cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Explaining Low Turnout in EP Elections: Voter’s Perceptions of the European Parliament

This paper utilizes data from the 2009 European Election Study to investigate how experience with parliamentary traditions at the national level and perceptions of the European Parliament at the European level interact to influence voting behavior in European elections. More specifically, I argue that individuals who are accustomed to strong parliaments and who view the EP as weak within the EU infrastructure will be more likely to abstain from EP elections or subordinate EU issues to national concerns. Much of the earlier research on EP elections uses contextual variables to demonstrate that governing parties suffer losses in EP elections, particularly in the middle of the election cycle; this research concludes that voters do not understand or care about EU issues and act according to national concerns in EP elections (Reif and Schmitt 1980, Marsh 1998, Hix and Marsh 2007). More recent studies rely on survey data to demonstrate that concerns over both national and EU level preferences influence voting behavior in EP elections (Hobolt, et al 2008, Clark and Rohrschneider 2009). This paper seeks to explain the discrepancy between the macro and micro-level research by identifying national-level conditions that might discourage voters from acting on EU preferences in EP elections.
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with pulmonary hypertension: clinical recommendations based on a review of the evidence

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) remains an ominous diagnosis despite advances in pharmacological and surgical therapy. Early and effective diagnosis is important for clinicians making treatment determinations and patients wishing to understand the prognostic implications of their illness. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) has the power to reveal the underlying pathophysiological consequences of the disease process. Research, especially over the last 10-15 years, has demonstrated the utility of this tool. Several CPX variables have been shown to be consistently altered in patients with PH and more so as severity of disease increases. However, to further enhance clinical application, additional research is needed to better define optimal CPX measures and associated cutoff values. This paper gives class-based recommendations with associated levels of evidence for the use of CPX in the PH patient population.
Can We Teach Adults to Use Complex Postformal Thought

In Parts I and II, I described how it happened that the Theory of Postformal Thought was created; I also outlined that theory. In Part III, I described applications of the theory to quite a number of situations and relationships of everyday life. In this first chapter in Part IV, I want to explore ways that I have seen adults taught to think postformally as a result of interventions in classroom settings and in other formally structured interactions. In Chapter 22, I want to explore ways that I have seen individuals use postformal thinking to stimulate their own personal development as they struggle to reach their own potential and to live in balance honoring mind, heart, body, and spirit.
Evaluation of a multifunctional technology system in a memory care unit: Opportunities for innovation in dementia care.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Stimulating recreational and leisure activities (RLAs) are essential to physical and mental well-being; however, people living in memory care units (MCUs) may lack access to them. Technology has the potential to facilitate and enrich activity engagement in this context. Objectives: In this 6-month study, we evaluated a commercially available system designed to encourage the engagement of people with dementia in activities and social interactions, using a mixed-methods approach in a MCU. Methods: Quantitative measures included those to evaluate cognition, depression, quality of life, and resource utilization. We qualitatively evaluated the system using semi-structured interviews with family members and staff. Five residents with dementia, four family members, and seven staff were included in the 6-month study. Results: Staff and family members reported benefits for residents such as enjoyment, interactions and connections with others, and mental stimulation. Findings also highlight ch...
SP0028 Are Guidelines Really Changing Outcomes

Improving health outcomes in patients requires the timely and effective integration of research evidence into clinical practice. However, transfer of evidence into routine care can be slow and unpredictable. A number of clinical practice guidelines have been published linking specific practice recommendations to improved patient outcomes. We now recognize that guidelines alone do not necessarily result in a change in practice. To accelerate practice changes, Quality Indicators have been proposed to measure whether specific practice guidelines have been adhered to in routine practice. Indeed examination of the quality of arthritis care suggests that patients may still not be getting the right care at the right time: there remains significant variations in care, delays to treatments and slow uptake of therapeutic advances. These findings suggest that, to improve patient outcomes, clinical practice guidelines must be supplemented with strategies that measure and evaluate if care provided in daily clinical settings adheres to current recommendations for best practices. Disclosure of Interest None Declared
Precision measurement of the metastable 6s

Using a magneto-optical trap to isolate an isotopically pure sample of xenon, we determine the metastable 6s [3/2${]}_{2}$ state lifetime by measuring the rate of VUV emisson due to magnetic quadrupole decay. We find lifetimes of 42.9(9) s and 42.4(13) s for $^{132}\mathrm{Xe}$ and $^{136}\mathrm{Xe}$, respectively (1\ensuremath{\sigma} uncertainties). These values are less than half the theoretical predictions. We also find that nuclear-spin-induced decay produces a much shorter metastable lifetime in $^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$.
Regulation of avian skeletal muscle development and maturation.

The chick has served as a useful model for studies on vertebrate development. Easy access to the embryo through the shell and the ready availability of large numbers of embryos at known developmental stages have contributed to the avian egg's popularity as a research model. Early research with the avian embryo described the differentiation and morphogenesis of the single cell egg into a free living chick (1). In the case of skeletal muscle, the origin and timing of mesodermal tissue differentiation and migration into somites and then skeletal muscle was followed. More recently, embryonic skeletal muscle precursors have been removed and cultured in vitro. Using combinations of in vivo and in vitro approaches, it has become apparent that the progenitors of muscle, the myoblasts, divide repeatedly and then cease making DNA and fuse with adjacent myoblasts to produce extended multicellular myotubes. DNA synthesis and nuclear division are not seen in multinucleated myotubes. After fusion, the myotubes begin to...
Vaccines to prevent viral hepatitis

At least five different viruses cause hepatitis in humans. Two — hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) — are nonenveloped RNA viruses that are spread predominantly by fecal–oral transmission and cause acute self-limited disease.1,2 The others — hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis delta virus (HDV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) — are enveloped viruses with various tendencies to cause persistent infection, chronic hepatitis, and, in the case of HBV and HCV, hepatocellular carcinoma.3–5 Fecal–oral transmission does not occur with these viruses, because their lipid envelopes preclude the passage of viable virus from the liver through . . .
Laboratory diagnosis of immunodeficiency disease.

Laboratory diagnosis of antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immunity are discussed. The laboratory studies are organized into two groups—screening tests and tests to establish a specific diagnosis. Both groups of studies include the evaluation of two separate aspects of the immune system—the quantity of cells or cell product which is present and the quality or function of the cell or product which is being evaluated.
Overcoming the Constraints of Anti-HIV/CD89 Bispecific Antibodies That Limit Viral Inhibition

Innovative strategies are necessary to maximize the clinical application of HIV neutralizing antibodies. To this end, bispecific constructs of human antibody F240, reactive with well-conserved gp41 epitope and antibody 14A8, reactive with the IgA receptor (CD89) on effector cells, were constructed. A F240 × 14A8 bispecific single chain variable region (scFv) molecule was constructed by linking two scFvs using a conventional GGGGS linker. Despite immunoreactivity with HIV gp41 and neutrophils, this bispecific scFv failed to inhibit HIV infection. This is in sharp contrast to viral inhibition using a chemical conjugate of the Fab of these two antibodies. Therefore, we constructed two novel Fab-like bispecific antibody molecules centered on fusion of the IgG1 CH1 domain or CH1-hinge domain to the C-terminus of F240scFv and fusion of the kappa chain CL domain to the C-terminus of 14A8scFv. Both Bi-Fab antibodies showed significant ADCVI activity for multiple clade B and clade C isolates by arming the neutrophils to inhibit HIV infection. The approach presented in this study is unique for HIV immunotherapy in that the impetus of neutralization is to arm and mobilize PMN to destroy HIV and HIV infected cells.
Immigrant Rights are Civil Rights

Black-brown coalition activism is changing hearts, minds, and legislation in Mississippi and across the American South.
History of Critical Literacy Through the Various Theoretical Frameworks

This chapter presents a brief and broad literature review on the history of critical literacy through several theoretical frameworks. The chapter begins with the origins of critical literacy. The origins of critical literacy have been found to have been shaped by early civilizations and groups of people. After an explanation of these origins, various theoretical frameworks of critical literacy, power, language, identity, and multimodality are discussed. Critical literacy involves the combination of these frameworks, which are represented through each other.
The clinical manifestations of vestibular migraine: A review

Abstract Objectives To provide an overview of vestibular migraines presentation, pathology, and diagnosis, as well as an update on current diagnostic criteria. Methods A review of the most recent literature on vestibular migraines was performed. Results Vestibular migraine is a process with significant impact on the quality of life for those afflicted with the disease, with attacks of spontaneous or positional vertigo and migraine symptoms lasting several minutes to 72 h. Inner ear disease can co-exist with migraine and the vestibular symptoms occurring with vestibular migraine can mimic inner ear disorders providing a challenge for clinicians in establishing diagnosis. Recent diagnostic criteria for vestibular migraine proposed by a joint committee of the Barany Society and the International Headache Society provide an important standard for clinical diagnosis and research endeavor. Conclusion Vestibular migraine is a challenging disease process to both diagnose and treat. Proper diagnosis and treatment requires a thorough understanding of the current literature.
Integrating dimensions of biodiversity in choreotrichs and oligotrichs of marine plankton.

Abstract Choreotrichs and oligotrichs are the main ciliate groups in marine plankton, where they play major roles as trophic intermediaries. We have studied these groups with a variety of approaches to combine the three dimensions of biodiversity—taxonomy, genetics and function. Here we revisit our findings with an integrative perspective, and highlight future directions. In our studies, the correspondence between classical taxonomy (mostly based on morphology) and the increasingly available genetic data (DNA sequences) is examined at the individual, population, species, and assemblage levels. We use a combination of single-cell and environmental sequencing to quantify diversity, track distribution patterns, and explain biogeography processes. Comparativelly, we know little about how the morphological and genetic estimates of diversity relate to function, but we expect to better link these aspects by incorporating modern -omics approaches. For example, we have pioneered functional transcriptomic analyses in these groups by contrasting a heterotrophic choreotrich and a mixotrophic oligotrich. These data provide a tremendous resource to start building reference databases needed to measure differential expression of key functional genes, either experimentally or directly in the environment.
Conclusion: The Empire Expands—Star Wars as Disney Fantasy

Lucasfilm represents only one of many conscious and deliberate efforts that demonstrate how Disney co-opts potentially “subversive elements within public culture, monopolizes the media, limits the free flow of information, distorts historical memory, undermines substantive public debate, and constructs children’s identities primarily within the ideology of consumerism.” Chapter 7 examines George Lucas as an auteur who struggled between conflicting desires to create reflective fantasy early on in his career until adopting a restorative approach, which resulted in the reactionary ideology of Star Wars. Disney fantasy as Lucas invoked it functions as a mirror that serves Capital by interpellating subjects as ego-hungry consumers intent on reducing to fantasy what cannot be reduced. While George Lucas’ success with Star Wars underscores Disney fantasy as a mode of restorative nostalgia, his early works—especially is first film, THX-1138—serves as a prescient warning about a future he would unwittingly help to bring about. Star Wars has trained generations to assemble and maintain the very social apparatus he critiques in THX-1138. Nevertheless, perhaps Pauline Kael was right when she contended that, in the end, George Lucas was primarily a toy maker who made his vast fortune not from the films themselves, but from selling Star Wars-inspired accoutrements.
Editorial: Alternatives to Antimicrobial Growth Promoters and Their Impact in Gut Microbiota, Health and Disease.

In the context of disease pathogenesis, it has been observed that after inadequate administration of antibiotics, animals become more susceptible to intestinal colonization and organ invasion by enteropathogens, these could be related to changes caused in the gastrointestinal microbial community. Therefore, we must reconsider the negative consequences that disruption of the microbiome has in the biology of metazoans (dysbacteriosis). Alternations of the intestinal microbiota composition in animals can be caused by multiple factors, including the misuse of antibiotics, having as a result a negative impact on the development and function of the immune, endocrine, nervous, and digestive systems. For this reason, social concerns regarding the development of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms have resulted in an urgent necessity to find feasible alternatives to maintain animal health and performance without the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP), in order to sustain livestock production as an economically viable source of food for human consumption. Hence, research about AGP alternatives such as probiotics, prebiotics, phytochemicals, organic acids, enzymes, and vaccines has become a priority for many scientists around the world.
Sequential Coiling-Assisted Deployment of Flow Diverter for Treatment of Fusiform Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysms.

Background and importance Fusiform intracranial aneurysms remain challenging lesions to treat. These aneurysms have historically required bypass procedures or clip remodeling constructs for cure. Recently, endovascular specialists have reported experience with flow diversion for complex fusiform aneurysms of the vertebrobasilar system, with mixed results. Vascular anatomy for anterior circulation fusiform aneurysms may make these lesions more amenable to flow diversion and embolization procedures; however, published experience with these techniques is lacking. In this report, we describe a sequential coiling-assisted deployment of flow diverter for the treatment of fusiform middle cerebral artery (MCA-M1) aneurysms in 2 cases, 1 presenting acutely with subarachnoid hemorrhage and another with progressive aneurysm enlargement. Clinical presentation Two patients, a 36-yr-old male presenting with subarachnoid hemorrhage and a 60-yr-old female presenting with aneurysm enlargement were treated for fusiform aneurysms of the M1 segment of the MCA using a sequential, partial deployment of coils and flow diverter through 2 microcatheters to facilitate mutual mechanical support for both coil and flow diverter (Pipeline Embolization Device; Medtronic Inc, Dublin, Ireland). Both patients achieved favorable outcomes and follow-up angiography demonstrated complete vessel reconstruction in both cases. Conclusion The treatment of complex, fusiform, large vessel aneurysms remains challenging. As experience with new endovascular technologies and techniques grows, these lesions may be treated safely with interventional methods. The technique of partial flow diverter deployment and stabilization with coils with sequential delivery of both devices using dual microcatheter was both safe and effective.
Heterogeneity and the origins of asthma

Abstract Objective To examine the roots of asthma across different ages, including atopy, the role of the microbiome and viral infections, and comorbidities and confounders, such as obesity, aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease, neutrophilic asthma, cigarette smoking, and the possibility of an asthma–chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap syndrome. Data Sources Data were taken from various scientific search engines, including PubMed and Science Direct databases. Study Selections Articles that reviewed information on the origins of asthma in persons of all ages, including different phenotypes and genotypes of asthma, were used. Results Asthma is a common and complex disease whose origins are likely a combination of both genetic predisposition and environmental exposures. Factors such as the microbiome, other atopic disease, viral infections in young children, and other diagnoses, such as obesity or aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease, are important to consider when creating a treatment plan for patients. Conclusion Asthma is a disease that is often diagnosed in childhood but can present at any age. There is debate in the field as to whether asthma is one disease or several different diseases that include airway inflammation as a key finding. There are risk factors for disease in the environment and through comorbidities that likely play significant roles in the origins of asthma, the development of symptoms, and the response to treatment. These factors are even more important as we look toward the future with the goal of personalized medicine.
Making markets and democracy work: a story of incentives and computing

Collective choice settings are the heart of society. Game theory provides a basis for engineering the incentives into the interaction mechanism (e.g., rules of an election or auction) so that a desirable system-wide outcome (e.g., president, resource allocation, or task allocation) is chosen even though every agent acts based on self-interest. However, there are a host of computer science issues not traditionally addressed in game theory that have to be addressed in order to make mechanisms work in the real world. Those computing, communication, and privacy issues are deeply intertwined with the economic incentive issues. For example, the fact that agents have limited computational capabilities to determine their own (and others') preferences ruins the incentive properties of established auction mechanisms, and gives rise to new issues. On the positive side, computational complexity can be used as a barrier to strategic behavior in settings where economic mechanism design falls short. Novel computational approaches also enable new economic institutions. For example, market clearing technology with specialized search algorithms is enabling a form of interaction that I call expressive competition. As another example, selective incremental preference elicitation can determine the optimal outcome while requiring the agents to determine and reveal only a small portion of their preferences. Furthermore, automated mechanism design can yield better mechanisms than the best known to date.
Role of calcium and cross bridges in determining rate of force development in frog muscle fibers.

The influence of Ca2+ and force-generating cross bridges on the kinetics of force development was examined in skinned frog muscle fibers activated by photolytic release of Ca2+ from caged Ca2+ at 1...
Anti-social media: how Facebook disconnects us and undermines democracy

Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg (2017), wrote that the goal of the platform is to ‘connect the world’ to support the growth of supportive, safe, informed, civically-engaged, and inclusive communit...
From REO to Ruin: Post-Foreclosure Pathways and the Production of Decline in Detroit, Michigan

Although much has been written about the localized impacts of foreclosed properties, few studies have examined the role of the main actors handling mortgage-reverted properties, particularly the pa...
Eustachian valve, interatrial shunt, and paradoxical embolism

Randomized clinical trials demonstrate that percutaneous closure of the patent oval foramen is a safe and effective treatment for secondary prevention of cryptogenic stroke in selected patients. The Eustachian valve is generally considered an incidental finding without any significant pathophysiological consequences in adults. However, a persistent Eustachian valve, particularly a prominent one, is significantly more prevalent in patients with patent oval foramen and cryptogenic stroke, and is associated with adverse outcomes following percutaneous closure. Therefore, the Eustachian valve may not be an incidental finding or an innocent bystander. By directing the blood flow from the inferior caval vein to the interatrial septum, the persistence of a Eustachian valve may prevent spontaneous closure of the oval foramen, and predispose to paradoxical embolism during adulthood. The Eustachian valve should be considered an adjunctive risk factor for paradoxical embolism in patients with patent oval foramen. Furthermore, the Eustachian valve has been included in several risk prediction models to identify patients at the highest risk of paradoxical embolism and such patients may benefit the most from an intervention.
Effect of Saccharomyces boulardii on cell immunologic function and clinical efficacy of bacterial diarrhea in children

Objective To investigate the effect of Saccharomyces boulardii on cell immunologic function and the clinical efficacy of bacterial diarrhea in children.Methods Eighty hospitalized children with bacterial diarrhea were randomly divided into treatment group and control group,with 40 cases in each group.Both groups were given antibiotics,symptomatic and supportive treatment.The patients in treatment group were orally given the pulvis of Saccharomyces boulardii until left the hospital.The changes of cell immunologic function and clinical efficacy were compared.Results NK cell activity and ratio of CD4+/CD8+ in treatment group increased significantly after treatment(P ＜ 0.05) ; The diarrhea average duration in treatment group was shortened significantly (P ＜ 0.05).The average stool frequency in treatment group decreased significantly after 7 days (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with control group,the total effective rate in treatment group increased significantly (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Saccharomyces boulardii can regulate cellular immunity and decrease the duration of infectious diarrhea in children. Key words: Saccharomyces boulardii ; Diarrhea; Cell immunity ; Efficacy
Management of challenging myelofibrosis after JAK inhibitor failure and/or progression

The myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) encompass a heterogenous set of diseases that have variable survival, but in the setting of treatment refractory and progressive disease, prognosis has been characteristically poor. JAK inhibition with ruxolitinib or fedratinib therapy has become the first line treatment for symptomatic or intermediate to high risk myelofibrosis. However, after three years of ruxolitinib therapy, approximately half of all patients with myelofibrosis will likely have stopped treatment. JAK inhibition failure represents a mixture of etiologies, including drug intolerance, suboptimal dosing, drug resistance, or progression of disease. JAK inhibition failure and accelerated/blast phase have now become the primary clinical challenges in the treatment of myelofibrosis and high risk polycythemia vera, and no phase III trials or clear treatment guidelines exist to guide management strategies in this setting. On the other hand, this represents an exciting time in treatment of JAK inhibitor failure and accelerated phase MPNs due to the advent of recently approved drugs as well as new targeted agents currently under investigation. In this article, we review the management options for these challenging clinical scenarios. We discuss the options for JAK inhibitor dose optimization and overcoming resistance by utilizing combinations of JAK inhibition, primarily ruxolitinib, with alternative commercially available therapies. For patients who have progressed, we discuss recent data regarding targeted therapy options approved for AML that represent potentially efficacious options in the progressive MPN setting. We also discuss the new clinical agents under development in MF and accelerated MPNs that may offer new therapeutic options in the years to come.
Major depressive disorder and impaired health‐related quality of life among US older adults

Objectives To examine the association of current and past major depressive disorder (MDD) and measures of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in a nationally representative sample of older adults. Methods Cross-sectional analysis of the 2012 to 2013 National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions Wave III (NESARC-III) was used. NESARC-III is a nationally representative health interview survey on substance use and mental health in the US, and we limited our sample to survey respondents aged 65 or older (n = 5806 unweighted). Using DSM-5 criteria, we identified older adults with current MDD, past MDD (ie, prior but not current MDD), and no history of MDD. Using standardized algorithms, we also constructed HRQOL measures: mental component summary (MCS), physical component summary (PCS), and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). We performed multivariable-adjusted linear regression analyzes to assess the associations of MDD types with HRQOL measures while adjusting for socio-demographics and clinical co-morbidities. Results Overall, 14.4% of the older adults, representative of 6.0 million nationwide, met criteria for lifetime MDD. About 2.2 million older adults (5.4%) had current MDD and 3.7 million older adults (9.0%) had past MDD. Older adults with current or past MDD had a moderate difference in HRQOL measures compared with never depressed (Cohen's d measures ranging from -1.02 to -0.07). When controlling for other covariates, MCS and QALYs measures were lowest in the current MDD group. Conclusion Current MDD is associated with significantly lower HRQOL than never MDD, while adults with past MDD had minor (often insignificant) residual impairment in HRQOL.
Cooling and dietary crude protein affected milk production on heat-stressed dairy cows

Abstract Environmental factors, such as temperature and humidity, exert dramatic effects on the production, health, and well-being of lactating dairy cows. Heat-stressed cows undergo a series of homeorhetic adaptations that alters cellular homeostasis and nutrient utilization. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of cooling and dietary crude protein (CP) content on fermentability of rumen inoculum, milk production, and health of heat-stressed cows. It was hypothesized that cooled but not heat-stressed cows would support productivity in response to an increase in dietary CP content. Thirty-six multiparous Holstein cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (9 cows/treatment). Treatments consisted of cooling (CO) or moderate long-term heat stress (HS) and diets containing low CP content (LCP; 12.5% CP) or moderate CP content (MCP; 16.1% CP) of dry matter. The CO treatment provided heat abatement with sprinklers and fans that came on at > 20.0°C, whereas the HS treatment did not provide sprinklers and fans. Cows were housed in pens in a freestall barn, and treatments were imposed for 21 d during July and August. Compared with the HS treatment, CO decreased afternoon rectal and vaginal temperatures (0.60 and 0.70°C) and afternoon respiration rate (27.6 breaths/min). Treatment interactions showed that compared with the LCP treatment, MCP increased milk fat yield (23%) in CO but not in HS cows. Compared with the LCP treatment, MCP decreased milk protein percent (0.14 units) in CO but increased milk protein percent (0.09 units) in HS cows. Rumen inoculum collected on d 21 showed a ∼3-fold increase in total gas production in vitro in CO compared with the HS treatment. Relative to the LCP treatment, MCP increased plasma glucose and insulin and decreased total free fatty acids concentrations. In summary, under the conditions of this study CO but not HS cows responded to a CP stimulus by increasing productivity.
Surviving COVID-19 After Hospital Discharge: Symptom, Functional, and Adverse Outcomes of Home Health Recipients.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about recovery from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) after hospital discharge. OBJECTIVE: To describe the home health recovery of patients with COVID-19 and risk factors associated with rehospitalization or death. DESIGN: Retrospective observational cohort. SETTING: New York City. PARTICIPANTS: 1409 patients with COVID-19 admitted to home health care (HHC) between 1 April and 15 June 2020 after hospitalization. MEASUREMENTS: Covariates and outcomes were obtained from the mandated OASIS (Outcome and Assessment Information Set). Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) of risk factors associated with rehospitalization or death. RESULTS: After an average of 32 days in HHC, 94% of patients were discharged and most achieved statistically significant improvements in symptoms and function. Activity-of-daily-living dependencies decreased from an average of 6 (95% CI, 5.9 to 6.1) to 1.2 (CI, 1.1 to 1.3). Risk for rehospitalization or death was higher for male patients (HR, 1.45 [CI, 1.04 to 2.03]); White patients (HR, 1.74 [CI, 1.22 to 2.47]); and patients with heart failure (HR, 2.12 [CI, 1.41 to 3.19]), diabetes with complications (HR, 1.71 [CI, 1.17 to 2.52]), 2 or more emergency department visits in the past 6 months (HR, 1.78 [CI, 1.21 to 2.62]), pain daily or all the time (HR, 1.46 [CI, 1.05 to 2.05]), cognitive impairment (HR, 1.49 [CI, 1.04 to 2.13]), or functional dependencies (HR, 1.09 [CI, 1.00 to 1.20]). Eleven patients (1%) died, 137 (10%) were rehospitalized, and 23 (2%) remain on service. LIMITATIONS: Care was provided by 1 home health agency. Information on rehospitalization and death after HHC discharge is not available. CONCLUSION: Symptom burden and functional dependence were common at the time of HHC admission but improved for most patients. Comorbid conditions of heart failure and diabetes, as well as characteristics present at admission, identified patients at greatest risk for an adverse event. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: No direct funding.
Chronic Augmentation of Endocannabinoid Levels Persistently Increases Dopaminergic Encoding of Reward Cost and Motivation.

Motivational deficits characterized by an unwillingness to overcome effortful costs are a common feature of neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders that are insufficiently understood and treated. Dopamine (DA) signaling in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) facilitates goal-seeking, but how NAc DA release encodes motivationally-salient stimuli to influence effortful investment is not clear. Using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) in male and female mice, we find that NAc DA release diametrically responds to cues signaling increasing cost of reward, while DA release to the reward itself is unaffected by its cost. Because endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling facilitates goal-seeking and NAc DA release, we further investigated whether repeated augmentation of the eCB 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) with a low dose of a monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitor facilitates motivation and DA signaling without the development of tolerance. We find that chronic MAGL treatment stably facilitates goal-seeking and DA encoding of prior reward cost, providing critical insight into the neurobiological mechanisms of a viable treatment for motivational deficits. Significance Statement Decades of work has established a fundamental role for dopamine neurotransmission in motivated behavior and cue-reward learning, but how dopaminergic encoding of cues associates with motivated action has remained unclear. Specifically, how dopamine neurons signal future and prior reward cost, and whether this can be modified to influence motivational set points is not known. The current study provides important insight into how dopamine neurons encode motivationally-relevant stimuli to influence goal-directed action and supports cannabinoid-based therapies for treatment of motivational disorders.
Preparing for and conducting the National Health and Morbidity Survey in Malaysia amid the COVID-19 pandemic: balancing risks and benefits to participants and society.

Problem: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic adversely affected the preparation of Malaysia's National Health and Morbidity Survey for 2020 because conducting it would expose data collectors and participants to an increased risk of infection. Context: The survey is nationally representative and community based and is conducted by the Institute for Public Health, part of the National Institutes of Health, to generate health-related evidence and to support the Malaysian Ministry of Health in policy-making. Its planned scope for 2020 was the seroprevalence of communicable diseases such as hepatitis B and C. Action: Additional components were added to the survey to increase its usefulness, including COVID-19 seroprevalence and facial anthropometric studies to ensure respirator fit. The survey's scale was reduced, and data collection was changed from including only face-to-face interviews to mainly self-administered and telephone interviews. The transmission risk to participants was reduced by screening data collectors before the survey and fortnightly thereafter, using standard droplet and contact precautions, ensuring proper training and monitoring of data collectors, and implementing other administrative infection prevention measures. Outcome: Data were collected from 7 August to 11 October 2020, with 5957 participants recruited. Only 4 out of 12 components of the survey were conducted via face-to-face interview. No COVID-19 cases were reported among data collectors and participants. All participants were given their hepatitis and COVID-19 laboratory test results; 73 participants with hepatitis B and 14 with hepatitis C who had been previously undiagnosed were referred for further case management. Discussion: Preparing and conducting the National Health and Morbidity Survey during the COVID-19 pandemic required careful consideration of the risks and benefits, multiple infection prevention measures, strong leadership and strong stakeholder support to ensure there were no adverse events.
1980s: Expanding the Practice

The 1970s focused on the major function of the catheterization laboratory: obtaining data needed for the accurate anatomic and physiologic assessment of both congenital and acquired cardiovascular disease. The 1980s saw major growth of therapeutic procedures beginning with the rapid implementation of coronary balloon angioplasty. Complications such as acute/threatened closure remained serious issues, but the introduction of stents improved immediate periprocedural results and decreased the need for urgent bypass surgery. Mayo investigators made important observations on the effect of thrombus in patients with unstable angina and myocardial infarction. There was active involvement in strategies of care for acute myocardial infarction—lytic therapy versus angioplasty.
Agroecology: Growing the Roots of Resistance

Agroecology today has a strong focus on bringing sustainability to food, feed, and fiber production. But there is also a larger focus on the social, economic, and political “drivers” that move food systems beyond the conditions that have created un-sustainability in modern industrial agriculture. With its ecosystem foundation, the science of agroecology has become a powerful tool for food system change when coupled with an understanding of how change occurs in society. In this article, I trace the roots of agroecology to its emergence as Agroecologia in Mexico in the 1970s as a form of resistance to the Green Revolution. Agroecology has become much more than a science for developing better, safer, and more environmentally sound food production technologies. Agroecology is more than a way to practice agriculture, such as organic or ecological production. Agroecology is also a social movement with a strong ecological grounding that fosters justice, relationship, access, resilience, resistance, and sustainab...
Measuring gravel transport and dispersion in a mountain river using passive radio tracers

Random walk models of fluvial sediment transport recognize that grains move intermittently, with short duration steps separated by rests that are comparatively long. These models are built upon the probability distributions of the step length and the resting time. Motivated by these models, tracer experiments have attempted to measure directly the steps and rests of sediment grains in natural streams. This paper describes results from a large tracer experiment designed to test stochastic transport models. We used passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags to label 893 coarse gravel clasts and placed them in Halfmoon Creek, a small alpine stream near Leadville, Colorado, USA. The PIT tags allow us to locate and identify tracers without picking them up or digging them out of the streambed. They also enable us to find a very high percentage of our rocks, 98% after three years and 96% after the fourth year. We use the annual tracer displacement to test two stochastic transport models, the Einstein–Hubbell–Sayre (EHS) model and the Yang–Sayre gamma-exponential model (GEM). We find that the GEM is a better fit to the observations, particularly for slower moving tracers and suggest that the strength of the GEM is that the gamma distribution of step lengths approximates a compound Poisson distribution. Published in 2012. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
On the reliability of family health information: A comparative study of mothers' reports on illness and related behavior

Abstract Mothers, when questioned on various aspects of the health of the family unit or on the same aspect at different time periods, tend to give meaningful but not consistent information. Evidently they apply a selective censorship on each occasion, separate the reportable data and suppress the others. This censorship is affected by the norms of medical relevance and social desirability as well as the time-related variations in actual morbidity.
Modality, Si! Modal Logic, No!

This article is oriented toward the use of modality in artificial intelligence (AI). An agent must reason about what it or other agents know, believe, want, intend or owe. Referentially opaque modalities are needed and must be formalized correctly. Unfortunately, modal logics seem too limited for many important purposes. This article contains examples of uses of modality for which modal logic seems inadequate.
Deficient Development Agreements

This article discusses a California case where the county attempted unsuccessfully to alter a parcel’s status by way of a development agreement rather than by a zoning amendment.
Chapter 14. Semisynthetic Glycopeptide Antibiotics

Publisher Summary In recent times, interest in the glycopeptide class of antibiotics has increased. A new development has been the interest in semisynthetic glycopeptides as the activity of this class can be expanded to include vancomycin resistant enterococci and even some gram-negative bacteria. The anti-bacterial effect exhibited by the glycopeptide class of antibiotics is attributed to their ability to inhibit the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan, a key structural component of the bacterial cell wall. Vancomycin and other glycopeptides antibiotics form complexes with the C-terminal D-Ala-D-Ala sequence of the bacterial cell wall precursor, thus preventing the subsequent transglycosylation and transpeptidation reactions necessary for the construction of the peptidoglycan. In addition to an affinity for D-Ala-D-Ala, other factors may also play an important role in the activity exerted by the glycopeptide antibiotics. The molecular basis of resistance to glycopeptide antibiotics is well understood. The bacteria have acquired the necessary enzymes to synthesize an altered cell wall precursor, terminating in D-lactate rather than D-alanine. The replacement of an amide linkage with an ester linkage results in the loss of one hydrogen-bond interaction between vancomycin and the ligand. Some of the most interesting semisynthetic molecules that have been reported are intrinsically complex to make and cost may limit the attractiveness of development. Nonetheless, the class provides an instructive example of the effectiveness of the union of natural product research and medicinal chemistry applied to new medical needs.
Infinite dimensional models for perforated track electrodynamic magnetic levitation

In this paper we present an infinite dimensional dynamic model for perforated track electrodynamic magnetic levitation. We analyze the model properties, and explain the inadequacy of finite dimensional models. It is shown that active control of levitation damping can be perceived as a boundary value control problem, and that minimization of electromagnetic drag is an optimal control problem.
A Model of the Formation of the Low‐Latitude Boundary Layer for Northward IMF by Reconnection: A Summary and Review

A model of formation of the low-latitude boundary layer (LLBL) by reconnection for northward interplanetary magnetic field is reviewed. In this model, the solar wind enters the magnetosphere by reconnection poleward of the cusp in both hemispheres. The entered plasma then flows along the magnetopause, with increasing speed and thickness and decreasing density, from local noon to the nightside driven by the thermal pressure. Further on the nightside, the LLBL becomes the magnetotail. Reconnection that brings the solar wind flux into the magnetosphere disconnects the tail flux from the magnetosphere and makes it back to the solar wind. Globally, the LLBL/magnetotail region maps to the sunward convection cells and north-Bz currents in the polar ionosphere. In this model, most of the solar wind particles gain access to the dayside cusps of the ionosphere and some within the rest of polar caps. Although much of the solar wind energy returns back to the solar wind, a portion of the energy is directly dissipated in the polar ionosphere through Joule heating and another portion is coupled to the low-latitude ionosphere through ionospheric current system. The latter portion drives the magnetospheric convection and eventually dissipates in the low-latitude ionosphere.
Estimated PDFs of climate system properties including natural and anthropogenic forcings

[1] We present revised probability density functions (PDF) for climate system properties (climate sensitivity, rate of deep-ocean heat uptake, and the net aerosol forcing strength) that include the effect on 20th century temperature changes of natural as well as anthropogenic forcings. The additional natural forcings, primarily the cooling by volcanic eruptions, affect the PDF by requiring a higher climate sensitivity and a lower rate of deep-ocean heat uptake to reproduce the observed temperature changes. The estimated 90% range of climate sensitivity is 2.1 to 8.9 K. The net aerosol forcing strength for the 1980s shifted toward positive values to compensate for the volcanic forcing with 90% bounds of −0.74 to −0.14 W/m2. The rate of deep-ocean heat uptake is reduced with the effective diffusivity, Kv, ranging from 0.05 to 4.1 cm2/s. This upper bound implies that many AOGCMs mix heat into the deep ocean (below the mixed layer) too efficiently.
Control of grid-connected split-shaft microturbine distributed generator

In this paper, a split-shaft microturbine model using induction generators is used to assist transient stability of microturbines when connected to the grid as distributed generator. Microturbines can be controlled via two paths, control of the turbine's mechanical power and control of terminal voltage from induction generator using connected SVC at the generator's terminal. PI controllers, for SVC and output turbine mechanical power, are designed based on a linearized model using genetic algorithms as optimization technique. Model development and simulation are presented within the MATLAB/Simulink (Power System Analysis Toolbox (PAT)) environment using various toolboxes.
Societal Implications of the Smart Grid: Challenges for Engineering

The smart grid, which would combine advanced information and communication technologies with a new generation of electric power production, transmission, and distribution technologies, has been highly touted as a solution to modernizing the U.S. electric grid while simultaneously addressing other policy goals such as improving energy efficiency and expanding the use of renewable energy resources. As with any large scale socio-technical system, however, the smart grid raises a number of societal issues that are interwoven with its technical capabilities. This chapter discusses three such issues – privacy, security, and equity – and argues for addressing them concurrent with the development of the smart grid, as well as educational reforms that will better position engineers to recognize and address such issues.
A hierarchical multiprocessor system with the shared memory modules at different physical levels

Recently many researchers have paid significant attention to the design of hierarchical multiprocessors due to the fact that such systems need very inexpensive interconnection networks compared to those needed for non-hierarchical systems. The performance of a hierarchical system degrades as the access rate for non-local memory modules increases. If some hot spots are present in the system, the performance degradation becomes significant. This paper presents a new hierarchical multiprocessor. The performance degradation in the hot spots and due to non-local memory modules is less severe in our hierarchical multiprocessor than in the other existing hierarchical multiprocessors.