cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A small-incision muscle hook for the parks cul-de-sac approach for strabismus surgery

Background One of Dr. Marshall Parks' most valuable contributions to strabology was his cul-de-sac ("fornix") approach to strabismus surgery. This approach provides better comfort, faster healing and less conjunctival scarring than previous approaches. Tearing of the conjunctiva can occur, however, especially in older patients with thin and friable conjunctival tissues. Methods To facilitate the cul-de-sc approach through a small incision, especially in older patients, I designed a new "small-incision" muscle hook. Results A new sharp second bend combined with sharpening of the bend in the heel (creating literally an "S" bend) in the Jameson style eye muscle hook enables burying of the knee or heel of the hook in the wound, allowing reflection of the conjunctiva over the ball or toe of the hook without tearing. I have used and treasured this hook for over six years, routinely using the cul-de-sac approach to strabismus surgery in both children and adults. Conclusions This new small- incision muscle hook complements the cul-de-sac approach to strabismus surgery by allowing the use of a smaller incision while significantly decreasing the risk of conjunctival tearing.
Effect of Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acids Added to Statin Therapy on Coronary Artery Plaque in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

BackgroundAlthough statins reduce cardiovascular events, residual risk remains. Therefore, additional modalities are needed to reduce risk. We evaluated the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid and doco...
Front-end electronic readout system for the Belle II imaging Time-Of-Propagation detector

Abstract The Time-Of-Propagation detector is a Cherenkov particle identification detector based on quartz radiator bars for the Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB e + e − − collider. The purpose of the detector is to identify the type of charged hadrons produced in e + e − − collisions, and requires a single photon timing resolution below 100 picoseconds. A novel front-end electronic system was designed, built, and integrated to acquire data from the 8192 microchannel plate photomultiplier tube channels in the detector. Waveform sampling of these analog signals is done by switched-capacitor array application-specific integrated circuits. The processes of triggering, digitization of windows of interest, readout, and data transfer to the Belle II data acquisition system are managed by Xilinx Zynq-7000 programmable system on a chip devices.
LISP, Lore, and Logic: An Algebraic View of LISP Programming, Foundations, and Applications

This is a presentation of LISP which is both practical and theoretical. For the practical, the syntax of the language, the programming styles, and the semantics of computation are carefully developed. For the theoretical, the algebra of interpreters, the lambda calculus as a foundation for LISP, and the algebraic significance of LISP's approach to artificial intelligence are discussed. As the title suggests, the book reaches beyond the technical side of LISP to present applications, historical comments and quotations, computational philosophy, and consequences of LISP's power.
e-Consults in gastroenterology: An opportunity for innovative care.

Background and aimDeploy and evaluate a gastroenterology (GI) electronic consultation (e-consult) program. E-consults are a promising approach to enhance provider communication, facilitate timely s...
Influence of the home and family environment on childhood dysfunction

Most clinical as well as developmental psychologists believe that, regardless of genetic, biological, or constitutional factors that may be involved, home and family social-environmental conditions have a significant causal influence on the appearance and maintenance of children’s dysfunctional behavior. Some of the cultural, theoretical, and empirical bases for this environmentalist assumption have been reviewed by Lomax (1985), who noted that, despite some occasional waxing and waning and some significant holdouts, the general commitment to this view has progressively increased and become widespread during the past century. Although Bell’s (1968, 1971) comments were intended to emphasize the importance of considering the effect of children on their caregivers, he also touched on several aspects of the American social and political framework that support this pervasive environmentalism.
Electrically-Pumped 1.31 μm MQW Lasers by Direct Epitaxy on Wafer-Bonded InP-on-SOI Substrate

We present room-temperature continuous-wave lasing of 1.31 μm multi-quantum well lasers by direct epitaxy on a wafer-bonded InP-on-SOI substrate. The grown laser structure shows significantly low dislocation density of 9.5×104 cm−2, leading to a minimal threshold current density of 813 A/cm2.
The Role of the Revised Stanford Protocol in Today's Precision Medicine

Whereas the original Stanford protocol relied on a tiered approach to care to avoid unnecessary surgery, it did not address the issue of surgical relapse, a common concern among sleep medicine specialists. With 3 decades of experience since the original 2-tiered Powell-Riley protocol was introduced and the role of evolving skeletal techniques and upper airway stimulation, we are pleased to present our current protocol. This update includes emphasis on the facial skeletal development with impact on function including nasal breathing, and the incorporation of upper airway stimulation. The increased versatility of palatopharyngoplasty as an adjunctive procedure is also discussed.
ROLE OF POSSIBLE IMMUNE MECHANISMS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOLERANCE

Although a number of chapters in this book deal with various aspects of tolerance (see Chapters 19 and 20), it would be extremely difficult to discuss some possible mechanisms involved in the development of tolerance without briefly reviewing the major theories that have been proposed to explain this puzzling and intriguing phenomenon.
Peripheral Arterial Disease and Diabetes Mellitus

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is the partial or total occlusion of peripheral arteries and is usually due to atherosclerotic disease. It can be diagnosed in a variety of ways; however it is objectively most commonly defined as an ankle-brachial index < 0.9. It results in a spectrum of manifestations ranging from asymptomatic disease, intermittent claudication, rest pain, tissue loss, to gangrene. Furthermore the presence of PAD is a coronary artery disease equivalent and puts patients at risk for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications and mortality. While PAD and diabetes share many risk factors, they also share the same endpoints; in fact the severity and progression of PAD are accelerated when associated with diabetes. Patients with diabetes are among those most vulnerable to developing PAD, and they suffer the most complications and worst outcomes, making early detection and risk factor modification paramount in their treatment.
Calcium Intake and Serum Calcium Level in Relation to the Risk of Ischemic Stroke: Findings from the REGARDS Study.

Background and purpose Data on the association between calcium (Ca) and ischemic stroke are sparse and inconsistent. This study aimed to examine Ca intake and serum Ca levels in relation to risk of ischemic stroke. Methods The primary analysis included 19,553 participants from the Reasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study. A subcohort was randomly selected to create a case-cohort study (n=3,016), in which serum Ca levels were measured. Ischemic stroke cases were centrally adjudicated by physicians based on medical records. Cox proportional hazards regression for the cohort and weighted Cox proportional hazard regression with robust sandwich estimation method for the case-cohort analysis with adjustment for potential confounders were performed. Results During a mean 8.3-year follow-up, 808 incident cases of ischemic stroke were documented. Comparing the highest quintile to the lowest, a statistically significant inverse association was observed between total Ca intake and risk of ischemic stroke (hazard ratio [HR], 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55 to 0.95; Plinear-trend=0.183); a restricted cubic spline analysis indicated a threshold effect like non-linear association of total Ca intake with ischemic stroke (Pnon-linear=0.006). In the case-cohort, serum Ca was inversely associated with the risk of ischemic stroke. Compared to the lowest, the highest quintile of serum Ca had a 27% lower risk of ischemic stroke (HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.99; Plinear-trend=0.013). Observed associations were mainly mediated by type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol. Conclusion s These findings suggest that serum Ca has inverse and Ca intake has threshold effect like association with risk of ischemic stroke.
Electrolyte Lifetime in Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries: A Critical Review

Aqueous organic redox flow batteries (RFBs) could enable widespread integration of renewable energy, but only if costs are sufficiently low. Because the levelized cost of storage for an RFB is a function of electrolyte lifetime, understanding and improving the chemical stability of active reactants in RFBs is a critical research challenge. We review known or hypothesized molecular decomposition mechanisms for all five classes of aqueous redox-active organics and organometallics for which cycling lifetime results have been reported: quinones, viologens, aza-aromatics, iron coordination complexes, and nitroxide radicals. We collect, analyze, and compare capacity fade rates from all aqueous organic electrolytes that have been utilized in the capacity-limiting side of flow or hybrid flow/nonflow cells, noting also their redox potentials and demonstrated concentrations of transferrable electrons. We categorize capacity fade rates as being "high" (>1%/day), "moderate" (0.1-1%/day), "low" (0.02-0.1%/day), and "extremely low" (≤0.02%/day) and discuss the degree to which the fade rates have been linked to decomposition mechanisms. Capacity fade is observed to be time-denominated rather than cycle-denominated, with a temporal rate that can depend on molecular concentrations and electrolyte state of charge through, e.g., bimolecular decomposition mechanisms. We then review measurement methods for capacity fade rate and find that simple galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling is inadequate for assessing capacity fade when fade rates are low or extremely low and recommend refining methods to include potential holds for accurately assessing molecular lifetimes under such circumstances. We consider separately symmetric cell cycling results, the interpretation of which is simplified by the absence of a different counter-electrolyte. We point out the chemistries with low or extremely low established fade rates that also exhibit open circuit potentials of 1.0 V or higher and transferrable electron concentrations of 1.0 M or higher, which are promising performance characteristics for RFB commercialization. We point out important directions for future research.
Into and out of the cochlea: A re-implantation saga.

Introduction: In patients with normal inner ear architecture at imaging and who received a prior cochlear implant (CI) without difficulty, the expectation is that replacing a failed CI should be st...
Comparison of regional analgesia techniques for pleurodesis pain in pediatric patients.

Background Mechanical pleurodesis can prevent recurrence of spontaneous pneumothorax but is associated with significant postoperative pain. Adequate pain control is not only beneficial for patient comfort but also critical for mobilization and pulmonary recovery. Thoracic epidural catheters and paravertebral blocks have been used to alleviate pain after thoracoscopic surgery. However, no studies have evaluated the safety and efficacy of paravertebral block vs epidural analgesia vs no block in children undergoing pleurodesis. Methods In this retrospective case series review, data were extracted from a single institution's integrated patient outcome database on children who underwent thoracoscopic pleurodesis from 2013 to 2018. Demographics, operative indication, procedure performed, and perioperative pain management were assessed by chart review. Patients whose operation was converted to thoracotomy, who had an underlying diagnosis of chronic pain, or who underwent pleurodesis for other indications were excluded. The primary outcomes were postoperative pain scores and opioid consumption. Secondary outcomes included psot anesthesia care unit length of stay, hospital length of stay, functional outcomes during recovery, and any adverse events. Results 66 patients met inclusion criteria: 23 received thoracic epidurals, 34 received paravertebral blocks, and 9 received no epidural/paravertebral block. Patient characteristics did not significantly differ among groups. Although mean pain scores were statistically significantly lower in the epidural group on post-op day 1, all three groups' pain scores were in the 1 to 3 out of 10 range during the entire postoperative period. Thus, this statistical significance had little clinical significance as all groups had good pain control. The epidural group had significantly lower opioid consumption on post-op days 0 - 2 compared to paravertebral block. No adverse events related to epidural or paravertebral block were noted. Discussion We present the an analysis of epidural vs paravertebral block (with comparison to no regional analgesia) following pleurodesis in children. Pain is well managed, regardless of the method; however, additional systemic opioid consumption was decreased in the epidural analgesia cohort. Prospective trials and comparisons with other analgesic techniques for pediatric thoracic surgeries are needed. Conclusions Thoracic epidural analgesia offers a reduction in opioid use in the first two post-op days after pleurodesis but did not produce a clinically significant reduction in pain scores in comparison with paravertebral block or no block.
The practice of social work with older adults: insights and opportunities for a growing profession: by Mary Kaplan, Baltimore, Maryland, Health, Professions Press, 2020, 211 pp., $38.99 (paperback), ISBN 9781938870866

Over the years, geriatric social work has gained more recognition within the broader social work profession. The growing aging population and increase in workforce demands for social workers in ger...
NAS Grid Benchmarks: A Tool for Grid Space Exploration

We present a benchmark suite for computational Grids. It is based on the NAS Parallel Benchmarks (NPB) and is called NAS Grid Benchmark (NGB) in this paper. We present NGB as a data flow graph encapsulating an instance of an NPB code in each graph node, which communicates with other nodes by sending/receiving initialization data. These nodes may be mapped to the same or different Grid machines. Like NPB, NGB specifies several different classes (problem sizes). NGB also specifies the generic Grid services sufficient for running the suite. The implementor has the freedom to choose any Grid environment. We describe a reference implementation in Java, and present some scenarios for using NGB.
Non-innocent ligand flavone and curcumin inspired ruthenium photosensitizers for solar energy conversion

A series of ruthenium photosensitizers incorporating a β-diketonate non-innocent ligand were synthesized, characterized, and implemented in dye-sensitized solar cells. Electrochemical studies exhibited well behaved reversible oxidations and reductions for all β-diketonate complexes. The acac− and Ph2acac− based photosensitizers possess limited delocalization across the ligand π*-manifold, which is significant for exhibition of respectable power conversion efficiencies in a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) device. As the π-orbital network was extended on the flavone and curcumin inspired NILs, increased molar absorptivity was observed, however this ultimately proved detrimental to DSC performance consistent with exhibition of negligible photocurrent.
Consumer Orientation and Competitor Awareness on Firm Performance in the Bottled Water Industry

Purpose: To assess the Influence of strategic positioning indicators namely customer orientation and competitor awareness on firm performance in the bottled water Industry, with sector standards as a moderating variable. Design/Method/Approach: This study adopted a quantitative methodology and cross-sectional explanatory study design of which a sample of 424 licensed bottled water firms were randomly selected. Structured questionnaires were distributed to the managers and a factor analysis was used to reduce the number of variables and establish the underlying constructs, while the analysis of moments of structures was applied to develop theory. Findings: It was found that there exists a positive and significant relationship among consumer orientation and competitor awareness on firm performance. The moderating effect of water sector standards on consumer orientation and firm performance was found to be statistically significant and operates fully or in part as a mediating variable in predicting the influence of competitor awareness on firm performance. Theoretical Implication: This study concluded that to enhance firms’ performance measured in terms of growth, there is need to manage and sustain consumers’ needs based on gender and age preferences, buying behavior as well as conducting market analysis and have internal capability to retaliate. Originality/Value: This study will not only add value to the existing body of knowledge in strategic management, but will also address the application of strategic position to improve firm performance. Research Limitations/Future Research: Since the study was quantitative, there was risk of omitted variable and nonresponse bias, limited access to performance data and lack of previous research on the subject. Future research should extend to other categories of firms which have diverse decision processes and purchase intentions amongst consumers. Paper type: Empirical
Analog IP Protection and Evaluation

The increasing cost of manufacturing integrated circuits (IC) has forced many companies to go fabless. With the outsourcing of IC fabrication in a globalized/distributed design flow, including multiple (potentially untrusted) entities, the semiconductor industry faces several challenging security threats. This fragility in the face of weak state-of-the-art intellectual property (IP) protection has resulted in hardware security vulnerabilities, such as IP piracy, overbuilding, reverse engineering, and hardware Trojans. To address these issues at the hardware level, different design-for-trust (DfTr) techniques, such as IC metering, watermarking, IC camouflaging, split manufacturing, and logic locking have been proposed to secure digital circuits. Though there are many DfTr techniques to secure digital circuits, there is a great dearth of techniques for analog and mixed-signal (AMS) IP protection. However, analog ICs are more prone to supply-chain attacks than digital ICs as they are easier to reverse engineer. This high vulnerability is due to their low transistor count compared to their digital counterparts. To address the impact of process variations, they also have predefined layout patterns, e.g., common-centroid. Analog ICs are not simple, although they have less number of transistors. Even with only hundreds of transistors, analog IC design requires highly experienced designers and a long time, as analog behaviors are quite complicated.
Landscape as a Resource for the Psyche, Physique and Social Interaction

Natural landscapes can enhance human well-being, increase concentration, reduce feelings of stress and negative emotions.
Acutely ill hematology/oncology patients with central-line associated bloodstream infections and the impact of timing of catheter removal on outcomes.

Abstract Background Hematology/oncology patients are at risk for central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI). The purpose was to determine if infection-related mortality, persistent bacteremia, and recurrent bacteremia were decreased with early central venous catheter (CVC) removal. Methods A case-matched, retrospective cohort study was conducted comparing patients with early catheter removal (≤12 hours) to late catheter removal (>12 hours) in hematology/oncology patients with CLABSI from June 1, 2015 to May 31, 2018. Patients were case-matched based on intensive care unit admission and presence of shock to control for severity of illness. Results/Discussion Of 148 patients meeting study inclusion, 128 (86.5%), had their CVC removed during hospitalization (median 11.8 hours). The majority had a hematologic malignancy (90.5%). Following case-matching, 48 patients remained in each group. The primary outcome of infection-related mortality, persistent bacteremia, or recurrent bacteremia occurred more frequently in the late catheter removal group compared to the early catheter removal group although this was not statistically significant (18.8% vs. 8.3%, p=0.136). Conclusions A lower incidence of infection-related mortality, persistent bacteremia, and recurrent bacteremia was found in patients early catheter removal; however the sample size was not adequate to detect statistical differences.. Investigators should continue to evaluate if early catheter removal confers a benefit in a larger patient population.
Parsimonious sidelobe control for transmit beamforming using multidimensional arrays

Two-dimensional (2D) transmit beamforming aims at focusing the transmitted energy within certain desired sector while minimizing the amount of energy in the out-of-sector regions. In this paper, we propose parsimonious formulations to the sidelobe control problem in 2D transmit beamforming with multidimensional arrays. The out-of-sector region is partitioned into a small number of subsectors where the subspace spanned by the steering vectors associated with the spatial directions within a certain subsecetor is approximated by the effective discrete- prolate spheroidal sequences associated with that subsector. Then, the sidelobe control is achieved by imposing constraints on the magnitude of the inner product between the 2D transmit beamforming weight vector and the discrete-prolate spheroidal sequences. Simulations examples are presented which show the effectiveness of the proposed formulations.
Designing and Implementing the TESOL Teaching Practicum Abroad: Focus on Interaction

■ The practical teaching course, also known as the practicum, is an essential component in graduate TESOL programs in the United States (Bailey, 2006; Crandall, 2000; Stoynoff, 1999). The rationale behind this course is to allow preservice teachers the opportunity "to acquire the practical skills and knowledge needed to function as effective language teacher [s]" (Richards & Crookes, 1988, p. 9). Traditionally, practicum program participants consist of a practicum supervisor, preservice teachers, mentor teachers, and language learners. We feel, however, that the traditional practicum course suffers in some ways because groups of participants do not interact sufficiently. One noteworthy absence of interaction is that between practicum supervisors and mentor teachers, even though this interaction is considered a critical element of the practice teaching experience (Richards & Crookes, 1988). Typically, supervisors facilitate the selection of mentor teachers and schools but, beyond that, may visit the schools only to assess the preservice teachers' activities once a semester. The fact that preservice teachers in campus-based practica are often not supervised in the actual language classrooms in which they are observing, assisting, and eventually teaching is problematic. First, their university supervisors have no control over the quality of training that preservice teachers receive in the schools. Additionally, the supervisors are limited in the amount of feedback and support they can give to the preservice teachers about their teaching in the cooperating classrooms. Another type of interaction often lacking in richness in the campusbased practicum is that between preservice teachers. Although some practicum programs encourage preservice teachers to give each other feedback through peer response, preservice teachers are not generally able to engage in intensive observations of each other's work in the cooperating classroom or to collaborate on lesson planning. One approach to increasing interaction between different practicum participants is to increase the authenticity of the practicum setting by, for example, offering the practicum outside the United States in an EFL context. This approach gives preservice teachers the opportunity to develop their teaching practices collaboratively while engaging with real language learners daily in authentic EFL classrooms. Additionally, pre-
Promising Uses of Calcium‐Channel Blocking Agents

It is not surprising that calcium-channel blocking agents, which have numerous effects on various physiologic systems, have been employed for several "unapproved" uses. This manuscript reviews reports that have appeared within the last two years describing unapproved cardiovascular and noncardiovascular uses of the three available calcium-channel blocking agents. The cardiovascular uses discussed include hypertensive emergencies, pulmonary hypertension, congestive heart failure, aortic insufficiency, Raynaud's phenomenon, migraine headaches, antiplatelet effects and cardiac surgery. Areas of noncardiovascular use include muscular dystrophy, achalasia, esophageal spasm, dysmenorrhea, preterm labor, asthma, hyperuricemia, mania and depression and endocrinologic and oncologic conditions. While some of the data appear promising, other reports are conflicting and contradictory. Furthermore, because much of the information comes from poorly controlled trials or anecdotal reports, even the more promising uses must be studied further and compared with conventional therapy.
Oxygen vacancies on SrO-terminated SrTi O 3 (001 ) surfaces studied by scanning tunneling spectroscopy

The electronic structure of $\mathrm{SrTi}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}(001)$ surfaces was studied using scanning tunneling spectroscopy and density-functional theory. With high dynamic range measurements, an in-gap transition level was observed on SrO-terminated surfaces, at 2.7 eV above the valence band maximum. The density of centers responsible for this level was found to increase with surface segregation of oxygen vacancies and decrease with exposure to molecular oxygen. Based on these findings, the level is attributed to surface O vacancies. A level at a similar energy is predicted theoretically on SrO-terminated surfaces. For $\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$-terminated surfaces, no discrete in-gap state was observed, although one is predicted theoretically. This lack of signal is believed to be due to the nature of the defect wave function involved, as well as the possible influence of transport limitations in the tunneling spectroscopy measurements.
A long-term intensive lifestyle intervention and physical function: The look AHEAD Movement and Memory Study

Objective To assess the long-term effects of an intensive lifestyle intervention on physical function using a randomized post-test design in the Look AHEAD trial. Methods Overweight and obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg m−2) middle-aged and older adults (aged 45-76 years at enrollment) with type 2 diabetes (n = 964) at four clinics in Look AHEAD, a trial evaluating an intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) designed to achieve weight loss through caloric restriction and increased physical activity compared to diabetes support and education (DSE), underwent standardized assessments of performance-based physical function including an expanded short physical performance battery (SPPBexp), 20-m and 400-m walk, and grip and knee extensor strength 8 years post-randomization, during the trial's weight maintenance phase. Results Eight years post-randomization, individuals randomized to ILI had better SPPBexp scores [adjusted mean (SE) difference: 0.055 (0.022), P = 0.01] and faster 20-m and 400-m walk speeds [0.032 (0.012) m s−1, P = 0.01, and 0.025 (0.011) m s−1, P = 0.02, respectively] compared to those randomized to DSE. Achieved weight loss greatly attenuated the group differences in physical function, and the intervention effect was no longer significant. Conclusions An intensive lifestyle intervention has long-term benefits for mobility function in overweight and obese middle-aged and older individuals with type 2 diabetes.
EMERGENCY MEDICINE—AN APPROACH TO CLINICAL PROBLEM SOLVING, 2ND EDITION

(2004). EMERGENCY MEDICINE—AN APPROACH TO CLINICAL PROBLEM SOLVING, 2ND EDITION. Prehospital Emergency Care: Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 233-234.
Interaction Rescaled: How Monastic Debate Became a Diasporic Pedagogy

Rather than assume the relevance of a priori scalar distinctions (micro-, macro-, meso-), this article examines scale as an emergent dimension of sociospatial practice in educational institutions. Focusing on Buddhist debate at Tibetan monasteries in India, I describe how this educational practice has been placed as a rite of institution within the perimeter of Sera Monastery in India and rescaled into a more expansive diasporic pedagogy by reformers like the Dalai Lama. [interaction, scale, language, religious education, reproduction]
Area invariance of apparent horizons under arbitrary Lorentz boosts

It is a well known analytic result in general relativity that the 2-dimensional area of the apparent horizon of a black hole remains invariant regardless of the motion of the observer, and in fact is independent of the t = constant slice, which can be quite arbitrary in general relativity. Nonetheless the explicit computation of horizon area is often substantially more difficult in some frames (complicated by the coordinate form of the metric), than in other frames. Here we give an explicit demonstration for very restricted metric forms of (Schwarzschild and Kerr) vacuum black holes. In the Kerr–Schild coordinate expression for these spacetimes they have an explicit Lorentz-invariant form. We consider boosted versions with the black hole moving through the coordinate system. Since these are stationary black hole spacetimes, the apparent horizons are two dimensional cross sections of their event horizons, so we compute the areas of apparent horizons in the boosted space with (boosted) t = constant, and obtain the same result as in the unboosted case. Note that while the invariance of area is generic, we deal only with black holes in the Kerr–Schild form, and consider only one particularly simple change of slicing which amounts to a boost. Even with these restrictions we find that the results illuminate the physics of the horizon as a null surface and provide a useful pedagogical tool. As far as we can determine, this is the first explicit calculation of this type demonstrating the area invariance of horizons. Further, these calculations are directly relevant to transformations that arise in computational representation of moving black holes. We present an application of this result to initial data for boosted black holes.
High Levels of Id1 Expression Define B1 Type Adult Neural Stem Cells

Summary Defining the molecular identity of stem cells may be critical for formulating a rational strategy for the therapeutic intervention of stem cell dysfunction. We find that high expression of Id1, a dominant-negative helix-loop-helix transcriptional regulator, identifies a rare population of GFAP + astrocytes with stem cell attributes among the subventricular astrocytes in the adult brain. The rare, long-lived, and relatively quiescent Id1 high astrocytes with morphology characteristic of B1 type astrocytes self-renew and generate migratory neuroblasts that differentiate into olfactory bulb interneurons. Cultured Id1 high neural stem cells can self-renew asymmetrically and generate a stem and a differentiated cell expressing progressively lower levels of Id1, revealing an Id1 gradient in unperturbed cells of subventricular neurogenic lineages. Moreover, Id genes are necessary to confer self-renewal capacity, a characteristic of stem cell identity. We suggest that high expression of a single transcriptional regulator, Id1, molecularly defines the long-sought-after B1 type adult neural stem cells.
295 SERUM THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH), THYROXINE (T 4 ) AND TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T 3 ) LEVELS IN THE PRE-TERM INFANT

295 SERUM THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH), THYROXINE (T 4 ) AND TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T 3 ) LEVELS IN THE PRE-TERM INFANT
Improving estimates of greenhouse gas emissions from lakes

Lakes emit carbon dioxide and methane and thus are an important part of global climate. Many estimates of emissions for individual lakes are based on a measurement from a single location within the lake, but as Schilder et al. point out, emissions can vary across the lake. They collected methane and carbon dioxide measurements at several locations for each of 32 lakes in Europe and found that estimates based only on near-shore measurements tended to underestimate diffusive emissions, whereas those based only on measurements taken at the lakes' center tended to overestimate emissions. The study provides a method to improve estimates of greenhouse gas emissions from lakes.
The synthesis of 5′-C-alkyl analogs of adenosine

Abstract Adenosine-5′-carboxaldehyde ( 1a ) was treated with nitromethane under alkaline conditions, to give the two stereoisomeric 5′- C -(nitromethyl) derivatives ( 2 and 3 ) of adenosine. Catalytic hydrogenation of 2 gave 9-(6-amino-6-deoxy-β- D -allofuranosyl)adenine ( 4 ), which, on treatment with nitrous acid, yielded 9-(β- D -allofuranosyl)hypoxanthine ( 6 ). Similar treatment of 3 gave the α- L - talo nucleosides 5 and 7 . Reaction of 2′,3′- O-p -anisylidene adenosine-5′-carboxaldehyde ( 1b ) with ethoxycarbonylmethylene-triphenylphosphorane afforded 9-(ethyl 5,6-dideoxy-β- D - ribo -hept-5-enofuranosyluronate)adenine ( 8 ), which was hydrolyzed to the corresponding uronic acid ( 9 ). Catalytic hydrogenation of 8 gave 9-(ethyl 5,6-dideoxy-β- D - ribo -heptofuranosyluronate)adenine ( 10 ). Reduction of 8 with lithium aluminum hydride yielded two new analogs of adenosine: 9-(5,6-dideoxy-β- D - ribo -heptofuranosyl)adenine ( 12 ) and 9-(5,6-dideoxy-β- D - ribo -hept-5-enofuranosyl)adenine ( 13 ).
Synthesis and reactions of perfluorinated diamond-oids and their derivatives

Abstract The Aerosol Direct Fluorination process has proved itself to be a powerful method for the synthesis of perfluorocarbons from hydrocarbons. Nowhere has this method's exceptional utility been more clearly demonstrated than in the synthesis of polycyclic, nonaromatizable cage compounds. The essential presence of sodium fluoride as substrate support substantially reduces both the protonic and lewis acidity of the endogenously generated hydrogen fluoride. This has resulted in synthesis of perfluorocarbon cage compounds having solely the intact, unrearranged skeleton of the parent molecule. The synthesis of perfluorinated diamantane and numerous substituted, perfluorinated adamantanes have been previously reported. 1 Additionally methods for the synthesis of specific functional derivatives in the diamond-oid family and their chemistry will be discussed. The synthesis of perfluoroadamantone in good yields from adamantone has resulted in an interesting study of its chemistry with the nucleophiles: HOH, and ROH. The photochemistry of perfluoroadamantone has resulted in the facile extrusion of carbon monoxide and the synthesis of perfluoronoradamantane. The mechanism of this process appears to be radical in nature, however, entrapment of the intermediate radicals have proved difficult.
Conceptualizing Mental Health Care Utilization Using the Health Belief Model

This article uses the Health Belief Model (HBM; Health Education Monographs, 1974, 2:409) as a framework for explaining what factors might encourage or inhibit an individual from utilizing mental health services. The HBM is a socio-cognitive approach that proposes that people are likely to engage in a given health-related behavior when they believe the problem could have serious consequences for daily living activities, when they believe the intervention will be effective, and when they perceive few barriers to taking action. When applied to mental health utilization, this model provides a structure for developing and evaluating programs designed to increase mental health awareness and appropriate utilization.
Quantifying the resolution level where the GRACE satellites can separate Greenland's glacial mass balance from surface mass balance

Abstract. Mass change over Greenland can be caused by either changes in the glacial dynamic mass balance (DMB) or the surface mass balance (SMB). The GRACE satellite gravity mission cannot directly separate the two physical causes because it measures the sum of the entire mass column with limited spatial resolution. We demonstrate one theoretical way to indirectly separate cumulative SMB from DMB with GRACE, using a least squares inversion technique with knowledge of the location of the glaciers. However, we find that the limited 60 × 60 spherical harmonic representation of current GRACE data does not provide sufficient resolution to adequately accomplish the task. We determine that at a maximum degree/order of 90 × 90 or above, a noise-free gravity measurement could theoretically separate the SMB from DMB signals. However, current GRACE satellite errors are too large at present to separate the signals. A noise reduction of a factor of 10 at a resolution of 90 × 90 would provide the accuracy needed for the interannual cumulative SMB and DMB to be accurately separated.
Quickest Detection of a Random Pulse in White Gaussian Noise

A class of stochastic processes characterized by rapid transitions in their structure is considered and the quickest detection of such transitions is studied in a Bayesian framework. The emphasis is on stochastic processes consisting of a randomly arrived causal pulse (possibly with a set of random parameters such as amplitude and duration) and an additive white Gaussian noise. In this model, the pulse shape and the prior joint density of the arrival time and other random parameters are assumed known. The task of quickest detection in this paper is described mathematically by minimizing the expected detection error. The detection error is represented by a nonlinear function of the distance between the actual transition time and its associated detection time. The assumptions on this function are fairly mild and allow to flexibly design its shape for a desired trade-off between the detection delay and the false alarm rate. Two special cases of such design are well known error measures: mean squared and mean absolute error. The quickest detection problem—a subclass of optimal stopping time problems—is formulated as a stochastic optimal control problem and is resolved using dynamic programming. The optimal detection rule is determined in terms of the solution of an integral equation that cannot be directly solved due to its complexity. This equation is later used to develop a class of suboptimal detection rules and a lower bound on the minimum error. Using this lower bound, it is shown for a numerical example that the suboptimal detector is nearly optimal.
Fabrication of sub-50-nm solid-state nanostructures on the basis of dip-pen nanolithography

The fabrication of arrays of sub-50-nm gold dots and line structures with deliberately designed 12−100-nm gaps is reported. These structures were made by initially using dip-pen nanolithography to pattern the etch resist, 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid, on Au/Ti/SiOx/Si substrates and then using wet-chemical etching to remove the exposed gold.
Dose-dependent recognition of irradiated isogeneic mouse lymphoma cells: study by terminal dilution assay.

The radiation response of an isologous mouse lymphoma was studied in detail by means of the TD50 method in irradiated and unirradiated recipients. The contribution of host resistance to radiosensitivity was shown to be similar to that determined earlier by the SD50 method, and produced significant alteration in survival curve shape. Assay by TD50 did not show significant differences when 0 R, or 100 R irradiated cells were assayed in pre- or non-irradiated recipients. At 1,000 R or larger radiation doses, TD50 doses differed significantly. The recognizability of the irradiated cell increases with dose, suggesting that in addition to an alteration in cell growth and changes in numbers of killed cells, the absorbed irradiation may also have exposed the antigenic sites of surviving irradiated cells. RECONNAISSANCE, EN FONCTION DE LA DOSE, DE CELLULES LYMPHOMATEUSES DE SOURIS ISOGENEIQUES IRRADIEES: ETUDE PAR LA DETERMINATION DE LA DILUTION LIMITE On a etudie en detail la reponse a l'irradiation d'un lymphome de souris isologues en utilisant la dilution limite 50% (DL50) sur des receveurs irradies et non irradies. Il a ete constate que la contribution de la resistance de l'hǒte a la radiosensibilite etait analogue a celle qui ete determinee anterieurement par la methode de la DS50 et qu'elle provoque une modification importante de la forme de la courbe de survie. La DL50 n'a pas revele de difference significative entre les cellules irradiees a 0 R ou a 100 R testees sur des receveurs preirradies ou non irradies. Aux doses de 1,000 R et audessus, les DL50 differaient de facon significative. La possibilite de reconnaǐtre la cellule irradiee augmente avec la dose et permet de penser que, outre l'alteration de la croissance des cellules et du nombre des cellules tuees, les sites antigeniques des cellules irradiees survivantes peuvent aussi avoir ete alteres par l'irradiation absorbee.
The final approach to steady state in nonsteady stagnation point heat transfer

The thermal response of a laminar boundary layer flow near a stagnation point due to step wall temperature change is investigated when the elapsed time is large. The final approach to the steady state temperature field is shown to be characterized by exponential decay with time of perturbations from the steady state. The characteristic factors appearing in the exponents arise from the solution of an eigenvalue problem in ordinary linear differential equations. Results are presented for Prandtl numbers of 0.01 to 100 for two dimensional stagnation flow and 0.1 to 10 for axisymmetrical stagnation flow.
The Kapitza-Dirac effect at high laser intensities

Abstract Kapitza and Dirac predicted electron beam reflections from standing light waves; few verification attempts were undertaken. Our experiments are re-evaluated considering higher order theories indicating a periodic relationship between reflection probability and light intensity at constant duration of interaction.
Optimized Floating Refugia: a new strategy for species conservation in production forest landscapes

Timber production forests can support diverse ecological communities, but existing conservation strategies fail to maximize this potential. While methods for limiting logging damage and locating biological reserves have been developed, strategies focused on the sequence and arrangement of harvest units are lacking, particularly for situations in which species-specific knowledge is limited. We present a new landscape-level approach to forest conservation that anticipates local extinctions and focuses on facilitating re-colonization via strategic spatiotemporal harvest plans (which are informed by species occurrence data only). As a proof of concept, we applied our framework to data from four tropical forest sites and found clear benefits of optimized spatiotemporal harvest plans relative to non-optimized harvest plans (random and three pattern-based plans). Our proposed approach, termed the Optimized Floating Refugia strategy, requires minimal species-specific knowledge and can be used to enhance existing conservation efforts (e.g. biological reserve establishment, reduced-impact logging). The approach effectively prioritizes logging-sensitive habitat specialists with restricted ranges and thus provides the largest benefits to the most extinction-prone species. This simple but novel method shows promise as a general strategy to improve biodiversity conservation in species-rich production forest landscapes.
Transplantation of enteric cells into the aganglionic rodent small intestines.

Background Enteric cells, a mixture of cells isolated from the longitudinal and circular muscle of the gut, may contain neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) and therefore may be a potential source to regenerate the enteric nervous system. Materials and Methods Benzylalkonium chloride (BAC) was employed to ablate the myenteric and submucosal plexi of the rodent jejunum. Enteric cells were then injected into this BAC-treated segment of the jejunum either with or without basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) mixed in collagen. Results Expression of peripherin, S100, and synaptophysin were found in all of the cell injection sites. Peripherin and S100 expression appeared in close proximity in ganglion-like structures when bFGF was injected simultaneously with enteric cells. Synapses that were formed in the presence of bFGF were elongated compared with those formed in the absence of exogenously delivered bFGF. A small percentage of enteric cells expressed peripherin in the injection site after transplantation. Conclusions Enteric cells transplanted with collagen and bFGF in an aganglionic segment of jejunum regenerated ganglion-like structures and may hold potential as a cellular therapeutic for various motility disorders of the gastrointestinal tract.
Non-linear pair production in scattering of photons on ultra-short laser pulses at high energy

Abstract We consider scattering of a photon on a short intense laser pulse at high energy. We argue that for ultra-short laser pulses the interaction is coherent over the entire length of the pulse. At low pulse intensity I the total cross section for electron–positron pair production is proportional to I . However, at pulse intensities higher than the characteristic value I s , the total cross section saturates – it becomes proportional to the logarithm of intensity. This non-linear effect is due to multi-photon interactions. We derive the total cross section for pair production at high energies by resuming the multi-photon amplitudes to all orders in intensity. We calculate the saturation intensity I s and show that it is significantly lower than the Schwinger's critical value. We discuss possible experimental tests.