cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-term effects on feeding and body weight after stimulation of forebrain or hindbrain CRH receptors with urocortin

Research on the contribution of CRH receptor stimulation to energy homeostasis has focused on forebrain substrates. In this study, we explored the effects of caudal brainstem administration of the CRH receptor agonist, urocortin, on food intake and body weight, and on plasma glucose and corticosterone (CORT) in non-deprived rats. Urocortin (0, 0.3, 1, 3 μg) delivered, respectively, to the fourth and lateral ventricles yielded substantial suppression of food intake measured 2, 4 and 24 h later. A significant but more modest anorexia was observed between 24 and 48 h after injection. Intake responses did not differ between the injection sites, but body weight loss measured 24 h after lateral-i.c.v. injection was substantially greater than that after fourth-i.c.v. injection. Fourth-i.c.v. urocortin administration (3 μg) produced substantial elevations in plasma glucose and CORT that were not distinguishable in magnitude and duration from responses to lateral-i.c.v. delivery. Unilateral microinjection of urocortin into the dorsal vagal complex significantly reduced 24-h food intake at a dose (0.1 μg) that was subthreshold for the response to ventricular administration, suggesting that fourth-i.c.v. effects are mediated in part by stimulation of CRH receptors in this region of the caudal brainstem. The results indicate that similar effects can be obtained from stimulation of anatomically disparate populations of CRH receptors, and that interactions between forebrain and hindbrain structures should be considered in the evaluation of CRH contributions to food intake and body weight control.
Isotopic compositions of xenon and krypton in Belgian Congo pitchblende.

Isotopic compositions of xenon and krypton released from a sample of Belgian Congo pitchblende were measured mass-spectrometrically in stepwise heating experiments. Relative contributions from spontaneous fission of 238U, thermal neutron-induced fission of 235U and fast neutron-induced fission of 238U, to the production of fissiogenic xenon found in the ore were calculated to be 64.1, 18.8 and 17.1 percent, respectively.
Importance of the β12-β13 Loop in Protein Phosphatase-1 Catalytic Subunit for Inhibition by Toxins and Mammalian Protein Inhibitors

Type-1 protein serine/threonine phosphatases (PP1) are uniquely inhibited by the mammalian proteins, inhibitor-1 (I-1), inhibitor-2 (I-2), and nuclear inhibitor of PP1 (NIPP-1). In addition, several natural compounds inhibit both PP1 and the type-2 phosphatase, PP2A. Deletion of C-terminal sequences that included the beta12-beta13 loop attenuated the inhibition of the resulting PP1alpha catalytic core by I-1, I-2, NIPP-1, and several toxins, including tautomycin, microcystin-LR, calyculin A, and okadaic acid. Substitution of C-terminal sequences from the PP2A catalytic subunit produced a chimeric enzyme, CRHM2, that was inhibited by toxins with dose-response characteristics of PP1 and not PP2A. However, CRHM2 was insensitive to the PP1-specific inhibitors, I-1, I-2, and NIPP-1. The anticancer compound, fostriecin, differed from other phosphatase inhibitors in that it inhibited wild-type PP1alpha, the PP1alpha catalytic core, and CRHM2 with identical IC(50). Binding of wild-type and mutant phosphatases to immobilized microcystin-LR, NIPP-1, and I-2 established that the beta12-beta13 loop was essential for the association of PP1 with toxins and the protein inhibitors. These studies point to the importance of the beta12-beta13 loop structure and conformation for the control of PP1 functions by toxins and endogenous proteins.
Expanding Urban Learning Experiences For Non‐Traditional Students

Educating nurses in the motivation and ability to provide appropriate and quality health care to urban inner-city residents with complex and multiple health problems has been a continuing challenge to academic institutions. Recruiting appropriate students and providing meaningful learning experiences is the first of many challenges. Understanding and addressing the many barriers to accessing health services is an important learning outcome. Successful providers with underserved populations have been found to have a strong sense of service to humanity and pride in making a difference and have thrived on the challenges of creatively using limited resources to deal with their patients' complex needs. Establishing a Returned Peace Corps Fellows program and a community health nursing track within the undergraduate program in nursing has provided some successes and additional answers. While studying for a professional degree, the Fellows are placed in a service position to integrate their Peace Corps experiences into new professional learning as it is taking place and to earn a stipend to assist with the cost of their education. This has led to the development of a community health nursing track in the undergraduate program, a combination of required-for credit courses, credit-earning enrichment and independent study experiences, and stipend-earning clinical experiences outside the curriculum.
Managing patients with multiple sclerosis through a new multidisciplinary program: MS eye center for analysis, research and education

Abstract Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) demonstrate complex and varied visual functional deficits and therapeutic outcomes. Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and visual field may be compromised. This paper presents three patients with different visual deficits and goals. Low vision rehabilitation assessment may include adaptive aids and training for magnification, filters and field enhancement systems. Successful low vision rehabilitation can restore function and independence.
Are stress and coping associated with WISC-III performance among children ?

This study examined the association between stress/coping variables and the newly developed Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – III (WISC-III) among children. Subjects included 98 children (72 males, 26 females), who ranged in age from 6 to 16 years and who were referred for multidisciplinary diagnostic testing during 1992-93. Demographic, DSM-III-R diagnostic, and testing data from the WISC-III were obtained from patient charts. Results suggest that stress and coping are associated with WISC-III performance among referred children in this archival and correlational study. Implications for future research are discussed.
Optimal design of an intensity-based reciprocity-insensitive intrinsic fiber optic electric current sensors

The intensity-based reciprocity-insensitive structure (IRIS) can effectively compensate the birefringent and lossy influences in low-birefringence fiber-based current sensors. Theoretical model and analysis for different Lo-Bi fiber sensors are given based on the Jones matrix technique, and it is shown that the stability of the sensor can be maximized by using the IRIS and choosing a suitable initial birefringence. Experimental results agree well with those from simulations.
Estimation of the turnover rates of 3H-uridine in mouse skeletal tissues during aging

Abstract Age associated changes in turnover rates of 3H-uridine by osteogenic and chondrogenic cells was autoradiographically investigated. One hundred and forty-four BNL mice, from 5 to 78 weeks of age, were injected with 5 μ Ci of 3H-uridine/g body weight and were killed from 15 min to 30 days later. Autoradiographs were prepared from femora and grain counts were obtained over the nucleus and cytoplasm of labeled periosteal and endosteal osteoblasts as well as articular and epiphyseal cartilage cells. Nuclear turnover of 3H-uridine demonstrated a biphasic character: a rapidly metabolizing fraction with a biological half-life ranging from 3.5 h in endosteal osteoblasts to 9.8 h in epiphyseal cartilage cells; and a slower metabolizing fraction with half-lives ranging from 6.5 days in periosteal cells to 13.0 days in the epiphyseal cells. Estimated half-lives of 3H-uridine over the cytoplasm ranged from 6.2 days in the endosteum to 11.3 days in the articular cartilage. With increasing age, there was an apparent decrease in total cell activity and in turnover of RNA in all cell compartments. Articular cartilage was the least metabolically active compartment in the young animal, but suffered the least relative decrease with age in 3H-uridine metabolic activity. Epiphyseal cartilage cells showed the greatest age-decline. Age changes in the biological half-life of 3H-uridine reflect concomitant decrease in physiological needs.
Evidence on Barriers to the Parallel Advancement of Male and Female Agricultural Economists

Barriers to parallel advancement of male and female economists and managers (but not agricultural economists) have been studied in some detail (Reagan, Strober, Epstein, Gordon and Strober). Reagan wrote, "On the supply side, barriers to full career development for women are likely to be those common to all professional occupations plus the effect of women's perceptions of the intensity of the demand-side barriers of the particular profession (i.e., any lack of support of male colleagues, professional isolation and lack of access to information network, or employers' lack of perception of the women's career potential). One group of supply-side barriers in
Existence of simultaneous route and departure choice dynamic user equilibrium

Abstract This paper is concerned with the existence of the simultaneous route-and-departure choice dynamic user equilibrium (SRDC-DUE) in continuous time, first formulated as an infinite-dimensional variational inequality in Friesz et al. (1993) . In deriving our existence result, we employ the generalized Vickrey model (GVM) introduced in Han et al., 2013a , Han et al., 2013b to formulate the underlying network loading problem. As we explain, the GVM corresponds to a path delay operator that is provably strongly continuous on the Hilbert space of interest. Finally, we provide the desired SRDC-DUE existence result for general constraints relating path flows to a table of fixed trip volumes without invocation of a priori bounds on the path flows.
Baptism and the Soteriology of Forgiveness

This article examines the relation of Christian baptism to the saving work of God in Christ. In critical conversation with the later work of Barth, the article argues that baptism, as visible word, both attests and mediates divine forgiveness. Consequently, baptism with water and baptism with the Holy Spirit are not to be bifurcated from each other. Believer’s baptism is the norm, although infant baptism is not excluded. Baptism exemplifies the koinonia of divine and human action without falling into synergism, and without appealing to inappropriate notions of causality.
Space-time migration of earthquakes along the North Anatolian fault zone and seismic gaps

— The North Anatolian fault is a well-defined tectonic feature extending for 1400 km across Northern Turkey. The space-time distribution of seismicity and faulting of this zone has been examined with a particular emphasis on the identification of possible seismic gaps. Results suggest several conclusions with respect to the temporal and spatial distribution of seismicity. First, the earthquake activity appears not to be stationary over time. Periods of high activity in 1850–1900 and 1940 to the present bracket a period of relatively low activity in 1910–39. Second, there appears to have been a two-directional migration of earthquake epicenters away from a central region located at about 39°E longitude. The migration to the west has a higher velocity (>50 km/yr) than the migration to the east (< 10km/yr). The faulting associated with successive earthquakes generally abuts the previous rupture. Some existing gaps were filled by later earthquakes.
Spinothalamic and spinomedullary neurons in macaques: A single and double retrograde tracer study

Abstract The location and perikaryal size of spinothalamic cells and of spinal neurons projecting to the dorsal column nuclei has been compared in adult monkeys ( Macaco fascicularis ) in which horseradish peroxidase has been injected in either the ventrobasal complex or the dorsal medulla. Spinothalamic neurons are found mainly in lamina I and in the lateral portions of laminae IV-VI throughout the side of the cord contralateral to the thalamic injection. Spinomedullary neurons are most ipsilateral to the medullary injection, in medial portions of laminae IV-VI throughout cervical levels but laterally, in the same laminae, in lumbar segments. At these levels, spinothalamic and spinomedullary neurons are also found along the lateral border of the ventral horn; neurons in this location, labelled by either injection, are large (40–65 μm in diameter), and are indistinguishable from ‘spinal border cells’ at the origin of the ventral spinocerebellar tract. Computer-assisted measurement of perikaryal size reveals that the mean values for dorsal horn neurons of the two systems differ significantly, although a sizeable fraction of both neuronal populations have identical cytological characteristics, including perikaryal size. A double-labelling strategy employing horseradish peroxidase and [ 3 H]-apo-horseradish peroxidase has been applied (a) to identify simultaneously cells of origin of the two ascending systems and to appreciate better their topographical relationships, and (b) to answer the question of whether at least some of these spinal neurons have axons which, by way of collateral branching, reach both targets. The distribution of neurons at the origin of the two ascending tracts in animals with injection of the two tracers is identical to that revealed in animals in which only horseradish peroxidase has been injected. While primarily single-labelled neurons are found throughout the cord, some large dorsal horn neurons in both brachial and lumbosacral enlargements are labelled by both cytoplasmic horseradish peroxidasepositive granules and by reduced silver grains on the overlying emulsion. These double-labelled cells are interpreted as having an axon which gives origin, presumably at spinal cord levels, to collaterals ascending to both the ipsilateral medulla and the contralateral thalamus. Systematic evaluation of the extent to which ascending pathways to various supraspinal targets originate from common spinal neurons may provide new insights into the functional mechanisms of ascending spinal systems.
Effects of Relative Humidity, Temper, and Stress on Exfoliation Corrosion Kinetics of AA7178

Abstract Exfoliation corrosion (EFC) of AA7178 (UNS A97178) has been quantitatively studied using the exfoliation of slices in humidity (ESH) test, which measures exfoliation layer thickness of the...
A dual function for a bacterial small RNA: SgrS performs base pairing-dependent regulation and encodes a functional polypeptide

SgrS is a 227-nt small RNA that is expressed in Escherichia coli during glucose-phosphate stress, a condition associated with intracellular accumulation of glucose-6-phosphate caused by disruption of glycolytic flux. Under stress conditions, SgrS negatively regulates translation and stability of the ptsG mRNA, encoding the major glucose transporter, by means of a base pairing-dependent mechanism requiring the RNA chaperone Hfq. SgrS activity mitigates the effects of glucose-phosphate stress, and the present study has elucidated a function of SgrS that is proposed to contribute to the stress response. The 5' end of SgrS, upstream of the nucleotides involved in base pairing with the ptsG mRNA, contains a 43-aa ORF, sgrT, that is conserved in most species that contain SgrS-like small RNAs. The sgrT gene is translated in E. coli under conditions of glucose-phosphate stress. Analysis of alleles that separate the base pairing function of SgrS from the sgrT coding sequence revealed that either of these functions alone are sufficient for previously characterized SgrS phenotypes. SgrS-dependent down-regulation of ptsG mRNA stability does not require SgrT and SgrT by itself has no effect on ptsG mRNA stability. Cells expressing sgrT alone had a defect in glucose uptake even though they had nearly wild-type levels of PtsG (IICB(Glc)). Together, these data suggest that SgrS represents a previously unrecognized paradigm for small RNA (sRNA) regulators as a bifunctional RNA that encodes physiologically redundant but mechanistically distinct functions contributing to the same stress response.
Synthesis, conformational polymorphism, and construction of a G-T diagram of 2-[(2-nitrophenyl)amino]-3-thiophenecarbonitrile

5-Nor-Me was prepared by a two-step synthesis. A disappearing polymorph, the yellow form (Y), was observed during synthesis, but pure Y could not be obtained with further purification by crystallization. The other two forms, red (R) and orange (O), were prepared by crystallization from tetrohydrofuran (THF) and absolute ethanol, respectively. Single-crystal structure data show that the 5-Nor-Me molecules in R and O have significantly different conformations; the thiophene ring and phenyl ring in 5-Nor-Me R are more planar than those in 5-Nor-Me O. The physical stabilities of 5-Nor-Me O and R were determined using X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), thermal analysis, hot-stage microscopy, solubility determination, and calculation of lattice energy. DSC shows no difference for the R and O forms. The equilibrium melting point of R is shown to be 0.6 °C higher than O, and the lattice energy of R is lower than O. Slurry conversion studies indicate that R is more stable than O in the investigated temperature range...
Prolonged Exposure, Mindfulness, and Emotion Regulation for the Treatment of PTSD:

Although several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of prolonged exposure (PE) for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), there are concerns regarding its clinical applications....
Synthesis of ion-selective polymer-supported crown ethers: a review

Crown ethers are a unique category of ionic complexants whose recognition properties derive from both the atoms within the molecule and the overall structure. Immobilization of the crown ethers onto polymers allows for ease of handling, recyclability and adaption to continuous processes for this important set of complexants. The purpose of this review is to examine the different immobilization schemes for crown ethers having varying sets of donor atoms on organic polymers and the resulting metal ion affinities in order to provide an understanding of the strategies which are available to the synthesis chemist. The syntheses may be divided into three categories: (1) step-growth polymerization, (2) chain-growth polymerization, and (3) post-functionalization of pre-formed polymers. It is found that apparent metal ion affinities may be influenced by accessibility of the ions into the matrix. Use of hydrophilic polymers can be important for a high degree of ionic complexation.
Effect of rotation on the radiographic appearance of the femoral canal

Radiographic templating is a key element of preoperative planning for cementless total hip arthroplasty, and it aids in the selection of an appropriate implant. Frequently, the radiographic projection of the proximal femur does not correspond to that of the femoral prosthesis on its template due to variations in patient positioning. This discrepancy is a potential source of error when predicting which femoral component will best fit within the femoral canal. To evaluate the effect of femoral rotation on the size and shape of its radiographic image, anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of 12 femora were prepared over a range of positions. Several medullary canal dimensions were measured for each projection. The changes in these dimensions were compared using the image at neutral rotation as a reference. Each femur was then implanted with an appropriately sized cementless prosthesis to determine its actual rotational orientation in the canal. On the anteroposterior projection, statistically significant changes in the width of the proximal canal with femoral rotation were noted. There was no statistically significant change in distal canal dimensions with rotation. On the lateral projection, the dimensions of the proximal canal changed significantly with internal rotation; however, external rotation had no effect on canal dimensions. In general, the magnitude and direction of the canal dimensions were highly variable. The final rotational orientation of the femoral component in the canal was quite variable with respect to the plane of the femoral neck. Errors in implant selection may be due to excessive reliance on preoperative templating, which can be misleading because of femoral rotation.
Anxiety and Social Phobia in Stuttering

This study compared symptoms of anxiety among a sample of 22 stutterers to previously gathered data for social phobics and nonpatient controls. Stutterers had more social anxiety and avoidance than did nonpatient controls. The stuttering group had less social distress and avoidance, less fear of negative evaluation, fewer symptoms of social phobia, and fewer symptoms of agoraphobia as compared to the social phobia group. There was not, however, a significant difference between the stuttering and social phobia groups on a measure of general anxiety. The majority of stutterers reported speech-related fear as their primary phobia. The results of the study suggest that stutterers may not suffer from social phobia, but that some stutterers may avoid social situations because of fear of stuttering.
BAC-G2 Predictions of Thermochemistry for Gas-Phase Aluminum Compounds

A self-consistent set of thermochemical data for 55 molecules in the Al-H-C-O-F-Cl system are obtained from ab initio quantum-chemistry calculations using the BAC-G2 method. Calculations were performed for both stable and radical species. Good agreement is found between the calculations and experimental heats of formation in most cases where data are available for comparison. Electronic energies, molecular geometries, moments of inertia, and vibrational frequencies are provided in the Supporting Information, as are polynomial fits of the thermodynamic data (heat of formation, entropy, and heat capacity) over the 300--3000 K temperature range.
Cytotoxic effect of thiacarbocyanine dyes on human colon carcinoma cells and inhibition of bovine heart mitochondrial NADH-ubiquinone reductase activity via a rotenone-type mechanism by two of the dyes

Five lipophilic-cationic thiacarbocyanine compounds differing in the side chains (methyl-S13, ethyl-S23, propyl-S33, butyl-S43, and pentyl-S53) and a related thiadicarbocyanine compound with ethyl side chains (S25) exhibited a selective cytotoxic effect on human colon carcinoma cells compared to green monkey kidney epithelial cells. The inhibitory concentration for 50% inhibition of growth (IC50) for the carcinoma cells ranged from 13 nM for S13 and S23 to 160 nM for S25. The carcinoma cells were 4- to 100-fold more sensitive than the normal cells. Two of the five compounds, S13 and S23, selectively inhibited NADH oxidase activity with bovine heart submitochondrial particles (SMP). There was no discernable inhibitory effect by the other three thiacarbocyanine compounds on electron transport chain activity. The primary site of inhibition within the respiratory chain for S13 and S23 appeared to be the NADH to coenzyme Q portion of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Artificial electron acceptors for this segment of respiratory chain were used to localize the inhibitory site. Using SMP, both S13 and S23 inhibited reduction of menadione, duroquinone, and coenzyme Q. Using purified complex I (NADH-ubiquinone reductase) (EC 1.6.99.3), S13 slightly inhibited reduction of juglone, duroquinone, and coenzyme Q, whereas S23 had no effect on any of the substrates. When rotenone-saturated SMP were used, the inhibitory effects of S13, but not S23, on the reduction of menadione were abolished, as was the inhibitory effect of S13 on coenzyme Q reduction when rotenone-insensitive complex I was used as the source of the enzyme. These results suggest that (1) S13 and S23 inhibition of NADH-ubiquinone reductase activity is enhanced by the membrane environment of the enzyme, and (2) the inhibition appears to be in part akin to the inhibiting mode of rotenone.
Enclosing All Solutions of Two-Point Boundary Value Problems for ODEs

The two-point boundary value problem (TPBVP) occurs in a wide variety of problems in engineering and science, including the modeling of chemical reactions, heat transfer, and diffusion, and the solution of optimal control problems. A TPBVP may have no solution, a single solution, or multiple solutions. A new strategy is presented for reliably locating all solutions of a TPBVP. The method determines narrow enclosures of all solutions that occur within a specified search interval. Key features of the method are the use of a new solver for parametric ODEs, which is used to produce guaranteed bounds on the solutions of nonlinear dynamic systems with interval-valued parameters and initial states, and the use of a constraint propagation strategy on the Taylor models used to represent the solutions of the dynamic system. Numerical experiments demonstrate the use and computational efficiency of the method.
False discovery rate in linkage and association genome screens for complex disorders

We explore the implications of the false discovery rate (FDR) controlling procedure in disease gene mapping. With the aid of simulations, we show how, under models commonly used, the simple step-down procedure introduced by Benjamini and Hochberg controls the FDR for the dependent tests on which linkage and association genome screens are based. This adaptive multiple comparison procedure may offer an important tool for mapping susceptibility genes for complex diseases.
Widespread genetic linkage of mating signals and preferences in the Hawaiian cricket Laupala

The evolution of novel sexual communication systems is integral to the process of speciation, as it discourages gene flow between incipient species. Physical linkage between genes underlying male–female communication (i.e. sexual signals and preferences for them) facilitates both rapid and coordinated divergence of sexual communication systems between populations and reduces recombination in the face of occasional hybridization between diverging populations. Despite these ramifications of the genetic architecture of sexual communication for sexual selection and speciation, few studies have examined this relationship empirically. Previous studies of the closely related Hawaiian crickets Laupala paranigra and Laupala kohalensis have indirectly suggested that many of the genes underlying the difference in pulse rate of male song are physically linked with genes underlying the difference in female preference for pulse rate. Using marker-assisted introgression, we moved ‘slow pulse rate’ alleles from L. paranigra at five known quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying male pulse rate into the ‘fast pulse rate’ genetic background of L. kohalensis and assessed the effect of these loci on female preference. An astounding four out of five song QTL predicted the preferences of female fourth-generation backcrosses, providing direct evidence for the extensive genetic linkage of song and preference in one of the fastest diversifying genera currently known.
Educational Opportunity in an Urban American High School: A Cultural Analysis.

Educational Opportunity in an Urban American High School:. Cultural Analysis. Patrick James McQuillan. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998. 243 pp.
Response to social and monetary reward in neurosis.

Abstract Operant response to positive reinforcement in the form of verbal and monetary reward was tested with twenty Behavior Disordered (neurotic patients defined by a history of anti-social illegal activities), twenty Dysthmic (neurotic patients with no history of anti-social illegal activities), and twenty Normal (non-patient volunteer) subjects. The Behavior Disordered were more responsive to verbal approval and modified their behavior to obtain approval to a greater extent than either of the other groups. They were more persistent in responding in the monetary reward situation, although the Normals were more successful in terms of total amount of money obtained. These results support the outcome of a previous study by the present authors and clinical experience, but are inconsistent with reports that Dysthymics are more responsive to verbal approval. It is suggested that the interaction of the personality characteristics of the subject with the sex and status of the experimenter may be critical in determining responsiveness. Behavior Disordered subjects are likely to be more responsiveness to peers and to those of the opposite sex, and Dysthymics to those of higher status.
Genetic variation in westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi: implications for conservation

Twenty-five populations of westslope cutthroat trout from throughout their native range were genotyped at 20 microsatellite loci to describe the genetic structure of westslope cutthroat trout. The most genetic diversity (heterozygosity, allelic richness, and private alleles) existed in populations from the Snake River drainage, while populations from the Missouri River drainage had the least. Neighbor-joining trees grouped populations according to major river drainages. A great amount of genetic differentiation was present among and within all drainages. Based on Nei’s D S , populations in the Snake River were the most differentiated, while populations in the Missouri River were the least. This pattern of differentiation is consistent with a history of sequential founding events through which westslope cutthroat trout may have experienced a genetic bottleneck as they colonized each river basin from the Snake to the Clark Fork to the Missouri river. These data should serve as a starting point for a discussion on management units and possible distinct population segments. Given the current threats to the persistence of westslope cutthroat trout, and the substantial genetic differentiation between populations, these topics warrant attention.
Bipolar Plate Thermal Response to PEM Fuel Cell Stack Compressive Load

This technical brief reports new findings regarding the strong relationship between the temperature of the bipolar plates of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack and thermal conditions within the membranes of the stack. The unique feature of the study is the notion that bipolar plate temperature might be used as an indicator to identify optimal stack clamping pressures that lead to nearly isothermal conditions inside the stack. Uniform thermal (and humidity) conditions are expected to enhance fuel cell durability and reliability.
THE INFLUENCE OF CHILDHOOD DISCIPLINARY EXPERIENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALCOHOLISM AND DEPRESSION

Abstract— In this case-control study, respondents from the general population with a lifetime diagnosis of major depressive disorder, alcohol abuse and/or dependence, or the absence of any psychiatric disorder ascertained by the St. Louis Epidemiological Catchment Area Study were reinterviewed about their early home environments during the period when they were 6 to 13 years of age. Two discipline scales were developed through factor analysis, and logistic regression was used to build a model using all the predictors. Unfair, inconsistent and harsh discipline by parents predicted both alcohol and depressive disorders independently of the influence of parental psychiatric history, the respondent's sex, and childhood behavior problems.
Sizing of cell-level analog circuits using constrained optimization techniques

A CAD tool that accurately sizes analog circuits in short-channel CMOS processes using SPICE-quality device models and constrained optimization techniques is presented. All knowledge about device behavior is embedded within an encapsulated device evaluator which simplifies the description of the analog circuit that must be provided by an expert designer, and makes that description independent of the specific device type and technology. The use of constrained optimization allows the KCL and KVL constraints that determine the DC operating point of a circuit to be formulated and solved for simultaneously with the performance constraints. In addition, the constrained optimization formulation of the analog design problem makes it easy for the user to study trade-offs in the circuit design space by varying the performance constraints. Simulation results demonstrate the tool's ability to accurately synthesize high-performance two-stage CMOS operational amplifiers in 2 mu m and 1.2 mu m CMOS processes. >
Comparative Pathology of a Chicken-origin and Two Duck-origin Influenza Virus Isolates in Chickens: The Effect of Route of Inoculation

Forty-nine 5-week-old chickens were inoculated by the intravenous (IV), intratracheal (IT), or intranasal (IN) routes with either a chicken-origin or one of two duck-origin type A influenza virus isolates. Twelve control chickens were inoculated with sterile chorioallantoic fluid. For all viruses, IV inoculation produced predominate lesions of renal tubule necrosis (nephrosis) and nephritis, and influenza virus nucleo- protein was localized in nuclei and cytoplasm of necrotic renal tubule epithelium. Chickens inoculated by the IT route, and to a lesser extent the IN route, had mild to severe tracheitis, bronchitis, and ventromedial pneumonia associated with secondary bronchi but lacked renal tubule necrosis and nephritis. These data indicate low-virulence avian-origin influenza viruses were nephrotropic during simulated systemic infection (IV inoc- ulation) and pneumotropic during simulated local infection (IT and IN inoculation). Gross and histologic kidney lesions produced by IV inoculation of the chicken-origin influenza virus were similar to changes reported in outbreaks of low-virulence influenza virus in laying chickens. During natural outbreaks of low-virulence influenza in chickens, the signalment, clinical signs, and lesions have suggested that the respiratory and urogenital sys- tems were the major organ systems involved in patho- genesis.4,21,23,28,31,32 During the acute stage of outbreaks, lesions were identified primarily in the respiratory (lay- ers and broilers) and reproductive (layers) systems. These lesions included tracheitis, pneumonia, pul- monary congestion, airsacculitis, congestion of the ovary, and atretic, ruptured, or hemorrhagic ovarian follicles. By contrast, gross or histologic lesions were identified within the urinary system of laying hens and only during the latter stages of disease out- break~.~,~~,~~,~ ~,~~ Urinary system lesions reported in- clude visceral urate deposition (visceral gout), nephri- tis, renal tubule necrosis, "nephropathy," and swollen kidneys. In intravenous pathogenicity tests, these chicken-origin influenza viruses were avirulent or of low virulence for specific-pathogen-free (SPF) 2-week- old to adult chicken^.^.' 1,28,31.32.36 However, histopath- ologic changes were not reported in dead, ill, or sur- viving chickens from any of the pathogenicity studies. The source(s) of influenza virus in chicken outbreaks is unknown, but in some outbreaks, epidemiologic ev- idence has incriminated migratory waterfowl, partic- fluenza virus isolates into 5-week-old SPF chickens produced prominent gross and histologic lesions in kidney^^.^^,^^,^^,^^ and occasional lesions in the From many of the infected chickens, influenza virus was isolated from the kidney, and influenza A virus nucleoprotein was demonstrated within tubular epi- thelium located in areas of interstitial nephriti~.~~,~~. ~~.~~
Duration of High-Dose Interferon Alfa-2b Regimen for Resected High-Risk Melanoma

HDI actually utilized. The induction therapy dose was 15 10 6 U/m 2 /d intravenously (IV) for 5 of 7 days for 4 weeks, whereas the standard HDI dose on the ECOG trials is 20 10 6 U/m 2 /d. This was followed by a flat dose of 10 10 6 U subcutaneously (SC) 3 times per week for 48 weeks (as compared to the standard HDI dose of 10 10 6 U/m 2 3 times per week for 48 weeks). Even if one allowed for dose reductions during the induction phase of the ECOG studies to match the lower prescribed dose on the Hellenic trial, the maintenance-phase dose is problematic. The latter has already been shown to be ineffective compared with observation in a large randomized European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer trial (18952) 6 where 10 10 6 U administered SC for 1 year was found to be no better than observation alone. In effect, this nullifies any effect of the SC maintenance phase of the Hellenic trial and reduces this study to a comparison of “induction versus induction,” with all the additional caveats previously discussed. Since adjuvant therapy is given with curative intent, any change in its administration can have significant impact on patients. It is our contention, therefore, that the results of the Hellenic trial cannot and should not be considered conclusive and that the 1-year HDI regimen remain the standard of care for patients with high-risk melanoma as defined in the ECOG trials. The ongoing, high-priority ECOG 1697 trial we are conducting is randomly assigning 1,420 patients with intermediate- and high-risk melanoma to 1 month of IV induction at full standard dosages or to observation, and will shed more light on the issue of whether the induction therapy alone is sufficient for patients in the adjuvant setting.
Skills crucial to the information technology professionals in the global business environment: an empirical study in the United States

Effective Information Technology (IT) professionals are the backbone of any successful organisation in today's global competitive business environment. With the introduction of e-commerce and other related information technologies, the demands for IT professionals who have an expertise in enterprise systems, network design and administration, and other technologies have increased. Increased demand for IT professionals infers an unlimited pool of job opportunities, but this is not the case. IT professionals are finding that companies are being very selective in choosing the appropriate individual. Organisations expect their IT employees to possess a variety of skills including technical, business, and managerial skills. Other skills, which have become increasingly important in the global environment, are oral and written communication skills. IT professionals must be able to work cooperatively and effectively with each of the functional areas of business, such as marketing, accounting, finance, production and operations, research and development, and others. Therefore, it is imperative that IT professionals understand the interlacing role of IT in organisations. In this study, an empirical investigation was conducted to determine whether students' views of the skills necessary to be a successful IT professional matched those of CIOs and managers within global organisations. The skill set was obtained through a thorough review of technology and business literature. The survey was conducted in information technology required courses at the undergraduate level in an accredited school of business in the USA. Although this study was conducted in the USA, the results can be applied internationally to the global marketplace.
IL-12 and IL-27 regulate the phagolysosomal pathway in mycobacteria-infected human macrophages

The cytokine environment at the site of infection is important to the control of mycobacteria by host macrophages. During chronic infection immunosuppressive cytokines are likely to favor mycobacterial growth, persistence, and an avoidance of proper antigen processing and presentation. The activity of interleukin (IL)-27 toward macrophages is anti-inflammatory and this compromises control of mycobacteria. Modulation of the cytokine environment may enhance both protective and vaccine-induced responses. In this study we showed that supplying IL-12 and neutralizing IL-27 enhanced acidification and fusion of mycobacterial-containing phagosomes with lysosomes. This was achieved by phagosomal acquisition of vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) and CD63. Both V-ATPase and CD63 protein levels were increased by the addition of IL-12 and neutralization of IL-27. In addition, cathepsin D associated with the bacteria and matured to the active form when IL-12 was supplied and IL-27 was neutralized. Lysosomal acidification and cathepsin D activity were associated with control of mycobacteria. The acidification of lysosomes, association with mycobacteria, and maturation of cathepsin D required macrophage production of IFN-γ and signaling through signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-1. In contrast, STAT-3 signaling opposed these events. Our results have identified novel influences of IL-12, IL-27, and STAT-3 on lysosomal activity and further demonstrate that modulating the cytokine environment promotes enhanced trafficking of mycobacteria to lysosomes in human macrophages. This has important implications in approaches to control infection and improve vaccination. Overcoming bacterial resistance to lysosomal fusion may expand the repertoire of antigens presented to the adaptive arm of the immune response.
Instantaneous Modulation of Gamma Oscillation Frequency by Balancing Excitation with Inhibition

Neurons recruited for local computations exhibit rhythmic activity at gamma frequencies. The amplitude and frequency of these oscillations are continuously modulated depending on stimulus and behavioral state. This modulation is believed to crucially control information flow across cortical areas. Here we report that in the rat hippocampus gamma oscillation amplitude and frequency vary rapidly, from one cycle to the next. Strikingly, the amplitude of one oscillation predicts the interval to the next. Using in vivo and in vitro whole-cell recordings, we identify the underlying mechanism. We show that cycle-by-cycle fluctuations in amplitude reflect changes in synaptic excitation spanning over an order of magnitude. Despite these rapid variations, synaptic excitation is immediately and proportionally counterbalanced by inhibition. These rapid adjustments in inhibition instantaneously modulate oscillation frequency. So, by rapidly balancing excitation with inhibition, the hippocampal network is able to swiftly modulate gamma oscillations over a wide band of frequencies.
Protein kinase PKR is required for platelet-derived growth factor signaling of c-fos gene expression via Erks and Stat3.

The double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated protein kinase PKR is an interferon (IFN)-induced enzyme that controls protein synthesis through phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF-2α). PKR also regulates signals initiated by diverse stimuli, including dsRNA, IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1 and lipopolysaccharide, to different transcription factors, resulting in pro-inflammatory gene expression. Stat3 plays an essential role in promoting cell survival and proliferation by different growth factors, including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Here we show that PKR physically interacts with Stat3 and is required for PDGF-induced phosphorylation of Stat3 at Tyr705 and Ser727, resulting in DNA binding and transcriptional activation. PKR-mediated phosphorylation of Stat3 on Ser727 is indirect and channeled through Erks. Although PKR is pre-associated with the PDGF β-receptor, treatment with PDGF only modestly activates PKR. However, the induction of c-fos by PDGF is defective in PKR-null cells. Taken together, these results establish PKR as an upstream regulator of activation of Stat3 and as a common mediator of both growth-promoting and growth-inhibitory signals.
Reversing Arrows in Mediation Models Does Not Distinguish Plausible Models

Reversing arrows in the classic tri-variate X-M-Y mediation models as a test to check whether one mediation model is superior to another is inadmissible. Presenting evidence that one tri-variate me...
Recommendations for Prevention of and Therapy for Exposure to B Virus (Cercopithecine Herpesvirus 1)

B virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1) is a zoonotic agent that can cause fatal encephalomyelitis in humans. The virus naturally infects macaque monkeys, resulting in disease that is similar to herpes simplex virus infection in humans. Although B virus infection generally is asymptomatic or mild in macaques, it can be fatal in humans. Previously reported cases of B virus disease in humans usually have been attributed to animal bites, scratches, or percutaneous inoculation with infected materials; however, the first fatal case of B virus infection due to mucosal splash exposure was reported in 1998. This case prompted the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta, Georgia) to convene a working group in 1999 to reconsider the prior recommendations for prevention and treatment of B virus exposure. The present report updates previous recommendations for the prevention, evaluation, and treatment of B virus infection in humans and considers the role of newer antiviral agents in postexposure prophylaxis.
Sustaining a Controversy: The Non-classical Ion Debate

ABSTRACT: This paper examines a scientific controversy that raged for twenty years in physical organic chemistry during the second half of the twentieth century. After explaining what was at stake in the Non-Classical Ion Debate, I attempt—by examining the methodological reflections of some of the participants—a partial explanation of why this debate was so difficult to resolve. Instead of suggesting a breakdown of scientific method or the futility of appeals to evidence, the endurance of this controversy instead reveals the heuristic character of many of the explanations and predictions generated by theoretical organic chemistry. The results in this case are used to suggest a new role for the study of scientific controversies in revealing the economics of inquiry in scientific fields.
Convective evolution across Lake Michigan during a widespread lake-effect snow event

Abstract Lake-effect snowstorms generally develop within convective boundary layers, which are induced when cold air flows over relatively warm lakes in fall and winter. Mesoscale circulations within the boundary layers largely control which communities near the downwind shores of the lakes receive the most intense snow. The lack of quantitative observations over the lakes during lake-effect storms limits the ability to fully understand and predict these mesoscale circulations. This study provides the first observations of the concurrent spatial and temporal evolution of the thermodynamic and microphysical boundary layer structure and mesoscale convective patterns across Lake Michigan during an intense lake-effect event. Observations analyzed in this study were taken during the Lake-Induced Convection Experiment (Lake-ICE). Aircraft and sounding observations indicate that the lake-effect snows of 13 January 1998 developed within a convective boundary layer that grew rapidly across Lake Michigan. Boundary ...
Lincomycin-medicated feed for the control of porcine proliferative enteropathy (ileitis) in swine

Results: The L intracellularis challenge produced a high incidence of clinical disease. The incidence of diarrhea and scores for abnormal clinical impression were lower and ADG and feed conversion efficiency were better in groups treated with either dose of lincomycin than in untreated controls. Mortality was lower in the group treated with lincomycin at 110 ppm than in the untreated controls. Implications: Under the conditions of this study, lincomycin administered in feed at 44 and 110 ppm for 21 consecutive days was effective in controlling clinical signs of PPE, and at 110 ppm also reduced mortality associated with PPE.