cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract on forage intake, site of digestion, in situ degradability, and duodenal amino acid flow in steers grazing cool-season pasture

Ten ruminally and duodenally cannulated (326 +/- 28 kg) and four esophageally fistulated (394 +/- 23 kg) steers grazing cool-season pasture throughout the growing season were used to evaluate the influence of Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract (AO) supplementation on intake, forage nutrient utilization, and duodenal amino acid flow. Steers grazed a predominantly smooth brome (Bromus inermis L.) pasture, and measurements were taken in three periods (June, July, and August). Steers were dosed daily at 0700 via the ruminal cannula with AO (2 g of AO per steer daily; DM basis) or not supplemented with AO. Each period consisted of 18 d for adaption to AO and 7 d for collection. Forage N was greater, and ADF was lower (P .10) by AO supplementation. In vitro DM digestibility (percentage) and forage OM intake (grams/kilogram of BW) were greater (P < .10) for steers supplemented with AO. Ruminal and total tract NDF and ADF digestibilities were lower in June and greater during July (P < .10) in steers supplemented with AO. Total tract percentage of N disappearance was lesser during June and greater (P < .10) during July for steers receiving AO. Total, essential, and nonessential amino acid flows were increased (P < .10) by both AO supplementation and advancing season. In situ rate of ruminal CP degradation was not affected (P < .10) by treatment during any period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Positionality in public service interpreting research

Abstract : Research on public service interpreting employs a number of methods to examine a range of variables, from specific linguistic and paralinguistic variables to spatial positioning, agency, and ethics. These methods, however, require explicit recognition of the researcher’s positionality in order to ensure appropriate data analysis and interpretation of results. This article examines the unique aspects of the interpreting studies research that requires reflection when conducting work in this area. Two specific types of bias, namely social desirability bias and the Hawthorne effect, are discussed in detail to illustrate the type of reflective practice required to ensure valid, reliable, and credible results. The article concludes with a brief reflection on how positionality may be a starting point for discussion surrounding the agency of the researcher. Resumen: La investigacion en interpretacion en los servicios publicos utiliza varios metodos para examinar distintas variables, entre las cuales se incluyen elementos linguisticos y paralinguisticos, el posicionamiento espacial, la agencia y la etica. No obstante, dichos metodos requieren un reconocimiento explicito de la posicionalidad del investigador para asegurar el adecuado analisis de los datos y una interpretacion apropiada de los resultados. Este articulo examina los aspectos particulares de la investigacion dedicada a los estudios de la interpretacion que requieren reflexion al investigar en este campo. En concreto, se tratan dos tipos de sesgos —el sesgo de deseabilidad social y el efecto Hawthorne— para ilustrar la clase de practica reflexiva que se requiere para posibilitar resultados fiables y validos. Se concluye con un comentario sobre como la posicionalidad puede constituir un punto de partida para discutir la agencia del investigador/a.
Variation Among Surgeons Regarding the Use of Preoperative Antibiotics in Percutaneous Pinning Procedures of the Upper Extremity in the Pediatric Population

Background: Preoperative antibiotics may not be necessary, given the very low infection rates associated with percutaneous pinning (PP) procedures of the upper extremity (UE). The purpose of this study was to determine the patterns and variation surrounding the use of preoperative antibiotics when performing PP procedures of the child's UE. Methods: A survey was sent to all members of Pediatric Orthopedic Society of North America to assess the use and opinions regarding preoperative antibiotics for PP procedures of the UE. Queries included the surgeon's current practice and thoughts regarding the need for preoperative antibiotics based on the anatomical location of the procedure. Results: Eight-one percent of the 295 respondents routinely order preoperative antibiotics for all PP procedures of the UE; however, only 60% felt that all patients must receive preoperative antibiotics. The requirement for preoperative antibiotics varied based on the anatomical location-81% for shoulder, 70% for elbow, 66% for wrist, and 62% for hand/finger. Canadian surgeons were significantly less likely to believe that preoperative antibiotics must be used in all UE cases, all shoulder cases, and all elbow cases (all Ps = .04). Conclusion: The vast majority (81%) of surgeons surveyed routinely prescribe antibiotics for PP procedures of the UE despite the fact that 40% of surgeons felt that antibiotics were not necessary for all procedures. As the PP procedure is performed more distally on the UE, fewer surgeons feel preoperative antibiotics are necessary. Future studies assessing infection rates with and without the use of preoperative antibiotics are necessary to determine the true need for these medications.
Inherently Functionalized Carbon from Lipid and Protein-Rich Biomass to Reduce Ultraviolet-Induced Damages in Bituminous Materials.

This paper examines the merits of using an inherently functionalized carbon, referred to as biochar as a free radical scavenger. The biochar was made from thermochemical liquefaction of a blend of ...
Incentives Needed for Low-Cost Fair Lateral Data Reuse

A central goal of algorithmic fairness is to build systems with fairness properties that compose gracefully. A major effort and step towards this goal in data science has been the development offair representations which guarantee demographic parity under sequential composition by imposing ademographic secrecy constraint. In this work, we elucidate limitations of demographically secret fair representations and propose a fresh approach to potentially overcome them by incorporating information about parties' incentives into fairness interventions. Specifically, we show that in a stylized model, it is possible to relax demographic secrecy to obtainincentive-compatible representations, where rational parties obtain exponentially greater utilities vis-a-vis any demographically secret representation and satisfy demographic parity. These substantial gains are recovered not from the well-knowncost of fairness, but rather from acost of demographic secrecy which we formalize and quantify for the first time. We further show that the sequential composition property of demographically secret representations is not robust to aggregation. Our results open several new directions for research in fair composition, fair machine learning and algorithmic fairness.
Confining properties of a gas of Z(2) vortices

Abstract Vortex solutions are studied in an SO(3) gauge theory spontaneously broken to SO(2). These vortices have a Z(2) magnetic charge. A dilute gas of Z(2) vortices is studied taking into account vortex-vortex interactions. By going to a dual representation we show that odd charges are confined with a string tension which decreases exponentially with the inverse coupling.
Conversion to an electronic missing medication request system at an academic medical center.

Missing medications can negatively contribute to the financial and operational workflows of pharmacy departments and add medication safety challenges. The missing medication request (MMR) system at...
Take me into the ball game: an examination of a brief psychological skills training and mindfulness-based intervention with baseball players

Baseball is considered to be a mentally demanding sport requiring effective management of psychological factors. Stress management, resilience, coping, flow and mindfulness have shown to be related...
KLF4 Regulates Metabolic Homeostasis in Response to Stress.

Cancerous cells are detrimental to the human body and can be incredibly resilient against treatments because of the complexities of molecular carcinogenic pathways. In particular, cancer cells are able to sustain increased growth under metabolic stress due to phenomena like the Warburg effect. Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), a context-dependent transcription factor that can act as both a tumor suppressor and an oncogene, is involved in many molecular pathways that respond to low glucose and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), raising the question of its role in metabolic stress as a result of increased proliferation of tumor cells. In this study, metabolic assays were performed, showing enhanced efficiency of energy production in cells expressing KLF4. Western blotting showed that KLF4 increases the expression of essential glycolytic proteins. Furthermore, we used immunostaining to show that KLF4 increases the localization of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) to the cellular membrane. 2′,7′-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCF-DA) was used to analyze the production of ROS, and we found that KLF4 reduces stress-induced ROS within cells. Finally, we demonstrated increased autophagic death in KLF4-expressing cells in response to glucose starvation. Collectively, these results relate KLF4 to non-Warburg metabolic behaviors that support its role as a tumor suppressor and could make KLF4 a target for new cancer treatments.
Using Insights from Teachers to Inform Online Professional Development in Early Literacy Instruction

This thematic analysis utilizes teacher insights from their experiences in an online professional development (PD) course on early reading instruction to determine course design features educators ...
Weight-Making Practices Among Jockeys: An Update and Review of the Emergent Scientific Literature

Numerous publications have described the behaviors employed by professional jockeys on a daily basis to achieve and maintain a minimum racing weight. This narrative review provides an update of recent publications that report on the impact of such practices. Although rapid weight-loss techniques such as calorie restriction and dehydration are commonly thought to be deleterious to jockeys, little evidence exists of enduring health consequences. There is evidence to suggest that jockey training behaviors and dietary choices are not aligned with optimum preparation for the physiological demands of the sport. Further research is necessary to better measure the health impact of jockey weight-making behaviors; such data might guide reforms of athlete behavior and regulatory practices within the global sport of horse racing.
Identification of genes differentially expressed between a somatotrope and a lactotrope pituitary cell lines by representational difference analysis

Abstract The molecular and cellular processes leading to the development and differentiation of the anterior pituitary gland is well characterized both in rodents and in human and rely on the highly regulated expression of transcription and growth factors. Yet regulatory mechanisms and signature molecules implicated in postnatal pituitary homeostasis, cell activation in physiological conditions and uncontrolled cell proliferation leading to pituitary tumorigenesis are still evasive and mediators of these events are still missing. To address this issue, representational difference analysis was applied to two established tumoral rodent cell lines, the GC cells secreting growth hormone and the 235-1 cells producing prolactin. A limited number of genes were expressed in only one cell line and not in the other. Several genes implicated in cell fate determination (Mb21d2, Gpc4, Creg1 and Wls) were identified. Their function in somatotrope or lactotrope cell specification remains to be determined. Half of the genes detected by RDA are potential candidate genes for pituitary tumorigenesis as they are implicated in signaling pathways associated with cell proliferation, oncogenic or tumor-suppressor function, epithelial to mesemchymal transition or invasiveness. These poorly characterized genes may encode new biomarkers relevant to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with the development, proliferation or invasiveness of pituitary adenomas. The specific role of these new genes in the context of pituitary cell homeostasis or tumorigenesis will required further investigation as some of the identified genes were not reported to be associated with pituitary function in normal or pathological condition. The present work identified new genes encoding potential biomarkers that could turned out to be key intrinsic factors in pituitary tumorigenesis and molecular therapeutic targets in the treatment of human pituitary adenomas.
Investigating the role of low level reinforcement reflex loops in insect locomotion.

Insects are highly capable walkers, but many questions remain regarding how the insect nervous system controls locomotion. One particular question is how information is communicated between the 'lower level' ventral nerve cord (VNC) and the 'higher level' head ganglia to facilitate control. In this work, we seek to explore this question by investigating how systems traditionally described as 'positive feedback' may initiate and maintain stepping in the VNC with limited information exchanged between lower and higher level centers. We focus on the 'reflex reversal' of the stick insect femur-tibia joint between a resistance reflex (RR) and an active reaction in response to joint flexion, as well as the activation of populations of descending dorsal median unpaired (desDUM) neurons from limb strain as our primary reflex loops. We present the development of a neuromechanical model of the stick insect (Carausius morosus) femur-tibia (FTi) and coxa-trochanter joint control networks 'in-the-loop' with a physical robotic limb. The control network generates motor commands for the robotic limb, whose motion and forces generate sensory feedback for the network. We based our network architecture on the anatomy of the non-spiking interneuron joint control network that controls the FTi joint, extrapolated network connectivity based on known muscle responses, and previously developed mechanisms to produce 'sideways stepping'. Previous studies hypothesized that RR is enacted by selective inhibition of sensory afferents from the femoral chordotonal organ, but no study has tested this hypothesis with a model of an intact limb. We found that inhibiting the network's flexion position and velocity afferents generated a reflex reversal in the robot limb's FTi joint. We also explored the intact network's ability to sustain steady locomotion on our test limb. Our results suggested that the reflex reversal and limb strain reinforcement mechanisms are both necessary but individually insufficient to produce and maintain rhythmic stepping in the limb, which can be initiated or halted by brief, transient descending signals. Removing portions of this feedback loop or creating a large enough disruption can halt stepping independent of the higher-level centers. We conclude by discussing why the nervous system might control motor output in this manner, as well as how to apply these findings to generalized nervous system understanding and improved robotic control.
Hepatopancreatobiliary readmission score out performs administrative LACE+ index as a predictive tool of readmission.

BACKGROUND This study aims to compare the LACE + readmission index to a novel hepatopancreatobiliary readmission risk score (HRRS) in predicting post-operative hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) cancer patient readmissions. METHODS A retrospective review of 104 postoperative HPB cancer patients from January 2017 to July of 2019 was performed. Univariable and multivariable analyses were utilized. RESULTS The LACE + index did not predict 30-day (OR 1.01, 95% CI, 0.97-1.05, p = 0.81, c-statistic = 0.52) or 90-day (OR 1.02, 95% CI, 0.98-1.05, p = 0.43) readmission. Patients readmitted within 30 days had significantly increased HRRS scores compared to those who were not (0 vs 34, p < 0.001). A single unit increase in HRRS corresponded to a 6.5% increased risk of readmission; (OR 1.065, 95% CI, 1.038-1.094, p < 0.0001). HRRS independently predicted 30-day (OR 1.07, 95% CI, 1.04-1.11, p < 0.0001) and 90-day postoperative readmission (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.03-1.08, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS HRRS better predicts postoperative readmissions for HPB surgical patients compared to LACE+. Accurate assessment of postoperative readmission must include readmission scores focused on clinically relevant perioperative parameters.
Using AI to Predict Patient's Atypical Prescription Based on Individual's Feature-Set.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) The goal of this project is to train unsupervised machine learning (ML) models to cluster patients into different groups based on their individual features (such as morphology, cancer stage, treatment intent, site location, etc.). Then, we use the distribution of the prescription - Rx (number of fractions times dose per fraction) within each cluster to establish typical Rx values as well as less frequent values. In clinical setting, a new patient's Rx can then be flagged if it does not fall into the typical range of Rx for the individual patient's feature-set. Additionally, the value of Rx is predicted with supervised ML models. This AI computed value can be compared against the clinical Rx to create an additional flag if there is a significant relative deviation. We aim to implement an automatic mechanism based on this ML model along with visualization tools to assist peer review during weekly chart rounds in order to provide extra safety for patients by flagging the infrequent used Rx. MATERIALS/METHODS We queried all radiation oncology patients from the electronic patient information management system treated between 01/01/2007 to 01/01/2021 (14 years of retrospective data) at our institution. Based on their diagnostic code (ICD9/ICD10 code), we categorize the patients into different disease groups (i.e., prostate, H&N, CNS patients and etc.) for various disease specific model training. Several clustering models (k-means, hierarchical) were applied to cluster patients into different groups based on their individual features, which includes morphology code, treatment intent, treatment techniques, treatment type (initial or cone down), TNM stage, treatment site and etc.). Then, supervised ML models (Random Forest Regression) were applied to predict each group's Rx distribution, which gives an estimate of the most frequent and least frequent Rx range within the group. A data pipeline was developed and then applied to prostate patients for initial testing. RESULTS We applied agglomerative clustering to the prostate group and found natural partitions of the patients into k = 2-5 clusters. Observation of the Rx in different clusters showed that each cluster had distinct characteristic Rx's. We plotted the Rx distribution for each feature, the scatterplot of Rx against each feature, and Rx distribution for selected feature-sets for visualization. The supervised prediction results are pending. CONCLUSION This initial prostate ML model along with visualization tools can flag the Rx that are atypical for a particular cluster for further investigation in order to improve the efficiency of peer review process. This further investigation could result in detecting anomaly Rx therefore providing extra safety for patients.
Public Policy and the Development of High Speed Trains in France and the United States

France and the United States have pursued dramatically different policies to facilitate the growth of high speed rail transport. In France, central state planners have orchestrated the development of high speed train services, while in the United States that task has been left to entrepreneurs and state and local governments. The difference is surprising in the light of the fact that passenger rail transport is a state monopoly in both countries.
Atmospheric Corrosion and Precipitation Runoff From Zinc and Zinc Alloys Surfaces

The long-term atmospheric corrosion performance of rolled zinc and three thermal-sprayed (TS) zinc materials (Zn, Zn-15Al, and Al-12Zn-0.2In) was characterized by measuring corrosion product concentrations in precipitation runoff at coastal marine and inland sites. Corrosion rates and average zinc concentrations in the runoff were greater at the site having higher annual rainfall. Higher chloride concentrations did not seem to affect either the corrosion rates or the zinc concentrations in the runoff at the coastal site compared to those of the inland site. Zinc runoff concentrations were higher for TS Zn than rolled zinc due to the greater surface area of the thermal-sprayed surface. Average cumulative zinc runoff losses for the two sites were: 64 {micro}mol Zn/L for TS Zn, 37 {micro}mol Zn/L for rolled Zn, 24 {micro}mol Zn/L for TS Zn-15Al, and 1.8 {micro}mol Zn/L for TS Al-12Zn-0.2In. Cumulative zinc runoff losses were directly related both to the precipitation rate and to the availability of Zn in metal surfaces, a consequence of surface roughness and surface chemistry properties of the metal.
Supersymmetric grand unification under siege: Proton lifetime upper bound

SO(10) supersymmetric (SUSY) grand unified theories provide a beautiful framework for physics beyond the standard model. Experimental measurements of the three gauge couplings are consistent with unification at a scale ${M}_{G}\ensuremath{\sim}3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{16}$ GeV. In addition, predictive models for fermion masses and mixing angles have been found which fit the low energy data, including the recent data for neutrino oscillations. SO(10) boundary conditions can be tested via the spectrum of superparticles. The simplest models also predict neutron and proton decay rates. In this paper we discuss nucleon decay rates and obtain reasonable upper bounds. A clear picture of the allowed SUSY spectra as constrained by nucleon decay is presented.
Krukenberg tumor with androgenic and progestational activity

Abstract 1. 1. A case of metastatic tumor to the ovary from the sigmoid is presented. The patient had signs and symptoms of androgen stimulation; morphologic evidence of progestagen stimulation was found in the uterus. 2. 2. The signs and symptoms of androgen stimulation regressed following surgical removal of the ovarian tumors and did not recur when subsequent widespread and fatal metastases developed. 3. 3. Chemical studies revealed a fall in urinary 17-ketosteroid excretion and a rise in pituitary gonadotropin measured as follicle-stimulating hormone following operation. These observations are consistent with the removal of an androgen-secreting tumor. 4. 4. The stroma of the tumor exhibited an intense theca-lutein reaction with pronounced sudanophilia. It is inferred that these luteinized cells were the source of both androgens and progestagens. Steps involved in biosynthesis of sex steroids are outlined and a possible mechanism to explain unusual patterns of hormone secretion suggested. 5. 5. The advisability of securing a urine specimen prior to operation for comparison with a postoperative specimen is stressed.
Pharmacodynamics of insulin detemir and insulin glargine assessed by an isoglycemic clamp method in healthy cats.

Background: Insulin detemir and insulin glargine are synthetic long-acting insulin analogs. In people, insulin glargine is longer acting and has a relatively flat time-action profile, while insulin detemir has significantly less within-subject variability. Insulin detemir is also associated with less undesired weight gain and decreased frequency of hypoglycemic events. Objectives: To compare the pharmacodynamics of insulin detemir and insulin glargine in healthy cats. Animals: Ten young, healthy, neutered, purpose-bred cats. Methods: Randomized, cross-over design. Pharmacodynamics of insulin detemir and insulin glargine were determined by the isoglycemic clamp method after a 0.5 U/kg SC injection. Results: The only significant difference in the pharmacodynamics of insulin detemir and insulin glargine was onset of action (1.8 ± 0.8 and 1.3 ± 0.5 hours for insulin detemir and insulin glargine, respectively, P= .03). End of action of insulin detemir was reached at 13.5 ± 3.5 hours and for insulin glargine at 11.3 ± 4.5 hours (P= .18). Time-to-peak action of insulin detemir was reached at 6.9 ± 3.1 hours and for insulin glargine at 5.3 ± 3.8 hours (P= .7). The time-action curves of both insulin analogs varied between relatively flat curves in some cats and peaked curves in others. Conclusion and Clinical Importance: Insulin detemir and insulin glargine have shorter durations of action than in people when assessed by the clamp method, but in some cats these insulin analogs could be useful as once-a-day drugs. Peak effects of both insulin analogs are pronounced in some cats.
Tec Kinases in T Cell and Mast Cell Signaling

The Tec family of tyrosine kinases consists of five members (Itk, Rlk, Tec, Btk, and Bmx) that are expressed predominantly in hematopoietic cells. The exceptions, Tec and Bmx, are also found in endothelial cells. Tec kinases constitute the second largest family of cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinases. While B cells express Btk and Tec, and T cells express Itk, Rlk, and Tec, all four of these kinases (Btk, Itk, Rlk, and Tec) can be detected in mast cells. This chapter will focus on the biochemical and cell biological data that have been accumulated regarding Itk, Rlk, Btk, and Tec. In particular, distinctions between the different Tec kinase family members will be highlighted, with a goal of providing insight into the unique functions of each kinase. The known functions of Tec kinases in T cell and mast cell signaling will then be described, with a particular focus on T cell receptor and mast cell Fc epsilon RI signaling pathways.
Optical properties of dust

Except in a few cases, cosmic dust can be studied in situ or in terrestrial laboratories, essentially all of our information concerning the nature of cosmic dust depends on its interaction with electromagnetic radiation. This chapter presents the theoretical basis for describing the optical properties of dust—how it absorbs and scatters starlight and reradiates the absorbed energy at longer wavelengths.
Does God Have a History

The human encounter with the Divine Reality is often with a personal God. Using Eric Voegelin’s hermeneutic, the symbol “Person” is rich in implications, some of which are evident in religious texts, some of which is explicated by John Macmurray and Emmanuel Mournier. These implications include involvement with other persons, caring about them and responding to them, and developing in relationship with them. If so, God does have a history, the meaning of which is found, as it is for human persons, in the divine-human encounter.
A long-duration flare in the X-ray/EUV selected chromospherically active binary 2RE J0743+224

2RE J0743+224 (BD +23 1799) is a chromospherically active star selected by X-rays and EUV emission detected in the Einstein Slew Survey and ROSAT Wide Field Camara (WFC) all sky survey, and classified as single-lined spectroscopic binary by (Jeffries et al. 1995). We present here high resolution echelle spectroscopic observations of this binary, obtained during a 10 night run 12-21 January 1998 using the 2.1m telescope at McDonald Observatory. These observations reveal it is a double-lined spectroscopic binary. A dramatic increase in the chromospheric emissions (H_alpha and Ca II IRT lines) is detected during the observations. Several arguments favor the interpretation of this behavior as an unusual long-duration flare. First the temporal evolution of the event is similar to the observed in other solar and stellar flares, with an initial impulsive phase characterized by a strong increase in the chromospheric lines (the H_alpha EW change in a factor of 5 in only one day) and thereafter, the line emission decreased gradually over several days. Second, a broad component in the H_alpha line profile is observed just at the beginning of the event. Third, the detection of the He I D_{3} in emission and a filled-in He I 6678 A. We detect a Li I 6708 A line enhancement which is clearly related with the temporal evolution of the flare. The maximum Li I enhancement occurs just after the maximum chromospheric emission observed in the flare. We suggest that this Li I is produced by spallation reactions in the flare. This is the first time that such LiI enhancement associate with a stellar flare is reported, and probably the long-duration of this flare is a key factor for this detection.
Unpacking Linkage and Reengagement in HIV Care: A Day in the Life of a Positive Charge Care Coordinator

AIDS United's Positive Charge (PC) was a multiorganizational HIV linkage to care program implemented in five U.S. locations. To better understand the process of linkage and reengagement in care, we conducted interviews with care coordinators and program supervisors at 20 PC implementing agencies. Though linkage to care is often considered a single column in the HIV continuum of care, we found that it contains several underlying and often complex steps. The steps described are: identifying individuals in need of services; contacting those individuals through a variety of means; assessing and addressing needs and barriers to care; initial engagement (or reengagement) in HIV primary care; and provision of ongoing support to promote retention. We highlight strategies used to complete these steps. These findings will be of utility to other HIV interventions that aim to improve linkage and engagement in HIV care.
Sequence Polymorphism in the β-Tubulin Gene Reveals Heterogeneous and Variable Population Structures in Cryptosporidium parvum

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of isolates of Cryptosporidium parvum has revealed two subgroups, termed H and C. The limited resolution of the RFLP method precludes an in-depth study of the genetic structure of C. parvum populations. Published C. parvum restriction polymorphisms lie within protein-coding regions known to be more homogeneous than noncoding sequences. To better assess the degrees of heterogeneity between and within C. parvum isolates, sequence polymorphism in the β-tubulin intron, the only C. parvum intron described to date, was investigated. In contrast to the two genotypes distinguished by multilocus RFLP, several alleles were detected by sequence and RFLP analysis of the β-tubulin intron and adjacent exon 2. Isolates carrying different β-tubulin alleles were found. Significantly, one of the β-tubulin alleles present in two geographically unrelated isolates combined features of C- and H-type isolates, suggesting that it might have arisen from a recombination event. A comparison of multiple samples of a calf-propagated laboratory isolate showed that the ratio of different β-tubulin alleles fluctuated during serial passage.
FINANCIAL INCENTIVES TO INDUSTRY AND URBAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

This paper examines the use of financial incentives to industry to promote urban economic development. It describes the types of incentives offered and sumniarizes the research on the effects of these incentives on firm location. It then examines and contrasts the costs and benefits of incentives to various political jurisaictions—municipality, state and nation. Finally, it aadresses the question of whether incentives, as currently designed, can solve urban unemployment and income problems. It considers the types and intrastate locational preferences of inciustries typically sttracted by incentives and concludes that current incentives may be of limitea effectiveness in promoting urban development. The discussion is particularly relevant in light of continued federal emphasis on introduction of enterprise zones as the major tool of urban economic development policy.
Microbial Etiology of Pneumonia

T he clinical approach to pneumonia has changed steadily over the past 50 years. After sulfonamides and penicillin became widely used in the 1940s, a degree of complacency developed about the seriousness of pneumonia as a clinical problem. In 1956, the need for microbiologic studies for pneumonia patients in the age range of 16-60 was questioned, and in 1968 the need for a blood culture for patients with pneumonia was reported to be unnecessary.” Then, in the 1960s, Gram-negative bacillary pneumonia began to increase in incidence, both for hospitalized patients and for patients becoming ill in the community. In 1969 Finland’ reported that death from bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia remained high and essentially unchanged throughout the 1950s despite the development of critical care units and advanced methods for providing mechanical ventilation. In the 1980s, Hook et al in the United States and Gruer et al’ in England and Wales observed that the high mortality for pneumococcal pneumonia continued into the 1980s; it seems that intensive care units have delayed these deaths but not prevented them. ’
RAMA: an easy-to-use, high-performance parallel file system

Abstract Modem massively parallel file systems provide high bandwidth file access by striping files across arrays of disks attached to a few specialized I/O nodes. However, these file systems are hard to use and difficult to integrate with workstations and tertiary storage. RAMA addresses these problems by providing a high-performance massively parallel file system with a simple interface. RAMA uses hashing to pseudo-randomly distribute data to all of its disks, insuring high bandwidth regardless of access pattern and eliminating bottlenecks in file block accesses. This flexibility does not cause a large loss of performance — RAMA's simulated performance is within 10–15% of the optimum performance of a similarly-sized striped file system, and is a factor of 4 or more better than a striped file system with poorly laid out data.
Mating and oviposition studies of the stable fly.

Tests conducted with the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), at Beltsville, Md., from 1963 to 1964 to determine mating and oviposition habits indicated that 1-day-old males or females can successfully mate with a 5-day-old individual. Oviposition did not occur before the 8th day. Most eggs were deposited in batches of 40–80. The largest number of eggs collected from any 1 female was 602. Eggs did not appear to be deposited at any given frequency. Isolated virgin females did not lay any eggs. All females were dead after 4½ weeks.
Rapid vaporization and heating of two parallel fuel droplet streams

An analysis is presented of the mechanisms of heat transfer and vaporization in an idealized two-dimensional fuel spray consisting of two parallel droplet streams injected in a hot gas. By assuming a constant relative velocity between the gas and liquid phases (inviscid approximation), a system of partial differential equations with linear operators and nonlinear source terms is obtained. With the use of Green's functions, this system is transformed into a group of non-linear ordinary differential equations and integral equations which are readily solved with numerical techniques. The dimensionless groups influencing the problem are identified and a discussion is presented of the effects of four relevant parameters including: a vaporization-diffusion time ratio, a liquid-gas mass flow ratio, a Spalding transfer number, and a Reynolds number. The method yields qualitatively correct estimates of the behavior of the gas and liquid phases which may serve as guidelines in the development of costlier numerical schemes. The method can be further exploited to include chemical reactions and to predict ignition of parallel droplet streams.
Immediate effects from manual therapy: much ado about nothing?

I hope you don’t mind if I state the obvious: There has been a wealth of research lately on the immediate effects associated with manual therapy. I assume it has a lot to do with the global interes...
Pion-Proton Scattering at 220 Mev

Pion-proton differential scattering cross sections have been measured at 220\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}7 Mev. Measurements were made at eight angles using scintillation counters and a liquid hydrogen target. Statistical errors range from 5 to 10%. Phase shift analyses have been made of the data in the customary manner. No evidence for $d$-wave scattering has been found.
Inflammation in subcutaneous adipose tissue: relationship to adipose cell size.

Aims/hypothesis Inflammation is associated with increased body mass and purportedly with increased size of adipose cells. We sought to determine whether increased size of adipose cells is associated with localised inflammation in weight-stable, moderately obese humans.
Legislating ‘Tradition’ in South Africa

This article analyses the debate and passage of the Traditional Leadership and Governance Framework Act of 2003. Through an examination of the passage of this Act, I demonstrate how traditional leaders, the ANC-led government, and civil society organisations each imagine the role of ‘tradition’ and chieftaincy in South Africa and how these different notions were accommodated in the final legislation. After the recognition of traditional leaders in the interim (1993) and final constitutions (1996), there has been a great deal of confusion concerning the responsibilities of traditional leaders in South Africa's new democratic dispensation. This Act sought to clarify this issue. In addition, the Act was meant to ‘transform’ chieftaincy so that it was consistent with those newly established democratic values and institutions. Despite these goals, I argue that the Act fails to clarify the precise nature of ‘traditional’ authority. Instead, the Act formally links chieftaincy with local government institutions a...
Studies of Cognitive Function After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Need Control Groups

n this issue, Kapapa et al. report on the quality of life of patients who have experienced a nontraumatic, spontaI neous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The authors found a high incidence of impairment (49%e73%) in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) during a 10-year period after SAH with no significant improvement over time. In this paper, I comment first on neurocognitive dysfunction after SAH in general, which first became relevant in the 1980s with the decrease in the mortality and disability rates after aneurysmal SAH, and then on the study by Kapapa et al. in particular.
Roles of Double-strand Breaks, Nicks, and Gaps in Stimulating Deletions of CTG·CAG Repeats by Intramolecular DNA Repair

A series of plasmids harboring CTG·CAG repeats with double-strand breaks (DSB), single-strand nicks, or single-strand gaps (15 or 30 nucleotides) within the repeat regions were used to determine their capacity to induce genetic instabilities. These plasmids were introduced into Escherichia coli in the presence of a second plasmid containing a sequence that could support homologous recombination repair between the two plasmids. The transfer of a point mutation from the second to the first plasmid was used to monitor homologous recombination (gene conversion). Only DSBs increased the overall genetic instability. This instability took place by intramolecular repair, which was not dependent on RuvA. Double-strand break-induced instabilities were partially stabilized by a mutation in recF. Gaps of 30 nt formed a distinct 30 nt deletion product, whereas single strand nicks and gaps of 15 nt did not induce expansions or deletions. Formation of this deletion product required the CTG·CAG repeats to be present in the single-stranded region and was stimulated by E. coli DNA ligase, but was not dependent upon the RecFOR pathway. Models are presented to explain the intramolecular repair-induced instabilities and the formation of the 30 nt deletion product.
Coastal zone development: Mitigation, marsh creation, and decision-making

Marsh creation is currently receiving wide attention in the United States as an important tool for mitigating the impacts of development in coastal wetlands. The perception that there is no net loss in valuable coastal wetlands when development is mitigated by the creation of man-made marshes can have a substantial impact on the permitting and decision-making processes. The effective result may be the trading of natural salt marshes for man-made marshes.
Child Abuse and Aggression Among Seriously Emotionally Disturbed Children

Abused children may be at risk for problems with aggression. In a sample of 397 seriously emotionally disturbed children, reactive aggression was associated with documented history of physical abuse but not sexual abuse. Girls were equally likely to be classified as reactively aggressive regardless of physical abuse history, but boys with physical abuse histories were 50% more likely to be classified as reactively aggressive than boys with no physical abuse history. Proactive aggression was unrelated to physical or sexual abuse history. The association of physical abuse and reactive aggression warrants further scientific study and attention in clinical assessment and treatment with seriously emotionally disturbed children.
The effect of NAD+ on the catalytic efficiency of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from rabbit muscle.

Abstract The catalytic center activity for the oxidation of glyceraldehyde, acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was not observed to be appreciably affected by the degree of saturation of the enzyme with NAD+. A small increased in intrinsic rate on going from E( NAD + ) I to E( NAD + ) 4 was noted for glyceraldehyde (1.1 fold) and a small decrease in intrinsic rate for acetaldehyde (1.4 fold) and propionaldehyde (1.2 fold). These small changes, contrasted with the approx. 1·107-fold decrease in ligand affinity induced by the binding of NAD+, are consistent with the induced fit model of allosterism. The initial rate of oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, in the presence of arsenate, decreased rapidly within the first few percent of the reaction. Investigation of the end product inhibition of this reaction suggests that the accumulation of 1-arseno-3-phosphoglycerate is partly responsible for the observed reduction in rate, and thus that the spontaneous hydrolysis of this mixed anhydride may not be rapid relative to the rate of catalysis.
Changing Information Requirements for Local Company Projects

Students in their senior-level capstone strategic management class at an Association of Advance Collegiate Schools of Business-accredited business school analyzed issues facing local companies for their project, rather than studying Fortune 500 companies. Although area small and mid-sized enterprises benefitted from the analysis and students gained valuable experience through the “consulting” project, business reference librarians had to adapt their library orientation for locating business information and identifying resources for the local companies, most of which were privately held. Integrating the library orientation and assistance into the closed loop assessment is discussed. Suggestions for replicating the project as well as areas for future research are included.
Reactivity and gas‐phase acidity determinations of small peptide ions consisting of 11 to 14 amino acid residues

Small peptides ions consisting of a comparable number of amino acid residues but varying in composition and sequence were allowed to undergo gas-phase deprotonation reactions. These multiply protonated ions were generated by electrospray ionization and analyzed in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer. The peptides studied contain 11-14 amino acid residues and included adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) fragment (11-24), fibrinopeptide B (human), gastrin I fragment (1-13) (human), renin substrate tetra-decapeptide (horse), somatostatin, substance P and tyrosine protein kinase. Rate constants were determined for the deprotonation reactions of the peptide ions with a series of reference compounds of known gas-phase basicities ranging from 190.0 to 232.6 kcal mol -1 . From these values, apparent gas-phase acidities (GA app ) were assigned to [M + nH] n+ (n ≥ 2), of each peptide. All of the multiply charged peptide ions were sequentially deprotonated to the + 1 charge state by ion-molecule reactions. The GA app s ranged from 193.3 kcal mol -1 (for [M + 4H] 4+ of renin substrate, the ion most readily deprotonated) to >232.6 kcal mol -1 (for IM + 2H] 2+ of ACTH (11-24), the ion most difficult to deprotonate). The proximity of intrinsically basic sites (and therefore potential protonation sites) has an effect on the observed deprotonation rates. Ions experiencing Coulomb repulsion resulting from adjacent protonation sites often show more facile deprotonation. However, the intrinsic basicity of a protonation site also plays a role in determining the ease of deprotonation. As a result, some lower charge state peptide ions deprotonate more readily than other peptides with higher charges but with more basic protonation sites. In addition, conformation and the influence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding may affect the reactivity of some peptide ions. Also observed was non-linear kinetic behavior that indicates multiple isomers at certain charge states for some peptides, e.g. [M + nH] n+ , (n = 2 and 3) for ACTH 11-24 and [M + 3H] 3+ for somatostatin.
Pathogenic human monoclonal antibody against desmoglein 3

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a potentially fatal autoimmune mucocutaneous disease associated with production of IgG autoantibodies to desmoglein 3 (Dsg3), a 130-kDa epidermal cadherin protein. The binding of pathogenic antibody to Dsg3 on epidermal keratinocytes leads to loss of intercellular adhesion and results in intraepithelial blister formation. Here, we describe a human monoclonal antibody, PVMAB786, a Dsg3-specific IgG4 antibody, from an untreated patient with active PV. The antibody reacts with a 130-kDa protein on keratinocyte cell surfaces and recombinant Dsg3 protein, but not desmoglein 1 protein. PVMAB786 induces acantholysis in normal human skin and mucous membranes and induces a clinical and histological profile similar to human PV when injected into neonatal mice. PVMAB786 will be a valuable tool in identifying the role of Dsg3 in epithelial cell adherence and acantholysis, mechanisms of Dsg3 processing/presentation and V gene and isotype usage in PV pathogenesis.
Student‐generated analogies: Another way of knowing?

Recently, a growing awareness of the relationship between assessment and learning has resulted in several major critiques of existing practice and proposals for reform in science education at national and regional levels. One initiative advocates the use of carefully constructed performance tasks that give students opportunities to demonstrate their understanding as they would in the world outside of school. The purpose of this study was to explore relationships among school students' (n = 189) acquisition of meaningful understandings of protein synthesis. Students were tested before and after protein synthesis instruction using a multiple choice assessment format and an open-ended assessment format. The assessment instrument was designed to measure students' interrelated understanding of protein synthesis. An independent t-test analysis was conducted on the posttests to measure retention of factual information and gender differences. Analysis of student-generated analogies also revealed unique patterns in students' understandings of this topic. This research provides information for educators on students' acquisition of meaningful understandings of protein synthesis and has many implications for educators. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 36: 1–22, 1999.
Nanoscale Memristor Device as Synapse in Neuromorphic Systems

A memristor is a two-terminal electronic device whose conductance can be precisely modulated by charge or flux through it. Here we experimentally demonstrate a nanoscale silicon-based memristor device and show that a hybrid system composed of complementary metal−oxide semiconductor neurons and memristor synapses can support important synaptic functions such as spike timing dependent plasticity. Using memristors as synapses in neuromorphic circuits can potentially offer both high connectivity and high density required for efficient computing.