhibited in a time-dependent manner with marked suppression observed after 6 h of ozone exposure. Significant inhibition occurred at three different levels of ozone exposure (1.0, 0.5, and 0.78 ppm) and effector cell:target cell (E:T) ratios (50:1; 259 and 72.5:1) compared to air controls (p < .05). The capacity of ozone exposed NK cells to kill tumor cells decreased in a linear fashion as the level of ozone increased from 0.78 to 7.0 ppm (p - .006 at 50:l; .004 at 25:1). The ozone effect was not merely due to a nonspecific toxicity; as NK activity recovered within 78 h following exposure either spontaneously or by stimulation with IL 2. Moreover, unexposed cells tre...
Anti-HIV Small-Molecule Binding in the Peptide Subpocket of the CXCR4:CVX15 Crystal Structure

The CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is involved in chemotaxis and serves as a coreceptor for T-tropic HIV-1 viral entry, thus making this receptor an attractive drug target. Recently, crystal structures of CXCR4 were reported as complexes with the small molecule IT1t and the CVX15 peptide. Follow-up efforts to model different antagonists into the small molecule CXCR4:IT1t crystal structure did not generate poses consistent with either the X-ray crystal structure or site-directed mutagenesis (SDM). Here, we compare the binding pockets of the two CXCR4 crystal structures, revealing differences in helices IV, V, VI, and VII, with major differences for the His203 residue buried in the binding pocket. The small molecule antagonist AMD11070 was docked into both CXCR4 crystal structures. An AMD11070 pose identified from the CXCR4:CVX15 model presented interactions with Asp171, Glu288, Trp94, and Asp97, consistent with published SDM data, thus suggesting it is the bioactive pose. A CXCR4 receptor model was optimized around this pose of AMD11070, and the resulting model correlated HIV-1 inhibition with MM-GBSA docking scores for a congeneric AMD11070-like series. Subsequent NAMFIS NMR results successfully linked the proposed binding pose to an independent experimental structure. These results strongly suggest that not all small molecules will bind to CXCR4 in a similar manner as IT1t. Instead, the CXCR4:CVX15 crystal structure may provide a binding locus for small organic molecules that is more suitable than the secondary IT1t site. This work is expected to provide modeling insights useful for future CXCR4 antagonist and X4-tropic HIV-1 based drug design efforts.
Homogeneous ideals associated to a smooth subvariety

(1.1.1) In this article we consider the following situation: Let X be a complex projective smooth variety of dimension 2n + 1 with a given ample line bundle O(1). Let Z X be a smooth subvariety of dimension n. For any smooth hypersurface Y 2 jO(d)j of X containing Z, let be the projection of [Z] in H(Y ) \H(Y;Q)van, where H(Y;Q)van is the orthogonal complement of the restriction of H2n(X;Q). The cycle Z solves the Hodge conjecture for the Hodge class in the following sense of reversed induction on dimension: Assume that Hodge conjecture is known on X, then to prove Hodge conjecture on Y for a given Hodge class ~ 2 H(Y ) \ H2n(Y;Q) it su ces to nd a cycle Z having the same projection in H(Y;Q)van as ~ , since then [Z] ~ lifts to a Hodge class on X and is algebraic by assumption.
Primate origins: Lessons from a neotropical marsupial

The didelphid Caluromys shows evolutionary convergence towards prosimians in having a relatively large brain, large eyes, small litters, slow development, and agile locomotion. The selection pressures that favored the emergence of primate-like traits in Caluromys from a generalized didelphid ancestor may be analogous to the selection pressures favoring the initial divergence of primates from a primitive nonprimate ancestor, and thus Caluromys provides an independent test of the arboreal hypothesis (Smith: Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution 1912:553-572, 1913), the visual predation hypothesis (Cartmill: The Functional and Evolutionary Biology of Primates, pp. 97-122, 1972), and the angiosperm exploitation hypothesis (Sussman: American Journal of Primatology, in press) of primate origins. Quantitative data on free-ranging C. derbianus in Costa Rica demonstrate that it is highly arboreal, uses visually directed predation to capture arthropod prey, and makes extensive use of terminal branch foraging, where it feeds on small angiosperm products. These observations are consistent with predictions from each model of primate origins, thus suggesting that the hypotheses are not mutually exclusive but are interdependent. The initial divergence of primates probably involved exploitation of the rich angiosperm products and associated insects found in fine terminal branches; visually directed predation may have evolved as an efficient method of insect capture in the terminal branch milieu.
Meaning's moderating effect on recollection rejection

Across two experiments, we investigated the importance of meaning in facilitating recollection rejection in the memory conjunction paradigm. In support of a moderating role of meaning on the occurrence of recollection rejection, we observed conjunction and feature lures that shared considerable semantic similarity with their corresponding studied items to evoke greater rates of recollection rejection than conjunction and feature lures that shared minimal semantic similarity with their corresponding studied items. Collectively these findings suggest an important role for the amount of conceptual similarity shared between related lures and their corresponding study items in evoking recollection rejection, with an emphasis placed on the role of interference in generating the effect. The research also helps to clarify previous research conducted using the memory conjunction paradigm to investigate recollection rejection.
Recombinant History: Transnational Practices of Memory and Knowledge Production in Contemporary Vietnam

Recent years have seen the diversification of knowledge, memory, and meaning at former battlefields and other social spaces that invoke the history of the “American War” in Vietnam. Popular icons of the war have been recycled, reproduced, and consumed in a rapidly growing international tourism industry. The commodification of sites, objects, and imaginaries associated with the war has engendered certain rearticulations of the past in the public sphere as the terrain of memory making becomes increasingly transnational. Diverse actors—including tourism authorities, returning U.S. veterans, international tourists, domestic visitors, and guides—engage in divergent practices of memory that complicate, expand, and often transcend dominant modes of historical representation in new and distinct ways.
Analysis of the metal-induced conformational change in myosin with a monoclonal antibody to light chain two.

Abstract A monoclonal antibody capable of detecting a conformational change in myosin light chain two (LC2) was characterized in detail. The antibody was shown to bind only to myosin LC2 when tested against fast skeletal myosin (chicken pectoralis muscle). With cardiac or slow muscle myosins, the antibody exclusively recognized their first light chains (LC1). Staining of myofibrils by the monoclonal antibody could be observed only after their irreversible denaturation by acetone or ethanol, or after incubation of the myofibrils in divalent metal chelators. This latter effect was shown to be fully reversible. The metal effect was independent of ionic strength although the affinity of the antibody for myosin was depressed at high salt concentrations. Similar metal effects were detected in the binding of antibody to cardiac or slow myosins. Neither the metal nor the ionic strength-related inhibition of antibody binding were detected with denatured myosin. The antibody binding site overlaps one of the α-chymotryptic sites in LC2 protected by divalent metals. Electron microscopic observations of myosin-antibody complexes demonstrated that the antibody binding site is located near the head-rod junction of myosin. Since the binding site of this monoclonal antibody has been mapped by recombinant DNA methods to the junction of the first α-helical domain with the calcium binding site of LC2, the location of the calcium binding site must also be located near the head-tail junction of myosin. A model for conformational changes at the myosin head-tail junction is proposed to account for the metal-induced blockage of antibody binding and the inhibition of α-chymotryptic digestion of LC2.
High strain rate properties of a unidirectionally reinforced C/A1 metal matrix composite

Abstract Samples of a unidirectionally reinforced carbon/aluminum metal matrix composite, with fiber volume fractions up to 65%, have been subjected to compression testing at strain rates from quasi-static to ~ 1500 s−1. It was found that the ultimate strength was slightly strain rate sensitive and that it was considerably unproved if the fibers had been subjected to a surface treatment to promote fiber/matrix adhesion before consolidation of the composite. Samples tested parallel to the fiber failed by interfacial decohesion, followed by fiber buckling and kinking, while those tested perpendicular to the fibers failed by matrix shear. The results are interpreted in terms of present models for the compressive failure of composites and confirm the importance of fiber diameter, distribution, straightness, interfacial bond strength and alignment.
Engineering English is different

EVERY profession has its own special language or dialect. Sometimes the resemblance of a professional dialect to everyday English seems purely coincidental. It looks like everyday English or sounds like English but the meaning keeps tantalizingly out of reach. The language of professional educators is often heid up as an example, variously called “pedaguese” or “linguaccio.” The language of government bureaus is another — “gobbledygook.” Sometimes the language of engineers is not far behind in its technical use of familiar words like “stress” or “frequency” as well as in its use of highly technical unfamiliar words. So far as I know it doesn't have a special nickname. But ever since my first teaching job in the College of Architecture and Engineering at the university of Minnesota thirty years ago I have thought of it as the language of “stress-and-strain,” paralleling in some ways the name of a period of German literature — the “Sturm und Drang” or “storm and stress” period. Sometimes I even suspect a kind of Germanic cast in its often un-English sentence structure, which would not be entirely strange when we think of the extent to which German technology and scholarship have contributed to our own. The author of a satirical article on “Broken English” in those playful birthday celebrations honoring Niels Bohr gives a beautiful example: “This is the moment when the frog into the water jumps,' one of my teachers used to say at the critical spot in a mathematical proof.” 1
Radio Observations of the Planet Venus at a Wave-length of 11 m.

SINCE my first communication on radio signals of 11-m. wave-length from Venus1, further studies and observations have been made.
Rainmakers, space mirrors and atmospheric vacuums: a bibliometric mapping of geoengineering research

This poster presents preliminary results from an informetric study of geoengineering publications. As a field of research geoengineering is loosely defined as the intentional modification of the Earth's environment to stabilize, correct, or ameliorate climate change. A broad overview of the policy and practical implications of geoengineering strategies are discussed, as well as evidence of a growing body of cited scholarly publications. A technique of bibliometric mapping is used to display correlations between keywords attached to a corpus of geoengineering publications. Past studies have shown this technique to be particularly useful for revealing sub-domains that are affecting the evolution of a new field of study. Preliminary results, in the form of keyword co-occurrence clusters are discussed as two-dimensional disciplinary maps. These maps relationally situate the broad sub-domains that both import and export knowledge from the field of geoengineering.
Molecular microscopy of polydiacetylene monolayers

Abstract High resolution electron microscopy, selected-area electron diffraction (SAD), and digital recording of electron diffraction intensities have been used to study the structure properties and electron beam sensitivity of pristine and osmium-tetroxide-treated monolayer (Langmuir-Blodgett) films of the polydiacetylene, 10, 12-nonacosadiynoic acid. Electron diffraction and computed b-c projections of the Patterson function of self-supporting polydiacetylene monolayers indicated that the packing symmetry is unaffected by the osmate ester reaction. These results are combined with published data and used to support the contention that the deleterious secondary processes which limit attainable resolution of organic polymers can be minimized by heavy-metal “staining”.
Radar applications of 10‐GHZ fiber optic links

Long delay lines can improve the performance and flexibility of radar test sets. Using a 2.25-km-long fiber optic link, we demonstrated generation of an ideal target for a radar repeater test set and measurement of phase noise closer than 100 Hz to a 9.6-GHz radar carrier signal using a delay line discriminator phase-noise test set.
Computational Feature-Sensitive Reconstruction of Language Relationships: Developing the ALINE Distance for Comparative Historical Linguistic Reconstruction*

Abstract Historical relationships among languages are used as a proxy for social history in many non-linguistic settings, including the fields of cultural and molecular anthropology. Linguists have traditionally assembled this information using the standard comparative method. While providing extremely nuanced linguistic information, this approach is time-consuming and labor-intensive. Conversely, computational approaches are appreciably quicker, but can potentially introduce significant error. Furthermore, current methods often use cognate sets that were themselves coded by historical linguists, thus reducing the benefit of computational approaches. Here we develop a method, based on the ALINE distance, to extract feature-sensitive relationships from paired glosses, datasets that require minimal contribution from trained linguists beyond transcription from primary sources. We validate our results by comparison with data generated independently via the comparative method, and quantify error rates using co...
A comparison of the lung adenoma response in strain A/J mice after intraperitoneal and oral administration of carcinogens

This study was undertaken to compare the ability of a series of compounds from different chemical classes to induce lung tumors in strain A/J mice after either ip or po administration. 3-Methylcholanthrene, benzo(a)pyrene, urethan, diethylnitrosamine, ethylnitrosourea, and dimethylhydrazine induced a significant (p less than 0.05; t test) increase in the lung tumor response when given both ip and po. 2,4-Dinitrotoluene, 2,6-dinitrotoluene, and a 2:1 mixture of 2,4-dinitrotoluene and 2,6-dinitrotoluene were inactive by both routes of administration and at all dose levels. The lung tumor response to all doses of 3-methylcholanthrene and benzo(a)pyrene, the highest dose of diethylnitrosamine, and the middle doses of both ethylnitrosourea and dimethylhydrazine varied as a function of the route of administration. This finding was most evident for the polycyclic hydrocarbons, e.g., the average number of lung tumors per mouse in animals that received the middle dose of 3-methylcholanthrene or the highest dose of benzo(a)pyrene by the ip route exceeded that by the po route by factors of 12 and 13, respectively. Tissue distribution and elimination studies were conducted in an effort to determine the basis for the observed difference in lung tumor response to 3-methylcholanthrene after ip or po administration. The data indicated that 3-methylcholanthrene persists for longer periods in the animals when given ip, thus potentially providing an extended carcinogenic stimulus. Extrapulmonary lesions observed at a higher than normal frequency at necropsy included peritoneal sarcomas (in 3-methylcholanthrene-treated mice), and both squamous cell carcinomas of the forestomach and abnormal lesions of the liver (in diethylnitrosamine-treated mice).
The Lively Lecture—8 Variations

The author is a professor of history and chair, Division of Social Sciences, at Wabash College in Crawfords ville, Indiana. The drawings were made by Jim Hull to accompany a demonstration/discussion by the author on the ideas in this article. That presentation was spon sored by the Teaching Resources Center at Indiana Uni versity in Bloomington. higher order cognitive and affective capabilities in stu dents, and promoting more active student "involvement" in their own learning.1 Since both common sense and educational research indicate that these goals are more readily achieved in smaller rather than larger classes, a likely target of these calls for reform is the lecture.
Use of rotational sutures for limited retinal translocation: a new technique for superior limited macular translocation.

Abstract Purpose To report a modified surgical technique for retinal translocation in eyes with subfoveal choroidal neovascularization. Design Experimental animal study. Methods Nine pigmented rabbits were used consecutively to apply this technique. Placement of inferotemporal scleral imbrication sutures was followed by vitrectomy with posterior hyaloid separation. Balanced saline solution (BSS) was injected subretinally with a 30G needle or with a 39G hydrodissection cannula and viscous fluid injector to detach one retinal quadrant. Under low intraocular pressure, the imbrication sutures were tied, the sclerotomy sites were closed, and intravitreal air tamponade was injected. Rotation sutures were passed and the eye globe was rotated approximately 90 degrees counterclockwise. The rotation sutures were removed after 24 hours. Retinal photographs were taken and fundus examination was performed on postoperative days 1, 2 and 7. The animals were sacrificed after 7 to 10 days for postmortem macroscopic examination. Results The entire procedure was performed in nine eyes of nine rabbits. In eight eyes, translocation could be seen on the first postoperative day after removal of the rotation sutures. The average amount of translocation was 667 μm (range: 500–800 μm) in a nasal to inferonasal direction. Vitreous hemorrhage occurred at the end of surgery in one eye due to hypotony. Iatrogenic small retinal breaks occurred in 2 eyes but did not prevent completion of the procedure. There was only a temporary hyperemia of the eyelids and conjunctiva. Conclusion Limited retinal translocation using rotational sutures provided a predictable amount of translocation in the planned direction. This technique is expected to be useful for superior macular translocation in humans.
Resonant hole polarons in GaAs and InP

=4.2 K to determine electron light-hole and heavy-hole effective masses as functions of pump-photonenergy. We observe both light-hole and electron-polaron resonances as resonant enhancements of the electronand hole masses when the kinetic energy of the carriers approaches the optical-phonon energy. In addition, ourcoherent terahertz measurements show that in our GaAs samples at low temperatures photoexcited electronsand holes initially accelerate in the same direction.DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.78.125207 PACS number s : 71.38.Fp, 76.40. b, 78.47.J
Perinatal Disparities Between American Indians and Alaska Natives and Other US Populations: Comparative Changes in Fetal and First Day Mortality, 1995–2008

To compare fetal and first day outcomes of American Indian and Alaskan Natives (AIAN) with non-AIAN populations. Singleton deliveries to AIAN and non-AIAN populations were selected from live birth–infant death cohort and fetal deaths files from 1995–1998 and 2005–2008. We examined changes over time in maternal characteristics of deliveries and disparities and changes in risks of fetal, first day (<24 h), and cause-specific deaths. We calculated descriptive statistics, odds ratios and confidence intervals, and ratio of odds ratios (RORs) to indicate changes in disparities. Along with black mothers, AIANs exhibited the highest proportion of risk factors including the highest proportion of diabetes in both time periods (4.6 and 6.5 %). Over time, late fetal death for AIANs decreased 17 % (aOR = 0.83, 95 % CI 0.72–0.97), but we noted a 47 % increased risk over time for Hispanics (aOR = 1.47, 95 % CI 1.40–1.55). Our data indicated no change over time among AIANs for first day death. For AIANs compared to whites, increased risks and disparities persisted for mortality due to congenital anomalies (ROR = 1.28, 95 % CI 1.03–1.60). For blacks compared to AIANs, the increased risks of fetal death (2005–2008: aOR = 0.60, 95 % CI 0.53–0.68) persisted. For Hispanics, lower risks compared to AIANs persisted, but protective effect declined over time. Disparities between AIAN and other groups persist, but there is variability by race/ethnicity in improvement of perinatal outcomes over time. Variability in access to care and pregnancy management should be considered in relation to health equity for fetal and early infant deaths.
Germanium. I. Vorkommen; Herstellung aus germaniumhaltigem Zinkoxyd Nichtvorkommen im Samarskit

Diese Arbeit enthalt: Eine kurze geschichtliche Ubersicht uber die Entdeckung des Germaniums. Eine Abris der veroffentlichten Mitteilungen uber das Vorkommen dieses Elements. Die Einzelheiten der experimentellen Untersuchungen uber die Herstellung von Germanium aus germaniumhaltigem Zinkoxyd und die Darstellung von reinem Germaniumdioxyd. Die Beschreibung eines Verfahrens zur Bestimmung von Germanium. Die Einzelheiten einer Prufung von amerikanischem Samarskit, welche zeigt, das dies Mineral kein Germanium enthalt.
CLAYFORM: a FORTRAN 77 computer program apportioning the constituents in the chemical analysis of a clay or other silicate mineral into a structural formula

Abstract The FORTRAN 77 computer program CLAYFORM apportions the constituents of a conventional chemical analysis of a silicate mineral into a user-selected structure formula. If requested, such as for a clay mineral or other phyllosilicate, the program distributes the structural formula components into appropriate default or user-specified structural sites (tetrahedral, octahedral, interlayer, hydroxyl, and molecular water sites), and for phyllosilicates calculates the layer (tetrahedral, octahedral, and interlayer) charge distribution. The program also creates data files of entered analyses for subsequent reuse.
A direct comparative framework of customer satisfaction: An application to Internet search engines

Abstract Traditionally, satisfaction evaluations have been studied in the expectancy-disconfirmation paradigm in which customers compare firm performance to expectations. The current customer-satisfaction framework incorporates competitive comparisons indirectly through expectations. However, in markets in which competing alternatives are often primed in the evaluation context (e.g., product and retailer information presented in Bizrate.com), customers may directly compare performance and satisfaction across competing alternatives. In this article, we develop a direct comparative framework (DCF) of customer satisfaction. To make our DCF managerially useful, we also develop an operational model that managers can use to draw strategic insights based on customers’ satisfaction evaluations. We demonstrate our framework and operational model by applying them to the Internet search-engine market.
Facilitation of licking by response-contingent electric shock

Licking behavior of rats maintained by lick-contingent water reinforcement, produced electric shocks under three conditions. Shock occurred 1 sec before, simultaneous with, or 1 sec after water reinforcement. Rates of licking rose above prepunished levels at .2-, .4-, and .6-mA intensities but were suppressed at .8 mA for all three groups. Facilitation and suppression effects were the same for the three pairing conditions. Discriminative and elicited functions of shock did not appear to account for this facilitative effect.
The Zygmund Morse-Sard Theorem

The classical Morse-Sard Theorem says that the set of critical values off:R n+k →R n has Lebesgue measure zero iff ∈C k+1. We show theC k+1 smoothness requirement can be weakened toC k+Zygmund. This is corollary to the following theorem: For integersn >m >r > 0, lets = (n −r)/(m −r); iff:R n →R m belongs to the Lipschitz class Λ s andE is a set of rankr forf, thenf(E) has measure zero.
Exploring Lower Limits of Plant Elemental Defense by Cobalt, Copper, Nickel, and Zinc

Elemental defense is a relatively newly recognized phenomenon in which plants use elements present in their tissue to reduce damage by herbivores or pathogens. In the present study, neonates of the generalist herbivore, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), were fed artificial diets amended with varying concentrations of Co, Cu, Ni, and Zn that are hyperaccumulated by plants to determine minimum lethal concentrations (MLC) and minimum sublethal concentrations (MSC) for each metal. MLC values (dry mass) for Co (45 μg/g), Ni (230 μg/g), and Zn (280 μg/g) were below published minimum hyperaccumulator levels. MSC levels (dry mass) for Co (15 μg/g), Ni (140 μg/g), and Zn (200 μg/g) were at concentrations lower than published minimum accumulator levels. Furthermore, both MLC and MSC values for Zn were within normal tissue concentrations. These results indicate that elemental defense for Co, Ni, and Zn may be effective at concentrations lower than hyperaccumulator levels and so may be more widespread than previously believed.
The induction of specific-locus mutations and sister-chromatid exchanges by 5-bromo- and 5-chloro-deoxyuridine.

Abstract The induction of 6-thioguanine-resistant (TG r ) mutants and sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) by 5-bromo- and 5-chloro-deoxyuridine (BrdU and CldU) was determined with Chinese hamster ovary cells in culture. Over a concentration range of 0.5–200 μM, CldU treatment caused 3–5 times the number of SCEs found with BrdU; for example, with 10μM CldU, 60.0±14.2 SCEs/metaphase (mean±S.D.) were induced, while with 10μM BrdU, only 14.6 ± 4.1 SCEs/metaphase were found. Despite this difference in SCE induction, both compounds were mutagenic only at concentrations greater than 50 μM, and BrdU was more mutagenic than CldU. These results indicate that SCEs and gene mutations are induced by these thymidine analogs through 2 different mechanisms.
Assessing functional diversity in the soybean β-substituted alanine synthase enzyme family

In plants, proteins of the β-substituted alanine synthase (BSAS) enzyme family perform a diverse range of reactions, including formation of cysteine from O-acetylserine and sulfide, detoxification of cyanide by its addition to cysteine, the breakdown of cysteine into pyruvate, ammonia, and sulfide, and the synthesis of S-sulfocysteine. With the completed genome sequence of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Williams 82), the functional diversity of the BSAS in this highly duplicated plant species was examined to determine whether soybean BSAS enzymes catalyze the various reactions connected to cysteine metabolism. The 16 soybean BSAS can be grouped into clades that are similar to those observed in Arabidopsis. Biochemical analysis of soybean BSAS proteins demonstrate that enzymes of clades I and III function as O-acetylserine sulfhydrylases for cysteine synthesis, clade II encodes cysteine desulfhydrase activity, and that clade V proteins function as β-cyanoalanine synthase for cyanide detoxification. Although clade IV is similar to Arabidopsis S-sulfocysteine synthase, this activity was not detected in the soybean homolog. Overall, our results show that bioinformatics approach provides a useful method to assess the biochemical properties of BSAS enzymes in plant species.
Use of urinary C-peptide to estimate insulin secretion during starvation.

ABSTRACT. The usefulness of measurements of urinary Cpeptide excretion in indirectly assessing integrated insulin secretion during starvation was studied in eight obese subjects during a 72-h fast. Blood and urine samples were collected at 12-h intervals for measurement of insulin and C-peptide immunoreactivity. After 60 h, serum insulin and plasma C-peptide levels declined 47% and 37%, respectively, and the values were highly correlated (r = 0.8; P < 0.001). By 72 h, urinary C-peptide excretion had declined to 70% of the level in the first 12-h period. The urinary clearance of C-peptide was not altered by starvation. A highly significant correlation was found between urinary C-peptide and C-peptide secretory rate (P < 0.001). The molar ratio of plasma C-peptide to insulin remained constant during the fasting period. These data indicate that basal insulin secretion can be added to the list of physiological conditions in which /3-cell secretion can be effectively evaluated by urinary Cpeptide measurement.
Towards a model of information scatter: Implications for search and design

Recent studies suggest that users often retrieve incomplete healthcare information because of the complex and skewed distribution of facts across relevant webpages. To understand the causes for such skewed distributions, this paper presents the results of two analyses: (1) A distribution analysis discusses how facts related to healthcare topics are scattered across high-quality healthcare pages. (2) A cluster analysis of the same data suggests that the skewed distribution can be explained by the existence of three page profiles that vary in information density, each of which play an important role in providing comprehensive information on a topic. The above analyses provide clues towards a model of information scatter which describes how the design decisions by individual webpage authors could collectively lead to the scatter of information as observed in the data. The analyses also suggest implications for the design of websites, search algorithms, and search interfaces to help users find comprehensive information about a topic.
INTERSPECIFIC AND INTRASPECIFIC MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION IN MANATEES (SIRENIA: TRICHECHUS)

The three living species of Trichechus are clearly defined and well exemplify the degree of variability and taxonomic value of morphological characters in a well-understood mammalian genus. Statistical analysis of the largest sample of manatee skulls yet studied has allowed us to identify small suites of characters that effectively distinguish these species. The two subspecies of T. manatus proposed by Hatt (1934) can likewise be distinguished, and their use as taxonomic categories seems justified. This suggests that the cool winters of the northern Gulf Coast, on the one hand, and the deep water and strong currents of the Straits of Florida, on the other, are effective barriers to gene flow between Florida and Antillean manatees. Alleged taxonomic distinctions within T. senegalensis, however, have no demonstrated basis. No significant sexual dimorphism was detected in skulls of any of the species. Many interspecific differences can be correlated with feeding ecology, but others remain unexplained. Features of tooth crown morphology are among the most constant characters examined, but some osteological characters are equally good. T. manatas and T. senegalensis (which are phenetically the most similar) also seem to share a more recent common ancestor than either does with T. inunguis. However, the three species probably separated from each other at nearly the same time. T. inunguis has since become the most derived species, while T. senegalensis has changed the least.
Gap enhancement in superconducting thin films due to microwave irradiation

We investigated the gap enhancement and the change of the quasiparticle density in superconductors driven in a uniformly steady-state manner by microwave irradiation. Effects associated with the frequency and strength of the driving microwave field as well as the thermal coupling of the superconductor and the temperature bath have been considered. We found that in addition to the energy redistribution of quasiparticles by the microwaves, the irradiated film could have lower quasiparticle density than the nonirradiated one, leading to an additional mechanism for enhancement of the gap. In the case of tight thermal coupling of the film and the bath, the gap enhancement due to the reduction of the quasiparticle density can be larger than that due to the redistribution of the quasiparticles.
Calculation of transformed thermodynamic properties of biochemical reactants at specified pH and pMg

Abstract The fundamental equation of thermodynamics for the transformed Gibbs energy G′ at specified pH and pMg is used to derive the expressions for the standard transformed Gibbs energy of formation Δ f G′ i 0 of a reactant, its standard transformed enthalpy of formation Δ f H′ i 0 , and its standard transformed entropy of formation Δ f S′ i 0 . The standard transformed Gibbs energy of reaction Δ r G′ 0 , standard transformed enthalpy of reaction Δ r H′ 0 , and standard transformed entropy of reaction Δ r S′ 0 can be written as functions of pH and pMg in terms of the standard Gibbs energies of formation Δ f G i 0 , standard enthalpies of formation Δ f H i 0 , and standard entropies of formation Δ f S i 0 of the species involved. The expressions for Δ r G′ 0 , Δ r H′ 0 , and Δ r S′ 0 can be rearranged to the usual forms involving a reference reaction. The standard transformed formation properties are calculated for glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) at 298.15 K, 1 bar, pH 7, pMg 3, and I = 0.25 M .
An Active Learning Complementary and Alternative Medicine Session in a Self-Care Therapeutics Class

Objective. To provide an interactive, non-supplement based complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) session in a self-care therapeutics class and to evaluate the effect of the session on pharmacy students’ perceptions and knowledge of CAM. Design. Second professional year pharmacy students enrolled in a required 3-credit course titled Self-Care Therapeutics participated in an active learning session on CAM. Students physically engaged in 5 separate active learning CAM sessions including massage therapy, Tai Chi, yoga, progressive muscle relaxation, and Reiki. Assessment. Students were assessed on both knowledge and perception of CAM. Concept mastery was assessed using a written examination and individual readiness assurance tests (iRAT) and team readiness assurance tests (tRAT). Perception of CAM was measured using both a presession and a postsession survey. Conclusion. Participating in an intensive, active learning CAM session provided an opportunity to increase students’ knowledge of CAM and an effective strategy for providing the learner with the experience to better envision incorporation into patient therapies.
The warming of the industrialized middle latitudes 1985–2050: Causes and consequences

The dominant influence on global climate for the indefinite future is expected to be a warming in the middle and high latitudes of both hemispheres. The speed of the warming is uncertain. The warming in winter may exceed 1.0 degree per decade. The warming in summer is expected to be less. The cause is the accumulation of infra-red absorptive gases, especially CO2 and CH4, in the atmosphere. The sources are the combustion of fossil fuels, the destruction of forests and their soils, and, possibly, the warming itself, which can be expected to stimulate decay of organic matter in soils.