cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A prostate-specific antigen doubling time of <6 months is prognostic for metastasis and prostate cancer-specific death for patients receiving salvage radiation therapy post radical prostatectomy.

Background: The ideal prostate-specific antigen (PSA) doubling time (PSADT) threshold for identifying patients at high-risk for poor clinical outcome following salvage radiation therapy (SRT) has not been well established. We sought to assess what PSADT threshold is most clinically prognostic in this setting. Methods: 575 patients who received SRT at a single institution for biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy were retrospectively reviewed. We assessed the impact of pre-SRT PSADT on biochemical failure (BF), distant metastasis (DM), prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM), and overall mortality (OM). Kaplan-Meier methods, hazard ratio (HR) assessment, and Cox Proportional Hazard models were used to assess the discriminatory ability of various PSADT thresholds. Results: Sufficient data to calculate PSADTs were available for 277 patients. PSADT was prognostic for BF, DM, PCSM, and OM on univariate analysis regardless of threshold. HR assessment identified 6 months as a strong threshold. No statistically significant difference was observed in BF, DM, PCSM, or OM between patients with PSADT 10 months (n=114). However significant differences were seen in BF (HR:2.2, [95%CI: 1.4-3.5], p<0.01) and DM (HR:2.2, [95%CI: 1.2-4.3], p=0.02) between a PSADT of 3– 6a nd 6–10 months. On multivariate analysis a PSADT <6 months predicted BF (HR:2.0, [95%CI: 1.4-2.9], p=0.0001), DM (HR:2.0, [95%CI: 1.2-3.4], p=0.01), and PCSM (HR:2.6, [95%CI: 1.1-5.9], p=0.02). Conclusions: A pre-SRT PSADT <6 months was a strong predictor of outcomes in our data set, including PCSM. The most common nomogram for SRT uses a 10-month PSADT threshold for assigning points used to assess BF following SRT. If validated, our findings suggest that a PSADT threshold of <6 months should be considered for stratification of patients in future clinical trials in this setting.
The Auditory Anatomy of the Minke Whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata): A Potential Fatty Sound Reception Pathway in a Baleen Whale

Cetaceans possess highly derived auditory systems adapted for underwater hearing. Odontoceti (toothed whales) are thought to receive sound through specialized fat bodies that contact the tympanoperiotic complex, the bones housing the middle and inner ears. However, sound reception pathways remain unknown in Mysticeti (baleen whales), which have very different cranial anatomies compared to odontocetes. Here, we report a potential fatty sound reception pathway in the minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), a mysticete of the balaenopterid family. The cephalic anatomy of seven minke whales was investigated using computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, verified through dissections. Findings include a large, well-formed fat body lateral, dorsal, and posterior to the mandibular ramus and lateral to the tympanoperiotic complex. This fat body inserts into the tympanoperiotic complex at the lateral aperture between the tympanic and periotic bones and is in contact with the ossicles. There is also a second, smaller body of fat found within the tympanic bone, which contacts the ossicles as well. This is the first analysis of these fatty tissues' association with the auditory structures in a mysticete, providing anatomical evidence that fatty sound reception pathways may not be a unique feature of odontocete cetaceans. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Student evaluations of instructor immediacy and sexually harassing behaviors: An experimental investigation

Abstract Instructor immediacy and some instances of academic sexual harassment involve similar behaviors, yet have quite different consequences. This report describes two studies that investigate how college students evaluate descriptions of instructor immediacy behaviors and descriptions of sexually harassing behaviors. Data from both studies indicate that, first, harassment descriptions are considered much less appropriate than immediacy descriptions. Second, females tend to make more extreme judgments than do males. Finally, the number of harassment descriptions influences ratings of the behaviors themselves and of the instructor who enacts them. The data suggest that the interpretation of potentially harassing behaviors in some cases is a dynamic, interactive, relational process. The data also suggest that the behavior with the greatest potential for misinterpretation is teacher‐student touch.
Why projects fail? How contingency theory can provide new insights – A comparative analysis of NASA’s Mars Climate Orbiter loss

Abstract When important projects fail, the investigation is often focused on the engineering and technical reasons for the failure. That was the case in NASA’s Mars Climate Orbiter (MCO) that was lost in space after completing its nine-month journey to Mars. Yet, in many cases the root cause of the failure is not technical, but managerial. Often the problem is rooted in management’s failure to select the right approach to the specific project. The objective of this paper is to enrich our understanding of project failure due to managerial reasons by utilizing different contingency theory frameworks for a retrospective look at unsuccessful projects and perhaps more important, potential prevention of future failures. The evolving field of project management contingency theory provides an opportunity at this time to re-examine the concept of fit between project characteristics and project management, and offer deeper insights on why projects fail. After outlining several existing contingency studies, we use three distinct frameworks for analyzing the MCO project. These frameworks include Henderson and Clark’s categorization of change and innovation, Shenhar and Dvir’s NTCP diamond framework, and Pich, Loch, and De Meyer’s strategies for managing uncertainty. While each framework provides a different perspective, collectively, they demonstrate that in the MCO program, the choices made by managers, or more accurately, the constraints imposed on them under the policy of ‘better, faster, cheaper’, led the program to its inevitable failure. This paper shows that project management contingency theory can indeed provide new insights for a deeper understanding of project failure. Furthermore, it suggests implications for a richer upfront analysis of a project’s unique characteristics of uncertainty and risk, as well as additional directions of research. Such research may help establish new and different conceptions on project success and failure beyond the traditional success factors, and subsequently develop more refined contingency frameworks. The results of such research may enable future project managers to rely less on heuristics and possibly lead to a new application of “project management design.”
Restoring assemblages of salt marsh halophytes in the presence of a rapidly colonizing dominant species

Establishing species-rich plant communities is a common goal of habitat restoration efforts, but not all species within a target assemblage have the same capacity for recruitment and survival in created habitats. We investigated the development of a tidal salt marsh plant community in the presence of a rapidly colonizing dominant species, Salicornia virginica, in a newly created habitat in Mugu Lagoon, California, USA. We planted rooted cuttings of S. virginica, Distichlis spicata, Jaumea carnosa, and Frankenia salina in single- and mixed-species stands, where each species was planted alone or in combination with S. virginica in 4 m 2 plots. We measured species percent cover, recruit density, canopy structure, and aboveground biomass after three growing seasons. When planted alone, S. virginica achieved the greatest cover, up to 70%, followed by J. carnosa (55%), F. salina (35%), and D. spicata (12%). Total percent cover was about 30% lower than in a reference site. For each species, average percent cover and aboveground biomass per plant were generally similar between single-species and mixed planting treatments, suggesting that on the time scale of this study, competition between species was weak. Canopy structure (height, number of layers) and total aboveground biomass of all species were largely unaffected by planting treatments, although S. virginica was shorter when planted with J. carnosa. Salicornia virginica recruits constituted approximately 98% of the cover of seedling recruits into the created site. Despite intense S. virginica recruitment, our intervention in the successional process by planting species with poorer colonization abilities, particularly J. carnosa and F. salina, prevented S. virginica from completely dominating the canopy, thus increasing vascular plant richness in the created site. Artificially increased richness may enhance some ecosystem functions and create a seed source to facilitate the persistence of a diverse plant assemblage in restored sites.
Compounds containing weak, non-covalent interactions to the metal in the backbone of 1,1′-bis(phosphino)metallocene ligands

The reactions of Na[BArF] (BArF = tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate) with a series of [Pd(dpEMc)Cl 2 ] (dpEMc = 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ruthenocene (dppr), 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)osmocene (dppo) or 1,1′-bis(diphenylarsino)ferrocene (dpaf)) compounds were examined. The reaction of Na[BArF] with [Pd(dppMc)Cl 2 ] (dppMc = dppr or dppo) resulted in the formation of the corresponding chloride-bridged dimers, [Pd(dppMc)(μ-Cl)] 2 2+ , which were structurally characterized. However, these dimers appear to be unstable in CH 2 Cl 2 and partially (Ru) or fully (Os) convert into the corresponding monomers, [Pd(dppMc)Cl] + , which are proposed to have a weak, non-covalent M–Pd (M = Ru or Os) interaction. Similar compounds, [Pd(dppo)PPh 3 ] 2+ and [Pt(dppMc)PPh 3 ] 2+ (M = Fe (1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (dppf)) or Os (dppo)), were also prepared and structurally characterized. These compound also exhibit weak, non-covalent M–Pd/Pt interactions. In addition, the electrochemical properties of these compounds were examined by cyclic voltammetry.
Concepts in Surgery of the Anus, Rectum, and Pilonidal Region

This chapter provides the fundamental anatomic and physiologic concepts that underlie surgery in the anorectal region. It also describes some of the common pathologic entities and describes alternatives in management.
Revisiting the oxidation peak in the cathodic scan of the cyclic voltammogram of alcohol oxidation on noble metal electrodes

This work reports straightforward, intuitive, and convincing evidence to elucidate the origin of the oxidation peak in the cathodic scan of the cyclic voltammogram of alcohol oxidation on noble metal electrodes. Consequently, three new indicators are also proposed for assessing the electrocatalytic performance of electrodes.
The role of plans in automated consultation

Consultation is a method widely used in computer centers for helping people to use unfamiliar computer systems or languages. Unfortunately, consultants are scarce, expensive, and often unavailable when needed. This paper describes the implementation of an automated consultant for MACSYMA, called the Advisor. The Advisor's implementation is based on the assumption that the MACSYMA novice behaves in accordance with a standard heuristic problem solving algorithm, called MUSER. This assumption is supported by a body of data on the problem solving behavior of MACSYMA users. In solving his problem, the user implicitly generates a goal-subgoal graph, called a "plan". The plan is a direct proof that the commands used actually achieve the goal (in terms of the user's beliefs), and the problem solving algorithm constitutes a grammar for such plans. The key to the consultation process is the analysis of the user's plan. First, the plan is reconstructed by a combined process of dialogue and automatic plan recognition, and then the underlying beliefs are checked for errors. Because of the MUSER model, the Advisor is able to diagnose not only standard errors but also more general misconceptions.
FURTHER REFLECTIONS ON "THE ELITIST THEORY OF DEMOCRACY"

An interest in the roles, functions, contributions, and dangers of leadership in popular regimes is not, of course, new among observers of political life. This has, in fact, been an ancient and enduring interest of political theorists. It is possible, however, to distinguish—at least in a rough way—two different streams of thought: one consisting of writers sympathetic to popular rule, the other consisting of anti-democratic writers.It has always been obvious to practical and theoretical observers alike that even where leaders are chosen by the people, they might convert a democracy into an oligarchy or a despotism. From ancient times, as everyone knows, anti-democratic writers have contended that popular governments were unlikely to provide leaders with wisdom and virtue, and insisted on the natural affinity between the people and the despot. These ancient challenges by anti-democratic writers were, I think, made more formidable in the course of the last hundred years by critics—sometimes ex-democrats turned authoritarian when their Utopian hopes encountered the ugly realities of political life—who, like Pareto, Michels, and Mosca, contended that popular rule is not only undesirable but also, as they tried to show, impossible. The failure of popular regimes to emerge, or, if they did emerge to survive, in Russia, Italy, Germany, and Spain could not be met merely by frequent assertions of democratic rhetoric.Fortunately, alongside this stream of anti-democratic thought and experience there has always been the other. Aware both of their critics and of the real life problems of popular rule, writers sympathetic to democracy have emphasized the need for wisdom, virtue, and self-restraint not only among the general body of citizens but among leaders as well.
Factors Involved in Risk Perception

The ability to avoid the hazards that abound in the environment is affected by our capabilities for recognizing the hazards. The estimates of risk associated with different hazards will presumably affect the effort used to avoid them. The experiment was designed to examine perception of risk to oneself versus others, and explore the extent to which commonalities among different hazards may produce similar risk estimates. Data from 136 females and 98 males suggested that only younger males perceived themselves as less at risk than other sorts of individuals, but not less than other young males. Factor analysis techniques suggested a grouping based on perceived level of risk. The results were interpreted to indicate both situational and individual components are involved in risk estimates, and that this has implications for development of training techniques and warnings.
Host species and size as factors in parasitism by Muscidifurax spp. and Spalangia spp. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in the field

Parasite host preference was assessed in a caged-layer poultry house during two seasons in southern California. Fiberglass mesh bags containing equal numbers of Musca domestica L. pupae and Fannia canicularis (L.) pupae or large and small M. domestica pupae were buried in manure in natural fly pupation sites. Equal numbers of parasites emerged from the M. domestica and from the F. canicularis hosts. Parasites did not discriminate significantly against small M. domestica hosts when they were paired with large M. domestica hosts. Sex ratios of emerged Muscidifurax spp. and Spalangia spp. were significantly more female-biased from M. domestica hosts than from F. canicularis hosts during 1985. Sex ratio of emerged Muscidifurax spp. was significantly more female-biased from large M. domestica than from small M. domestica, while Spalangia spp. did not significantly alter progeny sex ratio in response to host size.
Analysis of the Epidemic Situation and the Measures for Prevention and Control of Malaria in Xiangfan in 2006

Objective To study the epidemic situation of malaria in 2006 in Xiangfan,and provide scientific basis for the preventive and control measures.Method The morbidity of malaria in each county in 2006 was statistically analyzed.The pestilence status and the Three Intervals distribution of the epidemic tendency were compared.Result 1210 cases of malaria were reported in 2006 in Xiangfan.The morbidity was 2.22193/ten thousands,which was increased 28.87% compared with 935 cases in 2005,and was 69.02% of the total cases(1753 cases) in Hubei province.The top three epidemic areas amount the 81 epidemic areas with the highest morbidity were Zaoyang,Xiangyang and Laohekou.Conclusion Xiangfan is the major malaria epidemic area in Hubei province in the past few years.Although the prevalence is dropped after the implemented the control measures,the epidemic situation is not stable in this city and should the major area of controlling malaria in Hubei city.
Online Detection of Partial Discharge for a 550 kV Tank Breaker

The partial discharge signal indicates fault inside a circuit breaker.The ultrasonic measurement and the ultra-high frequency measurement were used to detect the PD signal in a online-breaker.It is found that the ultrasonic measurement can locate fault position,and the ultra-high frequency measurement can detect low energy PD signal of initial fault with a perfect anti-interference capability.
A micropower dsp for sensor applications

Ultra-low power systems, such as wireless microsensor networks or implanted medical devices, are driving the development of processors capable of performing increasingly complicated computations using mere microwatts of power. This thesis describes the design of a micropower DSP intended for medium bandwidth microsensor applications (such as acoustic sensing and tracking) which achieves 4 MIPS performance at 40 μW (10 pJ per instruction) operating at 450 mV and fabricated in 90 nm CMOS. Energy efficiency optimizations include a custom CPU instruction set, a miniature instruction cache with a novel replacement strategy, hardware accelerator cores for FIR filter and FFT operations, and extensive power gating of both logic and memory. The tradeoffs of cache size, line length, and replacement policy for very small (a few hundred words or less) caches are explored, as are the design implications of optimizing the cache for minimum energy without regard to performance (since on-chip memory access is already single-cycle). A replacement policy designed to reduce thrashing in miniature instruction caches is presented. Efficient control of power-gated circuits requires consideration of the minimum off time, or break-even time. An energy model for determining the break-even time is developed, which correlates with measurements of the power-gated domains on the DSP. The energy savings obtained from hardware accelerators for FIR filtering and FFT operations are measured, and a model is developed to predict the actual net power reduction in a real system, including factors such as sampling rate, leakage power, latency requirements, and power gating overhead. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Crossing or Enforcing the Border: Purity, Hybridity, and the Concept of Race

The preceding chapters have been concerned with boundaries between races — with the fact that ‘separating groups by whatever means cre- ates insiders and outsiders, us and them’, as David Mayall puts it.1 The study has also detailed the many kinds of border crossings in engage- ment with other peoples and cultures, and the effects of those crossings on sense of self and nation. This final chapter will focus on notions of racial purity and hybridity, and on how our present-day conceptions of identity formation open up new challenges — challenges not only to earlier ideas about race but also to our striving for community in a diverse, global environment. On these issues, as on so many others, D. H. Lawrence conducted ‘thought-adventures’ that stimulate similar forays on the part of his readers.
Consequences of the Convergence of Multiple Alternate Pathways on the Estrogen Receptor in the Treatment of Metastatic Breast Cancer

Endocrine therapy is the usual first-line therapy for patients with hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer. However, resistance to hormone therapies frequently occurs during the course of treatment. Growing understanding of the signal cascade of estrogen receptors and the signaling pathways that interact with estrogen receptors has revealed the complex role of these receptors in cell growth and proliferation, and on the mechanism in development of resistance. These insights have led to the development of targeted therapies that may prove to be effective options for the treatment of breast cancer and may overcome hormone therapy resistance. This article reviews current understanding of the cellular receptor signaling pathways that interact with estrogen receptors. It also reviews data from recent ongoing clinical trials that examine the effects of targeted therapies, which might interfere with estrogen receptor pathways and might reduce or reverse resistance to traditional, sequential, single-agent endocrine therapy.
In the Steps of Gratian: Writing the History of Canon Law in the 1990s

The modern Western legal tradition owes a great debt to the medieval canon law of the Church, several new authoritative titles have shown. James Brundage’s Medieval Canon Law provides an efficient outline of the development of Western canon law from its apostolic beginnings till the sixteenth century. He deals particularly with the monumental influence of the 12th century shadowy figure named Gratian, the supposed compiler of the anchor text of canon law called the Decretum. John Noonan’s Canons and Canonists in Context rejects the common idea that Gratian was a monk or a bishop, and he questions whether Gratian authored the Decretum, particularly its influential texts on marriage. He shows that Paucapalea, a disciple of Gratian, may well have written a portion of the Decretum, too. Noonan also challenges the legend that Rolandus, Gratian’s famous commentator, was the same Rolandus that became Pope Alexander II. Jean Gaudemet’s Eglise et cite explores the contested relationships between medieval religious and political authorities, and their respective canon and civil law systems. This book is particularly effective in showing how medieval jurists resolved complex jurisdictional conflicts and issues of conflict of laws. R.H. Helmolz’s, The Spirit of Canon Law analyzes closely how the medieval canonists – on their own or in collaboration with the civil lawyers – resolved intricate and enduring questions of public, private, penal, and procedural law that are still relevant today. This Article offers an appreciative review of these four volumes, setting them in the context of the emerging historiography of the law of the High Middle Ages.
Pokémon Go: Impact on Yelp Restaurant Reviews

Pokemon Go, the popular Augmented Reality based mobile application, launched in July of 2016. The game's meteoric rise in usage since that time has had an impact on not just the mobile gaming industry, but also the physical activity of players, where they travel, where they spend their money, and possibly how they interact with other social media applications. In this paper, we studied the impact of Pokemon Go on Yelp reviews. For restaurants near PokeStops, we found a slight drop in the number of online reviews.
Perioperative hematoma with subcutaneous ICD implantation: Impact of anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapies.

BACKGROUND The safety of perioperative anticoagulation (AC) and antiplatelet (AP) therapy with subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (S-ICD) implantation is unknown. The purpose of this study was to identify the risk factors associated with hematoma complicating S-ICD implantation. METHODS Records were retrospectively reviewed from 200 consecutive patients undergoing S-ICD implantation at two academic medical centers. A hematoma was defined as a device site blood accumulation requiring surgical evacuation, extended hospital stay, or transfusion. RESULTS Among 200 patients undergoing S-ICD implantation (age 49 ± 17 years, 67% men), 10 patients (5%) had a hematoma, which required evacuation in six patients (3%). Warfarin was bridged or uninterrupted in 12 and 13 patients, respectively (6% and 6.5%). Four of 12 patients with warfarin and bridging AC (33%) and two of 13 patients with uninterrupted warfarin (15%) developed a hematoma. Neither of the two patients with uninterrupted DOAC had a hematoma. No patients on interrupted AC without bridging (n = 26, 13 with warfarin, 13 with DOAC) developed a hematoma. A hematoma was also more likely with the use of clopidogrel (n = 4/10 vs 10/190, 40% vs 5.3%, P < 0.0001) in combination with aspirin in 12/14 patients. Any bridging AC (odds ratio [OR] 10.3, 1.8-60.8, P = 0.01), clopidogrel (OR 10.0, 1.7-57.7, P = 0.01), and uninterrupted warfarin without bridging (OR 11.1, 1.7-74.3, P = 0.013) were independently associated with hematoma formation. CONCLUSION AC and/or AP therapy with clopidogrel appears to increase the risk for hematoma following S-ICD implantation. Interruption of AC without bridging should be considered when it is an acceptable risk to hold AC.
CLOUD SPACING EFFECTS UPON ENTRAINMENT AND RAINFALL ALONG A CONVECTIVE LINE

AbstractCumulus clouds modify their immediate surroundings by detraining their warm, humid updrafts. When clouds are closely spaced, this conditioning of the local environment may alter the propert...
Twenty-five Years of "Crowning" Around: Synthesis of Crown Ethers at Brigham Young University

A review of the synthesis of crown ethers at Brigham Young University ispresented. Topics include: thiacrown ethers, diestercrown ethers,proton-ionizable crown ethers, chiral crown ethers, azacrown ethers,cryptands and other polycyclic ligands, and the Mannich reaction method toprepare azacrown ethers and cryptands.
System Level Design: Past, Present, and Future

With complexities of multiprocessor platforms (MPPs) rising almost daily, the design community has been searching for a new methodology that can handle given complexities with increased productivity and decreased time-to-market. The obvious solution that comes to mind is increasing levels of abstraction, or in other words, increasing the size of the basic building blocks. However, it is not clear what these basic blocks should be and how to create a multiprocessor system out of these basic blocks. To make things more difficult, the difference between software and hardware is becoming indistinguishable which, in turn, requires sizable change in the industrial and academic infrastructure. In order to find a solution for the system level design flow, we must look at the system gap between SW and HW and then try to bridge this gap by developing a design flow that is based on common principles applicable to software and hardware which, in turn, allows us to define any system and its models with clean unambiguous semantics. Such clean semantics allows automatic model generation, simplifies synthesis algorithms and verification techniques, and leads to the ultimate goal of increasing system-design productivity by several orders of magnitude while reducing expertise level needed for system design to the basic principles of design science only.
Soft-Tissue Aberration Correction for Histotripsy

Acoustic aberrations caused by natural heterogeneities of biological soft tissue are a substantial problem for histotripsy, a therapeutic ultrasound technique that uses acoustic cavitation to mechanically fractionate and destroy unwanted target tissue without damaging surrounding tissue. These aberrations, primarily caused by sound speed variations, result in severe defocusing of histotripsy pulses, thereby decreasing treatment efficacy. The gold standard for aberration correction (AC) is to place a hydrophone at the desired focal location to directly measure phase aberrations, which is a method that is infeasible in vivo . We hypothesized that the acoustic cavitation emission (ACE) shockwaves from the initial expansion of inertially cavitating microbubbles generated by histotripsy can be used as a point source for AC. In this study, a 500-kHz, 112-element histotripsy phased array capable of transmitting and receiving ultrasound on all channels was used to acquire ACE shockwaves. These shockwaves were first characterized optically and acoustically. It was found that the shockwave pressure increases significantly as the source changes from a single bubble to a dense cavitation cloud. The first arrival of the shockwave received by the histotripsy array was from the outer-most cavitation bubbles located closest to the histotripsy array. Hydrophone and ACE AC methods were then tested on ex vivo porcine abdominal tissue samples. Without AC, the focal pressure is reduced by 49.7% through the abdominal tissue. The hydrophone AC approach recovered 55.5% of the lost pressure. Using the ACE AC method, over 20% of the lost pressure was recovered, and the array power required to induce cavitation was reduced by approximately 31.5% compared to without AC. These results supported our hypothesis that the ACE shockwaves coupled with a histotripsy array with transmit and receive capability can be used for AC for histotripsy through soft tissue.
The Community College Experience and Educational Equality: Theory, Research, and Policy

Community colleges serve as the point of entry to higher education for many Americans, but enrollees exhibit high rates of non-completion. A central debate in the sociological research on community colleges concerns whether these institutions enhance opportunity by improving educational access or constrain opportunity by hindering students from achieving their educational aspirations. This chapter lays out the history of community colleges, describes relevant sociological theories, and reviews key developments in research, emphasizing research on the potentially democratizing and diversionary effects of community colleges. Finally, we discuss how sociology can inform the evolving policy discussion over the role community colleges play in education and social mobility.
Carrying the Message: Apostles, Missionaries, Translators, and Baggage Carriers

A picture of a growing organization has been painted in the previous chapters—new members and resources were added every year, the AO’s Instrumentarium expanded, and an entire industrial base was built in collaboration with entrepreneurs. The energy and efforts that went into this expansion rested with the people that made up the AO community. Therefore, it is necessary to show both the means by which they carried the message elsewhere, as well as provide some additional background about the various talents that were responsible for much of this effort.
Prescription-, Illicit-, and Self-Harm Opioid Overdose Cases Treated in Hospital.

Objective:Research suggests unintentional overdose on prescription drugs and intentional self-harm cases differ fundamentally from unintentional illicit drug overdoses, but there are few data on op...
Perspective on the ontological ramifications of the 2nd law of thermodynamics

Mass and energy are conserved quantities and are associated with the 1st law of thermodynamics, while entropy and exergy are non-conserved quantities and are associated with the 2nd law. The physical universe as we know it consists of matter and energy, including dark matter and dark energy. As conserved quantities, mass and energy fit into the description of physical entities, but entropy and exergy do not since entropy can be created and exergy can be destroyed. Thus, unlike mass and energy, the properties entropy and exergy are not physical entities although they are closely related to the physical entities mass and energy. Therefore, the 2nd law deals with quantities that are of a different kind of existence - a universe in which things come into existence out of nothing and go out of existence into nothing - and points to a form of existence that is beyond the physical universe we are familiar with. Extensions are made to other non-material entities such as physical laws, force, free will and life, and parallels are drawn with the glitter of light reflected off diamond. This paper is intended to stimulate discussion on non-conserved quantities like entropy and exergy with philosophical ramifications on existence.
Bridging assessment and achievement: Repeated practice of self-assessment in college english classes in Taiwan

Grounded on the notion of observational learning in social cognitive learning theory, this study evaluated the effectiveness of repeated self-assessment on English-as-a-foreign-language learners’ o...
An Oxygen-Centered Tetranuclear Titanium Compound Ti4O(S2)4Cl6.

Depending on the conditions, the reaction of titanium, sulfur, and sulfur monochloride yields either the title compound (IV) or (V).
Tumor Detection Using Millimeter-Wave Technology: Differentiating Between Benign Lesions and Cancer Tissues

There has recently been considerable interest in detecting and managing different types of cancer by using nonionizing electromagnetic waves. These methods rely on the inherent contrast between the electrical properties of malignant and normal tissues. It has been shown that cancer changes the water content as well as the biochemistry (e.g., metal concentration) of tissues [1]-[3], so it changes dielectric properties. In this regard, microwaves have been used to image breast cancer and lung cancer in the frequency range of 300 MHz-10 GHz [4]-[6]. Compared to microwaves, millimeter waves (mm-waves) (30-300 GHz) have shorter wavelengths and penetrate from 700 um to 1.3mm into the body [7], making them highly effective for sensing pathological changes in the tissue layers of excised organs or different skin layers from which most skin tumors originate [8], [9]. As the frequency increases further (>300 GHz), electromagnetic waves barely penetrate the tissues' surface [10], [11] and therefore have a limited ability to detect early-stage tumors that reside in deeper tissue layers.
Induction Type and Outcomes in HLA-DR Mismatch Kidney Transplantation

Abstract Background In kidney transplantation, donor recipient human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR mismatch signals high immunologic risk and portends inferior outcomes. We compared the impacts of depleting vs non-depleting antibody induction on the outcomes in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) at different levels of HLA-DR mismatches. Methods Using the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network/United Network for Organ Sharing database, we identified adult KTRs from 2001 to 2015 who received induction therapy with either depleting (thymoglobulin/alemtuzumab) or non-depleting (basiliximab/daclizumab) antibody and were discharged on calcineurin inhibitor/mycophenolic acid maintenance. Patients were then stratified by the number of donor-recipient HLA-DR mismatches (0, 1, 2) in both living donor (LD) and deceased donor (DD) KTRs. Under each HLA-DR mismatch category, long-term outcomes were compared for depleting vs non-depleting induction using a Cox model. Results A total of 63,821 LD (HLA-DR mismatches: 0, n = 6945 [depleting = 4409, non-depleting = 2536]; 1, n = 19,557 [depleting = 13,558, non-depleting = 6019]; and 2, n = 10,727 [depleting = 7694, non-depleting = 3033]) and 64,922 DD (HLA-DR mismatches: 0, n = 13,915 [depleting = 10,124, non-depleting = 3791]; 1, n = 27,994 [depleting = 20,454, non-depleting = 7540]; and 2, n = 23,013 [depleting = 16,908, non-depleting = 6105]) KTRs were included in the analysis. Adjusted patient death risk was significantly lower in the depleting vs non-depleting antibody induction group among DD kidney recipients (hazard ratio 0.90, 95% CI 0.85–0.96, P = .001) and trended lower among LD kidney recipients (HR 0.88, 95% 0.79–1.01, P = .05) with 2 HLA-DR mismatches. Discussion Our study found a patient survival benefit associated with the use of perioperative induction with depleting when compared to non-depleting antibody in KTRs with 2 HLA-DR mismatches and maintained on a calcineurin inhibitor/mycophenolic acid regimen.
The role of identification in soliciting social support in online communities

Abstract Narrative sharing is a common strategy for soliciting social support in online communities. Identification is a form of audience involvement and describes how individuals respond to mediated texts. In two online surveys, this study tested the effects of identification in the context of support-seeking. In Study 1 (N = 268), participants read a first-person support soliciting narrative that described emotional distress caused by an interpersonal conflict. Results showed that identification with the support seeker increased social support intention and behavior. In Study 2 (N = 131), identification was manipulated by randomly assigning participants to read a narrative from the perspective of either the support seeker or the opposing character. When the narrative was told from the perspective of the opposing character, identification with the support seeker decreased significantly, and the opposing character was blamed less for causing the conflict. Implications for narrative persuasion in the context of support solicitation are discussed.
Sleep Health in Women of Childbearing Age

The concept of sleep health (adequate sleep duration and continuity, regular timing, satisfaction with sleep, and ability to maintain wakefulness during the day) is consistent with a definition of health as more than the absence of disease. Yet past research on women's sleep focused primarily on biological influences (e.g., hormonal fluctuations) or specific sleep disorders. We reviewed the literature on sleep health in women of childbearing age from the perspectives of health promotion and the social ecological model and identified needs for future research and intervention. At least 40% of women of childbearing age report inadequate sleep, and sleep is associated with short- and long-term health and performance outcomes. Numerous sociodemographic, psychosocial, role, familial, and community factors contribute to sleep, but few studies have addressed the contributions of these factors to sleep health in women of childbearing age, aside from those who are pregnant. Understanding these factors may assist in identifying women at particular risk for sleep difficulty; some may be modifiable, and other may signal the need for sleep interventions tailored to specific circumstances. Low-income women and those in ethnic and racial minority groups are at particular risk for disparities in sleep health. There is a need for research that addresses these factors and the development of interventions at the individual, family, and community levels to promote sleep health. Screening and intervention to promote health sleep and decrease sleep difficulty should be a standard of care in clinical, community, and workplace settings frequented by women.
Identification of populations likely to benefit from pharmacogenomic testing.

OBJECTIVES Pharmacogenomic testing (PGX) implementation is rapidly expanding, including pre-emptive testing funded by health systems. PGX continues to develop an evidence base that it saves money and improves clinical outcomes. Identifying the potential impact of pre-emptive testing in specific populations may aid in the development of a business case. METHODS We utilized a software tool that can evaluate patient drug lists and identified groups of patients most likely to benefit from implementation of a PGX testing program in a major medical system population. RESULTS Medication lists were obtained for sixteen patient groups with a total of 82 613 patients. The percent of patients in each group with testing 'Recommended', 'Strongly recommended', or 'Required' ranged from 12.7% in the outpatient pediatric psychiatry group to 75.7% in the any adult inpatient age >50 years group. Some of the highest yield drugs identified were citalopram, simvastatin, escitalopram, metoprolol, clopidogrel, tramadol, and ondansetron. CONCLUSION We demonstrate a significant number of patients in each group may have benefit, but targeting certain ones for pre-emptive testing may result in the initial highest yield for a health system.
“Stereotypically myself”: Familial constraints, gender performance, and college LGBTQIA+ identity

While the United States LGBTQIA+ community has encountered increased support within academic spheres in the last decade, many members continue to face alienation and discrimination within their families. This project explores the effects of familial constraints on the performance of gender and sexuality in LGBTQIA+ youth through mixed-media, specifically interviews that informed found poems and photography portraits. Participants were college-aged members of the LGBTQIA+ community chosen through convenience sampling. Interview questions focused on familial constraints and the performance of identity, the transcripts from which were used to create poems. We took six photos of each model, portraying familial constraints, liberating elements, and artifacts significant to their respective identities. Through these processes, we found that familial constraints such as cultural beliefs and religious doctrine often limit the formation and expression of identity in LGBTAIA+ youth. While each person’s experiences are uniquely their own, there exist many commonalities between the experiences of LGBTQIA+ youth regarding family.
Symptoms of problematic feeding in infants under 1 year of age undergoing frenotomy: A review article.

Aim The aims of this systematic review were to first identify and summarise original research that compared symptoms of problematic feeding in infants with tongue tie before and after frenotomy and then evaluate the quality of measures used to assess problematic feeding. Methods CINAHL and PubMed were searched for ((tongue-tie) or (ankyloglossia)) and ((feeding) or (breastfeeding) or (bottle-feeding)) and ((frenotomy) or (frenectomy) or (frenulectomy) or (frenulotomy)). Original research reporting on feeding before and after frenotomy in infants under 1 year old was included. Results Maternal nipple pain, breastfeeding self-efficacy and LATCH scores improved after frenotomy. Few data are available on the effect of frenotomy on infant feeding. The measures used to assess infant feeding were not comprehensive and did not possess strong psychometric properties. Conclusion Literature suggests that maternal nipple pain, self-efficacy and LATCH scores improve in breastfeeding mother-infant dyads after frenotomy. However, current literature does not provide adequate data regarding the effect of frenotomy on the infant's ability to feed or which infants benefit from the procedure. Future research should utilise comprehensive, psychometrically sound measures to assess infants for tongue tie and to evaluate infant feeding to provide stronger evidence for the effect of frenotomy on feeding in infants with tongue tie.
The Personal is Professional: Margaret Maltby’s Life in Physics

Researching the biography of Margaret Maltby is a methodological exercise in recovering a lost voice. To piece together Maltby’s life requires piecing together fragments and interrogating the silences of the archive. The record of Maltby’s life reveals her active and ongoing work to manage her personal and professional lives. Even years after her death, the formation and maintenance of the archival silences reveal that the same balance achieved in her lifetime is uneasily continued in her historical legacy.
Pharmacy students’ perception of learning and engagement in a flipped-classroom of a physiology course

This interventional study implemented flipped classroom pedagogy to enhance pharmacy students’ academic performance in a physiology course. Ninety-six Pharm. D students enrolled at a private-sector...
Killing the Microphone: When Broadcast Freedom Should Yield to Genocide Prevention

When powerful radio broadcasts exhort listeners to kill their neighbors, may outside nations or international organizations legally interrupt the signals to prevent genocide? International law has no legal framework for assessing and responding to such broadcasts. This Article attempts to create one. The Article draws on empirical research in the field of communication to identify conditions in which media messages become so powerful that they can mobilize audience members. Using this research, it constructs a framework for determining when speech constitutes incitement to genocide such that it loses any protection under international law and perhaps even triggers an affirmative duty on the part of other states to intervene. The proposed framework is unique. Unlike current definitions of incitement to genocide, it is not concerned with convicting the criminal, but aims entirely at preventing the crime. It is also unique in bringing this interdisciplinary approach to this compelling goal.
Impact of once-daily ER-Tac on trough concentration variability in a stable AYA renal transplant recipient cohort.

Background Successful renal transplantation requires complex medication regimens that rely on strict adherence to be effective. Variability in immunosuppression exposure, specifically tacrolimus, is associated with poor allograft outcomes. Wide intra-patient variability of tacrolimus trough concentrations (Vtac) is likely, in part, attributable to regimen complexity and poor medication adherence. Once-daily tacrolimus formulations create opportunity to simplify therapeutic regimens, and this study aims to evaluate their impact on Vtac and ultimately transplant outcomes. Methods This retrospective cohort study investigated stable (AYA) renal transplant recipients converted from (IR-Tac) to (ER-Tac). Subjects served as their own controls. Vtac was assessed by measuring the (SD) of serial tacrolimus trough concentrations prior to and at four time points post-conversion to ER-Tac over 24-month follow-up. Secondary outcome measures included graft function, infection rates, and effect on modifiable treatment-related factors. Results Twenty-eight AYA subjects were converted from IR-Tac to ER-Tac. Vtac significantly improved following conversion and was sustained for 24 months (Vtac0 2.32 vs. Vtac24 1.11, p .017). Renal function remained stable, and (BPAR) rates were modest (14%). Mean pill burden was reduced by 15%, and 42.9% of subjects achieved a once-daily medication regimen. Conclusions Conversion from IR-Tac to ER-Tac in this AYA population significantly improved Vtac with sustained effect over 2 years. This effect is likely attributable in part to simplification of the medication regimen and presumably improved medication adherence. Such conversion does not appear to compromise graft function for at least 2 years post-conversion.