cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of anatomic landmarks for axillary nerve block in the quadrilateral space

Background Axillary nerve block (ANB) was recently introduced along with suprascapular nerve block as an alternative to inter-scalene brachial plexus block for post-operative pain control. However, the methods for performing ANB are variable. We studied the relationship between surface anatomy and the location of the axillary nerve in the quadrilateral space to ensure a technically safe and simple ANB. Methods Eighty-eight shoulders were included. All measurements were performed with the subjects seated and the shoulders in a neutral position. We located the posterior circumflex humeral artery (PCHA) using a vascular Doppler system and named this point ‘AN’. We used this point to locate the axillary nerve, since this nerve is generally present with the PCHA in the quadrilateral space. We then examined the relationship between surface anatomic landmarks and AN. The depth of the medial side of the humerus at the AN (AN depth), which is at the lateral border of the quadrilateral space, was measured using ultrasonography. Results AN was located on the line between the posterolateral corner of the acromion (Ac) and the axillary fold (Axf) (Ac–Axf) in 77% of shoulders. The ratio of the distance from Ac to AN (Ac–AN) to Ac–Axf in all shoulders was 0.6 [standard deviation (SD), 0.1]. AN depth was 4.0 (SD, 0.5) cm in men and 3.6 (SD, 0.4) cm in women. Conclusion Knowledge of the relationship between surface anatomy and AN, as well as estimated AN depth may aid in locating the axillary nerve in the quadrilateral space.
Simulating REAL LIVES: Promoting Global Empathy and Interest in Learning Through Simulation Games

In response to an increasingly interdependent world, educators are demonstrating a growing interest in educating for global citizenship. Many definitions of the âgood global citizenâ value empathy as an especially important disposition for understanding others across national borders and cultural divides. Yet it may be difficult for people to achieve empathy with others who are perceived as psychologically and geographically distant. Can computerized simulation games help foster global empathy and interest in global civic learning? This quasiexperimental classroom study of 301 Northern California high school students in three schools examined the effects of playing REAL LIVES, a simulation game that allows players to inhabit the lives of individuals around the world. Compared with a control group, students who played the simulation game as part of their curriculum expressed more global empathy and greater interest in learning about other countries. Identification with REAL LIVES characters was also positively related to global empathy. These findings support claims that computerized simulations can cultivate important dispositions for global learning and citizenship.
Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation in the Hip: Case Report and Technique

The treatment of symptomatic, full-thickness articular lesions in the hip in young patients provides a challenge to orthopedic surgeons. The advent of hip arthroscopy has improved the diagnostic as well as some therapeutic capabilities surrounding certain hip pathologies. With the advancements in diagnostic ability, more symptomatic chondral defects are being recognized in the hips of young patients. The optimal surgical treatment for these patients has not been clearly defined, and there is little in the literature about biological repair for hip chondral defects. The current options include open and arthroscopic debridements and microfracture, redirectional osteotomies, autologous and allogenic osteochondral grafting, biological resurfacing with periosteum or autologous chondrocyte implantation, and prosthetic resurfacing arthroplasties. This article presents a clinical case and describes the surgical technique of autologous chondrocyte implantation for a large femoral head chondral defect (10 cm 2 ) in a young patient who had progression of disease after prior autologous osteochondral mosaicplasty.
Violent video games and anger as predictors of aggression

Considerable research has demonstrated that playing violent video games can increase aggression. The theoretical framework upon which a good deal of this research has rested is known as the General Aggression Model (GAM; [Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2002). Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 27–51]). The current study tested an assumption of the GAM by examining if the dispositional trait of anger moderated the relation between violent video games and aggression. A total of 167 undergraduate students (79 females, 88 males) first completed a measure of anger and were then randomly assigned to play either a non-violent or violent video game. After the video game play period, participants completed ambiguous story stems in order to assess aggression. Consistent with predictions of the GAM, anger significantly moderated the effect of video game violence on aggression. Specifically, participants who were angry were more affected by violent video games than participants who were not angry.
Comparison of the Time‐resolved Absorption and Phosphorescence from the Tryptophan Triplet State in Proteins in Solution

Measurement of the room temperature Trp triplet state lifetime in proteins by time-resolved phosphorescence can provide valuable information on the structure and dynamics of proteins in solution. Our time-resolved absorption measurements on the long-lived states resulting from electronic excitation of the chromophore demonstrate the presence of more complex behavior than revealed by time-resolved phosphorescence. To provide additional insight into this behavior, a comparative study of time-resolved transient absorption and time-resolved phosphorescence of proteins in solution was carried out. The results show that the time evolution of the long-lived states observed through transient absorption often differs considerably from that observed in time-resolved phosphorescence. In some proteins, the presence of competing reactions complicates the interpretation of the transient absorption measurements (which may affect the phosphorescence yield). A more complete characterization of these processes will likely prove useful in the study of protein structure and dynamics in solution.
Alcohol self-administration by experimental animals

During the last several years a number of reviews of animal studies of alcohol intake have been published (Cicero, 1979, 1980; Meisch, 1977, 1981; Mello, 1976; Myers, 1978; Pohorecky, 1981), and several books on the subject of such studies, usually proceedings of scientific meetings, have also appeared (Eriksson et al., 1980; McClearn et al., 1981).
Temperature Dependence of the Intervalley Deformation Potential of GaAs/AlAs Superlattices Under Hydrostatic Pressure

We have studied the pressure dependence of the type-I and type-II transitions in (GaAs)m/(AlAs)m superlattices by photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. From the study of PL linewidths of the type-I exciton as a function of pressure and temperature, we determine the intervalley deformation potential. Beyond the type-I and type-II crossover, the PL linewidth increases both as a function of pressure and temperature. We find that the electron-phonon deformation potential for db-X intervalley scattering varies with temperature.
What do you have to do to become a medical director

Medical management is a large and growing profession. The need for physicians in management roles grows unabated in hospitals, managed care organizations, group practices, and myriad other environments. But entry is not merely a matter of wishful thinking. Painstakingly assembled credentials and skills are the order of the day. The advice in this column is distilled from Medical Directors: What, Why, How, a new College monograph.
Intrapancreatic accessory spleen (IPAS): A single-institution experience and review of the literature.

Abstract Introduction Accessory spleens located within the pancreatic parenchyma (intrapancreatic accessory spleen, IPAS) pose a unique clinical challenge. In many cases, despite imaging and other diagnostic studies, malignancy cannot be excluded and patients are subjected to pancreatic resection. We review our experience with the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with IPAS to provide insight into improving pre-operative evaluation of these patients Methods A retrospective chart review identified seven patients who underwent surgical resection of an intrapancreatic spleen at University of Louisville Hospital between 2004 and 2015. Charts were analyzed for presenting symptoms, pre-operative imaging, operative therapy, and final pathologic evaluation. Patients were included in the study if they underwent pancreatic resection for a pancreatic mass and were diagnosed with an IPAS on final pathologic evaluation. Results Patient age ranged from 38 to 72 with a median age of 62.5, including five males and two females. Lesions ranged from 1.4 to 7.4 cm in maximal diameter (mean 3.8 cm). All lesions were identified as round, hypervascular, well-circumscribed masses in the pancreatic tail. The most common pre-operative diagnosis was a non-functioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (NF-PNET). The most common operative approach was laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy. Conclusion IPAS are benign tumors commonly mistaken for pancreatic neoplasms such as NF-PNET. A combination of CT, MRI and nuclear medicine examinations can confirm the diagnosis of IPAS and prevent unnecessary surgical resection.
How the Zundel (H5O2+) Potential Can Be Used to Predict the Proton Stretch and Bend Frequencies of Larger Protonated Water Clusters

From a series of seminal experiments on the IR spectra of protonated water clusters and associated theoretical analyses, it is clear that the energies and spectral features of the proton stretch and bend modes are very sensitive functions of the cluster size. Here we show that this dynamic range can be understood by examining the sensitivity of these modes in the potential of the Zundel cation, H5O2+, as the separation of the two water monomers is varied. As this distance increases, the proton increasingly localizes on a monomer, and this is encoded in the IR spectrum of the proton vibrational modes. The quantitative predictions from this simple correlation are verified for the H7O3+ and H9O4+ clusters, for which new benchmark harmonic frequencies are reported. The predictions are also in good accord with trends seen experimentally and previous calculations for these and five other clusters, including H+(H2O)21.
A Randomized Controlled Feasibility Trial of Tailored Home Modifications To Improve Activities of Daily Living

Date Presented 4/7/2016We aimed to determine the effectiveness of home modifications in reducing falls and maintaining independence in ADLs for older adults. Those who received treatment experienced a decrease in falls at 6 months and an improvement in daily activity performance that was maintained
Health Literacy and Medical Education

The goal of this chapter is to provide an overview of the state of health literacy education in the health care professions and to provide resources that will be useful to individuals who are interested in personal development or would like to facilitate improvement in the systems in which care is delivered on a daily basis. Core competencies for effective communication between patient and provider are discussed first, followed by a review of strategies that have been used to change health care provider’s behaviors and the outcomes of these efforts. A brief discussion of the science of learning is included to demonstrate how educational gaps can be filled using evidence-based strategies.
Multimodal Biomedical Imaging with Programmable Pulses from a Yb-Fiber Laser

We present multimodal depth-resolved imaging of unstained tissues using a Yb-fiber laser with a programmable pulse shaper, in the clinically relevant epi-direction. Excitation with sub-40 fs pulses minimizes thermal damage and photobleaching.
Detection of Anticarsia gemmatalis Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus in Predatory Arthropods and Parasitoids After Viral Release in Louisiana Soybean

Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AgNPV) was released into field plots; samples were then collected weekly to determine the complex of predatory arthropods and parasitoids contaminated with the virus due to attacks on the infected hosts. No contamination was detected on day 1 after the release or at any time in control samples. In the treated plots, the percentage of contaminated predatory arthropods and parasitoids declined from 79% on day 8 to 20% on day 41. In samples averaging 16 m distance from treated plots, contamination increased from 32% on day 8 to 69% on day 27, then decreased to 21% on day 41. The AgNPV was detected in at least six species of Hemiptera, one Coleoptera, nine species of spiders, one species of hymenopteran parasitoid, and two dipteran parasitoids.
Using Open-Source, 3D Printable Optical Hardware To Enhance Student Learning in the Instrumental Analysis Laboratory

Additive manufacturing (3D printing) is a technology with near-unlimited potential for the chemical educator. However, its adoption into higher education has been limited by the dual requirements of expertise in 3D printing and 3D computer-aided design (CAD). Thus, its reported utilization in the chemistry curriculum has been within the creation of 3D models for the macroscopic visualization of molecular models and processes. With the commercialization of inexpensive 3D printers, we seek to provide a series of optical mounts and tools for use in chemical research or education by designing systems which may be mounted on a breadboard and used to construct chemical instrumentation. These designs include mounts for cylindrical lenses or mirrors with 0.5, 1, and 2 in. diameters, 0.5 in. diffraction gratings, an adjustable optical slit, cuvette holders, stepper motor (NEMA 17) adapters, and a modular, 3D printed breadboard. All designs were created using Solidworks CAD, and have been provided in Supporting Inf...
DESIGNING AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND AGRIBUSINESS UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMS

Agricultural economics and agribusiness (AEAB) programs offer their graduates unique exposure to agricultural markets, policy, and production systems, which differentiates them from business programs. Despite the advantages associated with AEAB degrees, a significant challenge universities and AEAB graduates face is a general lack of recognition of what agricultural economics is and what an agricultural economist does. Using data collected from U.S. 1862 and 1890 land grant universities, we stress the importance of designing effective AEAB curricula based on enrollment trends, the desired attributes of graduates, and the current structure of AEAB undergraduate programs.
HFMV: hybridizing formal methods and machine learning for verification of analog and mixed-signal circuits

With increasing design complexity and robustness requirement, analog and mixed-signal (AMS) verification manifests itself as a key bottleneck. While formal methods and machine learning have been proposed for AMS verification, these two techniques suffer from their own limitations, with the former being specifically limited by scalability and the latter by the inherent uncertainty in learning-based models. We present a new direction in AMS verification by proposing a hybrid formal/machine-learning verification technique (HFMV) to combine the best of the two worlds. HFMV adds formalism on the top of a probabilistic learning model while providing a sense of coverage for extremely rare failure detection. HFMV intelligently and iteratively reduces uncertainty of the learning model by a proposed formally-guided active learning strategy and discovers potential rare failure regions in complex high-dimensional parameter spaces. It leads to reliable failure prediction in the case of a failing circuit, or a high-confidence pass decision in the case of a good circuit. We demonstrate that HFMV is able to employ a modest amount of data to identify hard-to-find rare failures which are completely missed by state-of-the-art sampling methods even with high volume sampling data.
Aggregation, Heritability and Segregation Analysis: Modeling Genetic Inheritance Without Genetic Data

Aggregation and heritability analyses are designed to show that diseases, or phenotypes more generally, have a genetic basis by investigating patterns of phenotypic correlation between relatives; segregation analysis is used to find support for a specific genetic model underlying the inheritance patterns observed in families. They all involve modeling phenotypic data on families, or pedigrees, without using any genetic data. As such, all were developed during the time when genotyping was expensive, labor intensive, and not widely available. Today, the general concepts used in aggregation and heritability analysis are widely accepted as useful measures of the degree to which traits are inherited; most researchers would not undertake genetic analysis without evidence of aggregation or heritability of the trait. Using segregation analysis to determine the model of inheritance at the disease locus was essential in planning parametric linkage analyses, as described in Chapter 6, but the current popularity of non-parametric linkage analysis and association analysis has put segregation analysis somewhat on the sideline. Although this chapter can be skipped if the reader’s primary interest is association, our coverage of these methods is brief and the concepts are useful to anyone with an interest in statistical genetics. In particular, the approach used to construct a likelihood for pedigree data given in Section 4.1 serves as a basis for other analyses in linkage and association discussed in later chapters.
The Dynamics of Chip Formation in Machining

Machining operations such as turning, milling and drilling involve the modification of a workpiece through the removal of material. This removal occurs via a concentrated shear flow generated by a wedge-shaped tool as illustrated in Fig. l(a). The material that is removed is called the chip. Because the thermoplastic shear flow that generates the chip is dynamic and highly nonlinear, optimization of machining processes by any means other than trial and error (not uncommon in industry today) requires a fundamental understanding of the underlying physics and new models to predict behavior.
Regression Models for Mixed Over-Dispersed Poisson and Continuous Clustered Data: Modeling BMI and Number of Cigarettes Smoked Per Day

Clustered data, multiple observations collected on the same experimental unit, is common in epidemiological studies. Bivariate outcome data is often the result of interest in two correlated response variables. An efficient method is presented for dealing with bivariate outcomes when one outcome is continuous and the other is a count using a simple transformation to handle over-dispersed Poisson data. A multilevel analysis was performed on data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) with body mass index (BMI) and the number of cigarettes smoked per day (NCS) as responses. Results show that these random effects models yield misleading results in cases where the data is not transformed.
Biochemical aspects of juvenile hormone action in insects.

Insects undergo profound morphological changes that take place long after the embryonic stage and are thus excellent models for the study of extrinsic control of genetic programs in higher organisms. In the process of metamorphosis, undifferentiated cells organized as imaginal disks develop into complex structures (legs, wings, antennae, etc.). The genetic program that dictates the ecdysone-induced differentiation and development of the imaginal discs is regulated and modulated by the juvenile hormone (JH). A high titer of juvenile hormone prevents differentiation and rapid growth of the disks. Prior to metamorphosis the hormone titer falls, and the low level then permits development to proceed. Thus, juvenile hormone exerts an inhibitory effect on the course of development during larval life.
Arqueología de los caminos prehispánicos y coloniales

En el Mexico antiguo y colonial, el transporte de objetos, personas e ideas entre distintos sitios -distribuidos en vastos terrritorios- de relevancia economica, politica y religiosa se realizaba por caminos, rutas, veredas y senderos. El estudio de las antiguas vias de comunicacion es fundamental para comprender el desarrollo social y reviste particular importancia en las investigaciones arqueologicas, por tratarse de evidencias que permiten reconstruir multiples aspectos relacionados con la interaccion cultural.
Equidistribution and Optimal Approximation Class

Local adaptive grid refinement is an important technique in finite element methods. Its study can be traced back to the pioneering work [2] in one dimension. In recent years, mathematicians start to prove the convergence and optimal complexity of the adaptive procedure in multi-dimensions. Dorfler [11] first proved an error reduction in the energy norm for the Poisson equation provided the initial mesh is fine enough.
Διάσπαρτα οθωμανικά πλακίδια με ενιαίο σχέδιο

Η οθωμανική κeραμική και τα πλακίδια του Ιζνι'κ υπήρξαν συλλeκτικά αντικeίμeνα για τους Eυρωπαίους ήδη από την eποχή της κατασκeυής τους, τον 16ο και τον πρώιμο 17ο αιώνα. Η πολιτική αστάθeια, οι πόλeμοι και οι φυσικές καταστροφές που eπικράτησαν στην eυρύτeρη πeριοχή κατά τα τέλη του 19ου και τον πρώιμο 20ό αιώνα χρονικά συνέπeσαν μe την κορύφωση του συλλeκτικού eνδιαφέροντος, μe αποτέλeσμα μeγάλeς ποσότητeς από πλακίδια που eπένδυαν οθωμανικά κτίρια να καταλήξουν στη Δύση. Ορισμένα απ' αυτά έφeραν όμοια μοτίβα σe κάθe πλακίδιο, σχηματίζοντας μια eυρύτeρη σύνθeση μe eπαναλαμβανόμeνο σχέδιο. Σe άλλeς πeριπτώσeις, το βασικό μοτίβο διαμορφωνόταν πάνω σe τέσσeρα πλακίδια που αποτeλούσαν τη μονάδα του eπαναλαμβανόμeνου διακόσμου. Ακόμα μeγαλύτeρο eνδιαφέρον παρουσιάζουν τα αυτόνομα τeτράγωνα πλακίδια (μe ύφος γύρω στα 27 eκ.) ή ομάδeς τους, που αποτeλούσαν τμήματα μeγαλύτeρης σύνθeσης για την eπένδυση τοίχων, που συχνά ξeπeρνούσe τα 2 μ. σe ύφος. Πολλές φορές eίναι δύσκολο να eντοπιστeί η προέλeυση αυτών των πλακιδίων, που σήμeρα φυλάσσονται στις συλλογές διάφορων μουσeίων στην Eυρώπη και την Αμeρική. Μe τη βοήθeια όμως της ψηφιακής φωτογραφίας, eίναι δυνατόν τα πλακίδια να eπανασυναρμολογηθούν και να αποκατασταθeί η αρχική eνοποιημένη σύνθeση. Πλακίδια από δύο τέτοιeς μeγάλeς συνθέσeις —τα οποία ξeχωρίζουν eπeιδή eίναι ψηλότeρα και στeνότeρα από τα πeρισσότeρα που βρέθηκαν in situ- eντοπίστηκαν στο Μουσeίο Μπeνάκη, το Μουσeίο Γκιουλμπeκιάν στη Λισσαβόνα, το Μουσeίο Eφαρμοσμένων Τeχνών στη Βιέννη, στο Μουσeίο Βικτωρίας και Αλβέρτου στο Λονδίνο καθώς και στο Μητροπολιτικό Μουσeίο της Νέας Υόρκης. Μέσω μιας πρώτης ψηφιακής αποκατάστασης eξήχθeι το συμπέρασμα ότι πρόκeιται για δύο ίδιeς συνθέσeις μe 17 πλακάκια σe ύφος και ασυνήθιστeς παραστάσeις οθωμανικού τρούλου στην κορυφή κάθe σύνθeσης. Οι eιδικοί στο Μουσeίο Ισλαμικών Τeχνών του Μουσeίου Μπeνάκη κατάφeραν —σe συνeργασία μe άλλα ιδρύματα και μe μόνιμους δανeισμούς πλακιδίων ή υψηλής πιστότητας αντίγραφα- να αποκαταστήσουν τις δύο συνθέσeις που τοποθeτήθηκαν στη νέα έκθeση στο Μουσeίο Μπeνάκη. Οι συνθέσeις αυτές, που πιθανότατα χρονολογούνται γύρω στο 1570, κατασκeυάστηκαν για το μeγάλο θeρινό ανάκτορο στην Αδριανούπολη eπί Σeλίμ Β' (βασ. 1566-1574).
A Quantitative Risk Analysis Model and Simulation Of Enterprise Networks

In an enterprise network, an attacker can get access and privilege to the critical asset through step by step vulnerabilities exploitation of network devices that lie between them. This security problem is serious concerns for a network security manager to protect from great data loss and business interruption. One of the ways to protect an enterprise network is to analyze network risk at given network topology and security condition. The risk analysis helps the security manager to enforce more security on weak nodes, or shift critical hosts in a secure place before an attacker takes benefit of vulnerabilities on transition devices and compromise highly important hosts. In this paper, we proposed a quantitative risk calculation method to compute network risk. We computed network risk as a function of total vulnerabilities exploitation along path and Impact of exploitation. Previous research including Topological Vulnerability Analysis (TVA) has been done to model and analyze attacking pathway through attack graph generation. They considered only vulnerabilities, and provide ways for the protection of critical hosts. However, in this paper, we analyze the network risk considering both vulnerabilities exploitation and impact of exploits (i.e., compute the total network risk by balancing exploitability and impact). We also perform a simulation analysis on an enterprise network and show how total network risk varies with vulnerabilities exploitation scores and impact scores.
Evaluating estuarine sediment provenance from geochemical patterns in upper Chesapeake Bay

Abstract Geochemical patterns in upper Chesapeake Bay sediments can reflect a variety of important processes. Spatial and down-core geochemical patterns are useful for understanding the underlying conservative (sediment provenance) and non-conservative (salinity, redox, anthropogenic influences) processes driving these patterns. Distinguishing conservative and non-conservative processes to quantify sediment sources will help develop management strategies to limit excess sedimentation in estuaries. In this study, elemental concentrations were measured via inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) and analyzed using principal component analysis. The sediment geochemistry data were then analyzed to evaluate contributions of Susquehanna River and shoreline erosion to bottom sediments in the upper Bay using a sediment-provenance analysis. Elements associated with aluminosilicate minerals, which were sensitive to grain-size changes, and rare earth elements, which were sensitive to salinity changes, explained the most variability in the dataset. Variability in heavy metal concentrations demonstrated decadal changes in anthropogenic inputs. The results from the sediment-provenance analysis indicated that the Susquehanna River is the dominant source of fine sediment in the upper Bay.
Prevention of copper corrosion on post-FIB wet stained sample using UV charge-neutralization method

Abstract This paper presents the study of various charge neutralization methods to prevent copper corrosion on post-FIB wet stained sample. Conventional fast and economic wet staining on post-FIB copper processed sample can sometimes cause unwanted artifact such as copper corrosion due to build-up of charges on non-grounded, long copper interconnect structures during FIB milling. Some charge neutralization methods such as probe-pin grounding, conductive paint application and UV treatment were investigated on an ET structure. The recommended method, using UV treatment, is applied to the die area on a bulk Si wafer and on a SOI (Si-on-insulator) wafer to compare the effect of this method in preventing the copper corrosion effect.
The Virocene Epoch: the vulnerability nexus of viruses, capitalism and racism

COVID-19 has ushered in a new planetary epoch—the Virocene. In doing so, it has laid bare the limits of humanity's power over nature, exposing the vulnerability of 'normal' ways of living and their moral and pragmatic bankruptcy in coping with those vulnerabilities. 'Normal' is powerless against the virus and has not worked for a majority of the world's human and non-human population. Whatever new normal humanity fashions depends on the socio-ecological change set in motion by mutations between human and non-human species. The outcomes of society's responses to the pandemic depend on how human agency, as an embodiment of social, ecological, and metaphysical relations, transforms the relations now shaped by capitalism and racism—the two mutually reinforcing processes at the root of the Virocene's social and ecological vulnerabilities. A deeper understanding of vulnerabilities is necessary to avoid recreating a 'new normal' that normalizes the current oppressive and vulnerable social order, while inhibiting our ability to transform the world. At the same time, the sweeping possibilities of alternative ways of organizing humanity's mutual wellbeing and nature lie at our fingertips. The emancipatory political consciousness, rationalities, and strategies inherent in such intuitively sensible and counter-hegemonic approaches, first and foremost, are matters of justice, embodied in the power that shapes human-nature metabolism. The Virocene is thus a battleground for social and ecological justice. To be effective partners in these struggles for justice, political ecology needs a universal perspective of social and ecological justice that functions both as a form of critical inquiry—that is, as a way to understand how social and ecological inequalities and justices arise and function—and as a form of critical praxis—that is, as a way to reclaim and transform capitalism and racism's power in valuing and organizing social and ecological wellbeing. Key Words: Virocene; political economy of health; capitalism; racism, vulnerability, pandemic
Comparative Notes on the Context of Reception and Immigrant Entrepreneurship in New York City, Washington, DC, El Paso, Barcelona, and Paris

The chapter provides a comparison of immigrant businesses in different cities in the United States and Europe. The chapter draws from several projects conducted by the author. It compares small ethnic businesses in various neighborhoods in order to discuss general patterns and specific arrangements between immigrants and the rate and type of ventures that they start. This chapter shows how the way that different city governments and civil society receive and treat immigrants impacts their entrepreneurial behavior. One should be careful when generalizing about the innate business ability or the propensity of a particular race or ethnicity to engage in commerce or entrepreneurship. It also shows how often storefronts do not necessarily map with the majority of people living in a street or neighborhood.
mSphere of Influence: 3-D Culture Models Influence Studies on Epstein-Barr Virus Molecular Pathogenesis in the Epithelium

Kathy Shair works in the field of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated cancers, with emphasis on nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In this mSphere of Influence article, she reflects on how the paper "Efficient replication of Epstein-Barr virus in stratified epithelium in vitro" by Temple et al. (R. M. Temple, J. Zhu, L. Budgeon, N. D. Christensen, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:16544-16549, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1400818111) has influenced her work on EBV molecular pathogenesis in the nasopharynx by highlighting the importance of using three-dimensional (3-D) culture models to study epithelial infection.
Polynomial energy bounds for type F4 WZW-models

We prove that for any type F4 unitary affine VOA V&#x1d523;4l, sufficiently many intertwining operators satisfy polynomial energy bounds. This finishes the Wassermann type analysis of intertwining operator...
Orienteering: Activities Leading to Skills Development:

Orienteering is presented with specific activities outlined stressing not so much the competitive nature but rather the essential orientation techniques leading to a broader and more relevant skill...
The Cost (and Unbenefit) of Conscious Capitalism

This paper examines the costs and benefits of ‘stakeholder governance’ for shareholders and other stakeholders by using the adoption of constituency statutes as a quasi-exogenous shock to corporate governance. Constituency statutes permit board members to consider all stakeholder interests, relaxing fiduciary duty to only shareholders. Using a sample of U.S. publicly traded firms (1981-2010) and employing a difference-in-difference methodology, we find that the discretionary adoption of ‘stakeholder governance’ leads to managerial entrenchment and a reduction in institutional ownership and shareholder wealth with little to no ‘trade-off’ benefits to other stakeholders. As states adopted constituency statutes, signs of managerial entrenchment increased (proxied by significant declines in earnings transparency and jumps in CEO and Director compensation) as did harm to shareholder wealth and to governance through institutional ownership. At the same time, we do not observe potential ‘trade-off’ benefits to the non-shareholder stakeholders these statutes were intended to help; we find that labor, customers, and creditors only marginally benefited (if at all) from the introduction of these statutes. These results are robust to a battery of checks including the biasedness in the staggered DiD estimator.
Investor Sentiment Index during the COVID-19 crisis: Evidence from G20 Stock Markets (preprint)

The present study investigates the degree of market responses through the scope of investors’ sentiment during the COVID-19 pandemic across G20 markets, by constructing a novel positive search volume index for COVID-19. Our key findings, obtained using a Panel-GARCH model, indicate that an increased COVID19 index suggests that investors decrease their COVID-19 related crisis sentiment by escalating their Google searches for positively associated COVID-19 related keywords. Specifically, we explore the predictive power of the newly constructed index on stock returns and volatility. According to our findings, investor sentiment positively (negatively) predicts the stock return (volatility) during the COVID-19. This is the first study of its kind assessing global sentiment by proposing a novel proxy and its impacts on the G20 equity market.
Fluid Ingress Processes, Basic and Preliminaries

Polymers form a vast class of materials, much too diverse for catergorization under a single rule, especially regarding their interactions with fluids. Nevertheless, recently developed devices and probing techniques provide illuminating insights in several specific circumstances. In several cases, these methods enabled the judicious distinction between the portions of liquid water and water molecules that were attached by one or more hydrogen bonds to the polymeric chains (Sammon et al. 1998; Marechal and Chamel 1996; Cutugno et al. 2001; Kusanagi and Yukawa 1994).
An intelligent tutoring and interactive simulation environment for physics learning

This paper presents a learning environment called the Virtual Physics System (ViPS) that helps students learn physics concepts in the context of pulleys, a class of simple machines that are difficult to construct and experiment with in the real world. ViPS is novel in that it combines simulation and tutoring, identifies student misconceptions, customizes tutoring accordingly, and employs a pedagogical strategy of guiding students in problem solving through construction and simulation of pulley setups. An evaluation study showed that ViPS is effective in helping students learn and overcome their misconceptions.
Simulated ischaemia induces Ca2+-independent glutamatergic vesicle release through actin filament depolymerization in area CA1 of the hippocampus

Transient, non-catastrophic brain ischaemia can induce either a protected state against subsequent episodes of ischaemia (ischaemic preconditioning) or delayed, selective neuronal death. Altered glutamatergic signalling and altered Ca2+ homeostasis have been implicated in both processes. Here we use simultaneous patch-clamp recording and Ca2+ imaging to monitor early changes in glutamate release and cytoplasmic [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]c) in an in vitro slice model of hippocampal ischaemia. In slices loaded with the Ca2+-sensitive dye Fura-2, ischaemia leads to an early increase in [Ca2+]c that precedes the severe ischaemic depolarization (ID) associated with pan necrosis. The early increase in [Ca2+]c is mediated by influx through the plasma membrane and release from internal stores, and parallels an early increase in vesicular glutamate release that manifests as a fourfold increase in the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). However, the increase in mEPSC frequency is not prevented by blocking the increase in [Ca2+]c, and the early rise in [Ca2+]c is not affected by blocking ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Thus, the increase in [Ca2+]c and the increase in glutamate release are independent of each other. Stabilizing actin filaments with jaspamide or phalloidin prevented vesicle release induced by ischaemia. Our results identify several early cellular cascades triggered by ischaemia: Ca2+ influx, Ca2+ release from intracellular stores, actin filament depolymerization, and vesicular release of glutamate that depends on actin dynamics but not [Ca2+]c. All of these processes precede the catastrophic ID by several minutes, and thus represent potential target mechanisms to influence the outcome of an ischaemic episode.
Microsomal esterase of rat liver.

Abstract Rat liver microsomal esterase has been purified 254-fold by a combination of solubilization in a mechanical cell homogenizer, acetone and ammonium sulfate precipitations, and hydroxylapatite column chromatography. The enzyme hydrolyzed glyceryl 1-monodecanoate at a rapid rate; the Km is 1.61 x 10-3 m. The hydrolysis rates of corresponding di- and triglycerides were one-third and one-hundredth of that of glycerol 1-monodecanoate, respectively. The enzyme showed little hydrolytic activity on long chain mono-, and di- and triglycerides. p-Nitrophenyl esters of short chain fatty acids were hydrolyzed at appreciable rates. Diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate, at a concentration of 1 x 10-4 m, inhibited the enzyme activity completely; thus the enzyme was tentatively classified as the B-type described by Aldridge.
Circulating Transferrin Receptor Assay—Coming of Age

Transferrin receptors are transmembrane proteins present on the surface of most cells. Under normal circumstances, the iron required for cellular metabolism is acquired via transferrin receptors. Several recent reviews detail the methods of iron acquisition, the intracellular throughput of transferrin receptors, and the controlling mechanisms in the cell‘s quest to acquire and store iron (1)(2)(3). The cells of different organ systems show considerable differences in the concentration of cellular transferrin receptor, the highest concentrations being found in cells of organs with the highest iron requirements, such as the erythroid bone marrow and placenta (4). The concentration of cell surface transferrin receptor is carefully regulated by transferrin receptor mRNA according to the internal iron content of the cell and its individual iron requirements. Iron-deficient cells contain increased numbers of receptor, while receptor numbers are downregulated in iron-replete cells (4)(5). Transferrin receptor was identified in serum (6) after investigators recognized that the molecule was secreted into culture media in reticulocyte and erythroleukemia cell models (7)(8), and the concentrations of secreted receptor were found to correlate with the total receptor content of the cells. Subsequent studies showed that serum concentrations of transferrin receptor increase in iron-deficiency anemia, making it a useful marker in the diagnosis of microcytic anemias (9). Circulating transferrin receptor is a truncated form of tissue receptor (10), produced by proteolytic cleavage of cellular receptor, and for the most part circulates attached to transferrin (11)(12). The reference interval for concentration of circulating receptor varies between different assay systems, depending on the choice of calibrators. In this issue of Clinical Chemistry , the transferrin receptor assay recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration is described by Allen et al. (13). The calibrators used in this enzyme immunoassay system are …
Sulfonamide administration in newborn and premature infants.

All newborn infants, both full-term and premature, who received, on the first day of life, a single subcutaneous injection of sulfadiazine, 100 mg./kg. body weight, maintained a satisfactory concentration of sulfonamide in the blood for 48 hours thereafter. This therapeutic concentration was subsequently maintained by single 24-hour doses of 50 mg./kg. body weight given subcutaneously, or by single 12-hour doses of 50 mg./kg. body weight given orally. A therapeutic concentration in the blood is generally considered to be a minimum of 5 mg./100 ml. Based on these data the authors recommend the following sulfonamide dosage schedules: A. Infants under 24 hours of age, full-term and premature: 1) subcutaneous sodium sulfadiazine, initial dose 100 mg./ kg. body weight, followed in 48 hours by 50 mg./kg. body weight as a single dose, and repeated each 24-hour period thereafter, or 2) subcutaneous sodium sulfadiazine, initial dose 100 mg./kg. body weight, followed in 48 hours by an oral preparation in the amount of 50 mg./kg. as a single oral dose, each 12-hour period thereafter. (This was evaluated only in full-term infants.) B. Premature infants over 48 hours of age. (This dosage schedule is comparable to that generally accepted for older infants and children): 1) subcutaneous sodium sulfadiazine, initial dose 100 mg./kg. body weight, followed in 12 hours by 50 mg./kg. body weight as a single dose, each 12-hour period thereafter, or 2) oral sulfonamide preparation, initial dose 100 mg./kg. body weight, followed in 12 hours by 50 mg./kg. body weight as a single dose, each 12-hour period thereafter.
Suture-guided capsular tension ring insertion to reduce risk for iatrogenic zonular damage.

The capsular tension ring (CTR) is a useful device for managing a zonular dialysis. However, insertion of the CTR has potential complications. The CTR can damage zonular fibers during deployment into the capsular bag. Also, the angle and point of initial contact of the CTR with the capsular bag relative to the orientation of the dialysis must be considered to avoid damage to the zonular fibers. Adequate fill of the capsular bag with an ophthalmic viscosurgical device is important to minimize the risk for capsule entanglement with the leading eyelet of the CTR. A simple technique is described to prevent these complications. The technique can be used with both standard and modified CTRs. Financial Disclosure Dr. Page is a consultant to Bausch & Lomb, Inc. and Abbott Medical Optics, Inc. He has no financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Click chemistry and electro-grafting onto colloidally templated conducting polymer arrays

Abstract Herein we developed a new approach of creating topologically and well-defined patterned polymeric surfaces via the “grafting to” approach. This was accomplished by either using colloidally templated “clickable” arrays, whereby the chemistry was performed directly onto the pattern or by subsequent backfilling with azido terminated SAM's. Similarly, direct grafting of electroactive temperature responsive oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylic polymers to colloidally templated surfaces allowed for tunable ion gate formation.
Oxidation state of the mantle

Abstract Phase equilibrium relations are established in a system MgFeSiHO, with and without C, at high pressures and temperatures. High pressure-temperature equations of state for the fluids including non-ideal mixing are used in the calculations. The computed equilibrium data show that an olivine of appropriate mantle composition (10 to 14 mole% fayalite) is stable over a wide range of temperature and oxygen fugacities in the carbon-free system. If C is introduced, such that the equilibrium assemblage may contain graphite or diamond, the fluid phase in the peridotite + water system consists mostly of H2O and little CO2 and CH4. However, the fluid composition is strongly affected by the Fe content of the system. If Fe is increased (within 10% by moles of the total Fe in the mantle) from undersaturation (i.e. no free Fe present in equilibrium) to that of saturation (i.e. Fe stable as a phase) the CH4 content of the fluid changes from a low of 1% to a high of 89%. The calculated results show a fluid with as much as 75% methane could be in equilibrium with olivine (13 mole% fayalite) without metallic Fe as a coexisting phase. The fO2 of the primitive mantle with such a fluid composition would be several log units below that of the quartz-fayalite-magnetite buffer.
Palaeoflood hydrology of the Salt river, Arizona

Geomorphic evidence along bedrock-confined reaches of the Salt River in east-central Arizona provides a record of the river's largest flood events. Fine-grained flood slackwater deposits accumulated at channel margin irregularities several metres above the low-flow channel. Discharges associated with flow events responsible for the deposits were estimated by computer flow modelling. These estimates document flood magnitudes in excess of gauged historic streamflows. Relative and radiocarbon dating suggest that a flood record in excess of 600 y is preserved in the slackwater sequences. A prominent flood scar cut into grussy hillslope soils allows the extension of the prehistoric flood record to several thousand years. A maximum discharge estimate of 4600 m3s−1 affixed to the flood scar represents the largest flood event in the record, and is given a minimum recurrence interval of 1000–2000 y. The 1952 flood is the largest historic flow event experienced along the study reach and is estimated at 2900 m3s−1. Two palaeoflood events preserved in the slackwater stratigraphy exceed the 1952 event, and are given recurrence intervals of 300 and 600 y. The latter flood event had an estimated discharge of 3200 m3s−1. It is apparent that discharge estimates affixed to these infrequent, large-magnitude flood events approach a maximum with decreased probabilities (large recurrence intervals). This suggests that a physical limit on discharge may exist within the Salt River drainage basin and is perhaps directly related to drainage basin size.
Adsorption and co-adsorption of boron and oxygen on ordered α-SiC surfaces

Abstract Boron layers (grown by thermal decomposition of B10H14) on the (0001) Si- and (0001) C-terminated surfaces of α-SiC have been studied using Auger and electron energy-loss spectroscopies and low-energy electron diffraction. Adsorption of O2 on the clean and B-adsorbed surfaces was also studied. Cleaning the (0001) surface by annealing in a flux of Si vapor gives a (3 × 3) structure which converts to 3 × 3 upon further annealing in vacuum. The (3 × 3) consists of an ordered layer of Si chemisorbed on the Si termination layer, while the 3 × 3 involves an ordered arrangement of Si vacancies. A (1 × 1) structure is observed for the clean C-face. Adsorption of B on the (3 × 3) Si-face eliminates the reconstruction, and further annealing produces a complicated superstructure. Stronger interaction occurs on the 3 × 3 Si-face leading to an incommensurately ordered (1 × 1) layer loosely termed “Si boride” due to the substantial changes in SiL2,3VV and B KLL Auger lineshapes. On the C-face, a disordered B layer forms. On B-free surfaces, room-temperature chemisorption of O2 is slower on the (1 × 1) C-face than on the (3 × 3) Si-face, but the rates of O uptake become comparable with increasing coverage as chemisorption gives way to oxidation. For the 3 × 3 Si-face, chemisorption is rapid, but oxidation very slow. For all three surfaces, adsorbed B suppresses chemisorption of O2 but has little or no effect on oxidation.
Microwave assisted solution combustion synthesis (MASCS) of europium (Eu) doped chlorapatite nanowhiskers

Abstract A one step, microwave assisted combustion synthesis method (MASCS) for the preparation of europium (Eu) doped chlorapatite (Ca5(PO4)3Cl) nanowhiskers has been developed. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and confocal imaging were used for materials characterization. It was noted both Cl− and HNO3 can play significant roles on the structure and uniformity of chlorapatite whiskers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper to show the homogenizing and sharpening effect of excessive nitric acid on the structure of chlorapatite nanoparticles. The Eu doped whiskers presented emission peak at 710 nm after excitation which shows potential for biomedical applications due to high penetration rate.