cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of the New Respiratory Viruses (Adenoviruses). II. Stability to Temperature and pH Alterations.

SummaryTypes 1-4 of the new respiratory viruses, termed adenoviruses, were relatively stable when exposed to temperatures ranging from 4°C to 36°C. Type 1-3 viruses were inactivated in 10 to 20 minutes at 50°C, but the infectivity titer of type 4 virus was reduced less than 2 log units (99%) in 20 minutes. The adenoviruses were also resistant to inactivation at pH 6.0 to 9.0. The patterns of inactivation of the 4 viruses by alterations of pH as well as incubation at 50°C were similar, although consistent and significant differences among the 4 types were measured.The excellent technical assistance of Miss Mary K. Dixon is gratefully acknowledged.
Abstract IA05: Oncogenic signaling pathways and resistance to therapy in T-ALL

Aberrant NOTCH1 signaling plays a major role in the pathogenesis of over 60% of T-ALLs harboring activating mutations in the NOTCH1 gene. Most notably, oncogenic NOTCH1 has been proposed as a therapeutic target in NOTCH1 -mutant leukemias and small molecule γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs), which effectively block NOTCH activation via inhibition of a critical intramembrane proteolytic cleavage required for NOTCH signaling. However, the clinical development of anti-NOTCH1 therapies in T-ALL has been hampered by the limited and delayed therapeutic response to these drugs, making the identification of highly effective and synergistic drug combinations capable of delivering strong antileukemic responses a top priority in the field. Here we identify glutaminolysis as a critical pathway for leukemia cell growth downstream of NOTCH1 and a key determinant of clinical response to anti-NOTCH1 therapies. Mechanistically, inhibition of NOTCH1 signaling in T-ALL induces a metabolic shutdown with prominent inhibition of glutaminolysis and triggers autophagy as a salvage pathway supporting leukemia cell metabolism. Consequently, both inhibition of glutaminolysis and inhibition of autophagy strongly and synergistically enhance the antileukemic effects of anti-NOTCH1 therapies. Moreover, Pten loss and consequent activation of the PI3K pathway induces increased glycolysis and consequently rescues leukemic cell metabolism abrogating the antileukemic effects of NOTCH1 inhibition. Overall, these results identify glutaminolysis as a major node in cancer metabolism controlled by NOTCH1 and as therapeutic target for the treatment of T-ALL. These results highlight the fundamental importance of NOTCH1 signaling in the control of leukemia cell metabolism, extend our understanding of the prominent role of PTEN and the PI3K pathway in the control of oncogenic cell growth and provide the basis for the design of new therapeutic strategies targeting cell metabolism for the treatment of T-ALL. Citation Format: Adolfo Ferrando. Oncogenic signaling pathways and resistance to therapy in T-ALL. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Pediatric Cancer Research: From Mechanisms and Models to Treatment and Survivorship; 2015 Nov 9-12; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(5 Suppl):Abstract nr IA05.
Structural and magnetic properties of ferrimagnetic ε-phase Mn4N and antiferromagnetic ζ-phase Mn10N thin films on MgO(001)

Abstract Single phase e-Mn4N and ζ-Mn10N thin films are grown on MgO(001) using molecular beam epitaxy. The films are identified and characterized using reflection high-energy electron diffraction, x-ray diffraction, back scattered electron scanning electron microscopy, atomic/magnetic force microscopy and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. These films are found to be highly smooth with root-mean-squared roughnesses 3.39 nm and below. The quality of e-Mn4N grown is strongly dependent on substrate temperature during growth. Epitaxial growth of substantial grains composed of the antiferromagnetic η-phase Mn3N2 side by side with ferrimagnetic e-phase grains is observed when growth temperature is below 480 °C. Ising domains isolated within areas roughly 0.5 μm across are observed in the ferrimagnetic e-phase grains of samples consisting of a mix of η- and e-phase grains. Magnetic domains following semi-continuous paths, which are 0.7–7.2 μm across, are observed in single phase e-Mn4N. Measurements of the ζ-phase detail the structure and magnetism of the material as high Mn content γ-type ζ-phase with a regular surface corrugation along the [100]-direction and antiferromagnetic.
Induction of ß-lactamases

Inducible beta-lactamases can significantly affect the activities of both beta-lactamase-stable and beta-lactamase-sensitive antibiotics. beta-Lactam antibiotics vary in their ability to induce beta-lactamases. Strong inducers can antagonize the antimicrobial activity of other beta-lactams.
Predictive value and efficiency of hematology data.

Laboratory test results and procedures can be evaluated at four levels: 1. Analytic analysis of laboratory test: precision, technical sensitivity, technical specificity; 2. Diagnostic analysis of laboratory test: diagnostic sensitivity, diagnostic specificity, Youden index, likelihood ratio, etc.; 3. Operational analysis of laboratory test: predictive value of positive result, predictive value of negative result, efficiency, discriminant function, etc.; 4. Medical decision-making analysis of laboratory test: threshold probability, cost-benefit analysis, solving the decision tree.
Shakespeare’s Perverse Astraea, Martyr’d Philomel, and Lamenting Hecuba: Ovid, Sadomasochism, and Trauma in Titus Andronicus

Before shooting arrows at the gods for justice, the titular character in Shakespeare’s Titus Andronicus cites Astraea in a quotation from Ovid’s Metamorphoses: ‘Terras Astraea reliquit’ (1.150). In its Ovidian context, the line reads ‘virgo caede madentis / ultima caelestum terras Astraea reliquit’ (1.149–50) — ‘Virgin Astraea, the last immortal left / on the bloodstained earth, withdraws from it in horror’ (1.203–4). In Metamorphoses, the departure of Astraea, the goddess of justice, marks the end of the Golden and the beginning of the Bronze Age, with its acts of impiety, deception, greed, and bloodshed. Tamora is the recipient of Titus’s message, as she is the one who retrieves the arrows from her servant (4.3.4), thereby linking her to Astraea and to the constellation of goddesses surrounding the image of Elizabeth I. Through the character of Tamora, Shakespeare explores the dark side of Astraea, associating her with Anatomia, goddess of reduction, and Tamyris and Semiramis, legendary warrior queens known for both their courage and their acts of vengeance. Shakespeare evokes these figures on various levels in Titus Andronicus and connects them directly and indirectly to Tamora — an Amazonian figure who, although ultimately demonized in the play, dominates much of it — fashioning her into the queen of sadomasochistic fantasy.
THE AIMS OF HUMAN FACTORS AND THEIR APPLICATION TO ISSUES IN AUTOMATION AND AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL.

The primary objectives of air traffic control have been described as “the safe, orderly, and expeditious flow of air traffic”(see Hopkin, 1991). At a fundamental level, this represents the aided retention of object dispersal in four dimensional space-time. As the objects under air traffic control are not within the range of “humanscale”, (Hancock & Chignell, 1990) the recognition and manipulation of such objects can only be achieved via the use of technological prosthetics. Three major constraints are imposed on this general case. First, objects are limited with respect to resources; second, they are required, at some point, each to occupy essentially a common spatial location; and third, the objects themselves are under volitional control and can act independently. Separation distance covaries with object density, as does demand on communication capability and control action. The process by which such objects are controlled itself represents a record of iterative evolution to which proposed forms of automation will add an additional layering. The impact of such automation on the human operators within such a system is the major subject of this paper.
Transcranial focusing and HIFU beam localization with dual-mode ultrasound arrays

Focused ultrasound (FUS) has been proposed for a variety of transcranial applications, including neuromodulation, tumor ablation, blood brain barrier opening. A flurry of activity in recent years have generated encouraging results demonstrating its feasibility in these and other applications. To date, monitoring of FUS beams have been primarily accomplished using MR guidance, where both MR thermography and elastography have been used. With the use of dual-mode ultrasound array (DMUA) systems with real-time imaging capability, it is possible to localize sub-therapeutic and therapeutic transcranial FUS (tFUS) beams using ultrasound. We have designed and implemented a 64-channel DMUA system with real-time GPU-based beamformer capable of supporting single transmit focus (STF) imaging at frame rates in excess of 500 fps. A 3.5-MHz, concave (40-mm roc), 32-element DMUA transducer was used to produce sub therapeutic tFUS while simultaneously imaging a decapitated head of a Copenhagen rat. A 150-µm needle thermocouple was placed at the center of the brain to measure the tFUS induced temperature. DMUA imaging was used to localize the T/C needle and place the tFUS beam near the T/C junction. A number of sub-therapeutic tFUS beams with varying power were then generated while T/C measurements were recorded synchronously with the STF frames. Speckle tracking of echo data from the tFUS beam location within the brain was used to produce transcranial images of temperature change. We have also characterized the distortion to the array psf due to the skull using images of a 50-µm wire at the center of the brain. The results show that, while the DMUA focus is degraded due to the propagation through the skull, it still produces localized heating effects within sub-millimeter volume. In addition, DMUA transcranial echo data from brain tissue allow for reliable estimation of temperature change through speckle tracking.
Radiation tolerance survey of selected silicon photomultipliers to high energy neutron irradiation

A key feature of silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) that can hinder their wider use in medium and high energy physics applications is their relatively high sensitivity to high energy background radiation, with particular regard to high energy neutrons. Dosages of 1010 neq/cm2 can damage them severely. In this study, some standard versions along with some new formulations are irradiated with a high intensity 241AmBe source up to a total dose of 5 × 109 neq/cm2. Key parameters monitored include dark noise, photon detection efficiency (PDE), gain, and voltage breakdown. Only dark noise was found to change significantly for this range of dosage. Analysis of the data indicates that within each vendor's product line, the change in dark noise is very similar as a function of increasing dose. At present, the best strategy for alleviating the effects of radiation damage is to cool the devices to minimize the effects of increased dark noise with accumulated dose.
Long-term Retention and Effectiveness in a Large-sized Flipped Gross Anatomy Course for Doctoral of Physical Therapy Students

Flipped-classroom is a blended-learning pedagogy in which students obtain knowledge of the material before class, and utilize class time for deeper learning and comprehension as well as application...
The Global Sanitation Crisis: A Role for Business

About two-thirds of the 7.4 billion people living on the planet take household toilets for granted. The other third, 2.4 billion people, do not have access to safe sanitation. This chapter aims to bring this reality into the light of day, with the intention of engaging business and management education in the challenging work of providing safe sanitation. It focuses on toilets and the millions of people among the urban and rural poor who are forced to resort to makeshift solutions. The chapter summarizes the current reality and consequences for public health and analyzes the root causes of the sanitation problem especially as experienced by the urban poor. It then looks at business opportunities that could help address the problem and implications for the curriculum for business and management education. Septic tanks offer a sanitary solution that can be good for the environment if the tank is emptied often enough, is treated properly, and if groundwater conditions are suitable.
Time Varying Parameter Estimation Scheme for a Linear Stochastic Differential Equation

In this work, an attempt is made to estimate time varying parameters in a linear stochastic differential equation. By defining $m_{k}$ as the local admissible sample/data observation size at time $t_{k}$, parameters and state at time $t_{k}$ are estimated using past data on interval $[t_{k-m_{k}+1}, t_{k}]$. We show that the parameter estimates at each time $t_{k}$ converge in probability to the true value of the parameters being estimated. A numerical simulation is presented by applying the local lagged adapted generalized method of moments (LLGMM) method to the stochastic differential models governing prices of energy commodities and stock price processes.
ROME: a Reference Ontology in Medicine

Many people today acknowledge that ontologies may help building better and more interoperable information systems, also in medicine. On the other hand, many others are skeptical about the real impact that ontologies-apart from the academic world-may have on the design and maintenance of working information systems. In order to ensure semantic consistency to the heterogeneous information systems that may be applied to the health-care domain, we defined a Reference Ontology in MEdicine (ROME). It consists of about 200 general entities and it is designed to act as a bridge between more specific systems.
Computational Fluid Dynamics to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Inferior Turbinate Reduction Techniques to Improve Nasal Airflow.

ImportanceInferior turbinate reduction (ITR) is a commonly performed procedure for the treatment of nasal obstruction. Which portion of the inferior turbinates should be surgically addressed to imp...
Prostatic collagen architecture in neutered and intact canines.

Background Prostate stiffness and increased collagen content both associate with the presence of urinary symptoms in men but mechanisms responsible, including impact of age and androgens, are unknown. Dogs develop prostate-related urinary dysfunction similar to humans, but mechanisms are also unknown. Mice have been used to examine how prostatic collagen accumulation affects voiding but whether mouse prostatic collagen organization resembles human or dog has not been evaluated. Here, we have constructed the first comprehensive, comparative maps of collagen architecture in canine, human, and mouse prostate and test whether canine prostatic collagen content is increased by aging and reduced by castration. Methods Complete transverse prostate sections were stained with picrosirius red and imaged with confocal microscopy to reveal and compare collagen architecture across species. Canine prostatic collagen fiber length, diameter, and density in prostatic urethral, periurethral, peripheral, and capsular regions were quantified and compared among four experimental groups: young intact, young neutered, old intact, and old neutered dogs. Results Surprisingly, the majority of collagen was localized to the prostatic urethra in canine, human, and mouse. In canine and human, capsular regions also featured a dense collagen network but it appeared less dense than around prostatic urethra. Older, intact male canines exhibited overall denser prostate collagen fibers and had thicker capsular fibers than young, intact males. Prostatic glandular regions undergo dramatic atrophy and regression following castration, and our finding of neutered animals having increased collagen fiber density in both periurethral and peripheral regions is consistent with glandular contraction and increased proportion of stroma. Conclusions Collagen architecture in dog appears similar to that in humans when cross sections are compared side-by-side. Canine collagen organization is affected by both age and androgen status, suggesting these factors may contribute to collagen accumulation in some males.
Teaching What We Know: Describing and Challenging the Neglect of Management Science Methods in MPA Programs

AbstractThis paper examines typical patterns of instruction in quantitative methods in master of public administration programs. Based on a large-scale survey, it finds a strong preference for social statistics methods over management science ones. Instructors’ training and experience, lack of familiarity with management science methods, and the accommodation of competing programmatic goals may help explain the difference in emphasis. Management science methods are suitable aids for administrative decisions, including ones based on little data or subjective judgment, and ones that must be made quickly. Consequently, the 78 percent of instructors who want their students to “gain skills useful for day-to-day administrative decision making” may find management science methods to be a valuable complement to conventional social statistics.
E-Development and Knowledge Economy: The Role of ICT and SME Incubation

In classical economics, land, labor, and capital are the only factors of production. Knowledge, productivity, education, and intellectual capital are all regarded as exogenous factors, falling outside the system. The New Growth Theory recognizes two additional factors: technology, and the knowledge on which it is based. In today’s environment, technology and knowledge are not merely additional factors of production; they have become the key factors of production. Two thematic areas are central to the analysis here: using business incubators for new venture formation, and using information and communications technology (ICT) to support and promote small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Knowledge Economy demands knowledge. Entrepreneurs need the knowledge to build a reliable infrastructure using incubators for new venture formation. New technology businesses need to move through the growth process rapidly and get their products to market before they run out of resources. Businesses need to use technology clusters to stimulate sustained innovation and growth. Educators need the knowledge to educate in ICT and e-business, attaining digital literacy for all of society, and providing the knowledge to accelerate and embrace e-commerce. Policy makers need the knowledge to accelerate and embrace e-government, providing electronic access to public services, enacting a regulatory environment conducive to the advancement of Science and Technology, and committing public policy to stimulate and assure innovation.
Revision Recognition for Scientific Computing: Theory and Application.

Scientific computing applications are rarely equipped with high quality graphic user interfaces (GUIs), in part because the interfaces cannot be revised quickly enough to keep pace with rapid changes in the underlying application. A critical step in user interface maintenance is revision recognition: the process of determining, given two versions of a program, which parts of the original program have been changed, deleted or preserved. For large, highly complex scientific applications this problem is a significant barrier to interface maintenance. In this paper we present the “reticent programmer model” which transforms the revision recognition problem into an optimization problem. The solutions obtained using this model are exact for small applications and are high quality estimates for medium to large applications. An example of how these solutions can be used to facilitate user interface maintenance is also pre-
On the importance of stable stratification to the structure of the bottom boundary layer on the western florida shelf

Abstract This is a preliminary report of bottom boundary layer (BBL) observations made with a cyclosonde on a continental shelf in the summer when the water is relatively stably stratified. Vertical profiles of temperature, current direction and speed show persistent and large temperature changes (1.5°-4.0°C), large direction changes (30°-75°) during periods of long-isobath flow and a low speed “jet” in the lowest 6–11 m above the bottom. The BBL is interpreted to be a turbulent Ekman layer of depth ranging from 6–11 m in which stable stratification is very important in determining its depth, Ekman veering and speed profile. The temperature in the BBL is seen to change with time at a faster rate than outside the BBL. This is explained by upwelling (downwelling) of colder (warmer) water in the BBL due to Ekman veering in the boundary layer. Such upwelling (downwelling) is expected when the isopynals are non-parallel to the bottom and the geostrophic current above the boundary layer is aligned predominantly along isobaths with deep water to the right (left).
Correlation of ambient air temperature and cognitive performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Despite their impact on work performance, cognitive responses to thermal variations in buildings have not been accurately quantified. Practical limitations in individual laboratory experiments with limited participants often cause low statistical power and restrict generalizability. Thus, inconsistencies in individual studies motivate summary reviews and meta-analyses. The objective of this study is to estimate the correlation between ambient air temperature and cognitive performance through a systematic literature review. We identified laboratory experiment reports published between 1980 and 2018, out of which 45 passed the targeted inclusion and exclusion criteria set forward by the scope of this study. To obtain summary effect statistics, 28 reports were included in a single analysis conducted by the use of the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. Under laboratory conditions with fixed clothing values, studies with the weighted mean of 4.34 °C, 10.04 °C, and 26.68 °C increase in the control air temperature show about % 0.40, % 5.37, and % 7.97 reductions in cognitive performance, respectively. Heat stress causes the most significant decline in the most attention-demanding tasks. The results show an overall decline in both speed and accuracy measures due to changes in ambient air temperature. Accuracy measures and longer exposures are associated with relatively more decline in heat and cold. The estimated temperature-performance correlation follows a bell-shaped curve centered around the average control temperature. The results help inform policy and design decisions concerned with thermal comfort and upper limits for occupational exposure to cold and heat.
Evaluation of Sentinel-1A C-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar for Citrus CROP Classification in Florida, United States

Optical based remote sensing plays an important role in citrus crop change monitoring in Florida, United States (U.S). However, persistent cloud cover during the summer growing season in Florida often limits the application of optical sensors. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) has the advantage over optical data by operating at wavelengths not impeded by cloud cover, rain or a lack of illumination. The objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of using Sentinel-1A C-band SAR data for classifying citrus in Florida. Twelve individual citrus classifications produced using single date optical or SAR data, as well as multi-date optical and SAR data fusion, are designed and tested. It is found that the classification accuracies of Sentinel-l C-band SAR data are slightly lower than those of multi-temporal cloud free optical data (approximately 2.5% difference). However, the relatively comparable classification accuracy results indicate that the Sentinel-1 SAR is a useful alternative imagery source particularly in regions with persistent cloud cover.
Peter Greenaway’s Montage of Attractions: Prospero’s Books and the Paratextual Imagination

Peter Greenaway’s Prospero’s Books serves as a transitional marker for this book’s growing concentration on intermedial concerns. Received with bewilderment, even irritation, when first released, Prospero’s Books is recuperated here as a prescient harbinger of intermedial things to come. The film’s many technical innovations make it a crucial formal turning/meeting point in the twentieth-century development of theater and film, and of the crises of redefinition theater and film face in the challenge of new media. With a rolling eye focused on just about anything that could have moved into Shakespeare’s creative orbit during The Tempest’s composition, Prospero’s Books anticipates how filmed Shakespeare may productively function more as a database archive or “montage of attractions” than as a delivery system for dramatic narrative.
Active Peltier Coolers Based on Correlated and Magnon-Drag Metals

Why be passive? This study points to the difference between thermoelectric refrigeration and the use of thermoelectrics in active cooling of $e.g.$ electronics, lasers, or batteries. Unlike in refrigeration, here heat has to be drained from a temperature $a\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}b\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}o\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}v\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}e$ that of the heat sink (which will happen naturally, but perhaps not quickly enough). In refrigeration, the most important criterion is the thermoelectric figure of merit $Z\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}T$, but in active cooling a device needs to have high thermal conductivity plus a high power factor. Thus high-$Z\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}T$ Peltier modules are actually counterindicated for active cooling\dots{}even though they are sold commercially for it.
Production of 1.25 K He-4 without He-4 superfluid film

A refrigeration process is described which enables the production of a sub-gamma-point He-4 temperatures without the production of superfluid. The advantages of the process for zero gravity and low-noise refrigeration are described. The lowest temperature produced to date is 1.25 K. The process is also useful with other gases for refrigeration; the output temperature is selected by gas type.
Introduction and Historical Perspectives

The history of the management of blind, painful, and traumatized eyes and anophthalmia began with the oldest civilizations in the world and unfolded along with the history of humanity. Physicians in ancient times recognized the devastation and disfigurement that came with the loss of an eye. Various decorations and prostheses were made to cover the unwanted deformity and to help individuals maintain their social status in the community. As early as the 1500s, surgeons were relentlessly exploring new techniques to safely remove the globe and preserve an acceptable postoperative appearance. The progress made included a better understanding of orbital anatomy, the use of orbital implants and conformers, and the development of aesthetically appealing ocular prostheses. With the advent of anesthetic gases and antibiotics, surgeons routinely began performing eye removal operations, often to prevent the contralateral eye from developing sympathetic ophthalmia after trauma. Different surgical techniques to remove the whole globe (enucleation) and to remove only the intraocular contents (evisceration) were explored. A controversy over the selection of enucleation versus evisceration began and has been debated for more than a century. Because of the risk of sympathetic ophthalmia and inadvertent orbital spreading of intraocular melanomas following evisceration, this procedure was nearly abandoned by the early 1900s but has recently become much more widely used. Glass artificial eyes (ocular prostheses) were developed in Germany but became scarce after the beginning of World War II, when commercial trade with Germany was halted. Ocularists in the United States and the United Kingdom subsequently found alternative prosthetic materials, including acrylic, and techniques, such as socket impressions, to improve the fabrication of artificial eyes. The fundamental steps in modern-day eye removal surgery are not much different from those performed a hundred years ago. This chapter briefly summarizes the story of eye removal and management of anophthalmia throughout human history.
Una historia de juego de pelota retomada como anti-mito en la Relación de Michoacán: realeza, identidad y recuerdo olvidado en un cuento del origen de los españoles

Existing analyses of a Tarascan (Purepecha) narrative contained in the Relacion de Michoacan about a ballgame contest have focused only on the paradigmatic relations between the characters in this story. Additionally, these paradigmatic understandings of this particular ballgame narrative have only been formulated in coordination with what is known of characters in related stories that contain similar elements. Resulting interpretations based on the paradigmatic relations of characters within the story and comparison with other stories explain the meaning of the story as an allegory of celestial phenomena, as all other such stories have been interpreted. This article goes further than those studies by applying a syntagmatic approach that analyzes the sequential action and transformations of the story itself. Paradigmatic or symbolic meanings are incorporated within such an approach, with the recognition that such relations are the subject of transformation through the plot of the story. By using this method, I show that the total transformations of the story are best explained as an ‘anti-myth’. In an ‘anti-myth’, a foreign entity is explained as the opposite of some aspect of indigenous society. The ball game story in the Relacion de Michoacan functions as an anti-myth because the remains of a dead ancestor are transformed into a deer that is a post hoc mythological precursor to the Spaniards’ horses. Through this transformation the horses, as fetishized vehicles and sources of Spanish power, are represented as the results of an indigenous failure to remember one’s ancestors which immediately precedes that transformation. The point of the story is revealed to be an effort to understand the nature of the Spaniards’ power, and to indigenize that power in order to reclaim it.
Imaging in Flow in the Correlation System

The vast majority of flow cytometers in use since the inception of this technology operate by making cellular measurements derived from a pulse of fluorescence or laser-light scatter generated as a particle intercepts a focused laser in a flow system. In the case of fluorescence, these "zero resolution" systems accurately quantify the amount of light without knowledge of the location or distribution of the source of this light within the cell, since the laser focal point typically is larger than the cell being measured. There are situations where the spatial distribution of fluorescence in a cell can provide important additional information, but this information is not available in most contemporary zero resolution flow cytometers. In the early 70s, there was interest in developing rapid automated diagnostic systems for the fields of hematology and cancer diagnostics based on either flow cytometry or microscopic image analysis. In the lab of Leon Wheeless at University of Rochester, scientists and engineers set forth to utilize Stanley Patten's diagnostic criteria in cytopathology towards the development of an automated pre-screening system for detection of atypical or malignant cells in cytologic samples derived from cervical sampling or urine. The principle of concept of slit-scanning, or restricting the detection of light from a cell by sampling through a slit mechanically moved over the image of the cell, was initially tested with a custom fluorescence microscope. This proof of concept led to the development of a slit-scan flow cytometer, where the laser illumination field was narrowed to a plane of laser light, oriented orthogonal to the direction of cell flow, with a thickness much smaller than that of the cell. By evaluating the fluorescence intensity pulse shape in real time, this technique proved highly effective at detecting atypical or malignant cells in a flow cytometer. It was noted with this system, however, that there was an unacceptable false positive rate, although only slightly higher than that obtained using microscopic screening by trained cytotechnologists. In order to evaluate cells in flow and their correlated real-time classification as normal or abnormal, a correlation system was built which provided images in flow of cells correlated with their pulse shape analysis and classification. This presentation will describe the characteristics and operation of this original imaging flow cytometer.
Modern Apprenticeship: What's in a name?

This paper discusses the Modern Apprenticeships programme, introduced by the Labour/Alliance government in 2000. This research forms part of a wider PhD project; an examination of industry training in New Zealand. The research is based upon content analysis of official papers and semi-structured interviews with industry training stakeholders in each of four case study industries: electrical; engineering; hairdressing and agriculture. The research is also informed by understandings gained from my masters thesis, A History of Apprenticeship in New Zealand (2001). To set the Modern Apprenticeships policy in context, this paper first sketches the current industry training situation. Second, the economic, social and political background to the policy is examined. Third, the details of Modern Apprenticeship are outlined, and a critique of some of its facets is offered.
Oncologic applications of fluorescence-guided minimally invasive surgery

Abstract The integration of fluorescence guidance techniques into minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has transformative potential and is well adapted to existing laparoscopic equipment. Current clinical applications include sentinel lymph node mapping in gastric and uterine cancers, identification of important structures such as the ureter in pelvic surgery, evaluation of perfusion in bowel anastomoses, and liver tumor localization. Preclinical studies with tumor-targeting agents in rodent studies have shown benefit in tumor identification, resection margins, and survival. Translation of these benefits into the clinic requires successful development of tumor-targeting agents for humans and remains the key challenge to overcome to realize the potential of fluorescence-guided techniques in MIS.
Hooton, E. R. Spain in Arms: A Military History of the Spanish Civil War 1936–1939: Philadelphia: Casemate Publishers, 288 pp., $32.95, ISBN 978-1-61200-637-6, Publication Date: April 2019

The literature on the Spanish Civil War of 1936–39 is enormous, but surprisingly little of it is devoted to its military aspects, a situation that may be contrasted with studies of the American Civ...
Placement of Palliative Stent With Guidance of a Percutaneous Transhepatic Stent.

The incidence of pancreatic cancer has increased and outcomes have been improving with a multidisciplinary treatment approach. Pancreatoduodenectomy is the surgical approach for pancreatic head tum...
Sestrins regulate age-induced deterioration of muscle stem cell homeostasis

Abstract The health and homeostasis of skeletal muscle is preserved by a population of tissue resident stem cells called satellite cells. Young healthy satellite cells maintain a state of quiescence, but aging or metabolic insults results in reduced capacity to prevent premature activation and stem cell exhaustion. As such, understanding genes and pathways that protect satellite cell maintenance of quiescence are needed. Sestrins are a class of stress-inducible proteins that act as antioxidants and inhibit the activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling complex. Despite these pivotal roles, the role of Sestrins has not been explored in adult stem cells. Herein, we show that Sestrin1,2 loss results in hyperactivation of the mTORC1 complex, increased propensity to enter the cell cycle and shifts in metabolic flux. Aging of Sestrin1,2 knockout mice demonstrated a loss of MuSCs and reduced ability to regenerate. These findings demonstrate Sestrins function to help maintain MuSC metabolism that supports quiescence and against aging. Highlights Sestrin deficiency alters mTORC1 signaling in muscle stem cells (MuSCs). In young mice, Sestrins are dispensable for regenerative responses of MuSCs. Sestrin deficiency accelerates age-dependent loss and dysfunction of MuSCs.
The Extreme Future Stock Returns Following I/B/E/S Earnings Surprises

We investigate the stock returns subsequent to quarterly earnings surprises, where the benchmark for an earnings surprise is the consensus analyst forecast. By defining the surprise relative to an analyst forecast rather than a time-series model of expected earnings, we document returns subsequent to earnings announcements that are much larger, persist for much longer, and are more heavily concentrated in the long portion of the hedge portfolio than shown in previous studies. We show that our results hold after controlling for risk and previously documented anomalies, and are positive for every quarter between 1988 and 2000. Finally, we explore the financial results and information environment of firms with extreme earnings surprises and find that they tend to be “neglected” stocks with relatively high book-to-market ratios, low analyst coverage, and high analyst forecast dispersion. In the three subsequent years, firms with extreme positive earnings surprises tend to have persistent earnings surprises in the same direction, strong growth in cash flows and earnings, and large increases in analyst coverage, relative to firms with extreme negative earnings surprises. We also show that the returns to the earnings surprise strategy are highest in the quartile of firms where transaction costs are highest and institutional investor interest is lowest, consistent with the idea that market inefficiencies are more prevalent when frictions make it difficult for large, sophisticated investors to exploit the inefficiencies.
ViVA: Semi-supervised Visualization via Variational Autoencoders

Visualizing latent embeddings is a popular approach to explain classification models, including deep neural networks. However, existing visualization methods such as t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) and Uniform Manifold Approximation Projection (UMAP) are often used as a postprocessing step which is independent of the classification models. The resulting visualization can be misaligned with the classification models. In this paper, we propose ViVA, a novel method for semi-supervised Visualization via Variational Autoencoders. ViVA learns from both unlabeled and labeled data by jointly optimizing both visualization loss and classification loss. As a parameterized model using neural networks, ViVA can easily project new data to the same embedding space. Experiments show that ViVA can achieve better visualization quality as well as classification accuracy on multiple challenging datasets compared to several visualization baselines, including t-SNE and UMAP.
Entrepreneurship as a community practice strategy: lessons from Detroit

This article examines entrepreneurship as a community practice strategy, drawing on interviews with 35 participants in a small business training program and six program staff members. Interviewees ...
The Impact of Input Rules and Ballot Options on Voting Error: An Experimental Analysis

When election reforms such as Ranked Choice Voting or the Alternative Vote are proposed to replace plurality voting, they offer lengthier instructions, more opportunities for political expression, and more opportunities for mistakes on the ballot. Observational studies of voting error rely on ecological inference from geographically aggregated data. Here we use an experimental approach instead, to examine the effect of two different ballot conditions at the individual level of analysis: the input rules that the voter must use and the number of ballot options presented for the voter’s choice. This experiment randomly assigned three different input rules (single-mark, ranking, and grading) and two different candidate lists (with six and eight candidates) to over 6,000 online respondents in the USA, during the American presidential primary elections in 2020, simulating a single-winner presidential election. With more expressive input rules (ranking and grading), the distinction between minor mistakes and totally invalid votes—a distinction inapplicable to single‐mark ballots (1MB) voting—assumes new importance. Regression analysis indicates that more complicated input rules and more candidates on the ballot did not raise the probability that a voter would cast a void (uncountable) vote, despite raising the probability of at least one violation of voting instructions.
Nonpoint Source Water Quality Trading outcomes: Landscape-scale patterns and integration with watershed management priorities.

Abstract Nonpoint source (NPS) water quality trading (WQT) has been lauded as a way to reduce water pollution while mitigating costs, but NPS WQT programs often do not account for cumulative landscape-scale impacts to hydrological and ecological processes. In this work, we parameterize the landscape-scale patterns of an emerging NPS WQT market in Virginia (n = 606 transactions) and describe potential tradeoffs and synergies. We also examine program outcomes in the context of Virginia's spatially-explicit conservation and restoration priorities, and discuss ways in which NPS WQT integrates or fails to integrate with these state-level watershed management goals. These spatial and policy analyses demonstrate novel ways to evaluate NPS WQT programs. Our results reveal how NPS WQT has influenced Virginia land management patterns in practice. Specifically, we show that this program has encouraged the transfer of water quality Best Management Practices (BMPs) from urban to rural areas. Impact sites are often far from mitigation sites, at an average of 164.6 km apart measured along the stream network and most often migrated outside the 8-digit Hydrologic Unit Code watershed boundaries. We also find opportunity for improved integration with the state-level management priorities, including that an estimated 22% of the NPS WQT mitigation site area works against state priorities (for example by converting prime farmland to forest), 9% supports state priorities, and 69% neither negates nor supports state priorities. We suggest policy and management actions that can increase the integration of NPS WQT with statewide watershed management goals, and could ultimately improve environmental returns from this fast-growing program.
Large carnivore response to human road use suggests a landscape of coexistence

Abstract Coexistence between humans and large carnivores may depend on carnivore adaptations to use developed landscapes while reducing human encounters. Roads are a widespread form of human development that carnivores may perceive as efficient travel routes or centers of human activity and associated risk. We compared the spatio-temporal responses of carnivores to human road use with high-resolution tracking of a large carnivore guild including American black bears (Ursus americanus), bobcats (Lynx rufus), coyotes (Canis latrans), and wolves (C. lupus) in Michigan, USA. All carnivores selected for roads when traveling at night but avoided roads during the day when human activity was greatest. Human activity explained 90% of temporal variation in road use across carnivore species, with a 3.2–3.7-fold increase in road use at times of low human activity which reduced carnivore activity overlap with humans by 27–42%. Similar but less pronounced activity changes occurred in areas up to 500 m from roads. Bears and wolves increased nocturnal activity with more roads in their home range, but not bobcats or coyotes. Despite increased diurnal activity in areas farther from roads, temporal overlap among carnivores was high regardless of road proximity. Our results suggest that spatio-temporal responses to roads were similar among carnivores and emphasized avoidance of humans over other carnivore species. Further, we provide support that carnivores can be diurnally active while avoiding humans by using areas farther from roads. However, carnivores which are primarily diurnal (e.g., black bears) or have a strong proclivity for using roads (e.g., wolves) likely require greater behavioral changes to avoid humans. Behavioral adaptations allowing multiple species to use and cross roads while avoiding humans are encouraging for human-carnivore coexistence.
Case 56: An Anesthetic Equipment Graveyard

You have been about a week in a medium-sized hospital in southern Tunisia, on the south coast of the Mediterranean. You take a patient to the four-bed ICU for postoperative ventilation. This is the first time you are in the ICU. You are amused by the fact that all four ICU beds have four different ventilators. Furthermore, they come from four different countries Germany, Russia, Italy, and China. After attaching your patient to the Chinese ICU ventilator and checking vital signs, you give a report to the ICU nurse and ask:
Infrared Spectroscopic Measurements on the Crystal-Nematic Transition

Although many studies have been carried out to measure the extent of order as a function of temperature in the liquid crystalline state of thermotropic liquid crystals, little work has been done to indicate the amount of order or disorder in solids as the liquid crystalline state is approached. Such studies as have been reported (1), mainly deductions based on the shape of thermal analysis curves in the pre transition region, indicate that the crystal-nematic transition maybe of greater than first order or that there maybe some pre-transition phenomena. The shapes of DTA and DSC curves are, however, very dependent on instrumental response, etc., often in ways which have yet to be fully explored.
Sleep and its disorders in infants and children: a review.

Recently the polygraphic study of sleep has provided techniques for the assessment of central nervous system (CNS) functioning in new-born infants and the diagnosis of sleep disorders in children. First, in this review, the normal developmental course of the "active" and the "quiet" sleep states from birth through childhood is described. Then, within the context of these recent electro-physiologic findings, the abnormalities of sleep state organization during the neonatal period, the physiologic disorders of sleep in older children, and finally, the psychological disturbances manifested through sleep are reviewed.
Ascending Projections of the RAS

Abstract The primary sensory pathways transmit information via rapidly conducting projections through the “specific” thalamic nuclei to the cortex, providing afferents in parallel to the RAS, which projects not only mainly through “nonspecific” thalamic nuclei but also to the cortex. Primary afferent projections through the “specific” thalamic nuclei are manifested in the primary cortical areas, such as the ­primary auditory response on the superior temporal gyrus. However, RAS projections through the intralaminar thalamus are manifested at the vertex in the form of the midlatency auditory evoked P50 potential in the human and the rodent equivalent, the P13 potential. These are measures of RAS activity that is reflected at the level of the cortex. As such, they represent noninvasive assessment of RAS output and are extremely useful in determining the direction of RAS dysregulation neurological and psychiatric disorders.