cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prospective assessment of the clinical benefit of a tailored cancer gene set built on a next-generation sequencing platform in patients with recurrent or metastatic head and neck cancer

We performed a prospective trial to assess the clinical benefit of a tailored gene set built on a next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform in patients with recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Archived tumor tissue obtained from patients with recurrent or metastatic HNSCC was analyzed for variants by a tailored Comprehensive Cancer Gene set of 40 genes (CCG-40) performed on a NGS platform. These data were provided to clinicians to inform treatment decisions. The primary endpoint was clinical benefit (disease control) that resulted from selection and administration of a targeted therapy based on results of the CCG-40. Barriers to performance and implementation of the assay were recorded. Forty patients enrolled. Primary tumor sites included oropharynx (14), larynx/hypopharynx (14), oral cavity (9), and nasopharynx (3). The CCG-40 assay was performed in 23 patients (57.5%), but not in 17 patients due inadequate financial coverage (12) or insufficient tumor tissue (5). Potentially actionable tumor variants were identified in 3 patients (7.5%); all were PIK3CA variants. Due to inability to obtain access to candidate drugs (2) or rapid decline in performance status (1), none of these patients received targeted therapy informed by the CCG-40 results. The CCG-40 assay did not provide clinical benefit to the patients on this trial. Identification of limitations of the assay and barriers to the test's performance and application may be used to optimize this strategy in future trials.
Kolsky Compression Bar Experiments at High/Low Temperatures

When the specimen temperature differs from the room temperature, timing of mechanical load becomes a variable due to heat conduction. There are two approaches to conduct experiments with the specimens heated or cooled. One is to heat/cool the specimen with the bars attached. The other is to bring the bars in contact with the specimen after it reaches a desired temperature. The latter is preferred particularly at very high temperatures since temperature gradient in the bars affects wave propagation, which must be corrected. This chapter describes methods for high/low temperature Kolsky-bar experiments. The design of a computer- controlled automated system for high temperature experiments is presented. Examples are given with specimen materials including a stainless steel, a shape memory alloy, a syntactic epoxy foam, and PMDI foams with different densities.
Targeted therapy for mTORC1-driven tumours through HDAC inhibition by exploiting innate vulnerability of mTORC1 hyper-activation.

The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is important in the development and progression of many cancers. Targeted cancer therapy using mTORC1 inhibitors is used for treatment of cancers; however, their clinical efficacies are still limited. We recently created a new mouse model for human lymphangiosarcoma by deleting Tsc1 in endothelial cells and consequent hyper-activation of mTORC1. Using Tsc1iΔEC tumour cells from this mouse model, we assessed the efficacies of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors as anti-tumour agents for mTORC1-driven tumours. Unlike the cytostatic effect of mTORC1 inhibitors, HDAC inhibitors induced Tsc1iΔEC tumour cell death in vitro and their growth in vivo. Analysis of several HDAC inhibitors suggested stronger anti-tumour activity of class I HDAC inhibitor than class IIa or class IIb inhibitors, but these or pan HDAC inhibitor SAHA did not affect mTORC1 activation in these cells. Moreover, HDAC inhibitor-induced cell death required elevated autophagy, but was not affected by disrupting caspase-dependent apoptosis pathways. We also observed increased reactive oxygen species and endoplasmic reticulum stress in SAHA-treated tumour cells, suggesting their contribution to autophagic cell death, which were dependent on mTORC1 hyper-activation. These studies suggest a potential new treatment strategy for mTORC1-driven cancers like lymphangiosarcoma through an alternative mechanism.
Framing of Bangladesh in U.S. Media: A postcolonial analysis:

This study examines how Bangladesh, a Muslim-dominated country located in the global South, has been portrayed in leading U.S. media over the past five years (2011–2015). Investigating the process ...
Smoke-Free Ordinances and Policies Protect Youth, but Ordinances Appear to Have Little Impact on Non-Combustible Tobacco Use

Background: Smoke-free ordinances and policies protect youth from exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) and cigarette use. This study investigated whether they also protect from use of other tobacco products. Methods: We compared the prevalence of SHS exposure, cigarette smoking, cigar …
Douglas, Susan (Hrsg.): Creating an Inclusive School Environment. London, 2019

Creating an inclusive school environment is a collection of conceptual and research-based papers documenting the persistent effort of initiatives and (in-)formal pre- and in-service teacher trainin...
Anatomy and physiology of the sentinel lymph nodes of the upper extremity: Implications for axillary reverse mapping in breast cancer.

Background This study characterizes the physiological drainage of the normal upper extremity using single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) lymphoscintigraphy axillary reverse lymphatic mapping (ARM). Methods A consecutive series of patients assessed with SPECT/CT lymphoscintigraphy ARM of the upper extremity were included. Anatomical localization of the axillary sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) was completed in normal axillae in relation to consistent anatomic landmarks. Retrospective case note analysis was performed to collect patient demographic data. Results A total of 169 patients underwent SPECT/CT lymphoscintigraphy, and imaging of 182 normal axillae was obtained. All patients (100%) had an axillary SLN identified: 19% had a single contrast-enhanced SLN in the axilla and the remainder had multiple. The SLN(s) of the upper extremity was located in the upper outer quadrant (UOQ) of the axilla in 97% of cases (177 axillae). When the SLN(s) was found in the UOQ of the axilla, second-tier lymph nodes were found predominantly in the upper inner quadrant (50% of cases). Conclusions The upper extremity SLN(s) is located in a constant region of the axilla. This study provides the most complete investigation to date and results can be directly applied clinically to ARM techniques and adjuvant radiation planning.
Ideologías lingüísticas del español en comunidades y páginas de Facebook : políticas de lengua e identidad social en Chile contemporáneo

espanolEn el presente articulo se abordan los discursos acerca del espanol y su desenvolvimiento en el contexto de Chile en el siglo XXI mediante la observacion de discursos sobre la lengua en Facebook entre los anos 2009 y 2019. El estudio consistio en un rastreo de grupos y paginas con administracion chilena donde se discuten politicas de lengua e identidad en el contexto chileno. Resulto en la deteccion de diversos fenomenos particulares, entre ellos, la minimizacion de los problemas de lengua como relevantes en el pais; la escasa presencia de tropos ideologicos de orgullo nacional; y, notablemente, la emergencia de una renovacion del ideologema en torno a que en Chile “se habla mal” a partir de urgencias de orden politico e identitario. Hubo tambien casos en los que se detecto una revaloracion del espanol chileno, en especial de las clases populares. Todo ello contrasta con una vision fuertemente positiva de la lengua mapuche o mapudungun, la lengua originaria mas hablada del pais, y una expansion de su alcance politico. EnglishThis paper addresses discourses about Spanish and its development in the Chilean context in the 21st century by analyzing exchanges about language on Facebook between 2009 and 2019. The study focused on Facebook communities and pages administered from Chile, in which language and identity policies are discussed in the Chilean context. Research led to the detection of phenomena such the minimization of language problems as relevant within Chile’s digital space; a scarce presence of ideological tropes of national pride; and, notably, the emergence of a renewal of the ideology around the fact that in Chile “people speak poorly” based on political and identity necessities. There were also detections of a revaluation of Chilean Spanish, especially among the lower classes. All this contrasts with a positive vision of the Mapuche or Mapudungun language, the most widely spoken native language in the country,and an expansion of its political reach.
Assessing Spatial Equity of Public Transit Demand amid COVID-19

The COVID-19 outbreak has brought up challenges in numerous aspects of everyday life that require revisiting both the concepts and policies that are supposed to help adjust to the new situation. In this sense, public transit systems have undergone many changes while adapting to the new situation. Stay at home orders or avoid using public transportation was encouraged to help avoid the disease's spread. It is important to note that pandemic does not treat everyone in the same way, and preventive orders may not apply to the transit-dependent population. In Jefferson County, Kentucky, the public transit system (bus) made bus routes and bus routes after the pandemic. The question is who is impacted by the pandemic and the limitations of using public transportation as it is the convenient mode of transportation for many transit-dependent populations. This study assessed the bus ridership before the pandemic, during the orders, and after the lockdown to help understand bus ridership variation across 580 TAZs in Jefferson County, Kentucky. It will also examine the route coverage in Jefferson County at the TAZ level to examine the areas that will low route coverage after the adjustments and its relation to the income. © 2021 International Conference on Transportation and Development 2021: Transportation Operations, Technologies, and Safety - Selected Papers from the International Conference on Transportation and Development 2021. All rights reserved.
The Continuum Model

The CINN algorithm presents a simplified view of network dynamics. Figure 4.1 illustrates this viewpoint. The figure shows the position of input vectors and neurons in the LTM space. The ith neuron is represented by a point in the LTM space whose position is determined by the neuron’s LTM state vector, z;. The input, y, also lies in the LTM space and is represented by another point in the LTM space. The CINN algorithm asserts that all neurons lying within a specified distance of the applied input will be activated and begin moving toward the applied input. Figure 4.1 shows the activated neurons as filled circles and the inactive neurons as open circles. The activated neurons lie within a neighborhood of the applied input and then move in the direction indicated by the arrows. This direction is towards the input vector.
Targeting mitochondrial cardiolipin and the cytochrome c/cardiolipin complex to promote electron transport and optimize mitochondrial ATP synthesis

Background and Purpose Cardiolipin plays an important role in mitochondrial respiration and cardiolipin peroxidation is associated with age-related diseases. Hydrophobic interactions between cytochrome c and cardiolipin converts cytochrome c from an electron carrier to a peroxidase. In addition to cardiolipin peroxidation, this impedes electron flux and inhibits mitochondrial ATP synthesis. SS-31 (D-Arg-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH2) selectively binds to cardiolipin and inhibits cytochrome c peroxidase activity. Here, we examined whether SS-31 also protected the electron carrier function of cytochrome c. Experimental Approach Interactions of SS-31 with cardiolipin were studied using liposomes and bicelles containing phosphatidylcholine alone or with cardiolipin. Structural interactions were assessed by fluorescence spectroscopy, turbidity and nuclear magnetic resonance. Effects of cardiolipin on electron transfer kinetics of cytochrome c were determined by cytochrome c reduction in vitro and oxygen consumption using mitoplasts, frozen and fresh mitochondria. Key Results SS-31 interacted only with liposomes and bicelles containing cardiolipin in about 1:1 ratio. NMR studies demonstrated that the aromatic residues of SS-31 penetrated deep into cardiolipin-containing bilayers. SS-31 restored cytochrome c reduction and mitochondrial oxygen consumption in the presence of added cardiolipin. In fresh mitochondria, SS-31 increased state 3 respiration and efficiency of ATP synthesis. Conclusions and Implications SS-31 selectively targeted cardiolipin and modulated its interaction with cytochrome c. SS-31 inhibited the cytochrome c/cardiolipin complex peroxidase activity while protecting its ability to serve as an electron carrier, thus optimizing mitochondrial electron transport and ATP synthesis. This novel class of cardiolipin therapeutics has the potential to restore mitochondrial bioenergetics for treatment of numerous age-related diseases. Linked Articles This article is part of a themed issue on Mitochondrial Pharmacology: Energy, Injury & Beyond. To view the other articles in this issue visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue-8
HE STOOPS TO CONQUER: FIELDING AND ENGLISH SONG

Given Fielding’s noteworthy achievement as a songwriter, two puzzling issues arise. First, why are his lyrics so superior to his poetry, and second, why did he become immersed in popular song when he had limited respect for the form? The second question is the more easily answered: the often impecunious Fielding embraced ballad opera after noting the monumental success of The Beggar’s Opera. Its appeal for him, though, was not simply financial as its attack on Italian opera and use of songs to make moral points also attracted him. Once underway, however, his career as a lyricist quickly revealed his talent for word-painting, as he skillfully used music to reinforce his words’ meaning; and he integrated his airs so smoothly into the action that many are written as dialogue, giving them dramatic force. He also proved highly adept at setting new words to old melodies, using the previous lyrics to provide an interpretive framework for his own. Ironically, too, his limited respect for the genre contributed to his success as he abandoned the stilted and elevated style of his poetry and adopted popular music’s easy informality. Indeed, if English song was ‘low’, it was ultimately by stooping that Fielding conquered
Review of Perspectives on Intelligent Transportation Systems by Joseph M. Sussman

Intelligent transportation systems ITS have captured the imagination of the transportation community for nearly 20 years. The promise of applying cutting edge information technologies to address the significant surface transportation challenges of society has proven to be compelling to engineers, planners, and policy makers. Of course, with this promise has also come a large amount of hype. A key challenge to transportation professionals as they seek to advance ITS and, in doing so, improve surface transportation, is to go beyond the hype to understand the fundamentals associated with operating complex, large-scale transportation systems. Who better to guide one in this endeavor than Joseph Sussman, a distinguished transportation professional who has been heavily involved in ITS since its inception in the mid-1980s? In his new book, Perspectives on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Dr. Sussman provides a fascinating historical perspective on the development and deployment of ITS. This book is not a technical reference. In fact, there is very little information provided in the book regarding the “bits and bytes” of transportation management or traveler information. Rather, the focus of the book is on the essential organizational, management, and human aspects that underpin ITS. The book is comprised of a series of articles and papers that Dr. Sussman has written between the years 1995–2004. While a reader may initially find this problematic, the inclusion of articles from the mid-90s are, in fact, very beneficial for the following reasons. First, they provide important insight into the intentions behind the creation of the ITS program in the United States. Second, the articles also clearly illustrate how much has changed both technically and institutionally in this relatively short period of time. For example, Dr. Sussman points out that at the time the original ITS Strategic Plan was written, neither the Internet nor the cell phone had become ubiquitous in American culture. Now, one could not imagine ITS or daily life without these technologies. The book is organized in five sections. The first section provides an introduction to ITS. It begins with a description of major ITS functional areas the “traditional” alphabet soup of ATMS, ATIS, AVCS, APTS, CVO, and ARTS . In addition, it
Impedance studies of oxygen exchange on dense thin film electrodes of La0.5Sr0.5CoO3-δ

Solid-state electrochemical cells with dense oriented thin film electrodes of La 0.5 Sr 0.5 CoO 3-δ (LSCO) were prepared on (100) surfaces of single-crystal disks of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) by the pulsed laser deposition technique. Oxygen exchange at the electrodes was studied with alternating current impedance spectroscopy under various temperature and oxygen partial pressure conditions. Three distinctive features were observed in the impedance spectra from high to low frequency corresponding to contributions from the ionic conduction of the YSZ electrolyte, ionic transfer at the LSCO/YSZ interface, and the oxygen exchange on the LSCO electrode surface. An equivalent circuit model of the electrode process is used to fit the impedance data. The time constant for the oxygen surface exchange was derived from the impedance simulation. The surface chemical exchange coefficients, K chem , were calculated from the time constants as a function of temperature and pO 2 . k chem is 7 X 10 -4 cm/s at T = 700°C and pO 2 = I atm. The activation energy at pO 2 = 1 atm is 1.1 eV. The interfacial conductivity data were also derived from the impedance simulations as a function of temperature and pO 2 . The activation energy for the interfacial transport at pO 2 = 1 atm is 1.6 eV.
A New Robotics Platform for Neuromorphic Vision: Beobots

This paper is a technical description of a new mobile robotics platform specifically designed for the implementation and testing of neuromorphic vision algorithms in unconstrained outdoors environments. The platform is being developed by a team of undergraduate students with graduate supervision and help. Its distinctive features include significant computational power (four 1.1GHz CPUs with gigabit interconnect), high-speed four-wheel-drive chassis, standard Linux operating system, and a comprehensive toolkit of C++ vision classes. The robot is designed with two major goals in mind: real-time operation of sophisticated neuromorphic vision algorithms, and off-the-shelf components to ensure rapid technological evolvability. A preliminary embedded neuromorphic vision architecture that includes attentional, gist/layout, object recognition, and high-level decision subsystems is finally described.
The undertranslated transcriptome reveals widespread translational silencing by alternative 5' transcript leaders

Translational efficiencies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae vary from transcript to transcript by approximately two orders of magnitude. Many of the poorly translated transcripts were found to respond to the appropriate external stimulus by recruiting ribosomes. Unexpectedly, a high frequency of these transcripts showed the appearance of altered 5' leaders that coincide with increased ribosome loading. Of the detectable transcripts in S. cerevisiae, 8% were found to be underloaded with ribosomes. Gene ontology categories of responses to stress or external stimuli were overrepresented in this population of transcripts. Seventeen poorly loaded transcripts involved in responses to pheromone, nitrogen starvation, and osmotic stress were selected for detailed study and were found to respond to the appropriate environmental signal with increased ribosome loading. Twelve of these regulated transcripts exhibited structural changes in their 5' transcript leaders in response to the environmental signal. In many of these the coding region remained intact, whereas regulated shortening of the 5' end truncated the open reading frame in others. Colinearity between the gene and transcript sequences eliminated regulated splicing as a mechanism for these alterations in structure. Frequent occurrence of coordinated changes in transcript structure and translation efficiency, in at least three different gene regulatory networks, suggests a widespread phenomenon. It is likely that many of these altered 5' leaders arose from changes in promoter usage. We speculate that production of translationally silenced transcripts may be one mechanism for allowing low-level transcription activity necessary for maintaining an open chromatin structure while not allowing inappropriate protein production.
Electrochemical nanoparticle–enzyme sensors for screening bacterial contamination in drinking water

Traditional plating and culturing methods used to quantify bacteria commonly require hours to days from sampling to results. We present here a simple, sensitive and rapid electrochemical method for bacterial detection in drinking water based on gold nanoparticle–enzyme complexes. The gold nanoparticles were functionalized with positively charged quaternary amine headgroups that could bind to enzymes through electrostatic interactions, resulting in inhibition of enzymatic activity. In the presence of bacteria, the nanoparticles were released from the enzymes and preferentially bound to the bacteria, resulting in an increase in enzyme activity, releasing a redox-active phenol from the substrate. We employed this strategy for the electrochemical sensing of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, resulting in a rapid detection (<1 h) with high sensitivity (102 CFU mL−1).
Development and Assessment of a Cultural Competency Curriculum

The recent intense attention given to the existence of racial and ethnic health care disparities in the United States has resulted in an enhanced focus on the problem and a call to integrate cultural competence training into health professions curricula. While most dental schools have formally integrated cultural competence into their curricula, the professional literature contains little information regarding the specific types of curriculum modifications necessary to prepare culturally competent dentists. The purpose of this article is to communicate the process and materials used to develop and present didactic curriculum content incorporating cultural competence and to report early data regarding its effectiveness in improving students' knowledge and self-awareness regarding cultural competence. The preliminary observation of differences between pre-test and post-test scores suggests that the curriculum content may have contributed to developing students' cultural knowledge and self-awareness. Students' reflection papers also provided qualitative evidence that experience with the curriculum modules was transformational for some. Recommendations for future curriculum modifications and follow-up research studies to validate the instrument are discussed.
Supplements: questions to ask to reduce confusion

Written and oral statements concerning supplements are delivered daily to audiences that span the full spectrum of demographics. Yet the common reaction of these audiences to these statements is that they are receiving mixed messages. One source of this confusion could be greatly reduced if each statement concerning supplements always defined the specific parameters of the studies on which the statement is based. Those receiving information about supplements must be made aware that extrapolation of data for one form of a supplement to predict the result of another form many be harmful to one's health. If a statement concerning a supplement does not clearly define the route of delivery, its matrix, the quantity of compound, the purity of compound, and the physiologic condition of the recipient, the statement should be disregarded by all audiences. If the creators of all types of supplement information define these parameters, and if audiences critically review the information provided, confusion concerning supplements will be reduced.
Factors influencing patterns of ascomycete sporulation following simulated “burning” of prairie soils

Abstract The interaction of elevated soil temperature, ash deposition and biotic factors associated with untreated subsurface soils on the patterns of sporocarp appearance among populations of carbonicolous ascomycetes in a prairie soil was studied in the laboratory. Ash or unheated prairie soil, when separately combined with aerated steam-heated soil, disrupts the biotic associations, affecting both the production of sporocarps and their order of appearance. With either of these treatments, the interval required for sporocarp appearance among several species was extended but never abbreviated. When ash and a subsurface layer of unheated soil were applied together to create a “simulated burn,” the successional pattern was similar to that observed in soil samples collected immediately following prairie burning. The biological causes of this disturbance-mediated heterotrophic succession include: (1) the growth rate and minimal time required for sporulation among individual species populations, and (2) an overall pattern of competitive hierarchy. We suggest that the order of appearance of ascomycetes on recently-burned soils may be the evolutionary outcome of interspecific competition.
Evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract in premenopausal women with iron deficiency anemia

Abstract Purpose: Iron deficiency anemia is often attributed to menstrual blood loss in premenopausal women. The aims of this study were to determine the diagnostic yield of endoscopy and to evaluate the clinical outcome in these women. Methods: Charts, endoscopy records, and pathology reports were reviewed in consecutive premenopausal women with documented iron deficiency anemia who were referred for diagnostic endoscopy. Follow-up was obtained by telephone contact and review of medical records. Results: Endoscopy revealed a clinically important lesion in 23 (12%) of 186 patients. An upper gastrointestinal source was identified in 12 patients, most commonly due to gastric cancer (3%) or peptic ulcer disease (3%). A colonic lesion was detected in 11 patients, with colon cancer in six (3%). No patient had a lesion identified in both the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract. Small bowel biopsies and radiography were normal in all patients in whom they were obtained. Independent predictors for having a gastrointestinal lesion identified by endoscopy include a positive fecal occult blood test, a hemoglobin of Conclusions: Endoscopy yields important findings in premenopausal women with iron deficiency anemia, which should not be attributed solely to menstrual blood loss.
Script processing in a natural situation.

The role of memory schemata in natural situations appears to be an important topic. An experiment is reported that addresses this topic by showing that a schema-based model developed under laboratory conditions is generalizable to a natural situation. Students in a laboratory section of a course received a lecture by a lecturer who performed actions that were relevant (e.g., underlining a word on the blackboard) or irrelevant (e.g., sipping coffee) with respect to a lecture script. A surprise recognition memory test showed that irrelevant actions were remembered better than relevant actions. This major result was consistent with a prediction made by a schema copy plus tag model.
Information science in a Ph.D. computer science program

This report contains recommendations on a sample course curriculum in the general area of information organization and information system design in a Ph.D. Computer Science Program. The subject area is first briefly described, followed by a listing of some desirable graduate-level courses. Suitable bibliographies are appended.
Separation of rat liver lysosome membrane adenosine triphosphatase activities by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Abstract Solubilization of rat liver lysosome membranes with octyl glucoside or lauryl sarcosinate and analysis of ATPase activities in sections of polyacrylamide gels after electrophoresis revealed one major peak at pH 8 and two peaks at pH 5. The pH 8 ATPase peak was not localized in the same peak with pH 5 ATPase activity, suggesting that these were catalyzed by different proteins. Ca 2+ - and Mg 2+ -ATPase activities at pH 8 were present in the same major peak, with Ca 2+ activity predominating. The pH 8 Ca 2+ -ATPase was also not present in the same area of the gels as Ca 2+ -ADPase.
The time of appearance of the C. elegans let-7 microRNA is transcriptionally controlled utilizing a temporal regulatory element in its promoter

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a large family of small regulatory RNAs that are poorly understood. The let-7 miRNA regulates the timing of the developmental switch from larval to adult cell fates during Caenorhabditis elegans development. Expression of let-7 RNA is temporally regulated, with robust expression in the fourth larval and adult stages. Here, we show that, like let-7 RNA, a transcriptional fusion of the let-7 promoter to gfp is temporally regulated, indicating that let-7 is transcriptionally controled. Temporal upregulation of let-7 transcription requires an enhancer element, the temporal regulatory element (TRE), situated about 1200 base pairs upstream of the start of the mature let-7 RNA. The TRE is both necessary and sufficient for this temporal upregulation. A TRE binding factor (TREB) is able to bind to the TRE, and a 22-base pair inverted repeat within the TRE is necessary and sufficient for this binding. We also find that the nuclear hormone receptor DAF-12 and the RNA binding protein LIN-28 are both required for the correct timing of let-7 RNA and let-7::gfp expression. We speculate that these heterochronic genes regulate let-7 expression through its TRE.
Phylogenomics provides strong evidence for relationships of butterflies and moths.

Butterflies and moths constitute some of the most popular and charismatic insects. Lepidoptera include approximately 160 000 described species, many of which are important model organisms. Previous studies on the evolution of Lepidoptera did not confidently place butterflies, and many relationships among superfamilies in the megadiverse clade Ditrysia remain largely uncertain. We generated a molecular dataset with 46 taxa, combining 33 new transcriptomes with 13 available genomes, transcriptomes and expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Using HaMStR with a Lepidoptera-specific core-orthologue set of single copy loci, we identified 2696 genes for inclusion into the phylogenomic analysis. Nucleotides and amino acids of the all-gene, all-taxon dataset yielded nearly identical, well-supported trees. Monophyly of butterflies (Papilionoidea) was strongly supported, and the group included skippers (Hesperiidae) and the enigmatic butterfly–moths (Hedylidae). Butterflies were placed sister to the remaining obtectomeran Lepidoptera, and the latter was grouped with greater than or equal to 87% bootstrap support. Establishing confident relationships among the four most diverse macroheteroceran superfamilies was previously challenging, but we recovered 100% bootstrap support for the following relationships: ((Geometroidea, Noctuoidea), (Bombycoidea, Lasiocampoidea)). We present the first robust, transcriptome-based tree of Lepidoptera that strongly contradicts historical placement of butterflies, and provide an evolutionary framework for genomic, developmental and ecological studies on this diverse insect order.
An Inquiry Into The Goal Or Goals Of The Enterprise: A Case Study

(1972). An Inquiry Into The Goal Or Goals Of The Enterprise: A Case Study. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 203-209.
Chemical selectivity of field-effect transistors

Abstract Chemical selectivity in various types of CHEMFETs arises from specific interactions of ions, neutral species and gases with the chemically-selective layer of the sensor. The selectivity of tese interactions has both thermodynamic and kinetic origins, which can be considered at the molecular level. The overall selectivity is strongly affected by the mod in which the chemically-selective layer is coupled to the physical part of the sensor. It is shown that an unsuitable coupling mechanism can compromise or completely destroy chemical selectivity of some potentiometric sensors.
Effect of Post-Thaw Warming on Viability of Bovine Spermatozoa Thawed at Different Rates in French Straws

Abstract One study was to determine if sperm are damaged by post-thaw warming, if rate of thawing influences the susceptibility of sperm to post-thaw warming, and if sperm are damaged by a delay in warming at about 5C. Straws were submersed in water at 35, 55, 75, or 95C to achieve temperatures of 5 or 35C. Additional semen thawed to 5C was held in air for 30s and then warmed to 35C in the same bath used for thawing (delayed warming). Fewer sperm retained intact acrosomes after warming to 35 rather than 5C regardless of thawing rate. However, a delay in warming, per se, was not detrimental. Thus, post-thaw warming was damaging whether it was immediate or delayed, and damage was independent of rate of thawing. A second study was to establish the influence of rates of thawing and post-thaw warming on spermatozoal motility and acrosomal integrity. Straws were submersed in water at 5, 35, or 75C to achieve thawing to 5C and immediately placed in air at 35C or water at 35, 55, 75, or 95C for post-thaw warming to 35C. Although motility and acrosomal integrity differed with thawing rate, differences due to post-thaw warming rate were small and inconsistent. Thawing in warm water should be timed to prevent seminal temperature from rising above 5C, and thawed semen should be used immediately.
2-D lattice HFB calculations for neutron-rich zirconium isotopes

Using the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) mean-field theory in coordinate space, we investigate ground-state properties of the zirconium isotopes from the line of stability up to the two-neutron dripline ( 102-122Zr). In particular, we calculate two-neutron separation energies, quadrupole moments, and r.m.s. radii for protons and neutrons. We find large prolate ground-state deformations for the isotopes 102Zr through 112Zr, and the spherical shapes starting from 114Zr up to the dripline nucleus 122Zr.
Tensor methods for the exceptional group E6

Abstract We present a tensor formalism to describe irreducible representations of the exceptional group E6. Irreducible tensors are characterized by covariant and contravariant indices associated with the irreducible representation 27, and a third (orthogonal-type) index associated with the 78; contractions of these indices with a set of invariant tensors are required to vanish for irreducibility. The formalism is applied to the reduction of Kronecker products of E6 irreducible representations. As a further illustration of the method, we construct explicitly the Higgs potential for scalar fields in the E6 representations 27, 78, 351, 351′.
High-temperature thermoelectric properties of p-type skutterudites Ybx Co3FeSb12

Partially filled polycrystalline p-type skutterudites of nominal compositions Ybx Co3FeSb12 were synthesized and their thermoelectric properties characterized. The compositions and filling fractions were confirmed with a combination of Rietveld refinement and elemental analysis. The thermoelectric properties were evaluated from 300 K to 810 K. The Seebeck coefficient and resistivity increase while the thermal conductivity decreases with increasing Yb content. A maximum ZT value of 0.85 was obtained at 810 K. This work is part of a continuing effort to enhance the thermoelectric properties of p-type skutterudites, as this class of materials continues to be of interest for thermoelectrics applications. (© 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Site fidelity and movement patterns of invasive lionfish, Pterois spp., in a Florida estuary

Abstract Understanding how individuals within a population of invasive organisms disperse during various life history stages has obvious implications for long term population dynamics in the invaded range. With the rapid expansion of the invasive Indo-Pacific lionfish ( Pterois volitans and Pterois miles ) in the western Atlantic and Caribbean, it has become increasingly important to understand how individuals move following initial recruitment, as this may have critical implications for population control and management. We conducted a 10-month mark–recapture study in the lower Loxahatchee River estuary (Florida, USA) to identify movement patterns and site fidelity in juvenile and young adult lionfish. We tagged 55 lionfish, ranging in size from 45 to 185 mm standard length (66–256 mm total length). Eighty percent of the tagged fish were recaptured at least one time during the course of the study. Lionfish in this system exhibited extremely high site fidelity over extended periods of time and across multiple size classes. Maximum range occupied by individuals along the shoreline of the estuary was small (mean = 28 m, asymmetrical 95% CI: 10 to 51 m), and did not vary with lionfish size. The majority of lionfish recaptures (74%) occurred at or near (0–10 m) the previous capture site, even after weeks or months at liberty. In systems where lionfish exhibit extremely high site fidelity and small maximum ranges, localized population control may be feasible, since lionfish removed from a given habitat would be replaced largely through larval recruitment rather than migration of older individuals. However, since lionfish grow extremely rapidly (averaging 0.46 mm/day, but reaching as high as 0.78 mm/day in one individual), localized control efforts would need to be carried out frequently in order to maintain a younger, smaller population. Localized control may be less effective if lionfish exhibit greater movement and lower site fidelity in other invaded systems.
Molecular basis for the interaction of low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) with integrin alphaMbeta2: identification of binding sites within alphaMbeta2 for LRP1.

The LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is a large endocytic receptor that controls macrophage migration in part by interacting with β2 integrin receptors. However, the molecular mechanism underlying LRP1 integrin recognition is poorly understood. Here, we report that LRP1 specifically recognizes αMβ2 but not its homologous receptor αLβ2. The interaction between these two cellular receptors in macrophages is significantly enhanced upon αMβ2 activation by LPS and is mediated by multiple regions in both LRP1 and αMβ2. Specifically, we find that both the heavy and light chains of LRP1 are involved in αMβ2 binding. Within the heavy chain, the binding is mediated primarily via the second and fourth ligand binding repeats. For αMβ2, we find that the αM-I domain represents a major LRP1 recognition site. Indeed, substitution of the I domain of the αLβ2 receptor with that of αM confers the αLβ2 receptor with the ability to interact with LRP1. Furthermore, we show that residues 160EQLKKSKTL170 within the αM-I domain represent a major LRP1 recognition site. Given that perturbation of this specific sequence leads to altered adhesive activity of αMβ2, our finding suggests that binding of LRP1 to αMβ2 could alter integrin function. Indeed, we further demonstrate that the soluble form of LRP1 (sLRP1) inhibits αMβ2-mediated adhesion of cells to fibrinogen. These studies suggest that sLRP1 may attenuate inflammation by modulating integrin function.
Cutaneous antibody-secreting cells and B cells in a teleost fish

Antibodies in cutaneous mucus and skin of teleosts play a critical role in the protective immune response against infection. We demonstrate by ELISPOT that antibody-secreting cells (ASC), which include LPS-inducible B cells (plasmablasts) and non-replicating plasma cells, reside in low numbers in the skin of channel catfish. Following immunization against the protozoan parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, which infects skin and gills, the number of ASC in skin increased 20-fold, indicating that the number of ASC in skin is dynamic and increases in response to parasite infection. The number of ASC in skin remained elevated for at least 17 weeks after the last parasite exposure. Cutaneous ASC included I. multifiliis-specific ASC, which undoubtedly serve as the primary source of cutaneous antibodies that confer long-term humoral immunity against reinfection. Our demonstration that skin contains B cells and plasma cells suggests that it is an integral component of the teleost immune system.
Li+ Transport in Lithium Sulfonylimide−Oligo(ethylene oxide) Ionic Liquids and Oligo(ethylene oxide) Doped with LiTFSI

The Li+ environment and transport in an ionic liquid (IL) comprised of Li+ and an anion of bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide anion (TFSI-) tethered to oligoethylene oxide (EO) (EO12TFSI-/Li+) were determined and compared to those in a binary solution of the oligoethylene oxide with LiTFSI salt (EO12/LiTFSI) by using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and AC conductivity measurements. The latter revealed that the AC conductivity is 1 to 2 orders of magnitude less in the IL compared to the oligoether/salt binary electrolyte with greater differences being observed at lower temperatures. The conductivity of these electrolytes was accurately predicted by MD simulations, which were used in conjunction with a microscopic model to determine mechanisms of Li+ transport. It was discerned that structure-diffusion of the Li+ cation in the binary electrolyte (EO12/LiTFSI-) was similar to that in EO12TFSI-/Li+ IL at high temperature (>363 K), thus, one can estimate conductivity of IL at this temperature range if one ...
A test of union power in the construction industry

The tentative answers reached to the questions posed in the introduction to this paper are as follows: The relative level of union wage scales in a particular city are related to the degree of unionization of the state in which the city is located, the level of wages in manufacturing in the particular city, city size, and whether located in the South. The percentage change in journeymen's wages between 1965 and 1968 was related to the degree of unionization, to location in the highly industrialized Northcentral region, and to the percentage change in contract construction employment. The unemployment rate in the area and changes in the areas' unemployment rate were not statistically related to construction wage changes.
Backscattering Caused by the Expansion of the Universe

We show that in a Robertson-Walker space-time, expansion-induced backscattering of electromagnetic waves is rigorously absent, contrary to earlier expectations. The absence of backscattering is a direct consequence of the conformal invariance of the equations of motion, and therefore extends to neutrinos and gravitational waves. Any non-null observation of back-scattering caused by the expansion would indicate that there exists expansion anisotropy.
Effects of interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor α on the expression of the genes encoding aggrecan, biglycan, and decorin core proteins in cultured human chondrocytes

Objective To determine the effects of interferon-gamma (IFN gamma) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), alone or in combination, on the expression of aggrecan, biglycan, and decorin core protein genes in human chondrocytes. Methods Isolated human chondrocytes were cultured on poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-coated plastic dishes to prevent the loss of cartilage-specific phenotype, and the effects of IFN gamma and TNF alpha, alone or in combination, on aggrecan, biglycan, and decorin core protein gene transcription and steady-state messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were examined. Results The addition of IFN gamma (1.5 pM) or TNF alpha (0.3 pM) caused a decrease in the steady-state level of aggrecan mRNA (-25% and -15%, respectively), and the combination of these low-concentration cytokines caused a potent inhibition (-66%). These effects were the result of a decrease (-50%) in the transcription rate of the corresponding gene. At the concentrations used, IFN gamma did not alter the levels of biglycan mRNA or the transcription rates of the biglycan core protein gene. In contrast, TNF alpha decreased biglycan steady-state mRNA levels (-62%) and the biglycan core protein gene transcription rate (-18%). The combination of IFN gamma and TNF alpha resulted in a potentiation of the inhibitory effects of TNF alpha on biglycan mRNA levels (-79%) and transcription rate of the biglycan core protein gene (-46%). IFN gamma produced a modest decrease in decorin mRNA levels (-23%) and decorin core protein gene transcription rate (-17%). In contrast, TNF alpha resulted in a marked increase in decorin mRNA levels (+260%) that was not the result of transcriptional regulation. Notably, the combination of IFN gamma and TNF alpha potentiated the inhibitory effects of IFN gamma on decorin mRNA (-80%) and on the transcription of the corresponding gene (-43%). Similar results were obtained in fetal and adult articular chondrocytes. Conclusion These data demonstrate that 1) the expression of the core protein genes encoding the cartilage proteoglycans aggrecan, biglycan, and decorin is differentially regulated by IFN gamma and TNF alpha; 2) these effects are mediated by transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms; and 3) the combination of the 2 cytokines causes a potent inhibitory effect on the expression of the genes for the core proteins of these 3 proteoglycans, which occurs largely at the transcriptional level. The inhibition of aggrecan, decorin, and biglycan core protein gene expression by the combination of IFN gamma and TNF alpha may contribute to the cartilage destruction that is characteristic of inflammatory joint diseases.
The chromatin-modifying enzyme Ezh2 is critical for the maintenance of regulatory T cell identity after activation.

Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are required for immune homeostasis. Chromatin remodeling is essential for establishing diverse cellular identities, but how the epigenetic program in Treg cells is maintained throughout the dynamic activation process remains unclear. Here we have shown that CD28 co-stimulation, an extracellular cue intrinsically required for Treg cell maintenance, induced the chromatin-modifying enzyme, Ezh2. Treg-specific ablation of Ezh2 resulted in spontaneous autoimmunity with reduced Foxp3(+) cells in non-lymphoid tissues and impaired resolution of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Utilizing a model designed to selectively deplete wild-type Treg cells in adult mice co-populated with Ezh2-deficient Treg cells, Ezh2-deficient cells were destabilized and failed to prevent autoimmunity. After activation, the transcriptome of Ezh2-deficient Treg cells was disrupted, with altered expression of Treg cell lineage genes in a pattern similar to Foxp3-deficient Treg cells. These studies reveal a critical role for Ezh2 in the maintenance of Treg cell identity during cellular activation.
Seizures of the Will in Early Modern English Drama

In Seizures of the Will in Early Modern English Drama Frank Whigham combines an analysis of English Renaissance plays with an enriched sense of their social surroundings. He traces the violent gestures of social self-construction that animate many such plays, and the ways in which drama interacts with the conflict-ridden discourses of social, rank, gender, kinship, and service relationships. In Whigham's view, The Spanish Tragedy initiates the 'matter of court,' a complex and marauding discourse of gender warfare and master-servant manipulations; Arden of Faversham explores linked redefinitions of land, service, and marriage in county culture; The Miseries of Enforced Marriage and A Yorkshire Tragedy present a powerful critique of the traditional imperialism of kinship in northern England; and The Duchess of Malfi explores metaphors of erotic transgression.