cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Noncoagulated, Exponential-Phase Cultures, and Preacidified Skimmilk for Decreasing the Setting Time for Manufacturing Cottage Cheese

Abstract Exponential-phase, noncoagulated starter cultures and skimmilk acidified with food-grade acids were utilized to decrease the setting time in the conventional method for manufacturing Cottage cheese. Noncoagulated, exponential-phase cultures were prepared with 0.05% inoculum of a commercial lactic culture in reconstituted skimmilk and incubating at 21 C for 15 hours, or by using 1.0% inoculum and incubating at 32 C for 5 hours. Sufficient amounts of citric acid, phosphoric acid, and a commercial mixture of these acids were added to reconstituted skimmilk to produce acidities approximating those of the exponential-phase starter cultures. The time required for manufacturing Cottage cheese by the conventional short-set procedure was compared with that using exponential-phase cultures and preacidified skimmilk. High-acid-coagulated starters (controls) were inoculated into skimmilk at 6% as in the conventional method for the manufacture of short-set Cottage cheese. The noncoagulated, exponential-phase starters were inoculated into skimmilk at 25%. Exponential-phase starters with no preacidification of the skimmilk decreased the setting time by 35% from that of the conventional procedure. Preacidification of skimmilk with phosphoric acid or a mixture of citric and phosphoric acids along with exponential-phase starters decreased the setting time 44%. Citric acid as the acidulant in combination with exponential-phase starters decreased the setting time 52% as compared to the conventional procedure.
Management information system of medical equipment using mobile devices

The large numbers of technologies currently incorporated into mobile devices transform them into excellent tools for capture and to manage the information, because of the increasing computing power and storage that allow to add many miscellaneous applications. In order to obtain benefits of these technologies, in the biomedical engineering field, it was developed a mobile information system for medical equipment management. The central platform for the system it's a mobile phone, which by a connection with a web server, it's capable to send and receive information relative to any medical equipment. Decoding a type of barcodes, known as QR-Codes, the management process is simplified and improved. These barcodes identified the medical equipments in a database, when these codes are photographed and decoded with the mobile device, you can access to relevant information about the medical equipment in question. This Project in it's actual state is a basic support tool for the maintenance of medical equipment. It is also a modern alternative, competitive and economic in the actual market.
Artifacts of specimen charging in X-ray microanalysis in the scanning electron microscope

Abstract The effects of charging of uncoated, highly resistive samples of energy-dispersive X-ray spectra are examined. It is observed that as sample charging increases, the continuum background and characteristic peaks at higher X-ray energies diminish. Modelling of the continuum background has allowed this effect to be related to the development of a surface potential on the sample. This potential reduces the effective accelerating voltage of the electrons and results in a decreased overvoltage necessary for excitation of higher-energy X-rays. This artifact may lead to erroneous results in compositional analysis based on such charging-affected spectra. However, it is observed that may highly resistive samples of practical interest may be accurately analyzed without coating when only a small potential is developed.
In‐Situ and Remote Soil Moisture Sensing Technologies for Vadose Zone Hydrology

are increasing as the world population is growing and more land is needed to produce food, fiber, and biofuels. Climate change is adding additional uncertainty. It is expected that water scarcity will continue to intensify in arid and semiarid areas and that humid areas will increasingly experience water shortages. The vadose zone plays a key role in many important hydrological processes, such as infiltration, runoff, soil water storage, root water uptake, and groundwater recharge. In managing limited water resources, water managers need a suite of decision support systems and management tools. Vadose zone soil water sensing, through in situ or remote techniques, has been proven extremely useful in this regard. A variety of in situ and remote soil water sensing techniques have been developed, tested, and used with different levels of success over the past decades. Observations using these two major types of soil water sensing methods are for different volumes, and with different spatial and temporal resolutions.This special section of
Inhibition of N‐Nitrosamine Formation in a Cured Ground Pork Belly Model System

A model system consisting of a uniformly distributed sample of ground pork in conjunction with a nitrite containing curing solution was utilized to evaluate the formation of N-nitrosamines. Utilizing this system a wide variety of compounds were discovered to dramatically reduce the level of N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPyr) formed during frying. Carbohydrates including the reducing sugars dextrose, ribose, lactose, and maltose, as well as liquid smoke preparations, were found to reduce NPyr levels by as much as 60%. In addition, when low levels of combinations of inhibitors glucose, liquid smoke, and α-tocopherol were incorporated, reductions in nitrosamine levels as great as 80% were observed in model systems as well as in pilot plant manufactured bacon.
Images in clinical medicine. Pulmonary and disseminated nocardiosis.

Figure 1. A 76-year-old man who had taken various doses of corticosteroids and methotrexate for Churg–Strauss syndrome was seen for anorexia, weakness, and painful “bumps” on his scalp. A creamy yellowish material spontaneously drained from some of the scalp lesions. Examination revealed several partially crusted furuncular lesions as well as enlargement of occipital and cervical lymph nodes. Treatment with dicloxacillin and, subsequently, azithromycin produced no improvement. Fever and chills appeared. The patient did not have a headache, chest pain, cough, or other pulmonary symptoms. Reexamination revealed a 3-cm erythematous, nonfluctuant soft-tissue mass on the back in addition to the scalp . . .
Critical pathway implementation reduced neonatal intensive care unit length of stay. 1405

Critical pathways are multifunctional, multidisciplinary guidelines for the care of the patients developed by collaborative efforts of nursing, medical and social work staff Gestational age specific critical pathways were developed in 1993-1994 and implemented in 1995. Neonates who were transferred out, expired or required NICU observation for one day were excluded from the study. Once per month 60 minutes long sessions were devoted to develop, implement and examine the effectiveness of the implementation by pediatric residents, attending physicians, subspecialty consultants and faculty. Duration of length of stay (LOS) was compared for NICU patients by birth weight category and unpaired one tailed student's t test was performed to calculate statistical significance. A p value of <0.05 was considered significant. N equals number of neonates. Conclusion: Although implementation of critical pathway did not reveal statistical significance, it showed a trend towards reduced mean length of stay for neonates in all birth weight categories except in 1001-1500 weight category. The reduced length of stay resulted in monetary benefits. Table
On the transitivity of regular differential forms

IfR/k resp.S/R are genetically smooth algebras of finite type, equidimensional of relative dimensiond resp.n, then the canonical isomorphism of meromorphic differential forms induces a homomorphism ωR/kd⊗ωS/Rn→S/kd+n of regular differential forms, which is an isomorphism ifR/k andS/R are Cohen-Macaulay or ifR/k is Gorenstein.
JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL MATHEMATICS

ment started years ago in agitation for a six year high secondary school; that the movement, in its narrow but popular sense, proposes a new organization of grades seven to nine, inclusive, (in Northern States), (a), preferably as a separate school, or (b), possibly, as the lower half of a six year high school, -in both cases, however, housed and administered separately from the lower grades; that, in a larger sense, the movement embraces all means of improving instruction for children in grades seven to nine inclusive, independent of, although including such particular means as new housing and administration.
The association of gender and body mass index with postoperative pain scores when undergoing ankle fracture surgery.

Background: Intraoperative administration of opiates for postoperative analgesia requires a dosing strategy without clear indicators of pain in an anesthetized patient. Preoperative patient characteristics such as body mass index (BMI), gender, age, and other patient characteristics may provide important information regarding opiate requirements. This study intends to determine if there is an association between gender or BMI and the immediate postoperative pain scores after undergoing an open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of an ankle fracture with general anesthesia and morphine only analgesia. Materials and Methods: Using a retrospective cohort design, the perioperative records were reviewed at a university healthcare hospital.One hundred and thirty-seven cases met all inclusion and no exclusion criteria. Postanesthesia care unit (PACU) records were reviewed for pain scores at first report and 30 min later as well as PACU opiate requirements. T-test, chi-square, and Mann-Whitney tests compared univariate data and multivariate analysis was performed by linear regression. Results: There were no statistically significant PACU pain score group differences based on gender or BMI. Post hoc analysis revealed that in the setting of similar pain scores, obese patients received a similar weight based intraoperative morphine dose when using adjusted body weight (ABW) compared to nonobese subjects. A further finding revealed a negative correlation between age and pain score (P = 0.001). Conclusion: This study did not find an association between obesity or gender and postoperative pain when receiving morphine only preemptive analgesia. This study does support the use of ABW as a means to calculate morphine dosing for obese patients and that age is associated with lower immediate pain scores.
Hands-On Teaching of Software and Web Applications Security

Well-educated and technically skilled engineers, developers and programmers of secure software and Web systems are in high demand in industry these days. As a result, there is a need for a design and development of learning content aimed, on one hand, at software and Web security concepts, models, methods, algorithms, schemes, technologies, techniques, and tools used to design, develop, deploy, and maintain highly secure software and Web systems. On the other hand, due to multiple reports by professional societies, agencies and consulting firms in information/data security, students should obtain deep knowledge and excellent hands-on technical skills for a reliable protection of real-world software, Web and computer information systems against advanced types of modern computer attacks (that are, sometime, called Attacks 2.0). The purpose of this paper is to present designed, developed and tested elements of “Software and Web Applications Security” undergraduate and graduate courses that are based on active hands-on teaching approach; it is focused on developed learning framework for each type of computer attack discussed. This framework includes 1) analysis of relevant vulnerabilities in software and Web systems; 2) an overview of computer attack; 3) demonstration of an attack in a real time in lab environment; 4) attack's step-by-step algorithm (procedure); 5) software implementation of an attack; 6) prevention of an attack and defense mechanism(s); 7) advanced types of an attack; and 8) relevant hands-on exercises.
2-Deoxy-D-glucose activates autophagy via endoplasmic reticulum stress rather than ATP depletion.

The glucose analog and glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG), which is currently under clinical evaluation for targeting cancer cells, not only blocks glycolysis thereby reducing cellular ATP, but also interferes with N-linked glycosylation, which leads to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and an unfolded protein response (UPR). Both bioenergetic challenge and ER stress have been shown to activate autophagy, a bulk cellular degradation process that plays either a pro- or anti-death role. Here, we investigate which pathway 2-DG interferes with that activates autophagy and the role of this process in modulating 2-DG-induced toxicity. Pancreatic cancer cell line 1420, melanoma cell line MDA-MB-435 and breast cancer cell line SKBR3 were used to investigate the relationship between induction by 2-DG treatment of ER stress/UPR, ATP reduction and activation of autophagy. ER stress/UPR (Grp78 and CHOP) and autophagy (LC3B II) markers were assayed by immunoblotting, while ATP levels were measured using the CellTiter-Glo Luminescent Cell Viability Assay. Autophagy was also measured by immunofluorescence utilizing LC3B antibody. Cell death was detected with a Vi-Cell cell viability analyzer using trypan blue exclusion. In the three different cancer cell lines described earlier, we find that 2-DG upregulates autophagy, increases ER stress and lowers ATP levels. Addition of exogenous mannose reverses 2-DG-induced autophagy and ER stress but does not recover the lowered levels of ATP. Moreover, under anaerobic conditions where 2-DG severely depletes ATP, autophagy is diminished rather than activated, which correlates with lowered levels of the ER stress marker Grp78. Additionally, when autophagy is blocked by siRNA, cell sensitivity to 2-DG is increased corresponding with upregulation of ER stress-mediated apoptosis. Similar increased toxicity is observed with 3-methyladenine, a known autophagy inhibitor. In contrast, rapamycin which enhances autophagy reduces 2-DG-induced toxicity. Overall, these results indicate that the major mechanism by which 2-DG stimulates autophagy is through ER stress/UPR and not by lowering ATP levels. Furthermore, autophagy plays a protective role against 2-DG-elicited cell death apparently by relieving ER stress. These data suggest that combining autophagy inhibitors with 2-DG may be useful clinically.
Type-of-Rearing and Location Effects on Broiler Body Weights

Abstract AN IMPORTANT consideration to workers in poultry breeding research and to supervisors of random sample tests is whether a stock reared in one pen or house will perform differently than when reared in another. If such location effects do exist, intermingling of entries may be a satisfactory solution to reduce such effects in broiler evaluation studies. A larger number of replications may be another method of measuring real genetic differences between entries. Merritt and Gowe (1956) reported on the performance of eight crossbred and two purebred broiler stocks reared at three widely different locations in Canada. They studied 6-week body weight as well as body weight, breast angle, keel length, and shank length at 10 weeks of age and found highly significant location effects for all traits studied, except 6-week body weight. The only significant “strain” × location interactions noted were those for 6-week body weight in males and for …
Language learning and the politics of belonging: Sudanese women refugees becoming and being "American"

In this article, I explore the complicated relationship between ideologies of language and language learning, discourses of immigration and belonging, and the actual lived experiences of individual language learners. The analysis demonstrates how questions of educational access, economic stability, and social membership are all influenced by a range of social, political, and historical factors, particularly for recently arrived immigrants and refugees from war-torn African contexts.
Effects of mitomycin C on the infection of cells by polyoma virus and its DNA

Abstract Treatment of mouse embryo cell cultures with mitomycin C, sufficient to inhibit cell multiplication completely, led only to a partial decrease in uptake of thymidine. Such treatment of tissue culture cells before or after infection with polyoma virus or its infectious DNA virtually abolished production of virus or hemagglutinating viral antigen. The antibiotic, before or after chemical reduction, exerted no direct inhibitory effect on the infectious agents in vitro. However, there was a direct inhibitory effect on the virus and its isolated DNA when these were incubated with mitomycin in presence of the reducing agent dithionite. It appears, in confirmation of the studies of others, that mitomycin is converted by reduction to an extremely active form by the cellular enzyme system and that it is this form which interacts with both the viral or host cell genomes. Prereduced mitomycin appears to be rapidly inactivated by the aqueous media employed. Evidence is presented that cellular production of polyoma virus requires the integrity of both viral and host cell genomes.
Environmental context and recognition memory reconsidered

This study demonstrated that environmental-context(EC)-dependent memory can occur with recognition memory. In Experiment 1, five lists were presented, each in a different room, and recognition memory for all five lists was tested in one of the five rooms. On a yes-no recognition test, recognition was reliably affected by EC. In Experiment 2, two lists were studied, each in a different room, and memory for both lists was tested in one of the two rooms, using either free-recall, cued-recall, or recognition testing. Reliable effects of the test room were found only on the recognition test, which contained a randomized mix of the two lists. The results of both experiments show that contrary to the prevailing belief, EC-dependent recognition does occur in the laboratory.
Bipolar pharmacotherapy and suicidal behavior. Part I: Lithium, divalproex and carbamazepine.

INTRODUCTION: The anti-suicidal benefit of lithium on suicidal behavior in bipolar disorder is well-established. Data are mixed on the effects of divalproex and carbamazepine. METHODS: Retrospective chart review study of 405 veterans with bipolar disorder followed for a mean of 3 years, with month by month review of clinical progress notes, and systematic assessment of current pharmacotherapy and suicide completion, attempt or hospitalization for suicidality. Comparison of suicide event rates (events/100 patient years) between mood stabilizers and during-vs-after discontinuation of mood stabilizers, with linear regression analysis for influence of potential confounding variables, and robust bootstrap confirmation analysis. RESULTS: No completed suicides occurred during or after discontinuation of monotherapy. Rates of non-lethal suicidal behavior were similar during lithium (2.49), divalproex (4.67) and carbamazepine (3.80) monotherapies. There was a sixteen fold greater, highly statistically significant non-lethal suicidal event rate after discontinuation compared with during mood stabilizer monotherapy (55.89 vs. 3.48 events/100 patient years; Chi2=13.95; df=1; p Language: en
Bromide and atrazine leaching in furrow- and sprinkler-irrigated corn.

Irrigation method is an important consideration in the management of nutrients and pesticides. A 2-yr study was undertaken to evaluate Br - and atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] leaching following uniform spray application in a corn (Zea mays L.) field under three irrigation treatments: (i) furrow irrigation with water placement in every furrow (EF), (ii) furrow irrigation with water placement (at twice the rate) in alternate furrows (AF), and (iii) sprinkler irrigation (SP). The soil, a Fort Collins clay loam (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Aridic Haplustalf), was ridged and furrowed for all irrigation treatments. In both years of the study, Br movement under all three irrigation treatments was dominated by lateral flow into the ridge and/or dry furrow positions. The deepest Br - leaching was found in the SP treatment, but with irrigation scheduled at 100% of evapotranspiration (ET) in no case in either year did Br - mass below the root zone (1.2 m) exceed 3% of applied mass. Comparing the furrow irrigation treatments, applying water at twice the rate to alternative furrows neither increased nor decreased the plot averaged downward movement of Br - . Atrazine movement was largely unaffected by the type and placement of irrigation, though in each treatment the downward leaching of atrazine was much greater than expected, suggesting nonequilibrium conditions and/or movement with a mobile reactive phase. A modified version of the unsaturated flow and transport code CHAIN-2D, which included two-dimensional root water and solute uptake with partitioning of the soil water into mobile and immobile regions, accurately simulated the Br - concentration profiles. The model will be useful in evaluating management alternatives for the placement of water and chemicals that minimize losses below the root zone.
Flow-mediated signaling modulates endothelial cell phenotype.

The focal development of atherosclerosis in the vascular tree may be explained in part by the local nature of blood flow. Bifurcations and branching points, prone to early atherogenesis, experience disturbed and oscillatory flow, whereas straight vascular regions, resistant to atherosclerosis, are exposed to steady laminar flow. A large number of studies suggest that the antiatherosclerotic effects of laminar flow are in part due to the ability of flow to modulate endothelial cell phenotype. Under steady laminar flow, endothelial cells generate molecules that promote a vasoactive, anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, and growth-inhibitory surface. In contrast, disturbed flow induces a proliferative, prothrombotic, and adhesive phenotype. Endothelial cells are able to sense the variations of flow via mechanosensitive cell surface proteins and to transduce these signals via intracellular pathways to transcription factors in the nucleus leading to phenotypic changes. This review summarizes the “outside-in” sign...
A Critical Interpretation of Policies for Minority Students in Washington State.

Presented is a critical ethnographic analysis of minority culture-based policies and programs on six university campuses in Washington state and how their existence contributes to the retention and success of students of color and to increased racial and ideological separatism. Conclusions are based on interviews with 60 educators intimately involved with programs and policies that attempt to support or reinforce the culture and heritage of specific ethnic minority student groups.
Explaining Gendered Math Enrollments for NSW Australian Secondary School Students

This study examined why female adolescents choose to opt out of the math pipeline during high school more often than males, which has implications for their long-term careers.
Nationwide data confirms absence of 'July phenomenon' in obstetrics: it's safe to deliver in July.

To determine whether operator-dependent obstetric complications occur at higher rates in July at teaching hospitals using a large, nationwide sample of deliveries. Data for this study were obtained from an administrative dataset, the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, for the years 1998 to 2002. Singleton deliveries and singleton livebirth admissions among Medicaid patients at teaching hospitals with OB/GYN residents working on the Labor and Delivery ward were identified. Outcomes for various complications for these patients in the month of July were compared to those occurring in the months from August to June. The 26 546 women in our cohort who delivered in July were compared to the 272 584 women delivering during August to June. There were no statistically significant differences in the rates of cesarean delivery, urethral/bladder injury, third or fourth degree lacerations, wound complications, postpartum hemorrhage, transfusion, shoulder dystocia, chorioamnionitis or anesthesia-related complications. The 26 175 singleton livebirth admissions in July were compared to 266 158 such admissions in August to June. There were no statistically significant differences in the rates of brachial plexus injury (0.2 vs 0.2%, P=0.824) or birth asphyxia (0.1 vs 0.1%, P=0.643). This study shows no increased rate of operator-dependent complications of delivery at teaching hospitals nationwide in the month of July.
Dysfunctional HDL and progression of atherosclerosis in HIV-1-infected and -uninfected adults

Background: HDL function rather than absolute level may be a more accurate indicator for risk of developing atherosclerosis. Dysfunctional HDL has increased redox activity and reduced antioxidant properties, but it is unknown whether abnormal HDL function is associated with progression of atherosclerosis in HIV-1-infected subjects. Findings: We retrospectively measured serum HDL function in 91 subjects from a prospective 3-year study of carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT), which enrolled triads of risk factor-matched persons that were HIV-1-uninfected (n=36) or HIV-1+ with (n=29) or without (n=26) protease inhibitor (PI)-based therapy for ≥ 2 years. HDL function was assessed using a biochemical assay that measures the oxidation of dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR oxidation rate, DOR), in which higher DOR readout corresponds to dysfunctional HDL phenotype. There were no significant associations between DOR and HIV-1 infection. In univariate analysis of 55 HIV-1-infected subjects, greater waist circumference and lower serum HDL were significantly associated with higher baseline levels of DOR (p=0.01). These subjects had significant increases in levels of DOR over time (3 years) that were associated with white race (p=0.03), higher nadir CD4 count (p 0.1) (DOR), were significantly associated (p=0.02) with progression of CIMT. Conclusion: In a small matched cohort study of HIV-1-infected subjects who had a low cardiovascular risk profile, HDL function changed over time and was independently associated with anthropometric parameters of obesity but not with progression of CIMT.
Violence and drugs.

In 1967, after completing a psychiatric residency at Harvard and as I was finishing my two-year stint in the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (an alternative to military service during the Vietnam War), I looked for my first job outside of medical training. Inspired by the lives of my two heroes, John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King, Jr., I turned to the goal of reducing serious crime which was then just becoming epidemic. I saw the best opportunity in the application of public health principles, working directly with convicted criminals. Giving a medical twist to the adage of the time, attributed to bank robber Willie Sutton, who, when asked why he robbed banks, responded simply "Because that's where the money is," I reasoned that if I could do something to help those folks with the worst criminal records, I could help not only them, but also their families and their communities. To achieve this goal, I went to work full-time at the District of Columbia Department of Corrections, setting up an office in Lorton, Virginia, in one of the nation's most notorious prison complexes.
Interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12, and Interferon-γ Production in Primary and Memory Immune Responses to Varicella-Zoster Virus

Varicella immunization provided the opportunity to examine the kinetics of interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12 and interferon (IFN)-gamma production elicited during primary in vivo sensitization with proteins of varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a common human herpesvirus. VZV-specific IFN-gamma release and T cell proliferation were elicited by immunization and persisted through 15 months of follow-up. The induction of VZV-specific T cells and IgG antibodies was accompanied by transient increases in IL-10 and IL-12 production. T cell proliferation to VZV was significantly lower in adults at 15 months than in vaccinated children or naturally immune subjects and correlated with lower IFN-gamma responses in individual vaccinees. After primary immunity was induced, continued IL-12 production was not necessary to maintain the predominant Th1-type response elicited by VZV. Cytokine profiles observed during primary in vivo sensitization to VZV suggest that parallel increases in IFN-gamma and IL-10 may be important in the induction of immunity to some viral pathogens.
Reverse osmosis in annuli

The nonlinear problem of reverse osmosis in annular conduits is solved by a series expansion method which is very accurate in the diffusion entrance region near the inlet of the membrane section. It is found that polarization at the outer membrane surface is significantly greater than at the inner wall. In the diffusion entrance region, for the problem considered, the degree of polarization depends on the three parameters, σ, and B2, which are known once the operating conditions and the physical properties of the system are specified. The quantities θi (0) are tabulated for a wide range of ηk and B2. With these quantities known one can apply Equation (17) at β = 0 to calculate the wall concentration distribution and, with Equation (4), the flux distribution along the system. Then, by using Equation (26), the water produced by the system can be determined explicitly in terms of prescribed operating conditions.
Molecular cloning of a novel splice variant of the alpha subunit of the mammalian Go protein.

We screened a HIT (hamster insulin-secreting tumor) cell cDNA library constructed in lambda gt11 with a Go-specific oligonucleotide probe and isolated six recombinant phages. The inserts of these phages encoded two forms of alpha o, called here alpha o1 and alpha o2. The deduced amino acid sequence of alpha o1 is identical in all of its 354 amino acids to that reported previously for rat and bovine alpha o; that of alpha o2, also of 354 amino acids, is identical to alpha o1 up to and including amino acid 248 and differs thereafter in 26 amino acids. At the nucleotide level, alpha o1 and alpha o2 are identical up to and including the second base of the codon that specifies amino acid 243 and differs thereafter in 88 nucleotides of the remaining open reading frame and has no similarity to alpha o1 in its 3'-untranslated region. We propose that alpha o1 and alpha o2 result as a consequence of alternative splicing of a single alpha o transcript. Northern analysis with specifically designed oligonucleotides indicates that both forms of alpha o are expressed in normal tissues, e.g. brain. After in vitro transcription and translation, the peptides encoded in the alpha o1 and alpha o2 cDNAs could be ADP-ribosylated by pertussis toxin in the presence of added beta gamma dimers. The count of distinct G proteins keeps increasing.
High-Risk Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Although most children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are cured, certain subsets have a high risk of relapse. Relapse risk can be predicted by early response to therapy, clinical and pharmacogenetic features of the host, and genetic characteristics of leukemic cells. Though early treatment response can be assessed by the peripheral blast cell count after 1 week of single-agent glucocorticoid treatment or percent of bone marrow blasts by morphology after 1 or 2 weeks of multiagent induction treatment, determination of minimal residual disease by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or flow cytometry after 2 to 6 weeks of induction is the most precise and useful measure. Augmented therapy has improved outcome for the poor responders to initial treatment. Infants with mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL)–rearranged ALL comprise a very poor-risk group wherein further intensification of chemotherapy causes significant toxicity. Hybrid protocols incorporating drugs effective for acute myeloid leukemia could improve survival, a strategy being tested in international trials. Studies on the biology of MLL-induced leukemogenesis have prompted the development of novel targeted agents, currently under evaluation in clinical trials. Short-term outcomes of patients with Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)–positive ALL have improved significantly by adding tyrosine kinase inhibitors to standard chemotherapy regimens. New agents and methods to overcome resistance are under investigation, and allogeneic stem cell transplantation is recommended for certain subsets of patients, for example those with Ph+ and T-cell ALL with poor early response. Genome-wide interrogation of leukemic cell genetic abnormalities and germline genetic variations promise to identify new molecular targets for therapy.
The interleaved authentication for filtering false reports in multipath routing based sensor networks

In this paper, we consider filtering false reports in braided multipath routing sensor networks. While multi-path routing provides better resilience to various faults in sensor networks, it has two problems regarding the authentication design. One is that, due to the large number of partially overlapped routing paths between the source and sink nodes, the authentication overhead could be very high if these paths are authenticated individually; the other is that false reports may escape the authentication check through the newly identified node association attack. In this paper we propose enhancements to solve both problems such that secure and efficient authentication can be achieved in multi-path routing. The proposed scheme is (t + 1)-resilient, i.e. it is secure with up to t compromised nodes. The upper bound number of hops that a false report may be forwarded in the network is O(t/sup 2/).
Effects of fluid flow on the growth and assembly of ZnO nanocrystals in a continuous flow microreactor

The assembly of nanocrystals is considered to be one of the most promising approaches to design nano-, microstructures and complex mesoscopic architectures. A variety of strategies to induce nanocrystal assembly have been reported, including directed assembly methods that apply external forces to fabricate assembled structures. In this study, ZnO nanocrystals were synthesized in an aqueous solution using a continuous flow microreactor. The growth mechanism and stability of the ZnO nanocrystals were studied by varying the pH and flow conditions of the aqueous solution. It was found that convective fluid flowing from Dean vortices in a winding microcapillary tube could be used for the assembly of ZnO nanocrystals. The ZnO nanocrystal assemblies formed three-dimensional mesoporous structures of different shapes, including a tactoid and a sphere. The assembly results from a competing interaction between the electrostatic forces caused by the surface charge of the nanocrystals and the collision of the nanocrystals associated with Dean vortices. The dispersion behaviours of the ZnO assembly in some solvents were also studied. MeOH, a strong precipitant, led to the precipitation of the ZnO assembly. This study shows that the external forces from convective fluid flow could be applied to fabricate an assembly of functional metal oxides with complex architectures using a continuous flow microreactor.
Relations of pitch matching, pitch discrimination, and otoacoustic emission suppression in individuals not formally trained as musicians.

Summary Research has yielded a relationship between pitch matching and pitch discrimination. Good pitch matchers tend to be good pitch discriminators and are often judged to be vocally talented. Otoacoustic emission suppression measures the function of the efferent auditory system which may affect accuracy for pitch matching and pitch discrimination. Formally trained musicians show pitch matching and pitch discrimination superior to those of nonmusicians and have greater efferent otoacoustic emission suppression than nonmusicians. This study investigated the relationship among pitch matching, pitch discrimination, and otoacoustic emission suppression in individuals with no formal musical training and who showed varied pitch matching and pitch discrimination. Analysis suggested a significant relationship between pitch matching and pitch discrimination but not between otoacoustic emission suppression and pitch matching and pitch discrimination. Findings are presented in the context of previous research indi...
Reachability, Controllability and Observability for Time-Varying Discrete Descriptor Systems

This paper investigates the problems of reachability, controllability and observability for time-varying discrete descriptor systems of the form E(t+1) x(t+1) = A(t)×(t) + B(t)u(t), y(t) = C(t)×(t), where E(t+1) may be singular. Some conditions for the reachability, controllability and observability are obtained respectively. The results obtained here are essentially important in controlling such systems [1,2].
Modeling and simulation of a nanowire-based cantilever structure

Recently there has been a lot of research based on nanoscale structures and their applications but not a significant amount of modeling and simulation methods have been presented to expedite and simplify such work. In this paper we have shown that the commercially available MEMS enabled software tools can be used to model nanoscale structures of the order of hundreds of nanometers and that this kind of modeling can also be used to simulate the application of such structures into devices like sensors.. ZnO nanowires have been modeled as a cantilever structure and their frequency response has been studied. The calculated and the simulated resonance frequencies for the nanowires varying in length from 600nm to 900nm had an average difference of 0.5%. Change in frequency response of the cantilever with addition of external mass was also found to be in accordance with the theoretical formula.
Heavy-Tailed Process Priors for Selective Shrinkage

Heavy-tailed distributions are often used to enhance the robustness of regression and classification methods to outliers in output space. Often, however, we are confronted with "outliers" in input space, which are isolated observations in sparsely populated regions. We show that heavy-tailed stochastic processes (which we construct from Gaussian processes via a copula), can be used to improve robustness of regression and classification estimators to such outliers by selectively shrinking them more strongly in sparse regions than in dense regions. We carry out a theoretical analysis to show that selective shrinkage occurs when the marginals of the heavy-tailed process have sufficiently heavy tails. The analysis is complemented by experiments on biological data which indicate significant improvements of estimates in sparse regions while producing competitive results in dense regions.
Dynamic Stark effect and forbidden-transition spectral line shapes

We report on an experimental and theoretical study of the dynamic (ac) Stark effect on a forbidden transition. A general framework for parametrizing and describing off-resonant ac-Stark shifts is presented. A model is developed to calculate spectral line shapes resulting from resonant excitation of atoms in an intense standing light wave in the presence of off-resonant ac-Stark shifts. The model is used in the analysis and interpretation of a measurement of the ac-Stark shifts of the static-electric-field-induced $6{s}^{2}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{1}S_{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5d6s^{3}D_{1}$ transition at $408\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ in atomic Yb. The results are in agreement with estimates of the ac-Stark shift of the transition under the assumption that the shift is dominated by that of the $6{s}^{2}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{1}S_{0}$ ground state. A detailed description of the experiment and analysis is presented. A biproduct of this work is an independent determination (from the saturation behavior of the 408-nm transition) of the Stark transition polarizability, which is found to be in agreement with our earlier measurement. This work is part of the ongoing effort aimed at a precision measurement of atomic parity-violation effects in Yb.
Ghost driver: a platform for investigating interactions between pedestrians and driverless vehicles

How will pedestrians and cyclists interact with self-driving cars when there is no human driver? To find answers to this question we need a secure experimental design in which pedestrians can interact with a car that appears to drive on its own. In Ghost Driver we staged a fake autonomous car by installing LIDARs, cameras and decals on the outside of the vehicle and by covering the driver with a seat costume so that it appeared that there was no driver in the car. In initial field studies we found that this Wizard-of-Oz technique convinced more than 80% of the participants that the car was driving autonomously without a driver. Consequently the Ghost Driver methodology could become a platform for further investigation of how pedestrians or cyclists interact with driverless vehicles.
Measuring Androgyny in Adulthood

A critique is presented of trends in sex differences studies over the past few years. Such studies have failed to study possible integration of sex role identity as a developmental process, and have often neglected self-definitions in favor of stereotypes. A new approach for measuring androgynous competencies is suggested which utilizes Bakan's (1966) concepts of agency and communion. Adult women high on both agentic and communion competencies seem to have many advantages over those who are low on both competencies or who are competent in only one area.
Presurgical Anxiety Treated with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in a 13-Year-Old Female with Cleft Lip and Palate: A Psychological Case Report

This case report describes presurgical anxiety in a 13-year-old female with complete cleft lip and palate, treatment of the anxiety with cognitive-behavioral therapy and progressive relaxation with biofeedback prior to a septorhinoplasty, and the treatment outcome.
Guest Editorial: Special Section on Circuit and System Design Methodologies for Emerging Technologies

The demand for ever smaller, portable, energy-efficient and high-performance electronic systems has been the primary driver for CMOS technology scaling. As CMOS scaling approaches physical limits, it has been fraught with challenges that required introduction of newer materials, manufacturing processes and device structures. High- $\kappa$ oxide and metal-gate stack was introduced to mitigate oxide leakage which became a significant concern for sub-65nm CMOS technologies. Thin body, undoped channels, and multiple-gate structures were introduced to mitigate subthreshold leakage as battery life for mobile devices rose to prominence. 3D transistors such as double-gate FinFET and trigate transistors have been introduced to improve ON current and reduce subthreshold leakage without compromising layout efficiency that is crucial for device density which leads to lower costs. These innovations have allowed sustained scaling of CMOS technology which will continue to dominate semiconductor manufacturing for reasons that are both technological and financial. In CMOS technology, charge conveys logic information. Movement of charge is central to computation and storage, which entails a minimum energy dissipation of the order kB $\ast$ T per switching event. It has been argued that energy dissipation defines the fundamental limit of CMOS scaling.
Risk Factors Associated with Asthma-Related Hospitalizations Among Older Adults

S A T U R D A Y Cathryn J. Luria, MD, Alexandra R. Sitarik, MS, Suzanne Havstad, MA, Ganesa R. Wegienka, PhD, Haejin Kim, MD, Edward M. Zoratti, MD, FAAAAI, Christine L. M. Joseph, PhD, AndreaCassidy-Bushrow, PhD; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, Henry Ford Health System, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Detroit, MI, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI. RATIONALE: The relationship between asthma symptoms and perceived stress and trait anxiety is not well understood. METHODS: Adolescents ages 14-17 years were recruited to examine the effect of stress on health measures. They were included in the present analysis if they reported current asthma, defined as self-reported cliniciandiagnosed asthma plus one or more episodes of asthma in the past year. Asthma symptomswere assessed on a 7-point Likert scale using six asthma control questionnaire items targeting nocturnal awakening due to asthma, symptoms upon awakening, activity limitation, shortness of breath, time spent wheezing, and short-acting bronchodilator (SABA) use. Stress was measured using the perceived stress scale (PSS), and trait anxiety was measured using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Linear regression was used to associate asthma symptoms with PSS and trait anxiety. RESULTS: Of335adolescents recruited, 38 (11.3%) reportedcurrent asthma. Four of the six asthma symptom assessments had significant associations with PSS: symptoms upon awakening (b54.8, p-value<0.001), nocturnal awakening due to asthma (b54.47, p<0.001), activity limitation (b52.78, p50.005), and shortness of breath (b51.73, p50.014). These associations remained significant after adjusting for gender, race, and BMI percentile. Time spentwheezingandSABAusewerenot significantly associatedwithPSS.Trait anxiety had significant associations with nocturnal awakening (b59.28, p50.002) and symptoms upon awakening (b58.74, p50.002). CONCLUSIONS: Asthma symptoms are associated with increased perceived stress and trait anxiety. Asthmatic adolescents may represent a population that is particularly vulnerable to perceived stress and anxiety, highlighting the importance of considering these factors in asthma counseling.
Producers in Competitive Markets

In competitive markets, firms have little control over price. Competitive firms are called price-takers because they must accept the price that the market gives, rather than setting their own as the monopolist price-setter does. Perfect competition is an economic ideal of a market where competitive forces prevail. In a competitive market, there are many buyers and sellers, each small relative to the market. The sell products of identical quality are sold at the same price. Entry and exit to the market are not restricted. Competitive firms maximize the profits by producing where price equals marginal cost. In the long run, firms enter or exit an industry until a level of zero economic profits prevails. Changes in production cost or changes in market demand affect the firm's production decision. Changing marginal costs alter the firm's best output level. Changes in demand alter market price and lead to changes in production and entry or exit from the industry. Prices of goods in the long run depend on conditions in the industry involved. In the long run, supply prices might be constant, rising, or falling. Industries experience differing costs as the number of firms or plant sizes in the industry change. The short-run equilibrium for an industry occurs when individual firms maximize profits and supply-demand equilibrium prevails in the market, assuring a stable price. In the long run, firms alter fixed inputs to minimize average total costs and new firm entry or exit can take place. Industry profits are zero in perfectly competitive markets in the long run.