cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A covalently bonded teicoplanin chiral stationary phase for HPLC enantioseparations

A macrocyclic glycopeptide antibiotic containing a hydrophobic “tail” is covalently attached to silica gel via linkage chains. This material is extensively evaluated as a chiral stationary phase (CSP) for HPLC. The relevant structural features of the teicoplanin molecule which make it an effective chiral selector are discussed. The teicoplanin CSP appears to have excellent enantioselectivity for native amino acids, peptides, α-hydroxycarboxylic acids, and a variety of neutral analytes including cyclic amides and amines. Enantio-separations can be achieved in the reversed phase, normal phase, and “polar-organic” modes. This chiral selector is stable and the integrity of the CSP is excellent in all separation modes. Hence it can be considered a highly effective multimodal column. Optimization of these separations is discussed in terms of both selectivity and efficiency. Results indicate that the surface loading of the chiral selector affects all relevant separation parameters. A hypothesis is proposed to explain the enhanced efficiency obtained when using teicoplanin CSPs with higher surface coverage. It appears that teicoplanin is a widely applicable, highly effective chiral selector for HPLC enantioseparations. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PTEN Expression Causes Feedback Upregulation of Insulin Receptor Substrate 2

PTEN is a tumor suppressor that antagonizes phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) by dephosphorylating the D3 position of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate (PtdIns-3,4,5-P3). Given the importance of PTEN in regulating PtdIns-3,4,5-P3 levels, we used Affymetrix GeneChip arrays to identify genes regulated by PTEN. PTEN expression rapidly reduced the activity of Akt, which was followed by a G1 arrest and eventually apoptosis. The gene encoding insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS-2), a mediator of insulin signaling, was found to be the most induced gene at all time points. A PI3K-specific inhibitor, LY294002, also upregulated IRS-2, providing evidence that it was the suppression of the PI3K pathway that was responsible for the message upregulation. In addition, PTEN, LY294002, and rapamycin, an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin, caused a reduction in the molecular weight of IRS-2 and an increase in the association of IRS-2 with PI3K. Apparently, PTEN inhibits a negative regulator of IRS-2 to upregulate the IRS-2–PI3K interaction. These studies suggest that PtdIns-3,4,5-P3 levels regulate the specific activity and amount of IRS-2 available for insulin signaling.
Meiotic chromosome behavior of an inverted insertional translocation in neurospora.

Cytological study of meiotic chromosomes heterozygous for the T(I→II)39311 translocation confirm genetic evidence (Perkins 1972) that a section of linkage group I including the mating type locus has been inserted into linkage group II. Pachytene chromosomes when fully paired show that a segment from chromosome 1 has been inserted into chromosome 6. When pairing fails between the translocated segment in 6 and its homologous region in chromosome 1, buckles or loops are formed at pachynema in the deletion or insertion areas of the bivalents.—Acentric fragments and anaphase bridges occur at both meiotic divisions and in the subsequent two mitotic divisions in the ascus. These provide supporting evidence that the translocated segment is inverted with respect to centromere in its new location.—Unexpectedly the acentric fragment, formed by crossing over in the inverted translocated segment, persists without degradation in a micronucleus, and it replicates and divides in synchrony with the centric chromosomes in adjacent nuclei.
Analysis of axial field magnetic gears with Halbach arrays

Magnetic gears can scale the torque and speed of rotary systems, while avoiding problems associated with transferring torque through physical contact. This work uses 3D finite element analysis to parametrically characterize the performance benefits which can be obtained from applying Halbach magnet arrays to axial field magnetic gears. It is found that Halbach arrays decrease the flux density in the adjacent back iron, allowing the thickness of these yokes to be reduced. Also, using Halbach arrays increases the magnitude of the desired magnetic flux spatial frequencies in the air gaps, increasing torque, and decreases the magnitude of undesired spatial frequencies, decreasing torque ripple. Additionally, the use of Halbach arrays on both rotors increased the torque volumetric torque density for two different design points by 43.6% and 65.7% to 183.9 and 155.8 kN∗m/m3, respectively, and decreased the cogging torque on both rotors.
The rate of adaptation to light and to darkness in Volvox globator

1. Under certain conditions Volvox is photopositive, under others, photonegative, and under still others it is neutral. If it is positive, a shadow on the photosensitive substance in the eyespots in the zooids causes change in the direction of the stroke of the flagella of the zooids from diagonal to backward and a flash of light on this substance causes change from diagonal to sidewise. If it is negative the reverse obtains and if it is neutral there is no response unless the changes in luminous intensity are great. 2. The nature of the response to light in Volvox depends upon the state of adaptation and the intensity of the illumination. If it is fully adapted it becomes positive if the intensity is increased and negative if it is decreased. If it is not fully adapted, it becomes negative if the intensity is increased and positive if it is decreased. 3. The time required for colonies of Volvox to become photopositive (reaction time) in illumination of a given intensity, after having been in strong light 1 to 2 hr., followed by darkness, increases to a maximum and then decreases as the time in darkness increases. If the colonies are kept longer in strong light and then subjected to darkness the reaction time decreases to a minimum and then increases as the time in darkness increases. The time required for dark adaptation depends upon preceding illumination. 4. The reaction time of dark adapted colonies is closely correlated with luminous intensity. As the intensity increases it decreases from 29 min. in 5/24 m. c. to a minimum of .098 min. in 7.5 m. c., and then increases to .358 min. in 62222 m. c. The energy required to make the colonies positive varies directly with the luminous intensity over the whole range tested and over most of the range the variation is nearly proportional to the variation in intensity. 5. If colonies are kept in a given intensity or in darkness they become adapted, i. e. they lose the ability to respond to light and if the intensity is now changed they regain it. If dark adapted colonies are exposed to light of 22400 m. c. for .05 min., then returned to darkness, it takes about 20 min. in darkness to eliminate the effect of the light. If they are left in the light .15 min. it takes about 30 min. The processes associated with adaptation and those induced by change in illumination are antagonistic. 6. To account for the responses to light in Volvox, it is necessary to postulate at least three groups of interacting substances.
Notes on the Genus Buprestis Linne in California

This genus is represented in California by seven species and three varieties if the numbering of Henshaw’s catalogue be taken as gospel. B. fasciata var. langii LeConte is, however, nothing but the female of the western phase of B. fasciata Fabricius. I have before me a specimen of langii in which the spots are identical with those of western fasciata , although of an ivory color instead of yellow.
Retinoic acid promotes differentiation of photoreceptors in vitro

The results of several recent studies have demonstrated that cell commitment and differentiation in the developing vertebrate retina are influenced by cell-cell interactions within the microenvironment. Retinoic acid has been shown to influence cell fates during development of the nervous system, and retinoic acid has been detected in the embryonic retina. To determine whether retinoic acid mediates the differentiation of specific neuronal phenotypes during retinal histogenesis, we treated dissociated cell cultures of embryonic and neonatal rat retina with varying concentrations of all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid and analyzed the effects on cell fate using neuron and photoreceptor-specific antibodies. Addition of exogenous retinoic acid caused a dose-dependent, specific increase in the number of cells that developed as photoreceptors in culture throughout the period of retinal neurogenesis. In the same cultures, retinoic acid also caused a dose-dependent decrease in the number of cells that developed as amacrine cells. Also, results of double-labeled immunohistochemical studies using bromodeoxyuridine demonstrated that the primary effect of retinoic acid was to influence progenitor cells to develop as newly generated rod photoreceptors. Since retinoic acid and at least one of the retinoic acid receptors (RAR alpha) have been localized to the developing neural retina, these results suggest that retinoic acid may play a role in the normal development of photoreceptor cells in vivo.
WCAMiner: A Novel Knowledge Discovery System for Mining Concept Associations using Wikipedia.

This paper presents WCAMiner, a system focusing on detecting how concepts are associated by incorporating Wikipedia knowledge. We propose to combine content analysis and link analysis techniques over Wikipedia resources, and define various association mining models to interpret such queries. Specifically, our algorithm can automatically build a Concept Association Graph (CAG) from Wikipedia for two given topics of interest, and generate a ranked list of concept chains as potential associations between the two given topics. In comparison to traditional cross-document mining models where documents are usually domain-specific, the system proposed here is capable of handling different query scenarios across domains without being limited to the given documents. We highlight the importance of this problem in various domains, present experiments on different datasets and compare the mining results with two competitive baseline models to demonstrate the improved performance of our system.
International Foundation for Dermatology. A challenge to meet the dermatologic needs of developing countries.

The International Foundation for Dermatology is dedicated to improving dermatologic care for those countries in greatest need through education, service, and science. The principal means of doing this is by the creation of regional dermatology training centers that serve many nations for the training of allied health professionals. Armed with this newly acquired knowledge, the trainees can return to their parent countries to promulgate the information to others. In this way, the level of dermatologic diagnosis and management in the geographic areas of greatest need will be enhanced, resulting in improved dermatologic care of persons in rural areas.
Impacts of increasing amounts of supplemental soybean meal on intake and digestion by beef steers and performance by beef cows consuming low-quality tallgrass-prairie forage

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the impacts of increasing levels of supplemental soybean meal (SBM) on intake, digestion, and performance of beef cattle consuming low-quality prairie forage. In Exp. 1, ruminally fistulated beef steers (n = 20; 369 kg) were assigned to one of five treatments: control (forage only) and .08, .16, .33, and .50% BW/d of supplemental SBM (DM basis). Prairie hay (5.3% CP; 49% DIP) was offered for ad libitum consumption. Forage OM intake (FOMI) and total OM intake (TOMI) were increased (cubic, P = .01) by level of supplemental SBM, but FOMI reached a plateau when the daily level of SBM supplementation reached .16% BW. The concomitant rises in TOMI and OM digestibility (quadratic, P = .02) resulted in an increase (cubic, P = .03) in total digestible OM intake (TDOMI). In Exp. 2, spring-calving Hereford x Angus cows (n = 120; BW = 518 kg; body condition [BC] = 5.3) grazing low-quality, tall-grass-prairie forage were assigned to one of three pastures and one of eight treatments. The supplemental SBM (DM basis) was fed at .08, .12, .16, .20, .24, .32, .40, and .48% BW/d from December 2, 1996, until February 10, 1997 (beginning of the calving season). Performance seemed to reach a plateau when cows received SBM at approximately .30% BW/d. Below this level, cows lost approximately .5 unit of BC for every .1% BW decrease in the amount of supplemental SBM fed. Providing supplemental SBM is an effective means of improving forage intake, digestion, and performance of beef cattle consuming low-quality forages.
Individual differences in white matter microstructure predict semantic control

In everyday conversation, we make many rapid choices between competing concepts and words in order to convey our intent. This process is termed semantic control, and it is thought to rely on information transmission between a distributed semantic store in the temporal lobes and a more discrete region, optimized for retrieval and selection, in the left inferior frontal gyrus. Here, we used diffusion tensor imaging in a group of neurologically normal young adults to investigate the relationship between semantic control and white matter tracts that have been implicated in semantic memory retrieval. Participants completed a verb generation task that taps semantic control (Snyder & Munakata, 2008; Snyder et al., 2010) and underwent a diffusion imaging scan. Deterministic tractography was performed to compute indices representing the microstructural properties of the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF), the uncinate fasciculus (UF), and the inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF). Microstructural measures of the UF failed to predict semantic control performance. However, there was a significant relationship between microstructure of the left IFOF and ILF and individual differences in semantic control. Our findings support the view put forth by Duffau (2013) that the IFOF is a key structural pathway in semantic retrieval.
Memory-enhancing drugs

This chapter reviews a range of pharmacological treatments that enhance memory formation. Notably, many drugs that enhance memory do so by acting at receptors of hormones or neurotransmitters and are effective when administered near the time of training. Of particular interest are the demonstrations that the drugs act when administered soon after training, in experiments using a posttraining design that distinguishes effects on memory from effects on non-mnemonic factors such as motivation or sensory-motor functions. Much of the attention given to understanding the molecular bases of memory has focused on interfering with signaling cascades downstream from neurotransmitter receptor activation, attributing memory impairments to substrate mechanisms by which memories are made. Additionally, consideration of the molecular biology that underlies enhancement of memory may prove to be a fruitful area of research.
Ultrasound-Guided Genicular Nerve Thermal Radiofrequency Ablation for Chronic Knee Pain

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is one of the most common joint diseases affecting adults in the United States. For elderly patients with multiple medical comorbidities who do not wish to undergo total knee arthroplasty (TKA), lifestyle modification, pharmacologic management, and injections are the mainstay of therapy. Previously, pain management interventions were limited to intra-articular joint injections and viscosupplementation with hyaluronic acid. Fluoroscopic-guided techniques for radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of the genicular nerves have been previously described and a recent cadaveric study suggests that ultrasound-guided genicular nerve blocks can be performed accurately. We performed an ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation of the genicular nerves in 88-year-old woman who had deferred surgical management given her age. Following successful ultrasound guided diagnostic genicular nerve blocks, she proceeded to RFA using the same ultrasound guided technique. The procedure resulted in significant pain relief and improvement in overall function for greater than 6 months. The use of ultrasound provides a relatively rapid and noninvasive method to directly visualize genicular nerves and surrounding vasculature. Our case suggests that, for genicular nerve blockade and RFA, ultrasound may be a useful alternative to fluoroscopy. Not only did the procedure result in significant pain relief that has persisted for greater than 6 months but also more importantly her function status and quality of life were improved.
Estimation of plasma ion saturation current and reduced tip arcing using Langmuir probe harmonics

We present a method to calculate the ion saturation current, Isat, for Langmuir probes at high frequency (>100 kHz) using the harmonics technique and we compare that to a direct measurement of Isat. It is noted that the Isat estimation can be made directly by the ratio of harmonic amplitudes, without explicitly calculating Te. We also demonstrate that since the probe tips using the harmonic method are oscillating near the floating potential, drawing little power, this method reduces tip heating and arcing and allows plasma density measurements at a plasma power flux that would cause continuously biased tips to arc. A multi-probe array is used, with two spatially separated tips employing the harmonics technique and measuring the amplitude of at least two harmonics per tip. A third tip, located between the other two, measures the ion saturation current directly. We compare the measured and calculated ion saturation currents for a variety of plasma conditions and demonstrate the validity of the technique and...
The Seven I’s

Creators in the arts, sciences, education, and business speak about how they create in terms that I have broken down into the Seven I’s: several types of (1) Inspiration, (2) Imagery, (3) Imagination, (4) Intuition, (5) Insight, (6) Incubation, and (7) Improvisation. I have developed exercises for each of these so that my students can themselves teach them in their classes and practice them in their lives. Inspiration has many types and forms, and so I will devote a whole chapter to the “I” of Inspiration.
Complete pathologic response is independent of the timing of esophagectomy following neoadjuvant chemoradiation for esophageal cancer

Background: The relationship of complete pathologic response (cPR) with the timing of esophagectomy after neoadjuvant chemoradiation (nCRT) is not well defined. We sought to determine if a delay in esophagectomy after nCRT would result in increased likelihood of cPR and improved survival. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database of all patients treated with nCRT and esophagectomy between 2004 and 2014. Patients were divided into two groups based on timing of esophagectomy (≤50 vs. >50 days) after completion of nCRT. Survival outcomes were compared using standard Kaplan-Meier curves, and multivariable analyses were performed using Cox regression models. Results: This study included 226 patients (males, 211 and median age, 61 years) for analysis. Fifty-two patients (23%) in the early group (≤50 days) were compared to 174 patients (77%) in the delayed group (>50 days). The two groups were similar with respect to age, gender, comorbid conditions, ECOG status, location, grade, and tumor histology. There was no statistically significant difference in cPR rate between the early and late groups (26.9% vs. 19.0%, respectively, P=0.24). On multivariable analysis, lower age, absence of signet cell histology, better ECOG status, shorter length of stay and cPR were independent predictors of improved survival. The median follow-up was 52 months (range, 2–110 months), and there was no difference in the median overall survival (OS) between the early and late groups (48.9 vs. 42.6 months, respectively, P=0.73). Conclusions: This analysis of a large cohort of patients with esophageal cancer undergoing multi-modality therapy shows that cPR is independent of the timing of esophagectomy. Other considerations for the timing of surgery, including recovery from nCRT and patient performance, may have more relevant roles than cPR when deciding when to perform esophagectomy.
Efficacy and Safety of Blue Light Flexible Cystoscopy with Hexaminolevulinate in the Surveillance of Bladder Cancer: A Phase III, Comparative, Multicenter Study

Purpose: We compared blue light flexible cystoscopy with white light flexible cystoscopy for the detection of bladder cancer during surveillance.Materials and Methods: Patients at high risk for recurrence received hexaminolevulinate intravesically before white light flexible cystoscopy and randomization to blue light flexible cystoscopy. All suspicious lesions were documented. Patients with suspicious lesions were referred to the operating room for repeat white and blue light cystoscopy. All suspected lesions were biopsied or resected and specimens were examined by an independent pathology consensus panel. The primary study end point was the proportion of patients with histologically confirmed malignancy detected only with blue light flexible cystoscopy. Additional end points were the false-positive rate, carcinoma in situ detection and additional tumors detected only with blue light cystoscopy.Results: Following surveillance 103 of the 304 patients were referred, including 63 with confirmed malignancy, o...
Uneven accountability in the wake of political violence: Evidence from Kenya’s ashes and archives

The government faces a principal–agent problem with lower-level state officers. Officers are often expected to use the state coercive capacity endowed to them to politically benefit the government....
Accumulated pre-switch resistance to more recently introduced one-pill-once-a-day antiretroviral regimens impacts HIV-1 virologic outcome.

Abstract Background One-pill-once-a-day regimens (OPODs) appeal to providers and patients. The impact of resistance to OPODs in routine clinical care is important yet unclear, particularly in treatment-experienced patients. Objectives We hypothesized that resistance to any OPOD component impacts treatment success and that historical, vs. most recent, resistance better predicts it. Study design In the largest RI HIV Center, we identified all patients starting/switching to Complera/Stribild, evaluated their 12-month viral load (VL) suppression, and examined the impact of demographic, clinical and laboratory data on it, focusing on recent-only vs. accumulated significant resistance, defined as low-, intermediate- or high-level predicted resistance to any OPOD component. Associations with outcomes were evaluated using Fisher exact and Wilcoxon rank sum tests. Hypotheses were tested using logistic regression. Results Of 1624 patients, 224 started/switched to Complera or Stribild, mean age 44 years, 8 years post-diagnosis, CD4 468 cells/μL; 183 treatment-experienced (140 with genotypes; 61% suppressed at switch). Significant OPOD-associated resistance was in 30% by recent-only genotypes, and 38% by all genotypes. 12-month VL suppression was in 83% of treatment-experienced participants: 96% of suppressed at switch, associated with older age, higher CD4, fewer prior genotypes, less accumulated resistance, and better adherence; and 61% of unsuppressed at switch, associated with better adherence. Accumulated resistance independently predicted 12-month failure, better than most-recent resistance only. Conclusion 12-month VL suppression with Complera/Stribild was high, suggesting that OPODs remain options even for experienced patients. Clinicians should consider resistance history before switching to OPODs and continue to focus on improving adherence.
Cryo-EM structure of the benzodiazepine-sensitive α1β1γ2 heterotrimeric GABAA receptor in complex with GABA illuminates mechanism of receptor assembly and agonist binding

Fast inhibitory neurotransmission in the mammalian nervous system is largely mediated by GABAA receptors, chloride-selective members of the superfamily of pentameric Cys-loop receptors. Native GABAA receptors are heteromeric assemblies sensitive to many important drugs, from sedatives to anesthetics and anticonvulsive agents, with mutant forms of GABAA receptors implicated in multiple neurological diseases, including epilepsy. Despite the profound importance of heteromeric GABAA receptors in neuroscience and medicine, they have proven recalcitrant to structure determination. Here we present the structure of the triheteromeric α1β1γ2EM GABAA receptor in complex with GABA, determined by single particle cryo-EM at 3.1-3.8 A resolution, elucidating the molecular principles of receptor assembly and agonist binding. Remarkable N-linked glycosylation on the α1 subunit occludes the extracellular vestibule of the ion channel and is poised to modulate receptor assembly and perhaps ion channel gating. Our work provides a pathway to structural studies of heteromeric GABAA receptors and a framework for the rational design of novel therapeutic agents.
Sex-Related Differences in Mathematics: Results from National Assessment.

The second mathematics assessment of the National Assessment of Educational Progress provides new insight into the problems of sex-related differences in mathematics. Information about course taking and achievement in specific content areas and at different cognitive levels is available from a representative national sample of over 70 000 9-, 13-, and 17-year olds. The purpose of this article is to report the sex-related differences that were found in this assessment and to explore the signif icance of these differences.
Phycobilisomes of the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus SP. PCC 7002: Structure, Function, Assembly, and Expression

The cyanobacterial photosynthetic apparatus is remarkably similar in structure and function to that found in the chloroplasts of eucaryotic algae and higher plants (Bryant, 1987). Four major multiprotein complexes of the thylakoids—the Photosystem II complex = the water-plastoquinone photo-oxidoreductase; the cytochrome b6/f complex= the plastoquinol-plastocyanin (cytochrome c553) oxidoreductase; the Photosystem I complex = plastocyanin (cytochrome c553)-ferredoxin (flavodoxin) photo-oxidoreductase; and the ATP synthase—have been shown to be rather similar in all oxygenic procaryotes and eucaryotes studied. The predominant differences among the photosynthetic apparatuses in the various algae and higher plants derives from the considerable diversity that exists in the light-harvesting antennae systems among these organisms. In eucaryotic algae and higher plants, the light-harvesting complexes for Photosystem I and Photosystem II are a diverse collection of carteno-chlorophyll protein complexes that in general are integral membrane components (Owens, 1988; Thornber et al., 1988). Such antenna systems are also found in certain procaryotes such as Prochloron sp. and Prochlorothrix hollandica (Bullerjahn et al., 1987). However, in the cyanobacteria, in the chloroplasts of the eucaryotic red algae, and in the cyanelles of certain phylogenetically ambiguous eucaryotes such as Cyanophora paradoxa, the light-harvesting antenna complexes for Photosystem II are large, multiprotein complexes composed of water-soluble proteins, the phycobilisomes, which are attached to the thylakoid surface in close proximity to the Photosystem II reaction centers (Bryant, 1987).
A Novel Framework for Incorporating Labeled Examples into Anomaly Detection.

This paper presents a principled approach for incorporating labeled examples into an anomaly detection task. We demonstrate that, with the addition of labeled examples, the anomaly detection algorithm can be guided to develop better models of the normal and abnormal behavior of the data, thus improving the detection rate and reducing the false alarm rate of the algorithm. A framework based on the finite mixture model is introduced to model the data as well as the constraints imposed by the labeled examples. Empirical studies conducted on real data sets show that significant improvements in detection rate and false alarm rate are achieved using our proposed framework.
Online measurement of large traffic aggregates on commodity switches

Traffic measurement plays an important role in many network-management tasks, such as anomaly detection and traffic engineering. However, existing solutions either rely on custom hardware designed for a specific task, or introduce a high overhead for data collection and analysis. Instead, we argue that a practical traffic-measurement solution should run on commodity network elements, support a range of measurement tasks, and provide accurate results with low overhead. Inspired by the capabilities of OpenFlow switches, we explore a measurement framework where switches match packets against a small collection of rules and update traffic counters for the highest-priority match. A separate controller can read the counters and dynamically tune the rules to quickly "drill down" to identify large traffic aggregates. As the first step towards designing measurement algorithms for this framework, we design and evaluate a hierarchical heavy hitters algorithm that identifies large traffic aggregates, while striking a good balance between measurement accuracy and switch overhead.
A Direct ΔΣ Receiver with Current-Mode Digitally-Synthesized Frequency - Translated RF Filtering

A 0.5-2.75 GHz, 10 MHz bandwidth, direct ΔΣ receiver architecture that uses a mixed-signal technique to eliminate the baseband channel select filter and provides higher order filtering at RF front-end using a single feedforward op-amp is described. The RF -to-bits system uses feedback FIR-DACs and impedance upconversion to provide equivalent 2nd order analog filtering before the ΔΣ ADC. Measurements demonstrate up to 38 dB gain for the inband signal, with up to 9 dB improvement for the out-of-band IIP3 and a peak SNDR of 35 dB. The receiver is designed in a 65 nm CMOS technology, has an active area of 0.15 mm2, and consumes 9.3-16.2 mW of power, with a total energy efficiency of 5.5-9.8 pJ/lvl across the centre frequency range.
The mechanism of eutectic modification by trace impurities.

In the quest toward rational design of materials, establishing direct links between the attributes of microscopic building blocks and the macroscopic performance limits of the bulk structures they comprise is essential. Building blocks of concern to the field of crystallization are the impurities, foreign ingredients that are either deliberately added to or naturally present in the growth medium. While the role of impurities has been studied extensively in various materials systems, the inherent complexity of eutectic crystallization in the presence of trace, often metallic impurities (‘eutectic modification’) remains poorly understood. In particular, the origins behind the drastic microstructural changes observed upon modification are elusive. Herein, we employ an integrated imaging approach to shed light on the influence of trace metal impurities during the growth of an irregular (faceted–non-faceted) eutectic. Our dynamic and 3D synchrotron-based X-ray imaging results reveal the markedly different microstructural and, for the first time, topological properties of the eutectic constituents that arise upon modification, not fully predicted by the existing theories. Together with ex situ crystallographic characterization of the fully-solidified specimen, our multi-modal study provides a unified picture of eutectic modification: The impurities selectively alter the stacking sequence of the faceted phase, thereby inhibiting its steady-state growth. Consequently, the non-faceted phase advances deeper into the melt, eventually engulfing the faceted phase in its wake. We present a quantitative topological framework to rationalize these experimental observations.
Improved bounds on the stretch factor of Y4

Abstract We establish an upper bound of 13 + 8 2 ≲ 4.931 on the stretch factor of the Yao graph Y 4 ∞ defined in the L ∞ -metric, improving upon the best previously known upper bound of 6.31. We also establish an upper bound of ( 11 + 7 2 ) 4 + 2 2 ≲ 54.62 on the stretch factor of the Yao graph Y 4 defined in the L 2 -metric, improving upon the best previously known upper bound of 663.
Standing-wave Design of Three-Zone, open-loop non-isocratic SMB for purification

Chromatography with step changes in modulator properties such as pH, solvent strength, or ionic strength to facilitate desorption is widely used in the purification of proteins and other chemicals. Step changes can be incorporated into non-isocratic simulated moving beds; however, applications of such systems have been limited because one must select numerous operating parameters (zone velocities and port velocities). The operating parameters must be selected correctly to achieve high purity, yield, and productivity and depend on a large number of system parameters (feed, material, and equipment parameters). To address this challenge, the Standing-Wave Design method has been developed for three-zone, open-loop, non-isocratic, and non-ideal systems with both linear and non-linear isotherms. This method directly links the operating parameters to the system parameters. The operating parameters can be solved from a set of algebraic equations. In contrast, for non-ideal systems, previous literature design methods require extensive search using rate model simulations, which involve solving partial differential equations at each grid point. Two examples were tested for the effectiveness of the SWD method using rate model simulations. In both examples, sorbent productivity was pressure limited. Higher pressure sorbents or equipment would lead to higher sorbent productivity. In the first example, a 3-zone open-loop simulated moving bed was designed and compared with an optimal batch step-wise elution system. Compared to batch step-wise elution systems, the simulations showed that the 3-zone open-loop SMB could give an order of magnitude higher productivity in systems with weakly competing impurities and two orders of magnitude higher in systems with strongly adsorbing impurities. In the second example, the simulations showed that an SMB designed using the Standing-Wave method could achieve an order of magnitude higher productivity than a system designed using the Triangle Theory.
Inpatient folate testing at an academic cancer center: single-year experience.

The value of testing for folate deficiency has been scrutinized recently given low prevalence of deficiency with widespread dietary fortification. Numerous studies have shown folate testing to be low yield overall. However, the value of such testing in the inpatient cancer population has not been defined. We queried all folate tests performed during 2017 at our center on admitted cancer patients. We used diagnosis codes and manual chart review to assess risk factors for folate deficiency. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize characteristics of patients undergoing folate testing, the frequency of vitamin B12 co-testing, and repeat folate testing. Fisher’s exact test was used to compare the proportion of deficient vs. not deficient tests based on the presence of risk factors. A Cox proportional hazards model was fit to examine the association between folate deficiency and survival. In total, 937 patients had 1065 tests performed during 2017. Among all tests, 7.0% indicated folate deficiency. In patients who underwent two folate tests in a single hospitalization, 89% were deficient neither instance. Risk factors for folate deficiency were equally common in instances with deficient compared with replete testing (25.3 vs. 20.4%, P = 0.334). Folate deficiency was associated with higher risk for death (HR 1.49, 95% CI 1.10–2.03, P = 0.01). Folate deficiency was present in 7% of hospitalized cancer patients and associated with shorter overall survival. Repeat testing in the same patient over time was low yield. Traditional risk factors for folate deficiency do not appear to apply in this patient population.
Power, performance, and thermal trade-offs in M3D-enabled manycore chips

Monolithic 3D (M3D) technology enables unprecedented degrees of integration on a single chip. The miniscule monolithic inter-tier vias (MIVs) in M3D are the key behind higher transistor density and more flexibility in designing circuits compared to conventional through silicon via (TSV)-based architectures. This results in significant performance and energyefficiency improvements in M3D-based systems. Moreover, the thin inter-layer dielectric (ILD) used in M3D provides better thermal conductivity compared to TSV-based solutions and eliminates the possibility of thermal hotspots. However, the fabrication of M3D circuits still suffers from several non-ideal effects. The thin ILD layer may cause electrostatic coupling between tiers. Furthermore, the low-temperature annealing degrades the top-tier transistors and bottom-tier interconnects. An NoC-based manycore design needs to consider all these M3D- process related non-idealities. In this paper, we discuss various design challenges for an M3D-enabled manycore chip. We present the power-performance-thermal trade-offs associated with these emerging manycore architectures.
The UPR Transducer IRE1 Promotes Breast Cancer Malignancy by Degrading Tumor Suppressor microRNAs

Dysregulation of inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), the primary transducer of Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), has been observed in tumor initiation and progression, but the underlying mechanism remains to be further elucidated. In this study, we identified that the IRE1 gene is frequently amplified and over-expressed in aggressive luminal B breast cancer cells and that IRE1 upregulation is significantly associated with worse overall survival of patients with breast cancer. IRE1 processes and mediates degradation of a subset of tumor suppressor microRNAs (miRNAs), including miR-3607, miR-374a, and miR-96, via a mechanism called Regulated IRE1-Dependent Decay (RIDD). IRE1-dependent degradation of tumor suppressor miR-3607 leads to elevation of RAS oncogene GTPase RAB3B in breast cancer cells. Inhibition of IRE1 endoribonuclease activity with the pharmacological compound 4μ8C or genetic approaches effectively suppresses luminal breast cancer cell proliferation and aggressive cancer phenotypes. Our work revealed the IRE1-RIDD-miRNAs pathway that promotes malignancy of luminal breast cancer.
Impact of a Surgical Subspecialty Roundtable on Career Perception for Preclerkship Medical Students.

Abstract Background Limited exposure to surgical subspecialties during medical school may be responsible for decreasing medical student interest in surgery. Although most medical schools have surgery interest groups to increase exposure, our aim was to evaluate the impact of a focused surgical subspecialty roundtable on preclerkship students’ perceptions of surgical careers. Methods Faculty members from each surgical subspecialty shared their experiences and led roundtable discussions with five to seven first- and second-year medical students at a time (total n = 59). Pre-event and post-event surveys were administered to assess students’ interest in surgery, knowledge of training paths, values related to specialty selection, and perception of surgeons. Results Forty students completed pre-event and post-event surveys. The number of students who were extremely or very interested in surgery increased after this event (65% versus 72.5%, P Conclusions The surgical specialty roundtable increased students’ interest in surgery, improved knowledge of training paths, and altered perceptions related to career decision-making.
Combatting Gun Violence in Newark, New Jersey

Newark, New Jersey, is often held up as an example of urban violence, intractable, and racialized. Politicians and law enforcement have trialed many strategies over the years in the hopes of decreasing gun violence down. Recently, efforts to engage the community may have helped decrease firearm-related crime and injury.
Building collective power amidst white supremacist backlash

Students and community members forcefully tore down a confederate monument known as Silent Sam at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 2018. This action unleashed brutal retaliation a...
Stabilization of advection dominated problems through a generalized finite element method

Abstract Traditional finite element approaches are well-known to introduce spurious oscillations when applied to advection dominated problems. We explore alleviation of this issue from the perspective of a generalized finite element formulation , which enables stabilization of a linear differential operator through enrichments based on fundamental solutions. This is demonstrated through application to steady/unsteady one- and two-dimensional advection-diffusion problems. Here, boundary layer development is efficiently captured using a set of exponential functions derived from fundamental solutions to the problems considered. Results demonstrate smooth, numerical solutions with convergence observed to be in relative agreement with expected convergence rates for elliptic problems. Furthermore, significantly improved error levels are observed compared to traditional finite element formulations. Additional insights in improvements offered by the generalized finite element method are illuminated using a consistent decomposition of the variational multiscale method, enabling comparison with classical stabilized methods.
Data-driven discovery of interacting particle systems using Gaussian processes.

Interacting particle or agent systems that display a rich variety of collection motions are ubiquitous in science and engineering. A fundamental and challenging goal is to understand the link between individual interaction rules and collective behaviors. In this paper, we study the data-driven discovery of distance-based interaction laws in second-order interacting particle systems. We propose a learning approach that models the latent interaction kernel functions as Gaussian processes, which can simultaneously fulfill two inference goals: one is the nonparametric inference of interaction kernel function with the pointwise uncertainty quantification, and the other one is the inference of unknown parameters in the non-collective forces of the system. We formulate learning interaction kernel functions as a statistical inverse problem and provide a detailed analysis of recoverability conditions, establishing that a coercivity condition is sufficient for recoverability. We provide a finite-sample analysis, showing that our posterior mean estimator converges at an optimal rate equal to the one in the classical 1-dimensional Kernel Ridge regression. Numerical results on systems that exhibit different collective behaviors demonstrate efficient learning of our approach from scarce noisy trajectory data.
The Effect of Lutein/Zeaxanthin Intake on Human Macular Pigment Optical Density: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin are the only carotenoids found in the human macula and may have a role in visual function. These carotenoids are reported to protect the retina, and thus vision, as antioxidants and by acting as a blue light filter. Our objective was to determine a minimum concentration of lutein/zeaxanthin intake that is associated with a statistically significant and/or clinically important change in macular pigment optical density (MPOD) among adults with healthy eyes. We searched Ovid MEDLINE, CENTRAL, and the Commonwealth of Agriculture Bureau for English-language studies through to July 2020. Two reviewers screened results to identify studies that evaluated supplements or dietary sources of lutein/zeaxanthin on MPOD among adults with healthy eyes. One reviewer extracted data and assessed strength of evidence, which was confirmed by a second reviewer. Two independent reviewers assessed the risk of bias. Meta-analyses were stratified by total lutein/zeaxanthin dose. We included 46 studies (N = 3189 participants; mean age = 43 y; 42% male). There was no statistically significant change in MPOD among studies evaluating <5 mg/d of total lutein/zeaxanthin intake which primarily assessed dietary interventions for 3-6 mo (pooled mean difference, 0.02; 95% CI: -0.01 to 0.05). The pooled mean increase in MPOD was 0.04 units (95% CI: 0.02 to 0.07) among studies evaluating 5 to <20 mg/d of lutein/zeaxanthin and was 0.11 units (95% CI: 0.06 to 0.16) among studies evaluating ≥20 mg/d of lutein/zeaxanthin for 3-12 mo. MPOD increased with lutein/zeaxanthin intake, particularly at higher doses, among adults with healthy eyes. The effects of lutein/zeaxanthin intake at doses <5 mg/d or from dietary sources is less clear. Increased lutein/zeaxanthin intake can help with maintaining ocular health. Future research is needed to determine the minimum dose and duration of lutein/zeaxanthin intake that is associated with a clinically important change in MPOD or visual function.
Blended Learning. Exploring Contradictory Demands Between Emerging Design Principles and New Learning Practices.

The aim of this study is to examine blended learning activities in two Master of Maritime Management courses, preparing students for work with innovation and organisational development. A comparison of the design approaches of digital Canvas rooms and blended learning activities is conducted. The data consists of qualitative interviews, students’ midterm evaluation and screen dumps of the learning environment. The findings reveal tensions between different pedagogical approaches and teachers’ construction of activities, pointing towards the contradictory demands between new learning practices and emerging design principles. In particular, analyses display the challenges for the students to understand the norms and rules of how to participate and engage in blended learning activities and their expectations of an active teacher role. Hence, the layers of accountability serves as a compelling concept to explain how increased digitalisation of courses change both teaching practices and students ways of participation.
Sensory and physic-chemical properties of wheat bread prepared with apple pomace

The influence of secondary apple raw materials (frozen apple pomace) on organoleptic and physicochemical indicators of the quality of wheat bread has been studied. The traditional recipe of wheat bread was taken as a basis. In this recipe for the sample of bread No. 1, a part of the premium wheat flour was replaced with 25% rice flour and 10% frozen apple pomace. In the sample of bread No. 2, a part of the premium wheat flour was replaced with 12.5% rice flour and 10% fresh frozen apple pomace. For the organoleptic assessment, a five-point scale for assessing the quality of bread was developed, in which the maximum number of points up to5 was assigned to each indicator. According to the results of the study of the organoleptic indicators of the quality of the developed samples of bread using a point scale, it was found that they exceeded the control sample. The best was the sample with fresh frozen apple pomace10% and rice flour in the amount of 12.5%. In terms of physical and chemical indicators, the developed samples of wheat bread enriched with apple raw materials meet the regulatory requirements.