cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Noise analysis for 2D tandem Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Abstract In principle, two-dimensional (2D) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometry offers identification of all precursor-product ion pairs (equivalent to all precursor ion scans, all product ion scans, and all neutral loss scans), as well as relative rate constants for all precursor gas-phase ion–molecule reactions and distinction between fragmentation and adduction processes, in a single, automatically acquired data set. However, although the principles of 2D FTICR techniques were demonstrated more than ten years ago, very few analytical applications have yet been demonstrated. Here, we apply 2D FT/FTICR tandem mass spectrometry, by stored waveform inverse Fourier transform modulation of ion cyclotron radius (and thus ion kinetic energy), to an experimental mixture of proton-bound (and sodium-bound) amino acid dimer ions. Although several ion fragmentation pathways may be identified, interpretation is hindered by significant noise along each slice passing through a precursor ion peak on the diagonal of the 2D mass spectrum. By analogy to “ t 1 ” noise in 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we are able to simulate such noise by varying the absolute and relative numbers of trapped precursor ions in data acquisitions corresponding to different horizontal slices of the final 2D spectrum. Signals at harmonic multiples of the ion cyclotron frequencies are well modeled by simulations allowing for nonlinear dependence of product ion abundance on precursor ion cyclotron radius modulation magnitude. The present results show that successful future implementation of 2D FT/FTICR tandem mass spectrometry experiments will require careful control of the number of trapped precursor ions, to avoid loss in dynamic range by “contamination” of the rest of the mass spectrum by signals from the most abundant ions.
Intrinsic Fluctuations in Sustained Attention and Distractor Processing

Although sustaining a moderate level of attention is critical in daily life, evidence suggests that attention is not deployed consistently, but rather fluctuates from moment to moment between optimal and suboptimal states. To better characterize these states in humans, the present study uses a gradual-onset continuous performance task with irrelevant background distractors to explore the relationship among behavioral fluctuations, brain activity, and, in particular, the processing of visual distractors. Using fMRI, we found that reaction time variability, a continuous measure of attentional instability, was positively correlated with activity in task-positive networks and negatively correlated with activity in the task-negative default mode network. We also observed greater processing of distractor images during more stable and less error prone "in the zone" epochs compared with suboptimal "out of the zone" epochs of the task. Overall, the data suggest that optimal states of attention are accomplished with more efficient and potentially less effortful recruitment of task-relevant resources, freeing remaining resources to process task irrelevant features of the environment.
A linear regression model with persistent level shifts: An alternative to infill asymptotics

Abstract A changepoint in a time series is a time of change in the marginal distribution, autocovariance, or any other distributional structure of the series. Examples include mean level shifts and volatility (variance) changes. Climate data, for example, is replete with mean shift changepoints, occurring whenever a recording instrument is changed or the observing station is moved. Here, we consider the problem of incorporating known changepoint times into a regression model framework. Specifically, we establish consistency and asymptotic normality of ordinary least squares regression estimators that account for an arbitrary number of mean shifts in the record. In a sense, this provides an alternative to the customary infill asymptotics for regression models that assume an asymptotic infinity of data observations between all changepoint times.
Cultural Preservation and Metropolitan Transformation: Folk-Tale Traditions and The Queen of Paradise's Garden, a Newfoundland Jack Tale

The Queen of Paradise’s Garden , adapted by Andy Jones and illustrated by Darka Erdelji, is a picture-book version of a Newfoundland Jack tale. The movement of the tale through a variety of forms—from oral tale to print transcription to puppet play to picture book—and its role as a cultural artifact echo the complexities of folk-tale transmission and transformation globally and historically. This article examines the ways in which the picture book and its antecedent versions are both of Newfoundland and of a larger and ongoing history of folk tales.
Weak Pareto optimality and the approximate support property

Abstract We prove the approximate price supportability of weak Pareto optimal allocations for economies with an infinite dimensional commodity space. An allocation having the approximate support property is shown to be a weak Pareto optimum. We do not assume uniform properness conditions for preferences or technologies in order to obtain our results.
Calcium in suramin-induced rat sensory neuron toxicity in vitro.

Abstract Suramin is an experimental chemotherapeutic agent and a neurotoxin which causes a dose-dependent peripheral neuropathy in vivo and inhibits dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurite outgrowth in vitro. The mechanism of suramin-induced cyto- and neurotoxicity remains unclear. Calcium is a key signal transducer in cellular responses to a variety of physiological and pathogenic stimuli. In the present study, we have determined the role of calcium in suramin-induced neurotoxicity in dorsal root ganglion neurons in vitro. Suramin-induced inhibition of neurite outgrowth and induction of neuronal cell death were dose-related phenomena. A low level of extracellular calcium significantly reduced suramin-induced inhibition of neurite outgrowth and delayed neuronal cell death in vitro. Nimodipine (100 μM), an L-type voltage-sensitive calcium channel (VSCC) inhibitor, mimicked low calcium medium and protected neurite outgrowth in regular calcium medium supplemented with 300 μM suramin. TMB-8 (100 μM), an inhibitor of intracellular calcium release, failed to protect neurite outgrowth against the toxin. Calmidazolium (10 μM), a potent calmodulin inhibitor, and calpain inhibitor peptide (CIP, 10 μM) protected neurite outgrowth against suramin. The results support the hypothesis that the calcium signaling system is important in suramin-induced neurotoxicity. Influx of extracellular calcium is more important than release of intracellular calcium in causing cell injury in vitro.
Short-term memory: EEG alpha correlates and the effect of increased alpha.

The number of items recalled in delayed-free recall and digit-span memory tasks was recorded while subjects were in their normal electroencephalographic (EEG) state or in an increased alpha (8.5–12.5 Hz) condition. Increased alpha was obtained by previous feedback training. In both EEG conditions alpha was lower when items were presented and during early portions of the delay, as compared to later portions of the delay and the intertrial interval. During all phases of the memory trials, subjects had significantly less alpha in their normal EEG condition than in the increased alpha condition, but the number of items recalled in the two conditions was not significantly different. These results suggest that alpha changes found during performance of learning and memory tasks may not be functionally important for the learning process itself.
Agoraphobia: Contributing Factors, Phobic Situations, and Exposure in Vivo

Contributing factors such as fear of fear, stress, and dependency needs were discussed, and it was suggested that several diagnostic groups should be compared to determine which factors might be sp...
Gas Chromatographic Quantitation of Sugars and Nonvolatile Water-Soluble Organic Acids in Commercial Cheddar Cheese,

Abstract A gas chromatographic method was developed and tested for quantitating sugars as trimethylsilyl derivatives and nonvolatile water-soluble organic acids as methyl esters in extracts from Cheddar cheese. Twelve lots of commercial cheese ranging in age from 5 to 164 days contained 72 to 479mg lactose, 2 to 147mg galactose, .4 to 11mg glucose, 1.0 to 1.6g lactic acid, and 0 to 19mg of succinic acid per 100g. Concentrations of these constituents were not closely related to age of cheese.
Isozyme variation among populations of the clonal species, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel

Abstract Few studies have examined population genetic variation in clonal, emergent, aquatic plant species. Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel is a clonal, cosmopolitan species common to marshes, estuarine, and other wetland habitats. With the exception of several European studies examining local variation, little is known about the distribution of genetic variation in this taxon, particularly in the U.S. In recent years, the rapid and invasive, vegetative spread of P. australis into disturbed marsh habitats in the U.S., particularly on the Eastern Seaboard and the Mississippi River delta, has sparked interest in its ecology and genetic structure. In this study, electrophoresis was used to analyze isozyme variation among 37 populations of P. australis from the eastern half of the U.S. The electrophoresis data strongly support a primarily vegetative mode of reproduction and spread. A total of 21 multilocus, isozymic phenotypes were identified among the 37 populations. All populations sampled along the Gulf Coast (GC) from Texas to the Florida panhandle (with the exception of the two populations from the Mississippi River delta) were uniform, sharing a single, multilocus phenotype. P. australis populations had lower levels of percent polymorphic loci and number of alleles per locus than typical asexual terrestrial species, but had a higher mean heterozygosity. Nei's genetic distance UPGMA depicts a substantial amount of geographic clustering of populations. However, populations described as `invasive' showed no genetic similarity to one another.
Sudden Death of Entanglement Between Coupled Quantum Dots in a Cavity

We study generation and time evolution of entanglement between two coupled quantum dots inside a driven cavity. In the presence of dissipation the entanglement may remain stationary, decay asymptotically, or show sudden death.
A gauge-fixed Hamiltonian for lattice QCD.

We study the gauge fixing of lattice QCD in 2+1 dimensions, in the Hamiltonian formulation. The technique easily generalizes to other theories and dimensions. The Hamiltonian is rewritten in terms of variables which are gauge invariant except under a single global transformation. This paper extends previous work, involving only pure gauge theories, to include matter fields.
Implications from research for infant/toddler group care

In this paper I have attempted to show how sound caregiving practices can be derived out of what is known about the growth and development of the very young child. We hear much about the necessity of providing quality care for infants and toddlers. This ought to be a commitment we make for all children, but in the case of the very youngest it is most urgent, because they are most vulnerable.Quality care is marked by sensitivity, affection, and more than intuition. Quality care for infants and toddlers is based on knowledge and understanding, too.
Competitive adsorption of metal ions from solutions by low-cost organic materials

The competitive adsorption of Hg, Cu, Ni, Cd, and Zn by softwood sawdust, corncobs, and ground scrap rubber was investigated. It is concluded that these materials which are abundant, widespread, and low cost, are potentially useful in removing various metal ions from wastewater solutions.
Treatment of Wilson’s Disease with Zinc XII: Dose Regimen Requirements

A considerable body of data is now available indicating the efficacy and lack of toxicity of zinc treatment of Wilson's disease. Dose-response studies have shown that regimens of 50 mg of elemental zinc 3 times a day (50 mg x 3), 25 mg x 3, and 50 mg x 2 are effective, but 25 mg x 2 and 50 mg x 1 are not adequately effective. These studies indicate that 75 mg a day is close to the minimally effective dose, but do not address the question of necessary dose frequency. In the current study, the authors have used the minimally effective daily dose, 75 mg, and studied this daily dose in regimens of 25 mg x 3, 37.5 mg x 2, and 75 mg x 1 in treatment of four patients with Wilson's disease. These data have been supplemented with additional data from 11 patients treated with 25 mg 3 times a day and with data from 2 patients treated with 75 mg once a day. Efficacy was evaluated by 10-day copper balance and absorption of orally administered 64copper. The findings indicate that a daily dose of 75 mg must be divided into at least two doses to be effective, and that the 64copper procedure is more sensitive to zinc dose than copper balance.
Effects of enterostatin in non-food-deprived rats with limited or continuous access to oil or sucrose

Abstract CORWIN, R. L., AND H. B. RICE. Effects of enterostatin in non-food-deprived rats with limited or continuous access to oil or sucrose. PHYSIOL BEHAV 65 (1) 1–10, 1998. The peptide enterostatin has been proposed to function as a selective signal for fat-induced satiety. In the majority of enterostatin studies, however, rats were food-deprived, and the test food was also the maintenance diet. The present study sought to determine if enterostatin would selectively reduce consumption of oil that was provided in addition to a standard diet in non-food-deprived rats. Rats had either continuous (24-h/day) or limited access (120-min/day) to either a 32% sucrose solution or 100% corn oil. In addition to the sucrose and the oil, rats also had 22-h access to a standard pelleted rodent diet. Control rats had unlimited access to the standard diet but no access to oil or sucrose. Rats were maintained on their respective diets for 3 weeks before enterostatin testing. Food intake and body weight were monitored. Rats with continuous access to oil or sucrose consumed more calories and gained more weight than control rats. Caloric intake and body weight of the rats with limited access to oil or sucrose did not differ significantly from controls. Enterostatin, administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) at doses of 0 (vehicle), 89, 178, and 356 μg/kg, had no effect on consumption of oil, sucrose, or standard diet in these non-food-deprivation paradigms; however, 356 μg/kg reduced standard-diet intake when rats were overnight food-deprived, thus verifying peptide activity. These results do not support a role for enterostatin in the regulation of fat intake when optional high-fat foods are provided in addition to a readily available standard diet.
X-Linked mental retardation with macro-orchidism and the fragile site at Xq27 or 28

Data are presented suggesting that the form of X-linked mental retardation with macro-orchidism and the form associated with a fragile site at Xq27 or 28 are the same entity.
Numerical methods in radiative transfer.

We discuss the operator perturbation method for the solution of radiative transfer problems in the integral equation formulation. The example given is that of line transfer in complete redistribution for a two-level atom in statistical equilibrium.
Closure to discussion of "Reactive compensation techniques to improve the ride-through capability of wind turbine during disturbance"

For original article by C. Chompoo-inwai et al. see ibid., vol.41, no.3, p.666-72, May/Jun. 2005 and for discussion by Shih-Min Hsu see ibid., vol.41, no.6, p.1483, Nov./Dec. 2005.
A Physical Model for the Inelasticity of Concrete

A physical model for the inelasticity of concrete is proposed in this paper. The main effects are attributed to microcracking and softening elastoplastic coupling. The composite nature of concrete is seen to influence decisively the process of microcracking, resulting, for instance, in stable crack growth under uniaxial compression, but unstable crack growth under uniaxial tension. A model is proposed that relates the degradation of the elastic compliances of the material to the extent of microcracking, as described by a set of internal variables that represent the sizes of the microcracks oriented along some selected directions. A thermodynamic approach to the inelasticity of concrete is then presented that proves advantageous in characterizing the coupling between the plasticity of the material and its elastic degradation, i. e. elastoplastic coupling. It is shown that a softening elastoplastic coupling may result in lack of normality and in unstable behaviour, in violation of Drucker’s postulates of classical plasticity. A suitable thermodynamic plastic stability criterion is proposed that generalizes Drucker’s second postulate in the presence of elastoplastic coupling allowing for unstable plastic behaviour. A specific model of elastoplastic coupling is then proposed that allows for the explicit generalization of the classical yield criteria when elastoplastic coupling is present. It is shown, with the aid of this model, how a general anisotropic distribution of microcracks renders the plastic yield criterion anisotropic. It is also shown that the plastic strain rates depart from isochoricity in the presence of microcracking, even if the uncracked material exhibits isochoric plasticity. The proposed thermodynamic criterion for the extension of microcracks is seen to generalize the Griffith criterion in the presence of elastoplastic coupling. It is shown that tensile plastic strains in the direction normal to a microcrack tend to decrease the critical stress for the extension of the microcrack, and that compressive plastic strains tend to increase it. Finally, the proposed model is seen to lead to rate-independent stress─strain incremental relations with symmetric tangent stiffness compliances.
Infrared spectroscopic investigation of solution-crystallized trans-1,4-polybutadiene copolymers

Fourier transform infrared spectra were obtained for solution-crystallized samples of two polybutadiene copolymers, one containing 10% cis-, 1,5% 1,2- and 88,5% trans- and the other 1% cis- and 99% trans-polybutadiene. Measurements were made at room temperature, at temperatures above the crystal transition temperature, but below the melting temperature, and at temperatures above the melting temperature. Spectra for 100% crystalline samples were obtained by subtraction of the spectrum for the melt from that for the semicrystalline sample. Infrared spectra were also obtained for suspension epoxidized samples; these showed the presence of an unreacted crystal core and completely reacted lamellar surfaces.
On modeling local area networks

The study of network throughput and utilization requires the modeling of packets being transmitted along the media. Modeling such a system can be quite logically demanding, especially that packets can move along the media in opposite directions at almost the speed of light; and when collisions are allowed, a packet may collide with another that is beyond its control.Two modeling approaches are presented in this paper. One results in programs that closely follow the behavior of the physical system, yet require significant CPU time to execute. The second approach results in programs that may seem to be 'unnatural', yet more time-efficient.Examples on token-ring and CSMA/CD networks are given in pseudo codes, followed by comparison of run times.
Birth centers Economy, safety, and empowerment

The first three-quarters of this century saw births in the United States shift dramatically from the home toward hospital-based, physician-oriented care. More recently, the establishment and proliferation of modern birth centers and the increased numbers of certified nurse-midwives in this country have expanded birth alternatives for women but not without controversy. The objectives of this article are as follows: 1) to review literature comparing modern birth centers with hospital and physician-attended births in terms of safety, rates of complications, number of invasive procedures, cost-effectiveness, and patient satisfaction, and then 2) to explicate models of empowerment as applied to birth centers and consider how they may manifest in individuals and in the community. Findings: comprehensive data have clearly demonstrated that birth centers are as safe as hospitals for low-risk births, do fewer invasive procedures and cesarean sections, are less expensive, and have high rates of patient satisfaction. Furthermore, birth centers effectively shift the locus of control of the pregnancy from physician to mother, and conform closely to ideal models of empowerment structures described in the literature. Conclusions: For low-risk pregnancies, birth centers confer many advantages over conventional hospital-based births without compromising the safety of the mother or infant and in the process can empower women to transform their lives and their community.
The Roma of Bulgaria: A Pariah Minority

Introduction The Roma remain to date the greatest pariah of ethnic groups in all of Eastern Europe. In the last decade or so, East European Roma have been attracting a lot of international attention as increasingly large numbers of them are abandoning their native countries to seek political asylum in the West, especially Western Europe. Probably as an indirect result of their highly publicized and unwelcome mass migration westward, many studies have appeared that try to explain the desperate predicament of East European Roma and their troubled relationship with the multi-ethnic societies of the region. The treatment of these Roma is emerging as one of the most important human rights issues in post-Cold War Europe, which cannot help but have a significant bearing on the planned expansion of the European Union (EU). An escalating mass exodus of the East European Roma (who comprise more than three-fourths of Europe’s estimated 8 million Roma population) into the West European members of the expanding Union could easily turn into a political catastrophe by igniting an explosion of popular support for extreme nationalist politicians, parties and movements. It is the intention of this article to deal with the socio-economic and political status of the Roma community in post-Communist Bulgaria. It specifically discusses the Bulgarian Roma’s tenuous position as an oppressed national minority and the numerous problems and obstacles they face in adapting to the difficult circumstances of their transitional homeland.
6F-1 Trench-Isolated CMUT Arrays with a Supporting Frame: Characterization and Imaging Results

We report on the characterization and imaging results of trench-isolated CMUT arrays with a supporting frame. The CMUT arrays are built on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer using direct wafer-to-wafer fusion bonding technique. Electrical contacts to individual elements are brought to the back side of the wafer by highly conductive silicon pillars. Mechanical support for array elements is provided by a silicon frame structure. 1D and 2D arrays with 250-mum element pitch were fabricated and tested in air and in immersion. Rectangular membranes are used, which feature two distinctive pull-in (collapse) points in both air and immersion tests. The double collapsing membranes enable an operating frequency ranging from 1.9 MHz in conventional mode to 58 MHz in second collapse mode on the same device. After flip-chip bonding the 2D arrays to custom-designed integrated circuits (IC), volumetric imaging was demonstrated.
Occupancy estimation and the closure assumption

Summary 1. Recent advances in occupancy estimation that adjust for imperfect detection have provided substantial improvements over traditional approaches and are receiving considerable use in applied ecology. To estimate and adjust for detectability, occupancy modelling requires multiple surveys at a site and requires the assumption of ‘closure’ between surveys, i.e. no changes in occupancy between surveys. Violations of this assumption could bias parameter estimates; however, little work has assessed model sensitivity to violations of this assumption or how commonly such violations occur in nature. 2. We apply a modelling procedure that can test for closure to two avian point-count data sets in Montana and New Hampshire, USA, that exemplify time-scales at which closure is often assumed. These data sets illustrate different sampling designs that allow testing for closure but are currently rarely employed in field investigations. Using a simulation study, we then evaluate the sensitivity of parameter estimates to changes in site occupancy and evaluate a power analysis developed for sampling designs that is aimed at limiting the likelihood of closure. 3. Application of our approach to point-count data indicates that habitats may frequently be open to changes in site occupancy at time-scales typical of many occupancy investigations, with 71% and 100% of species investigated in Montana and New Hampshire respectively, showing violation of closure across time periods of 3 weeks and 8 days respectively. 4. Simulations suggest that models assuming closure are sensitive to changes in occupancy. Power analyses further suggest that the modelling procedure we apply can effectively test for closure. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our demonstration that sites may be open to changes in site occupancy over time-scales typical of many occupancy investigations, combined with the sensitivity of models to violations of the closure assumption, highlights the importance of properly addressing the closure assumption in both sampling designs and analysis. Furthermore, inappropriately applying closed models could have negative consequences when monitoring rare or declining species for conservation and management decisions, because violations of closure typically lead to overestimates of the probability of occurrence.
An asymptotically full rate cooperative communication scheme for DS-CDMA systems with non-orthogonal codes

It is observed that previously proposed cooperative communication schemes do not increase throughput in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region although they improve the outage probability. In this paper we introduce a new cooperative communications protocol for direct-sequence code-division-multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems that increases the SNR range over which there is no significant throughput loss compared to direct transmission. This eliminates the necessity for switching between more than one scheme which leads to higher system complexity. The proposed new scheme has a high spectral efficiency (reaching one asymptotically with the SNR and block size) at the cost of extra spreading sequences. However the channels are allowed to be non-orthogonal, and we analyze the effect of that on cooperative diversity under the LMMSE receiver. We present both achievable and outage throughput analysis under different cross correlations between user codes. From our results we show that the proposed scheme improves the throughput and the outage throughput performance in high SNR at the expense of only a negligible loss in the low SNR region compared to the previously proposed reference scheme.
Insulin-like Growth Factor-I as a Survival Factor for the Bovine Preimplantation Embryo Exposed to Heat Shock

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is a survival factor for preimplantation mammalian embryos exposed to stress. One stress that compromises preimplantation embryonic development is elevated temperature (i.e., heat shock). Using bovine embryos produced in vitro as a model, it was hypothesized that IGF-I would protect preimplantation embryos by reducing the effects of heat shock on total cell number, the proportion of blastomeres that undergo apoptosis, and the percentage of embryos developing to the blastocyst stage. In experiment 1, embryos were cultured with or without IGF-I; on Day 5 after insemination, embryos $16 cells were cultured at 38.58C for 24 h or were subjected to 418C for 9 h followed by 38.58C for 15 h. Heat shock reduced the total cell number at 24 h after initiation of heat shock and increased the percentage of blastomeres that were apoptotic. Effects of heat shock were less for IGF-I-treated embryos. Experiment 2 was conducted similarly except that embryos were allowed to develop to Day 8 after insemination. The percentage reduction in blastocyst development for heatshocked embryos compared with those maintained at 38.58C was less for embryos cultured with IGF-I than for control embryos. Heat shock reduced the total cell number in blastocysts and increased the percentage of blastomeres that were apoptotic, whereas IGF-I-treated embryos had increased total cell number and a reduced percentage of apoptosis. Taken together, these results demonstrate that IGF-I can serve as a survival factor for preimplantation bovine embryos exposed to heat shock by reducing the effects of heat shock on development and apoptosis.
Opportunities for pharmacy

Purpose. To summarize key points from the most recent Institute of Medicine (IOM) report, Preventing Medication Errors, and their relevance to health-system pharmacists. Summary. Creating a culture of safety is an important antecedent to making changes needed to reduce medication errors. The patient can play an important, but often unrealized, role in preventing medication errors. There are considerable opportunities to improve the application of technology to prevent medication errors. The National Hospital Pharmacy surveys conducted ty the American Society of Health- System Pharmacists have demonstrated the slow rate of adoption of technologies. Pharmacists can play a leadership role in improving both the patients’ role and the use of technology to improve medication-use safety. Conclusion. There are major opportunities for pharmacists to re-think how involved patients are in their care in the institutional setting, by seeing patients as building another check into the medication-use system and by recommitting ourselves to getting patients involved. There are also opportunities to help with patient-safety technology decisions. These extremely expensive technologies almost always involve people changing what they do and their implementation and use often involve other people besides pharmacists, yet the potential is great for new technologies to reduce medication errors.
On the rate of movement of the cleavage stimulus in sand dollar eggs

The rate at which the cleavage stimulus moves from the mitotic apparatus to the cell surface was calculated from measurements made on flattened, fertilized Echinarachnius parma eggs with excentric nuclei. The time interval between the appearance of furrows in the closer and more distant equatorial margins is proportional to the difference in the distance between the axis of the mitotic apparatus and the two surfaces. The calculated rate of stimulus movement is 6.3 ± 1.8 μ/minute. This rate is slower than that of free diffusion, and the usually studied examples of cytoplasmic streaming; it approximates that reported for microtubule growth.
Adaptive maximum SINR RAKE filtering for DS-CDMA multipath fading channels

The conventional signature-matched RAKE processor for multipath direct-sequence code division multiple access channels is viewed as a regular linear tap-weight filter of length equal to the sum of the system processing gain and the user channel memory. In this paper, performance improvements are sought in the context of adaptive filtering under maximum signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio criteria. The minimum-variance-distortionless-response RAKE (RAKE-MVDR) filter and the lower complexity scalar optimized auxiliary-vector RAKE (RAKE-AUX) filter are developed. Bit error rate (BER) comparisons with the conventional RAKE signature-matched filter are carried out for training sets of reasonably small size, perfectly known, and mismatched/estimated channel coefficients, and extreme near-far system configurations.
A survey on customers' perceptions of nutrition labeling for processed food and restaurant meal.

Consumer perception of processed food and restaurant food’s nutrient labelling was surveyed. The subjects of this survey consisted of 1,507 parents, whose ages were 20-59 years old. The ratio of the respondents that have known nutrition labelling on processed foods was 89.8% and the ratio of whom have checked the nutrition labelling at their point of purchase was 72.3%. The nutrients which were considered important for nutrition labelling were fat (57.1%), calorie (56.3%) and sodium (49.0%). Also nutrient which were able to be recognized at a glance by the subjects were in the order of trans fat (62.1%), cholesterol (26.9%), calorie (23.9%) and sodium (21.0%). If restaurant menu’s nutrient labelling be enacted, the answer rate that the menu’s nutrition labelling may affect their menu choice is 90.6% of the respondents. Besides of the Fastfoods that are enforcement, restaurants of that customers want the menu to be labeled were ‘pizza and chicken restaurants’. Nutrients that customers preferred to be labelled were calorie (62.0%), fat (60.3%) and sodium (50.9%).
Segregation of Magnesium and Calcium to the () Prismatic Surface of Magnesium‐Implanted Sapphire

Auger electron spectroscopy was used to study the segregation of magnesium and calcium to the prismatic plane of sapphire doped with Mg by ion implantation. Segregation behavior depended strongly upon the annealing atmosphere. Air annealing showed Mg segregation to the free surface whereas vacuum annealing resulted in no observable Mg segregation above the detectability limit of our instrument. This is attributed to excessive vaporization of MgO at low oxygen pressures. In the absence of Mg on the surface, strong Ca segregation was observed although the bulk concentration of Ca was below 40 ppm, the total impurity level. The effective heat of segregation of Mg in the air was found to be about -1.4eV in the temperature range 1300/sup 0/ to 1550/sup 0/C. The Ca coverage on the surface did not follow a Langmuir plot, probably because of a Ca-Ca interaction at the larger surface concentrations. The implication of these results to the understanding of transport-related properties of impurity-doped alumina is discussed.
Change in Cell Shape Is Required for Matrix Metalloproteinase-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Mammary Epithelial Cells

Cell morphology dictates response to a wide variety of stimuli, controlling cell metabolism, differentiation, proliferation, and death. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a developmental process in which epithelial cells acquire migratory characteristics, and in the process convert from a 'cuboidal' epithelial structure into an elongated mesenchymal shape. We had shown previously that matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3) can stimulate EMT of cultured mouse mammary epithelial cells through a process that involves increased expression of Rac1b, a protein that stimulates alterations in cytoskeletal structure. We show here that cells treated with MMP-3 or induced to express Rac1b spread to cover a larger surface, and that this induction of cell spreading is a requirement of MMP-3/Rac1b-induced EMT. We find that limiting cell spreading, either by increasing cell density or by culturing cells on precisely defined micropatterned substrata, blocks expression of characteristic markers of EMT in cells treated with MMP-3. These effects are not caused by general disruptions in cell signaling pathways, as TGF-{beta}-induced EMT is not affected by similar limitations on cell spreading. Our data reveal a previously unanticipated cell shape-dependent mechanism that controls this key phenotypic alteration and provide insight into the distinct mechanisms activated by different EMT-inducing agents.
Homeless Veterans Eligible for Medicaid Under the Affordable Care Act

Objective:Among homeless veterans and those at risk of homelessness currently enrolled in Veterans Affairs (VA) health care, this study examined the proportion likely to become eligible for Medicaid in 2014 and their health needs.Methods:A total of 114,497 homeless and at-risk veterans were categorized into three groups: currently covered by Medicaid, likely to become eligible for Medicaid, and not likely.Results:Seventy-eight percent of the sample was determined to be likely to become eligible for Medicaid in states that expand Medicaid. Compared with veterans not likely to become eligible for Medicaid, those likely to become eligible were less likely to have general medical and psychiatric conditions and to have a VA service-connected disability but more likely to have substance use disorders.Conclusions:Programs serving homeless and at-risk veterans should anticipate the potential interplay between VA health care and the expansion of Medicaid in states that implement the expansion.
Structure and performance of filter media. II. Performance of filter media in liquid service

The performance of nine typical filter media of previously determined pore structure has been determined by the filtration of very dilute suspensious containing spherical particles of known size distribution. The mechanisms of filtration prior to the formation of a macroscopic cake are considered, and the applicability of various filtration laws proposed by Hermans and Bredee to describe these regious of filtration are examined. Regions of “standard-blocking” filtration are found to occur with each of the filter media examined. The clogging values for the various media over the region of standard blocking are shown to be related quantitatively to the modal value of interfiber pore radius of the media, as measured by the mercury-intrusion method.
Sino/American cooperation for PV development in the People's Republic of China

Rapid growth in economic development, coupled with the absence of an electric grid in large areas of the rural countryside, have created a need for new energy sources both in urban centers and rural areas in China. Environmental pollution from the increased use of coal-fired steam turbines to meet this capacity expansion is a concern. There is a growing interest in China to develop renewable-energy resources and technologies to meet energy demands and help mitigate pollution problems. In February 1995, the US Department of Energy signed an Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Protocol Agreement with the Chinese State Science and Technology Commission in Beijing, China. Under this agreement, projects using photovoltaics for rural electrification are being conducted in Gansu Province in western China and Inner Mongolia in northern China, providing the basis for much wider deployment and use of photovoltaics for meeting the growing rural energy demands of China.
Wideband Planar Microwave Lenses Using Sub-Wavelength Spatial Phase Shifters

We present a new technique for designing low-profile planar microwave lenses. The proposed lenses consist of numerous miniature spatial phase shifters distributed over a planar surface. The topology of each spatial phase shifter (SPS) is based on the design of a class of bandpass frequency selective surfaces composed entirely of sub-wavelength, non-resonant periodic structures. A procedure for designing the proposed lenses and their constituting spatial phase shifters is also presented in the paper. This design procedure is applied to two different planar lenses operating at X-band. Each lens is a low-profile structure with an overall thickness of 0.08λ0 and uses sub-wavelength SPSs with dimensions of 0.2λ0 × 0.2λ0, where λ0 is the free-space wavelength at 10 GHz. These prototypes are fabricated and experimentally characterized using a free-space measurement system and the results are reported in the paper. The fabricated prototypes demonstrate relatively wide bandwidths of approximately 20%. Furthermore, the lenses demonstrate stable responses when illuminated under oblique angles of incidence. This feature is of practical importance if these lenses are to be used in beam-scanning antenna applications.
Cubic control for phase I smart base‐isolated benchmark building with emphasis on nonstructural performance

Most control techniques in the structural engineering literature are aimed at improving performance of the primary structural system, but may have limited or even adverse effect on nonstructural components during strong seismic events. In this paper, we emphasize nonstructural performance using an active controller with a cubic nonlinearity. The controller is optimized based on the frequency response functions of a SDOF nonlinear oscillator. An eight-storey base-isolated benchmark building recently proposed by the ASCE structural control committee is studied as a demonstration by considering both structural and nonstructural performance indices. We compare the performance of the proposed cubic controller with that of a LQG-based semiactive control system and a passive energy dissipation system. It is shown from the simulation results that in most benchmark test cases, the cubic control system produces better nonstructural performance while maintaining good response characteristics of the primary structural system. Further research directions for this cubic control system are also pointed out. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volume dependent lattice dynamics of solid argon A pseudo-harmonic approach

The volume dependent lattice dynamics of solid argon is calculated using a pseudo-harmonic approach. The volume dependence of the elastic constants, from which the lattice dynamical model parameters are deduced, is obtained by relating the elastic constants to a m-n pair potential of the Mie-Lennard-Jones type. The volume dependence of the phonon states is used to obtain the first and second Gruneisen parameters and constants. The thermal expansion coefficient is then calculated from the Gruneisen parameters in the quasi-harmonic approximation. Finally, the Mie-Gruneisen equation of state and the Lindemann melting criterion are combined to predict the melting curve of argon. Reasonable agreement is obtained between the calculated and experimental results. Mit der pseudo-harmonischen Naherung wird die volumenabhangige Gitterdynamik von festem Argon berechnet. Die Volumenabhangigkeit der elastischen Konstanten, aus denen die gitter-dynamischen Modellparameter abgeleitet werden, wird erhalten, indem die elastischen Konstanten mit einem m-m-Paarpotential vom Mie-Lennard-Jones-Typ verknupft werden. Die Volumenabhangigkeit der Phononenzustande wird benutzt, um die ersten und zweiten Gruneisen-Parameter und -Konstanten zu erhalten. Der thermische Ausdehnungskoeffizient wird dann in der quasi-harmonischen Naherung aus den Gruneisen-Parametern berechnet. Schlieslich werden die Mie-Gruneisen-Zustandsgleichung und das Lindemannsche Schmelzkriterium kombiniert, um die Schmelzkurve von Argon vorherzusagen. Zwischen den berechneten und experimentellen Ergebnissen wird vernunftige Ubereinstimmung gefunden.
TEACHING EVOLUTION WITH PALENTOLOGICAL DATA: A WEB RESOURCE

Over the past thirty years, the presence of naive notions, or alternate conceptions in a student population, have been consistently identified as playing a key role in the inability for students to understanding evolutionary theory (Brumby, 1979; Greene, 1990; Settlage, 1994; Ferrari and Chi, 1998). Ferrari and Chi (1998) document that most naive notions associated with evolution education can be linked to mistaken ontological categorizations, where students associated evolutionary concepts with event process (where organisms determine implicitly or explicitly their destiny) instead of equilibration processes (ongoing, nondistinct actions) to which they belong. Research in the remediation of naive knowledge (Ferrari and Chi, 1998; Bishop and Anderson, 1990) suggest the best way to overcome these “naive notions” is by utilizing curriculum that (a) assess students misunderstandings, (b) present students with situations that cause them to contrast these misconceptions with current scientific theory, and to (c) gives students the opportunity to reflect on what they have learned, and explore this new information through guided learning activities. Based on this research, a teaching methodology that incorporated constructivist pedagogy with inquiry based methods, and framed the study of evolution within palentological context was tested on a classroom of college freshman during the spring of 2006. This approach was found to successfully identify and remove naive conceptions from student understanding. Based on these results, this methodology was turned in to a distance-learning tool, consisting of a web based teaching module designed around fossil data from a subset of Kelley’s (1989) study of the molluscan fauna of the Chesapeake Group. The module mimics the classroom experience by replacing the teaching with interactive web pages, photographs, and video media detailing the processes utilized by the scientific community to identify, quantify, and interpret morphologic variation. Web module content is focused on the examination of gradual morphological change documented in two fauna of mollusks, and presented in a cross-disciplinary approach (geology, biology, and statistics) that expands the bounds of traditional science curriculum by bridging the gap between scientific research and science education. In a pilot study conducted to determine the ability for this module to be utilized in a science classroom, naive notions were reduced by 10% when students utilized web material to examine evolutionary change. These results indicate that while effective at adding to the ability for educators to reduce student’s naive understandings, the module is not effective at replacing traditional classroom instruction. The website can be found on the University of Vermont’s Perkins Museum of Geology homepage (http://www.uvm.edu/perkins/index.html), where visitors are asked to complete a survey in exchange for content use. The survey is part of an ongoing longitudinal study, the results of which will be quantified and used to improve and expand web content.
Abstract 17513: J Point Elevation and Cardiovascular Mortality: Insights From National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey-III

Background: The significance of early repolarization has recently been questioned with associated increased risk of cardiovascular mortality (CM). We assessed the prognostic significance of J point elevation (JPE) and its role in predicting CM in general population free of coronary artery disease or risk equivalents (CAD). Methods: Study population consisted of all adults >40 yo with EKG data available, enrolled into NHANES III (1988 to 1994). This self-weighting sample was representative of US population of 48138059 individuals with a follow-up period of 64497.75 person-years. Individuals with missing mortality data, history of coronary artery disease or equivalant, diabetes, peripheral artery disease, heart failure, stroke were excluded for this study. Patients with major ECG abnormalities, myocardial injury or infarction score>20, non-sinus rhythm, heart rate>120, QRS interval >120 and probable LVH were also excluded. All ECGs were computer- coded by the Minnesota coding. CM was linked to the National Death Index and was based on ICD-10. We divided the subjects into quartiles based on the sum of J point elevation in all leads. Results: Our dataset consisted of 4780 subjects with mean age of 57.28 ± 13.00 years (44.5% men and 88% whites). On multivariate analysis none of the quartiles were found to be significantly associated with CM after controlling for cardiovascular risk factors and serum electrolyte abnormalities (See Table). Subdivision of ECGs based on lead groups did not change this association Serum Calcium (p=0.05) and potassium (p Conclusion: We found no significant association between JPE and CM over long term follow-up in this cross-sectional United States population free from known heart disease. JPE may serve as a phenotype marker for underlying serum electrolyte abnormalities and not be the primary cause of CM.