cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the toxic principles of Hippomane mancinella L. III. Toxic actions of extracts of Hippomane mancinella L.

Manchineel fruits or extracts of fruits, leaves or wood of manchineel, when fed or injected into animals produced extensive hemorrhages. Toxic principles were soluble in water, alcohol, or oil. The blood pressure fall was antidoted with ephedrine and the salivation and lacrimation with atropine.
Homologous expression of Phanerochaete chrysosporium manganese peroxidase, using bialaphos resistance as a dominant selectable marker

Manganese peroxidase (MnP) is a major extracellular component of the lignin-degrading system of the white-rot fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Homologous expression of recombinant MnP isozyme 1 (rMnP1) in P. chrysosporium was achieved using a novel transformation system for this fungus, which utilizes the Streptomyces hygroscopicus bialaphos-resistant gene, bar, as the selectable marker. The transformation frequency for this system is approximately 100 bialaphos-resistant transformants per microgram of plasmid DNA. Transformed strains all contain plasmid DNA, ectopically integrated into the fungal genome. Using this transformation system, the promoter region of the P. chrysosporium translation elongation factor gene was used to drive expression of mnp1, encoding MnP1, in primary metabolic cultures of P. chrysosporium, where endogenous MnP was not expressed. Approximately 2–3 mg of active recombinant MnP1 per liter of extracellular medium was produced in agitated cultures of transformants.
Nanosized titania encapsulated silica particles using an aqueous TiCl4 solution

Abstract In this study, sub-micron sized silica particles were encapsulated with nanosized titania particles using an aqueous TiCl 4 solution. The particle size distribution of the synthesized titania particles in the coating layer was estimated to be 10 nm from X-ray powder diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The thickness of the coating layer ranged from a few nm to about 30 nm from transmission electron microscopy analysis. Zeta potential analysis demonstrated the presence of a titania particle coating layer and the extent of its coverage on the surface of silica particles. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis also demonstrated that titania particles were successfully deposited on the surface of core silica particles from the chemical shift of binding energies of O 1s, Ti 2p and Si 2p.
Clinical, pharmacologic, and immunologic effects of 2'-deoxycoformycin.

Clinical, pharmacologic, and immunologic effects of 2'-deoxycoformycin (dCF) were evaluated in 15 patients with advanced malignancies. Toxicity was less severe with a low dose (4 mg/m2) of dCF, but this dose still resulted in suppression of cellular adenosine deaminase activity, skin test reactivity, and lymphocyte responses to mitogens. Improvement in cutaneous T cell lymphoma plaques was seen after dCF. Further investigations of antitumor efficacy with the use of this low dosage schedule should continue in patients with hematologie neoplasms, and additional preliminary studies of the combination of an adenosine deaminase inhibitor with an adenosine analog should also be considered. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1988) 44, 501–509; doi:10.1038/clpt.1988.187
Parenthood transition for parents of an infant diagnosed with a congenital heart condition

This purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between caregiving demands, family system demands, and parental coping behavior in 71 families who had an infant 1 year of age or younger diagnosed with a congenital heart defect. Data for this descriptive correlational study were collected in the parents' homes. Mothers spent the most caregiving time attending to their infants' physical needs, and fathers spent the most time attending to infants' emotional and developmental needs. Fathers of younger infants reported higher infant caregiving demands and more helpful coping strategies related to the family, self, and the health care situation. Unexpectedly, no significant relationships were found between family system demands, infant caregiving demands, and mothers' coping strategies. Parents of later-born infants with a congenital heart defect experienced higher levels of family system demands than did first-time parents.
On study of large symmetric antenna simulation using parallel FDTD method

In this paper we use the parallel conformal FDTD technique to simulate a large reflector antenna fed by using a patch array, and the symmetric feature of the antenna allows us to simulate only one quarter of the structure. Due to the asymmetric excitation source, we need to simulate the problem three times using the different types of boundary conditions. A small structure problem is employed to validate the proposed technique.
Flexible packaging and integration of CMOS IC with elastomeric microfluidics

We have demonstrated flexible packaging and integration of CMOS IC chips with PDMS microfluidics. Microfluidic channels are used to deliver both liquid samples and liquid metals to the CMOS die. The liquid metals are used to realize electrical interconnects to the CMOS chip. As a demonstration we integrated a CMOS magnetic sensor die and matched PDMS microfluidic channels in a flexible package. The packaged system is fully functional under 3cm bending radius. The flexible integration of CMOS ICs with microfluidics enables previously unavailable flexible CMOS electronic systems with fluidic manipulation capabilities, which hold great potential for wearable health monitoring, point-of-care diagnostics and environmental sensing.
A Transformed Lagged Ensemble Forecasting Technique for Increasing Ensemble Size

Abstract An ensemble-based data assimilation approach is used to transform old ensemble forecast perturbations with more recent observations for the purpose of inexpensively increasing ensemble size. The impact of the transformations are propagated forward in time over the ensemble’s forecast period without rerunning any models, and these transformed ensemble forecast perturbations can be combined with the most recent ensemble forecast to sensibly increase forecast ensemble sizes. Because the transform takes place in perturbation space, the transformed perturbations must be centered on the ensemble mean from the most recent forecasts. Thus, the benefit of the approach is in terms of improved ensemble statistics rather than improvements in the mean. Larger ensemble forecasts can be used for numerous purposes, including probabilistic forecasting, targeted observations, and to provide boundary conditions to limited-area models. This transformed lagged ensemble forecasting approach is explored and is shown to...
Phoneme restoration methods for investigating prosodic influences on syntactic processing

We present a novel method for establishing the preferred interpretation of ambiguities in spoken sentences. It makes use of the phoneme restoration effect (Warren, 1970): when noise replaces phoneme(s) in a word, listeners report that they perceive the word as intact and congruent with the context. If the word disambiguates a potentially ambiguous sentence, the word that is “heard” reveals which interpretation listeners assigned. The advantage of this method is its naturalness: no deliberative judgements, no interrupting task, no attention drawn to the ambiguity, and no reliance on anomalous sentences. Our experiments examined the contribution of prosodic phrasing to syntactic ambiguity resolution, using three different tasks to probe what participants thought they had heard: Visual Word Choice, Sentence Repetition, and Speech Shadowing. All three tasks showed a powerful effect of prosody on the resolution of two syntactic ambiguities in Bulgarian.
Does Reaction of Three-Coordinate Molybdenum(III) with N2O Proceed via the Same Mechanism as with N2? A Theoretical Study

Hybrid density functional (B3LYP) and integrated molecular orbital and molecular mechanics (IMOMM) calculations were performed to elucidate the mechanism of the reaction of nitrous oxide with the MoL3 complex, where L = NH2 and N[(tBu)(3,5-C6H3Me2)], respectively. The first step of the reaction is coordination of N2O to the Mo center of MoL3, leading to the formation of (N2O)MoL3. From this complex, the reaction may proceeds via two distinct mechanisms, mononuclear and dinuclear. The mononuclear mechanism takes place via an N−N bond cleavage transition state and leads to formation of NMo(NH2)3 and free nitric oxide NO, which spontaneously reacts with another Mo(NH2)3 fragment, producing (NO)Mo(NH2)3. The dinuclear mechanism starts by coordination of another MoL3 to (N2O)MoL3, leading to formation of L3Mo(N2O)MoL3, and splits further into two different paths, leading to N−O and N−N cleavage processes, among which the N−O activation is kinetically and thermodynamically more favorable. The experimental obser...
A CAPRIciously translocating Rac adaptor.

Fcγ receptor–mediated phagocytosis requires Rac and Cdc42 GTPases. New data show that CAPRI, a GTPase-activating protein for Ras, functions as an adaptor for Rac and Cdc42 during phagocytosis and early phases of bacterial immunity.
Effect of Coding Strategies on Movement Extent as a Function of Cognitive Style

Learners differ as to the manner in which they perceive, encode, and store information. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of subjects' predetermined learning (cognitive) style o...
Force control grinding of gamma titanium aluminide

Abstract This paper addresses the grinding of ordered intermetallic compounds and their brittleness at ambient temperature. The depth of plastic deformation is supposed as the measure of surface integrity. The current paper expands the work of a previously reported indentation model that correlated the depth of plastic deformation and the normal component of the grinding force. This paper studies the indentation model using force control grinding of gamma titanium aluminide (TiAl-γ). Reciprocating surface grinding is carried out for a range of normal force 15–90 N, a cutting depth of 20–40 μm and removal rate of 1–9 mm3/sec using diamond, cubic boron nitride (CBN) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) abrasives. The measured depths of plastic deformation are in the range of 150–300 μm. The deviations from the indentation model are explained by changes in the ductility during the grinding process. Furthermore, a force-based model for specific energy is developed and evaluated. The measured specific energies are in the range of 40 J/mm3 (diamond) to 400 J/mm3 (CBN).
Corporate issues of foreign currency exchange warrants: A case study of financial innovation and risk management

Abstract We argue that hedging and risk management activities of modern corporations arise as a direct consequence of attempts to create shareholder wealth through financial innovation. We formalize this argument by examining in detail corporate issues of foreign currency exchange warrants. We then focus on one multiple issuer to demonstrate how the foreign exchange risk created by the sale of the warrants can be eliminated. The use of off-balance-sheet risk management techniques to lock in the benefits of selling overpriced securities raises questions about the information content of innovative corporate financing decisions.
National Occupational Health Survey of Mining Query System

Abstract The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducted a project called the National Occupational Health Survey of Mining (NOHSM) from 1984 to 1989. The NOHSM consisted of 491 mine surveys. The mines were selected so as to be statistically representative of the entire U.S. mining industry. At each mine, NIOSH employees obtained data regarding occupational hygiene programs, potential exposure to chemical and physical agents, and bulk dust samples. The NOHSM survey data have been automated in the NOHSM Query System. This system allows queries to be processed against the data collected during the NOHSM survey. The NOHSM Query System was developed to be user friendly so that end-users can process their own queries against the NOHSM data. This was accomplished by making the system key driven with on-line help, and simplifying the query formulation process by minimizing the selections. There are two steps in formulating a query. Step one is deciding which data to retrieve or how to...
A transgene-assisted genetic screen identifies essential regulators of vascular development in vertebrate embryos

Formation of a functional vasculature during mammalian development is essential for embryonic survival. In addition, imbalance in blood vessel growth contributes to the pathogenesis of numerous disorders. Most of our understanding of vascular development and blood vessel growth comes from investigating the Vegf signaling pathway as well as the recent observation that molecules involved in axon guidance also regulate vascular patterning. In order to take an unbiased, yet focused, approach to identify novel genes regulating vascular development, we performed a three-step ENU mutagenesis screen in zebrafish. We first screened live embryos visually, evaluating blood flow in the main trunk vessels, which form by vasculogenesis, and the intersomitic vessels, which form by angiogenesis. Embryos that displayed reduced or absent circulation were fixed and stained for endogenous alkaline phosphatase activity to reveal blood vessel morphology. All putative mutants were then crossed into the Tg(flk1:EGFP)s843 transgenic background to facilitate detailed examination of endothelial cells in live and fixed embryos. We screened 4015 genomes and identified 30 mutations affecting various aspects of vascular development. Specifically, we identified 3 genes (or loci) that regulate the specification and/or differentiation of endothelial cells, 8 genes that regulate vascular tube and lumen formation, 8 genes that regulate vascular patterning, and 11 genes that regulate vascular remodeling, integrity and maintenance. Only 4 of these genes had previously been associated with vascular development in zebrafish illustrating the value of this focused screen. The analysis of the newly defined loci should lead to a greater understanding of vascular development and possibly provide new drug targets to treat the numerous pathologies associated with dysregulated blood vessel growth.
Diagnosis and management of iron deficiency anemia in the 21st century

Iron deficiency is the single most prevalent nutritional deficiency worldwide. It accounts for anemia in 5% of American women and 2% of American men. The goal of this review article is to assist practitioners in understanding the physiology of iron metabolism and to aid in accurately diagnosing iron deficiency anemia. The current first line of therapy for patients with iron deficiency anemia is oral iron supplementation. Oral supplementation is cheap, safe, and effective at correcting iron deficiency anemia; however, it is not tolerated by some patients and in a subset of patients it is insufficient. Patients in whom the gastrointestinal blood loss exceeds the intestinal ability to absorb iron (e.g. intestinal angiodysplasia) may develop iron deficiency anemia refractory to oral iron supplementation. This population of patients proves to be the most challenging to manage. Historically, these patients have required numerous and frequent blood transfusions and suffer end-organ damage resultant from their refractory anemia. Intravenous iron supplementation fell out of favor secondary to the presence of infrequent but serious side effects. Newer and safer intravenous iron preparations are now available and are likely currently underutilized. This article discusses the possible use of intravenous iron supplementation in the management of patients with severe iron deficiency anemia and those who have failed oral iron supplementation.
The trouble with prudence

Standard discussions of prudence treat it as requiring time-slice management. That this is the standard view of prudence can be seen by its presence in two seemingly opposed positions on prudence, ...
Spectroscopic Probes of Protein Structure

With few exceptions, the goal of most protein purification efforts is to obtain a sample that is not only pure, but that also maintains the protein in its native (i.e., biologically active) conformation. The ability to describe the conformation of a protein in solution, and to relate changes in conformation with biological activity, is thus a major focus of protein science. The most detailed description of protein structures come from the determination of the complete three-dimensional arrangement of protein components in space, from x-ray crystallographic or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies. Despite their power, however, these methods are not without their attendant drawbacks. X-ray diffraction studies of proteins are dependent on obtaining protein crystals of sufficient size and quality to yield usable diffraction patterns. This can often be a time consuming, and not necessarily successful, undertaking. Even when high quality crystals are obtained, solving the structure from the resulting diffraction patterns is a laborious and time consuming effort. Add to this the fact that certain classes of proteins, such as integral membrane proteins, are inherently difficult to crystallize, and one soon realizes that x-ray crystallography, while an extremely powerful method, is not a panacea for protein structural problems. Multidimensional NMR spectroscopy likewise suffers from certain difficulties that restrict its utility. Perhaps the greatest limit to the use of NMR spectroscopy for solving protein structures is that the complexity of the multidimensional data is such that the size of a protein that can reasonably be solved is limited to about 100 amino acids or so. While significant efforts are currently being put forth to push up the size limit for NMR spectroscopy, at least for the present this method is limited to relatively small proteins.
Biomechanical properties of murine meniscus surface via AFM-based nanoindentation

This study aimed to quantify the biomechanical properties of murine meniscus surface. Atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based nanoindentation was performed on the central region, proximal side of menisci from 6- to 24-week old male C57BL/6 mice using microspherical tips (Rtip≈5µm) in PBS. A unique, linear correlation between indentation depth, D, and response force, F, was found on menisci from all age groups. This non-Hertzian behavior is likely due to the dominance of tensile resistance by the collagen fibril bundles on meniscus surface that are mostly aligned along the circumferential direction. The indentation resistance was calculated as both the effective modulus, Eind, via the isotropic Hertz model, and the effective stiffness, Sind = dF/dD. Values of Sind and Eind were found to depend on indentation rate, suggesting the existence of poro-viscoelasticity. These values do not significantly vary with anatomical sites, lateral versus medial compartments, or mouse age. In addition, Eind of meniscus surface (e.g., 6.1±0.8MPa for 12 weeks of age, mean±SEM, n=13) was found to be significantly higher than those of meniscus surfaces in other species, and of murine articular cartilage surface (1.4±0.1MPa, n=6). In summary, these results provided the first direct mechanical knowledge of murine knee meniscus tissues. We expect this understanding to serve as a mechanics-based benchmark for further probing the developmental biology and osteoarthritis symptoms of meniscus in various murine models.
Inflammation Enhances Resection-Induced Intestinal Adaptive Growth in IL-10 Null Mice

Background Surgical resection of the ileum, cecum, and proximal right colon (ICR) is common in the management of Crohn's disease, yet little is known about the effect of active inflammation on the adaptive response following intestinal loss. We recently developed a surgical model of ICR in germ-free (GF) IL-10 null mice that develop small intestinal inflammation only when mice undergo conventionalization with normal fecal microflora (CONV) before surgical intervention. In this study, we examined the effects of postsurgical small bowel inflammation on adaptive growth after ICR. Methods GF 129SvEv IL-10 null mice, 8–10 wk old, were allocated to GF or CONV groups. Nonoperated GF and CONV mice provided baseline controls. Two wk later, GF and CONV mice were further allocated to ICR or sham operation. Small intestine and colon were harvested 7 d after surgery for histological analysis. Results All mice within the gnotobiotic facility maintained GF status and did not develop small intestinal or colonic inflammation. CONV resulted in colitis in all groups, whereas small intestinal inflammation was only observed following ICR. Resection-induced small intestinal inflammation in CONV mice was associated with increases in proliferation, crypt depth, and villus height compared with GF mice after ICR. Resection-induced increases in crypt fission only occurred in CONV mice. Conclusion ICR-dependent small intestinal inflammation in CONV IL-10 null mice dramatically enhances early adaptive growth of the small intestine. Additional studies utilizing our model may provide clinical insight leading to optimal therapies in managing IBD patients after surgical resection.
MINIMUM STATISTICAL UNCERTAINTY OF THE SEISMIC REFRACTION PROFILE

Interpretation of refraction results resolves in finding a model that fits the data as closely as possible. In many cases several plausible models may be postulated. Criteria are then required to evaluate the uncertainty of these models especially to determine if the data are sufficiently good to distinguish among the models. By expanding the depth function in a Taylor series, a straightforward evaluation of statistical uncertainty may be made. The problems of obtaining estimates of uncertainty for the parameters are discussed, and the method is outlined for estimating uncertainty of the depths. This estimate of the statistical uncertainty is shown to be a minimum in the sense that it may be said that the uncertainty is at least as large as the estimate. Finally, the applicability of least squares procedures to refraction work is discussed, and it is shown that the method of least squares is preferred for the purpose of the minimum estimate.
Accuracy of filtered traces

Reducing the size of large address traces by "filtering" them through a small direct-mapped cache is a useful technique for making more efficient use of both secondary storage and processors used for trace-driven simulation. However, when filtered traces are used to drive cache simulators, the distortion introduced by such filtering can produce substantial errors in the miss ratios obtained, despite earlier reports to the contrary. We present the results of a systematic study of such errors, including a model for compensating for some errors. >
Influence of several methodological factors on the growth of Clostridium perfringens in cooling rate challenge studies

Proper temperature control is essential in preventing Clostridium perfringens food poisoning. The U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service cooling guidelines offer two options for the cooling of meat products: follow a standard time-temperature schedule or validate that alternative cooling regimens result in no more than a 1-log CFU/g increase of C. perfringens and no growth of Clostridium botulinum. The latter option requires laboratory challenge studies to validate the efficacy of a given cooling process. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to investigate the role of several methodological variables that might be encountered during typical C. perfringens challenge studies. Variables studied included plastic bag type (Whirlpak or Spiral Biotech), sealing method (Multivac or FoodSaver), initial spore inoculum size (1 to approximately 3 log CFU/g), and growth environment (ground beef or Trypticase-peptone-glucose-yeast extract [TPGY] broth). The major factors that affected growth were sample bag type and growth environment. Samples incubated in Whirlpak bags showed significantly less growth than those incubated in Spiral Biotech bags, which was likely due to the former bag's greater oxygen permeability. C. perfringens spores showed shorter germination, outgrowth, and lag times and C. perfringens cells showed faster growth rates in ground beef compared with TPGY broth. No significant difference was observed between two different sealing methods. Initial spore inoculum levels in the range studied had no significant effect on final C. perfringens cell concentration.
Towards a new justification of the Tastle-Wierman (TW) dissention and consensus measures (and their potential role in education)

To estimate how close the estimates of different experts are, W. J. Tastle and M. J. Wierman proposed numerical measures of dissention and consensus, and showed that these measures indeed capture the intuitive ideas of dissent and consensus. In this paper, we show that the Tastle-Wierman formulas can be naturally derived from the basic formulas of fuzzy logic. We also show that these formulas can be used in education, to describe how different the grades of different students are.
Stability of Hemoglobin Gene Frequency in Randombred Chicken and Quail Populations

Abstract The stability of hemoglobin polymorphism in a randombred chicken and a randombred Coturnix quail population was studied by comparing the frequencies of known hemoglobin mutant genes after several generations of maintaining nonselected randombred populations. The current gene frequency of .053 in the chicken population was similar to the .060 gene frequency determined 13 generations ago. A gene frequency of .069 was observed for the mutant hemoglobin in the quail population compared to a .042 frequency 15 generations ago.
Ketosis, weight loss, uric acid, and nitrogen balance in obese women fed single nutrients at low caloric levels☆☆☆

Abstract Five obese women were fed for six successive 5-day periods 400 kcal from single energy sources and 800 kcal combinations of these. At 400 kcal/day, ketosis was least with carbohydrate and greatest with fat as the diet. Four hundred kcal exogenous protein per day, without any other dietary energy source, was found to reduce the degree of ketosis. The addition of 400 kcal exogenous carbohydrate to 400 kcal protein was found effectively to prevent the development of ketosis in the obese, but addition of 400 kcal as fat was not beneficial. As has been previously observed, serum uric acid was found to rise and urinary uric acid to fall in obese subjects on lowcalorie, high-fat diets. A low-calorie, high-carbohydrate diet had the reverse effect. Loss of weight, sodium, and potassium was much greater with diets based on fat than on carbohydrate. Four hundred kcal carbohydrate per day had a greater protein-sparing effect than 400 kcal fat per day in obese women. There appeared to be adaptation to continued low-calorie intake, evidenced by progressively less negative nitrogen balances in successive periods. In the last period, one subject maintained positive balance with only 400 kcal, as protein. We conclude that carbohydrate is necessary in the diet to prevent ketosis and loss of cations, to spare tissue protein and to promote adequate clearance of uric acid, when endogenous fat is the chief source of energy. Exogenous protein can fulfill part of this function, but it is less effective than carbohydrate at equivalently low calorie intakes.
Soft-decision differential phase detection of turbo-coded M-ary CPFSK signals over Ricean channels

The performance of turbo codes is examined over the Ricean fading channel with soft-decision differential phase detection (DPD). M-ary continuous phase frequency-shift keying (CPFSK) signaling and puncturing of the coded sequence are considered to achieve bandwidth efficient communication. The effects of the number of phase decision regions, fading conditions, number of states of the constituent codes, and code rate are examined. A bit error rate upper bound is developed, which is useful at low values of bit error probability where computer simulations are lengthy. Significant gains using soft-decision DPD over hard-decision DPD and conventional noncoherent detection are reported.
Mechanisms of copper- and iron-dependent oxidative modification of human low density lipoprotein.

Oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein (LDL) has been suggested as a causal step in atherosclerosis, and both redox-active transition metal ions and superoxide (02'-) have been implicated in this process. In order to determine the mechanisms of metal ion-dependent oxidation of LDL in the presence of 02'-, LDL was exposed to hypoxanthine (HX) and purified xanthine oxidase (XO) without and with added CuC12 or FeY'-citrate. Production of 02- and hydrogen peroxide (HZOZ) at pH 7.4 by the HWXO system in the absence of metal ions was not sufficient to oxidize LDL. Preincubation of LDL with Cu2+ or Fe3+-citrate with subsequent removal of metal ions not tightly bound to the lipoprotein did not enable the HX/XO system to oxidize LDL. However, incubation of LDL with HX/XO and Cu2+ resulted in extensive modification of LDL. Exposure of LDL to Cu2+ alone also led to extensive modifica- tion, although the LDL was initially free of detectable amounts of lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), Le., <0.005 molecules of LOOH per LDL particle. Although HX/XO and CU~' did not produce detectable amounts of 02.- or aqueous hydroxyl radi- cals (HO'), oxidation of LDL under these conditions was par- tially inhibited by superoxide dismutase, and completely in- hibited by the HO' scavenger thiourea. In contrast to Cu2+-mediated oxidation of LDL, oxidation mediated by Fe3+-citrate was strictly dependent upon 02'-, as it was abolished by omission of the HWXO system or by addition of superoxide dismutase to this system. HX/XO and Fe3+-citrate generated substantial amounts of HO., which were effectively scavenged by mannitol, yet mannitol did not inhibit LDL oxidation under these conditions. Our results show that oxidative modifica- tion of LDL by Cu2+ can occur in the absence of detectable amounts of preformed LOOH in LDL and is also independent of 02'-, H202, and aqueous HO. production. The same holds true for LDL oxidation mediated by Fe3*-citrate, except for 02'-, which may be required merely to reduce Fe3+, not because it can drive production of HO. by the Fenton reaction.- Lynch, S. M., and B. Faxi. Mechanisms of copper- and iron-dependent oxidative modification of human low density lipoprotein. J. Lipid Res. 1993. 34 1745-1753.
Optical spectroscopy studies of argon in partial vacuum high frequency pulsed voltage

Power devices and systems operating in partial vacuum are susceptible to partial discharges, corona, or volume discharge1. In most cases, it is important to understand the characteristics of the discharge such as the space-charge distribution, the electron energy distribution, and collision processes in which the species are involved. Spectroscopic study of the discharge is one of the most common used methods of obtaining such information2. In this paper, the breakdown characteristics for Argon are studied in partial vacuum of 100 milliTorr to 5 Torr. A unipolar pulsed signal is applied to the parallel plate and point-plane electrode configuration3. The frequency is varied from 10 kHz to 100 kHz with a fixed duty cycle of 50%. Current voltage and optical spectroscopic data of the argon discharge were collected as a function of time. The spectra of the light emission is time resolved with a 1ms time resolution and consecutive frames. From this series of data, the time variation of the intensities for dominant lines in the spectra lines was studied. The results of the analysis help to understand the collision processes involved in the plasma formation for the pulsed breakdown at kHz frequencies.
A New Species and Combination in Central American Solanaceae

Abstract. A new species of Solanum sect. Geminata (G. Don) Walp. (Solanaceae) from Costa Rica and Panama, S. sotobosquense Bohs, is described here from Limon, Costa Rica. It is morphologically most similar to S. rovirosanum Donn. Sm., but differs in its short, usually forked inflorescences and long fruiting pedicels. It has been named in honor of one of its collectors, D. Armando Soto, and in reference to its understory habitat. A new combination, Cuatresia cuneata (Standl.) Bohs, is also published here. Although based on the name Lycianthes cuneata Standl., this species has most commonly been considered to belong to the genus Witheringia L'Her. Morphological and molecular data show that this species is a member of the genus Cuatresia Hunz., not Witheringia.
Ifugao ethnobotany 1905–4965: The 1911 Beyer-Merrill report in perspective

Botanically, ethnobotanically, and linguistically, the Beyer-Merrill report is a rich source of well documented and, for the time it was written, unusually precise observations. By rearrangement and alternative expression of these data, I have attempted various types of interpretive analysis with a view to improving both our knowledge of Ifugao folk botany and our understanding of general ethnobotanical field problems.
Conflict Templates Thinking Through Interdependence

Subjective perceptions of outcome interdependence play a critical role in conflict situations. People who subscribe to different beliefs about outcome interdependence in conflict essentially play different games, with different sets of rules. Because they think they are playing different games, they experience conflict differently, behave differently, and obtain different outcomes for themselves and their counterparts. In our research, we investigated how different perceptions of outcome interdependence relate to individuals’ worldviews, motivational goals, conflict behavior, and social relations. We found that a small set of recurring patterns captures how most people think about their outcome interdependence in conflict. These subjective perceptions of outcome interdependence—that is, conflict templates—predicted conflict behavior (e.g., unethical negotiation behavior), social relations (e.g., workplace conflict and ostracism), and sociopolitical attitudes (e.g., national identification, right-wing auth...
A Defensive Grand Strategy for the United States

By adopting a bold and ambitious strategy and pursuing it aggressively, the Bush administration has divided the Western alliance; altered the nature of international politics in the Gulf, South Asia, and the Middle East; and crystallized popular opposition to the U.S. in many countries. The new Bush strategy impinges on a number of critical social and military issues for the U.S., its allies, and the rest of the world: the suitability of a small, expensive, all-volunteer force for repeated interventions aimed at regime change; the character of relations between the military and society as a whole under the stress of repeated interventions; the tension between a strategy of aggressive, unilateral regime change and an increasingly interdependent global economic and technological order; the clash between unilateral realpolitik, constitutional obligations, and the separation of powers; and the growing contradiction between a conservative domestic political outlook—with its uncompromising insistence on small, ...
Reply to Marchenko et al.: Flux analysis of GroEL-assisted protein folding/unfolding.

Using NMR-based relaxation experiments, we showed that exchange between the folded state (F) of a metastable SH3 domain and a folding intermediate (I) is an order of magnitude faster when the SH3 domain is bound to apo GroEL than in free solution (1). We did not consider fluxes through the apo GroEL-assisted and unassisted pathways.
Wireless implantable pressure monitor for conditional bladder neuromodulation

Conditional neuromodulation in which neurostimulation is applied or modified based on feedback is a viable approach for enhanced bladder functional stimulation. Current methods for measuring bladder pressure rely exclusively on external catheters placed in the bladder lumen. This approach has limited utility in ambulatory use as required for chronic neuromodulation therapy. We have developed a wireless bladder pressure monitor to provide real-time, catheter-free measurements of bladder pressure to support conditional neuromodulation. The device is sized for submucosal cystoscopic implantation into the bladder. The implantable microsystem consists of an ultra-low-power application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), micro-electro-mechanical (MEMS) pressure sensor, RF antennas, and a miniature rechargeable battery. A strategic approach to power management miniaturizes the implant by reducing the battery capacity requirement. Here we describe two approaches to reduce the average microsystem current draw: switched-bias power control and adaptive rate transmission. Measurements on human cystometric tracings show that adaptive transmission rate can save an average of 96% power compared to full-rate transmission, while adding 1.6% RMS error. We have chronically implanted the wireless pressure monitor for up to 4 weeks in large animals. To the best of our knowledge these findings represent the first examples of catheter-free, realtime bladder pressure sensing from a pressure monitor chronically implanted within the bladder detrusor.
Did Adult Diurnal Activity Influence the Evolution of Wing Morphology in Opoptera Butterflies

The butterfly genus Opoptera includes eight species, three of which have diurnal habits while the others are crepuscular (the usual activity period for members of the tribe Brassolini). Although never measured in the field, it is presumed that diurnal Opoptera species potentially spend more time flying than their crepuscular relatives. If a shift to diurnal habits potentially leads to a higher level of activity and energy expenditure during flight, then selection should operate on increased aerodynamic and energetic efficiency, leading to changes in wing shape. Accordingly, we ask whether diurnal habits have influenced the evolution of wing morphology in Opoptera. Using phylogenetically independent contrasts and Wilcoxon rank sum tests, we confirmed our expectation that the wings of diurnal species have higher aspect ratios (ARs) and lower wing centroids (WCs) than crepuscular congeners. These wing shape characteristics are known to promote energy efficiency during flight. Three Opoptera wing morphotypes established a priori significantly differed in AR and WC values. The crepuscular, cloud forest dweller Opoptera staudingeri (Godman & Salvin) was exceptional in having an extended forewing tip and the highest AR and lowest WC within Opoptera, possibly to facilitate flight in a cooler environment. Our study is the first to investigate how butterfly wing morphology might evolve as a response to a behavioral shift in adult time of activity.
Fundamentalism in Public Health and Safety in Bilateral Investment Treaties [Part I]

The goal of this work is to explore, examine and analyze how much of an impact BITs can lawfully have on the choices available to governments to take necessary measures for the protection of health, safety, the environment and human rights. This calls for a return to first principles of sovereignty, constitutionalism and international law on the issues of sovereign authority with respect to domestic policy relating to security and other critical social policies. Any interpretation of the substantive content or the restraining effects of BITs must be framed against the backdrop of these first principles. Although the cases are still too few for any concrete statements to be made about the restraining impact of investment protection provisions on contracting States, there appears to be some suggestion of a serious policy chill on contracting States. In view of this, it appears useful to explore avenues of empowering States, particularly the weaker States, with regards to their obligations under current BITs. In conclusion, a State owes certain indelible duties to its citizens which it may not be surrendered or abandoned in a treaty for private profit. The State has the duty to protect its citizens not only from a hostile force but also from threats to their right to life, habitation, health and safety. Such responsibilities of the State may be said to be indelible, inherent and cannot be waived or surrendered in a treaty.
The socio-cultural impact of Growth-Pole Theory (GPT) tourism development

Perroux’s (1952, 1955) Growth Pole Theory (GPT) has been applied cross-disciplinarily as a paradigm of industrialization for countries developing regionally in the context of urban planning, resour...
Fitting Millennials to business cultures using five-factor theory, personality clusters, and the theory of bureaucracy

Using personality profiles of Millennials, this research suggests a method for matching individuals to particular company cultures. It draws on the five-factor theory of personality along with the theory of bureaucracy to identify three business-relevant personality clusters - bureaucrats, enterprisers and independents (BEI) - and argues that individuals in different clusters are likely to identify with particular business cultures. To illustrate this point, it identifies the personality clusters of a sample of student Millennials and explores how an individual's BEI personality cluster predicts choice of business school major. Using this person-organisation fit approach, companies could choose individual Millennials that fit their existing company cultures rather than altering their company cultures to accommodate the diverse Millennial cohort. HR professionals should consider ways to train Millennials to acquire the behaviours and attitudes that will enable them to function optimally in their jobs despite their predominant personality as bureaucrat, enterpriser, or independent.
A new way to describe diffraction from optical disks

We describe an efficient decomposition of the diffraction pattern from optical disks that yields insight into the origin and characteristics of various signals. Babinet's Principle is used to separate components that describe the data signal, servo signals, and two types of crosstalk. The construction of a basis set is described that yields efficient calculation for optimization studies. Two media types are considered as examples. Several applications are also described, including an explanation for the origin of the differential phase detection tracking signal that is used with DVD-ROM media.
Reactions of Ne 20 with C 12

All reaction products with Z> or =5 emitted from the bombardment of /sup 12/C by /sup 20/Ne beams with incident energies between 54 and 80 MeV have been measured over a wide range of exit energies and angles. The quasielastic, strongly damped, and complete fusion processes were studied. At forward angles both the elastic and inelastic data show the effect of strong volume absorption. At larger angles the paucity in open direct channels manifests itself by a resonantlike behavior of the excitation functions for all outgoing channels reminiscent to that observed for /sup 16/O+/sup 16/O. The energy dependence of the cross section for complete fusion also shows structure, but the average magnitude of the /sup 20/Ne+/sup 12/C fusion cross section is 1100 mb compared to 900 mb for /sup 16/O+/sup 16/O. At backward angles the /sup 20/Ne+/sup 12/C quasielastic angular distribution and excitation functions show the same characteristics seen in heavier systems (e.g., /sup 28/Si+/sup 12/C). However, a much larger yield exists for transitions to high excitation energies (large negative Q values). This strongly damped process has a large cross section and shows all the characteristics of a long lived orbiting /sup 20/Ne+/sup 12/C dinuclear system.
Because My Master Bathes Me

Shouldn't we do more to correct the power imbalance afflicting PA theory and practice? I suggest a corrective program incorporating a relevant theory of PA reform. Relevant are layers of phenomena now virtual strangers in traditional PA thinking. Relevant is Dominique Laporte's analysis of civilizing as a kind of bathing.
Mentoring and Legal Writing: How 1L Legal Writing Courses Prepare Students for Mentoring Relationships in the Legal Profession

This article explores the intersection of legal writing pedagogy and the preparation of law students for mentoring relationships. It identifies and explains the critical role of the first-year legal writing course in preparing law students for mentoring relationships in the legal profession. Mentoring can contribute significantly to success in law practice. In recognition of the importance of mentoring, many law school and bar association programs routinely match law students with mentors. However, the role of the first-year legal writing course in helping law students prepare for relationships with lawyer mentors has gone virtually unacknowledged — even by legal writing professors. As this article will explain, legal writing professors often engage in three teaching methods that help students develop skills and qualities suited to maximizing the benefits of mentorship in law practice: modeling, role playing, and reflecting. This article describes these methods and how they help students prepare for mentoring relationships. It also proposes variations of these teaching methods that can enhance their impact. This article is forthcoming in the Winter/Spring 2015 issue of the Legal Writing Institute's The Second Draft, a peer-reviewed publication. That issue’s theme is “Why legal writing is the most important first year course.”​
Affective and Behavioral Reactions to Elite-based Political Incivility

I report the results of an experiment embedded in the 2012 Cooperative Congressional Election Study. I hypothesize that exposure to incivility induces feelings of anger, increases the propensity to use incivility in political talk, and reduces willingness to compromise. Subjects were exposed to invented messages said to be statements made by elites in both the Democratic and Republican parties. Exposure to disagreeable incivility and like-minded incivility was manipulated, and subjects’ affective and behavioral reactions were measured. The experiment provides a direct test of the effect that exposure to uncivil talk has on individuals’ willingness to compromise, as well as a test of the effect that “elite”-based incivility has on the way non-elites engage in political discourse.
The Medicare assignment controversy: the construction of public-professional conflict.

The conflict between the elderly and organized medicine over "mandatory assignment" and "balance billing" is a significant public policy issue. Considerable ideological importance has been attached to this conflict by both sides, despite the relatively modest proportion of total revenue for physician services received through balance billing in payment for care of Medicare beneficiaries. The positions of these two coalitions are examined as well as the effort of the Physician Payment Review Commission (PPRC) to craft a public policy response. Three alternative resolutions-those adopted by Congress in 1989 on the recommendation of the PPRC, the Canadian solution, and actions taken on a state level-are then contrasted. The concentrated impact on the elderly of balance billing practices is considered as a problem, especially for elderly of limited income and resources. Justification of the practice is typically provided by the profession on thc ideological grounds of preservation of professional autonomy rat...