cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Secondary science teachers' use of laboratory activities: Linking epistemological beliefs, goals, and practices

The purpose of this study was to explore how science teachers' epistemological beliefs and teaching goals are related to their use of lab activities. Research questions include (a) What are the teachers' epistemological beliefs pertaining to lab activities? (b) Why do the science teachers use lab activities? (c) How are the teachers' epistemological beliefs and instructional goals related to teaching actions? Two major aspects of epistemologies guided this study: ontological aspect (certainty/diversity of truth) and relational aspect (relationship between the knower and the known). The ontological aspect addresses whether one views knowledge as one certain truth or as tentative multiple truths. The relational aspect addresses whether one views him/herself as a receiver of prescribed knowledge separating self from knowledge construction or as an active meaning maker connecting self to the knowledge construction processes. More sophisticated epistemological beliefs include the acknowledgement of multiple interpretations of the same phenomena and active role of the knower in knowledge construction. Three experienced secondary science teachers were interviewed and observed throughout an academic course. The findings illustrate that a teacher's naive epistemological beliefs are clearly reflected in the teacher's teaching practices. However, a teacher's sophisticated epistemological beliefs are not always clearly connected to the practice. This seems to be related to the necessary negotiation among their epistemological beliefs, teaching contexts, and instructional goals. Ontological and relational beliefs seem to be connected to different facets of teaching practices. Findings indicate that various syntheses of different aspects of epistemological beliefs and instructional goals are linked to teachers' diverse ways of using lab activities. Implications for research and teacher education are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed89:140–165, 2005
Does hyperexpansion of the native lung adversely affect outcome after single lung transplantation for emphysema? Preliminary findings.

Rationale and Objectives. The authors evaluated the effect of the native emphysematous lung on graft function after single lung transplantation. Materials and Methods. Thirty-two patients who underwent single lung transplantation were examined with radiography preoperatively for degree of emphysema and postoperatively for hyperexpansion of the native lung. All patients underwent ventilation-perfusion scanning before transplantation and ventilation scanning after transplantation. Pulmonary function tests and measurement of arterial partial pressure of oxygen were also measured before and after surgery. The postoperative course was graded on a subjective scale. Results. Hyperexpansion of the native lung was seen in 16 of the 32 patients in the postoperative period. On the basis of serial measurements of forced expiratory volume in 1 minute, these patients fared poorly in the postoperative period compared with patients without hyperexpansion. Pulmonary blood flow to the native lung, as measured with perfusion scintigraphy, paradoxically increased in 11 patients after transplantation. Nine of these 11 patients demonstrated hyperinflation of the native lung, suggesting that graft compression adversely affects blood flow to the transplanted lung. Conclusion. Hyperexpansion of the native lung after single lung transplantation for emphysema may have a deleterious effect on graft function and possibly on clinical outcome.
Evaporation-induced formation of self-organized gradient concentric rings on sub-micron pre-cast PMMA films

A “particle-on-film” template is developed to fabricate self-organized surface patterns through solvent evaporation on initially featureless, sub-micron PMMA films. The small particle placed on the pre-cast PMMA film is able to confine a toluene droplet and influence the evaporative process. Well-ordered gradient concentric rings are formed around the particle due to the unconventional “advancing–receding” motion of the contact line in the “stick” state on the surface of the PMMA films. Both the center-to-center distance between adjacent rings (wavelength) and the height of the rings (amplitude) are strongly dependent on the particle size and the film thickness, and decrease with the decrease of the distance to the center of the particle. A linear dependence of the amplitude of the rings on the wavelength is observed under experimental conditions. The results demonstrate that the “particle-on-film” template has the potential to fabricate highly-ordered surface patterns economically and efficiently.
Visual sensitivity to color-varying stimuli

ABSTRACT We present the results of a study of the sensitivity of the human visual system (HVS) to spatially varying color stimuli. Sinusoidal grating patterns of different spatial frequencies were presented to six observers and the contrast required to just distinguish the pattern from the surrounding uniform field was determined. Tables and curves of contrast (measured in ELab) as a function of frequency were generated at different values of; the orientation ( horizontal, vertical and diagonal) of the pattern, the average luminance, the z and y c xi oknaticity co-ordinates, andthe direction of the variation of the stimulus in color space (luminance, red-green, and Llue-yllow). The results showthat the HVS is more sensitive to sinusoidal gratings oriented horizontally and vertically regardless of the type ofvariation. Furthermore, the HVS is more sensitive to luminance variations than it is to chromatic variations. Tablesand curves of the data are presented. 1. INTRODUCTION Over the past two or three decades, efforts have concentrated on relating the subjective measures of image qualityto more quantitative terms. Linear system analysis techniques have been successfully applied to problems involving
Effect of gastropod shell characteristics and hermit crabs on shell Epifauna

Abstract The epifauna on gastropod shells occupied by the hermit crabs Pagurus pollicaris (Say) and P. longicarpus (Say) was examined, as was the utilization of shells by these two hermit crabs. In the study area in Tampa Bay, Florida, shells were not a limiting factor to the hermit crab population, and there apparently was little competition for shells. Interspecific competition for shells was limited because the two hermit crab species differed in size and hence occupied shells of different sizes. The total number and density of most epifaunal species were higher on shells occupied by hermit crabs than on unoccupied shells, possibly because hermit crabs prevent their shells from being buried and hence lengthen the time the epifaunal community can grow and develop. The hermit crab species also appeared to affect the epifaunal community, for the total number and density of most epifaunal species were larger on shells occupied by P. pollicaris than P. longicarpus . With increasing shell size, the populations of most epifaunal species, also were larger but not their density. Least influential in affecting the epifaunal community was the species of shells.
Equity and the Innocent Bystander1

This paper attempts to integrate equity theory and specialized theories and data concerning the reactions of bystanders and victims caught up in emergencies. The authors first examine three factors which determine the bystander's response to emergency situations: whether or not bystanders attend to an emergency; how aroused bystanders become by the emergency; how the bystander responds to the emergency — i.e., by helping, by denigrating the victim, or by running away. Finally, they examine factors which affect how the victim will respond to the bystander who either provides or denies him assistance.
Trends in residential segregation by race: 1960–1980

Abstract This article uses census tract data to examine recent trends in residential segregation by race. We find that the growing tendency toward more segregated living patterns, which characterized most of the postwar period, has been reversed. The redistribution of the white population toward more integrated neighborhoods gathered steam in the 1970s and a significant proportion of the black population shifted away from established ghetto areas. As a result, residential segregation by race was lower in 1980 than it was in 1970. Furthermore, it was lower in 1980 than it was in 1960 for the nation as a whole and for each of the census regions. But despite this progress, the majority of housing markets remain highly segregated today.
Further characterization of the receptor-binding region of the thyroid-stimulating hormone alpha subunit: a comprehensive synthetic peptide study of the alpha-subunit 26-46 sequence.

Abstract Previously, using a synthetic peptide strategy, we determined that the region of the common glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit between residues 26 and 46 is a site of interaction of the hormone with the thyroid membrane-bound receptor for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). We have undertaken to identify further the specific residues within this 21-amino acid span that are critical in hormone receptor binding. We synthesized three nested sets of peptide, two in which we systematically truncated the amino-terminal region of the sequence and another in which we truncated the carboxyl-terminal region, and we synthesized a fourth nested set in which we systematically substituted alanine for the native residues from the region of highest activity. Each peptide was tested in a TSH radioreceptor assay for its ability to inhibit binding of 125I-labeled bovine TSH to porcine thyroid membranes. Removal either by truncation or alanine substitution, of several specific residues resulted in a significant reduction in the ability of the sequence to interact with receptor; these residues included Cys31, Cys32, Phe33, Arg35, Arg42, Lys44, and Lys45, suggesting that they are crucial for binding activity. Loss of activity also occurred with substitution for Gly30 and Ser34, but the reduction was less pronounced. Amino-terminal truncation of the sequence through Arg35 (leaving the alpha-subunit peptide 36-46) resulted in greater than 98% loss of activity of the sequence. We conclude that two distinct receptor binding regions lie within the alpha-subunit 26-46 sequence. The first lies between residues Gly30 and Arg35 and includes Cys31, Cys32, and Phe33 as important constituents, and the second region lies between residues Arg42 and Lys45 and includes Lys44 as an important residue and Ser43 as a less important component.
Are the Reading Rich Getting Richer? Testing for the Presence of the Matthew Effect.

The Matthew effect, where good readers get increasingly better over time compared to relatively lower-ability readers, is an often cited phenomenon in reading research. However, researchers have not always found empirical evidence supporting a Matthew effect. We used hierarchical growth curve modeling to test for the presence of the Matthew effect using a longitudinal sample of 1,573 children in high-poverty, low-performing schools. Our results failed to support the presence of a Matthew effect, but instead we found a compensatory growth trajectory whereby reading achievement gaps closed over time. We discuss several possible explanations for the growth patterns.
Nitric oxide inhibits Oct-1 DNA binding activity in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells

Abstract Since Oct-1 is a ubiquitous DNA binding protein shown to play an important role in regulating cell proliferation and possess structural characteristics consistent with a nitric oxide (NO) target, we studied NO regulation of the DNA binding activity of Oct-1 in the A7R5 vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) line. Two NO donors, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and S-nitrosoacetyl-penicillamine (SNAP) were directly added to the nuclear extract-oligonucleotide reaction mixture, respectively and the effect on Oct-1 DNA binding activity was evaluated by gel shift assay. Both NO donors (0.01–1 mM) inhibited the DNA binding activity of Oct-1. This inhibitory effect was not attenuated by dithiothreitol (DTT) (1 mM) while in contrast, DTT did antagonize the effect of diamide on Oct-1 DNA binding activity. The NO effect on Oct-1 has some specificity; as the NO donors had no effect on myc DNA binding activity. The inhibitory effect of NO donors was reproduced in A7R5 cells, without affecting their viability. These findings provide the first evidence that NO inhibits the DNA binding activity of Oct-1, probably through a cGMP independent mechanism and suggests that NO may inhibit mitogenesis in part through an effect on Oct-1 DNA binding activity in VSMCs.
Use of the calibrated carotid pulse tracing for calculation of left ventricular pressure and wall stress throughout ejection.

Abstract Calibrated carotid pulse tracings have been found previously to provide accurate estimates of end-systolic pressure. This study extends this technique to the estimation of arterial pressure throughout ejection. In twenty patients without aortic stenosis (age range 8 to 67 years), simultaneous recordings were made of the pressure tracing in the ascending aorta, externally recorded carotid pulse tracing, phonocardiogram, left ventricular echocardiogram, and peripheral blood pressure. Data were computer digitized and plots of arterial pressure were derived from the aortic pressure tracing (P A ) and from the carotid pulse tracing (P C ). Left ventricular (LV) wall stress was then calculated throughout ejection using P A or P C . The noninvasive estimation of pressure was excellent, with a maximum difference of 3.4 mm Hg between population means. This occurred within the first third of ejection. The wall stress calculations were similar, with a maximum mean population error of 3.5 gm/cm 2 at 20% of ejection. The peak wall stress values had a mean difference of 1.4 gm/cm 2 ; mean wall stress over the LV ejection period was 0.5 gm/cm 2 higher when calculated from P C than from P A . Thus, the carotid pulse tracing provides an accurate reproduction of the morphology of the pressure tracing recorded from the ascending aorta, and when calibrated by peripheral blood pressure measurement, it can be used to calculate LV pressure throughout ejection. These pressure estimates can be used to calculate wall stress throughout ejection with a high degree of accuracy.
Bayesian and profile likelihood change point methods for modeling cognitive function over time

Change point models are often used to model longitudinal data. To estimate the change point, Bayesian (Biometrika 62 (1975) 407; Appl. Statist. 41 (1992) 389; Biometrics 51 (1995) 236) or profile likelihood (Statist. Med. 19 (2000) 1555) methods may be used.We compare and contrast the two methods in analyzing longitudinal cognitive data from the Bronx Aging Study. The Bayesian method has advantages over the profile likelihood method in that it does not require all subjects to have the same change point. Caution must be taken regarding sensitivity to choice of prior distribution, identifiability, and goodness of fit. Analyses show that decline in memory precedes diagnosis of dementia by 7.5-8 years, and individual change points are not needed to model heterogeneity across subjects.
Arterial oxygen tensions and acid-base changes during ether-air anaesthesia.

SUMMARY PaO2 and changes in acid-base parameters were measured in a series of patients anaesthetized with an ether-air mixture. Patients were divided into three groups: (1) spontaneous respiration, (2) manual ventilation and (3) mechanical ventilation. PaO2 in all patients except one were maintained close to pre-operative values during and after operation. Changes in pH and arterial carbon dioxide tension were due to changes in ventilation, not to alterations of acid-base balance. The present study confirms previous observations, viz. that in the absence of severe respiratory or circulatory disturbance, air as a carrier gas for ether results in adequate arterial oxygenation. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Bei einer Reihe von Patienten, die mit einem Ather-Luft-Gemisch narkotisiert worden waren, wurden PaO2 und Veranderungen des Saure-Basen-Status gemessen. Die Patienten wurden in drei Gruppen unterteilt: 1. Spontanatmung, 2. manuelle Beatmung, 3. mechanische Beatmung. Mit Ausnahme eines Patienten konnte bei alien das PaO2 wahrend und nach der Operation auf an-nahernd praeoperativen Werten gehalten werden. Die Veranderungen des pH und der arteriellen C O2 -Spannung waren ventilationsbedingt und nicht die Folge von Saure-Basen-Verschiebungen. Diese Untersuchung bestatigt fruhere Beobachtungen, dass namlich beim Fehlen schwerer Storungen der Atmung und des Kreislaufes Luft als Tragergas fur Ather ausreichende arterielle Sauer-stoffwerte ergibt.
A model search procedure for hierarchical models

Abstract Large data sets cross-classified according to multiple factors are available in epidemiology and other disciplines. Their analysis often calls for finding a small set of best hierarchical models to serve as a basis for further analysis. This selection can be based on some well defined model optimality criterion. Fitting all possible models to find a best set is usually not feasible for as few as five factors (7581 possible models). We note that the set of hierarchical models and their relationships can be represented by a graph and develop an algorithm to generate it efficiently. We further develop a graph traversal algorithm that requires fitting of only fraction of all models to find exactly a best subset of the models. The algorithm classifies as many models as possible on the basis of each fit. A data structure implementing the graph of model nodes keeps track of the information required by the model search algorithm.
Will the Politics or Economics of Deflation Prove More Harmful

Although growth has returned to the periphery of Europe, with Spain, Ireland, Portugal and even Greece posting positive numbers, the rate of growth in their debts still outpaces their rate of GDP growth. That means, for example, that Portugal would have to run a current account surplus at Chinese levels for over a decade to get unemployment down to single fi gures, and that is simply not going to happen. Indeed, the most recent ECB unemployment projections predict double-digit unemployment out to 2017, regardless of the incipient recovery. Standard macro theory imagines that fi scal contractions are recessionary in the short run, but in the long run the supply side determines the trend rate of growth. What the eurozone has recently shown us is that you can contract so severely on the demand side that the supply side of the economy can be permanently damaged, which may have lowered infl ationary expectations to a defl ationary equilibrium point. This is extremely dangerous – more so for political than economic reasons.
Kinetic and Structural Characterization of a Heterohexamer 4- Oxalocrotonate Tautomerase from Chloroflexus aurantiacus J-10-fl: Implications for Functional and Structural Diversity in the Tautomerase Superfamily †

4-Oxalocrotonate tautomerase (4-OT) isozymes play prominent roles in the bacterial utilization of aromatic hydrocarbons as sole carbon sources. These enzymes catalyze the conversion of 2-hydroxy-2,4-hexadienedioate (or 2-hydroxymuconate) to 2-oxo-3-hexenedioate, where Pro-1 functions as a general base and shuttles a proton from the 2-hydroxyl group of the substrate to the C-5 position of the product. 4-OT, a homohexamer from Pseudomonas putida mt-2, is the most extensively studied 4-OT isozyme and the founding member of the tautomerase superfamily. A search of five thermophilic bacterial genomes identified a coded amino acid sequence in each that had been annotated as a tautomerase-like protein but lacked Pro-1. However, a nearby sequence has Pro-1, but the sequence is not annotated as a tautomerase-like protein. To characterize this group of proteins, two genes from Chloroflexus aurantiacus J-10-fl were cloned, and the corresponding proteins were expressed. Kinetic, biochemical, and X-ray structural analyses show that the two expressed proteins form a functional heterohexamer 4-OT (hh4-OT), composed of three alphabeta dimers. Like the P. putida enzyme, hh4-OT requires the amino-terminal proline and two arginines for the conversion of 2-hydroxymuconate to the product, implicating an analogous mechanism. In contrast to 4-OT, hh4-OT does not exhibit the low-level activity of another tautomerase superfamily member, the heterohexamer trans-3-chloroacrylic acid dehalogenase (CaaD). Characterization of hh4-OT enables functional assignment of the related enzymes, highlights the diverse ways the beta-alpha-beta building block can be assembled into an active enzyme, and provides further insight into the molecular basis of the low-level CaaD activity in 4-OT.
Max Weber's Authority Models and the Theory of X‐Inefficiency: The Economic Sociologist's Analysis Adds More Structure to Leibenstein's Critique of Rationality

. Harvey leibenstein's theory of X-efficiency holds that behavioral considerations, such as motivation of workers or the quality of managerial decisions, are the major restraints on the productivity of modern organizations. It envisions economic behaviors which are not fully rational; that is, behaviors which fall far short of the maximization postulate so central to neo-classical microeconomics. The theory is significant for it, contrary to the prevailing view, seeks to explain suboptimality primarily as a function of factors internal to the Jirm rather than those that are objectively external, such as the market structure in which the firm finds itself. The X-efficiency framework is enhanced by the application of several salient concepts in the economic thought of Max Weber. He, in contrast to most of his contemporaries, engaged in economic analysis, but he never accepted the maximization postulate. He considered such formal economic rationality to be a very rare, almost an exceptional case of economic behavior the norm was something substantially less rational. Weber therefore categorized economic activity by its degree of rationality and linked such activity to types of authority exercised in its pursuit.
Aggression and vasotocin are associated with dominant-subordinate relationships in zebrafish

Abstract Agonistic interactions are present throughout the animal kingdom as well as in humans. In this report, we present a model system to study neurological correlates of dominant–subordinate relationships. Zebrafish, Danio rerio, has been used as a model system for developmental biology for decades. We propose here that it is also an excellent model for studying social behavior. Adult male zebrafish were separated for 5 days and then pairs were formed and allowed to interact for 5 days. Under these conditions, aggression is prevalent and dominant–subordinate relationships are quickly established. Dominant behavior is characterized by a repeated pattern of chasing and biting, whereas subordinates engage in retreats. By day 5, the dominant–subordinate relationship was firmly established and there were differences in behavior over time. Chases, bites and retreats were all less frequent on day 5 of the social interaction than on day 1. Arginine vasotocin is the teleostean homologue of arginine vasopressin, a neuropeptide whose expression has been linked to aggression and social position in mammals. Immunohistochemistry indicated differences in vasotocin staining between dominant and subordinate individuals. Dominant individuals express vasotocin in one to three pairs of large cells in the magnocellular preoptic area whereas subordinate individuals express vasotocin in 7–11 pairs of small cells in the parvocellular preoptic area. These results suggest that the vasotocinergic system may play a role in shaping dominant–subordinate relationships and agonistic behavior in this model organism.
Effect of prolonged ingestion of polychlorinated biphenyls on the rat.

Abstract On a fair consommer a des rats, pendant 2, 4 et 6 mois et a raison de 0,5 et 25 ppm de leur regime alimentaire,de l'Aroclor 1242, melange commercial de biphenyles polychlores. Des augmentations significatives de l'excretion urinaire de coproporphyrine, des lipides hepatiques et de l'activite de l'hydroxylase microsomique hepatique ont ete observees chez les animaux qui avaient consomme 25 ppm pendant 2 mois. L'excretion urinaire de coproporphyrine, le poids du foie, sa teneur en lipides et l'activite de son hydroxylase microsomique etaient plus eleves chez les rats soumis pendant 4 ou 6 mois aux regimes a 5 ou a 25 ppm que chez les animaux temoins. A l'examen histopathologique on a constate une vacuolation des lipides et une proliferation de reticulum endoplasmique dans les hepatocytes des animaux traites. Ces constatations signifient que l'ingestion prolongee de faibles doses d'Aroclor 1242 peut modifier un certain nombre de parametres biologiques. Aroclor 1242, a commercial polychlorinated biphenyl mixture, was fed to rats at dietary levels of 0, 5 and 25 ppm for 2, 4 and 6 months. Significant elevations of urinary coproporphyrin excretion, hepatic lipid and hepatic microsomal-hydroxylase activity were observed in rats ingesting 25 ppm for 2 months. In rats given the 5 or 25 ppm regimens for 4 or 6 months, urinary coproporphyrin excretion and liver weight, lipid content and microsomal-hydroxylase activity were higher than in controls. Histopathological examination revealed lipid vacuolation and proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the hepatocytes of treated animals. These findings indicate that long-term, low-level ingestion of Aroclor 1242 may result in changes in a variety of biological parameters.
On the stress analysis of overlapping bonded elastic sheets

Abstract This investigation deals with the load-transfer between two overlapping, continuously bonded, elastic sheets of different thickness and distinct material properties, under a given in-plane loading. It is shown first that the foregoing stress-analysis problem is—within the theory of generalized plane stress—reducible to an elasticinclusion problem. This general reduction scheme is subsequently applied to the specific problem concerning the transfer of loading between two overlapping semi-infinite sheets, attached to each other along a common strip adjacent to their edges, if one of the sheets is subjected to an internal concentrated force at right angles to its boundary. The solution obtained for this problem is studied in detail with particular attention to the quantitative appraisal of the bond forces acting throughout the interior of the region of adhesion and those communicated by the edges of the two sheets under consideration.
Excretion of Penicillin in Man.

ConclusionsThe excretion of penicillin in man may be partially blocked by the simultaneous administration of diodrast.
The Effect of Module Motion on MEMS Crash Sensor Outputs During Vehicle Crash Events

This paper investigates the effect of sensor module motion on the output and functionality of MEMS crash accelerometers. Short duration and high amplitude shock pulses generated by a crash event may excite a large vibration on sensor module and cause undesirable sensor output and system failure. A series of vibration and shock tests are carried out to characterize the dynamic response of four commercial crash satellite sensor modules in the sensitive axis of MEMS sensor. It is found that most modules have natural frequencies below 5 kHz and Q-factors are generally high. Due to very stiff PCB structure in this direction, the difference between PCB response and module response is very small. A single degree of freedom vibration model is used to simulate vibration on sensor module during crash event or shock test. The simulation data from this model is input to the MEMS sensor behavior model to simulate its output in vehicle crash tests. It is found that neglecting module effect on MEMS sensor output may lead to large discrepancy between sensor simulation results and sensor test data. It is also found that the peak acceleration output of MEMS sensor may be reduced by module vibration due to complex sensor design.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Syntheses of polyarylates by alcoholysis and esterolysis

The synthesis of polyarylates containing dimethyl 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylate (DMNDC), an industrially available, readily purified, and tractable monomer, was investigated by using two synthesis routes, namely alcoholysis and esterolysis in the presence of tin catalyst. Diphenyl ether was used as solvent to keep the co-reactants in solution and to ensure stoichiometric balance. The polyarylates from dimethyl isophthalate (DMI)/dimethyl terephthalate (DMT)/bisphenol-A (BPA) or DMI/DMNDC/ BPA were synthesized by alcoholysis in a two step process. A two step esterolysis process was used to synthesize high molecular weight polyarylate starting from DMI/ DMT/bisphenol-A diacetate (BPAOAc) or DMI/DMNDC/BPAOAc ([η] inh = 0.48 dL g -1 ). Simplification to a one step esterolysis reaction led to a high molecular weight polyarylate ([η] inh = 0.48 dL g -1 ) starting from the mixture DMI/DMNDC/BPAOAc.
Frequency selectivity in the anuran auditory midbrain: Single unit responses to single and multiple tone stimulation

1. The excitatory response properties of 130 single units in the torus semicircularis of the northern leopard frog (Rana p, pipiens) were recorded. 86% responded maximally to single tones. 14% responded maximally only to specific combinations of 2 or more tones, and were either completely unresponsive or weakly responsive (<20% maximal response) to single tones over a wide range of intensities. 2. Single tone responders were placed in 6 classes on the basis of configurations of their excitatory tuning curves. Neurons in each class also tended to show similar inhibitory response properties, particularly in regard to exhibiting partial or total two-tone inhibition (TTI). Neurons with symmetrical excitatory tuning curves generally exhibited only partial TTI, while those with more asymmetrical curves exhibited total TTI. 3. Inhibitory response properties were determined for 78 single tone responders. 69% could be totally inhibited by a second tone; the remainder showed only partial two-tone inhibition (TTI). Most neurons exhibiting total TTI (74%) had best inhibitory frequencies (BIFs) which were lower than the best excitatory frequencies (BEFs). Only 26% had BIFs > BEFs. 4. Absolute thresholds for total TTI by frequencies lower than the BEF were sometimes independent of the intensity of the excitatory tone. The property was not observed in the absolute thresholds for total TTI by higher frequencies, in which case all inhibitory thresholds were elevated upon increasing the intensity of the excitatory tone. 5. A small number of neurons were either unresponsive or weakly responsive (<20% maximal excitation) to broad-band stimulation. This response property was associated with total TTI in which the relative inhibitory threshold was lower than the intensity of the excitatory tone. 6. Neurons requiring 2 or more tones for maximal excitation all had restricted excitatory frequency bands from which the tone combinations could be drawn. These neurons were placed in two categories: those requiring narrowly separated ( 500 Hz) tones and had two excitatory bands. The latter category required the presence of one tone from each band to be excited. 7. All multiple tone responders could be totally inhibited by the addition of a single tone to the excitatory tone combination. Also, all multiple tone responders had non-monotonic intensity-rate functions, with excitatory intensity ranges as narrow as 25 dB and as broad as 50 dB. 8. The frequency selectivities of all multiple tone responders matched the spectral features of the species mating call. Their possible role in the selective detection of this call is discussed.
Advances in opioid antagonist treatment for opioid addiction.

Disclosures: Dr Ling has served as a consultant to Reckitt Benckiser Pharmaceuticals and to Alkermes, Inc. Dr Mooney and Dr Wu report no relationships with commercial companies with any interest in the article’s subject matters. a UCLA Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, 1640 South Sepulveda, Suite 120, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA; b Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, PO 3419, Durham, NC 27710, USA * Corresponding author. E-mail address: lwalter@ucla.edu
Recursively Mahlo Ordinals and Inductive Definitions

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the recursively Mahlo ordinals and inductive definitions. A characterization of the first recursively Mahlo ordinal and the first recursively hyper-Mahlo ordinalis provided. The large countable ordinals are obtained as the closure ordinals of inductive definitions. Inductive definitions play a central role in hierarchy theory. A classic example is the theory of recursive ordinals. The usual systems of notations for the recursive ordinals are inductively defined by very simple (arithmetic) operations. A version of the Candy theorem on the existence of selection operators is the basic tool. A typical system is defined by an inductive definition consisting of several cases, depending on whether the ordinal reached at a given stage was zero, a successor, notationally singular, and notationally regular.
Duck, duck, goose -- no need to run from quality control

Providing great customer service is vital to building a trusting relationship between you and your customers. But how does a help desk ensure that its customers are receiving the help that they need?The CITES Help Desk at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign instituted a quality control program to ensure that our 5000 customer contacts per month receive consistently excellent customer service. In our Quality Assurance for Cases and Knowledgebase (QuACK) program, we review our student consultants' cases and knowledgebase articles for a number of factors including timeliness, clarity of communication, problem solving and successful resolution.Our paper will describe the evolution of our QuACK program, the evaluation criteria that we use, and the improvement we have seen in our communications with our customers.
Disablement observed, addressed, and experienced: integrating subjective experience into disablement models

Although subjective experience is critical to full comprehension of disablement, it has yet to be integrated into models in a systematic and theoretically grounded way. This article presents a framework for modelling disablement that includes both objective and subjective features. The framework is based on a novel integration of: (1) perspectives on disablement; (2) the contexts within which disablement occurs; and (3) interaction among these perspectives and contexts. The framework is developed using nomenclature derived from the WHO's International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps (ICIDH). Although ICIDH terminology is used, the article's integration of ideas can as well be applied to other disablement nomenclatures and models. The framework offers a conceptual background for innovative clinical, policy, and research responses to disablement, as well as for further development of disablement theory and models.
Parents' Experiences of Expanded Newborn Screening Evaluations

OBJECTIVE: Abnormal results of newborn screening for common metabolic diseases are known to create substantial distress for parents. We explored parents9 perceptions during diagnostic evaluations for newer disorders that are less well understood. METHODS: Thirty families completed 48 open-ended interviews before and/or after parents received confirmatory test results for their infants. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Parents were shocked by the notification of the abnormal test result. Their urgent and often frustrating searches for information dominated the early phase of the screening process. Treatment center personnel were mainly informative and reassuring, but waiting for results exacerbated parents9 distress. Equivocal results from diagnostic testing created uncertainties for parents regarding their infants9 long-term health. After counseling, some parents reported inaccurate ideas about the disorders despite exposure to large amounts of information. Regardless of the challenges and anxieties of the evaluation, nearly every parent thought newborn screening was an important program for infant health. CONCLUSIONS: The evaluation of a newborn for an abnormal screening result was highly stressful for parents. To help reduce parents9 distress, improvements in communications and clinical services are needed. Recommendations of useful Internet sites and discussions of this information may benefit parents. Tailoring counseling to meet the needs of culturally and educationally diverse families is needed. Families and infants with equivocal results are a new group of patients who merit comprehensive clinical follow-up.
A new combined field integral equation for impedance matrix localization (IML)

A synergistic combination of IML and combined field and/or combined source integral equations is described. This combination is physically appealing since for perfectly conducting closed bodies the ideas of the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) are more closely followed, in that there is now essentially no interaction across the interior. This increases the strong correspondence of the peaks in the IML matrix to the terms of GTD. In addition, the IML matrix will be even more sparse (50/spl times/ or so) than for the IML alone and it will be banded. Many fast solution methods will work very significantly better her. Finally, the resulting integral equation is expected to be very well conditioned for convex bodies, since interactions out to the size of the body are no longer treated directly. >
Obtaining Time Derivative of Low-Frequency Signals With Improved Signal-to-Noise Ratio

Accurate prediction of heat flux is desired in many transient aerospace and heat treatment applications, but it is challenging since the heat flux-temperature integral relationship implicitly requires the time derivative of experimentally obtained temperature data. The temperature data collected in practical environments invariably contain noise from various sources. Predicting heat flux from transient temperature data is well known to be ill posed. High-frequency noise in the temperature data causes unbounded numerical derivatives with increasing sampling rate. However, it has theoretically been demonstrated that a stable and accurate heat flux can be predicted using the time derivative of temperature (dT/dt) even in the presence of significant white noise. This motivates this paper in developing a voltage-rate sensor interface for low-frequency applications in solid heat-conducting bodies. The present concept is to amplitude modulate the voltage data and then differentiate them at a higher frequency. The voltage-rate interface, which is used in conjunction with an existing in situ temperature sensor, can deliver real-time heating rate with improved SNR, which is verified by both simulation (Matlab and PSpice) and experiments. The SNR is also shown to improve with increasing sampling rate, which is an advantage of this interface.
Ad Astra per Aspera: A Journey from the Periphery

I review my scholarly career, focusing first on the places and people important to my development as an organizational sociologist. Then, drawing on distinctions proposed by Boyer, I discuss four types of scholarly work in which I have been engaged: (1) the scholarship of discovery, in which I studied principally authority systems, organizational effectiveness and institutional structures and processes; (2) the scholarship of teaching, where I describe the variety of courses I have taught; (3) the scholarship of application, involving primarily my work with policy groups at the national level; and (4) the scholarship of integration, including my writing of textbooks and attempts to create community among organizational scholars. I assert that more value should be placed by the academy on the latter three types of scholarship.
Women on the Sidelines: Women's Representation on Committees in Latin American Legislatures

This article explores how new groups can be marginalized after they gain representation in the legislature. We use data from six Latin American legislatures to examine the effect of institutional and political factors on how traditionally dominant male political leaders distribute scarce political resources—committee assignments—to female newcomers. In general, we find that women tend to be isolated on women’s issues and social issues committees and kept off of power and economics/foreign affairs committees as the percentage of legislators who are women increases, when party leaders or chamber presidents control committee assignments, and when the structure of the committee system provides a specific committee to deal with women’s issues. Thus, to achieve full incorporation into the legislative arena, newcomers must do more than just win seats. They must change the institutions that allow the traditionally dominant group to hoard scarce political resources.
Depression in Patients With Cancer: Diagnosis, Biology, and Treatment

This article reviews the challenge of diagnosing depression in patients with cancer. Major depression and depressive symptoms, although commonly encountered in medical populations, are frequently underdiagnosed and undertreated. This is especially true for patients with cancer in whom the diagnosis of major depression is clouded by neurovegetative symptoms that may be secondary to either cancer or depression. Well-established biological markers for major depression are proposed as diagnostic adjuncts in patients with cancer. Studies using biological markers in depressed patients with and without cancer are reviewed, and the implications of diminished immune function in depressed patients with cancer are discussed. The limited database on treatment of depression in patients with cancer also is reviewed. Treatment of depression in these patients improves their dysphoria and other signs and symptoms of depression, improves quality of life, and may improve immune function and survival time. Guidelines for future research are proposed.
Pink: a 1024-node single-system image Linux cluster

This work describes our experience of designing and building Pink, a 1024-node (2048 processor) Myrinet-based single-system image Linux cluster that was installed in January 2003 at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. At the time of its installation, Pink was the largest single-system image Linux cluster in the world, and was based entirely on open-source software - from the BIOS up. Pink was the proof-of-concept prototype for Lightning, a production 1408-node (2816 processor) cluster that begin operation at LANL. Lightning is currently number 6 on the Top500 list. In This work we examine the issues that were encountered and the problems that needed to be overcome in order to scale a cluster to this size. We also present some performance numbers that demonstrate the scalability and manageability of the cluster software suite.
Disaggregating the Relationship Between Schools and Crime A Spatial Analysis

Although an extensive literature exists on crime in schools, surprisingly few studies have examined crime within the vicinity of schools. Schools, like other urban facilities, can generate crime by providing youth opportunities to congregate with little supervision, particularly before and after school hours. Some noteworthy studies have demonstrated that crime is more likely around schools, but the distinctive patterns based on school, time, and spatial contexts have not been fully addressed. The current study examines the differential crime generating potential of schools by type (public/private) and by level (elementary, middle, and high school), taking into account both spatial and temporal indicators. The authors employ a unique methodology for spatial modeling using the matrix exponential spatial expansion. Results indicate that there are distinct patterns of crime associated with schools, which suggests that disaggregating schools is important for understanding spatial patterns of crime.
Factors Related to Black Crappie Occurrence, Density, and Growth in Florida Lakes

Abstract Occurrence, density, and length at age of black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus were described from aquatic macrophyte densities, chlorophyll-a concentrations (CHLA), chlorophyll-a values adjusted to include nutrients encompassed in macrophytes (ACHLA), and zooplankton abundance in each of 60 natural Florida lakes. A logistic regression equation predicted 90% of black crappie occurrence from log10lake surface area and log10CHLA. Probability of black crappie occurrence increased with both variables. Density of black crappies was positively related to zooplankton abundance although highly variable, and it was unrelated to lake surface area, CHLA, ACHLA, or macrophyte abundance. Length at age 3 was quadratically related to fish density but was unrelated to trophic indicators (CHLA, ACHLA, zooplankton abundance), lake surface area, or macrophyte abundance. Lakes with the most promise for sustaining high catch rates of harvestable-sized black crappies were relatively large (>100 ha), contained high lev...
Inflorescence and flower development in the hedychieae (Zingiberaceae): Scaphochlamys kunstleri (Baker) holttum

Primary inflorescence bracts are initiated in a spiral phyllotactic pattern on the flanks of the inflorescence apex. A cincinnus primordium forms in the axil of each primary bract. A prophyll is initiated in the transverse plane and later extends around the periphery of the cincinnus to produce a sheathing, but not tubular, bract. The apex of the cincinnus forms a flower. Flower development begins with the enlargement and flattening of the floral apex. Sepal initiation is sequential but differs in the first two flowers of a cincinnus. The different sequences are likely the result of developmental constraints that operate at the time of sepal initiation. After initiation, the margins of the sepals become confluent and intercalary growth produces the synsepalous calyx. The periphery of the flower, interior to the sepals, now rises to form a ring primordium composed of three common petallandroecial primordia. The common primordia enlarge, flatten, and separate to produce a petal to the exterior and an androecial member to the interior. The outer androecium forms in the regions of the ring primordium left vacant by the formation of the other floral parts. The anterior outer androecial member soon ceases growth and contributes only initially to the formation of the labellum. The gynoecium shows heterochrony in its time of initiation, which occurs much earlier than in other species of Zingiberaceae. Gynoecial initiation takes place on the margins of the central flora cup, at the time of the separation of the common primordia. Three gynoecial primordia from in antipetalous positions. Septa development differs in the basal and apical portions of the ovary. At the base, the primordia grow inward and fuse to form the central axis of the ovary. At the apex, there is little radial growth of the primordia. They cease growth soon after initiation and produce a unilocular cavity. Ovules form at the junction of these two regions and project up into the cavity. Epigynous nectaries form after all other floral organs.