cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of CMORPH and TRMM-3B42 over Mountainous Regions of Africa and South America

Two satellite rainfall estimation algorithms, CMORPH and TMPA, are evaluated over two mountainous regions at daily accumulation and spatial resolution 0.25°. The evaluated TMPA products are TRMM-3B42 and TRMM-3B42RT. The first of the two validations region is located over the Ethiopian highlands in the Horn of Africa. The second is located over the highlands of Columbia in South America. Both sites are characterized by a very complex terrain. Relatively dense station networks over the two sites are used to validate the satellite products. The correlation coefficients between the reference gauge data and the satellite products were found to be low. Besides, the products underestimate both the occurrence and amount of rainfall over both validation sites. These were attributed, at least partly, to orographic warm rain process over the two regions. The performance over Colombia was better compared to that for Ethiopia. And CMORPH has exhibited better performance as compared to the two TRMM products.
Measures of Life Satisfaction Across the Lifespan

This chapter reviewed life satisfaction measures appropriate for children, adolescents, adults, and older adults. Psychometric evidence was summarized in terms of normative samples, reliability, and validity data. A review of the available measures suggested that a number of life satisfaction measures demonstrate acceptable psychometric properties for various purposes, especially research purposes. Some measures appear useful for professional practice purposes (e.g., clinical screening, group monitoring) as well. Recommendations for future research are offered. Given the within-nation and across-nation interest in life satisfaction measurement, the most important recommendation for future research involves studies of the equivalence of the reliability and validity of key measures across differing groups, such as nations, cultures, ethnic groups, genders, and age groups. Research on the application of life satisfaction measures to the public policymaking arena also appears essential.
A Visual Analytics Platform and Advanced Visualization Tools for Interpreting and Analyzing Wind Energy Time-Series Data

Abstract The Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) connects nearly 5,100 MW of wind energy to its transmission system through dozens of wind energy projects located in the states of Oregon and Washington. These wind energy projects are producing large amounts of real-time data that need to be efficiently monitored and analyzed by BPA operators in order to combine and balance this variable source of energy with other energy resources to meet energy demands. To support wind energy monitoring, operations, and integration, visual analytics researchers at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory have developed a visual analytics platform that is able to connect to existing wind operations data sources, fuse and integrate wind energy data, and efficiently serve integrated wind energy data to advanced web-based visualization tools. In addition, the visual analytics team has also developed a set of advanced visualization tools that are available through the visual analytics platform to directly support wind energy operations and analysis needs.
Flexing Italian American Masculinity and White Diversity on Man Caves

AbstractThis textual analysis of Man Caves explores how former National Football League (NFL) star turned DIY Network host Tony “Goose” Siragusa uses Italian American stereotypes of the funny fatso, gangster, and unskilled worker, rooted in his life story, to “flex” hegemonic masculinity in ways that articulate what I call White diversity. This contradictory identity claims both victimhood and privilege for White ethnic masculinity. Analyzing Siragusa’s flexing of Italian American masculinity is especially timely in our present historical moment when White supremacists claim ethnic “diversity” to assert an aggrieved status without disavowing privilege. Siragusa’s flexing of Italian American masculinity reflects the wider historical moment in which White men, beyond White power movements, may claim an aggrieved but privileged status. The conclusion considers ways out of White diversity that feminist scholar-activists may pursue.
Salivary Thiocyanate as a Biomarker of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator Function.

Improved methods are needed to reliably assess Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) function in vivo in light of recent therapeutic developments targeting the CFTR protein. Or...
Regulatory Mechanisms of Soft Palate Development and Malformations

Orofacial clefting is the most common congenital craniofacial malformation, appearing in approximately 1 in 700 live births. Orofacial clefting includes several distinct anatomic malformations affecting the upper lip and hard and soft palate. The etiology of orofacial clefting is multifactorial, including genetic or environmental factors or their combination. A large body of work has focused on the molecular etiology of cleft lip and clefts of the hard palate, but study of the underlying etiology of soft palate clefts is an emerging field. Recent advances in the understanding of soft palate development suggest that it may be regulated by distinct pathways from those implicated in hard palate development. Soft palate clefting leads to muscle misorientation and oropharyngeal deficiency and adversely affects speech, swallowing, breathing, and hearing. Hence, there is an important need to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of soft palate development. Significantly, the anatomy, function, and development of soft palatal muscles are similar in humans and mice, rendering the mouse an excellent model for investigating molecular and cellular mechanisms of soft palate clefts. Cranial neural crest-derived cells provide important regulatory cues to guide myogenic progenitors to differentiate into muscles in the soft palate. Signals from the palatal epithelium also play key roles via tissue-tissue interactions mediated by Tgf-β, Wnt, Fgf, and Hh signaling molecules. Additionally, mutations in transcription factors, such as Dlx5, Tbx1, and Tbx22, have been associated with soft palate clefting in humans and mice, suggesting that they play important regulatory roles during soft palate development. Finally, we highlight the importance of distinguishing specific types of soft palate defects in patients and developing relevant animal models for each of these types to improve our understanding of the regulatory mechanism of soft palate development. This knowledge will provide a foundation for improving treatment for patients in the future.
Pictography: Semiotic Approaches

This article examines pictographs as precursors of writing systems. There is a brief analysis of a well-known American Indian pictograph from the 19th century and a review of the semiotic notion of image. Pictography has multiple meanings. First, it may refer to a type of pre-writing communication. Second, it refers to various forms of images, such as religious icons, and related items. Third, it has modern-day forms, including computer symbols, emoticons, comics, and word games, to name but a few possibilities.
Discrete aspects of continuous symmetries in the tensorial formulation of Abelian gauge theories

We show that standard identities and theorems for lattice models with $U(1)$ symmetry get reexpressed discretely in the tensorial formulation of these models. We also explain the geometrical analogy between the continuous lattice equations of motion and the discrete selection rules of the tensors. We further construct a gauge-invariant transfer matrix in arbitrary dimensions, show the equivalence with its gauge-fixed version in a maximal temporal gauge, and explain how a discrete Gauss's law is always enforced. Moreover, we propose a noise-robust way to implement Gauss's law in arbitrary dimensions, and we reformulate Noether's theorem for global, local, continuous, or discrete Abelian symmetries: for each given symmetry, there is one corresponding tensor redundancy. We discuss semiclassical approximations for classical solutions with periodic boundary conditions in two solvable cases, and we show the correspondence of their weak coupling limit with the tensor formulation after Poisson summation. Finally, we briefly discuss connections with other approaches and implications for quantum computing.
Chapter 4 – Knot Spinning

Publisher Summary There are many important ways to construct higher dimensional knots. This chapter focuses on algebraic knots, also examining the links of singularities of complex algebraic varieties. The chapter explains spinning constructions for higher-dimensional knots. These methods for creating new knots from knots of lower dimension can be described geometrically, and so spun knots often can be visualized directly (or at least schematically). The chapter then describes the basics of higher-dimensional knot theory and then turns to specific constructions, including simple spinning, superspinning, twist spinning, frame spinning, rolling, and deform spinning. It then discusses some new hybrid constructions, such as frame twist spinning, frame deform spinning, and frame rolling. Examples of important historical applications and results are illustrated.
Impact of an Immersive Virtual Reality Curriculum to Improve Medical Student Clinical Assessment of Infants with Respiratory Distress

Purpose: Respiratory distress is the most common cause of hospital admission during the 1st year of life. Identification of respiratory distress is critical for escalation of care, relying upon exam skills which are often under-developed in medical students. Our objective was to develop and assess the impact of an immersive virtual reality (VR) curriculum on medical student competence in assessment of respiratory distress. Methods A randomized, controlled study was initiated at a large, academic children’s hospital in July 2017. All 3rd year medical students on the pediatric rotation were eligible. All medical students received standard training on respiratory distress through didactics, mannequin simulation, and inpatient instruction. The intervention group also underwent an independent 30-minute VR curriculum with three simulations: 1) infant in no distress, 2) …
Does Increased Audit Partner Tenure Reduce Audit Quality

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires the lead audit or coordinating partner and the reviewing partner to rotate off the audit every five years so the engagement can be viewed “with fresh and skeptical eyes.” Using data obtained from actual audits by multiple U.S. offices of three large international audit firms, we examine whether there is a relationship between evidence of reduced audit quality, measured by estimated discretionary accruals, and audit partner tenure with a specific client. We find that estimated discretionary accruals are significantly and negatively associated with the lead audit partner's tenure with a specific client. Thus, audit quality appears to increase with increased partner tenure. After controlling for client size and engagement risk, we find audit partner tenure significantly and negatively associated with estimated discretionary accruals only for small clients with partner tenure of greater than seven years, regardless of risk level. We also find that tenure is not signific...
Scoping review of traumatic hemothorax: Evidence and knowledge gaps, from diagnosis to chest tube removal.

Abstract Background Traumatic hemothorax is a common injury that invites diagnostic and management strategy debates. Evidence-based management has been associated with improved care efficiency. However, the literature abounds with long-debated, re-emerging, and new questions. We aimed to consolidate up-to-date evidence on traumatic hemothoraces, focusing on clinical conundra debated in literature. Methods We conducted a scoping review of 21 clinical conundra in traumatic hemothorax diagnosis and management according to PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Experimental and observational studies evaluating patients (aged ≥18 years) with traumatic hemothoraces were identified through database searches (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library; database inception to Sep, 26 2020) and bibliography reviews of selected articles. Three reviewers screened and selected articles using standardized forms. Results We screened 1,440 articles for eligibility, of which 71 met criteria for synthesis. The review comprises 6 sections: (1) Presumptive antibiotics before tube thoracostomy; (2) Initial diagnostic and intervention decisions; (3) Chest tubes; (4) Retained hemothoraces; (5) Delayed hemothoraces; and (6) Chest tube removal). The 21 conundra across these sections follow the format of a question, our recommendation based on interpretation of available evidence, and succinct rationale. Rationale sections detail knowledge gaps and opportunities for future research. Conclusion Even practices engrained into surgical dogma, such as obtaining chest x-rays after inserting or removing chest tubes and mandating operation for patients who develop chest tube output above a certain threshold, deserve re-evaluation. Some knowledge gaps require rigorous future investigation; sound clinical judgment can likely supplement others.
Operationalizing Ethical Guidance for Ventilator Allocation in Minnesota: Saving the Most Lives or Exacerbating Health Disparities?

A statewide working group in Minnesota created a ventilator allocation scoring system in anticipation of functioning under a Crisis Standards of Care declaration. The scoring system was intended for patients with and without coronavirus disease 2019. There was disagreement about whether the scoring system might exacerbate health disparities and about whether the score should include age. We measured the relationship of ventilator scores to in-hospital and 3-month mortality. We analyzed our findings in the context of ethical and legal guidance for the triage of scarce resources. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Multihospital within a single healthcare system. PATIENTS Five-hundred four patients emergently intubated and admitted to the ICU. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The Ventilator Allocation Score was positively associated with higher mortality (p < 0.0001). The 3-month mortality rate for patients with a score of 6 or higher was 96% (42/44 patients). Age was positively associated with mortality. The 3-month mortality rate for patients 80 and older with scores of 4 or greater was 93% (40/43 patients). Of patients assigned a score of 5, those with end stage renal disease had lower mortality than patients without end stage renal disease although the difference did not achieve statistical significance (n = 27; 25% vs 58%; p = 0.2). CONCLUSIONS The Ventilator Allocation Score can accurately identify patients with high rates of short-term mortality. However, these high mortality patients only represent 27% of all the patients who died, limiting the utility of the score for allocation of scarce resources. The score may unfairly prioritize older patients and inadvertently exacerbate racial health disparities through the inclusion of specific comorbidities such as end stage renal disease. Triage frameworks that include age should be considered. Purposeful efforts must be taken to ensure that triage protocols do not perpetuate or exacerbate prevailing inequities. Further work on the allocation of scarce resources in critical care settings would benefit from consensus on the primary ethical objective.
Young Minds in Social Worlds: Experience, Meaning, and Memory

Preface 1. Modern Metaphors of the Developing Child 2. Perspectives on Meaning 3. Being an Infant, Becoming a Child 4. Toddling toward Childhood 5. Experiential Semantics of First Words 6. Entering the Symbolic World 7. Finding Oneself in Time 8. Entering a Community of Minds 9. The Study of Developing Young Minds Notes References Acknowledgments Index
Napping to modulate frustration and impulsivity: A pilot study ☆

Abstract Recent research has shown that napping can increase positive mood, and improve immune functioning, demonstrating the additional benefits of naps beyond reducing sleepiness and fatigue. Because prolonged wakefulness is becoming more common, it is becoming increasingly important to identify effective approaches to decrease resultant cognitive deficiencies. The present study aimed to examine the impact of a brief, midday nap on an aspect of executive functioning, emotional control. 40 subjects were randomized into a nap or no-nap condition, and emotional control was measured with a self-report impulsivity measure and frustration tolerance task. Results revealed that nappers showed a decrease in self-reported impulsivity and increased tolerance for frustration, while those in the no-nap condition showed the opposite pattern. These results indicate that emotional control may become impaired from wakefulness that builds across the day, and that napping may be an effective countermeasure.
A Note on Finitary Automorphisms

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a note on finitary automorpidsms. A finitary automorphism need not be special but if G is locally Noetherian, then it is easy to show that every finitary automorphism is special. The theory of finitary automorphisms was applied to homotopy theory and, in particular, to the study of self-maps of fibrations. The chapter generalizes the results to the precise algebraic situation. The chapter discusses a special situation of the endomorphism induced by a self-map, which is, the situation in which the map f of induces the identity on  1 B .
Richard G. Condon Prize, 2010 The Part of Me that Wants to Grab: Embodied Experience and Living Translation in U.S. Chinese Medical Education

Abstract In this article, I examine the relationship between embodiment, learning, and translation in the field of U.S. Chinese medical education. Based on data collected over two years of video-recorded classroom interaction and audio-recorded interviews in a Southern California school of Chinese medicine, I present several examples of how specific Chinese terms are interpreted and learned vis-a-vis embodied experience. Analysis of these segments demonstrates that translation does not end with the terms chosen to represent Chinese concepts in texts and other materials, but continues in an ongoing series of encounters in which participants' bodies are intercorporeally engaged with language as they gradually come to understand terms describing aspects of the self, the pulse, and herbal actions. This ongoing process is referred to as “living translation,” a notion that bridges linguistic studies of interaction and translation with psychocultural theories of embodiment and individual experience to advance understanding of the day-to-day contingencies of language socialization, translation, and embodiment in the emergent field of U.S. Chinese medicine.
A Direct Optimal Tracking Methodology for Nonlinear Dynamic Systems

A completely algebraic direct optimal tracking methodology is developed and illustrated for the control of nonlinear, time-varying, spatially discrete mechanical systems. System dynamics is obtained from the work-energy equation given by Hamilton's Law, using an assumed time-modes approach. Expansion coefficients of admissible time-modes for the dependent variables of the dynamic system and those for input forces constitute the states and controls respectively. This representation permits explicit integration in time producing a set of algebraic state equations, which replaces the conventional first order differential state equations. The tracks (design response) can be specified analytically or supplied as point data in time and they are curve fitted. The usual integral form of a quadratic regulator performance measure employed in the optimal tracking problem is also converted to an equivalent algebraic one. It is shown that the proposed methodology results in a completely algebraic optimality problem from which a closed form solution for nonlinear feedback control law is obtained directly. Simulation of a two degrees of freedom nonconservative system is included.
Maternal Employment and Children’s Development

Does maternal employment affect children’s development? The body of data presented in the preceding chapters provides a foundation upon which to answer this question. In this chapter, results will be integrated to determine generalizability of findings across studies, and some of the most important processes pertaining to the relationship of maternal employment to children’s development will be highlighted. Directions for future research and implications for social policy are advanced.
Many accurate small-discriminatory feature subsets exist in microarray transcript data: biomarker discovery

Molecular profiling generates abundance measurements for thousands of gene transcripts in biological samples such as normal and tumor tissues (data points). Given such two-class high-dimensional data, many methods have been proposed for classifying data points into one of the two classes. However, finding very small sets of features able to correctly classify the data is problematic as the fundamental mathematical proposition is hard. Existing methods can find "small" feature sets, but give no hint how close this is to the true minimum size. Without fundamental mathematical advances, finding true minimum-size sets will remain elusive, and more importantly for the microarray community there will be no methods for finding them. We use the brute force approach of exhaustive search through all genes, gene pairs (and for some data sets gene triples). Each unique gene combination is analyzed with a few-parameter linear-hyperplane classification method looking for those combinations that form training error-free classifiers. All 10 published data sets studied are found to contain predictive small feature sets. Four contain thousands of gene pairs and 6 have single genes that perfectly discriminate. This technique discovered small sets of genes (3 or less) in published data that form accurate classifiers, yet were not reported in the prior publications. This could be a common characteristic of microarray data, thus making looking for them worth the computational cost. Such small gene sets could indicate biomarkers and portend simple medical diagnostic tests. We recommend checking for small gene sets routinely. We find 4 gene pairs and many gene triples in the large hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, Liver cancer) data set of Chen et al. The key component of these is the "placental gene of unknown function", PLAC8. Our HMM modeling indicates PLAC8 might have a domain like part of lP59's crystal structure (a Non-Covalent Endonuclease lii-Dna Complex). The previously identified HCC biomarker gene, glypican 3 (GPC3), is part of an accurate gene triple involving MT1E and ARHE. We also find small gene sets that distinguish leukemia subtypes in the large pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia cancer set of Yeoh et al.
A comparison of energy intensities: 1963, 1967 and 1972

Abstract In this document we develop a compatible sector, constant dollar, commodity-based set of economic flow (Use and Make) matrices for the years of 1963, 1967 and 1972. These matrices then are used to produce energy intensities for the three years. Energy intensities are the measure of the direct and indirect energy (in physical units) required to make a unit of produced good or service. These intensities are compared, and possible reasons for differences are discussed.
Regression of bladder tumors in mice treated with interleukin 2 gene-modified tumor cells

This study explored the use of interleukin 2 (IL-2) and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) gene-modified tumor cells as cellular vaccines for the treatment of bladder cancer. The mouse MBT-2 tumor used is an excellent model for human bladder cancer. This carcinogen-induced tumor of bladder origin resembles human bladder cancer in its etiology and histology, and responds to treatment in a manner similar to its human counterpart. Using retroviral vectors, the human IL-2 and mouse IFN-gamma genes were introduced and expressed in MBT-2 cells. The tumor-forming capacity of the cytokine gene-modified MBT-2 cells was significantly impaired, since no tumors formed in mice injected intradermally with either IL-2- or IFN-gamma-secreting cells, using cell doses far exceeding the minimal tumorigenic dose of parental MBT-2 cells. Furthermore, mice that rejected the IL-2- or IFN-gamma-secreting tumor cells became highly resistant to a subsequent challenge with parental MBT-2 cells, but not to 38C13 cells, a B cell lymphoma of the same genetic background. To approximate the conditions as closely as possible to the conditions prevailing in the cancer patient, inactivated cytokine-secreting cells were used to treat animals bearing tumors established by orthotopic implantation of MBT-2 cells into the bladder wall of the animal. Treatment of mice carrying a significant tumor burden with IL-2-secreting MBT-2 cells had a significant inhibitory effect on tumor progression with extended survival. Moreover, in 60% of the mice the tumor regressed completely and the animals remained alive and free of detectable tumor for the duration of the observation period. Treatment of tumor-bearing animals with IL-2-secreting MBT-2 cells was superior to the use of cisplatin, a chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of bladder cancer. The therapeutic effect of IFN-gamma-secreting cells was minimal and treatment with unmodified MBT-2 cells had no effect on tumor growth or survival, showing that the parental MBT-2 cells were nonimmunogenic in this experimental setting. Most importantly, mice that exhibited complete tumor regression after treatment with IL-2-secreting MBT-2 cells became resistant to a subsequent challenge with a highly tumorigenic dose of parental MBT-2 cells, indicating that long-term immunological memory was established in the "cured" mice.
Zinc and pregnancy outcome

Total zinc needs during the last half of human pregnancy may be approximately 2.6 mg absorbed Zn/d. Adaptations in Zn utilization during pregnancy may help meet those needs. Possible adaptations include an increase in Zn absorption, reduced endogenous Zn loss, redistribution of tissue Zn, and an efficient maternal-fetal Zn transfer. A decline in circulating Zn concentration begins early in pregnancy and continues to term. The effect of gestational stage on circulating Zn should be incorporated into standards for serum Zn of pregnant women. Low maternal serum Zn levels have been associated with pregnancy-induced hypertension, abnormal parturition, and congenital anomalies. In studies done to date, Zn supplementation of 15-45 mg/d failed to improve pregnancy outcome except for a possible reduction in the incidence of a dysfunctional labor pattern. The relationship between Zn status and pregnancy outcome remains an open question.
Dietary amino acid complementation as a foraging strategy for wild birds

Foraging birds finding foods containing protein of various quality could satisfy their amino acid needs by either 1) choosing only those foods that contain a suitable array of essential amino acids, or 2) choosing foods in amounts that permit complementation of constituent amino acids. We studied the abilities of sparrows (Zonotrichia leuchophrys gambelii) to use dietary amino acid complementation as a foraging strategy. We conducted two series of tests: 1) to determine if sparrows could select adequate portions from food pairs in order to compensate for reciprocal dietary deficiencies of either valine and lysine or lysine and threonine, and 2) to evaluate to what extent fortuitous (passive) complementation of dietary amino acids was constrained in sparrows by the magnitude of the dietary amino acid deficiency and the schedule of daily intakes of complementary foods. Small birds appear to have limited abilities to actively exploit dietary amino acid complementation. Birds offered a choice of two foods deficient in either lysine, valine, or threonine but of complementary compositions, reduced their daily intakes of food and body masses, but to a lesser extent (ca. one-half to one-third, and ca. one-quarter as much, respectively) than when either of the deficient foods were offered alone. Even passive complementation of dietary amino acids was severely constrained by both the magnitude of the dietary amino acid deficiency and the time course of feeding. The greater the amino acid deficiency, the less effective the complementation of dietary amino acids. The time course for effective and efficient complementation of dietary essential amino acids in these small, metabolically active animals was less than 2 h.
The Relationship of Adolescent Perceptions of Peer Norms and Parent Involvement to Cigarette and Alcohol Use

This investigation assessed the relative influence of peer norms and parental involvement on adolescent cigarette and alcohol use. An anonymous questionnaire was administered to 2,017 seventh- to 12th-grade students in two Ohio public school districts. Cigarette and alcohol use rates in the sample were comparable to those found in national probability surveys. Results indicated that the relative balance of peer-parent influences did not differ across grade level. At all grade levels, perceived peer norms had substantially greater correlations with cigarette and alcohol use than did measures of perceived parental involvement. The findings are interpreted from an efficiency perspective. Optimal use of prevention resources suggest that programming for seventh- to 12th-graders should focus on shaping the perceptions of peer smoking and drinking practices rather than on parent interventions. Social norms marketing or other forms of normative education should be tested in this population.
The Effects of an Orientation Course on the Attitudes of Freshmen Engineering Students

Increasing the retention rate of beginning students in engineering is an important goal for engineering education. Our study examined the attitudes of freshmen in regard to the academic counseling they received. Orientation classes have been offered in groups of 40 to students on a voluntary basis, and surveys have been done to examine the effectiveness of these courses in increasing students' commitment to and positive perception of the University. A comparison of students enrolled in the orientation course and students in a control group found significant differences in the positive perception of academic counseling. Those students in the orientation course were more satisfied with the counseling they received than those without this course.
The Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Blockade in the Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure

The experimental evidence in support of the role of tumor necrosis factor in heart failure stems from the observations that tumor necrosis factor exerts negative inotropic effects and is capable of promoting fibrosis, hypertrophy, and cardiomyopathy in animal models. More importantly, cardiac specific tumor necrosis factor levels are regulated by pressure and volume load in animals and in humans. Therefore, a series of clinical small trials were conducted with etanercept, a highly specific anti-tumor necrosis factor-blocking agent that indicated a potential therapeutic role. However, two large randomized clinical trials powered to determine the effect of etanercept and infliximab on mortality have demonstrated no clinical benefit. The explanation of those findings are not clear; however, based on the strength of the experimental evidence one can conclude that perhaps other nonspecific approaches to manipulate the immune system may be of benefit.
Introduction to the Special Issue: Globalization and Social Work Education

(2012). Introduction to the Special Issue: Globalization and Social Work Education. Journal of Social Work Education: Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 627-634.
(1H-Imidazol-4-yl)methanol

The title compound, C4H6N2O, displays two predominant hydrogen-bonding inter­actions in the crystal structure. The first is between the unprotonated imidazole N atom of one mol­ecule and the hy­droxy H atom of an adjacent mol­ecule. The second is between the hy­droxy O atom of one mol­ecule and the imidazole N—H group of a corresponding mol­ecule. These inter­actions lead to the formation of a two-dimnensional network parallel to (10-1). C—H⋯O inter­actions also occur.
Evaluating and Advancing the Effective Teaching of Special Educators With a Dynamic Instructional Practices Portfolio

We describe the concept of a dynamic instructional practices portfolio to evaluate special education teachers. This portfolio features the My Instructional Learning Opportunities Guidance System (M...
Bragg diffractors with graded-thickness multilayers

Abstract Possible designs, characteristics and uses of multilayer diffraction elements in which the layer thickness is non-uniform are discussed.
Development of an AIDS vaccine: a daunting epidemiological challenge.

AIDS is one of the leading problems in global health, and a safe and effective vaccine against HIV has long been sought to control this escalating pandemic. The effort to develop an AIDS vaccine is nearing the 20-year mark without success, even though the an nual investment has climbed to more than $600,000,000. These stark facts raise questions, such as: Why do we not yet have an AIDS vaccine? What are the impediments that must be overcome? What is the expected timeline for an AIDS vaccine to be li censed? The answer to the last question is that, even making highly optimistic assumptions, it will be at least 10 years before an AIDS vaccine can be widely deployed. The following assessment provides an epi demiological perspective on some of the hurdles that impede the development of an effective AIDS vac cine, an issue that has been the subject of recent commentaries [1-3].
The main concept analysis in cantonese aphasic oral discourse: external validation and monitoring chronic aphasia.

Purpose The 1st aim of this study was to further establish the external validity of the main concept (MC) analysis by examining its relationship with the Cantonese Linguistic Communication Measure ...
Cyclophosphamide therapy in patients with advancing breast cancer following adrenalectomy and 5-fluorouracil.

Seven of 21 patients with advanced breast cancer previously treated with a combination of adrenalectomy and 5-fluorouracil responded to cyclophosphamide administered when disease relapsed after response to the combination. Four women who failed to benefit from adrenalectomy and 5-fluorouracil also did not respond to cyclophosphamide. Neither time from primary therapy to appearance of first metastases (free interval) nor time from adrenalectomy to cyclophosphamide therapy predicted response. Patients with dominant soft tissue disease appeared to have a greater chance of response than those with predominantly visceral or bony disease. Mild-to-moderate gastrointestinal and hematologic toxicity was seen in the majority of patients, but transient adrenal insufficiency was noted in only two women. There were no deaths due to toxicity, and increased maintenance corticoid dosage was not required. Cyclophosphamide is a useful palliative agent in advanced breast cancer patients who have relapsed after response to adrenalectomy, even when 5-fluorouracil was combined with the procedure.
The influence of nutrition on neural and behavioral development. IV. Effects of infantile undernutrition on the growth of the cerebellum

The morphological development of the cerebellum was examined with quantitative histological techniques in rats which were nursed from birth by mothers that had free access to food during lactation or were fed during that period 40 or 20% of the average ad lib diet. Little or no retardation was observed in the development of the cerebellum except in its germinal matrix (the external granular layer) at 11 days. At 17–21 days there was a substantial reduction in the migratory cells (precursors of granule neurons) and stationary cells (precursors of basket and stellate neurons) of the molecular layer, and in the differentiating granule cells of the internal granular layer. Associated with these reductions in cerebellar microneurons there was a significant decrease in the area occupied by the molecular and internal granular layers, the magnitude of which was a function of the severity of undernutrition. Between 30–60 days a total areal recovery was observed in the molecular and internal granular layers in the mildly undernourished rats and substantial compensation in the severely undernourished rats. This areal recovery was not due to a replacement of the lost cells but to an apparent compensatory increase of the “neuropil”.
The sulfhydryl nature of collagen proline hydroxylase.

Abstract A partially purified preparation of collagen proline hydroxylase from chick embryos is strongly inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents such as N -ethylmaleimide and p -chloromercuribenzoate. The presence of α-ketoglutarate, one of the substrates of the enzyme, affords considerable protection against inhibition by N -ethylmaleimide. The activity of collagen proline hydroxylase is stimulated by the presence of bovine serum albumin in the assay mixture, as Rhoads, Hutton, and Udenfriend have shown. However, the effect consists of two parts. The larger of the two is found to be independent of the sulfhydryl content of the albumin, but a small amount of further stimulation can be abolished by pretreating the albumin with N -ethylmaleimide. Dithiothreitol, which was shown by Rhoads, Hutton, and Udenfriend to stimulate the enzyme when present at concentrations up to 0.3 m m , is found to destroy the enzymic activity at higher concentrations (0.5 or 1.0 m m ). It seems probable that both a sulfhydryl group and one or more disulfide links in the enzyme are necessary for its activity. The sulfhydryl group may be in or near the site for the binding of α-ketoglutaric acid.
Comparison of a Time-Resolved Fluorescence Immunoassay and an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Analysis of Atrazine in Water

Immunoassays for atrazine based on a time-resolved fluorescent label and an enzyme label were optimized and utilized to measure atrazine in water. The time-resolved fluorescent immunoassay (TRFIA) was based on a polyclonal antibody and a europium label, whereas the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) utilized a monoclonal antibody and horseradish peroxidase as the label. Detection limits and IC50 values calculated from standard curves were 0.05 ( 0.03 and 0.17 ( 0.08 ng/mL (n ) 8) for the TRFIA, respectively, and 0.05 ( 0.04 and 0.3 ( 0.2 ng/mL (n ) 17) for the ELISA, respectively. Four different environmental water samples were fortified at various levels of atrazine. When these samples were analyzed, the % RSD for replicate fluorescence or absorbance readings was small (5 and 6%, respectively). The average accuracies for the TRFIA and ELISA were 1.4 ( 0.42 (n ) 13) and 1.0 ( 0.38 (n ) 13), respectively, reflecting the slight bias of the TRFIA. TRFIA offers an advantage over ELISA in that the fluorescent label is less susceptible to interferences that inhibit enzyme activity and reagents may be more stable than enzyme reagents.
Prostanoids and leukotrienes in experimental feline cholecystitis.

Current information suggests that arachidonic acid metabolites are involved in the development of cholecystitis. The purpose of this study was to evalute eicosanoid formation during the development of experimental cholecystitis in cats. Lysophosphatidylcholine is found in the gallbladders of patients with cholecystitis and is known to be a cytolytic, membrane damaging substance. Anesthetized cats underwent gallbladder perfusion with and without 1.5 mmol/L lysophosphatidylcholine. Additional experiments were performed when calcium ionophore was added to the perfusates and experiments were performed when cats were treated with indomethacin and underwent perfusion with lysophosphatidylcholine. Changes in the gallbladder were determined by evaluating mucosal water transport as measured by determining the changes in concentration in a nonabsorbable marker, by protein secretion and by β-glucuronidase accumulation in gallbladder tissue as an index of inflammation. Eicosanoid formation was evaluated by measuring perfusate concentrations and gallbladder homogenate concentrations by radioimmunoassay of prostaglandin E, 6 keto prostaglandin F 1 α, leukotriene B4 and leukotriene C4. Lysophosphatidylcholine perfusion reversed the control patterns of absorption and produced water exsorption, produced an efflux of protein into the perfusate and increased β-glucuronidase activity. These changes were accompanied by increased production of prostaglandin E and 6 keto prostaglandin F1α in gallbladder perfusate and homogenate. The concentration of leukotrience C4 in gallbladder effusate was increased by lysophosphatidylcholine when compared with control values. Indomethacin inhibited the protein efflux, decreased β-glucuronidase levels and decreased prostaglandin E and 6 keto prostagladin F1 α formation when compared with values produced by lysophosphatidylcholine alone. Cyclooxygenase inhibition did not alter the secretion of water into the gallbladder or perfusate leukotriene C4 concentrations. Lysophosphatidylcholine alters gallbladder mucosal function, and these changes may be mediated by arachidonic acid metabolites.(HEPATOLOGY 1990;11:1003-1009.).
Measurement of pion-proton bremsstrahlung for pions at 299 MeV.

We have measured the fivefold differential cross section ${d}^{5}$\ensuremath{\sigma}/d${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}$d${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$${\mathrm{dE}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ for the process ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$p\ensuremath{\gamma} with incident pions of energy 299 MeV. The angular regions for the outgoing pions (55\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ensuremath{\le}${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{lab}{}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\le}}95}$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}), and photons (${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{lab}{}^{\ensuremath{\gamma}}=241\mathrm{\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10}$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}) in coplanar geometry are selected to maximize the sensitivity to the radiation from the magnetic dipole moment of the ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{++}$(1232) resonance. At low photon energies, the data agree with the soft-photon approximation to pion-proton bremsstrahlung. At forward pion angles the data agree with older data and with the latest theoretical calculations for 2.3${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{p}$\ensuremath{\le}${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\ensuremath{\Delta}}$\ensuremath{\le}3.3${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{p}$. However at more backward pion angles where no data existed, the predictions fail.
FDG-PET and MRI in temporal lobe epilepsy: relationship to febrile seizures, hippocampal sclerosis and outcome.

Objective - To correlate the volumetric head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) scan findings with the history, intracarotid amobarbital procedure, pathology, and outcome in patients with medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy. Material and methods - Thirty-eight patients with temporal lobe epilepsy treated surgically following a comprehensive presurgical evaluation. Follow-up ranged from 12 to 44 months. Results - Volumetric MRI showed ipsilateral hippocampal atrophy in 29 (76%), and PET scan showed ipsilateral temporal hypometabolism (PET-TH) in 31 (81.5%) of patients. Eighty-three percent of those patients with hippocampal sclerosis on MRI (MRI-HS) had ipsilateral PET-TH. Sixty-six percent of patients with MRI-HS had a history of prolonged febrile convulsions or a childhood febrile illness accompanied by convulsions, and 77% of patients with MRI-HS had pathologically proven hippocampal sclerosis (HS). Ninety percent became seizure free or had rare seizures. Conclusion - FDG-PET scans and head MRIs were complementary; 95% of patients had either MRI-HS or temporal hypometabolism. MRI-HS correlated with a history of febrile seizures and pathologically demonstrated hippocampal sclerosis. Ninety-three percent of patients had focal functional deficits on the epileptogenic side. Concordance between PET temporal hypometabolism and MRI-HS correlated with better outcome.
Biological and physical properties of the two nucleoprotein components of pea enation mosaic virus and their associated nucleic acids.

Abstract Both the 95 and 115 S nucleoprotein components of pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV) were found to be infectious. Neither component enhanced the infectivity of the other when inoculated onto Chenopodium quinoa or C. amaranticolor . Nucleic acid preparations from unfractionated PEMV separated into three components upon electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels or centrifugation in sucrose density gradients. Viral RNAs sedimented at 34, 30, and 12 S and had molecular weights of 1.74 × 10 6 , 1.44 × 10 6 , and 0.28 × 10 6 daltons as estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. After formaldehyde treatment viral RNAs migrated more slowly but still behaved as three separate components in polyacrylamide gels. The 1.44 × 10 6 dalton RNA component after recycling through polyacrylamide gels, was found to be infectious to peas and C. amaranticolor . The largest and smallest RNA components were not infectious and have no known function. Both the 95 and 115 S nucleoprotein components contain infectious 1.44 × 10 6 dalton RNA but the largest and smallest RNA components are associated exclusively with the 115 S nucleoprotein.
Factors affecting velvet antler weights in free-ranging reindeer in Alaska

Free-ranging reindeer on the Seward Peninsula in western Alaska are rounded up from late May to early July and antlers are removed. We used data collected from 1987 to 1997 to determine how velvet antler weights of males and females varied with age, year, reproductive status, Julian date, and body weight. Male antler weights increased with age up to age five years, and were lower in castrates than in bulls. There was a significant positive relationship between body weight and antler weight in both sexes. Female antler weights increased with age until at least age nine. Lactating females had lower antler weights than non-lactating females, but this effect is better explained by differences in body weight. Antler weight of individual reindeer at age two years was better predicted by their antler weights as yearlings than their body weight as yearlings.
A virtual yaw rate sensor for articulated vehicles featuring novel electro-hydraulic steer-by-wire technology

Abstract Steer-by-wire technologies remain under rigorous research and development given the advantages that they offer over their traditional counterparts. The spectrum of steering systems encompasses applications in the automotive, construction, agricultural, and aerospace industries, to name a few. An original electro-hydraulic steer-by-wire technology based on pump displacement control actuation, an energy efficient alternative to conventional valve control, has been previously proposed by the authors. The new concept was validated and implemented on an articulated steering prototype test vehicle, and resulted in significant fuel savings and machine efficiency increase. This paper investigates the notion of virtual sensing relative to estimating the vehicle׳s yaw rate by only measuring the articulation angle and vehicle speed. Virtual sensing is a promising concept for yaw stability control and is an attractive option for vehicle manufactures as it reduces sensor cost, maintenance, and machine downtime. The designed yaw rate sensor is validated in simulation as well as on a test vehicle by devising appropriate steering maneuvers.