cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Second Moment of a Wave Propagating in a Random Medium

The Bethe–Salpeter equation for the second moment of a wave propagating in a random media is solved in the ladder approximation. The solution obtained applies to propagation problems in which the wavelength is much smaller than the scale of the inhomogeneities, and the product of the rms index fluctuation, the wavenumber, and a characteristic scale length of the inhomogeneities is also much smaller than unity. The field is assumed given on an initial plane and to have appreciable amplitude over a domain many wavelengths in extent in this plane. It is not required, however, that this domain be larger than the scale of the inhomogeneities. Quantitative results are given for a gaussian beam. We show that the ensemble-averaged distribution of irradiance remains gaussian and give the e-folding radius of this distribution. The two-point correlation function of the field in such a beam is shown to depend only on the distance between the points, not on their relative position within the beam. The coherence properties of the beam are expressed in terms of a coherence length. We also consider the ensemble-averaged interference pattern of the field from multiple apertures and verify that well-defined interference fringes occur only when the apertures are separated by a distance smaller than the coherence length of the individual beams. The solution of the Bethe–Salpeter equation obtained here satisfies an equation derived by Beran. We show that the local-independence assumption used by Beran is valid for sufficiently weak inhomogeneities.
Pyridoxine supply in human development

Vitamin B(6) has an important role in the function of the human nervous system. Experimental data are not generally available on the role in human development, but significant conclusions may be made from studies of the effect of disorders of B(6) vitamer metabolism. Vitamin B(6) comprises seven compounds - pyridoxal, pyridoxine, pyridoxamine and their respective 5' phosphates. The common active form in human tissue is the 5'-phosphate form of pyridoxal (PLP) most of which is found in muscle bound to phosphorylase. Like many vitamins, B(6) can function both as a co-enzyme and as a chaperone. Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate is the metabolically active form and is involved in 100 enzymatic reactions including carbohydrate, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism. There is evidence that in some situations B(6) vitamers can function as antioxidants. The fetus is dependent on the placenta for supply of vitamin B(6) and the demand correlates with amino acid metabolism. Few reports are available on the role of B(6) in embryogenesis. Studies of human disorders where B(6) metabolism is blocked show a major role in neurotransmitter function with secondary cerebral and cerebellar hypoplasia. Pyridoxine potentiates vitamin A teratogenicity and an excess leads to peripheral nerve cell degeneration. The key role of vitamin B(6) in the developing human is in metabolism, especially of the neurotransmitters.
Coupled-enzymatic assays for the rate and mechanism of DNA site exposure in a nucleosome.

The packaging of DNA in nucleosomes presents obstacles to the action of gene regulatory proteins and polymerases on their natural chromatin substrates. We recently reported that nucleosomes exist in a conformational equilibrium, transiently exposing stretches of their DNA off the histone surface. Such "site exposure" processes potentially provide the needed access of proteins to DNA in chromatin. However, the experiments that reveal site exposure are carried out on timescales of tens of minutes to hours. The actual rates of site exposure are not known. Here we use T7 RNA polymerase and exonuclease III as probes to obtain a more relevant lower bound on the rate of nucleosomal site exposure. We find that the organization of DNA into nucleosomes detectably slows the elongation rate of the polymerase, but that full-length elongation, which requires access to all of the DNA, occurs on the seconds timescale. Independent experiments with exonuclease III, which probes the outermost DNA segments only, similarly show that site exposure in these regions occurs on a timescale of seconds or faster. We conclude that site exposure is sufficiently rapid that it may play a role in the initial binding of regulatory proteins to nucleosomal target sites. These rapid rates argue against a nucleosome sliding model for the mechanism of site exposure. Surprisingly, the measured rates may be too slow to account for the known rates of polymerase elongation in vivo. Mechanisms by which polymerase progression through nucleosomes might be catalyzed are discussed.
The nature of the biochemical lesion in avian renal riboflavinuria. II. The inherited change of a riboflavin-binding protein from blood and eggs.

Abstract 1. 1. A strain of Single Comb White Leghorn chickens carrying the recessive riboflavinuria alleles (rdrd) was compared with the heterozygote (Rdrd) and the normal genotype (RdRd) in an effort to ascertain the specific effect of the gene. 2. 2. The effect of the mutant gene was observed to cause a deficiency of riboflavin-binding protein in the albumen and yolks and eggs and in the blood serum; this protein has characteristics analogous to the known flavoprotein. 3. 3. The phenotypic expression of this mutant gene is almost exactly 2 (RdRd) : 1 (Rdrd) : 0 (rdrd) in terms of riboflavin-binding proteins in the albumen and yolk.
Microcirculatory effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields

Purpose: Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) are used clinically to expedite healing of fracture non-unions, however, the mechanism of action by which PEMF stimulation is effective is unknown. The current study examined the acute effects of PEMF stimulation on arteriolar microvessel diameters in the rat cremaster muscle. The study hypothesis was that PEMF would increase arteriolar diameters, a potential mechanism involved in the healing process. Methods: Local PEMF stimulation/sham stimulation of 2 or 60 min duration was delivered to the cremaster muscle of anesthetized rats. Arteriolar diameters were measured before and after stimulation/sham stimulation using intravital microscopy. Systemic hemodynamics also were monitored during PEMF stimulation. Results: Local PEMF stimulation produced significant (p<0.001) vasodilation, compared to pre-stimulation values, in cremasteric arterioles in anesthetized rats (n=24). This dilation occurred after 2 min of stimulation (9% diameter increase) and after 1 h of stimulation (8.7% diameter increase). Rats receiving “sham” stimulation (n=15) demonstrated no statistically significant change in arteriolar diameter following either “sham” stimulation period. PEMF stimulation of the cremaster (n=4 rats) did not affect systemic arterial pressure or heart rate, nor was it associated with a change in tissue environmental temperature. Conclusions: These results support the hypothesis that local application of a specific PEMF waveform can elicit significant arteriolar vasodilation. Systemic hemodynamics and environmental temperature could not account for the observed microvascular responses.
Changes in physicochemical forms of lead and cadmium added to freshwater

Abstract Transformation of physicochemical forms of cadmium and lead added at 1 μ/L to Lake Michigan water have been studied by anodic stripping voltammetry. Unfiltered, 0.45 μ membrane filtered, ultrafiltered, and UV irradiated ultrafiltered samples were used to differentiate metal binding by particulate, colloidal, and dissolved organic matter. The reaction of added metal with colloids and particles is rapid. Their reaction with soluble organic matter is slow, requiring 1 to 2 days for complexation of one-half the added metal.
The effect of selective adaptation on the identification of speech sounds

An experiment was performed to determine the effect of selective adaptation on the identification of synthetic speech sounds which varied along the phonetic dimensionplace of articulation. Adaptation with a stimulus of a particular place value led to a reduction in the number of test stimuli identified as having that place value. An identification shift was obtained even when the acoustic information specifying place value for the adapting stimulus had virtually nothing in common with the information specifying place value for any of the test stimuli. Removing the vowel portion of an adapting stimulus eliminated identification shift only when the resulting stimulus was no longer perceived as speech-like. The results indicate that at least part of the adaptation effect occurs at a site of phonetic, not merely acoustic, feature analysis.
Severe facial trauma after orthognathic surgery with rigid fixation

The use of rigid internal fixation has become widespread in the stabilization of osteotomy sites during orthognathic surgery. The advantages of rigid fixation and other various treatments currently in use have received much attention in the litera­ ture. These include a greatly decreased period of maxillomandibular fixation (MMF), decreased risk of postoperative aspiration, less skeletal relapse, better postoperative nutrition and oral hygiene, and increased patient comfort.ll'Also mentioned are an increased range of manidibular motion, and faster, stronger bony union. 6 , 15 , 17, 18 These benefits of using rigid fixation have contributed to making orthog­ nathic surgery more acceptable to patients and practitioners alike. This article describes a case in which a patient who had undergone orthognathic surgery with mul­ tiple rigidly fixed osteotomies was involved in a mo­ tor vehicle accident 6 weeks postoperatively, sus­ taining severe facial trauma. The findings in this case give clinical support to the advantages of rigid fixation.
Effect of the size of a complex display upon visual search.

This investigation is one of a series of studies designed to determine natural search tendencies during visual search tasks. In this study twelve subjects were presented an ordered series of experimental aerial maps of different size. Their eye traces were recorded on a modified ophthalmograph while they searched for a specific critical detail. As was noted in other experiments of this series, coverage of the display was not uniform. In particular, greatest attention was paid to the center of the display. Search behavior in displays subtending 9° and larger at the eye remained essentially the same. For smaller displays, marked differences were noted. As the size of the display decreased, durations of fixation increased, interfixation distances decreased, concentration of attention in the central area increased, and efficiency decreased. Efficiency is defined as percent of eye fixations falling within the display area. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Tenting: cost‐effective fabrication of high‐density PWBs for the year 2000 and beyond

The objective of this paper is to highlight the advantages of tenting as a process worthy of meeting the current and future challenges of the PWB industry. A further refinement of the tenting process will also be described, which enables “mini‐land” tenting to be accomplished, and also makes the standard tenting process less sensitive to misregistration.
Molecular Cloning and Functional Expression of Contortrostatin, a Homodimeric Disintegrin from Southern Copperhead Snake Venom

Abstract Contortrostatin is a unique dimeric disintegrin isolated from southern copperhead snake venom. Through antagonism of integrins αIIbβ3, α5β1, αvβ3, and αvβ5, contortrostatin inhibits platelet aggregation and disrupts cancer cell adhesion and invasion. We cloned cDNA from a library made from the venom gland cells of Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix using polymerase chain reaction. We found that the contortrostatin gene is part of a precursor composed of proprotein, metalloproteinase, and disintegrin domains. The precursor cDNA is 2027 bp with a 1449-bp open reading frame. The disintegrin domain is 195 bp encoding 65 amino acids. Like other members of the disintegrin family, each subunit of contortrostatin has an RGD site, and the cysteine alignment is conserved. The disintegrin domain of the cDNA has been expressed in a eukaryotic expression system as a homodimeric fusion protein with an immunoglobulin. The recombinant protein is recognized by an antiserum against native contortrostatin in Western blot. Both the native and recombinant proteins bind to integrins αvβ3 and αvβ5. Like native contortrostatin, the recombinant fusion protein inhibits platelet aggregation, blocks cancer cell adhesion to fibronectin and vitronectin, and prevents invasion of cancer cells through a Matrigel barrier. The success of functional expression not only validates the cDNA cloning of this disintegrin, but also provides adequate material for functional studies of contortrostatin.
Varieties of relation algebras

formulas 4' and 4, *= 1 are equivalent. All these facts were known to Tarski as early as the 1940's, and they have been used by him and his collaborators. However, much of the work in this area was done at a time when the general theory of varieties was in its early stages, and many of the ideas, techniques and results from that theory were therefore not available. It is the purpose of this paper to re-examine and extend some of the known facts about relation algebras, making use of these more recent developments. Our primary concern will be varieties of relation algebras. In particular, we shall give simple equational bases for several interesting varieties, and prove a number of theorems about the lattice of all varieties of relation algebras. Among other things it will be shown that this lattice has infinitely many dual atoms, the conjugate varieties of the full relation algebras on finite sets, and that these varieties have simple equational bases (Theorems 7.5 and 7.7). In order to make this paper more nearly selfcontained, considerable space has been devoted to a summary of known results about relation algebras. It is hoped
Centers and angles of rotation of body joints: A study of errors and optimization

Abstract Large variations are generally reported in the locations of centers of rotation (CR) for each of various joints in the human body. Some of these reports present conflicting results. This paper shows that this may be due in part to suboptimal experimental design as well as the phenomenon of error magnification. An algorithm is presented for computing the coordinates of the CR and the angle of rotation from the x, y coordinate measurements of two point markers on a moving body in two different positions. Error analysis is performed using a mathematical model that introduces systematically a positive or a negative error into each of the 8 x, y coordinates in all possible combinations, resulting in 256 CR locations. CR error zones are computed and graphed. Parametric analysis of the experimental set-up leads to optimization of the set-up. A typical case is analyzed and its errors computed. It is shown that small errors present in the measurements of the x, y coordinates of the markers are magnified to relatively large errors in the CR coordinates. In a suboptimal case, this magnification may be 30–50 times or more. The results show that, besides the magnitude of x, y coordinate errors, other factors responsible for determining the magnitude of errors in the location of the CR are: the magnitude of angle of rotation, the orientation of the markers with respect to the CR and their distances from the CR. In conjunction with the CR, the angle of rotation is also analyzed. Guidelines for optimal experimental set-up for minimizing the output errors are presented.
Ordered polycrystalline thin films for high performance CdTe/CdS solar cells

Abstract An ordered polycrystalline approach is proposed to overcome fundamental problems associated with random polycrystalline thin films, namely grain boundaries and inhomogeneity. The approach consists of two main steps: (1) the deposition of a patterned growth mask and (2) the selective-area deposition of the ordered polycrystals. The ordered polycrystalline approach was investigated using the CdTe/CdS material system. Experimental results demonstrate that SiO 2 and Si 3 N 4 are effective growth masks and that temperature is a dominant parameter for selective-area deposition. PL and XRD characterization indicates that the ordered polycrystalline technique has the potential for improving the crystal quality and order of polycrystalline CdTe thin films. The approach appears to be fairly general and could be applied to other material systems.
A simple tabu search for warehouse location

Abstract The uncapacitated warehouse location problem (UWLP) is a heavily studied combinatorial optimization problem, which has been tackled by various approaches, such as linear-programming branch and bound, genetic algorithms, and local search. This paper presents an simple, yet robust and efficient, tabu-search algorithm for the UWLP. The algorithm was evaluated on the standard OR Library benchmarks and on the M * instances which are very challenging for mathematical programming approaches. The benchmarks include instances of size 2000 × 2000. Despite its conceptual and programming simplicity, the algorithm finds optimal solutions to all benchmarks very quickly and with very high frequencies. It also compares favorably with state-of-the-art genetic algorithms and should be a very valuable addition to the repertoire of tools for uncapacitated warehouse location due its simplicity and effectiveness.
A rapid macroscopic screening test for syphilisII. Further evaluation

One per cent of all patients treated at Loyola University School of Dentistry had a positive reaction to the Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) Card test for syphilis. In a further study of this screening test, 60 per cent of the results with the RPR Card test corresponded to results with Kahn and Venereal Disease Research Laboratory tests.
A combinatorial proof of Tucker's lemma for the n-cube

Abstract Tucker's lemma is a combinatorial result which may be used to derive several theorems in topology. Some basic properties are established for the cube of integer lattice points. Tucker's lemma is then proved by applying a result which was originally presented for the octahedral subdivision of the n -disk.
Centering Essential Immigrant Help on the Library Web site: The American Place (TAP) at Hartford Public Library

If public libraries are going to provide essential information to immigrants, they must center their efforts to help on streamlining government Web sites. The necessity for this library approach comes because of the way government agencies have chosen to communicate with immigrants and others in need of government services. This article details how Hartford Public Library developed The American Place, an electronic information center, on its Web site. In the process, staff members had to become expert in finding, analyzing, organizing and communicating information on many different kinds of immigration and refugee institutions. Other public libraries about to organize or improve the electronic information for immigrants on their Web sites will find much here to help them in their work.
The Imperial Restoration: Continuity in Personnel and Policy under Napoleon I and Louis XVIII

(1982). The Imperial Restoration: Continuity in Personnel and Policy under Napoleon I and Louis XVIII. The Historian: Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 31-46.
Directed Differentiation of Ventral Spinal Progenitors and Motor Neurons from Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Small Molecules

Specification of distinct cell types from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is key to the potential application of these naive pluripotent cells in regenerative medicine. Determination of the nontarget differentiated populations, which is lacking in the field, is also crucial. Here, we show an efficient differentiation of motor neurons ( approximately 50%) by a simple sequential application of retinoid acid and sonic hedgehog (SHH) in a chemically defined suspension culture. We also discovered that purmorphamine, a small molecule that activates the SHH pathway, could replace SHH for the generation of motor neurons. Immunocytochemical characterization indicated that cells differentiated from hESCs were nearly completely restricted to the ventral spinal progenitor fate (NKX2.2+, Irx3+, and Pax7-), with the exception of motor neurons (HB9+) and their progenitors (Olig2+). Thus, the directed neural differentiation system with small molecules, even without further purification, will facilitate basic and translational studies using human motoneurons at a minimal cost.
Light-scattering analysis of the temperature-dependent transmittance of a polymer-dispersed liquid-crystal film in its isotropic phase

We have measured the temperature-dependent transmittance of a polymer-dispersed liquid-crystal (PDLC) film in its isotropic phase. We show that the measured transmittance can be quantitatively described within experimental error over a wide temperature range using Rayleigh-Gans light-scattering theory with film parameters previously determined from refractive-index studies and scanning electron microscopy; no freely adjustable parameters or normalization constants are necessary to describe the measured transmittance data. We obtained equally good agreement between theory and experiment regardless of whether or not we included droplet correlation effects in our transmittance calculations. The precision with which the refractive index of the matrix material in a cured PDLC film can be determined is the main factor preventing us from quantitatively assessing the role of droplet correlation effects in PDLC films at this time. We have also compared the transmittance characteristics of our PDLC film with the published transmittance of a film composed of liquid crystal in the pores of a solid matrix. We find that the published results are consistent with the form of the equations of scattering theory; however, quantitative agreement between measured and calculated transmittance would require film parameters different from those published.
How are language constructions constitutive? Strategic uses of conventional discourses about immigration

Metaphor theorists often state that metaphors are constitutive of thought and action. This article asks how language constructions are constitutive of policy, using the example of immigration policies in the United States. First, the claims of some metaphor analysts are scrutinised. Then a different approach is proposed, one that focuses on formulaic, oft-repeated schemas, or conventional discourses. Conventional discourses are not the same as Foucauldian discursive frameworks. Instead, they are stock rhetorical-interpretive frameworks. For policymakers they serve as mental shortcuts and political identity signals. Political speeches are constructed from multiple conventional discourses; 18 conventional discourses about immigration were drawn upon in just one Congressional debate. Their variety and numbers indicate the possibilities for differing policy emphases. Such constructions, including the formulaic metaphors that are typical of a particular conventional discourse, are constitutive in only a limited sense; they are suggestive without being determinative. Skilful politicians can creatively combine conventional discourses with rhetorical strategies of concession, springboarding, and co-optation to align with multiple constituencies, including ones on opposing sides of an issue. These points are illustrated with the example of U.S. Congressional debate about HR 4437, the Border Protection, Antiterrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005.
Power spectral analysis of a dynamical system

Abstract Power spectra for chaotic transitions in three dimensions are presented for a dynamical system first proposed by Rossler. Relations between the spectra and the topology of the corresponding strange attractor are discussed.
Estrogen regulates β1-subunit expression in Ca2+-activated K+ channels in arteries from reproductive tissues

Daily estradiol-17β (E2β) increases basal uterine blood flow (UBF) and enhances acute E2β-mediated increases in UBF in ovariectomized nonpregnant ewes. The acute E2β-mediated rise in UBF involves v...
Patterns of Failure, Toxicity, and Survival after Extrapleural Pneumonectomy and Hemithoracic Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy for Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma

Introduction We investigated safety, efficacy, and recurrence after postoperative hemithoracic intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma treated with extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP), during the past decade at a single institution. Methods In 2001–2011, 136 consecutive patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma underwent EPP with planned adjuvant IMRT. Eighty-six patients (64%) underwent hemithoracic IMRT; the rest were not eligible because of postoperative complications, disease progression, or poor performance status. We assessed toxicity, survival, and patterns of failure in these 86 patients. Toxicity was scored with the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0; survival outcomes were estimated with the Kaplan–Meier method; and locoregional patterns of failure were classified as in-field, marginal, or out-of-field. Risk factors related to survival were identified by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis. Results Median overall survival time for all 86 patients receiving IMRT was 14.7 months. Toxicity rates of grade of 3 or more were: skin 17%, lung 12%, heart 2.3%, and gastrointestinal toxicity 16%. Five patients experienced grade 5 pulmonary toxicity. Rates of locoregional recurrence-free survival, distant metastasis-free survival, and overall survival (OS) were 88%, 55%, and 55% at 1 year and 71%, 40%, and 32% at 2 years. On multivariate analysis, pretreatment forced expiratory volume in 1 second, nonepithelioid histology, and nodal status were associated with distant metastasis-free survival and OS. Conclusion IMRT after EPP is associated with low rates of locoregional recurrence, though some patients experience life-threatening lung toxicity. Tumor histology and nodal status can be helpful in identifying patients for this aggressive treatment.
Surface-modified P(HEMA-co-MAA) nanogel carriers for oral vaccine delivery: Design, characterization, and in vitro targeting evaluation

Oral drug delivery is a route of choice for vaccine administration because of its noninvasive nature and thus efforts have focused on efficient delivery of vaccine antigens to mucosal sites. An effective oral vaccine delivery system must protect the antigen from degradation upon mucosal delivery, penetrate mucosal barriers, and control the release of the antigen and costimulatory and immunomodulatory agents to specific immune cells (i.e., APCs). In this paper, mannan-modified pH-responsive P(HEMA-co-MAA) nanogels were synthesized and assessed as carriers for oral vaccination. The nanogels showed pH-sensitive properties, entrapping and protecting the loaded cargo at low pH values, and triggered protein release after switching to intestinal pH values. Surface decoration with mannan as carbohydrate moieties resulted in enhanced internalization by macrophages as well as increasing the expression of relevant costimulatory molecules. These findings indicate that mannan-modified P(HEMA-co-MAA) nanogels are a promising approach to a more efficacious oral vaccination regimen.
Scattering Cross Sections in Electron Microscopy and Analysis

The scattering cross section is the fundamental measure of the strength of a scattering interaction. All scattering in electron microscopy arises from the Coulomb interaction, and scattering cross sections, whether elastic or inelastic, will therefore all have common features. Simple forms of both elastic and inelastic cross sections are reviewed in the context of high resolution and analytical microscopy. Some recent developments, such as the calculation of Fano resonances in electron energy loss spectra of transition metals and rare earth elements are also discussed.
THE NEGATIVE OUTLOOK

The concept of a rejection vs acceptance-support design relates not to any objective characteristic of the experimental design but only to the Theoretical orientation of the investigator. If the theory of the investigator's choice predicts no differences, the design is an acceptance-support design.
Analytic techniques and corrections to the Tsu-Esaki tunneling current

Abstract A mathematical formalism for use in the study of the temperature dependence of Tsu-Esaki tunneling currents is developed. The discussion includes recently discovered corrections to the Tsu-Esaki tunneling current calculation. These corrections involve emitter and collector electron density effects. The tunneling current is fully amenable to numerical calculation, but some calculations can be facilitated by analytic techniques. An operator technique of Blankenbecler is illustrated and used to generate low temperature series expansions for the tunneling current and emitter-collector electron densities.
GRAM and genfragII: solving and testing the single-digest, partially ordered restriction map problem

GRAM (Genomic Restriction map AsseMbly) takes as input single-digest restriction fragments for a set of overlapping clones and outputs one or more plausible partially ordered restriction maps. For each restriction map, GRAM shows the corresponding alignment of the input clone fragments. Due to the error and uncertainty in experimental data, this problem is computationally difficult to solve; therefore, the principle objective in the design of GRAM is to facilitate man-machine collaborative problem solving. GRAM quickly approximates a solution, as follows. (i) A clustering algorithm determines a probable set of restriction fragments. (ii) An assembly algorithm permutes the set of restriction fragments such that the maximal number of clone fragments are contiguous. The output of the GRAM algorithm is displayed for the user to query and edit. This paper describes the stochastic assembly algorithm and shows how it works with the interactive graphics to support man-machine problem solving. In order to test and verify the performance of GRAM, we have developed a program called genfragII to simulate the digestion of clones and fragments; this program is described and results are presented. GRAM is also being used for a number of genome mapping projects.
Restricted T cell receptor repertoire for acetylcholine receptor in murine myasthenia gravis.

Abstract Immunization of C57BL/6 mice with AChR provokes symptoms similar to those seen in the disease myasthenia gravis. To elucidate the structural requirements for T cell recognition of AChR and to identify TcR features which might provide targets for immunotherapy, a panel of T cell hybridomas was generated after immunization of mice with the immunodominant peptide of the AChR α chain. The TcR genes expressed by these hybridomas were sequenced. TcR-Vβ6 was preferentially employed, but other Vβ genes were also observed. A conserved acidic residue was present in all CDR3 regions, regardless of the Vβ. The TcR-Vα repertoire was somewhat skewed with three Vα families accounting for 82% of the sequences. The utilization of multiple T cell receptor Vβ genes may contribute to the inability to inhibit EAMG by elimination of Vβ6+ T cells.
NEUROLOGIC DISORDERS IN A STATE MENTAL HOSPITAL--A BASIS FOR PROGRAM PLANNING.

Psychiatric neurology is a potentially productive field for program planning, development and research. A study of the resident population of a state mental hospital indicates that approximately one in four or five resident patients suffers from a definite neurological disorder, and that the incidence of neurologic disorders approximates 5 per cent of all admissions. Approximately three-quarters of the neurologic disease is included in five main categories: epilepsy, trauma, syphilis, alcohol, and the pre-senile psychoses. Brain tumor accounts for only approximately 1 per cent of the neurologic admission rate, but there is an appreciable number of patients with relatively rare neurological disorders that might be of particular interest to the neurologistt. It is suggested that considerable progress could be made by developing special services for treatment, training and research in psychiatric neurology.
Do we need sub-grid scale corrections for both continuum and discrete gas-particle flow models?

Abstract Continuum and discrete multi-phase particle-in-cell (MP-PIC) simulation results of gas-particle flow in a 2D periodic domain are presented. Grid refinement revealed heterogeneous flow structures that increase the domain-averaged gas-particle slip velocity to about 2.5–3 times to that for homogeneous flow. Similar need for grid refinement was demonstrated for both continuum and discrete approaches. Both approaches yielded nearly identical results. If coarse grids are used in simulations, both approaches should therefore employ corrections to account for the effects of sub-grid scale structures.
Complex emergency response planning and coordination: Potential GIS applications

Complex emergencies continue to pose a significant challenge to the international community. Geographic information systems (GIS) offer those involved in planning for and responding to complex emergencies an analytically powerful information management tool for georeferenced data. The article discusses GIS‐based programmes in Kosovo, as well as potential applications for response coordination, rapid provision of basic needs and public security, political dialogue, human rights, and sustained economic development.
Oncotype Dx results in multiple primary breast cancers

Purpose: To determine whether multiple primary breast cancers have similar genetic profiles, specifically Oncotype Dx Recurrence Scores, and whether obtaining Oncotype Dx on each primary breast cancer affects chemotherapy recommendations. Methods: A database of patients with hormone receptor-positive, lymph node-negative, breast cancer was created for those tumors that were sent for Oncotype Dx testing from the University of Michigan Health System from 1/24/2005 to 2/25/2013. Retrospective chart review abstracted details of tumor location, histopathology, distance between tumors, Oncotype Dx results, and chemotherapy recommendations. Results: Six hundred and sixty-six patients for whom Oncotype Dx testing was sent were identified, with 22 patients having multiple breast tumor specimens sent. Of the 22 patients who had multiple samples sent for analysis, chemotherapy recommendations were changed in 6 of 22 patients (27%) based on significant differences in Oncotype Dx Recurrence Scores. Qualitatively, there seems to be a greater difference in genetic profile in tumors appearing simultaneously on different breasts when compared to multiple tumors on the same breast. There was no association between distance between tumors and difference in Oncotype Dx scores for tumors on the same breast. Conclusions: Oncotype Dx testing on multiple primary breast cancers altered management in regards to chemotherapy recommendations and should be considered for multiple primary breast cancers.
Stability constants of 6-mercaptopurine with copper (II) and nickel (II).

Abstract Measurements of the stability constants of 6-mercaptopurine with Cu(II) and Ni(II) show that a stronger complex is formed with copper than with nickel and that 6-mercaptopurine forms a stronger chelate with these cations than those of 6-hydroxypurine or 6-aminopurine. Qualitative tests also indicate possible chelation with Hg(II) and Co(II).
Nonlinear indicators of malignancy

This paper investigates the use of fractional dimension analysis and nonlinear filters for quantifying the degree of lesion diffusion in mammograms. The fractal method involves computing the fractal dimension over the entire lesion. Based on the observation that malignant lesions usually exhibit rougher intensity profiles and often have more toruous boundaries than benign lesions, the fractal dimension, which is a popular means of quantifying the degree of image/surface roughness, is proposed as a natural tool to assist in the diagnosis of malignancy. In this work, the fractal dimension of the image intensity surface is estimated using the fractional Brownian motion model. The nonlinear analysis was performed on horizontal and vertical lines (one-dimensional data) through the area of interest. These scan lines were also processed by a nonlinear (maximum) transformation as a means of reducing the dimensionality of the data, to aid in clarifying the degree of diffusion present in the data. For benign lesions little diffusion will be present, whereas malignant lesions generally display a higher degree of diffusion. Results of these techniques are applied on several malignant and benign lesions are presented, using mammogram X-rays digitized to a 512 X 512 pixel resolution and 8-bits of gray-scale resolution.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Origin of the derivative discontinuity in density functional theory

The local electron-interaction potential of Kohn-Sham density functional theory is representative of electron correlations due to the Pauli exclusion principle, Coulomb repulsion, and correlation-kinetic effects which are a consequence of the correlation contribution to the kinetic energy. This potential exhibits a discontinuity as the electron number passes through an integer value. We show, via quantal density functional theory, that the physical origin of the discontinuity is the correlation-kinetic effect. The magnitude of the discontinuity is derived to be the work done to move an electron in a conservative field representative of this effect. An explanation is given as to how these correlation-kinetic effects give rise to such a discontinuity. Further, how this understanding relates to that within traditional Kohn-Sham theory and other previous explanations of the discontinuity is also discussed.
Mixed Venous Oxygen Saturation as a Predictor of Cardiac Output in the Postoperative Cardiac Surgical Patient

Abstract Mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO 2 ) was measured continuously with a fiberoptic pulmonary artery catheter in 25 patients during the first 24 hours after cardiac surgery and was compared with the thermodilution cardiac index (CI). The mean correlation coefficient between SvO 2 and CI was 0.05 ± 0.42, and was not significantly different from zero. Although the mean correlation coefficient between the change in SvO 2 and the change in CI was significant ( p 2 was not predictive of a CI less than 2 L/min/m 2 , a level of cardiac performance that might require intervention. In conclusion, SvO 2 was not predictive of CI postoperatively in the cardiac surgical patient.
Rapid analysis of nonstructural carbohydrate components in grass forage using microplate enzymatic assays.

Measurements of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) in plant tissues are important to estimate plant organ resources available for plant growth and stress tolerance or for feed value to grazing animals. A popular commercially available assay kit used to detect glucose with a lightsensitive dye reaction was recently discontinued and replaced by a test-tube-scale glucose kit (GAHK-20) that assays glucose through enzymatic coupled reactions and the formation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. The objective of this study was to develop a microplate assay method that uses the GAHK-20 to quantify forage NSC composition. A laboratory microplate enzymatic method was developed for the new glucose kit and evaluated for rapidly assaying NSC components, including glucose, fructose, sucrose, fructan, and starch in 11 species of cool-season perennial grasses. By standard addition, dilution, and temporal tests of enzyme reactions, we found that this microplate enzymatic assay is a rapid and reliable method to quantify NSC composition in grass forage samples. The microplate method allows analysis of many samples per day and considerably improved time and reagent use effi ciencies, especially for a large number of samples. In addition to forage, this method should be suitable for measuring NSC concentrations in fresh or dry tissues of a variety of other plant samples.
Observations on the structure of the ion pair formed between [Co(en)3]3+ and [Co(edta)]−

Ion pairing phenomena in solutions involving the metal-ion complexes [Co(en) 3 ] 3+ (en=1,2-diaminoethane) and [Co(edta)] − (edta 4− =1,2-diaminoethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetate(4−)) are investigated by using nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. In agreement with earlier results from stereoselectivity studies, the interaction of [Co(edta)] − in the ion pair is well-defined, presenting a pseudo-C 3 carboxylate face to its cationic partner
The Role of Day Care for Teenage Mothers in a Public School

Society stresses that teenage mothers should be helped to finish their high school education. However, their schooling can become a reality only if accompanied by child care. This paper describes the day care program of an alternative school for teenage mothers and pregnant teenagers. The school provides day care services to the children of the school-age mothers, from "newborn" to "preschooler". The day care center is built into the public school setting. In addition to day care, a regular high school education is provided as well as health, social and transportation services. Day care helps the mothers continue their education, and these services, in turn, help day care carry out better child care programs. An interdisciplinary approach is taken to run the day care program. The availability of satisfactory day care plays a crucial role in the young mothers' decision to continue their education. Through the provision of day care, the school increases the number of young mothers entering and remaining in the school. Thus, day care is adopted as the major tool for "engineering" the multi-faceted program into a working system responsive to the needs of the school-age mothers and their children. The role of day care has, therefore, evolved into a new form--one which "engineers" the continuing education program in the public school setting.
Bamboo: an overlooked biomass resource?

Abstract Bamboo is the common term applied to a broad group (1250 species) of large woody grasses, ranging from 10 cm to 40 m in height. Already in everyday use by about 2.5 billion people, mostly for fiber and food within Asia, bamboo may have potential as a bioenergy or fiber crop for niche markets, although some reports of its high productivity seem to be exaggerated. Literature on bamboo productivity is scarce, with most reports coming from various parts of Asia. There is little evidence overall that bamboo is significantly more productive than many other candidate bioenergy crops, but it shares a number of desirable fuel characteristics with certain other bioenergy feedstocks, such as low ash content and alkali index. Its heating value is lower than many woody biomass feedstocks but higher than most agricultural residues, grasses and straws. Although non-fuel applications of bamboo biomass may be actually more profitable than energy recovery, there may also be potential for co-production of bioenergy together with other bamboo processing. A significant drawback is the difficulty of selective breeding, given the lack of knowledge of flowering physiology. Further research is also required on propagation techniques, establishment and stand management, and mechanized harvesting needs to be developed.
Modeling saltwater upconing in a freshwater aquifer in south-central Kansas

Abstract The Great Bend Prairie freshwater alluvial aquifer in south-central Kansas overlies a bedrock brine aquifer of Permian age. The continuous extraction of freshwater mainly for irrigation in this area has accelerated the upward movement of the saltwater, resulting in the deterioration of water quality. Predicting saltwater upconing is critical for maintaining a long-term supply of water of good quality to the Groundwater Management District No. 5. This paper uses a numerical model to predict the effect of saltwater upconing on the salinity of pumped water. A sensitivity analysis was conducted for estimating the effects of uncertainties in model parameters on the numerical results. The most important factors affecting the salinity of discharged water are found to be the location and nature of clay layers in the aquifer, the pumping rate, the location of the well screen, and the hydraulic conductivities of the medium. The effect of uncertainties in aquifer porosity and dispersivity on salinity is appreciable but not substantial, whereas that of recharge from precipitation in the study area is relatively insignificant. In addition, a numerical model based on the field conditions observed at the Siefkes site was constructed and calibrated to reproduce and project the variation of measured water levels and discharged groundwater concentration. Finally, a number of practical management recommendations based on this study are presented.
Quantification of convection-enhanced delivery to the ischemic brain

Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) could have clinical application in the delivery of neuroprotective agents following ischemic stroke. However, ischemic brain tissue changes such as cytotoxic edema, in which cellular swelling decreases the fractional volume of the extracellular space, would be expected to significantly alter the distribution of neuroprotective agents delivered by CED. We sought to predict and characterize these effects using the magnetic resonance contrast agent gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) as a model therapeutic agent. CED was observed using MRI in a normal rat brain and in a middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion rat model of brain ischemia. Gd-DTPA was infused to the caudate putamen in the normal rat (n = 6) and MCA occlusion model (n = 6). In each rat, baseline apparent diffusion coefficient images were acquired prior to infusion, and T1 maps were then acquired 13 times throughout the duration of the experiment. These T1 maps were used to compute Gd-DTPA concentrations throughout each brain. In the MCA occlusion group, CED delivered Gd-DTPA to a comparatively larger volume with lower average tissue concentrations. Following the infusion, the total content of Gd-DTPA decreased more slowly in the MCA occlusion group than in the normal group. This quantitative characterization confirms that edematous ischemic tissue changes alter the distribution of agents by CED. These findings may have important implications for CED in the treatment of brain injury, and will assist in future efforts to model the distribution of therapeutic agents.
RNA Structural Homology Search with a Succinct Stochastic Grammar Model

An increasing number of structural homology search tools, mostly based on profile stochastic context-free grammars (SCFGs) have been recently developed for the non-coding RNA gene identification. SCFGs can include statistical biases that often occur in RNA sequences, necessary to profile specific RNA structures for structural homology search. In this paper, a succinct stochastic grammar model is introduced for RNA that has competitive search effectiveness. More importantly, the profiling model can be easily extended to include pseudoknots, structures that are beyond the capability of profile SCFGs. In addition, the model allows heuristics to be exploited, resulting in a significant speed-up for the CYK algorithm-based search.