cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrochemistry in ultrahigh vacuum. Intercalation of lithium into the basal plane of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite from a poly(ethylene oxide)/LiClO4 solid polymer electrolyte

The electrochemical insertion of lithium into the basal plane of highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG-(bp)) from a LiClO{sub 4}/PEO solid polymer electrolyte has been examined in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) using a carefully designed electrochemical cell. On the basis of a comparison of the data obtained with those recorded for the same interfacial system in an inert gas at atmospheric pressure, it has been concluded that the electrochemical behavior observed in UHV is indeed characteristic of the Li/LiClO{sub 4}(PEO)/(HOPG)(bp) system and therefore not affected in any discernible way by the ultralow pressures. Coulometric analysis of cyclic voltammetry experiments showed that the charge associated with lithium intercalation is larger than that observed during subsequent deintercalation, particularly during the first few intercalation-deintercalation cycles. However, the total amount of impurities observed in Auger electron spectra of emersed HOPG(bp) surfaces following lithium intercalation was very low. This last finding is inconsistent with the presence of a film of any significant thickness on the surface, suggesting that the charge imbalance for this interface is due to kinetic hindrances during lithium deintercalation. 10 refs., 3 figs.
Changes in phosphorus concentrations due to mixing by motorboats in shallow lakes

Abstract Recreational motorboats equipped with engines varying from 28 to 165 horsepower were operated at three selected Central Florida lakes. Also, a pair of isolation chambers representing aquatic habitats were placed in each lake for control and mixing studies. Mixing in isolation chambers was performed by small electrical motors connected to two blade propellers. Agitation of the water column in the lake mixing stations and inside the isolation chambers increased water turbidities and phosphorus concentrations. The increase in turbidity and phosphorus content occurred at a much higher rate than the rate of decline after cessation of mixing. The increase in phosphorus content could result in an increase in lake productivity as noticed from the increase of chlorophyll a concentrations in lake mixing stations.
Airbag fabric material modeling of nylon and polyester fabrics using a very simple neural network architecture

The material properties of engineering fabrics that are used to manufacture airbags can not be modeled easily by the available nonlinear elastic–plastic shell elements. A nonlinear membrane element that incorporates an elaborate tissue material model has been widely used by the auto industry for the airbag simulation studies. This model is highly computation intensive and does not differentiate between the various physical properties of the fabrics like fiber denier, the polymer fiber, and weave pattern. This paper introduces a new modeling technique that uses artificial neural networks. Experimental permeability data for fabrics under biaxial strain conditions were obtained through a blister-inflation technique and were used to train the proposed network architecture. In this training environment, various properties of the fabric can be incorporated and the network can be trained to generalize relative to the environment. Once trained, the cause–effect pattern is assimilated by the network with approprate weights to produce a desired output. Fabrics tested in this study included nylon 66 fabrics with three different fabric deniers: 420, 630, & 840 and two types of weave, and two 650-denier polyster fabrics having different calendering effects. The predictions obtained from this neural network model agreed very well with the experimental data. This indicates that neural nets can be considered as a serious design tool use in determining permeability and biaxial stress–strain relationships for textile fabrics used in airbags. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1503 SKELETAL MUSCLE ATROPHY INDUCED IN NEWBORNS BY CHRONIC PANCURONIUM TREATMENT

As the survival of preterm infants has improved, several previously unrecognized complications of prematurity and its therapy have been identified. Pancuronium (Pavulon), a neuromuscular blocking agent, has been used to paralyze infants in order to facilitate ventilator therapy. We have recently seen abnormalities in the skeletal muscle fibers at autopsy of two 30-31 week gestation infants, each of whom received pancuronium in standard doses (0.1 mg/kg) for more than 4 weeks. The psoas and other skeletal muscles showed microscopic changes consistent with disuse atrophy. Morphometric studies of psoas muscle using a computerized video analysis system were performed. The least diameter of 100 fibers from each case was counted. As controls, psoas from 18 infants dying within one week of birth were examined, 9 were matched for age at birth (30-31 weeks) and 9 for age at death (35-36 weeks). Ideal controls, infants born at 30-31 weeks who died at 4 weeks and did not receive pancuronium, were not available. The mean fiber diameters of the 30-31 week (4.1 μ ± 0.3) and the 35-36 week controls (5.1 μ ± 0.7) were significantly different (p<0.01). Those of the cases treated with pancuronium (3.3 μ ± 0.7) were significantly smaller than either control group. Prolonged pancuronium therapy in premature infants may lead to skeletal muscle atrophy, which may be the cause of temporary hypotonia and may be confused with neurologic disease. The long-term implications are not known.
Open Loop Optokinetic Responses of the Turtle

Turtle eye movements were measured during full-field horizontal optokinetic stimulation under closed and open loop conditions. Because these animals display unyoked slow-phase eye movement behavior, open loop stimulation could not be presented to a paralyzed eye, while monitoring the position of the contralateral eye. The turtle's optokinetic reflex loop was opened electronically by a continuous adjustment of the pattern's position that effectively canceled the effect of the movement of the recorded eye. The highest open loop gains (2–3) were observed at low speeds (<1 deg/sec), demonstrating a more limited speed range and lower gain in turtle than in the mammalian optokinetic system. These results in the intact animal can be correlated with the visual response properties of the turtle's pretectum and accessory optic system recorded in vitro. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Fluid-Phase Pinocytosis of LDL by Macrophages: A Novel Target to Reduce Macrophage Cholesterol Accumulation in Atherosclerotic Lesions

Circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) that enters the blood vessel wall is the main source of cholesterol that accumulates within atherosclerotic plaques. Much of the deposited cholesterol accumulates within plaque macrophages converting these macrophages into cholesterol-rich foamy looking cells. Cholesterol accumulation in macrophages contributes to cholesterol retention within the vessel wall, and promotes vessel wall inflammation and thrombogenicity. Thus, how macrophages accumulate cholesterol and become foam cells has been the subject of intense investigation. It is generally believed that macrophages accumulate cholesterol only through scavenger receptor-mediated uptake of modified LDL. However, an alternative mechanism for macrophage foam cell formation that does not depend on LDL modification or macrophage receptors has been elucidated. By this alternative mechanism, macrophages show receptor-independent uptake of unmodified native LDL that is mediated by fluid-phase pinocytosis. In receptor-independent, fluid-phase pinocytosis, macrophages take up LDL as part of the fluid that they ingest during micropinocytosis within small vesicles called micropinosomes, and by macropinocytosis within larger vacuoles called macropinosomes. This produces cholesterol accumulation in macrophages to levels characteristic of macrophage foam cells in atherosclerotic plaques. Fluid-phase pinocytosis of LDL is a plausible mechanism that can explain how macrophages accumulate cholesterol and become disease-causing foam cells. Fluid-phase pinocytosis of LDL is a relevant pathway to target for modulating macrophage cholesterol accumulation in atherosclerosis. Recent studies show that phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), liver X receptors (LXRs), the macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) receptor, and protein kinase C (PKC) mediate macrophage macropinocytosis of LDL, and thus, these may be relevant targets to inhibit macrophage cholesterol accumulation in atherosclerosis.
Role of p-version Q(p) and Q′(p) two-dimensional approximation functions in smooth and singular problems

Abstract This paper presents a numerical investigation of the role and effectiveness of the Q ( p ) (complete set) and Q ′( p ) (reduced set) p -version two-dimensional approximation functions based on Lagrange interpolating polynomials for smooth problems, problems with geometric singularities and problems with load and data singularities. In this study we only consider linear problems described by linear symmetric differential operators, for which Galerkin's finite element formulation provides the best numerical approximation to the exact solution of the associated variational problem. Problems in linear elasticity and linear heat conduction have been chosen to conduct the numerical studies.
Tissue response to intraperitoneal implants of polyethylene oxide-modified polyethylene terephthalate.

Polyethylene terephthalate films surface modified with polyethylene oxide of mol wt 18,500 g/mol (18.5 k) by a previously described technique, were implanted in the peritoneal cavity of mice, along with their respective untreated controls, for periods of 1-28 d. The implants were retrieved and examined for tissue reactivity and cellular adherence. The control polyethylene terephthalate surfaces showed an initial inflammatory reaction followed by an extensive fibrotic response with a mean thickness of 60 microns at 28 d. By contrast, polyethylene oxide-modified polyethylene terephthalate showed only a mild inflammatory response and no fibrotic encapsulation throughout the implantation period: at 28 d a cellular monolayer was observed. Apparently either the polyethylene oxide-modified surface was stimulating less inflammation, which was in turn stimulating less fibroblastic overgrowth, or the cellular adhesion to the polyethylene oxide-modified surface was too weak to support cellular multilayers. [on SciFinder (R)]
Investigations of stabilizing additives. IV. PEPQ as a primary radical scavenger

Studies of PEPQ in a model antioxidant activity system have demonstrated that this material behaves not only as a hydroperoxide decomposer but as a primary radical scavenger. The temperature dependence of the antioxidant activity also indicates the PEPQ is more effective at higher temperatures than at ambient conditions. The relationship between the model antioxidant activity system and melt stability measurements in polypropylene is in good agreement and implies that PEPQ is an effective melt stabilizer even in the absence of conventional phenolic stabilizers such as BHT.
Hodgkin's lymphoma associated with plasma cell neoplasia: Cytological features and review of the literature

Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) associated with plasma cell neoplasia is extremely rare. Here, we report one case diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and review the clinical features of 15 previously reported cases. Our specimen was obtained by FNAB of an enlarged right inguinal lymph node. Air-dried Diff-Quik (DQ)-stained slides and alcohol-fixed slides stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Papanicolaou stains were reviewed. The specimen was cellular, consisting of lymphocytes and plasma cells. Flow cytometric analysis revealed a monoclonal (M) plasma-cell population. Admixed large atypical mono- and binucleated cells immunoreactive for CD30 were noted also. A diagnosis of plasma-cell neoplasm associated with classic HL was confirmed histologically after surgical removal of the lymph node. The diagnosis of both HL and plasma-cell neoplasia in the same patient is exceedingly rare. Adding another case to the 15 previously reported cases was unique because our case was diagnosed through FNAB.
Extension of relational views to derived relations with exceptions

Abstract This paper extends the concept of relational views by allowing exceptions to view definitions via a new construct called derived relations with exceptions (DREs). DREs are a superset of relational views that provides greater capabilities for representing general rules, dealing with exceptional cases and manipulating hypothetical databases. These capabilities are particularly useful in decision support systems, “what-if” situations, in dealing with unexpected data that may violate an integrity constraint and in management of versions. Exceptions are clasified as: internal inclusions, external inclusions and omissions. An extension to the SQL language to support DREs is described as well as its implementation. This extension requires a minimum of changes while providing full functionality.
Diagnostic role of Doppler echocardiography in constrictive pericarditis

Abstract Objectives. This study was conducted to assess the diagnostic role of Doppler echocardiography in constrictive pericarditis. Background. It has been observed that ptients with constrictive pericarditis have a characteristic Doppler pattern of respiratory variation in ventricular filling and central venous flow velocities. However, the observation was based on a small number of patients with known diagnosis. Methods. We reviewed the echocardiographic features of 28 patients (21 mem and 7 women; mean age ± SD 55 ± 15 years) with suspected constrictive pericarditis who underwent exploratory thoracotomy or pericardiectomy. Results. At operation, constrictive pericarditis was diagnosed in 25 patients, restriction in 1 and normal pericardium in 2. Of the 25 patients with constriction, correct preoperative Doppler diagnosis was made in 22 (88%) and Doppler echocardiography showed restriction in 3. In two patients with a normal pericardium, Doppler features were consistent with constriction in one patient and were normal in the other. In the one patient with restriction, Doppler echocardiography showed restriction. In 19 patients with surgically proved constriction, repeat Doppler study after pericardiectomy showed normal findings in 14 and restriction in 5. Twelve of the 14 patients with normalized Doppler findings became asymptomatic, whereas all 5 with restrictive Doppler features remained symptomatic. Conclusions. Doppler echocardiography performed simultaneously with respiratory recording is highly sensitive for diagnosing constrictive pericarditis, and it appears to predict functional response to pericardiectomy.
A novel multivalent OspA vaccine against Lyme borreliosis shows promise in Phase I/II studies

.LBiscaused by a number of bacterial speciesof the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.)complex. Four species, B. burgdorferisensu stricto (s.s.), B. afzelii, B. gariniiand B. bavariensis cause the majority ofhuman disease in Europe, whereas only asingle species, B. burgdorferi s.s., causesLB in the USA
Effective action for finite temperature lattice gauge theories with dynamical fermions.

Dynamical fermions induce via the fermion determinant a gauge-invariant effective action. In principle, this effective action can be added to the usual gauge action in simulations, reproducing the effects of closed fermion loops. Using lattice perturbation theory at finite temperature, we compute for staggered fermions the one-loop fermionic corrections to the spatial and temporal plaquette couplings as well as the leading {ital Z}{sub {ital N}} symmetry-breaking coupling. Hasenfratz and DeGrand have shown that {beta}{sub {ital c}} for dynamical staggered fermions can be accurately estimated by the formula {beta}{sub {ital c}}={beta}{sub {ital c}}{sup pure}{minus}{Delta}{beta}{sub {ital F}} where {Delta}{beta}{sub {ital F}} is the shift induced by the fermions at zero temperature. Numerical and analytical results indicate that the finite temperature corrections to the zero-temperature calculation of Hasenfratz and DeGrand are small for small values of {kappa}=1/2{ital m}{sub {ital F}}, but become significant for intermediate values of {kappa}. The effect of these finite temperature corrections is to ruin the agreement of the Hasenfratz-DeGrand calculation with Monte Carlo data. We argue, however, that the finite temperature corrections are suppressed nonperturbatively at low temperatures, resolving this apparent disagreement. The {ital Z}{sub {ital N}} symmetry-breaking coupling is small; we argue that it changes the order ofmore » the transition while having little effect on the critical value of {beta}.« less
EFFECT OF OUABAIN ON MYOCARDIAL MECHANICAL FUNCTION AND SODIUM PUMP IN THE PREMATURE NEWBORN RABBIT

Effects of ouabain (0.75, 1, 1.5, 2.5, or 5 × 10−6M) on mechanical function and sodium pump were studied in the isolated arterially perfused fetal and newborn rabbit heart. Measurements of myocardial 86Rb+ active uptake was used as a marker of the sodium pump activity. The inotropic effect of ouabain in the fetus was not significantly different from that in the newborn at all ouabain concentrations. 2.5 × 10−6M ouabain caused mechanical toxicity in the fetus but not in the newborn. In the fetal muscle, perfusion with low calcium (0.5 mM) solution reduced mechanical toxicity of ouabain. High extracellular calcium (30 mM) per se caused mechanical toxicity in the fetus, but not in the newborn. Ouabain infusion decreased tissue potassium content, and this decrease in the fetus was not significantly different from the newborn. The ouabain inhibition of Rb+ uptake was similar in the two age groups. These data indicate that mechanical toxicity in the fetus is observed at lower ouabain concentrations than in the newborn. This difference in mechanical toxicity may not be explained by the age-related difference in sodium pump activity. The greater calcium toxicity in the fetus may be the reason for the increased ouabain toxicity in this age group.
853 PNEUMOCOCCAL SEPTICEMIA IN CHILDREN WITH SICKLE CELL ANEMIA. CHANGING TREND OF SURVIVAL

853 PNEUMOCOCCAL SEPTICEMIA IN CHILDREN WITH SICKLE CELL ANEMIA. CHANGING TREND OF SURVIVAL
Discovering Neglected Conditions in Software by Mining Dependence Graphs

Neglected conditions are an important but difficult-to-find class of software defects. This paper presents a novel approach to revealing neglected conditions that integrates static program analysis and advanced data mining techniques to discover implicit conditional rules in a code base and to discover rule violations that indicate neglected conditions. The approach requires the user to indicate minimal constraints on the context of the rules to be sought, rather than specific rule templates. To permit this generality, rules are modeled as graph minors of enhanced procedure dependence graphs (EPDGs), in which control and data dependence edges are augmented by edges representing shared data dependences. A heuristic maximal frequent subgraph mining algorithm is used to extract candidate rules from EPDGs, and a heuristic graph matching algorithm is used to identify rule violations. We also report the results of an empirical study in which the approach was applied to four open source projects (openssl, make, procmail, amaya). These results indicate that the approach is effective and reasonably efficient.
Production of micronucleoli and onset of cotton fiber growth

Experiments focused on the early development of fiber cells of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. MD51 ne) ovules produced two novel findings: one biological, the other methodological. The first concerns a micronucleolus in the nucleus of fibers. This developmental marker appears at or a little before 4 days postanthesis (dpa) in about 10% of the fibers and increases thereafter to nearly 80% provided the fibers are growing on fertilized ovules. Micronucleoli are neither seen in nuclei of fibers at 0–2 dpa nor in nuclei of non-fiber cells. Consequently, it is postulated that they are the product of specific developmental genes associated with fiber growth. The second, methodological finding, involves a cytological means of directly counting the number of fibers produced on young ovules at 1–4 dpa. The method provides quantitative data unavailable in the past. We used this method to show that emasculation caused a temporary 24-h delay in the initiation of fibers, that 30% of the fibers are affected, and that at 3 dpa both fertilized and unfertilized ovules have about 14 500 fibers. These data indicate that the fibers on fertilized and unfertilized ovules represent the same cell populations, a finding heretofore unknown.
Mobilization and Toxicity Potential of Aluminum from Alum Floc Deposits in Kensico Reservoir, New York

There is detailed literature on the mobilization of aluminum (Al) from soil to surface waters as a result of elevated acidic deposition to base-poor forest watersheds. There is considerably less information on the mobilization and effects of Al from the application of alum that is used in some water supplies to control turbidity during high-flow events. We report on the results of field measurements, laboratory sediment release experiments, and chemical equilibrium calculations conducted to evaluate the potential for the mobilization of Al from alum floc deposits in sediments of Kensico Reservoir, New York. Under ambient water quality conditions, mobilization of sediment Al is not a noteworthy concern at Kensico Reservoir. However, under experimental conditions of low pH, low acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), and low temperature, the inorganic fraction of monomeric Al can be mobilized from Kensico sediments to concentrations that would likely impair the health of aquatic organisms (>2 μmol/l). Elevated concentrations of monomeric Al were observed only when ANC decreased below 50 μeq/l, which is outside the range of values observed in Kensico during the 1997-2007 interval (120-460 μeq/l). Concentrations of complexing ligands are relatively low in Kensico waters (i.e., fluoride, naturally occurring organic solutes) and do not appear to substantially contribute to potential Al mobilization. For other water supplies with low ANC, the potential for sediment release of Al may exist.
Postoperative pain: research and treatment.

Abstract An attempt has been made to collect the large amount of new information which has become available in the past ten years concerning postoperative pain, its characteristics, its use for research, and its treatment. With a better understanding of the postoperative patient, it is hoped that an improved treatment of this common and neglected painful state will result. Part of this improvement awaits the discovery of an ideal analgesic drug, and this challenge remains. The rest of the improvement awaits the intelligent use of available drugs, good nursing care, and a consideration of the psychologic needs of the patients.
Application of the improved method of moments to the solution of three-body scattering problems

Abstract The improved method of moments procedure which was developed in an earlier paper is applied to the solution of the three-body scattering equations for separable two-body interactions. Results of these calculations further support conclusions reached previously that the improved method of moments provides a rapid and accurate calculational procedure for solving scattering problems.
Observation of atomic steps of (111) surface of a silicon crystal using bright field electron microscopy

Using an ordinary transmission electron microscopy technique, atomic steps on the (111) surfaces of silicon single crystal have been observed. The steps were formed during heat treatment of the crystal at 1200°C in the ultra-high vacuum system. Image intensities of the surface steps are discussed by taking into consideration the effect of the substrate crystal. Trigonal symmetry is observed in the intensities of kinematically forbidden reflections of 1/3 {422} types of silicon crystal in the [111] orientation.
Importance of atrial contraction to left ventricular filling in mitral stenosis

Abstract In summary, our data suggest that the contribution of atrial contraction to left ventricular filling in MS is variable, and that as the severity of MS increases, this contribution becomes less significant.
Urinary excretion of d‐propoxyphene hydrochloride in man

The urinary excretion pattern of d -propoxyphene hydrochloride in man has been determined. An assay method utilizing bromthymol blue was used to measure total excretion. Approximately 25 per cent of a 65-mg. dose was recovered in the urine within 48 hr. as a mixture of free drug and metabolite. The excretion pattern was followed with thin-layer chromatography.
Impact of fluorine on the phase behavior of bis-p-tolyl propane in supercritical CO2, 1,1 -difluoroethane, and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane

Abstract Fluorine substitution on a solute can have a significant effect on solute solubility in a given solvent and fluorine substitution on a solvent can also have a significant effect on solvent quality. The effect of fluorine is demonstrated with the phase behavior data for bis(p-tolyl)propane (BTP) compared to bis(p-tolyl)hexafluoropropane (BTHFP) in supercritical carbon dioxide, 1,1-difluoroethane (F152a), and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (F134a). Semifluorinated BTHFP is more soluble than non-fluorinated BTP in all three solvents, especially CO2. The CO2–BTP system exhibits solid solubility behavior while the CO2–BTHFP system exhibits liquid–liquid–vapor (LLV) behavior near the critical point of CO2. Although the two dipolar hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) are better solvents than CO2 for these two aromatic solid compounds, F152a is the superior HFC solvent, especially for BTP, because F152a has a smaller molar volume and a larger effective dipole moment than F134a. LLV behavior is also observed for the F134a–BTP system near the critical point of F134a although the F134a–BTHFP, F152a–BTP, and F152a–BTHFP systems all appear to exhibit type-I phase behavior and no liquid–liquid immiscibility near the respective critical points.
A novel light-regulated promoter is conserved in cereal and dicot chloroplasts.

The chloroplast psbD-psbC genes encode D2 and cp43, a reaction center protein and chlorophyll-binding antenna protein of photosystem II, respectively. We have previously shown that differential accumulation of light-induced psbD-psbC mRNAs in barley chloroplasts is due to transcription from a blue light-responsive promoter (LRP). It is hypothesized that the light-induced mRNAs help to maintain levels of the D2 polypeptide, which is photodamaged and degraded in illuminated plants. To determine if light-induced accumulation of psbD-psbC mRNAs was a conserved phenomenon in chloroplasts, the expression of psbD-psbC operons from five cereals (barley, wheat, rice, maize, and sorghum) and three dicot (tobacco, spinach, and pea) species was examined. Cereal and dicot psbD-psbC operons differ due to several DNA rearrangements that moved psbK-psbI proximal to psbD-psbC, allowing cotranscription of these genes and production of several unique transcripts in cereals. Despite differences in the structure and expression of the cereal and dicot psbD-psbC operons, the accumulation of light-induced psbD-psbC mRNAs was conserved in all species studied. An unusual feature of the light-induced mRNAs was the occurrence of 59 end microheterogeneity. The multiple 59 termini were mapped to several consecutive nucleotides (8 to 25 bp) within a highly conserved (61%) DNA region that represents the transcription initiation site for the mRNAs in barley and tobacco. The novel LRP differs in sequence from typical plastid promoters that have prokaryotic "-10" and "-35" elements and is centered 570 bp (cereals), 900 bp (tobacco, spinach), or 1100 bp (pea) upstream from the psbD translational start codon. We propose that physiological and gene regulatory demands of the chloroplast act as constraints that preserved the linkage of the LRP with psbD despite DNA inversions involving the psbD upstream region.
Rules, Function, and the Invisible Hand An Interpretation of Hayek's Social Theory

Hayek's social theory presupposes that rules are unintended consequences of individual actions. This essay explicates one kind of Hayekian explanation of that claim. After noting the kinds of rules...
Associations Between Physical Performance and Executive Function in Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment: Gait Speed and the Timed “Up & Go” Test

). ( Background. Older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) are at higher risk for developing Alzheimer disease. Physical performance decline on gait and mobility tasks in conjunction with executive dysfunction has implications for accelerated functional decline, disability, and institutionalization in sedentary older adults with aMCI. Objectives. The purpose of this study was to examine whether performance on 2 tests commonly used by physical therapists (usual gait speed and Timed “Up & Go” Test [TUG]) are associated with performance on 2 neuropsychological tests of executive function (Trail Making Test, part B [TMT-B], and Stroop-Interference, calculated from the Stroop Word Color Test) in sedentary older adults with aMCI. Design. The study was a cross-sectional analysis of 201 sedentary older adults with memory impairment participating in a longitudinal intervention study of cognitive function, aging, exercise, and health promotion. Methods. Physical performance speed on gait and mobility tasks was measured via usual gait speed and the TUG (at fast pace). Executive function was measured with the TMT-B and Stroop-Interference measures. Results. Applying multiple linear regression, usual gait speed was associated with executive function on both the TMT-B (0.215, P.003) and Stroop-Interference ( 0.195, P.01) measures, indicating that slower usual gait speed was associated with lower executive function performance. Timed “Up & Go” Test scores (in logarithmic transformation) also were associated with executive function on both the TMT-B (0.256, P.001) and Stroop-Interference (0.228, P.002) measures, indicating that a longer time on the TUG was associated with lower executive function performance. All associations remained statistically significant after adjusting for age, sex, depressive symptoms, medical comorbidity, and body mass index. Limitations. The cross-sectional nature of this study does not allow for inferences of causation. Conclusions. Physical performance speed was associated with executive function after adjusting for age, sex, and age-related factors in sedentary older adults with aMCI. Further research is needed to determine mechanisms and early intervention strategies to slow functional decline.
Molecular Mechanisms of Vascular Calcification Lessons Learned From The Aorta

Vascular calcification increasingly afflicts our aging and dysmetabolic population. Once considered a passive process, it has emerged as an actively regulated form of calcified tissue metabolism, resembling the mineralization of endochondral and membranous bone. Executive cell types familiar to bone biologists, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and osteoclasts, are seen in calcifying macrovascular specimens. Lipidaceous matrix vesicles, with biochemical and ultrastructural "signatures" of skeletal matrix vesicles, nucleate vascular mineralization in diabetes, dyslipidemia, and uremia. Skeletal morphogens (bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP) and BMP4 and Wnts) divert aortic mesoangioblasts, mural pericytes (calcifying vascular cells), or valve myofibroblasts to osteogenic fates. Paracrine signals provided by these molecules mimic the epithelial-mesenchymal interactions that induce skeletal development. Vascular expression of pro-osteogenic morphogens is entrained to physiological stimuli that promote calcification. Inflammation, shear, oxidative stress, hyperphosphatemia, and elastinolysis provide stimuli that: (1) promote vascular BMP2/4 signaling and matrix remodeling; and (2) compromise vascular defenses that limit calcium deposition, inhibit osteo/chondrogenic trans-differentiation, and enhance matrix vesicle clearance. In this review, we discuss the biology of vascular calcification. We highlight how aortic fibrofatty tissue expansion (adventitia, valve interstitium), the adventitial-medial vasa, vascular matrix, and matrix vesicle metabolism contribute to the regulation of aortic calcium deposition, with greatest emphasis placed on diabetic vascular disease.
A Review of “Am I A Good Girl Yet? Carolyn Bramhall”

Carolyn Bramhall writes an often prosaic account of her quixotic struggle in overcoming dissociative identity disorder. Many of the illustrations are quaint and warm, with tremendous family insight...
Hemodynamic and Anatomic Correlation of Electrocardiogram in Double-Outlet Right Ventricle

Scalar electrocardiograms of 31 patients with double-outlet right ventricle (19 with and 12 without pulmonary stenosis) were correlated with the hemodynamic and anatomic findings. Atrioventricular conduction defects, intraventricular conduction delay, and counterclockwise frontal-plane loops were found less often than formerly reported. Counterclockwise frontal-plane loops were found with, as well as without, pulmonary stenosis. The presence or absence of left ventricular hypertrophy did not correlate with the severity of pulmonary vascular obstructive disease. Electrocardiographic evidence of left atrial enlargement was difficult to interpret. Additional intracardiac malformations could not be appreciated from the electrocardiographic findings. The predictive value of the electrocardiogram for the diagnosis of double-outlet right ventricle was considered to be low. In patients with double-outlet right ventricle without pulmonary stenosis, the electrocardiogram was not helpful in predicting the severity o...
Fetal Rat Pancreas in Organ Culture: Effects of Serum on the Development of the Endocrine Cells

Eighteen-day-old rat fetal pancreas was grown in organ culture for four days on medium consisting of tissue culture Medium 199 and varying concentrations of chicken serum. The glucagon and somatostatin concentration of the explants was decreased when the serum concentration of the medium was reduced from 50 to 10%. There was a further reduction in these hormones when the explants were cultured on Medium 199 alone. Explant insulin content was reduced only when serum was omitted from the medium. A “serum factor” tripeptide was not able to substitute for this serum requirement. Heat-inactivation of the serum resulted in a significant increase in medium insulin content and an increase in both the insulin and glucagon contents of the explants. This increase in hormone content was directly correlated with increases in the beta and alpha cell volumes of the explants. There was no change in the somatostatin content or delta cell volume of the explants grown on heat-inactivated medium. It is suggested that the serum is an important component of the culture media and is apparently required in high concentration for the development of the islet cells in vitro. The islet cell types differ in their requirement for serum. The alpha and delta require a higher concentration than do the beta cells.
New Profession, Old Order: Engineers and German Society, 1815–1914

List of tables List of figures Preface Abbreviations Introduction Part I. Emulation: Bildung and the Bureaucratic Order: 1. technical education and society before 1850 2. Nationalism, industrialization, and technology: the first years of the Verein Deutscher Ingenieure 3. The pursuit of Bildung: Grashof and the VDI, 1856-76 4. The reform of technical education in Prussia, 1876-9 Part II. Reorientation: industrial capitalism and a 'practical' profession: 5. Reorientation in the engineering industry, 1876-84 6. Crisis and renewal in the VDI, 1877-90 7. The rebirth of nonacademic engineering education, 1879-1901 8. Public authority, private power, and the production of engineering personnel, 1901-14 Part III. The crucible: technical careers and managerial power, 1900-14: 9. Career prospects and the Btib's reform efforts 10. The unified employment code and the Patent Law 11. Direct action 12. The reaction of the VDDI Epilogue Appendix Bibliographical note Index.
A unified Bayesian framework for face recognition

This paper introduces a Bayesian framework for face recognition which unifies popular methods such as the eigenfaces and Fisherfaces and can generate two novel probabilistic reasoning models (PRM) with enhanced performance. The Bayesian framework first applies principal component analysis (PCA) for dimensionality reduction with the resulting image representation enjoying noise reduction and enhanced generalization abilities for classification tasks. Following data compression, the Bayes classifier which yields the minimum error when the underlying probability density functions (PDF) are known, carries out the recognition in the reduced PCA subspace using the maximum a posteriori (MAP) rule, which is the optimal criterion for classification because it measures class separability. The PRM models are described within this unified Bayesian framework and shown to yield better performance against both the eigenfaces and Fisherfaces methods.
Stress‐Driven Surface Topography Evolution in Nanocrystalline Al Thin Films

Stress-assisted grain growth at room temperature is identified as a plastic deformation mechanism in nanocrystalline thin films. Unique surface relief is attributed to the direct application of stress-coupled grain boundary migration theory. The figure shows a false-color SEM image of surface topography and an AFM height profile as a result of stress-assisted grain growth. A strategy for tailoring the mechanical properties of nanostructured metals is shown.
Left ventricular form and function: scientific priorities and strategic planning for development of new views of disease.

Heart failure continues to be one of the most costly and prevalent medical problems. The increasing age of our population and the increased survival of patients with diseases that lead to heart failure will no doubt further magnify this very serious health problem at a staggering cost, both monetary and human. To address this public health concern, a fuller understanding of what constitutes normal cardiac function is essential to recognize optimal goals for restoration after disease disrupts stability. From micro to macro, our limited understanding of the heart’s function continues to represent an obstacle to our ability to design strategies for effective treatment of heart failure. Thus, there is a critical need to address the existing and emerging issues in this area to develop new safe and effective strategies to address the clinical challenges facing cardiologists and cardiothoracic surgeons. As a result of this need, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute convened a workshop entitled “Form and Function: New Views on Development, Diseases, and Therapies for the Heart” on April 25 to 26, 2002, in Bethesda, Maryland. The objective was an effort to understand the importance of structure/function relationships of the intact ventricles from both the basic science and clinical perspectives, to define where progress is most urgently needed, and to plan research programs that will most effectively integrate understanding of functional geometry into therapy of human heart disease.
Climate-controlled early dolomite, Late Triassic cyclic platform carbonates, Hungary

ABSTRACT The 2 km thick Late Triassic Hungarian carbonate platform has a completely dolomitized lower part and a limestone-dominated upper part. The platform succession is made up of meter-scale, possibly precessional ( 20 ky) carbonate cycles. In the lower platform (Main Dolomite), cycles are completely dolomitized and capped by caliche laminites and pisolites. In the upper platform (Dachstein Limestone), dolomite is confined to laminite caps of cycles that are bounded by clayey paleosols. Most of the dolomitization in the platform interior occurred early in tidal-flat settings during each high-frequency cycle. Subtidal dolomites are slightly coarser grained, are low in Fe2+ and Mn2+, and have the heaviest 18O signature. This indicates they formed from evaporative, oxidizing brines sourced from supratidal flats. Intertidal-supratidal dolomites are fine grained, commonly Fe2+ and/or Mn2+ rich, and slightly enriched in 18O compared to the marine calcite cement. They formed from marine water that was weakly to moderately reducing. Dachstein paleosols have light 18O and 13C signatures reflecting meteoric soil waters. Repeated emergence stabilized the dolomites to low Sr2+ and Na+ dolomite similar to Cenozoic platform dolomites. In contrast to these early cyclic dolomites, coarse-grained platform-margin dolomites with very low Mn2+ and Fe2+ and light 18O signatures formed as thermally driven, warm, oxidizing marine water associated with Jurassic rifting of the Neo-Tethys Pennini Ocean circulated through the margin. Early dolomitization of cycles may have been controlled by high-frequency sea-level changes, but the overall vertical distribution of early dolomite on the platform does not reflect long-term eustasy. Rather, the intense dolomitization of the lower platform reflects a semiarid, hot subtropical, seasonal setting and megamonsoonal climate. Global cooling and increased humidity toward the latest Triassic and Early Jurassic inhibited pervasive early dolomitization, leaving the upper platform largely as limestone.
Analysis and average-value modeling of line-commutated converter-synchronous machine systems

Analytical relationships are established which can be used to predict the steady-state characteristics of line-commutated AC-DC-converter-synchronous machine systems. In particular, basic relationships are established in which the average DC voltage and the average electromagnetic torque are related to the converter firing delay angle. It is shown that these average-value relationships predict the steady-state performance with significantly higher accuracy than the classical converter average-value equations in which the d-axis subtransient reactance is used as the commutating reactance. >
Predictors of Early Job Turnover Among Juvenile Correctional Facility Staff

Although there is minimal research on job turnover among staff working in juvenile correctional facilities, turnover continues to be a costly problem with far reaching ramifications. This study examined 12-month turnover (operationalized in terms of resignations) among 13 successive cohorts of 475 staff who completed a basic training academy over a 3-year period. Turnover approached one quarter and was most probable during the first 6 months following academy completion. Seven demographic and nine work-related predictors were analyzed, including measures of job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Only one variable predicted turnover. Turnover was significantly less likely among staff displaying satisfaction with coworkers. The findings imply that turnover among newer employees might be curtailed through programs such as staff mentoring implemented during the first 6 to 9 months of a new employee’s tenure to foster positive coworker relations.
Pit Morphology of Aluminum Alloy and Silicon Carbide/Aluminum Alloy Metal Matrix Composites

Abstract Pit morphology of Al 5456 (UNS A95456), Al 6061 (UNS A96061), SiCw/Al 5456, and SiCw/Al 6061 is studied in order to compare pitting processes of SiCw/Al metal matrix composites with that of corresponding unreinforced alloys. Work on anodized samples of Al 6061 and SiCw/Al 6061 is also included. Pits on the composites are significantly more numerous, shallow, and widespread than on the monolithic materials. Studies of pit structure suggest there are two stages in pit development. The first involves the initial dissolution of metal atoms and opening of the pit, and the second involves pit enlargement or growth. For both materials, pits initiate at secondary particles within the metal matrix. In the case of Al 5456 and SiCw/Al 5456, it is shown that these particles are intermetallic phases composed of alloying elements Mg, Cr, Mn, and Al, as well as, Fe, which is an impurity of the metal. Under equivalent conditions of preparation and processing, a greater number of intermetallic phases form in the ...
Differential Effects of Glycyrrhiza Species on Genotoxic Estrogen Metabolism: Licochalcone A Downregulates P450 1B1, whereas Isoliquiritigenin Stimulates It

Estrogen chemical carcinogenesis involves 4-hydroxylation of estrone/estradiol (E1/E2) by P450 1B1, generating catechol and quinone genotoxic metabolites that cause DNA mutations and initiate/promote breast cancer. Inflammation enhances this effect by upregulating P450 1B1. The present study tested the three authenticated medicinal species of licorice [Glycyrrhiza glabra (GG), G. uralensis (GU), and G. inflata (GI)] used by women as dietary supplements for their anti-inflammatory activities and their ability to modulate estrogen metabolism. The pure compounds, liquiritigenin (LigF), its chalcone isomer isoliquiritigenin (LigC), and the GI-specific licochalcone A (LicA) were also tested. The licorice extracts and compounds were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity by measuring inhibition of iNOS activity in macrophage cells: GI ≫ GG > GU and LigC ≅ LicA ≫ LigF. The Michael acceptor chalcone, LicA, is likely responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of GI. A sensitive LC-MS/MS assay was employed to quantify estrogen metabolism by measuring 2-MeOE1 as nontoxic and 4-MeOE1 as genotoxic biomarkers in the nontumorigenic human mammary epithelial cell line, MCF-10A. GG, GU, and LigC increased 4-MeOE1, whereas GI and LicA inhibited 2- and 4-MeOE1 levels. GG, GU (5 μg/mL), and LigC (1 μM) also enhanced P450 1B1 expression and activities, which was further increased by inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IFN-γ). LicA (1, 10 μM) decreased cytokine- and TCDD-induced P450 1B1 gene expression and TCDD-induced xenobiotic response element luciferase reporter (IC50 = 12.3 μM), suggesting an antagonistic effect on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, which regulates P450 1B1. Similarly, GI (5 μg/mL) reduced cytokine- and TCDD-induced P450 1B1 gene expression. Collectively, these data suggest that, of the three licorice species that are used in botanical supplements, GI represents the most promising chemopreventive licorice extract for women's health. Additionally, the differential effects of the Glycyrrhiza species on estrogen metabolism emphasize the importance of standardization of botanical supplements to species-specific bioactive compounds.
Analysis of Orbit-Attitude Coupling of Spacecraft Near Small Solar System Bodies

The design and analysis of proximity operations around small solar system bodies is a challenging and complex task. This is mainly due to several destabilizing perturbations such as nonuniform rotating gravity field of the small body, solar radiation pressure, and solar tide. Another important perturbation which is often neglected during the design of close proximity operations is the coupling between orbital and attitude motion of the spacecraft. In most small body missions, the spacecraft is considered to be a point mass as compared to the asteroid, and this assumption has implications on the mission design. This paper compares the dynamics of a rigid body and a point mass in proximity to a small solar system body modeled as a triaxial ellipsoid with uniform density. The small body’s gravity field is described using the second degree and order spherical harmonic expansion. The sun’s gravity is also considered to act on the asteroid, as well as the point mass and rigid body. A Lie group variational integrator is used to numerically simulate the full (translational and rotational) dynamics of the rigid body. Numerical simulations show the trajectory of the rigid body rapidly diverges from that of the point mass due to the orbit-attitude coupling for small bodies modeled after Near Earth Object 25143 Itokawa. Possible implications on the performance of model-based spacecraft control and on the station-keeping budget if the orbit-attitude coupling is not accounted for in the dynamics model, are presented.