cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complications of colonic interposition

The roentgenographic and surgical experience with 44 patients treated with colon interpositions was examined. Forty-two of these patients had carcinoma of the esophagus. Staged therapy consisted of mediastinal irradiation, colonic interposition, and total esophagectomy. The more common complications related to luminal patency and conduit integrity. A total of 29.5% developed anastomotic narrowing due to postoperative edema. Anastomotic leaks arose only at the proximal anastomosis and had an incidence rate of 31.8%. Thirty-four percent had fistulous tracts originating in the reconstructed upper gastrointestinal tract. In eighty percent of the patients with leaks or fistulae, their defects healed spontaneously or with simple drainage. Strictures were encountered in 59.1%, and there were 5 instances of colonic graft ischemia. The mortality directly related to surgery was 6.8%. Ischemia, particularly at the cervical anastomosis, is probably the most common cause of complications. Radiographic evaluation is recommended using a single contrast barium examination unless gross extravasation is expected.
Educating 10,000 informaticians by 2010: The AMIA 10 × 10 program

Abstract Objectives There is an increasing need for a larger and better trained workforce in medical informatics. The goal of the American Medical Informatics Association 10 × 10 program is to educate 10,000 clinicians in medical informatics by the year 2010. Methods We adapted an on-line introductory graduate course toward this goal. It was evaluated using Likert-scale and open-ended questions. Results The course was successfully implemented and attracted 51 individuals, 44 of whom completed it. The evaluation was generally positive, with all but one Likert-scale above 4.0 on a 1-to-5 scale. Conclusions We successfully adapted an introductory medical informatics course to a larger audience. The evaluation showed it was received positively and we have further plans to scale it to an even larger audience to meet the goals of the 10 × 10 program.
Implementing a social work curriculum on information technology

Summary This paper examines issues related to the implementation of a social work curriculum for the teaching of information technology as a tool for human services practice. It is based on the experience of the School of Social Work at the University of Denver. The discussion focuses on issues related to fiscal resource development, capacity building to develop faculty expertise, and faculty resistance. It culminates in the formulation of guiding principles for the implementation of a social work curriculum on information technology.
CONSUMER RESPONSE TO RETAIL STOCKOUTS

Understanding consumer reaction to stockouts is a key step in measuring the cost of a stockout, which remains one of the fundamental concepts in logistics that still lacks a usable measure. Accordingly, the goal of this research is to explore how consumers react to a retail stockout. Three types of reactions were considered: substitution of the item sought, delaying the purchase or leaving the store. Results show that consumers are apparently able to insulate a recent stockout experience from their perception of other dimensions of a store's image. In addition, a multinomial logit modeling approach is used to show that (1) no significant results were found linking demographic variables to consumer response, (2) the greatest impact on the Delay and Leave behaviors is concentrated on two variables (perception that the store offers good prices and consumer surprise with the stockout) and (3) situational variables are predominant among correlates of consumer response behavior.
The object of environmental ethics

Since the term “environmental ethics” began to be used a generation ago, it has covered many different kinds of environmental notions, problems, ethical systems, and forms of behavior. A variety of cases are presented and examined under two terms,environmental ethics andecological morality, in an effort to illustrate different kinds of ethical objectives. In order to understand the connections between various strands of environmental ethics, personal and social values and subcultural norms of environmental ethics are examined under Christopher Stone's concept of moral pluralism. G. J. Warnock's notion of the “general object” of morality is proposed to integrate the variegated purposes of environmental ethics.
The relationship between health expenditures and the age structure of the population in OECD countries

The purpose of this study was to analyse national health expenditures of OECD countries relative to their age structures. Using econometric techniques designed to analyse cross-sectional time series data, the ageing of the population was found to affect health spending in several countries while having no effect in others. In addition, the effect of income on health spending was lower than that generally reported in the literature. These findings suggest that unobserved country-specific factors play a major role in determining the amount of resources allocated to health services in a country. Such factors also determine if the ageing of the population with increased health spending.
The spectrum of Platonic graphs over finite fields

We give a decomposition theorem for Platonic graphs over finite fields and use this to determine the spectrum of these graphs. We also derive estimates for the isoperimetric numbers of the graphs.
Introduction to nonpoint source pollution in the United States and prospects for wetland use

Abstract Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution is the major cause of impairment of US surface waters. The dominant source of NPS pollution is agricultural activity, and “traditional” pollutants — nutrients, sediments, and pathogens — are the main detrimental constituents. Erosion from cropland has been declining and is expected to decline further in the 1990s, but it is unclear how this will translate into changes in sediment yields in streams. Pollution by nitrogen is of particular concern in eutrophication of estuaries, as a contaminant of groundwater and as an acidifying agent in atmospheric deposition. Nitrogen fertilizer and emissions of nitrous oxides are major contributors to the problem. The outlook on pesticides is mixed: bans on organochlorine pesticides in the 1970s have resulted in decreasing concentrations in fish tissue; however, herbicides are now a problem for some surface and groundwater sources of drinking water, especially in the Upper Midwest. Metals in NPS pollution are primarily a concern in mining areas and in urban runoff. Declining use of leaded gasoline has resulted in decreased lead in fish tissues, sediments, and surface waters around the nation. New directions in controlling NPS pollution include: (1) a greater emphasis on risk assessment, (2) a move toward regulatory or quasi-regulatory approaches, and (3) a trend toward source reduction. The potential for using wetlands tto control agricultural NPS pollution is discussed by contrasting cropland runoff with secondary wastewater effluent.
Total arch and descending thoracic aortic replacement by left thoracotomy.

Background The hybrid treatment of transverse aortic arch pathologies with supraaortic debranching and endovascular repair is associated with significant morbidity and death and lacks long-term follow-up. The traditional two-stage open surgical approach to extensive arch and descending thoracic aneurysms carries a significant interval mortality rate. We report the results of a single-stage technique of total arch and descending thoracic aortic replacement by a left thoracotomy. Methods From January 1995 to February 2011, 426 patients underwent thoracic or thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair, of which a highly selected group of 27 patients underwent total arch replacement with descending thoracic or thoracoabdominal aortic replacement. All procedures were performed with hypothermic circulatory arrest and selective antegrade cerebral perfusion. Two patients required transverse division of the sternum. Two patients had emergency or urgent operations. Five patients had concomitant coronary artery bypass, and 1 had concomitant mitral valve replacement. Results There were no hospital deaths, no cerebrovascular accidents, and one instance of transient spinal cord ischemia. Three patients had acute renal failure not requiring hemodialysis. Intubation in 5 patients exceeded 48 hours, and 1 patient needed tracheostomy. Two patients required reexploration for postoperative bleeding. Survival at 1, 3, and 5 years was 95%, 78%, and 73%, respectively. Conclusions Replacement of the total arch and descending thoracic aorta by a left thoracotomy provides excellent short-term and long-term results for the treatment of extensive arch and thoracic aortic pathology, without the need for a second-stage operation. Other cardiac pathologies, such as left-sided coronary disease and mitral valve disease, can be addressed concurrently.
anti-Aminoallylation of Aldehydes via Ruthenium-Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenative Coupling of Sulfonamido Allenes: 1,2-Aminoalcohols

Ruthenium-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of N-sulfonamido allene 1e in the presence of aromatic aldehydes 2a−f, α,β-unsaturated aldehydes 2g−i, and aliphatic aldehydes 2j−l results in reductive coupling to furnish the corresponding anti-aminoallylation products 3a−l. Reductive coupling of allenamide 1e to aldehyde 2a conducted using 2-propanol-d8 as the terminal reductant delivers deuterio-3a. The observed pattern of deuterium incorporation suggests reversible allene hydrometalation with incomplete regioselectivity in advance of carbonyl addition. A survey of monosubstituted allenes 1f−i was conducted. High levels of anti-diastereoselectivity were observed only when tert-butyl allene 1f was used. This protocol represents an alternative to the use of amino-substituted allylborane reagents in carbonyl aminoallylation and avoids the use of stoichiometric metallic reagents.
An Investigation of Simple Evaporation Models Used in Spray Simulations

In the present work, an unified derivation of simple evaporation models used in spray simulation is described and a new evaporation model is formulated. in the model, the Nusselt number, Sherwood number, and evaporation mass flux are derived using the traditional film theory. However, instread of determining the film thicknesses using the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers derived in the absence of high mass transfer rate, the film thicknesses are calculated from those derived from the fully numerical solutions which represent the realistic heat and mass transfer processes around a droplet. The model predictions are compared with the fully numerical solutions.
The role of the right ventricle in determining cardiac output in the critically ill

Assessment and management of cardiovascular homeostasis represent a cornerstone in the teaching and practice of critical care medicine. Indeed, most invasive hemodynamic monitoring is done in an attempt to understand cardiovascular status and its response to specific therapies. Bedside insert ion of a flow-directed balloon-tipped pulmonary arterial cha theter to measure pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (Ppao) (as an estimate of left ventricular filling pressure) and cardiac output (by the thermodilution technique) in the hemodynamically unstable patient is now routine [1]. Using these data and derived parameters of left ventricular (LV) function [2) has allowed the clinician to diagnose common causes of cardiovascular instability, such as acute myocard ial infarction, tamponade, and other causes of LV failure versus hypovolemia [3]. From the time o f its introduction onward, the flow-directed balloon-tipped pulmonary artery catheter has been within the domain of the intensivist.
Waldenström's macroglobulinemia and nephrotic syndrome with membranous nephropathy.

AbstractRenal complications of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM) are rarely observed. Nephrotic syndrome in association with WM has most often been secondary to amyloidosis. This article reports a case of WM with nephrotic syndrome as a result of membranous nephropathy with immunoglobulin M (IgM) deposition. A 44-year-old male diagnosed with WM 4 years previously, presented with heavy proteinuria (7.8 g/24 h). Kidney biopsy revealed expanded mesangium, thickened capillary loops and epimembranous spikes, with no significant interstitial inflammation or thickened tubular basement membranes. Immunofluorescence examination demonstrated strong granular staining of IgM and λ light chains, with weaker C3 and C1q staining. Electron microscopy showed many subepithelial dense deposits, and fewer large subendothelial dense deposits. Treatment was directed at the patient's WM with maintenance rituximab and fludarabine. Subsequently, decreases were seen in both the patient's serum IgM and serum viscosity. With ther...
Topcoat-less resist process for 2Xnm node devices

In recent years ArF immersion lithography in memory devices, topcoat process has become baseline process in mass production in spite of its additional process steps and high cost-of-ownership. In order to overcome low process efficiency of topcoat process, high throughput scanner with higher scan speed and advanced rinse modules for decreasing defectivity are under development. Topcoat-less resist is also upgraded gradually which contains hydrophobic additives enables the extreme patterning without topcoat and high speed scanning. But current topcoat-less process has not matured yet for the dark-field mask compared to bright-field because of the blob defect in unexposed area. To minimizing blob defect level both material and process sequence should be optimized effectively. The authors have focused on blob defect and litho performance of topcoat-less resist process for dark field application in 2Xnm node devices.
Signal-to-noise in phase angle reconstruction: dynamic range extension using phase reference offsets.

The dynamic range of phase-reconstructed magnetic resonance images is compared to that of magnitude-reconstructed images. From analysis of propagation of errors, the phase angle noise is phase-independent and given in radians by σ (|I|)/|I|, the noise-to-signal ratio of the corresponding magnitude-reconstructed image. As the phase can range from minus π to π the phase angle dynamic range is 2π times that of the signal magnitude. These results agree with experiment, verifying that the noise in the two receiver channels is uncorrelated. An artifact-free technique is presented for correcting phase spillover, which further extends the phase angle dynamic range. The reconstruction-based reference phase is adjusted on a local basis so that the boundary of phase wraparound is reconstructed near the center of the [ − π, π] interval. For a particular flow study, the phase signal-to-noise was extended over twofold by spillover correction, to a value 15 times that of the magnitude signal-to-noise. © 1990 Academic Press, Inc.
A brief description of JOVIAL

JOVIAL (Jules' Own Version of the International Algebraic Language) was one of the first programming languages developed primarily to aid in programming large complex real time systems. Today it remains a major language for these applications and versions of JOVIAL have been implemented on dozens of different computers. The language and its compilers have been developed primarily by the Systems Development Corporation.JOVIAL was based on Algol-58 but includes numerous features not in Algol (58 or 60) which make it particularly useful for programming large scale systems. The most important of these is the COMPOOL (communications POOL), a central repository of data descriptions which permits programmers to reference data items without concerns as to how they are represented on some particular computer.
Factors that degrade the match distribution in iris biometrics

We consider three “accepted truths” about iris biometrics, involving pupil dilation, contact lenses and template aging. We also consider a relatively ignored issue that may arise in system interoperability. Experimental results from our laboratory demonstrate that the three accepted truths are not entirely true, and also that interoperability can involve subtle performance degradation. All four of these problems affect primarily the stability of the match, or authentic, distribution of template comparison scores rather than the non-match, or imposter, distribution of scores. In this sense, these results confirm the security of iris biometrics in an identity verification scenario. We consider how these problems affect the usability and security of iris biometrics in large-scale applications, and suggest possible remedies.
Design of a tunable Fabry-Perot interferometer/photodiode (FPI/PD) spectral image sensor in visible wavelength range

The design of a Fabry Perot interferometer/photodiode (FPI/PD) spectral image sensor in the visible wavelength range using CMOS compatible processes is described. Interdigitated PIN PDs with various geometries were fabricated on Si and tested. The spectral response shows that a quantum efficiency of nearly 80% is achieved by the PD in the visible wavelength range. The quantum efficiency increases with increasing gap-width to pitch-width ratio, and the increase is more significant at shorter wavelengths. The optical performance of FPIs with distributed Bragg reflector mirrors and Ag thin film mirrors are modeled and compared. We find that FPIs with Ag mirrors are more suitable for the applications described here. A transmittance of 0.4 can be achieved using 40 nm Ag mirrors. The effects of the mechanical support of the Ag layer and the PD insulating layer on the transmittance of the FPI are investigated theoretically. After adding the supporting layer or insulating layer, the transmittance changes periodically with the thickness of the respective layers. The changing period and amplitude is a function of the refractive index of the respective layer.
Effects of temperature and frequency on fatigue crack growth in 18% Cr ferritic stainless steel

The fatigue crack growth behaviour of a ferritic stainless steel has been investigated as a function of test temperature, thermal exposure and frequency at intermediate growth rates. In general, fatigue crack growth rates increased with increasing temperature and in the temperature range 500-700 °C growth rates were described by a kinetic process with an activation energy of 48 k J/mole. Higher than normal growth rates at 475 °C were observed and attributed to an embrittlement process which is known to occur in this temperature regime in high-chromium ferritic stainless steels. The influence of frequency on fatigue crack growth rates was examined at 500 and 655°C for a load ratio of 0.1 and over four decades of frequency. A transition from time-independent to time-dependent behaviour was observed at each temperature as frequency was lowered. The frequency at which this transition occurred was dependent on temperature. For all temperatures investigated, near threshold crack propagation occurred by a crystallographic or faceted propagation mechanism. At high crack growth rates, crack-tip plasticity was significant and propagation proceeded by a ductile striation formation process. At intermediate growth rates a mixed-mode fatigue crack growth mechanism was observed where some intergranular fracture occurred.
Thermodynamic modeling of eutectic point in the LiNO3–NaNO3–KNO3–NaNO2 quaternary system

Abstract A novel model based on the thermodynamic principles is developed to predict the eutectic temperature and composition in molten salt systems. In pursuit of novel low melting point molten salt mixtures with high thermal storage density for concentrating solar power generation, a new quaternary eutectic system comprising of lithium nitrate, sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate and sodium nitrite was developed. The thermodynamic model based on regular solution approximation was used to predict the eutectic composition and temperature in the LiNO 3 –NaNO 3 –KNO 3 –NaNO 2 quaternary salt system. The result obtained for eutectic point of the LiNO 3 –NaNO 3 –KNO 3 –NaNO 2 quaternary system was T =98.6 °C and X LiNO3 =0.215, X NaNO3 =0.142, X KNO3 =0.424, and X NaNO2 =0.219. The calculated eutectic composition obtained from the thermodynamic model was verified experimentally for the eutectic temperature using the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) technique. Melting temperature of 99.02 °C was obtained from the heating cycles. The experimentally determined melting temperature of the eutectic composition was in excellent agreement with that of calculated eutectic temperature of the system.
Spatial and temporal activity of the αB‐crystallin/small heat shock protein gene promoter in transgenic mice

In order to study the spatial and temporal activity of the mouse alpha B-crystallin/small heat shock gene promoter during embryogenesis, we generated mice harboring a transgene consisting of approximately 4 kbp of alpha B-crystallin promoter sequence fused to the Escherichia coli lacZ reporter gene. beta-galactosidase activity was first observed in the heart rudiment of 8.5 days post coitum (d.p.c.) embryos. An identical expression pattern was obtained for the endogenous alpha B-crystallin gene by whole mount in situ hybridization. At 9.5 d.p.c., beta-galactosidase activity was detected in the lens placode, in the myotome of the somites, in Rathke's pouch (future anterior pituitary), and in some regions of oral ectoderm. We also examined the stress inducibility of the alpha B-crystallin promoter in vivo. Injection of sodium arsenite into mice resulted in increased endogenous alpha B-crystallin expression in the adrenal gland and possibly the liver. Our results indicate that visualization of beta-galactosidase activity provides an accurate reflection of endogenous alpha B-crystallin expression and demonstrate that the complex developmental pattern of mouse alpha B-crystallin gene expression is regulated at the transcriptional level. This expression pattern, coupled with the present literature which addresses functions of the protein, suggests a role for the alpha B-crystallin/small heat shock protein in intermediate filament turnover and cellular remodeling which occur during normal development and differentiation.
Product recalls: What's your offshore production liability?

Outsourcing product manufacturing has become a common business practice in the United States. But outsourcing can also mean your ability to exercise quality control is limited. And a growing amount of product safety recalls threatens danger for both your customers and your company. Is it time to reconsider the decision to outsource production? © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Acidosis of Exogenous Phosphate Intoxication

Background Severe hyperphosphatemia resulting from the use of laxatives and enemas with high levels of phosphate has been the subject of many case reports. These have generally focused on the hypernatremia and hypocalcemia that develop and become life-threatening. Less attention has been paid to the metabolic acidosis of phosphate intoxication. Methods In-depth analysis of a case of severe hyperphosphatemia and review of the literature for cases with sufficient data to permit correlation between the phosphate concentration, acidosis, and anion gap. Results Marked metabolic acidosis with a large increase in the anion gap was present in our patient. The correlation between these parameters and the plasma phosphate concentration was highly significant. Despite a paucity of data in most case reports, we did uncover other cases of anion gap–positive metabolic acidosis in patients with hyperphosphatemia. Conclusions Among high-risk patients, including the elderly and debilitated, the presence of metabolic acidosis, hypernatremia, an increased anion gap, and low plasma calcium levels or a prolonged QT interval on the electrocardiogram should raise suspicion of phosphate intoxication.
An 11-Year, Single-institution Analysis of Intra-aortic Balloon Pump Use in Cardiac Surgery

Objectives The primary objective of this study was to analyze perioperative intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) insertion in patients undergoing cardiac surgery in the authors' institution from 1995 to 2005 and to propose an explanation for changes in use over this period. A secondary objective was to assess patient variables associated with IABP use. Design This is a retrospective study including patients who underwent cardiac surgery between 1995 and 2005. Setting The Cardiothoracic Anesthesia Patient Registry of a single teaching institution was queried to obtain the required information. Participants Thirty thousand two hundred sixty-nine cardiac surgery patients. Interventions Intra-aortic balloon pump insertion before surgery, after cardiopulmonary bypass, or in the cardiovascular intensive care unit was assessed in patients who underwent isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery, valve surgery, or both. Select patient variables were analyzed for their association with IABP insertion. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) examinations, milrinone use, and mortality rates also were determined. Measurements and Main Results Among 30,269 cardiac surgery patients, 1,310 (4.32%) underwent IABP insertion. Combined preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative IABP use decreased from 7.8% in 1995 to 3.0% in 2005. Simultaneously, the intraoperative use of milrinone increased from 4.8% to 8.8% and postoperative use increased from 5.2% to 7.8%. The number of intraoperative TEE examinations more than doubled from approximately 1,700 to 3,500. The overall mortality for patients with preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative IABP insertion was 12.6%, 17.5%, and 47.7%, respectively. Conclusions From 1995 to 2005, preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative IABP use decreased by approximately 60% in cardiac surgery patients. Simultaneously, the use of TEE and milrinone each doubled. Although a cause-effect relationship cannot be established from the present study's observational data, the trends coincide and may be related.
The Obligation to Contribute to Discretionary Public Goods

The principle of fairness, first introduced by H. L. A. Hart in 1955, is able to support a workable theory of political obligation upon liberal premises. In a previous paper, ‘Presumptive benefit, fairness, and political obligation’, I argued that the principle can establish general obligations to cooperate in the provision of ‘presumptive public goods' (that is, public goods that are indispensable to the typical member of society). Because a wider range of governmental services is necessary for the provision of presumptive goods, the principle also supports obligations to support ‘discretionary public goods' (goods that are desirable but not indispensable). The ‘indirect argument’ developed in this paper counters the criticisms of my previous paper presented by A. John Simmons in ‘The anarchist position: a reply to Klosko and Senor’.
The Time-Varying Response of Foreign Stock Markets to U.S. Monetary Policy Surprises: Evidence from the Federal Funds Futures Market

In this paper, we estimate the time-varying response of foreign stock markets to U.S. monetary policy shocks derived from the high-frequency Federal funds futures market. Our results show significant time-variation in the response of the global equity markets to U.S. monetary policy surprises, where an unanticipated interest rate cut leads to an increase in stock returns. Our findings suggest that the foreign stock markets respond more to U.S. monetary policy surprises during the crisis periods. We also find that the stock markets in Europe and the U.S. responded negatively to unanticipated interest rate cuts by the Fed during the recent financial crisis.
Streamlining data cache access with fast address calculation

For many programs, especially integer codes, untolerated load instruction latencies account for a significant portion of total execution time. In this paper, we present the design and evaluation of a fast address generation mechanism capable of eliminating the delays caused by effective address calculation for many loads and stores.Our approach works by predicting early in the pipeline (part of) the effective address of a memory access and using this predicted address to speculatively access the data cache. If the prediction is correct, the cache access is overlapped with non-speculative effective address calculation. Otherwise, the cache is accessed again in the following cycle, this time using the correct effective address. The impact on the cache access critical path is minimal; the prediction circuitry adds only a single OR operation before cache access can commence. In addition, verification of the predicted effective address is completely decoupled from the cache access critical path.Analyses of program reference behavior and subsequent performance analysis of this approach shows that this design is a good one, servicing enough accesses early enough to result in speedups for all the programs we tested. Our approach also responds well to software support, which can significantly reduce the number of mispredicted effective addresses, in many cases providing better program speedups and reducing cache bandwidth requirements.
Finite integrity bases for five or fewer symmetric 3×3 matrices

In a previous paper [1], finite integrity bases for five or fewer symmetric 3 × 3 matrices, under the orthogonal transformation group, have been derived. In the present paper, it will be shown that the integrity bases there derived are redundant in the sense that certain of their elements can be expressed as polynomials in the remaining elements, and integrity bases containing fewer elements will thus be obtained. The results of the previous paper [1], which form the starting point of the present paper, are essentially consequences of the Hamilton-Cayley theorem and the procedures adopted in the present paper are similarly based.
Coupling of piezoelectric effect with electrochemical processes

Abstract The coupling effect between piezoelectric polarization and electrochemical processes makes possible the engineering of charge-carrier conduction characteristics at the heterojunction between a strained piezoelectric material and a chemical solution. It is a unique subcategory of piezotronics. This mini review paper introduces the fundamental principles of such coupling effects. Applications of this coupling effect are reviewed and discussed in several different aspects, including selective etching enabled by piezo(ferro)-electric polarization; selective (photo)electrochemical deposition directed by piezo(ferro)-electric potential; and the direct utilization of piezoelectric potential to drive electrochemical reactions (piezocatalysis). At the end, perspectives of this coupling effect are discussed as a new approach in the fields of corrosion management, nanomanufacturing and renewable energy conversion.
Oscillatory Flow Impedance in Electrical Analog of Arterial System: Representation of Sleeve Effect and Non-Newtonian Properties of Blood

In the analog computer for the human systemic circulatory system, the electrical equivalents of a segment of artery as designed up till now are not satisfactory, because they lack representation of the sleeve effect, which results from the interaction between viscous and inertial forces during pulsatile blood flow. First, a network which accounts for this effect was derived, starting out from entirely different equations. It was surprising to find that this does not alter the circuit completely, but only requires adding to the former circuit a corrective network which, however, may have considerable influence. Second, the effect of the anomalous viscosity of blood was taken into account. Its influence on oscillatory flow has been investigated by Taylor, who derived an expression for the relation between pressure-gradient and flow under the assumption that there exists a small boundary layer of lower viscosity at the wall, and found a similar formula for the case in which the blood is assumed to slip at the wall. The modifications of the electrical circuit, necessary to represent these conditions, are given in this paper and turn out to be remarkably simple.
Prospects for plant-derived antibacterials

Can weakly active phytochemicals be combined synergistically to produce new antibacterial treatments?
Partial purification and characterization of protocollagen lysine hydroxylase from chick embryos.

Abstract A procedure was developed for partial purification of protocollagen lysine hydroxylase, the enzyme which synthesizes the hydroxylysine in collagen. The procedure involves fractionation with (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , fractionation with calcium phosphate gel, two successive chromatographies on DEAE-cellulose and gel filtration on 8% agarose. During the chromatography on DEAE-cellulose the protocollagen lysine hydroxylase was separated from protocollagen proline hydroxylase. The final preparation of the enzyme was up to 300-fold purified over the embryonic extract and up to 600-fold purified over the initial homogenate. At least three different forms of the enzyme were observed. In low ionic strength buffers, the enzyme formed large, insoluble aggregates which were not studied further. Two major forms were obtained in high salt buffers, and these eluted from gel filtration columns with apparent molecular weights of about 550 000 and 200 000 as estimated from the elution positions of globular proteins. Some enzyme activity eluted between the two major forms, and this may have represented an additional form of the enzyme or an interconversion of the two forms during the chromatography. The K m values were determined for α-ketoglutarate, Fe 2+ and ascorbate which are co-substrates or co-factors for the reaction and were found to be 50 μM, 1 μM and 50 μM, respectively. Even in the presence of saturating concentrations of these co-substrates and co-factors, maximal enzymic activity was not observed unless serum albumin, catalase and dithiothreitol were added to the incubation mixture. p -Mercuribenzoate inhibited the enzyme and the inhibition was partially reversed by dithiothreitol, indicating that free sulfhydryl groups were required for enzymic activity. The results presented here demonstrate that protocollagen lysine hydroxylase is a separate enzyme from protocollagen proline hydroxylase but that it has several properties similar to those of the proline hydroxylase.
Effect of component compression on the initial performance of an IPV nickel-hydrogen cell

An experimental method was developed for evaluating the effect of component compression on the charge and discharge voltage characteristics of a 3 1/2 in. diameter boiler plate cell. A standard boiler plate pressure vessel was modified by the addition of a mechanical feedthrough on the bottom of the vessel which permitted different compressions to be applied to the components without disturbing the integrity of the stack. Compression loadings from 0.94 to 27.4 psi were applied by suspending weights from the feedthrough rod. Cell voltages were measured for 0.96-C, 55-min charge and for 1.37-C, 35-min and 2-C, 24-min discharges. An initial change in voltage performance on both charge and discharge as the loading increased was attributed to seating of the components. Subsequent variation of the compression from 2.97 to 27.4 psi caused only minor changes in either the charge or the discharge voltages. Several one month open-circuit voltage stands and 1100 cycles under LEO conditions at the maximum loading have produced no change in performance.
Vector correlations in the 308 nm photodissociation of ICN

Abstract Nascent Doppler profiles of CN (X2Σ+) fragments from the 308 nm photodissociation of ICN have been measured using high-resolution transient frequency modulated (FM) absorption spectroscopy. The complete set of vector correlations observable with linearly polarized single photon detection has been determined for several rotational states in ν = 0. All detected states exhibit strong positive velocity anisotropy indicating that the initial optical excitation is predominantly a parallel transition. The result challenges recent theoretical work which predicts that at wavelengths > 300 nm a perpendicular transition to the 3Π1 state dominates the dissociation.
Neuropathy after bupivacaine (Marcaine) wrist and metacarpal nerve blocks.

A series of 49 wrist and metacarpal blocks were done with the use of 0.25% or 0.5% bupivacaine in 44 patients for surgical and therapeutic purposes. Seven patients developed hypesthesia in the blocked nerve distribution lasting from 1 week to 4 months. One patient had pain and a positive Tinel sign in a dorsal branch of a digital nerve lasting 2 1/2 months. Since no neuropathies were reported in large series of nerve blocks with bupivacaine in other anatomic areas, it is postulated that bupivacaine in anatomicaUy confined areas can cause a transient neuropathy possibly caused by a large local dose of the drug.
Illicit Use of Prescription Opiates among Graduate Students.

Through this study the authors assessed the prevalence rate, reasons for use, and poly-substance use of prescription opiates among graduate students. The authors employed a cross-sectional survey research design using an online, self-administered questionnaire to assess the prevalence rates of prescription opiate use among graduate students (N = 1,033), reasons for use, and their likelihood for poly-substance use. The survey was e-mailed to 5,000 graduate students. Graduate students (19.7%) reported illicit use of prescription opiates in their lifetime and 6.6% reported past-year illicit use. Those who indicated illicitly using prescription opiates did so for self-medication reasons; a few respondents indicated recreational use. Students using prescription opiates were 75% less likely to use marijuana; 79% less likely to use cocaine; and 75% less likely to use ecstasy. Graduate students are illicitly using prescription opiates, but primarily for self-medication, and, while doing so, are less likely to use...
Predicting Patterns of Clozapine Response in a Group of Chronic State Hospital Schizophrenics

Reports estimate that 30-60% of treatment refractory schizophrenics show at least a 20% decrease in BPRS when treated with clozapine. We assessed 14 schizophrenics refractory to traditional neuroleptics with MRI to determine whether brain morphology predicts the pattern of clinical response to clozapine after 2, 6 and 12 weeks. Baseline assessment revealed this sample of severely impaired schizophrenics (mean BPRS total=63, SD=10; mean preclozapine standard neuroleptic dose=2009 CPZ mg equiv./day and mean 12 week cloz dose=644 mg/day), relative to healthy controls, had reductions of cortical gray matter volume (mean head size- and age-corrected z-score=−1.55) and increases in cortical sulcal (mean z=.653) and ventricular CSF volume (mean z= 1.50); those patients with the highest BPRS total (BPRS tot) and positive symptoms (BPRS pos) tended to have less cortical gray matter volume in the frontal and temporal but not parietal regions (p≤.05), while patients with more negative symptoms (BPRS neg) tended to have smaller lateral ventricular volumes (p≤.05). Significant improvement occurred in BPRS pos at 6 weeks (p≤.05) and in BPRS tot at 12 weeks (p<. 05); paired t-tests for all other BPRS change scores were n.s.. A lower than expected % of subjects achieved a 20% improvement at each time period (0 % at 2 wks, 7 % at 6wks and 14 % at 12 weeks). A cluster analysis of BPRS tot change scores across time periods revealed 3 distinct response patterns: early responders (ER; n=5) improved by 2 weeks, delayed responders (DR, n=5) improved by 6 weeks, and non-responders (NR; n=4) did not improve after 12 weeks. To determine whether these response patterns could be predicted from baseline brain morphology and clinical status, the three groups were compared using non-parametric tests. The ER had significantly less cortical gray matter volume in anterior and temporal regions and more third ventricular CSF volume than either the DR or NR., but DR and NR did not significantly differ. The NR had significantly lower baseline BPRS pos and BPRS tot scores than the DR and the ER; the latter two groups did not statistically differ. In conclusion, the ER had the greatest brain volume deficits and the most severe clinical symptoms at baseline, whereas the NR showed the opposite pattern; the DR showed a mixed pattern, with smaller brain volume deficits but more severe symptoms.
A new model for measuring breeding genetic distance.

SUMMARY A model is proposed for measuring the genetic ‘distance’ between two populations having gene frequencies p and p*. The measure of distance is based on a hypothetical selection process as follows: From population Pasubpopulation P* can be selected having gene frequency p*. Let P 0 be the largest subpopulation yielding gene frequency p*, then the relative size of P 0 to P -denoted by θ0(pp*)-is a measure of the ‘closeness’ of populations having gene frequencies p and p*, and 1 - θ0(p, p*) would be a reasonable measure of genetic distance. We show that the calculation of θ0(p, p*) is a special case of the linear programming problem and derive algebraic expressions for θ0(p, p*) in the two-allele case. We discuss some of the implications of the use of this measure of distance and compare it to others which have been proposed. We use linear programming methods to calculate genetic distance for three alleles.
Social and familial correlates of self-esteem among American Indian children.

Children. CHrLD DEVELOPMENT, 1974, 45, 829-833. Social and familial correlates of selfesteem (SE), in relation to tribal acculturation, were investigated in 72 American Indian reservation children who had shown highly significant negative SE relative to Anglo norms. Ss were 34 Miccosukee and 38 Seminole children and their mothers (N = 32), all of the same ethnolinguistic group. Results indicated that although the tribes did not differ in socialization practices, both mothers and children in the less acculturated, more socially intact tribe (Miccosukee) had significantly higher SE than more acculturated (Seminole) counterparts. Across tribes, (a) girls were significantly higher in SE and perceived parental love than boys, and (b) daughters' SE was positively correlated with maternal SE, and sons' SE with perceived parental love. Findings were discussed in terms of the interaction of familial and sociocultural variables.
Aerosol collection by snow and ice crystals

The scavenging of atmospheric particles was studied by allowing natural snow flakes to fall through a known aerosol, with subsequent recovery of the individual flakes to determine size, shape, and number of particles caught. Five aerosol materials (B. Subtilis, P1600 pigment, zinc sulfide, polystyrene latex, and anthracene) were used, covering the size range 0.25–3.5 μm. The particulate catch by individual flakes was determined by microscope examination. The observed scavenging efficiencies, E, for the 268 snow flakes exposed and examined was 5.5 × 10−6–0.38 (0.00055-38%), ignoring the two flakes with zero catch. A related measure, the effective scavenging cross-section, ranged from 1.1 × 10−6to 0.020 cm2. Dimensionless-variable plots of the data indicate that the primary capture mechanism is simple interception. The plot of logEvs logI, where I is the interception parameter, yielded a band of points lying just above the line logE = log3 + logI, which is the theory line for spheres in potential flow. The regression line was log10E = 2.477 + 1.366 log10I, with correlation coefficient 0.79. No systematic effect due to snow crystal habit could be detected. The data, together with theoretical estimates, indicate that electrostatic scavenging effects were insignificant in the tests. It was established that the chamber scavenging data for particles larger than ~ 0.8 μm is directly applicable to scavenging in the open atmosphere. For smaller particles, this applicability could not be established due to the possibility that thermophoretic forces unrepresentative of the open atmosphere may have been active in the chamber tests. A primitive-variables regression equation was derived. This equation is recommended for prediction purposes.
Early speech production of children with cleft palate.

Word-initial target phonemes and the production of those phonemes were examined in normal children and children with cleft palate during the period when the children were acquiring their first 50 w...
Outcomes of an occupational therapy program for mothers of children with disabilities: impact on satisfaction with time use and occupational performance.

OBJECTIVE This experimental research study evaluated the impact of an 8-week psychosocial occupational therapy intervention program for mothers who have children with disabilities. METHOD Thirty-eight mothers of children with disabilities were randomly assigned to participate either in the treatment or the control group (19 in each). The occupational therapy intervention was designed to facilitate increased perceptions of satisfaction with time use and occupational performance, thereby positively affecting maternal and family well-being. The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) was administered to measure self-perceptions of occupational performance and satisfaction over time. RESULTS No significant differences were found between the two groups on time use perceptions. Although no significant differences were found between the two groups on the COPM Performance subscale, the treatment group demonstrated significantly greater score increases (p < .05) on the COPM Satisfaction subscale. CONCLUSION This preliminary study suggests that attending to the time use and occupational concerns of mothers of children with disabilities can have a positive impact on their satisfaction with occupational performance.