cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Green Building, Green Behavior? An Analysis of Building Characteristics that Support Environmentally Responsible Behaviors:

This study examines the environmentally responsible behaviors (ERBs) of undergraduates (n = 575). ERBs were measured in an online survey and the influence of situational context on behavior was exp...
Moving boarders: Skateboarding and the changing landscape of Urban Youth Sports

Utilizing skateboarding in the San Francisco Bay Area at its case study, Moving Boarders provide diverse depictions of young skateboarders and the macro forces that influence their experiences in t...
Steric hindrance dependence on the spin and morphology properties of highly oriented self-doped organic small molecule thin films

Introducing charge carriers is of paramount importance for increasing the efficiency of organic semiconducting materials. Various methods of extrinsic doping, where molecules or atoms with large/small reduction potentials are blended with the semiconductor, can lead to dopant aggregation, migration, phase segregation, and morphology alteration. Self-doping overcomes these challenges by structurally linking the dopant directly to the organic semiconductor. However, for their practical incorporation into devices, self-doped organic materials must be cast into thin-films, yet processing methods to allow for the formation of continuous and uniform films have not been developed beyond simple drop-casting. Whilst self-doped organic molecules afford the remarkable ability to position dopants with molecular precision and control of attachment mode, their steric bulk inevitably disrupts the crystallization on surfaces. As such, there is great interest in the development of processing modalities that allow deposited molecules to converge to the thermodynamic minimum of a well-ordered and highly crystalline organic thin film instead of getting trapped in local disordered minima that represent metastable configurations. By contrasting drop casting, ultrasonic deposition, and physical vapor deposition, we investigate the free energy landscape of the crystallization of sterically hindered self-doped perylene diimide thin films. A clear relationship is established between processing conditions, the crystallinity and order within the deposited films, the dopant structures and the resulting spin density. We find physical vapor deposition to be a robust method capable of producing smooth, continuous, highly ordered self-doped organic small molecule thin-films with tailored spin concentrations and well-defined morphologies.
Molecular epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 clusters caused by asymptomatic cases in Anhui Province, China.

COVID-19 is a newly emerging disease caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which spread globally in early 2020. Asymptomatic carriers of the virus contribute to the propagation of this disease, and the existence of asymptomatic infection has caused widespread fear and concern in the control of this pandemic. In this study, we investigated the origin and transmission route of SARS-CoV-2 in Anhui’s two clusters, analyzed the role and infectiousness of asymptomatic patients in disease transmission, and characterized the complete spike gene sequences in the Anhui strains. We conducted an epidemiological investigation of two clusters caused by asymptomatic infections sequenced the spike gene of viruses isolated from 12 patients. All cases of the two clusters we investigated had clear contact histories, both from Wuhan, Hubei province. The viruses isolated from two outbreaks in Anhui were found to show a genetically close link to the virus from Wuhan. In addition, new single nucleotide variations were discovered in the spike gene. Both clusters may have resulted from close contact and droplet-spreading and asymptomatic infections were identified as the initial cause. We also analyzed the infectiousness of asymptomatic cases and the challenges to the current epidemic to provided information for the development of control strategies.
Causal Mediation Effects of Public Transit Ridership on the Relationship Between Ridesharing Platforms and Traffic Congestion: An Empirical Investigation of UberX in the United States

Despite the multiple prior studies examining the consequences of ridesharing platforms on traffic congestion, we still have limited understanding of causal relationships underlying this outcome. Using data collected from 48 metropolitan areas in the United States, we report the results of a causal mediation analysis investigating the role of city bus ridership, which is thought to lie in the causal path between the introduction of UberX and traffic congestion. Our results suggest that these platforms do increase congestion, but only 5% of the increased traffic congestion can be explained by a decrease in city bus ridership caused by these services. This implies that Uber has other effects independent of bus ridership, such as service cars roaming the streets, that would account for a much larger portion of Uber’s detrimental effect on traffic congestion.
The Prospective Effects of Parents' and Friends' Approval of Drinking on Simultaneous Alcohol and Marijuana Use during College.

Recent reports indicate that simultaneous alcohol and marijuana (SAM) use is a growing health concern among college students. As SAM use consists of both alcohol and marijuana, risk factors associa...
Thinking Barcelona: Ideologies of a Global City

Acknowledgments Introduction. The Euphoric Politics of Postmodern Barcelona 1. Olympic Specters at the End of History 2. The City Where Europe Meets the Mediterranean 3. The Barcelona Model of Urban Transformation 4. Learning from Barcelona Conclusion Works Cited Index
Bifurcation analysis of thermally coupled homogeneous–heterogeneous combustion

Abstract Using a two-mode lumped model, we present theory and comprehensive bifurcation analysis of thermally coupled homogeneous–heterogeneous combustion of propane and methane in short monolith, fibermat or gauze type reactors with a focus on the dependence of the ignition, extinction, hysteresis, double and boundary limit loci on the various design and operating parameters. We analyze the impact of inlet fuel mole fraction, inlet temperature, residence time and channel hydraulic radius on the relative position of the homogeneous and catalytic ignition and extinction points and identify the parameter regions in which either catalytic or homogeneous reaction dominates. We also identify the regions in which catalytic ignition leads either to an intermediate branch on which the homogeneous reaction rate is negligible or directly to a high conversion and temperature state thereby facilitating homogeneous ignition. For the case of methane oxidation, we examine both the lean and rich feeds with the operating pressure as the bifurcation variable and compare the predicted results with available experimental data and numerical simulations using detailed CFD models.
Optical demultiplexing with extinction ratio enhancement based on higher order parametric interaction

We present the experimental demonstration of an all-optical demultiplexer for high speed OTDM data with optical regeneration capability. It is shown that higher order parametric interactions provide optical sampling with high extinction ratio.
Evaluation of post-Fukushima Japanese electricity strategies: A stochastic simulation model

SUMMARY Japan has not settled on a coherent long-term electricity strategy for its post-Fukushima reality. In this analysis, a stochastic electricity sector simulation model is formulated and used to evaluate alternative strategies prescribing different generation mixes for 2050. The generation mix evolves deterministically, demand is endogenous, and social cost of carbon is randomly sampled. The model treats fossil fuel prices and advanced technology cost dynamics stochastically. Monte Carlo simulation produces a distribution of net present social cost for each strategy, and the alternatives are assessed based on the median (expected cost) and standard deviation (risk). Aggressively expanding renewables is a promising strategy; it has the lowest expected cost and moderate risk. Whether this is preferred to substantial nuclear generation is sensitive to parameter assumptions, but a general finding is robust: severely limiting nuclear generation and substituting liquefied natural gas (LNG) and other fossil fuels is costly and risky. Principal component analysis confirms the vulnerability of such strategies to LNG price and social cost of carbon uncertainty. Japan's dominant short-term response to Fukushima has been a dramatic decrease in nuclear generation coupled with increased use of fossil fuels, particularly LNG. This study suggests that continuing this approach would constitute a poor long-term Japanese electricity strategy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effects of No Fault on Automobile Insurance Loss Costs

Automobile insurance premiums have been rising rapidly in the United States. During much of the 1980s, premiums have grown at approximately three times the rate of inflation in the consumer price index (Weiss and Cummins [1989]). The high rate of premium inflation has led to political pressure to cap insurance rates, reform the legal system, and regulate auto insurers more stringently. Objective information on the causes of the problem has been difficult to obtain, and most of the insurance reform proposals have not been based on sound economic analysis.
Neural correlates of sensory‐enabling presentation: An fMRI study of image zooming and rotation video effects on online apparel shopping

For experience products, such as apparel, sensory-enabling presentations that provide a sense of tactile experience have been suggested as an effective strategy to reduce perceived risk and increase the likelihood of a pleasurable shopping experience. Using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), we investigated whether sensory-enabling presentations, specifically, image zooming and rotation videos, would evoke different cognitive and affective brain functions during product evaluation and purchase decision processes. The results suggested that whereas image zooming may evoke more visual perception in the product evaluation process, the rotation view evokes more mental imagery, pleasure, and reward anticipation during the purchase decision process. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection and mitigation of false data injection in cooperative communications

We propose a likelihood ratio based physical-layer technique for detecting and mitigating the false data injection attack in cooperative communication systems. We present the optimum detection method that minimizes the end-to-end outage probability and the minmax detection method that minimizes the maximum possible outage probability under unknown attack probability. We show that the optimum detection technique can provide almost the same end-to-end outage probability that can be provided by the ideal cryptographic technique that perfectly detects the false injection at the expense of high computational cost and bandwidth overhead. The proposed solution can be used as an additional layer of protection or can complement to the conventional cryptographic techniques.
Challenges of Effective E-governance: Problems of Transparency, Infrastructure, and Connectivity in Kenya

Seven years after the e-governance strategy was conceptualized in Kenya in 2004, its vision of building trust and increasing transparency and citizen access to the government has received only limited success. This chapter presents an overview of the challenges in implementing the e-government initiatives in Kenya, which include endemic corruption and lack of citizen involvement within many ranks of Kenyan society, low Internet penetration and connectivity in poor rural households, and costly satellite transmission. The authors detail a few successes such as the M-PESA program which facilitates online money transfer and the recent (July 2009) laying of the underground SEACOM fiber-optic cable that will increase Internet penetration, and provide faster, affordable Internet to more Kenyans. They close on a positive note that increased expenditure on ICT infrastructure and renewed emphasis by the Kenyan government to reduce corruption and increase government accountability will help in expanding e-governance initiatives in Kenya in years to come.
Analysis of UBV Photometry of the Near-Contact Binary AK Canis Minoris

As a part of our study of eccentric eclipsing binary candidates, we have obtained complete UBV photoelectric light curves of the neglected system AK Canis Minoris. The observations were taken at Lowell Observatory in 1994 February. Two new epochs of minimum light were determined from these observations. A period study, spanning 33 years, was undertaken, and both improved linear and quadratic ephemerides were obtained. The robust period decrease determined in the quadratic ephemeris may imply magnetic braking arising from the solar-type secondary component. UBV light curves formed from our precision observations are presented. The first synthetic light-curve solution of AK CMi is presented. Our analysis reveals that AK CMi is in a near-contact, semidetached configuration with an A3 spectral type primary component and a K2 secondary filling its Roche lobe. Contrary to earlier reports that AK CMi has a displaced secondary eclipse, our secondary eclipse occurs at phase 0.5.
Measurement of the stable isotope ratio of dissolved N2 in 15N tracer experiments

Stable isotope addition experiments seeking to trace the denitrification of combined forms of nitrogen (N) to gaseous N2 in aquatic environments typically need to measure the stable isotope ratio of dissolved nitrogen gas. This measurement presents challenges because of the potential for contamination of samples by N in air, and because field experiments conducted in situ often do not produce a marked enrichment in the isotope ratio of the N2 pool. Field experiments also require numerous samples, sometimes processed under arduous conditions, and thus methods have to be convenient and low in cost. This paper describes the methods for sampling and measurement of the N isotope ratio of dissolved nitrogen that were developed for the isotope addition experiments in the Lotic Intersite Nitrogen Experiment (LINX), a cross-site study examining N biogeochemistry in headwater streams. Headspace equilibration was performed in the field and gas samples were stored in re-evacuated glass vials (Exetainers). Samples were processed and stored underwater to minimize the potential for contamination of samples by air. Isotope ratios were measured using a gas chromatograph interfaced to the isotope ratio mass spectrometer and equipped with a custom sample entry system.
Comparing the diel cycles of dissolved organic matter fluorescence in a clear-water and two dark-water Wisconsin lakes: potential insights into lake metabolism

The cycling of organic carbon is fundamental to aquatic ecosystems, reflecting processes that extend from terrestrial watersheds to fish. Here, we use embedded fluorescence sensors that sample at h...
Mélange: Supporting heterogeneous QoS requirements in delay tolerant sensor networks

In sparse mobile sensor networks, nodes have a small number of neighbors with intermittent connectivity. This paper presents a new networking protocol for this type of network, aimed at maximizing system performance in terms of both delay and reliability. The system is motivated by the observation that many applications on this type of network have two kinds of co-existing data packets: those with real-time constraints and those with reliability constraints. By treating these packets differently, we are able to better meet the needs of both. We show that our approach outperforms ordinary epidemic routing when packets with different types of QoS requirements exist in the network.
Chemical fractionation in the meteorites and the abundance of the elements

Abstract The question is raised in this paper as to whether the meteorites are representative of the non-volatile fraction of planetary matter, and it is attempted to decide whether certain elements have been lost from the meteoritic material. The elements considered in detail are lithium, beryllium, boron, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, silicon, phosphorus and sulphur. Others are briefly considered. It is concluded that phosphorus and sulphur may have been removed by reduction processes to some extent. It seems improbable that fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine have been so removed by any volatilization process. The other elements are considered to be highly non-volatile and their loss is considered improbable. It is suggested that the chondrites were produced in a collision between planetesimals, and that they originated in the high temperature zone in the center of this collision, while the achondrites and irons were produced from the outer fragments of the colliding planetesimals, as has previously been postulated by the writer. It is concluded that all elements except those that form stable compounds volatile at low temperatures (~0° C) have been preserved in the meteorites without loss by any large factor. This conclusion is consistent with the writer's postulates relative to the evolution of the terrestrial planets and seems to him to be completely inconsistent with any high temperature accumulation process for the origin of the planets.
Asian images portrayed in the websites of US higher education institutions

Using a purposive sample of 265 US colleges and universities, the analysis identified 378 Asian models from 8,319 human models. Results showed Asian students to be under-represented on the web compared to their proportion in the student body, whereas African Americans were proportionately represented. Instead of stereotypical portrayals, Asians appeared neutral in terms of power positions.
Patient-Centered Interprofessional Collaborative Care: Factors Associated with Bedside Interprofessional Rounds

BACKGROUND Medical care delivered in hospital-based medicine units requires interprofessional collaborative care (IPCC) to improve quality. However, models such as bedside interprofessional rounds, or encounters that include the team of physician and nurse providers discussing medical care at the patient’s bedside, are not well studied.
Salience Effects: L2 Sentence Production as a Window on L1 Speech Planning.

Salience influences grammatical structure during production in a language-dependent manner because different languages afford different options to satisfy preferences. During production, speakers may always try to satisfy all syntactic encoding preferences (e.g., salient entities to be mentioned early, themes to be assigned the syntactic function of object) and adjust when this is not possible (e.g., a salient theme in English) or, alternatively, they may learn early on to associate particular conceptual configurations with particular syntactic frames (e.g., salient themes with passives). To see which of these alternatives is responsible for the production of passives when dealing with a salient theme, we looked at the second language effects of salience for English-speaking learners of Spanish, where the two preferences can be satisfied simultaneously by fronting the object (Prat-Sala and Branigan in J Mem Lang 42:168–182, 2000). In accordance with highly incremental models of language production, English speakers appear to quickly make use of the alternatives in the second language that allow observance of more processing preferences.
AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY OF THE GLOMERULUS IN NEPHROSIS, GLOMERULONEPHRITIS, AND LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS

Renal biopsies from 16 patients with nephrosis, 7 patients with glomerulonephritis, and 3 patients with disseminated lupus erythematosus were studied with the electron microscope. The observations presented indicate that early in the course of each of these diseases alterations occur in the fine structure of the glomeruli which serve to distinguish one disease process from another. In nephrosis, some distortion of the organization of the epithelial foot processes was seen in all patients. These epithelial changes constituted the early, consistent lesion of the disease. There was frequently also a swelling of the endothelium. In glomerulonephritis, pronounced proliferative changes involving the endothelium and to a lesser extent the epithelium, together with the laying down of a basement membrane-like material, represented the predominate pathologic processes. There was also a swelling of both endothelial and epithelial cytoplasm. The epithelial foot processes generally appeared normal. In patients with a clinically "mixed" picture of nephrosis and nephritis, the glomerular changes were likewise "mixed," for various combinations of epithelial, endothelial, and basement membrane abnormalities were present. In disseminated lupus erythematosus, a more or less generalized thickening of the basement membrane proper associated with a variable degree of endothelial proliferation was seen. It is suggested that an accentuation of the process of basement membrane thickening results in the "wire loop" appearance sometimes seen by light microscopy. Although the earliest alterations in glomerular fine structure were characteristic for each of the disease processes, at later stages the changes were not always distinctive. The resulting scarred or "hyalinized" glomeruli, composed of relatively homogeneous, basement membrane-like material, and a few atrophic cells, appeared quite similar. Although the functional implications of the structural changes observed remain obscure at this time, it is believed that insight into mechanisms may stem from such observations.
Thermal conductivity of fibrous glass board by guarded hot plates and heat flow meters: An international round-robin

In the early 1980s, an international round-robin was held in which the apparent thermal conductivity of specimens of fibrous glass insulation board was measured by users of guarded hot plates (GHPs) and heat-flow meters (HFMs). The round-robin was performed over a period of several years by laboratories in Europe, North America, Australia, and the Far East. Participants in this round-robin were organized into 12 “loops.” 8 for participants with GHPs and 4 for those with HFMs. Each loop included laboratories located in the same region of the world and sharing the same set of specimens. In an attempt to obtain insight into the accuracy of the measurements, participants were also asked to measure the thermal conductivity of a layer of air. The data submitted in this round-robin are exhibited and analyzed. The overall agreement of individual measurements with a least-squares fitted curve, as measured by one standard deviation σ, was σ=2.4% for GHPs and σ=2.7% for HFMs. Suggestions are made for conducting future round-robins of this type
Measurement of barriers to aryl rotation in Cp(CO)2FeCHC6H5+ and Cp(CO)2FeCH(p-CH3C6H4)+

The first observation of barriers to rotation about the CarylCcarbene bonds in aryl-substituted metal carbene complexes is reported. Using variable temperature 1H NMR, barriers of 9.1 and 10.4 kcal/mol have been determined for Cp(CO)2FeCHC6H5+ and Cp(CO)2FeCH(p-CH3C6H4)+, respectively. The data clearly indicate a geometry of the complex in which the aryl ring lies coplanar with FeCcarbeneCipso plane.
Ventricular septal rupture complicating acute myocardial infarction: identification of simple and complex types in 53 autopsied hearts.

Fifty-three hearts with rupture of the ventricular septum complicating acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were studied. Thirty-three of the hearts were from men (average age 76 years) and 20 were from women (average age 73 years). The study showed 2 types of rupture of the ventricular septum: simple (28 patients) and complex (25 patients). Simple ruptures were direct through-and-through defects. Complex ruptures were associated with serpiginous dissection tracts remote from the primary site of tear of the ventricular septum. Specimens were classified as to the location of the underlying AMI and the level of the septum (apex to base) at which the rupture occurred. Twenty-nine hearts had an inferior AMI and 24 an anterior AMI. Complex ruptures occurred in 20 of the inferior AMIs (69%) and in 5 of the anterior AMIs (21%) (p
Hormonal control of tanning in the American cockroach—V. Some properties of the purified hormone

Abstract Purified preparations of cockroach bursicon are stable to temperatures of 55°C but are inactivated by repeated freezing and thawings. High salt concentrations and extremes in pH inhibit the tanning response. Copper and magnesium stimulate cuticular darkening but several other ions are inhibitory. Optimum temperature studies indicate maximum tanning takes place at 35° to 45°C. Bursicon activity is destroyed by short-chain alcohols at all temperatures tested. Gel filtration determinations on P-30 polyacrylamide gel and Sephadex G-50 suggest that the hormone has a molecular weight between 30,000 and 50,000. Co-chromatography of the hormone with yeast hexokinase on P-60 polyacrylamide gel indicates a molecular weight of approximately 40,000 for cockroach bursicon.
Diagnosis of an anatomically and physiologically significant patent foramen ovale.

The presence of an anatomically and physiologically significant patent foramen ovale (PFO) appears to be associated with several different clinical conditions,1 including unexplained neurological decompression sickness (DCS) in divers2–7 and aviators/astronauts,8–9 cryptogenic stroke,10–15 and the platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome.16–20 Recently, it appears that migraine headache also may be associated with a PFO.21–25
Gas-phase studies of hydration complexes of Cl− and I− and comparison to electrostatic calculations in the gas phase

Abstract Bond energies and entropies were measured for the gas-phase hydration of Cl − and I − using high-pressure mass speotrometry. The results agree with literature values for all except the first step. The present values for the formation of the first hydration complex are consistent with predictions of an electrostatic model.
Plight of plant-drug research in the United States today

Wild valerian is a medicine of great use in nervous disorders, and is particularly serviceable in epilepsies proceeding from a debility of the nervous system. Some recommend it as procuring sleep, particularly in fever, even when opium fails; but it is principally useful in affections of the hysterical kind.
Experiments in real-time visual control

The development of vehicular systems with automated control implies the creation of autonomous behavior which is directed by intelligent processors. For intelligent vehicle systems the goal-directed autonomy includes convoy following road following and obstacle avoidance. The first major step towards automated convoy following involves the successful execution of vehicle tracking. Vehicle-tracking problems consist of automatic steering and speed control of an unmanned vehicle which is following the motion of another vehicle traveling ahead of it. In this paper the experimental results of several vehicle-tracking tests are presented. The methodology discussed merges intelligent real-time control with techniques developed to solve problems in the system. Real-time system definitions are given as well as performance results of controlling an actual autonomous vehicle in real-time with speeds ranging up to 20 mph.
Properties of ceramic honeycomb cathodes

A high current electron beam was emitted from slabs of ceramic honeycomb that were placed 2mm in front of the primary electron emitters. Inside the ceramic honeycomb pores, the primary electrons are multiplied many folds by a secondary emission process creating plasma from which the electron beam was emitted. Measurements show that there was no anode-cathode gap closure during the pulse duration and a uniform current density distribution was observed on the anode. Contrary to the measurements of “conventional” large area field emission cathodes, no transit time instability was observed.
Determination of surface geometries from angular distributions of deep-core-level X-ray photoelectrons

Abstract Significant anisotropies are found in deep-core-level X-ray photoemission from adsorbates, specifically c(2 × 2)O on Cu(001) and c(2 × 2)CO on Ni(001). The magnitudes are approximately Imaximum/Ibackground = 1.3–1.5. These effects are found to be due to low-angle surface scattering for O 1s emission from adsorbed O and intra-molecular forward scattering for C 1s emission from CO. A single-scattering theoretical model is found to well predict the observed effects, and this permits deriving new information concerning the bonding geometries of these adsorbates: that c(2 × 2)O has a fourfolf, in-plane geometry on Cu(001) and that c(2 × 2)CO has an average orientation within 12° of normal on Ni(001). The general use of such measurements for surface structural determinations is thus suggested.
Too dangerous to get out? The use of individualized release mechanisms for lifetime incarcerated offenders in Sweden

In Sweden, the harshest punishment that offenders face is a life sentence. Yet, in contrast to the United States, such a sentence does not mean that offenders necessarily spend the rest of their lives in prison. The Swedish government has traditionally been able to grant clemency to lifers, which has led to an average life sentence of about 14 to 16 years. In 2006, this clemency practice was modified with an act establishing a judicial process deciding about the release of lifers. This research finds that the 2006 act fits into the broader and traditional understanding of the Swedish criminal justice system as a rehabilitative institution focused on the individual offender. By evaluating the act on its impact on public safety, political acceptability, and on the lifetime incarcerated themselves, this article reveals how the 2006 act has so far particularly benefitted the lifetime incarcerated. Language: en
Bewitching Women, Pious Men: Gender and Body Politics in Southeast Asia

Bewitching Women, Pious Men: Gender and Body Politics in Southeast Asia. Alhwa Ong and Michael Q. Peletz, eds. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995.
Neediness and Interpersonal Life Stress: Does Congruency Predict Depression?

Dependency is linked to depression in clinical theory and research, although inadequate evidence exists establishing dependency as a stable personality risk factor for depression. The Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ; Blatt, D’Afflitti, & Quinlan, 1976, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 85, 383–389) has shown two subfactors within dependency, “neediness” or more immature dependency, and “connectedness” or more mature dependency (Rude & Burnham, 1995, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19, 323–340). A 2.5 year prospective study of 168 nondepressed individuals, a subset of the larger Temple-Wisconsin Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression (CVD) Project sample, was used to examine whether neediness was a risk factor for major depression. Results demonstrated that neediness was a stable risk factor for major depression, controlling for concurrent depressive symptoms, but not controlling for past depressive episodes. Further, this study evaluated the congruency hypothesis that individuals become depressed after experiencing stressful life events matching their particular vulnerabilities. No evidence was found for congruency with respect to neediness, as indicated by a nonsignificant neediness × interpersonal stress interaction. These findings provide partial support for considering neediness a stable depressogenic personality vulnerability. They also augment the accumulating inconsistencies in tests of the congruency hypothesis.
How school-aged students define stuttering and stammering

Abstract Fifty students from each of the grades 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 were asked to complete a questionnaire containing the following three questions: 1) What is stuttering? 2) What is stammering? 3) How did you know that? Analysis of their responses indicated students were more familiar with stuttering as opposed to the term stammering. From grade 6 onward, we can expect at least three-fourths of the students to define stuttering as a disruption of speech consisting chiefly of sound or syllable repetitions. Only about one-fourth of students in grade 6 and above defined stammering as a speech disruption. This disruption was characterized chiefly by repetitions, injections, and pauses. Most of the students were unable to specify how they learned the definitions. The few who did identified family and friends as their chief source of knowledge.
Nitric oxide acts as a retrograde messenger during long-term potentiation in cultured hippocampal neurons

We examined long-term potentiation (LTP) at synapses between hippocampal neurons in dissociated cell culture following presynaptic, postsynaptic, or extracellular application of a nitric oxide (NO) scavenger, an inhibitor of NO synthase, and a membrane-impermeant NO donor that releases NO only upon photolysis with UV light. Our results indicate that NO is produced in the postsynaptic neuron, travels through the extracellular space, and acts directly in the presynaptic neuron to produce long-term potentiation, supporting the hypothesis that NO acts as a retrograde messenger during LTP.
An assay for the rate of removal of extracellular hydrogen peroxide by cells

Cells have a wide range of capacities to remove extracellular hydrogen peroxide. At higher concentrations of extracellular H2O2 (micromolar) the rate of removal can be approximated by a rate equation that is first-order in the concentration of H2O2 and cell density. Here we present a method to determine the observed rate constant for the removal of extracellular H2O2 on a per cell basis. In the cells examined, when exposed to 20 μM H2O2, these rate constants (kcell) range from 0.46×10−12 s−1 cell−1 L for Mia-PaCa-2 cells (human pancreatic carcinoma) to 10.4×10−12 s−1 cell−1 L for U937 cells (human histiocytic lymphoma). For the relatively small red blood cell kcell=2.9×10−12 s−1 cell−1 L. These rate constants, kcell, can be used to compare the capacity of cells to remove higher levels of extracellular H2O2, as often presented in cell culture experiments. They also provide a means to estimate the rate of removal of extracellular H2O2, rate=−kcell [H2O2] (cells L−1), and the half-life of a bolus of H2O2. This information is essential to optimize experimental design and interpret data from experiments that expose cells to extracellular H2O2.
New approach for discrimination of Vibrio vulnificus by real-time PCR before and after γ-irradiation

The effects of gamma-irradiation on the destruction of Vibrio vulnificus by real-time PCR were studied. gamma-irradiation was found to result in extensive reduction in the molecular size of DNA. Irradiation of viable cells (1 x 10(6) CFU/ml) at 1.08 KGy resulted in 100% destruction determined by plate counts, with most of the DNA from the irradiated cells having a bp-length of less than 1000. The use of a pair of primers to amplify a 1000-bp sequence of DNA from cells exposed to 1.08 KGy failed to yield amplification. In contrast, primers designed to amplify sequences of 700, 300, and 70-bp yielded amplification with C(t) values resulting in 13.4, 27.6, and 45.4% detection of genomic targets. When viable cells of V. vulnificus were exposed to 1.08, 3.0, and 5.0 kGy, the average molecular size of genomic DNA visualized in an agarose gel decreased with increasing dose, corresponding to an increased probability of amplification with primers targeting sequences of decreasing size.
Late conduit occlusion after modified Fontan procedure with classic Glenn shunt

A number of patients with complex congenital heart disease who were initially palliated with a classic Glenn shunt subsequently underwent modified Fontan procedures. This report discusses the operative management of complete occlusion of right atrial-to-right ventricular conduits in patients with patent classic Glenn shunts. The literature is reviewed regarding similar patients, and alternative treatment strategies are discussed.
A family retreat as a comprehensive intervention for children with arthritis and their families.

Objective. Family resources and coping skills are important to adaptation to pediatric chronic illness. Psychological and educational interventions have been found to enhance the coping skills of children with juvenile rheumatic disease (JRD) and their families. We examined the efficacy of a 3-day family retreat as a multidisciplinary, comprehensive treatment. Methods. Children with JRD and their caregivers completed questionnaires assessing the children's behavioral and emotional functioning, pain, strain on caregivers' work and leisure activities, and caregivers' psychological distress before and 6 months after the family retreat. Principal caregivers were both parents for 16 children, mothers only for 10 children, and an aunt for 1 child. Results. Improvements were found in children's emotional functioning, strain on caregivers' work, and strain on caregivers' leisure activities. Reductions in reported pain were not consistently revealed. Conclusions. Family retreats are an efficacious, multidisciplinary approach to helping families of children with JRD cope with the disease and its manifestations. Importantly, retreats offer a comprehensive intervention package that might not be available to families on an individual basis.
EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TYPES OF FAMILY WORK AND MARITAL WELL-BEING

We use an expanded definition of family work and test its association with marital well-being. Using a gender perspective, we examine the role of the respondent's and partner's performance of family work for both husbands and wives. Data are taken from a sample of couples with dependent children under age 18 (N = 96), and separate regression equations are estimated by gender. Though housework is cited as one of the most contentious issues reported by couples, it is not significant in our analysis of marital well-being. In our analysis, other forms of family work are considered, and childcare, emotion work, and formal volunteering are significantly associated with marital well-being. The role of partner's provision of emotion work is particularly salient. Discussion of the gendered nature of our findings follows.
HATCHING GLANDS IN THE TELEOSTS, BRACHYDANIO RERIO. DANIO MALABARICUS, MOENKHAUSIA OLIGOLEPIS AND BARBUS SCHUBERTI

Many teleost embryos produce an enzyme within specialized glands, which facilitate hatching. The enzyme attacks the chorion which becomes so weak that it may be ruptured easily by a blow of the tail. The embryos of Brachydanio rerio, Danio malabaricus, Moenkhausia oligolepis and Barbus schuberti show some morphological differences in the distribution of the hatching gland cells. More specificity can be found in the ultrastructure of hatching gland cells, which are loaded with enzyme granules prior to hatching. In all four species the nucleus is located near the basis of the cell. The hatching enzyme is contained within granules, which arise from the Golgi body.
Carbonyl sulfide in two estuaries and shelf waters of the western North Atlantic Ocean

Abstract Dissolved carbonyl sulfide (OCS) was determined in the water column and sediment porewaters of two estuaries in the eastern United States, and in surface waters of the western North Atlantic shelf during summer 1990. Concentrations of OCS in shelf waters averaged 0.4 nmol l−1, whereas estuarine concentrations ranged from 0.3 to 12.1 nmol l−1. In anoxic waters, OCS concentrations increased sharply, and porewater concentrations exceeded 7000 nmol l−1. The mechanisms leading to the production of OCS in sediments have not been identified, but include organic matter regeneration, pyrite oxidation, and sulfate reduction. Elevated OCS concentrations in estuaries must be due to a balance between production by the photolysis of dissolved organic sulfur compounds and sediment-water exchange, and losses by sea-air exchange and hydrolysis. Sea-air fluxes of OCS from estuarine and shelf waters are orders of magnitude higher than those from the oligotrophic ocean. Since OCS is a precursor of sulfate aerosols in the stratosphere, these results suggest that further studies are needed to quantify the role that the coastal environment may play in the planet's radiation balance.
Delayed neutron study using ENDF/B-VI basic nuclear data

Abstract The basic nuclear data of the latest releases of ENDF/B-VI were used in preliminary calculations with the CINDER'90 nuclide inventory code to simulate the activity of fission delayed-neutron precursors. Total delayed-neutron production was obtained at times during and following pulse (0.1-ms) and equilibrium (4-hr) fission histories for each of the sixty fission systems having fission-product yields in ENDF/B-VI. The equilibrium studies — at unit fission rate for constant fission periods sufficiently long that all precursors reached saturation inventories — yielded the v d value for each system. Delayed-neutron production rates at 54 decay times t, extending to 500 s following a fission pulse, were fit using the STEPIT code to the pulse function R(t) = ∑aiλie−λit. Results following equilibrium irradiations were fit to the equilibrium function R(∞, t ) = ∑a i λ i e −λ i t . It was observed that functions from fits to pulse results did not well represent equilibrium results at long cooling times. Similarly, functions fit to the equilibrium results did not well represent pulse results at short cooling times. A comprehensive series of CINDER'90 calculations was then made for irradiation times T of 0.1 ms, 1 s, 10 s, 100 s, 1000 s, and 4 hours; results were obtained at 60 decay times t extending to 800 s following irradiation. Comprehensive calculations were made using both the 1989 Pn data of England and Brady and the new Pn data of Pfeiffer, Kratz and Moller described elsewhere in this issue. The body of results for each system was included in fits to obtain the neutron production rate R( T, t ) = ∑a i e −λ i t (1 − e −λ i T ) for each system. Fits were made for the traditional sum of six exponentials, with all variables free to vary; additional fits were made for a sum of eight exponentials with decay constants set to values suggested by Piksaikin. The resulting pulse functions R(t), defined by the ai and λi thus obtained, accurately represent calculated delayed-neutron production when integrated with any irradiation history. The pulse functions thus produced and other published pulse functions fit to past measurements and calculations are compared numerically at several times after fission. Reactivity effects of all functions from measurements and calculations for each of the sixty systems are indicated by the asymptotic periods following positive 10¢– 50¢ reactivity steps simulated in point-reactor kinetics calculations using the AIREK-10 code.
Observations of anti-phase boundaries in the γ′-phase of a deformed nickel-base alloy

Observations are presented concerning the antiphase boundaries in the $gamma$' particles of a deformed Ni--Ta--Fe--Al alloy containing a bimodal dispersion of $gamma$' and $gamma$'' (DO$sub 22$) particles. It is noted that these observations have implications with respect to the design of high strength dispersion type alloys based on bimodal particle distributions. Shearing of $gamma$' by single dislocations doubles the effect of $gamma$' on the yield strength over that of paired dislocations. The simultaneous occurrence of $gamma$'' by-passing and $gamma$' shearing should reduce the length of dislocation pile-ups thereby promoting toughness. (JRD)
Sugar transport by intestine. Escape of galactose from preloaded mucosa of hamster jejunum

Everted hamster jejunum was loaded with D-galactose and then escape into an initially galactose-free mucosal solution was followed. Mucosal anaerobiosis greatly increased the rate of escape, an effect which might have been caused by inhibiting reuptake from the unstirred layer and/or by augmenting the ease of unidirectional efflux across the brush border membrane. The former effect was expected because of our previous results from influx studies, and the main object here was to find out if the ease of efflux is affected by anaerobiosis. With phlorizin present in the mucosal solution during escape, information about unidirectional efflux was obtainable. We estimated that 10(-4) M phlorizin inhibited the ease of efflux via the phlorizin-sensitive pathway by about 65%. Apparently the reason why mucosal phlorizin accelerates escape of sugar from loaded mucosa, an effect which has been reported previously by others, is that it inhibits unidirectional efflux less effectively than it inhibits reuptake from the unstirred layer. Residual efflux via the phlorizin-sensitive pathway was markedly increased by mucosal anaerobiosis. This increase did not require an elevation of intracellular Na+ concentration. These results, together with those of our previous study, show that mucosal anaerobiosis abolishes uphill transport of galactose across the brush border of hamster jejunum by inhibiting unidirectional influx and by increasing the ease of unidirectional efflux. Neither of these effects requires a rise in intracellular Na+ concentration.
FORAMINIFERAL SPECIES DENSITIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES IN AN ESTUARY

A pilot study of foraminiferal species densities in the Choptank River, Maryland, a part of the Chesapeake Bay estuarine system, indicated that the density of Elphidium clavatum decreased progressively upstream, while the densities of Ammobaculites exiguus and Ammonia beccarii varied little. Three stations were selected for more detailed analysis. Each station was sampled monthly for foraminiferal density for 12 months, and temperature, salinity, oxygen, and chlorophyll a, b, and c were measured. A general multiple regression-analysis of variance model containing parameters for environmental variables, station differences, overall periodic differences, and the interaction of station and periodic differences was statistically compared to several more restricted models, with separate analyses for each species. The set of environmental variables is significant at the 95% level for all three species. None of the variables is significant individually. However, the relatively large values of the regression coefficients for the chlorophylls, especially b, suggest that the amount and kind of available food is important in determining species densities. All three species exhibit periodicity, and for each species the periodicity is different at the three stations. Restricted models containing 15 parameters are sufficient to account for the observed species densities in each case.
Person-Centered Planning: Evidence-Based Practice, Challenges, and Potential for the 21st Century

Person-centered planning emerged in the 1990s as an innovative practice to assist persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities. The foundational purpose of person-centered planning is to assist the individual in developing service planning that reflects the needs and desires of the focal person with the disability. Despite its popularity with disability practitioners, advocates, and policy stakeholders, debate emerged at the beginning of the 21st century as to the viability of person-centered planning as an evidence-based practice. This article examines the historical development and evidence base, as well as the current challenges and potential of person-centered planning for adults with intellectual disabilities.