cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Different measurement methods for characterizing and detecting memory effects in non-linear RF power amplifiers

Memory effects exhibited in RF power amplifiers (PA) have been identified as a major source of performance degradation in modern digital communication systems. While advanced amplifier linearization schemes, such as a digital predistortion (DPD) and envelope elimination restoration, are being used to improve efficiency and linearity in modern digital communication systems, they can also expose communication networks to unwanted emissions from memory effects if not carefully designed and tested. This paper gives a brief description of origins of memory effects in RF power amplifiers. Available methods to quantify memory effects caused by such as parasitic elements are reviewed. Finally a new method based on digital phosphor display technology (DPX) on Real Time Spectrum Analyzers for detecting the presence the memory effects is introduced and its unique capabilities to perform time-correlated measurement results are presented.
Supraadditive effect of d-fenfluramine plus phentermine on extracellular acetylcholine in the nucleus accumbens: possible mechanism for inhibition of excessive feeding and drug abuse.

The combination of d-fenfluramine plus phentermine (d-FEN/PHEN) provides a tool for exploring neural mechanisms that control food intake and drug abuse. Prior research suggests that dopamine (DA) in the nucleus accumbens can reinforce appetitive behavior and acetylcholine (ACh) inhibits it. When rats were given d-fenfluramine (5 mg/kg, IP) DA increased to 169% (p < 0.01), and ACh decreased slightly. Phentermine (5 mg/kg, IP) increased extracellular DA to 469% of baseline and ACh increased slightly to 124% (both p < 0.01). The d-FEN/PHEN combination, however, increased both DA and ACh with a supraadditive effect on ACh to 172%. One interpretation is that dFEN/PHEN increases DA like a meal or drug of abuse, while also increasing ACh to stop further approach behavior. This leaves the animal “satiated,” as defined by reduced intake of food or drugs.
Increased Health Care Utilization in Dementia Subtypes Before Diagnosis.

INTRODUCTION Prior studies have reported higher health care utilization (HCU) leading up to diagnosis of the Alzheimer disease and related dementia (ADRD), but none have assessed variation in HCU by ADRD subtype or examined disease-specific HCU. The objectives of this study were to identify ADRD subtypes and: (1) characterize all-cause and (2) disease-specific HCU during the 3 years preceding diagnosis, and (3) determine if HCU varied by ADRD subtype. METHODS We used data from the OptumLabs Data Warehouse 2008 to 2014 to identify ADRD subtypes (total N=36,838) using an algorithm based on temporal sequencing of diagnoses and provider type. Annual counts of all-cause and disease-specific HCU in each of the 3 years preceding ADRD diagnosis were regressed on ADRD subtypes with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) as the reference group, year, and other variables. RESULTS HCU increased over time, was highest in the outpatient setting, and varied by ADRD subtype. Compared with MCI, highest HCU was observed in vascular and nonspecific dementia. Compared with MCI, most subtypes had elevated disease-specific HCU. DISCUSSION Variation in HCU by ADRD subtype points to different pathways to diagnosis and patterns of use.
Cultivating Care through Ambiguity: Lessons from a Service Learning Course

Given the focus of professional graduate ICT programs on technical and managerial skills, pedagogical engagement with external organizations tends to be transactional and artifact-centered. This inhibits the students' ability to understand social, technical and ethical issues in context, or to develop affective relationships with users and other stakeholders. To address this, we designed a service learning course that partnered students with non-profit organizations to help with their technology challenges. The service project was deliberately left open-ended to force students (and partners) to tackle important questions around project scoping and impact. By drawing parallels to soil care practices, we explore how "care time" emerged in this context, and how the incorporation of ambiguity galvanized students, community, and faculty to make time to navigate it. This led to non-tangible yet vital outcomes such as overcoming social limitations, building symbiotic relationships, and enacting acts of care necessary for more ethical orchestration of technology.
GraphS: A Graph Processing Accelerator Leveraging SOT-MRAM

In this work, we present GraphS architecture, which transforms current Spin Orbit Torque Magnetic Random Access Memory (SOT-MRAM) to massively parallel computational units capable of accelerating graph processing applications. GraphS can be leveraged to greatly reduce energy consumption dealing with underlying adjacency matrix computations, eliminating unnecessary off-chip accesses and providing ultra-high internal bandwidth. The device-to-architecture co-simulation for three social network data-sets indicate roughly 3.6× higher energy-efficiency and 5.3× speed-up over recent ReRAM crossbar. It achieves ∼4× higher energy-efficiency and 5.1× speed-up over recent processing-in-DRAM acceleration methods.
Cities reshaped by Airbnb: A case study in New York City, Chicago, and Los Angeles:

In the last 10 years, Airbnb has rapidly grown from a simple, online bed and breakfast operation to a leading global hospitality service provider. Scholars have been using different spatial analysi...
Flexible porous titanium for revision surgery: Concept and initial data

Bone stock deficiency is a major challenge encountered in the revision of failed hip arthroplasties. Loosening of the prosthetic components under aseptic conditions results in the loss of trabecular and cortical bone. At revision the surgeon is frequently faced with a thin smooth cortical tube with an almost complete absence of endosteal trabecular bone. Consequently, fixation of the revision component is seriously compromised. The objective of the present paper is to address this issue specifically by discussing a new concept in materials created to alleviate this major problem of deficient bone stock. The authors propose using a porous flexible titanium material to fill void spaces in the deficient bone structure. The material can easily be shaped at the time of surgery and has a pore size in the optimum range for bone ingrowth (100 to 600 μm). In addition, it is possible to infiltrate it with bone cement. Furthermore, the elastic properties of this material closely correspond to those of trabecular bone. The objective in the design of this new material was to improve the current practice of revision surgery in three problem areas: first, by avoiding brittle fracture due to excess cement thickness; second, by decreasing the risk of disuse atrophy caused by large prosthesis stem sizes; and third, by filling the excess cavity with a material with elastic properties matching those of the missing tissue.
Evaluations of genotype×environment interactions of beef bulls performance-tested in feedlot or pasture

Purebred Angus (n = 96) and Polled Hereford (n = 96) bull calves sired by bulls of either low or high yearling weight performance lines were assigned to either creep-fed or non-creep-fed treatment before weaning for four calf crops. For each breed, after weaning in the fall, half of the calves within each of the four groups were fed a high concentrate diet for 189 d after weaning in a feedlot and the remainder were put on winter temporary pastures (rye or ryegrass) followed by summer grazing on pearl millet and bermudagrass pastures for 329 d after weaning. Dependent variables were ADG for various intervals and the complete test period, weight, height and scrotal circumference at periodic intervals, and weight per day of age at regular intervals during the test. The model included breed, performance line, sire nested within breed and line, year, age of dam, preweaning treatment, postweaning treatment, and two- and three-factor interactions. Age of calf was included as a covariate for weight, height, and scrotal circumference measurements. Line and breed differences generally were significant for weight but not for height. The interaction of primary interest (line by preweaning treatment by postweaning treatment) was not significant. The high growth performance line gained faster than low growth performance line for all intervals and were 45 kg heavier by 189 d after weaning. Preweaning treatment did not affect postweaning ADG but did affect weight per day of age. Creep-fed calves were heavier than non-creep-fed calves and maintained this advantage during the postweaning treatment periods in both the feedlot and pasture. Both preweaning treatment groups had similar ADG after weaning. Angus were 23 kg heavier at weaning than Polled Herefords; however, breed weight means were similar by 16 mo of age. In summary, bulls from different selection lines for growth were identified in feedlot and pasture when adjustments were made for prior management effects. The lack of significant interactions in these data indicates that central test station data, appropriately adjusted, are useful for ranking bulls on genetic merit for growth in feedlot and on pasture.
Polysome fractionation analysis reveals features important for human nonsense-mediated mRNA decay

Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a translation-dependent mRNA surveillance pathway that eliminates transcripts with premature termination codons. Several studies have tried defined the features governing which transcripts are targeted to NMD. However, these approaches often rely on inhibiting core NMD factors, which often have roles in non-NMD processes within the cell. Based on reports that NMD-targeted transcripts are often bound by a single ribosome, we analyzed RNA-Seq data from a polysome fractionation experiment (TrIP-Seq) to characterize the features of NMD-targeted transcripts in human cells. This approach alleviates the need to inhibit the NMD pathway. We found that the exon junction complex (EJC) model, wherein an exon-exon junction located ≥50 nucleotides downstream of a stop codon is predicted to elicit NMD, was a powerful predictor of transcripts with high abundance in the monosome fraction (bound by a single ribosome). This was also true for the presence of an upstream open reading frame. In contrast, as 39 UTR lengths increase, the proportion of transcripts that are most abundant in the monosome fraction does not increase. This suggests that either longer 39 UTRs do not consistently act as potent triggers of NMD or that the degradation of these transcripts is mechanistically different to other NMD-targeted transcripts. Of the ribosome-associated transcripts annotated as "non-coding", we find that a majority are bound by a single ribosome. Many of these transcripts increase in response to NMD inhibition, including the oncogenic SHNG15, suggesting many might be NMD targets. Finally, we found that retained intron transcripts without a premature termination codon are over-represented in the monosome fraction, suggesting an alternative mechanism is responsible for the low level of translation of these transcripts. In summary, our analysis finds that the EJC model is a powerful predictor of NMD-targeted transcripts, while the presence of a long 39 UTR is not.
Risk of Serious Infection Associated with Agents that Target T-Cell Activation and Interleukin-17 and Interleukin-23 Cytokines

Co-stimulatory T-cell inhibitors are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and to prevent rejection of renal transplants. Inhibitors of the intereukin (IL-17) cytokine are indicated for psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis and anti- IL-23 drugs for psoriasis. Serious infections occur in 4.2% to 25.0% of co-stimulatory inhibitors and 1.0% to 2.0% with IL-17 or IL-23 inhibitors. Underlying disease, steroid dose greater than 7.5 to 10.0 mg, and comorbidities influence risk in individual patients. Opportunistic infections or reactivation of tuberculosis are rare.
Common Myths and Misconceptions That Sidetrack Parkinson Disease Treatment, to the Detriment of Patients.

Abstract Parkinson disease symptoms become apparent when there has been substantial loss of brain dopamine. That is the consequence of the slow progression of the Lewy body neurodegenerative process. Replenishment of brain dopamine with levodopa therapy dates back approximately a half century and continues to be the most efficacious symptomatic treatment. Understanding the fundamentals of levodopa treatment is crucial to therapeutic success. Various myths over the years have sabotaged treatment outcomes and have discouraged primary care physicians from managing patients with Parkinson disease. That is unfortunate because in some regions, neurologists, and in particular movement specialists, are in short supply. The long history of these persistent levodopa myths and the counterarguments are the focus of this article.
Truncated Predictor Feedback for General Linear Systems

Low gain feedback designs, such as the eigenstructure assignment based design and the Lyapunov equation based design, are essential elements of TPF designs. TPF laws whose feedback gain matrices are parameterized in a feedback parameter compensate an arbitrarily large delay in linear systems that are not exponentially unstable. Given any amount of delay, stabilization is achieved as long as the feedback parameter is sufficiently small. As manifested in Chaps. 2 and 3, such a low gain nature of the TPF laws, of both state feedback and output feedback types, is the core of their stabilizing ability.
Immune profiling of uveal melanoma identifies a potential signature associated with response to immunotherapy

Background To date, no systemic therapy, including immunotherapy, exists to improve clinical outcomes in metastatic uveal melanoma (UM) patients. To understand the role of immune infiltrates in the genesis, metastasis, and response to treatment for UM, we systematically characterized immune profiles of UM primary and metastatic tumors, as well as samples from UM patients treated with immunotherapies. Methods Relevant immune markers (CD3, CD8, FoxP3, CD68, PD-1, and PD-L1) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry on 27 primary and 31 metastatic tumors from 47 patients with UM. Immune gene expression profiling was conducted by NanoString analysis on pre-treatment and post-treatment tumors from patients (n=6) receiving immune checkpoint blockade or 4-1BB and OX40 dual costimulation. The immune signature of UM tumors responding to immunotherapy was further characterized by Ingenuity Pathways Analysis and validated in The Cancer Genome Atlas data set. Results Both primary and metastatic UM tumors showed detectable infiltrating lymphocytes. Compared with primary tumors, treatment-naive metastatic UM showed significantly higher levels of CD3+, CD8+, FoxP3+ T cells, and CD68+ macrophages. Notably, levels of PD-1+ infiltrates and PD-L1+ tumor cells were low to absent in primary and metastatic UM tumors. No metastatic organ-specific differences were seen in immune infiltrates. Our NanoString analysis revealed significant differences in a set of immune markers between responders and non-responders. A group of genes relevant to the interferon-γ signature was differentially up-expressed in the pre-treatment tumors of responders. Among these genes, suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 was identified as a marker potentially contributing to the response to immunotherapy. A panel of genes that encoded pro-inflammatory cytokines and molecules were expressed significantly higher in pre-treatment tumors of non-responders compared with responders. Conclusion Our study provides critical insight into immune profiles of UM primary and metastatic tumors, which suggests a baseline tumor immune signature predictive of response and resistance to immunotherapy in UM.
Transfection and Activation of CofActor, a Light and Stress Gated Optogenetic Tool, in Primary Hippocampal Neuron Cultures.

Proteins involved in neurodegeneration can be coupled with optogenetic reagents to create rapid and sensitive reporters to provide insight into the biochemical processes that mediate the progression of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's Disease (AD). We have recently developed a novel optically-responsive tool (the 'CofActor' system) that couples cof ilin and act in (key players in early stage cytoskeletal abnormalities associated with neurodegenerative disorders) with light-gated optogenetic proteins to provide spatial and temporal resolution of oxidative and energetic stress-dependent biochemical events. In contrast to currently available small-molecule based biosensors for monitoring changes in the redox environment of the cell, CofActor is a light-activated, genetically encoded redox sensor that can be activated with precise spatial and temporal control. Here we describe a protocol for the expression and activation of the CofActor system in dissociated hippocampal neuron cultures prepared from newborn mice. Cultures were transfected with Lipofectamine on the fifth day in vitro (DIV5), then exposed to cellular stress inducing stimuli, leading to the formation of actin-cofilin rods that can be observed using live cell imaging techniques. The protocol described here allows for studies of stress-related cytoskeletal dysregulation in live neurons exposed to neurodegenerative stimuli, such as toxic Aβ42 oligomers. Moreover, expression of the sensor in neurons isolated from transgenic mouse models of AD and/or mice KO for proteins involved in AD can advance our understanding of the molecular basis of early cytoskeletal dysfunctions associated with neurodegeneration.
Abstract P085: Racism, Resilience, And Quality Of Life In Black Stroke Survivors: A Mixed-methods Cohort Study Protocol

Introduction: Annual age-adjusted incidence and death rates for stroke are significantly higher among Black Americans than among White Americans. Racism, which operates at structural, cultural and ...
Conditions Theory and Models for Designing Instruction.

One of the most inﬂuential and pervasive theories underlying instructional design proposes that (a) there are identiﬁably different types of learning outcomes and (b) the acquisition of these outcomes requires different internal and external conditions1 of learning. In other words, this theory suggests that all learning is not qualitatively the same, that there are learning outcomes across contents, contexts, and learners that have signiﬁcant and identiﬁable similarities in their cognitive demands on the learner. Further, each learning outcome category has signiﬁcant and identiﬁable differences in its cognitive demands from the demands of other learning outcome categories. Finally, as this family of theories is instructional in nature, they propose that these distinctive cognitive processing demands can be supported by equally distinctive instructional methods, strategies, tactics, or conditions.
Dalma ceramics at Surezha in the Erbil Plain: Stylistic, compositional, and petrographic evidence for trans-Zagros interaction during the Terminal Ubaid/Late Chalcolithic 1

Abstract Excavations at Surezha, on the Erbil plain in Iraqi Kurdistan, yielded 89 sherds of Dalma style pottery from 5th millennium BC contexts. Dalma ceramics are widespread in northwestern Iran but occur only rarely west of the Zagros in northeastern Iraq. To understand the significance of Dalma ceramics at Surezha, we document their forms, production technology, and decorative style. We use Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis and petrography to determine geochemical composition and location of manufacture. We then use the same techniques to examine similar wares from the type site of Dalma Tepe in Iran. These complementary analyses show that the Dalma style wares from Surezha and Dalma Tepe are stylistically alike but compositionally distinct. Clay compositions of Dalma wares from Surezha match those of local Erbil Plain ceramics, and we conclude that the Dalma wares at Surezha were made locally. Stylistic and petrographic data lead us to suggest these Surezha vessels were produced by small groups of individuals, either transhumant pastoralists or persons displaced via exogamy, from the Iranian highlands. Finally, the composition of a single black-on-buff Ubaid/LC-1 style sherd from Dalma Tepe indicates that it was probably manufactured in the Tigris River basin of Mesopotamia. Our findings suggest periodic contact between Iranian highland populations and northeastern Mesopotamian communities during the early 5th millennium BC, and may indicate an early manifestation of seasonal transhumant pastoralism.
The Limitations of Stock Market Efficiency: Price Informativeness and CEO Turnover

There is a tenuous link between market efficiency and economic efficiency in that stock prices are more informative when the information has less social value. We theoretically and empirically investigate this link in the context of CEO turnover. Our theoretical model predicts that, although the board of directors relies on the stock market information to make CEO turnover decisions, stock price informativeness is negatively related to the board’s monitoring effort. Our empirical tests support the model predictions. In addition, using the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act as a quasi-natural experiment, we find that the legislation has a negative impact on stock price informativeness.
Open reading frame vpr of simian immunodeficiency virus encodes a virion-associated protein.

Abstract The genomes of simian immunodeficiency viruses isolated from rhesus macaques (SIVmac) contain an open reading frame (ORF), vpr, which has a coding potential of 97 to 101 amino acid residues. In this study, a vpr ORF-encoded protein of approximately 11 kDa was identified, and anti-vpr antibodies were detected in rhesus macaques infected by SIVmac. These results provide clear evidence that the vpr ORF is a coding gene of SIVmac. The vpr protein, like the vpx protein which is encoded by another accessory gene of SIVmac, was also found to be associated with viral particles. This observation demonstrates that more than one accessory gene product can be present in the virions of this family of retroviruses and raises the possibility that the vpr protein may have a role in early part of the virus life cycle.
SAF: A Provenance-Tracking Framework for Interoperable Semantic Applications

This paper describes the foundations of a framework for constructing interoperable semantic applications that support recording of provenance information. The framework uses a client-server infrastructure to control the encoding of application. Provenance records for application components, settings, and data sources are stored as part of the final application file using the Open Provenance Model (OPM) [1]. The application can render events such as setting changes to users so that they can identify when collaborators make changes to the application. We demonstrate how the system can be used to collaborate on a project, identify errors in data sources, and extrapolate insights to other data sets by making changes to the application. Lastly, we outline some key issues related to using asymmetric key encryption for tracking changes in semantic content and how we address them (or not) within this framework.
The evolution of a system test process [for Motorola GSM products]

Test organisations are now widely recognised as being central in the creation and successful arrival to market of complex systems. As such it is critical that they constantly evolve and mature. A mature test organisation will typically have evolved from testing quality into the product to concentrating largely on analysing and verifying system reliability. During this evolution, the organisation moves from being perceived as at best a necessary part of the process to being recognised by both customers and other internal organisations as being a highly effective and valued operation. This paper will describe the evolution of the system test organisations for Motorola's GSM Systems Division (GSD). It will show how Motorola's GSD test organisations are organised, the methodologies and processes employed, how these organisations have matured over the past nine years and how they will evolve to meet the challenges in the future.
Corporate Social Responsibility Reputation Effects on MBA Job Choice: Controlling for Region of Origin

In a preliminary study with 279 MBA's from two European and three North American business schools we find that reputation-related attributes of caring about employees, environmental sustainability, community/stakeholder relations, and ethical products and services are important in job choice decisions. We use an adaptive conjoint analysis survey tool to discover the relative weighting of a new set of social responsibility job search criteria, including these attributes with traditional job search criteria like financial package, geographical location, etc. In addition, our results show that more than ninety percent of the MBAs in the sample were willing to forgo financial benefits in order to work for an organization with a better reputation for corporate social responsibility and ethics.
Power Transmission Networks

The sections in this article are 1 Physical Transmission Limitations 2 Deregulated Power Systems 3 Maintenance Scheduling 4 Transmission Constrained Unit Commitment 5 Transmission Line Maintenance
Quantitatively and Qualitatively Augmenting Medical Student Knowledge of Oncology and Radiation Oncology: An Update on the Impact of the Oncology Education Initiative

Purpose The Oncology Education Initiative was established in 2007 in an effort to advance oncology and radiation oncology education at the undergraduate level. As a continuation of the initiative, the aim of this study was to determine whether these structured didactics would continue to increase overall medical student knowledge about oncologic topics. Methods Preclerkship and postclerkship tests examining concepts in general oncology, radiation oncology, breast cancer, and prostate cancer were administered. The 21-question, multiple-choice examination was administered at the beginning and end of the radiology clerkship, during which a 1.5-hour didactic session was given by an attending radiation oncologist. Changes in individual question responses, student responses, and overall categorical responses were analyzed. All hypothesis tests were two tailed with a significance level of .05. Results In the 2009-2010 academic year, 155 third-year and fourth-year students had average examination score improvements from 62% to 68.9% ( P P Conclusions In the successive years since its inception, the Oncology Education Initiative continues to show a significant improvement in medical students' knowledge of cancer. The initiative has also succeeded in providing radiation oncology education to all graduating medical students at the authors' institution. Dedicated oncology education in the undergraduate medical curriculum provides students with a better understanding of multidisciplinary oncology management.
The role of patient-provider communication for black women making decisions about breast cancer treatment.

Objective: Recent reports suggest that Black breast cancer patients receive adjuvant therapies less often than their White counterparts; however, few studies have examined the self-reported experiences of Black breast cancer patients making treatment decisions. This study examined cultural beliefs and healthcare factors that impacted Black women's treatment decisions. Methods: In-depth interviews were conducted with 49 Black women with early stage breast cancer (stages 0-III). Participants resided in Washington, DC (n = 13), and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (n = 36). Women's ages ranged from 26 to 85 (m = 53.9). All interviews were transcribed verbatim and then entered into a qualitative software program. Three coders independently read and coded transcripts using this software. Results: The data did not reveal common cultural themes that influenced women's treatment decisions. Spiritual beliefs were important to all participants and did seem to help them cope with and reframe their illness experiences. The patient–provider relationship was the most notable factor that influenced treatment decisions. While most women reported that they were satisfied with their provider relationships, their narratives revealed that many lacked knowledge about their diagnoses and treatment regimens. Those patients who demonstrated a better understanding of their disease and treatments also seemed to adhere to recommendations for adjuvant therapy. Conclusions: Poor communication may impact treatment decision-making and, ultimately, outcomes. Important next steps will include quantifying Black women's patient–provider interactions and examining how these factors influence adherence behaviors. Ensuring that patients understand their diagnosis and treatment options will also be important for clinical practice. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal analysis of cryogenic wind tunnel models

This paper summarizes the thermal analysis activity being performed in support of the design of wind tunnel models for the National Transonic Facility (NTF) at the NASA Langley Research Center. The goal of the analysis effort has been to address model design difficulties associated with the severe thermal environment of this cryogenic wind tunnel. The unique characteristics of this environment are discussed for various phases of tunnel operation. The methods used to calculate temperatures and thermal stresses in the models are also described. The results indicate that thermal considerations do not drive the design to the extent originally envisioned. In general, the problems identified are localized and associated with thermal mismatch between components. Several specific examples of thermal design problems and proposed solutions are given.
Conformational stability of (chloromethyl) phosphonothioic difluoride from temperature-dependent infrared spectra of rare gas solutions and r0 structural parameters

Abstract Variable temperature (−55 to −150°C) studies of the infrared spectra (3500–400 cm −1 ) of (chloromethyl)phosphonothioic difluoride (ClCH 2 P(S)F 2 ) dissolved in liquid xenon and krypton have been recorded. From these data, the enthalpy difference has been determined to be 244±16 cm −1 (2.92±0.19 kJ mol −1 ) with the trans conformer being the more stable rotamer. Complete vibrational assignments are presented for both conformers, which are consistent with the predicted wavenumbers obtained from ab initio MP2/6-31G(d) calculations utilizing two scaling factors. The optimized geometries, conformational stabilities, harmonic force fields, infrared intensities, Raman activities and depolarization ratios have been obtained from RHF/6-31G(d) and/or MP2/6-31G(d) ab initio calculations. Hybrid density function theory (DFT) calculations to obtain the structural parameters and conformational stability by the B3LYP/6-31G(d) method were also carried out. These quantities are compared to the corresponding experimental quantities when appropriate as well as with some corresponding results for some similar molecules. The r 0 structural parameters have been obtained from a combination of the previously reported microwave rotational constants and ab initio MP2/6-311+G(d,p) predicted parameters. The results are compared to some corresponding quantities for some similar molecules.
The interaction between child sex and temperament in predicting behavior problems of preschool‐age children in day care

Teachers in three day care programs completed temperament questionnaires and behavior problem checklists for 133 preschool‐age children. Pearson Product‐Moment Correlation Coefficients were calculated between the temperament and behavior problem scores for boys and girls. The results indicated that correlations between temperament and behavior problem variables were generally higher for boys than girls. A pattern emerged in which boys who were rated by teachers as more active and distractible and less adaptable were also perceived to be more anxious/fearful.
A Comparative Study of the Speech Coordinations of Deaf and Normal Subjects

* Accepted for publication by Walter S. Hunter of the Editorial Board. 1 The experimental work of this paper was conducted at the Clarke School for the Deaf at Northampton, Massachusetts, during the school year of 1932-33. I take this opportunity of expressing my appreciation to Miss Bessie N. Leonard, Principal of the School, for her cooperation, especially in providing parts of the apparatus. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the cooperation of Miss Annette Howes and Miss Mary Numbers, teachers of the school, who managed the routine of providing subjects for the experimental groups. I am deeply indebted to Dr. Ruth Guilder and to her associate, Miss Louise Hopkins, who gave me access to their files of audio-metric records and personal advice in the grouping of the subjects as to their degree of deafness. Miss Elizabeth M. Collins of the Smith College Day School provided a large number of the normal subjects from among her pupils. The entire Normal Training Class put the writer under obligations by serving...
Sewage re-use in Mauritius

When completed, the sewage-treatment works at St. Martin will serve nearly a third of Mauritius’1.1 million population. In addition to protecting the marine environment, it will provide a valuable source of water to supplement irrigation supplies to west-coast sugar-cane plantations. This paper explains (i) the treatment-process selection which favoured conventional activated sludge over extended aeration, (ii) the need for nutrient removal, (iii) the choice of UV treatment for disinfection, and (iv) the problem of dye discharges from the textile industry. It also describes the complexity of the control system which is designed to (a) supply tertiary effluent to the irrigation canals blended with surface-water supplies to avoid sodium accumulation in the soils. (b) avoid flooding of the canals, and (c) provide an emergency stormoverflow discharge via the same common outfall pipe to the sea.
Excitation functions for the production of F 18 and Na 24 from Al and Si with fast pions

The excitation functions for the pion-induced reactions $^{27}\mathrm{Al}$(${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$,xN${)}^{18}$F, $^{27}\mathrm{Al}$(${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$,xN${)}^{24}$Na, Si(${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$,xN${)}^{18}$F, and Si(${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$,xN${)}^{24}$Na have been determined for 50- to 390-MeV ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ and 50- to 500-MeV ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$. These excitation functions will enable experimenters to monitor high-intensity pion beams by activation of readily available high-purity Al foils or Si disks. The four excitation functions for $^{18}\mathrm{F}$ production and the two for $^{24}\mathrm{Na}$ production by ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ show similar (3,3) resonance patterns. However, those for $^{24}\mathrm{Na}$ production by ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ are strikingly different in that the cross sections remain large from the resonance energy on down. This feature is attributed to increasing contributions from ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ absorption and charge exchange with decreasing energy.
Multiple pathways in the rejection of skin grafts.

Abstract We have analyzed the ability of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to cause rejection of skin grafts in an Ir gene high responder strain. (DA.RT1u × DA.RT1c)F1 B rats (thymectomized, lethally irradiated, reconstituted with fetal liver cells) were grafted with ear skin of the recombinant strain, DA.RT1rl. The only allogeneic difference was a single class I MHC antigen. The B rats, which do not reject these grafts due to the absence of T cells, were reconstituted at various time intervals after skin grafting with either unsorted lymph node cells (LNCs), CD4+, CD8+ or CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Unsorted LNCs given any time after graft placement always caused rejection (MST = 15d). CD4+ cells alone never caused rejection (MST > 60d, n = 8). CD8+ cells alone caused rejection if given within 3 weeks of graft placement. Thereafter, CD8+ cells alone lost their ability to cause rejection (MST > 60d, n = 6). B rats with grafts in place more than 3 weeks, when CD8+ cells alone were ineffective, rejected their skin grafts when given both CD8+ and CD4+ cells. These data suggest that there may be two T cell pathways in skin graft rejection. The first requires only CD8+ cells and causes rejection of a recently placed graft. The second pathway requires both CD4+ and CD8+ cells to reject long-standing grafts in which donor antigen-presenting cells have been putatively depleted and, therefore, may be dependent on host antigen-presenting cells.
New structural concepts for predicting carcinogenicity in rodents: An artificial intelligence approach

The Computer Automated Structure Evaluation (CASE) method for studying structure-activity relationships has been applied to a data base of rodent carcinogens. It has been demonstrated that CASE is able to identify determinants embedded in the molecular structure which, with a high probability, predict rodent carcinogenicity. CASE has also identified determinants associated with the activity of non-genotoxic carcinogens, thereby suggesting that there is a structural commonality in the activity of these molecules. The present study reveals that there are "universal" as well as species-specific structural determinants of carcinogenicity. CASE was able to predict the carcinogenicity in rodents of certain endogenous pesticides in edible plants.
An analytical method of integrating the thermal-hydraulic conservation equations

Abstract This report presents an analytical method of integrating the conservation equations solved by current thermal-hydraulic programs. The main advantages of this method are: (a) its numerical stability, (b) it has a rational automatic time step, (c) it results in a reduction in computer running time, (d) it allows for a major reduction in core storage.
A type system for certified binaries

A certified binary is a value together with a proof that the value satisfies a given specification. Existing compilers that generate certified code have focused on simple memory and control-flow safety rather than more advanced properties. In this paper, we present a general framework for explicitly representing complex propositions and proofs in typed intermediate and assembly languages. The new framework allows us to reason about certified programs that involve effects while still maintaining decidable typechecking. We show how to integrate an entire proof system (the calculus of inductive constructions) into a compiler intermediate language and how the intermediate language can undergo complex transformations (CPS and closure conversion) while preserving proofs represented in the type system. Our work provides a foundation for the process of automatically generating certified binaries in a typetheoretic framework.
Visual 'cognitive' evoked potentials in the behaving monkey.

Using a visual ‘oddball’ paradigm we studied ERPs in monkeys trained in a ‘go’ ‘no-go’ discrimination task. The stimuli were 2.5 cpd sinusoidal gratings differing only in orientation (0° or 25°). Monkeys released a lever during 1 of 2 response windows (RW), 480–1762 or 740–1672 msec, following target stimulus onset. Target stimulus presentation probabilities were 1.0, 0.5 and 0.3. The primary evoked potentials recorded to either the target or non-target stimulus were similar in all monkeys. P3 signals progressively emerged in the monkeys only to the target stimulus. P3 recorded at Cz, P3, and P4 had similar mean latencies and amplitudes. Eye movements showed no relationship to P3 potentials. Neither the primary visual potentials nor P3 changed significantly as a function of RW. P3 amplitude was inversely related to target probability. When the target stimulus was presented 100% of the time (P = 1.0) P3 disappeared over 4–5 blocks of trials, while the primary evoked potentials remained consistent.
Arctic summer sea-ice SAR signatures, melt-season characteristics, and melt-pond fractions

Variations in multiyear sea-ice backscatter from the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) aboard the ERS-1 satellite are interpreted in terms of melt-season characteristics (onset of melt in spring and of freeze-up in autumn, and the duration of the snow-decay period, the melt season, and the melt-pond season) from late winter to early autumn 1992 in two regions of the Arctic Ocean: the northeastern Beaufort Sea adjacent to the Queen Elizabeth Islands in the Canadian high Arctic and the western Beaufort Sea north of Alaska. In the northeastern Beaufort Sea, the onset of melt occurs later, and the periods of snow-cover decay and the occurrence of melt ponds are shorter than in the western Beaufort Sea. These melt-season characteristics of each area are consistent with previous observations that the northeastern Beaufort Sea has one of the most severe summer climates in the Arctic Ocean. A model, which assumes that the backscatter from multiyear floes is the sum of backscatter from bare ice and melt ponds, is used to derive the melt-pond fraction during the summer. The results show that melt-pond fractions decrease from an early-summer maximum of about 60% to a late-summer minimum around 10%. The magnitude of the melt-pond fractions and their decline during the summer is consistent with previous, more qualitative data. The SAR model, which gives melt-pond fractions with lower variability and less uncertainty than previous data, offers an improved approach to the reliable estimation of the areal extent of water on ice floes. Suggestions for further improvement of the model include accounting for the consequences of wind-speed variations, summer snowfall, and freeze/thaw cycles and their effects on melt-pond and ice-surface roughness.
Understanding Differences in College Persistence: A Longitudinal Examination of Financial Circumstances, Family Obligations, and Discrimination in an Ethnically Diverse Sample

Ethnic and generation differences in motivation and achievement have been well-established. However, less work has examined the role of social factors on educational outcomes among individuals from diverse backgrounds. With a longitudinal sample of 408 Latino, Asian, and European-American students, we examine family, discrimination, and financial factors in 12th grade and two years later as predictors of persistence four years after high school, and as mediators of ethnic and generation differences in persistence. Results indicate that family obligations, discrimination, and financial burdens are associated with reduced rates of persistence, while high school GPA, SES, and financial aid are associated with higher rates of persistence. Ethnic differences in persistence are related to high school GPA and SES, as well as financial circumstances. Reducing ethnic disparities in college persistence should thus involve attention not only to academic factors, but also to family circumstances that may cause college attendance to be a hardship.
The μ opiate receptor as a candidate gene for pain: Polymorphisms, variations in expression, nociception, and opiate responses

There are differences between human individuals and between mouse strains in levels of μ opiate receptor (μOR) expression, responses to painful stimuli, and responses to opiate drugs. One of the best candidates for contributing to these differences is variation at the μOR gene locus. Support for this idea comes from analyses of the human and murine μOR genes. Assessments of individual differences in human μOR expression add further support. Studies with mice, including knockout-transgenic, quantitative trait locus, and strain-comparison studies, also strongly support the possibility that μOR gene alleles would be strong candidates for contributing to individual differences in human nociception and opiate drug responses. This paper reviews current analyses of the murine and human μOR genes, their important variants, and correlations between these variants and opiate influences on pain.
Mechanisms of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Activation by S-Nitrosoglutathione *

Abstract We investigated the mechanisms by which S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) alters cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mediated chloride (Cl–) secretion across Calu-3 cells, an extensively used model of human airway gland serous cells. Confluent monolayers of Calu-3 cells, grown under an air-liquid interface, were mounted in Ussing chambers for the measurements of chloride short circuit current (Isc) and trans-epithelial resistance (Rt). Addition of GSNO into the apical compartment of these chambers resulted in significant and sustained increase of Isc with an IC50 of 3.2 ± 1 μm (mean ± 1 S.E.; n = 6). Addition of either glibenclamide or pre-treatment of Calu-3 cells with the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor 1H-(1,2,4)-oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one totally prevented the GSNO-induced increase of Isc. Conversely, BAY 41-2272, a sGC stimulator, increased Isc in a dose-response fashion. The GSNO increase of Isc was reversed by addition of two phosphatases (PP2A1, PP2A2) into the apical compartment of Ussing chambers containing Calu-3 monolayers. Oxy-myoglobin (oxy-Mb, 300 μm) added into the apical compartment of Ussing chambers either prior or after GSNO either completely prevented or immediately reversed the increase of Isc. However, smaller concentrations of oxy-Mb (1–10 μm), sufficient to scavenge NO in the medium (as assessed by direct measurement of NO in the Ussing chamber using an ISO-NO meter) decreased Isc partially. Oxy-Mb did not reverse the increase of Isc following addition of GSNO and cysteine (50 μm). These findings indicate that GSNO stimulates Cl secretion via both cGMP-dependent and cGMP-independent mechanisms.