cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new method for optimal control of Volterra integral equations

Abstract We formulate and analyze a new method for solving optimal control problems for systems governed by Volterra integral equations. Our method utilizes discretization of the original Volterra controlled system and a novel type of dynamic programming in which the Hamilton–Jacobi function is parametrized by the control function (rather than the state, as in the case of ordinary dynamic programming). We also derive estimates for the computational cost of our method.
On the equality of Hausdorff and box counting dimensions

By viewing the covers of a fractal as a statistical mechanical system, the exact capacity of a multifractal is computed. The procedure can be extended to any multifractal described by a scaling function to show why the capacity and Hausdorff dimension are expected to be equal.
CONTROL OF QUANTUM SYSTEMS

A quantum system subject to external fields is said to be controllable if these fields can be adjusted to guide the state vector to a desired destination in the state space of the system. Fundamental results on controllability are reviewed against the background of recent ideas and advances in two seemingly disparate endeavours: (i) laser control of chemical reactions and (ii) quantum computation. Using Lie-algebraic methods, sufficient conditions have been derived for global controllability on a finite-dimensional manifold of an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space, in the case that the Hamiltonian and control operators, possibly unbounded, possess a common dense domain of analytic vectors. Some simple examples are presented. A synergism between quantum control and quantum computation is creating a host of exciting new opportunities for both activities. The impact of these developments on computational many-body theory could be profound.
Advances in metal ion sources

Abstract Beams of metallic ion species can be produced by the ECR (electron cyclotron resonance) ion source and by the MEVVA (metal vapor vacuum arc) ion source. Although the ECR source is fundamentally a gaseous ion source, metal ion beams can be produced by introducing metallic feed material into the plasma discharge using a number of techniques. The ion charge states can be very high, which is a significant advantage to most applications. The MEVVA ion source, on the other hand, is specifically a metal ion source. It has produced metallic ion beams from virtually all the solid metallic elements at a current of typically hundreds of milliamperes; the ions produced are in general multiply ionized, but not as highly stripped as those generated in the ECR source. Although the MEVVA source at present operates in a pulsed mode with a low duty cycle ( ≤ 1%), work is in progress to increase the duty cycle significantly. In this paper the operation and performance of the LBL ECR and MEVVA ion sources, with respect to metal ion generation, are described.
Nucleic acid nanostructures and topology

Knots, polyhedra, and Borromean rings with specific structural and topological features can be made from DNA. Biotechnologists have been exploiting the programmability of DNA intermolecular associations for a quarter of a century. These operations have now been applied successfully to branched DNA species to produce complex target structures (for example, the cube shown in the picture) and a nanomechanical device. The assembly of two-dimensional crystals with programmed topographic characteristics demonstrates the simplicity of translating design into surface structures.
Blazes: Coordination analysis for distributed programs

Distributed consistency is perhaps the most discussed topic in distributed systems today. Coordination protocols can ensure consistency, but in practice they cause undesirable performance unless used judiciously. Scalable distributed architectures avoid coordination whenever possible, but undercoordinated systems can exhibit behavioral anomalies under fault, which are often extremely difficult to debug. This raises significant challenges for distributed system architects and developers. In this paper we present BLAZES, a cross-platform program analysis framework that (a) identifies program locations that require coordination to ensure consistent executions, and (b) automatically synthesizes application-specific coordination code that can significantly outperform general-purpose techniques. We present two case studies, one using annotated programs in the Twitter Storm system, and another using the Bloom declarative language.
High-brightness, high-purity spin-polarized cesium beam.

We describe a cesium atomic beam (${10}^{14}$ atoms ${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, 6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{16}$ atoms ${\mathrm{sr}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$) spin polarized using light from two diode lasers. Of the atoms, 95% may be placed into either the 6${\mathit{S}}_{1/2}$(F,${\mathit{m}}_{\mathit{F}}$)=(3,3) or (4,4) state, with less than 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$ of the atoms left in the depleted hyperfine level. The latter fraction rises linearly with atomic beam intensity because of reabsorption of light scattered during the optical pumping process. This and other effects limiting complete hyperfine pumping are discussed.
Can participation be induced ? some evidence from developing countries

The World Bank has allocated close to $80 billion towards participatory development projects over the last decade. A comprehensive review of the evidence on the efficacy of the approach conducted by the authors for the forthcoming Policy Research Report, Localizing Development: Does Participation Work?, finds that while participatory projects have been reasonably effective in improving access to basic services, there is far less evidence of their effectiveness in improving household income or in building sustainable participatory institutions at the local level. A key issue is that the institutional culture in development agencies such as the World Bank lacks the flexibility and long-term commitment necessary for effective externally induced participatory development. Induced participation -- driven by large-scale bureaucratically managed processes, is quite different from more organic types of participation endogenously organized by civic groups. It requires a very different approach to development, one that pays close attention to contextual variation and to uncertain trajectories of change. In order to be effective, induced participatory projects need a strong focus on learning-by-doing; on monitoring and evaluation and a willingness to learn from failure. A review of the World Bank's practices in monitoring and evaluation, and of its incentives to learn from failure, reveals that without significant changes, including changes in the incentive structures facing management, the Bank cannot be effective in inducing participation.
Search by committee

Abstract We consider the problem of sequential search when the decision to stop is made by a committee and show that a unique symmetric stationary equilibrium exists given a log concave distribution of rewards. We compare search by committee to the corresponding single-agent problem and show that committee members are less picky and more conservative than the single agent. We show how (i) increasing committee size holding the plurality fraction constant and (ii) increasing the plurality rule affect the equilibrium acceptance threshold and expected search duration. Finally, we show that unanimity is optimal if committee members are sufficiently patient.
A photometric and spectroscopic comparison of the cataclysmic variables on the 2 sides of the period gap and at a specific orbital period

New and previously existing photometric colors and spectroscopic H and He line strengths are used to compare CV disk systems below the period gap (P=80–130 min) with those directly above (P=190–240 min). Significant differences are found in the mean U-B, V-J colors and in the Hs equivalent widths on the 2 sides of the gap. A detailed comparison from UV-IR of 3 high inclination novalike systems with periods near 3.3 hr (PG1012-029, PG1030+590 and V1315 Aq1) shows similar continuum distributions (and implied mass accretion rates) but large differences in high excitation lines (HeII1640, 4686; CIV1550).
Recent developments in the target facilities at Argonne National Laboratory

Abstract A description is given of recent developments in the target facility at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). Highlights include equipment upgrades which enable us to provide enhanced capabilities for support of the Argonne Heavy-Ion ATLAS Accelerator Project. Also, future plans and additional equipment acquisitions will be discussed.
The Surface Brightness Fluctuations and Globular Cluster Populations of Virgo Elliptical and Lenticular Galaxies

The Virgo Cluster of galaxies is a complex system composed of several subclusters or ““ clouds.II Our understanding of this structure is severely limited by the small number of member galaxies for which high-precision distance measurements are available. In this dissertation, I use Hubble Space Telescope archive images to measure precise distances to 15 elliptical and lenticular galaxies in the Virgo Cluster using surface brightness Nuctuations (SBFs) (J. Tonry & D. P. Schneider, 1988, AJ, 96, 807). Furthermore, I identify the globular clusters associated with these galaxies to a limiting magnitude signiÐcantly fainter than the peak of the globular cluster luminosity function (GCLF). Because the GCLF can also be used as a standard candle (see B. C. Whitmore, 1996, in The Extragalactic Distance Scale : Proceedings of the STScI May Symposium, ed. M. Livio, M. Donahue, & N. Panagia [Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press], 251, for a review), these images provide independent distance measurements from the same data. In addition, the color distributions of the globular clusters provide an indication of the globular cluster formation history. This study produced the following results :
Cervical nodal metastases of unknown origin.

Summary The records of 123 patients, almost all of whom were treated by radical surgery for cervical metastases from unknown primary malignant lesions at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center from 1950 through 1964, have been analyzed. Primary sites were eventually identified in thirty-eight patients (31 per cent) whereas in eighty-five patients it has remained occult. Most patients (85 per cent) had metastatic epidermoid cancer. The absolute three year survival of all patients was 30 per cent and the absolute five year survival 25 per cent. Radical neck dissection will produce an apparent control of metastatic epidermoid carcinoma and melanoma to cervical lymph nodes in the absence of a demonstrable primary lesion in a significant number of patients.
Validation of a multi-layer Green's function code for ion beam transport

Abstract To meet the challenge of future deep space programs, an accurate and efficient engineering code for analyzing the shielding requirements against high-energy galactic heavy ion radiation is needed. In consequence, a new version of the HZETRN code capable of simulating high charge and energy (HZE) ions with either laboratory or space boundary conditions is currently under development. This code, GRNTRN, is based on a Green’s function approach to the solution of the one-dimensional Boltzmann transport equation and like its predecessor is deterministic in nature. The computational model consists of the lowest order asymptotic approximation followed by a Neumann series expansion with non-perturbative corrections. The physical description includes energy loss with straggling, nuclear attenuation, nuclear fragmentation with energy dispersion and down shift. Code validation in the laboratory environment is addressed by showing that GRNTRN accurately predicts energy loss spectra as measured by solid-state detectors in ion beam experiments with multi-layer targets. In order to verify and benchmark the code with space boundary conditions, measured particle fluxes are propagated through several thicknesses of shielding using both GRNTRN and the current version of HZETRN. The favorable agreement obtained indicates that GRNTRN accurately models the propagation of HZE ions in laboratory settings. It also compares very well with the extensively validated space environment HZETRN code and thus provides verification of the HZETRN propagator.
Room-temperature Suzuki-Miyaura couplings in water facilitated by nonionic amphiphiles.

Use of a dilute aqueous solution containing a nonionic amphiphile allows efficient Suzuki−Miyaura cross-couplings of arylboronic acids with a wide array of aryl halides and pseudohalides, including sterically hindered and lipophilic substrates, in most cases at room temperature.
Synthesis of succinate containing dipeptide isosteres via carbonylation of enol triflates.

Abstract Pd (O) catalysed carbonylations of enol triflates in the presence of amino acid derivatives yield the corresponding amides.
Models of plastic depinning of driven disordered systems

Two classes of models of driven disordered systems that exhibit history-dependent dynamics are discussed. The first class incorporates local inertia in the dynamics via nonmonotonic stress transfer between adjacent degrees of freedom. The second class allows for proliferation of topological defects due to the interplay of strong disorder and drive. In mean field theory both models exhibit a tricritical point as a function of disorder strength. At weak disorder depinning is continuous and the sliding state is unique. At strong disorder depinning is discontinuous and hysteretic.
The International Coffee Agreement: Economics of the Nonmember Market

The provisions of the 1983 International Coffee Agreement (ICA) and proposed reforms to eliminate exports to nonmember importers at discounted prices are analyzed. The discounted sales were a key issue that led to the breakdown of negotiations for a new ICA and the end of export quotas under the current agreement. A model of the world coffee market incorporating the policy response of exporting countries is used to analyze the welfare implications of the different alternatives. The model shows that the price discounts result from the structure of the current agreement (the existence of nonmember importing countries) and allocation of export quotas for the member market, which does not reflect export capacity. Welfare calculations based on the model show that several small exporters derive substantial benefits from nonmember market sales. These exporters will not be willing to comply with an arrangement to allocate quotas for the nonmember market unless they receive a large share of this market. However, the large exporters appear determined to retain their market share. The results of the model predict that, unless importers no longer insist on eliminating the price discounts, a new agreement is unlikely.
Streamlined Synthesis of the Bippyphos Family of Ligands and Cross-Coupling Applications

We describe the efficient preparation of Bippyphos, 1. The key precursor to Bippyphos, 5, was prepared via a one-pot bromination of diketone 2 followed by alkylation with pyrazole and condensation with phenylhydrazine. Lithiation of 5 and trapping with di-tert-butylchlorophosphine afforded Bippyphos, 1. Using this approach we have prepared several derivatives of Bippyphos to probe the structure and activity relationships of this family of phosphine ligands. We also demonstrate the utility of these ligands in Pd-catalyzed amination reactions and other cross-coupling reactions.
On Anosov diffeomorphisms with asymptotically conformal periodic data

We consider transitive Anosov diffeomorphisms for which every periodic orbit has only one positive and one negative Lyapunov exponent. We prove various properties of such systems, including strong pinching, C 1C smoothness of the Anosov splitting, and C 1 smoothness of measurable invariant conformal structures and distributions. We apply these results to volume-preserving diffeomorphisms with two-dimensional stable and unstable distributions and diagonalizable derivatives of the return maps at periodic points. We show that a finite cover of such a diffeomorphism is smoothly conjugate to an Anosov automorphism of T 4 ; as a corollary, we obtain local rigidity for such diffeomorphisms. We also establish a local rigidity result for Anosov diffeomorphisms in dimension three.
Speed Matters: The Role of Free Software Offer in Software Diffusion

Many software products are available free of charge. While the benefits resulting from network externality have been examined in the related literature, the effect of free offer on the diffusion of new software has not been formally analyzed. We show in this study that even if other benefits do not exist, a software firm can still benefit from giving away fully functioning software. This is due to the accelerated diffusion process and subsequently the increased net present value of future sales. By adapting the Bass diffusion model to capture the impact of free software offer, we provide a methodology to determine the optimal number of free adopters. We show that the optimal free offer solution depends on the discount rate, the length of the demand window, and the ratio of low-valuation to high-valuation free adopters. Our methodology is shown to be applicable for both fixed and dynamic pricing strategies.
Infinitesimal operations on complexes of graphs

In two seminal papers Kontsevich used a construction called graph homology as a bridge between certain infinite dimensional Lie algebras and various topological objects, includ- ing moduli spaces of curves, the group of outer automorphisms of a free group, and invariants of odd dimensional manifolds. In this paper, we show that Kontsevich's graph complexes, which include graph complexes studied earlier by Culler and Vogtmann and by Penner, have a rich algebraic structure. We define a Lie bracket and cobracket on graph complexes, and in fact show that they are Batalin-Vilkovisky algebras, and therefore Gerstenhaber algebras. We also find natural subcomplexes on which the bracket and cobracket are compatible as a Lie bialgebra. Kontsevich's graph complex construction was generalized to the context of operads by Ginzburg and Kapranov, with later generalizations by Getzler-Kapranov and Markl. In (CoV), we show that Kontsevich's results in fact extend to general cyclic operads. For some operads, including the examples associated to moduli space and outer automorphism groups of free groups, the subcomplex on which we have a Lie bi-algebra structure is quasi-isomorphic to the entire con- nected graph complex. In the present paper we show that all of the new algebraic operations canonically vanish when the homology functor is applied, and we expect that the resulting con- straints will be useful in studying the homology of the mapping class group, finite type manifold invariants and the homology of Out(F n).
A Concise Synthesis of the Antifungal Agent (+)-Preussin

The antifungal agent (+)-preussin (1) was synthesized in five efficient transformations from t-Boc-(S)-phenylalanine. The key step involved the Hg(II)-mediated ring closure of ynone 4, a 5-endo-dig process
Mixed characteristic homological theorems in low degrees

Abstract Let R be a locally finitely generated algebra over a discrete valuation ring V of mixed characteristic. For any of the homological properties, the Direct Summand Theorem, the Monomial Theorem, the Improved New Intersection Theorem, the Vanishing of Maps of Tors and the Hochster–Roberts Theorem, we show that it holds for R and possibly some other data defined over R , provided the residual characteristic of V is sufficiently large in terms of the complexity of the data, where the complexity is primarily given in terms of the degrees of the polynomials over V that define the data, but possibly also by some additional invariants. To cite this article: H. Schoutens, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 336 (2003).
The paired-electron crystal in the two-dimensional frustrated quarter-filled band

The competition between antiferromagnetic and spin-singlet ground states within quantum spin models and the -filled band Hubbard model has received intense scrutiny. Here we demonstrate a frustration-induced transition from Neel antiferromagnetism to a spin-singlet state in the interacting -filled band on an anisotropic triangular lattice. While the antiferromagnetic state has equal charge densities, 0.5, on all sites, the spin-singlet state is a paired-electron crystal, with pairs of charge-rich sites separated by pairs of charge-poor sites. The paired-electron crystal provides a natural description of the spin-gapped state proximate to superconductivity in many organic charge transfer solids. Pressure-induced superconductivity in these correlated-electron systems is likely a result of a transition from the -filled band valence bond solid to a valence bond liquid.
OLAP and statistical databases: similarities and differences

During the 1980’s there was a lot of activity in the area of Statistical Databases, focusing mostly on socioeconomic type applications, such as census data, national production and consumption patterns, etc. Tn the 1990’s the area of On-LineAnalytic Processing (OLAP) was introduced for the analysis of transaction based business data, such as retail stores transactions. Both areas deal with the representation and support of data in a multi-dimensional space. Much of the OLAP literature does not refer to the Statistical Database literature, perhaps because the connection between analyzing business data and socioeconomic data is not obvious. Furthermore, there are papers published in one area or the other whose results can be applied in both application areas. In this paper, we compare the work done in these two areas. We discuss concepts used in the conceptual modeling of the data and operations over them, efficient physical organization and access methods, as well as privacy issues. We point out the terminology used and the correspondence between terms. We identify which research aspects are emphasized in each of these areas and the reasons for that We conclude by arguing for the support of a Statistical Object data type as one of the fundamental structures that object-oriented data models and systems should support
Effects of Electron Bombardment upon Bromides of Cadmium and Silver

SOME interesting effects of electron bombardment upon certain inorganic substances were reported by de Souza Santos1. I have also observed rather similar phenomena with silver bromide and cadmium bromide under the electron microscope, although the type of reaction is not the same as that in de Souza Santos's experiments.
Experimental Investigation of Separation Control Part 2: Zero Mass-Flux Oscillatory Blowing

The control of a separated flow over a wall-mounted hump, by means of two-dimensional zero mass-flux perturbations, was studied experimentally to generate a data set for the development and evaluation of computational methods. The companion paper (Part 1) considered details of the baseline (uncontrolled) case and a steady-suction control case. The data set for a specific zero mass-flux control case comprised static surface pressures together with phase-averaged unsteady surface pressures and particle image velocimetry flowfield measurements. Additional surface pressures were acquired for a variety of control frequencies, control amplitudes and Reynolds numbers. Due consideration was given to characterizing the flow in the vicinity of the control slot, with and without external flow, and to perturbation two-dimensionality. Triple-decomposition of the fluctuating velocity and pressure fields was employed for presenting and analyzing the experimental data. This facilitated an assessment of the mechanism of separation control and the quantification of the coherent and turbulent surface pressures, Reynolds stresses, and energy fluxes. Spanwise surface pressures and phase-averaged stereoscopic particle image velocimetry data revealed an effectively two-dimensional flowfield despite highly three-dimensional instantaneous flow structures.
Assessment of the Undergraduate Economics Major: A National Survey

Economics departments are faced with growing demands to document what their graduates have learned on completion of the undergraduate major. The results of a national survey of economics department chairs in the United States reveal that nearly two-thirds of the departments have a formal assessment plan. There is substantial agreement on the most important student-learning outcomes, which are consistent with the Hansen proficiencies. The most common approaches that departments employ to measure learning outcomes are course-embedded assessments and senior exit surveys. Capstone courses and senior projects as program assessment methods are most common in departments that are not in business schools and are without doctoral programs. Finally, more than half of the departments have adjusted their curriculum based on the results of their own assessment plans.
Foil Dissociation of Fast Molecular Ions into Atomic Excited States

We have measured the intensity and polarizations of light emitted from atomic excited states of dissociated molecular ions. The dissociations are induced when fast molecular ions (50-500 keV/amu) are transmitted through thin carbon foils. A calculation of multiple scattering and the Coulomb explosion gives the average internuclear separation of the projectile at the foil surface. Experimentally, we vary the foil thickness to give varying internuclear separations at the foil surface and observe the consequent variation in light yield and optical polarization. Using HeH+ projectiles, we have observed factors of 1-5 enhancements of the light yields from n=3, P,D states of He I and some He II and H I emissions. The results can be explained in terms of molecular level crossings which provide mixings of the various final states during dissociation of the molecular ions at the exit surface. They suggest a short range surface interaction of the electron pick-up followed by a slow molecular dissociation. Alignment measuremerts confirm the essential features of the model. Observations of Lyman ? emission after dissociation of H2+ and H3+ show rapid variations in light yield for small internuclear separations at the foil surface.
CsBi4Te6: A High-Performance Thermoelectric Material for Low-Temperature Applications

Thermoelectric (Peltier) heat pumps are capable of refrigerating solid or fluid objects, and unlike conventional vapor compressor systems, they can be miniaturized without loss of efficiency. More efficient thermoelectric materials need to be identified, especially for low-temperature applications in electronics and devices. The material CsBi(4)Te(6) has been synthesized and its properties have been studied. When doped appropriately, it exhibits a high thermoelectric figure of merit below room temperature (ZT(max) approximately 0.8 at 225 kelvin). At cryogenic temperatures, the thermoelectric properties of CsBi(4)Te(6) appear to match or exceed those of Bi(2-x)Sb(x)Te(3-y)Se(y) alloys.
The Combination of Electron Backscatter Diffraction and Focus Ion Beam Microscopy to Determine Three-Dimensional Grain Orientation

The use of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) to determine crystallographic grain orientations of polycrystalline metals is well known, a technique known as orientation imaging microscopy. A limitation of this technique is that the orientation maps represent a two-dimensional slice through the material microstructure. The orientation of interface planes between adjacent grain boundaries is necessarily unknown. The previous techniques for reconstructing three-dimensional (3D) microstructures relied on macroscopic serial sectioning of a sample and subsequent reimaging. The process was difficult and time consuming. Like EBSD, the use of focus ion beam microscopy to observe individual grains and the boundaries between adjacent grains using ion-channeling contrast is also well known. In this study, the abilities to locate and locally machine a grain boundary are used to determine additional 3D orientation from polycrystalline structures in both intact and partially fractured microstructures.
Characterization of nanostructured thermal interface materials – A review

Abstract Due to high heat dissipation rates in current and projected future semiconductor devices, much attention has been given to improving paths of heat transport within the device package. A key focus is on improved thermal interface materials (TIMs), used in joining surfaces in a microelectronic package to reduce interface thermal resistance. Recently, due to the reported enhanced thermal performance of nanostructured materials, research has focused on using these materials as TIMs, or incorporating them within existing TIMs to improve thermal transport. We describe recent efforts in development and characterization of nanostructured TIMs and identify possible future research directions.
Asymptotics of best-packing on rectifiable sets

We investigate the asymptotic behavior, as N grows, of the largest minimal pairwise distance of N points restricted to an arbitrary compact rec- tifiable set embedded in Euclidean space, and we find the limit distribution of such optimal configurations. For this purpose, we compare best-packing configurations with minimal Riesz s-energy configurations and determine the s-th root asymptotic behavior (as s ! 1) of the minimal energy constants. We show that the upper and the lower dimension of a set defined through the Riesz energy or best-packing coincides with the upper and lower Minkowski dimension, respectively. For certain sets in R d of integer Hausdor dimension, we show that the limiting behavior of the best-packing distance as well as the minimal s-energy for large s is dierent for dierent subsequences of the cardinalities of the configurations.
Flight control system design with rate saturating actuators

Actuator rate saturation is an important factor adversely affecting the stability and performance of aircraft flight control systems. It has been identified as a catalyst in pilot-induced oscillations, some of which have been catastrophic. A simple design technique is described that utilizes software rate limiters to improve the performance of control systems operating in the presence of actuator rate saturation. As described, the technique requires control effectors to be ganged such that any effector is driven by only a single compensated error signal. Using an analysis of the steady-state behavior of the system, requirements are placed upon the type of the loop transmissions and compensators in the proposed technique. Application of the technique to the design of a multi-input/multi-output, lateral-directional control system for a simple model of a high-performance fighter is demonstrated as are the stability and performance improvements that can accrue with the technique.
Broadening the Right to Acquire Capital with the Earnings of Capital: the Missing Link to Sustainable Economic Recovery and Growth

This article presents a proposal to broaden the right to acquire capital with the earnings of capital as a means of promoting sustainable economic recovery and growth. It would open the markets for real and financial capital acquisition more fully and competitively to poor and working people (1) to distribute more broadly the earnings of capital and (2) to profitably employ more capital and labor. Both the recession and the strategies advanced to promote economic recovery may be viewed as responses to the prospect of inadequate present and future earning capacity of both consumers and producers (1) to purchase what can physically be produced and (2) to repay existent and anticipated debt obligations. To increase the prospects of sufficient, sustainable earning capacity, the proposal advanced in this article would extend to all people the same protections and benefits presently provided by government that facilitate market transactions whereby capital is acquired with the earnings of capital primarily for well-capitalized people. Although in theory, all people in a market economy are able to acquire capital with the earnings of capital, reliable empirical data reveal that as a practical matter, the major determinant of the ability of individuals to acquire capital with the earnings of capital is the existing distribution of capital ownership. The theory of “binary” economic growth underlying this proposal holds that the market return on capital is positively related to the distribution of capital acquisition with the earnings of capital. The prospect of a broader distribution of capital acquisition with the earnings of capital carries with it the prospect of more broadly distributed earning capacity in future years, which in turn will provide the market incentives to profitably employ more capital and labor in earlier years. The idea that the broader distribution of capital acquisition with the earnings of capital will promote growth is not found in any of the widely accepted theories and models of economic growth such as those proposed by Schumpeter, Solow, Roemer, and Lucas. By opening to all people the institutions of corporate finance, banking, insurance, government loans and guaranties, and monetary policy (the very institutions presently relied upon by the Federal Government to stimulate the economy) the practical ability to acquire capital with the earnings of capital can be more broadly extended to all people with the result that greatly enhanced prospects for greater and more broadly distributed earning capacity and growth can be reasonably expected and realized by all.
Product quality selection: Contractual agreements and supplier competition in an assemble-to-order environment

Abstract We consider a multi-supplier, single-manufacturer supply chain where each supplier sells a different component at varying quality levels. The manufacturer has to decide on which quality level to choose for each component, trading-off the total cost and total quality. Each supplier decides on a price per unit quality level for its component. We characterize the strategic interaction among the suppliers and analyze the inefficiencies. We find that the inefficiencies due to such quality competition can be quite significant. We then propose and analyze several mechanisms, such as quality-price schedules and revenue sharing, that restore efficiency.
Orientation perception in Williams Syndrome: discrimination and integration

Abstract Williams Syndrome (WS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder, which stems from a genetic deletion on chromosome 7 and causes a profound weakness in visuospatial cognition. Our current study explores how orientation perception may contribute to the visuospatial deficits in WS. In Experiment 1, we found that WS individuals and normal 3–4 year olds had similar orientation discrimination thresholds and had similar prevalence of mirror-reversal errors for diagonal targets (±45 deg). In Experiment 2, we asked whether this immaturity in orientation discrimination would also be reflected in a task requiring integration of oriented elements. We found that sensitivities of WS individuals for detecting orientation-defined contours were higher than sensitivities of normal 3–4 year olds, and were not significantly different from sensitivities of normal adults. Together, these results suggest that orientation discrimination and orientation integration have different maturational trajectories in normal development and different susceptibilities to damage in WS. These may reflect largely separate visuospatial mechanisms.
Identifying the Deal Prone Segment

A model of consumer buying behavior is used to identify household characteristics that should affect deal proneness. The model treats household purchasing and inventory decisions like those of a fi...
Instantaneous phasor method for obtaining instantaneous balanced fundamental components for power quality control and continuous diagnostics

A new instantaneous phasor method for obtaining power system instantaneous balanced fundamental components is introduced. An example is presented. This technique may be used for active power quality control and for continuous diagnostics.
Lenin's Theory of Imperialism

Lenin's theory of imperialism is the basis of much contemporary analysis of the interaction between third world and advanced capitalist countries. This paper examines the theoretical coherence of h...
Thermal decomposition kinetics of polysilanes: Disilane, trisilane, and tetrasilane

The decomposition kinetics of disilane with added butadiene, trisilane both neat and with added butadiene, trimethylsilane or H 2 , and normal and iso-tetrasilane both neat and in the presence of added butadiene are reported; Arrhenius parameters of the primary dissociation reactions are determined : A-factors suggest that polysilane decompositions (1) have similar intrinsic activation entropies (△S∼6.2±5 e.u.) and (2) have activation energies which increase with increasing reaction endothermicities. Relative trapping efficiencies of SiH 4 , Si 2 H 6 , Si 3 H 8 , C 4 H 6 , Me 3 SiH, and h 2 toward SiH 2 and SiH 3 SiH are also determined. Other results include the heat of formation of silylsilylene △H f ° (Sih 3 SiH)=75.3 Kcal/mol, and the activation energy for 1,1-H 2 elimination from disilane (E H2 =57.8 kcal/mol)
Developments in the processing and properties of NdFeb-type permanent magnets

Abstract The composition, microstructure and processing of NdFeB-type permanent magnets are all critical factors for the successful production of high performance magnet components. Three common fabrication routes can be used to categorize these NdFeB-based bulk magnets: sintering, polymer bonding and hot deformation. Generally, the former type of magnet has a high-energy product (30–50 MGOe), full density and a relatively simple shape. Bonded magnets have intermediate energy products (10–18 MGOe), lower density and can be formed into intricate net-shapes. Hot deformed magnets possess full density, intermediate to high-energy products (15–46 MGOe), isotropic or anisotropic properties and have the potential to be formed into net shapes. This article discusses the critical issues of improved magnetic performance, environmental stability, net-shape formability and magnetization behavior for the main categories of NdFeB magnets.
Empirical correlation of cooling efficiency and transport phenomena of direct evaporative cooler

Abstract Direct evaporative cooling (DEC) uses evaporating water, combined with a wetted medium to cool the temperature of air as it passes through. Heat is removed from the surrounding air in the vaporization of the water by passing through or around a wetted surface. The process approximates the adiabatic-saturation process and the path lies on a constant wet-bulb temperature which is a constant enthalpy line. This paper suspects the relationship between system parameters and cooling efficiency. Effects of three system parameters (speed of frontal air, the dry-bulb temperature of frontal air, and the temperature of the incoming water) on cooling performance were evaluated. Each parameter was varied while holding all other variables constant, and data was collected using several different levels of each parameter. The general relationship between each parameter and efficiency was determined by graphing the data collected and observing trends. Reasons that lead to the tendencies of the curves in the graphs have been explained in detail. The empirical correlation between supply frontal air velocity and cooling efficiency for DEC system in a typical applied environment was established and verified by experiment data. The analysis shows within certain ranges, DEC cooling efficiency increases with frontal air dry-bulb temperature; decreases with frontal air velocity and incoming water temperature correspondingly.
CLUSTER STRUCTURE IN COSMOLOGICAL SIMULATIONS. I. CORRELATION TO OBSERVABLES, MASS ESTIMATES, AND EVOLUTION

We use Enzo, a hybrid Eulerian adaptive mesh refinement/N-body code including nongravitational heating and cooling,toexplorethemorphologyof theX-raygasinclustersof galaxiesanditsevolutionincurrent-generationcosmological simulations. We employ and compare two observationally motivated structure measures: power ratios and centroidshift.Overall,thestructureof oursimulated clusterscompares remarkablywelltolow-redshift observations, although some differences remain that may point to incomplete gas physics. We find no dependence on cluster structure in the mass-observable scaling relations, TX-M and YX-M, when using the true cluster masses. However, estimates of the total mass based on the assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium, as assumed in observational studies, are systematicallylow.Weshowthatthehydrostaticmassbiasstronglycorrelateswithclusterstructureand,moreweakly, with cluster mass. When thehydrostatic massesareused,themass-observablescalingrelationsandgasmass fractions depend significantly on cluster morphology, and the true relations are not recovered even if the most relaxed clusters are used. We show that cluster structure, via the power ratios, can be used to effectively correct the hydrostatic mass estimatesandmassscalingrelations,suggestingthatwecancalibrateforthissystematiceffectincosmologicalstudies. Similar to observational studies, we find that cluster structure, particularly centroid shift, evolves with redshift. This evolutionismildbutwill leadtoadditionalerrorsathighredshift.Projectionalongthelineof sightleads tosignificant uncertainty in the structure of individual clusters: less than 50% of clusters which appear relaxed in projection based on our structure measures are truly relaxed. Subject headingg galaxies: clusters: general — hydrodynamics — large-scale structure of universe — methods: numerical — X-rays: galaxies: clusters
Systematic modifications of alkane-based molecular gelators and the consequences to the structures and properties of their gels

A systematic structural development of molecular gelators based on n-alkanes is presented. The properties of the resultant molecular gels with a wide range of liquids can, in some cases, be correlated with the structural modifications to the gelators and the natures of their self-assembled fibrillar networks as analyzed at different distance scales. A special emphasis is placed on 12-hydroxystearic acid and its derivatives in which the chirality, placement, and functionality of the hydroxyl group center have been varied and the carboxylic head group has been modified systematically. The resulting correlations between molecular gelator structure and the various properties of their gels provide a basis for the design of structurally more complex gelators. However, the nuances of the systems explored demonstrate that additional factors, some of which are currently not well understood, must be considered before a priori design of molecular gelators with specific gelating abilities will be possible.
Stereoselective synthesis of the “cyathin” diterpene skeleton via an intramolecular pyrylium ylide-alkene cyclization

Abstract The pyrylium ylide precursor 18, available in eight steps from diethyl adipate, undergoes acid catalyzed cyclization to give the cyathin derivative 4α and no detectable amount of the incorrect diastereomer 4β.
Modeling programming knowledge for mentoring at scale

In large programming classes, MOOCs or online communities, it is challenging to find peers and mentors to help with learning specific programming concepts. In this paper we present first steps towards an automated, scalable system for matching learners with Python programmers who have expertise in different areas. The learner matching system builds a knowledge model for each programmer by analyzing their authored code and extracting features that capture domain knowledge and style. We demonstrate the feasibility of a simple model that counts the references to modules from the standard library and Python Package Index in a programmers' code. We also show that programmers exhibit self-selection using which we can extract the modules a programmer is best at, even though we may not have all of their code. In our future work we aim to extend the model to encapsulate more features, and apply it for skill matching in a programming class as well as personalizing answers on StackOverflow.
Brauer pairs of Camina p-groups of nilpotence class 2

In this paper, we find a condition that characterizes when two Camina p-groups of nilpotence class 2 form a Brauer pair.
Electrochemistry and oxidatively induced CO insertion of (η7-C7H7)Mo(CO)2(C6F5)

L'oxydation electrochimique du complexe du titre conduit a deux especes intermediaires qui reagissent avec l'ethanol pour aboutir au pentafluorobenzoate et au pentafluorobenzene. Ces reactions sont etudiees au moyen de la voltammetrie cyclique
Joint Hydrological–Geophysical Inversion for Soil Structure Identification

Reliable prediction of subsurface flow and contaminant transport depends on the accuracy with which the values and spatial distribution of process-relevant model parameters can be identified. Successful characterization methods for complex soil systems are based on (i) an adequate parameterization of the subsurface, capable of capturing both random and structured aspects of the heterogeneous system, and (ii) site-specific data that are sufficiently sensitive to the processes of interest. We present a stochastic approach in which the high-resolution imaging capability of geophysical methods is combined with the process-specific information obtained from the inversion of hydrological data. Geostatistical concepts are employed as a flexible means to describe and characterize subsurface structures. The key features of the proposed approach are (i) the joint inversion of geophysical and hydrological raw data, avoiding the intermediate step of creating a (nonunique and potentially biased) tomogram of geophysical properties and (ii) the concurrent estimation of hydrological and petrophysical parameters, in addition to (iii) the determination of geostatistical parameters from the joint inversion of hydrological and geophysical data. This approach is fundamentally different from inference of geostatistical parameters from an analysis of spatially distributed property data. The approach has been implemented into the iTOUGH2 inversion code and is demonstrated for the joint use of synthetic time-lapse ground penetrating radar (GPR) travel times and hydrological data collected during a simulated ponded infiltration experiment at a highly heterogeneous site.