cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ERdj4 and ERdj5 Are Required for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Protein Degradation of Misfolded Surfactant Protein C

Mutations in the SFTPC gene associated with interstitial lung disease in human patients result in misfolding, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention, and degradation of the encoded surfactant protein...
Single photon source on demand based on single-colloidal-quantum-dot fluorescence in chiral photonic bandgap liquid crystal hosts

A single-photon source based on single CdSe quantum-dot fluorescence in a chiral-photonic- bandgap liquid-crystal host manifests itself in observed fluorescence antibunching. Chiral-photonic- bandgap structures will provide deterministically handed, circular-polarized fluorescence, even for emitters without a dipole moment.
Climate projections and their impact on policy and practice

This article examines the relationship between projections of climate change and the responses to those projections. First, it discusses uncertainty and its role in shaping not only the production of climate projections but also the use of these projections by decision makers. We find that uncertainty critically affects the way climate projections move from useful to usable, where usefulness is defined by scientists’ perception of users’ needs, and usability is defined by users’ perception of what knowledge can be readily applied to their decision. From the point of view of the natural scientist, we pose that there is an uncertainty fallacy, that is, a belief that the systematic reduction of uncertainty in climate projections is required in order for the projections to be used by decision makers. Second, we explore the implications of climate projections for policy and decision making, using examples from the seasonal climate forecast applications literature as an analog. We examine constraints and opportunities for their application in policy and practice and find that over-reliance on science and technical solutions might crowd out the moral imperative to do what is needed to improve livelihoods and to guarantee ecosystems’ long-term sustainability. We conclude that, in the context of high uncertainty, decision makers should not look for ‘perfect’ forecasts, but seek to implement knowledge systems that integrate climate projections with other kinds of knowledge and that consider the multiple stressors that shape their decision environment.  2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. WIREs Clim Change 2010 1 670‐682
A novel fault-tolerant scheduling algorithm for precedence constrained tasks in real-time heterogeneous systems

Fault-tolerance is an essential requirement for real-time systems, due to potentially catastrophic consequences of faults. In this paper, we investigate an efficient off-line scheduling algorithm generating schedules in which real-time tasks with precedence constraints can tolerate one processor's permanent failure in a heterogeneous system with fully connected network. The tasks are assumed to be non-preemptable, and each task has two copies scheduled on different processors and mutually excluded in time. In the literature in recent years, the quality of a schedule has been previously improved by allowing a backup copy to overlap with other backup copies on the same processor. However, this approach assumes that tasks are independent of one other. To meet the needs of real-time systems where tasks have precedence constraints, a new overlapping scheme is proposed. We show that, given two tasks, the necessary conditions for their backup copies to safely overlap in time with each other are (1) their corresponding primary copies are scheduled on two different processors, (2) they are independent tasks, and (3) the execution of their backup copies implies the failures of the processors on which their primary copies are scheduled. For tasks with precedence constraints, the new overlapping scheme allows the backup copy of a task to overlap with its successors' primary copies, thereby further reducing schedule length. Based on a proposed reliability model, tasks are judiciously allocated to processors so as to maximize the reliability of heterogeneous systems. Additionally, times for detecting and handling of a permanent fault are incorporated into the scheduling scheme. We have performed experiments using synthetic workloads as well as a real world application. Simulation results show that compared with existing scheduling algorithms in the literature, our scheduling algorithm improves reliability by up to 22.4% (with an average of 16.4%) and achieves an improvement in performability, a measure that combines reliability and schedulability, by up to 421.9% (with an average of 49.3%).
Too Litter, Too Late: Economic Logistics of Transporting Nutrient- Rich Poultry Litter Out of Nutrient-Saturated Regions

Export of excess litter from concentrated animal production regions has become a pressing issue. A break even price for poultry litter in nutrient-deficient areas was identified through a math programming model using willingness to pay data from crop producers. Results indicate that a $16 subsidy is needed to sustain a long-term poultry litter market.
Statistical characterization of the memory effect in polyfluorene based non-volatile resistive memory devices

Non-volatile resistive memory devices based on a polyfluorene layer sandwiched between two electrodes were studied. The working mechanism was ascribed to the formation of metallic filaments. We characterized the switching probability of multiple devices and the consistency of the switching capability within the same device. Together with crosssection scanning electron microscope images and finite element simulation of electric field distributions, a model was developed to describe the resistive switching phenomenon and explain the variations between devices as well as between switching cycles.
Gynaecomastia: a case study review of the effect of hormone therapy in the management of prostate cancer

In the management of prostate cancer, gynaecomastia and breast pain can be a significant problem for men treated with hormonal therapy, affecting not just their physical but also their psychological and sexual well-being. Prompt recognition, evaluation and management are therefore essential. Urology nurses involved in the assessment, treatment and follow-up of this patient group across the patient pathway can play a key part in identifying the problem and addressing the issue of gynaecomastia, which may positively affect subsequent patients outcomes. This paper examines the causes, evaluation and current management of gynaecomastia culminating in a case study review.
3D floorplan design

This talk focuses on the floorplan design problem for 3D ICs. The traditional 2D floorplan design problem has been extensively studied in the past 30 years. We first give a brief overview of the history of 2D floorplan design. We then point out some lessons that we can learn from these prior research efforts which potentially will benefit research in 3D floorplan design.
ThinSight: versatile multi-touch sensing for thin form-factor displays

ThinSight is a novel optical sensing system, fully integrated into a thin form factor display, capable of detecting multi-ple fingers placed on or near the display surface. We describe this new hardware in detail, and demonstrate how it can be embedded behind a regular LCD, allowing sensing without degradation of display capability. With our approach, fingertips and hands are clearly identifiable through the display. The approach of optical sensing also opens up the exciting possibility for detecting other physical objects and visual markers through the display, and some initial experiments are described. We also discuss other novel capabilities of our system: interaction at a distance using IR pointing devices, and IR-based communication with other electronic devices through the display. A major advantage of ThinSight over existing camera and projector based optical systems is its compact, thin form-factor making such systems even more deployable. We therefore envisage using ThinSight to capture rich sensor data through the display which can be processed using computer vision techniques to enable both multi-touch and tangible interaction.
Use of the transverse cerebellar diameter/abdominal circumference ratio in pregnancies at risk for intrauterine growth retardation

A prospective study was conducted to evaluate the ability of the transverse cerebellar diameter/abdominal circumference ratio to identify growth-retarded fetuses. Of the cases analyzed, 48 of 87 (55%) were growth retarded by birth weight. The transverse cerebellar diameter/abdominal circumference ratio identified growth retardation with a sensitivity of 71%, specificity of 77%, positive predictive value of 79%, and negative predictive value of 68%. Fourteen growth-retarded fetuses were missed by the ratio; however, 57% of the missed cases were severely growth retarded. The transverse cerebellar diameter/abdominal circumference ratio can be useful for the assessment of fetal growth retardation; however, the ratio may be normal in cases of severe fetal growth retardation. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The effect of trench corner shapes on local stress fields: a three-dimensional finite-element modeling study

Local stress fields associated with deep trench structures are modeled in three dimensions utilizing a finite-element method. A model consisting of a SiO/sub 2/-filled deep trench residing in a silicon substrate is utilized, and stress is generated by differential thermal contraction. It is shown that corner regions, especially convex, 'outside' corners, dramatically enhance the elastic energy density and shear stresses locally compared to noncorner regions. The effects of the specific corner geometry on these local stress fields is then investigated and it is shown that subtle geometric changes can yield substantial decreases in the magnitude and lateral extent of the fields. >
Suggesting a health services credit card to patients

Q A woman came to my offi ce recently for an emergency examination. She had an unrestorable tooth, and I recommended an extraction. She was eager to have the tooth removed, and soon aft er I completed the procedure she returned for a comprehensive examination. She had neglected her teeth for years and now was in need of extensive treatment. I provided several options to treat her missing teeth, one of which was placement of several implants, abutments and crowns. I also suggested the lessexpensive treatment alternative of partial dentures. Th e patient liked the idea of having “permanent” restorations, but when presented with the cost, she indicated that she was unable to pay the fee. I know that she would like to receive this comprehensive treatment, so I recommended a health services credit card to her. Th e card off ers patients a no-interest plan, but I know that many patients do not pay the balance on time and, thus, are subject to an extremely high interest rate that is applied from the fi rst day. I did not point out those specifi c terms, just the no-interest plan. Because she is the one signing up for the plan, do I have an obligation to make her aware of the penalties for delayed payment? Is it suffi cient to tell her to read the agreement thoroughly? A raise an important concern that, given the current economy, likely will arise more frequently. Th e American Dental Association Principles of Ethics and Code of Professional Conduct1 (ADA Code) provides some useful guidance in resolving your questions. Section 5, Veracity (“truthfulness”), is particularly relevant to the issues you raise. Th is Principle recognizes that “[t]he dentist has a duty to communicate truthfully.”1
Theological determinism and the problem of evil

I argue that the free-will defence need not presuppose a libertarian conception of freedom and therefore need not beg the question against compatibilists. I present three versions of theological determinism, each of which is inconsistent with freedom on compatibilist-friendly principles, and then argue that what generates the inconsistency - viz, that (l) God intentionally necessitates all human actions, and (2) no human has it within her power to influence causally God's will - is entailed by any version of theological determinism. Contrary to widespread opinion, therefore, the viability of the free-will defence does not depend upon the viability of libertarianism per se but on the falsity of theological determinism.
Sustainable Economic Development in Rural America

While globalization threatens many of the historical drivers of rural American economies, it also opens up new opportunities for economic development. In particular, globalization increases the ability of rural communities to establish sustainable forms of economic development. "Sustainable development" refers to practices that simultaneously create economic vitality, environmental stewardship, and social equity. Rural communities have increasingly embraced the concept of sustainable development as a mantra for expressing their desired pattern of development. In this article, the author draws on his experiences at Colgate University with a project called the Hamlets of Madison County to develop a theoretical model that outlines the conditions and factors that shape the ability of rural communities to develop sustainable economies.
Lithography-aware layout modification considering performance impact

As regular design rules become necessary in sub-45nm node circuit design, 1-D design has shown its advantages and has drawn intensive research interest. In 1-D design, line-end gaps are the main sources of printing difficulties. Recently, we [5] demonstrated that printability can be significantly improved by intelligent (litho-aware) rearrangement of the gap distribution with techniques such as line-end extension and dummy insertion. Note that poly/gate redistribution techniques require layout modification of the original layout and thus will impact circuit performance and power consumption. Such potentially undesirable impacts on performance and power were not considered in [5] and deserve a careful investigation, which is the subject of our study. In this paper, we present performance-driven gate redistribution algorithms which consider bounds on line-end extension. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of our algorithms, and lithography simulation and circuit analysis show the trend of the trade off between printability, delay, and power.
Calorimetric measurements of the specific energies of reaction of arsenic and of selenium with fluorine. Standard molar enthalpies of formation ΔfHom at the temperature 298.15 K of AsF5, SeF6, As2Se3, As4S4, and As2S3. Thermodynamic properties of AsF5 and SeF6 in the ideal-gas state. Critical assessment of ΔfHom(AsF3, l), and the dissociation enthalpies of As-F bonds

Abstract Because of recent conflicting results reported for the standard molar enthalpies of formation ΔfHom(T = 298.15 K) of some arsenic- and selenium-containing inorganic compounds, and the implication that the existing values of ΔfHom(AsF5) or ΔfHom(SeF6) or both could be in error, the standard specific energies of reaction of arsenic and of selenium with fluorine have been remeasured in a bomb calorimeter. The derived ΔfHoms of AsF5(g) and SeF6(g) at T = 298.15 K are -(1234.2±0.7) kJ·mol-1 and -(1118.1±0.5) kJ·mol-1, respectively. This value for AsF5 is 2.3 kJ·mol-1 less negative than our previous result (J. Phys. Chem.1965, 69, 4358), but the ΔfHom(SeF6) is in excellent agreement with our earlier determination (Trans. Faraday Soc.1966, 62, 558). A weighted mean of the two values: -(1118.0±0.4) kJ·mol-1 is recommended for ΔfHom(SeF6). Thermodynamic properties of AsF5 and SeF6 in the ideal-gas state (0←T ⩽ 1500 K) have been computed by means of statistical mechanics with the rigid-rotator harmonic-oscillator approximation. At T = 298.15 K, and with R = 8.31451 J·K-1·mol-1: Som (AsF5, g)/R = 38.90 and Som (SeF6, g)/R = 37.59; Cop, m (AsF5, g)/R = 11.56 and Cop, m(SeF6, g)/R = 13.00. The standard molar Gibbs free energies of formation ΔfGom are -(1169.0±0.7) kJ·mol-1 and -(1017.3±0.4) kJ·mol-1 for AsF5(g) and SeF6(g), respectively, at T = 298.15 K. Calorimetric determinations of ΔfHom(AsF3, l) reported in the literature have been critically assessed, but no value is recommended. The mean As-F bond enthalpy is greater by 59 kJ·mol-1 in AsF3 than in AsF5, and the As-F equatorial bonds in AsF5 are stronger by 157 kJ·mol-1 than the axial bonds.
White-dwarf-based evaluation of the GALEX absolute calibration

This paper describes a revised photometric calibration of the \emph{Galaxy Evolution Explorer} magnitudes, based on measurements of DA white dwarfs. The photometric magnitudes of white dwarfs measured by \emph{GALEX} are compared to predicted magnitudes based on independent spectroscopic data (108 stars) and alternately to \emph{IUE} UV fluxes of the white dwarfs (218 stars). The results demonstrate a significant non-linear correlation and small offset between archived \emph{GALEX} fluxes and observed and predicted UV fluxes for our sample. The primary source of non-linearity may be due to detector dead time corrections for brighter stars, but it should be noted that there was a predicted non-linearity in the fainter stars as well. Sample expressions are derived which 'correct' observed \emph{GALEX} magnitudes to an absolute magnitude scale that is linear with respect, and directly related, to the \emph{Hubble Space Telescope} photometric scale. These corrections should be valid for stars dimmer than magnitudes 9.3 and 10.5 in the NUV and FUV respectively, and brighter than magnitude 17.5 in both
The effect of detraining and reduced training on the physiological adaptations to aerobic exercise training.

In previously sedentary individuals, regularly performed aerobic exercise results in significant improvements in exercise capacity. The development of peak exercise performance, as typified by competitive endurance athletes, is dependent upon several months to years of aerobic training. The physiological adaptations associated with these improvements in both maximal exercise performance, as reflected by increases in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and submaximal exercise endurance include increases in both cardiovascular function and skeletal muscle oxidative capacity.
Corticosteroids in Lupus

Corticosteroids are the mainstay of treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus, with most patients receiving them at some point in the course of their disease. Corticosteroid use is associated with significant side effects, including infections, hypertension, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, avascular necrosis, myopathy, cataracts, and glaucoma. Dosing regimens are based on limited data, with the goal of adequately controlling inflammatory symptoms while minimizing steroid exposure in order to reduce adverse effects.
Effects of coffee and caffeine anhydrous on strength and sprint performance.

AbstractCaffeine and coffee are widely used among active individuals to enhance performance. The purpose of the current study was to compare the effects of acute coffee (COF) and caffeine anhydrous (CAF) intake on strength and sprint performance. Fifty-four resistance-trained males completed strength testing, consisting of one-rep max (1RM) and repetitions to fatigue (RTF) at 80% of 1RM for leg press (LP) and bench press (BP). Participants then completed five, 10-second cycle ergometer sprints separated by one minute of rest. Peak power (PP) and total work (TW) were recorded for each sprint. At least 48 hours later, participants returned and ingested a beverage containing CAF (300 mg flat dose; yielding 3–5 mg/kg bodyweight), COF (8.9 g; 303 mg caffeine), or placebo (PLA; 3.8 g non-caloric flavouring) 30 minutes before testing. LP 1RM was improved more by COF than CAF (p = .04), but not PLA (p = .99). Significant interactions were not observed for BP 1RM, BP RTF, or LP RTF (p > .05). There were no sprint ...
Positive Psychological Functioning and the Biology of Health

Most research considers both psychological and physical health with a disease perspective by focusing on poor psychological functioning or disease outcomes. However, identifying attributes that support adaptive functioning may inform approaches to achieving health beyond what we learn from studying risk factors that accelerate deterioration. Recent evidence suggests that positive psychological functioning contributes to attaining optimal physical health. We evaluate the current state of knowledge on the relationship between positive psychological functioning and physical health, defining health beyond solely the absence of disease. We further consider when positive psychological functioning begins to exert effects on health, whether it has direct effects on biological processes or serves primarily to buffer the effects of stress, and whether it is associated with health outcomes and biological processes beyond those that reflect the absence of deterioration and disease. We propose some key directions for future research including the assessment of positive psychological functioning, positive biological functioning, and optimal health, the value of multi-system measures, and the potential of “omics” to provide novel insights into biological mechanisms underlying associations between positive psychological functioning and physical health.
13C NMR studies of organosilanes

Abstract The 13 C NMR spectra of 29 silanes containing vinyl and allyl groups have been recorded and assigned. The chemical shifts have been correlated using substiuent-chemical-shift factors for groups and atoms attached to the silicon atom. A high correlation is demonstrated between the spectral results for the vinyl compounds and the corresponding phenylsilanes.
Increasing End-User Awareness of Library Services Through Promotion: Grumman Aerospace Corporation

Awareness that usage of the Technical Information Center of Grumman Aerospace Corporation was not keeping pace with increased capabilities provided by the Center led the managers of the unit to consider means for widening awareness of the services within the Company. A set of flip charts for use presentations to those in engineering, marketing, research and prodcut support/planning led to preparation of a slide/tape program, which in turn led to development of a video tape version. Some of the problems encoutered in such activities are described, along with information on the type of equipment needed.
Rolling Path Planning of Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle for Dynamic Environments

A rolling path planning scheme for dynamically changing threat environments was presented.Basing on the principles of predictive control,the path planning process,sub-goal and sub-planning of the rolling windows was studied.The algorithm and its astringency were discussed.This technique not only can plan paths in real time for 2-D or 3-D environments,it also can be extended as a normal model frame for dynamic threats and moving targets.Results of the experiment demonstrate that this method can generate a path well in whole and are able to take into account various constraints correctly.
Rediscovering Classism The Humanist Vision for Economic Justice

Humanistic psychology’s ontological and historical mission has been to assist people in pursuing their fullest potential. Yet the literature has shown that healthy human growth and development are ...
Federal barriers to Cannabis research

![Figure][1] Cannabis sativa. PHOTO: DANIEL ZGOMBIC Although the majority of the general public ([ 1 ][2]) and the professional medical community ([ 2 ][3]) in the United States support the therapeutic use of Cannabis sativa as a pharmacological agent, the U.S. federal government's
Parental Depression and Child Behaviour Problems: Implications for Behavioural Family Intervention

This report explores the role of parental depression in the adjustment of children and discusses its implications for behavioural family intervention. Within a social interactional perspective, depression is conceptualised as a class of behaviours that is under the control of the social environment and at the same time operates as a context for other social agents. The presence of this class of behaviours in parents is postulated to precipitate developmentally determined psychological problems, that is based on a child's age and sex, such that younger boys and adolescent girls would be most at risk. The results of two longitudinal studies are presented showing a significant relation between fluctuations in mothers' depressive symptoms and similar symptoms in their adolescent daughters. Weaker effects are seen between fathers' and sons' depressive levels. The implications for behavioural family therapy are discussed in relation to depression in adolescent girls.
Dental microwear texture analysis of extant koalas: clarifying causal agents of microwear

Microscopic wear patterns on teeth, that is, dental microwear, are capable of recording observed dietary behaviour in a diversity of extant and extinct animals. However, recent work has questioned the utility of dental microwear at clarifying dietary behaviour, instead suggesting that dental microwear textures are reflective of grit consumed and not the dietary properties of ingested food. Some suggest that dental microwear cannot reflect the textural properties of vegetation consumed because phytoliths are too soft to form microwear. Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) are model organisms for examining dental microwear formation because they consume a specialized diet consisting almost exclusively of eucalyptus leaves, which notably lack phytoliths. Here, we assess if koala dental microwear records a diet consistent with the consumption of tough leaves – despite the absence of phytoliths in their primary food source. Dental microwear texture data of koalas are consistent with tough folivorous diets, with high anisotropy values indistinguishable from folivorous primates and grazing bovids. However, koalas have significantly higher complexity (indicative of hard object feeding) than the folivorous primate Alouatta palliata, and are indistinguishable in this variable from mixed feeding and browsing bovids. While higher complexity values in koalas may result from increased dust and/or grit on the landscape in comparison to folivores that occur in wetter environments, it may also result from the mastication of woody browse. We also determined that complexity and textural fill volume are not significantly greater in drier environments – as one would predict if grit was the major contributor to dental microwear formation. Koalas may instead be selecting softer younger leaves in drier regions where water is more limited. Collectively, microwear associated with tough object feeding can be formed in the absence of phytoliths and grit may interact with food to form microwear reflective of diet, as opposed to overprinting dietary signals.
Recognizing Gaze-Motor Behavioral Patterns in Manual Grinding Tasks

This paper reports our progress in developing techniques for “parsing” raw gaze and force data from manual grinding tasks into a principled model. A grinding task, though simple, requires the practitioner to combine elements from the large repertoire of her skillset. Based on the joint, gaze, and force data collected from a series of experiments, and by extending existing scanpath methods, we develop a visualization method called Gaze-Motor Space-Time Cube (GMSTC), which can help us gain insight into the joint gaze-motor routine existing in complex manual tasks. For instance, there exists a strong correlation between the spectra of a subject's fixation and force distributions. Such insight might be hard to extract through an examination of either the gaze or the force data separately. Furthermore, by comparing data obtained from operators with different levels of skill, we are able to quantitatively describe characteristics of human manual skill. For instance, we find that an experienced subject exhibits longer fixation durations and smaller fixation variations than an intermediate one. A detailed understanding of gaze-motor behavior broadens our knowledge of how a manual task is executed. Our results help to provide this extra insight, and have implications in the way in which knowledge and manual expertise is transferred from one generation of practitioners to the next.
Busulfan Selectively Induces Cellular Senescence Via a p53-Independent but Erk-p38 MAPK-Dependent Mechanism.

Abstract Busulfan (BU), an alkylating agent, has been used extensively for the depletion of leukemia cells and normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) prior to bone marrow transplantation. However, its mechanism(s) of action is unknown. Our laboratory has previously shown that BU primarily depletes HSCs by induction of senescence, but not apoptosis. In the present study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms whereby BU induces cellular senescence utilizing WI38 human diploid fibroblasts as a model system. We found that WI38 fibroblasts incubated with BU (from 7.5 to 120μM) for 24 h underwent senescence but not apoptosis in a dose-independent manner, whereas cells incubated with 80μM and 20μM etoposide (Etop) committed to apoptosis and senescence, respectively. The induction of WI38 cell senescence by Etop was associated with p53 activation and could be attenuated by down-regulation of p53 using a-PFT or p53 siRNA. In contrast, WI38 cell senescence induced by BU was associated with prolonged activation of Erk, p38 and JNK, and could be suppressed by the inhibition of Erk and p38 MAPKs with PD98059 and SB203580, respectively. Upon release from Erk and p38 inhibition, BU-treated cells proceeded to DNA synthesis and cell division. However, inhibition of p53 with a-PFT or p53 siRNA, or JNK with SP600125, failed to protect WI38 cells from BU-induced senescence. These findings suggest that BU is a distinctive chemotherapeutic agent that can selectively induce cellular senescence through the Erk and p38 MAPK pathways.
Nuclear Politics: The Strategic Causes of Proliferation

When do states acquire nuclear weapons? Overturning a decade of scholarship focusing on other factors, Debs and Monteiro show in Nuclear Politics that proliferation is driven by security concerns. Proliferation occurs only when a state has both the willingness and opportunity to build the bomb. A state has the willingness to nuclearize when it faces a serious security threat without the support of a reliable ally. It has the opportunity when its conventional forces or allied protection are sufficient to deter preventive attacks. This explains why so few countries have developed nuclear weapons. Unthreatened or protected states do not want them; weak and unprotected ones cannot get them. This powerful theory combined with extensive historical research on the nuclear trajectory of sixteen countries will make Nuclear Politics a standard reference in international security studies, informing scholarly and policy debates on nuclear proliferation - and US non-proliferation efforts - for decades to come.
Identifying Gaps in Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease Epidemiology in the United States Prior to the Introduction of Vaccines

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes lower respiratory tract illness frequently. No effective antivirals or vaccines for RSV are approved for use in the United States; however, there are at least 50 vaccines and monoclonal antibody products in development, with those targeting older adults and pregnant women (to protect young infants) in phase 2 and 3 clinical trials. Unanswered questions regarding RSV epidemiology need to be identified and addressed prior to RSV vaccine introduction to guide the measurement of impact and future recommendations. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) convened a technical consultation to gather input from external subject matter experts on their individual perspectives regarding evidence gaps in current RSV epidemiology in the United States, potential studies and surveillance platforms needed to fill these gaps, and prioritizing efforts. Participants articulated their individual views, and CDC staff synthesized individuals' input into this report.
Piezoelectric peptide-based nanogenerator enhanced by single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator

Peptide has recently been demonstrated as a sustainable and smart material for piezoelectric energy conversion. Although the power output was improved compared to other biomaterials, the use of a piezoelectric device alone can only capture the energy from the minute deformation in materials. In comparison, the triboelectric effect can convert mechanical energy from large motion. Consequently, utilizing both piezoelectric and triboelectric effects is of significant research interest due to their complementary energy conversion mechanisms. Here we demonstrated a hybrid nanogenerator that combined a peptide-based piezoelectric nanogenerator with a single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator. Our device structure enabled the voltage and current outputs of each individual type of nanogenerator to be superposed in the hybrid nanogenerator, producing overall constructive outputs. The design of our device also enabled a simplified configuration of hybrid nanogenerator. This study is important not only for the en...
Correlation between diaphragm thickness and respiratory synergist muscle activity according to severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

[Purpose] This study aims to analyze the effect that moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has on the respiratory synergist muscles. The results will provide basic data that can be used in the clinical management of COPD. [Subjects and Methods] The subjects in the study were 47 male patients with COPD between 55 and 70 years old who were treated in a medical institution located in Jeollanam-do Province, South Korea, from October 2015 to December 2016. Measurements were analyzed to determine the correlation between the diaphragm thickness and the respiratory synergist muscle activity in patients with mild COPD. [Results] The results showed that there was a negative correlation between the diaphragm thickness and the sternocleidomastoid muscle and between the diaphragm thickness and the scalene muscle; however, there was a positive correlation between the diaphragm thickness and the external intercostal. For patients with severe COPD, negative correlations were found between the diaphragm thickness and the sternocleidomastoid muscle and between the diaphragm thickness and the scalene muscle. [Conclusion] The mechanical deformation of the thoracic cage caused by severe COPD reduces the lung capacity of patients and, thus, increases the difficulty in breathing. As the disease worsens, the patients tend to maintain ventilation using the respiratory synergist muscles. Thus, offering early and aggressive treatment and a respiration rehabilitation program to patients with COPD can help to reduce the actions of the respiratory synergist muscles to ensure normal breathing.
Talking About Reading: Changing Practices for a Literacy Event

Although generally studied as a psycholinguistic decoding process, reading can also be studied as a social practice. This chapter presents an analysis of one English language learner’s interactions in literacy events over nine months in a classroom. The participant, “Li”, had little experience with schooling or literacy in any language. The literacy events were opportunities for students to talk with one another about books they had just read. The sequential analysis shows that participants have a number of orientations to accomplishing the work of talking about a just-read book and the practices for doing that work change over the course of nine months. A case is made that repeated performance of the literacy event leads to experienced practice which can be considered evidence of learning.
Is inclusion a valid control for ostracism

Considerable knowledge about ostracism's impact comes from research using Cyberball, an online ball-tossing game. In Cyberball, the inclusion condition is the control condition, to which ostracism is compared. The assumption is that Cyberball-inclusion is not affirming and represents an expected level of inclusion. However, without a no-inclusion control condition, it is unclear whether inclusion elevates need satisfaction, whether ostracism depresses need satisfaction, or both. We introduce Cybertree-a control condition designed to provide a similar experience to Cyberball without inclusion. Individuals playing Cybertree did not differ from included individuals in terms of feeling ostracized, level of need satisfaction, and mood. Both Cyberball inclusion and Cybertree differed significantly from ostracized individuals. We conclude that Cyberball inclusion is a reasonable control group for Cyberball ostracism but discuss research questions that may benefit from the use of Cybertree.
Restoring vision to consumers and competition to the marketplace: analyzing the effects of required prescription release

Occupational licensing laws can allow professionals to extract rents in the marketplace. In the case of vision services, optometrists have the authority to write prescriptions for contact lenses. Optometrists may choose to conceal this information and force patients to purchase lenses from the professional writing the prescription—resulting in vendor lock-in. In this paper, we investigate the possible effect of the 2004 Fairness to Contact Lens Consumers Act (FCLCA) on the market for vision services by examining state differences in prescription release mandates before 2004. We find that requiring professionals to release prescription information to patients resulted in a 13% reduction in the wages of optometrists. Our results provide some evidence that the FCLCA may have increased consumer welfare by reducing the prices of contact lenses or increasing access to contact lenses.
Das Gerüst der Psychoanalyse

Was bedeutet der Begriff Grundlagen (Foundations) im Titel von Grunbaums Buch? In diesem Buch geht es um den Anspruch der Psychoanalyse auf einen wissenschaftlichen Status, und es beruht auf der impliziten Annahme, das Wissenschaften Fundamente haben, auf denen theoretische Gebaude errichtet werden. Nun ist dieser Begriff im Singular [im Englischen, Anm. d. Ubers.] ziemlich zweideutig, aber dennoch aufschlusreich: Das Fundament der Psychoanalyse, wie wir es ubernommen haben, geht auf Freud zuruck, und auch Grunbaum will dies nicht bestreiten. Die Grundlagen aber (im 2. Sinne des Wortes), die zur Zeit der Grundsteinlegung (im 1. Sinne) gelegt wurden, waren vielleicht mangelhaft, und in diesem Falle sollte man vernunftigerweise nach Mangeln in dem Gebaude suchen, das darauf aufgebaut wurde.
Gene Organization and Regulation in Neurospora Crassa . Evidence from the Cloning and Transformation of the qa Gene Cluster

An analysis of the qa. gene cluster in Neurospora offers an excellent opportunity for understanding the organization and regulation of a eukaryotic gene cluster. This cluster is involved in the catabolism of quinic acid and encodes three closely linked structural genes, qa-2, qa-3, and qa-4, and a positively acting regulatory gene, qa-1, Fig. 1 (Giles et al., 1978). The (qa gene cluster is very tightly linked to me-7 on the right arm of LG VII and so far has proved to be inseparable from the centromere. The qa-2 gene encodes catabolic dehydroquinase; the qa-3 gene, quinate dehydrogenase; and the qa-4 gene, 5-dehydroshikimate dehydratase, Fig. 1. The qa-2 gene was cloned by complementation of an aroD - strain of E. coli which lacks activity for the biosynthetic dehydroquinase (Vapnek et al., 1977). The entire qa gene cluster has been cloned on a 19 kb fragment utilizing the cosmid technique (Collins and Hohn, 1980) and selecting for qa-2 + complementation in E. coli (Schweizer et al., 1981). In E. coli, only the qa-2 + gene is expressed. The qa-3 + , qa-4 + and qa-1 + genes were detected on the basis of transformation back into Neurospora with these cosmid clones.
INTERACTION BETWEEN MODULES IN LEXICAL PHONOLOGY

Publisher Summary This chapter presents interaction between modules in lexical phonology (LP). In the phonological component, rules are encoded for domain of application, specifically the lowest and highest numbered levels where the rule may apply. As is well known, cyclicity in LP can be expressed in two ways: (1) if a rule resides in two consecutive levels, cyclicity arises when the rule applies at level Ln–1 and at level Ln, and (2) if Ln is deemed cyclic, cyclicity results when some rule applies to each substring resulting from morphological operations within Ln. Arguments have been given against the claim that morphology and phonology interact in the way implied by the model. This certainly does not refute LP, as the model might still be right, even if there is no evidence for it in the realm of information access. At this stage, though, it is not obvious where else one could derive support for the interactive model.
Repeatability and reproducibility of high-concentration data in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. III. Isotherm reproducibility on Kromasil C18.

Abstract Single component equilibrium isotherms of six compounds (aniline, caffeine, ethylbenzene, phenol, propranolol, and theophylline) were determined by the inverse method on 10 Kromasil-C 18 columns, using water–methanol solutions as the mobile phase. This method offers an economic and fast isotherm determination by means of the overloaded band profiles of the compounds. Five out of the ten columns used in this test come from the same batch whilst the other five columns represent five additional batches. Statistical evaluation was used to assess the reproducibility of the isotherm parameters. We found that the column-to-column reproducibility of the isotherm parameters is of the same magnitude as the batch-to-batch reproducibility (with the exception of one outlier column). In most of the cases, the reproducibilities of the saturation capacities and that of the retention factors are excellent, they are typically between 1.2 and 3%, and very often below 2%. Within the limits of the experimental precision, these results agree with those obtained earlier, using a conventional method of isotherm determination.
A Qualitative Study of Language Beliefs and Linguistic Knowledge in Preservice Teachers Using the Intercultural Communicative Competence Framework

Since 1980, the number of people in the United States who speak a language other than English at home has increased by 140% (United States Census Bureau, 2010). Therefore a greater percentage of students now are multilingual. Throughout the world, multilingualism is considered the norm and monolingualism is the exception (Auer & Wei, 2008). In the United States, however, policies regarding instruction in schools are still influenced by monolingual ideology that carries expectations and assumptions of assimilation, loss of mother tongues, and defined hierarchical structures. As classroom populations become socially, ethnically, racially, and linguistically more diverse, it is increasingly important for teachers to have an understanding of how to address diversity in schools and for educators to understand how language use and the teachers’ role in the classroom impacts learning. This paper explored the existing language beliefs and linguistic knowledge of preservice teachers as they prepare to enter linguistically and culturally diverse classrooms. The increasing prominence of cross-cultural interactions creates a necessity for teachers to develop intercultural competence. Employing a conceptual framework of intercultural communicative competence theory, this qualitative study investigated experiences and knowledge in linguistics that influence teacher speech acts. Research in fields of applied linguistics such as psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, sociolinguistics, and educational linguistics revealed basic language knowledge that teachers need before they enter diverse classrooms including knowledge Linguistic Diversity ii of language acquisition, phonology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, culture, instruction language, and how the brain processes language. The literature from these fields was used to create an instrument that included a demographics questionnaire, beliefs survey, linguistic knowledge assessment, and interview questions. Twenty-three preservice teachers participated in the study to describe their language beliefs and knowledge. Many of the findings in this study reflected key-findings in the literature; however, this study also found several significant findings that extend existing research. The results revealed significant impacts of 1) individual experiences with culture and linguistic contact, 2) the language used in classrooms, specifically languages other than Standard English and the deep and surface structure of language, 3) linguistic knowledge, specifically phonology, 4) meta-cognitive behavior and reflection, and 5) differences between monolingual and multilingual preservice teachers. The data also indicated that the majority of preservice teachers were concerned about preparedness in teaching in diverse classrooms. Implications for teachers working in culturally and linguistically diverse classrooms and for teacher preparation programs are discussed. Linguistic Diversity iii
Case 2: Sudden Anesthesia System Failure

A 1-year-old patient, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status II, is to undergo removal of a cerebral tumor under general anesthesia. An anesthesia machine and breathing system check is performed before the patient’s arrival. Noninvasive monitors are placed, and after preoxygenation the patient is anesthetized in a routine manner. Invasive monitors are placed, the operating table is turned 180°, and the operation begins. About 2 h into the operation, the surgeon requests that the operating table be elevated. Three to five minutes later, warning lights flash on the anesthesia machine (Narkomed 2 B, North American Drager). The warning indicates low minute volume, apnea, and no ventilation of the patient. The rotameters show adequate flow of oxygen and nitrous oxide, and the oxygen pipeline pressure is 50 psi.
Maternal Intake of Folic Acid and Neural Crest Stem Cells

Maternal folic acid (FA) intake has beneficial effects in preventing neural tube defects and may also play a role in the prevention of adult onset diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, dementia, neuropsychiatric disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cerebral ischemia. This review will focus on the effects of maternal FA intake on neural crest stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Although FA is generally considered beneficial, it has the potential of promoting cell proliferation at the expense of differentiation. In some situations, this may lead to miscarriage or postnatal developmental abnormalities. Therefore, a blind approach such as "FA for everyone" is not necessarily the best course of action. Ultimately, the best approach for FA supplementation, and potentially other nutritional supplements, will include customized patient genomic profiles for determining dose and duration.