cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Marker-assisted selection of columbia root-knot nematode resistance introgressed from Solanum bulbocastanum

The Columbia root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne chitwoodi Golden et al.) is a serious pest that reduces tuber quality of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in the U.S. Northwest and other parts of the world. A gene, R Mc1(blb) , derived from the Mexican wild species Solanum bulbocastanum Dunal, encodes resistance to this pest. An F 1 mapping population with >250 individuals generated from an intraspecific cross between resistant and susceptible clones of S. bulbocastanum, SB22 and PT29, respectively, was used for marker screening and genetic linkage analysis. One amplified fragment length polymorphism marker and five sequence tagged site (STS) markers cosegregated with R Mc1(blb) . The five STS markers were developed from bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) end sequences of BAC clones that were derived from another wild species, S. demissum Lindl, and contained homologs of resistance gene N against tobacco mosaic virus. These markers were tested on families that were part of the introgression of R Mc1(blb) into advanced breeding lines in BC 5 . The utility of an efficient alternative to greenhouse and field phenotypic screening was demonstrated. The results of this study confirm that molecular markers closely linked to R Mc1(blb) will assist in a selection program, reducing expense and time involved in root-knot nematode screening.
Chemotherapy of brain tumors

For many years, chemotherapy has been utilized for the treatment of malignant brain tumors with minimal success. This particularly true with chemotherapy in adult malignant gliomas for which no new drug has been approved for use since the initial studies using nitrosoureas and procarbazine in the early 1960s. However, the results of more recent clinical trials research using newer agents appear to show improved outcome in some tumor types. Better understanding of the basic biology of these diverse tumors also have given rise to new treatment strategies, especially to drug development. A large number of new antineoplastic agents are now being tested in Phase I and II trials; they are very promising and soon may lead to new drug approvals. This review will discuss the results of completed trials for newly diagnosed and recurrent glioma in adults, as well as ongoing, new drug studies with these patients. A discussion of the more common pediatric brain tumors and the use of chemotherapy in that age group is also presented. Chemotherapy is often the primary treatment modality used to control tumor growth in newly diagnosed infants and young children, and it is in this setting that chemotherapy is particularly beneficial in reducing morbidity and increasing survival. As part of a multimodality approach that includes surgery and radiotherapy, chemotherapy has a significant role to play in the treatment of both adults and children with brain neoplasms. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 14:88–95, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Why Does More Housework Lower Women's Wages? Testing Hypotheses Involving Job Effort and Hours Flexibility

Objective. The purpose of this paper is to test two hypotheses regarding the observed negative relation between housework time and wages for women. Methods. Regression analysis is performed to determine the robustness of the housework-wage relation to controls for effort and job flexibility. The data contain self-reported flexibility measures and unique information on effort that can be normalized to reduce individual-specific heterogeneity in reporting. Results. Reported work effort and flexible working conditions are found to be significant determinants of wages, but not at the expense of housework time. Conclusion. The evidence fails to support a link between housework and wages based on either job effort or hours flexibility, but the finding that only time spent on housework on job days is negatively related to wages suggests that time constraints are a critical factor.
The Interactive Effects of Affect Lability, Negative Urgency, and Sensation Seeking on Young Adult Problematic Drinking

Prior studies have suggested that affect lability might reduce the risk for problematic drinking among sensation seekers by compensating for their deficiencies in emotional reactivity and among individuals high on negative urgency by disrupting stable negative emotions. Due to the high prevalence of college drinking, this study examined whether affect lability interacted with sensation seeking and negative urgency to influence college student problematic drinking. 414 college drinkers (mean age: 20, 77% female, and 74% Caucasian) from a US Midwestern University completed self-administered questionnaires online. Consistent with our hypotheses, our results indicated that the effects of sensation seeking and negative urgency on problematic drinking weakened at higher levels of affect lability. These findings emphasize the importance of considering specific emotional contexts in understanding how negative urgency and sensation seeking create risk for problematic drinking among college students. These findings might also help us better understand how to reduce problematic drinking among sensation seekers and individuals high on negative urgency.
Method for Extraction and Separation by Solid Phase Extraction of Neutral Lipid, Free Fatty Acids, and Polar Lipid from Mixed Microbial Cultures†

A method using solvent extraction followed by selective elution from aminopropyl bonded phase columns has been developed for the separation of lipid classes in mixed microbial cultures. Lipid extra...
Lipofuscin pigment in the nervous system of aging pig

Abstract The localization of the lipofuscin pigment in the twelve brain areas of the pig was included in the present investigation. It was observed that pigment was present in the adult pig brain and increased with advancing age. The study was conducted on thirty pigs ranging between the ages of 2 days and 10 yr. The pigment was identified with histologic stains and autoflorescence techniques. The time of appearance of pigment varied in different brain areas, but these differences progressively diminished with advancing age. The presence of pigment formed the most consistent neurocytological age associated change in aging nerve cells.
Thermosonics : Detecting cracks and adhesion defects using ultrasonic excitation and infrared imaging

We describe a new nondestructive evaluation technique which makes cracks and adhesion defects visible to infrared cameras. This is accomplished by infusing the sample with a short pulse of low frequency ultrasound. The sound causes the faying surfaces of defects to heat up by friction or clapping and, thus, makes them visible in the infrared. Surface or near-surface defects appear to the camera within milliseconds of the initiation of the ultrasonic pulse, while the appearance of subsurface defects is delayed by the thermal propagation time from the defect to the surface being observed.
Local irradiation of murine melanoma affects the development of tumour‐specific immunity

Radiation therapy affects the immune system. In addition to killing radiosensitive immune cells, it can induce functional changes in those cells that survive. Our recent studies showed that the exposure of dendritic cells (DCs) to radiation in vitro influences their ability to present tumour antigen in vivo. Here we show that local radiation therapy of B16 melanoma tumours inhibits the development of systemic immunity to the melanoma antigen MART-1. This inhibition could not be overcome by intratumoral injection of DCs expressing human MART-1 after radiation therapy, suggesting that a form of immune suppression might have developed. On the other hand, injection of MART-expressing DCs prior to tumour irradiation was able to prevent inhibition from developing. These results suggest that local radiation therapy may block the generation of immunity under some circumstances and that strategies may be required to prevent this and allow radiation-induced cell death to translate fully into the development of systemic immunity.
Left-handedness in twins: incidence and patterns of performance in an adolescent sample.

Data on handedness and cognitive performance in an adolescent sample of same-sex twins were collected, and questions about incidence of left-handedness in twins and the relation between handedness and cognitive performance were considered. Same-sex twins have been found to have a higher incidence of left-handedness than that usually reported in the general population. There is a high incidence of handedness discordance (one twin right-handed and his cotwin left-handed) in both monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs. In this sample, males and Blacks had particularly high rates of left-handedness. Among the monozygotic and dizygotic discordant pairs, quite different patterns of cognitive performance were found. On the Raven Progressive Matrices, the Columbia Test of Mental Maturity, and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, the left-handers did better than their right-handed cotwins in the monozygotic pairs and the right-handers did better than their left-handed cotwins in the dizygotic pairs. Within subjects, no significant differences were found for superiority of spatial or verbal abilities for either right-handers or left-handers. No general statements can be made about the performance of left-handed twins, since performance differs according to zygosity and handedness of cotwin configurations.
TTX displacement of [H3]-nitrendipine binding in developing spinal cord neurons.

[3H] Nitrendipine binding was partially blocked by the presence of tetrodotoxin in developing spinal cord neurons. In young cultures, 1 μm tetrodotoxin displaced 29% and 26% of [3H] nitrendipine binding from the high and low affinity binding sites, respectively. In one month old cultures, tetrodotoxin had no effect on [3H] nitrendipine binding. The interaction between tetrodotoxin and nitrendipine in young cultures suggests ligand binding site similarities during development.
Distinct thymidine kinases encoded by cowpox virus and herpes simplex virus contribute significantly to the differential antiviral activity of nucleoside analogs.

Abstract Orthopoxviruses and herpesviruses are both large enveloped DNA viruses, yet these virus families exhibit very different susceptibilities to antiviral drugs. We investigated the activation of nucleoside analogs by the types I and II thymidine kinase (TK) homologs expressed by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and cowpox virus (CV). Antiviral activity against TK − and TK + strains of HSV-1 and CV was determined, and the ratio of the EC 50 values was used as a measurement of TK dependence. As to HSV-1, most of the selected compounds were markedly less effective against the TK − strains, suggesting that this enzyme was required for the activation of these nucleoside analogs. This differs from the results for CV where only idoxuridine and bromodeoxyuridine appeared to be activated, putatively by the type II TK expressed by this virus. These data confirm that the type II TK encoded by CV exhibits a more limited substrate specificity than the type I TK encoded by HSV-1. These data suggest that the inefficient activation of nucleoside analogs by the orthopoxvirus TK significantly limits their activity. Additional screening against orthopoxviruses will be required to identify nucleoside analogs that are efficiently activated by their type II TK.
Simulation of Fall Loading Using a Probabilistic Shape-Based Finite Element Model of Human Femurs

The efficient construction of finite element models that accurately represent the complex morphology of biological structures is a major challenge. Typically, the model constructed is a representation of a single patient and, in order to investigate a different individual, the majority of the mesh construction process must be repeated.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Why Is Hematopathology so Complicated

ec li ni cs .c om Hematopathology is well known for its complicated classification systems that seem to change every fewyears.Unfortunately, this trendwill onlycontinue and has spread to other areas of diagnostic pathology as we learn more about the complex diseases that we diagnose. Changes in classification systems, however, are usually driven by advances in the field. This volume of Surgical Pathology Clinics highlights selected topics in hematopathology that have seen critical advances in recent years and pose diagnostic challenges for the practicing pathologist. The first article focuses on the clonal link between malignant lymphoma and histiocytic tumors; a discovery that has further confirmed the plasticity of hematopoietic progenitor cells. In the second article, the clues to assist in the separation of reactive from leukemic large granular lymphocyte proliferations are discussed. This is followed by articles on erythroleukemia, myeloid neoplasms with inv(3)/t(3;3), and updates on myelodysplastic syndrome. These three articles highlight the difficulty of separating myelodysplastic syndromes from acute leukemia, the importance of specific genetic abnormalities in establishing these diagnoses and the role of genetic abnormalities in prognosis. Two “new” categories of acute leukemia, early precursor T-cell acute leukemiaandblastic plasmacytoiddendritic cell tumors, are described and how to distinguish these acute leukemias from morphologic and immunophenotypic mimics, and the therapeutic implications of these diagnoses are reviewed. Asnew immunohistochemicalmarkers and technology are used in pathology, this brings difficulties in
Ge surface segregation during Si1−xGex(011) gas-source molecular beam epitaxy from Si2H6 and Ge2H6

Abstract Ge surface segregation during Si 1− x Ge x gas-source molecular beam epitaxy on Si(0 1 1) was investigated using in situ D 2 temperature programmed desorption (TPD). The Si 1− x Ge x (0 1 1) layers, x =0–0.20, were grown from Si 2 H 6 /Ge 2 H 6 mixtures at temperatures T s ranging from 475°C to 750°C. Immediately following film growth, the samples were quenched and exposed to atomic D at 250°C until saturation coverage. TPD spectra from Si 1− x Ge x (0 1 1) consist of five second-order peaks due to D 2 desorption from, in order of decreasing temperature, Si rest-atom and adatom monodeuterides, Si dideuteride, and Ge rest-atom and adatom monodeuteride phases. Temperature-dependent Ge surface coverages θ Ge , determined from the TPD results, increase sharply with x ranging, at T s =550°C, from 0.27 ML with x =0.04 to 0.74 ML for layers with x =0.20. For a given film composition, θ Ge decreases with decreasing T s due to the corresponding increase in the fraction f Si,H of Si surface atoms terminated with H. From these data, we find that the Ge segregation enthalpy Δ H s for Si 1− x Ge x (0 1 1) varies from −0.18 eV at T s =750°C ( f Si,H T s =475°C ( f Si,H =0.22).
Theoretical calculation of optical properties of Y-Ba-Cu-O superconductors.

The optical properties of orthorhombic Y${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ crystal are studied by a first-principles method. The interband optical conductivity shows strong directional anisotropy in the 0-3.0 eV range. A plasmon energy of 2.8 eV is predicted. Analysis of the static dielectric constant in the case of a semiconductorlike band structure supports the excitonic-enhanced superconducting mechanism in the Y-Ba-Cu-O system.
Longitudinal Models for Ordinal Data With Many Zeros and Varying Numbers of Response Categories

Ordinal response scales are often used to survey behaviors, including data collected in longitudinal studies. Advanced analytic methods are now widely available for longitudinal data. This study evaluates the performance of 4 methods as applied to ordinal measures that differ by the number of response categories and that include many zeros. The methods considered are hierarchical linear models (HLMs), growth mixture mixed models (GMMMs), latent class growth analysis (LCGA), and 2-part latent growth models (2PLGMs). The methods are evaluated by applying each to empirical response data in which the number of response categories is varied. The methods are applied to each outcome variable, first treating the outcome as continuous and then as ordinal, to compare the performance of the methods given both a different number of response categories and treatment of the variables as continuous versus ordinal. We conclude that although the 2PLGM might be preferred, no method might be ideal.
Predicting shared parent-child book reading in infancy

This study examined the degree to which parental contextual factors and infant characteristics predicted whether parents read aloud to their 8-month-old infants. Discriminant function analysis revealed that mothers with higher family incomes and those who reported less parenting stress and fewer general hassles were more likely to read to their infants. Gender and temperament of the infant did not significantly predict whether mothers would engage in shared reading. Furthermore, there was no evidence that mothers who reported reading aloud to their infants display more enriching parenting practices in the laboratory. Paternal contextual factors did not discriminate readers from nonreaders, but infant temperament did. Fathers who read aloud had infants who were less soothable and who displayed longer durations of orienting. The possibility that book reading could serve as 1 mediator of the temperament-cognition relationship is discussed.
What SNP genotyping errors are most costly for genetic association studies

Which genotype misclassification errors are most costly, in terms of increased sample size necessary (SSN) to maintain constant asymptotic power and significance level, when performing case/control studies of genetic association? We answer this question for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), using the 2x3 chi(2) test of independence. Our strategy is to expand the noncentrality parameter of the asymptotic distribution of the chi(2) test under a specified alternative hypothesis to approximate SSN, using a linear Taylor series in the error parameters. We consider two scenarios: the first assumes Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) for the true genotypes in both cases and controls, and the second assumes HWE only in controls. The Taylor series approximation has a relative error of less than 1% when each error rate is less than 2%. The most costly error is recording the more common homozygote as the less common homozygote, with indefinitely increasing cost coefficient as minor SNP allele frequencies approach 0 in both scenarios. The cost of misclassifying the more common homozygote to the heterozygote also becomes indefinitely large as the minor SNP allele frequency goes to 0 under both scenarios. For the violation of HWE modeled here, the cost of misclassifying a heterozygote to the less common homozygote becomes large, although bounded. Therefore, the use of SNPs with a small minor allele frequency requires careful attention to the frequency of genotyping errors to ensure that power specifications are met. Furthermore, the design of automated genotyping should minimize those errors whose cost coefficients can become indefinitely large.
Ultrasonic Measurement of Blood Coagulation Time

A feasibility study indicates that ultrasound backscattering may be used to determine the onset of the formation of a fibrin clot in plasma and whole blood. Experimental results with blood and plasma containing different amounts of fibrinogen are presented.
An Algorithmic Solution to Two-Stage Transfer Lines with Possible Scrapping of Units

An important aspect of the efficient design of an automatic transfer line is the ability to understand and predict the effects of the system parameters such as the size of the intermediate buffer storage space, the cycle times, failure times, repair times, and scrap rate, on the production rate of the transfer line. In this paper we develop an efficient algorithm to compute the production rate of a two-stage transfer line for different system parameters. The algorithm is developed assuming that the failure and repair times are geometrically distributed and that the units may be scrapped with a certain probability when the machine processing it fails. Using this algorithm, extensive numerical results are obtained. Based on these numerical results, the behavior of the transfer line is discussed and some interesting observations are reported which would be useful in the design of automatic transform lines.
6α,7α-Epoxy-5α-hydroxy-1-oxo-22R-witha-2,24-dienolide(withanolide B), 5β,6β-Epoxy-4β,20-dihydroxy-1-oxo-22R-witha-2,24-dienolide(withanolide D), and 4β,27-Dihydroxy-1-oxo-22R-witha-2,5,24-trienolide(5,6-deoxywithaferin A) in Roots of Withania somnifera: Isolation and Their Crystal Structures

6α,7α-Epoxy-5α-hydroxy-1-oxo-22R-witha-2,24-dienolide (C28H38O5), 5β,6β-epoxy-4β,20-dihydroxy-1-oxo-22R-witha-2,24-dienolide (C28H38O6), and 4β,27-dihydroxy-1-oxo-22R-witha-2,5,24-trienolide (C28H38O5), were isolated from Withania somnifera roots. The structures of these withanolides were established by spectroscopic analysis and X-ray diffraction studies as withanolide B, withanolide D, and 5,6-deoxywithaferin A, respectively. All three compounds crystallize in the orthorhombic space group P212121 with unit cell parameters: a = 9.1012(3) A, b = 12.2728(4) A, c = 21.5396(7) A, Z = 4 for withanolide B; a = 7.6569(5) A, b = 9.9426(7) A, c = 33.767(2) A, Z = 4 for withanolide D; and a = 6.9310(3) A, b = 10.6745 (4) A, c = 34.667(2) A, Z = 4 for 5,6-deoxywithaferin A, respectively. The crystal structures have been solved by direct methods and refined to R 1 = 0.024 for 4,290 unique reflections (withanolide B), R 1 = 0.042 for 4,601 unique reflections (withanolide D), and R 1 = 0.033 for 4,626 unique reflections (5,6-deoxywithaferin A), respectively. Rings B, C, D of the steroid skeletons are trans connected while ring C adopts a chair conformation, five-membered ring D adopts a half-chair, and the δ-lactone ring E in the side chain adopts a sofa conformation. For withanolide B, rings A and B are trans connected and both rings A and B exist in a half-chair conformation; for withanolide D, rings A and B are cis connected, and ring A has a sofa conformation while ring B has a distorted boat conformation; for 5,6-deoxywithaferin A, ring A has a half chair conformation and ring B exists as a boat conformation. The crystal structures of 6α,7α-epoxy-5α-hydroxy-1-oxo-22R-witha-2,24-dienolide (withanolide B), 5β,6β-epoxy-4β,20-dihydroxy-1-oxo-22R-witha-2,24-dienolide (withanolide D), and 4β,27-dihydroxy-1-oxo-22R-witha-2,5,24-trienolide (5,6-deoxywithaferin A) are described.
A methodology for the design of reuse engineered Ada components

Reuse Engineering is the discipline of designing and implementing generic architectures. We combine the recently proposed 3Cs model of reusable software components with the notions of separation of concerns and genericity to suggest a methodology for the support of reuse engineering. In doing so we present examples to illustrate the development process.
From White-Collar Occupations to Small Business: Korean Immigrants' Occupational Adjustment

Previous studies indicate that about one-third of Korean immigrant families in the United States are engaged in small business. This paper attempts to explain why such a large proportion of Korean ...
548: Reproductive outcomes among women with a disability in the United States

Planning and Development linked Patient Discharge Data and Birth Cohort File from January 1, 1991 through December 31, 2008. We identified maternal risk factors for delivery 39 weeks using candidate variables drawn from the literature, and assessed them using bivariate analyses and logistic regression. RESULTS: Pregnancy-associated and chronic non-reproductive organ-based and systemic diseases, including diabetes, hypertensive disorders, and heart, lung and renal disease, increased significantly over the study period. Older women were disproportionately affected by these health problems, and women with these conditions at any age were more likely to deliver early. Our comparison of fetal and neonatal deaths with live births prior to 39 weeks show a robust correlation, with significant declines in fetal and neonatal death rates accompanying the rise early births. CONCLUSION: Maternal health problems influence birth before 39 weeks to a significantly greater degree than maternal age in this cohort. Providers and consumers wishing to safeguard fetuses and their mothers in the setting of increasingly complicated gestational environments may be driving the trend toward earlier birth without increasing perinatal mortality.
Parsing algorithm for line-drawing pattern recognition

The concept of " universal array grammar" for off-line line drawing patterns is proposed and an algurithm for transforming two-dirrensional line drawing patterns to parsing sequences based on the " universal array grammar" is constructed.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Intravenous Bisphosphonates for Osteoporosis and Implant Placement

Focused Clinical QuestionIn a patient receiving intravenous infusion of nitrogen containing bisphosphonates for management of osteoporosis, is surgical implant treatment contraindicated because of the risk of impaired bony wound healing and osteonecrosis of the jaw?Clinical ScenarioA 64-year-old postmenopausal woman who leads a busy life and works full time as a business executive presents with a fracture of her maxillary central incisors teeth #8 and #9. She has been a periodontal maintenance patient for the past 20 years with excellent oral hygiene. One month earlier, she experienced trauma to her anterior teeth by walking into a closed patio door. She appears younger than her stated age, and her overall health is good except for a history of postmenopausal osteoporosis diagnosed using a bone mineral density evaluation with a T-score at lumbar spine of −2.6. Currently, her only medication is a yearly intravenous infusion of zoledronic acid, which she has received for the past 3 years. The reason for thi...
The sensitivity of three vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal species to simulated erosion

Abstract A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the effectiveness of three vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) species in an Oxisol subjected to simulated erosion using Leucaena leucocephala as an indicator host. The extent of colonization of leucaena roots increased significantly due to VAM inoculation of the eroded and uneroded soils. The highest level of VAM colonization was observed when leucaena was grown in association with Glomus aggregatum. followed by G. mosseae and G. etunicatum. Increased infection associated with inoculation of the eroded soil did not result in enhanced mycorrhizal effectiveness. Inoculation of the uneroded soil, however, led to significant improvement in root colonization as well as in symbiotic effectiveness. Suppression in expression of mycorrhizal effectiveness in the eroded soil appears to be a result of nutrient deficiency. The results suggest the importance of restoring lost nutrients before differences in VAM species could be effectively exploited for a ...
Sentence Comprehension in Boys With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Purpose Previous research has suggested that language comprehension might be particularly impaired in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but this profile has been only broadly characteri...
National sovereignty and international monetary order

Abstract The choice of exchange-rate regime is examined in a three-country model in which the regime chosen by one country affects other countries' opportunities. It is shown that the interaction of different countries' choices of exchange-rate regime may be characterized by either strategic complementarity or strategic substitution. As a result, if each country pursues its national interest independently, either nonexistence or nonuniqueness of equilibrium among different countries' regime choices is possible. The model therefore provides an alternative rationale for international policy coordination.
A matrix formulation of Kaiser's varimax criterion

Kaiser has given the varimax criterion for the solution of the rotation problem in factor analysis as well as a practical computational procedure for maximizing this criterion. In the present paper, the maximization condition is shown as a matrix equation involving only the unknown orthogonal rotation matrix. This matrix equation can be solved iteratively as a sequence of symmetric eigenproblems.
Angioplasty With or Without Stenting for Intracranial Artery Stenosis

Intracranial artery stenosis causes 10% of all ischemic strokes. The annual rate of recurrent vascular ischemic events is very high (20%).1,2 Angioplasty with or without stent placement is feasible; however, its safety and efficacy have not been systematically studied. We sought to determine the efficacy and safety of angioplasty combined with best medical treatment compared with best medical treatment alone for preventing recurrent ischemic strokes, death, and vascular events in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack resulting from intracranial artery stenosis. We searched the Cochrane Stroke Group Trials Register (last searched March 2006), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; The Cochrane Library Issue 1, …
Point images in the visual system: new interest in an old idea

Abstract A central problem of vision research is to characterize the patterns of neural activity evoked throughout the visual system by retinal stimulation. These patterns represent not only the information about a retinal image available to the rest of the brain, but also the transformations of that image that are appropriate to the functions of the system's various parts. Some recent studies have approached this task by asking first how the system deals with information from a single retinal point. This requires that the traditional question of receptive-field analysis be turned on its head: instead of asking ‘Here is a cell; where are the points that it sees?', the question becomes, ‘Here is a point; where are the cells that see it?'.
Predicting species richness in tropical lichenized fungi with ‘modular’ combinations of character states

A numerical approach is presented to predict the number of potentially undiscovered species in groups of species that exhibit a ‘modular’ combination of character states, that is, nearly ‘free’ combination that is not random but allows for a wide range of cross-combination of character states. The method uses a character correlation index (CCI) based on observed versus expected frequencies of pairwise character state combinations in known species of a group to estimate the degree of potentially positive and negative evolutionary constraints in the co-occurrence of character states. For instance, if a character state combination, such as ‘muriform ascospores’ and ‘presence of norstictic acid’, occurs less frequently than expected by chance, it indicates the presence of a negative evolutionary constraint. If no such constraint is detected, but a particular character combination has not yet been observed in a described species, it can be predicted that yet undescribed species will exhibit that combination. The method can therefore be used to detect ‘gaps’ in the taxonomic record, i.e. character combinations that have not been detected in known species but are likely to occur in undiscovered species. Modular combination of character states appears to be particularly common in Fungi, including lichens, and the method was here used to predict species richness in the lichen genus Graphis, specifically the Graphis scripta group. A total of 42 species is known in this group and, out of a total of 240 possible character state combinations, a further 48 were found likely to represent undiscovered species, suggesting that the real species number in this group is close to 90 or about twice the number now known. This agrees well with previous estimates for undiscovered diversity of tropical lichen species and for the first time gives a taxonomic prediction of how such ‘missing’ species are expected to look like.
Geoperception in primary and lateral roots of Phaseolus vulgaris (Fabaceae). III. A model to explain the differential georesponsiveness of primary and lateral roots

Half-tipped primary and lateral roots of Phaseolus vulgaris bend toward the side of the root on which the intact half tip remains. Therefore, tips of lateral and primary roots produce growth effectors capable of inducing gravicurvature. The asymmetrical placement of a tip of a lateral root onto a detipped primary root results in the root bending toward the side of the root onto which the tip was placed. That is, the lesser graviresponsiveness of lateral roots as compared with primary roots is not due to the inability of their caps to produce growth inhibitors. The more pronounced graviresponsiveness of primary roots is positively correlated with the presence of columella tissues that are 3.8 times longer, 1.7 times wider, and 10.5 times more voluminous than the columellas of lateral roots. We propose that the lack of graviresponsiveness exhibited by lateral roots is due to the fact that they (i) produce smaller amounts of the inhibitor than primary (i.e., strongly graviresponsive) roots and (ii) are unable to redistribute the inhibitor so as to be able to create a concentration gradient sufficient to induce a pronounced gravitropic response.
Extreme modulation properties of aromatic fluorine

Thorough examination of the current literature as well as publicly available databases allowed us to qualify aromatic fluorine as a unique modulator of biological properties of organic compounds. In some rare cases, introduction of fluorine increased biological activity 100,000 times and even higher. We have also identified several examples where aromatic fluorine substantially reduced biological activity. Selected individual cases of extreme modulation are presented and discussed in the paper.
HOW TO HARVEST THE FULL POTENTIAL OF LORAN-C

this paper describes the potential of Loran-C for providing precision navigation and time service. It also touches on the improvements required in user equipment to exploit this potential. With improved transmitters and improved receivers, taken together, a single fix accuracy can be expected to be less than 14 meters, CEP; the 14 meter value occurring at the outer fringes of the service area (about 1400 kilometers from the farthest transmitter). The improvements required of the transmitters are (1) accurate control of the transmitted wave form, and (2) accurate control of the time of occurrence of the zero crossings of the carrier. Improvements required of the receivers involve (1) more thorough rejection of noise, (2) increase in internal precision, (3) lower probability of false cycle identification, and (4) implementation of the group/phase velocity technique of distance measuring. Loran-C service can include distribution of epoch time to stationary users with an accuracy of 2 microseconds; and to moving users with an accuracy of 5 microseconds (both 3 standard deviations).
A Multi-Case Investigation of Electronic Health Record Implementation in Small- and Medium-Size Physician Practices

The American healthcare system has undergone significant changes as health information technology (HIT) has evolved. As part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), the Health Information Technology Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act was created to incentivize the use of Health Information Technology (HIT) programs. While there have been multiple studies on HIT impact on large hospitals, very few studies address electronic health records (EHRs) within small- and medium-size physician practices (SMPPs). The two goals of this study are first to examine EHR implementation within SMPPs and provide recommendations on how to successfully implement an EHR system within a small practice, and secondly to examine the impact of EHR implementation on quality within the SMPP. For the five SMPPs and their implementation of EHR systems studied, findings show that, with sufficient training and appropriate use of a project champion, an SMPP can have a successful EHR implementation. Also shown are the ...
Kaluresis and cardiac sensitivity to hyperkalaemia in intact and adrenalectomized rabbits.

SummaryRabbits K loaded by infusion of 2 meq KCl/kg/hr excrete over 55% of the administered K in the urine and do not develop prelethal ECG changes until mean serum K attains to 14.9 meq/liter, i.e., 11.8 meq/liter above the average prein-fusion level. Four hours after bilateral adrenalectomy there is a profound diminution of urinary K loss in K loaded rabbits— less than 7 % of the infused K is excreted. There is, however, no significant change in cardiac sensitivity to hyperkalemia.K loaded dogs lose only about 20% of infused K in the urine and develop prelethal ECG changes at ~10.2 meq/liter, i.e., 5.6 meq/liter above the mean of the prein-fusion levels. After adrenalectomy, urinary K loss is only moderately diminished (12% of infused K is still found in the urine), but cardiac sensitivity to K is markedly increased: prelethal ECG changes appear at a serum K level of ~7.6 meq/liter—about 2.9 meq/liter above the preinfusion value.We thank Alexander Miller, Stephen Oppenheim, and Roger Cutting. Their unca...
Monte Carlo simulations of the periodic Anderson model on a square lattice

We have used a quantum Monte Carlo method to study the two-dimensional symmetric periodic Anderson model. Correlation functions and susceptibilities were obtained from numerical simulations based on a 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4 square lattice. Some calculations have been performed for a 6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}6 system. Results show a qualitative similarity to the single-impurity case, but additional physics is present in the antiferromagnetic interactions between local moments at low temperatures.
Nuclear genes required for post-translational steps in the biogenesis of the chloroplast cytochrome b6f complex in maize

Nuclear genes essential for the biogenesis of the chloroplast cytochrome b 6 f complex were identified by mutations that cause the specific loss of the complex. We describe four transposon-induced maize mutants that lack cytochrome b 6 f proteins but contain normal levels of other photosynthetic complexes. The four mutations define two nuclear genes. To identify the step at which each mutation blocks protein accumulation, mRNAs encoding each subunit were examined by Northern hybridization analysis and the rates of subunit synthesis were examined in pulse-labeling experiments. In each mutant the mRNAs encoding the known subunits of the complex were normal in size and abundance and the major subunits were synthesized at normal rates. Thus, these mutations block the biogenesis of the cytochrome b 6 f complex at a post-translational step. The two nuclear genes identified by these mutations may encode previously unknown subunits, be involved in prosthetic group synthesis or attachment, or facilitate assembly of the complex. These mutations were also used to provide evidence for the authenticity of a proposed fifth subunit of the complex and to demonstrate a role for the cytochrome b 6 f complex in protecting photosystem 11 from light-induced degradation.
Free radical release and progression of renal failure

Summary: IgA nephropathy, formerly known as Berger's Disease, is now recognized as the world's most common primary nephropathy. the rate of progression has recently been shown to be the same in childhood as well as adulthood (i.e. slightly more than 1/4 of the patients had end-stage renal disease at follow up of 20 years). the pathogenesis may be associated with free-radical release as demonstrated in experimental IgA nephropathy and indirectly in leucocytes of these patients. the use of vitamin E and fish oil is discussed.
The DePaul Values Project and the DeVI: Assessing Students’ Perceptions of a Private University’s Core Mission and Values

The DePaul Values Project began in Fall 2001 with the primary objective of monitoring and assessing students’ perceptions of the institution’s mission and values. To that end, the DePaul Values Inventory (DeVI), a self-report measure consisting of four subscales, was created. In this paper, we present the findings from a university-wide administration of the DeVI via DePaul’s annual student survey administered by the institutional research office. In so doing, we attempt to connect students’ attitudes and behaviors about institutional mission and values to perceived impact.
Global Stability in Delay Differential Systems without Dominating Instantaneous Negative Feedbacks

Abstract Most of the global stability or convergence results appearing so far for delayed Lotka-Volterra-type systems or other delay differential systems require that the instantaneous negative feedbacks dominate both delayed feedback and interspecific interactions. Such a requirement is rarely met in real systems since feedbacks are generally delayed. This leads to the long standing question: Under what conditions will the global stability of a nonnegative steady state of a differential delay system persist when time delays involved in some part of the negative feedbacks are small enough? This paper presents a partial answer to this open question. Roughly, our results show that if the delay differential system remains dissipative when delays are introduced, then the above open question has an affirmative answer. Our results also improve some recent findings.
Slit: A Roadblock for Chemotaxis

The immune system and nervous system display striking similarities. Fernandis and Ganju discuss yet another example where a protein (Slit) originally identified for its role in modulating axon pathfinding is able to regulate immune cell migration. Slit isoforms expressed in the nervous system interact with members of the Robo receptor family to modify movement stimulated by the secreted attractants netrins and their receptors. In leukocytes, Slit 2 interacting with Robo receptors inhibits movement stimulated by the chemokine receptor (CXCR4). Fernandis and Ganju discuss the therapeutic potential of Slit as an antiviral agent and in the treatment of inflammatory diseases, autoimmune disorders, and cancer.
On the Foundations of Quantitative Information Flow

There is growing interest in quantitative theories of information flow in a variety of contexts, such as secure information flow, anonymity protocols, and side-channel analysis. Such theories offer an attractive way to relax the standard noninterference properties, letting us tolerate "small" leaks that are necessary in practice. The emerging consensus is that quantitative information flow should be founded on the concepts of Shannon entropy and mutual information . But a useful theory of quantitative information flow must provide appropriate security guarantees: if the theory says that an attack leaks x bits of secret information, then x should be useful in calculating bounds on the resulting threat. In this paper, we focus on the threat that an attack will allow the secret to be guessed correctly in one try. With respect to this threat model, we argue that the consensus definitions actually fail to give good security guarantees--the problem is that a random variable can have arbitrarily large Shannon entropy even if it is highly vulnerable to being guessed. We then explore an alternative foundation based on a concept of vulnerability (closely related to Bayes risk ) and which measures uncertainty using Renyi's min-entropy , rather than Shannon entropy.
Relationships Among Depression, Anxiety, and Insomnia Symptoms in Perinatal Women Seeking Mental Health Treatment

Abstract Background: Depression and anxiety symptoms are commonly experienced by women during the perinatal period. Changes in sleep and sleep quality are typical throughout pregnancy and early postpartum. However, little is known about relationships between insomnia symptoms and psychiatric symptoms in perinatal women. The objective of the present study is to characterize the burden of insomnia symptoms in perinatal women seeking outpatient psychiatric treatment and to examine relationships between insomnia and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Methods: Data from 257 pregnant or postpartum women who sought outpatient psychiatric treatment at a university hospital-affiliated clinic were extracted from an existing clinical management database. Data included validated self-report measures assessing insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index [ISI]), mood (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale [EPDS]), and generalized anxiety (Penn State Worry Questionnaire [PSWQ]). Results: Fifty-two percent of women reported sympto...
Supramolecular, Calixarene‐Based Complexes That Release NO Gas

Calix[4]arenes and nanotubes based on them convert NO2/N2O4 gases into nonvolatile NO+ species and encapsulate them. In a one-electron reduction scheme with hydroquinone, the complexed NO+ transforms into NO gas. While NO is released, calixarenes are regenerated and can be loaded again. Supramolecular materials for generation, storage and release of NO can be potentially created, with high-capacity calixarene nanotubes holding a special promise. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Collaboration and tension between institutions and units providing data management support

Suggested citation: "Wright, S., A. L. Whitmire, L. Zilinski and D. Minor (2014), "Collaboration and Tension Between Institutions and Units Providing Data Management Support," Bulletin of the Association for Information Science and Technology, August/September, Vol. 40, No. 6"
Phase Transitions in Ising Superlattices

The development of experimental techniques which allow for the controlled deposition of materials at the atomic monolayer level has led to extensive interest and activity in the creation and understanding of artificial layered structures. To date work has focused largely on metals and semiconductors and the obvious importance of controlled electronic properties. But there is much to be learned from insulating magnetic superlattices, as well, and here studies are only just beginning. MILLS and collaborators [l], in particular, have developed the theory of the low-temperature elementary excitations to be expected in a variety of potential structures of this type.
Mathematical and Scientific Foundations for an Integrative Engineering Curriculum

All fields of engineering, whether chemical, civil, electrical, materials, mechanical, etc., encompass a common body of essential mathematics and science. In the freshman year of Drexels E4 program, this common mathematical and scientific foundation is cultivated in the Mathematical and Scientific Foundations of Engineering I, II and III (MSFE I, MSFE II, MSFE III). In an integrated fashion, MSFE I presents the essential calculus, physics and engineering mechanics vital to the freshman engineering student. In the first two quarters, MSFE II presents chemistry with clearly defined engineering applications and significance: in the third quarter, MSFE II presents living systems with the same thrust. Also in the third quarter, MSFE III presents basic circuits and circuit elements, and a brief introduction to electromagnetic theory.