cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Experience of Lawlessness

The concept of anomie, as originally developed by Emile Durkheim more than one hundred years ago, connotes a state of lawlessness. What happens in this state is of continued and increased concern, for example, if a government collapses, as in the case of Nazi Germany, or as a consequence of natural disasters, such as hurricane Katrina. Detached evaluation of recent events is impaired because it requires some lapse of time. The essence of lawlessness also prevents resort to traditional legal sources. Thus one is confined to empirical evidence and whatever norms can be derived from them. Essentially, unwritten law emerges in groups of people and in neighborhoods under circumstances of extreme emergencies and in the absence of any organized communal or state power. The evidence from the collapse of Nazi Germany in 1945 and taken from the cities of Frankfurt and Berlin indicates a spirit of excitement and raw energy, in other words, an upsurge of vitality that facilitates improvisation under conditions of severe threat to survival. Standards of morality and legal behavior are temporarily suspended in the interest of coping with immediate emergencies. Yet the more serious the state of anomie, the more reactive forces come into play that ultimately gravitate toward reestablishing traditional legal controls. The evaluation is rendered difficult because standards of analysis shift. What seemed to be plausible under circumstances of threat to life and health may appear at a later time to be questionable if not offensive. Throughout these processes traditional criminal law leads a shadowy existence in the minds of people who continue to adhere to core values regardless of the fate of government.
The catharsis of aggression and hostility.

Using 16 male and 16 female subjects, this study investigated the effects of viewing justified filmed violence and the effects of catharsis on aggression, as measured by levels of shock and ratings of hostility. Berkowitz's position that the viewing of justified filmed violence reduces the threshold for aggression was supported by both the shock and the rating data. Data did not support his position that the direct expression of aggression and hostility against an insulting partner is likely to serve as a stimulus for further aggression. In fact the data obtained from the male subjects are consistent with the catharsis principle.
Comprehensive Defensin Assay for Saliva

Defensins are highly basic cationic peptides that are important components of the innate and adaptive immune response pathways. In addition, these peptides are involved in CD8+ T cell response to HIV-1, increased pulmonary infection risk among cystic fibrosis patients, upregulated levels of HNP-5 for patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, monitoring HNP-3 levels as a tumor classification scheme for cutaneous T cell lymphomas, and have promise in the pharmaceutical field as a new class of antibiotics. Here we present a parallel assay for the α (HNP1-3) and β (HBD1-2) classes of defensins in saliva that are naturally observed in the concentration range of 1 ng/mL to 10 μg/mL. The method utilizes solid phase extraction of saliva samples combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to identify and quantitate defensin targets. The approach involves limited sample manipulation and is easily amenable to automation. The saliva samples analyzed are derived from a large cohort study focused on examining the role of polymorphisms in genes of innate and adaptive immunity in modulating the response to vaccination for two gastrointestinal tract infections: typhoid and cholera. The α-defensin levels observed range from 1 to 10 μg/mL and correlate well with known active concentrations against a wide variety of pathogens. The observed concentration range for β-defensins was between the detection limit and 33 ng/mL and had a sensitivity level that was comparable to immunoassay-based detection. This method is easily adapted for use in a clinical immunology setting and can be modified for other biological matrices. This assay will facilitate examination of the production, secretion, and regulation of defensin peptides in a direct fashion in order to coordinate levels of these compounds with gender, age, response to vaccination, gene copy number, and oral health.
Maternal posttraumatic stress disorder symptom trajectories following Hurricane Katrina: An initial examination of the impact of maternal trajectories on the well-being of disaster-exposed youth

Objectives This study examined trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in impoverished mothers impacted by Hurricane Katrina, as well as how predictive the maternal trajectories were for youth posttraumatic stress symptoms 2 years post-Katrina.
Maternal and posthatch dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids alter tissue tocopherol status of chicks

ABSTRACT The effects of maternal and starter diet polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition on the tocopherol (TOC) status of posthatch chicks were investigated. Fertile eggs enriched with long chain n-3, 18:3 n-3 or 18:2 n-6 PUFA were incubated. The eggs were collected from hens fed diets containing 3.5% menhaden oil (MO), linseed oil (LO), or sunflower oil (SO) and a vitamin E mix containing 400 microg/g total TOC. Posthatch chicks from MO, LO, or SO were fed starter diets containing 3.5% MO, LO, or SO along with vitamin E mix containing 48 microg/g total TOC. Tissues (liver, blood, brain) were collected on d 0 (day of hatch), 7, 14, and 21 posthatch. On d 0, MO chicks had the lowest liver and plasma TOC (P
Constructions of quasi-cyclic LDPC codes for the AWGN and binary erasure channels based on finite fields and affine mappings

This paper presents two algebraic methods for constructing efficiently encodable quasi-cyclic (QC) LDPC codes that perform well on both the AWGN and binary erasure channels with iterative decoding in terms of bit-error performance, block error performance and error-floor, collectively. The constructions are based on the cyclic subgroups of the multiplicative groups of finite fields and affine mappings
Application of the Fermi Statistics to the Distribution of Electrons Under Fields in Metals and the Theory of Electrocapillarity

It is assumed that each atom in mercury is ionized into a positive ion and an electron. Because of the crowded state of the positive ions it is supposed that they cannot move in an electric field, while, following Sommerfeld and Pauli, the electrons are assumed to act like a completely degenerate gas following the Fermi statistics. The distribution of electrons under an electric field due to a charge on the surface of the metal is discussed, and a relation derived which gives the charge on the surface in terms of the potential difference between surface and interior. To a first approximation the charge and potential difference are proportional to each other, as if there were a condenser of constant capacity at the surface. In order to find the capacity an estimate must be made of the dielectric constant of the mercurous ions of the mercury. This is done with the aid of measurements of the refractive index of mercurous ions. The magnitude of the equivalent capacity is such that, when considered in conjunction with the diffuse layer of ions in the solution, electrocapillary curves can be explained.
Mu and Delta opioid receptors activate the same G proteins in human neuroblastoma SH‐SY5Y cells

There is evidence for interactions between mu and delta opioid systems both in vitro and in vivo. This work examines the hypothesis that interaction between these two receptors can occur intracellularly at the level of G protein in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. The [35S]GTPγS binding assay was used to measure G protein activation following agonist occupation of opioid receptors. The agonists DAMGO (EC50, 45 nM) and SNC80 (EC50, 32 nM) were found to be completely selective for stimulation of [35S]-GTPγS binding through mu and delta opioid receptors respectively. Maximal stimulation of [35S]-GTPγS binding produced by SNC80 was 57% of that seen with DAMGO. When combined with a maximally effective concentration of DAMGO, SNC80 caused no additional [35S]-GTPγS binding. This effect was also seen when measured at the level of adenylyl cyclase. Receptor activation increased the dissociation of pre-bound [35S]-GTPγS. In addition, the delta agonist SNC80 promoted the dissociation of [35S]-GTPγS from G proteins initially labelled using the mu agonist DAMGO. Conversely, DAMGO promoted the dissociation of [35S]-GTPγS from G proteins initially labelled using SNC80. Tolerance to DAMGO and SNC80 in membranes from cells exposed to agonist for 18 h was homologous and there was no evidence for alteration in G protein activity. The findings support the hypothesis that mu- and delta-opioid receptors share a common G protein pool, possibly through a close organization of the two receptors and G protein at the plasma membrane. British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 135, 217–225; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704430
Use of transferred nuclear overhauser effects to determine the conformation of 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-aminopropane when bound to the active site of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferace (PNMT)

Abstract Transferred two dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (transferred NOESY) was used to show that the side chain of 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-aminopropane (1) exists when bound at the active site of PNMT in an extended conformation (τ2=167 – 180°) with the aromatic ring rotated out of the plane of the ethylamine side chain (τ1 = 29 – 45°).
THE OUTER MAGNETIC FIELD OF L183

The L183 (= L134N) dark molecular cloud has been probed using deep near-infrared imaging polarimetry of stars to beyond 14 mag in H band (1.6 μm), using the Mimir instrument on the 1.83 m Perkins Telescope. Nearly 400 arcmin2 were surveyed, including the dense core in L183, as seen in WISE Band 3 (12 μm) extinction, and the near surroundings, revealing 35 stars with either detected polarizations or significant upper limits. Stars with detected polarizations are reddened if closer than 8 arcmin (0.25 pc at the 110 pc cloud distance) and unreddened beyond. The polarimetric sample probes as close to the core as 3 arcmin (0.1 pc), where AV ~ 14 mag. Compared to the relatively unextincted surrounding stars, the reddened stars show no increase in polarization with extinction, suggesting that all of the polarization is induced in the outer layers of the cloud. This 0.25 pc radius envelope magnetic field does show a strong interaction with the L183 dark cloud. The envelope field is also virtually perpendicular, on the plane of the sky, to the field seen at 850 μm, though more closely aligned with the rotation axis of the dense gas core. The physical size scale at which the envelope and the core magnetic fields either decouple from each other or strongly modify their directions must be inside the 0.1 pc region probed here.
Molecular dynamics calculation of the density of states for poly(ethylene) : collective versus local modes

Abstract A realistic model for a poly(ethylene) crystal is used in a molecular dynamics simulation of the motion. The multiple signal classification technique is applied to compute the temperature dependence of the density of states g(ω) in both the collective-mode (normal) and local-mode descriptions. The results from this new simulation are compared with those from the more standard technique of computation of g(ω) from the velocity autocorrelation function. Constant-volume heat capacities are calculated from g(ω) and reveal useful information on the effect of anharmonicity on the temperature dependence of the heat capacity.
Fit analysis using live and 3D scan models

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a “good fit” for garments for customer satisfaction, comfort, and functionality as well as a manufacturer's success and reputation.Design/methodology/approach – This paper reviews and evaluates garments on a live fit model and makes recommendations for the acceptance or modification of the garment for production. As more manufacturing, product development, and designing responsibilities continue to take place globally, alternatives to the traditional fit analysis are under consideration.Findings – Fit analysis using live and three‐dimensional scan models as an alternative to the traditional fit analysis are under consideration.Originality/value – This paper evaluates garments on a live fit model and makes recommendations for the acceptance or modification of the garment for production.
On the nature of buttressing in margin-parallel strike-slip fault systems

Margin-parallel strike-slip faults commonly develop along convergent plate margins where an oceanic plate subducts obliquely beneath a continental plate. Such faults detach a "sliver" of continental crust from the leading edge of the overriding plate; fault motion then causes the sliver to move parallel to the continental margin, in the direction of the transverse component of relative plate motion. However, few slivers move as rapidly as predicted by simple analyses of the forces acting on them. This discrepancy must be due principally to the "buttress effect": resistance to displacement of the sliver arising from a space problem at its leading edge. More simply, a sliver can move only if it has somewhere to go. Buttresses can be geometrical (as when the continental margin changes trend abruptly), or they can arise from changes in the physical properties of the overriding plate or in other factors (such as subduction angle and angle of obliquity) that help determine whether sliver motion will occur. A strongly buttressed sliver will move only insofar as the buttress can be overcome. Obvious ways in which a buttress can be overcome are by thickening the crust or widening the sliver. Examples of both are known. Crustal thickening entails elevation increase; sliver motion is opposed by both gravity and friction. Widening the sliver is a more complex process that results in areas of extension and compression forming within the sliver, as well as a characteristic pattern of overlapping, curved fault segments. This latter response may be the cause of curvature in many strike-slip fault systems.
Nusselt Number and Friction Factor of Staggered Arrays of Low Aspect Ratio Micropin-Fins Under Cross Flow for Water as Fluid

Experimental results of the thermal and hydraulic performances of silicon-based, low aspect ratio micropin-fin cold plates under cross flow conditions are reported. The pins were both circular and square in shape with dimensions (diameter for circular and sides for square) ranging from 50 μm to 150 μm. The test chip contained 20 integral 75 X 75 μm temperature sensors which were used to determine the thermal resistance (K W -1 ) of the cold plates. The experiments were conducted using water, over a Reynolds number (Re) ranging from 40 to 1000. The data show that the average Nusselt number (Nu) based on the fin diameter varies as Re 0.84 for Re 100, where Re is the Reynolds number based on maximum velocity and the fin diameter. Analysis of the Fanning friction factor (f) data shows that f varies as Re -1.35 for Re 100.
Seasonal patterns of reflectance indices, carotenoid pigments and photosynthesis of evergreen chaparral species

This study examined the ability of the Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI) to track seasonal variations in carotenoid pigments and photosynthetic activity of mature evergreen chaparral shrubs. Our results confirm that PRI scales with photosystem two (PSII) photochemical efficiency across species and seasons, as demonstrated by PRI's strong correlation with de-epoxidized (photoprotective) xanthophyll cycle pigment levels (normalized to chlorophyll) and with the chlorophyll fluorescence index, ΔF/Fm'. PRI and carotenoid pigment levels (de-epoxidized xanthophyll cycle pigments normalized to chlorophyll or total carotenoid pigments normalized to chlorophyll) were correlated with seasonal fluctuations in midday net CO2 uptake of top-canopy leaves. By contrast, chlorophyll levels (as measured by the Chlorophyll Index) were not as strongly linked to photosynthetic activity, particularly when all species were considered together. Likewise, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI, an index of canopy greenness) did not correlate with net CO2 uptake. Canopy NDVI also did not correlate with canopy PRI, demonstrating that these indices were largely independent over the temporal and spatial scales of this study. Together, these patterns provide evidence for coordinated regulation of carotenoid pigments, PSII electron transport, and carboxylation across seasons and indicate that physiological adjustments are more important than structural ones in modifying CO2-fixation capacity during periods of photosynthetic down-regulation for these evergreen species. The strong correlation between PRI of whole canopies and PRI of top-canopy leaves suggests that the canopy can be treated as a "big leaf" in terms of this reflectance index and that PRI can be used in "scalable" models. This along with the links between carotenoid pigments, PSII photochemical efficiency and carboxylation across species and seasons supports the use of optical assays of pigment levels and PSII activity in CO2 flux models to derive photosynthetic rates.
Right Brain: Not on my watch

These sorts of things always happen on a busy call night. Those in careers other than medicine call it superstition, but physicians know it is fact: If ever there is a time for something to happen, it will happen when you are alone, tired, and overwhelmed with work while on call. And so it was the evening I first met patient EG. Already several consults deep on the wards, and now in the emergency department (ED) for 2 acute strokes, I was sitting at a desk in a workroom, just behind the main hub of ED activity. Admittedly, it was a poor choice of seating for an on-call resident, leaving one visually exposed and too easily available for any and all possible non-neurology consults, but it was the only free computer with a nearby phone, and I was awaiting a call from the attending. As I read through the available records of the 2 stroke patients, searching for relevant history, I almost missed the casual passing remark by an ED resident as he walked by, “We have a patient well known to Neurology in Room 12.” “Oh?” I said. “Is it urgent? Because I have these 2 stroke patients, and …” “No, it's not urgent; she's already been unresponsive for hours,” the resident said flatly. I was immediately concerned. “You mean she has been sedated?” “No, we didn't sedate her. I think she has seizures. This is the fourth time she has been here in about a month.” Like any self-respecting neurologist, I was simultaneously concerned, intrigued, and skeptical, and quickly got up to go see her, leaving the waiting phone …
Auditory-cognitive interactions underlying interaural asymmetry in an adult listener: a case study.

AbstractObjective: Abnormal interaural asymmetry on tests of dichotic listening is commonly observed in individuals suspected of auditory processing disorder (APD). Although a structural basis for the abnormality has been widely accepted, the influence of cognitive variables on the degree of observed asymmetry has gained increasing attention. To study this issue, we manipulated cognitive influences on interaural asymmetry in an adult with the auditory complaints typically associated with APD. Study sample: A 55 year-old woman with complaints of difficulty understanding speech in noisy environments despite normal audiometric levels. Design: Several experimental dichotic procedures were administered. Each procedure was characterized by the manipulation of cognitive task demands. Results: Interaural asymmetry was greatest when the demands on attention and/or memory were maximal. Electrophysiological data revealed interaural asymmetry on later stages of information processing. Conclusions: Results are discuss...
Particle fueling and impurity control in PDX

Abstract Fueling requirements and impurity levels in neutral-beam-heated discharges in the PDX tokamak have been compared for plasmas formed with conventional graphite rail limiters, a particle scoop limiter, and an open or closed poloidal divertor. Gas flows necessary to obtain a given density are highest for diverted discharges and lowest for the scoop limiter. Hydrogen pellet injection provides an efficient alternative fueling technique, and a multiple pellet injector has produced high density discharges for an absorbed neutral beam power of up to 600 kW, above which higher speeds or more massive pellets are required for penetration to the plasma core. Power balance studies indicate that 30–40% of the total input power is radiated while ~15% is absorbed by the limiting surface, except in the open divertor case, where 60% flows to the neutralizer plate. In all operating configurations, Z eff usually rises at the onset of neutral beam injection. Both open divertor pl;asmas and those formed on a well conditioned water-cooled limiter have Z eff ⪅ 2 at the end of neutral injection. A definitive comparison of divertors and limiters for impurity control purposes requires longer beam pulses or higher power levels than available on present machines.
Changing views of brain evolution

Although brain studies began in ancient Egypt, speculations on vertebrate brain evolution occurred only much later, after the publication of Darwin's Origin of Species in 1859. Subsequently, views of brain evolution have been shaped by a complex interplay of theory and technique. Darwin's theory allowed the variation in brain size and complexity to be re-interpreted within an evolutionary context, albeit an erroneous pre-Darwinian context based on scala naturae. With the development of histological techniques, research shifted to descriptions of cellular structure, cellular aggregates and their putative interconnections. In spite of these technical advances, brain evolution continued to be viewed within the context of scala naturae. Following the publication of The Comparative Anatomy of the Nervous System of Vertebrates by Ariens Kappers, Huber, and Crosby in 1936, there followed a period of stasis, after which biological views of evolution were radically altered by the confluence of genetics, paleontology, and systematics, termed the Evolutionary Synthesis. Against this background, the development of new experimental techniques for establishing neural connections resulted in a new flowering of comparative neuroanatomy. While comparative descriptive and experimental studies of brain organization continue, the rapprochement of embryology and genetics is fueling a new renaissance that promises to increase our understanding of brain evolution and its genetic basis.
Great Salt Lake sets record

The level of the Great Salt Lake, Utah, broke its 1873 record on May 12, 1986, rising to 1283.7 m above mean sea level, according to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Heavy snowpack remains in the lake's drainage basin, and the lake is likely to continue rising into June. “It could well go up another foot [i.e., ∼0.3 m],” this season, according to Ted Arnow, USGS district chief in Utah. The Utah state legislature convened a special session on May 13 to discuss measures to control the flooding. Last year, the legislature began to consider funding a plan to pump water from the Great Salt Lake to form a large, shallow pond in the desert 48 km to the west. Because the lake's level was predicted to drop this year, however, the lawmakers postponed action on the issue (Eos, September 10, 1985, p. 641). The Rose Park area of Salt Lake City, which lies below the lake's current level, has been diked, but groundwater is backing up into Rose Park and has to be pumped out over the dikes, Arnow said. Also, trains that use the Southern Pacific railroad causeway, which crosses the lake, have had to be temporarily rerouted south of the lake during storms. The causeway has been progressively raised since 1983, but engineers now say that they can raise it no further because the added weight will make it sink into the lake, Arnow said. If the lake rises much higher, the interstate highway that runs by it might also have to shut down temporarily during storms, he added.
Chaos and order in models of black hole pairs

Chaos in the orbits of black hole pairs has by now been confirmed by several independent groups. While the chaotic behavior of binary black hole orbits is no longer argued, it remains difficult to quantify the importance of chaos to the evolutionary dynamics of a pair of comparable mass black holes. None of our existing approximations are robust enough to offer convincing quantitative conclusions in the most highly nonlinear regime. It is intriguing to note that, in three different approximations to a black hole pair built of a spinning black hole and a nonspinning companion, two approximations exhibit chaos and one approximation does not. The fully relativistic scenario of a spinning test mass around a Schwarzschild black hole shows chaos, as does the post-Newtonian Lagrangian approximation. However, the approximately equivalent post-Newtonian Hamiltonian approximation does not show chaos when only one body spins. It is well known in dynamical systems theory that one system can be regular while an approximately related system is chaotic, so there is no formal conflict. However, the physical question remains: Is there chaos for comparable mass binaries when only one object spins? We are unable to answer this question given the poor convergence of the post-Newtonian approximation to the fully relativistic system. A resolution awaits better approximations that can be trusted in the highly nonlinear regime.
Mutations in the alpha 2 helix of HLA-A2 affect presentation but do not inhibit binding of influenza virus matrix peptide.

Previous studies have suggested that MHC class I molecules bind and present peptides to CTL in a manner that is analogous to the presentation of peptides by class II molecules to Th. Crystallographic studies of HLA-A2 have led to the assignment of a putative peptide binding site that is bordered by two alpha helices consisting of residues 50-84 and 138-180. In this study, we have investigated whether residues in the alpha 2 helix are involved in the binding and/or presentation of a peptide to CTL. We have generated CTL to type A influenza virus by stimulation of human PBL with a synthetic peptide from the influenza A virus matrix protein (M1 residues 57-68) in the presence of rIL-2. Such HLA-A2.1-restricted influenza virus-immune CTL do not recognize infected HLA-A2.3+ targets. A2.1 and A2.3 differ by three amino acids in the alpha 2 domain: Ala vs. Thr at position 149, Val vs. Glu at position 152, and Leu vs. Trp at position 156. Site-directed mutants of the A2.1 gene that encode A2 molecules that resemble A2.3 at positions 149, 152, and 156 have been constructed, transfected into human cells, and assayed for their ability to present the M1 peptide. The results demonstrate that most, but not all, A2.1-restricted M1-peptide-specific CTL fail to recognize M1 peptide-exposed transfectants with certain single amino acid substitutions at positions 152 and 156. In contrast, M1 peptide-exposed transfectants that express A2 molecules with an Ala\---|-Thr substitution at position 149 were recognized by all CTL tested, but they exhibited an apparent difference in the kinetics of peptide binding. These results indicate that amino acid substitutions at positions 152 and 156 of the putative peptide binding site of the A2 molecule can affect presentation without eliminating binding, and indicate that the failure to recognize complexes between the peptide and the mutant A2 molecules is due to different TCR specificities and not to the failure to bind the peptide.
Optimization and characterization of anionic lipoplexes for gene delivery.

Abstract Anionic lipoplexes, comprising divalent cations, DNA and anionic liposomes, were optimized for high transfection efficiency and low cytotoxicity. Different molar ratios of anionic to zwitterionic lipid, 1:9 to 1:1 (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)] (DOPG): 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE), various cations (Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+) and different anionic lipid/DNA ratios were investigated. The optimized formulation was composed of: anionic/zwitterionic lipid molar ratio 1:4 (DOPG:DOPE); 15–20 mM Ca2+; and 15–20 μg lipid for complexation with 0.8 μg plasmid DNA. Biophysical studies (particle size analysis, gel electrophoresis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and confocal microscopy) were conducted to characterize the different formulations. TEM revealed structural differences between the complexed and uncomplexed lipoplexes. Gel electrophoresis confirmed the formation of anionic lipoplexes with the amount of free DNA minimized for the optimized formulation. Confocal imaging showed cellular uptake of the anionic lipoplexes. Most significantly the anionic lipoplex formulation, optimized for the highest transfection efficiency (approximately 78% in the presence of serum) exhibited the highest cell viability (approximately 93%, (3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) MTT assay). This was compared to Lipofectamine™2000 which had a transfection efficiency and cell viability of approximately 68% and 35%, respectively. The anionic lipoplex formulation developed here shows promise as a non-viral vector with high transfection efficiency and low cytotoxicity.
Double quantum external photoelectric effect in merocyanine

Abstract The double quantum external photoelectric effect. DQEPE. was found in a merocyanine dye. A modified Millikan apparatus was used to measure photoemission from a microcrystal of the dye suspended in a N 2 atmosphere by an electric field. The crystal ionization energy was 5.25 eV and the band gap was 2.5 eV. The mechanism of the DQEPE in merocyanine is photoionization of a trapped electron. and is distinctly different from the DQEPE found previously in anthracene and tetracene.
The Soviet Union and Southeast Asia

(1986). The Soviet Union and Southeast Asia. The Washington Quarterly: Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 169-173.
Increasing computer literacy & employability of the blind: A talking microcomputer

A talking microcomputer recently developed at Indiana University-Purdue University at Fort Wayne enables blind and visually impaired students to complete the 2- or 4-year degree program in computer technology without need for sighted readers. The talking microcomputer, and the talking typewriter which was developed as a prelude to it, are discussed not only in the educational context, but also in terms of present and future working environments. Coupling unmodified, commercially available hardware with customized software, the talking microcomputer should be well within the reach of individuals and employers. Future plans include interfacing it with a mainframe, and thus expanding language capabilities.
Monoethylarsine as a novel replacement for arsine in the vapor deposition of GaAs

High purity GaAs epilayers were grown by OMCVD using a new organoarsine reagent source, monoethylarsine (EtAsH2), which appears to be a viable replacement for arsine in chemical vapor deposition applications. Undoped GaAs epilayers were grown at atmospheric pressure from monoethylarsine and trimethylgallium, using growth temperatures ranging from 550 to 650°C, and V/III ratios varying from 5 to 40. The optimum growth temperatures were found to be in the range of 575 to 600°C. All of the films grown under these conditions were n-type. GaAs epilayers grown at V/III ratios as low as 5 exhibited 77 K mobilities as high as 31,400 cm2/V·s, and the highest quality epilayer, grown at a V/III ratio of 30, exhibited a 77 K mobility of 55,300 cm2/V·s, a 300 K mobility of 7200 cm2/V·s, and a net carrier concentration of 6×1014 cm-3. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy and photoluminescence analyses of films grown from EtAsH2 show that carbon is not a significant contaminant in epilayers grown at high V/III ratios. Thermal decomposition studies on the EtAsH2 reagent suggest that it probably decomposes via loss of its ethyl ligand at low temperatures (<500°C) to generate a reactive arsenic dihydride radical species (H2As⊎). Such an intermediate not only can participate in GaAs growth without providing carbon to the growing film, but also can supply surface hydrides during growth, which can potentially remove other surface-bound alkyls via a reductive-elimination process.
P-8A Poseidon strategy for modeling & simulation verification validation & accreditation (VV&A)

One of the first challenges in addressing the need for Modeling & Simulation (M&S) Verification, Validation, & Accreditation (VV&A) is to develop an approach for applying structured and formalized VV&A processes. The P-8A Poseidon Multi-Mission Maritime Aircraft (MMA) Program Modeling and Simulation Accreditation Strategy documents the P-8A program's approach to VV&A. The P-8A strategy tailors a risk-based approach and leverages existing bodies of knowledge, such as the Defense Modeling and Simulation Office Recommended Practice Guide (DMSO RPG), to make the process practical and efficient. As the program progresses, the M&S team must continue to look for ways to streamline the process, add supplemental steps to enhance the process, and identify and overcome procedural, organizational, and cultural challenges. This paper includes some of the basics of the overall strategy, examples of specific approaches that have worked well, and examples of challenges that the M&S team has faced.
The effect of bulbocapnine on spinal reflexes

Abstract The action of bulbocapnine upon the flexion reflex was studied in spinal cats. Low doses produced only small changes in the flexion reflex. The change could be either an increase or a decrease. High doses of bulbocapnine generally increased the flexion reflex. The increase was due both to a repetitive firing of individual motoneurons and to an increase in the number of motoneurons responding to the afferent volley. There was no evidence of a close relationship between the changes in the size of the flexion reflex and alterations in the systemic blood pressure. In some animals, high doses of bulbocapnine also produced an increase in monosynaptic reflexes of either flexor or extensor motoneurons or both. The increase could bring the monosynaptic reflex to or above the control level. As reported previously, low doses of the drug almost invariably depressed monosynaptic reflexes.
Severe hypercholesterolemia in patients with graft-vs-host disease affecting the liver after stem cell transplantation.

ABSTRACT Objective To review the available literature on severe hypercholesterolemia occurring in the context of graft-vs-host disease affecting the liver. Methods A literature search was conducted in PubMed for articles on hypercholesterolemia occurring in the context of graft-vs-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The review included the type of lipid abnormalities observed, complications, and available management strategies. Results Severe hypercholesterolemia can occur in patients who develop graft-vs-host disease after transplant. We describe 8 patients with severe hypercholesterolemia occurring in the context of graft-vs-host disease affecting the liver after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (7 from the literature and 1 from our institution). No association was observed with a specific age, sex, type of hematologic malignancy, or use of a specific immunosuppressant. The elevated cholesterol is either due to high concentrations of lipoprotein X or low-density lipoprotein. Unlike low-density lipoprotein, lipoprotein X may not be atherogenic. Conclusions Treatment may not be required when lipoprotein X is the major elevated lipoprotein unless hyperviscosity occurs, but treatment is indicated when there is elevation in low-density lipoprotein. Plasmapheresis may be necessary. Ultimate treatment is control of the graft-vs-host disease affecting the liver that would improve or completely resolve the hyperlipidemia. (Endocr Pract. 2012; 18:90-97).
Changes in western wheatgrass foliage quality following defoliation: consequences for a graminivorous grasshopper.

We determined the effects of defoliation by a graminivorous grasshopper on the foliage quality of the C3 plant, western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii [Rydb] A. Love). Additionally, we determined the effects of this defoliation upon the subsequent feeding of the graminivorous grasshopper Phoetaliotes nebrascensis Thomas (Orthoptera: Acrididae). In field and greenhouse studies, graminivorous grasshopper herbivory altered the quality of remaining western wheatgrass foliage. In the greenhouse, severe (50% foliage removal) grasshopper grazing (638 grasshoppers/m2 for 72h) resulted in decreased foliar nitrogen (-12%), carbohydrate (-11%) and water (-2.5%) concentrations, and increased phenolic concentrations (+43%). These changes were associated with decreased adult female grasshopper mass gain, consumption rate, approximate digestibility, and food conversion efficiencies. In the field, moderate (14% foliage removal) grasshopper grazing (20 grasshoppers/m2 for 20 days) led to a 10% reduction in foliar nitrogen concentrations. Foliage quality changes in the field were not associated with any reductions in grasshopper mass gain, consumption rates, food digestibility, or conversion efficiencies. The results presented here are consistent with the hypothesis that defoliation leads to a reallocation of carbon and nitrogen compounds within the plant such that foliage quality for P. nebrascensis is reduced.
Interferometric optical fiber microcantilever beam biosensor

ABSTRACT With the proliferation of biological weapons, the outbreak of food poisoning occurrences, and the spread of antibiotic resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria, the demand has arisen for portable systems capable of rapid, specific, and quantitative target detection. The ability to detect minute quantities of targets will provide the means to quickly assess a health hazardous situation so that the appropriate response can be orchestrated. Conventional test results generally require hours or even several days to be reported, and there is no chance for real-time feedback. An interferometric optical fiber microcantilever beam biosensor has successfully demonstrated real time detection of target molecules. The microcantilever biosensor effectively combines advanced technology from silicon micromachining, optical fiber sensors, and biochemistry to create a novel detection device. This approach utilizes affinity coatings on micromachined cantilever beams to attract target molecules. The presence of the target molecule causes bending in the cantilever beam, which is monitored using an optical displacement system. Dose-response trials have shown measured responses at nanogram/ml concentrations of target molecules. Sensitivity is expected to extend from the nanogram to the picogram range of total captured mass as the microcantilever sensors are optimized.
Familial pericentric inversion of chromosome 19, inv(19) (p13q13) with a note on genetic counseling of pericentric inversion carriers

An inmate of a hospital for the mentally retarded was found during a cytogenetic screening programme to have karyotype 46,XY,inv(19)(p13q13)mat. Clinical, cytogenetic and family findings are presented and it is concluded that the chromosomes abnormality was probably not the cause of the patient's retardation. The problem of genetic counseling of inversion carriers is examined in some detail and estimates of risk are given.
Compression of lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve in waitresses.

Objective In a retrospective survey of our electrophysiology laboratory, we encountered 3 cases of lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve (LACN) compression in waitresses and propose direct compression of LACN by carrying heavy trays on the lateral bicipital tendon. LACN, a branch of musculocutaneous nerve, provides sensory innervations to lateral forearm. Causes of LACN involvement include venipuncture, elbow surgery, and trauma. Methods We encountered 6 cases of LACN neuropathy, 3 cases that were in slim waitresses carrying heavy trays. History and physical examination and forearm electrophysiologic studies (EPS) were performed in 3 waitresses at initial and follow-up visits. Antidromic stimulation of LACN was undertaken by Spindler and Felsenthals technique. Latency, amplitude, and conduction velocity were measured and compared with contralateral limb. Results All 3 patients were female waitresses aged 35-42 years, presented with few months of painful paresthesias of distal forearm, worse during working hours. Tinel sign at lateral cubital fossa was positive in all. EPS confirmed delayed latency, low amplitude, and slow conduction velocity of LACN on symptomatic side compared with normal. All 3 patients revealed electrophysiologic abnormalities consistent with LACN compression due to heavy trays in slim waitresses and considered occupational hazard. Treatment included nortriptyline or gabapentin and avoidance of heavy trays. Clinical and EPS findings improved over 8 months. Conclusions We described 3 cases of LACN compression in waitresses from edges of heavy trays with typical symptoms and abnormal electrophysiological studies and improvement by avoiding compression and with analgesics. We propose inadequate fatty tissue in antecubital fossa contributed to compression of LACN.
TiC nanoisland formation on 6H–SiC(0001)Si

Spontaneous formation of titanium carbide nanoislands on silicon carbide substrates has been studied with scanning tunneling microscopy and x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy. Scratch-free and atomically flat 6H–SiC(0001)Si substrates were prepared by high temperature hydrogen etching. The surfaces were subsequently cleaned by in situ ultrahigh vacuum annealing. Titanium carbide nanoislands were formed by titanium deposition and annealing at 950 °C. The average width (10–50 nm) and separation of the Ti islands was controlled by varying the titanium coverage (0.1–0.3 nm) and the annealing time (1–20 min). At the lowest coverage, the islands were uniformly distributed over the surface, while at higher coverage the islands tended to collect at the substrate step edges.
Dyslexia and configural perception of character sequences

Developmental dyslexia is a complex and heterogeneous disorder characterized by unexpected difficulty in learning to read. Although it is considered to be biologically based, the degree of variation has made the nature and locus of dyslexia difficult to ascertain. Hypotheses regarding the cause have ranged from low-level perceptual deficits to higher order cognitive deficits, such as phonological processing and visual-spatial attention. We applied the capacity coefficient, a measure obtained from a mathematical cognitive model of response times to measure how efficiently participants processed different classes of stimuli. The capacity coefficient was used to test the extent to which individuals with dyslexia can be distinguished from normal reading individuals based on their ability to take advantage of word, pronounceable non-word, consonant sequence or unfamiliar context when categorizing character strings. Within subject variability of the capacity coefficient across character string types was fairly regular across normal reading adults and consistent with a previous study of word perception with the capacity coefficient-words and pseudowords were processed at super-capacity and unfamiliar characters strings at limited-capacity. Two distinct patterns were observed in individuals with dyslexia. One group had a profile similar to the normal reading adults while the other group showed very little variation in capacity across string-type. It is possible that these individuals used a similar strategy for all four string-types and were able to generalize this strategy when processing unfamiliar characters. This difference across dyslexia groups may be used to identify sub-types of the disorder and suggest significant differences in word level processing among these subtypes. Therefore, this approach may be useful in further delineating among types of dyslexia, which in turn may lead to better understanding of the etiologies of dyslexia.
Computational Issues in Fitting Statistical Distributions to Data

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTIn fitting statistical distributions to data the practitioner almost always needs to compute the parameters of a family of distributions. Such computations are frequently difficult to implement and may require considerable effort and computation time. This paper discusses the computing difficulties that can arise in fitting statistical distributions to data and illustrates these problems through examples that use the Weibull distribution, the generalized lambda distribution, and the Johnson system of distributions. In all cases fits are obtained by the method of moments using either the Maple computing environment or the R statistical system.
Multichannel communication of an industrial task

A specially constructed simulated assembly task was used to test the effectiveness of several multichannel communication combinations. The assembly task was a pegboard with a 4 × 4 matrix of ⅓-in. diameter, 3 in. long wooden dowels placed on ⅓-in. centres. Three type3 of wooden washers were made to fit on to the matrix of wooden pegs. The washers were assembled on to the pegs according to a sot of instructions presented to the subject. The three primary communication modes under study were the verbal mode, pictorial mode, and the written mode. Instructions for the verbal mode were presented via a, prerecorded taped message. The pictorial instructions consisted of the presentation of n 35 mm coloured slide of the assembly task to be completed. The written instructions were also 35 mm slides, but of a typewritten message. The three primary modes were combined to form a series of multichannel mossagos, that is, information presented via two channels. Two groups of 90 subjects each, 90 industrial subjects and...
ACTH 4–9 analog (Org 2766) improves qualitative and quantitative aspects of motor nerve regeneration

Abstract ACTH 1–39 and many of its fragments enhance regeneration of rat peripheral nerve and improve motor unit reorganization. The analog of ACTH 4–9 (Org 2766), with longer-lasting activity and greater biological potency for many parameters, was evaluated for its restorative powers on neuromuscular function following denervation. Org 2766 (10 μg/kg/48 hr IP) was administered to rats starting 3 hr after crush denervation of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle. Contractile strength, motor unit performance under low, optimum and high frequency stimulation, and number and size distribution of motor units of the EDL stimulated through the regenerating peroneal nerve were compared to saline-treated controls. Muscles of parallel animal groups were stimulated directly in vitro. Contractile strength and motor unit performance during high frequency stimulation were significantly improved by Org 2766 treatment at both 7 and 11 days after crush denervation. Org 2766 improves motor unit reformation both qualitatively (more small motor units that are highly resistant to fatigue) and quantitatively (stronger motor units). This peptide does not affect muscle contractile components. Prolonged treatment (21 days) with Org 2766 has a negative effect on motor unit performance, indicating that it exerts its favorable effects early in regeneration and exposure to this peptide should be limited to this period.