cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Professor Sakai’s Conjecture About the Diagram on Page 39 (Page 42 of the 1973 CWJMK Edition) of the 1921 Edition Illustrating Keynes’s Interval Probability: His Heuristically Correct Analysis of Keynes’s Probability Intervals Is Supported by Keynes’s Worked Out Problem on pp.162–163 of the A Treatise on Probability and Footnote on p.161

Professor Sakai has intuitively and heuristically demonstrated correctly that Keynes’s introductory diagram on page 39 of the 1921 edition (Page 42 of the CWJMK 1973 edition), which Keynes intended to be only a brief introduction illustrating his theory of measurement in chapter III of the A Treatise on Probability, is meant to demonstrate interval valued probability graphically as an illustration to demonstrate the nonlinear and non-additive nature of interval valued probability. It is in chapter 15 on pp.162-163 of the A Treatise on Probability that Keynes deploys his improved and revised Boolean algebra approach, based on conditional probability, (see also chapter 17 for an alternative way in which Keynes solves another version of this problem), in order to show how such a problem would be solved mathematically. It is interesting to note that, despite Keynes’s clear-cut discussions in chapter III stating that this chapter was only an introduction to the topic of measurement, the Keynesian Fundamentalists have ignored Keynes’s many worked out problems in chapters 15, 16, and 17 of the A Treatise on Probability of problems that were originally done by Boole in his 1854 The Laws of Thought.
The influence of age and fall history on single transition step kinematics.

Abstract Background The risk of falls during locomotion increases with age, and step negotiation is one of the most hazardous types of gait for older adults. Further, a history of a fall is one of the strongest predictors of a future fall; and women fall more frequently, and incur greater medical costs, compared to men. The purpose of the study was to identify lower extremity kinematic factors associated with transition step clearance and foot placement in young women and older women with and without a fall history. Methods Forty-five female participants (15 per group) completed trials that consisted of walking barefoot along a raised walkway at a self-selected speed, descending a 17 cm step, and continued level ground walking. Variables of interest included lead and trail limb minimum step clearance and foot placement, and bilateral lower extremity joint positions at step clearance and at lead foot initial contact. Findings Significant group differences, with large effect sizes, were found in lead foot placement and knee flexion position at initial contact. Both older groups landed more closely to the step and made initial contact with the lead knee in a more flexed position compared to the young group. Interpretation The kinematic differences may be a strategy utilized by older adults to create an early landing to minimize time in single limb stance and compensate for age-related loss of lower extremity strength, range of motion, and/or balance. However, the greater knee flexion may also increase the risk a fall due to lead limb collapse.
The “I” of the Camera: Eternal Véritées: Cinema-Vérité and Classical Cinema

1960 was a watershed year in the history of film in America. I think of the release of Psycho in 1960 as marking the definitive end of the classical era of American movies. 1960 was the year the French “New Wave” broke on American shores. Perhaps not entirely coincidentally, 1960 also marks the emergence of what has been called “cinema-verite.” (This term is hopelessly inadequate, of course, yet I persist in the habit of using it. I find alternatives such as “direct cinema” no less inadequate and far more misleading. These days one is far less likely to fall into the error of supposing that cinema-verite films are guaranteed to be truthful than the error of taking them to be “direct,” that is, unmediated.) Cinema verite, of course, is a form of documentary film, or a method of making documentary films, in which a small crew (often a cameraperson and sound recordist, sometimes only a solitary filmmaker) goes out into the “real world” with portable synch-sound equipment and films people going about their lives, not acting. Jean Rouch, collaborating with the sociologist Edgar Morin and taking instruction from the great French Canadian cameraman Michel Brault, made Chronicle of a Summer in France simultaneously with the earliest cinema-verite films in America, such as the Drew Associates productions, of which Primary is perhaps the most famous. Nonetheless, for a number of reasons, I think of cinema-verite as an essentially American phenomenon, not a European one.
Future Directions in Education and Inclusion of Students with Disabilities: A Delphi Investigation

This article reports on a survey of 37 educators regarding future directions in the education of students with disabilities. The survey used the Delphi technique. For the decade of the 1990s and af...
Structure and function of pseudoknots involved in gene expression control

Natural RNA molecules can have a high degree of structural complexity but even the most complexly folded RNAs are assembled from simple structural building blocks. Among the simplest RNA elements are double-stranded helices that participate in the formation of different folding topologies and constitute the major fraction of RNA structures. One common folding motif of RNA is a pseudoknot, defined as a bipartite helical structure formed by base-pairing of the apical loop in the stem-loop structure with an outside sequence. Pseudoknots constitute integral parts of the RNA structures essential for various cellular activities. Among many functions of pseudoknotted RNAs is feedback regulation of gene expression, carried out through specific recognition of various molecules. Pseudoknotted RNAs autoregulate ribosomal and phage protein genes in response to downstream encoded proteins, while many metabolic and transport genes are controlled by cellular metabolites interacting with pseudoknotted RNA elements from the riboswitch family. Modulation of some genes also depends on metabolite-induced messenger RNA (mRNA) cleavage performed by pseudoknotted ribozymes. Several regulatory pseudoknots have been characterized biochemically and structurally in great detail. These studies have demonstrated a plethora of pseudoknot-based folds and have begun uncovering diverse molecular principles of the ligand-dependent gene expression control. The pseudoknot-mediated mechanisms of gene control and many unexpected and interesting features of the regulatory pseudoknots have significantly advanced our understanding of the genetic circuits and laid the foundation for modulation of their outcomes.
Sexuality: The Omitted Component in Dealing with Sexual Abuse

AbstractResearchers investigating the phenomenon of sexual abuse tend to focus almost exclusively on the abuse aspect while sorely neglecting the sexual aspect. Recognizing the basic discomfort which exists for everyone in our society in regard to sexuality, the authors outline the requirements necessary to educate professionals working in the field of sexual abuse about sexuality in general.
SURVEY OF THE BACTERIOCINES OF ENTEROCOCCI

Brock, Thomas D. (Indiana University, Bloomington), Barbara Peacher, and Deborah Pierson. A survey of the bacteriocines of enterococci. J. Bacteriol. 86:702–707. 1963.—A survey has been made of bacteriocine production by a wide variety of well-characterized strains of group D streptococci. On the basis of spectrums and sensitivity to chloroform, heat, and proteolytic enzymes, five distinct bacteriocines can be defined. Type 1 is produced by all Streptococcus zymogenes (S. faecalis var. zymogenes) strains, is active against a wide variety of gram-positive bacteria, and is also a hemolysin. Type 2 is produced by some S. liquefaciens (S. faecalis var. liquefaciens) strains, and acts on many enterococci as well as on certain other lactic acid bacteria. Type 3 is produced by certain strains of both S. faecalis and S. faecium, and inhibits a wide variety of group D streptococci, but is inactive against all other lactic acid bacteria tested except Leuconostoc citrovorum. Type 4 is produced by certain S. faecium strains and resembles in certain ways the type 3 activity, but differs from it in other ways. Type 5 has been found to be produced by only one proteolytic strain of S. zymogenes, and this bacteriocine has a very narrow spectrum. The strain that produces this bacteriocine also produces type 1 activity. No strain is sensitive to a bacteriocine of the type it produces.
Minority Borrowers and the Subprime Foreclosure Crisis: Unintended Consequences of Regulations vs. Unfair Lending

Subprime loans were disproportionately offered in minority areas prior to the subprime crisis, even after controlling for other determinants of loan costs. There are two potential explanations for this phenomenon. Lenders could have charged subprime rates in minority areas to compensate for externally unobservable risk imposed on them by lending regulations. Politicians and commentators often use this explanation to argue that the foreclosure crisis is the result of regulations that facilitate mortgage access to minorities. Alternatively, lenders could have unfairly forced borrowers from minority areas into subprime loans. The empirical evidence suggests that this second potential explanation at least dominates the first one. Holding loan cost constant, I find that foreclosure is lower in minority areas. This evidence is consistent with lenders charging interest rates in minority areas that are not commensurate with the risk profiles of these areas’ residents and inconsistent with the notion that extant regulations forced the average lender to engage in suboptimal behavior prior to the foreclosure crisis.
Heating coronal holes and accelerating the solar wind

The special energy requirements of a coronal hole combined with current knowledge of the limited dissipation of Alfven and fast mode MHD waves in the solar corona suggest a unique source of heat for the coronal hole. The near coronal hole requires approximately 3 - 4 x 10 exp 5 ergs/sq cm s, which can come only from the fluid jets, fast particles, and short period MHD waves from the network activity. The high speed streams of solar wind from coronal holes show that there is substantial heating, of 1 - 2 x 10 exp 5 ergs/sq cm s, beyond the sonic point in the wind, which can come only from the dissipation by thermal conduction of long period (approximately equal or greater than 100 sec) MHD waves from subphotospheric convection. Although the Alfven wave flux from the photosphere is generally taken for granted in the literature, we point out that it is a crucial phenomenon that has yet to be established on either a theoretical or observational scientific basis.
Marketing Applications of Three-Dimensional Stereography

Though the techniques of three-dimensional stereography have existed for 150 years and have been widely used in various scientific disciplines, they have seldom found their way into the marketing mainstream. Yet the applications of stereo 3-D approaches may contribute to enhanced vividness, clarity, realism, and depth in the presentation of stimulus materials, collection of data, analysis of results, and communication of findings by marketing researchers as well as in the design and implementation of marketing-mix strategies by marketing managers. Accordingly, as an introduction to stereographic methods, the present paper demonstrates the power of stereo 3-D and illustrates some potential uses of such effects in the visualization of marketing-related information.
Source adaptive software 2D iDCT with SIMD

This paper presents a fast two-dimensional inverse discrete cosine transform that adapts to compressed video source statistics to reduce execution time. iDCT algorithms for sparse blocks eliminate calculations for some zero coefficients and are implemented with quad-word parallel single-instruction-multiple-data (SIMD) multimedia instructions. It is observed that end-of-block marker value histograms vary little within single shots. An adaptive control mechanism is proposed that chooses the optimal set of iDCTs to prepare for an entire shot from its 1st frames (to reduce software overheads and penalties). This introduces no degradation of decoded video quality compared with a conventional SIMD 8/spl times/8 iDCT implemented with Intel MMX instructions. It is confirmed that execution time is reduced an additional 15% with Murata's method for 4 Mbps MPEG2 natural video. In comparison, execution time is reduced 22% with a modified version Murata's method, and by 35% with the new source adaptive method.
Isoleucyl‐tRNA Synthetase

Fluorescence properties of purified isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase isolated from Escherichia coli B have been studied. No changes in the quantum yield, energy or polarisation of the emission were detected in the presence (either individually or in combinations) of the substrates and cofactors required for activation of L-isoleucine. In 2.5 M urea enzyme activity and intrinsic fluorescence intensity (at 340 nm) each decrease with time, showing similar kinetics and rate constants. The rate of this decay is reduced in the presence of ligands which can bind to the enzyme and the effect has been used to measure dissociation constants for enzyme-ligand complexes. Values have been obtained for the complexes between enzyme and l-isoleucine (Kdiss= 25 μM), l-valine (Kdiss=300μM), ATP(Kdiss= 150 μM) and PPi (Kdiss= 200 μM) at 25°. The effects of ionic strength, and the temperature dependence and urea concentration dependence of l-isoleucine binding have also been studied. Magnesium ions, which are required for catalysis, do not greatly affect the binding of single substrates, but changes are seen in the presence of ATP and l-isoleucine together. The magnesium ion concentration dependence of this effect (half-point about 200 μM) and the equilibrium constant for l-isoleucine activation (2 μM) have both been measured. The reliability of the methods has been discussed. Results have been interpreted in terms of current theories of amino acid activation. The binding parameters are sufficient to explain the stability of enzyme bound l-isoleucyladenylate without invoking conformation changes. This is consistent with the absence of substrate induced fluorescence changes. Magnesium effects are explained in terms of reduced electrostatic repulsion between reactants bearing like charges.
The Case for Greater Agency Involvement in Strategic Partnerships

ABSTRACT Many marketing scholars and practitioners would agree that the ideal relationship between a client and its advertising agency is that of a strategic partnership. Yet, one element of the strategic marketing planning process—the setting of the advertising budget—still remains relatively uninfluenced by agency input. In this article, we discuss why agencies traditionally have had little input into the budget-setting process. We draw upon qualitative interviews with top marketing managers to provide insight into the agency/client relationship and identify seven factors likely to influence the extent of agency participation in budget setting. Ways in which clients and agencies can work together to increase agency participation are also discussed.
The Complex Climate Change Incentives of China and the United States

It is increasingly clear that the world would be better off with an international agreement to control greenhouse gas emissions. What remains poorly understood is that the likely costs and benefits of emissions controls are highly variable across nations. Most important, prominent projection suggest that the world's leading emitters - the United States and China - have weak incentives to participate in an agreement that would be optimal from the standpoint of the world. The first problem is that any significant emissions effort would probably be exceedingly expensive for both nations. The second problem is that on prominent projections, the United States and China are unlikely to be the most serious losers from climate change. There are two ways to eliminate the resulting obstacle to an international agreement. The first is through altering the perceived cost-benefit analysis for both countries. The second is through an understanding that both nations, and the United States in particular, are under a moral obligation not to inflict serious harm on the highly vulnerable citizens of Africa, India, and elsewhere. Existing proposals for unilateral action on the part of the United States seem to stem from an unruly mixture of confusion, hope, and a sense of moral obligation. There are also interesting differences between the situations of the two leading emitters: Because China is much poorer and has much lower per capita emissions, it is especially difficult to interest China in taking aggressive steps to reduce its emissions.
WE-G-210-04: Photoacoustic Computed Tomography with Applications to Breast Imaging

This session focuses on recent developments in breast ultrasound imaging, covering clinical practice as well as clinical and pre-clinical research. Current status of ultrasound screening will be reviewed, followed by discussions of emerging technologies at various stages of regulatory and technical development. The session strives to provide the attendee with a view of a continuum of imaging advances starting with the present and spanning the near and long term future. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand current state of ultrasound screening for breast cancer 2. Learn about current availability of whole breast ultrasound 3. Appreciate the current barriers to stronger adoption of screening ultrasound 4. Learn about attempts to drive adoption of screening ultrasound (e.g. breast density laws) 5. Learn about ultrasound tomography as an emerging technique for breast imaging 6. Learn about the regulatory status of emerging techniques such as ultrasound tomography 7. Learn about the developmental status of combined 3-D ultrasound and Mammography systems 8. Learn about photo-acoustic imaging and its potential future role in breast imaging
A nanoparticle-based immobilization assay for prion-kinetics study

Magnetic and gold coated magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipitation of ferrous and ferric chlorides, and by the micromicelles method, respectively. Synthesized nanoparticles were functionalized to bear carboxyl and amino acid moieties and used as prion protein carriers after carbodiimide activation in the presence of N-hydroxysuccinimide. The binding of human recombinant prion protein (huPrPrec) to the surface of these nanoparticles was confirmed by FTIR and the size and structures of the particles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Findings indicate that the rate of prion binding increased only slightly when the concentration of prion in the reaction medium was increased. Rate constants of binding were very similar on Fe3O4@Au and Fe3O4-LAA when the concentrations of protein were 1, 2, 1.5, 2.25 and 3.57 μg/ml. For a 5 μg/ml concentration of huPrPrec the binding rate constant was higher for the Fe3O4-LAA particles. This study paves the way towards the formation of prion protein complexes onto a 3-dimensional structure that could reveal obscure physiological and pathological structure and prion protein kinetics.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine for individuals with HIV infection

Reason for withdrawal from publication The authors have indicated that they will not be able to complete the full review and therefore this protocol is to be withdrawn from the Cochrane Library.
Use of S-adenosylmethionine as an index of methionine recycling in rat liver slices.

Abstract A simplified method for the measurement of methionine recycling in liver slices was developed. The method, a double-labeling procedure, utilizes S-adenosylmethionine as an index of recycling and offers several advantages over methionine, which has been used in other laboratories to determine methionine recycling in plants and intact animals. These advantages include (i) ease of isolation of index substance from tissue samples; (ii) elimination of oxidation problems prevalent with use of methionine; (iii) need for less initial concentrations of [methyl-3H] methionine and [35S]methionine used as tracers in the measurement of methionine recycling.
Electron-Beam Lithography Error Sources

Machine-related writing errors are discussed in this paper. Butting errors are local writing errors which are manifested at the boundary of adjacent writing strips or fields. The overlay errors are concerned with the global-pattern registration errors on a mask set produced from the same machine. The absolute errors, often called machine-matching errors, are overlay errors of masks from different E-beam machines. The mechanisms of major error sources are described, and strategies to minimize them are also discussed. Finally a hypothetical design example is presented to demonstrate a highly accurate electron-beam litho-graphy system.
A metal–organic framework with three cavities based on three-coloured square tiling derived from a cyclobutane constructed in the solid state

The unsymmetrical tetratopic ligand rctt-1,2-bis(3-pyridyl)-3,4-bis(4-pyridyl)cyclobutane self-assembles with zinc(II) nitrate to form a 2D metal–organic framework with three distinct cavities.
Function and Mechanism of Axonal Targeting of Voltage-sensitive Potassium Channels

Precise localization of various ion channels into proper subcellular compartments is crucial for neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission. Axonal K(+) channels that are activated by depolarization of the membrane potential participate in the repolarizing phase of the action potential, and hence regulate action potential firing patterns, which encode output signals. Moreover, some of these channels can directly control neurotransmitter release at axonal terminals by constraining local membrane excitability and limiting Ca(2+) influx. K(+) channels differ not only in biophysical and pharmacological properties, but in expression and subcellular distribution as well. Importantly, proper targeting of channel proteins is a prerequisite for electrical and chemical functions of axons. In this review, we first highlight recent studies that demonstrate different roles of axonal K(+) channels in the local regulation of axonal excitability. Next, we focus on research progress in identifying axonal targeting motifs and machinery of several different types of K(+) channels present in axons. Regulation of K(+) channel targeting and activity may underlie a novel form of neuronal plasticity. This research field can contribute to generating novel therapeutic strategies through manipulating neuronal excitability in treating neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, neuropathic pain, and Alzheimer's disease.
The direct costs of universal precautions in a teaching hospital.

An analysis of the increase in expenditures for barrier isolation materials before and after the institution of universal precautions at our 900-bed university hospital was used to generate a national estimate of the cost of implementation of the new Centers for Disease Control guidelines. Following the institution of universal precautions, use of rubber gloves at our hospital increased from 1.64 million pairs to 2.81 million pairs annually. A 5-year review of hospital purchasing and supply records in both inpatient and outpatient areas indicated that the total annual costs for isolation materials increased by $350 900. This represented an increase from $13.70 to $22.89 per admission (60%) after adjustment for inflation. The cost of isolation materials increased from $98 to $215 per 1000 outpatient visits, an adjusted increase of 92%. Two thirds of the increase (64%) was due to rubber gloves and an additional 25% was due to disposable isolation gowns. Universal precautions are estimated to have cost at least $336 million in the United States in fiscal year 1989 after adjustment for inflation. If expenditures for isolation materials at our medical center are representative, previous estimates may have significantly underestimated costs nationwide. ( JAMA . 1990;264:2083-2087)
Efficacy of coronary stenting in the management of cardiac allograft vasculopathy

We undertook a study to determine the efficacy of stents in reducing restenosis in cardiac allograft vasculopathy. The result shows that coronary stenting significantly reduces restenosis in cardiac allograft vasculopathy compared with balloon angioplasty alone.
Mass spectrometry based proteomics for absolute quantification of proteins from tumor cells

In-depth quantitative profiling of the proteome and sub-proteomes of tumor cells has relevance to tumor classification, the development of novel therapeutics, and of prognostic and predictive markers and to disease monitoring. In particular the tumor cell surface represents a highly relevant compartment for the development of targeted therapeutics and immunotherapy. We have developed a proteomic platform to profile tumor cells that encompasses enrichment of surface membrane proteins, intact protein fractionation and label-free mass spectrometry based absolute quantification. Here we describe the methodology for capture, identification and quantification of cell surface proteins using biotinylation for labeling of the cell surface, avidin for capture of biotinylated proteins and ion mobility mass spectrometry for protein identification and quantification.
Normal pituitary function and reserve after selective transsphenoidal removal of a thyrotropin-producing pituitary adenoma.

Abstract A 37-yr-old woman with recurrent hyperthyroidism after partial thyroid ablation was found to have an enlarged sella turcica and elevated serum thyrotropin (TSH) and prolactin (PRL) levels measured by radioimmunoassay. Serum growth hormone (GH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and cortisol levels were within normal limits and responded appropriately to provocative stimuli both before and after surgery. Preoperatively, the administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) (200 μg i.v.) and metoclopramide (MCP) (10 mg p.o.) induced a more than twofold increase in serum PRL levels, whereas TSH was only modestly affected. Bromocriptine (2.5 mg p.o.) and l -dopa (500 mg p.o.) suppressed TSH and PRL values to less than 50% of their initial values. After selective transsphenoidal removal of a pituitary adenoma, signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism disappeared and TSH and PRL returned to normal. The postoperative administration of TRH and MCP produced a normal response for both PRL and TSH. Postoperatively, bromocriptine induced a parallel decrease in the serum level of both hormones, whereas l -dopa decreased PRL but had no effect on the serum TSH level. This case provides evidence that hyperthyroidism caused by a pituitary adenoma can be successfully treated by transsphenoidal surgery with preservation of normal pituitary function and reserve.
The use of an auditory stimulus to arouse masturbatory fantasy in an impotent male

Abstract A 55-yr-old male who had suffered from secondary impotence for 22 years was treated with masturbatory reconditioning using a female voice as the arousal stimulus. After 22 weeks of treatment the client was able to achieve and maintain an erection sufficient to begin intercourse. At one year follow-up the client had experienced erectile failure approximately nine times. These failures seemed to have no lasting effect.
Overtone Mobility Spectrometry: Part 5. Simulations and Analytical Expressions Describing Overtone Limits

Mathematical expressions for the analytical duty cycle associated with different overtones in overtone mobility spectrometry are derived from the widths of the transmitted packets of ions under different instrumental operating conditions. Support for these derivations is provided through ion trajectory simulations. The outcome of the theory and simulations indicates that under all operating conditions there exists a limit or maximum observable overtone that will result in ion transmission. Implications of these findings on experimental design are discussed.
WAIS‐R and social intelligence: A test of established assumptions that uses the CPI

The WALS-R Picture Arrangement and Comprehension subtests continue to be seen as measures of “social intelligence.” Although this assumption has existed since Wechsler's 1944 appraisal through Blatt and Allison's 1981 assessment, an examination of the literature reveals a paucity of research that has investigated this relationship. These two subtests, with Vocabulary, were administered by trained examiners to a sample of 84 subjects comprised of both students and members of the general population. Results were compared with their scaled scores on the California Psychological Inventory. Findings support the use of Picture Arrangement and Comprehension conjointly and independently as measures of “social intelligence” distinct from general intelligence as measured by Vocabulary.
Structure and optical characterization of Rochelle salt dye inclusion crystals and the fluorescence detection of their phase transitions

Abstract We describe the growth and spectroscopy of well-defined mixed crystals of sodium potassium tartrate (Rochelle salt) containing synthetic organic dyes in the {010} growth sectors. Our summary reevaluates historical dye inclusions and reveals others that we discovered. Absorption and emission spectroscopies with polarized light are used to characterize these mixed crystals. The temperature dependence of the fluorescence of included chromophores provide evidence of the ferroelectric phase transitions in the host crystals.
Electrical and thermal magnetoconductivities of single-crystal beryllium at low temperatures and its use as a heat switch

The effects of transverse magnetic fields up to 955 kA/m (12 kOe) on the electrical and thermal conductivities of single-crystal beryllium have been measured between 2 and 300 K. Most of the measurements were made on a sample with a resistance ratio of1340. This sample was pure enough so that the intrinsic electronic thermal resistivity could be measured for the first time. It was found to have the usual T2 behavior. The current and heat flow were along the hexagonalc axis of the crystal, while the thermal and electrical conductivities were studied as a function of the angle of the magnetic field in the basal plane. Below about 50 K the thermal conductivity could be reduced by several orders of magnitude by applying the magnetic field. The lattice conductivity, extrapolated from the measurements in the magnetic field, is given by k =γT2, where γ=1.6×10−4 W/cm K3. This value is in reasonable agreement with that obtained from measurements of beryllium alloys. The use of single-crystal beryllium as a heat switch for temperatures below about 30 K is discussed.
POTENCY, CONTINENCE AND COMPLICATION RATES IN 1,870 CONSECUTIVE RADICAL RETROPUBIC PROSTATECTOMIES

AbstractPurpose: We update results in a series of consecutive patients treated with anatomic radical retropubic prostatectomy regarding recovery of erections, urinary continence and postoperative complications.Materials and Methods: One surgeon performed anatomic radical retropubic prostatectomy on 1,870 men, using the nerve sparing modification when feasible. We evaluate recovery of erections and urinary continence in men followed for a minimum of 18 months. Patients who were not reliably potent before surgery, did not undergo a nerve sparing procedure, or received hormonal therapy or postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy were excluded from the analysis of potency rates but not of continence rates. Other postoperative complications were evaluated for the entire patient population.Results: Recovery of erections occurred in 68% of preoperatively potent men treated with bilateral (543 of 798) and 47% treated with unilateral (28 of 60) nerve sparing surgery. Recovery of erections was more likely with bilateral...
Interstellar Molecular Absorption Lines

The ultraviolet absorption lines produced in interstellar clouds through the absorption of radiation from early type stars by molecular hydrogen H 2 may be analysed to yield the particle densities and ultraviolet fluxes in the absorbing regions and the absorption by HD may be analysed to determine the proton densities and the ionizing fluxes. The interpretation carries implications concerning the formation of other interstellar molecules, which may be the source of additional absorption lines.
Democracy in Colombia: Clientelistic Politics and Guerrilla Warfare

In what is destined to prove the definitive text for the present generation on the political, economic, and social structure of Colombia, Jorge Pablo Osterling explores the enigmatic nature of this special, even critical, anchor to the northern tier of South America. In many ways, Colombia is a huge success story: it is one of the oldest, most stable, functioning democracies; the land is blessed with rich and diversified resources and products; and its foreign debt has been kept in check as a consequence of sound economic management. But despite its positive social, cultural, economic, and political indicators, Colombia has been a nation beset by serious problems: overt corruption and unemployment are very high; and its public service facilities to outlying rural areas remain weak, thus making schooling, water supplies, health care, and electrification hard to establish at high levels. Above all, Colombia has a reputation, well earned, as one of the most violent nations in the world. Drug trafficking, common crime, and guerrilla activity are all pandemic and conspire to destabilize the regime. In this straightforward, compelling account, Osterling shows how this paradox has evolved, and why it has persisted over the past fifty years. He draws attention to parallel political structures: a functioning set of civilian institutions that coexist alongside one of the most powerful closed, hierarchical political elites in Latin America. Osterling locates the central problem of the maintenance of interpersonal relations as being more important to the functioning of Colombian society than impersonal norms. This is a country in which political bosses vie with popular democracy for control of the country.
A twist in the tail

Lipopolysaccharide molecules released by the bacteria Vibrio fischeri when it rotates its flagella prompts its host, the Hawaiian bobtail squid, to prepare for its arrival.
Understanding online reading through the eyes of first and second language readers: An exploratory study

Utilizing eye-tracking technology and focusing on the ''rapid'', ''purposeful'' and ''comprehending'' attributes of fluent reading, this study investigated first language (L1) and second language (L2) readers' online reading patterns and comprehension. Eye movement data from nine L1 readers and nine L2 readers were collected, analyzed and compared. Post-experiment interviews were conducted to obtain demographic and background information. The results indicate that L1 and L2 readers are heterogeneous when language proficiency is considered but they are homogeneous in many other aspects when the focus is on their online reading patterns and comprehension. While L1 readers read much faster than L2 readers, their attention distribution and performance on reading comprehension test are similar to L2 readers'. This study concludes that the essential online reading competency factors are similar in L1 and L2's online reading when the ''rapid'', ''purposeful'' and ''comprehending'' attributes of fluent reading are under investigation. When the core vocabulary of a language is mastered, it is metacognitive reading skills that play a major role in fluent reading in the context of new literacy.
Time-lapse video system used to study nesting Gyrfalcons

Abstract We used solar-powered time-lapse video photography to document nesting Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus) food habits in central West Greenland from May to July in 2000 and 2001. We collected 2677.25 h of videotape from three nests, representing 94, 87, and 49% of the nestling period at each nest. The video recorded 921 deliveries of 832 prey items. We placed 95% of the items into prey categories. The image quality was good but did not reveal enough detail to identify most passerines to species. We found no evidence that Gyrfalcons were negatively affected by the video system after the initial camera set-up. The video system experienced some mechanical problems but proved reliable. The system likely can be used to effectively document the food habits and nesting behavior of other birds, especially those delivering large prey to a nest or other frequently used site.
The thermochemistry of TNAZ (1,3,3-trinitroazetidine) and related species: models for calculating heats of formation

Abstract The heats of formation of TNAZ(1,3,3-trinitroazetidine) and related compounds have been calculated with the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) model to give a mean absolute deviation of 3.1 kcal/mol for 18 singlet species and 5.1 kcal/mol for 12 free radical intermediates. A minimal seven-parameter atom/group additivity scheme was developed that reduces these errors to 1.1 and 1.3 kcal/mol, respectively. Based on these calculations a set of structural enthalpy increments was compiled that allows the precise estimation of heats of formation of highly nitrated species from simpler ones via isodesmic reactions that are independent of atom/group additivity parameters. In a parallel analysis, an augmented Benson group-additivity scheme was developed that allows facile estimation of the heats of formation of the several nitroazetidines as well as related radical species with a precision that is comparable to that obtained via quantum mechanical calculations. In the final section measured activation energies for the initial fragmentation steps, for eight species, are compared with the computed enthalpies for dissociation. The computed lowest energy structures for eleven species are summarized in an appendix.
Noise power spectrum analysis for several digital breast tomosynthesis reconstruction algorithms

Digital breast tomosynthesis is a three-dimensional imaging technique that allows the reconstruction of an arbitrary set of planes in the breast from limited-angle series of projection images. Though several tomosynthesis algorithms have been proposed, no complete optimization and comparison of all available methods has been conducted as of yet. This paper presents an analysis of noise power spectrum to examine the noise characteristics of several tomosynthesis algorithms with different imaging acquisition techniques. Flat images were acquired with the following acquisition parameters: 13, 25, 49 projections with ±12.5 and ±25 degrees of angular ranges. Three algorithms, including Shift-And-Add (SAA), Matrix Inversion Tomosynthesis (MITS), and Filtered Back Projection (FBP) were investigated with reconstruction slice spacing of 1mm, 2mm, and 4mm. The noise power spectra of the reconstruction plane at 23.5mm above the detector surface were analyzed. Results showed that MITS has better noise responses with narrower slice spacing for low-to-middle frequencies. No substantial difference was noticed for SAA and FBP with different slice spacings. With the same acquisition technique and slice spacing, MITS performed better than FBP at middle frequencies, but FBP showed better performance at high frequencies because of applied Hamming and Gaussian low-pass filters. For different imaging acquisition techniques, SAA, MITS and FBP performed the best with 49 projections and ±25 degrees. For 25 projections specifically, FBP performed better with wider angular range, while MITS performed better with narrower angular range. For SAA, narrow angular range is slightly better for 25 projections and 13 projections.
GC/MS on an LC/MS instrument using atmospheric pressure photoionization

Abstract Atmospheric pressure (AP) GC/MS was first introduced by Horning et al. [E.C. Horning, M.G. Horning, D.I. Carroll, I. Dzidic, R.N. Stillwell, Anal. Chem. 45 (1973) 936] using 63 Ni as a beta-emitter for ionization. Because, at the time special instrumentation was required, the technique was only applied with consistency to negative ion environmental studies where high sensitivity was required [T. Kinouchi, A.T.L. Miranda, L.G. Rushing, F.A. Beland, W.A. Korfmacher, J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., Chromatogr. Commun. 13 (1990) 281]. Currently, AP ion sources are commonly available on LC/MS instruments and recently a method was reported for converting an AP-LC/MS ion source to a combination AP-LC/MS:GC/MS source [C.N. McEwen, R.G. McKay, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 16 (2005) 1730]. Here, we report the use of atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) with GC/MS and compare this to AP chemical ionization (APCI) GC/MS and electron ionization (EI) GC/MS. Using a nitrogen purge gas, we observe excellent chromatographic resolution and abundant molecular M + and MH + ions as well as structurally significant fragment ions. Comparison of a 9.8 eV UV lamp with a 10.6 eV lamp, as expected, shows that the higher energy lamp gives more universal ionization and more fragment ions than the lower energy lamp. While there are clear differences in the fragment ions observed by APPI-MS versus EI-MS, there are also similarities. As might be expected from the ionization mechanism, APPI ionization is similar to low energy EI. These odd electron fragment ions are useful in identifying unknown compounds by comparison to mass spectra in computer libraries.
Why Isn't Everyone Doing It? A Comparison of Antecedents to Following Brands on Twitter and Facebook

This research compares the antecedents to young adults’ intentions to follow brands on Twitter and Facebook. The three conclusions that emerge from this study are not entirely consistent with planned behavior or technology acceptance models. First, perceived ease of use directly affects users’ intentions to follow brands on Facebook and Twitter. Second, peer pressure is an important factor in the decision to follow brands on Facebook and Twitter. Third, consumers’ attitudes toward following brands on Facebook and Twitter do not directly affect their intentions to follow brands. In addition, following brands on Facebook and Twitter appears to satisfy different user gratifications.
Barriers to access: Social services and the Roma of Poland

Despite the small size of the Polish Romani population, the status and treatment of this group deserve special attention. This descriptive study identifies potential disconnects between the Roma and social services in the community and suggests practices to strengthen the connections between the marginalized Roma and the social service community.FrenchNonobstant la faible population Roma en Pologne, le statut et le traitement accorde a ce groupe merite l'attention. Cette etude descriptive identifie des coupures potentielles entre les Roma et les services sociaux dans la communaute et suggere des pratiques visant a renforcer les liens entre les Roma marginalises et les services sociaux.SpanishA pesar de la pequena poblacion de los Roma en Polonia, el estatus y tratamiento de este grupo merece especial atencion. Este estudio descriptivo identifica la potencial desconexion entre los Roma y los servicios sociales en la comunidad; y sugiere practicas para fortalecer las conexiones entre los Roma marginalizada ...
Breakdown of self-similar scaling in the two-dimensional random-field Ising model: A Monte Carlo study.

We have simulated the two-dimensional ferromagnetic Ising model in a random magnetic field with spin-flip dynamics. After the system is deeply quenched into the unstable region of the phase diagram, we observe novel dynamical behavior, during an early-to-intermediate time regime, for the average size of the growing domains, R\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}. We find that self-similar scaling for the structure factor [that is, scaling to a single time-dependent length such as R\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}(t)] breaks down for long times. Our results may have relevance to the problem of island-growth kinetics in some chemisorbed systems.
Neutron activation analysis of wear products in a Diesel engine fueled with coal-oil slurries

The technique described is a stable tracer method and has the advantage of eliminating the use of radioactive engine components during the wear tests. The results obtained clearly show that the use of these slurries comprising pulverized coal and fuel oil is not acceptable due to excessive wear rates.
Origins of Misfortune: Sympathetic Magic and the Transference of Animality in Thüringvon Ringoltingen’s Melusine (1456)

Scholars increasingly devote attention to the role of animals and the relationships between humans and animals in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. Much of this work focuses on the roles animals play in texts, on the function of “animals as human exemplars,” and on the lessons human beings during these periods could learn in light of their evolving understanding of animals. German Volksbucher—oftentimes didactic texts that were aimed at teaching morality and religious mores—were prime vehicles for such exemplary animal figures. Thuring von Ringoltingen’s Melusine has been a frequent focus of such study in light of the titular character’s animality. But magic, too, was of special interest to readers of Volksbucher, and frequently accompanied descriptions of animals in texts, informed their characters, or even motivated their connections to human beings. Through close textual analysis of Thuring’s retelling of the tale, I demonstrate that the intersection of animals and magic, illuminated specifically by James George Frazer’s concept of “sympathetic magic,” explicitly serves the text’s aim of educating Early Modern readers about moral behavior. Thuring’s Melusine thus functions as a cautionary tale that warns against the dangers of human immorality through its exploration of magically transferred animality.
Kinetics of carbon dioxide and methyldiethanolamine with phosphoric acid

The Kinetics of the reaction between carbon dioxide and methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) were studied in the presence of various amounts of phosphoric acid at 298 K, 308 K, and 318 K. A stirred cell with a known interfacial area was used at atmospheric pressure to measure the volumetric absorption rate of CO2 flowing through the vessel. The addition of phosphoric acid to an aqueous solution of MDEA resulted in a Bronsted acid-base neutralization reaction. While virtually all of the acid was consumed by the neutralization reaction, a large part of the MEDA remained in its free form. The absorption of carbon dioxide in these solutions was slower than expected, given the amount of free MDEA present. The rate depression in the presence of hydrogen phosphate anions was attributed to the stabilization of the reaction transition state between MDEA, water, and carbon dioxide through charge dispersal.
Measuring and testing program philosophy

Program philosophy includes theories and values. An evaluation is made more coherent by measuring the philosophy and testing its implementation and effectiveness.