cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
School Aged Children’s Experiences 7 and 13 Months Following a Sibling’s Death

This study described 6-year to 12-year-old children's responses 7 and 13 months after siblings' NICU/PICU/ED death. Using semi-structured interviews, at 7 months, children were asked about events around their sibling's death. At both 7 and 13 months, children were asked about their thoughts and feelings about the deceased, concerns or fears, and life changes since the death. Thirty one children (58% female), recruited from four South Florida hospitals and Florida obituaries, participated. Children's mean age was 8.4 years; 64.5% were Black, 22.5% Hispanic, 13% White. Interviews were analyzed using conventional content analysis. Resulting themes: circumstances of the death, burial events, thinking about and talking to the deceased sibling, fears, and life changes. Most children knew their sibling's cause of death, attended funeral/memorials, thought about and talked to their deceased sibling, reported changes in family and themselves over the 13 months. Fears (something happening to themselves, parents, other siblings-death, cancer, being snatched away) decreased from 7 to 13 months especially in 7-year to 9-year-olds. Seven-year to 9-year-olds reported the greatest change in themselves from 7 to 13 months. More Black children and girls thought about the deceased and reported more changes in themselves over the 13 months. School aged children thought about and talked with their deceased sibling, reported changes in themselves and their family and their fears decreased over the first 13 months after their sibling's death.
Hydrodeoxygenation of cellulose pyrolysis model compounds using molybdenum oxide and low pressure hydrogen

A molybdenum oxide catalyst in a low pressure hydrogen atmosphere was used for the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of pulsed injections of cellulose pyrolysis model compounds to examine reaction products. Higher catalyst loadings (≥20 : 1 catalyst : cellulose injection) in the HDO reactor were found to preferentially produce alkanes, while at lower loadings (≤10 : 1 catalyst : cellulose injection) alkene selectivity was increased. However, as the amount of catalyst was decreased, the pyrolysis vapors were not completely deoxygenated. The HDO of monofunctional oxygenated C4 compounds found hydroxyl groups to be the most readily reacted and ether linkages to be the most recalcitrant. In general, the reactivity towards deoxygenation of the tested oxygen-containing functional groups was observed to be C–OH > CO > C–OC. Several cellulose pyrolysis model compounds were also tested, including methyl glyoxal, glycolaldehyde, furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and levoglucosan, and found the same general trend to occur, except for levoglucosan, which was totally reacted and did not yield any oxygenated low molecular weight compounds despite containing two ether linkages. Across the compounds, the general reaction pathway was observed to include carbonyl/alcohol hydrogenation/dehydrogenation, deoxygenation, and alkene isomerization and hydrogenation.
Role of atypical protein kinase on Th17 differentiation and function (IRM15P.606)

We have reported that PKCλ/ι, a member of atypical protein kinase family, is critical for the control of cell polarity during T cell activation, Th2 cytokine production and allergic airway inflammation. However, the effect of PKCλ/ι on Th17 cells remains unknown. By the use of mice with conditional PKCλ/ι knockout in activated T cells, we investigated the potential roles of this protein kinase on Th17 differentiation, effector cytokine secretion and allergic airway inflammation. We found that loss of PKCλ/ι in activated CD4+ T cells impaired Th17-differentiation in vitro. The secretion of Th17 effector cytokines was down-regulated from PKCλ/ι-deficient T cells either under non-polarized or Th17-polarizd conditions. Furthermore, PKCλ/ι-deficiency inhibited OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation in vivo, where Th17 effector cytokines were also reduced along with Th2 cytokines. Further studies are ongoing for underlying mechanisms whereby PKCλ/ι controls Th17 cells. Our preliminary findings indicate that PKCλ/ι might be a novel regulator for Th17 cells.
Socioeconomic status, unpredictability, and different perceptions of the same risk

In this commentary, we address three questions: (1) How might outcomes be affected by the variation in the level of deprivation, rather than the average level of deprivation? (2) Could there be differences in the subjective perception of the same risk as either intrinsic or extrinsic, depending on people's socioeconomic status (SES)? (3) What other psychological mechanisms might play a role in influencing the psychology and behavior of people from deprived backgrounds?
Mother/Daughter Relationships and Fashion Influences

Consumers are influenced in their fashion styles in a variety of ways (Bertrandias & Goldsmith, 2006). They often talk to each other, and seek and give opinions. Opinion leadership and opinion seeking are recognized as among the most important word-of-mouth influences on product sales and brand choice (Behling, 1992; Bertrandias & Goldsmith, 2006). Conversely, opinion seekers typically have less interest in and knowledge of products (such as fashion) than opinion leaders and; therefore as consumers, they seek information and advice from opinion leaders (Goldsmith & Clark, 2008).
Application of the “Foot-in-the-Door” Compliance Technique for Traveler Intercept Surveys

Traveler intercept surveys are used to obtain essential data for transportation planning purposes in a variety of contexts and situations. This paper describes an application of the foot-in-the-doo...
Neural and behavioural correlates of repeated social defeat

Dominance hierarchies are common across the animal kingdom and have important consequences for reproduction and survival. Animals of lower social status cope with repeated social defeat using proactive and reactive behaviours. However, there remains a paucity of information on how an individual's coping behaviours changes over time or what neural mechanisms are involved. We used a resident-intruder paradigm in the African cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni to investigate the neural correlates of these two opposing behaviour groups. Fish initially used both proactive and reactive behaviours, but had a dramatic increase in use of proactive behaviours during the third interaction, and this was followed by cessation of proactive behaviours and exclusive use of reactive coping. By quantifying neural activation in socially-relevant brain regions, we identify a subset of brain nuclei, including those homologous to the mammalian amygdala, showing higher activation in fish displaying proactive but not reactive behaviours. Fish displaying reactive behaviours had greater neural activation in the superior raphe, suggesting a possible conserved function during social defeat across vertebrates. These data provide the first evidence on the involvement of specific brain regions underlying proactive and reactive coping in fishes, indicating that these nuclei have conserved functions during social defeat across taxa.
Brimstone chemistry under laser light assists mass spectrometric detection and imaging the distribution of arsenic in minerals

Singly charged As2n+1 ion clusters (n = 2–11) were generated from elemental arsenic by negative-ion laser-ablation mass spectrometry. The overall abundance of the gaseous As ions generated upon laser irradiation was enhanced nearly a hundred times when As-bearing samples were admixed with sulfur. However, sulfur does not act purely as an inert matrix: irradiating arsenic-sulfur mixtures revealed a novel pathway to generate and detect a series of [AsSn]− clusters (n = 2–6). Intriguingly, the spectra recorded from As2O3, NaAsO2, Na3AsO4, cacodylic acid and 3-amino-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid together with sulfur as the matrix were remarkably similar to that acquired from an elemental arsenic and sulfur mixture. This result indicated that arsenic sulfide cluster-ions are generated directly from arsenic compounds by a hitherto unknown pathway. The mechanism of elemental sulfur extracting chemically bound arsenic from compounds and forming [AsSn]− clusters is enigmatic; however, this discovery has a practical value as a general detection method for arsenic compounds. For example, the method was employed for the detection of As in its minerals, and for the imaging of arsenic distribution in minerals such as domeykite. LDI-MS data recorded from a latent image imprinted on a piece of paper from a flat mineral surface, and wetting the paper with a solution of sulfur, enabled the localization of arsenic in the mineral. The distribution of As was visualized as false-color images by extracting from acquired data the relative intensities of m/z 139 (AsS2−) and m/z 171 (AsS3−) ions.
Stem Cell Therapies for Treating Diabetes: Progress and Remaining Challenges

Restoration of insulin independence and normoglycemia has been the overarching goal in diabetes research and therapy. While whole-organ and islet transplantation have become gold-standard procedures in achieving glucose control in diabetic patients, the profound lack of suitable donor tissues severely hampers the broad application of these therapies. Here, we describe current efforts aimed at generating a sustainable source of functional human stem cell-derived insulin-producing islet cells for cell transplantation and present state-of-the-art efforts to protect such cells via immune modulation and encapsulation strategies.
Nursetalk: The Latest Addition to the Information Highway

NURSETALK is an electronic bulletin board system (BBS) developed to provide information and meet the communication needs of three different nursing organizations in North Carolina. It was designed and conceptualized from a user perspective to promote functionality and acceptance.
A soluble and highly fermentable dietary fiber with carbohydrases improved gut barrier integrity markers and growth performance in F18 ETEC challenged pigs

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a source of dietary soluble (SF) and insoluble fiber (IF) without or with exogenous carbohydrases (xylanase, β-glucanase, and pectinase) on diarrhea incidence, selected immune responses, and growth performance in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)-challenged pigs. Sixty weaned pigs (6.9 ± 0.1 kg BW, ~23 d of age) were blocked by initial BW and placed in individual pens. Pens were randomly assigned to one of six treatments (n = 10 per treatment), including a nonchallenged control (NC), a positive challenge control (PC), the PC + a soluble fiber diet (10% sugar beet pulp) without (SF-) or with carbohydrases (SF+), and PC + an IF diet (15% corn distillers dried grains with solubles) without (IF-) or with carbohydrases (IF+). The control diet was primarily based on corn and soybean meal with 13.5% whey powder. The two sources of fiber were added at the expense of cornstarch in the control diet. Pigs were orally inoculated with 6 mL hemolytic F18 ETEC (~3.5 × 109 cfu/mL) or sham infected with 6 mL phosphate-buffered saline on day 7 (0 d postinoculation, dpi) postweaning. All ETEC challenged pigs were confirmed to be genetically susceptible to F18 ETEC. Pigs had free access to feed and water throughout the 14-d trial. Pig BW and feed intake were recorded on dpi -7, 0, and 7 or 8. Fecal swabs were collected on dpi -7, 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 or 8 to evaluate hemolytic E. coli shedding. Fecal score was visually ranked daily postchallenge to evaluate diarrhea incidence. Blood samples were collected on dpi -1, 3, and 7 or 8 at necropsy and intestinal tissues were collected at necropsy. Pigs on PC had lower dpi 1 to 7 ADG and ADFI than those on NC (P < 0.05). Compared with PC pigs, SF+ pigs had greater ADG during both pre- and postchallenge period (P < 0.05). The IF- increased postchallenge diarrhea incidence compared with PC (P < 0.05). Pigs on SF- had lower ileal E. coli attachment than PC (P < 0.05). The SF+ reduced haptoglobin and IF+ reduced C-reactive protein on dpi 3 compared with PC (P < 0.05). Compared with PC pigs, SF+ pigs tended to have lower ileal tumor necrosis factor alpha and greater ileal occludin (OCLN) mRNA (P < 0.10) and had greater (P < 0.05) colonic OCLN mRNA levels. Collectively, IF- increased incidence of diarrhea and fecal E. coli shedding compared with PC. The SF+ pigs had improved growth compared with PC pigs, likely due in part to a reduction in inflammatory intermediates.
Therapy of Older Adults with AML: CALGB Studies

Successive CALGB studies have sought to overcome the intrinsic disease resistance and poor tolerance of myelosuppression in older adults with AML. Although CALGB 8525 demonstrated that post-remission high dose ara-C was superior to lower doses, no benefit was noted in patients (pts) over the age of 60. Similarly, of the 201 pts >60 years old who achieved complete remission (CR) in CALGB 8923 two cycles of an intensive ara-C/mitoxantrone combination led to the same disease-free survival time (10.5 months) as four cycles of lower dose ara-C. GM-CSF failed to decrease inductionrelated mortality in the same study. Since cytokine support during induction and intensive post-remission therapy have not been proven beneficial in the older age cohort, the CALGB is now determining the value of drug resistance modulation (DRM) and immunostimulation. Because of the effect of multidrug resistance gene inhibition on the metabolism of chemotherapeutic agents, a Phase I trial (CALGB 9420) was conducted to develop equitoxic ara-C/daunorubicin/etoposide (ADE) induction regimens in older pts with and without PSC-833 for DRM. 50% and 60% higher doses of D and E, respectively, could be given in the non-PSC cohort. The ongoing CALGB study (9720) for pts >60 years old involves randomization to either ADE or ADE + PSC-833 at the previously derived doses. Pts who achieve CR and receive a cycle of consolidation therapy are randomized to receive either no therapy or subcutaneous IL2 with intermittent boluses. Given the rarity of cure (only 19/388 pts enrolled on CALGB 8923 were long-term disease-free survivors), it is hoped that one of the newer strategies will change the natural history of AML in older pts.
Grain source and processing in diets containing varying concentrations of wet corn gluten feed for finishing cattle.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate combinations of wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) and barley, as well as the particle size of dry-rolled barley and corn, in finishing steer diets containing WCGF. In Exp. 1, 144 crossbred steers (initial BW = 298.9 ± 1.4 kg) were used to evaluate barley (0.566 kg/ L and 23.5% NDF for whole barley) and WCGF combinations in finishing diets containing 0,17,35,52, or 69% WCGF (DM basis), replacing barley and concentrated separator byproduct. A sixth treatment consisted of corn (0.726 kg/L and 11.1% NDF for whole corn), replacing barley in the 35% WCGF treatment. In Exp. 2, 144 crossbred steers (initial BW = 315.0 ± 1.5 kg) were used to evaluate coarse or fine, dry-rolled barley or corn (0.632 and 0.699 kg/L; 26.6 and 15.9% NDF for whole barley and corn, respectively) in finishing diets containing WCGF. A factorial treatment design was used; the factors were grain source (corn or barley) and degree of processing (coarse or fine). The diets contained 50% WCGF, 42% grain (corn or barley), 5% alfalfa hay, and 3% supplement (DM basis). In Exp. 1, DMI and ADG responded quadratically (P 0.42) by dietary treatment. Steers fed dry-rolled corn and 35% WCGF had heavier HCW, lower DMI, greater ADG, increased G:F, increased s.c. fat thickness at the 12th rib, and greater yield grades compared with steers fed dry-rolled barley and 35% WCGF (P ≤ 0.04). The apparent dietary NEg was similar among the barley and WCGF combinations (P ≥ 0.51); however, the corn and 35% WCGF diet was 25% more energy dense (P < 0.001) than was the barley and 35% WCGF diet. In Exp. 2, no grain x processing interactions (P ≥ 0.39) were observed. Particle size was 2.15 and 2.59 mm for fine- and coarse-rolled barley and was 1.90 and 3.23 mm for fine- and coarse-rolled corn. Steers fed a combination of corn and WCGF had increased ADG, greater G:F, heavier HCW, larger LM area, more s.c. fat thickness at the 12th rib, greater yield grades, increased marbling, and more KPH compared with steers fed a combination of barley and WCGF (P ≤ 0.03). Fine-rolling of the grain increased fat thickness (P = 0.04). The addition of WCGF to the barley-based diets increased DMI and gain. Decreasing grain particle size did not greatly affect performance of the steers fed the 50% WCGF diets; however, carcasses from the steers fed the fine-rolled grain contained more fat.
Regulatory reform and market efficiency: The case of Indian agricultural commodity futures markets

Abstract We present the results of two efficiency measures that include intraday return predictability measure based on order imbalance and measures of several variance ratio tests on intraday subsamples of nine major Indian agricultural commodity futures (castor seed, cotton oil cake, rape mustard seed, soybean, refined soya oil, crude palm oil, jeera, chana, and turmeric) quoted in the National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange (NCDEX). We perform the efficiency measures on five subsamples with holding periods of 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 min over two sample periods following the announcement of the merger between the Forward Market Commission (FMC) and Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI). We compare results of tests of weak-form market efficiency of futures markets between two periods (pre-merger period and post-merger period). Our results confirm that Indian agricultural commodity futures markets continue to remain inefficient in the short-term during both pre-merger and post-merger periods. Based on these findings, it is likely that profitable trading strategies in the short intraday intervals will be available for traders and market participants during post-merger period. Thus, regulators must focus more on policy initiative so as to enhance market quality in order to address such inefficiencies in Indian commodity futures markets.
Video conferencing long distance caregivers during oncology appointments: Implications for clinical practice.

e24198Background: Distance Caregivers (DCGs) – caregivers living > 1 hour away from the patient – face unique challenges regarding frustration at receiving second hand information about the patient...
The Role of Hydropower Simulation in Smart Energy Systems

Energy conversion and transmission consists of intermittent and dispatchable energy sources connected with end-users and distributed energy sources through an interconnected grid. Intermittent sources like solar, wind, and tidal power plants exhibit fluctuating power production that create an imbalance between generation and load. In this regard, renewable dispatchable sources like hydropower, geothermal, nuclear, and biomass based plants together with fossil fuel based plants play a significant role in balancing out the variability caused by intermittent sources. Smart energy systems maximize the use of intermittent sources while balancing generation and load with dispatchable sources. In this paper, an overview of smart energy systems is given, with main focus on renewable dispatchable sources. The need for model based analysis is emphasized, which leads to multiphysics problems. Multiphysics simulation languages and libraries are presented. Particular emphasis is put on the Modelica language and relevant libraries such as OpenHPL for hydropower modeling. A case study of the Trollheim Hydropower plant in Norway is presented. In addition, OpenHPL and the photovoltaic PVSystems library for solar power plants are combined to see how hydropower can be used as a dispatchable source for balancing out the variability caused by solar power plants in the interconnected grid of smart energy systems.
Abstract C045: Outcomes of hormone-receptor positive, HER2-negative breast cancers by race and tumor biologic features

Background: Black women have higher breast cancer mortality than white women, particularly within the hormone receptor positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative (HR+/HER2-) clinical subtype. Interactions between tumor biology and treatment factors are complex and racial disparities in early events (such as 5-year recurrence risk) are not well characterized. Methods: Using data from the Carolina Breast Cancer Study (Phase 3, 2008-2013), a large population-based study enrolling 50% black and 50% white women from 44 counties in North Carolina, we estimated associations between race and recurrence among non-metastatic HR+/HER2- tumors, overall and within subgroups defined by PAM50 Risk of Recurrence score (ROR-PT, calculated from subtype, proliferation level, and tumor size), PAM50 intrinsic subtype, and tumor grade. We also compared treatment patterns by race among HR+/HER2- patients with high-risk disease. Relative frequency differences (RFD), interpretable as the percentage difference between index and referent groups, were estimated using multivariable linear regression. Recurrence risk was estimated using survival curves standardized for age and stage and inverse probability-weighted Cox models. Results: Among 1,775 eligible women, black women had higher recurrence risk relative to white women (crude hazard ratio: 1.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3, 2.5), which remained elevated after standardizing for age and clinical covariates (hazard ratio: 1.4, CI: 1.0, 1.9). In stratified analyses, racial disparities persisted among women with high ROR-PT score (5-year standardized recurrence risk 18.9% in black vs. 12.5% in white women) and in high grade patients (5-year standardized recurrence risk 16.6% in black vs. 12.0% in white women). Black women with high grade tumors were significantly less likely to initiate endocrine therapy (RFD: -8.4%, CI: -15.9, -1.0) and experienced treatment delay more often than white women (RFD: +10.4%, CI: 1.8, 19.0). Conclusions: Racial disparities in HR+/HER2- breast cancer recurrence persist within high-risk subgroups. Efforts to identify treatment inequities and other causes of variation in cancer treatment are critical to reducing outcome disparities. Note: This abstract was not presented at the conference. Citation Format: H. Shelton Earp, Andrew F Olshan, Lisa A Carey, Charles M Perou, Melissa A Troester, Halei C. Benefield, Katherine E Reeder-Hayes, Hazel B Nichols, Benjamin C Calhoun, Michael I Love, Xuezheng Sun, Erin L Kirk, Joseph Geradts, Katherine A Hoadley, Stephen R Cole. Outcomes of hormone-receptor positive, HER2-negative breast cancers by race and tumor biologic features [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2019 Sep 20-23; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(6 Suppl_2):Abstract nr C045.
LRR1-mediated replisome disassembly promotes DNA replication by recycling replisome components

After two converging DNA replication forks meet, active replisomes are disassembled and unloaded from chromatin. A key process in replisome disassembly is the unloading of CMG helicases (CDC45-MCM-GINS), which is initiated in Caenorhabditis elegans and Xenopus laevis by the E3 ubiquitin ligase CRL2LRR1. Here, we show that human cells lacking LRR1 fail to unload CMG helicases and accumulate increasing amounts of chromatin-bound replisome components as cells progress through S phase. Markedly, we demonstrate that the failure to disassemble replisomes reduces the rate of DNA replication increasingly throughout S phase by sequestering rate-limiting replisome components on chromatin and blocking their recycling. Continued binding of CMG helicases to chromatin during G2 phase blocks mitosis by activating an ATR-mediated G2/M checkpoint. Finally, we provide evidence that LRR1 is an essential gene for human cell division, suggesting that CRL2LRR1 enzyme activity is required for the proliferation of cancer cells and is thus a potential target for cancer therapy.
The ecological consequences and evolution of retron-mediated suicide as a way to protect bacteria from being killed by phage

Abstract For more than thirty-five years since their discovery, the function of retrons, DNA sequences that code for a reverse transcriptase and a unique single-stranded DNA/RNA hybrid called multicopy single-stranded DNA (msDNA), in bacteria were unknown. Less than two years ago, compelling evidence was presented that retrons can protect bacteria from infections from lytic phage via an abortive infection mechanism. When infected with the virulent mutant of the phage lambda, λVIR, and to a lesser extent other lytic phages, the retron designated Ec48 is activated, the Escherichia coli bearing this element die, and the infecting phage is lost. Using mathematical models and experiments with E. coli and λVIR we tested the hypothesis that Ec48 as an abortive infection system protects populations of bacteria from infection with lytic phage and we also tested the hypothesis that phage-mediated selection is responsible for the evolution and maintenance of retrons. The results of this jointly theoretical and experimental investigation question this ecological role of retrons, and lytic phage as the selective pressure responsible for the evolution and maintenance of retrons in bacterial populations. We found that when confronted with phage, the retrons fail to provide an advantage to bacteria in mixed (retron+ and retron−) populations. Ultimately, bacteria with classical phage resistance are selected over bacteria utilizing retron-mediated abortive infection. Significance Statement For thirty-six years, retrons have been known in bacteria. There have been numerous studies of the molecular biology and distribution of retrons. Recently, retrons have been used for genome editing, and are a tool considered to rival CRISPR-Cas for this purpose. However, only two years ago a function was identified for retrons: protection against infections with lytic bacteriophage. With a combination of mathematical modeling and experiments with retron-encoding E. coli we explore the ability of the retrons to protect bacterial populations from bacteriophage and the selective pressures responsible for their evolution. The results of this jointly theoretical and experimental study question whether protection against phage is the selective force responsible for the evolution and maintenance of retrons in bacterial populations.
MODIFIED STRIP MODEL FOR ANALYSING THE LINE HEATING METHOD - PART 1: ELASTIC PLATES

The line heating method can be most useful in the automation of plate forming and for removal of undesired residual distortions during shipbuilding. The three-dimensional transient temperature and stress fields complicate the problem of simulating the line heating process. In past research efforts, a strip model taken perpendicular to the heated line was used. However, recent experimental and theoretical works have demonstrated the need for a different model. Recognising that the existing strip model cannot be used effectively in the analysis of the stress-strain field during the line heating process, a modified strip model is suggested. In this paper the concept of a modified strip is introduced by developing a theory for an elastic modified strip. The results of selected examples show that the modified strip model gives excellent results for elastic plates in comparison with a regular strip model.
The NMR Chemical Shift: Insight into Structure and Environment

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the nuclear shielding surfaces in simple systems: The systems discussed are diatomic molecules to focus on the variation with bond length H 2 O, NH 3 , PH 3 and CH 4 to consider the bond angles and bond lengths. The variations with Φ, Ψ, and x angles are explored in various model peptides, and finally the remote bond stretches. Following the intramolecular shielding surfaces, the intermolecular shielding in atom-atom pairs, atom-ion, and atom-molecule pairs and clusters of three or more, including up to 5 or 16 polar solvent molecules, is discussed in the chapter. The effects of electric fields and electric field gradients on shielding are considered separately. The origin of the temperature dependence, the isotope shifts, the shifts with density and solvent, and the hydrogen-bonding shifts is also shown in this chapter. At present, only small fragments of networks have been treated quantum-mechanically, such as the [SiO 4 ] -4 unit to represent silicates. Approaches to complex systems, such as proteins, have been developed to provide new insight into the interdependence of shielding and structure. However, other systems, such as ionic and covalent solids, have so far been treated only at the empirical level.
Stimulation of the Prorenin Receptor in the Paraventricular Nucleus Increases Sympathetic Outflow in Anesthetized Rat

Summary data are expressed as means SE. SSNA and RSNA were determined as an average of the rectiﬁed,integrated signal. Baseline values of all recorded variables wereobtained by averaging a 10-min segment of data recorded immedi-ately before PVN microinjection in anesthetized rats. SSNA, RSNA,MAP, and HR responses to vehicle control, prorenin, and tiron wereobtained by averaging a 2-min period centered on the maximalresponse. Data are presented as percent (%) change from baselineafter subtracting background noise determined with bolus injection ofthe ganglionic blocker hexamethonium (30 mg/kg). Both in vivo andin vitro data were analyzed by either one-way ANOVA with post hocNewman-Keuls multiple comparison or unpaired student t -test. Dif-ferences were considered statistically signiﬁcant at a critical value of P 0.05. RESULTS PVN PRR is primarily distributed in neurons. First, weperformed immunohistochemistry to assay PRR distribution inthe PVN using brain coronal sections containing the hypothal-amus from male adult SD rats. The results showed that PRRimmunoreactivity was primarily localized in NeuN-positivecells (NeuN is a marker for neuronal nuclei); no signiﬁcantstaining of PRR was observed with GFAP-positive cells(GFAP is an astroglial marker; Fig. 1). These results indicatethat PVN PRR is predominantly localized in neurons.
Email Hoaxes: Form, Function, Genre Ecology

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Theresa Heyd Year: 2008 Pages: 239 Publisher: John Benjamins ISBN: 978-90-272-5418-4 (hard cover). Prices: $128.00 USD(hard cover).
Assessing the Advocacy of Negotiated Rulemaking: A Response to Philip Harter

For many years, advocates of negotiated rulemaking have advanced enthusiastic claims about how negotiated rulemaking would reduce litigation and shorten the rulemaking process. In an earlier study, I tested these claims systematically by assessing the effectiveness of negotiated rulemaking against existing rulemaking processes. I found that negotiated rulemaking neither saves time nor reduces litigation. Recently, Philip Harter, a longtime advocate of negotiated rulemaking, has criticized my study and asserted that negotiated rulemaking has succeeded remarkably in achieving its goals. Harter criticized the way I measured the length of the rulemaking process, claimed that I failed to appreciate differences in litigation, and suggested that my results did not matter in any case since negotiated rulemaking has resulted in rules that are demonstrably better than rules developed through conventional regulatory practices. In this paper, I respond to Harter's continued defense of negotiated rulemaking, showing why none of his criticisms undercuts the findings of my original research. Harter disregarded basic standards for empirical research in the arguments he advanced to criticize the way I analyzed rulemaking duration and the incidence of litigation. Moreover, Harter has failed to provide any credible evidence to support his present claim that negotiated rulemaking has resulted in rules that are better than those developed through conventional processes. The absence of support for Harter's criticisms, like the absence of support for the claims made by other advocates of negotiated rulemaking over the years, serves only to underscore the conclusion of my original research that the promises made for negotiated rulemaking remain unfulfilled.
Capacity of multi-antenna systems with adaptive transmission techniques

The capacity of multiple antenna systems in the presence of Rayleigh flat fading is considered under the assumption that channel state information (CSI) is available at both transmitter and receiver. The capacity expression for a general dual antenna array system of multiple transmitter and receiver antennas is derived together with an equation that determines the cut-off value for such a system. It is shown that, compared to the case in which there is only receiver CSI, large capacity gains are available with an optimal power and rate adaptation scheme.
Distribution of Membrane-Associated Calcium in Fertilized Sea Urchin Eggs during Mitosis*

The distribution of membrane-associated calcium in dividing sea urchin eggs was examined with chlortetracycline as a fluorescent chelate probe. The fluorescence of bound chlortetracycline in fertilized eggs was initially evenly distributed, but began to gather around the nucleus in prophase, and formed a dumb-bell shaped condensation enclosing the mitotic apparatus by metaphase. During anaphase and telophase, the fluorescence was observed in kinetochore-to-pole regions of the spindle, with little fluorescence in the interkinetochore region. The astral regions showed intense fluorescence. The distribution of the chlortetracycline-fluorescence coincided with that of ER-like membranes seen in electron micrographs. The distribution of the fluorescence was obscure and the birefringence of spindles disappeared on perfusion on perfusion of the cells in metaphase with 1 mM tetracaine, which is known to displace membrane-bound calcium. These results suggest that intracellular free calcium ions are sequestered in the membrane system associated with the mitotic apparatus during mitosis.
Scientific Journal Usage in Large University Library

Citation analysis is a helpful tool for evaluating academic library usage. When only the publications of local users are analyzed, the results are even more relevant to the local library. Manual collection of citations can be a time- and labor-intensive operation and has inhibited widespread use of local citation analysis. This study demonstrates how to use the Science Citation Index CDROM product and a personal computer to generate useful reports utilizing a much larger base of citations than previously has been possible. Moreover, the process is so relatively quick and easy that it can be run annually or whenever needed. In the study, over 35,000 citations from papers by scientific researchers at the University of Georgia were analyzed to generate reports useful for collection development.
A Problem of Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific

Three themes emerge in the literature on post-Cold War Asia-Pacific. The first concerns the impact that the end of the Cold War has had or will have on the evolution of the Asia-Pacific international system. The second theme focuses on the challenges posed to the Asia-Pacific states by the new security agenda. And the third theme addresses the problem of institutionalizing security in the Asia-Pacific. In this article, I address these three themes and assess the relevance of Samuel Huntington's 'clash of civilizations' hypothesis for the future evolution of the Asia-Pacific international system.
Impact of Cooling Water on Lake Temperatures

The impact of cooling water discharge from A.S. King plant on water temperatures in Lake St. Croix during the summer of 1969 is evaluated in terms of overall effects. The information supplements previous studies of local temperature increments in the thermal plume. The method used is generally applicable and puts into focus the alteration of the elements of a natural heat budget by power plant effluents as well as illustrating some of the trade-offs between natural and artificial heat inputs and resultant temperature changes. Caution must be exerted when ambient temperatures are used to represent natural ones. The main objective was to demonstrate the applicability of the heat budget method to predict alterations of natural water temperatures caused by cooling water discharges. The particular numerical results obtained show no significant impact of cooling water discharges on water temperatures at the chosen demonstration site for the period of investigation.
A Discussion of Dorianne Laux' The Courage to Heal

Abstract Dorianne Laux' account of her journey of healing from abuse is a compelling and rich description of the relationship between therapist and client that is necessary to foster a recovery of self. In addition, Ms. Laux' use of metaphor draws the reader into her experience and helps us to empathize with the plight of the abused child. Finally, her writing is a testimony to the power of metaphor to unlock feelings, to foster therapeutic gains, and to add meaning to our lives.
Protein balance in the first week of life in ventilated neonates receiving parenteral nutrition.

BACKGROUND Protein intake is frequently delayed in ill neonates because of concerns about their ability to metabolize substrates. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the factors affecting protein balance in ventilated, parenterally fed newborns during the first week of life. DESIGN Leucine kinetic studies were performed in 19 neonates by using the [1-(13)C]leucine tracer technique after 24 h of a stable total parenteral nutrition (TPN) regimen. TPN intakes were prescribed by rotating attending physicians, enabling assessment of protein metabolism over a range of clinically used nutrient intakes. RESULTS Mean (+/-SD) birth weight was 1.497 +/- 0.779 kg, gestational age at birth was 30.3 +/- 4.0 wk, and age at study was 3.9 +/- 1.4 d. Amino acid intakes (AAIs) ranged from 0.0 to 2.9 g x kg(-1) x d(-1). Based on leucine kinetic data, protein balance was calculated as the difference between protein synthesis and catabolism. By multiple regression analysis, AAI was the only predictor associated independently with protein balance (P 1 g x kg(-1) x d(-1), only 1 infant was significantly catabolic (protein balance <-1 g x kg(-1) x d(-1)). There was no evidence of protein intolerance as determined by elevated creatinine (69 +/- 31 micromol/L), plasma urea nitrogen (6.7 +/- 2.53 mmol/L), or metabolic acidosis (pH: 7.36 +/- 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Ill neonates can achieve a positive protein balance in the first days of life without laboratory evidence of protein toxicity.
Aging alters amphetamine-induced stereotyped gnawing and neostriatal elimination of amphetamine in mice

Abstract Amphetamine-induced compulsive gnawing was assessed in C57BL/6J male mice (4, 10 and 29 months old). The 29-month old mice displayed a longer latency before initiation of the compulsive-gnawing response and a longer duration of compulsive-gnawing response than either younger age group. Following administration of 10 mg/kg of 3 H-amphetamine sulfate neostriatal amphetamine levels were equivalent for the first hour for all age groups, but the oldest group of mice has a longer amphetamine elimination half-life from the striatum despite no change in the elimination of amphetamine from the plasma. These changes suggest that in old mice there is an altered time course of stereotyped gnawing response to amphetamine. Also, plasma amphetamine levels may be less reliable as a measure of brain amphetamine levels in old age.
Negative Feedback at the Level of Nuclear Receptor Coregulation SELF-LIMITATION OF RETINOID SIGNALING BY RIP140

Nuclear receptor-mediated gene expression is proposed to be regulated by the ordered recruitment of large protein complexes in which activity depends on mutual interactions and posttranslational modifications. In contrast, relatively little attention has been given to mechanisms regulating the expression of the coregulator proteins themselves. Previously we have shown that the ligand-dependent corepressor, RIP140, is a direct transcriptional target of all-trans retinoic acid (RA). Here we demonstrate that RA induction of RIP140 constitutes a rate-limiting step in the regulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling. Silencing of the RA induction of RIP140 dramatically enhances and accelerates retinoid receptor transactivation, endogenous expression of other RA target genes, and RA-induced neuronal differentiation and cell cycle arrest in human embryonal carcinoma cells. The data suggest that RA induction of RIP140 constitutes a functional negative feedback loop that limits activation of retinoid receptors in the continued presence of RA and that acutely regulated expression of coregulators may be a general regulatory mechanism in hormonal signaling.
The preferential treatment of VIPs in the emergency department

The arrival of a celebrity or VIP to the emergency department (ED) can prove disruptive and challenging. Persons of VIP status commonly receive special treatment when they present to the ED. 1,2 Caretakers may treat them more respectfully, see them more quickly, and pay more attention to them. ED staff may bypass usual protocols, and the most experienced physician often cares for the VIP patient. Occasionally non-ED physicians or administrators may become involved in the patient's visit. Several commentators have described this phenomenon for the celebrity patient who seeks psychiatric care. 3-6 Only a few articles, however, have addressed the issue of how best to accommodate VIPs in the busy ED. These authors stress that routine medical care is the best emergency care for the VIP patient and then turn their attention to the practical matters of caring for a VIP in a public institution. 6-8 Interestingly, these authors have not questioned the practice of delivering special treatment (in the form of more prompt and attentive care) to individuals of VIP status. 8 In this article, I explore the practice of providing VIPs with special care in the ED and suggest that when such care becomes favoritism it is ethically inappropriate in the emergency care setting. The VIP can be "anyone whose presence in the hospital, by virtue of fame, position, or claim on the public interest, may substantially disrupt the normal course of patient care. ''8 It includes those who are able to exert unusual pressure on hospital staff either through personal influence or because of professional status. 6 It may be the President of the United States, a famous actress, a local news personality, the chief of staff, a hospital board member, a staff physician or nurse, or simply the family member or friend of one of the above. The identification of a patient as a VIP and the initiation of preferential treatment may originate in one of several places. The hospital chief of staff may call the ED attending and "notify" him or her that a board member is bringing a granddaughter to the ED, the department chairperson may appear at the triage desk, or a member of the staff may recognize the celebrity or VIP and accord that person special treatment, perhaps suggesting that other staff members do the same. Regardless of the mechanism by which
Class War: The Politics of Rising Economic Inequality

Rising economic inequality is one of the most disturbing trends in America today. Blighted inner cities, industrial wastelands, and desolated rural communities stand in sharp contrast to the gated ...
Reversible Condensation of DNA using a Redox-Active Surfactant

We report characterization of aqueous solutions of dilute Lambda phage DNA containing the redox-active surfactant (11-ferrocenylundecyl)trimethylammonium bromide (FTMA) as a function of the oxidation state of the FTMA. FTMA undergoes a reversible one-electron oxidation from a reduced state that forms micelles in aqueous solution to an oxidized state (containing the ferrocenium cation) that does not self-associate in solution. This investigation sought to test the hypothesis that FTMA can be used to achieve reversible control over the conformation of DNA−surfactant complexes in solution. Whereas DNA adopts extended coil conformations in aqueous solutions, our measurements revealed that addition of reduced FTMA (2−5 μM) to aqueous solutions of DNA (5 μM in nucleotide units) resulted in coexistence of extended coils and compact globules in solution. At higher concentrations of reduced FTMA (up to 30 μM), the DNA was present as compact globules only. In contrast, oxidized FTMA had no measurable effect on the ...
A delicate dance

The major challenges in building the tenth University of California campus did not come from the academic arena. They came from the political arena.
Isothermal solidification of Cu/Sn diffusion couples to form thin-solder joints

Isothermal solidification of conventional Cu/Sn diffusional couples was performed to form thin (30 µm) joints consisting of Cu-Sn intermetallics. During initial stages of isothermal solidification, both Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn phases grow, even though the former is the dominant. After consumption of all available Sn, the Cu3Sn phase grows reactively at the expense of Cu and Cu6Sn5. Finally, we obtain solder joints that consist of only Cu3Sn. Indentation fracture-toughness measurements show that Cu3Sn is superior to Cu6Sn5. Furthermore, indentations of Cu3Sn exhibit the presence of shear bands, which are not observed in Cu6Sn5, implying that the former is more ductile than the latter. Ductile intermetallic-based joints formed by isothermal solidification are promising candidates to form thin (as thin as 5–10 µm or less) solder joints, as they are thermally and thermodynamically stable compared to conventional solder joints. Excess copper in the interconnect provides ductility to the interconnect.
PORE EVOLUTION AND SOLVENT TRANSPORT DURING DRYING OF GELLED SOL-GEL COATINGS : PREDICTING 'SPRINGBACK'

ABSTRACT This paper reports predictions of drying phenomena in deformable porous gel coatings (i.e. a porous solid elastic network filled with air or solvent). Initially, a gelled coating is saturated with solvent, but as it dries, liquid-vapor menisci begin to recede into larger pores and the gel becomes a partially-saturated porous medium. The tensile capillary pressure in the liquid causes a compressive deformation on the solid skeleton and a consequent reduction in thickness and pore-size of the coating. A theory coupling the large deformation of the solid skeleton to capillary pressure in the interstitial liquid is used to predict the course of drying of dip-coated porous gel coatings. The theory predicts a ‘springback’ effect in late stages of drying as the effects of capillary pressure diminish, which matches with experimental observations.
Hunting and heritage on trial: A dramatistic debate over tragedy, tradition, and territory

This essay employs Kenneth Burke's theory of motivation to examine the intense debate surrounding the killing of Karen Wood. The shooting itself and its divisive aftermath was a representative anecdote for a community struggle over territory in both literal and figurative senses. Whereas previous studies have demonstrated how a controlling malignant scene may be used to reduce action to motion and thereby absolve agent, this study demonstrates that a scenic perspective can also accomplish the reverse: motion may be elevated into action depending upon the qualities that inhere within an individual or the indivudal's relationship to the scene. Agent is the coordinating term to resolve the polarity of scene and act and thereby makes a transfer possible.