cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An automatic node placement strategy for optimal control problems discretized using third-degree Hermite polynomials

A new strategy for automating the node placement in an optimal control problem, solved using third-order Herrnite polynomials to model the state time histories, is discussed. This Hermite polynomial results in an approximate solution to the system differential equations by taking on the form of the Simpson's quadrature rule. The automatic node placement strategy uses an error function based on an adaptive quadrature method for Simpson's rule. The method compares solutions generated using two successive nodal distributions to determine how to refine a nodal distribution. The algorithm is applied to a continuously thrusting spacecraft trajectory problem where the final energy of the trajectory is maximized for a fixed final time. The use of this automatic node placement algorithm yields a more accurate solution than that obtained with an equal number of evenly spaced nodes.
Research progress of microbial test method of aquatic product of microorganisms in food

This article in DNA and immunology as the foundation,from immune magnetic bead separation,using gene chip method,the traditional PCR technology and quantitative PCR technology aspects of microorganisms in aquatic products detecting way briefly elaborated.
Functional Outcomes following Palatal Reconstruction with a Folded Radial Forearm Free Flap

Defects of the soft palate often occur after extirpative procedures are performed to treat oropharyngeal cancers. These defects usually result in velopharyngeal insufficiency and an alteration in speech and deglutition. Palatal prostheses have been used to circumvent this problem in the past. Recently, however, folded radial forearmfreeflaps have been introduced for reconstruction of the soft palate to eliminate velopharyngeal insufficiency and the need for a prosthesis. We conducted a study to evaluate pharyngeal and palatal functions following reconstruction of soft-palate defects with radial forearm free flaps in 16 patients who had undergone resection of the soft palate for squamous cell carcinoma. Nine patients had partial soft-palate defects and 7 had total defects. All patients had lateral pharyngeal-wall defects. In addition, 14 patients had defects of the base of the tongue. Patients were followed for 3 to 40 months. Outcome measures were determined according to several parameters, including postoperative complications, resumption of diet, intelligibility of speech, and decannulation. All patients were evaluated by a speech pathologist and an otolaryngologist with a bedside swallowing evaluation and flexible nasopharyngoscopy. Twelve patients underwent videofluoroscopic studies. There was no incidence of flap failure. One patient developed a transient salivary fistula, which resolved with conservative management. Four patients without dysphagia resumed oral intake 2 weeks after surgery. The 12 patients with dysphagia underwent swallowing therapy. Ten of them responded and were able to resume oral intake, while the other 2 required a palatal prosthesis. Overall, 10 patients resumed a normal diet and 4 tolerated a soft diet within 6 weeks. The 2 patients who required a palatal prosthesis were able to take purees. All patients were decannulated, and all were able to speak intelligibly. Speech was hypernasal in 2 patients and hyponasal in 3. We conclude that the folded radial forearm free flap procedure is a useful alternative for reconstruction of palatal and pharyngeal defects. It is safe and effective, and it results in excellent functional outcomes.
T020 Intracranial electric field measurements during TES in human and non-human primates. What can we learn for accurately modelling TES?

Transcranial electric stimulation (TES) is an emerging technique to non-invasively modulate brain function. However the spatiotemporal distribution of electric fields during TES remains poorly understood. In this study we perform direct intracranial measurements of the electric field generated by transcranial alternating current (tACS) in epilepsy patients and cebus monkeys and evaluate the capacity of finite element method (FEM) models to predict the spatial distribution of measured electric fields.
Deprivation Conditions as Determinants of Differences in Fish (Carassius Auratus) and Rat Performance

Rats and fish were tested with their VI schedule one time during each deprivation period. The 23-hr. deprivation rats and fish were tested with the operant task at 1, 3, 5, or 22 hours after a feeding session; 95-hr. deprivation fish were tested 1, 5, 46, or 94 hours after feeding. Rats and fish with 23-hr. deprivation schedules and fish with 95-hr. deprivation schedules responded at a higher rate for the shorter VI-1 schedule. Rats and fish responded at a higher rate for test sessions closer to feeding periods. Fish, unlike rats, decreased their response rate across blocks of sessions.
Strategy for automated metabolic profiling of glioma subtypes from ex-vivo HRMAS spectra

Infiltrating gliomas are primary brain tumors that express significant biological and clinical heterogeneity in adults, which complicates their treatment and prognosis. Characterization of tumor subtypes using spectroscopic analysis may assist in predicting malignant transformation and quantification of response to therapy. To implement an automated algorithm for classification of metabolomic profiles for the classification of glioma pathological grades and the prediction of malignant progression using spectra obtained by high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) spectroscopy of patient-derived tissue samples. 237 image-guided tissue samples were obtained from 152 patients who underwent surgery for newly diagnosed or recurrent glioma and analyzed via HR-MAS spectroscopy. Orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis was used as a classifier and the variable-influence-on-projection values were evaluated to identify signature spectral regions. The accuracy of classifiers developed for discriminating glioma subtypes was 68% for newly diagnosed grade II versus III samples; 86 and 92% for new and recurrent grade III versus IV, respectively; 95% for newly diagnosed grade II versus IV; and 88% for recurrent grade II versus IV lesions. Classifiers distinguished between samples from newly diagnosed vs. recurrent lesions with an accuracy of 78% for grade III and 99% for grade IV glioma. Classifying metabolomic profiles for new and recurrent glioma without prior assumptions regarding spectral components identified candidate in vivo biomarkers for use in assessing changes that are likely to impact treatment decisions.
A fast low-to-high confinement mode bifurcation dynamics in the boundary-plasma gyrokinetic code XGC1

A fast edge turbulence suppression event has been simulated in the electrostatic version of the gyrokinetic particle-in-cell code XGC1 in a realistic diverted tokamak edge geometry under neutral particle recycling. The results show that the sequence of turbulent Reynolds stress followed by neoclassical ion orbit-loss driven together conspire to form the sustaining radial electric field shear and to quench turbulent transport just inside the last closed magnetic flux surface. The main suppression action is located in a thin radial layer around ψN≃0.96–0.98, where ψN is the normalized poloidal flux, with the time scale ∼0.1 ms.
Primate Communication and Human Language: Continuities and Discontinuities

Here, we review some questions in the production and perception of nonhuman primate vocalizations, focusing on three related issues. First, flexible vocal production separates humans not only from nonhuman primates but also from most other mammals and birds. The rarity of learned, modifiable call production in most mammals suggests that important changes in the mechanisms governing human phonation occurred relatively recently in human evolution, after the divergence of our hominid ancestors from the common ancestors of humans and chimpanzees. Second, while exclusive focus on vocal production reveals clear differences between humans and most other species, a broader examination of call usage and perception paints a more complicated picture, with both similarities and differences between the two groups. Third, an analysis of vocal production and perception draws attention to the very different mechanisms that underlie the behavior of signalers and recipients, even when they are involved in the same communicative event. Nonhuman primates have only a small repertoire of acoustically fixed vocalizations. However, because calls are individually distinctive and each call type is predictably linked to a particular social context, this limited call repertoire can, nonetheless, provide listeners with an open-ended, highly modifiable, and cognitively rich set of meanings, allowing them to construct “narratives” of unseen events. However, although nonhuman primates and other animals seem capable of thinking, as it were, in simple sentences, this ability does not motivate them to speak in sentences. Their knowledge remains largely private. We suggest that long before our ancestors spoke in sentences, they had a language of thought in which they represented the world – and the meaning of call sequences – in terms of actors, actions, and those who are acted upon. The linguistic revolution occurred when our ancestors began to express this tacit knowledge, and to use their cognitive skills in speaking as well as listening.
The Surgical Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

The surgical treatment options for bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) have dramatically increased in number over the past 20 years. However, each of these new modalities continues to be measured against the gold standard treatment of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Herein, we will present the current approaches to the surgical treatment for BPH. We will discuss open surgical options, as well as endoscopic and minimally invasive treatment options. Also, in 2010, the American Urological Association updated its BPH Practice Guidelines. These guidelines will be presented after each subsection in bold letters (McVary et al. J Urol 185:1793–1803, 2011).
Software-Hardware Managed Last-level Cache Allocation Scheme for Large-Scale NVRAM-Based Multicores Executing Parallel Data Analytics Applications

Developments in machine learning and graph analytics have seen these fields establish themselves as pervasive in a wide range of applications. Non-volatile memory (NVRAM) offers higher capacity and information retainment in case of power loss, therefore it is expected to be adopted for such applications. However, the asymmetric access latencies of NVRAM greatly degrade performance. The focus of this paper is to reduce the effect of memory access latency on emerging machine learning and graph workloads. The proposed mechanism uses software tagging of application data structures so as to control on-chip cache evictions based on data type and reuse patterns in an NVRAM based multicore system. Learner models are developed that are capable of predicting cache allocations for a variety of machine learning and graph applications. The optimized learning model yields an average performance benefit of 21% compared to a system that does not optimize for the write latency challenges in NVRAM.
Combined Toxicity of Insecticides and Fungicides Applied to California Almond Orchards to Honey Bee Larvae and Adults

Beekeepers providing pollination services for California almond orchards have reported observing dead or malformed brood during and immediately after almond bloom—effects that they attribute to pesticide exposure. The objective of this study was to test commonly used insecticides and fungicides during almond bloom on honey bee larval development in a laboratory bioassay. In vitro rearing of worker honey bee larvae was performed to test the effect of three insecticides (chlorantraniliprole, diflubenzuron, and methoxyfenozide) and three fungicides (propiconazole, iprodione, and a mixture of boscalid-pyraclostrobin), applied alone or in insecticide-fungicide combinations, on larval development. Young worker larvae were fed diets contaminated with active ingredients at concentration ratios simulating a tank-mix at the maximum label rate. Overall, larvae receiving insecticide and insecticide-fungicide combinations were less likely to survive to adulthood when compared to the control or fungicide-only treatments. The insecticide chlorantraniliprole increased larval mortality when combined with the fungicides propiconazole or iprodione, but not alone; the chlorantraniliprole-propiconazole combination was also found to be highly toxic to adult workers treated topically. Diflubenzuron generally increased larval mortality, but no synergistic effect was observed when combined with fungicides. Neither methoxyfenozide nor any methoxyfenozide-fungicide combination increased mortality. Exposure to insecticides applied during almond bloom has the potential to harm honey bees and this effect may, in certain instances, be more damaging when insecticides are applied in combination with fungicides.
Engrafting Unit-Recipient HLA-Allele Mismatch Is Not Associated with an Increased Risk of Transplant-Related Mortality (TRM) or Inferior Progression-Free Survival (PFS) after Double Unit Cord Blood (CB) Transplantation (dCBT) in Adults with Hematologic Malignancies

Background The less stringent CB HLA-match requirement extends allograft access. The extent to which HLA-mismatch can adversely affect CBT outcomes & the maximum permitted HLA-mismatch, however, are not established. Methods We analyzed TRM, relapse & PFS after cyclophosphamide 50 mg/kg, fludarabine 150 mg/m2, thiotepa 5-10 mg/kg, 400 cGy TBI dCBT in adults with hematologic malignancies. Eligible patients (pts) were 1st allograft recipients ≤ 65 years transplanted 1/2014 - 12/2017. TNC & CD34+ dose were typically given priority over HLA-match in unit selection. Results 102 pts [51 (50%) non-European, median 50 years (range 21-65), median 80 kg (range 36-137), 71 acute leukemias & 17 CML/ MPD/ MDS (all ≤ 10% blasts pre-CBT), 14 NHLs] received double unit grafts. The majority of units [181 (89%)] were 4/6 matched. At high resolution the unit-recipient 8-allele HLA-match was a median of 5/8 (range 3-7). The median infused viable CD34+ dose was 1.3 × 105/kg/unit (range 0.2-8.6). 48 (47%) pts also received haplo-identical CD34+ cells as a myeloid bridge. 97% (95%CI 90-99) engrafted with CB. All pts had a dominant unit (1 early death excluded). Day 180 grade II-IV & III-IV aGVHD were 89% (95%CI 81-94) & 23% (95%CI 15-31), respectively. 1-yr cGVHD was 4% (95%CI 1-9). Day 180 TRM was 9% (95%CI 4-15) & 14% (95%CI 8-22) at 2 yrs. 11% (95%CI 6-19) of pts relapsed by 2 yrs. With a median survivor follow-up of 2 yrs 3 months (range 6 - 51), 2-yr OS is 82% (95%CI 75-90) & PFS is 74% (95%CI 66-84). Causes of death were transplant-related in 16 pts [6 aGVHD, 4 infection (2 viral, 1 bacterial, 1 fungal), 4 organ failure, 1 graft failure, 1 unknown] & relapse in 4 pts. By 2-yrs, engrafting unit-recipient HLA-allele match had no association with TRM or PFS ( Figure ). Analysis of the association between recipient/ graft variables & TRM/ relapse/ PFS are shown ( Table ). Pts In multivariate analysis, aaHCT-CI was associated with worse PFS [HR 2.82 (1.28-6.25) if score 4-9 vs 0-3, p = 0.01]; neither rDRI [HR 1.21 (0.54-2.69) if high-very high vs low-intermediate, p = 0.64] nor engrafting unit-recipient HLA-match [HR 2.06 (0.89-4.74) if 5-7/8 vs 3-4/8 matched (p = 0.09] were significant. Conclusions dCBT with mismatched units facilitates allograft access extension & has a high PFS. While further investigation of the CD34+ dose – HLA-mismatch interaction is required, this supports unit selection prioritizing quality & dose in adults to optimize engraftment. Finally, this data supports CBT in younger pts, those with low 0-3 aaHCT-CI, or high rDRI given the high 2-yr PFS in such pts.
Estimating the time-varying generation rate of acetic acid from an all-purpose floor cleaner

Understanding the relationship between consumer product use and risk of adverse health outcomes facilitates appropriate risk management and product stewardship. A preferred method for estimating the systemic and respiratory tract exposure and dose tailored to cleaning products use has been proposed, refining previously issued exposure guidance. Consistent with other exposure and risk-assessment frameworks, it is dependent upon high-quality exposure determinant data that also serve as model inputs. However, as publicly available exposure determinant data are scarce, the risk assessor is left with the option of estimating determinants such as the generation rate or employing empirical methods to estimate them. When the exposure scenario involves a chemical mixture, estimating the generation rate may not be feasible. We present an approach for estimating the time-varying generation rate of an aqueous acetic acid mixture representative of the base formulation for many consumer and DIY cleaning products that was previously assessed in a screening-level assessment. The approach involved measuring the evaporation rate for a reasonable worst-case scenario under controlled conditions. Knowing the mass applied, a time-varying generation rate was estimated. To evaluate its portability, a field study was conducted in a home where measurements were collected in an all-purpose room with the exterior door open (Room 1) and closed (Room 2), and a bathroom (Room 3) using a portable Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer. Acetic acid concentrations were modeled using two common indoor air models, the Well Mixed Room model. Measured and modeled acetic acid concentrations were compared, with the WMR 95% confidence intervals encompassing measured concentrations for all three rooms, supporting the utility of the approach used and portability of the generation rate derived from it.
From Vertical to Dynamic Transfer: Recognizing Continuous Swirl in American Higher Education.

In recent years, transfer and articulation has become a hot topic within the higher education research and policy literature. This is evidenced by the myriad of terms whose roots trace to the broad...
Isolation and synthesis of tanyolides A and B, metabolites of the nudibranch Sclerodoris tanya.

The nudibranch Sclerodoris tanya, which was collected intertidally at La Jolla, contains two sesquiterpene glyceride esters, tanyolides A (4) and B (5). The structures of the tanyolides were elucidated by interpretation of spectral data. The absolute configuration of tanyolide B (5) was determined by synthesis of both enantiomers and the structure of tanyolide A (4) was also confirmed by synthesis. The tanyolides, which are located primarily in the dorsal mantle, deter feeding by two ecologically-relevant predatory fish.
Altered specificity of 15-LOX-1 in the biosynthesis of 7S,14S-diHDHA implicates 15-LOX-2 in biosynthesis of resolvin D5

ABSTRACT The oxylipins, 7S,14S-diHDHA and 7S,17S-diHDHA (RvD5), have been found in macrophages exudates and are believed to function as specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM’s). Their biosynthesis is thought to proceed through sequential oxidations of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by lipoxygenase enzymes, specifically by h5-LOX first to 7S-HDHA, followed by h12-LOX to form 7S,14S-diHDHA or h15-LOX-1 to form 7S,17S-diHDHA (RvD5). In this work, we determined that oxidation of 7S-HpDHA to 7S,14S-diHDHA can be performed by either h12-LOX or h15-LOX-1, with similar kinetics. The oxidation at C14 of DHA by h12-LOX was expected, but the non-canonical reaction of h15-LOX-1 to make primarily 7S,14S-diHDHA was unexpected. Computer modeling suggests the alcohol on C7 of 7S-HDHA hydrogen bonds with the backbone carbonyl of I399, forcing the hydrogen abstraction from C12 to oxygenate on C14, and not C17. This result raised questions regarding synthesis of 7S,17S-diHDHA (RvD5). Strikingly, we find h15-LOX-2 oxygenates 7S-HDHA almost exclusively at C17, forming RvD5 with faster kinetics than h15-LOX-1. The presence of h15-LOX-2 in neutrophils and macrophages, suggests it may have a greater role in biosynthesizing SPM’s than previously thought. We also determined that the reactions of h5-LOX with 14S-HpDHA and 17S-HpDHA are kinetically slow compared to DHA, suggesting these may be minor biosynthetic routes in-vivo. Additionally, we show that 7S,14S-diHDHA and RvD5 have anti-aggregation properties with platelets at low micro-molar potencies, which could directly regulate clot resolution.
Beware the Trolley Zealots

This essay draws on Mary Douglas' theory of institutional styles of thinking to analyze the debate about how and when the Coronavirus crisis can be brought to an end. The dominant approach, I show, frames the problem in utilitarian terms, akin to what is known among philosophers as "the trolley problem." I point out the pitfalls of this framing and contrast it with a counter-frame taken from the Judeo-Christian tradition of pastoral leadership. The lacunae of this institutional style of thinking are pointed out as well, in order to develop the critical distance necessary for a reasoned intervention in the crisis.
International Spatial Diffusion of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

Cet article traite de la diffusion internationale et de la croissance de l’Eglise de Jesus-Christ des Saints des Derniers Jours ; Eglise dont les membres sont aussi connus sous le nom de « Mormons ». Un modele de diffusion spatiale des Mormons hors Etats-Unis est developpe, qui incorpore une perspective fonctionnelle et une perspective spatiale. Si la perspective fonctionnelle inclut principalement le taux de croissance des Mormons dans un pays donne, la perspective spatiale - sur laquelle cet article se concentre - cherche a montrer l’existence d’un type spatial lie a l’expansion de l’Eglise dans les divers pays. Une breve vue d’ensemble de l’histoire de la diffusion internationale de l’Eglise est proposee ainsi que des analyses plus detaillees concernant le Bresil, le Perou ou le Mexique. En effet, les recherches menees prouvent que l’Eglise, depuis la Seconde Guerre Mondiale, s’est diffusee d’une maniere clairement hierarchique hors des Etats-Unis.
Effect of the electrode array-retina gap distance on visual function in patients with the Argus II retinal prosthesis

Post-implantation visual outcomes in patients with the Argus II Retinal Prosthesis is dependent on a multitude of factors including the positioning of the electrode array on the retina. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the average electrode array-retina gap distance correlates with objective visual function outcomes and sensitivity detection thresholds in patients implanted with the Argus II Retinal Prosthesis. Five patients with implantation of the Argus II Retinal Prosthesis were enrolled in this single-institution retrospective study. Patient demographics were collected from medical records. Visual function data (Square Localization [SL] and Direction of Motion [DOM]) and Optical Coherence Tomography (Cirrus HD-OCT) images were extracted retrospectively from the Argus II Retinal Prosthesis Post-Approval study. Visual function tests were performed with the device OFF and ON at each study visit. Electrode array-retina gap distances were measured at each of the array’s 60 electrodes using the Cirrus HD-OCT software in both the nasotemporal and superoinferior planes. Data was obtained at baseline, and post-operative month 1, month 3, month 6, and year 1. Sensitivity detection thresholds were obtained at the initial programming visit and each reprogramming session. Three patients performed significantly better in SL visual function testing with the device ON. Patients that worsened in visual function testing with the device ON in both SL and DOM testing had a statistically significant decrease in performance. The electrode array-retina gap distance was found to effect performance in SL testing in a patient-dependent manner. No effect was found between the electrode-array gap distance and DOM testing or sensitivity detection threshold. Our results demonstrate that the electrode array-retina gap distance may affect visual function outcomes in SL testing in certain patients with the Argus II Retinal Prosthesis, and the direction and magnitude of this effect is likely patient-dependent. Furthermore, complete apposition between the electrode array and retina may not always be necessary to achieve optimal visual outcomes.
The Impact of the Menstrual Cycle and Underlying Hormones in Anxiety and PTSD: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go From Here?

This paper reviews the recent literature on menstrual cycle phase effects on outcomes relevant to anxiety and PTSD, discusses potential neurobiological mechanisms underlying these effects, and highlights methodological limitations impeding scientific advancement. The menstrual cycle and its underlying hormones impact symptom expression among women with anxiety and PTSD, as well as psychophysiological and biological processes relevant to anxiety and PTSD. The most consistent findings are retrospective self-report of premenstrual exacerbation of anxiety symptoms and the protective effect of estradiol on recall of extinction learning among healthy women. Lack of rigorous methodology for assessing menstrual cycle phase and inconsistent menstrual cycle phase definitions likely contribute to other conflicting results. Further investigations that address these limitations and integrate complex interactions between menstrual cycle phase–related hormones, genetics, and psychological vulnerabilities are needed to inform personalized prevention and intervention efforts for women.
Phenotypes of engagement with mobile health technology for heart rhythm monitoring.

Objectives Guided by the concept of digital phenotypes, the objective of this study was to identify engagement phenotypes among individuals with atrial fibrillation (AF) using mobile health (mHealth) technology for 6 months. Materials and methods We conducted a secondary analysis of mHealth data, surveys, and clinical records collected by participants using mHealth in a clinical trial. Patterns of participants' weekly use over 6 months were analyzed to identify engagement phenotypes via latent growth mixture model (LGMM). Multinomial logistic regression models were fitted to compute the effects of predictors on LGMM classes. Results One hundred twenty-eight participants (mean age 61.9 years, 75.8% male) were included in the analysis. Application of LGMM identified 4 distinct engagement phenotypes: "High-High," "Moderate-Moderate," "High-Low," and "Moderate-Low." In multinomial models, older age, less frequent afternoon mHealth use, shorter intervals between mHealth use, more AF episodes measured directly with mHealth, and lower left ventricular ejection fraction were more strongly associated with the High-High phenotype compared to the Moderate-Low phenotype (reference). Older age, more palpitations, and a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack were more strongly associated with the Moderate-Moderate phenotype compared to the reference. Discussion Engagement phenotypes provide a nuanced characterization of how individuals engage with mHealth over time, and which individuals are more likely to be highly engaged users. Conclusion This study demonstrates that engagement phenotypes are valuable in understanding and possibly intervening upon engagement within a population, and also suggests that engagement is an important variable to be considered in digital phenotyping work more broadly.
In vivo somatic cell base editing and prime editing

Recent advances in genome editing technologies have magnified the prospect of single-dose cures for many genetic diseases. For most genetic disorders, precise DNA correction is anticipated to best treat patients. To install desired DNA changes with high precision, our laboratory developed base editors (BEs), which can correct the four most common single-base substitutions, and prime editors, which can install any substitution, insertion, and/or deletion over a stretch of dozens of base pairs. Compared to nuclease-dependent editing approaches that involve double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) and often result in a large percentage of uncontrolled editing outcomes, such as mixtures of insertions and deletions (indels), larger deletions, and chromosomal rearrangements, base editors and prime editors often offer greater efficiency with fewer byproducts in slowly dividing or non-dividing cells, such as those that make up most of the cells in adult animals. Both viral and non-viral in vivo delivery methods have now been used to deliver base editors and prime editors in animal models, establishing that base editors and prime editors can serve as effective agents for in vivo therapeutic genome editing in animals. This review summarizes examples of in vivo somatic cell (post-natal) base editing and prime editing and prospects for future development.
Generalizable Theory of Reynolds Stress

We generalize the Lagrangian transport theory to include the normal and shear Reynolds stresses, so that a complete tensor can be constructed. The ideology is based on imposition of the momentum and energy balance to a control volume moving at the local mean velocity, which bears the effect of de-coupling the mean from the fluctuation components. The resulting transport equations are verified, with available DNS data. Representation of the fluxes in this form leads to the dissipation scaling, which collapses the \(u^{\prime 2}\), \(v^{\prime 2}\) and \(u^{\prime }v^{\prime }\) gradient profiles for all Reynolds numbers. Addition of the energy spectra, derivable from the maximum entropy principle, completes the Reynolds stress theory, to fully prescribe the turbulence structures in canonical geometries.
Psoas muscle area and paraspinal muscle fat in children and young adults with or without obesity and fatty liver

Background Little is known about the muscle condition in children with obesity. Objectives To investigate the effect of obesity and fatty liver on muscle area and muscle fat in children and young adults. Materials and methods We evaluated consecutive liver fat quantification MRIs in children and young adults between June 2015 and April 2019. We obtained hepatic fat and paraspinal muscle fat at mid L2 from the fat map, psoas muscle area (PMA) at mid L3, and z-score of PMA. The patient’s age, height and weight at the time of the MRI were recorded. Body mass index (BMI) z-score was also calculated. Spearman correlation and partial correlation analyses were performed. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were also performed using significant variables. Results A total of 132 patients (97 male) were included with a median age of 13.0 years (interquartile range 11–16 years). The median BMI was 23.7 kg/m2 (interquartile range 21.2–27.7 kg/m2). The weight, BMI, liver fat, and z-score of PMA were all higher in male patients than they were in female patients. The amount of liver fat had no correlation with muscle fat or PMA z-score after adjusting BMI. However, the BMI z-score was positively correlated with the PMA z-score (ρ = 0.432, p<0.001) even after adjusting for liver fat. On regression analyses, the BMI z-score had linear positive relationship with PMA z-score (β = 0.289, p<0.001) and muscle fat (β = 0.218, p = 0.016). Conclusions Male children and young adults have greater PMA than do female children and young adults. Obesity is associated with higher PMA and paraspinal muscle fat. However, liver fat is not related with the muscle condition in children and young adults.
Implementing the human right to water and sanitation: a study of global and local discourses

This article explores global and local discourses on how to implement the newly recognised human right to water and sanitation (HRtWS). We analyse the potential limitations of the human rights frame in the context of critiques that human rights are a liberal, Western discourse that does not reflect the lived experiences of non-Western countries. Through two case studies we find that there are two discourses emerging on how to implement the HRtWS. At the global level, as seen in the work of the UN Special Rapporteur on the HRtWS, we find a hegemonic discourse that is state-centric and market-friendly. In Bolivia, a country currently implementing a human rights-based approach to water services, we find a counter-hegemonic discourse on implementation. We argue that the hegemonic discourse is incomplete and does not fully address barriers to fulfilment of the right, such as state corruption and the needs of peri-urban residents.
Analysis of Amino Acid Phenylthiohydantoins by Gas Chromatography

A gas chromatographic procedure has been developed for the quantitative analysis of submicrogram amounts of the phenylthiohydantoins of all the amino acids except arginine. The compounds are divided into three groups according to their volatility and need for derivatization (trimethylsilylation). The more volatile, relatively nonpolar thiohydantoins (Group I) are chromatographed with best results on columns coated with the stationary phase DC-560. For polar thiohydantoins of lower volatility (Group II), XE-60 is a much more suitable phase. The third group consists of thiohydantoins for which trimethylsilylation prior to analysis is either mandatory (aspartic, glutamic, and cysteic acids) or helpful (serine, S-carboxymethylcysteine, threonine, and lysine derivatives). A two column system employing the above stationary phases has been applied to the analysis of porcine thyrocalcitonin which was degraded by the threestage form of the Edman procedure. In addition, a single column system has been developed utilizing a blend of three silicone phases which allows identification of all three groups of thiohydantoins in two 50-min runs (before and after trimethylsilylation).
Prenatal sensory experience affects hatching behavior in domestic chicks (Gallus gallus) and Japanese quail chicks (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Species-typical developmental outcomes result from organismic and environmental constraints and experiences shared by members of a species. We examined the effects of enhanced prenatal sensory experience on hatching behaviors by exposing domestic chicks (n = 95) and Japanese quail (n = 125) to one of four prenatal conditions: enhanced visual stimulation, enhanced auditory stimulation, enhanced auditory and visual stimulation, or no enhanced sensory experience (control condition). In general, across species, control embryos had slower hatching behaviors than all other embryos. Embryos in the auditory condition had faster hatching behaviors than embryos in the visual and control conditions. Auditory–visual condition embryos showed similarities to embryos exposed to either auditory or visual stimulation. These results suggest that prenatal sensory experience can influence hatching behavior of precocial birds, with the type of stimulation being a critical variable. These results also provide further evidence that species-typical outcomes are the result of species-typical prenatal experiences. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 935–942, 2014.
Wheat responds to sewage sludge as fertilizer in an arid environment.

Experiments were conducted in Avra Valley, Arizona to compare plant growth, hay yield, grain yield, straw yield, and livestock feeding qualities of wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) fertilized with sewage sludge with that of wheat fertilized with inorganic nitrogen (N). The wheat was grown on a sandy loam soil (of the coarse loamy mixed typic torrifluvents series) and fertilized with recommended rates of inorganic N and recommended rates of plant-available N from anaerobically digested liquid sewage sludge. Fertilization with sewage sludge increased number of days from planting to heading, plant height, and tillering. The low sludge rate and the inorganic N treatment produced similar yields of hay, grain, and straw. The high sludge rate produced the most hay and straw; however, it did not result in a significant increase in grain yield. Wheat hay, grain, and straw grown with sewage sludge and inorganic N were similar in livestock feeding qualities. Heavy metal concentratons in wheat hay, grain, and straw were low in all fertilizer treatments. Cadmium and Nickel levels were below detectable limits. When wheat was grown to maturity, more heavy metals accumulated in the grain than in the straw.
Who's in the Governor's Mansion? Gender Differences in the Policy Priorities of Governors

Although a growing body of literature demonstrates female and male legislators act differently in the policies they champion, little is known about gender differences at the executive level. The lack of a critical mass of women governors explains this dearth of scholarship. With the increase in the number of female governors, especially in the 2000s, we can begin to fill this gap by analyzing whether female and male governors differ in their policy agendas. We use a computerized content analytic technique to measure gubernatorial policy agendas as evidenced in their state of the state addresses. Based on gender differences among state legislators, we expect female governors to emphasize different policy priorities than their male counterparts. Our findings are mixed. Female democratic governors do prioritize some policy areas differently than their male counterparts yet in other areas their policy agendas are identical. Within the Republican party we find no gender differences. Our findings suggest that the requirements of being a state’s top political executive as well as party affiliation limit gender differences.
Fabrication of porous graphene/polyimide composites using leachable poly-acrylic resin for enhanced electrochemical and energy storage capabilities

Specific capacitance of graphene–polyimide composites is significantly enhanced by incorporation of porous structures in the polymer composite. The selective decomposition of thermally labile poly-acrylic resin introduced into the composite during synthesis creates pores of varying size and shapes. It is noted that samples synthesized with lower weight percent acrylic polymer produced more uniform sized pores than those with higher weight percent. The presence of pores increased available surface area of the stacked graphene sheets available for ion adsorption and double layer formation. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images confirms the presence of pores and reveals filler orientation around porous regions. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) show an increase in specific capacitance from 39 F g−1 to 133 F g−1 and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) shows significant decrease in bulk resistance and a 100% increase in theoretical porosity when tested in 0.4 M potassium hexaflorophosphate VI (KPF6)/propylene carbonate electrolyte solution. Shifts in imide peaks to lower wave numbers in Raman and Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR) suggests presence of chemical interaction between filler and matrix confirming uniform dispersion of fillers in the material. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) shows thermal stability for the composite systems at temperatures above 700 °C. The material is investigated for use in super capacitor applications especially in devices which require high end-use temperatures.
Impact of the TeraGrid on Large-Scale Simulations and Visualizations

TeraGrid is a National Science Foundation supported computing grid available for scientists and engineers in U.S. universities and government research laboratories. It is the world’ largest and most comprehensive distributed cyberinfrastructure for open scientific research. With its high-performance data management, computational, and visualization resources, TeraGrid has opened up new opportunities for scientists and engineers for solving large-scale problems with relative ease. To assess the performance of different resources available on the TeraGrid, parallel performance of a flow solver was tested on Indiana University’ IBM e1350 and San Diego Supercomputing Center’ IBM BlueGene/L systems, which are two of the TeraGrid computational resources with differing architectures. The results of a large-scale problem are visualized on a parallel visualization toolkit, ParaView, available on the TeraGrid to test its usability for large scale-problems.
Culturally Competent School Nurse Practice

School nurses are among the professional specialty disciplines in the school environment that have the unique opportunity of exploring and building upon effective practices when working and providing service to diverse populations. As such, school nurses must not only acquire the skills to survive in the culture of education; they must also develop cultural competence by engaging in self-identity and reflection, understanding cultural differences, being culturally responsive, identifying social injustices, and engaging in life-long learning experiences.
Animal Trouble and Urban Anxiety: Human–Animal Interaction in Post–Earth Day Seattle

AbstractEmphasizing debates about urban animals and habitat—particularly zoo animals, dogs, and geese—this essay argues that ideas about nature and popular ecology after Earth Day emerged in a dyna...
Design patterns for multiphysics modeling in Fortran 2003 and C

We present three new object-oriented software design patterns in Fortran 2003 and C++. These patterns integrate coupled differential equations, facilitating the flexible swapping of physical and numerical software abstractions at compile-time and runtime. The Semi-Discrete pattern supports the time advancement of a dynamical system encapsulated in a single abstract data type (ADT). The Puppeteer pattern combines ADTs into a multiphysics package, mediates interabstraction communications, and enables implicit marching even when nonlinear terms couple separate ADTs with private data. The Surrogate pattern emulates C++ forward references in Fortran 2003. After code demonstrations using the Lorenz equations, we provide architectural descriptions of our use of the new patterns in extending the Rouson et al. [2008a] Navier-Stokes solver to simulate multiphysics phenomena. We also describe the relationships between the new patterns and two previously developed architectural elements: the Strategy pattern of Gamma et al. [1995] and the template emulation technique of Akin [2003]. This report demonstrates how these patterns manage complexity by providing logical separation between individual physics models and the control logic that bridges between them. Additionally, it shows how language features such as operator overloading and automated memory management enable a clear mathematical notation for model bridging and system evolution.
A multipole-accelerated algorithm for close interaction of slightly deformable drops

An efficient multipole-accelerated boundary-integral algorithm is developed to study close-contact, three-dimensional interaction of two drops at zero Reynolds numbers and very small, but non-zero, capillary numbers Ca, when the drops are nearly spherical. The numerical difficulties (compared to the case of larger deformations) include severe stability limitations on the time step and a singular perturbation for Ca@?1, requiring very high surface resolution both in the small gap and in the ''outer'' region. The mesh triangle vertices are grouped into a large number of non-overlapping ''patches,'' with economical, rotation-based multipole reexpansions to handle patch-to-patch interactions and limit the use of expensive direct summations. A novel concept of a ''dynamical projective mesh'' is developed, to maintain fixed-topology, gap-adaptive surface triangulations. For O(10^5) boundary elements per drop in close contact, the algorithm has, at least, an order-of-magnitude advantage over the standard boundary-integral method, making such dynamical calculations feasible. In gravity-induced and shear-induced motion, exact results are obtained for the dynamics of the surface clearance h"m"i"n (which attains values less than 0.001 of the drop radii) and for the ''separation angle'' @b"s"e"p (determining the configuration when two drops in apparent contact start to separate). The shear flow problem is studied in the wide range of drop-to-medium viscosity ratios 0.25= 0.
A Review of “Creating a Nation of Joiners: Democracy and Civil Society in Early National Massachusetts”

Associate professor Johann N. Neem, who received his PhD from the University of Virginia and teaches history of the early American republic at Western Washington University, takes a fresh look at v...
Duality in multivariate receptor models

Multivariate receptor models are used for source apportionment of multiple observations of compositional data of air pollutants that obey mass conservation. Singular value decomposition of the data leads to two sets of eigenvectors. One set of eigenvectors spans a space in which source compositions are points and source contributions are hyperplanes. This space is shown to be dual to the space spanned by the second set of eigenvectors of the data in which source compositions are hyperplanes and source contributions are points. The analytical formulae for this duality are given. Finally, the duality principle is applied to greatly increase the computational speed of the Unmix multivariate receptor model.
A new interpretation of Hume's Of miracles

Il a souvent ete suggere que selon Hume, il est impossible en principe de prouver un miracle par le temoignage. Dans un deuxieme temps, il y a dans l'argumentation de Hume un element indispensable qui veut que le miracle soit par definition une violation des lois de la nature. L'A. affirme que les deux propositions precedentes sont fausses. Au contraire, il est absolument necessaire d'envisager l'ouvrage de Hume, Des miracles, dans son propre contexte historique. Il apparait alors que l'argument de Hume contre les miracles est largement different de ce qui est habituellement propose
A three-step procedure for the isolation of peptides derived from adenine nucleotide binding sites of enzymes labeled with p-fluorosulfonyl [14C]benzoyl-5'-adenosine.

Abstract A simple three-step procedure is described for the purification of a labeled peptide from a tryptic digest of the β-subunit of the F 1 -ATPase after the enzyme had been inactivated with p -fluorosulfonyl-[ 14 C]benzoyl-5′-adenosine. The procedure involves: (1) anion-exchange chromatography of a tryptic digest of the labeled β-subunit on diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex; (2) treatment of the peptides in the radioactive peak from the first step with 0.1 m NaOH under conditions in which the ester bond in the label is hydrolyzed; and (3) anion-exchange chromatography of the treated peptides under conditions identical to those of the first step after removal of the NaOH by gel filtration. Cleavage of the ester bond in the second step releases adenosine and specifically introduces an additional negative charge onto the labeled peptide. Thus, it is resolved from the peptides that contaminate it in the third step.
Imaginaries of Development: The Rockefeller Foundation and Rice Research

This article is both a historical and contemporary analysis of the Rockefeller Foundation's changing role in rice research over the past 50 years, and though there are many overlaps between them, focuses on three broad periods: first, the RF's early work in rice research, particularly through the establishment of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and the Green Revolution era of the 1960s and 1970s; second, the development of the RF's rice biotechnology program in the 1980s; and third, the RF's focus on agricultural research in Africa, with rice research as a subset of their programmatic efforts, during the 1990s and beyond. Rice research in each of the different periods was driven by different framings of problems and potential solutions, incorporating wider ideologies, epistemologies, and key actors and networks, with the RF at the center. Viewed in this way, the Rockefeller Foundation's involvement in rice research cannot be seen ‘simply’ as an agricultural modernization project, but rath...