cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A VECTOR ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR POPULATION MODELING

Abstract. We propose a vector alternative to the typical raster based population modeling framework. When compared with rasters, vectors are more precise, have the ability to hold more information, and are more conducive to areal constructs such as building and parcel outlines. While rasters have traditionally provided computational efficiency, much of this efficiency is reduced at finer resolutions and computational resources are more plentiful today. Herein we describe the approach and implementation methodology. We also describe the output data stack for the United States and provide examples and applications.
Academic Affiliation and Career Satisfaction Among Private Practitioners

Little is known about academic affiliation of or desire for enhanced association with universities by private ractitioners. A brief survey was sent to a sample of American Psychological Association Division 42 members regarding these topics. This survey also included indices of career satisfaction, personal assessment of maintaining knowledge of ongoing advances in psychotherapy and psychology, and a measure of desire for enhanced contact with students. Approximately one-half of private practitioners maintained an academic affiliation, although a large portion of this group had little or no contact with psychology students. Results further indicated that higher student contact was associated with greater career satisfaction, feelings of mastery of present psychotherapy and other literature, and in other positive sentiments relevant to private practice. Both high and low contact private practitioners desired increased student contact and felt they could offer unique opportunities to graduate students. Weak...
Variations in solar Lyman alpha irradiance on short time scales

Variations in solar UV irradiance at Lyman alpha are studied on short time scales (from days to months) after removing the long-term changes over the solar cycle. The SME/Lyman alpha irradiance is estimated from various solar indices using linear regression analysis. In order to study the nonlinear effects, Lyman alpha irradiance is modeled with a 5th-degree polynomial as well. It is shown that the full-disk equivalent width of the He line at 1083 nm, which is used as a proxy for the plages and active network, can best reproduce the changes observed in Lyman alpha. Approximately 72 percent of the solar-activity-related changes in Lyman alpha irradiance arise from plages and the network. The network contribution is estimated by the correlation analysis to be about 19 percent. It is shown that significant variability remains in Lyman alpha irradiance, with periods around 300, 27, and 13.5d, which is not explained by the solar activity indices. It is shown that the nonlinear effects cannot account for a significant part of the unexplained variation in Lyman alpha irradiance. Therefore, additional events (e.g., large-scale motions and/or a systematic difference in the area and intensity of the plages and network observed in the lines of Ca-K, He 1083, and Lyman alpha) may explain the discrepancies found between the observed and estimated irradiance values.
Spectroscopic imaging of tissues using micro-endoscopy

Recent advances in optics and CCD imaging technology have made possible the advent of small, position sensitive, articulating endoscopes allowing visual access to small cavities within the human body. We present our results for the design, construction and evaluation of a spectrometer capable of measuring molecular fluorescence phenomena as a function of wavelength, position and intensity in small cavities. State-of-the-art micro-endoscope technology is combined with wavelength sorting and CCD imaging to accomplish remote imaging. Presently, images can be magnified by 50x with visual resolution of about 50 LP/mm by direct observation of a USAF resolution target. We detail our biological cell imaging results where a special class of fluorescent molecules (chelate complexes of lathinide (III) polyazamacrocyclic acetates containing pyridine) are introduced into osteosarcoma tissue (a bone cancer tissue). It is shown that the unique molecular site selectivity of the Tb-+3 compound combined with the microendoscopic spectrometer is a useful tool for osteosarcoma rat host investigations in-vivo. We demonstrate that direct observation of the probe molecules in the tissue can yield physiological information regarding interstitial fluid flow in the osteosarcoma tumors. >
Polar Motion and Earth Rotation from Lageos Laser Ranging

Laser ranging collected during the period from May 7 1976 through May 1981, has been used to determine polar motion and length of day (LOD) variations. Independent short-arc solutions of five days in length are used to obtain the polar motion and LOD results. The solutions obtained with these approaches are compared with BIH and Doppler solutions. With the Vondrak smoothing parameter of 10−7, the weighted RMS of the raw minus smoothed results is 0.010 in x, 0.008 in y and 0.28 msec in LOD. Finally, the results obtained during the MERIT campaign, an international polar motion intercomparison experiment, using both “quicklook” and the final processed laser range data are discussed.
Current and Future Research at DANCE

An overview of the current experimental program on measurements of neutron capture and neutron induced fission at the Detector for Advanced Neutron Capture Experiments (DANCE) is presented. Three major projects are currently under way: 1) high precision measurements of neutron capture cross sections on Uranium isotopes, 2) research aimed at studies of the short-lived actinide isomer production in neutron capture on 235U and 3) measurements of correlated data of fission observables. New projects include developments of auxiliary detectors to improve the capability of DANCE. We are building a compact, segmented NEUtron detector Array at DANCE (NEUANCE), which will be installed in the central cavity of the DANCE array. It will thus provide experimental information on prompt fission neutrons in coincidence with the prompt fission gamma-rays measured by 160 BaF2 crystals of DANCE. Additionally, unique correlated data will be obtained for neutron capture and neutron-induced fission using the DANCE-NEUANCE experimental set up in the future.
The Physics and Radiochemistry of Solar Neutrino Detectors: What Have We Learned and What Can We Expect?

The situation in solar neutrino science has changed drastically in the past decade, with results now available from five neutrino experiments that use different methods to look at different regions of the solar-neutrino energy-spectrum. While the goal of all of these experiments is physics, they all rely heavily on chemistry and radiochemistry. Three of these experiments are radiochemical, the 37Cl detector and the two different forms of 71Ga detectors used in GALLEX and SAGE are based on the chemical isolation and counting of the radioactive products of neutrino interactions. The other two, Kamiokande and its improved successor, Super- Kamiokande, detect neutrinos in real time; however, they also depend sensitively on radiochemistry in that (as in all the solar neutrino detectors) radioactive contaminants must be controlled at very low levels. It is noteworthy that all of these experiments (a) have detected solar neutrinos, but (b) all report deficits of the observed neutrinos relative to the predictions of standard solar models — the so-called "solar neutrino problem". In this paper, I review the basic principles of operation of these neutrino detectors, report their recent results, and discuss some of the interpretations that are now in vogue. I then describe some of the new neutrino detectors that are under construction or being developed, and discuss the kinds of new results we might expect to see in the early years of the new millennium.
Fluctuations in Group Ia EPSPs: Consequences for Mechanisms of Transmitter Release and Measured Parameters of Averaged EPSPs

Publisher Summary This chapter explains the consequences for mechanisms of transmitter release and measured parameters of averaged excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs). The connection between Ia fibers and α -motoneurons has proven to be useful in studies of central synaptic transmission. A major advantage for modern physiological studies has been the ability to analyze the averaged EPSPs evoked by the action of single Ia fibers. This has allowed examination of well resolved EPSPs whose shapes are uncontaminated by dispersion in the arriving afferent input which is characteristic of the volley evoked by electrical stimulation of a nerve bundle. At single Ia-motoneuron connections, the latency from the Ia fiber trigger impulse to onset of the EPSP in single trials has been measured. It is found that latency fluctuates from trial to trial. The distribution of latencies is unimodal with a range as high as 650 μs. It is found that if one averages all EPSPs at the low end of the latency distribution and compares them to those at the high end of the same distribution, one always finds that short latency EPSPs are larger on the average than those generated at long latencies.
ISOLATION OF BORRELIA REFRINGENS IN PURE CULTURE FROM PATIENTS WITH CONDYLOMATA ACUMINATA

Hanson, Albert W. (Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta, Ga.), and George R. Cannefax. Isolation of Borrelia refringens in pure culture from patients with condylomata acuminata. J. Bacteriol. 88:111-113. 1964.-Borrelia refringens was isolated from five of ten clinical specimens by use of a modification of the Noguchi technique. An enriched anaerobic medium is described for the cultivation of B. refringens with retention of morphological characteristics.
The potential of superconductive electronics for EHF SATCOM terminal technologies

Refractive superconducting materials such as niobium (T/sub c/=9 K) and niobium nitride (T/sub c/=16 K) are used in the development of electronic devices for use at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths. The author describes this program, and discusses the inherent advantages of superconductive electronics and the potential of the high-temperature materials for communication systems. The work concentrates on three areas: (1) the development of the components of a phased-array receiver operating in the 0.1-to-0.3 THz frequency regime; (2) research into NbN Josephson junction (JJ) technology and JJ arrays to provide the basic building blocks for a similar development in the THz regime; and (3) the development of analog and digital signal processing devices using superconducting technology. >
Processing of Eukaryotic Ribosomal RNA

In summary, it can be argued that the understanding of eukaryotic rRNA processing is no less important than the understanding of mRNA maturation, since the capacity of a cell to carry out protein synthesis is controlled, in part, by the abundance of ribosomes. Processing of pre-rRNA is highly regulated, involving many cellular components acting either alone or as part of a complex. Some of these components are directly involved in the modification and cleavage of the precursor rRNA, while others direct the packaging of the rRNA into ribosome subunits. As is the case for pre-mRNA processing, snoRNPs are clearly involved in eukaryotic rRNA processing, and have been proposed to assemble with other proteins into at least one complex called a "processosome" (17), which carries out the ordered processing of the pre-rRNA and its assembly into ribosomes. The formation of a processing complex clearly makes possible the regulation required to coordinate the abundance of ribosomes with the physiological and developmental changes of a cell. It may be that eukaryotic rRNA processing is even more complex than pre-mRNA maturation, since pre-rRNA undergoes extensive nucleotide modification and is assembled into a complex structure called the ribosome. Undoubtedly, features of the eukaryotic rRNA-processing pathway have been conserved evolutionarily, and the genetic approach available in yeast research (6) should provide considerable knowledge that will be useful for other investigators working with higher eukaryotic systems. Interestingly, it was originally hoped that the extensive work and understanding of bacterial ribosome formation would provide a useful paradigm for the process in eukaryotes. However, although general features of ribosome structure and function are highly conserved between bacterial and eukaryotic systems, the basic strategy in ribosome biogenesis seems to be, for the most part, distinctly different. Thus, the detailed molecular mechanisms for rRNA processing in each kingdom will have to be independently deciphered in order to elucidate the features and regulation of this important process for cell survival.
Market Inefficiency and Implied Cost of Capital Models

In this paper, I examine the impact of market inefficiency on the properties of implied cost of capital (ICC) estimates. I show that market inefficiency will bias the relation between the ICC estimate and future returns upwards. Utilizing recently developed ICC estimates formed using regression based earnings forecasts, I show that a substantial portion of the returns to an ICC trading strategy stem from mispricing rather than expected returns. The biases induced by mispricing are most severe for firms with significant limits to arbitrage and less severe for firms that are larger, more liquid, and have lower transaction costs, and for ICC estimates based on adjusted analyst forecasts. In addition, I find that controlling for earnings and discount rate news is not an effective control for mispricing, but that controlling for earnings announcement news is.
Effect of thiamine deprivation and thiamine antagonists on the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid and on 2-oxoglutarate metabolism in rat brain.

Brain levels of y-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate and 2-oxoglutarate, activities of glutamate decarboxylase GABA-transaminase plus succinic semiaidehyde dehydrogenase and blood levels of glutamate and 2-oxoglutarate were determined in normal, thiamine-deprived, oxythiamine-treated and pyrithiamine-treated rats. Brain GABA levels were significantly reduced in thiamine-deprived and pyrithiamine-treated rats, but the activities of the enzymes of the GABA shunt pathway were not affected. Brain levels of glutamate were decreased and of 2-oxoglutarate increased in all three types of deficiency. This was associated with similar decreases in glutamate and increases in 2-oxoglutarate in the blood in all three deficient groups. Intraventricular injections of 2-[U-14C] oxoglutarate into the brain in these four groups of rats resulted in some significant differences in distribution of 14C in various TCA-pathway intermediates and satellite compounds in the brain. Increases in 14C-label were observed for glutamine and 2-oxoglutarate in all three deficient groups as compared to controls. The 14C content of succinate, fumarate and aspartate was decreased in the thiamine deprived and PTh-treated groups and [14C]glutamate was decreased in all three deficient groups. The 14C content of GABA was not significantly affected.
Understanding Age Differences in Memory: Disentangling Conscious and Unconscious Processes

Distinct processes involved in memory development were explored by obtaining separate measures of preschoolers' and college students' use of familiarity and conscious recollection in picture recognition. In each of two testing sessions (separated by one week; with different video materials), participants viewed pictures in the context of hearing a story. Further phases of the experimental procedure were based on process dissociation, a methodology that provides separate estimates of the contributions of conscious recollection and familiarity. Consistent with existing literature on separate implicit and explicit tasks, the results revealed a reliable difference between preschoolers and adults for measures of conscious recollection. In contrast, but also consistent with past research with implicit memory tasks, no developmental differences were observed for familiarity estimates. Results were discussed in the context of controversy regarding the best procedures for measuring different memory processes.
Observation of Na2 Rydberg states and autoionization resonances by high resolution all-optical triple resonance spectroscopy

Abstract Na2 Rydberg states have been observed for 10 ⩽ n ⩽ 119 and 0 ⩽ J ⩽ 9 using high resolution all-optical triple resonance spectroscopy and an ultrasensitive ionization detector. This represents the first example of high resolution triply resonant photoionization with cw lasers in any molecule. An improved ionization potential of Na2 was estimated by extrapolation to be IP = 39478.75 ± 0.04 cm−1, corresponding to an improved molecular ion dissociation energy De = 7973.83 ± 0.12 cm−1. Four series, n p 1 ∑ u + , n p 1 Π u , n f 1 ∑ u + and n f 1 Π u , were found and rovibrational interactions, l uncoupling, stroboscopic effects and Fano autoionization profiles were observed in the spectra.
Integrated Geology, Sedimentology, and Petrophysics Application Technologyfor Multi-Modal Carbonate Reservoirs

The complexity and heterogeneity of carbonate reservoirs makes them extremely difficult to characterize and develop. The very large reserve base in Middle East carbonate fields requires thorough field development strategies to optimize ultimate recovery and meet rate forecasts. The very highest quality 3D geological model and rigorous reservoir simulation is required. The geological model must combine all geological, geophysical, core, and rock property information together with interpretation data to deliver the best 3D representation of these complex carbonate reservoirs. These models rely on pertinent lithofacies derived from core descriptions using sequence stratigraphic processes, and static and dynamic fluid and pore architecture properties obtained from laboratory analyses of core and log data. Current understandings of our major limestone reservoirs have established that these reservoirs commonly contain nested multimodal pore systems. Extensive data sets have been obtained to determine and classify these pore systems by Clerke in a facies framework. These data differentiate various macro and micro pore throat families (the porositons of Clerke), their statistics, pore throat to pore body relationships and flow properties of the pore systems. Understanding the distribution of the hydrocarbon volumes in the various pore-type combinations (Rosetta Stone Petrophysical Rock Types) and then establishing proper recovery analyses and techniques could improve the field development strategies, explain reservoir high recoveries, and lead to optimal recovery. The new application and workflow presented in this paper describes the model construction process from the sequence stratigraphic framework and facies to the billion cells geomodel and simulation. The process utilizes deterministic facies models derived from a sequence stratigraphic framework, facies-controlled geostatistical population of static rock properties and Rosetta Stone Petrophysical Rock Types (RSPRT) followed by controlled stochastic pore system parameter assignments. The workflow depends heavily on the use of abundant core description data available in a digital format. Macro and micro porosity volumes are assigned to each geological model cell. Then through incorporating multi-modal Thomeer petrophysical algorithms, critical reservoir attributes (permeability, relative permeability and time dependent spontaneous imbibition recovery) are calculated at each geocell. This technology unites and calibrates the diverse geoscience disciplines of geology, sedimentology, and petrophysics. We are applying this technology to Saudi Aramco carbonate fields. Significant bottom line impact is expected from this “Full Pore System” paradigm shift.
Adapting the disciplinary commons model for high school teachers: improving recruitment, creating community

The Disciplinary Commons (DC) is a model of teacher professional development that encourages members of the group to reflect upon their teaching practices, develop a community, and, more broadly, to become more scholarly about their teaching. The DC involves a series of monthly meetings where university faculty members examine their course in detail while producing a course portfolio. Evaluation of the early DC's suggests that they successfully created a sense of community and sharing among the participants. We have adapted the original model to a new audience, high school computing teachers. The adapted model maintains the key aspects of the original model while adding two new, important goals for this new audience: improving recruitment and creating community. The high school teacher audience particularly needed strategies for recruiting students and was in greater need of community. We present evaluation evidence suggesting that we achieved the design goals in a replicable model, including a substantial increase (over 300%) in recruiting students.
Head and Neck Manifestations of Cystic Fibrosis and Ciliary Dyskinesia

Both cystic fibrosis (CF) and the various conditions associated with ciliary dysmotility are well known to the otolaryngologist. Although the underlying pathophysiology and clinical courses of these diseases are quite different, they both involve chronic and acute infection in the paranasal sinuses. Furthermore, some patients may suffer from persistent ear disease beyond early childhood. A high index of suspicion and early diagnosis are key to managing both these conditions. The otolaryngologist is often the first to suspect and confirm the diagnosis and may have an important role in the overall management of these patients.
Sequential versus “sandwich” sequencing of adjuvant chemoradiation for the treatment of stage III uterine endometrioid adenocarcinoma

Abstract Objective To compare the efficacy and tolerance of adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy delivered in sequential (chemotherapy followed by radiation) versus "sandwich" fashion (chemotherapy, interval radiation, and remaining chemotherapy) after surgery in patients with FIGO stage III uterine endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Methods From 2004 to 2011, we identified 51 patients treated at our institution fitting the above criteria. All patients received surgical staging followed by adjuvant chemoradiation (external-beam radiation therapy (EBRT) with or without high-dose rate (HDR) vaginal brachytherapy (VB)). Of these, 73% and 27% of patients received their adjuvant therapy in sequential and sandwich fashion, respectively. Results There were no significant differences in clinical or pathologic factors between patients treated with either regimen. Thirty-nine (76%) patients had stage IIIC disease. The majority of patients received 6cycles of paclitaxel with carboplatin or cisplatin. Median EBRT dose was 45Gy and 54% of patients received HDR VB boost (median dose 21Gy). There were no significant differences in the estimated 5-year overall survival, local progression-free survival, and distant metastasis-free survival between the sequential and sandwich groups: 87% vs. 77% (p=0.37), 89% vs. 100% (p=0.21), and 78% vs. 85% (p=0.79), respectively. No grade 3–4 genitourinary or gastrointestinal toxicities were reported in either group. There was a trend towards higher incidence of grade 3–4 hematologic toxicity in the sandwich group. Conclusion Adjuvant chemoradiation for FIGO stage III endometrioid uterine cancer given in either sequential or sandwich fashion appears to offer equally excellent early clinical outcomes and acceptably low toxicity.
Brancial arch anomalies, hearing loss and ear pits inherited in an autosomal dominant manner: genetic evidence that branchio-oculo-facial and associated conditions are not identical to branchio-oto-renal syndrome

Brancial arch anomalies, hearing loss and ear pits inherited in an autosomal dominant manner: genetic evidence that branchio-oculo-facial and associated conditions are not identical to branchio-oto-renal syndrome
Non-destructive, dynamic imaging of hsp70 response to nanoparticle mediated photothermal therapy in a 3D tumor mimic

Laser based photothermal therapy is a minimally invasive technique that relies on the absorption of energy by an irradiated tissue sample and results in the deposition of heat to destroy cancerous cells. The inclusion of nanoparticles that act as intense infrared absorbers allows for higher selectivity and additional absorption of laser energy into heat in the desired material. One promising carbonaceous nanoparticle is single walled carbon nanohorns (SWNHs) which have been demonstrated to be effective photoabsorbers [1].Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Metabolism of 4-chlorobiphenyl by guinea pig adrenocortical and hepatic microsomes.

Abstract Studies were carried out to determine if 4-chlorobiphenyl (4-CB) was a substrate for adrenal monooxygenases and to compare its interactions with adrenal and hepatic microsomal enzymes. Addition of 4-CB to guinea pig adrenal microsomes produced a typical type I spectral change, indicative of binding to cytochrome(s) P-450 and similar to that seen in hepatic microsomal preparations. The activities of several adrenal and hepatic microsomal monooxygenases were decreased by 4-CB in vitro . High pressure liquid Chromatographic analyses revealed that both adrenal and hepatic microsomes. in the presence of NADPH, converted 4-CB to a major metabolite which eluted with a retention time identical to that of 4-chloro-4'-biphenylol (4'-OH-4-CB). The identity of 4'-OH-4-CB was confirmed by mass spectrometry. The maximal rate of 4-CB metabolism was greater in adrenal, compared with liver microsomes, but 4-CB had a higher affinity for hepatic than for adrenal enzymes. The rate of adrenal 4-CB metabolism was four to five times greater in microsomes derived from the inner cortical zone (zona reticularis) than those from the outer zones (zona fasciculata and zona glomerulosa). Hepatic microsomes also converted 4-CB to a minor metabolite whose production was blocked by epoxide hydrolase inhibitors, suggesting it might be a diol. 4-CB metabolism was not demonstrable in adrenal mitochondrial preparations. The results indicate that chlorinated biphenyls can serve as substrates for adrenal microsomal monooxygenases, suggesting that local activation may contribute to their adrenocortical toxicity.
Factorization and small-energy asymptotics for the radial Schrödinger equation

The radial Schrodinger equation is considered when the potential is real valued, is integrable, and has a finite first moment. The Jost function, the scattering matrix, the number of bound states for the potential are expressed in terms of the corresponding quantities associated with the fragments of the potential. An improved expansion on the small-energy asymptotics of the Jost solution is presented.
Alkyl-substituted γ-butyrolactones act at a distinct site allosterically linked to the TBPS/picrotoxinin site on the GABAA receptor complex

Effects of alkyl-substituted γ-butyrolactones and γ-thiobutyrolactones on [35S]t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate (35S-TBPS) dissociation from the picrotoxinireceptor were studied. Unlike picrotoxin, these lactones accelerated the dissociation rate of 35S-TBPS. Thus, previous reports that these lactones change the Kd but not the Bmax of 35S-TBPS in equilibrium binding experiments is explained not by competitive inhibition, but by an allosteric interaction with the 35S-TBPS binding site. These results indicate that modulatory effects of alkyl-substituted γ-butyrolactones may result from their action at a distinct site on the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor.
Adolescents with Learning Disabilities A Comparative Life-Stream Interpretation

The subjective experiences of adolescents with learning disabilities (LD) were compared to those of their low-achieving and normally achieving peers. Three groups of juniors and seniors from one suburban high school district, 18 students with learning disabilities (15 males, 3 females), 17 low-achieving students (12 males, 5 females), and 20 average-achieving students (12 males, 8 females), were given electronic pagers and booklets for 1 week. They were signaled every 40 minutes during school hours, and every 2 hours after school. As soon as possible after receiving a signal, they responded to questions in their booklets. The questions provided subjective measures on levels of affect, activation, cognitive efficiency, self-esteem, motivation, and feedback from others. The students with learning disabilities reported feeling more positive and active than either of the other groups during school hours, while after school there were no differences on any of the subjective measures for the three groups. Speci...
Using electrical conductivity classification and within-field variability to design field-scale research

Agronomic researchers are increasingly accountable for research programs and outcomes relevant to producers. Participatory research-where farmers assume leadership roles in identifying, designing, and managing on-farm field-scale research-addresses this directive. However, replication is often unfeasible at this level of scale, underscoring a need for alternative methods to estimate experimental error. We compared mean square errors to evaluate: (i) within-field variability for estimating experimental error (in lieu of replication) and (ii) classified within-field variability, using apparent electrical conductivity (EC a ), for estimating plot-scale experimental error. Eight 31-ha fields, within a contiguous section of farmiand (250 ha), were managed as two replicates of each phase of a no-till winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-corn (Zea mays L.)-millet (Panicum miliaceum L.)-fallow rotation. The section was EC a -mapped (approximately 0- to 30-cm depth) and separated into four classes (ranges of EC,). Georeferenced sites (n = 96) were selected within classes, sampled, and assayed for multiple soil parameters (0- to 7.5- and 0- to 30-cm depths) and residue mass. Within-field variance effectively estimated experimental error variance for several evaluated parameters, supporting its potential application as a surrogate for replication. Comparison of data from the field-scale experimental site to that from a nearby plot-scale experiment revealed that EC a -classified within-field variance approximates plot-scale experimental error. We propose using this relationship for a systems approach to research wherein treatment differences and their standard errors, derived from EC a -classified field-scale experiments, are used to roughly evaluate treatments and identify research questions for further study at the plot scale.
STUDIES ON THE PERMEABILITY OF MEMBRANES : II. DETERMINATION OF IONIC TRANSFER NUMBERS IN MEMBRANES FROM CONCENTRATION CHAINS.

The ionic transfer number in an electrolyte solution in the pores of a narrow pored collodion membrane depends much more on the concentration than it does in a free aqueous solution. The potential difference of two solutions of the same electrolyte in different concentration depends largely on the concentration range. The ratio of the concentrations on the two sides was always 1:2 in the experiments; the concentration range was varied. It is shown that the transfer number of Cl, calculated from the P.D. measured, is very small in dilute solution (down to .02 and less in some cases), whereas it approaches the value .5 holding for free aqueous solutions when the concentration range is raised. The differences for the transfer number of Cl, according to the cation (H, K, Na, Li), can be recognized and show the same order as in free aqueous solution. But even in LiCl, where in an ordinary aqueous solution the transfer number of Cl is always > .5, this number is very low in the case of the membrane (e.g. < .05 in .01 M solution).
Hoops and Healing: The Use of Athletics for Youth Involved in Recovery

The use of athletics and sports with people recovering from substance abuse disorders has been well documented. Athletics has many positive advantages that lend itself to addictions treatment. This article discusses the concept of using sports to promote recovery involvement for African American youth from the viewpoint of a scholar-practitioner-athlete and a scholar-practitioner/former professional athlete. Drawing upon the addictions literature and experiences in athletics, youth programming and addictions, the authors discuss similarities between sports and recovery and address the need for more sports programming with African American youth as a supplement to traditional treatment programs.
Evaluation of tube formability and material characteristics: hydraulic bulge testing of tubes

Abstract Tube material properties are required for accurate design of the parts and tooling for the hydroforming process. Tensile test properties which are obtained using specimens taken from flat sheet prior to roll forming and welding change during the tube manufacturing process. This paper describes a practical test method for determining the flow stress of tube materials. This tool set, a simple stand alone hydraulic bulging fixture, was developed to expand the tubes under bi-axial loading conditions. With the use of this tool, along with analytical methods and finite element simulation, material properties can be determined for tubular workpieces. These material properties are used for subsequent finite element computer simulation of complex components manufactured from the same material. The tooling, designed for this test, may also be used to evaluate the formability and quality of the tubes.
Phonon coupling in tunneling systems at zero temperature: An instanton approach

We have found a new method for dealing with phonon modes in path integrals. Using it and an instanton calculation, we have developed a detailed theory of the tunneling event in the presence of phonons. This theory generalizes the traditional methods (truncating the energy spectrum of the defect, treating it as a discrete "spin" system) which are valid only in the weakly coupled low-mass regime. Most atomic tunneling will be described by an "effective mass" for the defect due to coupled lattice motion; we use (KCl:${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$) as an example of this "slow-flip" regime. A physical picture describing electrons which are strongly coupled to phonon modes (i.e., self-trapped and polaronic electrons) is presented, but the instanton machinery does not simplify in this regime and direct calculation is necessary. We present a study of Anderson's negative-$U$ centers to elucidate this type of tunneling. We also use a two-parameter model to distinguish the domains of validity for the truncation, self-trapped, and effective-mass regimes.
Asymptotic theory of the elastohydrodynamic adhesion and gliding motion of a solid particle over soft and sticky substrates at low Reynolds numbers

This analysis makes use of asymptotic analyses and numerical methods to address, in the limit of small Reynolds and ionic Peclet numbers and small clearances, the canonical problem of the forces exerted on a small solid spherical particle undergoing slow translation and rotation in an incompressible fluid moving parallel to an elastic substrate, subject to electric double-layer and van der Waals intermolecular forces, as a representative example of particle gliding and the idealized swimming dynamics of more complex bodies near soft and sticky surfaces in a physiological solvent. The competition of the hydrodynamic, intermolecular and surface-deformation effects induces a lift force, and drag-force and drift-force perturbations, which do not scale linearly with the velocities, and produce a non-additivity of the intermolecular effects by reducing the intensity of the repulsive forces and by increasing the intensity of the attractive forces. The lift force enhances a reversible elastohydrodynamic adhesion regime in both ionized and deionized solvents, in which lateral motion and lift-off from the substrate can occur. An irreversible elastohydrodynamic adhesion regime, produced by elastic instabilities in the form of surface bifurcations in the substrate, is found to exist for both positive and negative lift forces and is enhanced by small gliding velocities and large substrate compliances, for which critical thresholds are calculated for both ionized and deionized solvents. Elastohydrodynamic corrections are derived for the critical coagulation concentration of electrolyte predicted by the Derjaguin― Landau―Verwey―Overbeek (DLVO) standard theory of colloid stabilization. The corrected DLVO critical concentration is unable to describe the adhesion process when the substrate is sufficiently compliant or when the solvent is deionized. These effects may have consequences on the lateral motility and adhesion of small particles and swimming micro-organisms to soft and sticky substrates, in which the reversible or irreversible character of the adhesion process may be influenced not only by the solvent ionic strength, as described by the DLVO theory, but also by the motion kinematics and the substrate mechanical properties.
Child and adolescent psychiatry in the undergraduate medical curriculum.

Summary. The preliminary findings of a prospective controlled investigation to evaluate the effects of teaching child and adolescent psychiatry to medical students are presented. The results confirmed that the combined teaching of child and adolescent psychiatry, psychiatry and paediatrics led to significant changes as assessed using a multiple choice questionnaire and an attitude questionnaire. Students who had received the combined teaching acquired greater knowledge and more positive attitudes. Caution is warranted when interpreting the results, however, due to the multiplicity of factors affecting outcome: the absence of any measure of the acquisition of clinical skills; no attempt to determine separate or interactive effects of psychiatry and paediatric teaching; and no measure of stability of the changes over time.
Self-consistent pseudopotential calculations for Ge and diamond (111) surfaces

The self-consistent pseudopotential method with a slab geometry is applied to electronicstructure calculations of the Ge and diamond (111) surfaces. A nonlocal pseudopotential is derived and found to produce an energy band structure of bulk diamond in good agreement with other calculations and experiments. This potential is then used for the diamond surface calculations. The calculations are restricted to unrelaxed unreconstructed surfaces. Various surface states are identified and discussed.
Dihydroquinidine contamination of quinidine raw materials and dosage forms: Rapid estimation by high‐performance liquid chromatography

Dihydroquinidine is a commonly encountered contaminant in quinidine raw materials. The USP allows 0-20% dihydroquinidine in quinidine products, but the assays used to quantitate dihydroquinidine have been lengthy or have required sophisticated equipment. The present method separates dihydroquinidine from quinidine and provides rapid, precise quantitation of both dihydroquinidine and quinidine. The clinical importance of dihydroquinidine contamination of quinidine dosage forms remains unanswered.
Muon flux at the geographical South Pole

Abstract The muon flux at the South Pole was measured for five zenith angles, 0°, 15°, 35°, 82.13° and 85.15° with a scintillator muon telescope incorporating ice Cherenkov tank detectors as the absorber. We compare the measurements with other data and with calculations.
Non-smoker exposure to secondhand cannabis smoke II: Effect of room ventilation on the physiological, subjective, and behavioral/cognitive effects

Introduction Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug. Many individuals are incidentally exposed to secondhand cannabis smoke, but little is known about the effects of this exposure. This report examines the physiological, subjective, and behavioral/cognitive effects of secondhand cannabis exposure, and the influence of room ventilation on these effects.
Waddington’s Widget: Hsp90 and the Inheritance of Acquired Characters

Conrad Waddington published an influential model for evolution in his 1942 paper, Canalization of Development and Inheritance of Acquired Characters. In this classic, albeit controversial, paper, he proposed that an unknown mechanism exists that conceals phenotypic variation until the organism is stressed. Recent studies have proposed that the highly conserved chaperone Hsp90 could function as a "capacitor," or an "adaptively inducible canalizer," that masks silent phenotypic variation of either genetic or epigenetic origin. This review will discuss evidence for, and arguments against, the role of Hsp90 as a capacitor for morphological evolution, and as a key component of what we call "Waddington's widget."
Optimization of the volume H− ion source extraction system for the Spallation Neutron Source accelerator utilizing 3D magnet and ion optics codes☆

Abstract The H − beam extraction from the multicusp ion source for the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is being simulated utilizing the 3D ion optics code KOBRA and the 3D magnet code TOSCA. Design of the extraction system for the SNS project requires proper simulation of the extraction of both electrons and H − ions. The goal is to optimize the magnetic field of the extraction system so that the electrons are completely deflected and captured at the plasma electrode.
Herbal medicines--what's in the bottle?

We are in the midst of a public health experiment that much of academic medicine has failed to acknowledge until recently. In spite of the greatest health and longevity in history in the United States and Europe, millions are turning back to traditional herbal medicines in order to prevent or treat a host of illnesses. Thus, the review by De Smet (pages 2046–2056) and the accompanying Sounding Board article by Marcus and Grollman (pages 2073–2076) in this issue of the Journal are very timely. Both articles identify serious problems with the overall quality, safety, and efficacy of herbal products. In . . .
Determination of the electron cyclotron current drive profile

Abstract Evaluation of the profile of non-inductive current density driven by absorption of electron cyclotron waves (ECCD) using time evolution of the poloidal flux indicated a broader profile than predicted by theory. To determine the nature of this broadening, a 1-1/2 D transport calculation of current density evolution was used to generate the signals which the DIII-D motional Stark effect (MSE) diagnostic would measure in the event that the current density evolution followed the neoclassical Ohm's law with the theoretical ECCD profile. Comparison of the measured MSE data with the simulations indicates the experimental data is consistent with the narrow ECCD profile predicted by theory. The simulations indicate the magnitude of the ECCD is at or above the value found in Fokker–Planck calculations of the ECCD, which includes quasilinear and parallel electric field effects.
Design of Caissons

The term caisson is normally used to identify large bored concrete piles. Caissons are constructed by drilling a hole in the ground and filling it with concrete. A reinforcement cage is placed before concreting. The diameter of caissons can be as high as 15 ft. Other commonly used names to identify caissons are drilled shafts, drilled caissons, bored concrete piers, and drilled piers. A bell can be constructed at the bottom to increase the capacity. Caissons with a bell at the bottom are known as belled piers, belled caissons, or underreamed piers. Belled caissons are used to increase the bearing capacity of caissons. Because of the large area at the base, the end-bearing capacity will increase. Belled caissons can be used to resist tension as well. The heavy weight and resistance at the bell provide additional capacity. Belling buckets are used to create the bell at the bottom. The chapter also discusses caisson inspection in soil. The geotechnical engineer is responsible for inspection during construction of caissons. An experienced geotechnical engineer should carry out this inspection.
The Political Economy of Left and Right During China's Decade of Reform

During the decade of the 1980s, the design and implementation of economic reforms had divided the Chinese leadership into two factions: conservative proponents of moderation and “circumscribed” economic reform, and liberal proponents of comprehensive and rapid economic and social reform. Seeks to identify the economic‐theoretic core of leftist and rightist positions. The leftist position described is centred on the works of Chen Yun, Sun Yefang, and Zue Muqiao and explicitly excludes the idealistic and revolutionary political theories of Maoism, focuses instead on the more pragmatic goals of rational central economic planning. The rightist position became identified with Zhao Ziyang and his vision of mixed market socialism which, in the minds of his opponents, came dangerously close to capitalism. As the Chinese economy faltered toward the end of the decade, the conflict between leftist hard‐line conservatives and rightist liberals heightened, leading to the pro‐democracy movement of 1989 and its aftermath.
Expression of keratins and other cytoskeletal proteins in mouse mammary epithelium during the normal developmental cycle and primary culture

Mammary epithelium is composed of ductal, alveolar, and myoepithelial cells, and undergoes dramatic responses in growth, differentiation, and function to hormonal stimuli during the four stages of the mammary developmental cycle represented in virgin, pregnant, lactating, and invouting animals. To determine if progression of the epithelium through the cycle is accompanied by changes in cytoskeletal composition, particularly the keratins, the polypeptides in cytoskeletal extracts from BALBc mouse mammary tissues were analyzed by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with immunoblots using polyclonal and monoclonal antikeratin antibodies. The major polypeptides in cytoskeletal fractions enriched in intermediate filaments included seven acidic and three basic components ranging in molecular weight from 40,000 to 90,000. Two major polypeptides of Mr 50,000 and 40,000, along with two minor components of Mr 57,000 and 55,000, were identified as keratins. The polypeptide profiles of mammary glands from virgin, pregnant, lactating, and involuting mice were very similar, indicating a remarkable stability of cytoskeletal composition during hormonal shifts and periods of minimal or maximal cell growth and differentiated function. The data also suggest that ductal and alveolar cells express the same set of cytoskeletal polypeptides, including keratins. Mammary cells grown in primary culture exhibited a loss or reduction in most of the basic polypeptides, a large increase in an acidic Mr 55,000 keratin, and the appearance of a prominent acidic polypeptide of Mr 46,000. The latter results demonstrate that keratin expression in mouse mammary epithelial cells is subject to regulation by certain environmental factors.
Parallel algorithms for minimum cuts and maximum flows in planar networks

Algorithms are given that compute maximum flows in planar directed networks either in O((log n)3) parallel time using O(n4) processors or O((log n)2) parallel time using O(n6) processors. The resource consumption of these algorithms is dominated by the cost of finding the value of a maximum flow. When such a value is given, or when the computation is on an undirected network, the bound is O((log n)2) time using O(n3) processors. No efficient parallel algorithm is known for the maximum flow problem in general networks.
Electron-impact excitation of argon: Optical emission cross sections in the range of 300-2500 nm

We present measurements of optical emission cross sections for excitation from the ground state of the Ar atom into over 185 excited atomic and ionic levels. Measurements were made at electron energies of 25, 50, and 100 eV, at a gas pressure of 5 mTorr. Due to radiation trapping of resonance levels, many of the cross sections depend on the target pressure. Detailed pressure dependence for over 50 levels is also provided. The energy dependence of the excitation cross sections for over 175 levels in the energy range of 0–250 eV are provided as fitted parameters for a standard analytical function.