cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Far-Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer Detection of Diffuse Galactic O VI Emission toward the Coma and Virgo Clusters

We report the detection of diffuse O VI λλ1032, 1038 emission in a 29 ks observation centered on the Coma Cluster (l = 57.6, b = +88.0) and an 11 ks observation toward Virgo (l = 284.2, b = +74.5) through the 30'' × 30'' aperture of the Far-Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE). The emission lines have a redshift near zero and are thus produced by gas in our own Galaxy. Observed surface brightnesses are 2000 ± 600 photons cm-2 s-1 sr-1 for each of the O VI components in the Coma spectrum and 2900 ± 700 and 1700 ± 700 photons cm-2 s-1 sr-1 for the 1032 and 1038 A lines, respectively, toward Virgo. These features are similar in strength to those recently observed in the southern Galactic hemisphere (l = 315.0, b = -41.3) in an ~200 ks FUSE observation. From a FUSE spectrum of M87, we find that N(O VI) toward Virgo is (1.4 ± 0.8) × 1014 cm-2. By combining emission- and absorption-line data for this sight line, we estimate the physical parameters of the emitting gas.
The strength and duration of immunity to Dictyocaulus filaria infection in sheep and goats.

SUMMARY The strength and duration of immunity to Dictyocaulus filaria infection were studied in 14 sheep and 14 goats that had recovered from initial doses of from 517 to 8,000 infective larvae, and in 4 naturally infected ewes. Challenge doses were given from 1½ to 46 months after vaccination and varied from 7,500 to 60,000 larvae. Reinfected animals and comparably injected control animals were killed at intervals after challenge ranging from 4 to 84 days and the significant data compared. Both sheep and goats were highly resistant to reinfection by D. filaria which prevented establishment of infection for up to 46 months, although there was evidence that resistance varied with the size of the initial exposure and decreased with time between initial exposure and challenge. Goats were more susceptible to both initial and challenge infections than were sheep of the same age and were more severely affected. Immune mechanisms of varying strength appeared to operate at different sites in the migratory path of the worms. Some worms were retained for as long as 15 days in the mesenteric lymph nodes of immune sheep and some of these developed to the fifth stage. Such worms probably were unable to complete their migration to the lungs. Development in the lymph nodes apparently was not obligatory but the vast majority of worms were still in the nodes 5 days after infection in both susceptible and immune animals. Larvae taken from the lymph nodes of an immune goat 4 days after challenge were able to complete their development when injected into the jugular vein of a susceptible goat. Although many worms reached the lungs of some immune animals, growth of the worms was inhibited and they were eliminated before reaching sexual maturity. High eosinophil counts were typical of lungworm infection and were especially evident after challenge, with some counts reaching 58%. Many eosinophils were also present in the lung fluid. Eosinophilia was a good index of re-exposure in the absence of other clinical symptoms. Counts were generally much higher in sheep than in goats but could not be correlated with the strength of immunity.
Determining computer programming traits

The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument that measures programming aptitude. This instrument could help to identify students who may have an aptitude for programming, but have never considered the field. It may also help teachers to better prepare those students who may not have an aptitude for programming.
Space-Time Adative Matched-Field Processing (STAMP)

In this chapter, STAMP processing that combines STAP and MFP has been developed. Simulations show that STAMP coherently combines signal multipath spread in azimuth and Doppler and greatly enhances the target detection as well as providing target range and depth classification and localisation. In future studies, the robustness of STAMP against array shape error, frequency mismatch and environmental mismatch as well as how STAMP performs in other tactical scenarios will be addressed.
Persistence Length as a Metric for Modeling and Simulation of Nanoscale Communication Networks

This paper explores the significance of persistence length in modeling and simulation of nanoscale networks. Persistence length, used by chemists and biologists, pertains to a wide range of high-aspect ratio, small-scale materials, and has a significant impact on communication at the nanoscale. For example, it applies to carbon nanotubes, microtubules, DNA, and nanowires as well as many other potential nanoscale network structures. Consider the similarities between microtubules in living cells and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Both microtubules and carbon nanotubes have similar geometric structures and share similar properties; both are capable of transporting information at the nanoscale. Microtubules and carbon nanotubes can also self-organize to create random graph structures, which can be used as communication networks. At the same time, networks of CNTs may be used for molecular-level transport in the human body supporting treatment of diseases. This paper examines fundamental properties of network topologies created by filamentous structures and their relationship to the performance of nanoscale communication networks. This behavior depends strongly on the alignment of bond segments and filaments, which in turn depends on the persistence length of the tubes. We use graph spectral analysis for analyzing a simulated generic network of filamentous structures. A network graph is extracted from the layout of such a structure and graph properties of the resultant graph are examined. The paper presents the results of the simulation with tubes of different persistence lengths and makes the case for including persistence length as a parameter in standards for nanoscale communications. Our simulation results show that at different persistence lengths the network structure and the resultant properties of the graph structure that impact nanoscale communications can be predicted and analyzed. Such standard parameters help in calibrating an analytical model to a physical network allowing for synchronization between analytical and experimental results.
Theoretical vibrational sum-frequency generation spectroscopy of water near lipid and surfactant monolayer interfaces

Understanding the structure of water near cell membranes is crucial for characterizing water-mediated events such as molecular transport. To obtain structural information of water near a membrane, it is useful to have a surface-selective technique that can probe only interfacial water molecules. One such technique is vibrational sum-frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy. As model systems for studying membrane headgroup/water interactions, in this paper we consider lipid and surfactant monolayers on water. We adopt a theoretical approach combining molecular dynamics simulations and phase-sensitive VSFG to investigate water structure near these interfaces. Our simulated spectra are in qualitative agreement with experiments and reveal orientational ordering of interfacial water molecules near cationic, anionic, and zwitterionic interfaces. OH bonds of water molecules point toward an anionic interface leading to a positive VSFG peak, whereas the water hydrogen atoms point away from a cationic interface leading to a negative VSFG peak. Coexistence of these two interfacial water species is observed near interfaces between water and mixtures of cationic and anionic lipids, as indicated by the presence of both negative and positive peaks in their VSFG spectra. In the case of a zwitterionic interface, OH orientation is toward the interface on the average, resulting in a positive VSFG peak.
The kinetics of the mercury(II) catalyzed isomerization and aquation of the thiocyanatopentaamminecobalt(III) ion

Abstract Mercury(II) reacts with the Co(NH2)5SCN2+ ion form Co(NH3)5(SCN)Hg4+ which undergoes aquation and isomerization to yield Co(NH3)5H2O3+ and Co(NH2)5NCSHg4+. The stability constant of the binuclear complex is 1.2 M−1 and the corresponding ΔH∘ and ΔS∘ values are −5.2 kcal mol−1 and −17 cal mol−1 K−1, respectively, at μ = 1.00M and 25°C. Rate parameters k = 0.23 s−1 at 25° C, ΔH‡ = 21.4 kcal mol−1, and ΔS‡ = 10 cal mol−1 K−1 were obtained for the aquation and isomerization of the binuclear complex. The two cobalt(III) products are formed at approximately equal rates. The mechanism of the reaction is discussed in terms of the formation of a common intermediate in the isomerization/aquation processes.
Synthesis and biological properties of (Leu-6)-LH-RH and (D-Leu-6,desGly-NH210)-LH-RH ethylamide.

Abstract [Leu 6 ,desGly-NH 2 10 ]-LH-RH ethylamide and [Leu 6 ]-LH-RH, two analogs of LH-RH, were prepared by the solid phase method. LH- and FSH-releasing activity of these peptides was assayed against LH-RH by subcutaneous administration in immature male rats. When the integrated levels of LH and FSH over a 6 hr period after the injection were used as parameter of the LH- and FSH-releasing activities, the [Leu 6 ]-LH-RH showed LH-releasing activity of 9 times and FSH-releasing activity of 5 times greater than that of LH-RH. [Leu 6 ,desGly-NH 2 10 ]-LH-RH ethylamide showed LH- and FSH-releasing activities of 53.6 and 14.5 times greater, respectively, than that of LH-RH.
Chaotic dynamics in quasi-static systems: theory and applications

Abstract By a dynamical system, we mean a system of N ∈ N equations that depend on xt−μ, …, xt+ν ∈ R N, where μ, ν ∈ N . We define a static system as a dynamical system that depends only on xt. We define a quasi-static system as a dynamical system that is in a certain sense relatively close to a static system. We show that under additional conditions, a quasi-static system is chaotic in a generalized sense of Li and Yorke. This result provides easy-to-verify sufficient conditions for chaos for general multidimensional dynamical systems, including maps. We show that these conditions are stable under small C1 perturbations. We apply these results to two types of growth models with externalities. We show that the models display chaotic dynamics for certain parameter values. We also construct a numerical example in which utility is logarithmic and the dynamics are chaotic (and the discount rate is small). Our conditions for chaos are particularly useful in analyzing dynamic versions of static models with multiple equilibria, as well as dynamic models with multiple steady states.
The vista paradox: a natural visual illusion.

Suppose an observer views a distant object through a window in the far wall of a room or corridor—a visual scene consituting a vista. If the observer moves toward the window, then the distant object will shrink in apparent size and appear farther away. These effects are paradoxical, because the distant object appears smaller as its visual angle increases. The vista paradox occurs under many other real-world conditions, such as viewing a distant object while moving out of the mouth of a valley, or driving across a topographic crest. In the present study, framing effects and the equidistance tendency are considered as possible factors. However, an explanation based on the dynamic relationship between the visual angle of the framing portion of a vista and the visual angle of a distant object appears more promising.
Combined amiodarone and silymarin treatment, but not amiodarone alone, prevents sustained atrial flutter in dogs.

Introduction: Because amiodarone generates free radicals that may mediate amiodarone's toxicity, simultaneous therapy with an antioxidant might be beneficial if the antioxidant did not impair amiodarone's antiarrhythmic action. We tested whether simultaneous administration of a flavonoid antioxidant, silymarin, altered the electrophysiologic (EP) actions of amiodarone in 62 open chest dogs with electrically induced atrial flutter created by a Y-shaped right atrial incision. Methods and Results: Fifteen dogs received oral amiodarone (600 mg/day); 15 dogs received amiodarone (600 mg/day) and silymarin (70 mg bid); and 8 dogs received silymarin (70 mg bid) alone. All dosing was for 8 weeks; 24 control dogs received no drugs prior to induction of atrial flutter. Atrial flutter was induced by rapid right atrial pacing, and EP measurements were made before (presurgical) and after (postsurgical) creation of a Y-shaped right atrial incision. There was no difference in the frequency of induction of atrial flutter lasting >30 minutes among amiodarone-treated (8/15 [53%]), silymarin-treated (4/6 [67%]), and control (15/21 [71%]) groups, whereas the frequency of induction in the amiodarone+silymarin dogs (2/15 [13%]) was significantly reduced (P = 0.008) compared with the other three groups. Both amiodarone and amiodarone+silymarin treatment prolonged the presurgical and postsurgical right atrial effective refractory period (P = 0.012) compared with control; however, there was no significant difference in either parameter between the amiodarone+silymarin–treated and amiodarone-treated groups. The increase in atrial flutter mean cycle length (postsurgical minus presurgical) was significantly (P = 0.005) less in the amiodarone+silymarin–treated and control dogs compared with the amiodarone-treated dogs (16 ± 11 msec for amiodarone+silymarin; 24 ± 8 msec for control; and 42 ± 14 msec for amiodarone treatment). Amiodarone+silymarin treatment resulted in a longer postsurgical right atrial refractory period (155 ± 13 msec) than atrial flutter mean cycle length (154 ± 19 msec), consistent with reduction and/or elimination of the excitable gap. Silymarin alone did not exert significant EP or antiarrhythmic action. Conclusion: Amiodarone exerted no preventative antiarrhythmic action in this atrial flutter model, probably because it could not reduce the excitable gap of atrial flutter. However, an antioxidant, silymarin, without a direct antiarrhythmic action, when administered together with amiodarone, potentiated amiodarone's antiarrhythmic actions and prevented sustained atrial flutter by reduction and/or elimination of the excitable gap. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 14, pp. 861-867, August 2003)
Specific RNA binding to ordered phospholipid bilayers

We have studied RNA binding to vesicles bounded by ordered and disordered phospholipid membranes. A positive correlation exists between bilayer order and RNA affinity. In particular, structure-dependent RNA binding appears for rafted (liquid-ordered) domains in sphingomyelin-cholesterol-1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine vesicles. Binding to more highly ordered gel phase membranes is stronger, but much less RNA structure-dependent. All modes of RNA-membrane association seem to be electrostatic and headgroup directed. Fluorometry on 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine liposomes indicates that bound RNA broadens the gel-fluid melting transition, and reduces lipid headgroup order, as detected via fluorometric measurement of intramembrane electric fields. RNA preference for rafted lipid was visualized and confirmed using multiple fluorophores that allow fluorescence and fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy on RNA molecules closely associated with ordered lipid patches within giant vesicles. Accordingly, both RNA structure and membrane order could modulate biological RNA-membrane interactions.
Radiochemical Investigations of 99mTc−N3S-X-BBN[7−14]NH2: An in Vitro/in Vivo Structure−Activity Relationship Study Where X = 0-, 3-, 5-, 8-, and 11-Carbon Tethering Moieties

Bombesin (BBN), a 14 amino acid peptide, is an analogue of human gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) that binds to GRP receptors (GRPr) with high affinity and specificity. The GRPr is overexpressed on a variety of human cancer cells, including prostate, breast, lung, and pancreatic cancers. The specific aim of this study was to develop 99mTc-radiolabeled BBN analogues that maintain high specificity for the GRPr in vivo. A preselected synthetic sequence via solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) was designed to produce N3S−BBN (N3S = dimethylglycyl-l-seryl-l-cysteinylglycinamide) conjugates with the following general structure: DMG-S-C-G-X-Q-W-A-V-G−H-L-M-(NH2), where the spacer group, X = 0 (no spacer), ω-NH2(CH2)2COOH, ω-NH2(CH2)4COOH, ω-NH2(CH2)7COOH, or ω-NH2-(CH2)10COOH. The new BBN constructs were purified by reversed phase-HPLC (RP-HPLC). Electrospray mass spectrometry (ES-MS) was used to characterize the nonmetalated BBN conjugates. Re(V)−BBN conjugates were prepared by the reaction of Re(V)gluconate wi...
Thermodynamic approach to explain cell adhesion to air-medium interfaces.

Cell damage has been observed in suspension cell cultures with air sparging, especially in the absence of any protective additives. This damage is associated with cells adhering to bubbles, and it has been shown that if this adhesion is prevented, cell damage is prevented. This article presents a thermodynamic approach for predicting cell adhesion at the air–medium interface. With this relationship it can be shown that cell–gas adhesion can be prevented by lowering the surface tension of the liquid growth medium through the addition of surface–active protective additives. The thermodynamic relationship describes the change in free energy as a function of the interfacial tensions between the (i) gas and liquid phases, (ii) gas and cell phases, and (iii) liquid and cell phases. Experimental data, along with theoretical and empirical equations, are used to quantify the changes in free energy that predict the process of cell–gas adhesion. The thermodynamic model is nonspecific in nature and, consequently, results are equally valid for all types of cells. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Meningioma: the role of a foreign body and irradiation in tumor formation.

A case of meningioma is reported. At the age of 18 years, the patient had undergone insertion of a Torkildsen shunt through a posteroparietal burr hole for obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to a tumor of the pineal region, of which no biopsy had been made. After the hydrocephalus was relieved, he underwent irradiation of the tumor. Thirty years later, he was treated for an intracranial meningioma wrapped around the shunt. The tumor followed the shunt in all of its intracranial course. Microscopy disclosed pieces of the shunt tube within the meningioma. The role of a foreign body and irradiation in the induction of meningiomas is discussed, and a comprehensive review of the literature is presented. 47 references.
Electroabsorption and nonlinear optical constants of trans-polyacetylene and poly(3-hexylthiophene)

Abstract We present the results of electroabsorption measurements on thin films of trans -polyacetylene and poly(3-hexylthiophene). The induced changes in the adsorption coefficient are found to be quadratic in the applied electric field. The third order nonlinear susceptibility, χ dc (3) ( ω ,0,0), and the change in the complex index of refraction are calculated via a Kramers-Kronig analysis of the data. For trans -polyacetylene, a maximum value for the magnitude of χ (3) ∼ 3 × 10 −8 esu occurs near the band edge. χ (3) for poly(3-hexylthiophene) is about an order of magnitude smaller. The temperature and polarization dependence of the electroabsorption signal are also reported.
Thermal Wave Measurements Of The Thermal Properties Of CVD Diamond

The superior thermal conductivity of single crystal diamond (20 W/cm/K at room temperature for type IIa diamond) makes diamond desirable for many applications requiring the dissipation of heat. Several experimental methods have been used to determine whether chemical vapor deposited (CVD) diamond has a comparable thermal conductivity. Values as high as 10 W/cm/K have been measured. In this paper we discuss the use of photothermal radiometry to measure the thermal diffusivity and conductivity of CVD diamond.
Etherified amino resins: synthesis and reactions in surface coatings applications

Synthese des resines aminoplastes: reaction uree-formaldehyde, reaction melamine-formaldehyde, mecanisme de la reaction de methylolation, reaction d'etherification, reactions d'auto-condensation. Reactions de ces resines appliquees aux revetements. Catalyse du durcissement. Fonctionnalite dans les systemes «high-solids». Vieillissement des revetements durcis par aminoplastes
FEOL technology trend

Abstract Trends in front-end-of-line technology are discussed. At the chip level, many of the important parameters are published in the National Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors in 1994. At the device and circuit level, both bipolar and CMOS are scalable. However, the large standby power of bipolar circuits severely limits the integration level of bipolar chips. The inherently low standby power of CMOS, on the contrary, allows the integration level of CMOS circuits to continue increasing with scaling. In reality, both the electric field and power density of CMOS devices have been gradually rising over the generators owing to non-scaling effects of thermal voltage and silicon bnadgap. As power supply voltage reaches 1.5 V and below, circuit performance can only be gained at the expenses of higher active or standby power of the chip. Implications of device scaling on contact and silicide technology are addressed. Trends of local and global interconnect scaling are discussed.
Characteristic Energy-Loss Spectra and − Im ( 1 ɛ ) for Amorphous and Polycrystalline Al 2 O 3

Characteristic energy-loss spectra of 20-keV electrons in amorphous and polycrystalline ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ have been measured in transmission at zero scattering angle. The dominant loss peak, due to plasmon excitation, occurred at 22.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 and 24.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 eV for the amorphous and polycrystalline films, respectively. Lower-lying weaker losses were observed at about 8.7 and 13.5 eV in both films, with an additional loss at 17.7 eV in the polycrystalline film. Using a previously developed technique, values of $\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Im}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and electron-energy-loss oscillator strength were derived from the loss spectra. The results for anodized ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ are in excellent agreement with existing optical measurements.
Effects of Diflubenzuron Fed to Caged Honey Bees 12

When a 25% wp formulation of diflubenzuron was fed to Apis mellifera L. at 59 ppm in sugar syrup, it was accepted and it reduced the production of sealed brood. No abberations were observed in adults.
Peroxidase and ethylene production by barley leaves infected with Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei

Abstract Inoculation of primary leaves of barley of differing compatibilities (types 0, 0–1, 2, 2H and 4) to race 3 of Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei resulted in increased peroxidase activity in all cases. An increase was usually evident within 24 h of inoculation and was accompanied by the appearance of one new major isoenzyme band after gel electrophoresis. This band was not seen in extracts of conidia of the pathogen, which contained little peroxidase. It was concluded that the increase in peroxidase was a host response to infection. Treatment of leaves with maleic hydrazide and 2-chloroethyltrimethylammonium chloride also increased peroxidase activity and stimulated the appearance of the same isoenzyme band seen after infection. Plants incubated in an ethylene-containing atmosphere, and plants sprayed with 2-chloroethane phosphonic acid showed neither quantitative nor qualitative changes in peroxidase. There was some indication that maleic hydrazide increased the resistance of susceptible plants to infection. Detached inoculated leaves containing the Ml-a and Ml-g genes for resistance (types 0 and 0–1) showed a marked peak in ethylene evolution within 24 h after inoculation, which however, was not always reproducible. Lines containing the ml-a and ml-g alleles for susceptibility did not show this peak. Later, ethylene evolution from the incompatible combinations declined to a low level while increasingly large amounts were produced by the compatible combinations. Extracts of infected leaves containing the Ml-g gene did not produce ethylene in vitro , and usually inhibited the production of ethylene from a methional/horse-radish peroxidase system. The inhibitor(s), of a low molecular weight, were heat stable but decreased in activity with time. Some evidence indicated that the inhibitor(s) may be phenols and that their changing levels might parallel the pattern of ethylene evolution from intact leaves.
Use of bacteria as model nonspherical aerosol particles

Abstract Nonviable rod-shaped bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli and the spherical bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis were aerosolized using the conventional technique of pneumatic atomization. Single-particle aerodynamic relaxation time (SPART) analysis was carried out in order to determine the orientation-averaged aerodynamic size distribution for the aerosol. Results indicate that the compressed-air nebulizer used in this study is effective in generating bacterial aerosols of both uniform nonspherical and monodisperse spherical particles. The aerodynamic diameters as measured by the SPART technique agree with published data for the cell dimensions and optical microscopic analysis. Further, the SPART method distinguished the two rod-shaped organisms based on their aerodynamic diameter. This study demonstrates that nonviable bacterial cells can serve as a model system in studying aerosols of nonspherical particles and illustrates the potential of the SPART technique in the rapid detection and characterization of airborne biological particles.
Diagnosis and staging of hepatocellular carcinoma.

The diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) includes detection of the index lesion, staging of the lesion within the liver, and assessment for extrahepatic metastasis. HCC is a highly vascular neoplasm usually arising in a cirrhotic liver. Based on this concept, consensus criteria have been developed for the radiographic diagnosis of HCC. These include: (1) identification of a mass >2 cm in diameter in a cirrhotic liver in 2 imaging modalities, and (2) contrast enhancement on computed tomography, magnetic resonance, or angiography. A mass lesion within a cirrhotic liver in the presence of a serum α-fetoprotein level >400 ng/mL also is diagnostic. For lesions
Relation between filter paper activity and saccharifying ability of a Trichoderma cellulase system

Tests made to study the relation between filter paper activity and actual saccharifying ability of Trichoderma cellulases show that 30 IU/g of cellulose were sufficient to achieve over 80% hydrolysis of a 25 g/L cellulose suspension in 24 h. With the same enzyme/substrate ratio, but double the concentration of substrate, about 60% hydrolysis was achieved. End- product inhibition is one factor which seriously limits the degree of hydrolysis and therefore the concentration of sugars achievable by enzymatic hydrolysis at high levels of substrate concentration or enzyme/substrate ratio.
Reflection on My 32 Years with Albert Ellis

In this article, I reflect on what I believe are Albert Ellis’ important contributions to the field of psychotherapy. Having worked closely with Albert Ellis for 32 years, I offer my opinions on some misconceptions of Albert Ellis.
Post-anthesis development of oil content and composition with respect to seed moisture in two high-oleic sunflower hybrids in the northern US

Abstract Desiccating sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) at physiological maturity (PM) or earlier can be used to hasten harvest and thus, reduce yield losses associated with severe weather, plant degradation, and bird predation. Previous work showed that two modern oilseed hybrids studied reached PM at seed moisture content of about 40% and could be desiccated earlier than current recommendations for sunflower production in the northern U.S. However, the effects of early desiccation on oil content and quality are not well understood. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the relationship between seed oil and moisture content of seed from the peripheral and intermediate zones of the capitulum in two high-oleic sunflower hybrids and evaluate fatty acid composition with respect to seed moisture. A 2-year field study was conducted at Prosper, ND, and Morris, MN, and seeds were collected from capitula at 4- to 7-d intervals between stages R6 and R9. Maximum oil content of both peripheral and intermediate zone seeds occurred at moisture contents ranging from about 43 to 49% depending on the hybrid. The fully developed proportion of stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids in the seed oil was established at as high or higher seed moisture than total oil content regardless of hybrid or seed position. Results indicate that maximum oil content and fatty acid composition for the two oil hybrids were reached about 2–6 d earlier than PM. Therefore, oil quantity and quality will not be compromised if desiccation of the crop is based on seed moisture content at PM.
Homeostasis and function of regulatory T cells in HIV/SIV infection

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a pivotal role in the maintenance of tolerance as well as in the control of immune activation, particularly during chronic infections. In the setting of HIV infection, the majority of studies have reported an increase in Treg frequency but a decrease in absolute number in all immune compartments of HIV-infected individuals. Several nonexclusive mechanisms have been postulated to explain this preferential Treg accumulation, including peripheral survival, increased proliferation, increased peripheral conversion, and tissue redistribution. The role played by Tregs during HIV infection is still poorly understood, as two opposing hypotheses have been proposed. A detrimental role of Tregs during HIV infection was suggested based on the evidence that Tregs suppress virus-specific immune responses. Conversely, Tregs could be beneficial by limiting immune activation, thus controlling the availability of HIV targets as well as preventing immune-based pathologies. Despite the technical difficulties, getting a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating Treg dynamics remains important, as it will help determine whether we can successfully manipulate Treg function or number to the advantage of the infected host. The aim of this review is thus to discuss the recent findings on Treg homeostasis and function in the setting of HIV infection.
Faraday Depolarization and Circumstellar SiO Masers

Calculations are performed for the creation and transport of linearly polarized maser radiation in the presence of Faraday depolarization due to free electrons. Attention is limited to magnetic field strengths for which the characteristic Zeeman splitting gΩ is much less than the spectral line breadth Δω—the regime that ordinarily is appropriate for astrophysical SiO, H2O, and CH3OH masers. Analytic solutions are obtained for unsaturated masers though numerical methods must be utilized when there is radiative saturation. The investigation here is motivated by observations of the differences in the fractional linear depolarization between the J = 3-2, 2-1, and 1-0 transitions of circumstellar SiO masers. These data have been interpreted as suggestive of Faraday depolarization, with potential implications for the magnetic field strengths and fractional ionizations in these environments. For comparison with observation, the emphasis is on the relationship between the fractional polarization and the position angle of the polarization vector. The changes in position angle that we calculate for Faraday depolarization exclude this interpretation. Most likely, the observed variations in the fractional polarization are due to a combination of (1) differences in the degrees of saturation, (2) the detailed effect of anisotropic radiation on the multilevel network of the rate equations that govern the molecular populations, and (3) the competitive gain among the various masing transitions.
Infrared and Raman spectra of trans N2F2

Abstract Infrared and Raman spectra of trans N2F2 have been measured and the following vibrational assignment is proposed: νNN = 1522, sνNF = 1010, sδNF = 600, aνNF = 990, aδNF = 423 and torsion = 363.5 cm−1
The electroencephalogram in the prediction of human reaction time during growth and development

Characteristics of the distributions of electroencephalographic (EEG) half waves recorded in children during performance of a simple auditory reaction time (RT) task were investigated. The purpose was to determine the extent to which difference in these distributions could account for children's slow RT. The durations of a sample of 760 EEG half waves in each of a group of 41 healthy children aged 5–17 yr were measured and distributed into an interval histogram, and the first four central moments of the 41 distributions were computed. All four of the moments — which measure the central tendency, dispersion, skewness and kurtosis of the distributions — proved to be significantly correlated (p < 0.01) with RT. The multiple correlation (R) between RT and the four moments was equal to 0.68 and was statistically significant. R was unchanged when only the measures of dispersion, skewness and kurtosis were used as predictor variables, suggesting that the predictive value of the central tendency is low. The predictive capability of a multiple regression equation based on these three predictor variables was tested in an independent group of 42 children also aged 5–17 yr. EEGs and RTs were recorded and this group was treated in exactly the same way as the other group. The correlation between these children's average RTs and their RTs as estimated from the other group's regression equation was 0.53. These findings suggested that knowing the degree of dispersion, skewness and kurtosis of the children's EEG distributions reduces from chance by about 28 % the error of predicting their RTs.
Gas chromatographic analysis of chloroquine after a unique reaction with chloroformates

A specific method for the gas chromatographic determination of chloroquine (CQ) after derivatization with chloroformates, using 9-bromophenanthrene as the internal standard and a column filled with 3% OV-17 on 80-100 mesh Supelcoport is described. Derivatization with chloroformates produced a pyrrolidine derivative, 4-(2-methyl-1-pyrrolidyl)-7-chloroquinoline with CQ, and a carbamate with desethylchloroquine. The chloroformate reaction for CQ is thus selective in the presence of CQ metabolites. The method based on flame ionization detection is highly suitable for quantitation of CQ in urine.
Nature of Locally Steady Rotor Wakes

The regions over which steady and unsteady rotor wake patterns exist have been examined numerically foroneand two-bladed rotors. A lifting-line theory is used to model each rotor blade, and a time-stepping vortex method is used to calculate the tip-vortex motion. Tip-vortex geometries for a rotor in hover and vertical climb have been computed.Thevelocitieswithinthee rstfewturnsofthewakehavebeenobtained,andtheresultsindicateaperiodic nature of the wake in both time and space. Temporal aperiodicity is observed beyond the e rst few turns of the tip vortex for hovering rotors, whereas forrotors in sufe cient climb the entire wakeissteady relative to the blades and both spatially and temporally periodic. Both Euler and Adams ‐Moulton schemes have been tested for accuracy. The numerical results are shown to be independent of both time step and spatial grid below clearly dee ned values. Rotor thrust calculations have been performed and the effect of the lower wake on rotor thrust determined. The computed thrust values show some variation because the lower wake remains unsteady. The results for the wake geometry are analyzed and compared to previous predictions and two distinct sets of experimental results.
Consumer resistance in a world of advertising clutter: The case of Adbusters

The pervasive influence of advertising and consumer culture is examined in relation to a postmodern condition marked by increased speed, fragmentation, and the decentering of the subject. This condition often prompts the consumer to develop ad-avoidance strategies that protect his/her psychic space by filtering out excess advertising clutter (which also colonizes the public and discursive space of consumer culture). The struggle for these cultural spaces resembles a war of position between the ideology of consumerism and its opponents, who attempt to cultivate alternative worldviews toward consumerism. Although some perspectives see consumption as a means for self-expression and the fashioning of multiple identities, this position valorizes consumption practices irrespective of their environmental and social impact. An evaluation of the antiadvertising magazine Adbusters illustrates the obstacles inherent in launching challenges to consumerism, and the difficulty of resisting consumerism given advertising's control over cultural spaces. Marketers have converted resistance efforts from some of consumption's most ardent critics into market segments by targeting certain goods and services toward them. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Vector lattices and rooted trees

There is a 1-1-correspondence between isomorphism classes of finite dimensional vector lattices and finite rooted unlabelled trees. Thus the problem of counting isomorphism classes of finite dimensional vector lattices reduces to the well-known combinatorial problem of counting these trees. The correspondence is used to identify the class of congruence lattices of finite-dimensional vector lattices as the class of finite dual relative Stone algebras, in partial answer to a question posed by Birkhoff.
Four Homologous Zirconium 2,2‘-Biphenyldiyls: Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity

A homologous family of zirconohydrocarbons bearing the 2,2‘-biphenyldiyl ligand (biphe) has been prepared. One of the homologues is a tetraanionic zirconate, two are examples of homoleptic σ-bound zirconohydrocarbons, and three are anionic “ate” complexes.
High rate photochemical deposition of amorphous silicon from higher silanes

Abstract The deposition rate of hydrogenated amorphous silicon prepared by mercury-sensitized photo-CVD of silanes has been increased through the use of perfluorinated window coatings and small window-substrate separations. Observations regarding the deposition rate and its time dependence are qualitatively explained by a model involving two surfaces with greatly different sticking coefficients for the deposition precursors. The films are characterized by band gap, conductivity, IR absorption, photoluminescence, ESR, and diffusion length measurements.
Semi-Preparative HPLC Fractionation of Consumer Fish Oil (Triacylglycerols)

Abstract A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the semi-preparative fractionation of fish oil-derived triacylglycerols containing the esterified omega-3 fatty acids all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and all-cis-4,7,10,13,17,20-docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]. Analytical separation conditions, such as mobile phase composition and flow rate could be directly applied to the semi-preparative mode, which was further optimized. Separation of triacylglycerol fractions was obtained in 15 minutes using flow rates of 3.0 ml/min with a mobile phase of acetone/acetonitrile (65:35, v/v). 250-mg samples of the fish oil were fractionated and multi-milligram quantities of triacylglycerols were separated, which were 65% enriched in esterified EPA and DHA; a production rate of 500 mg/hr of this enriched fraction was obtained.
Myoepithelial Cells: Autocrine and Paracrine Suppressors of Breast Cancer Progression

Host cellular paracrine regulation of tumor progression is an important determinant of tumor biology but one cell that has been ignored in this regulation is the myoepithelial cell. Myoepithelial cells surround normal ducts and precancerous lesions, especially of the breast and form a natural border separating proliferating epithelial cells from proliferating endothelial cells (angiogenesis). Myoepithelial cells may thus negatively regulate tumor invasion and metastasis. Whereas epithelial cells are susceptible targets for transforming events, myoepithelial cells are resistant. Therefore, it can be said that myoepithelial cells function as both autocrine as well as paracrine tumor suppressors. Our laboratory has found that myoepithelial cells secrete a number of suppressor molecules including high amounts of diverse proteinase inhibitors and angiogenic inhibitors but low amounts of proteinases and angiogenic factors compared to common malignant cell lines. This observation has been made in vitro, in mice, and in humans and suggests that myoepithelial cells exert pleiotropic suppressive effects on tumor progression. The gene expression profile of myoepithelial cells may explain the pronounced anti-invasive and anti-angiogenic effects of myoepithelial cells on carcinoma cells and may also account for the reduced malignancy of myoepithelial tumors, which are devoid of appreciable angiogenesis and invasive behavior.
Bundle adjustment with object space geometric constraints for site modeling

ABSTRACT The inclusion of geometric constraints in a bundle adjustment greatly improves the process of generating accurate, detailed site models, increasing both the precision and the reliability of the solution. This is especially important for our application, using multiple oblique images to automatically generate detailed site models. We have implemented a bundle adjustment which can include constraints between any of the parameters. Theprogram generates precision and reliability statistics for all of the observations, which, since it is based on the unified least squares model, also include the parameters and constraints. This allows evaluation of the added geometric information for blunders. This paper discusses the mathematics and implementation of the programand shows examples of editing both point measurements and constraint information.Keywords: photogrammetry, bundle adj ustment , geometric constraints, statistics, reliability. 1 MOTIVATION The use of geometric constraints in photogrammetric systems has been of much interest. Geometric informa-tion has been used to improve orientation solutions'6 and to reduce the number of control points required.12 Fordynamic sensors such as multispectral scanners where each line of the image is in effect a single frame, geometricconstraints spanning the image can provide additional geometric strength in an inherently weak situation.9'14Many geometric features can be extracted using automated feature detectors, offering the possibility of usingcontrol information derived without manual effort.However, our main interest is the use of geometric constraints in the automated and semi-automated generationof precise site models from multiple, often oblique, images. Geometric constraints allow the rigorous incorporation
Human chondrocyte apoptosis in response to mechanical injury.

Abstract Objective The effect of mechanical injury on chondrocyte viability and matrix degradation was studied. It was proposed that mechanical injury to human cartilage explants results in chondrocyte apoptosis with associated loss of glycosaminoglycans. Design Full thickness human cartilage explants, 5mm in diameter were subjected to a single static mechanical stress of 14MPa for 500ms under radially unconfined compression. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) release and percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis were measured at 96h after injury. To establish the time course of apoptosis, explants were subjected to 30% strain and cultured for varying intervals up to 7 days after injury. A group of loaded explants were also treated with the broad spectrum aspase inhibitor z-Vad.fmk after injury. Results Internucleosomal DNA fragmentation as one indicator of apoptosis was observed in 34% (S.D.±11) of chondrocytes at 96h in response to mechanical loading at 14MPa, compared to 4% (S.D.±2) in the non-loaded explants. Evidence for cell death induction via apoptosis was also obtained by electron microscopy and caspase cleavage of cytokeratin. GAG release was also higher for the loaded explants, mean 1.9% (S.D.±0.14) of total GAG content, compared to control explants, mean 0.8% (S.D.±0.28). The percentage of apoptotic cells also correlated with the level of GAG release into the culture media. The percentage of apoptotic chondrocytes demonstrated a progressive increase from 6h to 7 days post-injury. When loaded explants were cultured in z-Vad.fmk after injury, a 50% reduction in apoptosis rates was seen. Conclusions These results demonstrate that mechanical injury induces chondrocyte apoptosis and release of GAG from the matrix. The time course suggests that a therapeutic window may exist where apoptosis could be inhibited. This potentially identifies a new approach to chondroprotection.
Thermal Conductivity of Thermal Interface Materials

While detailed theories exist for thermal conduction due to electrons and phonons in crystalline solids, phonon scattering and transmission at solid/solid interfaces is not as well understood. Steady increases in the power density of microelectronic devices have resulted in an increasing need in the electronics industry for an understanding of thermal conduction in multilayered structures. The materials of interest in this study consist of a polymer matrix in which small (on the order of microns to tens of microns) highly conductive filler particles (such as Ag or alumina) are suspended. These materials are used to form a thermal interface material bondline (a bonding layer up to several hundred microns thick) between a power device and a heat spreader. Such a bondline contains many polymer/filler interfaces. Using a micro Fourier apparatus, the thermal conductivities of such thermal interface material (TIM) bondlines of various thicknesses, ranging from ninety microns to three hundred microns, have been measured. The microstructure of these bondlines has been investigated using optical microscopy and acoustic microscopy. Measured values of thermal conductivity are compared to values for bulk samples, and considered in terms of microstructural features such as filler particle depleted regions. The influence of polymer/filler particle interfaces in the TIM bondline on phonon transport through the bondline is also considered.
Optical properties of nondegenerate ground-state polymers: Three dioxythiophene-based conjugated polymers

We report the optical properties of three dioxythiophene-based conjugated polymers: poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene), and poly(3,4-(2,2-dimethylpropylenedioxy)thiophene). Films of ca. 200 nm thickness of these polymers were prepared on indium-tin-oxide coated glass substrates using a potentiostatic electropolymerization method. The reflectance and transmittance of the samples were measured over a broad energy range from the midinfrared through the ultraviolet. To extract the optical constants of the polymers, we modeled all of the layers of this multilayer thin-film structure using a Drude-Lorentz model. From the parameters obtained, we compute the optical constants, such as absorption coefficient and frequency-dependent conductivity. These functions yield information about the electronic structure of the neutral and doped polymers, which show evidence for polaron states at low doping and bipolarons at the maximum doping level. We observed doping-dependent changes in the electronic structure of these polymers as well as doping-induced infrared-active vibrational modes.