cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rapid quantification of Vibrio vulnificus in clams (Protochaca staminea) using real-time PCR.

Abstract We used a rapid DNA extraction and purification method to obtain the DNA from Vibrio vulnificus seeded into clam tissue homogenates for real-time PCR quantification of the organism. Without enrichment, the limit of detection was 1×10 2 cfu/g of tissue with a linear detection range of 1×10 2 to 1×10 8 cfu/g. With a 5 h non-selective enrichment, the limit of detection was 1 cfu/g of tissue with a linear detection range of 1 to 1×10 6 cfu/g of tissue. We found a 10-fold higher detection limit with seeded clam tissue homogenates compared to pure culture in TSB + . The detection limits with pure broth culture and seeded tissue homogenates were identical, 1 cfu/ml and 1 cfu/ml, respectively, following 5 h non-selective enrichment. However, the Ct value with tissue homogenates was about 3 threshold cycles higher than with pure culture.
Cyclo-oxygenase blockade abrogates the endotoxin-induced increase in Na(+)-dependent hepatic amino acid transport.

Background. Endotoxemia is characterized by a marked increase in the uptake of amino acids by the liver, but the regulation of this response has not been fully elucidated. In the current study, we investigated the potential role of prostaglandins as mediators of this response. We examined the in vivo effects of the anti-inflammatory agent ketorolac, a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor that blocks prostaglandin synthesis, on hepatic amino acid transport activity in endotoxin-treated rats. Methods: We assayed the activities of the Na + -dependent transport systems A and N in hepatic plasma membrane vesicles prepared from endotoxemic rats that were pretreated with ketorolac or vehicle. Hepatic plasma membranes vesicles were prepared by differential centrifugation, and the transport of [ 3 H]glutamine (system N) and [ 3 H]2-methylamino-isobutyric acid (system A) was assayed. Hepatic plasma membrane vesicles were also prepared from normal rats that received prostaglandin E 2 , and glutamine and MeAIB transport were measured. Results. Endotoxin treatment resulted in a twofold to threefold increase in Na + -dependent amino acid transport activity in hepatic plasma membrane vesicles secondary to an increase in the transport V max , which was consistent with transporter proteins in the hepatocytes plasma membrane. Pretreatment with ketorolac almost completely abrogated the endotoxin-induced increase in hepatic amino acid transport. Administration of prostaglandin E 2 to normal rats resulted in a statistically significant increase in glutamine and alanine these animals. Conclusions: Prostaglandins play a key role in mediating the accelerated hepatic amino acid transport that occurs during endotoxemia
Ischemia-induced transient left bundle branch block during exercise documented by 201Tl perfusion imaging

We report the ischemic etiology of exercise-induced left bundle branch block by noninvasive 201Tl exercise/rest perfusion imaging. The establishment of an ischemic etiology for this phenomenon may have prognostic value in such patients and may modify subsequent therapeutic approaches.
3D Hydrodynamics and Radiative Transfer

Finite difference codes for the solution of the fully three dimensional equations of hydrodynamics, self-gravitation, and radiative transfer have been developed for use on relatively modest computers. Originally developed to study the collapse and fragmentation of protostellar clouds, this family of codes has been used to study a variety of astrophysical problems, with a particular emphasis on cosmogonical issues.
Nuclear Brinkmanship with Two-Sided Incomplete Information

A brinkmanship crisis with two-sided incomplete information is modeled as a game of sequential bargaining in which each state is uncertain of its adversary's resolve. The sequential crisis equilibria are characterized explicitly and used to analyze the influences of resolve, misperception, and the status quo on escalation and crisis stability. The description of brinkmanship as a contest of resolve is found to be misleading: the state with the greatest resolve may not prevail in the crisis; a state may be less, not more, likely to prevail the greater its resolve; and a states' expected payoff may be less, not more, the greater its resolve. Moreover, reducing misperception may destabilize a crisis. Surprisingly, increasing the stake a potential challenger has in the status quo may not make a challenge less likely. Finally, crises involving severe conflicts of interest are shown to be less likely than crises not entailing a severe conflict of interest.
Labor Diplomacy: A Revitalized Aspect of U.S. Foreign Policy in the Era of Globalization

This article analyzes how and why labor diplomacy has become an important element of American foreign policy in recent years. “Labor diplomacy”—a term coined by practitioners in the Department of State—refers to the work performed principally by labor officers (also called labor attaches) at American embassies around the world and, more specifically, the advocacy and promotion of core labor standards within the context of U.S. human rights and international trade policy. The five internationally recognized core labor standards, as developed by the International Labor Organization (ILO), are: freedom of association; the right of collective bargaining; the elimination of forced labor; the effective abolition of child labor; and the elimination of discrimination in employment and occupation. The article explores the economic, political, and bureaucratic factors that contributed to the revitalization of labor diplomacy during the 1990s. These include: a growing appreciation for the linkage between labor standards and trade in the globalized economy; the Clinton administration's decision to pursue a closer relationship with the AFL-CIO, particularly after the 1997 “fast-track” debacle; and the changing bureaucratic dynamics within the Department of State. The article also reviews U.S. initiatives, both through the ILO and unilaterally, to strengthen respect for core labor standards around the world, and how these efforts have helped shape American policy toward the World Trade Organization. The article concludes with an analysis of the outcome of the recent WTO Ministerial Meeting in Seattle and a prognosis on the future of labor diplomacy.
The microstructure of ballas (polycrystalline diamond) by electrostatic charging in the SEM

The term "ballas" as used in this paper means a naturally occurring, essentially single phase polycrystalline aggregate of diamond grains with a roughly spherical external shape and with very distinctive grain-boundaries. This is in general agreement with the definitions of others [1-6], but without emphasizing the criterion of a preferred orientation. Ballas has been described both with [1-4] and without [7] a radially aligned structure. The position taken here from our own experience is similar to that of Jeynes [3] in that both these and possibly other characteristic arrangements, such as overgrowth over a larger central grain [2], can be considered as ballas also. Although it has been speculated that ballas could have formed from carbonado [6], ballas is not an aggregate of grains sintered together as in most natural carbonados and especially not as in synthetic materials such as Compax and Syndite. The grain-boundaries are not of the traditional 120 ° equilibrium type characteristic of grains in sintered ceramics and metals, but rather have many aspects of nearly crystallographic, relatively low-angle boundaries some of which appear to be twinned. There are at least five studies that conclude ballas is the result of a crystal growth process rather than sintering [1-5]. The purpose of this letter is to support this conclusion with new evidence from a technique that has proved useful in revealing growth textures at high resolution in single crystal diamond [8]. Several different ballases were polished to various depths at diametrically opposed sites to provide windows into the interior and surfaces for study by reflected light and by SEM. The polishing was done on a cast iron scaife charged with synthetic diamond powder. All samples showed the typical tight grain-boundary structure reported by others [1-7]. In some there is more obvious porosity (usually cracks) at grainboundaries than others. All were remarkably free of second phases. Two 1/8in. diameter roughly spherical samples are described here because of their interesting, but not unusual, microstructure. The polished surfaces were observed with reflected light microscopy including Nomarski interference contrast. The charging in the electron beam of the SEM was the same technique described in the previous paper [8]: let the sample charge up in the beam without a conducting layer and and observe the contrast between areas of higher and lower electron accumulation using primarily the secondary electron detection mode. Two different International Scientific Instruments, Model 40 and a Super III, were used with beam voltages ranging from 15 to 30 kV. In general the samples were examined at a slight tilt, although the patterns did not change with differing degrees of tilt. A simple explanation of the textures revealed by
Free radical mediated peroxidative damage in systemic lupus erythematosus

Free radicals and damage caused by these molecular species are implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases, including autoimmune. Here we have examined oxidative damage, SOD activity and autoantibodies against SOD in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a multifactorial disease with autoantibody production as an universal feature. We found significantly increased amounts of conjugated dienes in the SLE patients compared to normals (mean value of 0.917 vs 0.627, p = 0.0001) and MDA formation (6.96 vs 4.17 nmoles/microl, p = 0.0006) as well as decreased SOD activity. In addition, we found autoantibodies binding SOD by both ELISA and immunoblot. The presence of anti-SOD antibodies was associated with increased free radical damage in SLE patients. Heat inactivated anti-SOD autoantibodies were able to inhibit the activity of the enzyme. We propose that the inhibition of SOD by autoantibodies is, in part, responsible for the increased free radical damage seen in the disease.
Dames an integrated systems approach to computer-aided design of electronic systems

Parallel with the increasing acceptance and utilization of microelectronic techniques has come a corresponding increase in the complexity of required circuits and in the number of factors to be considered when formulating and implementing a design. When one considers that many steps in the design process are repetitive, and that data gathering and documentation occupy the largest percent of the engineering time-cycle, it becomes clear that more help can and must be provided for the designer in the form of computer aids.If the full potential power of computers is to be realized in the design and production of electronic systems in tomorrow's industrial environment, an integrated systems approach must be derived. Under a study contract with the Air Force*, a concept known as “DAMES” (Design Automation for the Manufacture of Electronic Systems) has been developed o overcome current limitation, and provide a base for evolution and expansion to accommodate future needs. This paper describes the needs and environment for such a system, the general DAMES approach, and an initial version which could be implemented using currently available hardware and software.
Abdominal pain in the HIV infected patient.

The objectives of this study were to describe the clinical presentations and outcomes of all HIV+ patients who presented to the Emergency Department (ED) with a chief complaint of abdominal pain and to compare the outcomes of those with advanced disease (CD4 or= 200/mm(3)). We conducted a retrospective chart review in an urban municipal hospital ED and included subjects if they were HIV+ and had a chief complaint of abdominal pain. Demographic and clinical data were entered into a standardized database; patients with advanced disease were compared with those with early or middle stage disease. One hundred eight patient visits were reviewed. The mean age was 37 +/- 7.6 years with mean CD4 count of 263/mm(3); 44% had CD4 counts <200/mm(3). Abdominal pain of unknown etiology, gastroenteritis/diarrhea, and ulcer disease/gastritis/dyspepsia were the three most common diagnostic categories for all patients. With the exception of disseminated mycobacterial disease, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups. AIDS-associated opportunistic infections represented only 10% of the ED diagnosis of those patients with advanced disease. Only 8% of patients required intra-abdominal surgical procedures, however, 37% were admitted compared with 18% of patients without HIV disease (p < 0.001). Patients infected with HIV presenting with abdominal pain most often have a non-HIV related cause of abdominal pain and infrequently require surgery. However, HIV+ patients are admitted at twice the rate of the non-HIV infected population.
Use of an Optical–Mechanical Test Combined with Acoustic-Emission Techniques to Study Adhesion in Filled Polymeric Composites

ABSTRACT The use of acoustic-emission (AE) techniques integrated with single-particle composite (SPC) mechanical–optical testing is proposed to evaluate and characterize adhesion in particle-filled polymeric composites. It is shown that not only can an intrinsic interfacial strength be determined but also that different types of adhesion mechanisms may be distinguished in terms of straightforward criteria using the wavelet transform (WT) of the acoustic signature, once problems with internal reflections in the test coupon are resolved. The validity of the proposed method is demonstrated with a study of the adhesion of a commercial poly(vinylbutyral) (PVB) to bare and aminosilane-treated glass beads. One of a collection of papers honoring Manoj K. Chaudhury, the February 2005 recipient of The Adhesion Society Award for Excellence in Adhesion Science, sponsored by 3M.
On the Nonlinear Versus Linearized Lower Boundary Conditions for Topographically Forced Stationary Long Waves

For quasi-geostraphic stationary long waves forced by topography, the nonlinear lower boundary condition is derived in terms of the geopotential height and compared with the linearized version. The common practice of replacing terms describing the flow over and around a mountain by upstream zonal flow over the mountain and evaluating the resulting condition at sea level is found to be a good approximation for the cases considered and does not need to be modified as sometimes suggested. Specifically, it is found that this approximation does not affect, for most cases, the lower boundary condition expressed in terms of the geopotential height provided that the stationary wave is not near resonance. At resonance, the eddy advection terms may become important for large-amplitude waves when dissipation and surface diabatic heating are taken into account.
Factors influencing the isolation of a polyribosomal system from rat liver and its ability to incorporate [14C]amino acids

Abstract Improved methods are described for the isolation and assay of an amino acid incorporation system from rat liver in vitro. N-2-Hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid rather than Tris buffers were utilized to isolate cell sap and polyribosomes at different pH optima (6.4 and 7.6, respectively). The optimal pH of the incubation media, however, was 7.3. The optimal ionic concentrations of the buffers used to isolate cell sap enzymes and polyribosomes and for the incubation system in vitro were 3.75, 5.00, 5.00–5.25 mM Mg2+, respectively. Also, 75 mM K+ was used in all buffers. Glutathione in the extraction media enhanced the rate of amino acid incorporation; hence no additional thiol source was required in the incubation medium. Deoxycholate (1.67% of post-mitochondrial supernatant) allowed the isolation of more active polyribosomes than any of the Triton detergents tested and gel filtration of cell sap with Sephadex G-10 yielded a more active preparation for protein synthesis in vitro than filtration with Sephadex G-25, Bio-Gel P-2, P-4 or P-6. Incorporation in vitro of amino acids was linear for only 2 min at 37° when 45 μg of cell sap protein was used per μg of polyribosomal protein. A ratio of 22.5 μg cell sap protein per μg polyribosomal protein saturated the assay system in vitro, however. An ATP generating system was recommended since high ATP levels proved to be deleterious. Also a mixture of 20 l -amino acids at 10 μM each was added to the assay system.
Primary osteogenic sarcoma of theurinary bladder successfully treated with combination therapy

A 54-year-old woman presented with a large bladder mass and left hydroureteronephrosis. At radical cystectomy (with ileal loop urinary diversion), an unresectable left obturator mass was found. Combination chemotherapy postoperatively resulted in significant shrinkage, and she underwent excision of the residual mass. No residual cancer was seen. The patient remains free of disease 56 months after cystectomy and 51 months after resection of the residual mass. Primary osteogenic sarcoma of the urinary bladder may respond to combination chemotherapy and surgery. All patients found to have advanced disease should be considered for this approach.
A comparison of antioxidant enzyme activities in organ-cultured Rhesus monkey lenses following peroxide challenge

PurposeTo analyze the activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, three enzymes involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species in organ-cultured Rhesus monkey lenses.MethodsLenses freshly obtained from Rhesus monkeys were incubated at 37°C for 2 h and assessed for lens integrity. Lenses were then oxidatively stressed by exposure to a bolus of hydrogen peroxide. The three enzyme activities were assayed 2, 4 and 24 h after exposure to the peroxide challenge.ResultsFreshly dissected lenses placed in organ culture exhibited a 20% decrease in catalase activity within 2 h. During the course of a 24 h incubation, catalase activity continued to decrease to a level 58% below that of freshly dissected monkey lenses. In contrast, the activity levels of both glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase increased dramatically within the first 2 h of organ culture, with superoxide dismutase being most affected. Although glutathione peroxidase activity declined with incubation ...
Reliability, criterion‐related validity and qualitative comments of the Fourth Edition of the Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale with a young adult population with intellectual disability

The test-retest reliability and concurrent, criterion-related validity of the Fourth Edition of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (SB-IV) were examined in a young adult population with intellectual disability. Forty adults with mild to moderate intellectual disability (mean age = 20.8 years; SD = 1.8 years) were administered the SB-IV and retested approximately 5 weeks later (mean = 33.4 days, SD = 1.2). The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale: Interview Edition (VABS) was completed by a reliable informant within one week of the SB-IV testing. The test-retest reliability coefficients for the four SB-IV area and composite scores were all significant (P < 0.00). Individual subtest correlations tended to be lower but consistent across the two administrations. Moderate correlations were observed between the VABS composite and SB-IV composite scores. The present results provide support for the temporal reliability of the SB-IV and its concurrent, criterion-related validity in an exceptional sample.
Retention in Care of Persons Newly Diagnosed with HIV: Outcomes of the Outreach Initiative

The purpose of this study was to contribute to the limited literature on newly diagnosed persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) by describing their retention in HIV primary care and changes in barriers to care over 12 months of follow-up subsequent to enrolling in outreach interventions. Medical chart review and interview data were collected from 104 newly diagnosed PLWHA at baseline, 6-month, and 12-month follow-up. Almost all newly diagnosed PLWHA (92%) had an HIV care appointment in the 6 months post-enrollment. Newly diagnosed persons were more likely to have undetectable viral loads at 6 and 12-month follow-up compared to baseline with 45% undetectable by 12 months. Adequate retention in care (at least one appointment in each 6-month window) was significantly associated with reductions in substance use and improvements in insurance coverage. Improvements in mental health status and the elimination of stigma as a barrier were not associated with retention, but those who reported stigma as a barrier at b...
Differential operators and entire functions with simple real zeros

Abstract Let ϕ and f be functions in the Laguerre–Polya class. Write ϕ ( z ) = e − α z 2 ϕ 1 ( z ) and f ( z ) = e − β z 2 f 1 ( z ) , where ϕ 1 and f 1 have genus 0 or 1 and α , β ⩾ 0 . If α β 1 / 4 and ϕ has infinitely many zeros, then ϕ ( D ) f ( z ) has only simple real zeros, where D denotes differentiation.
Contemplation as an alternative to curiosity: St Bonaventure on Ecclesiastes 1:3–11

This article seeks to offer a christological interpretation of the opening poem in Ecclesiastes (1:3–11) through engagement with St Bonaventure's exegesis of the passage. It begins with a brief survey of contemporary treatments of the passage, which are characterised by an emphasis on cosmic monotony as an illustration of the futility of human labour. Then, it examines the Seraphic Doctor's version of the contemptus mundi interpretation of the book, relating it to his metaphysics of emanation, exemplarity and consummation. It will be suggested that Bonaventure's version of contemptus mundi informs an alternative interpretation to the critical status quo.In his exegesis of the opening poem, Bonaventure begins by describing three kinds of existence: existence in the eternal and unchanging Word, material existence in the cosmos, and abstract existence in the mind. While Bonaventure does not consider existence in the Word in relation to Ecclesiastes 1:3–11, because such existence is not subject to the vanity of mutability, the conclusion of the article will propose that such existence is in view in the text. When Bonaventure considers material existence, his metaphysics will not allow him to read the cosmological motion in Ecclesiastes 1:5–7 as monotonous, but rather as creaturely movement which invites contemplation. When he considers abstract existence, he contrasts the movement of heavenly and elemental creatures with the dissatisfaction of human perception, constrained by curiosity, the vice which characterises the protagonist's pursuits in Ecclesiastes 1:12–2:26. Thus, it will be suggested from Bonaventure's exegesis that the problem in Ecclesiastes 1:3–11 is not an oppressively monotonous universe which shows humans how pointless their own movement is, but rather humanity's failing to treat the cosmos as a book which speaks of God.In the article's final section, a relationship between the contemplative reading of Ecclesiastes 1:3–11 and Bonaventure's Itinerarium will be outlined. The consideration of material existence in Ecclesiastes 1:4–7 will be related to contemplation through vestiges. Then a contrast between the perceptual rupture of Ecclesiastes 1:8–11 and contemplation through the divine image in humanity will be shown. Finally, a christological reading of Ecclesiastes 1:10a will be offered, suggesting that this verse gestures towards the incarnate Word, who reforms the divine image in humanity and thus places humanity back on course towards similitude. It will be suggested in closing that, in signalling this hope, Ecclesiastes 1:10a prepares one for the union with Christ which Song of Songs depicts.
Missing and presumed lost: extinction in the ocean and its inference

The number of modern extinctions in the ocean is unknown. The actual demise of the last individual of a species is essentially unobservable, so extinction can only be inferred. Statistical methods are described for inferring extinction from sighting records, species–area considerations, and taxonomic samples collected at two different times. The methods are illustrated using a variety of real datasets, including a sighting record of the Caribbean monk seal and results from three surveys of benthic invertebrates.
Survival of wild polio by a patient with XLA.

Background X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by failure of B-cell differentiation and hypogammaglobulinemia. In addition to being susceptible to bacterial infections, patients with XLA are also susceptible to enteroviruses. Systemic enterocytopathogenic human orphan virus (ECHO), coxsackie virus, and vaccine-related polio infections have caused severe morbidity and high mortality rates in XLA patients. Objective We report a 54-year-old male with molecularly defined XLA who survived wild poliomyelitis in childhood before the diagnosis of XLA. Methods At age 5, in 1951, the patient contracted wild polio, characterized by diarrhea and motor weakness. He subsequently developed recurrent sinusitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia, and at age 31 was found to be hypogammaglobulinemic and was started on immunoglobulin replacement. Laboratory evaluation at age 47 revealed an immunoglobulin G of 256 mg/dL, and B-cells (CD19) of 0.1%. Mutation analysis of Bruton's tyrosine kinase revealed a 26-basepair deletion between nucleotides 146 and 173 within the plextrin homology domain, resulting in a frameshift and premature termination. Conclusions Resolution of wild poliovirus infection is possible in patients with XLA.
The effect of starvation on urinary 17-ketosteroid excretion.

CHRONIC illness associated with malnutrition, debility and evidence of infection often leads to depression of urinary 17-ketosteroid values(1). Forbes et al. (2) report a rise in 17-ketosteroids following operations, fever or the sudden onset of an acute illness, followed by a decline after 12 to 48 hours which often reached subnormal levels. We have confirmed this in an unpublished study in a subject with induced fever in whom food intake was maintained unchanged. The numerous evidences, however, from studieson rats (3, 4) and dogs (5) that androgen production by the testes is reduced during inanition suggests that undernutrition alone may often contribute to the depression of 17-ketosteroid excretion in human disease. Accordingly the effects of starvation in three normal men and one obese woman were examined, together with those of relatively mild protein and caloric restriction in two normal men.
The use of simulation in the optimization of a cellular manufacturing system

In the evaluation of a cellular manufacturing system, multiple factors should be considered, including the flow of the parts and the assignment of the workers. Simulation techniques can be effectively used in order to understand and optimize the behavior of the system. In this paper, a work cell is evaluated by means of discrete simulation using SLAM It. An optimization method is presented to determine the best alternative among proposed changes to the system. The structure of the approach allows the optimization to be performed with direction given by management. The results reveal that priority ranking of the parts, automated testing, and distributed job functions implemented together would produce the most significant improvement in the utilization of the team members.
Achieving a SiGe HBT epitaxial emitter with novel low thermal budget technique

Abstract Studies of low frequency 1/ f noise show that the key to reduce 1/ f noise is to reduce/eliminate interfacial oxides at the base–emitter interface. It was reported that an epitaxial silicon emitter has led to record 1/ f noise performance due to the lack of noise inducing oxide at the base–emitter interface. In addition, epitaxial emitter also has the advantage of lowering the emitter resistance improving the transistor drivability. We report, to our best knowledge, for the first time that an epitaxial emitter with interfacial oxygen and carbon levels below the SIMS detection limit ( 17 cm −3 ) was achieved with interruption between the SiGe base–emitter using production proven single wafer epitaxy reactor. The novelty of this process is ASM’s proprietary E 3 Solution™, which enables extremely low thermal budget treatment immediately prior to emitter deposition. Using this novel technique, the underlying metastable SiGe base layer remains completely strained and the boron profile unchanged (as determined by SIMS).
COGNITIVE BIASES AND STRATEGIC DECISION PROCESSES: AN INTEGRATIVE PERSPECTIVE*

Previous studies have not adequately addressed the role of cognitive biases in strategic decision processes. In this article we suggest that cognitive biases are systematically associated with strategic decision processes. Different decision processes tend to accentuate particular types of cognitive bias. We develop an integrative framework to explore the presence of four basic types of cognitive bias under five different modes of decision making. The cognitive biases include prior hypotheses and focusing on limited targets, exposure to limited alternatives, insensitivity to outcome probabilities and illusion of manageability. The five modes of strategic decision making are rational, avoidance, logical incrementalist, political and garbage can. We suggest a number of key propositions to facilitate empirical testing of the various contingent relationships implicit in the framework. Lastly, we discuss the implications of this framework for research and managerial practice.
Improving tree-based models of software quality with principal components analysis

Software quality classification models can predict which modules are to be considered fault-prone, and which are not, based on software product metrics, process metrics and execution metrics. Such predictions can be used to target improvement efforts to those modules that need them the most. Classification-tree modeling is a robust technique for building such software quality models. However, the model structure may be unstable, and accuracy may suffer when the predictors are highly correlated. This paper presents an empirical case study of four releases of a very large telecommunications system, which shows that the tree-based models can be improved by transforming the predictors with principal components analysis, so that the transformed predictors are not correlated. The case study used the regression-tree algorithm in the S-Plus package and then applied a general decision rule to classify the modules.
Extreme data mining

At Google, the quality and speed of statistical data mining algorithms directly affects the usefulness of our search results and the relevance of our targeted advertising. One of the things that makes planet-wide, high throughput, 24/7 data mining so interesting is that all parts of the software stack are involved. This talk will walk up the stack, from the physical machines in warehouse-sized data centers, through networking and secondary storage abstractions to the distributed numerical methods and high throughput training and serving algorithms needed to support online logs processing and machine learning. We will also discuss the significant infrastructure and algorithmic impacts of batch versus online training: both data mining modes have essential roles in Google.
Wild-Type p53 Induction Mediated by Replication-deficient Adenoviral Vectors

Replication-deficient E1-/E3-deleted adenoviral vectors are commonly used to introduce transgenes into cells in vitro and have been used for certain kinds of gene therapy protocols in vivo. We have demonstrated that transduction of cells using these vectors can induce p53 expression in cells containing a wild-type p53 gene. This response is different from p53 induction observed after DNA damage because the time course of induction is slower and because it occurs in cells with an attenuated DNA damage response. However, this vector-induced p53 is transcriptionally active and, therefore, p53 function is not inactivated by viral proteins. The mechanism of induction appears to be an increased rate of protein translation because immunoprecipitation analyses demonstrated increased levels of 35S-labeled p53 protein, even after a short 15-min labeling time. Induction of p53 by adenoviral vectors may have various effects on transduced cells, including apoptosis and altered chemotherapy chemosensitivity. Therefore, the influence of the vector might confound the impact of any particular gene used in a gene therapy application.
Book Review: Managing Network Resources by Ranjay Gulati

Managing Network Resources, by Ranjay Gulati. New York, Oxford University Press, 2007. 480pp. ISBN: 978-0-19-929935-5
Dynamical behaviour of a premixed turbulent open V-flame

The level-set approach of Osher & Sethian to tracking interfaces is successfully adapted to the simulation of a premixed turbulent open V-flame including the effects of exothermicity and baroclinicity. In accord with experimental observations this algorithm, along with a flame anchoring scheme, predicts flame cusping for a case in which a strong vortex pair interacts with the flame front. The computed velocity and scalar statistics obtained for the turbulent V-flame compare reasonably well with experimental results by Cheng & Shepherd, and demonstrate the importance of flame-generated vorticity in the determination of flame dynamics and product velocity characteristics.
Some Recollections and Reflections on Mutation Rates

IN thinking about Jan Drake's creative and persistent interest in mutation, I am prompted to reflect on the extent to which investigations, intricately interweaving the study of mutation and the use of mutants, have figured so prominently in the progress of our understanding of biological processes
Recovery after Disaster: Achieving Sustainable Development, Mitigation and Equity

This paper reviews key findings and raises issues that are not fully addressed by the predominant disaster recovery literature. Achievement of equity, mitigation and sustainable development, particularly through local participation in redevelopment planning and institutional cooperation, is the central issue of the review. Previous research and past assumptions about the process by which communities rebuild after a disaster are reviewed. A conceptual model for understanding local disaster recovery efforts is then presented. The conceptual and practical significance of this model is then demonstrated by presenting case studies of local recovery experiences. Finally, conclusions on the current understanding of disaster redevelopment planning, as well as implications for public policy and future research are offered.
Emergent quantum criticality, Fermi surfaces, and AdS 2

Gravity solutions dual to $d$-dimensional field theories at finite charge density have a near-horizon region, which is ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{2}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathbb{R}}^{d\ensuremath{-}1}$. The scale invariance of the ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{2}$ region implies that at low energies the dual field theory exhibits emergent quantum critical behavior controlled by a ($0+1$)-dimensional conformal field theories (CFT). This interpretation sheds light on recently-discovered holographic descriptions of Fermi surfaces, allowing an analytic understanding of their low-energy excitations. For example, the scaling behavior near the Fermi surfaces is determined by conformal dimensions in the emergent IR CFT. In particular, when the operator is marginal in the IR CFT, the corresponding spectral function is precisely of the ``marginal Fermi liquid'' form, postulated to describe the optimally doped cuprates.
Previous Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Is Not a Risk Factor for Aortic Valve Replacement

Abstract Background . The risk of aortic valve replacement (AVR) after previous coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is controversial. Its magnitude influences the threshold for recommending this procedure and has been cited in arguments regarding the optimal management of mild aortic stenosis at primary CABG. We therefore reviewed our experience with reoperative AVR ± CABG and the primary combined procedure. Methods . Between January 1, 1985, and June 30, 1996, 427 patients underwent primary AVR + CABG, and 52 underwent AVR ± CABG after prior CABG. Demographics, operative characteristics, and operative results were compared between groups. Data for all patients were pooled and analyzed collectively for risk factors influencing mortality. Results . The extent of native coronary artery disease and the incidence of prior myocardial infarction and stroke were greater in the reoperative group. Aortic cross-clamp and cardiopulmonary bypass times were slightly shorter, and fewer distal anastomoses were performed in the reoperative group. Operative mortality (primary group, 6.3% versus reoperative group, 7.4%) and morbidity were similar. Stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis identified age, perioperative myocardial infarction, intraaortic balloon support, ventricular arrhythmia, perioperative stroke, and development of renal failure or acute respiratory distress syndrome, but not reoperative status, as predictors of mortality. Conclusions . The risk of AVR after previous CABG is similar to that for primary AVR + CABG. Valve replacement should, therefore, be pursued despite prior CABG when hemodynamically significant aortic stenosis develops. Furthermore, a circumspect approach to "prophylactic" AVR for mild aortic stenosis at primary CABG seems warranted.
Major differences in Ca2+i response to anoxia between neonatal and adult rat CA1 neurons: role of Ca2+o and Na+o

Although we and others have previously shown that newborn central mammalian neurons are more tolerant to anoxia than their adult counterparts, we do not know whether neonatal nerve cells accumulate free cytosolic calcium (Ca2+i) less than adults in response to O2 deprivation. In order to determine whether anoxia increases Ca2+i in adult and neonatal neurons, we monitored calcium in CA1 hippocampal neurons using the calcium-sensitive probe fluo-3 and confocal microscopy. These neurons were studied in the dissociated state in order to study their inherent response to anoxia without the influence of modulatory factors such as synaptic input and neurotransmitters. Severe anoxia caused a rapid increase in Ca2+i in adult CA1 hippocampal neurons, followed by swelling and bleb formation. In neonatal neurons, the latency of this calcium rise was about five times longer than in the adult. Removal of extracellular calcium and addition of calcium channel blockers (Co2+) greatly attenuated the increase in Ca2+i in response to anoxia but did not prevent cell swelling and injury. The addition of glutamate antagonists MK-801 and 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione did not affect the increase in Ca2+i induced by anoxia. Replacing extracellular sodium with impermeant cations (N-methyl-D-glucamine) prevented anoxia-induced nerve injury. In addition, Ca2+i levels dropped, rather than increased, during the anoxic period in the absence of sodium; Ca2+i returned toward baseline levels upon reoxygenation. Glutamate was also studied, in the presence of O2, to compare with the effects of anoxia. Adult neurons responded with similar latencies to both anoxia and glutamate (10-500 microM). Neonatal neurons, however, exhibited a more rapid increase in Ca2+i in response to glutamate than they did when exposed to anoxia. We conclude (1) that neonatal neurons increase Ca2+i more slowly than adults in response to anoxia and that this response is due to an influx of Ca2+o into the cytosol, (2) that an increase in Ca2+i is not necessary to induce nerve injury when nerve cells are deprived of O2, (3) that the removal of Nao+ prevents cell swelling and blebbing and is associated with a decrease in Ca2+i during anoxia, and finally (4) that glutamate exposure may not be a completely valid model for the direct action of anoxia on neurons.
Strategies to Enhance the Informed Consent Process for Communication Disorders Researchers

This tutorial addresses practical suggestions for enhancing the research activity experiences of persons with communication disorders. Based on the principles of the Belmont Report, this tutorial specifically addresses the informed consent process and document.
Epidermal growth factor stimulates production of progesterone in cultured human choriocarcinoma cells

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulates the production of progesterone by JEG-3, a clonal strain of human choriocarcinoma cells. Stimulation occurs in a time and dose-dependent manner. In addition, EGF increases [14C]-acetate incorporation into [14C]-cholesterol in JEG-3 cells, and this may constitute its mechanism of action in enhancing progesterone synthesis.
Synaptogenesis: new roles for an old player.

The control of synapse formation and shape is important for establishing complex brain circuitry. New evidence now suggests that a component of a synaptic ion channel complex has an unexpected role in these processes.
A redescription of Echinonyssus apoensis (Acari: Laelapidae), with notations for body parts in the genus Echinonyssus

A list of abbreviations and measurement protocols is provided for use in Echinonyssus descriptions. Echinonyssus apoensis , n. comb., is redescribed and illustrated from the Philippine holotype. Specimens from New Guinea previously reported to be this species are confirmed as E. apoensis and their host identifications are made available for the first time.
Guidelines for Prophylaxis Following Occupational Exposures to HIV

Objective: To review the latest recommendations of the Public Health Service (PHS) regarding human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) in health care workers occupationally exposed to the virus. Data Sources: MEDLINE search of the years 1985 to 1997 for the terms "HIV-1" and "prophylaxis." Additional articles were identified in the reference lists of articles found in the MEDLINE search. Study Selection: Clinical trials and review articles on efficacy, dosage, adverse effects, and toxicity of the various agents employed in HIV PEP. Data Extraction: Performed by the authors. Data Synthesis: Information regarding HIV PEP is limited. Controlled clinical trials usually involve small populations and are difficult to extrapolate to larger populations. PHS has reviewed the available literature and revised its recommendations for HIV PEP, and these are presented in this article. Conclusion: Until more studies are conducted, the controversy surrounding PEP therapy is likely to continue. Clinicians must continue to balance the use of PEP therapy with the overuse of antiretroviral medications so that resistance is kept to a minimum. Health care professionals must be sensitized to the issues surrounding the use of PEP therapy so that colleagues exposed to HIV on the job can receive comprehensive medical and pharmaceutical care.
Resection of Intraabdominal Tumors With Cavoatrial Extension Using Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest

Background Intraabdominal malignancies with cavoatrial extension can be resected using cardiopulmonary bypass and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA). Methods Twenty-five consecutive patients underwent resection of intraabdominal tumor with cavoatrial thrombectomy using DHCA at a single tertiary center. Recurrence-free survival, cancer-specific survival, and overall survival were estimated using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results All patients had renal artery embolization preoperatively. Procedures were performed through a median sternotomy with bilateral subcostal incision. Tumors were resected under DHCA. Mean age was 57 ± 14 years, 60% were hypertensive, 20% were diabetic, 16% had coronary disease, 44% were smokers, 16% had neoplastic pulmonary embolism, and the mean creatinine was 1.4 ± 0.75 mg/dL. Mean cardiopulmonary bypass, cross-clamp, and DHCA times were 137.4 ± 25.5, 33.2 ± 14.7, and 26.3 ± 13.8 minutes, respectively. R0 resection was achieved in 76% and R1 resection in 4%. Metastatic disease was present in 20%, and 8% had N1 disease. The pathologic diagnosis was renal cell carcinoma in 20 of 25 patients (80%) and adrenocortical carcinoma, Wilms tumor, adrenal melanoma, and spinal chordoma in 1 patient each. Operative mortality was 8%. Twelve percent needed hemodialysis, 8% had pneumonia, 4% stroke, and 8% required reexploration for bleeding. Mean follow-up time was 32.5 months. At last follow-up, 56% had died of disease and 28% were alive, 16% without evidence of disease. Actuarial 5-year survival for the entire cohort was 36%. Conclusions Intraabdominal malignancies with cavoatrial extension can be safely resected. Excellent local tumor control can be anticipated. Long-term surveillance is necessary to detect recurrence.
Cathodic fluidized granular activated carbon assisted-membrane bioelectrochemical reactor for wastewater treatment

Abstract A membrane bioelectrochemical reactor (MBER) is a system integrating membrane filtration into microbial fuel cells. To control membrane fouling, fluidized granular activated carbon (GAC) was applied to the cathodic compartment of an MBER, which was examined for contaminant removal and electricity generation with low or medium strength synthetic wastewater. The MBER was operated for more than 160 days and achieved nearly 100% removal of organic compounds, regardless of presence/absence of GAC. However, fluidized GAC alleviated the membrane fouling issue and maintained transmembrane pressure (TMP) between 10 and 15 kPa with 24 g of GAC. The presence of GAC also enhanced current generation from 200.3 to 256.0 A m −3 , because some GAC might have functioned as a part of the cathodic electrode through physical contact with the electrode during fluidization. A higher aeration intensity could benefit both membrane fouling control (via scouring effect) and electricity generation (via oxygen supply), but required a higher energy demand. The energy consumption of the MBER including pumping and aeration was estimated to be 0.38 kWh m −3 or 0.25 kWh kgCOD −1 , lower than that of conventional membrane bioreactors (MBRs). Those results encourage further investigation and development of the MBER technology to treat wastewater in an energy efficient way.
Development of free-flowing peppermint essential oil-loaded hollow solid lipid micro- and nanoparticles via atomization with carbon dioxide

Abstract The main objective of this study was to overcome the issues related to the volatility and strong smell that limit the efficient utilization of essential oils as “natural” antimicrobials in the food industry. Peppermint essential oil-loaded hollow solid lipid micro- and nanoparticles were successfully formed using a novel “green” method based on atomization of CO2-expanded lipid mixture. The highest essential oil loading efficiency (47.5%) was achieved at 50% initial essential oil concentration at 200 bar expansion pressure and 50 μm nozzle diameter, whereas there was no significant difference between the loading efficiencies (35%–39%) at 5%, 7%, 10%, and 20% initial essential oil concentrations (p > 0.05). Particles generated at all initial essential oil concentrations were spherical but increasing the initial essential oil concentration to 20% and 50% generated a less smooth particle surface. After 4 weeks of storage, 61.2%, 42.5%, 0.2%, and 2.0% of the loaded essential oil was released from the particles formed at 5%, 10%, 20%, and 50% initial essential oil concentrations, respectively. This innovative simple and clean process is able to form spherical hollow micro- and nanoparticles loaded with essential oil that can be used as food grade antimicrobials. These novel hollow solid lipid micro- and nanoparticles are alternatives to the solid lipid nanoparticles, and overcome the issues associated with the solid lipid nanoparticles. The dry free-flowing products make the handling and storage more convenient, and the simple and clean process makes the scaling up more feasible.