cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subunit interacting surfaces of human hemoglobin in solution: localization of the alpha-beta subunit interacting surfaces on the alpha-chain by a comprehensive synthetic strategy.

By using synthetic overlapping peptides encompassing the entire α-chain of adult human hemoglobin (HbA), we have mapped on the α-chain the regions responsible for its binding to the β-chain in solution. These binding surfaces were, in general, in good agreement with those expected from the crystal structure (peptides α81–95, α101–115, α111–125, and α131–141). However, we observed some significant differences in the levels of binding found here in solution and those expected from the crystal structure. Peptide α31–45, which in the crystal had the highest number of contact residues of all the α-chain peptides, did not bind the β-chain in solution. Similarly, peptide α91–105, with seven contact residues in the crystal, showed low binding with the β-chain in solution. On the other hand, peptides α41–55 and α121–135 possessed much higher binding activity in solution than would be expected from their contribution to subunit association in the crystal. In fact, peptide α121–135 had the highest binding activity of the α-chain peptides. These studies and our previous findings, which localized on the β-chain the regions that bind to the α-chain in solution, have shown that the regions of subunit association in solution are close to, but not identical with, those in the crystal. The approach should be quite useful for mapping subunit association in oligomeric proteins and could even be applied to proteins that are isolated only in traces or whose three-dimensional structure is not yet known.
Science, technology, and medicine (issue 5)

This is the fifth article on Science, Technology and Medicine (STM) databases in a continuing series of articles summarising and commenting on new database products. Two companion articles, one covering Social Science, Humanities, News and General (SSH) (Online & CDROM Review, vol. 19 issue 2), and the other covering Business and Law (BSL) (Online & CDROM Review, vol. 19 issue 3) will appear in the next two issues of this journal. The articles are based on the newly appearing database products in the Gale Directory of Databases. The Gale Directory of Databases (GDD) was created in January 1993 by merging Computer‐Readable Databases: A Directory and Data Sourcebook (CRD) together with the Directory of Online Databases (DOD) and the Directory of Portable Databases (DPD).
Amino acid composition of α1-, α2-, and α3-caseins

Abstract Amino acid analyses have been made of a purified α-casein, of its principal component, α 1 -casein, and of two other purified components, α 2 - and α 3 -caseins. α 1 -Casein resembles α-casein in content of most amino acids, but both differ from α 2 - and α 3 -caseins which have their own characteristic amino acid compositions.
Estimating a Variance Function of a Nonstationary Process

Non-constant variance functions are a common feature in geophysical processes, and estimating the variance function is important to provide accurate prediction intervals. We propose a nonparametric approach to estimating the variance function from a single continuous-space process where the mean function is smooth and the additive errors are correlated and heteroskedastic. We explore a few configurations of difference filters and recommend filter weights depending on the strength of the correlation in the error process. Symmetric-weight filters are preferred when the errors are strongly correlated, and Hall–Kay–Titterington weight filters are preferred when the errors are weakly correlated or independent. The proposed method provides efficiency in computing, especially with strongly correlated data.
Structural changes in calcium aluminoborosilicate glasses recovered from pressures of 1.5 to 3 GPa: Interactions of two network species with coordination number increases

Abstract We report here the effects of compression on the network cation coordination and overall densification of 15CaO·15Al2O3·xB2O3·(70 − x)SiO2 glasses quenched from near glass transition temperatures at pressures of 1.5 to 3 GPa. Al and B coordinations are measured using 11B at 14.1 T and 27Al MAS NMR at 18.8 T fields; 29Si spectra were recorded as well. Compositions were designed to have low nominal concentrations of non-bridging oxygens, and thus to complement previous studies that highlighted the role of that species in pressure-induced network structural changes. For glasses quenched at atmospheric pressure, most of the aluminum cations are present in tetrahedral coordination and most boron in trigonal form, with minor concentrations of high coordinated Al ([5]Al, [6]Al) and [4]B. With increasing pressure, both aluminum and boron coordination increase significantly in all compositions, reaching 28% [4]B and 44% [5]Al + [6]Al in the most boron-rich composition (x ≈ 25); recovered density increases reach over 14%. Glasses containing higher concentration of boron showed systematically larger increases both in densification and average aluminum coordination, revealing important interactions between B and Al in this mixed network former glass.
Some cross-circulation experiments with di-beta-chlorethyl sulfide poisoned dogs.

Summary1. A large intraperitoneal dose of di-β-chlorethyl sulfide was given one member of a cross-circulating pair of dogs. Death was produced in both animals, though it was much delayed in the second member. 2. Cross-circulation between 2 dogs was begun 30-60 minutes after poisoning one with a. large intraperitoneal dose of mustard. In no case was death produced in the second, unpoisoned dog. 3. It is concluded that a “secondary toxin” is not responsible for death, in acute mustard poisoning.
Critical democratic education and LGBTQ-inclusive curriculum: Opportunities and constraints

As regulatory institutions, K-12 public schools are tasked with educating students in order to produce knowing subjects who contribute to the democratic ideals of society. Concomitantly, schools an...
Durable response to bevacizumab in adults with recurrent pilocytic astrocytoma.

Background Adult pilocytic astrocytomas are rare and highly vascular tumors. Aim We hypothesized that they may be uniquely responsive to bevacizumab (BEV). Patients We present four adult patients with pathologically diagnosed WHO grade I pilocytic astrocytoma who had robust and durable responses to BEV at time of recurrence. Three patients developed radiographic changes on MRI, consistent with progressive disease based on response assessment in neuro-oncology criteria. Median time to recurrence was 8.5 months. Methods All patients were treated with six cycles of BEV for recurrence. Results At the end of treatment, all patients had achieved a clinical and radiographic response. Median follow-up time after BEV is 20.5 months. Conclusion This suggests that BEV may have true antitumor activity in adult pilocytic astrocytomas and may be important for achieving durable disease control.
Operative technique in robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy (RPD) at University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC): 17 steps standardized technique : Lessons learned since the first worldwide RPD performed in the year 2001.

Minimally invasive pancreaticoduodenectomy (MIPD) was introduced in the attempt to improve the outcomes of the open approach. Laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy (LPD) was first reported by Gagner and Pomp (Surg Endosc 8:408–410, 1994). Unfortunately, due to its complexity and technical demand, LPD never reached widespread popularity. Since it was first performed by P. C. Giulianotti in 2001, Robotic PD (RPD) has been gaining ground among surgeons. MIPD is included as a surgical option in the latest NCCN Guidelines. However, lack of surgical standardization, however, has limited the reproducibility of MIPD and made the acquisition of the technique by other surgeons difficult. We provide an accurate description of our standardized step-by-step RDP technique. We took advantage of our 15-year long experience and > 150 cases performed to provide a step-by-step guidance of our RPD standardized technique. The description includes practical “tips and tricks” to facilitate the learning curve and assist with the teaching/evaluation process. 17 surgical steps were identified as key components of the RPD procedure. The steps reflect the subdivision of the RPD into several parts which help to understand a strategy that takes into accounts specific anatomical landmarks and the demands of the robotic platform. Standardization is a key element of the learning curve of RPD. It can potentially provide consistent, reproducible results that can be more easily evaluated. Despite promising results, full acceptance of RPD as the ‘gold standard’ is still work in progress. Randomized-controlled trials with the application of a standardized technique are necessary to better define the role of RPD.
Myocardial postischemic injury is reduced by polyADPripose polymerase-1 gene disruption.

PolyADPribose polymerase (PARP) is activated by DNA strand breaks to catalyze the addition of ADPribose groups to nuclear proteins, especially PARP-1. Excessive polyADPribosylation leads to cell death through depletion of NAD+ and ATP. In vivo PARP activation in heart tissue slices was assayed through conversion of [33P]NAD+ into polyADPribose (PAR) following ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) and also monitored by immunohistochemical staining for PAR. Cardiac contractility, nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), NAD+ and ATP levels were examined in wild type (WT) and in PARP-1 gene-deleted (PARP-1−/−) isolated, perfused mouse hearts. Myocardial infarct size was assessed following coronary artery occlusion in rats treated with PARP inhibitors. Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) augmented formation of nitric oxide, oxygen free radicals and PARP activity. I/R induced decreases in cardiac contractility and NAD+ levels were attenuated in PARP-1−/− mouse hearts. PARP inhibitors reduced myocardial infarct size in rats. Residual polyADPribosylation in PARP-1−/− hearts may reflect alternative forms of PARP. PolyADPribosylation from PARP-1 and other sources of enzymatic PAR synthesis is associated with cardiac damage following myocardial ischemia. PARP inhibitors may have therapeutic utility in myocardial disease.
Coefficients of Variations in Analysis of Macro-policy Effects: An Example of Two-Parameter Poisson-Dirichlet Distributions

A class of two-parameter Poisson-Dirichlet distributions have non-vanishing coefficient of variation. This phenomenon is also known as non-self averaging stochastic multi-sector endogenous growth model. This model is used to raise questions on the use of means in assessing effectiveness of macroeconomic or other macro-policy effects. The coefficients of variations of the number of total sectors, and of sectors of a given size all remain positive as the model size grows unboundedly.
Advanced imaging of geriatric gastrointestinal pathology

Advances in imaging technology during the last 20 years has brought new applications to supplement the use of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal pathology. This chapter will discuss and illustrate the use of magnetic resonance imaging cholangiopancreatography, CT colonography, the imaging and interventional treatment of acute and chronic mesenteric ischemia and acute gastrointestinal bleeding.
The Winneshiek biota: exceptionally well-preserved fossils in a Middle Ordovician impact crater

The Winneshiek Shale (Middle Ordovician, Darriwilian) was deposited in a meteorite crater, the Decorah impact structure, in NE Iowa. This crater is 5.6 km in diameter and penetrates Cambrian and Ordovician cratonic strata. It was probably situated close to land in an embayment connected to the epicontinental sea; typical shelly marine taxa are absent. The Konservat-Lagerstatte within the Winneshiek Shale is important because it represents an interval when exceptional preservation is rare. The biota includes the earliest eurypterid, a giant form, as well as a new basal chelicerate and the earliest ceratiocarid phyllocarid. Conodonts, some of giant size, occur as bedding plane assemblages. Bromalites and rarer elements, including a linguloid brachiopod and a probable jawless fish, are also present. Similar fossils occur in the coeval Ames impact structure in Oklahoma, demonstrating that meteorite craters represent a novel and under-recognized setting for Konservat-Lagerstatten.
Millennial ride-share passengers’ pro-sustainable behaviors: norm activation perspective

Millennials are considered more conscious socially, culturally, and environmentally than previous generations. In addition, ride-sharing has been acknowledged as a means of sustainable consumption,...
Neurogenic bladder: management of the severely impaired patient with complete urethral destruction: ileovesicostomy, suprapubic tube drainage or urinary diversion-is one treatment modality better than another?

Background: Management of the severely impaired patient (pt) with a neurogenic bladder (NGB) and complete urethral destruction employs three therapeutic options; bladder neck closure (BNC) with ileovesicostomy, BNC with suprapubic tube (SPT) placement or in pts with an end-stage bladder, cystectomy with enteric conduit diversion. This paper was performed to test the hypothesis that pts managed with an ileovesicostomy would have the best long-term prognosis. Methods: Patients with a NGB and complete urethral destruction managed between 1986–2018 were reviewed. Three treatment populations were assessed, pts treated with BNC with ileovesicostomy, BNC with SPT placement or cystectomy with enteric conduit diversion. A minimal follow-up interval of 2 years was necessary to be entered into the study. The number of uroseptic episodes, development of urolithiasis, the onset of new renal scars, ≥ stage 3 chronic renal failure, or need for additional surgery were recorded. Statistical evaluations used either chi-squared contingency table analysis, Fisher’s exact 2-tailed tests, or Kaplan-Meier curve analysis where indicated. P values of Results: Ten pts were managed by cystectomy, and enteric conduit, 17 by BNC and ileovesicostomy and 21 by BNC and SPT placement, median follow up of 8 yrs (range, 2–30 yrs). No significant differences between the three groups regarding the development of urolithiasis (30%, 3/10 pts; 53%, 9/17 pts; 52%, 11/21 pts; respectively), new onset of renal scarring (30%, 6/20 kidneys; 41%, 14/34 kidneys; 45%, 19/42 kidneys; respectively) or stage 3 chronic renal failure (40%, 4/10 pts; 47%, 8/17 pts; 24%, 5/21 pts; respectively. However, the number of hospitalizations for uroseptic episodes significantly increased in patients managed with an ileal conduit (60%, 6/10 pts) and ileovesicostomy (82%; 14/17 pts) compared to those maintained with a SPT (29%, 6/21 pts) P=0.025 and 0.006, respectively. When evaluating the need for delayed surgical intervention due to either urolithiasis or other complications, a total of 50% (5/10 pts) of the patients managed by an ileal conduit, 88% (15/17 pts) of the ileovesicostomy and 52% (11/21 pts) of the patients with a SPT required additional operations. In essence, significantly more pts undergoing BNC and ileovesicostomy required delayed surgical interventions for complications arising from the surgery compared to patients managed with either a cystectomy and ileal conduit (P=0.0285) or BNC and SPT placement (P=0.0180). Conclusions: In severely impaired pts with a NGB and urinary outlet destruction, BNC and ileovesicostomy are associated with a significantly increased incidence of urosepsis and late surgical complications that required operative intervention compared to alternative treatments. This finding has resulted in the abandonment of the ileovesicostomy from our surgical armamentarium.
Ipilimumab and Gemcitabine for Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: A Phase Ib Study.

Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains resistant to chemotherapy and immunotherapy individually because of its desmoplastic stroma and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Synergizing cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) immune checkpoint blockade with chemotherapy could overcome these barriers. Here we present results of a phase Ib trial combining ipilimumab and gemcitabine in advanced PDAC. Materials and methods This was a single-institution study with a 3 + 3 dose-escalation design. The primary objective was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Secondary objectives included determining the toxicity profile, objective response rate (ORR), median progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Results Twenty-one patients were enrolled, 13 during dose escalation and 8 at the MTD. The median age was 66 years, 62% were female, 95% had stage IV disease, and 67% had received at least one prior line of therapy. The primary objective to establish the MTD was achieved at doses of ipilimumab 3 mg/kg and gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m2 . The most common grade 3 or 4 adverse events were anemia (48%), leukopenia (48%), and neutropenia (43%). The ORR was 14% (3/21), and seven patients had stable disease. Median response duration for the three responders was 11 months, with one response duration of 19.8 months. Median PFS was 2.78 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.61-4.83 months), and median OS was 6.90 months (95% CI, 2.63-9.57 months). Conclusion Gemcitabine and ipilimumab is a safe and tolerable regimen for PDAC with a similar response rate to gemcitabine alone. As in other immunotherapy trials, responses were relatively durable in this study. Implications for practice Gemcitabine and ipilimumab is a safe and feasible regimen for treating advanced pancreatic cancer. Although one patient in this study had a relatively durable response of nearly 20 months, adding ipilimumab to gemcitabine does not appear to be more effective than gemcitabine alone in advanced pancreatic cancer.
Framing Democracy and Conflict Through Storytelling in Deliberative Groups

Disagreement is a fundamental part of deliberative discussion, but how group members understand their disagreement can profoundly influence their actions. These conflict frames have implications for members’ perception of both the issue and as their relationships. Drawing on Putnam’s (1990, Brummans et al., 2008) work on conflict frames, this study examines how members of an online deliberative group framed and reframed their conflicts through personal storytelling. Members drew on different models of democracy in their stories. Some managed their disagreements through reframing their conflicts and relationships as collaborative, even in response to adversarially-framed stories. This study advances research in conflict, group discussion, and deliberative discussion and offers practical suggestions for facilitators on how to recognize, interrogate, and help groups develop productive conflict frames.
Peters anomaly: A 5-year experience.

BACKGROUND Peters anomaly is a rare, congenital eye malformation characterized by an opaque cornea and blurred vision. Central corneal opacification can lead to delayed progression of visual development caused by defects in Descemet membrane and the posterior stroma. These children require several anesthetics for multiple eye examinations under anesthesia and corneal transplantation. AIMS We sought to review the anesthetic management of patients with Peters anomaly for ophthalmologic procedures at Westchester Medical Center, a major referral center for Peters anomaly. METHODS A retrospective chart review was completed which included pediatric patients who underwent ophthalmologic procedures related to Peters anomaly from 2013-2018. RESULTS The charts of 35 patients with Peters anomaly were reviewed: 14 patients with Peters anomaly Type I, 10 patients with Peters anomaly Type II, and 11 patients with Peters plus syndrome. Thirty patients required three procedures on average, two examinations under anesthesia pre- and post-transplant, and anesthesia for the corneal transplant itself. The youngest patient encountered for examination under anesthesia was 39-week postconceptual age. Anesthetic time for examination under anesthesia averaged 31 minutes using a laryngeal mask airway while corneal transplant averaged 104 minutes utilizing endotracheal intubation. Postanesthesia care unit stay averaged 51 minutes following examination under anesthesia and 65 minutes after corneal transplant. All examinations under anesthesia were successfully completed without adverse events with the use of a laryngeal mask airway. This case series includes two patients with Goldenhar syndrome and Al-Gazali syndrome accompanying Peters anomaly. CONCLUSION Although limited by its retrospective nature, this case series describes the cardiac and systemic implications of patients undergoing anesthesia with Peters anomaly. Our experience indicates that general anesthesia and airway manipulation are tolerated with minor postoperative concerns in these infants. Pediatric patients with Peters anomaly require multiple anesthetics for repeated ophthalmologic interventions. The laryngeal mask airway can be routinely utilized in infants less than 3 months of age for an eye examination under anesthesia with no airway complications noted. Perioperative providers should be aware of the multisystemic implications in patients with Peters plus syndrome.
Spatial Recognition Within Terpenes: Redox and H-bond Promoted Linkage Isomerizations and the Selective Binding of Complex Alkenes.

A method for the resolution of η2-alkene-complex isomers of the type MoTp(NO)(DMAP)(η2-alkene) and WTp(NO)(PMe3)(η2-alkene) (where Tp = hydridotris(pyrazolyl)borate and DMAP = 4-(dimethylamino)pyri...
Studies of pulmonary hypertension. IV. Pulmonary circulatory dynamics in patients with mitral stenosis at rest.

Abstract During the past 3 years physiologic studies of patients with mitral stenosis have been reported from various laboratories. 1–17 Most of these patients tend to have decreased cardiac output, elevated pulmonary “capillary” and pulmonary artery pressures, and increased pulmonary resistance. Many show increased work of the right ventricle against pressure and physiologic evidence of right ventricular failure. Pulmonary hypertension correlates well with the degree of disability. It is the purpose of this paper (a) to present physiologic data of forty-three patients with predominant mitral stenosis, (b) to correlate various determinants related to pressure and flow in the pulmonary circuit, and (c) to emphasize the importance of pulmonary “capillary” pressure and its relation to other factors.
Developments in Chemistry and Physiology in the Nineteenth Century

Although in the early nineteenth century France was the leading country in the field of chemistry, Germany soon reached a level equivalent to that of France and became, in the second part of the century, the most prominent center. Two chemists played an essential role in this development: Justus von Liebig (1803–1873) and Friedrich Wohler (1800–1882). Both are considered the founders of organic chemistry. Perhaps the most brilliant and influential chemist promoting the rise of German chemistry was Liebig. He became interested in chemistry at an early age. After he received his Ph.D. he went to Paris and joined the outstanding chemist and physicist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778–1850). He followed Gay-Lussac’s lectures with great enthusiasm and took part in some of his experimental work.
Evaluating second-order effects in rigid wall-flexible roof diaphragm buildings

When evaluating seismically induced second-order effects in buildings, engineers and researchers are most familiar with these concerns in the context of multistory buildings with rigid diaphragms. ...
The Art of the Deal, The Arts of Democracy: Trump, Dewey, and Democracy

Donald Trump’s politics has been variously described as “neoliberal,” “nationalist,” “authoritarian,” “populist,” and even “fascist,” and all these descriptors are appropriate in some respects. In this article, I explore the linkages between Trump, neoliberalism, and fascism through what may seem an unlikely aspect of his politics, that is, his artistry as a candidate and now the president. In elevating deal-making to an art form, Trump is not unique. Fascist leaders have long fancied themselves as artists and regarded politics as an art form. I argue that Trump’s “art of the deal” materializes and normalizes the aesthetics of neoliberal capitalism; it mirrors the superficial chaos and structural inequalities of the global neoliberalism. To illustrate my argument, I consider how Trump deals in buildings, crowds, and walls. I conclude that Trump’s presidency raises the question whether Deweyan arts of democracy can still triumph over the art of the deal.
Dye Quenching of Carbon Nanotube Fluorescence Reveals Structure-Selective Coating Coverage

Many properties and applications of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) depend strongly on the coatings that allow their suspension in aqueous media. We report that SWCNT fluorescence is quenched by reversible physisorption of dye molecules such as methylene blue, and that measurements of that quenching can be used to infer structure-specific exposures of the nanotube surface to the surrounding solution. SWCNTs suspended in single-stranded DNA oligomers show quenching dependent on the combination of nanotube structure and ssDNA base sequence. Several sequences are found to give notably high or low surface coverages for specific SWCNT species. These effects seem correlated with the selective recognitions used for DNA-based structural sorting of nanotubes. One notable example is that dye quenching of fluorescence from SWCNTs coated with the (ATT)4 base sequence is far stronger for one (7,5) enantiomer than for the other, showing that coating coverage is associated with the coating affinity difference reported previously for this system. Equilibrium modeling of quenching data has been used to extract parameters for comparative complexation constants and accessible surface areas. Further insights are obtained from molecular dynamics simulations, which give estimated contact areas between ssDNA and SWCNTs that correlate with experimentally inferred surface exposures and account for the enantiomeric discrimination of (ATT)4.
The Telework Virus: How the COVID-19 Pandemic Has Affected Telework and Exposed Its Implications for Privacy and Equality

The COVID-19 pandemic has expedited numerous technological changes in the labor market. As part of this phenomenon, it has shifted millions of people from working at their workplace to teleworking from home, generating a hybrid space of work—the home-office. The home-office is an intermediate category between the office and the home. As such, it combines the logic and structure of the traditional workplace with those of the private sphere of the employee. Because of its hybrid nature, the home-office and the technology at its base empower the employer to supervise the employee and her family members, also in their private sphere, intensifying the current trend of violating privacy in the digital reality. Mirroring that reality is that the home-office reproduces inequalities from the private domain of the employee to the workplace context. It reproduces in the labor market the gendered traditional roles within the family domain along with socioeconomic disparities among households with respect to access to technology and technological skills. All in all, it prevents workers from equally enjoying the ability to telework. Against this background, this Article suggests ways to begin solving the home-office difficulty. It elaborates on the importance of employees having a voice to balance the private–public power dynamics between employees and employers and to ensure employees’ right to privacy. Additionally, it offers systemic solutions at the federal and state levels to limit the negative effects the private domain has on the ability of underprivileged socioeconomic groups and women to equally integrate into the technological labor market, including in the specific case of telework.
Histogram Matching for Visual Ultrasound Image Comparison

The widespread development of new ultrasound image formation techniques has created a need for a standardized methodology for comparing the resulting images. Traditional methods of evaluation use quantitative metrics to assess the imaging performance in specific tasks, such as point resolution or lesion detection. Quantitative evaluation is complicated by unconventional new methods and nonlinear transformations of the dynamic range of data and images. Transformation-independent image metrics have been proposed for quantifying task performance. However, clinical ultrasound still relies heavily on visualization and qualitative assessment by expert observers. We propose the use of histogram matching to better assess differences across image formation methods. We briefly demonstrate the technique using a set of sample beamforming methods and discuss the implications of such image processing. We present variations of histogram matching and provide code to encourage the application of this method within the imaging community.
Production and perception of the Pin-Pen merger

This study presents the first US-wide survey of the pin-pen merger since Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006). Production and perception data were collected from 277 speakers from across the country, with perception-only data from an additional 94 speakers; these data largely replicated previous findings about the social and geographic distribution of the merger. An examination of production and perception data together showed that near merger—in which speakers cannot hear the difference between pin and pen words, yet pronounce them differently—was relatively common, although this phenomenon has received little attention in the literature on the merger. Additionally, an investigation of how merged speakers phonetically realized their merged pin-pen vowel revealed that, in contrast to previous findings, speakers were equally as likely to merge to [ɛ] (tw[ɛ]n for twin) as they were to [i] (h[i]n for hen). However, there was no apparent social or geographic patterning to this phonetic realization.
Comparison of Drug Withdrawal Processes in the U.S. and Other Nations

Medications have been withdrawn from as early as the 1900’s in several countries due to a variety of reasons. Most drugs have been withdrawn due to safety, efficacy, manufacturing issues, or the toxicities they address. While safety and efficacy of each new drug is taken into account, so is the process of drug withdrawal. Worldwide each country has its own medical agency which have different approaches on drug discovery and method of removal from the market. This removal process is simpler in several nations while more prolonged in others. Nevertheless, we still don’t know an effective method of drug removal from the market and therefore that is the focus of this paper. This paper explores the drug withdrawal process in several countries due to hepatic and cardiovascular toxicities using the WITHDRAWN database. It also summarizes and compares the drug removal processes in the U.S., Australia, UK, EU, and Canada. Consequently, there was no data or evidence that supported one country more favorable or rapid than the other. However, based on the results from drug withdrawal processes, it appeared the U.S., UK, and EU were most comparable. Meanwhile, Australia appeared to have the lengthiest process.
Patient Characteristics Associated With Self-Reported Adherence to Chiropractic Treatment Recommendations: A Feasibility Study

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility of developing and administering a patient adherence survey to assess self-reported adherence to treatment recommendations from a chiropractic doctor within an academic health center. Methods The survey items were developed by the authors and vetted by the university's students and faculty, who serve as health care practitioners at an academic health center. Adult patients with spine pain who were seen by a doctor of chiropractic at an academic health center were included in this survey study. A 32-item survey was administered between October 2019 and March 2020. Results A total of 62 respondents completed the anonymous survey. We found that 89% of respondents adhered to their clinic appointments. Although 82% of respondents said that their doctor's recommendation made sense, only 44% reported completely following treatment recommendations for at-home stretching and exercise. Conclusion This study determined that it is feasible to assess patient self-reported adherence to chiropractic treatment within an academic health center setting. In our sample we found that although patient adherence to clinic appointments was high, adherence to treatments was not.
Secure Analysis of Optical Steganography With Spectral Signature Measurement

The threat and defend model of optical steganography based on amplified spontaneous emission noise is experimentally demonstrated. Although the optical delays in a steganography system generate large key space to hide and recover the stealth signals, delays in interferometer introduce spectral fringes that can be identified by the coherent detection attack and thus expose the stealth channel. To defend such attacks, the spectral fringes are removed by with stealth data rate that is beyond the response speed of the coherent detection. Experimental results show that the spectral signatures can be protected by both wideband property of spontaneous emission noise and setting up the optical delays and data rate within the secure range. Such defending method can guide the design of a secure optical steganography system.
Effect of Water on Acid- and Base-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS)

Two series of gels were prepared by hydrolyzing TEOS with HCl or NH4OH catalyst. In the first series, the molar ratio of water to TEOS was 4:1 and the catalyst addition was (1 × 10−3), (4 × 10−3), (1 × 10−2), (4 × 10−2), and (1 × 10−1). In the second series, the catalyst addition was (1 × 10−3) moles and the molar ratio of water to TEOS was 2:1, 4:1, 8:1, 16:1, and 32:1. Dried samples were characterized for surface area, porosity and C and H content. Samples were heated to 800°C and thermogravimetric weight loss was recorded. Both HCl and NH4OH are catalysts for hydrolysis, but during polymerization, the relative rates of hydrolysis and condensation determine resulting dried microstructures.
A two-layer granular landslide model for tsunami wave generation: Theory and computation

We develop and test a new two-layer model for granular landslide motion and tsunami wave generation. The landslide is described as a saturated granular flow, accounting for intergranular stresses governed by Coulomb friction. Tsunami wave generation is simulated by the three-dimensional non-hydrostatic wave model NHWAVE, which is capable of capturing wave dispersion efficiently using a small number of discretized vertical levels. Depth-averaged governing equations for the granular landslide are derived in a slope-oriented coordinate system, taking into account the dynamic interaction between the lower-layer granular landslide and upper-layer water motion. The model is tested against an analytical solution for granular dam-break flow and 2D and 3D laboratory experiments on impulsive wave generation by subaerial granular landslides. Model results illustrate a complex interplay between the granular landslide and tsunami waves, and they reasonably predict not only the tsunami wave generation but also the granular landslide motion from initiation to deposition.
Development of automatic diagnostic test system for mixed-signal/analog integrated circuits

This system for mixed-signal/analog integrated circuits is divided into off-line test program development process and on-line test application process. During the off-line development phase, generated test programs are described by using HDL-A and simulation tools, and validated by a test system interfacing the unit under test, where Labview, a general-purpose programming tool, is used as a virtual instrument.
Limits on echo return loss enhancement on a voice coded speech signal

Acoustic echo cancellation is a desirable feature for small cellular handsets that have significant acoustic coupling from speaker to microphone. Current echo cancellation techniques prefer an echo canceller to be placed at the wireless handset. Since echo cancellation requires much processing power it is beneficial to move the echo canceller to the base station, where power consumption will not be a constraint. This paper examines the feasibility of performing linear echo cancellation on a signal coming from a mobile at the base station. The mobile signal at the base station contains speech coding which may degrade the effectiveness of echo cancellation. The performance of linear echo cancellation on mobile echo encoded and decoded by low bit rate speech coders operating at 4 kbits/sec to 13 kbits/sec, including GSM full rate, G.723a, G.729, and AMR speech coders, was investigated. The best echo return loss enhancement achieved depends on the bit rate of the coder, and is usually less than 10 dB for the low bit rate operating range examined.
Purification, characterization and biological role of a pheromone produced by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.

Abstract Production of a stable, low molecular weight diffusible extracellular factor (DF), byXanthomonas campestrispv.campestris (Xcc, the causal agent of black rot of crucifers), is essential for xanthomonadin pigment and extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production. DF was produced and purified from liquid cultures by solvent partitioning and ethylacetate extraction. Extract purity was verified via HPLC and bioassays with a DF deficient strain ofXcc(A-7). Epiphytic survival and disease development of A-7 was greatly reduced compared to the wild-typeXccstrain, B-24. Application of purified extracts of DF on cauliflower plants increased epiphytic survival and subsequent lesion development by strain (A-7) to levels similar to those of B-24. Thus, DF is important for epiphytic survival and disease development ofX. campestrispv.campestris.
Effect of partial bladder outlet obstruction and reversal on rabbit bladder physiology and biochemistry: duration of recovery period and severity of function.

Objectives To use a rabbit model of partial bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) to investigate the point at which obstructive bladder dysfunction becomes irreversible. Methods Partial BOO was induced in New Zealand White rabbits. It was then reversed and the rabbits were allowed to recover for 4, 8 or 12 weeks. Both at the time of reversal and at the end of the study, the rabbits were grouped according to bladder decompensation level (mild, intermediate or severe) based on bladder mass (weight). Results A strong correlation was observed between the production and distribution of collagen and the reduction of smooth muscle contractile function. We found that only in the bladders that were severely decompensated at the time of reversal did collagen levels not decrease. Conclusion The data show that recovery of function after reversal of partial BOO is directly related primarily to collagen levels at the time of reversal.
General Aspects of Napkin Dermatitis

Among the causative factors of napkin dermatitis the role played by faeces, urine, friction, hydration, temperature, chemical irritants, proteases and secondarily by superimposed microorganisms such as Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus, has to be considered. In the 1990s the frequency and severity of napkin dermatitis significantly decreased thanks to the better quality of napkin material.
Capital Values, Wealth, and Related Topics

In this chapter, I want to discuss implications of the conservation laws associated with the pool of fluid capital as they relate to asset values in an economy. Specific topics to be discussed include aggregate wealth, real-balance (or wealth) effects, the burden of government debt, taxation of capital gains, gold standards, monetization and demonetization of economies, and economic growth and deflation.
CHAP: Enabling Efficient Hardware-Based Multiple Hash Schemes for IP Lookup

Building a high performance IP lookup engine remains a challenge due to increasingly stringent throughput requirements and the growing size of IP tables. An emerging approach for IP lookup is the use of set associative memory architecture, which is basically a hardware implementation of an open addressing hash table with the property that each row of the hash table can be searched in one memory cycle. While open addressing hash tables, in general, provide good average-case search performance, their memory utilization and worst-case performance can degrade quickly due to bucket overflows. This paper presents a new simple hash probing scheme called CHAP (Content-based HAsh Probing) that tackles the hash overflow problem. In CHAP, the probing is based on the content of the hash table, thus avoiding the classical side effects of probing. We show through experimenting with real IP tables how CHAP can effectively deal with the overflow.
Medical data: their acquisition, storage, and use

From earliest times, the ideas of ill health and its treatment have been wedded to those of the observation and interpretation of data. Whether we consider the disease descriptions and guidelines for management in early Greek literature or the modern physician’s use of complex laboratory and X-ray studies, it is clear that gathering data and interpreting their meaning are central to the healthcare process. A textbook on computers in medicine will accordingly refer time and again to issues in data collection, storage, and use. This chapter lays the foundation for this recurring set of issues that is pertinent to all aspects of the use of computers in medicine.
The Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Hypertension: Current Consensus and Emerging Research

Hypertension is one of the most important cardiovascular disease risk factors due to its high prevalence and significant medical costs. The Eighth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure and the American College of Sports Medicine recommend lifestyle modifications such as habitual physical activity as initial therapy to prevent, treat, and control hypertension. The purposes of this chapter are to: (1) overview the current consensus on the effects of acute (immediate, short-term, or postexercise hypotension) and chronic (long-term or training) aerobic exercise on blood pressure among individuals with hypertension; (2) discuss new and emerging research on the effects of acute and chronic aerobic exercise on blood pressure that has the potential to alter the way in which aerobic exercise is prescribed to prevent, treat, and control hypertension in the future; and (3) present exercise prescription recommendations and special considerations for individuals with hypertension that consider this new and emerging research.
Eyewitness Memory for People and Events (Chapter 25)

This chapter begins with a summary of the case of Thomas Brewster, who was tried for murder based in large part on eyewitness testimony. Ultimately DNA came to Brewster’s rescue, and he was freed before the trial ended. Analyses of taped interviews in the case help reveal how the interviewing process itself may have tainted the eyewitness testimony. The chapter continues with discussions of new psychological research on memory for complex events. This work shows how the details of events can be changed when witnesses are exposed to post-event information that is misleading. And with enough suggestion, entire events can be planted into the mind of ordinary healthy adults. The final section discusses new findings concerning eyewitness memory for people. This includes eyewitness identification of previously seen strangers, and new findings on procedures that can reduce mistaken identifications.
Revised one-step method for determination of cardiac output.

Cardiac output (Q) is a determinant of blood pressure and O2 delivery and is critical in the maintenance of homeostasis, particularly during environmental stress and exercise. Cardiac output can be determined invasively in patients; however, indirect methods are required for other situations. Soluble gas techniques are widely used to determine Q. Historically, measurements during a breathhold, prolonged expiration and rebreathing to CO2 equilibrium have been used; however, with limitations, especially during stress. Farhi and co-workers developed a single-step CO2 rebreathing method, which was subsequently revised by his group, and has been shown to be reliable and compared closely to direct, invasive measures. VCO2, PACO2 and PvCO2are determined during a 12–25 s rebreathing, using the appropriate tidal volume, and Q is calculated. This method can provide accurate data in laboratory and field experiments during exercise, increased or decreased gravity, water immersion, lower body pressure, head-down tilt, altered ambient pressure or changes in inspired gas composition.
Zirconium nitride-a new material for Josephson junctions

ZrN in the NaCl structure is a superconductor with a ${T}_{c}$ of 10 K. With use of an ion-beam process, nitride with higher nitrogen composition than NaCl can be deposited, which is found to be an insulator. A similar situation is found for the Hf but not for the Ti nitride. For this insulator an ordered defect structure ${\mathrm{Zr}}_{3}$${\mathrm{N}}_{4}$ is suggested. An octet rule could make this compound an insulator. Augmented-spherical-wave (ASW) band-structure calculations are performed and yield a significant lowering of the Fermi energy with respect to ZrN (NaCl), but a small overlap between the N p and Zr d bands remains. Although these calculations, which are based on the local-density approximation, yield conduction and valence bands that overlap slightly, the fundamental origin of the insulating behavior appears to be quite clear. If Ne is implanted in the void, the insulator ${\mathrm{NeZr}}_{3}$${\mathrm{N}}_{4}$ has a lattice spacing which perfectly matches that of the superconductor ZrN (NaCl) as predicted by ASW calculations and confirmed experimentally. A Josephson junction built with these isochemical and isostructural materials should have a perfect match at the interface.
Local temperature of out-of-equilibrium quantum electron systems

We show how the local temperature of out-of-equilibrium, quantum electron systems can be consistently defined with the help of an external voltage and temperature probe. We determine sufficient conditions under which the temperature measured by the probe (i) is independent of details of the system-probe coupling, (ii) is equal to the temperature obtained from an independent current-noise measurement, (iii) satisfies the transitivity condition expressed by the zeroth law of thermodynamics, and (iv) is consistent with Carnot's theorem. This local temperature therefore characterizes the system in the common sense of equilibrium thermodynamics, but remains well defined even in out-of-equilibrium situations with no local equilibrium.
Perceptual contributions to optimization of breathing

Besides regulating the energetic cost of breathing, optimization of breathing may involve the alleviation of an uncomfortable breathing sensation. In this article, we consider perceptual contributions to the optimization of breathing. Just as the cost function proposed by Poon depends on ventilation and arterial $$P_{CO_2 }$$ so does the sense of dyspnea. Consequently, we examined the relationship between breathing discomfort and Poon's cost function. Based on our model and psychophysical studies, it appears that braathing discomfort, which can integrate chemical and mechanical inputs to the respiratory controller, may not operate simply as an estimate of a cost function. We explain how our reflex control model can dynamically minimize a cost function such as Poon's. Also, we consider the influence of willful adjustments of ventilation on breathing discomfort. From this we infer that ventilatory optimization may emerge from automatic reflexes and behavioral responses that involve excitatory chemical and inhibitory neuromechanical feedbacks.