cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The ribosome cycle, nucleoli, and cytoplasmic nucleoloids in the meiocytes of Lilium.

During the meiotic prophase in pollen mother cells ofLilium species the ribosome population of the cytoplasm diminishes to a minimum reached during the diplotene-diakinesis interval. This fall is associated with a drop in the ribonuclease-extractable RNA present in whole, fixed cells. A rise in RNA and in number of observable ribosomes follows during the meiotic mitoses and in the very early life of the spores. Bodies with the characteristics of nucleoli—here termed “nucleoloids”—are released into the cytoplasm at anaphase I and anaphase II, and it is suggested that these may represent the main mechanism through which the ribosome population of the cytoplasm is restored after the prophase elimination.
Optimized High-Order Derivative and Dissipation Operators Satisfying Summation by Parts, and Applications in Three-dimensional Multi-block Evolutions

We construct optimized high-order finite differencing operators which satisfy summation by parts. Since these operators are not uniquely defined, we consider several optimization criteria: minimizing the bandwidth, the truncation error on the boundary points, the spectral radius, or a combination of these. We examine in detail a set of operators that are up to tenth order accurate in the interior, and we surprisingly find that a combination of these optimizations can improve the operators' spectral radius and accuracy by orders of magnitude in certain cases. We also construct high-order dissipation operators that are compatible with these new finite difference operators and which are semi-definite with respect to the appropriate summation by parts scalar product. We test the stability and accuracy of these new difference and dissipation operators by evolving a three-dimensional scalar wave equation on a spherical domain consisting of seven blocks, each discretized with a structured grid, and connected through penalty boundary conditions. In particular, we find that the constructed dissipation operators are effective in suppressing instabilities that are sometimes otherwise present in the restricted full norm case.
Addressing Administrator/Faculty Conflict in an Academic Online Environment

The emergence of online instruction has created new challenges and opportunities for administrators and faculty to work together solving problems common to both parties. In early 1998, Nova Southeastern University (NSU) began its online MBA program (eMBA). During the early adoption phase, many administrative matters affecting faculty and students emerged, requiring in some cases, unique solutions. Those matters ranged from lack of substantial online learning resources to faculty compensation for teaching online, and a host of other similar issues. During this emergence of online focus, more attention has been increasingly paid to the collaboration in business and research, and development and education [J. Adolesc. Adult Lit. 45 (2001) 52]. This paper will attempt to identify significant issues of conflict between administration and faculty, and in some cases, how those issues were resolved.
Numerical Prediction of the Accessible Convection Range for an Electromagnetically Levitated Fe 50 Co 50 Droplet in Space

From December 2014, a series of space experiments will be performed to investigate the influence of the convection on the multiphase solidification phenomena of metallic alloys. For the success of the mission, it is of critical importance to predict the convection in molten samples under given test parameters. In this research, the convection induced in the molten Fe50Co50 alloy was predicted numerically. The magnetohydrodynamic model for the ground-based electromagnetic levitator developed in the previous research was extended to the space application. The same modeling strategies were applied to the electromagnetic levitator in space. Using the numerical model, the convection under various test conditions was predicted: The flow pattern was characterized as a function of the heating current. The maximum convection velocity at various temperatures was estimated with the increasing heating current. Finally, the range of accessible convection velocity was predicted as a function of the critical undercooling of the sample, the minimum positioner control voltage, and the undercooling of the sample. The results are expected to provide critical information for the design of the space experiments and the interpretation of the results.
Teaching documentary: toward a goal-centered pedagogy of the documentary film

Ha algo sobre o ensino do filme de nao-ficcao que o distingue de outras formas de pedagogia da midia. Este artigo recolhe esforcos de pedagogos na area do documentario (em aprendizagem e em analise), na crenca de que uma proposta de metas para o ensino pode ajudar a promover um dialogo continuo em torno de melhores praticas.
Growth of a fish ear: 1. Quantitative analysis of hair cell and ganglion cell proliferation

Abstract Proliferation (or addition) of inner ear sensory hair cells continues for a long time postembryonically in cartilaginous and bony fishes, and in amphibians. In contrast, proliferation only occurs during embryonic development in birds and mammals. However, detailed quantitative data on hair cell addition are not available for bony fishes. In order to quantify the extent of proliferation, we determined the number of sensory hair cells on the saccular sensory epithelium in specimens of the cichlid fish Astronotus ocellatus (the oscar) ranging from 2.0 to 19.0 cm in standard length (0.9–343 g). Ganglion cells were counted using serial sections of the saccular branch of the eighth nerve in animals of the same size range. The saccular macula of a 2.0 cm long (0.9 g) Astronotus contains approximately 5500 sensory hair cells; fish from 16 to 19 cm long have over 170000 hair cells. The increase in number of sensory cells and the increase in both length and weight of the animals studied were statistically correlated ( r 2 = 0.8). The relative densities of saccular sensory cells in different epithelial regions remained constant in animals from 2.0 to 17 cm; in larger animals the cell density decreased somewhat. Based upon very conservative estimates of the rate of growth of Astronotus , we calculate that an average of 167 hair cells/day are added during the time when the cell population of the saccule increases. Ganglion cell number also increased approximately 4.8 times in the range of fish studied. The smallest animals in our study had about 150 ganglion cells per saccular epithelium, while the largest fish had over 600 ganglion cells. We estimate that the average ratio of hair cells to afferent fibers increases from about 30:1 in the smallest fish to over 300:1 in the largest animals.
Are Primary Care Providers Uncomfortable Providing Routine Preventive Care for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients

Those with chronic diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), often do not receive preventive care at the same rate as the general population. Attitudes of primary care providers could be key factors in the receipt of preventive care. We surveyed attendees of a family medicine review course. The survey contained nine demographic items, four items to assess exposure to and comfort level with IBD, and six clinical vignettes. Of surveys, 36% (61/169) were returned. The large majority were males practicing outpatient family medicine. Mean age was 51 years, and 48% reported a mostly rural practice. Of subjects, 10% reported either having IBD themselves or having a close associate or relative with IBD. Only 37% of subjects felt comfortable providing primary care across a range of illness severity. Forty-six percent reported moderate or high exposure to IBD. For the case vignettes, the overall highest rate of endorsement of the active role was 84% for a case related to stage I hypertension, while the lowest rate was 30% for an item relating to vaccination for immunosuppressed persons. We assessed the following predictors of comfort level and active role responses and found no significant associations: age, gender, years of medical practice, and close contact with IBD. Our study suggests that family medicine practitioners often do not feel comfortable providing care to IBD patients. Lack of familiarity with IBD medications may be a key factor.
Marine carbon burial flux and the carbon isotope record of Late Cretaceous (Coniacian–Santonian) Oceanic Anoxic Event III

Abstract Episodes of widespread distribution of organic-rich marine facies within relatively narrow stratigraphic intervals have been interpreted as Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAEs). There are a number of such intervals in the Upper Cretaceous, some of which also exhibit significant positive excursions in carbon isotope records. As a result, a general model of the relationship between enhanced organic carbon burial and positive C-isotope shifts has emerged. Carbon isotope stratigraphy has, therefore, developed the dual utility of a chronostratigraphic tool and a means to help identify and define intervals of exceptional organic matter burial and preservation. However, variations in regional carbon isotope records of globally documented events suggest that the relationship between organic carbon burial flux and magnitude of carbon isotope excursion may not be entirely straightforward. For example, strata of Coniacian–Santonian age have long been recognized for enhanced organic content in many areas, but the designation of Oceanic Anoxic Event III for this interval has been rather equivocal in the literature, mostly due to the weak positive δ 13 C excursion (≤ 0.5‰). Yet, in some areas organic carbon accumulation rates for Coniacian–Santonian strata are roughly double that of the older OAE II, which is marked by a 2–4‰ shift in δ 13 C. Interestingly, the burial flux of carbonate, which leads to depletion rather than enrichment of the C-isotope signal, is also significantly elevated during Coniacian–Santonian time. In this study, the role of variations in organic carbon and carbonate accumulation rates on carbon isotopic expression are explored through application of data on the composition, accumulation rate, and areal distribution of end member facies types to the development of a global carbon isotopic mass balance model. The results are used to explore the hypothesis that net organic carbon burial during OAE III was not accurately represented in the carbon isotopic record. These results have important implications for interpretation of C-isotope records related to past perturbations of the global carbon cycle.
Metabolism of Nonesterified and Esterified Hydroxycinnamic Acids in Red Wines by Brettanomyces bruxellensis

While Brettanomyces can metabolize nonesterified hydroxycinnamic acids found in grape musts/wines (caffeic, p- coumaric, and ferulic acids), it was not known whether this yeast could utilize the corresponding tartaric acid esters (caftaric, p- coutaric, and fertaric acids, respectively). Red wines from Washington and Oregon were inoculated with B. bruxellensis, while hydroxycinnamic acids were monitored by HPLC. Besides consuming p-coumaric and ferulic acids, strains I1a, B1b, and E1 isolated from Washington wines metabolized 40−50% of caffeic acid, a finding in contrast to strains obtained from California wines. Higher molar recoveries of 4-ethylphenol and 4-ethylguaiacol synthesized from p-coumaric and ferulic acids, respectively, were observed in Washington Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah but not Merlot. This finding suggested that Brettanomyces either (a) utilized vinylphenols formed during processing of some wines or (b) metabolized other unidentified phenolic precursors. None of the strains of Brettanomyces studied metabolized caftaric or p-coutaric acids present in wines from Washington or Oregon.
Understanding parathyroid hormone action

In addition to regulating serum calcium and stimulating bone resorption, parathyroid hormone (PTH) is known to stimulate bone formation under certain conditions. The mechanisms behind this counterintuitive anabolic action are largely unknown. We have set out to identify PTH-regulated genes that might be responsible for each of these contrasting effects of the hormone. This article describes our work on a select number of those genes.
Varied and repeated atropine dosages and exercise-heat stress.

Comparisons of physiological responses to 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg atropine (IM) were made in seven males (X +/- SD: age, 24 +/- 3 years; ht, 174 +/- 12 cm; wt, 76 +/- 3 kg) while they exercised (approximately 390 W) in a hot-dry (40 degrees C, 20% rh) environment. Responses to 4 mg, as well as repeatability of responses to 2 mg, were studied in two and six of these subjects, respectively. On 8 test days an intramuscular injection of atropine or saline control was administered 20 min before subjects walked on a treadmill for two 50-min bouts. Heart rate (HR) during exercise did not change in the control trial but by min 50 increased during all atropine trials (P less than 0.01). Rectal temperature (Tre) increased (P less than 0.01) in all trials by min 50 and continued increasing (P less than 0.01) in the 2-mg trial during the second exercise bout. For the two subjects tested with all dosages (0.5 - 4 mg atropine), the change in HR and Tre between the atropine and control trials at 50 min of exercise was regressed against the various atropine dosages. The relationship (r = 0.92) for HR was curvilinear while the relationship (r = 0.99) for Tre was linear. Mean weighted skin temperature (Tsk) was relatively constant during exercise and was warmer (P less than 0.05) with increasing atropine dosage. In a repeat 2 mg trial, HR was 6 bt . min-1 lower (P less than 0.05) on the second exposure but Tre was the same (P greater than 0.05) on both days. For subjects walking in the heat, three new observations were: 1) 0.5 mg of atropine resulted in increased HR and Tsk compared to control values; 2) HR was elevated but the magnitude of change decreased with increasing dosage, while the elevation in Tre was consistent with increasing dosage; and 3) rectal temperatures (in trials with and without atropine) were unaffected by previous days of atropine administration.
Inhibition of Endothelial Cell Migration by Cigarette Smoke Condensate

Cigarette smoking is among the leading risk factors in the etiology of atherosclerotic vascular disease. The mechanism, however, that links cigarette smoking to an increased incidence of atherosclerosis is poorly understood. Endothelial cell (EC) integrity is critical in preventing vascular lesion formation, and after a loss of EC integrity reendothelialization must be rapid and complete. We therefore investigated whether cigarette smoke affected the ECs ability to migrate or altered the intracellular signals generated during migration. The DMSO-soluble fraction of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), derived from the standard research cigarette, was tested on cultured ECs (HUVEC) derived from human umbilical vein. The addition of CSC caused a dose-dependent decrease in the ability of EC to migrate as measured over a 24-h time period. Nicotine and cadmium sulfate, two constituents of cigarette smoke, individually or in combination, had no effect on migration. Examination of the tyrosine phosphorylation state of various intracellular proteins by Western blot analysis showed that CSC caused the hyperphosphorylation of a 130-kDa protein. In addition, other intracellular proteins showed changes in their phosphorylation states after CSC addition. These results support the hypothesis that CSC is detrimental to normal EC function in maintaining vascular integrity and suggest that smokers are more likely to develop complications of vascular disease due to delayed or incomplete reendothelialization as a consequence of decreased EC migration.
Fibronectin-induced COX-2 mediates MMP-2 expression and invasiveness of rhabdomyosarcoma

Although accumulating evidence suggests the importance of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in the pathogenesis of many cancers, the mechanism by which this enzyme and its metabolite promote cancer progression is unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of COX-2 in fibronectin-induced up-regulation of rhabdomyosarcoma matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 activity and cellular invasiveness. We tested three human rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines: RMS559, RD, and SJRH30. Cell attachment to fibronectin up-regulated both COX-2 expression and PGE(2) production and concomitantly enhanced MMP-2 activity. Exogenous PGE(2) stimulated MMP-2 promoter activity, increased MMP-2 expression, and increased cellular invasiveness. Aspirin and rofecoxib (non-selective and selective COX-2 inhibitor, respectively) each abolished fibronectin-associated induction of MMP-2 and induced dose-dependent reductions in cellular invasiveness. These data implicated a role for inducible COX-2 and PGE(2) in the regulation of rhabdomyosarcoma cellular invasiveness and MMP-2 activity.
Controlled n-type doping of antimonides and arsenides using GaTe

Abstract GaTe was used as a dopant source in molecular beam epitaxy to grow n-type AlSb, GaSb, InAs, and GaAs. Carrier density was independent of host material and growth temperature between 350°C and 550°C. Calibrations based upon the binary results were applied to alloys of InAlAsSb for high-frequency transistor applications. Controlled doping of these alloys was achieved at growth temperatures of 350°C and 400°C. Growth of a nominally undoped GaAs layer immediately after use of the GaTe cell indicated no significant memory effects.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE THYROID GLAND ON IODIDE TOLERANCE IN RABBITS1

THE IODIDE TOLERANCE TEST has been employed by a number of investigators as a means of studying thyroid function. It is accomplished by determining the changes in blood iodine following the administration of a given amount of this element. Maurer and Ducrue (1) and Sturm (2) were among the first to use this procedure and showed that after asingle intravenous injection of inorganic iodide into humans, 24 hours are required for the blood iodine to return to normal. In using rab-bits and sheep, however, the blood iodine remained higher than the pre-injection levelfor from 6 to 11 days. Elmer (3, 4, 5) studied iodide tolerance clinically in normal, hyperthyroid, and myxedematous individuals. He injected 1300 micrograms of iodide intravenously and blood iodinedeterminations were subsequently made at intervals for 24 hours. His results confirmed the work of Maurer and Ducrue in that the blood iodine of normal gindividuals was found toreach the pre-injection level in 24 hours.
The origin of circumstellar silicon carbide grains found in meteorites

— Condensation calculations for C-rich circumstellar envelopes are used to model the condensation sequence of C, TiC, and SiC, and trace-element patterns observed in circumstellar SiC grains. Some properties of carbon star envelopes are briefly discussed, and condensation temperatures for major and trace elements are computed for a wide array of total pressure, C/O-ratios, and s-process elemental abundances. The comparison of calculated patterns for trace-element solid solutions in SiC with the different observed patterns measured by Amari et al. (1995) yields an association of the grains to at least three different groups of carbon stars.
Mad for Her Country: Melinda’s Insanity, the Puszta, and Nationalist Dramaturgy in Ferenc Erkel’s Bánk bán Act 3

Framed by Bela Bartok’s criticism of Ferenc Erkel’s nationally inappropriate style in his polemic “On Hungarian Music,” this article examines, on the one hand, the overlap between the conventions of the bel canto Italian mad scene and the structure of verbunkos in Act 3, scene 1 of Erkel’s Bank ban, and, on the other, the dramaturgical and national significance of Erkel’s particular mixture of such international and Hungarian traditions. In particular, I consider the seeming incongruence between the typically celebratory mood of the csardas and its function as the cabaletta of Melinda’s mad scene as an expression of Hungarian national preoccupation with victimhood (propagated by such foundational national texts as Mihaly Vorosmarty’s 1836 Szozat, which has served as Hungary’s “second national anthem”). Melinda’s mad scene takes place on the banks of the Tisza River on the Great Hungarian Plain, a location of central importance to Hungarian national identity. This environment, which Erkel and his librettis...
Preparation of bifunctional isocyanate hydroxamate linkers: Synthesis of carbamate and urea tethered polyhydroxamic acid chelators.

Abstract Two novel bifunctional N -methylhydroxamate–isocyanate linkers 20 and 21 were prepared in good yield and high purity from the corresponding amine salts using a biphasic reaction with phosgene. The facile ring opening reaction of N -Boc lactams using the anion of O -benzylhydroxylamine gave the protected amino hydroxamates 6a and 6c in good yields. The selective methylation of the hydroxamate nitrogen in the presence of the N -Boc group in these intermediates could be readily accomplished. The utility of the linkers was clearly demonstrated by the synthesis of the carbamate-tethered trishydroxamic acid 27 and the urea-tethered 29.
Obligations to animals are based on rights

Some feminist philosophers criticize the idea of human rights because, they allege, it encapsulates male bias; it is therefore misguided, in their view, to extend moral rights to non-human animals. I argue that the feminist criticism is misguided. Ideas are not biased in favour of men simply because they originate with men, nor are ideas themselves biased in favour of men because men have used them prejudicially. As for the position that women should abandon theories of rights and embrace an ethic that emphasizes care: women who made this choice would not so much liberate themselves from “the patriarchy” as they would conform to its representation of women as emotional, subjective and irrational. There is, then, no good reason to withhold ascribing rights to non-human animals, based on the criticisms of rights made by some feminists.
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of Children with Low-Grade Gliomas.

As a group, children with low-grade gliomas (LGGs) enjoy a high rate of long-term survival and do not require the intensity of neurotoxic treatments used with higher risk pediatric brain tumors. Because they are generally considered to have favorable neurobehavioral outcomes, they have not been studied as thoroughly as higher-grade brain tumors by late-effects researchers. In this article, we review the literature on the neurobehavioral effects associated with low-grade gliomas and conclude that, (1) this is a large, understudied group of survivors of pediatric brain tumors; (2) recent small- and large-scale studies document increased risk in multiple cognitive-behavioral domains after treatment for LGGs compared with healthy peers; (3) such risk is not uniform but varies with tumor location and treatments; and (4) a life span development perspective is essential to a complete understanding of the risks faced by these children. More research on the most efficacious biopsychosocial treatment models for improving the outcomes of survivors of low-grade glioma is recommended, informed by a better understanding of theireducational needs. Investigations of genetic influences on outcome as well as prospective studies of these patients as they age are also recommended.
Cation Effects on Zwitterionic Lipid Multilayers

Lipid multilayers are found inside eukaryotic cells, as for example in the structure of the Golgi apparatus and around neurons forming myelin sheets. In laboratory, lipid multilayers form even in the absence of proteins. This is due to attractive van der Waals (vdW) forces that are strong enough to balance repulsive forces. In the current model of interbilayer interactions there are three contributions to intermembrane repulsion: electrostatics, bilayer shape fluctuations, and hydration. In this study we use small-angle x-ray scattering, dynamic light scattering, and theory to describe how these forces change in the presence of monovalent ions solution, in particular in the case of lithium ions for which the effects are significantly different than for sodium and potassium.
Tgfbr2 is required for development of the skull vault.

Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is known to play important roles in multiple developmental processes. One of the main functions is in skeletal development. Our previous studies demonstrated that loss of Tgfbr2 in Prx1Cre-expressing limb mesenchyme results in defects in the long bones and joints of mice. Here we show that loss of Tgfbr2 also results in defects in the development of the skull vault indicating Tgfbr2 has a critical role in intramembranous bone formation as well as endochondral bone formation. Mutant mice did not survive after birth and demonstrated an open skull. The first signs of skull defects were observed at E14.5 day. Prx1Cre+/Tgfbr2f/f embryos showed significantly reduced cell proliferation in the developing mesenchyme of the skull by E14.5 day without any detectable alteration in apoptosis suggesting that reduced cell proliferation in Prx1Cre+/Tgfbr2f/f embryos was at least partially responsible for the defects observed. Immunofluorescent staining showed a significant reduction in the expression of Runx2/Cbfa1 and Osterix/Sp7 in Prx1Cre+/Tgfbr2f/f embryos suggesting that osteoblast differentiation was also altered in Prx1Cre+/Tgfbr2f/f embryos. To distinguish between the effects of losing Tgfbr2 on mesenchymal proliferation versus osteoblast differentiation, osteoprogenitor cells from the skulls of Tgfbr2f/f embryos were cultured under conditions of high cell density and Tgfbr2 was deleted from the cells using Adeno-Cre virus. RT-PCR analysis showed that the mRNA level of Runx2 and Osterix as well as Dlx5 and Msx2 were down-regulated in Tgfbr2-deleted cultures compared to control cultures indicating that Tgfbr2 regulates osteoblast differentiation independent of regulating proliferation. Together, these results suggest that Tgfbr2 is required for normal development of the skull.
Explorations of surface and cavity properties on the nucleate boiling of carbon tetrachloride

Natural convection and pool boiling heat transfer were observed on centrally heated, flat superfinished nickel surfaces using thoroughly degassed, spectroscopic grade carbon tetrachloride at 0.5, 1, and 1.5, atm. pressure. Three distinct modes of natural convective circulation were observed and surface superheats as high as 125°F. were recorded. Single and multiple cylindrical cavities (0.0002 to 0.001 inch in diameter) served as active nuclei. Each cavity exhibited characteristic ebullition and disarming temperature excesses which were indicative of critical internal geometries. On a observe la convection naturelle et la transmission de la chaleur par ebullition germinee sur des surfaces de nickel chauffees centralement, planes et rendues tres lisses, en utilisant du tetrachloride de carbone entierement exempt de gaz et de qualite spectroscopique, sous des pressions de 0.5, 1 et 1.5 atmospheres. On a note trois modes distincts de circulation naturelle par convection et enregistre des surchauffes de la surface allant jusqu'a 125°F. Des cavites cylindriques simples et multiples (dont le diametre variait entre 0.0002 et 0.001 pouce) ont servi de noyaux actifs; on a constate dans chaque cavite une ebullition caracteristique et des exces de temperature qui indi-quaient des geometries internes critiques.
A scheduling system for supermarket cashiers

Abstract Since customer volume in a supermarket store is constantly fluctuating during a day and through the week, cashier scheduling is not an easy task. To create an accurate schedule, a supermarket manager must spend a good deal of time trying to match cashier shifts to customer demand. In this paper, a shift selection integer linear programming model is presented which has been implemented in Stop & Shop supermarket stores in Boston Massachusetts. The model runs on a personal computer within an electronic spreadsheet environment, making it user friendly for managers. It considers both hourly labor demand constraints and availability of labor constraints for each day of the week.
A Role for the African American Church in Urban School Reform

A survey of 25 African American church leaders in three urban school districts was conducted to determine the role of the African American church in urban school reform. Survey results identified f...
Estimating Trajectory Correction Requirements for Multiple Outer Planet Missions

General approach to the problem of estimating trajectory correction requirements for multiple outer planet flyby missions when the navigation system uses onboard optical measurements made during approach to each target planet to complement the ground-based radio measurements. The accuracy and reliability of the onboard measurement system plays a critical role in sizing the trajectory correction capability required. An illustration of the combined use of radio and optical measurements is provided for the particular case of a Jupiter-Uranus-Neptune mission. Use of the statistical technique developed for computing the trajectory correction margin required to account for uncertainties in subsystem performance, permits trajectory correction savings of 100 to 20 m/sec over 'worst case' designs. This represents weight savings of about 50% of the science payload. For the example case trajectory correction requirements are estimated for two candidate optical systems and the radio alone case. The use of onboard measurements allows a trajectory correction savings of approximately 140 m/sec.
Addressing Pediatric Medical Training Needs in Noncommunicable Diseases

The importance of addressing non-communicable diseases (NCDs) has been identified by health care leaders in India and around the world. Calls to action have been made to address this issue, including the creation of effective surveillance and research systems across South Asia. These efforts include collaboration within India at the local, regional, and national levels to support these initiatives. In addition to these efforts, it is critical to assess and strengthen medical training in NCDs. This can be done by providing clinicians with curriculum development tools to augment their clinical skills, as well as enabling them to advocate and role model as educators. The authors provide recommendations on how clinicians can address the threat of NCDs as educators, role models and advocates for improved pediatric NCD training.
Structure-preserved error-correcting tree automata for syntactic pattern recognition

An error-correcting syntax analyzer for tree languages with substitution errors, called structure-preserved error-correcting tree automaton (ECTA), is studied. Substitution errors are defined in terms of transformations which can easily be accommodated to linguistic notion. Let L be a tree language, for a tree s not in L, the essence of ECTA is to search for a tree ? in L such that the cost sequence of error transformations needed to transform ? to s is the minimum among all the sentences in L. A LANDSAT data interpretation problem is used as an example to illustrate the operation of ECTA.
Nonlocal homogenization of metamaterials by dual interpolation of fields

The proposed homogenization theory—a major extension of the recently published methodology [J. Opt. Soc. Am. B28, 577 (2011)]—yields an extended second-order material tensor consolidating the usual 36 local material parameters and additional ones that rigorously quantify nonlocality. The local part of the tensor relates the mean values of pairs of coarse-grained fields, while the nonlocal part relates the mean values to variations of the fields. The theory is based on a direct analysis of fields in a lattice cell rather than on an indirect retrieval of material parameters from transmission/reflection data. There are no heuristic assumptions and no artificial averaging rules. Nontrivial magnetic behavior, if present, is a logical consequence of the theory. The approximations involved and the respective errors are clearly identified. Illustrative examples of resonant structures with high-permittivity inclusions are given.
Analysis of centrin-, actin-, and tetrin-containing filaments in the Tetrahymena vorax macrostomal oral apparatus and their relation to the microtubule cytoskeleton

Our laboratory studies how the contractile cytoskeleton contributes to the process of phagocytosis. Because of its larger size and ease of manipulation, we chose the macrostomal cell of Tetrahymena vorax as our model for analysis of the distribution of proteins of prominent filamentous structures within the large oral apparatus (OA). Previous work in our laboratory identified centrin as a component of the fine filamentous reticulum (FFR) and actin and tetrin as colocalizing components of the coarse filamentous reticulum (CFR) and cross-connectives (CC) (J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 51:253–257). Our new data also show that actin coimmunoprecipitates with tetrin proteins, confirming our actin–tetrin colocalization results. Because of its positioning around the cytostome, the actin-containing CFR/CC is a logical candidate for involvement in phagosome “pinch-off” following prey ingestion. We have analyzed this process by employing an assay that uses the addition of calcium to induce phagosome formation. We show that inhibitors of actin are able to block this event, indicating that actin is necessary for phagosome “pinch-off”. The OA also contains precisely arranged arrays of microtubules. We have examined the spatial relationship of the microtubular arrays to the distribution patterns of centrin, actin and tetrin, and found that tubulin and centrin fluorescences overlap in the region of the undulating membrane (UM). Tubulin fluorescence overlaps with actin and tetrin labeling at the inner edge of the CFR, where the CFR and UM converge. In addition to ciliary and oral rib labeling, tubulin antibodies also recognize the outer microtubule bundle (OMB), which delineates the right and posterior boundary of the OA.
Not so lost in the genetic crowd

Two new studies report improved statistics to predict whether an individual participated in a genome-wide association study based on aggregate allele or genotype frequency information. They demonstrate that it may be possible to release summary statistics for a subset of genetic markers in a study while maintaining individual privacy.
Influence of [4Cl-D-Phe6,Leu17]VIP on VIP- and central TRH-induced gastric hyperemia

Abstract KirALy, A., G. SUTO, P. Guth and Y. TachE. Influence of [4Cl-D-Phe 6 ,Leu 17 ]VIP on VIP- and central TRH-induced gastric hyperemia. Peptides 18(9) 1321–1325, 1997.—The specific VIP receptor antagonist, [4Cl-D-Phe 6 ,Leu 17 ]VIP, infused iv blocked close-intra-arterial infusion of VIP-induced increase in gastric mucosal blood flow (GMBF, measured by the hydrogen gas clearance), and decrease in mean arterial blood pressure while not influencing basal levels in urethane-anesthetized rats. The thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stable analog, RX 77368, injected intracisternally (IC, 30 ng) increased GMBF and blood pressure. The VIP antagonist did not significantly reduce the GMBF response to IC RX 77368 while enhancing the rise in blood pressure. These findings indicate that [4Cl-D-Phe 6 ,Leu 17 ]VIP is an antagonist for exogenous VIP-induced gastric hyperemia and hypotension and that VIP modulates the systemic blood pressure response to IC RX 77368 at 30 ng while not playing a primary role in the increase of GMBF.
The Comstock Mealybug in California and Observations on Some of Its Natural Enemies

Following discovery 1967 of Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) infesting 10 square miles in the city of Porterville, Calif., efforts were undertaken (1) to assess the potential destructiveness of the pest; (2) to test the possibilities for its complete biological control; (3) to explore the feasibility of temporary biological, and mechanical containment practices: and (4) to collect facts pertinent to a decision by the California State Department of Agriculture as to whether eradicative measures should be undertaken. The probability of severe damage by this pest, should it spread to other California areas, appeared likely. Poor prospects for completely successful biological control were indicated from trials with 3 imported Japanese parasites: pseudaphycus malinus Cahan, Allotropa burrelli Muesebeck, and Clausenia purpurea Ishii. The results of these investigations of natural enemies and of the plant host relationships of the mealybug peculiar to the infested area suggest the desirability of certain chemical, biological, and mechanical containment practices until eradicative measures can be inaugurated.
Power system stabilization via additive multiple adaptive controller

The authors consider the use of a multiple controller structure in an attempt to achieve fault-tolerant control of a power system. The controller consists of a model reference adaptive controller in parallel with a conventional power system stabilizer. The adaptive system is based on an adaptive controller originally developed to stabilize unknown linear systems with relative degree one or two and modified to operate in the presence of bounded disturbances and high-frequency unmodeled dynamics. System closed-loop behavior is studied via simulation in the presence of significant load induced plant uncertainty as well as failure of the conventional power system stabilizer. Significant improvement in closed-loop system behavior is noted during normal operation as well as during load peaks and conventional stabilizer failure. >
In vitro comparison of central venous catheters for aspiration of venous air embolism: effect of catheter type, catheter tip position, and cardiac inclination.

Study objective To test the relative efficiency of balloon-tipped and plain catheters for aspiration of venous air embolism. Design The following four single-lumen central venous catheters were studied in a silastic model of the right atrium, tricuspid valve, and vena cavae: (1) the 16-gauge single-orifice catheter; (2) the 14-gauge Bunegin-Albin multiorifice catheter; (3) the 7-Fr pulmonary angiography catheter with balloon distal to orifices; (4) the 7-Fr pulmonary angiography catheter with balloon proximal to orifices. A 10% glycerol-water solution was circulated at 3.7 to 4.0 L/min. Catheter tips were positioned at 1 cm increments from -3 to +3 cm around the superior vena cava-right atrial junction with cardiac inclinations of 65 degrees and 80 degrees. Air (10 ml) was infused over 30 seconds; aspiration from the test catheter began 5 seconds later at 40 ml/min for 75 seconds. The balloon catheters were evaluated with the balloons inflated and deflated. Setting Experimental laboratory of a university-affiliated hospital. Measurements and main results Amounts of air aspirated were compared by analysis of variance and Tukey's multiple comparison, p less than 0.05, for all combinations. The 16-gauge single-orifice catheter tested best at a 65 degrees cardiac inclination with 86% of the venous air embolism recovered, while the 14-gauge Bunegin-Albin multiorifice catheter tested best at an 80 degrees cardiac inclination with 62% of the venous air embolism recovered. Both catheters functioned most efficiently at or above the superior vena cava-right atrial junction. Conclusions This study demonstrated that efficacy of air recovery depends on catheter type, catheter tip position, and cardiac inclination. No benefit was derived from positioning the catheter tip inside the atrium or from using balloon-tipped catheters.
The missing links: larval and post-larval development of the ascoglossan opisthobranch Elysia viridis

The stenophagous ascoglossan (=sacoglossan) opisthobranch Elysia viridis has long been a model organism for the study of endosymbiosis or kleptoplasty as well as one of the few herbivores to consume the introduced green macroalga Codium fragile on European shores. Larval and post-larval dynamics of the ascoglossan were investigated. Planktotrophic larvae of E. viridis grew at 5-10 μm d -1 (shell length) at 15°C on a unicellular algal diet (the cryptophyte Rhodomonas baltica); larvae became competent one month post-hatching. Effective feeding and chloroplast acquisition typically started within 2-3 1 of metamorphosis. Slugs grew about 8 mm in the first month of post-larval life. During this period, juveniles held in the light did not grow faster or survive better than conspecifics held in the dark; thus, functional kleptoplasty did not occur during first three weeks of benthic life. While larval growth rates and the nature of metamorphic cues are consistent with those of many other opisthobranch species with planktotrophic larvae, measures of post-larval growth particularly as it pertains to kleptoplasty-is a new contribution to opisthobranch biology.
On realtime remote display of a digital video recording system

Digital video recording (DVR) systems have become popular following the rapid development of digital video devices and video coding techniques. A DVR is a computerized surveillance system that supports all the features of a traditional videotape system by using digital cameras, motion detector, pan-and-tilt controls, capture cards and a computer. It can save the captured frames as hard-disk files, which can be played back later. Another advantage of DVR is that it supports realtime remote display of the captured video frames while the digital recording is working at the same time. We present research on the realtime remote display of a DVR system, especially the congestion control algorithm for the multi-channel transmission case. Our proposed congestion control algorithm can achieve efficient and stable realtime transmission of multichannel captured video sequences for a wide range of bandwidth capacity. The algorithm is also TCP-friendly as it follows the additive increase multiplicative decrease (AIMD) scheme. Several trade-offs are made to make the system fit for the special purpose of remote surveillance.
The magnetopause energetic electron layer, 1. Observations along the distant magnetotail

Observational features of the magnetopause energetic electron layer have been studied along the distant magnetotail (− 10 R_E ≳ X_(SM) ≳ −40 R_E) using California Institute of Technology instrumentation aboard Imp 8. On the basis of 101 layer crossings obtained on 60 spacecraft orbits it is concluded that the layer of electrons (E ≳ 200 keV) was present on 97% of the magnetopause crossings during 1973–1975. The inner edge of the layer is typically found to correspond to the magnetopause boundary as determined from concurrent plasma analyzer and magnetometer data. Energetic electrons within the layer are observed to be persistently streaming tailward along local magnetosheath field lines. Pitch angles of electrons along the dusk magnetopause are often restricted to values of ≲40°, whereas along the dawnside of the tail somewhat larger pitch angles are normally seen. Differential energy spectra of electrons in the layer are typically fit by power law forms with spectral indices 2 ≲ γ ≲ 4, and intensity enhancements often extend to energies of ≳1 MeV. Average directional intensities (E ≳ 200 keV) flowing through the layer are remarkably constant, ranging from ∼1 to ∼5 (cm^(−2) s^(−1)), but apparent ‘hot spots’ are found along the dawn flank of the magnetotail. It is suggested that these hot spots are near a source region for energetic electrons.
Flight Periodicity of the Douglas—Fir Beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in Colorado, U.S.A.

There are about 500 species of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in the United States (Wood 1982). A number of them are important disturbance agents in forested ecosystems, occasionally creating large tracts of dead trees. One eruptive species is the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, which utilizes Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, as its primary host throughout most of the tree's range. The Douglas-fir beetle is univoltine with brood adults and larvae overwintering (Schmitz and Gibson 1996). The insect prefers to attack large diameter trees in high density stands often exhibiting reduced growth (Furniss et al. 1981; Negron 1998; Negron et al. 1999).
The U.S. Sugar Program and the Cuban Revolution

This article argues that one contributing factor to the Cuban Revolution of 1959 was the 1956 revision of U.S. sugar quotas. Its significance has been overlooked because its real economic impact was programmed to occur after 1959. Combining a statistical simulation and an event study of sugar companies' rates of return on equity, we show that the revision had adverse long-run consequences for sugar exports, and that forward-looking investors anticipated them and incorporated them into their valuation of sugar-company stocks after 1953. Further evidence shows that the Batista regime and prominent insurgents understood the vital nature of Cuba's sugar import quota.
Chemical looping technology for energy and chemical production

Chemical looping has been considered as a promising technology for CO2 capture and for producing electricity and/or chemicals from various carbonaceous feedstocks. This article provides an overview of chemical looping processes, their potential process configurations, and applications for power and chemical production. The designs and results of various demonstration units are discussed in relation to parameters required for commercialization. Furthermore, the barriers to commercialization of a chemical looping plant for power or syngas production are illustrated. WIREs Energy Environ 2016, 5:216–241. doi: 10.1002/wene.173 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Biological predictors of suicidality in schizophrenia

The objective of this study was to determine whether polysomnographic rapid eye movement (REM) sleep abnormalities and cortisol response to the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) differentiate between schizophrenic patients with and without a history of suicidal behaviour. We assessed a sample of 96 schizophrenic in-patients at the end of a 2-week medication-free period with the DST, polysomnography, and an extensive clinical assessment battery. Patients exhibiting suicidal behaviour were significantly more likely to have increased total REM time and increased total REM activity. We found no significant relationship between suicidal behaviour and DST non-suppression. This study confirms a previous finding suggesting an association between REM sleep abnormalities and suicidal behaviour in schizophrenia. It is postulated that this observed association may be related to serotonergic dysfunction in schizophrenia.