cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the enzymatic hydrolysis of the sulfate conjugate of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG)

Abstract The hydrolysis of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol sulfate conjugate (MHPG-SO 4 ) by three enzyme preparations (crude sulfatase, pure sulfatase, and glucuronidase) was evaluated. The stability of free MHPG and MHPG-SO 4 to incubation with and without the above enzyme preparation was also assessed. From the results obtained, we concluded that free MHPG is subjected to very little or no decomposition during overnight incubation. The enzyme in the crude sulfatase from Helix Pomatia was found to be superior when compared to the pure sulfatase. It was further determined that 500 units of sulfatase of this enzyme preparation can completely hydrolyze 1 μg MHPG equivalent of MHPG-SO 4 within 1 hr at 40°C or overnight at −10°C. The usefulness of this latter unusual property is discussed.
Structures of Isobutyryl-CoA Dehydrogenase and Enzyme-Product Complex COMPARISON WITH ISOVALERYL- AND SHORT-CHAIN ACYL-COA DEHYDROGENASES

The acyl-CoA dehydrogenases are a family of mitochondrial flavoproteins involved in the catabolism of fatty and amino acids. Isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (IBD) is involved in the catabolism of valine and catalyzes the conversion of isobutyryl-CoA to methacrylyl-CoA. The crystal structure of IBD with and without substrate has been determined to 1.76-A resolution. The asymmetric unit contains a homotetramer with substrate/product bound in two monomers. The overall structure of IBD is similar to those of previously determined acyl-CoA dehydrogenases and consists of an NH2-terminal α-helical domain, a medial β-strand domain and a C-terminal α-helical domain. The enzyme-bound ligand has been modeled in as the reaction product, methacrylyl-CoA. The location of Glu-376 with respect to the C-2–C-3 of the bound product and FAD confirms Glu-376 to be the catalytic base. IBD has a shorter and wider substrate-binding cavity relative to short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, permitting the optimal binding of the isobutyryl-CoA substrate. The dramatic lateral expansion of the binding cavity seen in isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase is not observed in IBD. The conserved tyrosine or phenylalanine that defines a side of the binding cavity in other acyl-CoA dehydrogenases is replaced by a leucine (Leu-375) in the current structure. Substrate binding changes the position of some residues lining the binding pocket as well as the position of the loop containing the catalytic glutamate and subsequent helix. Three clinical mutations have been modeled to the structure. The mutations do not affect substrate binding but instead appear to disrupt protein folding and/or stability.
High voltage MEMS platform for fully integrated, on-chip, vacuum electronic devices

We demonstrate a fully integrated, on-chip, vacuum microtriode capable of handling voltages up to 800 V. The ability to operate at such high voltages is achieved by the addition of a 10 mum-thick silicon dioxide layer to the device. The device is fabricated using MEMS fabrication principles and utilizes carbon nanotubes as field emitters. A dc amplification factor of 600 was obtained. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest value reported for CNT-enabled microtriode devices. The high voltage capability of these microscale devices will enable their use in a wider variety of applications such as miniature ion sources and x-ray sources.
Five roles for using theory and evidence in the design and testing of behavior change interventions.

Objective: The prevailing wisdom in the field of health-related behavior change is that well-designed and effective interventions are guided by theory. Methods: Using the framework of intervention mapping, we describe and provide examples of how investigators can effectively select and use theory to design, test, and report interventions. Results:We propose five roles for theory and evidence about theories: a) identification of behavior and determinants of behavior related to a specified health problem (i.e.,the logic model of the problem); b) explication of a causal model that includes theoreticalconstructsforproducingchangeinthebehaviorof interest(i.e.,thelogic model of change); c) selection of intervention methods and delivery of practical applications to achieve changes in health behavior; d) evaluation of the resulting interventionincludingtheoreticalmediatingvariables;ande)reportingoftheactive ingredients of the intervention together with the evaluation results. Conclusions:Inproblem-drivenappliedbehavioralorsocialscience,researchersuse one or multiple theories, empiric evidence, and new research, both to assess a problem and to solve or prevent a problem. Furthermore, the theories for description of the problem may differ from the theories for its solution. In an applied approach, the main focus is on solving problems regarding health behavior change and improvement of health outcomes,and the criteria for success are formulated in terms of the problem rather than the theory. Resulting contributions to theory development may be quite useful, but they are peripheral to the problem-solving process.
Pluralism and heterodoxy in economic methodology

Economists work within models that are simplified depictions of reality. An argument for a pluralistic understanding of economics is that different approaches lend insight by looking at different phenomena from different viewpoints. While all economists can benefit from taking a pluralistic approach to understanding economics, Austrian school economists must be more pluralistic in their understanding and presentation of ideas than mainstream economists if they want their ideas to have an impact on mainstream economics. Despite the argument for a pluralistic understanding of economics, in research, as in other activities, specialization increases productivity. While Austrian school economists can benefit from taking a pluralistic approach to understanding economics, they are likely to be most productive in their research by specializing in the development of Austrian school methods and ideas.
Using a policy language to control tuple-space synchronization in a mobile environment

Any sharing of information using a distributed platform carries the risk of disconnection because of loss of network access. This is particularly the case when considering mobile communication, either using base stations or by forming ad-hoc networks. Replication of shared data is one way to increase data availability in such an environment, but leads to the problem of inconsistency between copies of data, and so requires some means of data synchronization. This paper investigates how policies can be used to resolve data conflict in a way that can be tailored to meet the needs of different types of application in different situations. It discusses a range of application requirements, and describes a policy-based pervasive middleware to support the sharing of data using a tuple-space paradigm. Policies maintained within the middleware are used to trigger a wide range of synchronization options to restore the consistency of the data after periods of disconnected operation.
Proteolytic activities of human fibroblast collagenase: hydrolysis of a broad range of substrates at a single active site

The action of human fibroblast collagenase (HFC) on six substrates of markedly different size, sequence, and conformation, including rat type I collagen, rat alpha 1(I) gelatin, beta-casein, and the three synthetic oligopeptides Gly-Pro-Gln-Gly-Ile-Ala-Gly-Gln, Asp-Val-Ala-Gln-Phe-Val-Leu-Thr-Pro-Gly, and Pro-Val-Gln-Pro-Ile-Gly-Pro-Gln, has been examined. The first peptide is a model for the collagenase cleavage site in the alpha 1(I) chain of type I collagen, while the latter two peptides are models for the autolytic activation and degradation sites in pro-HFC, respectively. The goal of these studies was to assess whether HFC hydrolyzes all of these disparate substrates at the same active site. Individual kinetic parameters for the hydrolysis of all six substrates have been determined. Gel zymography experiments using collagen, gelatin, and casein as substrates show that all three activities are associated solely with HFC rather than impurities. Recombinant HFC expressed in Escherichia coli also exhibits caseinase activity, reinforcing the view that this activity is not due to a contaminating protease from fibroblasts. The ratios of these activities agree within experimental error for several independent HFC preparations and do not change when two additional affinity purification steps are employed. The inhibition of the hydrolysis of these substrates by both 1,10-phenanthroline and Boc-Pro-Leu-Gly-NHOH is identical within experimental error. A series of assays carried out in the presence of pairs of these substrates clearly shows that they compete for the same active site.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Microwave QPSK Demodulation Techniques at the Receiver Front End

Quadriphase modulation of microwave or mm-wave carriers involves the rapid shifting of the phase of the carrier between one of four orthogonal positions by binary data included on two parallel data streams. The received quadriphase (QPSK) carrier can be demodulated by mixing this carrier with an appropriately phased local oscillator signal in a doubly-balanced mixer. One of the problems in demodulation of quadriphase carriers is the generation of the local oscillator having carrier frequency and phase information. This can be accomplished either at RF from the incoming QPSK carrier or at baseband by comparing the crosstalk associated with the two demodulated data streams, This paper will describe the applicable microwave technologies utilizing special quadruple frequency multipliers which provide microwave carrier reconstruction which facilitates the demodulation of data information from the carrier.
Commentary: Pre–Primary Care Pediatrics

The article “Evidence-Based Community Pediatrics: Building a Bridge From Bedside to Neighborhood”1 explains the importance of using scientific evidence as the foundation of community pediatrics interventions. This commitment to evidence-based community-level health activities by pediatricians is a natural next step in the evolution of pediatrics as we return full circle to the origins of the specialty. In the United States, child heath supervision had its beginnings in the milk stations and child health centers of large cities, to which infants were brought to be fed, weighed, examined, and immunized against contagious diseases. In 1967, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) established guidelines for child health supervision. However, there are indications that practitioners are not meeting the objectives of well-child care for many … Address correspondence to Robert Hoekelman, MD, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642. E-mail: rhoekel1{at}rochester.rr.com
OR PRACTICE---The Dance of the Thirty-Ton Trucks: Dispatching and Scheduling in a Dynamic Environment

We report on the application of operations research to a very complex scheduling and dispatching problem. Scheduling and dispatching are never easy, but the scheduling of concrete deliveries is particularly difficult for several reasons: (1) concrete is an extremely perishable product---it can solidify in the truck if offloading is delayed by a few hours; (2) customer orders are extremely unpredictable and volatile---orders are often canceled or drastically changed at the last minute; (3) the concrete company overbooks by as much as 20% to compensate for customer unpredictability; (4) many orders require synchronized deliveries by multiple trucks; (5) when a truck arrives at a customer site, the customer may not be ready for the delivery, or a storm may negate the ability to use the concrete; and (6) most of the travel takes place in highly congested urban areas, making travel times highly variable. To assist the dispatchers, schedulers, and order takers at this company, we designed and implemented a decision-support tool consisting of both planning and execution tools. The modules determine whether new orders should be accepted, when drivers should arrive for work, the real-time assignment of drivers to delivery loads, the dispatching of these drivers to customers and back to plants, and the scheduling of the truck loadings at the plants. For the real-time dispatching and order-taking decisions, optimization models are solved to within 1% of optimality every five minutes throughout the day. This nearly continuous reoptimization of the entire system allows quick reactions to changes. The modeling foundation is a time-space network with integer side constraints. We describe each of the models and explain how we handle imperfect data. We also detail how we overcome a variety of implementation issues. The success of this project can be measured, most importantly, by the fact that the tool is being ported by the parent company, Florida Rock, to each of its other ready-mix concrete companies. Second, the corporation is sufficiently convinced of its importance that they have begun promoting this methodology as a “best practice” at the World of Concrete and ConAgg industry conventions.
Maximum likelihood detection with intermittent observations

The decentralized detection performance, using wireless passive sensor networks, is analyzed according to the minimum probability of error criterion. Passive sensors communicate their measurements to the reader using data network packets, and therefore, the two main phenomena affecting the detection performance are packet loss and packet delay. In this paper, we formulate the decentralized detection problem with passive sensors and show that the optimal decision rule with packet loss is the likelihood ratio test. We present a comparative analysis study between detection with ideal and non-ideal channels, for the problem of DC level detection in White Gaussian Noise. We validate the analytical results using Monte Carlo Simulation study. Finally, we present a simple scheme for adaptive detector design, to restore the original detection performance, with the cost of increasing the delay for detection.
Why we need more basic biology research, not less

Much of the spectacular progress in biomedical science over the last half-century is the direct consequence of the work of thousands of basic scientists whose primary goal was understanding of the fundamental working of living things. Despite this, many politicians, funders, and even scientists have come to believe that the pace of successful applications to medical diagnosis and therapy is limited by our willingness to focus directly on human health, rather than a continuing deficit of understanding. By this theory, curiosity-driven research, aimed at understanding, is no longer important or even useful. What is advocated instead is “translational” research aimed directly at treating disease. I believe this idea to be deeply mistaken. Recent history suggests instead that what we have learned in the last 50 years is only the beginning. The way forward is to invest more in basic science, not less.
Feeding behavior of Calanus pacificus in mixtures of food particles1

The hypothesis was proposed that apparent size-selective feeding by copepods is not behaviorally determined. The hypothesis was tested by feeding adult females of Calanus pacificus pairs of single-celled diatoms of different sizes and comparing predicted and observed clearance rates on the two sizes of cells. In 24 experiments, reprcscnting a broad range of relative proportions of two sizes of cells, individual abundances of two sizes of cells, and absolute abundance of food, C. pacificus invariably filtered the large ccl1 at a higher rate than the small cell. This suggested a strong passive or mechanical component to apparent size-selective feeding in C. pacificus. Measurements of clearance rates of the copepod on different size-classes of single diatom species and of feeding behavior of copepods in suspensions containing several sizes of plastic spheres and diatoms supported this interpretation. It is concluded that C. pacificus differentially filters particles OF different sizes and that the mechanism is purely mechanical, reflecting variable retention efficiency of the second maxillae for particles of different sizes. That is, the copepod indiscriminantly filters suspensions of food particles, but captures, handles, and ingests large particles more- efficiently than small particles. The size composition of marine phytoplankton may markedly influence the reproductive performance and, hence, population growth of planktonic herbivores (Parsons and LcBrasscur 1970), but the effect is not now predictable, in part, because we do not clearly perceive how different species and sizes of planktonic herbivores feed on natural assemblages of plants. Prominent among the planktonic herbivores in the ocean are filter-feeding or particle-grazing Calanoid copepods. When they are fed simple mixtures of algal cells in the laboratory, they appear to be size selective, seemingly preferring to cat larger particles (Richman and Rogers 1969, and references therein). IIowever, preference has ncvcr been definitively established in such experiments and purely mechanical aspects of the feeding process in copepods may be responsible for the apparent preferential feeding ( Frost 1972). For example, when adult females of Calanus pacificus Brodsky
The Women Were Always Welcome at Clark

: In absolute and relative terms, since its founding in 1921, the Graduate School of Geography at Clark University has played a major role in educating women geographers. This article examines the period from the 1920s to the early 1970s, when Clark was most distinctive in its representation of women in comparison to other institutions. I examine patterns of enrollment, how the women came to choose Clark, their experiences of the institution and of the job market, and the regional, national, and international connections of Clark women. I pay attention to the women's perspectives and to their relationships with faculty and alumni, especially founding director Wallace Atwood, questioning whether Ellen Churchill Semple's presence on the Clark faculty in its first decade had any positive effect on women students' relations to Clark. The themes are analyzed in relation to currents in the institution, the discipline, American higher education, and gender roles in U.S. society. Key issues that emerge are the occupational segregation within the discipline before the 1960s, which led to women being associated primarily with teacher training institutions and, to some extent, women's colleges; Atwood's commitment to geographic education; the importance of Clark networks; and the women's valuing of a collaborative atmosphere and of field education.
Filter design and calibration for fingernail sensors to measure fingertip forces and finger posture

When the human fingertip is pressed against a surface or bent, the hemodynamic state of the fingertip is altered due to mechanical interactions between the fingernail and bone. Normal force, shear force, and finger extension/flexion all result in different patterns of blood volume beneath the fingernail. This phenomenon has been exploited in order to detect finger forces and finger posture by creating a photoplethysmograph "fingernail sensor," which measures the two-dimensional pattern of blood volume beneath the fingernail. In this paper, a filter is designed to predict the normal force, lateral shear force, longitudinal shear force, and bending angle based on readings from the fingernail sensor. Linear, polynomial and neural network models are proposed as candidates for the predictor framework. A method is developed to uniformly calibrate the predictor for each user. Calibration experiments are performed to train and validate the predictor for seven human subjects. Results indicate that a simple linear model performs best, predicting shear forces with an average of 0.5 N r.m.s. error and normal force with an average of 1.0 N r.m.s. error.
Testing Models of Fatty Acid Transfer and Lipid Synthesis in Spinach Leaf Using in Vivo Oxygen-18 Labeling

Oxygen-18 labeling has been applied to the study of plant lipid biosynthesis for the first time. [(13)C(2)(18)O(2)]Acetate was incubated with spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaves and the (18)O content in fatty acid methyl esters isolated from different lipid classes measured by gas chromatography-mass spectometry. Fatty acids isolated from lipids synthesized within the plastid, such as monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, show an (18)O content consistent with the exogenous acetate undergoing a single activation step and with the direct utilization of acyl-acyl carrier protein by the acyl transferases of the chloroplast. In contrast, fatty acids isolated from lipids assembled in the cytosol, such as phosphatidylcholine, show a 50% reduction in the (18)O content. This is indicative of export of the fatty acyl groups from the plastid via a free carboxylate anion, and is consistent with the acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase:acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) synthetase mediated export mechanism. If this were not the case and the acyl group was transferred directly from acyl-acyl carrier protein to an acyl acceptor on the cytosolic side, there would be either complete retention of (18)O or, less likely, complete loss of (18)O, but not a 50% loss of (18)O. Thus, existing models for fatty acid transfer from the plastid and for spatially separate synthesis of "prokaryotic" and "eukaryotic" lipids have both been confirmed.
Cross-priming of cyclin B1, MUC-1 and survivin-specific CD8+ T cells by dendritic cells loaded with killed allogeneic breast cancer cells

The ability of dendritic cells (DCs) to take up whole tumor cells and process their antigens for presentation to T cells ('cross-priming') is an important mechanism for induction of tumor specific immunity. In vitro generated DCs were loaded with killed allogeneic breast cancer cells and offered to autologous naive CD8+ T cells in 2-week and/or 3-week cultures. CD8+ T cell differentiation was measured by their capacity to secrete effector cytokines (interferon-γ) and kill breast cancer cells. Specificity was measured using peptides derived from defined breast cancer antigens. We found that DCs loaded with killed breast cancer cells can prime naive CD8+ T cells to differentiate into effector cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Importantly, these CTLs primed by DCs loaded with killed HLA-A*0201- breast cancer cells can kill HLA-A*0201+ breast cancer cells. Among the tumor specific CTLs, we found that CTLs specific for HLA-A2 restricted peptides derived from three well known shared breast tumor antigens, namely cyclin B1, MUC-1 and survivin. This ability of DCs loaded with killed allogeneic breast cancer cells to elicit multiantigen specific immunity supports their use as vaccines in patients with breast cancer.
Developing Information Fluency in Introductory Biology Students in the Context of an Investigative Laboratory

Students of biology must learn the scientific method for generating information in the field. Concurrently, they should learn how information is reported and accessed. We developed a progressive set of exercises for the undergraduate introductory biology laboratory that combine these objectives. Pre- and postassessments of approximately 100 students suggest that increases occurred, some statistically significant, in the number of students using various library-related resources, in the numbers and confidence level of students using various technologies, and in the numbers and confidence levels of students involved in various activities related to the scientific method. Following this course, students should be better prepared for more advanced and independent study.
The Light Chain of CD98 Is Identified as E16/TA1 Protein

The 80/40-kDa CD98 protein complex was purified using an anti-CD98 heavy chain monoclonal antibody coupled to Sepharose beads. Eluted proteins were subjected to preparative SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and protein corresponding to the 40-kDa CD98 light chain was excised. Following proteolysis with trypsin, a peptide fragment was sequenced by mass spectrometry. The nine residues obtained were identical to established C-terminal sequences of the human E16 and rat TA1 proteins, suggesting that TA1/E16 protein is the CD98 light chain. Consistent with this, anti-TA1/E16 antibodies specifically immunoblotted the approximately 35-40-kDa light chain present upon immunoprecipitation of the human CD98 complex. Furthermore, anti-CD98 heavy chain antibody specifically co-immunoprecipitated hemagglutinin-tagged light chain from cells transfected with hemagglutinin-tagged E16 cDNA. In conclusion, the CD98 light chain is identical to the TA1/E16 protein, based on partial amino acid sequence identity, antibody cross-reactivity, genetic reconstitution evidence, similar molecular size, and comparable cell distribution.
Characterization and Mechanisms of Thymic Atrophy in Protein-Malnourished Mice: Role of Corticosterone

The purpose of this project was to characterize changes in murine T lymphocyte subpopulations during thymic atrophy induced by protein malnutrition and to determine the role of elevated serum corticosterone in this process. A suitable animal model was generated by placing mice on protein-sufficient (PS) and protein-deficient (PD) diets for 6 weeks. Body weight was monitored to determine the establishment and maintenance of malnutrition. Results obtained using PD mice indicated a direct correlation between serum corticosterone levels and thymic atrophy. Furthermore, results of the experiments using mice implanted with corticosterone-impregnated pellets indicated that corticosterone alone, at the levels observed in PD mice, induced thymic atrophy in normal mice. These results demonstrate that the thymic atrophy induced by protein malnutrition is primarily due to elevated serum corticosterone. As indicated by flow cytometric analysis, the number of cells in all thymocyte subpopulations decreased as protein malnutrition continued, possibly reflecting depletion of immature CD4-/CD8- and CD4+/CD8+ cells, ultimately resulting in loss of mature CD4+ and CD8+ cells. TCR expression by PD thymocytes, especially those with high levels of CD3, increased during the dietary period. Mice implanted with corticosterone pellets experienced severe losses of CD4+/CD8+ cells, resulting in thymocyte subpopulation and CD3 profiles more similar to those of hydrocortisone-injected mice than those of PD mice. Therefore, whereas thymic atrophy in protein-malnourished mice seems to be caused by elevated serum corticosterone, it appears that additional factors further modulate thymocyte proliferation, differentiation, and/or death in this system.
Health and safety intervention with first-time mothers

A health education program was evaluated which used child development specialists as home visitors and served a population of first-time mothers living in rural communities. The evaluation compared health and safety outcomes between intervention and control groups. The research staff, separate from the intervention staff, collected data in the homes of 156 intervention and 107 control mothers when the infants were 6 and 12 months old. Significant group differences were found on health and safety outcomes. As compared with controls, the intervention mothers (i) had safer homes; (ii) were more likely to use birth control, thus had fewer pregnancies since birth of their first child; (iii) reported smoking fewer cigarettes; (iv) knew more about effects of smoking on their child's health and (v) were more likely to use health department services. In sum, mothers who received early education home visits from child development specialists experienced positive health and safety outcomes. It is highly recommended that a program such as this be implemented as part of health delivery program with new mothers and infants.
Commentary: Lipids and Liposomes can do More Than Carry Drugs: Phosphatidylserine as a Regulator of Blood Coagulation

AbstractIt is time that we consider applications of the properties of lipid molecules for other than building grocery bags for carrying therapeutic drugs from the pharmacy to sick cells. Lipids have other functions in the cell besides being components of bilayer-based membranes that separate cellular components. Aside from their role as barriers to diffusion, membranes serve to organize a good deal of cellular chemistry. They also provide lipid molecules that serve to regulate key elements of this chemistry. A great deal of lipid research now focuses on issues related to drug delivery via liposomes. Much of this is published in The Journal of Liposome Research. Is it not time that we “greasers” and this journal point towards lipids as the drugs as well as the drug carriers? The purpose of this brief comment is to review the role of lipids (especially PS) as regulators of cellular chemistry, with special emphasis being placed on the role of PS in regulating blood coagulation.
Grief in children and adolescents bereaved by sudden parental death.

Context Major advances have been made in our understanding of the phenomenology and course of grief in adults. However, little is known about the course of grief in children and adolescents. Objective We report on the course of children's and adolescents' grief reactions after sudden parental death and the effect of those reactions on subsequent psychiatric and functional status. Design Longitudinal study (July 1, 2002, through January 16, 2007) of bereaved children, adolescents, and families, with yearly comprehensive assessments as long as 3 years after parental death. Setting Bereaved children and adolescents and their surviving parents recruited through coroners' records and a newspaper advertisement. Participants A total of 182 parentally bereaved children and adolescents aged 7 through 18 years whose parent died due to suicide, unintentional injury, or sudden natural causes. Main Outcome Measures Grief, functional impairment, and incident depression. Results Three distinct trajectories of grief reactions were observed in the study participants. In 1 group, which consisted of 10.4% of the sample, grief reactions showed no change 33 months after death. Children and adolescents with prolonged grief reactions had higher rates of previous personal history of depression. Prolonged grief made unique contributions to increased levels of functional impairment, even after controlling for the clinical characteristics before and after the death. Conversely, prolonged grief in children, adolescents, and the surviving caregiver predisposed children and adolescents to an increased hazard of incident depression. Another group (30.8%) showed increased grief reactions 9 months after the death, which gradually decreased over time. Despite this finding, grief reactions in this group also were associated with functional impairment and increased risk of incident depression. Conclusions Grief reactions abate over time for most children and adolescents bereaved by sudden parental death; however, a subset shows increased or prolonged grief reactions, which in turn increases the risk of functional impairment and depression. Research regarding interventions designed to relieve the burden of grief in bereaved children and adolescents are needed. Such efforts also should assess and address grief reactions in the surviving parent.
Sanctioning the selfish: the operation of Portugal's new 'Bad Samaritan' statute

In 1982, Portugal followed the precedent of most European legal systems by criminally penalizing persons who fail to provide aid or summon help for those requiring such assistance. Anglo-American legal codes, with rare exceptions, have resisted penalizing such acts of omission, and jurisprudents have defended this position with a variety of ethical and legal explanations. The article examines the initial cases which came before the courts under the new Portuguese law in order to provide empirical information bearing on traditional objections to criminalizing failure-to-rescue. It then critically reviews general reservations about duty-to-rescue provisions
Safety assessment of breast cancer detection via ultrawideband microwave radar operating in swept-frequency mode

Ultrawideband (UWB) microwave radar is a promising modality for detecting early-stage breast cancer. In our current prototype, we synthesize an antenna array by scanning a single antenna to each array position and sequentially transmitting a swept-frequency signal and receiving the backscatter. Our UWB radar operates in the 1-11 GHz frequency band. While it has been assumed that low-power UWB microwave breast cancer detection technology poses no health risk, it is important to formally evaluate the absorption of electromagnetic energy in the breast to establish the safety of such exposure prior to clinical implementation. In this paper, we report the results of finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) investigations of the specific absorption rate (SAR) in 3-D numerical breast models due to microwave radiation in the 1-11 GHz frequency band.
Towards pervasive physical rehabilitation using Microsoft Kinect

The use of Virtual Reality technology for developing tools for rehabilitation has attracted significant interest in the physical therapy arena. This paper presents a comparison of motion tracking performance between the low-cost Microsoft Kinect and the high fidelity OptiTrack optical system. Data is collected on six upper limb motor tasks that have been incorporated into a game-based rehabilitation application. The experiment results show that Kinect can achieve competitive motion tracking performance as OptiTrack and provide “pervasive” accessibility that enables patients to take rehabilitation treatment in clinic and home environment.
Generalized principal components analysis and its application in approximate stochastic realization

The state of a linear system is an information interface betwen the past and the future, and approximate realization is essentially a problem of approximating an apparently high-dimensional interface by a low-order partial state. In this chapter, we generalize the ideas of principal components to the problem of approximating the information interface between two random vectors. Two such generalizations exist in the statistical literature [1,2]. Applications of these generalizations to the partial-state selection problem lead to three approximate stochastic realization methods. We discuss these methods and the partial-state selection criterion that each optimizes. We also study their relation to determinstic identification and balanced model reduction.
Effects of hydrobiotites on Sr89 absorption and deposition in chicks.

SummaryData from an investigation of oral administration of radiostrontium (Sr89) to chicks indicates that feeding either untreated or acid activated verxite, a high purity hydrobiotite, is not effective in preventing absorption and deposition of radioactive strontium in the chick.
Introduction: Overriding Public Values, in Public Values in Constitutional Law (Ann Arbor, Mi: University of Michigan Press, Stephen E. Gottlieb, Ed., 1993)

One way to describe constitutional law has been concern with security, driven by fear not only of crime, insurrection, and subversion, but fear of rights, fear that claims of life, liberty, and property would cripple the Republic. Yet these very fears can be positively described as concern with that selfsame life, liberty, property, equality, and democracy. Therein lies a vision not of fear but of hope -- a vision generous enough to embrace those values of the Preamble the Court has held are not empowering but only precatory -- general welfare, liberty, and justice. The essay explores these very different visions of constitutional law and their implications.
Sulfate and oxalate exchange for bicarbonate across the basolateral membrane of rabbit ileum.

The purpose of these studies was to further define the transport of SO4(2-) and oxalate across the basolateral membrane (BLM) of rabbit ileum. We previously found evidence for Cl-(-)SO4(2-) exchange but no evidence for carrier-mediated oxalate transport. A HCO3- gradient (but not a pH gradient) was found to stimulate SO4(2-) and oxalate uptake in BLM vesicles; uptake was inhibited by DIDS. Oxalate cis-inhibited HCO3- gradient SO4(2-) uptake and trans-stimulated SO4(2-) uptake, suggesting SO4(2-) and oxalate used the same carrier (SO4(2-)- and oxalate-HCO3-exchange). Cl- had no effect on HCO3- gradient-stimulated SO4(2-) uptake, indicating that Cl(-)-SO4(2-) exchange was a different carrier. Other substrates found to be transported on the HCO3- exchanger were oxaloacetate and S2O3(2-)-.SO4(2-), S2O3(2-). and oxalate were found to also use the SO4(2-)-Cl- exchanger, whereas oxalate was only transported on the HCO3- exchanger. SO4(2-)-HCO3- exchange was found on villus, but not crypt cell, BLM. These results indicate that there is a SO4(2-)-HCO3- exchanger on the BLM of villus cells that also transports oxalate, and along with our previous studies, the results provide evidence for the transepithelial transport of oxalate.
A Transactional Theory of Political Integration and Arms Control

Nominally, the English became a nation in the eighth century but did not achieve political integration until the seventeenth century, a thousand years later. During the millennium, the English “nation” was the scene of recurring internal wars, the last ending with the acceptance of the Bill of Rights by William III and Mary in 1688. What was the process leading to cessation in the use of armed conflict as a technique of domestic politics in England?Nominally, Mexico was an independent nation in 1821 but did not see the end of its internal wars until the 1940's. What political process led to domestic “arms control” in Mexico?Although taking place in different centuries and in nations with distinct political cultures, were there common elements in the two transitions to internal arms control? What were critical factors in the integrative process? May the same factors, or analogous ones, be identified and controlled in contemporary efforts related to regional and international arms control? What may be learned from the English, the Mexican, and other national cases that is generalizable to the problem of international political integration and arms control?The present theory sketch views arms control as an aspect of the integration of political organizations. Political integration, in turn, is the consequence of a process of political transactions among principal political actors over time.
Effect of ACTH on wound healing in humans.

SummaryObservations are presented indicating that during hyperadrenalism induced by ACTH there is inhibition of wound healing in humans. The value of these observations as a means of studying the effects of hyperadrenalism at the tissue level is implied.
Sensitivity of Bacterial Isolates from Eggs of A phis pomi to Erwinia amyloyora Bacteriophages

Bactrial isolations from eggs of the apple aphid, Aphis pomi De Geer, were made during the winters of 1961-62 and 1962-63. In the former, eggs were surface sterilized by immersion in a 10% commercial hypochlorite solution after which aliquots of crushed and uncrushed eggs were cultured in nutrient yeast dextrose broth (NYDB) and then plated on nutrient yeast dextrose agar (NYDA). In the latter, eggs were accumulated on NYDA plates in groups of 20 and strips of the agar medium containing eggs were ground in NYDB, the homogenate incubated for 18 hr at 28°C, and plated on NYDA. Bacteriophage specific for the fireblight organism ( Erwinia amylovora ) was applied to each plate and in 12 hr read for confluent lysis. A total of 156 bacterial isolates was obtained which could be grouped into 15 categories based on colony morphology. Virulence was ascertained by inoculation into plant tissue. Three categories predominated: white rough; yellow mucoid; and white smooth. Of these, 14 of the 46 white rough isolates were sensitive to the phage but avirulent. None of the yellow mucoids were sensitive although one proved virulent in apple tissue. One white smooth isolate was sensitive and virulent. The remaining isolates were insensitive and avirulent.
Bioinformatics programs are 31-fold over-represented among the highest impact scientific papers of the past two decades.

Motivation : To analyze the relative proportion of bioinformatics papers and their non-bioinformatics counterparts in the top 20 most cited papers annually for the past two decades. Results : When defining bioinformatics papers as encompassing both those that provide software for data analysis or methods underlying data analysis software, we find that over the past two decades, more than a third (34%) of the most cited papers in science were bioinformatics papers, which is approximately a 31-fold enrichment relative to the total number of bioinformatics papers published. More than half of the most cited papers during this span were bioinformatics papers. Yet, the average 5-year JIF of top 20 bioinformatics papers was 7.7, whereas the average JIF for top 20 non-bioinformatics papers was 25.8, significantly higher (P < 4.5 × 10 ⁻²⁹). The 20-year trend in the average JIF between the two groups suggests the gap does not appear to be significantly narrowing. For a sampling of the journals producing top papers, bioinformatics journals tended to have higher Gini coefficients, suggesting that development of novel bioinformatics resources may be somewhat ‘hit or miss’. That is, relative to other fields, bioinformatics produces some programs that are extremely widely adopted and cited, yet there are fewer of intermediate success. Contact : jdwren@gmail.com Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Laboratory diagnoses of patients with unknown fever and viral encephalitides in Fujian Province,China

Viral encephalitides(VE) are excluded in the list of notifiable infectious diseases for lack of systemic monitoring and specific laboratory test methods in China.In this study,the etiological profile of patients with unknown fever and viral encephalitides was investigated in three prefectures in Fujian Province between January and December,2010.Among the 382 patients,serum specimens from 128 unknown fever cases and 176 viral encephalitis cases,and cerebrospinal fluid specimens from 78 viral encephalitis cases were collected.Five causative agents for viral encephalitides including Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV),echovirus(ECHOV),coxsackie virus(CoxV),herpes simplex virus(HSV),and mumps virus(MuV) were detected by virus-specific IgM antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(ELISA) and nucleic amplification tests(NAT).Eighty-one specimens were detected positive in either one test,with positive rates of 37/128 in unknown fever cases and 44/176 in viral encephalitis cases,respectively.It was revealed by NAT that 8 specimens were positive,including 7 infection cases of ECHOV and CoxV,and one HSV infection.Remarkably,the infection rate of enteroviruses(EVs) ranked(54/382) on top of the virus panel,accounting for 74.4%(29/39) in positive cases of the 0-10 year-old group.Apart from JE that had a single epidemic peak in July and August,no seasonal cluster was observed from March to December by epidemiological analysis.Therefore,four viruses,i.e.,EVs,JEV,MuV and HSV,contributed to unknown fever and viral encephalitis cases in Fujian Province,2010,while EV infections were predominant.
Age-related differences in the neural correlates of trial-to-trial variations of reaction time

Intra-subject variation in reaction time (ISVRT) is a developmentally-important phenomenon that decreases from childhood through young adulthood in parallel with the development of executive functions and networks. Prior work has shown a significant association between trial-by-trial variations in reaction time (RT) and trial-by-trial variations in brain activity as measured by the blood-oxygenated level-dependent (BOLD) response in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. It remains unclear, however, whether such "RT-BOLD" relationships vary with age. Here, we determined whether such trial-by-trial relationships vary with age in a cross-sectional design. We observed an association between age and RT-BOLD relationships in 11 clusters located in visual/occipital regions, frontal and parietal association cortex, precentral/postcentral gyrus, and thalamus. Some of these relationships were negative, reflecting increased BOLD associated with decreased RT, manifesting around the time of stimulus presentation and positive several seconds later. Critically for present purposes, all RT-BOLD relationships increased with age. Thus, RT-BOLD relationships may reflect robust, measurable changes in the brain-behavior relationship across development.
Cardiovascular nuclear medicine: a progress report.

Providing insights into the functional state of the myocardium not available from other techniques, cardiovascular nuclear medicine is being applied more and more in coronary care units, where it makes possible frequent monitoring of function, and in exercise testing of outpatients. In addition, a nuclear “stethoscope” that generates a left ventricular volume curve may soon bring this valuable resource into office practice.
Profile of the Behavior

Clearly, effective analysis, intervention, and improvement begin after identifying the situational attributes that make problem-prone behavior even more likely to occur in the often stressful health-care setting.
Mental Health Concerns in the Digital Age

This article provides a comprehensive look at society’s use of technology including the Internet, smartphones, and other digital devices and it’s apparent effects on people’s mental health. Negative consequences from technology overuse impact an individual behaviorally, affectively, and cognitively. Advantageous counseling interventions and treatment options are discussed as methods to reduce effects of technology abuse and isolation from the real world and help clients find a balance in connectivity. The authors discuss signs of potential pathological technology use and concern for Internet addiction as well as the DSM-5’s proposed Internet Gaming Disorder. Detrimental impacts on adults, adolescents, and children from continual connectivity are explained. Consequences of attachment to technology include lowered social skills, self-motivation, emotional intelligence, and empathy and increased conflict with others, ADHD, and depression in younger populations. Mental health concerns increase with society’s reduced social interactions resulting from increased technological use and dependence on social media for communication.
Understanding the role of ethnicity in outdoor recreation experiences.

Outdoor recreation on national forests near large urban centers is changing and diversifying as users of many ethnic and racial backgrounds increasingly choose urban-proximate forests as recreation...
Anisotropic fluid dynamics for Gubser flow

Exploring a variety of closing schemes to the infinite hierarchy of momentum moments of the exactly solvable Boltzmann equation for systems undergoing Gubser flow, we study the precision with which the resulting hydrodynamic equations reproduce the exact evolution of hydrodynamic moments of the distribution function. We find that anisotropic hydrodynamics, obtained by expanding the distribution function around a dynamically evolving locally anisotropic background whose evolution is matched to exactly reproduce the macroscopic pressure anisotropy caused by the different longitudinal and transverse expansion rates in Gubser flow, provides the most accurate macroscopic description of the microscopic kinetic evolution. This confirms a similar earlier finding for Bjorken flow [Moln\'ar et al., Phys. Rev. D 94, 125003 (2016)]. We explain the physics behind this optimal matching procedure and show that one can efficiently correct for a nonoptimized matching choice by adding a residual shear stress to the energy-momentum tensor whose evolution is again determined by the Boltzmann equation.
Mathematische und logische Gegenstände: Zahlen, Klassen und Mengen

Schon in der pythagoreischen Metaphysik spielten mathematische Gegenstande, insbesondere ganze Zahlen und geometrische Figuren, eine wichtige Rolle, und unter dem Einfluss der Pythagoreer wurden sie bei Platon zu paradigmatischen abstrakten Objekten bzw.