cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statistical analysis and countermeasures of 13 484drug withdraw in pharmacy intravenous admixture services of our hospital

Objective To Analyze the reasons of medicine-withdraw in our PIVAS and looking for the methods to reducing the number.Methods Statistical analysis was performed.Results A total of 176 587 intravenous injection prescriptions has been received in PIVAS from October 2011 to December 2011,including 13 484 medicine-withdraw prescriptions which accounted for 7.64% of total number.The causes for medicine-withdraw included the progressing of disease,patients discharging from hospital,doctors′ orders changing,medical orders discontinuing,patients transferring to other department or hospital or death etc.Conclusion Improving medical personnel′s professional knowledge and skills,enhancing their sense of responsibility and paying more attention to physician-patient communication may reduce the occurance of medicine-withdraw.
The novel role of cathepsin L for neuropeptide production illustrated by research strategies in chemical biology with protease gene knockout and expression.

Abstract Neuropeptides are essential for cell-cell communication in the nervous and endocrine systems. Production of active neuropeptides requires proteolytic processing of proneuropeptide precursors in secretory vesicles that produce, store, and release neuropeptides that regulate physiological functions. This review describes research strategies utilizing chemical biology combined with protease gene knockout and expression to demonstrate the key role of cathepsin L for production of neuropeptides in secretory vesicles. Cathepsin L was discovered using activity-based probes and mass spectrometry to identify proenkephalin cleaving activity as cathepsin L. Significantly, in vivo protease gene knockout and expression approaches illustrate the key role of cathepsin L for neuropeptide production. Notably, cathepsin L is colocalized with neuropeptide secretory vesicles, the major site of proteolytic processing of proneuropeptides to generate active neuropeptides. Cathepsin L participates in producing opioid neuropeptides consisting of enkephalin, β-endorphin, and dynorphin, as well as in generating the POMC-derived peptide hormones ACTH and α-MSH. In addition, NPY, CCK, and catestatin neuropeptides utilize cathepsin L for their biosynthesis. The role of cathepsin L for neuropeptide production indicates its unique biological role in secretory vesicles, which contrasts with its role in lysosomes for protein degradation. Interesting evaluations of protease gene knockout studies in mice that lack cathepsin L compared to the PC1/3 and PC2 (PC, prohormone convertase) indicate the significant role of cathepsin L in neuropeptide production. Thus, dual cathepsin L and prohormone convertase protease pathways participate in neuropeptide production. These recent new findings indicate cathepsin L as a novel 'proprotein convertase' for production of neuropeptides that mediate cell-cell communication in health and disease.
Approximation methods for estimating the availability of optical ground networks

Optical communications are a key technology enabler to return increasing amounts of data from space exploration platforms such as robotic spacecraft in Earth orbit or across the solar system. However, several challenges have hindered the deployment and utilization of this technology in an operational context, most notably its sensitivity to atmospheric impairments such as cloud coverage. To mitigate this problem, building a network of interconnected and geographically disperse ground stations has been proposed as a possible solution to ensure that, at any point in time, at least one space-to-ground optical link is available to contact the space-based platforms. In this paper, we present a new approach for quantifying the availability of an optical ground network that is both computationally inexpensive and suitable for high-level architectural concept studies. Based on the cloud fraction data set, several approximation methods are used to estimate the probability of having a certain number of space-to-ground links fail due to cloud coverage. They are developed in order to capture increasingly complex atmospheric factors, from sites with independent weather conditions, to stations that are both temporally and spatially correlated. Then, the proposed approximation methods are benchmarked and recommendations on how to utilize and implement them are finally summarized.
Learning and Memory: Basic Mechanisms

Previous chapters in this book described the various components of nerve cells and their biophysical and biochemical properties as well as the ways in which neurons are connected to each other to process information and generate behavior. This chapter describes the ways in which these components and properties of the nervous system are used to mediate two of its most important functions: learning and memory. Neuroscientists are beginning to have a reasonably detailed cellular and molecular theory of simple forms or aspects of learning and memory. The field is experiencing great synergism from the fusion of two research traditions. The “bottom-up” approach begins by exploring neuronal modifications that seem to be promising candidate mechanisms for supporting plasticity in circuits that control a behavior(s) of interest. (This approach was described in Chapter 18.) The “top-down” approach described in this chapter starts with the behavioral facts and laws, identifies the critical circuits, and then localizes the neuronal mechanisms responsible for changes in the modified circuits.
Bovine leukemia virus seroprevalence among cattle presented for slaughter in the United States.

Infection with bovine leukemia virus (BLV) results in economic loss because of reduced productivity, especially reduced milk production, and early culling. In the United States, studies in 1996, 1999, and 2007 showed BLV infection to be widespread, especially in dairy herds. We updated information herein on BLV seroprevalence in the United States, using samples submitted for testing and found negative for antibodies for Brucella by the Kentucky Eastern Regional Federal Brucellosis Laboratory. From October 2014 through August 2015, 2,000 samples from all regions of the contiguous United States were selected and tested for BLV antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The overall percentage of samples positive for BLV antibody was 38.6%. Based on the animal’s origin, the percent positive by region ranged from 32.5% (Mountain West region) to 54.3% (Northeast region; p < 0.05). The positive rate for slaughter plants that processed mainly dairy animals (dairy plants; 47.6%) was higher than the positive ...
Exploring peer relationships, friendships and group work dynamics in higher education: applying social network analysis

This study primarily applied social network analysis (SNA) to explore the relationship between friendships, peer social interactions and group work dynamics within a higher education undergraduate programme in England. A critical case study design was adopted so as to allow for an in-depth exploration of the students’ voice. In doing so, the views and perspectives of students were sought through a questionnaire. The study is informed by a social capital theory perspective along with the idea of student relational agency within a social network perspective. Data were analysed by using a combination of methods, including SNA, descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. The initial findings suggest that students are, on the whole, positive about group work but, at the same time, acknowledge many potential barriers when working in groups. More importantly, a dynamic interrelationship between friendships/peer relationships and group work dynamics was found.
What's Your Story?

Getting participants, let alone instructional designers, excited and engaged about creating and facilitating training for faculty and staff is a challenge. Instead of leading with required number of training and looking at average attendance, start with a story. Humans are hardwired for stories. We all want to be the hero, or work alongside the hero of the story. This session will examine how to identify your training department's story, cultivate it, and ultimately make the story a shared narrative for everyone on the team or in the department. Based upon cognitive research, best practices, and experiential knowledge and skills, participants will leave equipped with methods and approaches to uniting and revitalizing their training program. These methods and approaches include gamification, extended narratives, and blended styles of training that help technology departments integrate their training teams seamlessly into the daily operations and functions of their larger organizations.
The Roots of Western Surgery

The tourist who today climbs the Acropolis in Athens and walks over the sacred road through the Propylaea, finds himself confronted with the Parthenon which, with its unmatched proportions, forms the peak of Hellenic architecture. The Parthenon was once a temple dedicated to the virgin Athena, patroness of all the arts, sciences and crafts and goddess not only of the art of war but also of wisdom. This temple and the adjoining Erechtheion were built in the fifth century B.C., the century of the astonishing Golden Age of Greek cultural history. It produced such minds as the statesman Pericles, the philosophers Socrates, Plato, Xenophon and Protagoras, the tragedians Sophocles, Euripides and Aeschylos, the comedy dramatist Aristophanes, the sculptors Phidias, Praxiteles and Polyclitus, and the historians Herodotus and Thucydides. It was, moreover, the age of the physician Hippocrates (Fig. 1). Hippocrates is often called the Father of Medicine, but considering the high level of maturity of the medicine which he represents, Hippocrates cannot possibly have stood at the beginning of that discipline.
Prevention of monensin-induced hyperpolarization in NG108-15 cells.

The NG 108-15 (neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid) cell line was used as an in vitro neuronal model to evaluate potential antagonists of the Na+-selective carboxylic ionophore monensin. Changes in membrane electrical characteristics induced by monensin with and without the simultaneous administration of antagonists were measured using intracellular microelectrode techniques. Bath application of monensin (3 microM) produced a hyperpolarization of approximately = 35 mV. Monensin also altered the generation of action potentials in response to electrical stimulation in 14 of 24 (58%) exposed cells, as evident in a partial or complete loss of action potentials or in an alteration of action potential waveform. The antagonists used were Na+-K+ pump inhibitor ouabain (1-3 microM), the Ca2+dependent K+ channel blocker quinine (3-30 microM) or drugs known to influence Ca2+ signaling in cells, i.e., trifluoperazine (3-10 microM), verapamil (1-10 microM) or chlorpromazine (3-30 microM). On a molar basis, ouabain was the most and trifluoperazine the least effective of the antagonists. Quinine, verapamil and chlorpromazine all prevented the development of the hyperpolarization in an approximate concentration-dependent manner. However, none of these drugs was able to block the effects of monensin on action potentials. Indeed, high concentrations of the antagonists that were most effective in preventing the hyperpolarization accentuated impairments in action potential generation and also reduced input resistance in many cells. Thus, none of these antagonists appears suitable for transition to in vivo antidotal protection studies.
Crystalline Defects in β-SiC as Revealed by a NaOH-KOH Eutectic Etch

Antiphase boundaries (APBs), stacking faults and dislocations in 3-silicon carbide are revealed by etching with the KOH-NaOH eutectic at 350°C. Within the region enclosed by an APB, the orientation of features attributed to stacking faults and to dislocations is uniform. The orientation is rotated by 90° on opposite sides of the APB. With β-SiC grown epitaxtally on silicon substrates (using silane and propane in a hydrogen ambient), we have used the eutectic etch to study the effect of growth variables on the crystalline quality. APBs appear to decrease in number with increasing layer thickness and with increasing [C]/[Si] (at constant ([C] + [Si])) in the process gas mixture. β-SiC layers grown on off-axis (100) silicon have a dramatically reduced incidence of APBs, although they are not entirely free of them. We will discuss details of these and other studies of the crystalline quality of β-SiC that we have made with the eutectic etch.
Nervous System Regeneration and Repair Following Injury

Injuries and disease that result in neuronal loss or degeneration represent a substantial health problem. Spinal cord injuries leading to paraplegia or quadraplegia affect about 100,000 people, head injuries about 3 million, stroke about 2 million, and degenerative diseases of various sorts (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease) affect millions more. Thus, problems that lead to the degeneration of CNS neurons are quite common.
Teleology Is Secondary to Theoretical Understanding in the Moral Realm

Rychlak’s discussion ranges over numerous topics in philosophical psychology, centering on such issues as internal versus external perspective in observation, the theory of causality, the measurement problem in quantum physics, the relational nature of the mental order, and many more. Given such diversity, it is impossible to discuss more than a sampling of his claims, and I will confine my remarks to two classes of points: those on which I feel other authors have preceded Rychlak and have been more systematic and coherent and points on which Rychlak’s analysis is incorrect. The critical nature of my remarks should not be allowed to obscure fundamental areas of agreement, such as the centrality of intentional and teleological theory in the moral sciences, the relational nature of the psychological order, and the importance of understanding the epistemology of physical theory. It is because I agree strongly on such issues that I am concerned to make the case as convincing as possible in their favor.
A Total Knee Arthroplasty Is Stiffer When the Intraoperative Tibial Force Is Greater than the Native Knee.

We hypothesized that a total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with an intraoperative tibial force greater than the tibial force of the native knee has signs of stiffness as measured by loss of extension and flexion, and anterior translation of the tibia. Intraoperative forces in the medial and lateral tibial compartments were measured during passive motion in 71 patients treated with calipered kinematically aligned TKA. Maximum extension, flexion, and the anterior–posterior position of the tibia with respect to the distal femur at 90 degrees of flexion were measured. Measurements were repeated after exchanging to a 2 mm thicker insert. The sum of the average of the medial and lateral compartment forces at 0, 45, and 90 degrees of flexion represented the tibial force through a 90-degree motion arc. For the implanted insert, the tibial force averaged 28 ± 17 lb, which is comparable to the 20 ± 7 lb reported for the native knee. At 6 months, patients reported an average 40 point Oxford Knee and 15 point Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) score. For the 2 mm thicker insert, the tibial force averaged 50 ± 28 lb. A 30 lb tibial force greater than native generated a 3-degree loss of extension, a 3-degree loss of flexion, and 3-mm anterior translation of the tibia. Because a TKA with a tibial force greater than native has signs of stiffness, a strategy for lowering this risk is to match the tibial force of the native knee when balancing a TKA as this restored high function.
Glyphosate- and Dicamba-Resistant Genes Are Not Linked in Kochia (Bassia scoparia)

Kochia [Bassia scoparia (L.) A. J. Scott] is one of the most troublesome weeds throughout the North American Great Plains. Herbicides such as glyphosate and dicamba have been used widely to control B. scoparia for decades. However, many B. scoparia populations have evolved resistance to these herbicides due to selection. Especially, dicamba-resistant B. scoparia populations are often also found to be glyphosate-resistant. The objective of this research was to determine whether these two herbicide resistances are linked in B. scoparia. Reciprocal crosses were performed between glyphosate- and dicamba-resistant (GDR) and glyphosate- and dicamba-susceptible (GDS) B. scoparia to produce F1 and F2 progeny. Two F1 and seven F2 progeny families were screened with various doses of dicamba or glyphosate. All the F1 progeny survived both dicamba and glyphosate treatments. Chi-square analyses of F2 progeny suggest (1) glyphosate and dicamba resistances in B. scoparia are inherited via single, dominant nuclear genes; and (2) glyphosate- and dicamba-resistant genes are not linked. Thus, the dicamba and glyphosate resistances appear to have evolved independently due to intense selection but do not seem to spread together.
Mitochondrial cerebellar ataxia, renal failure, neuropathy, and encephalopathy (MCARNE)

Mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase 5 (MT-ND5) Asp393Asn missense mutation is established to cause mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS).1,2 We describe a case and family with this mutation and a divergent phenotype that eluded diagnosis. We suggest an expanded nomenclature, m itochondrial c erebellar a taxia, r enal failure, n europathy, and e ncephalopathy (MCARNE).
Phosphonic acid modifiers for enhancing selective hydrodeoxygenation over Pt catalysts: The role of the catalyst support

Abstract Bifunctional catalysts comprised of both noble metal and Bronsted acid sites are of growing interest for many reactions, such as the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of oxygenates produced by the deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass. One method of preparing a bifunctional metal-acid catalyst is to modify the supporting material of a metal catalyst with acid-containing ligands, such as phosphonic acids (PAs), which provide tunable Bronsted acid sites at the metal-support interface. Here, we explore the potential for PA modification to improve HDO rates on Al2O3, TiO2, CeO2, and SiO2-Al2O3 supports. PAs containing either alkyl or carboxylic acid (CA) tails were used to modify Pt catalysts on each support. PA modification improved HDO rates for the model compound benzyl alcohol when applied to Pt supported by Al 2O3, TiO2, and CeO2, but had a negative effect on the HDO rate of Pt/SiO2-Al2O3. Measurements of the relative strength of Bronsted acid sites present on the modified and unmodified catalysts suggested that PAs improved HDO when they provided new or stronger Bronsted acid sites. Additionally, the strength of the Bronsted acid sites provided by PA modifiers were tunable by altering the tail functionality, which affected the rates of HDO. These results suggest that PAs can be used to modify a variety of supports to prepare bifunctional acid-metal catalysts.
A “Confounded Scrape”: John Herschel, Neptune, and Naming the Satellites of the Outer Solar System:

This paper examines John Herschel’s role in establishing nomenclature for the moons of the outer solar system. Prior to the publication of Herschel’s Cape Results in 1847, moons of the solar system...
Ethicists' Opinions Regarding the Permissibility of Face Transplant

Background Face transplantation can offer functional and aesthetic restoration to patients who have exhausted their reconstructive options, improving quality of life and psychosocial integration. Ethical issues in face transplantation abound, including questions of patient selection and evaluation before transplantation. To date, there has been no study of ethicists' opinions regarding face transplantation. Methods An online survey of attendees of the 2015 International Conference on Clinical Ethics Consultation (n = 401) assessed ethicists' opinions about face transplantation. Questions examined the risk-to-benefit ratio of immunosuppression; permissibility of face transplantation in subpopulations (including children and blind patients); donor-recipient age, sex, and ethnicity mismatches; and ethical oversight. Results Most ethicists (84 percent) agreed that it is permissible to perform a face transplantation on an adult in the absence of clear medical contraindications. Most respondents also agreed that it is permissible to perform a face transplantation on a child (62 percent) or a blind patient (61 percent), yet demonstrated less consensus regarding the permissibility of performing a face transplantation on patients with an increased risk of immune rejection. Respondents were generally supportive of age, sex, and ethnicity mismatches, with 43 percent indicating that it is permissible to have a sex mismatch. The majority answered that face transplantation should be covered by federal insurance (74 percent). Conclusions This study provides insight into clinical ethicists' views regarding face transplantation. Most ethicists support the ethical permissibility of face transplantation, and did not have concerns about age, sex, and ethnicity mismatches. These findings highlight emerging areas of consensus regarding the ethical permissibility of face transplantation.
Assessing oxidative stress in Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus): Associations with mercury and selenium concentrations.

Abstract Selenium (Se) bioavailability is required for synthesis and function of essential Se-dependent antioxidants, including the enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Strong interactions between monomethyl mercury and Se impair the critical antioxidant role of Se. Approximately 20% of Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus, SSL) pups sampled in the western Aleutian Islands, Alaska, had total Hg concentrations ([THg]) measured in hair and whole blood above thresholds of concern for adverse physiologic effects in pinnipeds. Importantly, low molar ratios of TSe:THg, in some cases
Frontal aslant tracts as correlates of lexical retrieval in MS

Previous studies reveal that a newly described white matter pathway, the frontal aslant tract (FAT), connecting inferior and superior frontal gyri has a role in speech and language functions. We ex...
The Importance of Computer Auto Personalization

Information and communications technology (ICT) helps to provide full and equal participation in social and organizational activities [1] Even though most of them are designed to be accessible, users still face significant barriers. In our study, we used a qualitative method to understand how auto-personalization might affect library patrons. Individual interviews and focus group interviews aimed at getting a deeper understanding of problems that users face when they interact with a computer and getting information about perceptions and attitudes of the participants toward Morphic auto personalization.
Bridging the Gaps Among Research, Policy, and Practice in the Field of Child Maltreatment Through Cross-Sector Training and Innovation

The disconnects among research, policy, and practice are widely recognized. These three sectors are frequently siloed, and all of them have unique and systemic impediments to collaboration. At the same time, harnessing their individual strengths in a collective manner could solve the challenging social problem of child maltreatment. State policies greatly influence the provision of child welfare services and child maltreatment prevention efforts, and programs and services typically are administrated at least in part at the state level. As such, improving cross-sector collaboration at the state level is paramount. To build effective and lasting collaborations, teams of researchers, policymakers, and practitioners must be trained to understand each other’s strengths and barriers to collaboration. The vision of this initiative is to train policymakers how to use data to make decisions related to child maltreatment prevention; train researchers how to develop and present their research so that it is useful to policymakers and practitioners; train practitioners how to implement practices that align with current research and policy; and develop a framework that jurisdictions across the nation can use to better align research, policy, and practice to prevent child maltreatment. Applying the principles of Design Thinking within a cross-sector training and collaboration has the potential to disrupt and radically change how these sectors work together to end child maltreatment.
Leading in the Relational Space.

This article describes the application and outcomes of using a shared framework and vocabulary for understanding learning, the Let Me Learn Process, to create a relational space necessary for const...
Role of Liver Biopsy in Assessment of Radiologically Identified Liver Masses

Despite improvements in imaging techniques that have enhanced the ability to diagnose hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), histopathological evaluation of many other types of liver masses is critical. To evaluate the utility of liver biopsy in patients with radiologically undiagnosed liver masses. We retrospectively analyzed 293 consecutive patients who had a liver biopsy for evaluation of an undiagnosed liver mass between January 2014 and January 2018. Out of 293 biopsies, 246 patients were found to have malignancy (84%), including 210 (72%) patients with metastatic malignancy and 36 with primary hepatic malignancies (20 HCC and 16 others). In the 47 patients without malignancy, 17 patients had necrotic abscess/granuloma, 16 patients had normal histology, eight patients had hepatic fibrosis/cirrhosis without malignant foci, and six patients had benign tumors. The most common primary lesion in patients with liver metastasis was breast carcinoma (32/293, 11%), followed by colon and pancreas (31 (each)/293, 11%), and lung (9%) adenocarcinomas. Histopathological analysis confirmed the presence of metastasis in 165/200 (83%) patients with a history of oncological malignancy and in 45/93 (48%) patients who had no malignancy history. In patients with a radiologically identified liver mass of unclear etiology, liver biopsy/histology made a diagnosis in 95% (277/293) of patients, including 84% (246/293) found to have an oncological malignancy. Liver biopsy/histology also identified malignancy in a high proportion of patients without known underlying cancer. We conclude that liver biopsy is valuable for evaluation of radiologically identified liver masses of unclear etiology.
Comment: inference after covariate-adaptive randomisation: aspects of methodology and theory

We first want to commend (Shao, 2021) for a timely paper that reviews the methodological and theoretical advances in statistical inference after covariate-adaptive randomisation in the last decade....
Cell Shape and Matrix Stiffness Impact Schwann Cell Plasticity via YAP/TAZ and Rho GTPases

Schwann cells (SCs) are a highly plastic cell type capable of undergoing phenotypic changes following injury or disease. SCs are able to upregulate genes associated with nerve regeneration and ultimately achieve functional recovery. During the regeneration process, the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell morphology play a cooperative, critical role in regulating SCs, and therefore highly impact nerve regeneration outcomes. However, the roles of the ECM and mechanotransduction relating to SC phenotype are largely unknown. Here, we describe the role that matrix stiffness and cell morphology play in SC phenotype specification via known mechanotransducers YAP/TAZ and RhoA. Using engineered microenvironments to precisely control ECM stiffness, cell shape, and cell spreading, we show that ECM stiffness and SC spreading downregulated SC regenerative associated proteins by the activation of RhoA and YAP/TAZ. Additionally, cell elongation promoted a distinct SC regenerative capacity by the upregulation of Rac1/MKK7/JNK, both necessary for the ECM and morphology changes found during nerve regeneration. These results confirm the role of ECM signaling in peripheral nerve regeneration as well as provide insight to the design of future biomaterials and cellular therapies for peripheral nerve regeneration.
Cell biology: How does the nucleus get its membrane?

Summary Nuclear shape and size depend on nuclear membrane availability through an unknown process. A new study of asymmetric cell division reveals that nuclear membrane is derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and that limiting nuclear membrane expansion can affect cell fate.
SU-E-J-186: Using 4DCT-Based Motion Modeling to Predict Motion and Duty Cycle On Successive Days of Gated Radiotherapy

Purpose: To determine if 4DCT-based motion modeling and external surrogate motion measured during treatment simulation can enhance prediction of residual tumor motion and duty cycle during treatment delivery. Methods: This experiment was conducted using simultaneously recorded tumor and external surrogate motion acquired over multiple fractions of lung cancer radiotherapy. These breathing traces were combined with the XCAT phantom to simulate CT images. Data from the first day was used to estimate the residual tumor motion and duty cycle both directly from the 4DCT (the current clinical standard), and from external-surrogate based motion modeling. The accuracy of these estimated residual tumor motions and duty cycles are evaluated by comparing to the measured internal/external motions from other treatment days. Results: All calculations were done for 25% and 50% duty cycles. The results indicated that duty cycle derived from 4DCT information alone is not enough to accurately predict duty cycles during treatment. Residual tumor motion was determined from the recorded data and compared with the estimated residual tumor motion from 4DCT. Relative differences in residual tumor motion varied from −30% to 55%, suggesting that more information is required to properly predict residual tumor motion. Compared to estimations made from 4DCT, in three outmore » of four patients examined, the 30 seconds of motion modeling data was able to predict the duty cycle with better accuracy than 4DCT. No improvement was observed in prediction of residual tumor motion for this dataset. Conclusion: Motion modeling during simulation has the potential to enhance 4DCT and provide more information about target motion, duty cycles, and delivered dose. Based on these four patients, 30 seconds of motion modeling data produced improve duty cycle estimations but showed no measurable improvement in residual tumor motion prediction. More patient data is needed to verify this Result. I would like to acknowledge funding from MRA, VARIAN Medical Systems, Inc.« less
On the Muslim Question

Marx’s essay ‘On the Jewish Question’ marks the Jew as the site where post-Enlightenment Europe confronted the spectre of theology in the question of citizenship. In our time, the figure of the Muslim has become the axis where questions of political philosophy and political theology, politics and ethics meet. Islam is marked as the pre-eminent site of danger to politics; to Christians, Jews, and secular humanism; to women, human rights and the state system; to democracy and free speech; to the values and the institutions of the Enlightenment. The Muslim question does not displace the Jewish question, but rather emerges out of it as ‘the general question of the age.’ This question takes different forms in the institutions and imaginaries of Europe and the United States, in popular political discourse and in political philosophy, yet all demand reconsideration of a politics founded on enmity and an Enlightenment still held within the limits of Christendom.
Microtubule Polarity and Interaction in Mitotic Spindle Function

Biological machines that use a scalar quantity like chemical potential to generate a vector quantity like force for cell movement are necessarily both anisotropic and polar. These asymmetries are generally provided by fibrous proteins that are the principal building blocks of cellular motors. There is a marked conservatism in the components of the machines thus far identified in eukaryotic cells: most of them include proteins similar to those either of muscle or of flagella. Wherever the machines are understood in any detail, the protein components are known to interact in geometrically specific ways during the transduction of chemical energy into work. We presume, therefore, that a knowledge of molecular polarity and interaction will be important for the understanding of each mechanochemical device.
OIL GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE PUTUMAYO BASIM

espanolLa caracterizacion detallada de la composicion de crudos en la cuenca del Putumayo, Colombia, evidencia una fuerte segregacion vertical en las familias de aceites. Los crudos en yacimientos del Cretaceo Inferior (Fm. Caballos y arena "U" de la Fm. Villeta) provienen de una materia organica mixta (terrestre y marina) depositada en el ambiente "oxico" de plataforma somera. Los hidrocarburos en yacimientos del Cretaceo Superior (arenas "T" y "N" de la Fm. Villeta) y del Terciario Inferior provienen de materia organica algal depositada en un ambiente marino reductor, rico en carbonatos. La litologia, condiciones ambientales y tipo de materia organica interpretada a partir de biomarcadores en los crudos, esta asociada a cambios en las facies organicas de las rocas fuente del Cretaceo. Las marcadas diferencias en composicion entre crudos en diversos yacimientos, aun en un mismo pozo, evidencian la presencia de al menos dos sistemas petroliferos independientes. Las rocas fuertes basales cargaron los yacimientos aledanos mientras que las rocas fuertes en los niveles superiores del Cretaceo cargaron los yacimientos del Cretaceo Superior y del Terciario Inferior. La migracion de crudos desde las areas con roca fuerte maduras ha sido esencialmente a lo largo de las unidades arenosas adyacentes y la migracion vertical ha sido muy limitada. Los parametros indicadores de madurez de los crudos indican que estos fueron generados en la zona de madurez temprana de la ventana de generacion. EnglishBiomarker fingerprinting of 20 crude oils from Putumayo Basin, Colombia, shows a vertical segregation of oil families. The Lower Cretaceous reservoirs (Caballos and "U" Villeta sands) contain oils that come from a mixture of marine and terrestrial organic matter, deposited in a marginal, "oxic" marine setting. The Upper Cretaceous ("T" and "N" sands) and Tertiary reservoirs contain oils with marine algal input deposited in a reducing, carbonate-rich environment. Lithology, environmental conditions and organic matter type of source rocks as predicted from oil biomarker differences correspond to organic composition of two Cretaceous source rocks. Vertical heterogeneity in the oils, even those from single wells, suggests the presence of two isolated petroleum systems. Hydrocarbons from Lower Cretaceous source rocks charged Lower Cretaceous reservoirs whereas oils from Upper Cretaceous source rocks charged Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary reservoirs. Oil migration from mature source rocks into multiple reservoirs has been stratigraphically updip along the "regional" sandstone units and vertical migration through faults has been limited. Biomarker maturity parameters indicate that all oils were generated from early thermal maturity oil window.
THE NEW ISUZU 2.5 LITER AND 2.8 LITER 4-CYLINDER DIRECT INJECTION DIESEL ENGINE

Isuzu Motors Limited has recently-developed 2.5 liter and 2.8 liter diesel engines to power Isuzu "ELF" trucks (payload 1-2 tons). These two engines are high fuel economy direct injection diesels featuring a square cavity combustion chamber and Bosch VE distributor type injection pump. To reduce the D.I. diesel engine noises, the combustion chamber, fuel injection system, and cylinder block construction have been improved. In addition, a vibration damping sheet oil pan, timing belt drive, and cylinder block cover are employed. The two diesel engines are small size, light weight, highly reliable engines to be successors to the 2.0, 2.2 and 2.4 liter Isuzu "C"-series diesel engines. To date, 2 million of these engines have been produced to power the Isuzu "ELF" trucks and other vehicles as well as a wide variety of industrial and marine applications. The basic engine specifications are: 4 cylinder, OHV, bore 93mm, stroke 92mm (2499CC), 102mm (2771CC), maximum power output (DIN) 50KW/3,600rpm (2.5L) and 57KW/3,600rpm (2.8L).
Methionine Adenosyltransferase and Ethionine Resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The methionine adenosyltransferase is repressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during growth in the presence of excess methionine. The relationship of this repression to the level of intracellular S-adenosylmethionine is discussed. In conjunction with these studies, an ethionine-resistant mutant has been investigated which has a low level of methionine adenosyltransferase under all conditions tested. The mechanism of ethionine resistance in the latter strain apparently depends on its inability to form large quantities of intracellular S-adenosylethionine. With respect to the methionine adenosyltransferase, there is no apparent interaction between ethionine-resistant and ethionine-sensitive alleles when both are present in the heterozygous diploid.
Nifedipine in combination therapy for chronic hypertension: A review

Results are presented from a study conducted in twelve male patients with hypertension who were treated during alternating one-month periods with a calcium channel blocker, a beta blocker, or a combination of both drugs. After one month of placebo therapy, the patients received 10 mg of nifedipine three times daily, 100 mg of metoprolol twice daily plus 10 mg of nifedipine three times daily, or 100 mg of metoprolol twice daily during successive periods. Nifedipine monotherapy resulted in a significant decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressures at rest and in systolic blood pressure during exercise. Monotherapy with metoprolol also significantly reduced systolic blood pressure during exercise. Combination therapy with the calcium channel blocker and the beta blocker produced a significantly greater decrease in both resting and exercise blood pressures than with either drug alone, with achievement of adequate blood pressure control in all patients.
Visible-light-driven Bi2O3/WO3 composites with enhanced photocatalytic activity

Semiconductor heterojunctions (composites) have been shown to be effective photocatalytic materials to overcome the drawbacks of low photocatalytic efficiency that results from electron–hole recombination and narrow photo-response range. A novel visible-light-driven Bi2O3/WO3 composite photocatalyst was prepared by hydrothermal synthesis. The composite was characterized by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to better understand the structures, compositions, morphologies and optical properties. Bi2O3/WO3 heterojunction was found to exhibit significantly higher photocatalytic activity towards the decomposition of Rhodamine B (RhB) and 4-nitroaniline (4-NA) under visible light irradiation compared to that of Bi2O3 and WO3. A tentative mechanism for the enhanced photocatalytic activity of the heterostructured composite is discussed based on observed activity, band position calculations, photoluminescence, and electrochemical impedance data. The present study provides a new strategy for the design of composite materials with enhanced visible light photocatalytic performance.
Oculomotor control and spatial processing

In the past year research in the oculomotor system has concentrated on some hitherto neglected areas, and also caused a re-evaluation of several long-standing concepts. Careful studies of the translational (otolith) vestibulo-ocular reflex and the torsional system have demonstrated their importance. A re-evaluation of the role of the superior colliculus in the generation of saccades has provided evidence for its participation in the feedback process. New studies of the interaction of eye movements and visual processing have shown that the brain can compensate for the visual effects of eye movements and maintain a retinotopic representation of visual space for the saccadic system.
Using the poker-chip test for determining the bulk modulus of asphalt binders

The properties of asphalt binders strongly influence the overall mechanical response of asphalt mixture composites. A thorough understanding of the mechanistic behavior of asphalt binders is important in order to fully and accurately characterize the behavior of the asphalt mixture. The mechanical properties of the asphalt binder, the matrix in the asphalt mixture composite, are time and temperature dependent and have a lower stiffness compared to the inclusions (aggregate particles). However, computational methods used to model the micromechanics of asphalt mixtures typically assume a constant bulk modulus or Poisson’s ratio for asphalt binders. This research investigates the time-dependence of the bulk modulus of asphalt binders. Several approaches for measuring the bulk modulus were explored and the poker-chip geometry was found to be the most suitable one. The boundary value problem for the poker-chip geometry was solved to determine the bulk modulus and Poisson’s ratio of asphalt binders as a function of time. The findings from this research improve our understanding of the viscoelastic behavior of asphaltic materials, and also guide important assumptions that are typically made during computational modeling of asphaltic materials.
System neutral grounding for chemical plant power systems

THE chemical industry, because of its continuous processes, has always demanded reliable performance from its electrical power system. Observation of electrical practices will show that care has been exercised in the selection and application of electrical equipment. The scope of this paper is to review the influence which system neutral grounding has on the performance of electrical apparatus, something of the history of grounded and ungrounded systems and why they have been selected, and a discussion of the methods of system neutral grounding with suggestions on how the over-all performance of the power system and the connected equipment can be improved by the operation of some form of system neutral grounding.
A Laboratory Assay to Assess Avoidance of Contaminated Sediments by the Freshwater Oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus

Responses of benthic organisms to contaminated sediments in the laboratory historically have been assessed as survival, growth, and reproduction. However, these responses do not include behavioral aspects of organisms, which also can influence species distribution and abundance in benthic communities. This study documents avoidance behavior of the freshwater oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus to contaminated sediments in the laboratory, utilizing a chamber specifically built to facilitate the measurement of this response. A number of field-collected sediments from sites with known contamination, several of which exhibited little or no toxicity in standard tests examining growth and/or survival, were evaluated. The oligochaetes exhibited marked avoidance to many of the sediments, indicating the potential utility of this assay in identifying effects of contaminated sediments on benthic community structure.
Effects of viscosity on long waves

A study of effects of viscosity on non-linear long waves is made. Beginning with the Navier-Stokes equations of motion, the long wave approximation is achieved by an expansion scheme similar to Friedrichs'. Non-linear solutions are obtained by applying the theory of relatively undistorted waves. It is found that shock formation is delayed by the viscous effect. Various conditions are obtained in determining the viscous, non-linear and radial decay effects on the solution for a shockless expansion wave-front propagating over large distances.
Flavor quality of fresh tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) as affected by sugar and acid levels

Abstract The effects of adding sugar and acid to fresh tomatoes on the response by descriptive and consumer panels were studied. ‘Duke’ tomatoes ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were diced and mixed with reducing sugars (fructose/glucose, 14:11) and citric acid at levels of 0, 1.4, or 2.8% that of the total mixture weight for the sugars and 0, 0.3, or 0.6% for the acid. Descriptive analysis was used to evaluate tomato samples according to the flavor terms sweet, sour, and fresh tomato impact using 150-mm unstructured line scales. Consumer tests were conducted to rate flavor acceptability of diced tomatoes. Regression analysis indicated that a second-order polynomial predicted the response of consumer flavor acceptability to sugar and acid levels. Increasing total sugar and acid levels did not affect fresh tomato impact but did significantly affect flavor acceptability. Maximum levels of acid were reached above which further increases negatively affected consumer acceptability.
State Transition Matrix of Relative Motion for the Perturbed Noncircular Reference Orbit

A precise analytic solution that includes the effects of the reference orbit eccentricity and differential perturbations is needed for the relative motion of formation-flying satellites. As a result of the spherical Earthand circular reference orbit assumptions, Hill's equations, which have often been used for describing relative motion, are insufficient for the long-term prediction of the relative motion. A new approach, called the geometric method, is developed to obtain the state transition matrix for the relative motion that includes the effects caused by the reference orbit eccentricity and the differential gravitational perturbations. The geometric method uses the relationship between the relative states and differential orbital elements to obtain the state transition matrix instead of directly solving the complex relative motion differential equations. The state transition matrices are derived for both mean and osculating elements with the primary gravitational perturbation that results from the equatorial bulge term J 2 . Although the results are based on the J 2 effects, the approach can be extended easily to include other perturbing forces.
Clarification and Reevaluation of Population-Based Diallel Analyses

Plant breeders and geneticists often use diallel mating designs to obtain genetic information about a trait of interest from a fixed or randomly chosen set of parental lines. Diallel analyses of broad-based populations have frequently been conducted by means of three analyses presented by Gardner and Eberhart in 1966. The original paper of Gardner and Eberhart used sequential model fitting to obtain estimates of effects and corresponding sums of squares. This approach, although having a long history, suffers from shortcomings which have led to confusion about what hypotheses the analyses actually test. The objectives of this paper were to delineate clearly all models implicitly required to perform Gardner and Eberhart Analyses II and III, and to present explicit formulas for effects in terms of the population means which are fundamental and unambiguous. While developing formulas of effects, we discovered a typographic error associated with variety effects in the original example of Analysis II. Our results also indicate that Analyses II and III effect formulas are rather nonintuitive both biologically and genetically, and incorporate multipliers that are functions of the number of parents. Another specific result shows that the varietal effects obtained in Gardner and Eberhart's Analysis III are unconstrained estimates, while those from the Analysis II are estimates constrained by the assumption of no heterosis. These results have implications for the use and interpretation of such effects. A SAS computer program for analyzing diallels among broad-based populations according to Gardner and Eberhart's Analyses II and III is also reported.