cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactions of cannabinoids with biochemical substrates

Recent decades have seen much progress in the identification and characterization of cannabinoid receptors and the elucidation of the mechanisms by which derivatives of the Cannabis sativa plant bind to receptors and produce their physiological and psychological effects. The information generated in this process has enabled better understanding of the fundamental physiological and psychological processes controlled by the central and peripheral nervous systems and has fostered the development of natural and synthetic cannabinoids as therapeutic agents. A negative aspect of this decades-long effort is the proliferation of clandestinely synthesized analogs as recreational street drugs with dangerous effects. Currently, the interactions of cannabinoids with their biochemical substrates are extensively but inadequately understood, and the clinical application of derived and synthetic receptor ligands remains quite limited. The wide anatomical distribution and functional complexity of the cannabinoid system co...
Relative permeability estimates for Wolfcamp and Eagle Ford shale samples from oil, gas and condensate windows using adsorption-desorption measurements

Abstract Relative permeability in shales is an important petrophysical parameter for purposes of accurate estimation of production rate and recovery factor, efficient secondary recovery, and effective water management. We present a method to estimate relative permeability of aqueous and hydrocarbon phase in shales by processing the low-pressure nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm measurements. The interpretation method is applied to 35 samples from various maturity windows of Eagle Ford and Wolfcamp shale formations. The method assumes that effective medium theory, percolation theory, and critical path analysis can quantify the biphasic fluid transport in shales. The relative permeability curves were estimated for samples collected from 100 ft interval in Eagle Ford gas window, 30 ft interval in Eagle Ford oil window, and 60 ft interval in Wolfcamp condensate window. Although the samples exhibit large variations in organic content, pore connectivity, range of connected pore network, and pore complexity, the relative permeability curves estimated for these samples exhibit relatively similar trends. Samples from gas and oil windows were low temperature plasma ashed to study the effects of removal of organic matter on relative permeability and pore network characteristics. The relative permeability of aqueous phase decreases sharply with decrease in water saturation, whereas the relative permeability of hydrocarbon phase decreases at a relatively slow and constant rate with increase in water saturation. Relative permeability estimates for the shale samples explain the low water-cut during hydrocarbon production, absence of correlation between hydrocarbon production decline and the increase in water production, and the existence of permeability jail in shale reservoirs.
Synthesis and Characterization, Including Cancer Cell Line Inhibition, of Group VA (Group 15)-Containing Polyesters from Reaction with Camphoric Acid

Polyesters were rapidly synthesized employing interfacial polymerization from reaction of the salt of camphoric acid with Group VA (Group 15) triphenylmetallic dihalides. Yields range from 25 to 46 percent with chain lengths about 250. Infrared spectroscopy shows the formation of two new bands one assigned to the symmetrical M–O stretching and the second assigned to the asymmetrical M–O stretching. The bridging structure about the metal atom increases as the metal atom size increases. MALDI MS and proton NMR are consistent with the formation of the polyester structure. Ion fragment clusters to four to six units are identified. The polymers show good inhibition of a group of cancer cell lines including two pancreatic human cancer cell lines. In comparison with other metal/camphoric acid polymers, the metallocene polymers exhibit low EC50 to the nanogram/ml range, and CI50 values greater than one thousand for the hafnocene and zirconocene products. If this trend continues, the emphasis should be on the Group IVB metallocenes with respect to efforts to create anticancer drugs.
Tissue-resident specialized T cells promote the migration of local tissue dendritic cells: immune regulation at the local tissue level (CAM4P.155)

Dendritic cells (DC) that primarily reside in tissues carry antigens to local lymphoid organs to induce immunity or tolerance. We posit that a defect in the migration of tissue-DCs may predispose to autoimmunity in a tissue-specific manner; and an improved migration of tissue-DC may ameliorate disease in the respective organ. Here, we demonstrate that treatment of lupus dermatitis-prone MRL-lpr and MRL+/+ mice that exhibit a profound defect in the migration of skin-DC with a glycolipid αGalCer reduced the severity of dermatitis and enhanced the migration of skin-DCs, more so in Langerhans cells (LC; p=0.004) than in Lang+dDC (p=0.03). This effect of αGalCer was independent of its effect on iNKT cells, but required the presence of CD1d. Furthermore, αGalCer treatment enhanced the numbers of epidermis-resident γδ T cells in MRL-lpr mice that had reduced numbers of γδ T cells as compared to MHC-matched control mice. Finally, gd T cell-deficient mice had reduced skin-DC migration, and isolated skin-gd T cells directly promoted the migration of LC via CD40L-CD40 interaction. These data elucidate a new mechanism of regulation of skin-DC homeostasis whereby skin-gd T cells normally facilitate LC migration from skin to cutaneous lymph node. Such ‘local’ control of migratory behavior of tissue-DC can regulate immune response in a tissue-specific manner. This mechanism of skin-DC homeostasis is disrupted in lupus dermatitis, but can be repaired by treatment with a glycolipid.
Effect of vocal fold stiffness on voice production in a three-dimensional body-cover phonation model

Although stiffness conditions in the multi-layered vocal folds are generally considered to have a large impact on voice production, their specific role in controlling vocal fold vibration and voice acoustics is unclear. Using a three-dimensional body-cover continuum model of phonation, this study shows that changes in vocal fold stiffness have a large effect on F0 and the means and amplitudes of the glottal area and flow rate. However, varying vocal fold stiffness, particularly along the anterior−posterior direction, has a much smaller effect on the closed quotient, vertical phase difference, and the spectral shape of the output acoustics, which are more effectively controlled by changes in the vertical thickness of the medial surface. These results suggest that although changes in vocal fold stiffness are often correlated with production of different voice types, there is no direct cause−effect relation between vocal fold stiffness and voice types, and the correlation may simply result from the fact that...
Personalized long-term prediction of cognitive function: Using sequential assessments to improve model performance.

Abstract Prediction of onset and progression of cognitive decline and dementia is important both for understanding the underlying disease processes and for planning health care for populations at risk. Predictors identified in research studies are typically accessed at one point in time. In this manuscript, we argue that an accurate model for predicting cognitive status over relatively long periods requires inclusion of time-varying components that are sequentially assessed at multiple time points (e.g., in multiple follow-up visits). We developed a pilot model to test the feasibility of using either estimated or observed risk factors to predict cognitive status. We developed two models, the first using a sequential estimation of risk factors originally obtained from 8 years prior, then improved by optimization. This model can predict how cognition will change over relatively long time periods. The second model uses observed rather than estimated time-varying risk factors and, as expected, results in better prediction. This model can predict when newly observed data are acquired in a follow-up visit. Performances of both models that are evaluated in10-fold cross-validation and various patient subgroups show supporting evidence for these pilot models. Each model consists of multiple base prediction units (BPUs), which were trained using the same set of data. The difference in usage and function between the two models is the source of input data: either estimated or observed data. In the next step of model refinement, we plan to integrate the two types of data together to flexibly predict dementia status and changes over time, when some time-varying predictors are measured only once and others are measured repeatedly. Computationally, both data provide upper and lower bounds for predictive performance.
Pansy Tolerance to Preemergence Herbicides

Abstract Three studies were conducted to determine tolerance of pansy cultivars to preemergence applied herbicides. In the first two studies, three cultivars were evaluated for tolerance. In the first study plants were small at the time of treatment [5 cm (2 in) in height]. Herbicides that caused no injury or shoot dry weight (SDW) reduction of ‘Crystal Bowl True Blue’ and ‘Maxim Orange’ were Corral (pendimethalin) and Pennant (metholachlor). With ‘Imperial Antique Shades’, only Pennant 5G caused no injury or SDW reduction. In the second study, with larger transplants [12 to 15 cm (5 to 6 in) in height], the same three pansy cultivars appeared more tolerant of applied herbicides. With ‘Crystal Bowl True Blue’ only Rout 3G and Pendulum 60WDG caused injury and reduced SDW, while with ‘Maxim Orange’ those two plus Ronstar caused injury or SDW reduction. ‘Imperial Antique Shades’ again was the most sensitive cultivar with five herbicides causing injury or SDW reduction. In the third study, two cultivars, ‘Bin...
Routine Management of Myocardial Infarction

Recent changes in the routine management of patients with uncomplicated myocardial infarction (MI) over a 10-year period have been highlighted in a publication that surveyed general and family practitioners, internists, and cardiologists in the United States [1]. This survey revealed that half the myocardial infarcts were regarded as uncomplicated. Because intensive or coronary care facilities were widely available in both metropolitan and rural areas, more than 90 per cent of physicians routinely hospitalized their patients. Between 1970 and 1979, the use of intensive care and coronary care facilities increased and the availability of progressive care facilities rose from 33 to 75 per cent.
Molecular Mechanism of Self-Fueling in Biological Systems by Relativity of Code, Energy, and Mass

Among the renewable energy resources, solar energy is the largest. The increase in the use of fossil fuels and increasing level of CO2 lead to an emerging demand for sustainable energy sources. Nature applies a highly efficient way to harvest solar energy. Photosynthesis is a natural process through which solar energy is absorbed by plants and transformed and stored as chemical energy in biomolecules. During photosynthesis, photochemical reactions happen in light-harvesting complexes in chloroplasts of plants’ cells.
Utility of comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) at an NCI-designated cancer center for identifying clinically relevant genomic alterations (CRGA) and implementing genomically directed therapy (GDT).

e18018Background: GDT produces higher response rates and improved survival compared to empiric therapy in some series of patients (pts) with refractory cancers. Limited data exists on the utility o...
Clinical virtual reality in mental health and rehabilitation: A brief review of the future!

The paper details some of the history of Clinical Virtual Reality (VR) as it has evolved over the last 25 years and provides a brief overview of the key scientific findings for making a judgment regarding its value in the areas of mental health and rehabilitation. This write-up is designed be a companion piece to my SPIE keynote on the topic of, “Is Clinical Virtual Reality Ready for Primetime?” As such, the paper is packed with citations to key scientific research in this area that should provide readers who are interested in this topic with a roadmap for further exploration of the literature. After presenting a brief history of the area, a discussion follows as to the theory, research, and pragmatic issues that support the view that this VR use case is theoretically informed, has a large and convincing scientific literature to support its clinical application, and that recent technology advances and concomitant cost reductions have made clinical implementation feasible and pragmatically supported. The paper concludes with the perspective that Clinical VR applications will soon become indispensable tools in the toolbox of psychological researchers and practitioners and will only grow in relevance and popularity in the future.
Supporting First-Generation, Low-Income, and Underrepresented Students’ Transitions to College Through Comprehensive and Integrated Programs:

This special issue of American Behavioral Scientist focuses on college transition programs that have either comprehensive or integrated designs, exploring whether, how, and why these programs are m...
Atmospheric Predictability of the Tropics, Middle Latitudes, and Polar Regions Explored through Global Storm-Resolving Simulations

AbstractThe predictability of the atmosphere has important implications for weather prediction, because it determines what forecast problems are potentially tractable. Even though our general under...
‘When you (say you) know, you can’t be wrong’: J.L. Austin on ‘I know’ claims

In ‘Other Minds’, J.L. Austin advances a parallel between saying ‘I know’ and saying ‘I promise’: much as you are ‘prohibited’, he says, from saying ‘I promise I will, but I may fail’, you are also...
Deficiency of the oxidative stress-responsive kinase p70S6K1 restores autophagy and ameliorates neural tube defects in diabetic embryopathy.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND Autophagy is highly active in neuroepithelial cells of the developing neuroepithelium, and impaired autophagy leads to neural tube defects (NTDs). We have demonstrated that maternal diabetes induces NTDs, and that impaired autophagy and consequent cellular imbalance, including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where critical events occur leading to the induction of diabetic embryopathy. Because the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway suppresses autophagy, we hypothesize that p70S6K1 (70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1), a major downstream effector of mTOR, mediates the inhibitory effect of maternal diabetes on autophagy in the developing neuroepithelium. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether p70S6K1 mediates the inhibitory effect of maternal diabetes on autophagy during neurulation. We also examined if p70S6K1 deficiency restores autophagy and thus relieves ER stress and inhibits maternal diabetes-induced apoptosis, which leads to reduction in NTD incidence in diabetic embryopathy. STUDY DESIGN Female p70S6K1 heterogeneous knockout (p70S6K1+/-) mice were bred with male p70S6K1 heterogeneous knockout (p70S6K1+/-) mice to generate wild type (WT), p70S6K1+/- and p70S6K1 knockout (p70S6K1-/-) embryos. Embryos at embryonic day 8.5 (E8.5) were harvested for the assessment of indices of autophagy, ER stress and apoptosis. NTDs incidence was determined in E10.5 embryos. For in vitro studies, siRNA knockdown of p70S6K1 in C17.2 mouse neural stem cells were used to determine the effect of p70S6K1 deficiency on autophagy impairment and ER stress under high glucose conditions. RESULTS Knockout of the Rps6kb1 gene, which encodes for p70S6K1, ameliorated maternal diabetes-induced NTDs and restored autophagosome formation in neuroepithelial cells suppressed by maternal diabetes. Maternal diabetes-suppressed conversion of LC3-I (Microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3) to LC3-II, an index of autophagic activity, in neurulation stage embryos was abrogated in the absence of p70S6K1. p70S6K1 knockdown in neural stem cells also restored autophagosome formation and the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II. The activation of the major unfolded protein response (UPR), indicated by phosphorylation of IRE1α, PERK and eIF2α, and the increase of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress marker, CHOP, were induced by maternal diabetes in vivo and high glucose in vitro. UPR and ER stress induced by maternal diabetes or high glucose were diminished by Rps6kb1deletionor p70S6K1 knockdown, respectively. Rps6kb1knockoutblocked maternal diabetes-induced caspase cleavage and neuroepithelial cell apoptosis. The SOD memetic Tempol abolished high glucose-induced p70S6K1 activation. CONCLUSION We revealed the critical involvement of p70S6K1 in the pathogenesis of diabetic embryopathy.
Abstract 14372: Identification of the Genes That Are Involved in Severe Pulmonary Hypertension in Type 2 Diabetic Mice

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive disease characterized by increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Increasing evidence shows that diabetes increases the risks of PH, and diabetic primin...
A Neuro-Inspired Autoencoding Defense Against Adversarial Perturbations.

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are vulnerable to adversarial attacks: carefully constructed perturbations to an image can seriously impair classification accuracy, while being imperceptible to humans. While there has been a significant amount of research on defending against such attacks, most defenses based on systematic design principles have been defeated by appropriately modified attacks. For a fixed set of data, the most effective current defense is to train the network using adversarially perturbed examples. In this paper, we investigate a radically different, neuro-inspired defense mechanism, starting from the observation that human vision is virtually unaffected by adversarial examples designed for machines. We aim to reject L^inf bounded adversarial perturbations before they reach a classifier DNN, using an encoder with characteristics commonly observed in biological vision: sparse overcomplete representations, randomness due to synaptic noise, and drastic nonlinearities. Encoder training is unsupervised, using standard dictionary learning. A CNN-based decoder restores the size of the encoder output to that of the original image, enabling the use of a standard CNN for classification. Our nominal design is to train the decoder and classifier together in standard supervised fashion, but we also consider unsupervised decoder training based on a regression objective (as in a conventional autoencoder) with separate supervised training of the classifier. Unlike adversarial training, all training is based on clean images. Our experiments on the CIFAR-10 show performance competitive with state-of-the-art defenses based on adversarial training, and point to the promise of neuro-inspired techniques for the design of robust neural networks. In addition, we provide results for a subset of the Imagenet dataset to verify that our approach scales to larger images.
BiPart: a parallel and deterministic hypergraph partitioner

Hypergraph partitioning is used in many problem domains including VLSI design, linear algebra, Boolean satisfiability, and data mining. Most versions of this problem are NP-complete or NP-hard, so practical hypergraph partitioners generate approximate partitioning solutions for all but the smallest inputs. One way to speed up hypergraph partitioners is to exploit parallelism. However, existing parallel hypergraph partitioners are not deterministic, which is considered unacceptable in domains like VLSI design where the same partitions must be produced every time a given hypergraph is partitioned. In this paper, we describe BiPart, the first deterministic, parallel hypergraph partitioner. Experimental results show that BiPart outperforms state-of-the-art hypergraph partitioners in runtime and partition quality while generating partitions deterministically.
Assessing the Quality of Real-Time Hybrid Simulation Tests with Deep Learning Models

Hybrid simulation (HS) is an advanced dynamic testing method that combines experimental testing and analytical modeling simultaneously to provide a better understanding of the structural systems as well as the structural elements while maintaining cost-effective solutions. A complex analytical substructure in the HS can be challenging, especially to conduct real-time HS (RTHS) tests due to the nature of numerical solution algorithms. Therefore, alternative methods, such as machine learning models are being explored to represent the analytical substructures of the RTHS tests. This study investigates the quality of the RHTS tests when a deep learning algorithm is used as a metamodel of the analytical substructure. A one-bay one-story concentrically braced frame (CBF) is selected to be used in RTHS tests where the frame is the analytical substructure, and the brace is tested experimentally. The compact HS laboratory at the University of Nevada, Reno, was used to run the RTHS experiments. Deep long short-term memory (LSTM) networks were selected to be trained as a metamodel using the Python environment to represent the dynamic behavior of the analytical substructure CBF. The pure analytical solution of the CBF under earthquake excitation is used as a training dataset of the metamodels. Several RTHS tests were performed. The quality of the test results was evaluated against the pure analytical solutions obtained from both the finite element model (FEM) and machine learning (ML) model.
Polycystic Liver Disease: Advances in Understanding and Treatment.

Polycystic liver disease (PLD) is a group of genetic disorders characterized by progressive development of cholangiocyte-derived fluid-filled hepatic cysts. PLD is the most common manifestation of autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney diseases and rarely occurs as autosomal dominant PLD. The mechanisms of PLD are a sequence of the primary (mutations in PLD-causative genes), secondary (initiation of cyst formation), and tertiary (progression of hepatic cystogenesis) interconnected molecular and cellular events in cholangiocytes. Nonsurgical, surgical, and limited pharmacological treatment options are currently available for clinical management of PLD. Substantial evidence suggests that pharmacological targeting of the signaling pathways and intracellular processes involved in the progression of hepatic cystogenesis is beneficial for PLD. Many of these targets have been evaluated in preclinical and clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the genetic, molecular, and cellular mechanisms of PLD and clinical and preclinical treatment strategies. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, Volume 17 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Internal Mammary Hypoperfusion Syndrome Diagnosis and Treatment

The use of the internal mammary artery (IMA) in coronary artery bypass surgery has increased substantially over the past 20 years, being at present the conduit of choice for most patients. Complications associated with its use occur occasionally and include life-threatening postoperative ischemia or the revascularized myocardium. We reviewed the records of 1,971 consecutive patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting over a 5-year period. All operations included an IMA graft to the left anterior descending coronary artery. Twenty-eight of these patients (1.4%) underwent additional placement of a vein graft on the same region as a salvage maneuver for suspected hypoperfusion as a result of IMA failure. All 28 patients showed life-threatening hemodynamic compromise. Twenty-two of the 28 patients (79%) survived. This was the result of immediate surgical correction, which reversed their hemodynamic instability. IMA hypoperfusion was found more frequently in reoperations and in women and diabetic patients. This syndrome is the result of an imbalance between IMA flow and myocardial demand, causing sudden and unexpected myocardial failure. Its detection and expeditious treatment can successfully modify a serious and potentially lethal clinical situation.
Ovid's Revisions: The Editor as Author

1. Introduction 2. Gemini amores: approaching the two editions 3. The ends of the affair: desire and deferral in the Ars Amatoria 4. Reformatting time (revision and the Fasti) 5. Tristia: revision and the authorial name 6. Books of letters: revision and the letter collection in the Epistulae ex Ponto 7. Epilogue.
Streamlining amine synthesis

Amines, a collective name for compounds that contain one or more nitrogen atoms, and their derivatives make up the overwhelming majority of drug molecules and agrochemicals, as well as many compounds that are produced by plants and living organisms (i.e., natural products) ( 1 , 2 ). Not surprisingly, organic chemists spend a considerable amount of time with the synthesis and late-stage functionalization of amines. On page 886 of this issue, Gui et al. ( 3 ) report a highly innovative iron-catalyzed cross-coupling of olefins with nitroarenes, both of which are readily available and inexpensive, to afford bulky secondary arylamines that are either very difficult to obtain or inaccessible with existing methods.
Geometric proof of the equality between entanglement and edge spectra

The bulk-edge correspondence for topological quantum liquids states that the spectrum of the reduced density matrix of a large subregion reproduces the thermal state of a physical edge. This correspondence suggests an intricate connection between ground state entanglement and physical edge dynamics. We give a simple geometric proof of the bulk-edge correspondence for a wide variety of physical systems. Our unified proof relies on geometric techniques available in Lorentz invariant and conformally invariant quantum field theories. These methods were originally developed in part to understand the physics of black holes, and we now apply them to determine the local structure of entanglement in quantum many-body systems.
Traces of the Flâneuse

Abstract This article critically considers the trope of the nineteenth-century flâneur/flâneuse as found in two films: Roman Holiday (William Wyler, 1953) and Lost in Translation (Sofia Coppola, 2003). Both films construct a traditional narrative from the adventures of a single female protagonist as she negotiates urban space. In tracing the references to the flâneur/the flanuese as found in these two films, one can begin to map a certain trajectory of contemporary gender relations in respect to urban space from the post–World War II era to the present, as well as to understand the context in which the “city” itself is seen as a site for such transformations.
Genetics of eosinophilic esophagitis

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, allergic disease associated with marked mucosal eosinophil accumulation. EoE disease risk is multifactorial and includes environmental and genetic factors. This review will focus on the contribution of genetic variation to EoE risk, as well as the experimental tools and statistical methodology used to identify EoE risk loci. Specific disease-risk loci that are shared between EoE and other allergic diseases (TSLP, LRRC32) or unique to EoE (CAPN14), as well as Mendellian Disorders associated with EoE, will be reviewed in the context of the insight that they provide into the molecular pathoetiology of EoE. We will also discuss the clinical opportunities that genetic analyses provide in the form of decision support tools, molecular diagnostics, and novel therapeutic approaches.
NAVOCEANO Seahorse AUV design, testing, and capabilities

After an initial conceptual design phase, the Applied Research Laboratory at the Pennsylvania State University (ARL/Penn State) began in April 1999 design and construction of an autonomous undersea vehicle (AUV) to specifications provided by the Naval Oceanographic Office of the United States Navy (NAVOCEANO). The first Seahorse AUV was delivered for testing 13 months later. An additional vehicle has been delivered and a third is under construction for NAVOCEANO. This paper describes the requirements for which the vehicles were designed and the actual construction of the vehicle, and presents some examples of the types of missions that have been run.
Soluble Allotropes of Main-Group Elements

Small clusters of main-group elements can be stabilized in the highly active zero oxidation state and used for reactions in solution.
Nine Ethical Values of Master Therapists

This study employed the Consensual Qualitative Research method (Hill, Thompson, & Williams, 1997) to reanalyze interview data from a previous qualitative study of the personal characteristics of ma...
Morphology and Disparity through Time

Disparity refers to the extent and statistical structure of the diversity of form among a set of taxa, measured in terms of a morphospace they co-occupy. Disparity provides an important and distinct perspective on biodiversity, as shown by comparisons between taxonomic and morphological diversity histories of individual clades. Keywords: biodiversity; phenetics; morphometrics; morphospace; homology
Rotary Hoeing Substitutes for Two-Thirds Rate of Soil-Applied Herbicide'

Abstract: Dose–response curves for acetochlor with and without timely rotary hoeing (two passes) were derived for corn (Zea mays) fields over 2 yr. The fields were dominated by green foxtail (Setaria viridis), which constituted 73 to 86% of the weed vegetation, but also contained minor populations of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), Pennsylvania smartweed (Polygonum pensylvanicum), and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus). In the absence of herbicide, rotary hoeing achieved about 50% weed control. In the absence of rotary hoeing, weed control averaged > 90% at the full label rate of acetochlor (3 kg ai/ha on clay loam soil). With two timely rotary hoeings, however, this same level of control was achieved with only 1 kg/ha acetochlor. Given the suite of weed species present in these experiments, timely rotary hoeing substituted for 67% of the label rate of acetochlor. Timeliness of rotary hoeing operations also provided consistency of results from one year to the next. Nomenclature: Acetochlor...
The association between latent depression subtypes and remission after treatment with citalopram: A latent class analysis with distal outcome.

Abstract Background The objectives were to characterize latent depression subtypes by symptoms, evaluate sex differences in and examine correlates of these subtypes, and examine the association between subtype and symptom remission after citalopram treatment. Methods Latent class analysis was applied to baseline data from 2772 participants in the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression trial. Indicators were from the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology. Separate multinomial logistic models identified correlates of subtypes and the association between subtype and the distal outcome of remission. Results: Four latent subtypes were identified: Mild (men: 37%, women: 27%), Moderate (men: 24%, women: 21%), Severe with Increased Appetite (men: 13%, women: 22%), and Severe with Insomnia (men: 26%, women: 31%). Generalized anxiety disorder, bulimia, and social phobia were correlated with Severe with Increased Appetite and generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and social phobia with Severe with Insomnia. Relative to those with the Mild subtype, those with Severe with Increased Appetite (odds ratiomen (OR): 0.48; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.25–0.92; OR women: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.41–0.86) and those with Severe Depression with Insomnia (ORmen: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.41–1.02; ORwomen: 0.45; 95% CI: 0.32–0.64) were less likely to achieve remission. Limitations The sample size limited exploration of higher order interactions. Conclusions Insomnia and increased appetite distinguished latent subtypes. Sex and psychiatric comorbidities differed between the subtypes. Remission was less likely for those with the severe depression subtypes. Sleep disturbances, appetite changes, and other mental disorders may play a role in the etiology and treatment of depression.
Stress and glucocorticoids affect the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 mRNAs in the hippocampus

Chronic stress produces structural changes and neuronal damage especially in the hippocampus. Because neurotrophic factors affect neuron survival, we questioned whether they might be relevant to the heightened vulnerability of hippocampal neurons following stress. To begin investigating this possibility, we examined the effects of immobilization stress (2 hr/d) on the expression of neurotrophic factors in rat brains using in situ hybridization. We found that single or repeated immobilization markedly reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA levels in the dentate gyrus and hippocampus. In contrast, NT-3 mRNA levels were increased in the dentate gyrus and hippocampus in response to repeated but not acute stress. Stress did not affect the expression of neurotrophin-4, or tyrosine receptor kinases (trkB or C). Corticosterone negative feedback may have contributed in part to the stress-induced decreases in BDNF mRNA levels, but stress still decreased BDNF in the dentate gyrus in adrenalectomized rats suggesting that additional components of the stress response must also contribute to the observed changes in BDNF. However, corticosterone-mediated increases in NT-3 mRNA expression appeared to be primarily responsible for the effects of stress on NT-3. These findings demonstrate that BDNF and NT-3 are stress-responsive genes and raise the possibility that alterations in the expression of these or other growth factors might be important in producing some of the physiological and pathophysiological effects of stress in the hippocampus.
Organizational Behavior and the Study of Affect: Keep Your Eyes on the Organization

Not since the 1930s has so much attention focused on the study of moods and emotions in organizations. Unlike the research in the 1930s, current efforts are expected to result in a change in the nature of what is thought to constitute the field of organizational behavior. This claim is based, in part, on ideas evident in the articles comprising this special issue, at least those ideas reflecting that (a) affect needs to be the focal point of theory building efforts (and not merely appended to existing theories) and (b) contextual features of organizations are essential to understanding the production and consequences of moods and emotions in organizations. Ideas that are affect focused and sensitive to organization context likely are to be seen as novel by students of organizational behavior and, thereby, to capture the interest required to generate the research that will reshape the boundaries of the field.
IgA and IgG content of the saliva and serum of oral cancer patients.

Abstract Serum and saliva were collected from 20 oral cancer patients and 18 age matched controls. Specimens of whole, parotid and submaxillary saliva were assayed for IgA and IgG on commercially available immunodiffusion plates. The IgA content of the whole saliva and serum of the cancer patients was significantly elevated above that of controls. There was a corresponding increase in whole saliva IgG in the cancer patients but no increase in serum IgG. No elevations of IgA were observed in individual parotid or submandibular samples from the cancer patients. IgG was undetectable in the parotid or submandibular secretions of both groups. The results indicate that the elevated salivary IgA of oral cancer patients is attributable to leakage of serum factors through the damaged epithelium.
Long-term bumetanide treatment of patients with edema due to renal disease. Cooperative studies.

: Bumetanide was compared with furosemide in a total of 43 outpatients with edema due to renal disease, selected from three clinics following a uniform protocol. By random selection, 31 patients received 1 to 10 mg/day bumetanide, and 12 received 40 to 400 mg/day furosemide for at least six months. The patients were evaluated clinically, by standard laboratory tests, as well as by ECG, audiometry, eye examination, and mammary examination. Pooled statistical analysis of the results was done. Edema, body weight, and abdominal girth were reduced during both treatments. There was no significant difference in the mean response to the two diuretic agents by the two-sided probability test in the other parameters studied, e.g., supine and standing blood pressure and pulse, serum electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride), and uric acid. There were no differences in liver function tests, hematology, or chest x-ray, and no remarkable effects on hearing. Gynecomastia improved in some patients while being treated with bumetanide after spironolactone was discontinued. Adverse reactions in patients on bumetanide which were considered possibly or probably related to the drug were muscle cramps (two patients); and vertigo, headache, muscle pain, urticaria, chest pain, arthritis, dehydration, postural hypotension, and leg cramps (one each). Laboratory abnormalities in both groups were generally those that could be attributed to the pharmacologic action of the diuretics or due to the patients' underlying disease states. No drug-related adverse effects were noted in ECG, ophthalmologic examinations, or chest x-rays. Two patients in the furosemide group had a probably or possibly drug-related loss of hearing sensitivity. In summary, bumetanide appeared to be as safe and as efficacious as furosemide in controlling edema and hypertension in patients with renal disease.
Utilizing Problem-Based Learning in Qualitative Analysis Lab Experiments.

A series of qualitative analysis (QA) laboratory experiments utilizing a problem-based learning (PBL) module has been designed and implemented. The module guided students through the experiments under the guise of cleaning up a potentially contaminated water site as employees of an environmental chemistry laboratory. The main goal was the requirement for students to devise their own flowcharts and then employ them in the separation of an unknown mixture of aqueous cations. Students’ flowcharts and experimental results were summarized in a detailed report, thus satisfying the problem posed to them in the PBL module. PBL was specifically used in an effort to improve students’ understanding of the materials by providing real-world context for the experiments. This new series of lab experiments provides instructors with an effective alternative to entirely cookbook type laboratories for teaching QA.
Subconjunctival cysts as a complication of strabismus surgery.

• Six patients were operated on for large subconjunctival cysts that developed up to 35 years after strabismus surgery. In four of these patients the cyst was found to arise between the anterior edge of the muscle and the site to which the muscle had been sutured during previous surgery. The muscle was attached to the posterior wall of the cyst and not to the sclera. A pseudotendon was found running between the point on the sclera to which the muscle had been sutured and the undersurface of the muscle far posteriorly. In the other two patients a sudoriferous cyst was found that the referring ophthalmologist had mistakenly thought to represent an abscess when excision was attempted.
Effects of Exercise in the Treatment of Overweight and Obese Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Meta-Analyses

Purpose. Conduct a systematic review of previous meta-analyses addressing the effects of exercise in the treatment of overweight and obese children and adolescents. Methods. Previous meta-analyses of randomized controlled exercise trials that assessed adiposity in overweight and obese children and adolescents were included by searching nine electronic databases and cross-referencing from retrieved studies. Methodological quality was assessed using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) Instrument. The alpha level for statistical significance was set at . Results. Of the 308 studies reviewed, two aggregate data meta-analyses representing 14 and 17 studies and 481 and 701 boys and girls met all eligibility criteria. Methodological quality was 64% and 73%. For both studies, statistically significant reductions in percent body fat were observed ( and ). The number-needed-to treat (NNT) was 4 and 3 with an estimated 24.5 and 31.5 million overweight and obese children in the world potentially benefitting, 2.8 and 3.6 million in the US. No other measures of adiposity (BMI-related measures, body weight, and central obesity) were statistically significant. Conclusions. Exercise is efficacious for reducing percent body fat in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Insufficient evidence exists to suggest that exercise reduces other measures of adiposity.
Pseudo-sound generation at atherosclerotic constrictions in arteries

Sounds and murmurs have long been employed to qualitatively diagnose cardiovascular disease. However, quantitative diagnosis has been hindered by the lack of understanding of the sound generation and transmission mechanisms. Clinical phonoangiographic studies have shown that simple assumptions about low frequency sound transmission through tissue surrounding an artery are inadequate for obtaining meaningful quantitative diagnosis. Therefore, a theory is developed which relates internal turbulent flow in constricted peripheral arteries to the sound observed at the surface of the skin by means of assumptions of similarity and local axial homogeneity of the internal turbulence. It is found that the spectrum of pressure at the wall of the artery is related to the spectrum of the pressure at the surface of the skin by a filtering factor approximately proportional to ω-2. This arises not because of frequency dependent volumetric absorption in the surrounding medium, as with ultrasound, but because of the manner in which stochastic signals add when observed.
Safety of hepatic irreversible electroporation near main biliary structures

Purpose To assess biliary complications following irreversible electroporation (IRE) ablation of hepatic tumors located less than 1 cm away from first or second order biliary tracts representing relative contraindication to thermal ablation techniques. Materials and Methods An Institutional Review Board approved retrospective review of hepatic IRE procedures from January 2011 to October 2012 was performed at our institution. In this study we included only those tumors located less than 1cm away from first or second order biliary tracts. Pre and post ablation CT imaging studies were examined for evidence of biliary ductal dilatation and bilirubin laboratory values were analyzed for evidence of procedure-related bile duct injury. Results Hepatic IRE was performed in 14 patents (28 tumors). In 12 patients, at least one of the ablated tumors was less than 1cm from first or second order bile ducts on CT imaging. Three patients had bile duct dilatation before the procedure and in all three patients no new dilatation was seen on post procedure imaging. Three of 12 patients (25%) had post treatment complications involving the biliary system. Two showed new biliary dilatation on follow up CT imaging. One patient’s bilirubin rose from 0.9 to 17.6 mg/dl, which then returned to baseline without intervention. A second patient’s bilirubin rose from 1.4 to 4.2 mg/dl, which returned to baseline without intervention. A third patient’s bilirubin rose from 1.0 to 2.6 mg/dl, which also declined to baseline without intervention. Conclusion IRE is an attractive modality because its proposed mechanism of action disrupts cell membranes while leaving structural elements intact. Our clinical experience suggests that IRE is a safe treatment option for tumors less than 1cm away from main biliary tracts where thermal techniques may be contraindicated.
The exclusion-diffusion potential in charged porous membranes

Abstract In previous work in which the electrical potential Δ ed was measured across charged porous membranes in contact with electrolyte solutions with different concentrations, the Meyer-Sievers model occasionally agreed with the more detailed space-charge model and occasionally there were discrepancies. To explain the sources and implications of these discrepancies, theoretical predictions from the Meyer-Sievers and space-charge models for Δ ed in charged porous membranes are compared. The Meyer-Sievers model uses the Henderson and Donnan potential expressions for the exclusion and diffusion portions, respectively, of Δ ed . The space-charge model uses the Poisson-Boltzmann equation for the electrostatic condition of the pore fluid, and the Nernst-Planck and Navier-Stokes equations for transport through pores. The two models give similar results for low pore wall surface charge densities, but for large surface charge densities the Meyer-Sievers results differ considerably from those of the space-charge model. The discrepancies between the two models are attributable to the failure of the Meyer-Sievens model to include the radical variation of ionic concentrations within pores. These results can have a significant influence on the prediction and interpretation of electrolyte transport rates through charged porous membranes.
Pediatric Lung Transplantation: A Therapy in Its Adolescence

Pediatric lung transplant was born at the University of Toronto as an extension of the pioneering work of Cooper and Patterson in adult lung transplant in the 1980s. Through the 1990s, the field of pediatric lung transplantation grew with clinical outcomes in the largest centers being comparable to those in adult lung transplantation. For children and adults, the largest obstacle to long-term survival remains chronic allograft rejection secondary to the development of bronchiolitis obliterans, for which little advancement has been made in prevention or treatment. While transplantation has become accepted therapy for end-stage lung disease in adults, pediatric lung transplant has been less widely embraced for multiple reasons, such as adolescent non-compliance and the investment required in developing freestanding pediatric lung transplant centers. Another factor limiting pediatric lung transplant has been the paucity of suitable donor lungs. In 2002, Texas Children's Hospital and the Baylor College of Medicine successfully collaborated in developing an active and successful pediatric lung transplant program. Through our own work and an international collaborative of pediatric transplant pulmonologists and surgeons, we are hoping to move the field of pediatric lung transplant out of its "adolescence" into adulthood.
Volitional Control of a Prosthetic Knee Using Surface Electromyography

This paper presents a method for providing volitional control of a powered knee prosthesis during nonweight-bearing activity such as sitting. The method utilizes an impedance framework, such that the joint can be programmed with a given stiffness and damping that reflects the nominal impedance properties of an intact joint. Volitional movement of the knee joint is commanded via the stiffness set-point angle of the joint impedance, which is commanded by the user as a function of the measured surface electromyogram (EMG) from the hamstring and quadriceps muscles of the residual limb. Rather than using the respective EMG measurements from these muscles to directly command the flexion or extension set point of the knee, the presented approach utilizes a combination of quadratic discriminant analysis and principal component analysis to align the user's intent to flex or extend the knee joint with the pattern of measured EMG. The approach was implemented on three transfemoral amputees, and their ability to control knee movement was characterized by a set of knee joint trajectory tracking tasks. Each amputee subject also performed the same set of trajectory tracking tasks with his sound side (intact) knee joint. The average root mean square trajectory tracking errors of the prosthetic knee employing the EMG-based volitional control and the intact knee of the three subjects were 6.2° and 5.2°, respectively.