cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Land Values, Land Use, and the First Chicago Zoning Ordinance

This article examines whether the pattern of urban land use should have been regulated by local government in the 1920s, the decade in which many cities adopted their first zoning ordinances. The study is based on the assumption that land values are influenced by the mix of land use on the block. Conditions for land-value maximization are derived, and the circumstances under which land-use zoning can increase land values are discussed. Empirical land-value and land-use functions are estimated for Chicago in 1921, two years before the first Chicago zoning ordinance was adopted. The empirical results for land values imply that the land-use zoning system adopted in 1923 could not have brought about a general increase in land values. The empirical results for land use document the regularities in the use of land prior to the introduction of zoning.
Pure rotational absorption of NOa2 in thee 50–200 micron region

Abstract The pure rotational infrared absorption spectrum of nitrogen dioxide gas has been investigated with a small grating spectrometer in the spectral range 50–200 μ (200–50 cm −1 ). Nine lines have been found which occur at the positions expected for a prolate symmetrical top with large centrifugal distortion. The observed frequencies of these lines are in excellent agreement with the frequencies calculated from the microwave value of 7.573 cm −1 for the rotational constant A — ( B + C ) 2 , provided the centrifugal distortion constant D k is taken as −2.24 × 10 −3 cm −1 . The resolution achieved by the spectrometer was not sufficient to separate the fine structure of the lines due to electron spin, but an upper limit of 1 cm −1 has been set for the spacing of the spin components.
Neural expression of the transcription factor THAP1 during development in rat

Abstract Loss of function mutations in THAP1 has been associated with primary generalized and focal dystonia in children and adults. THAP1 encodes a transcription factor (THAP1) that harbors an atypical zinc finger domain and plays a critical role in G 1 -S cell cycle control. Current thinking suggests that dystonia may be a neurodevelopmental circuit disorder. Hence, THAP1 may participate in the development of the nervous system. Herein, we report the neurodevelopmental expression patterns of Thap1 transcript and THAP1 protein from the early postnatal period through adulthood in the rat brain, spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia (DRG). We detected Thap1 transcript and THAP1-immunoreactivity (IR) in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, striatum, substantia nigra, thalamus, spinal cord and DRG. Thap1 transcript expression was higher in the brain than in spinal cord and DRG at P1 and P7 and declined to similar levels at P14 and later time points in all regions except the cerebellum, where it remained high through adulthood. In the brain, THAP1 expression was highest in early development, particularly in the cerebellum at P7. In addition to Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, THAP1-IR was also localized to pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex, relay neurons in the thalamus, medium spiny and cholinergic neurons in the striatum, dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, and pyramidal and interneurons in the hippocampus. In the cerebellar cortex, THAP1-IR was prominently distributed in the perikarya and proximal dendrites of Purkinje cells at early time-points. In contrast, it was more diffusely distributed throughout the dendritic arbor of adult Purkinje cells producing a moderate diffuse staining pattern in the molecular layer. At all time points, nuclear IR was weaker than cytoplasmic IR. The prominent cytoplasmic and developmentally regulated expression of THAP1 suggests that THAP1 may function as part of a cell surface-nucleus signaling cascade involved in terminal neural differentiation.
Human chorionic gonadotropin as a target for cancer vaccines

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is expressed by common cancers and may play a role in cell transformation as well as angiogenic, metastatic, and immune escape phenomena that are central to cancer progression. Clinical trials with a vaccine targeting the carboxy-terminal peptide of -hCG have indicated that tolerance to this oncofetal antigen can be broken. Humoral responses that may modulate the biologic activity of tumor-associated hCG as well as cellular responses to hCG have been generated. Studies are in progress to further define the biologic significance of hCG in cancer and to develop a vaccine approach that will best target this expression.
Location and labor: critical crossroads in global film and television

I approached the editorial prompt as an opportunity to work through some of the concerns driving my current research on creative labor in emergent or ‘peripheral’ media hubs, centers of production activity outside established media capitals that are nevertheless increasingly integrated into a global production apparatus. It builds from my research on the role that film, television and digital media production have played in the economic and cultural strategies of Glasgow, Scotland, and extends the focus on media work to other locations, including Prague and Budapest. I am particularly drawn to the spatial dynamics at play in these locations and how local producers, writers, directors and crew negotiate a sense of place and creative identity against the flows and counter-flows of capital and culture. This means not only asking questions about the growing ensemble of people, places, firms and policies that make international productions possible, but also studying the more quotidian relationships between me...
Should we fear “flu fear” itself? Effects of H1N1 influenza fear on ED use

Abstract Background Surges in patient volumes compromise emergency departments' (EDs') ability to deliver care, as shown by the recent H1N1 influenza (flu) epidemic. Media reports are important in informing the public about health threats, but the effects of media-induced anxiety on ED volumes are unclear. Objective The aim of this study is to examine the effect of widespread public concern about flu on ED use. Methods We reviewed ED data from an integrated health system operating 18 hospital EDs. We compared ED visits during three 1-week periods: ( a ) a period of heightened public concern regarding flu before the disease was present ("Fear Week"), ( b ) a subsequent period of active disease ("Flu Week"), and ( c ) a week before widespread concern ("Control Week"). Fear Week was identified from an analysis of statewide Google electronic searches for "swine flu" and from media announcements about flu. Flu Week was identified from statewide epidemiological data. Results Data were reviewed from 22 608 visits during the study periods. Fear Week (n = 7712) and Flu Week (n = 7687) were compared to Control Week (n = 7209). Fear Week showed a 7.0% increase in visits (95% confidence interval, 6-8). Pediatric visits increased by 19.7%, whereas adult visits increased by 1%. Flu Week showed an increase over Control Week of 6.6% (95% confidence interval, 6-7). Pediatric visits increased by 10.6%, whereas adult visits increased by 4.8%. Conclusion At a time of heightened public concern regarding flu but little disease prevalence, EDs experienced substantial increases in patient volumes. These increases were significant and comparable to the increases experienced during the subsequent epidemic of actual disease.
Amino acids and peptides in the oviduct of the laying hen.

SummaryThe oviduct of the laying hen? either fresh or after incubation in a minced state, is rich in free amino acids, but the bound; dialyzable amino acids extracted by picric acid are largely limited to glutathione or similarly glycine-rich structures.
Polyurethane interpenetrating polymer networks. V. Engineering properties of polyurethane–poly(methyl methacrylate) IPN's

The engineering properties of polyurethane–poly(methyl methacrylate) simultaneous interpenetrating networks (SIN's) were evaluated. The hardness behavior reflected the observed phase inversion in the electron-microscopic studies. The maximum ultimate tensile strength was observed at 85% polyurethane–15% poly(methyl methacrylate) IPN and was due to the filler-reinforcing effect of the rigid poly(methyl methacrylate) phase. The ultimate tensile strenght of the 75/25 polyurethane–poly(methyl methacrylate) IPN was higher than that of the corresponding pseudo-IPN's (only one network crosslinked) and the linear blend. The leathery and glassy compositions did not show any reinforcement in the ultimate tensile strength. This indicated that the reinforcement in the ultimate tensile strength was not directly related to interpenetration (by increased physical entanglement crosslinks), but indirectly related by reducing the rigid phase domain sizes and increasing the adhesion between the two phases, thus enhancing the filler-reinforcing effect similar to that observed in a carbon black-filled rubber. The tear strengths of the polyurethane-rich IPN's pseudo-IPN's, and linear blends were found to be higher than that of the pure polyurethane as a combined result of increased modulus and tensile strength. The weight retentions in the thermal decomposition of the IPN's, pseudo-IPN's, and linear blends were higher than the proportional average of the component networks. The results seemed to indicate that this enhancement was related to the presence of the unzipped methyl methacrylate monomer. It was suggested that the monomers acted as radical scavengers in the polyurethane degradation, thus delaying the further reaction of the polyurethane radicals into volatile amines, isocyanates, alcohols, olefins, and carbon dioxide.
Affordances of form in stanzaic narrative poetry

This article develops the notion that poetry is crucially distinguished from other forms of verbal art by its foregrounding of segmentivity, the spacing of language. If a measure is regarded as the smallest unit of resistance to meaning, measure determines where gaps open up in a poetic text. Poetry is, however, not only measured, but typically countermeasured and narrative in poetry can also be countermeasured against the segmentation that is specific to narrative. The present article investigates segmentivity in one particular type of narrative poem, namely poems in discontinuous stanzaic forms. The concept of affordances (referring to different potentials for use) is applied to the stanzaic form in Edmund Spenser’s “The faerie queene” (1590; 1596) and to the “ottava rima” stanza, as exemplified by Kenneth Koch’s postmodernist narrative poem, “Seasons on earth” (1960; 1977; 1987).
Electron impact cross sections for v=0 to 1 vibrational excitation in CO at electron energies of 3 to 100 eV

The paper discusses the measurements of normalized, absolute differential cross-sections for electron-impact vibrational transition in CO. Integral and momentum-transfer cross-sections were obtained from these differential results; incident electron energies were in the 3 to 100 eV range, and the scattering angles were 10 to 135 deg. A comparison of these results with measurements made with pure vibrationally elastic cross-sections in N2, and with the data based on a two-potential theory for electron scattering from diatomic molecules showed that the present CO cross-sections are similar to those in N2. This indicates that the long-range effect of the small CO dipole moment is negligible in promoting vibrational excitation; moreover, a significant peak in the integral and momentum-transfer cross-sections is observed at 20 eV. Finally, the low-energy integral cross-sections are compared with a recent set of swarm data for vibrational excitation.
Dose enhancement by a thin foil of high-Z material: a Monte Carlo study.

The purpose of this work is to study the dose enhancement by a thin foil (thickness of 0.2–4 mm) of high-Z material in a water phantom, irradiated by high-energy photonbeams. EGS4 Monte Carlo technique was used. Perturbations on the beamspectra due to the presence of the foils, and dose enhancement dependence of photon-beam quality, beam incident angle, atomic number (Z), the thickness and size of the foil, and the depth of the foil situated in the phantom were studied. Analysis of photon and secondary-electron spectra indicates that the dose enhancement near an inhomogeneity interface is primarily due to secondary electrons. A calculation for 1-mm-thick planar lead foil in a water phantom shows that the dose enhancements at 0.25, 1, 2 and 3 mm away from the foil in the backward region were 58%, 37%, 24% and 17%, respectively, for a 15 MV beam. Calculations for a variety of planar foils and photonbeams show that dose enhancement: (a) increases with Z; (b) decreases with decreasing foil thickness when the foils are thinner than a certain value (1 mm for lead foil for 15 MV); (c) decreases with decreasing incident photon-beam energies; (d) changes slightly for beam incident angles less than 45° and more prominently for larger angles; (e) increases with size of foil; and (f) is almost independent of the depth at which the foil is situated when the foil is placed beyond the range of secondary electrons. The dose enhancement calculation is also performed for a cylindrically shaped lead foil irradiated by a four-field-box. The dose enhancement of 34%/13% was obtained at 0.25/2 mm away from the cylindrical outer interface for a 15 MV four-field-box.
Associationist rhetoric and Scottish prose style

(1967). Associationist rhetoric and Scottish prose style. Speech Monographs: Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 21-34.
Wannier orbitals and bonding properties of interstitial and antisite defects in GaN

Intrinsic interstitial and antisite defects in GaN have been studied using density functional theory (DFT), and their configurations, electronic structures, and bonding properties have been characterized using the Wannier function. All N interstitial configurations eventually transform into N–N split interstitials, between which two π orbitals exist. The relaxation of a Ga antisite defect also leads to the formation of a N–N split configuration; however, its local Wannier orbitals are remarkably different from the N–N split interstitial. The different local Wannier orbitals around Ga interstitial configurations demonstrate that Ga interstitials are critical defects in GaN. The most striking feature is that Ga–Ga⟨112¯0⟩ split interstitials can bridge the gap between nonbonded Ga atoms, thereby leading to a chain of four metallic-like-bonded Ga atoms along the ⟨112¯0⟩ direction in GaN, which may exhibit quantum properties.
Augmented Lagrangian method for probabilistic optimization

We analyze nonlinear stochastic optimization problems with probabilistic constraints described by continuously differentiable non-convex functions. We describe the tangent and the normal cone to the level sets of the underlying probability function and provide new insight into their structure. Furthermore, we formulate fist order and second order conditions of optimality for these problems based on the notion of p-efficient points. We develop an augmented Lagrangian method for the case of discrete distribution functions. The method is based on progressive inner approximation of the level set of the probability function by generation of p-efficient points. Numerical experience is provided.
Parametric Studies of Constriction Resistance Effects Upon Solid Oxide Cell Transport Phenomena

The competition between mass transfer and electronic resistance effects arising from solid oxide cell interconnect geometry has been initially explored through parametric studies based on a design of experiments (DOE) approach. These studies have demonstrated the advantages of smaller interconnect-fuel stream total width and the increased dominance of mass transport as a limiting factor at low fuel stream hydrogen compositions. In addition to the direct effects of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) interconnect geometry on mass and electronic transport phenomena, the compounded effects of fuel stream concentration and cell current loading are considered. Finally, the parametric studies conducted for SOFC operation have been applied to the operation of solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). These additional studies have demonstrated that interconnect designs that benefit SOFC performance are mutually beneficial for SOEC performance.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
In vivo binding of 125I-LSD to serotonin 5-HT2 receptors in mouse brain

The binding of /sup 125/I-LSD (2-(/sup 125/I)-lysergic acid diethylamide) was studied in various mouse brain regions following intravenous injection of the radioligand. The high specific activity of /sup 125/I-LSD enabled the injection of low mass doses (14ng/kg), which are well below the threshold for induction of any known physiological effect of the probe. The highest levels of /sup 125/I-LSD binding were found in the frontal cortex, olfactory tubercles, extra-frontal cortex and striatum while the lowest level was found in the cerebellum. Binding was saturable in the frontal cortex but increased linearly in the cerebellum with increasing doses of /sup 125/I-LSD. Serotonergic compounds potently inhibited /sup 125/I-LSD binding in cortical regions, olfactory tubercles, and hypothalamus but had no effect in the cerebellum. Dopaminergic compounds caused partial inhibition of binding in the striatum while adrenergic compounds were inactive. From these studies the authors conclude that /sup 125/I-LSD labels serotonin 5-HT/sub 2/ receptor sites in cortical regions with no indication that other receptor sites are labeled. In the olfactory tubercles and hypothalamus, /sup 125/I-LSD labeling occurs predominantly or entirely at serotonic 5-HT/sub 2/ sites. In the striatum, /sup 125/I-LSD labels approximately equal proportions of serotonergic and dopaminergic sites. These data indicate that /supmore » 125/I-LSD labels serotonin receptors in vivo and suggests that appropriate derivatives of 2I-LSD may prove useful for tomographic imaging of serotonin 5-HT/sub 2/ receptors in the mammalian cortex.« less
A method for inferring paleohabitats from the functional morphology of bovid astragali

Abstract The functional morphology of postcranial remains can be used to infer habitat preference. This approach is typically considered an “ecomorphological” method, and has frequently been applied to bovid postcranial remains. Methods for predicting habitat preference from bovid postcrania currently exist for femora, metapodials, and astragali. Here we describe three methods for predicting paleohabitats using measurements of African bovid phalanges (proximal, intermediate, and distal). The proximal phalanx method correctly predicted the habitat preference for 130 of 183 modern bovid specimens (71.0%, 2.8 times better than chance, p
Application of Tubes Filled With Granules for Crashworthy Design of Automobiles

An innovative means for improving crashworthiness is to use tubes filled with a granular material to absorb energy during the process of a crash. In this paper, we will study how to use granular materials in the tubes found in the front posts of automobiles for improved safety. The focus will be on a specific design of tubes filled with a granular material. Note that granular particles can create enormous friction through their interactions; therefore a tube filled with a granular material can absorb much more crash energy than an empty tube. The application of granular materials to a crashworthiness design is very challenging but highly effective. In this paper, we will develop an analytic model based on the effective thickness theory of a tube filled with granules.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Sex ratio, pupal parasitism, and predation in two declining populations of the bagworm, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Haworth) (Lepidoptera: Psychidae)

. 1. Two populations of bagworms were censused in Ohio for 6 and 5 years respectively, to determine the influence of major pupal mortality factors. Bagworm densities declined from 2.3 bags per 30 cm of terminal branch to zero. 2. No single key mortality factor was identified in population trends. Parasitic Hymenoptera were common but variable in effect. Avian predation may have been important in reducing one population, while the other was exterminated after a drastic change in sex ratio to favour males.
Managing EMS pilots: between a rock and a hard place.

Challenges What are some of the challenges facing management today? The answer to this question can be different for each flight program. However, one trait most air medical programs have in common is that they are managed by those with medical rather than aviation backgrounds) By learning more about the aviation side of program management, managers can benefit their programs in respect to safety, improved relations between pilot and management, and overall efficiency of the program. This is one challenge all managers face. Another aspect of programs is that most of them have elected to contract for their aviation needs with program operatorsf Usually, an operator will provide equipment, maintenance, and pilots. These diverse arrangements can become confusing for someone without aviation expertise.
Fascia lata sling cystourethropexy for the management of female urinary incontinence

Pubovaginal sling cystourethropexy has rapidly become one of the primary surgical treatment options for women with urinary incontinence. The procedure has evolved over time with regard to clinical indications, patient selection criteria and surgical techniques. This article reviews the historical development of pubovaginal sling cystourethropexy, including recent technical advances. The selection of graft materials is considered and the utility of fascia lata emphasized. Clinical results and potential complications of the procedure are also reviewed.
Dipole moments and anisotropies for electron capture collisions between H+, He+2 and Na(3s,3p)

Abstract Using the classical-trajectory Monte Carlo method (CTMC), we have investigated state-selective electron capture by charged ions colliding with ground-state Na(3s) and aligned Na(3p) in the collision energy range 1–15 keV/amu. Emission cross sections and state-selective anisotropy effects are benchmarked with experimental results. The z-component of the dipole moment is calculated, and the coherence of the collision product is discussed in relation to the pre-collision electronic state.
Central dopaminergic neurons: Effects of alterations in impulse flow on the accumulation of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

Stimulation of the nigro-neostriatal or mesolimbic dopamine pathway results in a stimulus dependent increase in the accumulation of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the neostriatum and olfactory tubercles, respectively. A block of impulse flow induced pharamacologically by administration of gamma-butyrolactone or by placement of a lesion in the dopamine pathway results in a decrease in the steady state levels of DOPAC. Drugs which have previously been shown to alter impulse flow in central dopaminergic neurons also produce a predictable change in the brain levels of DOPAC. Drugs which increase impulse flow in nigro-neostriatal or mesolimbic dopamine neurons increase DOPAC levels in the striatum and olfactory tubercles and drugs which reduce impulse flow cause a reduction in DOPAC. Pargyline, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, causes a rapid depletion of striatal DOPAC suggesting that this metabolite is rapidly cleared from the brain. Administration of benztropine, a potent inhibitor of dopamine reuptake, causes a significant decrease in striatal DOPAC and partially prevents the stimulus-induced increase in the accumulation of DOPAC. These observations together with the finding that about 85% of the DOPAC in the striatum disappears when the dopamine neurons in the nigro-neostriatal pathway are destroyed suggests that the majority of striatal DOPAC is formed within the dopaminergic neurons and may reflect the metabolism of dopamine which has been released and recaptured. We conclude that short-term changes in brain levels of DOPAC appear to provide a useful index of alterations in the functional activity of central dopaminergic neurons.
Displacement transfer at thrust terminations: the Saltville thrust and Sinking Creek anticline, Virginia, U.S.A.

Abstract The Saltville thrust terminates in the core of the Sinking Creek anticline. Changes in the amplitude of the anticline may preserve profile shortening as the thrust displacement decreases towards the fault termination. Consequently, thrust displacement would be transferred into the fold. We combine newly published maps and new strain and mesostructural data from the Tuscarora Sandstone to argue that the Sinking Creek anticline did perform this kinematic role. We propose that the anticline developed as a fault-propagation fold that experienced both decollement and anticlinal breakthrough by the Saltville thrust. Thrust displacement was accommodated by the development of the modified fault-propagation fold and by transfer to a roof flat from the decollement breakthrough. New strain and mesostructural data indicate no fixed pin lines in either the hinge or backlimb throughout folding. Consequently, layer slip occurred through the hinge during folding and the forelimb deformed internally during breakthrough. Towards the plungeout of the Sinking Creek anticline, the displacement on the Saltville thrust is transferred to a floor thrust. We apply this interpretation to the termination of the St. Clair thrust, which has a similar surface geometry where the thrust terminates into an anticline. A testable implication of this proposed interpretation for the St. Clair thrust is that the Appalachian Plateau must absorb over 20 km of thrust displacement as horizontal shortening.
Synchronizing dynamic multileaf collimators for producing two-dimensional intensity-modulated fields with minimum beam delivery time.

Abstract Purpose: Leaf motion synchronization of dynamic multileaf collimators (DMLC) for intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) is important in improving dose distribution and reducing “tongue-and-groove” effects for a prescribed intensity profile. Leaf synchronization could also be used in transforming a one-dimensional leaf-setting algorithm into a two-dimensional leaf-setting algorithm. In this work, we aim to develop a generalized leaf synchronization method for delivering IMRT with the minimized beam delivery time and the optimized subfield variations for a leaf-setting sequence. Methods and Materials: With the leaf synchronization procedure, all active MLC leaf pairs start and finish off a leaf sequence simultaneously. In this work, the MLC leaf pairs were synchronized under the condition that the resulting leaf sequence produces the desired intensity profile with the minimum beam delivery time. The parameter of the leaf synchronization function was determined through the least-square minimization of the area variations of all subfields within a leaf sequence. The leaf synchronization and optimization procedure were applied and analyzed for clinical relevant intensity profiles for treating the head-and-neck cancer patients using IMRT. Results: The total monitor units and the optimized beam delivery time of generating a two-dimensional intensity profile was proven through this work to be the global minimum of all leaf-setting sequences including the unsynchronized leaf-setting sequences. The optimized parameter for subfield variations of the synchronized leaf trajectories was found to be dependent on individual intensity profiles. For all our studied cases, the unsynchronized leaf trajectories always have significantly larger subfield variations than the synchronized leaf trajectories. Conclusion: It is important and also feasible to synchronize and optimize dynamic MLC leaf motions while still keeping the total beam delivery time minimum for delivering arbitrary two-dimensional intensity-modulated fields.
Reduction of dental caries in rats by intermittent feeding with sucrose substitutes.

Abstract Osborne-Mendel rats which were fed diet 2000 and infected with plaque-forming caries-active organisms were given intermittent feedings of diets in which various carbohydrates or fasting periods replaced feedings of the sucrose diet. The sucrose-substitute diets were fed by different regimens in each of three experiments as follows: (1) intermittently, half the time throughout the entire experimental period; (2) continuously the first week of the experiment only, during the period of inoculation with the caries-active organisms; and (3) intermittently so as to provide approximately half the dietary intake, beginning after the week of inoculation with the caries-active organisms when the sucrose diet was fed continuously. All groups of animals fed a sucrose-substitute diet under one of these regimens developed significantly less caries on the smooth surfaces than those on the sucrose diet continuously, but showed a relatively minor decrease in the sulci.
Standardization of the Bayley Motor Scale of Infant Development in Yucatan, Mexico

SUMMARY In this study, 288 infants in Yucatan, Mexico, were tested with the Bayley Motor Scale, and their results were compared with those for the us normative Bayley sample. Despite significant differences in test performance between infants in the first year of life from Yucatan and the us normative sample, the Bayley Scale was found to be a reliable and valid measure in this cross-cultural investigation. RESUME Dans cette etude 288 nourrissons du Yucatan, au Mexique, ont ete testes avec la Bayley Motor Scale et les resultats ont ete comparees avec l'echantillon de l'echelle pour la population normale des USA. En depit de differences significatives dans les performances au test pour les nourrissons de moins de un an entre Yucatan et USA, la Bayley Scale s'est revelee une mesure fidele et valide dans cette recherche portant sur des cultures differentes. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG In Yucatan, Mexico wurden 288 Sauglinge anhand der Bayley Motor Scale getestet und die Ergebnisse wurden mit den Bayley Normalwerten fur die USA verglichen. Trotz signifikanter Unterschiede bei der Ausfuhrung der Testaufgaben zwischem den Sauglingen aus Yucatan und amerikanischen Kontrollkindern, erwies sich die Bayley Scale als eine zuverlassige und brauchbare Untersuchungsmethode an zwei kulturell unterschiedlichen Kollektiven. RESUMEN En este estudio, 288 ninos de Yucatan, Mexico, fueron examinados con la escala motora de Bayley, y los resultados fueron comparados con las muestras utilizadas en us con la normativa Bayley. A pesar de diferencias significativas en la realization del test entre ninos dentro del primer ano de vida en el Yucatan en comparacion con la muestra normativa us, se hallo que la escala Bayley era una medida valida y fiable en este tipo de investigateon intercultural.
Temperature effects on developmental parameters of the mimosa webworm (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae).

Development time, head capsule diameter, pupal weight, and mortality were measured for the mimosa webworm, Homadaula anisocentra Meyrick, under five constant-temperature regimes. The data were subjected to traditional linear regression techniques as well as to computer-assisted modeling procedures. Minimum development thresholds for the immature life stages fell within a range of 8.5–13.0°C. Approximately 70, 280, and 135 degree-days above a 12.3°C threshold were required to complete egg, larval, and pupal development, respectively.
DEALING WITH OBESITY AS A CHRONIC DISEASE

There are major efforts underway to educate the primary care physician about the health risks of obesity. Obesity is a chronic disease that requires chronic management. We must establish models that allow primary care physicians to participate in the chronic management of obesity, while recognizing that the interest and ability of primary care physicians to participate in obesity management will vary. Three general models of obesity management are proposed for the primary care physician, ranging from minimal evaluation to complete evaluation and treatment. In order for the models to be implemented, we must consider establishing a category of obesity specialists who can develop comprehensive treatment programs to which patients with obesity can be referred, and who can provide leadership and guidance for primary care physicians who are involved in obesity management. The North American Association for the Study of Obesity (NAASO) could help establish obesity specialists and provide a structure to allow them to provide leadership for obesity treatment.
From rays to structures: Representation and selection of void structures in zeolites using stochastic methods

Abstract Voids within crystalline microporous solids are represented here using stochastic distributions of rays placed and oriented randomly within the accessible void space, represented using Voronoi decompositions. This algorithm is provided in the Zeo++ software for open use. In this method, ray lengths are depicted as two-dimensional histograms that complement alternate descriptors, such as free and included sphere diameters. We illustrate the specific use of these methods as a tool to narrow the range of zeolites useful for a given catalytic application because of the shape and size of voids. DAC, AFS, AFY, SFO and EON zeolites contain void spaces similar, as suggested by Euclidean distance values between histograms, to those within MOR 8-MR side pockets, which stabilize the transition states that mediate dimethyl ether carbonylation to methyl acetate; these alternate structures offer different connecting void environments, which can enhance or restrict molecular access and influence the effectiveness of the 8-MR protons. NES, EON and USI zeolites exhibit histogram features similar to those of 12-MR MOR channels, where protons selectively catalyze alkylation of biphenyl and naphthalene to 4,4′-diisopropylbiphenyl and 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene, respectively, with propene. SBT, FAU and SBS contain voids similar in topology to the 12-MR channels of LTL zeolites, within which Pt clusters remain active and stable during the dehydrocyclization of light alkanes, but without the one-dimensional nature of LTL channels. The approach and implementation of these methods are applicable to any microporous or mesoporous solids and to adsorption processes driven by van der Waals contacts between hosts and guest molecules.
Insights into protein - DNA interactions, stability and allosteric communications: a computational study of mutSα-DNA recognition complexes.

Abstract DNA mismatch repair proteins (MMR) maintain genetic stability by recognizing and repairing mismatched bases and insertion/deletion loops mistakenly incorporated during DNA replication, and initiate cellular response to certain types of DNA damage. Loss of MMR in mammalian cells has been linked to resistance to certain DNA damaging chemotherapeutic agents, as well as to increase risk of cancer. Mismatch repair pathway is considered to involve the concerted action of at least 20 proteins. The most abundant MMR mismatch-binding factor in eukaryotes, MutSα, recognizes and initiates the repair of base-base mismatches and small insertion/deletion. We performed molecular dynamics simulations on mismatched and damaged MutSα-DNA complexes. A comprehensive DNA binding site analysis of relevant conformations shows that MutSα proteins recognize the mismatched and platinum crosslinked DNA substrates in significantly different modes. Distinctive conformational changes associated with MutSα binding to mismatche...
Information technology, strategic decision making approaches and organizational performance in different industrial settings

The present study considers potential performance effects associated with the communication enhancing capacity of information technology. Enhancement of an organization's communication capabilities may influence performance through improved strategic decision making, better coordination of strategic actions and by facilitating learning from strategic initiatives. Accordingly, the paper investigates the effects of internal communication through use of computer networks, Intranet, and external communication via the Internet in association with autonomous and participatory strategic decision making approaches and strategic planning. These relationships are tested in two different industrial settings characterized by low and high levels of dynamism and complexity to assess possible environmental contingencies. In less dynamic and complex industries, the results show a positive association between Intranet use and innovation, while Internet use has a positive association to profitability and to innovation in organizations adhering to a participatory decision approach. In more dynamic and complex industries, Intranet use combined with an autonomous decision approach is associated with high profitability and sales growth, while Internet use combined with participatory decision making is associated with higher innovation. Hence, the study finds evidence that innovation relates to use of the Internet and participation across industries, and that economic efficiency relates to use of Intranet and autonomy in dynamic and complex industries.
The role of mycophenolate mofetil in clinical renal transplantation.

Mycophenolate mofetil (MM) is the ester derivative of mycophenolic acid (MPA), which exerts immunosuppressive activity by inhibiting de novo purine biosynthesis. Following animal models and pilot studies in human renal allograft recipients that confirmed MM's ability to prevent and halt rejection episodes, 3 large multicenter studies of 500 patients each were conducted in North America, Europe, and Australia to compare MM with azathioprine or placebo, all drugs being used in conjunction with prednisone and cyclosporine. The results demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in episodes of allograft rejection in the MM groups with a concomitant reduction in the use of antirejection therapy, especially antilymphocyte antibody therapy. Adverse-event profiles were similar for all groups, although there were slightly more gastrointestinal and tissue-invasive cytomegalovirus (CMV) episodes in the MM groups. It is concluded that MM, which recently received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in the United States, should be an important addition to the transplant physician's immunosuppressive armamentarium.
On the relation between energy conserving low-order models and Hamiltonian systems

Abstract In this paper we examine the relation between the energy conserving finite dimensional or low-order models obtained by the application of the Galerkin projection methods to infinite dimensional model, and the class of finite dimensional non-canonical Hamiltonian systems with quadratic Hamiltonian functions and structure matrix whose elements are linear function of the state. We also examine the conditions for the conservation of the phase volume.
Libertarianism and business regulation

L'A. defend la these d'un libertarisme modifie par l'utilitarisme, de sorte qu'un libertarisme modere permette au gouvenement de mieux reguler l'activite commerciale (business). L'A. montre qu'un libertarisme strict, revendiquant l'independance gouvernementale, doit faire appel au droit fondamental a la propriete et a des theories du contrat social qui ne peuvent pas surmonter les objections classiques de Hume
Lucas' theorem for prime powers

Lucas' theorem on binomial coefficients states that ( A B ) ≡ ( a r b r ) ⋯ ( a 1 b 1 ) ( a 0 b 0 ) (mod p) where p is a prime and A = arpr + ⋯ + a0p + a0, B = brpr + ⋯ + b1p + b0 + are the p-adic expansions of A and B. If s ⩾ 2, it is shown that a similar formula holds modulo ps where the product involves a slightly modified binomial coefficient evaluated on blocks of s digits.w
The intense low-momentum kaon beam at the argonne ZGS

Abstract The design and operation of the separated 500 MeV/ c kaon beam are discussed. The solid-angle momentum acceptance is 90 msr % ΔP / P for a 3″ long production target. Active beam elements are four quadrupole magnets, and two bending magnets. The beam incorporates a tapered-gap dc separator for mass separation, but utilizes no explicit momentum collimation. Nominal beam length is 400″. Using a 2.0″ long platinum production target, we have measured a 430 MeV/ c beam flux of 730 K − per 10 11 12.33 GeV/ c incident protons for a beam length of 440″. In this case, the separated impurity (e − + π − + μ − )/K − is found to be 310. Under normal conditions, we expect 500 MeV/ c fluxes of 1950 K − or 13 500 K + for 10 11 12.33 GeV/ c incident protons.
Influence of gap states on the nonresonant second hyperpolarizabilities of conjugated organic polymers

The presence of conjugation and substitution defects introduces gap states in finite polyenes that are shown to influence the size and sign of the second molecular hyperpolarizability (SMH). Using a one-electron tight-binding model, the dependence of SMH on the defect-state occupancy and energy in finite polyenes is calculated. Defects can cause a significant decrease or enhancement of SMH by impeding charge delocalization or by creating partly filled bands (mimicking the one-band limit), respectively. Concomitant sign changes in SMH are predicted. Calculation results suggest strategies for designing molecules that can be either photochemically or electrochemically switched between states with considerably different SMHs.
On the design of algorithms for VLSI systolic arrays

This paper is concerned with the mapping of cyclic loop algorithms into special-purpose VLSI arrays. The mapping procedure is based on the mathematical transformations of index sets and data dependence vectors. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of valid transformations are given for algorithms with constant data dependences. Two examples of different algorithms are given to illustrate the proposed mapping procedure; first is the LU decomposition of a matrix which leads to constant data dependence vectors, and secondly is the dynamic programming which leads to dependences which are functions on the index set and are more difficult to be mapped into VLSI arrays.
Removal of Natural Organic Matter (NOM) from Drinking Water Supplies by Ozone-Biofiltration

Removal of natural organic matter (NOM) in biofilters can be affected by many factors including NOM characteristics, use of pre-ozonation, water temperature, and biofilter backwashing. Laboratory experiments were performed and a biofilter simulation model was developed for the purpose of evaluating the effects of each of these factors on NOM removal in biofilters. Four sources of NOM were used in this study to represent a broad spectrum of NOM types that may be encountered in water treatment. In batch experiments with raw NOM, the removal of organic carbon by biodegradation was inversely proportional to the UV absorbance (254 nm)-to-TOC ratio and directly proportional to the percentage of low molecular weight material (as determined by ultrafiltration). The extent and rate of total organic carbon (TOC) removal typically increased as ozone dose increased, but the effects were highly dependent on NOM characteristics. NOM with a higher percentage of high molecular weight material experienced the greatest enhancement in biodegradability by ozonation. The performance of laboratory-scale continuous-flow biofilters was not significantly affected by periodic backwashing, because backwashing was unable to remove large amounts of biomass from the filter media. Model simulations confirmed our experimental results and the model was used to further evaluate the effects of temperature and backwashing on biofilter performance.
The Alaska Permanent Fund and Dividend Distribution Program

The Alaska Permanent Fund and its associated dividend distribution program are a unique experiment in the intergenerational transfer of wealth and in the redistribution of public funds back to the ...
Some conclusions on a top-down functional specifications definition experiment

Functional Specifications are considered the foundation to the software development process. Fewer problems in software development are caused by design and implementation phase, and more by the specifications definition phase.This paper reports the results of an experiment undertaken by a small group of individuals to define the Functional Specifications in a top-down manner.
Correlation between nodular morphology and fracture properties of cured epoxy resins

Various bulk epoxy resin formulations, based on diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and cured with diethylene triamine (DETA) were studied. Methods of linear elastic fracture mechanics were employed and all systems were characterized by the corresponding values of the critical strain energy release rate for crack initiation and crack arrest. Fracture morphology was studied by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy of carbon—platinum surface replicas. An apparent correlation between morphology and ultimate mechanical properties has been found. All fracture surfaces are shown to be characterized by distinct nodular morphology. Nodules, ranging in size from 15–45 nm, represent the sites of higher crosslink density in an inhomogeneous network structure. Fracture surfaces were further characterized by three crack propagation zones. A smooth, brittle fracture zone was preceded and followed by crack initiation and crack arrest zones, respectively. An apparent plastic flow was confined to the initiation and arrest regions. No crazing phenomenon was seen in the initiation zone; instead a step-like fracture was observed, typified by the ‘flow’ of internodular matrix during step formation. Local plastic deformation in the initiation zone and the corresponding value of critical strain energy release rate, GIc, were correlated with the nodular morphology. The size of nodules was found to vary with the curing agent concentration, thus allowing us to establish a fundamental correlation between the nodular morphology and the ultimate mechanical properties of epoxy resins.
Computations of contact distributions for representation of microstructural spatial clustering

Material microstructures often exhibit non-uniform spatial arrangements of the particles/features. The extent of such spatial clustering depends on the processing conditions and it affects the material properties. Therefore, it is of interest to develop techniques to quantify and represent microstructural clustering. In this contribution, a digital image processing based computational technique is presented for estimation of microstructural contact distributions that are sensitive to spatial clustering of features in microstructures. The technique is applied for estimation of the contact distributions in a set of microstructures of metal matrix composites that have the same volume fraction and size distribution of SiC particles but different degrees of spatial clustering. It is shown that the spherical contact distributions clearly reveal the differences between these microstructures.
Adaptation in Stretch Receptor Neurons of Crayfish

Two factors involved in the adaptation in stretch receptor cells of crayfish were separated and studied: (i) the decline of the rate of discharge during intracellular application of constant current and (ii) the decline of generator potential during sustained stretch. The change in generator potential with time was essentially identical in both rapidly and slowly adapting cells. The slowly adapting cells continued to discharge throughout the application of depolarizing currents, whereas the rapidly adapting cells stopped discharging while the current was applied. The different rates of adaptation are therefore attributable to the difference in the properties of the electrically excitable membranes rather than the properties which produce generator potentials.