cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brief of Professor Aditya Bamzai as Amicus Curiae in Support of Petitioners, PDR Network et al. v. Carlton & Harris Chiropractic, Inc.

This amicus brief explains why a federal district court’s interpretation of a statute does not ordinarily “determine the validity” of an agency regulation that embraces a contrary interpretation under the Administrative Orders Review Act of 1950 (the “Hobbs Act”), 28 U.S.C. § 2342. The Hobbs Act splits the jurisdiction of federal courts to address certain legal questions in certain federal cases. It vests “exclusive jurisdiction” in the courts of appeals to perform a set of specified actions, with review obtainable within a 60-day time period and with regard to certain orders and regulations. But the Act leaves district courts to take any other actions — specifically, any actions not specified in the Hobbs Act’s text — in the ordinary course of the district court’s functions. As explained in the brief, by splitting federal court jurisdiction in this manner, the Hobbs Act raises questions of constitutional structure and statutory meaning. First, as to constitutional structure: The Supreme Court addressed the constitutionality of such a “jurisdiction-splitting” provision in Yakus v. United States, 321 U.S. 414 (1944), where it held that the “exclusive jurisdiction” provisions of the Emergency Price Control Act of 1942 complied with due process and Article III. Although Yakus is a controversial precedent, the brief argues that the Court can decide this case based on a faithful construction of the Hobbs Act. Second, as to statutory meaning: The precise boundary between matters reviewable only directly and those reviewable in collateral proceedings is specified by the Hobbs Act’s statutory terms. The courts of appeals have “exclusive jurisdiction” to “enjoin, set aside, suspend (in whole or in part), or [ ] determine the validity” of certain specified orders. When a district court merely disagrees with an interpretation expressed in an agency’s regulation, it does not take any of the four actions specified by the Hobbs Act. Congress borrowed the terms used in the Hobbs Act — “enjoin,” “set aside,” “suspend,” and “determine the validity” — from preexisting statutory schemes governing judicial review of agency action. The brief canvasses these preexisting statutory schemes, primarily the Urgent Deficiencies Act of 1913 and the Emergency Price Control Act of 1942. Based on these precedents, the brief concludes that a court “determines the validity of” a regulation if, and only if, a violation of the regulation is necessarily a part of the elements of the crime or civil cause of action at issue in the case.
Synthesis of eight-bar linkages by constraining a 6R loop

This paper presents a design system for planar eight-bar linkages that begins with a user specified 6R planar loop and five required configurations, and computes two RR constraints that yield an eight-bar linkage. There are 32 ways that these constraints can be added to the 6R loop to yield as many as 340 different linkages, which include eight of the 16 eight-bar linkage topologies. An analysis routine based on the Dixon determinant is used to verify the performance of each design candidate. Random variation of task configurations within user specified tolerance zones is used to increase the number of candidate designs. The result is an effective system for the design of eight-bar linkages, which is demonstrated by designing linkages that guide movement though a symmetric and offset set of parallel task positions along a straight line.
Designing wind turbine rotor blades to enhance energy capture in turbine arrays

Abstract An inverse design approach is proposed to compute wind turbine blade geometries which maximize the aggregate power output from a wind farm. An iterative inverse algorithm is used to solve the optimization problem. The algorithm seeks to minimize the target function, f = − C P , av , where C P , av is the average normalized mechanical power of all the turbines in the wind farm. An upper bound on the blade planform area, representative of the blade weight, is imposed to demonstrate how to incorporate constraints in the design process. The power coefficients ( C P ) of the turbines in the farm are computed by solving the Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes equations with the turbine rotors modeled as momentum sources using the actuator disk model. The inverse design is carried out using the trust-region-reflective method, which is a nonlinear least squares regression solver. The computation cost is reduced by computing the Jacobian once every few iterations and approximating it using Broyden's method in between. The proposed design approach is first demonstrated to maximize the isolated performance of single- and dual-rotor wind turbines and subsequently used to design the blades for a 3-turbine array and a ten-turbine array in which the downstream turbines operate directly in the wake of the upstream turbines. For a turbine-turbine spacing of four rotor diameters, the farm-optimized blade designs increase the farm power output by over five percent and the optimized blade geometries are found to be considerably different from the blade geometry optimized for isolated turbine operation. As the turbine-turbine spacing is increased to eight rotor diameters, the difference between the blade geometry optimized for farm operation versus that for isolated operation, is reduced.
Tabular electrical conductivity for aluminium

A new Sesame-type table for the electrical conductivity of aluminum is described. The table is based on density functional theory calculations and ranges from 0.001 to 1 times solid density (2.7 g/cm^3 ), and from 0.01 to 1000 eV in temperature. The table is compared to other simulations and to experiments and is generally in good agreement. The high temperature, classical limit of the conductivity is recovered for the highest temperatures and lowest densities. The table is critically evaluated and directions for improvements are discussed.
Immunohistochemical Expression of Lymphoid Enhancer Binding Factor 1 in CD5-Positive Marginal Zone, Lymphoplasmacytic, and Follicular Lymphomas.

Objectives Lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1 (LEF1) is expressed in most cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) and has shown utility in distinguishing CLL/SLL from other small B-cell lymphomas. LEF1 expression has not been systematically studied in CD5-positive marginal zone lymphomas (MZLs), lymphoplasmacytic lymphomas (LPLs), and follicular lymphomas (FLs). We evaluated whether these cases lacked LEF1, helping to distinguish them from CLL/SLL. Methods MZLs, LPLs, and FLs expressing CD5 were retrospectively studied for expression of LEF1 by immunohistochemistry. Results LEF1 was absent in 17 of 18 CD5-positive lymphomas including 13 MZLs (2 nodal, 3 splenic, and 8 mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas), 3 LPLs, and 1 of 2 FLs. One grade 3A CD5-positive FL expressed LEF1 in a majority of tumor cells. Conclusions LEF1 is not expressed in most CD5-positive MZLs and LPLs; therefore, it is a reliable marker for distinguishing them from CLL/SLL. LEF1 may be expressed in CD5-positive FLs.
Inflammatory Choroidal Vascular Membranes

Inflammatory choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a sight threatening complication of noninfectious and infectious uveitic disorders. It is the third most common cause of CNV after age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and pathologic myopia. In this review, we provide an overview of inflammatory CNV including a review of the pathogenesis, the spectrum of clinical presentations, the various multimodal retinal imaging findings, and the management guidelines. We also describe the diagnostic challenge of differentiating inflammatory lesions from secondary CNV, providing some guiding principles in making this distinction. Lastly, we discuss the essential aspects of therapeutic management, emphasizing the importance of targeting both the inflammatory and neovascular disease components.
Nanoparticle mediated increased insulin-like growth factor 1 expression enhances human placenta syncytium function.

Abstract Introduction Placental dysfunction is an underlying cause of many major obstetric diseases and treatment options for complications like fetal growth restriction (FGR) are limited .We previously demonstrated nanoparticle delivery of the human insulin-like growth factor 1 (hIGF1) transgene under control of the trophoblast-specific PLAC1 promoter maintains normal fetal growth in a surgically-induced FGR mouse model. However, uptake by human placental syncytiotrophoblast has yet to be determined. Methods An ex vivo human placenta perfusion model, term placenta villous fragments, and other in vitro syncytiotrophoblast models were used to determine nanoparticle uptake, transgene expression, and functional responses under oxidative stress conditions. Results In the ex vivo perfusion, fluorescence from a Texas-Red conjugated nanoparticle increased in maternal perfusate upon nanoparticle addition and declined by the conclusion of the experiment (P Conclusion The current study confirms that our nanoparticle is capable of uptake in human placental syncytium which results in enhanced transgene expression, functional changes to cellular activity and protection against increased oxidative stress.
Dorsal Raphe Dopamine Neurons Signal Motivational Salience Dependent on Internal State, Expectation, and Behavioral Context.

The ability to recognize motivationally salient events and adaptively respond to them is critical for survival. Here, we tested whether dopamine (DA) neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) contribute to this process in both male and female mice. Population recordings of DRNDA neurons during associative learning tasks showed that their activity dynamically tracks the motivational salience, developing excitation to both reward-paired and shock-paired cues. The DRNDA response to reward-predicting cues was diminished after satiety, suggesting modulation by internal states. DRNDA activity was also greater for unexpected outcomes than for expected outcomes. Two-photon imaging of DRNDA neurons demonstrated that the majority of individual neurons developed activation to reward-predicting cues and reward but not to shock-predicting cues, which was surprising and qualitatively distinct from the population results. Performing the same fear learning procedures in freely-moving and head-fixed groups revealed that head-fixation itself abolished the neural response to aversive cues, indicating its modulation by behavioral context. Overall, these results suggest that DRNDA neurons encode motivational salience, dependent on internal and external factors. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Dopamine (DA) contributes to motivational control, composed of at least two functional cell types, one signaling for motivational value and another for motivational salience. Here, we demonstrate that DA neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) encode the motivational salience in associative learning tasks. Neural responses were dynamic and modulated by the animal9s internal state. The majority of single-cells developed responses to reward or paired cues, but not to shock-predicting cues. Additional experiments with freely-moving and head-fixed mice showed that head-fixation abolished the development of cue responses during fear learning. This work provides further characterization on the functional roles of overlooked DRNDA populations and an example that neural responses can be altered by head-fixation, which is commonly used in neuroscience.
Air Hunger: A Primal Sensation and a Primary Element of Dyspnea

The sensation that develops as a long breath hold continues is what this article is about. We term this sensation of an urge to breathe "air hunger." Air hunger, a primal sensation, alerts us to a failure to meet an urgent homeostatic need maintaining gas exchange. Anxiety, frustration, and fear evoked by air hunger motivate behavioral actions to address the failure. The unpleasantness and emotional consequences of air hunger make it the most debilitating component of clinical dyspnea, a symptom associated with respiratory, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases. In most clinical populations studied, air hunger is the predominant form of dyspnea (colloquially, shortness of breath). Most experimental subjects can reliably quantify air hunger using rating scales, that is, there is a consistent relationship between stimulus and rating. Stimuli that increase air hunger include hypercapnia, hypoxia, exercise, and acidosis; tidal expansion of the lungs reduces air hunger. Thus, the defining experimental paradigm to evoke air hunger is to elevate the drive to breathe while mechanically restricting ventilation. Functional brain imaging studies have shown that air hunger activates the insular cortex (an integration center for perceptions related to homeostasis, including pain, food hunger, and thirst), as well as limbic structures involved with anxiety and fear. Although much has been learned about air hunger in the past few decades, much remains to be discovered, such as an accepted method to quantify air hunger in nonhuman animals, fundamental questions about neural mechanisms, and adequate and safe methods to mitigate air hunger in clinical situations. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1449-1483, 2021.
Numerical modeling of multifrequency complex dielectric permittivity dispersion of sedimentary rocks

ABSTRACTThe dielectric response of rocks results from electric double layer (EDL), Maxwell-Wagner (MW), and dipolar polarizations. The EDL polarization is a function of solid-fluid interfaces, pore...
Proxy Contest, Staggered Boards

In a proxy fight, the acquirer and the target company use a variety of solicitation methods to influence shareholder votes for members of the board of directors. Shareholders must be sent a Schedule 14A, which contains a substantial amount of financial and other information about the target company; if the proxy fight is over a motion to sell the company, the schedule also includes the terms of the proposed acquisition. The staggered board, also known as “a classified board,” is a mechanism, which allows a board of directors to be elected to staggered terms, typically over three years, rather than annually. When a board of directors is staggered, only one-third of the directors are up for re-election in any given year. Staggered board are formidable antitakeover protection.
Coherent Transient Microwave Spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Methods

Transient experiments in gas-phase microwave spectroscopy of rotational transitions have developed rapidly in the past few years and show promise of remaining an area of ongoing theoretical and experimental research. The various phenomena involved are now sufficiently understood that it is possible to present a more-or-less unified treatment and comparison with the better-known transient experiments in magnetic resonance. Although isolated reports of the observation of microwave transient effects appear earlier in the literature (Dicke and Romer, 1955; Unland and Flygare, 1966; Hill et al., 1967; Harrington, 1968), transient phenomena did not begin to attract widespread attention until about 1972 (Levy et al.,1972; Macke and Glorieux, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1976; Wang et al., 1973a; Brittain et al.,1973; Amano and Shimizu, 1973; McGurk et al., 1974b,c,d; Brown, 1974; Weatherly et al., 1974; Dobbs et al., 1975; Mader et al., 1975; Hoke et al., 1975; Somers et al., 1975; Coy, 1975).
Evaluating and enhancing the feedback process: an international college case study

This paper identifies a style of feedback which is comprehensible and meaningful to international students on pathway to HE programmes. Moreover, it identifies the extent to which international students at pathway level can interact and engage with academic feedback on academic assignments in the fields of mathematics and statistics. Two distinct styles of feedback were offered to students studying academic modules on pathway programmes at Glasgow International College (a collaboration between Kaplan International Colleges and the University of Glasgow). Students were surveyed regarding their reaction to and use of assignment feedback, as well as their understanding of it and their perception of its role in their learning. This case study suggests that a simple and directed style of feedback which deals with each question or aspect of an assignment individually, highlighting weak areas and allowing students to pinpoint their weaknesses combined with short ‘feedback meetings’ is particularly appropriate for international students. This case study was financially supported using a professional development grant awarded by Glasgow International College.
Girl Writing a Letter

A thief drives to the museum in his black van. The night watchman says Sorry, closed, you have to come back tomorrow. The thief sticks the point of his knife in the guard's ear. I haven't got all evening, he says, I need some art. Art is for pleasure, the guard says, not possession, you can't something, and then the duct tape is going across his mouth. Don't worry, the thief says, we're both on the same side. He finds the Dutch Masters and goes right for a Vermeer: "Girl Writing a Letter." The thief knows what he's doing. He has a Ph.D. He slices the canvas on one edge from the shelf holding the salad bowls right down to the square of sunlight on the black and white checked floor. The girl doesn't hear this, she's too absorbed in writing her letter, she doesn't notice him until too late. He's in the picture. He's already seated at the harpsichord. He's playing the G Minor Sonata by Domenico Scarlatti, which once made her heart beat till it passed the harpsichord and raced ahead and waited for the music to catch up. She's worked on this letter for three hundred and twenty years. Now a man's here, and though he's dressed in some weird clothes, he's playing the harpsichord for her, for her alone, there's no one else alive in the museum. The man she was writing to is dead? time to stop thinking about him?the artist who painted her is dead. She should be dead herself, only she has an ear for music and a heart that's running up the staircase of the Gardner Museum with a man she's only known for a few minutes, but it's true, it feels like her whole life. So when the thief hands her the knife and says you slice the paintings out of their frames, you roll them up, she does it; when he says you put another strip of duct tape over the guard's mouth so he'll stop talking about aesthetics, she tapes him, and when the thief puts her behind the wheel and says, drive, baby, the night is ours, it is the Girl Writing a Letter who steers the black van on to the westbound ramp for Storrow Drive
Mind, Education, and Active Content

The notion of mind as an information processor has dominated much of the contemporary debate surrounding theory of mind. While mind-brain supervenience is generally accepted by theorists, the degree to which mind, and its attendant consciousness, can be viewed as a computer is an open question which forms the crux of the existing debate. From Daniel Dennett’s model of mind as a von Neumannesque serial processor implemented on the parallel architecture of the brain, to John Searle’s insistence on a purely metaphorical relation between mind and computer, to Roger Penrose’s dismissal of even metaphoric similarity, the topic has inspired models across the spectrum. While such speculative debate continues, the relation of these theories to education needs to be addressed. As Shelby Sheppard notes, mind and education are naturally “bound at the hip” when we assume that education is, in large part, the development of mind. Viewed from the perspective of theory of mind, the relation between mind and education focuses on how particular theories of mind account for the development of mind — that is, what can be learned and how we go about such learning. Looked at from the educational perspective, however, the focus is somewhat different. Rather than seeking descriptive and explanatory answers to the questions of what and how we learn, the question becomes how the constraints imposed by a theory of mind align with our normative view of what it means to be educated. In this case, we start with our normative ideal, assume some justifiable basis for its truth, and evaluate the viability of a theory based on how well it aligns with that ideal. Specifically, does the theory support claims of what should be learned with its claims of what can be learned? To the degree that we are unwilling to abandon the ideal, our normative view of education can be seen as a litmus test for theories of mind.
On the existence of two separate pools of glucose 6-phosphate in rat diaphragm.

Abstract Glucose-1-14C and glucose 6-phosphate-1-14C have been incubated with hemidiaphragm and intact diaphragm in a bicarbonate buffer. The relative incorporation of 14C from these two substrates into glycogen, CO2, lactate, and protein indicates the existence of two pools of glucose-6-P in the preparations. If this interpretation of the data is correct, one pool is accessible to glucose and glucose-6-P; CO2 and lactate are formed in this pool and their formation is not responsive to insulin. Exogenous glucose-6-P can have only minimal access, if at all, to the second pool. Glycogen is formed in this pool from glucose and its formation is responsive to insulin. While the two pools cannot be assigned with certainty to the muscle cell, evidence is presented which suggests that they are located in the muscle cell and that they are not an artifact of the preparations.
Experimental Tests of Risk Ladders in the Elicitation of Perceived Likelihood

Risk ladders have the potential to improve numeric judgments of low-likelihood events by providing information about the likelihoods of comparison risks, thereby letting respondents make risk estimates “in context.” However, to date this tool has been studied systematically only in communication of risk, not in elicitation of perceived likelihoods. In three studies, we evaluated the benefits of risk ladders on the consistency, validity, and mean-level accuracy of elicited likelihood judgments. When estimates for low-likelihood hazards were elicited using different numeric response scales (e.g., “1 in x” and “x in 100,000”), scale type had a strong effect on the magnitudes of the elicited estimates, and viewing a risk ladder (Experiment 1) or comparison risks (Experiments 2 and 3) did not attenuate this effect of scale type. Similarly, we found no evidence that risk ladders or comparison risks improved the convergent validity of numeric estimates, as measured using correlations with risk ratings made on alternative scale types. Finally, viewing comparison risks tended to reduce gross overestimation of rare events, with relatively less change in estimates for mid-likelihood and high-likelihood hazards. This suggests that comparison risks can spread responses to cover a wider range of values but do not ameliorate scale effects. In the elicitation of numeric risk estimates, how you ask matters, even if you let people make estimates “in context” through the use of comparative risk information
Surface acoustic wave modulation of optical cavities on a suspended membrane

Optical race-track resonators and one-dimensional photonic crystal cavities are integrated with surface acoustic wave devices on a suspended piezoelectric aluminum nitride film to realize strong, ultrafast sound-light interaction.
Intrauterine surgery for myelomeningocele and MOMS

Ms. Worcestor of the Tallahassee Bureau reported in October 2003 that Dr. Joseph Bruner told a world conference in Lisbon that intrauterine myelomeningocele repair (IUMR) results in fewer urinary tract infections, less gastrointestinal reflux, improved leg function and cognitive development and less need for a cerebrospinal fluid shunt. Our experience has been with only 22 cases. The authors of articles from Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Vanderbilt admit to premature births causing death (5 or 0.03%), infection, development of demoid tumours causing paralysis and maternal morbidity (N Engl J Med 2002). And their latest scientific article stated their CSF shunt rate is only 54.8 % (Pediat Neurosurg 2003). Our data are from five centres with experience in following patients referred for IUMR to CHOP, Vanderbilt or San Francisco. 20 of 22 mother/patients pairs (91%) are known to have significant complications as follows: 18/22 (82%) have CSF shunts one of whom had cardiac arrest due to high CSF pressure (2 were lost to follow up because their local centre recommended a shunt but the IUMR centre did not), 4 (17%) had the IUMR site dehisce, 4 (17%) developed sepsis – 3 meningitis and 1 sepsis and intracranial bleed due to prematurity, 7 had symptoms of Chiari II (30%) of which 3 (14%) were decompressed and 1 has required both gastrostomy and tracheotomy with ventilation, 8 patients (36%) were born prematurely and spent prolonged time in the neonatal intensive care nursery, 2 patients had hydromyelia, and one patient each developed mental retardation, tethered cord, broken femur, scoliosis or kyphosis as young infants. Five mothers developed significant complications as follows: one each rupture of the uterus, abruption of the placenta, intrauterine haemorrhage, dehiscence of her abdominal wound and oligohydramnios. These percentages add up to greater than the 91% because some individual pairs had more than one complication. Conclusion The Management of Myelomeningocele Study (MOMS) being funded by the U S Government in the 3 centres mentioned above is critically important from 48th Annual Meeting of the Society for Research into Hydrocephalus and Spina Bifida Dublin, Ireland, 23–26 June 2004 Published: 23 December 2004
Gene-Enzyme Relationships in Neurospora Invertase

A spontaneous, single-gene mutation responsible for a total lack of invertase activity in Neurospora crassa is described. The mutation is believed to lie in the structural gene for invertase, since an immunologically cross-reacting protein is made by the mutant strain. In addition, there was no evidence for a defect in regulation of invertase activity or synthesis by the following criteria. (i) The invertaseless condition was recessive in heterokaryons; (ii) no invertase inhibitor was found in mutant extracts by mixing experiments; and (iii) none of the several sugars able to induce activity in wild-type strains was able to induce activity in the mutant strain. It was also discovered that most of the wild-type enzyme (55 to 75%) cannot be washed free from the rapidly sedimenting cell debris. This finding provided additional support for the hypothesis that Neurospora invertase is located within or about the cell wall. Images
Likely multiple origins of a diploid hybrid sunflower species

The recurrent origin of diploid hybrid species is theoretically improbable because of the enormous diversity of hybrid genotypes generated by recombination. Recent greenhouse experiments, however, indicate that the genomic composition of hybrid lineages is shaped in part by deterministic forces, and that recurrent diploid hybrid speciation may be more feasible than previously believed. Here we use patterns of variation from chloroplast DNA (cpDNA), nuclear microsatellite loci, cross-viability and chromosome structure to assess whether a well-characterized diploid hybrid sunflower species, Helianthus anomalus, was derived on multiple occasions from its parental species, H. annuus and H. petiolaris. Chloroplast DNA and crossability data were most consistent with a scenario in which H. anomalus arose three times: three different H. anomalus fertility groups were discovered, each with a unique cpDNA haplotype. In contrast, there was no clear signature of multiple, independent origins from the microsatellite loci. Given the age of H. anomalus (> 100 000 years bp), it may be that microsatellite evidence for recurrent speciation has been eroded by mutation and gene flow through pollen.
Small-angle scattering computed tomography (SAS-CT) using a Talbot-Lau interferometer and a rotating anode x-ray tube: theory and experiments

X-ray differential phase contrast imaging methods, including projection imaging and the corresponding computed tomography (CT), have been implemented using a Talbot interferometer and either a synchrotron beam line or a low brilliance x-ray source generated by a stationary-anode x-ray tube. From small-angle scattering events which occur as an x-ray propagates through a medium, a signal intensity loss can be recorded and analyzed for an understanding of the micro-structures in an image object. This has been demonstrated using a Talbot-Lau interferometer and a stationary-anode x-ray tube. In this paper, theoretical principles and an experimental implementation of the corresponding CT imaging method are presented. First, a line integral is derived from analyzing the cross section of the small-angle scattering events. This method is referred to as small-angle scattering computed tomography (SAS-CT). Next, a Talbot-Lau interferometer and a rotating-anode x-ray tube were used to implement SAS-CT. A physical phantom and human breast tissue sample were used to demonstrate the reconstructed SAS-CT image volumes.
Some aspects of the biology of the parasitic gastropod, Asterophila japonica Randall and Heath (Prosobranchia: Melanellidae), From Southeastern Chukchi Sea and Northeastern Bering Sea, Alaska

Abstract The endoparasitic gastropod, Asteropbila japonica, was found within two arctic sea stars, Leptasterias polaris aceruata and L. arctica. Aspects treated here include (1) parasite- host spatial distribution (2) parasite-host interactions and (3) parasite reproductive observations.
Nanocrystallization of Bulk Steels through γ/α Transformation

A method of obtaining nanocrystallized bulk steels through phase transformation was investigated. Firstly, the austenite grain size of a microalloyed steel was refined to 1~3μm through repeatly heating and quenching; secondly, the samples with ultrafined austenite grains were heavily deformed at different temperature, and the uniform microstructures with some 0.1~0.3μm equiaxed ferrites were obtained.
Simplified "Y" Parameter Analysis of Multistage Linear Amplifiers

Cascaded amplifier stages are commonly found today in both the discrete and integrated circuit applications. The circuit designer would like to simplify the complex problem of analysis and design and wind up with an equivalent circuit expressed in terms of readily available parameters. To accomplish this, various building block amplifier stages are considered. The composite equivalent circuit of the various building block amplifiers are presented in their exact and approximate forms in terms of common emitter "y" parameters. An example of this technique is used in the analysis of a 45 MHz integrated circuit amplifier.
Cheddar Cheese from Retentate-Supplemented Whole Milk

Abstract Cheese milks were supplemented with approximately 4.5:1 ultrafihered whole milk retentates to between 1:1 and 1.9:1 total protein and made into 60 Cheddar cheeses. Total solids, fat, protein, and ash of Cheddar cheese increased with supplementation. Mean moisture was 37.2% for control cheese and 35.7% for cheese from milk mixtures supplemented to an average 1.9:1 total protein concentration. Mean yield was 10.1 kg/100kg cheese from unsupplemented milk and 19.5 kg/100kg from maximally supplemented (1.9:1) milk. Yield efficiency over the entire range of supplementation varied from 4.04 to 4.19kg cheese/kg casein. Major components of wheys from cheese made with retentate-supplemented milks were higher expressed as percent than components in wheys from control cheese. Total solids, total protein, and ash losses were lower in wheys from retentate cheese when expressed as kilograms component lost per kilogram cheese obtained. Cheese from supplemented milks displayed better flavor and textural quality than controls from unsupplemented milks. Optimum cheese quality was obtained from whole milks supplemented with retentates to 1.7:1 total protein concentrated in cheese held 4 months at 10°C.
Electronic Raman Scattering from Superconductors in the Vortex State: Experimental Features and Theoretical Issues

In a superconductor, single-particle excitations created by adding or removing an electron require a minimum energy given by the absolute value | | of the superconducting energy gap . An applied magnetic field enters a type II superconductor in the form of Abrikosov vortices. Around the core of each vortex the super current flows with a circulation equal to h. For conventional superconductors the cores are believed to contain only “normal” metallic electrons. These potentially offer sources of damping for various excitations. The gap may depend on the wavevector k of the added or removed particle, and in the vortex state, on its position. Indeed, according to Ginzburg–Landau theory, is proportional to the superconducting order parameter, which acquires a position-dependent phase, the “winding phase,” that changes by 2π around any closed path that winds once around a vortex. In 1961, Abrikosov and Falkovskii [1] predicted that electronic Raman scattering at small momentum transfer from a clean BCS superconductor should reveal the gap as a discontinuous sharp rise to a peak at an energy transfer equal to twice the gap, i.e. at 2 . Sometimes referred to as a “pair-breaking peak,” the 2 feature results from the creation during the lightscattering process of an electron–hole pair, each part of which requires a minimum energy of [2]. Subsequent theoretical work was based on Greens function approaches. See [3–5] for examples. This paper presents a brief survey of the few experiments that probed the effect of a magnetic field
Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis: A Report of Familial Occurrence

The findings in two siblings with morphologic evidence of idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis are reported, along with historical evidence for the disease occurring in their paternal grandmother. This is the first detailed report of the occurrence of this condition in siblings who were not twins. Possible etiologic factors of idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis are briefly discussed.
Valuations of Genetic Test Information for Treatable Conditions: The Case of Colorectal Cancer Screening

Background: The value of the information that genetic testing services provide can be questioned for insurance-based health systems. The results of genetic tests oftentimes may not lead to well-defined clinical interventions; however, Lynch syndrome, a genetic mutation for which carriers are at an increased risk for colorectal cancer, can be identified through genetic testing, and meaningful health interventions are available via increased colonoscopic surveillance. Valuations of test information for such conditions ought to account for the full impact of interventions and contingent outcomes. Objectives: To conduct a discrete-choice experiment to elicit individuals’ preferences for genetic test information. Methods: A Web-enabled discrete-choice experiment survey was administered to a representative sample of US residents aged 50 years and older. In addition to specifying expenditures on colonoscopies, respondents were asked to make a series of nine selections between two hypothetical genetic tests or a no-test option under the premise that a relative had Lynch syndrome. The hypothetical genetic tests were defined by the probability of developing colorectal cancer, the probability of a false-negative test result, privacy of the result, and out-ofpocket cost. A model specification identifying necessary interactions was derived from assumptions of risk behavior and the decision context and was estimated using random-parameters logit. Results: A total of 650 respondents were contacted, and 385 completed the survey. The monetary equivalent of test information was approximately $1800. Expenditures on colonoscopies to reduce mortality risks affected valuations. Respondents with lower income or who reported being employed significantly valued genetic tests more. Conclusion: Genetic testing may confer benefits through the impact of subsequent interventions on private individuals.
Water−Hydrocarbon Interfaces: Effect of Hydrocarbon Branching on Interfacial Structure

Molecular dynamics simulation are performed for the water/hydrocarbon system to study the effect of hydrocarbon branching on interfacial properties. The following two series of hydrocarbons are considered: (1) n-pentane, 2-methyl pentane, and 2,2,4-trimethyl pentane (constant chain length) and (2) n-octane, 2-methyl heptane, and 2,2,4-trimethyl pentane (constant molecular mass). With a simple algorithm for identification of surface sites and mapping nonsurface sites to these surface sites, intrinsic profiles were constructed with respect to the surface layer. Intrinsic density profiles for water and hydrocarbons with respect to the hydrocarbon and water surface, respectively, resemble density profiles of liquids in the presence of a wall. Order parameters were used to study orientation of molecules with respect to the surface normal and the hydrogen bond network was characterized in terms of the number of hydrogen bonds per water molecule and percentage of hydrogen bonded molecules in the first coordination shell. The corresponding intrinsic profiles were obtained. The O-H bond for surface water was found to have two preferential orientations, pointing toward the hydrocarbon phase and parallel to the interface. Hydrocarbon molecules in series 1 orient along the interface with the more branched molecule better aligned. For molecules in series 2, the larger molecular length reduces the alignment of molecules along the interface.
Experiences of Latino Men in Stepfamily Education

Relationship education evaluations have historically overlooked the experiences of ethnically diverse populations and stepfamilies. Using qualitative methods, this study examines the experiences of 16 Latino men in a stepfamily relationship education program. The four emergent themes dealt with recruitment and participation, improved family relationships, the value and importance of the family, and normalization of the participants' stepfamily situation. Subthemes of findings are presented, as well as implications for future programming.
Effects of monovalent, exchangeable cations and electrolytes on the relation between swelling pressure and interlayer distance in montmorillonite

Abstract An oriented gel of homoionic montmorillonite was supported on a porous filter in a metal environmental chamber fitted with beryllium windows for the transmission of X rays. Beneath the filter was a shallow reservoir connected to the outside atmosphere. Solution was expressed from the gel into the reservoir by admitting nitrogen gas to the environmental chamber at successively higher pressures. At each pressure the expressed solution in the reservoir was allowed to equilibrate through the filter with the gel and then the distance between the superimposed layers of montmorillonite in the gel was measured by X ray diffraction. The swelling pressure of the montmorillonite equals the applied pressure at equilibrium. Thus, the relation between the swelling pressure and interlayer distance of the montmorillonite was determined when it was saturated with different exchangeable cations and equilibrated with electrolyte solutions of different concentration. The experimental results showed that, at relatively low concentrations of electrolyte, neither the species of exchangeable cation nor the electrolyte concentration had any effect on the relation between the swelling pressure and the interlayer distance. However, at relatively high concentrations of electrolyte, both of these factors affected this relation. Since the effect of the electrolyte concentration was not described quantitatively by electric double-layer theory, it was assumed that this theory was not applicable and that the added electrolyte reduced swelling by disrupting the hydration shells surrounding the montmorillonite particles.
Diagnosis and management of Thygeson's superficial punctate keratitis.

Abstract Background Thygeson’s superficial punctate keratitis (TSPK) is a chronic disease with exacerbations and remissions over years to decades. Hallmarks of the disease include multiple, whitish-gray, intraepithelial corneal lesions with minimal or no conjunctival involvement. Although its exact etiology is controversial, TSPK has a genetic association with HLA-DR3, an antigen associated with immunogenic responses. Treatment of the disease varies depending on severity and can consist of artificial tears, corticosteroids, topical cyclosporine, or soft contact lenses. Case report A 33-year-old African-American man presented with a complaint of a foreign body sensation in both eyes. After a thorough examination, a diagnosis of TSPK was made, and after appropriate management, complete resolution of the acute disease ensued. Conclusions A discussion of the case presented aims to provide clinicians with a clearer understanding of the clinical findings, etiology, and management of TSPK.
Aspirin for secondary prevention after stroke of unknown etiology in resource-limited settings

Objective: To analyze the potential impact of aspirin therapy for long-term secondary prevention after stroke of undetermined etiology in resource-limited settings without access to neuroimaging to distinguish ischemic stroke from intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Methods: We conducted a decision analysis using a Markov state transition model. Sensitivity analyses were performed across the worldwide reported range of the proportion of strokes due to ICH and the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of aspirin-associated relative risks in patients with ICH. Results: For patients with stroke of undetermined etiology, long-term aspirin was the preferred treatment strategy across the worldwide reported range of the proportion of strokes due to ICH. At 34% of strokes due to ICH (the highest proportion reported in a large epidemiologic study), the benefit of aspirin remained beyond the upper bounds of the 95% CIs of aspirin-associated post-ICH relative risks most concerning to clinicians (ICH recurrence risk and mortality risk if ICH recurs on aspirin). Based on the estimated 11,590,204 strokes in low- and middle-income countries in 2010, our model predicts that aspirin therapy for secondary stroke prevention in all patients with stroke in these countries could lead to an estimated yearly decrease of 84,492 recurrent strokes and 4,056 stroke-related mortalities. Conclusions: The concern that the risks of aspirin in patients with stroke of unknown etiology could outweigh the benefits is not supported by our model, which predicts that aspirin for secondary prevention in patients with stroke of undetermined etiology in resource-limited settings could lead to decreased stroke-related mortality and stroke recurrence.
Academic Status as Related to the Development of Identity

Abstract The development of identity was studied as it changes over the freshman year in college and as it differs among high school students of various educational levels. The Erwin Identity Scale was readministered to 129 entering college freshman during either their first or second semester and administered to a sample of 169 high school students. MANOVA designs were calculated with followup analyses using ANOVA and Scheffe tests. The complexity of identity over the college freshman year was illustrated by gains in Confidence and losses on Conceptions About Body and Appearance. College freshman scored higher than high school seniors, who scored higher than other high school students. Men, overall, exhibited a higher degree of identity than women.
Abstract LB-245: MicroRNA-100 targets silencing mediator for retinoid receptors (SMRT), reduces proliferation, and improves survival in glioblastoma.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Improved therapeutic approaches are needed for the most common primary adult brain cancer, Glioblastoma (GBM) because of the current dismal median survival of less than two years. We identified and tested the differentially expressed microRNA-100 (MiR-100) as a candidate ‘tumor suppressor’ in GBM. Quantitative PCR validated differential microRNA array results showing high miR-100 expression in normal cells and low expression in multiple GBM lines. MiR-100 overexpression via transfection of 4 GBM lines with miR-100 precursor (U87, U251, patient-derived 22T and 33T) reduced proliferation on MTS assays (average 50% ± 15; p < 0.05). TUNEL assays showed that transient transfection of 15 pmole of miR-100 per 500K GBM tumor cells triggered apoptosis 70% more than scrambled control miR after 24 hrs (p < 0.01). SMRT was identified as a candidate miR100 target in multiple miRNA databases, and validated with miR100-specific inhibition in a luciferase-SMRT 3′UTR reporter assay. In addition, a single dose of pre-mir-100 (60 pmol) injected directly into intracranial GBM xenografts significantly extended survival 30% more than mice injected with control scrambled miRNA (p < 0.01; n=8). GBM lines that stably overexpressed miR-100 two-fold over similar control transfected GBM lines were created for in vivo studies: 10x6 cells were implanted for tumor xenograft histology and survival analysis. Significantly reduced Ki-67 proliferation index was observed compared to control (mir-100 vector: 18±14% Ki-67+; empty vector: 100±11% Ki-67+; p < 0.01). Two-fold over-expression of miR-100 in vivo showed an average of 70% reduction in Ki-67 proliferation index. Furthermore, miR-100 overexpressing cells were associated with significantly smaller xenografts than injection of sibling control GBM cells. These studies establish the ‘tumor suppressor’ activity of miR-100 in GBM, which may lead to further developments as novel GBM therapies. Citation Format: Bahauddeen M. Alrfaei, Raghu Vemuganti, John S. Kuo. MicroRNA-100 targets silencing mediator for retinoid receptors (SMRT), reduces proliferation, and improves survival in glioblastoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-245. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-LB-245
The genetics of phenotypic plasticity. XII. Temporal and spatial heterogeneity

To understand empirical patterns of phenotypic plasticity, we need to explore the complexities of environmental heterogeneity and how it interacts with cue reliability. I consider both temporal and spatial variation separately and in combination, the timing of temporal variation relative to development, the timing of movement relative to selection, and two different patterns of movement: stepping-stone and island. Among-generation temporal heterogeneity favors plasticity, while within-generation heterogeneity can result in cue unreliability. In general, spatial variation more strongly favors plasticity than temporal variation, and island migration more strongly favors plasticity than stepping-stone migration. Negative correlations among environments between the time of development and selection can result in seemingly maladaptive reaction norms. The effects of higher dispersal rates depend on the life history stage when dispersal occurs and the pattern of environmental heterogeneity. Thus, patterns of environmental heterogeneity can be complex and can interact in unforeseen ways to affect cue reliability. Proper interpretation of patterns of trait plasticity requires consideration of the ecology and biology of the organism. More information on actual cue reliability and the ecological and developmental context of trait plasticity is needed.