cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pathogenesis of infectious bronchitis virus in vaccinated chickens of two different major histocompatibility B complex genotypes

Infectious bronchitis (IB) disease progression in vaccinated chickens after challenge was evaluated in a single commercial line of layer chickens presenting two different major histocompatibility complex (MHC) B complex genotypes. MHC B genotypes were determined by DNA sequence-based typing of BF2 alleles. In total, 33 B2/B15 and 47 B2/B21 chickens were vaccinated with an Ark-type IB virus (IBV) attenuated vaccine and challenged with Ark-type IBV field isolate AL/4614/98 14 days later. Additional chickens of both genotypes served as unvaccinated/challenged and unvaccinated/nonchallenged controls. Clinical signs, histopathologic analysis, detection of IBV genomes in tears, and IBV-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) in tears were used to evaluate disease progression and immune response. The incidence of IBV respiratory signs was significantly higher in B2/21 than in B2/B15 MHC genotype birds. However, neither the severity and duration of respiratory signs nor the severity and incidence of histologic lesions differed significantly with MHC genotype. The levels of IBV-specific IgA in tears of vaccinated and challenged chickens did not differ significantly between MHC genotypes. IBV genomes were present in the tears of vaccinated and challenged birds, and the incidence of detectable IBV genomes did not vary significantly with MHC B genotype. From an applied perspective, these results indicate that vaccinated commercial outbred chickens with these MHC genotypes are equally resistant to IBV.
Methods for the Analysis of Protein Phosphorylation–Mediated Cellular Signaling Networks

Protein phosphorylation-mediated cellular signaling networks regulate almost all aspects of cell biology, including the responses to cellular stimulation and environmental alterations. These networks are highly complex and comprise hundreds of proteins and potentially thousands of phosphorylation sites. Multiple analytical methods have been developed over the past several decades to identify proteins and protein phosphorylation sites regulating cellular signaling, and to quantify the dynamic response of these sites to different cellular stimulation. Here we provide an overview of these methods, including the fundamental principles governing each method, their relative strengths and weaknesses, and some examples of how each method has been applied to the analysis of complex signaling networks. When applied correctly, each of these techniques can provide insight into the topology, dynamics, and regulation of protein phosphorylation signaling networks.
Detection of halogenated organics by their inhibitory action in a catalytic reaction between dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate and 2-methyl-4-nitroaniline

The purpose of this paper is to report on the detection of toxic halogenated organic compounds in water using their inhibitory action on a pyridine-catalyzed reaction between dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) and 2-methyl-4-nitroaniline (MNA). Previous work has shown that similar techniques can successfully lower the detection limit of sulfides and arsines in water samples, compared to their standard photometric detection methods. This paper highlights the optimization, selectivity, and sensitivity studies of the proposed sensing scheme. Optimization shows that the pyridine-catalyzed reaction is more favorable at 4 mM DMAD and 8 mM MNA. It was also determined that the inhibitory effect of halogenated organic compounds is more pronounced when carried out at 60°C. Using optimized reaction conditions, the limit of quantification for the four regulated trihalomethanes (THMs) was approximately 80 ppm. In addition, the sensing method is selective to THMs and a few other halogenated organics. These promising results demonstrate the further success of this technique for sensitive, selective detection, and future work will be carried out to incorporate the technique in sensing applications for THMs in drinking water.
A Pilot Survey Tool to Assess Medical Student Perspective on Entrustable Professional Activities

An emphasis on competency-based curricula has led to the concept of Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs), responsibilities that a trainee can perform with minimum to no supervision. Establishment of EPAs in medical education seeks to standardize clinical learning experiences and ensure that graduates can perform at the resident level. To date, no study has addressed the medical student perspective regarding EPA implementation. A pilot case-based survey examined student confidence of proposed EPAs. Clinical year students reported greater confidence (p < .01) for all EPAs, demonstrating progressive confidence during training. Case-based subjective assessment of EPAs could be used to evaluate curricula, identify the learning needs of students and target educational interventions.
Aerodynamic mitigation of wind-induced uplift forces on low-rise buildings: A comparative study

Abstract Negative pressures on roofs of low-rise buildings are a major source of losses and community disruption during windstorms. The main driver for negative pressures is the fact that buildings are bluff bodies that cause flow separtion, compared to streamline objects such as an airplane wing. Consequently, the separated flow may create conical vortices that can significantly increase wind-induced uplift loads on roofs. Although vortex suppression technologies play a role in reducing wind loads on buildings, the challenge is related to exploring techniques that can reduce loads on roofs and the mitigation features themselves. In this paper, several aerodynamic mitigation techniques/features are proposed and tested by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, in a comparative study to permit selection among different potential solutions. Modifications to eliminate the sharp corners that cause flow separation and uplift forces are carried out. Different aerodynamic mitigation features including barriers, circular edges, inclined edges and airfoil edges are investigated. The study explores mitigation devices that not only can reduce wind-induced uplift loads on roofs, but also have minimum drag and lift forces. The results show that the slope-in features, representatives of solar panels for green energy production, are effective in reducing wind-induced uplift forces. In fact, having solar panels on buildings can be a feasible solution, especially when there is a potential for power outage due to windstorms. Such features, among other devices, can potentially protect roofs under windstorms, creating economic and green buildings. In addition, compared to all mitigation features presented in the current study, the airfoil produced the minimum uplift loads, with promises to proceeding research in this area.
Do Firm-to-Segment Reconcilable Earnings Differences Affect Stock Prices?

While SFAS No. 131 is intended to increase the transparency of financial reporting using a "management approach", it may reduce shareholders’ ability to interpret segment disclosures relative to the 'industry approach' employed under SFAS No.14. This study investigates whether firm-segment reconcilable differences (FSD) affect stock prices and whether abnormal returns can be earned using information about two components of earnings: aggregated segment earnings and FSDs. We compute FSDs as the difference between firm-level consolidated earnings and aggregated segment-level earnings. Firms that report negative FSDs have greater sales and profitability, greater return on equity, as well as more operating cash flows and firm growth. This suggests firms that report aggregated segment earnings greater than firm-level consolidated earnings may better off financially as a firm. Our findings show that mispricing does occur, when firms report positive FSDs, by the market underestimating FSD persistence. Investors can also earn positive abnormal returns when investors take a long (short) position with the portfolio with the highest (lowest) absolute FSDs. On the contrary, we find investors earn negative abnormal returns when firms report negative FSDs. Collectively, this study provides evidence that mispricing occurs and that investors over/under estimate the importance and/or persistence of FSDs.
Substance use and other factors associated with risky sexual behavior among pregnant adolescents

A study of the relationship between substance use and risky sexual behavior was conducted among 241 unmarried pregnant adolescents aged 17 and younger who lived in a metropolitan area in the Northwest. The respondents had comparable or higher lifetime use rates for all substances than did women in a national sample of high school seniors, even though the pregnant adolescents were younger. Ninety-four percent had used alcohol, 78% marijuana, 30% cocaine and 30% stimulants, compared with 92%, 48%, 14% and 23%, respectively, among women in the national sample. Among the pregnant adolescents, 84% had had more than one sexual partner, 39% had had a sexually transmitted disease and 60% had used contraceptives during less than half of their sexual encounters. At the bivariate level, use of cigarettes and alcohol in general and use of alcohol and drugs during sex were positively associated with risky sexual behavior. However, when other characteristics associated with risky sexual behavior--family bonding, parental monitoring, commitment to conventional values, peer associations, self-esteem and delinquent activities--were included in the multivariate analysis, the effect of substance use disappeared.
Patterned Surface Derivatization Using Diels–Alder Photoclick Reaction

The utility of photochemically induced hetero-Diels–Alder reaction for the light-directed surface derivatization and patterning was demonstrated. Glass slides functionalized with vinyl ether moieties are covered with aqueous solution of substrates conjugated to 3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-naphthol (NQMP). Subsequent irradiation via shadow mask results in an efficient conversion of the latter functionality into reactive 2-napthoquinone-3-methide (oNQM) in the exposed areas. oNQM undergoes very facile hetero Diels–Alder addition (kD-A ≈ 4 × 104 M–1s–1) to immobilized vinyl ether molecules resulting in a photochemically stable covalent link between a substrate and a surface. Unreacted oNQM groups are rapidly hydrated to regenerate NQMP. The click chemistry based on the addition of photochemically generated oNQM to vinyl ether works well in aqueous solution, proceeds at high rate under ambient conditions, and does not require catalyst or additional reagents. This photoclick strategy represents an unusual paradigm in ...
Postemergent Herbicides and the Biology of Drechslera Sorokiniana: Effects on Conidial Germination, Vegetative Growth, and Reproduction

The synthetic auxinlike postemergent herbicides 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, 2,4,5-TP, dicamba, and MCPP were examined for their influence on conidial germination, germ-tube growth, primary branching of germ tubes, and conidial production of Drechslera sorokiniana at molar concentrations of 10-1 to 10-3. All herbicides of the 10-3 M concentration prohibited conidial germination and caused visible plasmolysis of conidium cells. Germination of conidia was not affected by any herbicides at concentrations of 10-~1 to 10-4 M. Germ-tube growth and primary branching of germ tubes were stimulated by most herbicides at concentrations of 10-12 to 10-4 M; some nonsignificant inhibition of these structures occurred in response to 2,4,5-TP and MCPP. Mycelial growth was stimulated by most herbicides at concentrations of 10-12 to 10-4 M; significant increases within this concentration range, however, differed with specific herbicides. Conidial production was inhibited by 2,4,5-T and MCPP at all concentrations; 2,4,5-TP and dicamba caused significant increases in conidial production at lower concentrations and a significant decrease at higher concentrations. Only 2,4-D increased conidial production at higher concentrations. The results of the investigation indicate that germ-tube growth is most dramatically stimulated by the herbicides examined and that vegetative growth
Fabrication and Characterization of Conductive Nanofiber-Based Composite Membranes

Cross-linked electrospun fiber mats of highly sulfonated polystyrene were combined with a polymer matrix to fabricate nanofiber-based composite membranes and characterized. In-plane conductivity of...
Reflections on Protest

(1965). Reflections on Protest. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Vol. 21, No. 8, pp. 18-20.
Research report of investigation about a mumps outbreak in a primary school

Objective To verify the epidemic,to determine the existence of mumps outbreak in a primary school and describe the epidemic distributions of the population,time,place,and epidemic strength,to probe the risk factors. Methods Screen the case according to the case definition.Describing the distribution of time, region and population in this outbreak,combined with field work epidemiological investigation,then we can come to a hypothesis and test it by case-control study. Results From May 1,2009 to Jun 18,2009,33 cases that meet the case definition were found in a primary school. First case’s onset day was May 21,incidence peaks were on the Jun 14 to Jun 17. Class 3 grade 2 had the highest attack rate(28%).Male attack rate was 12%,female attack rate was 9%.The case-control study showed that the risk factor was dining in the school.Washing their hands before lunch and usually washing their hands with soap were protective factors. Conclusion The clinical displays, three distributions' characteristics demonstrated the mumps outbreak happened in a primary school.We recommended the school to reduce opportunities for students to eat in the classroom,strengthened publicity and education,and improved their senses of self-protection as well as developed good hand-washing habits.
High mortality in diabetic recipients of high KDPI deceased donor kidneys

BACKGROUND Deceased donor (DD) kidney quality is determined by calculating the Kidney Donor Profile Index (KDPI). Optimizing high KDPI (≥85%) DD transplant outcome is challenging. This retrospective study was performed to review our high KDPI DD transplant results to identify clinical practices that can improve future outcomes. METHODS We retrospectively calculated the KDPI for 895 DD kidney recipients transplanted between 1/2002 and 11/2013. Age, race, body mass index (BMI), retransplantation, gender, diabetes (DM), dialysis time, and preexisting coronary artery disease (CAD) (previous myocardial infarction (MI), coronary artery bypass (CABG), or stenting) were determined for all recipients. RESULTS About 29.7% (266/895) of transplants were from donors with a KDPI ≥85%. By Cox regression older age, diabetes, female gender, and dialysis time >4 years correlated with shorter patient survival time. Diabetics with CAD who received a high KDPI donor kidney had a significantly increased risk of death (HR 4.33 (CI 1.82-10.30), P=.001) compared to low KDPI kidney recipients. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve for diabetic recipients of high KDPI kidneys was significantly worse if they had preexisting CAD (P<.001 by log-rank test). CONCLUSION Patient survival using high KDPI donor kidneys may be improved by avoiding diabetic candidates with preexisting CAD.
Understanding Dark Tourism Acceptance in Southeast Asia: The Case of WWII Sandakan–Ranau Death March, Sabah, Malaysia

Recently, the idea of dark tourism has grown to be part of tourism fascination, and the trend has spiked to an increasing number of people traveling to visit places where battles, massacres, and evil deeds were carried out in the past. Despite the increasing demand of dark tourism visitation, Malaysia among other countries in Southeast Asia is still very careful on branding and promoting its potential attraction as “dark tourism” site. Based on the WWII Sandakan–Ranau Death March, this preliminary study is intended to understand through conceptualizing the local community acceptance toward the potential dark tourism development in Sabah, Malaysia. The study argues that due to the local community custom, belief, and culture, the exploitation of grief, death, and dark tragedy in the past as dark tourism attraction, with the intention of satisfying touristic experience, is less acceptable. It is also suggested that the acceptance factors among the local community have influenced the decision and perspective in exploring and branding a potential site as dark tourism attraction.
Safety and efficacy of pembrolizumab in a patient with advanced melanoma on haemodialysis

Patients with end-stage renal disease present with a distinct challenge in oncology. Many anticancer drugs and their metabolites are excreted by the kidney, but data to guide dose and schedule adjustments in renal dialysis are scant. Pembrolizumab is an anti-programmed cell death protein 1 monoclonal antibody proven to be effective in patients with metastatic melanoma. It has demonstrated promising results and was granted US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in September, 2014 for metastatic melanoma. It was additionally approved for patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer by the FDA in October, 2015. We present the first case, to the best of our knowledge, of a patient with metastatic melanoma successfully treated with pembrolizumab while on haemodialysis.
Replacing Sexy and Skinny with Strong and Powerful: How Feminist Research on Media Depictions of Women Can Effect Change

The present chapter addresses how women are portrayed in media and discusses efforts to change the current state of today’s media environment. Specifically, I do the following: (a) briefly summarize the dominant ways women are portrayed in the media (i.e., sexy and skinny); (b) review my research on female athletes and other non-traditional media images of women; (c) describe advocacy efforts (national and grassroots) to address media’s treatment of women, and; (d) discuss how feminist psychological scientists can effect social change.
Critical technocultural discourse analysis

Critical Technocultural Discourse Analysis (CTDA) is a multimodal analytic technique for the investigation of Internet and digital phenomena, artifacts, and culture. It integrates an analysis of th...
Calculation of open and closed system elastic coefficients for multicomponent solids

Thermodynamic equilibrium in multicomponent solids subject to mechanical stresses is a complex nonlinear problem whose exact solution requires extensive computations. A few decades ago, Larch\'e and Cahn proposed a linearized solution of the mechanochemical equilibrium problem by introducing the concept of open system elastic coefficients [Acta Metall. 21, 1051 (1973)]. Using the Ni-Al solid solution as a model system, we demonstrate that open system elastic coefficients can be readily computed by semigrand canonical Monte Carlo simulations in conjunction with the shape fluctuation approach. Such coefficients can be derived from a single simulation run, together with other thermodynamic properties needed for prediction of compositional fields in solid solutions containing defects. The proposed calculation approach enables streamlined solutions of mechanochemical equilibrium problems in complex alloys. Second order corrections to the linear theory are extended to multicomponent systems.
Publication Rates of Podium Presentation Abstracts at the Arthroscopy Association of North America Annual Meetings 2004-2012

Purpose To determine the publication rates of podium presentation abstracts at the Arthroscopy Association of North America (AANA) annual scientific meetings from 2004 to 2012. Methods A database of podium presentation abstracts at the annual meetings of the AANA was compiled. Abstract presentations that reached manuscript publication were determined by a PubMed search of the MEDLINE database and Google Scholar. The journal and publication date were then recorded for all identified published abstracts. Results A total of 658 abstracts were selected for podium presentations at AANA annual meetings from 2004-2012 (range, 53-102 per year). Of these 658 abstracts, 443 (67.3%) went on to eventual publication in peer-reviewed journals. The mean time from the meeting to publication was 20.0 months. Most abstracts were published within 3 years of the meeting (n = 380, 85.8%), with a significant number of published abstracts reaching publication before the time of the meeting (n = 41, 9.3%). Published abstracts were most frequently published in Arthroscopy (n = 186, 42.0%), The American Journal of Sports Medicine (20.3%), and The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (6.1%). Conclusions The overall publication rate of podium presentations at AANA annual meetings (67.3%) was similar to publication rates for other major orthopaedic annual meetings. Most published abstracts (85.8%) were published within 3 years, and the mean time to publication was 20.0 months. Clinical Relevance The rates of publication of podium presentations at AANA annual meetings show the impact and importance of these meetings in the advancement of orthopaedic research.
The association between anatomic site of Candida colonizaton, invasive candidiasis, and mortality in critically ill surgical patients: [Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 55, 293–301, 2006]

The association between anatomic site of Candida colonizaton, invasive candidiasis, and mortality in critically ill surgical patients [Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 55, 293–301, 2006] Shelley S. Magill4, Sandra M. Swoboda, Elizabeth A. Johnson, William G. Merz, Robert K. Pelz, Pamela A. Lipsett, Craig W. Hendrix Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA www.elsevier.com/locate/diagmicrobio
Feruloyl dopamine-O-hexosides are efficient marker compounds as orthogonal validation for authentication of black cohosh (Actaea racemosa)-an UHPLC-HRAM-MS chemometrics study

Due to the complexity and variation of the chemical constituents in authentic black cohosh (Actaea racemosa) and its potential adulterant species, an accurate and feasible method for black cohosh authentication is not easy. A high-resolution accurate mass (HRAM) LC-MS fingerprinting method combined with chemometric approach was employed to discover new marker compounds. Seven hydroxycinnamic acid amide (HCAA) glycosides are proposed as potential marker compounds for differentiation of black cohosh from related species, including two Asian species (A. foetida, A. dahurica) and two American species (A. pachypoda, A. podocarpa). These markers were putatively identified by comparing their mass spectral fragmentation behavior with those of their authentic aglycone compounds and phytochemistry reports. Two isomers of feruloyl methyldopamine 4-O-hexoside ([M + H]+ 506) and one feruloyl tyramine 4-O-hexoside ([M + H]+ 476) contributed significantly to the separation of Asian species in principle component analysis (PCA) score plot. The efficacy of the models built on four reasonable combinations of these markers in differentiating black cohosh and its adulterants were evaluated and validated by partial least-square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Two models based on these reduced dataset achieved 100% accuracy based on the current sample collection, including the model that used only three feruloyl dopamine-O-hexoside isomers ([M + H]+ 492) and one feruloyl dopamine-O-dihexoside ([M + H-hexosyl]+ at m/z 492). Graphical abstract Hydroxycinnamic acid amide glycosides are proposed as potential marker compounds for authentication of black cohosh.
Zwitterionic pyrrolidene-phosphonates: Inhibitors of the glycoside hydrolase-like phosphorylase: Streptomyces coelicolor GlgEI-V279S

We synthesized and evaluated new zwitterionic inhibitors against glycoside hydrolase-like phosphorylase Streptomyces coelicolor (Sco) GlgEI-V279S which plays a role in α-glucan biosynthesis. Sco GlgEI-V279S serves as a model enzyme for validated anti-tuberculosis (TB) target Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) GlgE. Pyrrolidine inhibitors 5 and 6 were designed based on transition state considerations and incorporate a phosphonate on the pyrrolidine moiety to expand the interaction network between the inhibitor and the enzyme active site. Compounds 5 and 6 inhibited Sco GlgEI-V279S with Ki = 45 ± 4 μM and 95 ± 16 μM, respectively, and crystal structures of Sco GlgE-V279S-5 and Sco GlgE-V279S-6 were obtained at a 3.2 A and 2.5 A resolution, respectively.
for colored girls who’ve considered suicide while surviving Post-Traumatic Slavery Syndrome (with acknowledgements to Ntozake Shange and Dr. DeGruy)

In this audio article, the author reViews Ntozake Shange’s groundbreaking work on black girlhood/womanhood, for colored girls who’ve considered suicide when the rainbow is enuf. She briefly provides the personal context through which she interacts with the text for the first and latest time. She expands the narrative of black girlhood/womanhood into the personal by examining the actions of the characters and herself through Dr. DeGruy’s lens of Post-Traumatic Slavery Syndrome. Track 1 provides the narrative context and theoretical framework. Tracks 2 – 5 are the author’s performative responses. Track 6 lists the bibliography, while Track 7 provides a short bio of the author.
THE LEGACY OF THE ANALYTIC HIERARCHY/NETWORK PROCESS

There is no doubt that the Analytic Hierarchy Process is in itself a remarkable contribution to the field of decision making.Â In this paper, I have tried to point out what I consider to be Tom Saatyâ€™s three most important contributions within his Analytic Hierarchy Process: group decision making, conflict resolution and the fundamental equation of pairwise comparisons.Â The third contribution occupied him most of his life in an attempt to connect pairwise comparisons with brain activity related to cognitive processes.Â Â https://doi.org/10.13033/ijahp.v9i3.541
Temperature Robust Longwave Infrared Hyperspectral Change Detection

In this paper, we develop and evaluate change detection algorithms for longwave infrared (LWIR) hyperspectral imagery. Because measured radiance in the LWIR domain depends on unknown surface temperature, care must be taken to prevent false alarms resulting from in-scene temperature differences that appear as material changes. We consider two strategies to mitigate this effect. In the first, pre-processing via traditional temperature-emissivity separation (TES) yields approximately temperature-invariant emissivity vectors for use in change detection. In the second, we adopt a minimax approach that minimizes the maximal spectral deviation between measurements. While more computationally demanding, the second approach eliminates spectral density assumptions in traditional TES and provides superior change detection performance. Examples on synthetic and measured data quantify computational complexity and detection performance.
T-lymphocyte activation by immunogenic determinants.

Synthetic antigens have been of great value in elucidating the relationships between antigen structure and lymphocyte activation. The compound RAT behaves as a monofunctional antigen in guinea pigs and mice, inducing T-lymphocyte responses without appreciable circulating antibody, although the ABA-specific B cell population is expanded by immunization with the monovalent molecule. On the other hand, bifunctional antigens composed of one RAT moiety serving as a carrier and a second chemical group, either identical to or different from RAT, serving as a hapten,induced antibody responses. In such responses, T cell specificity was always directed against the RAT component. Using symmetrical bifunctional antigens with rigid or flexible spacers between the two determinants, marked differences in structural requirements for cell triggering, assessed by antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation, and for cell cooperation, determined by antibody formation, were found. Rigidly spaced bifunctional antigens serve admirably for cooperation but poorly for T cell activation, underscoring the advantage of two-point binding for the latter.
Using Adobe Connect to Connect with Dairy Producers

From 2007 through 2009, ISU dairy extension programming has successfully experimented with using Adobe Connect to connect with Dairy Producers.
A NEW SENSITIVE RADIOENZYMATIC-HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR THE ANALYSIS OF PLASMA CATECHOLAMINES

ABSTRACT Plasma (50μl) is incubated with Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and 3 H-S-adenosyl-L-methionine ( 3 H-SAM). The 3–0-methylated derivatives of norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), and dopamine (DA) are purified by extraction and separated by reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The fraction corresponding to the peak of each derivative is collected and assayed radiometrically. The concentrations of NE, E, and DA in eight normal subjects were 148±23.1, 44±7.1 and 33±4.7 pg/ml, respectively.
Set Point Theory and Public Policy

Set point theory implies that government policy interventions have no lasting effect on people’s happiness. Cross-section and time series studies presented here belie this proposition. Life satisfaction is currently higher in European countries with public policies that provide more generous benefits for those who have lost jobs, with active labor market measures that facilitate returning to work, and where fiscal and monetary policies result in lower unemployment. In China between 1990 and 2010, despite a remarkable quadrupling of people’s real incomes, life satisfaction failed to increase and arguably declined as full employment and safety net policies were abandoned. Contrary to set point theory, the evidence is that employment policies are of major importance for people’s happiness.
Device quality low temperature gate oxide growth using electron cyclotron resonance plasma oxidation of silicon

According to Moore’s Law, which has been true so far, transistors density on a chip area doubles every two years. This increase in number of transistors requires reduced device dimensions or to say scaling by a factor of ~0.7. As the device dimensions are shrinking, high temperature processes used in CMOS device fabrication, e.g. thermal oxidation of silicon to grow gate oxide, are becoming incompatible with CMOS processing. High temperature processes could change the impurity profile in Si, produce stresses on Si wafer, and also result in high thermal budget. In the past, many attempts have been made to reduce the oxidation temperature of Si by using high pressures of oxidizing gases, rapid thermal oxidation process, and plasma-assisted oxidation. In all these processes, plasma-assisted oxidation process, because of possible low processing temperatures, has gained considerable attention. However devices using plasma oxide have suffered with low oxidation rates, high interface defect density, plasma-induced damage and reliability issue. This thesis presents the successful development of low temperature (~100C) silicon dioxide, which can be reliably used as a gate oxide in CMOS processing. Silicon dioxide was grown using an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma of oxygen/helium gaseous mixture. For the first time, MOSFET devices were fabricated using ECR plasma grown silicon dioxide as the gate oxide. Hot carrier induced (HCI) channel degradation of this gate oxide was studied and compared with thermally grown gate oxide. It was found that the high temperature annealing of ECR oxide improves channel resistance to HCI degradation. In order to reduce the interface defect density and lower the processing temperature fluorine was added to the ECR plasma oxidation process. Small amount of fluorine gas in O2/He plasma was found to enhance the oxidation rate significantly and lower the defect density by an order of magnitude. Most importantly, fluorine incorporated ECR oxide grown
A previously unnoticed vascular trait of the middle ear suggests that a cranial heat-exchange structure contributed to the radiation of cold-adapted songbirds

Passeriform birds exhibit previously unreported differences in the course of the arteria ophthalmica externa in the middle ear, which can easily be traced through examination of the involved osseous structures. In the Suboscines and most of the Oscines outside the clade Passerida, the arteria ophthalmica externa runs in the same osseous canal as the vena ophthalmica externa, which is the plesiomorphic condition that is also found in non-passeriform birds. In all Muscicapoidea, Passeroidea, and Certhioidea, as well as in several other taxa of the Passerida and a few songbirds outside this clade, however, the arteria ophthalmica externa is enclosed in its own canal and is widely separated from the vena ophthalmica externa. This derived vascular trait constitutes the first morphological apomorphy of a major subclade of the Passerida and is likely to be of physiological significance. The ophthalmic artery supplies the rete ophthalmicum, which serves as a heat-exchange structure and regulates the brain and eye temperature. The derived course of the arteria ophthalmica externa is here interpreted as an adaptation towards the minimization of heat loss of the arterial blood before it reaches the eye and the brain. The derived state predominantly occurs in taxa that occur in cool climates and may constitute a critical trait enabling the all-season occurrence of songbirds in far northern latitudes.
Productive features of problem solving in chemical kinetics: more than just algorithmic manipulation of variables

Problem solving is a critical feature of highly quantitative physical science topics, such as chemical kinetics. In order to solve a problem, students must cue into relevant features, ignore irrelevant features, and choose among potential problem-solving approaches. However, what is considered appropriate or productive for problem solving is highly context-dependent. This study is part of a larger project centered on students’ integration of chemistry and mathematics knowledge and skills. The data for this study came from semi-structured interviews with 40 general chemistry students using a think-aloud protocol. Interview prompts involved students working through two chemical kinetics problems, one involving a second-order system and one involving a zero-order system. In both cases, students could solve the problem using the data provided and relevant equations, or by taking a conceptual approach and considering the relationship between quantities. Using the resource-based model of cognition as our theoretical framework, analysis focused on characterizing the productive and unproductive problem-solving routes used by students. Findings emphasize the role of using conceptual reasoning and reflecting on one's work during problem solving, which have implications for instructors as they guide students to think about chemical kinetics and to solve problems across quantitative topics in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.
A simple eye model for practicing indirect ophthalmoscopy and retinal laser photocoagulation.

Purpose To describe a simple and inexpensive model eye that allows lifelike simulation of indirect ophthalmoscopy and retinal photocoagulation. Methods A 60 D examination lens, a bulb syringe, foam poster-board, a manila folder, a hobby knife, a fine pair of scissors, a glue gun, and a 2.5 cm square Optos color fundus photograph printed at 1200 dpi resolution on glossy photographic paper were used to create a model eye. Results This model produces a high-quality, inverted, and aerial image that closely simulates clinical indirect ophthalmoscopy. Pupil size and retinal pathology can be easily changed. Binocular indirect laser photocoagulation can also be simulated, because white laser burns will appear on the glossy inkjet photograph. Conclusions Binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy and indirect laser photocoagulation are technically challenging diagnostic and therapeutic techniques. This simple and easy-to-build eye model allows for lifelike simulation of indirect ophthalmoscopy and indirect laser retinal photocoagulation.
40 Años de la Declaración de Alma Ata. Semblanza histórica del desempeño de Trabajo Social en la Atención Primaria de Salud chilena

This article commemorates the 40th anniversary of the Declaration of the International Conference on Primary Health Care, held at Alma Ata-USSR in 1978, an international agreement that transformed health care from a formal level of attention to a national development strategy. Its original purpose was to provide specialized guidelines aimed at ensuring Health for All in allregions of the world by the year 2000. Within this framework, and using the Alma Ata Declaration as a core reference, this article presents a historical semblance to review the background of the Chilean primary healthcare system from the birth of the Republic to present day, and shedding light on the professional contributions made by Social Work within the framework of the country’s healthcare system.
Taking N → 0 with S Matrices

Interesting physical results can be obtained from sigma models by taking the number of fields N to zero. I discuss how one can make sense of this limit by using exact S matrix techniques. I review how this can be done for the case of self-avoiding polymers, and speculate on the application to the replica limit of disordered systems.
Highly Sensitive Screen Printed Strain Gauge for Micro-Strain Detection

In this paper a flexible and stretchable strain gauge was screen printed and tested for micro-strain detection. The strain gauge was fabricated by screen printing carbon ink on thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) substrate and then encapsulated for protection from the effect of temperature and humidity. The strain gauge was bonded on to aluminium beams and the electromechanical response of the sensor was investigated by applying different loads. Resistance changes varying from 0.3 kΩ to 5.9 kΩ were observed as the loads were varied from 0.2 kg to 1.8 kg, with corresponding calculated gauge factors ranging from ~10 to ~20. The results demonstrate that the screen-printed strain gauge is highly sensitive and can be utilized for micro-strain (µƐ) detection. The response of the fabricated strain gauge as a function of resistance is investigated and presented in this paper.
Colonic bacterial composition is sex-specific in aged CD-1 mice fed diets varying in fat quality

Evidence suggests that sex influences the effect of diet on the gut bacterial composition, yet, no studies have been performed assessing dietary fatty acid composition (i.e., fat quality) in this context. This study examined the effect of dietary fat quality on colonic bacterial composition in an aged, genetically-diverse mouse population. CD-1 mice were fed isoenergetic diets consisting of (1) control fat (CO; “Western-style” fat blend), (2) CO supplemented with 30% fish oil, (3) CO supplemented with 30% dairy fat, or (4) CO supplemented with 30% echium oil. Fecal samples were collected at mid-life and aged (reproductively senescent) time points. Overall, the abundance of Bacteroidetes was greater in mice fed echium oil compared to mice fed the control fat. Examination of colonic bacterial relative abundance also revealed sex differences, with 73 bacterial taxa being differentially expressed in males and females. Notably, results showed a strong interactive effect among the diet, sex, and age of mice which influenced colonic bacterial relative abundance and alpha diversity. In males, supplementation of the diet with dairy fat or echium oil caused the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Bacteroides to change with age. Additionally, supplementation of the diet with fish oil induced sex-dependent changes in the alpha diversity of aged mice compared to mid-life. This work supports that sex is a critical factor in colonic bacterial composition of an aged, genetically-heterogenous population. Moreover, this study establishes that the effectiveness of dietary interventions for health maintenance and disease prevention via direct or indirect manipulation of the gut microbiota is likely dependent on an individual’s sex, age, and genetic background.
Alcohol Makes Its Epigenetic Marks.

The toxic effects of alcohol consumption are dependent upon its metabolism in the liver to downstream metabolites: acetaldehyde, acetate, and acetyl-CoA. Recently, in Nature, Mews et al. (2019) have discovered that acetyl-CoA derived from alcohol plays an important epigenetic role in regulating ethanol's effects on the brain through histone acetylation.
DOUBLE TROUBLE: CARDIOGENIC SHOCK SECONDARY TO SEVERE AORTIC VALVE INSUFFICIENCY ACROSS A BICUSPID VALVE AND SEVERE MITRAL VALVE REGURGITATION

Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is a common congenital defect. This is a unique case of a patient with concomitant severe aortic regurgitation across a BAV and severe mitral regurgitation, presenting in shock. 55-year-old male with known BAV but no follow-up for 6 years, presented with two days of
Hazard of Cervical, Oropharyngeal, and Anal Cancers in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected Medicaid Beneficiaries

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus–infected (HIV+) individuals are disproportionately at risk for human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancers, but the magnitude of risk estimates varies widely. We conducted a retrospective study using a large U.S.-based cohort to describe the relationship between HIV infection and incident cervical, oropharyngeal, and anal cancers. Methods: Using 2001–2012 U.S. Medicaid data from 14 states, we matched one HIV+ to three HIV-uninfected (HIV−) enrollees on sex, race, state, age, and year, and followed persons for up to 10 years. We developed Cox proportional hazards models comparing HIV+ to HIV− for time to cancer diagnosis adjusted for demographic and comorbidity attributes. Results: Our cohorts included 443,592 women for the cervical cancer analysis, and 907,348 and 906,616 persons for the oropharyngeal and anal cancer analyses. The cervical cancer cohort had a mean age of 39 years and was 55% Black. The oropharyngeal and anal cancer cohorts were 50% male, had a mean age of 41 years, and were 51% Black. We estimated the following HRs: cervical cancer, 3.27 [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.82–3.80]; oropharyngeal cancer, 1.90 (95% CI, 1.62–2.23; both sexes), 1.69 (95% CI, 1.39–2.04; males), and 2.55 (95% CI, 1.86–3.50; females); and anal cancer, 18.42 (95% CI, 14.65–23.16; both sexes), 20.73 (95% CI, 15.60–27.56; males), and 12.88 (95% CI, 8.69–19.07; females). Conclusions: HIV+ persons were at an elevated risk for HPV-associated cancers, especially anal cancer. Impact: Medicaid claims data corroborate previous estimates based on registries and clinical cohorts.
Features of COVID-19 post-infectious cytokine release syndrome in children presenting to the emergency department.

The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has not appeared to affect children as severely as adults. However, approximately 1 month after the COVID-19 peak in New York City in April 2020, cases of children with prolonged fevers abruptly developing inflammatory shock-like states have been reported in Western Europe and the United States. This case series describes four previously healthy children with COVID-19 infection confirmed by serologic antibody testing, but negative by nasopharyngeal RT-PCR swab, presenting to the Pediatric Emergency Department (PED) with prolonged fever (5 or more days) and abrupt onset of hemodynamic instability with elevated serologic inflammatory markers and cytokine levels (IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α). Emergency physicians must maintain a high clinical suspicion for this COVID-19 associated post-infectious cytokine release syndrome, with features that overlap with Kawasaki Disease (KD) and Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) in children with recent or current COVID-19 infection, as patients can decompensate quickly.
Evaluation of Postoperative Functional Health Status Decline Among Older Adults.

Importance Functional outcomes have value for older adults who undergo surgical procedures. Preventing postoperative functional decline in this patient population necessitates the identification of the factors associated with this outcome and minimizing their implications. Objectives To assess the prevalence of functional decline 30 days after a surgical procedure among older adults 80 years or older, examine the risk factors of this decline, and identify ways to minimize this decline by addressing its mutable factors. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study used patient data from the Geriatric Surgery Pilot Project, a multi-institutional data registry of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Inclusion criteria were patients 80 years or older who underwent a surgical procedure that required an inpatient stay at 1 of 23 hospitals enrolled in the Geriatric Surgery Pilot Project from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2018, and had preoperative and postoperative functional health status data. Data analysis was performed from January 7, 2019, to December 2, 2019. Exposures Adults 80 years or older who underwent an inpatient surgical procedure. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative functional decline defined by a change in functional health status from admission or before the surgical procedure (ie, from independent to partially or totally dependent, or from partially dependent to totally dependent). Functional health status was measured by a patient’s ability to perform activities of daily living. Secondary outcomes were hospital readmission and 30-day postoperative living location. Results Of the 2013 patients analyzed in this study, 1128 were women (56.0%) and the mean (SD) age was 84.9 (3.9) years. Functional decline at 30 days after the surgical procedure was present in 406 patients (20.2%). Prevalence of this outcome increased with age, with 337 of 1751 patients aged 80 to 89 years (19.2%) experiencing decline compared with 69 of 262 patients 90 years or older (26.3%). In a risk-adjusted model, the geriatric-specific risk factors statistically significantly associated with this outcome included preoperative mobility aid use (odds ratio [OR] 1.76; 95% CI, 1.39-2.22;P Conclusions and Relevance In this study, 1 in 5 older adults experienced a functional decline that persisted 30 days after a surgical procedure, an outcome that appeared to be associated with several geriatric-specific risk factors. Future trials are needed to evaluate whether the prevention or mitigation of these factors can decrease the rates of postoperative functional decline in this patient population.
Disentangling Mental Illness Labeling Effects from Treatment Effects on Well-Being:

The emerging field of Mad Studies has returned attention to deficiencies of the medical model, refocusing scholars on social causes of mental health problems and on consumers’/survivors’ experience...