cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A20 Expressing Tumors and Anticancer Drug Resistance

Resistance to anticancer drugs is a major impediment to treating patients with cancer. The molecular mechanisms deciding whether a tumor cell commits to cell death or survives under chemotherapy are complex. Mounting evidence indicates a critical role of cell death and survival pathways in determining the response of human cancers to chemotherapy. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a eukaryotic transcription factor on the crossroad of a cell’s decision to live or die. Under physiological conditions, NF-κB is regulated by a complex network of endogenous pathway modulators. Tumor necrosis factor α induced protein 3 (tnfaip3), a gene encoding the A20 protein, is one of the cell’s own inhibitory molecule, which regulates canonical NF-κB activation by interacting with upstream signaling pathway components. Interestingly, A20 is also itself a NF-κB dependent gene, that has been shown to also exert cell-type specific anti- or pro-apoptotic functions. Recent reports suggest that A20 expression is increased in a number of solid human tumors. This likely contributes to both carcinogenesis and response to chemotherapy. These data uncover the complexities of the mechanisms involved in A20’s impact on tumor development and response to treatment, highlighting tumor and drug-type specific outcomes. While A20-targeted therapies may certainly add to the chemotherapeutic armamentarium, better understanding of A20 regulation, molecular targets and function(s) in every single tumor and in response to any given drug is required prior to any clinical implementation. Current renewed appreciation of the unique molecular signature of each tumor holds promise for personalized chemotherapeutic regimen hopefully comprising specific A20-targeting agents i.e., both inhibitors and enhancers.
Motor module generalization across balance and walking is reduced after stroke

Here, we examined features of muscle coordination associated with reduced walking performance in chronic stroke survivors. Using motor module (a.k.a. muscle synergy) analysis, we identified differences in the modular control of overground walking and standing reactive balance in stroke survivors compared to age-similar neurotypical controls. In contrast to previous studies that demonstrated reduced motor module number post-stroke, our cohort of stroke survivors did not exhibit a reduction in motor module number compared to controls during either walking or reactive balance. Instead, the pool of motor modules common to walking and reactive balance was smaller, suggesting a reduction in generalizability of motor module function across behaviors. The motor modules common to walking and reactive balance tended to be less variable and more distinct, suggesting more reliable output compared to motor modules specific to one behavior. Indeed, higher levels of motor module generalization was associated with faster walking speeds in stroke survivors. Further, recruitment of a common independent plantarflexor module across both behaviors was associated with faster walking speeds. Our work is the first to show that motor module generalization across walking and balance may help to distinguish important and clinically-relevant differences in walking performance across stroke survivors that would have been overlooked by examining only a single behavior. Finally, as similar relationships between motor module generalization and walking performance have been demonstrated in healthy young adults and individuals with Parkinson9s disease, our work suggests that motor module generalization across walking and balance may be important for well-coordinated walking.
5G Mobile Communication Systems: Fundamentals, Challenges, and Key Technologies

Wireless and mobile communication technologies exhibit remarkable changes in every decade. The necessity of these changes is based on the changing user demands and innovations offered by the emerging technologies. This chapter provides information on the current situation of fifth generation (5G) mobile communication systems. Before discussing the details of the 5G networks, the evolution of mobile communication systems is considered from first generation to fourth generation systems. The advantages and weaknesses of each generation are explained comparatively. Later, technical infrastructure developments of the 5G communication systems have been evaluated in the context of system requirements and new experiences of users such as 4K video streaming, tactile Internet, and augmented reality. After the main goals and requirements of the 5G networks are described, the planned targets to be provided in real applications by this new generation systems are clarified. In addition, different usage scenarios and minimum requirements for the ITU-2020 are evaluated. On the other hand, there are several challenges to be overcome for achieving the intended purpose of 5G communication systems. These challenges and potential solutions for them are described in the proceeding subsections of the chapter. Furthermore, massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), millimeter wave (mmWave), mmWave massive MIMO, and beamforming techniques are clarified in a detail which are taken into account as promising key technologies for the 5G networks. Besides, potential application areas and application examples of the 5G communication systems are covered at the end of this chapter.
Intravitreal Delivery of VEGF-A165-loaded PLGA Microparticles Reduces Retinal Vaso-Obliteration in an In Vivo Mouse Model of Retinopathy of Prematurity

Purpose: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a condition of abnormal retinal vascularization with reduced levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) causing vaso-obliteration (Phase I), fo...
Joblessness, Poverty, and Neighborhood Crime: Testing Wilson’s Assertions of Jobless Poverty:

Political and public rhetoric often tout the detrimental effects of poverty and the stabilizing effects of jobs when discussing issues of crime and disorder. Several decades ago, William Julius Wil...
Artificial immunoglobulin light chain with potential to associate with a wide variety of immunoglobulin heavy chains

Immunoglobulins play important roles in antigen recognition during the immune response, and the complementarity-determining region (CDR) 3 of the heavy chain is considered as the critical antigen-binding site. We previously developed a statistical protocol for the extensive analysis of heavy chain variable region repertoires and the dynamics of their immune response using next-generation sequencing (NGS). The properties of important antibody heavy chains predicted in silico by the protocol were examined by gene synthesis and antibody protein expression; however, the corresponding light chain that matches with the heavy chain could not be predicted by our protocol. To understand the dynamics of the heavy chain and the effect of light chain pairing on it, we firstly tried to obtain an artificial light chain that pairs with a broad range of heavy chains and then analyzed its effect on the antigen binding of heavy chains upon pairing. During the pre-B cell stage, the surrogate light chain (SLC) could pair with the nascent immunoglobulin μ heavy chains (Ig-μH) and promote them to function in the periphery. On the basis of this property, we designed several versions of genetically engineered "common light chain" prototypes by modifying the SLC structure. Among them, the mouse-derived VpreB1λ5Cκ light chain showed acceptable matching property with several different heavy chains without losing specificity of the original heavy chains, though the antigen affinities were variable. The extent of matching depended on the heavy chain; surprisingly, a specific heavy chain (IGHV9-3) could match with two different conventional Vκs (IGKV3-2*01 and IGKV10-96*01) without losing the antigen affinities, whereas another heavy chain (IGHV1-72) completely lost its antigen affinities by the same matching. Thus, the results suggested that the antigen recognition of the heavy chain is variably affected by the paired light chain, and that the artificial light chain, Mm_VpreB1λ5Cκ, has the potential to be a "common light chain", providing a novel system to analyze the effects of light chains in antigen recognition of heavy chains.
A Zero Height Small Size Low Cost RF Interconnect Substrate Technology For RF Front Ends For M.2 Modules And SiP

a small size Radio Frequency Interconnect Substrate (RFIS) front end with 'zero height' and low cost has been designed for dual-band Wi-Fi filter solutions. In the conventional Wi-Fi front end solutions, discrete components are used, which are placed as other additional components externally to the System in Package (SiP) (or silicon) on the 1216 board. Conversely, in this new "zero height, low cost solution", the RFIS is placed in the SiP (System in Package) along with the Silicon. Since the RFIS can be integrated into the SiP, the device performance will be better in terms of linearity and power consumption. Also, it makes the manufacturing and assembly cost much lower, as it adds 'zero height' to the design and saves a lot of space on the board.
A simple model for GPS C/A‐code self‐interference

The GPS C/A-code is the most widely utilized GNSS signal today. The C/A-code design includes (1) a short (length-1023) spreading code that repeats every 1 ms and (2) a low (50 bps) data rate. These two characteristics can lead to undesired interactions between received C/A-code signals within user equipment. In this paper, a simple model is derived for predicting the impact of C/A-code self-interference on receiver performance. The accuracy of the model in predicting C/A-code self-interference is assessed through the use of a high-fidelity GPS receiver software simulation.
Cigarette Smoke and Nicotine-Containing E-cigarette Vapor Downregulate Lung WWOX Expression Which is Associated with Increased Severity of Murine ARDS

RATIONALE: A history of chronic cigarette smoking is known to increase risk for ARDS, but the corresponding risks associated with chronic e-cigarette use are largely unknown. The chromosomal fragile site gene, WWOX, is highly susceptible to genotoxic stress from environmental exposures, and thus an interesting candidate gene for the study of exposure-related lung disease. METHODS AND RESULTS: Lungs harvested from current versus former/never smokers exhibited a 47% decrease in WWOX mRNA levels. Exposure to nicotine-containing e-cigarette vapor resulted in an average 57% decrease in WWOX mRNA levels relative to vehicle treated controls. In separate studies, endothelial (EC)- specific WWOX KO versus wild type mice were examined under ARDS-producing conditions. EC WWOX KO mice exhibited significantly greater levels of vascular leak and histologic lung injury. ECs were isolated from digested lungs of untreated EC WWOX KO mice using sorting by flow cytometry for CD31+CD45- cells. These were grown in culture, confirmed to be WWOX-deficient by RT-PCR and Western blotting, and analyzed by electric cell impedance sensing (ECIS) as well as a FITC dextran transwell assay for their barrier properties during MRSA or LPS exposure. WWOX KO ECs demonstrated significantly greater declines in barrier function relative to wild type cells during either MRSA or LPS treatment as measured by both ECIS and the transwell assay. CONCLUSION: The increased risk for ARDS observed in chronic smokers may be mechanistically linked, at least in part, to lung WWOX downregulation, and this phenomenon may also manifest in the near future in chronic users of e-cigarettes.
Suicide Simulation in Primary Care.

OBJECTIVES This project was developed because residents need to gain knowledge and experience in promptly recognizing patients with suicidal ideation. Our study allowed pediatric interns the opportunity to manage a simulated 16-year-old actively suicidal patient in the resident continuity clinic for a well-child visit. METHODS During their first year, each resident receives simulation training. The simulation scenario for this study involves the use of a standardized patient (SP). Sessions take place in the pediatric simulation center and are recorded for observation and review. The scenario was scripted and piloted to ensure standardization in educational intervention. Postscenario, participants have a nonjudgmental debriefing with the attending physician and the SP. An anonymous survey is completed after training. Enrollment was June 2016-September 2019, with two to three 1-hour cases monthly. RESULTS Seventy-one postgraduate year-1 residents participated. Sixty-one residents left the suicidal patient alone/unobserved. Fifteen participants never learned of the intent of suicide during their initial intake with the patient but believed that she was depressed. The mean time to ask about suicidal ideation, when applicable, was 8:32 minutes (standard deviation 4:10 minutes, range 2:15-24:48 minutes). Common learning themes included realistic exposure to an actively suicidal patient and simulation debriefing/direct feedback from the SP. CONCLUSIONS Practicing this crucial but somewhat rare primary care mental health emergency for all interns was possible when structured monthly. Feedback was extremely positive, with learners' feeling more prepared postsimulation. Our simulation experience also allows supervisors to assess intern's individual abilities to communicate in a difficult patient scenario which is an important physician competency as defined by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education.
Treatment of Symmetry in Childhood Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disabling disorder that interferes with the functioning of not only the child but also the entire family unit. Up to five separate dimensions of OCD symptomatology have been identified as distinct symptom clusters. The symmetry dimension of OCD involves magical thinking and compulsive behaviors such as tapping and evening out as well as “just not right” feelings. This dimension reportedly occurs more commonly in younger children than older cohorts. With that in mind, certain factors such as increased family accommodation and developmentally appropriate lack of metacognition, insight, and motivation often complicate the treatment process when treating younger children with OCD, making certain modifications necessary for successful treatment in most cases. The following case study is an example of creative use of behavioral and cognitive-behavioral techniques in combination with a heavy emphasis on parent training and parental involvement to treat symmetry OCD in a 7-year-old child.
Learning at the nanoscale: research questions that the rapidly evolving interdisciplinarity of science poses for the learning sciences

Recent interdisciplinary discoveries in the sciences and engineering at the nanoscale, specifically in our ability to manipulate, molecules at atomic scales, suggests a need for the education community to reconsider the ways in which disciplinary-based sciences and mathematics are being taught in schools, as well as how the public might engage with nanoscale phenomena. This session will discuss key learning questions and their importance in helping to advance both conceptual reasoning from the macro, micro, nano, and atomic levels, as well as their implications for curricular restructuring, public programming, and teacher professional development. The timeliness and broader importance of this research derives in part from two NSF-sponsored workshops on nanoscale education held in 2005, the National Nanotechnology Initiative, and two multi-institutional NSF awards: a National Center for Learning and Teaching and the Nanoscale Informal Science Education Network. This session will discuss research implications for the learning sciences and education community.
Effect of coumarin on the normal rat prostate and on the R-3327H prostatic adenocarcinoma.

Abstract Coumarin, the parent compound of warfarin, has been observed to stimulate macrophages, increase phagocytosis, and induce changes in lymphocyte-mitogen responsiveness in cancer patients. Coumarin has been reported to have antitumor activity in human melanomas and renal cancer when used in conjunction with the H-2 antagonist, cimetidine. We have observed that coumarin has antiprostatic activity in rats. When coumarin was given to mature rats at a dose of 40 mg/kg, a significant decrease in the size of the prostate, seminal vesicles, and testes was observed. Testosterone levels were unchanged or slightly elevated, consistent with an antiandrogenic-like activity. Similarly, coumarin significantly inhibited the androgen-induced increase in prostatic size when administered to castrated rats receiving testosterone. Coumarin given to rats bearing the R-3327H androgen-sensitive, prostate-derived tumor decreased the size of the primary tumor. The effect was greater than that produced by castration. Coumarin is worthy of further consideration as an agent for use in controlling the normal and abnormal growth of the prostate.
Crossed molecular beam studies and dynamics of decomposition of chemically activated radicals

This paper briefly reviews recent studies of the reactions of fluorine atoms with unsaturated hydrocarbons by the method of crossed molecular beams. Dynamic features of decompositions of chemically activated radicals and the information on the efficiency of intramolecular energy transfers are derived from measurements of the angular distribution of the products and the recoil energy spectrum of products. Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt einen kurzen Uberblick uber neue Untersuchungen der Reaktionen von Fluoratomen mit ungesattigten Kohlen-wasserstoffen unter Verwendung der Methode der gekreuzten Molekulstrahlen. Dynamische Aspekte von Zerfallen chemisch aktivierter Radikale, sowie Informationen uber den Anteil der intramolekularen Energieubertragung werden aus Messungen der Winkelverteilung bei der reaktiven Streuung und aus der Energieverteilung der ruckwarts gestreuten Produkte abgeleitet.
Use of antisense techniques in rat renal medulla.

Publisher Summary The experiments reported in this chapter utilize a novel infusion technique to deliver an antisense oligonucleotide (and an enzyme inhibitor) directly into the renal medullary interstitial space of conscious rats. Antisense treatment leads to a selective decrease in neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) protein and reduced total NOS enzymatic activity in the renal medulla of the infused rats, while three other gene products found in the renal medulla (inducible NOS, endothelial NOS, and β -actin) are unaltered. Physiological studies in rats demonstrate that infusion of the antisense oligonucleotide into the renal medullary interstitial space increases the mean arterial pressure. The increase in blood pressure is dependent on the sodium intake of the rats, is not mimicked when a scrambled oligonucleotide is infused, and is reversible when the antisense infusion is stopped. To confirm the functional data obtained with the antisense oligonucleotide, renal medullary interstitial infusion of the nNOS enzyme inhibitor 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) was shown to lead to a similar increase in arterial pressure and decrease in total NOS activity in the renal medulla. Together, the antisense oligonucleotide, the enzyme inhibitor, and the interstitial infusion technique were used to demonstrate that nNOS found in the renal medulla is important in the chronic regulation of arterial pressure. The experiments reported in this chapter outline a strategy that can potentially be used to examine the functional effects of many different proteins in this region of the body.
On time-optimal feedback control

Time-optimal feedback control can be computed by solving the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation. To date, this problem has not been solved for nonlinear systems, such as articulated robotic manipulators, partly due to the difficulty in efficiently finding a solution to the HJB equation. In this paper, a new sufficient optimality condition for time-optimal feedback control is presented. It generalizes the previous sufficient conditions, the HJB equation and a Lyapunov-based condition derived by Nahi (1964). The new condition is satisfied by a class of piecewise C/sup 2/ continuous functions, termed generalized value functions, as demonstrated in an example for a simple nonlinear system.
Abstract 16637: Antioxidant-1, a Novel Cu-Dependent Transcription Factor for NADPH Oxidase p47phox, Promotes Wound Healing by Regulating Inflammation and Angiogenesis

Background: Wound healing is important repair process after injury associated with inflammation and angiogenesis. Copper (Cu) plays an important role in wound healing and angiogenesis; however, underlying mechanism is unknown. Bioavailability of Cu is tightly controlled by transport proteins (Cu importer CTR1 and Cu exporter ATP7A) and chaperone (antioxidant-1, Atox1) which transfers Cu to ATP7A. We reported that Atox1 also functions as a Cu-dependent transcription factor; however, its role in wound healing is unclear. Results: Using mouse skin puncture model, here we show that, Atox 1 protein (8 fold) and Cu level (by X-ray Fluorescence Microscope; 2.5 fold) increased in skin after wounding in WT mice at day 7 when Atox1 was localised in the nucleus of dermis endothelial cell (ECs) and ATP7A was markedly decreased. ATP7A transgenic mice showed impaired wound healing. Atox1 knockout (KO) mice exhibited decrease in wound repair (40% inhibition vs. WT, day 7) which was rescued by Atox1 gene transfer by lentivirus. Macrophage which secrets angiogenic cytokines/chemokines was significantly reduced which resulted in decreased VEGF and SDF-1α protein and angiogenesis at day 7. In cultured human ECs, inflammatory cytokine TNF-stimulation significantly decreased ATP7A protein (80%) and increased intracellular Cu and Atox1 in nucleus. ATP7A knockdown with siRNA in ECs increased intracellular Cu and promoted nuclear Atox1, which were rescued by Cu importer CTR1 siRNA or Cu chelator BCS, indicating ATP7A downregulation-induced Cu accumulation is required for Atox1 nuclear translocation. By screening Atox1 target genes, we found that NADPH oxidase p47phox promoter contains Atox1 binding responsible element. p47phox protein expression was significantly increased by wounding or overexpression of nuclear-targeted Atox1, which was markedly decreased in Atox1 KO mice with its downstream VCAM1/ICAM1. Conclusions: Cu chaperone Atox1 functions as a transcription factor by sensing ATP7A downregulation-induced intracellular Cu to upregulate NADPH oxidase p47phox and its downstream redox-sensitive VCAM1/ICAM1 expression in response to injury. This in turn promotes inflammatory cell recruitment and angiogenesis, and thus stimulating wound repair.
Higher Education In Times Of Financial Distress: The Minnesota Experience

Like many states, Minnesota has incurred large budget deficits during the past two years. Those deficits have, in turn, led to changes in a number of areas of state government, particularly higher education. Faculty have incurred pay freezes and layoffs, programs have closed, and tuition increased. Campuses within the MnSCU system have been allowed to find their own way in dealing with many of these problems, with the result that some approaches have worked better than others. This paper will chronicle some of the problems encountered and solutions attempted, and will evaluate various strategies used within the system from the perspective the Faculty Association. The intent is to provide insight into identifying preferred strategies when addressing similar situations in the future.
Laboratory diagnosis of thyroid disease

From a dermatologist's vantage point, there are two major reasons to order thyroid function studies: to confirm a clinical suspicion of either hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. This is done by checking a thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level with thyroxine (T4) level (or on occasion, triiodothyronine [T3]) or by screening for thyroid autoantibodies in an effort to ascertain if a patient is at risk for the development of autoimmune thyroid disease. For example, a 52-year-old woman presents with mild keratoderma and alopecia. A determination of TSH and T4 levels will rapidly determine if she is hypothyroid. In another typical case, an 8-year-old boy with alopecia areata is found to have elevated thyroper-oxidase antibodies and a normal TSH. This child may have the potential to develop autoimmune thyroid disease and should be followed periodically with a TSH level to be certain that neither Graves disease (GD) nor Hashimoto thyroiditis ensues. The appropriate use of thyroid function studies depends on a fundamental knowledge of thyroid hormone physiology. Many tests are now considered historical; however, their designs offer insights into thyroid physiology. On occasion, the dermatologist may order imaging studies of the thyroid gland, such as for the evaluation of thry-oglossal duct cysts or for assessing the gland for thyroid adenomas or carcinomas in patients with Cowden syndrome. In this chapter, the clinician reviews the utility and limitations of thyroid function tests and imaging studies so that they may be used appropriately in the diagnosis of thyroid disease, risk assessment for associated disorders, and as tools for monitoring response to treatment for those patients receiving thyroid hormone.
Synergistic interaction between the non-phorbol ester-type promoter mixer and 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in mouse skin tumor promotion

Mirex, an organochlorine pesticide and non-genotoxic rodent hepatocarcinogen, is also a potent non-phorbol ester-type promoter of mouse skin tumors. Mirex, unlike most other skin tumor promoters, is not a significant epidermal hyperplasiogen even at a maximally promoting dose (200 nmol). Experiments described here examined whether tumor promotion by mirex and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) are mediated through different mechanisms as indicated by their additivity when co-applied to 7,12-dimethyl-benz[a]anthracene (DMBA, 200 nmol)-initiated female CD-1 mouse skin. Instead of the additive response of 14 plus 5 tumors/mouse predicted from mice promoted for 20 weeks (2x/week) with either mirex (200 nmol) or TPA (2 nmol) respectively, their co-application yielded 35 tumors/mouse. This synergy with TPA was specific to mirex since a structurally related compound, chlordecone (Kepone) was inactive. Mirex plus TPA-promoted papillomas contained a c-Ha-ras A182-->T mutation as frequently (13/14) as those promoted by mirex or TPA alone, suggesting that these DMBA-initiated/co-promoted papillomas were not atypical in this genotypic marker. Promotional synergy with mirex was only observed with a submaximal promoting dose of 2 nmol TPA; 5 or 8 nmol TPA plus mirex gave additive or less tumor multiplicities. This synergistic multiplicity with mirex plus 2 nmol TPA (35 tumors/mouse) approximated the sum of individual responses to 200 nmol mirex (14 tumors/mouse) and the maximally promoting dose of TPA (12 nmol), 24 tumors/mouse, suggesting that mirex potentiated the promotional activity of TPA, as well as promoted through a mirex-specific mechanism. Epidermal DNA synthesis induced by 2 nmol TPA was potentiated by mirex, further supporting a role for mirex in potentiation of epidermal TPA activity. Collectively, these studies suggest that mirex affects two possibly related responses: (i) promotion through a distinct mirex-specific mechanism, and (ii) potentiation of a mechanism mediating the promotional activity of TPA.
Laparoendoscopic single-site Heller myotomy with anterior fundoplication for achalasia

Background Laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) surgery is beginning to include advanced laparoscopic operations such as Heller myotomy with anterior fundoplication. However, the efficacy of LESS Heller myotomy has not been established. This study aimed to evaluate the authors’ initial experience with LESS Heller myotomy for achalasia.
Polar Forms of Benzo[a]pyrene May Be Ubiquitous in the Environment

Previously, the authors reported that polar polycyclic aromatic compounds (polar PAC) can be detected by first oxidizing them with KO{sub 2}/O{sub 2} and then detecting the carboxylic acid products, after pentafluorobenzylation, by gas chromatography electron capture mass spectrometry. For example, the authors used the method in the cited study to detect a benzo[a]pyrene tetrahydrotetraol hydrolysis product derived from benzo[a]pyrene-exposed lymphocytes after isolation of the DNA. However, the method was limited in its sensitivity by the presence of an interfering, analyte-like peak in the final mass chromatograms. Now, the results of the current work strongly suggest that the contamination leading to the unwanted peak is ubiquitous in the urban environment. Results from the analysis of a standard reference sample of urban particulate matter yielded a level of 10 ng of contaminant in a 5-mg sample. The concentration of this polar contaminant is comparable to the certified value for benzo[a]pyrene of 14.5 ng. Furthermore, the mass spectral data show evidence for the presence of many other polar PAC in the sample. These observations add to the concern raised by related environmental health studies focused on the potential impact of airborne polar PAC on human health.
DOCUMENTATION NOTE: STATISTICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY—A HISTORICAL FOOTNOTE

Nearly ten years ago Alan Pritchard, in a ‘Documentation Note’ in this journal, reviewed the use of the term statistical bibliography, and, being dissatisfied with it, proposed bibliometrics as a better name for the subject. He con‐cluded his note by expressing a hope ‘that this term bibliometrics will be used explicitly in all studies which seek to quantify the process of written communication and will quickly gain acceptance in the field of information science’. That hope was indeed quickly realized. In the subsequent years the new term has gained almost—but not quite—universal acceptance by librarians and information scientists, and Pritchard's note, in turn, has been frequently cited in support of the new term's use.
A New Algorithm for Limit Cycle Analysis of Nonlinear Control Systems

A numerical method is presented for the limit cycle analysis of multiloop nonlinear control systems with multiple nonlinearities. Describing functions are used to model the first harmonic gains of the nonlinearities. Existence of a limit cycle is sought by driving the least damped eigenvalues to the imaginary axis. The evolution of the limit cycle is studied next as a function of a critical system-parameter. It is shown that by defining a suitable error function it is possible to use both eigenvalue as well as the eigenvector sensitivities to formulate a generalized Newton-Raphson method to solve simultaneously for the updates of state variable amplitudes in a minimum norm sense. Several case studies have been presented and the development of a numerical procedure to test the stability of the limit cycle has also been reported.
The neutral weak current of the nucleon

Abstract A brief review of the structure of the nucleon as determined through parity-violating electron scattering is presented. The relationship between the electromagnetic and neutral weak currents is developed in a pedagogical introduction. Recent results and present measurements are discussed.
Distribution of 5S ribosomal RNA genes in somatic and germ cells of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus

In the house cricket,Acheta domesticus, the 110 genes per haploid genome encoding 18S and 28S rRNA are contained within rDNA repeats which are amplified during oogenesis. The 5S rRNA coding sequences of this cricket are found in two sizes of 5S DNA repeating units (measuring 2.1 and 3.0 kb). The 3.0 kb repeats account for more than 90% of the totalAcheta 5S DNA. We have determined the number of cricket 5S rRNA genes by RNA-DNA hybridization analysis: 310 5S DNA repeats/haploid genome clearly approximates the number of 18S and 28S rRNA genes. Because of the relatively low copy number of 5S rRNA genes the possibility of 5S DNA amplification in oocytes ofA. domesticus was also examined. Although amplification of rDNA is readily detectable, amplification of 5S DNA is not observed in oocytes ofA. domesticus. Unlike the genes coding for 18S and 28S rRNA which are localized at a single chromosomal site in the genome ofA. domesticus, the 5S rRNA genes occupy numerous sites distributed along the length of most chromosomes.
Corn oil supplementation to steers grazing endophyte-free tall fescue. I. Effects on in vivo digestibility, performance, and carcass traits.

Eighteen Angus steers (438 +/- 4 kg of BW) were supplemented with varying levels of corn oil (0 g/kg of BW, none; 0.75 g/kg of BW, MED; or 1.5 g/kg of BW, HI) on rotationally stocked, endophyte-free tall fescue to determine the effect of supplemental oil level on in vivo digestibility, intake, performance, and carcass traits. Pelleted cottonseed hulls were used as a carrier for the oil supplements, and all supplements were offered to steers using Calan gate feeders for individual intake determination. On d 49, each steer was dosed with a controlled-release capsule containing chromium sesquioxide, and fecal samples were obtained 12 d later over a 7-d period to estimate fecal output that, with forage, supplement, and fecal indigestible NDF concentration, was used to estimate DMI and in vivo total diet digestibility. Steers were slaughtered at the end of the 116-d grazing period, and carcass data were collected at 24 h postmortem. Total fatty acid intake linearly increased with corn oil supplementation, and forage DMI, total DMI, and total DE intake were linearly decreased (P 0.10). Oil supplementation to grazing steers linearly reduced forage DMI intake; however, animal performance was maintained and tended to be greater for oil-supplemented cattle. Oil supplementation increased carcass fat thickness and weight without altering other carcass quality parameters.
Local variation in weather conditions influences incubation behavior and temperature in a passerine bird

Incubation is an important component of avian parental care and slight changes in incubation temperature can affect offspring phenotype. Although many extrinsic and intrinsic factors may generate variation in incubation temperature, they remain underexplored under natural conditions. Using a robust data set encompassing 55 nests, 22 816 behavioral observations, and > 1 million paired ambient and egg temperatures, we describe the relationships among abiotic factors, female incubation behavior, incubation temperature, and incubation period for tree swallows Tachycineta bicolor. We report a large amount of individual variation in incubation behaviors and average incubation temperatures for our study population. The average on-bout incubation temperature was 34.1°C, with daily egg temperatures ranging from 18.0–39.2°C. Females modulated the number of times they left the nest and the amount of time they stayed off the nest according to interactions between precipitation and temperature patterns. Models generated from our observations predicted that the number of female off-bouts was the lowest under warm and dry conditions while more off-bouts were taken under cold and dry or warm and wet conditions. During cold and dry conditions, females stayed off their nest ∼4 times longer than under warm and dry conditions. However, this pattern was reversed under periods of rainfall; females tended to take shorter off-bouts when it was rainy and cold compared to longer off-bouts during warmer rain events. Furthermore, variation in female behavior was associated with differences in overall incubation temperature such that females that maintained greater incubation constancy produced higher incubation temperatures at a given ambient temperature than those that displayed lower incubation constancy. Our results provide perspective on the timing of breeding, as some of the advantages of breeding early may be countered by cooler, early season temperatures and precipitation that cause reproducing females to favor self-maintenance at a potential cost to optimal incubation temperatures for offspring development.
The origin of red cell fluorescence caused by hydrogen peroxide treatment

Fluorescence in red cells following hydrogen peroxide treatment has been attributed to lipid peroxidation of the membrane. The putative relationship between lipid peroxidation and fluorescence was questioned by the finding that BHT and alpha-tocopherol, which are thought to inhibit lipid peroxidation, do not inhibit the fluorescence detected by flow cytometry. Furthermore, lipid peroxidation induced in red cells by the Fe(III)-ADP-ascorbate system did not produce fluorescence. These results require an alternative explanation for the hydrogen peroxide-induced fluorescence. A role for reduced hemoglobin is indicated by the inhibition of fluorescence by pretreatment of cells with CO that binds strongly to ferrohemoglobin and nitrite that oxidizes ferrohemoglobin. Our earlier studies have shown the formation of fluorescent heme degradation products during the reaction of purified hemoglobin with hydrogen peroxide, which was also inhibited by CO and nitrite pretreatment. The fluorescence produced in red cells after the addition of hydrogen peroxide can, therefore, be attributed to fluorescent heme degradation products.
A layered model for building debugging and monitoring tools

In this article we describe a new layered model for building debugging and monitoring tools. The model separates the different functionalities of these tools into a number of well-defined layers and defines standardized interfaces between these layers. Individual layers can be implemented independently. Lower layers hide the operating system and architecture dependencies from the higher layers, thus allowing the same higher layers to be used on different systems. On the other hand, the same lower layers can be shared by similar tools, each of which might have a different implementation of the high-level functions. We have built a working implementation of this model and working prototype debuggers, profilers, and data tracers that use this model.
Avermectin-milbemycin studies. 4. An expedient two-step preparation of p-hydroxybenzoates

Abstract Dianions derived from a variety of 1,3-diketones react with Z -ethyl-3-bromopropenoate to afford unsaturated diketoesters which upon treatment with base undergo facile cyclization-dehydration to p-hydroxybenzoates.
Left atrial myxoma presenting as rheumatic fever.

A 12-year-old girl, with a diagnosis of previous rheumatic fever and murmur of mitral insufficiency, is reported. Echocardiographic examination was performed to assess mitral valve function. Documentation of left atrial myxoma and its subsequent growth over a three-month period was recorded.
Design and operation of a solar fired biomass flash pyrolysis reactor

Abstract The results of continuing research on the radiant flash pyrolysis of biomass as a source of fluid fuels, industrial feedstocks and chemicals are described in this paper. Windowed free fall reactors have been developed, which act as cavity receivers for the focused radiant energy and provide a means for direct use of the radiation to rapidly pyrolyze the entering biomass. Detailed results of experiments using the 400 kWth DOE Advanced Components Test Facility at Georgia Tech. are presented. These results suggest the use of concentrated solar energy as a selective means for the production of either a hydrocarbon rich synthesis gas or sugar related sirups from biomass by flash pyrolysis.
Resistance of cultured higher plant cells to polyethylene glycol-induced water stress

Abstract Cell of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, cv. VFNT Cherry) capable of an enhancedability to grow in the presence of water stress were obtained by exposure of cultured cells to a medium containing polyethylene glycol. These cells exhibited a 14-fold greater increase in growth under stress compared to cells never exposed to polyethylene glycol. The increased resistance was stable when the cells were grown in the presence of polyethylene glycol but rapidly was lost when the cells were transferred back to a medium without the stress agent. Cells resistant to polyethylene glycol-induced water stress also showed increased resistance to NaCl. Adaptation is suggested as a likely mechanism by which resistance is increased.
Women, breast cancer survivorship, sexual losses, and disenfranchised grief – a treatment model for clinicians

Women who have survived breast cancer often suffer from short-term and long-term sexual side effects due to the different treatments that they undergo. The sexual side effects and altered sexual self-schema can affect their quality of life significantly and may result in a deep sense of loss. However, their intimate partners, family, friends, health care providers, and psychotherapists may not acknowledge this ambiguous loss. Hence, grief related to their loss may be disenfranchised – a kind of grief that is precipitated by a loss that cannot be socially sanctioned, openly acknowledged, or publically mourned. Using the permission giving, limited information, specific suggestions, and intensive therapy model as a framework, an assessment protocol and the Pillai-Friedman and Ashline treatment model are proposed for addressing the ambiguous losses and disenfranchised grief that may be experienced by breast cancer survivors.
Towards scalable model checking of self-stabilizing programs

Existing approaches for verifying self-stabilization with a symbolic model checker have relied on the use of weak fairness. We point out that this approach has limited scalability. To overcome this limitation, first, we show that if self-stabilization is possible without fairness then the cost of verifying self-stabilization is substantially lower. In fact, we observe from several case studies that the cost of verification under weak fairness is more than 1000 times that of the cost without fairness. For the case where weak fairness is essential for self-stabilization, we demonstrate the feasibility of two approaches for improving scalability: (1) decomposition and (2) utilizing the weaker version of self-stabilization, namely weak stabilization. In the first approach, the designer partitions the program into components where each component satisfies its property without fairness. We show that the first approach enables us to verify Huang's mutual exclusion program for uniform rings with 31 processes (state space 10^1^3^8) whereas without this approach, it was not possible to verify the same program with 5 processes (state space 10^1^0). In the second approach, a weaker version of self-stabilization is verified. For Hoepman's ring-orientation program on odd-length ring, we show that it is possible to verify weak stabilization for 301 processes (state space 10^1^8^1) whereas self-stabilization could not be verified for 9 processes (state space 10^5) under weak fairness. Furthermore, one can utilize transformation algorithms to convert weak stabilizing programs to probabilistically stabilizing programs. Hence, for the case where it is not possible to verify deterministic self-stabilization, one can obtain the assurance provided by probabilistic self-stabilization at a significantly reduced cost. Finally, we also present 5 case studies to illustrate the scalability of stabilization with techniques suggested in this paper.
Effective use of renal cortical slices in transport and metabolic studies

Abstract The uptake and metabolism of two water-soluble vitamins were measured in rat renal cortical slices, isolated tubules, and vesicles of the brush-border and basolateral cell membranes to determine (a) whether it is possible to produce slices that have open tubules and, (b) whether slices and tubules metabolize vitamins similarly. Transport of ascorbic acid is sodium-dependent in slices and in brush-border vesicles but is sodium-independent in basolateral vesicles, suggesting that the brush-border membrane of slices is accessible to components of the bathing solution. Nicotinic acid was metabolized similarly (97–98%) in both slices and isolated tubules. Oxygen consumption by slices maintained in a closed chamber was constant as p O 2 decreased from 88% to 58%. Slices are concluded to be a suitable model for transport and metabolic studies providing that care is taken in their preparation and use.
Formation of naked singularities: The violation of cosmic censorship

We use a new numerical code to evolve collisionless gas spheroids in full general relativity. In all cases the spheroids collapse to singularities. When the spheroids are sufficiently compact, the singularities are hidden inside black holes. However, when the spheriods are sufficiently large, there are no apparent horizons. These results lend support to the hoop conjecture and appear to demonstrate that naked singularities can form in asymptotically flat spacetimes.
Reexamining Technology's Role in Learner-Centered Professional Development.

The American Psychological Association’s Learner-Centered Principles provide empirically-based approaches to improving teaching and learning. However, in order to facilitate learner-centered, technology-rich instruction to K-12 students, teachers must be afforded opportunities to develop key understandings and skills, rarely evident in most professional development programs. In this paper, we synthesize empirically-based studies and recommendations for teacher learning and propose a learner-centered professional development (LCPD) framework to guide both professional development and empirical work on teacher learning. We describe LCPD components, discuss ways that technology can support LCPD, and highlight implications for research and practice.
Intracellular pH of Thermoplasma acidophila.

Thermoplasma acidophila, a mycoplasma-like organism, was grown at 56 °C and pH 2. The intracellular pH of this organism is close to neutral as measured by the distribution of a radioactive weak organic acid, 5,5-dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione, across the plasma membrane. The cell can maintain the pH gradient when subjected to heat or to metabolic inhibitors. Our experiments seem to indicate that a major portion of the pH gradient is not maintained by active processes, but rather by a Donnan potential across the cell membrane.
Internal magnetic fields at Hg and Tl in ferromagnets

Abstract With the perturbed angular correlation method the hyperfine magnetic fields acting at 198 Hg nuclei embedded in Fe, Co and Ni lattices are found to be −440 ± 105 kG, −370 ± 78 kG and −86 ± 22 kG, respectively. The measured fields at 203 Tl nuclei in Fe and Co lattices are −185 ± 70 kG and −90 ± 35 kG, respectively.
Monetary effects on the real interest rate in an open economy: evidence from the Argentine indexed bond market

Abstract This paper uses returns from the Argentine indexed bond market over the 1976:7 through 1982:6 period to study the effects of monetary phenomena on real interest rates in a high-inflation open economy. The empirical findings indicate that unanticipated monetary growth and expected inflation had negative effects on real interest rates, and that these factors contributed significantly to the variation in real interest rates in Argentina over the sample period.
Awakening the Sense of Injustice

This chapter is concerned with the sense of injustice of the victim and the victimizer. In it, I shall consider the conditions necessary for awakening the sense of injustice in these different participants in an unjust relationship. My discussion, for illustrative purposes, will focus on race relations in the United States, one of the major sources of injustice in North America.
Denseness for norm attaining operator-valued functions

Abstract In this note we offer a short, constructive proof for Hilbert spaces of Lindenstrauss' famous result on the denseness of norm attaining operators. Specifically, we show given any A∈ L ( H ) there is a sequence of rank-1 operators K n such that A+K n is norm attaining for each n and K n converges in norm to zero. We then apply our construction to establish denseness results for norm attaining operator-valued functions.