cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional defects of temperature-sensitive mutants of Sindbis virus.

Certain temperature-sensitive mutants of Sindbis virus are able to induce the synthesis of viral RNA at a temperature that does not permit production of complete virus. Some of the mutants probably specify a defective viral structural protein. Mutants with such defects fall into three complementation groups. We have determined the ability of these mutants to carry out two steps of viral morphogenesis known to occur in wild-type infections: (1) intracellular formation of viral cores (nucleocapsids), and (2) alteration of the membrane of infected cells that results in the phenomenon of hemadsorption. Some mutants were observed to be defective in step (1), others in step (2); no mutant was defective in both steps. All mutants defective in a given function were members of the same previously defined complementation group. Thus a direct correlation was established between the genetic classification of these mutants and their functional defects.
Prenatal exposure to maternal depression and cortisol influences infant temperament.

ABSTRACT Background Accumulating evidence indicates that prenatal maternal and fetal processes can have a lasting influence on infant and child development. Results from animal models indicate that prenatal exposure to maternal stress and stress hormones has lasting consequences for development of the offspring. Few prospective studies of human pregnancy have examined the consequences of prenatal exposure to stress and stress hormones. Method In this study the effects of prenatal maternal psychosocial (anxiety, depression, and perceived stress) and endocrine (cortisol) indicators of stress on infant temperament were examined in a sample of 247 full-term infants. Maternal salivary cortisol and psychological state were evaluated at 18-20, 24-26, and 30-32 weeks of gestation and at 2 months postpartum. Infant temperament was assessed with a measure of negative reactivity (the fear subscale of the Infant Temperament Questionnaire) at 2 months of age. Results Elevated maternal cortisol at 30-32 weeks of gestation, but not earlier in pregnancy, was significantly associated with greater maternal report of infant negative reactivity. Prenatal maternal anxiety and depression additionally predicted infant temperament. The associations between maternal cortisol and maternal depression remained after controlling for postnatal maternal psychological state. Conclusions These data suggest that prenatal exposure to maternal stress has consequences for the development of infant temperament.
Polarimetric reflectance and depolarization ratio from several tree species using a multiwavelength polarimetric lidar

There is a growing interest toward using lidar for forest remote sensing. The Multiwavelength Airborne Polarimetric Lidar (MAPL) was designed primarily for vegetation remote sensing purposes. The system has full lidar waveform capture and polarimetric measurement capabilities at 532-nm and 1064-nm wavelengths. To study the polarimetric reflectance from different tree species, ground experiments were conducted using the MAPL system. Three tree canopies with distinct features were selected for this study. These are cottonwood (Populus deltoides), black willow (Salix nigra) and red-cedar (Juniperus virginiana). The test results revealed that the shapes of the lidar waveforms, the depolarization ratios, and the percent reflectance data all have distinct features for different tree species. The MAPL system is proved to be able to detect all these features. Our study indicates that the MAPL data have the potential to be used toward developing a tree species discrimination algorithm. In addition, it is also believed that these data can be used to detect tree stress conditions.
Determination of the Gas-Phase Acidities of Oligopeptides

Amino acid residues located at different positions in folded proteins often exhibit different degrees of acidities. For example, a cysteine residue located at or near the N-terminus of a helix is often more acidic than that at or near the C-terminus 1-6. Although extensive experimental studies on the acid-base properties of peptides have been carried out in the condensed phase, in particular in aqueous solutions 6-8, the results are often complicated by solvent effects 7. In fact, most of the active sites in proteins are located near the interior region where solvent effects have been minimized 9,10. In order to understand intrinsic acid-base properties of peptides and proteins, it is important to perform the studies in a solvent-free environment. We present a method to measure the acidities of oligopeptides in the gas-phase. We use a cysteine-containing oligopeptide, Ala3CysNH2 (A3CH), as the model compound. The measurements are based on the well-established extended Cooks kinetic method (Figure 1) 11-16. The experiments are carried out using a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer interfaced with an electrospray ionization (ESI) ion source (Figure 2). For each peptide sample, several reference acids are selected. The reference acids are structurally similar organic compounds with known gas-phase acidities. A solution of the mixture of the peptide and a reference acid is introduced into the mass spectrometer, and a gas-phase proton-bound anionic cluster of peptide-reference acid is formed. The proton-bound cluster is mass isolated and subsequently fragmented via collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments. The resulting fragment ion abundances are analyzed using a relationship between the acidities and the cluster ion dissociation kinetics. The gas-phase acidity of the peptide is then obtained by linear regression of the thermo-kinetic plots 17,18. The method can be applied to a variety of molecular systems, including organic compounds, amino acids and their derivatives, oligonucleotides, and oligopeptides. By comparing the gas-phase acidities measured experimentally with those values calculated for different conformers, conformational effects on the acidities can be evaluated.
Enhanced photon production from quark - gluon plasma: Finite lifetime effect

Photon production from a thermalized quark-gluon plasma of finite lifetime is studied directly in real time with a nonequilibrium formulation that includes off-shell (energy nonconserving) effects. To lowest order we find that production of direct photons form a quark-gluon plasma of temperature $T\ensuremath{\sim}200 \mathrm{MeV}$ and lifetime $t\ensuremath{\sim}10--20 \mathrm{fm}/c$ is strongly enhanced by off-shell (anti)quark bremsstrahlung $q(\overline{q})\ensuremath{\rightarrow}q(\overline{q})\ensuremath{\gamma}.$ The yield from this nonequilibrium finite-lifetime effect dominates over those obtained from higher order equilibrium rate calculations in the range of energy $Eg2 \mathrm{GeV}$ and falls off with a power law for $E\ensuremath{\gg}T.$
Stimulation of the alveolar macrophage respiratory burst by ADP causes selective glutathionylation of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B

H(2)O(2) produced by stimulation of the macrophage NADPH oxidase is involved both in bacterial killing and as a second messenger in these cells. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are targets for H(2)O(2) signaling through oxidation of their catalytic cysteine, resulting in inhibition of their activity. Here, we show that, in the rat alveolar macrophage NR8383 cell line, H(2)O(2) produced through the ADP-stimulated respiratory burst induces the formation of a disulfide bond between PTP1B and GSH that was detectable with an antibody to glutathione-protein complexes and was reversed by DTT addition. PTP1B glutathionylation was dependent on H(2)O(2) as the presence of catalase at the time of ADP stimulation inhibited the formation of the conjugate. Interestingly, other PTPs, i.e., SHP-1 and SHP-2, did not undergo glutathionylation in response to ADP stimulation of the respiratory burst, although glutathionylation of these proteins could be shown by reaction with 25 mM glutathione disulfide in vitro. While previous studies have suggested the reversible oxidation of PTP1B during signaling or showed PTP1B glutathionylation in vitro, the present study directly demonstrates that physiological stimulation of H(2)O(2) production results in PTP1B glutathionylation in intact cells, which may affect downstream signaling.
CREOSOTE BUSH: LONG-LIVED CLONES IN THE MOJAVE DESERT

Creosote bush clones in the Mojave Desert develop by irregular radial growth, stem segmentation and the production of new stems at the outer edge of stem segments. The resulting circular clone encloses a central bare area as the central dead wood rots away. Old clones become elliptical and may exceed 20 m in length. Modern growth rates estimated from annual increments in stem wood of seedlings (0.73 mm/yr) and young clones (0.82 mm/yr) approximate those estimated for radiocarbon-dated wood samples (0.66 mm/yr). Assuming comparable growth rates through time, the extrapolated age of the largest known clone (average radius = 7.8 m) may approach 11,700 years. If growth rates have changed, that clone's age may be
Morphology of Symmetric Diblock Copolymers Confined Between Two Stripe‐Patterned Surfaces – Tilted Lamellae and More

We report the first Monte Carlo simulations on the thin-film morphology of symmetric diblock copolymers confined between either symmetrically or antisymmetrically stripe-patterned surfaces. Under suitable surface configurations (where the lamellae can comply with the surface patterns and can have a period close to the bulk lamellar period Lo), tilted lamellae are observed for film thicknesses D > 2L 0 ; the checkerboard morphology is obtained for smaller film thicknesses. The A-B interfaces in the tilted lamellae are basically perpendicular to the surfaces in their immediate vicinity, and exhibit undulations away from them. In some cases, the severe frustration imposed by the two patterned surfaces leads to irregular or unexpected morphologies, which represent locally stable states. The efficient sampling of our expanded grand-canonical Monte Carlo technique enables us to observe more than one locally stable morphologies and the flipping between them during a single simulation run.
A low-voltage retarding-field Mott polarimeter for photocathode characterization

Nuclear physics experiments at Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility’s CEBAF rely on high polarization electron beams. We describe a recently commissioned system for prequalifying and studying photocathodes for CEBAF with a load-locked, low-voltage polarized electron source coupled to a compact retarding-field Mott polarimeter. The polarimeter uses simplified electrode structures and operates from 5 to 30 kV. The effective Sherman function for this device has been calibrated by comparison with the CEBAF 5 MeV Mott polarimeter. For elastic scattering from a thick gold target at 20 keV, the effective Sherman function is 0.201(5). Its maximum efficiency at 20 keV, defined as the detected count rate divided by the incident particle current, is 5.4(2) � 10 � 4 , yielding a figure-of-merit,
Retrospective review of studies shows that patients receiving salmeterol plus an ICS have fewer serious asthma exacerbations versus patients on an ICS alone, regardless of ethnic origin☆

Abstract Rationale To evaluate whether protection from serious exacerbations with long-acting beta-agonists plus an ICS is superior to an ICS alone and does not differ in Caucasians versus African Americans. Methods An analysis of exacerbations, hospitalizations and efficacy outcomes for 13 US GlaxoSmithKline asthma studies (4–52 weeks) was conducted. Treatment comparisons included patients previously on an ICS who were randomized to salmeterol (S) + ICS (administered as FP/salmeterol via Diskus® or concomitant ICS plus salmeterol) with ICS alone (at equivalent ICS doses). A total of 4020 patients representing 1262 patient years of exposure are included. Subgroup analysis included Caucasian patients on S+ICS (n=1760) or ICS alone (n=1740) and African Americans on S+ICS (n=141) or ICS alone (n=169). Results A lower percentage of patients receiving S+ICS (7%) experienced an exacerbation compared with ICS alone (13%). This trend was seen in Caucasians and African Americans. Exacerbations resulting in hospitalization were rare, occurring in 7 patients on ICS compared with 4 on S+ICS. In Caucasians, 6 pts on ICS alone were hospitalized compared with 3 on S+ICS. In African Americans, no patients on S+ICS were hospitalized compared with 1 on ICS alone. Efficacy results for the total population and ethnic subgroups showed consistent improvement in peak flow, nighttime awakenings, albuterol use and asthma symptoms for S+ICS compared with ICS alone. Conclusion This retrospective analysis showed that the addition of S to ICS compared to ICS alone produces improved efficacy outcomes with overall fewer asthma exacerbations or hospitalizations, both which occurred rarely, in all patients regardless of ethnic origin.
Pneumothorax Complicating Aseptic Cavitating Pulmonary Infarction

This report documents a pulmonary infarction secondary to an angiographically proven pulmonary embolus with complicating aseptic cavitation and pneumothorax. These two rare complications of pulmonary infarction have not previously been clinically or radiographically documented to occur simultaneously. The patient recovered uneventfully.
Model for decomposition and crystallization of Zr-based bulk amorphous alloys near the glass transition

Abstract Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments were performed on Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5 (Vit1) and Zr46.8Ti8.2Cu7.5Ni10Be27.5 (Vit4), as well as on three other compositions (Vit1A, B and C), where the (Zr, Ti) and (Cu, Be) composition (following the line in composition space connecting Vit1 and Vit4) was varied. The SANS data of the Vit1 type alloys, annealed at 623 K, show interference peaks, giving evidence for spatially correlated arrangements of inhomogeneities. The Q values of these peaks, Qmax, decrease along the connecting line from Vit1 to Vit4. SANS data of Zr42.6Ti12.4Cu11.25Ni10Be23.75 (Vit1A) further show that Qmax decreases with increasing annealing temperature. From an in situ SANS experiment, performed on Vit1A for 15 h at 621 K, we derive a quantitative model for the crystallization pathway of Vit1 type alloys. We propose that, in the early stages, these types of alloys decompose without crystallization. In the later stages, decomposition and crystallization occur simultaneously. The nucleation and growth of nanocrystals in the decomposed glassy matrix results in relaxation toward a new chemical equilibrium state, in which the size of the nanocrystals is determined by the length scale of the initial decomposition of the amorphous matrix. In this case, conventional power law crystal growth theories completely fail. Instead the experimental data can be with a relaxation function over the whole time interval. A diffusion constant and Kohlrausch exponent, obtained from fitting the data, are in agreement with values obtained from independent diffusion and viscosity measurements.
White Women as Postmodern Vehicle of Black Oppression The Pedagogy of Discrimination in Western Academe

At the behest of White Americans is a postmodern form of Black oppression via White women as vehicle. In the preferential hiring of White women faculty extended from the women’s rights movement in ...
Heat flow between normal and superconducting regions

Abstract Recently the authors have discussed the heat flow between normal and superconducting regions as a tunneling process. This model predicts a sharp decrease in the surface thermal resistance just below the transition temperature. Comparison is made with recent work by Andreev.
Compact range techniques and measurements

Compact range techniques for measuring the gain patterns of full-size microwave antennas and for making radar reflectivity measurements are described. The basic principle of this technique is the use of a large collimating device to generate a uniform plane wave across the aperture of a target or antenna without requiring the normal far-field separation. Two different collimating devices were used in the investigation, a paraboloid with a point-source feed and a parabolic cylinder with a line-source feed generated by a large hoghorn. Pattern and gain measurements were made on both compact ranges using a 30-inch paraboloidal test antenna, and the measurements were compared with similar ones made on conventional outdoor ranges. Radar cross-section patterns as a function of aspect angle were measured for various size standard targets and compared with theoretically calculable radar cross-section patterns. The results which have been achieved are very encouraging. They demonstrate that the performance of compact ranges at the X -band is comparable to that of outdoor ranges.
Lack of effect of dopamine D2 blockade on ethanol intake in selected and unselected strains of rats.

Previous research has suggested that brain catecholamines may be involved in regulating ethanol intake. This study was designed to look more specifically at dopamine (DA) and whether DA D2 receptor blockade with the antagonist pimozide would alter ethanol consumption in rats. Subjects were male Maudsley Reactive and Wistar rats, the former previously shown to consume larger amounts of ethanol than the latter. Both strains were screened for ethanol intake by presentation of ethanol solutions (free choice with water) in increasing steps from 2% to 10% (v/v) on an alternate-day schedule. Following the screening period, animals were switched to a schedule of everyday presentation of the 10% (v/v) ethanol solution (free choice with water) for 10 baseline days. Animals were then divided into high and low drinking levels according to whether their mean baseline ethanol intake (g/kg) fell within +/- 0.5 SD of the mean intake of their group (Maudsley Reactives: mean = 2.55 g/kg, low drinkers 3.47; Wistars: mean = 2.17 g/kg, low drinkers 2.82). The animals were assigned to one of five treatment groups for 5 subsequent days where they received IP injections of pimozide (0.08, 0.24, or 0.48 mg/kg), tartaric acid, or saline. Following the treatment period, ethanol consumption was recorded for 5 posttreatment days. No significant differences due to treatment were observed for either intake or preference of ethanol across treatments, drinking groups, or strains. The results obtained in the present study suggested that interference in DA neurotransmission through administration of the D2 antagonist pimozide does not significantly alter ethanol consumption in either MR or Wistar animals.
Extraction and Estimation of Pinned Photodiode Capacitance in CMOS Image Sensors

The pinned photodiode capacitance extraction method proposed by Goiffon et al. is discussed, and two additional new methods are presented and analyzed; one based on the full well dependence on photon flux and the other based on the full well dependence on transfer-gate off-voltage.
Endothelial cell loss is not a major cause of neuronal and glial cell death following contusion injury of the spinal cord

Contusion of the spinal cord causes an immediate local loss of neurons and disruption of vasculature; additional loss continues thereafter. To explore the possibility of a causal link between delayed endothelial cell (EC) death and secondary neural cell loss, we evaluated neural and endothelial cell survival, and measured inflammatory cell infiltration, at times up to 48 h after contusion injury to the adult rat thoracic spinal cord. Female Fischer rats (200 g), subjected to moderate (10 g x 12.5 mm) weight drop injuries by the MASCIS (NYU) impactor, were analyzed at 15 min and at 1, 8, 24 and 48 h. ECs, neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, neutrophils and activated macrophages/microglia were counted in transverse sections. At the injury site, 90% of all neurons died within 48 h of injury; no medium-large diameter neurons survived beyond 48 h. EC death occurred with kinetics similar to glial cell death. Because, in the injury site, most cell death occurred before 8 h, it preceded inflammatory cell infiltration. Three millimeters rostral and caudal to the injury epicenter neuronal numbers were stable for 8 h, and a sharp decrease in neuronal numbers beginning at 8 h strongly correlated with the onset of inflammatory cell infiltration. Glial and blood vessel numbers remained relatively stable in these areas up to 48 h. These results suggest that the loss of ECs during the first 48 h after a contusion injury is not a major cause of neuronal and glial cell death and, in tissue adjacent to the epicenter, inflammatory cell infiltration leads to neuronal loss.
Issues on the functions and activities of the National Center for Education Statistics

Abstract Many authors called for a return to the 1867 founding challenge of providing quality statespecific data which are timely and comparable. Suggested were guidance and support, technical and fiscal, to develop model state acquisition systems and data bases, and also a central education data library/archive. Even stronger were the calls for a true National Center with coordinative and oversight responsibility, and authority, over the total domain of data acquisition by the Federal government from the education sector of the nation. Subject suggestions included longitudinal studies of the transition points within the K-12 grade span, and data on the full education process, not just schooling.
A case of morgagni hernia presenting as pneumonia

Morgagni-type diaphragmatic hernias are rare. The overwhelming majority are discovered in children who usually present with pneumonia or sepsis. We report an unusual case of a 57-yr-old woman with a Morgagni hernia presenting with pulmonary symptoms. Complicating the clinical picture, the pneumonia delayed the definitive diagnosis until a lateral chest X-ray study revealed loops of bowel in the right lower lung fields. It is important to entertain abdominal etiologies in the differential diagnosis of a thoracic density.
Late Quaternary landscape history and geoarchaeology of two drainages on Black Mesa, northeastern Arizona, USA

Two approximately 5- to 6-km drainage segments on Black Mesa preserve unusually complete sequences of late Quaternary alluvium and soils. Radiocarbon- and tree-ring-dated alluvial and soil stratigraphy suggests entrenched paleoarroyos were beginning to aggrade at about >24,260, 11,070, 9660, 8800, 7060, 3500, 2140, and 1870 14C yr B.P. Using the quantity of sediment removal from post-A.D. 1900 arroyos as analogue, at least 77–200% of total valley alluvium has been removed and replaced by younger sediments during an estimated 11 late Pleistocene and Holocene erosion epicycles. Given that most (59%) of the 150 recorded prehistoric sites in the two study areas occur on valley floors where only about 3% of surface alluvium predates Lolomai phase Basketmaker II occupation (˜1900–1600 yr B.P.), it may be inferred that pre-Lolomai phase Basketmaker II sites which may have been located along washes have been removed or buried by fluvial erosion. Identification of five buried hearths in alluvial sections, including White Dog and Lolomai phase Basketmaker II sites (dating about 3500 and 1870 14C yr B.P., respectively) and one possible Early Archaic site, supports this conclusion. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ON THE ULTRAVIOLET ENERGY DISTRIBUTIONS AND THE TEMPERATURES OF PECULIAR B AND A STARS.

Color temperatures have been estimated by comparing ultraviolet observations of HgMn and magnetic Ap stars with those of normal stars. Ultraviolet data from the OAO-2, ANS, TD-1, and IUE satellites generally give similar results. The values for the normal stars were derived from comparison of fluxes predicted by solar-composition fully line-blanketed model atmospheres with optical region spectrophotometry. The ultraviolet temperatures of the HgMn stars cover a narrower temperature range than do their optical region values. Magnetic Ap stars with similar optical region temperatures can show substantial differences in their ultraviolet color temperatures. This may result from magnetic field configuration and abundance differences.
Impact of Direct-to-Consumer Predictive Genomic Testing on Risk Perception and Worry Among Patients Receiving Routine Care in a Preventive Health Clinic

Abstract OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of direct-to-consumer (DTC) predictive genomic risk information on perceived risk and worry in the context of routine clinical care. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients attending a preventive medicine clinic between June 1 and December 18, 2009, were randomly assigned to receive either genomic risk information from a DTC product plus usual care (n=74) or usual care alone (n=76). At intervals of 1 week and 1 year after their clinic visit, participants completed surveys containing validated measures of risk perception and levels of worry associated with the 12 conditions assessed by the DTC product. RESULTS Of 345 patients approached, 150 (43%) agreed to participate, 64 (19%) refused, and 131 (38%) did not respond. Compared with those receiving usual care, participants who received genomic risk information initially rated their risk as higher for 4 conditions (abdominal aneurysm [P=.001], Graves disease [P=.04], obesity [P=.01], and osteoarthritis [P=.04]) and lower for one (prostate cancer [P=.02]). Although differences were not significant, they also reported higher levels of worry for 7 conditions and lower levels for 5 others. At 1 year, there were no significant differences between groups. CONCLUSION Predictive genomic risk information modestly influences risk perception and worry. The extent and direction of this influence may depend on the condition being tested and its baseline prominence in preventive health care and may attenuate with time.
Identification of the receptor for antigen and major histocompatibility complex on human inducer T lymphocytes

Human T cell clones and monoclonal antibodies directed at their surface structures were used to define the receptor for the antigen and major histocompatibility complex on inducer T lymphocytes. The results indicated that the receptor is a single complex consisting of the monomorphic T3 molecule with a molecular weight of 20,000 to 25,000 and a clonotypic disulfide linked heterodimer Ti with a molecular weight of 90,000. Sepharose-bound monoclonal antibodies (anti-Ti4 or anti-T3) to the receptor could activate clonal proliferation and inducer function for B cell immunoglobulin secretion and thus substitute for the appropriate combination of major histocompatibility complex gene product and specific antigen.
Same-Sex Marriage and Beyond

As part of the mystique associated with the concept of marriage is the myth of the “heterosexual assumption” that underpins all of the American legal and religious tenets and perpetuates the idea t...
Characterization of electrografted 4-aminophenylalanine layers for low non-specific binding of proteins

Novel diazonium salts based on the 4-amino derivative of phenylalanine were electrografted onto gold surfaces with the ultimate goal of formation of surfaces resistant to nonspecific adsorption of proteins. A pulsed potential deposition profile was used instead of the more conventional approaches in order to circumvent mass-transport limitations. The influence of the deposition parameters, including pulse potentials, pulse width and number of pulses, with respect to electrode coverage was evaluated as a function of the blocking effect towards the diffusion of Fe(CN)64−/3− to electrode surfaces. By appropriately choosing the deposition parameters, peak potential differences (ΔEp) of ∼750 mV (for ν = 100 mV s−1), contrasting the ∼440 mV obtained for layers deposited via conventional electrochemical methods. FT-IR spectra confirm that the general structure of the electografted layers displays the same chemical functionality as the precursor molecule. Furthermore, the presence of the carboxylic acid group, characterized by the absorption feature at 1724 cm−1, indicates that the layers retain the ability to undergo post-deposition functionalization with bioreceptors. Ellipsometric analysis demonstrates the versatility of this method by depositing layers ranging from ∼1 to ∼24 nm thick. Finally, surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy was used to monitor the modified surfaces upon exposure to highly fouling media (76 mg mL−1 bovine serum albumin in phosphate buffered saline solution). A protein surface coverage equivalent to 62 ng cm−2 was measured, representing a significant improvement compared with more established antifouling layers based on polyethylene glycol (100 ng cm−2) and alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (268 ng cm−2). The resistance towards nonspecific adsorption may be associated with the hydration layer tightly bound by the ionic charges present in the organic layer at physiological pH.
Synthesis of 2S-carboxy-3R, 4R, 5S-trihydroxypiperidine, a naturally occurring inhibitor of β-D-glucuronidase

Abstract The glucuronic acid analog 5 of 1-deoxynojirimycin has been synthesized in good overall yield from D-glucose.
The Case Law on Gifted Education: A New Look

To fill a gap in the literature, this article provides a comprehensive, concise, and current overview of the case law—specifically, published hearing/review officer and court decisions—concerning gifted education for K-12 students. This case law represents two distinct groups: “gifted alone,” designating students whose legal status is based solely on their gifted status, and “gifted plus,” designating students who not only are gifted, but also have special legal status typically in terms of disability (i.e., “twice exceptional”) or race. The outcomes of the case law in both categories have generally favored the defendant school districts. The absence in many states of strong and specific legislation or regulations for gifted-alone students and the lack of judicial sensitivity to the complexity of the gifted-plus category likely contribute to the overall district-friendly trend of the case law to date.
A novel ompC mutation of Escherichia coli K‐12 that reduces OmpC and OmpF levels in the outer membrane

A novel ompC mutation was isolated that not only lowered the amount of its own product, OmpC27, but also reduced the level of OmpF present in the outer membrane. ompC27 codes for a mutant OmpC protein that contains two non-native cysteine residues. The ompC27 allele confers phage resistance by lowering the level of OmpC present in the outer membrane. This effect on OmpC27 was manifested at the level of assembly as a result of disulphide bond formation between the two cysteine residues. This disulphide bonding in OmpC27 also produced a novel phenotype by specifically influencing OmpF levels. The effect of OmpC27 on OmpF was partly a result of a lowering of ompF transcription, and partly a result of an effect at the post-transcription level. The transcriptional effect is likely to be brought about by a defective membrane as a result of the insertion of the disulphide bond containing OmpC27. The post-transcriptional effect of OmpC27 on OmpF could be due to interference at the assembly level. In a dsbA::kan1 background where the in vivo disulphide bonding ability was dramatically reduced, the OmpC27-mediated effects were also curtailed.
Modulating the potency of an activator in a yeast in vitro transcription system.

Abstract The intrinsic stimulatory potential or potency of a eukaryotic gene activator is controlled by the interaction between the activation domain and the transcriptional machinery. To further understand this interaction, we undertook a biochemical study to identify parameters that could be used to modulate activator potency. We considered how varying the number of activation domains, their flexibility, and the number of promoter sites affects potency in a yeast nuclear extract. The effects of GAL4 derivatives bearing either one, two, or four herpes simplex virus VP16 activation domains (amino acids 413 to 454) were measured on DNA templates containing one or two GAL4 sites in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae nuclear extract. We found that multimerized VP16 activation domains acted synergistically to increase the potency of the activators. The spacing between the activation domains was critical, such that the increased flexibility imparted by a protein linker contributed to increased activator potency. With highly potent activators, the levels of transcription stimulated on a single site were saturating, whereas the stimulatory effect of weaker activators increased with the number of sites. We discuss how these biochemical studies relate to the mechanism of gene activation and synergy in a yeast in vitro system.
Acute chorea and bilateral basal ganglia lesions in a hemodialysis patient.

CASE PRESENTATION A 71-year-old Hispanic woman presented to our medical center with a general sense of feeling ‘unwell.’ She suffered from multiple medical conditions, including long-standing history of diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, depression, and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) for which she has been on dialysis for the last 3 years. Seven years prior to her current admission, the patient presented with an acute onset of left seventh nerve palsy associated with hypercalcemia and submandibular and perihilar lymphadenopathy. Submandibular lymph node biopsy showed infiltration with a polymorphous population of lymphocytes and granulomas, findings consistent with sarcoidosis. She was treated with a course of corticosteroids and methotrexate, with complete resolution of symptoms within 2 years of the diagnosis. Steroids were discontinued 6 years and methotrexate 4 years before her current admission. Her sarcoidosis remained in complete remission. Her past medical history was also significant for primary hyperparathyroidism; she underwent partial parathyroidectomy in the early 1980s. The patient’s kidney disease had been diagnosed 4 years prior, when she presented with a nephrotic syndrome and creatinine (Cr) of 1.5 mg per 100 ml (ref. 0.5–0.9 mg per 100 ml). The kidney biopsy performed at that time revealed advanced focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and she progressed to ESRD within 1 year of the diagnosis. Over the last 3 years, the patient has been maintained on regular thrice-weekly hemodialysis through a radial arteriovenous fistula with adequate clearance (urea reduction ratio ranging from 77 to 84%) and no major complications. The patient was brought to the emergency room by her family for unstable gait with ‘dance-like’ quality. The symptoms developed gradually over the period of 2 days. The patient neither missed dialysis nor had been ill, and had no sick contacts. Her medication regimen included aspirin, diltiazem, paroxetine, statin, glipizide, sevelamer, multivitamins, and stool softeners. She denied any exposure to antipsychotics or antiemetics. There was no family history of movement disorders, psychiatric disease, or renal disease. The patient used to work as a seamstress and retired several years ago. She did not smoke or drink and denied any illicit substance use. The patient’s pulse was 82–88 per min and the blood
Interpreter's Wrist: Repetitive Stress Injury and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in Sign Language Interpreters

Forty interpreters attending a regional Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf conference completed a questionnaire regarding symptoms related to repetitive stress injury (RSI), a generic classification of problems that occur after extensive, repetitive motion. RSIs, including the most prevalent form, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS), were surveyed. The vast majority (87.5%) of the interpreters in the sample reported that they had at sometime experienced at least two symptoms associated with RSI. Some (12.5%) who had CTS reported that they had been misdiagnosed. When asked how many other interpreters they knew with RSI problems, they reported, on average, that they knew more than four others. The data indicate that RSI is a severe problem among sign language interpreters and warrants immediate action. The term interpreter's wrist may best describe the malady.
ContextBox (extended abstract) (poster session): a visual builder for context beans

We present an assembly-design environment that supports the JavaBeans extensible runtime containment and services protocol. The environment provides: a vehicle for demonstrating the Java component model; a third-party client for testing BeanContext and BeanContextChild components; and a prototype illustrating how a visual builder might unify visual and context nesting during component assembly.
Ablation of a critical surfactant protein B intramolecular disulfide bond in transgenic mice.

Abstract The 79-amino acid, mature SP-B peptide contains three intramolecular disulfide bonds shared by all saposin-like proteins. This study tested the hypothesis that the disulfide bond formed between cysteine residues 35 and 46 (residues 235 and 246 of the SP-B proprotein) is essential for proper function of SP-B. To test the role of this bridge in SP-B function in vivo, a construct was generated in which cysteine residues 235 and 246 of the human SP-B proprotein were mutated to serine and cloned under the control of the 3.7-kilobase hSP-C promoter (hSP-BC235S/C246S). In two transgenic mouse lines, expression of the mutant peptide in the wild-type murine SP-B background was invariably lethal in the neonatal period. In four additional lines, survival was inversely related to the level of transgene expression. To test the ability of the mutant peptide to functionally replace the wild-type protein, transgenic mice were crossed into the SP-B null background. No animals that expressed hSP-BC235S/C246S in the murine SP-B−/− background survived the neonatal period. hSP-BC235S/C246S proprotein accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum and was not processed to the mature, biologically active peptide. The results of these studies demonstrate that the intramolecular bridge between residues 235 and 246 is critical for intracellular trafficking of SP-B and suggest that overexpression of mutant SP-B in the wild-type background may be lethal.
Simulating the national airspace system

This paper describes an event-step simulation model being developed for the FAA that can be used to evaluate how a change in one component of the airspace system affects the flow of air traffic in the rest of the system. The primary measure of system performance in the model is delay. The model design, sample model applications, and future model enhancements are discussed.
Optical correlation using gated localized holography

We present a new technique for optical correlation using gated holographic recording by which the holograms are localized in separate slices along the recording medium. We compare the perfor- mance of localized holographic correlators LHCs with that of the con- ventional correlators using normal volume holography. Crosstalk, shift invariance, and the capacities of the LHC and of the conventional method are examined. We show that the proposed method has better performance and distinctive advantages over the conventional method. These advantages include selective recording and erasure for dynamic pattern modification, extendable capacity, and compactness. © 2005 Soci-
CPU-GPU hybrid bidiagonal reduction with soft error resilience

Soft errors pose a real challenge to applications running on modern hardware as the feature size becomes smaller and the integration density increases for both the modern processors and the memory chips. Soft errors manifest themselves as bit-flips that alter the user value, and numerical software is a category of software that is sensitive to such data changes. In this paper, we present a design of a bidiagonal reduction algorithm that is resilient to soft errors, and we also describe its implementation on hybrid CPU-GPU architectures. Our fault-tolerant algorithm employs Algorithm Based Fault Tolerance, combined with reverse computation, to detect, locate, and correct soft errors. The tests were performed on a Sandy Bridge CPU coupled with an NVIDIA Kepler GPU. The included experiments show that our resilient bidiagonal reduction algorithm adds very little overhead compared to the error-prone code. At matrix size 10110 x 10110, our algorithm only has a performance overhead of 1.085% when one error occurs, and 0.354% when no errors occur.
Motor effects of serotonin in the central nervous system

Abstract Serotoneric pathways in the CNS affect posture and movement, as well as behavioral responses to arousing stimuli. Pharmacologic analysis of these effects has led to an increasingly complex and confusing literature. Increased availability of serotonin (5-HT) by administration of precursors, or by its direct intracranial infusion can induce inhibitory or excitatory behavioral effects depending on the conditions of the experiment, although generally motor inhibition has been found. Availability of 5-HT has been decreased by electrolytic lesions of the raphe nuclei, inhibition of tryptophan hydroxylase, or use of selective neurotoxins. These treatments have generally increased motor activity, especially spontaneous locomotion in a familiar environment, as well as sexual or aggressive behaviors; other behaviors, such as responses in a novel environment, presumably associated with curiosity or fear, have been paradoxically decreased after loss of 5-HT. This differentiation may occur to an important extent through 5-HT projections to hippocampus and limbic structures, notably from the median raphe. Increases or decreases of brain 5-HT, respectively, generally tend to decrease and increase responses to catecholamine agonists such as amphetamines, and some effects of 5-HT may be mediated through catecholaminergic systems. Increased availability of 5-HT in the presence of MAO inhibitors, or challenge with 5-HT-agonists after selective 5-HT-denervation in the CNS has led to a behavioral syndrome marked by hyperactivity, autonomic arousal and myoclonic seizures. The mechanisms underlying this complex response may be mediated by descending 5-HT systems that result in motor excitation at the spinal cord level, in contrast to rostral projections to forebrain that may mediate many behaviorally inhibitory responses.
The infrared and Raman spectra of hexafluoromanganese (IV) compounds

Abstract The infrared and Raman spectra have been obtained for K2MnF6 and Cs2MnF6, both in the solid and in solutions of anhydrous HF. Values for ν1 through ν5 have been assigned for the octahedral complex MnF62− and ν6 has also been obtained from emission data. The force constants have been obtained for a general quadratic force field and an orbital-valency force field.
Mexican men and their fathers: Analyzing and representing data through the research poem

The purpose of this article is to present data in the form of research poems regarding the perceptions of Mexican dads about their own fathers. Research poems are created in the forms of Haikus, Tankas and Pantoums. The study demonstrates the capacity of arts-inspired research methods to explore complex human relationships.
Deep-sea erosion and manganese nodule development in the southeast Indian ocean.

Features exhibited by a large number of sea floor photographs together with the dating of 187 sediment cores from the southeast Indian Ocean have revealed extensive manganese nodule development and sediment erosion in deep basinal areas. The most extensive nodule field, with an area of 10 6 square kilometers, occurs in the northwestern sector of the South Australian Basin and is named the Southeast Indian Ocean Manganese Pavement. The crests and flanks of the adjacent mid-ocean ridge are, in contrast, free of nodules and marked by much less dynamic bottom water conditions.
Melting Products of Olivine Tholeiite Basalt in Subduction Zones

Microprobe analysis of the near liquidus minerals in the crystallization interval of basalt +5 percent H2O and andesite +5 percent H2O at 30 kb, combined with similar published data from other studies of hydrous and anhydrous calc-alkaline rock compositions, defines compositional trends that permit calculation of the compositions of minerals through the crystallization intervals of calc-alkaline liquids. Using the calculated mineral compositions and estimates of mineral proportions, the compositions of successive liquids through the crystallization intervals of hydrous and anhydrous basalt and andesite are calculated. The calculated liquids diverge from the average calc-alkaline trend, more so for hydrous than for anhydrous conditions. These data support the conclusion that magmas produced by partial melting of subducted oceanic crust at 100 km must undergo fractionation or other modifications at shallower depths, which bring them to the calc-alkaline composition trend.
Fermentative biohydrogen production II: Net energy gain from organic wastes

Abstract Several reports have demonstrated the feasibility of hydrogen production by dark fermentation (DF). However, most reports had resorted to mesophilic or thermophilic conditions to increase hydrogen yield, overlooking the energy input to the process and hence, loss of net energy gain. For net positive energy gain, energy input to the process should be minimized and additional energy should be harvested from the aqueous end products of DF. Our previous study presented an approach to assess the potential for net energy gain from the hydrogen produced by DF, and from the end products of DF via anaerobic digestion (AD) or microbial fuel cells (MFC). In this study, that approach is extended to identify the most promising process configuration and operating conditions to maximize net energy gain possible from liquid and particulate organic wastes. Based on this analysis, DF followed by MFC appears to result in higher net energy gains.
Coherent control through near-resonant Raman transitions

The phase of an electronic wave function is shown to play an important role in coherent control experiments. By using a pulse shaping system with a femtosecond laser, we explore the phase relationships among resonant and off-resonant Raman transitions in Li{sub 2} by measuring the phases of the resulting wave packets, or quantum beats. Specific pixels in a liquid-crystal spatial light modulator are used to isolate the resonant and off-resonant portions of the Raman transitions in Li{sub 2}. The off-resonant Raman transitions have an approximately 90 degree sign phase shift with respect to the resonant Raman transition, and there is an approximately 180 degree sign phase shift between the blue-detuned and the red-detuned off-resonant Raman transitions. Calculations using second-order time-dependent perturbation theory for the electronic transitions agree with the experimental results for the laser pulse intensities used here. Interferences between the off-resonant Raman transitions as a function of detuning are used to demonstrate coherent control of the Raman quantum wave packet.
Sociology of Sex Work

This review examines key dimensions of contemporary sex work, particularly prostitution. Most research focuses exclusively on street prostitution and female workers, with much less attention devoted to indoor prostitution, male and transgender workers, customers, and managers. Furthermore, most of the literature examines prostitution where it is illegal, neglecting contexts where it is legal and regulated by the government. The review demonstrates how research on these topics can enrich our understanding of contemporary sex work.
Differential Expression of the OmpF and OmpC Porin Proteins in Escherichia coli K-12 Depends upon the Level of Active OmpR

We have generated a mutant form of the OmpR regulatory protein, OmpRD55E, that is active independent of the EnvZ kinase. Notably, the pattern of OmpF and OmpC expression can be altered simply by changing the level of this mutant protein in the cell. This result supports a key prediction of the current model of porin regulation, which states that the differential regulation of OmpF and OmpC is a direct consequence of the cellular level of the active form of OmpR.