cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beitrag zur vergl. topogr. Anatomie des Mediastinum und der Serosabekleidung des Oesophagus bei Mensch und Hund

Zusammenfassung Die vergleichende Anatomie des Mediastinum von Mensch und Hund wird beschrieben und dabei werden die Belange des Chirurgen berucksichtigt. Besonders wird die Beziehung des Oesophagus zur Serosa ins Auge gefaβt und unter dem Blickwinkel der Serosadeckung einer Oesophaguswunde vergleichend anatomisch geschildert. Dabei wird das Auftreten eines Cavum mediastini serosum beim Tier betont und auf dessen chirurgische Verwertbarkeit hingewiesen. Summary A contribution on the comparative-topographical anatomy of the mediastinum and the serous membrane covering the oesophagus in man and dog The comparative anatomy of the mediastinum in man and dog is described, with special attention paid to the requirements of the surgeon. In particular the connection between the oesophagus and the serous membrane is considered and described with comparative anatomy from the aspect of a serous membrane covering of a wound in the oesophagus. The presence of a cavum mediastini serosum in the animal is emphasised and attention drawn to its usefulness in surgery. Resume Contribution a l'anatomie comparee topographique du mediastin et de l'enveloppe sereuse de l'oesophage chez l'homme et chez le chien Les auteurs decrivent l'anatomie comparee topographique du mediastin de l'homme et du chien en tenant compte des besoins du chirurgien. Ils attachent une importance particuliere aux rapports de l'oesophage et de la sereuse et en font une description anatomique comparee en ayant en vue le recouvrement par la sereuse d'une plaie de l'oesophage. On insiste sur la presence d'un cavum mediastini serosum chez l'animal et sur son utilisation possible en chirurgie. Resumen Aporte a la anatomia topografica comparada del mediastino y de la cubierta serosa del esofago del hombre y del perro Se describe la anatomia comparada del mediastino humano y el del perro, y para ello se tienen en cuenta las necesidades del cirujano. Con mayor detalle e estudian las relaciones del esofago con la serosa y se especifican bajo el angulo visual de la cubierta serosa de una herida esofagica. Se insiste en la presencia de una cavidad mediastinica serosa en el animal e indicase su utilidad en cirugia.
Strong solitary internal waves in a 2.5-layer model

A theoretical model for internal solitary waves for stratification consisting of two layers of incompressible fluid with a constant Brunt–Vaisala frequency and a density jump at the boundary between layers (‘2.5-layer model’) is presented. The equation of motion for solitary waves in the case of a constant Brunt–Vaisala frequency N is linear, and nonlinearity appears due only to boundary conditions between layers. This allows one to obtain in the case of long waves a single ordinary differential equation for an internal solitary wave profile. In the case of nearly homogeneous layers the solitons obtained here coincide with the solitons calculated by Choi & Camassa (1999), and in the weakly nonlinear case they reduce to KdV solitons. In the general situation strong 2.5-layer solitons can correspond to higher modes. Sufficiently strong solitons could also possess a recirculating core (at least, as a formal solution).The model was applied to the data collected during the COPE experiment. The results are in reasonable agreement with experimental data.
Labor Process and the Social Structure of Accumulation in China

Inspired by the interplay between social structure of accumulation theory and labor process theory, this paper is to specify the particular mechanism that labor institutions take in accomplishing C...
Evolution of a regulatory gene family: HOM/HOX genes

With the increasing accumulation of data on the presence of the HOM/HOX class of homeobox genes in the animal kingdom, and with new comparative analyses of these data, strong evolutionary conservation is apparent. It is clear that HOM/HOX genes and their roles in pattern formation were established early during the evolution of major phyla. The functional indications that this system is utilized in quite diverged organisms attest to the fundamental roles of homeobox genes in organismal development.
Magnetic polarity stratigraphy of three pliocene sections and inferences for the ages of vertebrate fossil sites near Bacchus Marsh, Victoria, Australia

This paper presents the results of studies on three magnetostratigraphic sections which were examined in an effort to resolve absolute chronological ages for the Pliocene Coimadai, Parwan and Boxlea Local Faunas. Differences in polarity between the Bullengarook flow and its supposed correlative at the Parwan locality indicate that previous age determinations were incorrect. New ages of 4.06–4.20 Ma and > 4.06 Ma for the Parwan and Boxlea Local Faunas, respectively, are proposed. An age of 3.35–3.82 Ma is indicated for the Coimadai Local Fauna, the first non‐palaeontological age constraint for this locality.
Quantitation of short- and medium-chain acylcarnitines in plasma by radioisotopic exchange/high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract A method for the quantitation of short- and medium-chain acylcarnitines in plasma and its clinical application are described. The method is based on enzymatic exchange of L-[ 3 H]carnitine into the acylcarnitine pool, subsequent separation of labeled acylcarnitines by high-performance liquid chromatography, and quantitation of the radioactivity by a beta flowthrough detector. Since only acylcarnitines are detected, no sample cleanup procedure is required. Isotopic equilibrium, a prerequisite for accurate quantitation, was reached in plasma after 1 h of incubation for all acylcarnitines except isovalerylcarnitine which required a longer incubation time. No significant hydrolysis of acylcarnitines occurred during the incubation. Linearity was demonstrated after adding increasing amounts of individual acylcarnitines to plasma. The method is highly sensitive requiring no L-carnitine administration to the patient and differentiates shortchain acylcarnitine isomers. It is suitable for the detection of a number of inborn errors of organic acid and fatty acid metabolism.
Prevalence of Pain Syndromes, Mood Conditions, and Asthma in Adolescents and Young Women with Endometriosis

Abstract Study Objective Adult women with endometriosis are often diagnosed with comorbid pain, mood, and autoimmune conditions. This study aims to describe the occurrence of pain syndromes, mood conditions, and asthma in adolescents and young women with endometriosis evaluated at our medical center. Design Retrospective review of medical records. Setting Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at a tertiary referral center. Participants 138 adolescents/young women who were less than age 24 years at the time of their initial visit at our medical center, and whose surgical diagnosis of endometriosis was made at our institution or by outside institutions by the age of 21. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measures Prevalence of comorbid pain syndromes (defined as interstitial cystitis, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic headaches, chronic low back pain, vulvodynia, fibromyalgia, temporomandibular joint disease, and chronic fatigue syndrome), mood conditions (defined as depression and anxiety), and asthma. Results Comorbid pain syndromes were found in 77 (56%) women, mood conditions in 66 (48%) women, and asthma in 31 (26%) women. Comparing endometriosis patients with and without comorbid pain syndromes, no differences were found in age at time of diagnosis, endometriosis symptoms, and endometriosis stage. Patients with comorbid pain syndromes were more likely to report mood conditions (62% vs 30% respectively, P P = .003), underwent more surgeries for endometriosis (median of 2 [range, 1–7] vs 1 [range, 1-5], P P = .02). Conclusions Comorbid pain syndromes, mood conditions and asthma are common in adolescents and young women with endometriosis.
Inferring Function from Structure: Relationship of Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Detected Hippocampal Abnormality and Memory Function in Epilepsy.

Although temporal lobectomy is an effective alternative treatment for many patients with medication-resistant epilepsy, the risk of cognitive morbidity is not inconsequential. The ability to predict cognitive outcome is increasingly dependent on convergent information from multiple sources, including direct (e.g., Wada test) and indirect (e.g., psychometric testing) functional assessments along with magnetic resonance imaging studies that detect structural abnormalities. This brief review summarizes the relationship between imaging and function at baseline and predicting cognitive outcome following temporal lobectomy.
The geographic variation of suicide rates by solid and liquid substances

Suicide rates by solids and liquids in the 48 contiguous states in 1980 were associated with percentage of people born in-state and longitude as was the total suicide rate and the suicide rate by firearms. The implications of these findings were discussed.
Algorithms for polynomials in Bernstein form

Abstract Aspects of the formulation and numerical stability of geometric modeling algorithms in the Bernstein polynomial basis are further explored. Bernstein forms for various basic polynomial procedures (the arithmetic operations, substitution of polynomials, elimination of variables, determination of greatest common divisors, etc.) required in such algorithms are developed, and are found to be of similar complexity to their customary power forms. This establishes the viability of systematic computation with the Bernstein form, avoiding the need for (numerically unstable) basis conversions. Procedures which nominally improve root condition numbers—the power-to-Bernstein conversion and Bernstein degree elevation and subdivision techniques—are examined in greater detail. These procedures are found to have a relatively poor inherent conditioning, which essentially cancels the expected improvement, and their explicit use does not therefore provide a means of enhancing numerical stability. We also examine the condition of computation in floating point arithmetic of the power and Bernstein formulations for the basic polynomial procedures. However, the detailed dependence of the computational errors on the input parameters, the algorithm structure, and the floating point system preclude comparisons as definitive and general as those pertaining to the root condition numbers in the power and Bernstein bases. Empirical evaluation of carefully selected test cases may provide firmer conclusions in this regard.
Online layered learning for cross-layer optimization of dynamic multimedia systems

In our recent work, we proposed a systematic cross-layer framework for dynamic multimedia systems, which allows each layer to make autonomous and foresighted decisions that maximize the system's long-term performance, while meeting the application's real-time delay constraints. The proposed solution solved the cross-layer optimization offline, under the assumption that the multimedia system's probabilistic dynamics (e.g. the application's rate-distortion-complexity behavior) were known a priori, by modeling the system as a layered Markov decision process. In practice, however, these dynamics are unknown a priori and therefore must be learned online. In this paper, we address this problem by allowing the multimedia system layers to learn, through repeated interactions with each other, to autonomously optimize the system's long-term performance at run-time. We propose two reinforcement learning algorithms for optimizing the system under different design constraints: the first algorithm solves the cross-layer optimization in a centralized manner, and the second solves it in a decentralized manner. We analyze both algorithms in terms of their required computation, memory, and inter-layer communication overheads. In our experiments, we demonstrate that decentralized learning can perform equally as well as centralized learning, while enabling the layers to act autonomously. Additionally, we show that existing myopic learning algorithms deployed in multimedia systems perform significantly worse than our proposed foresighted learning methods.
Response prediction of concrete beams reinforced with FRP bars

Abstract The use of FRP bars to reinforce concrete structures has received a great deal of attention in recent years. It is considered as one of the most prominent solutions that may overcome the corrosion deficiency of reinforcing steel bars under long-term service load conditions. A number of researchers have attempted to propose modifications to the ACI 318 empirical equation for estimating the effective moment of inertia of reinforced concrete beams. Others used numerical methods to calculate the deflection. The purpose of this paper is to present an analytical solution for calculating the load–deflection response of simple beams at any load stage. A bilinear moment–curvature function is assumed, defined by section flexural crack initiation, and ultimate capacity. The curvature distribution, along the span, is determined for uncracked and cracked regions based on the moment variation. Closed form equations are developed for the case of four-point bending, three-point bending and uniform loading. Comparisons with experiments indicate the effectiveness of the procedure in accurately predicting the load–deflection and the moment–curvature response relative to other analytical equations. Parametric studies are conducted to explore the agreement of the various empirical equations with that of the present procedure for a wide range of geometric and material properties as well as different loading conditions.
Are ultrashort x-ray pulses likely to be less carcinogenic?

With the development of femtosecond and shorter pulsewidth lasers and the ability to amplify these pulses to incredibly high pulsed power has come the ability to produce ultrashort pulses of x-rays. In previous years sessions of this conference we have proposed use of these ultrashort pulses of x-rays to produce high resolution, high image quality three dimensional x-ray images of breast and other areas of the body. Theoretical studies of the impact of increasing higher power of UV and X-Ray sources for sterilization lead us to question whether very short pulses of extremely high power (but low dose, i.e. J/cm2) may have less carcinogenic effect. If this is true, it could potentially allow greater use of such x-ray systems for breast cancer surveillance as well as other areas such as deep body inspection. In addition, it could allow for creation of better images by use of higher resolution, noise reduction and higher repetition rates. Better images should improve detection.
Modulation of microsomal glucose-6-phosphate translocase activity by free fatty acids: implications for lipid domain structure in microsomal membranes.

Recent studies from this laboratory have demonstrated differential effects of cis-unsaturated (type A) free fatty acids (FFA) and trans-unsaturated or saturated (type B) FFA on protein-mediated surface phenomena, namely, (1) capping on surface immunoglobulin in lymphocytes, (2) receptor-mediated aggregation of platelets, and (3) adhesion of BHK cells. These results were explained in terms of the FFA-perturbing specific lipid domains of the plasma membrane with subsequent modulation of the function of proteins occupying those domains. We wanted to determine if a differential effect of type A and type B FFA could be measured in an isolated membrane system, and chose to study the glucose-6-phosphate (Glc-6-P) translocase:hexose phosphate phosphohydrolase complex of rat liver endoplasmic reticulum. It was found that in intact microsomes, hydrolysis of Glc-6-P was inhibited by linoleic acid and linolenic acid. When the permeability barrier of the microsome was disrupted inhibition of hydrolysis was abolished. These results suggested that the Glc-6-P translocase was effected by the type A FFA. Importantly, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and elaidic acid had no significant effect on either translocation or hydrolysis of Glc-6-P. In addition, other microsomal enzymes, including the serine ethanolamine base exchange protein, diacylglycerol CDP choline phosphotransferase, diacylglycerol CDP ethanolamine phosphotransferase, NAD(P)H cytochrome C reductase, and NADH ferricyanide reductase were not significantly effected by the FFA used in these experiments. The FFA used, although bound to microsomes, were apparently not incorporated into phospholipids, or cyclooxygenated into prostaglandins during the time course of these experiments. Based on previous results showing that cis-unsaturated FFA exert their greatest perturbing effects in gel-like lipid, we postulate that the transport protein occupies such a gel-like lipid domain in the endoplasmic reticulum bilayer.
Diurnal Cyclic Versus Daily Constant Temperatures for Broiler Performances

Abstract BROILER producers today must use the most efficient production methods known and available to meet competition. Ambient temperature is one of the important environmental factors that affect efficiency of broiler performance (Adams et al. 1962; Barott et al, 1947, 1949, 1950; Prince et al, 1961; Okamoto et al., 1961; Osbaldiston et al., 1963; Houston, 1965; and Winn and Godfrey, 1967). Results from these numerous studies agree, in general, that extremes in temperature are detrimental to broiler performance. Brooding and grow-out temperatures have been recommended from the results of these studies. The above studies used adjusted daily or weekly temperatures but the temperature during the 24-hour period remained fairly constant. There is little data available on the effects of fluctuating temperature on broilers. Howes and Grub (1962) compared constant daily temperatures of 15.6°, 24.0° and 32.2°C. with a temperature produced by the outside fluctuating temperature (this temperature was not given). They. . .
Phloem translocation of a reduced oligogalacturonide inRicinus communis L

We have re-examined the evidence against the phloem mobility of oligogalacturonide elicitors using a reduced oligogalacturonide in the phloem translocation system ofRicinus communis var. Gibsonii. A tritium-labelled end-reduced oligogalacturonide of degree of polymerisation 6 was injected into the hollow centre of the petiole of four- to five-week-old plants. Two experimental procedures were followed. In the first, the whole plant was harvested and dissected after 5 h incubation. In the second, phloem sap was collected from an incision in the main stem below the injected petiole; collection started 2 h after incubation and continued for a further 3 h. Determination of the total radiolabel present in the dissected plant showed that at least 8% of the applied activity was exported from the injected leaf, most of this being recovered from the main stem below the injected petiole and the roots. The activity in the phloem exudate showed that the rate of export of radiolabel was already at its maximum by the end of the 2-h incubation period. Radiolabelled material recovered from the main stem was found to be highly comparable to starting material when subjected to thin-layer chromatography. These results demonstrate the phloem mobility of reduced oligogalacturonides of low degree of polymerisation and therefore re-establish the potential for oligogalacturonides to act as systemic signals.
Internal derangements of the temporomandibular joint: fact or fiction?

T internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is defined as an abnormal relationship of the articular disk to the condyle. Usually the disk is displaced anteriorly, and frequently there is an associated perforation of the posterior attachment of the disk. Opinions about internal derangements differ from one extreme, that they do not exist,’ to another, that 25% of the entire population has an internal derangement.2 The purpose of this article is to review the evidence supporting internal derangements. The types of evidence that will be reviewed are clinical and pathologic findings, condylar path tracings, radiographic evidence in clicking TMJs, TM J arthrography, and surgical observations.
Photons in the transversity system

Abstract It is shown that by a suitable interpretation of the two spin polarization states, a photon formally can be considered as a transversely polarized spin - 1 2 particle, thus greatly simplifying the polarization analysis of reactions involving photons, since such an analysis is best performed in a pure transversity frame. An example, γ + 0 → 1 + 0 is worked out in detail to illustrate the method.
MODIFICATION OF PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION THROUGH PERIODIC OPERATION: FISCHER TROPSCH SYNTHESIS OVER Ru/A12O3

Forced concentration cycling was used to study the feasibility of rate and selectivity enhancement in FT synthesis. Our results indicate that it is possible to increase the time averaged rate of reaction by as much as 210% over the equivalent steady state rate. The improvements in selectivity are more complex. In general concentration cycling leads to increased rates of methane production. Under certain operating conditions it is possible to enhance the selectivity to propane by as much as 400% over the equivalent steady state rate. Selectivity enhancements for ethane and butane were also observed Analysis of the transient response data indicates that perhaps there are separate sites for methane and higher hydrocarbon synthesis. Transient response experiments showed that higher hydrocarbons are always produced before methane. During transient response and periodic operation methane production was found to be in phase with water production
Processivity of the Motor Protein Kinesin Requires Two Heads

A single kinesin molecule can move for hundreds of steps along a microtubule without dissociating. One hypothesis to account for this processive movement is that the binding of kinesin's two heads is coordinated so that at least one head is always bound to the microtubule. To test this hypothesis, the motility of a full-length single-headed kinesin heterodimer was examined in the in vitro microtubule gliding assay. As the surface density of single-headed kinesin was lowered, there was a steep fall both in the rate at which microtubules landed and moved over the surface, and in the distance that microtubules moved, indicating that individual single-headed kinesin motors are not processive and that some four to six single-headed kinesin molecules are necessary and sufficient to move a microtubule continuously. At high ATP concentration, individual single-headed kinesin molecules detached from microtubules very slowly (at a rate less than one per second), 100-fold slower than the detachment during two-headed motility. This slow detachment directly supports a coordinated, hand-over-hand model in which the rapid detachment of one head in the dimer is contingent on the binding of the second head.
BIOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT OF A POND ECOSYSTEM TO MEET WATER USE OBJECTIVES

ABSTRACT The biological structure of a 1.4 ha (3.5 acre) pond in Oldwick, N.J., was assessed during 1983 to facilitate improving swimming and fishing conditions. A biological management strategy, including reducing planktivore populations and restructuring of fish community size distribution, was employed in the spring of 1984. Although fish biomass was reduced, proportional stock density values indicated that fishing quality was substantially improved. Growth and recruitment of gamefish appeared to be minimally affected after one year of post-implementation monitoring. Reduced adult planktivore biomass lessened predation pressure on zooplankton stocks, which increased in both abundance and mean individual size. A resultant increase in grazing activity yielded reduced phytoplankton biomass through the summer and increased water clarity. Appeal and safety for contact recreation were noticably enhanced. The results suggest that managing fish populations can have cascading effects on other trophic levels to ...
Domain sampling formulation of cluster and factor analysis

Domain sampling principles permit formulation of a general method of multidimensional analysis. Cluster and factor analysis methods are special cases stemming from decisions made at different stages of the general method, especially in defining an independent dimension. Key cluster analyses define a dimension as a selection ofs variables drawn from the fulln set. Centroid, principal axes, and maximum likelihood analyses define it by then variables (raw or residual, weighted or unweighted); bifactor and second-order analysis, by both types of selection; square root analysis, by one variable. Key cluster methods can be designed to test hypotheses.
The Risks of Coverage-Directed Test Case Generation

A number of structural coverage criteria have been proposed to measure the adequacy of testing efforts. In the avionics and other critical systems domains, test suites satisfying structural coverage criteria are mandated by standards. With the advent of powerful automated test generation tools, it is tempting to simply generate test inputs to satisfy these structural coverage criteria. However, while techniques to produce coverage-providing tests are well established, the effectiveness of such approaches in terms of fault detection ability has not been adequately studied. In this work, we evaluate the effectiveness of test suites generated to satisfy four coverage criteria through counterexample-based test generation and a random generation approach—where tests are randomly generated until coverage is achieved—contrasted against purely random test suites of equal size. Our results yield three key conclusions. First, coverage criteria satisfaction alone can be a poor indication of fault finding effectiveness, with inconsistent results between the seven case examples (and random test suites of equal size often providing similar—or even higher—levels of fault finding). Second, the use of structural coverage as a supplement—rather than a target—for test generation can have a positive impact, with random test suites reduced to a coverage-providing subset detecting up to 13.5 percent more faults than test suites generated specifically to achieve coverage. Finally, Observable MC/DC, a criterion designed to account for program structure and the selection of the test oracle, can—in part—address the failings of traditional structural coverage criteria, allowing for the generation of test suites achieving higher levels of fault detection than random test suites of equal size. These observations point to risks inherent in the increase in test automation in critical systems, and the need for more research in how coverage criteria, test generation approaches, the test oracle used, and system structure jointly influence test effectiveness.
Accuracy of Tetrode Spike Separation as Determined by Simultaneous Intracellular and Extracellular Measurements

Simultaneous recording from large numbers of neurons is a prerequisite for understanding their cooperative behavior. Various recording techniques and spike separation methods are being used toward ...
Relating relationships: Development, expansion, and interrelations in relationship networks:

The four articles in this special section underscore three key themes in research on close relationships during adolescence: normative changes in their nature and functional significance; expansion and diversification of networks of relationships; and increasing interrelations among close relationships. We identify important ways in which the four articles both extend knowledge on these three points and inspire further advances by future researchers.
The representation problem in reverse engineering

Formal and explicit model building in reverse engineering focuses attention on modeling as an aid to understanding, and results in artifacts that may be useful to others. Choosing the proper representation during reverse engineering is the representation problem. This problem is examined by presenting a taxonomy of solutions. The issues involved in choosing a representation through an example reverse engineering task are illustrated. General considerations for model representations, with emphasis on their overall architecture, are presented. >
Water-borne contamination of intrauterine pressure transducers

Internal intrapartum fetal monitoring has been implicated as a source of maternal and fetal sepsis. We report water-borne contamination of a component of the intrauterine pressure transducer and suggest that this may be a potential source of nosocomial infection.
Web-scale k-means clustering

We present two modifications to the popular k-means clustering algorithm to address the extreme requirements for latency, scalability, and sparsity encountered in user-facing web applications. First, we propose the use of mini-batch optimization for k-means clustering. This reduces computation cost by orders of magnitude compared to the classic batch algorithm while yielding significantly better solutions than online stochastic gradient descent. Second, we achieve sparsity with projected gradient descent, and give a fast e-accurate projection onto the L1-ball. Source code is freely available: http://code.google.com/p/sofia-ml
Expression of the Sex-lethal gene is controlled at multiple levels during Drosophila oogenesis

In addition to controlling somatic sexual development in Drosophila melanogaster, the Sex-lethal (Sxl) gene is required for proper differentiation of female germ cells. To investigate its role in germ-line development, we have examined the expression of Sxl in wild-type ovaries and ovaries that are defective in early steps of germ cell differentiation. As in the soma, the basic mechanism for on/off regulation of Sxl relies on sex-specific processing of its transcripts in germ cells. One class of female-sterile mutations, which includes fs(1)1621 and the tumorous-ovary-producing allele of the ovarian tumor gene, otu1, is defective in the splicing process. These mutants have germ lines with high amounts of Sxl RNA spliced in the male mode and a severe reduction of protein levels in the germ cells. Another class of female-sterile mutations produces a phenotype similar to that seen in fs(1)1621 and otu1 but appears to express normal levels of Sxl protein in the germ cells. However, this second class does not show the changes in protein distribution normally observed in wild-type germ cells. In the wild-type germarium, the non-differentiated germ cells show a strong cytoplasmic accumulation of Sxl protein followed, as the germ cells differentiate, by a dramatic reduction and redistribution of the protein into nuclear foci. Interestingly, two female-sterile alleles of Sxl, Sxlf4 and Sxlf5 belong to the second class, which shows persistent cytoplasmic accumulation of Sxl protein. These Sxl female-sterile mutants encode an altered protein indicating that Sxl regulates processes that eventually lead to the changes in Sxl protein distribution. Lastly, we demonstrate that during the final stages of oogenesis several mechanisms must operate to prevent the progeny from inheriting Sxl protein. Conceivably, this regulation safeguards the inadvertent activation of the Sxl autoregulatory feedback loop in the male zygote.
Test Data Compression Based on Output Dependence

In a large circuit it is common to find that an output of the circuit depends structurally on a proper subset of the circuit inputs. We use this observation to provide test data compression. The proposed approach can be used in addition to test data compression techniques based on encoding.
Seasonal variation in Escherichia coli bloodstream infection: a population-based study

Seasonal variation in the rates of infection with certain Gram-negative organisms has been previously examined in tertiary-care centres. We performed a population-based investigation to evaluate the seasonal variation in Escherichia coli bloodstream infection (BSI). We identified 461 unique patients in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 1 January 1998 to 31 December 2007, with E. coli BSI. Incidence rates (IR) and IR ratios were calculated using Rochester Epidemiology Project tools. Multivariable Poisson regression was used to examine the association between the IR of E. coli BSI and average temperature. The age- and gender-adjusted IR of E. coli BSI per 100 000 person-years was 50.2 (95% CI 42.9-57.5) during the warmest 4 months (June through September) compared with 37.1 (95% CI 32.7-41.5) during the remainder of the year, resulting in a 35% (95% CI 12-66%) increase in IR during the warmest 4 months. The average temperature was predictive of increasing IR of E. coli BSI (p 0.004); there was a 7% (95% CI 2-12%) increase in the IR for each 10-degree Fahrenheit (c. 5.5 degrees C) increase in average temperature. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate seasonal variation in E. coli BSI, with a higher IR during the warmest 4 months than during the remainder of the year.
Cells in the Urine Sediment

©This article describes the various cells that may be encountered in the urine sediment. Each cell type is described in terms of the source or mechanism of formation, together with the pathologic or main clini
CHANGING REFERRAL PATTERNS TO ENSURE EARLIER IDENTIFICATION OF DYSFLUENT PRE‐SCHOOLERS

There has been a paucity of empirical research reported in the stuttering literature into dysfluency referral patterns and activities which promote early referral. Preliminary results of a three year UK-wide study are presented which illustrate how specific activities can positively influence the referral patterns of general practitioners, health visitors and other professionals. Analysis of pre-project data has identified current UK trends in paediatric dysfluency referrals (n=2356), from which speech and language therapists (SLTs) can recognise specific aspects for individual service development. The current study describes the pre- and post-project referral trends of 12 community trusts. Data reveal that time lags can be reduced in order that more dysfluent pre-schoolers see a SLT at a clinically optimal time.
Sensorless speed control of induction motors

We consider field-oriented speed control of induction motors without rotor position sensors. We augment the traditional approach with flux and speed observers and derive a sixth-order nonlinear model that describes the motor in field-oriented coordinates. The model takes into consideration the error in flux estimation. The flux regulation problem is a simple one and we follow the traditional approach of using PI controllers. For the speed regulation problem, we simplify the model by assuming that flux regulation takes place relatively fast and by using a (high-gain) PI controller to regulate the q-axis current to its command. This results in a third-order nonlinear model in which the speed and two flux estimation errors are the state variables, the q-axis current is the control input and a speed estimate (provided by the high-gain observer) is the measured output. This nonlinear model is the main contribution of this paper because it enables us to perform rigorous analysis of the closed-loop system under different controllers. In the current paper, we limit our analysis to the design of PI controllers via linearization. The linearized model is used to study when a PI controller can stabilize the nonlinear third-order model at the desired equilibrium point. The analysis reveals an important role played by the steady-state product of the flux frequency and the q-axis current in determining the control properties of the system.
An optimized avalanche photodiode

The feasibility of a fast, high-gain photodetector based on the phenomenon of avalanche multiplication in semiconductors has been investigated. Based on the process of carrier multiplication in a high electric field, criteria for the design of an optimized avalanche photodiode and for the choice of the best semiconductor material are developed. The device theory of an optimized, realizable avalanche photodiode is presented. A practical silicon device optimized for the detection of light with a wavelength of 9000A is suggested and design parameters are presented. Details of the fabrication process are given and the performance of experimental devices is compared to the device theory presented. The results of the study indicate that it is possible to achieve a silicon photomultiplier with a quantum efficiency-bandwidth product of the order of 100 GHz for the detection of light up to a wavelength of over 9000A.
Bacterial protein kinase inhibitors.

Protein kinases have become the second most important group of drug targets for the pharmaceutical industry next to G-protein-coupled receptors. Thus, over the past decade, a significant number of small molecules have been generated for protein kinase drug optimization programs. The vast majority of kinase inhibitors target the ATP binding site of the enzyme; however, the poor protein kinase selectivity of ATP-competitive protein kinase inhibitors (PKIs) limits their use for treating chronic diseases. In contrast, for inhibitors of bacterial signal transduction systems targeting bacterial kinase(s), there are no such selectivity requirements as long as the inhibitor does not act on any human kinases at the effective concentrations for killing bacteria in vivo. Protein phosphorylation in bacteria is performed by two-component signal transduction systems (2CSTSs) and eukaryotic-like serine/threonine kinases or bacterial tyrosine kinases. Recently, a large number of studies of protein kinases essential for sustaining bacterial growth and kinases required for virulence have been reported. Thus, bacterial protein kinases offer considerable potential as new drug targets. To identify bacterial PKIs, large chemical libraries of ATP-competitive inhibitors developed for eukaryotic protein kinases are an invaluable asset. This manuscript reviews progress on the development of prokaryotic protein kinase inhibitors. Drug Dev Res 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Signature Modeling for Acoustic Trainer Synthesis

As shipboard acoustic sensor systems have increased in complexity, embedded trainers have gained acceptance as a means of providing continuous unalerted operator training. An essential element of these trainers is a contact signature synthesizer which generates simulated sensor outputs equivalent to those produced by a received maneuvering contact. In this paper, we give an overall contact signature model broken down into source components. For each of these components, a mathematical model which relates the source-receiver geometry and the contact maneuver state to the component spectral and temporal characteristics is given. The synthesis of both tonal and broad-band components over a frequency range of 0 to 2 kHz was accomplished at simulated contact ranges of 1 to 10 kyd (0.9 to 9 kin). Tones with independent frequency jitter were synthesized. The bandwidth of the jitter could be programmed to vary directly with contact speed. A time-varying bias or wander was induced to model slow drifts in the rate of mechanical machinery rotations. Representative synthesis results are displayed and other acoustic applications are suggested.
Household and community socioeconomic and environmental determinants of child nutritional status in Cameroon

Undernutrition is a leading cause of child mortality in developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. We examine the household and community level socioeconomic and environmental factors associated with child nutritional status in Cameroon, and changes in the effects of these factors during the 1990s economic crisis. We further consider age-specific effects of household economic status on child nutrition. Child nutritional status was measured by weight-for-age (WAZ) and height-for-age (HAZ) z-scores. Data were from Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 1991 and 1998. We used analysis of variance to assess the bivariate association between the explanatory factors and nutritional status. Multivariate, multilevel analyses were undertaken to estimate the net effects of both household and community factors. Average WAZ and HAZ declined respectively from -0.70 standard deviations (SD), i.e. 0.70 SD below the reference median, to -0.83 SD (p = 0.006) and from -1.03 SD to -1.14 SD (p = 0.026) between 1991 and 1998. These declines occurred mostly among boys, children over 12 months of age, and those of low socioeconomic status. Maternal education and maternal health seeking behavior were associated with better child nutrition. Household economic status had an overall positive effect that increased during the crisis, but it had little effect in children under 6 months of age. Improved household (water, sanitation and cooking fuel) and community environment had positive effects. Children living in the driest regions of the country were consistently worst off, and those in the largest cities were best off. Both household and community factors have significant impact on child health in Cameroon. Understanding these relationships can facilitate design of age- and community-specific intervention programs.
Crinoids from the Brassfield Formation of Adams County, Ohio

A new species of Ptychocrinus, Ptychocrinus adamsensis, and dendrocrinid, genus and species undetermined, are described from the Lower Silurian (Llandovery) Brassfield Formation of Adams County, Ohio. Unlike previously recognized Ptychocrinus species, P. adamsensis has biserial arms. Accordingly, the generic concept of Ptychocrinus is broadened. Ptychocrinus adamsensis is the youngest North American species of Ptychocrinus. Ptychocrinus is not known from the Brassfield fauna that has been previously described from the Greene–Montgomery County area of Ohio.
HEPATIC CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS AND THE SECRETION OF NEWLY SYNTHESIZED CHOLESTEROL IN BILE

To determine the effect of increased hepatic cholesterol synthesis on the secretion of newly synthesized cholesterol in bile, rats were fed with cholestyramine, a bile-acid-binding resin that increases the number of hepatocytes that synthesize cholesterol. Cholesterol synthesis was measured 15 min after [3H]water injection to avoid appreciable exchange between the liver and serum of newly synthesized cholesterol that accumulates in the serum in studies of several hours duration. At 15 min after [3H]water injection, the specific radioactivity of cholesterol in the liver and hepatic microsomes was greatly increased in resin-fed animals compared with controls. However, with resin, the specific radioactivity of newly synthesized cholesterol that was secreted in bile was the same as for controls. At 15 min after [3H]water injection the specific radioactivity of serum cholesterol was minimally increased and not different in resin and control groups. In contrast, in studies that were longer than 60 min, newly synthesized cholesterol in serum was appreciably increased in resin-fed animals, and newly synthesized cholesterol in bile was also greatly increased compared with controls. Thus, when appreciable cholesterol exchange is avoided, an increase in hepatic cholesterol synthesis and the number of hepatocytes that synthesized cholesterol does not result in an increase in newly synthesized cholesterol in bile. Our results suggest that newly synthesized cholesterol is secreted in bile from a fixed subpopulation of hepatocytes. From a comparison of the specific radioactivity of newly synthesized cholesterol in whole liver and bile, it can be estimated that this subpopulation of hepatocytes represents about 20% of the total hepatocyte mass.
Economic Coordination across Divergent Institutional Frameworks: Dissolving a Theoretical Antinomy

Economic theory contains a significant theoretical antinomy. Markets are thought to secure coordination in self-organized fashion. In contrast, polities are portrayed as securing coordination through planning and administration. Doing this is to commit what Michael Resnick calls the ‘centralized mindset’, which is to attribute an observed order to some ordering agent. This article seeks to dissolve this theoretical antinomy by explaining how the same coordinative principles are at work throughout a society. All societies operate in generally coordinated fashion, due to the operation of transactional processes within societies. Markets and polities both operate through transactional relationships, though political transactions are constructed somewhat differently than market transactions. This article sets forth an approach to explaining coordination throughout a societal ecology where that coordination is achieved through different forms of transaction.
A Prospective Study of Adolescents’ Sexual Partnerships on Emerging Adults’ Relationship Satisfaction and Intimate Partner Aggression

We examined whether the influence of adolescents' sexual partnerships, both dating and casual, carried over to affect emerging adults' relationship satisfaction and experiences of intimate partner aggression. Analyses of longitudinal data from the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study (n = 294) showed that net of control variables (delinquency, depression, family violence, relational and sociodemographic characteristics), adolescents' number of dating, but not casual, sexual partners led to greater odds of intimate partner aggression during emerging adulthood. Further, relationship churning (breaking-up and getting back together) and sexual non-exclusivity during emerging adulthood mediated the influence of adolescents' number of dating sexual partnerships on intimate partner aggression. The positive effect of dating sexual partnerships on intimate partner aggression was stronger for women compared with men. These findings confirm the long reach of adolescent experiences into emerging adulthood.
The lower-pressure stability of glaucophane in the presence of paragonite and quartz in the system Na2O-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O

Although the transition of the blueschist to greenschist facies has been modeled by the reaction glaucophane (Gln) + paragonite (Pg) + water (V) = clinochlore (Chl) + albite (Ab) + quartz (Qtz), we have found in the system Na 2 O-MgO-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 -H 2 O that smectite (Smec) forms repeatedly and persistently through the approximate reaction Gln + Chl = Smec ± Ab. The reaction was verified using both synthetic and natural Gln and Chl, where in all cases complete reaction of Chl occurs in the presence of Gln to yield Smec. We have, therefore, investigated the reaction Gln + Pg + Qtz ± V = Smec + Ab, as a possible alternative to the first reaction. The reaction Gln + Pg + Qtz ± V = Smec + Ab was studied over the P-T range of 600–800 °C and 1.4–2.0 GPa keeping the water content in the range of 0–4 wt% to avoid the direct reaction of Gln to Smec + Ab at water contents above 4 wt%. The was experimentally reversed at 600 °C and 1.60(5) GPa, 700 °C and 1.70(5) GPa, and at 800 °C and 1.90(5) GPa (at 0 wt% water content), but with partial melting at 800 °C and pressure ≤2.0 GPa with water ≥3 wt%. The compositions of the phases and the state of Al-Si disorder in the albite were determined. The amphibole showed minor increase in Al and decrease in Mg and Si relative to the glaucophanic amphibole starting material, whereas paragonite showed minor enrichment in Mg and Si at the highest temperatures, complementary to the change in amphibole composition. Albite showed only limited ordering with decrease in temperature. Smectite at 600–700 °C has the average composition Na 0.25 Mg 2.21 Al 1.19 Si 3.44 O 10 (OH) 2 ·nH 2 O and shows slight Mg depletion and Al enrichment at 800 °C. Evidence for at least some Mg enrichment in the interlayer cation sites was supported by powder X-ray diffraction with in situ heating stage analyses using changes in the d 001 reflection at 200 °C as an approximate indication of Mg for Na substitution. The composition of smectite formed in this study is quite similar to that of other natural trioctahedral phyllosilicates reported in the literature. This, together with the experimental reversibility of the reaction observed here, indicates that smectite can form as a progressive metamorphic mineral at greenschist- and amphibole-facies conditions, particularly at the expense of chlorite and glaucophane.