cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polarization anatomy of a kainic acid seizure

Slow voltage-sensitive dyes work by accumulating in brain tissue and report the average membrane potential of neurons and glia. The voltage-sensitive dye diO-C2-5 was used to monitor the polarization state of 27 brain structures in the rat during a systemically induced, behaviorally mild, kainic acid seizure using a 20 s recording period. The effects of the anesthetic agent used in the experiment were minimized by delaying the dye injection and seizure mapping for one day. Eleven areas were depolarized during the seizure, but 16 other areas did not change their polarization state compared to controls. The effects of pentobarbital appear to have no measurable effect on seizure propagation once the animal has behaviorally recovered from the anesthesia. The technique allows for mapping areas of seizure involvement with a unique combination of spatial and temporal resolution.
Studies of performance and resolution of double sided silicon strip detectors

Double-sided silicon strip detectors have been fabricated and tested in a silicon tracking telescope placed in a high-energy muon beam at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. The detectors feature AC coupling to front-end electronics and employ two different techniques for isolating n-strips. The CAMEX 64-channel multiplexing amplifier is used for readout. Preliminary results of measurements are reported on pulse heights, signal-to-noise performance, hit resolution, and impedance characteristics of the detector. Measurements of the bias resistance illustrate a mild dependence on bias voltage and, for the field-effect detectors, a strong dependence on the voltage of the readout strips and field strips. The signal-to-noise ratio is determined to be in the range of 10-12, but is expected to increase with improvements to the electronics. >
Binary control of Volterra integral equations

Abstract We analyze the problem of optimally controlling a system governed by a Volterra integral equation, when the controls take the values 0 or 1 and induce what we term here “amplified memory effect”. Under certain conditions, we derive a set of Hamiltonian equations and a set of necessary conditions for optimality.
Optimization Theory and Pre-Columbian Hunting in the Tehuacan Valley

Previous analyses of faunal remains from highland Mesoamerican sites have viewed implied changes in animal exploitation patterns as a secondary consequence of early agricultural practices. This paper argues that faunal data from the Tehuacan Valley, when interpreted within an optimization framework provide evidence for the alteration of optimal meat harvesting strategies through time by communities responding to a variety of socioenvironmental factors: seasonal and long-term availability of game, access to domestic meat resources, human meat demand levels, and scheduling constraints.
Predicting the Fates of Passeriform Introductions on Oceanic Islands

Simberloff and Boecklen (1991) and Simberloff (1992) reported "all-or-none" (AON) patterns among introduced birds of the Hawaiian and Mascarene archipelagoes respectively. An AON pattern refers to the situation where species introduced on more than one island tend to have the same outcome (success or failure) on all the islands involved in the introductions. An AON pattern implies that species-level (as opposed to communitylevel) properties play a dominant role in influencing the outcomes of species' introductions. If the AON pattern is widespread, it suggests that the fates of species' introductions are independent of characteristics of the community in which introductions occur. The AON hypothesis would thus represent a powerful tool for conservation biologists. If the communities of introduced birds on different islands were all highly similar, then one might suggest that an AON pattern was merely evidence of replication rather than any underlying species-level force. Although an AON pattern has been reported for two archipelagoes (Hawaii and the Mascarenes), the generality of this pattern has been investigated only superficially because there have been few inter-archipelago comparisons (Lockwood et al. 1993 is one example). With this in mind we compiled a data matrix of the introduced species on nine oceanic islands and conducted a series of analyses to explore the generality of the AON pattern. Methods
Assessing the impact of encounter group experiences: a general format

This article presents a format for the assessment, evaluation, and comparison of the impact of specifically described encounter groups. Based on the use of this format, the encounter group experience results in moderate changes in several dependent measures such as reduction in problem experience, and in no change in assertiveness. Group leaders need to determine the relative worth of a given approach, and use judgment as to the expected value of anticipated changes indicated by particular dependent measures. The format presented here can be used generally, and represents an attempt to measure changes in behavior and attitude resulting from specific group experiences.
Conservation of bond order during hydrogenolysis and dehydrogenation reactions

Abstract Previous investigations have used bond-order conservation to make useful predictions about surface phenomena, but the accuracy of bond-order conservation for complicated processes is unknown. In this paper, we use ab-initio calculations at the MP2=(full)/6-31g* level to investigate bond-order conservation, and its implications, for the following gas-phase reactions: H ∗ +CH 3 OH→CH 3 H ∗ +OH , , H ∗ +CH 3 OH→HOH ∗ +CH 3 , , H ∗ +CH 3 OH→HH ∗ +CH 2 OH , , H ∗ +CH 3 OH→HH ∗ +CH 3 O , , H ∗ +CH 3 OH→H+CH 2 H ∗ OH , , H ∗ +CH 3 OH→H+CH 3 OH ∗ . We find that bond order is approximately conserved during the atom transfer reactions, but is not conserved during hydrogenolysis reactions. The transition state is predicted to be too early for hydrogen exchange on oxygen, too late for the hydrogenolysis reactions, and about right for the hydrogen transfer reactions. Even though the transition-state structures are not well represented using conserved total bond order, the energies of the barriers predicted this way are off by only 1–2 kcal mol−1. Physically, the potential energy surfaces are so flat near the transition state that errors in geometry do not produce significant errors in energy. Consequently, although bond-order conservation does not predict the correct transition states geometry the energies of the transition state predicted with bond-order conserved pathways are very close to their ab initio values.
Liquid (melt) heat capacities and heats of vaporization of oligomers of poly(hexamethylene sebacate)

The liquid heat capacities and heats of vaporization of three linear esters of poly(hexamethylene sebacate) with hexylcapped end groups (M(mol. wt.) = 370, 655, and 939) have been determined. The heats of vaporization of the oligomers measured at a mean temperature were corrected to 323.15 to 523.15°K by use of the experimental liquid (melt) heat capacities and the calculated gas heat capacities. The corrected heats of vaporization were fitted to the equation ΔHv = S(T)Mα + I(T), where the temperature dependence of the slope and intercept are represented, respectively, as S(T) = ClnT + Ko and I(T) = aT + bo, and α is an exponent. The results indicate (at corresponding molecular weights and constant temperature) that the ratio of the liquid heat capacities of the oligomer ester and the n-alkane, and similarly the ratio of the heats of vaporization, depend on the number of carboxyl groups in the oligomer ester chain.
Ethane evolution by shoots from healthy and anthracnose-infected alfalfa seedlings and linolenate stimulation of ethane evolution by extracts

Abstract Shoots of alfalfa seedlings ( Medicago sativa L.) placed in glass syringes evolved more ethylene and ethane after infection with Colletotrichum trifolii than did healthy shoots. The time of maximum gas evolution corresponded to the time of fungus sporulation and/or intense symptom development, with ethylene evolution occurring first. Ethane evolution was detected only as syringe contents became anaerobic. Homogenates of either healthy or infected seedlings evolved only ethane. The evolution of ethane by homogenates was greatly enhanced by exogenous linolenic acid, and was larger for infected than for healthy tissues. The linolenate-stimulated ethane evolution by extracts of healthy tissues was greatest at about pH 8 and increased at temperatures up to 45 °C, but was inactivated by boiling or addition of trichloroacetic acid or saturated K 2 CO 3 . It was enhanced by added dithionite or bisulfite under air in the reaction vial but was inhibited under argon. The increased ability of infected tissues to evolve ethane at low oxygen levels may represent an activation or de novo synthesis of peroxidative enzyme systems in the infected tissues.
Validity of a Self-Administered 3-Day Physical Activity Recall in Young Adults.

Abstract Background: Most physical activity recall questionnaires assess activity over a 7-day period. However, questionnaires have been validated in adolescents and adults using shorter recall timeframes. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of a self-administered 3-day physical activity recall instrument (3DR) in young adults. Methods: Thirty-nine participants (age: 21.0 ± 2.2 years; body mass index: 23.3 ± 3.3 kg/m2) wore an accelerometer during all waking hours for seven consecutive days and completed the 3DR on the eighth day. Results: During the 3-day recall period, participants accumulated 283,488.1 ± 86,792.3 counts/day, 347.0 ± 102.5 counts/minute, and reported spending 23.3 (IQR = 35.0) and 11.7 (IQR = 43.3) minutes in moderate and vigorous intensity activity, respectively. Counts/day and counts/minute correlated with self-reported minutes of vigorous activity (r5=0.40, p=0.01 for both variables). Discussion: Results indicate that the validity indices of the vigorous 3DR...
Magnetic resonace imaging of heterotaxia in infants

Abstract Objectives . This study assessed the usefulness and safety of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for systematically diagnosing heteroxia in infants. Background . Although it is important to diagnose and treat infants with heteroxia, which is associated with viscerobronchil cardiovascular anomalies, systematic diagnosis of these anomalies by a single imaging technique is difficult. Methods . Twenty patients with heterotaxia were evaluated. The infants ranged in age from 21 days to 12 monhs (average 5.2 months, average body weight 4.3 kg). Electrocardiography gated MRI was performed by spin echo imaging techniques operating at 0.5 at 0.5 tesla. Results . In all 20 patients, MRI results were sufficient to evaluate these anomalies without serious complications. In 17 patients, neither a spleen was visualized. In all 20 patients, bronchial anatomies were clearly visualized (bilateral eparterial bronchi in 14 patients, bilateral hyparterial bronchi in 2 and normal bronchial patterns in 4). Additionally, in a comparison of 149 of cardiovascular anatomy by MRI with those by angiography, descrepancies were found in only 10 observations (6.7%). Conclusion . Magnetic resonance imaging was found to be safe and very useful for the systematic diagnosis of heterotaxia in infants.
Monofunctional Group-Modified Gold Nanoparticles from Solid Phase Synthesis Approach: Solid Support and Experimental Condition Effect

We herein report a systematic study of solid-phase place exchange reactions for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles with a single surface functional group. This approach is based on a “catch and release” mechanism to control the number of functional groups attached to the nanoparticle surface. Bifunctional thiol ligands with a carboxylic end group were first immobilized on a solid polymer support in a controlled density. The density was low enough that neighboring thiol ligands were far apart from each other. When the modified polymer support was incubated in a butanethiol-protected nanoparticle solution, a one-to-one place exchange reaction took place between the polymer-bound thiol ligands and the nanoparticles. After cleaving off from the solid support, nanoparticles with a single carboxylic group were obtained as the major product. By varying the solid supports and reaction conditions, we succeeded to obtain monofunctional gold nanoparticles with enhanced yield and high purity.
Penile paralysis and paraphimosis associated with reserpine administration in a stallion

Reserpine was administered to an 8-yr-old Thoroughbred stallion at a dosage of 5 mg subcutaneously (s.c.) every 2 wk for a 2-mo period to control unmanageable behavior. Reserpine produced a satisfactory calming effect that lasted for about 2 wk. After the last injection, the stallion developed penile paralysis and was unable to retract his penis, resulting in paraphimosis and attendant penile edema. The prolapsed penis was reduced and kept within the prepuce by placing a purse string suture in the preputial orifice. Phenylbutazone was given orally (1 gm) and the stallion was exercised for 20 to 30 min twice daily. This treatment was continued for 20 d with little improvement. The purse string retention suture cut through the skin 5 d after the stallion was discharged from the clinic. The penis was then supported against the abdominal wall and the stallion was exercised by hand for 30 min each day. The stallion was not used for breeding within 34 mo after the last injection of reserpine. A breeding soundness examination was performed approximately 3 yr after the initial injury. At this time the stallion's penis was noted to extend 5 to 8 cm from the prepuce when in a detumescent state. Although the stallion protruded his penis when exposed to a mare in estrus, a full rigid erection was never attained. Examination of the penis revealed partial engorgement of the corpus cavernosum penis and a 2.5-cm-wide dorsal semi-circumferential depression of the penile shaft approximately 10 to 12 cm proximal to the glans penis. The penile shaft and glans penis distal to this depression were cooler than the proximal portion of the penis. Semen collection was attempted, aided by manual insertion of the penis into the artificial vagina. When serving the artificial vagina, no "belling" of the glans penis was observed, although ejaculation occurred. Semen evaluation indicated normal spermatozoal motility and morphology parameters. The stallion was able to breed several mares with manual assistance to guide the penis into the vagina and one mare was diagnosed pregnant.
Cloning and characterization of Leishmania tarentolae adenine phosphoribosyltransferase.

a Department of Molecular, Cell and De6elopmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA b Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA c Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
Kaon flow as a probe of the kaon potential in nuclear medium.

The flow of kaons, i.e., the average kaon transverse momentum as a function of rapidity, and the associated flow parameter in heavy-ion collisions at energies of the heavy-ion synchrotron SIS at GSI (around 1 GeV) is investigated in the relativistic transport model. It is found that the pattern of kaon flow at the final stage is sensitive to the kaon potential used in the model and is thus a useful probe of the kaon potential in a nuclear medium.
In-Situ Polymerized Wicks for Passive Water Management in PEM Fuel Cell Systems

Air delivery is the largest parasitic power loss in typical PEM fuel cell systems. Integrated wicks for water management can help minimize this loss by enabling low stoichiometric airflow rate operation in parallel channel (low pressure drop) flow field architectures. In this work, we develop a novel water management wick design and fabrication procedure. This in-situ polymerized wick design is adaptable to existing state-of-the-art separator plates; and can be integrated into a wide variety of flow field structures (including stamped stainless steel or injection molded plates).Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Color Embeddings, Charge Assignments, and Proton Stability in Unified Gauge Theories

Three problems in hypothetical unified theories of electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions are discussed here. First, the problem of embedding color in any simple gauge group is solved, and a complete classification of theories where the fermion color is restricted to 1^c, 3^c, and 3^c of SU_3^c is given. Generalizations are also indicated. Second, an unbroken U_1 generated by electric charge is embedded into each of the above theories and the charge assignments analyzed. Third, the general problem of stabilizing the proton by a suitable atomic mass number A is studied for the same set of theories. It is always possible to define A if the gauge group is not too small. In many of these theories there must be fermions with weird values of A: leptons with A≠0 and quarks with A≠1/3. Examples are discussed. Some future directions of research are indicated.
Cortisol Exerts Bi-Phasic Regulation of Inflammation in Humans

Natural and synthetic glucocorticoids (GCs) have been used for decades to suppress inflammation. In this paper, we re-examine the role of the endogenous GC, cortisol, as a primary homeostatic regulator of the human inflammatory response to injury. Our data show that cortisol regulation of innate immunity can be both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory. Using a human model of in vivo cortisol depletion, we first show that baseline (diurnal) cortisol concentrations do not exert an anti-inflammatory effect. This is the first clue that cortisol regulation of inflammation is not represented by a linear dose-response relationship. We next show in surgical patients that cortisol does exert an acute anti-inflammatory effect over a carefully regulated range of physiologic cortisol concentrations. Finally, transient pre-treatment of healthy humans with cortisol induces a bi-phasic response during a later, delayed systemic inflammatory response: an intermediate cortisol concentration augments inflammation while a high cortisol concentration is neither pro- nor anti-inflammatory. Based on these findings and the work of others, we propose a new paradigm that identifies cortisol regulation of human inflammation as both dualistic-it is pro- and anti-inflammatory-and dynamic, it evolves over time.
Effect of contact geometry on the failure modes of thin coatings in the scratch adhesion test

To use the scratch adhesion test for assessing the adhesion of a hard, thin coating to its substrate, it must be ensured that the failure event represents the loss of adhesion, since many coatings fail by non-adhesive modes in this test. This study demonstrates, theoretically and experimentally, that indenter-induced bending stress is very likely to cause cohesive failures, thus, the adhesion of a coating to its substrate cannot be assessed in many scratch adhesion tests. To induce adhesive failure but suppress cohesive failure in the scratch adhesion test, the compressive coating stress should be high but the bending-induced stress should be low. This can be achieved by using an indenter with large radius and a high normal load. To assess coatings with good adhesion to the substrate, the radius of the most commonly used Rockwell C indenter may not be large enough.
Ultraviolet Mutagenesis in Bacteriophage T4 I. Irradiation of Extracellular Phage Particles

Drake, John W. (University of Illinois, Urbana). Ultraviolet mutagenesis in bacteriophage T4. I. Irradiation of extracellular phage particles. J. Bacteriol. 91:1775–1780. 1966.—Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation of extracellular T4 phage particles induces about 2 × 10−4r mutations per lethal hit. The mutants largely escape detection unless the irradiated phages are plated with very soft overlay agar. Multiplicity reactivation is not a prerequisite for mutagenesis. A much higher frequency of base pair substitution-type mutants is induced than is found in the spontaneous background, but sign mutants are also induced. Nearly half of the mutants map into previously identified UV hot spots. The rII mutants induced extracellularly are very similar to those induced intracellularly. The mutants also appear to result from direct radiation effects upon the bacteriophage deoxyribonucleic acid.
RACIAL TYPIFICATION OF CRIME AND SUPPORT FOR PUNITIVE MEASURES

This paper assesses whether support for harsh punitive policies toward crime is related to the racial typification of crime for a national random sample of households (N=885), surveyed in 2002. Results from OLS regression show that the racial typification of crime is a significant predictor of punitiveness, independent of the influence of racial prejudice, conservatism, crime salience, southern residence and other factors. This relationship is shown to be concentrated among whites who are either less prejudiced, not southern, conservative and for whom crime salience is low. The results broaden our understanding of the links between racial threat and social control, beyond those typically associated with racial composition of place. They also resonate important themes in what some have termed modern racism and what others have described as the politics of exclusion.
Top-side electroluminescence: a failure analysis technique to view electroluminescence along a laser channel

Electroluminescence imaging along the optical channel of a laser diode can show non-radiative defects or non-uniform emission in the channel which may be contributing to failure. This imaging technique is easily done on specially prepared test sites or on lasers that have not been diced and packaged. Once the laser diode is packaged (typically in a TO type package) it is difficult to utilize this technique due to the difficulty in successfully exposing the optical channel for inspection. This paper describes a practical technique to perform optical channel electroluminescence imaging of packaged laser diodes. It has been successfully applied to 780nm, 800nm, and 1300nm laser diodes. The information obtained can be used to improve reliability and/or life of the product analyzed. This paper will highlight details of the technique along with illustrations of typical results. Applications to failure analysis will also be discussed.
The darkening wave on mars.

IN a recent communication on the evidence for life on Mars1, I discussed the seasonal wave of darkening and associated changes in the polarization of the dark areas. The explanation of these phenomena which I preferred was a combination of interpretations advanced by G. P. Kuiper and D. B. McLaughlin. I now believe that the rationale for this model, the principal feature of which is the seasonal transport of dust on and off the dark areas, can be further improved.
Four color immunofluorescence detection using two 488-nm lasers on a Becton Dickinson FACS vantage flow cytometer

Multiparameter flow cytometric analysis is sometimes limited by the availability of directly conjugated monoclonal antibodies or streptavidin-conjugated secondary reagents. While many manufacturers offer a wide variety of monoclonal antibodies or streptavidin reagents directly conjugated to 488-nm excitable fluorochromes, there are not many available that are directly conjugated to 360-nm (UV) or 630-nm (HeNe) excitable fluorochromes. For this reason we attempted to develop a four color immunofluorescence staining protocol on a FACS Vantage using four 488-nm excitable fluorochromes. The fixed configuration of the FACS Vantage limits the feasibility of using four 488-nm excitable fluorochrome simultaneously because of the five fluorescence detectors, two are always electronically delayed. This means that only three signals-FL1, FL2, and FL3-can be detected off the primary 488-nm laser beam. FL4 and FL5 are always delayed, only detecting signals off the second laser beam. Our instrument is configured with an ILT air cooled 488-nm laser in the second position that is used in order to conserve the Coherent Enterprise laser when using only 488-nm excitable fluorochromes. Because of this, we were able to develop a four-color immunofluorescence staining protocol using only 488-nm excitable fluorochromes.
SPINORS, THE DIRAC FORMALISM AND CORRECT COMPLEX CONJUGATION

It is pointed out that in the Dirac formalism ψ†γ0ψ is not a correct spinorial expression and should be replaced by $\psi^\dagger\mathop{C_0}\limits_{\widetilde{}\ }\psi$ where C0 is a Lorentz-invariant quantity with different spinorial indices than γ0. Although $\mathop{C_0}\limits_{\widetilde{}\ }$ has the same matrix value as γ0 in flat space-time, the two quantities are different in curved space-time. However, γ0 retains its role as the time component of a 4-vector, and as a factor in the parity and time reversal states.
Coping with a stressful sigmoidoscopy: Evaluation of cognitive and relaxation preparations

Sigmoidoscopy involves the insertion of a small scope into the anal cavity to inspect for abnormalities in the colon. Although the procedure is not believed to be painful, it is often noxious for patients because it produces embarassment and discomfort. We examined the effectiveness of two brief interventions designed to enhance coping: self-instructional training and relaxation. In the self-instructional conditions patients were given brief training to focus their attention on either their own (internal) or the doctor's (external) ability to regulate the situation. A third (control) group received attention but did not experience self-instructional training. Half of each of these three groups also received relaxation training, while the other half did not. Planned comparisons demonstrated that subjects in the self-instructional strategies rated themselves as less anxious, had fewer body movements during the exam, and emitted fewer verbalization than those in an attention control group. Patients in the external condition estimated that the exam took less time but tended to have elevated heart rates during the procedure. Those experiencing relaxation training tended to overestimate the duration of the exam, but made fewer requests to stop the exam and rated themselves as less anxious than patients who did not receive relaxation training.
THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF CeRhIn5 AND LaRhIn5 FROM ARPES.

Abstract In the heavy-fermion CeRhIn5 and the isostructural compound LaRhIn5 the extra 4f-electron in Ce may alter the band structure near EF, suggesting that the 4f's participate in band formation. ARPES data indicates that correlation effects are mostly evident along the Γ–Z direction in the Brillouin zone. Very good agreement to GGA band calculations is found.
PRAGIS: a test case for a web-based archaeological GIS

Archaeology, like many disciplines, has employed GIS as a tool which allows a diversity of new research agendas, from predictive site modeling to the combination of spatial datasets once too cumbersome to be handled in entirety. With the explosion of web mapping applications over the past decade, the opportunity now exists to bring these capabilities, once requiring specialized education and software, to the entire archaeological community. The Puuc Region Archaeological Geographic Information System (PRAGIS) is a methodological foray into providing basic spatial analysis to professionals regardless of their computer mapping experience. With the combination of datasets pertaining to site location, landforms, modern features, recent land use patterns, as well as several basemaps, it is intended that this type of program will provide the intermediary functionality between the current options of basic static site visualization or a full suite of spatial tools, along with a corresponding internet database. http://egis.artsci.uc.edu/PRAGIS/
Subtypes based on cerebrospinal fluid and magnetic resonance imaging markers in normal elderly predict cognitive decline

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) show patterns of change in Alzheimer's disease (AD) that precede dementia. The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) studied normal controls (NC), subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and subjects with AD to identify patterns of biomarkers to aid in early diagnosis and effective treatment of AD. Two hundred twenty-two NC underwent baseline MRI and clinical examination at baseline and at least one follow-up. One hundred twelve also provided CSF at baseline. Unsupervised clustering based on initial CSF and MRI measures was used to identify clusters of participants with similar profiles. Repeated measures regression modeling assessed the relationship of individual measures, and of cluster membership, to cognitive change over 3 years. Most individuals showed little cognitive change. Individual biomarkers had limited predictive value for cognitive decline, but membership in the cluster with the most extreme profile was associated with more rapid decline in ADAS-cog. Subtypes among NC based on multiple biomarkers may represent the earliest stages of subclinical cognitive decline and AD.
The chromosomal location of ribosomal DNA in the mouse.

In situ hybridization of I125-labelled ribosomal RNA to mouse chromosomes was used to determine the location of the rDNA loci. The results demonstrate the presence of rDNA sites on chromosomes 15, 18 and 19.
Analysis of mesastable operation in RS CMOS flip-flops

An analysis of metastable operation in CMOS RS flip-flops is presented. An analytical formula for the flip-flop resolving time constant was derived using Shichman-Hodges model for NMOS and PMOS transistors. This formula, as related to the transistor dimensions, fabrication process parameters, and parasitic capacitance, uses proper transistor sizing to attain minimum flip-flop failure rate due to metastable operation. CMOS n-well, p-well, and twin-well flip-flop performance predicted analytically is also approved by SPICE level one simulation of transistor models. Real-time oscilloscope displays of metastable operation for two different CMOS RS flip-flop circuits are demonstrated.
Evaluations of rum distillation wastes, pharmaceutical wastes and chicken feed for rearing Tilapia aurea in Puerto Rico

Abstract Rum distillation wastes (solubles and yeast), pharmaceutical wastes (spent beer and spent beer plus solids), and a locally manufactured chicken feed were evaluated for their potential use in the culture of Tilapia aurea in Puerto Rico. The experimental products were compared to three types of controls: a commercial fish feed, an inorganic fertilizer, and an unmanaged system. The yield trials were conducted for 120 days in 9.3 m plastic pools. Three replications were made of each treatment. Survival of fish in the various treatments ranged from 80 to 96.7%. The highest mean standing crop at harvest (690 kg ha −1 equivalent) resulted from the fish receiving the commercial fish feed. This was followed by the fish from the spent beer treatment (643 kg ha −1 equivalent), inorganic fertilizer (559 kg ha −1 equivalent), distiller's yeast (454 kg ha −1 equivalent), spent beer plus solids (429 kg ha −1 equivalent), chicken feed (413 kg ha −1 equivalent), distiller's solubles (347 kg ha −1 equivalent), and the unmanaged system (145 kg ha −1 equivalent). The average feed conversion values for the fish fed the commercial fish feed and chicken feed were 1.53 and 2.06, respectively. Dissolved oxygen levels in pools treated with rum distiller's yeast declined from approximately 8.0 to 0.4 p.p.m. following initial application of the product. Dissolved oxygen depletions occurred after each subsequent application. All other systems had waters with dissolved oxygen concentrations generally suitable for fishculture.
Seeing the big picture: map use and the development of spatial cognition

This paper considers the relation between the development of spatial cognition and children’s use of maps and models. A new theoretical perspective is presented that takes into account the influences of maps on the development of spatial cognition. Maps provide a perspective on spatial information that differs in important ways from the perspective gained from direct experience navigating in the world. Using and thinking about maps may help children to acquire abstract concepts of space and the ability to think systematically about spatial relations that they have not experienced directly. In addition, exposure to maps may help children to think about multiple spatial relations among multiple locations. The results of previous studies that have demonstrated developmental differences in children’s cognition of large-scale environments are examined from this theoretical perspective. This review suggests that the development of spatial cognition consists partly of the acquisition of models of large-scale space, and that maps influence the development of the modern Western model.
Gods or rituals? Relational faith, spiritual discontent, and religious practices as predictors of hope and optimism

The current study investigates the incremental validity of a variety of functional religiosity variables such as religious practices, organizations, and self-designations as religious or spiritual, and content variables such as spiritual attachment to one's deity, meaning-making, values/beliefs, and faith maturity to predict unique variance in measures of hope and optimism, above and beyond the variance predicted by the five-factor model of personality. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that positive and negative relational percepts with a deity, religious denomination, levels of spiritual commitment and meaning-making predicted significant incremental variance in various aspects of hope and optimism, above and beyond the variance predicted by a measure of the five-factor model of personality. Private prayer, attendance at religious services, congregational support, and identity as a religious person did not predict incremental variance in overall hope and optimism. Exploratory analyses indicated ...
Interactions between neighboring retinal regions during fusional response.

Abstract Interactions between adjacent retinal regions are explored during human fusional response. The effect of the introduction of a disparity in one region on the fusional range of adjacent regions is examined. This interaction may take the form of enhancement or inhibition, depending on the relative directions and magnitudes of the disparities present in those regions. Thus, the extent of Panum's fusional areas at a given retinal location is a function of the magnitude and the spatial distribution of disparities that are present in neighboring retinal regions.
Pro-anorexia Communities and Online Interaction: Bringing the Pro-ana Body Online:

This article details the making of community and bodies in online environments, specifically the online pro-anorexia community. Building community among members of these groups is particularly frau...
Myocarditis susceptibility in female mice depends upon ovarian cycle phase at infection.

Female BALB/c mice were infected with coxsackievirus B3 in the diestrus, proestrus, estrus, or metestrus phases of the ovarian cycle. Cycle stage was determined by vaginal smear. All mice were killed 7 days after infection. Females infected in the diestrus and especially the proestrus phases developed myocarditis. CD4+ T cells expressing interferon-gamma (IFNγ) infiltrate the myocardium in these two phases, whereas CD4+ T cells expressing IL-4 are more frequent during estrus. Cardiac virus titers were determined 15 h and 7 days after infection. No differences in virus titer were seen at 7 days. These studies show that natural hormone variations can have substantial effects on viral pathogenicity presumably due to hormone effects on the immune system.
Time and the life cycle of presidential approval: a research note

Abstract This paper theorizes that the best way to empirically understand the president as a product is to look at the office and its occupant as a consumer product, in terms of the response of the consumers, citizens, to the product as measured by popularity. A substantial amount of literature has investigated the link between time, economics, and dramatic events to understand how those variables affect presidential approval ratings. However, there are conflicting views as to whether or not time, independently of other variables, has an effect on presidential approval. This study reconstructs the nature of that relationship between time and presidential approval ratings, testing for the relationship between presidential approval and time as a two-curve relationship. This relationship is analogous to the product life-cycle curve for commercial products. Substantial support is found for this hypothesized two-curve relationship. The results substantiate that the relationship between the citizenry and the modern president is the same as their relationship to consumer products. Future research must include time as the primary variable in our understanding of the modern market presidency. This additional study would not only substantiate the findings that presidential approval ratings follow a product life-cycle three-stage two-curve relationship, but would help develop a more concrete definition of the modern presidency.
Existence and uniqueness of solutions for the generalized linear complementarity problem

Cottle and Dantzig (Ref. 1) showed that the generalized linear complementarity problem has a solution for anyq∈R m ifM is a vertical blockP-matrix of type (m 1,...,m n ). They also extended known characterizations of squareP-matrices to vertical blockP-matrices. Here we show, using a technique similar to Murty's (Ref. 2), that there exists a unique solution for anyq∈R m if and only ifM is a vertical blockP-matrix of type (m 1,...,m n ). To obtain this characterization, we employ a generalization of Tucker's theorem (Ref. 3) and a generalization of a theorem initially introduced by Gale and Nikaido (Ref. 4).
Analysis of Thermal Stresses around a Cryosurgical Probe

Abstract Large thermal stresses easily exceeding the tissue yield strength may develop in the frozen region around a cryosurgical probe. A new integrodifferential solution for the heat transfer problem of biological tissues freezing around a cryosurgical probe is presented in this article. This solution is suitable for cases of high Stephan numbers and for a temperature-dependent forcing function at the cryoprobe. A new solution for the thermal stresses around a cryosurgical probe is also presented, based on an elastic–perfectly plastic model. It is proposed that thermal stresses beyond the elastic limit of the frozen region may sharply increase the mechanical damage to the cell membranes due to plastic deformation. It was found that plastic deformation always starts at the cryoprobe surface; however, plastic deformation may also be formed near the freezing front at high cooling rates and large cryoprobes. It is demonstrated that under some conditions plastic deformation may occur in the entire frozen region. A parametric study to identify the best cooling protocol for maximal plastic deformation is presented.
Supercritical extraction of organics from water and soil

Abstract Phenol, a common priority pollutant, was extracted from two environmental matrices, soil and water, by using near critical and supercritical carbon dioxide. The primary objective of this study was to determine the distribution of the contaminant between the soil or water and the supercritical phase, and the effect of soil moisture and co-solvents on the distribution coefficients. Static equilibrium extractions were performed on dry and wetted soil contaminated with 1 wt.% phenol and on water containing 6.8 wt.% phenol. Supercritical carbon dioxide (with and without entrainers) was chosen as the solvent for the study. An appropriate entrainer for dry soil extractions (methanol) differed from that found for aqueous extractions (benzene). However, soil moisture was found to have a significant impact on the effectiveness of entrainers for soil extractions of phenol. Entrainers appropriate for extracting wetted soil were found to be the same as those advantageous for aqueous extractions. Benzene was also extracted from dry and wetted soil to investigate the extractability of a hydrophobic compound. Pure carbon dioxide was found to be the best solvent for this system.
The Judaic foundations of rational–emotive behavioural therapy

This paper will explore the connections between rabbinical Judaism, rational–emotive behavioural therapy (REBT), and related forms of cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT). Seven main themes are identified. Both the Judaic tradition and REBT/CBT emphasised that honest and accurate self-understanding are the keys to self-improvement; that the intellect is capable of directing the emotional faculties; that an individual's overt behaviours and actions can influence his thoughts and emotions; that one should cultivate self-sufficiency and acceptance of one's circumstances; that all individuals have intrinsic and unalienable value as human beings; that happiness and unhappiness are internally caused; and finally, that immediate gratification is ultimately not reliable a source of self-fulfilment.
Computer analyses of characteristic infrared bands of globular proteins.

Infrared spectra of myoglobin, ribonuclease, lysozyme, α-chymotrypsin, α-lactalbumin, and β-lactoglobulin A were obtained in deuterium oxide solution in units of absorbance versus wavenumber from 1340 to 1750 cm−1. The spectra were resolved into Gaussian components by means of an iterative computer program. Resolved characteristic absorption peaks for the two infrared active amide I′ components of antiparallel chain-pleated sheets (β-structure) were obtained. The characteristic amide I′ peaks of α-helical regions and apparently unordered regions overlap in D2O solution. Absorptivity values for the resolved β-structure peak around 1630 cm−1 were estimated on the basis of the known structure of ribonuclease, lysozyme, and β-chymotrypsin. The β-structure content of β-lactoglobulin was estimated to be ca. 48% of α-lactalbumin ca. 18%, and of αs-casein close to zero. The results are in general agreement with conclusions drawn from circular dichroism and optical rotatory dispersion studies.
Aldose reductase inhibition enhances TRAIL-induced human colon cancer cell apoptosis through AKT/FOXO3a-dependent upregulation of death receptors

One of the major problems associated with the chemotherapy of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) that selectively kills tumor cells is decreased drug resistance. This warranted the development of safe novel pharmacological agents that could sensitize the tumor cells to TRAIL. Herein, we examined the role of aldose reductase (AR) in sensitizing cancer cells to TRAIL and potentiating TRAIL-induced apoptosis of human colon cancer cells. We demonstrate that AR inhibition potentiates TRAIL-induced cytotoxicity in cancer cells by upregulation of both death receptor (DR)-5 and DR4. Knockdown of DR5 and DR4 significantly (>85%) reduced the sensitizing effect of the AR inhibitor fidarestat on TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Further, AR inhibition also downregulates cell survival proteins (Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, survivin, XIAP, and FLIP) and upregulates the expression of proapoptotic proteins such as Bax and alters mitochondrial membrane potential, leading to cytochrome c release, caspases-3 activation, and PARP cleavage. We found that AR inhibition regulates AKT/PI3K-dependent activation of forkhead transcription factor FOXO3a. Knockdown of FOXO3a significantly (>80%) abolished AR inhibition-induced upregulation of DR5 and DR4 and apoptosis in colon cancer cells. Overall, our results show that fidarestat potentiates TRAIL-induced apoptosis through downregulation of cell survival proteins and upregulation of death receptors via activation of the AKT/FOXO3a pathway.
Brain levels of neuron-specific and nonneuronal enolase in Huntington's disease.

— Levels of the cell-specific brain isoenzymes of enolase were determined in basal ganglia and cerebral cortical tissue of Huntington's disease and age- and sex-matched control brain. Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) levels are decreased an average of 45% in basal ganglia from patients with Huntington's disease whereas the glial-specific form of enolase, nonneuronal enolase (NNE), is not significantly altered. In contrast, levels of NSE in cerebral cortical tissue from Huntington's disease patients remains unchanged in comparison with controls whereas NNE levels are significantly increased. NNE and NSE levels appear to be specific biochemical indicators of glial and neuronal cell number and viability. Levels of these cell-specific isoenzymes may therefore prove useful in quantitating neuropathological changes in various neurological disorders.
Privacy at Work: Architectural Correlates of Job Satisfaction and Job Performance

Three correlational studies examined relationships among architectural privacy, psychological privacy, job satisfaction, and job performance. Results of all three studies showed architectural priva...
Prenatal ultrasound: a critical look.

Prenatal ultrasonography: Implications for pediatric urology is a provocative review that raises a number of concerns about prenatal ultrasound performed for the purpose of detection of fetal anomalies. These concerns arise mainly due to the paucity of evidence supporting the appropriateness of subjecting pregnant women to extensive serial imaging for the purpose of monitoring fetal abnormalities of undetermined clinical significance. Indisputably, prenatal ultrasound has allowed early detection of both major and minor genitourinary anomalies with a high degree of sensitivity [1]. This has allowed pediatric urologists to offer parents prenatal counseling, and in some circumstances neonatal intervention capable of improving clinical outcomes. Unfortunately, as suggested in the accompanying article, this has also at times led to a considerable level of prenatal imaging and, in some children, unnecessary postnatal invasive diagnostic procedures. Over the past 20 years, multiple developments in ultrasound technology have opened the door to improved sensitivity in the prenatal diagnosis of major fetal abnormalities; sensitivity estimations determined in older studies necessarily reflect limitations of then-current technology, and may have limited validity today. Heterogeneity of study populations and inclusion criteria, such as low-risk patients only versus an unselected group, add to the difficulty of determining an estimate of the accuracy of diagnosis of specific fetal anomalies. It is a well-known and important characteristic of ultrasonography that sensitivity is user dependent, with studies using highly skilled providers reporting better results than those using providers with less training and expertise [2].
Magneto-optic effects in doped InP

We report on the investigation of Faraday rotation (FR) of indium phosphide (InP) conducted for several different wavelengths at room temperature. Appreciable FR, yielding Verdet constant values at 980, 1064, 1320, and 1550 nm at room temperature, has been observed. We have also investigated the role for dopants in FR for this class of materials. Specifically we have investigated an n-type dopant (Sulfur) and p-type dopants (Cd and Fe). We also present a simple and consistent model that explains the results for sulfur and points to the need for a more systematic study of these materials.
Idealized eleven-coordinate geometries

Abstract The method of points on a sphere is employed to determine three types of eleven-coordinated polyhedra. These are: a pentacapped trigonal prism (D3h), a monocapped pentagonal antiprism (C5v), and a skewed trigonal prism with an interpenetrating pentagon (C2v). Associated relative repulsive energies for various particle potentials and polar coordinates are reported.