cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SNIPR: complementing code search with code retargeting capabilities

This paper sketches a research path that seeks to examine the search for suitable code problem, based on the observation that when code retargeting is included within a code search activity, developers can justify the suitability of these results upfront and thus reduce their searching efforts looking for suitable code. To support this observation, this paper introduces the Snippet Retargeting Approach, or simply SNIPR. SNIPR complements code search with code retargeting capabilities. These capabilities' intent is to help expedite the process of determining if a found example is a best fit. They do that by allowing developers to explore code modification ideas in place, without requiring to leave the search interface. With SNIPR, developers engage in a virtuous loop where they find code, retarget code, and select only code choices they can justify as suitable. This assures immediate feedback on retargeted examples and thus saves valuable time searching for appropriate code.
Behavior, movements, and habitat use of adult green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris, in the upper Sacramento River

We conducted the first continuous shipboard tracking of southern Distinct Population Segment green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris, in the Sacramento River. Tracking of adult green sturgeon occurred between river kilometer (rkm) 434.8 and 511.6, a section of the putative spawning grounds located near Red Bluff, California. The recorded positions of acoustically tagged green sturgeon were analyzed using First Passage Time analysis to determine differences in habitat use between suitable and non-suitable habitats. Classification and Regression Tree modeling was used to determine explanatory inputs attributable to above average habitat use. Green sturgeon exhibited above average habitat use at five sites, identified as potential spawning aggregate sites. Three types of movements (holding, milling, and directed) could be categorized from tracks. Lastly, we show that green sturgeon while on the spawning grounds exhibit a high degree of mobility throughout the spawning grounds, often making large movements between specific habitat units. Our study illustrates how the application of shipboard tracking can be useful for describing movement, behavior and habitat utilization at a spatial scale not achieved by stationary acoustic monitors.
Shear zones in clay-rich fault gouge: A laboratory study of fabric development and evolution

Abstract Clay-rich fault rocks have long been recognized to host distinctive fabric elements, and fault rock fabric is increasingly thought to play a fundamental role in fault mechanical behaviour in the brittle regime. Although the geometries of fabric elements in fault gouges have been described for almost a century, the genesis and evolution of these elements during shear, and their links to bulk mechanical properties, remain poorly understood. We characterize the development and evolution of fabric elements with increasing shear in a variety of clay-rich experimental gouges over shear strains of 20 and at normal stresses of 2–150 MPa in the double-direct shear configuration. In addition to SEM observations of experiment products at a variety of shear strains, we quantified clay fabric intensity and the degree of grain size reduction using X-ray Texture Goniometry (XTG) and particle size distribution (PSD) measurements. We also measured P- and S-wave velocities during shear to further probe the evolution of shear fabric and gouge properties. We find that clay fabric elements develop in a systematic manner regardless of the gouge material. Riedel shears in the R1 orientation and boundary-parallel shears are the dominant fabric elements. Riedel shears nucleate at layer margins and propagate into the layer shortly after reaching yield stress. Clay particles rotate into the P-orientation shortly after Riedels propagate through the layer. The Riedel shears are through-going, but are >10× thinner than similar zones observed in coarser granular materials. Our results suggest that the weakness of clay-rich fault gouge may be less a function of anisotropic crystal structure, as has been suggested previously, and more a consequence of very thin shear surfaces permitting deformation in clay-rich materials with minimal dilation or cataclasis. The very thin shear surfaces are a function of the fine grain size of the materials and possibly polymodal PSD's.
Tracking the green millennium

I am fortunate indeed to be assuming the editorship of THE PLANT CELL, a journal that has maintained its preeminence during the past decade by bringing to you some of the most important and significant research papers in modern plant biology. By continuing to realize the goals that were set for it
Chondrogenesis of adult stem cells from adipose tissue and bone marrow: induction by growth factors and cartilage-derived matrix.

Objectives: Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) and bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent adult stem cells with potential for use in cartilage tissue engineering. We hypot...
Tau depletion prevents progressive blood-brain barrier damage in a mouse model of tauopathy

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is damaged in tauopathies, including progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is thought to contribute to pathogenesis later in the disease course. In AD, BBB dysfunction has been associated with amyloid beta (As) pathology, but the role of tau in this process is not well characterized. Since increased BBB permeability is found in tauopathies without As pathology, like PSP, we suspected that tau accumulation alone could not only be sufficient, but even more important than As for BBB damage. Longitudinal evaluation of brain tissue from the tetracycline-regulatable rTg4510 tau transgenic mouse model showed progressive IgG, T cell and red blood cell infiltration. The Evans blue (EB) dye that is excluded from the brain when the BBB is intact also permeated the brains of rTg4510 mice following peripheral administration, indicative of a bonafide BBB defect, but this was only evident later in life. Thus, despite the marked brain atrophy and inflammation that occurs earlier in this model, BBB integrity is maintained. Interestingly, BBB dysfunction emerged at the same time that perivascular tau emerged around major hippocampal blood vessels. However, when tau expression was suppressed using doxycycline, BBB integrity was preserved, suggesting that the BBB can be stabilized in a tauopathic brain by reducing tau levels. For the first time, these data demonstrate that tau alone can initiate breakdown of the BBB, but the BBB is remarkably resilient, maintaining its integrity in the face of marked brain atrophy, neuroinflammation and toxic tau accumulation. Moreover, the BBB can recover integrity when tau levels are reduced. Thus, late stage interventions targeting tau may slow the vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia that occur in tauopathies.
Acquired arteriovenous fistula associated with traumatic oroantral fistula: Endovascular treatment

Background. Oroantral fistulas are pathologic connections between the oral cavity and the maxillary sinus. Arteriovenous fistulas are abnormal connections between an artery and a vein with no intervening capillary network. Methods We present an extremely rare case of barotrauma-related oroantral fistula with an associated arteriovenous fistula between the internal maxillary artery and the ophthalmic venous system. Results The patient developed an oroantral fistula from barometric pressure changes in the setting of sinusitis. After closure and revision of the oroantral fistula, he developed proptosis and chemosis. Angiography revealed an arteriovenous fistula between the internal maxillary artery and the ophthalmic venous drainage system in the area of the oroantral fistula, which was treated with endovascular embolization. Conclusions Arteriovenous fistulas may accompany oroantral fistulas created by trauma or surgery and should be considered in patients presenting with chemosis and proptosis. Treatment with embolization should be performed before surgical intervention. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Social Face and Resistance to Compromise in Bargaining

Summary Sixty-four male and female college students induced to be high-status bargainers negotiated with low-status bargainers. At the midpoint in the negotiating session, the low-status bargainers either validated or invalidated the high-status person's bargaining position and either affirmed or provided no feedback concerning the high-status bargainer's personal effectiveness in putting forth his position. Ss whose position was validated rather than invalidated reached a compromise sooner. Moreover, they felt more accepted and less affronted by the low-status bargainer and perceived the low-status bargainer as less likely to frustrate their bargaining efforts. Ss whose position was invalidated and who received no information from the low-status bargainer concerning their personal effectiveness resisted longer in reaching a compromise agreement than those in the other three conditions. In addition, these Ss more than the others indicated that they felt affronted and unaccepted by the low-status bargainer...
Elevating Calcium in Th2 Cells Activates Multiple Pathways to Induce IL-4 Transcription and mRNA Stabilization

PMA and ionomycin cause T cell cytokine production. We report that ionomycin alone induces IL-4 and IFN-γ, but not IL-2, from in vivo- and in vitro-generated murine Th2 and Th1 cells. Ionomycin-induced cytokine production requires NFAT, p38, and calmodulin-dependent kinase IV (CaMKIV). Ionomycin induces p38 phosphorylation through a calcium-dependent, cyclosporine A-inhibitable pathway. Knocking down ASK1 inhibits ionomycin-induced p38 phosphorylation and IL-4 production. Ionomycin also activates CaMKIV, which, together with p38, induces AP-1. Cooperation between AP-1 and NFAT leads to Il4 gene transcription. p38 also regulates IL-4 production by mRNA stabilization. TCR stimulation also phosphorylates p38, partially through the calcium-dependent pathway; activated p38 is required for optimal IL-4 and IFN-γ.
Adaptive data communication techniques for HF systems

HF communication system parameters and techniques must be optimized and adapted in real time if maximum throughput is to be achieved. Current adaptive HF techniques, such as FED-STD-1045/MIL-STD-188-141A, use channel evaluation and selective call to react to the changing HF propagation conditions. New data link protocols such as those in appendix B of proposed FED-STD-1052 and others take adaptive communications one step further, Proposed FED-STD-1052 appendix B (referred to simply as FED-STD-1052) specifies means by which frame size, modem data rate, and modem interleaver depth can be adapted in real time for changing HF conditions. Transmit power control is an additional system parameter whose adaptation affects throughput. For an HF sytem to be truly adaptive, it must take advantage of all of the techniques mentioned. The authors discuss the adaptation of data communication system parameters to deal with the changing HF environment, and present the tradeoffs for this multidimensional optimization. >
Functional and Developmental Morphology of Tooth Replacement in the Atlantic Wolffish, Anarhichas lupus (Teleostei: Zoarcoidei: Anarhichadidae)

Adult Atlantic Wolffish, Anarhichas lupus, have a heterodont oral dentition consisting of long caniniform teeth in the symphysial regions of the dentaries and premaxillae and large molariform teeth posteriorly on the dentaries, dermopalatines, and vomer. Teeth are ankylosed to the bone of attachment. Wolffish use the caniniform teeth to capture prey including molluscs, crustaceans, echinoderms, and, less commonly, fishes. Prey are transported posteriorly and crushed between the molariform teeth. The molariform teeth of adults fit closely together despite individually variable shapes and sizes in a space-filling pattern that we term anamestic. Adult wolffish have an unusual tooth replacement pattern in which teeth are lost and subsequently replaced all at once, a pattern called simultaneous replacement. We used dissection, osteology, histology, and micro-computed tomography (CT) to study tooth replacement in a series of Anarhichas lupus from the western North Atlantic. Tooth development is intraosseous, wi...
The RealTime Supervision of Transmission Capacity in the Swedish Grid

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Prior and Current Application Development at SVK Voltage Security Assessment with SPICA Benefiting from the Knowledge of the Current Transmission Capacity Additional SPICA Functionality Summary
Politics: The Highest Form of Philosophy?

According to Hannah Arendt, action is the only activity that goes on directly between men without the intermediary of things or matter. From this point of view, action is the basis of political life. But, although human actions are direct human interactions, each person must have a body and senses, a sensation of reality and a feeling of realness—and do we not share these characteristics with animals? Therefore, do we have the right to claim that human interaction and consciousness of an acting self are uniquely, humanly political? For example, what if we were to maintain that language is a second-order conventionalization of the expressive body immersed in an atmosphere, assimilating and being assimilated. If this were to be the case, how then can we explain the passage from elemental life, the life we share with all living things, to the acting in and among human pluralities that Hannah Arendt identifies with the political? Kant tried to do this by separating reason from sensation and separating respect from nature’s purely physical, causal forces. This essay examines Arendt’s claim that it is uniquely the activity that passes between humans that makes it possible for humans to consider themselves political.
Noise measurements in axon membranes

A fluctuation (noise) component, which arises from spontaneous microscopic conductance perturbations, about the mean conduction characteristic of small areas of axon membrane has been measured and appears to relate to voltage-dependent potassium-ion movements. Since the kinetics of relaxing membrane structures which produce ion permeation noise may be deduced from the form of power density spectra of fluctuations, a comparison of measured and theoretical noise spectra may lead to direct tests of conduction models.—Fishman, H. M. Noise measurements in axon membranes. Federation Proc. 34: 1330–1337, 1975.
Thermoelectric and optical properties of the filled skutterudite YbFe 4 Sb 12

Transport measurements, including magnetoresistivity, Hall resistivity, thermal conductivity, and thermopower, and an assessment of the dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit $\mathrm{ZT}$ below room temperature are reported on a polycrystalline sample of the strongly correlated electron material ${\mathrm{YbFe}}_{4}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{12}.$ Neutron diffraction measurements are presented, which reveal large amplitude thermal vibrations of the Yb ion, consistent with speculations that the ion is weakly bound in an oversized atomic ``cage'' formed in the skutterudite crystal structure. Infrared spectroscopy measurements reveal a resonance in the dissipative part of the optical conductivity ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{1}(\ensuremath{\omega}),$ which develops below ${T}^{*}\ensuremath{\approx}70 \mathrm{K},$ the characteristic temperature for the Yb ion valence fluctuations. The frequency dependence of the optical constants is suggestive of a hybridization band gap in the quasiparticle density of states at low temperatures.
Noncircular Cylinder Vibration by Multilocal Method

A modified multilocal difference scheme is presented for the free vibration analysis of nonhomogeneous orthotropic noncircular cylindrical shells with simply supported curved edges. The problem is formulated in terms of 10 first-order ordinary differential equations and in the finite-difference discretization two interlacing grids are used for the different fundamental unknowns in such a way as to reduce both the local discretization error and the bandwidth of the resulting finite-difference field equations. Numerical studies are presented for the effects of reducing the interior and boundary discretization errors and of mesh refinement on the accuracy and convergence of solutions. It is shown that the proposed scheme, in addition to a number of other advantages, leads to more accurate results than those obtained by other multilocal and ordinary difference schemes reported here-to-fore in the literature.
Visualizing geographic and temporal trends in rotavirus activity in the United States, 1991 to 1996

Background. Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe pediatric gastroenteritis worldwide. A vaccine may soon be licensed for use in the United States to prevent this disease. To characterize US geographic and temporal trends in rotavirus activity, we made contour maps showing the timing of peak rotavirus activity. Methods. From July, 1991, through June, 1996, 79 laboratories participating in the National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System reported on a weekly basis the number of stool specimens that tested positive for rotavirus. The peak weeks in rotavirus detections from each laboratory were mapped using kriging, a modeling technique originally developed for geostatis-tics. Results. During the 5-year period 118 716 fecal specimens were examined, of which 27 616 (23%) were positive for rotavirus. Timing of rotavirus activity varied by geographic location in a characteristic pattern in which peak activity occurred first in the Southwest from October through December and last in the Northeast in April or May. The Northwest exhibited considerable year-to-year variability (range, December to May) in the timing of peak activity, whereas the temporal pattern in the remainder of the contiguous 48 states was relatively constant. Conclusion. Kriging is a useful method for visualizing geographic and temporal trends in rotavirus activity in the United States. This analysis confirmed trends reported in previous years, and it also identified unexpected variability in the timing of peak rotavirus activity in the Northwest. The causes of the seasonal differences in rotavirus activity by region are unknown. Tracking of laboratory detections of rotavirus may provide an effective surveillance tool to assess the impact of a rotavirus vaccination campaign in the United States.
Strategy for “Detoxification” of a Cancer-Derived Histone Mutant Based on Mapping Its Interaction with the Methyltransferase PRC2

The histone methyltransferase PRC2 plays a central role in genomic stability and cellular development. Consequently, its misregulation has been implicated in several cancers. Recent work has shown that a histone H3 mutant, where the PRC2 substrate residue Lys27 is replaced by methionine, is also associated with cancer phenotypes and functions as an inhibitor of PRC2. Here we investigate the mechanism of this PRC2 inhibition through kinetic studies and photo-cross-linking. Efficient inhibition is dependent on (1) hydrophobic lysine isosteres blocking the active site, (2) proximal residues, and (3) the H3 tail forming extensive contacts with the EZH2 subunit of PRC2. We further show that naturally occurring post-translational modifications of the same H3 tail, both proximal and distal to K27M, can greatly diminish the inhibition of PRC2. These results suggest that this potent gain of function mutation may be “detoxified” by modulating alternate chromatin modification pathways.
Nonlinear-optical coherent combining of supercontinua from multiple filaments

The coherent combining of supercontinuum radiation from multiple filaments induced by an ultrashort laser pulse is demonstrated by supercomputer simulations. Four-wave mixing of supercontinuum field waveforms with an ultrashort reference pulse is shown to retrieve the coherent components from multiple supercontinua and combine them into a beam whose spatial and temporal coherence is much higher than those of supercontinua in multiple filaments.
Neural pattern similarity reveals the inherent intersection of social categories

We provide evidence that neural representations of ostensibly unrelated social categories become bound together by their overlapping stereotype associations. While viewing faces, multi-voxel representations of gender, race, and emotion categories in the fusiform and orbitofrontal cortices were stereotypically biased and correlated with subjective perceptions. The findings suggest that social-conceptual knowledge can systematically alter the representational structure of social categories at multiple levels of cortical processing, reflecting bias in visual perceptions.
On the techniques we create, the tools we build, and their misalignments: a study of KLEE

Our community constantly pushes the state-of-the-art by introducing “new” techniques. These techniques often build on top of, and are compared against, existing systems that realize previously published techniques. The underlying assumption is that existing systems correctly represent the techniques they implement. This pa- per examines that assumption through a study of KLEE, a popular and well-cited tool in our community. We briefly describe six improvements we made to KLEE, none of which can be considered “new” techniques, that provide order-of-magnitude performance gains. Given these improvements, we then investigate how the results and conclusions of a sample of papers that cite KLEE are affected. Our findings indicate that the strong emphasis on introducing “new” techniques may lead to wasted effort, missed opportunities for progress, an accretion of artifact complexity, and questionable research conclusions (in our study, 27% of the papers that depend on KLEE can be questioned). We conclude by revisiting initiatives that may help to realign the incentives to better support the foundations on which we build.
Approximate analytical solutions to rate equations of multi-position-pumped fiber lasers

In order to analyze the characteristics of multi-position pumped fiber laser expediently,the predominant part of the re-emission was adopted to improve the solutions precise,and the rate equations describing the Yb-doped multi-position pumped fiber lasers were solved analytically.The solutions of the output power of the fiber lasers were got approximately.Comparing the analytical solutions and the numerical solutions,the result shows the difference between them is small than 5%.Based on the relationship between the position of the pump point and the utilization efficiency of pump light,the conclusion was drawn that pump sources should be set near the fiber ends.Simulating the distribution of pump light along the fiber of the two schemes(one-position-pump and multi-position-pump),the results show that for the multi-position-pump scheme,the distribution of pump power is relatively uniform along the fiber compared to that of the one-position-pump scheme.In other words,extra local temperature rise arising from the absorption of the external cald can be reduced in the multi-position-pump scheme,rendering it a better choice for the high power fiber lasers.
Fundamental Discovery of Q-Phases and Direct Conversion of Carbon into Diamond and h-BN into c-BN

This article reviews the discovery of new phases of carbon (Q-carbon) and BN (Q-BN) and addresses critical issues related to direct conversion of carbon into diamond and h-BN into c-BN at ambient temperatures and pressures in air without any need for catalyst and presence of hydrogen. The Q-carbon and Q-BN are formed as a result of quenching from super undercooled state by using high-power nanosecond laser pulses. We discuss the equilibrium phase diagram (P vs. T) of carbon, and show that by rapid quenching kinetics can shift thermodynamic graphite/diamond/liquid carbon triple point from 5000 K/12 GPa to super undercooled (4000 K) carbon at atmospheric pressure in air. Similarly, the hBN-cBN-Liquid triple point is shifted from 3500 K/9.5 GPa to as low as 2800 K and atmospheric pressure. It is shown that nanosecond laser heating of amorphous carbon and nanocrystalline BN on sapphire, glass and polymer substrates can be confined to melt in a super undercooled state. By quenching this super undercooled state, we have created a new state of carbon (Q-carbon) and BN (Q-BN) from which nanocrystals, microcrystals, nanoneedles, microneedles and thin films are formed. The large-area epitaxial diamond and c-BN films are formed, when appropriate planar matching or lattice matching template is provided for growth from super undercooled liquid state. Scale-up processing of diamond, c-BN and diamond/c-BN heterostructures and related nanostructures such as nanodots, microdots, nanoneedles, microneedles and large-area single-crystal thin films will have tremendous impact on applications ranging from abrasive and tool coatings to high-power devices and myriad of biomedical applications.
An IR investigation of solid amorphous ethanol - Spectra, properties, and phase changes.

Abstract Mid- and far-infrared spectra of condensed ethanol (CH3CH2OH) at 10–160 K are presented, with a special focus on amorphous ethanol, the form of greatest astrochemical interest, and with special attention given to changes at 155–160 K. Infrared spectra of amorphous and crystalline forms are shown. The refractive index at 670 nm of amorphous ethanol at 16 K is reported, along with three IR band strengths and a density. A comparison is made to recent work on the isoelectronic compound ethanethiol (CH3CH2SH), and several astrochemical applications are suggested for future study.
The environmental injustice of beauty: framing chemical exposures from beauty products as a health disparities concern

The obstetrics-gynecology community has issued a call to action to prevent toxic environmental chemical exposures and their threats to healthy human reproduction. Recent committee opinions recognize that vulnerable and underserved women may be impacted disproportionately by environmental chemical exposures and recommend that reproductive health professionals champion policies that secure environmental justice. Beauty product use is an understudied source of environmental chemical exposures. Beauty products can include reproductive and developmental toxicants such as phthalates and heavy metals; however, disclosure requirements are limited and inconsistent. Compared with white women, women of color have higher levels of beauty product–related environmental chemicals in their bodies, independent of socioeconomic status. Even small exposures to toxic chemicals during critical periods of development (such as pregnancy) can trigger adverse health consequences (such as impacts on fertility and pregnancy, neurodevelopment, and cancer). In this commentary, we seek to highlight the connections between environmental justice and beauty product–related chemical exposures. We describe racial/ethnic differences in beauty product use (such as skin lighteners, hair straighteners, and feminine hygiene products) and the potential chemical exposures and health risks that are associated with these products. We also discuss how targeted advertising can take advantage of mainstream beauty norms to influence the use of these products. Reproductive health professionals can use this information to advance environmental justice by being prepared to counsel patients who have questions about toxic environmental exposures from beauty care products and other sources. Researchers and healthcare providers can also promote health-protective policies such as improved ingredient testing and disclosure for the beauty product industry. Future clinical and public health research should consider beauty product use as a factor that may shape health inequities in women's reproductive health across the life course.
Decoding the glass genome

Abstract Glasses have played a critical role in the development of modern civilization and will continue to bring new solutions to global challenges from energy and the environment to healthcare and information/communication technology. To meet the accelerated pace of modern technology delivery, a more sophisticated approach to the design of advanced glass chemistries must be developed to enable faster, cheaper, and better research and development of new glass compositions for future applications. In the spirit of the U.S. Materials Genome Initiative, here we describe an approach for designing new glasses based on a mathematical optimization of composition-dependent glass property models. The models combine known physical insights regarding glass composition-property relationships together with data-driven approaches including machine learning techniques. Using such a combination of physical and empirical modeling approaches, we seek to decode the “glass genome,” enabling the improved and accelerated design of new glassy materials.
A latent-class discrete-choice model of demand for economics electives: a case study on the challenge to increase enrollment

ABSTRACTIncreasing enrollment in undergraduate and graduate economics courses that focus on the natural world (natural resource, environmental, energy, and mineral economics) is important for preparing a work force capable of addressing complex environmental issues. This is especially challenging for smaller universities that want to offer diverse electives in economics. This study seeks to obtain information on the effects of course attributes and student characteristics on preferences for and probabilities to enroll in economics courses offered at Michigan Technological University. A discrete-choice experiment is used to elicit 723 students’ stated preferences for eight different course attributes. A latent-class model is used to probabilistically group students into different preference classes. The cost-effective methods demonstrated in this study can be applied to any courses in any fields to inform course-level marketing efforts aimed at bolstering enrollment while addressing administrative budget c...
Truth-Telling from the Margins: Exploring Black-Led Responses to Police Violence and Systemic Humiliation

This chapter examines the layered, intersecting, and often overwhelming forms of injustice that shape experiences of systemic humiliation for Black people in the United States. While drawing attention to the systemic context in which persistent experiences of humiliation occur, this chapter primarily analyzes grassroots efforts in which people that experience oppression come together to explore ways to heal from, and critically analyze, systemic racism. In particular, we highlight the Truth-Telling Project (TTP), a grassroots collective founded by three St. Louis natives in 2014 that sought to directly respond to issues of police violence in Black communities. The TTP has invited family members of those killed by police, as well as others who have experienced direct police violence, to a series of events in which they supported in sharing their experiences and join with people from a wide range who are interested in ending police violence. This “testimony” is also often recorded and shared with other communities along with educational materials and dialogue frameworks which are then used to lead discussions about transforming systemic humiliation and seeking greater justice. In examining the TTP, which grew out of the Ferguson protests, this chapter considers how communities that are deeply alienated from and targeted by the criminal justice system and other institutions are working to build alternative social institutions to address racialized oppression and humiliation and the challenges and opportunities that arise when exploring possibilities for realizing a more just society.
Computerized Histographic Oxygen Tension Measurements of Murine Tumors

As further work on tumor oxygenation results in the development of agents capable of modulating hypoxic cell radiosensitivity, and chemotherapeutic agents capable of targeting hypoxic cells, knowledge of relative tumor oxygenation takes on greater importance.
Ablation of low‐molecular‐weight FGF2 isoform accelerates murine osteoarthritis while loss of high‐molecular‐weight FGF2 isoforms offers protection

FGF2 is an essential growth factor implicated in osteoarthritis (OA), and deletion of full-length FGF2 (Fgf2ALLKO ) leads to murine OA. However, the FGF2 gene encodes both high-molecular-weight (HMW) and low-molecular-weight (LMW) isoforms, and the effects of selectively ablating individual isoforms, as opposed to total FGF2, has not been investigated in the context of OA. We undertook this study to examine whether mice lacking HMW FGF2 (Fgf2HMWKO ) or LMW FGF2 (Fgf2LMWKO ) develop OA and to further characterize the observed OA phenotype in Fgf2ALLKO mice. Fgf2HMWKO mice never developed OA, but 6- and 9-month-old Fgf2LMWKO and Fgf2ALLKO mice displayed signs of OA, including eroded articular cartilage, altered subchondral bone and trabecular architecture, and increased OA marker enzyme levels. Even with mechanical induction of OA, Fgf2HMWKO mice were protected against OA, whereas Fgf2LMWKO and Fgf2ALLKO displayed OA-like changes of the subchondral bone. Before exhibiting OA symptoms, Fgf2LMWKO or Fgf2ALLKO joints displayed differential expression of genes encoding key regulatory proteins, including interleukin-1β, insulin-like growth factor 1, bone morphogenetic protein 4, hypoxia-inducible factor 1, B-cell lymphoma 2, Bcl2-associated X protein, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5, ETS domain-containing protein, and sex-determining region Y box 9. Moreover, Fgf2LMWKO OA cartilage exhibited increased FGF2, FGF23, and FGFR1 expression, whereas Fgf2HMWKO cartilage had increased levels of FGFR3, which promotes anabolism in cartilage. These results demonstrate that loss of LMW FGF2 results in catabolic activity in joint cartilage, whereas absence of HMW FGF2 with only the presence of LMW FGF2 offers protection from OA.
Integrating National Standards in the curricular development, implementation, and student outcomes of a post-secondary Chinese language program

Abstract This paper chronicles the development of a post-secondary Chinese program after the establishment of the Language Center at Stanford University in 1995. It outlines a continuous process of curriculum development aiming to be consistent with the National Standards for Foreign Language Learning (ACTFL, 2006) and World-Readiness Standards for Learning Languages (ACTFL, 2014). It also describes assessment programs implemented to obtain data on students’ oral and writing proficiency levels at the end of 150 hours of instruction (completion of first-year Chinese) and at the end of 300 hours of instruction (completion of second-year Chinese). Because Chinese is a non-cognate language to English, students’ achieving ACTFL proficiency levels of Intermediate Low in oral and writing proficiency at the end of their first year and achieving Intermediate Mid and higher at the end of their second year indicates the program’s successful curricular design and implementation. This paper outlines the main factors contributing to this success.
A Kuhnian critique of Hume on miracles

In Part I of “Of Miracles,” Hume argues that belief in miracle-testimony is never justified. While Hume’s argument has been widely criticized and defended along a number of different veins, including its import on scientific inquiry, this paper takes a novel approach by comparing Hume’s argument with Thomas Kuhn’s account of scientific anomalies. This paper makes two arguments: first that certain types of scientific anomalies—those that conflict with the corresponding paradigm theory—are analogous to miracles in the relevant ways. Note, importantly, that the argument applies only to the first definition of ‘miracle’ that Hume offers (i.e. ‘miracle’ as a “violation of the laws of nature.”) Second, it argues that we are sometimes rationally justified in believing testimony for scientific anomalies (that conflict with the corresponding paradigm theory), because there have been several cases of scientists accepting such anomalies and—assuming certain criteria are met—we are rationally justified in believing these scientists. If both arguments are successful, then it is possible to be rationally justified in believing miracle-testimony, though the extent of justification depends on various criteria and comes in degrees. After examining a few objections, the paper concludes by contextualizing this argument in relation to Part II of Hume’s essay and in relation to broader apologetic concerns. In short, it is vital to recognize that this paper’s focus is Hume’s first account of ‘miracle,’ rather than his argument against miracle-testimony more broadly, but the argument could be coupled with other arguments against Hume’s broader attack on miracle-testimony.
Chapter 17 – Molecular Basis of Diseases of Immunity

The human immune system has evolved over millions of years to protect against infection by microorganisms. It is remarkable in both its complexity and its effectiveness. Without a functioning immune system, humans cannot survive past the first few months of life. Despite this highly evolved system, infectious diseases were by far the most common cause of death until the 20th century. The increase in life expectancy seen in the past 100 years or so reflects progress in control of infectious diseases, including improved hygiene, vaccines, and antimicrobial drugs. However, the improved control of infections in modern society may have come at the expense of increasing the risk for autoimmune and allergic diseases. Following a brief review of some of the more important cells and molecules of the immune system. This chapter covers the pathophysiology of several major syndromes of immune dysfunction including diseases of deficient immunity (primary and acquired immunodeficiencies), hyperactive immunity (hypersensitivity), and dysregulated immunity (autoimmune diseases).
In Silico Prediction of the Point of Departure (POD) with High-Throughput Data

Determining the point of departure (POD) is a critical step in chemical risk assessment. Current approaches based on chronic animal studies are costly and time-consuming while being insufficient for providing mechanistic information regarding toxicity. Driven by the desire to incorporate multiple lines of evidence relevant to human toxicology and to reduce animal use, there has been a heightened interest in utilizing transcriptional and other high-throughput assay endpoints to infer the POD. In this review, we outline common data modeling approaches utilizing gene expression profiles from animal tissues to estimate the POD in comparison with obtaining PODs based on apical endpoints. Various issues in experiment design, technology platforms, data analysis methods, and software packages are explained. Potential choices for each step are discussed. Recent development for models incorporating in vitro assay endpoints is also examined, including PODs based on in vitro assays and efforts to predict in vivo PODs with in vitro data. Future directions and potential research areas are also discussed.
Two-Stage Stochastic Choice Modeling Approach for Electric Vehicle Charging Station Network Design in Urban Communities

Electric vehicles (EVs) provide a cleaner alternative that not only reduces greenhouse gas emissions but also improves air quality and reduces noise pollution. The consumer market for electrical vehicles is growing very rapidly. Designing a network with adequate capacity and types of public charging stations is a challenge that needs to be addressed to support the current trend in the EV market. In this research, we propose a choice modeling approach embedded in a two-stage stochastic programming model to determine the optimal layout and types of EV supply equipment for a community while considering randomness in demand and drivers’ behaviors. Some of the key random data parameters considered in this study are: EV’s dwell time at parking location, battery’s state of charge, distance from home, willingness to walk, drivers’ arrival patterns, and traffic on weekdays and weekends. The two-stage model uses the sample average approximation method, which asymptotically converges to an optimal solution. To address the computational challenges for large-scale instances, we propose an outer approximation decomposition algorithm. We conduct extensive computational experiments to quantify the efficacy of the proposed approach. In addition, we present the results and a sensitivity analysis for a case study based on publicly available data sources.
Regenerative Medicine for the Hip

The hip is a common source of pain not only in the adult and elderly population but also in our competitive athletes. Hip pathology can be found in newborns (developmental hip dysplasia), childhood (Legg-Calve-Perthes disease), adolescence (slipped femoral epiphysis), and adulthood (osteoarthritis, labral tears, tendinopathies, etc.). With adavancement in imaging studies and surgical techniques, we have gained insight into the incidence of labral tear pathologies, for example, and anatomical variants that can contribute to hip and groin pain. However, much work is still needed to search for new techniques that will improve our patient’s clinical outcomes and quality of life. The goal of this chapter is to review the role of regenerative medicine techniques, including viscosupplementation, platelet-rich plasma, and stem cells in the management of hip pathologies. We will discuss the most common causes of hip pain, the current standard of care for management, and the evidence for the use of regenerative medicine in those pathologies.
Endothelial CXCL12 regulates neovascularization during tissue repair and tumor progression

CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12; stromal cell-derived factor 1 [SDF-1]), primarily known for its role in embryogenesis and hematopoiesis, has also been implicated in tumor biology and neovascularization. However, its specific role and mechanism of action remain poorly understood. We previously demonstrated that CXCL12 expression is Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF)-1 responsive. Here we use a conditional CXCL12 knockout mouse to show that endothelial-specific deletion of CXCL12 (eKO) does not affect embryogenesis, but reduces the survival of ischemic tissue, altering tissue repair and tumor progression. Loss of vascular endothelial CXCL12 disrupts endothelial - fibroblast crosstalk necessary for stromal growth and vascularization. Single-cell gene expression analysis in combination with a parabiosis model reveals a specific population of non-inflammatory circulating cells, defined by genes regulating neovascularization, which is recruited by endothelial CXCL12. These findings indicate an essential role for endothelial CXCL12 expression during the adult neovascular response in tissue injury and tumor progression.
Universal Screening of Social Determinants of Health at a Large US Academic Medical Center, 2018

Universal screenings for social determinants of health (SDOH) are feasible at the health system level and enable institutions to identify unmet social needs that would otherwise go undiscovered. NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital implemented SDOH screenings together with clinical screenings in four outpatient primary care sites. Aligning SDOH screening with clinical screening was crucial for establishing provider buy-in and ensuring sustainability of screening for SDOH. Despite some challenges, universal screening for SDOH has allowed NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital to identify unmet needs to improve population health.
Polymeric Nonlinear Absorption Chromophore Array from Controlled Radical Polymerization and “Click” Chemistry

A polyacrylate with pendant nonlinear absorption (NLA) chromophores was prepared via the reversible addition–fragmentation (RAFT)–click synthetic strategy. The polyacrylate backbone of the NLA poly...
Site-specific modifications to AAV8 capsid yields enhanced brain transduction in the neonatal MPS IIIB mouse

Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB (MPS IIIB) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal disease caused by defective production of the enzyme α-N-acetylglucosaminidase. It is characterized by severe and complex central nervous system degeneration. Effective therapies will likely target early onset disease and overcome the blood–brain barrier. Modifications of adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector capsids that enhance transduction efficiency have been described in the retina. Herein, we describe for the first time, a transduction assessment of two intracranially administered adeno-associated virus serotype 8 variants, in which specific surface-exposed tyrosine (Y) and threonine (T) residues were substituted with phenylalanine (F) and valine (V) residues, respectively. A double-mutant (Y444 + 733F) and a triple-mutant (Y444 + 733F + T494V) AAV8 were evaluated for their efficacy for the potential treatment of MPS IIIB in a neonatal setting. We evaluated biodistribution and transduction profiles of both variants compared to the unmodified parental AAV8, and assessed whether the method of vector administration would modulate their utility. Vectors were administered through four intracranial routes: six sites (IC6), thalamic (T), intracerebroventricular, and ventral tegmental area into neonatal mice. Overall, we conclude that the IC6 method resulted in the widest biodistribution within the brain. Noteworthy, we demonstrate that GFP intensity was significantly more robust with AAV8 (double Y–F + T–V) compared to AAV8 (double Y–F). This provides proof of concept for the enhanced utility of IC6 administration of the capsid modified AAV8 (double Y–F + T–V) as a valid therapeutic approach for the treatment of MPS IIIB, with further implications for other monogenic diseases.
“To Gaze on the Beauty of the Lord”: The Evangelical Resistance and Retrieval of Contemplation:

The term “contemplation” has played a significant role in the history of Christian spirituality. Regardless of the tradition, whether Roman Catholic, Orthodox, or Protestant, contemplation has been...
Phonological Errors in Posterior Cortical Atrophy.

BACKGROUND Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is an atypical variant of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that presents with visuospatial/perceptual deficits. PCA is characterized by atrophy in posterior brain regions, which overlaps with atrophy occurring in logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia (lvPPA), another atypical AD variant characterized by language difficulties, including phonological errors. Language abnormalities have been observed in PCA, although the prevalence of phonological errors is unknown. We aimed to compare the frequency and severity of phonological errors in PCA and lvPPA and determine the neuroanatomical correlates of phonological errors and language abnormalities in PCA. METHODS The presence and number of phonological errors were recorded during the Boston Naming Test and Western Aphasia Battery repetition subtest in 27 PCA patients and 27 age- and disease duration-matched lvPPA patients. Number of phonological errors and scores from language tests were correlated with regional gray matter volumes using Spearman correlations. RESULTS Phonological errors were evident in 55% of PCA patients and 70% of lvPPA patients, with lvPPA having higher average number of errors. Phonological errors in PCA correlated with decreased left inferior parietal and lateral temporal volume. Naming and fluency were also associated with decreased left lateral temporal lobe volume. CONCLUSIONS Phonological errors are common in PCA, although they are not as prevalent or severe as in lvPPA, and they are related to involvement of left temporoparietal cortex. This highlights the broad spectrum of clinical symptoms associated with AD and overlap between PCA and lvPPA.