cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Current Models for Amorphous SiO2

I discuss central questions of glass structure and define four ranges of order in an amorphous solid: short, intermediate, long and global. These concepts are used to catalog all of the elements of order in the Zachariasen-Warren model for a-SiO2, in preparation for a later deduction of the logically possible improvements in that model. Six existing approximate forms of the ZW model are discussed using the language developed in the paper. This provides a fundamental background regarding structure for the rest of the papers in this volume.
Social Mechanisms to Promote International Human Rights: Complementary or Contradictory?

The study of the international human rights regime has increasingly emphasized how this regime matters rather than if it matters. An especially productive turn focuses on the importance of multiple forms of influence on state behavior. The Power of Human Rights provided a foundation for such studies by bringing attention to the significance of different logics of interaction at different points in the socialization process of states (Risse, Ropp, & Sikkink 1999). That leading work and allied scholarship rely on motivations of human behavior such as shame, social status, and material reward. At a general level, such methodological commitments are widely shared in international relations scholarship.One important, but correctable, weakness of this approach is the way in which it conceptualizes (or fails to conceptualize) the relationship between the various mechanisms of social influence. According to leading studies, international human rights norms, through various agents and in various ways, often mobilize each mode of influence. An assumption is that these mechanisms are broadly, if not completely, complementary. This assumption of complementarity, we argue, is empirically suspect; and it inhibits refinement of the model along several axes. The next phase of research on human rights should include two related ambitions. First, it should systematically account for potential negative interactions between mechanisms of influence. Second, it should specifically consider how regime design might accentuate or mitigate such interactions. Are social mechanisms complementary or contradictory? In what ways are they compatible or incompatible? And what difference do these considerations make for modeling the influence of global norms? We provide some initial answers to these questions. We first identify and discuss various interaction effects between social mechanisms – emphasizing several crowding-out and crowding-in effects. We then identify and discuss various sequencing effects. Finally, we offer some reflections on whether and how these developments in the behavioral sciences ought to influence the modeling of human rights change.
1538-P: Quality of Life Decrements for Complications of Type 2 Diabetes

To estimate the quality of life decrement associated with complications of type 2 diabetes, we combined public-use data on type 2 diabetes patients from the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial, its follow-on ACCORDION study, and the Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) trial. The ACCORD trial administered the Health Utilities Index Mark 3 (HUI-3) instrument periodically, while the Look AHEAD trial administered the HUI-3 every 6 months. Measurements less than 1 year after a complication were associated with the complication event, and measurements more than 1 year after a complication were associated with a history of the complication. We used a fixed-effects model and included controls for BMI, duration of diabetes, and smoking. In total, there were 99,594 person-visit observations in our estimation sample, representing 14,899 unique persons with an average follow-up of 7.5 years. All complication events and complication history indicators negatively affected quality of life. The largest effects were observed for stroke (event year: 0.086; history: 0.056), congestive heart failure (event year: 0.043; history: 0.054), eGFR Disclosure S. Neuwahl: None. T.J. Hoerger: Research Support; Self; Sanofi. Funding Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Hydrated Cr(V) peroxychromates M3CrO8.XH2O (M = Li, Na, Cs): Model 3d1 systems exhibiting linear chain behavior and antiferromagnetic interactions

A new class of Cr(V) peroxychromates, those containing waters of hydration (Li 3- CrO 8 .10H 2 O, Na 3 CrO 8 .14H 2 O and Cs 3 CrO 8 .3H 2 O), has been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, magnetic susceptibility, specific heat, and EPR techniques. The Li salt crystallizes into the orthorhombic (Cmcm) group, whereas the Na and Cs salts exhibit the triclinic (P1) and monoclinic P2(1)/n space groups, respectively. Crystal structure analysis indicated the availability of low-dimensional spin-exchange pathways. The orientation dependence of the EPR line width exhibited the (3 cos 2 θ - 1) 4/3 behavior characteristic of linear chain compounds, with θ = 0 coinciding with the chain axis. Correlation of the EPR and X-ray data allowed for the explicit determination of the magnetic chain axes in the crystal and molecular frameworks. Magnetic susceptibility, X , measurements on oriented single crystals yielded negative values for the Curie-Weiss temperatures, indicating dominant antiferromagnetic interactions. The X data yielded the Curie constants that appear to be inversely related to the number of waters of hydration in the crystal structure; this observation is not yet understood. Correlation of the EPR line width, nearest neighbor distances, and Curie constants attested to the essential correctness of the linear chain spin exchange and dipolar fields in the Li and Cs salts, and to a lesser extent also for the Na salt. The specific heat data indicated that all these compounds have the potential to be useful for devices requiring strong heat sinks as well as magnetic refrigerants in the 250 mK temperature regime. They appear to be good as model systems for theoretical investigations on low-dimensional magnetic lattices and for understanding aspects of Cr(VI)-based catalysis and carcinogenesis.
Minimizing Conversion in Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery: From Preoperative Risk Assessment to Intraoperative Strategies

Since its first description in 1991, the use of laparoscopy for colorectal surgery has increased from 22.7% in 2005 to 49.8% in 2014. Increased adoption of laparoscopy is multifactorial and largely due to improved instrumentation and training and supported by demonstration of clinical benefits as well as level I evidence in support of oncologic safety when applied to colon cancer. Conversion rates have remained variable based on case volume but can be reduced with training and increased familiarity with surgical techniques described throughout this colorectal textbook. This chapter will review risk factors for conversion and discuss tips and tricks on how to avoid conversion during laparoscopic colorectal resections.
Ultrafast pyroelectric photodetection with on-chip spectral filters.

Thermal detectors, such as bolometric, pyroelectric and thermoelectric devices, are uniquely capable of sensing incident radiation for any electromagnetic frequency; however, the response times of practical devices are typically on the millisecond scale1–7. By integrating a plasmonic metasurface with an aluminium nitride pyroelectric thin film, we demonstrate spectrally selective, room-temperature pyroelectric detectors from 660–2,000 nm with an instrument-limited 1.7 ns full width at half maximum and 700 ps rise time. Heat generated from light absorption diffuses through the subwavelength absorber into the pyroelectric film producing responsivities up to 0.18 V W−1 due to the temperature-dependent spontaneous polarization of the pyroelectric films. Moreover, finite-element simulations reveal the possibility of reaching a 25 ps full width at half maximum and 6 ps rise time rivalling that of semiconductor photodiodes8. This design approach has the potential to realize large-area, inexpensive gigahertz pyroelectric detectors for wavelength-specific detection from the ultraviolet to short-wave infrared or beyond for, for example, high-speed hyperspectral imaging. The ultrafast response of a pyroelectric sensor with near-infrared responsivity is demonstrated by combining a pyroelectric thermal detector with wavelength-selective nanoparticle absorbers.
The clinical application of comprehensive treatment and prognosis guide in children with febrile seizures caused by upper respiratory infections

Objective To investigate the effect of comprehensive treatment and prognosis guide in children with febrile seizures caused by upper respiratory infections.Methods 58 cases of children with febrile seizures caused by upper respiratory infections were divided into the two groups using a random number table method,and the control group received routine first aid and treatment,while the observation group took comprehensive treatment and prognosis guide.The clinical efficacy and recurrence were compared.Results The observation group's abatement of fever time,seizures disappear time and average length of stay was (30.15 ±2.78)h,(4.25 ±0.63)d and (6.51 ±0.52) d,which were significantly less than those of the control group [(45.43 ± 3.14) h,(7.11 ± 0.72) d and (10.02 ± 0.67) d] (t =10.21,9.62,10.30,all P ＜ 0.05) ; The observation group's relapse rate was 13.79％ after treatment,significantly lower than 31.03 ％ of the control group (x2 =11.23,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The comprehensive treatment combined with prognosis guide has significant effect in the treatment of children with febrile seizures caused by upper respiratory infections,which can significantly improve clinical symptoms,reduce relapse after treatment.So it has a better clinical value. Key words: comprehensive treatment; prognosis guidance; febrile seizures
Physician as patient – seeking a cure: A review of Chasing My Cure: A Doctor’s Race to Turn Hope into Action by David Fajgenbaum. New York: Ballantine Books, 2019. 256 pp. (ISBN: 976-8-413-79962-5). $27.00 (Ebook). (ISBN: 978-1-524-79961-8. $27.00 (hard cover), Reviewed by Debra Oryzysyn.

David Fajgenbaum, MD, MBA, MSc, is an Assistant Professor of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. While an undergraduate at Georgetown University, he was one of the three students who founde...
National Housing Cycles, Borrowing Costs, and Gentrification

This paper documents that national housing market expansions have been associated with accelerating gentrification. Specifically, property values and the share of educated residents increased more in downtown locations than in suburbs during periods of national-housing-market expansions. This difference-in-differences holds conditional on changes in local income. A range of additional empirical tests suggest that the direct effect of lower borrowing costs, rather than indirect effects operating through income expansion, is responsible for accelerating gentrification. To interpret this evidence, I present a model in which a reduction in borrowing costs causes a decline in the cost of living in land-constrained areas for high-income households (relative to the cost for low-income households). An extended version of the model yields predictions for changes in home values and bachelors shares across MSAs that are supported by the data.
Hyperglycemia, Insulin, and Insulin Resistance in Sepsis.

Abstract Critically ill patients frequently have hyperglycemia. This event may reflect severe stress with an imbalance between anabolic hormones and catabolic hormones. Alternatively, it may reflect alterations in either insulin levels or insulin function. Insulin is a pleiotropic hormone with multiple important metabolic effects. In patients with sepsis, insulin levels are increased but insulin sensitivity is decreased. However, there is variability in insulin sensitivity, and this creates variability in glucose levels and insulin requirements and increases the frequency of hypo- and hyperglycemia. The factors that influence insulin sensitivity are complex and include inhibition of tyrosine kinase activity of the beta subunit, increased proteolytic activity resulting in loss of receptors from the plasma membrane, and possibly the transfer of insulin receptors into the nucleus where they bind to gene promoters. Better understanding of the role of insulin in critically ill patients requires prospective studies measuring insulin levels in various patient groups and the development of a simple measure of insulin sensitivity.
Two-Phase Flow Regimes – II

Introductory Remarks In Chapter 4 the basic gas–liquid two-phase flow regimes along with flow regime maps were reviewed. The discussion of flow regimes was limited to empirical methods applicable to commonly applied pipes and rod bundles. In this chapter mechanistic two-phase flow regime models will be discussed. Empirical flow regime models suffer from the lack of sound theoretical or phenomenological bases. Mechanistic methods, in contrast, rely on physically based models for each major regime transition process. These models are often simple and rather idealized. However, since they take into account the crucial phenomenological characteristics of each transition process, they can be applied to new parameter ranges with better confidence than purely empirical methods. Some important investigations where regime transition models for the entire flow regime map were considered include the works of Taitel and Dukler (1976), Taitel, Bornea, and Dukler (1980), Weisman and co-workers (1979, 1981), Mishima and Ishii (1984), and Barnea and co-workers (1986, 1987). The derivation of simple mechanistic regime transition models often involves insightful approximations and phenomenological interpretations. The review of the major elements of the successful models can thus be a useful learning experience. In this chapter only conventional flow passages (i.e., flow passages with) will be considered. There are important differences between commonly applied channels and mini- or microchannels with respect to the gas–liquid two-phase flow hydrodynamics. Two-phase flow regimes and conditions leading to regime transitions in mini- and microchannels will be discussed in Chapter 10.
Consistent Environmental Stimulation from Birth to Elementary School

The vast majority of policy and programmatic efforts in early care and education that focus on improving children's school readiness call attention primarily to a set of skills and competencies demonstrated by children in various ways. Years of measuring, conceptualizing, and improving these skills have reified a sense that young children's competencies are somehow independent of the contexts and settings in which these skills have been developed or are elicited. Although, to some extent, the existence of reliable and valid assessment of young children's school-readiness skills and their precursors demonstrates the validity of considering school readiness as a characteristic of a child—and such assessments can be thoughtful anchors of early education systems—this chapter argues that it is an equally if not more important consideration to measure, conceptualize, and improve school-readiness competencies through processes located in the interpersonal relationships between children and adults. Not only may interactions and relationships be the most effective pathway to address a child's difficulties in acquiring developmental competencies at any given time, but such a relational or transactional approach to fostering skills may also increase the likelihood that the child will be able to successfully develop needed competencies in the future. Implications of this perspective for conceptualizing and assessing school-readiness skills, and for policies related to school readiness, are presented.
Social Characteristics of a Hemophilia Clinic Population A Survey and Literature Review

Abstract The incidence and variety of social dysfunction in one hemophilia clinic patient population were identified through questionnaires completed by professionals; comparison with other hemophilia populations, as cited in the literature, revealed only slight differences. All population studies show a high incidence of social dysfunction, with little change through the years. Several apparent reasons for these findings in our patient populations are: (a) the full effects of home treatment have not yet been felt or tabulated because questionnaires were completed during transition years when the rate of home treatment went from 13% to 48%, (b) the complications of treatment are high, and (c) supportive educational and psychiatric services are scarce. A reassessment of social functioning of our patient population would be appropriate in six months to a year from now, to assess the impact of increased home treatment. Inhibitor patients in our clinic worked as frequently as other hemophiliacs and showed a slightly lower incidence of disability pay. Figures on social problems of inhibitor patients have not been found elsewhere in the literature.
A SODIUM- AND POTASSIUM-STIMULATED ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE FROM CARDIAC TISSUES--II. THE EFFECTS OF OUABAIN AND OTHER AGENTS THAT MODIFY ENZYME ACTIVITY.

Abstract An ATP-hydrolyzing enzyme system (ATPase) has been found in the ‘microsomal’ fraction of heart muscle homogenates, which appears to consist of at least two components, one, Mg2+-dependent and the other, Mg2+ + Na+ + K+-dependent. Various inhibitory agents were employed in order to differentiate these two components or sites of activity. Amytal and ethyl alcohol are representative of compounds that inhibit the Mg2+ + Na+ + K+-dependent activity to a greater extent than the Mg2+-dependent activity. Ouabain and p-hydroxymercuribenzoate. (POMB) specifically inhibit the Mg2+ + Na+ + K+-ATPase activity while having little or no effect on the basic Mg2+-activity. The POMB-sensitive portion of the enzyme system appears to be sensitive to ouabain. Sodium azide, guanidine, and trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid represent compounds which preferentially inhibit the basic Mg2+ activity of the heart muscle, while being almost unreactive on a similar enzyme system from brain. These substances markedly increase the sensitivity of the enzyme system to both ouabain and to sulfhydryl group inhibitors. The possibility that certain charged groups are involved in the effect of ouabain on the membrane ATPase system from heart muscle is discussed.
Effect of fat and carbohydrate composition on the gastric emptying of isocaloric feedings in premature infants

The gastric emptying of six infant feedings (20 kcal/oz; whey to casein ratio, 60:40) with varying fat and carbohydrate composition was studied. Feedings contained either predominantly long-chain triglycerides (94%) or predominantly medium-chain triglycerides (94%) as the fat and lactose, glucose, or glucose polymers (Polycose) as the carbohydrate. Eleven premature infants were fed 22 ml/kg body wt of all six feedings over a 3-4-day period, and the volume of gastric contents was measured every 20 min using polyethylene glycol 4000 as the marker. Analysis of variance demonstrated that the use of medium-chain triglycerides resulted in faster gastric emptying than long-chain triglycerides (p less than 0.001). Analysis of variance and Tukey's test showed that use of glucose polymers instead of glucose resulted in less volume of gastric contents at 40 min (p less than 0.05). Use of glucose polymers instead of lactose resulted in less volume of gastric contents at 60 and 80 min (p less than 0.05). Gastric emptying can be altered by changes in nutrient composition. The difference between medium-chain and long-chain triglycerides was more pronounced than the differences between the carbohydrates studied. Feedings with medium-chain triglycerides may be more suitable than long-chain triglycerides in patients with delayed gastric emptying.
Two hundred cases of paralytic foot stabilization after the method of Hoke : O. L. Miller MD (1887-1970). The 10th president of the AAOS 1941.

Dr. Oscar Lee Miller was born on a farm in Franklin County, in northeast Georgia [6]. He obtained a teachers’ certificate and taught school several years after high school before he attended the University of Georgia and then graduated from the Atlanta College of Physicians and Surgeons (now Emory University School of Medicine) in 1912. He took postgraduate training in Atlanta, working with Dr. Michael Hoke (whose name is associated with hindfoot arthrodesis). He entered military service in 1917, then returned to private practice after the armistice. As with other first Presidents of the AAOS, foreign experience was important, and in 1921 he visited Sir Robert Jones and other British surgeons. Upon returning he moved to Gastonia, North Carolina and helped develop the North Carolina Orthopaedic Hospital, an institution focusing on crippled children. In 1923, he opened an office which eventually became the Miller Clinic in nearby Charlotte. (The Miller Clinic and Charlotte Orthopedic Specialists merged in 2005 to create OrthoCarolina.)
Causes and cures for the infinities in slow-motion expansions in general relativity.

The causes of the divergent integrals arising in slow-motion expansions of the general relativistic field equations are studied and a remedy for them is suggested. This is done within the context of a model problem involving a coupled nonlinear scalar field and isotropic oscillator. The model is shown to give rise to divergent integrals directly attributable to the nonlinearity when the field is assumed to be analytic in a slowness parameter. Application of a nonregular perturbation approach which includes the method of matched asymptotic expansions is shown to eliminate the infinite contributions.
Composing with style – components meet architecture

Composability itself is probably the least composable term in the theory of computer science. In this talk, I’ll explore some of the troubling reasons why we have succeeded only so-so when it comes to the creation of composable software – and thus software components. Architecture can often come to the rescue, but only when applied with great style.
Shortcuts to 'Truth': Law's Anti-Rational Hegemony Illustrated by Dying Declarations

Hearsay, in Anglo-American law, is generally excluded because of the inability to challenge the statement's validity by cross-examining the actual author of the statement. But certain forms of hearsay are allowed into the court's hearing; however, these exceptions to the hearsay rule must possess a high "guarantee of trustworthiness" to be admitted. Dying declarations, arguably the most dramatic and prejudicial form of hearsay, has been deemed by the drafters of the Federal Rules of Evidence to have such "trustworthiness." This paper assesses the dying declaration exception to the hearsay rule as a vehicle to present a paradigm of analysis of legal rules that has not been heretofore combined in general law. First, an analysis of the rule's basis is provided, which shows that the rule is premised on cultural and conclusory assumptions rather than rigorous analysis. The rule is then criticized on the basis of relevant scientific and medical evidence, which show limited evidence for the evidence rule. Then a law and economic analysis is performed, suggesting that the current rule is socially undesirable as compared to a hypothetical legal regime which excludes dying declarations from the court's hearing. Relaxing some key assumptions of the law and economics analysis on the basis of the medical and scientific evidence, the dying declaration rule appears futher weakened from a social viewpoint. Finally, relevant jurisprudential concerns are reviewed which also indicates the limited desirability of the rule. On the basis of this tripartite analysis, the dying declaration rule appears undesirable. The paper then notes that there is not a single citation to a theoretical, social cost/benefit analysis, medical study, or scientific analysis in any of the Advisory Committee Notes or Hearings for the Federal Rules of Evidence. It concludes by calling for the use of the paradigm illustrated by the declaration analysis for all rules to counter law's anti-rational hegemony.
Propagation of Broadcast Transmissions

The sections in this article are 1 Ground-Wave Propagation 2 The Sky-Wave Propagation Environment 3 Sky-Wave Propagation at LF and MF 4 Sky-Wave Propagation at High Frequency 5 Space-Wave Propagation at VHF and UHF 6 Acknowledgments and Closing Remarks 7 Glossary
Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Several Green and Non-Green Building Materials: A Comparison

Sources that release gaseous or particulate pollutants into the air are an important cause of indoor air quality problems in residential and non-residential buildings. Source reduction, such as selection of non- or low-emitting building materials (“green” products) and cleaning solvents is a common method of remedying indoor air pollution problems. In this study, we measured and compared the volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from 3 groups of green materials and counterpart non-green materials (Trex© decking wood vs. pressure treated decking wood, ceramic floor tile vs. vinyl flooring, water-based paint vs. oil-based paint and wood stain) using a small-scale environmental chamber under controlled environmental conditions. Samples of the chamber air were collected in sampling tubes and analysed by thermal desorption GC/FID. A mass transfer-based emission model and an empirical model were applied to the dry and “wet” materials respectively to further assimilate the results. The experimental data show...
Study of dynamics and spin lattice relaxation mechanism in the triphenylmethylperoxy radical using peroxy spin probes

Abstract The stable triphenylmethylperoxy radical Ph 3 COO · is obtained by gamma irradiation of triphenylacetic acid Ph 3 CCOOH in vacuum followed by exposure to oxygen. ESR spectra of the peroxy radicals were measured at X-band in the temperature range 77–300 K. The averaging of the g -anisotropy has been interpreted using the modified Bloch equations. Good agreement with experimental results is obtained by assuming a CO bond rotation mechanism with 120° jumps. The simulated spectra are very sensitive to the value used for the COO bond angle. The angle deduced from the simulations is 129±1°. ESR spectra of the peroxy radicals taken immediately after exposure of the irradiated samples to oxygen indicate the same motional mechanism as the annealed radicals, but a lower activation energy for the motion, 7.5 kJ/mol vs 9.2 kJ/mol. This is most likely due to the trapping of the radical initially on the surface. At low temperatures forbidden spin flip signals are detected, due to numerous protons in the system. The intensity ratio of the allowed to the forbidden transitions as a function of the microwave power indicates that the dominant spin-lattice relaxation mechanism in the peroxy radicals is the radial modulation of the electron-nuclear dipolar interaction by lattice modes.
High Efficiency Mixing in the Shear Superposition Micromixer

We present a numerical and experimental study of the mixing in a Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS). The mixer is an active micromixer. Its design consists of a main mixing channel where the main flow is perturbed by jet flows emanating from a series of secondary channels. The lateral flows oscillate in time and reorient the lamination of passive tracers from streamwise to cross-stream. The micromixer is a silicon-etched device where the main channel is 2h wide, 13h long and h deep (h = 100 microns). The secondary channels are 5h long and h/2 wide. The parameters (flow rate, frequency, and amplitude of oscillations) are accurately controlled. The mixing process is studied numerically and experimentally using flow visualizations techniques. The numerical simulations are performed for the 3-D flow. We analyze the mixing properties using the Mixing Variance Coefficient (MVC).Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Ultrastructure of Hepatic Cholesterol Crystals in the Hypercholesterolemic — Diabetic Rat

Summary The cellular morphology of lipid accumulation in the liver was examined in normal rats fed a diet containing cholesterol and cholic acid, and streptozotocin-diabetic rats fed the same diet. The cholesterol-fed non diabetic rats displayed moderate hypercholesterolemia (average cholesterol 317 mg/dl) whereas the cholesterol-fed diabetic rats exhibited severe hypercholesterolemia (cholesterol > 1300 mg/dl). Ultrastructural studies were performed on hepatic tissues following in situ fixation and water soluble embedment, which were used to reduce lipid extraction and minimize structural distortions. Although both groups exhibited hepatocyte lipid droplets, the accumulation was markedly accentuated in the diabetic animals. The Kupffer cells of the diabetic animals contained cytosolic lipid crystals that were membrane delimited and showed lattice ordering 3.9 ± 2.2 nm periodicity. These findings suggest that cholesteryl ester crystals of the cholesteric phase, similar to those found in atherosclerotic lesions, may form in other cellular foci exposed to abnormally high plasma lipid levels.
Vivisection as War: The “Moral Diseases” of Animal Experimentation and Slavery in British Victorian Quaker Pacifist Ethics

Abstract This paper demonstrates how British Quakers, between 1870 and 1914, attempted to understand and debate the issue of vivisection through the lens of the Quaker peace testimony. Drawing on primary source materials, the article argues that these Friends were able to agitate for radical legislative and social change using virtue ethics as their framework. The paper further suggests that the moral parameters of the Quaker testimony for peace expanded briefly in this period to include interspecies as well as intraspecies engagement. Friends accomplished this by arguing that humans could not engage in vivisection—a “moral disease” just like slavery and war—without risking individual and social virtue. Friends were able to call for radical change in society without arguing for ethical egalitarianism. Hierarchy was implicit in their virtue ethic, but this did not hinder their creation of a forward-thinking stance on human-animal relations.
Restrictive Anorexia Nervosa And Set-Shifting in Adolescents: A Biobehavioral Interface

Abstract Purpose Set-shifting is a neurocognitive concept defined as the ability to switch tasks flexibly. Set-shifting scores are worse in adults with restrictive anorexia nervosa (AN-R) than in controls. Adolescence is a developmental period when young people must respond flexibly to new situations. The purpose of this study was to compare the set-shifting scores of 24 adolescent females with AN-R with 37 matched normal adolescent controls (ages, 14–20). Methods Methods used for the study included sociodemographic, psychological, and biological data, and neurocognitive testing using the Behavior Rating of Executive Function – Self- and Parent-Reports, the Cambridge Neuropsychological Automated Battery, and the Wisconsin Card-Sorting Test. Statistical analyses included t -tests, multiple analysis of variance, and correlations. Results Sociodemographic data and intelligence quotient of study and control subjects were similar. There were differences in body mass index and the Eating Disorder Inventory-3 evaluation. Significant differences in the composite score of set-shifting between the study and control groups were found using multiple analysis of variance. Conclusion Adolescent females with AN-R had significantly worse set-shifting scores than the control subjects. Future studies of adolescent AN-R subjects should include biological (functional magnetic resonance imaging) and neurocognitive measures to determine the mechanisms at the brain-behavioral interface so that treatment can be directed specifically to set-shifting deficits.
A multi-mineral natural product inhibits liver tumor formation in C57BL/6 mice

C57BL/6 mice were maintained for up to 18 months on high-fat and low-fat diets with or without a multi-mineral supplement derived from the skeletal remains of the red marine algae Lithothamnion calcareum. Numerous grossly observable liver masses were visible in animals on the “western-style” high-fat diet sacrificed at 12 and 18 months. The majority of the masses were in male mice (20 out of 100 males versus 3 out of 100 females; p = 0.0002). There were more liver masses in animals on the high-fat diet than on the low-fat diet (15 out of 50 on high-fat versus 5 out of 50 on low-fat; p = 0.0254). The multi-mineral supplement reduced the number of liver masses in mice on both diets (3 out of 25 male mice in the low-fat diet group without the supplement versus 1 out of 25 mice with supplement; 12 of 25 male mice in the high-fat diet group without the supplement versus 3 of 25 mice with supplement [p = 0.0129]). Histological evaluation revealed a total of 17 neoplastic lesions (9 adenomas and 8 hepatocellular carcinomas), and 18 pre-neoplastic lesions. Out of eight hepatocellular carcinomas, seven were found in unsupplemented diet groups. Steatosis was widely observed in livers with and without grossly observable masses, but the multi-mineral supplement had no effect on the incidence of steatosis or its severity. Taken together, these findings suggest that a multi-mineral-rich natural product can protect mice against neoplastic and pre-neoplastic proliferative liver lesions that may develop in the face of steatosis.
Anti-Parathyroid and Anti-Calcium Sensing Receptor Antibodies in Autoimmune Hypoparathyroidism

The parathyroid glands are an infrequent target for autoimmunity, the exception being autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1, in which autoimmune hypoparathyroidism is the rule. Antibodies that are directed against the parathyroid cell surface calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) have recently been recognized to be present in the serum of patients with autoimmune hypoparathyroidism. In some individuals, these anti-CaSR antibodies have also been shown to produce functional activation of the receptor, suggesting a direct pathogenic role in hypocalcemia. Additionally, a few hypercalcemic patients with autoimmune hypocalciuric hypercalcemia owing to anti-CaSR antibodies that inhibit receptor activation have now been identified. Other novel parathyroid autoantigens are starting to be elucidated, suggesting that new approaches to treatment, such as CaSR antagonists or agonists (calcilytics/calcimimetics), may be worthwhile.
Discriminants in characteristic two

(1985). Discriminants in characteristic two. Linear and Multilinear Algebra: Vol. 17, No. 3-4, pp. 235-263.
Conformation and Ion‐Transport Models for the Structure and Ionic Conductivity in Complexes of Polyethers with Alkali Metal Salts

Two ion‐transport mechanisms are described for ion transport in polyether‐alkali metal salt complexes: an intrahelical jumping process along crystalline (helical) regions of the polymer, and a transport process in the amorphous regions which is dependent on formation of fourfold coordination sites via mutual motion of ether oxygens from two or more polymer chains. The intrahelical jumping process may exhibit Arrhenius behavior, while transport in the amorphous regions should behave like a configurational entropy dominated process, showing a temperature dependence like , where is the equilibrium glass transition temperature. For the highly crystalline poly(ethylene oxide) complexes, an Arrhenius behavior is observed to dominate, whereas for the amorphous polyether salt complexes the configurational entropy behavior is observed. Even for the highly crystalline complexes, however, amorphous regions separate the crystalline regions of the polymer, and segmental motion of the polymer chains is postulated to be crucial here as well. The models are consistent with the observed frequency‐dependent ionic conductivity, as well as spectroscopic, x‐ray, thermal, and physical characterization measurements. They provide a reasonable microscopic picture for ion motion and yield testable predictions concerning the dependence of the ionic conductivity on pressure, temperature, and crystallinity.
Usage of human T-cell receptor Vβ, Jβ, Cβ, and Vα gene segments is not proportional to gene number

Abstract Certain T-cell receptor (TCT) β-chain variable (V), joining (J), and constant (C) gene segments, as well as TCRα-chain V gene segments, are disproportionally represented in TCR α and β cDNA libraries derived from PHA-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes. Sequences of 138 TCRα clones and 96 TCRβ clones were determined and of these 128 TCRα clones and 88 TCRβ clones were found to contain unique combinations of V, J, and C gene segments or to display diversity in N region nucleotides. The frequency of the V, J, and C genes used in the assembly of unique transcripts was ascertained. Of the 24 reported Vβ genes, families, 21 were observed among the 88 TCRβ clones including four Vβ families (Vβ1, Vβ2, Vβ3, and Vβ4) that were represented in the sample 2 1 2 −5 times more frequently than would be expected on the basis of copy number within the gene complex. Seventy-eight percent of the clones were positive for Cβ2 and more than half of the clones (53%) used one of two Jβ2 genes: Jβ2.1 was present in 27 clones and Jβ2.7 in 20 clones. TCR Vα families were also disproportionately represented in this sample. Twenty-five of 30 Vα families were observed in the sample of 128 clones including six recently reported Vα families. Three Vα families, Vα2, Vα8, and Vα23, accounted for ≈40% of the TCRα clones and were represented at 18%, 9.4%, and 13.3%, respectively. Both Vα2 and Vα8 gene families contain more than one gene; thus the number of clones observed in these families may, in part, be related to gene number. However, Vα23, which appears to be a single-copy gene family, is significantly overrepresented in this sample. Although disproportional usage of Vβ genes may be accounted for by superantigen exposure, reasons for disproportional usage of Jβ, Cβ, and Vα genes are presently unknown.
Larval and adult abdominal defects resulting from microcautery of blastoderm staged Drosophila embryos.

Drosophila embryos were damaged by microcautery at the cellular blastoderm stage at the sites of presumptive histoblasts, identified from fate maps. The resulting adults were analyzed for abnormal abdominal structures in one series, and in two further series the pupal cases of the defective adults which hatched were also checked for irregularities in segmentation of the larva, both dorsally and ventrally. The relationships between the larval segmentation and adult pattern are described. A sample of pupal cases of morphologically normal flies hatching from microcautery were checked and showed that regulation only rarely occurred, i.e., abnormal larvae sometimes produced normal adults. Both tergite and sternite defects occurred, and duplications of parts of these structures were observed in both cases. In general, abnormal fusions, missing hemi-segments, and partial deletions were associated with larval defects and were therefore probably the result of damage to larval cells, or both larval cells and histoblasts. Duplications and partial segment deficiencies also resulted from apparantly normal pupal cases and were therefore probably the result of directly damaging the presumptive histoblast cells of the blastoderm. It is suggested that the various nests of histoblasts in each segment act as one morphogenetic field, with larval cells within the field.
Stability of Synchronization in Networks of Digital Phase-Locked Loops

We analyze the linear stability of the synchronized state in networks of N identical digital phase-locked loops. These are pulse-coupled oscillator arrays in which the frequency (rather than the phase) of each oscillator is updated discontinuously whenever that oscillator reaches a specific phase in its cycle. Three different coupling configurations are studied: one-way rings, two-way rings, and globally coupled arrays. In each case we obtain explicit formulas for the transient time to lock, the critical gain at which the synchronized state loses stability, and the period of the bifurcating solution at the onset of instability. Our results explain the numerical observations of de Sousa Vieira, Lichtenberg, and Lieberman.
Abstract 3975: Detecting patient mutomes by integrating DNA and RNA sequencing

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Personalized cancer medicine, the matching of therapies to a given patient's somatic alterations, depends on highly accurate and complete identification of patients’ somatic alterations, or their mutome. Advances in sequencing technologies (exome sequencing, RNAseq, and whole genome sequencing) have provided a means to examine large portions of the genetic content of patients’ cancers. Computational tools have arisen that make somatic mutation predictions utilizing particular sequencing assays; however, each sequencing assay has limitations and existing mutation detection tools exhibit less than ideal agreement when analyzing the same data. The task of identifying all somatic mutations in one patient's cancer remains a challenge to personalized cancer medicine. Typically, somatic mutation detection is performed utilizing DNA sequencing. Because RNA sequencing is often a component of genome characterization projects along with DNA sequencing, we sought to evaluate the possible added value of RNA sequencing in somatic mutation detection. We have developed an original computational method, UNCeqR, that makes patient-specific somatic mutation predictions utilizing RNA sequencing combined with DNA sequencing. DNA mutations and RNA mutations are statistically modeled separately and results are combined in a meta-analytic fashion, resulting in up to three predictions for a locus: DNA-only, RNA-only, and DNA+RNA. In addition to de novo genomewide mutation predictions, UNCeqR can query specific a priori mutations. UNCeqR was applied to The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) lung squamous cell carcinoma sequencing data, consisting of Ilumina RNAseq and Illumina exome sequencing. Of annotated exons, 20% had very low to zero coverage in RNA and 5% had very low to zero coverage in DNA, indicating that both sequencing assays add new genomic territory for mutation detection. Limiting to regions with both DNA and RNA coverage, 56% of mutations detected from DNA were also predicted by RNA, providing an independent validation of these mutations. To evaluate if mutation detection using DNA+RNA is superior to detection using DNA-only, cancer specimen DNA and RNA reads were randomly split into subsamples. UNCeqR was executed on each of the subsamples and mutation agreement was compared among pairs of subsamples within regions of DNA and RNA coverage. Compared with the DNA-only method, DNA+RNA mutation detection exhibited a 42% relative increase in percent agreement across subsamples and a 230% relative increase in the number of mutations detected. Therefore, RNA sequencing adds positive value to somatic mutation detection via UNCeqR. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3975. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3975
On the mechanisms producing the backscattered and the trapped electrons along auroral field lines

Abstract The production mechanisms of backscattered electrons and trapped electrons along auroral field lines are examined. The backscattered electrons are produced not only by electron-neutral collisions, but also by electrostatic turbulence predominantly in the ion-cyclotron and ion-acoustic modes. The trapped electrons can only be produced by electron wave turbulence, most likely in the whistler and upper hybrid modes known as the auroral hiss.
Observation of the Resting and Pulsed States of Cytochrome c Oxidase in Electrode-Supported Lipid Bilayer Membranes

Cytochrome c oxidase immobilized in lipid bilayer membranes on gold electrodes mediates electron transfer between reduced cytochrome c in solution and the electrode. Under flow conditions, fixed potential amperometry of anaerobic solutions of reduced cytochrome c shows changes in the rate of enzyme mediated electron transfer from cytochrome c to oxidase modified electrodes. These data are consistent with literature that describes both activation of the resting oxidase state to the pulsed oxidase state and subsequent decay of the pulsed oxidase state to the resting oxidase state.
Broad distribution of crystal-field environments for Nd3+ in calcite

Calcite crystals were grown from solution with single-crystal dimensions up to 3 mm and doped up to ∼0.1 at% with Nd3+ ions. Phase purity was verified by powder X-ray diffraction. The concentration of Nd3+ was measured by energy-dispersive spectrometry and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. Micro X-ray fluorescence mapping of the calcite grains indicates uniform Nd distribution in as-grown crystal grains. X-ray absorption fine structure suggests that Nd3+ is substituted for Ca2+ with local lattice distortion. Temperature-dependent near-infrared spectroscopy of Nd3+ impurities in calcite reveals large inhomogeneous linewidths and smooth line profiles that are characteristic of glassy hosts, though the samples are well crystallized.
Hardships of End-of-Life Care With Court-Appointed Guardians:

In the United States, the court-appointed guardians do not have the ability to make decisions regarding end-of-life (EOL) care for their clients. Additionally, the process of initiating EOL care measures can be slow and cumbersome, despite an existing process of getting approval for such care. This process has the potential to prolong suffering and delay imperative decisions. This article reviews the hardships that patients, court-appointed guardians, and health care staff endure while moving through the oppressive process of obtaining EOL care orders through the court. This article also proposes ways of tuning up the laws, regulations, and communications to make it easier and faster to obtain orders regarding EOL care to preserve the dignity of our patients and loved ones. "A guardianship is a legal relationship created when a person or institution named in a will or assigned by the court to take care of minor children or incompetent adults."
Photographs, drawings, and nouns as stimuli in paired-associate learning

Color photographs and simple line drawings were compared with corresponding concrete nouns as stimulus items in paired-associate learning. Greater recall was found with pictorial stimuli, but a predicted difference between photographs and drawings was not significant. The two types of pictorial stimuli did differ, however, in proportion of intralist intrusion errors and in reported use of mediation. Both surpassed word stimuli whether rote learning or a mnemonic strategy was reported. These results do not support theories that attribute picture superiority to incidental cues or to implicit mediational strategies.