cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reliability Analysis for the Advanced Electric Power Grid: From Cyber Control and Communication to Physical Manifestations of Failure

The advanced electric power grid is a cyber-physical system comprised of physical components, such as transmission lines and generators, and a network of embedded systems deployed for their cyber control. The objective of this paper is to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the reliability of this cyber-physical system. The original contribution of the approach lies in the scope of failures analyzed, which crosses the cyber-physical boundary by investigating physical manifestations of failures in cyber control. As an example of power electronics deployed to enhance and control the operation of the grid, we study Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices, which are used to alter the flow of power on specific transmission lines. Through prudent fault injection, we enumerate the failure modes of FACTS devices, as triggered by their embedded software, and evaluate their effect on the reliability of the device and the reliability of the power grid on which they are deployed. The IEEE118 bus system is used as our case study, where the physical infrastructure is supplemented with seven FACTS devices to prevent the occurrence of four previously documented potential cascading failures.
Visual-tactile versus radiographic caries detection agreement in caries-active adults.

Objectives: The study aims to determine a) the extent of agreement between visual– tactile caries examination (VTE) and radiographic examination (RE) in detecting presumptive caries lesions on occlusal and proximal surfaces of posterior teeth of UNC Xylitol for Adult Caries Trial participants; and b) the additional caries diagnostic yield obtained by adding RE to VTE. Methods: Data consisted of surface-level visual–tactile and radiographic classification of disease (cavitated and noncavitated caries lesions) or nondisease (sound surfaces). Participants (n = 114, adults with 12 erupted teeth and 1-10 caries lesions) received baseline VTE by a trained and calibrated examiner, and had interproximal radiographs obtained within 7 months before or after the VTE. Radiographs were assessed independently by two trained and calibrated examiners masked with respect to VTE results. The diagnostic threshold was surface-level disease/ nondisease status. Kappa statistics provided an estimate of VTE-RE agreement on diseased surfaces. The additional diagnostic yield of the RE over VTE was calculated as the additional lesions detected radiographically as a percentage of the total number of lesions detected by VTE. Results: Four-hundred ninety-four (51 occlusal, 433 proximal) lesions were detected; of these, 81 (2 occlusal, 79 proximal) lesions were detected by both VTE and RE. Kappa statistics were 0.18 (all surfaces), 0.04 (occlusal), and 0.18 (proximal). The additional diagnostic yield was 69 percent (all surfaces), 55 percent (occlusal), and 71 percent (proximal). Conclusions: There is poor agreement between VTE and RE to detect caries in posterior teeth of caries-active adults. However, an RE performed within 7 months of a VTE adds caries diagnostic yield in a clinical trial, especially on proximal surfaces.
Financing Development: The Role of Information Costs (Revised August 2009)

To address how technological progress in financial intermediation affects the economy, a costly-state verification framework is embedded into the standard growth model. The framework has two novel features. First, firms differ in the risk/return combinations that they offer. Second, the efficacy of monitoring depends upon the amount of resources invested in the activity. A financial theory of firm size results. Undeserving firms are over financed, deserving ones under funded. Technological advance in intermediation leads to more capital accumulation and a redirection of funds away from unproductive firms toward productive ones. Quantitative analysis suggests that finance is important for growth.
Diagnostic Application of FISH to Hematological Malignancies

Since the mid-1970s, cytogenetic analysis of malignant hematopoietic disorders has been one of the most rapidly growing areas in hematology. Although conventional cytogenetics advanced our understa...
Dual-Stage Iterative Learning Control for MIMO Mismatched System With Application to Robots With Joint Elasticity

This paper discusses the tracking control problem for a class of multi-input-multi-output mismatched systems, where there are disturbances in different channels from the control input and the real-time feedback signal is not the output of interest. These mismatched issues make it difficult to achieve high tracking performance for the output of interest. To address this problem, two model-based iterative learning control (ILC) algorithms, namely reference ILC and torque ILC, are designed for different injection locations in the closed-loop system. An ad hoc hybrid scheme is proposed to make transitions between the two ILC stages for them to work properly at the same time. The application to both single-joint and multi-joint robots with joint elasticity are discussed with complete dynamic modeling and state estimation method for desired learning, as well as the extensive experimental validations on both systems.
An SVM-based system for predicting protein subnuclear localizations

Background The large gap between the number of protein sequences in databases and the number of functionally characterized proteins calls for the development of a fast computational tool for the prediction of subnuclear and subcellular localizations generally applicable to protein sequences. The information on localization may reveal the molecular function of novel proteins, in addition to providing insight on the biological pathways in which they function. The bulk of past work has been focused on protein subcellular localizations. Furthermore, no specific tool has been dedicated to prediction at the subnuclear level, despite its high importance. In order to design a suitable predictive system, the extraction of subtle sequence signals that can discriminate among proteins with different subnuclear localizations is the key.
Peroxiredoxin II functions as a signal terminator for H2O2-activated phospholipase D1

Phospholipase D1 (PLD1) is a signal-transduction regulated enzyme which regulates several cell intrinsic processes including activation of NAPDH oxidase, which elevates intracellular H2O2. Several proteins have been reported to interact with PLD1 in resting cells. We sought to identify proteins that interact with PLD1 after phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) stimulation. A novel interaction with peroxiredoxin II (PrxII), an enzyme that eliminates cellular H2O2, which is a known stimulator of PLD1, was identified by PLD1-affinity pull-down and MS. PMA stimulation was confirmed to promote physical interaction between PLD1 and PrxII and to cause PLD1 and PrxII to colocalize subcellularly. Functional significance of the interaction was suggested by the observation that over-expression of PrxII specifically reduces the response of PLD1 to stimulation by H2O2. These results indicate that PrxII may have a signal-terminating role for PLD1 by being recruited to sites containing activated PLD1 after cellular stimulation involving production of H2O2.
Continuities and Changes in Infant Attachment Patterns Across Two Generations

This study examined the intergenerational continuities and changes in infant attachment patterns within a higher-risk longitudinal sample of 55 female participants born into poverty. Infant attachment was assessed using the Strange Situation when participants were 12 and 18 months as well as several decades later with participants’ children. Paralleling earlier findings from this sample on the stability of attachment patterns from infancy to young adulthood, results provided evidence for intergenerational continuities in attachment disorganization but not security. Children of adults with histories of infant attachment disorganization were at an increased risk of forming disorganized attachments. Although changes in infant attachment patterns across the two generations were not correlated with individuals’ caregiving experiences or interpersonal stresses and supports during childhood and adolescence, higher quality social support during adulthood was associated with intergenerational changes from insecure...
Genetic Variation of the Borrelia burgdorferi Gene vlsE Involves Cassette-Specific, Segmental Gene Conversion

The Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi possesses 15 silent vls cassettes and a vls expression site (vlsE) encoding a surface-exposed lipoprotein. Segments of the silent vls cassettes have been shown to recombine with the vlsE cassette region in the mammalian host, resulting in combinatorial antigenic variation. Despite promiscuous recombination within the vlsE cassette region, the 5' and 3' coding sequences of vlsE that flank the cassette region are not subject to sequence variation during these recombination events. The segments of the silent vls cassettes recombine in the vlsE cassette region through a unidirectional process such that the sequence and organization of the silent vls loci are not affected. As a result of recombination, the previously expressed segments are replaced by incoming segments and apparently degraded. These results provide evidence for a gene conversion mechanism in VlsE antigenic variation.
Regge behavior of a soluble model with asymptotic freedom

Abstract The Bethe-Salpeter kernel is rearranged as an expansion in the effective coupling (of the renormalization group). In asymptotically free field theories, it now converges at large momenta, to give a “renormalized ladder” approximation. We solve this exactly at zero mass in the φ 6 3 model. Unlike the old ladder, its Bjorken limit agrees with the Callan-Symanzik equations. However, the Regge limit disagrees. Regge trajectories accumulate at those j -values where the anomalous dimensions seem to diverge (planar Gribov-Pomeranchuk disease). In non-Abelian gauge theories, this should happen at j =1.
The Fluharty Preschool Speech and Language Screening Test: a population-based validation study using sample-independent decision rules.

Two cohorts of 4- and 5-year-old children (N = 700) were screened with the Fluharty Preschool Speech and Language Screening Test. Two stratified samples (n = 51 cohort 1; n = 147 cohort 2), based on speech-language screening results, were administered criterion tests for articulation (AAPS-R or Templin-Darley) and language (TOLD or TALC-R). Clinical validation indices for combined speech or language outcome in the two cohorts were as follows: sensitivity, .43 and .31 respectively; specificity, .82 and .93; predictive value, .43 and .54; overreferral, 14% and 5%; underreferral, 14% in both cohorts, and percent agreement, 72% and 80%. The measure of sensitivities for language outcomes was lower than the above, whereas sensitivities for articulation was higher. These results suggest that the Fluharty is too insensitive to be relied on for screening programs aimed at identifying preschool children with language disorders, although it appears to have promise for the identification of children with articulation...
The effects of computer technology and decision-making structure on organizational performance: a dual-core model approach

Abstract This study advances Daft's (1978) dual-core model by investigating the role that computer technology and decision structures in organizations play in enhancing organizational performance. Through the use of a longitudinal research design, we examined whether the overall performance effects of technology and decision making arise from the same conditions in different cores of the organization. Findings support contingency theory and suggest that, in the administrative core, changes in computer use and more centralized decision making predict increases in market share. Whereas, in the technical core, overall levels of these attributes predicted a growth in market share.
Stress-specific opioid modulation of haemodynamic counter-regulation.

1. The haemodynamic and cardiovascular responses to stress, in addition to being under control of the autonomic nervous system, are also under opiate modulation. Our studies have provided evidence for activation of the endogenous opioid system in haemorrhagic shock, sepsis and trauma. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that both central and systemic opiate administration to naive rats result in marked alterations in haemodynamic responses, which are associated with activation of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. Because of the ubiquitous presence of opiate receptors in both the central nervous system and peripheral tissues, as well as their production and release centrally and peripherally, this facilitates an endocrine as well as a paracrine contribution to modulating vascular responses to stress, either directly or indirectly. Results from previous studies suggest that endogenous opioids are not involved in mediating the lipopolysacharide-induced hypotensive response. 3. In more recent studies, we have examined the role of opiate receptor activation in modulating the haemodynamic and neuroendocrine responses to fixed pressure haemorrhagic shock in conscious unrestrained rats. Using systemic opiate blockade (naltrexone, 15 mg/kg, i.p.) prior to haemorrhage, we have observed that blood loss required to achieve mean arterial blood pressure of 40 mmHg was higher in naltrexone-treated animals than in time-matched saline controls. Interestingly, the haemodynamic modulation exerted by naltrexone cannot be attributed to differences in circulating catecholamine levels. Haemorrhage produced an immediate and progressive increase in circulating adrenaline and noradrenaline levels, reaching values that were 50- and 20-fold higher than basal, respectively. Naltrexone pretreatment did not alter the time-course or magnitude of the rise in circulating levels of catecholamines. 4. These results indicate that endogenous opioid activation contributes to the haemodynamic dishomeostasis associated with blood loss. Our findings suggest stress-specific roles for opiate-sensitive haemodynamic counter-regulatory responses.
Translational stem cell therapy for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Effective treatments are urgently needed for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of motor neurons. In 2009, the FDA approved the first phase I safety trial of direct intraspinal transplantation of neural stem cells into patients with ALS, which is currently in progress. Stem cell technologies represent a promising approach for treating ALS, but several issues must be addressed when translating promising experimental ALS therapies to patients. This article highlights the key research that supports the use of stem cells as a therapy for ALS, and discusses the rationale behind and approach to the phase I trial. Completion of the trial could pave the way for continued advances in stem cell therapy for ALS and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Further evidence for the serologic association of the O (H) and I blood groups.

Summary. Natural occurring agglutinins in eel sera display a spectrum of specificities against O (H) and I determinants: anti-O, anti-H, anti-OI, anti-HI, anti-IO and anti-I. These findings suggest that the H and I determinants are probably in close proximity to each other resulting in various degrees of specificity at the antibody combining site.
A Tale of Two Translation Programs: Politics, the Market, and Rockefeller Funding for Latin American Literature in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s

In the 1960s, the Cuban Revolution sparked great interest in Latin America throughout the United States. Not coincidentally, the promotion and translation of literature from Latin America increased dramatically during this period. This essay explores the interplay of market and political forces in the promotion of Latin American literature in the United States through an examination of two programs funded by Rockefeller family philanthropies during the 1960s and 1970s: a translation subsidy program supported by the Rockefeller Foundation and administered by the Association of American University Presses; and the Translation Program of the Center for Inter-American Relations, which was funded by the Rockefeller Brothers Fund. I trace both programs' efforts at working the U.S. market to promote works and authors. I also study the political motivations fostering these efforts, exploring the extent to which these programs both sought to promote cross-cultural understanding and tried to further U.S. foreign policy interests. La traduccion y diseminacion de la literatura latinoamericana en los Estados Unidos empezo a tener exito durante los anos sesenta, reflejo del gran interes que la revolucion cubana estimulo en la region. Este ensayo examina el papel del mercado y de la politica, asi como la relacion entre ambas fuerzas, en la promocion de la literatura latinoamericana en los Estados Unidos. Se estudian en particular dos programas de subvencion de traducciones patrocinados por filantropias de la familia Rockefeller en los anos 60 y 70. El primero de ellos fue organizado por la Association of American University Presses con fondos de la Fundacion Rockefeller, y el segundo formo parte del Programa de Literatura del Center for Inter-American Relations, el cual recibio fondos del Rockefeller Brothers Fund. Tras identificar los esfuerzos de ambos programas por estimular el mercado literario estadounidense para promocionar obras y autores latinoamericanos, este ensayo investiga tambien sus metas politicas, y se pregunta hasta que punto ambos programas buscaban fomentar las relaciones culturales entre los Estados Unidos y America Latina al mismo tiempo que intentaban avanzar los intereses politicos de los Estados Unidos en la region.
Abstract B229: TBKI kinase inhibition blocks RANTES secretion and exhibits minimal tumor growth inhibition in oncogenic Ras-driven tumor models.

TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is a non-canonical IKK family member and plays a critical role in innate immunity by modulating cytokine production, interferon, and NF-kB signaling. It is recently reported that TBK1 directly engages Akt survival signaling to support oncogenic Ras-driven transformation. TBK1 is also identified as a synthetic lethal partner in KRas mutant NSCLC through systematic RNA interference. In this study, we have characterized LSN3090729, a 4-aryl-2-aminopyrimidine derivative as a selective TBK1 kinase inhibitor. Biochemical and cellular analyses demonstrate that LSN3090729 is a potent TBK1 kinase inhibitor, and selectively inhibits TBK1 based on in vitro activities in biochemical assays developed with a panel of protein kinases. In Panc-1, a pancreatic tumor cell line with KRas mutation, LSN3090729 inhibits EGF-induced phosphorylation of AKT at both Thr308 and Ser473 sites. Pharmacokinetic analysis shows that LSN3090729 has an over 70% of oral bioavailability with an acceptable half life in rodents. In a mouse pharmacology model, LSN3090729 blocks LPS-induced RANTES secretion in a dose-dependent manner with 67%, 79%, and 90% inhibition at 10, 30, and 100 mg/kg, respectively. LSN3090729 is assessed for its anti-proliferation activities in vitro in a panel of tumor cells with KRas mutation or other genetic background. The sensitivity of these tumor cells to LSN3090729 in two dimensional proliferation or three dimensional soft agar growth assays appears not correlated with status of KRas mutation. In xenograft models of HCT116 and Panc-1, both with a KRas mutation, treatment of LSN3090729 exhibits minimal anti-tumor growth activities, suggesting that a combination approach might be required for TBK1 kinase inhibition to be effective in cancer settings. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):B229. Citation Format: Robert Van Horn, Tinggui Yin, Xiaoyi Zhang, Chunping Yu, Youyan Zhang, Xue-Qian Gong, Sean Buchanan, Xiang S. Ye, William McMillen, David Barda, Sheng-Bin Peng. TBKI kinase inhibition blocks RANTES secretion and exhibits minimal tumor growth inhibition in oncogenic Ras-driven tumor models. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B229.
Long-Distance Signaling in Crocodylia

Long-distance signals such as bellows, roars, headslaps, and infrasound pulses are important components of crocodilian behavioral repertoire, yet there is little or no published information on signaling for many species. Here, original data augmented with a compilation of published and unpublished sources are presented for 24 species of crocodilians. Their analysis shows that crocodilians adapt their signal composition to habitat structure by choosing physically different components. Flexible multi-component composition might partially explain the extraordinary evolutionary longevity of crocodilian signaling. Comparative analysis provides novel evidence for solving the long-standing debate about the phylogeny of the genus Tomistoma, supporting its affinities with crocodiles rather than true gharials. It also suggests that the absence of species with adult male length of less than 120 cm among extant crocodilians might be caused by the necessity of producing infrasound as an honest signal of status.
Symptom-limited graded treadmill exercise testing in young adults in the CARDIA study

Symptom-limited, graded exercise treadmill testing was performed by 4,968 white and black adults, ages 18-30 yr, during the baseline examination for the CARDIA study. The mean estimated maximal exercise capacity by race/gender, expressed as metabolic units (METS), was: white men 13.8, black men 13.0, white women 11.1, and black women 9.4. Exercise test duration was higher in nonsmokers, positively related to physical activity score and pulmonary function (FEV1.ht-2), and inversely related to body mass index. Men had higher mean values than women for both test duration and a measure of submaximal performance, the workload 130 (WL130, the exercise test duration to a heart rate of 130 beats.min-1). Adjusted for age and education, white men had a longer mean test duration than black men (53 s longer, P less than 0.001), but nearly equal mean WL130. White women had higher mean values than black women for both test duration (114 s longer, P less than 0.001) and WL130 (36 s longer, P less than 0.001). Men had higher mean values than women for both outcome measures (P less than 0.001). Thus, in young adults significant gender and ethnic differences exist for exercise test performance, part of which can be explained by personal habits or traits.
A method to evaluate the capacity of monocytes and macrophages to inhibit multiplication of an intracellular pathogen

Abstract • A new method to assess intracellular inhibition of multiplication or killing by normal and activated mouse peritoneal macrophages, human peripheral blood monocytes, and human monocyte-derived macrophages is described. This method involves measurement of incorporation of [ 3 H]uracil into nucleic acids of the obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii . The method utilizes the observation by Pfefferkorn and Pferfferkorn (1977) that [ 3 H]uracil is incorporated in substantially greater amounts by T. gondii than by certain mammalian cell types. Differential uptake of [ 3 H]uracil by Toxoplasma-infected and uninfected cultures allows for evaluation of the ability of macrophages or monocytes to inhibit or kill this organism. • This method has been adapted to a microsystem.
Effects of benzothiazole on the xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and metabolism of acetaminophen.

Benzothiazole (BT) is present in tobacco smoke and widely used for industrial and pharmaceutical purposes. In this study we have investigated the influence of BT on the activities of hepatic cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) and UDP-glucuronyltransferase (UDP-GT), sulphotransferase and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in male Sprague-Dawley rats. We also examined if BT would change the metabolism and toxification of acetaminophen (AA) through modulation of metabolizing enzymes. Benzothiazole (1 mmol kg(-1), p.o., 5 days) markedly increased the enzyme activities of P4501A1, 1A2, 2B1, 3A4, 2E1, UDP-GT and GST in liver. Pretreatment with BT significantly decreased the amount of total AA recovered in bile to 68.5% of controls, mainly as a consequence of reduced AA-glucuronide conjugate (35.3% of controls), whereas the AA-glutathione conjugate (AA-GS) was augmented to 1.6-fold. After pretreatment with BT, potentiation of the hepatotoxicity by AA (400 mg kg(-1), i.p., 24 h) was observed by measuring serum alanine aminotransferase activities in ICR mice. These results indicate that: BT is a potent inducer of P450s and phase II metabolizing enzymes; and the increase of AA-GS conjugate and aggravation of AA hepatotoxicity by BT may be related to induction of P450s.
Responses of Freshwater Benthos to Open-Lake Dredged Spoils Disposal in Lake Erie

In 1975 a study was initiated in the nearshore waters of Lake Erie to evaluate the impact of open-lake dredged spoil disposal on natural benthic macroinvertebrate communities. Disposal of two types of dredged sediments was investigated. Sediments from the Ashtabula harbor, characterized by sandy-silt, were disposed on one study area; Ashtabula river sediments consisting of coarser sand were deposited on a second study area. Density after disposal increased while diversity decreased at the site receiving sandy-silt sediments. Community composition at both disposal sites consisted almost exclusively of oligochaetes (98%) after disposal. In contrast, the untreated sites supported benthic communities composed of between 60 and 80% oligochaetes. Species that previously inhabited the harbor and river sediments largely contributed to the density increases on the disposal sites. Immature oligochaetes also increased, suggesting either increases in reproductive rates or survival of eggs and young worms imported with dredge sediments.The results indicated that certain species were able to take advantage of the disturbed surface sediments and thrive after disposal. This dominance of opportunistic species coupled with general population density variability within each of the more abundant species indicated an unstable community structure at the disposal sites which continued throughout most of the study. The site receiving river spoils appeared to readjust to predisposal conditions much faster than the other.
Energetics, epigenetics, mitochondrial genetics.

The epigenome has been hypothesized to provide the interface between the environment and the nuclear DNA (nDNA) genes. Key factors in the environment are the availability of calories and demands on the organism’s energetic capacity. Energy is funneled through glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), the cellular bioenergetic systems. Since there are thousands of bioenergetic genes dispersed across the chromosomes and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), both cis and trans regulation of the nDNA genes is required. The bioenergetic systems convert environmental calories into ATP, acetyl-Coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), s-adenosyl-methionine (SAM), and reduced NAD+. When calories are abundant, ATP and acetyl-CoA phosphorylate and acetylate chromatin, opening the nDNA for transcription and replication. When calories are limiting, chromatin phosphorylation and acetylation are lost and gene expression is suppressed. DNA methylation via SAM can also be modulated by mitochondrial function. Phosphorylation and acetylation are also pivotal to regulating cellular signal transduction pathways. Therefore, bioenergetics provides the interface between the environment and the epigenome. Consistent with this conclusion, the clinical phenotypes of bioenergetic diseases are strikingly similar to those observed in epigenetic diseases (Angelman, Rett, Fragile X Syndromes, the laminopathies, cancer, etc.), and an increasing number of epigenetic diseases are being associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. This bioenergetic–epigenomic hypothesis has broad implications for the etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of a wide range of common diseases.
An index technique to monitor broadcast calibration and bait pick up, plus rodent and avian sign under arid conditions.

As part of product-performance and wildlife-hazards studies of 2% zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) steam-rolled-oat baits (11.2 kg ha−1) to reduce vole populations (Microtus spp) in alfalfa (Medicago sativa), we used randomly located, brushed-dirt plots (eight ∼930−cm2 plots per 0.2-ha enclosure) to monitor bait-broadcast and -removal patterns, as well as to index vole and avian sign. Research was conducted in 18 × 0.2-ha enclosures containing 2.5-year-old stands of alfalfa; a 2-day pre-bait (placebo baits broadcast in all enclosures) period followed by a 14-day test-bait period (placebo and 2% Zn3P2 baits in nine enclosures each) characterized the bait exposures. Baits were broadcast manually by two certified pesticide applicators (CPAs) using Spyker® Model-75 spreaders. Baits that fell onto plots were counted <30 min later to assess the uniformity of bait distribution. The main statistical design was a 2 (placebo or Zn3P2 baits) × 3 (vole-only, vole–pheasant, vole–quail exposures) × 14 (days) factorial, with days considered repeated measurements. In the six vole-only enclosures, baits were removed from the brushed-dirt plots and replaced with four 0% or 2% Zn3P2 baits (one per 232.6-cm2 quadrant; 32 per enclosure); these ‘placed’ baits were then monitored daily for removal, while the surfaces of all plots were monitored daily for the presence : absence of animal/bird sign. Key results were: (a) 3.51 (±2.66) and 3.39 (±3.52) mean (±SD) baits were found on plots after pre-bait and test-bait broadcasts, respectively—less than the predicted 4.52 particles per 930-cm2 plot; (b) baits ‘placed’ on plots in placebo-baited enclosures were removed earlier than those in Zn3P2-baited enclosures—data in agreement with observed vole mortality; and (c) species × bait interactions occurred for both the vole- and pheasant-sign counts, but not quail-sign counts—data also indirectly confirming Zn3P2-induced mortality effects on voles and pheasants. This technique has utility for a variety of wildlife biology and chemical registration studies; although limited to arid conditions, the technique affords useful indices of broadcast calibration, bait pick-up, as well as target and non-target species mortality. Published in 2002 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Combined experimental and modeling approach to cell motility and its role in tumor growth dynamics

In this talk, we describe recent progress in understanding cancer cell migration using tracking experiments, and predicting tumorigenesis and cancer invasion using mathematical models derived from direct experimental observations. In the first part of the work, cell migration paths of mammary epithelial cells were analyzed within a novel bimodal framework that is a generalization of the run-and-tumble description applicable to bacterial migration. The mammalian cell trajectories were segregated into two types of alternating modes, namely, the “directional mode” (mode I, the more persistent mode, analogous to the bacterial run phase) and the “re-orientation mode” (mode II, the less persistent mode, analogous to the bacterial tumble phase). Higher resolution (more pixel information, relative to cell size) and smaller sampling intervals (time between images) were found to give a better estimate of the deduced single cell dynamics (such as directional-mode time and turn-angle distribution) of the various cell types from the bimodal analysis. The bimodal analysis tool permits the deduction of short-time dynamics of cell motion such as the turn angle distributions and turn frequencies during the course of cell migration compared to standard methods of cell migration analysis. We find that the two-hour mammalian cell tracking data do not fall into the diffusive regime implying that the often-used random motility expressions for mammalian cell motion (based on assuming diffusive motion) are invalid over the time steps (fraction of minute) typically used in modeling mammalian cell migration. In the second part of the work, we describe a new off-lattice hybrid discrete-continuum (OLHDC) model of tumor growth and invasion. The continuum part of the OLHDC model describes microenvironmental components such as matrix-degrading enzymes (MDEs), nutrient or oxygen, and extracellular matrix (ECM) concentrations, while the discrete part of the OLHDC presents individual cellular behavior such as cell cycle and cell motility using the well-known framework of a persistent random walk, which can be described by the Langevin equation. In this way, we develop a phenomenally realistic and mechanically relevant model that couples cell motility to experimental observation where mean-square displacement of cells usually shows super-diffusive motion over a short period of time. When systemic simulations based on the OLHDC are performed, tumor growth and its morphology are found to be strongly affected by cell-cell adhesion and haptotaxis. i.e. there is a combination of the degree of cell-cell adhesion and haptotaxis where finger-like shapes of tumor are observed.
Negotiating Reality: Notes on Power in the Assessment of Responsibility

This paper illustrates the difference between absolute and social conceptions of responsibility, by employing the perspective of the sociology of knowledge. Comparing the degree of shared awareness and the organization of the format of the transaction in initial psychiatric and legal interviews, propositions showing the relationship between the power and authority of the interactants, and the resultant shared definition of the client's responsibility, are suggested. The implications of these points for psychiatric and legal policy, and for social science research are discussed in the conclusion.
A Simple Liquid Chromatographic Method for Determination of B6 Vitamers in Raw and Cooked Chicken

Four forms of vitamin B6 (B6 vitamers) in various chicken tissues were determined by a liquid chromatographic method. The vitamers were extracted from the tissues with metaphosphoric acid and separated on a C18 reverse phase column followed by fluorescence detection. Recoveries of added vitamins at two concentrations were mostly between 84.5% and 107.9% The most abundant form of B6 in raw tissues was pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) followed by pyridoxamine phosphate (PMP). Cooked tissues contained more PMP than PLP. The levels of pyridoxal (PL) and pyridoxamine (PM) were relatively low. Data also indicated a net increase of PMP and PM vs a decrease of PLP and PL during cooking.
Air Diffusion Performance Index (ADPI) of diffusers for heating mode

Abstract This paper proposes an Air Diffusion Performance Index (ADPI) model for diffuser selection when considering the operation in all-air heating mode. The model uses Fanger's Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) Index adopted by ANSI/ASHRAE Standard-55 to develop the relation between indoor air temperature and velocity. This paper also generates an ADPI selection guide for the application of 13 types of widely used ceiling, high sidewall and linear slot diffusers. The selection guide is developed based on 97 experiments in a full-scale environmental chamber by measuring the ADPI as a function of two factors: (1) the ratio of throw length of jets from diffusers to room characteristic length, and (2) diffuser types. Moreover, the measurements consider different diffuser sizes and manufactures. The selection guide discusses possible thermal stratification occurring at heating mode conditions and incorporates this factor into the proposed ADPI model. Overall, the measurements show that all 13 types of diffusers can generate ADPI greater than 80% when they are properly used. However, some diffusers are less sensitive to the variation of supply airflow rate than others. Linear bar grilles and round ceiling diffusers are the most suitable for application when supply flow varies during HVAC operation.
Clustering of nucleosides in the presence of alkali metals: Biologically relevant quartets of guanosine, deoxyguanosine and uridine observed by ESI-MS/MS.

Electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectra of nucleosides, recorded in the presence of alkali metals, display alkali metal ion-bound quartets and other clusters that may have implications for understanding non-covalent interactions in DNA and RNA. The tetramers of guanosine and deoxyguanosine and also their metaclusters (clusters of clusters), cationized by alkali metals, were observed as unusually abundant magic number clusters. The observation of these species in the gas phase parallels previous condensed-phase studies, which show that guanine derivatives can form quartets and metaclusters of quartets in solution in the presence of metal cations. This parallel behavior and also internal evidence suggest that bonding in the guanosine tetramers involves the bases rather than the sugar units. The nucleobases thymine and uracil are known to form magic number pentameric adducts with K+, Cs+ and NH4+ in the gas phase. In sharp contrast, we now show that the nucleosides uridine and deoxythymidine do not form the pentameric clusters characteristic of the corresponding bases. More subtle effects of the sugars are evident in the fact that adenosine and cytidine form numerous higher order clusters with alkali metals, whereas deoxyadenosine and deoxycytidine show no clustering. It is suggested that hydrogen bonding between the bases in the tetramers of dG and rG are the dominant interactions in the clusters, hence changing the ribose group to deoxyribose (and vice versa) generally has little effect. However, the additional hydroxyl group of RNA nucleosides enhances the non-selective formation of higher-order aggregates for adenosine and cytidine and results in the lack of highly stable magic number clusters. Some clusters are the result of aggregation in the course of ionization (ESI) whereas others appear to be intrinsic to the solution being examined. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bidirectional axonal plasticity during reorganization of adult rat primary somatosensory cortex.

Abstract Cortical sensory maps contain discrete functional subregions that are separated by borders that restrict tangential activity flow. Interestingly, the functional organization of border regions remains labile in adults, changing in an activity-dependent manner. Here, we investigated if axon remodeling contributes to this reorganization. We located the border between the forepaw and lower jaw representation (forepaw/lower jaw border, 1 FP/LJ border) in SI of adult rats, and used a retrograde axonal tracer (cholera toxin subunit B 2 , Ctb) to determine if horizontal axonal projections change after different durations of forelimb denervation or sham-denervation. In sham-denervated animals, neurons close to the border had axonal projections oriented away from the border (axonal bias). Forelimb denervation resulted in a sustained change in border location and a significant reduction in the axonal bias at the original border after 6 weeks of denervation, but not after 4 or 12 weeks. The change in axonal bias was due to an increase in axons that cross the border at 6 weeks, followed by an apparent loss of these axons by 12 weeks. This suggests that bidirectional axonal rearrangements are associated with relatively long durations of reorganization and could contribute transiently to the maintenance of cortical reorganization.
U94, the Human Herpesvirus 6 Homolog of the Parvovirus Nonstructural Gene, Is Highly Conserved among Isolates and Is Expressed at Low mRNA Levels as a Spliced Transcript

Human herpesvirus 6 variants A and B (HHV-6A and HHV-6B, respectively) encode homologs (U94) of the parvovirus nonstructural gene, ns1 or rep. Here we describe the HHV-6B homolog and analyze its genetic heterogeneity and transcription. U94 nucleotide and amino acid sequences differ by approximately 3.5% and 2.5%, respectively, between HHV-6A and HHV-6B. Among a collection of 17 clinically and geographically disparate HHV-6 isolates, intravariant nucleotide and amino acid sequence divergence was less than 0.6% and 0.2%, respectively; all 13 HHV-6B isolates had identical amino acid sequences. The U94 transcript is spliced to remove a 2.6-kb intron and is expressed at very low levels relative to other HHV-6B genes, reaching approximately 10 copies per cell 3 days after infection. The mRNA has several small AUG-initiated open reading frames upstream of the U94 open reading frame, a hallmark of proteins expressed at low levels. Consistent with this, the U94-encoded protein was immunologically undetectable in HHV-6B-infected cells. The high degree of sequence conservation suggests that the gene function is nearly intolerant of sequence variation. The low abundance of U94 transcripts and the presence of encoded inefficient translation initiation suggest that the U94 protein may be required only in small amounts during infection.
The formation and stability of sulfite species in aerosols

Recent epidemiological and animal lexicological studies indicate that reactions between SO2 and metal containing aerosols result in the formation of respiratory irritants. These studies point out the importance of understanding in detail the chemical species formed by such interactions. Using a combination of thermometric, ESCA and PIXE analysis techniques, it has been demonstrated that both inorganic and organic S(IV) species are stable constituents of aerosols associated with pollution sources containing SO2 and transition metals or with pollution sources resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels. The data indicate the inorganic sulfite species are present as complexes with Fe(III), Cu(II), Zn(II) and possibly Pb(II). The concentration of these inorganic sulfite species is 10 to 30% of the sulfate concentration in primary aerosols produced by smelters. These inorganic sulfite species tend to be evenly distributed over the various particle sizes. In contrast, the inorganic sulfite in primary aerosols produced by fossil fuel burning sources tends to exist in the <3 μm size range and can vary from a negligible to a major fraction of the sulfur species produced. The factors which control this variability are presently unknown. The principal mode of formation of such species in the ambient atmosphere appears to be via SO2 absorption. Oxidation of S° or S(-II)species to form inorganic sulfite complexes or oxidation of the sulfite species to sulfate are both extremely slow, with time constants on the order of months. Aerosol samples collected from the plume, stack, or flue lines of coal burning facilities or collected in New York City or rural Utah produce sulfite when hydrolyzed with dilute aqueous acid. It is postulated this sulfite is produced from organic-SO2 adducts in the sample. These organic S(IV) containing species are predominantly found in the resptrable size range and are present at from 5 to 50% of the sulfate concentration. It is probable that some of these S(IV) species play an important role in the removal of SO2(g) from the atmosphere to form sulfur containing aerosol species.
Achieving bounded delay on a time-varying satellite uplink

In this paper, we investigate the packet transmission delay in a time varying satellite uplink. Specifically, we are interested in bounding the packet transmission delay within the terminal router for uplink traffic in a future satellite network. Previous work has provided delay bounds for wireline networks with a fixed transmission rate. However, these bounds do not apply to the time-varying satellite link that we are considering here. It has been shown that the terminal router in a future SATCOM terminal can accommodate the varying uplink RF data rate by using Ethernet pause frames. We show that by encapsulating the pause frame information into two parameters: a window size and the minimum transmission time within a window, we are able to achieve a guaranteed packet transmission delay. We also quantify the tradeoff between the packet transmission delay and the throughput on the uplink. Experiments with a commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) Juniper M120 router were conducted to verify the delay bound.
Influence of a collector-filterer caddisfly (Trichoptera :Hydropsyche betteni Ross) on leaf processing rates in an artificial stream

A 2 × 6 unbalanced fixed effects factorial treatment design was used to examine the effects of a collector-filterer on leaf processing rates of American Cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.) in an artificial stream over a six week period. Pre-leached leaves were placed into 30 small enclosures; collector-filterer caddisflies (Hydropsyche betteni Ross) were added to 18 enclosures resulting in two treatment factors (leaves with and without caddisflies). Changes in leaf dry-weight and caddisfly biomass were determined at weekly sampling intervals. Leaf processing rates were significantly different between treatments over time, with enclosures without caddisflies exhibiting a greater weight loss (higher k value) than enclosures with caddisflies (p < 0.01). The reduction in processing rates of the leaves due to the presence of caddisflies was attributed to the construction of retreats by these collector-filterers. Under the influence of the caddisfly, leaf material may be able to remain as a viable food resource for a longer period in the stream.
Constitutive activation of CaMKKα signaling is sufficient but not necessary for mTORC1 activation and growth in mouse skeletal muscle

Skeletal muscle loading/overload stimulates the Ca2+-activated, serine/threonine kinase Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase-α (CaMKKα); yet to date, no studies have examined whether CaM...
The use of pulse oximetry to detect congenital heart disease.

Abstract Objective To evaluate whether pulse oximetry can be used as a screening test to detect congenital heart disease (CHD) in otherwise well newborns before nursery discharge. Methods Births at Lakeland Regional Medical Center (LRMC) who met inclusion criteria, had a single pulse oximeter reading before discharge. A normal reading was considered to be >94%. Abnormal readings were repeated on a different extremity and if still abnormal, an echocardiography was performed. The number of children with CHD and the number of echocardiograms were compared with the previous year at LRMC. Results There were 2114 infants enrolled, 88 echocardiograms (3.8%) were performed, and 43 were abnormal (yield = 48.9%), of which 12 required management (13.6%). The control group consisted of 2851 births, producing 108 echocardiograms (3.8%), 42 of which were abnormal (38.9%), and 13 required management (12.0%). No comparisons were significant. During both years, 3 children with cyanotic CHD were born. Routine pulse oximetry failed to detect a child with total anomalous pulmonary venous return. Not a single normal echocardiogram was generated by the study. Conclusion Routine pulse oximetry was nearly 100% specific for detecting cyanotic CHD; as a result there was no increase in the number of echocardiograms. Routine pulse oximetry did detect a child who might not have been detected otherwise but failed to detect one that should have been detected. (J Pediatr 2003;142:268-72)
Reducing Competitive Ad Interference

Some recent research has shown that the presence of competitive advertising undermines the recall of a marketer's advertising. The authors use the encoding variability hypothesis to develop two approaches to counter the detrimental effects of competitive advertising. In the first experiment, the use of varying ad executions is shown to help resist competitive advertising better than repeating the same executions. In the second experiment, changing the modality of target advertising to be different from the modality of competitive advertising is shown to reduce interference effects.