cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of prolonged local treatment with adrenocortical and sex steroids on the intradermal spreading action of hyaluronidase.

THE inhibition of hyaluronidase activity as it affects the dermal spreading of an indicator substance by an acutely elevated blood level of either endogenously or exogenously supplied adrenocortical steroids (Opsahl, 1949 a,b,c; Winter and Flataker, 1950; Seifter, Baeder and Begany, 1949; Seifter et al., 1950; Seifter, Baeder and Dervinis, 1949) has been confirmed (Hayes and Baker, 1951). Prolonged local application of whole adrenocortical extract, however, produced an accentuation in the activity of and an alteration in the pattern of spreading by the enzyme hyaluronidase (Hayes, Reed and Baker, 1950) when changes in area of spreading are measured as a function of time (Hayes and Reed, 1950). The change in enzyme activity was limited to the exact area of treatment and no systemic effect could be detected by this test. Employing pure crystalline steroids, Hayes and Bridgman (1951) reported that the prolonged local application of ll-dehydro-17-hydroxycorticosterone and desoxycorticosterone duplicated the r...
Establishing an on-site influenza vaccination service in an assisted-living facility

Objective To describe the establishment, implementation, and economic outcomes of a pharmacist-conducted on-site influenza vaccination service in an assisted-living facility (ALF). Design Retrospective descriptive report. Setting 75-unit senior housing complex in the International District of Seattle, WA, during the 2004 flu season. Patients 58 indigent, multiethnic, older Asian adult patients, of whom 44 were ALF residents and 14 were adult day health (ADH)/independent-dwelling clients. Intervention Patient charts were reviewed for contraindications, vaccines were administered, and postvaccination satisfaction surveys were conducted. Main outcome measures Number of residents vaccinated, satisfaction survey results, time spent by a pharmacist and an assistant and their salary rate, cost of vaccines, cost of supplies, and reimbursement data. Service outcomes included vaccination rate and resident satisfaction. A cost analysis reflects the economic outcome. Results In two 2-hour sessions, 58 ALF residents and ADH clients (age 83.5± years [range 65–98]) were vaccinated. The immunization rate in the population improved from 64% in the previous year to 83% with the on-site service. Both the clients and the facility staff rated the service highly. The pharmacist spent a total of 22 hours and the assistant 4 hours providing vaccination services. A net income of $13 per vaccination was realized after making adjustments for costs (vaccines, supplies, and salaries). Conclusion An on-site pharmacist-conducted influenza vaccination service in the ALF setting expanded the scope and economic outcome of pharmacist-provided pharmaceutical services. Influenza vaccination rates were improved, and patients and staff were highly satisfied with the service.
Wideband Millimeter-Wave Bow-Tie Antenna

In this paper, a wideband bow-tie slot antenna that couples to an extended hemispherical lens to realize high directivity, is proposed. The design consists of a conventional bow-tie with a tuning stub, which yields input impedance of 50 Ω over broad operating bandwidth. The antenna is designed for 60–110 GHz by using 3-D finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method and 55% bandwidth is achieved for 10 dB return loss. The gain from the integrated lens antenna is 13.5 dB with half power beamwidth (HPBW) of ±12°. The measured return loss and radiation pattern agree very well with the theoretical predictions.
Microcomputer data acquisition and control.

In medicine and biology there are many tasks that involve routine well defined procedures. These tasks are ideal candidates for computerized data acquisition and control. As the performance of microcomputers rapidly increases and cost continues to go down the temptation to automate the laboratory becomes great. To the novice computer user the choices of hardware and software are overwhelming and sadly most of the computer sales persons are not at all familiar with real-time applications. If you want to bill your patients you have hundreds of packaged systems to choose from; however, if you want to do real-time data acquisition the choices are very limited and confusing. The purpose of this chapter is to provide the novice computer user with the basics needed to set up a real-time data acquisition system with the common microcomputers.
Increasing weight-bearing physical activity and calcium intake for bone mass growth in children and adolescents: a review of intervention trials.

Abstract Objective. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the current state-of-the-science for interventions to increase bone mass gains in children and adolescents using weight-bearing physical activity or calcium supplementation. Methods. Studies were located using computerized and manual searches of the empirical literature. Inclusion criteria were: (a) intervention study targeting weight-bearing physical activity or calcium intake; (b) inclusion of a control group; (c) subject age range under 18 years; and (d) outcome measured bone mineral density or bone mineral content. Results. Weight-bearing physical activity and calcium supplement intervention studies both consistently show positive effects on bone mass gains in children and adolescents. The most consistent findings for both weight-bearing physical activity and calcium were for lumbar spine and total body bone sites. Only weight-bearing physical activity interventions had significant effects on the femoral neck sites. Low power may have contributed to the lack of statistically significant findings in several studies and also prevented proper evaluation of potential interactions between pubertal status and interventions on bone mass gains. Conclusions. Increases in weight-bearing physical activity or calcium intake have positive effects on bone mass gains in children and adolescents. Further research is needed to evaluate: (a) the long-term durability of these effects; (b) specific dose-response associations; (c) interactions between weight-bearing physical activity and calcium intake; and (d) interactions between pubertal development and weight-bearing physical activity or calcium intake on bone mass outcomes.
Cultural deprivation, lower class and mental retardation: certain terminological and conceptual confusions.

Abstract The terms cultural deprivation, lower social class, and mental retardation are occasionally used in inappropriate relationships to each other. Such inappropriate usages are correlated with faulty program conceptualizations both in medicine and in social action programs of the type associated with the ‘war on poverty’.
Mass Spectrometric Characterization and Physiological Actions of Novel Crustacean C-Type Allatostatins

The crustacean stomatogastric ganglion (STG) is modulated by numerous neuropeptides that are released locally in the neuropil or that reach the STG as neurohormones. Using 1,5-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) as a reductive screening matrix for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometric profiling of disulfide bond-containing C-type allatostatin peptides followed by electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight (ESI-Q-TOF) tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) analysis, we identified and sequenced a novel C-type allatostatin peptide (CbAST-C1), pQIRYHQCYFNPISCF-COOH, present in the pericardial organs of the crab, Cancer borealis. Another C-type allatostatin (CbAST-C2), SYWKQCAFNAVSCFamide, was discovered using the expressed sequence tag (EST) database search strategy in both C. borealis and the lobster, Homarus americanus, and further confirmed with de novo sequencing using ESI-Q-TOF tandem MS. Electrophysiological experiments demonstrated that both CbAST-C1 and CbAST-C2 inhibited the frequency of the pyloric rhythm of the STG, in a state-dependent manner. At 10(-6)M, both peptides were only modestly effective when initial frequencies of the pyloric rhythm were >0.8Hz, but almost completely suppressed the pyloric rhythm when applied to preparations with starting frequencies <0.7Hz. Surprisingly, these state-dependent actions are similar to those of the structurally unrelated allatostatin A and allatostatin B families of peptides.
Regulatory role of cytochrome P450scc and pregnenolone in myelination by rat Schwann cells

To investigate the production of steroid hormones by Schwann cells and to examine the regulation of steroid hormone production during myelination, cultures of rat Schwann cells were differentiated into their myelinating phenotype in the absence of neurons with dibutyryl cAMP (db-cAMP). During this process, the expression of P450scc (involved in steroid biosynthesis) was elevated at both the mRNA and protein levels as evident in RT-PCR, Western blots, and immunostaining. Labeling of the cells with [14C] acetate revealed enhanced production of pregnenolone during differentiation into the myelinating phenotype. Disruption of P450scc’s activity with an inhibitor diminished the extent of differentiation into the myelinating phenotype as levels of mRNA and protein expression of myelin protein zero (P0) declined. However, the effect was reversed with the addition of pregnenolone. Furthermore, when the differentiating cultures were treated with pregnenolone, mRNA expression of P0 was upregulated, suggesting the stimulation of the differentiation process. Together, these results provide evidence for Schwann cells as a major producer of steroid hormones and pregnenolone production by P450scc as an important regulatory step during myelination.
Chemokine receptor CCR-5 inhibitors produced by Chaetomium globosum.

Two novel chemokine receptor CCR-5 inhibitors, Sch 210971 (1) and Sch 210972 (2), were isolated from the fungal fermentation broth of Chaetomium globosum by normal- and reversed-phase HPLC purifications. The structure determination of 1 and 2 was accomplished on the basis of UV, MS, and NMR spectral data analyses including COSY, NOESY, HMQC, and HMBC experiments. The structure and relative configuration of 2 were determined unequivocally by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The major component 2 demonstrated a potent inhibitory activity of IC50 = 79 nM in the CCR-5 receptor in vitro binding assay.
Micro-Photodeformation Actions of Photostrictive Actuator Patches Applied to Vibration Control of Cylindrical Shells

The photostricitve actuator is a new class of distributed actuator that can induce non-contact distributed actuation without utilizing hard-wired connections, due to the photodeformation effect. In this paper, active distributed control of flexible cylindrical shells using discrete photostrictive actuators are investigated and the control effectiveness is evaluated. This paper presents a coupled opto-piezothermoelastic shell theory that incorporates photovoltaic, pyroelectric, piezoelectric and thermal effects, and has the capability to accurately predict the response of a shell to a command illumination applied to the photostrictive actuators. Expressions for the forces and moments that represent the action of the actuator patches have been developed. Governing equations are formulated. Solution procedures based on the modal analysis technique are outlined. The detailed actuator control effectiveness is evaluated with respect to actuator placements. It is shown that by properly positioned the actuators the system performance can be improved. Numerical simulation results also show that the membrane control action is more significant than the bending control action.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Theory of hierarchical chiral asymmetry

A theory of hierarchical chiral asymmetry based on the sensitivity of symmetry breaking transitions is presented.
Resonant vibrations of a submerged beam

Abstract Forced vibration of a simply supported submerged beam of circular cross section is investigated by the use of two mathematical methods. In the first approach the problem formulation is reduced to a singular integro-differential equation for the transverse deflection. In the second approach the method of matched asymptotic expansions is employed. The integro-differential equation is solved numerically, to yield an exact solution for the frequency response. Subsequent use of a representation integral yields the radiated far field acoustic pressure. The exact results for the beam deflection are compared with approximate results that are available in the literature. Next, a matched asymptotic expansion is worked out by constructing “inner” and “outer” expansions for frequencies near and not near resonance frequencies, respectively. The two expansions are matched in an appropriate manner to yield a uniformly valid solution. The leading term of the matched asymptotic solution is compared with exact numerical results.
Optimal Estimation of Parameters of Transient Mixture Processes Using Dynamic Logic Approach

In this work we generalize dynamic logic approach for the case of time transient processes with time-dependent energy function. Earlier studies have laid down the firm foundations of DL to pattern recognition in the presence of very high noise and clutter. We derive DL equations with time-dependent energy function and apply it to the detection of transient processes in 2-dimensional images. The developed method has been tested on simulated data. The results show good accuracy of the estimation of transient parameters, including the gradient of spatial propagation, and rate of the energy increase/decrease in the case of processes with explosive/implosive processes, respectively
Effect of percutaneous mitral repair with the MitraClip device on mitral valve area and gradient.

AIMS Percutaneous repair of mitral regurgitation (MR) by leaflet apposition using a clip deployed via transseptal catheterisation is undergoing evaluation. METHODS AND RESULTS In order to detect the potential for clinically significant left ventricular inflow obstruction after percutaneous repair, we measured mitral valve area (MVA) and mean transmitral gradient (MVG) echocardiographically in 96 patients implanted with a clip followed for up to 24 months. By planimetry, the mean MVA decreased from 6.0 +/- 1.3 cm2 to 3.6 +/- 1.2 cm2 (p < 0.05) (range 1.9 to 7.6 cm2) after clip placement, and remained unchanged after 24 months of follow-up (3.5 +/- 0.8 cm2). The mean MVG increased after clip placement from 1.7 +/- 0.9 mmHg to 4.1 +/- 2.2 mmHg (p < 0.05), and did not increase further to 24 months (3.8 +/- 1.9 mmHg). There were no differences in MVA or MVG between patients who received 1-clip (69%) and those receiving 2-clips (31%). Patients with functional MR (23%) had a slightly smaller MVA, both at baseline and after clip placement, but did not differ from degenerative MR patients at later follow-up. After 2 years of follow-up, no patient required surgery for LV inflow obstruction. CONCLUSIONS Mitral repair with the MitraClip device for MR decreases MVA without significant mitral obstruction. After 2 years of follow-up, no patient required surgery for LV inflow obstruction, and these results were not influenced by the use of more than 1 clip or the aetiology of MR.
Dioxins: An Overview and History

Dioxins are arguably one of the most notorious anthropogenic environmental toxicants. How this came to pass can be tied to a number of widely reported cases over the last several decades. Herein, Hites reviews the chemistry, prevalence, and environmental spread of dioxins to illustrate their links to environmental policy.
Impacts of an anomalously warm year on soil CO2 efflux in experimentally manipulated tallgrass prairie ecosystems

Modeling analyses suggest that an increase in growth rate of atmospheric CO2 concentrations during an anomalously warm year may be caused by a decrease in net ecosystem production (NEP) in response to increased heterotrophic respiration (Rh). To test this hypothesis, 12 intact soil monoliths were excavated from a tallgrass prairie site near Purcell, Oklahoma, USA and divided among four large dynamic flux chambers (Ecologically Controlled Enclosed Lysimeter Laboratories (EcoCELLs)). During the first year, all four EcoCELLs were subjected to Oklahoma air temperatures. During the second year, air temperature in two EcoCELLs was increased by 4°C throughout the year to simulate anomalously warm conditions. This paper reports on the effect of warming on soil CO2 efflux, representing the sum of autotrophic respiration (Ra) and Rh. During the pretreatment year, weekly average soil CO2 efflux was similar in all EcoCELLs. During the late spring, summer and early fall of the treatment year, however, soil CO2 efflux was significantly lower in the warmed EcoCELLs. In general, soil CO2 efflux was correlated with soil temperature and to a lesser extent with moisture. A combined temperature and moisture regression explained 64% of the observed variation in soil CO2 efflux. Soil CO2 efflux correlated well with a net primary production (NPP) weighted greenness index derived from digital photographs. Although separate relationships for control and warmed EcoCELLs showed better correlations, one single relationship explained close to 70% of the variation in soil CO2 efflux across treatments and years. A strong correlation between soil CO2 efflux and canopy development and the lack of initial response to warming indicate that soil CO2 efflux is dominated by Ra. This study showed that a decrease in soil CO2 efflux in response to a warm year was most likely dominated by a decrease in Ra instead of an increase in Rh.
Plasmonic Properties of Concentric Nanoshells

The plasmonic properties of a concentric nanoshell, or “nanomatryushka”, are investigated. The plasmon resonant modes are analyzed in terms of the plasmon hybridization model, where new resonances occur due to a hybridization of the plasmon modes of the inner metallic shell with those of the outer metallic shell. The plasmon resonant spectra of experimentally realized concentric nanoshells are analyzed in terms of dipolar and higher order multipolar hybridized plasmon modes. A size-dependent asymmetry in the splitting of the hybridized plasmon states is observed, which is related to phase retardation effects due to the nanostructure's finite size.
Ecology: Traits of plant invaders

Many plants introduced to new habitats have fewer microbial pathogens than when in their home range, and have the ability to grow rapidly. Such a combination may make for especially troublesome immigrants.
Design considerations of jet pumps with supersonic two-phase flow and shocks for refrigeration and thermal management applications

This paper describes results of a design-oriented model for two-phase jet pumps and ejectors for refrigeration and thermal management aerospace and terrestrial applications. The primary motivation for the work is the development of a reliable but simple design methodology that captures the important flow physics while being sufficiently fast in order to reduce the design cycle time. This work is particularly relevant to the flow boiling test facility under development at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center as it allows rapid design optimization of the jet pump as well as the integrated system. The results presented in the paper show optimal geometric area ratio as well as system state point information as a function of the inlet states and entrainment ratio. Qualitative agreement with single-phase ejector performance is predicted, lending additional confidence in the results. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global Perspectives on the Use of Naturalistic Driving Data to Improve Highway Safety

Naturalistic driving studies provide a relatively new, powerful tool for understanding driver behavior. This collection of vehicle and driver data provides an opportunity to garner a greater understanding of driver behavior and safety issues than ever before possible. The purpose of this panel is to discuss how various car manufactures around the world are using or plan to use naturalistic driving data to improve transportation safety. Top researchers in the area of safety and human factors form this panel. The panelists in alphabetical order are: Joerg Breuer, Head of Active Safety (Mercedes-Benz - Germany); John-Fredrik Gronvall, Manager, Traffic Accident Research - Volvo Safety Centre (Volvo Car Corporation - Sweden); Raymond Kiefer, Structure and Safety Integration Center (General Motors - USA); and Tomohiro Yamamura, Manager, Advanced Engineering Group (Nissan - Japan). Language: en
The Use of Music in the Study of a Problem of Acculturation

increased considerably. The result has been a number of studies of the music of nonliterate people, but as yet little theoretical application for such studies has been shown. The present paper will attempt to indicate one way in which musical investigation can be used to support anthropological theory, with the hope that its broader ramifications will become apparent by implication. For purposes of discussion let us state a hypothesis in the field of acculturation studies as follows: When two human groups which are in sustained contact have a number of characteristics in common in a particular aspect of culture, exchange of ideas therein will be much more frequent than if the characteristics of those aspects differ markedly from one another. In order to test this hypothesis let us examine the musical acculturative situation which exists, first, between Western culture and the Flathead Indians of western Montana and, second, between Western culture and urban Africa south of the Sahara with special reference to the Belgian Congo. Among the Flathead Indians the evidences of acculturation with respect to music are by no means pronounced, and those changes which can be documented appear in areas of activity surrounding the music rather than in the actual music itself, that is, in such matters as the construction of musical instruments or the use of song texts as opposed to vocal quality or scale structure. Flathead musical instruments at present include the war drum, hand drum and end-blown flageolet, a reduction in number from that indicated in earlier sources. Turney-High, for example, speaks of the whistle "made of bird bones" which was used in courting and, more specifically, in arranging trysts, as well as "rattles made by stringing deer hoofs on thongs tied to sticks," which were used both by shamans in the Camas Dance and by laymen in less esoteric dancing (Turney-High 1937:39, 83). Teit further indicates the presence of the rasp which, however, he mentions only in passing and without description (Teit 1927-28:386). The whistle and rasp are nowhere found in use today while the modern sleighbell has been substituted for the original rattle; these bells * This paper was first presented at the meetings of the American Anthropological Association at Tucson, Arizona, Dec. 29, 1953. The author wishes to acknowledge with thanks the support of the Belgian American Educational Foundation, the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research and l'Institut pour la Recherche Scientifique en Afrique Centrale, which made research in the Belgian Congo possible, and the Music Foundation of Montana State University, which supported field work among the Flathead Indians.
The Catalytic Ring-opening Cyclooligomerization (ROC) of Thietane by the Complexes M(CO)5L (M Cr and W; L = CO, thietane and 1,5,9-Trithiacyclododecane)

The following four compounds have been synthesized: M(CO)5L (3 and 4, where M = Cr and W, and L = H2), W(CO)5(12S3) (5, where 12S3 = 1,5,9-trithia-cyclododecane), and [W(CO)5]2(12S3) (6). The molecular structures of 4 and 5 were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Both compounds contain a W(CO)5 group coordinated to one of the sulfur atoms of the hetero-cycle. The ability of the compounds M(CO)6, 1 and 2 (M = Cr and W), and 3 – 5 to catalytically produce ring opening cyclooligomerization (ROC) of thietane into 12S3 and 24S6, (24S6 = 1,5,9,13,17,21-hexathiacyclotetracosane) has been investigated. Compounds 1 – 3 have relatively low activity. Compounds 4 and 5 have the highest activity and selectivity for 12S3 formation. Crystal Data for 4: space group = P212121, a = 12.906(2) A, b = 13.730(4) A, c = 6.427(1) A, Z = 4, 1306 reflections, R = 0.033; for 5: space group = P1¯, a = 12.703(1) A, b = 13.510(2) A, c = 5.833(1) A, α = 101.75(1)°, β = 97.54(1)°, γ = 101.70(1)°, Z = 2, 2225 reflections, R = 0.023.
Cold tolerance of steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes

Abstract 1. 1. Nematodes survive subzero temperatures using either a freeze-avoiding or freezing-tolerant strategy. Steinernema anomali, S. feltiae, and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora were all found to be freezing tolerant. 2. 2. The lower lethal temperatures were −22, −19 and −14°C for S. feltiae, H. bacteriophora and S. anomali, respectively. 3. 3. Survival after prolonged freezing at −4°C was 6, 5 and 3 days for S. feltiae, H. bacteriophora and S. anomali, respectively. 4. 4. Acclimation to lower temperatures increased freezing tolerance. The freezing tolerance of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora increased under a stepwise acclimation regime; S. feltiae acclimated better under a direct acclimation regime.
Phamerator: a bioinformatic tool for comparative bacteriophage genomics

Bacteriophage genomes have mosaic architectures and are replete with small open reading frames of unknown function, presenting challenges in their annotation, comparative analysis, and representation. We describe here a bioinformatic tool, Phamerator, that assorts protein-coding genes into phamilies of related sequences using pairwise comparisons to generate a database of gene relationships. This database is used to generate genome maps of multiple phages that incorporate nucleotide and amino acid sequence relationships, as well as genes containing conserved domains. Phamerator also generates phamily circle representations of gene phamilies, facilitating analysis of the different evolutionary histories of individual genes that migrate through phage populations by horizontal genetic exchange. Phamerator represents a useful tool for comparative genomic analysis and comparative representations of bacteriophage genomes.
Menopause and menopausal symptoms after ovarian artery embolization: a comparison with uterine artery embolization controls.

Abstract Purpose To determine the impact on menstrual status and menopausal symptoms of ovarian artery embolization (OAE) to supplement uterine embolization (UAE) for uterine leiomyomas. Materials and Methods A single-center case-control study was conducted in women who underwent UAE for leiomyomas. Between May 2004 and July 2009, 77 patients underwent unilateral or bilateral OAE during UAE procedures. Contemporaneous control subjects undergoing UAE alone were identified based on age and race. Questionnaires queried menstrual cycle regularity, onset of menopause, hormone use, and subsequent leiomyoma interventions, as well as the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS), a validated menopausal symptom questionnaire. Records were reviewed for baseline clinical and procedure data. Case and control subjects were compared for baseline characteristics and outcomes with the use of appropriate statistics, with the primary outcome the summary score on the MRS. Results Of 154 patients, 51 case subjects and 49 control subjects responded to the MRS (65%). Case subjects had greater tumor volumes (median, 129.3 cm 3 vs 69.3 cm 3 in control subjects; P = .0252) and longer fluoroscopy times (mean, 20.5 min vs 14 min in control subjects; P P = .023), indicating fewer menopausal symptoms and no difference in menstrual regularity or frequency of onset of menopause. Of six patients who underwent bilateral OAE and responded, all reported continued menstrual cycles. Conclusions Compared with standard UAE, the addition of OAE does not appear to precipitate the onset of menopause nor increase menopausal symptom severity.
Consolidated conflict detection for hardware transactional memory

Hardware Transactional Memory (HTM) promises to ease multithreaded parallel programming with uncompromised performance. Microprocessors supporting HTM implement a conflict detection mechanism to detect data access conflicts between transactions. Understanding the on-chip network bandwidth utilization of such mechanisms is important as the energy and latency cost of routing packets across the chip is growing alarmingly. We investigate the communication characteristics of a typical conflict detection mechanism. A variety of traffic overheads are identified, which accounts for a combined 56% of the total transactional traffic in a wide spectrum of applications. To combat this problem, we propose C2D (Consolidated Conflict Detection), a novel micro-architectural technique to consolidate conflict detection to a logically central (but physically distributed) agent to reduce the bandwidth utilization of conflict detection. Full system evaluation shows that the proposed technique, if applied to conventional eager conflict detection, can reduce 35% of the traffic and hence 27% of the network energy. The consolidated eager conflict detection generates less traffic than a lazy conflict detection scheme thereby closing the gap between bandwidth utilization of eager and lazy conflict detection.
Factorization of monic polynomials

We prove a uniqueness result about the factorization of a monic polynomial over a general commutative ring into comaximal factors. We apply this result to address several questions raised by Steve McAdam. These questions, inspired by Hensel's Lemma, concern properties of prime ideals and the factoring of monic polynomials modulo prime ideals.
Performing the divine: Mediums, markets and modernity in modern Vietnam

This volume examines spirit possession in the Four Palace religion by mediums in the urban environment of Hanoi, Vietnam. Based on extensive fieldwork, this clearly written book addresses historica...
Mucosal Immune Response in Cattle with Subclinical Johne's Disease

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the causative agent of Johne's disease, a chronic granulomatous enteritis of wild and domestic ruminants. During a long subclinical period, the organi...
Design and implementation of a high-performance MPI for C# and the common language infrastructure

As high-performance computing enters the mainstream, parallel programming mechanisms (including the Message Passing Interface, or MPI) must be supported in new environments such as C# and the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI). Making effective use of MPI with the CLI requires an interface that reflects the high-level object-oriented nature of C# and that also supports its programming idioms. However, for performance reasons, this high-level functionality must ultimately be mapped to low-level native MPI libraries. In addition to abstraction penalty concerns, avoiding unwanted overhead in this mapping process is significantly complicated by the safety and portability features of the CLI virtual machine, such as garbage collection and just-in-time compilation. In this paper, we describe our approach to using features of C# and the CLI---such as reflection, unsafe code regions, and run-time code generation---to realize an elegant, yet highly efficient, C# interface to MPI. Experimental results demonstrate that there is no appreciable overhead introduced by our approach when compared to the native MS-MPI library.
State-Level 2010 Census Coverage Rates for Young Children

The Census Bureau’s demographic analysis (DA) shows that the net undercount rate for children aged 0–4 was 4.6 percent in the 2010 U.S. Decennial Census while adults (age 18 and older) had a net overcount rate of 0.7 percent. For the population aged 0–4, DA estimates are seen as more accurate than the U.S. Decennial Census because the estimates for this young population rely heavily on highly accurate birth certificate data. Given the relatively high net undercount rate for young children, it would be useful to examine census coverage rates for this population in subnational geographic units. In this study, the 2010 U.S. Decennial Census counts of children aged 0–4 are compared to the corresponding figures from the Census Bureau’s Vintage 2010 Population Estimates in each state. Differences between the 2010 U.S. Decennial Census count and the Vintage 2010 Population Estimates for the population aged 0–4 range from an estimated net undercount of 10.2 percent in Arizona to an estimated net overcount of 2.1 percent in North Dakota. Larger states tended to have higher net undercounts than smaller states. The ten largest states account for about 70 percent of the national net undercount of the population aged 0–4. Of all the factors examined here, the relative size of the Blacks Alone or in Combination plus Hispanics population is most highly correlated with the estimated net undercount of the population aged 0–4. Other measures that were highly correlated with net undercount rates for the population aged 0–4 were linguistic isolation, percent of adults without a high school degree, and the unemployment rate. In general, characteristics of people are more highly correlated with the net undercount rates of young children than the characteristics of housing units.
Perspective on a Risk Score for Cardiac Transplantation

In this issue of Circulation: Heart Failure , “Preoperative Assessment of High-Risk Candidates to Predict Survival After Heart Transplantation”1 presents a sophisticated statistical analysis of multiple pretransplantation factors that influence postoperative survival in 711 regular and 111 alternate list cardiac recipients transplanted between 1999 and 2010. They found that increasing donor age is associated with increasing recipient mortality. They previously looked at ischemic time2 and found an age-related tolerance to ischemia with better tolerance in younger donor hearts. Article see p 527 The application of the CARRS scoring model, using 5 pretransplant risk factors (C for prior CVA, A for albumin 2 prior sternotomies with 2 points for each, except renal with 1 point) sorted out high and low survival groups. For low-scoring ( 4 the 1-year survival rate was 12 000 United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database patients found a significant difference in survival between groups using a cutoff point of CARRS <3. The patients in the study had already been selected. The CARRS score sorted out the high-risk patients. This scoring system using 5 factors seems to be a powerful addition, but can we distill …
Surface control of desert pavement pedologic process and landscape function, Cima Volcanic field, Mojave Desert, California

Desert pavement is a distinctive feature widespread across arid lands of the world. It plays a dynamic role in geomorphic, hydrologic, and ecologic processes. Where desert pavement predominates, infiltration is limited and rainfall is delivered as runoff to nearby bare ground areas where shrubs cluster. Desert pavement surfaces may appear monotonously flat and barren, but we have found, instead, that they are a complex association of landscape and hydrologic elements governed by their surface characteristics. Previously, we identified six unique surface mosaic types that accurately capture the subtle, but distinct, variations in surface clast arrangements for a desert pavement landscape formed on a single-aged basalt flow in the Mojave Desert. We now report that these surface mosaics predict the spatial distribution of fundamental desert vegetation and soil characteristics. Characteristics of soil morphology and texture, the leaching depth of soluble salts, percent plant cover, and shrub species diversity are remarkably consistent for each mosaic type across a 580,000-year-old basalt flow even when measured >1 km apart. Hydrologic character is distinctly different between desert pavement and bare ground regions and vegetation distributions reflect the spatially heterogeneous soil moisture. Where desert shrubs cluster on the three bare ground surface mosaics, leaching is deep, removing most soluble salts to below the 50-cm depth. Where shrubs are absent or few, on the three desert pavement mosaics, leaching depths are shallow, with soluble salt depth
Identifying and Testing Communication Opportunities

In developing an effective communication strategy, the sponsor of a good, service, or idea must make allowances for the differences in the characteristics of competing offerings and differences in the needs and perceptions of the individuals who buy and use these offerings. By aggregating individuals that display similar choice and use behavior, the procedures described here analyze groups whose members tend to share common perceptions of the relevant choice objects.Cognitive and affective data for these behavioral groups are used in a model that allows an analyst to predict changes in the share of choices which any specific communication strategy can achieve. By examining a range of possible communication strategies and accounting for all of the associated costs, the model will identify the most promising approach to improving the acceptance of a particular offering.
Financing Irrigation Water Management and Infrastructure: A Review

Many of the world's irrigated regions face the problem of aging infrastructure and declining revenues to maintain and repair irrigation structures. Policy debates over climate change, population growth, food security, and impacts of irrigation on ecological assets compound the problem, raising the urgency to invest in irrigation infrastructure. Meanwhile, a global call for full-cost recovery for water infrastructure investments increases the need to identify the economic value of sustaining irrigation infrastructure. Despite the growing debates, little comprehensive research has been conducted summarizing factors affecting irrigation investments or policy options available for sustaining irrigation infrastructure. This paper reviews research on factors affecting the level and value of irrigation infrastructure investments. It also reviews research on policy instruments for sustaining irrigation infrastructure, considering both market and institutional approaches. Several market approaches have been found ...
Isolated unilateral cytomegalovirus retinitis: A rare long-term complication after pediatric liver transplantation

To highlight the rare yet devastating complication of CMV retinitis in a minimally immunosuppressed patient eight yr after liver transplantation for biliary atresia. A 22-yr-old female status-post deceased donor liver transplant at age 13 secondary to biliary atresia receiving single agent immunosuppression presented with acute, unilateral, profound decrease in visual acuity. The patient was diagnosed to have acute onset unilateral CMV retinitis. Retinal examination uncovered classical appearance of retinal whitening and retinal hemorrhages with extensive macular involvement. CMV retinitis can occur as a late complication following liver transplantation. Additionally, CMV retinal disease can occur in the absence of laboratory evidence of CMV infection and independent of additional clinical features suggesting CMV disease. Currently, there is no standard of care regarding screening for CMV retinitis, and thus, further research is needed to define the need for potential changes in current clinical practices and post-transplant screening protocols.
Understanding the synergistic effects of communication in small groups. Making the most out of group member abilities

This article provides a review of the literature on the relationship between small group process and what Steiner and Collins & Guetzkow have termed, respectively, process loss and the assembly effect bonus. These models make contradictory predictions about the influence of communication variables on group decision-making performance. The extant research on group decision making has supported the validity of both models. The amount of ambiguity present in the decision-making situation is posited as a factor giving rise to instances of process gain and loss. Ambiguity is incorporated into a revised version of the path-goal model of group performance. The model outlines the types of influences that group interaction may have in a group's arriving at a process gain or loss.
Notch and TGF-β pathways cooperatively regulate receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase-κ (PTPRK) gene expression in human primary keratinocytes.

Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase-κ (PTPRK) specifically and directly de - phosphorylates epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), thereby limiting EGFR function in primary human keratinocytes. PTPRK expression is increased by the TGF-β/Smad3 pathway and cell-cell contact. Because the Notch receptor pathway is responsive to cell-cell contact and regulates keratinocyte growth and differentiation, we investigated the interplay be- tween Notch and TGF-β pathways in regulation of PTPRK expression in human keratinocytes. Suppression of Notch signaling by γ-secretase inhibitors substantially reduced cell contact induction of PTPRK gene expression. In sparse keratinocyte cultures, addition of soluble Notch-activating ligand jagged one peptide (Jag1) induced PTPRK. Of interest, cell contact- induced expression of TGF-β1 and TGF-β receptor inhibitor SB431542 inhibited contact-in- duced expression of PTPRK. Furthermore, inhibition of Notch signaling, via knockdown of Notch1 or by γ-secretase inhibitors, significantly reduced TGF- β-induced PTPRK gene expres- sion, indicating that Notch and TGF-β pathways function together to regulate PTPRK. Of importance, the combination of Jag1 plus TGF-β results in greater PTPRK expression and lower EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation than either ligand alone. These data indicate that Notch and TGF-β act in concert to stimulate induction of PTPRK, which suppresses EGFR activation in human keratinocytes.
Characteristics of the Healthy Brain Project Sample: Representing Diversity Among Study Participants

Purpose: Description of study participants and documentation of the desired diversity in the Prevention Research Centers Healthy Aging Research Network’s Workgroup on Promoting Cognitive Health large multisite study designed to examine attitudes about brain health, behaviors associated with its maintenance, and information-receiving preferences among a diverse group of older Americans, to provide a foundation for developing health promotion interventions. Design and Methods: Four hundred fi fty older adults in 55 focus groups at 9 sites completed a common participant survey. Using descriptive statistics, the analysis compares participant characteristics (age, sex, and race/ethnicity; rural – urban location; income and education; social activity; physical activity, nutrition, and body mass index; and selfreported measures of cognitive function) across sites and with national data. Results: Comparisons across sites document the rich diversity of the sample. Implications: The substantial representation of a variety of demographic groups suggests that the qualitative data obtained in the focus group research provide a useful basis for developing well-targeted communication interventions for promoting brain health in diverse populations.
An article and commentaries on the sexualization of girls.

The position paper on the sexualization of girls released by the American Psychological Association (APA; 2007) contained a scientifically sound summary of the short-term and long-term harms that m...
Requirements for food packaged in polymeric films

The requirements of barrier properties of packaging materials against environmental factors vary with food products. The chemical, physical, and biological mechanisms of food deterioration due to environmental factors, vital properties required in packaging materials, and developments in progress and future trends to maintain the required standard of food quality have been critically reviewed. Theoretical and experimental results for a variety of food products in relation to the properties of the packaging materials are discussed. Methods of prediction of food stability and their industrial applications are also emphasized by specific examples.
Sensitivity Analysis for Conceptual Design

This note describes an approach to sensitivity analysis, which is a way to compare the relative rates of change of some variables with respect to others among the solutions to a system of equations. It treats the problem of different variable units and scales, exceptional cases and singularities in the relating equations, and additional problem-related information about the variables.
Value of self-induced plantar reflex in distinguishing Babinski from withdrawal.

Interpretation of the plantar response can be difficult, resulting in inter- and intraobserver discordance. A common source of confusion is that tickle-induced withdrawal can cause dorsiflexion of the great toe in a pattern similar to the Babinski sign.
An insecticide and a defoliant evaluated for use in a program of integrated control designed to suppress the green peach aphid on peach trees.

Endosulfan or Shed-A-Leaf® (sodium chlorate) sprayed on peach trees in autumn significantly reduced the number of overwintering eggs of Myzus persicae (Sulzer), compared with unsprayed trees. However, the effects of the 2 treatments were not significantly different. From inspection of tree bands and leaves, endosulfan was not toxic to phytoseiid mites but was toxic to syrphid larvae. Shed-A-Leaf was not toxic to syrphid larvae, but fewer phytoseiid mites were found under the bands of trees sprayed with the defoliants. These chemical agents could therefore be fitted harmoniously into an integrated program that involves use of these natural enemies in a specific type of orchard of peach trees to suppress the population of green peach aphids.
The Influence of Interstitial Liquids on the Cohesive Strength of Carbon-Black Agglomerates

Abstract The influence of interstitial liquids on the cohesive strength of carbon black has been investigated. Calculations of effective Hamaker coefficients for the wet materials predicted order of magnitude decreases from the Hamaker constants for the dry materials. Tensile-strength data showed slight increases over the Hamaker constants for the dry materials. It is clear that further research is needed to elucidate the effects of liquid content and wettability.