cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of manure and chemical fertilizers on insect pest populations on collards

Eigenbrode, S.D. and Pimentel, D., 1988. Effects of manure and chemical fertilizers on insect pest populations on collards. Agric. Ecosystems Environ., 20: 109-125. Advocates of organic agriculture often assert that plants supplied exclusively with nutrient from biological materials are more resistant to insects than those grown using chemical fertilizer. This proposition was examined using collards grown in five treatments: two with fresh manure at two levels (12 and 220 ha-'); one with 'sheet composted' manure at 220 ha-'; a chemical fertilizer treatment (785 kg ha-' of 13:13:13 NPK); and a control treatment with no added nutrients. Population densitites of two flea beetles and two lepidopteran pests were monitored weekly during a growing season. Plant size and foliar levels of reduced nitrogen ( N ), nitrate nitrogen ( NO3- N), water and total glucosinolates were also measured four times during the season. During population peaks, flea beetle densities were significantly higher on plants receiving chemical fertilizers than on plants receiving similar amounts of macronutrients from manure. Flea beetle, imported cabbage worm and diamondback moth densities were significantly higher on untreated plants than on plants receiving any added nutrients. Flea beetle densities were also significantly higher on plants grown with 'sheet composted' manure than on those grown with fres manure. The nutrient treatments affected plant size, reduced N, NO3- -N, water and glucosinolate content. These differences were not clearly associated with differences in insect population sizes but some patterns in the data are discussed. Although the potential exists for manipulating soil amendment regimes to affect pest insect populations in collards, an understanding of the mechanisms involved will require further investigation.
The emergency department — Entry point into the health care system

To determine the role of the emergency department as an entry point into the health care system in a community general hospital, a study was undertaken to measure (1) the emergency department as a referral source of hospital inpatients and (2) its effect upon the private practice of medicine in the community. Six hundred and sixty-two emergency patients were interviewed in a 28-day period and comparisons were made to 786 inpatients for the same period. The emergency department was not found to be competing with the private physician since it was used when private physicians were unavailable or when the patient felt his condition was beyond the normal practice of his private physician. Of the emergency service patients, 35% were using the facility because of direct or indirect actions on the part of the physician. Approximately 10% of all emergency service visits resulted in inpatient admission, and 18% of all inpatients were first examined in the emergency department. Eighty-three percent of the patients admitted to the ICU/CCU were first examined in the emergency department. The emergency department is apparently a major source of inpatients.
Analysis and decomposition of the energy intensity of California industries

Abstract In 2008, the gross domestic product (GDP) of California industry was larger than GDP of industry in any other U.S. states. This study analyses the energy use of and output from seventeen industry subsectors in California and performs decomposition analysis to assess the influence of different factors on California industry energy use. The logarithmic mean Divisia index method is used for the decomposition analysis. The decomposition analysis results show that the observed reduction of energy use in California industry since 2000 is the result of two main factors: the intensity effect and the structural effect. The intensity effect has started pushing final energy use downward in 2000 and has since amplified. The second large effect is the structural effect. The significant decrease of the energy-intensive “Oil and Gas Extraction” subsector's share of total industry value added, from 15% in 1997 to 5% in 2008, and the increase of the non-energy intensive “Electric and electronic equipment manufacturing” sector's share of value added, from 7% in 1997 to 30% in 2008, both contributed to a decrease in the energy intensity in the industry sector.
Electronic structure of transition metal alloys and intermetallics: Charge transfer and its implications for Mössbauer effect measurements

The Mossbauer effect provides several measures of charge transfer and bonding effects in compounds, namely in its measured quadrupole fields and isomer shifts. The isomer shifts offer a unique sampling of such transfer and these shifts will be juxtaposed against other experimental measures. Charge transfer estimates obtained in electronic structure calculations for transition metal alloys are inspected in light of known isomer shift trends and the competing contributions to „charge transfer” elucidated.
Apparent Incorporation of Ammonia and Amino Acid Carbon During Growth of Selected Species of Ruminal Bacteria

Summary Apparent NH 3 and amino acid-C 14 incorporation into cells during growth of 22 strains representing 14 species known to be among the predominant rumen bacteria in cattle on many dietary regimes was determined in an anaerobic medium containing both NH 3 and protein hydrolysate-C 14 as sources of nitrogen. Representatives of six ruminal species incorporated large amounts of C 14 —5.1 to 8.8% of total culture C 14 per micromole of trichloroacetic acid-precipitable nitrogen produced (TCA-N)—and either incorporated little NH 3 or produced it, and none require exogenous NH 3 . Strains of six species incorporated large amounts of NH 3 (0.8–2.0 mole per mole TCA-N), small amounts of C 14 (0.5–2.3%) and require NH 3 . Strains of two species incorporated small amounts of C 14 , variable amounts of NH 3 , and do not require exogenous NH 3 . One of the latter species did not incorporate a large amount of C 14 , even when forced to utilize mainly protein hydrolysate nitrogen other than NH 3 . Three strains requiring NH 3 fixed intermediate amounts of both C 14 and NH 3 . The results suggest that a significant proportion of the rumen bacterial population prefers to synthesize much of its cellular constituents from NH 3 -N and carbon sources other than amino acids.
Using eye movements to assess brain function in mice.

Abstract Examining eye movements is an important part of the neurological evaluation of humans; the distribution of the neural circuits that control these movements is such that they are disrupted—often in highly characteristic fashions—by many disease processes. Technical advances have made it possible to measure accurately the eye movements of mice, so it is now possible to use the detective power of eye movement recording to characterize neurological dysfunction in genetically altered strains. Here we introduce analytical tools used in ocular motor research and demonstrate their ability to reveal disorders of the visual pathways, inner ear, and cerebellum.
s-polarized guided and surface electromagnetic waves supported by a nonlinear dielectric film

We study the s-polarized nonlinear guided and surface electromagnetic waves supported by a three-layer structure consisting of a nonlinear dielectric film, characterized by a Kerr-like dielectric constant, surrounded symmetrically by identical, linear dielectric media. We present numerical results for the effective wave number of these modes as a function of the intensity of the electric field at the lower surface of the nonlinear film for both self-focusing and self-defocusing nonlinear films. A double-valued relation between the effective wave number and the electric field intensity is obtained for certain ranges of the parameters characterizing the structure under investigation. Asymmetric modes in this symmetric structure are found to occur when the nonlinear film is made from a self-defocusing dielectric material.
A Catalytic System for Ethylene Polymerization Based on Group III and Lanthanide Complexes of Tris(pyrazolyl)borate Ligands

We report here the synthesis and characterization of tris(3, 5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)borohydride Tp{sup Me} complexes of yttrium of the general formula [Tp{sup Me}YR{sub 2}(THF){sub x}] [R = C{sub 6}F{sub 5}, CH{sub 2}SiMe{sub 3}]. We have found these complexes and similar ones of variously substituted Tp ligands, as well as analogous lanthanide complexes, to be active in the catalytic polymerization of ethylene to linear, extremely high molecular weight polymers. The variations in polymerization activity of polyethylene (PE) that are obtained from different members of this class of complexes show that synthetic tailoring allows control over the rate of polymerization reaction and the yield of the PE product. 10 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.
Regional Approaches to Hospital Preparedness

This article describes issues related to the engagement of hospitals and other community partners in a coordinated regional healthcare preparedness and response effort. The report is based on interviews with public health and hospital representatives from 13 regions or states across the country. It aims to identify key ingredients for building successful regional partnerships for healthcare preparedness as well as critical challenges and policy and practical recommendations for their development and sustainability.
Inhibition of Appetite in Dairy Cattle by Certain Intermediate Metabolites

MANNING et al. 1 have discussed the applicability of the glucostatic theory of Mayer et al. 2 to the regulation of food intake in sheep. Glucose in ruminant animals plays a relatively minor part in energy metabolism, since a major portion of ingested carbohydrates are degraded to volatile fatty acids which are absorbed into the blood stream via the rumen wall3. Consequently, a chemoreceptor mechanism of regulation of intake in ruminants may depend on any of several metabolites. The objective of this experiment was to examine several major intermediate metabolites for their effect on appetite.
Interaction of counterpropagating hot spots in solid fuel combustion

Abstract We consider a model of gasless solid fuel combustion of a cylindrical sample, which describes the SHS (self-propagating high temperature synthesis) process for the synthesis of advanced materials. In this process a compacted powder sample of reactants is ignited at one end and a combustion wave then propagates along the cylindrical axis of the sample converting the unreacted powder to the desired product material. To simplify the presentation we assume that combustion occurs only on the surface of the cylinder, and thus consider the resulting two-dimensional problem. It is known, both experimentally and theoretically, that there exist spinning modes of propagation, i.e., nonaxisymmetric solutions characterized by the formation of hot spots (localized high temperature pulses) which rotate around the sample as they propagate, thus following a helical path on the cylinder. We compute solutions involving counterpropagating hot spots. When the spots collide, we show that they undergo one of three possible interactions: (i) a strong (hot) spot collides with a weak (cooler) spot with both the strong and weak spots continuing to rotate in the same direction as before the interaction, (ii) two strong spots collide to produce two weak spots, and (iii) two weak spots collide to produce two strong spots. The latter two interactions describe the phenomena of apparent annihilation and creation of hot spots, respectively, which have been recently observed in experiments.
Atmospheric pressure plasma oxidation of AA6061-T6 aluminum alloy surface for strong and durable adhesive bonding applications

Abstract AA 6061-T6 aluminum alloy surface has been treated using atmospheric pressure helium–oxygen plasma at room temperature prior to bonding with a bi-component epoxy resin. The adhesive joint strengths were evaluated via single lap shear tests as prepared (pristine conditions) as well as following degradation by exposure to extreme temperature and humidity conditions (cataplasma conditions). Very high adhesion strength of 24 ± 1 MPa was achieved on surfaces after a very short exposure of the He/O 2 plasma of only 15 s under pristine conditions resulting in cohesive failure of the adhesive itself. Best results were obtained under cataplasma conditions with adhesion strength of 22.6 ± 1 MPa by introducing a very simple pretreatment with scotch brite ® prior to plasma exposure. With many different surface treatment methods being predominantly tested and evaluated, the adhesive bonding community may highly benefit from the present work as the treatment method uses very simple, economical and safe procedures in obtaining results comparable to benchmark methods such as Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) etch, anodization and so on.
Alterations of A549 lung cell gene expression in response to biochemical toxins

Health risks associated with the inhalation of potentially toxic materials have been a topic of great public concern. In vitro cellular analyses can provide mechanistic information on the molecular-level responses of lung-derived cell lines to a variety of these hazards. This understanding may be used to develop methods to reduce the damage from such toxins or to detect early stages of their effects. Here we describe an evaluation of the alterations in gene expression of an immortalized lung cell line (A549, human type II epithelia) to a variety of inhalation health hazards including etoposide, gliotoxin, streptolysin O, methyl methansesulfonate (MMS), and Triton X-100. The A549 cells display a dose–response relationship to each toxin with initial responses including alterations in metabolic activity, increases in membrane permeability, and initiation of response genes. In general, membrane-damaging agents (streptolysin O and Triton X-100) induce production of new ion channel proteins, structural proteins, and metabolic enzymes. Gliotoxin impacted the metabolic machinery, but also altered ion channels. Etoposide and MMS caused alterations in the cell cycle, induced DNA repair enzymes, and initiated apoptotic pathways, but MMS also induced immune response cascades. The mechanism of cell response to each toxin is supported by physiological analyses that indicated a fairly slow initiation of cell response to all compounds tested, except for Triton, which caused rapid decline in cell function due to solubilization of the cell membrane. However, Triton does induce production of a number of cell membrane-associated proteins and so its effects at low concentrations are likely translated throughout the cell. Together these results indicate a broader array of cellular responses to each of the test toxins than have previously been reported.
Epidural and intravenous bolus morphine for postoperative analgesia in infants

To compare two doses of bolus epidural morphine with bolus iv morphine for postoperative pain after abdominal or genitourinary surgery in infants. Eighteen infants were randomly assigned to bolus epidural morphine (0.025 mg · kg−1 or 0.050 mg · kg−1) or bolus iv morphine (0.050–0.150 mg · kg−1). Postoperative pain was assessed and analgesia provided, using a modified infant pain scale. Monitoring included continuous ECG, pulse oximetry, impedance and nasal thermistor pneumography. The CO2 response curves and serum morphine concentrations were measured postoperatively. Postoperative analgesia was provided within five minutes by all treatment methods. Epidural groups required fewer morphine doses (3.8 ± 0.8 for low dose [LE], 3.5 ± 0.8 for high dose epidural [HE] vs. 6.7 ± 1.6 for iv, P < 0.05) and less total morphine (0.11 ± 0.04 mg · kg−1 for LE, 0.16 ± 0.04 for HE vs 0.67 ± 0.34 for iv, P < 0.05) on POD1 Dose changes were necessary in all groups for satisfactory pain scores. Pruritus, apnoea, and haemoglobin desaturation occurred in all groups. CO2 response curve slopes, similar preoperatively (range 36–41 ml · min−1 · mmHg ETco 2 −1 · kg−1) were generally depressed (range, 16–27 ml · min−1 · mmHg ETco 2 −1 · kg−1) on POD1. Serum morphine concentrations, negligible in LE (<2 ng · ml−1), were similar in the HE and iv groups (peak 8.5 ± 12.5 and 8.6 ± 2.4 ng · ml−1, respectively). Epidural and iv morphine provide infants effective postoperative analgesia, although side effects are common. Epidural morphine gives satisfactory analgesia with fewer doses (less total morphine); epidural morphine 0.025 mg · kg−1 is appropriate initially. Infants receiving epidural or iv morphine analgesia postoperatively need close observation in hospital with continuous pulse oximetry.
Is there symmetry breaking in the first excited singlet state of 2-pyridone dimer?

We investigate the S1 state potential energy surface of 2-pyridone dimer (2PY)2 using time-dependent density functional and coupled cluster theory. Although the ground and S2 excited states of (2PY)2 have C2h symmetry, the S1 state shows symmetry breaking and localization of the excitation on one of the two monomers upon relaxation of the geometry. This localization is rationalized using a simple diabatic curve crossing model. As a consequence of the symmetry breaking, S1 to S0 transitions become optically allowed. We hypothesize that the band at 30 776 cm−1 observed in the excitation spectrum of (2PY)2 might be attributed to the S1 state rather than the S2 state; the S2 state origin is predicted 3000−4000 cm−1 above the S1 state by hybrid density functional and coupled cluster methods. Asymmetric transfer of one hydrogen atom leads to a second S1 state minimum that can rapidly decay to the ground state. This suggests that photoinduced tautomerization of (2PY)2 occurs in a stepwise fashion, with only one ...
Multiple paternity and offspring quality in tree swallows

There is mounting evidence in a variety of taxa that females increase offspring quality by mating with multiple males, often resulting in multiple paternity. In birds, however, few studies have explicitly examined the benefits of mating with several different males; instead, the focus has been on whether or not extra-pair mating occurs, and its adaptive significance remains controversial. We examined the hypothesis that offspring quality, particularly immune response (phytohaemagglutinin assay) and growth, increases with the number of sires in broods of socially monogamous tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). We found one of the highest known levels of multiple paternity in birds (84% of nests with two or more extra-pair young had at least two extra-pair sires). Among nests with extra-pair young, the number and diversity of sires continued to increase linearly with the number of extra-pair young, so there was no evidence that some males monopolized paternity at high levels of extra-pair fertilization. Indeed, the number of sires was actually greater than expected in large broods, suggesting that some females might be seeking more mates. We found no effect of the number of sires on nestling immune response or growth. In mixed paternity broods, the immune response of extra-pair young did not differ from that of their within-pair half-siblings. However, among all broods, nestlings had a stronger immune response in nests with at least one extra-pair nestling than in nests with all within-pair nestlings. These results are not consistent with a good genes benefit of extra-pair mating, but they do suggest that there are environmental effects associated with extra-pair mating that increase nestling immune response. These environmental effects could produce indirect genetic effects on sexual selection if they are heritable. The extraordinarily high number of sires in this species highlights a relatively unexplored source of sexual selection in birds.
Personality Differences Among High Ability Underachievers.

AbstractPersonality characteristics of achieving and underachieving bright fifth-grade students were studied with the Children's Personality Questionnaire. Underachievers were grouped on the basis of (1) low grades, (2) low achievement test scores, and (3) both low grades and low achievement scores. Credulity, self-confidence, and self-control were components in successful female achievement; emotional stability, seriousness and sensitivity were components in successful male achievement. Underachievers differed in personality factors according to type of underachievement, Underachieving female groups differed in credulity, self-confidence, self-control, and excitability. Underachieving male groups differed in emotional stability, cheerfulness, and sensitivity. Remediation should consider variation in need as related to sex and type of underachievement.
Intravascular Ultrasound Imaging as Applied to the Aorta: A New Tool for the Cardiovascular Surgeon

Intravascular ultrasound is a novel endovascular imaging technology that is useful as an imaging tool for diagnosis and treatment of arterial and venous pathologies. Intravascular ultrasound is particularly useful as a decision-making tool in the endovascular management of vascular pathologies. Recently the aorta has become increasingly amenable to endovascular technology, and with the advent of intravascular ultrasound detailed imaging, using intravascular ultrasound permits the diagnosis and endovascular management of various complex aortic pathologies affecting the abdominal and thoracic aorta. Various aortic pathologies including thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms, type B dissections, penetrating aortic ulcers, coarctation of the aorta, and many other aortic pathologies, which were once only amenable by open surgical repair are increasingly being managed with endoluminal technology. As experience develops with this technology, more complex aortic pathologies would become readily amenable to advanced endovascular interventions.
Inferior vena cava filter insertion.

Inferior vena cava filtration is a common albeit controversial practice. Filter insertion varies widely by hospital. In my practice, nearly all patients with deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism who are unable to undergo anticoagulation receive an inferior vena cava filter. Retrievable filters are also placed prophylactically in high-risk patients prior to elective surgery.
Infected multicystic displastic kidney.

Abstract We believe this is the first case reported of an infant with a primarily infected multicystic dysplastic kidney.
Full-length U–xPu–10Zr (x = 0, 8, 19 wt.%) fast reactor fuel test in FFTF

Abstract The Integral Fast Reactor-1 (IFR-1) experiment performed in the Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF) was the only U–Pu–10Zr (Pu-0, 8 and 19 wt.%) metallic fast reactor test with commercial-length (91.4-cm active fuel-column length) conducted to date. With few remaining test reactors, there is little opportunity for performing another test with a long active fuel column. The assembly was irradiated to the goal burnup of 10 at.%. The beginning-of-life (BOL) peak cladding temperature of the hottest pin was 608 °C, cooling to 522 °C at end-of-life (EOL). Selected fuel pins were examined non-destructively using neutron radiography, precision axial gamma scanning, and both laser and spiral contact cladding profilometry. Destructive exams included plenum gas pressure, volume, and gas composition determinations on a number of pins followed by optical metallography, electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and alpha and beta–gamma autoradiography on a single U–19Pu–10Zr pin. The post-irradiation examinations (PIEs) showed very few differences compared to the short-pin (34.3-cm fuel column) testing performed on fuels of similar composition in Experimental Breeder Reactor-II (EBR-II). The fuel column grew axially slightly less than observed in the short pins, but with the same pattern of decreasing growth with increasing Pu content. There was a difference in the fuel–cladding chemical interaction (FCCI) in that the maximum cladding penetration by interdiffusion with fuel/fission products did not occur at the top of the fuel column where the cladding temperature is highest, as observed in EBR-II tests. Instead, the more exaggerated fission-rate profile of the FFTF pins resulted in a peak FCCI at ∼0.7 X/L axial location along the fuel column. This resulted from a higher production of rare-earth fission products at this location and a higher ΔT between fuel center and cladding than at core center, together providing more rare earths at the cladding and more FCCI. This behavior could actually help extend the life of a fuel pin in a “long pin” reactor design to a higher peak fuel burnup.
Solitary Rossby waves in zonal shear flows and their interactions

Interactions of long-wave solitons propagating in shear flows are described by a coupled pair of Korteweg-de Vries equations. The basic equation of motion for the analysis is the quasi-geostrophic forecast equation, and the interaction of two wave modes is studied. The solution for mode 1-mode 2 interaction of solitary waves in an asymmetric shear flow of a barotropic atmosphere with divergence is constructed. Streamline patterns for certain flows are obtained. An unsteady solitary wave solution for a modified Korteweg-de Vries equation is derived.
A regularization framework for joint blur estimation and super-resolution of video sequences

In traditional digital image restoration, the blurring process of the optic is assumed known. Many previous research efforts have been trying to reconstruct the degraded image or video sequence with either partially known or totally unknown point spread function (PSF) of the optical lens, which is commonly called the blind deconvolution problem. Many methods have been proposed in the application to image restoration. However, little work has been done in the super-resolution scenario. In this paper, we propose a generalized framework of regularized image/video iterative blind deconvolution / super-resolution (IBD-SR) algorithm, using some information from the more matured blind deconvolution techniques from image restoration. The initial estimates for the image restoration help the iterative image/video super-resolution algorithm converge faster and be stable. Experimental results are presented and conclusions are drawn.
Hybrid processing for phase measurement in metrology and flow diagnostics.

A hybrid optical/digital processing scheme for measuring phase distributions is described and demonstrated. It is intended to be an alternative to interferometric methods of measuring optical path length changes in flow diagnostics and can also be used as a flow visualization technique. The processing scheme enables one to make accurate measurements of phase at arbitrary points in the image plane. The system is based on a simple coherent optical Fourier processor but incorporates three separate measurements and postdetection digital processing to eliminate extraneous parts of the signal. The addition of a holographic filter to the system enables one to measure deformation or displacement of diffusely reflecting opaque objects. The technique is demonstrated by using it to visualize the flow of an expanding compressible gas jet and to measure the optical path length through a heated plume of air.
Stable CW operation of field-plated GaN-AlGaN MOSHFETs at 19 W/mm

We report for the first time the dc and radio frequency (RF) operation of a field-plated GaN-AlGaN metal-oxide-semiconductor heterostructure field effect transistor (MOSHFET). At 2 GHz and an RF output power level of 19 W/mm (drain bias 55 V), the device exhibited a remarkably stable operation for times in excess of 100 h. In contrast, a similar geometry HFET from the same wafer continuously degraded from 17 W/mm down to 14 W/mm within the first 20 h. We attribute the stable performance of the MOSHFET at high microwave powers to the extremely low gate-leakage currents and the current collapse-free operation resulting from the field-plated design.
Cathedral, Bazaar, or Some Third Thing: Can Open Source Work for Libraries?

The author examines open source in the context of academic libraries, particularly as a software solution for ILS needs. The author focuses on LibraryThing as an ideal example of the use of open source in a library environment.
Voluntary Dehydration and Cognitive Performance in Trained College Athletes

Cognitive and mood decrements resulting from mild dehydration and glucose consumption were studied. Men and women (total N = 54; M age = 19.8 yr., SD = 1.2) were recruited from college athletic teams. Euhydration or dehydration was achieved by athletes completing team practices with or without water replacement. Dehydration was associated with higher thirst and negative mood ratings as well as better Digit Span performance. Participants showed better Vigilance Attention with euhydration. Hydration status and athlete's sex interacted with performance on Choice Reaction Time and Vigilance Attention. In a second study, half of the athletes received glucose prior to cognitive testing. Results for negative mood and thirst ratings were similar, but for cognitive performance the results were mixed. Effects of glucose on cognition were independent of dehydration.
Zero-one laws for Gilbert random graphs

We look at a competitor of the Erdos-Renyi models of random graphs, one proposed by E. Gilbert (1961): given /spl delta/>0 and a metric space X of diameter >/spl delta/, scatter n vertices at random on X and connect those of distance </spl delta/ apart: we get a random graph G/sub n,/spl delta///sup X/. Question: for fixed X, /spl delta/, do we have 0-1 laws for FO logic? We prove that this is true if X is a circle.
The importance of bottlenecks in protein networks: correlation with gene essentiality and expression dynamics.

It has been a long-standing goal in systems biology to find relations between the topological properties and functional features of protein networks. However, most of the focus in network studies has been on highly connected proteins (“hubs”). As a complementary notion, it is possible to define bottlenecks as proteins with a high betweenness centrality (i.e., network nodes that have many “shortest paths” going through them, analogous to major bridges and tunnels on a highway map). Bottlenecks are, in fact, key connector proteins with surprising functional and dynamic properties. In particular, they are more likely to be essential proteins. In fact, in regulatory and other directed networks, betweenness (i.e., “bottleneck-ness”) is a much more significant indicator of essentiality than degree (i.e., “hub-ness”). Furthermore, bottlenecks correspond to the dynamic components of the interaction network—they are significantly less well coexpressed with their neighbors than nonbottlenecks, implying that expression dynamics is wired into the network topology.
Design of a self-testing and self-repairing structure for highly hierarchical ultra-large capacity memory chips

A memory architecture with the capability of self-testing and self-repairing is presented. The contributions of this memory architecture are twofold. First, because it incorporates self-testing and self-repairing structures, the memory chip can perform tests, locate faults, and repair itself without any external assistance from either test engineers or test equipment. This will greatly improve the functional yield and reduce the production cost. Second, the hierarchical organization used to achieve optimal conditions for memory access time also helps increase the efficiency of the self-testing and self-repairing structures. >
Evaporites: Relative Humidity Control of Primary Mineral Facies

ABSTRACT Increasing dissolved salt concentration decreases the thermodynamic or chemical activity of H2O in a solution and as a result lowers the equilibrium water vapor pressure exerted by the solution. The calcium sulfate facies minerals of marine evaporites are precipitated from brines with aH2O 0.93-0.76; halite facies minerals from brines with aH2O 0.76-0.67; potash facies minerals from brines with aH2O less than 0.67. Thus halite can only be precipitated in those areas where the mean relative humidity of the atmosphere is less than 76%. Mean relative humidities of many low latitude coastal and oceanic areas, even in the most arid regions, commonly hover between 70 and 80%. Lower mean relative humidities occur ov r marine areas surrounded by large expanses of land. Thus only marine basins with a high continentality are likely to precipitate potash facies evaporites. It is suggested that some evaporite basins may be restricted to the calcium sulfate mineral facies only, even if the basin becomes entirely cut off from the world ocean, the controlling factor being a high mean relative humidity.
Issues regarding the capacitance of 1-10 MHz transformers

Capacitive modeling issues are addressed, particularly with respect to minimizing leakage inductance. Reasonable assumptions about the winding configuration and the distribution of voltage around it are made. The total electrical energy stored in the winding when a voltage is applied is then calculated and partitioned into the differential and common-mode parts. A description of how the common-mode current flows is discussed, and the tradeoff between leakage inductance and capacitance is quantified. Some experimental results are provided. >
Young children's understanding of the roles of knowledge and thinking in pretense

In two studies, we assessed children's understanding that pretense involves mental representation. Three-, 4- and 5-year-olds were told stories and asked questions designed to assess their understanding of the role of both knowledge and thinking in pretense. In Study 1, children were found to understand the role of knowledge in pretense. Study 2 revealed that children of this same age also understand the involvement of thinking in pretense. These results support the view that preschool age children understand that pretense involves mental representation. We discuss the implications of these results for the broader issue of children's understanding of the mind.
Reply to: Comments on "Design of Supervised Classifiers Using Boolean Neural Networks"

In his comments, Guy Smith discussed three points he believes are either not correct or unclear. These points are: 1) The uniqueness of thermometer coding in the algorithm is not supported in the paper. 2) The BKNN algorithm is not equivalent to the k-nearest neighbor algorithm. 3) The relationship between examplars and classes is not clear. Following is a reply to each of the above three points:
Production and Processing Studies to Reduce the Incidence of Salmonellae on Commercial Broilers1,2

A series of experiments have been conducted at the University of Arkansas over the last two years in efforts to decrease the incidence of salmonellae on commercial broilers. These experiments have concentrated on feeding trials in efforts to alter intestinal microflora, and processing trials in which chemical additives have been evaluated. A buffered propionic acid compound was fed at various concentrations for specific time periods and the cecal tonsils, small intestine, litter, and processed carcasses were tested for salmonellae and other organisms. In a separate series of trials a variety of chemicals were added to the scald, chill, scald and chill, or used as pre- or post-chill dips or sprays in efforts to decrease carcass contamination with salmonellae and extend product shelflife. Feeding trials indicate that the addition of a buffered propionic acid can alter intestinal microflora and decrease contamination of the processed carcass without adversely affecting live bird performance. Processing trials indicate that certain chemicals such as lactic acid can be used in a variety of ways to either decrease or eliminate salmonellae from the carcass and extend shelflife of processed broilers. However, some chemicals at high concentrations may produce undesirable organoleptic characteristics.
Very-short term forecasting of electricity price signals using a Pareto composition of kernel machines in smart power systems

In smart power distribution systems price forecasting is an indispensable participant tool for developing purchase strategies. This paper places itself in price directed power systems, where participants respond with their load demand to incoming price signals. To that end, a two hour-ahead forecasting method using a linear composition of kernel machines for electricity prices is introduced. Initially, two kernel machines, i.e., a Gaussian process (GP) and a relevance vector machine (RVM), are utilized for next-two-hour prediction making. Subsequently, a linear predictor composed of the two kernel machines, which are both equipped with the Gaussian kernel, is built that integrates the individual predictions to provide a single one. The linear coefficients are obtained as the solution of multiobjective problem that is sought by a genetic algorithm utilizing Pareto optimality theory. Method testing is performed on a set of historical data obtained from the New England area. The proposed Pareto optimal kernel machine composition outperforms in terms of accuracy the autoregressive moving average (ARMA) predictor as well as the individual kernel machines in the vast majority of the tested cases.
Lipotoxic Lethal and Sublethal Stress Signaling in Hepatocytes: Relevance to NASH Pathogenesis

The accumulation of lipids is a histologic and biochemical hallmark of obesity-associated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). A subset of NALFD patients develops progressive liver disease, termed nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, which is characterized by hepatocellular apoptosis and innate immune system-mediated inflammation. These responses are orchestrated by signaling pathways that can be activated by lipids, directly or indirectly. In this review, we discuss palmitate- and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)-induced upregulation of p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis and cell-surface expression of the death receptor TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 2. Next, we review the activation of stress-induced kinases, mixed lineage kinase 3, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and the activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress response and its downstream proapoptotic effector, CAAT/enhancer binding homologous protein, by palmitate and LPC. Moreover, the activation of these stress signaling pathways is linked to the release of proinflammatory, proangiogenic, and profibrotic extracellular vesicles by stressed hepatocytes. This review discusses the signaling pathways induced by lethal and sublethal lipid overload that contribute to the pathogenesis of NAFLD.
Cumulative Insect-Days as an Index of Crop Protection

Percent control is the usual index for the efficacy of an insecticide or other control measure against an insect. This places the emphasis on the proportion of the population that is eliminated. The magnitude and duration of the insects that survive treatment, however, is of greater importance to crop protection. Insect-days, the area under the curve of insect number on time, combines magnitude and duration into a single expression. The insect-days can be easily calculated from insecticide tests, and an example is given. Cumulative insect-days are suggested as an index of the crop protection afforded by a control measure.
The Saguenay, Quebec, Earthquake Lights of November 1988-January 1989: A Comparative Study with Reference to the Geoatmospheric Lights Classification Proposed by Montandon in 1948, and a Description Put Forward by Yasui in 1968

From November 1988 until the end of January 1989 the Saguenay region (Province of Qudbec, Canada), experienced sixty-seven earthquakes ( M > 0). A foreshock, magnitude 4.8 mbLg , occurred on 23 November at 4:12 am (all times in this paper are EST). Two days later at 6:46 pm on 25 November, an unexpected 6.5 mbLg (5.9 mb ) shock was recorded by a network of portable seismometers, distributed near the epicenter by the Geological Survey of Canada after the foreshock. (Both this and the foreshock occurred during the hours of darkness.) The main shock caused strong shaking near the epicenter and was felt over much of northeastern North America. By 11 December, fifty-seven shocks had been registered. Then, after a seismic silence of fourteen days, the activity resumed on 25 December, peaking around 19 January and ending the 23rd of that month with a total of ten more shocks. From that date, another halt lasted until 18 April 1989. The main shock was peculiar due to its 29 km depth in the lower crust of the “stable” pre-Cambrian craton, its low aftershock activity (eighty-four earthquakes over six months), its high Lg -wave energy, and its large aftershock epicentral area (Saguenay = 5.9 mb , 25 × 40 km; Miramichi = 5.7 mb , 6 × 6 km). The Saguenay event occurred within the “Jacques Cartier” tectonic block, 17 km south of the southern margin of the Saguenay Graben, which bounds the Jacques-Cartier Bloc on the north side, the southeast border being delimited by the St. Lawrence Rift system (Du Berger et al. , 1991). Following the same spatial and temporal pattern of the seismic activity, thirty-eight unusual luminosities were seen by some Saguenay and Lac St-Jean inhabitants, mainly during the foreshock, main shock, and …
Fine Structure of the 2 P 3 and 3 P 3 States in Helium

The $2^{3}P_{2}\ensuremath{-}2^{3}P_{1}$, $3^{3}P_{1}\ensuremath{-}3^{3}P_{0}$ and $3^{3}P_{2}\ensuremath{-}3^{3}P_{1}$ level separations in orthohelium are determined experimentally by extending previously developed microwave-optical techniques. Frequencies of 2291.72\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.36 Mc/sec, 8113.78\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.22 Mc/sec, and 658.55\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15 Mc/sec, respectively, are found for the above level separations. These results are to be compared with previous optical measurements of 2295\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}21 Mc/sec for $2^{3}P_{2}\ensuremath{-}2^{3}P_{1}$, 7950\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}600 Mc/sec for $3^{3}P_{1}\ensuremath{-}3^{3}P_{0}$, and a microwave-optical determination of 658\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1 Mc/sec for $3^{3}P_{2}\ensuremath{-}3^{3}P_{1}$.
Value of dynamic electrocardiogram for diagnosis of viral myocarditis in children

Objective To explore the value of dynamic electrocardiogram(DCG)for diagnosis of viral myocarditis in children.Method The results of dynamic electrocardiogram and electrocardiogram of 132 children with viral myocarditis were analyzed.Results For 111 cases of abnormal results with dynamic electrocardiogram,61 patients of abnormal results with electrocardiogram,the difference was statistically significant(P0.01).Conclusion DCG can improve the detection rate of cardiac arrhythmia and myocardial ischemia,and provide a reliable basis in diagnosis of viral myocarditis in children.
Application effect analysis of 4 weeks health education model in the prevention and cure of chronic non-communicable diseases

Objective To investigate the application effect of 4 weeks health education model in the prevention and cure of chronic non-communicable diseases. Methods 424 patients with chronic non-communicable disease lived in Kuiyong Street were randomly divided into the observation group and the control group.The observation group was given4 weeks health education,while the control group was given regular health education,the health education effect of the two groups was compared. Results The markedly effective rate was 53.3%,the effective rate was 34.9%,the ineffective rate was 11.8% in the observation group,while in the group,they were 32.5%,43.9%,23.6% respectively,and the markedly effective rate and the total effective rate in the two groups were significantly higher than those in the control group(P0.01);the satisfaction degree for health education in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P0.05). Conclusion 4 weeks health education can significantly improve the health knowledge level of patients with chronic non-communicable disease,and improve the drug compliance,reduce the probability of occurrence of adverse events,it is worthy of promotion and reference.
Heteroatom Role in Polymeric Dioxyselenophene/Dioxythiophene Systems for Color and Redox Control

The first example of a solution processable dioxythiophene-alt-dioxyselenophene polymer, ProDOT-EDOS, prepared via direct (hetero)arylation polymerization is reported and its optical and electrochemical properties are compared to the all thiophene analog, ProDOT-EDOT, and other relevant dioxythiophene polymers. By substituting the sulfur atom for a selenium atom on one of the monomers in the repeat unit a significant red-shift of both the neutral (41 nm, 132 meV) and polaronic (106 nm, 126 meV) absorbances results, as well as a 160 mV reduction in the onset of oxidation compared to ProDOT-EDOT. Spray-cast films of the polymer electrochemically switch from a vibrant blue charge neutral state to a color neutral and highly transmissive oxidized state.
Evaluation of urban non-point source runoff of hazardous metals entering Santa Monica Bay, California

Significant amounts of non-point source runoff enter the Santa Monica Bay from the Ballona Creek Watershed during wet weather flow. The primary objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of hazardous metal pollutants associated with the aqueous and suspended solid phases during wet weather flow. A calculation of the mass of the pollutants for each storm was conducted. Other objectives of this study were to evaluate during a storm event the relationships between (1) soluble and sorbed metals, (2) storm flow and pollutant loading, including a determination if a first flush was present, and (3) total mass loading of pollutants and relative pollution loading from three watershed sub-basins. This study focused on the urbanized watershed of Ballona Creek, which is approximately 330 km2 (127 miles2) in size and developed primarily with residential and light commercial industries. In the 1997–98 rain season, an El Nino year, two storm events were monitored by the collection of hourly grab samples. An initial storm monitored Ballona creek, while a second storm also monitored Ballona Creek along with two smaller sub-watersheds, Centinela Channel and Sepulveda Channel. The results indicated the suspended solids phase primarily transported the mass for five of the six hazardous metals studied: cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, and nickel. Arsenic was found primarily in the aqueous phase.
CHRONIC NEUTROPENIA REPORT OF A CASE NOT CURED BY SPLENECTOMY

A case of severe chronic neutropenia without splenomegaly is reported. The disorder was characterized by chronic fatigue and many pyogenic infections, and by a persistently low neutrophile count. The marrow was cellular, with a defect in maturation in both granulocytic and megakaryocytic series. There was no improvement on the usual types of medical therapy, and splenectomy, while it was followed by transient thrombocytosis, likewise failed to induce a remission. It is suggested that in the consideration of therapy for severe neutropenia, a lack of splenomegaly should be considered a contraindication to splenectomy.