cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of hepatocyte growth factor expression by NF-κB and PPARγ in adipose tissue

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is expressed as an angiogenic factor in adipose tissue. However, the molecular mechanism of Hgf expression remains largely unknown in the tissue. We addressed the issue by studying Hgf expression in adipocytes and macrophages. Hgf was expressed more in the stromal-vascular fraction than the adipocyte fraction. The expression was fivefold more in macrophages than the stromal-vascular faction and was reduced by 50% after macrophage deletion in adipose tissue. The expression was reduced by differentiation in adipocytes and by tumor necrosis factor-α or lipopolysaccharide treatment in macrophages. The expression was suppressed by nuclear factor (NF)-κB in C57BL/6 mice with NF-κB p65 overexpression under the aP2 gene promoter (aP2-p65 mice) but enhanced by inactivation of NF-κB p65 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. The Hgf gene promoter was suppressed by p65 overexpression, which blocked peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) interaction with RNA polymerase II. The p65 activity was abolished by knockdown of histone deacetylase 3. Hgf expression was upregulated by hypoxia in vitro and in vivo. Compared with vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegf), which was predominately expressed in mature adipocytes, Hgf was mainly expressed in nonadipocytes, suggesting that Hgf and Vegf may have different cell sources in adipose tissue. In mechanism, Hgf expression is inhibited by NF-κB through suppression of PPARγ function in the Hgf gene promoter. Both Hgf and Vegf are induced by hypoxia. The study provides a molecular mechanism for the difference of inflammation and hypoxia in the regulation of angiogenic factors.
Preconditioning the Brain Moving on to the Next Frontier of Neurotherapeutics

In December 2011, the 2nd Translational Preconditioning Meeting was held at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine. The motivation for this meeting arose from the success of the first meeting organized by Dr Guohua Xi and Dr Richard Keep at the University of Michigan, which took place in Ann Arbor in 2009. The main goal of the Miami meeting was to discuss and identify effective strategies to promote the basic science research of ischemic preconditioning for neurological diseases, with the ultimate objective of advancing ischemic preconditioning therapies to clinical use. With this goal in mind, the meeting was divided into clinical and basic science sessions. The discussions were organized in a question-and-answer format. More than 40 national leaders in the field attended the meeting to exchange ideas and brainstorm on ways to translate the basic science of preconditioning to clinical neurology (for a list of attendees and meeting agenda, please see online-only Supplemental Materials). The meeting took place over only 1 day and, given the early stages of development of this workshop, it was felt prudent to limit attendance to United States nationals. The organizers acknowledged this as a shortcoming of the conference that will, hopefully, be remedied in the future as the scope of the meeting expands. The purpose of this editorial is to summarize the key elements that arose out of these discussions in response to several questions posed to the attendants. The preconditioning phenomenon rests on the basic premise that organisms have developed complex and active defenses to counter adversarial conditions such as starvation and oxygen deprivation.1,2 From an evolutionary point of view, successful adaptation to environmental stress ensured survival. Triggering these innate defense systems to maintain cellular homeostasis, in the face of noxious injury, is at the root of the …
The Role of Parent Psychopathology in the Development of Preschool Children with Behavior Problems

The present study examined associations between early parental self-reported psychopathology symptoms and the later behavioral, emotional, and social functioning of preschool children with behavior problems. Mothers and fathers of preschoolers with behavior problems (N = 132; 55 girls, 77 boys) completed parent psychopathology questionnaires when children were 3 years old and completed measures of children's externalizing, internalizing, and social problems annually from age 3 to age 6. The sample included 61% European American, 16% Latino (predominantly Puerto Rican), 10% African American, and 13% multiethnic children. Every dimension of mothers’ and fathers’ psychopathology symptoms when children were 3 years old was associated with their own reports of children's externalizing and internalizing problems 3 years later. Several dimensions of maternal psychopathology symptoms at age 3 were associated with mother-reported social skills 3 years later. However, the relation between many dimensions of psychop...
3-D synthetic aperture radar interferometry phase unwrapping using extended Kalman filters

Abstract. Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) observations allow researchers to map elevations, analyze surface deformation, and even detect ground water level changes from satellites orbiting the Earth. The InSAR phase measurements are inherently wrapped between 0 and 2π. For most physical interpretation methods the phase measurements have to be unwrapped to reveal the full scale of the observations. The unwrapping of multi-dimensional phase data is still a field of active research and here we present an algorithm using an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). The current implementation of our EKF algorithm utilizes a piecewise linear approximation in space and a simple model in the third dimension (e.g. time). The algorithm starts from wrapped, unfiltered interferograms and filters and unwraps the results at the same time solving for a common topography or deformation rate, starting from the highest quality point in the coherent area and proceeding to unwrap highest quality neighbors. The highest quality neighbors are determined according to the Fisher's Distance, which is a phase quality measure similar to the more commonly used phase derivative variance, but also includes the interferogram coherence. In this presentation we demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm for the applications of DEM generation and deformation rate analysis using real data.
Rational design and synthesis of 4-((1R,2R)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl)-2(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (PF-998425), a novel, nonsteroidal androgen receptor antagonist devoid of phototoxicity for dermatological indications.

4-((1R,2R)-2-Hydroxycyclohexyl)-2(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile [PF-0998425, (−)-6a] is a novel, nonsteroidal androgen receptor antagonist for sebum control and treatment of androgenetic alopecia. It is potent, selective, and active in vivo. The compound is rapidly metabolized systemically, thereby reducing the risk of unwanted systemic side effects due to its primary pharmacology. (−)-6a was tested negative in the 3T3 NRU assay, validating our rationale that reduction of conjugation might reduce potential phototoxicity.
Real-time method for bronchoscope motion measurement and tracking

Bronchoscopy-guidance systems have been shown to improve the success rate of bronchoscopic procedures. A key technical cornerstone of bronchoscopy-guidance systems is the synchronization between the virtual world, derived from a patient's three-dimensional (3D) multidetector computed-tomography (MDCT) scan, and the real world, derived from the bronchoscope video during a live procedure. Two main approaches for synchronizing these worlds exist: electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB) and image-based bronchoscopy. ENB systems require considerable extra hardware, and both approaches have drawbacks that hinder continuous robust guidance. In addition, they both require an attending technician to be present. We propose a technician-free strategy that enables real-time guidance of bronchoscopy. The approach uses measurements of the bronchoscope's movement to predict its position in 3D virtual space. To achieve this, a bronchoscope model, defining the device's shape in the airway tree to a given point p, provides an insertion depth to p. In real time, our strategy compares an observed bronchoscope insertion depth and roll angle, measured by an optical sensor, to precalculated insertion depths along a predefined route in the virtual airway tree. This leads to a prediction of the bronchoscope's location and orientation. To test the method, experiments involving a PVC-pipe phantom and a human airway-tree phantom verified the bronchoscope models and the entire method, respectively. The method has considerable potential for improving guidance robustness and simplicity over other bronchoscopy-guidance systems.
Mode of delivery in women with antepartum fetal death and prior cesarean delivery

We describe obstetric outcomes in a group of patients with prior cesarean delivery (CD) presenting with an intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD). A secondary analysis of an observational study of women with prior CD was performed. All antepartum singleton pregnancies with a prior CD and IUFD ≥20 weeks' gestation or 500 g were evaluated. Two hundred nine patients met inclusion criteria for analysis. The mean gestational age ± standard deviation at delivery was 31.3 ± 6.5 weeks. The trial of labor rate was 75.6% (158/209), and the vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) success rate was 86.7%. Labor induction or augmentation occurred in 83.3% of attempted VBAC. Uterine rupture occurred in five women (2.4%), and in 3.4% of those being induced but none of these required hysterectomy. Women with a history of previous CD and an IUFD often undergo trial of labor with a high VBAC success rate. Uterine rupture complicates 2.4% of such cases.
A report from the AVS Standards Committee: Comparison of ion gauge calibrations by several standards laboratories

Calibrations by four U.S. laboratories of four hot‐cathode ion gauges, in the range 0.07–13 mPa, showed systematic differences among laboratories that were much larger than the expected error of any one calibration. They also suggested that any of the four gauges tested, if properly packaged and shipped, was able to serve as a transfer standard with probable error of 2%. A second comparison was made of the calibrations by two U.S. laboratories of some other gauges that had also been calibrated by the National Physical Laboratory, England. Results did not permit conclusive determination of whether differences were due to the laboratories or to changes in the gauges.
The gas-phase decomposition of methylsilane. Part III. Kinetics

The homogeneous gas-phase decomposition kinetics of methylsilane and methylsilane-d3 have been investigated by the comparative-rate-single-pulse shock-tube technique at total pressures of 4700 torr in the 1125–1250 K temperature range. Three primary processes occur: CH3SiH3 CH3SiH + H2 (1), CH3SiH3 CH4 + SiH2 (2), and CH3SiH3 CH2 = SiH2 + H2 (3). The high-pressure rate constants for the primary processes in CH3SiH3 obtained by RRKM calculations are log (k1 + k3) (s−1) = 15.2 - 64,780 Cal/θ and log k2 (s−) = 14.50 - 67,600 2800 Cal/θ. For CH3SiD3 these same rate constants are log k1 (s−) = 14.99 - 64,700 cal/θ log k2 (s−) = 14.68 – 66,700 2000 cal/θ, and log k3 (s−) = 14.3 ‒ 64,700 cal/θ.
Markers of Malign Across the Cardiovascular Continuum Interpretation and Application

Cardiovascular disease is the consequence of a complex series of events that begins with one or more homeostatic imbalances initiated by abnormal gene environment interaction(s). Factors or agents that induce biochemical or physical stress/injury can elicit pathophysiological responses that include molecular, cellular, tissue, and/or integrative processes. Accordingly, the responses may be of a systemic, circulating, or local nature. In genetically susceptible individuals, these pathophysiologic responses can result in tissue damage, ultimately leading to impaired tissue function, target organ failure, clinical events, or death. Physicians are challenged with predicting which individual is at risk for developing disease, identifying casual factors, assessing the presence of underlying disease processes, ascertaining whether early target organ damage already exists, and evaluating the effect of the prescribed therapy. In the clinic, these issues are very difficult. More than 50 years ago, William Kannel first popularized the concept of cardiovascular disease risk factors for clinicians and clinical epidemiologists. Risk factors, in his initial broad definition, were used as predictors of cardiovascular disease. Thus, the presence of one or more risk factor predicted the increased likelihood of the later development of cardiovascular clinical events. Although not all risk factors cause disease, some, such as hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, undoubtedly are also causal factors. The establishment of a factor as causative for disease requires extensive experimental studies and, importantly, clinical interventional trials that clearly document that reducing the level of the factor prevents or attenuates disease development and/or clinical events. There is little question that identification of causal factors will yield the greatest benefit in terms of prevention or intervention. However, much is still unknown of the factors that cause cardiovascular disease. Debate exists on the contribution of infectious …
Frontal eye field as defined by intracortical microstimulation in squirrel monkeys, owl monkeys, and macaque monkeys. II. Cortical connections.

Physiological (intracortical microstimulation) and anatomical (transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin as shown by tetramethyl benzidine) approaches were combined in the same animals to reveal the locations, extents, and cortical connections of the frontal eye fields (FEF) in squirrel, owl, and macaque monkeys. In some of the same owl and macaque monkeys, intracortical microstimulation was also used to evoke eye movements from dorsomedial frontal cortex (the supplementary motor area). In addition, in all of the owl and squirrel monkeys, intracortical microstimulation was also used to evoke body movements from the premotor and motor cortex situated between the central dimple and the FEF. These microstimulation data were directly compared to the distribution of anterogradely and retrogradely transported label resulting from injections of tracer into the FEF in each monkey. Since the injection sites were limited to the physiologically defined FEF, the demonstrated connections were solely those of the FEF. To aid in the interpretation of areal patterns of connections, the relatively smooth cortex of owl and squirrel monkeys was unfolded, flattened, and cut parallel to the flattened surface. Cortex of macaque monkeys, which has numerous deep sulci, was cut coronally. Reciprocal connections with the ipsilateral frontal lobe were similar in all three species: dorsomedial cortex (supplementary motor area), cortex just rostral (periprincipal prefrontal cortex) to the FEF, and cortex just caudal (premotor cortex) to the FEF. In squirrel and owl monkeys, extensive reciprocal connections were made with cortex throughout the caudal half of the lateral fissure and, to a much lesser extent, cortex around the superior temporal sulcus. In macaque monkeys, only sparse connections were present with cortex of the lateral fissure, but extensive and dense connections were made with cortex throughout the caudal one-third to one-half of the superior temporal sulcus. In addition, very dense reciprocal connections were made with the cortex of the lateral, or inferior, bank of the intraparietal sulcus. Contralateral reciprocal connections in all three species were virtually limited to regions that correspond in location to the FEF and the supplementary motor area. The results of this study reveal connections between the physiologically defined frontal eye field and cortical regions known to participate in higher order visual processing, short-term memory, multimodal, visuomotor, and skeletomotor functions. Some of the demonstrated pathways may contribute to functional interactions between oculomotor and skeletomotor systems, perhaps facilitating the planning and coordination of related eye, head, and hand movements.
CT scan and neuropsychological correlates of Alzheimer's Disease and Huntington's Disease ☆

Abstract “Cortical” and “subcortical” dementia syndromes differ in areas of primary neuropathology and clinical characteristics. Conventional CT scan interpretation, visual inspection of pictures, has not been useful in studying dementia. Recent studies of the digitally stored CT attenuation values have found systematic variations with normal aging and aphasia subtypes. In this study of numerical CT scan information in four Alzheimer's Disease and two Huntington's Disease patients, a double dissociation of frontal and temporal lobe density values was found, and a significant correlation was found between left temporal lobe density and verbal ability measures in the Alzheimer's Disease patients.
The role of distraction in improving the space available in the lumbar stenotic canal and foramen.

Study Design The terminal event in disc space narrowing and facet subluxation of the lumbar spine can produce clinical symptoms of spinal stenosis. Reversal of this process via distraction was performed on ten cadaveric motion segments with documented stenosis. Methods Computerized tomography and caliperic methods for the measurement of canal and foraminal areas were calculated in each segment after 5 and 10 mm of symmetrical distraction. Measurements were done in a blinded manner verified with orthographic software and statistical analysis. Results Decompression of foraminal space was statistically significant in 7 of 10 cadaveric specimens after 5 mm of distraction and 9 of 10 specimens after 10 mm of distraction. Minimal yet insignificant improvement in stenotic canal area was evident with distraction. Conclusion The presence of posterior vertebral osteophytes was associated uniformly with poor improvement of space available in both stenotic canal and foramen.
Behavioral assessment of language brain processing in the first year of life

An up-to-date review of the behavioral assessments of language development in the first year of life is reported. After recalling the anatomical bases of the early development of the auditory system, the different stages of language development during the first year of life are considered: discrimination, transition and perception. The different kinds of behavioral assessment during the course of the first year are then described by stressing their indications and limitations.
Dynamics of sonic jet injection into supersonic crossflow

The interaction between a sonic air jet and a supersonic air crossflow is simulated using large-eddy simulation (LES). A hybrid numerical methodology is used here to capture shock waves locally with minimal dissipation of the turbulent structures. The dynamic subgrid closure model employed for the LES permits a fully localized evaluation of the closure coefficients, such that there are no ad hoc adjustable parameters. Simulation of the experimental study of Santiago and Dutton (J. Propul. Power, vol. 13, 1997, pp. 264–273), where detailed measurements of the mean velocity and turbulent fluctuations have been acquired, is reported. The LES results show fairly good agreement with the experimental data for the mean and statistical fluctuations of the velocity field. The numerical study is then extended to two other jets in crossflow conditions to study the impact of the free-stream Mach number and of the jet to free-stream momentum ratio on the structure of the jet and on the dynamics of the interaction. The...
Exploiting rotational symmetry for ultra-wideband planar array design

A new type of planar array geometry is proposed which specifically exploits rotationally symmetry for determining the arrangement of antenna elements. Application of symmetry in the design of arrays is often attractive since it aids in manufacturability. Common translational symmetry, most often seen in periodic arrays, leads to grating lobes in the array factor when electrical spacing between elements becomes large. Grating lobes do not occur in designs which exploit rotational symmetry, and as such are an attractive property for the design of ultra-wideband planar arrays. Two ultra-wideband array design techniques are proposed that use rotational symmetry for positioning the elements and for fast calculation of their associated array factors.
Theory of Flame Front Propagation in Porous Propellant Charges under Confinement

Abstract : Ultra-high burning rates can be achieved by combustion of porous media. A theoretical model is developed to describe the flame propagation in a packed bed of granular propellant. The calculated pressure-time-distance transients, wave propagation speed, and mass fraction of propellant burned during flame propagation, all agree well with experimental data obtained for the same conditions. Results demonstrate that the combustion-generated strong pressure gradient causes the hot product gas to deeply penetrate the unburned region. A continental divide forms automatically in the pressure distribution as the wave progresses into the charge. In the particular case studied the flame front reaches a speed about 5000 times the normal propellant burning rate and continues to accelerate as the internal pressure increases. (Modified author abstract)
The minority in the middle: Asian‐American dissent in the 1960s and 1970s

During the 1960s and 1970s Asian‐Americans initiated local movements intended to raise ethnic consciousness and alter majority attitudes. Although Asian‐American activists articulated many of the concerns voiced by other minorities in America and utilized basic tactics familiar to movement theorists, they failed to create a national movement like other minorities. This paper examines the implications of their experience for a revised understanding of movement rhetoric. The paper proposes the refinement of theories on social movements through the addition of a pre‐inception stage to current theories.
A Supplementary DC Machine Test for Sophomores

A blocked-rotor test may be used to determine curves for a family of dynamic operating characteristics for dc machines. Conventional performance characteristics may be predicted from these curves. The authors have used this test procedure to supplement the usual tests on machinery in the sophomore laboratory. The new procedure emphasizes the fundamental principles of machine operation and also points up the importance of certain details which have a significant effect upon performance. The test would logically precede the usual load tests. The latter are then anticipated with enthusiasm since they provide confirmation of performance predicted from the static tests.
Carbon nanotube based multi-spectrum infrared detector array

Carbon nanotube (CNT), a one dimensional (1D) hollow cylinder, possesses exceptional optoelectronic properties due to its unique geometry, making it a promising material for infrared (IR) detection. By taking advantage of its particular features, IR detectors using CNT have the potential to outperform and replace conventional detectors. In this paper, a multi-spectrum IR detector system will be introduced, which uses CNT as the functional element to effectively detect IR with wavelengths ranging from 0.8 um to 5 um at room temperature. The detector array was packaged using an IR transparent polymer, called parylene-C, to prevent the influence of atmospheric moisture and gases. A high-speed readout integrated circuit system was developed to measure the photo-response of the detectors.
Novel, Chimpanzee Serotype 68-Based Adenoviral Vaccine Carrier for Induction of Antibodies to a Transgene Product

An E1-deletion-containing adenoviral recombinant based on the chimpanzee serotype 68 (AdC68) was developed to express the rabies virus glycoprotein. Mice immunized with this construct (AdC68rab.gp) developed antibodies to rabies virus and remained resistant to challenge with an otherwise lethal dose of rabies virus. In naive mice immunized intranasally, the rabies virus-specific antibody responses elicited by AdC68rab.gp were comparable with regard to both titers and isotype profiles to those induced by an adenoviral recombinant based on human serotype 5 (Adhu5) expressing the same transgene product. In contrast, subcutaneous immunization with the AdC68rab.gp vaccine resulted in markedly lower antibody responses to the rabies virus glycoprotein than the corresponding Adhu5 vaccine. Antibodies from AdC68rab.gp-immunized mice were strongly biased towards the immunoglobulin G2a isotype. The antibody response to the rabies virus glycoprotein presented by Adhu5rab.gp was severely compromised in animals preexposed to the homologous adenovirus. In contrast, the rabies virus-specific antibody response to the AdC68rab.gp vaccine was at most marginally affected by preexisting immunity to common human adenovirus serotypes, such as 2, 4, 5, 7, and 12. This novel vaccine carrier thus offers a distinct advantage over adenoviral vaccines based on common human serotypes.
Numerical analysis of the whispering gallery modes by the finite-difference time-domain method

The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is used to analyze the whispering-gallery modes of microdisk lasers. The method takes no a priori assumption. It solves the Maxwell's equations directly while taking into account the actual structure of the microdisk. The numerical results are in agreement with experimentally measured spectrum. Our Q values, however, are higher than previously published theoretical results. By calculating the resonant wavelengths and Q factors for different disk sizes, we demonstrate that the FDTD can be used to optimize the design of microdisk lasers.
MicroRNAs support a turtle + lizard clade

Despite much interest in amniote systematics, the origin of turtles remains elusive. Traditional morphological phylogenetic analyses place turtles outside Diapsida—amniotes whose ancestor had two fenestrae in the temporal region of the skull (among the living forms the tuatara, lizards, birds and crocodilians)—and allied with some unfenestrate-skulled (anapsid) taxa. Nonetheless, some morphological analyses place turtles within Diapsida, allied with Lepidosauria (tuatara and lizards). Most molecular studies agree that turtles are diapsids, but rather than allying them with lepidosaurs, instead place turtles near or within Archosauria (crocodilians and birds). Thus, three basic phylogenetic positions for turtles with respect to extant Diapsida are currently debated: (i) sister to Diapsida, (ii) sister to Lepidosauria, or (iii) sister to, or within, Archosauria. Interestingly, although these three alternatives are consistent with a single unrooted four-taxon tree for extant reptiles, they differ with respect to the position of the root. Here, we apply a novel molecular dataset, the presence versus absence of specific microRNAs, to the problem of the phylogenetic position of turtles and the root of the reptilian tree, and find that this dataset unambiguously supports a turtle + lepidosaur group. We find that turtles and lizards share four unique miRNA gene families that are not found in any other organisms' genome or small RNA library, and no miRNAs are found in all diapsids but not turtles, or in turtles and archosaurs but not in lizards. The concordance between our result and some morphological analyses suggests that there have been numerous morphological convergences and reversals in reptile phylogeny, including the loss of temporal fenestrae.
The foraging behaviour of lacewing larvae on vertical rods

Abstract The foraging behaviour of lacewing larvae (Chrysopa carnea Stephens, Chrysopidae, Neuroptera) on vertical lucite rods was observed under a variety of experimental conditions to investigate the decision processes responsible for the distribution of foraging effort. Food deprivation increased the duration of searching on all parts of the rod, whereas contact with prey at the rod tip induced only a local enhancement of searching activity. Searching at the rod tip did not decline with repeated trials on the same rod, but the duration of searching on the rest of the rod was reduced, evidently reflecting recognition and avoidance of previously-searched substrates. There were indications that the larvae compensated for changes in the surface area, radius of curvature, and length of the rod. Searching patterns at the tip and on the rest of the rod proved to be independently modifiable, suggesting a two-tiered hierarchy of foraging decisions. The total duration of the search depended primarily on the pattern of vertical movement and the number of reascents, rather than the searching effort per unit area. Evidence of a negative geotaxis was found only during the initial ascent of the rod, and no sequential pattern in the lengths of vertical excursions was observed. The decision process appeared to involve a combination of variable control factors interacting with a generally constant, random probability of change or reversal of direction. The resulting investment of foraging time corresponded surprisingly well with expectations derived from optimal foraging theory, thereby testifying to the power of approximate, semi-random decision processes.
Beyond one model per phenomenon

study, taking truly independent ratings to see which verbs participants considered to be denominal or deverbal (i.e. exocentric or not). The results of this new experiment were clear. The semantic similarity (or otherwise) of verbs-incontext to ordinary irregular usage predicted the acceptability of past-tense forms. Whether or not verbs were perceived to be exocentric was irrelevant to this. It is worth noting that these results were obtained using the verbs put forward by Kim et al. [5] to try to demonstrate their theory. Thetheorythathomophoneverbprocessingcanbeexplained by exocentricity fails completely in the face of examples like shoe–shoo, where it is the denominal verb that is irregular (shoe–shod) and the deverbal verb regular (shoo–shooed). (Further support for these findings comes from on-line studies that have shown that semantics – and not exocentric form – predictcomprehensiontimeforhomophoneverbs[7].) What is the relevance of these data to the past-tense debate? First, they demonstrate that the ‘in-principle’ objection to single-route models supposedly posed by homophone verbs is wrong. Inflections of homophone verbs are determined by complex semantic and phonological patterns, not grammatical status. Second, they show that children’s ability to process homophone verbs is not indicative of their innate sensitivity to nouns and verbs [8], but rather is indicative of children’s ability to learn languages. Finally, because the exocentricity thesis is false, the dual-route theory itself cannot account for the processing of homophone verbs. Providing an account of homophone-verb inflection is vital to explaining past-tense processing [1–4]; the evidence suggests that it is two routes that this phenomenon rules out, not one.
Mitochondrial Glutamate Dehydrogenase from Leishmania tarentolae Is a Guide RNA-Binding Protein

To identify specific proteins interacting with guide RNAs (gRNAs) in mitochondrial ribonucleoprotein complexes from Leishmania tarentolae, fractionated and unfractionated mitochondrial extracts were subjected to UV cross-linking with added labeled gRNA and also with [alpha-32P]UTP-labeled endogenous RNA. An abundant 110-kDa protein (p110) localized in the T-V complex, which sediments in glycerol gradients at the leading edge of the 10S terminal uridylyltransferase peak, was found to interact with both types of labeled RNAs. The p110 protein was gel isolated and subjected to microsequence analysis, and the gene was cloned. The sequence revealed significant similarity with mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenases. A polyclonal antiserum was raised against a recombinant fragment of the p110 gene and was used to demonstrate a stable and specific gRNA-binding activity by coimmunoprecipitation and competitive gel shift analyses. Complex formation was strongly inhibited by competition with poly(U) or by deletion or substitution of the gRNA 3' oligo(U) tail. Also, addition of a 3' oligo(U) tail to an unrelated transcript was sufficient for p110 binding. Both the gRNA-binding activity of the p110 protein and in vitro gRNA-independent and gRNA-dependent uridine insertion activities in the mitochondrial extract were inhibited by high concentrations of dinucleotides.
The nonsocialist NICs: East Asia

Ellen Comisso and her colleagues are interested in the differences among all nations in their strategic economic responses to the petroleum price hikes of the 1970s—and, by extension, in why some states consistently outperform others in economic adjustment and growth. In particular, Comisso wants to know why the centrally planned economies (CPEs) of Eastern Europe reacted differently from one another to the shocks of the 1970s and yet, as a group, consistently performed less well than some reference groups, notably the East Asian NICs (newly industrialized countries). At the heart of Comisso's and the other authors' concerns are the notions of state “structure” and “process,” particularly as derived from Peter Katzenstein and the other contemporary comparative political economists, since on structural grounds the East European CPEs appear similar to the quasi-corporatist or “bureaucratic authoritarian” NICs elsewhere in the world. They differ primarily in terms of performance—or so it seems. Why? Are structure and process the right variables, and if they are, have they been correctly conceptualized?
Huntingtin-associated protein 1 (HAP1) interacts with the p150Glued subunit of dynactin.

Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by expansion of a polyglutamine repeat in the HD protein huntingtin. Huntingtin's localization within the cell includes an association with cytoskeletal elements and vesicles. We previously identified a protein (HAP1) which binds to huntingtin in a glutamine repeat length-dependent manner. We now report that HAP1 interacts with cytoskeletal proteins, namely the p150 Glued subunit of dynactin and the pericentriolar protein PCM-1. Structural predictions indicate that both HAP1 and the interacting proteins have a high probability of forming coiled coils. We examined the interaction of HAP1 with p150 Glued . Binding of HAP1 to p150 Glued (amino acids 879-1150) was confirmed in vitro by binding of p150 Glued to a HAP1-GST fusion protein immobilized on glutathione-Sepharose beads. Also, HAP1 co-immunoprecipitated with p150 Glued from brain extracts, indicating that the interaction occurs in vivo. Like HAP1, p150 Glued is highly expressed in neurons in brain and both proteins are enriched in a nerve terminal vesicle-rich fraction. Double label immunofluorescence experiments in NGF-treated PC12 cells using confocal microscopy revealed that HAP1 and p150 Glued partially co-localize. These results suggest that HAP1 might function as an adaptor protein using coiled coils to mediate interactions among cytoskeletal, vesicular and motor proteins. Thus, HAP1 and huntingtin may play a role in vesicle trafficking within the cell and disruption of this function could contribute to the neuronal dysfunction and death seen in HD.
Hypocholesterolemia and acute myelogenous leukemia: association between disease activity and plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations

Plasma total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations were determined in 32 patients admitted with either acute nonlymphocytic leukemia or chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis. Measurements were repeated in 15 of these individuals during a leukopenic period induced by chemotherapy and in 6 of the latter group when they had achieved remission. Initial plasma total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol levels in 15 male (111.9 +/- 27.9; 53.7 +/- 10.4; 23.7 +/- 22.5 mg/dl) and 17 female (124.0 +/- 42.0; 68.6 +/- 32.0; 29.4 +/- 13.9 mg/dl) patients were markedly reduced compared with age and sex-matched control values (all P less than 0.01). Remission in six subjects was associated with significant increases in total cholesterol (162.0 +/- 61.0 vs. 111.5 +/- 47.9 mg/dl; P less than 0.02) and LDL cholesterol (106.8 +/- 51.2 vs. 43.5 +/- 31.3 mg/dl; P less than 0.05) compared with their baseline values. Chemotherapy-induced leukopenia was associated with inconsistant changes in plasma cholesterol levels although LDL cholesterol increased in all patients who subsequently achieved remission. LDL cholesterol levels fell dramatically in two patients who relapsed. These results indicate that LDL cholesterol concentrations may be of value in assessing disease activity in individuals with acute myelogenous leukemia.
Considering the role of the university in conducting research on agri-biotechnologies

Private sector firms have dominated the research, development, and commercialization processes for transgenic crops. This has led to a narrow focus on a few commercially important crops and engineered traits, while minor crops and traits remain largely ignored. Analysts have decried this situation and called for more public-centered research regimes, such as research on minor crops and traits. Universities are often identified as places where research on the more minor crops and traits should occur. The burgeoning literature on the changing structure of the university toward an institution more aligned with private for-profit sector interests and orientations calls these arguments into question. Using time series data from 1993-2002 obtained from the US Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, we find that over time, university research on transgenic crops has increasingly mirrored the research profile of for-profit firms.
Garter Snake Distributions in High-Elevation Aquatic Ecosystems: Is There a Link with Declining Amphibian Populations and Nonnative Trout Introductions?

Abstract The dramatic amphibian population declines reported worldwide likely have important effects on their predators. In the Sierra Nevada, where amphibian declines are well documented and some are closely tied to the introduction of nonnative trout, the mountain garter snake, Thamnophis elegans elegans, preys predominately on amphibians. We surveyed 2103 high-elevation lakes in the Sierra Nevada, quantified the distributional relationship between the mountain garter snake and anuran amphibians (Pseudacris regilla, Rana muscosa, and Bufo spp.) and used this information to evaluate the possibility that amphibian declines lead to declines of garter snakes. We observed a strong association between amphibian presence and garter snake presence. The probability of finding snakes in lakes with amphibians was 30 times greater than in lakes without amphibians. Lakes with snakes had higher numbers of amphibians within 1 km (mean = 4018.8) than did lakes without snakes (mean = 642.1). On a landscape scale, in Kin...
The design of the POSTGRES rules system

This paper explains the rules subsystem that is being implemented in the POSTGRES DBMS. It is novel in several ways. First, it gives to users the capability of defining rules as well as data to a DBMS. Moreover, depending on the scope of each rule defined, optimization is handled differently. This leads to good performance both in the case that there are many rules each of small scope and a few rules each of large scope. In addition, rules provide either a forward chaining control flow or a backward chaining one, and the system will choose the control mechanism that optimizes performance in the cases that it is possible. Furthermore, priority rules can be defined, thereby allowing a user to specify rules systems that have conflicts. This use of exceptions seems necessary in many applications. Lastly, our rule system can support an implementation of views, protection and integrity control, simply by applying the rules system in a particular way. Consequently, no special purpose code need be included to handle these tasks.
Validation of an instrument to assess toddler feeding practices of Latino mothers

This paper describes qualitative and quantitative aspects of testing a 34-item Toddler-Feeding Questionnaire (TFQ), designed for use in Latino families, and the associations between feeding practices and toddler dietary outcomes. Qualitative methods included review by an expert panel for content validity and cognitive testing of the tool to assess face validity. Quantitative analyses included use of exploratory factor analysis for construct validity; Pearson's correlations for test-retest reliability; Cronbach's alpha (α) for internal reliability; and multivariate regression for investigating relationships between feeding practices and toddler diet and anthropometry. Interviews were conducted using a convenience sample of 94 Latino mother and toddler dyads obtained largely through the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC). Data collection included household characteristics, self-reported early-infant feeding practices, the toddler's dietary intake, and anthropometric measurements. Factor analysis suggests the TFQ contains three subscales: indulgent; authoritative; and environmental influences. The TFQ demonstrated acceptable reliability for most measures. As hypothesized, indulgent practices in Latino toddlers were associated with increased energy consumption and higher intakes of total fat, saturated fat, and sweetened beverages. This tool may be useful in future research exploring the relationship of toddler feeding practices to nutritional outcomes in Latino families.
Sulfur Dioxide-Pyridine Dimer. FTIR and Theoretical Evidence for a Low-Symmetry Structure.

Sulfur dioxide–pyridine complex formation was reinvestigated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and computational methods. The SO2–pyridine dimer has been proposed to have a v-shaped, Cs-symmetric structure based on the microwave spectrum; however, recent research showing the occurrence of X···H–C hydrogen bonds in noncovalent complexes suggested that the structure of the complex should be re-examined. The FTIR spectrum of the dimer was obtained by numerical analysis of the spectra of pyridine–SO2 mixtures in CCl4. The spectrum showed ortho C–H stretching modes consistent with a C1-symmetric structure containing a S–O bond oriented approximately coplanar with the pyridine ring and adjacent to an ortho C–H moiety. The C1 structure, which was identified as the global minimum by various density functional theory and correlated ab initio calculations, is also consistent with the out-of-plane second moment (Pbb) value previously determined by microwave spectroscopy. The complex is converted t...
Mode Controllability and Disturbance Rejection in Consensus Networks

This paper considers a new notion of mode controllability for interconnected systems. A new method based on canceling natural system modes that arise from non-zero initial conditions is proposed. A system of first-order linear differential equations is used to represent an interconnected system where the links are static gains. The paper focuses on the initial conditions of the nodes. The system is said to be mode controllable if every initial condition mode can be canceled, while the system is not mode controllable if there exists at least one initial condition mode that cannot be cancelled. A test of model controllability is developed, which is equivalent to the standard controllability. We test this method by rejecting all natural system modes using the minimum input control. Finally, the paper concludes an illustrative example with simulation results and future work.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Athletic Trainers' Beliefs About and Implementation of Evidence-Based Practice.

Context: Understanding the beliefs about and use of evidence-based practice (EBP) among athletic trainers (ATs) will help to determine appropriate strategies to improve implementation. Objective: ...
A Multimarker Approach to Evaluation of Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome

The clinical application of biomarkers in patients with acute ischemic heart disease has evolved substantially. No longer is their use limited to the diagnosis of myocardial necrosis. Cardiac biomarkers may now be used as convenient and noninvasive tools to gain insight into the underlying causes and consequences of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) that mediate the risk of recurrent events and may be targets for therapeutic interventions. The emergence of novel biomarkers of inflammation, thrombosis, and hemodynamic stress have made possible an expanded role of multiple biomarkers, some old, others new, in the classification of patients with ACS. As proof of principle, a simple multimarker strategy using cardiac troponin, B-type natriuretic peptide, and C-reactive protein has been shown to enhance risk assessment. More work is needed to define the appropriate therapeutic responses to elevation of these novel markers. Moreover, as the understanding of the pathogenesis of ACS advances and new markers and therapies are discovered, the potential of multimarker strategies to add to present tools for clinical decision making and risk stratification will continue to evolve. This chapter describes the genesis and initial evaluation of the multimarker paradigm.
Hepatitis C Screening Rate Among Underserved Adults With Serious Mental Illness Receiving Care in California Community Mental Health Centers

Although HCV is more prevalent among people with severe mental illness (SMI; e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder) than in the general population (17% vs 1%), no large previous studies have examined HCV screening in this population. In this cross-sectional study, we examined administrative data for 57 170 California Medicaid enrollees with SMI to identify prevalence and predictors of HCV screening from October 2010 through September 2011. Only 4.7% (2674 of 57 170) received HCV screening, with strongest predictors being nonpsychiatric health care utilization and comorbid substance abuse.
Marčenko-Pastur law for Tyler's M-estimator

This paper studies the limiting behavior of Tyler's M-estimator for the scatter matrix, in the regime that the number of samples n and their dimension p both go to infinity, and p / n converges to a constant y with 0 < y < 1 . We prove that when the data samples x 1 , ź , x n are identically and independently generated from the Gaussian distribution N ( 0 , I ) , the operator norm of the difference between a properly scaled Tyler's M-estimator and ź i = 1 n x i x i ź / n tends to zero. As a result, the spectral distribution of Tyler's M-estimator converges weakly to the Marcenko-Pastur distribution.
Abstract 1605: α-cryptoxanthin supplementation inhibits the carcinogen-initiated and nicotine-promoted lung carcinogenesis in AJ mice by suppression of AKT activation

A pooled analysis from well-implemented cohort studies reported that increased dietary α-cryptoxanthin (BCX) intake, rather than α-carotene used in earlier human trials, is associated with reduced risk of lung cancer. Nonetheless, BCX efficacy on lung carcinogenesis has not been reported. In these studies, we examined the protective effects of BCX at different doses against lung carcinogenesis at the initiation and the promotion stages of the cancer development in male AJ mice. In the tobacco carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)- 1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone [NNK]-initiated lung carcinogenesis model, we found a 52-63% reduction of lung tumor multiplicity in mice pre-treated with BCX at 0.2 and 2 mg kg BW-1 d-1, as compared to the NNK group (P Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1605. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1605