cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
18.4 An 1.1V 68.2GB/s 8Gb Wide-IO2 DRAM with non-contact microbump I/O test scheme

The emergence of the internet of everything (IoE) demands high-performance, real-time multi-media and wideband networking in battery-operated mobile systems. For this reason, higher bandwidth and lower power mobile DRAMs are becoming increasingly critical. As promising candidates of next-generation mobile DRAM, the development of LPDDR4 [1] and wide-IO2 (WIO2) DRAM is ongoing these days. The conventional single data rate (SDR) wide IO DRAM [2] has achieved ×4 data bandwidth compared to LPDDR2 by increasing the number of IOs (e.g. 512 DQs). The WIO2 DRAM in this paper has 512 DQs, which is the same as SDR wide-IO DRAM, but by using double data rate (DDR) and operating at 1066Mb/s, its bandwidth achieves 68.2GB/s, which is quadrupled compared to LPDDR4 (single-die comparison). Moreover, since WIO2 DRAM is stacked in a 3D structure with the DRAM controller (system-in-package type), the input/output capacitance (CIO) is decreased and a power efficiency of 28mW/GB/s in READ operation mode is achieved.
Application of a Second Generation Recombinant Immunoblot Assay to Assess Hepatitis C Infection

Because significant morbidity and mortality are associated with the hepatitis C virus (HCV), accurate diagnosis of infection is important. Assays of varying sensitivities used to detect HCV dramatically impact diagnosis. To compare the accuracy of two assays, 129 patients were tested. A screening enzyme immunoassay, the c100-3 HCV EI A (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, III), and a second generation recombinant immunoblot assay, the RIBA II (Chiron Corp, Emeryville, Calif), were evaluated for detection of antibodies to HCV. EIA results were positive for HCV in all but two patients; RIBA II results found 112 patients positive, 6 patients indeterminate, and 11 patients negative. Thus, the RIBA II assay provides supplementary diagnostic information for evaluation of HCV infection.
High resolution is not a strict requirement for characterization and quantification of histone post-translational modifications.

Mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful tool to accurately identify and quantify histone post-translational modifications (PTMs). High-resolution mass analyzers have been regarded as essential for these PTM analyses because the mass accuracy afforded is sufficient to differentiate trimethylation versus acetylation (42.0470 and 42.0106 Da, respectively), whereas lower-resolution mass analyzers cannot. Noting this limitation, we sought to determine whether lower-resolution detectors are nonetheless adequate for histone PTM analysis by comparing the low-resolution LTQ Velos Pro with the high-resolution LTQ-Orbitrap Velos Pro. We first determined that the optimal scan mode on the LTQ Velos Pro is the Enhanced scan mode with respect to apparent resolution, number of MS and MS/MS scans per run, and reproducibility of label-free quantifications. We next compared the performance of the LTQ Velos Pro to the LTQ-Orbitrap Velos Pro using the same criteria for comparison, and we found that the main difference is that th...
Arc breakdown in high-pressure large gap sources using surface streamer based initiation

A non-equilibrium atmospheric streamer discharge has been investigated as a means to seed a large gap arc breakdown. The dynamics of a surface streamer discharge has been analyzed with high speed imaging, voltage and current characterization as well as light intensity measurements. The temporal evolution of the discharge has been examined and a mechanism for the formation and propagation of the discharge presented. Thermodynamic properties of the atmospheric streamer discharge were determined from a time and spatially averaged spectra and a collisional-radiative model. The electron temperature and density were measured to be 1.25 eV and 10 m respectively. The velocity of the surface streamer was estimated to be ~110 km/s with a diameter of ~400 μm.
Preferential outward diffusion of Cu during unconventional galvanic replacement reactions between HAuCl4 and surface-limited Cu nanocrystals.

Metal diffusion in nanoscale materials is of great interest, yet the detailed kinetic behavior of such diffusion remains elusive. We observe direction-controlled Cu diffusion during unconventional galvanic replacement reactions between surface-limited Cu nanocrystals (NCs) and HAuCl4. Using presynthesized Cu–Cu1.81S hetero-oligomer and Cu–Cu2S heterodimer NCs as templates and reactants, the controlled addition of HAuCl4 leads to the preferential outward diffusion of Cu, visualized by the formation of single-crystalline and straight, or polycrystalline and kinked, CuAu nanowires, respectively. The time-dependent growth of these nanowires enables determination of nanoscale diffusion coefficients of Cu during these processes, for the first time.
Adolescents’ questions about sexuality

AbstractIn order better to understand the sexual interests and concerns of adolescents, 120 adolescents anonymously submitted a total of 130 questions about sexuality. Based upon the contents of these questions, seven categories were developed by three independent judges, representing distinct areas of sexual interest. The results indicated that adolescents asked the highest frequency of questions concerning Sociosexual issues, followed by questions assigned to Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Sexual Performance, Contraception, Psychosexual, and Anatomy/Physiology categories in that order. The results also indicated that adolescent boys and girls were more alike than different in their sexual interests. Results are discussed in relation to their importance for the development of adolescent sex education programs and curricula.
Study on Microstructure and Properties of Welded Joint of Fine-grained Q420 High Strength Low Alloy Steel

Fine-grained Q420 high strength low alloy steel was welded by CO 2 gas shield welding.The optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze the microstructure and fractographs of the welded joint.The mechanical properties of the joint were also tested.The results show that,the base metal of Q420 steel consists of fine-grained ferrite and pearlite.The welding metal showes higher strength than that of the base metal when ER55-G welding electrode is employed.Both the welding metal and heat affected zone possess good impact toughness.It was found that the ductile fracture with micro-void coalescence appears on the fracture surface.For specimens fabricated using the current welding parameters,the heat affected zone in the fine-grained Q420 steel welded joint exhibits higher impact toughness than that of the welding metal.
A survey of trust management systems for online social communities - Trust modeling, trust inference and attacks

Trust can help participants in online social communities to make decisions; however, it is a challenge for systems to map trust into computational models because of its subjective properties. Also, many online social communities are sparsely connected. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce mechanisms which can infer indirect trust among participants who are not directly connected. We provide a survey of existing trust management systems for online social communities. We also list four types of attacks, and analyze existing systems' vulnerabilities. Compared with previous surveys, our survey takes trust modeling, trust inference, and attacks into account. Although there are several survey papers about global trust/reputation related attacks, the main contribution of this paper is that we consider trust inference and potential local trust related attacks.
Measuring Monomer-to-Filament Transition of MAVS as an In Vitro Activity Assay for RIG-I-Like Receptors

During viral infection, the innate immune RIG-I like receptors (RLRs) recognize viral double stranded RNA (dsRNA) and trigger filament assembly of the adaptor protein Mitochondrial Anti-viral Signaling protein (MAVS). The MAVS filament then activates anti-viral signaling events including the up-regulation of type I interferon expression. In recent years, much insight has been gained into how RLRs recognize dsRNA, but the precise mechanism of how activated RLRs stimulate MAVS filament formation remains less understood. In this chapter, we describe an in vitro reconstitution assay that we have previously developed to study the RLR-catalyzed filament assembly of MAVS. We provide technical guidance for purifying the caspase activation recruitment domain (CARD) of MAVS (MAVS(CARD)) as a functional monomer and also preformed filament seed. We also describe the methods to monitor the monomer-to-filament transition of MAVS(CARD) upon stimulation. This protocol provides a minimalist approach to studying RLR signaling events and can potentially be applied to elucidate signaling mechanisms of other innate immune receptors, such as Toll-like receptors and inflammasomes, that involve higher order assemblies of CARDs or related domains for their downstream signal activation.
Calcifying Fibrous Pseudotumor of the Posterior Mediastinum With Encapsulation of the Thoracic Duct

We report the first case of calcifying fibrous pseudotumor (CFPT) to arise in the posterior mediastinum with encapsulation of the thoracic duct. This exceedingly rare lesion was incidentally discovered in an asymptomatic young woman and treated with surgical resection, requiring ligation and excision of the thoracic duct. There has been no evidence of tumor recurrence or postoperative complication.
An evaluation of behavior inferences from Bayesian state-space models: A case study with the Pacific walrus

State-space models offer researchers an objective approach to modeling complex animal location data sets, and state-space model behavior classifications are often assumed to have a link to animal behavior. In this study, we evaluated the behavioral classification accuracy of a Bayesian state-space model in Pacific walruses using Argos satellite tags with sensors to detect animal behavior in real time. We fit a two-state discrete-time continuous-space Bayesian state-space model to data from 306 Pacific walruses tagged in the Chukchi Sea. We matched predicted locations and behaviors from the state-space model (resident, transient behavior) to true animal behavior (foraging, swimming, hauled out) and evaluated classification accuracy with kappa statistics (κ) and root mean square error (RMSE). In addition, we compared biased random bridge utilization distributions generated with resident behavior locations to true foraging behavior locations to evaluate differences in space use patterns. Results indicated that the two-state model fairly classified true animal behavior (0.06 ≤ κ ≤ 0.26, 0.49 ≤ RMSE ≤ 0.59). Kernel overlap metrics indicated utilization distributions generated with resident behavior locations were generally smaller than utilization distributions generated with true foraging behavior locations. Consequently, we encourage researchers to carefully examine parameters and priors associated with behaviors in state-space models, and reconcile these parameters with the study species and its expected behaviors.
Decoupled Shading for Real-time Heterogeneous Volume Illumination

Existing real-time volume rendering techniques which support global illumination are limited in modeling distinct realistic appearances for classified volume data, which is a desired capability in many fields of study for illustration and education. Directly extending the emission-absorption volume integral with heterogeneous material shading becomes unaffordable for real-time applications because the high-frequency view-dependent global lighting needs to be evaluated per sample along the volume integral. In this paper, we present a decoupled shading algorithm for multi-material volume rendering that separates global incident lighting evaluation from per-sample material shading under multiple light sources. We show how the incident lighting calculation can be optimized through a sparse volume integration method. The quality, performance and usefulness of our new multi-material volume rendering method is demonstrated through several examples.
Advances in ESCA Spectroscopy

Publisher Summary The basic principle underlying electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), namely, the photoelectric effect, has been known and reasonably well understood for about 70 years. The development of the ESCA technique to its current state of refinement has required advances in ultra-high vacuum technology, the development of intense X-ray sources, improvements in electron detection equipment, and the continual refinement of spectrometer design to achieve instrumental energy resolution comparable to natural energy level widths, as governed by final state hole lifetimes. This chapter discusses some of the applications of ESCA in materials science and engineering. It describes the ESCA technique and discusses few examples of qualitative chemical analysis applications, which capitalize on the chemical information derivable from the chemical shifts exhibited by core levels. These applications involve studies of surface chemical reactions, surface passivation, and the profiling of interface chemistry.
Benchmarking gentrification near commuter rail stations in New Jersey

Predictions in recent studies that an increasingly large number of households will locate near rail stations because of changing lifestyles and perceptions of younger generations should be a reason...
Contributions to publications and management plans from 7 years of citizen science: Use of a novel evaluation tool on Earthwatch-supported projects

Abstract The use of citizen science to address global and local environmental challenges will depend on demonstrated evidence that it can lead to meaningful contributions to science, management, and social action. Systematic evaluation of citizen science projects is important yet lacking to date. We developed an evaluation tool and used it to conduct a meta-analysis of 51 Earthwatch projects over a 7-year period, assessing their ability to produce peer-reviewed publications and contribute to management plans and policies. The development and testing of an evaluation tool identified key factors to improve outcomes of citizen science projects, including deliberate design of projects through direct engagement with scientists. In turn, scientists increased their reporting of outcomes when outcomes were being used for program assessment and feedback to participants. Over this period, outcomes for the 51 projects consisted of: 333 peer-reviewed publications and 264 contributions to management plans and policies, with a mean of 1.6 peer-reviewed publications per project per year and 1.3 contributions to management plans per project per year. Across this period, projects averaged 6.5 publications and 5.2 contributions to plans and policies per project (range 0–26 contributions per project). Several other project attributes were found to lead to higher outcomes. We found that the creation of evaluation tools helped hold projects accountable for outcomes and highlighted to project managers and scientists the characteristics of projects that lead to improved outcomes. Elements of this approach could be transferred to other projects, helping to fulfill the potential of citizen science to address global challenges.
Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Survivors of Childhood Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Treated with Total Body Irradiation: A Longitudinal Analysis.

Abstract Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) survivors treated with total body irradiation (TBI) are known to be at increased risk for the development of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs). We sought to characterize the incidence of CVRFs in a TBI-exposed survivor cohort and to describe prognostic indicators of their development through a retrospective analysis of CVRFs in 1-year survivors of leukemia or lymphoma treated with TBI at Memorial Sloan Kettering between April 1987 and May 2011. Eligible participants were age ≤21 years at the time of TBI and were not receiving glucocorticoid therapy at the time of entry to long-term follow-up. Survivors were assessed for obesity (body mass index ≥95th percentile for age ≤ 20 years and ≥30 kg/m2 for age >20 years), elevated blood pressure, dyslipidemia (elevated triglycerides [TG], low high-density lipoprotein [HDL]), and glucose intolerance (fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dL); those with ≥3 risk factors were deemed to have a CVRF cluster, a surrogate for metabolic syndrome. Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for factors associated with each CVRF. To compare the prevalence of CVRFs in HCT survivors and the general population, survivors were compared with age-, sex-, and race-matched controls from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 123 survivors were evaluated (62.6% males). The median age at TBI was 11.8 years (range, 1.6 to 21.9 years). The median duration of follow-up was 8.0 years (range, 1.01 to 24.6 years), and the median age at last follow-up was 20.1 years (range, 4.0 to 41.3 years). The 5-year cumulative incidence was 14.7% for elevated blood pressure, 10.5% for elevated glucose, 26.8% for low HDL, 39.2% for hypertriglyceridemia, and 16.0% for obesity, and corresponding 10-year cumulative incidences of 28.8%, 33.1%, 52.0%, 65.0%, and 18.6%. The median cumulative incidence of a CVRF cluster rose from 10.6% (range, 5.6% to 17.5%) at 5 years to 28.4% (range, 18.8% to 38.7%) at 10 years. In multivariate analysis, growth hormone (GH) deficiency (hazard ratio [HR], 8.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.1 to 34.4; P = .002), history of cranial radiation (HR, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.7 to 9.6; P = .002), and grade II-IV acute graft-versus-host disease GVHD (HR, 4.2; 95% CI, 1.5 to 12.2; P = .008) were associated with the risk of developing a CVRF cluster. Compared with a random sample of matched population controls, HCT survivors had an increased prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL, but not of glucose intolerance, elevated blood pressure, or CVRF cluster. Given the young age of this HCT survivor cohort, these data highlight the importance of routine screening for CVRF starting in childhood in individuals exposed to TBI.
Intimate Partner Violence and 5-Year Weight Change in Young Women: A Longitudinal Study

Abstract Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) and obesity are national public health problems that are potentially associated. We examined the association between IPV exposure and 5-year weight gain in young women. We also examined whether depressive mood conferred additional increases in weight gain. Materials and Methods: Analyses were conducted among women in Project EAT, a longitudinal cohort study of weight-related health, which has collected data at three 5-year survey waves: “EAT I” (mean age 15 years), “EAT II” (mean age 19 years), and “EAT III” (mean age 25 years). Height and body weight were self-reported at each survey wave. IPV victimization and depressive mood were assessed on the EAT II survey. The study comprised women with data on IPV and body mass index (BMI) (N = 619). Linear regression analyses examined (1) 5-year (EAT II to EAT III) BMI change as a function of IPV exposure and (2) 5-year BMI change as a function of depressive mood at EAT II in women with and without IPV exposure...
Development of a vortex generator to perturb fish locomotion

ABSTRACT Knowledge about the stiffness of fish fins, and whether stiffness is modulated during swimming, is important for understanding the mechanics of a fin9s force production. However, the mechanical properties of fins have not been studied during natural swimming, in part because of a lack of instrumentation. To remedy this, a vortex generator was developed that produces traveling vortices of adjustable strength which can be used to perturb the fins of swimming fish. Experiments were conducted to understand how the generator9s settings affected the resulting vortex rings. A variety of vortices (14–32 mm diameter traveling at 371–2155 mm s −1 ) were produced that elicited adequate responses from the fish fins to help us to understand the fin9s mechanical properties at various swimming speeds (0–350 mm s −1 ).
Accounting in Networks. Hkan Hkansson, Kalle Kraus and Johnny Lind. New York: Routledge. 2010. 368 pp. $155 (cloth).

While networks are increasingly seen as the right thing for public administrators to do (O'Leary & Gerard, 2013), there is little research on the financial accountability of public networks and collaborations (Thurmaier & Mitchell, 2013) . Even though surveys of public managers reveal that some of the top reasons for collaborating and network service delivery are financial (O'Leary & Gerard, 2013) , practical knowledge of how networks are financially managed is quite limited. As a field of study, accounting is much more directed toward these issues. While the book Accounting in Networks (Hakansson, Kraus, & Lind, 2010a) reflect that its subject is a new area of study even for the broader field of accounting, the publication of this book marks a foundational work for those that are interested in the subject of accounting and financial management of public networks as well.
Taxonomic revisions in the Microstromatales: two new yeast species, two new genera, and validation of Jaminaea and two Sympodiomycopsis species

Environmental sampling yielded two yeast species belonging to Microstromatales (Exobasidiomycetes, Ustilaginomycotina). The first species was collected from a leaf phylloplane infected by the rust fungus Coleosporium plumeriae, and represents a new species in the genus Jaminaea, for which the name Jaminaea rosea sp. nov. is proposed. The second species was isolated from air on 50% glucose media and is most similar to Microstroma phylloplanum. However, our phylogenetic analyses reveal that species currently placed in Microstroma are not monophyletic, and M. phylloplanum, M. juglandis and M. albiziae are not related to the type species of this genus, M. album. Thus, Pseudomicrostroma gen. nov. is proposed to accommodate the following species: P. glucosiphilum sp. nov., P. phylloplanum comb. nov. and P. juglandis comb. nov. We also propose Parajaminaea gen. nov. to accommodate P. albizii comb. nov. and P. phylloscopi sp. nov. based on phylogenetic analyses that show these are not congeneric with Jaminaea or Microstroma. In addition, we validate the genus Jaminaea, its respective species and two species of Sympodiomycopsis and provide a new combination, Microstroma bacarum comb. nov., for the anamorphic yeast Rhodotorula bacarum. Our results illustrate non-monophyly of Quambalariaceae and Microstromataceae as currently circumscribed. Taxonomy of Microstroma and the Microstromataceae is reviewed and discussed. Finally, analyses of all available small subunit rDNA sequences for Jaminaea species show that J. angkorensis is the only known species that possess a group I intron in this locus, once considered a potential feature indicating the basal placement of this genus in Microstromatales.
Next-generation sequencing and the expanding domain of phylogeography

Phylogeography is experiencing a revolution brought on by next-generation sequencing methods. A historical survey of the phylogeographic literature suggests that phylogeography typically incorporates new questions, expanding on its classical domain, when new technologies offer novel or increased numbers of molecular markers. A variety of methods for subsampling genomic variation, including restriction site associated DNA sequencing (Rad-seq) and other next generation approaches, are proving exceptionally useful in helping to define major phylogeographic lineages within species as well as details of historical demography. Next-generation methods are also blurring the edges of phylogeography and related fields such as association mapping of loci under selection, and the emerging paradigm is one of simultaneously inferring both population history across geography and genomic targets of selection. However, recent examples, including some from our lab on Anolis lizards and songbirds, suggest that genome subsampling methods, while extremely powerful for the classical goals of phylogeography, may fail to allow phylogeography to fully achieve the goals of this new, expanded domain. Specifically, if genome-wide linkage disequilibrium is low, as is the case in many species with large population sizes, most genome subsampling methods will not sample densely enough to detect selected variants, or variants closely linked to them. We suggest that whole-genome resequencing methods will be essential for allowing phylogeographers to robustly identify loci involved in phenotypic divergence and speciation, while at the same time allowing free choice of molecular markers and further resolution of the demographic history of species.
Microscopic formulation of dynamical spin injection in ferromagnetic-nonmagnetic heterostructures

We develop a microscopic formulation of dynamical spin injection in heterostructure comprising nonmagnetic metals in contact with ferromagnets. The spin pumping current is expressed in terms of Green's functions of the nonmagnetic metal attached to the ferromagnet where a precessing magnetization is induced. The formulation allows for the inclusion of spin-orbit coupling and disorder. The Green's functions involved in the expression for the current are expressed in real-space lattice coordinates and can thus be efficiently computed using recursive methods.
Multiple Sclerosis with Brainstem Presentation

Brainstem syndromes are a common initial presentation of multiple sclerosis. Classic syndromes include internuclear ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and trigeminal neuralgia. While MRI findings of typical MS lesions in the supratentorial white matter or spinal cord can quickly distinguish demyelinating disease from other pathologies, the MRI pattern of brainstem lesions can sometimes be concerning for alternate diagnoses. These would include infections, stroke, and tumors. This chapter describes two pediatric patients presenting with acute brainstem symptoms, both of whom were subsequently diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. An initial attack of brainstem symptoms in MS may predict a more aggressive disease course, and initiation of disease-modifying therapy with close follow-up is important in such patients.
Assessing the influence of multiple stressors on stream diatom metrics in the upper Midwest, USA

Abstract Water resource managers face increasing challenges in identifying what physical and chemical stressors are responsible for the alteration of biological conditions in streams. The objective of this study was to assess the comparative influence of multiple stressors on benthic diatoms at 98 sites that spanned a range of stressors in an agriculturally dominated region in the upper Midwest, USA. The primary stressors of interest included: nutrients, herbicides and fungicides, sediment, and streamflow; although the influence of physical habitat was incorporated in the assessment. Boosted Regression Tree was used to examine both the sensitivity of various diatom metrics and the relative importance of the primary stressors. Percent Sensitive Taxa, percent Highly Motile Taxa, and percent High Phosphorus Taxa had the strongest response to stressors. Habitat and total phosphorous were the most common discriminators of diatom metrics, with herbicides as secondary factors. A Classification and Regression Tree (CART) model was used to examine conditional relations among stressors and indicated that fine-grain streams had a lower percentage of Sensitive Taxa than coarse-grain streams, with Sensitive Taxa decreasing further with increased water temperature (>30 °C) and triazine concentrations (>1500 ng/L). In contrast, streams dominated by coarse-grain substrate contained a higher percentage of Sensitive Taxa, with relative abundance increasing with lower water temperatures (
Design of a Low-Cost Social Robot: Towards Personalized Human-Robot Interaction

This paper presents a low-cost social robot, called Philos, and human-robot interaction HRI design. The system is accompanied with a user interface that allows customization of interactive functions and real-time monitoring. The robot features eight degrees of freedom that can generate various gestures and facial expressions. HRI is realized by two elements, internal characteristics of the robot and external vision/touch inputs provided by the users. Internal characteristics determine the predefined personality of Philos among the five: Friendly, Hyperactive, Shy, Cold, or Sensitive, and set the behavioral control parameters accordingly. Vision-based interaction includes face tracking, face recognition, and motion tracking. Embedded touch sensors detect physical touch-based interaction. Behavioral parameters are updated in real time based on the user inputs, and therefore Philos can engage each user in personalized interaction via uniquely defined behavioral responses. The cost of Philos is estimated to be relatively low compared to other commercially available robots promising a broad range of potential applications for domestic and professional use.
Process lethality and product yield for chicken patties processed in a pilot-scale air-steam impingement oven.

Chicken breast patties were processed in a pilot-scale air-steam impingement oven to a patty center temperature of 55 to 80°C. Thermal processing was conducted at an air temperature of 149°C, an air velocity of 7 to 13 m3/min, and a wet bulb temperature of 39 to 98°C. From thermal histories, the total process lethality of the patties was calculated for Salmonella spp. and Listeria innocua using the previously published z-values. The effect of product temperature, wet bulb temperature, and air velocity on process lethality was analyzed using a regression model. The process lethality of Salmonella spp. and L. innocua in the cooked chicken patties was correlated to the patty center temperatures and cooking conditions. The process lethality was strongly correlated to product temperature and was affected by cooking conditions. Process lethality started to increase rapidly at the product temperature around 67°C. Regression analysis was used to correlate the product yield with cooking conditions. Depending on ai...
Corrosion Consequences of Microfouling in Water Reclamation Systems

This paper examines the potential fouling and corrosion problems associated with microbial film formation throughout the water reclamation system (WRS) designed for the Space Station Freedom. It is shown that the use of advanced metal sputtering techiques combined with image analysis and FTIR spectroscopy will present realistic solutions for investigating the formation and function of biofilm on different alloys, the subsequent corrosion, and the efficiency of different treatments. These techniques, used in combination with electrochemical measurements of corrosion, will provide a powerful approach to examinations of materials considered for use in the WRS.
PATTERN RECOGNITION AND GROUP THEORY

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses pattern recognition and group theory. The main emphasis is on graphic patterns defined on continuous sets of points in xy-space. The first area of interaction is the study of invariant properties of graphic patterns. For any group of transformations defined by a finite set of parameters, there are an infinite number of functionally independent invariant properties of patterns represented by continuous functions and consequently the attention must be confined to invariant properties of restricted type. A brief consideration will be given to the problem of determining a complete set of functionally invariant properties for a specified group and to its significance for pattern recognition. The second area of interaction is the formulation of mathematical models of classes in pattern space, where the concept of a group can sometimes be a powerful means for providing compact descriptions. The final area of interaction is one in which group theory is applied to the Karhunan–Loeve expansion using techniques closely analogous to the application of group theory to Schrodinger's equation in quantum mechanics.
Infinitesimal Theory of Representations of Semisimple Lie Groups

For any locally compact topological group G satisfying the second axiom of countability, let ℰ(G) be the set of all equivalence classes of irreducible unitary representations of G. Among the central goals of representation theory have been, first of all, to get a good understanding of the structure of ℰ(G); and secondly, once this is done, to do harmonic analysis on G by setting up isomorphisms between suitable spaces of functions and ‘distributions’ on G with the spaces of their ‘Fourier transforms’ defined on ℰ(G). In this generality we are very far from any definitive solution to these problems. However, when G is a reductive group defined over a local field, great progress has been made.
Psychopharmacology and Applied Behavioral Analysis: Tandem Treatment of Severe Problem Behaviors in Intellectual Disability and a Case Series

Many individuals with intellectual disability will at some time in their lives engage in problem behaviors that may place them and others at risk, and reduce their opportunities for healthy psychosocial functioning. These behaviors may reach severe proportions in both intensity and frequency, necessitating intervention. Both psychiatrists and behaviorists are often approached regarding negative behaviors in intellectual disability, and each discipline offers key tools in behavioral assessment and resolution. We believe that the coordinated effort of these two disciplines affords the most comprehensive and efficacious method of assessing, understanding and treating a wide range of problem behaviors and associated psychiatric pathology in individuals with various forms of intellectual disability. This paper briefly reviews the background of problem behaviors in intellectual disability and treatment of such disturbances through separate psychiatric and applied behavioral modalities, followed by the proposed coordinated neurobehavioral model. A case series ensues, describing the successful application of the neurobehavioral model to the severe problem behaviors demonstrated by three individuals with intellectual disability related to autism, Cornelia de Lange syndrome and traumatic brain injury.
Abstract 4858: Efficacy of the protein arginine methyltransferase PRMT5 inhibitor GSK591 in glioma stem-like cells

Protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMTs) function as epigenetic regulators of transcription and play a major role in gene regulation. PRMTs are upregulated in gastric, colorectal and lung cancer, and lymphoma and leukemia. PRMT5 is capable of forming symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) residues, and has been reported as a therapeutic target in glioblastoma, as its expression has been correlated with tumor grade and progression. In this study, the in vitro therapeutic efficacy of PRMT5 inhibitor GSK591 was investigated in a panel of gliomas stem-like cell (GSC) lines with specific molecular subtypes. Genomic, proteiomic (reverse protein lysate array, RPPA), methylation status and GSC subtype were correlated with drug IC50 to find predictors of drug sensitivity. The efficacy of inhibiting PRMT5 activity was retained at low dose of GSK591 in a small number of GSCs. Western blotting data showed high expression of PRMT5 and multiple bands of SDMAs in most GSCs tested (n=31), indicating PRMT5 enzymatic activity in GSC cell lines. Evidence of PRMT5 inhibition was demonstrated at low doses ( Citation Format: Vikram Shaw, Yuji Piao, Soon Young Park, Jianwen Dong, Emmanuel Martinez-Ledesma, Caroline Carrillo, Verlene Henry, Ravesanker Ezhilarasan, Erik Sulman, Veerakumar Balasubramaniyan, John F. de Groot. Efficacy of the protein arginine methyltransferase PRMT5 inhibitor GSK591 in glioma stem-like cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4858.
Corruption and Fraud in Policing

In democratic society the police are part of the executive branch. As such, the police are checked and balanced in their power by the judicial and legislative branches. While this helps to minimize corruption, we find that corruption not only exists but morphs to deal with any control mechanisms. We demonstrate this through the New York City Police Department. Tracing this department’s history with corruption exemplifies the issues that law enforcement agencies in free society must deal with. Typical acts of corruption, whistleblowers, the police culture, and what can be done about corrupt activity will all be discussed in this chapter. Ultimately, corruption must be controlled for democratic institutions to properly function.
Effects of Repetitive Head Impacts on a Concussion Assessment Battery

ABSTRACTPurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between repetitive head impacts (RHI) and clinical concussion assessments across a season among collegiate football (FB) and women’s soccer (WSOC) players.MethodsFifteen male FB and 23 WSOC players participated in this study.
Improving participation by early stage researchers and women in conference seminars

Despite efforts to build inclusive professional communities, unconstructive power dynamics and gender inequalities persist throughout academia. At an international conference, I recorded the gender and career stage of each person asking a question following oral presentations. Students and post-docs asked 5.1 times fewer and women asked 1.2 times fewer questions than expected based on their representation in the room, significantly less than PIs and men (2.0 and 1.4 times more than expected). Importantly, when the first question was asked by a student or post-doc, other early stage researchers tended to ask more subsequent questions. I make recommendations for improving participation at future meetings, specifically (1) requiring that the first question be asked by a student or post-doc and requesting that moderators give preference to questions asked by female researchers, (2) assigning students and post-docs as session moderators, and (3) encouraging more students and post-docs to give oral presentations.
‘‘Petro-texts, plants, and people in the Anthropocene: the dark green’’

The ‘dark green’ refers to the green plant-human relationships that undergird human cultures as well as the darkly petroleum-fueled industrialization, mass species extinctions, and strange new ecos...
A mechanistic integrative computational model of macrophage polarization: Implications in human pathophysiology

Macrophages respond to signals in the microenvironment by changing their functional phenotypes, a process known as polarization. Depending on the context, they acquire different patterns of transcriptional activation, cytokine expression and cellular metabolism which collectively constitute a continuous spectrum of phenotypes, of which the two extremes are denoted as classical (M1) and alternative (M2) activation. To quantitatively decode the underlying principles governing macrophage phenotypic polarization and thereby harness its therapeutic potential in human diseases, a systems-level approach is needed given the multitude of signaling pathways and intracellular regulation involved. Here we develop the first mechanism-based, multi-pathway computational model that describes the integrated signal transduction and macrophage programming under M1 (IFN-γ), M2 (IL-4) and cell stress (hypoxia) stimulation. Our model was calibrated extensively against experimental data, and we mechanistically elucidated several signature feedbacks behind the M1-M2 antagonism and investigated the dynamical shaping of macrophage phenotypes within the M1-M2 spectrum. Model sensitivity analysis also revealed key molecular nodes and interactions as targets with potential therapeutic values for the pathophysiology of peripheral arterial disease and cancer. Through simulations that dynamically capture the signal integration and phenotypic marker expression in the differential macrophage polarization responses, our model provides an important computational basis toward a more quantitative and network-centric understanding of the complex physiology and versatile functions of macrophages in human diseases.
Field dissipation of S-metolachlor in organic and mineral soils used for sugarcane production in Florida

Dissipation of S-metolachlor, a soil-applied herbicide, on organic and mineral soils used for sugarcane production in Florida was evaluated using field studies in 2013 to 2016. S-metolachlor was applied PRE at 2,270 g ha−1 on organic and mineral soils with 75% and 1.6% organic matter, respectively. The rate of dissipation of S-metolachlor was rapid on mineral soils compared with organic soils. Dissipation of S-metolachlor on organic soils followed a negative linear trend resulting in half-lives (DT50) ranging from 50 to 126 d. S-metolachlor loss on organic soils was more rapid under high soil-moisture conditions than in corresponding low soil-moisture conditions. On mineral soils, dissipation of S-metolachlor followed an exponential decline. The DT50 of S-metolachlor on mineral soils ranged from 12 to 24 d. The short persistence of S-metolachlor on mineral soils was likely attributed to low organic matter content with limited adsorptive capability. The results indicate that organic matter content and soil moisture are important for persistence of S-metolachlor on organic and mineral soils used for sugarcane production in Florida.
Aridity drives spatiotemporal patterns of masting across the latitudinal range of a dryland conifer

Masting, or the synchronous and irregular production of seed crops, is controlled by environmental conditions and resource budgets. Increasing temperatures and shifting precipitation regimes may alter the frequency and magnitude of masting, especially in species that experience chronic resource stress. Yet the effects of a changing climate on seed production are unlikely to be uniform across populations, particularly those that span broad abiotic gradients. In this study, we assessed the spatiotemporal patterns of masting across the latitudinal distribution of a widely distributed dryland conifer species, pinon pine Pinus edulis. We quantified seed cone production from 2004 to 2017 using cone abscission scars in 187 trees from 28 sites along an 1100 km latitudinal gradient to investigate the spatiotemporal drivers of seed cone production and synchrony across populations. Populations from chronically hot and dry areas (greater climatic water deficits and less monsoonal precipitation) tended to have greater interannual variability in seed cone production and smaller crop sizes. Mast years generally followed years with low vapor pressure deficits and high precipitation during key periods of the reproductive process, but the strength of these relationships varied across the region. Populations that received greater monsoonal precipitation were less sensitive to late summer vapor pressure deficits during seed cone initiation yet more sensitive to spring vapor pressure deficits during pollination. Spatially correlated patterns of vapor pressure deficit better predicted synchrony in seed cone production than geographic distance, and these patterns were conserved at distances up to 500 km. These results demonstrate that aridity drives spatiotemporal variability in seed cone production. As a result, projected increases in aridity are likely to decrease the frequency and magnitude of masting in these dry forests and woodlands. Declines in seed production may compound climatic limitations to recruitment and impede tree regeneration, with cascading effects for numerous wildlife species.
Summertime Post-Cold-Frontal Marine Stratocumulus Transition Processes over the Eastern North Atlantic

AbstractMarine boundary layer (MBL) cloud morphology associated with two summertime cold fronts over the Eastern North Atlantic (ENA) is investigated using high resolution simulations from the Weat...
Temporary Transvenous Diaphragmatic Neurostimulation in Prolonged Mechanically Ventilated Patients: A Feasibility Trial (RESCUE 1)

Prolonged mechanical ventilation promotes diaphragmatic atrophy and weaning difficulty. The study uses a novel device containing a transvenous phrenic nerve stimulating catheter (Lungpacer IntraVenous Electrode Catheter) to stimulate the diaphragm in ventilated patients. We set out to determine the feasibility of temporary transvenous diaphragmatic neurostimulation using this device. Design Multicenter, prospective open-label single group feasibility study. Setting ICUs of tertiary care hospitals. Patients Adults on mechanical ventilation for greater than or equal to 7 days that had failed two weaning trials. Interventions Stimulation catheter insertion and transvenous diaphragmatic neurostimulation therapy up to tid, along with standard of care. Measurements and Main Results Primary outcomes were successful insertion and removal of the catheter and safe application of transvenous diaphragmatic neurostimulation. Change in maximal inspiratory pressure and rapid shallow breathing index were also evaluated. Eleven patients met all entry criteria with a mean mechanical ventilation duration of 19.7 days; nine underwent successful catheter insertion. All nine had successful mapping of one or both phrenic nerves, demonstrated diaphragmatic contractions during therapy, and underwent successful catheter removal. Seven of nine met successful weaning criteria. Mean maximal inspiratory pressure increased by 105% in those successfully weaned (mean change 19.7 ± 17.9 cm H2O; p = 0.03), while mean rapid shallow breathing index improved by 44% (mean change -63.5 ± 64.4; p = 0.04). Conclusions The transvenous diaphragmatic neurostimulation system is a feasible and safe therapy to stimulate the phrenic nerves and induce diaphragmatic contractions. Randomized clinical trials are underway to compare it to standard-of-care therapy for mechanical ventilation weaning.
EUV Lithography Perspective: from the beginning to HVM (Conference Presentation)

SPIE will celebrate the entry of Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (EUVL) into high volume manufacturing (HVM) with a special retrospective session. Highlights will include perspectives by true pioneers of EUVL, the formation of early teams, the gathering of resources and organization of the industry based EUV LLC and its partnering with the three national laboratory ‘Virtual National Laboratory’, the hand-off to SEMATECH and industry partners, the emergence of key suppliers, and IC manufacturers’ efforts in partnership with ASML and other suppliers.
Survival and glycemic control in patients with coexisting lymphoma and diabetes: a case-control analysis.

Aim: We examined the effect of diabetes on survival in patients with lymphoma and the effect of lymphoma on glycemic control. Patients & methods: Patients with lymphoma with and without diabetes (2...
A Biochemical and Structural Understanding of TOM Complex Interactions and Implications for Human Health and Disease

The central role mitochondria play in cellular homeostasis has made its study critical to our understanding of various aspects of human health and disease. Mitochondria rely on the translocase of the outer membrane (TOM) complex for the bulk of mitochondrial protein import. In addition to its role as the major entry point for mitochondrial proteins, the TOM complex serves as an entry pathway for viral proteins. TOM complex subunits also participate in a host of interactions that have been studied extensively for their function in neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, innate immunity, cancer, metabolism, mitophagy and autophagy. Recent advances in our structural understanding of the TOM complex and the protein import machinery of the outer mitochondrial membrane have made structure-based therapeutics targeting outer mitochondrial membrane proteins during mitochondrial dysfunction an exciting prospect. Here, we describe advances in understanding the TOM complex, the interactome of the TOM complex subunits, the implications for the development of therapeutics, and our understanding of the structure/function relationship between components of the TOM complex and mitochondrial homeostasis.