cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Paramagnetism in dilute alloys of Fe in Cu0.8Ni0.2

Abstract Fe additions of 10, 100 and 1000 ppm were made to a purified (virtually iron-free) Cu 0.8 Ni 0.2 alloy. The magnetization was measured at 4·2°K in fields up to 54 kOe, and at temperatures from 4·2° to 300°K at 12·6 kOe. The results indicate that up to 100 ppm Fe each Fe atom, together with its Ni nearest neighbors, forms a magnetic cluster of μ=3·76. The 1000 ppm Fe alloy has, in addition to single-Fe clusters, also clusters of μ=7·5 consisting of two Fe atoms, together with their Ni nearest neighbors, and a small concentration of even larger clusters. The concentration in the 0·1% Fe alloy of clusters with one, two and three Fe atoms corresponds to an average Fe concentration of 2·6% in nearest neighbor shells around all Fe atoms.
Perpendicular anisotropy in Co-Eu-EuS and Co-Eu-Tb-EuS exchange coupled sputtered films

In an effort to achieve a high data storage density media, Co-Eu-EuS and Co-Eu-Tb-EuS thin films were prepared by RF sputtering. These samples show strong perpendicular anisotropy and high coercivity fields which are required for high data storage density MO media. The compensation temperatures were raised to room temperature making them more useful in MO applications. Exchange coupled EuS which has a giant Kerr rotation (6/spl deg/) at short wavelength (1.8 eV) may help to raise the Kerr rotation at short wavelength in these films.
Validity of a new health-related quality of life instrument for patients with chronic sinusitis.

Objective/Hypothesis: To assess the validity and responsiveness of a new health-related quality of life (HRQL) instrument for patients with chronic sinusitis. Study Design: Prospective case series. Methods: Patients with chronic sinusitis undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery were assessed in two otolaryngology practices affiliated with an academic hospital. Patient-reported HRQL was assessed using a new instrument (includes symptom frequency, bothersomeness, and impact scales), the Chronic Sinusitis Survey (CSS), and the generic SF-12 at baseline and 3 months postsurgery. The psychometric properties of the new instrument were assessed including reliability, validity, responsiveness, and interpretability. Results: Among 50 enrolled patients, 49 underwent surgery and 39 (80%) completed 3-month follow-up. Internal consistency was high for the symptom impact scale. The symptom frequency and, especially, bothersomeness scales had lower internal consistency and were comparable with the CSS. Correlation analyses support the construct validity of the new measure compared with the CSS and SF-12. The responsiveness of the new instrument was excellent and similar to or better than the CSS. The mean score change was linearly related to the patient's global self-assessment, although the CSS symptom and total score better discriminated patients with major or moderate degrees of improvement. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the validity and responsiveness of a new rhinosinusitis-specific HRQL instrument, the Rhinosinusitis Quality of Life survey, in patients with chronic sinusitis. The instrument's symptom frequency, bothersomeness, and impact scales compare favorably with a previously validated disease-specific and a generic HRQL measure. If validated in other patient populations, this disease-specific instrument may be useful in assessing severity and outcomes of treatment for sinusitis.
Bounds for the number of common symbols in balanced and certain partially balanced designs

Abstract We secure inequalities on submatrices of N ′ N , where N is the incidence matrix of certain designs. These inequalities are then compared with other results previously known.
Engineering and labor specialization during the industrial revolution

This paper explores how technological changes affected labor allocations within the U.S. Navy. During the latter nineteenth century, the officer corps was highly specialized, split between groups of line and staff officers. Developments in general purpose technologies created a dilemma for the organization, as it balanced between the benefits of a specialized workforce implementing increasingly complex technologies with rising communication and coordination costs. We first document the nature and extent of labor specialization in the mid-nineteenth-century Navy—engineers worked more with newer and larger vessels, while line officers worked more with unskilled personnel. The Navy endeavored to destroy this distinction, forcing generalized training and tasks for all officers. We suggest that the Navy’s phased-in approach was an effective strategy, helping the U.S. to become a world-class naval power.
Relativistic effects in bound-state form factors

The formalism for bound-state form factors in a three-dimensional relativistic theory is used to expose the theoretical limitations of recent work on meson exchange currents. The pair excitation and recoil emission currents used in phenomenological calculations are found to have little theoretical support. The constraints imposed by the Ward identity are examined and the singularity structure of the form factor in relativistic and nonrelativistic theories is compared.
Unaccusativity in French

Abstract The Unaccusative Hypothesis states that intransitive predicates are of two types: unaccusatives and unergatives . As formulated originally within the framework of Relational Grammar, the argument of an unergative predicate is at the deepest syntactic level a subject while that of an unaccusative predicate is direct object. Although considerable cross-linguistic evidence has been amassed in favor of the Unaccusative Hypothesis, no detailed analysis of French intransitive predicates has been carried out though many analyses of French have assumed that some verbs are unaccusative while others are unergative. Nine arguments are presented here in support of recognizing two formally distinct classes of intransitives in French. These arguments are based on object raising, croire constructions, participial equi and absolute, reduced relatives, cliticization of the embedded indirect object in causative faire constructions, parallel transitive structures, auxiliary selection, nominalizations, and stativity. The present study concludes that it is possible to formulate a necessary and sufficient condition for unaccusativity in French.
Adherence to screening mammography among American Indian women of the northern plains

Breast cancer is a burden for American Indian (AI) women who have younger age at diagnosis and higher stage of disease. Rural areas also have had less access to screening mammography. An Indian Health Service Mobile Women’s Health Unit (MWHU) was implemented to improve mammogram screening of AI women in the Northern Plains. Our purpose was to determine the past adherence to screening mammography at a woman’s first presentation to the MWHU for mammogram screening. Date of the most recent prior non-MWHU mammogram was obtained from mammography records. Adherence to screening guidelines was defined as the prior mammogram occurring 1–2 years before the first MWHU visit among women >41 years, and was the main outcome, whereas, age and clinic site were predictors. Adherence was compared with national data of the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium (BCSC). Among 1,771 women >41 years, adherence to screening mammography guidelines was 48.01 % among >65 years, 42.05 % among 50–64 years, 33.43 % among 41–49 years, and varied with clinic site (25.23–65.93 %). Age (p < 0.0001) and clinic site (p < 0.0001) were associated with adherence. Overall, adherence to screening mammography guidelines was found in 39.86 % (706/1771) of MWHU women versus 74.34 % (747,095/1,004,943) of BCSC women. The majority (60.14 %) of women at first presentation to the MWHU had not had mammograms in the previous 2 years, lower screening adherence than nationally (25.66 %). Adherence was lowest among women ages 41–49, and varied with clinic site. Findings suggest disparities in mammography screening among these women.
On the treatment of corners in the boundary element method

Abstract A new technique for treating surface discontinuities within boundary element calculations is proposed. Multiple nodes are used to represent the geometry, and the necessary additional equations are obtained by differentiating the usual boundary element integral equation. In deriving expressions for the resulting singular integrals, it is found that constraints must be placed on the functional approximation at the discontinuity. An algorithm for incorporating these constraints is developed and numerical tests for an exactly solvable three-dimensional Laplace equation problem are presented.
The Role of Partial Nephrectomy for the Management of Sporadic Renal Angiomyolipoma

OBJECTIVES Angiomyolipoma is a benign renal tumor that has a propensity to grow over time and may cause local complications. Given the benign nature of these lesions, renal-preserving treatments are favored. We evaluated our experience with nephron-sparing surgery for renal angiomyolipoma. METHODS We reviewed our institutional nephrectomy registry to identify patients treated with nephron-sparing surgery for renal angiomyolipoma between 1970 and 2004. Patients with a diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis were excluded. Patient demographics, perioperative complications, and postoperative outcomes were recorded. RESULTS We identified 58 patients treated with nephron-sparing surgery for sporadic renal angiomyolipoma, including 44 women and 14 men. The median tumor size was 3.9 cm (range, 0.8-12.5 cm). In 7 patients (12%), several ipsilateral angiomyolipomas were resected, whereas 2 patients were treated with nephron-sparing surgery for bilateral angiomyolipomas. The overall early complication rate was 12%, including a urine leak in 3 (5%) patients. At a median postoperative follow-up of 8 years (range, 1-31 years), 2 (3.4%) patients had radiographic evidence of local recurrence, although no patient experienced symptom recurrence. The median preoperative serum creatinine level was 1.0 mg/dL (range, 0.5-3.9 mg/dL), and the median creatinine level at last follow-up was 1.1 mg/dL (range, 0.6-3.6 mg/dL). No patient developed de novo chronic renal insufficiency after nephron-sparing surgery, including 4 patients treated for angiomyolipomas in a solitary kidney. CONCLUSIONS Nephron-sparing surgery for sporadic renal angiomyolipomas offers preservation of renal function and is associated with acceptable complication and low local recurrence rates. The results of this study support nephron-sparing surgery for these lesions.
Measurement of role stress: Dimensionality of scale items

In the short scales developed by Rizzo et al. (1970) role conflict and role ambiguity are confounded with negative and positive item wording. In an attempt to unconfound the scales, responses from 220 subjects were obtained to the original set of 30 items. Sets of positive- and negative- worded items were factored separately. It was found that subjects responded somewhat to the conflict and ambiguity dimensions, but also to subscales within each dimension, to the attribution of the source of stress, and to key words in the items.
Multi-objective thermal design optimization and comparative analysis of electronics cooling technologies

Abstract A multi-objective thermal design optimization and comparative study of electronics cooling technologies is presented. The cooling technologies considered are: continuous parallel micro-channel heat sinks, in-line and staggered circular pin-fin heat sinks, offset strip fin heat sinks, and single and multiple submerged impinging jet(s). Using water and HFE-7000 as coolants, Matlab’s multi-objective genetic algorithm functions were utilized to determine the optimal thermal design of each technology based on the total thermal resistance and pumping power consumption under constant pressure drop and heat source base area of 100 mm2. Plots of the Pareto front indicate a trade-off between the total thermal resistance and pumping power consumption. In general, the offset strip fin heat sink outperforms the other cooling technologies.
At the Forefront of a Newly Emerging Profession? Ethnography, Education and the Exhibition of Women's Needlework in Austria-Hungary in the Late Nineteenth Century

The exhibition of women's needlework in Vienna at world's fairs and other venues coincided with the widespread reform of the decorative arts industries in Austria-Hungary in the late nineteenth century, which led to the establishment of the new Museums of Applied Art in both Vienna and Budapest, as well as to a host of museums and vocational craft schools throughout the lands of the Dual Monarchy. The aim of the regional craft schools—to draw attention to and preserve the vital folk art of the Austrian peasantry, while simultaneously improving and regulating its production in the form of cottage industries—intersected with an effort to train and educate bourgeois and aristocratic ladies in the urban decorative arts schools. As Austria attempted to define its place as a leader in the applied arts industries, women's needlework took on a central role. Indeed, the preoccupation with feminine fabrication of the domestic sphere, and especially the production of traditional and ‘dilettante’ needlework, among Austrian critics such as Rudolf von Eitelberger, Jacob von Falke and Alois Riegl, largely shaped the emerging profession of modern interior design at the turn of the twentieth century.
Enhancement of fluorescence signal with one dimensional photonic band gap structure

In this paper, we propose to use one dimensional (1D) photonic band gap (PBG) structure to enhance the florescence excitation and collection for single molecule level imaging and sensing applications. In the setup, the incidence of excitation and the collection of the florescence are located on separate sides of the 1D PBG structure. The 1D PBG structure creates total internal reflection for the excitation wavelength. With carefully chosen 1D PBG structures, an enhanced evanescent field for the excitation wavelength at the interface between the last layer of the PBG and sample can be obtained. Meanwhile, the 1D PBG structure is designed such that it also serves as an omnidirectional reflector for the florescence signal, leading to higher collection efficiency. The combination of stronger excitation field and improved detection efficiency gives rise to two orders of magnitude enhancement of florescence signal.
Synergistic teratogenic effects of arsenic and hyperthermia in hamsters

Abstract Similar malformations of the central nervous system including encephaloceles and exencephaly are induced by treatment of pregnant hamsters with sodium arsenate or hyperthermia on the eight day of gestation. These two treatments are synergistic in that combinations of minimal teratogenic levels of each cause a marked increase in fetal resorptions and the frequency and severity of developmental malformations as compared to separate treatments. The possible relationship of maternal hyperpyrexia and environmental teratogens to congenital malformations is discussed.
Density Functional Theory (DFT) Study of Enthalpy of Formation. 1. Consistency of DFT Energies and Atom Equivalents for Converting DFT Energies into Enthalpies of Formation

A simple atom equivalent method for converting density functional theory (DFT) energies to enthalpies of formation is described and its performance, in conjunction with six DFT methods, was examined. For 23 stable hydrocarbons with well-established experimental data, the root mean square deviations between the calculated and experimental enthalpies of formation range from 1 to 6 kcal/mol. The smallest deviation was obtained with the B3LYP energies, and the largest deviation was obtained with the LSDA energies. The B3LYP atom equivalents of carbon and hydrogen derived from stable hydrocarbons were used without adjustment to calculate the enthalpies of formation of some free radicals and carbocations. The mean deviation between the calculated and experimental results is about 2 kcal/mol, which is of the same order as experimental uncertainties for these highly reactive species.
Strucral Formulæ of the Chlorophylls

SOMEWHAT more than a year ago, a structural formula for chlorophyll-a was suggested1 in which a carbomethoxy residue was placed in the s-position of one pyrrole ring. This seemed necessary as a monomethyl ester (phaeopurpurin 7) was obtained as one of the products of an oxidative hydrolysis (‘phase test’) and the position of the methoxyl group in this phaeopurpurin was clearly established. We have now found that the purest samples of the phaeophorbides of the ‘a’ series do not yield any phaeopurpurin 7. Under special conditions of oxidative hydrolysis, a monomethyl compound can be isolated (as the sole product) and the carbomethoxy group in this substance can be shown to be part of the side chain attached to the bridge (the so-called γ-position). This finding is in accord with the position of the methoxyl group in Fischer's formula for chlorophyll-a.
The decay of the Barents ice sheet as documented in nordic seas ice-rafted debris

Abstract A large, marine-based ice sheet that covered the Barents Sea and Svalbard during the height of the Weichselian Glaciation began to disintegrate at 15 ka. The decay produced enormous quantities of icebergs that drifted parallel to the Norwegian continental margin southward and northwestward into the Fram Strait. This drifttrack is reflected by a trace of ice-rafted clastic sedimentary rocks from the bottom of the Barents Sea in deep sea sediments of the Norwegian Sea and the Fram Strait. The petrographic composition of ice-rafted lithic particles (dropstones) > 0.5 mm in late Quaternary (20 ka-Recent) deep-sea sediments of the Norwegian Greenland Sea was analyzed in order to determine the source areas of the dropstones. The dropstone provenance was deciphered from the regional distribution of some precisely defined lithotypes. During the maximum glaciation between 20 and 15 ka, the Norwegian Sea received crystalline rocks primarily from western Norway, but also from Svalbard and the northwestern British Isles. The Greenland Sea was supplied with clay-, silt- and sandstones from central and northern East Greenland and rocks from circum Arctic areas. At 15 ka, a dramatic shift in provenance from crystalline rocks to clastic sedimentary rocks is recorded in the dropstone composition of the northern and eastern Norwegian Sea. This impulse was the ultimate result of the deterioration of the Barents ice sheet. The dispersal area of clastic rock fragments reaches from the Barents shelf between 72° and 76°N, and 15° and 20°E to the Voring Plateau (eastern Norwegian Sea) at 67°N and 5°E. The main direction of iceberg drift was to the south and southeast. After an initial period of only 500 years duration and extremely high dropstone deposition rates, the influx from the Barents shelf ceased and gradually changed into the modern surface current system.
The Effect of Recent Stimulant Use on Sustained Attention in HIV-Infected Adults

Evidence suggests that stimulant use may exacerbate the deleterious cognitive effects of HIV, and that it has similar neuropathological consequences. In the current study, we examined the effect of recent stimulant use on sustained attention in adults infected with HIV. The sample consisted of 23 non-drug users and 17 stimulant users (cocaine and/or methamphetamine), all who were HIV-positive. Drug use was determined via urine toxicology. Sustained attention was assessed with the Conners' Continuous Performance Task – second edition (CPT-II). Groups were compared on overall performance variables, as well as patterns of performance across time. Compared to the non-drug users, stimulant users showed a gradual increase in reaction time variability and omission errors. Stimulant users' scores indicated impaired vigilance relative to an age and gender-matched normative sample. The groups were equivalent on other measures of attention, global neuropsychological functioning, mood, and demographic variables. The ...
Mechanism of Mammalian Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibition by Chalcone Oxide Derivatives

A series of substituted chalcone oxides (1,3-diphenyl-2-oxiranyl propanones) and structural analogs was synthesized to investigate the mechanism by which they inhibit soluble epoxide hydrolases (sEH). The inhibitor potency and inhibition kinetics were evaluated using both murine and human recombinant sEH. Inhibition kinetics were well described by the kinetic models of A. R. Main (1982, in Introduction to Biochemical Toxicology, pp. 193-223, Elsevier, New York) supporting the formation of a covalent enzyme-inhibitor intermediate with a half-life inversely proportional to inhibitor potency. Structure-activity relationships describe active-site steric constraints and support a mechanism of inhibition consistent with the electronic stabilization of the covalent enzyme-inhibitor intermediate. The electronic effects induced by altering the ketone functionality and the para-substitution of the phenyl attached to the epoxy C1 (i.e., the alpha-carbon) had the greatest influence on inhibitor potency. The direction of the observed influence was reversed for the inhibitory potency of glycidol (1-phenyl-2-oxiranylpropanol) derivatives. Recent insights into the mechanism of epoxide hydrolase activity are combined with these experimental results to support a proposed mechanism of sEH inhibition by chalcone oxides.
Stabilizing function of the long head of the biceps in the hanging arm position

The contribution of the long head of the biceps (LHB) to shoulder stability was studied. Nine fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders were tested in the hanging arm position. The muscle belly of the long head of the biceps was removed and replaced with a spring device to apply load to the long head of the biceps. An electromagnetic tracking device was used to record the positions of the humeral head (1) without load and with loads of 1.5 kg and 3 kg on the long head of the biceps, (2) with 1.5 kg of force to the proximal humerus in three different directions, and (3) in three different rotations of the arm. Displacement in the anterior and posterior directions was significantly decreased by long head of the biceps loading and was less significant in internal rotation. Inferior displacement in external rotation was significantly decreased by long head of the biceps loading. It is concluded that in the hanging arm position, the long head of the biceps could, if contracted, provide some stabilizing function to the humeral head in all directions, and more importantly, in anterior/posterior directions. Furthermore, the stabilizing function of the LHB is influenced by rotation of the arm.
Management Algorithm for Pneumatosis Intestinalis and Portal Venous Gas: Treatment and Outcome of 88 Consecutive Cases

Background Pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) and portal venous gas (PVG) historically mandated laparotomy due to the high mortality rate associated with mesenteric ischemia. Computed tomography (CT) can identify PI/PVG in patients with ischemic emergencies and benign idiopathic conditions.
Right ventricular myocardial performance index derived from tissue doppler echocardiography is useful in differentiating apical ballooning syndrome from cardiomyopathy due to left anterior descending coronary artery disease

Background Apical ballooning syndrome (ABS) and obstructive coronary artery disease of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) can both result in similar left ventricular apical wall motion abnormalities. The right ventricle may more likely be involved in ABS, and its careful evaluation may help differentiate the two conditions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the roles of echocardiographic measures of right ventricular (RV) function, namely, Doppler tissue imaging–derived RV index of myocardial performance (RIMP), RV basal free wall systolic excursion velocity (RV S′), and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, in differentiating ABS from obstructive LAD disease. Methods A total of 80 patients with new extensive apical left ventricular wall motion abnormalities on echocardiography who underwent coronary angiography were identified retrospectively. Patients with insufficient echocardiographic data were excluded ( n = 17). Admission clinical and echocardiographic data were compared between patients with obstructive disease of the LAD (LAD group; n = 46) and those with normal coronary arteries (ABS group; n = 17). Results The ABS group had significantly greater RIMP (1.03 ± 0.22 vs 0.44 ± 0.18, P 0.74 had sensitivity of 94%, specificity of 94%, positive predictive value of 84%, and negative predictive value of 98%, with excellent discriminatory ability (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.96 ± 0.03). Other measures of RV function (i.e., tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion and RV S′) were similar between the two groups. Conclusions Doppler tissue imaging–derived RIMP may help differentiate ABS from obstructive LAD disease with high accuracy. This easily obtainable measurement may offer a noninvasive tool to differentiate these two conditions.
Drawing learners’ attention to syntactic context aids gender-like category induction

According to noun-cue models, arbitrary linguistic categories, like those associated with case and gender systems, are difficult to learn unless members of the target category (i.e., nouns) are marked with phonological or semantic cues that reliably co-occur with grammatical morphemes (e.g., determiners) that exemplify the categories. Syntactic context models do not require noun cues. Five experiments used an artificial grammar with gender-like noun subcategories and locative postpositions with gender agreement to test the hypothesis that syntactic context models were sufficient for category induction if they included processes for drawing learners’ attention to the related subsets of grammatical morphemes that defined the gender categories. Experiment 1 validated a computer-based experimental paradigm for artificial language learning. Experiment 2 showed that direct instruction was one way to draw learners’ attention to the defining morphemes and bring about category induction. Experiments 3–5 showed that blocking learning trials using nouns as the blocking factor drew learners’ attention to the correlated subsets of grammatical morphemes and led to category induction. Experiments 2–5 provided support for syntactic context models under specific learning conditions. The implications for first- and second-language learning are discussed.
Underlying Yucca Mountain The Interplay of Geology and Policy in Nuclear Waste Disposal

Nuclear waste disposal in the USA is a difficult policy issue infused with science, technology, and politics. This issue provides an example of the co-production of scientific knowledge and politic...
Development of posttraumatic stress disorder after mild traumatic brain injury.

Abstract Hoffman JM, Dikmen S, Temkin N, Bell KR. Development of posttraumatic stress disorder after mild traumatic brain injury. Objective To examine the incidence of and factors associated with the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 6 months after civilian mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI). Design Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial of telephone follow-up versus usual care to reduce MTBI symptoms and improve function. Setting In-person and telephone interviews. Participants Prospectively studied participants (N=239) with MTBI enrolled in the emergency department. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Secondary analysis with main outcome measure of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist–Civilian Version. Results At 6 months after MTBI, 17% of participants met criteria for diagnosis of PTSD. Logistic regression predicting PTSD from baseline characteristics showed that participants who were Hispanic versus white, non-Hispanic and who, at the time of injury, described themselves as less happy and believed they would be more affected by their injury were significantly more likely to have PTSD. Conclusions Rates of PTSD in civilian MTBI in this study are consistent with prior research. Results suggest that personality characteristics and attribution regarding the injury may impact the development of PTSD. Early interventions addressing risk factors may prevent or reduce the likelihood of developing PTSD.
Phase Noise Analysis of MEMS-Based Phase Shifters

The effect of Brownian noise on Micro-Electro-Mechanical (MEMS)-based circuits has been calculated for MEMS-based circuits (phase shifters, delay circuits). The calculations are done for capacitive shunt MEMS switches and metal-to-metal contact series MEMS switches. The phase noise due to Brownian motion is negligible for MEMS switches with k ? 10 N/m, g0 > 2 ?m, Q > 0.5, and f0 ? 50 kHz. It is also found that metal-to-metal contact series switches result in much less phase noise than standard capacitive shunt switches. The phase noise increases rapidly for low spring-constant bridges (k =0.2-4 N/m), low-height bridges, and for bridges with a large mechanical damping (Q < 0.3). Also, varactor-based designs result in 30-40 dB more phase noise than switch-based circuits. The paper proves that microwave passive circuits built using MEMS switches (with a proper mechanical design) can be used in most commercial and military applications without any phase noise penalty.
Influence of attractants on behavior of screwworms (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in a tropical wet forest in Costa Rica.

In a mark-release-recapture study, sheep wounds and rotted liver were used as attractants to study movements of the screwworm fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), in a Costa Rican tropical wet forest in the wet season. When sites were monitored for 50% were recaptured. Some females were observed for 16 d and one laid four clutches of eggs. Only 8% of the marked males were recaptured and none was recaptured <2 d later. Only a small proportion of the adult screw worms at a locality visited wounds on sentinel sheep; the majority of the adults were transient.
Technetium bone imaging as an adjunct in the management of fibrous dysplasia

The diagnosis of fibrous dysplasia is one that is often made on the basis of biopsy findings and routine radiographs of involved areas. Until the advent of total body scanning, early cases of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia went undiagnosed until swelling, asymmetry, or deformity was noticed in other body parts. More sensitive radiographic techniques, (this is, bone imaging) are now available which offer a means for early detection of polyostotic involvement and more accurate delineation of lesions of the monostotic variety.
Plasma clozapine and desmethylclozapine levels in clozapine-induced agranulocytosis

Clozapine may produce agranulocytosis in 1-2% of patients treated with it for 4 weeks or longer. Three mechanisms have been suggested: a direct toxic effect of metabolite of clozapine, an immunologic mechanism or a combination of both. N-desmethylclozapine, the major metabolite of clozapine, has been reported to be more toxic than clozapine itself (Gerson et al., 1994). In this study, plasma levels of clozapine and desmethylclozapine were measured in five patients who developed agranulocytosis. The levels of both parent compound and metabolite were within the range found in other patients and below the toxic range. If a toxic mechanism is involved in clozapine-induced agranulocytosis, an additional vulnerability factor must be important.
Online disclosure neither now nor never: When would a "Later" button work?

The combination of personal demographic data, taste preferences, public disclosure of friend networks and now increasing usage of tools for instantly updating status (e.g., Twitter, Facebook) has fundamentally altered users' understanding of the temporality of information and its (semi-)permanence. A recent exploratory study found users were more willing to share items as time passed, and a major finding included a latent willingness (40% of sharing scenarios) to disclose information at a later date, neither “now” nor “never”. This study further explicates these findings by examining in greater detail the nature of the role of temporality in disclosure willingness.
New Compstatin Variants through Two De Novo Protein Design Frameworks

Two de novo protein design frameworks are applied to the discovery of new compstatin variants. One is based on sequence selection and fold specificity, whereas the other approach is based on sequence selection and approximate binding affinity calculations. The proposed frameworks were applied to a complex of C3c with compstatin variant E1 and new variants with improved binding affinities are predicted and experimentally validated. The computational studies elucidated key positions in the sequence of compstatin that greatly affect the binding affinity. Positions 4 and 13 were found to favor Trp, whereas positions 1, 9, and 10 are dominated by Asn, and position 11 consists mainly of Gln. A structural analysis of the C3c-bound peptide analogs is presented.
Tactile pattern discrimination at adjacent locations along the proximal-distal axis of the index finger.

A discrimination task was used to examine how locations on the glabrous skin of the terminal and middle phalanges of the index finger affect the perceived shape of tactile patterns. On each trial, a pair of same-shape or different-shape patterns was presented successively on the distal half, on the proximal half, or on both halves of a phalanx. Observers responded “same” or “different” depending on the perceived pattern shape. Performance was compared between the two phalanges, with two different pattern sets. For patterns at separate locations, performance was uniformly poor. For patterns at the same location, performance was better on the distal halves than on the proximal halves of both phalanges for one pattern set but not for the other. Performance was best on the distal half of the terminal phalanx. The results are discussed in terms of the densities of innervation of first-order afferents.
Molecular pathophysiology and targeted therapeutics for muscular dystrophy

Experimental therapeutics of the muscular dystrophies has made impressive advances on several fronts. Adeno-associated virus has emerged as the clear 'vector of choice' for muscle gene delivery, with successful functional rescue of dystrophic muscle in rodent models. Correction of the dystrophin gene mutation in a dog model has been reported, and several reports of progress on myogenic stem cell characterization are resurrecting cell transplantation as a possible therapeutic approach. The downstream consequences of dystrophin deficiency are being defined quickly using microarray experiments, and drugs targeting specific biochemical pathways are being tested rapidly in animal models. Such targeted drug discoveries, which are discussed in this article, have begun to be implemented in human clinical trials.
Minimax control of maximal monotone differential inclusions in ℝN

Minimax optimal control problems driven by a maximal monotone operator and a multivalued control vector field are examined. First the existence of optimal controls is established. Then their variations are examined as well as the variations of the value of the problem as its data are perturbed (sensitivity analysis). Finally a necessary and sufficient condition for minimax optimality is obtained.
The Influence of Indomethacin on Retinopathy of Prematurity

Indomethacin is used to induce pharmacologic closure of symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in premature infants. 1,2 This study was performed to examine the influence of this medication on retinopathy of prematurity. Indomethacin was used for primary medical therapy of symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in 45 newborn infants at Vanderbilt Hospital who had birthweights of less than 1,000 g. Retinal examinations were done at monthly intervals until complete normal retinal vascularization occurred or until there was no evidence of remodelling of the cicatricial retinopathy of prematurity at two separate examinations. No infant underwent cryotherapy, scleral buckling, or vitrectomy. Although asymmetric retinal abnormalities were noted, the use of a previously described grading system 3 permitted both eyes of each infant to be at the same grade level. The incidence of cicatricial retinopathy of prematurity was no different in the study population than in a birthweight-matched population seen in the same nursery during the same period.
Pulsatile Flow Patterns in Distensible Tubes

Pulsatile flow patterns in polyvinyl tubes were visualized by means of streaming birefringence and compared with those obtained using an electromagnetic flowmeter. At low flow rates the frequency spectrum of the birefringence pattern is similar to that of volume flow. As the flow rates are progressively increased, irregular eddies appear, particularly during deceleration of flow, first in the central core and later spreading into the peripheral sleeve. They are characterized by a wide frequency spectrum. The concepts of laminar and turbulent flow are reviewed and evidence is presented which indicates that the power losses associated with the observed eddies are negligible with respect to the losses due to the average flow and its pulsatile components of low frequency. Flow disturbances observed in the arterial tree appear to be similar in character to those found in the present study. It is unlikely that they can account for significant discrepancies between experimental and theoretically predicted pressure-flow relations.
Rate-Dependent Shell Element Composite Material Model Implementation in LS-DYNA

A previously developed constitutive model has been modified in order to incorporate the rate dependence of elastic modulus of the polymer matrix constituent into the nonlinear, strain-rate-dependent deformation analysis of polymer matrix composites. To compute the inelastic strains in the polymer matrix, state-variable-based viscoplastic equations originally developed for metals are modified in order to account for the effects of hydrostatic stresses, which are significant in polymers. The polymer constitutive equations are implemented within the strength of a material-based micromechanics method in order to predict the nonlinear, strain-rate-dependent deformation of the polymer matrix composite. The polymer and the composite models are implemented into a commercially available explicit finite-element code, LS-DYNA, as user defined materials (UMATs). The deformation behaviors of several representative polymers and two polymer matrix composites of various fiber configurations are simulated in LS-DYNA with ...
Increasing academic performance by using a timer as antecedent stimulus: A study of four cases *

This study attempted to determine the effect of a timer as an antecedent stimulus on enhancing the rate of academic performance in the absence of systematic consequences. The rate in math and reading for four first graders was measured. Using these two dimensions as the dependent variable, an antecedent stimulus (timer) was introduced to determine its effects on rate of performance. No systematic consequence was contingent upon academic performance. A multiple-baseline design across the two academic dimensions was used to evaluate the behavioral intervention. When the timer was introduced preceding math performance, but not in reading, rate increased in math for all subjects (from .85 to 2.03). This rate increase did not occur in reading. Only when the timer was also introduced to precede reading performance did the reading rate increase as well for all subjects (from 1.36 to 4.49). These findings suggest that the teacher does not have to be limited to contingency management in the classroom. The manipulation of antecedent stimuli offers an alternative or complementary classroom procedure for increasing academic performance.
Spatial resolution of images reconstructed from a bulk-detection scanning-laser microscope

We present theory and experimental data on the minimum detectable feature size and spatial resolution for a scanning-laser microscope system that uses bulk photodetection. In the analysis, interactions of laser photons with an object are given a probability function that varies with the position within an object. Typical interactions that can be measured with such a scanning device include photon absorption (densitometry), scattering, and photofluorescence. Because bulk photodetection is used, image resolution is a function of laser-probe spot size and recording precision. We present data from simulations that predict a minimum separation between feature centers of approximately 1.56 times the half-width of the laser spot. Experimental verification by scans of U.S. Air Force test targets confirms this theory.
Current status of antiviral therapy for juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are among the most prevalent of the sexually transmitted diseases, with up to 75% of women in the United States acquiring genital HPV infection at some point in their lives. HPV infections of the genital tract are of medical and public health concern due to their propensity to lead to the development of cervical cancer, and because they can be transmitted to the respiratory tract of a newborn child, resulting in juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (JO-RRP). JO-RRP is the second most common cause of hoarseness among pediatric patients, and is the most common benign neoplasm in the larynx. The traditional treatment for JO-RRP is the physical removal of the wart through laryngoscopy and surgical debulking of the airway papillomas. Papillomas frequently recur following surgical resection, however, often necessitating repeated ablative efforts to maintain a patent airway. In a minority of patients, surgical management must be supplemented with adjuvant medical therapy, with interferon being the best studied and most commonly utilized. Recently, a Phase II investigation of a therapeutic vaccine yielded promising results, and a Phase III evaluation of this therapeutic modality is planned. Other adjuvant treatments currently being utilized, but for which controlled data of benefit are lacking, include cidofovir, indole-3-carbinol, ribavirin, mumps vaccine, and photodynamic therapy. As with surgical management, viral persistence occurs following treatment with these adjuvant modalities, further contributing to the challenge of managing patients with this potentially devastating disease.
Archimedean Almost f-Algebras that Arise as Generalized Semigroup Rings

In their paper [3], P. Conrad and P. McCarthy have studied generalized semigroup algebras. This class of partially-ordered algebras has proven to be a rich source of examples. As a result, studies on these algebras made a significant contribution to the theory of lattice-ordered rings and f-algebras.
A Hierarchical Bayesian Model for Learning Nonlinear Statistical Regularities in Nonstationary Natural Signals

Capturing statistical regularities in complex, high-dimensional data is an important problem in machine learning and signal processing. Models such as principal component analysis (PCA) and independent component analysis (ICA) make few assumptions about the structure in the data and have good scaling properties, but they are limited to representing linear statistical regularities and assume that the distribution of the data is stationary. For many natural, complex signals, the latent variables often exhibit residual dependencies as well as nonstationary statistics. Here we present a hierarchical Bayesian model that is able to capture higher-order nonlinear structure and represent nonstationary data distributions. The model is a generalization of ICA in which the basis function coefficients are no longer assumed to be independent; instead, the dependencies in their magnitudes are captured by a set of density components. Each density component describes a common pattern of deviation from the marginal density of the pattern ensemble; in different combinations, they can describe nonstationary distributions. Adapting the model to image or audio data yields a nonlinear, distributed code for higher-order statistical regularities that reflect more abstract, invariant properties of the signal.
Using measurements of fill factor at high irradiance to deduce heterobarrier band offsets

Using a 2D device simulation tool, we examine the high irradiance behavior of a single junction, GaAs concentrator cell as a function of the doping in the back surface confinement layer. The confinement layer is designed to be a barrier for both holes and electrons in the base of the solar cell. For a p-type base we show that the FF of the cell at high concentrations is a strong function of both the magnitude of the valence band offset and the doping level in the barrier. In short, for a given valence band offset (VBO), there is a critical barrier doping, below which the FF drops rapidly with lower doping. This behavior is confirmed experimentally for a GalnP/GaAs double heterostructure solar cell where the critical doping concentration (at 500 suns) in the back surface confinement layer is ∼1e 18 cm−3 for a VBO of 300 meV.
Comorbid conditions associated with Parkinson's disease: A population-based study

The burden of comorbidity in Parkinson's disease (PD) remains unclear. All Olmsted County, Minnesota, residents with incident PD in 1976-1995 (n = 197) plus one age- and sex-matched non-PD referent subject per case were followed for all clinical diagnoses from 5 years before through 15 years after index (i.e., year of PD onset for each case and same year for the referent subject). Both members of a case-referent pair were censored at death or emigration of either member to ensure equivalent follow-up. Cases and referent subjects were compared for summary comorbidity (Charlson index) and for the likelihood of having one or more diagnoses within each International Classification of Diseases chapter/subchapter. Before index, the groups were similar for all comparisons. After index, cases had a higher likelihood of diagnoses within the chapters "Mental Disorders" and "Diseases of the Genitourinary System," and within the subchapters "Organic Psychotic Conditions," "Other Psychoses," "Neurotic/Personality/Other Nonpsychotic Disorders," "Hereditary/Degenerative Diseases of Central Nervous System," "Symptoms," "Other Diseases of Digestive System," "Other Diseases of Urinary System," "Diseases of Veins/Lymphatics/Other Circulatory System Diseases," "Fractures of Lower Limb," "Other Diseases of Skin/Subcutaneous Tissue," "Osteopathies/Chrondropathies/Acquired Musculoskeletal Deformities," and "Pneumonia and Influenza." The excess morbidity and mortality observed for persons with PD are consistent with recognized PD sequelae.
Effects of Different Imaging Models on Least-Squares Image Reconstruction Accuracy in Photoacoustic Tomography

In the classic formulation of photoacoustic tomography (PAT), two distinct descriptions of the imaging model have been employed for developing reconstruction algorithms. We demonstrate that the numerical and statistical properties of unweighted least-squares reconstruction algorithms associated with each imaging model are generally very different. Specifically, some PAT reconstruction algorithms, including many of the iterative algorithms previously explored, do not work directly with the raw measured pressure wavefields, but rather with an integrated data function that is obtained by temporally integrating the photoacoustic wavefield. The integration modifies the statistical distribution of the data, introducing statistical correlations among samples. This change is highly significant for iterative algorithms, many of which explicitly or implicitly seek to minimize a statistical cost function. In this work, we demonstrate that iterative reconstruction by least-squares minimization yields better resolution-noise tradeoffs when working with the raw pressure data than with the integrated data commonly employed. In addition, we demonstrate that the raw-data based approach is less sensitive to certain deterministic errors, such as dc offset errors.