cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Forty Years on the Regulatory Commons

President Obama’s Executive Order 13563 is the latest presidential effort to exert control over the federal government’s regulatory Leviathan. The new order contains some noteworthy innovations, but at heart it is little different from President Richard Nixon’s October 1971 order that established in the Office of Management and Budget a Quality of Life review, nor does it differ much from the many “regulatory reform” orders that have been issued since then. In spite of the complex administrative machinery described in the Obama order, it does not address the perverse incentives for regulators and the regulated that have emerged over the past four decades of regulatory capitalism. For both parties, there is now much to gain through the regulatory process - and those gains are often easier to achieve than gains from market competition.
Final examination and testing of the TFTR TF-Coils

In operation for nearly 15 years, the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) was not only a fusion science milestone, but a milestone of achievement in engineering as well. The TFTR Decontamination and Decommissioning (D&D) program provided a rare opportunity to examine machine components that had been exposed to a unique performance environment of greater than 100,000 mechanical and thermal load cycles. In particular, the examination of the TFTR toroidal field (TF) coils, which met then exceeded the 5.2 tesla magnetic field machine specification, could supply the answers to many questions that have been asked and debated since the coils were originally designed and built. A test program conducted in parallel with the D&D effort was the chance to look inside and examine, in detail, the TFTR TF coils for the first time since they were delivered encased to PPPL. This program set aside a number of selected sections from the twenty TFTR TF coils as they were removed during D&D. These sections were cut from the coils in several different areas including the nose, back leg, water fitting and lead block regions, concentrating on those known areas whose performance was questioned during TFTR operations. The test program included documented visual inspections and photography during all phases of disassembly and testing. Physical examinations of the coils were performed to determine consistency of coil manufacturing techniques, including status of the potting compound, quality of turn-to-turn epoxy impregnation and bonding, and determination of the cause of coolant leaks during operation. Selected chemical and metallurgical analyses were conducted to determine if the composition of the materials have altered and to identify unknown materials. Multiple mechanical test samples in various orientations were cut from several magnet and case locations to check for consistency and range of material properties. This paper discusses the findings of the test program.
Unified modeling of human operator activity in a real-world environment

A method of unified modeling of human operator performance is presented. This method is based on activity theory, object-oriented analysis and design, and uses theory of frames, modal logic, and results of psychological experiments. It takes into account personal and social factors of operator activity, his conscious and unconscious motives, as well as organizational and technical components. The suggested approach was realized in aviation for pilots' and air-traffic controllers' error investigation, where the decision support system was constructed. To demonstrate how this system can help the investigator to make conclusions about underlying causes of accidents/incidents the example from commercial aviation accident investigation is considered.
Solving quasi‐static equations with the material‐point method

Summary The material-point method models continua by following a set of unconnected material points throughout the deformation of a body. This set of points provides a Lagrangian description of the material and geometry. Information from the material points is projected onto a background grid where equations of motion are solved. The grid solution is then used to update the material points. This paper describes how to use this method to solve quasi-static problems. The resulting discrete equations are a coupled set of nonlinear equations that are then solved with a Jacobian-free, Newton–Krylov algorithm. The technique is illustrated by examining two problems. The first problem simulates a compact tension test and includes a model of material failure. The second problem computes effective, macroscopic properties of a polycrystalline thin film. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combination oral contraceptives and cardiovascular disease.

Few medical topics have received as much public or scientific attention as the effects of combination oral contraceptives on womens cardiovascular health. This article reviews the historical context of concerns about cardiovascular health and oral contraceptives examines the physiological effects of sex steroids which may have consequences for womens cardiovascular health reviews the epidemiological evidence that oral contraceptives can have adverse or salutary effects on the development and incidence of cardiovascular disease in women rationalizes the differences in effects of contraceptive and replacement doses of sex steroids on cardiovascular disease and speculates about the future effects of oral contraceptives on womens cardiovascular health.
Effect of caffeine on radiation-induced apoptosis in TK6 cells

Apoptosis has been measured in cells of the human TK6 lymphoblastoid cell line by recording the release of endonuclease-digested DNA from affected cells using flow cytometry. In asynchronously dividing cells, DNA degradation characteristic of apoptosis was first seen 12 h after irradiation as a defined DNA fluorescent peak of $\text{sub-}{\rm G}_{1}\text{-phase}$ content, reaching a maximum of 30-50% of the population by 24-72 h. Treating cells with 2 mM caffeine either before or up to 3 h after irradiation eliminated the degradation of DNA entirely. In addition, the percentage of cells in which apoptosis could be detected microscopically decreased from 62.4 ± 0.95% to 16.7 ± 1.5% 72 h after caffeine treatment. Delaying caffeine treatment for 12 h after irradiation reduced DNA degradation by approximately 50% compared to cells receiving radiation alone. DNA degradation induced by serum deprivation was unaffected by caffeine treatment. These data support the contention that irradiation of TK6 cells produce...
A New Paradigm for Querying Blobs in Vehicular Networks

In this article, the authors study querying binary large objects (blobs) such as video and voice clips in a network of vehicles communicating wirelessly. They introduce a novel paradigm, describe a set of derived query-processing strategies and compare them along three dimensions: push versus pull, whether or not a communication infrastructure is utilized, and whether metadata dissemination is separated from blob dissemination. They analyze these strategies theoretically and experimentally in terms of answer throughput and communication overhead.
Efficient solid-base catalysts for aldol reaction by optimizing the density and type of organoamine groups on nanoporous silica

A highly efficient solid-base catalyst for aldol condensation reaction was synthesized by grafting site-isolated secondary amines onto the channel walls of mesoporous silica, MCM-41, in a polar-protic solvent. These site-isolated organoamines pair up with the neighboring residual surface silanol (weak acid) groups to form optimized acid and base groups, which cooperatively catalyze the aldol condensation reaction with high TON (turn over number) and selectivity (alcohol products over alkene products). The organoamine samples grafted in a polar-protic solvent, isopropanol, showed higher catalytic efficiency toward aldol reaction than those grafted in a non-polar solvent, toluene, because the former gave a sample with less dense loading of grafted organoamines (or more silanols present in it). To elucidate the role of surface silanols as acidic sites and their ability to activate the substrates in aldol condensation, control experiment with diethylamine as a homogeneous catalyst in the presence of MCM-41, silica microspheres, methyl-capped MCM-41 or methyl-capped catalyst was carried out. MCM-41 resulted in significant enhancement of catalytic activity compared to the corresponding reactions conducted in the absence of MCM-41, or in the presence of methyl-capped catalysts or silica spheres. By testing materials with different grafted organoamine groups as catalysts, we also found that secondary amine functionalized sample produced the best acid and base pairs and most efficient catalytic activity in aldol reaction. This was followed by primary amines, while the tertiary amine functionalized samples showed negligible catalytic property.
Release of Stored Retinoi from Adipocytes

Adipose tissue is second only to liver as a retinoi depot. Retinoi is stored there in part as retinyl esters. In cultured mouse adipocytes, a hormone-sensitive lipase hydrolyzes these esters upon cAMP stimulation, with free retinoi being released into the medium.
Primary tracheal malignant neoplasms: the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center experience.

Background Primary malignant neoplasms of the trachea are very rare and data relating to them are limited. This study was conducted to review the presentation, management, and outcomes of primary tracheal cancers at our institution, a large multidisciplinary cancer center. Study design Retrospective chart review was conducted for all patients found to have a pathologic diagnosis of primary tracheal malignancy. Results Since 1945, 74 patients were diagnosed with primary tracheal cancers. Among these, 34 (45.9%) were squamous cell carcinomas, 19 (25.7%) were adenoid cystic carcinomas, and 21 (28.4%) were of other histologic types. Presenting symptoms were most frequently dyspnea (55.4%), hemoptysis (48.6%), cough (41.9%), and hoarseness (35.1%). Most patients (77.3%) were former or current smokers, particularly those with squamous cell carcinoma (93.3%). For the entire group of 74 patients, the 5-year disease-specific mortality rate was 72.9% and the 5-year all-cause mortality rate was 79.3%. Patients who had adenoid cystic carcinoma and those with cervical primaries had better rates of disease-specific and overall survival than others (p = 0.036 and 0.006 for the former patient group and p=0.006 and 0.030 for the latter patient group). Among patients with incident disease treated at our institution (n = 45), those undergoing primary operation with adjuvant radiotherapy appeared to have better disease-specific and overall survival rates compared with those undergoing primary radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy (p = 0.0002 and 0.0003, respectively). Although those undergoing operation and receiving radiotherapy did better than those undergoing operation alone, the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions Primary tracheal cancers are very rare, and our results should be viewed with caution, given that our population comprised a small heterogeneous group treated over a 60-year period. Although squamous cell carcinoma was the most common pathology in smokers, adenoid cystic carcinoma was more prevalent among nonsmokers. Operation with adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy is recommended for most patients.
CYSTINE LYASES IN PLANTS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

Cystine lyases cleave L-cystine through a β-elimination reaction producing thiocysteine (cysteine persulfide), pyruvate and ammonia. They are responsible for the initial reaction that produces characteristic flavors and aromas in important vegetables of the genus Brassica. In this review, an overview of these plant C-S lyases, comparison with alliin lyases and β-cystathionases, purification protocols, substrate specificity, function and biochemical characteristics will be discussed. The importance of these enzymes to food science will also be examined.
You Only Live Twice: Charlatanism, Alchemy, and Critique of Religion, Hamburg, 1747–1761

Rudolph Johann Friedrich Schmidt, personal physician and counsellor to the court of Darmstadt, was the author of a book on a life elixir. When he ‘died’ in 1761, the coffin in which Schmidt was interred turned out to be empty. Was he a charlatan? This case study shows that things are much more complicated than that. Schmidt, so the thesis goes, was a member of a secret society and had to fake his death in order to escape after the society was uncovered. He was acquainted with Johann Christian Edelmann, the famous German radical Pietist and freethinker, and probably also with Georg Schade, the deist and founder of the secret society. These individuals, who through their heterodox belief were ready to take many risks, were willing to execute extreme tactics including complex schemes of deception. To view this only as charlatanism in a pejorative sense would miss the point. Instead we can talk of a complex ‘charlatanized culture’ which includes bizarre tactics among alchemy, journalism, critique, and persecu...
Characterization of ion implanted silicon: correlation of optical measurements with microstructural observations

Abstract Laser, electron and ion beam techniques were used to probe the near surface crystallography of silicon implanted with various ion species. Optical third harmonic radiation (THR) generated in reflection with short laser pulses was found to be a sensitive monitor of lattice damage. The isotropic part, or the part of the third harmonic signal which does not vary with crystalline orientation, reaches a minimum value at a critical ion dose and increases slightly at higher doses. The anisotropic part, or the part which exhibits the symmetry of the lattice, becomes negligible at the critical dose and remains so at higher doses. The critical dose depends on the mass and energy of the implanted ion. The consquences of making the measurements in air as opposed to making them in vacuum are discussed. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and ion channeling were used to correlate the nonlinear optical response (the intensity and polarization of the generated THR) with the near surface microstructure. Samples with the critical ion dose exhibited an amorphous layer containing residual crystalline particles near the surface. As the dose increases above the critical level the residual crystallites disappear and the surface layer becomes completely amorphous. Further implantation has no effect on the nonlinear response.
Natal and neonatal teeth.

Estimated incidence and common characteristics of natal and neonatal teeth are described in conjunction with a case report.
The effect of Pavlovian CS+ and CS- on exploratory behavior

This experiment was designed to examine the effects of Pavlovian conditioned fear (CS+) and safety (CS—) stimuli on open-field behavior. The presence of the CS+ reduced exploration and increased freezing time and the amount of defecation, while the CS— increased exploratory activity and reduced signs of fear. A nonshocked group was used to assess the general effects of preshock on subsequent exploration. In general, shock exposure prior to testing reduced exploration.
Developing Positive Attitudes Toward Interprofessional Collaboration Among Students in the Health Care Professions

This study examined whether attitudes toward interprofessional collaboration (Physician-Nurse, Physician-Social Worker, Nurse-Social Worker) held by medical, social work, and nursing students changed after completing an interprofessional curriculum consisting of (a) Interprofessional Education Development Session and (b) the Senior Aging and Geriatrics Educator mentoring program. The 15-item original and two modified versions of the Jefferson School of Attitudes Toward Physician-Nurse Collaboration (JSAPNC) were administered as pretest/posttest. Of the 186 participants who completed the pretest, 156 (84%) completed the posttest. Results showed that the medical students (n = 52) reported the most positive change in attitude toward all three pairs of interprofessional collaboration. Social work students (n = 55) reported the least positive attitudes toward Physician-Social Worker collaboration and nursing students (n = 49) reported the least positive attitudes toward Physician-Nurse collaboration. It is rec...
A Data Representation Code for Text Processing Systems

A brief analysis of character strings and string processing is given. Text processing is defined as the processing of character strings to control not only the sequential relations among the characters, but also spatial and form relations among the symbols used to produce a physical display of the character string. Requirements are given for a data structure by which character strings may be represented to facilitate text processing, including independent manipulation of sequential, spatial, and form relations. A Text Processing Code (TPC) meeting these requirements is presented in detail. Several other coding schemes are examined and shown to be inadequate for text processing as defined here.
Tailoring the Dolev-Yao abstraction to web services realities

Web Services are an important series of standards for adding semantics to web-based and XML-based communication. For analyzing the security of Web Services protocols composed of these standards, it is tempting to exploit their similarity to traditional security protocols by first transforming them into the Dolev-Yao abstraction, where cryptographic operators are treated symbolically as constructors of a free algebra, and as a second step by applying existing symbolic techniques for machine-assisted or even fully automated protocol verification within this abstraction.We show in this paper that this approach tends to ignore intrinsic aspects of Web Services standards and protocols and to hence be too coarse-grained for capturing Web Services security in all its facets. We identify a series of such aspects both on the conceptual level and on the level of concrete Web Services protocols: service requestors and providers have additional properties independent of the protocol under consideration and hence offer additional attack possibilities, protocol behaviors can be defined by explicit Web Services policies and complex message parsings which do not necessarily follow the common Dolev-Yao-style parsing conventions, etc. We sketch in a series of examples how to exploit these aspects for mounting successful attacks against Web Services protocols, and we discuss possibilities to circumvent these attacks. In particular, this exemplifies the need for tailoring Dolev-Yao abstractions specifically to Web Services idiosyncrasies, which go beyond the standard Dolev-Yao assumptions.
Orientation of the entomogenous nematode Neoaplectana carpocapsae to carbon dioxide.

The behavioral response of infective stage juveniles of Neoaplectana carpocapsae to carbon dioxide was studied on an agar substrate. Exposure elicited a strongly positive response. Juveniles exhibited characteristic rearing and lateral motions of the head in migrating up the CO2 gradient and aggregating at the source. The directed movement observed was attributed to klinotactic orientation. Maximum attraction was recorded at a flow rate of 4.1 ml/h; the range of attraction extended to 5 cm. Juvenile aggregations of approximately 60 and 90% were recorded within 30 and 50 mm, respectively, from a 2 cm distance. The pronounced response of N. carpocapsae to CO2 suggests that this compound aids host finding.
Modules over Ring Extensions

Conditions under which a *-module AU extends to a *-module RR⊗AU over a ring extension R of A are presented, along with con¬nections to quasi-progenerators, tilting modules, and torsion theory counter equivalences.
Interstate conflict over exchanges of homeland territory, 1816–1980

Abstract This Study seeks to account for the incidence of military conflict in territorial exchanges between states during the period 1816–1980. In seeking to understand the conditions for military conflict when States exchange homeland territory, our model relies on three factors: the importance or significance of the territory exchanged: the expansionist tendencies of the states involved: and the relative power distribution between those states. The results show divergent patterns for the period before World War I and the period thereafter. The relative significance of each factor varies according to each era, and the importance of the gaining or losing side in the territorial exchange is also dependent on the time period. Possible theoretical explanations are discussed.
Integrating databases and expert systems for the analysis of brain structures: connections, similarities, and homologies.

The NeuroHomology Database system (NHDB) combines databases related to brain structure from different species with different knowledge management systems (KMSs) for systematization, evaluation and processing neurobiological data. Special attention is assessment of similarity of data from different species as a basis for exploring neural homologies. NHDB includes modules that handle brain structure and connectivity data, as well as inference engines for evaluation of the stored neurobiological information. The spatial inference engine evaluates the possible topological relations between cortical structures in different neuroanatomical atlases. The connectivity inference engine evaluates the reliability of information pertaining to fiber tracts as those are reflected in the literature. The inference engine for translation of neuroanatomical connections in different atlases evaluates the probability of existence of connections of interest in different parcellation schemes. Finally, the similarity inference engine calculates the overall degree of similarity of pairs of brain structures from different species by taking into account a set of eight criteria. We present examples of search for information in NHDB system, inferences of relations between cortical structures from equivalent neuroanatomical atlases, reconstruction of functional networks of brain structures from data collated from the literature, translation of connectivity matrices in equivalent parcellation schemes, and evaluations of similarities of brain structures from humans, macaques and rats.
SPIN--TWO MESONS, THE STRESS TENSOR, AND A FIELD--SOURCE IDENTITY. I.

It is suggested that the hypothesis that the matrix elements of the stress tensor are dominated by the neutral isoscalar spin-two mesons may be expressed by a field-source identity. This states that, to the lowest order in the gravitational constant $\ensuremath{\kappa}$, the traceless part of the complete stress-energy tensor is proportional to a linear combination of the renormalized field operators of the neutral, isoscalar spin-two mesons. It is shown how this identity may be realized in a Lagrangian field theory, in a manner analogous to the work of Kroll, Lee, and zumino for the vector-meson dominance of the electromagnetic current. The conditions imposed by Lorentz covariance are discussed. The field-source identity determines the parts of the singular terms in the stress-tensor commutation relations which are the most singular in the coupling strength.
Whistleblowing: When It Works—and Why

The article reviews the book “Whistleblowing: When It Works—and Why,” by Roberta Ann Johnson.
Complete non-rotation of the gut and torsion obstruction of the colon in an adult: case report.

A case of non-rotation of the bowel complicated by large bowel obstruction distal to the cecum has been described. The obstruction was produced by the rotation of the cecum in a clockwise fashion on its long axis. This obstructive process has been variously described as cecal torsion or volvulus. We submit “ceco-colonic torsion” as a much more precisely descriptive term. Cecal fixation is essential in treatment to prevent recurrent obstruction.
Measuring the Impact of Nonignorability in Panel Data with Non-Monotone Nonresponse

SUMMARY The analysis of panel data with non-monotone nonresponse often relies on the critical and untestable assumption of ignorable missingness. It is important to assess the consequences of departures from the ignorability assumption. Non-monotone nonresponse, however, can often make such sensitivity analysis infeasible because the likelihood functions for alternative models involve high-dimensional and difficult-to-evaluate integrals with respect to missing outcomes. We develop an extension of the local sensitivity method that overcomes computational difficulty and completely avoids fitting alternative models and evaluating these high-dimensional integrals. The proposed method is applicable to a wide range of panel outcomes. We apply the method to a Smoking Trend dataset where we relax the standard ignorability assumption and evaluate how smoking-trend estimates in different groups of US young adults are affected by alternative assumptions about the missing-data mechanism. The main finding is that the standard estimate in the black male group is sensitive to nonignorable missingness but those in other groups are reasonably robust. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Local exchange approximations.

It is shown for the particular example of a berylliumlike atom that the Hartree-Fock 2s inflection point does not occur at the node of the wave function, as it must for a central potential. Local exchange approximations, therefore, cannot be expected to be capable of exactly modeling the effect of the exchange interaction.
STUDIES ON REGENERATION OF BACTERIOPHAGE I. THE INFLUENCE OF PARTIAL ANAEROBIOSIS UPON REGENERATION OF A HIGHLY DILUTED LYTIC PRINCIPLE.

The regeneration of an extreme dilution of bacteriophage in a large volume of broth, as described by Gratia and De Kruif, is due to the influence of partial anaerobiosis upon the regeneration of the principle. The influence of partial anaerobiosis upon regeneration of an extremely diluted bacteriophage was investigated in relation to different factors with the following results. 1. The See PDF for Equation. expresses the degree of anaerobiosis necessary for regeneration of an extreme dilution of the bacteriophage. An increase in this ratio interferes with regeneration. 2. The regeneration of the highly diluted bacteriophage under partial anaerobiosis begins definitely at the 3rd hour of bacterial growth and is completed after about the 6th hour. 3. To obtain the full regeneration of an extreme dilution of bacteriophage it is sufficient to restrict for one hour the supply of air to a culture containing it, providing that this restriction be produced within the first 3 hours of the bacterial growth.
Gender and geography II: bridging the gap — feminist, queer, and the geographical imaginary:

Within geography, the flourishing of studies on sexuality indicate the vibrancy of scholarship that approaches sexuality as a nexus of the global and the intimate, where the most private and introspective experiences of embodied self meet with the multiscalar processes of identity and power across the local—global continuum. Certainly, recent publications in sexual, queer and feminist geographies leave no room for doubt that sexuality and gender are axes of multiscalar activity for developing meaning, power and politics in the most personal and public of settings around the world. Consequently, geographers have illustrated how any politics by and in support of those who subvert normative gendered and sexual subjectivities requires geographical imaginations that bridge methodological approaches. In this report, I focus on such geographical imaginaries by examining the efforts of those who work within and across the diverse fields of queer and feminist theories to create synergistic efforts for investigatin...
The use of Mx for association and linkage analysis

Evidence for genetic linkage, obtained from a correlation between phenotypic similarity and genetic similarity at a specific chromosomal location typically yields a broad genomic region in which a candidate locus might be found. Evidence for association is usually gathered from case control studies and is subject to false positives from phenomena such as population stratification. Data from relatives may be used to distinguish population stratification from genuine allelic effects in an association context. Of special interest is joint linkage and association which may be used for fine mapping because evidence for linkage will be reduced in the presence of evidence for association. This article describes the implementation of these methods using Mx, in both path diagram and script formats, and discusses a number of possible extensions to the model.
An improved method for isolation of mitochondria in high yields from normal, ischemic, and autolyzed rat hearts.

Abstract An improved procedure for the isolation of mitochondria in high yields from normal and oxygen-deficient myocardium is described. The heart muscle is digested with Nagarse and homogenized simultaneously using a Polytron tissue homogenizer. Mitochondria are isolated by differential centrifugation, and othe subcellular fractions are carefully rinsed to maximize mitochondrial yields. Yields of 28 to 33 mg of mitochondrial protein/g wet wt of heart were obtained from normal (nonperfused and control perfused) hearts and from oxygen deficient (ischemic and autolyzed) hearts. This represents a recovery of 52 to 61% of the total mitochondrial content of the tissue. These mitochondria are functionally intact, with respiratory control ratios of 5.0 to 7.6 and ADP O ratios of 2.34 to 2.66. The lysosomal content of the mitochondrial preparations was not increased by this procedure. This method is especially suitable for the preparation of mitochondria in high yield from a single heart, but can also be used to obtain high yields of mitochondria from larger quantities of myocardial tissue.
Freezing of gait and response conflict in Parkinson's disease: computational directions.

In a recent study, Matar et al. (2013) found that Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with freezing of gait significantly displayed reduced locomotive responses when passing through narrow rather than wide doors and while facing the opening of a sliding door. Freezing of gait refers to a cessation of movement despite the intention to walk forward, such that patients often feel like their feet have been “glued to the ground” (Schaafsma et al., 2003; Rahman et al., 2008). This pattern of results was not found with PD patients without freezing of gait or healthy controls. The Matar et al. study can potentially point to which environmental situations can lead to freezing of gait in PD patients.
Surgical Palliation of Bowel Obstruction

MBO is a common but difficult problem for surgeons caring for cancer patients. Nonsurgical interventions should be considered in all patients who have MBO, especially in those with limited expected survival time or for whom surgery will have little effect on disease control. Surgical options can be helpful in the setting of MBO, as long as reasonable goals and realistic out-comes are clear. There is no defined algorithm for all patients with MBO, and decision-making is based on reasonable estimates of survival and treatment-related success. Therefore, better prospective data need to be collected for this population of patients. In addition, a randomized prospective trial comparing treatments based on the clinical scenario could help practitioners who care for patients with this condition.
Damage detection in elastic structures using vibratory residual forces and weighted sensitivity

A methodology is presented for detecting structural damage in elastic structures by nondestructive means. Measured modal test data along with a correlated analytical structural model are used to locate potentially damaged regions using residual modal force vectors and to conduct a weighted sensitivity analysis to assess the extent of mass and/or stiffness variations, where damage is characterized as a stiffness reduction. The current approach is unique among other approaches in that it accounts for (1) variations in system mass, system stiffness, and mass center (locations), (2) perturbations of both the natural frequencies and modal vectors, and (3) statistical confidence factors for the structural parameters and potential experimental instrumentation error. Moreover, this procedure can be used with either full or reduced models. A wide variety of numerical examples are presented that show that the current method provides a precise indication of both the location and the extent of structural damage.
A Fast Adaptive Lifting Method for Lossless Hyperspectral Data Compression

The real advantage of using a wavelet transform for image data compression is the power of adapting to local statistics of the pixels. In hyperspectral data, many but not all spectral planes are well correlated. In each spectral plane, the spatial data is composed of patches of relatively smooth areas segmented by edges. The smooth areas can be well compressed by a relatively long wavelet transform with a large number of vanishing moments. However, for the regions around edges, shorter wavelet transforms are preferable. Despite the fact that the local statistics of both the spectral and spatial data change from pixel to pixel, almost all known image data compression algorithms use only one wavelet transform for the entire dataset. For example, the current international still image data compression standard, JPEG2000, has adopted the 5/3 wavelet transform as the default standard for lossless image data compression for all images. There is not a single wavelet filter that performs uniformly better than the others. Thus, it would be beneficial to use many types of wavelet filters based on local activities of the image. The selected wavelet transform can thus be best adapted to the content of the image locally. In this paper, we have derived a fast adaptive lifting scheme that can easily switch wavelet filters from one to the other. The adaptation is performed on a pixel-by-pixel basis, and it does not need any bookkeeping overhead. It is known that the lifting scheme is a fast and powerful tool to implement all wavelet transforms. Especially for integer-to-integer wavelet transforms, the lifting scheme is an indispensable tool for lossless image compression. Taking advantage of our newly developed lossless lifting scheme, the fast adaptive lifting algorithm presented in this paper not only saves two lifting steps but also improves accuracy compared to the conventional lifting scheme for lossless data compression. Moreover, our simulation results for ten two-dimensional images have shown that the fast adaptive lifting scheme outperforms both of the lossless wavelet tranforms used in JPEG2000 and the S+P transform in lossless SPIHT algorithm.
Occurrence of fluorescent granules in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum

When examined in the fluorescence microscope, cells of the central nervous system exhibit intense, yellow, naturally fluorescent granules throughout their cytoplasm. In the mouse, cat and man, the granules are absent at birth and present in adults. A study of the development of these granules in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum was made in the mouse and cat. There is a rapid increase in the number of fluorescent granules in postnatal life. The granules probably represent lysosomes.
A combinatorial interpretation of the inverse t-Kostka matrix

Abstract In this paper we use tournament matrices to give a combinatorial interpretation for the entries of the inverse t-Kostka matrix, which is the transition matrix between the Hall-Littlewood polynomials and the Schur functions.
First principles study of the structure and stability of carbynes

Abstract Possible structures for carbynes are investigated by a first principles study and their free energy as a function of temperature and pressure is examined. A possible model combining elements from previous models is proposed for carbyne structures. Simulations show that structures can be constructed which agree well with results previously proposed in characterization work. The free energy of carbynes is calculated within wide ranges of temperature and pressure (1000–4000 K and 0–18 GPa) for 12 different structures. Results indicate that it is higher than the free energy of graphite in the whole studied region. Therefore, it seems that carbon-only carbynes are meta-stable structures. Introducing additional elements to stabilize the carbyne structures is discussed. Our calculations confirm that a solid consisting of carbyne chains can be stabilized by 3 CH 3 end groups.
Clockwork Nation: Modern Time, Moral Perfectionism and American Identity in Catharine Beecher and Henry Thoreau

The economy of time, and our obligation to spend every hour for some useful end, are what few minds properly realize. Catharine Beecher, A Treatise on Domestic Economy (1841)There were times when I could not afford to sacrifice the bloom of the present moment to any work, whether of the head or hands. Henry David Thoreau, Walden; Or, Life in the Woods (1854)In his seminal 1967 essay “Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism,” E. P. Thompson codified the theory that modern life, characterized by capitalism and industry, would not be possible without the regulating, organizing, and disciplining power of the clock. The theory of clock time's importance to modernity, first proposed by Georg Simmel around the turn of the twentieth century and later adopted by Lewis Mumford, became conventional wisdom among social and economic historians writing after Thompson's brilliant exposition. The introduction of mechanical clocks into factories in England, Thompson argues, resulted in a “restructuring of working habits” and a concomitant change in the “inward notation of time” that led individuals to accept the industrial revolution's basic premises of quantifiable wage labor and systematic production. According to Thompson's successors, historians such as David Landes, the relationship between clocks and other forms of modernization has been recursive; advances in technology have made it possible to measure time more accurately, and this greater accuracy has in turn facilitated greater productivity, more efficient transportation networks (think of railroad timetables), and the punctuality so important to modern business. Moreover, political theorists have argued that the ubiquitous experience of precisely measured time has been fundamental to linking individuals into self-consciously modern national groups, “imagined communities” in Benedict Anderson's terms, moving forward together through a shared historical simultaneity. The result of temporal modernization, this very diverse group of thinkers agrees, has been a world made over both economically and politically to suit the clockwork rationality of the capitalist market.
Apparent dissociation constants for several inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase in the intact electroplax of the electric EEL

Abstract Apparent dissociation constants were determined for d -tubocurarine, benzoquinonium, ambenonium, WIN 3286, and WIN 7789 as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the intact electroplax of Electrophorus electricus . These five compounds showed nearly the same order of potency for inhibiting AChE in intact electroplax cells as had been determined earlier using AChE purified from the electric organ of the electric eel. However, the constants were 140–510 times higher for cellular AChE than for purified AChE. The order of effectiveness of these five compounds as inhibitors of cellular AChE was completely different from the order previously determined for inhibition of the acetylcholine receptor of the intact electroplax of the electric eel. The ratio of the apparent dissociation constants determined for cellular AChE compared to the constants for the acetylcholine receptor varied from 0.16 to 3500. It is concluded that the active site of AChE is different from that of the acetylcholine receptor.
Partial link flow observability in the presence of initial sensors: Solution without path enumeration

Abstract Recently, a new methodology (“synergistic sensor location”) has been introduced to efficiently determine all link flows in a road network by using only a subset of the link flow measurements. In this paper, we generalize this previous work by solving the following problem: Suppose that one is only interested in a subset of the link flows, and that certain link flows are known a priori. At a minimum, what link flows are needed to be able to uniquely determine the desired link flows? An algorithm is presented that does not require the need for path enumeration.
Attainment of therapeutic fluoride levels in serum without major side effects using a slow-release preparation of sodium fluoride in postmenopausal osteoporosis.

The bioavailability, biochemical effects, and safety of a slow-release preparation of sodium fluoride were examined. In 8 normal volunteers, a single administration of slow-release sodium fluoride (25 mg) caused a slow rise and gradual decline in serum fluoride concentration, thus avoiding sharp peaks produced by a rapid-release preparation. In 37 patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis, serum fluoride concentration was kept within the "therapeutic window" (95-100 ng/ml) during long-term intermittent sodium fluoride (slow-release) therapy (25 mg twice/day, given for 3 months in each 5-month cycle over five cycles). Serum fluoride was also kept within the therapeutic window in 64 patients who took sodium fluoride (slow release) continuously over 12 months. Serum osteocalcin concentration increased progressively during fluoride treatment (correlation coefficient of 0.88, p less than .001 for the relationship between serum osteocalcin and duration of therapy). Side effects to slow-release sodium fluoride therapy, assessed in 101 patients at two study sites, were minor and included diarrhea in 2 patients, nausea in 2 patients, abdominal pain and cramping in 2 patients, foot pain in 2 patients, and joint pain in 6 patients. Thus, slow-release sodium fluoride confers desired level of fluoride in serum, while providing safety of usage.
Measurement of micro-bathymetry with a GOPRO underwater stereo camera pair

A GO-PRO underwater stereo camera kit has been used to measure the 3D topography (bathymetry) of a patch of seafloor producing a point cloud with a spatial data density of 15 measurements per 3 mm grid square and an standard deviation of less than 1 cm A GO-PRO camera is a fixed focus, 11 megapixel, still-frame (or 1080p high-definition video) camera, whose small form-factor and water-proof housing has made it popular with sports enthusiasts. A stereo camera kit is available providing a waterproof housing (to 61 m / 200 ft) for a pair of cameras. Measures of seafloor micro-bathymetry capable of resolving seafloor features less than 1 cm in amplitude were possible from the stereo reconstruction. Bathymetric measurements of this scale provide important ground-truth data and boundary condition information for modeling of larger scale processes whose details depend on small-scale variations. Examples include modeling of turbulent water layers, seafloor sediment transfer and acoustic backscatter from bathymetric echo sounders.
New method for studying mammalian melanocytes in vivo.

MOST reports on the morphological changes of mammalian melanocytes associated with alterations in melanogenesis have been based on observations made either with a split skin preparation or by the use of tissue culture. The former method involves the use of trypsin1,2 or other chemical agents3 or the use of a freezing microtome4 to bring about separation of the epidermis from the dermis. Tissue culture of melanocytes using the technique described by Cruickshank5 requires that the epidermis be broken down into individual cell units in the early stages, and this results in a dissolution of the melanocyte keratino-cyte relationship. Furthermore, the continued growth of the culture is dependent on the presence of an artificial medium6. The method which is described here allows the observer to study for hours, days, months or even years the activity of a single melanocyte or groups of melanocytes in their natural undisturbed environment. The method is simple and is particularly suited to time-lapse photography.
On stresses in a perforated strip

Abstract The convergence of the successive approximations in Howland's solution of an infinite perforated strip containing a symmetrically-located circular hole under longitudinal tension can be improved considerably by using the well known solution of an infinite perforated plate as the approximation of zero order. Further, by basing on a somewhat different physical concept, a corresponding direct solution of the problem can be formulated. Such a solution is presented in this paper. Numerical results are obtained from the solution over a wider range of values of the radius of hole, a feature hardly attainable in the previously known solutions of the problem. Further extension of the method of solution to the transverse bending problem as well as to the case of an unsymmetrically-located hole is also possible.
The Influence of Terrain on Rainfall Estimates from Radar Reflectivity and Specific Propagation Phase Observations

Abstract The effect of beam blockage on rainfall estimates derived from radar reflectivity and specific propagation phase was evaluated from measurements of a convective rainfall event from the National Center for Atmospheric Research’s S-band polarized (S-Pol) radar. This storm produced a flash flood in a mountainous watershed to the southwest of Denver, Colorado, and widespread rainfall over the plains. A beam blockage map of the region, based on a digital elevation model and characteristics of the S-Pol radiation pattern, was computed. Rain-rate estimates over both low and high beam-blockage areas were compared. Results supported the hypothesis that specific propagation phase–based quantitative precipitation estimates tend to be less influenced by terrain than reflectivity-based precipitation estimates are.
Prostaglandin synthesis and metabolism in isolated pancreatic islets of the rat

Abstract Isolated pancreatic islets of Langerhans of the rat which were sonicated and incubated with radiolabeled arachidonic acid for 1 hr synthesized several species of prostaglandins (PGs). Both thin-layer and high-performance liquid (HPLC) chromatographic techniques demonstrated the synthesis by islet sonicates of PGF 2α and PGE 2 equivalents, in addition to the 15-keto-13, 14-dihydro metabolites of these primary PGs. In addition, HPLC allowed the identification of 6-keto-PGF 1α (the metabolite of prostacyclin) as a major PG synthesized from arachidonate by this tissue. Islet vascular elements, as well as endocrine cells, may contribute to the synthesis of the latter compound. Lesser amounts of arachidonate were incorporated into PG-like compounds eluting as thromboxane. The synthesis of PGs was sensitive to the protein concentration of islet sonicate, and a five-fold dilution of protein resulted in a comparable reduction in arachidonate incorporation into PGs. Labeled arachidonate was also incorporated into compounds which elute as hydroxy or hydroperoxy-eicosatetrainoic acids on HPLC. Thus, isolated pancreatic islets synthesize a variety of PGs which may have a physiological role in hormone secretion form this endocrine organ.
Applications of NMR Imaging in Hyperthermia: An Evaluation of the Potential for Localized Tissue Heating and Noninvasive Temperature Monitoring

Potential applications of three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging to noninvasive temperature monitoring as well as tissue heating are discussed. Although heat delivery using conventional NMR imaging is negligible, the physical basis for heat transfer is reviewed and the potential for increase is shown to depend on both the static magnetic field and the longitudinal relaxation time (T1)