cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anticonvulsant activity of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol compared with three other drugs

Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was compared with diphenylhydantoin (DPH), phenobarbital (PB) and chlordiazepoxide (CDP) using several standard laboratory procedures to determine anticonvulsant activity in mice, i.e., the maximal electroshock test (MES), and seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol, strychnine and nicotine. In the MES test, THC was the least potent and DPH the most potent blocker of hind limb tonic extensor convulsions whereas THC was the most potent and DPH the least potent in increasing the latency to this response and in preventing mortality. Seizures and mortality induced by pentylenetetrazol or by strychnine were enhanced by THC and DPH and were blocked by PB and CDP. In the test with nicotine, none of the four anticonvulsant agents prevented seizures; DPH was the only one which failed to increase latency; THC and DPH were less potent than PB and CDP in preventing mortality. THC most closely resembled DPH in the tests with chemical convulsant agents, but a sedative action of THC, resembling that of PB and CDP, was indicated by low ED5 0 for increased latency and for prevention of mortality in the MES test.
Parathyroid cell surface autoantibodies that inhibit parathyroid hormone secretion from dispersed human parathyroid cells

Serum autoantibodies directed toward antigenic determinants on the surface of human parathyroid cells (PTAb-CS) have been demonstrated in a subset (8 of 23) of adult patients with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism (IHP). In sera from 3 of 8 patients with PTAb-CS, binding of these autoantibodies to their respective parathyroid cell surface antigen(s) resulted in marked inhibition of parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion in an in vitro dispersed human parathyroid cell (dPTC) system. In 1 subject evaluated longitudinally, circulating levels of PTAb-CS, and the magnitude of the inhibitory effect on PTH secretion, temporally correlated with the clinical course of the hypoparathyroidism. These findings suggest a causative role for antibodies directed against cell surface antigens in parathyroid dysfunction in some cases of “autoimmune” hypoparathyroidism.
Lyα imaging of a very luminous z = 2.3 starburst galaxy with WFPC2

We investigate the Lyα and UV continuum morphology of one of the most luminous known Lymanα emitting galaxies (the ‘Coup Fourre Galaxy’), associated with a z=2.3 damped Lyα absorption system in the spectrum of the QSO PHL 957. The galaxy is observed with the Hubble Space Telescope Wide-Field Planetary Camera 2 (HST WFPC2), through a narrow filter (F410M) corresponding to rest-frame Lyα for a total exposure time of 41.2 ks, plus shorter exposures in F555W and F814W. In all three passbands, the galaxy is resolved into a close (∼0.35 arcsec) pair of two components, CFgA and CFgB, both of which are extended and elongated. The profile of CFgA is consistent with an exponential disk of similar scalelength in Lyα (rexp=0.23 arcsec) and continuum (rexp=0.20 arcsec), and no evidence of a central point source. In contrast, CFgB is closer to a bulge profile. We find that CFgA has by far the higher ratio of Lyα to continuum flux, and from the observed colours estimate rest-frame equivalent widths of W(Lyα)=151±16 A for CFgA and 33±13 A for CFgB. From the F814W and F555W magnitudes we estimate the rest-frame blue-band absolute magnitudes (for H0=50 km s−1 Mpc−1 and q0=0.05) of −23.12 for CFgA and −23.24 for CFgB, significantly brighter than local galaxies of the same size. CFgA shows a remarkable 3.9 magnitudes of surface brightness enhancement relative to local spirals. This object appears to be at the upper limit of both the range of surface brightness evolution observed in z>2 galaxies and the range of W(Lyα) in any star-forming galaxy. We speculate that its extreme surface brightness results from a very luminous starburst (∼200 M⊙ yr−1), triggered by the merger of the two components, and the high W(Lyα) from a brief phase of the starburst in which most Lyα photons can escape, as predicted in the models of Tenorio-Tagle et al. (1999). We also investigated the F410M image of the QSO PHL 957. Subtraction of a normalized point-spead function leaves no significant residuals – the QSO is consistent with a pure point source and we do not detect either the host galaxy or the damped Lyα absorbing galaxy. We search for other galaxies with strong Lyα emission at z∼2.3–2.4, selecting these by colour (m410−V555)AB<−0.2. Eight candidate Lyα sources, all fainter than the Coup Fourre Galaxy, are identified in our field. One is a point-source and may be an AGN; the others are of similar size to the Coup Fourre Galaxy but of lower surface brightness, knotty and asymmetric. They appear typical of Lyman break galaxies but with colours indicating W(Lyα)∼100 A.
Annexin-mediated membrane fusion of human neutrophil plasma membranes and phospholipid vesicles

Membrane fusion was studied using human neutrophil plasma membrane preparations and phospholipid vesicles approximately 0.15 microns in diameter and composed of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine in a ratio of 1 to 3. Liposomes were labeled with N-(7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl (NBD) and lissamine rhodamine B derivatives of phospholipids. Apparent fusion was detected as an increase in fluorescence of the resonance energy transfer donor, NBD, after dilution of the probes into unlabeled membranes. 0.5 mM Ca2+ alone was sufficient to cause substantial fusion of liposomes with a plasma membrane preparation but not with other liposomes. Both annexin I and des(1-9)annexin I caused a substantial increase in the rate of fusion under these conditions while annexin V inhibited fusion. Fusion mediated by des(1-9)annexin I was observed at Ca2+ concentrations as low as approximately 5 microM, suggesting that the truncated form of this protein may be active at physiologically low Ca2+ concentrations. Trypsin treated plasma membranes were incapable of fusion with liposomes, suggesting that plasma membrane proteins may mediate fusion. Liposomes did not fuse with whole cells at any Ca2+ concentration, indicating that the cytoplasmic side of the membrane is involved. These results suggest that annexin I and unidentified plasma membrane proteins may play a role in Ca(2+)-dependent degranulation of human neutrophils.
Thermomechanical peeling in multilayer beams and plates¿a solution from first principles

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present a solution for the peeling moment arising from the peeling stress distribution in any interface in a multilayer beam or plate. The solution is implemented for three- and four- layer beams; it is shown that it can readily be implemented for any desired number of layers. The solution is derived from first principles, and is evolved from the well known [Timoshenko, A. 1925. Analysis of bi-metal thermostats. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 11, 233–255] bimetal thermostat analysis. A physical interpretation of the factors that make up the peeling moment is given, enabling quick identification of how any layer property may be changed in order to resist delamination at any interface of interest. The concept of moments being transferred across the interface to cause equal radii of curvature is helpful in understanding the factors that influence the magnitude and direction of the peeling moment at any interface. This analytical method applies equally to multilayer stack-ups cured simultaneously at a common temperature, and to products such as integrated circuit wafers where the layers are formed sequentially at different temperatures.
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel ethambutol analogues

Ethambutol is one of the front-line agents recommended by the World Health Organization for the treatment of tuberculosis. In an effort to develop more potent therapies to treat tuberculosis, novel unsymmetrical ethambutol analogues were successfully synthesized by a new route utilizing novel building blocks synthesized using Ellman's sulfinyl chemistry. The resulting analogues were tested for anti-tuberculosis activity yielding compounds with comparable anti-tuberculosis activity to ethambutol and increased lipophilicity that may instill better tissue penetration and serum half-life.
Processing Speaker Variability in Repetition and Semantic/Associative Priming

The effect of speaker variability on accessing the form and meaning of spoken words was evaluated in two short-term priming experiments. In the repetition priming experiment, participants listened to repeated or unrelated prime-target pairs, in which the prime and target were produced by the same speaker or different speakers. The results showed robust repetition priming, but only partial evidence of reduction of priming by speaker variability. In the semantic/associative priming experiment, participants listened to semantically/associatively related or unrelated prime-target pairs, in which the prime and target were produced by the same speaker or different speakers. The results showed robust semantic/associative priming, but the reduction of priming by speaker variability took place only for targets produced by the female speaker. There is no evidence that the speaker variability effect varied as a function of inter-stimulus interval. These findings suggest that speaker variability could affect access to word form and meaning, but the impact is relatively weak.
Mechanism of the silane decomposition. I. Silane loss kinetics and rate inhibition by hydrogen. II. Modeling of the silane decomposition (all stages of reaction)

Part I: Kinetic data for the static system silane pyrolysis (from 640–703 K, 60–400 torr) are presented. For conversion from 3–30%, first-order kinetics are obtained, with silane loss rates equal to half the hydrogen formation rates. At conversions greater than 40%, rate inhibition attributable to the back reaction of hydrogen with silylene occurs. Overall reaction rates are not surface sensitive, but disilane and trisilane yield maxima under some conditions are. A nonchain mechanism capable of describing quantitatively all stages of the silane pyrolysis is proposed. Post 1.0% initiation is both homogeneous (gas phase) and heterogeneous (on the walls), and reaction intermediates are silylenes and disilenes. Free radicals are not involved at any stage of the reaction. Rate data at high conversions and with added hydrogen provide kinetics for the addition of silylene to hydrogen [reaction (−1)1] relative to its addition to silane [reaction (2)]: k−1,/k2 = 10−0.65 × e−3200 cal/RT. With E2 = 1300 cal, this gives a high pressure activation energy for silylene insertion into hydrogen of E−1 = 8200 cal. Part II: An analysis is made of each rate constant of the silane mechanism and the modeling results are compared with experimental results. Agreement is excellent. It is concluded that the dominant sink reaction for silylene intermediates is 1,2—H2 elimination from disilane (followed by Si2H4 polymerization and wall deposition). The model is in accord with slow isomerization between disilene and silylsilylene and near exclusive 1,2—H2 elimination from Si2H6. It is also concluded that disilene is about 10 kcal/mol more stable than silylsilylene and that the activation energy for isomerization of silylsilylene to disilene is greater than 26 kcal/mol.
Extracardiac features of heart failure: Catecholamines and hormonal changes

Congestive heart failure is a very complex clinical syndrome characterized by a number of important extracardiac features. In an attempt to maintain circulatory homeostasis, there is activation of a number of vasopressor/Na+ retentive forces. Plasma levels of angiotensin, norepinephrine and vasopressin rise, likely contributing to heightened peripheral resistance and antidiuresis. These forces appear to be offset to some extent by vasodilator/Na+ excretion activity in the form of increased prostaglandins, atrial natriuretic factor, and dopamine. There is a complex interplay between these neurohumoral systems in heart failure which is just beginning to be understood.
Protein phosphorylation associated with the stimulation of neutrophils. Modulation of superoxide production by protein kinase C and calcium

Neutrophils and other phagocytic cells of the immune system possess a superoxide-generating oxidase system which is essential for the efficient killing of microbes. The system is activated by a wide variety of stimuli, some of which operate through pathways involving protein kinase C (PKC), while others appear not to. The PKC-dependent pathway is probably the major signal transduction route for most of the stimuli. Alterations in cellular Ca2+ and diglyceride levels can have a pronounced stimulatory effect on this pathway by their ability to synergistically activate PKC. This review discusses PKC, the different interactions of this kinase with the plasmalemma that are important in superoxide production, the synergy between Ca2+ and diglyceride, and the nature of the phosphoproteins involved. Evidence supporting the existence of the PKC-independent pathway is also reviewed.
Validity of Childhood Career Development Scale Scores in South Africa.

The purpose of this study was to provide evidence of the construct and concurrent validity of the Childhood Career Development Scale’s (CCDS) scores among South African primary school children. Using a sample of 808 children in grades four through seven, evidence for the CCDS’s construct validity was provided using confirmatory factor analysis, with eight factors confirmed. Evidence for the CCDS’s concurrent validity was also presented by analyzing the relationship between subscales of the Childhood Career Development Scale and measures of self-esteem, locus of control, and children’s industry. The CCDS continues to emerge as a promising theoretically-driven assessment tool.
Lectins: A Possible Basis for Specificity in the Rhizobium—Legume Root Nodule Symbiosis

Soybean lectin labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate combined specifically with all but 3 of 25 strains of the soybean-nodulating bacterium Rhizobium japonicum. The lectin did not bind to any of 23 other strains representative of rhizobia that do not nodulate soybeans. The evidence suggests that an interaction between legume lectins and Rhizobium cells may account for the specificity expressed between rhizobia and host plant in the initiation of the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis.
Learning-specific differences in Purkinje-cell dendrites of lobule HVI (Lobulus simplex): intracellular recording in a rabbit cerebellar slice.

Abstract The cerebellum has been directly implicated in the associative learning exemplified by classical conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response. Lesions of cerebellar lobule HVI (Lobulus simplex) can disrupt or even abolish classical conditioning. Electrical stimulation of inputs that converge at cerebellar lobule HVI and the deep cerebellar nuclei has been shown to support classical conditioning of the responses elicited by such stimulation. Here we report that intracellular in a slice of rabbit cerebellar lobule HVI revealed a conditioning-specific increase in the excitability of Purkinje-cell dendrites without significant changes in dendritic membrane potential or input resistance. The finding of a conditioning-specific change in lobule HVI lends support to the theory that associative learning involves local dendritic modification and provides further evidence for the involvement of the cerebellar cortex in classical conditioninf of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response.
Extracting degenerate modes and frequencies from time-domain simulations with filter-diagonalization

A variant of the filter-diagonalization method, using targeted excitation to filter out unwanted modes, can extract exactly or nearly degenerate eigenmodes and frequencies from time-domain simulations. Excitation provides a particularly simple way to produce filtered states with already-existing time-domain simulations, while requiring minimal storage space. Moreover, using broader excitations that cover the entire range of desired frequencies requires just one-fifth as much computation as using narrow excitations. With this method, almost any time-domain code can be easily turned into an efficient eigenmode solver with little or no change to the code. To distinguish M degenerate modes requires running at least M different simulations, so the computational effort is proportional to the size of the degeneracy, no matter how closely-spaced the modes; however, from those M simulations many other non-degenerate modes can also be extracted with high accuracy, without much extra effort. This method allows relatively simple FDTD algorithms to compete with frequency-domain solvers, offering advantages of simplicity, flexibility and ease of implementation; also, it scales to very large problems and massively parallel computation, and it can be used to extract high-frequency modes without first having to identify lower-frequency modes. The accuracy of this method is demonstrated by finding eigenmodes and frequencies of an electromagnetic resonant cavity.
Adrenalectomy for metastatic disease to the adrenal glands

A policy of supportive treatment is frequently adopted for patients with metastatic disease to the adrenal glands. This study reports an experience with adrenalectomy for adrenal metastasis. Between 1983 and 1993, adrenalectomy was performed in 52 patients for metastasis to the adrenal glands. Survival was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with the log rank test. Primary tumour sites included kidney (n = 15), lung (n = 11), colon (n = 7), unknown (n = 5), stomach (n = 3), melanoma (n = 3) and other (n = 8). Adenocarcinoma (69 per cent) was the most common histological cell type. Thirty-two patients were asymptomatic on initial evaluation. Symptomatic adrenal pain relief was achieved in 11 of 13 patients. Overall survival rates were 73 per cent at 1 year and 40 per cent at 2 years. Patients with potentially curative resection had better survival than those who had a palliative procedure. Patients with adrenal metastases due to adenocarcinoma had improved survival compared with that in those with other histological cell types. Although long-term survival is generally poor, highly selected patients with adrenal metastasis (symptomatic disease or adenocarcinoma) may benefit from surgical resection.
Special Issue on Microlenses

The study and application of microscale lenses and lens arrays have been actively researched in recent years; new approaches in the fabrication of microlenses and microlens arrays have emerged. Also, novel applications of these microlenses and microlens arrays have been demonstrated. In an effort to disseminate the current advances in this specialized field of microlenses and microlens arrays, and to encourage discussion on the future research directions while stimulating research interests in this area, a Special Issue of Micromachines has been dedicated to “Microlenses”. [...]
Ocean water-leaving radiance measurements by the Joint Polar Satellite System

Measurements of ocean remote sensing multispectral optical reflectance by the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) have become increasingly important to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in plans for satisfying operational requirements for ocean and coastal observations. Such observations are used to derive water-leaving radiance information from which operational applications of importance to public health, safety, and commerce depend, including the detection and monitoring of harmful algal blooms. The higher NOAA priority stems from the recent loss or advanced age of legacy ocean color missions combined with the absence of supporting multispectral or hyperspectral sensing capabilities in other planned Earth observing satellite systems. The JPSS capability will provide ocean remote sensing reflectance in the five visible wavelength bands of the Visible Infrared Imager-Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) from which normalized water-leaving radiance, inherent optical properties, and Chlorophyll-a concentration may be derived. VIIRS near-infrared wavelength bands are used to calculate the required atmospheric corrections and account for the 80–90% of the top-of-atmosphere radiance. The associated JPSS data product performance requirements have matured in comparison to heritage polar satellite requirements. Enhancements to the JPSS requirements include expanded measurement ranges for Chlorophyll-a and optical scattering and absorption, application of measurement accuracy and precision requirements exclusively to the VIIRS visible blue band, a prescription for normalized water-leaving radiance errors in the contributing visible bands so that they are spectrally correlated as observed in heritage data, an extension of the minimum ocean depth subject to accuracy and precision requirements to 30 m, and additional delivery of retrieved data in regions classified by the VIIRS Land-Water Mask as Coastal and Inland Waters. Preliminary science validation results using initial VIIRS data from the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership, a risk-reduction mission for JPSS, indicate excellent potential for fully satisfying operational requirements for ocean color observations.
Characteristic Imperfections in Flux‐Grown Crystals of Yttrium Iron Garnet

Crystals of yttrium iron garnet grown from lead oxide and lead oxide-lead fluoride flux systems are inhomogeneous and contain characteristic imperfections that may be significant in the evaluation of physical properties. A petrographic study of single-crystal sections has revealed dendritic nuclei, oriented layers of submicroscopic foreign material located in the outer regions of the crystals, and oriented occlusions in intermediate positions. Changes in the appearance of thin sections resulting from the use of an oxygen atmosphere during synthesis combined with other observations indicate that divalent iron contributes to inhomogeneities and imperfections present in yttrium iron garnet crystals. Growth mechanisms involving an initial dendritic stage with (100) and (111) fast-growth directions followed by layered growth parallel to major crystal planes, normally (110) and (211), can be deduced from the appearance and location of crystal imperfections.
Understanding the evolution of the Sun's open magnetic flux

The large-scale magnetic field of the Sun, including the open flux that extends into the interplanetary medium, originates in active regions but is redistributed over the photosphere by differential rotation, supergranular convection, and poleward meridional flow. We use simulations to clarify the role of the surface transport processes in the evolution of the total open flux, Φopen, which determines the strength of the radial interplanetary field component. Representing the initial photospheric field configuration by one or more bipolar magnetic regions (BMRs), we show that Φopen varies approximately as the net dipole strength, determined by vectorially summing the dipole moments of the individual BMRs. As meridional flow carries the BMR flux to higher latitudes, the equatorial dipole component is annihilated on a timescale ∼1 yr by the combined effect of rotational shearing and supergranular diffusion. The remaining flux becomes concentrated around the poles, and Φopen approaches a limiting value that depends on the axisymmetric dipole strength of the original active regions. We discuss the implications of these results for the solar cycle evolution of Φopen.
Beyond Hammers and Nails: Mitigating and Verifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions

One of the biggest challenges to future international agreements on climate change is an independent, science-driven method of verifying reductions in greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) [Niederberger and Kimble, 2011]. The scientific community has thus far emphasized atmospheric measurements to assess changes in emissions. An alternative is direct measurement or estimation of fluxes at the source. Given the many challenges facing the approach that uses “top-down” atmospheric measurements and recent advances in “bottom-up” estimation methods, I challenge the current doctrine, which has the atmospheric measurement approach “validating” bottom-up, “good-faith” emissions estimation [Balter, 2012] or which holds that the use of bottom-up estimation is like “dieting without weighing oneself” [Nisbet and Weiss, 2010].
The effects of verbal labels on the recognition of forms

Ninety-six Ss learned paired-associates with adjectives as stimuli and reproduced forms as responses. Tests for recognition of one form, a stressful rhombus, were made after 30 sec., or 48 hrs., or 7 days. The meaning of the stimulus-word significantly influenced the PSE for recognition. There was no time effect.
Expanding discourse repertoires with hybridity

In “Hybrid discourse practice and science learning” Kamberelis and Wehunt present a theoretically rich argument about the potential of hybrid discourses for science learning. These discourses draw from different forms of “talk, social practice, and material practices” to create interactions that are “intertextually complex” and “interactionally dynamic.” The hybrid discourse practices are described as involving the dynamic interplay of at least three key elements: “the lamination of multiple cultural frames, the shifting relations between people and their discourse, and the shifting power relations between and among people.” Each of these elements requires a respective unit of analysis and are often mutually reinforcing. The authors present a theoretically cogent argument for the study of hybrid discourse practices and identify the potential such discourses may have for science education. This theoretical development leads to an analysis of spoken and written discourse around a set of educational events concerning the investigation of owl pellets by two fifth grade students, their classmates, and teacher. Two discourse segments are presented and analyzed by the authors in detail. The first is a discourse analysis of the dissection of the owl pellet by two students, Kyle and Max. The second analysis examines the science report of these same two students. In this article, I pose a number of questions about the study with the hope that by doing so I expand the conversation around the insightful analysis presented.
Evaluating the Impact of Statewide Anti‐Tobacco Campaigns: The Massachusetts and California Tobacco Control Programs

Despite more than 30 years of public health programs to reduce tobacco use, smoking is still the leading preventable cause of death in the United States. In response to this continuing epidemic, voters in California (1988), Massachusetts (1992), Arizona (1994), and Oregon (1996) approved ballot initiatives that established statewide tobacco control programs funded by cigarette excise tax revenues. Evaluating these innovative public health interventions is important, both to improve existing programs and to guide other states in developing and implementing similar interventions. In this paper we describe the methods being used to evaluate the statewide anti-tobacco campaigns in California and Massachusetts, and review the findings of process and outcome evaluations of both programs. Our review suggests that both programs have had a substantial impact on the public's health by reducing cigarette consumption and stimulating the development of policies to reduce environmental tobacco smoke exposure. However, it does not appear that either program has reduced smoking initiation among adolescents. Our evaluation suggests three problems in program implementation that future anti-tobacco campaigns must avoid in order to produce long-term, sustained effects: (1) the gradual erosion of program funding by the state legislatures and governors; (2) the lack of a consistent, supportive constituency within state government; and (3) inconsistency in campaign themes, messages, and programs. We conclude by offering recommendations to correct these problems so that state-wide cigarette-tax-funded anti-tobacco campaigns can realize their potential to become one of the most effective public health interventions available.
Measurement and modulation of nonoxynol-9 diffusion and bioactivity against spermatozoa in human cervical mucus

Assays of sperm penetration into cervical mucus, in the configuration of double-ended tests (DETs), are an accepted format for evaluating the efficacy of sperm-directed contraceptives in mucus. In order to distinguish relative contributions of compound permeation into, and compound bioactivity within, cervical mucus with respect to vanguard sperm penetration measured in DETs, direct measurements were made of concentration profiles of the spermicide nonoxynol-9 (N9) after diffusion into mucus-filled capillary tubes. N9 was dissolved in two different delivery solutions, deionized water and saline, in an attempt to exploit a Donnan-mediated swelling of mucus for enhanced delivery of the spermicide. Average diffusion coefficients, 7 and 5 x 10(-7) cm2/sec for N9-water and N9-saline, respectively, indicate that the diffusion of N9, a surfactant material, is governed by the size of the N9 micelle rather than the molecular size, in the concentration range typically found in commercial preparations Permeation of N9 into mucus was significantly greater for water versus saline as delivery solution, although the difference was slight. A more pronounced difference between the two treatments was found in DET results, due to an osmotic and/or pH activity of the delivery solution itself against sperm in mucus.
Autocorrelation measurement of femtosecond laser pulses by use of a ZnSe two-photon detector array

We demonstrate autocorrelation measurements of 85-fs Ti:sapphire laser pulses, using a 32-pixel ZnSe detector array in a single-shot geometry. The two-photon photoconductor is fabricated by deposition of an array of interdigitated gold fingers on a single-crystal ZnSe substrate.
Reducing the Role of the State in the Economy: A Conceptual Exploration of IMF and World Bank Prescriptions

A policy and scholarly consensus is emerging on reducing the role of the state in the economy, but with relatively little consideration of its meaning and potential consequences. Six different forms of state economic intervention are distinguished in this article (influence, regulation, mediation, distribution, production, and planning) and combined to characterize different national economic regimes. IMF and World Bank recommendations for policy reform are then identified, and the consequences of those recommendations are assessed for different forms of economic intervention. On balance, stabilization and structural adjustment programs would appear to facilitate a major continuation of some forms of intervention (influence and mediation), redirect others (regulation, mediation, and distribution), and reduce those associated with state production and planning. These differential effects of the programs have far-reaching political implications, can be internally inconsistent, and are not necessarily conducive to development. In nearly every developing country in the world today, short-term stabilization measures, structural adjustment programs, liberalization efforts, and economic reforms are being considered, attempted, or adopted. Although there is tremendous variation in the details of the programs being initiated, nearly all entail a reduced role for the state in the economy (especially in the area of expenditures and ownership of productive enterprises) and greater reliance on market mechanisms (especially in the areas of exchange rate adjustment, trade liberalization, and the use of subsidies). These tendencies are a far cry from the extensive state interventionism, economic nationalism, and state socialist experimentation found in much of the developing world during the 1960s and 1970s. These policy reforms have been accompanied and strongly encouraged by the official reports, studies, and declarations of the major international financial organizations (most notably the World Bank and the IMF), a number of private transna
Epidermal nucleases. II. The multiplicity of ribonucleases in guinea-pig epidermis.

Ribonuclease activity has been extracted from adults guinea-pig epidermis by sequential homogenization in dilute sodium acetate and sulfuric acid. The extracts were subjected to ammonium sulfate fractionation and to affinity and ion exchange chromatography. Three ribonucleases (I, II, III) were separated from the sodium acetate extract and 6 (A, B 1 , B 2 , B 3 , C, D) were isolated from the sulfuric acid extract. The degree of purification varies from 65-fold to 8,700-fold and the apparent molecular weights of the active forms of 8 of the 9 ribonucleases range from 10,000 to 36,500. No phosphodiesterase activity is present in any of the 9 fractions, but there is alkaline phosphatase activity in one (I) and deoxyribonuclease activity in a second (B 3 ). Two of the ribonucleases have acid pH optima (A 1 , B 3 ), while the others are most active between pHs 6.8 and 7.8. The activity of 4 of the fractions is sensitive to added EDTA (III, A, B 2 , B 3 ), but no stimulatory metal ions were found. Low concentrations of the polyamine spermidine enhanced the activity of 3 fractions (III, C, D). Yeast ribonucleic acid is degraded exonucleolytically by 2 fractions (I, A) and endonucleolytically by the remaining 7. In experiments with homopolyribonucleotide substrates, poly U was generally the preferred substrate. Substantial hydrolysis of poly A occurred with 2 fractions (A, B 3 ) and slight hydrolysis of poly G with 2 other fractions (B 2 , C).
Voltage stability preserving invariants for smart grids

Voltage stability analysis is essential in any power system. This paper addresses the voltage stability in a typical smart grid type system with multiple independent entities. A typical smart grid operation involves various loading excursions (changes in power, both generated and consumed) undertaken by all these independent entities. For a smooth functioning of any generic smart grid type system, correct behavior of all these independent entities must be preserved when one or more of these entities are subjected to various loading levels. Correct behavior of all the entities (sub-systems) will ensure correct behavior of the overall system (smart grid). Invariants, if forced to be true, ensure correct behavior on a subsystem level and thus preserve the overall system correctness. An invariant is a logical predicate on a system state that should not change its truth value if satisfied by system execution [1]. This paper derives an invariant that preserves voltage stability. This invariant is based on an online indicator which is derived from fundamental Kirchhoff s laws and will predict the proximity of voltage collapse at one or more entities in a smart grid. The efficiency of the invariant in predicting voltage collapse has been verified with simulations performed on a typical seven node smart grid system. Thus an online monitoring of the system parameters gives an indication of the system voltage stability. The voltage stability invariant works for both static and dynamic states. This method is also a fast and powerful tool to predict the voltage stability margin of a generic smart grid system by a simple monitoring of the system parameters.
Environmentally Responsive "Hairy" Nanoparticles: Mixed Homopolymer Brushes on Silica Nanoparticles Synthesized by Living Radical Polymerization Techniques

This article reports on the preparation of environmentally responsive “hairy” nanoparticles by growth of mixed poly(tert-butyl acrylate) (PtBA)/polystyrene (PS) brushes from silica particles using living radical polymerization techniques and subsequent hydrolysis of PtBA to produce amphiphilic mixed poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)/PS brushes. Silica particles were synthesized by the Stober process and were functionalized with an asymmetric difunctional initiator-terminated monolayer. Surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of tBA was carried out in the presence of a free initiator. Kinetics study showed that the polymerization was well controlled. By cleaving PtBA off the particles, the molecular weights of the grafted and free polymers were found to be essentially identical. Mixed PtBA/PS brushes were obtained by the nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization of styrene from PtBA particles. The Mn of the grafted PS was found to be the same as that of the free PS formed in the solution from the fre...
HIV's Nef interacts with β-catenin of the Wnt signaling pathway in HEK293 cells.

The Wnt signaling pathway is implicated in major physiologic cellular functions, such as proliferation, migration, cell fate specification, maintenance of pluripotency and induction of tumorigenicity. Proliferation and migration are important responses of T-cells, which are major cellular targets of HIV infection. Using an informatics screen, we identified a previously unsuspected interaction between HIV’s Nef protein and β-catenin, a key component of the Wnt pathway. A segment in Nef contains identical amino acids at key positions and structurally mimics the β-catenin binding sites on endogenous β-catenin ligands. The interaction between Nef and β-catenin was confirmed in vitro and in a co-immunoprecipitation from HEK293 cells. Moreover, the introduction of Nef into HEK293 cells specifically inhibited a Wnt pathway reporter.
Stabilizing and Destabilizing Clusters in the Hydrophobic Core of Long Two-stranded α-Helical Coiled-coils

Detailed sequence analyses of the hydrophobic core residues of two long two-stranded alpha-helical coiled-coils that differ dramatically in sequence, function, and length were performed (tropomyosin of 284 residues and the coiled-coil domain of the myosin rod of 1086 residues). Three types of regions were present in the hydrophobic core of both proteins: stabilizing clusters and destabilizing clusters, defined as three or more consecutive core residues of either stabilizing (Leu, Ile, Val, Met, Phe, and Tyr) or destabilizing (Gly, Ala, Cys, Ser, Thr, Asn, Gln, Asp, Glu, His, Arg, Lys, and Trp) residues, and intervening regions that consist of both stabilizing and destabilizing residues in the hydrophobic core but no clusters. Subsequently, we designed a series of two-stranded coiled-coils to determine what defines a destabilizing cluster and varied the length of the destabilizing cluster from 3 to 7 residues to determine the length effect of the destabilizing cluster on protein stability. The results showed a dramatic destabilization, caused by a single Leu to Ala substitution, on formation of a 3-residue destabilizing cluster (DeltaT(m) of 17-21 degrees C) regardless of the stability of the coiled-coil. Any further substitution of Leu to Ala that increased the size of the destabilizing cluster to 5 or 7 hydrophobic core residues in length had little effect on stability (DeltaT(m) of 1.4-2.8 degrees C). These results suggested that the contribution of Leu to protein stability is context-dependent on whether the hydrophobe is in a stabilizing cluster or its proximity to neighboring destabilizing and stabilizing clusters.
The Presentation of Reading Lessons.

(1990). The presentation of reading lessons. Reading Research and Instruction: Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 35-55.
Pay attention! Attention to the primes increases attitude assessment accuracy

We demonstrate that an oft-used indirect attitude assessment technique—the attitude activation paradigm—accurately assesses attitudes only when participants attend to the prime stimuli during the attitude activation task. Attitude activation attitudes toward obviously valenced words (e.g., torture, liberty) were more sensitive to attitude valence and extremity when participants were required to attend to the prime words than when they attended to a competing stimulus. As a result, we observed a signiWcantly stronger correlation between attitude activation attitudes and a direct, self-report attitude measure when participants attended to the primes than when they ignored them. We conclude that failing to require participants to attend to the primes during the attitude activation task results in a Xawed measurement, which could lead researchers to underestimate relations between the attitude activation measure and direct, selfreport attitude measures.
‘How can a Poor Man Live?’ Resistance to Capitalist Development in Southern Illinois, 1870–1890.

For better than a decade American historians have debated whether or not U.S. farmers were ‘capitalist’ or ‘non-capitalist’ during the nineteenth century. This debate has tended to use market integration as the key index for determining where they should be conceptually located,-although Henretta and Merrill, who fired the opening salvos in the debate, focused more on how farmers understood what they were doing, and Genovese has long insisted that the direct relations of production are the basis for defining specific modes of production. This argument is important not only insofar as it sharpens our knowledge of early American social formations, but also as it aids in interpreting political disputes that occurred on local and national levels.
A Correlation Between Salt Spray and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Test Results for Conversion-Coated Aluminum Alloys

Abstract The corrosion resistance of 33 inorganic conversion coatings applied to five aluminum alloys was tested by salt spray exposure and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Results were evaluated to determine if a relationship existed. Individual salt spray test panels, with an area of 30 in. (194 cm2), were inspected visually at regular intervals up to 168 h of exposure. At each inspection interval, panels were assigned a pass rank if 5 pits were observed. EIS data were analyzed using a simple equivalent circuit which yielded a coating resistance (Rc), which was used as a figure of merit to assess coating performance. Examination of the data showed both tests could be sensitive discriminators of corrosion protection, but that EIS was more discriminating in the extremes of coating performance. Analysis showed the probability of achieving a passing salt spray result increased as Rc increased. In the regimes where both tests were sensitive, regression...
Transdetermination in imaginal wing disc fragments of Drosophila melanogaster

Fragments of the imaginal wing disc of Drosophila melanogaster were cultured in adult hosts before transfer to larvae for metamorphosis. Transdetermination occurred only after at least 2 weeks of culture in vivo, producing structures of the leg, antenna, head, and thoracic spiracle. Details of the transdetermined structures and their locations with respect to normal wing disc structures are reported. We present evidence suggesting that regulation can occur between the wing and the second leg imaginal discs, and we propose that many transdeterminations which involve neighboring discs may result from such interdisc regulation.
Simultaneous determination of size and wavelength-dependent refractive indices of thin-layered droplets from optical resonances.

A technique for determining the size and wavelength-dependent refractive indices of a droplet coated with a thin layer is presented. The existence of a layer on the droplet is identified by a procedure that involves separate alignments of independently measured TE- and TM-mode resonances with computed homogeneous-sphere resonances. The procedure also yields the mode and the order numbers associated with the measured resonances. The observed resonances are then aligned with layered-sphere resonances of the same mode and order numbers to determine the core radius, layer thickness, and constants of core and shell dispersion formulas that minimize the difference between the observed and the calculated positions of resonances. The technique has been tested with synthetic data with various levels of random errors as well as with experimental data from two droplets under identical conditions. The results show that the core radius, layer thickness, and core and layer refractive indices can be determined with relative errors of 3.5 × 10−4, 4.5 × 10−2, 2.3 × 10−4, and 4.4 × 10−3, respectively, with the technique.
Inhibition of NF-κB Signaling by A20 Through Disruption of Ubiquitin Enzyme Complexes

A20 negatively regulates inflammation by inhibiting the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) transcription factor in the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways. A20 contains deubiquitinase and E3 ligase domains and thus has been proposed to function as a ubiquitin-editing enzyme downstream of TNFR1 by inactivating ubiquitinated RIP1. However, it remains unclear how A20 terminates NF-κB signaling downstream of TLRs. We have shown that A20 inhibited the E3 ligase activities of TRAF6, TRAF2, and cIAP1 by antagonizing interactions with the E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzymes Ubc13 and UbcH5c. A20, together with the regulatory molecule TAX1BP1, interacted with Ubc13 and UbcH5c and triggered their ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation. These findings suggest a mechanism of A20 action in the inhibition of inflammatory signaling pathways.
Identification of a Domain in Soluble CD14 Essential for Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Signaling but Not LPS Binding

CD14 is a 55-kDa glycoprotein that binds lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and enables LPS-dependent responses in a variety of cells. Monoclonal antibodies of CD14 such as 3C10 and MEM-18 are known to neutralize biological activity of CD14. Recently, it has been demonstrated that MEM-18 recognizes the LPS-binding site of CD14, between amino acids 57 and 64. It has also been shown that 3C10 recognizes a distinct epitope from that of MEM-18, indicating that 3C10 may yet define another functional domain of CD14. In order to identify the epitope for 3C10, we constructed a series of alanine substitution mutants of soluble CD14 (sCD14). BIAcore analyses showed that regions between amino acids 7 and 10 and between amino acids 11 and 14 are required for 3C10 binding. To assess the effect of altering the 3C10 epitope in CD14, we generated a stable cell line expressing a mutant sCD14 containing alanine substitutions in the region between amino acids 7 and 10, sCD14(7-10)A, and purified this protein to homogeneity. sCD14(7-10)A has impaired ability to mediate LPS-dependent IL-6 up-regulation in U373 cells, integrin activation in neutrophils, and NF-kappa B activation in U373 cells. Purified sCD14(7-10)A was, however, capable of forming a stable complex with LPS in an LPS binding protein-facilitated and LPS binding protein-independent fashion. The ability of sCD14(7-10)A to bind LPS was also demonstrated in assays in which excess sCD14(7-10)A inhibited LPS-mediated tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in whole blood and adhesion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to fibrinogen. These data strongly suggest that a region recognized by neutralizing monoclonal antibody 3C10 contains a domain required for cellular signaling but not for LPS binding.
Anomalous electron magnetic resonance in p-wave superconductors with strong spin-orbit coupling

We present a theory for electron magnetic resonance in superconductors possessing strong spin-orbit coupling and a vector order parameter. The crystal-field energy breaks rotational symmetry and provides the ``weak link'' responsible for predicted longitudinal resonances and frequency shifts of transverse modes. Thin-film experiments to look for such resonances are discussed.