cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theoretical evaluation of the surface electrochemistry of perovskites with promising photon absorption properties for solar water splitting

In this work, we present first-principles calculations describing the catalytic activity for of a set of photoelectrocatalysts identified as candidates for total water splitting in a previous screening study for bulk stability and bandgap. Our Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations of the intermediate energetics for hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution suggest that none of the proposed materials has the ideal combination of bandgap and surface chemical properties that should allow for total water splitting in a single material. This result suggests that co-catalysts are necessary to overcome the kinetic limitations of the both reactions, although some materials may catalyze one half-reaction, as has been observed in experiment.
Free convection in laboratory models

Abstract “The spontaneous transition of non-equilibrium systems from non-patterned to patterned states” (Chadam, 1988) is a phenomenon commonly seen in laboratory models, where fundamental concepts in convection and crystallization are studied in aqueous solutions. Examples are given of structure arising due to the action of free convection in initially homogeneous or simply stratified systems. Examples include stratification of the liquid in the “filling box” process, double-diffusive convection, and patterning in the solid state produced during the melting and solidification of a multicomponent liquid. The applications of the experiments will be briefly mentioned.
Arithmetic with binary-encoded balanced ternary numbers

Ternary number representation and arithmetic, based on the radix-3 digit set {-1, 0, ;1}, has been studied at various times in the history of digital computing. Some such studies concluded that we should abandon ternary in favor of binary computation. Others, demonstrated promise and potential advantages, but, for various reasons, including inertia, did not lead to widespread use. By proposing an efficient binary encoding for balanced ternary numbers, along with the corresponding arithmetic circuits, we argue that a reexamination of the decision against using ternary arithmetic might be in order.
Allometric Scaling for Character Design

Geometric scaling transformations do not respect the biological processes which govern the size and shape of living creatures. In this paper, we describe an approach to scaling which can be related to biological function. We use known biological laws of allometry which are expressed as power laws to control the mesh deformation in the frequency domain. This approach is motivated by the relation between fractal biological systems and their underlying power-law spectra. We demonstrate our approach to biology-aware character scaling on triangle meshes representing quadrupedal mammals.
Chronic parasitic infection maintains high frequencies of short-lived Ly6C+CD4+ effector T cells that are required for protection against re-infection.

In contrast to the ability of long-lived CD8+ memory T cells to mediate protection against systemic viral infections, the relationship between CD4+ T cell memory and acquired resistance against infectious pathogens remains poorly defined. This is especially true for T helper 1 (Th1) concomitant immunity, in which protection against reinfection coincides with a persisting primary infection. In these situations, pre-existing effector CD4 T cells generated by ongoing chronic infection, not memory cells, may be essential for protection against reinfection. We present a systematic study of the tissue homing properties, functionality, and life span of subsets of memory and effector CD4 T cells activated in the setting of chronic Leishmania major infection in resistant C57Bl/6 mice. We found that pre-existing, CD44+CD62L−T-bet+Ly6C+ effector (TEFF) cells that are short-lived in the absence of infection and are not derived from memory cells reactivated by secondary challenge, mediate concomitant immunity. Upon adoptive transfer and challenge, non-dividing Ly6C+ TEFF cells preferentially homed to the skin, released IFN-γ, and conferred protection as compared to CD44+CD62L−Ly6C− effector memory or CD44+CD62L+Ly6C− central memory cells. During chronic infection, Ly6C+ TEFF cells were maintained at high frequencies via reactivation of TCM and the TEFF themselves. The lack of effective vaccines for many chronic diseases may be because protection against infectious challenge requires the maintenance of pre-existing TEFF cells, and is therefore not amenable to conventional, memory inducing, vaccination strategies.
Affinity-purification of concanavalin A-binding ciliary glycoconjugates of starved and feeding Tetrahymena thermophila.

Development of mating competency in Tetrahymena thermophila requires starvation for at least 70 min in low ionic strength buffer. Pair formation between conjugating cells is blocked at early stages by the lectin Concanavalin A (Con A). To investigate the role of Con A-binding proteins in this induced cellular change and in pairing, and to confirm and extend an earlier study from our laboratory, a method was developed for preparation of Con A-binding proteins from ciliary membrane-rich fractions of T. thermophila. Con A-binding ciliary proteins were prepared from non-starved and starved cells from two wild type strains and a mating mutant, RH179E1. Comparison of these proteins by SDS-PAGE revealed an overall reduction in number of wild-type bands after starvation. In particular, a major band at 28 kDa was present in non-starved cells and absent in starved cells. However, in the mating mutant, no change in banding profile was seen after starvation: the 28 kDa band was present in both non-starved and starved cells. Thus, Con A-binding ciliary membrane proteins undergo a major change during starvation-induced development of mating competency in wild-type T. thermophila. In contrast, the mutant differed from wild-type in overall composition of its ciliary Con A-binding glycoproteins and in the response of these proteins to starvation, suggesting that it may be deficient in its ability to be initiated by starvation. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that a change affecting ciliary membrane Con A-binding proteins is essential for the cellular response to mating signals.
Multisensor Retrieval of Atmospheric Properties

A new method, Multisensor Retrieval of Atmospheric Properties (MRAP), is presented for deriving vertical profiles of atmospheric parameters throughout the troposphere. MRAP integrates measurements from multiple, diverse, remote sensing, and in situ instruments, the combination of which provides better capabilities than any instrument alone. Since remote sensors can deliver measurements automatically and continuously with high time resolution, MRAP provides better coverage than traditional rawinsondes. MRAP's design is flexible, being capable of incorporating measurements from different instruments in order to take advantage of new or developing advanced sensor technology. Furthermore, new or alternative atmospheric parameters for a variety of applications may be easily added as products of MRAP. A combination of passive radiometric, active radar, and in situ observations provide the best temperature and humidity profile measurements. Therefore, MRAP starts with a traditional, radiometer-based, physical re...
Influence of TMJ dysfunction on Bennett movement as recorded by a modified pantograph. Part II: Pilot articulator study

Within the limits of this study and when using pantographic instruments for research, the following conclusions can be drawn. Mechanical errors in the graphic tracings can result when the posterior vertical styli do not move with the mandible and are not zeroed in relationship to the terminal hinge axis. The errors were significant at the 0.035 level for the following variables: (1) an increase in the vertical dimension, up to 6 mm, (2) a change in the angle of the styli and/or of the tables relative to each other, up to 30 degrees, and (3) an increase in the distance between the posterior horizontal tables. If conclusions are to be drawn directly from tracings in research of mandibular movements, the recording styli should be orientated in relation to the terminal hinge axis and should move with the mandible.
Pro-inflammatory responses in chicken spleen and brain tissues after infection with very virulent plus Marek's disease virus.

In chickens infected with virulent (v) or very virulent (vv) Marek's disease (MD) virus (MDV) strains, small to moderate increases in plasma nitric oxide (NO) levels are seen, respectively, whereas very virulent plus (vv+) strains induce very high levels in vivo. The data presented in this report show that chickens presenting with clinical neurological disease following infection with the vv+ RK-1 strain have significantly higher in vivo NO levels compared to RK-1–infected non-symptomatic chickens. Using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assays, DNA was used to measure MDV copy numbers in the spleen and brain of P2a (MD-susceptible) and N2a (MD-resistant) chickens following infection with the JM-16 (v) or RK-1 (vv+) strains. RNA was used to measure inducible NO synthase (iNOS), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 mRNA levels, in addition to MDV-specific mRNA expression using quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) assays. Viral DNA loads were found to be considerably higher in RK-1–infecte...
An Economy of Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Non-equilibrium Phenomena in Physics

A method to reduce the CPU time required for molecular dynamics computer simulations of nonequilibrium phenomena in physics has been developed. At each time step in the simulation of a solid system, a force calculation is performed on only those atoms that satisfy at least one of three criteria: (i) its distance moved, (ii) its acceleration, (iii) its change in acceleration. A fourth criteria on the time interval since the forces on all atoms were updated is also employed. For a gas system, forces of the atoms which fly freely in a certain time interval are not updated until these atoms move in a distance that is greater than a predetermined value. A savings in CPU time greater than a factor of two is obtained with negligible loss in accuracy.
On Sobolev Orthogonal Polynomials with Coherent Pairs: The Laguerre Case, Type 1☆

We study the asymptotic properties of orthogonal polynomials with Sobolev inner product[formula]The pair }dμ, dν{ is called a coherent pair if there exists nonzero constantsDnsuch that[formula] wherePn(x) andQn(x) are thenth monic orthogonal polynomials with respect todμ anddν, respectively. One can divide the coherent pairs into two cases: the Jacobi case and the Laguerre case. There are two types in each case. We consider thenth root asymptotics and the zero distribution for the Laguerre case, type 1.
Rocker Switch Tactile Coding and Direction of Motion Stereotypes

This paper presents the results of a series of direction of motion stereotype studies which were conducted to determine how tactile switch coding influenced drivers' choices of initial control movement direction. First encounters with automotive rocker switches which had been mounted in various locations and orientations throughout the passenger compartment were evaluated. Motion stereotypes for these bi-directional switches were found to vary from chance levels (50% of drivers preferring either direction of movement) to a 99%/l% preference depending upon tactile coding schemes, switch orientations, labeling and switch locations.
Cisplatin, tegafur, and leucovorin: a moderately effective and minimally toxic outpatient neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

BACKGROUND To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of cisplatin, tegafur, and leucovorin as neoadjuvant chemotherapy (CT) for patients with advanced, nonmetastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). METHODS Patients with SCCHN according to World Health Organization (WHO) performance status of 2 or less and adequate organ function were enrolled. The CT regimen (PTL) was 50 mg/m2 cisplatin (P) on Day 1, 800 mg per day oral tegafur (T), and 60 mg per day oral leucovorin (L) for 14 days. The CT was administered at outpatient clinics for 14-day cycles. PTL was initiated with the intent of organ preservation and it was continued for a maximum of six cycles before locoregional therapy. Reevaluation after three cycles led to the termination of CT when the response was less than a partial response. CT was discontinued immediately upon evidence of tumor progression or excessive toxicity. RESULTS From March 1996 through July 1999, 97 patients were enrolled consecutively. All participants were men with a median age of 56 years (range, 37–70 years). The primary tumor sites were the tongue base, 14, and the hypopharynx, 83. Sixteen percent of the tumors were Stage III, 84% were Stage IV, 62% were Stage T4, and 44% were Stage N2-3. The median number of CT cycles was six. On an intent-to-treat basis, 26 patients (27%) achieved complete responses and 32 patients (33%) achieved partial responses. The overall response rate was 60% (95% confidence interval, 50–70%). The most common toxicities of WHO Grade 3 or higher included (percent of patients): anemia, 8.3%; stomatitis, 6.3%; thrombocytopenia, 3.1%; and vomiting, 3.1%. With a median follow-up period of 3 years, the overall survival and disease-free survival rates were 40% and 38%, respectively. Organ preservation was achieved in 70% (29 of 37) of the surviving patients. CONCLUSION The outpatient PTL regimen was a moderately effective and minimally toxic CT for SCCHN. PTL should be studied further in combination with other active agents or radiotherapy for patients with SCCHN. Cancer 2002;94:2989–95. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10570
SUPERNOVA EXPLOSIONS: UNDERSTANDING MIXING

It has been known since 1987 that many features of supernovae cannot be described by the spherically-symmetric picture assumed in one-dimensional explosion models. However, the study of the propagation of a supernova shock through a star in more than one spatial dimension is still in its infancy. Understanding this propagation, and the mixing associated with it, is critical for determining accurate supernova yields and correctly interpreting observations based on those yields — from gamma-rays and overall light curves produced in supernova explosions to the abundances of isotopes studied in stars. Here we review the current state-of-the-art in this field. By necessity, this problem is computational and therefore provides an ideal setting to discuss how verification and validation techniques can play an important role in taking full advantage of the results from numerical simulations. We discuss this problem using the full arsenal of verification and validation techniques currently available.
Local Construction of Spanners in the 3D Space

In this paper, we present local distributed algorithms for constructing spanners in wireless sensor networks modeled as unit ball graphs (shortly UBGs) and quasi-unit ball graphs (shortly quasi-UBGs), in the 3D euclidean space. Our first contribution is a local distributed algorithm that, given a UBG U and a parameter α<;π/3, constructs a sparse spanner of U with stretch factor 1/(1-2 sin(α/2)), improving the previous upper bound of 1/(1 - α ) by Althofer et al. which is applicable only when α<;1/(1+2√2) <;π/3. The second contribution of this paper is in presenting the first local distributed algorithm for the construction of bounded-degree lightweight spanners of UBGs and quasi-UBGs. The simulation results we obtained show that, empirically, the weight and the stretch factor of the spanners, and the locality of the algorithms, are much better than the theoretical upper bounds proved in this paper.
Alpha-Gamma Angular Correlations in C 12 , Mg 24 , Ni 58 , and Sn 120

Inelastic scattering alpha-gamma angular correlations from C 12, Mg 24, Ni 58 and Sn 120 decay measurements
Relaxation Kinetics of Nanoscale Indents in a Polymer Glass

Nanometer scale indents have been written in a cross-linked polystyrene sample, and their relaxation has been studied at annealing temperatures well below the glass transition of the polymer. The indents represent a highly nonequilibrium state of the polymer which is subjected to mechanical stress of up to 0.4 GPa and thermal quench rates on the order of ${10}^{8}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}/\mathrm{s}$ during writing. It is shown that the relaxation towards equilibrium evolves logarithmically over more than 10 orders of magnitude in time. The relaxation kinetics are accurately described in terms of a thermally activated process with an energy barrier whose magnitude decreases linearly with the distance from equilibrium.
Crack nucleation in tungsten on crystallographic planes and on grain boundaries of twist misorientation

This note reports the relative frequency of crack formation in tungsten and grain boundaries of twist misorientation. Cracks were induced in bi-crystals of tungsten by the techniques of electrical discharge in paraffin oil at room temperature. The specimens were made from electron beam zone refined crystals, and the electric discharge was generated by short circuiting a capacitor at 200 volts through a needle and a region of grain boundary in the bi-crystals. A low power microscope allowed accurate positioning of the spark crater and cracks to the grain boundary region of interest. It is argued that the cracking of high angle boundaries may be due to the combined effects of favorable crack and nucleation sites and reduction in surface energy dependent plastic work.
Limiting fragmentation from the color glass condensate

We show how the limiting fragmentation phenomenon can arise from the Color Glass Condensate model of high energy QCD. We consider the very forward rapidity region in relativistic heavy ion collisions and argue that in this region, nucleus-nucleus collisions are similar to proton-nucleus collisions (up to shadowing corrections). We then use the known results for proton-nucleus cross sections to show that it leads to the phenomenon of limiting fragmentation in the very forward region of heavy ion collisions as observed at RHIC.
Using genomic data to revisit an early example of reproductive character displacement in Haitian Anolis lizards

Abstract The pattern of reproductive character displacement (RCD)—in which traits associatedwith reproductive isolation are more different where two species occur together thanwhere they occur in isolation—is frequently attributed to reinforcement, a process duringwhich natural selection acting against maladaptive mating events leads to enhanced pre-zygotic isolation between species or incipient species. One of the ﬁrst studies of RCD toinclude molecular genetic data was described 40 years ago in a complex of Haitian trunkanole lizards using a small number of allozyme loci. In this example, Anolis caudalisappears to experience divergence in the color and pattern of an extensible throat fan, ordewlap, in areas of contact with closely related species at the northern and southern lim-its of its range. However, this case study has been largely overlooked for decades; mean-while, explanations for geographic variation in dewlap color and pattern have focusedprimarily on adaptation to local signalling environments. We reinvestigate this exampleusing ampliﬁed fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) genome scans, mtDNA sequencedata, information on dewlap phenotypes and GIS data on environmental variation to testthe hypothesis of RCD generated by reinforcement in Haitian trunk anoles. Together,our phenotypic and genetic results are consistent with RCD at the southern and northernlimits of the range of A. caudalis. We evaluate the evidence for reinforcement as theexplanation for RCD in Haitian trunk anoles, consider alternative explanations andprovide suggestions for future work on the relationship between dewlap variation andspeciation in Haitian trunk anoles.Keywords: AFLP, character displacement, local adaptation, reinforcement, speciationReceived 4 October 2012; revision received 12 February 2013; accepted 14 February 2013
Oligoaniline-Contained Electroactive Silsesquioxane Precursor for Synthesizing Novel Siliceous Materials

As analogues of the well-known conducting polymer polyaniline, aniline oligomers have been extensively investigated because of their well-defined structure, good solubility, and electroactivity. In...
Thinking About Statutes: Hurst, Calabresi, Twining and Miers

In any law library the books from which the unwritten law is to be gathered far outnumber the books containing the written law. The shelves allotted to any State contain two or three volumes of revised statutes, probably a few dozen volumes of session laws, possibly a volume or two of municipal ordinances, and almost certainly from fifty to two hundred volumes of reports and digests. The shelves allotted to text-books may contain thousands of volumes; but cer-
Political Incorporation and the Protracted Transition to Adulthood: The Need for New Institutional Inventions

Compared with past generations, it takes longer for youth today to attain various markers of adult status. This protracted period of transition to adulthood has implications for their civic engagement. In addition, an institutional lacuna—a dearth of opportunities to practice civic skills and get recruited into civic life—exists for youth who do not go on to college. A growing class divide in civic participation may be the consequence for democracy in the USA. New social inventions to address the delayed transition to adulthood and the class divide in civic participation are called for. We draw from two studies (in-depth interviews with young adults and a national longitudinal study of participants in AmeriCorps) to bolster our arguments.
Efficient resource allocation under multi-unit demand

Abstract We study resource allocation with multi-unit demand, such as the allocation of courses to students. In contrast to the case of single-unit demand, no stable mechanism, not even the (student-proposing) deferred acceptance algorithm, achieves desirable properties: it is not strategy-proof and the resulting allocation is not even weakly efficient under submitted preferences. We characterize the priority structure of courses over students under which stability is consistent with strategy-proofness or efficiency. We show that stability is compatible with strategy-proofness or efficiency if and only if the priority structure is essentially homogeneous. This result suggests that efficient allocation under multi-unit demand is difficult and that the use of stable mechanisms may not deliver desirable outcomes.
Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Youth: Relationship to Insulin Sensitivity and β‐Cell Function

Objective: We examined whether the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and insulin sensitivity (IS)/secretion is independent of adiposity in healthy African-American (n = 65) and white (n = 57) youth. Research Methods and Procedures: IS and β-cell function were evaluated by a 3-hour hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic and a 2-hour hyperglycemic (12.5 mM) clamp, respectively. Total fat was measured by DXA and abdominal fat with computed tomography. CRF (peak volume of oxygen) was measured using a graded maximal treadmill test. Results: Independent of race, CRF was inversely (p 50th) CRF groups, IS was significantly (p 0.05) an independent predictor of IS and acute insulin secretion after accounting for total adiposity. Discussion: Our findings demonstrate that low CRF is associated with decreased IS compensated by higher insulin secretion in both African-American and white youth. However, this relationship disappears after adjusting for differences in adiposity, suggesting that the association between fitness and IS is mediated, at least in part, through fatness.
Mixed Monolayers of Ferrocenylalkanethiol and Encapsulated Horseradish Peroxidase for Sensitive and Durable Electrochemical Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide

This paper describes the construction of a mixed monolayer of ferrocenylalkanethiol and encapsulated horseradish peroxidase (HRP) at a gold electrode for amperometric detection of H2O2 at trace lev...
Liability, Insurance and the Incentive to Obtain Information about Risk

We examine the incentives to obtain information about risk under strict liability and negligence rules when insurance is available. Information helps reduce the expected cost of accidents, but also exposes the potential injurer to classification risk. As a result, the social value of information may be negative. Under both strict liability and negligence, the private value of information may also be negative when insurance is available.
Similarities in electronic properties of organic charge-transfer solids and layered cobaltates

Abstract The apparently counterintuitive carrier concentration-dependent electronic properties of layered cobaltates have attracted wide interest. Here we point out that very similar carrier-concentration dependence has previously been noted in strongly correlated quasi-one dimensional (quasi-1D) organic charge-transfer solids. The normal states of both families can be understood, over the entire range of carrier concentration of interest, within the extended Hubbard Hamiltonian with significant intersite Coulomb interaction. As with the charge-transfer solids, superconductivity in the cobaltates appears to be limited to bandfilling of one-quarter. We point out further that there exist other families of correlated superconductors, such as spinels, where too strong correlations, geometric lattice frustration and bandfilling of one-quarter seem to be the essential features of the unconventional superconductors.
Two-dimensional free energy surfaces for primary electron transfer in a photosynthetic reaction center

Abstract Fushiki and Tachiya [Chem. Phys. Lett. 255 (1996) 83] recently analyzed the free energy surfaces of the initial electron-transfer processes in photosynthetic bacterial reaction centers. The authors state that when the results from simulations described by Warshel, Chu and Parson [Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 82 (1994) 123] are analyzed using their formulation, the calculated energy of a key ion-pair state is inconsistent with experiment. They also state that previous analyses of the photosynthetic electron-transfer reactions had been limited to one-dimensional free energy surfaces. We show here that both these assertions are incorrect.
Evaluation of insecticides for control of the two-lined spittlebug on Florida pastures.

Seven chemical control experiments were conducted against Prosapia bieincta (Say) on pangolagrass, Digitaria decumbens Stent., and St. Augustinegrass, Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walb.) Kuntze, at 2 locations in Florida. Sprays were more effective against adults than granular formulations. Azinphosmethyl in 1967, and in 1968, dimethoate, endosulfan, diazinon, and parathion each sprayed at 0.5 lb AI/acre controlled the adults. Sprays of Dursban® ( O,O -diethyl O -3,5,6-trichloro↓2-pyridyl phosphorothioate) and GS-13005 ( O,O -dimethyl phosphorodithioate S-ester with 4-(mercaptomethyl)-2-methoxy∆2 1,3,4-thiadiazolin-5-one) at 2 lb AI/acre and carbaryl at 1.5 lb AI/acre also controlled the adults. Granular applications of aldicarb, Dursban, and phorate at 2, 0.2, and 1 lb AI/acre, respectively, initially controlled the adults. Many granular materials probably will control the adults, but valid data were difficult to obtain because of the small plots and mobility of the adult. Granular systemic insecticides provided the best control against nymphs. Aldicarb, Bayer 37289 ( O -ethyl O -2,4,5-trichlorophenyl ethylphosphonothioate), carbofuran, Mobam® (benzo[blthien-4-yl methylcarbamate) at 2 lb AI/acre, and Durshan at 0.2 lb AI/acre gave above 85% control of the nymphs in 1 experiment. Phorate at 1 lb AI/acre yielded excellent control of the nymphs through 27 days following application on St. Augustinegrass. Aldicarb at 0.5 lb AI/acre and Dyfonat® ( O -ethyl S-phenyl ethylphosphonodithioate) at 1 lb AI/acre gave 96% and 87% control 20 days after application. On pangolagrass in 1968, Dyfonate, Bayer 37289, ph orate, carbofuran, and Dasanit® ( O,O -diethyl O -[ p -(methylsulfinyl) phenyl) phosphorothioate) each at 1 lb AI/acre, propoxur at 1.5 lb AI/acre, methomyl at 2 lb AI/acre, and aldicarb at 0.5 lb AI/acre all gave more than 85% control of the nymphs.
Development of Supported Bifunctional Oxygen Electrocatalysts with High Performance for Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cell Applications

Titania supported platinum and iridium electrocatalysts (Pt/TiO2 and Ir/TiO2) were synthesized and investigated as bifunctional oxygen electrode (BOE) catalysts for unitized regenerative fuel cells (URFCs). TEM images revealed uniform distribution of Pt and Ir nanoparticles on the TiO2 support. Histogram analysis showed particle sizes of Pt and Ir to be 4.5 and 2.0 nm, respectively, which was also confirmed by the XRD characterization. Among the various Pt-Ir compositions prepared, Pt85Ir15 (with a Pt/Ir weight ratio of 85/15) showed the highest catalyst efficiency towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The URFC testing results showed that the round-trip energy conversion efficiency (eRT) of supported Pt-Ir/TiO2 (42%) was significantly higher than that of unsupported PtIr black (30%). The TiO2 support provided high surface area for uniform dispersion of the catalyst particles. The URFC performance increase was ascribed to the uniform dispersion and better utilization of noble metal catalysts.
TiSi2 Thin Films Formed on Crystalline and Amorphous Silicon

TiSi2 thin films were formed on crystalline and amorphous silicon substrates obtained by Ge+ and Ge++B+ implantation and optional subsequent annealing. Transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and electrical resistivity analysis revealed that the silicide formed on amorphous Si has more tendency to have a C54 structure rather than the metastable C49 structure. Also, the grain size is smaller and the silicide/silicon interface is smoother for silicides formed on amorphous Si. Comparison between implanted and unimplanted, (100) and (111) Si substrates indicated that the origin of the differences can be attributed to the latent energy stored in amorphous silicon, which favors the silicide with fine grains and promotes the transformation to the C54 phase. Non-random distribution of planar defects in C49 grains has been observed by plan-view TEM. A proposal that these defects are transformation stress induced microtwins is presented.
Substrates dissociate dopamine transporter oligomers

Substrate-induced endocytic trafficking of dopamine transporter (DAT) has been observed, but little is known about the regulation of DAT oligomerization by substrate. The present study investigates the effect on substrates on DAT oligomerization and explores a potential link with the presence of DAT at the cell surface in human embryonic kidney cells transiently or stably expressing N-terminal tagged DAT constructs. Dopamine (100 μM) or amphetamine (2–10 μM) reduced Myc-DAT coimmunoprecipitated along with Flag-DAT (oligomeric DAT) in tandem with a reduction in surface DAT determined by biotinylation. Dopamine (10–1000 μM) and amphetamine (0.2–200 μM) reduced DAT oligomerization as assessed by cross-linking with copper sulfate phenanthroline or Cu2+. Inhibition of endocytosis by 10 μM phenylarsine oxide or 450 mM sucrose counteracted the effect of 10 μM DA or 2 μM amphetamine in reducing DAT cross-linking. In addition to overall similarities between the results with the two cross-linking agents and between the results with the two different endocytosis inhibitors, some differences were noted as well, likely related to the efficiency of the cross-linking process and the sulfhydryl-reactive properties of phenylarsine oxide, respectively. The present results are the first to indicate regulation of oligomerization of an solute carrier family 6 transporter, the DAT, by substrates that act at DAT. In addition, the present study opens up the possibility of an important linkage between oligomerization of DAT and endocytic or other modulatory mechanisms impacting surface DAT.
Leaf pack processing in two Appalachian mountain streams draining catchments with different management histories

Rates of leaf litter processing and densities of macroinvertebrates in leaf packs were compared at two sites that differed in catchment logging history. The processing rate of leaves of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) was significantly faster in a stream draining a catchment that had been logged about 20 years ago than in one that had been undisturbed for 80 years. The faster processing rate was accompanied by significantly higher leaf pack densities of total macroinvertebrates, shredders, and collector-gatherers. The higher densities of leaf pack macroinvertebrates were apparently a result of differences in tree species between the two catchments. These differences resulted in greater inputs of fast-decomposing leaf litter to the stream draining the disturbed catchment and in smaller amounts of leaf litter remaining in the stream draining the disturbed catchment by spring when this study was conducted.
Formation and decomposition of acetate intermediates on the Ag(110) surface

The reactions of CH3COOH and CH3CHO with oxygen adsorbed on a Ag(110) surface were examined by temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy. Acetic acid reacted with surface oxygen to form H2O plus a stable acetate intermediate. Acetaldehyde reacted with surface oxygen to form CH3CHO2(ad) which decomposed at 250 K to liberate H2 and produce the stable acetate. The role of adsorbed oxygen in these two reactions was that of a strong base and strong nucleophile, respectively. The acetate intermediates formed by these two pathways were indistinguishable. The acetate intermediate decomposed near 640 K to produce CO2, CH3COOH, CH4, and H2CCO (and deposit small amounts of surface carbon).
Effect of resistance exercise on muscle steroidogenesis

Circulating testosterone is elevated acutely following resistance exercise (RE) and is an important anabolic hormone for muscle adaptations to resistance training. The purpose of this study was to ...
Innovative models for rural child protection teams

This paper describes child protection teams in rural Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The teams have developed an innovative model that encourages a community-based response to child abuse. Child protection teams usually follow the case consultation model, which is a group of professionals dealing with specific cases of child abuse. In Newfoundland and Labrador, child protection teams evolved away from this type of approach. Communities in the province face unique social and economic conditions and as a result child protection teams now mainly focus on prevention through public education and awareness, advocacy, and professional development. Many of the child protection teams have developed a two-tiered model. The first tier of the team includes community representatives who participate in the activities listed above. The second tier is involved with case conferences and is composed only of professionals dealing directly with the cases of child abuse. This paper discusses the child protection team model emerging in Newfoundland and Labrador in contrast to those described in the literature.
Using routinely collected growth data to assess a school-based obesity prevention strategy.

The literature on school prevention programs for obesity has been overwhelmingly negative in showing any long term effects on preventing obesity. As cited in the following paper by Rappaport et al., an exception was a paper by Foster et al. that showed a modest, but significant, three year response. Unfortunately, the current paper performed a more extensive study of the same population and found no long term effect of the intervention. This paper points out the problem that current methods of preventing obesity in school children have not been effective and it has become difficult to justify repeating this same type of study and hoping for a different result. We do not understand some of the fundamentals of the etiology of obesity. Rather than continuing current futile approaches, innovative research is needed to identify the basic causes and more innovative treatments of obesity.
Angle and time-resolved studies of backscattering of light from biological tissues

Temporal and angular profiles of backscattered pulses are introduced as a viable, novel and noninvasive technique to probe biological and medical materials. The optical properties of these materia's are quantitatively measured in terms of two scattering length scales the transport mean free path and the absorption length of the light. We show that these two scattering lengths can be directly determined from an analysis of the temporal and/or the angular profile of the backscattered pulse intensity. Weak localization of the photon are observed in the tissues. Experimental results for transient light backscattering from the human eye, normal and cancer lung and breast tissues, and tooth; from chicken heart; and leaf are presented.
Effects of exercise on BMI z-score in overweight and obese children and adolescents: a systematic review with meta-analysis

Overweight and obesity are major public health problems in children and adolescents. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review with meta-analysis to determine the effects of exercise (aerobic, strength or both) on body mass index (BMI) z-score in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Studies were included if they were randomized controlled exercise intervention trials ≥ 4 weeks in overweight and obese children and adolescents 2 to 18 years of age, published in any language between 1990–2012 and in which data were available for BMI z-score. Studies were retrieved by searching eleven electronic databases, cross-referencing and expert review. Two authors (GAK, KSK) selected and abstracted data. Bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Instrument. Exercise minus control group changes were calculated from each study and weighted by the inverse of the variance. All results were pooled using a random-effects model with non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals (CI) considered statistically significant. Heterogeneity was assessed using Q and I 2 while funnel plots and Egger’s regression test were used to assess for small-study effects. Influence and cumulative meta-analysis were performed as well as moderator and meta-regression analyses. Of the 4,999 citations reviewed, 835 children and adolescents (456 exercise, 379 control) from 10 studies representing 21 groups (11 exercise, 10 control) were included. On average, exercise took place 4 x week for 43 minutes per session over 16 weeks. Overall, a statistically significant reduction equivalent to 3% was found for BMI z-score . No small-study effects were observed and results remained statistically significant when each study was deleted from the model once. Based on cumulative meta-analysis, results have been statistically significant since 2009. None of the moderator or meta-regression analyses were statistically significant. The number-needed-to treat was 107 with an estimated 116,822 obese US children and adolescents and approximately 1 million overweight and obese children and adolescents worldwide potentially improving their BMI z-score by participating in exercise. Exercise improves BMI z-score in overweight and obese children and adolescents and should be recommended in this population group. However, a need exists for additional studies on this topic.
Aggression, alcohol dependency, and self-consciousness among high school students of divorced and nondivorced parents

134 high school students from a small high school in north central Kansas completed the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale, Fenigstein, et al.'s Self-consciousness Scale, and Zaks' Aggression Scale. Analyses of variance showed significant differences between boys and girls but not among grades. On the aggression and alcohol measures boys scored higher than girls, but lower on public self-consciousness. Youth of divorced parents scored significantly higher than those of nondivorced parents on aggression, private self-consciousness, and general self-consciousness. Aggression scores were significantly and positively correlated with those on the alcohol and private self-consciousness scales. When students' alcoholism scores indicate problems with alcohol, their scores on aggression indicate greater aggression and their private self-consciousness scores indicate sensitivity toward events in their environment, then having concerns about inner self can inhibit the action required for change. MacAndrew scores correlated significantly and negatively with scores on social anxiety about self-consciousness. When MacAndrew scores indicated problems with alcohol, the students' scores on social anxiety about self-consciousness suggested confidence in social settings, being at ease interacting with people. The present study involved students from a single rural district so increased understanding will require more extensive research if strategies for prevention and intervention are to be developed and utilized.
Radiation dosimetry for Co60 and Cs137 gamma ray field irradiation facilities

Methods for estimating the dose rntes to be anticipated from Co/sup 60/ and Cs/sup 137/ field irradiation sources are presented based on the two-medium theory of Berger. A comparison with experimental values at various distances from several large sources shows reasonable agreement in most cases. A summary of the theory of gamma -ray propagation in an infinite medium, a tabulation of dose build-up factors for air, and a discussion of the effect of atmospheric conditions on dose rates are included. (auth)
Preparation and properties of high molecular weight poly(1-germa-) or poly(1-sila- cis -pent-3-enes)

High molecular weight poly(1,1-dimethyl-1-germa-cis-pent-3-ene), poly(1,1-diphenyl-1-germa-cis-pent-3-ene), poly(1,1-dimethyl-1-sila-cis-pent-3-ene), and poly(1-methyl-1-phenyl-1-sila-cis-pent-3-ene) have been prepared. The thermal stability of these polymers is found to increase with their molecular weight.
Intelligent Alarm Function Based on RIA Technology of Equipment Network Management Design and Implement

Most of the traditional network management system used c/s mode, and deployment is not convenient. When device warns, operators will face a lot of alarms, and unable to determine the cause of the accident quickly. In this paper, intelligent alarm function design based on RIA / Flex for the power communication network has visual user level and deployment convenience. The alarm of network management is classed based on the business features. Mechanisms are presented in the paper for the filtering, detection and display of alarm information and monitoring of the electric power communication devices. We establish intelligent alarm system for power communication network based on RIA technology.
Experimental and theoretical analysis of core-to-core coupling on fiber bundle imaging

Flexible endoscopes commonly use coherent fiber bundles with high core density to facilitate in vivo imaging. Small, closely spaced cores are desired for achieving a high number of resolvable pixels in a small diameter fiber bundle. On the other hand, closely spaced cores potentially lead to strong core-to-core coupling. Based on numerical simulations, it was previously explained that image fiber bundles can successfully transmit images because of nonuniformities in the core size that reduce coupling. In this paper, we show numerically and experimentally that, due to the randomness of the structural nonuniformity, significant core-to-core coupling still exists in fiber bundles that are routinely used for imaging. The coupling is highly dependent on the illumination wavelength and polarization state. We further show that the resolution achievable by a fiber bundle depends not only on the core density, but also on the inter-core coupling strength. Finally, we propose that increasing the core-cladding index contrast is a promising approach to achieve a fiber bundle with low core coupling, high core density, and effectively single moded propagation in individual cores.
Implementation of an Online Database for Chemical Propulsion Systems

The Johns Hopkins University, Chemical Propulsion Information Analysis Center (CPIAC) has been working closely with NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC); NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC); the University of Alabama at Huntsville (UAH); The Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory (APL); and NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) to capture satellite and spacecraft propulsion system information for an online database tool. The Spacecraft Chemical Propulsion Database (SCPD) is a new online central repository containing general and detailed system and component information on a variety of spacecraft propulsion systems. This paper only uses data that have been approved for public release with unlimited distribution. The data, supporting documentation, and ability to produce reports on demand, enable a researcher using SCPD to compare spacecraft easily, generate information for trade studies and mass estimates, and learn from the experiences of others through what has already been done. This paper outlines the layout and advantages of SCPD, including a simple example application with a few chemical propulsion systems from various NASA spacecraft.
The Age of the Eocene/Oligocene Boundary is ...: ABSTRACT

In the construction of geologic time scales and the related exercise of discussing the chronology of chronostratigraphic units and boundaries, it is important to clearly distinguish between radiochronologic, biochronologic, magnetochronologic, and magnetobiochronologic input to their formulation. Failure to do so has, in some places, led to the confusion which surrounds the discussion and uncritical acceptance of some of the variant scales now being used. A brief critical examination will be made of several of the currently used Cenozoic chronologies and their bearing on the age of the Eocene/Oligocene boundary. Current age estimates of the Eocene/Oligocene boundary range from about 32 to 38 Ma based on the assessment of various (predominantly glauconitic) radiometric dates, poleontological control of varying reliability, and quality and paleomagnetic chronologies employing different calibrations. High temperature radiometrically dated polarity stratigraphy in the middle Eocene (polarity chron 20-21 interval) and the latest Eocene-early Oligocene (chron 15/16-12 interval) in North American continental sections with mammalian faunas provide the framework for much needed calibration points in the mid-Cenozoic and for a revised Cenozoic time scale. This also provides constraints on age estimates of the magnetobiostratigraphically determined Eocene/Oligocene boundary in deep sea and continental m rine sections. The Eocene/Oligocene boundary (biostratigraphically linked with the LAD's of the Globorotalia cerroazulensis-cocoaensis group, Hantkenina and Globigerapsis, and the rosette-shaped discoasters, i.al. Discoaster barbadiensis and d. saipanensis), is situated within the reversed interval between marine magnetic anomalies 15 and 13 with younger and older boundary estimated age values of 37.24 and 35.87 Ma, respectively. Our best estimate of the age of the Eocene/Oligocene boundary (subject to minor changes as a result of further magnetobiostratigraphic studies) is 36.6 Ma. End_of_Article - Last_Page 423------------
Epilepsy brain surgery: a pittsburgh perspective

The views of the authors are presented about the past history and recent situation of epilepsy brain surgery in the United States. Issues of efficacy and quality of life are reviewed, and little empirical evidence is found supporting epilepsy brain surgery as a cost-effective treatment modality. Prospective randomized clinical trials have not been run to address these issues and various problems with patient recruitment and funding seem destined to preclude them.