cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring teachers’ and students’ gender role bias and students’ confidence in STEM fields

There is a shortfall of girls and women pursuing STEM disciplines, a deficit that may be partially attributed to subtle forms of bias that are tied to traditional gender role stereotypes. The current study examined these subtle biases in high school teachers and students in two ways: by asking teachers and students to attribute masculine and feminine traits to the typical scientist or humanities professional, and by inquiring about the academic performance assumed of boys and girls. In addition, students were surveyed about their own self-efficacy in math and science courses and gender-balanced teaching initiatives present in the classroom. Results showed that teachers and students exhibited subtle bias by attributing more masculine characteristics to a scientist and feminine characteristics to the humanities. Teachers and students also reported their belief that boys tend to perform better than girls in STEM disciplines. Finally, our results echoed previous literature examining self-efficacy discrepancies for girls in math and science classes, and indicated a lack of gender-balanced teaching initiatives in math and science classes. These results have broad implications for the lack of women in STEM disciplines, and they also reveal a potential means of classroom intervention to help counteract these subtle forms of bias.
Cost Analysis of Channeled, Distal Chip Laryngoscope for In-office Laryngopharyngeal Biopsies

Summary Objective Given that financial considerations play an increasingly prominent role in clinical decision-making, we sought (1) to determine the cost-effectiveness of in-office biopsy for the patient, the provider, and the health-care system, and (2) to determine the diagnostic accuracy of in-office biopsy. Study Design Retrospective, financial analyses were performed. Methods Patients who underwent in-office (Current Procedural Terminology Code 31576) or operative biopsy (CPT Code 31535) for laryngopharyngeal lesions were included. Two financial analyses were performed: (1) the average cost of operating room (OR) versus in-office biopsy was calculated, and (2) a break-even analysis was calculated to determine the cost-effectiveness of in-office biopsy for the provider. In addition, the diagnostic accuracy of in-office biopsies and need for additional biopsies or procedures was recorded. Results Of the 48 patients included in the current study, 28 underwent in-office biopsy. A pathologic sample was obtained in 26 of 28 (92.9%) biopsies performed in the office. Of these patients, 16 avoided subsequent OR procedures. The average per patient cost was $7000 and $11,000 for in-office and OR biopsy, respectively. Break-even analysis demonstrated that the provider could achieve a profit 2 years after purchase of the necessary equipment. Conclusion In-office laryngopharyngeal biopsies are accurate and, overall, more cost-effective than OR biopsies. Purchase of the channeled, distal chip laryngoscope and biopsy forceps to perform in-office biopsies can be profitable for a provider with a videolaryngoscopy tower. In-office biopsy should be considered the initial diagnostic tool for suspected laryngopharyngeal malignancies noted on videolaryngoscopy.
A History of the Ottoman Empire

Covering the full history of the Ottoman Empire, from its genesis in post-Mongol Eurasia to its dissolution after the Great War in Europe, this textbook takes a holistic approach, considering the Ottoman worldview - what it was, how it came together, and how it fell apart. Douglas A. Howard stresses the crucial role of the Ottoman sultans and their extended household, discusses the evolution of the empire's fiscal model, and analyzes favorite works of Ottoman literature, emphasizing spirituality, the awareness of space and time, and emotions, migration, violence, disease, and disaster. Following how people spent their time, their attitudes towards authority, how they made their money, and their sense of humor and sense of beauty, this illustrated textbook is an essential resource for graduate and advanced undergraduate, courses on the history of the Ottoman Empire, the Middle East, Islamic history, and the history of Eastern Europe. The book includes over eighty illustrations, maps and textboxes.
Excitation Modulation of Upconversion Nanoparticles for Switch-like Control of Ultraviolet Luminescence

The ability to control ultraviolet (UV) luminescence intensity in a switch-like manner is demonstrated through the use of 980 nm excitation pulse-width modulation in NaYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+ upconversion nanoparticles (UNPs). Varying the ytterbium doping resulted in a single order of magnitude improvement of UV luminescence intensity. The excitation pulse-width modulation technique applied to these optimized UNPs enables 3 orders of magnitude control over UV luminescence intensity while maintaining NIR luminescence emission at 800 nm. Controlled in the switch-like manner, these UNPs can transfer their UV energy to 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA). Independent control of NIR luminescence and UV energy transfer through NIR excitation modulation may find applications in the development of multifunctional theranostic systems.
Use of Virtual Surgical Planning as an Adjunct for Enucleation of Multiple Recurrent Odontogenic Keratocysts: Case Report

This case report describes an interesting use of virtual surgical planning to fabricate tooth-borne cutting guides to assist in localization and enucleation of multiple recurrent odontogenic keratocysts close to the inferior alveolar nerve. The 3-dimensional models generated and cutting guides increased the accuracy and precision of the procedure and decreased surgical time and potential patient morbidity.
On efficient virtual network function chaining in NFV-based telecommunications networks

Network function virtualization enables the softwarization of network functions on standardized commodity hardware, which is promising to help the network carriers to achieve a lower investment cost, a shorter time to deployment, as well as a more flexible and dynamic way of network configuration and management. One of the key challenges is how to efficiently place and chain the software-based virtual network functions in the physical substrate to provision the requested network service while minimizing the physical network cost. In this paper, we mathematically formulate the virtual network function chaining problem using Integer Linear Programming (ILP), in order to facilitate an optimal solution. We propose a set of centralized algorithms to efficiently minimize the physical network cost. The proposed Close To Destination (CTD) algorithm can achieve a near-optimal physical network cost that is close to the optimal result obtained from the ILP solution, but with a very low computational complexity. In addition, we propose a distributed algorithm, called Look Ahead (LA), which plans ahead and jointly considers multiple next-hops VNF requirements to facilitate an efficient VNF chain forwarding decision. Comprehensive simulations are conducted to evaluate the proposed approaches, and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed CTD algorithm and the distributed LA algorithm.
The Molecular and Biochemical Basis of Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome

Mutations in the PITX2 homeobox gene are associated with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS) and provided the first link of this transcription factor to tooth, eye, heart, and pituitary development. We are investigating the molecular basis of developmental anomalies associated with human PITX2 mutations. PITX2 mutant proteins exhibit a variety of transcriptional defects including, instability, decreased DNA binding activity, DNA binding without transcriptional activation, phosphorylation defects, increased transcriptional and dominant negative activities. ARS is a haploinsufficiency disorder and because PITX2 proteins can dimerize the effects of the PITX2 mutations can cause heterogeneous developmental anomalies in these patients. FOXC1 is a member of the Forkhead Box transcription factor family that play key roles in development, including morphogenesis and cell fate specification. FOXC1 mutations are associated with ARS and Axenfeld-Rieger Anomaly (ARA) that result in a spectrum of glaucoma phenotypes in humans. Missence mutations in the FOXC1 forkhead domain result in impaired DNA binding and reduced transactivation of target genes. Pax6 is a paired-like homeobox gene and recently a mutation in this transcription factor has been linked to Rieger syndrome. This report will summarize the molecular/biochemical mechanism of these developmental transcription factors and how they correlate with the clinical manifestations of ARS and ARA.
Self-Organization in Leadership Emergence

The dynamics associated with emergent leadership in creative problems solving groups were examined. Contrary to common measurement practice, the frequency distribution of leadership behavior in group was hypothesized to conform to a multimodal exponential probability density function, which was thought to characterize self-organizational processess of the rugged landscape variety. Participants were 140 adults, who were organized into groups of 7-9 players for a group problem solving exercise that began without an appointed leader. Ratings of leadership behavior by each player for each fellow player revealed that clear leaders did emerge, reflecting a form of self-organization within the group. Analysis showed that the obtained frequency distribution was a complex function generated by a swallowtail catastrophe dynamic.
Behavior-based assessment of thermal requirements of piglets from birth to weaning

A one-year field study compared the conventional 25OWIR heat lamp with an energy-efficient 175W radiant heat lamp for swine farrowing operations. The energy-efficient heat lamp showed a $36 armual cash savings per unit (assuming SO.lO/kWh electricity); a 1.2% absolute reduction in piglet mortality from birth to weaning (5.0±0.28% v^. 6.2±0.44%) (P 0.05). The possible benefits of using the energy-efficient heat lamp include an annnal energy savings of $5,400 and 284 more weaned pigs for a 1,000-sow farrowing operation. The study also revealed circadian patterns of thermoregulatory behavior of the piglets, i.e., higher heat lamp usage during the day and lower at night. Both the frequency and the magnitude of heat lamp usage seemed to depend on heat lamp size and piglet age. Particularly, piglets spent more time under the 175W heat lamp than under the 250W heat lamp, although visits to the heat lamps decreased lamp with piglet age in both instances. The results suggest that to accommodate the progressively decreasing thermal needs of the piglets, a variable-output heat lamp would
Plebiscite Deliberations: Self-Determination & Deliberative Democracy in Guam

In 2015, Guahan (Guam), an unincorporated territory of the United States, could hold a plebiscite to determine its political status. This self-determination plebiscite will give the electorate the opportunity to deliberate on one of three internationally recognized political plans for the future: Statehood, Independence or Free Association. This monumental event has received little attention in the United States, with little media coverage appearing despite the recent self-determination plebiscites held around the world (e.g., Puerto Rico and the Falkland Islands). Nonetheless, the U.S. has a large stake in this election process. The people of Guahan are U.S. citizens, yet are simultaneously denied full voting rights in U.S. presidential elections. Thus, the opportunities for political participation on Guahan are based upon a dependent relationship with the U.S. Moments of political participation in Guahan occur primarily through actions that both depend upon and reinforce communicative channels directed against the U.S. nation-state. The phenomenon of political dependency creates a complex situation for public deliberation amongst the Guahan electorate. Even in Guahan there is much confusion, contradiction, and deliberation concerning plebiscite eligibility and the ballot initiatives on the political status options. Thus, we propose a process of public deliberation, facilitated through educational programming, to analyze the arguments for each plebiscite plan and encourage even wider public deliberation. Drawing from a rich international tradition of school debate and deliberative voting guide reforms, we develop a detailed proposal aimed at both increasing voter education and turnout in the Pacific. Our proposal also stresses the pressing need for more communication scholarship on the political connections between the U.S. and Guahan.
Optimization of Fed-Batch Mammalian Cell Culture Processes

Fed-batch cultures of hybridoma cells in a serum free medium were carried out in a computer controlled bioreactor. Oxygen uptake rate (OUR) and base addition for controlling pH were employed to calculate key physiologically related variables. Using established stoichiometric relationships between measured variables and the physiological demand we were able to sustain optimal cell growth by feeding salt free concentrated medium while also maintaining glucose at a prescribed range. A reduced lactic acid production and glucose consumption were observed A high cell concentration with a very high viability was achieved through the prolongation of exponential growth stage. The results demonstrate the potential benefit of on-line instrumentation and control in mammalian cell culture.
Substance use is independently associated with pneumonia severity in persons living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

AbstractBackground: Pneumonia is common in persons living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLWH). Alcohol, cocaine, and marijuana impact pneumonia pathogenesis. We hypothesized that sub...
Fundamentals of Innovation Policy for Growth and Development

This book deals with technology and innovation and their relationship to economic growth. The emphasis is on policy rather than the underlying economics and the book is designed to be accessible to readers who lack a foundation in economics beyond the principles of the subject. This chapter begins with a short discussion of the models of economic growth to provide a foundation for understanding how economists view, from a macro-economic perspective, the role that technology and innovation play in the economic growth process. We will then proceed to a more micro-level discussion, beginning with the creation of new technologies (invention), and their commercialization (innovation) and spread (diffusion) across the economy. We then return to the macro-economic level with a discussion of the relationship between technology and international economic competitiveness.
Rapid Real-time Tracking of Nonpharmaceutical Interventions and Their Association With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Positivity: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic Pulse Study.

BACKGROUND: Current mitigation strategies for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rely on the population-wide adoption of nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). Monitoring the adoption of NPIs and their associations with SARS-CoV-2 infection history can provide key information for public health. METHODS: We sampled 1030 individuals in Maryland from 17-28 June 2020 to capture sociodemographically and geographically resolved information about NPI adoption and access to SARS-CoV-2 testing, and examine associations with self-reported SARS-CoV-2 positivity. RESULTS: Overall, 92% reported traveling for essential services and 66% visited friends/family. Use of public transport was reported by 18%. In total, 68% reported strict social distancing indoors and 53% reported strict masking indoors; indoor social distancing was significantly associated with age, and race/ethnicity and income were associated with masking. Overall, 55 participants (5.3%) self-reported ever testing positive for SARS-CoV-2, with strong dose-response relationships between several forms of movement frequency and SARS-CoV-2 positivity. In a multivariable analysis, a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection was negatively associated with strict social distancing (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] for outdoor social distancing, 0.10; 95% confidence interval, .03-.33). Only public transport use (aOR forâ >7 times vs never, 4.3) and visiting a place of worship (aOR forâ ≥3 times vs never, 16.0) remained significantly associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection after adjusting for strict social distancing and demographics. CONCLUSIONS: These results support public health messaging that strict social distancing during most activities can reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Additional considerations are needed for indoor activities with large numbers of persons (places of worship and public transportation), where even NPIs may not be possible or sufficient.
The patient with irritable bowel syndrome-type symptoms: when to investigate and how?

Purpose of review Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a very common disorder whose clinical presentation varies considerably between patients as well as within the same individual over time. Many of its symptoms, such as pain, diarrhea, constipation and bloating, may be manifestations of a host of other gastrointestinal diseases; some accompanied by increased mortality. This presents the clinician with a real dilemma: how to sensibly investigate the patient in which one suspects IBS but there is a nagging doubt that 'it could be something else'? Could one miss 'something serious'? This short review attempts to provide both an evidence-based response to these vexing questions and a practical guide to detecting alternative diagnoses in the subject with IBS-type symptoms. Recent findings Clinical features, patient demographics and the clinical context can help to significantly narrow the differential diagnosis of the individual with IBS-type symptoms and may permit a positive diagnosis of IBS. The advent of noninvasive serological and stool tests has greatly facilitated differentiation from celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease, respectively. In the older, female diarrhea sufferer microscopic colitis should be considered. The role of bile acid diarrhea in the individual with diarrhea-predominant IBS is emphasized; the status of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in IBS remain uncertain. Summary Attention to detail in the clinical evaluation of the individual with IBS-like symptoms will facilitate a selective and targeted approach to investigation. Wherever indicated, widely available serological and fecal tests will serve to bolster the diagnosis by excluding other options. Proceeding to more invasive testing should be dictated by clinical presentation and scenario with the threshold for intervention being generally lower among those with prominent diarrhea.
Traumatic lumbar spine fractures: Transverse process fractures dominate.

Abstract Purpose With motor vehicle collisions (MVC) predominating as a source of trauma now, we sought to 1) reassess the types of traumatic lumbar spine fractures, 2) highlight the coincidence of transverse process fractures (TPF) with visceral injuries and 3) emphasize the difference in management between compression fracture (CF) and TPF. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the reports of lumbar spine and abdominopelvic CT scans from 2017 and 2018 to classify the types of spine fractures, their mechanism of injury, treatment and coexistence of abdominopelvic injuries. Results 2.2% of patients had posttraumatic lumbar spine fractures (113/5229), including 58 patients (51.3%) with isolated TPF and 42 (37.2%) with isolated CF; 13 patients had mixed types. TPF accounted for 70% of all fractures (195/277) as opposed to 24% for CF (67/277). MVC was responsible for 60.3% (35/58) of TPF but falls accounted for 73.8% (31/42) of CF. The odds ratio of having isolated TPF from MVC was 4.1[1.8–9.0] versus CF after a fall from standing was 4.5[2.0–10.5]. Of patients with both visceral injuries and lumbar spine fractures, 75% (27/36) had isolated TPF (odds ratio of visceral injury with TPF was 4.4[1.8–10.7]). No TPF were treated with an intervention, however 77% (40/52) of CF were addressed surgically or with braces. Conclusion TPF are the most common lumbar spine fractures and are often associated with MVC. There is a high association between TPF and abdominopelvic visceral injury requiring radiologists' attentiveness even though the TPF is not directly addressed.
A cyclic peptide inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease.

This paper presents the design and study of a first-in-class cyclic peptide inhibitor against the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro). The cyclic peptide inhibitor is designed to mimic the conformation of a substrate at a C-terminal autolytic cleavage site of Mpro. The cyclic peptide contains a [4-(2-aminoethyl)phenyl]-acetic acid (AEPA) linker that is designed to enforce a conformation that mimics a peptide substrate of Mpro. In vitro evaluation of the cyclic peptide inhibitor reveals that the inhibitor exhibits modest activity against Mpro and does not appear to be cleaved by the enzyme. Conformational searching predicts that the cyclic peptide inhibitor is fairly rigid, adopting a favorable conformation for binding to the active site of Mpro. Computational docking to the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro suggests that the cyclic peptide inhibitor can bind the active site of Mpro in the predicted manner. Molecular dynamics simulations provide further insights into how the cyclic peptide inhibitor may bind the active site of Mpro. Although the activity of the cyclic peptide inhibitor is modest, its design and study lays the groundwork for the development of additional cyclic peptide inhibitors against Mpro with improved activities.
Functional Gains Using Radial and Combined Shockwave Therapy in the Management of Achilles Tendinopathy.

ABSTRACT Achilles tendinopathy is a common condition and many patients have functional limitations after initial conservative treatment. Shockwave therapy has been shown to improve function within patients; however, comparative outcomes for different forms of shockwave are poorly described. In this retrospective cohort study, we describe findings from a quality improvement initiative evaluating safety and functional outcomes after treatment with radial shockwave therapy (n = 58) or combined radial and focused shockwave therapy (n = 29) for patients with Achilles tendinopathy refractory to exercise therapy. All patients were prescribed an eccentric exercise program. We hypothesized both groups would see improvements in function quantified using the Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment-Achilles with similar safety outcomes. Overall, the minimal clinically important difference (defined at 7 for insertional and 12 for noninsertional Achilles tendinopathy) was met in a greater proportion of patients treated with combined shockwave compared to radial shockwave (26 [89.7%] vs 37 [63.8%], p = .022). The change in Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment-Achilles from baseline to final treatment was not different between combined and radial-only groups (23.3 ± 12.6 vs 19.9 ± 18.7, p = .2). Within group differences from baseline to final follow-up measures (mean duration 17.9 ± 14.8 weeks) demonstrated overall functional improvement for both groups (both p
Towards Reducing Risk of Injury in Nursing: Design and Analysis of a New Passive Exoskeleton for Torso Twist Assist:

Nursing is among the most physically challenging occupations and involves intensive lifting activities often including twisting of torso while performing tasks such as patient handling. Frequent an...
Advancing the Personalization of Assessment and Intervention in Autistic Adolescents and Young Adults by Targeting Self-Determination and Executive Processes

As autistic adolescents and young adults navigate the transition to adulthood, there is a need to partner with them to identify strengths and needed supports to enable goal-directed actions. This a...
Firearm injuries associated with law enforcement activity.

Abstract Background Law enforcement activity can involve firearms, and either a civilian or the law enforcement officer can be injured. It was the purpose of this study to characterize the injuries and demographics associated with law enforcement firearm activity across the entire US using a national data base. Methods Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research Firearm Injury Surveillance Study data 1993–2015 was used. Law enforcement involvement and other demographic variables were ascertained. Statistical analyses were performed accounting for the weighted, stratified nature of the data. P Results There were an estimated 2,667,896 ED visits for injuries due to firearms; 1.7% (45,497) were associated with law enforcement. Those involved with law enforcement were older (33.2 vs 29.8 years), a handgun was more commonly involved (80.3 vs 71.5%), male (90.7 vs 86.8%), White (52.9 vs 37.2%), had more upper trunk injuries (25.2 vs 16.2%), fewer lower extremity (15.1% vs 25.9%) injuries, and more fatalities (10.0 vs. 6.2%). An argument, crime, fight and drug involvement were all greater in the law enforcement group. Within the law enforcement group, when the injured patient was the civilian and not the officer, the patient was more commonly Black, male, sustained more trunk injuries, fewer extremity injuries, and more frequently admitted to the hospital. The civilian group had fewer upper extremity (11.7% vs 29.7%), lower extremity (12.2% vs 23.7%) and lower trunk injuries (14.6% vs 8.0%), more upper trunk injuries (31.3% vs 7.8%, and similar proportion of head/neck injuries (31.5% vs 30.7%) compared to the officer group. More females were injured in the officer group (16.9% vs 7.5%). The fatality rate was 12.6% for the civilian group and 3.0% for the officer group. There were no differences by race in disposition from the ED (released, admitted, death) for those who sustained injuries by the officer. Conclusions Firearm injuries due to law enforcement activity occurred in 1.7% of all ED visits for injuries due to firearms. The law enforcement officer was the injured patient in 23% of the events. This study spanning nearly a quarter of a century of data for injuries due to firearm activity resulting in ED visits is baseline data for future studies, especially in the present setting of calls for police reform within the US. This will be important when analyzing the effect of new programs in law enforcement training and/or police reform.
Realization and Constitution

Since the rise of non-reductive physicalism much talk has been made of mental phenomena being realized by physical phenomena. Can the idea that mentality is physically realized adequately explain how one can remain faithful to physicalism while denying that mental properties are physical? It is argued here that the answer is negative. The basic idea of realization is reviewed, followed by a discussion of Melnyk’s rigorous formulation of the notion. Shoemaker’s subset account of realization is also discussed, along with the type of physical realization Pereboom calls “material constitution.” It is shown that on any of these accounts of realization, the view that the mental is realized by the physical fails to capture the content of physicalism, and therefore none of these accounts of realization reveals how to capture the content of physicalism without the view that mental properties are physical.
Modeling TGF-mediated flow dynamics in a system of three coupled nephrons.

SUMMARY This paper focuses on a mathematical model of a system of three closely coupled nephrons and accompanying analytical and computational analysis. In our previous modeling efforts, we have shown how coupling magnifies the tendency of many coupled identical nephrons to oscillate owing to tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) mechanism. However, in this study, our focus is on the coupled nonidentical nephrons and their dynamics due to the TGF system. Our detailed analytical and computational results suggest that systems of three nonidentical nephrons coupled to their nearest neighbors are prone to be found in an oscillatory state, relative to a single-nephron case with the same properties; however, their steady-state regions are not necessarily as small as it was predicted from the system of many coupled identical nephrons cases. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How Enzymes Work

Fifty years of research have led to a detailed understanding of the mechanisms of enzymatic catalysis.
Teuber, Hans-Lukas

Hans-Lukas Teuber (1916–1977) was a neuropsychologist known for his research on the effects of brain injuries on human sensation, perception, language, and memory. He founded the MIT Department of Psychology (now Brain and Cognitive Sciences) in 1964, an early instance of brain and behavioral scientists working together in a single graduate department in the US. Keywords: psychophysiology; neuropsychology; usual perception; brain injury
'Depth' or 'Breadth' - or Can You Have Both?

In this article, Professor Stinson describes the intensive legal writing course offered at ASU as a model for teaching students both “depth” and “breadth.” She describes the requirements of the course in detail and attributes the success of the class to adequately paid writing faculty, with no other teaching assignments during that period; interested students; adequate number of credits; and, most importantly, very low student:teacher ratios. She claims that teaching both “depth” and “breadth” can be accomplished, but only under the right circumstances. Writing professors can explore, in depth, skills already introduced during the first year. They can also teach new skills and the expectations of new documents. Additionally, they can ensure students are thinking about process rather than product by individually discussing their processes each day.
Moose antler morphology and asymmetry on Isle Royale National Park.

Isle Royale National Park, an island archipelago in Lake Superior, supports moose at higher density (1–4/km 2 ) relative to most other North American sites. We compared antler size and asymmetry measurements from Isle Royale moose that died of natural causes to measurements available for other regional moose populations in published literature. We used these comparisons to test predictions that antlers of Isle Royale moose would be smaller and more asymmetric than other regional populations due to the high population density and the resulting ecological conditions on Isle Royale. Moose on Isle Royale follow the same patterns of antler development as elsewhere, reaching maximum size at 7–8 years of age with slight declines after age 10–12. However, these moose develop antlers that are much smaller than all measured North American subpopulations. Antler size was most comparable to moose from Scandinavia where moose exist at comparably high population density. Boone and Crockett score, which is commonly used to compare antler size, performed poorly at ranking individuals with large antlers suggesting that more biologically relevant measures such as antler volume should be considered for comparisons of antler size. Pedicle constriction was found to be a reliable indicator of senescence among old bulls. Antler asymmetry was negatively related to antler size and was more extreme than asymmetry measured in Alaskan moose. Moose age had no detectable effect on the degree of antler asymmetry. In general, bull moose on Isle Royale develop smaller, more asymmetric antlers than other North American subpopulations which exist at lower density, consistent with the hypothesis that these qualities are related to nutrient limitation caused by high population density. Results, however, may also reflect genetic differences and artifacts of sampling.
U.S. Race Politics and the 'King's Two Bodies': The Paradox of Memorializing Change in American Culture and Institutions

In 2008, the United States Commission of Fine Arts (CFA) told Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. to stop being so glum, to turn that frown upside down; or so it seemed. This was the sentiment implied in the CFA’s directive to the sculptor of the statue of Dr. King that is now the centerpiece of the Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial on the National Mall in Washington D.C. The MLK National Memorial will be officially dedicated on August 28, 2011, 48 years to the day since Dr. King’s celebrated “I Have a Dream” speech at the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. However, in June 2008, as the model for the statue was still being developed, the CFA requested and approved a redesign of the statue so as to give Dr. King’s visage “a less furrowed brow, a softer mouth.” When tourists make their way to the MLK plaza on the National Mall – this being the central symbolic site of the American body politic – U.S. officials want to make sure that Dr. King welcomes them warmly, rather than chastising, chastening or calling into doubt the meaning of his legacy and that of the political struggle for which he stood. For such doubts must exist, or otherwise why would the Commission be so concerned with seeking to secure in stone, quite literally, a particular sentiment in Dr. King’s image? What is at stake here is the place and meaning of the history of race politics and race relations in the American collective memory.
Impaired Mucosal Immunity in L-Selectin-Deficient Mice Orally Immunized with a Salmonella Vaccine Vector

Lymphocyte trafficking in the gastrointestinal tract is primarily mediated by interactions with the mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 and its lymphocyte ligand, α 4 β 7 , and partly by L-selectin (L-Sel) interactions with peripheral node addressin coexpressed on some mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1. We inquired whether intestinal responses in mice lacking L-Sel would be enhanced. L-Sel-deficient (L-Sel −/− ) mice were orally immunized with either Salmonella vaccine vector or Salmonella vector-expressing colonization factor Ag I (CFA/I) from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli . In L-Sel −/− mice, mucosal IgA anti-CFA/I fimbrial responses were greatly reduced, and systemic IgG2a anti-CFA/I fimbrial responses were 26-fold greater compared with C57BL/6 (L-Sel +/+ ) mice. L-Sel −/− Peyer’s patch (PP) CD4 + Th cells revealed IFN-γ-dominated responses and an unprecedented absence of IL-4, whereas the expected mixed Th cell phenotype developed in L-Sel +/+ mice. PP CD4 + Th cell anti- Salmonella responses were nearly nonexistent in L-Sel −/− mice immunized with either Salmonella vaccine. Splenic CD4 + Th cell anti- Salmonella responses were reduced but did show cytokine production in Ag restimulation assays. Increased colonization of PP and spleen was noted only with the Salmonella vector in L-Sel −/− mice, resulting in increased splenomegaly, suggesting that the Salmonella -CFA/I vaccine was not as infectious or that the presence of the fimbriae improved clearance, possibly because of reduced neutrophil recruitment. However, sufficient anti- Salmonella immunity was induced, because Salmonella vector-immunized L-Sel −/− mice showed complete protection against wild-type Salmonella challenge, unlike L-Sel +/+ mice. This evidence shows that L-Sel is important for development of mucosal immunity, and absence of L-Sel is protective against salmonellosis.
Preliminary clinical evaluation of a 4D-CBCT estimation technique using prior information and limited-angle projections

Abstract Background and purpose A technique has been previously reported to estimate high-quality 4D-CBCT using prior information and limited-angle projections. This study is to investigate its clinical feasibility through both phantom and patient studies. Materials and methods The new technique used to estimate 4D-CBCT is called MMFD-NCC. It is based on the previously reported motion modeling and free-form deformation (MMFD) method, with the introduction of normalized-cross-correlation (NCC) as a new similarity metric. The clinical feasibility of this technique was evaluated by assessing the accuracy of estimated anatomical structures in comparison to those in the ‘ground-truth’ reference 4D-CBCTs, using data obtained from a physical phantom and three lung cancer patients. Both volume percentage error (VPE) and center-of-mass error (COME) of the estimated tumor volume were used as the evaluation metrics. Results The average VPE/COME of the tumor in the prior image was 257.1%/10.1 mm for the phantom study and 55.6%/3.8 mm for the patient study. Using only orthogonal-view 30° projections, the MMFD-NCC has reduced the corresponding values to 7.7%/1.2 mm and 9.6%/1.1 mm, respectively. Conclusion The MMFD-NCC technique is able to estimate 4D-CBCT images with geometrical accuracy of the tumor within 10% VPE and 2 mm COME, which can be used to improve the localization accuracy of radiotherapy.
Major Abdominal Veins

Abdominal vascular insults are among the most lethal of injuries sustained by victims of penetrating trauma. As a rule, multiple associated visceral injuries occur with every injured vessel compounding the physiologic burden. Early permissive hypotensive resuscitation with blood products improves outcomes but should not delay definitive surgical control. Preoperative time in patients presenting with abdominal vascular injuries must be minimized. Peritonitis as the sole indication for laparotomy after penetrating abdominal trauma should be considered an emergency as the rate of associated intra-abdominal vascular injury is 11%. A damage control strategy including early ligation or shunting of injured vessels, and contamination control decreases mortality. Exposure of the major abdominal veins is a prerequisite for proximal and distal control, which has been proven to be a strong predictor of survival. It is important to remember that most of the abdominal veins may be ligated for the patient in physiological extremis. In this chapter, we describe some of the useful tricks for the emergency operative management of visceral vascular injuries.
The Incidence of Acute Traumatic Tendon Injuries in the Hand and Wrist: A 10-Year Population-based Study

Results: During the 10-year study period there was an incidence rate of 33.2 injuries per 100,000 person-years. There was a de- creasing rate of injury during the study period. Highest incidence of injury occurred at 20-29 years of age. There was significant association between injury rate and age, and males had a higher incidence than females. The majority of cases involved a single tendon, with extensor tendon injuries occurring more frequently than flexor tendons. Typically, extensor tendon injuries involved zone three of the index finger, while flexor tendons involved zone two of the index finger. Work-related injuries accounted for 24.9% of acute traumatic tendon injuries. The occupations of work-related injuries were assigned to major groups defined by the 2010 Standard Occupational Classification structure. After assigning these patients' occupations to respective major groups, the most common groups work-related injuries occurred in construction and extraction occupations (44.2%), food preparation and serving related occupations (14.4%), and transportation and material moving occupations (12.5%). Conclusions: Epidemiology data enhances our knowledge of injury patterns and may play a role in the prevention and treatment of future injuries, with an end result of reducing lost work time and economic burden.
Coping with Computer-Stress

This research investigated coping strategies used by computer users who experienced varying degrees of computer-stress. Eighty-three college student computer users completed a research questionnaire with information about: computer use, computer knowledge, self-esteem, level of computer-stress, somatization/anxiety, stressful computer problem, and use of coping strategies. Based on scores derived from the Computer Hassles Scale, the students were classified as either experiencing high or low levels of computer-stress. Statistical analyses of differences revealed that high computer-stress users had lower self-rated computer abilities, lower self-esteem, and reported higher levels of somatization and anxiety. High computer-stress users, in contrast to low computer-stress users, significantly employed at higher levels confrontive, self-controlling, and accepting responsibility coping strategies in dealing with computer problems. The coping strategies employed by high computer-stress users were primarily emot...
Psychological Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Risk Behavior: Examining the Role of Distinct Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in the Partner Violence–Sexual Risk Link

Abstract Background Research has examined how physical and sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization increases sexual risk behavior, yet research is lacking on 1) the effect of psychological IPV on sexual risk behavior and 2) factors through which psychological IPV may be linked to sexual risk behavior. Methods The current study examined the relationship between psychological IPV and sexual risk behavior controlling for other forms of IPV (i.e., physical and sexual) in a sample of 186 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative community women currently experiencing IPV. Further, this study examined the potential mediating effects of four posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity clusters (i.e., re-experiencing, avoidance, numbing, and hyperarousal) on this relationship. Findings Results revealed that greater severity of psychological IPV was uniquely and directly related to greater sexual risk behavior. Additionally, of the four PTSD symptom severity clusters, only avoidance symptom severity mediated the relationship between psychological IPV and sexual risk behavior. Conclusion Implications for addressing psychological IPV and PTSD to improve women's sexual health outcomes are discussed.
Molecular Charge and Electrophoretic Mobility in Cetacean Myoglobins of Known Sequence

Fourteen myoglobins of known sequence were examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at five pH values. Gels at each pH divided the sequences into six to eight distinct classes, while the combination of the results of three gels at different pH levels distinguished 13 of 14, or 93%, of the sequences. The relative mobility of the myoglobins in the gels is significantly correlated with the charges of the proteins calculated from the pK values of the ionized groups. Major differences in mobility corresponded to expected differences in charge due to the amino acid substitutions between sequences. In addition to sequences differing in the total number of acidic and basic residues, those differing from each other in the total number of histidines were distinguished on low-pH gels. One pair of sequences differing by the exchange of lysine for arginine was separated on high-pH gels, as predicted from the differences in ionization of these two amino acids. On gels at pH 10.4, there was greater deviation of electrophoretic mobility from charge than on other gels, possibly due to the influence of amino acid substitutions in the neighborhood of lysine residues. Manipulation of the concentration and composition of the gels did not change the separation of the sequences from each other. Examination of myoglobins by gel electrophoresis at a wide range of pH values allows discrimination of nearly all amino acid substitutions and demonstrates the close relationship between titration and relative electrophoretic mobility.
A detailed scanning tunneling microscopy study of the CuO chains in YBa2Cu3O7-x

Abstract We have previoslly reported a 1.36-nm DOS modulation in the CuO chains on the surface of cold-cleaved, atomically-resolved YBCO 1,2 . We have recently completed new experiments in which we obtained detailed spectroscopic data on the same crystal plane, thereby confirming and extending our earlier work. Here we present data showing twin boundaries and steps, and focusing on the effects of these structures on the CuO chain DOS modulations.
Adenosine triphosphate synthesis from polyphosphate by an enzyme from Escherichia coli.

Abstract An enzyme previously purified from Escherichia coli which catalyzes the conversion of the terminal phosphate of ATP to a highly polymerized polyphosphate has now been shown to catalyze a reversal of this reaction. The enzyme was also obtained from Corynebacterium diphtheriae . Chemically or enzymically synthesized polyphosphate is quantitatively converted to ATP with ADP as the specific acceptor. The reaction may, therefore, be formulated as: (PO 3 − ) n + n ADP ⇌ n ATP. When this reaction is coupled with hexokinase action, polyphosphate is quantitatively converted to glucose 6-phosphate. The purified enzyme is free of adenylate kinase and ATP is formed exclusively by a reaction of polyphosphate with ADP.
Cross-linking of Rat Tail Tendons with Chloro-s-triazines

Experiments with rat tail tendons reveal that some dichloro-s-triazinyl compounds—the procion M dyes—are useful cross-linking agents. In the presence of tertiary amines or as pre-quaternized dyes they can be used as fixatives of biological material and as tanning agents and dyes for collagen.
Worker regulation of emergency queen rearing in honey bee colonies and the resultant variation in queen quality

The requeening process was investigated under emergency conditions in honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera L.). The progression of queen cell construction was closely monitored after removal of the mother queen, and the newly-emerged queens were measured for several physical traits to quantify their reproductive potential (= quality). The results suggest that workers regulate the queen rearing process by differentially constructing cells. Workers built different numbers of queens cells from different ages of brood and non-randomly destroyed over half (53%) of the initiated cells before their emergence. For those queens whose cells were not torn down, the variation in reproductive quality was limited, varying only slightly among age groups for queen size. Several hypotheses are discussed which might explain the adaptive benefit of worker regulation during queen rearing.
ESR Study of the Kinetics of the Reactions of D Atoms and O Atoms with NH3

A wide temperature‐range study using ESR atom detection has beem employed to measure the rates of the reactions of D atoms and O atoms with NH3. In the case of the deuterium reaction, evidence is presented which shows that the interaction with NH3 proceeds via an exchange process of the type: D+NH3→NH3D+H. This reaction was studied over the temperature range of 423–741°K. The specific rate constant for this exchange reaction was found to be 1.9 ± 0.2 × 1013exp(− 10 100 ± 150 / RT) in units of cubic centimeters mole−1·second−1. The reaction of O atoms with NH3 was studied over the temperature interval of 361–677°K. The specific rate constant obtained for the reaction O+NH3→OH+NH2 was found to be 4.0 ± 0.9 × 1012exp(− 6600 ± 130 / RT) in units of cubic centimeters mole−1·second−1. This Arrhenius pre‐exponential factor depends on a stoichiometric factor of 3.50 atoms per NH3 molecule assumed from other work.
Measurement of the Water Permeability of Single Human Granulocytes on a Microscopic Stopped-Flow Mixing System

The water permeability (Lp) of human granulocytes was measured for individual isolated cells with a novel, microscopic stopped-flow mixing system. Changes in volume were monitored as a cell was introduced suddenly into an osmotically active solution. Permeability values were determined as a function of solution osmolality from the volume versus time curves for mixing into both hypotonic and hypertonic solutions within the range of 145 to 833 mOsm. The calculated reference permeability at 25 degrees C was 1.15 micrometers/atm.min with an osmotic coefficient of 0.46 Osm/kg.