cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overhead Detection, Identification, and Tracking of Multiple Surface-based Exploration Vehicles

As NASA and other space agencies venture out to explore planetary bodies of high interest (Mars, Titan, Europa, Enceladus, etc.), especially from an astrobiological point of view, i.e., the quest for extant/extinct life beyond Earth, planetary field geologists will have to be replaced and emulated by robotic spacecraft, at least for the foreseeable future. As such, these robotic explorers will have to be equipped with observation, analysis, and reasoning capabilities of a field geologist. Moreover, to mimic the geologic approach of local to regional to global reconnaissance in an integrated, mutually informing fashion, these robotic explorers will likely have to operate as part of multi-tiered robotic mission architectures. Several precursors to such mission architectures have been proposed, such as the introduction of an overhead perspective either through a balloon, blimp, airship, or helicopter/rotorcraft. Using an overhead perspective provides many advantages for exploration and reconnaissance, as well as for guidance, navigation, and control (GNC). A real-world instantiation of an overhead perspective is the use of the HiRISE camera aboard Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter for GNC support of the Mars Exploration Rovers. In this context, this paper focuses in particular on the challenge of detection, identification, and tracking of multiple deployed ground-agents, such as rovers on Mars or lake landers on Titan. The devised framework comprises the use of distinct, linearly independent, scaling invariant, and directional templates that are matched to similar markings on top of the respective deployed ground-agents through rotation, transformation, and scaling operations. This allows the spatial detection and identification of the respective ground-agents. The centroids of the detected templates are subsequently tracked simultaneously through the repeated use of this template-matching procedure. This detection, identification, and tracking framework enables the GNC of multiple, and thus expendable, ground-agents from an overhead perspective(s), e.g., as part of multi-tiered exploration mission architectures to access high(er)-risk, but high(er)science payoff regions.
Evaluating the Role of Self-Esteem on Differential Career Outcomes by Gender in Academic Medicine.

Purpose Gender differences in faculty advancement persist in academic medicine. Understanding of what drives these differences remains limited. The relationship among self-esteem, gender, and career outcomes has not previously been explored. Method The authors evaluated the association between gender and 2012-2013 career outcomes, specifically, the number of publications, academic rank, leadership positions, and retention, and whether self-esteem as measured in the 1995 National Faculty Survey mediates this relationship. They measured self-esteem using the modified Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. The authors used multivariable logistic regression analysis to understand the association among gender, self-esteem, and the outcomes of rank, leadership, and retention, and negative binomial models for number of publications. Models were adjusted for race, specialty, effort distribution, and years since first faculty appointment. The authors performed a mediation analysis to understand whether self-esteem mediates the relationship between gender and these career outcomes. Results Overall, self-esteem scores were high. Women had lower self-esteem in 1995 than their male colleagues. In adjusted models, female gender was associated with lower performance on all 4 career outcome metrics. While self-esteem scores were positively associated with all 4 outcomes, the authors' mediation analysis suggested that self-esteem did not mediate the relationship between gender and these 4 career metrics. Conclusions Female medical faculty members lag behind men on traditional metrics of faculty achievement. While higher self-esteem is positively associated with faculty achievement, it did not mediate the relationship between gender and career advancement over the 17 years of follow-up and, thus, may not be an ideal target for programs and policies to increase gender parity in academic medicine.
Chapter 17 – Growth Factors

A large group of molecules are referred to and named using the term growth factor. These molecules have one or more of the following activities that lead to an altered growth rate of a particular cell type: (i) increasing cell mass by stimulating the production and/or inhibiting the degradation of macromolecules; (ii) increasing cell number by stimulating the rate of cell division, referred to as mitogenic activity; (iii) increasing cell number through increased cell survival due to inhibition of apoptosis. Growth factors can have either positive or negative influences on these processes and their activities vary with cell type and the developmental stage of the organism. The activity of any one growth factor in a particular cell will be determined by its own state (active or latent); the presence of a receptor, and, in some cases, a co-receptor in the cell membrane; and the necessary signaling machinery inside the cell. In addition, the presence of other extracellular signaling molecules can impact the activity of a growth factor at a target cell. The goal of this chapter is to introduce five classes of growth factors with the emphasis on the structures of their members and the receptors that mediate their actions. Because of the great diversity of specific biological outcomes of the action of the growth factors on particular cells, no attempt is made to enumerate these. Rather the focus is on understanding the nature of the molecules engaged in these processes so that approaches to moderating their activities, particularly in the clinical setting of cancer, can be understood.
Goltz against cerebral localization: Methodology and experimental practices.

Abstract In the late 19th century, physiologists such as David Ferrier, Eduard Hitzig, and Hermann Munk argued that cerebral brain functions are localized in discrete structures. By the early 20th century, this became the dominant position. However, another prominent physiologist, Friedrich Goltz, rejected theories of cerebral localization and argued against these physiologists until his death in 1902. I argue in this paper that previous historical accounts have failed to comprehend why Goltz rejected cerebral localization. I show that Goltz adhered to a falsificationist methodology, and I reconstruct how he designed his experiments and weighted different kinds of evidence. I then draw on the exploratory experimentation literature from recent philosophy of science to trace one root of the debate to differences in how the German localizers designed their experiments and reasoned about evidence. While Goltz designed his experiments to test hypotheses about the functions of predetermined cerebral structures, the localizers explored new functions and structures in the process of constructing new theories. I argue that the localizers relied on untested background conjectures to justify their inferences about functional organization. These background conjectures collapsed a distinction between phenomena they produced direct evidence for (localized symptoms) and what they reached conclusions about (localized functions). When citing this paper, please use the full journal title Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences.
The stocks of bowheads

Abstract Bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) are divided into four stocks: the Okhotsk (OKH) Sea stock, the Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort (BCB) Seas stock, the East Canada-West Greenland (ECWG) stock, and the East Greenland-Svalbard-Barents (EGSB) Sea stock. Genetic data have contributed to the understanding of the differentiation among these stocks, rates of migration between them, and have been used to test hypotheses of stock substructure. Moreover, historical and recent demography of the BCB stock has been investigated using multiple genetic markers. No evidence of a genetic bottleneck from commercial whaling has been found, and models of recent population expansion are supported. Population genetic data is one source of data used by the International Whaling Commission (IWC) to issue an aboriginal whaling quota for the BCB stock.
Children And The Opioid Epidemic: Age-Stratified Exposures And Harms.

Using North Carolina Medicaid 2016–18 claims data, we found that approximately one in ten adolescents (10.8 percent) filled at least one opioid prescription per year. Dentists, advanced practice pr...
MDCT imaging in Spigelian hernia, clinical, and surgical implications.

Abstract Objective Spigelian hernia is an uncommon congenital or acquired defect in the transversus abdominis aponeurosis with non-specific symptoms posing a diagnostic challenge. There is a paucity of radiology literature on imaging findings of Spigelian hernia. The objective of this study is to explore the role of MDCT in evaluating Spigelian hernia along with clinical and surgical implications. Materials and methods In this IRB approved, HIPAA compliant retrospective observational analysis MDCT imaging findings of 43 Spigelian hernias were evaluated by two fellowship-trained radiologists. Imaging features evaluated were: presence of Spigelian hernia, laterality, relation to “hernia belt” (between 0 and 6 cm cranial to an imaginary axial line between both anterior superior iliac spines), the hernia neck and sac sizes, hernia content, and other coexistent hernias (umbilical, incisional, inguinal). Patient's demographics (age, gender, BMI, conditions with increased intra-abdominal pressure) were also recorded for any correlation. Results 60% (26/43) of Spigelian hernias were located below the hernia belt while 33% (14/43) within the hernia belt and 7% (3/43) above the hernia belt. The most common subtype of Spigelian hernia encountered was interparietal (84%). The mean hernia neck diameter was 3.4 cm, mean hernia sac volume was 329 cc. Hernia content included: fat (43/43) bowel (23/43), fluid (3/43). 3 patients had no clinical history provided, the remaining 37 patients' clinical presentation was asymptomatic in 73% (27/37), acute abdominal pain in 5% (2/37) and chronic abdominal pain in 22% (8/37). None of the hernia were incarcerated and none of the patients underwent emergent surgery. No significant correlation was noted between Spigelian hernia and causes of increased intra-abdominal pressure. 90% of our patients had other abdominal hernias. 30.9 was the mean BMI (20.8–69.1). Conclusion Most of the Spigelian hernia occurred below the traditionally described hernia belt and the majority are of interparietal subtype that can be best diagnosed with MDCT in contrast to physical examination.
Predictive Optimal Control with Data-Based Disturbance Scenario Tree Approximation

Efficiently computing the optimal control policy concerning a complicated future with stochastic disturbance has always been a challenge. The predicted stochastic future disturbance can be represented by a scenario tree, but solving the optimal control problem with a scenario tree is usually computationally demanding. In this paper, we propose a data-based clustering approximation method for the scenario tree representation. Differently from the popular Markov chain approximation, the proposed method can retain information from previous steps while keeping the state space size small. Then the predictive optimal control problem can be approximately solved with reduced computational load using dynamic programming. The proposed method is evaluated in numerical examples and compared with the method which considers the disturbance as a non-stationary Markov chain. The results show that the proposed method can achieve better control performance than the Markov chain method.
Teaching neuromarketing to fashion students: an application of Kirkpatrick’s model

The purpose of this study was twofold: identify potential topics of neuromarketing to advance fashion students’ understanding of marketing and consumer behaviour and evaluate how students’ experien...
The Relational Public

This article sets out three ways of conceiving publics: (1) an organic conception, the public as the body politic; (2) an individualized conception, the public as an aggregate of individuals, group...
Improving the Life Chances of NICU Graduates.

* Abbreviations: FBBH — : Following Baby Back Home RCT — : randomized clinical trial Although the rates of mortality among extremely preterm and/or low birth weight newborns have been declining for decades, addressing the ongoing health and developmental needs of NICU graduates continues to be of considerable importance, given their increased susceptibility to neurodevelopmental impairments, other health problems, and mortality over the life course.1 In the current issue of Pediatrics , McKelvey et al2 report on a propensity-matched study of a home-visiting program designed to support parents in addressing their infants’ needs after NICU discharge. The program, known as Following Baby Back Home (FBBH), is delivered by nurse–social-worker teams who focus on helping parents meet their children’s medical and developmental needs, including supporting adherence to medical appointments, linking families with other health and human services, and promoting infants’ growth and development. The program continues through child age 3. Using a carefully crafted propensity-matched design, the authors found that compared with those in the control group ( n = 485), infants enrolled in FBBH ( n = 485) had higher rates of health … Address correspondence to David Olds, PhD, Prevention Research Center for Family and Child Health, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13121 E 17th Ave, Room 5317, Aurora, CO 80045. E-mail: david.olds{at}cuanschutz.edu
Fluorescence-Guided Surgery of the Biliary Tree Utilizing Indocyanine Green (ICG)

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the most common elective abdominal surgery in the United States, with over 750,000 performed annually. Fluorescent cholangiography (FC) using indocyanine green dye (ICG) permits identification of extrahepatic biliary structures to facilitate dissection without requiring biliary tree cannulation with intraoperative cholangiogram (IOC). Literature review and analysis of our institutional data shows fluorescence cholangiography used in conjunction with the “critical view of safety” is a noninvasive adjunct to laparoscopic cholecystectomy with improved patient outcomes. These findings support ICG as standard of care during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
How Birds Communicate

This has to be done from the outside. If I went inside, and you fol lowed me, we'd both be lost, possibly forever. You'll trust me on this, but first I want to give you a few unassailable facts. When I say unas sailable, I mean objective. Being objective is what a person does to stay on the outside. That's the theory. Anyway here are the facts: 1) My father, who was tortured and then disappeared by government goons during the Stroessner dictatorship in Paraguay, named me Lenin. He chose to do this at a time when literature and beards were both
MISSION AS PEDAGOGICAL ROADMAP ONE ARCHITECTURE PROGRAM’S USE OF “MISSION” TO HELP DIRECT AND FOCUS LEARNING

The mission of any architectural program needs to be well defined and articulated for several reasons. If the program is in the process of attaining accreditation from NAAB or another international agency, the mission can serve as a guide to the accreditation body as to the value system of the program and where resources and efforts are focused. The mission can also help integrate the architecture program into the goals of the larger institution. Additionally, the mission can serve as a roadmap for pedagogy within the program—at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. The mission can help direct and focus studio projects, the development of elective course offerings, the structure of foreign studies programs, and suggest ways of teaching architecture that are aligned with the program’s values.
THE COMPLEXITY OF OBTAINING STARTING POINTS FOR SOLVING OPERATOR EQUATIONS BY NEWTON'S METHOD

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the complexity of obtaining starting points for solving operator equations by Newton's method. Most results in analytic computational complexity assume that good initial approximations are available and deal with the iteration phase only. As the complexity of the computation for solving f(x) = 0 is the sum of the complexities of both the search and iteration phases, it is important to study both phases. The speed of convergence of the iteration at the iteration phase depends upon the initial approximations obtained in the search phase. If too much time is spent in the search phase so that good initial approximations are obtained, then it can be expected to reduce the time needed in the iteration phase. However, if too much time is not spent in the search phase and initial approximations obtained are not so good, then the complexity of the iteration phase could be extremely large, even if the corresponding iteration still converges. The complexity of the iteration phase depends upon that of the search phase. Therefore, it is necessary to include both phases in the complexity analysis. Through this approach, the optimal decision can be obtained on when the search phase should be switched to the iteration phase, as it can be found by minimizing the total complexity of the two phases.
Electroactive Polymers (EAP) as Actuators for Aerospace Engineering

Most biological systems that are larger than a bacteria use muscles as their actuators. Muscles are capable of lifting large loads with short time response in the range of milliseconds but they are driven by a complex mechanism that is very difficult to mimic. Electroactive polymers (EAP) are human made actuators that most closely emulate biological muscles earning them the moniker “artificial muscles”. Initially, EAP received relatively little attention due to their limited actuation capability. In the last twenty years a series of EAP materials have emerged that respond to electrical stimulation with a significant shape change. Using these materials as actuators, various novel mechanisms and devices were already demonstrated including robot fish, miniature gripper, loudspeaker, active diaphragm, catheter steering element,, and dust-wiper. The impressive advances in improving their actuation strain capability are attracting the attention of engineers and scientists from many different disciplines. These materials are particularly attractive to biomimetic applications allowing for producing biologically inspired intelligent inventions. Increasingly, engineers are able to develop EAP actuated mechanisms that were previously considered science fiction. This chapter reviews the state of the art, challenges, and potential applications of EAP materials to aerospace engineering. Keywords: EAP; electroactive polymers; actuators; biomimetics; biologically inspired technologies; robotics; ionic polymers; field activatable polymers
Comparing measures of overall and central obesity in relation to cardiometabolic risk factors among US Hispanic/Latino adults.

Objective US Hispanics/Latinos have high prevalence of obesity and related comorbidities. We compared overall and central obesity measures in associations with cardiometabolic outcomes among US Hispanics/Latinos. Methods Multivariable regression assessed cross-sectional relationships of six obesity measures with cardiometabolic outcomes among 16,415 Hispanics/Latinos aged 18–74 years. Results BMI was moderately correlated with waist-to-hip ratio (WHR; women, r = 0.37; men, r = 0.58) and highly correlated with other obesity measures (r ≥ 0.87) (P < 0.0001). All measures of obesity were correlated with unfavorable levels of glycemic traits, blood pressure, and lipids, with similar r-estimates for each obesity measure (P < 0.05). Multivariable-adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) for diabetes (women, 6.7 [3.9, 11.5]; men, 3.9 [2.2, 6.9]), hypertension (women, 2.4 [1.9, 3.1]; men, 2.5 [1.9, 3.4]), and dyslipidemia (women, 2.1 [1.8, 2.4]; men, 2.2 [1.9, 2.6]) were highest for individuals characterized as overweight/obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) and with abnormal WHR (women ≥0.85; men, ≥0.90), compared with those with normal BMI and WHR (P < 0.0001). Among normal-weight individuals, abnormal WHR was associated with increased cardiometabolic condition prevalence (P < 0.05), particularly diabetes (women, PR = 4.0 [2.2, 7.1]; men, PR = 3.0 [1.6, 5.7]). Conclusions Obesity measures were associated with cardiometabolic risk factors to a similar degree in US Hispanics/Latinos. WHR is useful to identify individuals with normal BMI at increased cardiometabolic risk.
The Effect of Self-selection on Student Satisfaction and Performance in Online Classes

This paper examines student performance, satisfaction, and retention of information in online classes as a function of student choice as to the format of instruction. Student outcomes are studied for two groups enrolled in online classes: those who were allowed to choose between an online and a ground-based format and who chose the online format voluntarily; and those who were obliged to take classes in the online format without being afforded the opportunity to choose.
Annotation and evolutionary relationships of a small regulatory RNA gene micF and its target ompF in Yersinia species

micF RNA, a small regulatory RNA found in bacteria, post-transcriptionally regulates expression of outer membrane protein F (OmpF) by interaction with the ompF mRNA 5'UTR. Phylogenetic data can be useful for RNA/RNA duplex structure analyses and aid in elucidation of mechanism of regulation. However micF and associated genes, ompF and ompC are difficult to annotate because of either similarities or divergences in nucleotide sequence. We report by using sequences that represent "gene signatures" as probes, e.g., mRNA 5'UTR sequences, closely related genes can be accurately located in genomic sequences. Alignment and search methods using NCBI BLAST programs have been used to identify micF, ompF and ompC in Yersinia pestis and Yersinia enterocolitica. By alignment with DNA sequences from other bacterial species, 5' start sites of genes and upstream transcriptional regulatory sites in promoter regions were predicted. Annotated genes from Yersinia species provide phylogenetic information on the micF regulatory system. High sequence conservation in binding sites of transcriptional regulatory factors are found in the promoter region upstream of micF and conservation in blocks of sequences as well as marked sequence variation is seen in segments of the micF RNA gene. Unexpected large differences in rates of evolution were found between the interacting RNA transcripts, micF RNA and the 5' UTR of the ompF mRNA. micF RNA/ompF mRNA 5' UTR duplex structures were modeled by the mfold program. Functional domains such as RNA/RNA interacting sites appear to display a minimum of evolutionary drift in sequence with the exception of a significant change in Y. enterocolitica micF RNA. Newly annotated Yersinia micF and ompF genes and the resultant RNA/RNA duplex structures add strong phylogenetic support for a generalized duplex model. The alignment and search approach using 5' UTR signatures may be a model to help define other genes and their start sites when annotated genes are available in well-defined reference organisms.
Induction Kinetics of the l-Arabinose Operon of Escherichia coli

After addition of l-arabinose to growing Escherichia coli , the l-ribulokinase (EC 2.7.1.16) and l-arabinose isomerase (EC 5.3.1.4) first appear at about 0.7 and 1.4 min, respectively. These times are consistent with the distances of the genes from the ribonucleic acid polymerase initiation site in the operon. The kinetics of appearance of these enzymes as well as those of β-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) in the same strain are consistent with a peptide elongation rate of no less than 14 amino acids per second. A measurement of the average peptide elongation rate made by measuring the kinetics of radioactive amino acid appearance in completed polypeptides yielded a rate of about 12 amino acids per s. Convenient assays of the arabinose isomerase and ribulokinase are also given.
DNA Tests and Databases in Criminal Justice Individual Rights and the Common Good

This chapter examines several issues raised by the extensive use of DNA tests and databases in advancing public safety. The examination draws on a communitarian perspective that balances the common good with individual rights rather than presuming that rights routinely trump the common good.Specifically, the chapter examines major arguments made by critics who oppose extensive usages of DNA tests and especially the retention of results (or the samples from which the results were drawn) in databases for law enforcement purposes. (To, save breath I shall refer to "DNA usages" from here on.) Most of the criticisms come from civil libertarians. Although none seem to completely oppose DNA usages, all demand that the state be greatly limited in conducting DNA testing, in storing the results, and in drawing on them. The critics' basic approach is to combine a general distrust of the government with a strong commitment to the value of being let alone
Strategy optimization for mask rule check in wafer fab

Photolithography process is getting more and more sophisticated for wafer production following Moore’s law. Therefore, for wafer fab, consolidated and close cooperation with mask house is a key to achieve silicon wafer success. However, generally speaking, it is not easy to preserve such partnership because many engineering efforts and frequent communication are indispensable. The inattentive connection is obvious in mask rule check (MRC). Mask houses will do their own MRC at job deck stage, but the checking is only for identification of mask process limitation including writing, etching, inspection, metrology, etc. No further checking in terms of wafer process concerned mask data errors will be implemented after data files of whole mask are composed in mask house. There are still many potential data errors even post-OPC verification has been done for main circuits. What mentioned here are the kinds of errors which will only occur as main circuits combined with frame and dummy patterns to form whole reticle. Therefore, strategy optimization is on-going in UMC to evaluate MRC especially for wafer fab concerned errors. The prerequisite is that no impact on mask delivery cycle time even adding this extra checking. A full-mask checking based on job deck in gds or oasis format is necessary in order to secure acceptable run time. Form of the summarized error report generated by this checking is also crucial because user friendly interface will shorten engineers’ judgment time to release mask for writing. This paper will survey the key factors of MRC in wafer fab.
Getting the Prices Right

Problem, research strategy, and findings: Underpriced and overcrowded curb parking creates problems for everyone except a few lucky drivers who find a cheap space; all the other drivers who cruise to find an open space waste time and fuel, congest traffic, and pollute the air. Overpriced and underoccupied parking also creates problems; when curb spaces remain empty, merchants lose potential customers, workers lose jobs, and cities lose tax revenue. To address these problems, San Francisco has established SFpark, a program that adjusts prices to achieve availability of one or two open spaces per block. To measure how prices affected on-street occupancy, we calculated the price elasticity of demand revealed by over 5,000 price and occupancy changes during the program's first year. Price elasticity has an average value of –0.4, but varies greatly by time of day, location, and several other factors. The average meter price fell 1% during the first year, so SFpark adjusted prices without increasing them overal...
Integration of IEEE STD.11149.1 and mixed-signal test architectures

It is shown that the TMS pin of IEEE Std. 1149.1 can also be-used for providing stimulus during analog measurements using the architectures of [Park93] and [Lu94]. This results in the saving of one test pin for these architectures. Simulation results show that mixed-signal testing can be safely performed using the new approach without compromising the effectiveness of the approaches of [Park93] and [Lu94].
Sequential effects in successive ratio estimation.

Sequential effects are examined in four successive ratio estimation (RE ) experiments. The procedure in successive RE is identical to that for magnitude estimation (ME), but the task in successive RE is to estimate the ratio of the current to the previous sensation magnitude, and not the separate magnitudes of the sensations. A positive stimulus context effect was found in successive RE for several continua, in agreement with results previously found for ME. The residual autocorrelation for successive RE was zero in many cases, but in some cases negative autocorrelation was found, which is in contrast to the positive autocorrelation that is typically found for ME and other magnitude scaling procedures. It is shown that, when the role of perceptual error is recognized, negative autocorrelation is predicted by a classical model of ratio estimation. Some aspects of response bias are also discussed.
Trace element profiles from the Geosecs-II test station in the Sargasso Sea

Abstract During the GEOSECS-II test cruise a profile of 25 large volume water samples were collected, filtered and stored in the acidified condition. Two laboratories have together determined Fe, Cu, Zn, Co, Sb, Cs and U in these samples. Both laboratories determined Zn and the correlation is good; Zn, Fe and Cu show a maximum in the North Atlantic Deep Water, Cs and U are essentially conservative and Sb show variability within the uncertainty of the technique. Sc is more abundant in deep water than surface water in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
Reaction rates as a function of pressure, temperature and concentration by heat-conduction differential scanning calorimetry

Abstract New equipment and procedures to examine reaction and metabolic rates as functions of temperature and pressure by scanning and isothermal calorimetry are described. Three applications are presented to illustrate the capabilities of the methods. The first demonstrates the effects of pressure and temperature on the metabolic rates of cultured plant cells. Pressures in the range from 7 to 16MPa shifted significantly the high-temperature inactivation of metabolic activities in tomato cells to higher temperatures. The second demonstrates the use of differential scanning calorimetry to investigate rapidly reaction kinetics and mechanisms. The chemical degradation rates of pineapple juice concentrate as a function of oxygen concentration and temperature were determined. The third demonstrates the use of the instrument in the isothermal mode to determine the effects of total pressure and oxygen partial pressure p o 2 on the metabolic rate in an ectothermic animal tissue. The metabolic rates of fresh-water mussel gill tissues were increased by both increased total pressure and increased p o 2
Yeast DNA dependent RNA polymerases I, II and III. The existence of subunits common to the three enzymes

Abstract The subunits of purified yeast RNA polymerases I, II and III have been analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic subunit mapping techniques. The results suggest that polymerases I and III have two subunits in common, the 41,000 and 20,000 dalton peptides, which are not present in polymerase III. The 14,500 dalton peptide by all criteria is identical in polymerases I, II and III. The 28,000 and 24,000 subunits appear identical in polymerases I and II but have different charge properties in polymerase III.
Effects of bleaching and nutrient supplementation on wet weight in the jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana (Bigelow) (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa)

Cassiopea xamachana were bleached by elevated temperature or held in complete darkness. Wet weight was measured over several weeks in bleached and unbleached individuals with or without addition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and/or particulate organic matter (POM) in a three-factor experiment. Wet weight decreased to a greater extent in temperature-bleached individuals compared to unbleached individuals. Bleaching by darkness produced differences that took longer to manifest themselves compared with temperature bleaching suggesting more than just loss of photosynthetic capability results from heat bleaching. No differences were found between jellyfish based on DOM and/or POM treatments. Heat stress combined with loss of zooxanthellae negatively effects C. xamachana over short time spans indicating the potential for this species to be impacted by natural bleaching events. Cassiopea xamachana could also be a useful model for further study of the effects of bleaching and the recovery.
The effects and characteristics of atmospheric dust during martian global dust storm 2001A

Abstract We present retrieved trends in dust optical depth, dust effective radius and surface temperature from our analysis of Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer daytime data from global dust storm 2001A, and describe their significance for the martian dust cycle. The dust optical depth becomes correlated with surface pressure during southern spring and summer in years both with and without a global dust storm, indicating that global dust mixing processes are important at those seasons. The correlation is low at other times of the year. We found that the observed decay of optical depths at the later stages of the dust storm match, to first-order, theoretical values of clearing from Stokes–Cunningham fallout of the dust. Zonally averaged effective radius is constant within standard deviation of results (between 1.2 and 2.0 μm, with a global mean for all seasons of 1.7 μm), at all latitudes and seasons except at southern latitudes of 35° and higher around equinoxes in both martian years, where it is larger than average (2–3 μm). The emergence and disappearance of these larger particles correlates with observations of polar cap edge storms at those latitudes. Northern latitude observations under similar conditions did not yield a similar trend of larger average effective radii during the equinoxes. We also report on a linear correlation between daytime surface temperature drop and rise in optical depth during the global dust storm. Global dust storm 2001A produced a significant optical depth and surface temperature change.
Impetigo Contagiosa III. Comparative Efficacy of Oral Erythromycin and Topical Mupirocin

Ninety-seven patients with impetigo were prospectively enrolled in a study to determine the comparative efficacy of systemic and topical antibiotic therapy. After obtaining a bacterial culture from a representative lesion, the children were randomized to receive seven days of either oral erythromycin or topical mupirocin administered three times daily. Staphylococcus aureus alone was isolated from 51% and in association with group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABS) from 29%; GABS alone was isolated from 4% of patients. Of 48 children who received erythromycin, 43 (90%) were clinically improved or cured, and 11 of 17 were bacteriologically cured. Of 49 children who received mupirocin, 47 (96%) were clinically improved or cured, and 10 of 14 were bacteriologically cured. At three-week follow-up, clinical cure rates and number of secondary household cases of impetigo were equivalent in both treatment groups. Mupirocin appears to be a well-tolerated, albeit expensive, alternative to erythromycin for the treatment of impetigo.
Immunoassay of leucovorin: Use of 125I-labeled Protein A to detect immunological binding

Abstract An immunoassay method was developed for the quantitative determination of leucovorin. Leucovorin immobilized by covalent linkage to a solid support bound anti-leucovorin antibody produced in rabbits. The amount of 125I-labeled Protein A bound specifically to IgG anti-leucovorin-coated beads served as a measure of antibody binding. The ability of increasing amounts of fluid-phase leucovorin to compete with solid-phase drug for specific antibody was reflected in a dose-dependent decrease in the amount of bound 125I-labeled Protein A. This competition was used to obtain a standard curve to measure levels of leucovorin in the sera of rabbits treated with the drug. The relative abilities of methotrexate, 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid, and other structurally related compounds to act as inhibitors demonstrated the serologic specificity of the leucovorin immune system.
Does momentary accessibility influence metacomprehension judgments? The influence of study-judgment lags on accessibility effects.

In two experiments, we investigated momentary accessibility as a basis for metacomprehension judgments. Momentary accessibility has been cited as a major contributor to these judgments, yet the only previous investigation on the topic used judgments that were delayed a day after study, which have not been used in any other studies in the field and may be necessary for demonstrating accessibility-based effects. As expected, Experiment 1 demonstrated that the time between study and judgments moderates accessibility effects, with the relationship between judgments and access measures being substantially greater for delayed than for immediate judgments. Experiment 2 ruled out a plausible artifactual interpretation for accessibility effects on delayed judgments. In the discussion, we explore why study—judgment lags moderate accessibility effects.
Teaching Ms. Kerbin: A Unique Approach to Student Teacher Reflections and Their Use With Preservice Candidates

Abstract This article examines a unique approach and a new tradition to encouraging student teacher reflection over time. The concept is based on a collection of vignettes titled Teaching Ms. Kerbin, which represent the collective reflections of a group of three student teachers. Seven major points of concern are addressed: (1) the first day, (2) working as a team with the cooperating teacher, (3) classroom behavior management, (4) sensitivity to the needs of children with difficult home circumstances, (5) observations by the university supervisor, (6) inclusion practices, and (7) breaking through with a difficult student. These vignettes were presented to a group of candidates just before their methods practicum and student-teaching experiences, and the candidates' comments regarding the usefulness of the vignettes were collected. The same candidates provided additional comments after completion of their student teaching, indicating that several vignettes helped to instill confidence and better prepare t...
Starter Nitrogen Fertilizer Management for Continuous No-Till Corn Production

High residue levels provide excellent erosion control but can result in cool, wet seedbeds creating a situation where starter fertilizer may be beneficial. Research was conducted from 1999 to 2001 evaluating N rates in starter containing N, P, K, and sometimes S; and different starter fertilizer placements for continuous no-till corn (Zea mays L.). Placements consisted of direct seed contact, dribble over-the-row, and a subsurface band (5 cm below and 5 cm to the side of the seed row). Nitrogen rates for direct seed and dribble placements were 11, 22, 45, and 56 kg N ha -1 ; and 34, 67, 101, and 134 kg N ha -1 for the subsurface placement. Nitrogen was balanced at 168 kg ha -1 on all treatments, including a no-starter check using broadcast ammonium nitrate at planting. Addition of S in starter was evaluated with subsurface placement. Starter fertilizer, regardless of placement, often increased early season dry matter production and significantly increased grain yields. Increasing N above 22 kg ha -1 in direct seed contact did not increase yields and significantly reduced stands 2 of 3 yr. Stands were unaffected with higher N rates in dribble over-the-row and subsurface placements; however, applying N above 11 and 34 kg ha -1 , respectively, resulted in little added yield benefit. Inclusion of 11 kg S ha -1 in a subsurface starter fertilizer sometimes increased early season dry matter production, grain yield, and nutrient uptake. Results suggest starter fertilizer is an effective, efficient way of stimulating early growth and improving yields of continuous no-till corn in Kansas.
Time‐Resolved Fluorescence and Transient Spectroscopy in Determining Photochemical and Photophysical Channels in Reacting Systems in Solutions and Microheterogeneous Media

Abstract— Characterization of short-lived intermediates in homogeneous and microheterogeneous systems has been carried out using time-resolved spectroscopic techniques. The data obtained from these techniques have been analyzed in a relatively unconventional manner to elucidate complex transient behavior for two reactive systems. The highly nonexponential fluorescence decay for a series of fraws-stilbene-derivatized amphiphiles that readily form bilayer systems in aqueous media has been analyzed using a distribution of lifetimes analysis (DLA). The utility of DLA for quantitative studies was first determined by simulation of artificial decay data. Despite some limitations in DLA, qualitative conclusions as to the nature of the fluorescing species may be drawn when supplementary information such as steady-state spectroscopic data are also considered. The results indicate that the observed fluorescence originates from different types of excited-state species that consist of two or more trans-stilbene units; one of the emissions is attributed to the excited state of a ground-state aggregate while the other is assigned to an excimer that may arise from a 'defect'in the bilayer. The nonexponential nature of the decays is attributed to distributions of environments experienced by the fluorescing species. Electron transfer (ET) reactions between several excited pinacols and carbon tetrachloride in solution have been found to yield products with quantum yields that are higher than unity in the presence of oxygen, suggesting a chain mechanism for product formation. In these systems both the donor and the acceptor undergo bond fragmentation following the initial ET step. The individual steps involved in the proposed mechanism for these systems have been investigated in part using different steady-state and time-resolved laser spectroscopic techniques. However, it was also necessary to utilize pulse radiolysis in order to confirm the involvement of certain radical intermediates that were not observable by the usual flash photolysis techniques.
A Micromechanical Approach to Determine Flow Stress of Work Materials Experiencing Complex Deformation Histories in Manufacturing Processes

Work materials experience a broad range of strains, strain rates, and temperatures in many manufacturing processes such as machining, forming, etc. Strain rate has an important effect on the yield and flow stress of work materials, especially metals, since at higher strain rates there is less time for thermally-activated events; consequently, it is equivalent to a lowering of the temperature of the materials. On the other hand, it is also true that, for high strain rate deformations such as metal cutting, adiabatic plastic flow may produce significant temperature changes in the materials. Flow stress is significantly affected by the strain rate history; hence, mechanical behavior may not be fully described in terms of a mechanical equation of state relating the instantaneous stress, strain, strain rate, and temperature. Based on the concept of dislocation mechanics, a micromechanical approach has been explored to determine flow stress at high strain rates by combining athermal stress (the long-range barriers to dislocation motion) and thermal stress (the short-range temperature and strain rate-dependent barriers to dislocation motion). The SHPB (split Hopkinson pressure bar) compression test data of Aluminum 6061-T6 and titanium Ti6Al-4V in literature over a temperature range of 77K–1000K was used for this purpose. Based on the baseline test data, the constitutive model describing the flow stress was developed. The constitutive model was further modified and extended to predict flow stress above the critical temperature. The corresponding model predictions were compared with the experimental data, attaining good agreement.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
A two-component equilibrium-diffusion limit

Abstract The equilibrium-diffusion limit of the radiative transfer equations is characterized by a medium that is optically thick and diffusive for photons of all frequencies. In reality, this condition is almost never met because the transport medium tends to be optically thin for photons of sufficiently high frequency. Motivated by this fact, we derive a new asymptotic limit of the radiative transfer equations that is characterized by two photon components: one for which the medium is optically thick and diffusive, and the other for which the medium is optically thin. In this limit, the leading-order material temperature satisfies a time-dependent diffusion equation, and the leading-order radiation intensity for the optically thick photons is given by the Planck function evaluated at the leading-order material temperature, but the radiation intensity for the optically thin photons is zero through first order. The O( ϵ 2 ) radiation intensity for the optically thin photons satisfies a quasi steady-state transport equation with zero interaction terms and a Planck emission term that depends upon the leading-order material temperature. We also discuss alternative scalings associated with the two-component limit that are characterized by a stronger coupling between the material and the optically thin component.
Molecular Layer Deposition of Zircone and ZrO2/Zircone Alloy Films: Growth and Properties

Hybrid organic/inorganic polymer films based on zirconium are grown using molecular layer deposition (MLD) techniques. The zirconium alkoxide films, known as “zircones”, are grown using sequential exposures of zirconium tert-butoxide (ZTB) and ethylene glycol (EG) as the reactants at temperatures from 105 to 195°C. In-situ quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and ex-situ X-ray reflectivity (XRR) experiments confirm linear growth versus the number of reaction cycles. The growth rates decrease versus temperature from 1.6 A per cycle at 105°C to 0.3 A per cycle at 195°C. The measured density is ∼2.17 g cm−3 for all the growth temperatures. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images reveal very uniform and conformal zircone films. ZrO2/zircone alloys are also fabricated by combining ZrO2 atomic layer deposition (ALD) and zircone MLD at 145°C. The composition of the ZrO2/zircone alloy is varied by adjusting the relative number of ZrO2 ALD and zircone MLD cycles in the reaction sequence. The ZrO2/zircone alloys display varying density, refractive index, elastic modulus, and hardness. The refractive index and elastic modulus change progressively from n = 1.63 and E= 27 ± 0.6 GPa for pure zircone MLD films, to n = 1.86 and E= 97 ± 5 GPa for pure ZrO2 ALD films, respectively. In capacitor structures, the zircone films display low leakage currents and a dielectric constant of ∼6.7. The zircone films are also utilized as the dielectric layer in pentacene-based thin film transistors (TFTs), which display a high field effect mobility of 2.11 cm2 V−1 s−1 operating at −3 V with an on/off current ratio of ∼103. The zircone and ZrO2/zircone alloy films provide a new class of hybrid organic/inorganic polymer films for many functional film applications.