cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Predictive Model of Bacterial Foraging by Means of Freely Released Extracellular Enzymes

Extracellular enzymes are important agents for microbial foraging and material cycling in diverse natural and man-made systems. Their abundance and effects are analyzed empirically on scales much larger than the forager. Here, we use a modelling approach to analyze the potential costs and benefits, to an individual immobile microbe, of freely releasing extracellular enzymes into a fluid-bathed, stable matrix of both inert and food-containing particles. The target environments are marine aggregates and sediments, but the results extend to biofilms, bioreactors, soils, stored foods, teeth, gut contents, and even soft tissues attacked by disease organisms. Model predictions, consistent with macroscopic observations of enzyme activity in laboratory and environmental samples, include: support of significant bacterial growth by cell-free enzymes; preponderance of particle-attached, as opposed to dissolved, cell-free enzymes; solubilization of particulate substrates in excess of resident microbe growth requirements; and constitutive, abundant enzyme release in some environments. Feeding with cell-free enzymes appears to be limited to substrates within a well-defined distance of the enzyme source. Fluxes of dissolved organic material out of pelagic oceanic aggregates and marine sediments, and difficulty detecting dissolved enzymes in such environments, may reflect characteristics of cell-free enzyme foraging and properties of the enzymes. Our calculations further suggest that cell-free enzymes may often be used by microorganisms as the fastest means to search for food.
Anticonvulsant effects of the experimental induction of hippocampal theta activity

Epileptic seizures occur less during wakefulness or paradoxical sleep, conditions during which hippocampal theta rhythm is seen. This leads to the hypothesis that this rhythm indicates a physiological state of the hippocampal formation which opposes its recruitment into seizures. This was tested by determining the effects of experimental induction or suppression of hippocampal theta activity on seizures. Hippocampal theta activity can be induced by chemical or electrical stimulation of the medial septal nucleus and adjacent nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca. Microinjections of the muscarinic agonist carbachol in the medial septum during pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) induced facial-forelimb seizures stopped behavioral seizures and EEG spiking within five seconds, and caused hippocampal theta activity. Medial septal electrical stimulation at 4-8 Hz had similar effects. Electrolytic medial septal lesions abolished hippocampal theta activity and lowered myoclonic and facial-forelimb PTZ seizure thresholds. Medial septal carbachol injections were also made during electrically kindled limbic status epilepticus. Within ten seconds, ictal behavior stopped and the EEG spike rate decreased by half with a gradual return to the baseline rate over three minutes. These results demonstrate that the hippocampal theta rhythm corresponds to a seizure-resistant condition, providing a possible explanation for the seizure promoting properties of slow wave sleep.
“A Different Kind of Hell”: Orality, Multilingualism, and American Yiddish in the Translation of Sholem Aleichem's Mister Boym in Klozet

I wish to address two basic questions that are confronted in the translation of “immigrant” or “border” literature:1 (1) What is the translator to do with a multilingual source text? And (2) How should one approach a literary transcription of a text that is already a literary transcription of an oral culture, without betraying that culture?
Comparison of sampling methods for alate aphids and observations on epidemiology of soybean mosaic virus in Nanjing, China

SUMMARY Using standard diversity indices, samples of aphids collected on a vertical net were found to be more diverse than collections from green pan traps in experiments conducted in Nanjing, China in 1981. Some species, notably Myzuspersicae, Aphis citricola, and Eriosoma (Schizoneura) japonicum, were collected in greater relative numbers in the pan traps. Several species, including the Macrosiphoniella spp., were under-represented in the green pan traps presumably because they were not attracted to the green colour of the traps. Yellow pan traps, used concurrently to monitor landing rates of economic species, caught relatively more Aphis craccivora and M. persicae and relatively fewer Aphis gossypii than green ones. In the Nanjing area soybean mosaic virus (SMV) usually spreads in spring planted soybeans during the latter half of May, causing damage. The predominant aphid species trapped at that time were M. persicae, Lipaphis erysimi, A. gossypii, A. craccivora and E. japonicum, of which the first four are known vectors. Summer planted soybeans are usually affected during a second period of virus spread occurring in mid-August when various Aphis spp. are abundant. The predominant vector of SMV at that time was thought to be Aphis glycines which colonises the crop; in 1981, however, A. citricola and A. gossypii, which do not colonise soybean and A. craccivora. which rarely colonises soybean, were much more abundant in mid-August than A. glycines. A. citricola, A. gossypii and A. craccivora are all able to transmit SMV, and thus should be considered as potentially important vectors. In infectivity assays, only four of 1040 aphids transmitted SMV. These included an A. craccivora, two Toxoptera citricidus and one Aphis sp.
Preparation of multivesicular liposomes

A novel type of liposome, named here multivesicular liposomes, was prepared by evaporation of organic solvents from chloroform-ether spherules suspended in water. Within each spherule were numerous water droplets that contained solutes to be trapped in liposomes upon solvent evaporation. Liposome preparations of different average diameters were made, varying from 29 +/- 10 microns to 5.6 +/- 1.7 microns. The liposomes were morphologically characterized by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Materials successfully trapped within the liposomes ranged in molecular size from glucose to nucleic acids. Extremely high percentages of encapsulation (up to 89%) were achieved.
Assessing the economic impact of stress--the modern day hidden epidemic.

This article examines the economic effects of all forms of stress-work-related stress, home stress, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-as health hazards. Such an approach inherently broadens the analysis from a few well-defined, quantitative variables, such as those most commonly studied by economists who traditionally examine job stress alone. It also enables us to draw conclusions regarding the socioeconomic factors and the psychology of stress and helps in understanding the larger question of the economic cost of stress in today's global environment. Stress and its related comorbid diseases are responsible for a large proportion of disability worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) Global Burden of Disease Survey estimates that mental disease, including stress-related disorders, will be the second leading cause of disabilities by the year 2020. Although the term "stress" is used in a wide variety of contexts, it has consistently been demonstrated that individuals with stress and related disorders experience impaired physical and mental functioning, more work days lost, increased impairment at work, and a high use of health care services. The disability caused by stress is just as great as the disability caused by workplace accidents or other common medical conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, and arthritis. We present evidence that calls for early recognition of workplace stress and for businesses to allocate more resources to stress management in the workplace.
Differential Expression of Ileal Na+/H+ Exchanger Isoforms after Enterectomy

Abstract Background. Na+/H+ exchangers (NHE) are transporters involved in the absorption of NaCl along the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to determine the expression pattern of the intestinal brush border NHE isoforms 2 and 3 following massive small bowel resection (SBR). Additionally, the effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and salivarectomy (removal of the primary source of EGF) on the expression pattern was studied. Materials and methods. ICR mice underwent a proximal SBR or sham surgery and then received either orogastric saline or EGF (50 μg/kg/day). In separate experiments mice underwent salivarectomy followed by SBR or sham. Postoperatively the remaining ileum was isolated and levels of NHE-2 and NHE-3 mRNA and protein were resolved. Results. Following SBR, the expression of both mRNA and protein for NHE-3 increased by ∼2.5-fold. Treatment with EGF enhanced NHE-3 mRNA in sham animals with further elevation following SBR. The expression of NHE-2 mRNA demonstrated minimal change while protein marginally increased (40%) following SBR. EGF did not affect the expression of NHE-2 mRNA. Salivarectomy did not influence NHE-2 protein expression and inhibited the increased NHE-3 protein expression following SBR. Conclusions. Following SBR, the expression pattern for brush border NHE isoforms is distinctive. Increased expression of NHE-3 secondary to SBR and/or EGF treatment with loss of this increase following salivarectomy implies a common mechanism to enhance enterocyte proliferation and luminal absorption of NaCl and water. These results suggest that NHE-3 is an important ileal exchanger following SBR.
PURIFICATION OF XANTHINE DEHYDROGENASE AND SULFITE OXIDASE FROM CHICKEN LIVER

Xanthine dehydrogenase and sulfite oxidase from chicken liver are oxomolybdenum enzymes which catalyze the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid and sulfite to sulfate, respectively. Independent purification protocols have been previously described for both enzymes. Here we describe a procedure by which xanthine dehydrogenase and sulfite oxidase are purified simultaneously from the same batch of fresh chicken liver. Also, unlike the protocols described earlier, this procedure avoids the use of acetone extraction as well as a heat step, thus minimizing damage to the molybdenum centers of the enzymes.
Cyst acquisition rate for Giardia lamblia in backcountry travelers to Desolation Wilderness, Lake Tahoe

The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of Giardia lamblia acquisition in back-country travelers to a wilderness area, provide longitudinal follow-up on the incidence of symptomatic gastrointestinal illness and relate such information to concentrations of Giardia cysts in water samples from a high-use area. A prospective cohort non-interventional study of 41 healthy adult backcountry travelers from age 19 to 71 years in Desolation Wilderness, Lake Tahoe Basin was carried out. The incidence of Giardia cyst acquisition in backcountry travelers was only 5.7% (95% CI 0.17–20.2%). Mild, self-limiting gastrointestinal illness occurred in 16.7% of subjects (95% CI 4.9%–34.50%), none of whom demonstrated G. lamblia infection. Water sampling from three popular stream sites revealed cyst contamination to be generally at low levels with cyst concentrations in the single digit range for every 100 gallons filtered. G. lamblia contamination of water occurs, but at low levels. Acquisition of this parasite may be infrequent in backcountry recreationalists. Symptomatic gastrointestinal illness following wilderness travel can be due to other etiologies. Our findings may not be representative of all wilderness areas, but suggest that in the absence of documented G. lamblia infection, persons symptomatic following travel may suffer a self-limiting gastrointestinal illness. In such circumstances, empiric therapy for giardiasis is tempting but difficult to justify.
Test Hardware Design for Flightlike Operation of Advanced Stirling Convertors (ASC-E3)

NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) has been supporting development of the Advanced Stirling Radioisotope Generator (ASRG) since 2006. A key element of the ASRG project is providing life, reliability, and performance testing of the Advanced Stirling Convertor (ASC). For this purpose, the Thermal Energy Conversion branch at GRC has been conducting extended operation of a multitude of free-piston Stirling convertors. The goal of this effort is to generate long-term performance data (tens of thousands of hours) simultaneously on multiple units to build a life and reliability database. The test hardware for operation of these convertors was designed to permit in-air investigative testing, such as performance mapping over a range of environmental conditions. With this, there was no requirement to accurately emulate the flight hardware. For the upcoming ASC-E3 units, the decision has been made to assemble the convertors into a flight-like configuration. This means the convertors will be arranged in the dual-opposed configuration in a housing that represents the fit, form, and thermal function of the ASRG. The goal of this effort is to enable system level tests that could not be performed with the traditional test hardware at GRC. This offers the opportunity to perform these system-level tests much earlier in the ASRG flight development, as they would normally not be performed until fabrication of the qualification unit. This paper discusses the requirements, process, and results of this flight-like hardware design activity.
KINETICS OF NITROXYL RADICAL OXIDATION BY RU(BPY)33+ FOLLOWING PHOTOSENSITIZATION OF ANTIMONY-DOPED TIN DIOXIDE COLLOIDAL PARTICLES

Uncharged, water-soluble nitroxyl free radicals are shown by laser flash photolysis to be effective reductants of the Ru(bpy)33+ (bpy = 2,2‘-bipyridine) that is produced via photosensitization at the surfaces of colloidal semiconductor particles composed of antimony-doped tin dioxide. The bimolecular rate constant for the reduction of Ru(bpy)33+ by the 3-carbamoyl-PROXYL radical in the colloidal suspension, (4.9 ± 0.2) × 108 M-1 s-1, is about one-third of the rate constant for the corresponding reaction in homogeneous aqueous solution, (1.4 ± 0.1) × 109 M-1 s-1. The high quantum efficiency for production of Ru(bpy)33+, 0.93 ± 0.01, together with the fact that the oxidized nitroxyl radicals are widely used as oxidants in organic syntheses, makes such systems of interest for effecting photocatalytic oxidation reactions.
Mexican American Adolescents' Family Caregiving: Selection Effects and Longitudinal Associations With Adjustment

One hundred ten Mexican American adolescents (12 – 17 years) who provide infant care for their older sisters were studied to determine the effects of family caregiving responsibilities on adolescents’ adjustment. Controlling for prior adjustment and family context factors, providing many hours of caregiving predicted an increase in youths’ school absences and disciplinary problems. Frequent conflict surrounding caregiving was associated with increased stress and depression and lower school grades. Older girls appear to select into caregiving and experience the most problematic outcomes. Strong family obligations were not protective against caregiving stress but, rather, further compromised youths’ well-being for those who were highly involved in their family’s care.
Big wormholes and little interactions

In an earlier paper we suggested a mechanism by which a large density of wormholes at a small distance scale could prevent the formation of any wormholes at any larger scale. There is an apparent paradox here, in that the total effect of small wormholes should be equivalent to that of a high-dimension interaction, which although large at the small scale should be very small at a very large scale; it is difficult to see how such a small interaction could have a large effect. In this paper, we work out what happens in some detail, including a comparison (in a model theory) of an instanton computation and hamiltonian one. We find that not only is there no paradox, small wormholes are even more efficient at eliminating large wormholes than our earlier estimates had indicated; even a small density at small distance scale is enough to do the job.
Cloning and expression analysis of retinoic acid receptors in the zebra finch brain

The vitamin A derivative retinoic acid is produced postembryonically in discrete portions of the songbird brain, including some of the nuclei involved in song production and song learning, and its synthesis is required for the normal maturation of song behavior. To identify the brain targets for retinoic acid action, we cloned the zebra finch homologs of the α, β, and γ classes of retinoic acid receptors (RARs). In situ hybridization analysis revealed that the mRNAs for all three RARs are expressed at different levels in several brain areas, with a broader distribution than the mRNA for retinaldehyde-specific aldehyde dehydrogenase (zRalDH), a retinoic acid-synthesizing enzyme. Detectable RAR expression was found in all nuclei of the song control system, with the most marked expression occurring within the striatal song nucleus area X. These observations are consistent with a persistent action of retinoic acid in the postembryonic and adult songbird brain and provide further evidence for an involvement of retinoic acid signaling in the control of learned vocal behavior in a songbird species. They also suggest that the striatum is a major target of retinoic acid in songbirds. J. Comp. Neurol. 489:23–41, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The decay scheme of 139Ba

Abstract The decay scheme of 139Ba has been investigated with high resolution Ge(Li) and Si(Li) detectors. The results of NaI(Tl)-Ge(Li) coincidence experiments, complemented by energy-sum arguments, suggest a level scheme in 139La with excited states at 166, 1219, 1257, 1382, 1420, 1477, 1536, 1558, 1578, 1683, 1762, 1768, 1857, 1922, 1963 and 2061 keV, which accommodates all of the 28 observed gamma-ray transitions. The results are compared with earlier Coulomb excitation and (n,n′γ) experiments and with recent 138Ba(3He, d) and decay-scheme studies.
Regional Disparities in the Incidence of Elevated Blood Pressure Among Young Adults The CARDIA Study

Background Within the United States, little is known about regional disparities in blood pressure (BP), their changes over time, or explanations for their existence. Methods and Results A population-based cohort of 5115 black and white men and women, 18 to 30 years old in 1985-1986 (balanced on age, race, sex, and education), was followed up for 7 years in four centers: Birmingham, Ala; Chicago, Ill; Minneapolis, Minn; and Oakland, Calif. Differences in elevated BP (EBP) prevalence among centers at years 0, 2, 5, and 7 and in 7-year incidence of EBP were assessed. Sociodemographic and dietary variables, physical activity, weight, smoking, and alcohol were considered. At year 0, no regional differences were seen. Seven years later, there was marked variability in prevalence of EBP overall and for both black and white men, from a low in Chicago (9% for black men and 5% for white men) to a high in Birmingham (25% for black men and 14% for white men). Birmingham also had the highest 7-year incidence (11%) and overall prevalence at year 7 (14%). The adjusted odds ratios, with Birmingham as referent (95% CIs), for 7-year incidence of EBP overall were 0.38 (0.24, 0.60) for Chicago, 0.37 (0.24, 0.57) for Minneapolis, and 0.74 (0.52, 1.07) for Oakland. Conclusions Regional disparities are absent at baseline but become apparent as the cohort ages. These differences are not fully explained by the available behavioral and sociodemographic characteristics.
Primary mechanisms of thyroid hormone control of amphibian metamorphosis

Abstract Dramatic adaptive changes in numerous biochemical systems accompany the metamorphosis of the amphibian. These striking morphogenetic and molecular transformations are initiated and controlled by the thyroid hormones. That this differentiation process is providing a valuable experimental system for the study of the mechanism of action of the thyroid hormone is emphasized in a number of recent reviews. Current research progess has centered on the many alterations in RNA and protein metabolism in the developing tadpole liver, the induction of enzymes responsible for the advent of ureotelism, the process of tail resorption, and the remarkable effect of low temperatures on metamorphosis. Common mechanisms that appear to involve genetic control of protein and RNA biosynthesis have emerged to account for the changes observed in such diverse tissues as the liver and the tail. In this paper, we propose a sequence of molecular events during the first 2–3 hours after T 3 is administered to tadpoles by injection. During the first hour, T 3 promotes transport of nucleotides and amino acids into the liver. At the same time, there is a steadily increasing acceleration of protein and RNA biosynthesis that reaches its maximum at 60 min. Further interpretation of the data becomes more complicated because increased prehormonal RNA degradation and de novo nucleotide biosynthesis now impinge on the continuing macromolecular biosynthesis initiated earlier. The net result is the induction of new protein and RNA biosynthesis in the very early period after T 3 injection which eventually lead to the major synthetic events involving most of the intracellular structures of the liver.
Husayn Quli Khan Qazvini, sardar of Erevan: a portrait of a Qajar administrator

(1976). Husayn Quli Khan Qazvini, sardar of Erevan: a portrait of a Qajar administrator. Iranian Studies: Vol. 9, No. 2-3, pp. 163-179.
The Standards Observation Form: Feedback to Teachers on Classroom Implementation of the Standards

This article describes the Standards Observation Form, a new instrument developed to assess the degree to which teaching performance is consistent with the criteria of the NCTM Standards. The instrument is described, two variations of the instrument are presented, and portions of actual teacher assessments are illustrated as examples of the kinds of data that can be obtained when the Standards Observation Form is used.
Gender differences in clinical outcomes among diabetic patients hospitalized for cardiovascular disease

Background The risk of incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been shown to be greater among diabetic women than men, but gender differences in clinical outcomes among diabetic patients hospitalized with CVD are not established. We aimed to determine if hemoglobin A1c (HbA 1c ) was associated with 30-day and 1-year CVD rehospitalization and total mortality among diabetic patients hospitalized for CVD, overall and by gender. Methods This was a prospective analysis of diabetic patients hospitalized for CVD, enrolled in an National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute-sponsored observational clinical outcomes study (N = 902, 39% female, 53% racial/ethnic minority, mean age 67 ± 12 years). Laboratory, rehospitalization, and mortality data were determined by hospital-based electronic medical record. Poor glycemic control was defined as HbA 1c ≥7%. The association between HbA 1c and clinical outcomes was evaluated using logistic regression; gender modification was evaluated by interaction terms and stratified models. Results Hemoglobin A1c ≥7% prevalence was 63% (n = 566) and was similar by gender. Hemoglobin A1c ≥7% vs P = .005). In stratified univariate models, the association was significant among women (OR 4.83, 95% CI 1.84-12.71) but not among men (OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.60-1.71). The multivariate-adjusted risk for HbA 1c ≥7% versus 1c Conclusions Risk of 30-day CVD rehospitalization was 8.5-fold higher among diabetic women hospitalized for CVD with HbA 1c ≥7% vs 1c
405. Startle habituation and prepulse inhibition studies in mutant mice

hypothesized that clinically unaffected relatives of schizophrenia patients would also have inhibitory deficits in the PPI paradigm, reflecting a genetic susceptibility to sensorimotor gating abnormalities. Twenty-five normal subjects, 23 schizophrenia patients, 34 relatives of schizophrenia patients, and 11 SPD subjects were assessed in an acoustic startle paradigm. The eye blink component of the startle response was assessed bilaterally using EMG recordings of the obicularis oculi muscle. Schizophrenia patients, their relatives and SPD subjects all had reduced PPI when compared to normals and these deficits were more evident in measures of right eye blink PPI. As a group, normal subjects demonstrated greater right versus left eye blink PPI while the probands, their relatives and SPD subjects showed less PPI asymmetry when compared to normal subjects. These data support the notion that there is a genetically transmitted susceptibility to the sensorimotor gating abnormalities observed in schizophrenia spectrum patients.
Manufacturing of a fiber optic Young’s double pinhole interferometer for use as a 3-D profilometer

The method used to manufacture a Young’s double pinhole interferometer is discussed. This interferometer is destined to be used in a surface profilometer using two wavelengths so that the zero order fringe can be determined. Hence stringent requirements are placed on the absolute length difference between the two output fibers of a single mode coupler. These requirements are discussed along with the manufacturing process. The interferometer is shown along with measurements showing a length difference on the order of 6µm.
Localization of a Quantitative Trait Locus Providing Brown Stem Rot Resistance in the Soybean Cultivar Bell

Many soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] genotypes that carry resistance to soybean cystnematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) (SCN) from plant introduction (PI) 88788 also carry resistance to brown stem rot (BSR) caused by the soilborne fungus Phialophora gregata (Allington & Chamberlain) W. Gams f. sp. sojae Kobayashi, Yamamoto, Negishi, and Ogoshi. The objectives of our research were to map and localize BSR resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) from Bell, a BSR resistant cultivar with SCN resistance from PI 88788. Initial mapping was done with a population of 93 F 4 -derived lines developed from a cross between Bell and the SCN and BSR susceptible cultivar, Colfax. Lines were evaluated for BSR resistance in two field environments, a greenhouse, and with genetic markers from linkage group (LG) J. To confirm and further localize a resistance QTL, three near isogenic line (NIL) populations were created using an F 4 -derived line from the Bell X Colfax population. In the F 4 population, markers on LG J were significantly (P < 0.001) associated with BSR resistance in both the field (R 2 = 45%) and greenhouse (R 2 = 51%). Data from the NIL populations indicates the QTL is near the closely linked markers 21E22.spl, 21E22.sp2, and 35E22.spl, which is the same genetic region where Rbsl, Rbs2, and Rbs3, the three named BSR resistance genes, were previously mapped. In addition, the genetic region is tightly linked to a previously identified SCN resistance QTL from PI 88788. These results explain why many SCN resistant cultivars also carry BSR resistance and should assist breeders when selecting for resistance to both diseases.
On a Question of Mordell and a Spectrum of Linear Forms

Let L1(x), L2(x), …, LN(x) be N real linear forms in N variables defined byformula heresuch that the associated N × N matrix of coefficients C = (cmn) is unimodular. In the classical theory of geometry of numbers, Minkowski's well-known linear forms theorem asserts that for any positive numbers e1, e2, …, eN satisfying e1, e2, …, eN [ges ] 1, there exists a lattice point p ∈ ℤN, p ≠ 0, such thatformula hereIn 1937, Mordell [7] posed the following question which may be viewed, in some sense, as a converse to Minkowski's result. Does there exist a constant ΔN such that for each N × N unimodular real matrix C, there exist positive real numbers e1, e2, …, eN satisfyingformula heresuch that the only integer solution to the inequalities of (1.1) is p = 0? Moreover, if ΔN does exist, what is the best possible value for ΔN, that is, what is the supremum of all such admissible values of ΔN? Clearly, by Minkowski's theorem, if ΔN exists, then ΔN < 1.
Flux flow noise and dynamical transitions in a flux line lattice.

Generation of low frequency broadband noise is studied in the low- ${T}_{c}$ superconductor 2 $H$- ${\mathrm{NbSe}}_{2}$ near the ``peak effect.'' A striking dependence on both current and magnetic field is observed in the power, spectral shape, and non-Gaussian nature of the noise. The noise is very large in the plastic flow regime of the dynamics, and small in both the elastic flow and fluid flow regimes. The results show a rapid decrease in the velocity correlation length, a measure of the spatial homogeneity of the moving flux line assembly, as the upper critical field is approached.
Climate Cycles and Forecasts of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, a Nonstationary Vector-Borne Disease

Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is one of the main emergent diseases in the Americas. As in other vector-transmitted diseases, its transmission is sensitive to the physical environment, but no study has addressed the nonstationary nature of such relationships or the interannual patterns of cycling of the disease. Methods and Findings We studied monthly data, spanning from 1991 to 2001, of CL incidence in Costa Rica using several approaches for nonstationary time series analysis in order to ensure robustness in the description of CL's cycles. Interannual cycles of the disease and the association of these cycles to climate variables were described using frequency and time-frequency techniques for time series analysis. We fitted linear models to the data using climatic predictors, and tested forecasting accuracy for several intervals of time. Forecasts were evaluated using “out of fit” data (i.e., data not used to fit the models). We showed that CL has cycles of approximately 3 y that are coherent with those of temperature and El Nino Southern Oscillation indices (Sea Surface Temperature 4 and Multivariate ENSO Index). Conclusions Linear models using temperature and MEI can predict satisfactorily CL incidence dynamics up to 12 mo ahead, with an accuracy that varies from 72% to 77% depending on prediction time. They clearly outperform simpler models with no climate predictors, a finding that further supports a dynamical link between the disease and climate.
Marketing program planning, process benefits, and store performance: An initial study among small retail firms

Abstract Despite the importance of thinking strategically when adapting to environmental change, independent retail firms often find that day-to-day operational demands inhibit their ability to participate in the marketing planning process. Further, the marketing and retailing literature provides few insights to retailers interested in better understanding how to plan most effectively. Past research has emphasized the formal aspects of planning and the empirical evidence is mixed regarding the relationship between planning and performance. This study develops new measures of both marketing program planning (MPP) and the intermediate process benefits that result from planning. We then assess their impact on performance using data collected from independent computer store retailers. Results indicate 1) the planning dimension “strategic clarity” is significantly related to the process benefits “market knowledge” and “marketing program effectiveness,” 2) process benefits mediate the relationship between planning and performance, and 3) process benefits are positively related to financial performance.
Home behaviors of children in three treatment settings: An outpatient clinic, a day hospital, and an inpatient hospital

ABSTRACT Objective To compare parents' ratings of home behaviors of three groups of children: those entering an outpatient clinic, a day hospital, and an inpatient hospital. It was hypothesized that the home behaviors of children starting day and inpatient hospital treatment would be rated as significantly more deviant than those of children beginning outpatient treatment, and there would be no significant differences in behavior ratings of children beginning day and inpatient hospital treatment. Method A standardized behavior checklist was completed by the primary parent at the time treatment was begun. Scores on four factor scales were obtained, and a multivariate analysis of covariance was carried out. Results The hypotheses were partially supported. Children beginning day and inpatient hospitalization were seen as more disordered, anxious, and aggressive than were those starting outpatient treatment; children starting day treatment were reported as more learning disabled than were those in both outpatient and inpatient settings; and children entering the inpatient setting were perceived as more aggressive than were those in day treatment. Conclusion Aggressive behavior and learning disability appear to be determinants of choice of treatment setting. The progression from least to most restrictive placement was demonstrated for aggressive behavior only.
Influence of Silica Fume on the Early Hydration of Portland Cements Using Impedance Spectroscopy

Electrical properties of hydrating portland cements (PC) and portland cements containing silica fume were studied from 5 min to 90 days. Cement pastes with water to solids ratios (w/s) of 0.30, 0.35, and 0.40, as well as silica fume to portland cement ratios (s/c) of 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20, were made and impedance was measured within the frequencies of 13 MHz to 5 Hz. The impedance spectra exhibit electrode arcs at low frequencies and bulk material arcs at high frequencies. The bulk resistance of the paste increases with increasing silica fume content and/or decreasing water content. The conductivity of pore fluid from PC pastes increases rapidly with time during the early stages and then remains constant, while that of the silica fume pastes increases then decreases sharply.
Host specificity and biology of the weevil Neohydronomus affinis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a biological control agent of Pistia stratiotes.

Waterlettuce,Pistia stratiotes L., has been successfully controlled in Australia with the weevil,Neohydronomus affinis Hustache. In this study, the weevil was tested in quarantine against 34 plant species in 27 families. In non-replicated no-choice tests, it fed and oviposited on 3 species of duckweeds [(Lemna minor L.,Spirodela punctata (Meyer) Thomps.,S. polyrhiza (L.) Schleid.], frogbit [(Limnobium spongia (Bosc.) Steud.], mosquitofern (Azolla caroliniana Willd) and waterfern (Salvinia mimima Baker). Feeding also occurred on golden club (Orontium aquaticum L.) and one egg was laid on the terrestrial panda plant (Kalanchoe tomentosa Baker). Plants oviposited and fed upon were retested in choice tests. The weevils then fed and oviposited exclusively on waterlettuce. Various aspects of weevil biology, including larval feeding and mining, plant response to weevil attack, and adult behavior are discussed.
Modeling the spatial distribution of commercially important reef fishes on the West Florida Shelf

Abstract Understanding the spatial distribution of a species is an important precondition to successfully managing marine populations. For reef fishes, this is of particular importance due to the patchy nature of reef communities. This study estimated the spatial distribution of five reef fish species on the West Florida Shelf: gag grouper ( Mycteroperca microlepis ), mutton snapper ( Lutjanus analis) , red grouper ( Epinephelus morio ), red snapper ( Lutjanus campechanus ), and vermilion snapper ( Rhomboplites aurorubens ). Estimation was done by combining large-scale fishery-dependent catch per unit of fishing effort with small scale fishery-independent video survey observation. Catch per unit of fishing effort was obtained from vessel logbook data while video observations of reef fish presence–absence and relative abundance were made by stratified random sampling on known reef and hard-bottom habitat in the Gulf of Mexico. Relative abundance estimates showed different abundance patterns for the five species depending on depth and geographical area. Variogram modeling suggested that gag grouper, mutton snapper, and red grouper were spatially autocorrelated on reef or hard-bottom habitats at short ranges of between 0.87 and 0.95 km, while red and vermilion snapper were found to be randomly distributed. Range estimates for gag grouper, mutton snapper and red grouper were supported by variograms of depth soundings in the Gulf which produced range estimates of between 1.56 and 6.34 km. Combining the relative estimates of abundance from catch per unit of effort with the spatial autocorrelation parameters from video surveys allowed us to provide stochastic fish abundance estimates at scales of about 2 km 2 .
A testbed to emulate next-generation directional RF and free-space optical tactical networks

The Tactical Edge Network Emulation Tool (TENET) Hardware Integration System (THIS) is designed to characterize higher layer responses to the dynamic physical layer topology of a tactical network utilizing directional communication links. THIS emulates the mobile, tactical, network environment using the hardware in a static infrastructure. MATLAB-based tools implement the TENET emulation to simulate mobility induced link fragility, and the Distributed Adaptive Pre-computed Restoration (DAPR) algorithm to conduct dynamic network topology optimization. A fast, reconfigurable, full-mesh network of six nodes represents the resulting physical layer topology on a laboratory optical bench. A collection of LabVIEW programs, collectively named the Tactical Hardware Automation Tool (THAT), coordinates with TENET output and a Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) based optical switch to dynamically conform the links between the six fixed nodes to the simulated network topology. Standard real-world programs are run at higher network layer protocols and respond to the dynamic physical layer accordingly. Thus, experiments utilizing this test bed can characterize network performance of the emulated mobile tactical network. This paper outlines the test bed in full, but will also briefly describe the network emulation methodology, as well as the initial results of some physical layer restoration performance to act as a baseline for future net-centric application testing.
Diffusivity and short-time dynamics in two models of silica.

We discuss the dynamic behavior of two silica models, the BKS model (by van Beest, Kramer, and van Santen) and the WAC model (by Woodcock, Angell, and Cheeseman). Although BKS is considered the more realistic model for liquid silica, the WAC model has the unique property that it is very close to having a liquid-liquid critical point (LLCP), and this makes it particularly useful in studying the dynamics of models that do have a LLCP. We find that the diffusivity is a good indicator of how close a liquid is to criticality—the Si diffusivity shows a jump of 3–4 orders of magnitude when the pressure is reduced, which may be interpreted as an abrupt (though not first-order) transition from a high-density liquid state to a low-density liquid state. We show that this transition is captured by the Adam-Gibbs relation, which also allows us to estimate the configurational entropy of the system.
The Developmental Relationship Between Identity and Equivalence Conservation.

Abstract Hooper's (1969a) finding that identity conservation develops prior to equivalence conservation was investigated using a more stringent within-subject design. Seventy-two kindergarten, first, and second graders were given three conservation tasks: (1) Identity, (2) Equivalence 1, in which the perceptual cues were comparable to those in Identity, and (3) Equivalence 2, the traditional Piagetian conservation task. Each task was administered under two levels of transformation. No significant differences in performance as a function of level of transformation, type of equivalence task, or sex of S were found, but first and second grade S s performed better than kindergarten S s. Eighty-six percent of the sample conserved in an all-or-none fashion, and 7 S s (10%) passed equivalence while failing identity, thus contradicting the developmental priority of identity conservation.
Sociometric triads as multi‐variate systems†

Binary choices (choose v. not choose) among three persons may be viewed as variables and the possible choices in a triad as a 64 celled contingency table, amenable to analysis in terms of log linear effects. Fifteen non‐redundant effects occur, of which four appear consistently in a data bank of 384 sociograms. Consequently, it is claimed one may reproduce the triad frequencies in most sociograms by the effects implied by four propositions: (A) P is more likely to choose O when O chooses P, net of all other variables; (B) P is more likely to choose O when X chooses O. This association is particularly strong when imitation produces transitivity; (C) when X chooses O (O chooses X), P tends to choose both or neither; and (D) P tends to choose an X who favors P's choices. P tends to not choose an X who favors P's non‐choices.
Detection of a Taylor-like Plasma Relaxation Process in the Sun

The relaxation dynamics of a magnetized plasma system is a subject of fundamental importance in magnetohydrodynamics—with applications ranging from laboratory plasma devices such as the toroidal-field pinch and spheromaks to astrophysical plasmas, stellar flaring activity, and coronal heating. Taylor in 1974 proposed that the magnetic field in a plasma, subject to certain constraints, relaxes to a minimum energy state such that the final magnetic field configuration is a constant α (linear) force-free field—where α is a quantity describing the twist in magnetic field lines. While Taylor's theory was remarkably successful in explaining some intriguing results from laboratory plasma experiments, a clear signature of this mechanism in astrophysical plasmas remained undetected. Here we report observational detection of a relaxation process, similar to what Taylor envisaged, in the magnetic fields of flare-productive solar active regions. The implications of this result for magnetic reconnection and the coronal heating problem are discussed.
Measurement of phenylacetic acid in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma using combined gas chromatography/electron capture chemical ionization mass spectrometry.

Details are presented of an ultra-sensitive gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric assay for phenylacetic acid in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid based on measurements of the relative intensities of the carboxylate anions, derived from the penta- and tetraflourobenzyl esters under electron capture chemical ionization conditions, of unlabeled and a (13C2)-labeled internal standard. The limits of detection for the penta- and tetrafluorobenzyl esters are 0.85 and 4.0 pg respectively, and the assay is capable of measuring phenylacetic acid concentrations in samples as small as 20 μl of CSF and plasma. The penta- and tetrafluorobenzyl esters are chromatographically separated on the gas chromatograph column, which allows for their co-injection and independent measurement from the same chromatogram.
The Effectiveness Paradox: Institutional vs Community Placement of Offenders

This paper reviews current knowledge about the relative effectiveness of institutional and community-based programs for juvenile and adult offenders. It asks why public policy has turned away from rehabilitation goals to those of punishment and retribution. Although knowledge about relative effectiveness is insufficient, the evidence suggests that political decisions are made regarding incarceration without reference to the knowledge that community-based programs are at least as effective as institutional ones. Data from a national assessment of institutional and community-based juvenile programs are presented to highlight similarities and differences in offenders' characteristics, program patterns and outcomes. Particularly noteworthy are findings indicating that variables such as race, gender, and state are critical in predicting differential use of community vs institutional placements, not crime rate or known effectiveness. Overall expansion of social control may result when states develop community-based programs unless deliberate simultaneous action is undertaken to reduce institutional populations.
Observing behavior in monkeys (Macaca arctoides): Support for the information hypothesis ☆

Abstract A single lever, discrete-trials observing procedure was used with stumptailed monkeys ( Macaca arctoides ). Lever-presses during a trial produced colored key lights (IS + and IS − ) which signaled whether the trial would end with response-independent food or without food. During the baseline period, both IS + and IS − were produced on a variable-interval (VI) 15-sec schedule which began operating at the onset of the trial. The two experimental conditions involved a combination of this VI schedule and a DRL schedule. In one of these conditions, only a response that both met the VI requirement and was preceded by at least 6 sec of nonresponding could produce IS − on nonfood trials, while the schedule for IS + on food trials remained VI 15 sec. In the other experimental condition, the schedules for producing the two stimuli were the reverse. All subjects eventually learned to produce either IS + or IS − on the combined VI-DRL schedule. These data support an information hypothesis of observing in monkeys and contrast with data from pigeons which support a conditioned reinforcement hypothesis.
Printing of uniform PZT thin films for MEMS applications

Abstract A flexible manufacturing method for the deposition of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films based on ink jet printing has been developed and used to fabricate a first functioning piezoelectric micromachined transducer by printing. The performance of the printed PZT based transducer was fit to established models to determine piezoelectric coupling and dielectric properties. The piezoelectric coefficient, d 31 , for printed PZT was between −75 pC/N and −95 pC/N. The relative permittivity was 750–890 and the dielectric loss tangent was 2.4–2.8%. This process enables digital deposition of printed devices with the key properties within the range required for high performance piezoelectric MEMS.
Characterization of leader RNA sequences on the virion and mRNAs of mouse hepatitis virus, a cytoplasmic RNA virus

Abstract Mouse hepatitis virus, which replicates in cytoplasm, contains leader RNA sequences at the 5' end of the virus-specific mRNAs. We have sequenced this leader RNA by synthesizing cDNA from a synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotide primer (15-mer) that is complementary to the sequences at the junction site between the leader and body sequences of the mRNAs. The leader sequences on each mRNA have exactly the same size, which span approximately equal to 70 nucleotides. Leader cDNA fragments obtained from several mRNA species were sequenced and found to be identical. Computer analysis of the leader RNA sequences shows that they share extensive sequence homology with the long-terminal-repeat region of several mammalian sarcoma viruses, suggesting possible common functions. This is a novel case of spliced leader sequences in the mRNAs of a cytoplasmic virus. An identical leader sequence is also present at the 5' end of the virion genomic RNA. The leader RNA is thus probably encoded by the virion genomic RNA template and is fused to the different body sequences of the various mRNAs. Since conventional RNA splicing is not involved, a novel mechanism for fusing two noncontiguous RNA segments in the cytoplasm must be utilized during viral transcription. Several minor cDNA bands longer than the leader were also synthesized, suggesting the possible presence of partially homologous sequences in other parts of the genome RNA.