cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of subspace-based system identification techniques

In this paper, we applied several types of predictor-based system identification technique to various systems such as electronics, process industry, biomedical, and heating system in order to compare its performance. The PBSID technique shows the best performance with consistent identification, which is based on the Kalman observer calculated from the Riccati equation. The observer matrix is guaranteed to be stable even the original system is unstable regardless with the fact that the identified system is under open or closed loop. Its effectiveness is demonstrated with simulation using the Matlab©.
Anaerobic biofilm infections in cystic fibrosis.

Abstract Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important pathogen that infects the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. A paper published in the October issue of Developmental Cell (Yoon et al., 2002) proves that the bacterial cells in the lung live in anaerobic biofilms and adopt a metabolic pattern and a phenotype that differ significantly from those of test tube-grown cells, and even from those of aerobic biofilms.
Comparison of patients' meal intake estimates: The eye is bigger than the plate

Abstract Objective: To compare the dietitians' calorie count and the nurses' subjective evaluation with the patient's calculated food intake using the calorie analysis provided by the Food Service Department or computer software, and to determine the correlation of the nurses' subjective evaluation versus the dietitians' calorie count. Design: Dietitians use the Diabetic Exchange List to perform calorie counts of patients dietary intake. Physicians have come to rely on calorie count reports or nurses' reports to make decisions concerning nutritional support. A nurse's report of a patient's meal intake is visual assessment of the meal trays. The dietitians' calorie counts provide an objective assessment. The dietitians' calorie counts and nurses' subjective evaluations are compared with the calorie analysis using a prospective pilot study design. Patients: Patients with chronic or acute renal failure admitted to the Nephrology service and whose physician ordered calorie counts were studied. Main Outcome Measure: Percentage estimates of meal intakes by the dietitians' calorie counts and the nurses' subjective evaluations are compared with the calorie analysis. Results: Sixty-three meal menus were collected on 9 different patients. The diets were either standard regular or renal pattern restriction. Fifty-five percent of the dietitians' calorie counts were within 10% of calorie analysis; 18% were underestimated and 27% were overestimated. Forty-eight percent of the nurses' visual assessment of meal trays were within 10% of calorie analysis; 6% were underestimated and 46% were overestimated. Both the dietitians' and the nurses' methods of evaluating a patient's dietary intake are inaccurate. Conclusion: The findings of this pilot study indicate that renal patients' calorie intake is often overestimated or underestimated. Renal patients who could be actually consuming significantly fewer calories than suspected may become nutritionally compromised.
Discussion of Papers Presented in Comprehensive/Integrated Modeling Systems Session

Before beginning the discussion of the papers presented in the session, I think it is necessary to say a few words about myself and my experience, to put my comments into perspective. My work in energy modeling has been almost exclusively devoted to working on the Project Independence Evaluation System (PIES) which has since evolved into the Midterm Energy Forecasting System (MEFS). The PIES system was developed by the Federal Energy Administration in the United States shortly after the oil embargo in 1973. It is designed to assist energy analysts in evaluating energy legislative options. It is also used to study options for implementation of Federal legislation via the regulatory route. The Federal Energy Administration became part of the recently organized Department of Energy.
Bringing Dinosaurs Back to Life: Exhibiting Prehistory at the American Museum of Natural History

ABSTRACTThis essay examines the exhibition of dinosaurs at the American Museum of Natural History during the first two decades of the twentieth century. Dinosaurs provide an especially illuminating lens through which to view the history of museum display practices for two reasons: they made for remarkably spectacular exhibits; and they rested on contested theories about the anatomy, life history, and behavior of long-extinct animals to which curators had no direct observational access. The American Museum sought to capitalize on the popularity of dinosaurs while mitigating the risks of mounting an overtly speculative display by fashioning them into a kind of mixed-media installation made of several elements, including fossilized bone, shellac, iron, and plaster. The resulting sculptures provided visitors with a vivid and lifelike imaginative experience. At the same time, curators, who were anxious to downplay the speculative nature of mounted dinosaurs, drew systematic attention to the material connection...
Electrophoretic Detection of Enzyme Polymorphism and Differentiation in Three Species of Spider Mites (Tetranychus) (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Electrophoretically detectable variation in malate dehydrogenase (MDH) enzymes occurs in three species of spider mites ( Tetranychus urticae, T. turkestani , and T. pacificus ) from agricultural habitats in the Central Valley of California. Two zones of activity (MDH-1 and MDH-2), presumably encoded by different loci, are present in the three species. The taxonomic distinctness of T. pacificus is confirmed, in that it shares no MDH electromorphs identical in mobility to those of T. urticae and turkestani . The last two species possess a single, identical MDH-1 band, and are polymorphic for a partially overlapping set of alleles at the MDH-2 locus. There are consistent MDH-2 allele frequency differences between T. urticae and turkestani both within and between localities 300 km apart. Within collection localities (fields 600 m2 in area) MDH-2 genotype frequencies are not detectably divergent from Hardy-Weinberg expectations in late-summer populations of either species.
Sustainability: More About the Toolmaker than the Tools

A sustainable system is not necessarily a high-quality one, but it could be. We could, for example, “survive” on the desperate edge, as the remnants in a self-fouled and deteriorating environment. Why won’t a future sustainable system be just another industrial model of mass efficiency and throughput? Perhaps the incompatible outcomes are a choice between the sometimes nearly invisible civilizing aspects of culture nurturing respect, equality, and cooperation on one hand, and the greed and self-indulgences undermining social tolerance, empathy, and cooperation that ends up promoting violence and dehumanization. The human heritage is subtle, indestructible, and worth nurturing if we want that hospitable sustainable system. But, assuming that a kind of social osmosis will be sufficient to sustain justice and fairness is wrongheaded and dismisses the historical examples. A new cultural narrative is needed to override the maladaptive dissonance preventing formation of sustainable systems. This narrative will be anchored in personal initiatives, incorporates an appreciation of our evolved heritage, and is informed by intentional social learning within groups and occasional social punishment.
Evaluation and lessons learned from an undergraduate service learning course providing youth-focused relationship education

Abstract Adolescent romantic relationships are known to have a significant impact on individual well-being and development. However, few teens experience formal education about the knowledge and skills necessary for building healthy romantic relationships. In response, a statewide relationship education initiative was developed at a large university in a Southeastern state. Undergraduates who enrolled in a service learning course in Human Development and Family Studies partnered with this initiative and implemented a relationship education program targeting high school students. A service learning model is used in this initiative because it offers opportunities for students’ professional development and experiential learning. The present article provides a formative and illustrative summative evaluation of the service learning program. Specifically, the primary aims of this paper are to 1) provide an overview of the service learning course components; 2) describe preparation of the service learning students and their implementation of the relationship education program; 3) discuss challenges and lessons learned; and 4) offer initial evidence of effectiveness by showing change in targeted outcomes for the high school student recipients of the relationship education program.
4591 Prospective evaluation of the incremental sensitivity for diagnostic eus-guided fnab.

The clinical utility of EUS has expanded after introducing EUS guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). The optimal number of tissue passes needed for diagnostic certainty is unclear. While the presence of the cytopathologist (Cpt) during the FNAB is preferred, this may not be possible. The optimal number of passes needed to reach a diagnosis (dx) may provide important information to the endoscopist. This study was undertaken to 1.) determine the optimal number of passes needed during EUSFNAB to reach the correct diagnosis by evaluating the sequential sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), yield and certainty of the EUS-FNAB; 2.) and stratify the above by biopsy site. METHODS: 104 consecutive pts. had EUS FNAB (22 G needle) with sufficient follow-up on 96 pts. Seven or greater (=) passes/lesion were performed. The slides were read sequentially by the study Cpt who recorded the adequacy and certainty of the FNAB after each pass (Certainty score: 3- certain). The results of surgical pathology and clinical F/U served as the gold standard. The above parameters were calculated for pancreatic lesions , lymph nodes (LNs) and miscellaneous. RESULTS: Among 96 pts.,(50M/46W/mean age-62/10 month F/U) there were no complications. The graph illustrates the sequential increase in Se in pts. with a certainty score of 3. Our data shows that for pancreatic (n=34) and miscellaneous lesions, 7 passes is the optimal number of passes required to achieve a high certainty in dx. For ≥7 passes of the pancreas: Se 83.3%, Sp 100%, PPV 100%, and NPV 44.4%. For LNs (n=43) 5 passes is the optimal number to achieve an accurate dx. The operating characteristics for LN are: Se 77.3%, Sp 100%, PPV 100%, and NPV 81%. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that 7 FNA passes should be performed on any pancreatic lesion and 5 passes should be performed on any lymph node to ensure a high certainty of reaching a cytologic dx.
Where do we go from here?: a pragmatist account of normative judgment

These [roughly the subjectivity of moral demands and the purported objectivity of moral requirements] are oppositions which have not been invented at all by the subtlety of reflection or the pedantry of philosophy; in numerous forms they have always preoccupied and troubled human consciousness, even if it is modern cultivation that has first worked them out most sharply and driven them up the peak of harshest contradiction. Spiritual culture, the modern understanding, produces this opposition in man which makes him an amphibious animal, because he now has to live in two worlds which contradict one another. The result is that now consciousness wanders in one or the other. … But for modern culture and its understanding this discordance in life and consciousness involves the demand that such a contradiction be resolved. … If general culture has run into such a contradiction, it becomes the task of philosophy to sublate the oppositions, i.e. to show that neither the one alternative in its abstraction, nor the other in the like one-sidedness, possesses truth, but that they are both self-dissolving; that truth lies only in the reconciliation and mediation of both, and that this mediation is no mere demand, but what is in and for itself accomplished and is ever self-accomplishing. G. W. F. Hegel, Aesthetics: Lectures on Fine Art
Creating the World Congress for Existential Therapy

We describe the planning of the first World Congress for Existential Therapy, and its impact on the growing field of existential therapy. Six hundred and fifty attenders came to London from over 56 countries world wide. The Congress saw the creation of a number of continental groups, and the decision was made to hold the next Congress in 2019 in Buenos Aires. It is difficult to measure the impact of a networking event, but discussions continue online about issues of concern to existential therapists, involving dialogue between many previously isolated schools within this broad approach which are likely to establish this theory and method as a more prominent contribution to the spectrum of psychotherapies in the future.
Airway foreign bodies in pediatric patients: anatomic location of foreign body affects complications and outcomes

Airway foreign bodies (FB) are a common medical emergency within the pediatric population. While deaths are not uncommon, the in-hospital mortality rates and correlation with anatomic location of the airway foreign body have not been previously reported. The KID database was reviewed for 2003, 2006, 2009, and 2012 for pediatric patients with a discharge diagnosis of airway foreign body using ICD-9 codes (933.1, 934.x). 11,793 patients, ages 0–17, were found to have an airway FB. Of patients admitted for airway FB 21.2 % required mechanical ventilation during their hospitalization, and the overall mortality rate was 2.5 %. Location of the airway FB was dependent on age (p < 0.01). Use of mechanical ventilation was dependent on the location of the airway FB (p < 0.01) and being transferred from another hospital (OR 2.59, p < 0.01). Univariate analysis demonstrated differences in in-hospital mortality based on location (p < 0.01), use of a ventilator during hospitalization (OR 24.4, p < 0.01), and transfer from another hospital (OR 2.11, p < 0.01). The in-hospital mortality rate for airway foreign bodies is 2.5 %. The anatomic location of airway FB in pediatric patients varies by age, and affects the need for mechanical ventilation and in-hospital mortality.
Development of a novel virtual reality gait intervention.

Abstract Introduction Improving gait speed and kinematics can be a time consuming and tiresome process. We hypothesize that incorporating virtual reality videogame play into variable improvement goals will improve levels of enjoyment and motivation and lead to improved gait performance. Purpose To develop a feasible, engaging, VR gait intervention for improving gait variables. Methods Completing this investigation involved four steps: 1) identify gait variables that could be manipulated to improve gait speed and kinematics using the Microsoft Kinect and free software, 2) identify free internet videogames that could successfully manipulate the chosen gait variables, 3) experimentally evaluate the ability of the videogames and software to manipulate the gait variables, and 4) evaluate the enjoyment and motivation from a small sample of persons without disability. Results The Kinect sensor was able to detect stride length, cadence, and joint angles. FAAST software was able to identify predetermined gait variable thresholds and use the thresholds to play free online videogames. Videogames that involved continuous pressing of a keyboard key were found to be most appropriate for manipulating the gait variables. Five participants without disability evaluated the effectiveness for modifying the gait variables and enjoyment and motivation during play. Participants were able to modify gait variables to permit successful videogame play. Motivation and enjoyment were high. Summary A clinically feasible and engaging virtual intervention for improving gait speed and kinematics has been developed and initially tested. It may provide an engaging avenue for achieving thousands of repetitions necessary for neural plastic changes and improved gait.
Relationship of the Reported Intakes of Fat and Fatty Acids to Body Weight in US Adults

Dietary fat composition may modulate energy expenditure and body weight. Little is known about the relationship between fatty acid intake and body weight at a population level. The purposes of this study were to compare intakes of energy, macronutrients, and individual fatty acids across BMI categories (1) for the US adult population and, (2) by sociodemographic groups. Reported dietary intake data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and What We Eat in America (WWEIA) surveys in the years 2005–2012 were analyzed. Overall, we found that the reported intake of carbohydrate, protein, total fat, total saturated fat (as well as long-chain saturated fatty acids 14:0–18:0), and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) were positively associated with BMI; while lauric acid (a medium-chain saturated fatty acid, 12:0) and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (as well as all individual PUFAs) were not associated with BMI. Non-Hispanic black individuals demonstrated a negative association between BMI and energy intake and a positive association between total PUFAs, linoleic acid (LA), α-linolenic acid (ALA) and BMI. Individuals with less than a high school education showed a negative association between BMI and DHA. Mexican-Americans reported intakes with no association between BMI and energy, any macronutrient, or individual fatty acids. These findings support those of experimental studies demonstrating fatty acid-dependent associations between dietary fatty acid composition and body weight. Notably, we observed divergent results for some sociodemographic groups which warrant further investigation.
Otolaryngology externships and the match: Productive or futile?

Objectives/Hypothesis The objectives of this study were to summarize externship experiences among recent graduates and current residents in otolaryngology residency programs and determine whether externships affect the match process. Study Design Cross-sectional survey. Methods A survey was distributed to otolaryngology residents in allopathic US residency programs and otolaryngology graduates from the past 5 years (2011–2015). There were 2,141 surveys distributed. Results There were 654 subjects who responded, for a 30.5% response rate. Most respondents were residents (n = 438, 67%). Of the residents, 85.6% had completed at least one externship compared to 75.9% of graduates (P = .002). The most common reasons for selecting a particular externship were geographic location (74.2%) and program reputation (71.1%), whereas the most common reason for not completing an externship was being advised not to (59.1%). Furthermore, 82.6% of respondents received at least one interview from their externships, 90% went to those interviews, and 89.1% reported that externship experiences affected their rank list. Respondents had a 32.7% match rate to the externship residency program if it was ranked versus a 48.8% match rate if the program was ranked first. Respondents who matched at the externship residency program matched higher on their rank list (P < .001). Of the respondents, 90.7% found externships to be valuable, and 74.5% recommended completing one. Conclusions Externships are beneficial because they influence the rank list of applicants and are viewed as valuable experiences. Completing an externship is advisable for the experience, but applicants should weigh the benefits versus the possible risk of being judged more harshly during a month-long rotation. Level of Evidence NA Laryngoscope, 2017
Tradespace analysis tool for designing constellations (TAT-C)

While there is growing interest in implementing future NASA Earth Science missions as Distributed Spacecraft Missions (DSMs), there are currently very few tools available to help in the design of DSMs. The objective of our project is to provide a framework that facilitates DSM Pre-Phase A investigations and optimizes DSM designs with respect to a-priori Science goals. Our Trade-space Analysis Tool for Constellations (TAT-C) enables the investigation of questions such as: “Which type of constellations should be chosen? How many spacecraft should be included in the constellation? Which design has the best cost/risk value?”. This paper provides a description of the TAT-C tool and its components.
Implementing Andragogy In Indonesian Theological Schools

Most Christians inIndonesia, when asked about the term "school" or "Sunday school", they always think that those terms are addressed to children's education. Even the term "Adult Sunday School", which is a very familiar sound in the ears of Christians inAmerica, is not heard of among the churches inIndonesia. Why? According to the Christians inIndonesia, Sunday School is always intended for children. It is also carried in general education. That is why the term education is always directed to the education of the children or young persons rather than to adult education. It is time that theological schools inIndonesiaunderstand the importance of andragogy for adult Christian education. InIndonesia, adults do not like the idea of Sunday school or school because they think Sunday school or school is for children and it is beneath their dignity. However, utilizing the andragogical methods described in this paper, adult can learn in a dignified manner. Instead of being lectured what to know as children would be, adults should realize that each one is an integral part of the learning process. Through respectful participation, each adult can learn through discovery as well as contribute insight to others.
Primary Hip and Knee Arthroplasty in a Safety Net Hospital: Substance Abuse and Other Factors Affecting Short-term Complications.

Abstract Background Arthroplasty outcomes and patient risk factors have not been studied in detail in safety net hospital settings. This study examines the relationship between selected risk factors and short-term complications in such a population, including a large subgroup with treated substance abuse. Methods This retrospective cohort study contains 486 consecutive patients after primary hip and knee arthroplasty. One hundred three of these had a history of substance abuse and completed a 1-year sobriety pathway preoperatively. Primary outcomes included the presence of any complication, deep infection, and reoperation. Bivariable analyses were used to compare outcomes with demographic and health risk factors. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors. Results Adverse outcomes were more common in patients with higher rates of substance abuse, mental illness, and infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Substance abuse alone was not an independent risk factor for the occurrence of complications, but infections with HIV and HCV were. In the substance abuse subgroup, with its higher prevalence of risk factors, complications were more frequent (31.1% vs 16.4%, P = .0009), and, in particular, deep infections (5.8% vs 1.8%, P = .0256). Conclusions Specific risk factors were associated with short-term complications in safety net arthroplasty patients. Despite having completed a preoperative sobriety pathway, substance abuse patients had more complications than did others. However, substance abuse alone was not an independent risk factor for adverse surgical outcomes. Other factors, notably HCV and HIV infection that were more common in patients with substance abuse, were most closely associated with adverse outcomes.
Surgical Forces and Tactile Perception During Retinal Microsurgery

Purpose: Vitreoretinal surgery involves the manipulation of delicate retinal membranes with a required surgical accuracy often on the order of tens of microns, a scale at or near the limit of human positional ability. In addition, forces imposed by the tissue on the surgical cool are exceedingly small. Here we investigate the magnitude of forces generated during retinal surgery in cadaveric porcine eyes and compare the results with the magnitude of forces discernable by retinal surgeons. This data will be used as a design guideline for robotic surgical augmentation systems currently under development Methods: The study was performed in two phases. First, retinal surgeons manipulated the retina of porcine cadaver eyes with a calibrated 1-axis force sensing retinal pick while data was simultaneously recorded. In the second phase, blindfolded subjects held the pick and were instructed to press a button whenever an “event” was felt. Events were generated by slowly tapping the end of the pick with varying force while both the magnitudes of forces applied and the responses of the subjects we recorded. The magnitudes of forces generated during retinal surgery were then compared with those that could be discerned by the subjects. Results: Roughly 75% of all forces measured during retinal microsurgery were found to be less than 7.5 mN in magnitude, however only 19.3 ± 8.1% (N=492) of events generated at this level could be felt by the subjects. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that a majority of retinal surgery is probably performed without the surgeon being able to “feel” interactions between retinal tissue and the surgical tool. Prior studies have indicated that relying on visual feedback alone increases the length of manual manipulation tasks and reduces task accuracy. The lack of tactile sensation during retinal surgery similarly could adversely affect surgical outcome.
Approximate world models: incorporating qualitative and linguistic information into vision systems

Approximate world models are coarse descriptions of the elements of a scene, and are intended to be used in the selection and control of vision routines in a vision system. In this paper we present a control architecture in which the approximate models represent the complex relationships among the objects in the world, allowing the vision routines to be situation or context specific. Moreover, because of their reduced accuracy requirements, approximate world models can employ qualitative information such as those provided by linguistic descriptions of the scene. The concept is demonstrated in the development of automatic cameras for a TV studio - SmartCams. Results are shown where SmartCams use vision processing of real imagery and information written in the script of a TV show to achieve TV-quality framing.
Aligning Genomes with Inversions and Swaps

The decision about what operations to allow and how to charge for these operations when aligning strings that arise in a biological context is the decision about what model of evolution to assume. Frequently the operators used to construct an alignment between biological sequences are limited to deletion, insertion, or replacement of a character or block of characters, but there is biological evidence for the evolutionary operations of exchanging the positions of two segments in a sequence and the replacement of a segment by its reversed complement. In this paper we describe a family of heuristics designed to compute alignments of biological sequences assuming a model of evolution with swaps and inversions. The heuristics will necessarily be approximate since the appropriate way to charge for the evolutionary events (delete, insert, substitute, swap, and invert) is not known. The paper concludes with a pairwise comparison of 20 Picornavirus genomes, and a detailed comparison of the delta virus with the citrus exocortis viroid.
Scientific Travels of the Greek Scholars in the Eighteenth Century

Unlike many other societies, which during the eighteenth century gradually found their way to a national constitution, the greater part of Greek society remained outside the borders of the Greek national state until well after its establishment in 1832. In fact, Greek society emerged from the setting of the Ottoman Empire as a result of re-stratifications and social changes which took place around various local centres of political and economic power. The eighteenth century was the crucial period during which Greek society refined its shape and produced the political and ideological conditions that, to a certain degree, led to the quest for a separate national identity. Nevertheless, this process was neither uniform nor linear. Different and often competing social groups, various economic interests and diverging political traditions worked out a network of communities which struggled to define a distinctive, though in many instances still vague, position within the context of the Ottoman Empire. It was this geographically scattered network, loosely unified on the basis of common educational and religious traditions — and not a well-defined structure with intrinsic hierarchies and reproductive mechanisms — which comprised Greek society of the period.
Albumin movement out of the subretinal space after experimental retinal detachment

Purpose. The subretinal fluid of serous retinal detachments contains protein, but little is known about its origin and fate. The authors designed experiments to study the rate and route of albumin movement out of the subretinal space. Methods. Experimental retinal detachments were made in Dutch rabbits by injecting Hanks' balanced salt solution containing serum levels (approximately 30 mg/ml) of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) albumin into the subretinal space through a micropipette. Subretinal, vitreous, and serum fluid samples were withdrawn 0 to 4 hours later through a similar micropipette and were analyzed for osmolality, FITC albumin content (by fluorophotometry) and FITC + native albumin content (by gel electrophoresis). Sodium iodate was injected intravenously in some rabbits to damage the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Results. Albumin injected into the subretinal fluid diffused steadily into the vitreous, and its concentration decreased by approximately 5% per hour. This rate was unaffected by RPE damage. Albumin did not move into the bloodstream unless the RPE was damaged with sodium iodate, and then it crossed the RPE at approximately 25% of the rate at which it moved into the vitreous. Subretinal fluid osmolality remained within the range of 293 to 294 mOsm/kg despite protein movement and the continual absorption of fluid from the detachments. Conclusions. These results show that albumin in the subretinal space diffuses readily into the vitreous, and subretinal osmolality changes are rapidly equilibrated with the vitreous. Albumin does not cross normal RPE, and it crosses iodate-damaged RPE more slowly than it crosses retina. Thus, there must be a constant supply of albumin if high subretinal concentrations are to be sustained in clinical serous detachments. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995 ;36 :1298-1305.
Geriatric assessment in acute myeloid leukemia: current and future landscape.

Treatment of older adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains challenging despite advances in therapeutic options. Older adults of the same chronologic age can differ widely from one another based on underlying health status and physiologic reserve. Decision making and management cannot be
Design, Analysis and Fabrication of SAF AM, A 4 DOF Assembled Microrobot

In this paper we present a new type of 3-dimensional microrobot, the Solid Articulated Four Axes Microrobot (sAFAM). This microrobot is an evolutionary improvement of a previous microrobot utilizing microassembly of out-of-plane compliant mechanical structures. The original AFAM was a microrobot driven by two coupled in-plane MEMS X-Y stages, through an epoxied cable to an out-of-plane assembled arm. In this paper, sAFAM was designed to replace the cable traction system with an unibody arm that can be assembled into the in-plane X-Y stages, which simplifies the assembly process complexity and improves the microrobot precision. The proposed structure was simulated with finite element analysis (FEA), resulting in a $22\mu m\times 47\mu m\times 18\text{S}\mu m$ workspace, appropriate concentration of stresses during actuation, and reduced motion coupling between the microrobot degrees of freedom. Fabrication and assembly processes are discussed and demonstrated experimentally, and results closely match simulations. sAFAM has the potential to be used as an assist $\mathbf{micro}/\mathbf{nano}$ manipulation tool in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) or the atomic force microscope (AFM).
Dropwise Additive Manufacturing of Pharmaceutical Products Using Particle Suspensions.

Abstract The principal method of drug delivery is by oral solid doses, the production of which often necessitates multiple post-crystallization unit operations to ensure content uniformity or enhance bioavailability. As an alternative to conventional dose production methods, applications of additive manufacturing technologies based on solvent- or melt-based formulations have demonstrated the potential for improvements to process efficiency, flexibility, and dosing precision. Here we explore the use of particulate suspensions in a dropwise additive manufacturing process as a method for dosing active ingredients in crystalline form, which may be difficult to achieve via powder processing due to poor flow properties. By employing a fluid-based method, powder flow issues are alleviated and adaptation of the process to new particles/crystals is facilitated by dimensional analysis. In this work, a feasibility study was conducted using 4 active ingredient powders, each with non-ideal particle properties, and 2 carrier fluids, in which the active ingredient does not dissolve, to formulate suspensions for dose manufacturing; drug products were analyzed to show reproducibility of dosing and to assess preservation of particle size through the process. Performance across particle types is affected by particle size and shape, and is related through effects on the rheological properties of the formulation.
The Timing of Chemoprophylaxis in Autologous Microsurgical Breast Reconstruction.

BACKGROUND Patients undergoing autologous breast reconstruction are at high risk of perioperative venous thromboembolic events. The efficacy of chemoprophylaxis in decreasing venous thromboembolic events is well established, but the timing of chemoprophylaxis remains controversial. The authors compare the incidence of bleeding following preoperative versus postoperative initiation of chemoprophylaxis in microvascular breast reconstruction. METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed from August of 2010 to July of 2016. Initiation of chemoprophylaxis changed from postoperative to preoperative in 2013, dividing subjects into two groups. Patient demographics, comorbidities, and complications were reviewed. RESULTS A total of 196 patients (311 flaps) were included in the study. A total of 105 patients (166 flaps) received preoperative enoxaparin (40 mg) and 91 patients (145 flaps) received postoperative chemoprophylaxis. A total of five patients required hematoma evacuation (2.6 percent). Of these, one hematoma (1 percent) occurred in the preoperative chemoprophylaxis group. Seven patients received blood transfusions: three in the preoperative group and four in the postoperative group (2.9 percent versus 4.4 percent; p = 0.419). There was a total of one flap failure, and there were no documented venous thromboembolic events in any of the groups. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that preoperative chemoprophylaxis can be used safely in patients undergoing microvascular breast reconstruction. The higher rate of bleeding in the postoperative group may be related to the onset of action of enoxaparin of 4 to 6 hours, which allows for intraoperative hemostasis in the preoperative group and possibly potentiating postoperative oozing when administered postoperatively. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, III.
Evolving Autopsy Practice Models

This chapter will cover three evolving aspects of autopsy pathology practice. It overviews the history and evolution of regional autopsy centers, discusses the benefits of and challenges arising from their creation, and offers guidance for their establishment. Next, it reviews available methodologies for assigning value to the professional component of autopsy work, and it introduces considerations for implementing such assignments in practice. Finally, this chapter explores the current medical malpractice environment in the United States (USA), discusses the role of autopsy in national and international medical malpractice litigation, and offers guidelines for how autopsy pathologists can be more effective in the medicolegal realm.
Karen Murphy and Bob Whorton, eds, 'Chaplaincy in Hospice and Palliative Care'

Karen Murphy and Bob Whorton, eds, Chaplaincy in Hospice and Palliative Care. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2017, 206 pp. (Pbk). ISBN: 978-1-78592-068-4, £18.99.
Decoding Academic Fair Use: Transformative Use and the Fair Use Doctrine in Scholarship

Fair use in copyright law is an enormously complex legal doctrine. Although much scholarly attention has been paid to fair use in the context of teaching -- particularly in on-line education -- relatively little research exists on the problem of fair use in scholarship. This article analyzes reported federal cases on fair use in scholarly contexts, with a particular emphasis on the transformative use doctrine that has become enormously influential in fair use determinations. The article explores insights from this body of case law that may assist future scholars wishing to fairly use copyrighted expression in their scholarship.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) surveillance guidelines: Characteristics of post-treatment imaging recommendations in solid tumor malignancies.

e17775 Background: Concern about the rising cost of cancer care has prompted attempts to minimize care variations and optimize value through guideline/pathway adherence. Post-treatment care is incr...
Comment: Response to “The Rhetoric of Toys”

Play has been defined by motive, by content, and as voluntary activity (Ellis, 1973). In the English language the word ‘play’ is used to encompass the broad range of behaviors of animals that are not obviously essential to survival, A host of other words have been used to describe the various activities humans use as play (Huizinga, 1949).
Verifying Identity as a Social Intersection

Most existing digital identity solutions are either centralized (e.g., national identity cards) or individualistic (e.g., most “self-sovereign” identity proposals). Outside of digital life, however, identity is typically social (for instance, “individual” data such as birthdate is shared with parents) and intersectional (viz., different data and trust are shared with different others). We formalize these ideas to provide a more robust and realistic framework for decentralized identity. We build upon the concepts web-of-trust and social collateral, from cryptography and economics, to provide a system of defining, verifying, and making use of identity through networks. We exploit the redundancy created by intersectionality together with the fragmentation of identity suggested by self-sovereign schemes to minimize social collateral required for verification. We exploit the probabilistic structure of Bloom filters to provide uniqueness proofs to prevent Sybil attacks while conveying minimal compromising information to verifiers. We discuss applications to “proof-of-personhood” blockchains and Radical Markets.
Public transport capacity analysis procedures for developing cities

The introduction of urban rail transit and high performance/quality/capacity bus transit systems throughout the world has dramatically improved the mobility of residents of cities in which they operate. The objectives of this work are: to provide a technical resource for transit planners and designers in developing cities in their public transport capacity and performance analysis work irrespective of mode. This report recommends methods of achieving practical transit capacity during normally encountered operating conditions. Where capacity is influenced by a measure of dispersion of some characteristic such as stop dwell time or vehicle headway, this is also noted. The purpose of measuring capacity is not just to provide a measure of system capability to transport passengers but also to provide some insight into the effect of service and physical design on customer service quality. When the demand for a service exceeds its schedule design capacity, service quality deteriorates either due to overcrowding on vehicles or at station platforms or diminished ability of customers to board the next arriving transport vehicle since it is already fully loaded, increased dwell times and hence decrease revenue speeds. The importance of service quality in transit capacity analysis cannot be overstated. Transit operators should be mindful that the urban transportation marketplace is more competitive. While it might be technically possible to design a service using a loading standard of 7 or 8 passengers per square meter, a number of customers will find that level intolerable and will seek alternate means of travel including walking (in the case of short distance trips), riding with someone else, riding taxis or purchasing a motorcycle or car. Accordingly, such loading standards should be thought of as interim measures until higher capacity at lower crowding can be achieved.
Gist processing in digital breast tomosynthesis.

Evans et al. (2016) showed that radiologists can classify the mammograms as normal or abnormal at above-chance levels after a 250-ms exposure. Our study documents a similar gist signal in digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) images. DBT is a relatively new technology that creates a three-dimensional image set of slices through the volume of the breast. It improves performance over two-dimensional (2-D) mammography but at a cost in reading time. In the experiment presented, radiologists ( N = 16) viewed “movies” of DBT images from single breasts for an average of 1.5 s per case. Observers then marked the most likely lesion position on a blank outline and rated each case on a six-point scale from (1) certainly normal to (6) certainly recall. Results show that radiologists can discriminate normal from abnormal DBT cases at above-chance levels as in 2-D mammography. Ability was correlated with experience reading DBT. Observers performed at above-chance levels, even on those images where they could not localize the target, suggesting that this is a global signal that could prove valuable in the clinic.
Introduction: Reflections on the Past, Present and Future of Popular Music Scholarship

In 2018, the Popular Music Section of the Society for Ethnomusicology organized a roundtable that explored the development of popular music scholarship, not only within ethnomusicology but also in relation to the larger field of popular music studies. This special section, which includes transcriptions of each of the panelists’ spoken remarks, highlights reflections from a variety of disciplinary backgrounds (including folklore and ethnomusicology, anthropology, American studies and history, and popular culture studies) and experiences (both within academia and in the public sector). The roundtable participants recognize the value and impact of scholarship on popular music and culture, for it contributes to our understanding of the powerful and meaningful ways in which people engage aesthetically with the world around them. By reflecting on the past and present context of popular music scholarship, the panelists offer suggestions for the future growth of the field, underscoring its role in challenging elitist and ethnocentric biases, contesting the institutional marginalization and dismissal of popular culture, fostering interdisciplinary conversations, and engaging in activist scholarship that exposes, critiques and helps to change structural inequities.
Transmitter Interactions in Striatum May Occur via Effects on High Affinity Transporters

ABSTRACT High concentrations of L-glutamate (3–10 mM) evoked dopamine release from striatal slices that was Ca2+-independent and insensitive to both tetrodotoxin (0.5 μM) and reserpine (5 mg/kg, s.c). This response was inhibited by nomifensine (10 μM) or removing Na+, treatments that block high affinity dopamine uptake. In addition, dopamine (10 μM) produced [3H]GABA release which still occurred in the presence of SCH23390 (10 μM) or sulpiride (10 μM), dopamine receptor antagonists, but was abolished by nipecotic acid (100 μM), an inhibitor of GABA uptake. These results suggest that in certain cases neurotransmitter release can be evoked via a reversal of high affinity uptake systems as well as by classical mechanism of exocytosis.
The effects of nonpathologic factors on the electrocardiogram: I. Results of observations under controlled conditions

Abstract A study of the electrocardiographic effect of nonpathologic factors (exercise the ingestion of food, smoking, changes in posture, and deep breath) has been made in a group of healthy young persons. The necessity for recognition of the effects of these factors in the interpretation of electrocardiograms is emphasized. The necessity for revision of the criteria selected by previous writers in the evaluation of the exercise electrocardiogram is illustrated and discussed. It is suggested that only a physiologic approach can result in a better understanding of the effects of these nonpathologic factors.
Arab American youth: considerations for mental health and community engagement

Abstract Arab/Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) youth are a highly underserved population in the area of mental health. This chapter reviews important considerations for working with this population, including considerations of acculturation, discrimination, and cultural considerations regarding clinical care. We end with a summary of the development, implementation, and evaluation of a community-engaged mental health program and service for Arab American youth.
Estimation of Instantaneous Oxygen Uptake During Exercise and Daily Activities Using a Wearable Cardio-Electromechanical and Environmental Sensor

Objective: To estimate instantaneous oxygen uptake ${\rm VO}_{2}$ with a small, low-cost wearable sensor during exercise and daily activities in order to enable monitoring of energy expenditure (EE) in uncontrolled settings. We aim to do so using a combination of seismocardiogram (SCG), electrocardiogram (ECG) and atmospheric pressure (AP) signals obtained from a minimally obtrusive wearable device. Methods: In this study, subjects performed a treadmill protocol in a controlled environment and an outside walking protocol in an uncontrolled environment. During testing, the COSMED K5 metabolic system collected gold standard breath-by-breath (BxB) data and a custom-built wearable patch placed on the mid-sternum collected SCG, ECG and AP signals. We extracted features from these signals to estimate the BxB ${\rm VO}_{2}$ data obtained from the COSMED system. Results: In estimating instantaneous ${\rm VO}_{2}$ , we achieved our best results on the treadmill protocol using a combination of SCG (frequency) and AP features (RMSE of 3.68 $\pm$ 0.98 ml/kg/min and R2 of 0.77). For the outside protocol, we achieved our best results using a combination of SCG (frequency), ECG and AP features (RMSE of 4.3 $\pm$ 1.47 ml/kg/min and R2 of 0.64). In estimating ${\rm VO}_{2}$ consumed over one minute intervals during the protocols, our median percentage error was 15.8 $\text{}\%$ for the treadmill protocol and 20.5 $\text{}\%$ for the outside protocol. Conclusion: SCG, ECG and AP signals from a small wearable patch can enable accurate estimation of instantaneous ${\rm VO}_{2}$ in both controlled and uncontrolled settings. SCG signals capturing variation in cardio-mechanical processes, AP signals, and state of the art machine learning models contribute significantly to the accurate estimation of instantaneous ${\rm VO}_{2}$ . Significance: Accurate estimation of ${\rm VO}_{2}$ with a low cost, minimally obtrusive wearable patch can enable the monitoring of ${\rm VO}_{2}$ and EE in everyday settings and make the many applications of these measurements more accessible to the general public.