cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Post-processual archaeology

Processual archaeology made contributions to archaeological theory by encouraging the notion of culture as adaptive, and by applying systems theory, information exchange theory and a host of other general theories. Many of these ideas had existed in some form in earlier approaches in archaeology, and the extent of this continuity will be further examined below. Yet perhaps the major contribution made by the New Archaeology was methodological (Meltzer 1979; Moore and Keene 1983, p. 4). Archaeologists became more concerned about problems of inference, sampling and research design. Quantitative and statistical techniques were used more frequently; procedures were questioned and made more explicit. Contextual archaeology is an attempt to develop archaeological methodology further. In the realm of theory, there have been a number of developments since the early 1960s which, it can be argued, indicate movement from the initial stance of processual archaeology as represented by the early papers of Binford (1962; 1965) and Flannery (1967). In the 1980s, what we now call post-processual archaeology encouraged an engagement with the theoretical turns taken in other fields, particularly anthropology, which had explored many new directions not foreseen by the first wave of anthropological archaeology in the 1960s. In the new millennium, as the debate between processualism and post-processualism gives way to a thousand archaeologies (Preucel 1995; Schiffer 2000), the usefulness of this debate is as questionable as the demand for a resolution (Hutson 2001; cf. Van Pool and Van Pool 1999).
The 1999 patterns of care study of radiotherapy in localized prostate carcinoma: a comprehensive survey of prostate brachytherapy in the United States.

BACKGROUND The objective of the current study was to provide descriptive information on a representative national sample of patients with prostate carcinoma who were treated with prostate brachytherapy (PB) in calendar year 1999. METHODS A random survey was conducted by the Patterns of Care Study in radiation oncology of 59 facilities (1 facility had no eligible patients) that treated patients with prostate carcinoma in 1999 in the United States. A weighted sample size of 36,496 patients with prostate cancer was included in the 1999 survey (unweighted sample size, 554 patients). The main measures were the clinical characteristics of men prior to treatment and the technical characteristics of PB. Patients were classified into three prognostic groups according to T stage, pretreatment prostate specific antigen (PSA) level, and Gleason score. RESULTS A weighted sample size of 13,293 patients (36%; unweighted sample size, 162 patients) was treated with PB. Compared with a weighted sample size of 23,203 patients (64%; unweighted sample size, 392 patients) was treated with external beam radiotherapy (EB), patients who received PB were significantly younger (mean age: PB group, 67.7 years; EB group, 70.8 years; P = 0.0006). The mean pretreatment PSA level for the PB group was lower compared with the EB group (9.9 ng/mL vs. 13.33 ng/mL; P = 0.0015). The prognostic groupings were more favorable for patients in the PB group compared with patients in EB group (P = 0.0365). The utilization of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in the PB group was similar to the utilization of ADT in the EB group (40.4% vs. 51.3%; P = 0.2282). The vast majority of men who were treated with PB received low-dose-rate, permanent sources (89%). Fifty-four percent of men received PB monotherapy (PBM), and the remaining 46% were treated with EB in addition to PB (EBPB). The prognostic groupings were more favorable for patients in the PBM group compared with patients in the EBPB group (P = 0.0037). Of the men who were treated with low-dose-rate PB, 59% were treated with iodine-125 (I-125), and 41% were treated with palladium-103 (Pd-103). I-125 was used more frequently in men who were treated with PBM, and Pd-103 was used more frequently in men who were treated with EBPB. Postimplantation dosimetry was documented in 61.0% of men who were treated with low-dose-rate PB. Computed tomography imaging was used for 46.5% of men. CONCLUSIONS PB was used in 36% of men who were treated with radiotherapy nationally. The mean age of men who were treated with PB was younger than the population of men who were treated with EB alone. Nearly 50% of men who received PB also received EB. EB was used more frequently in men with higher-risk disease. ADT was used in 40% of patients in the PB group. Techniques and prescription doses were consistent with published guidelines. Cancer 2003. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
The Mechanism of Introduction of Alkyl Groups at C-24 of Sterols II. THE NECESSITY OF THE Δ24 BOND

Abstract 1. A cell-free system capable of introducing 14C from methyl-labeled methionine into lanosterol, desmosterol, and cycloartenol was obtained in a supernatant from the centrifugation at 8720 x g of macerated 5-day-old peas. 2. The structure of the metabolites is assigned that of the 24-methylene derivatives, based on their behavior in gas-liquid chromatography and their reaction with osmium tetroxide. 3. Neither 24,25-dihydrolanosterol nor cholesterol underwent alkylation. 4. The results confirm the earlier prediction that the Δ24(25) bond is necessary in order that alkylation may proceed.
Institutional Determinants of the Impact of Community-Based Water Services: Evidence from Sri Lanka and India

Using data from community-based water services in Sri Lanka and India, this paper first shows that: (a) improved household health and reduced water collection times are associated with better service design and construction: (b) well-designed services involve more community members in the design process and final decision-making about service type; and (c) well-constructed services have effective mechanisms to monitor household contributions to construction. The paper then shows that these service-level institutions are endogenously determined: in communities with higher levels of social capital--in particular, with more active community groups and associations--design participation is more likely to be high and monitoring mechanisms are more likely to be in place. This suggests a way to place an economic value on this form of social capital in the context of water projects: as the net present value of the marginal increase in health associated with active civic associations. These results suggest that designers and supervisors of community-based water projects need to pay attention to the prevailing levels of social capital as one of the factors that will influence performance. When targeting a range of communities, the allocation of investment resources for water services programs may need to be adjusted to take into account the lack of this form of social capital in some villages: possible adjustments include increased investments in social mobilization efforts (for example, through the strengthening of local organizations) and in more direct supervision to oversee system performance.
Distributed Systems and Automated Biodiversity Informatics: Genomic Analysis and Geographic Visualization of Disease Evolution

A core mission in biodiversity informatics is to build a computing infrastructure for rapid, real-time analysis of biodiversity information. We have created the information technology to mine, analyze, interpret and visualize how diseases are evolving across the globe. The system rapidly collects the newest and most complete data on dangerous strains of viruses that are able to infect human and animal populations. Following completion, the system will also test whether positions in the genome are under positive selection or purifying selection, a useful feature to monitor functional genomic charac-teristics such as, drug resistance, host specificity, and transmissibility. Our system's persistent monitoring and reporting of the distribution of dangerous and novel viral strains will allow for better threat forecasting. This information system allows for greatly increased efficiency in tracking the evolution of disease threats.
A compact broadband horizontally polarized omnidirectional antenna using folded dipoles

Omnidirectional antennas have been widely used in wireless communication devices, including the cellphone base station, Wi-fi routers and many portable devices. It is also adopted for omnidirectional imaging radar systems. Usually vertically polarized antennas are applied for these systems since they could easily achieve wide bandwidth and good omnidirectional radiation pattern. However, for more advanced commuinaction and radar applications where polarization diversity is considered, a horizontally polarized (HP) omnidirectional antenna is also required to obtain higher efficiency in communication and improved in imaging radar systems. Many of these systems operate with wide bandwidth. However, many of traditional HP antennas suffer from narrow bandwidth. There are several designs reported to increase the bandwidth omni-directional HP antennas recently, but none of these have bandwdith more than 50%.
Distribution of Lysosomal Enzymes, Cationic Proteins, and Bactericidal Substances in Subcellular Fractions of Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

Separation of homogenates of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) into different fractions by sedimentation in centrifugal fields that ranged from 126 × g to 50,000 × g resulted in a differential distribution of the lysosomal enzymes. Peroxidase, lysozyme, beta-glucuronidase, and acid phosphatase activity were separated from each other. This demonstrates that the lysosomes of human PMN comprise at least three and possibly four physically and chemically different cytoplasmic particles. Proteins which are more cationic than lysozyme and which may be analogous to cationic lysosomal protein of rabbit PMN were associated with lysozyme and beta-glucuronidase rich granules. Antibacterial activity was present in four of the five cell fractions which this work produced. These results are significant because they differ from those obtained with rabbits and because they directly influence future experimental design and interpretation, in attempts to analyze antibacterial, scavenging, and inflammatory capacities of human PMN. Since lysosomes differ physically, biochemically, and morphologically, they may well differ with respect to their function in the PMN. Images
Phenomena accompanying transient low-voltage discharges in liquid dielectrics: II ¿ Cathode phenomena at low currents

ELECTRICAL spark-over between metallic electrodes in a liquid dielectric is followed by a high current-density discharge, the removal of electrode material, the formation of well-defined and characteristic electrode craters and, under some conditions, the production of colloidal suspensions of metal particles in the liquid. The associated phenomena have been the subject of many studies, originally with emphasis on colloidal suspensions,1,2 and more recently, in connection with ?electrical? machining3,4 processes in which the electrode material removal is adapted for purposes analogous to those encountered in conventional machine tools. Despite the development of an extensive electrical machining art the physical phenomena involved have been incompletely understood. The authors have conducted several investigations of the physical phenomena, earlier results of which have been reported.3,4 Experimental techniques have subsequently been refined to achieve quantitative data which clarify both the process and its underlying theory. This paper is the first of a series on these results.
THE EFFECT OF WORD ORDER ON LISTENING COMPREHENSION AND PATTERN RETENTION: AN EXPERIMENT IN SPANISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

An important skill which the language learner uses in the listening task is knowledge of the syntax of the target language. This study empirically examines the effect of one aspect of surface structure, word order, on the listening comprehension and pattern retention of native English speakers learning Spanish The factors of sentence length and position of a sentence in a given context are also analyzed As the basis for the experiment, a brief discussion is presented of theoretical implications of word order processing and memory in listening. A comparative analysis of Spanish and English word order patterns follows, which identifies three principal word order patterns of Spanish. subject-verb-object, verb-subject-object, and object-verb-subject Results are reported of the experiment which tested the abilities of native English-speaking students of Spanish and native Spanish speakers to comprehend an oral passage and remember the word order of certain sentences. The findings indicate that word order significantly affected the degree of comprehension of the English speakers In addition, for both groups of participants, sentences which were both longer and in final position in a context were comprehended most effectively Word order and sentence position significantly affected surface retention of both groups Further, there is indirect evidence to lend additional support to transformational grammar theory indicating that native speakers and foreign language learners may utilize an aural processing strategy of converting patterns to the basic SVO word order Implications of this investigation for Spanish foreign-language pedagogy as well as suggestions for further research are included.
The use of scat samples in primate diet analysis

The need for increased dietary studies on nonhuman primates is discussed. A method combining both direct observation and fecal analysis is proposed as the most satisfactory for such studies. The procedure for fecal analysis is outlined and the application of the results discussed. A field investigation concerning the diet of four primates—baboon, vervet, Sykes', and colobus—was greatly aided by the investigator's use of scat analysis. The information proved invaluable for gathering data on the insect portion of the diet as well as for determining the period over which items were eaten. Analysis also indicated the presence in the diet of some items which were not observed being eaten and counteracted differences in morphology and behavior that affected feeding behavior data.
Statistical analyses of highway commercial vehicle accidentst

In a research program aimed at the assessment of more comprehensive accident analysis methods, new applications of statistical analysis procedures to commercial vehicle accidents have been investigated, and exemplary results obtained [Philipson et al., 1978], A file of some 3000 specially-detailed California Highway Patrol accident reports from two areas of California during a period of about one year in 1975-1976 provided the unique data base for the application. Computer implementation and evaluation through statistical testing of the quality of the data file were first accomplished. Then an exhaustive univariate analysis of the data was conducted to describe the file in detail. Selected sets of dependent and independent variables were then subjected to analyses of association employing contingency table analysis methods. In several cases, acceptable log-linear models to explain the variables' association were thereby established. Vehicle exposure measured in vehicle miles traveled for each vehicle category was introduced into one of the analyses to assess its impact on the set of significant interactions; it was indeed found to be important, albeit accuracy in its estimation was problematical. This estimation was carried out by two independent methods; a "direct" procedure based on a series of linear extrapolations of basic State of California commercial vehicle traffic data, and an "induced" estimation procedure essentially employing only data in the accident reports. The results of the two methods exhibited some common trends, but otherwise differed considerably. The results of the research effort, highlighted in this article, indicated the value of the methods investigated, and so of the detailed accident report files necessary for their use. They also strongly illuminated the areas of greatest difficulty in the application of these methods, basically associated with accident data quality and exposure estimation accuracy, and general directions for their improvement.
Method for improving design testability through modeling

Testability modeling has been performed for many years. Unfortunately, the modeling of a design for testability is often performed after the design is complete. This limits the functional use of the testability model to determining what level of test coverage is available in the design. This information may be useful to help assess whether a product meets a requirement to achieve a desired level of test coverage, but has little pro-active effect on making the design more testable. This paper will layout the reasons for adding testability modeling to design effort and the process by which modeling can be effectively utilized to improve an electrical designs' testability. It will cover some of the assumptions that must be made initially about testability at a programs onset, the phases in a programs lifecycle that testability modeling should be performed, the level of detail that a testability model should contain, the review and other processes that should be used to validate the model and determine if design modification/improvements should be performed, as well as the way testability should be incorporated into a program's overall test strategy. The information related in this document is based upon the personal experience of the author as the company he works for attempts to better utilize new and existing design tools and processes to improve the manufacturability of its designs and reduce the overall cost of its products in an ever more challenging defense acquisition environment.
32P-postlabeling analysis of non-radioactive aromatic carcinogen — DNA adducts

A newly developed enzymatic /sup 32/P-postlabeling method was applied to the analysis of DNA's containing non-radioactive arylamine, arylamide, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon adducts. DNA reacted in vitro with N-hydroxy-2-amino-fluorene, N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, and 7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha,10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene, respectively, as well as DNA preparations from the liver of rats treated with N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene and benzo(a)pyrene, respectively, were enzymatically digested to deoxyribonucleoside 3'-monophosphates, which were then converted to (5'-/sup 32/P)deoxyribonucleoside 3',5'-bisphosphates by T4 polynucleotide kinase-catalyzed (/sup 32/P)phosphate transfer from (gamma-/sup 32/P)ATP. The /sup 32/P-labeled nucleotides were resolved by anion-exchange t.l.c. on polyethyleneimine-cellulose and detected by autoradiography. Aromatic adduct nucleotides were found to be retained at the origin in aqueous electrolyte solutions, but to migrate as distinct spots in solvents containing 7-8.5 M urea. Advantage was taken of this observation to remove /sup 32/P-labeled normal DNA nucleotides from adduct nucleotides. This purification enabled the detection of a single adduct in 10(7)-10(8) normal nucleotides. The method appears applicable to the ultrasensitive detection of a large number of carcinogen--DNA adducts of diverse structure without requiring radioactive carcinogens or specific antibodies.
Cultural studies: which paradigm?:

This essay is a critical review of ‘Cultural Studies: two paradigms’ by Stuart Hall, published in this journal in 1980. The two paradigms are ‘experience’ and ‘ideology’, the respective master concepts of the first and second generation of Cultural Studies. I situate Hall’s article in the context of its time (the late 1970s) as a response to internal disagreements within British Marxism and, more broadly, to a crisis in the humanistic disciplines–notably English Literature and History. Hall, I conclude, privileges ideology over experience. I prefer the paradigm of ‘lived experience’ and, in the second part of this essay, offer a revaluation of its meaning and significance for media and cultural studies.
Capsaicin‐sensitive peptidergic neurons are involved in the zosteriform spread of herpes simplex virus infection

The intraneuronal transport of herpes simplex virus (HSV) is an essential component in disease pathogenesis. Capsaicin, a neuropharmacologic agent lacking direct antiviral activity, has been shown to protect animals against HSV-induced disease. It has been hypothesized that capsaicin acts by interfering with the intraneuronal transport of virus. Since animal models have been useful in studying the spread of virus, we used two guinea pig models of zosteriform herpes to examine the effect of capsaicin on HSV spread. Capsaicin was subcutaneously administered to Hartley guinea pigs prior t o intravaginal or cutaneous HSV-2 inoculation. Treatment did not prevent the development of herpetic vesicles at the site of inoculation but significantly reduced the zosteriform spread of lesions in male and female animals. Further, after recovery from primary infection, capsaicin-treated male guinea pigs were observed to have fewer days with recurrent herpetic lesions. These results suggest that capsaicin-sensitive nerve fibers play a role in the pathogenesis of primary and recurrent HSV infections. Capsaicin appears to reduce the severity of cutaneous HSV infections by interfering with the spread of virus. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effect of age on kainate-induced seizure severity and cell death

While the onset and extent of epilepsy increases in the aged population, the reasons for this increased incidence remain unexplored. The present study used two inbred strains of mice (C57BL/6J and FVB/NJ) to address the genetic control of age-dependent neurodegeneration by building upon previous experiments that have identified phenotypic differences in susceptibility to hippocampal seizure-induced cell death. We determined if seizure induction and seizure-induced cell death are affected differentially in young adult, mature, and aged male C57BL/6J and FVB/NJ mice administered the excitotoxin, kainic acid. Dose response testing was performed in three to four groups of male mice from each strain. Following kainate injections, mice were scored for seizure activity and brains from mice in each age group were processed for light microscopic histopathologic evaluation 7 days following kainate administration to evaluate the severity of seizure-induced brain damage. Irrespective of the dose of kainate administered or the age group examined, resistant strains of mice (C57BL/6J) continued to be resistant to seizure-induced cell death. In contrast, aged animals of the FVB/NJ strain were more vulnerable to the induction of behavioral seizures and associated neuropathology after systemic injection of kainic acid than young or middle-aged mice. Results from these studies suggest that the age-related increased susceptibility to the neurotoxic effects of seizure induction and seizure-induced injury is regulated in a strain-dependent manner, similar to previous observations in young adult mice.
Psychostimulant Abuse: The Case for Combined Behavioral and Pharmacological Treatments

Behavioral and pharmacological therapies have been used alone and in combination for the treatment of substance abuse; however, to date, no single treatment approach for psychostimulant abuse has demonstrated widespread efficacy. This paper describes the various functions that are served by both behavioral therapies and pharmacotherapies and their respective mechanisms of action. It is argued that combined treatments can be expected to produce additive effects because the two approaches operate through different and potentially complementary mechanisms. Illustrations of these underlying principles and experimental support for the use of combined treatments are drawn from smoking cessation research, which has broadly applied combined behavioral and pharmacological therapies for treating abuse of nicotine, a mild stimulant. In addition, the results of recent studies that have evaluated the efficacy of behavioral techniques and/or potential pharmacotherapies for treating cocaine abuse are reviewed. Finally, methodological strategies are recommended for future evaluations of combined therapy approaches to conclusively evaluate separate and combined efficacy of treatments for psychostimulant abuse.
Data-Enabled Design and Optimization (DEDOpt): Tall steel building frameworks

Recent increases in computational resources and speed have opened the door to the possibility of integrating informational databases into the design process of civil structures. The aim of this paper is twofold. Firstly, efficient time/frequency domain procedures for the estimation of local and global load effects are presented with focus on the use of proper orthogonal decomposition of the spectral and covariance matrices. Secondly, a procedure is presented that fully automates the design procedure through the rigorous discrete member size optimization of the structural system subject to multiple performance constraints on both the local and global load effects.
Robust adaptive Markov Decision Processes in multi-vehicle applications

This paper presents a new robust and adaptive framework for Markov Decision Processes that accounts for errors in the transition probabilities. Robust policies are typically found off-line, but can be extremely conservative when implemented in the real system. Adaptive policies, on the other hand, are specifically suited for on-line implementation, but may display undesirable transient performance as the model is updated though learning. A new method that exploits the individual strengths of the two approaches is presented in this paper. This robust and adaptive framework protects the adaptation process from exhibiting a worst-case performance during the model updating, and is shown to converge to the true, optimal value function in the limit of a large number of state transition observations. The proposed framework is investigated in simulation and actual flight experiments, and shown to improve transient behavior in the adaptation process and overall mission performance.
Fabrication and characterization of long range surface plasmon devices based on metallic subwavelength gratings

In this paper, long range surface plasmon devices using metallic subwavelength gratings are experimentally demonstrated. Subwavelength gold gratings are fabricated with deep UV interference lithography. Long range surface plasmon device using these subwavelength gold gratings is characterized by measuring the surface plasmon resonance reflectance curve in an attenuated total reflection setup. Surface plasmon resonance curve with approximately ten times narrower angular width than that from long range surface plasmon propagating along metallic thin films has been observed experimentally..
Pentachloroborosilane: Synthesis by electric discharge and reaction with cyclopropane

Abstract Pentachloroborosilane(I) is synthesized by passing a mixture of BCl 3 and SiCl 4 through a d.c. pulse discharge. The i.r. and mass spectra of I is reported. I reacts with cyclopropane to yield 1-dichloro-3-trichlorosilylpropane which is characterized by i.r. and proton NMR spectra. I decomposes rapidly above 80° to give SiCl 4 , BCl 3 and (BSiCl 3 ) n ; and reacts with SbF 3 to cleave the BSi bond to give SiF 4 as the sole volatile product. Attempts to prepare BGe, BSn and BTi bonded compounds analogous to I were unsuccessful.
A Case of Ability and Disability: What Managers Must Know About the ADA

This teaching exercise addresses a relatively neglected area of diversity, the employment of persons with disabilities. In the first part of the two-stage exercise, students are required to make a hiring decision based on a case that includes candidates who are disabled. This decision raises issues concerning the legal and ethical responsibilities of a hiring manager and uncovers some of the myths concerning candidates with disabilities. The case is subsequently used to anchor a lecture on essential information every manager should know about the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and disability in the workplace. As a result of this exercise, students improved their knowledge of the ADA and the vocabulary associated with the Act, and recognized unfounded attitudes that can limit the employment prospects of persons with disabilities.
Imprint directed self-assembly of cylinder-forming Si-containing block copolymer for 6nm half-pitch line patterning

A new imprint directed self-assembly (DSA) route is developed for creating high resolution line patterns consisting of in-plane polystyrene- block -polydimethylsiloxane (PS- b - PDMS) cylinders. Resist line prepatterns are prepared by nanoimprint and trimmed by oxygen plasma to proper feature geometry and dimension. Registered block copolymer line patterns with exceptional long-range order are generated after DSA then, with the smallest half-pitch of 6 nm or so. Excellent stretching capability of PS- b -PDMS polymer chains indicates a broad process window for DSA. Initial pattern transfer results at 16.5 nm pitch imply the potential of this approach for future nanodevice fabrication at ultra-high pattern resolution.
Alteration of gene expression in human middle ear epithelial cells induced by influenza A virus and its implication for the pathogenesis of otitis media.

Abstract Influenza A virus infection plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced acute otitis media in children. An understanding of how influenza A virus modulates host cellular responses is critically important in efforts to explore the molecular mechanisms of this synergism. We used microarray technology to characterize the mRNA expression profile in human middle ear epithelial cells induced by influenza A virus. Alterations of mRNA expression in 142 out of approximately 12,600 genes were observed at 24 h after virus infection. Of these 142 genes with altered expression, interferon inducible genes, chemokine and cytokine genes, pro- and antiapoptotic genes, signal transduction and transcription factors, cellular immune response, cell cycle and metabolism genes were the most prominent. Our results reveal several previously unknown alterations of host gene expression induced by influenza A virus which may provide new targets for further analysis of its role in this particular host–pathogen interaction.
Word-Meaning Selection in Multiprocess Language Understanding Programs

An understander reading or listening to someone speak has to repeatedly solve the problem of word-meaning ambiguity, the selection of the intended meaning of a word from the set of its possible meanings. For example, the problem of pronominal reference can be considered as a choosing of the intended referent from the collection of entities which have already been mentioned or which can be inferred. Human understanders apply rules of syntax, surface semantics, general world knowledge, and various types of contextual knowledge to resolve word-sense or pronominal ambiguity as they process language. We describe a mechanism, called a cooperative word-meaning selector, which allows the computer to use various knowledge sources as it ``understands'' text. The word-meaning selector is part of a conceptual analyzer which forms the natural-language interface for a pair of multiprocess language processing systems. The first, called DSAM (distributable script applier mechanism), reads and summarizes newspaper articles making heavy reference to situational scripts. The second, ACE (academic counseling experiment), is a conversational program which automates certain parts of the academic counseling task. In each of these systems, a variety of knowledge sources, each managed by a distinct ``expert'' process, is brought to bear to enable the word-meaning selector to form the most plausible reading of a sentence containing ambiguous words.
Science capabilities of the Robert Stobie Spectrograph near infrared arm on SALT

The Robert Stobie Spectrograph Near Infrared Arm (RSS-NIR) is a new instrument on the 11-meter Southern African Large Telescope (SALT), scheduled to begin commissioning in 2012. This versatile instrument will add capabilities that are unique to large telescopes. The main instrument modes include NIR imaging, medium resolution long slit spectroscopy over an 8 arcminute field of view (FOV), multi-object spectroscopy with custom slit masks over an 8x8 arcminute FOV, Fabry-Perot narrowband imaging over an 8 arcminute diameter FOV, and polarimetry and spectropolarimetry over a 4x8 arcminute FOV. Limiting magnitude predictions are 21.1 and 20.1 for J and H band for S/N = 10 per spectral resolution element in 1 hour for 1 arcsec 2 at an R=7000. All instrument modes can be operated simultaneously with the RSS visible arm, providing spectral coverage from 0.32-1.7 microns. We list the science drivers and describe the way in which they have guided the design for this instrument. We also present a more detailed description of some several planned science programs that will take advantage of the unique capabilities of RSS-VISNIR and the queue-scheduled SALT telescope. Lastly we give a brief description of predicted instrumental performance, along with a comparison to several other NIR instruments at other observatories.
Performance of a step-and-scan system for DUV lithography

To meet the high productivity standards, set by current top- end stepper systems, the use of excimer laser sources and high scanning speeds are essential. This paper reports on a new Step & Scan system capable of exposing 26 X 33 mm fields, using a 248 nm DUV-lens with a variable Numerical Aperture of 0.40 to 0.63. The system is equipped with an advanced AERIALTM illuminator which allows the user to choose coherence and illumination modes on a job-by-job basis. The double telecentric lens is equipped with lens manipulators to allow on-site aberration control. Results are presented on dynamic image distortion, field flatness and dynamic imaging performance. Performance of the overlay accuracy and dose accuracy at high scanning speeds proves that Step & Scan technology is now developed to a level suitable for use in high volume sub 0.25 micrometers manufacturing.
Nickel nanowires as effective catalysts for urea electro-oxidation

Abstract Urea electrolysis catalyzed by bulk nickel catalysts has revealed great potential in hydrogen production and remediation of urea-rich wastewater. In this study, one-dimensional (1-D) nickel nanowires electrocatalyts (NNE) were developed to enhance the electrocatalytic oxidation of urea. The nanowires were fabricated by electrodeposition assisted with an anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) template. The NNE exhibit higher electrocatalytic activity and higher current efficiency of urea electrolysis than that of bulk nickel film electrocatalysts (NFE). The as-prepared NNE represent a new class of robust catalysts for urea electrolysis, which demonstrates promise for future applications in hydrogen production, fuel cells, and wastewater remediation.
Na+ and H+ dependent Mn2+ binding to phosphatidylserine vesicles as a test of the Gouy-Chapman-Stern theory

Mn/sup 2 +/ binding to phosphatidylserine (PS) vesicles was measured by EPR as a function of (Na/sup +/) and pH. At nearly physiological monovalent salt concentration the apparent Mn/sup 2 +/ affinity (K/sub a/) increased monitonically over the pH range 5.7 to 8.35, with K/sub a/ roughly ..cap alpha.. (H/sup +/)-/sup 1/ above pH 7.3. It was found, moreover, that K/sub a/ fell off more rapidly with added NaCl at pH 6.1 than at pH 7.87. Qualitatively, these results are consistent with two types of Mn/sup 2 +/-PS binding: (i) simple adsorption and (ii) adsorption with the release of an amino proton from PS. The existence of Mn/sup 2 +/-induced H/sup +/ displacement from PS was vertified through titration measurements, employing a pH electrode. When H/sup +/ displacement is taken into account, the variation in K/sub a/ with (Na/sup +/) observed at pH 6.1 is found to be in reasonably good agreement with that expected from the Gouy-Chapman-Stern theory of ionic binding to charged surfaces.
Simultaneous multi-element atomic emission flame spectrometry with an image vidicon detector

The silicon diode array vidicon camera tube and the nitrous oxide-- acetylene flame were used to determine limits of detection for Co, Cu, Er, Ev, Ho, In, Mn, Ni, Sc, Sr, and Yb. (LK)
Selective nitrogen protection of hydroxyalkylbenzimidazoles using 2,2,2-trichloroethylchloroformate

Abstract A method for selective N-protection of hydroxyalkylbenzimidazoles using 2,2,2-trichloroethylchloroformate (Troc-Cl) applicable to various alkyl chain lengths has been developed. In the specific case of 5-(1-[2,2,2-trichloroethyl formyl]-benzimidazol-2-yl)-propan-1-ol, migration of Troc from the benzimidazole to the primary alcohol occurs in the presence of triethylamine, allowing the choice of selective N-Troc or O-Troc protection.
The Geology and Petroleum Resources of Kansas: A Review From Alpha to Omega or From the Pleistocene to the Precambrian

The geological story of Kansas is told through the rocks that are present. It is a simple story in generalities but complex in detail. Knowing the story, gives insight into understanding the occurrence and location of possible economic valuable minerals, such as petroleum. This is a brief review of Kansas geology with respect to the known occurrence of oil and gas. Kansas is part of the Midcontinent oil province with oil having been discovered 150 years ago and commercial production commencing in 1873. Although many prospects remain in Kansas, the state has gone from the number 1 producer in the U.S. in 1916 to 8th today. Exploration for new oil and gas production therefore is going to have to be more imaginative and utilize new approaches and techniques to find the elusive petroleum. There are possibilities however for the prospector who can search diligently. Although the big fields probably have been discovered, the prospects today are deeper, in more undetectable traps, and in essentially untested places.
A camera positioner driven by muscle-like actuation

Numerous camera positioning mechanisms exist, but their actuation has little in common with the human eye whose motion they are meant to replicate. Piezoelectric cellular actuators, a novel biologically inspired technology, have much more in common with the recti muscles that position the human eye than traditional actuators have. This work explains how to select multi-layer nested compliant strain amplification mechanisms that can scale up the displacement of piezoelectric stacks to the range of the ocular positioning system. The resulting actuators are deployed on a working single degree-of-freedom device.
Resistance of adult mammalian intestinal mucosa to cytochalasin B

Abstract Cytochalasin B (CB), in concentrations previously shown to inhibit glucose and glucosamine uptake and to disrupt cytoplasmic microfilament structure in a variety of biological systems, did not alter 3-O-methyl- d -glucose, glucosamine or oleic acid uptake by adult hamster small intestinal everted rings nor did CB alter microfilament structure in the microvilli, terminal web region or apical cytoplasm of intestinal absorptive cells. Moreover, glycoprotein, protein and secretory IgA synthesis and secretion were not inhibited in rabbit intestinal mucosa cultured for 24 h in CB-containing medium. Similarly, synthesis of glycerides from freshly absorbed oleic acid by everted sacs of hamster small intestine was not inhibited by addition of CB to the oxygenated buffer used for incubation. Thus the transport and synthetic functions of adult mammalian small intestine which were examined and the fine structure of adult hamster and rabbit intestinal absorptive cells seem remarkably resistant to CB.
Thyroid Hormone Response Elements Differentially Modulate the Interactions of Thyroid Hormone Receptors with Two Receptor Binding Domains in the Steroid Receptor Coactivator-1

Ligand-dependent transcriptional activation by nuclear receptors is mediated by interactions with coactivators. Recently, a consensus interaction motif (LXXLL) has been identified in a number of coactivators such as steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1). SRC-1 contains three such motifs in the central (nuclear receptor binding domain-1, NBD-1) and a single one in the C-terminal (NBD-2) regions. To define the nature and role of the two NBDs in SRC-1, interaction studies between the two NBDs and thyroid hormone receptor (TR) were performed. Although NBD-1 and NBD-2 showed similar ligand- and AF-2-dependent interactions with TR in solution, these two NBDs possessed distinct interaction properties with TR when TR is bound to a thyroid hormone-response element (TRE). Both in vitro and in vivo interaction studies demonstrate that NBD-1, but not NBD-2, exhibits ligand-dependent interaction with TR in the presence of TREs. In addition, a natural isoform of SRC-1, SRC-1E, which lacks NBD-2, preserved TR as well as progesterone receptor-mediated coactivator function on reporter gene expression. Finally, we found that NBD-1 failed to interact with a TR and retinoid X receptor heterodimer complex on a transcriptionally inactive direct repeat +4 TRE in electrophoretic mobility shift assays. These observations indicate that DNA-induced, as well as ligand-induced, conformational change(s) of TR may influence the nature of its binding to SRC-1, and that the two NBDs of SRC-1 may play different roles to regulate ligand-dependent transactivation of TRs.
Delayed Diagnosis of a Frontal Meningioma

AbstractThe case of a 42-year-old homeless, previously high-functioning woman is presented. Over the course of 1 year she developed headache, visual loss, visual hallucinations and personality change that were attributed by several medical services to conversion disorder or malingering. When admitted to the psychiatry service a large frontal meningioma was diagnosed. Psychiatric and neurologic signs and symptoms of brain tumors, as well as indicators of psychiatric presentations of organic disease, are discussed.
Aeroacoustic Resonance with Convergent-Divergent Nozzles

Convergent-divergent nozzles, when run at off-design conditions, often undergo flow resonance accompanied by the emission of a tone. Apart from screech occurring at higher operating pressures, resonance is also common at lower Mach numbers near transonic as well as subsonic conditions. With data from six nozzles of different size and design Mach number, the present paper documents the characteristics of the latter phenomenon that is morphologically quite different from conventional screech. The resonance is due to a feedback loop internal to the nozzle and is apparently driven by unsteady laminar boundary layer separation near the throat of the nozzle. Appropriate boundary layer tripping prior to the throat is found to eliminate or alter most of the tones. The Helmholtz number of the resonance, based on the throat-to-exit length, is found to attain a value of approximately 0.15 at M(sub j)=1 for all nozzles. However, its variation with M(sub j) may be different and depend on the nozzle geometry. With nozzles having larger throat-to-exit angle of divergence, the frequency is found to increase, in some cases having stage jumps to lower frequencies, with increasing operating pressure. With nozzles having smaller angle of divergence, the frequency variation exhibits an increase followed by a decrease involving one prominent stage occurring around transonic (M(sub j)= 1) condition. While the mechanisms remain far from completely clear, a model involving downstream propagating aerodynamic disturbance together with acoustic feedback explains the overall frequency characteristics for most cases.
The New Urban Community: Mutual Relevance of the Social and Physical Environments

c HICAGO'S COMMUNITY AREAS in the 1920s and 1930s were objects of study for the Chicago School of Sociology. They were described as stable, homogeneous enclaves, which adhered to their respective social traditions and bore unique historic identities (Kitagawa and Taeuber 1963; Wirth 1964). They evolved "naturally," not as products of conscious design (McKenzie 1971; Short 1971). South Commons, a Chicago community of the 1970s, was decidedly different. It was created on the drawing boards of architects and developers, one of many urban renewal projects. It was intended to be heterogeneous in population and housing form, while contrasting with the surrounding community in both of these two components. Unanticipated changes in the character and composition of South Commons occurred after a few years as residents grew dissatisfied and moved away. It is my thesis' that the shifts were due to a lack of congruence between the physical environment and the social structures that it housed.
Infection of Protoplasts of Escherichia coli by Subviral Particles of Bacteriophage φX174

Infection of protoplasts of various strains of Escherichia coli may be obtained with purified DNA preparations from bacteriophage φX174 made by two distinctly different methods. Infection of such protoplasts can also be obtained with nucleoprotein particles made from φX174 by heat treatment. None of the particles, infective to protoplasts, are infective to whole cells and all are infective to protoplasts of strains of bacteria usually resistant to whole φX174 virus. The protoplast-infective agents are in all cases destroyed by enzymatic treatment with DNase. The infective DNA is not inactivated by treatment with enzymatic amounts of trypsin but is by treatment with stoichiometric amounts, suggesting the formation of an inactive DNA-trypsin complex. Studies of the properties of protoplast infection indicate certain general characteristics which distinguish it from the more familiar virus infection of whole bacterial cells.
p53 and Metabolism: The GAMT Connection

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Ide et al. (2009) have identified the enzyme guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) that regulates creatine metabolism as a p53 target involved in apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and fatty acid metabolism.
Association between cigarette smoking and prognosis in locally advanced cervical carcinoma treated with chemoradiation: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study.

Abstract Objective. To determine if smoking, a known risk factor for a number of cancers including cervical cancer, is associated with poor prognosis in patients with locally advanced cervical carcinoma treated with chemoradiation. Methods. Patients with primary, previously untreated, histologically confirmed stage II-B, III-B or IV-A cervical carcinoma participated in a Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) phase III study (GOG 165) and were randomly allocated to receive radiation plus either cisplatin or 5-fluorouracil. Smoking behavior was ascertained using an administered questionnaire and by quantifying urine cotinine concentration. Disease progression was defined as a ≥50% increase in the cross product of the existing tumor compared with previous assessments. Patients were followed until death. Results. Of 328 enrolled patients, 12 were ineligible, one was inevaluable for reported smoking status and 40 others were inevaluable for cotinine-derived smoking status. Among evaluable patients, 133 (42%) were reported smokers and 111 (40%) were cotinine-derived smokers. The kappa for agreement between the groups was 0.872 ( P P P =0.04) and cotinine-derived smokers (HR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.03–2.38; P =0.04). Conclusions. Smoking predicts worse overall survival in women with locally advanced cervical carcinoma treated with chemoradiation.