cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lithuania: Democratic Transition and Memories of the Communist Past

Almost twenty years after the disintegration of the USSR and collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe, Lithuania, one of the Baltic States and a former member state of the Soviet Union is a democratic republic with the political system designed and based on the principles of a parliamentary democracy. In 1991 after the wave of “velvet revolutions” swept over the countries of Eastern and Central Europe Lithuania once again became a sovereign nation after fifty years of Soviet occupation. Nevertheless, eighteen years later a peculiar parallel exists between the past attempts of the former Communist Party to falsify and distort history of the previously independent state and today’s attempts of Lithuania’s political leaders to obscure the country’s history of the Soviet period.
Abstract 477: The Genetic Interval Sle1 is Sufficient to Accelerate Atherosclerosis in LDLr-/- Mice

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by T and B cell activation and increased circulating autoantibodies. While kidney disease and infection are common causes of early death, patients surviving more than a year after diagnosis have a strikingly increased risk of atherosclerosis resulting in heart attack or stroke. Despite identification of this increased risk more than 40 years ago, mechanisms for SLE-accelerated atherosclerosis remain elusive. The B6.Sle1.2.3 mouse model of SLE contains three genetic loci that confer SLE susceptibility: Sle1, Sle2 and Sle3. We have shown that bone marrow transplant from B6.Sle1.2.3 into LDLr-/- mice results in increased atherosclerosis accompanied by more CD4+ T cells in the lesions, pointing to T cell dysregulation as a contributing factor. While all three loci are necessary for fully penetrant lupus nephritis, whether one particular interval is responsible for accelerated atherosclerosis is unknown. We have shown that Sle3, the int...
The Control of Water Loss by the Two-Spotted Spider Mite (Tetranychus telarius)

The two-spotted spider mite regulates its water loss by virtue of a relatively impermeable cuticle and control of diffusion of water from the tracheal system by movements of the mandibular plate. The diapause form exhibits a reduction in oxygen consumption coupled with reduced water loss from the tracheal system. Water intake in the feeding mite equals up to one quarter of the total weight within 1 hour. Fluids are bypassed to the hindgut, where small ions can be absorbed, and the water rapidly eliminated. Diffusion from the trachea can account for a large part of water excretion under conditions of low relative humidity.
3D Shape Optimization based on Unstructured Triangle/Tetrahedral Mesh Deformation

We study a polyhedral representation of regional subsurface structures partitioned into unstructured tetrahedral mesh. The geomechanics-related discontinuities are adaptively represented as triangulated interior surfaces as seperators for blocky subdomains, or “shapes”, without asssumption on smoothness. We present a two-step framework conducting mesh deformation by evolving the interior surface based on the gradient flow derived from the Hausdorff distance between an initially guessed geometry and a target polyhedral representing the true geological structure, and then elastically deforming and modifying the volume mesh under element quality constraints. We implement a series of refinement and coarsening operations, allowing topological change, and introduce a polyhedra based level set function to retrack the interior surface, as a feedback from volume modification to surface mesh optimization, which deals with the contacting and breaking up problems.
Two Applicable Extension Development Tendencies of Hearing of Witnesses

Hearing of witnesses was first formulated in Administrative Punishment Law of our country, which is a measure that bearing milestone significance in our administrative legal construction history. However, the applicable extension of hearing of witnesses in our country is narrow and should be broadened properly using foreign experiences as reference.
Three new species of Neuraphes in eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae)

Three new ant-like stone beetle species: Neuraphes (Pararaphes) sichuanus sp. n., N. (P.) tuyuhun sp. n., and N. (P.) miniqinghaiensis sp. n. are described from Sichuan and Qinghai provinces of China. Another species, close to N. qinghaiensis Jaloszynski, is illustrated, but not formally described because of unclear diagnostic characters. The placement of Neuraphes species that inhabit mountain ranges surrounding Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the subgenus Pararaphes is discussed and their distribution is summarized.
Factors affecting the biosynthesis of folinic acid by Escherichia coli.

The conversion of pteroylglutamic acid and other pteridine derivatives into factors, some of which appear to be identical with folinic acid activity and which are active in supporting the growth of Leuconostoc citrovorum (now reclassified as Pediococcus cerevisiae) has been reported (Nichol and Zakrzewski, 1955; Wright, 1955; Nichol and Welch, 1950; Broquist et al., 1953; Bond, 1953). Hakala and Welch (1957) have presented evidence which indicates that Bacillus subtilis synthesizes a triglutamate form of citrovorum factor from a liquid salts-glucose medium. Alimchandani and Sreenivasan (1957) reported that culture filtrates of Escherichia coli show both folic acid and citrovorum factor activity. The purpose of this paper is to report first, further evidence for the identity of citrovorum factor activity synthesized by a strain of E. coli; second, the factors influencing this synthesis; and third, the incorporation of C14 into the folinic acid molecule from glutamic acid-C'4 and aspartic acid-C14.
A Proliferation Assessment of Third Generation Laser Uranium Enrichment Technology

ABSTRACTLong-standing efforts to develop a commercially viable laser-based process for uranium enrichment, initially with atomic and later molecular isotope separation, have had limited success. This article discusses a model for a third generation of laser enrichment technology where CO2 laser light is Raman scattered to generate 16 μm photons that excite a vibrational mode in uranium-235 hexafluoride molecules within an adiabatically expanding free carrier gas jet, allowing for the partial separation of uranium isotopes by condensation repression. The SILEX (Separation of Isotopes by Laser Excitation) process being developed as part of the Global Laser Enrichment project may be one example of this separation technique. An ideal, asymmetric cascade for enriching uranium to weapon-grade levels is presented, and an analysis of the minimum laser performance requirements is included. Optimal running parameters, physical space constraints, and energy efficiency estimates are discussed. An assessment of the te...
SU-F-T-36: Dosimetric Comparison of Point Based Vs. Target Based Prescription for Intracavitary Brachytherapy in Cancer of the Cervix

Purpose: Improved patient imaging used for planning the treatment of cervical cancer with Tandem and Ovoid (T&O) Intracavitary high-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDR) now allows for 3D delineation of target volumes and organs-at-risk. However, historical data relies on the conventional point A-based planning technique. A comparative dosimetric study was performed by generating both target-based (TBP) and point-based (PBP) plans for ten clinical patients. Methods: Treatment plans created using Elekta Oncentra v. 4.3 for ten consecutive cervical cancer patients were analyzed. All patients were treated with HDR using the Utrecht T&O applicator. Both CT and MRI imaging modalities were utilized to delineate clinical target volume (CTV) and organs-at-risk (rectum, sigmoid, bladder, and small bowel). Point A (left and right), vaginal mucosa, and ICRU rectum and bladder points were defined on CT. Two plans were generated for each patient using two prescription methods (PBP and TBP). 7Gy was prescribed to each point A for each PBP plan and to the target D90% for each TBP plan. Target V90%, V100%, and V200% were evaluated. In addition, D0.1cc and D2cc were analyzed for each organ-at-risk. Differences were assessed for statistical significance (p<0.05) by use of Student's t-test. Results: Target coverage was comparable for both planning methods, with each method providing adequate target coverage. TBP showed lower absolute dose to the target volume than PBP (D90% = 7.0Gy vs. 7.4Gy, p=0.028), (V200% = 10.9cc vs. 12.8cc, p=0.014), (ALeft = 6.4Gy vs. 7Gy, p=0.009), and (ARight = 6.4Gy vs. 7Gy, p=0.013). TBP also showed a statistically significant reduction in bladder, rectum, small bowel, and sigmoid doses compared to PBP. There was no statistically significant difference in vaginal mucosa or ICRU-defined rectum and bladder dose. Conclusion: Target based prescription resulted in substantially lower dose to delineated organs-at-risk compared to point based prescription, while maintaining similar target coverage.
Conformational Dynamics and Structure Underlie the Novel Ligand Binding Specificity of a Tiam1 PDZ Domain Mutant

PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1 (PDZ) domains are protein-protein interaction modules that generally recognize the C-terminus of target proteins. Here, we investigated the biophysical origin for the novel ligand specificity of a Tiam1 PDZ mutant (QM PDZ) domain that harbors a substitution at four non-conserved residues in the ligand-binding site. Crystal structures of the Tiam1 QM PDZ domain free and bound with two peptide ligands revealed that the four mutations combine to remodel the ligand-binding pocket allowing larger side chains to be accommodated. Importantly, aromatic pi-pi and pi-anion interactions play a central role in ligand recognition. Amide backbone (15N) and methyl side-chain (13C) NMR-based relaxation experiments identified extensive dynamics changes in the QM PDZ domain on both fast (ps-ns) and slow (us-ms) timescales compared to the wild-type PDZ domain. Changes in conformational entropy derived from the analyses of NMR dynamics correlated with changes in binding entropy determined by isothermal titration calorimetry, suggesting that protein dynamics plays a significant role in defining the ligand specificity of the QM PDZ domain. Additionally, biochemical denaturation studies indicated that Tiam1 QM PDZ domain was less thermodynamically stable than the wild-type PDZ domain. Together, our results indicate that structural alterations, increased flexibility and lowered stability combine to support the novel binding specificity of the QM PDZ domain. More broadly, our results support a critical role for conformational dynamics in the evolution of binding specificity.
Abstract 4944: Detection of functional P-selectin ligands expressed on colon cancer tissue using a novel flow-based assay

The presence of functional P-selectin ligands is well-documented for human colon cancer cell lines, but not in situ on human colon carcinoma tissue. Presently, immunostaining with antibodies is used to detect critical components of selectin ligands, e.g., sialofucosylated moieties. However, this static biochemical tissue analysis (SBTA) cannot ascertain if a potential selectin ligand is able to mediate (rolling) adhesion. Due to the immense difficulty in detecting functional selectin ligands using traditional methods, we have developed a flow-based assay known as dynamic biochemical tissue analysis (DBTA) for detecting functional selectin ligands expressed on human tissue. DBTA using P-selectin microspheres was performed on colon cancer tissue sections from multiple cases, in conjunction with SBTA using P-selectin, antibodies against purported selectin ligand carbohydrate moieties sLeX and sLeA (HECA-452, CSLEX-1, and KM-231), and antibodies against peptide structures of putative P-selectin ligands (CD24, CD44, and PSGL-1). Examination of serial sections, in the same regions of tissue displaying DBTA probe adhesion, revealed significant detection inconsistencies with SBTA. Subsequently, due to the well-documented force-dependency of selectin ligands, DBTA was conducted with microspheres coated with either HECA-452, CSLEX-1, or KM-231 to determine the effect of applied force on the detection capabilities of these antibodies. Analysis of signet ring cell colon carcinoma tissue revealed microspheres coated with HECA-452, CSLEX-1, or KM-231 antibodies all displayed significantly lower amounts of adhesion than the DBTA P-selectin microspheres. Interestingly, although microspheres coated with these antibodies adhered to signet ring cell carcinoma tissue, these DBTA probes did not interact with all regions of tissue that displayed adhesion with P-selectin microspheres. Specificity of interaction was validated using corresponding isotype control coated microspheres. Taken together, these results show DBTA with P-selectin coated microspheres is able to unequivocally detect functional P-selectin ligands, in contrast to SBTA (immunostaining) and DBTA using microspheres coated with antibodies. In summary, DBTA using P-selectin coated microspheres is able to detect functional P-selectin ligands expressed on colon cancer tissue, data that may provide valuable diagnostic and prognostic information for malignant tumors. Citation Format: Eric W. Martin, Ramiro Malgor, Vicente A. Resto, Douglas J. Goetz, Monica M. Burdick. Detection of functional P-selectin ligands expressed on colon cancer tissue using a novel flow-based assay. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4944.
Incident Reduction of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) Following Office-Based Surgery - A Retrospective Chart Analysis

Incident Reduction of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting PONV Following Office Based Surgery A Retrospective Chart Analysis
Media Capture and Media Power

Abstract This chapter studies situations where media sources deliberately deviate from truthful reporting in order to manipulate electoral outcomes. Media capture occurs when the government actively attempts to influence the media industry. We instead speak of media power when news organizations engage in biased reporting for political reasons. Existing theories identify factors that make these phenomena more likely to occur, suggest ways of measuring them, and study their welfare effect and policy implications.
Prediction in evolutionary systems

Despite its explanatory clout, the theory of evolution has thus far compiled a modest record with respect to predictive power—that other major hallmark of scientific theories. This is considered by many to be an acceptable limitation of a theory that deals with events and processes that are intrinsically random (and historic). However, whether this is an inherent restriction or simply the sign of an incomplete theory is an open question. In an attempt to help answer that question, we propose a classification scheme for several types of prediction that might occur with regard to evolutionary systems, then explore the nature of these predictions in a system that simulates the evolution of neural architectures. This provides a platform from which to consider the relevance of such observations for real biological systems and illuminates a variety of key issues pertaining to prediction in those environments.
Research on unmanned combat aerial vehicle robust maneuvering decision under incomplete target information

This article investigates the problem of designing a novel maneuvering decision-making method for the unmanned combat aerial vehicle. The design objective is to promote the real-time ability of dec...
Virtually rotated MEMS gyroscope with angle output

We experimentally demonstrate a virtually rotated MEMS Rate Integrating Gyroscope (RIG) with 0.0015 °/√Hz angle white noise, 0.0085° angle flicker, and 0.02 °/s/√Hz angle random walk. RIGs exhibit unlimited full scale range and bandwidth, but frequency/damping mismatch imperfection arising from fabrication set a rate threshold below which the RIGs fail to operate. Here we show that by applying virtual rotation using the gyroscope's control electrodes along with dynamic mismatch controls, the angle-dependent bias drifts are averaged out, allowing measurement of rotation rates lower than 0.1 °/s, which is two orders of magnitude below the rate threshold value. The presented methods may enable commercialization of angle measuring MEMS gyroscopes.
DSP-Enabled 100 Gb/s PAM-4 VCSEL MMF Links

Short reach optical interconnects must support higher data rates to manage the increasing needs of end users and the commensurate increase in storage and computation within and between data centers. VCSEL-based MMF links provide a power efficient solution which is achieved in part by maximizing the data rate per laser source. We design an archetype system to explore the challenges and benefits of signal processing with currently available technology. By careful use of signal processing at both the transmitter and receiver, we experimentally demonstrate 107 Gb/s PAM-4 transmission over 105 m of wideband MMF using 850 and 940 nm VCSELs and thus show a path to 400 Gb/s and eventually 1 Tb/s multimode fiber links.
Incidence and Preoperative Risk Factors for Major Complications in Aesthetic Rhinoplasty: Analysis of 4978 Patients

Background Rhinoplasty remains one of the most common aesthetic procedures performed in the United States. Current literature on rhinoplasty complications is inconclusive and is based on retrospective reviews and small cohorts. Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence and identify predictive risk factors for major complications following rhinoplasty alone or in combination with other aesthetic operations in a large, prospective, multicenter database study. Methods A prospective cohort of patients undergoing rhinoplasty between May 2008 and May 2013 was identified from the CosmetAssure database. Primary outcome was occurrence of major complications, defined as complications requiring an emergency room visit, hospital admission, or a reoperation within 30 days of the index operation. Univariate and multivariate analysis evaluated potential risk factors for major complications including age, gender, body mass index (BMI), smoking, diabetes, type of surgical facility, and combined procedures. Results A total of 129,007 patients were identified, of which 4978 (3.9%) underwent a rhinoplasty. The overall complication rate was 0.7% (n = 37). Hematoma was the most common complication (0.2%), followed by infection (0.2%), and pulmonary complications (0.1%). Age ≥40 years was found to be an independent risk factor for developing complications. Age ≥40 years was found to have a relative risk of 2.05 (P = 0.04) for any major complication. Complications increased from 0.58% in rhinoplasty alone cases to 1.02% (P < 0.05) with the addition of 1 other body region to 2.09% with the addition of 2 other body regions (P < 0.05). The risk of pulmonary complications increased from 0.1% to 1% (P < 0.05) with the addition of rhinoplasty with 2 other body regions. Gender, type of facility, smoking status, and BMI ≥25 did not appear to significantly impact the risk for major complications. Conclusions The major complication rate following rhinoplasty remains low. The risk is increased with age ≥40 years and with the addition of other cosmetic procedures. Pulmonary complications, although rare, do occur, and also increase when combining rhinoplasty with other aesthetic surgery. These findings are important to consider when planning rhinoplasty and educating patients on the safety of combined aesthetic surgeries. Level of Evidence 2.
Drought stress affects response of phytopathogen vectors and their parasitoids to infection- and damage-induced plant volatile cues

1. The response of a phytopathogen vector to pathogen-induced plant volatiles was investigated, as well as the response of the phytopathogen vector's parasitoid to herbivore-induced plant volatiles released from plants with and without drought stress. 2. These experiments were performed with Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri), vector of the plant pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) and its parasitoid Tamarixia radiata as models. Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus is the presumed causal pathogen of huanglongbing (HLB), also called citrus greening disease. 3. Diaphorina citri vectors were attracted to headspace volatiles of CLas-infected citrus plants at 95% of their water-holding capacity (WHC); such attraction to infected plants was much lower under drought stress. Attraction of the vector to infected and non-stressed plants was correlated with greater release of methyl salicylate (MeSA) as compared with uninfected and non-stressed control citrus plants. Drought stress decreased MeSA release from CLas-infected plants as compared with non-stressed and infected plants. 4. Similarly, T. radiata was attracted to headspace volatiles released from D. citri-infested citrus plants at 95% of their WHC. However, wasps did not show preference between headspace volatiles of psyllid-infested and uninfested plants when they were at 35% WHC, suggesting that herbivore-induced defences did not activate to recruit this natural enemy under drought stress. 5. Our results demonstrate that herbivore- and pathogen-induced responses are environmentally dependent and do not occur systematically following damage. Drought stress affected both pathogen- and herbivore-induced plant volatile release, resulting in concomitant decreases in behavioural response of both the pathogen's vector and the vector's primary parasitoid.
STRUCTURAL COMPARISONS OF STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDES OF GROUP 9 (9N, 9V, 9L, 9A)RELATED TO THE CHOICE OF VACCINE COMPONENTS

Within the group 9 Streptococcus pneumoniae, four serologically cross reacting types are recognized (9A, 9L, 9N and 9V) which together are responsible for 3–4% of pneumococcal disease in North America1. Microchemical methods of glycose analysis, gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and 13C and 1H n.m.r. has permitted the complete structural elucidation of the capsular polysaccharides of the four group 9 serotypes2–6. The capsular antigens were found to be polymers of a repeating pentasaccharide unit sharing several similarities but differing in certain component glycoses and the presence of O-acetyl groups (Table).
Workshop Report on Mechanisms

There are multiple and diverse mechanisms that may be involved in male mediated reproductive toxicity because of the large number of diseases that are included in the category of reproductive failure. The span of reproductive problems include: Spontaneous abortions Congenital malformations Genetic diseases in the offspring Malignancy in the offspring Prematurity Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) Stillbirth Neurobehavioral effects in the offspring Infertility
Pharmacokinetics of amifostine: effects of dose and method of administration.

Abstract Findings of pharmacokinetic studies of amifostine (Ethyol; Alza Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA/US Bioscience, West Conshohocken, PA) in animal models and in human cancer patients support the hypothesis that amifostine pharmacokinetics are nonlinear. The nonlinear pharmacokinetic behavior of amifostine suggests that administration of doses higher than 740 mg/m2 does not increase the amount of drug available due to urinary excretion of the excess parent drug and its metabolites. Although the intravenous formulation of amifostine is the only one currently used in the treatment of cancer patients, there is growing interest in the investigation of subcutaneous administration as a practical alternative. A pilot pharmacokinetic evaluation of subcutaneous administration of amifostine in 12 healthy male volunteers compared the relative bioavailability of 500 mg of amifostine administered subcutaneously with that of 200 mg/m2 given intravenously.
Well-child care in infancy and emergency department use by South Carolina Medicaid children birth to 6 years old.

OBJECTIVES This analysis tests the hypothesis that children enrolled in Medicaid with the recommended early and periodic screening, diagnosis and treatment (EPSDT) visits in the first 24 months utilize fewer emergency department (ED) services birth to 6 years old than children with fewer visits. METHODS Data represent all health encounters for a 3-year birth cohort of South Carolina children continuously enrolled in Medicaid from birth to 6 years old (n = 18,512). The association between receiving the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended EPSDT visits and other health service utilization is examined. RESULTS Children with the recommended EPSDT visits had a greater adjusted rate of sick-child visits with a primary care provider (rate ratio, 1.62; 95% CI 1.50- 1.76) and a lower adjusted rate of ED visits for ambulatory care-sensitive conditions (rate ratio, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.81-0.95). CONCLUSION Recommended EPSDT use in infancy may be associated with a shift in health care from the ED to the office setting by children enrolled in Medicaid in the first six years of life.
Materials with reduced flammability in aerospace and aviation

Abstract: This chapter reviews the history of aircraft fire regulations, the types of materials used in transport category aircraft, their location in the fuselage, and the test methods and requirements for their flammability.
Beyond reading comprehension: exploring the additional contribution of Core Academic Language Skills to early adolescents’ written summaries

To assess text comprehension and concept mastery, standards-aligned measures have moved from using multiple-choice questions to using source-based writing tasks (sometimes referred to as Reading-to-Write tasks). For example, it is now common for students to be asked to read a text and then to produce a written response, often a summary or argumentative essay. While this task involves comprehension of the source text, it remains unclear the degree to which these reading-to-write tasks also tap additional skills, such as academic language proficiency, which may support or hamper the writer’s ability to convey information acquired from reading. Given the lack of research focused on this question, in this study, we examined whether variability in early adolescents’ Core Academic Language Skills (CALS) contributes to the quality of their written summaries of science source texts. A total of 259 participants in grades four to eight were administered the Core Academic Language Skills Instrument (CALS-I) and the Global Integrated Scenario-Based Assessment (GISA), which included a reading comprehension test and a summary writing task, both based on the same scientific source text. Findings revealed that CALS, previously shown to be associated with reading comprehension, have a robust positive relation with early adolescents’ science summary writing quality, predicting unique variance over and above students’ source text comprehension and demographic characteristics. Results highlight the relevance of paying instructional attention not only to content but also to language skills when preparing students to become independent learners in a content area. In addition, these findings offer some evidence for CALS as a cross-modality construct relevant to both reading and writing at school.
Pictorial Urgency Scale: A New Tool for Evaluating Bladder Urgency in Children

Purpose:Bladder fullness and urgency are difficult for some patients to express. We hypothesized that images on a pictorial urgency scale would correlate with International Continence Society stand...
CONSERVATION STRATEGIES IN A CHANGING CLIMATE—MOVING BEYOND AN “ANIMAL LIBERATION/ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS” DIVIDE

This paper argues that there is no simple rift between animal liberation and environmental ethics in terms of strategies for environmental conservation. The situation is much more complicated, with multiple fault lines that can divide both environmental ethicists from one another and animal ethicists from one another—but that can also create unexpected convergences between these two groups. First, the paper gives an account of the alleged rift between animal liberation and environmental ethics. Then it’s argued that this rift was always exaggerated. For instance, animal ethicists who prioritize aggregate animal welfare have always converged with environmental ethicists in supporting certain cases of hunting and culling, and, in doing so, they have diverged from animal rights theorists, who generally oppose these practices. Pervasive threats such as climate change make it likely that environmental ethicists will also diverge from one another in terms of the conservation strategies they support, depending on what values they prioritize. For instance, conservation strategies that protect species may not necessarily protect other environmental values such as ecosystem flourishing or wildness. The paper concludes that conservation under climate change is likely to bring both new divergences and new convergences, and that these are unlikely to take the form of a rift between animal liberation and environmental ethics.
Nelfinavir Activates Epstein-Barr Virus and Kaposi's Sarcoma Herpesvirus Lytic Cycle by Inducing ER Stress

Abstract 5011 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi9s Sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) are associated with lymphomas and other malignancies. We previously demonstrated that the proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, leads to ER stress, induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR), and activation of EBV lytic gene expression.1 Here we investigate nelfinavir, an HIV protease inhibitor that has been reported to induce the UPR.2 Nelfinavir treatment of EBV Burkitt9s lymphoma (BL) and KSHV primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cell lines resulted in changes indicative of ER stress: elevated levels of ATF4, XBP1(s), and CHOP10 (Figure 1), as well as the EBV and KSHV immediate early proteins ZTA and RTA (Figure 2), respectively. The appearance of these UPR markers preceded expression of viral lytic RNAs. Regulated knockdown of Bip, an ER-stress sensor and activator of the UPR, by shRNA inhibited viral lytic RNA induction. These effects were observed using drug levels at or just above the levels achieved with standard clinical dosing of nelfinavir. Gantt et al. have reported that nelfinavir inhibits herpes virion production, including KSHV, in vitro.3 The ability to activate viral gene expression in combination with inhibition of virion production may identify nelfinavir as an especially promising agent for virus-targeted cancer therapies. Analysis of nelfinavir (NFV) induced ER stress markers by RT-qPCR in Burkitt9s lymphoma (Akata) and primary effusion lymphoma (BCBL-1) cells. Analysis of nelfinavir (NFV) induced lytic activation by RT-qPCR in Burkitt9s lymphoma (Akata) and primary effusion lymphoma (BCBL-1) cells. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Chapter 8 – Avoidant Personality Disorder and Its Relationship to Social Phobia

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the relationship between avoidant personality disorder (APD) and social phobia. APD is an internally consistent personality disorder that can be reliably measured. As with many other personality disorders, it has both state and trait personality components. It causes morbidity through interfering with social interactions and may affect such important life parameters as dating, marriage, friendship, and employment. APD is also relatively common in general and clinical populations. This prevalence and morbidity make it an appropriate focus of clinical treatment. APD and SP share symptoms (differing only in severity) are responsive to the same pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions, and seem to be identical genetically. The best conceptualization is that SP is a milder variant of APD and that they are the same disease. APD's potential response to treatment engenders cautious clinical optimism about its treatment.
Omeprazole Inhibits Glioblastoma Cell Invasion and Tumor Growth

Background: The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is expressed in gliomas and the highest staining is observed in glioblastomas. A recent study showed that the AhR exhibited tumor suppressor-like activity in established and patient-derived glioblastoma cells and genomic analysis showed that this was due, in part, to suppression of CXCL12, CXCR4 and MMP9. Methods: Selective AhR modulators (SAhRMs) including AhR-active pharmaceuticals were screened for their inhibition of invasion using a spheroid invasion assay in patient-derived AhR-expressing 15-037 glioblastoma cells and in AhR-silenced 15-037 cells. Invasion, migration and cell proliferation were determined using spheroid invasion, Boyden chambers and scratch assay, and XTT metabolic assays for cell growth. Changes in gene and gene product expression were determined by real-time PCR and Western blot assays, respectively. In vivo antitumorigenic activity of omeprazole was determined in SCID mice bearing subcutaneous patient-derived 15-037 cells. Results: Results of a screening assay using patient-derived 15-037 cells (wild-type and AhR knockout) identified the AhR-active proton pump inhibitor omeprazole as an inhibitor of glioblastoma cell invasion and migration only AhR-expressing cells but not in cells where the AhR was downregulated. Omeprazole also enhanced AhR-dependent repression of the pro-invasion CXCL12, CXCR4 and MMP9 genes, and interactions and effectiveness of omeprazole plus temozolomide were response-dependent. Omeprazole (100 mg/kg/injection) inhibited and delayed tumors in SCID mice bearing patient-derived 15-037 cells injected subcutaneously. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that omeprazole enhances AhR-dependent inhibition of glioblastoma invasion and highlights a potential new avenue for development of a novel therapeutic mechanism-based approach for treating glioblastoma.
The Fundamental Rights of the Shareholder

Shareholders have many legal rights, but they are not all of equal significance. This article will argue that two rights  the right to elect directors and the right to sell shares  are more important than any others, that these rights should be considered "the fundamental rights of the shareholder," and that, as such, they deserve a great deal of respect and protection by law. The history of corporate law has been one of increasing flexibility for directors and decreasing rights for shareholders. Although the law seems to have coalesced around the norm of shareholder primacy, this is not necessarily reflected in the specific legal rights of the shareholder. The role of the director in the corporation is clearly defined, but the role of the shareholder is not. This imbalance has led to the marginalization of the shareholder. A better understanding of the role of the shareholder is needed. This article seeks to advance that understanding by means of an in-depth analysis of shareholder rights. The goal of this article is to establish that the shareholder rights to elect directors and to sell shares are indeed fundamental. It will do so by demonstrating the importance of these rights from a wide variety of perspectives, including two types of doctrinal analysis as well as the three major competing theories of the corporation. Because these two rights are important  indeed, the most important  rights from almost any point of view, they ought to be respected as the fundamental rights of the shareholder.
Producing an Immersive Experience Using Human-Robot Interaction Stimuli

Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) is an emerging topic within contemporary science and this topic spans the literatures between engineering, psychology, computer science, artificial intelligence, machine learning and robotics. The study of HRI requires scenarios and other affordances from which to contextualize the HRI to study the factors that shape human attitudes, behaviors, and biases as they relate to robots. The current paper details the rationale, software/hardware, and contextual considerations associated with the creation of HRI stimuli used in experiments, specifically the creation of a set of video stimuli. These stimuli centered on the concept of an autonomous security robot (ASR) and provided a scenario wherein humans (research confederates) would interact with the ASR in a realistic scenario. A video was created to foster a realistic visual and auditory representation of the HRI encounter from a dynamic perspective – meaning shifting perspectives between a first-person experiential vantage point to a birds-eye-view of the broader situation. The scenario used involved a security context where the confederates sought access to a secure facility. The ASR’s role was to examine visitor access credentials and determine if the visitor was authorized or not. The robot’s behaviors, while scripted, were depicted as autonomous in the video and included verbal interactions/instructions as well as physical limb motions, gestures, and instructions. Several important features of the stimuli were considered in its creation, namely: realism, immersive experience, and simulated vulnerability of the human to the robot. The current paper walks through each of these considerations with details provided in our approach. To date, the HRI stimuli have been used in multiple experiments and have demonstrated flexibility in addressing multiple research questions in the domain of HRI.
Adam Smith and Propriety in Moral and Political Discourse

My university – George Mason University – has announced a Task Force on Anti-Racism and Inclusive Excellence. I gave a lecture about the discourse of those advocating such agendas. The lecture draws on Adam Smith and suggests that improprieties riddle such discourse. I treat improprieties of the discourse, not improprieties of the agenda measures themselves – that would be something else again. Drawing on Adam Smith, I offer a distinction between calling loudly and proffering coolly. I realize that these two expressions use different metaphors – “loudly” is about sound and “coolly” is about temperature – but such terminology follows Smith’s talk of calling loudly and reflecting coolly. The impropriety of calling loudly lies in the great distance and tenuous, complex, and highly contested interpretive connections between lower things and higher things in the moral worlds of human beings and in the meanings they make in life. Related to calling loudly are the improprieties of controversial and even outlandish presuppositions and, most of all, abuse of language. The discourse treated often violates semantic conventions and often leaves its key words ill-defined or undefined. I remark on the words diversity, inclusiveness, bias (as used for example in “unconscious bias” and “implicit bias”), anti-racism, and social justice. I present Adam Smith’s tri-layered justice and discuss the unjustness of the discourse treated. I suggest that behind the agenda is an impetus to reduce dissent from leftism. That impetus could well be subconscious.
THE η6 AT LEP AND TRISTAN

The η6 is a “heavy axion” remnant of dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking by a color sextet quark condensate. Electroweak scale color instanton interactions allow it to be both very massive and yet be responsible for Strong CP conservation in the color triplet quark sector. It may have been seen at LEP via its two-photon decay mode and at TRISTAN via its hadronic decay modes.
A Generalized PSS Architecture for Balancing Transient an Small-Signal Response

For decades, power system stabilizers paired with high initial response automatic voltage regulators have served as an effective means of meeting sometimes conflicting system stability requirements. Driven primarily by increases in power electronically-coupled generation and load, the dynamics of large-scale power systems are rapidly changing. Electric grids are losing inertia and traditional sources of voltage support and oscillation damping. The system load is becoming stiffer with respect to changes in voltage. In parallel, advancements in wide-area measurement technology have made it possible to implement control strategies that act on information transmitted over long distances in nearly real time. In this paper, we present a power system stabilizer architecture that can be viewed as a generalization of the standard $\Delta \omega -$ type stabilizer. The control strategy utilizes a real-time estimate of the center-of-inertia speed derived from wide-area measurements. This approach creates a flexible set of trade-offs between transient and small-signal response, making synchronous generators better able to adapt to changes in system dynamics. The phenomena of interest are examined using a two-area test case and a reduced-order model of the North American Western Interconnection. To validate the key findings under realistic conditions, we employ a state-of-the-art co-simulation platform to combine high-fidelity power system and communication network models. The benefits of the proposed control strategy are retained even under pessimistic assumptions of communication network performance.
Clinicopathological and Perioperative Outcome of Appendiceal Tumors: Case Review of 31 Patients.

Introduction Neoplasms of the appendix are quite rare and found in approximately 1% of appendectomy specimens. These neoplasms have been pathologically categorized into various subgroups depending on cell of origin, and surgical treatment varies according to histological subtype and disease stage. Purpose The purpose of this case series review was to evaluate the clinicopathological presentation and survival outcome of a sample of patients with appendiceal tumors. Methods Before data collection, this project design was approved by the authors' institutional review board. Pathology records at our institution were reviewed for cases of appendiceal tumors from January 2007 to December 2016. A total of 31 patients were identified over this 10-year period. Retrospective data collection included patient demographics, presenting symptoms, tumor size, histologic diagnosis, initial and secondary management, perioperative and postoperative outcome, and survival benefits. Results Thirty one patients with four different appendiceal tumor subtypes were included in the study: Mucinous Cystadenoma, Mucinous Adenocarcinoma, Goblet Cell, and Carcinoid. The sample was comprised of 17 women (54.8%) and 14 men (45.2%) with an overall mean age of 50.1 (SD = 22.3). Subgroups of 13 (42%) patients had Carcinoid tumor, 12 (39%) had Mucinous Cystadenoma, four (13%) had Goblet cell tumor, and two (6%) had Mucinous Adenocarcinoma. The stage at presentation and tumor size also varied by histologic subtype. The most common presenting symptom was abdominal pain (64.5%), followed by a radiological identified mass (12.9%). Overall, 27 (87.1%) patients survived, and four (12.9%) were deceased. Conclusions The findings from this case series review provides a retrospective analysis of appendiceal tumor characteristics, follow up, and survival. Based on these results, the prognosis and management of patients with these tumors should be based on the histologic subtype and the extent of their disease.
Salmonella Diversity Along the Farm-to-Fork Continuum of Pastured Poultry Flocks in the Southeastern United States

Greater consumer demand for all natural, antibiotic-free poultry products has led to an increase in pastured poultry operations. Given the increased level of environmental interaction, and the potential increase in exposure to foodborne pathogens, a greater understanding of the prevalence and diversity of Salmonella populations inherent within pastured poultry flocks. To achieve this, 42 pastured poultry flocks from 11 farms were sampled using a farm-to-fork strategy and Salmonella was isolated and characterized through pre-harvest (feces, soil) to post-harvest (ceca, whole carcass rinse) to the final product (whole carcass rinse) the consumer would purchase. Salmonella was isolated from 353 of a total of 2305 samples, representing an overall prevalence of 18.1%. By far the most prevalent serotype was Kentucky (72.7% of all isolates), with less than 16% of all Salmonella representing a top serotype of concern for human health according to the CDC. Even though these flocks were raised antibiotic-free, Salmonella isolates exhibited resistances to a variety of antibiotics, with the two most common resistances being towards tetracycline and streptomycin (68.8% and 64.4% of all isolates, respectively); however, almost 98% of the multidrug resistant isolates were serotype Kentucky. Salmonella prevalence and diversity (both in terms of serotypes and antibiotic resistance profiles) were related more to the farm location than to the type of sample from which the Salmonella was isolated from along the farm-to-fork continuum. Based on these data, while Salmonella prevalence was similar to that from conventional poultry operations, serotypes of lesser concern to human health (Kentucky, Indiana) tended to fill the ecological niche for Salmonella species throughout the farm-to-fork continuum in these pastured poultry flocks. The diversity of these Salmonella populations tended to be farm specific, indicating the need for more tailored intervention strategies to continue to enhance the safety of these products.
Executive Function in SLI: Recent Advances and Future Directions

This paper provides a review of recent research on executive function abilities in children with specific language impairment (SLI). Across several studies, children with SLI are reported to perform worse than typically developing peers on measures of sustained attention, working memory, inhibition, and attention shifting. However, few studies have considered multiple executive function components simultaneously and even fewer have examined the underlying relationship between executive function deficits and impaired language acquisition. We argue that in order to fully understand the nature of executive function deficits in SLI, the field must move past simply identifying weaknesses to instead test models of executive function development and explore the nature of the relationship between executive function and language. Future research directions are recommended in order to achieve these goals.
Dentistry's response to bioterrorism: a report of a consensus workshop.

ABSTRACT Background and Overview The possibility of a significant bioterrorist attack on the civilian population of the United States has become a focus of local, state and national attention since the fall of 2001. An appropriate role for dentistry in the response to a massive bioterrorist attack has not yet been established, even though dentistry's role in other disasters has been developed and proven to be effective. To develop a consensus on a potential role for dentistry in dealing with bioterrorism, experts in bioterrorism issues and representatives of key organizations that could play a role in dentistry's response met at the American Dental Association's Workshop on the Role of Dentistry in Bioterrorism in June. Conclusions In the event of a bioterrorist attack, dentists may be called on to fulfill several functions: education, risk communication, diagnosis, surveillance and notification, treatment, distribution of medications, decontamination, sample collection and forensic dentistry. Local dental societies should develop a plan for the dental response to potential bioterrorist attacks that can be integrated into each community's mass disaster response plan. Educational programs for dentists should be developed to prepare them for providing services they may be recruited to perform in an emergency. Practice Implications Dentistry has assets in personnel and facilities that can be of great value in responding to a major bioterrorist attack on the United States.