cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
3564 Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors: unusual presentations, diagnostic challenges.

Purpose: Extrapulmonary IMT are soft tissue tumors which generally occur in children/young adults. They pose diagnostic challenges, in part due to the multiple anatomic sites where they originate. Methods: Two children with IMT and clinical features that mimicked other diagnoses are presented. Results: Case 1: 14.5 year old female with sharp, poorly localized abdominal pain × 4 months, nonbloody diarrhea × 2 months, poor appetite and 15# weight loss over 3 months. Laboratory studies revealed microcytic anemia, thrombocytosis, hypoalbuminemia and elevated ESR (86 mm/hr) and CRP (10 mg/dL). Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) was considered. A hard, irregular rectal mass which filled the lumen was encountered on digital examination. A stalk attached it to the posterior rectal wall. The mass (11×8×6.2 cm) was surgically excised. Histology was consistent with an IMT. 3 weeks later, she was asymptomatic with a normal ESR. Case 2: 4.8 year old female with pauciarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and 7 month history of increasing vomiting. Contrast radiography of the upper gastrointestinal (UGI) tract was suggestive of achalasia. UGI endoscopy and esophageal manometry were consistent with achalasia. On endoscopy the esophagus was dilated with narrowing at the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) that required force to intubate. Due to her young age she was not a candidate for balloon dilation and was referred for Heller myotomy. At surgery, a hard tumor (6×6×2.5 cm) was present at the GEJ. It was excised and histology revealed an IMT. Conclusions: IMT can be insidious or progress rapidly. Though most are discovered incidentally, they can present with unusual but nonspecific symptoms which mimic other disease processes. IMT can pose diagnostic challenges as illustrated by these cases. In Case 1 the IMT mimicked IBD while in Case 2 the tumor presented as achalasia. Rapid, early diagnosis allows appropriate therapy (i.e., surgical excision) and resolution of symptoms.
International trade in cultural goods: A cross-sectional analysis

Both industrialized and developing countries have historically applied various trade barriers to protect their domestic cultural industries. International trade statistics show that highly populated countries such as the U.S. have exerted a general pattern of cultural influence over the rest of the world through export of films, music, books, and periodicals. The following empirical study suggests that trade barriers effectively increase the net export of cultural products. While domestic market size seems to factor significantly into the trade for films and prercorded music, protectionism based on the economies of scale argument does not find widespread support among cultural industries.
miR-9a Minimizes the Phenotypic Impact of Genomic Diversity by Buffering a Transcription Factor

Gene expression has to withstand stochastic, environmental, and genomic perturbations. For example, in the latter case, 0.5%-1% of the human genome is typically variable between any two unrelated individuals. Such diversity might create problematic variability in the activity of gene regulatory networks and, ultimately, in cell behaviors. Using multigenerational selection experiments, we find that for the Drosophila proneural network, the effect of genomic diversity is dampened by miR-9a-mediated regulation of senseless expression. Reducing miR-9a regulation of the Senseless transcription factor frees the genomic landscape to exert greater phenotypic influence. Whole-genome sequencing identified genomic loci that potentially exert such effects. A larger set of sequence variants, including variants within proneural network genes, exhibits these characteristics when miR-9a concentration is reduced. These findings reveal that microRNA-target interactions may be a key mechanism by which the impact of genomic diversity on cell behavior is dampened.
Study of strain effect in MOCVD selective area growth

Bulk InGaAs and InGaAsP and quantum well structure have been grown on different oxide pattern by MOCVD. We found that because of material composition variation caused by the oxide pattern compressive strain s built, so that the PL intensity is reduced. By introducing tensile strain to compensate for the compressive strain caused by the SAG effect, the PL intensity has been improved. Active and passive integrated devices can be fabricated without significantly suffering the material degradation by using this method.
Spread-spectrum technology for commercial applications

Only recently has our technology advanced to the point that commercial application of spread-spectrum signaling is economically feasible. This has motivated a number of companies and individuals to seek new ways to benefit from spread-spectrum techniques in commercial systems and products. In this paper, we give a very brief overview of spread spectrum signaling. We then consider applications to satellite mobile applications as well as indoor wireless applications. An overview is presented of several proposals to provide worldwide personal communications through satellite-based spread-spectrum systems, the tradeoffs to be considered, and the controversies involved. A description of a high-capacity wireless office telephone system serves to illustrate how spread-spectrum signaling may be useful in this environment. Finally, we describe a number of digital processing algorithms and devices that implement spread spectrum signaling in a cost-effective manner. >
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF LYSOSOME-RICH FRACTIONS FROM RAT THYMUS ISOLATED BY DENSITY-GRADIENT CENTRIFUGATION BEFORE AND AFTER WHOLE-BODY X-IRRADIATION

Fractions from rat thymuses were isolated by sucrose density-gradient centrifugation, before and after 1000 r whole-body x-irradiation, and examined by electron microscopy. Cytochrome oxidase and acid phosphatase activities of these fractions were tested as well. Electron-opaque bodies with diameters ranging from 0.10 to 0.35 micro, with a mean of 0.25 micro, were found in fractions having high acid phosphatase activity, while the fractions rich in cytochrome oxidase consisted mostly of mitochondria. After irradiation, there was an increased ratio of dense bodies to mitochondria. These particles are considered to be lysosomes similar to those identified in other rat tissues. Their relationship to the mitochondria is discussed.
Going against the flow: how marine invasions spread and persist in the face of advection1

Byers J. E., and Pringle J. M. 2008. Going against the flow: how marine invasions spread and persist in the face of advection. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 723-724.
Embryonic regulation of histone ubiquitination in the sea urchin.

We have used quantitative 2-D protein electrophoresis and immunoprecipita- tion to study the patterns of histone ubiquitination at 10 h and 36 h of embryonic development in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Variants csH2A, aH2A, PH2A, yH2A, SHA, H2AF./Z, aHZB, pH26, and yH2B showed up to sevenfold differences in level of monoubiquitination between variants, and individual variants showed up to sixfold changes during development. At 36 h of embryogenesis, the late variants were less ubiquitinated than the early variants, a I thoug h the overa II level of u big u itina tion was appreciably greater than at 10 h. Antiubiquitin antibodies were used to precipitate formaldehyde- fixed chromatin fragments in order to estimate the degree of ubiquitination of the early histone genes. The 5' regulatory region of the active H3 gene ap- peared to be at least twice as ubiquitinated as the adjacent upstream spacer. However, the absolute level of ubiquitination of the early histone gene re- peat seemed to be independent of transcriptional activity. These results show that variant-specific ubiquitination of histones is a part of the develop- mental program in sea urchin embryos, but is not clearly correlated with transcriptional activity of the early histone genes, except perhaps in the regula- tory regions. 0 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
High performance wavelet image compression optimized for MSE and HVS metrics

Summary form only. Wavelet still image compression has been a focus of intense research. Considerable coding gains over older DCT-based methods have been achieved, while the computational complexity has been made very competitive. We report on a high performance wavelet still image compression algorithm optimized for both mean-squared error (MSE) and human visual system (HVS) characteristics. We present the problem of optimal quantization from a Lagrange multiplier point of view, and derive novel solutions. Ideally, all three components of a typical image compression system: transform, quantization, and entropy coding, should be optimized simultaneously. However, the highly nonlinear nature of quantization and encoding complicates the formulation of the total cost function. We consider optimizing the filter, and then the quantizer, separately, holding the other two components fixed. While optimal bit allocation has been treated in the literature, we specifically address the issue of setting the quantization step sizes, which in practice is quite different. We select a short high-performance filter, develop an efficient scalar MSE-quantizer, and four HVS-motivated quantizers which add some value visually without incurring any MSE losses. A combination of run-length and empirically optimized Huffman coding is fixed in this study.
Impact of climate change on crop nutrient and water use efficiencies.

Implicit in discussions of plant nutrition and climate change is the assumption that we know what to do relative to nutrient management here and now but that these strategies might not apply in a changed climate. We review existing knowledge on interactive influences of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, temperature and soil moisture on plant growth, development and yield as well as on plant water use efficiency (WUE) and physiological and uptake efficiencies of soil-immobile nutrients. Elevated atmospheric CO 2 will increase leaf and canopy photosynthesis, especially in C3 plants, with minor changes in dark respiration. Additional CO 2 will increase biomass without marked alteration in dry matter partitioning, reduce transpiration of most plants and improve WUE. However, spatiotemporal variation in these attributes will impact agronomic performance and crop water use in a site-specific manner. Nutrient acquisition is closely associated with overall biomass and strongly influenced by root surface area. When climate change alters soil factors to restrict root growth, nutrient stress will occur. Plant size may also change but nutrient concentration will remain relatively unchanged; therefore, nutrient removal will scalewith growth. Changes in regional nutrient requirements will be most remarkable where we alter cropping systems to accommodate shifts in ecozones or alter farming systems to capture new uses from existing systems. For regions and systems where we currently do an adequate job managing nutrients, we stand a good chance of continued optimization under a changed climate. If we can and should do better, climate change will not help us.
Statistical Evaluation of Biofuel Role in Land Use Change

We investigate the eect of biofuels on land use change through a case study of U.S. corn production. Currently, agricultural models are used to estimate the eect of biofuel production on crop production and, correspondingly, land use change. As biofuel production grows, the models can potentially be validated with statistical analysis of changes in crop production. Determination of the inuence of biofuel production on other uses of the biofuel feedstock - such as for food or animal feed - cannot be evaluated with standard statistical methods because the uses of an agricultural crop are constrained: total crop use is always the sum of the constituents. We develop a general method for these compositional distributions, and apply this method to determine competition between biofuel feedstock production and other uses of the same feedstock. We nd evidence of competition among corn yield constituents,
The Human Tap Nuclear RNA Export Factor Contains a Novel Transportin-dependent Nuclear Localization Signal That Lacks Nuclear Export Signal Function

The human Tap protein mediates the sequence-specific nuclear export of RNAs containing the constitutive transport element and is likely also critical for general mRNA export. Here, we demonstrate that a previously defined arginine-rich nuclear localization signal (NLS) present in Tap acts exclusively via the transportin import factor. Previously, transportin has been shown to mediate the nuclear import of several heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins, including heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A1, by binding to a sequence element termed M9. Although the Tap NLS and the hnRNP A1 M9 element are shown to compete for transportin binding, they show no sequence homology, and the Tap NLS does not conform to the recently defined M9 consensus. The Tap NLS also differs from M9 in that only the latter is able to act as a nuclear export signal. The Tap NLS is therefore the first member of a novel class of transportin-specific NLSs that lack nuclear export signal function.
Bacterial display enables efficient and quantitative peptide affinity maturation

A quantitative screening method was developed to enable isolation and affinity maturation of peptide ligands specific for a given target from peptide libraries displayed on the outer surface of Escherichia coli using multi-parameter flow cytometry. From a large, random 15-mer peptide library, screening identified a core motif of W-E/D-W-E/D that conferred binding to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). One cycle of affinity maturation resulted in the identification of several families of VEGF-binding peptides having distinct consensus sequences, from which a preferred disulfide constraint emerged. In the second affinity maturation cycle, high affinity peptides were favored by the addition of a decoy protein that bound an adjacent epitope on the display scaffold. The decoy apparently reduced rebinding or avidity effects, and the resulting peptides exhibited consensus at 12 of 19 amino acid positions. Peptides identified and affinity matured using bacterial display were remarkably similar to the best affinity matured using phage display and exhibited comparable dissociation constants (within 2-fold; KD = 4.7 × 10−7 M). Screening of bacterial-displayed peptide libraries using cytometry enabled optimization of screening conditions to favor affinity and specificity and rapid clonal characterization. Bacterial display thus provides a new quantitative tool for the discovery and evolutionary optimization of protein-specific peptide ligands.
Progressive Commercial Cigarette Yield Reduction: Biochemical Exposure and Behavioral Assessment

Background: Mandated reduction of exposure to nicotine and other cigarette toxins has been proposed as a possible national regulatory strategy. However, tapering using lower yield commercial cigarettes may not be effective in reducing nicotine or tar exposure due to compensatory smoking behavior. We examined the effects of gradual reduction of nicotine yield in commercial cigarettes on smoking behavior, with an assessment of nicotine intake and exposure to tobacco smoke toxins. Methods: This 10-week longitudinal study of 20 smokers involved smoking the usual brand followed by different brands with progressively lower machine-determined yields, ranging from 0.9 to 0.1 mg nicotine, each smoked for 1 week. Subjects were followed for 4 weeks after returning to smoking the usual brand (or quitting). Smoking behaviors, biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure, and cardiovascular effects were measured. Findings: Cotinine and other biomarkers of smoke exposure remained unchanged comparing the usual brand with the 0.4 mg nicotine brands. A 30% to 40% decrease in nicotine, carbon monoxide, and carcinogen exposure comparing 0.1 mg nicotine cigarettes with baseline was observed. Self-efficacy was significantly increased and dependence decreased after tapering. Implications: We confirm prior cross-sectional population and experimental studies showing complete compensation for cigarettes down to the 0.4 mg nicotine range. Nicotine and tobacco toxin exposure were substantially reduced while smoking 0.1 mg nicotine cigarettes. Our data suggest that the degree of nicotine dependence of smokers may be lowered with progressive yield tapering. Gradual tapering of smokers from regular to ultralow nicotine yield commercial cigarettes might facilitate smoking cessation and warrants future research. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(3):876–83)
Urbanization, interregional accessibility, and the decision to migrate.

Trends in population and labor force growth in nonmetropolitan areas of the United States during the 1970s are analyzed. The authors investigate the relationships among migration behavior urban accessibility and externalities such as congestion that are associated with urban residence. "A model of the migration decision [is examined] that incorporates in an explicit fashion this proximity-centrality relationship. Estimates of the model are also discussed with specific attention given to the relationship under question. In addition the age selectivity of the relationship [is] examined. Insights on the nonmetropolitan reversal drawn from the model estimates are discussed in a third section followed by concluding remarks." (EXCERPT)
A Game Theoretic Analysis of Incentives in Content Production and Sharing Over Peer-to-Peer Networks

Peer-to-peer (P2P) networks can be easily deployed to distribute user-generated content at a low cost, but the free-rider problem hinders the efficient utilization of P2P networks. Using game theory, we investigate incentive schemes to overcome the free-rider problem in content production and sharing. We build a basic model and obtain two benchmark outcomes: 1) the non-cooperative outcome without any incentive scheme and 2) the cooperative outcome. We then propose and examine three incentive schemes based on pricing, reciprocation, and intervention. We also study a brute-force scheme that enforces full sharing of produced content. We find that 1) cooperative peers share all produced content while non-cooperative peers do not share at all without an incentive scheme; 2) by utilizing the P2P network efficiently, the cooperative outcome achieves higher social welfare than the non-cooperative outcome does; 3) a cooperative outcome can be achieved among non-cooperative peers by introducing an incentive scheme based on pricing, reciprocation, or intervention; and 4) enforced full sharing has ambiguous welfare effects on peers. In addition to describing the solutions of different formulations, we discuss enforcement and informational requirements to implement each solution, aiming to offer a guideline for protocol design for P2P networks.
Surface Structure and Intercalative Polymerization Studies of Smectite Clay Thin Films

The microstructure of the clay minerals Cu2+ exchanged hectorite, Na+ exchanged hectorite, Na+ exchanged montmorillonite and Ca2+ exchanged montmorillonite were studied using scanning force microscopy (SFM), electron spin resonance (ESR), and x-ray diffraction. The montmorillonite films displayed the rough clay fabric commonly associated with these materials. Ca2+ montmorillonite films consisted of a porous web-like grain structure, while Na+ montmorillonite films were composed of clumps of smaller discrete grains. The lesser studied hectorite films, however, revealed many large, flat regions suitable for further SFM examination and polymerization studies. The chemical reactivity of the hectorite clays was studied by examining polymerization reactions occurring when the clays were exposed to benzene and aniline. In the case of standard Na+ exchanged hectorite, little or no reactivity was observed upon exposure to the various monomers. For the Cu2+ exchanged hectorite, large scale intergallery and surface polymerization were observed upon exposure to aniline, with intergallery polymerization observed in the case of benzene.
Investigating the Implications of Virtual Machine Introspection for Digital Forensics

Researchers and practitioners in computer forensics currently must base their analysis on information that is either incomplete or produced by tools that may themselves be compromised as a result of the intrusion. Complicating these issues are the techniques employed by the investigators themselves. If the system is quiescent when examined, most of the information in memory has been lost. If the system is active, the kernel and programs used by the forensic investigators are likely to influence the results and as such are themselves suspect. Using virtual machines and a technique called virtual machine introspection can help overcome these limits, but it introduces its own research challenges. Recent developments in virtual machine introspection have led to the identification of four initial priority research areas in virtual machine introspection including virtual machine introspection tool development, applications of virtual machine introspection to non-quiescent virtual machines, virtual machine introspection covert operations, and virtual machine introspection detection.
Instructional Case: WorkSource Enterprises: How the Board of Directors Monitors Performance

This brief case provides an opportunity to design a Balanced Scorecard (BSC) or similar report for top management of a not‐for‐profit, service organization. The case contains sufficient data to permit calculation of some of the likely BSC measures. It can be used in any undergraduate or graduate course, provided students previously have studied BSC or its equivalent. The entity in the case is a multi‐divisional, charitable organization that provides job training for disabled persons. The entity's divisions include business enterprises that employ the disabled and nonrevenue‐generating functions such as administration and placement.
Pharmacogenomics: from bedside to clinical practice

The field of pharmacogenomics has seen some exciting advances in the recent past. The Human Genome Project and International HapMap projects have uncovered a wealth of information for researchers. The discovery of clinically predictive genotypes (e.g. UGT1A1*28, TYMS TSER), haplotypes (e.g. VKORC1 Haplotype A) and somatic mutations (e.g. epidermal growth factor receptor), along with the introduction of FDA approved pharmacogenetic tests (UGT1A1*28) and the initiation of a genotype-guided clinical trial for cancer therapy (TYMS TSER in rectal cancer) have provided the first steps towards the integration of pharmacogenomics into clinical practice. This review describes some of the recent advances in pharmacogenomics research.
Collaborative storage with mobile devices in wireless networks for P2P media sharing

Information storage and storage sharing are key components of modern networked computer systems. Mobile devices such as PDAs and cell phones normally have very limited storage capacities compared with PCs or laptops, while storing a large number of media objects (such as e-books, pictures and videos, etc.) on mobile devices could take a lot of space. In this paper, we study collaborative storage with mobile devices, where contributory storage infrastructure is constructed among a group of mobile devices for P2P (peer-to-peer) media sharing. We analyze the design tradeoffs of the collaborative storage system with mobile devices via concrete application examples in different settings. In this study, we focus on two main performance metrics: (1) the availability rate for a stored data object in the collaborative storage system when a peer node tries to access the given item, and (2) the uploading and retrieval delay for a stored data object of different sizes in a variety of circumstances. We experimentally verify the performance and feasibility of the constructed prototype of a shared e-library with a collection of e-books, pictures and videos based upon the paradigm of collaborative storage with mobile devices.
ON A DESIGN WAVE SPECTRUM

We propose the use of a generalized representation for acquiring a design wave spectrum. The generalized form, free from any predetermined coefficients and exponents, requires only significant wave height and average wave period as input for practical applications. The usefulness of this representation has been demonstrated with over 2000 measured deep-water wave spectra recorded from NOMAD buoys in the Great Lakes during 1981.
Response to EGFR inhibitors in fibroblast cell lines and its association with germline polymorphisms

13167 Background: Only a small number of cancer patients benefit from therapy with EGFR inhibitors. It is therefore important to understand the mechanism of action of these drugs and to find predic...
Prediction of Stability in Pharmaceutical Preparations XIII: Stability, Spectrophotometric and Biological Assay of the Antibiotic Porfiromycin in Pharmaceutically Useful pH Ranges

The kinetics of solvolysis of the antibiotic porfiromycin are quantified in the pharmaceutically useful pH ranges in acetate, phosphate, and borate buffers. The devised ultraviolet spectrophotometric assays of solution degraded antibiotic are correlated with the plate-disk assay against S. aureus and the paper chromatographic assay against S. lutea . General acid catalyzed solvolysis is indicated as well as specific acidbase. In acetate buffers, the primary degradative mechanism is the hydrolysis of the fused ring aziridine group, whereas mild alkali substitutes a hydroxyl for the quinoid ring amine. In the intermediate pH ranges characterized by phosphate buffers reaction at both sites is implied and maximum stability at pH 8 at 30° can be predicted. Conditions for isolation of solvolytic products and their characterizations are given.
Demonstration of mixed lymphocyte interaction in hamsters.

SummaryStrain differences between two inbred strains of hamsters (CB/Ss LAK and MHA/Ss LAK) have been successfully demonstrated using mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reaction. The average stimulation ratio in a two-way MLC was found to be 6.1 when lymph node cells were used. The lymphocytes from spleen cells were also reactive in MLC. In the one-way stimulation test, lymphocytes from CB hamsters stimulated lymphocytes from MHA hamsters and vice versa.
Bisphosphonates: their evolving role in the management of prostate cancer-related bone disease.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The use of androgen deprivation therapy has increased because of its use as part of multimodality therapy for high-risk early stage disease and in recurrent nonmetastatic disease. Hormonal therapy is associated with secondary osteoporosis and increased skeletal morbidity. Furthermore, in patients with established bone metastases, osseous complications are a significant problem. Bisphosphonates have been investigated in the prevention of bone density loss and skeletal morbidity. Results of these studies are now becoming available. RECENT FINDINGS Data are emerging that demonstrate that bisphosphonates can prevent skeletal morbidity, such as pathologic fractures and spinal cord compression in men with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. The early use of bisphosphonates has also been shown to prevent bone loss due to androgen deprivation therapy. Current third-generation bisphosphonates are several hundred times more potent than their predecessors. Evidence is emerging that these drugs not only inhibit bone resorption but also are cytotoxic to prostate cancer cells. SUMMARY Bisphosphonates are assuming a prominent ancillary role in prostate cancer therapy through their ability to prevent skeletal morbidity. Their potential to interfere with the formation of osseous tumor deposits has lead to investigations into the capacity of these drugs to prevent bone metastasis.
A specimen volume of ‡80 mL improves cytologic sensitivity for malignant ascites: a retrospective analysis of 2665 cases

Introduction Although paracentesis simultaneously allows cytologic evaluation of peritoneal fluid and symptomatic relief, its utility is limited by a paltry 50% to 60% sensitivity for malignancy. Specimen volume has recently been shown to affect cytologic diagnosis in other body fluids, but its role has never been examined in ascites. This study evaluates how specimen volume impacts cytologic diagnosis of malignant ascites. Materials and methods We identified 2665 consecutive paracentesis specimens with documented numeric volumes collected at our institution between 1994 and 2013. We separated the cases into 10 bins of roughly equivalent sample size and compared the percentage of cases that received malignant diagnoses across each cutoff volume. When follow-up pathology was available, we also compared the sensitivity of cytology with the gold standard of surgical pathology. Results The peritoneal fluids had a mean volume of 760.2 mL (range: 1-10,000). Just 11.3% of specimens with volumes P P = 0.03, OR=0.43, 95% CI=0.19-0.94). Conclusions A specimen volume of ≥80 mL is associated with increased cytologic sensitivity for malignant ascites and a higher rate of malignant diagnoses. The disparate sensitivity at lower volumes likely stems from inadequate sampling of larger specimens. Although fluids should not be summarily rejected based on volume, a specimen volume of ≥80 mL minimizes the influence of specimen size on diagnostic adequacy in paracentesis specimens.
Competitively replication of influenza virus dominant strains and its significance by using Madin-Daby canine kidney cells(MDCK) model in influenza surveillance

Objective To investigate the contribution of infection effect and replication of seasonal influenza strains to the dominant epidemic strains by competitively reproducing predominant strains of influenza virus in Madin-Daby canine kidney cells(MDCK). Methods During the influenza surveillance of seasonal influenza in Minhang District,Shanghai from 2011 to 2012,we obtained 119 laboratory-confirmed cases from 775 influenza-like illness cases.We selected three B and three A/H3N2 subtype influenza strains cross match to 9 combinations,which was isolated from Jan.to Feb.,2012 in 119 cases.Equal amount of the virus co-infection MDCK.Viral RNA was extracted from cell culture supernatant,and the mRT-PCR were performed. Results Seven combinations of A/H3N2(210bp)electrophoretic bands gradually become strong,while B bands(390bp)became weak and disappeared completely in the 3th passages. Conclusions The results of influenza virus co-infection and competitive replication consistent with the conversion of dominant strains at the same period.The method provides a new way to explore the reasons of dominant epidemic strains conversions in the population.
Stabilization of 10-hydroxycamptothecin in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microsphere delivery vehicles.

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres to stabilize and deliver the analogue of camptothecin, 10-hydroxycamptothecin (10-HCPT).
Discussion of Behavioral Principles in Journal of Organizational Behavior Management: An Update

ABSTRACTThis study replicated the methods of a previous review and assessed the frequency with which discussions of basic behavioral principles occurred in a sample of research and case studies published in Journal of Organizational Behavior Management. A total of 127 research and case studies published between 2006 and 2015 were reviewed; 67 included a discussion of behavioral principles. The percentage of research articles and case studies discussing behavioral principles was higher than that found in previous research. The most frequently described principle was reinforcement. Our findings also documented a higher percentage of laboratory studies discussed behavioral principles.
The ARES high-level intermediate representation

The LLVM intermediate representation (IR) lacks semantic constructs for denoting common high-performance operations such as parallel and concurrent execution, communication, and synchronization. Currently, representing such semantics in LLVM requires either extending the intermediate form (a significant undertaking) or the use of ad hoc indirect means such as encoding them as intrinsics and/or the use of metadata constructs. In this paper we discuss a work in progress to explore the design and implementation of a new compilation stage and associated high-level intermediate form that is situated between the abstract syntax tree and LLVM's IR. This high-level representation is a superset of LLVM IR and supports the direct representation of these common parallel computing constructs, together with the infrastructure for supporting analysis and transformation passes on this representation.
CDK4/6 Inhibition in Breast Cancer: Mechanisms of Response and Treatment Failure.

The purpose of this review is to describe the role of D-type cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) 4 and 6 in breast cancer and to discuss potential biomarkers for sensitivity or resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors. A small number of preclinical and clinical studies have explored potential mechanisms of CDK4/6 inhibitor response and resistance in breast cancer. Putative markers of response include estrogen receptor positivity, luminal patterns of gene expression, high cyclin D1 levels, and low p16 levels. Possible resistance mechanisms include loss of Rb function, overexpression/amplification of cyclin E, and CDK6 amplification. Most of these remain speculative and have not been validated in clinical specimens. If early successes with CDK4/6 inhibitors are to be capitalized upon, it is critical that our understanding of CDK4/6 biology in breast cancer extends beyond its current rudimentary state. Only then, we will be able to develop rational therapeutic combinations that further enhance the efficacy of these agents.
A Minimal Linear Fractional Approach to Gain Scheduling Missile Autopilot Design

Abstract This paper presents a method for the design of gain scheduled H ∞ controllers with application to missile autopilot design. The method gives a closed form controller realization as a linear fractional transformation (LFT). The design approach requires the numerical solution of linear matrix inequalities (LMI's) with a linear performance index. The software package SDPSOL from Stanford was used to generate numerical solutions. A requirement for this approach is the modeling of the system as a linear parameter-varying (LPV) system with the parameter variations modeled as an LFT. The modeling of LPV systems as LFT's is also considered in the paper. Although the general case is not yet solved, a method for low order realization of LPV systems with two parameters as an LFT is given.
Correlated responses to long-term divergent selection for 8-week body weight in female White Plymouth Rock chickens: Sexual maturity.

Abstract Reported here are correlated responses for reproductive traits to long-term divergent selection (54 generations) for 8-week body weight (BW8). Comparisons involved both selected and relaxed lines. Traits measured were age at first egg (AFE), body weight at first egg (WFE), and ratio of body weight and age at first egg (WAFE). Although sexual maturity was delayed in the selected lines, the effect was more pronounced in the low than high selected and relaxed lines. Selection for low BW resulted in decreases in WFE and WAFE. Correlated responses to selection for high BW were increased WFE and WAFE. Minimum AFE, WFE, and WAFE in relation to sexual maturity were line specific and influenced by selection for BW8. WAFE provided a “yardstick” for target body weights that were optimum for successful attainment of sexual maturity and higher reproductive rates. Such may be line specific. There was opposition between relaxed and artificial selection, resulting in a higher reproductive performance and fitness for the former.
The Role of Oxidative Drug Metabolizing Enzymes in Liver and Lung Specific Toxicity

Numerous tissue-specific and tissue-selective toxic responses and pathologies result ing from both acute and chronic exposures to environmental chemicals have been de scribed. In many of these cases, metabolic “activation” of the parent compound is known to be a required step in the process leading to the deleterious biological effect. In addition to being a requirement, it seems reasonable to hypothesize that tissue-selective charac teristics of metabolism could actually be a determinants of tissue-selective toxic effects. In a few cases involving acute toxicity we know this to be the case. However, a role for me tabolism as a determinant of complex tissue-specific and tissue-selective effects, like chemical carcinogenesis, has not been established with any certainty.
Interacting with Others

Rule I-A01: Make sure you know who the real referral source is, as sometimes a primary care physician is required by an insurance company to formally make the referral, whereas the professional actually wanting to see the results is a specialist such as a psychiatrist, physiatrist, or neurologist.
Misincorporation of deoxyuridine in human cells: consequences of antifolate exposure.

Treatment of B and T lymphoblastoid cell lines (SB and MOLT-4, respectively) and a promyelocytic leukemia cell line (HL-60) with the lipid soluble antifolate, 2,4-diamino-5-methyl-6-(2’,5’-dimethoxybenzyl)-pyrido(2,4-d) pyrimidine (BW301U), led to drug dose-dependent inhibition of [3H]deoxyuridine (dU) incorporation into DNA as thymidine, and to misincorporation of [3H]dU as dUMP. After a 15 min preincubation with up to 50 μM BW301U and a further 15 min incubation after addition of [3H]dU, the number of alkaline labile apyrimidinic sites increased with increasing drug dose, as demonstrated by alkaline sucrose gradient analysis. Significantly, new replication of DNA was inhibited only ∿50% by 50 μM BW301U when [3H]dU incorporation was ≥97% inhibited. Additional preliminary findings suggest that newly replicated DNA containing misincorporated dUMP is rapidly degradedin vivo by extensive excision-repair processes.
Intelli-food: Cyberinfrastructure for Real-Time Outbreak Source Detection and Rapid Response

Foodborne diseases cause an estimated 48 million illnesses each year in the United States, including 9.4 million caused by known pathogens. Real time detection of cases and outbreak sources are important epidemic intelligence services that can decrease morbidity and mortality of foodborne illnesses, and allow optimal response to identify the causal pathways leading to contamination. For most outbreaks associated with fresh produce items, outbreak source detection typically occurs after the contaminated produce items have been consumed and are no longer in the marketplace. We developed a probabilistic model for real time outbreak source detection, prediction of outbreaks, and contamination-prone area mapping with the aim of developing a cyber-infrastructure to support this activity. The models inputs include environmental, trade and epidemiological dynamics. Because effective distance reliably predicts disease arrival times we estimate the distance of outbreak sources from spatio-temporal patterns of foodborne outbreaks. As a case study we consider the 2013 Cyclospora outbreaks in the USA that were related to contaminated fresh produce (cilantro and fresh salad mix) from Mexico. We are able to match case distributions related to both food commodities and determine their outbreak sources with an average accuracy of 0.93. Assuming a similar pattern of contamination for 2014, outbreak patterns can be similar or worse with an unchanged food trade that is likely. The study aims to provide a methodological framework to evaluate environmentally sensitive food contamination and assess interdependencies of socio-environmental factors causing contamination. We emphasize the linkage of patterns and processes, the positive role of uncertainty, and challenge the belief that information about the whole food supply chain is needed for traceback analysis to be useful for identifying likely sources. Our specific prediction strongly emphasizes the need for real-time surveillance to identify and respond to this pending outbreak.
The Magnitude of Intraocular Pressure Elevation Associated with Eye Rubbing.

ABSTRACT Purpose To determine the magnitude of IOP elevation associated with eye rubbing Study Design Experimental Study Subjects Three nonhuman primates (NHPs) Methods Three young adult male rhesus macaques were briefly anesthetized with ketamine and dexmedetomidine, and antibiotic ointment was placed in both eyes. The anesthetic was immediately reversed with atipamezole, and the animals quickly recovered. IOP was continuously recorded at 500 measurements per second during the experiment using a validated implantable wireless telemetry system; high-definition video was recorded while the NHP rubbed its eyes to remove the ointment, and rubbing events were marked in the IOP data. The experiment was repeated four times in each NHP, with numerous eye rubs recorded for each session, and these data were marked and the IOP elevation magnitudes were analyzed using NOTOCORD-hem software. Main Outcome Measures IOP elevation above baseline IOP due to eye rubbing Results IOP increased as much as 310 mmHg due to eye rubbing. The largest IOP elevations were associated with rubbing the eye and orbit with the back of the hand or wrist, rather than the fingers or knuckle. Eye rubs elicited mean IOP elevations of ∼80-150 mmHg above baseline for 3-4 seconds, with peak IOP elevations reaching 205-310 mmHg depending on the individual NHP and eye. Conclusions Rubbing the eyes causes momentary IOP elevations that average 109 mmHg above baseline IOP and can exceed 300 mmHg above baseline IOP in NHP eyes.
Nurse Faculty Burnout and Strategies to Avoid it

Abstract Background Eight out of ten Americans report they experience job stress. Nurses (74%) are reporting acute and chronic stress as a contributing factor to nurse burnout. Stress can be the result of organizational, interpersonal or individual/personal factors and could eventually lead to burnout if ignored. It has long been reported about the shortage of nursing faculty but very little about how current nurse faculty experience burnout. Faculty burnout can be due to a variety of reasons (e.g., employment requirements, working in understaffed environment, lack of support). Problem Although stress at work has become common nurses may avoid acknowledging stress. Nurse faculty have not received as much attention related to chronic stress and burnout or recognize personal chronic stress potentially leading to burnout. Approach This paper discusses how to recognize the chronic stress that may lead to nurse faculty burnout, provides a case study for reflection and learning, and offers strategies to reduce and avoid burnout. Conclusion Nurse faculty may gain greater understanding of stressors leading to burnout, determine if they are experiencing symptoms of burnout and apply strategies to reduce or prevent burnout.
Summary of Working Group 2: Computations for Accelerator Physics

Working group 2 (Computations for Accelerator Physics) reviewed recent progress in numerical simulations for advanced accelerators. This included discussions of algorithmic and code developments, as well as applications to particular types of accelerators.
A Novel All-in-One Digital-Analog Heterogeneous Integrated Intelligent Power Module

This paper introduces a novel all-in-one digital-analog heterogeneous integrated intelligent power module (IPM) which is composed of Si MOSFETs, Gate Driver and Micro Controller Unit (MCU). This novel all-in-one module realized by heterogeneous integration offers a System in Package (SiP) solution without causing serious Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC), signal integrity and thermal issues. In addition, we designed the three-phase half-bridge inverter system formed by this IPM to compare with the system consisting of the same circuit and same bare dies of MOSFETs (TO-package), Gate Driver and MCU (SO-package). The performance shows that the inverter system which adopted this intelligent power module is capable of reducing system energy consumption, enhancing system efficiency (2-4%), and successfully shrinking system volume(>33%) at the same time. Besides, this SiP IPM can improve system reliability, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) performance and pass the international standard of CISPR 11. Keywords-SiP, heterogeneous integration, IPM, EMC, power density.
The effect of undetected recombination on genealogy sampling and inference under an Isolation with Migration model

Many methods for fitting demographic models to data sets of aligned sequences rely upon an assumption that the data have a branching coalescent history without recombination within regions or loci. To mitigate the effects of the failure of this assumption, a common approach is to filter data and sample regions that pass the four-gamete criterion for recombination, an approach that allows data to run, but that is expected to detect only a minority of recombination events. A series of empirical tests of this approach were conducted using computer simulations with and without recombination for a variety of isolation-with-migration (IM) model for two and three populations. Only the IMa3 program was used, but the general results should apply to related genealogy-sampling-based methods for IM models or subsets of IM models. It was found that the details of sampling intervals that pass a four-gamete filter have a moderate effect, and that schemes that use the longest intervals, or that use overlapping intervals, gave poorer results. A simple approach of using a random nonoverlapping interval returned the smallest difference between results with and without recombination, with the mean difference between parameter estimates usually less than 20% of the true value (usually much less). However, the posterior probability distributions for migration rates were flatter with recombination, suggesting that filtering based on the four-gamete criterion, while necessary for methods like these, leads to reduced resolution on migration. A distinct, alternative approach, of using a finite sites mutation model and not filtering the data, performed quite poorly.
Analog to Digital Feature Converter based on Oversampling Modulators for ECG Delineation

We present an Analog to Digital Feature Converter system based on oversampling modulators. The system consists of a Delta Sigma Modulator, two Delta Modulator, and one Second-order Delta Modulator in parallel. The goal of the Analog to Digital Feature Converter is to extract the waveform features from the analog signal during analog to digital conversion to save system power. We demonstrated this system in an example application of electrocardiogram (ECG) delineation with a counting based feature extraction algorithm. Compared with the conventional ECG delineation methods using wavelet transform, the proposed method has much lower power consumption for data conversion and computation.
Plant-herbivore interactions in a North American mixed-grass prairie : II. Responses of bison to modification of vegetation by prairie dogs.

Studies were conducted during the 1979 growing season to examine how North American bison (Bison bison) use prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colonies in Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota. Objectives included (1) determining whether bison selected for prairie dog towns parkwide; (2) characterizing in greater detail bison use patterns of a 36-ha colony in Pringle Valley as a function of time since prairie dog colonization; and (3) relating these bison use patterns to measured changes in structure and nutritional value of vegetation on and off the dog town.During midsummer, prairie dog towns were one of the most frequently used habitats by bison parkwide. Day-long observations at Pringle Valley revealed that bison exerted strong selection (nearly 90% of all habitat use and feeding time) for the dog town, which occupied only 39% of the valley. While there, they partitioned their use of the colony by grazing in moderately affected areas (occupied 26 years occupation).Prairie dogs facilitate bison habitat selection for a shortgrass successional stage in this mixed-grass community by causing a broad array of compositional, structural, and nutritional changes in the vegetation.