cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Dimensions and Uses of Comparative Education: Lessons Gleaned from a Five-Decade Journey

This chapter summarizes several key contributions of my comparative education research. In doing so, I discuss the interplay between my biography and scholarly engagements over a five-decade period. My most significant writings involve delineating three principal dimensions of this field of study: the scientific/theoretical, the pragmatic/ameliorative, and the global/international. I explain how these three dimensions are interrelated in my writings on world-systems analysis and how this conceptual framework contributes to understanding dominant education trends internationally. My point of view, rooted in the writings of Immanuel Wallerstein, is contrasted with neo-institutionalist/world culture theories that have tended to minimize power relationships and the actual set of actors linking countries in common education pursuits. I discuss a specific set of key institutions – the Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller Foundations – that have played an agenda-setting role in education reforms as well as the research paradigms for studying these reforms’ sociocultural and political economy contexts. I further discuss how theoretically grounded research can contribute to an understanding of the nature, dynamics, and outcomes of literacy campaigns and adult education. I provide a set of lessons that are derived from reviewing more than a dozen campaigns over four hundred years. To be more specific, I draw upon my case study of the 1980 Nicaraguan National Literacy Crusade and its aftermath to delineate what may be learned and expected from dramatic shifts in political regimes and the related education systems. I further discuss the prospects of a post-apartheid literacy campaign in South Africa. Finally, my most recent publications involve how research and teaching in comparative education necessarily involve both descriptive and normative dimensions. In coauthored articles with my philosopher colleague Barry Bull, we argue that empirical and ethical considerations are essential to studying and teaching about education systems. We make the case for universal but not comprehensive principles that, as a result, can be sensitive to particular sociocultural, economic, and political contexts.
Jingle Fallacy Influences on Systems Acquisition: Communications Breakdown? (Introduction)

A jingle fallacy is a type of miscommunication between at least two participants where they share the definition of a term or concept which belies an actual misalignment or gap of their semantic or tacit understanding. Due to the latency of discovery and potential for repercussions in resolving the gap, the jingle fallacy can be a pernicious challenge to success in systems acquisition. Jingle fallacies are an underestimated problem development of technical systems or solutions. This research examined the shared experiences of stakeholders who encountered jingle fallacies on their respective acquisition-related projects. Using qualitative, hermeneutical phenomenological methodology, this research seeks to understand challenges with jingle fallacies and explore selected factors on the evolution of jingle fallacies. Representing a diverse set of projects with a diverse set of roles, sixteen stakeholders were subjected to a semistructured interview protocol, where they reflected on their experiences with jingle fallacies. The research participants’ experiences consistently reflected their jingle fallacies’ negative impacts on success in their respective tasks across a distinct jingle fallacy experience lifecycle. While general inadequacy or insufficiency of early communications was prevalent in these jingle fallacy experiences, additional influences were also often expressed in relation to differences in stakeholders’ general vernacular usage, knowledge background, or variations in professional disciplines. These shared experiences placed communications versus project tools as the stronger, if not the singular factor, in establishing a jingle fallacy, as well as for exposing its existence and resolving the issues raised by the exposure.
Cryptococcus neoformans capsule regrowth experiments reveal dynamics of enlargement and architecture

The polysaccharide capsule of fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans is a critical virulence factor that has historically evaded characterization. Polysaccharides remain attached to the cell as capsular polysaccharide (CPS) or are shed into the surroundings in the form of exopolysaccharide (EPS). While a great deal of study has been done examining the properties of EPS, far less is known about CPS. In this work, we detail the development of new physical and enzymatic methods for the isolation of CPS which can be used to explore the architecture of the capsule and removed capsular material. Sonication and glucanex digestion yield soluble CPS preparations, while French Press and modified glucanex digestion plus vortexing remove the capsule and cell wall producing polysaccharide aggregates that we call capsule ghosts. The existence of capsule ghosts implies an inherent organization that allows it to exist independent of the cell wall surface. As sonication and glucanex digestion were noncytotoxic, it was possible to observe the cryptococcal cells rebuilding their capsule, revealing new insights into capsule architecture and synthesis consistent with a model in which the capsule is assembled from smaller polymers, which are then assemble into larger ones.
Identification of peptidic inhibitors of the alternative complement pathway based on Staphylococcus aureus SCIN proteins.

The complement system plays a central role in a number of human inflammatory diseases, and there is a significant need for development of complement-directed therapies. The discovery of an arsenal of anti-complement proteins secreted by the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus brought with it the potential for harnessing the powerful inhibitory properties of these molecules. One such family of inhibitors, the SCINs, interact with a functional “hot-spot” on the surface of C3b. SCINs not only stabilize an inactive form of the alternative pathway (AP) C3 convertase (C3bBb), but also overlap the C3b binding site of complement factors B and H. Here we determined that a conserved Arg residue in SCINs is critical for function of full-length SCIN proteins. Despite this, we also found SCIN-specific differences in the contributions of other residues found at the C3b contact site, which suggested that a more diverse repertoire of residues might be able to recognize this region of C3b. To investigate this possibility, we conducted a phage display screen aimed at identifying SCIN-competitive 12-mer peptides. In total, seven unique sequences were identified and all exhibited direct C3b binding. A subset of these specifically inhibited the AP in assays of complement function. The mechanism of AP inhibition by these peptides was probed through surface plasmon resonance approaches, which revealed that six of the seven peptides disrupted C3bBb formation by interfering with factor B/C3b binding. To our knowledge this study has identified the first small molecules that retain inhibitory properties of larger staphylococcal immune evasion proteins.
Does Exercise Influence Pediatric Bone? A Systematic Review

Background Periods of growth are thought to be the best time to increase bone mineral content, bone area, and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) through increased loading owing to high rates of bone modeling and remodeling. However, questions remain regarding whether a benefit of exercise is seen at all bone sites, is dependent on pubertal status or sex of the child, or whether other factors such as diet modify the response to exercise.
Comparison of Powerlifting Performance in Trained Males Using Traditional and Flexible Daily Undulating Periodization

Colquhoun, RJ, Gai, CM, Walters, J, Brannon, AR, Kilpatrick, MW, D'Agostino, DP, and Campbell, WI. Comparison of powerlifting performance in trained men using traditional and flexible daily undulating periodization. J Strength Cond Res 31(2): 283-291, 2017-Daily undulating periodization (DUP) is a growing trend, both in practice and in the scientific literature. A new form of DUP, flexible daily undulating periodization (FDUP), allows for athletes to have some autonomy by choosing the order of their training. The purpose of this study was to compare an FDUP model to a traditional model of DUP on powerlifting performance in resistance-trained men. Twenty-five resistance-trained men were randomly assigned to one of 2 groups: FDUP (N = 14) or DUP (N = 11). All participants possessed a minimum of 6 months of resistance training experience and were required to squat, bench press, and deadlift 125, 100, and 150% of their body mass, respectively. Dependent variables assessed at baseline and after the 9-week training program included bench press 1 repetition maximum (1RM), squat 1RM, deadlift 1RM, powerlifting total, Wilks Coefficient, fat mass, and fat-free mass (FFM). Dependent variables assessed during each individual training session were motivation to train, Session Rating of Perceived Exertion (Session RPE), and satisfaction with training session. After the 9-week training program, no significant differences in intensity or volume were found between groups. Both groups significantly improved bench press 1RM (FDUP: +6.5 kg; DUP: +8.8 kg), squat 1RM (FDUP: +15.6 kg; DUP: +18.0 kg), deadlift 1RM (FDUP: +14.8 kg; DUP: +13.6 kg), powerlifting total (FDUP: +36.8 kg; DUP: +40.4 kg), and Wilks Coefficient (FDUP: +24.8; DUP: +26.0) over the course of study (p = <0.001 for each variable). There was also a significant increase in FFM (FDUP: +0.8 kg; DUP: +0.8 kg) for both groups (p = 0.003). There were no differences in motivation to train, session RPE, or satisfaction with training session measurements between groups (p = 0.369-0.702, respectively). In conclusion, FDUP seems to offer similar resistance training adaptations when compared with a traditional DUP in resistance-trained men.
Evaluating electrostatic damage prevention methods for full-scale reticle manufacturing

Discovery of Electric Field Induced Migration (EFM) below the control limits of Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) prevention has raised concerns in photomask manufacturing. We evaluated the control system by focusing on handling and processing. Using an in-situ monitoring device in combination with an ESD test reticle, we evaluated what infrastructure was necessary to accommodate new electrostatic concerns.
Feature-index-based similar shape retrieval

Efficient retrieval of images containing matching (or similar) shapes is an important problem in image database management. A few shape similarity-based image retrieval techniques have been reported in the literature. Most of these techniques are designed to deal only with images of rigid objects and cannot easily handle shape similarity-based retrieval of images of articulated objects (i.e., objects with one or more joints with movable components). Some of these techniques are incapable of handling images of overlapping and touching objects. In this paper, a new feature-index-based shape similarity-based image retrieval technique, which is capable of handling images of rigid as well as articulated objects, is proposed. The proposed technique can also retrieve images of overlapping and touching objects that satisfy the query constraints. In this approach structural components of a shape called features are represented as points in a multidimensional space. Any multidimensional point access index structure can be used to organize shape features. Given a query shape or image, a query shape feature is selected and similar (or matching) shape features belonging to images in the database are found by searching the feature index structure. If the query shape and a stored shape containing any of the retrieved matching features are found to be similar (or satisfy similarity constraints), the stored shape is included in the response to the query.
Pyruvate Decarboxylase I. PROTEIN DISSOCIATION INTO SUBUNITS UNDER CONDITIONS IN WHICH THIAMINE PYROPHOSPHATE IS RELEASED

Pyruvate decarboxylase, isolated from active dry bakers' yeast, dissociates into subunits of one-half the molecular weight at alkaline pH. This has been determined by chromatography on Sephadex G-200 over the pH range 6.5 to 8.0. The conditions at which protein dissociation is observed are the same as the conditions at which the cofactors thiamine pyrophosphate and Mg2+ are released and can be separated from the protein. When the holoenzyme is reconstituted in the presence of thiamine-PP and Mg2+ the active enzyme is a dimer of the same molecular weight as the original native enzyme. When the apoenzyme, subjected to the reconstitution procedure in the absence of thiamine-PP and Mg2+, is chromatographed on Sephadex G-200 at pH 6.5 the protein is eluted at an intermediate position, suggesting a monomer-dimer equilibrium which favors the monomer. It appears that thiamine-PP in addition to its catalytic role also functions in the formation of a stable dimer which is the active holoenzyme. The presence of a subunit association step in the reconstitution process which requires thiamine-PP and Mg2+ identifies a site which may be related to the unusual requirement for excess thiamine-PP in the reconstitution process. A method for selectively staining pyruvate decarboxylase on disc electrophoresis gels with a fuchsin staining reagent is described.
Preclinical carcinoma and dysplasia of the cervix associated with pregnancy.

Abstract This report is based on our private obstetric practice experience from 1958 through 1966. A total of 41 patients (1:190 deliveries or 1:233 discharges) were found to have carcinoma in situ (32) or dysplasia (9). Two had microinvasion. All were diagnosed by conization. Complications of conization are discussed including two related pregnancy losses. All patients with one exception were delivered vaginally. Definitive therapy consisted of conization in 70 per cent. By preserving the uterus, 10 patients subsequently became pregnant, producing 9 living babies. All patients are known to be living and well at the present time and are free of tumor as determined by examination and cytosmears.
From “Lemons” to Lemonade: Lessening the Impact of Adverse Selection through Buyer Trust

This research extends overlapping streams of research examining asymmetric information, adverse selection, and buyer trust by presenting an empirical investigation of the process by which a market for “lemons” emerges in the claiming market for thoroughbred racehorses. The study focuses attention on the potential of quality signals and buyer trust to lessen the impact of adverse selection. Incorporating concepts from economics, marketing, and psychology, a conceptual model suggests that adversely selected racehorses, distinguished by an unintentional signal from sellers to potential buyers, will be priced lower than otherwise similar racehorses perceived to be less subject to adverse selection. Data from one day of claiming races at 16 American racetracks (744 racehorses) are used to test this study hypothesis. Results provide evidence for adverse selection and a mitigating quality signal in the thoroughbred claiming market. Implications for buyers and sellers in this market, as well as more general implications, are discussed and an avenue for future research is proposed.
Study of radiation effects in /spl gamma/-ray irradiated power VDMOSFET by DCIV technique

Direct-current current-voltage (DCIV) measurement was used to monitor interface recombination currents in /sup 137/Cs /spl gamma/-ray irradiated commercial power VDMOSFETs. The data are correlated with the subthreshold I-V data and charge-pumping current data, which are obtained after various biased-annealing steps. The DCIV method is found to be a convenient technique in monitoring the radiation effects in power VDMOSFET devices. Various parameters measured with the DCIV technique are discussed in conjunction with the charge-pumping data and the data from the midgap method. A two-dimensional MOS device simulator, MINIMOS, was used to illustrate the DCIV data. The simulation results illustrate well the dependence of the measurable DCIV parameters on various radiation-induced physical parameters such as interface-trap density, fixed oxide charge density, and surface recombination velocity. A biased annealing experiment in nonirradiated virgin devices showed that the second current peak in the double peak structure of the DCIV data may be associated with the slow-frequency (300-6000 Hz) charge-pumping signal.
Drainage from water-filled crevasses along the margins of Jakobshavn Isbræ: A potential catalyst for catchment expansion

[1] Saturated crevasses occur in local depressions within the shear margins of Jakobshavn Isbrae at inflections in the ice stream's flow direction. Spatio-temporal variability of seven distinctive saturated crevasse groups was examined during the 2007 melt season. The area of saturated crevasses reached its maximum extent, ~1.8 km2, in early July, and remained largely constant until early August. Filling rates are correlated with regional melt production, while drainage rates are highly correlated with areal extent. Estimates on potential drainage volume from the largest crevasse system are ~9.23 × 10−3 km3 ± 2.15 × 10−8 km3 and ~ 4.92 × 10−2 km3 ± 3.58 × 10−8 km3, respectively, over a 16 day interval and are more than required for a distributed basal hydrologic system across this area to temporarily flood bedrock obstacles believed to control basal sliding. Future drainage events, likely extending farther inland with warming, could result in enhanced lateral mass discharge into the ice stream, with implications for the dynamic evolution of the entire basin.
Dose-response effects of aerobic exercise on estrogen among women at high risk for breast cancer: a randomized controlled trial.

Medical and surgical interventions for elevated breast cancer risk (e.g., BRCA1/2 mutation, family history) focus on reducing estrogen exposure. Women at elevated risk may be interested in less aggressive approaches to risk reduction. For example, exercise might reduce estrogen, yet has fewer serious side effects and less negative impact than surgery or hormonal medications. Randomized controlled trial. Increased risk defined by risk prediction models or BRCA mutation status. Eligibility: Age 18–50, eumenorrheic, non-smokers, and body mass index (BMI) between 21 and 50 kg/m2. 139 were randomized. Treadmill exercise: 150 or 300 min/week, five menstrual cycles. Control group maintained exercise <75 min/week. Primary outcome: Area under curve (AUC) for urinary estrogen. Secondary measures: urinary progesterone, quantitative digitized breast dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging background parenchymal enhancement. Mean age 34 years, mean BMI 26.8 kg/m2. A linear dose–response relationship was observed such that every 100 min of exercise is associated with 3.6 % lower follicular phase estrogen AUC (linear trend test, p = 0.03). No changes in luteal phase estrogen or progesterone levels. There was also a dose–response effect noted: for every 100 min of exercise, there was a 9.7 % decrease in background parenchymal enhancement as measured by imaging (linear trend test, p = 0.009). Linear dose–response effect observed to reduce follicular phase estrogen exposure measured via urine and hormone sensitive breast tissue as measured by imaging. Future research should explore maintenance of effects and extent to which findings are repeatable in lower risk women. Given the high benefit to risk ratio, clinicians can inform young women at increased risk that exercise may blunt estrogen exposure while considering whether to try other preventive therapies.
A performance measurement application for a wastewater treatment plant

Public utilities, especially water and wastewater utilities, are facing intense financial pressures and increasing costs of service. Yet, raising the rates is not an easy option. Managing better and cutting costs seem to be the preferred choices. One must measure performance to manage it. This paper illustrates the application of performance measurement at a municipal wastewater utility using the 'Profitability = Productivity + Price Recovery' (PPP) model. This model is a multi-factor productivity measurement model that uses a chained-deflation technique. It is implemented in spreadsheet software with multi-period data. The results generated and the subsequent performance trend charts would help management identify the areas of concern that may lead to possible remedial actions. This paper would be beneficial to executives interested in improving performance and the researchers interested in gaining better insights into the interrelationships among the three performance criteria.
On Whose Authority? Issues of Epistemic Authority and Injustice in the Social Justice Classroom

I have found myself thinking about this class interaction frequently. Why did Mary initially not give epistemic authority to the video created by the black woman? What made Mary question so abruptly the trustworthiness of the video's creator? Did the social location of the creator affect Mary's assessment of the trustworthiness of the creator's claims? Was Mary's questioning of the testimony presented problematic or a necessary step in the proper evaluation of testimonial evidence? All of these questions led me to consider the possible epistemic movements that occur in the social justice classroom and how a failure to assess students' reasons for or against conferring epistemic authority to marginalized authors or students could lead to immense epistemic injustices. Reflecting on this experience, I examine and provide arguments that support the possibility that Mary's initial inability to afford the video's creator epistemic authority may be due to engrained prejudice and/or systemic white ignorance regarding the credibility of the creator. Even though the instructor included many materials by marginalized people and acknowledged the epistemic privilege of such authors regarding the class topic, Mary's difficulty affording the video's creator epistemic authority may imply that privileging marginalized authors' work is not sufficient. Bat-Ami Bar On makes a similar point when she contends that the issue of epistemic authority — whose voices are given credibility — must be disconnected from the issue of epistemic privilege. 2 In this respect, it seems that epistemic authority, which is often "conferred in a social context" based on "other people's
Le traitement percutané destiné à maintenir la perméabilite des accès pour hémodialyse en prolonge avec succès la durabilité après un échec primaire

Le role du traitement endovasculaire des thromboses d'acces pour hemodialyse s'est accru malgre le peu de donnees concernant sa viabilite. Le but de cette etude etait de caracteriser les resultats d'une politique universelle de traitement endovasculaire des thromboses d'acces pour hemodialyse dans un centre medical tertiaire. Une banque de donnees concernant les malades ayant eu le traitement endovasculaire d'un acces pour hemodialyse thrombose entre 1997 et 2003 a ete mise sur pied. Une technique combinee percutanee mecanique et pharmacologique avec deux points de ponction a ete utilisee. Les donnees concernant le taux de succes, le taux de complications, la permeabilite a long terme et la presence et la topographie des stenoses ont ete colligees. Les fistulographies ont ete revues dans tous les cas pour etudier les caracteristiques des lesions et les resultats avant et apres la procedure. Les resultats ont ete standardises conformement aux criteres actuels de la Society of International Radiology et de la Society for Vascular Surgery. L'echec a ete defini comme soit une lesion anatomique necessitant un traitement soit la perte de la fonctionnalite de la fistule. Une analyse actuarielle a ete realisee pour mesurer les resultats dependant du temps. Des analyses des risques proportionnels de Cox ont ete realisees pour identifier les facteurs associes aux resultats. Les valeurs considerees sont la moyenne ± la deviation standard de la moyenne. Il y a eu 114 malades (50% d'hommes, âge moyen 58 ans, extremes 21 et 78 ans) qui se sont presentes avec 174 greffons thromboses. Le traitement a ete realise pour 237 evenements thrombotiques (mediane 2, extremes 1 et 5 evenements thrombotiques par acces pour hemodialyse). Apres thrombectomie avec succes, des stenoses anastomotiques veineuses ont ete observees dans 72% des cas et les stenoses veineuses centrales dans 18% des cas. Aucune cause n'a ete trouvee dans 10% des cas. Toutes les stenoses ont ete traitees par angioplastie par ballonnet. Le taux d'echec technique a ete de 4,6%. Le taux de mortalite de toutes causes a 30 jours a ete de 1,7% et le taux de morbidite majeure a ete 2,4%. Il y a eu 413 interventions (236 angioplasties transluminales percutanees et/ou 183 decaillotages) realisees pour maintenir la permeabilite, ce qui represente 2,3 interventions par malade. La duree moyenne de permeabilite primaire de l'acces pour hemodialyse a ete de 6,7 mois jusqu'au premier evenement thrombotique. Un traitement endoluminal agressif a ajoute une moyenne supplementaire de 12 mois de fonctionnalite (definie comme le maintien de l'acces pour hemodialyse). Une politique universelle de traitement endovasculaire des acces pour hemodialyse occlus a entraine le retablissement de la fonctionnalite chez la majorite des malades et triple la longevite fonctionnelle. De plus, meme si cette approche multiplie les procedures, elle a une faible morbidite et mortalite et preserve les futurs sites d'acces.
Determination of Thermal Spray Coating Property with Curvature Measurements

Real-time curvature measurement of a coating-substrate system during deposition has facilitated the monitoring of coating stresses and provided additional insights into thermal spray deposition mechanisms. However, the non-equilibrium state of coating formation along with harsh spray booth environment introduces complexity not only in data interpretation but also in the coating properties estimation. In this paper, a new procedure is proposed to estimate the elastic modulus of thermal sprayed ceramic coatings using in situ curvature and temperature measurements. In order to correlate the measurable parameters to coating elastic modulus, a systematic study is conducted to develop a suitable methodology. First, various finite element model analyses are carried out to formulate suitable relations between the measurements and elastic modulus. Subsequently, experiments are conducted to validate the procedure to estimate coating moduli. The results are compared with more accurate measurements obtained from post-deposition characterization technique under low temperature thermal cycles. The comparison suggests that the moduli estimated using the proposed procedure are in good agreements with those obtained from the post-deposition technique. Further, the nonlinear response of coatings are evaluated from the estimated moduli during deposition and cool down, which offer additional information on the characteristics of thermal spray coatings.
Characterization of Hydrodynamic Surface Interactions of Escherichia coli Cell Bodies in Shear Flow

We experimentally demonstrate that nonflagellated Escherichia coli strains follow modified Jeffery orbits in shear flow near a surface. We fully characterize their Jeffery orbits as a function of their aspect ratios and distance from that surface. Thanks to the linearity of Navier-Stokes equations under low-Reynolds-number conditions, the hydrodynamic body-wall interactions described here can be superimposed with flagellar motility and Brownian motion to construct models that explain the full picture of bacterial motility near a surface under shear flow.
A Theoretical Study of Large Planar (N)Phenylenes

Ab initio studies of 14 [N]phenylenes containing 12-membered rings furnish geometries, energies, standard heats of formation, NICS(1) values, and proton chemical shifts. The extent of double-bond localization, DeltaR (in A), for each type of the 58 unique six-membered rings-angular, branched, and terminal-varies linearly with both their NICS(1) values and proton resonances. Values of these parameters depend upon the number and type of neighboring rings. DeltaRtot, the molecular sum of the bond localizations, correlates linearly with the ab initio energy and heat of formation. Reactions that conserve the numbers of angular, branched, terminal, and 12-membered rings are thermoneutral, and their net DeltaRtot and DeltaNICS(1) are also nearly zero.
Analysis of publications and citations from a geophysics research institute

We here perform an analysis of all 1128 publications produced by scientists during their employment at the University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, a geophysical research laboratory founded in 1972 that currently employs 23 Ph.D.-level scientists. We thus assess research performance using as bibliometric indicators such statistics as publications per year, citations per paper, and cited half-lives. To characterize the research style of individual scientists and to obtain insight into the origin of certain publication-counting discrepancies, we classified the 1128 publications into four categories that differed significantly with respect to statistics such as lifetime citation rates, fraction of papers never-cited after 10 years, and cited half-life. The categories were: mainstream (prestige journal) publications—32.6 lifetime cit/pap, 2.4% never cited, and 6.9 year half-life; archival (other refereed)—12.0 lifetime cit/pap. 21.5% never cited, and 9.5 years half-life; articles published as proceedings of conferences—5.4 lifetime cit/pap, 26.6% never cited, and 5.4 years half-life; and “other” publications (news articles, book reviews, etc.)—4.2 lifetime cit/pap, 57.1% never cited, and 1.9 years half-life. Because determining cited half-lives is highly similar to a well-studied phenomenon in earthquake seismology, which was familiar to us, we thoroughly evaluate five different methods for determining the cited half-life and discuss the robustness and limitations of the various methods. Unfortunately, even when data are numerous the various methods often obtain very different values for the half-life. Our preferred method determines half-life from the ratio of citations appearing in back-to-back 5-year periods. We also evaluate the reliability of the citation count data used for these kinds of analysis and conclude that citation count data are often imprecise. All observations suggest that reported differences in cited half-lives must be quite large to be significant.
Autoionizing states of the hydrogen atom in strong magnetic fields

For a hydrogen atom in a uniform magnetic field in the range $B\ensuremath{\approx}2.35\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{8}\ensuremath{-}2.35\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{9}$ G we have calculated the energies and widths of resonant states which can autoionize by decay of a Landau excitation. The autoionization widths are quite large with some lifetimes as short as ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ sec. The widths decrease with increasing azimuthal quantum number $|m|$, hydrogenic quantum number, or magnetic field strength. With decreasing field strength the lower resonances approach the ionization threshold which they cross with finite width and a pseudoresonance structure of finite width persists below threshold in the quantum defects of the bound states. Because of the finite widths, there are no approximate level crossings as these resonances cross the ionization threshold.
Manifestly covariant, gauge-invariant interacting closed-string field theory

We argue that Witten's covariant open-string field theory already implies its covariant closed-string field theory analog. The respective analog closedstring field theory is explicitly exhibited.
Electrospun polyacrylonitrile/zinc chloride composite nanofibers and their response to hydrogen sulfide

Abstract In this work, we explore the electrospinning of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/zinc(II) chloride (ZnCl 2 ) composite nanofibers and the response of these nanofibers to hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S). Solution properties, including surface tension, viscosity, and conductivity, have been measured and integrated with the results of a variety of other analytical techniques to investigate the effects of ZnCl 2 salt on the structure and thermal properties of electrospun nanofibers. It is found that the addition of ZnCl 2 reduces the diameter and inhibits the instantaneous cyclization reaction of these nanofibers. Additionally, exposing PAN/ZnCl 2 fibers to H 2 S leads to the formation of PAN/zinc sulfide (ZnS) composite nanofibers that contain ZnS crystals on the surface. These results indicate that PAN/ZnCl 2 composite nanofibers could find applications in H 2 S sensing and removal, or as precursors for semiconductor ZnS-coated polymer nanofibers.
The native subunit pattern of tropomyosin

Tropomyosin is a rod-shaped protein with a molecular weight of 66 000-68 000 and is composed of two parallel, a-helical polypeptide chains [l-3]. It aggregates in vivo in head-to-tail fashion and lies in the grooves of the double-stranded F-actin filaments [4]. Each chain has a regular series of hydrophobic amino acid residues which are believed to interact with corresponding hydrophobes on the opposing chain, stabilizing the coiled-coil structure [ 51. Analysis of the subunits on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel has revealed that there are two types designated as (Y (the 34 000 dalton species) and /3 (the 36 000 dalton chain) with the ratio of (Y to fl vary ing with the type of muscle and species [6]. The nature of the assembly of the two subunit chains is unclear. It has been shown that (YCY and &3 tropomyosins formed in vitro possessed biological activity equivalent to unfractionated tropomyosin [6]. However, hydroxylapatite chromatography separated tropomyosin into CKI and o/3, or single-band and double-band tropomyosins respectively, based on SDS polyacrylamide gels [7,8]. Subsequent rechromatography of the OQ fraction failed to produce further separation into IY and /.I components. Thus, whether the subunits are assembled as (Y(Y and /30, a(~ and ~$3, or a(~, ~$3, and @I dimers remains to be determined. We have used the techniques of Stewart [9], Johnson and Smillie [lo] , and Lehrer [ 111 to form disulfide bonds between the opposing sulfhydryls on each chain of tropomyosin in order to define the subunit pairing in skeletaland smooth-muscle tropomyosins. The results indicate that adult skeletal-muscle
In Search of Stability: Explorations in Historical Political Economy

Acknowledgments Introduction: political economy and history Part I. Ideology and Economics from World War I to Midcentury: 1. Society as factory 2. The economics of fascism and Nazism 3. The politics of productivity 4. The two postwar eras and the conditions for stability in twentieth-century Western Europe Part II. Collective Preferences and Public Outcomes: 5. The politics of inflation in the twentieth century 6. 'Fictitious bonds ... of wealth and law': on the theory and practice of interest representation Conclusion Index.
Use of penile implants in the constructed neophallus

Creation of a neophallus in cases of loss of the penis or female to male trans-sexual is a challenge. The forearm flap is the most popular method used. A penile implant may be placed at the original procedure or at a later date to provide support for intercourse. The hydraulic nondistally expanding types provide the best support with less chance of distal erosion. Covering the device with cadaver pericardium or porcine small intestinal submucosa has been helpful in creating a neocorpus cavernosum.
The non-neutral plasma: an introduction to physics with relevance to cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Abstract The non-neutral plasma has been used as a valuable experimental medium separately by a generation of physicists and chemists. This work provides an introduction to the field of non-neutral plasma physics and reviews those findings that apply to the practice of cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. We begin with fundamental concepts and definitions and continue in the logical order with characterizations of the equilibrium state, transport to equilibrium, and lastly the modes and waves supported by an unneutralized charge cloud. Because the emphasis throughout is placed on an intuitive presentation of the physics with relevance specifically to mass spectrometry, numerous citations to more complete work are provided.
Kerr constants of amides and peptides

Molar Kerr contants mK have been determined for N-methylacetamide, N-ethyl-acatamide, N-methylpropionamide, N-acetylglycine-N′-methylamide, N-acetyl-L-ala-nine-N′-methylamide, and N-acetyl-L-leucine-N′-methylamide from electric birefringence measurements on dilute solutions in dioxane. The resultes are compared with configurational averatges 〈mK〉 calculated on the basis of conformational energies. Values ofmK calculated for various fixed confromations on the peptides vary over a wide range depending on the choice of conformation; hece, the configurational averages 〈mK〉 are sensitive to smalll changes in the conformational enerey. Kerr constants are calculated for random coiled oligoglycine and oligoalanine peptides as functions of chain length. The Kerr constant is an especially acute index of the average conformation.
Organization of computing and information services for maximum flexibility and utility: an institutional perspective

I would like to preface my remarks by reminding us of some pertinent comments made by Peter Drucker in his 1974 book, Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices (Harper & Row, 1974). He devoted a short part of that volume to a discussion of service organizations. In discussing computer and information services in colleges and universities, we deal with a service organization within a service organization.
The stability of cardiovascular parameters under different behavioral challenges: one-year follow-up

Abstract The stability of myocardial, peripheral vascualar and systolic time-interval measures was assessed over a one-year period in a sample of ten healthy normotensive men. Subjects participated in three laboratory sessions, the first two of which were two weeks apart, and the third approximately one year later. Measures were sampled during the preparation and delivery of a speech, a mirror star tracing task, and the forehead cold pressor test. The results of intraclass correlations computed between the mean of the first two sessions and the third showed that baseline and task levels were highly reproducible across all tasks and most parameters over the one year interval. Results also showed that the long term stability of delta is largely task-dependent.
Phase I evaluation of intravenous difluoromethylornithine — a polyamine inhibitor

Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), a non-competitive inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine synthetic pathway was evaluated in a Phase I trial. Intravenous DFMO was given to twenty patients with refractory leukemia by continuous infusion in doses from 5.5 to 64 g/m2. Toxicity clearly attributable to the drug was not severe and other than nausea and vomiting did not increase with dose. The previously reported ototoxicity which occurred with the oral form appeared to be less frequent. Loss of hearing which improved when the drug was stopped was seen in four patients, three of whom were simultaneously receiving aminoglycosides. Anorexia occurred in some patients at all doses. Vomiting, necessitating dosage reduction, was a significant problem at the highest dose administered. No patient achieved a remission but there was stabilization or decrease in circulating blast cells in several patients. This growth inhibition did not appear to be dosage related.
Postoperative Headache in Acoustic Neuroma

Recently, it has become obvious that disabling postoperative headache is a major problem with acoustic neuroma surgery. A questionnaire was used to retrospectively evaluate the incidence, clinical features, prognosis and possible therapeutic measures of this particular form of headache. Forty-two percent (42%) of patients had some headache prior to surgery but this was not a major complaint. After surgery, 75% of patients experienced headache. Only 24% had complete relief of headache. A very gradual improvement of the pain occurred in 32%. Pathogenesis remains unclear, but clinical characteristics of the headache suggest a combination of tension-type, neuralgic and vascular components. Postoperative pain occurs mostly around the surgical site suggesting that this type of headache is the result of surgical trauma. A prospective long-term study is needed to delineate this condition further. Some therapeutic suggestions are offered.
Plasmon resonant molecular sensing with single gold nanostars

Here we describe the application of single star-shaped gold nanoparticles (nanostars) for localized surface plasmon resonant (LSPR) sensing. The gold nanostars were fabricated by a modified seed-mediated, surfactant-directed nanoparticle synthesis which is known to produce gold nanorods in high yield. Due to the sample heterogeneity, single nanostars were studied by dark-field microspectroscopy. The single particle spectra demonstrate that the plasmon resonances of single gold nanostars are extremely sensitive to the local dielectric environment, yielding sensitivities as high as 1.41 eV photon energy shift per refractive index unit. To test their properties as molecular sensors, single nanostar spectra were monitored upon exposure to alkane thiols (mercaptohexadecanoic acid) and a proteins (bovine serum albumin) known to bind gold surfaces. The observed shifts are consistent with the effects of these molecular layers on the surface plasmon resonances in continuous gold films. The results suggest that LSPR sensing with single nanoparticles is analogous to the well developed field surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors, and will push the limits of sensitivity.
Continuous Time Representation Approach to Batch and Continuous Process Scheduling. 2. Computational Issues

The first part of this series presented a general mathematical framework for describing a wide variety of scheduling problems arising in multiproduct/multipurpose batch and continuous chemical plants. The problem was formulated as a large mixed integer nonlinear programming model (MINLP). A technique that exploits the characteristics of the problem in order to reduce the amount of required computation is reported. The technique is based on the Bayesian heuristic (BH) approach to discrete optimization. The BH approach allows incorporation of different heuristics into the solution process. A material requirement planning (MRP) heuristic is employed in the work reported herein. Computational examples are presented to illustrate the applicability of the method to the scheduling of multipurpose plants under a variety of operational conditions.
Photochemistry of “Super” Photoacids. 3. Excited-State Proton Transfer from Perfluoroalkylsulfonyl-Substituted 2-Naphthols1

As a continuation of our efforts in the synthesis and investigation of novel “super” photoacids, in this article we report on the effect of fluoroalkanesulfonyl groups on the photoacidity of 2-naphthol. These groups, known to be the strongest electron-withdrawing substituents, were expected to increase the photoacidity to a greater extent as compared to previously described cyano- and methanesulfonyl groups. Indeed, we have found that 6-perfluoromethylsulfonyl-2-naphthol (6F3) is more acidic in the ground state and noticeably more acidic in the excited state than is previously synthesized 6-cyano-2-naphthol. The unusually short fluorescence lifetimes of the naphthol and the conjugated anion, which are explained by effective resonance/intramolecular charge transfer, mask the extended photoacidity of 6F3. Photochemical investigations of 6-perfluorohexylsulfonyl-2-naphthol (6F13) in protic solvents are complicated by aggregation.
Synthesis of novel polyazadipyridinocyclophane scaffolds and their application for the generation of libraries

Abstract Six novel, asymmetric, 19- to 26-membered polyazadipyridinocyclophane scaffolds 1–6 have been synthesized in high yields by an efficient cyclization of ditosylate 39 with the appropriate six fully protected triamines 40–45 , followed by removing the 2-nitrobenzenesulfonyl protecting groups. Intermediate 39 was synthesized by the Mitsunobu reaction of 2-nitrobenzenesulfonamide ( 37 ) with 2,6-pyridinedimethanol ( 36 ), and a subsequent tosylation of the resulted diol 38 . The fully protected asymmetric triamines 41 and 43 were prepared from the corresponding commercially available triamines 52 and 53 . A new synthetic route was developed for the synthesis of the protected asymmetric triamines 44 and 45 . All reactions were carried out at room temperature in high yields. The reaction of t -Boc-protected scaffold 1 , having three reactive sites, with nine benzylic bromides and bromoacetonitrile, using a solution phase simultaneous addition of functionalities combinatorial strategy, gave t -Boc-protected library 7 containing 1000 compounds. Deprotection of library 7 generated the intermediate library 8 with one reactive site. Subsequent reactions at the unsubstituted position of 8 with various functionalities by four types of reactions gave sixteen final libraries 9–24 . Libraries 7–24 have different functionalities at the fixed position, and each of them contains 1000 compounds. The reaction of scaffold 2 , having four reactive sites without protecting groups, with six sets of polar functionalities afforded eleven diverse libraries 25–35 containing 625 compounds in each library. Totally, twenty-nine libraries containing 24875 compounds were obtained. Eight libraries exhibited antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli imp − and Streptococcus pyogenes with the MIC's of 2 to 10–50 μM. Seven libraries disrupted HIV-1 tat/TAR protein-RNA interactions with IC 50 's as low as 0.08 μM.
Photodissociation of mass-selected clusters: solvated metal ions

ABSTRACT Wepresent a study of the photodissociation spectra of Sr solvated by the polar molecules H20 andNH3. Mass selection allows us to control the number of solvent molecules bound to the metal center. Theelectronic spectra are interpreted using ligand field and charge transfer concepts. For clusters with NH3 asthe solvent, the spectra undergo large red shifts with increasing cluster size, with absorption maxima moving from 590 nm for n=1 to 1.4 for n=6. Absolute cross section measurements show that ( r ) for the valence electron increases by a factor of nearly 20 as n increases from 1 to 5. This increase is confirmed inmolecular dynamics simulations by Martyna and Klein, suggesting that the initial stages of ionization andsolvation involve Rydberg state formation.2. INTRODUCTIONClusters have often been proposed as ideal models for studying the transition from the atomic ormolecular limit to the bulk. Described as a "fifth state of matter" lying between the gas and condensed phase
Built-in test for RAMs

A built-in test structure is described that is based on the ATS algorithmic test sequence, which provides the shortest possible test for stuck-at faults in a random-access memory (RAM). An initialization step has been added to ATS that allows the modified procedure to detect bit-rail faults. In the test mode, the memory address register is converted to a count-by-three circuit controlled by a four-latch test sequencer. A simple data-compare circuit is placed on the RAM outputs to detect faults. >