cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Return of Conservative Populism: The Rise of the Tea Party and its Impact on American Politics

This paper argues that the Tea Party is the latest in a long line of populist social movements – of both right and left – that emerge periodically in American politics – and particularly in times of economic hardship. These movements tend to be ephemeral but they frequently leave a lasting impact on American politics and public policy. The paper discusses the rise of the Tea Party, the nature of the movement, its popular base of support, its tense relationship with the “Republican Establishment”, its impact on the 2010 midterm election campaign, its future prospects, and how closely its development to date fits the historical pattern of American populist social and political movements.
Inactivation by plasma of ACTH-releasing property of C14 labeled bacterial polysaccharides.

SummaryA non-lethal, haptenic polysaccharide from K. pneumoniae, given intravenously to guinea pigs, produces a marked, but transient, elevation in plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroids. Incubation of the polysaccharide with normal guinea pig plasma partially inactivates this response. The polysaccharide remaining in the circulating plasma 6 and 12 hours after intravenous injection shows a greater loss of this ACTH releasing property. Electrophoretic studies indicate that the polysaccharide is bound to plasma proteins, but there are marked differences in in vitro and in vivo binding with albumin. The bound polysaccharide, however, retains its haptenic qualities. These findings suggest that the bacterial polysaccharide undergoes little, if any, degradation but loses its 17-OHCS evoking capacity by combining with plasma proteins.
Epistemological Approaches to Dialogic Teaching in a Conventional Setting - Critical Review

Book review for Dialogic Pedagogy Journal: This is a review of the book 'Inspiring dialogue: Talking to learn in the English classroom' by Juzwik et al. (2013), New York, NY: Teachers College Press, 162 pages, $ 32 (paper). The review looks critically at the theoretical framework of the book and compares it to the ontological tradition of Baktinian dialogue. The review aims to find the strengths of the book and meanwhile exposes its weaknesses in light of the interpretation of the Bakhtin's circle and modern Bakhtinian scholars of dialogic pedagogy.
Appraisal of health threats: Cognition, motivation, and social comparison

Recent experimental research has examined the determinants of illness-related cognitive appraisals. This work is reviewed and discussed within the context of Lazarus and Folkman's (1984) stress and coping model. The data from this research support and extend the model, but are best accounted for by Leventhal, Nerenz, and Steele's (1984) self-regulation theory of illness behavior. Neither model adequately addresses the role of social comparison and influence, which, together with a motivationally biased system of cognitive appraisal, provides individuals with a highly adaptive repertoire of strategies for maintaining emotional equilibrium and a positive view of their own health status.
Meson exchanges in the harmonic-oscillator quark model

Meson exchanges are introduced into the harmonic oscillator quark model along with a lower quark wave function. The mechanism is based on quark correlations that derive from quark exchange scattering via gluon exchange at short distances. This method allows avoiding spurious van der Waals forces at long range. Meson-baryon coupling constants and vertex form factors are calculated. They are found to be in agreement with those obtained from other quark models, phenomenological potentials, and the broken SU(3) flavor symmetry. The resulting S-wave NN phase shifts are compared with those from quark-molecular models.
Developing a Piezoelectric Active Sensor SHM System for Satellites

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is a valuable tool for in-service assessment of structural condition. Despite a broad use in many engineering fields, SHM has seen limited application to space systems. The paper explores specifics of SHM applied to space systems and satellites in particular. It is suggested that SHM may be considered for aiding rapid assembly of satellite components, monitoring system dynamics during launch and assessing in-service variation of structural properties suitable for model updating. In this paper, we present a discussion of factors affecting realization of the SHM system for satellites and provide recommendations for the system configuration and its practical use. The SHM system design based on a network of piezoelectric active sensors is considered. Piezoelectric sensors were selected due to availability of both active and passive operation modes. The passive SHM mode may find applications related to spaceship launch process and on-orbit structural monitoring. It is anticipated that the active structural assessment may be exercised during satellite pre-launch qualification and possible on-orbit characterization. Hence, the present contribution focuses on SHM of improperly tightened bolts as one of major satellite integrity concerns and embedded material characterization techniques. The developed SHM method utilizes the acousto-elastic effect manifested through the elastic wave phase shift caused by stress-induced localized changes in the sound speed. Experiments aimed at improving fundamental understanding of this technique are discussed and applicability of the technique to realistic structures is investigated. The methodology for in-situ material characterization is tested on structural elements of simple geometry and extension to complex structural systems is suggested. Synergistic use of the same hardware for acoustoelastic and material characterization methods is recommended and further system integration options are proposed.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Extensive endoplasmic reticulum: a distinguishing feature of auxin-producing plant cells

Le cytoplasme des cellules vegetales capables de synthetiser l'auxine est caracterise par l'abondance du reticulum endoplasmique. Les cellules dont la croissance est stimulee par de hautes concentrations de cette hormone contiennent beaucoup moins de reticulum endoplasmique. D'ou l'hypothese que le lieu de synthese de l'auxine (dans les cellules capables de cette synthese) est peut-etre le reticulum endoplasmique.
Chiral soliton model for arbitrary colors and flavors

The semiclassical quantization of the chiral soliton model is studied for an arbitrary number of colors and flavors. The quantum numbers of the baryons in the soliton model are derived and are shown to agree with those in the constituent quark model for normal as well as exotic baryons. The general analysis elucidates the correct definition of exoticness for the three-flavor case, and allows one to interpret the soliton state in terms of quark model variables. The quantum numbers of all the allowed soliton states for the physically relevant case of three flavors are derived.
MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF SHEEP PITUITARY INTERSTITIAL CELL-STIMULATING HORMONE.

Two new procedures for the isolation of interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) from sheep pituitary glands have been described in recent years1,2. Sedimentation coefficients (s20°,w) of the hormone were reported to be 2.47 in phosphate buffer1 of pH 6.8 and 2.32 S in glycine buffer2 of pH 6.0. From these values, together with values for the diffusion coefficient and partial specific volume, these authors1,2 computed the molecular weight of ICSH to be 28,000–30,000. We have recently re-examined the sedimentation behaviour of ovine ICSH and found that the molecular weight of the hormone changes with the pH of the buffer. Results also indicate that the ICSH molecule forms reversible aggregates. We wish to report herein the molecular weight of the ICSH monomer.
Effects of lipopolysaccharide and acclimation temperature on induced behavioral fever in juvenile Iguana iguana

We examined the effects of acclimation temperature and two doses (2.5 and 25 mg kg−1) of a pyrogen (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) on behavioral thermoregulation in juvenile green iguanas. Overall means of body temperatures for the three-day trial periods were compared among three groups of animals acclimated at 15, 25, and 34°C. The responses of each group of animals to the two dosages of LPS and a control saline injection were examined. Within each treatment block, animals either chose high body temperatures characteristic of a fever response or chose low body temperatures characteristic of a hypothermic response. Thermoregulation was influenced by interaction effects between and among, and independent effects of, acclimation temperature, dose of LPS, and day. In some treatment blocks, individual lizard mass positively correlated with mean individual body temperature. Mean mass of lizards that chose higher body temperatures within a treatment block was higher than the mean mass of lizards that chose lower body temperatures. From these results, we concluded that LPS may induce two different behavioral thermoregulatory responses: fever or hypothermia. The actual amplitude and direction of body temperature change appears to be affected by acclimation temperature and possibly by mass or energy reserves of the animal. If the energy reserves are not sufficient to sustain the higher rate of metabolism associated with the higher body temperatures of a hyperthermic or feverish state, the animal may resort to hypothermia.
Glycogen content in the outer hair cells of kangaroo rat (D. spectabilis) cochlea prior to and following auditory stimulation.

Glycogen content in the organ of Corti of the kangaroo rat, D. spectabilis, is evaluated prior to and following auditory stimulation. PAS positive material is prominent in the outer hair cells, tectorial and basilar membranes, bone, and spiral ganglia. PAS positivity in the outer hair cells is due exclusively to glycogen. Short-term, high intensity stimulation of the kangaroo rats resulted in glycogen diminution in the outer hair cells, accompanied by damage to the organ of Corti in the upper half of the basal turn at frequencies of 1 950 and 3 000 Hz. At 3 000 Hz, the degree of damage increases as the intensity of the stimulus is raised. Long-term exposures at moderately high intensities also show the kangaroo rat to be particularly sensitive to frequencies of 1 950 and 3 000 Hz in the basal and second turns of the cochlea. Glycogen content is diminished, however no cytological damage is apparent.
V 11 Distanzänderung der femoralen und tibialen Insertionen des anteromedialen und posterolateralen Bündels des vorderen Kreuzbandes mittels dynamischer radiostereometrischer Analyse

Fragestellung Die Langenanderung der zwei funktionellen Bundel des vorderen Kreuzbandes (VKB) – dem anteromedialen (AM) und posterolateralen (PL) Bundel – ist in vivo noch unzureichend untersucht. Ziel der Studie ist es, die Distanzanderung der femoralen und tibialen Ansatzpunkte des AM- und PL-Bundels zu erforschen. Methodik Die Distanzanderung der Insertionsareale wurde anhand einer dynamischen radiosterometrischen Analyse (RSA) untersucht. Dabei wird das Kniegelenk wahrend der Bewegung mit zwei Fluoroskopen in unterschiedlicher Orientierung mit einer Frequenz von 50Hz durchleuchtet. Digitale Hochgeschwindigkeitskameras zeichnen die Durchleuchtungsbilder fur die weitere Vearbeitung auf. Mittels eines semiautomatisierten Verfahrens werden die Fluoroskopiebilder mit einem 3D-CT des Probanden abgeglichen. Es entsteht somit ein dreidimensionales kinematisches Modell des Probanden. Sechs gesunde Probanden von Kontrollgruppen laufender Studien wurden in diese Studie eingeschlossen. Einschlusskriterien waren ein intaktes Kniegelenk ohne bekannte Verletzungen sowie ein belasteter Bewegungsumfang von mehr als 60°. Die Probanden fuhrten eine Kniebeuge durch oder bestiegen eine Stufe. Das Votum der Ethikkommission sowie die Einverstandniserklarung der Probanden lag vor. Die Insertionen des AM/PL-Bundels wurden anhand einer vorab durchgefuhrten CT Studie (Lorenz et al., AJSM, 2009) festgelegt. Ergebnisse Die durchschnittliche Distanz zwischen femoraler und tibialer Insertion betrug in 0°-Flexion fur das anteromediale und posterolaterale Bundel 37,6 bzw. 30,2mm und verringerte sich bis 90° kontinuierlich auf 29,7 bzw. 20,0mm. Die Abweichung zwischen zwei Untersuchungen des gleichen Probanden lag unter 0,4mm. Das posterolaterale Bundel zeigte mit zunehmender Beugung eine deutlich grosere relative Distanzabnahme in allen Knien. Ein reziprokes Verhalten der Bundel konnte in keinem Knie gefunden werden. Schlussfolgerung Die Methode ist geeignet fur die Bestimmung von in-vivo-Kinematiken von Alltagsbewegungen. Das Konzept der Anspannung der funktionellen Bundel in unterschiedlichen Beugestellungen bei der Doppel-Bundel-Rekonstruktion des VKB muss kritisch hinterfragt werden. Die Studie lasst keine Ruckschlusse auf das Spannungsverhaltnis der Bundel zu, da lediglich die Distanz der knochernen Insertionen gemessen wurde.
Effect of stimulus size on fusion and vergence.

Objective measurements were carried out to determine the effect of stimulus size on fusional and vergence amplitudes. It was shown that increasing the stimulus size to include peripheral retinal regions results in significant increases in horizontal and vertical fusional amplitudes. This increase is realized by proportionate increases in both motor (vergence) and nonmotor components.
Getting Secretory Granules Ready for Prime Time

Several rare human diseases have shed important light on the secretory pathway required for lymphocyte cytotoxicity. In this issue of Cell, Feldmann et al. identify mutations in Munc13-4 as a cause of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Munc13-4 appears to be involved in the priming of cytotoxic granules prior to fusion with the plasma membrane.
Predictive value of attitude, cognitive ability, and personality to science achievement in the middle school

This article examines the factors of attitude toward science, spatial ability, mathematical ability, and the scientific personality, as measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, in a sample of middle school students. Males and females with science grades of A and B were found to have several characteristics of the scientific personality, good grades in mathematics, but negative attitudes toward science. Males and females with science grades of C and D had a more positive attitude toward science, but poor mathematical and spatial abilities and few characteristics of the scientific personality. There were no sex differences except on the Thinking/Feeling (TF) scale of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. As expected females portrayed themselves as preferring the (F) scale, the use of personal values when making decisions and males portrayed themselves as preferring the (T) scale, the use of logical analysis when making decisions.
A Fixed Point Theorem of Krasnoselskii—Schaefer Type

In this paper we focus on three fixed point theorems and an integral equation. Schaefer's fixed point theorem will yield a T-periodic solution of (0.1) x(t)= a(t) + tt-h D(t,s)g(s,x(s))ds if D and g satisfy certain sign conditions independent of their magnitude. A combination of the contraction mapping theorem and Schauder's theorem (known as Krasnoselskii's theorem) will yield a T-periodic solution of (0.2) x(t) = f(t,x(t)) + tt-h D(t,s)g(s,x(s))ds if f defines a contraction and if D and g are small enough. We prove a fixed point theorem which is a combination of the contraction mapping theorem and Schaefer's theorem which yields a T-periodic solution of (0.2) when / defines a contraction mapping, while D and g satisfy the aforementioned sign conditions.
Effect of a material-flow model in prediction of particle-size distributions in open- and closed-circuit mills

Abstract A size-continuous breakage-kinetics model is postulated and supported with industrial grinding-mill data. It is shown that the kinetics parameters include the effects of possible classification at the mill discharge. The estimated parameters were then used in the kinetics model to simulate the behavior of a grinding mill in open- and closed-circuit operation. While material transport and kinetics are equally important in open-circuit operation, heavy recycle in a closed circuit makes a detailed material-transport model for grinding unnecessary. In effect, the mill can be considered as backmixed. This suggests that more emphasis should be placed on modelling the classifier than the development of detailed material-transport models for the grinding mill.
SU-GG-T-474: A Virtual Linac for External Beam Radiation Therapy Treatment Planning

Purpose: A virtual linac is developed to graphically simulate external beam radiation therapytreatments in a 3D environment. The patient‐specific simulation is useful for assessing potential collisions and for assisting patient setup. Method and Materials: Interactive Data Language (IDL) is used to create the virtual reality environment. Geometry and dimensions of the simulated treatment devices, including accessories, are obtained from measurements of our own machines as well as limited use of schematics. DICOM filters are implemented to process the planning data exported from the treatment planning system. Results: The patient's body contour, either outlined in the treatment planning system or generated by the IDL program from CTimages, can be displayed as part of the 3D virtual linac. All machine components including the gantry, collimator, couch, and accessory selection can be adjusted interactively. Additionally, the patient's position on the couch can be translated in three dimensions. The result is the ability to accurately simulate almost any external beam treatment.Conclusion: Since the 3D graphical models of the treatment units and the patient outline were established, the collision avoidance can be performed by visually simulating the treatment plan. Our virtual linac system includes add‐on accessories such as the electron cones and the SRS head frames; users can easily measure the clearance of device‐to‐patient‐couch and it does not need to use any complicated mathematical model. This virtual reality software provides highly intuitive images for both planners and therapists for designing treatment plans and positioning patients. It can be applied as a pre‐treatment QA tool.
"My nest is full:" intergenerational relationships at midlife.

Abstract Incorporating a life course perspective, this qualitative study used focus groups to explore the experiences of midlife adults who were simultaneously providing support to emerging adult children and aging parents. Results indicated that adults situated in middle generations held beliefs that endorsed family-based responsibility to both younger and older members. Parents gladly supported children despite their longer transition to adulthood. Often unanticipated but accepted, provisions of care to aging parents were experienced with ambivalence — a joy and a burden. The transition of their parents to greater dependence helped participants gain insights into the terrain of late life and encouraged reflections about the intersection of aging, independence, and family responsibility. Participants expressed intentions to preserve their own independence and spare their children of caregiving burdens through self-directed actions. Implications focused on negotiations of family relationships around issues of independence and family responsibilities as a way to reduce intergenerational ambivalence.
Spatiotemporal variation in the population ecology of scaly slipper lobsters Scyllarides squammosus in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

Scaly slipper lobster (Scyllarides squammosus) population ecology was examined using tag/recapture information at Necker Island (23°30′N; 164°35′W), Gardner Pinnacles (25°00′N; 168°50′W), Maro Reef (25°30′N; 170°45′W), and Laysan Island (25°48′N; 171°45′W) in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) USA from 2002 to 2008. Although many aspects of S. squammosus life history and population dynamics were similar to those of other scyllarids, somatic growth differed from its congers. Scyllarides squammosus growth abruptly declined at maturity and, because of this, growth at length was better described using the Schnute as opposed to the more commonly von Bertalanffy growth model. Growth varied among locations, and survival varied among years; thereby being the first documentation of variability in the life history of a scyllarid. This study has expanded knowledge of scyllarid biology and documented that spatiotemporal variability in biological characteristics must be considered to understand and describe the population ecology of this species and probably of other scyllarids.
Do consumer perceptions matter in measuring choice variety and variety seeking

Abstract This research marries scanner panel choice data of consumers in single member households to their survey-based perception data and draws upon behavioral and modeling research to contribute to the variety seeking literature. It presents a new consumer-based measure of choice variety based on inter-product similarity perceptions and illustrates that others-based (i.e., researchers, managers, and retailers) measures of choice variety such as number of brand switches underestimate choice variety. Moreover, incorporating the consumer-based measure instead of others-based measures in latent class models improves their efficiency of classifying households into high versus low variety seeking. The consumer-based measure of choice variety is valid in terms of its positive relationship with consumer's intrinsic or trait-based variety seeking tendency. Theoretical (market structure, consideration set) and managerial implications (targeting of price promotions to reduce spending, product design, cross-price elasticity) of the findings are offered.
VISUAL AND VERBAL APPROACH MOTIVES AS A FUNCTION OF DISCREPANCY FROM EXPECTANCY LEVEL.

Summary.-It was hypothesized that Ss would visually fixate and find more esthetically pleasing nonsense shapes that were slightly discrepant in similariry from a schema that had been developed by repeated stimulation, than would be the case for shapes that were greatly discrepant from the schema stimulus. Both for measures of eye-movement fixation and verbal report, preference was greatest for the slightly discrepant, and least for the most discrepant figure. The results were interpreted in terms of McClelland's discrepancy hypothesis of affect and the concept of schemata as used by Oldfield and others. Early experiments on the perceived pleasantness of peripheral stimulation have indicated that the response does not usually vary linearly with the magnitude of stimulation. Rather, perceived pleasantness usually rises and then decreases as stimulus magnitude is increased above threshold. Engel (1928) for example, showed that the concentration of various sapid solutions produced an inflected preference curve, such that small increases of stimulus concencration resulted in high preference while large increases above threshold resulted in negative preferences. Similar resulcs for concentracion of soluble saccharin were reported by Beebe-Center, et al. ( 1948) and recently by Haber ( 1954) for temperature. McClelland (McClelland, et al., 1953) has interpreted such findings as support for an affective cheory of motivation. According to this conception, a motive is a functional approach or avoidance of cues that have become associated with positive or negative affects. Affect is defined in the theory by the discrepancy of a scimulus from the expectancy or adapcacion level (AL) for that stimulus. Small discrepancies from the expected level are thought to produce pleasant affect, large discrepancies to produce negative affect. The existence of a "pleasure motive" is inferred by observing the organism's tendency to prefer and maximize certain stimuli and to avoid others. Affect, then, is a hypothetical construct, defined on the antecedent side by stimulus discrepancies from AL, and on the response side, by functional approach or avoidance of the scimulus. As usually defined in sensory terms, AL is a value determined by the organ'Suggestions and advice are gratefully acknowledged to D. C. McClelland, G. Mandler and F. Mosteller. Work on the project was partially supported by a Grant to Professor McClelland from the Ford Foundation, Predoctoral Research Fellowship to the author from the National Institutes of Mental Health, and by Grant MY 2585 from the Psychopharmacology Section of NIMH. 'This work was begun while the author was at Harvard University.
“And a Charming Wife”: Gender, Marriage, and Manhood in the Job Search Process

The academic job search process, and the applications and reference letters that are constitutive elements of that process, are central to the creation and re-creation of a discipline. Disciplines and departments renew and re-create themselves — or do not, and merely replicate themselves — through hirings. A job search process can serve to hinder changes in the membership, culture, “look,” and the norms of the discipline, or it can facilitate dramatic and often rapid transformations. Job search materials thus provide an insight into the prevailing norms and conventions of a discipline. A review of a recent set of such materials reveals subtle gendered and racialized differences in the job search process. Such differences are apparent in the composition of referee committees, in the evocation of marital status both by applicants and by referees, and in the surprising persistence of themes of robust manhood. The referee pool, the applicant pool, and the search committee pool in an academic discipline are in...
The Stiff Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Contemporary Approach

Stiffness after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is uncommon but not rare. Estimates of the prevalence of stiffness vary according to the definition but range from 1 to 12%. For surgeons a stiff TKA is a frustrating problem because the precise cause of stiffness remains poorly understood in the vast majority of cases. When revision TKA is performed without identifying the cause of stiffness, only modest improvements after revision can be expected. In a select subgroup of patients, however, a clear etiology for stiffness can be identified. The results of surgical intervention in that subgroup of patients with a clear etiology for stiffness are substantially more predictable. Our contemporary approach to stiffness after TKA focuses on identifying extrinsic causes, intrinsic causes, or patient-related causes for the stiffness.
Clofibrate pretreatment diminishes acetaminophen's selective covalent binding and hepatotoxicity.

Peroxisome proliferators have been shown to diminish acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity (Biochem. Pharmacol.43, 1395, 1992). To investigate the mechanistic basis for this protection CD-1 male mice were given corn oil or 500 mg clofibrate (CFB)/kg, ip, daily for 10 days. They were then fasted overnight and either killed without challenge or at 4 or 12 hr after challenge with 800 mg APAP/kg (in 50% propylene glycol). At 12 hr, hepatotoxicity was evidenced by elevated plasma sorbitol dehydrogenase and histopathology in corn oil but not in CFB-pretreated mice. At 4 hr after APAP treatment, hepatic glutathione (GSH) depletion and selective arylation of the major APAP target proteins were both greatly diminished by CFB pretreatment. Western blot analysis with the anti-58 antibody of liver cytosol from unchallenged mice showed no apparent changes in the levels of the 58-kDa major APAP target protein with CFB treatment. These findings suggest that protection could be the result of diminished net availability of generated electrophile. In vitro, measurements indicated that the specific activity in microsomes for APAP oxidation by cytochrome P450 was not changed by CFB treatment; whereas GSH S-transferase activity in cytosol was decreased by 25%. Pretreatment with CFB also produced a significant elevation in hepatic GSH. These studies indicate that protection by CFB might result from increased availability of hepatic GSH which could trap APAP electrophile nonenzymatically, thereby decreasing covalent binding and preventing toxicity.
Attachment of swing-lock labial bar to an existing removable partial denture: A clinical report

Although the swing-lock buccal or labial bar is often used as a periodontal splint for mobile teeth, it may also function as an orthodontic retainer to inhibit tooth migration of poorly aligned teeth. The labial bar may be added to an existing removable partial denture if there is sufficient bulk of acrylic resin in the denture bases to accommodate the hinge and latch.
Mechanistic model for spade drills for wood drilling operations, Part 2: Analysis of spade bit geometry and performance

In this part of the paper the analytical models for the prediction of the force system, established in Part I, in conjunction with a complete geometric model of the spade bit, will be used in a systematic simulation analysis of the spade drill's performance. The aim of this analysis is to identify the most desirable geometric characteristics of the different topological features of the spade bit that would result in desirable performance measures expressed in terms of reduced torque and thrust force. The obtained results are intended to guide the development of more efficient tools of this type.
Comparison of Skin Doses in Spot Scanning and Passive Scattering Proton Therapy Treatment Plans for Pediatric Patients With Spinal Ependymomas

Purpose/Objective(s): Our proton delivery system is ready for clinical use. We describe the system, operation, and integration within our clinic. Materials/Methods: The superconducting synchrocyclotron passive scattering accelerator contains beam line options to treat shallow or deep lesions with range adjustable by 1mm, and modulation up to 20cm. The accelerator is small and light enough to be placed on a gantry revealing a footprint slightly larger than a conventional room. The outer accelerator gantry aligns with an inner treatment gantry that houses applicators (14 or 25cm), field apertures and compensators. Gantry motion is limited to 190deg. Patient positioning and imaging are provided by a 6D robotic couch with 270 degrees of rotation and fixed x-ray and CBCT systems. The system is integrated with our medical record system and treatment planning. Dosimetric data (range, modulation, distal falloff, lateral penumbra) were generated from Monte Carlo calculations, confirmed by measurements. Neutron exposure was assessed by calculations and measurements. Dose rate and delivery efficiency was also assessed. Results: We measured a maximum range of 32cm for small fields and 25cm for large fields. Modulation (SOBP) was found to be flat ( 3% over the core portion). Distal falloff (80-20%) and lateral penumbra in air (80-20%) were no greater than 7mm and 4mm, respectively. Calculated/ measured data were commissioned, from which generated plans were seamlessly transferred to patient information management system and subsequently, the MEVION console, including radiographic setup images. Neutron exposure was calculated and measured to be 1 field/day). Uptime is thus far extraordinarily high with rapid and stable beam-on operation. Treatment planning has demonstrated superior results compared with IMRT for established proton treatment sites (pediatric, HN while lung treatment will utilize gating of the pulsed beam. Conclusions: Proton radiation therapy, till now, had been limited to facilities dedicating enormous space, resources, and of course expense. The success of this project launches the potential for proton radiation therapy at facilities starved for space (i.e., in heavily populated cities) or resources/finances (smaller academic institutions). We will continue to report on our clinical utility and solutions. Author Disclosure: E.E. Klein: A. Employee; Washington University. C. Block: A. Employee; Washington University. B. Pierburg: None. J. Bradley: A. Employee; Washington University.
Characterization of the role of nitric oxide and its clinical applications.

Nitric oxide (NO) has long been known as endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is a vasodilator, modulating vascular tone, blood pressure and hemodynamics, a role exploited by nitrate donor therapy
Constitutional Rearrangement of the Architectural Factor HMGA2: A Novel Human Phenotype Including Overgrowth and Lipomas

Although somatic mutations in a number of genes have been associated with development of human tumors, such as lipomas, relatively few examples exist of germline mutations in these genes. Here we describe an 8-year-old boy who has a de novo pericentric inversion of chromosome 12, with breakpoints at p11.22 and q14.3, and a phenotype including extreme somatic overgrowth, advanced endochondral bone and dental ages, a cerebellar tumor, and multiple lipomas. His chromosomal inversion was found to truncate HMGA2, a gene that encodes an architectural factor involved in the etiology of many benign mesenchymal tumors and that maps to the 12q14.3 breakpoint. Similar truncations of murine Hmga2 in transgenic mice result in somatic overgrowth and, in particular, increased abundance of fat and lipomas, features strikingly similar to those observed in the child. This represents the first report of a constitutional rearrangement affecting HMGA2 and demonstrates the role of this gene in human growth and development. Systematic genetic analysis and clinical studies of this child may offer unique insights into the role of HMGA2 in adipogenesis, osteogenesis, and general growth control.
Relationships within the Calomys callosus species group based on amplified fragment length polymorphisms

Calomys callosus was identified almost 40 years ago as the rodent reservoir of Machupo virus (MACV, Arenaviridae), which causes Bolivian hemorrhagic fever (BHF), a disease endemic to northeastern Bolivia. However, the range of C. callosus s. l. far exceeds the known distribution of MACV and BHF. Four sampling regions representing different mitochondrial lineages within the C. callosus species group and an outgroup were evaluated for their genetic relationships using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP). Four AFLP primer combinations generated 596 bands, which were used for phylogenetic and population analyses. We show, using nuclear genetic markers, that the populations of rodents responsible for the maintenance and transmission of MACV are an independent monophyletic lineage, different from other lineages in other areas of Bolivia and South America. These data support the conclusions reached using mitochondrial DNA sequence from the cytochrome b and control region (D-loop) genes.
Controlling resist thickness and etch depth for fabrication of 3D structures in electron-beam grayscale lithography

In many applications such as optoelectronic devices, three-dimensional (3D) structures are required. Examples include photonic band gap (PBG) crystals, diffractive optical elements, blazed gratings, MEMS, NEMS, etc. It is known that the performance characteristics of such structures are highly sensitive to their dimensional fidelity. Therefore, it is essential to have a fabrication process by which such 3D structures can be realized with high dimensional accuracy. In this paper, practical methods to control thickness of the remaining resist and etch depth, which may be employed for fabrication of such 3D structures using grayscale electron-beam lithography, are described. Through experiments, explicit control of the remaining resist thickness and etch depth at the resolution of 20nm for the feature sizes of 0.5@mm and 1@mm has been successfully demonstrated. Also, the 1:1 ratio of silicon to resist etching rates was achieved for transferring the remaining resist profile onto the silicon substrate.
Multimedia systems research: The first twenty years and lessons for the next twenty

This retrospective article examines the past two decades of multimedia systems research through the lens of three research topics that were in vogue in the early days of the field and offers perspectives on the evolution of these research topics. We discuss the eventual impact of each line of research and offer lessons for future research in the field.
Oxidative stress and nitric oxide in kidney function

Purpose of review Nitric oxide is a potent, endogenous vasodilator that regulates systemic blood pressure and renal function, among other functions. The bioactivity of nitric oxide is reduced by superoxide, a major reactive oxygen species. Overproduction of superoxide and other related reactive oxygen species resulting in oxidative stress reduces the biological effects of nitric oxide. Though both of these highly reactive species have distinct roles in other pathways, their interaction is emerging as a major regulatory factor in normal and pathological renal function. The purpose of this review is to highlight the recent studies on oxidative stress and nitric oxide in the kidney, focusing on their interaction in normal and pathological conditions. Recent findings Studies have focused on pro-oxidant pathways and nitric oxide defense systems in normal and pathological conditions. The oxidant potential of uncoupled nitric oxide synthases is gaining interest as a pro-oxidant system. Both animal and clinical studies have attempted to identify strategies to intervene at various stages of the oxidant-nitric oxide pathways to improve function during renal failure. Summary Several new approaches and provocative findings have emerged over the last year. A regulatory role for nitric oxide in the control of the renal microcirculation and as a participant in tubule function is further described. New information of the cause and possible prevention of acute and chronic renal failure has also been produced in the last year. These advances demonstrate the value of research in the normal and pathological roles of oxidative stress and nitric oxide in the kidney.
Phospholipase Cγ2 Is Essential in the Functions of B Cell and Several Fc Receptors

Abstract Many receptors activate phospholipase Cγ1 or -γ2. To assess the role of PLCγ2, we derived enzyme-deficient mice. The mice are viable but have decreased mature B cells, a block in pro-B cell differentiation, and B1 B cell deficiency. IgM receptor–induced Ca 2+ flux and proliferation to B cell mitogens are absent. IgM, IgG2a, and IgG3 levels are reduced, and T cell–independent antibody production is absent. The similarity to Btk- or Blnk-deficient mice demonstrates that PLCγ2 is downstream in Btk/Blnk signaling. FcRγ signaling is also defective, resulting in a loss of collagen-induced platelet aggregation, mast cell FceR function, and NK cell FcγRIII and 2B4 function. The results define a signal transduction pathway broadly utilized by immunoglobulin superfamily receptors.
Suppression of dewetting phenomena during excimer laser melting of thin metal films on SiO2

Abstract Pulsed excimer laser irradiation has been used to fully melt 200 nm films of elemental Au and Ni on SiO 2 substrates. With the use of a capping layer of SiO 2 and line irradiation via projection optics, the typical liquid-phase dewetting processes associated with these metals on SiO 2 has been suppressed. In a series of experiments varying line widths and fluence, a process region is revealed immediately above the complete melting threshold for which the films remain continuous and smooth after melting and resolidification. Simple energetic arguments for mechanisms leading to initiation of dewetting support these observations, and a gas-mediated model is proposed to describe the process conditions that are necessary for the suppression of dewetting.
Visualization of Splitting and Merging Processes

Information about objects that split or merge is often generated dynamically as a by-product of computation or in the observation of real-world behavior. Visualization tools for such processes must not only reveal temporal patterns and spatial organization but should also accommodate on-the-fly generation of split?merge information. This paper develops a formal structure for split?merge processes that provides a suitable underpinning for dynamic visualization tools. The structure allows split?merge processes to be constructed dynamically and supports operations such as concatenation and partitioning while maintaining the underlying split?merge structure. The paper also proposes a method for abstracting split?merge substructure to assist in the visualization of large systems. The abstractions can be used to produce visual simplification and to guide layout heuristics in producing better visualizations. The implications of visualizing split?merge processes with time lines are explored. Auxiliary visualization strategies based on dynamic boxes and tree rings are introduced to enhance information content of focus areas in larger time-line visualizations. The concepts are illustrated using data from timings of a network protocol and from the detection of patterns in scientific video data.
Chaoptin, a cell surface glycoprotein required for Drosophila photoreceptor cell morphogenesis, contains a repeat motif found in yeast and human

Chaoptin is a photoreceptor cell-specific membrane protein. Analysis of chaoptin mutants demonstrates that this glycoprotein plays a critical role in photoreceptor cell morphogenesis. We have deduced chaoptin's primary structure from the cDNA sequence and examined its membrane topology. Chaoptin is largely composed of 41 potentially amphipathic repeats. Remarkably homologous repeats have been reported in both yeast and human, suggesting their general importance as a structural and/or functional motif. Chaoptin synthesized in vitro is associated with rough endoplasmic reticulum microsomal membrane in an integral fashion, consistent with its extraction characteristics in vivo. The resistance to proteolytic digestion of in vitro synthesized and processed chaoptin suggests that it is primarily localized to the extracellular leaflet of the lipid bilayer. These data are consistent with the proposal that chaoptin is involved in the adhesion between photoreceptor cell membranes.
1024 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES PROTECT AGAINST FATAL GROUP B STREPTOCOCCAL (GBS) INFECTION IN MICE

Despite the use of broad spectrum antimicrobial agents, GBS sepsis remains a fulminant, often fatal disease. Using the technique of somatic cell hybridization, we have developed hybridomas which secrete monoclonal antibodies that react with each of the 5 serotypes of GBS. The purpose of this investigation was: 1) to determine whether type-specific monoclonal antibody conferred protection against fatal GBS infection in mice, and 2) to study the functional properties of the antibodies (agglutination, complement fixation). BALB/c mice were given a subscapular injection of 5 × 106 hybridoma cells that produced antibody with one of the following specificities: anti-GBS IA/IC, IB, or II. (Type III GBS does not infect adult BALB/c mice). After 14 days, tumor mice and an equal number of controls were challenged with an I.P. injection of 109 live GBS of identical specificity to the tumor. 100% of mice with tumors survived; controls were dead within 24 hours. Surviving tumor mice had anti-GBS titers of > 1/10,000 against the respective bacterial serotypes. Each monoclonal antibody fixed complement and agglutinated bacteria of the same specificity. GBS monoclonal antibodies protect mice against fatal infection in vivo, fix complement and agglutinate GBS in vitro and may have potential use in the therapy of life-threatening disease in infants.
Biotin Reagents for Antibody Pretargeting. 7. Investigation of Chemically Inert Biotinidase Blocking Functionalities for Synthetic Utility

An investigation was conducted to evaluate three biotin derivatives designed to block biotinidase cleavage of the biotinamide bond. Difficulties in multistep syntheses of molecules containing tert-butyl protected hydroxymethyl and carboxylate groups positioned alpha to a biotinamide bond led to the investigation of alternative biotinidase-blocking moieties that do not require protection and deprotection. The targeted biotin derivatives contained serine-O-methyl ether, 2-aminobutyric acid, and valine moieties conjugated to the biotin carboxylate functionality. Those derivatives were further modified with a radioiodinated aryl ring to study their biotinidase stability. As a comparison to previously studied biotin derivatives, radioiodinated versions of biotin conjugates that contained (a) no biotinidase stabilizing group, (b) an N-methyl (sarcosine) stabilizing group, (c) an alpha-carboxylate (aspartate) stabilizing group and hydroxymethyl (serine) stabilizing group were also prepared and tested. When tested in human serum, all of the radioiodinated biotinidase-stabilized biotin derivatives had biotin-valine-CN-Cbl > biotin-serine-O-methyl ether-CN-Cbl > biotin-aminobutyric acid-CN-Cbl. Due to the high cost of serine-O-ethyl ether (and its N-Boc derivative) and difficulty in syntheses of its biotin derivatives, that adduct is not an attractive candidate for application to compounds used in vivo. The higher lipophilicity and diminished binding of the biotin-valine adduct also makes its use in vivo less attractive. Thus, the biotin-aminobutyric acid adduct appears to be the best candidate for incorporation into biotin derivatives used in vivo, as it simplifies the synthetic procedures, has low cost, and provides effective blocking of biotinidase while retaining high binding affinity.
Identification of the alarm pheromones of the ant Myrmica brevinodis

Abstract The mandibular gland secretion of the myrmicine ant, Myrmica brevinodis, was investigated and found to contain principally four components. Two of these components were major and two minor. The major components were identified as 3-octanone (1·6 μg/gland) and 3-octanol (0·7 μg/gland). Both compounds elicited alarm reactions in workers of M. brevinodis. The two minor components were identified as methyl-branched 3-octanones, but the position of the branching was not determined.
Lysophosphatidylcholine stimulates interleukin-6 release from rat anterior pituitary cells in vitro

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a B-cell differentiation-inducing cytokine that affects the secretion of several neuroendocrine hormones. Normal rat anterior pituitary (AP) cells synthesize and release IL-6, suggesting a paracrine role for the stimulation of AP hormone release by this cytokine. We have previously reported that IL-1 beta enhances IL-6 release and phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) in AP cells. Because lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) may function as a second messenger for IL-1 beta, we have investigated the effects of exogenous LPC on IL-6 release from AP cells in vitro. AP cells from male Long-Evans rats were dispersed and cultured for 5-6 days in 96-well (100,000 cells/well) culture plates. Cells were rinsed and incubated in the absence or presence of 1.25-40 microM LPC 18:0 (stearoyl) for 6 h, and IL-6 concentrations determined using the 7-TD1 cell bioassay. LPC 18:0 significantly (P < 0.01) stimulated IL-6 release up to 10-fold in a concentration-related manne...
Weekly scheduling in the service industry: an application to mail processing and distribution centers

This paper addresses the midterm planning problem that arises at various service facilities staffed by full-time and part-time employees. In response to updated demand forecasts, expected leave, training assignments, and other contingencies, weekly adjustments are often required to better match available personnel with demand over the planning horizon. Unlike manufacturing where uniform 8-hour shifts are the rule, service organizations may experience several busy periods during the day that do not fit a standard shift. In such cases, supervisors must adjust employee schedules by assigning overtime, increasing the number of part-time hours, and calling in temporary workers. The situation is complicated by union contracts, labor rules, and company policies. To find solutions that can be implemented in a real-world environment, a two-phase approach was developed. In the first phase, the adjustment problem is formulated as a large-scale integer program and solved with a commercial code for those cases in whic...