cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 10 – Coal combustion

By far the greatest amount of coal used in the world is consumed in various combustion applications: raising steam in boilers of electric generating plants, process steam or heating applications in industry, and the heating of commercial or residential buildings. This chapter introduces the basic principles of coal combustion. In many cases, coal as mined is not suited for direct introduction into some combustion device; consequently, various unit operations are employed to prepare the coal for use. The principal operations are size reduction and removal of some of the mineral matter. These operations are introduced before the discussion of combustion behavior.
Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals That Municipal Wastewater Effluent Enhances Vibrio vulnificus Growth and Virulence Potential

Vibrio vulnificus is an opportunistic pathogen indigenous to estuarine and marine environments and associated with aquatic organisms. Vibrio vulnificus is of utmost importance because it causes 95% of the seafood-related deaths in the United States due to rapid progression of septicemia. Changes in environmental parameters associated with climate change and coastal population expansion are altering geographical constraints, resulting in increased Vibrio spread, exposure, and rates of infection. In addition, coastal population expansion is resulting in increased input of treated municipal sewage into areas that are also experiencing increased Vibrio proliferation. This study aimed to better understand the influence of treated sewage effluent on effluent-receiving microbial communities using Vibrio as a model of an opportunistic pathogen. Integrated transcriptomic approaches were used to analyze the changes in overall gene expression of V. vulnificus NBRC 15645 exposed to wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent for a period of 6h using a modified seawater yeast extract media that contained 0, 50, and 100% filtered WWTP effluent. RNA-seq reads were mapped, annotated, and analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes using the Pathosystems Resource Integration Center analysis tool. The study revealed that V. vulnificus responds to wastewater effluent exposure by activating cyclic-di-GMP-influenced biofilm development. Also, genes involved in crucial functions, such as nitrogen metabolism and bacterial attachment, were upregulated depending on the presence of treated municipal sewage. This altered gene expression increased V. vulnificus growth and proliferation and enhanced genes and pathways involved in bacterial survival during the early stages of infection in a host. These factors represent a potential public health risk due to exposure to environmental reservoirs of potentially Vibrio strains with enhanced virulence profiles in coastal areas.
The Collaborative Enterprise: Managing Speed and Complexity in Knowledge-Based Businesses

How can businesses best tap diverse capabilities to generate new ideas, manufacture products, and properly execute strategy? In this groundbreaking, thoroughly researched book, organizational expert Charles Heckscher argues that, in a global network of creation and production, the dominant organizations will be those that master the still-uncodified skills of collaboration--replacing the giants of the past century who thrived on the mastery of bureaucratic systems. Though there has been much discussion of teamwork and alliances in recent decades, Heckscher argues that we are still a long way from fully understanding how to manage fluid and inconstant collaborations; and that this is an area dominated far more by rhetoric than reality. Using a combination of theory and extensive real-life case studies, Heckscher pushes the boundary of organization design and illustrates how companies are able to create new, effective patterns of interactions, and how they can build a culture and infrastructure necessary to support them. For organizational leaders in search of long-term competitive advantage, The Collaborative Enterprise offers sound research findings and invaluable insights.
Regional and global significance of Pliocene sea surface temperatures from the Gulf of Cadiz (Site U1387) and the Mediterranean

Abstract The Atlantic–Mediterranean water exchange is a component of global ocean circulation capable of influencing deep water formation in the North Atlantic, yet it is poorly constrained for the time period preceding the intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation (NHG). The sea surface temperature (SST) gradient between the Atlantic and Mediterranean sides of the Strait of Gibraltar can shed light on the communication between the two basins. IODP Site U1387 in the Gulf of Cadiz provides the first alkenone based reconstruction of SST for the Atlantic waters that flowed into the Mediterranean Sea during the Pliocene. This site reflects open ocean North Atlantic subtropical temperature trends while the published SST records from the Rossello composite section (Sicily) in the Mediterranean reflect the addition of regional, continentally-influenced signals from Europe and Northern Africa. The Mediterranean, in particular, may be influenced by high latitude Northern hemisphere climatic evolution. In the modern regime the sites discussed in this work have comparable SST and uninhibited surface connection; however, change in local heat loss/gain over the Mediterranean due to variability in latent heat loss and obstructed connection can result in a gradient between the sites in the Pliocene. The Pliocene surface waters of the Gulf of Cadiz and the Mediterranean Sea were as much as 7 °C warmer than the modern average of ~ 19–20 °C. The reconstructed temperatures show a ~ 1 °C cooling for the Atlantic side of the Strait of Gibraltar from ~ 6 Ma to ~ 2.7 Ma and increasingly cooler glacials. The long-term SST record from Site U1387 provides a basis for future studies into the hydrological balance of the Mediterranean and the temperature component of Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) density. We compared SST on either side of Gibraltar between ~ 3.4–2.7 Ma and found that between ~ 2.7 and ~ 3.1 Ma the Mediterranean and Atlantic surface waters show comparable average temperatures and comparable variance.
Minds and machines

There are two great traditions in the philosophy of mind that continue to exercise their influence in the age of computing machines. These are the dualistic tradition associated especially with the name of Rene Descartes and the behavioristic tradition associated with B.F. Skinner. Dualism is strongly anti-reductionistic, insofar as mentality is taken be different than and not reducible to behavior. Behaviorism, by contrast, is strongly reductionistic, taking mentalistic language to be at best no more than an abbreviated mode for the description of behavior and at worst just scientifically insignificant gibberish.
A General and Convenient Synthesis of N-[(1. Diphenyl-oxophosphinyl)alkyl]carboxamides and Sulfamide

Abstract A wide range of title compounds were prepared in good yields by amidoalkylation of ethyl diphenylphosphinite with readily available N-α-(benzotriazol-1-yl)alkyl]amides. A more convenient direct one-pot amidoalkylation of ethyl diphenylphosphinite with an amide, an aldehyde and benzotriazole is described.
Time-delay interferometry with optical frequency comb

Heterodyne laser phase measurements in a space-based gravitational wave interferometer are degraded by the phase fluctuations of the onboard clocks, resulting in unacceptable sensitivity performance levels of the interferometric data. In order to calibrate out the clock phase noises, it has previously been suggested that additional interspacecraft phase measurements must be performed by modulating the laser beams. With the advent of self-referenced optical frequency combs, it is possible to generate a heterodyne microwave signal that is coherently referenced to the onboard laser. We show in this case that the microwave noise can be canceled directly by applying modified second-generation time-delay interferometric combinations to the heterodyne phase measurements. This approach avoids the use of modulated laser beams as well as the need for additional ultrastable oscillator clocks.
Model-Driven One-Sided Factorizations on Multicore Accelerated Systems

Hardware heterogeneity of the HPC platforms is no longer considered unusual but instead have become the most viable way forward towards Exascale. In fact, the multitude of the heterogeneous resources available to modern computers are designed for different workloads and their efficient use is closely aligned with the specialized role envisaged by their design. Commonly in order to efficiently use such GPU resources, the workload in question must have a much greater degree of parallelism than workloads often associated with multicore processors CPUs. Available GPU variants differ in their internal architecture and, as a result, are capable of handling workloads of varying degrees of complexity and a range of computational patterns. This vast array of applicable workloads will likely lead to an ever accelerated mixing of multicore-CPUs and GPUs in multi-user environments with the ultimate goal of offering adequate computing facilities for a wide range of scientific and technical workloads. In the following paper, we present a research prototype that uses a lightweight runtime environment to manage the resource-specific workloads, and to control the dataflow and parallel execution in hybrid systems. Our lightweight runtime environment uses task superscalar concepts to enable the developer to write serial code while providing parallel execution. This concept is reminiscent of dataflow and systolic architectures in its conceptualization of a workload as a set of side-effect-free tasks that pass data items whenever the associated work assignment have been completed. Additionally, our task abstractions and their parametrization enable uniformity in the algorithmic development across all the heterogeneous resources without sacrificing precious compute cycles. We include performance results for dense linear algebra functions which demonstrate the practicality and effectiveness of our approach that is aptly capable of full utilization of a wide range of accelerator hardware.
HIV-Infected Lymphocytes Regulate Fibronectin Synthesis by TGFβ1 Secretion

Alterations in lymph node architecture occur with HIV infection and contribute to immunological derangements. We previously showed that matrix fibronectin stabilized HIV and increased HIV infection of PBL. We showed increased fibronectin deposition in lymph nodes of HIV-infected patients. However, we did not detect a difference in fibronectin synthesis between uninfected and infected PBL. Therefore, we hypothesized that interactions of HIV-infected cells with fibroblasts resulted in increased fibronectin deposition. We detected increased fibronectin deposition by immunofluorescence on fibroblasts cocultured with HIV-infected PBL. We also found a 6-fold increase in fibronectin mRNA levels in fibroblasts cocultured with HIV-infected PBL by real-time PCR. Furthermore, when HIV-infected PBL were added to reporter fibroblasts stably transfected with a fibronectin promoter, we found a 1.5- to 2-fold increase in promoter activity. Since conditioned medium from HIV-infected PBL also increased fibronectin promoter activity, we hypothesized that a soluble factor such as TGFβ was responsible for increased fibronectin secretion. Pretreatment of supernatant from HIV-infected PBL with a neutralizing Ab to TGFβ1 abrogated the increased fibronectin promoter activity. We confirmed that HIV-infected PBL produced increased TGFβ1 by ELISA. Using Mv1Lu reporter cells, we found a 2- to 3-fold increase in biologically active TGFβ in supernatants of HIV-infected PBL. Finally, we determined that HIV infection did not change the percentage of active TGFβ. Our data suggest that HIV-infected lymphocytes indirectly contribute to lymph node remodeling by secretion of TGFβ1, which increases fibronectin synthesis by fibroblasts.
Models for stuyding genomic instability during aging

Publisher Summary Aging can be defined as a series of time-related processes occurring in the adult individual that ultimately bring life to a close. To some extent, these processes can be understood as the coordinated action of the products of multiple genes. However, aging also has a major stochastic component. A major hindrance in gaining a full understanding of the potential impact of DNA alterations on a living organism was the initial lack of insight into the mechanisms by which DNA alterations arise and the factors that influence their rate of occurrence. With the discovery of DNA repair, it became clear that DNA alterations would be much more frequent, were it not for the continuous monitoring of the genome for changes in DNA chemical structure. To study genome stability in relation to aging, two types of models are needed. First, the molecular end point of DNA damage metabolism should be quantified and characterized, that is, all types of mutations in various organs and tissues. Second, it will be necessary to evaluate the effects of deficiencies in various genome stability systems on both the aging phenotype and the in vivo somatic mutation spectrum over the life span. The resulting data set can then be used to derive conclusions as to which repair pathways are most relevant to both aging and mutation accumulation. This should lead to a rational approach to retard aging by the manipulation of key repair pathways to maintain genome stability over longer periods of time.
High‐Concentration Chemical Computing Techniques for Solving Hard‐To‐Solve Problems, and their Relation to Numerical Optimization, Neural Computing, Reasoning under Uncertainty, and Freedom of Choice

Chemical computing – using chemical reactions to perform computations – is a promising way to solve computationally intensive problems. Chemical computing is promising because it has the potential of using up to 10 molecules as processors working in parallel – and thus, has a potential of an enormous speedup. Unfortunately, for hard-to-solve (NPcomplete) problems a natural chemical computing approach for solving them is exponentially slow. In this chapter, we show that the corresponding computations can become significantly faster if we use veryhigh-concentration chemical reactions, concentrations at which the usual equations of chemical kinetics no longer apply. We also show that the resulting method is related to numerical optimization, neural computing, reasoning under uncertainty, and freedom of choice. 1 What Are Hard-so-Solve Problems and Why Solving Even One of Them Is Important What is so good about being able to solve hard-to-solve problems from some exotic class? In this paper, we will talk about applying chemical computing to a specific class of hard-to-solve (NP-complete) problems. To a person who is not very familiar with the notions of NP-completeness, this may sound like a very exotic (and thus not very interesting) topic. For example, this person may ask: OK, we spend all these efforts and solve prob-
Animation of facial palsy in Moebius syndrome by means of a circumoral sling: case report.

Summary The case of a 3-year-old female is reported whose condition was diagnosed as congenital, complete paralysis of the right facial nerve in 1962; and a short time later more specifically described as Moebius syndrome. In 1971, a circumoral fascial sling was inserted in preparation for a masseter muscle transfer. Voluntary movement on the right side of her mouth was noted following surgery and continued to improve, making facial actions more symmetrical. This function has remained stable during a five year follow-up. Although the mechanism of action is not fully understood, it is postulated that the presence of the sling may have presented the subclinically active muscles a force to work against or perhaps the surgery may have liberated those muscles from adjacent fibrous tissue.
Closed channel-open channel equilibrium of the sodium channel of nerve. Simple models of macromolecular equilibria.

Abstract The consistency of an electrodiffusion kinetics to describe the time-dependent opening of sodium channels of nerve suggests that motions over relativel long distances (on the atomic scale) are involved in the equilibrium as well. As a result, it is expected that a relatively large fraction of possible macromolecular conformations are unreactive. An equilibrium constant between locally reactive forms and the unreactive conformations is introduced. The consequences of this formalism is investigated in a square well potential, a harmonic potential, and a system consisting of two harmonic potentials with different spatial extents. The limits of knowledge from Nernstian behavior are shown. As an alternative to the Nernstian analysis, the experimental data of the sodium channel's quasi-equilibrium - the probability of the channel's being open as a function of voltage - can be described as resulting from motion caused by an electric field on a charge which is confined by a harmonic potential. A force constant is found from large-displacement vibrations are overdamped and, hence, spectroscopically unobservable.) From the force constant, an approximate value of the Young's modulus can be calculated. The modulus' value falls in the range for rubber. As for rubbers, the restoring force is, then, expected to be mostly entropic rather than enthalpic in origin. Using the appropriate theory for linear chains of rubber and the Young's modulus, the approximate length of the chain causing the rubber-like force is calculated. The result is found to be near the length suggested for the hydrophilic chains that connect transmembrane sections of the sodium channel.
Digital pheromones for coordination of unmanned vehicles

One of the parade examples of agent coordination through a shared environment is the use of chemical markers, or pheromones, for path planning in insect colonies. We have developed a digital analog of this mechanism that is well suited to problems such as the control of unmanned robotic vehicles, and extended it in novel ways to provide a rich set of tools for robotic control. We introduce the approach, describe the mechanisms we have developed, and summarize the technology's performance in a series of scenarios reflecting military command and control.
Source apportionment of urban particulate aliphatic and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using multivariate methods

Samples of organic aerosol were collected in Santiago de Chile. An activated-charcoal diffusion denuder was used to strip out organic vapors prior to particle collection. Both polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and aliphatic hydrocarbons were determined using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Organic particle sources were resolved using both concentration diagnostic ratios and multivariate methods such as hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and factor analysis (FA). Four factors were identified based on the loadings of PAHs and n-alkanes and were attributed to the following sources: (1) high-temperature combustion of fuels; (2) fugitive emissions from oil residues; (3) biogenic sources; and (4) unburned fuels. Multilinear regression (MLR) analysis was used to determine emission profiles and contributions of the sources. The reconstructed concentrations of particle phase aliphatic and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons were in good agreement (R2 > 0.70) with those measured in Santiago de Chile.
Adiabatic shear bands in plane strain deformations of a WHA

Abstract We study plane strain thermomechanical deformations of a prismatic body with a rectangular cross-section and made of a tungsten heavy alloy (WHA). Tungsten and iron-nickel-tungsten (FeNiW) particles are modeled as thermally softening but strain and strain rate hardening. The deformations are assumed to be locally adiabatic and the effect of inertia forces is considered. The body is loaded by applying a normal component of velocity to the opposite edges; the speed increases from zero to the final value in 5 microseconds and is then kept steady there so that the maximum average strain rate is 5000 s −1 . Different volume percentages of FeNiW particles are taken to be randomly distributed in the cross-section. It is found that the time history of the compressive load required to deform the body is initially unaffected by the volume percentage of FeNiW particles. At an average strain of 0.10 these load histories begin to differ somewhat; at any given value of the nominal strain, the decrease in the magnitude of the load is not a monotonic function of the increase in the volume percentage of FeNiW particles. For a fixed volume percentage of FeNiW particles, different random distributions result in essentially the same load history but give different patterns of shear bands. For eight randomly distributed FeNiW particles clustered around the horizontal centroid axis, none of the shear bands passed through any one of these particles.
Osseointegrated implants and orbital defects: U.C.L.A. experience

Abstract Purpose. A clinical study of 23 craniofacial implants placed in 8 irradiated and nonirradiated orbital defects was conducted over a 7-year period. Material and methods. Implant-retained orbital prostheses were fabricated, implant success rate was determined, and the soft tissue responses were recorded at 6-month intervals. As a result of patient death, no data were gathered on three implants. A five-point scale was used to record the health of the peri-implant soft tissues and the patients were followed from 9 to 72 months. The unit of measure was a visit/site that was assigned for each instance an implant site was evaluated. Evaluations were conducted at 6-month intervals, and for the study period, there were 80 visit/sites. Results. The study revealed that 42.5% (34/80) of the visit/sites demonstrated an absence of inflammation; 23.7% (19/80) of visit/sites demonstrated slight redness; 13.8% (11/80) demonstrated peri-implant red and moist tissues; 6.2% (5/80) demonstrated granulation tissue associated with the implants; and 13.8% (11/80) infection of the peri-implant soft tissues was noted. Implant success rate was 35% (7/20); implant success rate in the nonradiated patients was 37.5% (3/8) and the success rate for radiated patients was 33.3% (4/12). Implants placed in the orbital region demonstrated a high failure rate. Most implant failures occurred late as opposed to early in the study period. Conclusion. Orbital implants should be placed in patients who understand that long-term success rates may be low and require meticulous hygiene maintenance. (J Prosthet Dent 1998;79:304-9.)
Transient MRI enhancement in a patient with seizures and previously resected glioma: use of MRS.

Article abstract A 35-year-old man presented with partial seizures 10 years after resection of a left-sided glioblastoma multiforme. At the old operative site MRI demonstrated extensive cortical and white matter gadolinium enhancement, and PET showed hypermetabolism. Biopsy of the area was postponed when MRS showed a normal biochemical spectrum. MRI and PET abnormalities resolved after control of the seizures. MRS is noninvasive and can provide essential information in the management of patients with seizures and previously treated cerebral neoplasms.
Instability of the Kaluza-Klein Vacuum

It is argued that the ground state of the Kaluza-Klein unified theory is unstable against a process of semiclassical barrier penetration. This is related to the fact that the positive energy conjecture does not hold for the Kaluza-Klein theory; an explicit counter-example is given. The reasoning presented here assumes that in general relativity one should include manifolds of non-vacuum topology. It is argued that the existence of elementary fermions (not present in the original Kaluza-Klein theory) would stabilize the Kaluza-Klein vacuum.
Estimating the effectiveness of a misdemeanor drug diversion program using propensity score matching and survival analyses

Abstract This study analyzes three years of data on misdemeanor drug offenders in Winnebago County, Wisconsin. A portion of these offenders opted into a Misdemeanor Drug Diversion Program (MDDP) offered instead of traditional adjudication. Recidivism in the treatment and comparison groups is estimated using standard binary response techniques augmented with propensity score matching to address selection bias. Results show that the MDDP reduces the probability of re-offense by 16%, after adjusting for possible selection bias. Cox proportional hazard modeling is also used to assess time-to-re-offense differentials between the treatment and comparison groups. The survival analysis indicates that the hazard rate of re-offense is 60% lower per day among those treated with the MDDP program than those who did not complete the program. The average number of days to re-offense among those that do re-offend is 297 days in the treatment group and 203 days in the comparison group.
Sequential interactions of the TCR with two distinct cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases

The T cell antigen receptor (TCR) initiates signals by interacting with cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) through a 17-residue sequence motif [called the antigen recognition activation motif (ARAM)] that is contained in the TCR zeta and CD3 chains. TCR stimulation induces the tyrosine phosphorylation of several cellular substrates, including the ARAMs. Lck kinase activity is required for phosphorylation of two conserved tyrosine residues in an ARAM. This phosphorylation leads to the recruitment of a second cytoplasmic PTK, ZAP-70, through both of the ZAP-70 Src homology 2 domains and its phosphorylation. Thus, TCR signal transduction is initiated by the sequential interaction of two PTKs with TCR ARAMs.
Analysis of host genotype X rhizobial strain interaction in N2 fixation

A method of analyzing host genotype x rhizobial strain interaction for N2 fixation potential, based on the principle of structural relationship analysis, is proposed. When this interaction is significant, selecting genotypes for high N2 fixation potential is incorrect, because the N2 fixation efficiency is dependent on the rhizobial strain used. Under such circumstances, grouping genotypes based on average fixing ability (AFA), a linear response to the effectiveness of rhizobial strain, and specific fixing ability (SFA), deviation from the linear response in terms of the magnitude of the error variance, is useful before initiating a breeding program for enhanced N2 fixation. Host genotype x strain interaction effect is partitioned into two components, and two parameters are derived which estimate AFA and SFA. N2 fixation data from 3 mungbean genotypes and 6 rhizobial strains are used to illustrate this method.
What Does Mt. Pinatubo Have to Do with Walleyes

Abstract The eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippine Islands during June 1991 was followed by a global temperature decline of 1°F through 1993. May to July temperatures in Minnesota during 1992 and 1993 were 3°F below the 1979–1998 average. The 1992 and 1993 year-classes of walleyes Stizostedion vitreum from Minnesota's nine largest walleye lakes, which are gillnetted annually, were the two weakest since 1979. Mean June temperature explained more than 40% of the variation in year-class strength. Mean statewide walleye gill-net catch per unit effort (CPUE) from lake surveys increased at a rate of 1.3% annually after 1979 and was positively related to rising June temperatures, which explains 57% of the variation from lakes in glacial drift and 28% of the variation from Precambrian shield lakes. Walleye fry stocking was also positively related to increased walleye gill-net CPUE, but fingerling stocking was not. Chaotic events, such as large volcanic eruptions, may negatively affect walleye recruitment, an...
Burnout and self-actualization in public school teachers

Public school teachers (N = 211) in six northwestern Ohio school districts completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), Shostrom's Personal Orientation Inventory (POI), and a brief, biographic questionnaire. The responses to the MBI produced the three factors previously named by Maslach as Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Personal Accomplishment. Each of the three scales correlated with the summed POI score (r = -.28, -.22, and .35, respectively) and produced high to moderate levels of internal consistency (alphas of .92, .85, and .88, respectively). Teachers with more students tended to produce higher scores on the Depersonalization scale.
Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial (SMART) to Construct Weight Loss Interventions for African American Adolescents

The purpose of this study was to develop an adaptive behavioral treatment for African American adolescents with obesity. In a sequential multiple assignment randomized trial, 181 youth ages 12-16 years with primary obesity and their caregiver were first randomized to 3 months of home-based versus office-based delivery of motivational interviewing plus skills building. After 3 months, nonresponders to first phase treatment were rerandomized to continued home-based skills or contingency management. Primary outcome was percent overweight and hypothesized moderators were adolescent executive functioning and depression. There were no significant differences in primary outcome between home-based or office-based delivery or between continued home-based skills or contingency management for nonresponders to first-phase treatment. However, families receiving home-based treatment initially attended significantly more sessions in both phases of the trial, and families receiving contingency management attended more sessions in the second phase. Overall, participants demonstrated decreases in percent overweight over the course of the trial (3%), and adolescent executive functioning moderated this effect such that those with higher functioning lost more weight. More potent behavioral treatments to address the obesity epidemic are necessary, targeting new areas such as executive functioning. Delivering treatment in the home with contingency management may increase session attendance for this population.
Exposure (dose) tables for hematoporphyrin derivative photoradiation therapy

Two sets of tables are presented that permit the rapid determination of (1) milliwatts per centimeter2 based upon known site diameter and power output from fiber optic and (2) time of exposure (minutes and seconds) based upon known site diameter and power output from fiber optic.
MORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF THE EURYHALINE CHRYSOPHYTE, SPHAERIDIOTHRIX COMPRESSA1

SUMMARY Sphaeridiothrix compressa was found in a. saline pond in central Kansas in 1966. Studies in culture have shown that it reproduces readily by zoosporogenesis when grown in media of 12–21 ppt (%0) total salt. Its taxonomic position in the Chrysophyceae and synonymy with S. globulosa, S. brunea, and Chrysodictyon indicum are discussed. This is the first report of Sphaeridiothrix in the Western Hemisphere, and the first account of zoosporogenesis in the genus.
Three new malyngamides from a Papua New Guinea collection of the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula.

Three new malyngamides, U (1), V (2), and W (3), all possessing an uncommon oxygenation pattern, have been isolated from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula collected in Papua New Guinea. T...
Ionospheric irregularities causing scintillation of GHz frequency radio signals

Consideration of the recently observed phenomenon of scintillation of satellite signals at GHz frequency range. Based on the scintillation data and results from in situ measurements, several ionospheric irregularity models with different power spectra are studied. Scintillation index is computed for the various models and compared with observed results. Both magnitude and frequency dependence of the scintillation index are investigated. It is found that a thick irregularity slab of the order of 200 km with an electron density fluctuation of about 20 per cent of its background value and with a nonmonotonic power spectrum may account for the maximum observed values of the scintillation index as well as its frequency dependence. Some future observations and measurements are suggested.
Experimental autoimmune pinealitis in the rat : ultrastructure and quantitative immunocytochemical characterization of mononuclear infiltrate and MHC class II expression

Lewis rats immunized with Peptide M (an oligopeptide epitope of the S-antigen protein) developed experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) and experimental autoimmune pinealitis (EAP). Temporal changes in mononuclear infiltrate to the pineal gland were quantitated by computer image analysis of sections immunostained with monoclonal antibodies to specific mononuclear populations. T helper/inducer cells (W3/25+) and monocyte/macrophages (OX-42 +) were elevated during the early phases of inflammation (day 15) while cytotoxic/suppressor T cells (OX-8 +) were elevated at days 15 and 21. Expression of MHC class II (OX-6) was markedly enhanced on pineal glia, but was not present on vascular endothelia during EAP. Ultrastructurally, many capillaries exhibited thickenings of the endothelia and basal lamina. EAP had little effect on the fine structure of pinealocytes and glia and there was little evidence of cellular destruction by day 21, in contrast to the extensive retinal destruction resulting from EAU. These...
Tubes, Ribbons and Wires for Flexible Electronics

Solution processable conductors, dielectrics and semiconductors represent enabling materials for electronic circuits that can be fabricated on plastic sheets by continuous, high speed printing techniques. It is generally believed that these types of systems, which can cover large areas, will be important for new applications in consumer electronics. This talk describes the operational aspects of flexible transistors and circuits that use printable semiconductors based on carbon nanotubes, and on ribbons and wires of single crystal silicon, gallium arsenide (GaAs), indium phosphide (InP) and gallium nitride (GaN). High mobilities, optical transparency, GHz switching speeds and mechanical bendability and even stretchability represent a few of the unusual characteristics that can be achieved in these systems. These and other aspects, including the soft lithographic printing techniques used to form the devices and some costing studies for the materials and patterning methods will be discussed.
Universal newborn hearing screening for congenital hearing loss: how much does it cost? • 1147

Universal newborn hearing screening for congenital hearing loss: how much does it cost? • 1147
Pressure Effects in the Transformation Range of Glass

Survey experiments have been made to find the effect of pressure on relaxation rates and volume in the transformation range of glass. An empirical equation used to describe relaxation effects for volume changes at atmospheric pressure has been extended to describe the influence of pressure. Data for glass cooled at a constant rate through the transformation range under pressure are adequately described by this empirical equation. The effect of pressure on the volume of liquid glass has been measured indirectly using a sample rapidly cooled under pressure, providing an approximate value for the compressibility of liquid glass.
The Use of Capillary Action Measurements for Solderability Improvement

This paper describes the tests performed to evaluate the solder capillary action which occurs within a gap between two solderable surfaces during soldering. The goal was to determine the optimal gap distance for maximum capillary flow in the attainment of hermetic solder joints capable of withstanding extreme temperature cycles and various mechanical shocks. One of the test conditions was arranged so that the gap thicknesses would vary while the width of the gaps remained constant. In a second condition, the gap thicknesses remained constant while the gap widths varied. Three plating designs were evaluated. They were nickel plating; nickel overplated with gold; and nickel, copper intermediate, with tin overplate. The capillary action of all three plating combinations deposited onto aluminium specimens, with the gap configurations previously described, was evaluated. The capillary results were measured with X‐ray and microstructural data. End use solder joint designs were determined from the capillary results. These designs are shown and they include the best plating design for the application. In addition, an unexpected result was obtained that is useful for testing the solderability of all finishes—the Configured Capillary Solderability Test.
Leveling peasants? the maintenance of equality in a Swiss Alpine community

This quantitative examination of economic stratification in a Swiss Alpine village is based on data of individually owned farm land and building valuations for the period 1851–1915. Comparisons with other societies and with European peasant communities indicate a relatively low degree of inequality and the possibility of considerable intergenerational mobility in wealth. Demographic factors appear to have little influence on wealth. The egalitarian nature of the community results less from systematic wealth leveling mechanisms than from a limited production base, partible inheritance, the low returns on investment in farmland, communal credit facilities, and a democratic local political structure. [peasants, Switzerland, stratification, inequality, leveling, mobility]
Airing Your Dirty Laundry: Vertical Integration, Reputational Capital, and Social Networks

This article explores the relationship between an ethnic-based social network and vertical integration decisions in the laundry services industry. We find that stores in the social network are significantly less likely to vertically integrate than nonmember stores. This has three primary implications. First, the social network may be lowering the costs of using the market more than facilitating in-house production. This implies better outsourcing opportunities in a social network and may explain a documented relationship between social networks and firm economic performance. Second, institutional details of our example and the estimated relationship suggest a role for opportunism and reputation as determinants of the boundaries of the firm in a setting without asset specificity. Finally, although we provide evidence that better access to credit can increase the likelihood of vertical integration, we show that better outsourcing opportunities have a dominant effect of the social network in this particular setting. The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Yale University. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org, Oxford University Press.
Evidence of the production of extracellular invertase by certain strains of yeasts.

Abstract This study reports that, contrary to accepted opinion, living cells of certain yeasts are capable of producing substantial amounts of extra-cellular invertase. Different strains of Saccharomyces species differ markedly in their capacity to secrete invertase during active growth.
Progress in the development of immune-based therapies for type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Between ten and twenty million people worldwide have type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), which has previously been called juvenile diabetes, childhood diabetes, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. T1DM is undoubtedly a multifactorial disease affecting predisposed individuals with genetic susceptibilities; it is also associated with environmental factors leading to unbalanced immune responses. This chronic disorder is caused by auto-aggressive T lymphocytes entering the pancreatic islets of Langerhans where they destroy the insulin-producing β-cells. A wide variety of immuno-interventions cure T1DM effectively in different animal models when given early in disease development. However, few of these interventions are efficacious in humans at a later stage of the disease. Indeed, only three immunotherapeutic compounds have demonstrated both safety and efficacy in phase II/III clinical trials. Although much time and resources have been spent on generating potent immune therapies, none of the patients enrolled in these trials have achieved normoglycemia in the absence of insulin injections. Many reasons can account for such a disappointing conclusion. Firstly, the dynamics of disease pathogenesis differs significantly from patient to patient, which directly impacts the therapeutic efficacy. Also, at trial entry, the percentage of remaining pancreatic β-cells in T1DM patients often reflects the odds of responding positively to treatment. Based on the knowledge we have gained from preclinical studies and clinical trials, several steps have been made in the development of safer and more efficient immune-based therapies. There are, however, a number of concerns that should be addressed in order to improve future therapeutic strategies.
C1 + α local regularity of weak solutions of degenerate elliptic equations

Abstract : It is demonstrated the local C(1 + Alpha) nature of weak solutions of elliptic equations of the type (1.1) in the introduction under the degeneracy (or singularity) assumptions (A sub 1)-(A sub 3).
Effect of Fibrinogen and Ca2+ on the Thrombin‐Catalyzed Proteolytic Event That Triggers Activation of Factor XIII

Formation of stable blood clots requires formation of glutamyl-6-lysyl peptide crosslinks between certain glutamyl and lysyl residues in fibrin. Formation of these crosslinks is catalyzed by the transamidase factor XIIL. Production of this enzyme is initiated by thrombin-catalyzed limited proteolysis of the inactive zymogen factor XI11 during the final stage of the blood clotting cascade.' This initial proteolytic event in the reaction pathway for conversion of factor XI11 to factor XIIL involves cleavage at Arg-a36 and release of a 36 amino acid residue activation peptide from the a chains of the qbz molecules comprising plasma factor XIII? Using an HPLC procedure developed to monitor the release of peptides upon treatment of human factor XI11 with human a-thrombin, two peptides, AP and AP', with amino acid compositions consistent with that reported2 for activation peptide (TABLE l), were produced upon treatment of factor XI11 with thrombin? The appearance in lower amounts (< 20%) of the second activation peptide (AP') may reflect the presence of a factor XI11 variant in the pooled plasma from which the protein was purified, or it could reflect partial hydrolysis at a Gln or Asn residue during purification. Treatment of factor XIII, or isolated AP and AP', with alkaline phosphatase had no effect on the relative amounts or elution positions of AP and A P , suggesting that activation peptide does not exist in different states of phosphorylation as does fibrinopeptide A (FPA). Incubation of acidified mixtures of AP and AP' for several hours prior to HPLC resulted in the appearance of a shoulder on both the AP and AP' peaks, but no interconversion of the AP and AP'. The appearance of the shoulder may well reflect an N-0 acyl shift in the N-acetylseryl residue at the amino terminus of the activation peptide. Additional studies are required, however, to determine the structural basis for the different elution positions of AP and AP' and for the acid catalyzed alterations of these peptides. All kinetic parameters reported in this work are for the release of the major activation peptide, AP.
Abstract 5717: The Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 Inhibitor, AZD2281, enhances radiation response of breast cancer cells by inhibiting DNA repair

PARP-1 is a nuclear enzyme essential for base excision repair (BER), SSB, and possibly other DNA repair processes and an important damage sensor. It has been identified as a synthetic lethal target in BRCA1/2 breast cancers. PARP-1 is activated after binding DNA strand breaks and uses NAD+ as a substrate to form long branched polymers of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR). PARP-1 mediated poly(ADP-ribosylation) recruits various nuclear acceptor proteins, such as XRCC1, histones, and PARP-1 itself, to assemble other repair complexes to execute DNA repair. As a result, PARP inhibitors are being developed for cancer therapy due to their ability to sensitize cells to DNA-damaging agents. Thus, in this current study, we hypothesized that enhanced radiosensitivity of breast cancer may be achieved by combining ionizing radiation (IR) with the PARP inhibitor, AZD2281. We studied the effects of combined treatment of radiation and AZD2281 on three human breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and Hs578t. Cells were treated either with vehicle alone or with AZD2281 (4μM for 24hrs for MCF-7; 2μM for 24hrs for the MDA-MB-231 and Hs578t cells). Clonogenic cell survival assay showed that AZD2281 enhanced tumor cell radiosensitivity with the survival factor at 2Gy (SF2) being reduced from 26%, 52.8%, and 51.5% in vehicle treated to 18.5%, 27.8%, and 45.52% in AZD2281-treated MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and Hs578t cells respectively. As an initial investigation into the mechanism responsible for AZD2281-mediated radiosensitization, we examined the effect of AZD2281 treatment on the expression of proteins known to be involved in the repair of radiation-induced DSBs. Western blot analysis for Ku70, Ku86, and DNA-PKcs demonstrated a decrease in the levels of all three proteins following AZD2281 treatment in the breast cancer cell lines tested. As an additional test of our hypothesis that AZD2281 impairs the repair of damaged DNA, γ-H2AX foci were assessed as indicators of DNA damage. PARP inhibition markedly enhanced γ-H2AX persistence in the MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines suggestive of the presence of persistent DSBs. These data support the use of the PARP inhibitor, AZD2281, in combination with radiation therapy as an innovative treatment strategy to potentially improve outcomes in breast cancer patients. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5717. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5717
A theoretical study of the annual variation of atmospheric energy

The zonally averaged equation for a two-level, quasi-geostrophic model are used to calculate the annual mean values and the first harmonic of the annual variation of the midtropospheric temperature and the zonal winds at the upper and lower levels. The diabatic heating in the model is of a simple Newtonian form. The effects of surface skin friction and of internal friction are included together with a simple parameterization of the meridional eddy transport of sensible heat, while the transport of zonal relative momentum by the eddies is neglected, thereby restricting the motion to the largest meridional scale. From the solution of the equations it is possible to calculate the annual mean values and the first harmonic of the annual variation of the amounts of zonal available potential energy and zonal kinetic energy and, also, the generation of zonal available potential energy, the convertions from this form of energy to eddy available potential energy and to zonal kinetic energy, and the dissipation of zonal kinetic energy by friction. The results show that the simplified model is capable of reproducing several important aspects of the annual variation of atmospheric energetics. The phase relationships involving the time lag between the generation of zonal available potential energy and the dissipation of kinetic energy as well as the time lag between the seasonal forcing and the maxima of zonal available potential energy and zonal kinetic energy are well reproduced. There are differences between the theoretical results and observational studies with respect to the intensity of the general circulation and the amounts of energy. The sensitivity of the theoretical solution to the numerical values of the physical parameters is investigated. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1970.tb01931.x