cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The U.V. spectra of some phenylchloro- and phenylfluorocyclotriphosphonitriles

Abstract The near u.v. absorption spectra of eight phenyl substituted chloro- and fluorocyclotriphosphonitriles have been measured at 23°C. The spectra are related to those of monosubstituted benzenes and of benzene itself. Vibrational structure is visible in the 2600–2800 A region, especially for the compounds with low phenyl content. The intensities and positions of the absorption maxima in the higher wavelength region indicate some, although no very large, conjugation between the phenyl groups and the phosphonitrilic ring. There are some interesting differences in the u.v. spectra of the compounds studied, but attempts to explain these differences fail at present.
Inactivation of monoamine oxidase B by benzyl 1-(aminomethyl) cyclopropane-1-carboxylate.

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is a flavoenzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of various biogenic and xenobiotic amines. Benzyl 1-(aminomethyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (1) was designed as a diactivated cyclopropane mechanism-based inactivator of MAO (Silverman, R.B.: Ding, C.Z.; Borrillo, J.L.; Chang, J.T.J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 2982). [1,1-2H2]-1 exhibits a deuterium isotope effect of 4.5 on inactivation, but in D2O the isotope effect is only 2.3. [1-3H]-1 and [1-14C]-1 were synthesized; upon inactivation of MAO, 1.1 and 2.0 equiv of radioactivity, respectively, are incorporated into the enzyme. Tritium as 3H2O, is released during inactivation with [1-3H]-1. The flavin absorption spectrum changes from that of oxidized to that of reduced flavin after inactivation; denaturation of the inactivated enzyme shows a reduced flavin spectrum, suggesting the formation of a modified flavin. Tryptic digestion of the enzyme labeled with [1-3H]-1 or [1-14C]-1, followed by HPLC analysis, monitoring at 310 nm [corrected] (flavin), shows that the radioactivity comigrates with the 310 nm [corrected] absorptions. The metabolites that are generated during inactivation are benzyl 1-formylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate, benzyl alcohol, and 1-formylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid; no ring-cleaved products were detected. The partition ratio, as determined from the ratio of nonamines to enzyme, is 110. These results are rationalized in terms of a single-electron transfer mechanism leading to the imine of benzyl 1-formylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate, which alkylates the flavin coenzyme.
Component analysis of the structured interview for assessment of Type A behavior in employed women

Components of the Structured Interview in employed women and the overlap between these components and those identified by self-report measures of Type A behavior were investigated. The sample consisted of 177 employed, white females 26 to 52 years old; 48% were classified as Type A. Principal components factor analysis yielded five factors: Clinical Rating, Hurried-Drive, Impatience, Pressured-Competitiveness, and Expression of Anger. Some differences in the factor structure were noted for this sample of employed women, compared with previous studies of employed men, particularly with respect to anger and impatience. The behavioral components of the Structured Interview did not correlate with self-report measures of Type A behavior (Framingham Type A scale and the Jenkins Activity Scale). Implications for future studies of employed women are discussed.
Accuracy of SUPREX (Stability of Unpurified Proteins from Rates of H/D Exchange) and MALDI Mass Spectrometry-Derived Protein Unfolding Free Energies Determined Under Non-EX2 Exchange Conditions

Described here is the impact of so-called non-EX2 exchange behavior on the accuracy of protein unfolding free energies (i.e., ΔGu values) and m values (i.e.,-δΔGu/δ[denaturant] values) determined by an H/D exchange and mass spectrometry-based technique termed stability of unpurified proteins from rates of H/D exchange (SUPREX). Both experimental and theoretical results on a model protein, ubiquitin, reveal that reasonably accurate thermodynamic parameters for its folding reaction can be determined by SUPREX even when H/D exchange data is collected in a non-EX2 regime. Not surprisingly, the theoretical results reported here on a series of hypothetical protein systems with a wide range of biophysical properties show that the accuracy of SUPREX-derived ΔGu and m values is compromised for many proteins when analyses are performed at high pH (e.g., pH 9) and for selected proteins with specific biophysical parameters (e.g., slow folding rates) when analyses are performed at lower pH. Of more significance is that the experimental and theoretical results reveal a means by which problems with non-EX2 exchange behavior can be detected in the SUPREX experiment without prior knowledge of the protein’s biophysical properties. The results of this work also reveal that such problems with non-EX2 exchange behavior can generally be minimized if appropriate H/D exchange times are employed in the SUPREX experiment to yield SUPREX curve transition midpoints at chemical denaturant concentrations less than 2 M.
Sex differences in stress responses: social rejection versus achievement stress.

Abstract Background: Sex differences in stress responses may be one mechanism underlying gender differences in depression. We hypothesized that men and women would show different adrenocortical responses to different stressors. In particular, we predicted that women would show greater responses to social rejection stressors, whereas men would demonstrate greater responses to achievement stressors. Methods: Following a rest session in which they habituated to the laboratory, 50 healthy volunteers (24 men and 26 women, mean age 19.1, SD = 1.13) were randomly assigned to achievement or rejection stress conditions. The achievement condition involved a mathematical and a verbal challenge; the rejection condition involved two social interaction challenges. Self-reported affect and salivary cortisol were measured throughout each stress session (baseline, stress, and poststress periods). Results: There were no sex differences in mood ratings following the stressors; however, cortisol responses showed the predicted gender by condition by time interaction. Men showed significantly greater cortisol responses to the achievement challenges, but women showed greater cortisol responses to the social rejection challenges. Conclusions: Women appear more physiologically reactive to social rejection challenges, but men react more to achievement challenges. Women’s greater reactivity to rejection stress may contribute to the increased rates of affective disorders in women.
Molecular wall effects: are conditions at a boundary "boundary conditions"?

This paper addresses and answers ``no'' to the question of whether the literal molecular-dynamically-derived species velocities prevailing at a solid surface bounding a two-component fluid continuum undergoing molecular diffusion constitute the appropriate species-velocity boundary conditions to be imposed upon the fluid continuum. In a broader context, generic boundary condition issues arising from the presence of different length scales in continuum-mechanical descriptions of physical phenomena are clarified. This is achieved by analyzing a model problem involving the steady-state diffusion of a dilute system of Brownian spheres (the latter envisioned as tractable models of solute ``molecules'') through a quiescent viscous solvent continuum bounded laterally by solid plane walls. Both physicochemical (potential energy) and hydrodynamic (steric) wall interaction effects experienced by the Brownian spheres are explicitly accounted for in our refined, microscale continuum model of the diffusion process. Inclusion of these ``solid-wall--fluid'' (s-f ) boundary-generated forces [above and beyond the usual ``fluid-fluid'' (f-f ) intermolecular forces implicit in the conventional Fick's law macroscale continuum description] serves to simulate the comparable s-f molecular boundary forces modeled in molecular dynamics simulations of the diffusional process. A singular perturbation framework is used to clarify the physical interpretation to be ascribed to ``continuum-mechanical boundary conditions.'' In this same spirit we also clearly identify the origin of the physical concept of a ``surface field'' as well as of the concomitant surface transport conservation equation for strongly adsorbed species at solid walls. Our analysis of such surface phenomena serves to emphasize the fact that these are asymptotic, surface-excess, macroscale concepts assigned to a surface, rather than representing literal molecular material entities physically confined to the surface. Overall, this paper serves to illustrate the manner in which molecular simulations need to account for these different length scales and corresponding scale-dependent concepts if such analyses are to avoid drawing incorrect inferences regarding the molecular origins of continuum-mechanical boundary conditions.
Optimal multi-stage allocation of weapons to targets using adaptive dynamic programming

We consider the optimal allocation of resources (weapons) to a collection of tasks (targets) with the objective of maximizing the reward for completing tasks (destroying targets). Tasks arrive in two stages, where the first stage tasks are known and the second stage task arrivals follow a random distribution. Given the distribution of these second stage task arrivals, simulation and mathematical programming are used within a dynamic programming framework to determine optimal allocation strategies. The special structure of the assignment problem is exploited to recursively update functional approximations representing future rewards using subgradient information. Through several theorems, optimality of the algorithm is proven for a two-stage Dynamic Weapon-Target Assignment Problem.
Zeroth and first-order homogenized approximations to nonlinear diffusion through block inclusions by an analytical approach

Abstract Approximate solutions to nonlinear diffusion systems are useful for many applications in computational science. When the heterogeneous nonlinear diffusion coefficient has high contrast values, an average solution given by upscaling the diffusion coefficient provides the average behavior of the fine-scale solution, which sometimes is infeasible to compute. This is also related to a problem that occurs during numerical simulations when it is necessary to coarsen meshes and an upscale coefficient is needed in order to build the data from the fine mesh to the coarse mesh. In this paper, we present a portable and computationally attractive procedure for obtaining not only the upscaled coefficient and the zeroth-order approximation of nonlinear diffusion systems, but also the first-order approximation which captures fine-scale features of the solution. These are possible by considering a correction to an approximate solution to the well known periodic cell-problem, obtained by a two-scale asymptotic expansion of the respective nonlinear diffusion equation. The correction allows one to obtain analytically the upscale diffusion coefficient, when the heterogeneous coefficient is periodic and rapidly oscillating describing inclusions in a main matrix. The approximate solutions provide a set of analytical basis functions used to construct the first-order approximation and also an estimate for the upper bound error implied in using the upscaled approximations. We demonstrate agreement with theoretical and published numerical results for the upscale coefficient, when heterogeneous coefficients are described by step-functions, as well as convergence properties of the approximations, corroborating with classical results from homogenization theory. Even though the results can be generalized, the emphasis is for conductivity functions of the form K ( x , u ( x ) ) = K s ( x ) k r ( u ( x ) ) , widely used for simulating flows in reservoirs.
An automated highway system link layer controller for traffic flow stabilization

Controls for the link layer in the Automated Highway System (AHS) hierarchy proposed in the Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways (PATH) are developed. The link layer is modeled using vehicle conservation flow models. Desired traffic conditions on the highway are given by a pair of density and velocity profiles which are assumed to be consistent with the demand on, and the capability of, the highway system. The link layer control laws presented in this paper then stabilize the actual traffic condition to the desired values. Control laws are derived for three highway topologies: a single lane highway, a highway with multiple discrete lanes and a two-dimensional highway with an arbitrary flow pattern. The control laws obtained for each of the topologies is distributed and are suited for implementation in the lower levels of the AHS control hierarchy. Simulation results are also presented.
The interaction of H with Be(0001): a photoemission investigation

Abstract The energy and dispersion of the valence band states of the H/Be(0001) system have been investigated using angle-resolved photoemission with synchrotron radiation. Atomic H adsorbed on the surface causes quite dramatic changes in the electronic states at the surface. For a coverage corresponding to the saturation of the bridge site two new H-induced features are seen in the normal emission spectra at binding energies of 4.2 and 10.2 eV. The 4.2 peak is a modified Be surface state while the 10.2 eV peak is the H-bonding orbital. These two states disperse rapidly with effective masses of ∼ 0.9 and 1.5 amu, respectively. The upper state crosses the Fermi energy, so the surface is metallic, in contrast to recent theoretical calculations.
Twelve clinical pearls to help distinguish essential tremor from other tremors

The features of the tremor in essential tremor are often not fully appreciated, and essential tremor is frequently mis-diagnosed. Close inspection indicates that the tremor is characterized by a specific and definable pattern of features. Recognizing these features will aid in the diagnosis. The features are as follows: (1) kinetic tremor is greater than postural tremor, for postural tremor, (2) wrist tremor is greater than metacarpal joint tremor and wrist flexion-extension tremor is greater than wrist rotation tremor, (3) tremor is regularly recurrent and without directionality, (4) arm tremor is generally mildly asymmetric, (5) postural tremors (right, left) are out of phase, (6) on spiral drawing, a single tremor orientation axis is often identifiable, (7) intention tremor (finger-nose-finger) occurs in 50% of cases, (8) rest tremor (in the arms but not the legs) can occur as a late feature, (9) arm tremor precedes head tremor, and head tremor occurs mainly in women, (10) head tremor, unless severe, resolves while supine, (11) patients are often unaware of head tremor, (12) tremor is progressive.
Two-particle correlations from neutron-light-charged-particle coincidences.

The first correlation functions from a neutron--light-charged-particle small-angle coincidence measurement are reported for the {sup 16}O+{sup 27}Al reaction at {ital E}({sup 16}O)=215 MeV. Clear evidence for singlet-deuteron and {sup 5}He production, and an anticorrelation of low-relative-momentum neutron-dueteron pairs, is observed. The nuclear temperature of 1.6{plus minus}0.3 MeV, calculated from the ratio of excited-state to ground-state deuteron emission and corrected for sequential emission, is considerably lower than expected.
Impaired chronotropic response to exercise in mice lacking catecholamines in adrenergic cells

To define the in vivo role of adrenergic catecholamines (CAs), we generated a mouse model whereby tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was knocked out (KO) in phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-expressing cells. These adrenergic specific TH-KO mice were viable and grossly normal. Their resting heart rate and blood pressure, as monitored by telemetry, were unchanged. However, when challenged with treadmill exercise, their chronotropic responses were significantly reduced by 14% compared to wild-type mice. Thus, our data suggest that adrenergic CA is required for normal chronotropic responses to stress, but not required for prenatal and postnatal development or normal cardiovascular function at rest.
Adding WT1 to childhood AML alphabet soup.

In this issue of Blood , Hollink and colleagues establish WT1 mutations as a worthy addition to a growing list of molecular abnormalities that promise to improve the biologic understanding and treatment of intermediate-risk AML. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a clinically and genetically
Caution—the words you use may affect what you say: A response to Au.

L'hypothese d'une relation entre la validite des designations verbales et les modes de traitement est etapee a partir des donnees portant sur l'expression de pensees erronees dans les langues anglaise et chinoise
Infrared Spectroscopic Study of Impurity Water Content in Laser Rods

Abstract The infrared spectra of the Nd:YAG laser rods have been studied at 300˚K in the spectral region 2400 cm−1 - 4000 cm−1 and assignments of the observed frequencies to different absorption modes have been proposed. It has been demonstrated that commercial laser rods entrain trace amounts of impurity water in the crystal network. The absorbed water is present both in molecular form and in the form of hydroxyl groups linked by hydrogen bonding to the oxygen matrix, rather than to water molecules.
Low-energy electron diffraction calculations using a parallel supercomputer

Abstract A first implementation of a dynamical low-energy electron diffraction theory on a parallel supercomputer is described. The computational performance of the Duke-Laramore-Beeby LEED formulation is demonstrated using an Intel iPSC TM /860 parallel computer. The algorithm developed is highly parallelizable and scales nearly ideally with the number of nodes used. A performance equivalent to that experienced using a Cray YMP was attained with as few as 16 nodes. However, it was not possible to exceed significantly the YMP performance due to the increasing inter-node communication overhead. A simple mathematical model is described to explain this limitation, which is encountered in all parallel computing applications and hardware designs. The model indicates that an alternate parallelization scheme is required to attain greater performance.
Use of invisible windows for PACS workstation menus

Workstations are becoming more commonly used in medical environments, and are being used increasingly for viewing medical images. In most clinical environments, counter and wall space is not readily available, and there is a strong motivation to make the equipment small, while making the displayed images as large as possible to preserve image detail. This precludes the use of a separate text monitor for user interaction, and any menus or displays on the image monitor use valuable space -- pixels backed up with 256-shade grayscale capability. We have developed a method for user interaction which requires essentially no screen area for permanent menus, but uses much of the image screen for `invisible' menus -- menus which are in windows which are always open (active) but only obscure the underlying image for the small portion of time that they are actually in use. These invisible menus respond to movements of the mouse, and become visible when the mouse is moved into the window which holds the menu. The menu becomes invisible again after a period of mouse inactivity. Because these windows are always active, a given item may be selected multiple times by simply pressing the mouse button repeatedly. This `type-ahead' capability is not normally available on systems which do not include a keyboard, and may be easily used for common repetitive functions, analogous to pressing the NEXT IMAGE key multiple times. This invisible window concept can also be used to display analysis results, so that the results do not cover any of the active image area, but are immediately available for on-screen viewing.
Investment under uncertainty and the value of the firm

Abstract The investment behavior of a monopolistic firm with a constant returns to scale production function facing a randomly shifting, elastic demand is examined. Uncertainty can have a negative effect on the value of the firm and on investment.
Mandatory HIV Testing for Healthcare Workers: Is it Ethical?

The AIDS epidemic has caused hysteria among the public and concern to many healthcare workers in the past 12 years. Currently, legislation exists for mandatory AIDS testing in some populations. The questions remain: Should healthcare workers be routinely tested? If so, is mandatory testing ethical? The author explores the incidence and prevalence of AIDS among healthcare workers, discusses why mandatory testing for healthcare workers is an issue, and examines the legal and ethical principles involved in mandatory testing.
Hybrid Energy Storage for Wind Electric Power Systems

As the renewable energy (wind energy, solar energy) being utilized more and more, there is strong demand for improvement on the policies of energy storage management. Several papers have shown that hybrid storage system is more efficient and economic than single storage system. In this paper, a policy based on the accurate prediction of wind speed in the near future is introduced and compared with state-of-charge (SOC) management approach and single storage system. The current simulation results demonstrate that the new policy proposed has a minor improvement on the set-up cost and the system performance over the state-of-charge policy.
Mediation as a Method of Conflict Resolution: Two Cases

The literature, both empirical and theoretical, regarding techniques of peaceful settlement in international conflict is notable primarily for its brevity. This is true of mediation as one principal method of conflict resolution. Those studies that are available tend to emphasize the diverse functions an intermediary can perform, resulting in a generally optimistic assessment of the utility of mediation. There has been an accompanying tendency to focus upon the qualities of a successful or ideal mediator. But an analysis of two cases of mediation suggests that: (1) the scope for effective mediation is much narrower than a list of the functions an intermediary can serve might indicate, and (2) the success or failure of mediation is largely determined by the nature of the dispute with the attributes and tactics of the mediator a marginal factor at best. Characteristics of a conflict which affect its susceptibility to mediation include: (1) the distribution of power among the protagonists, (2) the interests at stake, (3) the price of nonsettlement, and (4) personality factors.
Berechnung von Waschprozessen mit Berücksichtigung der Aufkonzentrierung der Waschflüssigkeit

Es wird eine Methode dargestellt, mit der Waschprozesse fur losliche Produkte im Horizontal-Plattenfilter und Bandfilter ausgelegt werden konnen. Der Filterwirkungsgrad wird auf einem dem Filter entsprechenden Modell mit einem Versuch bestimmt, so das in der Auslegung mit idealer Mischung gerechnet werden darf. Der Einsatz der gleichen Waschflussigkeit in mehreren Durchlaufen ist in der Auslegung eingeschlossen. Die Konzentrationen der Losung im Kuchen und der Waschflussigkeit lassen sich punktweise exakt als Funktion der Anzahl der Waschstufen und des Verhaltnisses der Waschflussigkeit zum Kuchenvolumen darstellen.
The word problem for free partially commutative groups

A linear-time algorithm is given for the word problem for free partially commutative groups. The correctness of the algorithm follows from the fact that certain Thue systems, presenting such groups, are preperfect.
Non-invasive tissue temperature measurements based on quantitative diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) of water

We describe the development of a non-invasive method for quantitative tissue temperature measurements using Broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS). Our approach is based on well-characterized opposing shifts in near-infrared (NIR) water absorption spectra that appear with temperature and macromolecular binding state. Unlike conventional reflectance methods, DOS is used to generate scattering-corrected tissue water absorption spectra. This allows us to separate the macromolecular bound water contribution from the thermally induced spectral shift using the temperature isosbestic point at 996 nm. The method was validated in intralipid tissue phantoms by correlating DOS with thermistor measurements (R = 0.96) with a difference of 1.1 ± 0.91 °C over a range of 28–48 °C. Once validated, thermal and hemodynamic (i.e. oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin concentration) changes were measured simultaneously and continuously in human subjects (forearm) during mild cold stress. DOS-measured arm temperatures were consistent with previously reported invasive deep tissue temperature studies. These results suggest that DOS can be used for non-invasive, co-registered measurements of absolute temperature and hemoglobin parameters in thick tissues, a potentially important approach for optimizing thermal diagnostics and therapeutics.
Distributed discriminative language models for Google voice-search

This paper considers large-scale linear discriminative language models trained using a distributed perceptron algorithm. The algorithm is implemented efficiently using a MapReduce/SSTable framework. This work also introduces the use of large amounts of unsupervised data (confidence filtered Google voice-search logs) in conjunction with a novel training procedure that regenerates word lattices for the given data with a weaker acoustic model than the one used to generate the unsupervised transcriptions for the logged data. We observe small but statistically significant improvements in recognition performance after reranking N-best lists of a standard Google voice-search data set.
Development of a Vital Fluorescent Staining Method for Monitoring Bacterial Transport in Subsurface Environments

Previous bacterial transport studies have utilized fluorophores which have been shown to adversely affect the physiology of stained cells. This research was undertaken to identify alternative fluorescent stains that do not adversely affect the transport or viability of bacteria. Initial work was performed with a groundwater isolate, Comamonas sp. strain DA001. Potential compounds were first screened to determine staining efficiencies and adverse side effects. 5-(And 6-)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester (CFDA/SE) efficiently stained DA001 without causing undesirable effects on cell adhesion or viability. Members of many other gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial genera were also effectively stained with CFDA/SE. More than 95% of CFDA/SE-stained Comamonas sp. strain DA001 cells incubated in artificial groundwater (under no-growth conditions) remained fluorescent for at least 28 days as determined by epifluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry. No differences in the survival and culturability of CFDA/SE-stained and unstained DA001 cells in groundwater or saturated sediment microcosms were detected. The bright, yellow-green cells were readily distinguished from autofluorescing sediment particles by epifluorescence microscopy. A high throughput method using microplate spectrofluorometry was developed, which had a detection limit of mid-105 CFDA-stained cells/ml; the detection limit for flow cytometry was on the order of 1,000 cells/ml. The results of laboratory-scale bacterial transport experiments performed with intact sediment cores and nondividing DA001 cells revealed good agreement between the aqueous cell concentrations determined by the microplate assay and those determined by other enumeration methods. This research indicates that CFDA/SE is very efficient for labeling cells for bacterial transport experiments and that it may be useful for other microbial ecology research as well.
Primate location preference in a double-tier cage: the effects of illumination and cage height.

Nonhuman primates are frequently housed in double-tier arrangements with significant differences between the environments of the upper and lower-row cages. Although several studies have investigated whether this arrangement alters monkeys' behavior, no studies have addressed the two most notable differences, light and height, individually to determine their relative importance. This experiment examined how rhesus and long-tailed macaques allocated their time between the upper and lower-row cages of a 1-over-1 apartment module under different lighting conditions. In Condition A, monkeys' baseline degree of preference for the upper- and lower-row was tested. In Condition B, the lighting environment was reversed by limiting illumination in the upper-row cage and increasing illumination in the lower-row cage. In both conditions, monkeys spent more time in the upper-row cage, thus indicating a strong preference for elevation regardless of illumination. The amount of time that monkeys spent in the lower-row cag...
Host Specificity of Five Species of Eugregarinida Among Six Species of Cockroaches (Insecta: Blattodea)

Abstract Eugregarines are typically distinguished using characters, such as epimerite morphology, trophozoite morphometrics, timing of reproductive association, gametocyst morphology, and method of dehiscence. In some cases, new gregarine species have been recognized based solely on host associations, whereas other gregarine species have been reported from several host taxa. We used reciprocal cross-species experimental infections and in vitro excystation assays to evaluate the host specificity of 5 species of eugregarines among 6 species of cockroaches: Protomagalhaensia granulosae Peregrine, 1970, and Gregarina cubensis Peregrine, 1970, described from Blaberus discoidalis, (death's head cockroach); Leidyana migrator Clopton, 1995, described from Gromphadorhina portentosa (Madagascar hissing cockroach); and Protomagalhaensia wolfi (Geus, 1969) Hays and Clopton, 2006, and Leidyana haasi (Gues, 1969) Hays and Clopton, 2006 infecting Nauphoeta cinerea (lobster cockroach). Eugregarines have not been reported...
Does advertisement call variation coincide with genetic variation in the genetically diverse frog taxon currently known as Leptodactylus fuscus (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae)?

The frog Leptodactylus fuscusis found throughout much of South America in open and disturbed habitats. Previous study of genetic differentiation in L. fuscus demonstrated that there was lack of genetic exchange among population units consistent with multiple species, rather than a single species. We examine advertisement vocalizations of L. fuscus to determine whether call variation coincides with genetic differentiation. Calls were analyzed for 32 individual frogs from 25 localities throughout the distributional range of L. fuscus. Although there is variation in calls among geographic samples, call variation is not concordant with genetic variation or geographic distance and the call variation observed is less than that typically found among other closely related species of Leptodactylus. This study is an example of the rare pattern of strong genetic differentiation unaccompanied by salient differences in advertisement calls. The relative infrequency of this pattern as currently understood may only reflect the lack of detailed analyses of genetic and acoustic differentiation within population systems currently understood as single species with substantial geographic distributions.
BREAST‐FEEDING AND ITS PROMOTION

The acceptance of the World Health Organization (WHO) International Code for Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes has stimulated governments to design programs for the more energetic promotion of breastfeeding but promotional efforts in developing nations may not be getting through to the mothers or may not be designed to meet their specific needs. In a prospective study in Istanbul it was observed that all infants whether delivered in a hospital or at home received not only mixtures of sugar and water and other mixtures soon after birth and for about 1 week thereafter but also complementary foods now and then until this became a regular practice. This pattern can be defined as regular complementary feeding or partial breastfeeding. Yet the mothers described it as exclusive breastfeeding. The early and haphazard introduction of water and food in those environments where contamination is common exposes the infants to concentrated amounts of microorganisms which may overwhelm the immunological protection provided by breastmilk and also reduces the milk supply through insufficient stimulation of the breast. Exclusive breastfeeding should be encouraged and irregular complementary feedings during the early weeks of life should be strongly discouraged unless there is a medical indication. When exclusive breastfeeding is no longer sufficient i.e. at the age of about 5 months complementary feeding should be promoted. Programs for the promotion of breastfeeding have been criticized for devoting too much attention to the infant and little or no attention to the needs of the mother. In a given society it may be difficult to promote breastfeeding if women regard it as a means of preventing them from improving their socioeconomic situation. Women who want to breastfeed their children should not be prevented from doing so by their working conditions.
Robust 1-bit Compressive Sensing Using Adaptive Outlier Pursuit

In compressive sensing (CS), the goal is to recover signals at reduced sample rate compared to the classic Shannon-Nyquist rate. However, the classic CS theory assumes the measurements to be real-valued and have infinite bit precision. The quantization of CS measurements has been studied recently and it has been shown that accurate and stable signal acquisition is possible even when each measurement is quantized to only one single bit. There are many algorithms proposed for 1-bit compressive sensing and they work well when there is no noise in the measurements, e.g., there are no sign flips, while the performance is worsened when there are a lot of sign flips in the measurements. In this paper, we propose a robust method for recovering signals from 1-bit measurements using adaptive outlier pursuit. This method will detect the positions where sign flips happen and recover the signals using “correct” measurements. Numerical experiments show the accuracy of sign flips detection and high performance of signal recovery for our algorithms compared with other algorithms.
Comparison of Feeding Practices in Infants in the WIC Supplemental Nutrition Program Who Were Enrolled in Child Care as Opposed to Those with Parent Care Only.

Abstract Background: The environment or setting to which an infant is exposed is crucial to establishing healthy eating habits and to preventing obesity. This study aimed to compare infant feeding practices and complementary food type between parent care (PC) and childcare (CC) settings among infants receiving the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). Materials and Methods: This study sampled 105 dyads of mothers and infants between 2 to 8 months of age from a WIC office in Central Illinois. Mothers completed a cross-sectional survey to assess their infant feeding practices and demographic characteristics. CC was defined as infants receiving 10 hours or more per week of care from a nonparental caregiver. Results: Almost half of the infants (44%) were enrolled in CC. Infants in CC had an average of 29 hours of care per week compared with 0.64 hours in the PC group (p<0.01). There were no differences between the two groups in age, sex, race/ethnicity, preterm birth, ...
Targeted sequencing in the loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) megagenome by exome capture

Background An essential use of genomics is in the discovery of genes controlling complex, quantitative traits. In forestry, attempts to identify genes that regulate quantitative variation are still limited to a few Association Studies (AS) focused largely on candidate genes [1]. In most studies, few markers have been identified in association with quantitative traits. Recent advances in DNA sequencing create the potential for high-throughput SNP genotyping at low cost, by re-sequencing genomes of interest [2]. For the particular case of conifers, two obstacles remain: (i) the lack of a reference genome to align the DNA sequences and identify SNPs, and (ii) the size and complexity of the genome that hinders the de novo assembly of reads. Whereas whole-genome sequencing of a large number of conifer genotypes is still unfeasible, concentrating the sequencing on gene-rich regions is an alternative to generate markers that are more likely to capture variation associated to complex traits. Here we report our approaches to develop methods of genotyping based on whole-exome capture using in-solution target enrichment (Agilent’s SureSelect) followed by high-throughput sequencing (Illumina’s GAIIx).
Context-sensitive truth-theoretic accounts of semantic competence

: According to cognitivist truth-theoretic accounts of semantic competence, aspects of our linguistic behavior can be explained by ascribing to speakers cognition of truth-theories. It's generally assumed on this approach that, however much context-sensitivity speakers’ languages contain, the cognized truth-theories themselves can be adequately characterized context-insensitively—that is, without using in the meta-language expressions whose semantic value can vary across occasions of utterance. In this paper, I explore some of the motivations for and problems and consequences of dropping this assumption.
Evidence That IGF Binding Protein-5 Functions as a Ligand-Independent Transcriptional Regulator in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-5 is a conserved protein synthesized and secreted by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). IGFBP-5 binds to extracellular IGFs and modulates IGF a...
Automatic genome segmentation with HMM-ANN hybrid models

We consider the problem of automatic genome segmentation (AGS) that aims to assign discrete labels to all genomic regions based on multiple ChIP-seq samples. We propose to use a hybrid model that combines a hidden Markov model (HMM) with an artificial neural network (ANN) to overcome the weaknesses of a standard HMM. Our contributions are threefold: first, we benchmark two approaches to generate targets for ANN training on an example dataset; second, we investigate many different ANN models to identify the ones with best predictions on chromatin states; third, we test different hyper-parameters and discuss how they affect the machine learning algorithms' performance. We find our best performing models to beat two pervious state-of-the-art methods for AGS by large margins.
Selective Synthesis of Strained [7]Cycloparaphenylene: An Orange-Emitting Fluorophore

[n]Cycloparaphenylenes, which are short fragments of carbon nanotubes, have unique size-dependent optical properties. In this communication, we describe the first synthesis of [7]cycloparaphenylene ([7]CPP), the smallest cycloparaphenylene prepared to date. In order to access this structure, we have developed a synthetic route that capitalizes on successive orthogonal Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions. [7]CPP has 83 kcal/mol of strain energy and an orange emission at 592 nm.
Family Firm Succession and Performance

ABSTRACTWe analyse more than half a million businesses from the Census Bureau’s 2007 Survey of Business Owners with less survivorship and size biases. After controlling for firm- and owner-specific characteristics, we find family businesses generate fewer receipts and less employment and payroll. Family businesses involving a second-generation owner-manager show better performance. On the other hand, those managed by founder-owners show worse performance. These results of all firms, mostly small businesses, are contrary to the previous studies of large public firms. However, for a subsample of 2064 businesses large enough to be listed on a US stock exchange, the results become consistent with the previous large-firm studies.
The Content of Beginning Special Educators' Conversations with Their Electronic Mentors

Abstract This exploratory study examined the frequency and content of text-based interactions between special education mentors (n=22) and mentees (n=50) within the Electronic Mentoring for Student Success Program (eMSS). Perceived outcomes of participants, based on an open ended survey question, were also analyzed. The Interstate Teacher Assessment and Support Continuum (InTASC) Model Core Standards (2011) were used to qualitatively code the conversations between novice teachers and their mentors. Support for all standards was found with learning environments (n=850), professional learning and ethical practices (n=878), and leadership and collaboration (n=906) being the most common topics of discussion. However, several standards (i.e. assessment and content knowledge) were difficult to code because demonstration is required which cannot be observed in an asynchronous site. Frequency of interactions revealed a surprising result that mentors posted (n=675) twice as often as mentees (n=322). Mentees report...
Molecular Beam Epitaxy of Boron Nitride Thin Films and Their Analytical Characterization

Boron nitride (BN) thin films have been grown on the (100) surfaces of Si, diamond, Ni and Cu via ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) using electron beam evaporation of B in tandem with N and Ar ion bombardment within the ranges of substrate temperature and ion flux of 200--700 C and 0.20--0.30 mA/Cm{sup 2}, respectively. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) revealed a growth sequence of amorphous (a-BN), hexagonal (h-BN) and cubic (c-BN) layers on Si and diamond under most conditions. This sequence is attributed primarily to increasing biaxial compressive stress with film thickness due to interstitial Ar incorporation observed via Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS). The effect of deposition conditions, specifically substrate temperature and bombardment intensity, on the film growth was studied. Increasing the substrate temperature above 400 C led to the onset of the cubic phase at a greater film thickness, while increased ion flux led to earlier growth of this phase. These results may be explained by the relaxation of intrinsic stress in the films at higher temperatures due to increased adatom mobility and to increased intrinsic stress in the films resulting from increased ion bombardment, respectively. Lower temperatures led to mixed phasemore » growth. A minimum substrate temperature (200--300 C) is required for nucleation and growth of single phase c-BN by this technique. A combination of h-BN and c-BN was deposited on Ni; only h-BN was obtained on Cu substrates.« less
Beyond ‘Apps’ on Tablets: Making Sense of Learning Within Technology Ecologies

The vision of Vannevar Bush and Douglas Englebart of using computers to augment the human intellect more than half a century ago has been taken to heart by technology designers and computer scientists. Much technological progress has been made that allows the rampant use of laptops, desktops, tablets and smartphones in daily tasks to help us in thinking and learning. However, the single device can only go so far to facilitate higher-level thinking. We advance that the possibilities of the augmentation of human intellect by digital technologies are limited unless we design for the various technologies to function together in ecologies. In this paper, we present a theoretical foundation using Lev Vygotsky’s sign mediation theory to articulate a design framework identifying key processes that should be supported to assist higher-level thinking. We also provide examples of affordances that can help the design of effective technology ecologies within our framework.
Data Theory, Discourse Mining and Thresholds

The availability of online documents coupled with emergent text mining methods has opened new research horizons. To achieve their potential, mining technologies need to be theoretically focused. We present data theory as a crucial component of text mining, and provide a substantive proto- theory from the synthesis of complex multigames, prototype concepts, and emotio-cognitive orientation fields. We discuss how the data theory presented informs the application of text mining to mining discourse(s) and how, in turn, this allows for modeling across contextual thresholds. Finally, the relationship between discourse mining, data theory, and thresholds is illustrated with an historical example, the events surrounding the 1992 civil war in Tajikistan.
Dynamic Probability Control Limits for Lower and Two‐Sided Risk‐Adjusted Bernoulli CUSUM Charts

Because of its advantages of design, performance, and effectiveness in reducing the effect of patients' prior risks, the risk-adjusted Bernoulli cumulative sum (CUSUM) chart is widely applied to monitor clinical and surgical outcome performance. In practice, it is beneficial to obtain evidence of improved surgical performance using the lower risk-adjusted Bernoulli CUSUM charts. However, it had been shown that the in-control performance of the charts with constant control limits varies considerably for different patient populations. In our study, we apply the dynamic probability control limits (DPCLs) developed for the upper risk-adjusted Bernoulli CUSUM charts to the lower and two-sided charts and examine their in-control performance. The simulation results demonstrate that the in-control performance of the lower risk-adjusted Bernoulli CUSUM charts with DPCLs can be controlled for different patient populations, because these limits are determined for each specific sequence of patients. In addition, practitioners could also run upper and lower risk-adjusted Bernoulli CUSUM charts with DPCLs side by side simultaneously and obtain desired in-control performance for the two-sided chart for any particular sequence of patients for a surgeon or hospital. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Animal Models in Osteoporosis Research

Publisher Summary The principal use for animal models of osteoporosis is to provide efficient experimental environments in which bone cells function within their intermediary organizations of modeling and remodeling. This chapter summarizes important features of human osteoporosis and evaluates how a series of animal models provides in vivo skeletal behaviors that not only reflect tissue level organizations in humans, but also can be used to improve understanding of the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of osteoporosis. The most prevalent type of osteoporosis occurs in postmenopausal women. Because of the firm relationship of postmenopausal osteoporosis to estrogen deficiency, the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) guidelines for preclinical testing of anti-osteoporosis agents recommend the use of animals, which are either losing bone or that have already become osteopenic following ovariectomy (OVX). The guidelines suggest measuring various end points used in human trials, such as bone density by densitometry, biochemical markers of bone turnover, bone strength by biomechanical testing (fracture surrogate), and mineralization defect and turnover assessment by histomorphometry. The adult nonhuman primate is an excellent model for all aspects of the adult human skeleton. Its extensive Haversian remodeling makes study of cortical bone relevant. The age of peak bone mass is 11–12 years. Its regular estrus cycles are an excellent analog of menstrual cycles in humans. High turnover with cancellous osteopenia develops within 3 to 6 months post-OVX. The clinical picture of glucocorticoid-induced osteopenia in humans is one of low bone mass accompanied by negative bone balance. The young, growing rat is a poor model for human glucocorticoid osteopenia. The large animals showing glucocorticoid bone loss are poor models of the estrogen-deficient skeleton, limiting the degree to which they can mimick humans.