cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
KNOX genes influence a gradient of fruit chloroplast development through regulation of GOLDEN2-LIKE expression in tomato

The chlorophyll content of unripe fleshy fruits is positively correlated with the nutrient content and flavor of ripe fruit. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit, the uniform ripening (u) locus, which encodes a GOLDEN 2-LIKE transcription factor (SlGLK2), influences a gradient of chloroplast development that extends from the stem end of the fruit surrounding the calyx to the base of the fruit. With the exception of the u locus, the factors that influence the formation of this developmental gradient are unknown. In this study, characterization and positional cloning of the uniform gray-green (ug) locus of tomato reveals a thus far unknown role for the Class I KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX (KNOX) gene, TKN4, in specifying the formation of this chloroplast gradient. The involvement of KNOX in fruit chloroplast development was confirmed through characterization of the Curl (Cu) mutant, a dominant gain-of-function mutation of TKN2, which displays ectopic fruit chloroplast development that resembles SlGLK2 over-expression. TKN2 and TKN4 act upstream of SlGLK2 and the related gene ARABIDOPSIS PSEUDO RESPONSE REGULATOR 2-LIKE (SlAPRR2-LIKE) to establish their latitudinal gradient of expression across developing fruit that leads to a gradient of chloroplast development. Class I KNOX genes typically influence plant morphology through maintenance of meristem activity, but this study identifies a role for TKN2 and TKN4 in specifically influencing chloroplast development in fruit but not leaves, suggesting that this fundamental process is differentially regulated in these two organs.
Bile acid transport.

Bile acids are end products of cholesterol and play essential roles in a number of diverse physiologic functions. 73 They are the major driving force for bile formation, are required to form micelles with fatty acids and other intraluminal hydrophobic compounds that are necessary for their uptake by enterocytes, and are the major excretory products of cholesterol. To conserve the high metabolic cost of bile acid synthesis, the bile acid pool is recirculated up to 10 to 20 times each day in a unique enterohepatic circulation. 34,73 This process allows for bile acids to be reabsorbed from their site of action in the intestinal lumen and return to the liver by way of the portal vascular system. This article summarizes current understanding of how the different components that constitute this remarkably efficient system operate and highlights advances in the molecular identification of these specific bile acid transporters. Advances in understanding of how mutations of these bile acid transporters lead to distinct clinical entities, which predominately present as familial intrahepatic cholestatic syndromes, are also summarized. Use of these bile acid transporters for enhanced intestinal absorption of drugs or targeting to the liver is also briefly reviewed.
Spectral sum rules for the quark-gluon plasma

We derive sum rules involving the spectral density of the stress-energy tensor in N = 4 super-Yang-Mills theory and pure Yang-Mills theory. The sum rules come from the hydrodynamic behavior at small momenta and the conformal (in the case of N = 4 super-Yang-Mills theory) or asymptotically free (as for the pure Yang-Mills theory) behavior at large momenta. These sum rules may help constrain quark-gluon plasma transport coefficients obtained from lattice QCD.
Predictive measures of vascular access thrombosis: A prospective study

Malfunction of permanent vascular accesses remains a cause of frequent and costly morbidity in patients receiving chronic hemodialysis (CHD). Several recommendations for routine monitoring of these permanent vascular accesses for incipient failure have been proposed. In this study, multiple indicators of incipient vascular access dysfunction, including "venous" and "arterial" pressures at serial blood flows (200 ml/min, 300 ml/min, and 400 ml/min), percent urea recirculation, Doppler ultrasound, and access blood flow by ultrasound dilution technique were simultaneously evaluated in a total of 220 vascular accesses in 170 chronic hemodialysis patients in two separate study periods (6 months apart). The rate of thrombosis was determined within the subsequent 12 weeks of each study period to assess the short-term predictive power of access thrombosis. During the period of follow-up, there were 34 thrombotic events in 172 polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts and only one thrombotic event in 48 arterio-venous fistulas (AVF). Therefore, the statistical analysis was limited to the PTFE grafts. When grafts with thromboses were compared to those without thrombosis by univariate analysis, access blood flow measured either by ultrasound dilution technique (875 +/- 426 ml/min with thrombosis vs. 1193 +/- 677 ml/min without thrombosis, P = 0.001) or by Doppler ultrasound (762 +/- 420 ml/min with thrombosis vs. 1171 +/- 657 ml/min without thrombosis, P = 0.001) were significantly different in the two groups. There was good correlation (r = 0.79, P = 0.0001) between the blood flows determined by both techniques. The grade of stenosis determined by ultrasound was also a statistically significant predictor (P = 0.02). "Venous" and "arterial" pressures were numerically similar and were not statistically different between the accesses that did and those that did not thrombose. When multivariate analysis was used, there was a significantly increased risk of thrombosis only with decreasing access blood flow determined by ultrasound dilution techniques after adjusting for other confounding variables. When the average blood flow of all grafts (1134 ml/min) is considered as the reference access blood flow (relative risk of 1.0), the relative risk of a PTFE thrombotic event within the subsequent 12 weeks was 1.23 at a blood flow 950 ml/min, 1.67 at a blood flow of 650 ml/min and to 2.39 at a blood flow of 300 ml/min. In summary, access blood flow measured by either Dilution or Doppler is a reliable indicator of subsequent short-term thrombosis risk. Other proposed methods of evaluating access dysfunction were not useful in our patients. If simple to use, cost-effective devices to measure dialysis access blood flow become readily available, the measurement of access blood flow will likely become the method of choice for screening of PTFE vascular access dysfunction in hemodialysis patients.
Hypothalamic hyperphagia despite imposed diurnal or nocturnal feeding and drinking rhythms.

Abstract Rats normally do most of their eating at night. When ad lib fed rats are made hyperphagic with lesions or parasagittal hypothalamic knife cuts the increases in eating occur primarily during the day. This suggests that a disruption of circadian rhythms may mediate the overeating. However, when knife cut rats were food and water deprived all day excessive eating occurred at night. Similarly, when they were deprived all night overeating occurred during the day. Under both conditions of deprivation the food intakes and rapid weight gains of the ad lib fed knife cut group were defended. It was concluded that: (1) in hypothalamic hyperphagia either the excessive food intake or the excessive weight gain is defended when food and water are available only half of each day, and (2) disruption of nocturnal feeding and drinking rhythms is not the cause of hypothalamic hyperphagia.
Kendall's tau-type rank statistics in genome data

High-dimensional data models abound in genomics studies, where often inadequately small sample sizes create impasses for incorporation of standard statistical tools. Conventional assumptions of linearity of regression, homoscedasticity and (multi-) normality of errors may not be tenable in many such interdisciplinary setups. In this study, Kendall’s tau-type rank statistics are employed for statistical inference, avoiding most of parametric assumptions to a greater extent. The proposed procedures are compared with Kendall’s tau statistic based ones. Applications in microarray data models are stressed.
Blood pressure, electrocardiogram and echocardiogram measurements in the growing pony foal

Summary Twelve newborn pony foals underwent cardiovascular examinations (auscultation, arterial blood pressure measurements, electrocardiograms and M-mode echocardiograms) on their first day of life and then on Days 7, 14, 21, 30, 60 and 90. An age dependent, statistically significant, rapid increase of the arterial blood pressure in the first month was documented together with a slower decrease of the resting heart rate after two and three months of life. Innocent soft systolic murmurs were audible over the left heart base in a large number of the foals. The electrocardiograms showed age dependent increases of the PR-, QRS- and QT- intervals and a trend of the mean electrical axis in the frontal plane to rotate towards the left side. The ventricular dimensions, measured by M-mode echocardiography, increased with the growth of the pony foals. Linear regression equations were calculated for the right and left ventricular internal dimensions in relation to body weight (bwt). The other echocardiographic parameter had low correlations with bwt.
All organizations are public : bridging public and private organizational theories

PrefaceThe Author 1. The Publicness Puzzle: How the Public Status of Organizations Affects Their Behavior 2. Comparing Public and Private Organizations: Organizations, Personnel, and Work Context Issues 3. Barriers to Developing Knowledge About the Publicness of Organizations 4. Econmic Authority: Understanding the Roots of Privateness 5. Political Authority: Understanding the Roots of Publicness 6. Why All Organizations Are Public: A Multi-Dimensional View of Publicness 7. A Case Example: How the Level of Publicness Affects Performance in R&D Organizations 8. Implications for Research, Mangement Education, and Effective Management ReferencesIndex
Accounting for the effects of moderately increased pressure on the energetics of melting and solubility in metered dose inhalers

The purpose of this study is to account for thermodynamic variations due to changes in the physical environment of propellant-based systems, particularly metered dose inhalers (MDIs). Twenty organic compounds were measured via differential scanning calorimetry under ambient pressure, 60 psi, and 90 psi. The increase in pressure did not affect the melting point of any of the compounds. A modest increase (∼8%) in enthalpy of fusion was noted. This correlates to a modest increase in entropy of fusion, and thus ideal crystalline solubility, though the magnitude of this change depends primarily on the melting point of the given compound. Because the relationship between melting point and solubility is logarithmic, compounds with higher melting points are affected more by this increased energy of melting. Based on the findings, modest changes can be made to predictive models to estimate solubility in propellant systems to account for changes in the physical environment of MDIs.
Monolayer freeze-fracture autoradiography: origins and directions.

SUMMARY Monolayer freeze-fracture autoradiography (MONOFARG) is a product of two earlier methods: freeze-fracture autoradiography (FARG) and cell monolayer freeze-fracture. MONOFARG incorporates many of the basic principles and cytochemical goals of FARG while exploiting the technical advantages of monolayer freeze-fracturing. The latter method offers the opportunity to process freeze-dried ‘half’ membranes at room temperature. Although the feasibility of MONOFARG has been shown for qualitative analyses of split membranes, its quantitative feasibility for transmembrane and in-plane analyses has just begun to be documented. An example of one aspect of that documentation is included in this report. The distribution of 125I-FITC-Concanavalin-A in the plane of split plasma membranes, human erythrocyte extracellular fracture faces, was examined and found to be homogeneous. The relevance of this finding to recently described double labelled membrane splitting experiments is discussed. The future of MONOFARG appears promising, especially in the application of the technique to biologically significant questions.
E-Market for e-waste

In the U.S., e-waste could be the fastest growing component of the municipal solid waste. This trend is likely to continue given the rapid rate of technological progress, increased adoption and subsequent decreasing life spans of electronic products. This poster proposes the e-market for returned deposit system as an option for future e-waste management system in the U.S.
LYAPUNOV EXPONENTS FOR STOCHASTIC ANDERSON MODELS WITH NON-GAUSSIAN NOISE

The stochastic Anderson model in discrete or continuous space is defined for a class of non-Gaussian spacetime potentials W as solutions u to the multiplicative stochastic heat equation $u(t,x)=1+\int_{0}^{t}\kappa\Delta u(s,x)ds+\int_{0}^{t}\beta W(ds,x)u(s,x)$ with diffusivity κ and inverse-temperature β. The relation with the corresponding polymer model in a random environment is given. The large time exponential behavior of u is studied via its almost sure Lyapunov exponent λ = limt→∞ t-1log u(t, x), which is proved to exist, and is estimated as a function of β and κ for β2κ-1 bounded below: positivity and nontrivial upper bounds are established, generalizing and improving existing results. In discrete space λ is of order β2/log(β2/κ) and in continuous space it is between β2(κ/β2)H/(H+1) and β2(κ/β2)H/(1+3H).
Influence of the N-terminal domain on the aggregation properties of the prion protein

Prion diseases appear to be caused by the aggregation of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into an infectious form denoted PrPSc. The in vitro aggregation of the prion protein has been extensively investigated, yet many of these studies utilize truncated polypeptides. Because the C-terminal portion of PrPSc is protease-resistant and retains infectivity, it is assumed that studies on this fragment are most relevant. The full-length protein can be distinguished from the truncated protein because it contains a largely structured, α-helical, C-terminal region in addition to an N terminus that is unstructured in the absence of metal ion binding. Herein, the in vitro aggregation of a truncated portion of the prion protein (PrP 90–231) and a full-length version (PrP 23–231) were compared. In each case, concentration-dependent aggregation was analyzed to discern whether it proceeds by a nucleation-dependent pathway. Both protein constructs appear to aggregate via a nucleated polymerization with a small nucleus size, yet the later steps differ. The full-length protein forms larger aggregates than the truncated protein, indicating that the N terminus may mediate higher-order aggregation processes. In addition, the N terminus has an influence on the assembly state of PrP before aggregation begins, causing the full-length protein to adopt several oligomeric forms in a neutral pH buffer. Our results emphasize the importance of studying the full-length protein in addition to the truncated forms for in vitro aggregation studies in order to make valid hypotheses about the mechanisms of prion aggregation and the distribution of aggregates in vivo.
Numerical Modeling of Co-Firing Chunk Coal and Oat Hulls in a Stoker Boiler

The current study presents a numerical study of co-firing chunk coal and one kind of light weight biomass, oat hulls, in a stoker boiler. First, a standard combustion model was applied to simulate coal combustion in a real size three dimensional boiler; the results were compared with the temperatures measured at different locations of the stoker boiler to assess the accuracy of heat sink and heat transfer model. Once a good accuracy was achieved, a devolatilization model for oat hulls was derived from experimental data and was matched with this combustion model to simulate combustion in a co-firing stoker boiler. The results showed that light biomass burns in suspension, similar to pulverized coal by following the air flow. Also, the peak temperature inside the furnace inversely varies with the increase of co-firing percentage of oat hulls. This numerical study reveals thermal and economic potential of using unprocessed light weight biomass on the existing combustion facility.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Scheduling of multicast traffic in tunable-receiver WDM networks with non-negligible tuning latencies

We consider the problem of supporting multipoint communication at the media access control (MAC) layer of broadcast-and-select WDM networks. We first show that bandwidth consumption and channel utilization arise as two conflicting objectives in the design of scheduling algorithms for multicast traffic in this environment. We then present a new technique for the transmission of multicast packets, based on the concept of a virtual receiver, a set of physical receivers which behave identically in terms of tuning. We also show that the number κ of virtual receivers naturally captures the tradeoff between channel utilization and bandwidth consumption. Our approach decouples the problem of determining the virtual receivers from the problem of scheduling packet transmissions, making it possible to employ existing scheduling algorithms that have been shown to successfully hide the effects of tuning latency. Consequently, we focus on the problem of optimally selecting the virtual receivers, and we prove that it is NP-complete. Finally, we present four heuristics of varying degrees of complexity for obtaining virtual receivers that provide a good balance between the two conflicting objectives.
Irradiation-induced Cured Ham Color Fading and Regeneration

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Conditioned discrimination of magnetic inclination in a spatial-orientation arena task by homing pigeons (Columba livia)

It has been well established that homing pigeons are able to use the Earth’s magnetic field to obtain directional information when returning to their loft and that their magnetic compass is based, at least in part, on the perception of magnetic inclination. Magnetic inclination has also been hypothesized in pigeons and other long-distance navigators, such as sea turtles, to play a role providing positional information as part of a map. Here we developed a behavioural paradigm which allows us to condition homing pigeons to discriminate magnetic inclination cues in a spatial-orientation arena task. Six homing pigeons were required to discriminate in a circular arena between feeders located either in a zone with a close to 0o inclination cue or in a zone with a rapidly changing inclination cue (-3o to +85o when approaching the feeder and +85o to -3o when moving away from the feeder) to obtain a food reward. The pigeons consistently performed this task above chance level. Control experiments, during which the coils were turned off or the current was running anti-parallel through the double-wound coils system, confirmed that no alternative cues were used by the birds in the discrimination task. The results show that homing pigeons can be conditioned to discriminate differences in magnetic field inclination, enabling investigation into the peripheral and central neural processing of geomagnetic inclination under controlled laboratory conditions.
Double-intermittent reward scheduling and secondary-reinforcer strength: Discriminated escape

A discriminated escape procedure was employed to train two groups of rats to activate a nose press in the presence of a tone to escape a 1-mA shock. Escape was allowed on a continuous or an intermittent schedule. Each group was then divided into three subgroups, two of which were required to learn a leverpress response where the only reward was the tone, presented on a continuous or an intermittent reinforcement schedule. The third subgroup served as a no-tone control. A durable secondary reinforcer was established which was a function of the secondary reinforcement schedule during testing.
Type 2 endoleaks after abdominal aortic aneurysm stent grafting with systematic mesenteric and lumbar coil embolization

We evaluated the results of our policy of systematic coil embolization of the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) and/or lumbar arteries (LAs) prior to endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair (EVAR). We retrospectively reviewed all patients undergoing EVAR over a 4-year period at one hospital. Results were analyzed using uni- and multivariate analyses. Fifty-five male patients with an average age of 71 years were evaluated. Follow-up averaged 15 ± 13 months. The IMA was either coiled or occluded in 30 cases. One or more LAs were coiled in 29 patients. An average of 1.3 LAs per patients were coiled (range 0-6). There were no immediate or late complications from coiling. At last follow-up, 14 AAAs showed no change in diameter, one increased by 2 mm, and the remainder (n = 40) decreased by 7.5 ± 6 mm in maximal diameter. Only five (9%) type 2 endoleaks were detected during follow-up. Three were associated with AAA size increase. Four of the five were treated with additional coiling, with good results. By logistic regression, neither endoleak occurrence nor AAA shrinkage correlated with LA or IMA coiling. However, by multivariate analysis, completeness of lumbar coiling correlated negatively with aneurysm shrinkage (p = 0.04) and IMA coiling correlated positively with aneurysm shrinkage (p = 0.04). Coil embolization of the IMA and/or LAs prior to EVAR can be safely accomplished in a large number of cases and is associated with a low incidence of type 2 endoleaks. We cannot at present demonstrate a benefit to LA embolization in terms of endoleak prevention or AAA shrinkage. However, IMA embolization may be of benefit in terms of AAA shrinkage.
Short-wavelength sensitivity for the direct effects of light on alertness, vigilance, and the waking electroencephalogram in humans

ness ratings, decreased auditory reaction time, fewer attentional failures, decreased EEG power density in the delta-theta range (0.5-5.5 Hz), and increased EEG power density in the high-alpha range (9.5-10.5 Hz). Light had no direct effect on cortisol. Conclusions: Short-wavelength sensitivity to the acute alerting effects of light indicates that the visual photopic system is not the primary photoreceptor system mediating these responses to light. The frequency-specific changes in the waking EEG indicate that short-wavelength light is a powerful agent that immediately attenuates the negative effects of both homeostatic sleep pressure and the circadian drive for sleep on alertness, performance, and the ability to sustain attention.
Vortex dynamics in a shearing zonal flow

When vortices are embedded in a shearing zonal flow their interactions are changed qualitatively. If the zonal flow's shear and the vortex's strength are of the same order and opposite sign, the vortex is pulled into a thin spiral, fragments, and is destroyed in a turn-around time. If the signs are the same, the vortex redistributes its vorticity so that its maximum value is at the centre
Adsorption of Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimers on Gold

Adsorption of poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers from dilute solution onto cleaned gold has been studied in-situ by a quartz crystal microbalance technique. All experiments were carried out at 21 °C, with either anhydrous ethanol or deionized water as solvent. In ethanol, the equilibrium frequency shifts, proportional to the equilibrium surface coverages, Γ [M/L2], correspond to about a monolayer and increase weakly (roughly linearly) with generation, G. The adsorption is likely driven by the weak favorable interaction between the primary amine end groups on PAMAM and gold. In aqueous media, the results are completely different. Under the conditions employed (low ionic strength and pH 6.5−7) the PAMAM amine end groups tend to protonate in aqueous solution, so that the macromolecules bear positive charge. The equilibrium frequency shift grows exponentially with generation G up to G = 6. For G = 7 a drastic drop is observed, but the increasing trend resumes again for G = 7 through G = 9. Estimates of the a...
Affluence of the Recipient, Value of Donations, and Sharing Behavior in Preschool Children

Twenty-eight four-year-old and 28 five- and six-year-old subjects were presented with either poor or rich recipients. The recipients were defined visually with a picture of the type of home they lived in and verbally with a brief story. All subjects were asked to share from 17 units of each of two types of candy, one of low and the other of high value. The subjects assigned poor recipients shared a significantly larger number of units than the subjects assigned rich recipients, and all subjects shared a significantly larger number of the low value items. The age and interaction effects were nonsignificant. The effect of the affluence of the recipient was interpreted in terms of the arousal of empathy.
DNA bending and sequence-dependent backbone conformation NMR and computer experiments.

Although DNA bending plays a crucial role in several biological processes, very little is known experimentally about the relationship between sugar phosphate conformation and sequence directed bending. In this paper, we determine the coupling constants for a nonselfcomplementary 11-mer A-tract DNA duplex from 2D NMR experiments and along each chain of the duplex, we report the sugar pucker, torsional preferences and conformational averaging about the C3 0 -O3 0 ,C 4 0 -C5 0 and C5 0 -O5 0 bonds for each nucleotide. The A-tract exists as an equilibrium blend of canonical B-form and noncanonical B-form in which the exocyclic C4 0 -C5 0 bond is in trans conformation as in the original Watson-Crick model [Crick, F.H.C. & Watson, J.D. (1954) Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), A223, 80‐96]. The trans conformation at the C4 0 -C5 0 can increase the interphosphate distance and lead to local unwinding of the duplex and rolling of the base pair into the major groove. This will create a kink or hinge. At the 3 0 -end of the A-tract in the purine-thymine step, the duplex is compressed by the presence of a junction between A and B forms of DNA exclusively in one strand, with consequent reduction of the phosphatephosphate distance. The coupling constant data seriously disagree with the A-tract DNA bending model of Crothers [Koo, H.-S., Wu, H.-M. & Crothers, D.M. (1986) Nature 320, 501‐506], but is in agreement with the finding of Leroy et al. [Leroy, J.-L., Charretier, E., Kochoyan, M. & Gueron, M. (1988) Biochemistry 27, 8894‐8898] that the structure that drives bending in the A-tract is locally different from B-DNA. Structural distortions are extremely localized with little or no propagation. It is likely that transcription factor proteins recognize these preexisting deformations in the free DNA itself and mold it into the matrix of the protein.
Chief Knowledge Officer: Critical Success Factors for Knowledge Management

This article examines attributes of the CKO position and the backgrounds of the people who fill it. Variations in the prescribed role for the CKO are reviewed, as are CKO critical success factors. One critical knowledge management issue, implicit-to-explicit knowledge conversion, is investigated in some depth to reveal the unique nature of issues confronting the CKO position. Finally, the arguments for potentially not implementing a CKO function are discussed.
The ontology of twerk: from ‘sexy’ Black movement style to Afro-Diasporic sacred dance

The objective of this article is to develop an ontology of twerk that situates it within Black Atlantic choreographic modalities, including those of Afro-Diasporic religions. As a corrective to the pervasive stereotyping and appropriation of twerk, I place its normative performance within the cultural space of contemporary Black New Orleans. I furnish an overview of temporally proximate regional variations in the United States and locate its more remote antecedents in the participatory dances documented on North American plantations. Twerk also shares various morphological and thematic similarities with Caribbean and Latin American movement traditions that have promoted female sexual, economic, and political freedom. Of these, I take into special account Brazilian, Cuban, and Haitian dances sacred to Afro-Diasporic deities venerated for giving life and bearing witness to death. I conclude that twerk should be understood properly as part of a family of Black Atlantic dances that emerged from shared histori...
Computer crime

One very positive sign in man's existence comes from an unlikely source, that is, his ability to commit criminal acts no matter how difficult the circumstances. He escapes from escape-proof prisons, tampers with tamper-proof devices, and burglarizes burglar-proof establishments. No level of technology has found itself above the ingenuity of a clever, albeit dishonest, mind, not even the computer.
Modeling and Simulations of a Two-Degree-of-Freedom SMA Actuator for Mirror Positioning

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) provide compact and simple actuation for a variety of systems. Automotive applications of these materials, although very attractive, have not been fully explored. This is partly due to the complex behavior of the alloys. A two degree of freedom SMA actuator has been developed to orient the position of a rear-view-mirror. This paper presents dynamic simulations of the SMA actuator. The strong interdependence of the thermomechanical behavior of the alloy and the dynamics are considered to greater improve the accuracy of the true system. The modeling of the nonlinear friction behavior is also of great importance to the general dynamics of the actuator and eventually the control system.© 2006 ASME
Utility of characteristic QTOF MS/MS fragmentation for MHC class i peptides

Systematic investigation of cellular process by mass spectrometric detection of peptides obtained from proteins digestion or directly from immuno-purification can be a powerful tool when used appropriately. The true sequence of these peptides is defined by the interpretation of spectral data using a variety of available algorithms. However peptide match algorithm scoring is typically based on some, but not all, of the mechanisms of peptide fragmentation. Although algorithm rules for soft ionization techniques generally fit very well to tryptic peptides, manual validation of spectra is often required for endogenous peptides such as MHC class I molecules where traditional trypsin digest techniques are not used. This study summarizes data mining and manual validation of hundreds of peptide sequences from MHC class I molecules in publically available data files. We herein describe several important features to improve and quantify manual validation for these endogenous peptides—post automated algorithm search...
Enantioselective Synthesis of Caprolactam and Enone Precursors to the Heterocyclic DEFG Ring System of Zoanthenol.

The enantioselective synthesis of both caprolactam and enone synthons for the DEFG ring system of zoanthenol are described. The evolution of this approach proceeds first through a synthesis using the chiral pool as a starting point. Challenges in protecting-group strategy led to the modification of this approach beginning with (±)-glycidol. Ultimately, an efficient approach was developed by employing an asymmetric hetero-Diels–Alder reaction. The caprolactam building block can be converted by an interesting selective Grignard addition into the corresponding enone synthon. Addition of a model alkyne provides support for the late-stage addition of a hindered alkyne to the caprolactam building block.
Report of treatment of a patient with a mixed infection of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum malaria

The City of Longyan reported a case of a mixed infection of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum malaria in 2009.The patient had been infected abroad,developed malaria,been treated,returned home,and developed malaria again.In China,the patient received an 8-day-treatment with 3 courses of artesunate(1 800 mg) and 4 courses of chloroquine+primaquine(chloroquine,4 800 mg,primaquine 720 mg).Afterwards,the patient recovered.
Vinorelbine (Navelbine)--a new agent for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: a summary.

A large body of preclinical and clinical data concerning the new semisynthetic vinca alkaloid vinorelbine (Navelbine; Burroughs Wellcome Co, Research Triangle Park, NC; Pierre Fabre Medicament, Paris, France) are now available. At both the cellular and clinical levels, this drug shows reduced neurotoxicity compared with other vinca alkaloids. In phase III clinical trials of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), treatment with the combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin resulted in survival advantages greater than those achieved by vindesine plus cisplatin. The median survival durations of patients receiving single-agent vinorelbine were comparable with those of patients treated with vindesine plus cisplatin, and greater than those of patients treated with 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin. The dose-limiting toxicity of vinorelbine, granulocytopenia, was transient and seldom resulted in hospitalization. Treatment with vinorelbine did not result in negative effects on patient quality of life. Vinorelbine is now being actively investigated in combination and multimodality regimens in patients with various stages of NSCLC. New strategies to avoid vinorelbine-related granulocytopenia are also being developed. Vinorelbine-containing regimens hold the promise of providing effective, well-tolerated treatment for patients with NSCLC.
MO-FG-202-08: Real-Time Monte Carlo-Based Treatment Dose Reconstruction and Monitoring for Radiotherapy

Purpose: This proof-of-concept study is to develop a real-time Monte Carlo (MC) based treatment-dose reconstruction and monitoring system for radiotherapy, especially for the treatments with complicated delivery, to catch treatment delivery errors at the earliest possible opportunity and interrupt the treatment only when an unacceptable dosimetric deviation from our expectation occurs. Methods: First an offline scheme is launched to pre-calculate the expected dose from the treatment plan, used as ground truth for real-time monitoring later. Then an online scheme with three concurrent threads is launched while treatment delivering, to reconstruct and monitor the patient dose in a temporally resolved fashion in real-time. Thread T1 acquires machine status every 20 ms to calculate and accumulate fluence map (FM). Once our accumulation threshold is reached, T1 transfers the FM to T2 for dose reconstruction ad starts to accumulate a new FM. A GPU-based MC dose calculation is performed on T2 when MC dose engine is ready and a new FM is available. The reconstructed instantaneous dose is directed to T3 for dose accumulation and real-time visualization. Multiple dose metrics (e.g. maximum and mean dose for targets and organs) are calculated from the current accumulated dose and compared with the pre-calculated expected values. Once the discrepancies go beyond our tolerance, an error message will be send to interrupt the treatment delivery. Results: A VMAT Head-and-neck patient case was used to test the performance of our system. Real-time machine status acquisition was simulated here. The differences between the actual dose metrics and the expected ones were 0.06%–0.36%, indicating an accurate delivery. ∼10Hz frequency of dose reconstruction and monitoring was achieved, with 287.94s online computation time compared to 287.84s treatment delivery time. Conclusion: Our study has demonstrated the feasibility of computing a dose distribution in a temporally resolved fashion in real-time and quantitatively and dosimetrically monitoring the treatment delivery.
Cryotherapy for Iris Neovascularization and Neovascular Glaucoma

Numerous and diverse clinical entities are associated with iris neovascularization, but the most frequently encountered are diabetes mellitus and central retinal vein occlusion. The prevalence of iris neovascularization is between 1–10% among all diabetic patients and over 40% in patients with proliferative retinopathy (1–3). The incidence of iris neovascularization among patients with central retinal vein occlusion is about 15% (4), but is only 1 to 2% in patients with central retinal artery occlusion (5). The clinical presentation, histologic pathology, and theories of pathogenesis of this disorder have been reviewed (6–14).
From the Cover: Manganese Stimulates Mitochondrial H2O2 Production in SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cells Over Physiologic as well as Toxicologic Range.

Manganese (Mn) is an abundant redox-active metal with well-characterized mitochondrial accumulation and neurotoxicity due to excessive exposures. Mn is also an essential co-factor for the mitochondrial antioxidant protein, superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD2), and the range for adequate intake established by the Institute of Medicine Food and Nutrition Board is 20% of the interim guidance value for toxicity by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, leaving little margin for safety. To study toxic mechanisms over this critical dose range, we treated human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells with a series of MnCl2 concentrations (from 0 to 100 μM) and measured cellular content to compare to human brain Mn content. Concentrations ≤10 μM gave cellular concentrations comparable to literature values for normal human brain, whereas concentrations ≥50 μM resulted in values comparable to brains from individuals with toxic Mn exposures. Cellular oxygen consumption rate increased as a function of Mn up to 10 μM and decreased with Mn dose ≥50 μM. Over this range, Mn had no effect on superoxide production as measured by aconitase activity or MitoSOX but increased H2O2 production as measured by MitoPY1. Consistent with increased production of H2O2, SOD2 activity, and steady-state oxidation of total thiol increased with increasing Mn. These findings have important implications for Mn toxicity by re-directing attention from superoxide anion radical to H2O2-dependent mechanisms and to investigation over the entire physiologic range to toxicologic range. Additionally, the results show that controlled Mn exposure provides a useful cell manipulation for toxicological studies of mitochondrial H2O2 signaling.
Neuromuscular adaptability of male and female rats to muscle unloading

Previously, it has been shown that following muscle unloading, males and females experience different maladaptations in neuromuscular function. As a follow-up, the present investigation sought to determine if male and female neuromuscular systems demonstrated similar, or disparate morphological adaptations to muscle unloading. Twenty young adult male, and 20 young adult female rats were randomly assigned to one of two treatment protocols: muscle unloading, or control conditions. Following the 2-week intervention period, immunofluorescent procedures were used to quantify pre- and post-synaptic features of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), and to assess myofiber profiles (size and fiber type composition) of the soleus, plantaris, and EDL muscles. A 2-way ANOVA with main effects for sex and treatment was then used to identify statistically significant (p ≤ .05) differences among structural parameters. Analysis of NMJs showed a consistent lack of differences between males and females. Overall, NMJs were also found to be resistant to the effects of unloading. When examining myofiber profiles, however, male myofibers were revealed to be significantly larger than female ones in each of the muscles examined. Unloading resulted in significant myofiber atrophy only in the primarily weight-bearing soleus muscle. Only the EDL showed unloading-induced differences in myofiber type distribution (Type II → I). These data indicate that different components of the neuromuscular system (NMJs, myofibers) respond uniquely to unloading, and that sex affects myofiber type profiles, but not NMJs. Moreover, it appears that only muscles that have their habitual activity patterns disturbed by unloading (i.e., the soleus, adapt to that intervention).
Introduction: Clinical and Community Practice with Deaf and Hard of Hearing People

The purpose of this special issue is to offer readers increased insight on a variety of topics salient to working with Deaf and hard of hearing people. Before detailing more about the articles, it ...
Failed Antireflux Surgery: Analysis of the Causes and Treatment

Even though the technical elements for a successful laparoscopic fundoplication have been clearly identified, 10–15 % of patients will eventually experience recurrence of their symptoms and between 3 and 6 % will need a second antireflux operation.
Accuracy Analysis of 3-RSS Delta Parallel Manipulator

Abstract Accuracy analysis of parallel manipulators is the first step in selecting an appropriate error model for further design. In this paper, the kinematic accuracy of a Delta parallel manipulator is evaluated by Jacobian and geometric error models. The Jacobian (or condition number) based error models have been widely used for analysis and optimal design of parallel manipulators. However, as it is highlighted in this study, these models are dependent on the choice of particular matrix norm and do not capture the directional nature of accuracy. The geometric error model, derived for the Delta parallel manipulator, computes the exact value of positioning errors in task space that arise due to errors in joint space. The proposed model is used to compute overall as well as individual positioning errors along each DOF. It is revealed that the kinematic accuracy exhibits a highly directional nature over the reachable workspace. Moreover, individual errors along each DOF should be analyzed for complete evaluation of the accuracy of the Delta parallel manipulator.
The Development of Social Capital Through International Students' Involvement in Campus Organizations

This study examines campus organization involvement as a mechanism for social capital development. Researchers used analysis of variance (ANOVA) to examine variations in network size, strength, and composition for international students involved in different types of campus organizations. The researchers also examined the relationship of campus organization involvement to international students’ sense of attachment to the university. Students who participated in major-based organizations or leadership programs had larger, less dense, more diverse networks that lead to social networks which are particularly advantageous to social mobility. Students who participated in campus organizations related to their own cultural heritage had networks built of friends from all cultures, creating a greater sense of belonging and attachment to the university. Implications of social capital for practice and future research are discussed.
Broadcasting for help: A typology of support-seeking strategies on Facebook

Social network sites are desirable media through which to seek supportive communication, and users can signal a need for assistance to large, diverse pools of potential support providers with a sin...
The Status of Mussel Health Assessment and a Path Forward

Declines of freshwater mussel (order Unionida) populations worldwide are attributed to habitat degradation, pollution, and invasive species, among other factors. However, these purported causes do not fully explain the enigmatic decline and large-scale die-offs of mussels that have occurred in apparently healthy streams across a wide geographic region. The roles of the microbiota and pathogens in mussel health have been understudied, and, as a result, few data exist to compare the microbiota of healthy mussels to that of stressed or dying mussels. Captive propagation and stocking programs have expanded across the globe without standard diagnostic protocols to assess health or potential diseases in hatchery-reared or wild stocks. Nonindigenous species, contaminants of emerging concern, and anthropogenic climate change could alter adversely the underlying processes that support mussel health, such as nutritional status and microbial composition, and these factors could increase the risk for outbreaks of opportunistic and emergent mussel disease. We propose a coordinated, collaborative, and multidisciplinary effort to advance methods for assessing freshwater mussel health. We identify research and resources needed to answer central questions surrounding mussel health, including identifying potential agents of disease, defining clinical signs of declining condition, refining stress-specific biomarkers for health assessment, and developing protocols specific for mussels.
Abstract 64: Transradial Approach: The Future of Neurointervention-A Muticenter Collaboration

Introduction: Transradial approach (TRA) has gained significant popularity in the neuroendovascular world over the past few years. The purpose of this study is to report early experience in TRA fro...
Flapping, swirling and flipping: Non-linear dynamics of pre-stressed active filaments

Initially straight slender elastic filaments and rods with geometrically constrained ends buckle and form stable two-dimensional shapes when compressed by bringing the ends together. It is known that beyond a critical value of this pre-stress, clamped rods transition to bent, twisted three-dimensional equilibrium shapes. Here, we analyze the three-dimensional instabilities and dynamics of such pre-stressed, initially twisted filaments subject to active follower forces and dissipative fluid drag. We find that degree of boundary constraint and the directionality of active forces determines if oscillatory instabilities can arise. When filaments are clamped at one end and pinned at the other with follower forces directed towards the clamped end, stable planar flapping oscillations result; reversing the directionality of the active forces quenches the instability. When both ends are clamped however, computations reveal a novel secondary instability wherein planar oscillations are destabilized by off-planar perturbations resulting in three-dimensional swirling patterns with periodic flips. These swirl-flip transitions are characterized by two distinct and time-scales. The first corresponds to unidirectional swirling rotation around the end-to-end axis. The second captures the time between flipping events when the direction of swirling reverses. We find that this spatiotemporal dance resembles relaxation oscillations with each cycle initiated by a sudden jump in torsional deformation and then followed by a period of gradual decrease in net torsion until the next cycle of variations. Our work reveals the rich tapestry of spatiotemporal patterns when weakly inertial strongly damped rods are deformed by non-conservative active forces. Practically, our results suggest avenues by which pre-stress, elasticity and activity may be used to design synthetic fluidic elements to pump or mix fluid at macroscopic length scales.