cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction to the Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, Special Issue on Aging and Social Change in Africa

This special issue of the Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology is devoted to aging and social change in Africa. The status of older adults in Africa occupies a small but rapidly expanding share of the global aging literature. Several international forums in the past two decades have sharpened both the academic and political focus on global population aging, including Africa—two World Assemblies on Aging in Vienna (1982) and Madrid (2002) and, more recently, the 2002 workshop on aging in Sub-Saharan Africa, sponsored by the National Institute on Aging and the National Research Council (Cohen and Menken 2006), and the 2005 Research on Ageing, Health and Poverty in Africa Conference, hosted by the Oxford Institute on Aging. Unquestionably, the heightened publicity and scholarship about older people in Africa largely results from the unprecedented, continent-wide impact of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. AIDS has had a devastating effect on the middle generation of millions of African families, leaving older relatives as the primary caregiving and economic resource for sick and dying adults and for orphans and vulnerable children (OVCs). The United Nations Programme on Ageing reports that up to two-thirds of people living with AIDS are cared for by their parents in their 60s and 70s, and up to 60% of orphaned children live in grandparent-headed households in Sub-Saharan Africa (United Nations Programme on Ageing 2007). The lack of preparedness for this unanticipated shift in traditional social and economic structure has left individual elders, villages, and provincial and national governments reeling in an effort to cope. Exacerbating the poverty, poor health, and psychological stress of older persons affected by HIV/AIDS is the absence of national policies on aging in many African countries. In a cultural context where family care has been the main source of support for persons in later life, government-subsidized support is an unfamiliar concept. Although the role of elders in traditional African societies has been a long-established research focus among anthropologists and historians, interest in the topic has grown rapidly among gerontologists in the past two decades. Two gerontologists who have made J Cross Cult Gerontol (2008) 23:107–110 DOI 10.1007/s10823-008-9067-5
Dynamic localization of yeast Fus2p to an expanding ring at the cell fusion junction during mating.

Fus2p is a pheromone-induced protein associated with the amphiphysin homologue Rvs161p, which is required for cell fusion during mating in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We constructed a functional Fus2p–green fluorescent protein (GFP), which exhibits highly dynamic localization patterns in pheromone-responding cells (shmoos): diffuse nuclear, mobile cytoplasmic dots and stable cortical patches concentrated at the shmoo tip. In mitotic cells, Fus2p-GFP is nuclear but becomes cytoplasmic as cells form shmoos, dependent on the Fus3p protein kinase and high levels of pheromone signaling. The rapid cytoplasmic movement of Fus2p-GFP dots requires Rvs161p and polymerized actin and is aberrant in mutants with compromised actin organization, which suggests that the Fus2p dots are transported along actin cables, possibly in association with vesicles. Maintenance of Fus2p-GFP patches at the shmoo tip cortex is jointly dependent on actin and a membrane protein, Fus1p, which suggests that Fus1p is an anchor for Fus2p. In zygotes, Fus2p-GFP forms a dilating ring at the cell junction, returning to the nucleus at the completion of cell fusion.
A compiler and run-time system for network programming languages

Software-defined networks (SDNs) are a new kind of network architecture in which a controller machine manages a distributed collection of switches by instructing them to install or uninstall packet-forwarding rules and report traffic statistics. The recently formed Open Networking Consortium, whose members include Google, Facebook, Microsoft, Verizon, and others, hopes to use this architecture to transform the way that enterprise and data center networks are implemented.In this paper, we define a high-level, declarative language, called NetCore, for expressing packet-forwarding policies on SDNs. NetCore is expressive, compositional, and has a formal semantics. To ensure that a majority of packets are processed efficiently on switches---instead of on the controller---we present new compilation algorithms for NetCore and couple them with a new run-time system that issues rule installation commands and traffic-statistics queries to switches. Together, the compiler and run-time system generate efficient rules whenever possible and outperform the simple, manual techniques commonly used to program SDNs today. In addition, the algorithms we develop are generic, assuming only that the packet-matching capabilities available on switches satisfy some basic algebraic laws.Overall, this paper delivers a new design for a high-level network programming language; an improved set of compiler algorithms; a new run-time system for SDN architectures; the first formal semantics and proofs of correctness in this domain; and an implementation and evaluation that demonstrates the performance benefits over traditional manual techniques.
Catecholamine-induced heterologous desensitization of rabbit luteal adenylyl cyclase: loss of luteinizing hormone responsiveness is associated with impaired G-protein function.

The effects of injecting epinephrine into pseudopregnant rabbits on the luteal adenylyl cyclase system were analyzed. Epinephrine-induced desensitization was heterologous and associated with a reduced response to isoproterenol, LH, NaF, and forskolin. Epinephrine-induced desensitization was rapid in onset, with a. maximum decrease in responsiveness 6 h after treatment and responsiveness returning to control levels within 24 h of treatment. The changes in β-adrenergic receptor content paralleled changes in catecholamine responsiveness. The affinity of the β receptors from treated animals decreased 1.5- to 2-fold before clown-regulation. LH receptor number was not altered by epinephrine treatment, although responsiveness to LH was depressed. LH receptor affinity, however, was reduced about 2-fold by epinephrine treatment. Epinephrine treatment also altered G-protein function in corpora lutea, as assessed by reconstitution of adenylyl cyclase activity in S49 cyc-membranes and ADP ribosylation by cholera and ...
Whether by byte or by tome, buying information is “acquisitions”

Proposition d'une formulation globalisante de la problematique en perspective de l'antagonisme entre acquisition (au sens traditionnel) et fourrniture de documents dans une bibliotheque, par la notion d'acquisitions de sources. Cette perspective assure la creativite dans les activites d'acquisitions et la responsablite des bibliotheques en tant qu'intermediaires d'information au coeur des questions de cout et de financement de cette information demandee par l'utilisateur et tant, entre autres, que le role de l'editeur sera d'ajouter de la valeur dans l'edition imprimee ou electronique, en particulier de la litterature scientifique. Dans cette perspective, des recommandations pour cette approche de l'acquisition en bibliotheque peuvent etre formulees
The eighteenth-century anthology and the construction of the expert reader

Abstract This article argues that the literary anthology emerges in the eighteenth century as a product of the institutionalizing book trade, and that it shapes and reflects the readership and the manner of reading in the eighteenth century.I argue that book trade professionals, ranging from printers to writers, co-operate and compete to make reading profitable. They do so through packaging and rhetoric that depicts reading as an elite act, yet presents it nonetheless as available to a mass readership. In tracing evolution of anthologies from collections of patched-together documents into collectible libraries of literary classics, and the corresponding shifts in the definition of literary value, this article maintains that in the eighteenth century the literary anthology became the standard venue for consuming literature, and that it did so by a mode of production that established a powerful and pervasive rhetoric that aimed at defining readers as discriminating consumers.
Stereological characterization of dry Alpine snow for microwave remote sensing

A persistent problem in investigations of electromagnetic properties of snow, from reflectance at visible wavelengths to emission and backscattering in the microwave, has been the proper characterization of the snow's physical properties. It is suggested that the granular and laminar structure of snow can be measured in its aggregated state by stereology performed on sections prepared from snow specimens, and that these kinds of measurements can be incorporated into models of the electromagnetic properties. With careful sampling, anisotropy in the snow microstructure at various scales can be quantified. It is shown how stereological parameters can be averaged over orientation and optical depth for radiative transfer modeling.
Adjuvant therapy for resectable rectal adenocarcinoma.

The mainstay of treatment for rectal cancer over the past 100 years has been surgical resection. However, for the majority of rectal cancers treated conventionally by resection alone, locoregional recurrence is the major mode of failure. Over the past several decades, significant progress has been made in developing effective adjuvant regimens. In the United States, postoperative chemoradiation is standard treatment for T3 or node-positive patients. However, preoperative radiation with or without chemotherapy decreases local recurrence, increases sphincter preservation, and may improve survival. The purpose of this article is to review the role of adjuvant therapy in resectable rectal cancers and to update the status of ongoing randomized trials. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 19:336–349, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
When Will Older Patients Follow Doctors’ Recommendations? Interpersonal Treatment, Outcome Favorability, and Perceived Age Differences

Study participants were 104 older patients (M age = 76 years) who rated their last visit to a doctor. If they felt respectfully and honestly treated by the doctor, they were more willing to confide in a medical professional. If they received the information that they needed, they were more likely to follow the doctor's recommendations. However, if they perceived their doctor to be closer to them in age, respectful treatment was most closely related to compliance. If they perceived their doctor to be much younger than themselves, obtaining needed information was related most closely to compliance. The results illustrate the value of treating age as a salient social category that can shape older patients’ reactions to their medical visits.
The metabolism of morphine and heroin in man.

(1975). The Metabolism of Morphine and Heroin in Man. Drug Metabolism Reviews: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 39-73.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Musculoskeletal System: Part 7. The Ankle

Diagnosis of many traumatic or attritional lesions about the ankle may be difficult with only the history, physical examination, and conventional radiographs. When uncertainty is present clinically or when precise depiction of the extent of injury will assist with treatment planning, magnetic resonance imaging may be a useful adjunct to these basic methods of evaluation. In particular, magnetic resonance imaging is useful for the identification and evaluation of tendinitis, tendon dislocations, osteochondral lesions, and occult fractures. Additional clinical settings in which magnetic resonance imaging may be helpful include evaluation of tumors, osteomyelitis, and tarsal coalition.
The rheology of PVC

A brief historical review has been made of rheological instrumentation developed for measuring the flow properties of vinyl materials. During this maturation of techniques the need for more complete flow characterizations spawned the development of dynamic mechanical instruments. These instruments provided convenient and accurate means of generating complex viscosity (n*) data composed of elastic (G′) and (G″) elements. Examples have been presented illustrating how these newer techniques are able to reliably provide critical data needed to control productivity and product performance properties. Extension of these techniques to on-line rheometry has improved quality control link in the compounding operation.
Biphasic effect of TSH on thyroidal iodide collection in rats.

Assessing the activity of the thyroidal iodide pump by measuring the thyroid/serum radioiodide gradient (T/S), we found the stimulatory effect of TSH to have a latency of from about 8 hours to 12 hours or more. The longer latent periods were observed in rats whose initial T/S was relatively high. The rise in the T/S was preceded by a depression of this ratio, whether hypophysectomized, normal, or triiodothyronine (T3) treated rats were injected with TSH. This biphasic response was elicited with Armour TSH, lyophilized rat pituitary tissue and Bates' highly purified mouse tumor and bovine TSH preparations; it seems therefore reasonable to attribute it to TSH proper rather than some contaminant(s). The same kind of response was also observed in rats whose thyroids were purged of organic iodine with goitrogens and whose endogenous TSH output was subsequently inhibited by giving T3 along with the antithyroid drugs; this indicates that the initial depression of the T/S is not due to flooding of the thyroidal i...
Store-and-forward teledermatology versus in-person visits: a comparison in pediatric teledermatology clinic.

Background The role of teledermatology in the diagnosis of pediatric skin conditions has not been studied exclusively. Objective To determine the ability of a pediatric dermatologist to correctly diagnose rashes by history and digital images. Methods Consecutive, new referrals to the pediatric dermatology clinic with a rash were enrolled in the study. A history, demographic data, and digital photographs were obtained from each patient. The data were reviewed by a pediatric dermatologist who made a preliminary diagnosis. The child was then seen in person and a final diagnosis was made. Concordance and kappa values were calculated. Cases of diagnostic disagreement were analyzed for their effect on management. Results One hundred thirty-five patients were enrolled. Diagnostic concordance was 82% (95% confidence interval [CI], 73%-88%), and the kappa value was 0.80. Clinically relevant disagreement occurred in 12% of cases. Limitations The study was performed at a single site, theoretically limiting generalizability. Conclusion Teledermatology appears to have a useful role in the care of children with rashes.
Reliability of family maltreatment diagnostic criteria: 41 site dissemination field trial

R. E. Heyman and A. M. S. Slep developed and conducted an effectiveness trial of a diagnostic system for child and partner maltreatment. The current investigation tested the widespread dissemination of the diagnostic system at 41 child and partner maltreatment services sites (n = 549 partner maltreatment cases and n = 342 child maltreatment cases). Agreement between field and master reviewers' decisions was good for partner physical and emotional abuse (kappa = 0.83-0.84). Agreement was also good for child physical, emotional, and sexual abuse (kappa = 0.73-0.89) but lagged slightly for child neglect (kappa = 0.66). Thus, multifaceted and content valid family maltreatment diagnostic criteria can be disseminated reliably. Replication studies of interrater agreement of the diagnostic system in typical clinical and agency settings are necessary; however, the high levels of agreement in myriad field sites imply that consistency of maltreatment determinations is achievable in widespread use. Language: en
Diffuse axonal injury in mild traumatic brain injury: a 3D multivoxel proton MR spectroscopy study

Since mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) often leads to neurological symptoms even without clinical MRI findings, our goal was to test whether diffuse axonal injury is quantifiable with multivoxel proton MR spectroscopic imaging (1H-MRSI). T1- and T2-weighted MRI images and three-dimensional 1H-MRSI (480 voxels over 360 cm3, about 30 % of the brain) were acquired at 3 T from 26 mTBI patients (mean Glasgow Coma Scale score 14.7, 18–56 years old, 3–55 days after injury) and 13 healthy matched contemporaries as controls. The N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), creatine (Cr) and myo-inositol (mI) concentrations and gray-matter/white-matter (GM/WM) and cerebrospinal fluid fractions were obtained in each voxel. Global GM and WM absolute metabolic concentrations were estimated using linear regression, and patients were compared with controls using two-way analysis of variance. In patients, mean NAA, Cr, Cho and mI concentrations in GM (8.4 ± 0.7, 6.9 ± 0.6, 1.3 ± 0.2, 5.5 ± 0.6 mM) and Cr, Cho and mI in WM (4.8 ± 0.5, 1.4 ± 0.2, 4.6 ± 0.7 mM) were not different from the values in controls. The NAA concentrations in WM, however, were significantly lower in patients than in controls (7.2 ± 0.8 vs. 7.7 ± 0.6 mM, p = 0.0125). The Cho and Cr levels in WM of patients were positively correlated with time since mTBI. This 1H-MRSI approach allowed us to ascertain that early mTBI sequelae are (1) diffuse (not merely local), (2) neuronal (not glial), and (3) in the global WM (not GM). These findings support the hypothesis that, similar to more severe head trauma, mTBI also results in diffuse axonal injury, but that dysfunction rather than cell death dominates shortly after injury.
Life-threatening hypokalemia following rapid correction of respiratory acidosis.

Abstract A 56-year-old woman with a history of paraplegia and chronic pain due to neuromyelitis optica (Devic's syndrome) was admitted to a spinal cord injury unit for management of a sacral decubitus ulcer. During the hospitalization, she required emergency transfer to the intensive care unit (ICU) because of progressive deterioration of respiratory muscle function, severe respiratory acidosis, obtundation and hypotension. Upon transfer to the ICU, arterial blood gas revealed severe acute-on-chronic respiratory acidosis (pH 7.00, PCO2 120 mm Hg, PO2 211 mm Hg). The patient was immediately intubated and mechanically ventilated. Intravenous fluid boluses of normal saline (10.5 L in about 24 h) and vasopressors were started with rapid correction of hypotension. In addition, she was given hydrocortisone. Within 40 min of initiation of mechanical ventilation, there was improvement in acute respiratory acidosis. Sixteen hours later, however, the patient developed life-threatening hypokalemia (K+ of 2.1 mEq/L) and hypomagnesemia (Mg of 1.4 mg/dL). Despite aggressive potassium supplementation, hypokalemia continued to worsen over the next several hours (K+ of 1.7 mEq/L). Urine studies revealed renal potassium wasting. We reason that the recalcitrant life-threatening hypokalemia was caused by several mechanisms including total body potassium depletion (chronic respiratory acidosis), a shift of potassium from the extracellular to intracellular space (rapid correction of respiratory acidosis with mechanical ventilation), increased sodium delivery to the distal nephron (normal saline resuscitation), hyperaldosteronism (secondary to hypotension plus administration of hydrocortisone) and hypomagnesemia. We conclude that rapid correction of respiratory acidosis, especially in the setting of hypotension, can lead to life-threatening hypokalemia. Serum potassium levels must be monitored closely in these patients, as failure to do so can lead to potentially lethal consequences.
Isaac Disease: Does the Clinical Spectrum Include White Matter Disease in the Brain? (P05.160)

Objective: Presenting the phenotypic variability of hereditary Issac9s Syndrome. Background Isaac syndrome is a disorder of peripheral nerve hyperexcitability (PNH) manifesting as myokymia, muscle cramps, and neuromyotonia. It is considered to be an acquired condition with antibodies directed against voltage-gated potassium channels. More recently, hereditary cases have been described in association with episodic ataxia and benign familial neonatal epilepsy. These pedigrees have exhibited a wide phenotypic spectrum even within families with the same mutations. Until now, mutations in KCNA1 and KCNQ2 have been described in hereditary cases of Isaacs syndrome. In patients with KCNA1, neuromyotonia occurs in association with episodic ataxia and skeletal deformities. KCNQ2 mutations were initially identified in patients with benign familial neonatal epilepsy but now, peripheral nerve hyperexcitability may also occur. There are also cases of hereditary Issacs syndrome described without the presence of an identifiable mutation in either gene. We describe a three-generation family with inherited Issacs syndrome. Design/Methods: Case Report. Results: In the first 2 generations features of peripheral nerve hyperexcitability was present, and in the third generation refractory epilepsy is described in a child. The proband also has white matter changes on MRI resembling demyelinating disease. Cerebrspinal fluid studies show normal levels of IgG and oligoclonal bands. Abnormal MRI findings have not been described in Isaac syndrome before. Conclusions: The spectrum of abnormalities for Isaac syndrome may include central nervous system white matter disease, cognitive dysfunction, in addition to seizures and peripheral nerve disease with muscle spasm, twitching, and hypetrophy. Patients with white matter disease and recurrent muscle spasm and hypertrophy may be included in the spectrum of antibody mediated central nervous system disorders, such as Isaac syndrome. Family history of other neurological disease may provide important clues as to the cause of such symptoms. Disclosure: Dr. Sedarous has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lange has nothing to disclose.
Mao Tse‐Tung: Rhetoric of a revolutionary*

This essay summarizes Mao Tse‐Tung's theory of revolution, the principal theme which evolves in his writings, speeches, reports, and letters, 1926‐1971, and posits general characteristics of his rhetorical methodology.
Pharmacology of fibrosis: definitions, limits and perspectives.

Abstract Methods tested for inhibition of fibrotic lesion are classified as specific - inhibiting exclusively collagen metabolism and non-specific - controlling any step of the fibroproliferative inflammation preceding the activation of fibroblasts. A brief account is given on existing as well as perspective methods to present a framework for a concept on pharmacology of fibrosis.
Identification of an osteoclast transcription factor that binds to the human T cell leukemia virus type I-long terminal repeat enhancer element.

Abstract Transgenic mice expressing human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I)-tax under the control of HTLV-I-long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter develop skeletal abnormalities with high bone turnover and myelofibrosis. In these animals, Tax is highly expressed in bone with a pattern of expression restricted to osteoclasts and spindle-shaped cells within the endosteal myelofibrosis. To test the hypothesis that lineage-specific transcription factors promote transgene expression from the HTLV-I-LTR in osteoclasts, we first examined tax expression in transgenic bone marrow cultures. Expression was dependent on 1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and coincided with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) expression, a marker of osteoclast differentiation. Furthermore, Tax was expressed in vitronectin receptor-positive mononuclear precursors as well as in mature osteoclast-like cells (OCLs). Consistent with our hypothesis, electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed the presence of an OCL nuclear factor (NFOC-1) that binds to the LTR 21-base pair direct repeat, a region critical for the promoter activity. This binding is further enhanced by Tax. Since NFOC-1 is absent in macrophages and conserved in osteoclasts among species including human, such a factor may play a role in lineage determination and/or in expression of the differentiated osteoclast phenotype.
Electrocatalytic oxidation of ethylene glycol (EG) on supported Pt and Au catalysts in alkaline media: Reaction pathway investigation in three-electrode cell and fuel cell reactors

Abstract Carbon supported Pt and Au nanoparticles with small sizes (2.4 nm for Pt/C, and 3.5 nm for Au/C) and narrow size distributions were prepared though a modified solution-phase reduction method, and served as the working catalysts for an investigation of electrocatalytic oxidation of EG in alkaline media. Our three-electrode cell with an on-line sample collection system showed that with applied potential increasing, glycolic acid, oxalic acid and formic acid were sequentially produced from EG oxidation on Pt/C, while only glycolic acid and formic acid were detected on Au/C. Oxalic acid is a fairly stable product, and Pt/C is inactive to its further oxidation reaction. On Au/C, glycolic acid is the primary product, and no oxalic acid was found at specified test conditions. We clarified that formic acid was produced preferably from direct C C bond cleavage of EG not glycolic acid on both Pt/C and Au/C catalysts. The single anion exchange membrane-direct EG fuel cell (AEM-DEGFC) with Pt/C and Au/C anode catalysts showed consistent results with the three-electrode cell tests. The AEM-DEGC with Pt/C anode catalyst demonstrated a peak power density of 71.0 mW cm−2, which is much higher than that with the Au/C (only 7.3 mW cm−2) at 50 °C. With the fuel cell operation voltage decreasing (anode overpotential increasing), deeper-oxidized products oxalic acid and formic acid were generated in the Pt/C anode AEM-DEGFC with higher selectivity. No formic acid was detected in the Pt anode AEM-DEGFC when glycolic acid was employed as fuel. On Au/C anode catalyst, very high selectivity to glycolic acid (>98%) was achieved. The AEM-DEGFC results confirmed the EG electro-oxidation pathways proposed by using an on-line sample collection system.
Oxidative pretreatment accelerates TNT metabolism in soils

The combined effect of ultraviolet (UV)-ozonation (O3) of aqueous 14C-TNT solutions followed by direct addition of the solutions to aerobic soils was examined as a method of disposal. The effect of TNT concentration was studied on both UV-O3 and soil metabolism. The amount of TNT degraded by either process decreased as the concentration increased. UV-O3 of a 1 ppm solution of TNT using a laboratory 450 W lamp for 10, 20, and 30 minutes resulted in substantial fragmentation of the ring and an increase in polarity of the resultant products. Soil metabolism, as measured by metabolic CO2 evolution, increased as the time of prior UV-O3 increased. A large amount of the 14C associated with 14C-TNT recovered from soil was in the non-extractable fraction. When a Pseudomonasputida, adapted to metabolize ortho-nitrophenol or picric acid as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen, was substituted for the soil phase, about 25% of the added 14C appeared as 14CO2. 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzaldehyde, 3,5-dinitrophenol, 3, 5-dinitrocatechol, 3,5-dinitrohydroquinone, and oxalic acid were identified as products of UV-O3. Rapid destruction of TNT took place in a large 66 lamp unit, and the resultant distribution of 14C was similar to the results from the laboratory studies.
Investigating Pediatric HIV Research Ethics in the Field

Physician and nurse researchers, Institutional Review Board members, and parents of children with HIV were asked, during interviews, to describe their views on the ethical issues involved in the conduct of clinical drug research that uses as subjects children who are seropositive for HIV. Twenty-eight interviews at four clinical sites were completed. Two significant ethical topic issues were identified. The study presents and analyzes, using bioethical perspectives, (1) factors that affect access of seropositive children to care and (2) concerns that the respondents presented about the amount of risk appropriate for the afflicted children.
Teaching Board Games to Two Children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder

Children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often have reduced play skills, interfering with their ability to interact with same-age peers. One way that children interact is to play structured games; thus, teaching children with ASD to play structured games may give them additional opportunities to interact with peers. The purpose of this study was to teach 2 children diagnosed with ASD 3 different age-appropriate structured board and card games. The teaching procedure was implemented in a group instructional format and participants’ behavior was measured in naturalistic probes implemented with the researcher. Utilizing a multiple probe design across behaviors and replicated across participants, results indicated that both participants were able to learn all three games during these naturalistic probes. Furthermore, participants were able to generalize game play to a second teacher in less structured generalization probes.
Luminescent impurity doping trends in alternating-current thin-film electroluminescent phosphors

Abstract The doping properties of three alternating-current thin-film electroluminescent (ACTFEL) phosphor host/luminescent impurity systems, ZnS:Mn, SrS:Ce, and SrS:Cu, are elucidated, and the ACTFEL device implications of these properties are assessed. Mn is isovalent, Ce is a donor, and Cu is an acceptor. Moreover, Ce is readily ionized in SrS, so that it behaves as a double donor. The distinctly different doping nature of these three luminescent impurities leads to dramatically disparate defect and device physics trends. The donor/acceptor nature of Ce/Cu in SrS results in charge neutrality being achieved in SrS:Ce and SrS:Cu via self-compensation-induced vacancy creation; subsequent defect complexing between oppositely charged luminescent impurities and self-compensation-induced vacancies results in more complex ACTFEL device behaviors such as dynamic space charge, trailing-edge emission, charge collapse, color tuning, and electroluminescence (EL) thermal quenching. In contrast, the isovalent nature of ZnS:Mn leads to more ideal ACTFEL device operation. This suggests that the optimal ACTFEL phosphor luminescent impurity is isovalent.
U.S. Drinking Water Challenges in the Twenty-First Century

The access of almost all 270 million U.S. residents to reliable, safe drinking water distinguishes the United States in the twentieth century from that of the nineteenth century. The United States is a relatively water-abundant country with moderate population growth; nonetheless, current trends are sufficient to strain water resources over time, especially on a regional basis. We have examined the areas of public water infrastructure, global climate effects, waterborne disease (including emerging and resurging pathogens), land use, groundwater, surface water, and the U.S. regulatory history and its horizon. These issues are integrally interrelated and cross all levels of public and private jurisdictions. We conclude that U.S. public drinking water supplies will face challenges in these areas in the next century and that solutions to at least some of them will require institutional changes.
Leptin alters metabolic rates before acquisition of its anorectic effect in developing neonatal mice.

Leptin inhibits food intake and increases metabolic rates in adult mice. Neonatal mice need to maximize food intake and also maintain high thermoregulatory metabolic rates to optimize survival, sug...
Gender Typed Advertisements and Impression Formation: The Role of Chronic and Temporary Accessibility

In this research, we tested the effects of chronic and temporary sources of accessibility on impression formation. Although some research suggests that chronicity amplifies temporary effects because of greater susceptibility to external primes, other research suggests that chronicity masks temporary effects because of redundance. We demonstrate in a thought listing study that in the domain of gender stereotypes, trait stereotypes may be routinely applied by those with a medium or high tendency to stereotype women, making external primes redundant. Based on this redundancy, we proposed that gender stereotypical primes will have little influence on subsequent judgments of those with a medium or high tendency to gender stereotype. In contrast, gender stereotypical primes will result in the classic assimilation effect for those with a low tendency to gender stereotype. We tested these propositions in the domain of female role portrayals in advertising and examined the effect of advertisements that feature women as homemakers (vs. do not feature women) on trait judgments of a target woman whose behaviors are ambiguously described. Results from 2 experiments show that, as predicted by the redundancy hypothesis, judgments of medium and high tendency to stereotype participants are not affected by advertisements portraying homemakers. Also as expected, judgments of low tendency to stereotype participants are assimilated to the homemaker prime. These results hold across tendency to trait stereotype (Experiment 1) and tendency to role stereotype (Experiment 2) and for trait judgments as well as gift choice. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Acquired glottic web formation in a 3-year-old girl: Case report and literature review

Abstract Pediatric glottic webs are most commonly congenital in origin. Acquired webs in children are typically traumatic in nature, primarily from external trauma or intubation. We report a unique variation of this post-traumatic etiology: a web centered at the junction of the anterior one-third and posterior two-thirds of the vocal folds, possibly formed after phonotraumatic stress from severe coughing. Our case suggests that careful attention should be paid to persistent voice changes after acute illness, as this may be a sign of laryngeal web in the setting of phonotraumatic stress.
Econometric Modeling of the Capitalization Formula for Farmland Prices

An econometric model is formulated to explain the dynamic behavior in farmland prices. A second-order rational distributed lag on net crop-share rents received by landlords captures the dynamic movements of prices and performs well in conditional post-sample forecasts. The adjustment path of land prices in response to a perturbation in rents is a protracted dampened cycle. The implicitly estimated tax-free capitalization rate on rent associated with equilibrium land price is 4.0%. Neither the expected rate of inflation nor an exponential trend on rent expectations has a significant effect on land prices.
A method for the evaluation of background-corrector performance in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy

When graphite furnace atomization is employed in atomic absorption spectroscopy, background absorption and scattering effects are often encountered. The back-ground absorption is often due to broad band absorption by molecules formed or vaporized by the atomizer. Scattering might be caused by the ejection of carbon particles from the atomizer surface during the atomization stage. Because of these problems, virtually all manufacturers of atomic absorption instrumentation supply simultaneous background-correction systems. These systems are based on the continuum lamp system described by Koirtyohann and Pickett, the Zeeman effect described by Hadeishi and McLaughlin, or the self-absorption broadening of the hollow cathode lamp described by Smith and Hieftje. All of these systems have merit and all can provide adequate background correction for a variety of sample types.
The relationship of pupil control to preservice elementary science teacher self–efficacy and outcome expectancy

The investigators' intentions in this study were to examine preservice elementary teachers' sense of self-efficacy with regard to science teaching and to define the construct of self-efficacy with greater clarity. Additionally, the construct of pupil control was examined. To gather information toward these purposes, we investigated the following questions: Do prospective elementary teachers' efficacy beliefs relate to their beliefs concerning classroom management or control?; and How is a measure of self-efficacy related to prospective teachers' self-reported choice concerning the teaching of science, amount of time spent in performing “hands-on” science, and/or perceived effectiveness as future elementary science teachers? Self-efficacy was measured as two distinct constructs, personal self-efficacy and outcome expectancy. Significant correlations were found between personal science teaching self-efficacy and (1) the number of college science courses taken; (2) the number of years of high school science taken; (3) respondent's choice of science instructional delivery; and (4) respondent's perceived effectiveness in teaching science. When the outcome expectancy subscale is considered, however, only one significant correlation is indicated; perceived effectiveness in teaching science was significantly correlated with outcome expectancy. Personal science teaching self-efficacy was significantly correlated with pupil control ideology while outcome expectancy was not. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ocular and Cutaneous Manifestations of Puva Therapy — A Review

AbstractThe consequences of cumulative photochemical damage to the lens of the eye is described as a function of the increasing absorption of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which produces photochemically generated lens chromophores. These increase in concentration and number as the lens ages. Two such chromophores are photodynamically characterized. This finding correlates with photobiological damage due to the accumulation of certain drugs within this organ, particularly 8-MOP in PUVA therapy patients. So-called PUVA cataracts are described and photographed with a newly described slit-lamp densitographic apparatus by comparing a PUVA patient prior to the institution of eye protection during therapy, against photographs of a normal eye. The authors also describe their own biopsy
Lead on Wrappers of Specialty Foods as a Potential Hazard for Children

The lead content of the colored portions of wrappers from bakery confections, lollypops, chewing gum, and frozen confections ranged from 8 to 10,100 ppm (1.0%). This may endanger children.
A Bayesian approach to joint analysis of multivariate longitudinal data and parametric accelerated failure time

Impairment caused by Parkinson’s disease (PD) is multidimensional (e.g., sensoria, functions, and cognition) and progressive. Its multidimensional nature precludes a single outcome to measure disease progression. Clinical trials of PD use multiple categorical and continuous longitudinal outcomes to assess the treatment effects on overall improvement. A terminal event such as death or dropout can stop the follow-up process. Moreover, the time to the terminal event may be dependent on the multivariate longitudinal measurements. In this article, we consider a joint random-effects model for the correlated outcomes. A multilevel item response theory model is used for the multivariate longitudinal outcomes and a parametric accelerated failure time model is used for the failure time because of the violation of proportional hazard assumption. These two models are linked via random effects. The Bayesian inference via MCMC is implemented in ‘BUGS’ language. Our proposed method is evaluated by a simulation study and is applied to DATATOP study, a motivating clinical trial to determine if deprenyl slows the progression of PD. © 2013 The authors. Statistics in Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
UV absorption probing of the conformer-dependent reactivity of a Criegee intermediate CH3CHOO

We measure the UV absorption spectrum of a Criegee intermediate acetaldehyde oxide, CH3CHOO, using time-resolved broadband cavity-enhanced spectrometry. We separate the spectra of the two possible structural isomers, syn- and anti-CH3CHOO, based on their different reactivity towards H2O and SO2. Despite significant overlap, the spectra of the two conformers are sufficiently separated to allow direct conformer-specific probing of the reactions of CH3CHOO with other important tropospheric species.
HSPG-Binding Peptide Corresponding to the Exon 6a-Encoded Domain of VEGF Inhibits Tumor Growth by Blocking Angiogenesis in Murine Model

Vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF(165) is a critical element for development of the vascular system in physiological and pathological angiogenesis. VEGF isoforms have different affinities for heparan sulphate proteoglycan (HSPG) as well as for VEGF receptors; HSPGs are important regulators in vascular development. Therefore, inhibition of interactions between VEGF and HSPGs may prevent angiogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that an HSPG-binding synthetic peptide, corresponding to exon 6a-encoded domain of VEGF gene, has anti-angiogenic property. This 20 amino acids synthetic peptide prevents VEGF(165) binding to several different cell types, mouse embryonic sections and inhibits endothelial cell migration, despite its absence in VEGF(165) sequence. Our in vivo anti-tumor studies show that the peptide inhibits tumor growth in both mouse Lewis-Lung Carcinoma and human Liposarcoma tumor-bearing animal models. This is the first evidence that a synthetic VEGF fragment corresponding to exon 6a has functional antagonism both in vitro and in vivo. We conclude that the above HPSG binding peptide (6a-P) is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis-dependent diseases.
Autophagy, Cytoplasm-to-Vacuole Targeting Pathway, and Pexophagy in Yeast and Mammalian Cells

The sequestration and delivery of cytoplasmic material to the yeast vacuole and mammalian lysosome require the dynamic mobilization of cellular membranes and specialized protein machinery. Under nutrient deprivation conditions, double-membrane vesicles form around bulk cytoplasmic cargo destined for degradation and recycling in the vacuole/lysosome. A similar process functions to remove excess organelles under vegetative conditions in which they are no longer needed. Biochemical, morphological, and molecular genetic studies in yeasts and mammalian cells have begun to elucidate the molecular details of this autophagy process. In addition, the overlap of macroautophagy with the process of pexophagy and with the biosynthetic cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting pathway, which delivers the resident vacuolar hydrolase aminopeptidase I, indicates that these three pathways are related mechanistically. Identification and characterization of the autophagic/cytoplasm-to-vacuole protein-targeting components have revealed the essential roles for various functional classes of proteins, including a novel protein conjugation system and the machinery for vesicle formation and fusion.
Between cheap and costly signals: the evolution of partially honest communication

Costly signalling theory has become a common explanation for honest communication when interests conflict. In this paper, we provide an alternative explanation for partially honest communication that does not require significant signal costs. We show that this alternative is at least as plausible as traditional costly signalling, and we suggest a number of experiments that might be used to distinguish the two theories.
Growing Up Sexualized: Issues of Power and Violence in the lives of Female Exotic Dancers

In a modern patriarchal society, women often receive the message that their appearance and sexuality dictate their value as human beings. Some populations, like exotic dancers, capitalize on this construction by receiving monetary rewards for the visual and physical consumption of their sexual bodies. Through interviews with female exotic dancers, the author investigates the ways that these women were sexualized at a young age, often through abuse. The author probes how they negotiated both their child and adult sexual selves and how this intersected with feelings of power and powerlessness and their eventual choices to become dancers. This study demonstrates the complexity of the lives of these women as they try to reclaim power by selling their sexualized bodies for money while still enduring abuse within this context.
Halide induced epimerization of meso-1,2-dihalo-1,2-diaryl-1,2-dimethyldisilanes

Kinetic data were obtained for the halide induced epimerization of meso -X[( p -RC 6 H 4 )MeSi] 2 X (halide=Cl − where X=F, R=H, CH 3 O, CH 3 , F, CF 3 ; halide=Br − where X=Cl, R=H) to a 1:1 meso : racemic mixture of diastereomers. A Hammett plot demonstrates a correlation of the rate of epimerization of the fluorinated derivatives with electropositive character at silicon. In order to extend the series of para -substituted derivatives, F[( p -RC 6 H 4 )MeSi] 2 F (R=CF 3 ) was prepared by treatment of H[( p -RC 6 H 4 )MeSi] 2 H (R=CF 3 ) with CuCl 2 /CuI/KF in THF and the meso diastereomer was resolved via crystallization induced asymmetric transformation and the structure verified by X-ray crystallography. Possible mechanisms for the halide induced epimerization are discussed.
Cervista HR and HPV 16/18 Assays vs Hybrid Capture 2 Assay Outcome Comparison in Women With Negative Cervical Cytology

Sensitive and specific assays for human papillomavirus (HPV) are essential for patient management. In this study, we directly compared the efficacy of the Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2; Qiagen, Valencia, CA) and Cervista assays (Hologic, Madison, WI). Consecutive cervical cytology specimens (n = 601) were tested using HC2, Cervista HR, and Cervista HPV 16/18 with analysis of only cytology-negative cases (n = 533). Results indicated no significant difference (P = .458) in prevalence rates between HC2 (7.5%) and Cervista HR (8.5%). The Cervista 16/18 prevalence was 1.6%. The negative percentage of agreement was 95.1% (468/492) vs a 70% (28/40) positive percentage of agreement. No false-negative results were detected by the Cervista internal DNA control. Our data show 29 discordant positive results (12 HC2 and 17 Cervista HR), suggesting some women with negative cytology may be triaged for unnecessary follow-up with either assay. For clinical screening, Cervista HR and HC2 are comparable and, by extension, should provide excellent negative predictive value for histologically relevant disease. High-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) is a risk factor for cervical carcinogenesis and is routinely assessed in combination with cytologic evaluation of Papanicolaou (Pap)
Emerging capabilities of mass spectrometry for natural products

Covering up to the end of 2013 A brief history of mass spectrometry in natural products research serves to identify themes which have driven progress in this area of application and in mass spectrometry itself. This account covers six decades of ionization methods, starting with traditional electron ionization and progressing through today's ambient ionization methods. Corresponding developments in mass analyzers are indicated, ranging from sector magnetic fields, through hybrid quadrupole mass filters to miniature ion traps. Current capabilities of mass spectrometry in natural products studies include direct in situ analysis, mass spectrometry imaging, and the study of biosynthetic pathways using metabolomic information. The survey concludes with a discussion of new experiments and capabilities including ion soft landing, preparative mass spectrometry, and accelerated ionic reactions in confined volumes.