cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN FRESHWATER CLADOPHORA-EPIPHYTE ASSEMBLAGES: REGULATION IN RESPONSE TO PHOSPHORUS SUPPLY AND LOCALIZATION1

Extracellular alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity (APA) is important for algal phosphorus (P) acquisition in P-limited freshwater ecosystems and is often used as an indicator of P deficiency. APA allows access to organic P (monophosphate esters), but the regulation of APA in response to availability of both PO43− and organic P is poorly characterized. This study aimed to examine the regulation of APA in freshwater Cladophora-epiphyte assemblages in response to PO43− and a hydrolyzable organic P source, and for the first time to apply enzyme linked fluorescence (ELF) to localize APA within freshwater macroalgal-epiphyte assemblages. In response to elevated PO43− concentrations, a component of net APA was suppressed, but there was also a constitutive APA, which was maintained even after prolonged exposure to nearly 1,000 μM PO43− and saturation of internal P pools. When supplied with organic glycerol P as the sole P source, the algae maintained APA in excess of needs for supplying PO43− for uptake, resulting in PO43− release into the medium. Constitutive APA may be adaptive to growth under chronic P limitation in oligotrophic freshwater habitats. Excess APA and release of PO43− could benefit different algal and bacterial partners within assemblages. APA in both Cladophora sp. and epiphytic algae was localized with ELF only when ethanol fixation was omitted. In algal subsamples exposed to different P treatments, there was no correlation between bulk APA (using 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate [MUP] substrate) and % cell labeling with ELF, suggesting that ELF labeling of APA was at best semiquantitative in the algal assemblages.
The Anthropomorphic Controversy in the Time of Theophilus of Alexandria

It was the long-established custom of the Alexandrian patriarch to write each year a paschal letter to the faithful of his province. In the letter of the year 399 the Patriarch Theophilus, an ecclesiastic of great ability but few scruples, inveighed rather severely against those who taught that God was corporeal, or in other words that God had bodily form. This opinion was by no means extraordinary. For over two centuries Alexandria had been the leading center of Christian theology, and for a much longer period a pre-eminent seat of philosophic learning as well. The repudiation of anthropomorphic conceptions of God had long been a matter of common acceptance by pagan and Christian theologians alike who laid any claim to a liberal education.
FAST SWITCHING OF NEMATIC LIQUID CRYSTALS BY AN ELECTRIC FIELD: EFFECTS OF DIELECTRIC RELAXATION ON THE DIRECTOR AND THERMAL DYNAMICS

Liquid crystals (LCs) represent a special state of soft matter in which the anisotropic molecules or their aggregates demonstrate a long-range orientational order but little or no positional long-range order [1]. In the simplest case of a uniaxial nematic LC (NLC), the long-range positional order is absent altogether; the molecules form a uniaxial centrosymmetric medium, as they are predominantly aligned along a single direction called a director and described by a unit vector n (such that n≡−n . The director can be realigned by electric and magnetic fields that thus change the optical properties of sample. The orientational dynamics of director in the applied electric field is a fundamental physical phenomenon that is at the heart of modern display technologies. Discovered in 1930s by Frederiks (initially for the magnetic case) [2], this phenomenon, rather surprisingly, still poses a fundamental unanswered question regarding the behavior of NLCs with the finite rate of dielectric relaxation. The problem can be understood as follows. The dielectric torque that reorients the director has the densityM t =D t ×E t , where E t is the electric field and D t is the electric displacement at the moment of time t. In the widely accepted standard approach [1, 3, 4], the director response is assumed to be instantaneous, i.e., the displacement D t is determined by the electric field at the very same moment D t = 0 E t , where 0 is the free space 277
A Genetic Screen for Maternal-Effect Suppressors of decapentaplegic Identifies the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A in Drosophila

The Dpp signaling pathway is essential for many developmental processes in Drosophila and its activity is tightly regulated. To identify additional regulators of Dpp signaling, we conducted a genetic screen for maternal-effect suppressors of dpp haplo-insufficiency. We screened ∼7000 EMS-mutagenized genomes and isolated and mapped seven independent dominant suppressors of dpp, Su(dpp), which were recovered as second-site mutations that resulted in viable flies in trans-heterozygous with dppH46, a dpp null allele. Most of the Su(dpp) mutants exhibited increased cell numbers of the amnioserosa, a cell type specified by the Dpp pathway, suggesting that these mutations may augment Dpp signaling activity. Here we report the unexpected identification of one of the Su(dpp) mutations as an allele of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A (eIF4A). We show that Su(dpp)YE9 maps to eIF4A and that this allele is associated with a substitution, arginine 321 to histidine, at a well-conserved amino acid and behaves genetically as a dominant-negative mutation. This result provides an intriguing link between a component of the translation machinery and Dpp signaling.
Effects of gadolinium on regionally stunned myocardium: temporal considerations.

Objectives The lanthanide cation, gadolinium (Gd 3+ ), accelerates recovery of stunned myocardium when given prior to ischemia. This study sought to determine whether giving Gd 3+ during ischemia or during reperfusion also ameliorates stunning, as these temporal relationships could help determine the clinical utility of this novel agent. Methods Regional myocardial stunning was induced in anesthetized dogs by coronary occlusion for 15 min followed by reperfusion for 3 h. Gd 3+ (500 μmol) was given intravenously in three treatment groups: [ 1 ] preischemia; [ 2 ] during ischemia; [ 3 ] after reperfusion. No Gd 3+ was given to controls (Group 4). Measures of global and regional myocardial function were assessed serially. Results Treatment with Gd 3+ prior to ischemia (Group 1) had no effects on hemodynamics or regional contraction. Coronary occlusion resulted in diastolic lengthening and paradoxical systolic bulging equally in all groups. After 3 h of reperfusion, regional systolic shortening (%) in the stunned segment was greater in Groups 1 (10.9 ± 3.4; P = 0.02) and 2 (6.6 ± 1.3; P = 0.047) compared with controls (−0.6 ± 0.03). Recovery of systolic function (% of baseline shortening) after 3 h of reperfusion was similarly improved in Groups 1 (56.1 ± 16.8; P = 0.02) and 2 (43.3 ± 8.1; P = 0.04) compared with controls (−11.5 ± 4.7). Conclusions Gadolinium has no inherent inotropic effects but enhances recovery of stunned myocardium. This effect appears maximal if Gd 3+ is given prior to ischemia, indicating potential utility in elective cardiac surgical procedures or percutaneous coronary interventions. Gadolinium also enhances recovery if given during ischemia but prior to reperfusion, and may thus be useful in acute coronary syndromes as well.
Anti-Aß immunotherapy in Alzheimer's disease; relevance of transgenic mouse studies to clinical trials

Therapeutic approaches to the treatment of Alzheimer's disease are focused primarily on the amyloid-beta peptide which aggregates to form amyloid deposits in the brain. The amyloid hypothesis states that amyloid is the precipitating factor that results in the other pathologies of Alzheimer's disease. One such therapy that has attracted significant attention is anti-amyloid-beta immunotherapy. First described in 1999, immunotherapy uses anti-amyloid-beta antibodies to lower brain amyloid levels. Active and passive immunization were shown to lower brain amyloid levels and improve cognition in multiple transgenic mouse models. Mechanisms of action were studied in these mice and revealed a complex set of mechanisms that depended on the type of antibody used. When active immunization advanced to clinical trials a subset of patients developed meningoencephalitis, an event not predicted in mouse studies. It was suspected that a T-cell response due to the type of adjuvant used was the cause. Passive immunization has also advanced to Phase III clinical trials on the basis of successful transgenic mouse studies. Reports from the active immunization clinical trial indicated that, similarly to effects observed in mouse studies, amyloid levels in brain were reduced.
Adenosine deaminase activity in patients with renal adenocarcinoma.

Erythrocyte and lymphocyte adenosine deaminase (ADA) levels were studied in 31 patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Decreased lymphocyte ADA levels occurred in patients with RCC. Erythrocyte ADA levels were reduced only in blood type B and O patients. Nephrectomy resulted in a rise in lymphocyte and erythrocyte ADA levels. Progression of clinical disease was associated with a fall in lymphocyte ADA values in all patients and with a rise in erythrocyte levels only in blood type A patients. Our results suggest that changes in erythrocyte and lymphocyte ADA levels in RCC patients are acquired and may offer insight into host-tumor interactions. Cancer 40:796–802, 1977.
Mutations affecting the trichocysts in Paramecium aurelia. I. Morphology and description of the mutants.

SYNOPSIS Six types of genic mutants have been isolated. Their phenotypes range from animals with no trichocysts (trichless), to animals with morphologically abnormal trichocysts (football, stubby, pointless, screwy-cigar), to animals which are incapable of extruding otherwise normal looking trichocysts (nondischarge). The football mutant possesses football-shaped trichocysts, which, unlike wild-type trichocysts, do not attach at the cortex. The stubby mutant possesses shorter trichocysts which have a very highly variable morphology. The screwy-cigar animals have thinner and usually longer trichocysts than those found in wild-type cells. The trichocysts of the pointless mutant have all the components of the wild-type organelles but not in their proper relationship. Electron microscopic studies of the mutants have demonstrated that although the morphology of the various mutant trichocysts may differ, their ultrastructure and early developmental stages are comparable to those of trichocysts found in wild type. The mutations are usually pleiotropic, affecting other systems besides trichocysts. The existence of these mutants, particularly trichless, poses some interesting questions regarding the function of trichocysts, and also gives insight into the development of trichocysts.
A Prototype Power Management Proxy for Gnutella Peer-to-Peer File Sharing

In order to be part of a peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing network a host must be fully powered-on all of the time. In addition to providing a user interface, a P2P host handles query messages and serves requested files. In this paper, we describe the development of a prototype Gnutella-like P2P power management proxy sub-system that handles query messages. This can allow desktop PCs acting as P2P hosts to enter a low-power sleep state for most of the time and be woken-up by the proxy only when needed to serve files. TCP connections with neighbors are maintained by the host when it is awake and by the proxy when the host is sleeping. Experiments show that a low-cost Freescale ColdFire processor can effectively proxy for a P2P host. This suggests that a controller for a Gnutella P2P proxy could be co-located on an Ethernet NIC at low cost. This could lead to significant energy savings by allowing P2P hosts to power manage into a low-power sleep state when not in active use.
The 1998 earthquake sequence south of Long Valley Caldera, California: Hints of magmatic involvement

A significant episode of seismic and geodetic unrest took place at Long Valley Caldera, California, beginning in the summer of 1997. Activity through late May of 1998 was concentrated in and around the south moat and the south margin of the resurgent dome. The Sierran Nevada block (SNB) region to the south/southeast remained relatively quiet until a M 5.1 event occurred there on 9 June 1998 (UT). A second M 5.1 event followed on 15 July (UT); both events were followed by appreciable aftershock sequences. An additional, distinct burst of activity began on 1 August 1998. The number of events in the August sequence (over the first week or two) was similar to the aftershock sequence of the 15 July 1998 M 5.1 event, but the later sequence was not associated with any events larger than M 4.3. All of the summer 1998 SNB activity was considered tectonic rather than magmatic; in general the SNB is considered an unlikely location for future eruptions. However, the August sequence—an “aftershock sequence without a mainshock”—is suggestive of a strain event larger than the cumulative seismotectonic strain release. Moreover, a careful examination of waveforms from the August sequence reveals a small handful of events whose spectral signature is strikingly harmonic. We investigate the waveforms of these events using spectral, autocorrelation, and empirical Green's function techniques and conclude that they were most likely associated with a fluid-controlled source. Our observations suggest that there may have been some degree of magma or magma-derived fluid involvement in the 1998 SNB sequence.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF OIL OF NUTMEG.

Four samples of commercially available oil of nutmeg were analyzed by gas chromatography. Of a number of stationary liquid phases used, a 20 per cent Reoplex 400 on Dichromite gave the best separation. The composition of the oils was determined on the basis of retention times and enrichment.
Using the genome to dissect the molecular basis of drug resistance

The need to understand the genetic basis of drug resistance in human pathogens has never been greater. The global incidence of drug-resistant organisms, such as those that cause malaria, continues to rise, while the repertoire of effective, inexpensive drugs is declining. Genomic technologies, such as DNA microarrays and full-genome sequencing offer new hope in advancing our understanding of the underlying genetic processes that facilitate a resistance phenotype. Importantly, evidence that drug resistance in many organisms can be a multigene, complex phenomenon implies that unbiased, genome-wide scans of diversity will be required to fully understand the molecular mechanisms of both established and novel resistance traits. While the potential application of full-genome approaches for deciphering mechanisms of drug resistance has yet to be fully realized, this review evaluates drug resistance in human malaria parasites and discusses the exciting role genome-based systems could play in monitoring drug resistance, as well as guiding the implementation of efficient therapeutic strategies for malaria. The approaches reviewed within this article will be applicable to all known or emerging microbial pathogens.
An ATP-activated nonselective cation channel in guinea pig ventricular myocytes

Extracellular ATP released from nerves onto vascular smooth muscle or released from damaged tissues during traumatic injury, shock, or ischemia profoundly alters cardiovascular physiology. We have used patch-clamp methods to investigate the effects of extracellular ATP on guinea pig ventricular myocytes because guinea pigs are a commonly used model for the study of cardiac electrophysiology. We have found that ATP activates a rapid, desensitizing, inward current. This inward current is activated by a P2 receptor that does not conform to published receptor subclasses. A concentration of 100 microM ATP activates more current than 100 microM alpha, beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate, which in turn activates more current than 100 microM ADP. 2-Methylthioadenosine 5'-triphosphate (2-MeS-ATP) and adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) are also effective agonists. Adenosine, AMP, guanosine 5'-triphosphate, and uridine 5'-triphosphate are ineffective at 100 microM. The inward conductance has a reversal potential near 0 mV and in ion-substitution experiments was found to be carried through nonselective cation channels rather than chloride channels. The conductance has inwardly rectifying current-voltage (I-V) relations. When ATP is used as the agonist, fluctuation analysis yields an apparent unitary conductance of 0.08 pA at a holding potential of -120 mV with sodium as the main charge-carrying ion. The combination of inwardly rectifying I-V relations, the efficacy of 2-MeS-ATP, and the very low conductance distinguish this conductance from other ATP-activated nonselective channels, including those recently cloned from rat vas deferens and PC-12 cells.
Electrophysiological Studies on the Heart of the Bivalve Mollusc, Modiolus Demissus : II. Ionic Basis of the Action Potential

1. Electrical activity from the heart of Modiolus demissus was recorded simultaneously by sucrose-gap and microelectrode techniques, confirming the validity of the extracellular method of assessing the shape of the action potential. 2. Hearts beat in Na-free SW (Tris) but with loss of the plateau and a reduced rise time. Mechanical contractions did not persist, however, for more than 2 h in the absence of sodium, and the viability of the preparation declined rapidly after 3 h. 3. Lithium substitution (for sodium) also failed to support the plateau and tetrodotoxin had little effect on the spike. 4. Hearts also beat in Ca-free SW. Here, the spike component and contractile activity were lost at nearly the same time although slowly rising plateau-like potentials persisted for over 6 h. 5. EGTA potentiated the effects of Ca-free SW, and manganese had calcium-antagonizing effects producing longer plateaus. 6. Spikes and plateau phases could be selectively initiated from hearts made quiescent in Na-free and Ca-free SW by readmitting either ion individually. 7. In Na-free SW spike amplitude and rate of rise were increased by raising calcium concentration. This effect was self-limiting at high levels of calcium, however, and the spike was reduced. 8. In divalent-free solutions (Ca- and Mg-free SW) the membrane was depolarized to near zero potential. In this situation the membrane permeability to sodium exceeded that to potassium, and the membrane behaved as a sodium electrode. 9. It is concluded that the action potential in Modiolus heart is dependent primarily on calcium for the spike component and on sodium for the amplitude of the plateau. 10. Calcium is also important in the control of plateau duration and membrane permeability by reason of its stabilizing properties. 11. A possible correlation exists between the occurrence of the plateau, calcium sensitivity and habitat of three bivalve species. The hearts of Modiolus and of the oyster have plateaus and will beat in Ca-free SW, and these bivalves live in estuarine habitats, whereas Mytilus lives in a subtidal environment and its heart is sensitive to low calcium and has no plateau component.
Teratological research at the USDA-ARS poisonous plant research laboratory.

Research on teratogenic plants started at the USDA-Agricultural Research Service-Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory in the mid 1950s when Dr. Wayne Binns, Director of the laboratory, was asked to investigate the cause of a cyclopian facial/skeletal birth defect in lambs. Dr. Lynn F. James joined the staff shortly after. These two people worked as a team wherein most planning was done jointly with Binns supervising most of the laboratory work and James the field studies. It was determined that when pregnant ewes grazed Veratrum californicum on day 14 of gestation a significant number of lambs had the cyclopic defect. Skeletal and cleft palate birth defects in calves was associated with pregnant cows grazing certain lupine species during 40-70 days of gestation. Shortly thereafter research work was initiated on locoweed which caused abortions, wasting, right heart failure, skeletal birth defects, and fetal right heart failure. Dr. Richard F. Keeler, a chemist who joined the staff in the early 1960s, isolated and characterized the teratogens in V. californicum as the steroidal alkaloids cyclopamine, jervine, and cycloposine. He also described the teratogen in lupines as the quinolizidine alkaloid anagyrine and the piperidine alkaloid ammodendrine. Drs. Russell Molyneux and James identified the toxin in locoweed as the indolizidine alkaloid swainsonine. In 1974 the editor of Nutrition Today (Vols. 9 and 4) wrote "The idea that birth defects occurring in humans may be in some way related to diet is not widely held ..." Dr. Lynn James pointed out in this issue that such defects in animals can be produced with absolute predictability and regularity by foods ordinarily beneficial to livestock. Management strategies have been developed to prevent or minimize the economic impact of the cyclopian lamb and the crooked calf condition on livestock producers and well on the way to doing the same with locoweed. It is of interest to note that livestock research on Veratrum, lupines and locoweed and toxins therefrom are now significant research tools for specific human health problems. Language: en
Interpersonal violence issues in the nursing classroom.

Interpersonal violence in the United States has been called a health issue of epidemic proportions (Rudman & Alpert, 2000). Reports of interpersonal violence appear daily in popular media, and specific cases have been sensationalized. The nursing profession traditionally has attempted to respond to major health issues through education, political activity, and direct patient care. So, what have nurse educators done to prepare nurses to address this issue in their clinical practices and communities? Language: en
Macrocyclic Influences in CO2 Uptake and Stabilization

Two 24-member diamine-tetraamido macrocycles (R = H and CH3), readily synthesized in one or two steps, were found to react with CO2 rapidly and efficiently (100% conversion within 1 min at rt). The resulting carbamate formation was demonstrated by (1)H, (13)C NMR, ESI-MS, and X-ray crystallography. The crystal structure clearly showed the carbamate group (N-CO2(-)) formed was tightly bound within the macrocyclic cavity, held by five internal hydrogen bonds, and stabilized by intramolecular carbamate-ammonium salt-bridge formation.
Biogenic and Anthropogenic Lipid Markers in Sediments from a Marsh Habitat Associated with the LCP Chemicals Superfund Site in Brunswick, Georgia, USA

Sediment samples from a salt marsh habitat in the vicinity of Linden Chemical Plant (LCP) Superfund site in Brunswick Georgia, USA, were analyzed for the composition of total solvent extracts and sources of lipid compounds. Stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis infer past multiple sources of organic matter (OM) from aquatic and terrestrial origin, e.g., phytoplankton, bacteria, and land plants, as well as anthropogenic contamination. The n-alkane and n-alkanol distributions in the sediment samples were dominated by long-chain homologues maximizing at C25–C27 for alkanes (carbon preference index (CPI) ∼1) and C32 for n-alkanols indicating inputs from higher plants, but also microbial and petroleum-related sources. Fatty acid distribution was characterized by short-chain (< C18) and branched homologues indicative of bacterial origin. The high abundance of dehydroabietic acid and anthropogenic contaminants, including alkylphenols, are indicative of the effects of past industrial activities in the LCP marsh area in Brunswick, Georgia.
Interpretation of laboratory results using multidimensional scaling and principal component analysis

Principal component analysis (PCA) and multidimensional scaling (MDS) are a set of mathematical techniques which uncover the underlying structure of data by examining the relationships between variables. Both MDS and PCA use proximity measures such as correlation coefficients or Euclidean distances to generate a spatial configuration (map) of points where distances between points reflect the relationship between individuals with their underlying set of data. Multidimensional scaling, when compared to PCA, gives more readily interpretable solutions of lower dimensionality and does not depend on the assumption of a linear relationship between variables. Both MDS and PCA were applied to electrolyte profiles of patients with acute renal failure and patients without apparent disease. The MDS was superior to PCA in separating renal patients from normal patients. The one-dimensional and two-dimensional solutions of MDS and PCA were compared.
Imaging of a Fatal Air Embolism from ERCP (P4.363)

OBJECTIVE: Arterial air embolism is a sparsely reported complication of ERCP. We report a challenging case of multiorgan arterial air embolism. BACKGROUND: 53 yo RHM with PMHx of hepatitis C related cirrhosis s/p hepatic and renal transplant underwent diagnostic ERCP with sphincterotomy. The patient had a transient fall of peripheral oxygen saturation during the procedure and afterwards the patient could not be aroused and a stroke alert was called. Neuro Exam found the patient completely unresponsive to any verbal or painful stimuli, with diminished corneal and gag reflexes with bilaterally small and sluggish pupils. Imaging showed no obvious abnormality on CT or CTA of the head. CT perfusion showed abnormalities with no particular pattern. MRI showed no predilection in distribution and no abnormality of macrovasculature could be identified. RESULTS: The family opted for comfort care given his poor prognosis. The autopsy of the deceased showed evidence of multifocal organizing ischemic necrosis throughout his brain and spinal cord appearing as foci yellow-gray discoloration with loss of gray-white distinction. Further infarcts were seen throughout the rest of the body. In the light of the clinical scenario and the autopsy findings we had a retrospective review of the case including neuroimaging. On closer observation several areas of very low attenuation (-30 to - 50 HUs) were seen in the brain. These most likely represent foci of air with in the cerebral vasculature, consistent with the autopsy. CONCLUSIONS: Though most of the occurrences in relation to ERCP are portal venous air embolisms, which are absorbed spontaneously, serious and sometimes fatal complications have occurred including arterial air embolisms causing multiorgan damage including cerebral infarcts. Case history, pertinent imaging and pathological findings are discussed to bring awareness of this rare complication of ERCP and emphasize its early recognition. Disclosure: Dr. Jens has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lee has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ibrahimi has nothing to disclose.
Effects of tryptophan on the development of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-induced hypertension in rats.

For some years, we have been interested in the role of neutral amino acids in the development and maintenance of hypertension. Our initial studies with tyrosine suggested that chronic dietary treatment with this essential amino acid could provide modest protection against the development of renal hypertension in rats (Lockley et al., 1985). However, it was considerably less effective in protecting against the development of deoxycorticosterone (DOCA)-induced hypertension (Henley et al., 1986).
Human Evolution and Christian Ethics: Human dignity and common descent

This chapter is concerned with the dignity of the person in light of human evolution. It focuses on intrinsic human dignity as opposed to worth based on particular traits, such as social status, racial identity, income, or talent. The question here concerns whether the notion of human dignity is any longer viable, given our common descent from animals and, if so, how common descent ought to influence our interpretation of the meaning of human dignity and the ethical implications we draw from it. Widespread moral disagreement that characterizes modern pluralistic societies inclines us to take individual rights as our major moral reference point, and rights are usually said to have their moral justification in human dignity. Thus the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) states: “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights,” and all members of the “human family” share an “inherent dignity.” The “Universal Declaration of the Human Genome and Human Rights” approved by UNESCO in 1997 depended heavily on the notion of human dignity. The Preamble insisted that “the human genome underlies the fundamental unity of all members of the human family, as well as the recognition of their inherent dignity and diversity.” Article six of the Declaration denounced any discrimination on the basis of genetic traits as a violation of human dignity. It also forbade reproductive cloning and germ-line manipulation on the grounds that they are contrary to human dignity.
Origins of the Verb 'Trabajar' in Spanish (El Origen de Trabajar)

We have seen published polemic studies, some of them more accurate than others, about the etymological and semantic origin of trabajar and trabajo. In the field of modern philology it is not new to wonder about the evolution of TRIPALIARE as most problems that have derived from it have already been solved by the contribution of notable philologists. The aim of this brief study is to analyze the existing theories about this word and further contribute to understanding the relation between the Latin root and the English words travail, travel.
Engaging Caregivers in School-Based Obesity Prevention Initiatives in a Predominantly Latino Immigrant Community: A Qualitative Analysis.

Abstract Objectives To explore caregiver perceptions of, and barriers and facilitators to, their involvement in school-based obesity prevention programs in underserved Latino immigrant communities. Methods Focus groups discussions were conducted with caregivers (n = 42) at 7 elementary schools with an academic partnership-based obesity prevention program. Thematic analysis was used to identify key findings in the data. Results Caregivers described their role as (1) learners of new and often complex health information using their children as primary messengers and (2) champions within their homes in which healthier choices are assimilated. Barriers to involvement included lack of time, financial pressures, unhealthy family practices, and concern that attempts to engage peers would be perceived as intrusive. Facilitators included assurance that stigmatizing health issues would be addressed with sensitivity. Conclusions and Implications Caregiver involvement in obesity prevention may be fostered by transmitting information through children, addressing cultural barriers, and avoiding potentially stigmatizing approaches to delivering health messages.
POSN: a privacy preserving decentralized social network app for mobile devices

Social networking has influenced billions of users to interact and share information online with friends and family. As online interactions have become the norm and online platforms amassed user data, privacy concerns for the user data has increased. Decentralized architectures can provide better privacy to the users by removing the central authority but have performance issues in dissemination of the content. In this study, we present the Personal Online Social Network (POSN) app that implements a cloud-backed peer-to-peer decentralized OSN using mobile devices. In POSN, each user utilizes a storage cloud to store and distribute encrypted content to his/her friends. Direct key management allows the user to have fine-grained access control of the shared content, and protects the data from being accessed by third parties. The POSN app is available at https://github.com/posn/POSN-app.
Nonnative Cattle Ownership, Diet, and Child Height-for-Age: Evidence from the 2011 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey

In underresourced settings where domestic animals and children often cohabitate, there is limited evidence about the net impact of domestic animal ownership on child health. We analyzed the 2011 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey to determine whether household ownership of native cattle, goats, sheep, chickens, pigs, and nonnative cattle was associated with child height-for-age z-scores (HAZ), and to assess the influence of diet on this association in rural and urban environments. Using weighted multivariable linear regression, we found that nonnative cattle ownership was positively associated with HAZ in rural children 0 to < 2 years of age (+1.32 standard deviations [SD], 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.2-2.5) and 2 to < 5 years of age (+0.58 SD, 95% CI = 0.003-1.2), and urban children 2 to < 5 years of age (+1.08 SD, 95% CI = 0.38-1.8). Sheep ownership was positively associated with HAZ in rural children 2 to < 5 years of age (+0.29 SD, 95% CI = 0.002-0.58) and goat ownership was positively associated with HAZ in rural children 0 to < 2 years of age (+0.27 SD, 95% CI = 0.003-0.55). We observed no other significant associations. Children who lived in households that owned nonnative cattle consumed dairy more frequently; however, the relationship between child HAZ and nonnative cattle ownership was not mediated by child dairy consumption. These findings suggest that domestic animal ownership may not be detrimental to child HAZ, and that nonnative cattle ownership is beneficial for child HAZ through pathways other than dairy consumption.
Increased boron content for wider process tolerance in perpendicular MTJs

Perpendicular CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) prepared from (Co25Fe75)1−xBx alloys are found to have better annealing stability when made with 30at% boron relative to a more typical 20at% boron. A comparison of film-level properties shows that perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) increases significantly for 30at%B, while the range of electrode thicknesses that maintain a perpendicular easy axis also increases. Because capping layer interdiffusion has been previously suggested to play a role in the breakdown of PMA with annealing temperature, we have isolated its effect by studying the annealing process of thin Ta/CoFeB(2nm)/Ta trilayers. Through analysis of the decrease in Curie temperature during annealing, we can infer that higher boron content indeed suppresses growth of the intermixed CoFeB-Ta dead layer. For device structures and processing conditions where interdiffusion is a limiting factor, increasing boron content is shown to result in substantially improved tunneling magnetor...
Sulfate Radical-Induced Disinfection of Pathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 via Iron-Activated Persulfate

Sulfate radical (SO4•–) has been increasingly applied as an efficient oxidant for water treatment in recent years. This study investigated the disinfection efficacy of SO4•– on Escherichia coli O157:H7, i.e., a pathogenic strain of E. coli on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Contaminant Candidate List. SO4•– was generated via persulfate (S2O82–) activation using ferrous iron (Fe2+). Results showed that S2O82– activation and subsequent SO4•– exposure induced the loss of pathogenic E. coli viability. The disinfection, kinetics exhibited an induction phase followed by a rapid first-order decay phase. Dosages of S2O82– and Fe2+ significantly impacted the duration of the induction phase and the rate of disinfection; on the other hand, the solution pH preferentially impacted the induction time, and the dosage of Fe3+-reducing agent hydroxylamine (NH2OH) impacted the rate of disinfection. The disinfection kinetics depended on the CT equivalence of total SO4•– exposure. Results showed that SO4•– exposur...
Design and Validation of Patient-Centered Communication Tools (PaCT) to Measure Students' Communication Skills

Objective. To develop a comprehensive instrument specific to student pharmacist-patient communication skills, and to determine face, content, construct, concurrent, and predictive validity and reliability of the instrument.Methods. A multi-step approach was used to create and validate an instrument, including the use of external experts for face and content validity, students for construct validity, comparisons to other rubrics for concurrent validity, comparisons to other coursework for predictive validity, and extensive reliability and inter-rater reliability testing with trained faculty assessors.Results. Patient-centered Communication Tools (PaCT) achieved face and content validity and performed well with multiple correlation tests with significant findings for reliability testing and when compared to an alternate rubric.Conclusion. PaCT is a useful instrument for assessing student pharmacist communication skills with patients.
CRISPR-Cas-related technologies in basic and translational liver research.

CRISPR–Cas9 has revolutionized biomedical research. Studies in the past few years have achieved notable successes in hepatology, such as correction of genetic disease genes and generation of liver cancer animal models. Where does this technology stand at the frontier of basic and translational liver research?
Radiology of Surgical Conditions in the Newborn

When imaging the newborn baby, concerns of particular importance include temperature regulation, appropriate monitoring, minimising the radiation dose and careful use of contrast agents. Radiography and ultrasound examinations can be performed with portable equipment on the neonatal unit or intensive care unit, but more complex imaging usually requires transfer to the radiology department. It is essential that when newborn babies are transported to the Radiology Department, they are accompanied by suitably qualified personnel, capable of monitoring and managing the sick neonate. Temperature, pulse and oxygen saturation should be monitored. This involves a collaborative model of care, with close liaison between radiologist, neonatal unit and transfer team. Staff should be prepared to interrupt or abandon the procedure immediately if the baby becomes unstable. The utmost care must be taken when handling to ensure that vital lines and tubes are not disturbed or displaced.
The Benefit of Being Second: An Event Study of Social Media Adoption

New technologies are continually being introduced and changing how firms interact with their customers. Because of this rapid rate of change, one of the most fundamental questions a firm faces is deciding whether, and when, to adopt a new technology. This is even more challenging for public social media technologies (e.g., Facebook) that can be adopted by all competitors in a marketplace. Our study uses event study analysis to investigate the impact on firm value of adopting two social media technologies: Facebook and Twitter. We find increased value following the adoption of both Facebook and Twitter, but not all firms experienced an increase in value. Interestingly, it was the second wave of adopters (i.e., those that quickly followed the initial adopters) that benefited more than first movers or later adopters. This study sheds light on strategies for companies considering if (and when) they should invest in new social media technologies and other technologies of the same form -direct-to-consumer technologies and apps offered by a third party that are open to all competitors.
Greetings from Mr. Hollywood

This chapter examines the material powers of mass culture over the totality of DeMille’s long and volatile career. It is divided into three chronological sections. The first explores DeMille’s early years, his increasingly troubled relationship with the economic imperatives of the burgeoning studio system, and his heightened interest in film finance and marketing. The second examines DeMille’s travails as an independent producer. Here his artistic ideals first faced the harsh economic realities of block-booking, the star system, and other corporate practices that controlled access to the mass audience. The concluding section examines DeMille’s return to Paramount, in 1932, and his rise as industry spokesman.
3D crystallographic alignment of alumina ceramics by application of low magnetic fields

Abstract Non-cubic crystals exhibit anisotropic physical and functional properties. Microscopic crystallites as constituents of polycrystalline materials are randomly oriented, thus polycrystalline ceramics lack the anisotropic properties of their monocrystalline counterparts. We propose a technology that exploits the synergy between magnetic alignment and colloidal ceramics processing, and enables to independently tune the orientation of grains in different sample regions by infinitesimal magnetic fields (
Dietary Intake and Physical Activity Assessment: Current Tools, Techniques, and Technologies for Use in Adult Populations.

Accurate assessment of dietary intake and physical activity is a vital component for quality research in public health, nutrition, and exercise science. However, accurate and consistent methodology for the assessment of these components remains a major challenge. Classic methods use self-report to capture dietary intake and physical activity in healthy adult populations. However, these tools, such as questionnaires or food and activity records and recalls, have been shown to underestimate energy intake and expenditure as compared with direct measures like doubly labeled water. This paper summarizes recent technological advancements, such as remote sensing devices, digital photography, and multisensor devices, which have the potential to improve the assessment of dietary intake and physical activity in free-living adults. This review will provide researchers with emerging evidence in support of these technologies, as well as a quick reference for selecting the “right-sized” assessment method based on study design, target population, outcome variables of interest, and economic and time considerations. Theme information This article is part of a theme issue entitled Innovative Tools for Assessing Diet and Physical Activity for Health Promotion, which is sponsored by the North American branch of the International Life Sciences Institute.
Histochemistry in the diagnosis of non-neoplastic gastrointestinal disorders

The alimentary tract serves as host to a large number of diseases. In the non-neoplastic group of disorders, conventional histochemistry continues to play an important diagnostic role. It is particularly important in recognizing specific infectious diseases, such as Helicobacter gastritis, Whipple disease, intestinal tuberculosis and other forms of mycobacteriosis, malakoplakia, intestinal spirochetosis, fungal enteritides, amebiasis, cryptosporidiosis, isosporiasis, and microsporidiosis. Those conditions and their histochemical properties are discussed in this review, along with the use of histochemistry in the characterization of structural gastrointestinal disorders. The latter include mucosal metaplasias, amyloidosis, glycogenic acanthosis of the esophagus, lymphocytic-collagenous colitis, gastric neuroendocrine hyperplasia, and pill gastritis.
An Academic Library's Self-Study in Ethics: A Library-Wide Investigation of Ethical Practice

In the fall of 2017, the Clark Library at the University of Portland undertook an investigation of ethics in academic libraries to understand ethical practices in the library’s day-to-day work. The...
Let’s not conflate APD with political history, and other reflections on “Causal Inference and American Political Development”

American political development (APD) is a distinctive field of research that should not be conflated with, or flattened into a caricature of, historical research that uses historical data to make flawed causal inferences. It is a problem-driven inquiry into the dynamics of American politics, a substantive and theoretical exploration of how American politics has changed over time. APD research uses diverse types of data from a wide range of sources and employs multiple methodologies and analytical approaches, as appropriate. Because APD is a substantive and theoretical inquiry and not a method per se, there is no a priori reason to think that design-based causal inference cannot play a valuable role in studies of America’s political development, just as advanced quantitative methods have. However, while APD research does often seek to explain outcomes and establish causal relationships, that is not its only goal, and its orientation toward causality, causes, and theory tends to differ from much of the work in the causal inference tradition. This essay endeavors to clear up some of the confusion by offering the author’s perspective on what APD does well and how it does it. It also suggests how experimental research and APD research might be brought into more fruitful intellectual exchange and concludes with some thoughts on the value of methodological and intellectual pluralism.
Cargo adaptors regulate stepping and force generation of mammalian dynein–dynactin

Cytoplasmic dynein is an ATP-driven motor that transports intracellular cargos along microtubules. Dynein adopts an inactive conformation when not attached to a cargo, and motility is activated when dynein assembles with dynactin and a cargo adaptor. It was unclear how active dynein-dynactin complexes step along microtubules and transport cargos under tension. Using single-molecule imaging, we showed that dynein-dynactin advances by taking 8 to 32-nm steps toward the microtubule minus end with frequent sideways and backward steps. Multiple dyneins collectively bear a large amount of tension because the backward stepping rate of dynein is insensitive to load. Recruitment of two dyneins to dynactin increases the force generation and the likelihood of winning against kinesin in a tug-of-war but does not directly affect velocity. Instead, velocity is determined by cargo adaptors and tail-tail interactions between two closely packed dyneins. Our results show that cargo adaptors modulate dynein motility and force generation for a wide range of cellular functions.
Sexual Orientation and Sleep Behaviors in a National Sample of Adolescents Followed Into Young Adulthood

Study Objectives:Sexual minority adolescents experience mental and physical health disparities attributable to increased discrimination and minority stress. These same factors may also impair sleep...
The cost-effectiveness of pharmacotherapy and lifestyle intervention in the treatment of obesity.

Background The Food and Drug Administration has approved several pharmacotherapies for the treatment of obesity. This study assesses the cost-effectiveness of six pharmacotherapies and lifestyle intervention for people with mild obesity (body mass indices [BMIs] 30 to 35). Methods A microsimulation model was constructed to compare seven weight loss strategies plus no treatment: intensive lifestyle intervention, orlistat, phentermine, phentermine/topiramate, lorcaserin, liraglutide, and semaglutide. Weight loss, quality-of-life scores, and costs were estimated using clinical trials and other published literature. Endpoints included costs, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) with a willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of $100 000/QALY. Results were analysed at 1-, 3-, and 5-year time horizons. Results At each of the three follow-up periods, phentermine was the cost-effective strategy, with ICERs of $46 258/QALY, $20 157/QALY, and $17 880/QALY after 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. Semaglutide was the most effective strategy in the 3- and 5-year time horizons, with total QALYs of 2.224 and 3.711, respectively. However, the ICERs were prohibitively high at $1 437 340/QALY after 3 years and $576 931/QALY after 5 years. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses indicated these results were robust. Conclusions Phentermine is the cost-effective pharmacologic weight-loss strategy. Although semaglutide is the most effective, it is not cost-effective because of its high price.