cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infection of mosquitoes with Plasmodium falciparum by feeding on humans and on Aotus monkeys.

1Reported here are the results of attempts to determine the periods when mosquitoes were most likely to be infected by feeding on the three different species of Aotus monkeys and to compare these results with historical data obtained when mosquitoes were fed on humans infected with P. falciparum . Studies included determination of the levels of infection in Anopheles freeborni mosquitoes obtained by feeding on monkeys infected with the Santa Lucia strain of P. falciparum compared with the levels of infections in An. albimanus, An. quadrimaculatus, and An. freeborni mosquitoes fed on patients infected with different strains of P. falciparum. These patients were infected with these malaria parasites as part of the routine treatment of neurosyphilis that required the patients to have extended periods of parasitemia. During this time, mosquitoes would be fed to obtain sporozoites for subsequent infection of other patients. The latter archival data was collect between 1940 and 1963 when such treatment was being carried out at the South Carolina State Hospital, Columbia, SC, and the State Hospital, Milledgeville, Georgia. 2–6
Estimating Demographic Indicators in a Conflict-Affected Population in Eastern Sudan

INTRODUCTION Although the international community currently is focused on Darfur, it is important that the status of other conflict-affected populations throughout Sudan are not overlooked. For the past decade, the Beja population, located along the Sudan-Eritrea border, has been affected by a conflict that has drawn little attention from the international community. METHODS This study assessed crude mortality rates and other demographic characteristics using a mortality study nested within a nutrition assessment using cluster sampling methods. RESULTS The crude mortality rate among the Beja population in the National Democratic Alliance (NDA)-controlled territories between October 2003 and October 2004 was estimated at 1.4/10,000/day (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2-1.6); the under five years of age mortality rate was estimated at 2.7/10,000/day (95% CI: 2.2-3.3). Both of these are elevated rates that exceed the accepted threshold to declare a humanitarian emergency. CONCLUSIONS When considered with recent reports of elevated malnutrition rates, the status of Beja is critical by international standards. Study findings suggest that: (1) nesting demographic objectives into other planned assessments (such as nutrition) are a feasible and cost-effective means for non-governmental organizations to characterize beneficiary populations; and (2) the Beja residing in the NDA-controlled territories are facing elevated mortality and are in urgent need of humanitarian assistance.
On the Frontlines of the Scientific Revolution: How Mersenne Learned to Love Galileo

Marin Mersenne was central to the new mathematical approach to nature in Paris in the 1630s and 1640s. Intellectually, he was one of the most enthusiastic practitioners of that program, and published a number of inouential books in those important decades. But Mersenne started his career in a rather different way. In the early 1620s, Mersenne was known in Paris primarily as a writer on religious topics, and a staunch defender of Aristotle against attacks by those who would replace him by a new philosophy. In this essay, I would like to examine Mersenne's changing attitude toward Galileo. In the early 1620s, Mersenne lists Galileo among the innovators in natural philosophy whose views should be rejected. However, by the early 1630s, less than a decade later, Mersenne has become one of Galileo's most ardent supporters. How, then, did Mersenne learn to love Galileo?
Quantitative Microbiology of the Scalp in Non-Dandruff, Dandruff, and Seborrheic Dermatitis

The composition of the scalp microflora was assessed quantitatively in normal individuals and in patients with dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis, disorders characterized by increasing scalin. Three organisms were constantly found: (1) Pityrosporum, (2) aerobic cocci, and (3) Corynebacterium acnes. Pitrosporum (mainly Pityrosporum ovale ) made up 46% of the total microflora in normals, 74% in dandruff, and 83% in seborrheic dermatitis. The geometric mean number of organisms per cm 2 in non-dandruff subjects was 5.04 × 10 5 ; 9.22 × 10 5 in dandruff subjects; and 6.45 × 10 5 in those with seborrheic dermatitis. The cocci were dominantly Baird-Parkertype SII and no quantitative or qualitative change occurred in the scaling disorders. C. acnes comprised 26% of the flora on the normal scalp, 6% in dandruff, and only 1% in seborrheic dermatitis. These results differ significantly from previous reports which describe a much more complex microflora and suggest an etiologic role for microorganisms in dandruff.
Toward a more flexible Web-based framework for multidisciplinary design

In today's competitive environment, both industry and government agencies are under pressure to reduce the time and cost of multidisciplinary design projects. New tools have been introduced to assist in this process by facilitating the integration of and communication among diverse disciplinary codes. One such tool, a framework for multidisciplinary design, is defined as a hardware-software architecture that enables integration, execution, and communication among diverse disciplinary processes. An examination of current frameworks reveals weaknesses in various areas, such as sequencing, monitoring, controlling, and displaying the design process. The objective of this research is to explore how Web technology can improve these areas of weakness and lead toward a more flexible framework. This article describes a Web-based system that optimizes and controls the execution sequence of design processes in addition to monitoring the project status and displaying the design results.
Costly optimizers versus cheap imitators

Abstract A dynamic model is constructed with two types of agents, optimizers and imitators. The mix between the two types evolves according to the relative average performances of the two groups. The main conclusion is that imitators may have as high a long-run ‘fitness’ as optimizers. The model is used to sort issues concerning the conventional hypothesis that everyone acts as if unboundedly rational.
Work in progress - Increasing transfer student enrollment, retention and graduation through the Strengthening Transitions into Engineering Programs

Large populations of students are matriculating to community colleges (CC). However, transferring from a CC to 4-year undergraduate engineering degree program is often quite difficult. There are few, if any, engineering courses offered at the CCs. In addition, long prerequisite chains reduce many transfer students to Freshman or Sophomore status, even though they have had two years of post-secondary education. The University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL), Strengthening Transitions into Engineering Programs (STEP) is a program designed to facilitate the transfer of CC students to undergraduate baccalaureate engineering degree programs. The program consists of four engineering courses taught at the CCs with support from UNL and several complementary student support programs. This paper discusses the specific courses and strategies being implemented and the progress to date of the UNL STEP program.
Seeing California move with global positioning satellites

Imperceptible to the human senses, California's tectonic plates deform every day at a rate comparable to the growth of fingernails. Convection in the mantle under the Earth's solid crust forces continental-size “tectonic plates” to move slowly in different directions. Where plates meet, the motion between them is accommodated by slow deformation, but when the crust is no longer strong enough to withstand the stress buildup, it breaks as an earthquake at weak points we call “faults.”
Seasonal changes in bacterial diversity in the Salton Sea

The Salton Sea is a large, shallow, endorheic, polymictic, saline lake in Southern California sustained by runoff from local agricultural and municipal wastewater. As a closed-basin lake in an arid region with declining water supply, it is becoming increasingly saline. Due to its eutrophic status and episodic wind-driven mixing, basin-wide anoxia events are becoming more common during summer. Sequencing of 16S rRNA gene clones obtained from the water column and sediments provided the first molecular assessment of bacterial community structure in the Salton Sea. Similar to other saline habitats, the water column community was dominated by Gamma- and Alphaproteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes, although there was significant seasonal variability in diversity, richness, and the specific genera recovered. Sediments showed high diversity and richness and were dominated by sequences from cultured and uncultured phyla typical of marine sediments, especially the Deltaproteobacteria. This study has provided baseline data about the bacterial communities found in this important California water body and may serve as important indicators of change as the lake becomes increasingly saline over time or as remediation efforts are enacted.
Surface oxide dissolution in titanium subhydrides studied by Auger electron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

The surface sensitive spectroscopic techniques of Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) have been applied to the study of oxide dissolution of titanium subhydrides. In an earlier study using AES, it was shown that the rate of oxygen dissolution into titanium increased sharply at ~350° C. These data correlated well with physical property measurements that indicated an exothermic reaction was occurring at these temperatures which corresponded to the reaction of free titanium with atmospheric oxygen. In the present study the work has been expanded to include studies of TiHx (x=1.15, 1.62). It has been found that dissolution of the native oxide on titanium subhydrides occurs at a temperature substantially higher (~ 500° C) than that required for titanium. It appears that the outward diffusion of hydrogen is inhibiting the inward diffusion of oxygen on the subhydride samples at temperatures below 500° C.
Contrasting action of antiestrogen (ICI-182780) for preventing initiation of embryo implantation by estradiol or epidermal growth factor (EGF).

Abstract The pure estrogen antagonist ICI-182780, at doses above 50 μg/kg, effectively inhibited the initiation of embryo implantation in rats when administered on day 4 of pregnancy (day 1=sperm positive). The same dose inhibited the implantation initiating effect of intravenous 25 ng of estradiol-17β in delayed implanting progesterone-primed hypophysectomized rats. In contrast, the anti-estrogen at a dose of 1 mg/kg was ineffective at inhibiting the initiation of implantation induced by intrauterine plus intravenous administration of murine epidermal growth factor to delayed implanting rats. The growth factor also initiated implantation of blastocysts transferred from donor animals injected with the anti-estrogen to progesterone-primed hypophysectomized recipients. The results clearly demonstrate that the implantation initiating effect of the growth factor is not inhibited by a pure estrogen antagonist, and therefore this estrogenic function does not appear to require action initiated by the classical estrogen receptor.
Scalable and systematic detection of buggy inconsistencies in source code

Software developers often duplicate source code to replicate functionality. This practice can hinder the maintenance of a software project: bugs may arise when two identical code segments are edited inconsistently. This paper presents DejaVu, a highly scalable system for detecting these general syntactic inconsistency bugs.DejaVu operates in two phases. Given a target code base, a parallel /inconsistent clone analysis/ first enumerates all groups of source code fragments that are similar but not identical. Next, an extensible /buggy change analysis/ framework refines these results, separating each group of inconsistent fragments into a fine-grained set of inconsistent changes and classifying each as benign or buggy.On a 75+ million line pre-production commercial code base, DejaVu executed in under five hours and produced a report of over 8,000 potential bugs. Our analysis of a sizable random sample suggests with high likelihood that at this report contains at least 2,000 true bugs and 1,000 code smells. These bugs draw from a diverse class of software defects and are often simple to correct: syntactic inconsistencies both indicate problems and suggest solutions.
The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson occupies a special niche in the hagiology of American Founding Fathers. His name is invoked for a staggering range of causes; statists and libertarians, nationalists and States' righters, conservatives and radicals all claim his blessing. In this book, Forrest McDonald examines Jefferson's performance as the nation's leader, evaluating his ability as a policy-maker, administrator, and diplomat. He delineates, carefully and sympathetically, the Jeffersonian ideology and the agrarian ideal that underlay it; he traces the steps by which the ideology was transformed into a program of action; and he concludes that the interplay between the ideology and the action accounted both for the unparalleled success of Jefferson's first term in office, and for the unmitigated failure of the second term. Jefferson as president was a man whose ideological commitments prevented him from reversing calamitous policy stances, a man who could be ruthless in suppressing civil rights when it was politically expedient, a man who was rarely, in the conventional sense of the word, a Jeffersonian. McDonald's portrait reveals him to be at once greater, simpler, and more complexly human than the mere "apostle of liberty" or "spokesman for democracy" that his adulators have relegated him to being.
Sodium plus Potassium-Activated, Ouabain-Inhibited AdenosineTriphosphatase from a Fraction of Rat Skeletal Muscle, and Lack of Insulin Effect on It

An ATPase, activated by Na+ plus K+ in the presence of Mg++ and inhibited by ouabain, has been obtained from rat skeletal muscle. Unlike ATPase's with similar properties obtained from other preparations, this ATPase was found only in the fraction containing fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum. It is suggested that in rat skeletal muscle this ATPase may reside in sarcoplasmic reticulum and not in sarcolemma. This ATPase differed in its pH optimum and in its cation sensitivity from that of rat brain and from that of human muscle reported by Samaha and Gergely (1965, 1966). Because insulin accelerates Na+ efflux from muscle, efforts were made to determine whether or not this effect of insulin could be attributed to increased Na+ + K+-activated ATPase activity. Insulin, administered either in vivo or in vitro, had no demonstrable effect on the enzyme system, nor did it protect against inhibition by ouabain.
Infantile hemangioendothelioma: angiographic features and factors determining efficacy of hepatic artery embolization.

The angiographic features of infantile hepatic hemangioendothelioma are discussed as well as the role of hepatic artery embolization in its management when more conservative measures have failed. A unique case with portal vein supply of the tumor is presented and the impact of this angiographic feature is discussed.
Quasi-optics of the coupling of guided modes in two parallel, identical dielectric waveguides

The coupled-mode equations governing the interaction of two guided modes in a pair of parallel, identical dielectric waveguides are deduced by a quasi-optical technique that also yields an elegant expression for the attenuation coefficient of the guided wave owing to losses in the various spatial regions.
Prognostic significance of early recurrence: a conditional survival analysis in patients with resected colorectal liver metastasis.

Abstract Background For patients undergoing liver resection for colorectal metastases, specific clinico‐pathological variables have been shown to be prognostic at baseline. This study analyses how the prognostic capability of these variables changes in a conditional survival model. Methods Retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database of patients who underwent an R0 resection of colorectal liver metastases from 1994 to 2004 at a single institution. Results In total, 807 patients were identified, with an 87‐month median follow‐up for survivors. Five‐ and 10‐year disease‐specific survivals (DSS) were 68% and 55%, respectively. The probability of further survival increased as the survival time increased. For 3‐year survivors ( n = 504), DSS were no longer significantly different between patients with a low (0–2) or high (3–5) clinical risk score (CRS, P = 0.19). On multivariate analysis, independent predictors of DSS for 3‐year survivors were recurrence within the first 3 years after a liver resection, a pre‐operative carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) >200 ng/ml and disease‐free interval Discussion After 3 years of DSS and 1 year of recurrence‐free survival, baseline clinico‐pathological variables have a limited ability to predict future survival. Early post‐operative recurrence appears to be the most useful single clinical feature in estimating conditional DSS.
Path caching (extended abstract): a technique for optimal external searching

External 2-dimensional searching is a fundamental problem with many applications in relational, object-oriented, spatial, and temporal databases. For example, interval intersection can be reduced to 2-sided, 2-dimensional searching and indexing class hierarchies of objects to 3-sided, 2-dimensional searching. Path caching is a new technique that can be used to transform a number of time/space efficient data structures for internal 2-dimensional searching (such as segment trees, interval trees, and priority search trees) into I/O efficient external ones. Let n be the size of the database, B the page size, and t the output size of a query. Using path caching, we provide the first data structure with optimal I/O query time O(logBn+t/B) for 2-sided, 2-dimensional searching. Furthermore, we show that path caching requires a small space overhead O(n÷Blog2log2B) and is simple enough to admit dynamic updates in optimal O(logBn) amortized time. We also extend this data structure to handle 3-sided, 2-dimensional searching with optimal I/O query-time, at the expense of slightly higher storage and update overheads.
Windowless dipolar recoupling: the detection of weak dipolar couplings between spin 12 nuclei with large chemical shift anisotropies

A new homonuclear dipolar recoupling technique is described which uses a sequence of phase-shifted, windowless irradiations applied synchronously with sample spinning. Experiments performed on a series of doubly labeled dicarboxylic acids, alanine-1,3-13C2, and 2′-deoxythymidine-4,6-13C2 demonstrate that this new windowless dipolar recoupling pulse sequence can accurately determine internuclear distances from polycrystalline solids in cases where the coupled spins have large chemical shift anisotropies and large differences in isotropic chemical shift.
A hands-on approach to proof and abstraction

Abstraction is an important part of mathematics and computer science, and it is a common stumbling point for students learning how to write mathematical proofs. This article outlines simple strategies for making mathematical proof less abstract in the context of the discrete mathematics course.
Enantiomeric composition of nornicotine, anatabine, and anabasine in tobacco

Literature reports on the optical purity of the minor alkaloids in tobacco leaf and its products often contradict one another. The enantiomeric compositions of nornicotine, anatabine, and anabasine were measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) (with a chiral stationary phase) in three types of tobacco leaf (Burley, Turkish, and Virginia); three types of smokeless tobacco (loose-leaf, dry snuff, and moist snuff); and four types of cigarettes. Regardless of the tobacco type or product, anabasine always had the highest relative percentage of the minor (R)-(+)-enantiomeric component (between 40 and 46% vs. 54–60% of the (S)-(−)-enantiomer). Of the four common tobacco alkaloids, nicotine seems to have the highest enantiomeric excess (e.e.) while anabasine has the lowest (in the tobacco leaf and tobacco products analyzed). Nornicotine and anatabine have intermediate e.e. values. Chirality 11:82–84, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Small interference RNA modulation of IL-10 in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells enhances the Th1 response.

RNA interference technology has been used to modulate dendritic cell (DC) function by targeting the expression of genes such as IL-12 and NF-kB. In this paper, we demonstrate that transfectionof DC with IL-10-specific double strands of small interference RNA (siRNA) resulted in potent suppression of IL-10 gene expression without inducing DC apoptosis or blocking DC maturation. Inhibition of IL-10 by siRNA was accompanied by increased CD40 expression and IL-12 production after maturation, which endowed DC with the ability to significantly enhance allogeneic T cell proliferation. IL-10 siRNA transfection did not affect MHC class II, CD86, CD83, or CD54 expression in mature DC. To further test the ability of IL-10 siRNA-treated DC to induce a T cell response, naive CD4 T cells were stimulated by autologous DC pulsed with KLH. The results indicated that IL-10 siRNA-transfected DC enhanced Th1 responses by increasing IFN-γ and decreasing IL-4 production. These findings suggest the potential for a novel immunotherapeutic strategy of using IL-10 siRNA-transfected antigen-presenting cells as vaccine delivery agents to boost the Th1 response against pathogens and tumors that are controlled by Th1 immunity.
Statistical approaches for the analysis of DNA methylation microarray data

Following the rapid development and adoption in DNA methylation microarray assays, we are now experiencing a growth in the number of statistical tools to analyze the resulting large-scale data sets. As is the case for other microarray applications, biases caused by technical issues are of concern. Some of these issues are old (e.g., two-color dye bias and probe- and array-specific effects), while others are new (e.g., fragment length bias and bisulfite conversion efficiency). Here, I highlight characteristics of DNA methylation that suggest standard statistical tools developed for other data types may not be directly suitable. I then describe the microarray technologies most commonly in use, along with the methods used for preprocessing and obtaining a summary measure. I finish with a section describing downstream analyses of the data, focusing on methods that model percentage DNA methylation as the outcome, and methods for integrating DNA methylation with gene expression or genotype data.
Special Feature A VLSI Geometry Processor For Graphics

Emphasizing ease of scaling and sharing of design tools, a new approach to VLSI systems design may deliver inexpensive specialized hardware.
Distributive solutions for absolutely stable games

Every absolutely stable game has von Neumann-Morgenstern stable set solutions. (Simple games and [n, n−1]-games are included in the class of absolutely stable games.) The character of these solutions suggests that the distributive aspect of purely discriminatory solutions is of as much conceptual importance as the discriminatory aspect.
Icosahedral phase formation by ion beam alloying methods

Abstract The use of ion beam mixing and ion implantation to produce and investigate icosahedral phases of Al alloyed with transition elements is reviewed. Results obtained with such solid-state methods demonstrate that reaction kinetics can favor icosahedral-phase formation in the solid state as well as in liquids during quenching. These studies also show the relationships between the icosahedral phase and the amorphous and crystalline states, and provide information on the atomic structure of icosahedral phases.
Near-critical CO2 liquid–vapor flow in a sub-microchannel. Part I: Mean-field free-energy D2Q9 lattice Boltzmann method

Abstract The mean-field free-energy based lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is developed for the calculation of liquid–vapor flows in channels. We show that the extensively used common bounceback boundary condition leads to an unphysical velocity at the wall in the presence of surface forces that arise from any local forces such as gravity, fluid–fluid and fluid–solid interactions. We then develop a mass-conserving velocity-boundary condition which eliminates the unphysical velocities. An important aspect of the overall LBM model is the inclusion of the correct physics to simulate different wall wettabilities and dynamic contact lines. The model is applied to static and dynamic liquid–vapor interfacial flows and compared to theory. The model shows good agreement with three well established theories of contact line dynamics.
Genome-wide Analysis Reveals Inositol, Not Choline, as the Major Effector of Ino2p-Ino4p and Unfolded Protein Response Target Gene Expression in Yeast

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the transcription of many genes encoding enzymes of phospholipid biosynthesis are repressed in cells grown in the presence of the phospholipid precursors inositol and choline. A genome-wide approach using cDNA microarray technology was used to profile the changes in the expression of all genes in yeast that respond to the exogenous presence of inositol and choline. We report that the global response to inositol is completely distinct from the effect of choline. Whereas the effect of inositol on gene expression was primarily repressing, the effect of choline on gene expression was activating. Moreover, the combination of inositol and choline increased the number of repressed genes compared with inositol alone and enhanced the repression levels of a subset of genes that responded to inositol. In all, 110 genes were repressed in the presence of inositol and choline. Two distinct sets of genes exhibited differential expression in response to inositol or the combination of inositol and choline in wild-type cells. One set of genes contained the UASINO sequence and were bound by Ino2p and Ino4p. Many of these genes were also negatively regulated by OPI1, suggesting a common regulatory mechanism for Ino2p, Ino4p, and Opi1p. Another nonoverlapping set of genes was coregulated by the unfolded protein response pathway, an ER-localized stress response pathway, but was not dependent on OPI1 and did not show further repression when choline was present together with inositol. These results suggest that inositol is the major effector of target gene expression, whereas choline plays a minor role.
Energy intensity, life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions, and economic assessment of liquid biofuel pipelines

Abstract Petroleum fuels are predominantly transported domestically by pipelines, whereas biofuels are almost exclusively transported by rail, barge, and truck. As biofuel production increases, new pipelines may become economically attractive. Location-specific variables impacting pipeline viability include construction costs, availability and costs of alternative transportation modes, electricity prices and emissions (if priced), throughput, and subsurface temperature. When transporting alcohol or diesel-like fuels, pipelines have a lower direct energy intensity than rail, barge, and trucks if fluid velocity is under 1 m/s for 4-inch diameter pipelines and 2 m/s for 8-inch or larger pipelines. Across multiple hypothetical state-specific scenarios, profit-maximizing design velocities range from 1.2 to 1.9 m/s. In costs and GHG emissions, optimized pipelines outperform trucks in each state and rail and barge in most states, if projected throughput exceeds four billion liters/year. If emissions are priced, optimum design diameters typically increase to reduce pumping energy demands, increasing the cost-effectiveness of pipeline projects.
Metabolism of foreign compounds by alveolar macrophages of rabbits.

Abstract Alveolar macrophcges of rabbits acetylated p-aminobenzoic acid to the same extent as did lung parenchyma and liver. However, microsomes isolated from macrophages lacked detectable activity of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, even in animals treated with 3-methylcholanthrene, an inducer of this enzyme in liver and lung. Similarly, bromobenzene was metabolized by microsomes prepared from liver and lung but not from alveolar macrophages.
Multiple equilibria and term structure models

Abstract We show the Cox, Ingersoll, and Ross term structure framework can allow a variety of alternative equilibrium solutions for discount bond prices. This is important since it allows us additional flexibility in developing models that capture the properties of the term structure. As an example, we solve for the value of a discount bond when the short-term rate is absorbed at zero. We compare the yields implied by this model to those implied by the original Cox, Ingersoll, and Ross model. We also show that alternative equilibria can occur in other term structure models.
Test of Sigmund scaling for low collision energies

A scaling law that describes the most probable vibrorotational excitation in ion-molecule collisions has recently been extended by Sigmund (1981) to cover polyatomic targets. The predictions of this scaling law are examined for collisions of Cl(-) and K(+) with the targets O2, N2, CO, CO2, and CH4 in the energy range 50-200 eV. The experimental results do not all scale according to the theory. The study does demonstrate the usefulness of the scaling variables when examining the most probable vibrorotational excitation in ion-molecule collisions. A collection of isoelectronic scattering results is presented.
Assumptions behind Singapore's language-in-education policy: implications for language planning and second language acquisition

Singapore’s officially bilingual education policy, in which the majority of children are schooled through a non-native medium with their ‹Mother Tongue’ (an ethnic heritage language that is not necessarily spoken in the home) as a single school subject only, has resulted in dramatic language shifts in the population and high academic achievement as measured by international comparison studies. Much current second language acquisition theory would predict failure for such a policy. This paper examines the assumptions concerning language planning and second language acquisition underlying the city-state’s language-in-education policy, their relation to current theory in the field, and how the case of Singapore can support or challenge these different theories.
Responsibility, Moral and Otherwise

AbstractPhilosophers frequently distinguish between causal responsibility and moral responsibility, but that distinction is either ambiguous or confused. We can distinguish between causal responsibility and a deeper kind of responsibility, that licenses reactive attitudes and judgments that a merely causal connection would not, and we can distinguish between holding people accountable for their moral qualities and holding people accountable for their nonmoral qualities. But, because we sometimes hold people deeply responsible for nonmoral qualities of behavior and character, these distinctions are not the same. A number of recent accounts of responsibility identify deep responsibility with moral responsibility and in consequence miss some key features of the concept of which they are trying to give an account. A view that distinguishes two levels of responsibility, according to which the conditions of attributability are weaker than the conditions of accountability, might seem to account for a kind of non...
On 'large-scale' stable fiber displacement during interfacial failure in metal matrix composites

Experimental results are presented to show that interfacial failure in sapphire-reinforced niobium is characterized by 'large-scale' (5-15 microns) plasticity-controlled fiber displacements occurring under increasing loads. The results are based on the responses during thin-slice fiber pushout tests wherein the fiber is supported over a hole twice the fiber diameter. The results describe an interfacial failure process that should also occur near fiber ends during pullout when a fiber is well-bonded to a soft, ductile matrix, such that eventual failure occurs by shear within the matrix near the interface.
On quantum well solar cell efficiencies

Abstract The issue of photovoltaic conversion efficiency enhancements in quantum well solar cells is critically examined. Key issues and the potential resolution of open questions are highlighted.
Utility of IVUS‐guided transaccess catheter in the treatment of long chronic total occlusion of the superficial femoral artery

Failure to reenter the true lumen distal to an occlusion is the most frequent cause of failure of the technique of subintimal angioplasty. We report the utility of an IVUS-guided TransAccess catheter in overcoming this problem in the treatment of two patients with long chronic total occlusion of the superficial femoral artery.
Dips of Downgoing Lithospheric Plates Beneath Island Arcs

Dips of downgoing lithospheric plates were measured by inspecting published vertical sections of relocated hypocenters beneath Pacific and Indian island arcs. For any one arc the maximum dip of the slab in a particular section, as determined by the hypocenter configuration, is inversely proportional to the distance from the section to the pole of relative motion of the two plates involved. Considering several oceanic arcs, a common inverse relationship exists between the dip and the relative rate of convergence of the plates at the location of the measurement. This dip-rate relationship may be a manifestation of the heavier downgoing plate that is sinking to an equilibrium (vertical) position.
Controllability of the Perturbed Adiabatic Oscillator

In this paper, we consider the global controllability with bounded controls of the perturbed adiabatic oscillator. More explicitly, we study the equationy+(1+g(t))y=u, whereg(t) is a suitably small perturbation term andu is the control function, which is restricted either by norm or by range. We give sufficient conditions for global null controllability, under various conditions ong(t), whenu lies in a unit ball or is constrained to assume only positive values.
Hydrothermal oxide and nontronite deposits on seamounts in the eastern Pacific

Deposits of Fe oxide mud, nontronite, and Fe-Mn crusts were sampled from the summits of two seamounts in the eastern Pacific. Where low temperature (0–15°C) hydrothermal fluids are issuing, the deposits consist of X-ray amorphous Fe oxyhydroxide and are rich in Fe (43 wt.%), contain minor Si and P (4% and 3.5%, respectively), and have very low Mn (<0.01%) and other trace element contents. Other deposits, where no current hydrothermal activity was observed, consist of mud and crusts composed of amorphous material and poorly crystalline hematite, goethite, and smectite. These deposits have slightly higher Mn (up to 2%) and other trace element contents. The mineralogical and chemical differences between the active and inactive deposits and crusts are interpreted to be due to recrystallization and contamination with detrital, biogenic, hydrogenous, and possibly hydrothermal sulfide material. Nontronite deposits, capped by Fe-Mn oxides, were sampled from one of the seamounts. These deposits have compositions similar to other seafloor nontronite deposits, and formed at low temperatures (30°C) during mixing of low temperature hydrothermal fluids with seawater. The oxide deposits consist almost entirely of long, delicate filaments, remarkably similar in morphology to genera of Fe oxidizing bacteria. Such bacteria were probably important in catalyzing the oxidation and precipitation of iron from hydrothermal fluids on the seamounts. The occurrence of nearly identical filament-rich oxide deposits on two widely separated seamounts suggests that this type of deposit may be common on seamounts, but previously unrecognized.
High-power and high-linearity photodiodes

Recent developments of modified uni-traveling carrier (MUTC) photodiodes capable of delivering high output RF power signals with low intermodulation distortions are reviewed. A flip-chip-bonded charge-compensated MUTC photodiode achieved a record-high output power of 0.75 W (28.8 dBm) at 15 GHz and a third order output intercept point (OIP3) up to 59 dBm. Power-combined and traveling wave photodiode arrays are promising candidates to further increase output power and linearity.
Enantioselective Hydrogenation of α-Methylcinnamic Acid Over Pd/Al 2 O 3 : A Kinetic Study of Solvent, Temperature and Pressure Effects

The enantioselective hydrogenation of α-methylcinnamic acid (MCA) over cinchonidine modified 5 wt% Pd/Al2O3 was studied in a liquid batch reactor. Both the reaction activity and enantioselectivity towards the (R) product are strongly solvent dependent. The reaction is zero order in hydrogen pressure and first order in MCA. The presence of cinchonidine does not affect the reaction order with respect to either acid or H2 pressure, but has a significant inhibiting effect on the reaction rate. The catalyst exhibits stable activity during the reaction with no sign of deactivation.
Implementation of Interdisciplinary Group Learning and Peer Assessment in a Nanotechnology Engineering Course

Nanotechnology is an inherently interdisciplinary field that has generated significant scientific and engineering interest in recent years. In an effort to convey the excitement and opportunities surrounding this discipline to senior undergraduate students and junior graduate students, a nanotechnology engineering course has been developed in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Northwestern University over the past two years. This paper examines the unique challenges facing educators in this dynamic, emerging field and describes an approach for the design of a nanotechnology engineering course employing the non-traditional pedagogical practices of collaborative group learning, interdisciplinary learning, problem-based learning, and peer assessment. Utilizing the same nanotechnology course given the year before as a historical control, analysis of the difference between measures of student performance and student experience over the two years indicates that these practices are successful and provide an educationally informed template for other newly developed engineering courses.
HYPEROSMOIALITY OF FORMULAS USED IN THE NICU AFTER THE ADDITION OF ORAL OR PARENTERAL MEDICATIONS

HYPEROSMOIALITY OF FORMULAS USED IN THE NICU AFTER THE ADDITION OF ORAL OR PARENTERAL MEDICATIONS
Hardness obtained from conical indentations with various cone angles

The relationship between hardness and cone angle of conical indenters was studied using finite element analysis for elastic–plastic solids with work-hardening. Comparisons were made between the present simulation results, slip line theory, and experimental results. Tabor's concept of representative strain based on indentation experiments in metals (The Hardness of Metals, Oxford, 1951) was shown to be applicable to a wide range of materials. The relative size of plastic zone with respect to the contact radius was found to influence the variation of hardness with indenter cone angle. The method proposed by Atkins and Tabor [J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 13, 149 (1965)] for constructing stress-strain curves using representative strains was also examined, and the conditions under which the method is valid were obtained.
Circuit Analysis of Experience-Dependent Plasticity in the Developing Rat Barrel Cortex

Sensory deprivation during a critical period reduces spine motility and disrupts receptive field structure of layer 2/3 neurons in rat barrel cortex. To determine the locus of plasticity, we used laser scanning photostimulation, allowing us to rapidly map intracortical synaptic connectivity in brain slices. Layer 2/3 neurons differed in their spatial distributions of presynaptic partners: neurons directly above barrels received, on average, significantly more layer 4 input than those above the septa separating barrels. Complementary connectivity was found in deprived cortex: neurons above septa were now strongly coupled to septal regions, while connectivity between barrel regions and layer 2/3 was reduced. These results reveal competitive interactions between barrel and septal circuits in the establishment of precise intracortical circuits.
Laser Immunotherapy for Cancer Treatment

The root cause of cancer is a failed or compromised host immune system. Laser immunotherapy, using photothermal interaction and immunological stimulation, induces a tumor-specific immune response. Pre-clinical and clinical results indicate that laser immunotherapy could be an effective method to treat late-stage, metastatic cancers.
Playing in virtual spaces: using ethnography to explore a new area of research

Based on a yearlong project, working with elementary school-aged children in Vancouver, Canada, this research indicates how children's own cultural practices create mutable boundaries surrounding their use of the Internet. In particular, I consider how mass-culture products can be creatively manipulated to present the child's sense of self to an unseen audience. Thus, the paper illustrates, through documenting two kinds of virtual play (video and online toys and games), that ethnographic research can be an important tool for investigating how new technologies are socially integrated into children's play worlds. This leads to important indications for future research looking to investigate children's relationships with new media and technology. First, this relationship can be creative and a positive part of children's self-development. Second, the research highlights the interaction between perceptions of risk and access to urban children in out-of-school contexts. These results, I conclude, point towards ...
Examination of 10B (n, He) and 6Li (n, He) cross section measurements in reactor physics benchmarks

Abstract Helium production cross section measurements for 10B and 6Li in five reactor physics benchmarks are examined with emphasis on neutron fluence scale and benchmark spectrum uncertainties.
Multivariate logistic analysis of repeated cross-sectional surveys of Campylobacter fetus in dairy cattle

Abstract Five repeated cross-sectional serological surveys BLEED of 790 dairy cattle on four dairy herds between December 1985 and February 1987 provided an opportunity to study the changes in the seroprevalence of Campylobacter fetus (CF) across the five surveys and with respect to some demographic and disease variables. The demographic variables included were AGE (heifers or cows), FARM representing two groups of herds (two herds in each group, located in the Central and Northern Valleys of California). Disease variables CFETUS, HSOMNUS and LEPTO were the serological evidence of natural exposures to CF and Haemophilus sommus and presumed vaccinal titers against Leptospira hardjo, respectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to define levels of CFETUS, HSOMNUS and LEPTO. Logistic regression analysis was used to compute maximum-likelihood estimates of adjusted odds ratios (OR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (CI). The adjusted odds of being CF seropositive for cattle did not vary significantly at samplings 2–5 relative to sampling 1. The relative odds for prevalent CF seropositivity were stratified on BLEED based on the interaction terms in the final multivariate model. Cows and heifers had about the same adjusted odds of being CFETUS positive at BLEED 1–4 but at BLEED 5 the relative adjusted odds of being CFETUS positive forr cows compared with heifers were 3.55 (95% CI = 1.07, 11.73). Cattle from the two herds in Central Valley had almost the same likelihood of CF seropositivity as cattle from two herds in Northern Valley at BLEED 1, 2 and 3. However, at BLEED 4 and 5 cattle from herds in the Central Valley were protected compared with those from herds in the Northern Valley (adjusted OR = 0.02, 95% CI = 0.01, 0.08; adjusted OR = 0.19, 95% CI = 0.07, 0.55 respectively). HSOMNUS-positive cattle were about two times more likely to be CFETUS positive at sampling 1 (adjusted OR = 1.92, 95% CI = 1.20, 3.05). However, this association was not significant at samplings 2–5. Being LEPTO-positive had no impact on CF seroposivivity of cattle at BLEED 1, 2, 3 and 5 but at BLEED 4 the relative adjustedodds for LEPTO-positive cattle were 7.22 (95% CI = 1.97, 26.42). The possible biological mechanisms of the observed associations are discussed.
Anatomical analysis of frontal cortex sites at which carbachol induces motor seizures in the rat.

Abstract High amplitude spiking representative of seizures, accompanied by an unusual motor behavior pattern of rearing and forelimbic clonus resembling “boxing,” was elicited by microinjection of the cholinergic agonist, carbachol, 4 μg, into the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat. A rating scale devised to score the behavior revealed a motor pattern elicited by carbachol from the medial anterior cortex which was similar to that described by Racine [24] for electrical stimulation of the amygdala. Topographical analysis of the areas surrounding the medial anterior cortex region revealed that the motor manifestations of seizures were elicited over a wide region of the anterior cortex, with scores significantly lower at carbachol microinjection sites greater than 1 mm rostral, 2 and 3 mm caudal, and 2 mm lateral to the standard medial prefrontal cortex site. Unilateral microinjection of carbachol yielded motor seizures primarily from the contralateral forepaw, suggesting involvement of a crossed pathway. Retrograde tracing with fast blue dye, combined with immunostaining for choline acetyltransferase and NADPH-diaphorase, found that the cholinergic neurons innervating the standard microinjection site were the dorsolateral tegmental cells, as previously reported, which have been shown to also contain substance P and corticortropin releasing factor. In addition, cholinergic neurons of the nucleus basalis of Meynert region were found to innervate the standard microinjection site. These findingsimplicate cholinergic innervation of the rostral cortex in classical limbic seizures.
Ligation of highly modified bacteriophage DNA

Abstract After digestion by TaqI or nicking by DNAase I, five highly modified bacteriophage DNAs were tested as substrates for T4 DNA ligase. The DNAs used were from phages T4, XP12, PBS1, SP82, and SP15, which contain as a major base either glucosylated 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine, uracil, 5-hydroxymethyluracil, or phosphoglucuronated, glucosylated 5-(4′,5′-dihydroxypentyl)uracil, respectively. The relative ability of cohesive-ended TaqI fragments of these DNAs and of normal, λ DNA to be ligated was as follows: λ DNA = XP 12 DNA > SP 82 DNA ≊ nonglucosylated T 4 DNA > T 4 DNA = PBS 1 DNA ⪢ SP 15 DNA . TaqI-T4 DNA fragments were also inefficiently ligated by Escherichia coli DNA ligase. However, annealing-independent ligation of DNAase I-nicked T4, PBS1, and λ DNAs was equally efficient. We conclude that the poor ligation of TaqI fragments of T4 and PBS1 DNAs was due to the hydroxymethylation (and glucosylation) of cytosine residues at T4's cohesive ends and the substitution of uracil residues for thymine residues adjacent to PBS1's cohesive ends destabilizing the annealing of the restriction fragments. Only SP15 DNA with its negatively charged, modified base was unable to serve as a substrate for T4 DNA ligase in an annealing-independent reaction; therefore, its modification directly interfered with enzyme binding or catalysis.