cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis and Discussion on Technical Requirements for Operation of Photovoltaic Power Generation

The grid connection and operation of photovoltaic power generation in China follows the national standard GB/T 19964 Technical requirements for connecting photovoltaic power station to power system, released in 2012. This paper firstly interprets and analyze the clauses in this standard, including active/reactive power control, frequency control, voltage control and fault ride through. Then these clauses are compared with those in the standard of some countries in Europe and U.S., and the problems in application of these clauses in China are analyzed. Finally, the suggestions to improve the standard are proposed considering the technical developing trend of photovoltaic power generation in China.
Climate Change Exposure and Firm Cash Holdings

Using firm-level climate change exposure data, we show that firms significantly increase their cash holdings in response to increases in climate changes. Our results are robust to using alternative climate change measures and alternative cash ratio measures. We present that the increase in cash holdings is more pronounced in firms with higher financial constraints, higher cash flow volatility, and less cash resilience. We further find that, after Paris Agreement, firms exposed to more climate changes hoard more cash. We also find that firms in more vulnerable industries increase cash holdings more than firms in other industries.
Parallelizing Contextual Linear Bandits.

Standard approaches to decision-making under uncertainty focus on sequential exploration of the space of decisions. However, \textit{simultaneously} proposing a batch of decisions, which leverages available resources for parallel experimentation, has the potential to rapidly accelerate exploration. We present a family of (parallel) contextual linear bandit algorithms, whose regret is nearly identical to their perfectly sequential counterparts -- given access to the same total number of oracle queries -- up to a lower-order "burn-in" term that is dependent on the context-set geometry. We provide matching information-theoretic lower bounds on parallel regret performance to establish our algorithms are asymptotically optimal in the time horizon. Finally, we also present an empirical evaluation of these parallel algorithms in several domains, including materials discovery and biological sequence design problems, to demonstrate the utility of parallelized bandits in practical settings.
Analysis of Dissipation Mechanisms and Thermal Dynamics in Nanophotonic Resonators Using Thermo-Optical Effect

We present a robust method to distinguish the absorption loss from other loss mechanisms in a nanophotonic resonator by characterizing its thermo-optical nonlinearity. Using this method, we analyze ten modes of drastically different quality-factors.
Synthetic Unknown Class Learning for Learning Unknowns.

This paper addresses the open set recognition (OSR) problem, where the goal is to correctly classify samples of known classes while detecting unknown samples to reject. In the OSR problem, "unknown" is assumed to have infinite possibilities because we have no knowledge about unknowns until they emerge. Intuitively, the more an OSR system explores the possibilities of unknowns, the more likely it is to detect unknowns. Thus, this paper proposes a novel synthetic unknown class learning method that generates unknown-like samples while maintaining diversity between the generated samples and learns these samples. In addition to this unknown sample generation process, knowledge distillation is introduced to provide room for learning synthetic unknowns. By learning the unknown-like samples and known samples in an alternating manner, the proposed method can not only experience diverse synthetic unknowns but also reduce overgeneralization with respect to known classes. Experiments on several benchmark datasets show that the proposed method significantly outperforms other state-of-the-art approaches. It is also shown that realistic unknown digits can be generated and learned via the proposed method after training on the MNIST dataset.
Conical Potential Solutions in Linearized Supersonic Flow

An important concept in the development of linearized supersonic flow theory is the conical flow theory originated by Busemann wherein conical boundary value problems are considered in which the velocity components are conical. Attention is focused in this paper on strip-type boundary value problems in which the potential itself is conical. In application conical potential solutions are useful in the calculation of spanwise and chord wise lift distributions of twisted wings.
Neurological Therapy — Adenovirus Mediated Gene Therapy in Cells of the Central Nervous System

Recently, the treatment of human genetic disorders has been mediated by gene transfer technology especially for monogenic disorders. Further advances in gene therapy have become possible following the first successful treatment of patients deficient of the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA).1 This study explores the feasibility of using a defective non-replicating recombinant adenovirus vector to transfer a reporter gene (β-galactosidase) into neuronal cells. By their nature viruses efficiently transfer their genes to cells and promote expression of their encoded gene products in a precise and predetermined fashion. This property has been exploited to construct a replication-deficient adenoviral vector (RAd35).2 Unlike some other expression systems, defective adenoviral vectors grow to a high titre in a helper cell line (293 cells)3 and provide high levels of protein expression from a strong constitutive human viral promoter.4
Brain-associated-theta antiserum. Differential effects on lymphocyte subpopulations.

Abstract Subpopulations of lymphocytes were delineated, both in vitro and in vivo , using brain associated-θ antisera. Lymphocytes were depleted from the cortical areas of the thymus and the T-dependent regions of the spleen. No depletion occurred in the medullary area of the thymus or in the deep cortical areas of the lymph node. These histological findings correlated well with the effects of brain associated-θ antisera using an in vitro cytotoxicity assay. Greater concentrations of antisera were required to cause cell death of lymphocytes from lymph node than lymphocytes from either spleen or thymus. These data would suggest that the θ antigen may be either lost or modulated during the process of lymphocyte differentiation.
Charged Particles Trapped In The Earth's Magnetic Field

Publisher Summary Since its discovery, reviews of the geomagnetically trapped particle population and its behavior in the geomagnetic field have been numerous and extensive. Such summaries and proceedings have done an excellent job in documenting and advancing the growth in the knowledge and understanding of the trapped particle population and its role in the field of magnetospheric physics. This chapter discusses the time-averaged trapped particle distributions in the magnetosphere with primary emphasis on steady state sources, losses, and transport. It assumes that the time-averaged distributions represent the steady state case and it is recognized that great time variations occur in these populations, which may make this a poor approximation. This chapter is divided into three sections: magnetic field considerations; particle survey; and sources, losses, and transport. The first section deals with a consideration of the overall magnetospheric configuration. The trapping, pseudo-trapping, and nontrapping regions are described within a realistic magnetic field configuration. The spatial relationship of the observed low-energy electron distributions to these regions is also described. This is followed in the second section by a presentation and discussion of the trapped electron, proton, and alpha-particle populations. Finally, the current status of specific mechanisms contributing to trapped particle sources, losses, and transport is reviewed.
Multi-gas interaction modeling on decorated semiconductor interfaces: A novel Fermi distribution-based response isotherm and the inverse hard/soft acid/base concept

Abstract A unique MEMS/NEMS approach is presented for the modeling of a detection platform for mixed gas interactions. Mixed gas analytes interact with nanostructured decorating metal oxide island sites supported on a microporous silicon substrate. The Inverse Hard/Soft acid/base (IHSAB) concept is used to assess a diversity of conductometric responses for mixed gas interactions as a function of these nanostructured metal oxides. The analyte conductometric responses are well represented using a combination diffusion/absorption-based model for multi-gas interactions where a newly developed response absorption isotherm, based on the Fermi distribution function is applied. A further coupling of this model with the IHSAB concept describes the considerations in modeling of multi-gas mixed analyte–interface, and analyte–analyte interactions. Taking into account the molecular electronic interaction of both the analytes with each other and an extrinsic semiconductor interface we demonstrate how the presence of one gas can enhance or diminish the reversible interaction of a second gas with the extrinsic semiconductor interface. These concepts demonstrate important considerations in the array-based formats for multi-gas sensing and its applications.
Algebraic isomorphisms of limit algebras

We prove that algebraic isomorphisms between limit algebras are automatically continuous, and consider the consequences of this result. In particular, we give partial solutions to a conjecture and an open problem by Power. As a further consequence, we describe epimorphisms between various classes of limit algebras. In this paper, we study automatic continuity for limit algebras. Automatic continuity involves algebraic conditions on a linear operator from one Banach algebra into another that guarantee the norm continuity of the operator. This is a generalization, via the open mapping theorem, of the uniqueness of norms problem. Recall that a Banach algebra A is said to have a unique (Banach algebra) topology if any two complete algebra norms on A are equivalent, so that the norm topology determined by a Banach algebra is unique. Uniqueness of norms, automatic continuity, and related questions have played an important and long-standing role in the theory of Banach algebras [6, 29, 28, 10, 11, 2]. Limit algebras, whose theory has grown rapidly in recent years, are the nonselfadjoint analogues of UHF and AF C-algebras. We first prove that algebraic isomorphisms between limit algebras are automatically continuous (Theorem 1.4). This proof uses the ideal theory of limit algebras as well as key results from the theory of automatic continuity for Banach algebras. Combining this with [23, Theorem 8.3] verifies Power's conjecture that the C-envelope of a limit algebra is an invariant for purely algebraic isomorphisms, for limits of finite dimensional nest algebras, and in particular, for all triangular limit algebras (Corollary 1.6). In [5], the first two authors studied triangular limit algebras in terms of their lattices of ideals. By combining automatic continuity with this work, we show that within the class of algebras generated by their order preserving normalizers (see below for definitions), algebraically isomorphic algebras are isometrically isomorphic (Theorem 2.5). This shows that the spectrum, or fundamental relation [20], a topological binary relation which provides coordinates for limit algebras and is a useful tool in classifications, is a complete algebraic isomorphism invariant for this class (Corollary 2.6). In recent work, the second two authors studied primitivity for limit algebras [9], showing that a variety of limit algebras are primitive. These results, together with automatic continuity, give descriptions of epimorphisms between various classes of limit algebras, namely lexicographic algebras (Theorem 3.2) and Z-analytic algebras (Theorem 3.3). Received by the editors April 6, 1998 and, in revised form, October 7, 1999. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 47D25, 46K50, 46H40. Research partially supported by an NSF grant. ()2000 American Mathematical Society
"The lower the better" in hypercholesterolemia therapy: a reliable clinical guideline?.

Since the publication of the second set of guidelines by the National Cholesterol Education Program, a solid body of data from landmark clinical studies has demonstrated that reduction in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor ("statin") therapy sharply diminishes the risk for coronary artery disease. These trials include the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study, the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study, the Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study, the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events investigation, and the Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease trial. Coronary event rates and, in some cases, all-cause mortality decreased significantly after about 5 years of statin therapy in patients at risk for and those who had coronary artery disease at baseline. In contrast, recent subgroup analyses of these pivotal studies have in the aggregate challenged the premise that lower LDL cholesterol levels necessarily lead to further declines in risk for coronary artery disease, particularly among the patients most likely to be seen by the clinician: those with moderately elevated or normal cholesterol profiles. Indeed, when LDL cholesterol levels are in this range, further lowering with statin therapy elicits diminishing returns in terms of coronary event rates. These findings are readily accommodated by the curvilinear, or log-linear, model between serum cholesterol level and risk for coronary artery disease, which is predicated on data from large epidemiologic studies. In light of the current climate involving competing health care costs, the pursuit of progressively diminishing returns in terms of reductions in coronary artery disease risk through more aggressive lowering of LDL cholesterol levels appears to be unwarranted. Until data are published from ongoing randomized, clinical trials that can more effectively resolve the clinical utility of aggressive lipid-lowering strategies to improve coronary event rates, a prudent, evidence-based strategy seems warranted.
Soybean Leaf Morphology and Defoliation Tolerance

Plant tolerance to pest injury is an ideal component of integrated pest management (IPM) programs, because it places no selection pressure on pest populations, but tolerance is little understood and its use in pest management is limited. In field experiments in 1994, 1995, and 1996, we characterized tolerance to defoliation in 'Clark' soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] isolines differing in leaf morphology : 3- and 5-leaflet, narrow and wide leaflet. Sequential defoliation was imposed manually at the R2 stage (full flowering), based on an insect consumption model. In 1994 and 1996, with ample rainfall, all isolines expressed yield compensation or overcompensation for defoliation as high as 75%, due to compensatory regrowth and delayed leaf senescence; in 1995, however, when rainfall was marginal, defoliation caused significant yield reduction. Equal amounts of leaf tissue removed resulted in different leaf area indices (LAIs). Wide-leaflet isolines had higher LAI than narrow-leaflet isolines, but the narrow-leaflet isolines, particularly Clark-3N, had greater light interception capacity for a given LAI level and had a higher light extinction coefficient in 1995. This shows that light was available to leaves in the lower canopy in the narrow-leaflet isoline. Both low and high defoliation treatments caused significant yield reductions in all isolines, except that low defoliation did not significantly affect the yield of Clark-3N in 1995. The narrow-leaflet isolines apparently tolerated defoliation better than the wide-leaflet isolines because the narrow-leaflet isolines had greater light interception and maintained equal or better yields, despite similar defoliation. In addition to LAI, both canopy light interception and light extinction coefficient are important criteria for selecting cultivars tolerant to defoliation.
Hydrogeologie Characteristics and Deforestation of the Stone Forest Karst Aquifers of South China

Stone forest aquifers comprise an important class of shallow, unconfined karstic aquifers in the south China karst belt. They occur under flat areas such as floors of karst depressions, stream valleys, and karst plains. The frameworks for the aquifers are the undissolved carbonate spires and ribs in epikarst zones developed on carbonate strata. The ground water occurs within clastic sediments which infill the dissolution voids. The aquifers are thin, generally less than 100 meters thick, and are characterized by large lateral permeabilities and small storage. The result is that the aquifers are difficult to manage because recharge during the rainy season moves rapidly out of the aquifers. Water levels fall sharply as the dry season progresses and the ground-water supply falls off accordingly. The magnitude and duration of the seasonal recharge pulse that replenishes the stone forest aquifers have been severely impacted by massive post-1958 deforestation in the south China karst region. Water that was formerly retained beyond the wet season in the forested uplands, later to be released to the stone forest aquifers under the lowland plains, now passes quickly through the system during the wet season. The loss of this seasonal upland storage has resulted in both a reduction in the volume of recharge to the lowland stone forest aquifers and a shortening of the seasonal recharge event. The result is accelerated water-level declines in the stone forest aquifers as the dry season progresses which, in turn, causes premature dewatering of wells and decreased spring discharges. This response is compounded by increased ground-water withdrawals as the people attempt to offset the declining supply. Management of the total water-supply system requires not only tinkering with the aquifer, but massive reforestation efforts to restore dry season water retention in the upland parts of the watersheds.
A MODEL IN WHICH SUITS ARE BROUGHT FOR THEIR NUISANCE VALUE

By a suit brought for its nuisance value, we mean a suit in which the plaintiff is able to obtain a positive settlement from the defendant even though the defendant knows the plaintiff's case is sufficiently weak that he would be unwilling or unlikely actually to pursue his case to trial. This note considers a model of the legal dispute allowing for the occurrence of such nuisance suits (among other types of outcome). The main features of the model are illustrated in Figure 1. Specifically, the plaintiff may choose to file a claim at some (presumably small) cost. If the defendant does not then settle with the plaintiff and does not, at a cost, defend himself, the plaintiff will prevail by default judgment. If the defendant does defend himself, however, the plaintiff then may either withdraw or may, at a cost, litigate, resulting in a favorable verdict only with a probability (and a low one if his case is weak). Given the model and the assumption that each party acts in his financial interest and realizes the other will do the same, it is easy to see how nuisance suits can arise. By filing a claim, any plaintiff, and thus the plaintiff with a weak case, places the defendant in a position where he will be held liable for the full judgment demanded unless he defends himself. Hence, the defendant should be willing to pay a positive amount in settlement to the plaintiff with the weak case--despite the defendant's knowledge that were he to defend himself, such a plaintiff would withdraw. This idea is elaborated below in Section II, which presents a general analysis of the model using numerical examples. The situations in addition to that of the nuisance suit that are discussed in the analysis are those where the plaintiff's case is 'meritorious'--h e would be likely to prevail at trialmbut he would still not want to go to trial because the litigation costs would exceed the expected judgment; where the plaintiff's case is sufficiently strong and the expected judgment sufficiently high that he would be willing to go to trial; and, generally, where litigation costs are shifted to the losing party at trial. Section III formally analyzes the model and proves the results of Section II. The concluding Section IV considers the realism of the model, offers several qualifying remarks, and comments on previous models of the litigation process.
A comparison of the reactions of tert-butyl mercury and magnesium chlorides with β-styrenyl derivatives

Abstract Photostimulated substitution reactions of t-BuHgCl with PhCH=CHQ (Q = I, PhSO 2 , ClHg) proceed by a radical chain. With t -BuMgCl in THF, stereoselectivity excludes this process for Q = I but with Q = PhSO 2 (dark or hν) or HgCl (hν), radical substitution occurs.
Linear and nonlinear optical response of bismuth and antimony implanted fused silica: annealing effects

Abstract We report the linear and nonlinear optical response of bismuth and antimony implanted fused silica with doses of 6 × 10 16 ions/cm 2 . The nonlinear refractive index, n 2 , was measured using a Z-scan technique with a mode locked Ti:sapphire laser operating in 140 fs pulse duration at 770 nm wavelength. It is found that the nonlinear refractive index n 2 of as-implanted samples is large, in the order of 10 −10 cm 2 /W and the n 2 value of Bi as-implanted sample is about 2.4 times lager than that of Sb as-implanted sample. The large n 2 response is attributed to the presence of nanosized metal particles in the implanted layer observed by transmission electron microscopy. We also report the changes of linear and nonlinear optical response when implanted samples were subsequently annealed at temperatures from 500 to 1000 C in argon and oxygen atmospheres. The annealing effect on optical properties is found to be strongly dependent on the annealing atmospheres. Our results indicate that annealing treatment in O 2 affects the local environment of the implanted metal ions and hence the linear and nonlinear optical properties of the metal-dielectric composite. We suggest that a new phase of metal-oxygen-silicate was formed during annealing in O 2 atmosphere.
A review of the genotoxicity of 1,2-dichloroethane (EDC)

1,2-Dichloroethane (EDC, CAS#107-06-2) is a high production volume halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbon that is used mainly in the manufacture of vinyl chloride. EDC has been found in ambient and residential air samples, as well as in groundwater, surface water and drinking water. EDC has been well-studied in a variety of genotoxicity assays, and appears to involve the metabolic activation of the parent compound. We critically evaluated the genotoxicity data of EDC and its metabolites as part of an evaluation of carcinogenic mechanisms of action of EDC. EDC is genotoxic in multiple test systems via multiple routes of exposure. EDC has been shown to induce DNA adduct formation, gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations in the presence of key activation enzymes (including CYP450s and/or GSTs) in laboratory animal and in vitro studies. EDC was negative for clastogenesis as measured by the micronucleus assay in mice. In general, an increased level of DNA damage is observed related to the GSH-dependent bioactivation of EDC. Increased chromosomal aberrations with increased CYP450 expression were suggestive of a role for the oxidative metabolites of EDC in inducing chromosomal damage. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that EDC exposure, in the presence of key enzymes (including CYP450s and/or GSTs), leads to DNA adduct formation, gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations.
Vascular smooth muscle phenotypic diversity and function

The control of force production in vascular smooth muscle is critical to the normal regulation of blood flow and pressure, and altered regulation is common to diseases such as hypertension, heart failure, and ischemia. A great deal has been learned about imbalances in vasoconstrictor and vasodilator signals, e.g., angiotensin, endothelin, norepinephrine, and nitric oxide, that regulate vascular tone in normal and disease contexts. In contrast there has been limited study of how the phenotypic state of the vascular smooth muscle cell may influence the contractile response to these signaling pathways dependent upon the developmental, tissue-specific (vascular bed) or disease context. Smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle lineages are traditionally classified into fast or slow sublineages based on rates of contraction and relaxation, recognizing that this simple dichotomy vastly underrepresents muscle phenotypic diversity. A great deal has been learned about developmental specification of the striated muscle sublineages and their phenotypic interconversions in the mature animal under the control of mechanical load, neural input, and hormones. In contrast there has been relatively limited study of smooth muscle contractile phenotypic diversity. This is surprising given the number of diseases in which smooth muscle contractile dysfunction plays a key role. This review focuses on smooth muscle contractile phenotypic diversity in the vascular system, how it is generated, and how it may determine vascular function in developmental and disease contexts.
Standard potential of the silver-silver chloride electrode in 10, 20, and 40 wt.% ethanol/water solvents at 25, 0, −5, and −10°C

In order to facilitate the measurement of thermodynamic quantities at temperatures below 0°C in ethanol/water solvents, the standard potential of the silver-silver chloride electrode in 10, 20, and 40 wt.% ethanol has been determined at 25, 0, −5, and −10°C. Electromotive force measurements of cells of the type $$Pt;H_2 (g)|HCl(m) in EtOH/H_2 O|AgCl;Ag$$ were used. The potentials found at 25°C were in good agreement with earlier results. Mean activity coefficients for hydrochloric acid in the three mixed solvents were derived.
A further study of numerical errors in large-eddy simulations

Numerical errors in large-eddy simulations (LES) arise from aliasing and discretization errors, and errors in the subfilter-scale (SFS) turbulence model. Using a direct numerical simulation (DNS) dataset of stably stratified shear flow to perform a priori tests, we compare the numerical error from several finite difference schemes to the magnitude of the SFS force. This is an extension of Ghosal's analysis [J. Comput. Phys. 125 (1996) 187] to realistic flow fields. By evaluating different grid resolutions as well as different filter-grid ratios, we provide guidelines for LES: for a second-order finite difference scheme, a filter-grid ratio of at least four is desired; for a sixth-order Pade scheme, a filter-grid ratio of two is sufficient.
Mercury Radar Ranging Data from 1987 to 1997

This a brief report on radar ranging data to the subradar point on Mercury. This report makes available ten years of such data, from 1987 to 1997.
Biomimetic electron transfer using low energy excited states: A green perylene-based analogue of chlorophyll a

We have prepared a green chromophore, 1,7-bis(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-3,4:9,10-perylene-bis(dicarboximide) (5PDI), that exhibits photophysical and redox properties similar to those of chlorophyll a (Chl a), yet unlike Chl a, it can be easily functionalized and incorporated into a wide variety of biomimetic electron donor−acceptor systems. The N,N‘-dicyclohexyl derivative (5PDI) absorbs strongly (e = 46 000 M-1 cm-1) at 686 nm in toluene and fluoresces at 721 nm with a 35% quantum yield. Additionally, 5PDI is both oxidized and reduced in CH2Cl2 at 0.57 V and −0.76 V vs SCE, respectively, making it a facile electron donor or acceptor. Rodlike covalent electron donor−acceptor molecules 5PDI−PI, 5PDI−NI, and 5PDI−PDI were prepared by linking the imide group of the 5PDI donor to pyromellitimide (PI), 1,8:4,5-naphthalenebis(dicarboximide) (NI), and 1,7-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylphenoxy)-3,4:9,10-perylene-bis(dicarboximide) (PDI) acceptors via an N−N bond. Following femtosecond laser excitation of 5PDI, 5PDI−PI, 5PDI−NI, an...
Reversal of severe bone marrow fibrosis and osteosclerosis following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for chronic granulocytic leukaemia

Summary. Severe marrow fibrosis and osteosclerosis gradually disappeared after a 33-year-old woman received an allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) as experimental treatment for chronic granulocytic leukaemia. Serial biopsies demonstrate gradual resolution of dense reticulin fibrosis, collagen fibrosis and osteosclerosis, and restoration of normal marrow architecture after transplantation. These changes correspond with histological and cytogenetic evidence of normal marrow engraftment and sustained complete remission from chronic granulocytic leukaemia. In this case severe marrow infiltration with reticulin and collagen fibrosis as well as severe derangement of marrow architecture and obliteration of the medullary cavity by osteosclerosis was an entirely reversible process after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, and did not prevent successful engraftment, haemopoietic and cytogenetic reconstitution and complete remission from chronic granulocytic leukaemia.
On the philosophical significance of consistency proofs

We have seen that despite Feferman's results Godel's second theorem vitiates the use of Hilbert-type epistemological programs and consistency proofs as a response to mathematical skepticism. Thus consistency proofs fail to have the philosophical significance often attributed to them.
Experimental Observation of Femtosecond Electron Beam Microbunching by Inverse Free-Electron-Laser Acceleration

An electron beam microbunched on the optical wavelength scale of $\ensuremath{\approx}2.5\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ by an inverse free electron laser accelerator was observed. The optimum bunching was achieved for a 1% energy modulation of a 32 MeV electron beam with 0.5 GW ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$ laser power. The microbunching process was investigated by measuring the coherent transition radiation produced by the energy modulated electron beam. A quadratic dependence of the transition radiation signal on the electron beam charge was observed. The observed shortest wavelength of coherent transition radiation is less than $2.5\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$. The debunching process of the microbunched electron beam was experimentally investigated.
Multiscale PCA with application to multivariate statistical process monitoring

Multiscale principal-component analysis (MSPCA) combines the ability of PCA to decorrelate the variables by extracting a linear relationship with that of wavelet analysis to extract deterministic features and approximately decorrelate autocorrelated measurements. MSPCA computes the PCA of wavelet coefficients at each scale and then combines the results at relevant scales. Due to its multiscale nature, MSPCA is appropriate for the modeling of data containing contributions from events whose behavior changes over time and frequency. Process monitoring by MSPCA involves combining only those scales where significant events are detected, and is equivalent to adaptively filtering the scores and residuals, and adjusting the detection limits for easiest detection of deterministic changes in the measurements. Approximate decorrelation of wavelet coefficients also makes MSPCA effective for monitoring autocorrelated measurements without matrix augmentation or time-series modeling. In addition to improving the ability to detect deterministic changes, monitoring by MSPCA also simultaneously extracts those features that represent abnormal operation. The superior performance of MSPCA for process monitoring is illustrated by several examples.
315 EMFTherapeutic Hypothermia and Vasopressor Dependency After Cardiac Arrest

Objective: Clinical trials of therapeutic hypothermia (TH) after cardiac arrest excluded patients with persistent hemodynamic instability after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), and thus equipoise may exist regarding use of TH in these patients. Our objective was to determine if TH is associated with worsening hemodynamic instability among patients who are vasopressor-dependent after ROSC. Methods: We performed a prospective observational study in vasopressor-dependent post-cardiac arrest patients. Inclusion criteria were age >17, non-trauma cardiac arrest, comatose after ROSC, and persistent vasopressor dependence. The decision to initiate TH (33–34 ◦ C) was made by the treating physician. We measured cumulative vasopressor index (CVI) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) every 15 min during the first 6 h after ROSC. The outcome measures were change in CVI (primary outcome) and MAP (secondary outcome) over time. We graphed median CVI and MAP over time for the treated and not treated cohorts, and used propensity adjusted repeated measures mixed models to test for an association between TH induction and change in CVI or MAP over time. Results: Seventy-five post-cardiac arrest patients were included (35 treated; 40 not treated). We observed no major differences in CVI or MAP over time between the treated and not treated cohorts. In the mixed models we found no statistically significant association between TH induction and changes in CVI or MAP. Conclusion: In patients with vasopressor-dependency after cardiac arrest, the induction of hypothermia was not associated with a decrease in mean arterial pressure or increase in vasopressor requirement. © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Cytology in Oat-Cell Carcinoma

Excerpt To the editor: I have just finished giving expert testimony in a medical malpractice case involving a pathologist who apparently made an erroneous diagnosis of oat-cell carcinoma of the lun...
A comprehensive project for CS2: combining key data structures and algorithms into an integrated web browser and search engine

We present our experience using a large, real-world application as a course project for the second half of the semester of a CS2 course. Our primary goal for the project was to create an engaging application that incorporated most of the key data structures and algorithms introduced in the course. Specifically, the project uses binary search trees, priority queues, hash tables, and graphs. The project consisted of four parts combined to build an integrated web browser and search engine in Java. A key benefit of an incremental, long-term project of this type is that students quickly learn that their initial design and implementation decisions have a significant impact on the eventual extensibility and performance of their software. This provides numerous opportunities for students to recognize the importance of software engineering techniques and complexity analysis in the development of a successful application. We present students' responses to the project which show that they overwhelmingly enjoyed the project and felt that it helped them to see how the data structures and algorithms discussed in the course are used in real software.
A Personal History of Dental Practice: 1920–1980

The progress that has been made in dentistry during the past 60 years is reviewed by Dr. Grossman, who has been a member of the profession since 1923 and whose experience has covered both the purely academic and practical application of current theory.
Labor Induction for Premature Rupture of Membranes Using Vaginal Misoprostol versus Dinoprostone Vaginal Insert

Objective To compare labor induction outcomes using vaginal misoprostol versus dinoprostone insert in women with premature rupture of membranes (PROM) and an unfavorable cervix. Study Design Charts of singleton gestations beyond 34 weeks with PROM and an unfavorable cervix from 2008 to 2011 were reviewed. Group assignment was determined by initial induction agent used. Dinoprostone was administered as a 10-mg vaginal insert left for up to 12 hours. Misoprostol was administered vaginally as a 25-μg tablet every 4 hours for up to six doses. Times to active labor, complete dilatation, and delivery and incidence of adverse outcomes (intrapartum fever, tachysystole, fetal heart rate abnormalities) were compared. Results Ninety-eight women were included. Baseline characteristics between groups were not different. Median times to active labor (7 versus 11 hours, p Conclusion Vaginal misoprostol is more effective than dinoprostone insert for induction secondary to PROM without increasing the incidence of adverse outcomes.
Addressing adolescent sexual behavior and childbearing: Self-esteem or social change?*

Because my discussion can cover only a small fraction of the con­ cerns-societal and individual-that face us in the area of adolescent sexual behavior and childbearing, perhaps I can use this time to place the issue in a context that will permit us to understand why the concept of self-esteem is relevant, if, indeed, it is. Let me introduce at the outset a notion-an argumentative notion-to which I will return: Does not the very suggestion that the self-esteem of individual young men or women is of central importance to behavioral change beg the question? Does that not imply that the root causes of too-early childbearing are personal and individ­ ual rather than structural and socioeconomic? If so, this approach may be simply another way in which to blame the victim-to suggest that if she would only change her view of herself, if he would only look to the future, all would be well. But the issues are not that simple. The view many of our young people have of the future, and of their options within that future, are not irrational; they are based on realistic evaluations of what they see around them. I'd like to discuss some of the premises on which I base my view of adolescent sexuality and fertility, in the hope that the legitimate place of individual intervention on the one hand-and the challenge of structural social change on the other-can better be assessed. To understand the issues, one first has to separate what I see as two quite different phenomena of adolescent pregnancy.l One is a universal pattern in the United States and probably in all the industrialized nations of the world. It is reflected in the onset of coital activity in mid or late adolescence without regard for marital status; it is probably a result of the sexual revolution we hear so much about. It knows few boundaries-geographic, economic, racial, ethnic, or religious. It results in accidental pregnancy and rising rates of sexually transmitted disease and in high rates of abortion, but rarely in child­ bearing. Although, all too often, the onset of sexual intercourse may be in­ voluntary-through coercion or accident-the young men and women who are involved in what I describe as the first problem are generally of an age when they are capable of making choices, and the nation's response has often come, not surprisingly, in the form of moral judgment upon those choices. Quite different is the second problem I would describe; it is not universal but generally isolated in pockets of poverty and disadvantage. It consists of
Pancreatic Resections in Renal Failure Patients: Is It Worth the Risk?

Background. Chronic kidney disease affects 20 million US patients, with nearly 600,000 on dialysis. Long-term survival is limited and the risk of complex pancreatic surgery in this group is questionable. Previous studies are limited to case reports and small case series and a large database may help determine the true risk of pancreatic surgery in this population. Methods. The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was queried (2005–2011) for patients who underwent pancreatic resection. Renal failure was defined as the clinical condition associated with rapid, steadily increasing azotemia (rise in BUN) and increasing creatinine above 3 mg/dL. Operative trends and short-term outcomes were reviewed for those with and without renal failure (RF). Results. In 18,533 patients, 28 had RF. There was no difference in wound infections, neurologic or cardiovascular complications. Compared to non-RF patients, those with RF had more unplanned intubation (OR 4.89, 95% CI 1.85–12.89), bleeding requiring transfusion (OR 3.12, 95% CI 1.37–14.21), septic shock (OR 8.86, 95% CI 3.75–20.91), higher 30-day mortality (21.4% versus 2.3%, ) and longer hospital stay (23 versus 12 days, ). Conclusions. RF patients have much higher morbidity and mortality after pancreatic resections and surgeons should consider this before proceeding.
Pre-Silicon Modeling and Analysis: Impact On Real Design

Micro editor in chief Pradip Bose talks about the challenge of predicting and tuning a microprocessor's net quality well before its tape out and eventual production cycle.
Unified nano-mechanics based probabilistic theory of quasibrittle and brittle structures: I. Strength, static crack growth, lifetime and scaling

Abstract This paper extends the theoretical framework presented in the preceding Part I to the lifetime distribution of quasibrittle structures failing at the fracture of one representative volume element under constant amplitude fatigue. The probability distribution of the critical stress amplitude is derived for a given number of cycles and a given minimum-to-maximum stress ratio. The physical mechanism underlying the Paris law for fatigue crack growth is explained under certain plausible assumptions about the damage accumulation in the cyclic fracture process zone at the tip of subcritical crack. This law is then used to relate the probability distribution of critical stress amplitude to the probability distribution of fatigue lifetime. The theory naturally yields a power-law relation for the stress-life curve (S-N curve), which agrees with Basquin's law. Furthermore, the theory indicates that, for quasibrittle structures, the S-N curve must be size dependent. Finally, physical explanation is provided to the experimentally observed systematic deviations of lifetime histograms of various ceramics and bones from the Weibull distribution, and their close fits by the present theory are demonstrated.
Inhibition of RNA slow viruses by thiosemicarbazones.

Abstract N-methyl isatin β-thiosemicarbazone (Methisazone) effects comparable reductions in the reverse transcriptase activity and the cytopathic effect of the RNA slow viruses, Visna, Maedi and Progressive Pneumonia Virus. This is consistent with a requirement for RNA-dependent DNA synthesis in a lytic (non-transforming) cycle of virus growth.
Wilson’s disease

Early diagnosis permits preventive therapy to preempt development of organ damage. In all diagnosed patients, both symptomatic and asymptomatic, pharmacologic therapy is lifelong, and maintenance treatment to prevent copper toxicity is mandatory. Patients with either fulminant hepatic failure or hepatic insufficiency unresponsive to medical therapy should be considered for orthotopic liver transplantation, which effectively cures Wilson's disease. Prognosis is excellent for compliant patients receiving pharmacologic therapy.
Microdialysis reveals a morphine-induced increase in pallidal opioid peptide release.

Freely moving rats were implanted with microdialysis probes in the globus pallidus/ventral pallidum, nucleus accumbens or caudate nucleus. Morphine (10 mg kg-1 i.p.) induced an average 128% increase in extracellular opioid peptide levels in the pallidum over a 2 h period peaking 1 h after injection. No change was observed in the nucleus accumbens or caudate nucleus. Dose-response analysis showed a smaller (26%), non-significant, increase at a lower dose of 2 mg kg-1 and no effect at a higher dose of 40 mg kg-1. No evidence of significant acute tolerance was apparent following repeated administration of morphine (10 mg kg-1, i.p.) at 3 h intervals. The magnitude of the morphine effect varied greatly between animals and was dependent on the pre-injection baseline opioid peptide levels.
Patient assessment and management examination: lack of correlation between faculty assessment and resident self-assessment.

Abstract Background The Patient Assessment and Management Examination (PAME) is a standardized patient examination designed to assess management skills of senior residents. This study explored the relationship between faculty and resident self-evaluation by using PAME. Methods Nine postgraduate year (PGY) 4 and PGY5 residents were examined with a 5 case PAME. Faculty rated interactions between residents and standardized patients and residents rated themselves based on review of audio-video recordings of their interactions. We examined correlations between faculty and resident self-assessments. Results Faculty and resident ratings of physical examination skills was the only competency that correlated significantly. Correlations were not significant for the other 15 competencies (Pearson r , –.197 to .262). Correlation was no better when examined within each case. Conclusions Although PAME may be a useful tool, this study suggests that even senior residents do not assess their performance as clinicians similarly to faculty. Further research is needed to better understand the source of these disagreements.
Short of Complete Abstinence: An Analysis Exploration of Multiple Drinking Episodes in Alcoholism Treatment Trials

Background In alcoholism treatment clinical trials, conventional analysis of efficacy outcomes often focuses on the time to a first event, where the event may be “any drinking”, “safe (or low risk) drinking”, “moderate drinking” or “heavy drinking,” in addition to multiple outcomes such as frequency of drinking days, percent abstinence days, etc. Methods We consider the multivariate failure time analytic methods. In alcoholism treatment trials, the naturalistic course of drinking behavior during treatment intervention often presents with a gradual change in drinking before the emergence of a more stable drinking or abstinence pattern. Thus, for each subject, evaluation of all drinking events, and incorporating the event times over a defined duration, may give a more comprehensive description of his/her drinking pattern. As a consequence, the efficacy of a new treatment for alcoholism may be elevated with greater statistical sensitivity. Results The utility of the multiple failure time method is demonstrated via a real case study for evaluation of alcoholism treatments. The multiple event time analyses showed that the risk of having “any drinking days” or “heavy drinking days” during the entire duration of the study was significantly lower with experimental treatment than with placebo. Further explorations showed that the treatment effect was primarily observed in the later relapse events and not the first event with respect to relapse to any drinking episodes. Such effect would have missed using the traditional time to first event analysis approach. The observed effect of treatment with respect to relapse to multiple heavy drinking episodes was shown not only in the first event but also in the later events. Conclusion The multiple failure time approach may be applicable when ‘drinking failure’ is variously defined as a single drink, one at-risk drinking day, one heavy drinking day, or one alcohol-related social, occupational or medical problem. If “a drinking episode” is properly defined and the design gains statistical efficiency, the multiple event analytic strategy should provide improved statistical power to detect treatment effects.