cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Security Assessment of Industrial Control Supervisory and Process Control Zones

With the discovery of the Stuxnet malware in June 2010, Industrial Control System (ICS) security has gained global attention and scrutiny. Due to the unique industrial control operating environment, standard information technology host-based defenses such as operating system upgrades are not always feasible. Therefore, ICS security strategies must rely upon layered network infrastructure and enclave boundary defenses. As ICS threats evolve, so too must ICS security practices and strategies. ICS security innovation rely upon understanding the effectiveness of established defenses and countermeasures. In an effort to evaluate the security effectiveness of ICS layered perimeter defenses, a Red Team security assessment was conducted on an ICS test network. This experiment offers insight to the effectiveness of ICS perimeter defenses by demonstrating the reduction of attack vectors, decreased adversarial network access, and perimeter network defenses are an effective ICS security strategy.
Mapping white-matter functional organization at rest and during naturalistic visual perception

Despite the wide applications of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to mapping brain activation and connectivity in cortical gray matter, it has rarely been utilized to study white-matter functions. In this study, we investigated the spatiotemporal characteristics of fMRI data within the white matter acquired from humans both in the resting state and while watching a naturalistic movie. By using independent component analysis and hierarchical clustering, resting-state fMRI data in the white matter were de-noised and decomposed into spatially independent components, which were further assembled into hierarchically organized axonal fiber bundles. Interestingly, such components were partly reorganized during natural vision. Relative to resting state, the visual task specifically induced a stronger degree of temporal coherence within the optic radiations, as well as significant correlations between the optic radiations and multiple cortical visual networks. Therefore, fMRI contains rich functional information about the activity and connectivity within white matter at rest and during tasks, challenging the conventional practice of taking white-matter signals as noise or artifacts.
Women’s Quest for Economic Equality

(1989). Women’s Quest for Economic Equality. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 1227-1228.
Destabilization of Magnetic Order in a Dilute Kitaev Spin Liquid Candidate.

The insulating honeycomb magnet $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{RuCl}}_{3}$ exhibits fractionalized excitations that signal its proximity to a Kitaev quantum spin liquid state; however, at $T=0$, fragile long-range magnetic order arises from non-Kitaev terms in the Hamiltonian. Spin vacancies in the form of ${\mathrm{Ir}}^{3+}$ substituted for Ru are found to destabilize this long-range order. Neutron diffraction and bulk characterization of ${\mathrm{Ru}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ir}}_{x}{\mathrm{Cl}}_{3}$ show that the magnetic ordering temperature is suppressed with increasing $x$, and evidence of zizag magnetic order is absent for $xg0.3$. Inelastic neutron scattering demonstrates that the signature of fractionalized excitations is maintained over the full range of $x$ investigated. The depleted lattice without magnetic order thus hosts a spin-liquid-like ground state that may indicate the relevance of Kitaev physics in the magnetically dilute limit of ${\mathrm{RuCl}}_{3}$.
Approving an Online C++ Introductory Programing Course via Quality Matters through Informal Reviewers

We describe the process of approving an online course teaching C++ introductory programming. This document will highlight the actions carried out to satisfy the different standards required by Quality Matters. The course was approved by internal informal reviewers at our institution.
‘Of More Value to South Africa than all the Diamonds Ever Found or Dreamed:’ Victoria Falls and the Hydroelectric Power Scheme

From the beginning of its colonial history, North Western Rhodesia was in many ways envisioned to serve as a territory that met the needs of her southern colonial sisters. The policies used to establish the British South Africa Company’s (BSACo) colonial authority created what some white settlers in the territory deemed parasitic, as resources from North Western Rhodesia were diverted to serve Southern Rhodesia and South Africa. As earlier chapters explained, labor, native land rights, and control over white settlement were contentious factors in the colonial expansion over North Western Rhodesia. In this chapter, I examine how engineering projects that opened up the land north of the Zambezi and the schemes to develop hydroelectric power in North Western Rhodesia (and later Northern Rhodesia) put the economic agendas of Southern Rhodesia and South Africa ahead of local needs and desires. The BSACo and private investors created a transcolonial development agenda that placed Victoria Falls at center stage. This also meant that North Western Rhodesia’s interests and power needs were placed as peripheral to the vision of greater British South Africa.
Public Health and Global Climate Disruption

Climate change presents a significant challenge to global health. This paper examines the health impacts of climate change from extreme weather events, temperature changes, rising sea levels and changes in precipitation. These health impacts include heat-related illnesses and deaths, air pollution-related health effects, allergic diseases, infectious diseases, malnutrition, and disasters associated with extreme weather-related health effects such as hurricanes, tornadoes, droughts, fires, heavy precipitation, storms and flooding. Most populations will be impacted by climate change in the next decades, putting peoples’ lives and wellbeing at risk. Vulnerable populations across the globe will be impacted disproportionately due to climate change. It is populations that are often least responsible for climate change that experience the greatest adverse impacts, raising important moral issues of equity and fairness. In addition to reviewing the literature on the health impacts of climate change, this paper will examine issues of inequity across vulnerable populations and generations due to climate change, the health co-benefits of greenhouse gas mitigation, and potential options for adaptation to increasingly extreme weather events.
The Role of Sodium Bicarbonate in the Management of Some Toxic Ingestions

Adverse reactions to commonly prescribed medications and to substances of abuse may result in severe toxicity associated with increased morbidity and mortality. According to the Center for Disease Control, in 2013, at least 2113 human fatalities attributed to poisonings occurred in the United States of America. In this article, we review the data regarding the impact of systemic sodium bicarbonate administration in the management of certain poisonings including sodium channel blocker toxicities, salicylate overdose, and ingestion of some toxic alcohols and in various pharmacological toxicities. Based on the available literature and empiric experience, the administration of sodium bicarbonate appears to be beneficial in the management of a patient with the above-mentioned toxidromes. However, most of the available evidence originates from case reports, case series, and expert consensus recommendations. The potential mechanisms of sodium bicarbonate include high sodium load and the development of metabolic alkalosis with resultant decreased tissue penetration of the toxic substance with subsequent increased urinary excretion. While receiving sodium bicarbonate, patients must be monitored for the development of associated side effects including electrolyte abnormalities, the progression of metabolic alkalosis, volume overload, worsening respiratory status, and/or worsening metabolic acidosis. Patients with oliguric/anuric renal failure and advanced decompensated heart failure should not receive sodium bicarbonate.
Semi-Mechanistic Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling of L-Histidine Disposition and Brain Uptake in Wildtype and Pht1 Null Mice.

To develop a semi-mechanistic population pharmacokinetic (PK) model to quantitate the disposition kinetics of L-histidine, a peptide-histidine transporter 1 (PHT1) substrate, in the plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and brain parenchyma of wildtype (WT) and Pht1 knockout (KO) mice. L-[14C]Hisidine (L-His) was administrated to WT and KO mice via tail vein injection, after which plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain parenchyma samples were collected. A PK model was developed using non-linear mixed effects modeling (NONMEM). The disposition of L-His between the plasma, brain, and CSF was described by a combination of PHT1-mediated uptake, CSF bulk flow and first-order micro-rate constants. The PK profile of L-His was best described by a four-compartment model. A more rapid uptake of L-His in brain parenchyma was observed in WT mice due to PHT1-mediated uptake, a process characterized by a Michaelis-Menten component (Vmax = 0.051 nmoL/min and Km = 34.94 μM). A semi-mechanistic population PK model was successfully developed, for the first time, to quantitatively characterize the disposition kinetics of L-His in brain under in vivo conditions. This model may prove a useful tool in predicting the uptake of L-His, and possibly other PHT1 peptide/mimetic substrates, for drug delivery to the brain.
The Picard group of motivic $$\mathcal {A}_\mathbb {C}(1)$$

We show that the Picard group $${{\mathrm{Pic}}}(\mathcal {A}_\mathbb {C}(1))$$ of the stable category of modules over $$\mathbb {C}$$ -motivic $$\mathcal {A}_\mathbb {C}(1)$$ is isomorphic to $$\mathbb {Z}^4$$ . By comparison, the Picard group of classical $$\mathcal {A}(1)$$ is $$\mathbb {Z}^2 \oplus \mathbb {Z}/2$$ . One extra copy of $$\mathbb {Z}$$ arises from the motivic bigrading. The joker is a well-known exotic element of order 2 in the Picard group of classical $$\mathcal {A}(1)$$ . The $$\mathbb {C}$$ -motivic joker has infinite order.
Heat treatment adaptations in Clostridium perfringens vegetative cells.

Vegetative cells of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxigenic strains NCTC 8679, NCTC 8238, and H6 were grown at 37°C followed by a 60-min exposure to 28°C or 46°C. D10-values, as a measure of thermal resistance at 60°C, were significantly lower for 28°C exposures as compared with cultures given 37 and 46°C exposures. Following refrigeration at 4°C for 24 h, D10-values for the 37 and 46°C samples could not be differentiated from 28°C samples. Western immunoblot analyses of lysates from heat-adapted cells also detected the increased expression of proteins reacting with antiserum directed against the molecular chaperonins from Escherichia coli; GroEL, DnaJ, and the small acid soluble protein from Bacillus subtilis, SspC. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) identified thermal transitions corresponding to ribosomal protein denaturations at 72.1 ± 0.5°C. Any cellular heat adaptations in the DSC profiles were lost following refrigeration for several days to simulate minimally processed food storage conditions...
Ultrastructural Studies of Capillary Endothelium

The vast majority of the body’s tissues are irrigated by continuous capillaries which exhibit neither fenestrae nor interendothelial discontinuities. The endothelium comprising their walls regulates exchange of metabolites and gases in a manner which is critical for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. The permeability properties of capillaries must result from both the characteristics of the endothelium as a tissue barrier and the dynamic activities of the individual endothelial cells. And yet there is no comprehensive theory which adequately reconciles the permeability behavior of continuous capillaries with ultrastructural correlates in the capillary wall.
Health care utilization patterns of Russian-speaking immigrant women across age groups.

The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989 substantially increased the numbers of refugees and immigrants to the United States from the former Soviet Union. Little research has been conducted with this population although studies found that immigrant's access to health care services are based on patterns of utilization in their countries of origin. The purpose of this study was to learn about the experiences of immigrant women from three former Soviet Republics (Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine) with women's health care services. Three focus groups of women were formed; ages 20–30, 37–46, and 60 and above. A focus-group guide was used to learn about their health care experiences. These immigrant women did access health care services based on patterns of utilization in their countries of origin. Greater understanding of immigrant populations' cultural patterns of health care utilization is needed to improve access and delivery of health care services to these populations.
Sacroiliac Joint Radiofrequency

The sacroiliac joint is the largest axial joint in the body. It is diarthrodial joint and has both anterior and posterior innervation. It is a significant source of nonradicular low back pain along with discogenic and facet joint-mediated pain. Sacroiliac (SI) joint pain is the source of nonradicular low back pain in approximately 15–30% of patients with chronic axial lumbosacral pain. Diagnosis of SI joint pain often proves difficult due to the lack of definitive medical history, physical exam, or imaging findings. Most clinicians use a positive response to SI joint injections to make a diagnosis. Conservative treatment consists of physical therapy and anti-inflammatory medications. If this treatment fails, SI joint injections, radiofrequency ablation, and surgery are interventional options. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA), including conventional, cooled, pulsed, and bipolar, is shown to provide intermediate duration pain relief. No gold standard exists for treatment of chronic SI joint pain or for the type of RFA that should be used. Prospective randomized controlled trials are needed to determine clinical outcomes and treatment standards for RFA of the SI joint.
Community Quality-of-Life Indicators to Avoid Tragedies

This chapter explores what can be learned from community quality-of-life indicators regarding responses to community suffering and resilience. Foundational concepts drawing on studies about community quality of life indicators are presented, including explorations of responses to disaster and tragedy that incorporate community-based approaches. While it is challenging to integrate these approaches at the local level, it is important to explore given the potential they hold for more effective recovery from disasters and the alleviation of suffering. Community indicators, social capital, and community capacity are all ways to help build resilience and reduce suffering; this paper considers how communities have rebounded with these tools so as to help other individuals and societies in the future.
Why is climate adaptation so important? What are the needs for additional research?

Research into the needs for adaptation will continue to grow as our sophistication in how we think the myriad of issues improves. The framework here is created to help organize our thoughts about how to proceed in a world dominated by uncertainty and confounding factors.
Website Usability Differences between Males and Females: An Eye-Tracking Evaluation of a Climate Decision Support System

ABSTRACTDecision support systems—collections of related information located in a central place to be used for decision-making—can be used as platforms from which climate information can be shared w...
It’s not just an ileus: disparities associated with ileus following ventral hernia repair

We sought to identify risk factors associated with postoperative ileus following ventral hernia repair. Utilizing the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 2008 to 2012, we identified adult patients that underwent either open or laparoscopic hernia repair for umbilical and ventral hernias with a diagnosis of umbilical/ventral hernia. We excluded cases with diagnosis of obstruction and bowel gangrene that underwent bowel resection, or with missing data. Risk variables of interest were age, sex, race, income status, insurance status, elective admission, comorbidity status (using the validated van Walraven Score), complications (mechanical, respiratory, postoperative infection, cardiovascular, intraoperative), morbid obesity, procedure type, conversion to open, mesh use, hospital type (rural, urban non-teaching, urban teaching), bed size, and region (northeast, midwest, south, west). Univariate analysis comparing patients with ileus vs control was performed. We then performed multivariable analysis using logistic regression, adjusting for all the risk variables, with ileus as the dependent variable. 30,912 patients were identified that met criteria. Of these, 2660 (8.61%) had postoperative ileus during their stay at the hospital. Univariate analysis showed all risk variables were associated with development of ileus with the exception of income status (p = 0.2903), elective admission (p = 0.7989), mesh use (p = 0.3620), and hospital bed size (p = 0.08351). Median length of stay was 7 days in the ileus cohort vs 3 days in control (p < 0.0001). Median total charges (adjusted to 2012 dollars) was $54,819 vs $35,058 (p < 0.0001). We then performed logistic regression adjusting for all risk variables and found that age (OR 1.66, p < 0.0001), male sex (OR 1.51, p < 0.0001), Black race (OR 1.49, p < 0.0001), comorbidity status (OR 1.12, p < 0.0001), laparoscopic cases converted to open (OR 1.55, p < 0.0001), postoperative complications (mechanical: OR 2.32, p < 0.0001, respiratory: OR 1.54, p < 0.0001, postoperative infection: OR 2.12, p < 0.0001, cardiovascular: OR 1.57, p = 0.0006, intraoperative: OR 1.29, p = 0.0200) were independently associated with increased risk of ileus. However, laparoscopic vs open (OR 0.76, p < 0.0001), elective admission (OR 0.91, p = 0.0378), and northeast vs south hospital region (OR 0.74, p < 0.0001) were independently associated with decreased risk of ileus. We performed a large observational study looking for risk factors associated with ileus following ventral hernia repair. Race and region of treatment are independent risk factors associated with ileus following ventral hernia repair, and a potential source of disparities in care and increased admission length and higher cost of care. Further prospective studies are warranted.
Diagnostic performance of cardiac computed tomography versus transesophageal echocardiography in infective endocarditis: A contemporary comparative meta-analysis.

Structured Abstract Objective To compare the diagnostic accuracy of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and cardiac computed tomography (CCT) in diagnosing infective endocarditis (IE). Background TEE is a mainstay imaging modality for IE, while the use of CCT is becoming increasingly prevalent. Data directly comparing the diagnostic performance of these two imaging modalities for IE are limited. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published literature in Embase, PubMed and Cochrane databases through October 1, 2020 for studies comparing diagnostic performance of CCT and TEE for the diagnosis of IE in the same patient populations. A meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy was performed using the bivariate model based on studies that used surgical pathology as a reference standard for defining endocarditis. From a total of 10 studies included in the meta-analysis, a total of 872 patients were evaluated. Results The pooled sensitivities and specificities of TEE for detecting vegetations were 96% and 83% respectively, whereas for CCT, they were 85% and 84%, respectively. In the prosthetic valve sub-group, the pooled sensitivities and specificities of TEE for detecting vegetations were 89% and 74% respectively, whereas for CCT, they were 78% and 94%, with CCT being more specific than TEE (p Conclusion In a contemporary comparative meta-analysis, TEE and CCT demonstrated both good diagnostic accuracy for detecting valvular involvement and complications of IE. TEE performed better for detecting leaflet defects, whereas CCT performed better in cases of prosthetic valve involvement, and showed a trend towards improved detection of periannular complications. Appropriate, complementary use of both TEE and CCT in a multimodality imaging approach in clinical practice may achieve the highest diagnostic performance.
A review of the semantic web field

Tracing the triumphs and challenges of two decades of Semantic Web research and applications.
Minimal Effect of Evaporation on Ocular Surface Temperature with Contact-lens Wear

Author(s): Radke, Clayton J; Kim, Young Hyun; Yi, Sarah M; Panora, Kayla H; Yuen, Jessica W; Li, Wing; Lin, Meng C
Almost everywhere convergence of Fourier series on compact connected Lie groups

We consider the open problem: Does every square-integrable function f on a compact, connected Lie group G have an almost everywhere convergent Fourier series? We prove a general theorem from which it follows that if the integral modulus of continuity of f is O(t^a) for some a > 0 then the Fourier series of f converges almost everywhere on G. In particular, the Fourier series of any Holder continuous function of degree a > 0 on G converges almost everywhere. On the other hand, we show that to each countable subset E of G = SU(2) and each 0 < a < 1 there corresponds an Holder continuous function of degree a on SU(2) whose Fourier series diverges on E.
Bone and fat hormonal crosstalk with antiretroviral initiation

Abstract Background Bone mineral density (BMD) loss and fat gain is common in people living with HIV (PLWH), particularly after initiating combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Given the close metabolic interaction between bone and fat, we tested the hypotheses that changes in bone-derived hormones are associated with fat accumulation and changes in fat-derived hormones are associated with BMD loss following cART initiation. Methods HIV-seropositive subjects (n = 15) initiating fixed dose cART of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine/efavirenz (TDF/FTC/EFV) underwent dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) assessment pre-cART and again 12-months post-cART initiation. DXA-derived measurements included BMD at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, total hip, and trochanter and the trunk and total fat. Serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOCN), sclerostin, lipocalin-2, leptin, and adiponectin were measured pre and post-cART. Spearman's rank-order correlations assessed the cross-sectional associations between hormones and bone and fat mass pre- and post-cART. Linear regression models adjusting for baseline bone or fat mass assessed the association between hormone change and BMD/fat changes following cART initiation. Results ucOCN (p = 0.04) and lipocalin-2 (p = 0.03) increased post-cART while sclerostin, leptin, and adiponectin remained unchanged. BMD significantly decreased post-cART at all skeletal sites. Trunk and total fat increased post-cART but not significantly, while weight and BMI remained unchanged. In models adjusting for baseline BMD and fat mass, change in ucOCN was negatively associated with change in trunk (p = 0.008) and total fat (p = 0.01) and the change in leptin was positively associated with change in total hip (p = 0.03) and trochanteric BMD (p = 0.02). Conclusion The current study demonstrates bone-fat crosstalk in cART initiating PLWH.
An application of metadata-based image retrieval system for facility management

Abstract For facility management, photography is an efficient and accurate method of recording the physical state of infrastructure. However, without an effective organizational scheme, the difficulty of retrieving relevant photos from historical databases can become overly burdensome for highly complex or long-lived assets. To make strategic decisions, it is crucial to retrieve the right information from a plurality of sources in a timely manner. The main objective of this paper is to present a method for organizing and retrieving photos from massive facility management photo databases using photo-metadata: photographed location, camera perspective, and image semantic content information. Indoor localization experiments were performed using Bluetooth technology to infer the location information. Perspective is inferred from the device’s on-board inertial measurement unit (IMU). Image semantic content is inferred using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based deep learning algorithm. Fusing these three features, seven query options were provided for the user when retrieving images. Leveraging Building Information Modeling (BIM) as a process and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as a framework, this paper also envisions a federated information management by connecting 2D and 3D facility assets with our real-world map which can be smoothly bridged with our image retrieval system. The realization of the integrated application with BIM and GIS is significantly beneficial for the facility management domain by advancing the understanding of projects in a broader view with a federated data platform. In this research, the framework is illustrated with 21 institutional buildings within the University of Texas at Austin’s main campus, and the authors conclude that the proposed metadata-based image retrieval system can ultimately enhance the better-informed decision-making process through rapid information retrieval.
Psychopathology: Depression, Anxiety, and Related Disorders

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the diagnosis and assessment of mood, anxiety, and related disorders in people with intellectual disabilities (ID). Assessment needs to be carried out for several different reasons: (1) the eligibility for services, (2) explaining behavior, (3) facilitating communication among practitioners and scientists, (4) guiding treatment, and (5) making a prognosis. For each of these groups of disorders, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria and their application to people with ID and related developmental disabilities are discussed in the chapter. There have been recent developments in the areas of cognitive assessment and functional assessment, and to a lesser extent, functional analysis of depression and anxiety in people with ID. These approaches to assessment are treatment-oriented and may guide the selection of the most effective treatment for each individual client.
Low-pressure pyrolysis of newsprint: Product formation

Abstract We report on the products formed in the isothermal pyrolysis of dried shredded newsprint, at pressures below 1 Torr over the temperature range 260–340°C. Both untreated newsprint and materials given a 1% HCl wash treatment are considered. First-order rate constant for each class of products are derived and compared with similar rate constants obtained in pyrolysis of oak sawdust and pure cellulose. Variations in the composition of tar products over the course of the pyrolysis process are examined. Also discussed are overall mass balances (> 93%), effects of small changes in heating rate, and the role of the acid wash pretreatment.
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in pregnancy: a reappraisal.

Abstract Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and preeclampsia-eclampsia are two conditions that may occur during pregnancy with hematologic abnormalities, fluctuating neurological signs, hypertension, and renal disease. Two patients with this constellation of signs and symptoms are described. They illustrate the similarities in presentation and the resultant diagnostic difficulties. A methodical approach toward differential diagnosis and management is delineated.
Tomato Fruit Polygalacturonase Isozyme 1 (Characterization of the [beta] Subunit and Its State of Assembly in Vivo)

Polygalacturonase isozyme 1 (PG1) is a heterodimer comprising a catalytic and noncatalytic or [beta] subunit, whereas polygalacturonase isozyme 2 (PG2) comprises only the catalytic subunit. To assess the state of assembly of PG1 in vivo, both subunits were purified to homogeneity and used to study assembly of the heterodimer. PG1 could be reconstituted in vitro from purified [beta] subunit and purified PG2 under a wide range of salt and pH conditions, and PG1 reconstituted in vitro was indistinguishable from PG1 isolated from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruit. Specific antibodies indicated that the [beta] subunit was present in fruit of all developmental stages, but absent in vegetative tissue. The state of assembly of PG1 in vivo was tested based on the differential thermal stability of PG1 and PG2 by heating segments of ripe fruit pericarp tissue. Temperatures well below those required to inactivate PG1 in vitro caused the loss of activity of both PG1 and PG2, suggesting that only heat-labile PG2 is present in vivo. In addition, when extracts of ripe fruit were rigorously maintained and analyzed at 4[deg]C, PG1 was absent or barely detectable. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that PG1 can assemble spontaneously and is essentially absent in intact tomato fruit but forms artifactually from PG2 and the [beta] subunit during the extraction of tomato fruit tissue when low temperatures are not rigorously maintained.
Semantic derivation verification

Automated Theorem Proving (ATP) systems are complex pieces of software, and thus may have bugs that make them unsound. In order to guard against such unsoundness, the derivations output by an ATP system may be semantically verified by a trusted system that checks the required semantic properties of each inference step. Such verification may need to be augmented by structural verification that checks that inferences have been used correctly in the context of the overall derivation. This paper describes techniques for semantic verification of derivations, and reports on their implementation in the DVDV verifier.
1,24,25-Trihydroxyvitamin D3. A metabolite of vitamin D3 effective on intestine.

A polar metabolite of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 has been generated both in vivo in rats from 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and in vitro from 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 with chicken kidney homogenates. This metabolite has been isolated in pure form and identified as 1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3 by means of ultraviolet absorption spectrophotometry, mass spectrometry and its reactivity to periodate treatment. 1,24,25-Trihydroxyvitamin D3 is 60% as active as vitamin D3 in curing rickets. It is less active on a weight basis than 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in stimulating and sustaining intestinal calcium transport and bone calcium mobilization but appears to have preferential action on the intestine.
Introduction to Positive Psychology

Section 1: POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY FOUNDATIONS. 1. Introduction to Positive Psychology and a Short History of Well-Being. 2. Positive Emotions and Intrinsic Motivation. Section 2: POSITIVE EMOTIONAL STATES. 3. Subjective Well-Being. 4. Leisure, Optimal Experience, and Peak Performance. 5. Love and Intimate Relationships. 6. Wellness, Health Psychology and Positive Coping. Section 3: POSITIVE TRAITS. 7. Excellence, Aesthetics, Creativity, and Genius. 8. Positive Mental Health: Thriving and flourishing. 9. Interventions for Enhanced Well-Being. 10. Religions, Spirituality and Well-being. Section 4: POSITIVE INSTITUTIONS AND A LOOK TO THE FUTURE. 11. Positive Psychology in the Community. 12. A Look Toward the Future of Positive Psychology.
The past, present, and future of basal insulins

Summary Insulin production by the pancreas follows a basic pattern where basal levels of insulin are secreted during fasting periods, with prandial increases in insulin associated with food ingestion. The aim of insulin therapy in patients with diabetes is to match the endogenous pattern of insulin secretion as closely as possible without causing hypoglycaemia. There are several optimal pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of long-acting basal insulins that can help to achieve this aim, namely, as follows: activity that is flat and as free of peaks as possible, a duration of action of ≥24-h, and as little day-to-day variation as possible. The long-acting basal insulins are a fundamental therapy for patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and those that are currently available have many benefits; however, the development of even longer-acting insulins and improved insulin delivery techniques may lead to better glycemic control for patients in the future. Established long-acting basal insulins available in the United States and Europe include insulin glargine 100 units/mL and insulin detemir, both of which exhibit similar glycemic control to that of the intermediate-acting neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin, but with a reduction in hypoglycaemia. Newer insulin products available include new insulin glargine 300 units/mL (United States and Europe) and the ultra-long-acting insulin degludec (Europe) with basal insulin peglispro currently in development. These new insulins demonstrate different pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles and longer durations of action (>24 h) compared with insulin glargine 100 units/mL, which may lead to potential benefits. The introduction of biosimilar insulins may also broaden access to insulins by reducing treatment costs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organizing Components into Combinations: How Stage Transition Works

This paper investigates the nature of transition between stages. The Model of Hierarchical Complexity of tasks leads to a quantal notion of stage, and therefore delineates the nature of stage transition. Piaget's dialectical model of stage change was extended and precisely specified. Transition behavior was shown to consist of alternations in previous-stage behavior. As transition proceeded, the alternations increased in rate until the previous stage behaviors were “smashed” together. Once the smashed-together pieces became coordinated, new-stage behavior could be said to have formed. Because stage transition is quantal, individuals can only change performance by whole stage. We reviewed theories of the specific means by which new-stage behavior may be acquired and the emotions and personalities associated with steps in transition. Contemporary challenges in the society increasingly call for transition to postformal and postconventional responses on the part of both individuals and institutions as the examples illustrate.
Diet Fads and Stones: Is Your Diet All Cracked Up to What It Is Supposed to Be?

You are ready to begin your new diet. Your desire is to lose weight or to initiate a diet for other health-related reasons. You may have been recently diagnosed with diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia or coronary artery disease and your physician suggested dietary modification as an initial therapy. You may also have stress incontinence and your physician suggested that it would be ideal to lose weight. Whichever the reason, you were recommended a new diet plan. Are you aware of the risks of this diet? As you would talk with your physician about a newly prescribed medication or an anticipated surgical treatment, you want to know what the risks and benefits of these treatment options. Likewise, you should know what the risks and benefits are of your new diet. Would you be surprised to know that your weight reduction diet might also increase your risk for kidney stones?
Regional variation in content, composition and organization of porcine epithelial barrier lipids revealed by thin-layer chromatography and transmission electron microscopy

Epidermis and oral epithelia provide permeability barriers that limit penetration of potentially harmful agents. Barrier function is determined by lipids in the superficial epithelial layers and varies regionally by more than 10-fold. The purpose of this study was to determine whether differences in lipid content, composition or organization could account for this variation in barrier function. Stratum corneum from skin, gingiva and palate and superficial layers from buccal regions and the floor of the mouth were isolated, and lipids were extracted and analysed by thin-layer chromatography. Tissue from each region was examined by electron microscopy. There was an inverse correlation between permeability and ceramide content and a direct correlation with triglyceride content. Electron microscopy revealed that the intercellular space in epidermal stratum corneum contained multiple lipid lamellae displaying an alternating broad-narrow-broad spacing. In palatal and gingival stratum corneum, uniformly spaced lamellae were present at the periphery of dilations of the intercellular space, but the interiors of the dilations contained disorganized lamellae and electron-dense material. In the non-keratinized barriers, there was a single, broad lamella at the cell periphery and occasional short stacks of lamellae traversing the intercellular space. These intercellular lamellae may be derived from a population of membrane-coating granules that contain internal lamellae. The results suggest that ceramides may be important barrier components, even in non-keratinizing epithelia where they are very minor components. Regional differences in the physical organization of barrier lipids may also contribute to differences in barrier function.
Complex Isothermal Crystallization and Melting Behavior of Nylon 6 Nanoclay Hybrids

The complex crystallization and melting behavior of neat Nylon-6 and two Nylon-6-nanoclay hybrids with different montmorillonite concentration was studied using several experimental techniques. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) traces were taken as a reference and experiments were made at several isothermal crystallization temperatures followed by linear heating. The results, depending on the crystallization temperature, indicated two sequences of melting for neat Nylon-6 and four for the nanoclay hybrids. After isothermal crystallization at low temperatures, neat Nylon-6 behaved different from the hybrids, however, after high crystallization temperatures there was a common melting behavior for all samples. Molecular orientation, molecular weight, and nanoclay concentration were sequentially considered in order to determine the origin of the regimes behavior in the DSC traces. Molecular weight was found as the main cause of the thermal behavior with a minimum influence of molecular orientation a...
Changing perspectives: Examining the potential for advanced mathematical studies to influence pre-service teachers' beliefs about mathematics

Abstract This study considers the potential for advanced mathematical studies to impact pre-service teachers' beliefs about mathematics. Results show that, after completing a degree which includes advanced mathematical studies, many prospective teachers' beliefs still reflect limited interpretations of key terminology and do not value the theoretical and conceptual network underpinning the rules and procedures of secondary mathematics. Many of their beliefs about the nature of mathematics also fail to recognise its capacity to stimulate analytical thought and creativity. In cases where pre-service teachers showed evidence of well-developed beliefs, the study explores the role of their advanced mathematical studies in this development.
Timing of neonatal testosterone exposure in the differentiation of estrogenic regulatory systems for aggression.

Abstract Neonatal female CF-1 mice were exposed to testosterone (T) or oil vehicle on Days 1–3, 4–6, or 7–9 postpartum and were tested for the display of male-like aggressive behavior in response to diethylstilbestrol (DES) after ovariectomy during adulthood. The results showed that only the Day 1–3 T treatment established the capacity to exhibit fighting behavior following estrogen administration. These data suggest that sexual differentiation of an estrogen-responsive regulatory system for aggressive behavior occurs during a highly restricted period early in life.
Impact dynamics of MEMS switches

During operation, a MEMS switch is activated by an applied voltage. This causes the switch, often a doped silicon microbeam, to be attracted toward (pulled-into) a substrate. The component–substrate contact completes a circuit and permits the flow of current. Calculations for the minimum voltage required to achieve quasi-static pull-in are well documented. But for these quasi-static pull-in voltages to be meaningful, the voltage would have to be increased gradually until the critical value \(V_{\mathrm{pull\mbox{-}in}}\) is reached and the switch closes. Of course, practical considerations might require the switch to cycle on and off quickly, i.e., dynamically. This is particularly true in the case of radio frequency (RF) MEMS switches. In this paper, a model is developed and used to consider the dynamic pull-in characteristics of a clamped-clamped microbeam. This model includes inertial effects, structural and air damping (squeeze-film damping), as well as the impact behavior of the microbeam with the substrate. Parameter combinations leading to various types of behavior (no pull-in, air-bounce, wall bounce, etc.) are clearly identified. In an attempt to ensure fast switch closure and limit bouncing, two new applied voltage profiles are considered.
Volumetric measure and lick count of liquid food intake of rats

Abstract A simple and relatively inexpensive lick counter-volumeter is described which automatically records liquid intake and drinking behavior of rats. It counts lick contacts while accurately measuring the rate of volume intake in constant unit volumes. The unit volumes are adjustable over a wide range. For a unit volume on the order of 60 μl, the precision was 1.2% over a range of withdrawal rates from 1 to 10 ml/min. The average lick volume of rats consuming a liquid food was systematically lower by 18% during the second meal following a 15 hr fast when compared to that of the first. This change in average lick volume appears to reflect a change in the rat's motivation to drink the liquid food.
Synergistic Roles of Amelogenin and Ameloblastin

Amelogenin and ameloblastin, the major enamel matrix proteins, are important for enamel mineralization. To identify their synergistic roles in enamel development, we generated Amel X(-/-)/Ambn(-/-) mice. These mice showed additional enamel defects in comparison with Amel X(-/-) or Ambn(-/-) mice. In 7-day-old Amel X(-/-)/Ambn(-/-) mice, not only was the ameloblast layer irregular and detached from the enamel surface, as in Ambn(-/-), but also, the enamel width was significantly reduced in the double-null mice as compared with Amel X(-/-) or Ambn(-/-) mice. Proteomic analysis of the double-null teeth revealed increased levels of RhoGDI (Arhgdia), a Rho-family-specific guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor, which is involved in important cellular processes, such as cell attachment. Both Amel X(-/-)/Ambn(-/-) mice and Ambn(-/-) mice displayed positive staining with RhoGDI antibody in the irregularly shaped ameloblasts detached from the matrix. Ameloblastin-regulated expression of RhoGDI suggests that Rho-mediated signaling pathway might play a role in enamel formation.
An EPR study of some copper(II) coordination compounds of substituted biguanides. Part IV

Abstract EPR and optical absorption spectra of some bis- (substituted biguanide)copper(II) bases and their corresponding chloride salts have been measured both in the solid state and in aqueous media in order to obtain information concerning the structure and nature of the bonding between the central metal atom and the ligands. Powder spectra of all copper(II) complexes provided approximate g values. In aqueous media and in nickel(II) complex matrix all the copper(II) complexes exhibited nine nitrogen superfine lines on the high field 3 2 ↔ 3 2 copper hyperfine splitting components, indicating the presence of four equivalent or nearly equivalent nitrogen atoms surrounding the copper(II) ion. The evaluation of covalency parameters indicated that the unpaired electron of the copper(II) ion spends about 35–37% of its time in the nitrogen donor sites of the biguanides. The hyperfine structure of the compounds further revealed the interaction between the unpaired electron of the copper(II) ion with four equivalent nitrogen nuclei of the title ligands. The degree of covalence of the σ-bond calculated by the hyperfine splitting is consistent with that obtained by the hyperfine structure of the copper(II) ion. α′2 values indicated that, like other strong field ligands (biguanides, β-phthalocyanine and tetraphenylporphine), substituted biguanides and their protonated forms are equally strong field in character and suggest the formation of an [CuN4] chromophore.
Effect of End-Cutting Intramedullary Reamers on Host-Allograft Contact Area

Use of large allografts in the diaphyseal region can be complicated by nonunion of the host bone to the allograft. Increasing the contact area at this interface can help prevent this from happening. This study investigated the resulting contact area with use of end-cutting reamers to prepare the interface of host and allograft bone in the daiphyseal region, as compared with hand preparation using a sagittal saw. Using a sawbone model, it was demonstrated that the end-cutting reamers produced a significantly greater contact area, compared with hand-cutting techniques.
MATERNALISM AND POLITICAL MOBILIZATION How California's Postwar Child Care Campaign Was Won

Unlike other states, California retained a large proportion of the child care centers that had been established during World War II. In 1946, the California state government allocated state funds for child care in response to a vigorous child care campaign. The campaign, which was, in large part, a working mothers movement, was a “transformed maternalist” movement. It used maternalist rhetoric to defend state-subsidized child care that was criticized by more traditional maternalists. Using resource mobilization theory, I explain the relatively high degree of political mobilization on the child care issue in California in terms of the greater availability of co-optable social resources (i.e., potential supporters, campaign leaders, and communication networks), which California's relatively large wartime child care program provided, and the existence of movement entrepreneurs willing to mobilize these latent resources. Child care advocates were successful because they operated within a relatively favorable ...