cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drug-induced oral dyskinesias in rats after traditional and new neuroleptics

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a serious human side effect of neuroleptic treatment in psychotic disorders. Although the etiology is clear (i.e. chronic neuroleptic drugs), its pathophysiology has not yet been satisfactorily explained. This is important not only theoretically but also to inform drug development, allowing the introduction of antipsychotic compounds without TD liability. The development of an animal condition which putatively models these delayed onset dyskinesias, has provided a technique to differentiate between neuroleptic drug effect and dyskinesia correlates. We report here the development of oral dyskinesias in rats in response to a number of different neuroleptics, which have a range of neurochemical and clinical characteristics. Traditional neuroleptics (e.g. haloperidol) produced rat oral dyskinesias, in an open-cage environment. Clozapine, while it produced an increased rate of oral movements, showed a significantly decreased potency in this model. SCH23390 (D1 antagonist) neither produced the oral movements nor modified their onset by coadministration with raclopride. These data replicate and extend other similar studies in the literature. They suggest that clozapine differs from traditional neuroleptics with respect to motor side effects.
Cooking Up an Online Community

AbstractAs museum professionals conceptualize community building, they must now consider the virtual realm. Websites in and of themselves will not generate a community, as it takes sustained communication and interaction by staff to encourage growth. Online communities are complex forces that bring about systematic dualities that in turn stimulate contact, collaboration, and learning. Cooking: The Exhibition Chefs at the Liberty Science Center models six conceptual dualities that resulted in a thriving Community of Practice. This article analyzes Cooking's online process using social learning theories to reflect on how people interact with one another in both physical and virtual settings.
Developmental profile of estrogen receptor mRNA in the preoptic area of male and female neonatal rats.

Exposure to estrogen or estrogenic metabolites of testosterone during the early postnatal period has permanent effects on rodent brain development. Differential sensitivity to estrogen, as reflected by transcription of the estrogen receptor gene, might determine the period of maximal sensitivity to the masculinizing effects of estrogen. We used an35S-labeled riboprobe and in situ hybridization to chart the development of estrogen receptor (ER) mRNA expression in the rat preoptic area, a brain region for which sexual dimorphisms and the effects of estrogen on development are particularly well documented. Neonatal male and female rats were sacrificed by perfusion fixation on postnatal days 0, 2, 4, 7 or 10 (PND; day of birth is PND 0). Many ER mRNA-containing, cells were detected in the periventricular preoptic area and medial preoptic nucleus and the distribution of ER-synthesizing cells was similar in both sexes. Analysis of film autoradiograms showed that the relative steady state level of ER mRNA was significantly higher in females than in males at all ages except PND 0 and 10. The temporal profile of ER mRNA expression was different in males and females. ER mRNA did not change with age in males, whereas in females, ER mRNA was significantly higher on PND 2 compared with PND 0 and 10. These results demonstrate that the pattern of ER mRNA expression is quantitatively and qualitatively different between the sexes during the neonatal period. The pattern of ER mRNA expression contrasts markedly with previous reports of estrogen binding based on biochemical and autoradiographie steroid binding assays. The profile of ER mRNA expression is not consistent with the hypothesis that a decrease in estrogen receptor availability terminates the critical period for estrogen-dependent masculinization of the preoptic area.
Treatment-related cardiotoxicity in survivors of childhood cancer

Treatment advances and higher participation rates in clinical trials have rapidly increased the number of survivors of childhood cancer. However, chemotherapy and radiation treatments are cardiotoxic and can cause cardiomyopathy, conduction defects, myocardial infarction, hypertension, stroke, pulmonary oedema, dyspnoea and exercise intolerance later in life. These cardiotoxic effects are often progressive and irreversible, emphasizing a need for effective prevention and treatment to reduce or avoid cardiotoxicity. Medical interventions, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, β-blockers, and growth hormone therapy, might be used to treat cardiotoxicity in childhood cancer survivors. Preventative strategies should include the use of dexrazoxane, which provides cardioprotection without reducing the oncological efficacy of doxorubicin chemotherapy; less-toxic anthracycline derivatives and the use of antioxidant nutritional supplements might also be beneficial. Continuous-infusion doxorubicin provides no benefit over bolus infusion in children. Identifying patient-related (for example, obesity and hypertension) and drug-related (for example, cumulative dose) risk factors for cardiotoxicity could help tailor treatments to individual patients. However, all survivors of childhood cancer are at increased risk of cardiotoxicity, suggesting that survivor screening recommendations for assessment of global risk of premature cardiovascular disease should apply to all survivors. Optimal, evidence-based monitoring strategies and multiagent preventative treatments still need to be identified.
Hive-stored pollen of honey bees: many lines of evidence are consistent with pollen preservation, not nutrient conversion.

Honey bee hives are filled with stored pollen, honey, plant resins and wax, all antimicrobial to differing degrees. Stored pollen is the nutritionally rich currency used for colony growth and consists of 40–50% simple sugars. Many studies speculate that prior to consumption by bees, stored pollen undergoes long-term nutrient conversion, becoming more nutritious ‘bee bread’ as microbes predigest the pollen. We quantified both structural and functional aspects associated with this hypothesis using behavioural assays, bacterial plate counts, microscopy and 454 amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene from both newly collected and hive-stored pollen. We found that bees preferentially consume fresh pollen stored for 96 h. The estimated microbe to pollen grain surface area ratio was 1:1 000 000 indicating a negligible effect of microbial metabolism on hive-stored pollen. Consistent with these findings, hive-stored pollen grains did not appear compromised according to microscopy. Based on year round 454 amplicon sequencing, bacterial communities of newly collected and hive-stored pollen did not differ, indicating the lack of an emergent microbial community co-evolved to digest stored pollen. In accord with previous culturing and 16S cloning, acid resistant and osmotolerant bacteria like Lactobacillus kunkeei were found in greatest abundance in stored pollen, consistent with the harsh character of this microenvironment. We conclude that stored pollen is not evolved for microbially mediated nutrient conversion, but is a preservative environment due primarily to added honey, nectar, bee secretions and properties of pollen itself.
Loci of achromatic points throughout the life span

Mixtures of monochromatic lights that appear achromatic were measured for 50 normal, trichromatic observers ranging in age from 11 to 78 years. Stimuli were presented to one eye as a 1°-diameter, 1-s flash (10-s interstimulus interval) in Maxwellian view. We found the achromatic locus by varying the intensity ratio of each observer’s spectral unique blue and unique yellow while maintaining constant overall retinal illuminance. Measurements were made for three levels of retinal illuminance (10,100,1000 trolands). Additional verification of the position of the achromatic locus in color space was obtained for 23 subjects with the use of a mixture composed of 600-nm light and its spectral complement. There were no significant changes in the achromatic loci as a function of age. The mean achromatic locus in CIE chromaticity space was x, y = 0.31, 0.31 or u′, v′ = 0.21, 0.46. These results suggest that partial compensation for age-related changes in visual mechanisms occurs in a way that preserves constancy of the achromatic locus across the life span.
Posttraumatic stress associated with cancer history and BRCA1/2 genetic testing

Objective A subset of women who are at elevated cancer risk due to family history exhibit evidence of cancer-specific distress. These stress responses may represent symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The present study assessed rates of PTSD related to personal or family cancer history and BRCA1/2 testing. Methods Participants were 84 women enrolled in a larger project focused on genetic testing decisions. Semistructured diagnostic interviews were used to identify instances of threshold and subthreshold PTSD. Results Results indicated that 16.7% of the women reported current threshold or subthreshold PTSD related to personal or family cancer history. An additional 26.2% reported past-only cancer-related threshold or subthreshold PTSD. Of the 65 women who received BRCA1/2 results and completed the test-related PTSD module, only 7.7% reported threshold or subthreshold PTSD related to the genetic testing process. However, when rates were examined based on carrier status, 25.0% of BRCA1/2 carriers reported test-related threshold or subthreshold PTSD compared with only 10.0% of variants and 2.3% of noncarriers. Conclusions Results from this study suggest that both personal and family cancer diagnoses can be significant stressors for a subset of high-risk women. Rates of threshold and subthreshold PTSD related to genetic testing appear to be less common, although carriers may be at higher risk for significant posttraumatic symptoms.
Arendt’s Children in the Bahamian Context: The Children of Migrants Without Status

In this increasingly globalized world, with hundreds of millions of people living outside the country of their birth, and States guarding their sovereign right to control membership ever more closely, the number of children without secure citizenship status is on the rise. This article is a case study of non-citizen children in the Bahamas, focusing specifically on children born of Haitian parents without status, “Arendt’s children”. It examines how the Bahamas, a State party to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), fails to consider adequately the best interests of the Bahamian-born non-citizen child in its laws and policies. It analyses how the Bahamas’ ratification of relevant human rights treaties translates into practice at the domestic level and concludes with an examination of ways in which Arendt’s children might be integrated into the Bahamian polity.
Large granular lymphocyte leukemia and natural killer cell leukemia/lymphomas

Natural killer (NK) cell leukemia and lymphoma represent rare conditions with heterogeneity of biologic behavior, prognosis, and responsiveness to therapy. The initial diagnosis of NK-cell malignancies can be difficult because of the lack of immunophenotypic clonality markers, morphologic heterogeneity, and a poor correlation between cytomorphology and prognosis. Therapeutic recommendations for NK-cell malignancies are derived from retrospective studies or case reports. Immature NK-cell malignancies often have aggressive behavior with poor prognosis, despite administration of acute myeloid leukemia or acute lymphocytic leukemia induction chemotherapy. The use of high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue resulted in a prolonged survival in a small series of patients. NK-cell malignancies originating from cells with mature phenotypes form a spectrum of diseases with distinct prognosis. Patients with aggressive NK-cell leukemia invariably die within several months. Nasal and nasal-like NK/T-cell lymphomas with limited stage disease often respond to radiation therapy alone or combination with chemotherapy and radiation therapy, with 5-year disease-free survival rates ranging from 30% to 75%. Patients with T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia or chronic NK-cell lymphoproliferative disease of granular lymphocytes can have an indolent clinical course with long survival without therapy. However, approximately 66% of patients with T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia require low-dose chemotherapy with methotrexate or cyclophosphamide or immunosuppressive therapy with glucocorticosteroids or cyclosporine A for symptomatic cytopenias during the course of their disease.
The Effect of Rotational Malalignment on X-rays of the Wrist:

This study evaluates the effect of rotational malposition of the wrist on measured radiographic parameters of the distal radius and carpus. Ten wrists from five healthy volunteers were imaged in va...
Isolation and purification of angiotensin II using affinity and high-pressure liquid chromatography

Peptides have been found in a variety of tissues including brain. To purify the peptide angiotensin II, a three-step method for the isolation and purification has been developed using extraction, affinity chromatography, and high-pressure liquid chromatography. Angiotensin II antiserum purified by affinity chromatography was covalently coupled to Affi-gel 10 (Affi-gel 10-AB). The efficiency and usefulness of this column for the purification of angiotensin II from biological sources were tested with 125I- and 3H-labeled (Ile5)-angiotensin II added to rat brains prior to extraction. After extraction, the recoveries for both peptides were 74 and 75%, respectively. Recovery after the purification on Affi-gel 10-AB was 84 and 82%. Thirty-two percent of the radioactivity was not retained and 50% of the radioactivity could be eluted with 0.1 M Na citrate buffer containing 1 M NaCl using a stepwise pH gradient. Characterization by HPLC of the unretained radioactivity from the Affi-gel 10-AB column showed one peak for [125I]angiotensin II, coeluting with the [125I]angiotensin II standard and two minor peaks. Only 30% of unretained [3H]angiotensin II could be identified as intact [3H]angiotensin II on HPLC. Both [125I]angiotensin II and [3H]angiotensin II elutable at pH 5.0 and 4.0 on Affi-gel 10-AB could be demonstrated as highly purified [125I]angiotensin II and [3H]angiotensin II on HPLC with a purity of more than 90%. On HPLC, the recovery was 81% for [125I]angiotensin II and 99% for [3H]angiotensin II. The recovery for the entire three-step procedure was about 60%. The loading capacity of the Affi-gel 10-AB column for (Ile5)-angiotensin II was 550 ng.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Some Basic Problems of Research into Competition in Agricultural Markets

Equilibrium theory has come under heavy attack for its lack of realism (e.g., Kaldor; Morgenstern; and Robinson 1971, 1977). Yet, economists continue to use it on the grounds that it is the best theory available, implying that it yields testable implications (e.g., Furubotn and Pejovich). I propose to make a modest contribution to this debate by lending support to both sides. Looking at primary agricultural markets, I will argue through most of this paper that the usefulness of partial equilibrium theory can be improved by incorporating time in a more fruitful way. But later, I will argue that for some big problems of society, we must search for a theory of disequilibrium to guide inquiry. I hasten to add that there is nothing new in this stance, although I will try to shed some fresh light on the matter. The following discussion is divided into six topics entitled price structure and time, price discovery and market tatonnement, market form and price competition, market boundaries, dynamics of the firm and the market, and concluding remarks.
The Chicago School and the Development of a Comprehensive Legal Theory: A Comment on Professor Crespi

I have read Gregory Crespi's (1997) discussion of papers in Malloy and Braun's Law and Economics: New and Critical Perspectives (1995) and been invited to respond to his comments on my article ("Class, Entitlement and Contract") in that volume. Crespi accurately describes the basic features of the Chicago School and the thesis of my article. Moreover, his commentary on my article is for the most part quite positive. In fact, his primary question is whether the points I make in that article can be incorporated into the Chicago School framework. He concludes that they cannot, and I agree with his answer. Thus, my purpose here is not to defend my offering. Indeed, I appreciate his care and professionalism. What concerns me is the choice of the specific question he chooses to address, the implication of it being framed the way he frames it, and what I think follows from the answer-which I assume to be that we should continue look to the teachings of the Chicago School for guidance in legal matters. My view is that asking the question in a way that suggests that the Chicago School is the relevant paradigm slants the analysis, determines answers, and retards useful development of legal theory. To provide a framework for my comments, I will first very briefly summarize the substance of my article. I begin with the point that, in order for an agreement to be made, the parties must address, if only by implication, the issue of how the gain from the exchange is to be divided. This not a new idea but actually noted by
Auto-Oxidation of Human Hemoglobin and the Roles of Distal Heme Pocket Substitutions

This study investigates the auto-oxidation reaction of human normal adult hemoglobin (Hb A) and the effects of distal heme pocket substitutions, P50, and tetramer-dimer dissociation on the rate and mechanism of auto-oxidation. Recombinant hemoglobins (rHbs) with single amino acid substitutions at helical positions E11 and B10 have been expressed in Escherichia coli and purified, as well as di-α linked and octameric rHbs. These rHbs include: rHb (αV62L), rHb (αV62I), rHb (βV67L), rHb (βV67I), rHb(αL29W), rHb(αL29F), rHb(α-Gly-α/β gene di-α/β), rHb(diαL29F), rHb(diαL29W), and rHb(βG83C). Auto-oxidation measurements were conducted with 32μM heme in MES buffer (pH 6.5) for 60 hours at 35 °C. A monophasic nature of auto-oxidation has been observed for Hb A and a biphasic nature for all other rHbs. In comparison to the other mutants, including di-α linked and octameric rHbs, rHb (αL29F) is most resistant to oxidation and rHb (αL29W) is the least resistant to oxidation. Characterization of three novel rHbs; (βL28F, βV67I), (αL29F, βV67I), (αL29F,αV62I) will test whether the fast and slow phases of the observed biphasic nature of auto-oxidation can be attributed to the mutated and wild-type subunits, respectively. Our studies will also provide new insights into the roles of amino acid residues in the distal heme pockets on the structure-function relationship in hemoglobin(Supported by NIH grants HL-024525 and GM-084614, HHMI, and The Arnold and Mabelle Beckman Undergraduate Research Scholars Program).
FlhF Is Required for Swimming and Swarming in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

FlhF is a signal recognition particle-like protein present in monotrichous bacteria. The loss of FlhF in various bacteria results in decreased transcription of class II, III, or IV flagellar genes, leads to diminished or absent motility, and results in the assembly of flagella at nonpolar locations on the cell surface. In this work, we demonstrate that the loss of FlhF results in defective swimming and swarming motility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The FlhF protein localizes to the flagellar pole; in the absence of FlhF, flagellar assembly occurs but is no longer restricted to the pole. ΔflhF bacteria swim at lower velocities than wild-type bacteria in liquid media and can no longer swarm when assayed under standard swarming conditions (0.5% agar). However, ΔflhF bacteria regain swarming behavior when plated on 0.3% agar. ΔflhF organisms show decreased transcription and expression of flagellin (FliC) both in liquid media and on swarming plates compared to wild-type bacteria. However, changes in flagellin expression do not explain the different motility patterns observed for ΔflhF bacteria. Instead, the aberrant placement of flagella in ΔflhF bacteria may reduce their ability to move this rod-shaped organism effectively.
Dysfunction in a prefrontal substrate of sustained attention in schizophrenia

Regional brain metabolism was measured in normal subjects and patients with schizophrenia while they performed an auditory discrimination task designed to emphasize sustained attention. A direct relationship was found in the normal subjects between metabolic rate in the middle prefrontal cortex and accuracy of performance. The metabolic rate in the middle prefrontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia, even those who performed as well as normals, was found to be significantly lower than normal and unrelated to performance. The findings point to a role of the mid-prefrontal region in sustained attention and to dysfunction of this region in schizophrenia.
Safety of enteral naloxone for the reversal of opiate‐induced constipation in the intensive care unit

Summary Background: Opiates are the mainstay of analgesia in the intensive care unit (ICU). Unfortunately, constipation is a common adverse effect associated with opioid use. Naloxone is a pure opiate antagonist that is frequently utilized in practice for the prophylaxis or treatment of opiate-induced constipation in the ICU. Despite extensive first pass metabolism in the liver there remains the potential for opiate reversal after oral administration. We sought to assess the safety of enteral naloxone in the ICU for the treatment of opiate-induced constipation. Methods: Patients who were ordered enteral naloxone while in the ICU were identified through the Pharmacy’s computer system. Patients were included in the data analysis if they had received at least one dose of enteral naloxone and had received standing opiates for at least 48 h prior to the initial naloxone dose. Patients were excluded from data analysis if the Richmond agitation-sedation scale (RASS) score was not utilized, they were paralysed or the medical record indicated that extubation was planned within the following 24 h. Data points were recorder at the following times with respect to each naloxone dose administered; time -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 and 4 h. The following data points were collected before and after each naloxone dose; blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, RASS score, pain assessment score (recorded as present or absent), midazolam dose, propofol dose and fentanyl dose. In order to assess for possible opiate reversal the peak fentanyl, propofol and midazolam dose, vital sign value, RASS score and pain score were compared before and after each dose of naloxone. Results: The mean naloxone dose was 3·6 ± 0·9 mg. There was no significant change in RASS score around the naloxone doses, −2·9 ± 1·4 before and −2·8 ± 1·6 after (P = 0·28). There were no significant changes in mean fentanyl, propofol or midazolam dose around naloxone administration. There were also no significant changes in heart rate, blood pressure and respiratory rate or in the presence of pain. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that the administration of enteral naloxone to patients on intravenous opiates in the ICU setting was not associated with changes in sedation score, vital signs, fentanyl dose, midazolam dose or propofol dose.
Microarray gene expression profiling of cell lines from primary and metastatic tongue squamous cell carcinoma: possible insights from emerging technology

Background: To identify common gene expression patterns among two uniquely matched pairs of primary and metastatic oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines derived from the same two patient donors. Methods: Two pairs of cell lines derived from the primary tumors and lymph node metastases of the same two patients were used to obtain microarray-based gene expression profiles. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry were used to confirm observed changes for some of the candidate genes. Results: Approximately 50% of the genes profiled were expressed in all four cell lines. Cluster analysis identified a group of 17 genes whose expression correlated inversely with metastatic progression. Only 10 common genes were differentially expressed in both pairs of primary and metastatic cells. A group of 28 highly expressed genes was common for both metastatic cell lines, among them some of the known metastasis-related genes such as laminin receptor, thymosin β-4 and β-10 and metallopanstimulin. Conclusions: Groups of presumed metastasis-related genes are highly heterogeneous and vary significantly between the two patients. Thus, it is unlikely that the metastatic phenotype of these OSCC cells is acquired by de-regulation of a single gene or a group of few genes. Most likely, multiple combinations of differentially expressed genes are involved in facilitating metastatic spread of these oral carcinoma cell lines.
Magnitude of Impact of Executive Functioning and IQ on Episodic Memory in Schizophrenia

Background Research has implicated IQ and executive function (EF) as contributors to episodic memory impairments in schizophrenia. However, it has been difficult to quantitatively apportion the respective contributions of these factors . We conducted a series of analyses to objectively parse the associated variance and to determine to what extent episodic memory impairment in schizophrenia is independent of IQ and EF. Methods Participants included 323 schizophrenia patients and 327 healthy controls from the National Insitute of Mental Health Sibling Study. Neurocognitive tests assessing IQ, EF, and episodic memory were administered. We examined group differences while controlling for IQ or EF in analyses of covariance, we used linear regression to quantify the amount of variance not explained by IQ or EF, and we matched control and patient subgroups on IQ or EF to determine if memory measures remained different. Results Analyses of covariance revealed significant group differences between schizophrenia individuals and healthy control subjects across multiple episodic memory measures after controlling for IQ or EF. Furthermore, regressions with IQ and/or EF factors entered left more than 50% of variance in memory unaccounted. Follow-up true score variance analyses indicated that the majority of this variance was directly related to memory function. Matched subgroups also yielded subgroup differences on all memory measures. Conclusions Findings across the multiple statistical strategies suggested that the mechanisms underlying the memory impairment in schizophrenia are fully attributable neither to IQ nor EF. Rather, they most likely reflect compromises in episodic memory processing itself and, by inference, the medial temporal system.
Maximum likelihood training of adaptive beamformers in distributed interference

Adaptive beamforming based on sample matrix inversion requires the availability of a secondary data set for "training" (i.e., estimating the sample covariance matrix). In nonstationary interference, adaptive beamformer performance depends greatly on how this training data is selected. Previously, the author and his colleague proposed using maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) to select training data in nonstationary environments and formulated a computationally efficient implementation ("power selected training") for a special case of rank one nonstationary interference (see Rabideau, D.J. and Steinhardt, A.O., 1996, 1999). This paper specializes our basic MLE approach to the case of distributed nonstationary interference. Computationally efficient training strategies are formulated and evaluated using recorded data from a US Navy ADS-18s antenna array. We also describe the relationship between our basic MLE approach and a subsequently published method, "NHD" (see Melvin, W.L. and Wicks, M.C., 1997).
Muslims through Discourse: Religion and Ritual in Gayo Society

Muslims through Discourse: Religion and Ritual in Gayo Society. JOHN R. BOWEN. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993. xv. 358 pp., maps, photographs, diagrams, tables, notes, glossary, bibliography, index.
Statistical analysis of information content for training pattern recognition networks

Statistical models of neural networks predict that the difference in training and testing error will be linear in network complexity and quadratic in the feature noise of the training set. Models of this kind have been applied to the Boltzmann pruning of a large MLP (3786 weights) trained on 10,000 and tested on 10,000 Karhunen-Loeve (K-L) features sets derived from images of handprinted characters and to a fingerprint classification problem which has 17,157 weights and is trained and tested on 2,000 K-L feature sets. Using the information content to optimize network size, the pruned networks have achieved high rates of recognition and at the same time been reduced in size by up to 90%. In the pruning process the product of the network capacity and the recognition error can be used effectively to select an optimum pruned network. If, in addition to conventional Boltzmann weight reduction, a weight reduction method which takes the variance content of the K-L by weighting the features using the K-L eigenvalues is used, networks with optimal size and information content can be constructed.
The Changing Role of Grandparents in Rural Families: The Results of an Exploratory Study in Southeastern North Carolina

Increasingly, the subject of grandparents raising their grandchildren is the focus in social service literature. In this article, the author explores the changing role of grandparents and provides a basis for assessment and intervention in rural communities. Grandmothers who were primary caregivers for at least 1 grandchild in southeastern North Carolina completed qualitative interviews regarding their experiences in transitioning from the role of grandparent to parent. The results suggest that raising grandchildren may cause financial stress, cramped living quarters, role restriction, and social isolation in this population. However, advantages to this role for grandparents can include greater life satisfaction and a positive influence on future generations within the family. Several key assumptions to guide practitioners in both assessing rural families and planning intervention are emphasized.
Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of non-ischemic cardiomyopathies: Current applications and future perspectives

Patients with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy often represent a diagnostic challenge, and correct etiologic diagnosis may influence outcomes. Lately, delayed myocardial enhancement MR imaging has been developed and is currently being used for a growing number of clinical applications. On delayed enhancement MR images, scarring or fibrosis appears as an area of high signal intensity, and the pattern by which this enhancement occurs in the myocardium allows distinction of many different pathologies. In nonischemic cardiomyopathy, the delayed enhancement usually does not occur in a coronary artery distribution and is often midwall rather than subendocardial or transmural. It could also guide myocardial biopsy to an affected area, increasing its yield. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging has now a definitive role in clinical practice, and its capability to non-invasively provide high resolution images of the heart with good tissue characterization is redefining the understanding of the conditions that can adversely affect the myocardium.
Fluorescence Lifetime Selectivity in Multifrequency Phase-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Theoretical aspects of the implementation of fluorescence lifetime selectivity in multifrequency phase-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (PRFS) are discussed. The dependence of phase-resolved fluorescence intensities on the dynamic instrumental parameters of excitation modulation frequency and detector phase angle, as well as on fluorescence lifetime, is described. The different types of fluorescence lifetime
Fabrication of vapor-deposited micro heat pipe arrays as an integral part of semiconductor devices

Vapor-deposited micro heat pipe arrays (VDMHP) were fabricated as an integral part of semiconductor devices to act as efficient heat spreaders by reducing the thermal path between the heat sources and heat sink. Fabrication of the VDMHP was accomplished by first establishing a series of grooves in a silicon wafer. Orientation dependent etching (ODE) using a KOH-1-propanol-H/sub 2/O solution on a (100) wafer with a (111) flat covered with an oxide mask, resulted in grooves 25 /spl mu/m wide and 25 /spl mu/m deep with sharp, perpendicular edges. The wafers were predeposited with a layer of chromium followed by a layer of gold to improve the adhesion characteristics. Dual electron beam vapor deposition, followed by planetary process using molybdenum crucibles, were used to deposit copper 31.5-33.0 /spl mu/m thick, and provide complete closure of the grooves. A glass cover slip was bonded on the top of the deposited layer. The grooves were finally charged and sealed. A computer model Simulation and Modeling of Evaporated Deposition Profiles (SAMPLE) was used to optimize the metal step coverage and successfully predict the cross-sectional profile of the VDMHP. >
Mold‐filling studies for the injection molding of thermoplastic materials. Part I: The flow of plastic materials in hot‐ and cold‐walled circular channels

A finite difference analysis has been developed which predicts the temperature, pressure, and velocity distributions for the flow of thermoplastic materials in straight and tapered, hot and cold walled circular flow channels. This analysis when combined with the cavity filling analysis described in Part II, gives the molding engineer the capability of modeling the injection molding process from the shot to the cavity during injection. The information that is obtained from these analyses is useful in equipment design and modification since it allows numerical experiments to be performed so that one may ascertain the effects on moldability of flow channel and cavity geometry, material properties, and operating conditions. In addition, the information is useful in problem diagnosis and analysis to ascertain causes of and evaluate potential solutions to molding problems.
Abstraction and Persistence: Macro-Level Guarantees of Collective Bio-Inspired Teams under Human Supervision

It can be dicult for humans to control large numbers (100-200) of robots performing coordinated tasks. Organizational constraints may be imposed that allow a human to issue commands or plays that dictate collective behavior, but naive hierarchical approaches can suer from robustness issues in cases where key robots or communication channels are compromised. Bio-inspired models can create robust and purposeful collective behavior that is implemented in a completely decentralized organization. Unfortunately, although robust, it may be dicult for a human to inuence collectives in a way that the collective is responsive to the human input. We present results from an iterative modeling exercise that systematically relates how individual agents can be inuenced by humans to ensure macro-level behaviors of the collective.
Operation and pressure distribution of immobilized cell hollow fiber bioreactors

It has been cited in the literature on hollow fiber systems that pressure gradients persist, and the transmembrane flux of the hollow fiber system is dependent on the pattern of the pressure gradients. The pattern can be used to its advantage in immobilized enzyme systems. However, with immobilized living cell systems, the pressure gradients lead to a nonuniform environment within the hollow fiber cartridge and not necessarily favorable results. This article provides pertinent pressure-drop data on hollow fiber cartridges which are in flow configurations typical of immobilized cell culture work. The results illuminate operational problems that may arise in the culture of either anchorage dependent or independent cells. Possible solutions with crossflow systems are suggested.
Statistical Power Analysis in Psychological Research

Reviews of the psychological literature suggest that many studies lack sufficient statistical power to detect effects of interest. Increased attention to statistical power by journal editors, reviewers, and funding agencies has led to a need for researchers to consider power carefully when designing studies. Our goal is to present an overview of issues that influence statistical power in the context of traditional research designs and analytic methods. We then extend the discussion of statistical power to complex designs and analyses providing readers with sources useful for evaluating power in the design stage of conducting research. Finally, we advocate the use of simulation and Monte Carlo methods as a flexible general strategy for designing research studies with adequate statistical power.
Flight Simulation of Orbital and Re-Entry Vehicles

The three translational and three rotational equilibrium equations for an orbital vehicle subject to aerodynamic and jet reaction forces are derived using a modified flight-path axis system for the translational equations. The dependent variables of the system are horizontal velocity component, vertical velocity component, and flight-path heading angle. Theresulting equations are shown to have advantages for computer mechanization over alternative axis systems for the translational equations. Complete equations for determining vehicle orientation, instantaneous latitude and longitude, angle of attack, angle of sideslip, areodynamic forces and moments, etc., are presented. Modifications in the translational equations which allow direct solution by an analog computer are also given. Analog computer mechanization of these equations in both real and fast time is described, including a novel technique for division which preserves favorable multiplier scaling. Specific machine results are presented which demonstrate accurate solution of close-satellite trajectories, including re-entry from satellite altitudes to sea level. With no change in circuit or scaling the same computer mechanization yields zero-drag orbits which close within several hundred feet of altitude.
HALL-MEISSNER EFFECT IN CHARGED ANYON FLUID AT T → 0

The superconducting behavior of the charged anyon fluid at finite density (µ ≠ 0) and in the zero temperature statistical limit (T → 0) is investigated in a self-consistent way. It is found that total magnetic screening appears only in the presence of a transverse electric field. This electric field is interpreted as a way to simulate, in the linear effective theory, the Hall potential associated with the vortex structure of the charged anyon system. The London penetration depth of the superconducting phase is found to be dependent on the filling factor.
Reduced Kidney Function as a Risk Factor for Incident Heart Failure: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Reduced kidney function is a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and both heart failure (HF) and kidney failure incidences are increasing. This study therefore sought to determine the effect of decreased kidney function on HF incidence in a population-based study of middle-aged adults. From 1987 through 2002, 14,857 participants of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study who were free of prevalent HF at baseline were followed for incident HF hospitalization or death (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision/10th Revision 428/I50). Estimated GFR (eGFR) was calculated using the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study equation, and kidney function was categorized as normal (eGFR > or =90 ml/min per 1.73 m(2); n = 7143), mildly reduced (eGFR 60 to 89 ml/min per 1.73 m(2); n = 7311), and moderately/severely reduced (eGFR or =90 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) (18 versus 6 per 1000 person-years). The overall adjusted relative hazard of developing HF was 1.94 (1.49 to 2.53) for individuals with eGFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) compared to the reference group and was significantly increased for individuals with and without prevalent coronary heart disease at baseline. A substantially greater decline in kidney function occurred in individuals concomitant with HF hospitalization/death compared to those who did not develop HF. In summary, middle-aged adults with moderately/severely reduced kidney function are at high risk for developing HF.
Behavior of moment-resisting frame structures subjected to near-fault ground motions

Near-fault ground motions impose large demands on structures compared to ‘ordinary’ ground motions. Recordings suggest that near-fault ground motions with ‘forward’ directivity are characterized by a large pulse, which is mostly orientated perpendicular to the fault. This study is intended to provide quantitative knowledge on important response characteristics of elastic and inelastic frame structures subjected to near-fault ground motions. Generic frame models are used to represent MDOF structures. Near-fault ground motions are represented by equivalent pulses, which have a comparable effect on structural response, but whose characteristics are defined by a small number of parameters. The results demonstrate that structures with a period longer than the pulse period respond very differently from structures with a shorter period. For the former, early yielding occurs in higher stories but the high ductility demands migrate to the bottom stories as the ground motion becomes more severe. For the latter, the maximum demand always occurs in the bottom stories. Preliminary regression equations are proposed that relate the parameters of the equivalent pulse to magnitude and distance. The equivalent pulse concept is used to estimate the base shear strength required to limit story ductility demands to specific target values. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Who is epidemiologically fathomable in the HIV/AIDS epidemic? Gender, sexuality, and intersectionality in public health

This paper examines the shifting nature of contemporary epidemiological classifications in the HIV/AIDS epidemic. It first looks at assumptions that guide a discourse of vulnerability and circulate around risk categories. It then examines the underlying emphasis in public health on the popular frame of “vulnerable women” who acquire HIV through heterosexual transmission. Drawing on work on gender, sexuality, and intersectionality, the paper asks why a discourse of vulnerability is infused into discussions of heterosexually‐active women's HIV risks but not those pertaining to heterosexually‐active men's. The paper then moves to current surveillance categories that are hierarchically and differentially applied to women's and men's risks in the HIV epidemic. Here, the focus is on the way in which contemporary classifications allow for the emergence of the vulnerable heterosexually‐active woman while simultaneously constituting lack of fathomability concerning bisexual and lesbian transmission risk. Lastly, t...
Intratendinous ossification in birds: A review.

Intratendinous ossification (tenostosis; Tendo ossificans) is a distinct structural form feature of the avian musculoskeletal system with different definitions in terms of morphogenesis, resultant morphology, and functional role(s). Interpretation of these structural elements and their pattern(s) among avian taxa at different systematic levels is reviewed with regard to age-related changes in tendon, form features in avian phylogeny, and adaptive features in biomechanics and kinematics of locomotion. Specific examples of patterns in the musculoskeletal elements of the head and hyolingual system, axial (vertebral) system, and the limbs in several avian taxa are given. A series of questions is formulated as a prospectus for further study. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Does human color constancy incorporate the statistical regularity of natural daylight

The chromaticities of natural daylights cluster around the blackbody locus. We investigated whether the mechanisms that mediate human color constancy embody this statistical regularity of the natural environment, so that constancy is best when the illuminant change is one likely to occur. Observers viewed scenes displayed on a CRT-based stereoscope and adjusted a test patch embedded in the scene until it appeared achromatic. Scenes were rendered using physics-based graphics software (RADIANCE) coupled with custom extensions that ensured colorimetric accuracy. Across conditions, both the simulated illuminant and the simulated reflectance of scene objects were varied. Achromatic settings from paired conditions were used to compute a constancy index (CI) that characterizes the stability of object appearance across the two illuminants of the pair. Constancy indices were measured for four illuminant changes from a Neutral illuminant (CIE D65). Two of these changes (Blue and Yellow) were consistent with the statistics of daylight, whereas two (Green and Red) were not. The results indicate that constancy was least across the Red change, as one would expect for the statistics of natural daylight. Constancy for the Green direction, however, exceeded that for the Yellow illuminant change and was comparable to that for the Blue. This result is difficult to reconcile with the hypothesis that mechanisms of human constancy incorporate the statistics of daylights. Some possible reasons for the discrepancy are discussed.
Phase identification in calcia-alumina fibers crystallized from amorphous precursors

Amorphous fibers of a 46.5 wt% CaO-53.5 wt% Al2O3 eutectic compound were produced by inviscid melt-spinning. Fibers were subsequently heat treated at 900, 1000 and 1100°C for times ranging from 6 to 6000 s to elucidate crystallization processes. Fiber samples were ground for X-ray analysis. Equilibrium compounds Ca12Al14O33, Ca3Al10O18 and CaAl4O7 were present in varying amounts in all crystallized fibers. Liquid formation in fibers exposed to 1100°C for 6000 s was noted.
Stiffness and strain energy criteria to evaluate the threshold of injury to an intervertebral joint

This study is focused to evaluate the threshold of injury to an intervertebral joint based on its mechanical response. The load-deflection behavior of the intervertebral joint indicated non-linear and sigmoidal characteristics with continuously changing stiffness (a measure of the ability to withstand external force). The load corresponding to the point of zero stiffness was identified, according to the classical theories of mechanics, as the maximum load carrying capacity. Further, the initiation of trauma was defined to occur at the point on the load-deflection curve at which the stiffness begins to decrease for the first time. The load, stiffness and energy absorbing capabilities of normal and degenerated intervertebral joints at the initiation of trauma was determined. Axial compressive load experiments were conducted on nine intervertebral joints of fresh human male cadavers and the resulting load-deflection responses were transformed into stiffness-deflection responses using the derivative principle. Energy characteristics were also derived. Load, stiffness and energy at the initiation of trauma were found to be 9.0 kN, 2850 N mm-1, and 10.2 J for normal and 4.4 kN, 1642 N mm-1, and 5.8 J for degenerated segments, respectively. The load and energy values at failure were 11.0 kN, and 18.0 J for normal and 5.3 kN and 5.7 J for degenerated intervertebral joints, respectively.