cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of Abusive Head Trauma in High-Risk Infants: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

Objectives To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of abusive head trauma detection strategies in emergency department settings with and without rapid magnetic resonance imaging (rMRI) availability. Study design A Markov decision model estimated outcomes in well-appearing infants with high-risk chief complaints. In an emergency department without rMRI, we considered 3 strategies: clinical judgment, universal head computed tomography (CT) scan, or the Pittsburgh Infant Brain Injury Score (PIBIS) with a CT scan. In an emergency department with rMRI for brain availability, we considered additional strategies: universal rMRI, universal rMRI with a CT scan, PIBIS with rMRI, and PIBIS with rMRI followed by a CT scan. Correct diagnosis eliminated future risk; missed abusive head trauma led to reinjury risk with associated poor outcomes. Cohorts were followed for 1 year from a healthcare perspective. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed. The main outcomes evaluated in this study were abusive head trauma correctly identified and incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year. Results Without rMRI availability, PIBIS followed by a CT scan was the most cost-effective strategy. Results were sensitive to variation of CT scan-induced cancer parameters and abusive head trauma prevalence. When rMRI was available, universal rMRI followed by a confirmatory CT scan cost $25 791 to gain 1 additional quality-adjusted life-year compared with PIBIS followed by rMRI with a confirmatory CT scan. In both models, clinical judgement was less effective than alternative strategies. Conclusions By applying CT scans to a more targeted population, PIBIS decreases radiation exposure and is more effective for the identification of abusive head trauma compared with clinical judgment. When rMRI is available, universal rMRI with a CT scan is more effective than PIBIS and is economically favorable.
Role of Inferior Frontal Junction (IFJ) in the Control of Feature vs Spatial Attention

ABSTRACT Feature-based attention refers to preferential selection and processing of items and objects based on their non-spatial attributes such as color or shape. While it is intuitively an easier form of attention to relate to in our day to day lives, the neural mechanisms of feature-based attention are not well understood. Studies have long implicated the dorsal attention network as a key control system for voluntary spatial, feature and object-based attention. Recent studies have expanded on this model by focusing on the inferior frontal junction (IFJ), a region in the pre-frontal cortex to be the source of feature attention control, but not spatial attention control. However, the extent to which IFJ contributes to spatial attention remains a topic of debate. We investigated the role of IFJ in the control of feature versus spatial attention in a cued visual spatial (attend left or right) and feature attention (attend red or green) task using fMRI. Analyzing single-trial cue-evoked fMRI responses using univariate GLM and multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA), we observed the following. First, the univariate BOLD activation responses yielded no significant differences between feature and spatial cues. Second, MVPA analysis showed above chance level decoding in classifying feature attention (attend-red vs. attend-green) in both the left and right IFJ, whereas during spatial attention (attend-left vs. attend-right) decoding was at chance. Third, while the cue-evoked decoding accuracy was significant for both left and right IFJ during feature attention, target stimulus-evoked neural responses were not different. Importantly, only the connectivity patterns from the right IFJ was predictive of target-evoked activity in visual cortex (V4); this was true for both left and right V4. Finally, the strength of this connectivity between right IFJ and V4 (bilaterally) was found to be predictive of behavioral performance. These results support a model where the right IFJ plays a crucial role in top down control of feature but not spatial attention.
Citrobacter koseri meningitis with cerebral edema and pneumocephalus in a neonate

Sometimes the only indicator of a serious infection in a neonate is a fever. Citrobacter koseri (C. koseri) has been reported to cause neonatal brain abscesses in the setting of meningitis. Although rare, pneumocephalus, secondary to C. koseri, carries a very high mortality. A 17-day-old male presented to the emergency department with a fever, decreased oral intake, and lethargy. The patient developed pneumocephalus and cerebral edema and was diagnosed with C. koseri meningitis, leading to death. This case demonstrates the presentation of C. koseri meningitis with pneumocephalus and cerebral edema in a neonate presenting with fever.
Ellipse Regression with Predicted Uncertainties for Accurate Multi-View 3D Object Estimation.

Convolutional neural network (CNN) based architectures, such as Mask R-CNN, constitute the state of the art in object detection and segmentation. Recently, these methods have been extended for model-based segmentation where the network outputs the parameters of a geometric model (e.g. an ellipse) directly. This work considers objects whose three-dimensional models can be represented as ellipsoids. We present a variant of Mask R-CNN for estimating the parameters of ellipsoidal objects by segmenting each object and accurately regressing the parameters of projection ellipses. We show that model regression is sensitive to the underlying occlusion scenario and that prediction quality for each object needs to be characterized individually for accurate 3D object estimation. We present a novel ellipse regression loss which can learn the offset parameters with their uncertainties and quantify the overall geometric quality of detection for each ellipse. These values, in turn, allow us to fuse multi-view detections to obtain 3D ellipsoid parameters in a principled fashion. The experiments on both synthetic and real datasets quantitatively demonstrate the high accuracy of our proposed method in estimating 3D objects under heavy occlusions compared to previous state-of-the-art methods.
Algorithmic improvements and consistency checks of the NOAA global gridded super-collated SSTs from low Earth orbiting satellites (L3S-LEO)

NOAA provides sea surface temperature (SST) products from multiple Earth observing satellites in low Earth orbits (LEO) using its Advanced Clear-Sky Processor for Ocean (ACSPO) system. Historically, ACSPO SST products from individual LEO platforms have been provided as 10-minute granules (144/day) in L2P (swath) and 0.02° L3U (gridded uncollated) formats. With the large, and increasing number of LEO sensors currently in orbit (two VIIRSs onboard NPP/N20, three AVHRRs onboard METOP-A/B/C and two MODISs onboard Aqua/Terra) and soon to be launched (N21/VIIRS and Metop-Second Generation METImage), the data volumes and number of files has grown dramatically and is now challenging to manage by an average user. Moreover, data from different sensors and overpasses may not be fully consistent. In response to multiple users’ requests, the NOAA SST team has developed the 0.02° gridded super-collated (L3S) line of LEO SST products, which collate L3U data from individual sensors into a multi-sensor products with higher information density, lower data volume consistent datasets. The L3S-LEO line comprises two products: from the afternoon (‘PM’) orbits (currently, two VIIRSs onboard NPP and N20) and from the mid-morning (‘AM’) orbits (currently, three AVHRR FRACs onboard Metop-A/B/C). Both products are reported twice daily, one nighttime and one daytime file, resulting in four files every 24 hours. The data are validated in the NOAA SST Quality Monitor (SQUAM) online system, and distributed to users via the CoastWatch service, in near real time. This work describes recent L3S-LEO algorithm developments, aimed at the reduced impact of cloud leakages from individual sensor L3U data, and improved SST imagery. We also present initial checks of the diurnal cycle in the L3S-LEO vs. GEO SST from the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) flown onboard GOES-16, and find the two datasets largely consistent.
Sex differences in the Buffalo Concussion Treadmill Test in adolescents with acute sport-related concussion.

Abstract Objectives The Buffalo Concussion Treadmill Test (BCTT) is a safe and validated tool to assess exercise tolerance after sport-related concussion (SRC). Sex differences may affect the interpretation of this systematic exertion test in the concussed population, which is important for clinicians. The purpose of this study was to examine sex differences in BCTT performance in adolescents with acute SRC. Design Prospective cohort. Methods Male (n = 103, 15.3 ± 2 years) and female (n = 87, 15.1 ± 2 years) adolescents with SRC performed the BCTT within 10 days of injury. Heart rate (HR), HR threshold (HRt), Delta HR (difference between resting HR and HRt), symptom severity on Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and symptoms exacerbated on the BCTT were collected and compared. Results Males had lower resting HR (M: 70.9 ± 12 vs F: 75.7 ± 13 bpm, p Conclusions Although males may reach symptom exacerbation at a slightly lower mean HRt than females on the BCTT within 10 days of SRC, the BCTT provides comparable information and both sexes reach symptom exacerbation at similar Delta HR.
Fractional Analysis of Governing Equations and Conditions

This chapter is concerned primarily with the construction and illustration of systematic procedures for the direct use of governing equations and conditions as a basis for similitude and fractional analysis. The preliminary discussion and examples in the previous chapter suggested three important ideas about such procedures.
Free Speech in the Warren and Burger Courts

This paper consists of some generalizations about where First Amendment doctrine was when Chief Justice Warren took office, and about what happened to it during the years between then and when Chief Justice Burger retired in 1986. It summarizes the doctrinal sea-change that occurred, and says something about a few of the judicial strategies and categorical reformulations that the Court used to effectuate it. It asserts that the First Amendment is now peculiarly resistant to doctrinal belt-tightening and suggests several reasons why this might be so.
Evaluation of Novel New NSAIDs: A Review of COX-2 Inhibitors, with an Emphasis on Gastrointestinal Toxicity

Identification of two isoforms of cyclooxygenase, COX-1 and COX-2, has initiated a revolution in the approach to pharmacologie pain management. It has been further determined that inhibition of COX-2 reduces inflammation, and inhibition of COX-1 compromises gastrointestinal mucosal integrity. As traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2, gastrointestinal ulceration can develop in association with the use of these agents to control pain and inflammation. An ideal NSAID would, therefore, inhibit COX-2 to provide anti-inflammatory effects while leaving COX-1, and, therefore, gastrointestinal mucosa, unaffected.Two selective COX-2 inhibitors have recently been approved in the United States. Celecoxib (Celebrex, G.D. Searle & Co.) and rofecoxib (Vioxxj, Merck & Co., Inc.) are indicated for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Also, celecoxib is approved for rheumatoid arthritis. Rofecoxib is also approved for the treatment of acute pain and dysmenorrhea. Both agents hav...
PERIOPERATIVE PAIN MANAGEMENT

This book offers summarized information on the broad topic of perioperative pain management. It is simple yet concise, and would be an excellent introductory resource for health care providers inte...
Material quality and design optimization for high efficiency GaAs solar cells

A methodology is developed to determine minority carrier lifetime and recombination velocity in high-efficiency GaAs p/n heteroface solar cells. A combination of measurements and modeling is used to demonstrate that a base lifetime of 8 ns and a heteroface recombination velocity of 1.25*10/sup 5/ cm/s are necessary to simulate the spectral response, cell data, and leakage current in a 21.2% efficient GaAs cell. Optimization of the p/n heteroface structure shows that AM1.5 one-sun efficiencies of approximately 25% are achievable from a thin base/buffer design with a base lifetime of only 15 ns and a well-passivated back surface. In addition, it is shown that the doping dependence of the Shockley-Read-Hall lifetime is an important consideration in GaAs device modeling, especially if a shallow level ( approximately E/sub t/=0.2 eV) limits the bulk lifetime. >
Management of Jaundice in the Well Baby

The special article by Newman and Maisels1 provides an important new perspective on the management of jaundice in the full-term, otherwise healthy newborn. As with so many changes in medical care, what at first seems radical is, in fact, often the natural evolution of thinking based on a fresh look at data which has been under our noses for many years. Newman and Maisels9 effective application of this method has led to a codification of thinking which many of us in this field of inquiry and practice have gradually moved toward in recent years. Newman and Maisels have provided a data-based framework on which these changes in management can be supported.
Open-field behavior, emotionality during fear conditioning, and fear-motivated instrumental performance

Open-field activity and open-field defecation measures of young-adult hooded rats were made prior to a series of 35 fear-conditioning trials. Although activity and defecation were not correlated, defecation measures made during fear conditioning were found to be negatively correlated with open-field activity and positively correlated with open-field defecation. These findings were interpreted as support for the hypothesis that open-field emotionality is an index of general drive. Subsequent fear-motivated instrumental hurdle-jump scores were found to be unrelated to open-field defecation but positively correlated with open-field activity and defecation during fear conditioning.
Seizure as a presentation of pulmonary embolism.

Abstract Background Seizure is estimated to be the presenting symptom of pulmonary embolism (PE) Objectives To heighten physician awareness of the possibility of a PE in patients initially presenting with seizures, and to bring to light some key aspects of the history and physical examination that may assist in the final diagnosis. Case Report A 76-year-old man presented to the Emergency Department (ED) after suffering from two tonic-clonic seizures at home. He had a history of one isolated seizure 4 years prior, for which he was not prescribed any medication after full evaluation, including a negative electroencephalogram. In the ED, he was noted to have a resting tachycardia and a room air oxygen saturation of 92%. This prompted further evaluation in the ED. Electrocardiography and D-dimer were ordered, and both were found to be abnormal. Computed tomography scan was positive for multiple large pulmonary emboli. The patient was given an appropriate dose of enoxaparin and admitted to the internal medicine service. Conclusion Despite an atypical presentation, the authors were able to diagnose the patient due to a high level of suspicion for the disease. Our goal is to make physicians more attuned to the possibility of a PE as a final diagnosis in patients who present with new-onset seizures.
Transforms and approximations in cost and production function relations

Abstract : Process analysis and related approaches to the study of energy economics have made extensive use of Shephard's lemma as well as other aspects of the Shephard-Samuelson transformation theories. A major problem is shown to be present in the use of these transforms to go from cost functions to production possibility sets in that the latter will always be unbounded above. Capacity conditions, which are especially important in energy policy studies, are therefore not adequately addressed. Troubles also occur in the use of translog approximations because of the functional forms which can result when the Shephard-Samuelson transformations are employed. Nondiffferentiability is not the primary difficulty with the translog approximations as is shown with an infinitely differentiable function. Relations between other parts of mathematical transform theory, e.g. as exhibited in Laplace transforms, are also indicated along with possible extensions that might be made in the Shephard-Samuelson 'duality' theories. (Author)
Sociology of mental disorder

1. The Problem of Mental Disorder. 2. Types of Mental Disorders. 3. Mental Disorder: Concepts of Causes and Cures. 4. Mental Disorder as Deviant Behavior. 5. Mental Disorder: Social Epidemiology. 6. Mental Disorder: Social Class. 7. Mental Disorder: Age, Gender, and Marital Status. 8. Mental Disorder: Urban versus Rural Living and Migration. 9. Mental Disorder: Race. 10. Help-Seeking Behavior and the Prepatient Experience. 11. Acting Mentally Disordered: The Example of Schizophrenia, Anxiety, and Depression. 12. The Mental Hospital Patient. 13. Residing in the Community. 14. Community Care and Public Policy. 15. Mental Disorder and the Law. 16. Mental Disorder and Public Policy in Selected Countries. References. Index.
Beyond Thermal Interaction between Ocean and Atmosphere: On the Extratropical Climate Variability due to the Wind-Induced SST*

Abstract Prescribing sea surface temperature (SST) for the atmospheric general circulation models (GCM) may not lead to underestimation of the coupled variability. In this study, a set of SST-driven atmospheric GCM experiments, starting from slightly different multiple initial conditions, is performed. The SST used here is prepared by a coupled GCM, which has the same atmospheric GCM component as the AGCM used in the experiment with the prescribed SST. The results indicate that prescribing SST leads to underestimation of the coupled air temperature variance only in subtropics. Meanwhile, in midlatitudes, prescribing SST may result in the overestimation of the coupled air temperature variance, where the major role of ocean–atmosphere contrast is to provide damping for SST. The simple stochastically driven coupled model is revisited with an extension to the direct wind-driven forcing for SST. In addition to the previous setup relying exclusively on the stochastic perturbation for air temperature, the ocean ...
Detection of high mass-to-charge ions by Fourier transform mass spectrometry

The purpose of this article is to introduce the reader to the issues that hinder the development of routine high mass-to-charge FTMS and to the recent advances and strategies that are extending the impressive capabilities realized for low mass-to-charge (<2000) organic molecules to high mass-to-charge biological molecules. Our intentions do not include, however, providing a review of ESI or the other applications of FTMS to biological molecules
Immune Response Modeling of Interferon β-Pretreated Influenza Virus-Infected Human Dendritic Cells

The pretreatment of human dendritic cells with interferon-β enhances their immune response to influenza virus infection. We measured the expression levels of several key players in that response over a period of 13 h both during pretreatment and after viral infection. Their activation profiles reflect the presence of both negative and positive feedback loops in interferon induction and interferon signaling pathway. Based on these measurements, we have developed a comprehensive computational model of cellular immune response that elucidates its mechanism and its dynamics in interferon-pretreated dendritic cells, and provides insights into the effects of duration and strength of pretreatment.
Tandem sulfur-containing amino acids are epicritical determinants of dopamine D2 receptor pharmacology

The conserved aspartic acid that is required for ligand binding to the dopamine D(2) receptor is followed by three tandem sulfur-containing amino acids. While previous point mutation studies did not reveal any single one of these residues as being critical for ligand binding, we now show that simultaneously substituting all three with isovolumetric, non sulfur-containing amino acids results in large decreases in the binding affinity for dopamine, (-)-raclopride and 7-(-4(4-(2, 3-dichlorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl)butyloxy)-3, 4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone (aripiprazole), but not for methylspiperone or allosteric modulators.
Investigation of an evaporating extended meniscus based on the augmented Young-Laplace equation

The microscopic details of fluid flow and heat transfer near the contact line of an evaporating extended meniscus of heptane formed between a horizontal substrate and a “washer” were studied at low heat fluxes. The film profile in the contact line region was measured using ellipsometry and microcomputer-enhanced video microscopy, which demonstrated the details of the transition between a nonevaporating superheated flat thin film and an evaporating curved film. Using the augmented Young-Laplace equation, the interfacial properties of the system were initially evaluated in situ and then used to describe the transport processes. New analytical procedures demonstrated the importance of two dimensionless parameters. Both fluid flow and evaporation depend on the intermolecular force field, which is a function of the film profile. The thickness and curvature profiles agreed with the predictions based on interfacial transport phenomena models. The heat flux distribution and the pressure field were obtained. Since there are significant resistances to heat transfer in this small system due to interfacial forces, viscous stresses, and thermal conduction, the “ideal constant heat flux” cannot be attained. The description of the pressure field gives the details of the coupling between the disjoining and capillary pressures.
An investigation on the coating of 3003 aluminum alloy

Abstract A new approach to reduce the decomposition of electroless Ni–P deposition solution during coating of 3003 aluminum alloy was verified. This new approach uses an immersion coated Cu layer to protect the subsequent electroless deposition solution from being contaminated by the dissolution of substrate. Water rinsing of pretreated 3003 Al substrate prior to immersion coating was, however, found to have an effect on the subsequent immersion coating process, and a new rinsing process with significant beneficial effect was developed. AFM and SEM were used to observe the effect under different conditions. XPS was applied to study the surface changes so as to understand the effect. Successful rinsing yielded satisfactory immersion copper coating, which was, in turn, found beneficial to the stability of the subsequent electroless deposition bath.
Hepatitis C viral recurrence in a pediatric patient following liver transplantation

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are known to have a more benign course in children than in adults. Although the natural history of HCV recurrence after liver transplantation has been well studied in adult patients, much less is known about HCV recurrence after liver transplantation in pediatric patients. Herein, we report a case of a pediatric patient with HCV presumably acquired through vertical transmission. She underwent liver transplantation at 14 yr of age. The first three yr after liver transplantation were uneventful. However, in the past 12 months she has been hospitalized twice after developing ascites, hematemesis and esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)-documented esophageal varices. Post-transplant biopsy has demonstrated chronic inflammation complicated with active hepatitis C and stage 2-3 scarring. This case report demonstrates the need for further epidemiologic studies to study the natural history of the rate of HCV recurrence after liver transplantation in the pediatric population.
CORN MEAL/SOY FLOUR BLENDS: CHARACTERISTICS AND FOOD APPLICATIONS

SUMMARY –Protein quantity and quality of degermed corn meal were improved by supplementation with toasted defatted soy flour. Taste panel results indicated no significant change in preference, acceptability and similarity to corn meal when as much as 20% toasted defatted soy flour was contained in the blend. Flavor stability was adequate in blends containing toasted defatted, commercial processed full-fat or extrusion-cooked full-fat soy flours at the 15% level. Product color was changed more by the inclusion of toasted defatted than of full-fat soy flour in the blends. Satisfactory performance was found in chapatti and northern corn bread containing degermed corn meal with and without 15% toasted defatted, 20% commercial processed full-fat or 35% extrusion-cooked full-fat soy flours.
The driving forces behind the Caspian Sea mean water level oscillations

Closed basins such as the Caspian Sea rapidly respond to variations in atmospheric and geological events. This study has been conducted to deduce the role of natural and anthropogenic influences on the Caspian Sea mean water level fluctuations for the period of 1998–2005. It is recognized that climate is the primary mechanism of the Caspian Sea mean water level variations based on the relatively small differences of the Caspian Sea hydrologic budget residuals and the Caspian Sea mean water level fluctuations. This is further supported by the similarity in water-level variations of the Caspian Sea with those of Lake Van and Lake Urmia. On the other hand, the Caspian Sea needed to lose some of its water to attain water balance equilibrium in 2000 and 2001. The year 2000 showed anomalous seismic activity particularly in the southwestern part of the Caspian Sea. Two significant earthquakes with magnitudes of 6.8 and 6.5 Mw occurred on November 25, 2000. The focal mechanisms of these earthquakes and numerous aftershocks indicated normal faulting and, therefore, caused the Caspian Sea lake level to decline in 2000. The contribution of submarine mud volcano eruptions to the Caspian Sea lake level could be insignificant based on the comparison of water budget residuals and the mean water level variations. Neither crustal deformation (based on the GPS measurements) nor the offshore oil and natural gas production activities in the Caspian Sea are responsible for noticeable changes to the level of the Caspian Sea.
Advances in the treatment of diabetes mellitus in the elderly. Development of insulin analogues.

Current insulin therapy only crudely mimics physiological secretion of insulin. Part of this difficulty is related to the hexameric structure of pharmacological preparations of insulin. This structure delays the absorption of insulin from the injection site, results in changes in the time to peak insulin action, and causes changes in its duration of action as a function of changing dosage. These changes occur with both regular and intermediate acting insulin. Insulin analogues, which are monomeric, will have a faster onset of action (more closely approximating endogenous insulin) and greater reproducibility of effect. Insulin analogues with low isoelectric points may provide more stable basal delivery as support to endogenous insulin production (i.e. monotherapy) or in conjunction with prandial insulins or oral agent therapy. The main advantages of these preparations in elderly diabetic patients may be a reduced risk of hypoglycaemia, improved predictability of response, and greater flexibility in more frail elderly patients, such as those with variable oral intake or compromised renal function.
Preserving the Past : An Overview

This paper summarizes the causes of deterioration in various types of archival materials and makes recommendations for their storage and preservation. It discusses the key elements for storage and preservation integral to a good archival program. The materials focused on in this article are paper, film, photographs, microforms, and three-dimensional objects. Certain preventative measures, taken in an effort to avert future problems, are also discussed. Such processes and measures for paper include deacidification, humidification, and encapsulation. The benefits of using archival quality boxes and HVAC systems are given, as are some techniques for handling deteriorating materials.
SPGProfile: Speak Group Profile

In this paper, we propose an XML-based recommender system, called SPGProfile. It is a type of collaborative information filtering system. SPGProfile uses ontology-driven social networks, where nodes represent social groups. A social group is an entity that defines a group based on demographic, ethnic, cultural, religious, age, or other characteristics. In the SPGProfile framework, query results are filtered and ranked based on the preferences of the social groups to which the user belongs. If the user belongs to social group G"x, results will be filtered based on the preferences of G"x and the preferences of each ancestor social group of G"x in the social network. SPGProfile can be used for various practical applications, such as Internet or other businesses that market preference-driven products. In the ontology, the preferences of a social group are identified from either: (1) the preferences of its member users or (2) from published studies about the social group. We describe and experimentally compare these two approaches. We also experimentally evaluate the search effectiveness and efficiency of SPGProfile and compare it to two existing search engines.
Perceived Racism and Affective Responses to Ambiguous Interpersonal Interactions among African American Men

The current study examined affective responses to ambiguous interpersonal interactions containing both ambiguous and overtly racist content. Participants included 74 African American males (ages 18-47), half of whom heard a depiction of a negative social interaction with blatantly racist content (BRC). The remaining participants heard a similar scenario containing no racist content (NRC). Negative affect scores were higher for those in the BRC group, yet individuals in the ambiguous (NRC) condition who reported perceptions of racism in the scenario showed greater negative affect reactivity than those who saw no racism in the scenario. Among those in the NRC group, self-reported past experiences with racial discrimination moderated the effect of perceived racism on negative affect. The authors conclude that the perception of racial discrimination, in particular when evaluating ambiguous situations, may have profound affective consequences for Black men.
Anti-Americanism in Electoral Politics: Insights from South Korea's 2002 Presidential Election

Since September 11, 2001, anti-Americanism has emerged as an important issue in international politics. In democratic election campaigns, anti-Americanism should be an attractive issue where it is expected to have a favorable impact on key swing vote constituencies. Anti-Americanism has certain inherent ideological appeals and more varied historically-based attractions. Anti-Americanism should be least attractive where countries continue to rely on U.S. security guarantees. South Korea's December 2002 presidential election, in which winner Roh Moo-hyun openly sympathized with anti-American demonstrators, appears to contradict this expectation. Yet closer analysis of individual-level polling data shows that anti-Americanism was, both statistically and substantively, much less significant than alternative campaign issues. By activating the numerous voters hostile to the North Korean regime, anti-Americanism actually hurt the victor's electoral chances. The approach appears useful in understanding why anti-A...
Identifying sources of recharge to shallow aquifers using a groundwater model

The poor water quality of sub-surface drainage, hereafter drainage, water generated in the western San Joaquin Valley in California creates management challenges for farmers and water managers. Elevated concentrations of salt and trace elements in agricultural drainage limit the disposal options. In this constrained environment, determining the original source of drainage water is a crucial step in developing appropriate drainage management policies. Numerical modeling results of near-surface water-table fluctuations indicate that the substantial groundwater rise observed in the vicinity of the region's major water supply canal could not be attributed solely to seepage from overlying irrigated fields. An inverse solution approach is used herein to test the theory that seepage from the canal itself and/or that from surface water retention ponds (designed to protect the structure from flash floods) is responsible for an accentuated groundwater mound. The results suggest that canal seepage is the more likely source of non-agricultural aquifer recharge.
Theory of disorder entropy and d.c. conductivity in α-AgI

Abstract We have calculated disorder entropy and d.c. conductivity of α-AgI using lattice gas Hamiltonian with strong repulsive interaction and weak hopping among the mobile silver ions. We use Cluster Variation Method to figure out various correlations and thence the disorder entropy of ion distribution. The static correlations have also been used to evaluate and study the variation of hopping conductivity with nearest neighbor repulsive interaction among, and concentration of, the mobile ions. The conductivity calculation is an extension of Mahan's work to three dimensions with arbitrary concentration. However, we have obtained a closed form of expression for time-correlation function in terms of static correlations as opposed to moment expansion and retaining only few terms by Mahan. The calculated entropy agrees closely with the experimental value 1.8 k/ion and also the conductivity features resemble Sato and Kikuchi's PPM calculation.
Lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus after gastric banding.

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (DI) is a known complication of lithium therapy, and patients affected by this disorder are highly vulnerable to hypernatremia when they cannot respond to their thirst mechanism, such as during the postoperative period. Bariatric surgery, gaining in popularity as a treatment for morbid obesity, is associated with major disturbances to patients’ fluid balance and can result in disastrous consequences to the patient with DI. We report a case in which the diagnosis of lithiuminduced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (LINDI) evaded the primary team at a general hospital due to the remoteness of the lithium treatment and lack of classic symptomatology, such as polyuria and nocturia. The consult psychiatrist’s identification of LINDI in a postoperative patient with erratic behaviors, polydipsia, and altered mental status led to life-saving interventions. This case underlines the importance of integrated care for bariatric patients.
Prevalence and Impact of Pain in Multiple Sclerosis: Physical and Psychologic Contributors

Abstract Hirsh AT, Turner AP, Ehde DM, Haselkorn JK. Prevalence and impact of pain in multiple sclerosis: physical and psychologic contributors. Objective To characterize the prevalence and impact of pain in veterans with multiple sclerosis (MS) and to assess their association with demographic, biologic, and psychologic variables. Design Cross-sectional cohort study linking computerized medical record information to mailed survey data. Setting Veterans Health Administration (VHA). Participants Sixty-four percent (2994/4685) of veterans with MS who received services in VHA and also returned survey questionnaires. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Items assessing pain intensity, pain interference, and physical and mental health functioning. Results Ninety-two percent of participants reported bodily pain within the prior 4 weeks, with 69% of the total sample indicating pain of moderate or higher intensity. Eighty-five percent indicated that pain caused functional interference during the past 4 weeks, with 71% of the total sample reporting pain-related interference that was moderate or greater. No significant sex or race differences emerged for the pain indices. A significant but modest relationship between increasing age and pain interference emerged ( r =.05, P Conclusions Pain is highly prevalent and causes substantial interference in the lives of veterans with MS. The functional impact of pain in veterans with MS is influenced by pain intensity, physical health, and emotional functioning. Clinical practice should take each of these domains into consideration and reflect a biopsychosocial conceptualization.
Postcapture Survival and Future Reproductive Potential of Ovigerous Blue Crabs Callinectes sapidus Caught in the Central North Carolina Pot Fishery

Abstract Harvest restrictions by sex or reproductive status are used to protect many spawning stocks. In most U.S. states, fishery regulations for blue crabs Callinectes sapidus require release of ovigerous crabs. Ovigerous crabs caught in pots become stressed by capture and physically damage the egg mass and remove eggs. We conducted a survey to assess the extent of egg mass damage in pot-caught crabs as well as crabs caught by hand and not subjected to pot stress. Egg mass damage was more prevalent in pot-caught crabs (>45% during all months) than in crabs caught by hand (<6% during all months). We investigated the postcapture survival, reproductive output, and larval viability of crabs with varying amounts of egg mass damage by collecting ovigerous crabs from the pot fishery and confining them in the field for the duration of their lifetimes. Over 80% of the crabs survived to release the clutch present at capture, and crabs produced up to six clutches of eggs. Of 156 clutches produced in confinement, o...
The Economics of the President's Economic Reports

Abstract * An invited review article on The Economic Report of the President, January 1956 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1956). Pp. x, 238. $0.70.
Diamond-anvil cell high pressure X-ray studies on thorium to 100 GPa

Abstract High pressure crystal structural changes and volume compression for thorium were investigated to 100 GPa in a diamond-anvil cell apparatus using the energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction technique. No structural change was observed in this pressure range. However, a slope change in the P-V curve was observed between 20 and 30 GPa. We surmise that this break in the slope may be due to an electronic transformation.
Medium 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) and T3 generated from L-thyroxine are exchangeable in cultured GC cells.

Previous studies in rats have shown that the ratio anterior pituitary nuclear L-triiodothyronine (T3) derived from intracellular deiodination of L-thyroxine [T3(T4)]/plasma T3(T4) is much greater than for exchangeable T3 [T3(T3)]. We have addressed the hypothesis that T3(T4) is either selectively accumulated or selectively retained by nuclei in comparison to exchangeable T3 [T3(T3)] in cultured GC cells. GC cells readily generated T3 from T4. When mean medium T3(T4) was experimentally maintained at a low percentage (<16%) of total medium T3) to mimic in vivo conditions, nuclear T3(T4) was 2-fold greater than nuclear T3(T3) and the nuclear: medium ratio for T3(T4) was 11–13-fold greater than for T3(T3). The t1/2 of release of nuclear T3(T4) and T3(T3) were indistinguishable from one another and both sources of T3 distributed similarly between the nuclear and cytosol compartments. Thus, in agreement with previous in vivo studies, T3(T4) is derived from cellular T4 and is a significant source of nuclear T3 i...
Intermediate Excitons in Molecular Crystals: A Study of the Excited States of Crystalline Iodine

The spectrum of crystalline I2 is interpreted in terms of intermediate excitons represented by configuration mixing of neutral excitons and charge‐transfer excitons. The spin—orbit splitting in the crystal is represented in terms of the spin—orbit states of the free molecule. Using a core approximation analogous to the Goeppert‐Mayer—Sklar procedure, semiquantitative calculations are made. When a reasonable value is assigned to the polarization energy of an ion pair in the crystal, reasonable agreement between calculation and experiment is obtained.
Analysis of learning and rate of forgetting in age-associated memory differences.

Abstract This study used a visual free-recall paradigm to examine rate of forgetting in a sample of 255 normal adults (age range 18–91 years). Subjects were administered the Visual Reproduction Subtest (VR) from Form I of the Wechsler Memory Scale, along with a 30-min delayed-recall procedure. Results revealed that older adults performed below levels obtained by younger ones on both phases of the VR. However, analysis revealed no differences among age groups in rate of forgetting. Lower scores for older subjects on the delayed-recall task appeared to reflect differences in initial learning, not an accelerated rate of forgetting. Normative data for rate of forgetting were provided for adults in all age groups.
Smokestacks in the rainforest: industrial development and deforestation in the Amazon Basin.

Abstract In the eastern Brazilian Amazon abundant natural resources, strategic infrastructure, and generous government incentives are spurring a rush to establish charcoal-consuming industries. Annual fuelwood demand for these industries is projected to exceed 14 million tons; fuelwood is supplied primarily by native tropical forests. Because the prospects for sustained management are unlikely, I calculate that over 1,500 km2 of forest land could be destroyed for fuelwood production each year, thus exacerbating regional deforestation and undermining the resources base on which industries depend. This study shows that in humid tropical regions, large-scale industrialization can be a powerful catalyst for environmental degradation.
The SAPASI is valid and responsive to psoriasis disease severity changes in a multi-center clinical trial.

We developed a structured Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI)-like instrument, the Self-administered PASI (SAPASI), that allows subjects to assess accurately the severity of their psoriasis. The major limitation of our previous SAPASI validity studies is that all were performed in a single academic center, raising questions about the generalizability of the instrument. We administered the SAPASI to 182 subjects in a 12-week, multicenter, double-blind clinical trial of topical tazarotene for psoriasis. On the same day, investigators blind to the SAPASI rating determined the degree of erythema, induration, scale, body surface area (BSA) affected, and overall lesion severity of the subjects' psoriasis. Using these data, we calculated an investigator PASI-Equivalent. Correlation analysis shows that for both initial and final assessments of psoriasis severity, the SAPASI score reflects the PASI-Equivalent score in a significant way (p = .0001), although the correlation is a modest one (r = 0.3 to 0.5). Significant (p = .0001), modest correlations were found between the subjects' reported BSAs and the investigators' reported BSAs. To assess responsiveness, the proportional changes of the SAPASI and PASI-Equivalent were found to be modestly significantly correlated (r = 0.2, p = .04). The results of this study support the general validity of the SAPASI and demonstrate that the SAPASI can detect changes in disease severity in a clinical trial. Significant correlations were also observed between SAPASI components and their investigator-reported counterparts in this multicenter trial. To the best of our knowledge, the current study represents the first multicenter validity study performed on a psoriasis severity instrument, and clearly demonstrates the value of this instrument in assessing the psoriasis severity in a population.
Soil type affects seedling shade response at low light for two Inga species from Costa Rica

Distributions of many humid tropical tree species are associated with specific soil types. This specificity most likely results from processes at the seedling stage, but light rather than nutrient levels is generally considered the dominant limitation for seedling growth in the tropical forest understory. If nutrients are limiting and allocation to belowground resources differs, seedling growth responses to shade should also differ. Here we tested the effects of soil type and light environment on the seedling growth of two canopy tree species in the genus Inga with different soil-type and light-environment affinities as adults. Inga alba is a shade-tolerant soil generalist and I. oestediana is a light-demanding soil specialist. We used four native soils and three light levels (1 and 5% of full sun in shade houses and the forest understory). All growth variables were greatest in 5% full sun, with highest growth rates for the light-demanding soil-type specialist. Soil type significantly affected growth parameters, even at the lower light levels. The specialist grew best on the soils with the most soil phosphorus where adult trees typically occur. Leaf tissue nitrogen:phosphorus ratios suggest increased phosphorus limitation in the low phosphorus soils and with increased light level. Light and soil interacted to significantly affect seedling biomass allocation, growth, and net assimilation rates, indicating that the seedling shade responses were affected by soil type. Seedlings growing on high nutrient soil allocated less to roots and more to photosynthetic tissue. Adult distributions of these two Inga species may be a result of the different growth rates of seedlings in response to the interactive effects of light and soil.
1139939111 TLR6 protects first trimester trophoblast cells from TLR2/TLR1 mediated apoptosis

Introduction: Increased trophoblast apoptosis has been observed in pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia. The factors promoting this cell death are unknown. Trophoblasts express Toll-like receptors (TLR), enabling them to recognize microorganisms. In response to the TLR2 ligand peptidoglycan (PDG), trophoblasts undergo apoptosis suggesting that gram-positive bacteria may promote trophoblast apoptosis. The objective of this study was to characterize the cellular mechanism by which TLR2 induces apoptosis. We report the role of TLR6 in the regulation of TLR2 mediated apoptosis following ligation by PDG. Methods: First trimester trophoblast cell lines express TLR1 and TLR2 but lack TLR6 and are sensitive to PDG-mediated apoptosis. Three stable transfectants were made to express either a TLR1 dominant negative (TLR1-DN), a TLR2 dominant negative (TLR2-DN) or full length TLR6. Cells were treated with PDG (40 μg/mL) after which cell viability, caspase-3 activity and cytokine production were evaluated. Results: Trophoblasts expressing the TLR2-DN showed a 57.4 ± 1.2% inhibition in PDG-induced caspase-3 activity compared with wildtype cells, while the TLR1-DN inhibited PDG-induced caspase-3 activity by 61.6 ± 1.1%. Expression of TLR6 by trophoblasts, reversed PDG-mediated apoptosis as shown by reduced caspase-3 activity (77.6 ± 1.2%) and increased cytokine production. Conclusion: These results suggest that a gram-positive bacterial infection during pregnancy may promote trophoblast apoptosis via TLR2/TLR1 heterodimers. Expression of TLR6, however, may protect the trophoblast from PDG-induced apoptosis and instead promote an inflammatory response. These findings shed new light on the mechanisms by which infection may affect placental function and pregnancy outcome.