cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental investigation of the free convection velocity boundary layer and plume formation region for a heated horizontal cylinder

Abstract Particle image velocimetry measurements were obtained in the free convection water flow around a heated horizontal cylinder for a Rayleigh number of 1.33 × 10 6 and a Prandtl number of 5.98. Radial and circumferential velocity were investigated within and just outside the velocity boundary layer in a vertical plane perpendicular to the cylinder axis. Radial and axial velocity were observed in the early plume development just above the top of the cylinder in a vertical plane parallel to and passing through the cylinder axis. The submersion depth of the top of the cylinder below the free water surface normalized by cylinder diameter ranged from H / D = 2 to 8, which includes depths for which the plume sways and meanders in periodic motion. The effects of plume swaying and meandering on the velocity boundary layer and plume formation were investigated. It was found that the approach flow outside the boundary layer was affected by penetrative convection caused by swaying and meandering of the plume even though there is no horizontal confinement. Measurements within the boundary layer as it nears the plume formation region and within the plume formation region itself reveal that penetrative convection in the approach flow altered the boundary layer and these effects propagated downstream into the plume formation region. The data therefore identified a feedback loop for which the plume fluid returns to the boundary layer sustaining the swaying motion. A direct cause of meandering was not determined.
Vitamin “A” as a prophylactic against the common “Cold” in groups of school children

Because of the difficulty of controlling the outside factors of a demonstration of this kind, it is impossible to make an unqualified statement as to the efficiency of Vitamin A in cold prevention. However, we believe that Vitamin A added to the diets of our Long Beach school children has tended to increase their resistance to the common cold.
Outcome after autogenous brachial-axillary translocated superficial femoropopliteal vein hemodialysis access.

Abstract Objective The optimal configuration for patients with "complex" or "tertiary" hemodialysis access needs remains undefined. This study was designed to examine the utility of the autogenous brachial-axillary translocated superficial femoropopliteal vein access (SFV ACCESS) in this subset of patients. Methods Patients presenting for permanent hemodialysis access without a suitable upper extremity vein for autogenous access identified by duplex ultrasound mapping and those with repeated prosthetic access failures were considered candidates for SFV ACCESS. Ankle-brachial indices were obtained, and duplex scanning of the superficial femoropopliteal and saphenous veins was performed. Patients deemed candidates for SFV ACCESS also underwent preoperative upper extremity arteriography and venography. A retrospective review of the complete medical record was performed, and a follow-up telephone or personal interview was conducted. Results Thirty patients (mean age ± SD, 54 ± 15 years; male, 33%; white, 37%; with diabetes, 50%; obese, 21%) underwent SFV ACCESS among approximately 650 access-related open surgical procedures during the study period. The patients had been receiving dialysis for 4 ± 5 years (range, 0-24 years), and had 3 ± 3 (range, 0-17) prior permanent accesses, whereas 90% were actively dialyzed through tunneled catheters. In-hospital 30-day mortality was 3%, and the hospital length of stay was 7 ± 7 days. Fifty-seven percent of the patients experienced some type of perioperative complication, and 38% required a remedial surgical procedure. Hand ischemia developed in 43% of the patients (severity grade: 1, 10%; 2, 7%; 3, 27%), and a distal revascularization, interval ligation was performed in all those with grade 3 ischemia. Thigh wound complications or hematomas developed in 23% of the patients, and arm wound complications or hematomas developed in 17%. The incidence of thigh wound complications was significantly greater (57% vs 9%; P = .03) in obese patients, but the other perioperative complications analyzed could not be predicted on the basis of age, gender, or comorbid conditions. The SFV ACCESS was cannulated 7 ± 1 weeks postoperatively. The primary, primary assisted, and secondary patency rates were 96% ± 4%, 100% ± 0%, and 100% ± 0%, respectively, at 6 months; 79% ± 8%, 91% ± 6%, and 100% ± 0%, respectively, at 12 months; and 67% ± 13%, 86% ± 9%, and 100% ± 0%, respectively, at 18 months (life table analysis; % ± SE). Conclusions The intermediate term functional patency rate after SFV ACCESS is excellent, although the magnitude of the procedure and the complication rate are significant. SFV ACCESS should only be considered in patients with limited access options.
Band structure of thin films

We present the formalism of a multiple-scattering technique for computing the bound energy eigenstates in a thin film. The potential is of the muffin-tin variety within the film and is a function of the normal coordinate in the exterior region. An application to a monolayer film of copper is presented, and the results compared to previous calculations.
Electrophysiological properties of isthmic neurons in frogs revealed by in vitro and in vivo studies

The frog nucleus isthmi (parabigeminal nucleus in mammals) is a visually responsive, cholinergic and anatomically well-defined group of neurons in the midbrain. It shares reciprocal topographic projections with the ipsilateral optic tectum (superior colliculus in mammals) and strongly influences visual processing. Anatomical and biochemical information indicates the existence of distinct neural populations within the frog nucleus isthmi, which raises the question: are there electrophysiological distinctions between neurons that are putatively classified by their anatomical and biochemical properties? To address this question, we measured frog nucleus isthmi neuron cellular properties in vitro and visual response properties in vivo. No evidence for distinct electrophysiological classes of neurons was found. We thus conclude that, despite the anatomical and biochemical differences, the cells of the frog nucleus isthmi respond homogeneously to both current injections and simple visual stimuli.
pH polymeric membrane microelectrodes based on neutral carriers and their application in aquatic environments

pH polymeric membrane microelectrodes based on neutral carriers have been developed for sediment and bio-mat applications. The pH microelectrodes have a tip diameter of 10-40 mm and contain poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) or carboxylated PVC in its membrane phase. Compared to classic liquid membrane pH microelectrodes without polymers, the new pH microelectrodes have a much longer lifetime (>1 month), a stronger tip, a lower resistance (1-4 10 9 ) and a shorter response time (t98 < 4 s). Most pH microelectrodes have been developed for physiological application, but this new one has been developed for application in harsh environments, such as sediments and microbial mats. Successful measurements of pH profiles in sediments and in microbial mats have been made with the new pH microelectrodes. The pH microelectrodes may also be applicable for clinical measurements and they require only a very small volume of the sample. # 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Assessing and balancing elder risk, safety and autonomy: decision-making practices of health care professionals

Diverse professionals assess and manage risk with frail elderly yet no standard practice guidelines are used across the care continuum. This qualitative study provides new understanding of how eldercare workers conceptualize and assess risk with frail elderly clients. Fifteen professionals were interviewed using the Long-Interview Method of McCracken (1988) and Crabtree and Miller (1991). Respondents included home care case managers, visiting nurses and hospital discharge social workers. This paper reports on two key decision-making styles identified through multidisciplinary analysis of transcripts: the "snap decision-makers" and the "agonizers." Labeling strategies are identified that may assist eldercare workers with the dissonance between professional training and the realities of practice. Variable thresholds for risk tolerance among diverse professionals were found. These findings suggest that risk assessment often reflects the values of the individual practitioner's profession and agency culture. Standardized training and ethical practice guidelines are needed to reduce extreme variability in professionals' judgments; and to better assist staff with assessing and balancing elder risk, safety and autonomy.
Two methods for discretizing a delta function supported on a level set

This paper presents two new methods for discretizing a Dirac delta function which is concentrated on the zero level set of a smooth function u: R^n@?R. The function u is only known at the discrete set of points belonging to a regular mesh covering R^n. These two methods are used to approximate integrals over the manifold defined by the level set. Both methods are conceptually simple and easy to implement. We present the results of numerical experiments indicating that as the mesh size h goes to zero, the rate of convergence is at least O(h) for the first method, and O(h^2) for the second method. We perform a limited analysis of the proposed algorithms, including a proof of convergence for both methods.
Design for Reliability and Common Failure Mechanisms in Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers

Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers are making up a large and growing share of the world’s production of semiconductor lasers. But the 850 nm GaAs quantum well VCSELs that make up most of present product are highly vulnerable to dislocation networks. In this paper, we discuss how materials selection affects the reliability of semiconductor lasers generally. We then describe the most common failure mechanisms observed in VCSELs, and what precautions are used to prevent them. We finish with a brief discussion of reliability testing and failure analysis.
Further Results on Queues with Partial Correlation

As a sequel to the author's and Conolly and Choo's articles, this paper further investigates the effects of positive correlation between the underlying processes in queueing models. Having established that the waiting time distribution is hyperexponential for a certain service interarrival joint density, we examined the sensitivity of this distribution to the value of the correlation coefficient r0 <r < 1. Since the extreme cases of r = 0 conventional models and r = 1 have long been known, we are able to illustrate the convergence of the waiting time density and respective moments to their limiting values.
Wrestling with a Wounding Word: Reading the Disjointed Lines of African American Spirituality

This essay examines African American spirituality as a complex web of arguments constituted by and shaped around a struggle with Christianity. With these arguments, this essay examines the dominant way in which Afro-American spirituality is defined, along the lines of an essential African reality. This definition is shown to be a part of the struggle against Christianity. The positing of this essentialist definition is also a form of spiritual practice which points to a deep longing for freedom from the continuing power of the colonialist’s theologically derogatory vision of the African. However the effect of this definition is to render all Christian articulation and expression of the African transparent, pointing always and only to their blackness. Thus Afro-spirituality as it is commonly articulated re-establishes the colonialist vision of the African as always presenting a theological alterity, an inauthentic Christian.
A Resource Allocation Protocol for Providing Quality of Service in Grid Computing

The problem of allocating processes of a Grid application to compute servers can be formulated as a distributed search problem. The goal is to allocate an applications processes to those compute servers that can provide the required Quality of Service and can execute the processes in a cost-efficient way. We present a protocol to identify compute servers that can execute the application with minimal cost and provide the required Quality of Service for the application. Relying on a heuristic search algorithm, the protocol makes use of statistical data of the compute servers' efficiency in past process executions.
A Critical Assessment of RIN Price Behavior and the Implications for Corn, Ethanol, and Gasoline Price Relationships

This study observationally and statistically assesses theories put forth regarding expected price behavior of Renewable Identification Numbers (RINs) using a dataset of daily RIN price observations from January 2009 through May 2013. RIN price behavior tends to follow theoretical expectations, but some notable exceptions occur, the causes of which remain uncertain. Information provided by RIN prices is used to test the implications of a binding renewable fuel standard (RFS) versus a nonbinding RFS on ethanol-gasoline and corn-gasoline price relationships. In certain cases, cointegration tests provide evidence that the relationships are weaker when the RFS mandates are believed to be binding.
Mystery Case: A 64-year-old woman with subacute encephalopathy.

A 64-year-old woman presented with progressive cognitive decline over 7 months. Her family noted a general slowing of her speech and thought process. She had developed a flat affect and difficulty with daily activities such as driving. There was no history of neurologic or psychiatric disorders.
Difficult early melanomas.

As melanomas grow, they become more obvious and more deadly. As physicians, one of our goals is to identify and excise melanomas as early as possible. It is anticipated that 51, 400 new melanomas will be diagnosed in the United States this year. 2 It is also estimated that there are 4 billion melanocytic nevi, 8 or roughly 90, 000 nevi, for every melanoma. Although it is critical not to miss an early melanoma, it is also important not to indiscriminately remove benign nevi given the scarring, medical costs, and associated surgical risks. Distinguishing an early melanoma from a benign nevus can present quite a challenge, and many factors must be considered in deciding whether a lesion should be excised. These factors include a reported history of change by the patient, the anxiety level of the patient, patient or family history of melanoma, physical examination revealing irregular features (visible or palpable), how different the lesion is from the average size of the patient's lesions, and documentation of change. Dermatoscopy allows for a more detailed visual physical examination of a lesion and thereby may allow for identification of structural details that will favor a malignant or benign diagnosis. Sometimes even with dermatoscopy, however, identification of a malignant lesion can be difficult. 5 This review illustrates lesions in which the dermatoscopic diagnosis of melanoma or not melanoma can be a challenge.
Performance Comparison of Interceptor Trench Configurations for Extracting Contaminated Groundwater

Abstract Computer simulations tested the capability of five alternative interceptor trench configurations to capture an enclave (plume) of contaminated groundwater. The configurations included a single linear segment and angled segments, at 90° and 135°, with a common endpoint. Alternative angled configurations both faced and opposed the contaminant plume. Each trench configuration had the same total length and was located the same average distance from the contaminant plume. The minimum pumping rate required to capture the plume and a surrounding buffer zone, within a prescribed time period, was determined for each trench configuration. The 90° plume-opposed trench performed best, requiring approximately one-third the pumping rate of the 90° plume-facing configuration. The plume-opposed configuration yielded a capture zone that best conformed to the actual shape of the contaminant plume, thereby reducing the amount of groundwater that had to be removed from the aquifer to remove the contaminant plume. Ir...
Angiotensin AT1 and AT2 receptors contribute to drinking elicited by eating in rats

Abstract A role for endogenous angiotensin II and its AT 1 and AT 2 receptor subtypes for mediating drinking elicited by eating was examined in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. The ability of pharmacological antagonism of AT 1 and/or AT 2 receptors to abolish drinking elicited by exogenous angiotensin II was established first. The SC injection of the AT 1 antagonist losartan (DuP 753) was sufficient to abolish drinking elicited by SC angiotensin II. The ICV injection (through a surgically implanted chronic cannula) of losartan inhibited drinking elicited by ICV angiotensin II; the combined ICV injection of losartan plus the AT 2 antagonist PD123319 was sufficient to abolish drinking elicited by ICV angiotensin II. For rats drinking and eating after 24-h food deprivation, SC losartan plus PD123319 inhibited water to food ratio, but ICV losartan and/or PD123319 failed to inhibit food-related drinking. For nondeprived rats eating a small cracker, SC losartan and/or PD123319 attenuated water intake, but only ICV losartan produced statistically significant inhibition of drinking elicited by ingestion of cracker. The IG infusion (through a surgically implanted gastric catheter) of 2 ml 600 or 900 mOsm/kg NaCl, a treatment that is subthreshold for increase in systemic plasma osmolality at the initiation of drinking, elicited drinking that was attenuated by SC losartan and/or PD123319 and attenuated by ICV losartan only. The IG infusion of 2 ml 1800 mOsm/kg NaCl, a treatment that is above threshold for increase in systemic plasma osmolality at the initiation of drinking, elicited drinking that was not inhibited by SC or ICV losartan and/or PD123319. These results demonstrate that peripheral AT 1 and AT 2 and central AT 1 receptors for angiotensin II contribute to drinking elicited by eating and the gastrointestinal osmotic consequences of eating. These findings extend the evidence demonstrating a renal renin-angiotensin contribution to food-related drinking in rats.
Adrenal Insufficiency: Still a Cause of Morbidity and Death in Childhood

Adrenal insufficiency is relatively rare in childhood and adolescence. Signs and symptoms may be nonspecific; therefore, the diagnosis may not be suspected early in the course. If unrecognized, adrenal insufficiency may present with life-threatening cardiovascular collapse. Adrenal crisis continues to occur in children with known primary or secondary adrenal insufficiency during intercurrent illness because of failure to increase glucocorticoid dosage. In this article, current knowledge of the incidence, diagnosis, and treatment of adrenal insufficiency in children and factors precipitating adrenal crisis are summarized. Suggestions for prevention of adrenal crisis in patients at risk are provided for health care professionals and families.
Digital Communication using Chaos and Nonlinear Dynamics

Digital communication using synchronized chaos is reviewed on the example of an optoelectronic transceiver and a wireless transceiver that utilizes chaotic pulse position modulation. Challenges that arise due to noise and other distortions occurring in the communication channel are pointed out and ways to improve the noise characteristics of the synchronization and to make chaos communication robust enough to work with realistic channels are discussed.
Simultaneous Respiratory Tract Colonization by Multiple Strains of Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Implications for Antibiotic Therapy

Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae often causes exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and these exacerbations are frequently treated with oral antibiotics. The goals of this study were to determine the frequency of the simultaneous presence of multiple strains of H. influenzae in sputum and to measure the MICs of antibiotics for the isolates. In a prospective study, adults with COPD were seen monthly. Sputum cultures were obtained, and individual colonies were subjected to genomic DNA typing and MIC determinations. Multiple strains of H. influenzae were present simultaneously in the sputum of 26.3% of adults with COPD. In 64.5% of these, MICs of >/=1 antibiotic varied by >/=4-fold among the strains. Therefore, multiple strains of H. influenzae are frequently present simultaneously in the sputum of adults with COPD, and the antimicrobial susceptibility of different strains in the same sputum sometimes differs.
Polyoxazoline-peptide adducts that retain antibody avidity.

Abstract Synthetic polymers have long been used to modify various properties of proteins such as activity and solubility. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) has been widely used to form adducts with enzymes and antibodies. In this study, the polyoxazoline family of water-soluble polymers was used to synthesize adducts containing a synthetic peptide recognized by a monoclonal antibody (MAb) directed against human protein C (hPC). This is the first application of direct conjugation of unterminated or "living" polymer to a peptide. The avidity of the antibody for the various adducts was characterized with respect to size and hydrophilicity of methyl- and ethyl-substituted polyoxazoline polymers (POX). Avidity of the adducts was not found to be dependent upon the hydrophilicity and was slightly decreased due to polymer modification. The methyl-POX-peptide adducts were found to be highly water soluble, while the ethyl-POX-peptide adducts showed sporadic problems with aqueous solubility. Because the polymer-peptide adducts retained avidity for the antibody, polyoxazoline polymers may have potential application to protein-adduct chemistry.
A Broad-Specificity Multidrug Efflux Pump Requiring a Pair of Homologous SMR-Type Proteins

The Bacillus subtilis genome encodes seven homologues of the small multidrug resistance (SMR) family of drug efflux pumps. Six of these homologues are paired in three distinct operons, and coexpression in Escherichia coli of one such operon, ykkCD, but not expression of either ykkC or ykkD alone, gives rise to a broad specificity, multidrug-resistant phenotype including resistance to cationic, anionic, and neutral drugs.
Geomagnetic and solar data

This report continues the series which has appeared regularly in this Journal since vol. 54, no. 3, 295, 1949. Please refer to that first report for an explanation of the data given, and to vol. 59, no. 3, 423, 1954, for the definition of Ap. Additional and final Geomagnetic and Solar Data appears in due course in the following international publications: Quarterly Bulletin on Solar Activity, International Astronomical Union, c/o Eidgen Steinwarte, Zurich, Switzerland; IAGA Bulletins, Geomagnetic Indices K and C, by J. Bartels, A. Romana, and J. Veldkamp, International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, c/o M. Nicolet, Service du Rayonnement, IRM, 3, Avenue Circulaire, Uccle, Belgium.
Relay feedback tuning of robust PID controllers with iso-damping property

A new tuning method for PID controller design is proposed for a class of unknown, stable, and minimum phase plants. We are able to design a PID controller to ensure that the phase Bode plot is flat, i.e., the phase derivative w.r.t. the frequency is zero, at a given frequency called the "tangent frequency" so that the closed-loop system is robust to gain variations and the step responses exhibit an iso-damping property. At the "tangent frequency", the Nyquist curve tangentially touches the sensitivity circle. Several relay feedback tests are used to identify the plant gain and phase at the tangent frequency in an iterative way. The identified plant gain and phase at the desired tangent frequency are used to estimate the derivatives of amplitude and phase of the plant with respect to frequency at the same frequency point by Bode's integral relationship. Then, these derivatives are used to design a PID controller for slope adjustment of the Nyquist plot to achieve the robustness of the system to gain variations. No plant model is assumed during the PID controller design. Only- several relay tests are needed. Simulation examples illustrate the effectiveness and the simplicity of the proposed method for robust PID controller design with an iso-damping property.
Temporal relationship between left ventricular and arterial system elastances

The authors investigated the temporal relationship of arterial compliance to ventricular elastance of the left ventricle (E/sub lv/(t)) in five open-chest anesthetized dogs, where simultaneous aortic pressure and flow and left-ventricular pressure were measured. E/sub lv/(t) was derived using an elastance-resistance model of the left ventricle. The nonlinear pressure-dependent compliance (C(P)) of the arterial system was incorporated in a three-element Windkessel model and determined by accurate prediction of aortic pressure from aortic flow. The resulting arterial elastance E/sub as/(t) was computed as E/sub as/(t)=1/C(P). Results show that E/sub as/(t) reaches a minimum value at or near the start of ventricular ejection and attains its peak value at or near the time that maximum left ventricular elastance is reached, at end-systole. Numerical simulation of the model demonstrates its ability to adequately reproduce measured pressure and flow. Thus, the arterial system, in terms of elastance, is dynamically and temporally coupled to the left-ventricle during ejection. >
Trace Constituents in Whey. Isolation and Identification of Amines

Abstract Primary and secondary amines were isolated from whey as their 2,4-dinitrophenyl derivatives, separated by thin-layer partition chromatography, and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Examination of raw and pasteurized sweet whey, reconstituted spray dried whey powder, and protein-free ultrafiltration permeate of sweet and acid wheys revealed the same qualitative distribution of amines. Amines identified were methyl-, ethyl-, isobutyl-, dimethyl-, isopropyl-, and n-amylamine, pyrrolidine, and piperidine.
An event-synchronization protocol for parallel simulation of large-scale wireless networks

We present a new conservative event-synchronization protocol, a time-based synchronization, for parallel discrete-event simulation of mobile ad hoc wireless networks. Simulators that use our protocol proceed at a scaled version of real time and send messages that correspond only to transmissions in the simulated network. We show that such simulators can maintain a constant execution time even as the sizes of the networks that they simulate grow. Moreover, we show that these simulators, when executed on a custom parallel architecture, are capable of simulating many networks faster than real time.
Clinical exposures during internal medicine acting internship: Profiling student and team experiences

BACKGROUND The clinical learning model in medical education is driven by knowledge acquisition through direct patient-care experiences. Despite the emphasis on experiential learning, the ability of educators to quantify the clinical exposures of learners is limited. OBJECTIVE To utilize Veterans Affairs (VA) electronic medical record information through a data warehouse to quantify clinical exposures during an inpatient internal medicine rotation. METHODS We queried the VA clinical data warehouse for the patients encountered by each learner completing an acting internship rotation at the Cleveland VA Medical Center from July 2008 to November 2011. We then used discharge summary information to identify team exposures—patients seen by the learner's inpatient team who were not primarily assigned to the learner. Based on the learner and team exposures, we complied lists of past medical problems, medications prescribed, laboratory tests that resulted, radiology evaluated, and primary discharge diagnoses. RESULTS Primary learner and team-based clinical exposures were evaluated for a total of 128 acting internship students. The percentage of learners who had a primary exposure to a medication/lab value/imaging result/diagnosis was calculated. The percentage of learners with at least 1 primary or team-based exposure to an item was also calculated. The most common exposures in each category are presented. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of the clinical exposures during an inpatient rotation can augment the ability of educators to understand learners' experiences. These types of analyses could provide information to improve learner experience, implement novel curricula, and address educational gaps in clinical rotations. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:436–440. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
DFBT: A Design-for-Testability Method Based on Balance Testing

We present design for balance testability (DFBT), a systematic signature-based method for enhancing the testability of logic circuits. DFBT employs balance testing and guarantees 100% coverage of single stuck-line faults, as well as many multiple stuck-line and bridging faults. The logic overhead of DFBT is modest|only one extra I/O pin and a small number of extra gates|and the original circuit need not be altered. We illustrate DFBT by applying it to representative logic circuits.
Nutrition support challenges in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) patients can present a number of nutrition challenges despite recent advancements in medical care. Several areas of controversy exist, including whether probiotics can be safely used; the use of probiotics continues to expand but efficacy and safety is a concern in immunocompromised patients, including HSCT recipients. Second, parenteral nutrition continues to be the primary avenue for nutrition support despite growing evidence that enteral feedings can be successfully administered. Last, tight glycemic control has been associated with positive clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients. However, whether tight glycemic control can be achieved and is of benefit in this patient population continues to be debated. This article will discuss the current challenges facing clinicians regarding these 3 issues—probiotics, enteral nutrition support, and glycemic control—and future directions in HSCT.
Ber performance of MUOS U2B downlink for various phase noise profiles

The development of the ground-based User-to-Base (U2B) feederlink demodulator for the Department of Defense (DOD) Mobile User Objective System (MUOS) is complete. Its integration with all components of the U2B feederlink system, including ground components and the spacecraft transmitter, is underway. This paper documents work performed to demonstrate the compatibility of the demodulator with the predicted worst-case phase noise of the spacecraft U2B transmitter. The availability of a programmable arbitrary phase noise generator, developed on a previous satellite communications program, presented a valuable opportunity to perform BER and cycle-slip testing with the predicted worst-case U2B transmitter phase noise, as well as with other phase noise profiles that were intended to “challenge” the demodulator. The paper presents brief overviews of the U2B demodulator and the arbitrary phase noise generator, a discussion of the various phase noise profiles used in the testing, and the test results.
Exercise and alcohol consumption: what we know, what we need to know, and why it is important

Exercise provides a wealth of benefits to brain and body, and is regarded as a protective factor against disease. Protective factors tend to cluster together - that is, people who engage in one healthy behavior, such as exercise, also engage in other healthy behaviors, such as maintaining a nutritious diet and getting sufficient sleep. In contrast to exercise, alcohol consumption is not typically regarded as a health-promoting behavior, although moderate intake has been associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease. Surprisingly, several large, population-based studies have shown a positive association between physical activity and alcohol intake. The present review focuses on what is known about this relationship, including potential neural bases as well as moderating factors, and discusses important directions for further study, such as a more thorough characterization of people who both drink and exercise. We focus on ramifications for intervening with people that have alcohol use disorders (AUD), as exercise has been assessed as both a treatment and preventive measure, with mixed results. We believe that, in order for such interventions to be effective, clinical trials must distinguish treatment-seeking populations from non, as well as ensure that the use of exercise as a tool to decrease alcohol consumption is made explicit. We posit that a better understanding of the relationship between physical activity and alcohol intake will maximize intervention efforts by informing the design of clinical trials and research-driven prevention strategies, as well as enable individuals to make educated decisions about their health behaviors.
Evaluation of Community-Level Physiological Profiling for Monitoring Microbial Community Function in Aquaculture Ponds

AbstractMicrobial communities in aquaculture ponds play pivotal roles in pond productivity and fish production success. Nonetheless, culturists do not consider this variable in pond management decision making likely because of a lack of practical assessment tools. Therefore, we evaluated the community-level physiological profiling (CLPP) technique for characterizing microbial community function for use in aquaculture. Unfiltered water samples collected from various plastic-lined ponds over time were incubated on Biolog EcoPlates. Responses (substrate optical densities) were measured at 24-h intervals for up to 12 d to determine the best incubation interval and the number of required replicates needed for determining microbial community function in aquaculture ponds. The repeatability and within-pond variability of the CLPP metrics were also evaluated. During cooler months and in ponds with no fish and low apparent microbial activity, a 96-h incubation period was required to differentiate microbial communi...
John Ryland at School: Two societies in Northampton boarding schools

John Ryland, as a pupil at his father's school, wrote an Account of the Rise and Progress of the Two Society's at Mr Rylands and at Mrs Trinders Boarding School in Northampton... The spiritual concerns are those of the High Calvinist schoolboy. Several of his schoolfellows also became well-known Nonconformist figures.
Contributions and Future Work

The result of this research is Protos, a system that learns to perform classification in the course of classifying instances of natural and goaldirected concepts (i.e., equivalence classes with respect to human problem solving goals). A human teacher presents Protos with cases to be classified and provides explanations of cases that the system fails to classify correctly. Through this training, the system acquires concepts, builds an indexing structure, and acquires a general body of domain knowledge which enables the system to explain its classifications. Protos was demonstrated to learn to classify accurately and efficiently. This chapter summarizes Protos' contributions in the areas of concept representation, classification, and learning and then provides suggestions regarding further experimentation with the current implementation of Protos and new research to refine the Protos approach and to extend its applicability.
Up-regulation of the human-specific CHRFAM7A gene in inflammatory bowel disease.

Background: The α7-subunit of the α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAChR) is an obligatory intermediate for the anti-inflammatory effects of the vagus nerve. But in humans, there exists a second gene called CHRFAM7A that encodes a dominant negative α7-nAChR inhibitor. Here, we investigated whether their expression was altered in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colon cancer. Methods: Quantitative RT-PCR measured gene expression of human α7-nAChR gene (CHRNA7), CHRFAM7A, TBC3D1, and actin in biopsies of normal large and small intestine, and compared to their expression in biopsies of ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and colon cancer. Results: qRT-PCR showed that CHRFAM7A and CHRNA7 gene expression was significantly (p < .02) up-regulated in IBD (N = 64). Gene expression was unchanged in colon cancer. Further analyses revealed that there were differences in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's Disease. Colon biopsies of ulcerative colitis (N = 33) confirmed increased expression of CHRFAM7A and decreased in CHRNA7 expression (p < 0.001). Biopsies of Crohn's disease (N = 31), however, showed only small changes in CHRFAM7A expression (p < 0.04) and no change in CHRNA7. When segregated by tissue source, both CHRFAM7A up-regulation (p < 0.02) and CHRNA7 down-regulation (p < 0.001) were measured in colon, but not in small intestine. Conclusion: The human-specific CHRFAM7A gene is up-regulated, and its target, CHRNA7, down-regulated, in IBD. Differences between ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease tie to location of disease. Significance: The appearance of IBD in modern humans may be consequent to the emergence of CHRFAM7A, a human-specific α7-nAChR antagonist. CHRFAM7A could present a new, unrecognized target for development of IBD therapeutics.
School-wide Positive Behavioral Intervention and Support

School-based interventions may be much more effective when incorporated as part of a milieu in which the majority of children and adults within an entire school are working together to create a proactive, positive environment, while reducing the opportunities and conditions that trigger behavior problems. A program in which the school responds proactively and consistently to provide effective behavioral support to all teachers and students is referred to as a school-wide intervention, or positive behavior intervention and support program. A school-wide intervention plan should be an essential component of the primary goal of schooling—to ensure all students achieve academic success and receive instruction in a school environment conducive to learning.
Axon Self-Destruction: New Links among SARM1, MAPKs, and NAD+ Metabolism

Wallerian axon degeneration is a form of programmed subcellular death that promotes axon breakdown in disease and injury. Active degeneration requires SARM1 and MAP kinases, including DLK, while the NAD+ synthetic enzyme NMNAT2 prevents degeneration. New studies reveal that these pathways cooperate in a locally mediated axon destruction program, with NAD+ metabolism playing a central role. Here, we review the biology of Wallerian-type axon degeneration and discuss the most recent findings, with special emphasis on critical signaling events and their potential as therapeutic targets for axonopathy.
Tort Reform: Cognitive Perspective Taking Promotes Attributions of 'Oblique' Intent for Side-Effects of Intentional Action

A person’s actions often yield positive and/or negative side-effects in addition to directly-intended consequences. Legal opinion on negligence and recklessness attributes “oblique” intent to persons who foresee, but (intentionally) ignore, virtually certain negative side-effects of their actions. The law remains silent on any variety of intentionality for positive side-effects. In three experiments, we show that lay-people in the U.S. and India exhibit a similar asymmetry, attributing oblique intent to negative, but not positive, side-effects. Under most conditions, we show that inferring oblique intent requires increasingly skillful social reasoning. Nevertheless, priming belief-reading (as opposed to emotion-reading or cognitive reflection) can help anyone discriminate between oblique and direct intent. Priming works, we argue, because belief-reading and intention-reading both depend on cognitive (as opposed to empathic) perspective-taking. In sum, we naturalize the concept of oblique intent and socialize the debate over what aspect of individual reasoning — predictive/explanatory or evaluative — best explains mental-state attributions.
Yet Another Empirical Test of the Relationship between Self-Actualization and Moral Judgment

The focus of this study was the discrepancy noted in previous investigations of both positive and negative correlations between self-actualization and principled moral judgment when measured on the...
Rhetoric and This Crazy Little “Thing” Called Love

This essay theorizes the relationship between rhetoric and love, and its consequence for theories of subjectivity. Past scholarship on love and rhetoric is critiqued for beginning with questions of ontology and for engaging in the dialectical gesture of judging love as true or false according to that ontology. This stance, which Ronald W. Greene calls moral entrepreneurship, commits scholars to a static view and a permanent anxiety about the moral worth of love–rhetoric. We offer an alternative conception of love–rhetoric as form of constitutive “living labor” and draw on this notion to forward a radically constitutive ontology of the subject.
First-Principles Elucidation of Atomic Size Effects Using DFT-Chemical Pressure Analysis: Origins of Ca36Sn23's Long-Period Superstructure.

The space requirements of atoms are empirically known to play key roles in determining structure and reactivity across compounds ranging from simple molecules to extended solid state phases. Despite the importance of this concept, the effects of atomic size on stability remain difficult to extract from quantum mechanical calculations. Recently, we outlined a quantitative yet visual and intuitive approach to the theoretical analysis of atomic size in periodic structures: the DFT-Chemical Pressure (DFT-CP) analysis. In this Article, we describe the methodological details of this DFT-CP procedure, with a particular emphasis on refinements of the method to make it useful for a wider variety of systems. A central improvement is a new integration scheme with broader applicability than our earlier Voronoi cell method: contact volume space-partitioning. In this approach, we make explicit our assumption that the pressure at each voxel is most strongly influenced by its two closest atoms. The unit cell is divided i...
Production of Strange Particles by 2.77-BeV/c π + Mesons on Hydrogen

The Brookhaven 20-in. liquid-hydrogen bubble chamber was exposed to a beam of 2.77-BeV/c separated ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ mesons. In a detailed study involving strange-particle production the well-known ${K}^{*}$ (mass 900 MeV) and ${{Y}_{1}}^{*}$ (mass 1385 MeV) were observed. The former was produced in the final state ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{K}^{0}$, and the latter in the states ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{0}{K}^{0}$ and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{K}^{+}{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{0}$. It was necessary to include both $K$ and ${K}^{*}$ exchanges in order to explain the ${K}^{*}$ decay angular distributions. The decay angular distribution of the ${{Y}_{1}}^{*}$ gave evidence for a strong ${{Y}_{1}}^{*}$ polarization as well as spin $\ensuremath{\ge}\frac{3}{2}$. Furthermore, an examination of the reaction ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}p{K}^{0}{K}^{0}$ showed that the (${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}p$) emerged as ${{N}^{*}}_{\frac{3}{2},\frac{3}{2}}$ coupled with a (${K}^{0}{K}^{0}$) enhancement in the mass region from 1000 to 1040 MeV.
Data Analysis on Occupational Hazard Evaluation of 111 Construction Projects in Shunde District of Foshan City in 2010

[Objective]To analyze the status of occupational hazard evaluation of 111 construction projects in Shunde district of Foshan city in 2010,provide the evidence for the prevention and control of occupational disease. [Methods]111 occupational hazard evaluation reports were reviewed and analyzed. [Results]Among 111 occupational hazard evaluation reports,109 were pre-evaluation,2 were control effect evaluation,1 construction project had severe occupational hazardous factors,74 had general hazards,and 36 had slight hazards.The major occupational hazardous factors included dust,poison and noise. [Conclusion]The prevention and control of occupational disease in Shunde district should be improved,and relevant departments should strengthen the occupational health management.
Toxicity Evaluation and Human Health Risk Assessment of Surface and Ground Water Contaminated by Recycled Hazardous Waste Materials

Prior to the 1970s, principles involving the fate and transport of hazardous chemicals from either hazardous waste spills or landfills into ground water and/or surface water were not fully understood. In addition, national guidance on proper waste disposal techniques was not well developed. As a result, there were many instances where hazardous waste was not disposed of properly, such as the Love Canal environmental pollution incident. This incident led to the passage of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976. This act gave the United States Environmental Protection Agency regulatory control of all stages of the hazardous waste management cycle. Presently, numerous federal agencies provide guidance on methods and approaches used to evaluate potential health effects and assess risks from contaminated source media, i.e., soil, air, and water. These agencies also establish standards of exposure or health benchmark values in the different media, which are not expected to produce environmental or human health impacts. The risk assessment methodology is used by various regulatory agencies using the following steps: i) hazard identification; ii) dose-response (quantitative) assessment; iii) exposure assessment; iv) risk characterization. The overall objectives of risk assessment are to balance risks and benefits; to set target levels; to set priorities for program activities at regulatory agencies, industrial or commercial facilities, or environmental and consumer organizations; and to estimate residual risks and extent of risk reduction.
Elastic, viscoelastic and viscoplastic contributions to compliance during deformation under stress in prosthodontic temporization materials

Purpose: The goal of this investigation was to characterize the compliance properties in selected polymers used for temporary (provisional crown and bridge) applications. Method: Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)- and polyethyl methacrylate (PEMA)-based JET and TRIM II were investigated along with two bisacryl composite resins (LUXATEMP and PROTEMP 3 GARANT). Rectangular samples of the resins were subjected to creep-recovery tests in a dynamic mechanical analyzer at and near the oral temperature (27 °C, 37 °C and 47 °C). The instantaneous (elastic), and time-dependent viscoelastic, and viscoplastic compliance profiles of the materials were determined and analyzed as a function of materials and temperature. Results: Highly significant (p = 0.0001) differences among means of elastic, viscoelastic and viscoplastic compliance values were found as a function of materials. TRIM II showed an order of magnitude higher viscoplastic deformation than the other three materials (LUXATEMP, PROTEMP 3 GARANT and JET). Conclusions: The results indicate that PEMA is susceptible to significantly greater elastic, viscoelastic, and more importantly to viscoplastic compliant behavior compared with bisacryl composite and PMMA provisional crown and bridge materials. This indicates high-dimensional instability and poor stiffness and resiliency in PEMA appliances vis-a-vis those of PMMA and bisacryl composites.