cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social Outcomes of Early Childbearing: Important Considerations for the Provision of Clinical Care

Traditional understanding of adolescent childbearing includes a belief that the social and economic consequences for both mother and child are almost universally negative. Recent research, however, reveals that the outcomes resulting from the birth of children to young mothers are diverse and complex. Social circumstances contributing to adolescent pregnancy and parenting, such as poverty, poor educational opportunity, and violence, are also causes of less than optimal outcomes for young mothers and their children; thus, attributions of cause and effect are difficult to make. By reviewing outcomes research that approaches this question in a number of more creative ways, clinicians can gain a more complete understanding of this phenomenon. It is hoped that health care providers with access to new evidence about the social consequences of adolescent childbearing will have improved success and satisfaction in providing competent, compassionate care to pregnant and parenting adolescents.
Optimal financing for growth firms

We analyze the optimal contract to finance the series of investments of a growing firm. The analysis is based on the need to repeatedly raise funds when informed insiders can expropriate outside investors. The optimal contract can be implemented by a sequence of one-period debt contracts and equity ownership by outsiders. Debt is optimal, as it reduces the expected cost of auditing, while partial equity ownership by insiders is optimal, as it mitigates the need for auditing in the presence of valuable growth opportunities. The model yields time-series implications regarding capital structure, investment and its fraction financed externally, and profitability.
Listening to the Land: The Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness as Oral History

Although there have been oral histories made of wilderness activists such as Wallace Stegner, oral history and pristine wilderness are seldom paired. Wilderness, as defined by the 1964 Congressional Act is, "in contrast with those areas where man and his own works dominate the landscape, [wilderness] is hereby recognized as an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain." Given this definition, human history is often neglected in wilderness literature. This is especially true of places like the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness, the third largest of such areas in the continental U.S. as well as one of the most remote. Yet, however, "untrammeled" this landscape appears to be, in fact it has a complex human history. Representing this history is best done through the medium of oral narrative since orality holds the ability to preserve a sense of time and place, and sound is the fullest way to transform a real space into an imaginary one. Oral narratives of the Selway-Bitterroot, and by extension many American wildernesses, are vital to understanding the interconnectedness between cultural and natural environments. These narratives get closest to the experiencing body in real time, which is what understanding wilderness requires.
Simulating the National Telephone Network: A Socio-technical Approach to Assessing Infrastructure Criticality

We describe the concepts and key results of an end-to-end simulation of the national telephone network developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory; we model and simulate the wireline and cellular phone networks of the entire continental United States on a call-by-call resolution using a socio-technical modeling paradigm. The simulation suite-MIITS-P (Multi-Scale Integrated Information and Telecommunications System-Phone sector) has the following conceptual building blocks (i) a network generation module that models each of approximately 25,000 PSTN and cell phone wire-centers and their connections based on industry data, (ii) a session generation module that generates individual calls between end-user devices based on US census data and surveys on end-user calling behavior, and (iii) the actual simulator module that routes the calls over the network imitating real-life routing algorithms as closely as possible. Scaling to a national level, which means simulating a total of about 10 billion calls is made possible through MIITS-P's use of discrete-event distributed simulation technology that runs on computing clusters. Using MIITS-P, we present results on a nation-wide scale, ranking the economic values of each wire-center based on the number of call-seconds routed over a 24 hour period.
A Novel DCXO Module for Clock Synchronization in MPEG2 Transport System

This paper presents a unique on-chip digital control crystal oscillator (DCXO) module that is used for clock synchronization in MPEG2 data transport system. This module is built inside a phase-locked loop (PLL) and is achieved through flying-adder frequency synthesis architecture. It is designed at 27 MHz with a tuning range of plusmn10 kHz. The linearity at the range of 27 MHz plusmn10 kHz is measured as 0.001%. The frequency resolution is 1.6 Hz. This DCXO and its associated PLL consume 10 mW and occupies 0.15 mm2 in a 90-nm CMOS process. The contribution of this work is that this built-in DCXO can completely eliminate the need of external voltage-control crystal oscillator (VCXO) chip or on-chip VCXO block in MPEG2 clock synchronization and thus significantly reduces the system cost. This module has been used in a real HDTV SoC chip.
PAC: perceptive admission control for mobile wireless networks

Traditional approaches to guarantee quality of service (QoS) work well only with predictable channel and network access. In wireless mobile networks, where conditions dynamically change as nodes move about the network, a stateless approach is required. As wireless networks become more widely used, there is a growing need to support advanced services, such as multimedia streaming and voice over IP. Since shared wireless resources are easily over-utilized, the load in the network must be controlled so that an acceptable QoS for real-time applications can be maintained. If minimum real-time requirements are not met, these data packets waste bandwidth and hinder other traffic, compounding the problem. To address this issue, we propose the perceptive admission control (PAC) protocol. PAC monitors the wireless channel and dynamically adapts admission control decisions to enable high network utilization while preventing congestion. Through discussion and simulations, we show that PAC achieves this goal and ensures low loss and delay for all admitted flows.
Reply from Authors re: Andrea Salonia. Androgens and Prostate Cancer: We Are Still (Almost) Completely Ignorant. Eur Urol 2014;65:690–1: Androgens and Prostate Cancer: Clinical Implications and Future Directions

Another issue to ponder is that Gershman and coworkers [5] highlighted that their null results would suggest that reverse causation may be responsible for previous observations of adverse outcomes in men with low circulating androgens [6–8], which, however, were assayed when disease were already diagnosed. Once again, timing is important, in particular, the temporal aspect of the relationship between hormones and cells and tissues of the prostate. As adequately emphasized by Gershman and co-workers [5], considering only one single hormonal assessment inevitably neglects the true endocrine biology of prostate tissue, which is dependent on the exposure time at a given concentration of sex steroid during the lifespan of the individual. This paper implies that the road is still very long—unfortunately and fortunately, at the same time!
Wake topology and hydrodynamic performance of low-aspect-ratio flapping foils

Numerical simulations are used to investigate the effect of aspect ratio on the wake topology and hydrodynamic performance of thin ellipsoidal flapping foils. The study is motivated by the quest to understand the hydrodynamics of fish pectoral fins. The simulations employ an immersed boundary method that allows us to simulate flows with complex moving boundaries on fixed Cartesian grids. A detailed analysis of the vortex topology shows that the wake of low-aspect-ratio flapping foils is dominated by two sets of interconnected vortex loops that evolve into distinct vortex rings as they convect downstream. The flow downstream of these flapping foils is characterized by two oblique jets and the implications of this characteristic on the hydrodynamic performance are examined. Simulations are also used to examine the thrust and propulsive efficiency of these foils over a range of Strouhal and Reynolds numbers as well as pitch-bias angles.
An artificial neural network for SPECT image reconstruction

An artificial neural network has been developed to reconstruct quantitative single photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT) images. The network is trained with an ideal projection-image pair to learn a shift-invariant weighting (filter) for the projections. Once trained, the network produces weighted projections as a hidden layer when acquired projection data are presented to its input. This hidden layer is then backprojected to form an image as the network output. The learning algorithm adjusts the weighting coefficients using a backpropagation algorithm which minimizes the mean squared error between the ideal training image and the reconstructed training image. The response of the trained network to an impulse projection resembles the ramp filter typically used with backprojection, and reconstructed images are similar to filtered backprojection images. >
Rare case of a strangulated intercostal flank hernia following open nephrectomy: A case report and review of literature

Introduction Flank incisions may be associated with incisional flank hernias, which may progress to incarceration and strangulation. Compromised integrity of the abdominal and intercostal musculature due to previous surgery may be associated with herniation of abdominal contents into the intercostal space. There have been six previously reported cases of herniation into the intercostal space after a flank incision for a surgical procedure. This case highlights the clinical picture associated with an emergent strangulated hernia and highlights the critical steps in its management.
Vancomycin Tissue Pharmacokinetics in Patients with Lower-Limb Infections via In Vivo Microdialysis

Background: Vancomycin is a common treatment option for skin and skin structure infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Given the increasing prevalence of MRSA, vancomycin is widely used as empirical therapy. In patients with lower-limb infections, antimicrobial penetration is often reduced because of decreased vascular perfusion. In this study, we evaluated the tissue concentrations of vancomycin in hospitalized patients with lower-limb infections. Methods: An in vivo microdialysis catheter was inserted near the margin of the wound and was perfused with lactated Ringer's solution. Tissue and serum samples were obtained after steady state for one dosing interval. Tissue concentrations were corrected for percentage of in vivo recovery using the retrodialysis technique. Results: Nine patients were enrolled (mean ± SD: age, 54 ± 19 years; weight, 105.6 ± 31.5 kg). Patients received a mean of 12.8 mg/kg of vancomycin every 12 hours (n = 7), every 8 hours (n = 1), or every 24 h...
Overview of Thermal Ablation Devices: Cryoablation

Cryoablation refers to all methods of destroying tissue by freezing [ 1 ]. Cryoablation can be performed via surgical (open or laparoscopic) or percutaneous approaches. Percutaneous cryoablation begins with the insertion of a specialized needle (cryoprobe) into malignant tissue under imaging guidance; the needle is then rapidlycooled to subzero temperatures, causing removal of heat from the tissue via conduction. Rapid extracellular cooling results in the formation of extracellular ice crystals, which sequesters free water, increasing the tonicity of the extracellular space. Osmotic tension draws free intracellular water from cells, resulting in dehydration [ 2 ]. The concomitant increase in intracellular solute concentration results in damage to cytoplasmic enzymes and the destabilization of the cell membrane. Rapid intracellular cooling results in intracellular ice crystal formation, a harbinger of lethal cellular injury and subsequent cell [ 3 ]. Although the exact mechanism of cellular damage from intracellular ice formation is unknown, injury is thought to be mediated by physical damage to intracellular membranes of organelles and the plasma membrane. During thawing, melting ice within the extracellular space results in its hypotonicity with respect to the intracellular compartment. This osmotic gradient can trigger a fl uid shift, leading to cell swelling and/or bursting. In addition, an in flux of free water into the intracellular space provides substrate for the growth of intracellular ice crystals, exacerbating their biocidal effects Cellular injury is maximized by optimizing four factors: increasing cooling rate, lowering target temperature, increasing time at target temperature, and decreasing thawing rate [ 5 ] (Fig. 3.1 ).
Acute Orthotopic Heart Transplantation Rejection With ST-Segment Elevation in Leads I and aVL

Acute allograft rejection is a prominent cause of graft failure in heart transplant recipients. Graft infiltration with immune-mediated cells is associated with changes in electric conduction. ECG patterns in heart transplant rejection generally include changes in the electric activity of the atria. ST-segment elevation is an uncommon presentation in acute rejection. We describe a case of mixed cellular and humoral rejection in a 74-year-old man 5 years after orthotopic heart transplantation presenting with lateral ST-segment elevations on ECG and normal coronary arteries on coronary angiography. Endomyocardial biopsy revealed International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation grade 3R severe acute cellular rejection with associated pAMR1 (I+) antibody–mediated rejection. A 74-year-old man with chronic heart failure caused by an ischemic cardiomyopathy who underwent heart transplantation 5 years previously presented with left-sided chest pain of 4 days duration. Associated symptoms included dyspnea on exertion, fatigue, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and nausea. The past medical history was notable for an episode of acute cellular rejection 4 years before admission. The patient’s medications included aspirin, rosuvastatin, clonidine, and a 2-drug immunosuppresion regimen consisting of …
Incidence and Risk Factors of Thromboembolism with Multiple Myeloma in the Presence of Death as a Competing Risk: An Empirical Comparison of Statistical Methodologies

Multiple myeloma (MM) has an inherent high risk of thromboembolic events associated with patient as well as disease- and treatment-related factors. Previous studies have assessed the association of MM-related thromboembolism using “traditional” Kaplan–Meier (KM) and/or Cox proportional hazard (PH) regression. In the presence of high incidence of death, as would be the case in cancer patients with advanced age, these statistical models will produce bias estimates. Instead, a competing risk framework should be used. This study assessed the baseline patient demographic and clinical characteristics associated with MM-related thromboembolism and compared the cumulative incidence and the measures of association obtained using each statistical approach. The cumulative incidence of thromboembolism was 9.2% using the competing risk framework and nearly 12% using the KM approach. Bias in the measures of covariate risk associations was highest for factors related to risk of death such as increased age (75% bias) and severe liver disease (50%) for the Cox PH model compared to the competing risk model. These results show that correct specification of statistical techniques can have a large impact on the results obtained.
Postcards from “A World Made Possible”: Excerpts from Virtual Conversations

Reflecting on my “dream team” for the Handbook, I was hoping for Jerome Bruner’s voice. His ideas have provided a solid and inspiring foundation to all disciplines of arts education. I knew that the chances for his agreeing to participate were slim but did write to invite him. Bruner’s prompt response was gracious: “I hate to say no to your project – and to you. But I must. I am so up to the ears not only in teaching and writing, but also in civil rights litigation precipitated by this administration ... .” I wrote back to acknowledge that a Handbook on arts education feels, indeed, frivolous in these times. Bruner’s response was heartwarming and uplifting: “One of the things that make it worthwhile fighting is the existence of the arts as we know them and the promise that they’ll flourish freely in the future – which is what art education is about.” Then followed some extensive email communication (about 80 notes from each as Bruner noted), with Bruner’s reflections on specific experiences of arts education. Months later he suggested I use some of these virtual conversations for the Handbook. The three snippets below exemplify the power of the arts and the lessons they teach us about perception and meaning.
Mulit-Species Measurements Behind Reflected Shock Waves in Hydrocarbons Using Laser Absorption

There is a critical need for accurate kinetic targets to test and refine large reaction mechanisms for jet fuel, and other practical fuels and surrogates mixtures. To this end, concentration time-histories for four species: C2H4, OH, CO2, and H2O, were measured behind reflected shock waves during n-the oxidation of n-heptane, an important normal alkane fuel surrogate component. Experiments were conducted at temperatures of 1300 to 1600 K and a pressure of 2 atm using a mixture of 300 ppm n-heptane in stoichiometric oxygen (φ=1) in argon. Ethylene was monitored using IR gas laser absorption at 10.53 microns; OH was monitored using UV laser absorption at 306.5 nm; and CO2 and H2O were monitored using tunable IR diode laser absorption at 2.7 and 2.5 microns, respectively. These time-histories provide kinetic targets to test and refine reaction mechanisms for nheptane and also serve to demonstrate the potential of this type of data for validation of reaction mechanisms. Comparisons are made with the predictions of the Sirjean et al./JetSurF 1.0 (2009) reaction mechanism for n-alkanes.
Checklist of the valid genus-group names in the Siphonaptera, 1758-1991

A complete inventory of the 307 currently valid genus-group names in the insect order Siphonaptera is given, along with their place of publication and type species.
Hematopoietic cytokine-inducible gene expression from retroviral vectors.

Retroviral vectors capable of cytokine-inducible gene expression will be useful for a number of gene therapy applications. We explored one mechanism whereby cytokine inducibility may be imparted to the retroviral U3 promoter/enhancer by utilizing the JAK-STAT signal transduction pathway that is activated by a number of hematopoietic cytokines. We used PCR mutagenesis to insert a consensus binding site for the ubiquitous transcription factor Sp1 into the Moloney murine leukemia virus U3 followed by the insertion of multimers of a STAT-binding oligonucleotide with the core sequence 5′-TTCCCGGAA. After insertion of the modified U3s into a retroviral vector expressing the luciferase reporter gene and transduction of the HepG2 cell line, luciferase expression was induced with recombinant human IFN-γ. The level of induction reached a maximum of 9.9-fold higher than the uninduced vector when the Sp1-U3 contained four STAT oligos. When this optimal vector was compared with the wild-type and Sp1 vectors, respective values of 17.9- and 16.7-fold higher expression were achieved with IFN-γ treatment. Retroviral vectors incorporating these cytokine-inducible U3s will be useful for gene therapy in a number of situations involving gene transfer to hematopoietic, hepatic and other cytokine-responsive cell types.
Secondary Solar Reflection Thrust Effects on Non-planar Solar Sail Topologies

The classic first-order thrust approximation for solar sails is analytically extended to include the effects of secondary reflections and generalized in a practical Finite Element Model (FEM) based routine. Examination and inclusion of secondary reflection forces are shown to grow increasingly non-trivial as the deformation becomes more extreme. The approach taken herein does not address the “billow” deformation of a sail, rather the focus is on heavily corrugated sail topologies such as those present during the unfolding of a zfolded membrane. First, a second-order thrust estimation for a simple corrugated section is developed. These results are then used to verify an FEM based thrust estimation for a similar generic surface geometry that does not consider any elastic membrane behavior. Finally, the FEM approach is used in characterizing the thrust production of a specific micro-solar sail design with severely corrugated topology. Results show that secondary reflections can have a significant effect on the thrust and control of the sail depending on the craft orientation and the ability of the sail structure to achieve the ideal flat surface.
Urological trauma in the Pacific Northwest: etiology, distribution, management and outcome.

AbstractA computer-assisted review identified 184 patients with genitourinary tract injuries among 5,400 hospitalized for trauma. Particular attention was directed to the controversial groups of patients with blunt renal and posterior urethral injuries. Management of renal injuries was based on clinical criteria. Subsequent renal exploration was necessary in only 1 of 115 patients with renal contusions, or simple or deep lacerations who underwent initial expectant management. Followup was available in all patients with severe renal injuries and in 53 per cent with renal contusions or simple lacerations. Parenchymal loss was noted on an excretory urogram in only 1 patient and none suffered hypertension, hydronephrosis or other sequelae. A staged approach was preferable to immediate repair of posterior urethral injuries. Seven patients managed by initial cystostomy drainage followed by secondary urethral repairs did well. Primary realignment was complicated by stricture, incontinence or impotence in 3 of 6 ...
Effects of Acupuncture on TNF-α in CIA of Cx43 Knockout Mice

Objective To explore the therapeutic effect of acupuncture collagen-induced arthritis(CIA) in Cx43 knockout mice.Methods Heterozygotes(Cx43+/-) and wild-types(Cx43+/+) mice were used to induce CIA mouse model.Acupuncture was carried out from the third week.At the same time,arthritis score and onset of arthritis was recorded.After treatment with acupuncture,swelling index of joint and serum TNF-α level were examined.Results The results showed that acupuncture could decrease the swelling index of joints and level of TNF-α.Conclusion The effect of acupuncture on CIA mice is associated with Cx43.To regulate the level of TNF-a is one of the main mechanism of acupuncture to treat RA.
More bark, less bite.

Pets, particularly dogs, are often seen on the pediatric ward for playtime with patients. Does evidence suggest that they have a positive effect on measurable outcomes? ### The study. This randomized controlled trial sought to determine if canine animal-assisted therapy improved pain scores and patient satisfaction in adults undergoing elective knee and hip arthroplasties. Patients assigned to the treatment group were visited daily for 3 days by a certified pet therapy dog for 15 minutes before physical therapy sessions. Outcomes were determined by using a validated visual analog scale (VAS) for pain and the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems survey from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services to measure patient satisfaction. ### The key findings. A total of 72 patients were randomized to treatment and control groups, with 36 in each group. Those undergoing animal-assisted therapy had lower VAS scores. After the first session, the treatment group (VAS 5.2, SD 1.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.71–5.64) had an average VAS pain score 2.0 U lower than that of the control group (VAS 7.2, SD 1.4, 95% CI 6.71–7.3, P < .001). The final VAS score difference at day 3 was 2.4 U ( P < .001). Compared with the control group, the treatment group …
Microvessel precursor smooth muscle cells express head-inserted smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SM-B) isoform in hyperoxic pulmonary hypertension.

The present study analyzes smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMMHC) expression as lung microvascular precursor smooth muscle cells (PSMCs), cells derived from fibroblasts and intermediate cells (immature SMCs), acquire a smooth muscle phenotype in anin vivo model of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Because of the unique contractile properties of the SMMHC isoform SM-B, we analyzed its expression in the microvessels (<100 μm diameter) and in larger vessels (100–700 μm) quantitatualy by the labeled [strept]avidin-biotin technique (day 1–28), and related this to cell phenotype by transmission microscopy and protein A-gold labeling (at day 28). Airway SMCs of the normal and hypertensive lung uniformly expressed SM-B whereas vascular SMC expression was heterogeneous. Thus, in some large arteries (and veins) SMCs contained cells expressing SM-B while in others all the cells were immunonegative. Microvascular cells expressing SM-B (arteries and veins) were rare in normal lung and numerous in PH, increasing as wall muscle developed in smaller segments with time. As in large vessels, some microvessels had immunopositive cells and others only negative ones. Ultrastructural analysis confirmed that the SMCs of bronchial vessels, and the septal SMCs adjoining alveolar ducts, contained dense filament arrays decorated with SM-B. While the PSMC processes of the normal lung contained sparse filaments decorated with SM-B, these cells expressed dense filament arrays in PH. Fibroblasts migrating to align around the microvessels also expressed SM-B but in the absence of a filament network. For the first time,we demonstrate in vivo that newly developed microvascular PSMCs express the SMMHC SM-B isoform in PH.
Finite Horizons, Infinite Horizons, and Stock Prices

In conventional macroeconomic analysis, government budget deficits raise perceived wealth and stimulate aggregate demand in part because households are modeled as having finite horizons. If households are instead modeled as having infinite horizons, budget deficits need not stimulate aggregate demand and hence need not affect output, employment, asset prices, and the price level. The reason is that households with infinite horizons do not view the government debt as net wealth and hence may regard budget deficits (i.e., deferred taxes) and current taxes as equivalent. Ricardian equivalence is said to hold if households behave in this fashion (1).
Women Talk More Than Men: ... And Other Myths about Language Explained

Do women talk more than men? Does text messaging make you stupid? Can chimpanzees really talk to us? This fascinating textbook addresses a wide range of language myths, focusing on important big-picture issues such as the rule-governed nature of language or the influence of social factors on how we speak. Case studies and analysis of relevant experiments teach readers the skills to become informed consumers of social science research, while suggested open-ended exercises invite students to reflect further on what they've learned. With coverage of a broad range of topics (cognitive, social, historical), this textbook is ideal for non-technical survey courses in linguistics. Important points are illustrated with specific, memorable examples: invariant 'be' shows the rule-governed nature of African-American English; vulgar female speech in Papua New Guinea shows how beliefs about language and gender are culture-specific. Engaging and accessibly written, Kaplan's lively discussion challenges what we think we know about language.
Average Interconnection Length Estimation

This chapter presents models and algorithms for accurately estimating the total interconnect length for both random and optimized placements. The algorithms developed in the next chapter for accurately estimating interconnect area require a good estimate of the final total interconnect length. The final total interconnect length is determined by the macro/custom cell placement algorithm which was presented in the previous chapter. This placement algorithm was based on the simulated annealing algorithm. A characteristic feature of simulated annealing is long computation times. Hence the possibility of executing the placement algorithm twice, once for ascertaining the final total interconnect length and the second for obtaining the final placement using the interconnect-area estimator, is unreasonable.
Is there a need for an implantable cardioverter defibrillator in patients with left ventricular assist devices? Time for MADIT-VAD!

In patients with mild-to-moderate, Class II–III heart failure (HF), severely reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, ischemic or non-ischemic origin of cardiomyopathy, and a high-risk for sudde...
FAB: A Useful Tool for the Job-Seeking Marketing Student

AbstractThe Features-Advantages-Benefits (FAB) method is a well known and widely used selling technique. This paper suggests that FAB also can be used successfully by the job-seeking marketing stud...
Usefulness of Calcium Scoring as a Screening Examination in Patients With a History of Kawasaki Disease.

Subsets of patients with a remote history of Kawasaki disease (KD) have coronary artery aneurysms with associated risks of late morbidity. In a pilot study, we previously showed that computed tomography (CT) coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring detects late CAC in patients with aneurysms and a remote history of KD. We performed CT calcium volume scoring in 166 subjects (median age 19.5 years) with a remote history of KD (median interval from KD to CT 15.1 years). Coronary arteries were classified as normal (n = 100), transiently dilated (n = 23), persistently dilated (n = 10), remodeled aneurysm (n = 9), or aneurysm (n = 24) based on echocardiography. All subjects with coronary arteries classified as normal, persistently dilated, or remodeled aneurysm had zero CAC. Of the 24 subjects with coronary aneurysms, all but 5 had CAC (median volume 542 mm3; range 17 to 8,218 mm3). For subjects imaged ≥9 years after their acute KD (n = 144), the presence of CAC had a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 100% for detecting coronary artery abnormalities (defined as coronary artery aneurysm and/or stenosis). In conclusion, coronary calcification was not observed in subjects with a history of KD who had normal coronary arteries by echocardiography during the acute phase. Coronary calcification, which may be severe, occurs late in patients with coronary aneurysms. Therefore, CAC scanning may be a useful tool to screen patients with a remote history of KD or suspected KD and unknown coronary artery status.
Dynamic analysis of modulated oscillators

This paper provides a dynamic analysis method and model for analyzing oscillator circuits which may be modulated by nonlinear signals, or by linear signals which interact with nonlinear resonator elements to produce spurious modes. This method proves to be more general than a traditional static analysis and more accurately predicts oscillator performance over a wide range of modulation conditions. >
Analysis of Nitroxide-Based Distance Measurements in Cell Extracts and in Cells by Pulsed ESR Spectroscopy.

Measurements of distances in cells by pulsed ESR spectroscopy afford tremendous opportunities to study proteins in native environments that are irreproducible in vitro. However, the in-cell environment is harsh towards the typical nitroxide radicals used in double electron-electron resonance (DEER) experiments. A systematic examination is performed on the loss of the DEER signal, including contributions from nitroxide decay and nitroxide side-chain cleavage. In addition, the possibility of extending the lifetime of the nitroxide radical by use of an oxidizing agent is investigated. Using this oxidizing agent, DEER distance measurements are performed on doubly nitroxide-labeled GB1, the immunoglobulin-binding domain of protein G, at varying incubation times in the cellular environment. It is found that, by comparison of the loss of DEER signal to the loss of the CW spectrum, cleavage of the nitroxide side chain contributes to the loss of DEER signal, which is significantly greater in cells than in cell extracts. Finally, local spin concentrations are monitored at varying incubation times to show the time required for molecular diffusion of a small globular protein within the cellular milieu.
The Living Constitution and the Second Amendment: Poor History, False Originalism, and a Very Confused Court

The article explores the use of history and originalism in Second Amendment jurisprudence. The article argues that in both District of Columbia v. Heller (2008) and McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010) the Court bases its conclusions on a false history that is, for the most part, a fantasy of the majority of the Court and opponents of reasonable firearms regulation. The Court majority relies on “scholars” who have often been funded by the National Rifle Association (NRA) or worked for the NRA, but hide these connections when offering their work to law reviews. While claiming to root its opinions in history, the Court is unconcerned that virtually all of the serious historical scholarship on the Founding undermines its analysis. The Court weaves a history of the Second Amendment that is based on books and articles that are accurately described as “[l]aw office history,” which is often sloppy and inaccurate in its facts, and sometimes mindless in its analysis. While the majority Justices profess to believe in a jurisprudence of original intent, the Court’s historical analysis could not get a passing grade in any serious college history course.
The Agency of Things. Infrastructural Space in Weimar Industrial Photography

In the 1920s in Germany and America, a new motif emerged in photography: the photography of industrial architecture. But the manner in which Weimar photographs make industrial structures visible stands in stark contrast to the Weimar program of Neues Sehen (New Vision). New Vision photographers, with a new range of representational strategies at their disposal—radical perspectives, negative images, photograms, etc.—sought to make the world available in ways that allowed viewers a fresh view onto their environment. The industrial photographers, in contrast, felt no need to defamiliarize their motifs in order to resensitize perception to an environment that had become invisible through habituated daily use. Instead, they treated their architectural objects as represented sculptures by focusing more on the negative space around the objects than on the objects themselves.
Article Commentary: Corrona's Application in Psoriatic Disease:

Corrona is a prospective observational registry founded in 2002 that collects data from patients and physicians about rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, other spondyloarthritis, and psoriasis. Here, we summarize the significant findings derived from the psoriatic arthritis Corrona database and describe future goals for Corrona's application in psoriasis.
Cobaloxime-Mediated Radical Cross Coupling Reactions

Studies of novel radical cross coupling reactions using alkyl cobaloximes are reported, including the scope of the reactions, mechanistic aspects, and synthetic applications.
Traversing Energy Landscapes Away from Equilibrium: Strategies for Accessing and Utilizing Metastable Phase Space

The known crystal structures of solids often correspond to the most thermodynamically stable arrangement of atoms. Yet, oftentimes there exist a richly diverse set of alternative structural arrangements that lie at only slightly higher energies and can be stabilized under specific constraints (temperature, pressure, alloying, point defects). Such metastable phase space holds tremendous opportunities for nonequilibrium structural motifs and distinctive chemical bonding and ultimately for the realization of novel function. In this Feature Article, we explore the challenges with the prediction, stabilization, and utilization of metastable polymorphs. We review synthetic strategies that allow for trapping of such states of matter under ambient temperature and pressure including topochemical modification of more complex crystal structures; dimensional confinement wherein surface energy differentials can alter bulk phase stabilities; templated growth exploiting structural homologies with molecular precursors; i...
Management of Uterine Sarcomas

Leiomyosarcomas, endometrial stromal sarcomas, and carcinosarcomas differ widely in tumor biology, and their treatment is being addressed in separate trials. Unfortunately, therapeutic progress is slow because of the relatively rarity of these tumors. Recent trials using well defined patient populations are helping to define effect hormonal and chemotherapeutic strategies.
Chapter 3 Structure and Function of CLC Chloride Channels and Transporters

and l ri he Channels B. T he Transporters IV. A Multi‐Ion Pore V. C hannels and Transporters: Where Is the Difference? VI. F unction of the CLC Transporters VII. S peculative Modeling V III. C LC Channel Gating A. V oltage, Cl and Hþ Gating of a CLC Channel B. M olecular Identity of the Fast Gate C. T he Slow Gate D. F ast and Slow Gating in Other CLC Channels IX. T he Role of the C‐Terminal Domain of CLC Channels: Recent Developments X. C onclusions and Outlook R eferences
Let’s get this over with

> Entering the room, my eyes are welcomed > > by a beam of light sent from the ceiling. > > The team greets me politely, > > wearing their tacky mint-green scrubs > > that contradict the stark room. > It is spotless > > yet has an overpowering aroma, > > as if I’ve been dipped > > into a
The Life of a Composition Class

tion (designated First Student, Second Student and so on), changed later on, but an analysis of their subsequent roles would require a book. The reading for the two week period was Joyce's Dubliners. The first question was from Dog, a C or D student whose only interest in life, so far as the Instructor knew at the time, was driving an automobile. His question was apparently trivial: "Who are the sisters in the first story?" The Instructor discovered by repeated
Y i Yulgok’s Life and His Neo-Confucian Synthesis

This chapter highlights the significance of Yi I 李珥 (pename: Yulgok 栗谷, 1536–1584) and his contribution to the development of Korean Neo-Confucianism. Yulgok was a “synthesizer” in his approach to the some fundamental issues and controversies that dominated the sixteenth century Joseon Neo-Confucianism. Some of most controversial issues that Yulgok dealt with were the relationship between “principle” or i/li 理 and “vital force” or gi/qi 氣, the famous “four-seven” debates, the problem of relating the “human mind” (the human selfish mind) and the “dao-mind” (the mind of the Way or the moral mind), and the idea of understanding the human in relation to the cosmos. Yulgok dealt each of these vital issues with his unique non-dualistic approach which synthesized the conceptual polarity that caused serious debates in the Korean Neo-Confucian circle. The concepts such as i/li and gi/qi, eum/yin and yang, the “human mind” and the “dao-mind,” for example, were understood by some leading Confucian scholars including Yi Hwang 李滉 (pename: Toegye 退溪, 1501–1570) structured dualistically. Yulgok thought that although these ideas appeared to be conceptually dualistic, they were, in fact, related to each other with an intrinsic ontological unity based on the same reality. However, Yulgok made a clear distinction between different manifestations of the same ontological substance. For example, Yulgok discussed about the mysterious relationship of i and gi: “The mystery of i and gi is difficult to see or to talk. The origin of i is one, the origin of gi is also one…. gi does not part from i, and i does not part from gi. This being the case, i and gi are one.” It is essential to understand Yulgok’s non-dualistic view of reality. For Yulgok, reality was profoundly relational. For him relation was not simply a connection or an external binding but it was fundamentally an intrinsic unity of beings or entities by stating that one cannot exist without the other. In this respect, Yulgok was a non-dualistic thinker who understood reality not in the framework of dichotomy but in the intrinsic unity of i and gi and the “four beginnigs” and the “seven feelings” (or “seven emotions”), etc. Yulgok’s anthropology (understanding of the human), ontology (understanding of beings), and cosmology (understanding of the universe) were based on his synthetic and comprehensive approach to the critical issues of Korean Neo-Confucianism. This chapter is a brief summary of Yulgok’s life and thoughts in relationship to each other to observe his intellectual development in light of his personal growth.
Clinicopathologic features of KRAS-mutated colorectal tumors vary by site of mutation.

3632 Background: KRAS mutations in codons 12 and 13 are present in approximately 40% of all colon cancers and predict a lack of response to monoclonal antibodies to the EGFR among patients with met...
The Intracellular Symbiont Wolbachia pipientis Enhances Recombination in a Dose-Dependent Manner.

Wolbachia pipientis is an intracellular alphaproteobacterium that infects 40%–60% of insect species and is well known for host reproductive manipulations. Although Wolbachia are primarily maternally transmitted, evidence of horizontal transmission can be found in incongruent host–symbiont phylogenies and recent acquisitions of the same Wolbachia strain by distantly related species. Parasitoids and predator–prey interactions may indeed facilitate the transfer of Wolbachia between insect lineages, but it is likely that Wolbachia are acquired via introgression in many cases. Many hypotheses exist to explain Wolbachia prevalence and penetrance, such as nutritional supplementation, protection from parasites, protection from viruses, or direct reproductive parasitism. Using classical genetics, we show that Wolbachia increase recombination in infected lineages across two genomic intervals. This increase in recombination is titer-dependent as the wMelPop variant, which infects at higher load in Drosophila melanogaster, increases recombination 5% more than the wMel variant. In addition, we also show that Spiroplasma poulsonii, another bacterial intracellular symbiont of D. melanogaster, does not induce an increase in recombination. Our results suggest that Wolbachia infection specifically alters its host’s recombination landscape in a dose-dependent manner.
Geometric quantum information structure in quantum fields and their lattice simulation

An upper limit to distillable entanglement between two disconnected regions of massless noninteracting scalar field theory has an exponential decay defined by a geometric decay constant. When regulated at short distances with a spatial lattice, this entanglement abruptly vanishes beyond a dimensionless separation, defining a negativity sphere. In two spatial dimensions, we determine this geometric decay constant between a pair of disks and the growth of the negativity sphere toward the continuum through a series of lattice calculations. Making the connection to quantum field theories in three-spatial dimensions, assuming such quantum information scales appear also in quantum chromodynamics (QCD), a new relative scale may be present in effective field theories describing the low-energy dynamics of nucleons and nuclei. We highlight potential impacts of the distillable entanglement structure on effective field theories, lattice QCD calculations and future quantum simulations.
Directed graphs from exact covering systems

Given an exact covering system $S = \{a_i \mod d_i : 1 \leq i \leq r\}$, we introduce the corresponding exact covering system digraph (ECSD) $G_S = G(d_1n+a_1, \ldots, d_rn+a_r)$. The vertices of $G_S$ are the integers and the edges are $(n, d_in+a_i)$ for each $n \in \mathbb{Z}$ and for each congruence in the covering system. We study the structure of these directed graphs, which have finitely many components, one cycle per component, as well as indegree 1 and outdegree $r$ at each vertex. We also explore the link between ECSDs that have a single component and non-standard digital representations of integers.
Accuracy of State-level Surveillance During Emerging Outbreaks of Respiratory Viruses: A Model-based Assessment

It is long perceived that the more data collection, the more knowledge about the real disease progression. During emergencies like the H1N1 and the SARS-CoV-2 pandemics, public health surveillance requested increased testing capabilities to address the exacerbated demand. However, from the established viral surveillance, it is currently unknown how accurate it portrays disease progression through incidence and confirmed case trends. State viral surveillance – unlike commercial testing – can manage sampling and testing of specimens based on the upcoming demand (e.g., By restricting testing to high risk groups). Hence, proper assessment of accuracy may lead to improvements for a robust infrastructure. Using the H1N1 pandemic experience, we developed a large-scale model that simulates the collection and testing of influenza specimens after an outbreak is declared in Michigan. We performed controlled experiments with simulation-based optimization to assess accuracy in terms of the biases between growth rates of original and observed influenza incidence trends. We highlight the following results: 1) Emergency-driven high-risk perception increases reporting, which leads to reduction of biases in the growth rates, 2) The best predicted growth rates are those estimated from the trend of specimens submitted to the surveillance point that receives reports from a variety of healthcare providers, and 3) Under several criteria to queue specimens for viral subtyping with limited capacity, the best performing criterion was to queue first-come-first-serve restricted to specimens with higher hospitalization risk. Under this criterion, the lab released capacity to subtype specimens for each day in the trend, which reduced the growth rate bias the most compared to other queuing criteria. Future research should aim at investigating additional restrictions to the queue that further minimize the bias.
Knowledge is closed under analytic content

I am concerned with epistemic closure—the phenomenon in which some knowledge requires other knowledge. In particular, I defend a version of the closure principle in terms of analyticity; if an agent S knows that p is true and that q is an analytic part of p, then S knows that q. After targeting the relevant notion of analyticity, I argue that this principle accommodates intuitive cases and possesses the theoretical resources to avoid the preface paradox.
eCOMPASS: evaluative comparison of multiple protein alignments by statistical score.

Motivation Detecting subtle biologically relevant patterns in protein sequences often requires the construction of a large and accurate multiple sequence alignment (MSA). Methods for constructing MSAs are usually evaluated using benchmark alignments, which, however, typically contain very few sequences and are therefore inappropriate when dealing with large numbers of proteins. Results eCOMPASS addresses this problem using a statistical measure of relative alignment quality based on direct coupling analysis (DCA): To maintain protein structural integrity over evolutionary time, substitutions at one residue position typically result in compensating substitutions at other positions. eCOMPASS computes the statistical significance of the congruence between high scoring directly coupled pairs and 3D contacts in corresponding structures, which depends upon properly aligned homologous residues. We illustrate eCOMPASS using both simulated and real MSAs. Availability and implementation The eCOMPASS executable, C ++ open source code and input data sets are available at https://www.igs.umaryland.edu/labs/neuwald/software/compass. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.