cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting stock market returns from malicious attacks: A comparative analysis of vector autoregression and time-delayed neural networks

With the growing importance of Internet-based businesses, malicious code attacks on information technology infrastructures have been on the rise. Prior studies have indicated that these malicious attacks are associated with detrimental economic effects on the attacked firms. On the other hand, we conjecture that more intense malicious attacks boost the stock price of information security firms. Furthermore, we use artificial neural networks and vector autoregression analyses as complementary methods to study the relationship between the stock market returns of information security firms and the intensity of malicious attacks, computed as the product of the number of malicious attacks and their severity levels. A major contribution of this work is the resulting time-delayed artificial neural network model that allows stock return predictions and is particularly useful as an investment decision support system for hedge funds and other investors, whose portfolios are at risk of losing market value during malicious attacks.
Equipotent Antihypertensive Agents Variously Affect Pulsatile Hemodynamics and Regression of Cardiac Hypertrophy in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Background Converting enzyme inhibitors are more effective than arteriolar vasodilators at regressing left ventricular hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), possibly because of nonhemodynamic factors. However, the pulsatile component of hemodynamic load has not been evaluated in this model. Methods and Results We measured pulsatile hemodynamics in 18-month-old male SHR after 6 months of therapy with either zofenopril (Z), hydralazine (H), or water (W). Hydralazine and zofenopril reduced mean arterial pressure comparably (W, 106±23 versus H, 81±12 versus Z, 84±18 mm Hg, P=.002) yet had a differential effect on the ratio of left ventricular weight to body weight (W, 3.9±0.5 versus H, 3.3±0.4 versus Z, 2.4±0.2 g/kg, P<.005). Hydralazine-treated SHR had increased characteristic impedance (P=.0011) and a persistently low ratio of the reflected-wave transit time to left ventricular ejection time (P<.001), which contributed to early and late systolic loading, respectively, of the left ventricle. ...
Validation of a three-dimensional viscous analysis of axisymmetric supersonic inlet flow fields

A three-dimensional viscous marching analysis for supersonic inlets was developed. To verify this analysis several benchmark axisymmetric test configurations were studied and are compared to experimental data. Detailed two-dimensional results for shock-boundary layer interactions are presented for flows with and without boundary layer bleed. Three dimensional calculations of a cone at angle of attack and a full inlet at attack are also discussed and evaluated. Results of the calculations demonstrate the code's ability to predict complex flow fields and establish guidelines for future calculations using similar codes.
Incidence of Vesicoureteral Reflux in Children With Unilateral Renal Agenesis

AbstractWe retrospectively reviewed 51 pediatric cases of unilateral renal agenesis to determine the incidence of contralateral vesicoureteral reflux. Initial diagnosis of unilateral renal agenesis was made by evaluation of associated congenital abnormality in 21 patients, evaluation of prenatally detected abnormality in 11, evaluation of urinary tract infection in 7, sibling screening in 3, hypertension in 2 and other methods in 7. A voiding cystourethrogram was obtained in 44 cases. Indications for the study included urinary tract infection in 11 patients, hydronephrosis in 18 and screening in 15. Overall, vesicoureteral reflux occurred in 19 of the 51 patients (37 percent). The highest incidence of contralateral reflux was in those with a prenatal abnormality with or without hydronephrosis (77 percent) although 5 of 15 patients (33 percent) who underwent a screening voiding cystourethrogram had reflux. Mean followup was 50 months. Of the patients with vesicoureteral reflux reimplantation was performed ...
Documentation for the user

Providing information for users is an omnipresent problem in most computer service organizations. Documentation is continually produced to fill the information gap. There is a constant attempt to keep "old hands" aware of new systems as well as changes to vintage systems. At the same time, computer services must communicate with potential users to make them aware of how the computer might aid them. Quite often the result of this effort is a kaleidoscopic communication situation. The computer user is baffled by the bewildering array of information from computer services.To help solve some of the documentation problems, the Kansas State University (KSU) Computing Center implemented a three-level documentation system. Under this arrangement, a confusing array of material was organized into a manageable set of documents. First, let's take a look at some of the documentation problems; then we'll discuss the three-level approach.
A computational DFT analysis of OH chemisorption on catalytic Pt(111) nanoparticles

In this article, various energies and geometries of pure platinum nanoparticles and those of platinum nanoparticles with adsorbed OH were investigated. Fourteen different platinum clusters of 3–40 atoms were studied using spin-unrestricted density functional theory (DFT) with a double numerical plus polarization basis set. This range of sizes gave enough information for establishing the general trends that were the primary goal of the study. Three different shapes of platinum clusters were presented, and the effect of cluster size on binding energy, total energy, and HOMO–LUMO energy gap was investigated. Subsequently, same calculations were performed for those selected Pt clusters with OH adsorbate on the surface. The results show that the stability of both the pure clusters and the clusters with adsorbed OH molecule increases with an increase of cluster size. This fact indicates that direct influence of the size of Pt cluster on the reaction rate is possible, and the understanding of how cluster size would affect binding energy is important. As expected, the effect of cluster size on total energy of molecule was shown to be a linear function independent of cluster type. We also found that optimized (stable) Pt clusters were bigger in size than that of the initial clusters, or clusters with bulk geometry.
Boghossian’s Fear of Knowledge

"Absolute (non-relative) epistemic facts, if there are any, must be knowable. At a minimum, if is such a fact, then it must be justifiably credible." So begins an argument that there can be no such facts. For there are reasons to consider it impossible to arrive at any such justified belief. Epistemic facts, if there are any, would then have to be non-absolute, and expressible rather by claims of the form: According to the epistemic system that /, S, accept, information E justifies belief B(e). This comports with an Epistemic Relativism concerning epistemic systems, sets of epistemic principles that specify what one is or is not epistemically obliged or permitted to believe in various circumstances. Such Relativism features a thesis of Pluralism, according to which there are many fundamentally different, genuinely alternative epistemic systems, but no facts by virtue of which any of these systems is more nearly correct than any of the others. l
Outcomes in surgical treatment of "idiopathic-like" scoliosis associated with syringomyelia.

Patients with "idiopathic-like" spinal deformities associated with syringomyelia were retrospectively reviewed. Ten patients had surgical stabilization of their curvatures with at least a 2-year follow-up, and an additional five patients were evaluated for deformity pattern with 40 degrees. Only one patient was lordoscoliotic. Syringomyelia deformities tend to be kyphoscoliotic in 80% of cases and behave more like paralytic curvatures postoperatively. MRI is recommended for apparent idiopathic scoliotic curvatures that are kyphoscoliotic and not lordoscoliotic.
Transcriptional Repression and RNA Silencing Act Synergistically To Demonstrate the Function of the Eleventh Component of the Vaccinia Virus Entry-Fusion Complex

Poxviruses have an elaborate system for infecting cells comprising several proteins for attachment and a larger number dedicated to membrane fusion and entry. Thus far, 11 proteins have been identified as components of the vaccinia virus (VACV) entry-fusion complex (EFC), and 10 of these proteins have been shown to be required for entry. J5, the remaining functionally uncharacterized component of the complex, is conserved in all poxviruses, has a predicted C-terminal transmembrane domain, and is an N-terminally truncated paralog of two other EFC proteins. To determine the role of J5, we constructed a mutant that inducibly regulates J5 transcription. Although the virus yield was reduced only about 80% without inducer, the inability to isolate a J5 deletion mutant suggested an essential function. To enhance stringency, we employed RNA silencing alone and together with transcriptional repression of the inducible mutant. The yield of infectious virus was reduced 4- to 5-fold by repression, 2-fold by silencing, and 60-fold by the combination of the two. Virus particles made under the latter conditions appeared to contain a full complement of proteins excluding J5 but had very low infectivity. Further studies indicated that after binding to cells, J5-deficient virions had a defect in core entry and an inability to induce syncytium formation. In addition, we confirmed that J5 is associated with the EFC by affinity purification. These data indicate that J5 is a functional component of the EFC and highlights the advantage of combining transcriptional repression and RNA silencing for stringent reduction of gene expression.
Nuclear architecture supports integration of physiological regulatory signals for transcription of cell growth and tissue‐specific genes during osteoblast differentiation

During the past several years it has become increasingly evident that the three-dimensional organization of the nucleus plays a critical role in transcriptional control. The principal theme of this prospect will be the contribution of nuclear structure to the regulation of gene expression as functionally related to development and maintenance of the osteoblast phenotype during establishment of bone tissue-like organization. The contributions of nuclear structure as it regulates and is regulated by the progressive developmental expression of cell growth and bone cell related genes will be examined. We will consider signalling mechanisms that integrate the complex and interdependent responsiveness to physiological mediators of osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. The focus will be on the involvement of the nuclear matrix, chromatin structure, and nucleosome organization in transcriptional control of cell growth and bone cell related genes. Findings are presented which are consistent with involvement of nuclear structure in gene regulatory mechanisms which support osteoblast differentiation by addressing four principal questions: (1) Does the representation of nuclear matrix proteins reflect the developmental stage-specific requirements for modifications in transcription during osteoblast differentiation? (2) Are developmental stage-specific transcription factors components of nuclear matrix proteins? (3) Can the nuclear matrix facilitate interrelationships between physiological regulatory signals that control transcription and the integration of activities of multiple promoter regulatory elements? (4) Are alterations in gene expression and cell phenotypic properties in transformed osteoblasts and osteosarcoma cells reflected by modifications in nuclear matrix proteins? There is a striking representation of nuclear matrix proteins unique to cells, tissues as well as developmental stages of differentiation, and tissue organization. Together with selective association of regulatory molecules with the nuclear matrix in a growth and differentiation-specific manner, there is a potential for application of nuclear matrix proteins in tumor diagnosis, assessment of tumor progression, and prognosis of therapies where properties of the transformed state of cells is modified. It is realistic to consider the utilization of nuclear matrix proteins for targeting regions of cell nuclei and specific genomic domains on the basis of developmental phenotypic properties or tissue pathology. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Competing demands in psychosocial care: A model for the identification and treatment of depressive disorders in primary care

A considerable body of knowledge noe exists in the area of depressive disorders in primary care. Primary care clinicians appear to identify less than half of patients with major depressive disorder and adequately treat only a portion of those they identify. However, recent research suggests that identification and treatment of depressive disorders in primary care is a far more complex process than previously assumed. The presence of significant differences in patient expectations, the process of care, and the clinical epidemiology of depression between psychiatric and primary care settings makes it difficult to interpret existing studies of primary care clinician performance. This paper describes an alternative conceptual model for the identification and management of depression in primary care which incorporates the concept of "competing demands" derived from the preventive services literature. The central premise of this model is that primary care encounters present competing demands for the attention of the clinician and that there is not enough time to address each demand. The identification and treatment of depression represents an active choice from multiple clinician and patient priorities such as treatment of acute illness, provision of preventive services, and response to patient requests. Choice is influenced by three sets of interrelated "domains," representing the clinician, the patient, and the practice ecosystem. Each domain is indirectly influenced by the general policy environment. Detection and treatment of depression in this model occurs over time as clinicians work through these competing demands. Although the competing demands model contains many unproven elements, it is likely to have a great deal of "face validity" for practicing primary care clinicians, and its validity can be empirically tested. Using the model as a framework to guide inquiry into the identification and management of depression and other mood disorders in primary care may lead to the discovery of more creative and effective solutions to the problem of underdiagnosis and undertreatment.
Comparison of contracted Schrödinger and coupled-cluster theories

The theory of the contracted Schr\"odinger equation (CSE) [D. A. Mazziotti, Phys. Rev. A 57, 4219 (1998)] is connected with traditional methods of electronic structure including configuration-interaction (CI) and coupled-cluster (CC) theory. We derive a transition contracted Schr\"odinger equation (TCSE) which depends on the wave function $\ensuremath{\psi}$ as well as another N-particle function $\ensuremath{\chi}$ through the two-, three-, and four-particle reduced transition matrices (RTMs). By reconstructing the 3 and 4 RTMs approximately from the 2-RTM, the indeterminacy of the equation may be removed. The choice of the reconstruction and the function $\ensuremath{\chi}$ determines whether one obtains the CI, CC, or CSE theory. Through cumulant theory and Grassmann algebra we derive reconstruction formulas for the 3- and 4-RTMs which generalize both the reduced density matrix (RDM) cumulant expansions as well as the exponential ansatz for the CC wave function. This produces a fresh approach to CC theory through RTMs. Two theoretical differences between the CC and the CSE theories are established for energetically nondegenerate states: (i) while the CSE has a single exact solution when the 3- and 4-RDMs are N-representable, the CC equations with N-representable 3- and 4-RTMs have a family of solutions. Thus, N-representability conditions offer a medium for improving the CSE solution but not the CC solution, and (ii) while the 2-RDM for an electronic Hamiltonian reconstructs to unique N-representable 3- and 4-RDMs, the 2-RTM builds to a family of N-representable 3- and 4-RTMs. Hence, renormalized reconstructions beyond the cumulant expansion may be developed for the 2-RDM but not for the 2-RTM without explicit use of the Hamiltonian. In the applications we implement our recently developed reconstruction formula for the 3-RDM which extends beyond the cumulant approximation. Calculations compare the 3-RDM and 3-RTM reconstructions for the molecules LiH, ${\mathrm{BeH}}_{2},$ ${\mathrm{BH}}_{3},$ and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ as well as for systems with more general two-particle interactions. The TCSE offers a unified approach to electronic structure.
Occurrence of lipid oxidation products in foods.

Lipid oxidation products are ubiquitous in foods, although much variation exists in the levels present. Although these levels are generally low, the problem of lipid oxidation severely compromises the quality of some foods and limits the shelf-life of others. Lipid oxidation represents a key barrier in the development of new food products and processes, especially convenience items and processes required to manufacture them. Deleterious changes in foods caused by lipid oxidation include loss of flavour, development of off-flavours, loss of colour, nutrient value and functionally, and the accumulation of compounds which may be detrimental to the health of consumers. All foods that contain lipids are susceptible to oxidation but especially affected are foods which are dehydrated, subjected to high temperatures or cooked and subsequently stored, e.g. dehydrated eggs, cheeses and meats, foods fried in frying oils, and cooked (uncured) meats. Specific examples of compounds which are of health concern include lipid peroxides and the free radicals involved in their formation and propagation, malonaldehyde, and several cholesterol oxidation products. Coronary artery disease (CAD) may be in part caused by the consumption of lipid oxidation products.
Residence Time Distribution of Particles during Two-Phase Non-Newtonian Flow in Conventional as compared with Helical Holding Tubes

The residence times of multiple particles during the flow of a non-Newtonian suspension through a conventional holding tube assembly were compared with that in a helical holding tube assembly of identical length and tube diameter. The residence times were measured for different combinations of process parameters (viscosity, flow rate of fluid, size and concentration of particles). The effects of these parameters on Residence Time Distribution (RTD) of particles was determined and dimensionless equations were developed to predict the mean, minimum and standard deviation of residence times. The RTDs in the helical holding tube were found to be narrower than in the conventional holding tube. The RTD of particles at all combinations of process parameters were normally distributed. The ratio of mean to minimum residence time was within 1.05 to 1.11 in the helical holding tube and 1.06 to 1.16 in the conventional holding tube for the range of parameters studied.
Thermoelastic Equation of State of Monoclinic Pyroxene: CaMgSi2O6 Diopside

We have conducted an in situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction study on a monoclinic pyroxene: CaMgSi2O6 diopside at simultaneous high pressures and high temperatures up to 8. 2 GPa and 1280 K. A modified Rietveld profile refinement program has been applied to refine the diffraction spectra of low symmetry and multiple phases observed in energy dispersive mode. Thermoelastic parameters for diopside CaMgSi2O6 are derived by fitting the P-V-T data to the high-T Birch-Murnaghan equation of state. We obtained isothermal bulk modulus KTO =109. 1 GPa with a pressure derivative of bulk modulus K'=∂K/∂P=4. 84, temperature derivative of bulk modulus K=∂K/∂T=-2. 05×10-2 GPa/K, volumetric thermal expansivity α=a+ bT with values of a=2. 32×10-5K-1 and b=1. 88×10-8K-2.
Studies of fast inertial and diffusive motions in liquids

Recent studies of quasi-free molecular motion in liquids will be presented. Of particular interest is the inertial regime of motion which occurs significantly only if the free rotational period is comparable with the effective collisional frequency in the liquid. Results on the isomerism of stilbene and on the anisotropy decays for aniline in solution have exposed regions where the motion is nondiffusive. The results are compared with current statistical mechanical theories.
Response of Three Colonies of Screwworm Flies to Proteins and Sugars in a Multiple-Choice Olfactometer

When responses of 3 colonies of Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) to 10% aqueous preparations of egg albumin, casein hydrolysate, raffinose, or dextrose were fested in a new multiple-choice olfactometer, the 2 laboratory-adapted colonies responded similarly based on the number of flies trapped. However, flies from a more recently colonized group were less responsive, especially when they were less than 5 days old. The colonies did not show a marked preference for any material, nor was response correlated with either sex or age. Improvements in the olfactometer must be made before it would prove satisfactory for screening materials as attractants for the screwworm fly.
A web-enabled open database system for design and manufacturing of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS)

This paper presents the development of a web-enabled database system for MEMS design and manufacturing which can provide the networked design and manufacturing services over the Internet. Specifically, the data obtained from various sources for MEMS manufacturing processes/materials are organised as databases by using the relational database management systems (RDBMS), Microsoft Access and MySQL. The database system can be accessed from a Java application as well as an applet. The stand-alone Java application is created using JFC Swing, JDBC and SQL, and the Java applet is subsequently created to enable web functionality. The underlying database is open, extensible through a set of administrator tools or via the web, which gives commercial design and manufacturing facilities the ability to update their own materials, processes and rules. This plays a crucial role in the system for advisory MEMS manufacturing service and concurrent collaborative MEMS design and simulation. The developed database system, e-MEMS Designer @Database, which contains extensive manufacturing or fabrication processes and materials databases for MEMS and microelectronics, is easily incorporated as a sub-system into both the standalone system and the web-enabled MEMS design system, MEMS Designer, which is being developed. The database system can also be updated to create a comprehensive data warehouse and an advisory system for MEMS manufacturing processes/materials selection.
Malingering of PTSD: forensic and diagnostic considerations, characteristics of malingerers and clinical presentations

Objective: This paper aims to study the detection of individuals malingering posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in criminal and civil situations. Method: A brief history of PTSD and its rise to prominence in legal circles are discussed. The characteristics of individuals who malinger and particularly those who fake PTSD are discussed. Diagnostic dilemmas inherent to the condition, such as the definition of a traumatic exposure, what constitutes a PTSD flashback and the potential for normal symptom exaggeration, are explored. Results: The typical presentation of malingered symptoms is presented to help clinicians detect commonly seen malingering patterns. Suggestions for interview techniques, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory test values and sources of collateral information to help detect malingering are reviewed. Conclusion: The paper concludes with a review of the typical presentations of malingered PTSD symptoms and a reminder that physicians need to distinguish legitimate symptoms from faked or embellished presentations.
Electro Optical Performance Of An Improved Deformable Mirror Device

The design, fabrication, and performance of an improved 128 x 128 deformable mirror device (DMD) are discussed. The present DMD consists of a monolithically formed array of cantilever beams which are electrostatically deflected by an underlying MOS transistor address matrix. In contrast to an earlier version, the improved DMD on-chip address circuitry supports a single video input to the chip, with all demux operations performed on-chip. The cantilever beams are formed by two layers of high-reflectivity aluminum alloy. The dynamic range of the DMD in the Fourier plane at the Nyquist frequency has been determined at greater than 45 dB.
PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF SELF-APPRAISALS OF JOB PERFORMANCE

This paper reviews literature of psychometric properties of self-appraisals of work performance. It summarizes evidence of leniency, variability, halo, bias, and construct validity. Comparisons with appraisals by supervisors, peers, and subordinates suggest that self-appraisals tend to show more leniency, less variability, and less discriminant validity. Different factor structures have been found among self, supervisor and peer-ratings. On the other hand, self-appraisals showed less halo. Self-appraisals were significantly correlated with other sources in some studies and failed to correlate in many others. Existing data do not allow any conclusion whether the quality of self-appraisals is a function of scale format, amount or rater training, type of judgment, or purpose of appraisal. The effects of the observed psychometric qualities of self-appraisals on various applications are discussed. Problems may exist when they are used for administrative decision making, diagnosis of training needs, applied criterion measurement, measurement of constructs in basic research, or for selection purposes.
Characterizing low fluence thresholds for in vitro photodynamic therapy

The translation of photodynamic therapy (PDT) to the clinic has mostly been limited to superficial diseases where traditional light delivery is noninvasive. To overcome this limitation, a variety of mechanisms have been suggested to noninvasively deliver light to deep tissues. This work explores the minimum amount of light required by these methods to produce a meaningful PDT effect in the in vitro setting under representative low fluence and wavelength conditions. This threshold was found to be around 192 mJ/cm2 using the clinically approved photosensitizer aminolevulinic acid and 12 mJ/cm2 for the more efficient, second generation photosensitizer TPPS2a.
Validity assessment of the cutaneous T-cell lymphoma severity index to predict prognosis in advanced mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome

Background There is a need for standardized quantitative disease assessment measures in mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome. In 2005, a cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL)-severity index (SI) that not only measures disease extent (on a scale of 0-75) independent of the classic TNM(B) staging system but can also be used to estimate individual 5-year survival (SR5) was reported. Objective We sought to assess the generalizability of the CTCL-SI/SR5 equation (SR5 equation) to predict prognosis in our cohort of patients with advanced mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome (n = 50, photopheresis service, 1984-2001). Methods TNM(B) staging, CTCL-SI score (based on skin involvement, presence of tumors, lymph node/visceral/blood involvement), and SR5 (SR5 equation = 124 – 2 × [CTCL-SI]%) at initial diagnosis were calculated retrospectively and compared with overall survival by the Kaplan-Meier method. The prognostic significance of TNM(B) staging versus the CTCL-SI was determined by Cox proportional hazards models and Brier scores. Results Patients had stage IIA to IVA disease with a median actuarial overall survival of 58 months. By disease stage, the overall 5-year survival was 70% (stage IIA), 48% (stage IIB-IIIB), and 36% (stage IVA). In our cohort, the CTCL-SI itself was predictive of overall survival ( P = .028) but the SR5 equation was not predictive of survival (Brier score of 0.29). Limitations Small sample size, single academic center population, and retrospective design are limitations. Conclusions The CTCL-SI is a relatively simple-to-use quantitative tool that measures disease activity in all compartments (skin, nodes, blood, viscera) and has prognostic significance in multivariate analysis. The CTCL-SI may be a useful adjunct to the TNM(B) staging for tracking disease activity quantitatively in all disease compartments (skin, nodes, blood, viscera) in clinical practice and trials, but the predictive ability of the SR5 equation needs further validation at other centers in larger groups of patients.
Genotype and environment affect rhizome growth of birdsfoot trefoil

Rhizome production has been transferred from wild germplasm of Lotus corniculatus L. (broadleafed birdsfoot trefoil) into domesticated germplasm to produce ARS-2620' and 'ARS-2424' (a L. corniculatus × L. uliginosus hybrid). The objective of this study was to determine if field environments in the United States differing in latitude affect rhizome expression in genotypes of ARS-2620 and ARS-2424. Ramets of rhizomatous genotypes of ARS-2620 and ARS-2424, and nonrhizomatous 'Norcen' were planted at seven locations in late July and August 1999. At five locations in 2000 and 2001, dormant plants were hand-dug in late autumn or winter. Traits measured were mean crown-plus-root mass, crown circumference, and percentage survival for all entries, and rhizome mass for the two rhizomatous entries. Significant (P ≤ 0.001) location x genotype effects were observed for all traits in 2000, but only for percentage survival in 2001. In 2001, the effect of locations was significant for all traits (P ≤ 0.001), but genotype effects were significant (P ≤ 0.001) only for crown circumference and percentage survival. The rhizomatous entries were larger in circumference and had a greater crown-plus-root mass than Norcen. Rhizomes appeared to be beneficial to plant survival and plant growth, but rhizomes did not assure performance or survival, as we did not identify a genotype that performed well across locations. High plant mortality and extensive tissue necrosis caused by root and crown-rot complex reduced overall plant performance and rhizome expression and masked the interpretive value of the data from the five locations. Plants grown in Logan, UT, were notable for their large size and rhizome production relative to the other locations, and as having advantageous, but undefined, environmental conditions beneficial to the performance of rhizomatous birdsfoot trefoil.
Examining the Impact of Teacher Quality on Fourth-Grade Students' Comprehension and Content-Area Achievement.

In this study we examined the effects of dimensions of teacher quality on students' comprehension and vocabulary performance. Participants were 36 teachers and their respective 679 students in 2 medium-size school districts in central Texas, both of which served high proportions of children from low–socioeconomic status households. We matched schools in Districts 1 and 2 on the previous year's reading achievement performance and then assigned them to 1 of 2 experimental conditions—comprehension or content vocabulary—through stratified random assignment, with each condition represented in multiple schools in each district. Teachers in each condition participated in a distributed 15 hr of content- and curriculum-based professional development over an 18-week period. The intervention was for 30 min, 3 times a week. We examined the following dimensions of teacher quality: teacher qualifications, instructional practices, quality of strategy use, treatment fidelity, and instructional effectiveness. We used stud...
Domain Decomposition for Compressible Navier-Stokes Equations with Different Discretizations and Formulations

The purpose of this work is to couple different numerical models and approximations for the calculation of high speed external flows governed by the compressible Navier-Stokes equations. The proposed coupling is achieved by the boundary conditions, which impose viscous fluxes and friction forces on the body for the calculation of the global external flow and which impose Dirichlet type boundary conditions on the interface for the local model.
Imaging microtubules in buffer solution using tapping mode atomic force microscopy

Taxol stabilized microtubules were imaged in their native state in buffer solution without any fixation by an atomic force microscope (AFM) operated in tapping mode in liquids. Glass cover slips were derivatized with a positively charged silane to adsorb the filaments. The adsorbed microtubules could be imaged stably without any visible damage for hours. In cases where a microtubule crossed above another one, it often broke to follow the curvature of the underlying one. Longitudinal structures with a spacing of about 8 nm could be resolved suggesting they are protofilaments.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Assessing Mission and Resources for Social Change: An Organizational Identity Perspective on Social Venture Capitalists‘ Decision Criteria:

Social venture capitalists (SVCs) have emerged to provide a new source of funding for social entrepreneurs. Building on organizational identity theory, we examine how the dual identity of social ventures grounded within the social and entrepreneurship sectors prompts SVCs to value the resources and goals of both sectors. We use policy capturing to study the decision rules of 44 SVCs, finding that criteria of both sectors influenced SVC assessments, and entrepreneurial sector criteria were relied on most strongly in these assessments. Furthermore, not all SVCs evaluate social ventures similarly; their social investment focus influences their emphasis on social and entrepreneurial sector criteria.
Lethal Pulmonary Embolism in a Patient With Primary Antiphospholipid Syndrome and a Vena Caval Filter

A 61-year old Hispanic woman with a history of primary antiphospholipid syndrome with pulmonary emboli and who was status post a vena caval filter placement to prevent recurrent pulmonary emboli, presented with acute onset of right upper quadrant abdominal pain. Acute cholecystitis was diagnosed and she underwent a surgically uncomplicated cholecystectomy. The postoperative course was complicated by new, massive pulmonary emboli despite prophylactic treatment with aspirin and low-dose heparin. Patient died en route to surgery for emergency embolectomy. This case suggests that a regimen of low-dose heparin and aspirin therapy in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome and a previously placed vena caval filter is not effective in preventing postoperative thromboembolic complications; more aggressive anticoagulation therapy is required.
The equation of state and heat of fusion of poly(ether ether ketone)

The pressure-volume-temperature properties of poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) were studied experimentally at temperatures of 400°C and pressures to 200 MPa. Specific volume data were fitted successfully to the empirical Tait equation for T Tm and to the theoretical Simha-Somcynsky equation of state for the melt. The pressure dependence of the glass-transition temperature is about 0.57–0.59°C/MPa and that of the melting point 0.483°C/MPa. The pressure dependence of the melting point, the specific volume of the melt at Tm, and the specific volume of the crystal at Tm determined from x-ray diffraction data at elevated temperatures were combined in the Clapeyron equation to calculate a heat of fusion of 161 ± 20 J/g for the PEEK crystal. This value is somewhat higher than the previously reported value of 130 J/g.
Update on the current status of cytomegalovirus vaccines.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is ubiquitous in all populations, and is the most commonly recognized cause of congenital viral infection in developed countries. On the basis of the economic costs saved and the improvement in quality of life that could potentially be conferred by a successful vaccine for prevention of congenital HCMV infection, the Institute of Medicine has identified HCMV vaccine development as a major public health priority. An effective vaccine could potentially also be beneficial in preventing or ameliorating HCMV disease in immunocompromised individuals. Although there are no licensed HCMV vaccines currently available, enormous progress has been made in the last decade, as evidenced by the recently reported results of a Phase II trial of a glycoprotein B vaccine for the prevention of HCMV infection in seronegative women of childbearing age. HCMV vaccines currently in clinical trials include: glycoprotein B subunit vaccines; alphavirus replicon particle vaccines; DNA vaccines; and live-a...
Space optics: challenge and opportunity

Innovative optical designs are needed to create the space sensor systems of the future. The NASA mission development process has created several very challenging design and engineering problems. Three of these are discussed: The SAFIR is a 15 to 25 meter clear aperture telescope cooled to 4 degrees Kelvin, with spectrographs and imaging systems cooled to 1 degree Kelvin. The Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) will detect and characterize planets in orbit about other stars, The Stellar Interferometer (SI) will image across the surfaces of distant stars. Issues related to optical design & engineering and image quality will be discussed. This paper reviews the optical systems and engineering needs for next generation astrophysics missions.
Haemonchus contortus: somatic and metabolic antigens of third and fourth larval and adult stages.

Abstract Rabbits were immunized with soluble antigens of sonicated infective, exsheathed, fourth larval and adult Haemonchus contortus as well as exsheathing fluid and metabolites. Both cross reacting and non-cross reacting antigens were found by the Ouchterlony technique. The results were correlated with those of previous workers.
Genes, Exomes, Genomes, Copy Number: What is Their Future in Pediatric Renal Disease

The influence of genetic variation on the pathogenesis of pediatric kidney disease extends from the earliest stages of kidney development in utero to conditions arising throughout a child’s life. Major advances in genomic technologies, computing power, and bioinformatics analyses have resulted in the accelerated discovery of novel genes and risk loci associated with both inherited and sporadic forms of pediatric kidney disease. In this review, we will highlight studies over the past year that used diverse approaches to discover novel genes and loci associated with pediatric renal disease. We will also discuss reports that investigate the association with disease of previously discovered risk variants in novel populations, different phenotypes, or in model systems. Finally, we will discuss how we believe genomic inquiry will evolve in pediatric kidney disease in the future. Together, these studies illustrate that almost every child with a kidney condition could participate in some form of genomic investigation.
DIFFUSION OF LIGHT ADATOMS ON SOLID SURFACES

We present a brief review of a theoretical approach to the diffusion of light adatoms that covers the entire range from the classical regime of thermally activated hopping to the low temperature regime of quantum tunneling between adjacent sites. We compare our theoretical results with recent experimental data for the system H/Ni(100). We also contrast our results with those obtained from the quantum transition state approach.
A survey of algorithmic methods for partially observed Markov decision processes

A partially observed Markov decision process (POMDP) is a generalization of a Markov decision process that allows for incomplete information regarding the state of the system. The significant applied potential for such processes remains largely unrealized, due to an historical lack of tractable solution methodologies. This paper reviews some of the current algorithmic alternatives for solving discrete-time, finite POMDPs over both finite and infinite horizons. The major impediment to exact solution is that, even with a finite set of internal system states, the set of possible information states is uncountably infinite. Finite algorithms are theoretically available for exact solution of the finite horizon problem, but these are computationally intractable for even modest-sized problems. Several approximation methodologies are reviewed that have the potential to generate computationally feasible, high precision solutions.
The effect of internal limiting membrane peeling on chronic recalcitrant pseudophakic cystoid macular edema: a report of two cases

Abstract PURPOSE: To describe the effect of internal limiting membrane peeling in chronic recalcitrant pseudophakic cystoid macular edema. DESIGN: Two interventional case reports. METHODS: Two consecutive patients with chronic pseudophakic cystoid macular edema of 11–22 months duration, after uncomplicated cataract surgery, unresponsive to previous treatment, were enrolled. The surgical technique consisted of pars plana vitrectomy and internal limiting membrane peeling. Main outcome measures included best-corrected visual acuity, biomicroscopic appearance, and perifoveal leakage on fluorescein angiography. Optical coherence tomography scans were performed postoperatively. RESULTS: Pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling resulted in anatomical, angiographic, and functional improvement in both patients, for total follow-up periods of 8 and 11 months, respectively. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first report of chronic pseudophakic cystoid macular edema that favorably responded to pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling, as concluded after a MEDLINE search.
Reproducibility and validity of pathologi classifications of benign breast disease and implications for clinical applications

Background. Research studies on the relationship between benign breast diseases and cancer risk typically identify certain conditions as risk factors, and others as carrying no prognostic significance. This study addresses several issues concerning the relevance of such research results for advising individual patients in a clinical setting. Methods. Data were obtained as part of a “blinded” retrospective pathology review of benign breast biopsies. A random sample of cases was reviewed twice, providing information about reliability. Comparisons with diagnoses that used information from the operative reports and gross pathology descriptions as well as microscopic histology were used to assess validity. Results. Among cases that were reviewed twice, excellent agreement was achieved for diagnosing carcinoma and lobular neoplasia, good agreement for adenosis and intraductal papilloma, and relatively poor agreement about levels of hyperplasia and atypia, and whether ducts or lobules were involved. Distinctions among levels of hyperplasia also apparently were influenced by the number of slides available for review. The “blinded” review diagnoses frequently differed from the diagnoses that used all information available at the time of surgery in detecting the presence or absence of gross cystic disease, and in distinguishing solitary from multiple papillomas. Conclusions. Problems with reliability of precise distinctions among levels and sites of hyperplasia and atypia seem to limit the usefulness of such classifications as guidelines for individual patient care. For conditions with some clinical manifestations, diagnoses based exclusively on histologic review of biopsy specimens often are not accurate.
Internal representation of simple temporal patterns.

In this study the imitation of several periodically repeating simple temporal patterns consisting of two or more intervals varying in their duration ratios has been investigated. The errors that subjects typically made in their imitations and the systematic changes that occurred during repeated imitations indicate that both musically trained and untrained subjects map temporal sequences onto an interval structure the nature of which is revealed by studying which patterns are correctly and which incorrectly reproduced. A "beat-based" model for the perception of temporal sequences is proposed. This model states that the first step in the processing of a temporal sequence consists of a segmentation of the sequence into equal intervals bordered by events. This interval is called the beat interval. How listeners select this beat interval is only partly understood. In a second step, intervals smaller than the beat interval are expressed as a subdivision of the beat interval in which they occur. The number of within-beat structures that can be represented in the model is, however, limited. Specifically, only beat intervals that are subdivided into either equal intervals or intervals in a 1:2 ratio fit within the model. The partially hierarchical model proposed, though in need of further elaborations, shows why the number of temporal patterns that can be correctly conceptualized is limited. The relation of the model to other models is discussed. More than 3 decades ago, Fraisse (1946) discovered a remarkable phenomenon in the production and perception of durations. He found that subjects who were asked to produce by tapping temporal patterns consisting of 2-6 taps basically used only two dura
Industry Induces Academic Science to Know Less about More1

How does collaboration between academic research and industry shape science? This article argues that companies' relative indifference to theory nudges their academic partners toward novel, theoretically unanticipated experiments. The article then evaluates this proposition using fieldwork, archival materials, and panel models of all academic research using the popular plant model Arabidopsis thaliana and the companies that support that research. Findings suggest that industry partnerships draw high-status academics away from confirming theories and toward speculation. For the network of scientific ideas surrounding Arabidopsis, industry sponsorship weaves discoveries around the periphery into looser, more expansive knowledge. Government funding plays a complementary role, sponsoring focused scientific activity in dense hubs that facilitate scientific community and understanding.
Site selection by a social wasp in a nesting association (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

The tropical social waspMischocyttarus immarginatus is a nesting associate ofPolybia occidentalis in northwestern Costa Rica. We show that an activeP. occidentalis colony is a necessary component of aM. immarginatus nesting site in this part of the latter’s range.M. immarginatus foundresses actively seekP. occidentalis colonies to initiate nests at a modal distance of 8 cm from them. There is an 18-mm lower limit to how closeM. immarginatus can nest in relation toP. occidentalis. At distances of less than this,P. occidentalis workers can reach theM. immarginatus nest while standing on their own nest and robM. immarginatus of its brood when the adults are absent.