cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Oxygen ION Implantation in Gallium Nitride

Epitaxial single crystal GaN films (2.0 μm thick) were implanted 60° off the surface normal with 600 keV O+ ions at 190 or 210 K over a range of ion fluences from 4.8×1017 to 5.0×1020 ions/m2. The implantation damage, as determined by in-situ Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry in a channeling geometry (RBS/C), ranged from dilute defects up to the formation of a disorder saturation state that was not fully amorphous. The relative disorder on the Ga sublattice exhibited a sigmoidal dependence on ion fluence. Results show that GaN crystals are extremely resistant to the ion implantation damage as compared to other ceramic materials like SiC. An asymmetric shape in the angular scan curve around the axis, which might be associated with the Ga lattice distortion in the crystal structure, was observed for the as-irradiated material to the highest ion fluence (5.0×1020 O+/m2) at 210 K. Comparisons of Ga disorder depth-profiles from the experiment and SRIM97 simulations suggest that the damage peaks shift to greater depths at the low irradiation temperature (210 K). Significant recovery of these defects was not observed in the isochronal annealing steps (20-min) up to 970 K.
Stimuli that produce sensitization lead to elevation of cyclic AMP levels in tail sensory neurons of Aplysia.

Facilitation of synaptic connections between sensory neurons and motor neurons mediating the tail withdrawal reflex inAplysia is produced by the modulatory effects of sensitizing stimuli. Facilitation can be mimicked by perfusing these neurons with serotonin (5-HT) in a semi-intact preparation. Consequently, 5-HT has been presumed to be acting as an agonist of the modulatory transmitter that mediates sensitizing input in vivo. While the 5-HT effects appear to be mediated by increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in the sensory neurons, a critical issue that has not been examined is whether sensitizing stimuli also increase cAMP levels in these cells. We now report that such sensitizing stimuli delivered to the tail of a semi-intact preparation lead to elevation of cAMP levels in the tail sensory neurons.
Lifestyle retail internet marketing: how does it meet consumer needs

This study investigates how shopping centres communicate their market position to perspective shoppers. The content analysis of lifestyle shopping centre communications is framed in Fishbein's multi-attribute model. The purpose of this study is to investigate if lifestyle centre websites clearly communicate the identified retail attributes to customers. Nine attributes related to lifestyle centre retailing, identified in previous research, were used to create a multi-attribute model that provided the basis for this study. Fifty recently established life-style centres websites, identified by the International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC) were used. The content analysis revealed the most frequently mentioned attributes on the lifestyle centre websites were tenant mix, centre events and convenient location. Parking and safety were the least mentioned attributes on the websites.
Enantiospecific total synthesis of the enantiomer of the indole alkaloid affinisine

Abstract The enantiomer of affinisine has been synthesized (from l -tryptophan) with 100% diastereoselectivity via the asymmetric Pictet–Spengler reaction coupled with a Pd0 (enolate mediated) coupling process. This enantiomer has also been converted into a key intermediate which provides a route to the enantiomers of both macroline and alstonerine following the previous work of LeQuesne.
A dehydration mechanism for the stratosphere

Although mean circulations are generally credited with dehydration of the earth's stratosphere, convective instability in the tropics converts mean circulations to small residuals of local convective circulations. The effects of large cumulonimbus which penetrate the stratosphere and form huge anvils in the lower stratosphere are discussed with respect to hydration and dehydration of the stratosphere. Radiative heating at anvil base combined with cooling at anvil top drives a dehydration engine considered essential to explain the dry stratosphere. Seasonal and longitudinal variations in dehydration potentials are examined with maximum potential attributed to Micronesian area during winter and early spring.
Reaction of methanol on stoichiometric and O-terminated α-Cr2O3 (): interconversion of oxygenated C1 surface intermediates

Abstract The reaction of methanol on the nearly stoichiometric α-Cr2O3 ( 1 0 1 2 ) surface gives a spectrum of products including CH4, CH2O, CO, CO2 and H2. These products are all generated in a 200 K temperature range (600–800 K) in thermal desorption through a reaction pathway involving methoxide, dioxymethylene and formate surface intermediates. The interconversion between oxygenated C1 surface intermediates involves the reversible reaction of methoxide to dioxymethylene via dehydrogenation and nucleophilic attack of surface lattice oxygen. Formate intermediates are subsequently formed by the dehydrogenation of dioxymethylene. Isotopic labeling studies indicate that the precursor to the formaldehyde reaction product is a dioxymethylene intermediate rather than methoxide. The oxygen-terminated surface is completely unreactive, indicating a structure (or composition) sensitive reaction of methanol on the ( 1 0 1 2 ) surface. Terminal chromyl oxygen acts as a cation site blocker and eliminates the surface cation–anion site pairs necessary for the dissociation and reaction of methanol.
Design of a Squeeze-Film Damper for a Multi-Mass Flexible Rotor

A single mass flexible rotor analysis was used to optimize the stiffness and damping of a flexible support for a symmetric five-mass rotor. The flexible support attenuates the rotor motions and forces transmitted to the support bearings when the rotor operates through and above its first bending critical speed. An oil squeeze-film damper was designed based on short bearing lubrication theory. The damper design was verified by an unbalance response computer program. Rotor amplitudes were reduced by a factor of 16 and loads reduced by a factor of 36 compared with the same rotor on rigid bearing supports.
The pathophysiology does not denote the mechanism

The article “Anatomy and development of the meninges: implications for subdural collections and CSF circulation” by Mack, Squier, and Eastman [1] appears under the rubric “Theoretical considerations.” This is a first for Pediatric Radiology and implies the article is both theoretical and controversial. The material presented is important for all of us to consider in the pathophysiology of subdural collections. What we are most concerned about is subdural hematomas. As radiologists, we must also be concerned with anatomy. The editorial team spent an enormous amount of time with this paper because of our fear of misuse of the information. In the child with subdural hematomas without adequate history to explain their occurrence, nonaccidental trauma (NAT) needs to be the primary consideration. Of course, other medical diseases and bleeding disorders need to be investigated and excluded, but NAT is the correct diagnosis in the vast majority of cases. We believe that the article of Mack et al. reflects this. It is important to understand that a series of publications (54 and 72 in the article of Mack et al.) and a third by the same lead author [2] formed the basis of what became known as the “Geddes hypothesis” or “unified hypothesis.” A further publication expanded on the original work [3]. On the basis of a pathologic study of 50 intrauterine, neonatal or infant deaths, in which microscopic intradural hemorrhage was identified in 36, and dural surface hemorrhage, which was noted in 11, these authors speculated that subdural and retinal hemorrhages resulted from a combination of cerebral hypoxia, raised intracranial pressure from brain swelling, raised arterial pressure, and raised venous pressure. The original hypothesis was not well received by many involved in this field of pediatrics and generated public criticism [4], but was sufficiently credible to cause several criminal convictions to be reviewed by the Court of Appeal in the UK [5]. However, in the judgment, their Lordships stated “In our view ... cases of serious injuries caused by very minor force such as might occur in normal handling or rough handling of an infant, are likely to be rare or even extremely rare.” [6]. We repeat, the vast majority of subdural hematomas in infants without adequate historical verification to explain the etiology are caused by NAT–child abuse. It is important to note that there are legitimate reservations raised by some about the theories expressed in this article. These include:
Nuclear accumulation of epidermal growth factor in cultured rat pituitary cells.

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a mitogen for epidermal cells in vivo1,2 and for a wide variety of cells in culture3–5. Recently, we and others have reported that EGF can also regulate the cellular levels of various hormones6 and fibronectin7 at concentrations which only minimally influence cell division. In addition, EGF treatment of GH3 cells affects chromatin structure such that isolated nuclei from treated cells have an increased capacity to bind bacterial RNA polymerase in initiation site complexes6. Thus, the data suggest that various nuclear functions are modulated by EGF in GH3 cells despite its failure to affect DNA synthesis or cell proliferation. Recently, Yanker and Shooter8 have reported on the nuclear accumulation of nerve growth factor (NGF) in PC12 cells in which NGF does not promote cell division but does influence RNA and protein synthesis while inducing overt differentiation (neurite outgrowth). The similarities between the two systems and the various theories regarding the mechanism by which mitogens exert their growth-promoting and other effects9,10 led us to investigate whether an interaction between EGF and the cell nucleus can be demonstrated after surface binding and internalization of EGF in GH3 cells. We report here that when its lysosomal degradation is inhibited by chloroquine, EGF accumulates in the nucleus.
New findings on object permanence: A developmental difference between two types of occlusion

Manual search for totally occluded objects was investigated in 10-, 12- and 14-month-old infants. Infants responded to two types of total hiding in different ways, supporting the inference that object permanence is not a once-and-for-all attainment. Occlusion of an object by movement of a screen over it was solved at an earlier age than occlusion in which an object was carried under the screen. This dissociation was not explained by motivation, motor skill or means-ends coordination, because for both tasks the same object was hidden in the same place under the same screen and required the same uncovering response. This dissociation generalized across an experimentally manipulated change in recovery means-infants removed cloths while seated at a table in Expt 1 and were required to crawl through 3-D space to displace semi-rigid pillows in Expt 2. Further analysis revealed that emotional response varied as a function of hiding, suggesting an affective correlate of infant cognition. There are four empirical findings to account for: developmental change, task dissociation, generalization of the effects across recovery means, and emotional reactions. An identity-development theory is proposed explaining these findings in terms of infants' understanding of object identity and the developmental relationship between object identity and object permanence. Object identity is seen as a necessary precursor to the development of object permanence.
Effects of alosetron on gastrointestinal transit time and rectal sensation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome

Background: Alosetron, a 5-HT3-receptor antagonist, relieves abdominal pain and improves bowel function in non-constipated, female patients with irritable bowel syndrome. 5-HT3 antagonists delay colonic transit, increase colonic compliance, and increase small intestinal water absorption. Aim: To evaluate the effects of alosetron on gastrointestinal and colonic transit, rectal compliance and rectal sensation in irritable bowel syndrome. Methods: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-dose study of alosetron was performed in 25 non-constipated irritable bowel syndrome patients, with paired studies before and after 4 weeks of treatment with placebo (n=5), 1 mg alosetron (n=10) or 4 mg (n=10) alosetron b.d. Gastrointestinal and colonic transit were measured by scintigraphy. Rectal compliance and sensation were assessed by rectal balloon distention with a barostat. Results: There was a trend (P=0.06) for 1 mg alosetron to increase rectal compliance (median pressure at half maximum volume 11 mmHg after alosetron vs. 15.6 mmHg before alosetron). The 1 mg b.d. alosetron dose non-significantly retarded proximal colonic transit. Alosetron and placebo reduced sensory scores relative to baseline values; none of the changes induced by alosetron was significant relative to placebo. Conclusions: Alosetron had no significant effect on gastrointestinal transit or rectal sensory and motor mechanisms in non-constipated irritable bowel syndrome patients in this study. Alosetron’s effects on colonic sensorimotor function and central sensory mechanisms deserve further evaluation.
Prognostic factors and outcome in patients 21 years and under with colorectal carcinoma

This study aims to identify significant predictors of survival in pediatric and adolescent colorectal carcinoma. We retrospectively analyzed our experience with 29 histologically verified cases, of which 20 were resected for cure. Variables analyzed as predictors of survival included: (1) resectability, (2) regional nodal involvement, (3) depth of invasion, (4) grade, and (5) interval from symptom onset to diagnosis. Signet ring or anaplastic lesions were considered high grade. Survival curves were generated on both the overall group and those resected for cure. Multivariate analysis was performed on the overall group. The median age at diagnosis was 19 years (range, 10 to 21). Median follow-up in survivors was 4.7 years. Signet ring tumors occurred in 45% and another 24% were poorly differentiated. Seventy-six percent presented with regional lymph node metastases. The median survival for the overall group was 16 months, whereas that for those undergoing complete resection was 33 months. In patients undergoing resection for cure, grade (P = .005), regional nodal involvement (P = .007), and depth of invasion (P = .03) were significant predictors of outcome in univariate analysis. In the overall group these variables as well as resectability and distant metastases were significant in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis high-grade lesions and lymph node involvement were highly correlated, as were resectability and metastases. Thus, either variable (but not both) of each pair added information to the multivariate model. In patients resected for cure, positive nodes or high histological grade became the only significant predictors of survival.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Patterns of galvanic skin responses to signal and non-signal stimuli.

Two studies investigating the specific features of galvanic skin responses (GSRs) to signal and non-signal stimuli are reported. The results of Exp. I indicate that stimuli which have instructed behavioral associates (signal significance) produce GSRs which are both multiphasic and relatively persistent in nature. Multiple GSRs are produced by the initial presentation of a signal stimulus and the persistence of the overall response appears to have at least a short-term effect on baseline. Exp. II was designed to investigate the possible independence of these two characteristics through the manipulation of response certainty. The results suggest that multiplicity and persistence may be separable features of the response to signal stimuli in which the latter may be a correlate of response novelty.
Cooperative Assembly of Androgen Receptor into a Nucleoprotein Complex That Regulates the Prostate-specific Antigen Enhancer

Prostate cancer is characterized by elevated serum levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). PSA gene expression is controlled by an androgen-responsive transcriptional enhancer. Our study suggests that formation of a nucleoprotein complex, encompassing 170 base pairs of enhancer DNA, mediates androgen-responsive PSA enhancer activity. The complex is assembled by cooperative binding of androgen receptor to at least four tandem, nonconsensus androgen response elements (AREs). Systematic mutagenesis of the AREs demonstrated that they act synergistically to stimulate androgen receptor-responsive gene expression. We discuss a mechanism whereby a combination of high androgen receptor levels in the prostate and low affinity AREs contribute to the cell type specificity and activity of the enhancer.
Modeling of parabolic quantum well wire channels for modulation-doped field-effect transistors

Abstract A two-dimensional approach, used in the analysis of optical modes of stripe-geometry lasers, is adapted in a novel way for evaluating the parameters of parabolic quantum well wire (PQWW) structures. Electron wave functions and energy levels are computed by finding the electronic analog of the optical parameters. The concentration of one-dimensional electron gas (IDEG) is computed by solving Schrodinger's and Poissons' equations self-consistently. A charge control model is developed to evaluate the current-voltage and transconductance characteristics of the proposed 1-D MODFETs having parabolic quantum well wire channels.
Glial domains and axonal reordering in the chiasmatic region of the developing ferret

This study has examined the developing glial architecture of the optic pathway and has related this to the changing organization of the constituent axons. Immunocytochemistry was used to reveal the distribution of glial profiles, and DiI was used to label either radial glial profiles or optic axons. Electron microscopy was used to determine the distribution of glial profiles, axons, growth cones, and wrists at different locations along the pathway. Three different glial boundaries were defined: Two of these are revealed as changes in the distribution of vimentin-immunoreactive profiles occurring in the prechiasmatic optic nerve and at the threshold of the optic tract, respectively, and one by the presence of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactive profiles at the chiasmatic midline. The latter, midline boundary may be related to the segregation of nasal from temporal optic axons. The boundary at the threshold of the optic tract coincides with the segregation of dorsal from ventral optic axons that emerges at this location in the pathway. The segregation of old from young optic axons is shown to occur only gradually along the pathway. Glial profiles are most frequent in the deeper parts of the tract, coursing parallel to the optic axons and orthogonal to their usual radial axis. These are suggested to arise from later-growing radial glial fibers that are diverted to grow amongst the older optic axons. Those glial profiles may subsequently impede axonal invasion, thus creating the chronotopic reordering by forcing the later-arriving axons to accumulate superficially. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mouse blood monocytes: Standardizing their identification and analysis using CD115

Monocytes have been used to assess immune dysfunction and disease. While mouse models are a useful longitudinal analog, few researchers have assessed changes in mouse monocytes. The purpose of this study was to provide recommendations for the sample processing and flow cytometric analysis of mouse blood monocytes. Blood was drawn in a non-lethal manner from CD-1 male mice to be used in three experiments. Experiment 1 compared commonly used mouse monocyte markers. Experiment 2 compared the stability of CD115 expression after immediate (0h) and delayed (2 and 4h) processing following blood collection under various experimental conditions (laser strength, anticoagulant, and storage temp.). Experiment 3 compared the consistency of CD115(+) monocyte and subset concentrations using decreasing (40, 20, 10 and 5μL) volumes of blood. In experiment 1, >95% of CD115(+) events co-expressed CD11b; >85% co-expressed CD14. 70% of CD14(+) and 50% of CD11b(+) events co-expressed CD115. In experiment 2, CD115 expression decreased by 33% between 0 and 4h when stored at room temperature. Blood treated with EDTA and refrigerated maintained CD115 stability. In experiment 3, calculated concentrations for total monocyte events varied by <10% when 40, 20 and 10μL of blood were stained. While CD115 staining provides the most distinct monocyte population, it is important to treat blood with EDTA and refrigerate if sample processing will be delayed over 2h. Collectively, the findings of the present study outline important considerations that must be addressed when examining mouse monocytes in small, non-lethal blood samples.
Cltural landscapes and ecology, 1995–96: of oecumenics and nature(s):

This report is the first of three in a survey of recent work by geographers and their counterparts on cultural landscapes and ecology. Depending on definition and direction these rubrics could, or perhaps should, encompass much of what is being done by cultural geographers as well as those working on questions of human±environment or society±nature relations beyond the bounds of the categories culture and landscape. My core concern here, however, will be to present and comment on studies of cultural landscapes informed by ecological methods and perspectives. Much of this production falls within the purview of cultural ecology or its off-shoots such as political ecology and various cognate fields including historical ecology, environmental history, landscape archaeology and landscape ecology. If this prospectus is less than ecumenical, it should still allow for looking at a wide range of material coming out of various traditions, camps and exploratory ventures that lay claims to these terms' terrain. Given that the topics `cultural landscapes and ecology' (in tandem) have not been previously featured in these progress reports, a bit of mapping of what has come before might be useful. It will also require mentioning some publications prior to 1995 to set the stage for the past two years. In the first annual volume of Progress in Geography (1969±76), precursor to its current bifurcation along human and physical lines, Harold Brookfield (1969) wrote on `The environment as perceived'. Cultural ecology per se received scant mention, and cultural landscape none at all. During this period Brookfield (1964) was concerned to move beyond the Berkeley school's fielding of cultural landscape studies and on to more systemic and nomothetic pursuits. In the third volume O'Riordan (1971) reported on `Environmental management', a category that has enjoyed some 17 surveys since 1977 under the same and variant titles in Progress in Human Geography. A sampling of titles and authors includes: `Natural resources and their management'
Supramolecular networks of silver(I) and iron(II) complexes of the third generation tris(pyrazolyl)methane ligand Ph2(O)POCH2C(pz)3 (pz = pyrazolyl ring)

The new ligand Ph2(O)POCH2C(pz)3 (pz = pyrazolyl ring), prepared from the reaction of HOCH2C(pz)3 and Ph2P(O)Cl in the presence of base, reacts with either AgBF4 or Fe(BF4)2·6H2O in a 2/1 molar ratio to yield {[Ph2(O)POCH2C(pz)3]2Ag}(BF4) (1) and {[Ph2(O)POCH2C(pz)3]2Fe}(BF4)2 (4), respectively. In the structure of 1, the silver is in an unusual planar geometry with each of the ligands in a κ2–κ0 coordination mode. Slow evaporation of a thf solution of 1 yields crystalline [Ph2(O)POCH2C(pz)3Ag]2(thf)2}(BF4)2 (2). In each cationic unit of 2, the two Ph2(O)POCH2C(pz)3 ligands coordinate to the same two silver(I) centers in a κ2–κ1 bonding mode, with a silver atom separation of 3.36 A. The supramolecular structure of both 1 and 2 is dominated by a pair of cooperative hydrogen bonding interactions between the Ph2P(O) secondary tecton and a hydrogen atom from a methylene group situated on a neighboring building block, which arranges the cations in chains. The reaction of HC(pz)3 and AgO3SCF3 (AgOTf) yields {[HC(pz)3]2Ag2}(OTf)2 (3). The cationic unit in 3 has a structure very similar to that of 2, but with a much shorter distance between the silver atoms at 2.86 A. The supramolecular structure of 3 is dominated by an unusual pyrazolyl embrace interaction where the acceptor ring in the C–H⋯π interaction is the pyrazolyl ring κ1-bonded to silver in the adjacent dimeric unit rather than the other ring in a κ2-bonded Cpz2 unit. This interaction arranges the cations in chains which are further organized into sheets by the triflate anions that link the chains via combined Ag⋯O/CH⋯O interactions. The iron in 4 is octahedral with each tris(pyrazolyl)methane unit in the κ3-tripodal coordination mode. The supramolecular structure is sheets formed by hydrogen bonding between the Ph2P(O) oxygen and a meta-position hydrogen on one of the diphenylphosphine rings from an adjacent cation.
Long-term outcome of sirolimus rescue in kidney-pancreas transplantation.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate long-term outcome of sirolimus (SRL) rescue in kidney–pancreas transplantation (KPTx). We reviewed 112 KPTx performed at our institution from 12/3/95 to 6/27/02. All patients received antibody (Ab) induction, tacrolimus (TAC), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and steroids. Thirty-five patients (31%) had SRL substituted for MMF for the following indications: (1) acute rejection (AR) of kidney or pancreas despite adequate TAC levels; (2) intolerance of full-dose MMF; (3) rising creatinine; and (4) TAC-induced hyperglycemia. Target SRL and TAC levels were 10 ng/mL and 5 ng/mL, respectively. Mean follow-up was 3 ± 2 years overall and 1.2 ± 0.5 years after SRL rescue. No patients died. One- and 3-year actuarial kidney and pancreas graft survival was 97%, 97%, and 95%, 90%, respectively. Of 10 patients switched to SRL for AR, 1 kidney failed from Ab-resistant AR, 1 kidney developed borderline AR, and the other 8 remain AR-free. Seven other patients developed AR despite therapeutic SRL levels; of these, 6 (86%) had mean TAC levels of
Electrical induction of coronary artery thrombosis in the ambulatory canine: a model for in vivo evaluation of anti-thrombotic agents.

Abstract A simple technique for the reliable induction of coronary artery thrombosis in a conscious dog by delivery of low amperage electric current to the intimal surface of the artery is described. Ibuprofen, an agent known to inhibit platelet function and prostaglandin synthesis is evaluated in this model. Comparison of myocardial infarct size, thrombus weight, arrhythmia development and scanning electron micrographs of drug treated and control animals indicate that Ibuprofen is capable of protecting against the deleterious effects of coronary artery thrombosis produced by this technique. This method holds considerable potential as an in vivo model of coronary artery thrombosis and one in which evaluation of anti-thrombotic agents is possible.
Novel design and operation of thin film high T/sub c/ magnetometer

The concept of a magnetometer based on the nonlinear magnetic properties of a high-T/sub c/ superconductor thin film was developed and tested. A novel detection method which allows microwave operation was tested. The superconductor, driven into the nonlinear regions by applying an amplitude-modulated magnetic field, generates a low-frequency field at the modulation frequency commensurate with the externally applied fields. The particular advantage of this system versus the superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) alternative is the minimal processing of the superconducting material necessary to construct such a device. An electronic system which allows operation up to 2.4 GHz was tested with a YBCO thin film sample in a magnetometer configuration. A noise density of 15 nT/sup 1/2/ was measured. >
Planktonic biodiversity: Scaling up and down

In 2001, Simon Levin remarked at a National Science Foundation meeting on biocomplexity that scientific disciplines are belief systems that progressively nurture memes by establishment of societies and journals (a meme being a unit of intellectual or cultural information—a key idea—that passes from mind to mind, spreading through colleagues and over generations [Dawkins 1976]). Levin also noted that an inevitable consequence of knowledge expansion is the development of specialized jargon, which, unfortunately, creates language barriers that impede the free exchange of ideas. Occasionally, we therefore need to pause, cut through the jargon, and attempt to integrate ideas across disciplinary boundaries. According to Levin and Pacala (2003), “… it is essential to develop ways to relate processes at the level of individual organisms to the populations of which they are members, and to the communities and ecosystems in which they reside. We must learn to scale from the small to the large, from the individual to the collective to the community, from the … plant to the biosphere.”
A comparison of resonant inverter topologies for HPS lamp ballasts

The utility of resonant inverter topologies in electronic ballasts for high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps is examined. The three basic types of resonant inverters, series-loaded, parallel-loaded, and series-parallel-loaded, are compared for their applicability in electronic ballasts. A parallel-loaded resonant (PLR) inverter operating at a constant switching frequency is selected because of the high voltage gains possible. As a result, it is not necessary to use a transformer to provide enough voltage to start the HPS lamp from a low-voltage DC source such as that obtained from rectification of 120 V AC source. A PLR inverter was designed based on this analysis. A computer simulation of this design verified inverter operation when driving an HPS lamp. A laboratory prototype was then constructed and found to operate satisfactorily. >
American "community" psychiatry.

' w e n t to my local library in search of a definition of ."community" because I wanted to understand what we mean these days when we refer to "services in the community" for individuals ~vith chronic mental illnesses. The best I came up with was, "a social group sharing common characteristics, circumstances, and/or interests, perceived or perceiving itself as distinct in some respect from the larger society in which it exists". Considering this definition, it is extraordinary that the modem thrust of publicsector psychiatry in the USA has been the movement of patients from large, public, state hospitals to any setting that is an alternative to those literal or figurative historic edifices, and proclaiming that patients are now "in the community". The state hospitals, such as Worcester State Hospital, which is the prototypic American state hospital, were built throughout the 19th century in the USA to create a community for those deemed at the time to be "insane". Under the heading of "moral treatment", a small number of paid employees attempted to create a locus, far removed from the strains and stresses of the life in one community, where, through instruction, modelling, teaching and guidance, individuals could learn better self control and respect for themselves and others. Thus, they would come to lead more orderly and reasonable lives in the state hospital community. Those who wished could then move from the community in which they had learned these capabilities to another community of their choice--usually the one in which they had lived before. These state hospital communities grew to the size of small towns, far beyond the scale envisioned by their originators. Much like more modern urban housing projects, the population over-ran the resources, and the community deteriorated to a point at which the lack Of habitability and safety mimicked the inhumane conditions that existed in the jails, almshouses, and stockades that had housed the insane prior to the building of these state hospital communities. The modern remedy for these intolerable conditions became the tearing down of the state hospitals. Under the same banner as the one under which they had been constructed--ie, doing what is right and saving money-these state hospital communities were destroyed. Although we were actually moving disenfranchised, mentally ill individuals from one community to another, we proclaimed we were "deinstitutionalising" them by moving them from institutions to non-institutional settings. In many cases we accomplished this task; in many others we did not. Depending upon the state, the USA has a range of settings--with regard to both housing and t reatment-that can provide for the wide range of needs of those with serious and persistent mental illness. And American "community" psychiatry
Two-stage injection-locked ring dye laser/amplifier for coherent image amplification

A coherent image amplification system consisting of two stages suitable for incorporation into a coherent optical processor with feedback is discussed. The amplification technique utilizes in stage one of the system a grating-tuned, injection-locked, folded-ring dye laser, which is locked to a narrow-band cw source for signal preamplification. A comparison is drawn between the folded-ring design and a previous simple linear cavity design of the injection-locked dye laser. Improvements include higher locking efficiency, reduced injection requirements, and increased peak power output. The preamplified signal from stage one is input to the dye image amplifier—stage two of the system. Because of improved performance in stage one, a higher amplification factor in stage two can be obtained.
Influence of Calcium and Phosphorus, Lactose, and Salt-to-Moisture Ratio on Cheddar Cheese Quality: Proteolysis During Ripening

Proteolysis in cheese is influenced by the state of proteins (protein-calcium-phosphate interactions), level of indigenous milk enzymes (plasmin), externally added milk-clotting enzymes (chymosin), and endogenous and exogenous enzymes from starter and non-starter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB). The objective of this study was to determine how different levels of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), residual lactose, and salt-to-moisture ratio (S/M) in cheese influence proteolysis during ripening. Eight cheeses with 2 levels of Ca and P (0.67 and 0.47% vs. 0.53 and 0.39%, respectively), 2 levels of lactose at pressing (2.4 vs. 0.78%), and 2 levels of S/M (6.4 vs. 4.8%) were manufactured. The cheeses were analyzed for changes in pH 4.6-soluble N, and starter and NSLAB counts during 48 wk of ripening. Cheeses at d 1 were also analyzed for residual chymosin, plasmin, and plasminogen activity. A significant increase in soluble N was observed during ripening for all the treatments. Cheeses with low Ca and P, low lactose, and low S/M treatments exhibited higher levels of proteolysis as compared to their corresponding high treatments. Differences in the rate of proteolysis for cheeses with different levels of Ca and P might be due to changes in protein conformation and differences in residual chymosin in the cheeses. Cheeses with low Ca and P were manufactured by lowering the pH at set and drain, which led to higher chymosin retention in cheeses with low Ca and P compared with high Ca and P. Differences in proteolysis between treatments with different levels of lactose were also partly attributed to residual chymosin activity. In all treatments, a major fraction of plasmin existed as plasminogen, indicating minimal contribution of plasmin to proteolysis in Cheddar cheeses. The number of starter bacteria, in all treatments, decreased significantly during ripening. However, the decrease was larger in the case of high S/M treatments compared with low S/M treatments. In contrast, the number of NSLAB increased during ripening, and low S/M cheeses had higher counts compared with high S/M cheeses. The differences in proteolysis due to S/M were partially attributed to changes in protein conformation or bacterial proteolytic activity.
Increasing efficacy of primary care-based counseling for diabetes prevention: rationale and design of the ADAPT (Avoiding Diabetes Thru Action Plan Targeting) trial.

Studies have shown that lifestyle behavior changes are most effective to prevent onset of diabetes in high-risk patients. Primary care providers are charged with encouraging behavior change among their patients at risk for diabetes, yet the practice environment and training in primary care often do not support effective provider counseling. The goal of this study is to develop an electronic health record-embedded tool to facilitate shared patient-provider goal setting to promote behavioral change and prevent diabetes. The ADAPT (Avoiding Diabetes Thru Action Plan Targeting) trial leverages an innovative system that integrates evidence-based interventions for behavioral change with already-existing technology to enhance primary care providers' effectiveness to counsel about lifestyle behavior changes. Using principles of behavior change theory, the multidisciplinary design team utilized in-depth interviews and in vivo usability testing to produce a prototype diabetes prevention counseling system embedded in the electronic health record. The core element of the tool is a streamlined, shared goal-setting module within the electronic health record system. The team then conducted a series of innovative, "near-live" usability testing simulations to refine the tool and enhance workflow integration. The system also incorporates a pre-encounter survey to elicit patients' behavior-change goals to help tailor patient-provider goal setting during the clinical encounter and to encourage shared decision making. Lastly, the patients interact with a website that collects their longitudinal behavior data and allows them to visualize their progress over time and compare their progress with other study members. The finalized ADAPT system is now being piloted in a small randomized control trial of providers using the system with prediabetes patients over a six-month period. The ADAPT system combines the influential powers of shared goal setting and feedback, tailoring, modeling, contracting, reminders, and social comparisons to integrate evidence-based behavior-change principles into the electronic health record to maximize provider counseling efficacy during routine primary care clinical encounters. If successful, the ADAPT system may represent an adaptable and scalable technology-enabled behavior-change tool for all primary care providers. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01473654
Plasma studies for an upgraded TFTR experiment

During the summer of 1991 studies were requested and performed for the possibility of upgrading the TFTR plasma both in current capabilities and volume within the existing vacuum vessel. Additionally, many other constraints were imposed upon the problem description and possible solutions were investigated in turn incorporating the limitations necessitated by the existing TFTR facility. This paper formalizes the results obtained from this study. Several different plasma profiles were investigated and these are summarized in this paper. For plasma stability the q value at the plasma edge was never allowed to go below 3.0 in any of the different modes which were studied. These modes included: (1) A circular plasma which would effectively fill the entire vacuum vessel with the aim of achieving the highest plasma current within the q limitation. (2) A double nulled diverted D-shaped plasma to effectively use the vacuum vessel volume. (3) A single nulled diverted offset teardrop plasma to effectively use the vacuum vessel volume. In each of these cases the various input parameters were changed and the starting point, with respect to the poloidal coils, was to maintain the existing, though complicated, coil interconnection scheme for ease in reconfiguring of the TFTR device. If this proved impractical from a solution perspective the individual coils were then regrouped in order to minimize PF coil currents and maintain force limitations.
Videotex as a Marketing Problem

The capability for creating a service and the willingness of customers to pay for that service are not always related. Videotex is now in the transition from being driven by technology to being driven by the marketplace. As a new medium of communications, it will not create information, but it may add value to existing information by providing speed, selection, and interactivity. The degree to which the market will support that added value remains to be determined.
Review of the pH of hemostatic agents used in tissue displacement

Newer hemostatic agents such as the tetrahydrozolines and oxymetazolines have a more acceptable pH and should be kinder to tooth structure and soft tissue than the conventional solutions. Although additional study is needed, it would seem prudent to be cautious in using low pH hemostatic agents and avoid the exposure to sensitive intraoral tissues-particularly delicate tissues--or tooth preparation close to the dental pulp.
Psychoanalysis--with whom, for what, and how? Comparisons with psychotherapy.

If psychoanalytic treatment is to survive in the era of evidence-based medicine and managed care systems, empirical evidence is needed to demonstrate its unique nature and effectiveness. To address this need, comprehensive analyses were conducted of data from the Menninger Psychotherapy Research Project (Wallerstein 1986). These analyses addressed three questions: (1) What are the differences in outcome between psychoanalysis (PSA) and supportive-expressive psychotherapy (SEP)? (2) With what types of patient, and in what ways, are these two psychodynamic treatments differentially effective? (3) Are these differences in outcome the consequence of possibly different mechanisms of therapeutic action? PSA was found to contribute significantly to the development of adaptive interpersonal capacities and to the reduction of maladaptive interpersonal tendencies, especially with more ruminative, self-reflective, introjective patients, possibly by extending their associative capacities. SEP, by contrast, was effect...
IAGO project and development of compound agents

The IAGO project explores the question of whether a software model, in the form of a computational model of cognitive behavior, can contribute to better anticipation of asymmetrical threats. The computational model used in IAGO is based on cognitive blending, a theoretical model proposed in the cognitive sciences to explain fundamental or backstage cognitive operations in the brain. This model was implemented with the use of multiagent systems that coordinated their activity with a bio-inspired operator called a connector. This operator and several others used in the IAGO project have been incorporated into a programming library, called the CMAS library. CMAS stands for compound multiagent system. Compound refers to multiagent systems, in which at least some of the agents contain embedded multiagent systems. In the case of IAGO these embedded systems implement cognitive blending.
Characterizing chaotic attractors using fourth-order off-diagonal cumulant slices

Local intrinsic dimension (LID) is a new approach to characterize chaotic signals. This method demonstrates more robustness to noise than the traditional fractal dimension (FD) estimation algorithms such as the Grassberger and Procaccia algorithm (GPA). In order to form the attractor in the phase space, the one-dimensional time-series of a signal needs to be embedded in a higher dimension. A significant limitation of the LID methods and the traditional FD methods is their sensitivity to the size of the higher embedding dimension (r) in the presence of noise. A new estimation method of the LID using higher-order statistics is proposed for chaotic signals corrupted by additive noise. In this work, estimation of the LID is based on the fourth-order, off-diagonal cumulant matrix and is shown to be less sensitive to noise and the size of the embedding dimension. >
Histological and computed tomographic evaluation of a parasitic conjoined twin in hybrid catfish (Ictalurus punctatus [Rafinesque] X Ictalurus furcatus [Lesueur]).

There is growing use of hybrid catfish (Ictalurus punctatus ♀ X Ictalurus furcatus ♂) in commercial aquaculture to utilize hybrid vigour to improve production A conjoined twin specimen found during the course of production studies by the United States Department of Agriculture Catfish Genetic Research Unit (USDA-CGRU) was submitted to the Aquatic Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (ARDL). After preliminary inspection, it was transported to Mississippi State University, College of Veterinary Medicine for further evaluation. The specimen was examined using both computed radiography and computed tomography antemortem. Following humane euthanasia, the specimen was examined both grossly and histologically. Tissues from both fish were also submitted for genetic analysis to determine whether twins were derived from the same egg. This report records the presentation and examination of a pair of conjoined hybrid catfish (I. punctatus X Ictalurus furcatus).
Nonrheumatoid Metacarpophalangeal Joint Arthritis. Unconstrained Pyrolytic Carbon Implants: Indications, Technique, and Outcomes

Unconstrained pyrolytic surface replacement arthroplasty provides the benefits of a more natural center of rotation with preservation of native ligamentous joint stability. Initial short-term results show excellent motion, pain relief, and restoration of pinch and grip strength. These results are encouraging, and suggest that pyrolytic carbon arthroplasty may be a reasonable option for joint salvage in patients suffering from MP joint osteoarthritis.
Chromospherically Active Stars. XIX. A Reexamination of the Variability of HD 10909 = UV Fornacis

We have obtained new spectroscopy and photometry of the K0 IV, chromospherically active, single-lined spectroscopic binary HD 10909. Those observations show that the previously reported orbital and light variability periods are incorrect. HD 10909 has an orbital period of 30.1067 days and an eccentricity of 0.499. Its rotation period of 64.1 days is more than twice as long as its orbital period. The primary is situated near the base of the first-ascent red giant branch. Thus, its asynchronous rotation is likely the result of its recent evolution through the Hertzsprung gap, combined with its relatively long orbital period and high eccentricity.
Error detection and surprise in stochastic robot actions

For an autonomous robot to accomplish tasks when the outcome of actions is non-deterministic it is often necessary to detect and correct errors. In this work we introduce a general framework that stores fine-grained event transitions so that failures can be detected and handled early in a task. These failures are then recovered through two different approaches based on whether the error is "surprising" to the robot or not. Surprise transitions are used to create new models that capture observations previously not in the model. We demonstrate how the framework is capable of handling uncertainties encountered by a robot in "pick-and-place" tasks on the uBot-6 mobile manipulator using both visual and haptic sensor feedback.
Preservice Social Studies Teachers' Perspectives and Understandings of Teaching in the Twenty-First Century Classroom: A Meta-Ethnography.

This meta-ethnography explores the conceptions preservice social studies teachers have toward broad theories of democratic education. The author synthesizes and analyzes empirical research to find a consensus on preservice teachers' conceptions of the social studies. Findings suggest that social studies teacher candidates enter teacher education programs with limited understandings of the broad aims of education and often exit programs unable to make proper associations between the classroom and theories of social justice, democratic education, and equality and equity. The author calls for more research exploring the extent to which preservice teachers internalize theories advocated for within teacher education.