cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemotaxonomy in marine algae: Secondary metabolite synthesis by Laurencia in unialgal culture

Abstract The application of chemistry to taxonomy assumes that the secondary metabolites of an organism used in chemotaxonomic investigations are quantitatively constant and independent of the continually changing physical and chemical factors experienced in nature. To determine the extent to which chemical changes occur with varying environmental conditions in marine algae, we have investigated the haloterpenoids of Laurencia snyderae Dawson, L. subopposita (J. Agardh) Setchell, and L. pacifica Kylin. Gas chromatographic and thin-layer chromatographic comparisons were made of the haloterpenoid components from both natural populations and from cultured algae grown under varying conditions of temperature and photoperiod. In addition, L. spectabilis Postels and Ruprecht, L. gardneri Hollenberg, L. undulata Yamada, L. nipponica Yamada, L. intermedia Yamada and L. okamurai Yamada were cultured and, where appropriate, their secondary metabolites compared to those reported in the literature. It was found that normal secondary metabolites synthesis occurs in culture and is largely unaffected by modification of the culture conditions. Furthermore, the chemical compounds produced are both qualitatively and quantitatively identical to those produced in the natural populations. In order to study the effect of genetic variables on secondary metabolites, we have investigated sympatric populations of L. pacifica that are morphologically similar but chemically distinct. These populations were intrafertile, but not interfertile in culture. The unique secondary metabolites of the populations and their reproductive isolation probably reflect genetic differences.
Sperm numbers inseminated in dairy cattle and nonreturn rates revisited.

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to test fertility when sperm numbers per insemination ranged from 10 x 10 6 to 40 x 10 6 total sperm. All semen was from Holstein bulls that were on a regular schedule of semen collection. The semen was extended with heated homogenized whole milk, cooled, glycerolated, and frozen according to standard procedures. Semen was distributed to a large group of inseminators to minimize differential field effects on treatment. All experiments were a randomized block design, including a split plot in Experiment 2. In Experiment 1, data for 31,399 first inseminations distributed among treatments of 20 x 10 6 , 25 x 10 6 , 30 x 10 6 , and 40 x 10 6 total sperm resulted in 69.8, 70.0, 70.1, and 70.1% nonreturns at 59 d, respectively. In Experiment 2, data for 18,197 first inseminations divided over treatments of 12 x 10 6 ,16 x 10 6 , and 20 x 10 6 total sperm resulted in 70.2, 72.4, and 70.8% nonreturns at 59 d, respectively. In Experiment 3, 38,890 first inseminations distributed over treatments of 10 x 10 6 , 13 x 10 6 , 16 x 10 6 , and 20 x 10 6 total sperm resulted in 70.5, 72.2, 73.1, and 71.5% nonreturns at 59 d, respectively. Bull nonreturns ranged from 64 to 76% in the three trials. These results indicate that, under good conditions, total sperm numbers per straw can be reduced to 10 x 10 6 total sperm with a reduction of nonreturn rates at 59 d, for most bulls, of about 1 percentage unit from the maximum when professional inseminators are used.
Crustaceans as a model for microgravity-induced muscle atrophy.

Atrophy of skeletal muscles is a serious problem in a microgravity environment. It is hypothesized that the unloading of postural muscles, which no longer must resist gravity force, causes an accelerated breakdown of contractile proteins, resulting in reduction in muscle mass and strength. A crustacean model using the land crab, Gecarcinus lateralis, to assess the effects of spaceflight on protein meatabolism is presented. The model is compared to a developmentally-regulated atrophy in which a premolt reduction in muscle mass allows the withdrawal of the large claws at molt. The biochemical mechanisms underlying protein breakdown involves both Ca2(+) -dependent and multicatalytic proteolytic enzymes. Crustacean claw muscle can be used to determine the interactions between shortening and unloading at the molecular level.
The thermodynamics of liquid Nb-N solutions

Solubility isotherms for liquid Nb-N solutions exhibit large departures from Sieverts' Law. It is shown that this behavior is a consequence of the interstitial geometry of such solutions and a small repulsive interaction between N-atoms.
Using reconfigurable computing techniques to accelerate problems in the CAD domain: a case study with Boolean satisfiability

The Boolean satisfiability problem lies at the core of several CAD applications, including automatic test pattern generation and logic synthesis. This paper describes and evaluates an approach for accelerating Boolean satisfiability using configurable hardware. Our approach harnesses the increasing speed and capacity of field-programmable gate arrays by tailoring the SAT-solver circuit to the particular formula being solved. This input-specific technique gets high performance due both to (i) a direct mapping of Boolean operations to logic gates, and (ii) large amounts of fine grain parallelism in the implication processing. Overall, these strategies yields impressive speedups (>200/spl times/ in many cases) compared to current software approaches, and they require only modest amounts of hardware. In a broader sense, this paper alerts the hardware design community to the increasing importance of input-specific designs, and documents their promise via a quantitative study of input-specific SAT solving.
Livestock/deadstock: working with farm animals from birth to slaughter, by Rhoda M. Wilkie

Livestock/deadstock: working with farm animals from birth to slaughter, by Rhoda M. Wilkie, Philadelphia, Temple University Press, 2010, 248 pp., US$30.95 (paperback), $78.50 (cloth), ISBN 97815921...
Improved Detection of Silent Cardiac Ischemia With a 12-Lead Portable Microprocessor-Driven Real-Time Time Electrocardiographic Monitor

Objective To compare a microprocessor-driven real-time 12-lead electrocardiographic monitoring device with Holter monitoring for detection of ischemia. Design Electrocardiographic monitoring was conducted in 110 patients at bed rest or undergoing surgical procedures. Material and Methods In three groups of patients, simultaneous monitoring with a 12-lead realtime device and a 2-channel Holter system was performed to detect ischemic episodes. The differences in the number of ischemic events and the total time of ischemia revealed by the two devices were analyzed statistically. Results In patients with coronary artery disease, more ischemic ST -segment shifts were detected by the 12-lead device than by Holter monitoring (44 versus 16 events; P P Conclusion The 12-lead real-time electrocardiographic monitoring device is superior to Holter monitoring in detecting and facilitating real-time identification of myocardial ischemia in patients at bed rest.
Structural studies of nematic and smectic phases

The information about liquid crystal phases that can be obtained by light scattering and by high-resolution X-ray scattering is reviewed. Results for the nematic-smectic A transition suggest the de Gennes-McMillan model is correct, but adequate theoretical solutions to the model remain elusive. Recent results on the smectic A to smectic C transition are presented that show unambiguously that it exhibits classic mean-field behaviour and this is explained by a Ginzburg criterion argument. Some preliminary results of a study of a nematic-smectic A transition in a lyotropic material are given and indicate similarity to thermotropic materials.
Wireless Multiple Access and Analog Oscillation Analysis in Microgrids: A Prony Approach

A key challenge in smart grid is to monitor the system modal characteristics of disturbance over a microgrid for system stability and diagnosis. The measurements at different phasor measurement units (PMUs) need to be reported to a processing center. Therefore, a multiple access scheme for wireless transmission is necessary to collect the measurements from PMUs. An analog oscillation analysis is carried out without demodulating the received signal. Both schemes of time-division multiple access (TDMA) and code-division multiple access (CDMA) are discussed. In both schemes, the Prony-based algorithms using the received signal to estimate the system modal characteristics, including the eigenvalues of the linear system and the amplitudes of different response modes, are proposed and analyzed. Two countermeasures, max-min ratio measure (MMRM) and variance measure (VM), are also proposed to prevent possible attacks of false reports. Numerical simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of Prony-based algorithms and the two countermeasures.
Antitrust: Ideology or economics?

Dominick T. Armentano's book, Antitrust and Monopoly: Anatomy of a Policy Failure, 2nd ed., has serious limitations as a scholarly work. Monopolistic price‐raising is even more objectionable under plausible interpretations of Armentano's subjectivist criterion than in the standard case, which assumes equal subjective value for all consumers’ dollar expenditures. Armentano's historical review of leading antitrust cases is also faulty. His evidence on the alleged failure of price‐fixing schemes is defective, and his approach to judging whether monopoly power existed proceeds from an inappropriately static theory.
The reversible inhibition of carbonic anhydrase II: Computer simulations of a proposed mechanism of action

A mechanism of action for carbonic anhydrase II involving a rate-limiting intramolecular proton transfer, originally proposed by Steineret al., has been reexamined totally in steady state form using a digital computer. It is found that the mechanism is sufficient to account for all of the extant kinetic data, including the participation of external buffer as a second substrate in the hydration/dehydration reaction. The model of Steineret al. has been expanded to include the inhibitory effects of monovalent anions, phenol, and Cu(II) ion, and is able to account for the experimentally observed kinetics within a chemically reasonable framework. It is concluded that the proposed mechanism is a good working model for carbonic anhydrase II catalysis, and its ability to reconcile such a wide body of kinetic data solidifies the notion of a rate-limiting intramolecular proton transfer in the catalytic pathway.
Individual differences as a moderator of the job quality-job satisfaction relationship: Evidence from a national sample☆

Abstract The validity of the individual differences moderator hypothesis, which proposes that the relationship between job quality and job satisfaction varies as a function of important individual differences, was investigated with data from a national sample of full-time male workers. Five individual differences variables were examined: worker anomie, current urban/rural residence, residence at age 16, educational attainment, and ethnic identity. Results of moderated regression analysis indicated that the moderator hypothesis is valid for worker anomie, educational level, and former residence, but not for a simple population index. For the ethnic identity moderator, the relationship between job quality and job satisfaction was (a) positive for workers of Nordic extraction, (b) progressively less positive for workers of Anglo-Germanic and Latin-Catholic backgrounds, and (c) inverse for workers of East European origins. Although it is concluded that the moderator hypothesis is descriptively valid, the small magnitudes of the significant differences limit the practical utility of the moderator hypothesis.
Programmed Cell Death in the Developing Nervous System

Virtually all cell populations in the vertebrate nervous system undergo massive "naturally-occurring" or "programmed" cell death (PCD) early in development. Initially neurons and glia are overproduced followed by the demise of approximately one-half of the original cell population. In this review we highlight current hypotheses regarding how large-scale PCD contributes to the construction of the developing nervous system. More germane to the theme of this symposium, we emphasize that the survival of cells during PCD depends critically on their ability to access "trophic" molecular signals derived primarily from interactions with other cells. Here we review the cell-cell interactions and molecular mechanisms that control neuronal and glial cell survival during PCD, and how the inability of such signals to suppress PCD may contribute to cell death in some diseases such as spinal muscular atrophy. Finally, by using neurotrophic factors (e.g. CNTF, GDNF) and genes that control the cell death cascade (e.g. Bcl-2) as examples, we underscore the importance of studying the mechanisms that control neuronal and glial cell survival during normal development as a means of identifying molecules that prevent pathology-induced cell death. Ultimately this line of investigation could reveal effective strategies for arresting neuronal and glial cell death induced by injury, disease, and/or aging in humans.
Non-turbulent electric fields in soliton and shock-like structures in magnetized plasmas

A new treatment of soliton and laminar shock-like structures in single ion species and counter-streaming plasmas in perpendicular magnetic fields is presented. Charge separation effects are treated exactly, and may become important for high Alfven Mach number flows. The theory contains the familiar quasi-neutrality theory in the limit B 2 0 ≪ Μ 0 nm e c 2 and the Longmire theory in the limit B 2 0 ≫ Μ 0 nm e c 2 . The introduction of the potential ψ as the primary dependent variable, instead of the magnetic field B , clarifies the role of ion dynamics. New pseudo-potential functions are defined which generate classes of solutions for single ion species, rigid piston problems, and multispecies problems. They also provide information about the evolution of particle piston solutions. Results include the fact that a small amount of resistivity allows shock solutions for very large Mach numbers, and for zero dissipation the parameter does not affect the solutions except in the scale length.
A social ethological perspective applied to care of and research on songbirds.

The interrelationships among individuals in gregarious species can have profound effects on the animals’ behavior, physiology, and even health. Captive housing should address the social needs of such species because failure to do so can result in the development and expression of abnormal behavior. But determining what social stimuli to provide for any given species poses many challenges. I review recent work on brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) that was designed to identify the social stimuli critical for effective development and breeding. The work demonstrates the importance of social experiences in organizing reproductive physiology and behavior, so much so that inattention to these experiences can lead to misinterpretation of the function and mechanisms of the birds’ behavior. There are no general rules applicable to all social species, however. Determining the social conditions needed for members of any species requires an ethological approach that evaluates the sensory, cognitive, and ecological characteristics of the species and considers those characteristics in the design of captive housing and research.
“Newbies” and “Celebrities”: Detecting social roles in an online network of teachers via participation patterns

The advent of social networking tools allows teachers to create online networks and share information. While some virtual networks have a formal structure and defined boundaries, many do not. These unstructured virtual networks are difficult to study because they lack defined boundaries and a formal structure governing leadership roles and the transfer of information. The purpose of the study was to explore the relationship between how a member participates in a virtual blog network and the role of that member in the network. Unlike previous studies that use behavioral or structural characteristics of an individual’s network to infer social roles, this study utilized cluster analysis to combine behavior and structural information in role detection. Quantitative methods from social network analysis were used to compare the network structure of individual bloggers both across and within groups. The results indicate that how an individual participates in the network has an influence not only on their current role in the network, but also in how and how quickly their role in the community changes.
Inhibition of Interleukin-1β Decreases Aneurysm Formation and Progression in a Novel Model of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms

Background—Thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs) are common, but experimental TAA models are limited and the role of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is undetermined. Methods and Results—IL-1β protein was measured in human TAAs and control aortas, and IL-1β protein was increased ≈20-fold in human TAAs. To develop an experimental model of TAAs, 8- to10-week-old male C57Bl/6 mice (wild type [WT]) underwent thoracotomy with application of periadventitial elastase (WT TAA) or saline (WT control; n=30 per group). Elastase treatment to thoracic aortas resulted in progressive dilation until day 14 with maximal dilation of 99.6±24.7% compared with 14.4±8.2% for WT saline control (P<0.0001). WT TAAs demonstrated elastin fragmentation, smooth muscle cell loss, macrophage infiltration, and increased IL-1β expression. Next, TAAs were induced in mice deficient of IL-1β (IL-1β knockout) or IL-1 receptor (IL-1R knockout; n=10 each). Genetic deletion of IL-1β and IL-1R significantly decreased thoracic aortic dilation (IL-1β knockout=54...
EMOTIONS AND MULTILINGUALISM, Aneta Pavlenko

EMOTIONS AND MULTILINGUALISM. Aneta Pavlenko. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. v + 304. $90.00 cloth.Pavlenko's preface captures one's attention immediately. She believes that writing about human beings should include personal as well as scholarly insights. She then proceeds to demonstrate the value of the personal perspective, beginning with her own bilingual experience as a student of linguistics. She reports that, as a student, she continually asked questions of her teachers about bilingual issues because they were marginalized in her training. As a result of this marginalization, she is firmly committed to exposing the monolingual bias in all areas of linguistic research; she also rejects the view that language is a static system. Emotions, she argues, have been undertheorized in bilingual studies and SLA. Pavlenko brings new attention to research from SLA, bilingual studies, ethnographies, psycholinguistics, psychology, neurophsychology, memoirs, and anecdotes from her own life. The methodologies and research questions differ, as do the definitions of emotion in these fields. Pavlenko presents a comprehensive examination of relevant literature in all of these areas and frames that exploration with probing questions and results from her own research (a Web-based survey) and experience. She examines both emotion terms and emotion repertoires and asks: For multilingual speakers, are these repertoires distinct? Do they refer to universal notions of emotion varying only in their linguistic expression?
Myosin X is a downstream effector of PI(3)K during phagocytosis

Phagocytosis is a phosphatidylinositol-3-OH-kinase (PI(3)K)-dependent process in macrophages. We identified Myo10 (Myosin-X), an unconventional myosin with pleckstrin homology (PH) domains, as a potential downstream target of PI(3)K. Myo10 was recruited to phagocytic cups in a wortmannin-sensitive manner. Expression of a truncation construct of Myo10 (Myo10 tail) in a macrophage cell line or cytosolic loading of anti-Myo10 antibodies in bovine alveolar macrophages inhibited phagocytosis. In contrast, expression of a Myo10 tail construct containing a point mutation in one of its PH domains failed to inhibit phagocytosis. Expression of Myo10 tail inhibited spreading, but not adhesion, on IgG-coated substrates, consistent with a function for Myo10 in pseudopod extension. We propose that Myo10 provides a molecular link between PI(3)K and pseudopod extension during phagocytosis.
Supervision, Pay, and Effort

The shirking and gift exchange models of efficiency wage theory anchor an analysis of the effect of supervision on pay and effort. The contribution hinges on remedying conceptual and analytical limitations of past research to achieve more discriminating tests of the models. The models are supported with respect to pay and effort: (1) autonomous workers are paid more and are more willing to work harder for their employer; (2) workers whose productivity is difficult to evaluate are paid more but are less willing to work harder; and (3) higher pay elicits greater willingness to work harder. Contrary to the models, there is no evidence that sectoral wage differences are due to differences in supervision.
Subsyndromal posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with health and psychosocial difficulties in veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom

Background: This study examined health and psychosocial correlates of subsyndromal/partial posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and full PTSD in veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF). Methods: Five hundred and fifty-seven OEF/OIF veterans in Connecticut completed measures of PTSD and health and psychosocial functioning. Results: A total 22.3% of the sample met screening criteria for partial PTSD and 21.5% for full PTSD. Veterans with partial PTSD reported an intermediate level of impairment (e.g., health ratings, work problems, relationship problems) relative to veterans without PTSD and veterans with full PTSD. Conclusions: These results suggest that subsyndromal/partial PTSD is associated with significant health and psychosocial difficulties and underscore the importance of assessing for partial PTSD in OEF/OIF veterans. Depression and Anxiety 26:739–744, 2009. r 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Partial Oxidation of Methanol by MoO3(010) Surfaces with Controlled Defect Distributions

Atomic force microscopy has been used to determine how MoO3(010) surfaces with controlled defect populations evolve during reactions with MeOH/N2 mixtures. The structural evolution of the freshly cleaved surface is compared to surfaces reduced in 10%H2/N2 at 400 °C. While the freshly cleaved surfaces are flat and nearly ideal, the reduced surfaces contain voids bounded by step loops where Mo atoms in reduced coordination are found. In both cases, reacting the MoO3(010) surface with MeOH/N2 mixtures between 300 and 400 °C leads to H intercalation and the nucleation of acicular precipitates of HxMoO3. On the freshly cleaved surface, the H-bronze phase precipitates uniformly. On the reduced surface, the precipitates form preferentially at the void edges, where undercoordinated Mo atoms are found.
Including probabilistic uncertainty in fuzzy logic controller modeling using Dempster-Shafer theory

Discusses some basic ideas from the Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence. The authors describe the concept of fuzzy systems modeling used in fuzzy logic control. The authors use the Dempster-Shafer framework to provide a machinery for including randomness in the fuzzy systems modeling process. The authors show how to represent additive noise in this combined framework. >
An approach to recipe control in wafer fab

Due to the capital intensive nature of semiconductor manufacturing, companies are consistently looking for ways to maximize the utilization of the manufacturing tools and avoid errors that may result in loss of capacity. Incorrect specification of the process parameters while processing products is a major source of scrap and yield loss, thus resulting in lost capacity. A recipe management system, which can be used to consistently manage all types of recipe, will go a long way to address this issue. This paper presents the data flow and functional design to support a recipe controller. This methodology of recipe management can be used for all three recipe formats-binary, formatted and ASCII. The methodology is based on the use of a mapping file. This paper presents the challenges/issues while dealing with different recipe formats, along with examples, and further develops an approach for a recipe controller.
Heavy Metal Carnival and Dis‐alienation: The Politics of Grotesque Realism

Based on four years of concert fieldwork and extensive music media analysis (including bands such as Cradle of Filth, GWAR, Insane Clown Posse, Marilyn Manson, and Slipknot), this article shows how heavy metal music and its carnival culture express a dis-alienating politics of resistance. Applying Bakhtin's multifaceted conceptualization of the carnival-grotesque, the author explains how grotesque realism in metal music and performances constitutes a proto-utopian liminal alternative to the impersonal, conformist, superficial, unequal, and numbing realities of commercialism and, more abstractly, a resistance to a society of spectacle and nothingness.
In-plane Vibrations of Classical Planar Frame Structures — an Exact Wave-based Analytical Solution

In this paper, classical theories are applied in modeling in-plane vibrations in planar frame structures. An exact analytical solution has been obtained using a wave vibration approach, in which vibrations are described as waves that propagate along a uniform structural element (waveguide) and are reflected and transmitted at discontinuities (such as structural joints). The propagation, reflection, and transmission matrices, as well as the matrix relations between the injected waves and externally applied forces and moments are obtained using classical vibration theories. The coupling effect between bending and longitudinal vibrations is considered in the derivations. Assembling these matrices provides a concise and systematic approach to vibration analysis of complex in-plane coupled bending and longitudinal vibrations of planar frame structures. Numerical examples are presented, with comparisons to results available in the literature.
Diversity of Daytime Clothing Styles as a Reflection of Women’s Social Role Ambivalence from 1873 through 1912:

The symbolic interaction theory of fashion proposed by Kaiser, Nagasawa, and Hutton (1995) suggests that, in the instance of transitional societal contexts, an increase in cultural ambivalence is reflected by an increase in the heterogeneity of appearance-modifying commodities that are offered in a capitalistic marketplace. This paper describes research that tested this relationship in the context of women’s daytime clothing styles of the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. At this time, society’s views on women’s roles became increasingly ambivalent as women challenged the confines of Victorian domesticity. A visual analysis instrument was used to code women’s daytime ensembles as represented in 252 fashion illustrations from Harper’s Bazar and The Delineator. Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used to test for heterogeneity or diversity trends in the time series data. Results supported the proposed positive relationship between ambivalence and heterogeneity in dress; specifically, fab...
Parallel solution of Newton's power flow equations on configurable chips

Abstract The conventional Newton’s method (also known as Newton–Raphson method) for the AC power flow problem is preferred in some situations due to its local quadratic convergence. However, its high computation and memory requirements due to the required LU factorization of the Jacobian matrix at each iteration limit its practical employment in the online operation of very large systems. We produce here a novel partitioning scheme for the nonsymmetric Jacobian matrices appearing in the Newtons’s method. It results in the efficient parallelization of LU factorization and the subsequent solution of the power flow equations. We also present our implementation on our target computing platform comprising a single-chip shared-memory configurable multiprocessor. We designed and implemented our multiprocessor on an SOPC (system-on-a-programmable-chip) computer board containing an FPGA (field-programmable gate array) device. This new configurable computing paradigm combines the flexibility of microprocessors and programmable logic with the high performance of ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit) designs, and facilitates low-cost parallel implementations with reasonable turnaround times. Our good performance results for IEEE power test systems and others representing parts of the US power grid in the northeast demonstrate that our cost-effective and robust approach is viable and has tremendous potential to be enhanced further with steady advances in silicon technology, as predicted by Moore’s Law.
Teaching Special Decisions in a Lean Accounting Environment.

Lean accounting has become increasingly important as more and more companies adopt the lean enterprise model or some variation of it. Cost and managerial accounting textbooks continue to use, almost exclusively, models based on standard overhead absorption, which if used in a lean environment will not accurately reflect the benefits from the movement to a lean enterprise and may distort the impact of the changes. Because of these developments, accounting students should be exposed to lean accounting models beyond a brief introduction in their basic cost and management accounting courses. This paper presents a model for teaching decision making in a lean company which uses value stream costing for such decisions as special orders and make-or-buy decisions. The use of these models in cost and managerial accounting classes will be of benefit to the future cost/managerial accountants.
Antecedents of ITIL Usage Impacting Malaysian IT Employees’ Work Outcomes – A Conceptual Paper

This Conceptual Framework is based on Unified Theory of Acceptance & Use of Technology (UTAUT) and antecedents like ITIL Usage Performance, ITIL Usage Effort Expectancy, Social Influence on ITIL Usage, Facilitating Conditions on ITIL Usage, Attitude towards Using ITIL, ITIL Usage Intention, ITIL Usage Behavior are hypothesized to influence IT Employees' Work Outcomes which include Job Performance and Job Satisfaction.
Pediatric trauma. Anesthesia management.

Progress has been made in the prevention of accidents in children; however, pediatric trauma continues to be the number one cause of death in the United States in children who are older than 1 year of age, accounting for 15,000 deaths per year. 29,101,118 For every child who dies because of trauma, an estimated 1000 more present to the emergency department for treatment. 54 Most of these traumatic injuries are caused by motor vehicle and bicycle accidents in children with a mean age of 8 years. 29 In younger children, a significant percentage of trauma in infants is caused by child abuse, whereas trauma in toddlers most often is caused by falls from heights. 101,117 Anesthesiologists often are called to the emergency department after the primary survey has been performed and intervention is required. It is important that they become familiar with the immediate evaluation and resuscitative efforts of children in the emergency department who have suffered trauma and that they continue this intensive care into the operative and postoperative arenas.
Nitric Oxide-Releasing Molecules for Cancer Therapy and Chemoprevention

The Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology in 1998 to Furchgott, Ignarro, and Murad provided a new impetus to research in prodrugs of the messenger molecule, nitric oxide (NO). Although more famously known for its cardiovascular roles in the treatment of angina (nitrates) and more recently erectile dysfunction (Viagra®), NO has been extensively researched within the realm of cancer biology. This review briefly highlights the various chemical classes of NO donors with potential utility in cancer chemotherapy and chemoprevention. These molecules release NO upon bioactivation and thus engender the therapeutic rationale of using them in a clinical setting. Bearing these factors in mind, and in the light of current research findings, special emphasis is given to a newer generation of NORMs (nitric oxide-releasing molecules), viz., NONOates, NO-NSAIDs, and furoxans.
The Hospital Grantsmanship Center: A New Role for Hospital Librarians

Abstract Securing external support from competitive grants, corporate sponsorships, and fund raising is a growing area of interest in many types of nonprofit organizations, including health care. Many different types of grants are available from both public and private agencies at the national, state, and local levels which can provide additional support to the hospital's mission of patient care, teaching, and research. Patient care professionals as well as administrators are often unaware of what external funding opportunities are available, and how to secure those funds. Hospital librarians have the opportunity to establish new roles as resources for information about grants which are available by developing library resources and expanding their expertise about the grant writing process. Hospital librarians are ideally suited to promote grantsmanship in their organizations, and can make a valuable contribution by teaching the grant writing process. The Grants Information Service established by the Gover...
Chemical modification of gold electrodes via non-covalent interactions

Chemically modifying electrode surfaces with redox active molecular complexes is an effective route to fabricating tailored functional materials. Surface modification has generally required the installation of reactive functional groups for direct covalent attachment that can present synthetic challenges. An alternative, milder method that utilizes π-interactions to physisorb the molecular complex onto a surface is described herein. Firstly, a gold electrode was modified with pyrene via covalent thiolate bonds. A pyrene-functionalized ferrocene was then physisorbed onto the pyrene-modified gold electrode. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry were used to demonstrate successful physisorption of the pyrene-functionalized ferrocene onto the pyrene-modified gold surface. Physisorption is attributed to pyrene–pyrene (π) interactions, as the ferrocene compound was not observed after identical treatment of a clean gold electrode surface. Additionally, cyclic voltammetry demonstrates facile electron transfer between the electrode and ferrocene through the non-covalent interactions at the interface. Since this approach of surface modification only requires functionalizing the target molecular complex with the relatively inert pyrene functionality, it broadens the range of experimentally accessible molecular precursors for chemically modified electrodes.
Coordinator’s Introduction to the Forum:

In many ways, the redevelopment of Pittsburgh after World War II was similar to the experiences of many older American cities. Although the details of redevelopment varied from city to city, public–private partnerships between business elites and strong, often reform mayors worked to arrest the decline and restore the preeminence of their central cities by improving infrastructure, revitalizing downtowns, attracting new manufacturing firms, and eliminating slums. The Pittsburgh experience, locally called Renaissance, followed these familiar lines, but it had distinctive aspects that attracted national and later scholarly attention. The short essays of this Forum raise issues beyond Pittsburgh’s traditional Renaissance story, which invite a more balanced and nuanced consideration of this critical period in the city’s history. Informed partially by the ongoing national conversation about revitalizing American cities, Pittsburgh’s top corporate presidents under the leadership of Richard King Mellon formed the Allegheny Conference on Community Development (commonly called just the Conference) in 1943 and partnered with the powerful Democratic boss and mayor David L. Lawrence. The Conference generally set the agenda, supplied professional expertise, united the business community, and applied political pressure on state government. Mayor Lawrence delivered essential municipal requirements from the city councils, the ballot box, and referenda. The liberal and early use of authorities, in particularly the Urban Redevelopment Authority, overcame some political and revenue-raising obstacles. The partnership addressed the environment (smoke control, sewage treatment, and flood alleviation), infrastructure (expressways, international airport, and stadia), economic diversification (industrial and office parks), slum clearance (Lower Hill District), and downtown revitalization (Point State Park, Gateway Center, Mellon Square, and public parking garages).1 The partnership, like in most cities, eventually encountered strong resistance from disaffected neighborhoods, neglected industrial mill towns, and African Americans who bore the brunt of slum clearance. Opposition from several quarters in the 1960s, including an active civil rights movement and reaction to the riots following Martin Luther King’s assassination, ended the redevelopment program by the decade’s close.2 Nonetheless, clearing skies, diminished flooding, new infrastructure, and sparkling downtown office towers and parks garnered significant national acclaim. The partnership labeled its redevelopment successes as the city’s Renaissance, and the national media broadcast the term across the country. Pittsburgh’s importance in America’s postwar redevelopment experience stemmed from the city’s abysmal environmental reputation and the extreme concentration of power in both the private and public sectors. The Smoky City’s unhealthy, soot-laden skies and dirty, ugly
Somatostatin receptor subtype 3 mediates the inhibitory action of somatostatin on gastric smooth muscle cells

Previous functional studies show that somatostatin (SS) interacts with specific receptors to inhibit relaxation in gastric smooth muscle cells. There are no ligand binding studies, and it is unknown which of the five subtypes of SS receptors mediates the action. Dispersed gastric smooth muscle cells from guinea pig bound both 125I-labeled SS-14 and 125I-D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Nal-NH2 (where Nal indicates N-naphthylalanine) (cyclo-SS-8), a synthetic peptidase-resistant octapeptide SS analogue. SS-28 and SS-14, cyclo-SS-8, and SS analogue D-Phe-Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr-ol [SMS-(201-995) (octreotide)] inhibited 125I-cyclo-SS-8 binding with relative potencies of SS-28 = cyclo-SS-8 = SMS-(201-995) (octreotide), and the binding was not affected by the addition of protease inhibitors. SS-14 caused inhibition only in the presence of protease inhibitors. Ligand analysis demonstrated a two-binding-site model. Analysis of the relationship between biological function and binding suggested the high-affin...
The chivalrous physician.

The author, a family physician, discusses the art of chivalry and how practicing it with patients and colleagues can strengthen relationships and improve professional satisfaction.
Introduction to the Death Penalty in Sub-Saharan Africa

This Introduction provides a brief overview of the death penalty in Sub-Saharan Africa, where, as in most of the world, the unmistakable trend is toward abolition. Capital punishment on the African continent is intricately linked with broader rule of law issues, including judicial independence, the size and skill of the legal profession, and due process protections for criminal defendants. The resource constraints and subservient economic position of African countries resulted in erratic and highly political death penalty regimes after independence. This Introduction also provides an overview of the structure of the book, including the historical foundations and modern operations of capital punishment.
Jewish Male Identity

Women [in World War II America] were not considered full citizens worthy of the blessings of liberty; instead, they were designated as the keepers of a more communally minded, classically republican notion of civic virtue.…[W]omen's real and most important battlefield was the kitchen. There women could – and should – fight the war and prove their patriotism by cooking and serving the right kinds of foods in the right kinds of ways. Every meal served was a political act. Another “Other” that tannaitic commensal practices establish in part is the category of women. A woman is not the “normative” Tanna, who is in general, “a male, property owning, rabbi or rabbinic disciple.” As the actions and participants surrounding the tannaitic table become increasingly regulated, this observation comes into greater focus. In this chapter, I divide the tannaitic data into two groups: (1) texts pertaining to women preparing food and (2) texts pertaining to women at the table. Each group illustrates differently how tannaitic commensality practices enact and maintain a distinct Jewish male identity. From texts legislating the preparation of food by women, we encounter the literary role that women play in the tannaitic corpus. In these pericopae, women are often not “real” women; they are literary foils, serving a discursive purpose. As characters in a drama, they are introduced only to elucidate the social and legal effects of certain culinary and commensal practices on tannaitic men.
Africans and Europeans: Historiography and Perceptions of Reality

In their chronicles European visitors to Brazil described at length what they perceived to be two diametrically opposed aspects of the society of Portugal’s richest colony. The first was the hardship of black slavery. Europeans were no strangers to the institution of slavery but, by their sheer weight of numbers and appalling physical conditions, the black slaves evoked bewilderment, disgust, and compassion on the part of Europeans visiting Portuguese America. Observations made by the French engineer Francois Froger for Rio de Janeiro, and by the English adventurer William Dampier for Salvador, in the last decade of the seventeenth century, were to be expressed in more forceful terms by Amedee Francois Frezier, the engineer of Louis xiv. Confronted by a populace which he estimated to be 95 per cent persons of African descent, Frezier described the capital of Brazil in 1714 as a ‘New Guinea’. He roundly condemned the shops full of naked slaves of both sexes who were exhibited for sale as would be animals, and who were treated as mere beasts of burden by their new owners. Frezier questioned how the Portuguese could reconcile this manifest barbarity with the Catholicism which they so ostentatiously professed.
Chapter Seven: Airport Security: Hijackers, Terrorists, Religious Groups, and the Constitution

Bednarek argues that airport security concerns date back to the 1960s and over time efforts to address hijackings laid the groundwork for the stringent post-September 11 security measures. Before 1970, the idea that every passenger would have to pass a security check before boarding an aircraft would have been considered a violation of the fourth amendment protection from unreasonable search and seizure. Fourth amendment rights were not the only ones to come under challenge as religious groups, such as the Hare Krishna, viewed airports as prime locations for distributing literature and soliciting funds and argued restrictions violated their first amendment rights to freedom of speech and religious expression. As a result of both September 11 and restrictions on religious groups, airports became increasingly security-focused, non-public spaces.
Destriau-Effect in Aqueous Solution

Transient luminescence induced by the high electric field present in E-jump experiments led to the first observation of the Destriau-effect in liquid solution.
ARFI imaging of thermal lesions in ex vivo and in vivo soft tissues

The ability of ARFI imaging to monitor the ablation of soft tissues both ex vivo and in vivo was investigated. Thermal lesions were induced both in freshly excised bovine liver samples and in myocardial tissue of live sheep. While conventional sonography was unable to visualize induced lesions, ARFI imaging was capable of monitoring lesion size and boundaries. Good agreement was observed between lesion size in ARFI images and in results from pathology. The fact that ARFI imaging requires no additional equipment aside from that needed for conventional ultrasonic imaging makes it a promising modality for monitoring ablation procedures in vivo, especially in situations where sonography is already involved as a guiding mechanism, such as in many procedures requiring precise catheter placement.
Prozac, Families and the Law: Implications for Social Work Practice

Prozac has been on the market for more than ten years and has become one of the most heavily utilized medications in the United States; approximately 17 million prescriptions have been written. Along with its popularity, there have been a multitude of legal cases citing the use of Prozac to explain a variety of behaviors. Social workers in clinical practice need to understand the legal implications of having clients who are taking the medication. Twenty-eight appellate court cases involving families and Prozac between 1991 and 1997 are reviewed and clinical practice implications are discussed.
Assessment and Intervention Tools

This chapter is a convenient compendium of assessment and intervention tools for use with English learners. There are useful tables that summarize the clinical signs of specific learning disability in English learners, data that can be gathered through interviews and record reviews, what to do and what not to do when testing English learners, and steps in the intervention process. There are detailed descriptions of tests for use with English learners, standardized tests in Spanish, screeners, and progress monitors. When using the problem-solving process to provide tiered interventions, school psychologists may want to gather baseline data, create a dynamic assessment, and monitor the progress and effects of an intervention. To this end, we provide how-to sections on dynamic assessment or test-teach-test, can’t do–won’t do assessment, and figuring effect sizes. Finally, we suggest an instructional program that may be useful when school psychologists consult with educators who request resources for teaching English learners.
Inductor feedback ZVT based, low THD single phase full bridge inverter with hybrid modulation technique

This paper proposes a topology based on zero-voltage-transition (ZVT) technique to realize zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) for all the main switches of the full bridge inverter, and inherent zero-current-switching (ZCS) for the auxiliary switches. The advantages of the strategy include the provision to implement zero state modulation schemes such as unipolar or hybrid PWM scheme in the full bridge inverters to decrease the inductor current THD, naturally adaptive auxiliary inductor current and elimination of need for large balancing capacitors. The modulation scheme and the commutation stages are analyzed in detail. The whole inverter including the auxiliary ZVT branch is modelled. Finally a 1 kW, 400 kHz switching frequency inverter of the proposed topology using SiC MOSFETs has been built to validate the theoretical analysis. The ZVT with hybrid modulation technique is implemented in DSP TMS320F28335 resulting in full ZVS for the main switches in the full bridge inverter. The proposed scheme can save up to 32 % of the switching loss compared with no ZVT case.