cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Watershed Management Alternatives

On the Beaver Creek Pilot Project multiple use evaluations are being made of watershed management treatments designed to increase water yield. So far there have been modest gains in cattle forage following cabling Utah juniper and felling alligator juniper, but these are offset by complete loss of wood production. Water and sediment yields are unchanged, and wildlife effects are uncertain. There were substantial gains in water production and forage for cattle and wildlife following clearcutting ponderosa pine, but in exchange there were large losses in terms of wood, aesthetics, and sedimentation. A more refined pine treatment, where one-third of a watershed was cleared in 60-ft strips, has been completed for 1 yr. There are indications of increased water, herbage, and wildlife yields form this treatment. Losses in other values have been less than with clearcutting.
Talk Instead of Yelling

Earth: The Sequel . The Race to Reinvent Energy and Stop Global Warming. By Fred Krupp and Miriam Horn . Norton, New York, 2008. 287 pp. $24.95, C$24.95. ISBN 9780393066906. Noting that achieving a sustainable-energy economy will require tremendous effort, the author profile innovators and investors whose actions hold the promise of averting the climate crisis.
Perioperative complications in liver transplantation using donation after cardiac death grafts: A propensity-matched study

Donation after cardiac death (DCD) is an important source for expanding the donor pool for liver transplantation (LT). Although the long-term outcomes of LT using DCD grafts have been extensively studied, perioperative complications related to DCD grafts are rarely reported. The aim of this study was to determine whether DCD grafts were associated with a higher incidence of postreperfusion complications and worse outcomes in adult LT patients. After institutional review board approval, the medical records of all adult patients who underwent LT at our medical center between 2004 and 2011 were reviewed. Postreperfusion complications and posttransplant outcomes were compared between patients receiving DCD grafts and patients receiving donation after brain death (DBD) grafts. In all, 74 patients received DCD grafts during the study period, and 1369 patients received DBD grafts. An initial comparison showed that many preoperative, prereperfusion, and donor variables in the DCD group differed significantly from those in the DBD group. Propensity matching was chosen so that adjustments could be made for the differences. A postmatching analysis showed that the preoperative, prereperfusion, and donor variables no longer differed between the 2 groups. The postreperfusion requirements for blood products and vasopressors, the posttransplant ventilation times, the incidence of posttransplant acute renal injury, and the 30-day and 1-year patient and graft survival rates were comparable between the 2 groups. However, patients receiving DCD grafts experienced significantly higher rates of hyperkalemia (33.8% versus 18.9%, P < 0.05) and postreperfusion syndrome (PRS; 25.7% versus 12.3%, P < 0.05). In conclusion, after adjustments for preoperative and prereperfusion risks via propensity matching, DCD grafts remained a risk factor for postreperfusion hyperkalemia and PRS. A prophylactic regimen aimed at decreasing postreperfusion hyperkalemia and PRS is recommended for the management of LT using DCD grafts. Liver Transpl 20:823-830, 2014. © 2014 AASLD.
Zheng Manqing: The Memorial Hall and Legacy of the Master of Five Excellences in Taiwan

Professor Zheng Manqing (1902-1975), a fine artist and a notable taijiquan disciple of Yang Chengfu, emigrated to Taiwan in 1949 following the Chinese civil war between the Guomindang and Maoist factions. Under Republic of China President Chiang Kai-shek’s Cultural Renaissance Movement, Zheng played an important role in preserving the cultural treasures of traditional China. During the period of Mao Zedong’s Cultural Revolution when the Mainland was veiled to foreign eyes behind the Bamboo Curtain, Zheng was instrumental in introducing taijiquan and other elements of Chinese culture to the West. Zheng passed away at his home in Yonghe, Taiwan in 1975 but not before establishing an international reputation for his mastery in taijiquan and other arts. Recently, a portion of his former residence was converted into a memorial hall (the Zheng Manqing Jinian Guan) by senior students interested in preserving his martial tradition, paintings, calligraphy, and other artifacts. This article provides a brief history of Zheng’s life and his legacy in Taiwan, as well as a photographic tour of the Zheng Manqing Memorial Hall.
Targeting assistance to the poor: Efficient allocation of transfers when household income is not observed

Abstract This paper examines the problem of how to transfer money or other forms of assistance to poor households when one observes some characteristics of households, but not their incomes. This and related issues are often referred to as the targeting problem. The paper first sets out the problem formally as one of minimizing a poverty index given a fixed amount of money available for transfers. Assuming that household survey data are available which include accurate income and/or expenditure information, the solution for the problem is formulated as a non-linear mathematical programming exercise. Using household survey data from Cote d'Ivoire, the technique is applied to both urban and rural areas separately. The paper concludes with a general discussion and suggestions for future research.
$ {H}_{ {\infty }}$ Tracking Control of Completely Unknown Continuous-Time Systems via Off-Policy Reinforcement Learning

This paper deals with the design of an $ {H}_{ {\infty }}$ tracking controller for nonlinear continuous-time systems with completely unknown dynamics. A general bounded $L_{2} $ -gain tracking problem with a discounted performance function is introduced for the $ {H}_{ {\infty }}$ tracking. A tracking Hamilton–Jacobi–Isaac (HJI) equation is then developed that gives a Nash equilibrium solution to the associated min–max optimization problem. A rigorous analysis of bounded $L_{2}$ -gain and stability of the control solution obtained by solving the tracking HJI equation is provided. An upper-bound is found for the discount factor to assure local asymptotic stability of the tracking error dynamics. An off-policy reinforcement learning algorithm is used to learn the solution to the tracking HJI equation online without requiring any knowledge of the system dynamics. Convergence of the proposed algorithm to the solution to the tracking HJI equation is shown. Simulation examples are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Enhanced CP Violation with B-->KD 0 \(D̄ 0 \) Modes and Extraction of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa Angle γ

The Gronau-London-Wyler (GLW) method extracts the CKM angle $\gamma$ by measuring $B^\pm$ decay rates involving $D^0/\overline D^0$ mesons. Since that method necessitates the interference between two amplitudes that are significantly different in magnitude, the resulting asymmetries tend to be small. CP violation can be greatly enhanced for decays to final states that are common to both D^0 and $\overline D^0$ and that are not CP eigenstates. In particular, large asymmetries are possible for final states f such that $D^0\to f$ is doubly Cabibbo suppressed while $\overline D^0\to f$ is Cabibbo allowed. The measurement of interference effects in two such modes allows the extraction of $\gamma$ without prior knowledge of $Br(B^-\to K^- \overline D^0)$, which may be difficult to determine due to backgrounds.
The effects of variable-time versus contingent reinforcement delivery on problem behavior maintained by escape

Results of previous research indicate that the delivery of positive reinforcement (e.g., food) for an appropriate, alternative target response (e.g., compliance) or delivery of food on a time-based schedule can decrease problem behavior reinforced by escape, even when problem behavior continues to produce negative reinforcement (e.g., Lalli et al., 1999; Lomas, Fisher, & Kelley, 2010). In this study, we compared the levels of both compliance and problem behavior when food and praise were delivered either contingent on compliance or on a time-based schedule. Results for 3 of the 4 participants showed that contingent delivery of preferred edible items and praise was more effective in both reducing problem behavior and increasing compliance compared to variable-time delivery of these same items. These findings are discussed in the context of motivating operations and competition between positive and negative reinforcement.
Identifiability of vowels and speakers from whispered syllables.

In the present experiments, the effect of whisper register on speech perception was measured. We aasessed listeners’ abilities to identify 10 vowels in [hVd] context pronounced by 3 male and 3 female speakers in normal and whisper registers. Results showed 82% average identification accuracy in whisper mode, approximately a 10% falloff in identification accuracy from normally phonated speech. In both modes, significant confusions of [o] for [a] occurred, with some additional significant confusions occurring in whisper mode among vowels adjacent inF 1/F 2 space. We also assessed listeners’ abilities to match whispered syllables with normally phonated ones by the same speaker. Each trial contained the matching syllable and two foils whispered by speakers of the same sex as the speaker of the target. Identification performance was significantly better than chance across subjects, speakers, and vowels, with no listener achieving better than 96% performance. Acoustic analyses measured potential cues to speaker identity independent of register.
Transient-Pulse Behavior and Self-Induced Transparency

The dynamics of self-induced transparency in an inhomogeneously broadened attenuator is investigated with special emphasis on delay times. One finds a strong dependence of delay times on the input value of the area parameter $\ensuremath{\theta}$ with pulses of ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{in}}\ensuremath{\approx}\ensuremath{\pi}$ exhibiting much larger delay times than for ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{in}}=2\ensuremath{\pi}$. This investigation is extended to include the effects of an atomic phase memory time ${T}_{2}$ which is of the order of ten times the pulse width (i.e., in accord with current experimental circumstances). The variation of other parameters is considered. A method of measuring $\ensuremath{\theta}$ directly is presented.
Dissolution of 226Radium from pipe-scale deposits in a public water supply.

Abstract This study was undertaken to determine if dissolution of 226 Radium from pipe-scale deposits contributes to enhanced waterborne 226 Radium concentrations at the point of use. Water samples were collected from residential water customers of a small rural Iowa town. Sites were evenly divided between new and old water main connections. Daily samples were collected from the point-of-entry water. Point-of-use 226 Radium concentrations ranged from 0.4 to 12.9 pCi L −1 (0.01 to 0.5 Bq L −1 ). The mean 226 Radium concentration for homes connected to old water mains was significantly higher than the mean 226 Radium concentration of homes connected to new water mains, mean(standard deviation) equal 8.3(1.1) and 5.3(0.8) pCi L −1 [0.3(1.1) and 0.2(0.8) Bq L −1 ], respectively. 226 Radium concentrations of the point-of-entry water ranged from 5.0 pCi L −1 to 10.3 pCi L −1 (0.2 Bq L −1 to 0.4 Bq L −1 ). This study indicates considerable variability of 226 Radium exposure from drinking water among residents of the same water supply and has implications for regulatory compliance and exposure assessment in epidemiologic studies.
A dual modality fluorescence confocal and optical coherence tomography microendoscope

We demonstrate the implementation of a Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging system incorporated into the optical train of a fluorescence confocal microendoscope. The slit-scanning confocal system has been presented previously and achieves 3μm lateral resolution and 25μm axial resolution over a field of view of 430μm. Its multi-spectral mode of operation captures images with 6nm average spectral resolution. To incorporate OCT imaging, a common-path interferometer is made with a super luminescent diode and a reference coverslip located at the distal end of the fiber bundle catheter. The infrared diode spectral width allows a theoretical OCT axial resolution of 12.9μm. Light from the reference and sample combine, and a diffraction grating produces a spectral interferogram on the same 2D CCD camera used for confocal microendoscopic imaging. OCT depth information is recovered by a Fourier transform along the spectral dispersion direction. Proper operation of the system scan mirrors allows rapid switching between confocal and OCT imaging modes. The OCT extension takes advantage of the slit geometry, so that a 2D image is acquired without scanning. Combining confocal and OCT imaging modalities provides a more comprehensive view of tissue and the potential to improve disease diagnosis. A preliminary bench-top system design and imaging results are presented.
Ocean optics estimation for absorption, backscattering, and phase function parameters

We propose and test an inverse ocean optics procedure with numerically simulated data for the determination of inherent optical properties using in-water radiance measurements. If data are available at only one depth within a deep homogeneous water layer, then the single-scattering albedo and the single parameter that characterizes the Henyey-Greenstein phase function can be estimated. If data are available at two depths, then these two parameters can be determined along with the optical thickness so that the absorption and scattering coefficients, and also the backscattering coefficient, can be estimated. With a knowledge of these parameters, the albedo and Lambertian fraction of reflected radiance of the bottom can be determined if measurements are made close to the bottom. A simplified method for determining the optical properties of the water also is developed for only three irradiance-type measurements if the radiance is approximately in the asymptotic regime.
The Use of Self-Disclosure by the Therapist in the Treatment of Adult Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse

ABSTRACT This commentary discusses self-disclosure as a therapeutic tool in both group and individual work with adult survivors of child sexual abuse. The rationale for the use of this technique is explored, as are indications and contraindications. Specific types of self-disclosing behaviors are identified and case examples are presented. Where available, relevant research is cited.
Issues in Subject Analysis and Description of Political Cartoons

Political cartoons have historically been organized for very narrow and specific purposes when they have been organized at all. Collections to date have been of the works of a particular artist/writer, or have been collected to illustrate a particular historical event, mostly from times long past. The advent of the Electronic Age has given rise to far more expansive collections, sometimes bringing together in one source several authors who write on a large number of subjects across local, national, and international lines. However, the relative explosion in the number of political cartoon archives in electronic form has not brought about a corresponding rise in systems of organization for the cartoons. The development of a metadata system for political cartoons and other images of meaning would be a benefit for several communities, including political science, history, communications, art history, and those researchers in any field who are working with other specific subsets of images.
Sex differences in adrenocortical structure and function. XX. The effects of gonadectomy and testosterone or estradiol replacement on cholesterol content and distribution in the gland.

Abstract Sex differences in the distribution of free and esterified cholesterol in the mitochondria and lipid droplets of the rat adrenal glands, as well as their dependence on gonadal hormones were studied. For these purposes intact, gonadectomized and gonadectomized-testosterone or estradiol replaced rats were employed. The concentration of free cholesterol [FC] as well as esterified cholesterol [EC] in full homogenates of decapsulated glands was higher in male than in female rats. Neither orchiectomy nor testosterone replacement had an effect on FC and EC concentration. Ovariectomy increased FC and EC concentration in full adrenal homogenates, an effect reversed by estradiol replacement. Similar changes were found in the lipid droplets. The concentration of FC and EC in the adrenal mitochondria was higher in male than in female rats. Orchiectomy increased the concentration of FC and decreased the concentration of EC. Testosterone administration resulted in further increase in FC concentration and restored EC concentration to the level of the control group. On the other hand ovariectomy increased FC and EC concentration, an effect reversed by estradiol replacement. Results obtained clearly showed that sex differences in FC and EC concentration in rat adrenal gland depend mainly on estradiol which lowers FC and EC concentration in the adrenal lipid droplets and mitochondria.
The Neurosecretory Staining in the Cerebral Ganglia of the Japanese Abalone (ezoawabi), Haliotis discus hannai, and Its Relationship to Reproduction

Neurosecretory staining in the cerebral ganglia of the Japanese abalone (ezoawabi), Haliotis discus hannai, was studied during the reproductive cycle. The variation in stain affinity of the cells and the amount of neurosecretory material contained in the cells were measured during the study. Four cell types were found in the cerebral ganglion. Neurosectory activity was found in Cell Types A and B, and the amount of neurosecretory material in the cells and the stain intensity of cellular material varied with the reproductive cycle. Cell Types C and D were not neurosecretory. The stain intensity of Cell Type A showed a correlation with vitellogenesis in the ovary. The stain intensity of Cell Type A in males showed no apparent correlation with gonad development or maturation. Cell Type B in both sexes did not show a correlation with gametogenesis, vitellogenesis, or spawning.
In situ performance evaluation of spray polyurethane foam in the exterior insulation basement system (EIBS)

Abstract In 1995, a joint research project 1 with the Institute for Research in Construction was initiated to assess the in situ thermal performance of a number of insulation products used as exterior basement insulation in contact with the ground. Sixteen insulation specimens measuring 610 mm and 1220 mm wide were installed on the exterior basement walls of an experimental building, test hut no. 1, located on NRC campus in Ottawa. These specimens were instrumented prior to backfilling and their thermal performance was monitored over two full years. Soil temperatures and moisture content were monitored concurrently. Weather events were recorded daily. This paper focuses on the performance of the two spray polyurethane foam (SPF) specimens assessed in this experiment. Through analysis of the surface temperatures of the specimens, water movement was detected at the insulation/soil interface through various periods of heavy rain and major thaws throughout the two-year period. Over the same period, the surface of the concrete on the inside of the insulation showed no evidence of water penetration through the SPF layer. The insulation specimens were retrieved after 31 months of exposure in the soil. Good and continuous surface adhesion was also noted on removal. Samples were taken from these exposed specimens. When tested in the lab, after recovery and drying of the specimens, the compressive strengths of the SPF samples were slightly higher than those tested at the beginning of the experiment. For the conditions recorded over two years of monitoring, the thermal performance of each insulation specimen was found to be stable through the heating season. The thermal performance appeared not to be significantly affected by water movement at the exterior face of the insulation. One SPF specimen showed steady thermal performance through two heating seasons while the other actually improved in the second year. It was concluded that the key performance factors of the 76 mm thick SPF specimens sprayed on the exterior surfaces of the concrete basement wall all remained at a very good level, i.e., the in situ thermal resistance, the compressive strength, and the moisture contents of the specimens.
Duplication 18q syndrome

Some variation in the phenotype of patients with dup(18q) is recognized. Our patient has the phenotype described for dup(18qter).
Primary cardiac synovial sarcoma

Synovial sarcoma is a rare entity and accounts for <1% in all primary cardiac tumors. This is typically a highly aggressive tumor and survival is usually less than nine months in this location, even with surgery and adjuvant chemoradiation. Primary cardiac synovial sarcoma has rarely been reported in the literature. We report a recent case from the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. The patient is still alive and with some recurrence of tumor but without significant symptoms 22 months after primary surgery.
Respiratory-deficient, yeastlike mutant of Mucor

Stable mutants of Mucor bacilliformis having lost the ability to grow filamentously and to sporulate occur spontaneously with a frequency of about one in every 3000 colonies. On solid and in liquid medium these mutants have a typical yeastlike morphology and reproduce by budding. The detailed study of one of these mutants shows that the inability to form filaments and spores is accompanied by the loss of cytochrome oxidase activity. This mutant is unable to take up oxygen but has a high level of alcoholic fermentation, which appears to be the major if not the sole source of energy.
A comparative study on the antiarrhythmic activity and acute toxicity of quinidine and four new analogs in mice

Abstract We have compared the ED 50 values for antiarrhythmic activity and the acute toxicities in mice of quinidine and 4 recently synthesized analogs. For the ED 50 studies, groups of mice were treated intravenously with equally spaced logarithmic doses of 6′-methoxycinchonine (quinidine), 6′-hydroxycinchonine (cupreidine), 6′-isovaleryloxycinchonine, 6′-acetyloxycinchonine and 6′-benzoyloxycinchonine. For the acute toxicity studies, mice were treated intraperitoneally with quidine and the 4 analogs. Mice were observed over a 24-h period, and thereafter for each additional 24-h period for a total of 120 h. Tests for parallelism of acute toxicity indicated that with the exception of the 6′-isovaleryloxy derivative the drug treatment regression lines were parallel to that of quinidine ( P >0.05). The results indicated decreases of 50% (843 μmol/kg), 52% (857 μmol/kg), and 61% (910 μmol/kg) in the acute toxicities of the 6′-acetyloxy, 6′-hydroxy, and 6′-benzoyloxycinchonine, respectively. The 6′-acetyloxy (18.5 μmol/kg) and 6′-benzoyloxy (14.6 μmol/kg) derivatives had significantly lower ED 50 values than quinidine (60.1 μmol/kg). The results suggest that the 6′-acetyloxy and 6′-benzoyloxy derivatives may have much greater antiarrhythmic effectiveness than quinidine.
Dissociation of the Glucose and Lipid Regulatory Functions of FoxO1 by Targeted Knockin of Acetylation-Defective Alleles in Mice

Summary FoxO1 integrates multiple metabolic pathways. Nutrient levels modulate FoxO1 acetylation, but the functional consequences of this posttranslational modification are unclear. To answer this question, we generated mice bearing alleles that encode constitutively acetylated and acetylation-defective FoxO1 proteins. Homozygosity for an allele mimicking constitutive acetylation ( Foxo1 KQ/KQ ) results in embryonic lethality due to cardiac and angiogenesis defects. In contrast, mice homozygous for a constitutively deacetylated Foxo1 allele ( Foxo1 KR/KR ) display a unique metabolic phenotype of impaired insulin action on hepatic glucose metabolism but decreased plasma lipid levels and low respiratory quotient that are consistent with a state of preferential lipid usage. Moreover, Foxo1 KR/KR mice show a dissociation between weight gain and insulin resistance in predisposing conditions (high fat diet, diabetes, and insulin receptor mutations), possibly due to decreased cytokine production in adipose tissue. Thus, acetylation inactivates FoxO1 during nutrient excess whereas deacetylation selectively potentiates FoxO1 activity, protecting against excessive catabolism during nutrient deprivation.
A task-based evaluation of PEM detector element size.

Abstract Positron Emission Mammography (PEM) is a planar imaging method that utilizes arrays of discrete detector elements for the detection of radiotracer-avid breast cancer. In this investigation we have systematically studied, through computer simulations, the effect of detector element size (width and length) on breast lesion detection and localization tasks. The contrast-to-noise ratios of the spheres simulating breast lesions were calculated as a function of detector element dimension to gauge detectability. System resolution (fwhm) across the field-of-view was used as the metric for the localization task. For both tasks, individual detector elements of lyso with cross sectional dimensions of 2×2 mm (96×72 element arrays, step 2.1mm) and 3×3mm (65×49 element arrays, step 3.1 mm), and lengths of 10,15 and 20 mm were simulated. The results revealed that narrower pixel dimensions reduced the partial volume effect, while the thicker pixels increased pixel sensitivity, thus reducing noise per pixel and increasing the contrast-to-noise ratio.
BASSIOUNEY, REEM, & GRAHAM KATZ E. (Eds.). Arabic Language and Linguistics. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2012. Pp. xiv, 232. $44.95, paper. $44.95, ebook. ISBN 978–1–58901–885–3.

The article reviews the book "Arabic Language and Linguistics" edited by Reem Bassiouney and E. Graham Katz.
EXTRINSIC FACTORS INFLUENCING METAMORPHOSIS IN BRYOZOAN AND ASCIDIAN LARVAE

It is a rather strange coincidence that so many different factors have similar effects in either inhibiting or accelerating the onset of metamorphosis in widely divergent groups. Of these factors the heavy metals seem to play a distinctive role. Copper, for instance, hastens the beginning of metamorphosis in several ascidians (Grave and Nicoll, 1939; Glaser and Anslow, 1949), Bugula larvae (Miller, 1946; Lynch, 1949), the coelenterate, Tubularia, (Pyefinch and Downing, 1949) and oysters (Prytherch, 1934; Armstrong and Miall, 1945) ; but the effect of copper on oyster larvae has not been confirmed by others, and Armstrong and Miall (1945) do not give experimental data on the copper ion. Clark (1947) found that sublethal exposures to cupric citrate accelerated the growth of newly metamorphosed barnacles, but he did not state that the metal hastens attachment. Glaser and Anslow
Eulerian modeling of turbulent dispersion from a point source

Abstract We derive a frame-invariant Eulerian model of turbulent dispersion that takes into account the effect of velocity correlation on turbulent diffusivity. We give a mathematical derivation of the model, we implement it and simulate different benchmark flows. We also simulate the same flows with a simpler Eulerian model, which does not take into account the effect of velocity correlation. We compare the results of both models with analytical and experimental results from the literature and we find that our model gives excellent agreement with the literature data and that it is significantly more accurate than the simpler model.
Expression of the barrier-associated proteins EAP-300 and claustrin in the developing central nervous system

Abstract Immunohistochemistry of embryonic chick central nervous system (CNS) and immunocytochemistry of retinal cells were performed to compare and map the expression of two barrier-associated molecules. EAP-300 (embryonic avian polypeptide of 300 kDa) and claustrin (a 320 kDa extracellular matrix keratan sulfate proteoglycan) were both transiently expressed in CNS regions that are considered non-permissive to either neuron migration or axon growth In the developing spinal cord, EAP-300 and claustrin were both expressed by the marginal zone early in development and by the roof plate later in embryogenesis. In the developing rhombencephalon, immunoreactivity for both molecules was also observed first in the midline, and this expression represented a continuation of the expression observed in the spinal cord roof plate and hindbrain ventral midline. In the developing retina and cerebellum, EAP-300 and claustrin were differentially expressed. In retina, EAP-300 and claustrin were expressed by Muller cells and the optic fiber layer, respectively. In cerebellum at embryonic day 12 (E12), EAP-300 was expressed by Bergman glia, but claustrin as not expressed until E15. Immunocytochemical staining of retinal and cerebellar cultures indicated that EAP-300 was expressed by a subset of radial astrocytes, as confirmed by double labeling experiments with a specific marker for radial astrocytes. These data indicate that in the absence of claustrin expression, EAP-300 was expressed specifically by radial astrocytes during developmental periods of neuron migration. Also, the coexpression on EAP-300 and claustrin in CNS regions considered to be non-permissive to neurite extension suggests that these two developmentally regulated proteins may be associated with barrier function in the developing CNS.
FETAL BLOOD DRAWING

Abstract A small sample of fetal blood suitable for studies of haemoglobin synthesis was obtained from a placental vessel under endoscopic visualisation in 23 of 26 patients in whom the procedure was attempted prior to second-trimester abortion. Fetal blood loss, calculated in 23 cases, was between 0·2 ml. and 2·5 ml., and fetal blood-volume depletion varied from 0·5 % to 15%. No short-term ill-effects were demonstrated in mother or fetus in any of 16 patients in whom the injection of abortifacient was postponed for between 16 and 24 hours after the procedure.
Electrical resistivity of PrCu6 at the nuclear magnetic ordering transition

An experimental study of the ac impedance of PrCu6 near its nuclear magnetic ordering transition has been performed. At 40 Hz the data is consistent with a ferromagnetic resistive anomaly from a transition at 2.5–2.7 mK (Tc) and an antiferromagnetic or weak ferromagnetic resistive anomaly at 3.2–3.5 mK (TN). The two transitions were also observed in the magnetization and susceptibility data. The resistivity below Tc decreases as the square of the magnetization. The transition at TN is quenched by magnetic fields greater than 30 to 40 Oe.
Single intrathecal injections of dynorphin A or des-Tyr-dynorphins produce long-lasting allodynia in rats: blockade by MK-801 but not naloxone

Abstract Neuropathic pain states are accompanied by increased sensitivity to both noxious and non-noxious sensory stimuli, characterized as hyperalgesia and allodynia, respectively. In animal models of neuropathic pain, the presence of hyperalgesia and allodynia are accompanied by neuroplastic changes including increased spinal levels of substance P, cholecystokinin (CCK), and dynorphin. N -Methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptors appear to be involved in maintaining the central sensitivity which contributes to neuropathic pain. In addition to its opioid activities, dynorphin has been suggested to act at the NMDA receptor complex. In an attempt to mimic the increased levels of spinal dynorphin seen in animal models of neuropathic pain, rats received a single intrathecal (i.t.) injection of dynorphin A(1–17), dynorphin A(1–13), dynorphin A(2–17) or dynorphin A(2–13) through indwelling catheters. Tactile allodynia was determined by measuring response threshold to probing with von Frey filaments. Dynorphin A(1–17) administration evoked significant and long-lasting tactile allodynia (i.e. > 60 days). Likewise, the i.t. administration of dynorphin A(1–13) or dynorphin A(2–17) or dynorphin A(2–13) also produced long-lasting tactile allodynia. Intrathecal pretreatment, but not post-treatment, with MK-801 prevented dynorphin A(1–17)-induced development of allodynia; i.t. administration of MK-801 alone had no effect on responses to tactile stimuli. In contrast, i.t. pretreatment with naloxone did not affect the development of tactile allodynia induced by dynorphin A(1–17) or alter sensory threshold when given alone. These results demonstrate that a single dose of dynorphin A, or its des -Tyr fragments, produces long-lasting allodynia which may be irreversible in the rat. Further, this effect appears to be mediated through activation of NMDA, rather than opioid, receptors. While the precise mechanisms underlying the development and maintenance of the allodynia is unclear, it seems possible that dynorphin may produce changes in the spinal cord, which may contribute to the development of signs reminiscent of a ‘neuropathic’ state. Given that levels of dynorphin are elevated following nerve injury, it seems reasonable to speculate that dynorphin may have a pathologically relevant role in neuropathic pain states.
Calcium-Sensitive K+ Channel Activity Controls Basal Cytosolic Ca2+ Concentration and Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity in Fetal Pulmonary Artery Endothelial Cells

Calcium-Sensitive K+ Channel Activity Controls Basal Cytosolic Ca2+ Concentration and Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity in Fetal Pulmonary Artery Endothelial Cells
"Relational goods" and participation: Incorporating sociability into a theory of rational action

Theoretical explanations of why rational individuals would participate in politics remain unsatisfactory. This paper addresses the problem by developing and analyzing models which include among citizens' payoffs “relational goods,” objectives which depend upon interactions among persons. The models predict more participation than do the standard approaches. For example, under some circumstances persons will be more likely to act if they believe others will act, contrary to free-rider logic. More importantly, conditions are identified under which leaders could increase mass activity. Thus, a model is provided of “mobilization” in terms of the preferences and decisions of a rational individual.
[Projections to the inferior olive of the cat. I. Comparisons of input from the dorsal column nuclei, the lateral cervical nucleus, the spino-olivary pathways, the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum].

The present experiments compare the projections from the dorsal column nuclei (DCN), the lateral cervical nucleus (LCN), the spino-olivary pathways (SO), the motor cortex (Ms1) and the cerebellum (CB) to the inferior olive of the cat. A differential labeling strategy was used for these comparisons. It was found that projections from the contralateral DCN and LCN and the ipsilateral SO overlap extensively with each other in the dorsal accessory division of the inferior olive and the caudal half of the medial accessory olive. Projections from the contralateral motor cortex partially overlap these somato-sen-sory projections but they also extend into the principal division and into the rostral half of the medial accessory olive where other authors have found input from other “motor” sources such as the red n., the globus pallidus and the caudate n. The contralateral cerebellum projects heavily to most of the inferior olive except for a few regions in the caudal portions of the two accessory nuclei. These results show that there is a partial segregation between somatosensory and motor inputs within the inferior olive and that the cerebellar feedback fibers appear to avoid at least parts of those regions where the somatosensory input is heavy. Some of this segregation, particularly within the medial accessory olive and the principal n., correlates with differences in both the olivo-cerebellar connectivity and the cytoarchitecture of these regions. Although the somatosensory and motor inputs are partially segregated, there are also several regions where these inputs overlap. These regions are: (1) an area in the medial half of the rostral portions of the dorsal accessory olive, and (2) a small oval zone in the middle of the caudal half of the medial accessory olive. This overlap provides an anatomical basis for electrophysiological evidence which demonstrates the existence of cells in some of these regions that respond to activation of both the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord (e.g., Crill and Kennedy, 1967).
Particle Identification at Relativistic Energies by the Use of Secondary Emitters

The usefulness of negative electron affinity secondary emitters as detectors of particles in the high relativistic region is studied theoretically in detail. It is found that GaP(Cs) has poor secondary escape statistics, resulting in the inability to distinguish between 200 BeV/c protons and pions in single particle experiments. GaAs (Cs+[O2+ Cs]) has good escape statistics, but its active depth may be too large, and density effects are expected to set in. A GaP(1-x) - GaAs(x) heterojunction which could solve both problems is discussed. In any case, it is found that non-linear filtering of the near Landau distributed signals from secondary emitters is required in order to obtain useful particle discrimination. One feasible scheme is proposed which should allow separating 200 BeV/c protons and pions, for example, with 90% efficiency or better at near 100% confidence.
Consequences of removing the flattening filter from linear accelerators in generating high dose rate photon beams for clinical applications: A Monte Carlo study verified by measurement☆

Abstract An Elekta SL-25 medical linear accelerator (Elekta Oncology Systems, Crawley, UK) has been modelled using Monte Carlo simulations with the photon flattening filter removed. It is hypothesized that intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatments may be carried out after the removal of this component despite it’s criticality to standard treatments. Measurements using a scanning water phantom were also performed after the flattening filter had been removed. Both simulated and measured beam profiles showed that dose on the central axis increased, with the Monte Carlo simulations showing an increase by a factor of 2.35 for 6 MV and 4.18 for 10 MV beams. A further consequence of removing the flattening filter was the softening of the photon energy spectrum leading to a steeper reduction in dose at depths greater than the depth of maximum dose. A comparison of the points at the field edge showed that dose was reduced at these points by as much as 5.8% for larger fields. In conclusion, the greater photon fluence is expected to result in shorter treatment times, while the reduction in dose outside of the treatment field is strongly suggestive of more accurate dose delivery to the target.
The impact of communication apprehension on individuals in organizations

The impact of communication apprehension of employees on organizational behavior is discussed and research in this area summarized. Suggestions for managers to consider for dealing with this problem are provided.
Proactive Personality at Work: Seeing More to Do and Doing More?

The purpose of this study was to develop and test a model relating proactive personality to job behaviors (task and citizenship behaviors) through the intervening mediator of perceived role breadth. Survey data were obtained from 530 faculty members in 69 U. S. research universities. Proactive personality was positively related to task behavior and OCB. Perceived role breadth mediated the relationship between proactive personality and OCB, but did not mediate the relationship between proactive personality and task behavior. Despite not viewing their role more broadly, individuals higher in proactive personality engaged more frequently in both task behavior and OCB; and also worked more hours per week. Having a better understanding of proactive individuals is important in terms of managing them. Because these individuals tend to do more in their jobs and subsequently work more hours, they may be more susceptible to burnout and may require additional help in determining priorities and balancing their work and lives. This is the first study to show that proactive personality is positively related to the frequency with which these individuals engage in task and citizenship behavior. Although role breadth is generally an antecedent of such job behaviors, individuals higher in proactive personality engage more frequently in task behaviors regardless of whether or not they perceive them as part of their role. This is one of the first studies to show that working more hours each week is a potential cost of having a proactive personality.
It’s not just cognition: the effect of emotion on multiple-level discourse processing in second-language writing

Abstract The second language (L2) writing curriculum now advocates the inclusion of issues directly relevant to linguistic minority students’ lives. Topics such as affirmative action, racial and ethnic discrimination, the controversy surrounding bilingual education, etc., have, therefore, been in ascendancy. Inherent in such topics is an emotional locus . However, to date, there exists no empirical research which has tested the validity of the general belief that such topics of an emotional nature do, in fact, facilitate the L2 writing process. Motivation to investigate the effect of emotion on L2 writing behaviors came from an examination of the neuropsychological literature on emotion which submits that a neurological structure in the brain, the amygdala, is principally responsible for emotional computations, and is believed to project to and from the neocortex and hippocampus in order in order to mediate information and memory processing specifically associated with the significance of an emotional stimulus. Extrapolating from these postulations, this study investigated whether information and memory processing associated with an emotional topic would lead to distinct processing behaviors in L2 writing. Results indicated that the emotional topic motivated students to focus on the lower, lexicomorphosyntactic level of discourse processing during planning and composing, but led them to attend to the higher pragmatic and textual levels during revision.
Centrally administered opioid peptides stimulate saccharin intake in nondeprived rats.

Endogenous opioid peptides are thought to play a role in mediating the pleasurable or rewarding aspects of the ingestion of certain foods and liquids. We therefore measured the effects of central administration of selective opioid agonists and naloxone on the intake of two concentrations of saccharin solution. All tests were performed on nondeprived rats, such that the taste of the solutions provided the primary incentive to consume. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of the selective mu agonist [D-Ala2,MePhe4,Gly-ol5]enkephalin (DAGO) and the selective delta agonist Tyr-D-Thr-Gly-Phe-Leu-Thr (DTLET) (3 nmol) increased intake of a 0.15% saccharin solution by approximately 10 ml over 3 hr. Water was available simultaneously, but intake was minimal. The selective kappa agonist U-50,488H did not increase intake of the saccharin solution. Naloxone (30 and 100 μg, ICV) caused a 44% reduction in saccharin solution intake in the first hour; two- and three-hour cumulative intakes were not different from control. DAGO and DTLET were also tested when rats were given a weaker saccharin solution (0.006%) along with water. Both agonists caused small increases in saccharin and water intake, but the increases above baseline were much smaller than those observed with the more palatable 0.15% saccharin solution. These results are consistent with reports by others which suggest that endogenous opioids influence taste preferences or palatability. Further, they indicate a role for central mu and delta opioid receptors in the mediation of this influence.
The cabinet of Dr. Lacan

Obscurity is not the worst failing, and it is philistinism to pretend that it is. In a series of brilliant essays written over the last fifteen years Stanley Cavell has consistently argued that more important than the question whether obscurity could have been avoided is whether it affects our confidence in the author.
Imperfect information, Bayesian learning, and capital accumulation

This paper examines the consequences of informational imperfections for economic growth in an overlapping generations model in which agents learn the technological parameters in a Bayesian fashion. Under mild sufficient conditions, beliefs converge to the true value of the technological parameters. Nevertheless, even short-lived informational imperfections could have lasting effects, as they alter the long-run equilibrium levels of the capital stock. Therefore, learning dynamics may explain some of the observed differences in the performance of countries with otherwise similar economic characteristics.
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1: the TIMPed balance of matrix metalloproteinases in the central nervous system.

Astrocytes are intimately involved in the mechanisms of neural injury and repair. They participate in a variety of homeostatic functions and elicit repair responses as balance mechanisms. Currently, there is a growing appreciation of a more active role of astrocytes in neuronal signaling and function. One key homeostatic mechanism of astrocytes in tissue repair is maintained through their production of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). The family of TIMPs (1-4) plays a central regulatory role as inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), enzymes involved in extracellular matrix maintenance and remodeling. Recently, TIMP-1, the inducible form, has been identified as a multifunctional molecule with divergent functions. It participates in wound healing and regeneration, cell morphology and survival, tumor metastasis, angiogenesis, and inflammatory responses. An imbalance of MMP/TIMP regulation has been implicated in several inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Here we review the conundrums of TIMP-1 regulation in CNS pathophysiology. We propose that astrocyte-TIMP-1 may play an important role in CNS homeostasis and disease. Astrocyte TIMP-1 expression is differentially regulated in inflammatory neurodegenerative diseases and may have significant therapeutic relevance.
Exploring 3D computer graphics in cockpit avionics

A system that uses 3-D computer graphics to integrate and visualize flight information and to encode navigational information of the objects of a 3-D scene is described. The computer-generated views of geographic features, weather information, and air traffic used in the system are discussed. The system's support of instrument approach technology is also discussed. A number of design notions that have come out of this work, are reviewed. >
Photoelectron spectroscopy of N2 and CO with dispersed Nel radiation

Abstract High resolution photoelectron spectra have been recorded from N 2 and CO with a fully calibrated energy analyzer at both the 736 and 744 A Nel lines. Observation of electrons from transitions to the υ = 11 level of the CO + X 2 Σ + ground state is reported for the first time. Relative intensities of all vibrational peaks appearing in each spectrum are given.
Experimenter expectation and compliance among obese females.

Summary A study of compliance in task performance was conducted. It was predicted that when E expectations are known, obese Ss will comply and demonstrate response inhibition and rejection of conflicting cues where appropriate. The Ss were 20 normal weight and 20 obese American female college students. Equal numbers of each weight group were given one of two expectations and also presented with conflicting incidental cues. While obese Ss tended to report awareness of incidental cues more frequently, task performance indicated compliance with E among obese Ss but not among normal Ss. Results did not support interpretations of higher performance levels among obese Ss as related to oversensitization to external stimuli or to response inhibition deficiency.