cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Deming leadership method and profound knowledge: a global prescription

Defines Deming’s concept of “profound knowledge”, and shows how it addresses both the behavioural and technical dimensions of leadership simultaneously. Suggests that the responsibilities of leaders are to solve problems and to help employees in any way possible by knowing how a system functions, how system components may cause variation, and what the system delivers. Suggests that this knowledge is crucial if the USA is to become a global quality leader.
Dynamic resource allocation in disaster response: tradeoffs in wildfire suppression

Challenges associated with the allocation of limited resources to mitigate the impact of natural disasters inspire fundamentally new theoretical questions for dynamic decision making in coupled human and natural systems. Wildfires are one of several types of disaster phenomena, including oil spills and disease epidemics, where (1) the disaster evolves on the same timescale as the response effort, and (2) delays in response can lead to increased disaster severity and thus greater demand for resources. We introduce a minimal stochastic process to represent wildfire progression that nonetheless accurately captures the heavy tailed statistical distribution of fire sizes observed in nature. We then couple this model for fire spread to a series of response models that isolate fundamental tradeoffs both in the strength and timing of response and also in division of limited resources across multiple competing suppression efforts. Using this framework, we compute optimal strategies for decision making scenarios that arise in fire response policy.
Liquidus phase relationships on the join anorthite-forsterite-quartz at 10 kbar with applications to basalt petrogenesis*

Liquidus phase relationships determined on the join CaAl2Si2O8 (anorthite)-Mg2SiO4 (forsterite)-SiO2 (quartz) at 10 kbar show that increasing pressure causes the forsterite and anorthite primary phase fields to shrink and the spinel, enstatite and silica fields to expand. The boundary line between the enstatite and forsterite fields and that between the enstatite and quartz fields both move away from the SiO2 apex as pressure increases. Therefore, simplified source peridotite would yield simplified basaltic partial melts with decreasing silica as pressure increases, as has been found in other studies. Also, increasing pressure decreases the amount of silica enrichment in residual liquids produced by fractional crystallization. Although anorthite is unstable in simplified peridotite above 9 kbar in the system CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2, it is an important phase in the fractional crystallization of simplified basalts at 10 kbar and probably also in natural basalts.
An opto-mechanical nanoshell–polymer composite

Metal nanoshells, which are nanoparticles consisting of a dielectric core surrounded by a metal shell, have an optical response dictated by the plasmon resonance. This optical resonance leads to large extinction cross-sections, which are typically several times the physical cross-section of the particles. The wavelength at which the resonance occurs depends on the core and shell sizes, allowing nanoshells to be tailored for applications. In this paper, we demonstrate how incorporating nanoshells transforms a thermoresponsivepolymer into a photothermally responsive nanoshell–polymer composite. When the thermoresponsive polymer, co-N-isopropylacrylamide-acrylamide (NIPAAm-co-AAm), is heated, the polymer undergoes a reversible decrease in volume. Pristine NIPAAm-co-AAm does not inherently absorb visible or near infrared light. However, by incorporating metal nanoshell particles with a resonance that has been placed at 832 nm into the NIPAAm-co-Aam, nanoshell–polymer composite hydrogels are fabricated. When the composite is illuminated with a diode laser at 832 nm, the nanoshells absorb light and convert it to heat. This induces a reversible and repeatable light-driven collapse of the composite with a weight change of 90% after illumination at 1.8 Wcm-2.
Vosaroxin: a novel antineoplastic quinolone

Introduction: The antineoplastic quinolone derivative vosaroxin (SNS-595, Sunesis, South San Francisco, CA, USA) was first described in 2002. It represents a novel class of anticancer drugs and is currently in a Phase III clinical trial for relapsed and refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML). AML is the most common form of acute leukemia in adults and is increasing in incidence due to the aging of the American population. Despite advances in diagnosis, prognostic prediction, and treatment in younger age groups, there has been little improvement in survival among patients over 60 years of age, who make up the majority of those affected. Areas covered: The development of vosaroxin, its mechanism of action, pharmacology, and metabolism, and the preclinical and clinical data to date will be covered. Expert opinion: Despite its structural dissimilarity, vosaroxin has mechanisms of action similar to the anthracyclines and anthracenediones already in use for the treatment of AML. However, unlike these agents, v...
Absorption of ingested talc by hamsters.

Summary To determine talc absorption in the gastro-intestinal tract of hamsters, talc was neutron-activated and suspended in physiological saline and 1-ml aliquots of this suspension were administered by gastric intubation to six 10-wk-old Syrian golden hamsters, which were kept in metabolism cages. The hamsters were killed 24 hr after gavage, and the skinned carcass, gastro-intestinal tract, lungs, liver, kidneys and collected urine and faeces were analysed for 60 Co and 46 Sc by γ -ray spectrometry. An average of approximately 3 mg talc was found in the tissues and excreta. Of this quantity, 74.5% was found in the faeces, 23.5% in the gut and 1.9% in the carcass. The γ-ray counts from the urine, accounting for 0.09% of the total, were probably due to leaching of 60 Co from the talc with subsequent absorption and urinary excretion. This study shows that intestinal absorption of talc is negligible and could have contributed only minimally to the body burden of talc found in hamsters in a previously published inhalation study.
Compact Orientation-Independent Differential Interference Contrast (OI-DIC) Microscope Designed for High Resolution and High Sensitivity Mapping of Optical Path and Optical Path Gradient.

Conventional differential interference contrast (DIC) microscope shows the two-dimensional distribution of optical phase gradient encountered along the shear direction between two interfering beams. Therefore, the contrast of DIC images varies proportionally to the cosine of the angle made by the azimuth of the phase gradient and the direction of wavefront shear. The image contrast also depends on the initial phase difference (bias) between the interfering beams. It is therefore necessary to examine the unknown object at several azimuth orientations and mechanically adjust bias of the DIC prism. [1,2].
Effects of Two Electrofishing Currents on Captive Ripe Razorback Suckers and Subsequent Egg-Hatching Success

Abstract In the laboratory, we assessed direct effects of electroshock by two types of square-wave pulsed DC in homogeneous fields of 1.0 peak volts per centimeter on ripe razorback suckers Xyrauchen texanus and evaluated subsequent egg-hatching success. Four males and four females were exposed for 10 s to a simple 60-Hz (24% duty cycle) current, and four males and three females were subjected for 10 s to a complex pulse pattern of three 240-Hz, 2.6-ms pulses delivered at 15 Hz (12% duty cycle). All shocked fish expelled some gametes during treatment. No external hemorrhages were observed, but X-ray and necropsy examinations revealed injuries associated with the spinal column in two males and two females subjected to the 60-Hz current and one female exposed to the complex pulse pattern; no injuries were observed in the four control fish (two males and two females). Mean percent egg hatch for fish shocked by either current was significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) than that for control fish. Differences in hatchi...
Recent changes in Atlantic surface temperatures

RODEWALD recently published brief notes about the temperature measurements of the sea surface made by nine North Atlantic weather ships during the past two decades1,2. His remarks were prompted by the regrettable fact that several of these ocean stations are being discontinued, a decision which will make it much more difficult to monitor the temperature trends in the North Atlantic. He presented1 average annual temperature values for overlapping 5-yr periods, showing a distinctive decrease of 0.56 °C from the 1951–55 period to the 1968–72 period (Fig. 1). Rodewald also provides2 three important maps: the changes in surface temperatures from 1951–55 to 1968–72 for the annual mean, and for the months of February and August. Figure 2 shows his analysis of the February changes. There is a remarkable consistency in the values; for example, at Station D (44°N, 41°W) the surface temperature declined by 1.61 °C in the annual average, by 2.12 °C in February and by 2.10 °C in August. These are surprisingly large changes over such a short time span. Since they are based on a well defined homogeneous record of careful observations there can be no doubt that they are real. The core of decreasing temperature lies along the north edge of the Gulf Stream extension, suggesting a south eastward shift of that current and replacement with Labrador Current waters, especially in the vicinity of the Grand Banks. The largest changes are encountered across the Atlantic between 40° and 50°N.
How does positive end-expiratory pressure decrease pulmonary CO2 elimination in anesthetized patients?

Abstract In anesthetized, mechanically ventilated patients, 10 cm H2O positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP10) immediately decreased the CO2 volume exhaled per breath (VCO2,br) by 96%, as exhaled tidal volume (V t ) decreased to expand functional residual capacity during the first 8 breaths after PEEP10 began. Then, the sustained decrease in VCO2,br for over 10 min was due to the 19% decrease in cardiac output (Q t , decreased CO2 delivery from tissues to lung) and to the decrease in alveolar ventilation (V a ). In turn, decreased V a resulted from decreased V t (loss of inspired volume into the compressible volume of the ventilating circuit) and possibly from increased physiological dead space, due to the potential for new high alveolar ventilation-to-perfusion (V a/ Q) lung regions. VCO2,br increased and recovered to baseline by 20 min of PEEP10 ventilation because Q t increased to augment the CO2 delivery to the lung and alveolar PCO2 increased (increased mixed venous PCO2 and tissue CO2 retention) to increase VCO2,br while alveolar V t remained depressed. End-tidal PCO2 (P et CO2) progressively increased during PEEP10 and did not detect the decrease in VCO2,br during PEEP10 ventilation because P et CO2 does not account for exhaled volume.
CHARACTERIZATION AND SEPARATION OF PLANT PROTOPLASTS VIA FLOW CYTOMETRY AND CELL SORTING

Summary Large populations of protoplasts from five species: Euphorbia lathyris, Nicotiana glauca, N. langsdorfii, Petunia parodii and P. inflata (albino) have been characterized by flow cytometry on the basis of laser light scatter and chlorophyll fluorescence or exogenously-added stains, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and rhodamine isothiocyanate (RITC). Stain concentrations were 2.2 to 3.6 μl FITC and 7.2 μl RITC stock solutions per ml enzyme-protoplast solution using 5 mg FITC or RITC per ml absolute ethanol or acetone. Optimum conditions for FITC and RITC staining was found to be at pH 7.5 or greater and with acetone as the stain solvent Stained E. lathyris mesophyll protoplasts produced callus and regenerated shoots, indicating non-toxicity of the fluorochromes. E. lathyris protoplasts fused from two differentially-stained populations produced unique histograms when compared to mixed, but unfused populations. Further analysis and sorting of mesophyll protoplasts from these species was done with a Becton Dickinson Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorter (FACS IV). Euphorbia and Petunia protoplasts were sorted according to various combinations of parameters: light scatter and fluorescence from chlorophyll, FITC, RITC or both stains. Up to 2000 intact protoplasts were sorted and recovered within 1 h. Sorting can be done under sterile conditions to allow culturing of the collected protoplasts.
Planar Microfabricated Check Valves Utilizing Large Compliance of PDMS

This paper presents three types of planar check valves that uniquely exploit the large compliance of simple PDMS structures. The micro check valves consist of a thin compliant flap and a rigid stopper embedded in a microchannel. The flap is perpendicular to the flow and lies near the stopper, forming a restricted fluid path inside the channel. In particular, a novel “zero flap-stopper gap” valve design was proposed and fabricated using a special technique, in which the flap and stopper are in contact naturally forming a normally-closed device with high diodicity. Testing results show that the check valves can achieve a diodicity up to 105. The check valves can be fabricated using the standard replica molding technique from PDMS, and thus are highly amenable to integration with other PDMS-based microfluidic systems.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Improved synthesis and the crystal structure of methyl 4,6-dideoxy-4-(3-deoxy-l-glycero-tetronamido)-α-d-mannopyranoside, the methyl α-glycoside of the intracatenary repeating unit of the O-polysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae O:1☆

The crude product of deamination of the commercially available L-homoserine was acetylated and the 2-O-acetyl-3-deoxy-L-glycero-tetronolactone (18) formed was used to N-acylate methyl perosaminide (methyl 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-mannopyranoside, 12) and its 2,3-O-isopropylidene derivative. The major product isolated from the reaction was the crystalline methyl 4-(4-O-acetyl-3-deoxy-L-glycero-tetronamido)-4,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-+ ++mannopyranoside (1, 70-75%) resulting from acetyl group migration in the initially formed 2'-O-acetyl derivative. O-Deacetylation of 1 gave the title amide 2. Compound 2, obtained crystalline for the first time, was fully characterized, and its crystal structure was determined. Deoxytetronamido derivatives diastereomeric with 1 and 2, respectively, were obtained by the acylation of 12 with 2-O-acetyl-3-deoxy-D-glycero-tetronolactone (prepared from D-homoserine), and subsequent deacetylation. Structures of several byproducts of the reaction of 12 with 18 have been deduced from their spectral characteristics. Since these byproducts were various O-acetyl derivatives of 2, the title compound could be obtained in approximately 90% yield by deacetylating (Zemplen) the crude mixture of N-acylation products, followed by chromatography.
Test-Taker and Close-Other Selection of Personality Inventory Feedback

Results from previous studies suggest that normal persons self-enhance both when rating their own personality traits, and when evaluating personality inventory feedback. In this study, 64 male and female undergraduates attempted to distinguish their own California Psychological Inventory (Gough, 1975) profiles from those of two other individuals. Sixty-four close friends and relatives (close others) of test-takers also attempted to identify test-taker profiles. It was found that a significant proportion of test-takers, and a near-significant proportion of close others, made accurate selections, Z =: 3.76. p < .001 and Z = 1.90, p = .06, respectively. It was also found that close others who selected incorrectly were significantly likely to flatter the test-taker by choosing the most favorable profile of the three, Z = 1.97, p < .05, whereas test-takers who selected incorrectly did not show a significant tendency to choose the most favorable profile.
An allograft model of androgen independent prostatic neuroendocrine carcinoma derived from a large probasin promoter-T antigen transgenic mouse line.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Animal models that mimic this hormone refractory prostate cancer may be useful for developing and testing novel treatment strategies.Materials and Methods: Using the prostate of the 12T-10 transgenic mouse an allograft model was established by transplantation into a nude mouse. To our knowledge we describe the first allograft model derived from the primary prostate tumor of a transgenic mouse.Results: The primary tumor progressed from high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasm to invasive, undifferentiated and metastatic cancer with loss of androgen receptor expression. After 10 passages in nude mice the allograft retained the same histological and immunohistochemical features as the primary tumors, including neuroendocrine differentiation. The allograft demonstrated androgen independent growth and metastases to liver and lung, paralleling tumor behavior in the original transgenic line. Cytogenetic characterization of the allograft revealed consistent chromosomal abnormalities for mult...
Oltipraz: Clinical opportunities for cancer chemoprevention

Oltipraz [4-methyl-5-(2-pyrazinyl)-1,2-dithiole-3-thione], originally developed as an antischistosomal agent, protects against chemical carcinogenesis in lung, trachea, forestomach, small intestine, colon, breast, skin, liver and urinary bladder in rodents. Oltipraz induces electrophile detoxication enzymes, resulting in diminished carcinogen-DNA adduct formation and reduced cytotoxicity, an important component of anticarcinogenic actions. Phase I trials of this drug have been recently conducted in the United States and indicate that the maximum tolerated dose is about 125 mg/day over a six-month period. Grade I/II dose-limiting toxicities included photosensitivity/heat intolerance, gastrointestinal, and neurologic toxicities. Ongoing studies are monitoring relationships between dose scheduling, drug plasma concentrations and pharmacodynamic action. Subsequent trials with this agent might most appropriately target individuals at high risk for occupational or environmental exposures to genotoxic carcinogens. Towards this end, a randomized, placebo-controlled Phase II study is planned for people at high risk for exposure to aflatoxins and development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Modulation of biomarkers reflecting the biologically effective dose of aflatoxin will serve as study endpoints.
Simulator sickness and presence in a high field-of-view virtual environment

This paper describes a study that investigated the effect of field-of-view, display type, and user role on the experience of simulator sickness and presence in users of a virtual environment. Though it interacted with the other experimental factors, field-of-view was found to be the major determinant of both simulator sickness and presence.
Mediated Effects of Social Support for Healthy Nutrition: Fruit and Vegetable Intake Across 8 Months After Myocardial Infarction

The authors investigated relationships among family support for healthy nutrition, fruit and vegetable intake, and social-cognitive mediators such as intention, self-efficacy, and planning. Participants were 130 myocardial infarction survivors (64% men) treated in 4 clinics in Poland. The authors collected self-reported data across 8 months during and after cardiac rehabilitation (at the beginning of rehabilitation, 2 weeks after rehabilitation, and 6 months later). Results indicate that directly after rehabilitation, less than 20% of patients met recommended guidelines for fruit and vegetable intake, with a further decrease in fruit and vegetable consumption over time (14% and 12% at follow-ups). Family support predicted patients' behavior at follow-up, with self-efficacy playing a mediating role. Although regular formation of action plans predicted fruit and vegetable intake, it did not mediate social support-behavior relationships.
Determinants of earned rates of return on equity of U.S. electric utilities, 1976–1984

Abstract This paper presents findings that suggest that electric utility regulators take into account industry-wide changes rather than individual firm differences when they set allowed rates. This evidence is consistent with the view that state-level commissions pursue ‘generic regulation’.
Process and characterization of ultra-thin film packages

Flexible electronic system package technology was developed to meet the needs of flexible application. Because of the flexible characteristic, the package can be attached to a flat, curve surface and even a dynamic surface. It is important to provide protection of ultra-thin semiconductor chip and integrate these chips with flexible substrate. The aim of this paper is to develop an ultra-thin film package (UTFP) which can be bended easily. This technology which has highly potential for miniaturization of the electronic system can be realized by means of embedding ultra-thin components into flexible materials. Successful embedding of ultra-thin chips with 18um thickness and testing results are shown. To use a 3um Cu layer with 18um carrier film as a base, solder balls were formed on a laser-hatched Cu layer which has better wettability than other area without laser hatching. By flip-chip method, ultra-thin chips can be directly assembled. It is necessary to do dry plasma treatment to enhance the chips' strength for ultra-thin chip manufacturing. Subsequently, chips were embedded into flexible organic material. With proper embedded material chose, it can make this UTFP bendable and provide functions of support and protection. After carrier film was removed and metallization process was done, an ultra-thin and highly flexible package with embedded chip was carried out. The electrical path were connected together to form daisy chain structure for electrical measurement. The total thickness of this package is less then 100um and it can be easily bended to 10mm bending curvature radius without any cracks. Not only the UTFP process was developed, but also some testing methods were executed to examine the reliability of package, such as TCT (Thermal cycling test) and THST (thermal & humidity storage test). Good flexible property of single UTFP has been verified in our previous study. Furthermore, the ultra-thin chip package is assembled on a flexible substrate with ACP (Anisotropic Conductive Paste) and some bending tests were performed. This package with flexible substrate connected has passed the static bending test for 200 hours and dynamic bending test for 1000 cycles under 10mm bending curvature radius. The process details on each core technique will be disclosed, and some test results will be presented in the paper.
Teaching Anthropology: An Opportunity to Apply Our Discipline and to Research That Practice

Issue d'une formation d'anthropologue, l'A. nous presente son experience d'enseignement qu'il a vecu comme une chance de pouvoir appliquer sa discipline. Il donne son point de vue sur sa profession et sa pratique
Malignant glaucoma: theory and therapy, from past to present.

(1994). Malignant Glaucoma: Theory and Therapy, From Past to Present. Seminars in Ophthalmology: Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 243-247.
Predicting School Sense of Community: Students’ Perceptions at Two Catholic Universities

Understanding the factors that predict sense of community (SOC) among college students has important implications for higher education policy and practice. The present study determined whether perceptions of inclusion and religious pluralism across 2,199 university students' (1,442 women, 757 men; M age = 23.42, SD =7.84) at two Catholic universities predicted levels of school sense of community (SSOC). As expected, results indicated that perceptions of both inclusion and religious pluralism significantly predicted SSOC. However, mixed results were found regarding the interaction of university setting with inclusion and religious pluralism. Limitations and future directions for research are discussed.
High-energy (MeV) x-ray imaging with a mercuric iodide imager

A 13 cm × 13 cm size mercuric iodide (HgI2) imager was tested for high (MeV) energy X-ray imaging with a 6 MeV Betatron and a 4 MeV Linac x-ray source, and the data were compared to those measured at diagnostic (keV) energies. The 127 μm pixel size imager gave excellent resolution, with a MTF (modulation transfer function) of 45% at the Nyquist frequency, similar to that of measured at diagnostic (keV) energies. The sensitivity of the imager was measured using a 1 mm thick Cu and a 0.5 mm thick Ta buildup plate, placed on the top electrode of the HgI2 layer and also without any buildup plate. The highest signal levels were obtained without a buildup plate. The imager can also capture fluoroscopic images at up to 15 fr/sec in the full resolution mode, and at up to 30 fr/sec with 2 × 2 pixel binning. . With this imager, small steel objects were clearly visible behind a 1/8" thick steel plate. These experiments with high energy x-rays, demonstrate that HgI2 imagers can be used, not only for the diagnostic energy range, but also for the MeV energy range. Moreover the same imager can be used for dual energy (keV and MeV) imaging for medical, NDE (non destructive evaluation) and homeland security applications.
RELATION BETWEEN ISOMETRIC TENSION, POSTMORTEM pH DECLINE AND TENDERNESS OF POULTRY BREAST MEAT

Postmortem changes in isometric tension, pH and shear force of poultry breast meat were studied to determine the relation between rigor contraction and tenderness. Strips of pectoralis major muscle immersed in isotonic saline solution held at 25°C developed measurable tension when their pH dropped to 6.1–6.3. The tension gradually increased until the pH dropped to a final value of 5.5–5.8, then started to decline. Muscle cooked at the start of tension development had the highest shear force. After that the shear force of the cooked meat gradually declined to a minimum value. The results indicate a high correlation (r=0.97) between ultimate shear force and degree of maximum tension developed during rigor.
Synthetic cluster models of biological and heterogeneous manganese catalysts for O2 evolution.

Artificial photosynthesis has emerged as an important strategy toward clean and renewable fuels. Catalytic oxidation of water to O_2 remains a significant challenge in this context. A mechanistic understanding of currently known heterogeneous and biological catalysts at a molecular level is highly desirable for fundamental reasons as well as for the rational design of practical catalysts. This Award Article discusses recent efforts in synthesizing structural models of the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II. These structural motifs are also related to heterogeneous mixed-metal oxide catalysts. A stepwise synthetic methodology was developed toward achieving the structural complexity of the targeted active sites. A geometrically restricted multinucleating ligand, but with labile coordination modes, was employed for the synthesis of low-oxidation-state trimetallic species. These precursors were elaborated to site-differentiated tetrametallic complexes in high oxidation states. This methodology has allowed for structure−reactivity studies that have offered insight into the effects of different components of the clusters. Mechanistic aspects of oxygen-atom transfer and incorporation from water have been interrogated. Significantly, a large and systematic effect of redox-inactive metals on the redox properties of these clusters was discovered. With the pK_a value of the redox-inactive metal−aqua complex as a measure of the Lewis acidity, structurally analogous clusters display a linear dependence between the reduction potential and acidity; each pK_a unit shifts the potential by ca. 90 mV. Implications for the function of the biological and heterogeneous catalysts are discussed.
Development of Glass-Free Metal Electrically Conductive Thick Films

Air-firable glass-free metal electrically conductive thick film pastes of different compositions were developed by using a titanium alloy component, and tin and zinc metal substitutes for glass frit used in traditional thick film pastes. The effect of different components on the electrical resistivity and bonding between the thick film and the alumina substrate was investigated. Thick films with low electrical resistivity and good bonding to the alumina substrate were obtained by using silver, zinc, tin, and TiCu alloy powders in the pastes. The addition of zinc at a small proportion (,0.5 wt.%) to a thick film paste enhanced the adhesion between the thick film and the alumina substrate with negligible increase in the electrical resistivity. The use of titanium alloy powder instead of pure titanium powder is preferred. Better composition distribution, and consequently, better wetting and bonding are expected by using active metal particles of a smaller size. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1329131#
Ultrasonic contrast study to identify stomach tap water microbubbles

In ultrasound scanning of the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, it is important to identify stomach contents which may appear as a cyst if the content is fluid or as a solid mass if the content is fluid with suspended food particles. By giving the patient a drink of two or three ounces of freshly drawn water, multiple strong echoes are produced from the fundus and the body of the stomach because of the microbubbles contained in recently agitated tap water and the microbubbles produced by the mixing effect of swallowing. These strong echoes will cause a "cystic" or "mass-like" appearance produced by the stomach contents to disappear. Thus, a false positive diagnosis is easily and rapidly avoided. The portion of the pancreas behind the stomach may also become more obvious. If the mass or cyst persists, the diagnosis of an abnormality is confirmed.
Older Age Independently Predicts a Lower Risk of Sentinel Lymph Node Metastasis in Breast Cancer

Background The influence of patient age on the risk of sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastasis in breast cancer has not been defined.
Students’ attitudes to science education: a preliminary survey

Summary Attitude testing is a well‐established procedure, but comparatively little research has been undertaken into the effects of different science courses on pupils’ attitudes. This report sets out the results obtained from students who have just started, compared with those who have almost completed, a three‐year coordinated science course. These results are also contrasted with those from students following single subject courses in the sciences. It would appear from the scores that students taking the coordinated course do have more positive attitudes towards science education and, hopefully, towards science in general.
The Role of Personal Risk-Taking in Effective Leadership

Three studies address the role of personal risk-taking in effective leadership. The first study analyzed questionnaire data which detailed behavior of both effective and ineffective military combat leaders. This study indicates that effective combat leaders were judged to demonstrate more personally endangering acts than were ineffective combat leaders. The second study investigated personal risk-taking in leadership within a large urban fire department. Using interview techniques similar to those used in the first study, results obtained indicate that-effective leaders in fire combat were judged to show more personal bravery (i.e., physical risk-taking) than ineffective leaders. Thus, results for fire combat leaders were nearly identical to the results for military combat leaders. The third study included a separate set of data for current fire service leaders' judged fire combat leadership performance and their rated personal risk-taking. Results obtained in this study indicate that leaders judged by th...
Let Medicine Lead the Way Beyond the Registration of Clinical Trials: Registering Hypotheses

There has been much recent interest in improving the quality and reporting of clinical research. Major journals now require clinical trialists to register studies a priori and follow specific reporting guidelines. While best developed for randomized, controlled trials, guidelines for other study types are being developed. A hypothesis is presently available for 4 of 5 publications reporting randomized, controlled trials, much less common for other study designs and scarce in the general scientific literature. The declaration of a hypothesis or its absence should be a standard feature of all scientific reporting. The recording of the hypothesis in a registry before data collection would assure readers that the hypothesis was a priori. Medicine has been in the vanguard in requiring methodological rigor in the reporting of science and should again push the envelope by developing a hypothesis registry. If successful, the gauntlet would be thrown down for the rest of science.
Stimulatory effects of quinelorane on yawning and penile erection in the rat.

Quinelorane, a highly selective D2 dopamine agonist, was assessed for its ability to induce the penile erection/stretch-yawn syndrome. Quinelorane (0.1-100 micrograms/kg s.c.) or saline vehicle was administered to adult male Sprague-Dawley rats just prior to a 30 min. observation period. Significant dose-related increases in erections were observed in the drug treated animals at 3-100 micrograms/kg. Yawning was also increased at 3-100 micrograms/kg, with highest levels occurring at 10 micrograms/kg. Defecation was stimulated between 10 and 100 micrograms/kg. The stimulatory effects of 30 micrograms/kg of quinelorane on erection, yawning and defecation were blocked by haloperidol (0.1-0.3 mg/kg) but not by domperidone (0.1-1.0 mg/kg). No significant effects of quinelorane on seminal emission were observed. These findings indicate that in addition to its stimulatory effects on sexual activity, quinelorane also acts on D2 receptors in the central nervous system to stimulate erection in the penile erection/stretch-yawn model.
A unimodality identity for a Schur function

Abstract A polynomial identity in q for the principal specialization of the Schur function, sλ(1, q, …, qn) is given. The identity immediately proves that sλ(1, q, …, qn) is a unimodal polynomial in q.
Practical zero-shift tuning in geonium.

Abstract Compositeness of the electron may show up in a very small deviation of the measured electron g factor from one calculated for a point electron by quantum electrodynamics. The precision of our g measurements is currently limited by an interaction of the cyclotron motion with standing waves in the trap cavity containing the electron. The important element introduced here is the systematic exploration of the trap cavity modes and the electron's coupling to them by measuring the shifted electron g factor gc = gc(omega e) as a function of the cyclotron frequency omega e. By measuring gc values at five different omega e values and modeling the trap cavity by six lumped LC circuits, the L values for the four most important modes may be determined and finally the unshifted g value may be extracted. Auxiliary experiments are relied upon only for the L values of the two least critical cavity modes. By designing the trap as a high-Q microwave cavity, an electron cyclotron and anomaly resonance linewidth one or even two orders of magnitude narrower than in free space may be approached without introducing appreciable frequency shifts.
Earthquake Recurrence in Simulated Fault Systems

We employ a computationally efficient fault system earthquake simulator, RSQSim, to explore effects of earthquake nucleation and fault system geometry on earthquake occurrence. The simulations incorporate rate- and state-dependent friction, high-resolution representations of fault systems, and quasi-dynamic rupture propagation. Faults are represented as continuous planar surfaces, surfaces with a random fractal roughness, and discontinuous fractally segmented faults. Simulated earthquake catalogs have up to 106 earthquakes that span a magnitude range from ∼M4.5 to M8. The seismicity has strong temporal and spatial clustering in the form of foreshocks and aftershocks and occasional large-earthquake pairs. Fault system geometry plays the primary role in establishing the characteristics of stress evolution that control earthquake recurrence statistics. Empirical density distributions of earthquake recurrence times at a specific point on a fault depend strongly on magnitude and take a variety of complex forms that change with position within the fault system. Because fault system geometry is an observable that greatly impacts recurrence statistics, we propose using fault system earthquake simulators to define the empirical probability density distributions for use in regional assessments of earthquake probabilities.
Perception and hedonics of sweet and fat taste in smokers and nonsmokers following nicotine intake.

Nicotine's effects on reducing perception and/or hedonics of sweet and fat taste may lead to less intake of sweet tasting, high-fat foods by smokers, helping to explain their generally lower body weights. Smokers and nonsmokers (n = 10 males each) rated perception (intensity and sensitivity) and hedonics (liking) of sweet/fat taste in milk samples varying both in sucrose (0, 5, 10, 20% w/w) and fat (0.1, 3.5, 11.7, 37.6% w/w) concentration on two occasions, once following intermittent presentation of nicotine (15 micrograms/kg) via measured dose nasal spray and the other following placebo. Nicotine significantly reduced perceived intensity of fat but not sweet taste and had no effect on sensitivity to either taste. There was no effect of nicotine on hedonics of sweet/fat taste. On the other hand, although there were no differences between smokers and nonsmokers in perception of sweet or fat, hedonics of sweet/fat taste was reduced in smokers regardless of nicotine or placebo intake. Thus, nicotine may acutely decrease fat taste perception without influencing sweet/fat hedonics, while long-term exposure (i.e., being a smoker) may produce chronically decreased taste hedonics without altering perception.
Questioning the global gays(ze): constructions of sexual identities in post-revolution Iran

This paper seeks to question the global discursivity about sexual politics in Iran while examining ways in which the discourse constructed about sexuality in Iran (by those outside Iran) contrasts with lived experiences and actual narratives of young Tehranis as they speak about their own sexual identities. The author begins by drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted between 2000 and 2007 with young people (ages 18–30) in urban Tehran and Mashhad, which looks at what young Tehranis refer to as ‘Iran's sexual revolution’, or enqelab-i-jensi, in their own words. In detailing ways in which the discourse on sexuality and sexual identity is changing, this paper talks about the politicization of the body by members of the regime, as well as the strategic deployment of sexuality and the comportment of resistance as young people's involvement in the sexual revolution in Iran paves the way for their involvement in pushing for social and political reform. The sexual revolution taking place in Iran today is tryi...
Real-time two-dimensional wavelet compression and its application to real-time modeling of ion mobility data

Real-time data analysis is important in many applications. However, many chemometric algorithms have difficulty processing data in real-time. A novel real-time two-dimensional wavelet compression (WC2) has been developed to compress data as it is acquired from analytical instrumentation. The WC algorithm was enhanced so that data with an arbitrary number of points were compressed, and truncation or padding to a dyadic number was avoided. After compression, the noise level is reduced while useful chemical information is retained. A modified simple-to-use interactive self-modeling mixture analysis (SIMPLISMA) algorithm was applied to the wavelet-compressed data and the model was transformed back to the original representation while leaving the data compressed. The reduced size of the wavelet-compressed data furnished a faster implementation of SIMPLISMA that facilitates real-time acquisition. This real-time WC2-SIMPLISMA algorithm was applied to the rapid identification of explosives by ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). SIMPLISMA resolved concentration profiles and component spectra were displayed simultaneously while the data was acquired from an ion mobility spectrometer with a LabVIEW virtual instrument (VI).
SU-E-T-620: Dosimetric Compliance Study for a New Prostate Protocol of Combined High Dose Rate Brachytherapy and Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy

Purpose: To investigate the adherence of treatment plans of prostate cancer patients with the dosimetric compliance criteria of the new in house phase I trial of high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy combined with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for intermediate risk prostate cancer patients. Methods: Ten prostate cancer patients were treated using this trial. They received one fraction of HDR to 15Gy, followed by external beam(EB) boost of 3.2Gy(Level 1, five patients) or 3.94Gy(level 2, five patients) per fraction for 10 or 7 fractions, respectively, both equivalent to EB treatments of 113.5Gy in 2Gy fractions. The EB plans were either IMRT or VMAT plans. DVH analysis was performed to verify the adherence of treatment plans to the dosimetric criteria of the trial. Results: For Level 1 patients, target coverage were adequate, with CTV V32Gy(%) of 99.0±1.0 (mean ± 1 standard deviation), and PTV V31Gy(%) of 99.6±0.3. PTV V32.9Gy(%) is 1.4±3.1 and PTVmax is 32.9±0.2Gy. Rectum, bladder and femoral heads sparing were well within protocol criteria. For Level 2 patients, CTV V27.6Gy(%) is 98.7±1.8; PTV V26.7Gy(%) is 99.0±1.4. PTV V28.4Gy(%) is 1.3±1.4, with three patients having minor deviation from protocol. Again critical structures were spared compliant to the protocol. The analysis of HDR plans show similar results, with adequate dose coverage to the prostate and sparing of critical structures including urethra and rectum. V100(%) and V90(%) of prostate are 96.0±1.1 and 98.9±0.5. Urethra D10(%) is 113.1±2.9. Rectum V80(cc) is 1.4±0.5. Hotspot in prostate is substantially higher than what the protocol specifies. But the criteria for hotspot are only guidelines, serving to lower the dose to urethra . Conclusion: This new high biological equivalent dose prostate trial has been carried out successfully for ten patients. Based on dosimetric analysis, all HDR and external plans were compliant to the protocol criteria, with only minor deviations.
Effect of Graded Hypoxia on High-Affinity Ca++-ATPase Activity in Cerebral Cortical Nuclei of Newborn Piglets:

Effect of Graded Hypoxia on High-Affinity Ca ++ -ATPase Activity in Cerebral Cortical Nuclei of Newborn Piglets:
Inhibition of bacterial growth by iron oxide nanoparticles with and without attached drug: Have we conquered the antibiotic resistance problem?

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is among the top three leading causative opportunistic human pathogens, possessing one of the largest bacterial genomes and an exceptionally large proportion of regulatory genes therein. It has been known for more than a decade that the size and complexity of the P. aeruginosa genome is responsible for the adaptability and resilience of the bacteria to include its ability to resist many disinfectants and antibiotics. We have investigated the susceptibility of P. aeruginosa bacterial biofilms to iron oxide (magnetite) nanoparticles (NPs) with and without attached drug (tobramycin). We also characterized the susceptibility of zero-valent iron NPs, which are known to inactivate microbes. The particles, having an average diameter of 16 nm were capped with natural alginate, thus doubling the hydrodynamic size. Nanoparticle-drug conjugates were produced via cross-linking drug and alginate functional groups. Drug conjugates were investigated in the interest of determining dosage, during these dosage-curve experiments, NPs unbound to drug were tested in cultures as a negative control. Surprisingly, we found that the iron oxide NPs inhibited bacterial growth, and thus, biofilm formation without the addition of antibiotic drug. The inhibitory dosages of iron oxide NPs were investigated and the minimum inhibitory concentrations are presented. These findings suggest that NP-drug conjugates may overcome the antibiotic drug resistance common in P. aeruginosa infections.
FRANKENBERG–GARCIA, ANA, LYNNE FLOWERDEW, & GUY ASTON. (Eds.). New Trends in Corpora and Language Learning. New York: Continuum, 2011. Pp. vii, 268.00. $140.00, cloth. ISBN 978–1–44115–996–0.

A review of the book "New Trends in Corpora and Language Learning," edited by Ana Frankenberg-Garcia, Lynne Flowerdew, and Guy Aston, is presented.
Bacillus Species Are Present in Chewing Tobacco Sold in the United States and Evoke Plasma Exudation from the Oral Mucosa

Five Bacillus species, predominantly Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus pumilus, were isolated from two popular brands of commercially available chewing tobacco [(5.0 ± 1) × 106 CFU/ml of supernatant; results for four experiments]. Moreover, the supernatant of the Bacillus culture evoked plasma exudation from postcapillary venules in the intact hamster cheek pouch, exudation that was mediated by the kallikrein/kinin metabolic pathway. Taken together, these data indicate that Bacillus species contaminate chewing tobacco commercially available in the United States and elaborate a potent exogenous virulence factor(s) that injures the oral mucosa.
Health care workers' expectations and empathy toward patients in abusive relationships.

Purpose: To understand attitudes that may affect health care workers’ ability to provide appropriate long-term care for patients who stay with abusive partners. Methods: We surveyed 278 health care workers in 31 primary care practices before their participation in an educational intervention. Results: More than half of participants (51% to 60%) found it easy to empathize with a patient who decided to remain in an abusive relationship if the patient was described as poor or disabled, but few (25% to 39%) could empathize if the patient was described as educated or financially secure. A majority (57% to 59%) agreed with a statement meant to assess unrealistic expectations. (“A provider’s responsibility includes making sure a patient gets to a shelter right away if he or she discloses abuse.”) Participants who agreed with this statement had more difficulty empathizing with patients who decided to stay with an abusive partner ( P = .0045). Conclusions: Training efforts must focus on screening and on helping providers develop more realistic expectations about the complex nature of leaving an abusive relationship. Health care workers need a better understanding of the barriers patients face and why patients may choose to remain in abusive relationships, even in the absence of economic or health limitations.
The Adaptor Protein TRADD Is Essential for TNF-Like Ligand 1A/Death Receptor 3 Signaling

TNFR-associated death domain protein (TRADD) is a key effector protein of TNFR1 signaling. However, the role of TRADD in other death receptor (DR) signaling pathways, including DR3, has not been completely characterized. Previous studies using overexpression systems suggested that TRADD is recruited to the DR3 complex in response to the DR3 ligand, TNF-like ligand 1A (TL1A), indicating a possible role in DR3 signaling. Using T cells from TRADD knockout mice, we demonstrate in this study that the response of both CD4 + and CD8 + T cells to TL1A is dependent upon the presence of TRADD. TRADD knockout T cells therefore lack the appropriate proliferative response to TL1A. Moreover, in the absence of TRADD, both the stimulation of MAPK signaling and activation of NF-κB in response to TL1A are dramatically reduced. Unsurprisingly, TRADD is required for recruitment of receptor interacting protein 1 and TNFR-associated factor 2 to the DR3 signaling complex and for the ubiquitination of receptor interacting protein 1. Thus, our findings definitively establish an essential role of TRADD in DR3 signaling.