cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor: Current Views of the Two-Subunit Model

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) has been identified as a major mitogen in serum for cultured cells of mesenchymal origin. PDGF was first identified in and purified from human platelet sources. PDGF from platelets is composed of two chains, A-chains and B-chains, which share 60% sequence identity and which can dimerize to form the three combinations PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, and PDGF-AB. All three dimer forms of PDGF have been isolated from natural sources. Initial studies involving PDGF were based upon the existence of a single cell-surface receptor for PDGF. It has recently been demonstrated that there are two PDGF-receptor subunits, termed alpha and beta, which can associate as three dimer forms (alpha/alpha, alpha/beta, beta/beta) with variable binding specificity for the PDGF ligand dimers. cDNA clones have been obtained for both of the receptor subunits and were shown to code for similar proteins belonging to the split tyrosine kinase family of receptors. The current model of the PDGF receptor subunits proposes that high-affinity binding sites require dimerization of the subunits and that dimerization is associated with activation of the tyrosine kinase of the receptors. The total number of the two receptor subunits and ratio expressed varies between cell types and appears to account for the variable responsiveness of different cell types to the three dimer forms of PDGF.
The Optimum Combination of Resources Within and Among Country Elevators

A sunk capital hypothesis and merger, analyzed with linear programming, are used as aggregate constraints to temper results of firm models when analyzing intermediate length‐of‐run structural adjustments of country elevators. The conflict of simultaneously recommending fewer firms in the industry and expansion of all individual firms is handled.
The Utility of a Brief Experimental Analysis for Problem Behavior Maintained by Escape from Demands

Brief experimental analysis (BEA) is a useful tool for quickly evaluating intervention strategies for individuals with academic deficits and minor behavior problems. However, there is a lack of research investigating BEA for intervention strategies with individuals who emit severe problem behavior to avoid academic demands. For the current study, one participant with an intellectual disability and PDD-NOS was admitted to an inpatient unit for the assessment and treatment of severe aggressive and disruptive behavior. A functional analysis revealed the participant’s problem behavior was maintained by escape from demands; a demand assessment showed subtraction problems were highly aversive. A brief experimental analysis of intervention strategies was conducted to assess the effects of five academic treatments on the participant’s problem behavior and compliance with subtraction problems. The participant only refrained from emitting high rates of problem behavior when he had access to a number line. Treatment consisted of stimulus fading and differential reinforcement procedures. Results from a reversal indicated treatment effectiveness via an increase in accuracy and independent responding to subtraction problems, as well as a decrease in problem behavior.
Intercalate Phonon Densities of States for Alkali-Graphite Compounds

Neutron scattering methods have been used to determine the partial phonon densities of states g/sub M/(nu) for in-plane vibrations of M atoms in MC/sub x/ compounds, where M = K, Rb or Cs, and x = 8, 24, 36. Only modes with both phonon wave vectors and displacements in the basal plane are represented in g/sub M/(nu). Detailed measurements of the temperature dependence were made for RbC/sub 24/ and KC/sub 24/, in order to study the influence of the order-disorder transformations in these compounds. The results are interpreted in terms of different pictures of the disordered state.
The generalized Padé approximants and chemical graph theory

The theory of the Baker–Gammel approximants is applied to the spectral density function associated with the adjacency matrix. As a result, various upper and lower bounds to topological invariants are obtained in a systematic manner. In particular, the (N, M)-type lower bound to the total π-electron energy of benzenoid hydrocarbons is derived for the first time.
GPS and Driver Log–Based Survey of Grocery Trucks in Chicago, Illinois

Freight demand modeling lags in comparison with passenger demand modeling, largely because of the limited selection of available data. Commercial firms tend to approach inquiries into the operations and finances of their businesses with suspicion or at least impatience. The risk of losing company time or a competitive edge limits potential cooperation. Thus with each advance in data collection, valuable insights into the inner decision making of capitalist industry can be gained. This paper introduces a GPS freight survey conducted in the Chicago, Illinois, metropolitan area in the spring of 2012. The GPS data were augmented by driver diaries and warehouse and distribution center data records that were designed and used for minimizing respondent burden. Data collection focused on and was made possible through the cooperation of a major grocery chain in the region. In total, 108 trip days of GPS traces were obtained and allowed for the examination of lengthy tours between warehouses, distribution centers, ...
Vibrational energy distribution in CO2+ (A2Πu ions produced by collisions of H2+ and He+ ions with CO2

Abstract The relative populations of vibrational levels in the A 2 Π u state of CO 2 + were derived from measured band intensities of the CO 2 + A 2 Π u → X 2 Π g emission system excited by charge transfer collisions of 100–5000 eV H 2 + and He + ions with CO 2 . At relative laboratory velocities above 4 X 10 7 cm/sec the vibrational energy distribution was independent of velocity, but differed from that obtained by photoelectron spectroscopy. At velocities below 4 X 10 7 cm/sec the relative populations of low vibrational states increased monotonically with decreasing projectile ion velocity.
Maximum Likelihood Algorithms for Generalized Linear Mixed Models

Abstract Maximum likelihood algorithms are described for generalized linear mixed models. I show how to construct a Monte Carlo version of the EM algorithm, propose a Monte Carlo Newton-Raphson algorithm, and evaluate and improve the use of importance sampling ideas. Calculation of the maximum likelihood estimates is feasible for a wide variety of problems where they were not previously. I also use the Newton-Raphson algorithm as a framework to compare maximum likelihood to the “joint-maximization” or penalized quasi-likelihood methods and explain why the latter can perform poorly.
Feasibility of using quadriceps-strengthening exercise to improve pain and sleep in a severely demented elder with osteoarthritis – a case report

The first author was supported by the Intramural Grant Program and the Hartford Center of Geriatric Nursing Excellence, College of Nursing, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences while this research was being conducted. We thank Ms. Pamela Avaltroni and Melissa Grubbs for their assistance during the data collection. We also thank Ms. Elizabeth Tornquist and Mr. William Gabello for editorial assistance during the preparation of this manuscript. Finally, we thank Mr. T and his family for participating in this project. Written consent was obtained from the patient and his family for publication of the patient's details.
Statistical Treatment of Nominal Numbers

An attempt is made to find an answer to Lord's parable of the “football numbers” by demonstrating that he ignored the well known principle that a measurement operation should be consistent over allowable transformations of scale. An example is given to demonstrate that two allowable transformations of nominal scale data may lead to different statistical results.
Habitual Facebook Use and its Impact on Getting Deceived on Social Media

There are a billion Facebook users worldwide with some individuals spending 8 hours each day on the platform. Limited research has, however, explored the consequences of such overuse. Even less research has examined the misuse of social media by criminals who are increasingly using social media to defraud individuals through phishing-type attacks. The current study focuses on Facebook habits and its determinants and the extent to which they ultimately influence individual susceptibility to social media phishing attacks. The results suggest that habitual Facebook use, founded on the individual frequently using Facebook, maintaining a large social network, and being deficient in their ability to regulate such behaviors, is the single biggest predictor of individual victimization in social media attacks.
An empirical study of maturing out: conditional factors

Using data from the California Civil Addict Program, the study tested hypotheses about the possible conditional nature of the process of maturing out of heroin addiction. Hypotheses were tested in a five-way contingency table using the log-linear model. Results show that maturing out of addiction with increasing age is inhibited by high levels of involvement in crime and drug dealing.
Constraints of Seed Bank Species Composition and Water Depth for Restoring Vegetation in the Florida Everglades, U.S.A.

The Rotenberger Wildlife Management Area (RWMA) is a northern Everglades marsh, in Florida, U.S.A., that will undergo hydrologic restoration to remedy an artificially shortened hydroperiod. In an effort to predict vegetation responses to the impending changes in hydrology, plant community development from the resident seed bank was observed in response to three different moisture regimes in March and September 1998. Percent cover, species densities, total seedling densities, and percentages of facultative, facultative-upland, and upland indicator species were significantly higher in moist than in saturated soils. Flooding inhibited the germination of all species except Typha domingensis (cattail), which emerged in the highest numbers from saturated soils in both assays. Lythrum alatum (purple loosestrife) was abundant in both saturated and moist conditions. The season of assay affected species densities and the communities. Percent facultative-wetland species increased in saturated soils in the March assay but not in September. In contrast, percent obligate hydrophytes were higher in saturated conditions only in the September assay. In general the assay communities bore little resemblance to vegetation in currently undisturbed or historic wetlands of the northern Everglades. Consequently the RWMA seed bank will contribute little to the development of a restored community. Moreover, rehydration may encourage the spread of undesirable hydrophytes such as T. domingensis. This study supports the contention that hydrologic restoration must be accompanied by some level of active vegetation management and that the reference condition cannot be attained passively.
The Effects of Delayed Diagnosis and Treatment in Patients with an Occult Spinal Dysraphism

From 1987 to 1993, 21 older individuals presented for the first time with signs and symptoms that eventually led to the diagnosis of occult spinal dysraphism. Assessment consisted of a neurological examination, urodynamic studies preoperatively and postoperatively, and spinal cord imaging. Of 21 patients 18 had an abnormal neurological examination, whereas only 15 had an abnormal urodynamic study, as judged by sphincter electromyography. Radiological imaging showed that 9 patients had a tethered cord alone, 4 each had lipomeningocele and lipoma, 2 had a bony spine abnormality and 1 each had thoracic meningocele and diastematomyelia. Of the 21 patients 19 underwent spinal surgery. Postoperatively, the neurological examination improved in 1 case (5%) and remained unchanged in 18 (95%), while urodynamic findings improved in 3 (16%), were unchanged in 11 (68%) and worsened in 5 (26%). Six patients had progressive deterioration and required secondary spinal surgery, which helped only 2 (33%). These observations confirm that older children and adults with occult spinal dysraphism are more likely to present with irreversible urological and neurological findings than younger children, and so it is imperative that a diagnosis be made and treatment be instituted as early as possible.
The Search for Single Top Quark Production in the Muon plus Jets Channel at DØ

We have performed a search for the electroweak production of single top quarks in $p{\bar p}$ collisions at the Fermilab Tevatron at a center of mass energy of $\sqrt{s} = 1.96\ {\rm TeV}$. The search was performed in the muon plus jets decay channel requiring at least one b-tagged jet. The data were collected using the DO detector between August 2002 and September 2003 corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 158 pb-1. The resulting 95% C.L. upper limits on the production cross sections are 27 pb in the s-channel, 41 pb in the t-channel, and 36 pb in the combined s + t channel using the secondary vertex tagger (SVT) algorithm. We also present results from the combined electron and muon channel search using the DO detector.
Blind detection of exclusive source activity periods in reverberant acoustic environments

Blind separation and dereverberation of acoustic sources is still considered a very challenging task despite many years of research and the availability of increasingly powerful computation engines. The complexity of the task can be significantly reduced for sources that exhibit sufficiently long exclusive activity periods (EAPs). EAPs are time intervals during which only one source is active and all other sources are inactive (i.e. zero). During EAPs the estimation of the underlying system parameters simplifies from a MIMO type to a SIMO type. The existence of EAPs is not guaranteed for arbitrary signal classes. EAPs occur very frequently, however, in recordings of conversational speech. In this paper we propose a new low complexity method for EAP detection which significantly outperforms earlier approaches.
Infrared Focal Plane Arrays

The infrared spectral region has intrigued scientists for over a hundred years, but until recently it has been impossible to create infrared sensors analogous to the human eye. The recent breakthroughs have come about through the creation of large, two-dimensional solid-state arrays that have thousands of detectors distributed across the focal plane of an optical system. The days of scanning-type optical systems are numbered, as such systems give way to staring-type sensors.
Social Guidance of Vocal Learning by Female Cowbirds: Validating its Functional Significance

Juvenile male M. a. ater cowbirds, who have never heard other male cowbirds sing, develop distinctively different repertoires when housed with M. a. ater females from their own area versus M. a. obscurus females from a dista nt population . Because female cowbird s do not sing, the differences in the males' songs do not arise through vocal imitation. Here we provide data demonstrating that the songs of female-housed males are functionally, as well as acoustically, distinctive. The songs of 8 groups of males were tested where the groups differed by age of singer, acoustic experience, and identity of social companion. The playback results demonstrate that non-singing female cowbirds not only stimulate the male to modify song content, but song potency. As such, they demonstr ate the critical role female cowbirds may assume in the proximate and ultimate regulation of vocal develop­ ment.
The Generalized F Distribution

This paper discusses an algorithm for computing the cumulative distribution function cdf for the generalized F distribution and the companion Fortran77 code GENF. Examples of such distributions are the Cook's D I statistics and the Hotelling's T test when the covariance is misspecified.
Why are cohabiting relationships more violent than marriages

In response to increases in cohabitation in the United States, researchers have recently focused on differences between cohabiting and marital unions. One consistent finding is a higher rate of domestic violence among cohabiting couples as compared with married couples. A prominent explanation for this finding is that cohabitation is governed by a different set of institutionalized controls than marriage. This article explores an alternative explanation, namely, that differences in selection out of cohabitation and marriage, including selection of the least-violent cohabiting couples into marriage and the most-violent married couples into divorce, lead to higher observed rates of violence among cohabiting couples in cross-sectional samples. Our results suggest that researchers should be cautious when making comparisons between married and cohabiting couples in which the dependent variable of interest is related to selection into and out of relationship status.
Elastic multi-particle systems for bounded-curvature path planning

This paper investigates a path planning algorithm for Dubins vehicles. Our approach is based on approximation of the trajectories of vehicles using sequence of waypoints and treating each way point as a moving particle in the space. We define interaction forces between the particles such that the resulting multi-particle system will be stable, moreover, the trajectories generated by the waypoints in the equilibria of the multi-particle system will satisfy all of the hard constraint such as bounded-curvature constraint and obstacle avoidance.
Wittgenstein's Philosophy of Arithmetic

Cet article etudie les elements centraux de la philosophie de l'arithmetique du premier Wittgenstein. Dans la premiere section, j'examine les traits de la conception du langage du Tractatus qui sont pertinents pour cette philosophie de l'arithmetique; l'accent est alors mis sur le concept de forme logique et sur la strategie qu'emploie le Tractatus pour expliquer la signification des constantes logiques. Dans la deuxieme section, je me tourne vers le traitement du nombre chez le premier Wittgenstein, en montrant ce qu'il doit a l'idee de forme du Tractatus et en l'integrant au premier projet philosophique de Wittgenstein. J'esquisse enfin, brievement, une voie qui, a partir de cette facon de comprendre l'arithmetique, conduit a quelques-unes des idees que l'on retrouve dans la philosophie posterieure de Wittgenstein.
MUMPS VIRUS NUCLEOPROTEIN ENHANCES PHOSPHORYLATION OF THE PHOSPHOPROTEIN BY POLO-LIKE KINASE 1

ABSTRACT The viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (vRdRps) of nonsegmented, negative-sense viruses (NNSVs) consist of the enzymatic large protein (L) and the phosphoprotein (P). P is heavily phosphorylated, and its phosphorylation plays a critical role in viral RNA synthesis. Since NNSVs do not encode kinases, P is phosphorylated by host kinases. In this study, we investigate the roles that viral proteins play in the phosphorylation of mumps virus (MuV) P. We found that nucleoprotein (NP) enhances the phosphorylation of P. We have identified the serine/threonine kinase Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) as a host kinase that phosphorylates P and have found that phosphorylation of P by PLK1 is enhanced by NP. The PLK1 binding site in MuV P was mapped to residues 146 to 148 within the S(pS/T)P motif, and the phosphorylation site was identified as residues S292 and S294. IMPORTANCE It has previously been shown that P acts as a chaperone for NP, which encapsidates viral genomic RNA to form the NP-RNA complex, the functional template for viral RNA synthesis. Thus, it is assumed that phosphorylation of P may regulate NP9s ability to form the NP-RNA complex, thereby regulating viral RNA synthesis. Our work demonstrates that MuV NP affects phosphorylation of P, suggesting that NP can regulate viral RNA synthesis by regulating phosphorylation of P.
An Interactive Web-based Tool for Fatigue Analysis and Life Prediction

Abstract This paper presents an interactive web-based tool for fatigue analysis and life prediction methodology of smooth and notched components. Users around the globe may access it via Internet by means of multiple platforms such as desktop and laptop computers, tablets and/or smart-phones. In particular, the users with a limited fatigue background would benefit from “on-the-fly” fatigue learning experience. It makes a self-explanatory and frustration free web-based education software, which allows users to learn the fatigue fundamentals while expanding their knowledge on modern fatigue analysis methods. The tool is aimed to assist a designer in fatigue analysis and file predictions of parts subjected to constant amplitude, block loading, and variable loading histories. For variable amplitude loading a dedicated spectrum software package is provided, which is essential for a potential clean-up and/or desired modifications of a raw spectrum data. Subsequently, a rainflow method is utilized and the corresponding hysteresis loops at the notch-root or critical location are determined and plotted. In analyses, three convenient and innovative “master curves” techniques are used, namely for Neuber's rule and also for stress- and strain-based fatigue life approaches.
Vitamin A treatment of sexual dysfunction in male alcoholics

Thirty abstinent male alcoholics with sexual dysfunction were randomized to treatment with 3 mg RE (10,000 IU) vitamin A or placebo daily for 4 mo. Age, drinking history, period of abstinence before enrollment, and base-line laboratory indices were comparable in both groups at entry. Of the 15 subjects given placebo, 13 had a partial or full recovery of sexual functioning. By contrast, of those given vitamin A, 10 had a partial response. There were no complete responders. Six subjects (1 placebo, 5 vitamin A) who developed liver abnormalities during treatment underwent liver biopsies; five had fibrosis or cirrhosis. A significant decrease in luteinizing hormone was noted in the group given vitamin A compared with the placebo-treated group. Thus vitamin A therapy did not improve sexual functioning in male alcoholics and may have been associated with toxicity.
Teaching Cryptography Using Design Thinking Approach

ABSTRACTThe phrase “design thinking” stands for design-specific cognitive activities that designers apply during the process of designing; it is progressively used to mean the human-centered “open” problem solving procedure. It has been used widely in the industry and business, in particular Systems, Applications, and Products in Data Processing, to satisfy customer needs. Design thinking has an increasing influence on 21st century education across disciplines. This work introduces cryptography curriculum using a design thinking model. The work was introduced in Spring 2014 and is for graduate levels. The course evaluations show high level of student sympathetic, and improvement in their abilities in solving complex problems.
Synthesis of 6-fatty acid esters ofl-ascorbic acid

High yields (85%) of 6-fatty acid esters ofl-ascorbic acid were obtained by reactingl-ascorbic acid (1.2 M) in 98~99% sulfuric acid for 36 hr at 20 C with 36% excess fatty acid. In concentrated sulfuric acid,l-ascorbic acid was rapidly sulfated to produce mainlyl-ascorbyl 6-sulfate, which slowly reacted with fatty acid to producel-ascorbyl 6-acylate.
A Study of Low-Temperature Grown Gap by Gas-Source Molecular Beam Epitaxy

We report the effects of growth conditions on the strain and crystalline quality of low-temperature (LT) grown GaP films by gas-source molecul1ar beam epitaxy. At temperatures below 160 °C, poly-crystalline GaP films are always obtained, regardless of the PH3 low rate used, while at temperatures above 160 °C, the material quality is affected by the PH3 flow rate. Contrary to compressively strained LT GaAs, high-resolution X-ray rocking curve measurement indicates a tensile strain of the LT GaP films, which is considered to be due to PGa antisite defects. The strain is found to be affected by the PH3 flow rate, the growth temperature, and post-growth annealing. Contrary to LT GaAs, no P precipitates are observed in cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy.
RNA and Protein Synthesis in the Response of Pigeon Crop-Sac to Prolactin.∗

SummaryIntradermal injection of either actinomycin D or puromycin locally over 1 side of the pigeon crop-sac inhibited the tissue's response to systemically administered prolactin. RNA extracted from prolactin-stimulated crop-sac mucosal tissue had a high degree of crop-sac stimulating activity when injected intradermally over the crop-sac. In contrast, similar RNA fractions extracted from pigeon liver tissue or from liver to which prolactin was added prior to extraction were devoid of this activity. Hydrolysis of the crop-sac RNA by RNase completely eliminated its crop-sac stimulating capacity. These results indicate that RNA and protein synthesis is prerequisite for the expression of the crop-sac response to prolactin.
Ultrastructure of the holdfast of Phrixocephalus cincinnatus (Wilson), a blood-feeding parasitic copepod of flatfishes.

Phrixocephalus cincinnatus is a blood-feeding copepod parasite inhabiting the choroid of the eye of the Pacific sanddab Citharichthys sordidus off the coast of southern California. The present study examined the fine structure of the midgut using both light and electron microscopy. The anterior midgut or stomach was lined with a tall columnar epithelium. The apical surfaces of the cells formed vesicles that pinched off and entered the gut lumen. Posteriorly, the midgut consisted of 2 morphologically distinct cell types; vacuolar and nonvacuolar. These cells probably were different developmental and functional stages of a single kind of columnar epithelial cell. The nonvacuolar cells possessed basally located nuclei, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and long microvilli indicative of an absorptive function. The vacuolar cells were characterized by short microvilli, endocytic vesicles, primary and secondary lysosomes, well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus, suggesting that they were active in endocytosis as well as the synthesis of digestive and lysosomal enzymes. Distension of the apical surface of vacuolar cells with enzyme-containing vesicles resulted in the liberation of the distal part of the cell into the gut lumen. Subsequent lysis of the cell membrane released enzyme-containing vesicles, suggesting that digestive enzymes are discharged by apocrine secretion of the vacuolar cells. Both vacuolar and nonvacuolar cells absorb nutrients resulting from the extracellular digestion of host blood.
Interrelationships between water and cellular metabolism inArtemia cysts

Cysts of the crustaceanArtemia are a useful model for studies on intracellular water because they are capable of essentially complete and reversible desiccation. We have used a variety of techniques on this system, the present work being an attempt to estimate the density of intracellular water (ρw). The density of individual cysts was evaluated from sedimentation velocity. Heptane displacement methods were used to determine the volume of a known mass of cysts, from which the density was calculated. The two methods produce comparable results. It was shown that the densities and water contents of large masses of cysts accurately reflect those of individual cysts. Cyst densities (ρc) were determined over the entire range of water content from 0 to 0.63 weight fraction of water (Wf), and temperature dependence was measured for 0.61Wf over 2–41°C. The following refer to 25°C. No marked change was detected in ρc until the water content exceeded 0.15Wf, at which ρc decreased as a linear function of Wf to maximum water content. However, the cyst does not behave ideally in the sense that the densities of the nonaqueous components and added water are not additive as a function ofWf. The partial specific volume of water in cysts at maximum hydration was estimated to be 3% larger than that of pure water. These observations are compared with density measurements on other systems, and with previous findings on the physical properties of water in this system.
The road home: an examination of the successes and challenges of housing non-profits in New Orleans since Katrina

ABSTRACTHurricane Katrina claimed the lives of nearly 1000 Louisiana residents and damaged about 80% of the building stock in New Orleans. Unequal protection from the hurricane and uneven recovery patterns have left some communities (predominantly low-income and black) with few options to rebuild their homes. These factors have created a high demand for housing non-profits specializing in new construction as well as low-cost home repairs. Drawing from interviews with a number of stakeholders including non-profits completing home repairs and new construction for low-income residents, this article identifies the type, amount and target areas for work done by housing non-profits in post-Katrina New Orleans. Additionally, it identifies the challenges for future work and limitations in the non-profits’ ability to address housing inequity in New Orleans.
Distinct Global Brain Dynamics and Spatiotemporal Organization of the Salience Network.

One of the most fundamental features of the human brain is its ability to detect and attend to salient goal-relevant events in a flexible manner. The salience network (SN), anchored in the anterior insula and the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, plays a crucial role in this process through rapid detection of goal-relevant events and facilitation of access to appropriate cognitive resources. Here, we leverage the subsecond resolution of large multisession fMRI datasets from the Human Connectome Project and apply novel graph-theoretical techniques to investigate the dynamic spatiotemporal organization of the SN. We show that the large-scale brain dynamics of the SN are characterized by several distinctive and robust properties. First, the SN demonstrated the highest levels of flexibility in time-varying connectivity with other brain networks, including the frontoparietal network (FPN), the cingulate–opercular network (CON), and the ventral and dorsal attention networks (VAN and DAN). Second, dynamic functional interactions of the SN were among the most spatially varied in the brain. Third, SN nodes maintained a consistently high level of network centrality over time, indicating that this network is a hub for facilitating flexible cross-network interactions. Fourth, time-varying connectivity profiles of the SN were distinct from all other prefrontal control systems. Fifth, temporal flexibility of the SN uniquely predicted individual differences in cognitive flexibility. Importantly, each of these results was also observed in a second retest dataset, demonstrating the robustness of our findings. Our study provides fundamental new insights into the distinct dynamic functional architecture of the SN and demonstrates how this network is uniquely positioned to facilitate interactions with multiple functional systems and thereby support a wide range of cognitive processes in the human brain.
RAMAN SPECTROSCOPIC IDENTIFICATION OF B-FREE AND B-RICH KORNERUPINE (PRISMATINE)

This is the first application of Raman spectroscopy to the characterization of the kornerupine group of borosilicate minerals. Raman microprobe spectra were collected from approximately 100 to approximately 4000 cm (super -1) from 13 samples of kornerupines (from different localities) containing a wide range of boron content (0.02 to 0.84 boron atoms per formula unit of 21.5 O atoms). The Raman spectra of the kornerupines are consistent with the structure of the mineral as determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, which locates the boron in a tetrahedron at the center of a trimer of corner-sharing tetrahedra and with the presence of only hydroxylions (OH) but no molecular water (H 2 O). Two of the Raman vibrational modes of kornerupines (at approximately 803 Delta cm (super -1) and at approximately 884 Delta cm (super -1) ) are sensitive to the presence of boron, and their relative intensities can be used to discriminate between kornerupine and prismatine. Based on the intensities of those boron-sensitive bands, the Raman spectroscopic technique could potentially provide a semi-quantitative measure of the boron content of kornerupine.
Infection with ECHO viruses and observed illnesses in human beings.

Information relating ECHO virus infections and human illness is being rapidly accumulated. To date, 20 antigenically different types of ECHO viruses have been established according to their ability to reproduce type-specific neutralizing antibodies. ECHO viruses have been recovered from humans with diarrhea, meningitis, meningo-encephalitis, summer rash and respiratory infections. The spectra of illnesses caused by ECHO viruses may not be fully known for many years.
Studies on dispersive stabilization of porous media flows

Motivated by a need to improve the performance of chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes, we investigate dispersive effects on the linear stability of three-layer porous media flow models of EOR for two different types of interfaces: permeable and impermeable interfaces. Results presented are relevant for the design of smarter interfaces in the available parameter space of capillary number, Peclet number, longitudinal and transverse dispersion, and the viscous profile of the middle layer. The stabilization capacity of each of these two interfaces is explored numerically and conditions for complete dispersive stabilization are identified for each of these two types of interfaces. Key results obtained are (i) three-layer porous media flows with permeable interfaces can be almost completely stabilized by diffusion if the optimal viscous profile is chosen, (ii) flows with impermeable interfaces can also be almost completely stabilized for short time, but become more unstable at later times because diffusion flattens out the basic viscous profile, (iii) diffusion stabilizes short waves more than long waves which leads to a “turning point” Peclet number at which short and long waves have the same growth rate, and (iv) mechanical dispersion further stabilizes flows with permeable interfaces but in some cases has a destabilizing effect for flows with impermeable interfaces, which is a surprising result. These results are then used to give a comparison of the two types of interfaces. It is found that for most values of the flow parameters, permeable interfaces suppress flow instability more than impermeable interfaces.
Weathering Tests of Portland-Cement Concrete for Highways

In contrast to many types of construction, almost all of the product of the highway engineer is, of necessity, dispersed across the open countryside and therefore vulnerable to destructive weathering action. Slow deterioration of bituminous road binders may result from prolonged high atmospheric temperatures and exposure to the sun’s radiation. In northern climates, seasonal and daily temperature changes occur, frequently passing through the freezing point. These temperature changes in the presence of snow or rain may be highly destructive to portland-cement concrete.
Smart Machines: IBM’s Watson and the Era of Cognitive Computing

Smart Machines begins by hyping IBM’s latest “grand challenge” intended to “demonstrate IBM’s scientific and technological prowess” (27), namely Watson’s winning performance on the TV show Jeopardy...
Circulating fibrocytes serve as a marker for clinical diagnosis.

Cardiovascular disease continues to be a major health problem in the United States and the leading cause of death (1).
Multi-disciplinary Concurrent Management of Recurrent Hepatocellular Therapy is Superior to Sequential Therapy

Recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after a patient’s initial therapy, whether it is transplantation, resection, or ablation, remains a challenging clinical problem. Since recurrence occurs in 70% of all initially treated disease within 5 years, optimal management to treat this recurrence is needed. Currently, a bias exists toward mono-therapy (i.e., ablation alone, hepatic arterial therapy alone, or sorafenib therapy alone) instead of concurrent sequential therapy—as is common in other primary and metastatic disease to the liver. Thus, the aim of our study was to evaluate the overall survival of recurrent HCC based on either mono-therapy or multimodality therapy. A review of our prospective 2245 patient hepato-pancreatico-biliary database was performed for all patients who underwent treatment with curative intent for hepatocellular carcinoma and had complete recurrence treatment data from June 2002 to May 2015. Mono-therapy was defined as initiation of a solitary therapy until disease progression or intolerance. Multimodality therapy was defined as at least 2 therapies that occurred simultaneously or within 4 weeks of each therapy. A total of 281 patients underwent treatment with curative intent for hepatocellular carcinoma, in which 192 experienced recurrence. These patients were treated with either thermal ablation or liver resection (LR) (N = 51), transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) or radiation (N = 68), systemic therapy (N = 26), or multimodality therapy (N = 47). The extent of the first recurrence was similar in regard to the number of tumors (median 1), the type of radiologic HCC, gender, BMI, and percentage of liver involvement. They differed in regard to size (MMT largest, median 5.6 cm, p = 0.02), and MMT had higher Hepatitis C involvement (37% of patients, p = 0.001). In evaluation of first recurrence treatment, after a median follow-up of 24 months, multimodality therapy has a significant improvement in overall survival (median 40 months, range 8–85), when compared to LR/Ablation (27 months, range 4–75), TACE/XRT (13 months, range 4–68), and systemic (26 months, range 3–59) (p = 0.003). Multimodality therapy should be considered in all patients with recurrent HCC based on tumor biology and underlying hepatic reserve. Hepatocellular cancer should be treated like other hepatic malignancies in which concurrent therapies are utilized simultaneously to optimize oncologic effects (response rates and overall survival) and minimize quality-of-life side effects. Multimodality therapy can lead to far superior overall survival and is well tolerated in the majority of recurrent HCC patients.
Co-segregation of sex chromosomes in the male black widow spider Latrodectus mactans (Araneae, Theridiidae)

During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes join together to form bivalents. Through trial and error, bivalents achieve stable bipolar orientations (attachments) on the spindle that eventually allow the segregation of homologous chromosomes to opposite poles. Bipolar orientations are stable through tension generated by poleward forces to opposite poles. Unipolar orientations lack tension and are stereotypically not stable. The behavior of sex chromosomes during meiosis I in the male black widow spider Latrodectus mactans (Araneae, Theridiidae) challenges the principles governing such a scenario. We found that male L. mactans has two distinct X chromosomes, X1 and X2. The X chromosomes join together to form a connection that is present in prometaphase I but is lost during metaphase I, before the autosomes disjoin at anaphase I. We found that both X chromosomes form stable unipolar orientations to the same pole that assure their co-segregation at anaphase I. Using micromanipulation, immunofluorescence microscopy, and electron microscopy, we studied this unusual chromosome behavior to explain how it may fit the current dogma of chromosome distribution during cell division.
Intrinsic Entropy and Intrinsic Irreversibility for a Single Isolated Constituent of Matter: Broader Kinematics and Generalized Nonlinear Dynamics

What if entropy, rather than a statistical, information theoretic, macroscopic or phenomenological concept, were an intrinsic property of matter in the same sense as energy is universally understood to be an intrinsic property of matter? What if irreversibility were an intrinsic feature of the fundamental dynamical laws obeyed by all physical objects, macroscopic and microscopic, complex and simple, large and small? What if the second law of thermodynamics, in the hierarchy of physical laws, were at the same level as the fundamental laws of mechanics, such as the great conservation principles? Is it inevitable that the gap between mechanics and thermodynamics be bridged by resorting to the usual statistical, phenomenological, or information-theoretic reasoning, and by hinging on the hardly definable distinction between microscopic and macroscopic reality? Is it inevitable that irreversibility be explained by designing ad hoc mechanisms of coupling with some heat bath, reservoir or environment, and ad hoc mechanisms of loss of correlation? What if, instead, mechanics and thermodynamics were both special cases of a more general unified fundamental physical theory valid for all systems, including a single strictly isolated particle, such as a single isolated harmonic oscillator or a single isolated two-level spin system?
Fast nonnegative matrix tri-factorization for large-scale data co-clustering

Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF) based coclustering methods have attracted increasing attention in recent years because of their mathematical elegance and encouraging empirical results. However, the algorithms to solve NMF problems usually involve intensive matrix multiplications, which make them computationally inefficient. In this paper, instead of constraining the factor matrices of NMF to be nonnegative as existing methods, we propose a novel Fast Nonnegative Matrix Trifactorization (FNMTF) approach to constrain them to be cluster indicator matrices, a special type of nonnegative matrices. As a result, the optimization problem of our approach can be decoupled, which results in much smaller size subproblems requiring much less matrix multiplications, such that our approach works well for large-scale input data. Moreover, the resulted factor matrices can directly assign cluster labels to data points and features due to the nature of indicator matrices. In addition, through exploiting the manifold structures in both data and feature spaces, we further introduce the Locality Preserved FNMTF (LP-FNMTF) approach, by which the clustering performance is improved. The promising results in extensive experimental evaluations validate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Classics of Mathematics. By Ronald Calinger (ed.)

(1985). Classics of Mathematics. By Ronald Calinger (ed.) The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 92, No. 8, pp. 601-603.
Development of a mechanistic model for sliding bubbles growth prediction in subcooled boiling flow

Abstract A new mechanistic model for predicting the growth of sliding bubbles in subcooled boiling flow has been developed. The basis of this model is the assumption that the fundamental heat transfer mechanisms acting on a stagnant bubble growing at a nucleation site can also be applied to the growth of sliding bubbles. The physical assumptions of the existing bubble growth models were modified to reflect the intrinsic physics associated with the sliding bubble growth. The heat transfer mechanisms considered are microlayer evaporation, evaporation of superheated liquid, and condensation. The present model has been successfully validated against a broad set of subcooled flow boiling data, generated by three separate research groups using different working fluids and different heater surfaces. The model successfully reproduced the sliding bubble growth dependencies on mass flux, wall superheat, and liquid subcooling level as observed in the experiments. On the other hand, in a few cases where the bubble growth inertia was substantially involved in the sliding bubble growth, the predictive ability was limited.
Asset Pricing in an Economy with Production: A "Selective" Survey of Recent Work on Asset-Pricing Models

This paper surveys an intertemporal general equilibrium theory of capital asset pricing. It is an attempt to put together ideas from the literatures on modern finance, stochastic growth models, and general equilibrium theory. In this way we shall obtain a theory capable of addressing general equilibrium questions such as the following: What is the impact of an increase in the corporate income tax on the relative prices of risky stocks? What is the impact of an increase in progressivity of the personal income tax on the relative price structure of risky assets? This paper discusses only recent literature that is closely related to my own work. Hence it should be read with this disclaimer in mind Furthermore, because of space limitations, theorems and proofs will be loosely stated.
Quantifying Assessment of Undergraduate Critical Thinking.

Enhancing students' critical thinking capabilities stands as the top goal of undergraduate education, according to faculty from many universities. We assessed the change in critical thinking skills with a sample of 176 students enrolled at either the University of Colorado Boulder (UCB) or Colorado College (CC) by employing the Critical-thinking Assessment Test (CAT) developed with collaboration and support from the National Science Foundation. Students' critical thinking progress was compared by assaying skills during the first and last weeks of the term in classes that expressly emphasized: (1) critical thinking, or (2) civic engagement, or (3) where, according to the class instructors, neither was a point of major emphasis. CAT scores improved significantly for students at both institutions, in different categories of class types, and over the dramatically different lengths of terms (3.5 weeks at CC vs 15 weeks at UCB). Our research contributes to an understanding of changes in critical thinking as part of the undergraduate experience. We demonstrate that the CAT instrument can be an effective tool for assessing critical thinking skills across very different institutions of higher education.
Botulinum Toxin in Restless Legs Syndrome-A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study.

Background: Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) is a common movement disorder with an estimated prevalence of up to 12%. Previous small studies with onabotulinumtoxin A (OnaA) for RLS have shown inconsistent results. Methods: Twenty-four patients with an International RLS score (IRLS) of >11 (moderate-severe) were enrolled in this blinded, placebo-controlled crossover study. Twenty-one patients completed the evaluations at 4, 6, and 8 weeks after each injection. One-hundred units of Incobotulinumtoxin A (IncoA) or normal saline were injected into tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, and biceps femoris muscles each side. Results: Improvement from a severe (IRLS >21) to a mild/moderate (IRLS ≤20) score was significant at four weeks (p = 0.0036) and six weeks (p = 0.0325) following IncoA administration compared to placebo. Additionally, there was significant improvement in pain score at six weeks as measured by Visual Analogue Scale (p = 0.04) and the Johns Hopkins Quality of Life Questionnaire (p = 0.01) in the IncoA group. Definite or marked improvement on Patient Global Impression of Change was seen in 7 out of 21 patients in the IncoA group vs. 1 out of 21 patients in the placebo group at 4 weeks (p = 0.012). Conclusion: IncoA injection lead to a reduction in severity of RLS symptoms, pain score, and quality of life, without any adverse effects.