cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High bandwidth on-chip cache design

In this paper, we evaluate the performance of high bandwidth cache organizations employing multiple cache ports, multiple cycle hit times, and cache port efficiency enhancements, such as load all and line buffer, to find the organization that provides the best processor performance. Using a dynamic superscalar processor running realistic benchmarks that include operating system references, we use execution time to measure processor performance. When the cache is limited to a single cache port without enhancements, we find that two cache ports increase processor performance by 25 percent. With the addition of line buffer and load all to a single pelted cache, the processor achieves 91 percent of the performance of the same processor containing a cache with two ports. When the processor is not limited to a single cache port, the results show that a large dual-ported multicycle pipelined SRAM cache with a line buffer maximizes processor performance. A large pipelined cache provides both a low miss rate and a high CPU clock frequency. Dual-porting the cache and using a line buffer provide the bandwidth needed by a dynamic superscalar processor. The line buffer makes the pipelined dual-ported cache the best option by increasing cache port bandwidth and hiding cache latency.
Angiotensin converting enzyme in bronchoalveolar lavage in ARDS

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is present in the endothelial cells of the normal lung where it converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II and inactivates bradykinin. It has been suggested that during endothelial injury ACE is sloughed into the blood, and that if the alveolar capillary membrane is injured, also into the alveolar lining fluid. Seven patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), were compared to 11 normal control subjects, nine patients with sarcoidosis, and six with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Total, differential cell counts and ACE determinations were performed on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the ARDS group. ACE was detectable in the BAL of all but one ARDS patient. It was concluded that BAL ACE is elevated in some ARDS patients, especially those with infectious causes of lung injury. Increased ACE may reflect endothelial damage or local increase in ACE production in response to sepsis.
Figure-ground assignment in pigeons: evidence for a figural benefit.

Every moment of their lives, organisms from pigeons to people are bombarded by a wide variety of visual stimuli. Some of these stimuli are relevant to current circumstances and goals, whereas others are not. How does the visual system distinguish relevant from irrelevant stimuli? One adaptive strategy may be to establish which visual regions are figures and which are backgrounds. Figures correspond to objects that should be attended to, recognized, and acted on, whereas backgrounds correspond to the spaces
Buffer-space efficient and deadlock-free scheduling of stream applications on multi-core architectures

We present a scheduling algorithm of stream programs for multi-core architectures called team scheduling. Compared to previous multi-core stream scheduling algorithms, team scheduling achieves 1) similar synchronization overhead, 2) coverage of a larger class of applications, 3) better control over buffer space, 4) deadlock-free feedback loops, and 5)lower latency. We compare team scheduling to the latest stream scheduling algorithm, sgms, by evaluating 14 applications on a multi-core architecture with 16 cores. Team scheduling successfully targets applications that cannot be validly scheduled by sgms due to excessive buffer requirement or deadlocks in feedback loops (e.g., gsm and w-cdma). For applications that can be validly scheduled by sgms, team scheduling shows on average 37% higher throughput within the same buffer space constraints.
Post-Deposition Induced Conductivity in Pulsed Laser Irradiated Metal Doped Zinc Oxide Films

The optical and electrical properties of doped solution-deposited and rf sputter-deposited thin metal oxide films were investigated following post deposition pulsed laser irradiation. Solution deposited films were annealed at 450 oC. Following the heating regiment, the transparent metal oxide films were subjected to 355 nm pulsed Nd:YAG laser irradiation (4 nsec pulsewidth) at fluences between 5 and 150 mJ/cm2. Irradiation times at pulse frequencies of 30 Hz ranged from seconds to tens of minutes. Film densification, index change and a marked increase in conductivity were observed following irradiation in air and under vacuum of Al:ZnO (AZO), Ga:ZnO (GZO), and In:ZnO (IZO) films deposited on silica substrates. Despite the measured increase in conductivity, all films continued to show high transparency on the order of 90% at wavelengths from the band edge well into the near infrared region of the spectrum. Laser energies required for turning on the conductivity of these films varied depending upon the dopant. Irradiations in air yielded resistivity measurements on the order of 16.cm. Resistivities of films irradiated under vacuum were on the order of 0.1.cm. The increase in conductivity can be attributed to the formation of oxygen vacancies and subsequent promotion of free carriers into the conductionmore » band. All irradiated films become insulating after around 24 hours. Oxygen atoms in air become reduced by electrons in the metal conduction band and diffuse into the vacancies in the lattice. The rate of this reduction process depends on the type of dopant. This work also sheds light on the damage threshold, correlating the optical properties with the presence of free carriers that have been introduced into the conduction band. All films were characterized by means of UV-VIS-NIR transmission spectroscopy, visible and UV Raman spectroscopy and Hall measurements. Analysis of interference fringes in measured transmission spectra allowed film density and refractive index to be evaluated while the Raman measurements showed an increase in LO mode intensity with respect to the TO mode intensity as the films became more conducting. Results of this study are not only important for the continued development of transparent conducting oxide films that find use in photovoltaic cells and solid state lighting modules, but also provide evidence for the role of free carriers in initiating the laser damage process in these wide bandgap metal oxide films.« less
Extending Use of Direct Behavior Rating Beyond Student Assessment Applications to Treatment Integrity Assessment Within a Multi-Tiered Model of School-Based Intervention Delivery

To make valid decisions about intervention effectiveness in a tiered intervention system, it is essential to formatively assess treatment integrity along with student outcomes. Despite significant advances in technologies for ongoing assessment of student outcomes, research regarding treatment integrity assessment has not shared the same progress in that most available methods lack adequate psychometric evidence and require significant resources. Direct behavior rating has been discussed and evaluated as a tool for assessing student behavior, yet the technology could be extended to result in an efficient treatment integrity assessment method with utility in a multi-tiered model of school-based intervention delivery. This article reviews options in treatment integrity assessment, with emphasis on how direct behavior rating technology might be incorporated within a multi-tiered model of intervention delivery. Implications for both practice and research are addressed.
Molecular biology: Insight into the causes and prevention of restenosis after arterial intervention

Abstract Very little is known about the development of postatherectomy or postangioplasty restenosis. Morphologically, restenosis lesions are primarily composed of smooth muscle cells with associated matrix proteins and develop within 3–6 months. Although some degree of smooth muscle cell proliferation is a necessary part of the healing process after injury, it is unclear why only some individuals develop clinically significant lesions. Platelet deposition and release of growth factors have been postulated to be important in initiating the cellular growth response after vascular injury. Current data suggest that growth factors synthesized locally in the vessel wall may be very important in controlling smooth muscle proliferation. In addition, atherosclerotic plaques contain many procoagulant proteins that are exposed by angioplasty or atherectomy. These proteins stimulate a coagulation response and the activation of thrombin, resulting in platelet aggregation and thrombus formation. Thrombin mediates several biologic responses that may facilitate vascular lesion formation and can act directly as a smooth muscle mitogen. Vascular lesion formation as a result of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty or atherectomy may be stimulated by a combination of factors, including platelet deposition and thrombin action, ultimately generating an autocrine growth response in the vessel wall.
Assessment of Mental Status

Assessing the mental status of patients with a neurobehavioral disorder is a critical element in the diagnosis and treatment of these patients. This assessment should always be performed after the patient's history it taken and a general physical as well as a neurologic examination is completed. The mental status examination commences with observing the patient's appearance and level of consciousness. The examiner should also pay attention to patient's social behavior, emotional state and mood. There are 3 major means of assessing a patient's mental status. One type attempts to determine if the patient is demented and the severity of the dementia as it pertains to their ability to perform activities of daily living as well as instrumental activities. A second type of assessment utilizes what may be termed as "screening tests" or "omnibus tests". These brief tests are performed independent of the patient's history and examination. The two most frequently used screening tests are the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). The third means of assessing a patient's mental status is by using specific neuropsychological tests that focus on specific domains of cognition, such as frontal executive functions, attention, episodic verbal and visuospatial memory, declarative knowledge such as language (speech, reading and writing) and arithmetical, as well as visuospatial and perceptual abilities. These neurobehavioral, neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological assessments of patients with a cognitive decline and behavioral abnormalities should often be accompanied by laboratory tests, and neuroimaging that can help determine the underlying pathologic process so that effective therapeutic and management approaches can be provided.
A Novel Clotting Assay for Quantitation of Plasma Prothrombin (Factor II) Using Echis multisquamatus Venom

Measuring plasma prothrombin activity seems useful for evaluating thrombotic risk and managing oral anticoagulant therapy as an adjunct to the international normalized ratio. Therefore, we designed a new plasma prothrombin assay based on the ability of Echis multisquamatus venom to activate prothrombin with only calcium as a cofactor. In this assay, 1 part of undiluted citrated plasma is added to 5 parts of a venom reagent and the clotting time is measured. The assay's advantages are that dilution of the test plasma is required only when prothrombin activity exceeds 100%, a single standard curve can be used over months for a given batch of stock reagent, and barium-adsorbed plasma is used for dilution of test plasma and construction of the standard curve, thus eliminating the need for prothrombin-deficient plasma. However, one should be aware of the following: (1) test samples must contain at least 200 mg/dL fibrinogen; and (2) when prothrombin concentrations were below 50%, the venom-based assay often gave values up to 10% higher than the thromboplastin-based assay. Values obtained in 262 plasma samples tested with the venom-based assay and with a thromboplastin-based prothrombin assay correlated well (r2 = 0.93).
The role of the adapter molecule SLP-76 in platelet function

Following vascular injury, one of the most critical initial events is activation of platelets followed by formation of a hemostatic plug. Platelets are capable of responding to a diverse array of agonists resulting in adhesion and granule release. The biochemical events underlying platelet activation are just beginning to be understood. One class of molecules shown to play important roles in this process is adapters. Adapter molecules contain distinct modular domains which mediate protein-protein or protein-lipid interactions giving these proteins the ability to nucleate signal transduction complexes. In this review we will discuss the function of the hematopoietic cell specific adapter molecule, SLP-76 in both platelet activation and hemostasis. Because many parallels exist between signal transduction pathways in platelets and lymphocytes, we will also review the function of SLP-76 in coordinating signal transduction pathways following antigen bind to the T cell receptor.
Euthanasia--the need for procedural safeguards.

ACTIVE euthanasia is the deliberate termination of a patient's life in order to prevent further suffering. In ethical discussions this has been seen as different from the withholding of life-sustai...
Child Protection and Family Empowerment: Competing Rights or Accordant Goals?

ABSTRACTSince the advent of the Family Support movement in the 1970s, child welfare systems have been challenged to simultaneously protect children and empower the families they serve. Despite the passage of decades, however, the systems continue to struggle with adequately integrating the pursuit of family empowerment into the fabric of their work. While it is generally agreed that family empowerment is important, child welfare administrators do not seem to agree on whether the system can be dually focused or whether child welfare should maintain its focus as a protective authority. This article addresses the ongoing tension between protection and empowerment and presents data from interviews with 30 child welfare caseworkers and supervisors from three counties in the Mid-Western region of the United States. The interviewees share their understanding of the relationship between child protection and family empowerment. They also discuss key aspects of child welfare organisational culture which indicate wh...
Chapter Seven - Separating the Activation, Integration, and Validation Components of Reading

Abstract The goal of this chapter is to build on previous models of discourse comprehension that break reading into two components: activation and integration. We describe a new model of comprehension, the RI-Val model, which separates out the mechanisms involved in activation and integration, and adds an additional validation stage to processing. The assumptions of this model have implications for the types of information reactivated from memory, how this information can mediate subsequent processing, and how the timing of different influences is affected. We provide evidence from our own work to support the model and discuss broad implications of the model for future research and theory in discourse comprehension.
Parallel bulk heterojunction photovoltaics based on all-conjugated block copolymer additives

In recent studies, we demonstrated that the addition of block copolymers to binary donor–acceptor blends represents an effective approach to target equilibrium, co-continuous morphologies of interpenetrating donors and acceptors. Here, we report a study of the impact of all-conjugated poly(thieno[3,4-b]-thiophene-co-benzodithiophene)-b-polynaphthalene diimide (PTB7-b-PNDI) block copolymer additives on the electronic properties and photovoltaic performance of bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic active layers comprised of a PTB7 donor and a phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM61) acceptor. We find that small amounts of BCP additives lead to improved performance due to a large increase in the device open-circuit voltage (VOC), and the VOC is pinned to this higher value for higher BCP additive loadings. Such results contrast prior studies of ternary blend OPVs where either a continuous change in VOC or a value of VOC pinned to the lowest value is observed. We hypothesize and provide evidence in the form of device and morphology analyses that the impact of VOC is likely due to the formation of a parallel bulk heterojunction made up of isolated PCBM and PNDI acceptor domains separated by intermediate PTB7 donor domains. Altogether, this work demonstrates that all-conjugated block copolymers can be utilized as additives to both dictate morphology and modulate the electronic properties of the active layer.
The Effects of 2'-O-Methoxyethyl Containing Antisense Oligonucleotides on Platelets in Human Clinical Trials.

A thorough analysis of clinical trial data in the Ionis integrated safety database (ISDB) was performed to determine if there is a class effect on platelet numbers and function in subjects treated with 2′-O-methoxyethyl (2′MOE)-modified antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs). The Ionis ISDB includes over 2,600 human subjects treated with 16 different 2′MOE ASOs in placebo-controlled and open-label clinical trials over a range of doses up to 624 mg/week and treatment durations as long as 4.6 years. This analysis showed that there is no class generic effect on platelet numbers and no incidence of confirmed platelet levels below 50 K/μL in subjects treated with 2′MOE ASOs. Only 7 of 2,638 (0.3%) subjects treated with a 2′MOE ASO experienced a confirmed postbaseline (BSLN) platelet count between 100 and 50 K/μL. Three of sixteen 2′MOE ASOs had >10% incidence of platelet decreases >30% from BSLN, suggesting that certain sequences may associate with clinically insignificant platelet declines. Further to these result...
Linear Mixed Models

In the early 1950s, C.R. Henderson developed mixed model estimation, something he began in the 1940s with his Ph.D. thesis. He wanted to analyze data for a linear model with fixed environmental and random genetic factors in the breeding of swine (Van Vleck, 1998).
Introduction: Why Understanding the Law Matters

State and federal laws have a significant impact on the practice of medicine. Psychiatry is one of the most heavily legally regulated of all medical specialties. The law provides the boundaries in which clinical care operates; for example, limiting the circumstances within which psychiatrists may deprive patients of their civil liberties. Appreciating these boundaries is particularly important when working with individuals whose rights are already curtailed (e.g., correctional and forensic settings). Understanding how psychiatry and the law interface provides trainees with a foundation upon which to build their skills and habits through training and beyond. This text can be used to guide or supplement education on the legal regulation of psychiatry, the use of psychiatry to answer legal questions, and the treatment of criminally involved individuals. It is designed to introduce students, trainees, and practicing mental health professionals to core concepts at the intersection of psychiatry and the law, with each chapter focusing on a topic relevant to clinical practice.
Elementary Social Studies: Instruments, Activities, and Standards

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on assessment of social studies in the elementary classroom. It includes sections on a brief history of assessment in social studies, the present, a broader view of assessment and evaluation; and context for social studies assessment. It discusses the principles for planning and implementing activities with an eye toward assessment and social studies standards, as they link to classroom assessment. It also offers a set of guiding principles. The authors briefly summarize the history of assessment and its posture in the classroom. They highlight instruments that have been designed to measure elements of the social studies curriculum. The chapter traces the shift from a rather relaxed approach to current efforts to make assessment an integral part of the social studies program. The authors' position is that assessment should become so well integrated that it becomes a part of instruction. One section of the chapter addresses the multifaceted assignment that subsumes more than one type of activity and production and that extends over a period of time. The final section addresses social studies standards and their potential influence at the classroom level. It concludes with a set of guiding principles developed by the authors for creating, monitoring, and implementing powerful social studies assessment practices.
What drove the Pacific and North America climate anomalies in winter 2014/15?

In late 2014 and early 2015, the canonical atmospheric response to the El Nino and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event was not observed in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific, although Nino3.4 index exceeded the threshold for a weak El Nino. In an effort to understand why it was so, this study deconvoluted the observed 2014/15 December–January–February (DJF) mean sea surface temperature (SST), precipitation and 200 hPa stream function anomalies into the leading patterns related to the principal components of DJF SST variability. It is noted that the anomalies of these variables were primarily determined by the patterns related to two SST modes: one is the North Pacific mode (NPM), and the other the ENSO mode. The NPM was responsible for the apparent lack of coupled air–sea relationship in the central equatorial Pacific and the east–west structure of the circulation anomalies over North America, while the ENSO mode linked to SSTs in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific as well as the circulation in the central equatorial Pacific. Further, the ENSO signal in DJF 2014/15 likely evolved from the NPM pattern in winter 2013/14. Its full development, however, was impeded by the easterly anomalies in the central equatorial Pacific that was associated with negative SST anomalies in the southeastern subtropical Pacific. In addition, the analyses also indicates that the SST anomalies in the Nino3.4 region alone were not adequate for capturing the coupling of oceanic and atmospheric anomalies in the tropical Pacific, due to the fact that this index cannot distinguish whether the SST anomaly in the Nino3.4 region is associated with the ENSO mode or NPM, or both.
Recovery of Macro and Micro-Nutrients by Hydrothermal Carbonization of Septage

In this study, septic tank waste (i.e., septage) was hydrothermally carbonized (HTC) in order to recover macro and micronutrients, while tracking the fate of residual heavy metals. Three different HTC temperatures (i.e., 180, 220, and 260 °C) at autogenous pressures and two reaction times (i.e., 30 and 120 min) were applied on both solid and liquid septages. Hydrochar and HTC process liquids were characterized using ICP, CHNS, and UV–vis spectroscopy. Treatment at 260 °C for 120 min maximized ammonia recovery, producing a liquid with 1400 mg/L of ammonia. Overall, about 70% of available nitrogen ended up in the liquid phase as nitrate or ammonia. Solid hydrochars show potential for fertilizer use, with high phosphorus content of 100–130 kg/tonne. It was found that heavy metals mainly remained in the solid phase, although the concentrations of heavy metals are mostly lower than U.S. EPA regulation for biosolids with the exception of selenium.
Fragmented authorities, institutional misalignments, and challenges to renewable energy transition: A case study of wind power curtailment in China

Abstract To date, challenges to renewable energy transition have been discussed largely based on the cases and experiences from the Global North. In this paper, we aim at broadening our understanding of this specific socio-technical transition by incorporating the case of wind power development in China. Based on the analysis of policy and legal documents, we examine how institutions are organized and incentives are distributed among relevant stakeholders. We argue that China’s significant wind curtailment problem has been produced and exacerbated by multiple axes of institutional misalignments stemming from China’s fragmented energy bureaucracy. Through the study of the Chinese approach to renewable energy transition, our goal is to demonstrate the institutional plurality of socio-technical transition and the context specificity of its challenges.
Studying Axoplasmic Transport by Video Microscopy and Using the Squid Giant Axon as a Model System

Microtubules are directly involved in many basic processes of eukaryotic cell function including division, growth, and locomotion of cells, and organelle transport. As a consequence, the study of microtubule function has become a major field of cell biology. The squid giant axon has recently been introduced as the ideal system to study microtubules and microtubule-associated motility such as organelle transport. At the same time this preparation made axoplasmic transport one of the most important paradigms for the study of all microtubule-based motility.
Improving PET/CT injection to scan time compliance in a busy hospital based practice

2027 Objectives Injection to scan interval is an important factor in reproducibility of semi-quantitative evaluation of PET studies and for assessment of treatment response. In a busy clinical setting consistency can be challenging for a variety of reasons which are beyond the control of technologists. Improving workflow and reducing the required time on the scanner could improve protocol compliance. We evaluated the impact of upgrading PET/CT equipment on workflow and injection to scan time. Methods We retrospectively evaluated injection to scan times and patient workflow before and after upgrading PET/CT instrumentation from a Siemens Biograph 16 (B16) to a Siemens Biograph mCT 64HD (B64). The target uptake time at our institution is 75 ± 10 minutes. We average 16-18 patients/day with 6-8 bed positions at 2-3 minutes/bed. Injection to scan time average and variability were compared before and after the scanner upgrade. Results Injection to scan times for 7834 consecutive patients scanned on the B16 over a 5 year period were compared with data from 303 consecutive patients scanned on the B64 after upgrade. A significantly greater percentage of studies were started within the target range with the B64 (86%) than on the B16 (65%). The average injection to scan time for the B16 and B64 were 79 minutes and 74 minutes, respectively. Conclusions Technological improvements in PET/CT instrumentation have reduced scanning times by improved sensitivity and larger scan area/bed position. These improvements lead to fewer patients initiated scanning delays and improve overall workflow compliance. The upgraded scanner technology has led to a combination of improved efficiency and protocol compliance
Mechanisms for the Generation of Surface Strains

Boyd (1972) reviewed the various older theories as to the origin of growth stresses in trees (Martley 1928, Koehler 1933, Munch 1938, Clarke 1939, Jacobs 1945, Wardrop 1965). He then returned to his earlier hypothesis that “the generation of stresses was caused by swelling of the cell due to changes in the cell wall during differentiation”. Watanabe (1965) also took this position and laid special emphasis on the role of the microfibril angle in the S2 wall in influencing the extension or contraction of the cell, but he noted that tension wood was an exception. Boyd (1972) proceeded to develop a mathematical-mechanical model for these anisotropic cell wall mechanisms which will be considered in the next section.
What Is Cognitive Readiness

In this book there are multiple views of cognitive readiness. The purpose of this chapter is to review the various definitions of cognitive readiness. The construct of cognitive readiness will also be briefly compared and contrasted with twenty-first century skills. Cognitive readiness denotes the mental preparation for effective changes in response to altered or unpredictable situations in this fast-changing world. The key constructs in our model are knowledge, skills, and attributes. Knowledge includes domain-specific knowledge for developing cognitive readiness in specific content/process domains as well as prerequisite skills. There are five skills—adaptability, adaptive problem solving, communication, decision making, and situation awareness—and four attributes, i.e., adaptive expertise, creative thinking, metacognition, and teamwork. This chapter will also offer the reader a window into the recent literature regarding these constructs. Several training strategies are proposed to teach cognitive readiness, as well as several strategies to assess cognitive readiness. A feasibility study is presented to show how we investigated the goal of teaching and assessing selected cognitive readiness skills in the context of a Navy simulation. The chapter closes with implications for future research.
Prediction of flange wrinkles in deep drawing

A numerical method for predicting the onset of flange wrinkles of small wavelength during deep drawing process is presented. The method is based on the approach developed by Cao and Boyce (1997) for predicting the buckling behavior of sheet metal under lateral constraint using a combination of energy conservation and finite element method. Continuum elements are used in a simple Finite Element Analysis model to study wrinkles with a maximum wavelength of ten times the sheet thickness. The analysis provides the critical buckling stress and the resulting buckling wavelength as functions of normal pressure. Such relationships are then implemented in a Finite Element Method (FEM) package that uses membrane elements to simulate the workpiece deformation during a forming process. The use of membrane elements significantly reduces the amount of computation time required in comparison to using structural shell elements with multiple integration points through the thickness. The stress histories calculated from the FEM membrane analysis are used to predict the onset of buckling during the forming process. The application of the forming of a rectangular pan is examined. The comparison between numerical simulation and the experimental results is presented. Our approach predicts the onset of buckling in excellent agreement with the experimental observations.
Design Quality in Private Redevelopment of Urban Neighborhoods

ABSTRACT One key factor in manufacturing quality mass produced housing is to offer design amenities which are attractive to potential residents. This short report reviews design preferences of urban residents in DeBaliviere Place, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A.
The First Deans of Women: What We Can Learn from Them.

When women were first admitted to colleges and universities, it was only the first step in their gaining genuine access to an education. The deans of women, hired to help with this strange new grou...
Rethinking knowledge systems for urban resilience: Feminist and decolonial contributions to just transformations

Abstract Work in urban resilience planning recognizes the importance of knowledge diversity to understanding and acting on climate change, but falls short in adequately situating itself within ongoing historical processes that shape uneven urban playing fields in which planning happens. This paper uses insights from environmental feminist and decolonial knowledge politics to challenge knowledge systems analysis to explicitly question and alter structures of power in environmental knowledge making in North American cities. If knowledge systems analysis can investigate and intervene in governance structures through which environmental decision- and policy-making happen, this necessitates reflection on ontological, epistemological and ethical commitments (or ‘starting points’) as these carry material and discursive weight: they open up and foreclose ways in which resilience is practiced. Given increasing recognition that urban resilience needs to consider issues of justice and equity, in this paper we take cues from feminist and decolonial scholarship that has centered these themes for decades and which offer ‘starting points’ to rethink knowledge systems for resilience. Understanding urbanization as key process in the expansion of relations fundamental to the production of anthropocentric climate change, we argue that changing these relations is crucial if urban resilience planning is to contribute to alternative and socially just urban futures. Against tendencies of depoliticization that solutions-oriented work can sometimes exhibit, feminist and decolonial perspectives locate knowledge-making practices squarely within struggles for social justice in the city. We propose three strategies for those working on knowledge systems for resilience to advance their practice: centering justice and transgression, reflexive research practice, and thinking historically. Ultimately, this paper shows that taking seriously critical social sciences furthers fundamentally new ideas for what transitions to urban resilience could mean.
PintAR: Sketching Spatial Experiences in Augmented Reality

In this demo, we present PintAR: an interactive prototyping tool that explores Augmented Reality for the design of interactive spatial experiences. Our system aims to remedy the lack of tools for rapid-prototyping situated experiences in AR without programming or 3D modeling. PintAR combines a digital paper and pen interface with a head-mounted display to allow users to sketch and interact with digital content in their environment. Users can take PintAR anywhere, leveraging objects and information available in the real world to bring context to their prototypes.
N-(2,5-Dichlorophenyl)-N -((E)-3-thienylmethylene)hydrazine

The title compound, C11H8Cl2N2S, was prepared from the condensation reaction of thio­phene-3-carbaldehyde with 2,5-dichloro­phenyl­hydrazine. The azomethine C=N bond has E geometry. No thien­yl ring flip was observed.
Uncertainty and the basis for confidence in solar geoengineering research

Solar geoengineering is an emerging topic in climate-change discussions. To support future decisions on the deployment of this technology, society requires better estimates of its environmental impacts and limitations. As solar geoengineering has never been deployed, conclusions about its climatic effects are primarily obtained through models and natural analogues. As such, our confidence in projections of solar geoengineering, the basis for that confidence and how our confidence can be improved is limited. In this Perspective, we review our current understanding of uncertainty and risk in solar geoengineering via stratospheric aerosols. Using a risk-register framework, we illustrate key uncertainties, such as sub-grid-scale mixing or effects of stratospheric heating, investigations of which should be prioritized to transition the field to a mission-driven research agenda. We conclude with recommendations for possible avenues of research, including targeted model intercomparisons and appropriately governed small-scale field experiments. Discussions surrounding stratospheric aerosol geoengineering have increased in climate-change discourse, but our understanding of its impacts is relatively limited. This Perspective discusses the uncertainty and risk associated with stratospheric aerosol geoengineering, offering suggestions on research topics that should be prioritized.
Deaths due to delayed presentation to the hospital from fear of contracting COVID-19 during lockdown period: a tertiary care center experience

Background: Sudden rise in COVID-19 cases in March 2020 due to spread of pandemic led to immediate lockdown order in many states and cities across the USA. Everyone had to stay home to stop the spread of the virus. We investigated all deaths in our hospital during lockdown period and assessed how many presented and died from non-COVID-19-related illness. Among those deaths, we assessed how many presented late due to excessive fear of catching coronavirus in the hospital and succumbed to the same illness due to very late presentation. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed charts of every patient who expired in the hospital in a 45-day period, March–April 2020. Results: Three of 107 (2.8%) deaths during lockdown period in this hospital were clearly attributable to delayed presentation arising specifically from fear of coming to the hospital. All three died from non-COVID-19-related illnesses. Conclusions: Authors hereby propose enhanced efforts in the direction to alleviate unnecessary fear among public even during lockdown. People should be encouraged to continue to access health care for serious/fatal medical conditions regardless of the pandemic.
Reflexive Eye Closure in Response to Cone and Melanopsin Stimulation: A Study of Implicit Measures of Light Sensitivity in Migraine.

Objective: To quantify interictal photophobia in migraine with and without aura using reflexive eye closure as an implicit measure of light sensitivity, and to assess the contribution of melanopsin and cone signals to these responses. Methods: Participants were screened to meet criteria for one of three groups: headache-free (HAf) controls, migraine without aura (MwoA), and migraine with visual aura (MwA). MwoA and MwA participants were included if they endorsed ictal and interictal photophobia. Exclusion criteria included impaired vision, inability to collect usable pupillometry, and history of either head trauma or seizure. Participants viewed light pulses that selectively targeted melanopsin, the cones, or their combination during recording of orbicularis oculi electromyography (OO-EMG) and blinking activity. Results: We studied twenty participants in each group. MwA and MwoA groups reported increased visual discomfort to light stimuli (Discomfort rating, 400% contrast, MwA: 4.84 [95% CI: 0.33, 9.35]; MwoA: 5.23 [0.96, 9.50]) as compared to HAf controls (2.71 [0, 6.47]). Time course analysis of OO-EMG and blinking activity demonstrated that reflexive eye closure was tightly coupled to the light pulses. The MwA group had greater OO-EMG and blinking activity in response to these stimuli (EMG activity, 400% contrast: 42.9%Δ [28.4, 57.4]; Blink activity, 400% contrast: 11.2% [8.8, 13.6]) as compared to the MwoA (EMG activity, 400% contrast: 9.9%Δ [5.8, 14.0]; Blink activity, 400% contrast: 4.7% [3.5, 5.9]) and HAf control (EMG activity, 400% contrast: 13.2%Δ [7.1, 19.3]; Blink activity, 400% contrast: 4.5% [3.1, 5.9]) groups. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the intrinsically-photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), which integrate melanopsin and cone signals, provide the afferent input for light-induced reflexive eye closure in a photophobic state. Moreover, we find a dissociation between implicit and explicit measures of interictal photophobia depending on a history of visual aura in migraine. This implies distinct pathophysiology in forms of migraine, interacting with separate neural pathways by which the amplification of ipRGC signals elicit implicit and explicit signs of visual discomfort.
Public Health Informatics Infrastructure

To monitor and protect communities, societies create public health infrastructures. A capable, prepared public health infrastructure possesses a skilled public health workforce, robust information and communications technologies (ICT), and effective organizations. Yet there are numerous challenges facing public health agencies that seek to update and evolve the public health infrastructure, including budget constraints, rapidly changing ICT, and increased demands on public health workers. To meet the challenges facing public health, organizations must implement a technical architecture that enables integration across information siloes in public health. Organizations must also redesign work processes and system interfaces to support changing work patterns in public health. Finally, public health informaticians must emerge as leaders who can build and support the evolving public health infrastructure. This chapter defines the public health infrastructure, the challenges facing its implementation, and the core components that will help drive public health organizations to meet current and future information needs.
How to Lie with Rape Statistics: America's Hidden Rape Crisis

During the last two decades, many police departments substantially undercounted reported rapes creating "paper" reductions in crime. Media investigations in Baltimore, New Orleans, Philadelphia, and St. Louis found that police eliminated rape complaints from official counts because of cultural hostility to rape complaints and to create the illusion of success in fighting violent crime. The undercounting cities used three difficult-to-detect methods to remove rape complaints from official records: designating a complaint as "unfounded" with little or no investigation; classifying an incident as a lesser offense; and, failing to create a written report that a victim made a rape complaint. This study addresses how widespread the practice of undercounting rape is in police departments across the country. Because identifying fraudulent and incorrect data is essentially the task of distinguishing highly unusual data patterns, I apply a statistical outlier detection technique to determine which jurisdictions have substantial anomalies in their data. Using this novel method to determine if other municipalities likely failed to report the true number of rape complaints made, I find significant undercounting of rape incidents by police departments across the country. The results indicate that approximately 22% of the 210 studied police departments responsible for populations of at least 100,000 persons have substantial statistical irregularities in their rape data indicating considerable undercounting from 1995 to 2012. Notably, the number of undercounting jurisdictions has increased by over 61% during the eighteen years studied. Correcting the data to remove police undercounting by imputing data from highly correlated murder rates, the study conservatively estimates that 796,213 to 1,145,309 complaints of forcible vaginal rapes of female victims nationwide disappeared from the official records from 1995 to 2012. Further, the corrected data reveal that the study period includes fifteen to eighteen of the highest rates of rape since tracking of the data began in 1930. Instead of experiencing the widely reported "great decline" in rape, America is in the midst of a hidden rape crisis. Further, the techniques that conceal rape complaints deprioritize those cases so that police conduct little or no investigation. Consequently, police leave serial rapists, who constitute the overwhelming majority of rapists, free to attack more victims. Based upon the findings of this study, governments at all levels must revitalize efforts to combat the cloaked rise in sexual violence and the federal government must exercise greater oversight of the crime reporting process to ensure accuracy of the data provided.
Export of young terrigenous dissolved organic carbon from rivers to the Arctic Ocean

natural abundance 14 C data indicating that dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from several Eurasian and North American rivers is predominantly young and largely derived from recently-fixed C in plant litter and upper soil horizons. Concentrations of dissolved lignin phenols, unique organic tracers of terrestrial plant material, and 14 C content in DOC were strongly correlated throughout the Arctic Ocean, indicating terrigenous DOC is mostly young and widely distributed in polar surface waters. These young ages of terrigenous DOC in rivers and the ocean indicate little of the old carbon stored in Arctic soils is currently being mobilized in the dissolved component of continental runoff. INDEX TERMS: 1040 Geochemistry: Isotopic composition/chemistry; 1615 Global Change: Biogeochemical processes (4805); 4207 Oceanography: General: Arctic and Antarctic oceanography; 4806 Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Carbon cycling; 4850 Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Organic marine chemistry. Citation: Benner, R., B. Benitez-Nelson, K. Kaiser, and R. M. W. Amon (2004), Export of young terrigenous dissolved organic carbon from rivers to the Arctic Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L05305, doi:10.1029/ 2003GL019251.
Cell fate maps in the Ilyanassa obsoleta embryo beyond the third division.

Abstract In the gastropodIlyanassa obsoleta,early development is mediated by the polar lobe, which shunts determinants to the D lineage during the first two cleavages. These determinants act to specify cell fates directly within the D lineage and to specify cell fates inductively in other lineages of the embryo. Most fate maps inI. obsoletahave been inferred from previous cell ablation experiments, although Render (1991) completed natural fate maps for the first quartet of micromeres. Here this work has been extended to include second and third quartet micromeres as well as the mesentoblast cell (4d) and some of its derivatives and selected macromeres. Fate maps were created by injecting individual cells with Lucifer Yellow dextran via iontophoresis and by analyzing patterns of fluorescence in resulting veliger larvae. In general, second quartet micromeres make major contributions to the shell-forming mantle, the velum, the stomodeum and the heart. Third quartet micromeres give rise to large areas of the foot, velum, esophagus and heart. The mesentoblast cell, 4d, contributes to retractor muscles, heart, larval kidney and intestine. These results are discussed in terms of previous ablation experiments and mechanisms of cell fate specification in theI. obsoletaembryo.
The use of FEP Teflon in solar cell cover technology

FEP plastic film was used as a cover and as an adhesive to bond cover glasses to silicon solar cells. Various anti-reflective coatings were applied to cells and subsequently covered with FEP. Short-circuit currents were measured before and after application of the coating and of the FEP. FEP bonded to seven of the nine differently coated cells, with no change in the total short circuit current in four cases.
Katalyse an Einkristallen. II. Zerfall des Ameisensäuredampfes an Kupfer-Ein- und Polykristallen

Nach einer statischen Methode wurde der katalytische Zerfall des Ameisensauredampfes an verschiedenen Kristallflachen eines Kupfer-Einkristalls untersucht. Die Reaktion lauft an der (111)-Flache etwa viermal schneller ab als an der (100)-Flache. An Polykristallen tritt keine Aktivitatserhohung gegenuber Einkristallen auf. Die Ergebnisse werden ausfuhrlich diskutiert. The decomposition of formic acid vapor was examined on different crystal faces of a copper single crystal by means of a static method. The reaction rate is about 4 times larger on the (111) face than on the (100) face. There was no special catalytic activity on polycrystalline specimens. The results are discussed in detail.
The effects of the social choice rule on local fiscal variables

Abstract A general equilibrium model of Tiebout adjustment is presented. Three variants of the model, corresponding to a Tiebout-median voter model and two models of bureaucratic tax-public good determination, are developed. The models are solved numerically using a fixed-point algorithm (PLALGO) due to Todd (1981). The equilibria of the respective models are compared to determine the significance of the social choice rule of changes in local fiscal variables.
Grammar and culture in the work of Yamuna Kachru

This paper examines Professor Yamuna Kachru's construction of grammar in the context of work that adopted a number of different approaches to linguistics, each with its proper data, methodology, and theoretical concerns. These approaches are the standard theory of generative grammar, relational grammar, and grammar from the perspectives of discourse analysis, sociolinguistics, and systemic functional (Hallidayan) linguistics. Throughout her research and publications on grammar and culture, Professor Kachru's work challenges and extends traditional linguistics in a creative and innovative fashion, providing a unique contribution to our understanding of Hindi and English, and to that of grammar and of culture.