cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear Stability Analysis of Vehicle Lateral Motion With a Hybrid Physical/Dynamic Tire/Road Friction Model

We present a nonlinear analysis of vehicle motion using a hybrid physical/dynamic tire/road friction model. The advantage of the proposed LuGre dynamic tire/road friction model is the simple and attractive structural properties for real-time friction estimation and control. Moreover, the model provides a property of capturing coupling effects between the longitudinal and lateral friction forces. We take advantages of these properties and analyze the vehicle lateral motion stability. We have shown that the existence of longitudinal slip affects the lateral motion stability. The quantitative analysis and relationship are also demonstrated through numerical simulation examples.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Systemic and central amygdala injections of the mGluR2/3 agonist LY379268 attenuate the expression of incubation of sucrose craving in rats.

We previously reported that systemic or central amygdala injections of the mGluR2/3 agonist LY379268 (which decreases glutamate release) prevented enhanced cue-induced cocaine seeking in extinction tests after prolonged withdrawal (incubation of cocaine craving). Here, we report that systemic and central amygdala injections of LY379268 also prevented the enhanced cue-induced sucrose seeking in extinction tests after prolonged sucrose-free period (incubation of sucrose craving). These findings suggest that central amygdala glutamate plays an important role in the incubation of reward craving after withdrawal from both drug and non-drug rewards.
An accelerated Picard method for nonlinear systems related to variably saturated flow

In this paper, we investigate the effectiveness of the Anderson acceleration method applied to modified Picard iteration for nonlinear problems arising in variably saturated flow modeling. While many authors have studied the relative merits of Newton’s method and modified Picard iteration in this context, the combination of Anderson acceleration and modified Picard iteration has not been investigated for these problems until recently. Since modified Picard iteration can be slow to converge, we investigate the use of Anderson acceleration to provide faster convergence while maintaining the robustness and lower memory requirements of modified Picard iteration relative to Newton’s method. Results indicate that Anderson acceleration significantly improves not only convergence speed but also robustness of modified Picard iteration and can often provide faster solutions than Newton’s method without the need for derivative computations.
Three-dimensional numerical study of the height and mean structure of a heated planetary boundary layer

The heated boundary layer for DAY 33 of the Wangara data of southeast Australia (Clarke et al., 1971) is studied numerically with a three-dimensional model using 64000 grid points within a volume 5 km on a side and 2 km deep. Subgrid-scale transport equations were utilized in place of eddy-coefficient formulations. The rate of growth of the mixed layer is examined and parameterized, and the vertical profiles of heat flux, moisture flux and momentum fluxes are examined. The momentum boundary layer is found to coincide essentially with the mixed layer, and to grow with the latter during the hours of solar heating of the surface.
Optimization-Based Distributed Algorithms for Mobile Data Gathering in Wireless Sensor Networks

Recent advances have shown a great potential of mobile data gathering in wireless sensor networks, where one or more mobile collectors are employed to collect data from sensors via short-range communications. Among a variety of data gathering approaches, one typical scheme is called anchor-based mobile data gathering. In such a scheme, during each periodic data gathering tour, the mobile collector stays at each anchor point for a period of sojourn time, and in the meanwhile the nearby sensors transmit data to the collector in a multihop fashion. In this paper, we focus on such a data gathering scheme and provide distributed algorithms to achieve its optimal performance. We consider two different cases depending on whether the mobile collector has fixed or variable sojourn time at each anchor point. We adopt network utility, which is a properly defined function, to characterize the data gathering performance, and formalize the problems as network utility maximization problems under the constraints of guaranteed network lifetime and data gathering latency. To efficiently solve these problems, we decompose each of them into several subproblems and solve them in a distributed manner, which facilitates the scalable implementation of the optimization algorithms. Finally, we provide extensive numerical results to demonstrate the usage and efficiency of the proposed algorithms and complement our theoretical analysis.
Prevention of stress-induced gastric ulcers by dopamine agonists in the rat

Dopamine (DA) and DA agonists have been shown to exert a protective role against the formation of duodenal ulcers. The effect of stimulation of DA receptors on the development of stress-induced gastric ulcers is currently unknown. Accordingly, we evaluated the effect of several DA agonists on the development of gastric ulcers induced by 3 h of cold + restraint stress (CRS) in rats. Apomorphine, d-amphetamine, methylphenidate, and threo-dl-p-hydroxymethylphenidate (an hydroxylated analog of methylphenidate), significantly reduced both the incidence and severity of CRS-induced gastric ulcers. The gastric cytoprotection afforded by these agents was dose-related, and completely antagonized by pretreatment with the peripherally acting DA antagonist domperidone. Because domperidone blocks peripheral, but not central, DA receptors, and since the entry of threo-dl-p-hydroxymethylphenidate across the blood-brain barrier into the brain is restricted to a great extent, we conclude that stimulation of peripheral DA receptors is primarily involved in the gastric cytoprotection induced by dopamimetics.
Engineering applications of finite automata

The study of automata has been acquiring increasing im portance for engineers in many fields. For some time, the capabilities of these automata have been of the greatest interest to logicians and mathematicians. However, the expanding literature on the use of finite automata as probabilistic models demonstrates the growing interest in the application of these mechanisms to engineering phenomena.We, the authors, became interested in these probabil istic models in an effort to develop a general self-adaptive control scheme based on the prediction of the future of the process to be controlled. Conceivably, an adequate model of a particular process could be generated by simply observing the process parameters. With this goal in mind we began an investigation of several different modeling techniques. The ability to model stochastic data was our primary concern. We feel that the results of several modeling experiments presented here may be of interest to our readers, and we hope to encourage the use of these te...
Evolutionary consequences of dispersal ability in cactus-feeding insects.

Although gene flow is an important determinant of evolutionary change, the role of ecological factors such as specialization in determining migration and gene flow has rarely been explored empirically. To examine the consequences of dispersal ability and habitat patchiness on gene flow, migration rates were compared in three cactophagous longhorn beetles using coalescent analyses of mtDNA sequences. Analyses of covariance were used to identify the roles of dispersal ability and habitat distribution in determining migration patterns. Dispersal ability was a highly significant predictor of gene flow (p<0.001), and was more important than any other factor. These findings predict that dispersal ability may be an import factor shaping both microevolutionary and macroevolutionary patterns; this prediction is borne out by comparisons of species diversity in cactus-feeding groups.
Link layer support for quality of service on wireless Internet links

We have developed a novel link layer architecture that provides multiple quality of service points simultaneously over wireless Internet links. Our approach enhances the performance of diverse applications over error-prone links. We discuss the performance problems of Internet protocols over wireless links, presenting as a case study our measurements on a wireless LAN, and argue that it is preferable to handle wireless impairments at the link layer. We present a simulation study of various link layer enhancements, and their impact on TCP and UDP performance. Our results show that different approaches are preferable for each type of application. We thus propose a multiservice link layer approach that supports multiple link layer mechanisms over a single link. Our scheme is transport-protocol-independent and customizable for the underlying wireless link technology. While our approach can be directly deployed an the existing Internet, it also provides support for future QoS-aware protocols and applications. Our simulation results show that our approach uniformly improves the performance of both TCP and UDP applications.
Attentional Systems and the Allocation of Cerebral Resources in Reading and Grammatical Tasks

To evaluate the possible role of attentional centers as modulators of neural networks that mediate visual tasks involving reading and grammatical manipulations of verbs, we measured cerebral blood flow (CBF) using positron emission tomography (PET), and reaction times as subjects read verbs, “nonce verbs” such as jelt or brep, and formed past tenses of regular, irregular and nonce verbs after viewing their stems. Statistical parametric maps (SPMs) showed significant activation of the pulvinar in the read verb, generate irregular, and generate nonce past tense tasks, compared to rest. This was confirmed by a post hoc Anova of CBF values from a discrete locus in the pulvinar (p =. 0000417). Functional links between the pulvinar and other brain regions were shown by high correlations of CBF in the pulvinar with CBF in brain regions known to have anatomical connections to the pulvinar, particularly those mediating vision. There was also a significant relationship between task-specific reaction times and rest ...
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation decreases the rate of unoperated aortic stenosis

Objective: Aortic valve replacement (AVR) is the standard treatment for severe, symptomatic aortic stenosis (AS). However, many patients are notreferredforsurgeryandfewerundergoAVR.Transcatheteraorticvalveimplantation(TAVI) hasemergedasasolutionforhigh-riskASpatients. We sought to measure the impact of TAVI on the undertreatment of AS.Methods:Patientswith AS were identified byretrospective medicalrecord review and evaluation of echocardiograms were performed in a single-center tertiary-care institution. A total of 179, 183, 214, and 265 patients had AS in 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009, respectively, with the introduction of TAVI occurring in 2008 and continuing through 2009. The primary endpoints were the rates of unoperated AS and surgical referral. Results:The rates of unoperated AS were 50.6% before TAVI and 40.7% after TAVI (p = 0.002). Referral rates to surgery were 63.6% before TAVI and 74.1% after TAVI (p = 0.003). Reasons for nonreferral were patient—family decision,perceivedhigh operativerisk, and the presenceof comorbidities. Operative mortalitywas 3.7% and notstatisticallysignificant different between years. Three-year patient survival was 82.5% in the AVS group and 43.9% in the UNOP group (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The introduction of TAVI was associated with an increase in surgical referrals and a decrease in the rate of unoperated AS. This positive impact was due to increases inbothTAVIand AVRvolume.Increasedvolumewasnotassociatedwithworsepatientsurvival.Asignificantpopulation of patientswithASarestill treated medically. # 2010 European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Empirical analysis and forecasting of volatility dynamics in high-frequency returns with time-varying components

We study intraday return volatility dynamics using a time-varying components approach, and the method is applied to analyze IBM intraday returns. Empirical evidence indicates that with three additive components—a time-varying mean of absolute returns and two cosine components with time-varying amplitudes—together they capture very well the pronounced periodicity and persistence behaviors exhibited in the empirical autocorrelation pattern of IBM returns. We find that the long-run volatility persistence is driven predominantly by daily level shifts in mean absolute returns. After adjusting for these intradaily components, the filtered returns behave much like a Gaussian noise, suggesting that the three-components structure is adequately specified. Furthermore, a new volatility measure (TCV) can be constructed from these components. Results from extensive out-of-sample rolling forecast experiments suggest that TCV fares well in predicting future volatility against alternative methods, including GARCH model, realized volatility and realized absolute value. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Axonal disruption and aberrant localization of tau protein characterize the neuropil pathology of Alzheimer's disease

The microtubule-associated protein tau, a major antigenic component of paired helical filaments, has been demonstrated in neurofibrillary tangles and in neurites of senile plaques. With optimal fixation and histochemical methods, we show the normal axonal location of tau protein in human cerebral cortex and the striking alterations of tau distribution that affect the cortical neuropil in Alzheimer's disease. Normally, cortical tau-immunoreactive fiber bundles form a pattern resembling that seen with myelin stains. The prominence of white matter staining suggests that tau may be especially enriched in projection systems. Alzheimer's disease causes massive axonal disruption and the dislocation of tau protein from its usual axonal domain into neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and presynaptic regions. The normal pattern of axonal staining in cortex is disrupted and white matter staining is reduced. Prominent abnormal tau-immunoreactive neuropil fibers are densely present even in cortical regions without classical neurofibrillary tangle and senile plaque formation. The striking neuropil abnormalities, revealed by the aberrant localization of tau protein, are likely to contribute to neuronal dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease.
Characterizing the Deep Sea Benthic Foraminifera Impact and Response to the Deepwater Horizon Blowout in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico

Sediment cores were collected from the northeastern Gulf of Mexico to assess changes in deep-sea benthic foraminifera related to the Deepwater Horizon blowout, which occurred from April to July of ...
Simultaneous classification and feature clustering using discriminant vector quantization with applications to microarray data analysis

In many applications of supervised learning, automatic feature clustering is often desirable for a better understanding of the interaction among the various features as well as the interplay between the features and the class labels. In addition, for high dimensional data sets, feature clustering has the potential for improvement in classification accuracy and reduction in computational complexity. In this paper, a method is developed for simultaneous classification and feature clustering by extending discriminant vector quantization (DVQ), a prototype classification method derived from the principle of minimum description length using source coding techniques. The method incorporates feature clustering with classification performed by fusing features in the same clusters. To illustrate its effectiveness, the method has been applied to microarray gene expression data for human lymphoma classification. It is demonstrated that incorporating feature clustering improves classification accuracy, and the clusters generated match well with biological meaningful gene expression signature groups.
GRHL2 coordinates regeneration of a polarized mucociliary epithelium from basal stem cells

Pseudostratified airway epithelium of the lung is composed of polarized ciliated and secretory cells maintained by basal stem/progenitor cells. An important question is how lineage choice and differentiation are coordinated with apical-basal polarity and epithelial morphogenesis. Our previous studies indicated a key integrative role for the transcription factor Grainyhead-like 2 (Grhl2). In this study, we present further evidence for this model using conditional gene deletion during the regeneration of airway epithelium and clonal organoid culture. We also use CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in primary human basal cells differentiating into organoids and mucociliary epithelium in vitro. Loss of Grhl2 inhibits organoid morphogenesis and the differentiation of ciliated cells and reduces the expression of both notch and ciliogenesis genes (Mcidas, Rfx2, and Myb) with distinct Grhl2 regulatory sites. The genome editing of other putative target genes reveals roles for zinc finger transcription factor Znf750 and small membrane adhesion glycoprotein in promoting ciliogenesis and barrier function as part of a network of genes coordinately regulated by Grhl2.
The role of EGF and transactivating agonists in EGFR/c-Src synergy

5238 The EGFR is overexpressed and correlates with poor prognosis and advanced disease in many types of solid tumors including breast, prostate, colon, lung, head and neck, and gliomas. In addition to EGFR overexpression, c-Src is overexpressed in many types of solid tumors, with identified co-overexpression of EGFR/c-Src in 20 to 30% of breast cancers. Our laboratory has developed a mouse model system in which co-overexpression of the EGFR and c-Src leads to synergistic increases in cell growth, transformation, and tumorigenesis. In part, this synergy has been shown to be dependent on the c-Src mediated phosphorylation of a tyrosine found within the kinase domain of the EGFR (Y845). Mutating this tyrosine to a phenylalanine (Y845F) results in an inhibition of EGF-induced DNA synthesis without affecting classical EGFR signaling pathways, but involving STAT5b and cytochrome c oxidase subunit II. Others recently have reported a role for phosphorylation of Y845 in integrin mediated cell migration and sensitivity to targeted drug therapy. Here we demonstrate in addition to EGF-induced DNA synthesis, that Y845 phosphorylation is critical for DNA synthesis stimulated by growth hormone, endothelin, lysophosphatic acid (LPA), and estrogen. Furthermore, phosphorylated peptides corresponding to Y845 on the EGFR when microinjected into cells, inhibited EGF-induced DNA synthesis. These results implicate the phosphorylation of Y845 on the EGFR as a central conduit for growth and tumorigenesis. To further study the role of Y845 phosphorylation in human cancer, we developed stable human breast cancer cells lines that inducibly express wild type or Y845F-EGFR. Characterizing these cell lines biologically and biochemically to assess the importance of Y845 phosphorylation has shown that as seen with the transient transfection assays described above, Y845F-EGFR expression in MCF7 cells decreased cell growth and prevented the phosphorylation of Stat5b. In addition, Y845F-EGFR expressing cells displayed an altered time course of MAPK phosphorylation and did not induce soft agar colony growth as did cells expressing the wild type receptor. Taken together these data suggest a role for the phosphorylation of Y845 in EGFR mediated transformation of human breast cancer cells and suggest that this tyrosine residue is a potential target of future therapeutics.
A single institution experience with induction and maintenance intravesical docetaxel in the management of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer refractory to BCG therapy

5080 Background: Our initial phase I trial showed docetaxel to be a safe agent for intravesical therapy with no systemic absorption and minimal toxicity after 6 weekly instillations. In that trial,...
Space Weather Products and Tools Used in Auroral Monitoring and Forecasting at CCMC/SWRC

Key points discussed in this chapter are (1) the importance of aurora research to scientific advances and space weather applications, (2) space weather products at CCMC that are relevant to aurora monitoring and forecasting, and (3) the need for more effort from the whole community to achieve a better and long‐lead‐time forecast of auroral activity. Aurora, as manifestations of solar wind−magnetosphere−ionosphere coupling that occurs in a region of space that is relatively easy to access for sounding rockets, satellites, and other types of observational platforms, serves as a natural laboratory for studying the underlying physics of the complex system. From a space weather application perspective, auroras can cause surface charging of technological assets passing through the region, result in scintillation effects affecting communication and navigation, and cause radar cluttering that hinders military and civilian applications. Indirectly, an aurora and its currents can induce geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) on the ground, which poses major concerns for the wellbeing and operation of power grids, particularly during periods of intense geomagnetic activity. In addition, accurate auroral forecasting is desired for auroral tourism. In this chapter, we first review some of the existing auroral models and discuss past validation efforts. Such efforts are crucial in transitioning a model(s) from research to operations and for further model improvement and development that also benefits scientific endeavors. Then we will focus on products and tools that are used for auroral monitoring and forecasting at the Space Weather Research Center (SWRC). As part of the CCMC (Community Coordinated Modeling Center), SWRC has been providing space weather services since 2010.
Multiple Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subtypes in the Mouse Amygdala Regulate Affective Behaviors and Response to Social Stress

Electrophysiological and neurochemical studies implicate cholinergic signaling in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in behaviors related to stress. Both animal studies and human clinical trials suggest that drugs that alter nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) activity can affect behaviors related to mood and anxiety. Clinical studies also suggest that abnormalities in cholinergic signaling are associated with major depressive disorder, whereas pre-clinical studies have implicated both β2 subunit-containing (β2*) and α7 nAChRs in the effects of nicotine in models of anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. We therefore investigated whether nAChR signaling in the amygdala contributes to stress-mediated behaviors in mice. Local infusion of the non-competitive non-selective nAChR antagonist mecamylamine or viral-mediated downregulation of the β2 or α7 nAChR subunit in the amygdala all induced robust anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in several mouse behavioral models. Further, whereas α7 nAChR subunit knockdown was somewhat more effective at decreasing anxiety-like behavior, only β2 subunit knockdown decreased resilience to social defeat stress and c-fos immunoreactivity in the BLA. In contrast, α7, but not β2, subunit knockdown effectively reversed the effect of increased ACh signaling in a mouse model of depression. These results suggest that signaling through β2* nAChRs is essential for baseline excitability of the BLA, and a decrease in signaling through β2 nAChRs alters anxiety- and depression-like behaviors even in unstressed animals. In contrast, stimulation of α7 nAChRs by acetylcholine may mediate the increased depression-like behaviors observed during the hypercholinergic state observed in depressed individuals.
Electronic transport and localization in nitrogen-doped graphene devices using hyperthermal ion implantation

Hyperthermal ion implantation offers a controllable method of producing high-quality substitutionally doped graphene with nitrogen, an $n$-type dopant that has great potential for graphene electronics and spintronics applications where high carrier concentration, uniform doping, and minimal vacancy defect concentration is desired. Here we examine the transport properties of monolayer graphene sheets as a function of implantation beam energy and dose. We observe a transition from weak to strong localization that varies as a function of carrier concentration. For nominally equivalent doses, increased N ion energy results in an increasing magnetoresistance magnitude, reaching a value of approximately \ensuremath{-}5.5% at 5000 Oe, which we discuss in the context of dopant concentration and defect formation. We use a model for the temperature dependence of the conductivity that takes into account both temperature activation, due to the formation of a transport gap, and Mott variable-range hopping, due to the formation of defects, to further study the electronic properties of the doped films as a function of dose and N ion energy. We find that the temperature activation component dominates the behavior.
Integration of the Country

The two parts of Vietnam, the North and the South, have had very different experiences in recent history. While the northern part of the country was undergoing socialist transformation for over two decades, the southern region operated under a dependent form of capitalism. Because of this great difference in experience, it was initially expected that there would be a long period of adjustment in the south before the country could be reunited and both regions could move toward socialism. After the war, however, thinking changed rapidly and in 1976 the Vietnamese embarked on a course of reuniting their country. In the next period, when southerners stubbornly resisted methods of transition which had been used in the North, southern individualism was pointed to as the cause of the problem . The southern experience of intense class struggle and the mass character of their revolution was overlooked in the northern assessment of the southerners as backward in terms of socialist consciousness.
Campylobacter detection in broiler ceca at processing: A three-year, 211-flock survey

Abstract Campylobacter is associated with live broilers and chicken meat products. There is some discussion in the literature about the possibility that Campylobacter prevalence in broilers could be affected by season or weather conditions. The objective of this study was to measure the flock prevalence of Campylobacter by sampling cecal contents from multiple flocks in one commercial slaughter plant over the course of 3 years. Two-hundred-and eleven discrete cecal samples, each from a different flock, were cultured for Campylobacter. Weather data, collected daily at a nearby University of Georgia experiment station, was used for testing for potential relationships between environmental conditions and Campylobacter detection. Fifty-five percent of flocks were found to be Campylobacter-positive. No clear trend was uncovered for Campylobacter prevalence related to mo of yr or daily maximum temperature. Furthermore, no significant relationship was noted between prevalence of Campylobacter and rainfall on the d of slaughter (P = 0.52) or the total rainfall during the grow-out period (P = 0.37).
Neurobehavioral Risk Factors in Schizophrenia

Neurobehavioral deficits in the offspring of schizophrenic parents compared to offspring of parents with no or nonschizophrenic mental disorder were analyzed in 65 Israeli adolescents enrolled in the Jerusalem Infant Development Study.
Hierarchical bag-of-words model for joint multi-view object representation and classification

Multi-view object classification is a challenging problem in image retrieval. One common approach is to apply the visual bag-of-words (BoW) model to all view representations of each object class and compare them with the representation of the query image one by one so as to determine the closest view of the object class. This approach offers good matching performance, yet it demands a large amount of computation and storage space. To address these issues, we propose a novel hierarchical BoW model that provides a concise representation of each object class with multi-views. When the higher level BoW representation does not match with that of the query instance, further comparison can be saved. We can also incorporate similar views to reduce the storage space. We conduct experiments on a dataset of 3D object classes, and show that the proposed approach achieves higher efficiency in terms of lower computational complexity and storage space while preserving good matching performance.
On the use of vertical superjunction collectors for enhanced breakdown performance in SiGe HBTs

The implementation of a “superjunction” collector design in a silicon-germanium heterojunction bipolar transistor is explored for enhancing breakdown performance. The superjunction collector is formed through the placement of a series of alternating pn-junction layers in the collector-base space charge region to modify the carrier energy profile and reduce avalanche generation. An overview of the physics underlying superjunction collector operation is presented with TCAD simulations, and practical superjunction design techniques are discussed. The first measured data on a superjunction collector is also presented and shows a 57% improvement in breakdown performance.
Haptic mirror: a platform for active exploration of facial expressions and social interaction by individuals who are blind

To people who are visually impaired, sensory substitution requires conversion from distal visual data to proximal haptic cue. The challenge is to identify the optimum haptic cues that will make a common haptic "language", which can eventually be used to convey information about facial expressions to the individuals who are blind. Once this language has been developed, the next challenge is learning and training. We propose a dynamic haptic tool for simultaneous learning and interaction with a proposed haptic language. We call this application "Haptic mirror", an interactive haptic-based reflection of one's self which can be comparable to a visual mirror. Once the user has acquired this language, it can be used to convey the facial expressions of social peers.
Disparities in age-related incidence of colon and rectal cancer in the United States, 1975-2010.

6579 Background: The overall incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) has been decreasing since 1998, but there has been an apparent rise in the incidence of CRC in young adults. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate age-related disparities in secular trends in CRC incidence in the United States. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry. All patients diagnosed with colon or rectal cancer from 1975 to 2010 was queried. SEER*Stat (version 8.04, National Cancer Institute) was used to obtain the annual cancer incidence rates, annual percent change (APC), and corresponding p-values for the secular trends. Results: Overall age-adjusted CRC incidence decreased by 0.92% between 1975 and 2010. There has been a steady decline in the incidence of CRC in patients age 50 years or older, but the opposite trend has been observed in patients 20 to 34 years of age. The APC for patients with localized, regional, and distant colon cancer at...
Mean-trajectory approximation for electronic and vibrational-electronic nonlinear spectroscopy

Mean-trajectory approximations permit the calculation of nonlinear vibrational spectra from semiclassically quantized trajectories on a single electronically adiabatic potential surface. By describing electronic degrees of freedom with classical phase-space variables and subjecting these to semiclassical quantization, mean-trajectory approximations may be extended to compute both nonlinear electronic spectra and vibrational-electronic spectra. A general mean-trajectory approximation for both electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom is presented, and the results for purely electronic and for vibrational-electronic four-wave mixing experiments are quantitatively assessed for harmonic surfaces with linear electronic-nuclear coupling.
Dispersion compensated mid-infrared quantum cascade laser frequency comb with high power output

Chromatic dispersion control plays an underlying role in optoelectronics and spectroscopy owing to its enhancement to nonlinear interactions by reducing the phase mismatching. This is particularly important to optical frequency combs based on quantum cascade lasers which require negligible dispersions for efficient mode locking of the dispersed modes into equally spaced comb modes. Here, we demonstrated a dispersion compensated mid-IR quantum cascade laser frequency comb with high power output at room temperature. A low-loss dispersive mirror has been engineered to compensate the device’s dispersion residue for frequency comb generation. Narrow intermode beating linewidths of 40 Hz in the comb-working currents were identified with a high power output of 460 mW and a broad spectral coverage of 80 cm-1. This dispersion compensation technique will enable fast spectroscopy and high-resolution metrology based on QCL combs with controlled dispersion and suppressed noise.
Electrophysiological Methods for Analysis of Effects of Neurotoxicants on Synaptic Transmission

Publisher Summary This chapter describes electrophysiological methods for analysis of effects of neurotoxicants on synaptic transmission. Electrophysiological analysis of synaptic transmission provides detailed information on the mechanisms by which a neurotoxic compound may disrupt nerve function. The ability to examine nerve function in the central or peripheral nervous system using quantitative techniques on a real-time basis provides information about the actions of a compound which, generally, cannot be provided by biochemical or histological techniques. Thus, these techniques compliment each other, providing a better overall understanding of the mechanism of action of a neurotoxic compound. With the recent advances in recording techniques in the central nervous system, it is expected that in the near future, much additional information will be collected on the mechanism of action of neurotoxicants at central synapses also. This chapter presents an overview of methods that can be used to study the effects of neurotoxic compounds on processes in both peripheral and central nervous system preparations. The methodology and the nature of the data collected using each technique are described briefly, along with the advantages and disadvantages of different techniques. Examples from the literature are used to demonstrate how neurotoxic compounds affect neuro-transmission and how these effects are manifested.
How the microbiome is shaping our understanding of cancer biology and its treatment

Abstract The human body is a metaorganism: it is composed of the individual and the individual's microbiome. Therefore, the study of malignancy within a metaorganism must include an understanding of the microbial contribution to tumorigenesis, response to treatment, and ultimately recurrence. The colon and rectum harbor more microbes than any other anatomic system, and the interplay of microbes with colorectal cancer has emerged as an exciting area of research. This article highlights the leading theories on the microbial contribution to colorectal tumorigenesis and proposes novel, therapeutic strategies for the future treatment of this disease.
Direct and Spillover Effects of Targeted Cash Transfers on Ethnic Rural-Urban Migration in China

This paper relies on recent proprietary data from China’s poor rural minority areas to examine the importance of credit constraints on rural-urban labor migration. Specifically, a liquidity shock via China’s minimum living security allowance (MLSA) program is decomposed into its direct and indirect parts. The institutional features of the MLSA program permit an identification strategy that relies on a set of verifiable assumptions and an instrument variable (IV) framework. The results reveal that the direct effect on migration of MLSA is negative, although the net effect is positive driven by the large indirect effects, which are twice as large for ethnic minorities compared to the Han majority. Subsequent evidence further suggests that the main mechanism behind the indirect effect is informal inter-personal lending fostered by risk-sharing strategies. The findings imply that once liquidity is injected into a village it gets circulated in the community, stimulating migration particularly within credit constrained minority communities.
Creation of polarized cells coexpressing CYP3A4, NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase and MDR1/P-glycoprotein.

Purpose. To develop model polarized cell systems expressingcytochrome P4503A4, NADPH P450 reductase, and P-glycoprotein (Pgp). Methods. LLC-PK1 and derivative L-MDR1 cells stably expressing Pgp,the product of the multidrug resistance gene (MDR1), were transfectedstably using either a mammalian neomycin selectable expression vector(CYP3A4-Neo) or an episomal vector based on Epstein—Barr virus(CYP3A4-Hygro). These CYP3A4 expressing cells were compared withLLC-PK1, L-MDR1, or Caco-2 cells transduced with Adenovirus-3A4vector (Ad3A4) with or without simultaneous Adenovirus-P450 Reductase(AdRed) transduction. Cells were characterized for expression of CYP3A4protein and CYP3A4 mediated metabolism towards midazolam and testosterone. Analysis of membrane integrity and drug transport assays wereperformed to determine whether infection with recombinant Ad3A4 ±AdRed affected Pgp function. Results. The rank order of optimal CYP3A4 expression and activitiesin LLC-PK1 and L-MDR1 cells from highest to lowest was cellsco-transduced with Ad3A4 plus AdRed >> Ad3A4 >>>CYP3A4-Hygro > CYP3A4-Neo. Similarly, coexpression of Ad3A4 plus AdRedled to enhanced CYP3A4 mediated metabolism in Caco-2 cells overcells with Ad3A4 alone. Incubation of transwell cultured cells expressing Ad3A4/AdRed with midazolam led to readily detectable metabolitein the medium. In microsomes from Caco-2 and LLC-PK1 cells, eachco-transduced with Ad3A4/AdRed, Vmax values for testosterone6β-hydroxylase activity ranged from 414 to 1350 pmoles/min/mg,respectively. For either Caco-2 or LLC-MDR1 cells, TEER values and therate of apical to basal and basal to apical transport of vinblastine ordigoxin were similar in cells with and without Ad3A4/Red transduction. Conclusions. Polarized cellular systems coexpressing Ad3A4, AdRed,and the MDR1/Pgp transporter were developed and characterized. Theresults document the utility of these polarized model systems forsimultaneous drug transport/drug metabolism studies. Since the experimentalapproach can be adapted to study the interplay of multipleenzyme/transporting systems, it may find significant application as a screeningtool for the pharmaceutical industry and as a more basic research toolto study the kinetics of intestinal drug bioavailability.
Publisher Correction: TET proteins safeguard bivalent promoters from de novo methylation in human embryonic stem cells.

In the version of this article initially published, in the Methods, the Gene Expression Omnibus accession code for H3K36me3 ChIP–seq data was incorrectly given as GSM1003585 instead of GSM733725. The error has been corrected in the HTML, PDF and print versions of the article.
The Regulatory Sweet Spot for Autonomous Vehicles

Although federal legislation governing highly automated vehicle (“HAV”) technology has yet to be enacted, developments so far strongly indicate that Congress will finally settle upon a framework that establishes the same roles for federal regulatory law and state tort law that now exist for conventional motor vehicles. Like the HAV bills pending in Congress, the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 contains both an express preemption provision along with a saving clause, which says that “[c]ompliance with” a federal safety standard “does not exempt any person from any liability under common law.” These two provisions of the 1966 Act were harmonized by the U.S. Supreme Court in Geier v. American Honda Motor Company, which held that the saving clause embodies a legislative purpose to retain a meaningful role for tort law that can be displaced by federal regulations only as a matter of implied preemption. Because the pending federal HAV bills establish the same roles for federal regulatory law and state tort law that exist under the 1966 Act, the Court’s interpretation of that Act in Geier should extend to the HAV legislation. As fully illustrated by the safety issue involving the reasonably safe performance of fully functioning autonomous vehicles, federal regulators meaningfully preserve state tort law when they base a federal safety regulation on the associated tort requirement enforced by the majority of states. By complying with this type of regulation, manufacturers would fully satisfy the associated tort obligations in these states, making regulatory compliance a complete defense. In the remaining minority of states, regulatory compliance would foreclose tort liability as a matter of implied preemption. This framework would uniformly regulate HAV technology across the national market while maximally preserving state tort law, thereby hitting the regulatory “sweet spot” that optimally solves the federalism problem.
Competitive Photography and the Presentation of the Self

Much of the current writing on selfies, Instagram, or camera-phone photography in general tends to decontextualize these phenomena and analyze them on their own, without referring to historical precedents. The medium of photography tends to become invisible, while photographs posted on Instagram or other platforms are treated as pure and transparent data, from which conclusions about their makers and their audience are being made. What is still missing, and what we propose to bring back into focus, is more attention to the medium of photography as such. There was photography before mobile phones, and photography was shared socially before Instagram. While the new image-making technologies and image-sharing platforms, no doubt, change our definition of photography, much of what is being interpreted as “new” has roots in photographic practices of earlier decades. We believe that adding such historical perspective would expand our understanding of present-day cultural phenomena and let us analyze them as part of historical continuities. It is time to bring photography back into our discussion about photography in social media. The chapter follows this request by focusing on the phenomenon of “competitive photography” and the anti-selfie genre as a backdrop to explore contemporary and historical dimensions of the selfie as a photographic practice.
Statistical Models for Predicting Threat Detection From Human Behavior

Users must regularly distinguish between secure and insecure cyber platforms in order to preserve their privacy and safety. Mouse tracking is an accessible, high-resolution measure that can be leveraged to understand the dynamics of perception, categorization, and decision-making in threat detection. Researchers have begun to utilize measures like mouse tracking in cyber security research, including in the study of risky online behavior. However, it remains an empirical question to what extent real-time information about user behavior is predictive of user outcomes and demonstrates added value compared to traditional self-report questionnaires. Participants navigated through six simulated websites, which resembled either secure "non-spoof" or insecure "spoof" versions of popular websites. Websites also varied in terms of authentication level (i.e., extended validation, standard validation, or partial encryption). Spoof websites had modified Uniform Resource Locator (URL) and authentication level. Participants chose to "login" to or "back" out of each website based on perceived website security. Mouse tracking information was recorded throughout the task, along with task performance. After completing the website identification task, participants completed a questionnaire assessing their security knowledge and degree of familiarity with the websites simulated during the experiment. Despite being primed to the possibility of website phishing attacks, participants generally showed a bias for logging in to websites versus backing out of potentially dangerous sites. Along these lines, participant ability to identify spoof websites was around the level of chance. Hierarchical Bayesian logistic models were used to compare the accuracy of two-factor (i.e., website security and encryption level), survey-based (i.e., security knowledge and website familiarity), and real-time measures (i.e., mouse tracking) in predicting risky online behavior during phishing attacks. Participant accuracy in identifying spoof and non-spoof websites was best captured using a model that included real-time indicators of decision-making behavior, as compared to two-factor and survey-based models. Findings validate three widely applicable measures of user behavior derived from mouse tracking recordings, which can be utilized in cyber security and user intervention research. Survey data alone are not as strong at predicting risky Internet behavior as models that incorporate real-time measures of user behavior, such as mouse tracking.
Identity and literacy practices in a bilingual classroom: An exploration of leveraging community cultural wealth

This case study focused on transitional bilingual class and explored connections between the literacy practices co-constructed in this figured world and one student’s developing identity. Yanet, a ...
Control of Compressor Surge in Systems with Uncertain Equilibrium States

This paper investigates the stabilization of nonlinear dynamic systems with uncertain equilibrium states. The control problem is motivated by the active control of compressor surge in compression systems with uncertainty in the characteristic curve, which maps the equilibrium operating states of the system flow. An adaptation mechanism is introduced for both the state and output feedback control cases, using information from the feedback control signal to determine the true equilibrium of the nonlinear plant. Conditions for the existence of such adaptation mechanism are presented, and stability of the closed-loop system is demonstrated by using singular perturbation analysis techniques. The effectiveness of the proposed adaptation mechanism is verified by using a high fidelity mathematical model of a compression system test rig that has been commissioned to test active surge control methods by active magnetic bearings.
Chinese Ethnic Minority Oral Traditions: A Recovered Text of Bai Folk Songs in a Sinoxenic Script

The Bai 白 (formerly known as the Minjia 民家 people) are recognized as one of China’s fifty-five minority nationalities and live in the western region of Yunnan in southwest China. The volume entitle...
the seed runner

I am the seed runner. I was chosen because I have always run—along the edges and in the shadows. Panic grips me with blinding fear, and I run. But sometimes a runner is exactly what you need.
Tight-binding formulation of electronic band structure of 2D hexagonal materials

Abstract With the advent of the metal–insulator transition (MIT) as a tool for adjusting the properties of lower dimensions materials, with nanoscale dimensions in one or more of the coordinate directions, it is worthwhile to derive analytical formulas for the electronic energy in k-space, for a generic two-dimensional hexagonal lattice as a prelude for their use in nanoscopic transport devices (using the MIT) or other solid state devices. This is done in the tight binding (TB) approximation, since it allows a tractable analytical development, with some refinements possible. This lattice structure is applicable to many 2D materials like graphene, BN, MoS2, and many others. This chapter treats π and σ orbitals in graphene (Section 3.1 ), the relationship between atomic orbitals and the crystalline wavefunction (Section 3.2 ), an assessment of the overlap between atomic orbitals (Section 3.3 ), and the reduction of the spatially varying Schrodinger equation into a solvable system (Section 3.4 ).