cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emerging Trends in Health Care Delivery: Towards Collaborative Security for NIST RBAC

In the next 10 years there will be rapid adoption of health information technology - electronic medical records by providers and personal health records by patients - linked via health information exchange. There is an emergent need to provide secure access to information spread across multiple repositories for health care providers (e.g., physicians, nurses, home health aides, etc.) who collaborate with one another across cyberspace to deliver patient care. Are available security models capable of supporting collaborative access where providers are simultaneously modifying a patient's medical record? To address this question, this paper details collaborative security extensions to NIST RBAC.
Exploring user feedback of a e-learning system: a text mining approach

Given a collection of survey comments evaluating an E-learning system, the text mining technique is applied to discovering and extracting knowledge from the comments. The purpose is to categorize the comments into several groups in an attempt to identify key criticisms or praises from students using the E-learning system. This study is able to assist the evaluators of the E-learning system to obtain the summarized key terms of major "concerns" without going through potentially huge amount of survey data.
Elevated central venous pressure: A consequence of exercise training-induced hypervolemia

Resting blood volumes and arterial and central venous pressures (CVP) were measured in 14 men before and after exercise training to determine whether training-induced hypervolemia is accompanied by a change in total vascular capacitance. In addition, resting levels of plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), aldosterone (Ald), and norepinephrine (NE) were measured. The same measurements were conducted in seven subjects who did not undergo exercise and acted as controls. Exercise training consisted of 10 wk of controlled cycle exercise for 30 min/day, 4 days/wk at 75-80% of maximal O2 uptake (VO2max). A training effect was verified by a 20% increase in VO2max, a resting bradycardia, and a 9% increase in blood volume. Mean arterial blood pressure was unaltered by exercise training, but resting CVP increased by 16% (P less than 0.05). The percent change in blood volume from before to after training was linearly related to the percent change in CVP (r = 0.903, P less than 0.05). As a consequence of elevations in both blood volume and CVP, the volume-to-pressure ratio was unchanged after exercise training. Plasma AVP, ANP, Ald, and NE were unaltered. Our results indicate that elevated CVP is a consequence of training-induced hypervolemia without alteration in total effective venous capacitance.
A self-consistent phase-field approach to implicit solvation of charged molecules with Poisson–Boltzmann electrostatics

Dielectric boundary based implicit-solvent models provide efficient descriptions of coarse-grained effects, particularly the electrostatic effect, of aqueous solvent. Recent years have seen the initial success of a new such model, variational implicit-solvent model (VISM) [Dzubiella, Swanson, and McCammon Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 087802 (2006) and J. Chem. Phys. 124, 084905 (2006)], in capturing multiple dry and wet hydration states, describing the subtle electrostatic effect in hydrophobic interactions, and providing qualitatively good estimates of solvation free energies. Here, we develop a phase-field VISM to the solvation of charged molecules in aqueous solvent to include more flexibility. In this approach, a stable equilibrium molecular system is described by a phase field that takes one constant value in the solute region and a different constant value in the solvent region, and smoothly changes its value on a thin transition layer representing a smeared solute-solvent interface or dielectric boundary. Such a phase field minimizes an effective solvation free-energy functional that consists of the solute-solvent interfacial energy, solute-solvent van der Waals interaction energy, and electrostatic free energy described by the Poisson-Boltzmann theory. We apply our model and methods to the solvation of single ions, two parallel plates, and protein complexes BphC and p53/MDM2 to demonstrate the capability and efficiency of our approach at different levels. With a diffuse dielectric boundary, our new approach can describe the dielectric asymmetry in the solute-solvent interfacial region. Our theory is developed based on rigorous mathematical studies and is also connected to the Lum-Chandler-Weeks theory (1999). We discuss these connections and possible extensions of our theory and methods.
Determination of flavour compounds in beer using stir‐bar sorptive extraction and solid‐phase microextraction

The analysis of volatile compounds in beer is important for quality control in the brewing industry. In this study, stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME), two solvent-less enrichment techniques, were applied in combination with gas chromatography flame ionization detection (GC/FID) for the determination of four flavour compounds (isoamyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate, benzaldehyde, myrcene) in beer. Limits of detection, linearity and repeatability of both methods were determined using standard ethanol solutions, while accuracy was determined by conducting recovery tests on commercial beer samples. Both methods were characterized by high linearity (r > 0.996) and repeatability (RSD = 1.76–10.66%). When both methods were compared, higher recoveries were obtained by SBSE, with limits of detection 1.8–2.8 times lower compared with SPME. In the analysis of commercial beer samples using both methods, SBSE analysis resulted in higher recoveries, therefore demonstrating promise for the analysis of beer volatiles. Copyright © 2015 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling
Isolation, Characterization, and Immunogenicity of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Membranes

Abstract Membrane and soluble fractions of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, M. pulmonis, and M. laidlawii B were prepared by hypotonic lysis of whole cells. The membranes of M. pneumoniae and M. laidlawii B contained, as percentage of dry weight: 34 to 37% protein, 59 to 61% lipid, 3 to 4% carbohydrate as hexose, and 0.2% ribonucleic acid as ribose. NADH2 and NADPH2 oxidase activities were localized in the soluble fractions of M. pneumoniae and in the membrane fraction of M. laidlawii B. NADH2 oxidase activity was localized in the soluble fraction of M. pulmonis. The lipids of M. pneumoniae were labeled when the organism was grown in the presence of either radioactive palmitic acid, oleic acid, cholesterol, or glycerol. The lipids were not labeled when grown in the presence of radioactive acetate. Palmitic acid radio-activity was found in neutral lipid, glycolipid, and phosphatide fractions. Immunodiffusion analyses of whole cells and membrane fractions demonstrated three reactive antigens. Two immunodiffusion antigens were localized in the membrane fraction. One of these apparently contains lipid. A third antigen, also considered lipoidal, was found in whole cells. Membrane and soluble fractions of M. pneumoniae were immunogenic. The immunogens eliciting metabolic-inhibiting antibodies were localized in the membrane. The membrane preparation also induced the formation of antibodies which fixed complement with an antigen extracted with lipid solvent. The soluble fraction contained a distinct immunogen which induces antibodies reactive in complement fixation with an antigen prepared by phenol extraction.
A test of Luce’s two-state decision rule

Luce’s (1963) two-state decision rule was tested and confirmed. The task required a choice between two alternatives, one of which was recommended by a partially accurate observer whose accuracy was known only within rather broad limits (60–90%). The bias to choose one alternative or the other was manipulated by payoff matrices.
Response characteristics and probable behavioural roles for abdominal vibration receptors of some cockroaches

Abstract Abdominal vibration receptors (AVR's) of Periplaneta americana (L.) respond to cuticular vibrations induced by either transient or sustained mechanical events. The three different-sized spikes in the response are the basis of the code for providing information about the vibration duration, repetition rate, acceleration rise and fall time, and acceleration amplitude. The AVR's appear incapable of providing information for frequency discrimination. Electrophysiological evidence is presented for the existence of AVR's in Nauphoeta cinerea (Oliv.) and Leucophaea maderae (F.), with discussion on their probable existence in Blatta orientalis L. and Blattella germanica (L.). The AVR's of the above-mentioned species are believed to function as female position detectors during courtship and provide part or all of the necessary information to induce backing movements and copulatory thrusts by males when the female palpates his tergites during courtship (precopulation) behaviour. Also, the AVR could be involved with regulation of ventilatory movements during respiration and may serve as a general sensory system for environmental analysis through contact.
Preparing the Next Generation of Science Teacher Educators: A Model for Developing PCK for Teaching Science Teachers

Science education doctoral programs often fail to address a critical piece—the explicit attention to the preparation of future science teacher educators. In this article, we argue that, in addition to developing skills and a knowledge base for research, doctoral students must be given the opportunity to observe, practice, and reflect on the pedagogical knowledge necessary to instruct science teachers. In particular, we contend that the construct of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) can be adapted to the context of knowledge for teaching science teachers. We use the PCK construct to propose a model for the development of knowledge for teaching science teachers, grounded in our experiences as doctoral students and faculty mentors. We end by recommending a vision for doctoral preparation and a new standard to be included in the ASTE Professional Knowledge Standards for Science Teacher Educators.
Simulated aerial sprays for field cage evaluation of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium brunneum (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) against Anabrus simplex (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) in Montana

Abstract Field efficacy of the entomopathogenic Ascomycetes Beauveria bassiana strain GHA and Metarhizium brunneum strain F52 was evaluated against nymphs of the Mormon cricket, Anabrus simplex. Fungi were applied with a new apparatus that allows simulated aerial sprays to 0.1-m2 areas in the field. The Mormon crickets were then individually housed in cylindrical, metal hardware cloth cages on treated grass. Both fungi demonstrated only marginal success in reducing immature Mormon cricket survival in the field cages. After 28 days, the field mortality of insects, corrected for control deaths, was 28 and 45% for B. bassiana and M. brunneum, respectively. Field-exposed but laboratory-incubated insects, however, suffered 90–100% mortality within 12 days with initial deaths occurring on Day 6 (Beauveria) or Day 5 (Metarhizium), indicating a lethal rate was applied and acquired by the crickets in the field. Potential daily body temperatures were determined for the entire post-treatment observation period using...
Adjustment of Robot Joint Gear Backlash Using the Robot Joint Test Excitation Technique

A technique has been developed for the precise adjustment of gear backlash of the joints of an industrial robot. Bandli mited random excitation signals were injected into the drive system of the joint under test, and the output response of the joint link was monitored using an accelerometer. The coher ence function was measured and used to adjust the joint gear backlash to minimize the effect of the backlash nonlinearity on the joint drive system. Tests were performed while the joint was both loaded and unloaded and for several different steady-state positions. The test results indicate that this technique can be used for both the adjustment of the joint gears and the periodic automatic inspection of their condition.
Hidden-Variable Example Based upon Data Rejection

A deterministic local hidden-variable model is presented which describes the simultaneous measurement of the spins of two spin-\textonehalf{} particles which emerged from the decay of a spin-zero particle. In this model the measurement of the spin of a particle has one of three possible outcomes: spin parallel to the apparatus axis, spin antiparallel to the apparatus axis, or the particle goes undetected. It is shown that agreement with the predictions of quantum theory is obtained provided the experimenter rejects the "anomalous" data in which only one particle is detected. A reasonably model-independent lower bound to the fraction of undetected particles is also computed: It is found that in 14% of the decays or more, one or both of the particles will go undetected.
The Role of the Mother in the Intake of Harmful Foods by Lambs

Abstract In two experiments, we studied whether a conditioned food aversion in the mother affected intake of the same food by her lamb in the absence of the mother. Mothers averted to a palatable food ate very little of the food in the presence of their lambs during the 4-day exposure in Experiment 1 and the 5-day exposure in Experiment 2. In Experiment 1 the feeding behavior of mothers during exposure did not ( P >0.05) affect the intake of novel foods by lambs during the 10-day trial after weaning. However, in Experiment 2 lambs exposed with averted mothers ate less ( P =0.001) of the food (16 g per day) than lambs whose mothers ate the food in their presence (80 g per day) during an 8-day trial after weaning. Results persisted during an 8-day trial 3 months later. Differences in ages of lambs and exposure procedures may have caused different outcomes in Experiments 1 and 2. In Experiment 1, lambs were > 11 weeks of age during exposure, while in Experiment 2 they were 8 weeks of age. Moreover, mothers and treatment lambs in Experiment 1 were given the experimental and the alternative food simultaneously during the 4-day exposure, while in Experiment 2 mothers and lambs were given only one food at a time during the 5-day exposure.
Sexual Education, Gender Ideology, and Youth Sexual Empowerment

Sexual education plays an essential role in preventing unplanned pregnancy and the transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). School-based sexual education programs, in particular, may be well positioned to address social factors that are empirically linked to negative sexual health outcomes, such as traditional social norms surrounding gender and sexuality. However, youth are seldom granted access to sexual education programs that explicitly address these issues. This study presents findings from a pretest-posttest survey of a sexual education program that did. It was designed for eighth graders (N=95) in the context of a school-community collaboration. The study assessed the links between several components of sexual empowerment, including gender ideology, sexual knowledge, and contraceptive beliefs. Findings link participation in the sexual education program to more progressive attitudes toward girls and women, less agreement with hegemonic masculinity ideology, and increases in sexual health and resource knowledge. Structural equation models suggest that traditional attitudes toward women were significantly related to hegemonic masculinity ideology among both boys and girls, which was in turn negatively related to safer contraceptive beliefs.
Experiential and Informational Knowledge, Architectural Marketing Capabilities, and the Adaptive Performance of Export Ventures: A Cross‐National Study

Knowledge-based view (KBV) theory posits that the acquisition and use of relevant knowledge is key to understanding organizational performance. However, there is relatively little empirical evidence to support or refute several important propositions underlying KBV theory explanations of organizational performance. In particular, the extant literature has focused on individual technical and scientific components of the knowledge bases of firms in dynamic industries, and largely ignored both different levels of informational and experiential knowledge relevant to the market environment, and the increasingly important context of exporting. Our study addresses these knowledge gaps by developing a framework for export venture knowledge management and empirically examining relationships between different types of individual-level and organizational-level knowledge relevant to the market environment, architectural marketing capabilities, and the adaptive performance of export ventures. Using primary data collected in the United Kingdom and China, our study indicates that export ventures' organizational-level experiential and informational knowledge, and individual-level experiential knowledge relevant to the market environment, is positively associated with export ventures' architectural marketing capabilities, which are in turn associated with the adaptive performance of export ventures.
Research Paradigms, Values, and Spouse Abuse

This article invites dialogue on qualitative research strategies for understanding the social contextual and subjective complexities of interpersonal violence. The epistemological assumptions and practical challenges of qualitative methods are contrasted with traditional quantitative approaches. The authors assert that (a) the differences between the two approaches are not paradigmatic, in the Kuhnian sense of scientific revolutions; (b) there are important links, yet no necessary connections, between a feminist ethos in the social sciences and qualitative methods; (c) both qualitative and quantitative methodologists wish to increase the credibility of research findings, and may benefit from conceptual cross-fertilization; and (d) questions of values and politics in research on spouse abuse cannot be reduced to questions of methodology. Throughout, the article advocates both methodological diversity and rigor in the effort to understand spousal violence.
Hydrogen cracking of 218 Tungsten wire

Results of experiments indicating the susceptibility of doped W wire to H cracking are reported. Loading tests were conducted on H/sub 2/O/sub 2/-treated samples in air and 10 pecent NaOH solutions. Unnotched samples were found to be immune to embrittlement. It appears that the rate controlling step for intergranular cracking is the entry of H into the metal at the notch root and the accumulation of a critical quantity of H in the highly stressed region ahead of the notch. (JRD)
ESTUDO COMPARATIVO SOBRE O APROVEITAMENTO DO TEMPO NAS AULAS DE EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA ESCOLAR EM UMA ESCOLA DA REDE PÚBLICA ESTADUAL E EM UM PROGRAMA DE ATIVIDADE FÍSICA EXTRACLASSE DA REDE PÚBLICA MUNICIPAL DA CIDADE DE CANOAS, BRASIL

This study aimed to verify if there were differences in the distribution of time in school physical education classes in a group of 7 th grade and in classes of an extracurricular physical activity program. Sixteen lessons were videotaped in each group and analyzed in terms of active learning time; not engaged time, instructional time, administration time and waiting time. There were no differences in the categories not engaged time, instruction time and administration time. There were found differences in the categories active learning time and waiting time, with greater use of active learning time in the physical education classes at school and a greater demand for waiting time at extracurricular physical activity classes. Keywords : Distribution of the Time. Physical Education Classes. Extracurricular Physical Activity.
A robust Feasible Directions algorithm for design synthesis

A nonlinear optimization algorithm is developed which combines the best features of the Method of Feasible Directions and the Generalized Reduced Gradient Method. This algorithm utilizes the direction-finding sub-problem from the Method of Feasible Directions to find a search direction which is equivalent to that of the Generalized Reduced Gradient Method, but does not require the addition of a large number of slack variables associated with inequality constraints. This method provides a core-efficient algorithm for the solution of optimization problems with a large number of inequality constraints. Further optimization efficiency is derived by introducing the concept of infrequent gradient calculations. In addition, it is found that the sensitivity of the optimum design to changes in the problem parameters can be obtained using this method without the need for second derivatives or Lagrange multipliers. A numerical example is given in order to demonstrate the efficiency of the algorithm and the sensitivity analysis.
Peripheral Arterial Disease Practice Guidelines and Sausage

When you assemble a number of men to have the advantage of their joint wisdom, you inevitably assemble with those men all their prejudices, their passions, their errors of opinion, their local interests, and their selfish views. From such an assembly can a perfect production be expected? It therefore astonishes me, sir, to find this system approaching so near to perfection as it does. —Benjamin Franklin on the writing of the United States Constitution
Some aspects of dipole-dipole energy transfer

Abstract Various facets of dipole-dipole induced energy transfer between electronic states of aromatic molecules are reviewed. Some new experiments on concentration depolarization in rigid plastics are reported. Contrary to previous prediction, cooling can actually increase the rate of donor-donor transfer. Pyrene singlet to pyrene singlet, coupled by a single vibronic band, appears to transfer faster than predicted by Forster's theory.
Ozonation using microbubbles formed by electric fields

Abstract The use of ozone in water and wastewater treatment systems has been shown to be a process that is limited by mass transfer. The most effective way to overcome this limitation is to increase the interfacial area available for mass transfer by decreasing the size of the ozone gas bubbles that are dispersed in solution. Electrostatic spraying (ES) of ozone into water was investigated in this work as a method of increasing the rate of mass transfer of ozone into a solution and thereby increasing the rate of phenol oxidation. The studies were conducted in a 30 cm column of 7.5 cm internal diameter, using deionized water and phenol as the solution phase and an ozone–oxygen mixture, generated by a corona-discharge ozone generator, as the gas phase. Results were obtained for ES at input power levels ranging from 0 to 4 kV and compared with two different pore-size bubble diffusers (10–15 μm and 40–60 μm). It was determined that the rate of mass transfer could be increased by as much as 40% when the applied voltage was increased from 0 to 4 kV as a result of the smaller bubbles generated by ES. In addition, ES was shown to be more effective than the medium-pore-size (10–15 μm) bubble diffuser; the best results were achieved at low gas flow rates. Phenol oxidation rates were also compared for ES and the medium-pore-size bubble diffuser, and the results indicate that the increased mass transfer rate achieved by ES enhances the rate of removal of phenol from solution.
The Possibility of Care: Medical Ethics and the Death of Steve Biko

This article analyzes the debates surrounding the inadequate medical care reportedly offered to Steve Biko during the final weeks of his life in 1977. For the past three decades, medical ethicists have used the so-called ‘Biko Case’ to define the ethical obligations of medical practitioners who operate under systems of authoritarian rule. This evaluation of Biko’s death has reduced the history of apartheid to a narrative of political repression. This article argues that this process of clarifying ethical medical practices through a contrast with repressive power fails to account for the ways in which medical care itself acts as a form of power. In other words, a narrow focus on the effects of repressive power provides an insufficient strategy for evaluating both the history of Steve Biko’s death and of apartheid power more broadly.
Evaluation of pyrrolidine and pyrazolone derivatives as inhibitors of trypanosomal phosphodiesterase B1 (TbrPDEB1)

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a parasitic disease, caused by the protozoan pathogen Trypanosoma brucei, which affects thousands every year and which is in need of new therapeutics. Herein we report the synthesis and assessment of a series of pyrrolidine and pyrazolone derivatives of human phosphodiesterase 4 (hPDE4) inhibitors for the assessment of their activity against the trypanosomal phosphodiesterase TbrPDEB1. The synthesized compounds showed weak potency against TbrPDEB1.
AN ANALYSIS OF FLOW FILM BOILING OVER AN INCLINED SURFACE EMBEDDED IN POROUS MEDIA

Abstract The rate of heat dissipation during flow film boiling from inclined surfaces embedded in porous media is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The theoretical model relies on the well established Darcy model for the flow both inside the vapor layer and inside the forced convection layer surrounding the vapor film. The main focus is to study the effects of wall temperature, liquid subcooling, wall suction, and orientation of the heated surface on the heat transfer phenomenon. The resulting similarity equations are integrated numerically by use of the fourth-order Runge Kutta method. Systematic “shooting” is required to satisfy the boundary conditions at the liquid-vapor interface and at infinity. Results are reported for the behavior of the vapor film thickness and both the local and average heat transfer coefficients as a function of vapor superheat and liquid subcooling. Experiments were conducted in Freon-113 and a porous medium consisting of 2.8 mm glass beads to verify the theor...
DSS Applications developments research: Leading institutions and most frequent contributors (1971 - April 1988)

Abstract This research identifies leading institutions and the most frequent contributors in the field of decision support systems [DSS] development research. Two hundred and three specific DSS were extracted from over 1100 English-language journals published world-wide in the last 18 years (1971 - April 1988). From the bibliography, this survey identified 37 leading DSS development publishing institutions from the U.S.A., Canada, and European countries as well as 35 frequent contributors from academic institutions all over the world.
Sedimentation and extensional basin evolution in a Miocene metamorphic core complex setting, Alvord Mountain, central Mojave Desert, California, USA

The Lower Miocene Clews Formation at Alvord Mountain, Mojave Desert, California, comprises an upward coarsening sequence of synextensional continental deposits of variable thickness; this sequence pinches out to the west against the Alvord Mountain pre-Tertiary basement complex and thickens eastward to c.300 m over a distance of 7 km. Two stages of sedimentation are recognized in the formation. During the initial stage of sedimentation, the depocentre was delineated by a lacustrine system that was bounded to the west by small, sheetflood-dominated alluvial fans and to the north by a southerly flowing fluvial braidplain. Lacustrine mudstone, siltstone and carbonate suggest an initially closed basin. Conglomerate to the west represents small, sheetflood-dominated fans. Igneous clasts and a south-east palaeoflow direction suggest a proximal, low-relief source in the western Alvord Mountain area. Pebbly sandstone of the southward-prograding braidplain has a metasedimentary provenance in the Paradise Range to the north. The second stage of deposition was dominated by coarse conglomerate and breccia. West to southwest palaeotransport indicators and a distinctive metaigneous petrofacies indicate a provenance in the Cronese Hills, 8 km to the east. These strata reflect rapid westward progradation of sheetflood- and debris flow-dominated alluvial fans that advanced across the axial braidplain and lacustrine system. Basin development is interpreted to have been controlled by regional NE-directed extension on a detachment fault associated with the central Mojave metamorphic core complex. 30 km to the west. The Alvord Mountain - Cronese Hills region was initially transported as a single hangingwall block on the E-dipping detachment. Initial lacustrine sedimentation reflects the development of a flexural or sag basin in the hangingwall. Subsequent westward progradation of alluvial fans out of the Cronese Hills is believed to record the propagation of a NW-striking, SW-dipping normal fault antithetic to the low-angle E-dipping detachment fault.
Research on the clinical interview.

Critical examination of data generated by the clinical interview has been kindled by dissatisfaction with unsturctured interviews used for assigning diagnoses. Identification of sources of variance, the use of operational definitions, and the application of measures of reliability and validity to interview research have enhanced the capacity of the clinician to locate deficiencies in the diagnostic interview. Fairly good agreement for diagnosis of psychiatric disorders of adults has been achieved, but remaining variability invites further scrutiny of the effects of categorical versus dimensional approaches, the use of best estimate diagnoses in validity research, and other factors. Practical questions arising for clinicians concern what training in techniques for specific structured interviews is required, whether routine use of standardized instruments is practical, and how structured interviews are related to other clinical measures, such as behavior checklists.
MUSICA MUNDANA , ARISTOTELIAN NATURAL PHILOSOPHY AND PTOLEMAIC ASTRONOMY

Emanating from a cosmos ordered according to Pythagorean and Neoplatonic principles, the Boethian musica mundana is the type of music that ‘is discernible especially in those things which are observed in heaven itself or in the combination of elements or the diversity of seasons’. At the core of this recurring medieval topos stands ‘a fixed sequence of modulation [that] cannot be separated from this celestial revolution’, one most often rendered in medieval writings as the ‘music of the spheres’ (musica spherarum). In the Pythagorean and Neoplatonic cosmological traditions, long established by the time Boethius wrote his De institutione musica, the music of the spheres is just one possible manifestation of the concept of world harmony. It pertains to a universe in which musical and cosmic structures express the same mathematical ratios, each of the planets produces a distinctive sound in its revolution and the combination of these sounds themselves most often forms a well-defined musical scale. Although the Neoplatonic world harmony continued to function in medieval cosmology as the fundamental conceptual premise, the notion of the music of the spheres, despite its popularity among medieval writers, was generally treated neither at any significant length nor in an innovative fashion. Quite exceptional in this respect is the treatise that forms the subject of the present study, a text beginning Desiderio tuo fili carissime gratuito condescenderem and attributed to an anonymous bishop in the late thirteenth-century manuscript miscellany now in the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana (Barb. lat. 283, fols. 37r-42v) but probably coming from a Franciscan convent in Siena. This seldom considered work affords a remarkable and special insight into the ways in which old and new ideas converged, intermingled and coexisted in the dynamic and sometimes volatile cross-currents of medieval scholarship.
Ethics and professional practice in oncology

HE PROBLEMS encountered in caring for persons with cancer are numerous and difficult. Nurses must provide appropriate interventions, support, care, and compassion throughout the patient’s course of disease and the many changes the patient encounters. These changes include increasing weakness, re-sorting one’s values, increased reliance on medical care, and eventually, when dying, saying good-bye. Family support is also required. At the same time, nurses must maintain and improve their own quality of care, both as persons and professionals. Sorting through clinical ethical issues as they arise in a particular case can, therefore, be challenging, to say the least. This article identifies several problem areas and the responsibilities of the nurse to the cancer patient as well as a process for resolving ethical dilemmas in clinical practice. The process, called an ethical workup, is demonstrated through two case presentations. PROFESSIONAL DUTIES Professional duties of nurses are discussed under problematic headings, rather than defining them in terms of standard obligations. In this way, the challenges of practice can lead to new proposals for the ethics of oncology nursing. These proposals (nursing axioms) are offered at the end of a brief exposition of a problem area.
Counselling the Prostate Cancer Patient

Abstract Context Patient involvement in the medical decision-making process has gained a good deal of importance during the last decades. It has become widely accepted that patient values and preferences should also be considered during treatment selection when reasonable alternatives are available. Objective This paper discusses the process of shared medical decision making and the importance of informing the patient and improving patient–physician communication concerning prostate cancer (PCa). Evidence acquisition During a satellite symposium at the European Association of Urology (EAU) 2008 annual meeting, the issue of shared medical decision making in PCa was presented. This paper discusses the most important messages of this presentation, supported by recent findings in the literature. Evidence synthesis In clinical situations where data do not clearly differentiate the treatment alternatives, patient involvement in the medical decision-making process becomes critical. Therefore, patient–physician communication should be emphasised, and physicians should take the time necessary to inform the patient about potential treatment options and their expected consequences. Increasing a patient's ability to engage physicians in a dialogue and providing patients with balanced information will contribute to a well-considered decision, which in turn can minimise future regret. Misleading information on the Internet and poor literacy skills can hamper the decision-making process. Patients are often dissatisfied with inadequate time spent during physician visits and the not-uncommon perception that treatment choices the physician presents are more restricted than optimal. Conclusions In current clinical practice, the patient–physician dialogue should be enhanced, and patients' preferences should be taken into consideration in the decision-making process. This will contribute to well-considered treatment decisions and improve patient satisfaction.
Determination of bromide in natural waters by ion chromatography using a concentrator column

The trihalomethanes (THMs) chloroform (CHCI3), dichlorobromomethane (CHCI2 Br), dibromochloromethane (CHCIBr2) and bromoform (CHBr3) are formed during the disinfection step of water treatment when using chlorine (Rook, 1974). These compounds are suspect as human carcinogens (De Rowen and Diem, 1975). Accumulated knowledge regarding the brominecontaining THMs is far less extensive than that for CHCI3 (Minear et al., 1981). The presence of bromide as a precursor is necessary to the formation reaction of the bromine-containing THMs (Bird, 1979). Research has indicated that p g l -~ levels of bromide directly affect the rate of total trihalomethane (TTHM) formation, the ultimate concentration after prolonged reaction and the product distribution among the four forms (Bird and Minear, 1979). Nonvolatile total organic carbon (NVTOC), pH, temperature and chlorine dose are strongly related to THM concentrations in drinking water. The magnitude of each of these effects on THM formation has been shown to be strongly dependent upon bromide concentrations (Minear and Bird, 1980). This bromide effect may possibly explain apparent discrepancies between other research efforts as regards temperature, pH and chlorine dose effects, and the relationship between NVTOC content and THM production. Unfortunately, few data regarding water supply bromide levels in conjunction with THM formation are currently available since most conventional spectrophotometric applications lack desired sensitivity, as does direct ion chromatography (IC). One spectrophotometric method, that of Skougstad et al. (1978) is suitable for the expected range of bromide ion present in the raw waters. This method is applicable to natural waters having a bromide content in the range of 0.01--0.10 mg I -~, and is based on the catalytic effect of bromide on the
Characterization of the promoter region and expression pattern of three Arabidopsis protein phosphatase type 2A subunit genes

Abstract Type 2A serine/threonine protein phosphatases (PP2A) are critical in controlling the phosphorylation state of plant proteins involved in such diverse processes as metabolism and auxin transport. This multimeric enzyme exists within cells either as a dimer of the catalytic subunit (PP2Ac) and a 65 kDa A regulatory subunit or as a trimer of PP2Ac, A and a B type regulatory subunit. Here we present 1–2 kb of putative promoter sequence of three Arabidopsis PP2A subunit genes (PP2Ac-2, AtBα and AtBβ). Analysis of this sequence reveals no consensus sequences present in all three genes which might, in a coordinate fashion, modulate their expression. We prepared transgenic Arabidopsis plants carrying PP2A subunit promoter-β-glucuronidase (GUS) fusions in an effort to predict the in vivo composition of PP2A heterotrimers in various plant cells. Our results show that PP2A subunit accumulation occurs in a subtly unique, yet largely overlapping pattern and suggest that numerous, at times distinct, PP2A catalytic and regulatory protein combinations may occur in various plant cells. Given that the specificity, activity and subcellular localization of PP2A is mediated by its subunit composition, our results predict that different PP2A heterotrimers may be necessary to mediate defined reversible protein phosphorylation events during plant growth and development.
Measures of cognitive processes: Their stability and other psychometric and measurement properties

Abstract A measurement and psychometric examination of a set of cognitive tasks was carried out. A critical part of this analysis involved investigation of the stability of latencies and number correct scores over a two-week time period. Relations with standardized test scores and scores on a variety of ability measures were also investigated. Finally, the tenability of considering data from individual paradigms as narrow components of “ g ” and aggregating latencies to form meaningful composites with significant relations with g was investigated. Results indicate moderate to high reliabilities for most of the tasks investigated. Stabilities were found to be low to moderately high. Significant and compelling levels of covariation were achieved from the aggregation of scores, indicating clear promise for the continued investigation of this approach. Findings are discussed in the realm of the critical need for evaluating psychometric and measurement properties of cognitive tasks used in individual differences research.
Evidence that α-dihydrograyanotoxin II does not bind to the sodium gate

The basis for the ability of α-dihydrograyanotoxin II (α-2HG-II) to promote Na+ conductance in axons was sought. The apparent binding of tritiated α-2HG-II to neural and other preparations was studied, using equilibrium dialysis, with lobster axon membranes,Torpedo electroplax, housefly head, and rat brain, liver and kidney. In every case the “binding” was nonsaturating and was suggested to involve nonspecific partitioning into the tissue. Supporting evidence was the similarity of extent of “binding” in all tissues and its relative insensitivity to neuropharmacological agents. α-2HG-II did not affect the Na+ conductance of phospholipid bilayers, nor did it permit transport of22Na into a bulk organic phase. It was concluded that α-2HG-II did not bind to the sodium gate, but possibly to a sodium permease present at a frequency of less than one perμ2 of cell membrane.
Molecular, Biochemical, and Electrophysiological Characterization of Drosophila norpA Mutants

Inositol phosphate signaling has been implicated in a wide variety of eukaryotic cellular processes. In Drosophila, the phototransduction cascade is mediated by a phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) encoded by the norpA gene. We have characterized eight norpA mutants by electroretinogram (ERG), Western, molecular, and in vitro PLC activity analyses. ERG responses of the mutants show allele-dependent reductions in amplitudes and retardation in kinetics. The mutants also exhibit allele-dependent reductions in in vitro PLC activity levels and greatly reduced or undetectable NorpA protein levels. Three carry a missense mutation and five carry a nonsense mutation within the norpA coding sequence. In missense mutants, the amino acid substitution occurs at residues highly conserved among PLCs. These substitutions reduce the levels of both the NorpA protein and the PLC activity, with the reduction in PLC activity being greater than can be accounted for simply by the reduction in protein. The effects of the mutations on the amount and activity of the protein are much greater than their effects on the ERG, suggesting an amplification of the transduction signal at the effector (NorpA) protein level. Transgenic flies were generated by germline transformation of a null norpA mutant using a P-element construct containing the wild-type norpA cDNA driven by the ninaE promoter. Transformed flies show rescue of the electrophysiological phenotype in R1-R6 photoreceptors, but not in R7 or R8. The degeneration phenotype of R1-R6 photoreceptors is also rescued.
Hyperphosphaturia producing collapse of vertebral body: 40

Top of pageAbstract A child age 9 years complained of pains in both legs from November 1975 and was unable to walk 1 month later. On clinical examination he had pain on pressure over L3 and L4 lumbar vertebrae, but no other abnormal clinical findings. Body height 142 cm (90th percentile). The following tests were abnormal: serum phosphorus (P) 3.6-4.0mg/dl, UP/UCr 0.88-1.1. X-ray showed a collapse of L4. The patient was put in a plaster jacket and started on 2g of phosphorus daily by mouth. 3 months later he was able to walk again and in another 7 months painfree and the plaster was removed. His height was 145 cm (90th percentile), serum Ca 11 mg/dl, serum P 3.7 mg/dl UCa0.07/UCrL4. UP/UCr 1.15:x-ray of spine showed a marked improvement of L4. The patient was put in a plaster jacket and started on 29 of phosphorus daily by mouth. 3 months later he was able to walk again and in another 7 months painfree and the plaster was removed. His height was 145 cm (90th percentile), serum Ca11 mg/dl, serum P 3.7 mg/dl The treatment with oral administration of phosphate was continued and the patient reviewed 12 months after removal of his plaster in September 1977. X-ray showed a continuing improvement of L4, serum Ca 9.9 mg/dl, serum P 4.3 mg/dl, urinary Ca and P excretion in 24 hours 73 and 1385 mg respectively. One year later in September 1978 whilst still on phosphate therapy his results were serum Ca 9.7 mg/dl, serum P 4.3 mg/dl and x-ray improvement in shape of L4. This condition seems to be due to a renal tubular handicap for handling P resulting in phosphaturia but producing only an isolated bone lesion without rickets. Since there is healing with phosphate alone and his father also has abnormal phosphaturia but no bone lesions it could be an atypical form of vitamin D dependent rickets.
Identification and Characterization of a Mutation, in the Human UDP-Galactose-4-Epimerase Gene, Associated with Generalized Epimerase-Deficiency Galactosemia

Epimerase-deficiency galactosemia results from impairment of the human enzyme UDP-galactose-4-epimerase (hGALE). We and others have identified substitution mutations in the hGALE alleles of patients with the clinically mild, peripheral form of epimerase deficiency. We report here the first identification of an hGALE mutation in a patient with the clinically severe, generalized form of epimerase deficiency. The mutation, V94M, was found on both GALE alleles of this patient. This same mutation also was found in the homozygous state in two additional patients with generalized epimerase deficiency. The specific activity of the V94M-hGALE protein expressed in yeast was severely reduced with regard to UDP-galactose and partially reduced with regard to UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine. In contrast, two GALE-variant proteins associated with peripheral epimerase deficiency, L313M-hGALE and D103G-hGALE, demonstrated near-normal levels of activity with regard to both substrates, but a third allele, G90E-hGALE, demonstrated little, if any, detectable activity, despite near-normal abundance. G90E originally was identified in a heterozygous patient whose other allele remains uncharacterized. Thermal lability and protease-sensitivity studies demonstrated compromised stability in all of the partially active mutant enzymes.
Oxygen Exchange in the Selective Oxidation of 2-Butanol on Oxygen Precovered Au(111)

Direct evidence for C-O bond cleavage in the partial oxidation of 2-butanol on oxygen precovered Au(111) is provided using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and molecular beam reactive scattering (MBRS) under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions. The oxygen precovered Au(111) surface can promote the partial oxidation of 2-butanol into 2-butanone with near 100% selectivity at low oxygen coverages, while 2-butanol adsorbs and desorbs molecularly on the clean Au(111) surface. Both C(2)H(5)C(16)OCH(3) and C(2)H(5)C(18)OCH(3) are observed in TPD after 2-butanol (C(2)H(5)CH(16)OHCH(3)) was dosed onto Au(111) precovered with (18)O(a). This oxygen exchange phenomenon serves as strong evidence for the C-O bond cleavage in 2-butanol partial oxidation to 2-butanone. Two surface intermediates are proposed for the selective oxidation of 2-butanol: 2-butoxide and eta(2)-aldehyde. As oxygen coverage increases, full oxidation is activated in addition to selective partial oxidation.
Simple Auctions with Simple Strategies

We introduce single-bid auctions as a new format for combinatorial auctions. In single-bid auctions, each bidder submits a single real-valued bid for the right to buy items at a fixed price. Contrary to other simple auction formats, such as simultaneous or sequential single-item auctions, bidders can implement no-regret learning strategies for single-bid auctions in polynomial time. Price of anarchy bounds for correlated equilibria concepts in single-bid auctions therefore have more bite than their counterparts for auctions and equilibria for which learning is not known to be computationally tractable (or worse, known to be computationally intractable [Cai and Papadimitriou 2014; Dobzinski et al. 2015] this end, we show that for any subadditive valuations the social welfare at equilibrium is an O(log m)-approximation to the optimal social welfare, where $m$ is the number of items. We also provide tighter approximation results for several subclasses. Our welfare guarantees hold for Nash equilibria and no-regret learning outcomes in both Bayesian and complete information settings via the smooth-mechanism framework. Of independent interest, our techniques show that in a combinatorial auction setting, efficiency guarantees of a mechanism via smoothness for a very restricted class of cardinality valuations extend, with a small degradation, to subadditive valuations, the largest complement-free class of valuations.