cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complications of missed arterial injuries.

Abstract Purpose: The natural history of untreated major injuries is not well known, although serious complications are seen. The follow-up of patients who have trauma is often incomplete, and this study was undertaken to evaluate the nature of these wounds. Methods: Thirty-one patients with missed major arterial wounds were examined and treated according to the pathologic condition encountered. All had been seen at other hospitals, some on more than one occasion, and then sought assistance for continued problems. Results: There were 16 aneurysms in 31 patients: 4 arteriovenous fistulas, 4 dissections, 3 thromboemboli, and 1 stenosis. The arteries included the following: carotid 12, aorta 5, femoropopliteal 8, subclavian 2, axillary 1, innominate 1, iliac 1, and tibial 1. Three patients had a stroke, one had a transient ischemic attack, two had leg ischemia, and one had a gangrenous foot. Operation was required in 27 patients; there were no deaths. Conclusions: Transmural traumatic arterial wounds of major vessels can result in serious delayed complications, months or even years after the injury. False aneurysms, dissections, occlusions, and fistulas in the extremities may not be lethal, but they cause significant disability. Such lesions in the neck or trunk are more dangerous. Despite the inconvenience and expense, patients with injuries of major arteries are best served by early repair of the wound. (J VASC SURG 1993;17:399-407.)
Positive solutions of the p-Laplace equation with singular nonlinearity

Abstract For a given bounded domain Ω in R n with C 1 , ϖ boundary for some 0 ϖ 1 , and a possibly singular nonlinearity f on Ω × ( 0 , ∞ ) , we give sufficient conditions on f so that the p-Laplace equation − Δ p u = f ( x , u ) admits a solution u ∈ W 0 1 , p ( Ω ) . On the basis of a comparison principle we will give a sufficient condition under which such a problem admits a unique solution.
Pictures of the Io sodium cloud.

We obtained and processed 56 pictures of Io's sodium cloud on 15 nights during the 1976-1977 apparition of Jupiter. These show rapid changes in the appearance of the cloud, but may be consistent with a steady-state cloud whose appearance is controlled by the viewing geometry. The sodium is in a column extending forward from Io, with the axis pointing slightly inside the orbit. The size and shape of the cloud convey information on the anisotropy and velocity of emission and the lifetime of neutral sodium. We find some confirnation for Trafton's findings of north/south asymmetries related to the position of the magnetic field.
A Catalytically Active Jak2 Is Required for the Angiotensin II-dependent Activation of Fyn

Abstract Recent work with interleukins has shown a convergence of tyrosine phosphorylation signal transduction cascades at the level of the Janus and Src families of tyrosine kinases. Here we demonstrate that activation of the seven-transmembrane AT1 receptor by angiotensin II induces a physical association between Jak2 and Fyn, in vivo. This association requires the catalytic activity of Jak2 but not Fyn. Deletion studies indicate that the region of Jak2 that binds Fyn is located between amino acids 1 and 240. Studies of the Fyn SH2 and SH3 domains demonstrate that the SH2 domain plays the primary role in Jak2/Fyn association. Not surprisingly, this domain shows a marked preference for tyrosine-phosphorylated Jak2. Surface plasmon resonance estimated the dissociation equilibrium constant (K d) of this association to be 2.36 nm. Last, in vivostudies in vascular smooth muscle cells show that, in response to angiotensin II, Jak2 activation is required for Fyn activation and induction of the c-fos gene. The significance of these data is that Jak2, in addition to serving as a critical angiotensin II activated signal transduction kinase, also functions as a docking protein and participates in the activation of Fyn by providing phosphotyrosine residues that bind the SH2 domain of Fyn.
Mechanisms of DNA excision repair.

DNA is constantly suffering damage, which ultimately causes 80 to 90 percent of human cancers (1). Usually, cells eliminate DNA lesions by molecular DNA repair, a process first described in 1949 by Kelner (2), who found that risible light protected microorganisms from the lethal effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. In 1958 Rupert and co-workers (3) showed that this phenomenon, called photoreactivation, was catalyzed by an enzyme, photoreactivating enzyme (DNA photolyase). Photolyase reverses the major UV-caused lesions in DNA, pyrimidine dimers, by converting light energy into chemical energy (4). Photolvase, however, is not essential for species survival, as many species including humans lack the enzyme (5). In contrast, another DNA repair mechanism, excision repair, which was discovered
Gene expression of the marine copepod Calanus finmarchicus: Responses to small-scale environmental variation in the Gulf of Maine (NW Atlantic Ocean)

Abstract The pelagic copepod Calanus finmarchicus is one of the most important zooplankton species in the North Atlantic Ocean. Despite its ecological importance and pivotal role in the food chain, the molecular mechanisms underlying this species' complex life history (ontogenetic development, reproduction, molting, and diapause) and physiology (digestion, neural processes, and membrane physiology) have remained poorly characterized. This study examined differential expression of nearly 1000 genes, selected based on physiological function and hypothesized ecological importance, for C. finmarchicus collected in the Gulf of Maine (NW Atlantic Ocean) using an oligonucleotide DNA microarray. Replicate analyses compared adult females and final-stage juveniles (Copepodite-V stages) collected from surface (0–30 m) and deep (130–170 m) layers during April, 2008. Differentially expressed genes were identified by statistical analysis of multiple replicates, including a control for False Discovery Rate (FDR). Functional relationships of selected genes and/or proteins were evaluated using the Gene Ontology Enrichment Analysis Software Toolkit (GOEAST). Genes involved in protein synthesis, cell-cycle and tissue buildup were shown to be up-regulated (i.e., significantly higher expression levels) in deep females and juveniles; genes related to protein turnover, cellular homeostasis, activity, and stress/immunity responses were up-regulated in surface females. Additional functional analyses using KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway analysis indicated up-regulation of genes encoding enzymes related to energy metabolism and osmoregulation in surface females, and citric acid cycle and anaerobic metabolism in deep females and juveniles. Overall, an active physiological state was pronounced in surface females, and a number of processes related with emergence from diapause were pronounced in deep females and juveniles.
The Commercial Transformation of Public Education.

This essay reviews the history of school commercialization in the USA and the forms that it has taken over time, with particular attention paid to research measuring the scope and variety of commercialization trends in US public schools. The implications of commercialization activities such as those that promote the consumption of nutritionally deficient foods and beverages are explored. The argument is made that the values inherent in the consumerist ideology used to support school privatization conflict with the democratic values on which public education has been historically based. Edison Schools is discussed as a model of the for‐profit management of public schools and emerging forms of school commercialization are considered. Finally, the role of free trade agreements in promoting school commercialism and privatization is described.
Absorbers seen near the Venus cloud tops from Pioneer Venus

Pioneer Venus Orbiter measurements of planetary contrast at the Venus cloud tops are discussed. Images of the cloud tops at wavelengths between 1990 and 3400 A were obtained by the Pioneer UV Spectrometer together with broadband imagery and polarimetry at 2700 and 3650 A from the Orbiter Cloud Photopolarimeter at Venus phase angles of 33 to 130 deg. The planet is found to be darkest at the point where the UV Spectrometer line of sight penetrates perpendicular to the cloud tops, indicating that the absorbing material must be deep in the atmosphere. The contrast observed at wavelengths shortward of 3200 A is explained by SO2 absorption in the dark regions, while the persistence of the contrast at longer wavelengths requires the presence of an additional absorber or absorbers closely associated with the SO2, and a haze of submicron particles overlying the cloud tops in the bright regions. The correlations found between contrast and polarization indicate that no single constituent or change in vertical structure can account for the UV contrast. The origin of the markings is instead explained by a model in which absorbers subject to photochemical destruction are mixed upward into the cloud top region.
Phylogeny of lymphocyte heterogeneity: Cytotoxic activity of channel catfish peripheral blood leukocytes directed against allogeneic targets

Abstract Channel catfish peripheral blood contains leukocytes that function as cytotoxic effectors directed against a variety of long-term cultured allogeneic, but not xenogeneic, targets. These effector cells are probably distinct from macrophages, B cells, and nonspecific cytotoxic cells. The cytotoxic activity of these effector cells was inhibited with monoclonal antibody 1HS. Although this reagent appears to react with a catfish cell surface molecule akin to the integrin LFA-1 present on the surface of nearly all leukocytes, it does not clarify the question as to whether or not these effectors are related to T cells.
Volatile antimicrobial compounds in the pelage of the Mexican free-tailed bat, Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana

AbstractGas chromatographyemass spectrometry (GCeMS) showed that CH 2 Cl 2 extracts of the pelage from the Mexican free-tailedbats, Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana, contained only seven volatile compounds. They include two hydrocarbons, 1-octene andoctane; three aldehydes, heptanal, octanal and nonanal; a carboxylic acid, nonanoic acid; and urea. It is likely that nonanal, atan average concentration 0.62 mg/mg hair, and the two homologues, heptanal and octanal found at 0.059 and 0.066 mg/mg hair,respectively, function as antimicrobial agents against mammalian skin bacteria and fungi. These three aldehydes may also actas a chemical protection against bat ectoparasites. 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Chiroptera; Scent; Antimicrobial activity; Anti-ectoparasitic agents; Short-chain aldehydes; Urine-washing 1. IntroductionThere have been few studies of skin secretions produced by any chiropteran species. Recently, Wood et al. (2005)identiﬁedacompositeof65compoundsintheshoulderglandsfromfourspeciesofﬂyingfoxes(Pteropusspp.).Therehave been only two other investigations on the chemicals from bat skin, in which, the scent secretions of the ﬁshingbat,Noctilio leporinus hasbeen investigated(Brooke andDecker,1996;Studierand Lavone, 1984). Mostcompoundsin the N. leporinus studies were not structurally characterized and only a few were tentatively identiﬁed by referral tomassspectraldatabases.WereporttheidentiﬁcationofthesevenvolatilecompoundsinCH
Degenerative ("ancient") changes in benign cutaneous schwannoma. A light microscopic, histochemical and immunohistochemical study.

We studied the degenerative "ancient" changes in 19 cases of benign cutaneous schwannoma (BCS). Using conventional and immunohistochemical stains, we found (a) degenerative changes in 15 of 19 BCS; (b) prominent vascular abnormalities in 11 of 15 BCS; and (c) cytologic atypia in 15 of 19 BCS, without mitotic figures. We concluded that (1) degenerative, i.e., "ancient" changes are common in BCS and are qualitatively similar to those described in cellular schwannoma; (2) vascular abnormalities may be related to these degenerative changes; (3) cytologic atypia is commonly associated with "ancient" changes in BCS, but BCS is less cellular and has few if any mitotic figures as opposed to cellular schwannomas; and (4) the changes in "ancient" schwannoma do not indicate a "cellular" schwannoma.
Diastereomeric Xe Chemical Shifts in Tethered Cryptophane Cages

Cryptophane cages serve as host molecules to a Xe atom. Functionalization of cryptophane-A has permitted the development of Xe as a biosensor. Synthetic routes used to prepare cryptophanes result in racemic mixtures of the chiral cages. In the preparation of a tethered cryptophane-A cage for biosensor applications, some achiral and chiral substituents such as left-handed amino acids have been used. When the substituent is achiral, the NMR signal of the Xe atom in the functionalized cage in solution is a single isotropic peak, since the Xe shielding tensor components in the R and L cages differ by no more than the signs of the off-diagonal elements. Chiral substituents can split the cage-encapsulated Xe NMR signal into one or more sets of doublets, depending on the number of asymmetric centers in the substituent. We carry out quantum mechanical calculations of Xe nuclear magnetic shielding for the Xe atom at the same strategic position within an L cryptophane-A cage, under the influence of chiral potentials that represent r or I substituents outside the cage. Calculations of the Xe shielding response in the Lr and LI diastereomeric pairs permit the prediction of the relative order of the Xe chemical shifts in solutions containing the RI and LI diastereomers. Where the substituent itself possesses two chiral centers, comparison of the calculated isotropic shielding responses in the LI/, Lr/, RI/, and Lr/. systems, respectively, permits the prediction of the Xe spectrum of diastereomeric systems in solutions containing LI/, RI/, LI/, and Rl/systems. Assignment of the peaks observed in the experimental Xe NMR spectra is therefore possible, without having to undertake the difficult synthetic route that produces a single optically pure enantiomer.
Theoretical and experimental studies of anisotropic shrinkage in injection moldings of semicrystalline polymers

A novel approach to predict anisotropic shrinkage of semicrystalline polymers in injection moldings was proposed using flow-induced crystallization, frozen-in molecular orientation, elastic recovery, and PVT equation of state. The anisotropic thermal expansion and compressibility affected by the frozen-in orientation function and the elastic recovery that was not frozen during moldings were introduced to obtain the in-plane anisotropic shrinkages. The frozen-in orientation function was calculated from amorphous and crystalline contributions. The amorphous contribution was based on the frozen-in and intrinsic amorphous birefringence, whereas the crystalline contribution was based on the crystalline orientation function, which was determined from the elastic recovery and intrinsic crystalline birefringence. To model the elastic recovery and frozen-in stresses related to birefringence during molding process, a nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive equation was used with temperature- and crystallinity-dependent viscosity and relaxation time. Occurrence of the flow-induced crystallization was introduced through the elevation of melting temperature affected by entropy production during flow of the viscoelastic melt. Kinetics of the crystallization was modeled using Nakamura and Hoffman-Lauritzen equations with the rate constant affected by the elevated melting temperature. Numerous injection molding runs on polypropylene of various molecular weights were carried out by varying the packing time, flow rate, melt temperature, and mold temperature. The anisotropic shrinkage of the moldings was measured. Comparison of the experimental and simulated results indicated a good predictive capability of the proposed approach. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 46:712–728, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
Detection of two precursors to each of the subunits of human chorionic gonadotropin translated from placental mRNA in the wheat germ cell-free system

Abstract Polyadenylated RNA prepared from first trimester human placenta was translated in a membrane-free cell-free system derived from wheat germ. Analysis of the [ 35 S]methionine-labeled products by SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis demonstrated two proteins with apparent M r s of 14,500 and 16,000 that were specifically immunoprecipitated by antiserum to reduced and carboxylated bovine LH α , and two different proteins with apparent M r s of 18,500 and 21,000 that were specifically immunoprecipitated by antiserum to hCG β . None of these products was sensitive to cleavage by endoglycosidase H, whereas the M r 21,000 product precipitated by antisera to bovine LH α and to hCG α from translations supplemented by canine pancreatic microsomes was processed to a product with M r 13,000 by endoglycosidase H. We suggest that the two forms of the α and β subunit precursors could arise from the translation of two distinct mRNAs encoding each subunit.
Notch fatigue crack initiation studies in a high strength nickel base superalloy

Abstract It is with great pleasure that I offer this paper for the Special Issue honoring Professor Takeo Yokobori on the occasion of his 70th birthday. I regard Professor Yokobori as a personal friend, having known him for over twenty five years professionally and socially. His impact on the discipline of fracture mechanics has been most significant, not only by his own technical contributions but, perhaps, more so because he put into motion the means whereby those interested in the field of fracture mechanics could meet together and to share their work with others. I refer, of course, to the formation of the International Conference on Fracture at Sendai, Japan in 1965 and to the present international journal, Engineering Fracture Mechanics. The following paper is therefore dedicated to Professor Yokobori as my contribution in honoring his distinguished career.
Emotional distress among males with "syndrome X".

The present study examined traditional risk factors and various indices of emotional distress in males with positive angiograms (N=122), “syndrome X” males with negative or nominal results on angiogram (N=53), and age-and socioeconomic status-matched males with no manifest history of atherosclerotic disease (N=56). Syndrome X patients reported more depression on the Ketterer Stress Symptom Frequency Checklist (KSSFC) than positive angiographic patients. And compared with healthy controls, they were more likely to be perceived by a spouse/friend as depressed and anxious on the KSSFC, scored higher on the Framingham Type A Scale, and reported more unprovoked nocturnal awakening. Syndrome X patients generally appear to be similar to patients with positive angiograms with regard to traditional risk factor history but are more distressed than healthy controls. This becomes most evident when denial is circumvented by discussion with significant others or inquiries are “framed” appropriately.
Characteristics of the permeability barrier of human erythrocyte ghosts to non-electrolytes.

Abstract The non-specific diffusion barrier of practically hemoglobin-free human erythrocyte ghosts prepared in hypotonic phosphate buffer was studied by measuring the permeabilities to water-soluble non-electrolytes. In contrast to pink ghost preparations, these white ghosts are completely permeable to mannitol or sucrose, indicating that their diffusion barrier is completely lost. Such leaky ghosts can be resealed effectively by incubation at 37°C in 0.1 isoosmolar balanced salt solution for 2 h. Temperature, Ca2+, osmolarity and ionic strength are all factors which appear to control the resealing process. Such resealed ghosts, however, never exhibit complete restoration of the diffusion barrier and the permeabilities to non-electrolytes are 10- to 50-fold higher than those of the native membranes. Unlike the native membranes, the permeabilities of the resealed ghosts are little affected by changes in temperature, the molecular size or lipid solubility of the permeants. It is concluded that the resealed white ghost membranes represent an altered form of the native membrane structure, having water-filled discontinuities through which the water soluble non-electrolytes diffuse freely. Possible structural aspects of such discontinuity and its genesis are discussed.
Locating CVBEM collocation points for steady state heat transfer problems

Abstract The Complex Variable Boundary Element Method or CVBEM provides a highly accurate means of developing numerical solutions to steady state two-dimensional heat transfer problems. The numerical approach exactly solves the Laplace equation and satisfies the boundary conditions at specified points on the boundary by means of collocation. The accuracy of the approximation depends upon the nodal point distribution specified by the numerical analyst. In order to develop subsequent, refined approximation functions, four techniques for selecting additional collocation points are presented. The techniques are compared as to the governing theory, representation of the error of approximation on the problem boundary, the computational costs, and the ease of use by the numerical analyst.
A Multi-Purpose Simulation Environment for UAV Research

Abstract : Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are playing an important role in today's military initiatives. UAVs have proven to be invaluable in locating critical targets and reporting enemy movements or positions to battlefield commanders. Integration of new technologies necessitates simulation prior to fielding new systems in order to avoid costly errors. The unique nature of UAVs in a modern combat environment requires the simulation of a significant part of the battle space to test the robustness of new technologies. Furthermore, simulation environments should be flexible and generic to allow for expedient testing of a wide range of concepts. Members of the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) at Wright-Patterson AFB are developing a multi-purpose simulation environment that will allow for the assessment of many different types of UAV technologies. This paper discusses this simulation activity and describes how it fits into AFRL's corporate plan.
Objectives for residents in consultation psychiatry: recommendations of a task force.

Abstract The authors briefly describe the work of the Association for Academic Psychiatry Task Force on Consultation/Liaison Objectives and discuss the principles behind the development of a proposed set of training objectives for residents in consultation psychiatry. These proposed objectives are presented in their complete form, followed by an elaboration of the knowledge objectives concerning the consultation process.
Analysis of Hydraulic Conductivity Averaging Schemes for One-Dimensional, Steady-State Unsaturated Flow

The evaluation of average properties over a block or element is required for most numerical methods used for the solution of unsaturated flow equations. In this study, it is shown that the accuracy of a particular averaging scheme depends on the type of model used for unsaturated material properties. A systematic and thorough error analysis of the averaging techniques for some commonly used soil characteristic curves is performed. It is shown that the two-point Gaussian quadrature is consistently more accurate than the arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic means for all types of constitutive models.
Counting Dependence Predictors

Modern processors rely on memory dependence prediction to execute load instructions as early as possible, speculating that they are not dependent on an earlier, unissued store. To date, the most sophisticated dependence predictors, such as Store Sets, have been tightly coupled to the fetch and execution streams, requiring global knowledge of the in-flight stream of stores to synchronize loads with specific stores. This paper proposes a new dependence predictor design, called a Counting Dependence Predictor (CDP). The key feature of CDPs is that the prediction mechanism predicts some set of events for which a particular dynamic load should wait, which may include some number of matching stores. By waiting for local events only, this dependence predictor can work effectively in a distributed microarchitecture where centralized fetch and execution streams are infeasible or undesirable. We describe and evaluate a distributed Counting Dependence Predictor and protocol that achieves 92% of the performance of perfect memory disambiguation. It outperforms a load-wait table, similar to the Alpha 21264, by 11%. Idealized, centralized implementations of Store Sets and the Exclusive Collision Predictor, both of which would be difficult to implement in a distributed microarchitecture, achieve 97% and 94% of oracular performance, respectively.
Childhood victimization: Modeling the relation between classroom victimization, cyber victimization, and psychosocial functioning.

Children are increasingly using computer technologies, and many are experiencing online aggressive acts from their peers. The news media reports have documented instances of cyber victimization and social scientists have started to examine its characteristics and consequences. The present research e
Tuberculosis control in a border state. Treatment of the foreign-born.

The epidemiology of tuberculosis (TB) in the United States is changing, with more foreign-born and fewer native-born residents developing TB. TB control in the foreign-born population presents different challenges for successful treatment. As a result of long-term immigration patterns, US border states are experienced in dealing with these challenges. Their perspectives may be useful to other programs observing a changing TB patient population. This article explores some of these issues.
A trust region method for optimal H 2 model reduction

We present a trust-region approach for optimal H 2 model reduction of multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) linear dynamical systems. The proposed approach generates a sequence of reduced order models producing monotone improving H 2 error norms and is globally convergent to a reduced order model guaranteed to satisfy first-order optimality conditions with respect to H 2 error criteria. Unlike existing H 2 descent methods, the method does not require solving any Lyapunov equations and is both numerically stable and computationally tractable even for very large order systems. This method appears to be the first descent approach that uses Hessian information for optimal H 2 model reduction of MIMO dynamical systems.
Laser forward transfer based on a spatial light modulator

We report the first demonstration of laser forward transfer using a real-time reconfigurable mask based on a spatial light modulator. The ability to dynamically change the projected beam shape and size of a coherent light source, in this case a 355-nm pulsed UV laser, represents a significant technological advancement in laser direct-write processing. The application of laser transfer techniques with adaptive control of the laser beam pattern is unique and represents a paradigm shift in non-lithographic processing. This work describes how the size and shape of an incident laser beam can be dynamically controlled in real time with the use of a digital micromirror device (DMD), resulting in laser-printed functional nanomaterials with geometries identical to those of the projected beam. For applications requiring additive non-lithographic techniques, this novel combination, which relies on the laser forward transfer of variable, structured voxels, represents a dramatic improvement in the capabilities and throughput of laser direct-write processes.
Iterative detection of continuous phase modulation on multipath channels

This paper will investigate the bit error rate (BER) performance of coded and interleaved continuous phase modulation (CPM) waveforms on multipath channels. Coded and interleaved CPM waveforms offer some very attractive performance benefits since the CPM waveform can be viewed as rate 1 recursive inner code which can be concatenated with an outer convolutional code and when iteratively decoded, achieve performance close to the Shannon bound. This paper will begin with a brief overview of CPM waveforms. Then, an investigation into several features of CPM waveforms such as spectral characteristics, uncoded performance and iterative decoded performance will be provided. Following this, the optimum CPM demodulator for use on multipath channels will be described and its BER performance evaluated for a few multipath channels. This paper will conclude with a brief summary of the results.
Parallel robot control using speculative computation

Due to the coupling in the dynamics equations, coarse-grain parallelism of robot control algorithms is particularly difficult. We have developed a new algorithm based on the Newton-Euler dynamics formulation that overcomes the serial nature of these equations, allowing a high level of parallelism. Our controller uses data from a previous control step in current calculations to allow many more tasks to be executed in parallel, thus providing higher control update rates. The use of 'stale' data is an effective solution to the speedup problem, but presents some special difficulties. One stability issue when using 'stale' data that is encountered in previous approaches is discussed here, along with a partial solution to the problem.
Sentence Intelligibility Before and After Voice Treatment in Speakers With Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease

Summary Objectives/Hypothesis The purpose of this study was to determine whether sentence intelligibility improves in speakers with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD) as a result of Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT). It was hypothesized that all the speakers would improve following treatment, in association with increased vocal loudness, which was the primary target of the treatment. Study Design Prospective study of eight Speakers with PD using a single-blinded, randomized pre-post treatment design, with multiple daily assessments before and after treatment was carried out. Resultant data were corrected for regression to the mean. Methods Randomized digital recordings of sentences produced by speakers with idiopathic PD before and after the treatment were presented to normal-hearing listeners with equalized intensity at conversational loudness in the presence of pink noise. Percentage of words understood was calculated before and after the treatment. Changes in overall vocal intensity were also analyzed. Results There was a statistically significant group effect from pre-to-post voice treatment; however, there was also significant interaction of treatment with speakers. Six of the speakers with PD improved significantly following voice treatment, one exhibited no change, and one exhibited a decline in sentence intelligibility post-treatment. Conclusions LSVT yielded significant improvement in sentence intelligibility for most speakers in the study but was not beneficial for two of the speakers despite the fact that they increased their overall vocal loudness.
Performance Assessment of Steel Components

Abstract This paper presents a methodology for the assessment of cumulative damage in structural steel components subjected to cyclic inelastic loading histories of the type experienced in earthquakes. The methodology is based on low‐cycle fatigue concepts and the hypothesis of linear damage accumulation. It will be shown that seismic performance of a component depends on two structural performance parameters and on the number and amplitudes of all inelastic excursions and not only on the maximum excursion. Experimental and analytical procedures for obtaining the parameters needed for a performance assessment are suggested in the paper.
Acquire the tools and techniques to build your leadership brand

Purpose – Outlines tools and techniques needed to be a winner. Design/methodology/approach – Differentiates between winners and whiners and outlines tips to build your leadership brand. Findings – Implores you to list out your talents and skills and blend them effectively to stand out and succeed in your career. Practical implications – Shows that the study can be applied in any industry or economic sector. Social implications – Seeks strong support from all stakeholders to build your leadership brand. Originality/value – Turns the spotlight on understanding the mind of winners. Shows how to build a leadership brand to achieve success, peace and happiness.
Dynamic upstream bandwidth allocation over Ethernet PONs

Ethernet passive optical networks (EPONs) are a low-cost:, high-speed solution to the bottleneck problem of the broadband access network. A critical issue of EPONs is the utility of a shared upstream channel among the local users, and thus, an efficient bandwidth allocation mechanism is required in order to facilitate statistical multiplexing among the local network traffics. This paper proposes a dynamic bandwidth allocation scheme, i.e., limited sharing with traffic prediction (LSTP), for the upstream channel sharing. Based on the multipoint control protocol (MPCP) and the bursty traffic prediction, LSTP yields significant performance improvement as compared to other existing proposals.
The Internal Structure of a Low-Calcium Fly Ash

A low calcium fly ash, rich in iron oxide, was subjected to shaking in 1% HF for up to 20 hours, and measurements were made at intervals of the following parameters: total weight loss, composition of the dissolved material, x-ray peak intensities of crystalline components and residual glass, and internal structures present within the fly ash spheres as revealed by the progressive dissolution treatments. The same fly ash was subjected to similar but longer-term treatment with simulated cement pore solution (potassium and sodium hydroxide). The compositions of the magnetically separated fraction and the non-magnetic residue were also separately determined. As a result of these studies, it was suggested that: (a) the time at which all of the potassium is dissolved might be used as an indicator of the completion of glass dissolution; (b) the position of the x-ray band for residual (more resistant ) glass shifts to higher 2Θ angle before the glass is completely dissolved; (c) in this fly ash, as determined by chemical analysis, all of the iron is in the magnetically-separable fraction, a feature that permitted estimation of the overall glass composition; and (d) this fly ash contains certain poorly understood components including silica-rich spheres, small spheres yielding EDXA signals only for iron, and “patches” of silica and alumina bearing material not of mullite composition, but all of which are highly resistant to HF dissolution.
Acute Acid-Base Disorders Associated With Status Epilepticus

Objective To analyze the acid-base abnormalities in patients with status epilepticus. Design We retrospectively reviewed the acid-base disturbances in 38 consecutive patients who had been admitted to the emergency department at a Mayo-affiliated hospital because of status epilepticus between 1982 and 1993. Material and Methods On the basis of results of arterial blood gas analyses, the acid-base disorders were categorized. In addition, chest roentgenograms and electrocardiograms were reviewed for pulmonary infiltrates and cardiac arrhythmias. Results Arterial blood gas analysis performed immediately after admission revealed an acid-base abnormality in 32 of 38 patients (84%). Respiratory acidosis was most common (N = 16; 42%) and occurred either alone or in combination with metabolic acidosis. Pulmonary infiltrates were not more common in patients with respiratory acidosis than in other patients. Although cardiac arrhythmias were more common in patients with respiratory or metabolic acidosis (42%) than in those with respiratory alkalosis or normal blood gas values (36%), this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion We conclude that respiratory acidosis with or without metabolic acidosis is common in patients who have status epilepticus. Respiratory acidosis was not predictive of the final outcome. In our study patients, all acid-base abnormalities resolved spontaneously.
Disability, Poverty, and Material Hardship since the Passage of the ADA.

The past 25 years have seen an unprecedented expansion in formal civil rights for people with disabilities that, among other things, was predicted to improve their economic well-being. Studies of economic well-being among people with disabilities have traditionally focused on employment and earnings, despite the fact that a minority of people with disabilities are employed. More recent literature has expanded to include measures of income poverty and material hardship, but has not examined trends in these dimensions of economic well-being over time or across different groups of people with disabilities. The current study uses nationally representative data covering the 1993-2010 period to examine trends over time in cross-sectional and dynamic measures of income poverty, and multiple dimensions of material hardship. It also describes differences in time trends by education, sex, race/ethnicity, and employment status among people with disabilities in income poverty and any material hardship. Levels of both material hardship and income poverty are high across the entire period for all groups, but while material hardship remains at the same level between 1993 and 2010, income poverty declines. These findings show that there has been little improvement over the past two decades in the economic well-being of people with disabilities, and additional research is needed to understand the mechanisms that keep even groups that are relatively privileged — college graduates and full-time, full-year workers — at very low levels of economic well-being.
Review: The Role of Collagen in Meat Tenderness

Abstract Meat tenderness is a major factor affecting the consumers’ assessment of meat quality. Collagen is an abundant connective tissue protein and is a contributing factor to variation in meat tenderness and texture. It is found in three specific regions in muscle and in various forms and types. Collagen molecules are bound together through intermolecular crosslinks that help provide structure and strength. These crosslinks are initially reducible, but over time are replaced by mature, thermally stable, and less soluble crosslinks. These mature crosslinks, rather than the total amount of collagen, are the key factors in collagen-related toughness. The proportion of mature to reducible crosslinks increases with age, resulting in older animals that often have less tender meat than younger animals. Collagen crosslinks are also affected by growth rate, nutrition, and genetics. Collagen plays major roles in cooked meat as well. As collagen fibrils are heated during cooking, they shrink, resulting in a fluid loss and less tender meat. They also act to hold muscle fibers together after shrinkage. Post-mortem degradation of collagen and the use of collagenases appear to play a role in providing the desired tenderness and texture by altering the connective tissue structure. Collagen is very important in maintaining acceptable texture; however, high amounts of crosslinks can greatly decrease tenderness and consumer acceptability.
Environmental influences on growth and defence responses of the invasive shrub, Lonicera maackii, to simulated and real herbivory in the juvenile stage

Background and aims Tolerance and defence against herbivory are among the many mechanisms attributed to the success of invasive plants in their novel ranges. Because tolerance and defence against herbivory differ with the ontogeny of a plant, the effects of herbivore damage on plant fitness vary with ontogenetic stage and are compounded throughout a plant's lifetime. Environmental stresses such as light and nutrient limitations can further influence the response of the plant. Much is known about the response of plants in the seedling and reproductive adult stages, but less attention has been given to the pre-reproductive juvenile stage. Methods Juvenile plants of the North American invasive Lonicera maackii were exposed to simulated herbivory under high and low light and nitrogen availability and growth, allocation patterns and foliar defensive chemistry were measured. In a second experiment, complete nutrient availability and damage type (generalist caterpillar or simulated) were manipulated. Key results Juvenile plants receiving 50 % defoliation had lower total biomass and a higher root^:^shoot ratio than controls for all treatment combinations except low nitrogen/low light. Low light and defoliation increased root^:^shoot ratio. Light, fertilization and defoliation had little impact on foliar defensive chemistry. In the second experiment, there was a reduction in total biomass when caterpillar damage was applied. The root^:^shoot ratio increased under low soil fertility and was not affected by defoliation. Stem-diameter growth rates and specific leaf area did not vary by damage type or fertilization. Foliar protein increased through time, and more strongly in defoliated plants than in controls, while peroxidase activity and total flavonoids decreased with time. Overall, resource limitations were more influential than damage in the growth of juvenile L. maackii plants. Conclusions The findings illustrate that even when resources are limited, the tolerance and defence against herbivory of a woody invasive plant in the juvenile stage may contribute to the establishment and persistence of some species in a variety of habitats.
Outcomes of wavefront-optimized surface ablation.

Purpose To compare early visual outcomes after wavefront-optimized advanced surface ablation (ASA) with those after wavefront-optimized LASIK. Design Retrospective comparative series. Participants One hundred thirty-six eyes undergoing ASA and 136 preoperative refraction–matched eyes undergoing LASIK from June 2004 through October 2005. Methods Database review of preoperative characteristics, including patient age, gender, refraction, and central corneal pachymetry; perioperative information, including type of surgery, flap thickness (for LASIK cases), ablation depth, and residual stromal bed thickness; and postoperative information, including uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) at 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks, and 3 months, refraction at 3 months, and complications. All ASA patients had topical mitomycin C applied intraoperatively. Main Outcomes Measures Postoperative UCVA, best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), spherical equivalent (SE) refraction, speed of visual recovery, and postoperative complications. Results Surface ablation patients were younger (35.4 years vs. 39.8 years, P = 0.0002) and had thinner corneas (514 μm vs. 549 μm, P P P = 0.0002) postoperatively. However, by 3 months postoperatively, UCVA was better after ASA (20/20.8 vs. 20/22.7, P = 0.05), and 81.5% of patients achieved 20/20 or better UCVA after ASA, compared with 70.5% after LASIK ( P = 0.05). More ASA eyes had postoperative UCVA that achieved or surpassed preoperative BSCVA than LASIK eyes (66% vs. 41.6%, P Conclusion Initial visual recovery is more rapid after LASIK; however, by 3 months postoperatively UCVA and SE refractions were better after ASA. Advanced surface ablation is an effective alternative to LASIK, and based on early visual recovery, bilateral simultaneous surface ablation is a reasonable alternative to sequential surgery for the majority of patients.
An empirical model of enhancement-induced defect activity in software

This study exploits the relationship between functional enhancement (FE) activity and defect distribution to produce a model for predicting FE induced defect activity. We achieve this in 2 steps: (1) apply canonical correlation analysis to model the relationship between a set of FE activity indicators and a set of defect activity indicators; this analysis isolates 1 dimension of this relationship having strong correlation; and (2) model the relationship between the latent variables at this dimension as a simple linear regression; this model demonstrates predictive quality sufficient for application as a software engineering tool. The predictive model considers FE activity as the sole source of variation in defect activity. Other sources of variation are not modeled, but remained constant throughout the development effort that yielded the modeled data. Models developed with this technique are intended for predicting defect activity in the program modules that result from the next iteration of the same development process, in production of the next release of the modeled product, with the same key people implementing the software changes that introduce FE. Even in this application, software engineers should understand and control the impacts of the unmodeled sources of variation. The modeling technique scales to larger development efforts involving several key people by either developing unique models for each area of responsibility, or adding independent variables that account for variation introduced by differing skill and understanding levels.
The presence or severity of pulmonary hypertension does not affect outcomes for single-lung transplantation

Advanced lung disease (ALD) that requires lung transplantation (LTX) is frequently associated with pulmonary hypertension (PH). Whether the presence of PH significantly affects the outcomes following single-lung transplantation (SLT) remains controversial. Therefore, we retrospectively examined the outcomes of 279 consecutive SLT recipients transplanted at our centre, and the patients were split into four groups based on their mean pulmonary artery pressure values. Outcomes, including long-term survival and primary graft dysfunction, did not differ significantly for patients with versus without PH, even when PH was severe. We suggest that SLT can be performed safely in patients with ALD-associated PH.
The protective effect of enrichment on drug abuse vulnerability may reflect a decrease in mood-based impulsivity using a rat model of negative urgency

the younger group, those who had childhood prescriptions for a specific condition such as ADHD, and those who reported misusing pain pills, reported that they would be able to provide a rough estimate of the number of lifetime pills consumed. All others felt it would be a task to estimate the number of pills on the spot, citing the same reasons as the older adults. Conclusions: The study findings highlight the need for pill cards and other methods to enhance recall of the number of lifetime prescription pills misused. Understanding the barriers to quantifying this information among two most vulnerable populations, older and younger adults, is necessary to emphasize on need for prevention interventions. Financial support: This study was funded by NIDA R01DA20791 (PI: Cottler).
On the influence of alloy composition on the oxidation performance and oxygen-induced phase transformations in Ti–(0–8) wt%Al alloys

Adopting a high-throughput combinatorial approach, a compositionally graded Ti–xAl (0 ≤ x ≤ 8 wt%) specimen was prepared to conduct a rapid systematic investigation of the influence of composition and exposure time on the oxidation performance of the titanium-rich section of the binary Ti–Al system. The compositionally graded specimen was solution heat treated and subjected to oxidation tests at 650 °C for different exposure times. The morphology, structure, and composition of the oxide scale as well as the microstructural changes in the base material were studied across the entire composition range, using a suite of characterization techniques. The observations revealed the presence of Al2O3 in the topmost layer of the oxide scale in addition to TiO2, indicating its early formation during oxidation. An increase in Al concentration improves the scaling rate of Ti; however, this is observed only for extended exposure times (i.e., 50 and 100 h), and a parabolic oxidation law is obeyed in the composition-time domain. The formation of the α2 phase (Ti3Al) also takes place for relatively higher Al contents (i.e., 8 wt%).
The Rhetoric of Intellectual Property: Copyright Law and the Regulation of Digital Culture by Jessica Reyman (Book Review).

A short book review of Jessica Reyman’s, The Rhetordic of Intellectual Property: Copyright Law and the Regulation of Digital Culture.