cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expression and size heterogeneity of a 63 kilodalton membrane glycoprotein during growth and transformation of Leishmania mexicana amazonensis.

Abstract Our previous work by immunoprecipitation with a specific monoclonal antibody showed multiple, closely apposed electrophoretic bands of a major surface antigen specific to the promastigote stage of Leishmania mexicana amazonensis . Here, we analyzed the antigen during growth and transformation of this parasite with particular emphasis on the origin of the multiple bands. Immunobinding assays revealed the presence of the antigen throughout all phases of growth of cloned and uncloned promastigotes in various media for different number of generations. More antigen is expressed by promastigotes grown in Medium 199 plus fetal bovine serum than those in serum-supplemented Schneider's medium or a defined medium; however, this is clone-dependent. Purified monoclonal antibody coupled to Affi-Gel 10 gave a high capacity of antigen binding, resolving four electrophoretic bands of 60–66 kDa. A 63 kDa membrane protein, representing one of the four bands, became predominant after [ 35 S]methionine label and chase. Pretreatment of promastigotes with 10 μg ml −1 tunicamycin reduces the antigen to a single band of 54 kDa. Treatment of the antigen bound to the affinity gel with endoglycosidase-H produces similar, but less complete effect. These results indicate glycosylation of this antigen with asparagine-linked oligosaccharides, which appears to account at least in part for its expression as multiple, closely apposed bands during biosynthesis. Binding of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled 6H12 monoclonal IgG or Fab to the promastigotes showed an even distribution of the antigen over the cell surface and its capping upon the addition of rabbit anti-mouse IgG. Additional hybridomas prepared against amastigotes yielded monoclonal antibodies which recognized surface antigens common to both stages of the parasite.
Metropolitan Income Inequality During the 1980s: The Impact of Urban Development, Industrial Mix, and Family Structure

The empirical analysis in this paper explores the interurban variation in family income distribution. The results point to increasing urban development, rising female-headship, a widening educational distribution, and changes in the industrial and occupational mix as major contributing factors to rising inequality. However, the increase in the relative number of multiple worker families was a significant mitigating force to rising inequality. A decomposition of 1979 and 1989 cross-sectional models revealed that while changes in urban family and industrial characteristics have been sources of rising inequality, there has been significant structural change in the urban models acting to decrease inequality.
Experimental determination of strain-induced anisotropy during nonproportional straining of an A1/Mg alloy at room temperature

Abstract A servohydraulic, computer controlled MTSn axial-torsion testing machine with a bi-axial clip-on extensometer is used to test thin-walled tubes of an A1/Mg alloy under strain control. A plastic offset strain of 10−4 determines the yield surfaces. Straining and yield surface probing is governed by a computer program which also controls digital data acquisition. Yield surfaces in stress and in strain space as well as the axial and shear stress-strain diagrams can be reconstructed from the digitally recorded data. The specimens were subjected to a strain path in the form of a regular 16-sided polygon which was followed on some specimens by a square path. The total inelastic strain path length can exceed 15% while the equivalent strain excursion is less than 2%. It is shown that yield surfaces measured on specimens withclose initial stress-strain diagrams are very consistent and that yield surface probing has an insignificant effect on subsequent yield surfaces. Yield surfaces are shown to translate, changein shape and size and to exhibit a cross effect. A post processor which includes a least square smoothing routine calculates the area and the centroid of each yield surface. The size increase is initially rapid but the rate of increase decreases as a saturation is approached. After strining for less than 1% in a fixed direction a characteristic yield surface shape is established. Yield surfaces obtained at the same point in strain space with identical prestrain direction of at least 1% but with increased amounts of accumulated plastic strain have the same shape but show an increase in size. The yield surfaces differ in shape and size when the same strain point is reached from different directions. The centroid of the yield surface in stress space moves almost in a circular path for a polygonal strain path. All stress space yield surfaces contain the origin but this is not the case for the surfaces in strain space.
Evidence for polyreactive xenoreactive antibodies in the repertoire of human anti-swine antibodies: the 'next' humoral barrier to xenotransplantation?

Abstract The xenoreactive nature of anti-Galα1–3Gal antibodies, and to a lesser extent, polyreactive antibodies, has been characterized by a number of investigators. With the advent of therapies that avoid hyperacute xenograft rejection due to anti-Galα1–3Gal antibodies coupled with the possible development of Galα1–3Gal deficient swine, the Galα1–3Gal antigen may soon cease to be a barrier to xenotransplantation. With this in mind, the potential xenoreactive nature of polyreactive antibodies was investigated using several approaches. The levels of polyreactive antibodies from the serum of newborn ( n =2) and adult ( n =4) baboons undergoing pulmonary xenotransplantation were evaluated. Depletion of 95% and 94% of total serum IgM, without any decrease in albumin levels, was observed in the newborn baboons. This finding indicates that the IgM present at birth and germ line polyreactive IgM was adsorbed by the xenografts. The depletion of polyreactive antibodies (43–83% reduction of anti-DNP IgM) from adult baboons was also observed following pulmonary xenotransplantation or immunoadsorption therapy plus pulmonary xenotransplantation. Additional experiments using human cord serum indicated that most human polyreactive IgM were adsorbed by pig lung homogenate and that the human polyreactive IgM bound approximately two-fold more to immobilized pig lung antigens than to immobilized human lung antigens. These findings indicate that germline polyreactive antibodies are, for the most part, xenoreactive. These data suggest that polyreactive antibodies, although autoreactive, may be more xenoreactive than autoreactive.
Muon-electron symmetry and neutrino magnetic moments

Abstract Muon-electron symmetry may lead to a massive four-component ZKM neutrino combining ν e and ν μ . The interactions producing this mass term may be classified in terms of a horizontal symmetry SU(2) H connecting the first two lepton generations. Two limiting cases are identified, one in which the ratio of the magnetic moment to the mass is highly suppressed and the other in which it is enhanced.
A Daptomycin-Xylitol-loaded Polymethylmethacrylate Bone Cement: How Much Xylitol Should Be Used?

Background The rate of release of an antibiotic from an antibiotic-loaded polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement is low. This may be increased by adding a particulate poragen (eg, xylitol) to the cement powder. However, the appropriate poragen amount is unclear.
Neurokinin-1 receptor-immunoreactive neurons of the ventral respiratory group in the rat.

The rostral end of the ventral respiratory group (VRG) contains neurons that are intensely neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) immunoreactive (ir). It has been theorized that some of these cells might be critical to respiratory rhythmogenesis (Gray et al. [1999] Science 286:1566-1568). In the present study we determined what major transmitter these NK1R-ir cells make and whether they are bulbospinal or propriomedullary. NK1R-ir neurons were found in the VRG between Bregma levels -11.7 and -13.6 mm. The highest concentration was found between Bregma -12.3 and -13.0 mm. This region overlaps with the pre-Botzinger complex (pre-BotC) as it was found to contain many pre-inspiratory neurons, few E2-expiratory neurons, and no I-incremental neurons. VRG NK1R-ir neurons contain neither tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) nor choline acetyl-transferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity, although dual-labeled neurons were found elsewhere within the rostral medulla. GAD67 mRNA was commonly detected in the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) but rarely in the NK1R-ir neurons of the pre-BotC region (6 % of somatic profiles). GlyT2 mRNA was commonly found in the pre-BotC region but rarely within NK1R-ir neurons (1.3 %). Up to 40% of VRG NK1R-ir neurons were retrogradely labeled by Fluoro-Gold (FG) injected in the contralateral pre-BotC region. Some NK1R-ir VRG neurons located caudal to Bregma -12.6 mm were retrogradely labeled by FG injected in the spinal cord (C4-C5, T2-T4). In sum, NK1R immunoreactivity is present in many types of ventral medullary neurons. Within the VRG proper, NK1R-ir neurons are concentrated in an area that overlaps with the pre-BotC. Within this limited region of the VRG, NK1R-ir neurons are neither cholinergic nor catecholaminergic, and very few are gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic or glycinergic. The data suggest that most NK1R-ir neurons of the pre-BotC region are excitatory. Furthermore, the more rostral NK1R-ir cells are propriomedullary, whereas some of the caudal ones project to the spinal cord.
Creation of a 3D printed temporal bone model from clinical CT data.

Abstract Purpose Generate and describe the process of creating a 3D printed, rapid prototype temporal bone model from clinical quality CT images. Materials and methods We describe a technique to create an accurate, alterable, and reproducible rapid prototype temporal bone model using freely available software to segment clinical CT data and generate three different 3D models composed of ABS plastic. Each model was evaluated based on the appearance and size of anatomical structures and response to surgical drilling. Results Mastoid air cells had retained scaffolding material in the initial versions. This required modifying the model to allow drainage of the scaffolding material. External auditory canal dimensions were similar to those measured from the clinical data. Malleus, incus, oval window, round window, promontory, horizontal semicircular canal, and mastoid segment of the facial nerve canal were identified in all models. The stapes was only partially formed in two models and absent in the third. Qualitative feel of the ABS plastic was softer than bone. The pate produced by drilling was similar to bone dust when appropriate irrigation was used. Conclusion We present a rapid prototype temporal bone model made based on clinical CT data using 3D printing technology. The model can be made quickly and inexpensively enough to have potential applications for educational training.
A Light-emitting-device (LED) with Monolithic Integration on Bulk Silicon in a Standard CMOS technology

We have succeeded in realizing a silicon light emitting device in a standard 3-µm CMOS process with no change to the CMOS design and processing procedures. This device has obvious applications in the electro-optical interconnect.
The unscheduled and incidental bystander: Legal, moral, and ethical considerations in the office

332 CASE SCENARIO 1 A 57-year-old woman presents for her annual skin examination. She is accompanied by her 61-yearold husband who the physician has not previously met. Both have an extensive history of intermittent high-intensity sun exposure. During the clinical encounter the physician cannot help but notice an irregular, hyperkeratotic, centrally ulcerated nodule on the bald scalp of the patient’s husband. The physician’s experience and clinical acumen lead her to suspect a squamous cell carcinoma.
Responses of blacknose dace (Rhinichthys atratulus) and brook char (Salvelinus fontinatis) to acidified water in a laboratory stream

As part of the Shenandoah National Park: Fish in Sensitive Habitats (SNP: FISH) project, movements of blacknose dace (Rhinichthys atratulus) and brook char (Salvelinus fontinalis) were examined during exposure to artificial acidification in paired channels of a laboratory stream. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of the fish to avoid depressions in the ambient pH and recognize and use a neutral-pH microhabitat refuge during acute reductions. Fish preference for a particular channel was statistically predictable based on the delivery of food. We tested fish avoidance behavior by manipulating food and the delivery of a pulse of acidified water. Both blacknose dace and brook char avoided the acid pulse (ambient pH reduced from 7.2 to 5.1) by sheltering in the pH-neutral refuge. Extensive field sampling in refuge microhabitats before and during episodic acidification is needed to determine changes in the distributional patterns of these species associated with acid precipitation events.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 110*

Abstract The 1971 version of Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 110 has been revised on the basis of experimental data received before April 1977. The mass chain consists of 10 nuclei (Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, and Te) with the existence of 110 To being questionable.
A new circular dichroism study of ketal formation of some steroidal ketones

Abstract Polycyclic ketones react reversibly with methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol in presence of hydrogen chloride. Treatment of 5α-cholestan-3-one ( 2 ) in acidic methanol solution gives the crystalline dimethyl ketal ( 7 ). In optically active substances, the percentage of ketal formed is easily followed by RD and CD, and is a function of structural and stereochemical factors. Furthermore, the reversibility of the ketone ⇌ ketal reaction is strongly dependent on the amount of water present in the reactive medium.
Diagnosis of electrical operation of electrostatic precipitators

Abstract This paper reviews the measurement and interpretation of ESP electrical operation, with example data from electric utility fly ash precipitators. The use of novel instrumentation is discussed for research investigations of the fundamental electrical parameters in the Deutsch theory of electrostatic precipitation. The use of conventional instrumentation is discussed for the measurements that are required to provide diagnostic information for routine maintenance and troubleshooting.
A theoretically-consistent empirical model of non-expected utility: An application to nuclear-waste transport

Few theoretically-consistent empirical models addressing the relationship between ambiguity, risk, and preferences for health and safety exist. To fill this gap, we propose a theoretical non-expected-utility model (NEUM) that is relatively easy to estimate using an interval-data model. The NEUM we develop hinges upon two sources of variability, one over risk and the other over ambiguity about the risk. Using data from a survey of Nevada residents concerning risks from nuclear-waste transport, we provide individual-specific welfare estimate for a risk increase. Our findings suggest that negative externalities from nuclear-waste transport perceived risks and ambiguity may be substantial.
Estimating task response time with contentions for real-time distributed systems

Response time is affected by interprocessor communications, precedence relationships among the modules, module assignments, and processor scheduling policies. Furthermore, due to sharing of resources and data among the processors, contention delays are incurred. A task response time model that considers all these factors is proposed. A Petri net is used to represent resource contention, and the task control flow graph represents module precedence and logical relationships. A queuing network with resource contention is used to estimate the response time of each module. Module response time consists of delays at the processors and resource queues and is estimated by approximating the extended queuing network as independent finite capacity queuing systems. The module response time is mapped onto a control flow graph, and task response time is obtained by aggregating the module response times in accordance with their precedence relationship in the control flow graph. The task response time derived from the analytical model compares well with that from the simulation. >
The Evaluation of a Sexual Assault Self-Defense and Risk-Reduction Program for College Women: A Prospective Study:

The present study evaluated the efficacy of a sexual assault risk-reduction program that included a physical self-defense component for college women (N = 500). Program group women significantly in...
Time optimality and the maximum principle in infinite dimension

We present three counterexamples related to the maximum principle for the time optimal problem. The system is linear, infinite dimensional, with point target and “full” control
On the High-Temperature Standards of the National Physical Laboratory: An Account of a Comparison of Platinum Thermometers and Thermojunctions with the Gas Thermometer

In a paper “On the Comparison of Gas and Platinum Thermometers,” read before the Royal Society in 1900, Dr. P. Chappuis and the author described a series of experiments in which several platinum-resistance thermometers, constructed of wire of specially high purity, were compared with the gas thermometer at a number of steady temperatures from below zero to above the boiling-point of sulphur, and in one set of measurements to just short of 600°C. The results were such as to substantially confirm the conclusion of Callendar and Griffiths that the indications of platinum thermometers may he reduced to the normal scale by the employment of Callendar’s well-known difference formula d ≡ T- pt =δ [(T/100)2 - T/100] where d = the difference between T, the temperature on the normal scale, and pt = the “platinum” temperature. The constant δ for pure platinum wires is approximately 1.5, the three temperatures chosen for its determination being 0°, 100° and the boiling-point of sulphur.
Antioxidant Properties of Cereal Products

: Four commercial cereal products were examined and compared for their free radical scavenging properties, chelating capacity, and total phenolic contents. The Quaker Oat Bran™ ready-to-eat cold cereal showed the greatest activity to quench DPPH radicals, while the Quaker oatmeal had the highest capacity against ABTS+. Significant Fe2+ chelating activity was also detected in these cereal products with EDTA equivalents of 0.08 to 0.48 mg/g cereals. The total phenolic contents were 203 to 524 mg per gram of cereal products. These results indicate that readily available cereal products contain significant levels of antioxidants and may be an important source of dietary antioxidants.
Yeast Dynamically Modify Their Environment to Achieve Better Mating Efficiency

The maintenance and detection of signaling gradients are critical for proper development and cell migration. In single-cell organisms, gradient detection allows cells to orient toward a distant mating partner or nutrient source. Budding yeast expand their growth toward mating pheromone gradients through a process known as chemotropic growth. MATα cells secrete α-factor pheromone that stimulates chemotropism and mating differentiation in MATa cells and vice versa. Paradoxically, MATa cells secrete Bar1, a protease that degrades α-factor and that attenuates the mating response, yet is also required for efficient mating. We observed that MATa cells avoid each other during chemotropic growth. To explore this behavior, we developed a computational platform to simulate chemotropic growth. Our simulations indicated that the release of Bar1 enabled individual MATa cells to act as α-factor sinks. The simulations suggested that the resultant local reshaping of pheromone concentration created gradients that were directed away from neighboring MATa cells (self-avoidance) and that were increasingly amplified toward partners of the opposite sex during elongation. The behavior of Bar1-deficient cells in gradient chambers and mating assays supported these predictions from the simulations. Thus, budding yeast dynamically remodel their environment to ensure productive responses to an external stimulus and avoid nonproductive cell-cell interactions.
A LABORATORY MICROWAVE STERILIZER AND ITS POSSIBLE APPLICATION TOWARD IMPROVING TEXTURE OF STERILIZED VEGETABLES1

A microwave-permeable chamber was constructed for high temperature sterilization of foods in glass containers at overpressures up to 50 psig. Temperatures could be monitored satisfactorily in the microwave field using stainless steel shielded type T thermocouples if the metal sheat were grounded. Percent fracturability did not differ between potato samples sterilized by microwave energy (1000 W output) and stem. Extrapolation of kinetic data indicated that although fracturability retention is quite low at temperatures below 150°C ( 60%). Verification of this will require a higher microwave output (>1000 W) than was available in these experiments.
Flexible AC transmission systems: technology for the future

A novel concept of power systems design and operation has been developed: flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS). FACTS technology can increase the loading on existing systems and assist in directing power flow in an interconnected network. The concept is based on the following view: systems are mechanically controlled for the most part, and the speed of response is slow. If control could be achieved at electronic speed with smart power electronic devices, great strides could be made in increasing loading of existing transmission systems and providing more flexible systems in the future where power flows could be controlled to facilitate business transactions among utilities. The first element in this work is to develop large semiconductors capable of handling power-class voltages and currents. A second area of research is now producing the smart devices. Controllers can be built to use the characteristics of these smart power electronic devices to perform functions such as controlling voltage, impedance, and phase angle. >
A simple and accurate apparatus for the generation of a calibrated water vapor pressure

Abstract Calibration of plant gas exchange equipment and atmospheric vapor sensors requires a gas stream of known vapor pressure. Previously used methods which rely on temperature control are slow and complicated. Here, we describe a simple apparatus for the production of a stream of air with a known concentration of water vapor. The system employs the “two pressure” method in which air with a known water vapor pressure is released to a lower pressure with an accompanying dilution in vapor concentration. The calculated vapor pressure of the generated stream was compared with measurements using two types of dewpoint meters and found to have errors of less than ±1.5% over the range 0.3–2.1 kPa. Less than 3 min were required to achieve stable vapor pressures after a step change. The apparatus described is inexpensive and can be easily made using commonly available materials.
CAN SILICON TAKE A SIX‐FOLD COORDINATION IN GLASS?

A six-fold coordination for silicon in a certain type of synthetic crystal has been reported in the literature. A theory of partial formation of six-fold coordination for silicon in glass has been advanced after the atomic sizes, composition of the glasses, valence rules, and experimental facts are given consideration.
Voter Information, Voter Participation, and the North Carolina Judicial Election Reforms: The Views of the Voters

Drawing upon our voter survey, recent election results, voter roll-off, and campaign finances, this study's findings join an expanding body of research that questions the shift away from partisan to nonpartisan judicial elections. Specifically, this article examines voter information about and voter participation in North Carolina's appellate races in light of its move to nonpartisan elections combined with mandated distribution of voter guides. Some findings were expected: the voter guides were well received, party affiliation remained important in these races, and voter roll-off increased significantly. Competition did not appear to affect roll-off in the races analyzed in this article. The most surprising finding was that a strong majority of our survey respondents wanted candidates' party affiliation back on the ballot, even though surveys have cited strong public support for “nonpartisan” judicial elections. Basandonos en nuestra encuesta electoral, resultados de elecciones recientes, participacion electoral, y las finanzas de las campanas, los resultados de este estudio se suman a un creciente cuerpo de investigacion que cuestiona el cambio de elecciones judiciales partidistas a no partidistas. Especificamente, este articulo examina la informacion electoral y participacion de los votantes en las contiendas de cortes de apelaciones de Carolina del Norte en vista de su movimiento a elecciones no partidistas combinado con una distribucion obligatoria de guias para el votante. Algunas conclusiones fueron esperadas: las guias fueron bien recibidas, la afiliacion al partido continuo siendo importante en estas contiendas, y la participacion electoral incremento significativamente. La competencia no parecio afectar al numero de votantes en las contiendas analizadas en este articulo. El resultado mas sorpresivo fue que la gran mayoria de nuestros encuestados querian la afiliacion partidista de los candidatos de vuelta en las boletas, aun cuando diversas encuestas han mencionado un fuerte apoyo del publico a las elecciones judiciales “no partidistas.”
Composite pattern of circulating LH, FSH, estradiol, and progesterone during the menstrual cycle in cynomolgus monkeys.

SummaryCirculating levels of LH, FSH, estradiol and progesterone were measured by radioimmunoassays in daily serum samples throughout the menstrual cycle of seven adult cynomolgus monkeys. The composite pattern of these hormones in cynomolgus monkeys strongly resembles that reported for rhesus monkeys, and is similar to that in the menstrual cycle of women. Thus, in the face of diminishing supplies and higher costs of rhesus monkeys, the cynomolgus monkey can also serve effectively as a model for studies in primate reproduction.The expert technical assistance and animal care by D. L. Barber, C. K. Turner, and J. Lewis, Jr., are gratefully acknowledged.
A functional neuroimaging study of fusiform response to restricted interests in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder

While autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by both social communication deficits and restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior and interest, literature examining possible neural bases of the latter class of symptoms is limited. The fusiform face area (FFA) is a region in the ventral temporal cortex that not only shows preferential responsiveness to faces but also responds to non-face objects of visual expertise. Because restricted interests in ASD are accompanied by high levels of visual expertise, the objective of this study was to determine the extent to which this region responds to images related to restricted interests in individuals with ASD, compared to individuals without ASD who have a strong hobby or interest. Children and adolescents with and without ASD with hobbies or interests that consumed a pre-determined minimum amount of time were identified, and the intensity, frequency, and degree of interference of these interests were quantified. Each participant underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while viewing images related to their personal restricted interests (in the ASD group) or strong interest or hobby (in the comparison group). A generalized linear model was used to compare the intensity and spatial extent of fusiform gyrus response between groups, controlling for the appearance of faces in the stimuli. Images related to interests and expertise elicited response in FFA in both ASD and typically developing individuals, but this response was more robust in ASD. These findings add neurobiological support to behavioral observations that restricted interests are associated with enhanced visual expertise in ASD, above and beyond what would be expected for simply a strong interest. Further, the results suggest that brain regions associated with social functioning may not be inherently less responsive in ASD, but rather may be recruited by different environmental stimuli. This study contributes to our understanding of the neural basis of restricted interests in ASD and may provide clues toward developing novel interventions.
Application Review on Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Technology in Coal Analysis

It is in favor of safe and economic operation for coal-fired power generating unit to master characteristic of coal in time,but for lack of online analysis technology,thermal power generation combustion optimization technology is restricted to a certain extent.As a potential online analysis technology,laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy technology is introduced into coal online analysis.Thus,this paper reviews research status quo of LIBS technology at home and abroad in aspects of basic experimental research,quantitative analysis and industrial application,explores key problems to be solved.Based on existing LIBS technology,it points out that those problems to be focused on are precision of the quantitative analysis model,adaptability on the spot and reliability for long-time operation of the analysis device.
A functional account of grammatical number in English reflexive pronouns

Number morphology appears twice in English reflexive pronouns, first on the pronominal-possessive portion of the form, and second on the inflectional ending. Usually, the two number markings co-vary, but "crossed" number forms like ourself and themself – and even myselves and herselves – are also attested. This paper argues that the two opportunities to signal number can be creatively exploited for communicative purposes, and are not controlled syntactically. The data and analysis presented provide support for a view of grammatical categories (even those commonly regarded as syntactically determined) as independent bearers of meaning.
Visual outcomes of patients presenting with bilateral infantile cataracts and nystagmus.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the outcomes of cataract surgery in pediatric patients presenting with bilateral infantile cataracts and nystagmus. Design Retrospective case study. Participants Thirteen pediatric patients who presented between September 2002 and February 2014 at a single tertiary care institution. Methods Patients were included if they presented with bilateral visually significant cataracts and preoperative manifest nystagmus and had no other systemic or ocular condition that could explain the presence of the nystagmus. Data collected included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), etiology of cataracts, associated systemic/ocular conditions, status of strabismus, surgical complications, and presence of nystagmus. Results Mean age at diagnosis of the cataracts was 8.1 ± 10.6 months. Mean age at surgery was 8.4 ± 10.5 months. Average length of follow-up was 54.3 ± 32.6 months. Twelve patients were left aphakic bilaterally; 1 patient received primary intraocular lenses bilaterally. Ten patients were able to perform visual acuity at the most recent visit, with 5 out of 10 having BCVA ≥20/40 in the better-seeing eye. Two patients had no visible nystagmus and 3 patients had latent nystagmus only at the most recent visit. Conclusions The presence of preoperative nystagmus does not preclude good visual outcomes in pediatric patients with cataracts.
8 and 11Gauge Bone Marrow Biopsy Needle Performance Characteristics.

Introduction. An ideal biopsy needle consistently recovers representative specimens of adequate length with minimal dependence on patient characteristics. We have shown that bone marrow biopsy needle gauge influences the length and quantity of recovered specimens. A needle that performs independently of patient characteristics should yield specimens demonstrating a normal distribution of specimen lengths. We evaluated the influence of age and needle gauge on the specimen length distribution curves of patients undergoing bone marrow biopsies using SNARECOIL needles. Methods. 88 bone marrow core specimens were recovered from 72 patients using 11G SNARECOIL bone marrow biopsy needles. The mean age of the patients was 61.4 and the m/f ratio was 45/27. 53 specimens were recovered from 39 patients (mean age = 47.1, m/f = 27/12) ≤ 64 and 35 specimens were recovered from 33 patients (mean age = 78.6, m/f = 18/15) ≥ 65. 106 patients underwent 127 bone marrow biopsy procedures using 8G SNARECOIL needles. The m/f ratio was 56/50 and the mean age of the patients was 63.1 years. 72 specimens were recovered from 56 patients (mean age = 51.4, m/f = 30/26) ≤ 64 years old and 55 specimens were recovered from 49 patients (mean age = 76.1, m/f = 26/23) ≥ 65. 40 additional specimens were prospectively recovered from 39 patients ≥ 65 (mean age = 74.3, m/f = 19/20) with 8G SNARECOIL needles. Results. The mean specimen lengths of the 11G and 8G specimens were statistically the same (mean±SEM, 1.97±0.07 cm vs. 1.99±0.05 cm, respectively, p = 0.8). However the 11G specimen length frequency distribution curve deviated markedly from a normal distribution (skewness(skw) = 0.52) while the 8G specimen distribution was nearly normal (skw = 0.04). While the frequency distribution curves of older patients (≥ 65) biopsied with 8G needles showed minimal deviation from normality (skw = 0.12,) the distribution curve of older patients (≥65) biopsied with 11G needles deviated markedly from a normal curve (skw = 0.64). 40 specimens prospectively obtained from patients ≥ 65 demonstrated a mean specimen length of 1.77±0.09 cm with a near normal specimen length frequency distribution curve (skw = 0.07). Conclusions. 1. Although commonly reported, mean specimen lengths do not completely characterize the performance of biopsy needles. 2.0 Specimen length frequency distribution curves provide added characterization of needle performance in defined patient cohorts. 3.0 In the older patient population, near-normal 8G specimen frequency distributions and skewed 11G distributions suggest that 8G specimens may provide more representative sampling.
A dual-function MIMO radar-communications system using frequency-hopping waveforms

The dual use of radio signals for simultaneous operation of radar and communications has recently attracted significant interest. In this paper, we develop a method for information embedding into the emission of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar using frequency-hopping (FH) waveforms. The set of orthogonal waveforms used to implement the primary MIMO radar operation is generated using FH codes. The secondary communication function is implemented by embedding one phase-shift keying (PSK) communication symbol in each frequency hop, i.e., the number of embedded communication symbols during each radar pulse equals the number of transmit antennas times the length of the FH code. We show that the communication operation is transparent to the MIMO radar function of the dual-function system. Standard ratio testing is used to detect the embedded PSK symbols at the communication receiver. The achievable data rate is proportional to the pulse repetition frequency, the number of transmit elements, the length of the FH code, and the size of the PSK constellation. The performance of the proposed technique is investigated in terms of the symbol error rate.
Stimuli-Responsive Drug Release from Smart Polymers

Over the past 10 years, stimuli-responsive polymeric biomaterials have emerged as effective systems for the delivery of therapeutics. Persistent with ongoing efforts to minimize adverse effects, stimuli-responsive biomaterials are designed to release in response to either chemical, physical, or biological triggers. The stimuli-responsiveness of smart biomaterials may improve spatiotemporal specificity of release. The material design may be used to tailor smart polymers to release a drug when particular stimuli are present. Smart biomaterials may use internal or external stimuli as triggering mechanisms. Internal stimuli-responsive smart biomaterials include those that respond to specific enzymes or changes in microenvironment pH; external stimuli can consist of electromagnetic, light, or acoustic energy; with some smart biomaterials responding to multiple stimuli. This review looks at current and evolving stimuli-responsive polymeric biomaterials in their proposed applications.
30.1 A Temperature-Robust 27.6nW −65dBm Wakeup Receiver at 9.6GHz X-Band

To achieve the exponential growth needed for a 1-trillion-node Internet of Things (IoT) in the next decade, innovative solutions are required to eliminate recurring battery replacement costs, enable reliable operation in environments with uncontrolled temperatures, and leverage the massive communication infrastructure at multi-GHz frequency bands. Sub-100nW ultra-low-power (ULP) wakeup receivers (WuRx's) promise energy-efficient operation for event-driven applications [1]–[3], but can be susceptible to temperature variation. Until now, sub-100nW WuRx's favor sub-GHz frequencies due to the low quality-factor (Q) of passives at higher frequencies, which limits the WuRx sensitivity [4]–[6]. This practice is a detriment to compatibility with the existing urban communication infrastructure, future 5G links, multi-GHz avionics, and small system antenna size. Temperature-robust, multi-GHz ULP WuRx's can enable self-powered IoT systems with decade-long lifetimes in applications such as wearable electronics, aerial tracking of assets, operations optimization, and smart cities.
Chapter 56 – Digestive Tract

When considering the potential toxic activity of various agents on the gastrointestinal tract, a number of signalments are possible. Acute effects may result from direct irritants (e.g., strong acids and bases), whereas chronic effects may be observed, for example, as increased muscular layer thickness from bulking agents. Importantly, delayed effects may be expressed years after exposure to ulcerogenic or carcinogenic agents. In addition to the array of tissue responses, interpretation of functional and morphological alterations can be complex. The focus of this chapter is the examination of developmental, structural, and functional components of the gastrointestinal tract that are important in understanding mechanisms involved in the toxicologic pathology of this organ system. A major part of the chapter stresses basic mechanisms of toxicologic damage and how the gastrointestinal tract responds to toxicologic insult. Also discussed are approaches that can be used to study selected pathologic mechanisms of toxicological significance and how microbiology of the gut can affect toxicology. Towards the end of the chapter the regenerative biology of the gastrointestinal tract is covered, with an emphasis on tissue engineering of the small intestine, as a means to overcome the effects of injury or toxicity.
“Societies under Stress”: Introduction to the Special Issue*:

This introduction to the special issue “Societies under Stress” provides an intellectual context for the four articles that follow. The conferences at which the articles were presented brought toge...
The Effect of in-Service Methodology on Learning Transfer for School Personnel Managing Students following Concussion:

BackgroundIt is essential to increase the knowledge base of teachers involved in facilitating return to learning in middle school students following a concussion. However, the best method to enhanc...
Turbulence structure in non-equilibrium boundary layers with favorable and adverse pressure gradients

Abstract An experimental study was conducted to document the turbulence in boundary layers on smooth walls subject to a favorable pressure gradient followed by a zero pressure gradient recovery and an adverse pressure gradient. Two component velocity profiles were acquired along the spanwise centerline of the test section, and velocity fields were obtained at the same locations in streamwise wall-normal and streamwise–spanwise planes using PIV. The FPG was shown to reduce the turbulence in the outer part of the boundary layer, reducing the transport of this turbulence and the effect of sweeps toward the wall. This reduced the inclination angle of the large structures and increased their length scale, particularly in the streamwise and spanwise directions. Recovery from the FPG to a ZPG was rapid. The APG reduced the near wall shear, resulting in a reduced effect of ejections relative to sweeps. The APG had an opposite but smaller effect on the shape and size of structures compared to the FPG.
In Vivo Chemical Genomics with Random Cyclized Peptides

We have developed and applied a novel strategy that can best be described as in vivo chemical genomics, a concept where populations of any transformable organism may be screened for consequences of novel RNAs or peptides. We created a library of ~800,000 random DNA sequences biased only by third-position nucleotide substitutions that suppress the frequency of termination codons. The sequences may be shuttled to any plant, microbial, or animal expression vector with recombination cloning. We then generated large populations of Arabidopsis thaliana plants, each expressing a randomized DNA sequence, presumably giving rise to synthetic RNA species and/or the peptides they encode. These novel molecules are produced within the context of the cell and have been shown to affect plant biology with a relatively high frequency, as evidenced by diverse phenotypes. This chapter provides the protocols necessary to construct the libraries and isolate plants expressing randomized DNA sequences.
High-Frequency Expectations from Asset Prices: A Machine Learning Approach

We propose a novel reinforcement learning approach to extract high-frequency aggregate growth expectations from asset prices. While much expectations-based research in macroeconomics and finance relies on low-frequency surveys, the multitude of events that pass between survey dates renders identification of causal effects on expectations difficult. Our method allows us to construct a daily time-series of the cross-sectional mean of a panel of GDP growth forecasts. The high-frequency nature of our series enables clean identification in event studies. In particular, we use our estimated daily growth expectations series to test the “Fed information effect” and find little evidence to support its existence. Extensions of our framework can obtain daily expectations series of any macroeconomic variable for which a low-frequency panel of forecasts is available. In this way, our method provides a sharp empirical tool to advance understanding of how expectations are formed.
Racial differences in impact of geography on breast cancer treatment delay.

81Background: Delays in breast cancer treatment > 60 days have been linked to decrements in outcome and constitute poor quality care. Black compared to non-Black patients are at greater risk of tre...
The Authoritarian Personality and the History of Fascism

Historians are often allergic to ideas of collective pathology. I do not disagree at all with these objections and concerns. And yet, this paper stresses the centrality of the book The Authoritaria...
Delayed Diagnosis of Paget-Schroetter Syndrome in a Patient with COVID-19

Paget-Schroetter Syndrome (PSS), a subtype of thoracic outlet syndrome, is a rare condition defined as thrombosis of the axillosubclavian vein secondary to anatomical abnormalities or repetitive injury to vessel endothelium from exertion. In the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic, venous thrombosis in COVID-positive patients may be attributed to the well-described hypercoagulability associated with the viral syndrome, increasing the rate of misdiagnosis of PSS and delaying definitive treatment. We report a case of PSS in a 19-year-old male who presented to multiple health care providers with an upper extremity thrombus and was found to be SARS-CoV-2 positive on hospitalization. In his case, his COVID status likely contributed to a delay in diagnosis of Paget- Schroetter syndrome, with the patient missing the window for the standard treatment protocol.
Formation of Dendrites and Development of Synaptic Connections

Five cardinal theories of the organization of nervous systems originated in the second half of the 19th century and formed the basis of the neuron theory on which modem neuroscience research programs are constructed. The most important advance in our understanding of the historical development of the neuron theory is that it did not originate in the 1880s and 1890s as a single theory but was constructed over a much longer period, starting in the 1840s, by convergence of at least five different cardinal theories and several other auxiliary theories. Those cardinal theories were, firstly, that the nerve cell and its fibers are parts of the same unit (Wagner, 1847; Koelliker, 1850; Remak, 1853, 1855); secondly, that nerve fibers are protoplasmic outgrowths of nerve cells (Bidder and Kupffer, 1857; His, 1886); thirdly, that dendrites and axons are fundamentally different types of nerve fibers (Wagner, 1851; Remak, 1854; Deiters, 1865; Golgi, 1873, 1882-1885); fourthly, that nerve conduction occurs in only one directionfrom dendrites to axons in the same nerve cell, and from axons to dendrites between different nerve cells (van Gehuchten, 1891; Lenhossek, 1893; Ramon y Cajal, 1895); fifthly, that nerve cells are connected by surface contact and not by cytoplasmic continuity (Koelliker, 1879, 1883, 1886; His, 1886; Forel, 1887).
Metabolic competition in the tumor microenvironment determines cancer progression (TUM7P.1016)

T cells produce cytokines that are critical for tumor immunity. However, during cancer, T cells often experience a decline in function preventing tumor regression. Why T cell hyporesponsiveness develops is unclear, but it is thought to result from lack of dominant epitope-specificity, continuous antigen exposure, and suppression by other immune cells. Previously we have shown that T cells need to engage aerobic glycolysis to optimally produce IFN-γ. Using a well-characterized mouse sarcoma model we show here that tumor mediated glucose consumption metabolically restricts tumor-infiltrating T cells (TILs), which dampens their mTOR activity, decreases their glycolytic capacity and therefore, limits their IFN-γ production, leading to tumor progression. We show that anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1, or anti-PD-L1 blockade therapy, which induces regression of progressing sarcomas, restores glucose in the tumor microenvironment and rescues glycolysis in TILs. Moreover, we demonstrate that blocking PD-L1 directly on tumor cells dampens tumor glycolysis and glucose uptake. Finally, we show that an antigenic sarcoma that normally is rejected can turn into a progressing tumor when its glycolytic rate is enhanced. Our data show that metabolic competition in the tumor microenvironment dictates T cell function and that this influences cancer progression. Combining therapies that blunt tumor cell metabolism with those that promote glycolysis in TILs could provide new effective treatments for cancer.