cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improvements To Monolingual English Word Sense Disambiguation

Word Sense Disambiguation remains one of the most complex problems facing computational linguists to date. In this paper we present modification to the graph based state of the art algorithm In-Degree. Our modifications entail augmenting the basic Lesk similarity measure with more relations based on the structure of WordNet, adding SemCor examples to the basic WordNet lexical resource and finally instead of using the LCH similarity measure for computing verb verb similarity in the In-Degree algorithm, we use JCN. We report results on three standard data sets using three different versions of WordNet. We report the highest performing monolingual unsupervised results to date on the Senseval 2 all words data set. Our system yields a performance of 62.7% using WordNet 1.7.1.
Exoribonuclease superfamilies: structural analysis and phylogenetic distribution

Exoribonucleases play an important role in all aspects of RNA metabolism. Biochemical and genetic analyses in recent years have identified many new RNases and it is now clear that a single cell can contain multiple enzymes of this class. Here, we analyze the structure and phylogenetic distribution of the known exoribonucleases. Based on extensive sequence analysis and on their catalytic properties, all of the exoribonucleases and their homologs have been grouped into six superfamilies and various subfamilies. We identify common motifs that can be used to characterize newly-discovered exoribonucleases, and based on these motifs we correct some previously misassigned proteins. This analysis may serve as a useful first step for developing a nomenclature for this group of enzymes.
Certification of a Frozen Mussel Tissue Standard Reference Material (SRM 1974a) for Trace Organic Constituents

NIST SRM 1974a, Organics in Mussel Tissue (Mytilus edulis), has been issued as a frozen tissue homogenate with certified mass fractions for 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 20 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, and 7 chlorinated pesticides. Noncertified mass fractions are provided for an additional 18 PAHs, 4 PCB congeners, 4 chlorinated pesticides, 28 inorganic constituents, 16 aliphatic hydrocarbons, and methylmercury. The mass fractions for the measured PAHs range from approximately 1 μg/kg to 164 μg/kg dry mass while the mass fractions for the measured PCB congeners range from approximately 3 μg/kg to 150 μg/kg dry mass.
Evaluating isosurfaces with level-set-based information maps

While isosurfaces have been widely used for scalar data visualization, it is often difficult to determine if the selected isosurfaces for visualization are sufficient to represent the entire scalar field. In this paper, we present an information-theoretic approach to evaluate the representativeness of a given isosurface set. Our basic idea is that given two isosurfaces that enclose a subvolume, if the intermediate isosurfaces in the subvolume can be generated by smoothly morphing from one isosurface to the other, no additional isosurfaces are needed since the geometry of the true isosurfaces within the subvolume can be easily inferred. To realize this idea, given a pair of isosurfaces, to determine if such a smooth condition in the enclosed region is satisfied, we use a level-set approach to generate the intermediate surfaces. On each intermediate surface, we sample the values from the scalar field and exam the distribution. If the entropy of the distribution is low, this intermediate surface is aligned well with a true isosurface in the scalar field. For the intermediate surfaces generated by the level-set method from the boundary isosurfaces, the distributions of scalar values from the level-set surfaces form a 2D distribution, called isosurface information map. This information map can be used as an indicator of the representativeness of the boundary isosurfaces for the data in the subregion, allowing a quantitative measurement of information representable by the input isosurfaces. Based on this information-theoretic approach, this paper presents an isosurface selection algorithm that can automatically select isosurfaces for more effective visualization of scalar fields.
Synthesis and structural characterization of bis and tris(2-mercapto-1-methylbenzimidazolyl)hydroborato complexes: benzannulation promotes κ3-coordination

The benzannulated bis and tris(mercaptoimidazolyl)borohydride compounds, [BmMeBenz]Na and [TmMeBenz]Na, have been synthesized via the reactions of NaBH4 with two and three equivalents of 1-methyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazole-2-thione, respectively. X-ray diffraction studies on the THF adducts, {μ-[BmMeBenz]Na(THF)2}2 and {[TmMeBenz]Na}2(μ-THF)3, indicate that both compounds are dinuclear but differ according to the nature of the bridging ligand. Specifically, {μ-[BmMeBenz]Na(THF)2}2 possesses bridging [BmMeBenz] ligands and terminal THF ligands, while {[TmMeBenz]Na}2(μ-THF)3 possesses terminal [TmMeBenz] ligands and bridging THF ligands. The tris(mercaptoimidazolyl)borohydride ligand of {[TmMeBenz]Na}2(μ-THF)3 coordinates in a κ3-manner, which is in marked contrast to the κ2-, κ1- and κ0-modes that have been reported for various [TmMe]Na derivatives. Density functional theory (DFT) geometry optimization calculations of the anions [TmMeBenz]− and [TmMe]− in the gas phase indicate that the conformation required for κ3-S3 coordination, i.e. one in which the three sulfur donors point away from the B–H group, is relatively more stable for [TmMeBenz]− than for [TmMe]−, and thus provides a rationalization for the observation that benzannulation enables κ3-coordination of tris(mercaptoimidazolyl)borohydride ligand in {[TmMeBenz]Na}2(μ-THF)3. Furthermore, comparison of the molecular structure and IR spectroscopic properties of [TmMeBenz]Re(CO)3 with those of [TmMe]Re(CO)3 indicates that benzannulation reduces the electron donating properties of the ligand, but has little effect on its steric properties. {μ-[BmMeBenz]Na(THF)2}2 and {[TmMeBenz]Na}2(μ-THF)3 react with [Me3PCuCl]4 to give [BmMeBenz]CuPMe3 and [TmMeBenz]CuPMe3, the first pair of structurally related bis and tris(mercaptoimidazolyl)hydroborato copper(I) compounds.
Constraint effects on thin film channel cracking behavior

One of the most common forms of cohesive failure observed in brittle thin film subjected to a tensile residual stress is channel cracking, a fracture mode in which through-film cracks propagate in the film. The crack growth rate depends on intrinsic film properties, residual stress, the presence of reactive species in the environments, and the precise film stack. In this paper, we investigate the effect of various buffer layers sandwiched between a brittle carbon-doped-silicate (CDS) film and a silicon substrate on channel cracking of the CDS film. The results show that channel cracking is enhanced if the buffer layer is more compliant than the silicon substrate. Crack velocity increases with increasing buffer layer thickness and decreasing buffer layer stiffness. This is caused by a reduction of the constraint imposed by the substrate on the film and a commensurate increase in energy release rate. The degree of constraint is characterized experimentally as a function of buffer layer thickness and stiffness, and compared to the results of a simple shear lag model that was proposed previously. The results show that the shear lag model does not accurately predict the effect of the buffer layer.
Heat Transfer Enhancement by Turbulent Impinging Jets Using a Universal Function Method

A numerical and experimental investigation on cooling of a solid surface was performed by studying the behavior of an impinging jet onto a fixed flat target. The local heat transfer coefficient distributions on a plate with a constant heat flux were computationally investigated with a normally impinging axisymmetric jet for nozzle diameter of 4.6 mm at H/d = 4 and 10, with the Reynolds numbers of 10,000 and 40,000. The two-dimensional cylindrical Navier-Stokes equations were solved using a two-equation k - l turbulence model. The finite-volume differencing scheme was used to solve the thermal and flow fields. The predicted heat transfer coefficients were compared with experimental measurements. A universal function based on the wave equation was developed and applied to the heat transfer model to improve calculated local heat transfer coefficients for short nozzle-to-plate distance ( H/d = 4). The differences between H/d = 4 and 10 due to the correlation among heat transfer coefficient, kinetic energy, an...
Limit reliability functions of some homogeneous regular series-parallel and parallel-series systems of higher order

In the reliability investigation of large-scale systems, the problem of the complexity of their reliability functions arises. This problem may be approximately solved by the assuming that the number of system components tends to infinity and finding the limit reliability function. It is well known that there exist only three possible nondegenerate limit reliability functions for regular, homogeneous, series and parallel systems [1]. The same three-element classes of limit reliability functions for series-parallel and parallel-series systems of order 1 has been fixed by Chernoff and Teicher [2]. These classes have been extended to ten-element classes of limit reliability functions by Kolowrocki [3-6]. This paper presents the generalization of the results given in [6].
Fall from equipment injuries in U.S. mining: identification of specific research areas for future investigation.

Abstract Introduction The objective of this study was to evaluate the circumstances leading to fall from equipment injuries in the mining industry. Method The 2006 and 2007 Mine Safety and Health Administration annual injury databases were utilized for this study whereby the injury narrative, nature of injury, body part injured, mine type, age at injury, and days lost were evaluated for each injury. Results The majority of injuries occurred at surface mining facilities (∼ 60%) with fractures and sprains/strains being the most common injuries occurring to the major joints of the body. Nearly 50% of injuries occurred during ingress/egress, predominately during egress, and approximately 25% of injuries occurred during maintenance tasks. The majority of injuries occurred in relation to large trucks, wheel loaders, dozers, and conveyors/belts. The severity of injury was independent of age and the median days lost was seven days; however, there was a large range in severity. Impact on industry From the data obtained in this study, several different research areas have been identified for future work, which include balance and stability control when descending ladders and equipment design for maintenance tasks.
The psychology of lone-wolf terrorism

Lone-wolf terrorism is a growing concern for security and a puzzle for social science. We describe two very different cases of lone-wolf terrorism: a meek secretary in nineteenth century Russia who attacks a prison governor, and a criminal turned anti-abortion crusader in twenty-first century USA. These cases point to two explanations of how normal individuals can overcome the “free-rider problem” to undertake solo violence for a political cause. Strong Reciprocity establishes an evolutionary basis for human willingness to punish moral transgressors, even when the transgression is against someone else. Group Identification can enable self-sacrifice for the welfare of others, including actions against those who threaten the group. Discussion suggests that ideology, ideas of justice, and empathy may be more important for solo political action than for action embedded in radical groups or terrorist organizations.
Late Oligocene transgression of middle Atlantic Coastal Plain

The subsurface Piney Point Formation of the coastal plain of Maryland, Delaware, and New Jersey contains planktonic foraminifera of late Oligocene age. The transgressive Piney Point Formation was deposited in inner to middle shelf environments on an eroded Eocene surface. The disconformity that separates the Piney Point from the Eocene formations below resulted from a major lowering of global sea level in early Oligocene time. This eustatic regression correlates with severe climatic changes noted elsewhere in the geologic record of this time.
Neurotensin stimulates neutrophil adherence to bronchial epithelial cells in vitro

Neutrophils and neuropeptides have both been implicated in airway inflammation. We hypothesized that neurotensin, a neuropeptide found in the airways, would stimulate neutrophil adherence to bronchial epithelial cells. Adherence was assessed using 51Cr-labelled human neutrophils added to confluent monolayers of bovine bronchial epithelial cells. Neurotensin added to bronchial epithelial cells produced a time-and concentration-dependent increase in adherence which was maximal at 4 h and 10(-10)M (17.6 +/- 1.4% vs. 6.1 +/- 0.4%, p < 0.01). Conversely, neurotensin stimulation of neutrophils induced a concentration-dependent and rapid ( < 5 min) increase in adherence which was also maximal at 10(-10)M (27.1 +/- 1.9% vs. 10.1 +/- 1.4%, p < 0.01). The effects were reproduced by the carboxy portion of the molecule. Anti-CD11a, -CD11b or -ICAM-1 antibodies significantly decreased the neurotensin-induced increase in adherence. These data suggest an important role for neurotensin in modulating airway inflammation.
Experimental limits on heavy neutrinos in tritium beta decay

Abstract A search for a 17 keV neutrino kink in tritium beta decay has been made on a new sample of 430 million decays per keV at electron kinetic energies near 1.5 keV. The new sample contains 40% less wall background than our earlier one. This significantly reduces the wall background systematics. No 17 keV neutrino signal was observed. The 99% confidence level upper limit obtained for the mixing probability is 0.28%. The combined upper limit from both samples is 0.24% (99% CL). In addition, limits less than 0.5% (99% CL) are obtained for other heavy neutrino mass values between 13.5 and 17.5 keV.
Ethanol Consumption in Rats Selectively Bred for Differential Saccharin Intake

Rat lines selectively bred for high ethanol consumption consume more saccharin solution than do their low-ethanol-consuming counterparts. The present study utilized the technique of reciprocal selection to examine the reliability of the saccharin/ethanol relationship; specifically, consumption of 1-10% ethanol solution was measured in rats selectively bred for high vs. low saccharin consumption (Occidental HiS and LoS lines). HiS rats consumed more ethanol than did LoS rats. These results support the idea that individual differences in ethanol and saccharin consumption share some common mechanism(s).
Sustained Viral Response to Pegylated Interferon α-2b and Ribavirin in Chronic Hepatitis C Refractory to Prior Treatment

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection refractory to previous therapy is common. Treatment of patients with refractory disease is difficult and less studied. Pegylated interferon α-2b plus ribavirin is used for treatment of HCV patients naive to therapy. We conducted a randomized study for refractory HCV patients using a high- vs. a low-dose pegylated interferon α-2b and ribavirin protocol. Our aim was (1) to determine the efficacy of pegylated interferon α-2b plus ribavirin to eradicate HCV in previously treated individuals and (2) to compare a low-dose to a high-dose regimen. One hundred fifty-two patients were initiated in the study, 112 (74%) were male and 40 (26%) female. Nineteen percent of patients obtained a sustained viral response (SVR) in the high-dose arm. Prior relapsers had the highest SVR rates: 50% in non-genotype 1 and 34% in genotype 1. The odds of achieving a SVR were six times higher in previous relapsers. The rate of SVR in genotype 1 patients who were nonresponders to prior therapy was only 8%. All patients who achieved a SVR had no detectable virus at week 24. However, only half of those who had undetectable viral titers at week 24 achieved a SVR. In conclusion, retreatment of patients with refractory hepatitis C infection with interferon α-2b and ribavirin combination therapy is well tolerated and gives modest response rates. The most important factor in predicting response to therapy is the manner of response to previous treatment. The likelihood of response to treatment can be predicted from the viral titers at 24 weeks.
Thermodynamic modelling of the local atomic order in amorphous alloys based on silicon and germanium

Abstract The free-energy model (FEM) previously developed for the prediction of the bonding in amorphous covalent alloys is applied here to amorphous alloys based on Si and Ge. Predictions of the FEM are presented which indicate that H is preferentially bonded to Si and that dangling bonds appear preferentially on Ge atoms in amorphous Si x Ge y ,H z (a- Si x Ge y ,H z ) alloys, thus demonstrating that these experimentally observed effects need not be attributed to specific deposition conditions. In addition, it is predicted that O bonds preferentially to Si in a- Si x Ge y ,O z , alloys and that Ge will be more strongly oxidized when present in very dilute concentrations in a-SiO2.
What Do Playboy Playmates Want? Implications of Expressed Preferences in the Construction of the "Unfinished" Masculine Identity

Although the literature on mate preferences indicates that women prefer men with both stereotypic masculine traits, such as strength and assertiveness, and stereotypic feminine traits, such as nurt...
Œstrogen–Insulin Interaction on the Uterus of the Rat

THE physiological activity of a specific hormone may be greatly modified by the presence or absence of other hormones, as evidenced, for example, by the Houssay effect1; the inhibitory action of adrenal cortical hormones on the response of the rat uterus to œstrogens2; the interaction of the various cestrogens on uterine growth3; the synergistic effect of growth hormone and thyroxine on body-growth in hypophysectomized animals4, etc. Of more immediate relevance to the subject to be treated here is the finding that the response of the mouse vagina to œstrogen is heightened by local application of insulin5; analogies between the effects of œstrogen and those of insulin on the mitotic activity of mouse ear epidermis have been pointed out by Bullough6. Other similarities between the generalized action of insulin and the specific effects of œstrogens on their target organs include an increased potassium uptake by the responding tissue7–9, and a heightening of glycogenesis and lipogenesis10–16. The foregoing observations, together with the fact that except in a few specific preparations œstrogens are ineffective in vitro 15, and in large doses produce a transient diabetes16, suggest a possible interaction between insulin and œstrogen.
Synergy of 9β-D-Arabinofuranosyladenine and Human Interferon against Herpes Simplex Virus, Type 1

Minimal inhibitory concentrations of 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine, 9-P-D-arabinofuranosyladenine, 9-p-D-arabinofuranosylhypoxanthine, and human leukocyte interferon were determined in an in vitro Vero tissue culture system with the Ket. strain of herpes simplex virus, type 1. These values were 1.1 ltg/ml, 22.7 tLg/ml, 34.1 [tg/ml, and 91 units/ml, respectively. The action of combinations of these agents against the Ket. strain was studied. An additive effect was noted when 9-P-Darabinofuranosyladenine was combined with 9-p-D-arabinofuranosylhypoxanthine, but this effect was not observed when 9-p-D-arabinofuranosyladenine was combined with 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine. Human leukocyte interferon and 9-P-D-arabinofuranosyladenine were synergistic, a fact suggesting that this combination might be given in experimental infections with type 1 herpes simplex virus in animals and that it might eventually be tested in controlled clinical trials in human subjects. Methods have been developed for specific measurement of the MICs of antiviral substances and
Dynamic hot forging of a steel connecting rod

An integrated study of dynamic hot forging of SAE 1151 steel connecting rod is presented. The study includes material characterization, constitutive modeling, and numerical simulation of the forging process. Results from torsion tests of the steel show that the material response is very sensitive to the deformation-rate and temperature at temperatures between 800 and 1000°C. A viscoplastic constitutive relation that models the material response well under the aforestated test conditions is proposed and is implemented in an explicit three-dimensional finite element code. The numerical simulation provides the distribution of stresses, strains, the temperature, and the velocity at any instant during the forging process
One-hot residue coding for low delay-power product CMOS design

CMOS implementations of arithmetic circuits for One-Hot Residue (OHR) encoded operands are presented. They are shown to possess SPICE-simulated delay-power (DP) products that are significantly reduced below those of their binary number system counterparts (ripple-carry adder and Wallace tree multiplier). The reduction is attributable to the one-hot representation, which decreases the number of critical path transistors and signal activity factors. An OHR-based direct digital frequency synthesizer for frequency-hopped communication systems is presented, and analytical estimates of its DP-product are derived. The design exhibits a DP-product reduction in excess of 90% below that of a binary-encoded residue synthesizer.
Rational Terrorists and Optimal Network Structure

After the events of 9/11, U.S. counterterrorism became more proactive in that the Patriot Act allowed the authorities far more freedom to directly attack terrorist network structures. We argue that rational terrorists will attempt to thwart such policies and restructure themselves to be less penetrable. We model the trade-off between security and intragroup communication faced by terrorists. The model is used to derive the anticipated changes in network structure and the consequent changes in the type, complexity, and success rate of potential terrorist attacks.
A β1,4-galactosyltransferase is required for Bmp2-dependent patterning of the dorsoventral axis during zebrafish embryogenesis

Complex carbohydrates are highly polymorphic macromolecules that are involved in diverse biological processes; however, a detailed understanding of their function remains obscure. To better define the roles of complex carbohydrates during vertebrate embryogenesis, we have initiated an analysis of glycosyltransferase function using the zebrafish system. In this study, we report the characterization of a zebrafish β1,4-galactosyltransferase (GalT), which has substantial homology with mammalian β4GalT5 and is expressed zygotically throughout the zebrafish embryo. Downregulating the expression of β4GalT5 by injection of specific morpholino oligonucleotides results in dorsalized zebrafish embryos, suggesting a role ofβ 4GalT5 in Bmp2-mediated specification of the dorsoventral axis. Consistent with this, morpholino-injected embryos have ventrally expanded chordin expression and reduced activation of the Bmp-dependent transcription factors Smad1/5/8. Because other growth factors, such as Egf and Fgf, require binding to extracellular proteoglycans for delivery and/or binding to their cognate receptors, we examined whether proteoglycans isolated from control and morpholino-injected embryos show differential binding affinities for Bmp2. In this regard, proteoglycans isolated from β4GalT5 morphant embryos are underglycosylated and are unable to bind recombinant Bmp2 as efficiently as proteoglycans from control-injected embryos, whereas the binding of Bmp7 is relatively unaffected. These results suggest that β4GalT5 is a previously unidentified zebrafish galactosyltransferase that is essential for proper patterning of the dorsoventral axis by regulating Bmp2 signaling. Furthermore, this work demonstrates that a relatively simple carbohydrate modification to endogenous proteoglycans can modulate the specificity of cytokine signaling.
Dissociable effects of CB1 receptor blockade on anxiety-like and consummatory behaviors in the novelty-induced hypophagia test in mice

Rationale Central CB1 cannabinoid receptors regulate anxiety-like and appetitive consummatory behaviors. Pharmacological antagonism/inverse-agonism of CB1 receptors increases anxiety and decreases appetitive behaviors; however, neither well-defined dose nor context dependence of these effects has been simultaneously assessed in one behavioral assay.
Meta-Analysis and Evidence-Based Decision Making in Neonatal Care

Therapies are prescribed for neonates and infants with the intent that they will be beneficial, that the benefits are likely to outweigh any risks and, hopefully, that the therapies will be judged to be cost effective and provide years of quality life at an acceptable price. All agree that therapeutic decisions should follow the principles of “evidenced-based medicine” whenever possible. Briefly stated, these principles are to avoid therapies for which efficacy has not been proven and to prescribe efficacious therapies only when indicated. Consequently, risks of adverse effects are taken only when benefits are likely, and healthcare resources are used optimally.
Policy Preference Formation and Subsystem Behaviour: The Case of Commercial Bank Regulation

Past research on policy subsystems has not attempted to explain the manner in which policy preferences for customary subsystem participants are formed as part of a system. The purpose of this research is to narrow the gap between the theoretical conceptualization and empirical articulation of policy subsystems. This study examines the formation of policy preferences for standard subsystem participants in the area of commercial bank regulation for the 1949–89 period. The findings reveal that the formation of (regulatory) policy preferences for these main subsystem participants reflects strategic behaviour rather than retrospective behaviour. This suggests that institutional participants within the commercial banking regulatory subsystem strategically operate in a policy environment with an abundance of information.
Polymerization of aromatic nuclei. XV. Polymerization of 2,5‐di‐ and 2,3,5‐trichlorothiophenes with aluminum chloride–cupric chloride

2,5-Dichlorothiophene was polymerized to a solid in 93% yield on treatment with aluminum chloride–cupric chloride in carbon disulfide under mild conditions. The product is believed to be poly-5-chloro-2,3-thienylene on the basis of elemental analysis and infrared and NMR spectral data. Hydrogen chloride was collected in 90% of the theoretical amount. Dimer- and tetramer-type fractions were isolated from the polymer. 2,3,5-Trichlorothiophene underwent an analogous transformation in trichlorobenzene at 90–100°C. Polythienylenes coupled through the 2,3-positions have not been reported previously. The net effect of the reaction is nuclear coupling by dehydrohalogenation. We believe that the mechanism involves cationic polymerization accompanied by loss of hydrogen chloride. 2-Chlorothiophene and thiophene gave products of complex make-up.
Split liver transplantation

Seventy-five thousand Americans develop organ failure each year. Fifteen percent of those on the list for transplantation die while waiting. Several possible mechanisms to expand the organ pool are being pursued including the use of extended criteria donors, living donation, and split deceased donor transplants. Cadaveric organ splitting results from improved understanding of the surgical anatomy of the liver derived from Couinaud. Early efforts focused on reduced-liver transplantation (RLT) reported by both Bismuth and Broelsch in the mid-1980s. These techniques were soon modified to create both a left lateral segment graft appropriate for a pediatric recipient and a right trisegment for an appropriately sized adult. Techniques of split liver transplantation (SLT) were also modified to create living donor liver transplantation. Pichlmayr and Bismuth reported successful split liver transplantation in 1989 and Emond reported a larger series of nine split procedures in 1990. Broelsch and Busuttil described a technical modification in which the split was performed in situ at the donor institution with surgical division completed in the heart beating cadaveric donor. In situ splitting reduces cold ischemia, simplifies identification of biliary and vascular structures, and reduces reperfusion hemorrhage. However, in situ splits require specialized skills, prolonged operating room time, and increased logistical coordination at the donor institution. At UCLA over 120 in situ splits have been performed and this technique is the default when an optimal donor is available. Split liver transplantation now accounts for 10% of adult transplantations at UCLA and 40% of pediatric transplantations.
Light organ symbioses in fishes

Most bioluminescent fishes are self-luminescent, but a substantial minority of bioluminescent teleosts produce light that is due to symbiotic luminous bacteria housed in elaborate light organs. The majority of symbiotically bioluminescent fishes (ten families in five orders) harbors common free-living species of marine luminous bacteria: Photobacterium phosphoreum, P. leiognathi, and P. fischeri (= Vibrio fischeri). Others, associated with the beryciform family Anomalopidae and nine families in the lophiiform suborder Ceratioidei, have apparently obligate symbionts that have recently been identified by small subunit (16S) rRNA analysis as new groups within the genus Vibrio. This article summarizes what is currently known about relationships between light organ symbionts and their hosts, including characteristics of light organ environments, physiology of light organ symbionts, and the evolution of light organ symbionts and their associations.
WINGLET EFFECTIVENESS ON LOW ASPECT RATIO WINGS AT SUPERSONIC MACH NUMBERS

A computational study has been conducted on two wings of aspect ratios 1.244 and 1.865, each having 65-deg leading edge sweep angles, to determine the effects of nonplanar winglets at supersonic Mach numbers. A design Mach number of 1.62 was selected. The winglets studied were parametrically varied in alignment, length, sweep, camber, and thickness to determine the effects of winglet geometry on predicted performance. For the computational analysis, an existing Euler code that employed a marching technique was used. The results indicated that the possibility existed for wing-winglet geometries to equal the performance of wing-alone bodies in supersonic flows with both bodies having the same semispan length. The performance parameters of main interest were the lift-to-pressure drag ratio and the pressure drag coefficient as functions of lift coefficient. The lift coefficient range for this study was from -0.20 to 0.70 with emphasis on the range of 0.10 to 0.22.
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans of the oral cavity

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a low grade, malignant spindle cell tumor with an infiltrative growth pattern and a high rate of local recurrence. This tumor's cell of origin is controversial. DFSP usually presents in adult life and is most frequently located on the trunk and proximal extremities. Although 10% to 15% of cases involve the head and neck, this tumor has not been previously described in the oral cavity.
Minimum radiation Q for spheroids – extension to cylinder, comparison to spherical formulas and practical antennas AP-S international symposium

The radiation Q (Q r ) of an antenna is defined to be the antenna Q when the only loss is radiated power. It is well known that electrically small antennas have large radiation Q. Large Q r results in narrow bandwidth, reduced efficiency due to losses in tuning elements and high near fields, as well as high voltages and currents that limit the amount of radiated power. For each of these considerations it is important to minimize Q r of an ESA.
THE CORRELATION OF THE CIRCULATING POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUCOCYTES (NEUTROPHILES) WITH THE ADRENAL ASCORBIC ACID IN THE RAT

Clinical and experimental animal data reported in the past few years have indicated that there probably is a functional relationship between the activity of the adrenal cortex and the hematologic picture of individuals. Alterations in the normal white blood cell composition were reported in endocrinopathies of the adrenal cortex and the pituitary-adrenal cortex system (Baize, Reifenstein and Albright, 1946). The induction of a change from the normal white blood cell picture following ACTH in patients with adequate adrenal-cortical function has been reported by Forsham, Thorn, Prunty and Hills (1948). The hematologic changes observed in humans following alteration of adrenal-cortical function as a result of pathology or experimentally were predictable from the investigations on lower mammals by Dougherty and White (1944, 1947). The latter investigators have shown that increased activity of the adrenal cortex, particularly secretions of the 11-oxysteroid type, results in a lymphopenia specifically and a non...
Objective structured clinical examinations as an assessment tool in pharmacy curricula

ABSTRACTThe pharmacy education literature reveals that the clinical performance of students is less than that expected by faculty. Because assessment methods can substantially influence education, poor performance may be improved with more innovative methods of clinical assessment, such as those that involve the use of standardized patients. This manuscript describes the development, coordination, and assessment of the objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) administered over three semesters to the same class of students at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Results of this project indicate that despite the substantial financial expenditures associated with administering OSCEs, both students and faculty find these exams a valuable learning experience.
Monte-Carlo Modeling of Photoelectron Kinetics in Quantum-Dot Photodetectors

Using Monte-Carlo method, we simulate kinetics and transport of electrons in different types of InAs/GaAs quantum-dot infrared photodetectors. Our simulation program exploits Gamma-L-X model of the conduction band of semiconductor and it includes three major types of electron scattering on: 1) acoustic phonons, 2) polar optical phonons, and 3) intervalley phonons. The results of simulation demonstrate that the combination of local potential barriers around quantum dots and quantum-dot structure with collective barriers can be used to achieve long carrier lifetimes, and therefore high photoconductive gain, responsivity, and detectivity.
Snakes of the Pliocene Taunton Local Fauna of Adams County, Washington with the Description of a New Colubrid

Abstract Recently discovered snake fossils from the Pliocene (Blancan, approximately 2.85–2.95 MYBP) Taunton local fauna, Adams County, Washington, consist of eight genera and at least nine species representing one boid, seven colubrids, and one viperid. Two of the colubrids are extinct (Elaphe pliocenica and a new genus and species). Tauntonophis morganorum is described as a new genus and species. Biogeographically the Taunton snake assemblage is most similar taxonomically to the Recent snake fauna from the Klamath Mountains Province of southwestern Oregon. From a paleoclimatic stand point, the Taunton snakes suggest that this area of the Columbia Basin had a milder, moister climate approximately 2.85–2.95 MYBP.
Memcomputing Implementation of Ant Colony Optimization

We report on similarities between memcomputing with memristive networks and ant colony optimization. In particular, we show that one can design memristive networks to solve short-path optimization problems in a way similar to that done by ant-colony optimization algorithms. By employing appropriate memristive elements one can demonstrate an almost one-to-one correspondence between memcomputing and ant colony optimization approaches. However, the memristive network has the capability of finding the solution in one deterministic step, compared to the stochastic multi-step ant-colony optimization. This result is a first step in the direction of implementing in hardware, with nanoscale devices, this and possibly other swarm intelligence algorithms that are presently explored.
A Conditioned Emetic Reflex in the Pigeon.

SummaryA conditioned emetic reflex was usually, but not always, obtained in mature and immature doves and pigeons after 3 to 8 oral administrations of yohimbine hydrochloride. Individuals vary greatly in their normal emetic response to this drug, in their development of the conditioned emetic reflex, and in the constancy of its exhibition after it is developed. Though emesis is utilized normally to a far greater extent in mature than in immature birds our tests do not show that the conditioned emetic reflex is obtained in one age-group more readily than in the other.
Application of Machine Vision in Unmanned Aerial Systems for Autonomous Target Tracking

This paper presents experimental results for an application of Machine Vision (MV) techniques for addressing the problem of target detection and tracking related to unmanned systems. The main objective was to design a prototype surveillance environment to emulate real-life conditions onboard an aerial vehicle. The environment for this experiment consisted of a target - small electric train - located at “ground” level and a motion-based MV camera apparatus located above the model train assembly. For detecting and tracking the movements of the target, MV algorithms were implemented in a Matlab/Simulink ® based simulation enviroment. Specifically implementing image pre-processing techniques and circle detection algorithms for identifying specific features of the moving train. A comparative study was performed between the different MV algorithms utilizing several trials with the target moving along different directions. A performance assessment was completed based on the detection error; an analysis of the computational workload for each algorithm is also presented. Results indicate a solution path towards the development of a vision-based control strategy for allowing unmanned systems to participate in complex missions involving aspects of autonomous target tracking.
Ultrafast Coherent Electron–Hole Separation Dynamics in a Fullerene Derivative

The use of fullerene derivatives as electron donors in bulk heterojunctions is a promising development in the search for efficient energy conversion in hybrid solar cells. A long-lived photoexcited electron-hole pair will give rise to increased efficiency in photoenergy conversion. One way to prevent fast electron-hole recombination is to engineer fullerene derivatives that exhibit intrinsic electron-hole separation through accessible charge-transfer excited states. In this letter, the dynamics of photoexcited electron-hole pairs in a C60 derivative is studied using the real-time time-dependent density functional theory. Although the charge-transfer excited state is not directly accessible from the ground state, intrinsic coherent electron-hole separation is observed following photoexcition as a result of direct coupling between excited states. Ultrafast charge-transfer dynamics is the dominant phenomenon in <60 fs after visible photoexcitation. This work provides insights into the characteristics of ultrafast dynamics in photoexcited fullerene derivatives, and aids in the rational design of efficient solar cells.
Task-based assessment and optimization of spectral domain optical coherence tomography for tear film imaging

Using task-based assessment method, we adopt detectability as a performance metric to evaluate and optimize spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) for tear film imaging.
Laboratory Evaluation of Iron Status and Their Ratioin the Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of laboratory tests of iron status, including serum iron(SI), ferritin(Fer), transferring(Tf), and transferrin receptor(TfR) measurements,and the ratio SI/Tf and TfR/Fer, in the diagnosis of iron depletion. Methods:To determine the concentrations of iron status markers namely iron, transferrin, ferritin, and transferrin receptor in serum in 131 anemic patients and 126 healthy controls. Results: Serum iron was not a good indicator of iron depletion(Df=0.58,AUC~ ROC =0.771). Serum transferrin distinguished fairly well between iron deficient(Df=0.84,AUC~ ROC =0.938),however,the results of patients and the reference limits of controls were most parts overlap.TfR measurement provided a reliable diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia(Se=0.89,Sp=0.95,Ef=0.92)when the cutoff limit was 2.30mg/L. At cutoff limit of 97.80 μg/L,serum ferritin measurement also distinguished between iron deficiency anemia patients(Se=0.91,Sp=0.96,Ef=0.94), but it is poor to distinguish between iron deficiency anemia patients(Se=0.72,Sp=0.96,Ef=0.86)and between anemia of chronic disease patients(Se=0.78,Sp=0.97,Ef=0.85). TfR/Log(ferritin) ratio (TLFR) provided an outstanding parameter for the identification of patients with depleted iron stores(Se=0.98,Sp=0.99,Ef=0.98).Conclusions: In anemic patients, TfR and its ratio to serum ferritin are valuable noninvasive tests for the diagnosis of iron depletion, and offers a high sensitivity and specificity to more conventional laboratory tests in the detection of depleted iron stores.
Victims who victimise

How to speak of the agency of the oppressed to harm others in times of atrocity? This article juxtaposes Holocaust literature (Levi, Frankl, Kertesz, KaTzetnik) with Holocaust judging (the Kapo collaborator trials in Israel). It does so didactically to interrogate international criminal law’s interaction with former child soldier Dominic Ongwen, currently awaiting trial at the International Criminal Court.
Practical distributed scheduling for QoS-aware small cell mmWave mesh backhaul network

With the explosive growth of mobile data demand, small cells densely deployed underlying the homogeneous macrocells are emerging as a promising candidate for the fifth generation (5G) mobile network. The backhaul communication for small cells poses a significant challenge. However, with huge bandwidth available in the mmWave band, the wireless backhaul at mmWave frequencies can be a promising backhaul solution for small cells. In this paper, we propose Distributed Maximum QoS-aware (DMQ) scheduling algorithm for the mmWave backhaul network of small cells to maximize the system throughput while satisfying QoS requirements for each flow. Based on CSMA/CA, the proposed algorithm is the first that prioritizes MAC contention window to provide better concurrent transmission support while achieving QoS-aware capability. Simulations in the 73ź GHz band are conducted to demonstrate 25%-40% performance boost in terms of system throughput and packet loss ratio against other existing schemes.
Demonstration of a Sample Editor

Chapter 2 demonstrates the nature of editors generated using the Synthesizer Generator. We present a sample editing session using an editor whose facilities are tailored to a simple programming language. The language is a miniature Algol-like language with two kinds of data — integer and boolean — and four kinds of statements — an assignment-statement, a conditional-statement, a while-statement, and a compound-statement. The language is strongly typed; each variable used in a program must be declared as either integer or boolean, and programs can be statically type-checked to ensure that an integer is never used in a context that requires a boolean, and vice versa.
"Facebook Official," "Hooking Up," "Friends with Benefits": Decoding the Terminology, Relationship Status, and Sexual Behaviors of Female College Students to Best Target Health Needs.

ABSTRACTObjective: This study aimed to assist college healthcare providers with patient communication by determining the relationship terminology commonly used by college students.Participants: A total of 17 female college students participated in four focus groups across two Universities. Participants were primarily white (71%) and heterosexual (88%). Data collection was completed in April 2013.Methods: Focus groups were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcriptions, notes, and additional discussion summaries were reviewed, coded, and analyzed using NVivo software (v10).Results: Four over-arching themes emerged from the data, each with specific attachment characteristics, sexual behavior attributes, and terminology: No Commitment, Casual Commitment, Partial Commitment, and Full Commitment.Conclusions: The results of this study support other research that identify young adult sexual terminology as vastly differing from the clinical terminology used by healthcare professionals. However, this was ...
SOME REMARKS ON PROOF TECHNIQUES IN ANALYTIC COMPLEXITY

Abstract Most proofs of lower bounds in analytic complexity can be characterized as using a “fooling” technique: Given a numerical algorithm, if we find two functions which agree on the “sampled” data, then the half distance between them is a lower bound on the error of numerical method, since the numerical method cannot distinguish between these two functions. In this paper we set up a general model for this kind of proof technique, and then use the insight gained to obtain a lower bound on the minimal error in optimal recovery of a function from its samples. Estimates of this error for some frequently occurring sampling is also given.
Stage structure in objective moral judgment: A replication

We assessed the stage structure of moral judgment, as defined by the Defining Issues Test, following the procedures used by Davison, Robbins, and Swanson (1978). Participants from 3 different age groups ( N = 234; n = 78 respondents per group) were recruited. The adult age group (aged 20+ years) in this study was more representative than the adult age group used in the Davison et al. study and our findings did not replicate their results. In sum, we found no clear evidence of specific stage ordering.
The Nervous System: Comparative Physiology and Pharmacology

Nature and the pesticide industry apparently have decided that the best way to poison an animal is through its nervous system. Of all the natural poisons known, by far the most lethal are nerve poisons. Tetanus and botulinus toxins, for instance, are lethal to mammals at about 1 ng/kg of body weight, making them about 106 times as toxic as sodium arsenite and HCN, which have “ld 50 s” to mammals in the range 1–10 mg/kg. The “ld 50 s” of tetrodotoxin, saxitoxin, and batrachotoxin are on the order of a few to about 15 μg/kg and that of black widow spider venom about 50 μg/kg. The minimal lethal dose of the neurotoxic venom of cobra to mammals is about 0.1–1.0 mg/kg, while the nonneurotoxic venoms of pit vipers, although highly toxic, are only one-tenth to one-hundredth as toxic (Evans, 1972; Bucherl and Buckley, 1971; van Heyningen, 1970; McCrone and Hatula, 1967; Halstead, 1965). As a corollary to this, by far the largest part of the insecticides manufactured are neurotoxic. This applies generally to the carbamates, organophosphates, and chlorinated hydrocarbons. On a decreasing scale of toxicity, however, these compounds begin where the venoms leave off, i.e., in the range of mg/kg.
A Functional Subnetwork Approach to Designing Synthetic Nervous Systems That Control Legged Robot Locomotion.

A dynamical model of an animal’s nervous system, or synthetic nervous system (SNS), is a potentially transformational control method. Due to increasingly detailed data on the connectivity and dynamics of both mammalian and insect nervous systems, controlling a legged robot with an SNS is largely a problem of parameter tuning. Our approach to this problem is to design functional subnetworks that perform specific operations, and then assemble them into larger models of the nervous system. In this paper, we present networks that perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, differentiation, and integration of incoming signals. Parameters are set within each subnetwork to produce the desired output by utilizing the operating range of neural activity, $R$, the gain of the operation, $k$, and bounds based on biological values. The assembly of large networks from functional subnetworks underpins our recent results with MantisBot.