cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comment on “Density functional theory and 3D-RISM-KH molecular theory of solvation studies of CO2 reduction on Cu-, Cu2O-, Fe-, and Fe3O4-based nanocatalysts”

Recently, A. Kovalenko et al. reported the computational study of molecular structure and energetics of CO2 + H2 reduction reaction on Cu-, Cu2O-, Fe-, and Fe3O4-based nanocatalysts in the J. Mol. Model., 26, 267 (2020). The authors claim that they developed and tested the multiscale modeling description of this process by combining the periodical boundary condition density functional theory (PBC DFT) and molecular theory of solvation. However, due to inappropriate selection of intermediate strictures, in particular, the unfavorite structure of CO* adsorbed on Cu-, Cu2O-, Fe-, and Fe3O4-nanoparticles, and some inconsistency in preparation of initial structures by DFT approach, there are serious concerns about the correctness and quality of the presented results. In addition, by this comment, I would like to help other researchers working on the development of new catalysts for electrochemical reduction of CO2 to avoid further misunderstandings following this study.
Oxygen Levels in Tumors in C3H Mice During Hyperthermia: Initial Data

Induction of tumor regression by hyperthermia has been reported since the late 19th century (Coley, 1893, Warren, 1935, Crile, 1962, and Pettigrew, 1975). These reports have generated renewed interest in the application of hyperthermia to cancer therapy. There seems little doubt that hyperthermia can increase damage to malignant cells without inducing unacceptable damage to normal tissue. However, the mechanism by which hyperthermia achieves these results remains unknown. It is known that oxygen levels in tumor tissue differs from that in normal tissue (Puffer, et al., 1976, and Vaupel, 1977). This study was undertaken to demonstrate whether changes in oxygen level occured in experimental mammary tumors in C3H mice during hyperthermia.
Palmoplantar Red Hyperkeratosis

Clinical differential diagnosis of palmoplantar red hyperkeratosis includes palmoplantar plaque psoriasis, chronic hand dermatitis, “chronic hyperkeratotic eczema (CHE),” and tinea. Rarely a patient with the above clinical presentation may have mycosis fungoides and much more rarely a paraneoplastic disorder.
Graft tolerance: A duel of two signals

A new study in nonhuman primates shows that long-term survival of transplanted kidneys can be achieved by mimicking the immune system's own mechanism for maintaining self tolerance (pages 686–693).
The Information Resource Model

The goal of the information resource model is to develop a database technology specifically for education. The information resource model presents a formalism for the design and implementation of information resource systems. The heart of the model is a graphical query language, which achieves hypertext behavior while ameliorating some of the shortcomings of hypertext. This paper sketches the basic properties of the data model and the query language.
Ectopic Lymphoid Organogenesis: A Fast Track for Autoimmunity

In the current issue of The American Journal of Pathology, Armengol and colleagues 1 document the structural characteristics and functional competence of ectopic germinal centers (GCs) in autoimmune thyroid disease. An immunohistochemical dissection of the microarchitecture of intrathyroidal lymphoid follicles identified them as analogs of follicular structures found in secondary lymphoid tissues. Morphological studies were complemented by carefully chosen molecular studies that probed the competence of the GCs. Cell proliferation and apoptosis in the ectopic lymphoid microstructures resembled those of ongoing GC reactions. Homing chemokines and high endothelial venules were identified as necessary components of cell recruitment and compartmentalization into functional zones. Probably the most important result of the study is the finding that two of the major autoantigens implicated in autoimmune thyroid disease, thyroglobulin and thyroidal peroxidase, were selectively bound in the ectopic GCs, suggesting that the GC reactions were committed to these self antigens. GCs are critical in the development of normal B cell immune responses because they provide an infrastructure to capture and store antigen, which drives B-cell division and maturation, selection of B cells with high-affinity immunoglobulin receptors, and differentiation of memory B cells and plasma cells. The current study extends the biological function of GC reactions to a pathogenic role in autoimmune responses. If intrathyroidal lymphoid follicles are committed to the recognition of the major autoantigens, pathways leading to their establishment gain relevance in the disease process and need to be considered as fundamental pathogenic factors. The study by Armengol and colleagues 1 establishes that the immunogenicity of self-antigens is ultimately determined by their access to highly specialized lymphoid structures. The host’s ability to create lymphoid microstructures in nonlymphoid organs may, therefore, be a key determinant in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
38 - Electromagnetic Fields Generated by Earthquakes

Knowledge of the physical processes that occur with seismic events can be obtained from observations of electric and magnetic fields generated by these complex processes. This chapter describes the most significant recent electromagnetic (EM) data and the implications of data for different generating mechanisms. It discusses the tectonomagnetism and tectonoelectricity, over the various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum from radio frequencies (RF) to submicrohertz frequencies. The chapter reviews results of magnetic, electric, and electromagnetic disturbances apparently associated with earthquakes. Better understanding is obtained from well-designed experiments with multiple independent instrument types recording in the same frequency band. Thus, allowing the quantification of some of the mechanisms generating electromagnetic fields with tectonic and volcanic activity. Stress-generated magnetic effects are readily observed as a result of crustal stress drops for earthquakes with M ≥ 6. Precursive EM fields are rare in both low frequency and high frequency electromagnetic field data.
LnBaCo2O5+δ oxides as cathodes for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells

LnBaCo 2 O 5+δ (Ln = Nd, Sm, Gd, and Y) oxides with a cation ordered perovskite structure have been investigated as cathode materials for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The oxygen content 5 + δ, thermal expansion coefficient (TEC), and electrical conductivity (metallic) decrease with decreasing size of the Ln 3+ ions from Ln = La to Y. While the decrease in TEC is due to the decreasing ionicity of the Ln-O bond, the decrease in electrical conductivity is due to the increasing oxide ion vacancies and a bending of the O-Co-O bonds. The power density of single-cell SOFCs fabricated with the LnBaCo 2 Ο 5+δ cathodes, La 0.8 Sr 0.2 Ga 0.8 Mg 0.2 Ο 2.8 electrolyte, and Ni-Ce 0.9 Gd 0.1 Ο 1.95 cermet anode decrease with decreasing size of the Ln 3+ ions, partly due to a decreasing electrical conductivity. The LnBaCo 2 Ο 5+δ cathodes with an intermediate lanthanide ion such as Sm 3+ offer a trade-off between catalytic activity and TEC.
Transformation in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens

The methodology and some of the requirements for the deoxyribonucleic acid-mediated transformation of an arginine auxotroph of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens to prototrophy are described.
Prediction of Adsorption of Polar and Non-Polar Gases on Silicalite by Molecular Simulation

Adsorption of CH4 and Ar in silicalite is predicted from inter-molecular forces using molecular simulation, without using any experimental data on adsorption. The model is based upon the structure of the adsorbate molecule and crystallographic data for the adsorbent. Grand-canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations were performed for atom-atom calculations of inter-molecular forces. The simulation yields the adsorption isotherm and the heat of adsorption, which are in good agreement with experiment considering that no adjustable parameters were used.
Charge-density waves in layered chalcogenides observed by scanning tunneling microscopy

Abstract Images of charge-density waves (CDWs) in the layer structure dichalgenides have been obtained using a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) operating in a bath of liquid nitrogen. In the IT phases a very large modulation in the STM image is observed at λCDW consistent with the large transfer of charge and the possible formation of nodes in the surface charge-density due to the CDW modification of the Fermi surface.
A User-Defined Exception Handling Framework in the VIEW Scientific Workflow Management System

With the advances of e-Science, scientific workflow has become an important tool for researchers to explore scientific discoveries. Although several scientific workflow management systems (SWFMSs) have been developed, their support of exception handling is still limited. In this paper, we introduce our approach of exception handling in the VIEW scientific workflow management system. We propose an exception handling language for scientific workflows based on our workflow model. Both syntax and semantics rules of our language are presented. Different exception handling primitives, such as retry, alternative, and repeat, are supported in our language with flexibility for their composition to provide a sophisticated and flexible exception handling mechanism. Moreover, two exception handling algorithms and the architecture design for exception handling in VIEW are also presented.
Sorption/desorption of cesium in sulfate-resistant Portland cements

The sorption and desorption properties of cesium on three sulfate-resistant Portland cements, and one Type III Portland cement, with water-to-cement ratios of 0.33, 0.43, and 0.53 were evaluated. Experimental sorption Kd values obtained at 1 day ranged from 0.60-37.1 l. kg-1 with the smallest values observed for the sulfate-resistant Portland cements, and the greatest amount of cesium sorption occurring in the Type III Portland cement. Results indicated that cesium sorption showed significant hysteresis and was only partially reversible on the time scale of these experiments.
Media errors and the ‘nutty professor’: Riding the journalistic boundaries of the Sandy Hook shootings:

This study explores the relationship between social media and threats to journalism’s authority during coverage of the mass shootings at Sandy Hook Elementary School. Two related threats are examined. One threat concerned widespread errors in early reporting of the shootings. A second threat came shortly after, in the aftermath of a communication professor’s blog claiming a conspiracy between media and government. Through textual analysis of news articles, columns, and blogs, the study considers the concepts of paradigm repair, boundary work, what-a-story news, and memory in the renegotiation of journalistic authority. Findings suggest that with increased reliance on social media for reporting, increased media errors threaten the boundaries of appropriate professional journalistic practice, which both mainstream and social media attempt to rebalance.
Dynamical consequences of meteorite impacts on the Moon

The magnitudes of the excitation of free precession of the lunar spin axis about the position defined by Cassini's laws, free libration in longitude, and free wobble are determined as a function of meteorite angular momentum relative to the lunar center of mass and the position of impact on the lunar surface. Angular-momentum conservation suffices for the estimates of precession and libration excitation, but a cratering model for the ejecta distribution is necessary for the estimate of the wobble excitation. The simultaneous excitation of free wobble is always associated with the excitation of precession, and the angular amplitude is at least comparable to, but may exceed, that of the induced precession by a factor of 3 or 4. It is possible to excite a free libration in longitude with no first-order excitation of free wobble, but generally, all three free motions are excited simultaneously. The induced libration will nearly always have the largest amplitude. For crater sizes scaled as powers of impact energy, impacts leaving craters as small as a few kilometers in diameter can excite free motions which will ultimately be observable by the lunar laser-ranging experiment.
The influence of children's facial maturity on parental expectations and punishments.

Abstract It was hypothesized that the perception of maturefaced children as more able to follow complicated instructions, more likely to know right from wrong, more shrewd, and physically stronger than their babyfaced peers would lead parents to assign more demanding tasks to these children and to judge their misbehavior more harshly. Study 1 revealed that parents allocated more cognitively demanding, but not more physically demanding, chores to maturefaced 11 year olds depicted in photographs than to babyfaced children of the same age and attractiveness. Study 2 revealed that parents perceived the misbehaviors of maturefaced 4- and 11-year-old children as more intentional than those of their babyfaced peers, an effect that was significant only when parents judged children of the opposite sex. Study 2 further revealed that, with perceived intentionality held constant, a babyface mitigated the severity of punishment recommended for relatively serious infractions by preschoolers, while increasing it for older children. The latter finding was discussed in light of other evidence that people react negatively to the disconfirmation of their benign expectations regarding babyfaced individuals, and that parents perceived the misbehaviors as more unexpected for 11 year olds than 4 year olds.
Effects of prenatal carbon monoxide exposure on cardiac development.

Abstract Biochemical assays and weight measurements were made to determine the basis for the cardiomegaly which has been reported following chronic carbon monoxide (CO) exposure. Long Evans rats bred in the laboratory were exposed throughout gestation either to room air or air containing 150 ppm CO. The exposure terminated within 12 hr after parturition. CO-exposed neonates showed persistent body weight depression throughout the preweaning period. Wet heart weight was elevated in the CO-exposed rats at birth, but no difference between groups remained at 4 days of age. Dry heart weight did not differ significantly between groups at birth. Biochemical analyses conducted at 1 day of age suggested a general reduction in concentration of protein as well as DNA, RNA, and free nucleotides although none of these differences was statistically significant. Total content of these cellular constitutents was not significantly affected by the prenatal CO exposure despite the increased wet weight of the heart. It is concluded that increased water content accounted for the increased heart weight seen at birth in CO-exposed rats.
Price Fix Away?: Does the Supreme Court’s Decision in Leegin Creative Leather Products Strengthen the Ability of Businesses to Engage in Vertical Price Restraints with Impunity?

The United States Supreme Court in recent years has taken an increased interest in patent law, making a number of key decisions in the areas of injunctions 1 , licensing 2 , patentable subject matter 3 , and the standards of determining obviousness. 4 In the current 2007-2008 term, the Court has already granted certiorari to consider the boundaries of the patent exhaustion doctrine; a case closely watched by legal commentators and observers. 5 The Court's attention has also been drawn to the intersection of intellectual property law and antitrust law, with two cases in that legal realm having been recently decided. In Illinois Tool Works v. Independent Ink , the Court considered whether the presumption that patent owners have market power in the subject matter of their patents is "applicable in the antitrust context when a seller conditions its sale of a patented product . . . on the purchase of a second product." 6
Bungee jumping cord design using a simple model

A simple energy model of a bungee jump is used to generate strain guidelines and practical design equations for the sizing of an all-rubber bungee cord. The cord is represented as a massless linear spring of elastic modulusE. A design strain between two and three (2 10). Cord design is essentially a two-step process. In the first step, the cord crossectional area is proportionally matched to the jumper's weight to ensure the specified design strain. In the second step, cord length is matched to the structure height so the jumper does not strike the ground. In a typical bungee jump using a body harness, the cord elongates 200% and exerts a maximum tensile force of three times the jumper's body weight. The ability of this model to predict strain accurately is enhanced by taking into account the viscoelastic nature of rubber.
Inactivation of human adenovirus by sequential disinfection with an alternative UV technology and free chlorine.

There has been growing concern over human exposure to adenoviruses through drinking water due to the extreme resistance of human adenoviruses to the traditional UV technology (low-pressure (LP) UV). As an effort to develop an effective treatment strategy against human adenoviruses in drinking water, we determined the effectiveness of sequential disinfection with an alternative UV technology (medium-pressure (MP) UV) and free chlorine. Human adenovirus 2 (Ad2) was irradiated with a low dose of MP UV irradiation (10 mJ/cm2) through UV collimated apparatus and then exposed to a low dose of free chlorine (0.17 mg/L) at pH 8 and 5°C using a bench-scale chemical disinfection system. A significant inactivation (e.g. 4 log10) of Ad2 was achieved with the low doses of MP UV and free chlorine within a very short contact time (∼1.5 min) although there was no apparent synergistic effect on Ad2 between MP UV and free chlorine. Overall, it is likely that the sequential disinfection with UV irradiation and free chlorine should control the contamination of drinking water by human adenoviruses within practical doses of UV and free chlorine typically used in drinking water treatment processes.
Trade and technology of the Indus Valley: New insights from Harappa, Pakistan

This paper presents selected results of current research on specialized crafts at the early urban center of Harappa, Pakistan. Many crafts such as shell working, ceramics, and agate and glazed steatite bead making are represented from the earliest levels of the site (c. 3300 BC) and continue up until the final phase of prehistoric occupation (c. 1700 BC). Materials analysis and sourcing, microscopic studies of manufacturing waste and finished objects, experimental replication, and ethnoarchaeological studies have been used to investigate the trade of raw materials and finished objects, as well as the development of technological innovations. Some of these crafts are still practiced in the subcontinent today, and by using more precise methods of analysis and documentation it will be possible to follow the continuities and change of some crafts for over 5,000 years.
Benchmark Theoretical Study of the π–π Binding Energy in the Benzene Dimer

We establish a new estimate for the binding energy between two benzene molecules in the parallel-displaced (PD) conformation by systematically converging (i) the intra- and intermolecular geometry at the minimum, (ii) the expansion of the orbital basis set, and (iii) the level of electron correlation. The calculations were performed at the second-order Moller–Plesset perturbation (MP2) and the coupled cluster including singles, doubles, and a perturbative estimate of triples replacement [CCSD(T)] levels of electronic structure theory. At both levels of theory, by including results corrected for basis set superposition error (BSSE), we have estimated the complete basis set (CBS) limit by employing the family of Dunning’s correlation-consistent polarized valence basis sets. The largest MP2 calculation was performed with the cc-pV6Z basis set (2772 basis functions), whereas the largest CCSD(T) calculation was with the cc-pV5Z basis set (1752 basis functions). The cluster geometries were optimized with basis ...
Dynamic Transduction Of Forces On A Surface By Empirical Photoelasticity

Photoelasticity (temporary strain birefringence) has long been utilized to transduce the stress in a material into an optical signal. It is demonstrated here that under certain conditions simple measurements (such as of area of birefringence) on optical signals resulting from stress applied to the surface of a photoelastic sheet are proportional to the magnitude of the vertical component of the applied force. These signals can be recorded photographically and consequently a photoelastic surface can be used to transduce dynamically the forces applied to that surface by natural phenomena. The polymeric material for the surface can be chosen to suit the range of stresses expected; gelatin is the most sensitive and adaptable material. Examples and applications are discussed.
The effect of dose rate and adriamycin on the tolerance of thoracic radiation in mice

Abstract Radiation damage to the lung may be a predisposing factor in the development of interstitial pneumonitis in patients undergoing total body radiation and subsequent bone marrow transplantation in the treatment of leukemia. Adriamycin has been used in conjunction with bone marrow transplantation, and has also been shown to interact with radiation. This experiment was designed to study the effects of pre-administration of adriamycin on the radiation tolerance of the lung and esophagus. Since total body radiation is usually administered at low dose rates in.order to spare the gastrointestinal tract preferentially as compared to the bone marrow, we investigated whether such a dose rate effect was present for the lung and if so, whether this pulmonary and esophageal dose rate effect would be ameliorated by pre-treatment with adriamycin. Mice were irradiated at 5 rad; 15 rad or 70 rad per minute to the upper body, 24 hours or 7 days after adriamycin. Oral esophageal death occurred within one month; thus, deaths within 30 days were ascribed to this mechanism. In comparison, deaths because of pulmonary toxicity occured later. Those between 30 and 160 days were ascribed to this mechanism. In the absence of adriamycin, a dose rate effect was found for the lung and confirmed for the upper gastrointestinal tract. The dose of radiation necessary to give pulmonary and gastrointestinal toxicity was markedly reduced when adriamycin was administered 24 hours before radiation. If seven days were allowed between adriamycin and radiation there was still an effect seen only at the high dose rate for the esophagus while for the lung at the high dose rate and for both systems at low dose rate no significant drug effects were noted. The dose rate effect is still seen after the drug, but it is reduced. These studies indicate that adriamycin given shortly before can significantly increase the oral esophageal and pulmonary toxicity of radiation and can practically abrogate the sparing effect of dose rate. This must be considered when clinically using total body radiation and adriamycin in preparation for bone marrow transplantation.
Alterations in electrophysiological activity and dye coupling of striatal spiny and aspiny neurons in dopamine-denervated rat striatum recorded in vivo.

We recently reported that pharmacological manipulations of the dopamine system can produce more than a 4-fold increase in dye coupling between dopaminoceptive neurons in the adult rat striatal complex. During in vivo intracellular recordings, striatal neurons in control rats and in rats that had been treated with 6-hydroxydopamine were injected with either Lucifer yellow or Neurobiotin. Only rats that exhibited severe loss (i.e., larger than approximately 95%) of striatal dopamine terminals displayed a significant increase in the incidence of dye coupling between neurons in adult striatum. Moreover, this increased coupling was present only between neurons of the same morphological cell class, i.e., among clusters of spiny neurons or between aspiny neurons. Combining intracellular labeling of spiny neurons with parvalbumin immunocytochemistry demonstrated that coupling did not occur between anatomically adjacent neurons that comprised immunocytochemically and morphologically distinct cell classes. Therefore, gap junction conductance as reflected by dye coupling appears to undergo upregulation as a consequence of compromises in nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopamine transmission.
Induction of the permeability transition and cytochrome c release by 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 in mitochondria

The electrophilic lipid 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) is known to allow adaptation to oxidative stress in cells at low concentrations and apoptosis at high levels. The mechanisms leading to adaptation involve the covalent modification of regulatory proteins, such as Keap1, and augmentation of antioxidant defences in the cell. The targets leading to apoptosis are less well defined, but mitochondria have been indirectly implicated in the mechanisms of cell death mediated by electrophilic lipids. To determine the potential of electrophilic cyclopentenones to induce pro-apoptotic effects in the mitochondrion, we used isolated liver mitochondria and demonstrated that 15d-PGJ2 promotes Ca2+-induced mitochondrial swelling and cytochrome c release. The mechanisms involved are consistent with direct modification of protein thiols in the mitochondrion, rather than secondary formation of reactive oxygen species or lipid peroxidation. Using proteomic analysis in combination with biotinylated 15d-PGJ2, we were able to identify 17 potential targets of the electrophile-responsive proteome in isolated liver mitochondria. Taken together, these results suggest that electrophilic lipid oxidation products can target a sub-proteome in mitochondria, and this in turn results in the transduction of the electrophilic stimulus to the cell through cytochrome c release.
Modeling and In-Plant Evaluation of Thermal Stresses in Steelmaking Ladles

A thermo-mechanical finite element model was developed by using FEA commercial software, in order to estimate thermal stress levels in a refractory lined steelmaking ladle shell during its first preheating stage. The model considers two refractory linings: an inner working lining and a permanent one besides the external ladle shell. In this way, stresses on both refractory lining and metallic shell due to restricted lining thermal expansion were simulated. Stress-strain curves of refractory lining materials at different temperatures were obtained through lab tests and then used for model optimization. Additionally, creep behavior in the steel shell under different tensile stresses and temperatures was also estimated taking into account previously obtained results from laboratory tests. In plant strain and temperature measurements were done by instrumenting the lower part of the ladle sidewall shell with high temperature strain gauges and thermocouples. Predicted stress evolution showed good agreement with results obtained from in plant measurements.
Lack of association between breast reconstructive surgery and the development of chronic pain after mastectomy: A propensity matched retrospective cohort analysis

Abstract Objectives To compare if mastectomy with reconstructive surgery had greater incidence of chronic pain compared to mastectomy surgery alone. Materials and methods The study was a retrospective cohort. Patients who underwent mastectomies with and without reconstruction responded to the modified short form Brief Pain Inventory and the short form McGill pain questionnaire to identify and characterize pain at least 6 months after the surgical procedure. Propensity matching analysis was used to control for covariates differences in the study groups. Results 310 subjects were included and 132 patients (43%) reported the presence of chronic pain. After propensity score matching to adjust for covariate imbalances, the incidence of chronic pain in the mastectomy group who had additional surgery for breast reconstruction was not different compared to the group who had mastectomy surgery alone, 26 out of 68 (38%) and 27 out of 68 (39%), respectively P = 1.0. Among patients who had chronic pain, breast reconstruction did not increase the intensity of worst pain in the last 24 h, median (IQR) of 2 (1–5) compared to 4 (1–5) in the no reconstruction group, P = 0.41. Type of reconstruction (breast implants vs. flap tissue) did not result in greater incidence and/or intensity of chronic pain. Conclusions Breast reconstruction after mastectomy does not result in a greater incidence of chronic pain compared to mastectomy alone. Female patients undergoing breast cancer surgery should not incorporate chronic pain in their decision to undergo reconstructive surgery after mastectomy.
Perceptual use of nonaccidental properties.

AbstractUnder the assumption of a general viewpoint, particular image properties, such as cotermination, straightness, and parallelism, can be used to infer, more or less reliably, the corresponding characteristics in the world. In this paper, the literature about these nonaccidental properties (NAP
Accurately simulating aircraft sortie generation within distributed interactive simulations using an airbase logistics model

This paper describes the development of an accurate airbase sortie generation capability for inclusion within military training distributed virtual environments (DVEs). Current training military DVEs lack appropriate modeling of airbase logistics and, therefore, the corresponding sortie generation model incorrectly portrays an airbase's wartime operational capabilities. As a result, DVE training participants, at both the command and staff level, develop expectations that are not realized in a real world environment and actually receive negative training. The airbase logistics system (ALS) provides accurate sortie generation capabilities by the incorporation of an existing constructive airbase logistics model, CWTSAR, into distributed interactive simulation (DIS) based military training DVEs. The airbase logistics system integrates CWTSAR with an object-oriented run-time data repository [the common object database (CODB)], the modular semi-autonomous forces' (ModSAF) network utilities, and the command and control simulation interface language (CCSIL) for communication between the ALS and other DIS-compatible systems in the DVE. The paper provides details on the sortie generation capability of ALS and its necessary interface utilities. The planned future development efforts to overcome shortfalls within ALS are also addressed within this paper.
Interaction between coupling agent and lubricants in wood–polypropylene composites

Abstract Commercially available additives and a copolymer system were investigated for their impact on composite morphology and crystallization kinetics. This research focuses on the influence of the coupling agent and lubricants on the crystallization of polypropylene in the bulk and interphase regions and the subsequent spatial distribution of the additives. Differential scanning calorimetry and polarized light microscopy were used to determine kinetic parameters for the crystallization process of the polypropylene in the bulk composite melt and at the wood–polypropylene interface. No differences were found in the kinetics of the crystal formation nucleated on the wood surface and in the bulk polymer by polarized microscopy. Using microbeam Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the spatial distribution of lubricants and coupling agents were delineated. Lubricants that tended to interfere with wood–polypropylene coupling dispersed throughout the transcrystalline region around the fiber. In contrast, lubricants with lower degree of interference appeared to be phase separated in the amorphous regions between the crystals. These findings are consistent with calorimetric results that show differences in the quality of the crystals formed by the neat polypropylene.
Risk Taking in Decision Making for Others Versus the Self

In two studies, we examined people's level of risk taking when making monetary decisions for other people rather than for themselves. Experiment 1 examined the role of regret in these situations; results show that regret concerns led to increased risk avoidance both when participants made decisions for other people as well as when making decisions for themselves. Experiment 2 tested whether skill tasks would lead to greater risk avoidance when the decision was for another person versus for oneself. This hypothesis was not supported, although men were more risk seeking than were women in both situations. Taken together, these studies suggest that many of the findings from risk research on individual decision making regarding financial situations generalize to decision making for others.
Carbon Dioxide Laser Absorption Spectrometer (CO2LAS) aircraft measurements of CO2

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory Carbon Dioxide Laser Absorption Spectrometer (CO2LAS) utilizes Integrated Path Differential Absorption (IPDA) at 2.05 μm to obtain CO 2 column mixing ratios weighted heavily in the boundary layer. CO2LAS employs a coherent detection receiver and continuous-wave Th:Ho:YLF laser transmitters with output powers around 100 milliwatts. An offset frequency-locking scheme coupled to an absolute frequency reference enables the frequencies of the online and offline lasers to be held to within 200 kHz of desired values. We describe results from 2009 field campaigns when CO2LAS flew on the Twin Otter. We also describe spectroscopic studies aimed at uncovering potential biases in lidar CO 2 retrievals at 2.05 μm.
Enhancement of lean characteristics of veal carcasses by electrical stimulation.

Forty Holstein vealers (approximately 16 weeks of age) were slaughtered, skinned, split longitudinally and one side was electrically stimulated (700 V, 2 A and seventeen impulses) for 1 min. Internal temperatures of the rib and round were recorded at 1 h and 24 h post mortem. Approximately 24 h post mortem, lean colour scores were assigned to the cross-section of the longissimus muscle at the 11th–12th rib interface, to the outside surface of the biceps femoris muscle and to the rectus abdominis and transverse abdominis muscles of the flank; lean texture and firmness scores were also assigned to the cut surface of the longissimus muscle. ‘House grades’ were assigned to each side of each carcass by plant personnel. Initial (1 h) rib and round temperatures were significantly higher for the electrically stimulated sides; however, at 24 h, neither round nor rib temperatures differed between control and electrically stimulated sides. Lean colour, firmness and texture scores for longissimus muscles were significantly (P < 0·0001) improved by electrical stimulation. Electrically stimulated sides also had lighter lean colour scores in the rectus and transverse abdominis and biceps femoris muscles. Electrical stimulation increased the number of carcasses receiving the top ‘house grade’ and reduced the number of carcasses in the lowest ‘house grade’. These data indicate that electrical stimulation will improve lean colour, firmness and texture of veal carcasses when ribbed and evaluated after a 24 h chill.
Physical activity and BMI: evidence from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics Child Development Supplement.

BACKGROUND: This study assessed the association between amount of physical activity and body mass index (BMI) percentile among middle and high school children. Total daily physical activity needs to include both in and out of school physical activity. METHODS: A secondary data analysis was performed on 1306 children drawn from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics Child Development Supplement (CDS III, 2007). The dependent variable in this study was BMI percentile, while the independent variable was physical activity. The multinomial logistic regression model was used to assess the associations between physical activity and BMI percentile controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, parental income, and neighborhood safety. RESULTS: Children who engaged in low daily physical activity levels had 1.8 times the odds of being obese versus normal weight than those who engaged in moderate levels [odds ratio (OR) = 1.80, confidence interval (CI) = 1.31, 2.48]. African-American children had 1.6 times the odds of being obese than normal weight (OR = 1.55, CI = 0.99, 2.43) and Hispanic children had approximately 1.8 times the odds of being obese than normal weight in comparison to non-Hispanic white children (OR = 1.79, CI = 1.00, 3.21). Females had about 1.5 times the odds of being overweight than normal weight than males (OR = 1.49, CI = 1.04, 2.13). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the accumulation of 30 minutes or more of daily physical activity may be effective in decreasing obesity prevalence among middle and high school-aged children.
Electrocardiographic Studies of Chemical Pericardial Irritation

SummaryThe electrocardiographic results of applying various bland and irritating chemicals to the visceral pericardium, with pressure factors absent, are described. The chief of these are marked ST elevations of several types, occurring quickly; bundle branch block; and the rarity of extrasystoles. The controls proved very important, and are emphasized.
Evidence for non‐transferrin‐mediated uptake and release of iron and manganese in glial cell cultures from hypotransferrinemic mice

Transferrin (Tf) is accepted as the iron mobilization protein, but its role in transport of other metals is controversial. In this study, we used mixed glial cultures from hypotransferrinemic (Hp) mice to determine the dependence of these cells on transferrin for iron and manganese delivery and release. Hp mice have a splicing defect in the transferrin (Tf) gene, resulting in < 1% of the normal plasma levels of Tf. Cellular iron and manganese uptake increases over 24 hr in cultures of normal and Hp glial cells in the presence of standard concentrations of Tf in the media; although total 59iron uptake in the Hp mouse cultures was 2X greater than normal, 54Mn uptake was similar between the two groups. The absence of Tf in the media resulted in a significant increase in 59iron uptake in both normal and Hp glial but did not affect Mn uptake. Elevated Tf (10X normal) in the media reduced both 59iron and 54Mn uptake. Efflux of 59Iron and 54Mn occurred in normal and Hp cultures, indicating the existence of a dynamic exchange of metals, and that intracellular Tf is not necessary for metal release. However, in the absence of Tf in the media, significantly more iron was retained in the cells than if Tf were present in both normal and Hp glial cultures. 54Mn release was minimally affected by extracellular Tf. The data demonstrate that Tf is not required for iron and Mn uptake into glial cells. These data further demonstrate a dynamic metal exchange system for glial cells which is not dependent on intracellular Tf.
Modulation of the Nucleoside Triphosphatase/RNA Helicase and 5′-RNA Triphosphatase Activities of Dengue Virus Type 2 Nonstructural Protein 3 (NS3) by Interaction with NS5, the RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase

Dengue virus type 2 (DEN2), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a re-emerging human pathogen of global significance. DEN2 nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) has a serine protease domain (NS3-pro) and requires the hydrophilic domain of NS2B (NS2BH) for activation. NS3 is also an RNA-stimulated nucleoside triphosphatase (NTPase)/RNA helicase and a 5′-RNA triphosphatase (RTPase). In this study the first biochemical and kinetic properties of full-length NS3 (NS3FL)-associated NTPase, RTPase, and RNA helicase are presented. The NS3FL showed an enhanced RNA helicase activity compared with the NS3-pro-minus NS3, which was further enhanced by the presence of the NS2BH (NS2BH-NS3FL). An active protease catalytic triad is not required for the stimulatory effect, suggesting that the overall folding of the N-terminal protease domain contributes to this enhancement. In DEN2-infected mammalian cells, NS3 and NS5, the viral 5′-RNA methyltransferase/polymerase, exist as a complex. Therefore, the effect of NS5 on the NS3 NTPase activity was examined. The results show that NS5 stimulated the NS3 NTPase and RTPase activities. The NS5 stimulation of NS3 NTPase was dose-dependent until an equimolar ratio was reached. Moreover, the conserved motif, 184RKRK, of NS3 played a crucial role in binding to RNA substrate and modulating the NTPase/RNA helicase and RTPase activities of NS3.
Revising tests for transformer insulation

THE MARGINS obtained and the degree of co-ordination between transformers and other insulation in transmission systems depends largely on the possibilities inherent in the insulation design of the transformer. Recently some units have been designed which take full advantage of the impulse characteristics of insulating materials as compared to their 60-cycle strengths. These designs are core-form, or at least have concentric coils, and it is likely that they might be considered to have maximum impulse characteristics compatible with present 60-cycle test requirements. It is believed that these characteristics affect and should be given consideration in the setting of future required impulse levels and tests, and perhaps in the 60-cycle tests which are required.
Measurement of Complex Fragments and Clues to the Entropy Production from 42-137-MeV/nucleon Ar + Au

Intermediate-rapidity fragments with A = 1--14 emitted from 42--137-MeV/nucleon Ar+Au have been measured. Evidence is presented that these fragments arise from a common moving source. Entropy values are extracted from the mass distributions by use of quantum statistical and Hauser-Feshback theories. The extracted entropy values of S/Aroughly-equal2--2.4 are much smaller than the values expected from measured deuteron-to-proton ratios, but are still considerably higher than theoretically predicted values.
Increasing the Frequency of Stuttering

Information about the conditions under which stuttering varies should include variables that both increase as well as decrease stuttering. Most investigations in which the research factors have bee...
A Minimal Order Model From Zero to High Frequencies for Finite-Element Based Analysis of General 3-D Electromagnetic Problems

Modern integrated circuits (IC) and package design has scaled into the deep submicron regime and the nanometer regime. Fast and broadband frequency-domain electromagnetic analysis has become increasingly important. The large problem size encountered in the analysis of ICs and packages is a major challenge especially for a finite element method (FEM) based electromagnetic analysis.To reduce the computational cost for large-scale electromagnetic analysis, model order reduction (MOR) methods have been developed to preprocess the huge linear system into reduced order models. However, in order to meet the modeling and simulation challenges arising from the IC and package design, existing MOR methods still have to overcome the following shortcomings. First, many existing MOR methods lack a closed-form error bound. Given an accuracy requirement, the model generated from existing methods may not be compact enough. Second, most of the existing reduced order models depend on frequency and right hand side. They lose efficiency when analyzing frequency-dependent problems with a large number of right hand sides. Last but not least, many existing MOR methods suffer from low frequency breakdown problem. Additional models have to be built if low frequency solutions, including DC solution, are required.This paper proposes a minimal order model for any prescribed accuracy for the finite element based solution of general 3-D problems having arbitrary lossless/lossy structures and inhomogeneous materials. This model entails no theoretical approximations. It is frequency and right hand side independent, and hence can be employed for both fast frequency and right hand side sweep. Moreover, the model does not suffer from low-frequency breakdown and is accurate from zero to high frequencies. To facilitate the application of such a minimal order model, we have also developed an efficient algorithm to generate this model. Numerical experiments have demonstrated the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method. In addition to frequency-domain analysis, the proposed model can also be used for fast time-domain analysis.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Can a Critic Be a Caretaker too? Religion, Conflict, and Conflict Transformation

This article argues that Russell McCutcheon's notion of the religion scholar as a critic is crucial for envisioning a distinct relevance to the academic study of religion in multidisciplinary conversations concerning questions of religion and conflict. However, McCutcheon's critical approach is insufficient for thinking about transforming conflicts and underlying structures of injustice. To actively conceptualize processes of conflict transformation, the religion scholar needs to assume the role of a caretaker and a critic and thus overcome McCutcheon's binary construal of these two approaches. The religion scholar as a critic and a caretaker may offer not only a second-order re-description of religion as a social construct but also a problem-oriented constructive engagement with histories, memories, and theological resources. The cultivation of a uniquely religious studies approach would depend on the ability of the religion scholar to become such a "critical caretaker.".
The changing information environment for nanotechnology: online audiences and content

The shift toward online communication in all realms, from print newspapers to broadcast television, has implications for how the general public consumes information about nanotechnology. The goal of this study is threefold: to investigate who is using online sources for information and news about science and nanotechnology, to examine what the general public is searching for online with regards to nanotechnology, and to analyze what they find in online content of nanotechnology. Using survey data, we find those who report the Internet as their primary source of science and technology news are diverse in age, more knowledgeable about science and nanotechnology, highly educated, male, and more diverse racially than users of other media. In a comparison of demographic data on actual visits by online users to general news and science Web sites, science sites attracted more male, non-white users from the Western region of the United States than news sites did. News sites, on the other hand, attracted those with a slightly higher level of education. Our analysis of published estimates of keyword searches on nanotechnology reveals people are turning to the Internet to search for keyword searches related to the future, health, and applications of nanotechnology. A content analysis of online content reveals health content dominates overall. Comparisons of content in different types of sites—blogs, government, and general sites—are conducted.
Vitamin D signalling pathways in cancer: potential for anticancer therapeutics

Epidemiological studies indicate that vitamin D insufficiency could have an aetiological role in various human cancers. Preclinical research indicates that the active metabolite of vitamin D, 1alpha,25(OH)2D3, also known as calcitriol, or vitamin D analogues might have potential as anticancer agents because their administration has antiproliferative effects, can activate apoptotic pathways and inhibit angiogenesis. In addition, 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 potentiates the anticancer effects of many cytotoxic and antiproliferative anticancer agents. Here, we outline the epidemiological, preclinical and clinical studies that support the development of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 and vitamin D analogues as preventative and therapeutic anticancer agents.