cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The electric slide: dielectrophoresis for high precision cell patterning

Arrays of precisely positioned cells have many potential applications in biotechnology and basic cell biology. We have created arrays of single cells using dielectrophoresis (DEP), the force on polarizable bodies in a non-uniform electric field. Charge buildup across the plasma membrane was minimized by the application of voltages with high frequency and low amplitude. Cells cultured under these conditions were similar in gross morphology and growth rate to tissue culture controls. With DEP-based trapping, we have patterned multiple cell layers and multiple types of cells on chemically uniform substrates. We have also used DEP patterning to position cells on surfaces patterned with cell-adhesive areas surrounded by non-adhesive regions. This dual approach allowed us to organize cells in patterns that were different from the adhesive pattern. Using cells patterned by DEP, we investigated the effects of heterotypic, cell-cell interactions and cell packing on proliferation and other cellular processes. In the future, DEP will facilitate the construction of cell-based biosensors, functional nerve chips, and large cellular arrays for high throughput screening.
Measurement of Attenuation at C Band in a Convective Storm by a Dual-Radar Method

Abstract Retrievals of specific attenuation at 5.5-cm wavelength from dual-radar observations of a summer convective storm in Florida are presented. The retrieved specific attenuation is positive except in regions near the radars where the observed reflectivity factors suffered from contamination by ground clutter. The specific attenuations ranged between 0.0 and 2.0 dB km−1; they are small at higher levels of the storm, and high reflectivity cores are generally associated with higher specific attenuations. A plot of the retrieved specific attenuation against reflectivity factor at 10-cm wavelength shows that a majority of the retrieved values agree with those calculated from empirical relationships between reflectivity factor and specific attenuation. A small fraction of the points having high reflectivity factors have smaller than empirically predicted attenuations; these are attributed to dry ice particles. A larger fraction of the points having low reflectivity factors, less than about 30 dBZ, have hi...
Nutrition in Critical Illness

Nutrition is fundamental to health and the provision of adequate nutrition to hospitalized patients should be a priority for healthcare providers. For children in the intensive care setting, nutritional support can be difficult given the multitude of their medical needs. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the basic tenets of nutritional care of the PICU patient.
JACQUIN NAMES - AGAIN*

the Caribbean area. Garay and Sweet (I972a) maintain that three of these names have been misused and insist that these epithets must now be used for other species (which are also common and well known). The names which they treat in this way are Epidendrum altissimum, E. ophioglossoides and E. secundum. In each of the above-mentioned cases, Garay and Sweet treat the 1760 Jacquin name as based on a polynomial and a figure that are cited by Jacquin. The names published in 1763 are then considered to be based on Jacquin's own collections (of different species in these three cases). More recently, Garay and Sweet (1974) insist that E. altissimum Jacq. must be based on the Sloane plate and polynomial, because "In 1760 Jacquin cited only the Sloane plate." Naturally, Jacquin did not explicitly cite type specimens in any of his descriptions, either in the Enumeratio or in the Selectarum. The contention of Garay and Sweet, that the 1760 and 1763 descriptions are based on different plants, is quite untenable. In each case, Jacquin not only uses the same name in the Selectarum, but he also repeats the descriptive phrase from the Enumeratio (with slight changes in some cases). In each of the three cases, the earlier drawing is again cited under the same name in the Selectarum. The only reasonable conclusion is that both sets of descriptions were based on Jacquin's own material, and that he wrongly thought the earlier polynomials to refer to the same species. As to Garay and Stacy's more recent insistence that Jacquin's names can not be based on material not specifically cited in the I760 protologue, they follow a very rigid concept of typification, and one that is contrary to Rec. 7B of the Rules and to section 4B of the Guide for the determination of types. Certainly, Jacquin's Enumeratio does not conform to modern standards of botanical publication. Few, if any, works of that era would do so, and to apply the rigid concepts of Garay and his colleagues consistently would create needless confusion. In the typification of Linnaean species, it is generally accepted that material studied by Linnaeus before publication takes precedence over any polynomials
Quantum-dot Cellular Automata

An overview is given of the quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) architecture, along with a summary of experimental demonstrations of QCA devices. QCA is a transistorless computation paradigm that can provide a solution to such challenging issues as device and power density. The basic building blocks of the QCA architecture, such as AND, OR gates and clocked cells have been demonstrated and will be presented here. The quantum dots used in the experiments to date are metal islands that are coupled by capacitors and tunnel junctions, and devices operate only at very low temperatures. For QCA to be used in practical devices, the operating temperature must be raised, and issues such as background charge must be addressed. An introduction will be given to these issues and possible solutions.
Images in clinical medicine. Post-tachycardia T-wave syndrome.

Figure 1. Serial electrocardiograms (lead V4) were obtained in a 67-year-old man taking digoxin for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. An electrocardiogram obtained on June 28, 1983, showed no abnormalities. About six weeks later on August 15, while awaiting surgery for peripheral vascular disease, the patient had an episode of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (first electrocardiogram in second row) that responded to carotid-sinus massage. An electrocardiogram obtained shortly after conversion to sinus rhythm showed atrial premature beats and minor T-wave inversions (second electrocardiogram in second row), which became deeper over the next 24 hours (third electrocardiogram in second row). The patient . . .
Focus on Nontraditional Career Opportunities: An Optimistic View

The decrease in enrollment and the closing of many medical technology programs indicate a pessimistic future for the profession. However, the cause of these problems is attitudinal and correctable with imagination and foresight. For one year, the classified listings of a metropolitan newspaper were analyzed. Dozens of distinct career paths, most not specifically listed as “Medical Technology,” were identified as being open to the medical technologygraduate of a four-year program. All positions called for the very training and experience of the profession. A corresponding survey of graduates revealed that many are employed in nontraditional but related careers. The study concludes that employment opportunities for medical technologists are excellent. Leaders and educators in the field must make students aware of these diverse opportunities and expand their view of the profession.
Design and Implementation of the Self-organization Network Simulation Platform

The self-organization network absorbs lots of concerns based on its special hierarchy and the potential of broad application.Simulation becomes essential link of the research for the importance and difficulty of real testing new protocols.A self-organization network simulation platform,which is based on the conception of central control and distributive operation,is designed.The platform is comprised of control-center and terminal nodes:the control-center provides the interface for the users to realize the control of topology and flow,at the same time it realizes the analysis of simulation data by monitoring and calculating the communication states and achieves the performance of the network in near-true environment.The terminal node simulates the self-organization network node through configuring lower layers of network in the controlling of the control center.The platform provides a near-true and higher control test way environment for self-organization network.It can realize the debugging of the network layer and upper layers in the protocol stack and improve the efficiency of research.
Approaches to the rational design of bacterial vaccines.

When Bacon wrote ‘Man seeketh in society comfort, use and protection’, he was not, as far as we know, referring to vaccines although his statement does encapsulate the essential features required of them. Vaccination has become an integral feature of life since the pioneering work of Jenner and Pasteur and has proved successful in diminishing the scourge of many infectious diseases. Many existing vaccines, developed on the basis of traditional, empirical principles, consist of killed or live attenuated (avirulent) microbes and act by inducing a broad immune response. By and large these vaccines have adequately fulfilled what was required of them although, in the case of enteric diseases, some have had little or no beneficial effect. In contrast a number of bacterial vaccines were designed to act by inducing specific immune protection, e. g. bacterial toxoid vaccines, although in general such vaccines were derived from relatively impure toxins.
Gamma-ray source location by attenuation measurements

A method has been proposed to locate a point source by measuring the first moment of the count distribution in a 3D position-sensitive radiation detector. Measurements were performed using a Hgl2 crystal. A gamma source at 662 keV could be located to within a quadrant after fewer than 100 events due to the high atomic number of the detector. The performance of the method is studied through simulations and measurements. The method performs well even when few spatial bins are available. The presence of a thick inactive layer around the crystal degrades performance.
Disclosure of newly diagnosed HIV infection and condom use at first sex after diagnosis: a study of young Black men who have sex with men.

Background The first purpose of the present study was to determine whether young Black men who have sex with men (YBMSM) disclose their newly diagnosed HIV infection to a male or female partner, and to determine whether this disclosure is related to condom use; the second was to identify correlates of disclosing newly diagnosed HIV infection to male sex partners, including a measure of partner-related barriers to condom use. Methods: A sample of 125 HIV-infected YBMSM (age 15–29 years) provided cross-sectional data used for both study purposes. Recruitment occurred in a mid-size city in the southern US experiencing inordinately high prevalence and incidence rates of HIV among YBMSM. Significance was defined by an α level of <0.05. Results: Eighty-eight YBMSM (70.4%) indicated disclosing their newly diagnosed HIV status to the first male partner they had sex with after being diagnosed. Of these, nine (9.1%) reported that condoms were not used during ensuing sex with that partner. However, of the men not disclosing, 27.0% reported not using condoms for ensuing sex (P = 0.009). Similar findings were observed relative to sex with females (P = 0.057). Regarding the second study purpose, in addition to a protective effect of advancing age, men scoring at or above the median on a measure of partner-related barriers to condom use were 2.4-fold more likely to not disclose compared with men scoring below the median (P = 0.04). Conclusion: For YBMSM, a beneficial counselling objective relative to disclosing newly diagnosed HIV may be to help men resolve perceptions of partner-related barriers to condom use.
Surgical outcomes of isolated tricuspid valve procedures: repair versus replacement

Background: Isolated tricuspid valve (ITV) operations are infrequent and the decision to operate is controversial. We report a series of ITV operations to outline the current disease status requiring this uncommon procedure with an emphasis on the results of tricuspid valve repair (TVr) versus replacement (TVR). Methods: Using our prospective cardiac surgery database, 57 patients who underwent ITV operations between 01/02–03/14 were identified. Median follow up time was 3.5 years [interquartile range (IQR), 0.8–6.7 years]. Results: Fifty-seven patients underwent ITV surgery with a mean age of 54.4±14.9 yrs and 61% were women. Baseline characteristics were similar between patients who underwent TVr (n=18) or TVR (n=39). The etiologies of TV dysfunction were: ITV endocarditis 14/57 (25%), persistent TV regurgitation after left-sided valve surgery in 12/57 (21%), traumatic biopsies and iatrogenic injury from pacing leads in 11/57 (19%), orthotopic heart transplant 9/57 (16%), carcinoid syndrome 3/57 (5%), congenital 2/57 (5%) and idiopathic 5/57 (9%). Overall, 32/57 (56%) patients had prior heart surgery; of which 10/32 (31%) were TV procedures. Bioprosthetic prostheses were used in 34/39 (87%) patients. Of those who had repair, 11/18 (61%) had ring annuloplasty, 3/18 (17%) bicuspidization, and 3/18 (17%) De Vega annuloplasty and one had vegetectomy. Operative mortality was 5.1% (n=2) and 16.7% (n=3) for TVR and TVr groups, respectively (P=0.32), with an overall mortality rate of 8.6%. Postoperative complications included new onset renal failure in 6/39 (15%) of TVr and 2/18 (11%) of TVR (P=0.71) and there were no strokes. Overall survival rates and degree of residual RV dysfunction were similar for the two groups (both P=0.3). Five-year survival was 77% and 84% for TVr and TVR respectively (P=0.52). There was no difference in rates of recurrent tricuspid regurgitation for TVr and TVR (35.7% vs. 23.5%, respectively, P=0.4). Conclusions: ITV surgery is associated with improved but still relatively high operative mortality. Mid-term outcomes for TVr and TVR are similar with regards to postoperative complications, survival, and freedom from recurrent tricuspid regurgitation.
Optical depth in particle-laden turbulent flows

Abstract Turbulent clustering of particles causes an increase in the radiation transmission through gas-particle mixtures. Attempts to capture the ensemble-averaged transmission lead to a closure problem called the turbulence-radiation interaction. A simple closure model based on the particle radial distribution function is proposed to capture the effect of turbulent fluctuations in the concentration on radiation intensity. The model is validated against a set of particle-resolved ray tracing experiments through particle fields from direct numerical simulations of particle-laden turbulence. The form of the closure model is generalizable to arbitrary stochastic media with known two-point correlation functions.
Pediatric pulmonary function testing in asthma.

Pulmonary function testing is an important tool in the management of asthma. Lung function can be readily assessed in both the office and patient’s home. This article reviews spirometry, peak flow meters, and bronchial challenge testing. Their interpretation and clinical use are presented as well.
Results after radial head arthroplasty in unstable fractures.

Background Whereas most radial head fractures are stable injuries, they sometimes occur as part of complex injury patterns with associated elbow instability. Radial head arthroplasty has been favored in patients with unreconstructable radial head fractures and unstable elbow injuries. The purpose of this study was to review radiographic outcomes, functional outcomes, and complications after radial head arthroplasty for radial head fracture in unstable elbow injuries. Methods This study was a retrospective review of radial head fractures treated with radial head arthroplasty by a single surgeon during a 15-year period. Demographics of the patients, injury details, operative reports, radiographic and clinical outcomes, and any complications were recorded. Patients were divided into stable and unstable elbow injury groups. Results A total of 68 patients were included. There were 50 unstable fractures that were compared with 18 stable fractures. Patients with unstable radial head fractures with associated elbow dislocation achieved mean flexion and mean forearm rotational arc of motion similar to that of patients with stable radial head fractures. However, supination loss was greater in the unstable group than in the stable fracture group, with a mean difference of 10°. Radiographic outcomes and complication rates did not differ between injury groups. There was no observed decrease in implant longevity in patients with unstable elbow injuries. Conclusions Radial head arthroplasty is an effective option for treatment of unstable elbow injuries, with recovery of functional elbow range of motion and no difference in complication rate or implant survivorship compared with those patients with stable injuries.
Tapered Multi-Beam Arrays via an Optically Power-Efficient Photonic Architecture

A novel photonic beam-space beam-former concept is reviewed and an additional theory addressing precise sampling of desired beam locations for linear arrays is presented. A new, power efficient, method of apodizing an input array's beam pattern via a weighted distribution of the master feed laser to each RF-to-optical up-conversion stage behind the array elements is then presented along with results from several apodization experiments. The experimental results are shown to produce effective, low-sidelobe responses, while also reducing the required prime input power to the system until an artificial side-lobe floor is reached. The root cause of the side-lobe floor is discovered to be due to phase and amplitude errors introduced within the photonic components currently used. Finally, key findings and design considerations are presented with respect to the usage of photonic beam-space sampling on large arrays and several suggestions for performance improvement in future system designs are discussed.
Treatment of Breast Animation Deformity in Implant-Based Reconstruction with Selective Nerve Ablation.

Breast animation deformity is a known complication of subpectoral implant placement that is usually corrected by repositioning the implant to the prepectoral position. Other less common treatment options include performing the muscle splitting biplanar technique, triple plane technique, neuromodulator injections, and secondary neurotomies via transection of the pectoral muscle. We report a patient with animation deformity successfully treated with direct identification and ablation of the medial and lateral pectoral nerves using selective bipolar electrocautery. The patient is a woman with a history of invasive ductal carcinoma who underwent bilateral mastectomy and breast reconstruction with subpectoral implant placement and autologous fat grafting. Within 1 year of her breast reconstruction, she developed hyperactive pectoralis muscle contraction with resulting distortion of both breasts. Given the disadvantages of repositioning the implant to the prepectoral position and transecting the pectoralis muscles via secondary neurotomy, we chose to directly identify and selectively ablate distal branches of the medial and lateral pectoral nerves. This offers a novel technique for correcting breast animation deformity without transecting the pectoralis muscles, causing muscle atrophy, and preserving the subpectoral implant position. Level of Evidence V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these evidence-based medicine ratings, please refer to the table of contents or the online instructions to authors www.springer.com/00266 .
Telliamed in its time

Among path-breaking scientific writings from the eighteenth century, Telliamed has an intriguing place. At odds with conventional religious tenets, the work is laced with elements of the exotic and mysterious. It offers a comprehensive ‘world system’, and proposes startling ideas concerning the development of the Earth and its living inhabitants. As Claudine Cohen states in her fine study, the qualities that make this a singular work of science also pose a peculiar challenge to the classifier of books. This has to do with Telliamed’s unstable content over a period of many decades; features of its informal expository form; the compound character of its intellectual agenda; and its author’s unusual range of experience and the idiosyncratic eclecticism of his resources.
ANTI-NK 2.1: AN ACTIVITY OF NZB ANTI-BALB/c SERUM

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a study focusing on anti-NK 2.1. Anti-NK 1.1 was raised by immunizing BALB/c × C3H F-1 mice with CE spleen cells (SC). The same immunization schedule was used to raise NZB anti-BALB/c, that is, NZB/B1NJ mice were injected intraperitoneally with progressively greater doses of BALB/c SC at 2-week intervals. After the fourth immunization, the NZB mice were bled individually and their sera tested for C dependent depletion of NK activity. BALB/c SC were treated with antiserum and C or antiserum alone in a one-step lysis and then tested at 3 effector:target ratios on 51Cr-labeled YAC-1 target cells. The sera were also screened for autoantibody by dye exclusion assay on BALB/c SC. Sera with autoantibody or low titers of anti-NK activity were discarded and the remaining sera pooled. Sera were subsequently obtained on days 4 and 7 after further immunizations. Analysis of NZB anti-BALB/c serum revealed that antibodies to NK-associated antigens were indeed present but that the activity was not to an allele of NK1. The data suggests that this antiserum detects an NK-associated antigen provisionally designated NK 2.1, which is neither an allele of nor linked to NK 1.
Investigation of the mechanisms and strategies for reducing shell cracks of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) in hot-air drying

Abstract During postharvest drying hazelnuts experience shell-cracks, which could accelerate quality deterioration and microbial contamination of nuts during storage. This study investigated shell-cracking mechanisms and developed strategies to reduce cracking during hot-air drying. Physicochemical properties of shells or kernels, moisture desorption isotherm, structure of inshells, and morphological property of inner fiber attached to shells were correlated with cracking ratios for four hazelnut cultivars (Barcelona, Jefferson, Yamhill, and Wepster). A systematic experimental approach combining Taguchi design and gradient drying was utilized to reduce shell cracks while retaining drying efficiency. Among the four cultivars, Jefferson with hygroscopic and lower density shell, larger air-gap between shell and kernel, and thicker and strongly bound shell fibers had the highest cracking ratio. During hot-air drying, relative humidity (RH) was the most contributing factor inducing shell cracks of Jefferson than temperature and air velocity. Using gradient drying through increasing RH from 50 to 60% or reducing temperature from 38 to 32 °C when inshells reached ∼16 g/100 g moisture content (MC) reduced cracking ratio
Performance Evaluation of an Entrained Solids-Fed Pneumatic Centrifugal Classifier

An evaluation of the operating performance of a recently designed pneumatic centrifugal classifier is presented. This classifier has been modified from a separate air and feed input design to an entrained solids in air feed input. The evaluation first required determining the size distributions for the three streams (feed, fine, and coarse). Using size distribution data and mass flow rates, a size selectivity curve was calculated for each operating condition tested. This curve, in turn, was characterized by appropriate selectivity parameters (i.e., the equiprobable or cut size, the sharpness index, and the apparent bypass values). The variation of these parameters with classifier operating conditions was examined. From these evaluations, the “best” operating conditions for the classifier were then determined.
Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Targets in Incisional Hernia

The pathophysiology underlying the formation, progression, and surgical healing of incisional hernia (IH) that develops as a major complication associated with abdominal laparotomy is poorly understood. The proposed mechanisms include the switch of collagen phenotype and the proliferation of abnormal fibroblasts after surgery. The focus of this article was to critically review the cellular, biochemical, and potential molecular events associated with the development of IH. The disturbance in collagen homeostasis with alterations in the expression of collagen subtypes, including type 1, type 3, type 4, and type 5, and impairment in the transdifferentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts are discussed. The phenotype switch of wound-repair fibroblasts results in mechanically compromised extracellular matrix that triggers the proliferation of abnormal fibroblasts. High-mobility group box 1 could be involved in wound progression, whereas signaling events mediated by tumor necrosis factor β1, connective tissue growth factor, lysyl oxidase, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 play significant role in the wound healing response. Thus, the ratio of tumor necrosis factorβ1: high-mobility group box 1 could be a critical determinant of the underlying pathology. Potential target sites for therapeutic intervention in the management of IH are recognized.
Amorphous water-soluble cyclodextrin derivatives: 2-hydroxyethyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 2-hydroxyisobutyl, and carboxamidomethyl derivatives of β-cyclodextrin

The pharmaceutical usefulness of natural, crystalline cyclodextrins can be improved by chemical conversions into water-soluble, amorphous mixtures of their derivatives. Reaction of β-cyclodextrin with 2-chloroethanol, 3-chloropropanol, isobutylene oxide, or iodoacetamide yielded the title compounds. Distributions of the substitution degree were close to symmetrical and relatively narrow. The average substitution degrees increased with the amount of alkylating reagent used in the preparation. The number of components (half-width of distribution) increased with increasing average substitution degree. Further, distributions of the substitution degree were measured in glucose derivatives after hydrolysis of 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, and 2-hydroxyisobutyl-β-cyclodextrin. The results show an uneven distribution of substitutents around the cyclodextrins, suggesting that growth of oligoglycol side chains and/or clustering of substituents on one glucose residue occurs.
Role of immunocompetent cells in the regulation of human megakaryocytopoiesis in vitro.

T cells and monocytes/macrophages (Mo) have been shown to play important roles in modulating the growth and differentiation of human erythroid and myeloid progenitors and have been implicated in the mechanisms of gamma interferon (γ-IFN) mediated suppression of normal human marrow erythroid progenitors in vitro. In order to assess the importance of T cells and Mo in the growth of human megakaryocytic progenitors (CFU-Mk) in vitro and to investigate γ-IFN effect on human megakaryocytopoiesis, normal human marrow (BM) was cultured in plasma clot in the presence and absence T cells, Mo and γ-IFN under conditions that support the formation of CFU-Mk derived colonies. The removal of T cells from BM (BM-T) caused a significant decrease (71.3 ±3.2 colonies observed vs 231.2 ± 38.5 colonies predicted) in both the number and size of CFU-Mk derived colonies, and no such changes were seen with Mo depletion (BM-Mo); co-culture of autologous T cells with BM depleted of both Mo and T cells (BM-Mo-T) caused a significant increase in CFU-Mk derived colonies and restored colony size. The addition of γ-IFN (<50–10,000 IU/ml) to BM caused a dose dependent inhibition of CFU-Mk (0–90%) as evidenced by decreased colony numbers and reduced colony size. The addition of γ-IFN (50–10,000 IU/ml) to BM-T caused reduced inhibition of CFU-Mk (0–60%); co-culture of T cells (but not Mo) pre-incubated with γ-IFN (10,000 IU/ml; 1 hour, 37 C followed by washing X 3) resulted in supression of CFU-Mk (80% inhibition with the addition of 1:4 T cells:marrow cells).
Supporting Online Learning for Advanced Placement Students in Small Rural Schools

Note: This work was supported by a Research and Development Center grant (R305A04056) from the Institute of Education Sciences to the National Research Center on Rural Education Support. This paper examines the need for interventions to support students who are taking advanced placement courses in small rural districts and describes the Facilitator Preparation Program (FPP) as a strategy to address this need. Issues in the delivery of Online Distance Education (ODE) in small rural schools are summarized and the conceptual foundations and service delivery considerations of the FPP are outlined. Future research needs are also considered.
Agroecología urbana: diseño de granjas urbanas ricas en biodiversidad, productivas y resilientes

Urban agriculture (UA) has been bolstered as a major sustainable alternative to enhance food security on an urbanized planet. Although it has been estimated that UA can provide 15–20% of global food, it is questionable weather UA can significantly contribute the level of food selfsufficiency of cities, due to low yields reached in most existing urban farms. Agroecology can help enhance the productive potential of UA by providing key principles for the design of diversified, productive, and resilient urban farms. Herein we describe the principles and practices used in the redesign of urban agriculture featuring: (a) increasing soil quality via enhancement of soil organic matter content and biological activity that lead to protection against pathogens and efficient use of soil nutrients and water and (b) enhancement of plant health through biological control and plant productivity via optimal planning of crop sequences and combinations.
An atomistic gateway into capturing twin nucleation in crystal plasticity

Capturing twin nucleation in crystal plasticity is a long-standing problem due to its localisation and site sensitivity. Quantifying local energy to induce a stable twin is a unique challenge and p...
Multi-level Feature Fusion Facial Expression Recognition Network

In order to solve the problems of face features extraction and the long time consuming in network training, we propose a facial expression recognition network based on multi-level feature fusion structure. The network structure consists of the following three parts: The multi-level feature fusion block; The multi-granularity feature extraction unit; The global feature fusion structure composed of global residual connection. We evaluated our proposed algorithm on the CK+ dataset and FER2013 dataset, and finally achieved 94.07% accuracy and 65.4% accuracy respectively. Experimental results show that our algorithm can effectively improve the accuracy of expression recognition tasks.
Predicted single-crystal elastic constants of stainless-steel 316

An improved prediction of the three Csub(ij) elastic-stiffness constants, which determine the optimum direction for acoustic beams used to locate and size flaws is given for stainless-steel 316. The predictive method applies generally to all cubic-crystal-structure anisotropic materials.
Evidence-Based Practice in Oncology Nursing: Oncology Nursing Society Survey Results

Background Evidence-based practice (EBP) is a clinical decision-making approach that improves quality and outcomes in health care but is not yet standard in clinical settings. Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine EBP beliefs, knowledge, implementation strategy self-efficacy, and competencies among a national sample of oncology nurses. Methods Oncology nurses completed an online survey of EBP attributes and open-ended questions. Analyses were conducted on data collected from 893 participants from a range of healthcare organizations across a diverse geographic sample of the United States. Findings Respondents rated themselves competent to question clinical practice to improve quality care. Oncology nurses reported competency to question clinical practice but deficits in EBP knowledge and skills.
Bases of empire? The logic of overseas U.S. military base expansion, 1870–2016

Was the expansion of overseas U.S. bases from the late nineteenth century to the present driven by imperial impulses or strategic principles? Recent scholarship reflects a diverse set of perspectiv...
Computational design of microarchitected porous electrodes for redox flow batteries

Abstract Porous electrodes are used as the core reactive component across electrochemical technologies. In flowing systems, controlling the fluid distribution, species transport, and reactive environment is critical to attaining high performance. However, conventional electrode materials like felts and papers provide few opportunities for precise engineering of the electrode and its microstructure. To address these limitations, architected electrodes composed of unit cells with spatially varying geometry determined via computational optimization are proposed. Resolved simulation is employed to develop a homogenized description of the constituent unit cells. These effective properties serve as inputs to a continuum model for the electrode when used in the negative half-cell of a vanadium redox flow battery. Porosity distributions minimizing power loss are then determined via computational design optimization to generate architected porosity electrodes. The architected electrodes are compared to bulk, uniform porosity electrodes and found to lead to increased power efficiency across operating flow rates and currents. The design methodology is further used to generate a scaled-up electrode with comparable power efficiency to the bench-scale systems. The variable porosity architecture and computational design methodology presented here thus offers a novel pathway for automatically generating spatially engineered electrode structures with improved power performance.
What is the nature of change in late elementary writing and are curriculum-based measures sensitive to that change?

Abstract Understanding students’ progress towards meeting grade-level expectations within an academic year is the goal of many education stakeholders so that they can make decisions to adjust instruction and improve students’ learning trajectories. The purpose of this study was to explore 4th and 5th grade students’ progress towards meeting expectations in writing, using a curriculum-based measurement metric. Typed writing samples in narrative, persuasive, and passaged-based informational genres were collected in a one-year longitudinal design with four time points. Multilevel change models revealed evidence of quadratic change across the school year with significant change in the narrative genre but no statistically significant change in the other genres. Type of change (fan-spread growth or mastery learning) and growth based on initial transcription, spelling, and reading abilities were also explored.
SECTION 9.10 – Unified Disturbed State Constitutive Models

The disturbed state concept (DSC) is a unified approach for constitutive modeling of materials and interfaces and joints under thermomechanical and environmental loading. It allows one to consider, in a hierarchical framework, various behavioral features of materials, such as elastic, plastic, and creep strains, microcracking leading to degradation or damage, and stiffening or healing. Degradation and stiffening are incorporated by using the idea of disturbance. The DSC and its specialized versions are found to provide a satisfactory characterization of a wide range of materials, such as geologic, concrete, asphalt concrete, ceramics, metals, allows (solders), and silicon. The DSC model allows for the flexibility to choose specialized versions, such as the elastic, elastoplastic, viscoplastic, and disturbance. Hence, the user needs to specify parameters related to the version chosen for agiven material and application need. The basic parameters are linear elastic, plasticity, creep, disturbance, thermal effect, yield function, growth function, creep, and temperature dependence. The DSC model is implemented in linear and nonlinear finite element procedures for the solution of problems under static, dynamic, and repetitive loading, and involving dry and porous saturated materials.
Coalition formation and polarisation

Party ideology plays an important role in determining which government coalitions form. Research on coalition formation tends to focus on the ideological distance between coalition parties. However, the distribution of preferences within the coalition, and the legislature, also has implications for which government coalition forms – that is, a party's willingness to join a coalition depends not only on its prospective coalition partners, but also on the alternative coalitions it could form. Several hypotheses about the effects of legislative polarisation are offered and tested using data on coalition formation in 17 parliamentary democracies in the postwar period. This article also demonstrates how the traditional measure of ideological divisions within coalitions fails to capture certain aspects of ideological heterogeneity within the cabinet (and the opposition) and how Esteban and Ray's polarisation index helps in addressing these deficiencies.
Joshua Steele and the Melody of Speech

In 1776 Joshua Steele published a work describing and illustrating his system for transcribing the suprasegmental aspects of speech. Despite certain shortcomings, that method allowed transcriptions of relative duration, pitch, and clause terminals to be recorded as accurately as those sound attributes could be observed. The work was discussed, and its utility investigated at the time, particularly by a group corresponding on linguistic issues with the president of the Royal Society. But by the end of the eighteenth century, Steele's method was largely neglected, primarily because the requisite technological assistance for putting it to use had been unavailable, though partly because academic attention had mainly turned from descriptive to historical linguistics. Nevertheless, the value of Steele's pioneering effort was recognized by Melville Bell and A. J. Ellis. Thus its formulations were absorbed into the main stream of nineteenth century descriptive work, albeit not without creating an exaggerated imag...
Extended homozygous haplotypes at genes involved in brain development associated with autism.

Background Recent evidence has suggested that extended homozygous haplotypes (EHH) in several genomic regions may be associated with risk of psychiatric disorders (for example, schizophrenia). The phenomenon of EHHs may arise from recent positive selection, inbreeding, as well as recessive models. Materials and methods We used Affymetrix 500K SNP arrays to search for EHH in 1,385 affected individuals and 1,498 unaffected individuals. The EHH was defined as at least 100 contiguous homozygous SNPs. To interrogate the associations between EHHs and autism, logistic regression analysis with generalized equation estimation model to adjust for intrafamily correlation was performed. We also examined if any of the associated EHHs were related to deletions by examining the data of copy number variants. Finally, we checked if any associated EHHs contained genes with signatures of recent positive selection in the Hapmap sample. We used the Sidak method to correct for multiple tests. Results The best finding was obtained at the HMLGCL1 gene (P =3×1 0 –5 , odds ratio 0.15). The HMLGCL1 gene has been found to be highly expressed in some brain regions. Other genes harbored in regions enriched with EHHs associated with autism include ZFP91, CNTF, NAPL1 and TLE4. We also used the webtool Panther to assess if this set of genes is over-represented in any pathways. The results suggest that these genes collectively may be involved in the Wnt signaling pathway and neurodevelopment process. No remarkable evidence for recent positive selection was obtained for most of these loci, except the TLE4 gene (P = 0.008). Conclusions Taken together, these genes involved in brain development may harbor variants that exert a recessive effect on the risk of autism. Further work is warranted to replicate these findings in other populations.
Introduction to ‘The Going Private Phenomenon: Causes and Implications’

This essay introduces the papers presented at a conference at the University of Chicago Law School in June 2008, entitled "The Going Private Phenomenon: Causes and Implications." The papers will be published in a forthcoming volume of the University of Chicago Law Review. This introduction puts the papers in the context of the recent private equity boom and ongoing crunch, and it offers some preliminary views on the current and future state of the private equity industry.
Biophysics of DNA

Surveying the last sixty years of research, this book describes the physical properties of DNA in the context of its biological functioning. It is designed to enable both students and researchers of molecular biology, biochemistry and physics to better understand the biophysics of DNA, addressing key questions and facilitating further research. The chapters integrate theoretical and experimental approaches, emphasising throughout the importance of a quantitative knowledge of physical properties in building and analysing models of DNA functioning. For example, the book shows how the relationship between DNA mechanical properties and the sequence specificity of DNA-protein binding can be analyzed quantitatively by using our current knowledge of the physical and structural properties of DNA. Theoretical models and experimental methods in the field are critically considered to enable the reader to engage effectively with the current scientific literature on the physical properties of DNA.
Arthroscopic-Assisted Outside-In Repair of Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Tears

With advances in surgical instrumentation and techniques, as well as expanding surgical indications, wrist arthroscopy is now being used to treat a variety of conditions previously managed only with open techniques. Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) injuries remain among the most common causes of ulnar-sided wrist pain and can result from both acute and chronic mechanisms of injury. The most common mechanism of acute injury to the TFCC is a fall onto an outstretched hand with the wrist in a supinated, extended position. In patients with unrelenting pain, swelling, or mechanical symptoms despite a concerted effort at nonoperative management, which often consists of bracing, therapy, or injections, surgical intervention is often indicated. Treatment historically consisted of open exploration and repair; however, recently, arthroscopic-assisted and all-arthroscopic techniques have been described. We describe a safe, reproducible, and reliable surgical technique for arthroscopic-assisted outside-in repair of peripheral TFCC tears. In addition, a specific focus on surgical anatomy, including pearls and pitfalls for protecting the dorsal sensory branch of the ulnar nerve, is presented.
Striatal Extracellular Dopamine Levels in Rats with Haloperidol-Induced Depolarization Block of Substantia Nigra Dopamine Neurons

Correlations between substantia nigra (SN) dopamine (DA) cell activity and striatal extracellular DA were examined using simultaneous extracellular single-unit recordings and in vivo microdialysis performed in drug-naive rats and in rats treated repeatedly with haloperidol (HAL). Intact rats treated with HAL for 21–28 d exhibited significantly fewer active DA cells, indicating the presence of depolarization block (DB) in these cells. However, in rats that received surgical implantation of the microdialysis probe followed by a 24 hr recovery period, HAL-induced DA cell DB was reversed, as evidenced by a number of active DA neurons that was significantly higher than that in HAL-treated intact rats and similar to that of drug-naive rats. In contrast, using a modified probe implantation procedure that did not reverse SN DA neuron DB, we found striatal DA efflux to be significantly lower than in controls and significantly correlated with the reduction in DA neuron spike activity. Furthermore, although basal striatal DA efflux was independent of SN DA cell burst-firing activity in control rats, these variables were significantly correlated in rats with HAL-induced DA cell DB. Therefore, HAL-induced DB of SN DA neurons is disrupted by implantation of a microdialysis probe into the striatum using standard procedures. However, a modified microdialysis method that allowed reinstatement of DA neuron DB revealed that the HAL-induced inactivation of SN DA neurons was associated with significantly lower extracellular DA levels in the striatum. Moreover, the residual extracellular DA maintained in the presence of DB may, in part, depend on the burst-firing pattern of the noninactivated DA neurons in the SN.
Insertion Reactions of Transition Metal–Carbon σ-Bonded Compounds II. Sulfur Dioxide and Other Molecules

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses the insertion reactions of transition metal–carbon σ–bonded compounds and presents the insertion and elimination reactions of sulfur dioxide and of a few other unsaturated molecules. The reactions of sulfur dioxide are accorded a complete literature coverage, whereas those of the other inserting species are treated selectively. The metal–carbon σ–bonded compounds of the main group elements are discussed in the context of comparisons with their transition-metal analogs. Assignment of a structure to the SO2 insertion products is generally made on the basis of infrared and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic criteria. Kinetic studies on the sulfur dioxide insertion have been few and most have utilized liquid SO2 as the reaction medium. The effect of the aryl group on the rate of the insertion has been investigated only for CpFe(CO)2R in neat SO2. Replacement of carbon monoxide (or another attendant ligand) with a stronger base invariably enhances the rate of the SO2 insertion of a metal alkyl. The reactions that proceed very rapidly, and often exothermally, in liquid SO2 can be controlled by the use of an organic solvent. The only complex whose kinetic behavior toward the insertion has been examined closely in several solvents is CpFe(CO)2(i–Pr). Stereochemical changes occurring at the metal have been investigated for the iron alkyl. The nature of the metal together with its ancillary ligands plays a major role in determining whether the insertion occurs with or without rearrangement.
Cancer Stem Cells in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the 6th most common cancer worldwide. Despite advances in diagnostic and treatment modalities, overall survival has not significantly changed over the last 30-years. Better understanding of the molecular patho­physiology of HNSCC may allow the introduction of novel diagnostic and therapeutic modalities that could impact survival. At the cellular level, cancer stem cells represent the mechanism for cancer tumorigenesis, metastasis and treatment failure. Head and neck cancer stem cells are a subpopulation of cancer cells with the unique ability for tumorigenesis, self renewal and the ability to recapitulate the heterogeneity of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head and neck cancer stem cells have been shown to have a higher capacity for tumorigenesis and have greater metastatic potential in-vitro and in-vivo. In addition their slow growth and ability to survive adverse conditions makes them a great candidate as mediators of treatment resistance and cancer recurrence. Better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of head and neck cancer stem cells may allow more targeted therapies and improved survival.