cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional saturated-unsaturated flow with axial symmetry to a partially penetrating well in a compressible unconfined aquifer

[1] A new analytical solution is presented for the delayed response process characterizing flow to a partially penetrating well in an unconfined aquifer. The new solution generalizes that of Neuman (1972, 1974) by accounting for unsaturated flow above the water table. Three-dimensional, axially symmetric flow in the unsaturated zone is described by a linearized version of Richards' equation in which hydraulic conductivity and water content vary exponentially with incremental capillary pressure head relative to its air entry value (defining the interface between the saturated and unsaturated zones). Unsaturated soil properties are characterized by an exponent κ having the dimension of inverse length or, equivalently, a dimensionless exponent κD = κb, where b is initial saturated thickness. Our treatment of the unsaturated zone is similar to that of Kroszynski and Dagan (1975), who, however, have ignored internal (artesian) aquifer storage. According to Kroszynski and Dagan, aquifers that are not excessively shallow have values of κD (their parameter a) much greater than 10. We find that in such typical cases, unsaturated flow has little impact on early and late dimensionless time drawdown a short distance below the water table. Unsaturated flow causes drawdown to increase slightly at intermediate dimensionless time values that represent transition from an early artesian-dominated to a late water-table-dominated flow regime. Delayed drainage from the unsaturated zone becomes less and less important as κD increases; as κD → ∞, this effect dies out, and drawdown is controlled entirely by delayed decline in the water table as in the model of Neuman. The unsaturated zone has a major impact on drawdown at intermediate time and a significant impact at early and late times, in the atypical case of κD ≤ 1, becoming the dominant factor as κD approaches zero (the soil water retention capacity becomes very large and/or saturated thickness becomes insignificant). Our new solution was used to analyze field data from a pumping test conducted by Moench et al. (2001) in a glacial outwash deposit at Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The solution was fitted individually and simultaneously to time-drawdown data from 20 piezometers and observation wells and simultaneously to data from three piezometers in each of two clusters at various depths and distances from the pumping well, with very good results. Our parameter estimates of hydraulic conductivities from the simultaneous fit are similar to those obtained previously by Moench (2004), but our estimates of specific yield and storage are smaller and larger, respectively, while our estimate of κ is not comparable with his estimates of three empirical parameters.
Gravitational field maps and navigational errors [unmanned underwater vehicles]

Gravitational field maps are used to correct navigational errors that tend to accumulate in some navigational systems presently in use on unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs). Two essential elements of such a system are an algorithm to calculate field maps from sparsely and irregularly sampled measured field data and an algorithm to match locally measured field values to an a priori field map. A kriging algorithm is used to calculate a variety of field maps from both simulated and measured field data that vary in resolution and in the density of data used to calculate the maps. Then, navigational errors are simulated and a novel map-matching algorithm is used with the various field maps to assess both the utility of the map-matching algorithm and the effect of map resolution and the density of measured data on the accuracy of the navigational solution. It is shown that although the accuracy of the navigational solution depends on the resolution of the field map, the number of local field samples along the UUV path, the location of the UUV path on the field map and the initial navigation errors, that a kriging algorithm may be used with sparse arrays of measured gravitational-field data.
ModelingWeb Services using Semantic Graph Transformations to aid Automatic Composition

In this paper, we propose a novel way of modeling Web services using semantic graph transformations. Each operation supported by a Web service is associated with a semantic annotation that describes the input and output messages using RDF graph patterns. The terms used in these patterns are defined in OWL ontologies that describe the application domain. A key difference between our model and existing semantic Web service models like OWLS is that it describes the inputs and outputs in terms of instance-based graph patterns, rather than in terms of concepts. This allows associating a rich set of constraints on the input and output data in terms of relations between instances. We also propose a composition model for Web service operations, that describes the conditions for composing services into workflows. The composition model includes the notion of semantic propagation, i.e. the semantic description of the output message of an operation depends on the semantics of the input message. We have developed a planner that uses this model to compose services, automatically. The planner uses DLP reasoning to aid plan search. We present performance results for the planner.
Longitudinal Study of the Transition From Healthy Aging to Alzheimer Disease

Recent studies have focused on identifying the beginning of the transition from healthy aging to dementia. As new interventions become available, it will become important to identify the disease as early as possible. A piecewise regression analysis of a measure of episodic memory identified an inflection point 5 years before diagnosis in the Bronx Aging Study.1 A flat trajectory followed by decline beginning 7 years before diagnosis of dementia was reported for the same measure in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging,2 which also found decline in executive function that increased in rate 2 to 3 years before diagnosis. Episodic memory is not the only aspect of cognition that can be affected in preclinical Alzheimer disease (AD).3 Indeed, mild cognitive impairment, often thought to represent a transitional state between healthy cognitive aging and AD, is defined on the basis of deficits in cognitive domains in addition to memory.4 In this article we examine cognitive domains beyond episodic memory and executive function to test hypotheses about the existence of inflection points before clinical diagnosis of dementia. Based on the identification of common factor structures in cognitively healthy individuals and those with AD,5 we examined global mental ability and 3 specific cognitive domains (verbal memory, working memory, and visuospatial ability) through a long preclinical period as people developed dementia and compared them with those who remained cognitively healthy. Results from longitudinal studies6–9 support an early observation10 that the overall course of healthy aging is relatively stable compared with the cognitive decline, often precipitous, experienced by those who develop dementia. We sought to model that change to determine when the inflection occurs before dementia detection and the rate of change afterward for different cognitive domains and to validate these clinical observations in an autopsy-confirmed sample.
Normalization of two-channel microarray experiments: a semiparametric approach

Motivation: An important underlying assumption of any experiment is that the experimental subjects are similar across levels of the treatment variable, so that changes in the response variable can be attributed to exposure to the treatment under study. This assumption is often not valid in the analysis of a microarray experiment due to systematic biases in the measured expression levels related to experimental factors such as spot location (often referred to as a print-tip effect), arrays, dyes, and various interactions of these effects. Thus, normalization is a critical initial step in the analysis of a microarray experiment, where the objective is to balance the individual signal intensity levels across the experimental factors, while maintaining the effect due to the treatment under investigation. Results: Various normalization strategies have been developed including log-median centering, analysis of variance modeling, and local regression smoothing methods for removing linear and/or intensity-dependent systematic effects in two-channel microarray experiments. We describe a method that incorporates many of these into a single strategy, referred to as two-channel fastlo, and is derived from a normalization procedure that was developed for single-channel arrays. The proposed normalization procedure is applied to a two-channel dose--response experiment. Availability: The SAS macro for two-channel fastlo is available from the authors upon request and the data used to test the methods is publicly available at http://www.bch.msu.edu/~zacharet/publications/supplementary/ee_dr Contact: [email protected]
Practice Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Sporotrichosis

The recommendations for the treatment of sporotrichosis were derived primarily from multicenter, nonrandomized treatment trials, small retrospective series, and case reports; no randomized, comparative treatment trials have been reported. Most cases of sporotrichosis are non‐life-threatening localized infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissues that can be treated with oral antifungal agents. The treatment of choice for fixed cutaneous or lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis is itraconazole for 3‐6 months. The preferred treatment for osteoarticular sporotrichosis also is itraconazole, but therapy must be continued for at least 12 months. Pulmonary sporotrichosis responds poorly to treatment. Severe infection requires treatment with amphotericin B; mild to moderate infection can be treated with itraconazole. Meningeal and disseminated forms of sporotrichosis are rare and usually require treatment with amphotericin B. AIDS patients most often have disseminated infection and require life-long suppressive therapy with itraconazole after initial use of amphotericin B. Overview. Sporotrichosis is caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii, which is found throughout the world in decaying vegetation, sphagnum moss, and soil [1]. The usual mode of infection is by cutaneous inoculation of the organism. Pulmonary and disseminated forms of infection, although uncommon, can occur when S. schenckii conidia are inhaled. Infections are most often sporadic and usually associated with trauma during the course of outdoor work. Infection can also be related to zoonotic spread from infected cats or scratches from digging animals, such as armadillos [2, 3]. Outbreaks have been well-described and often are traced back to activities that involved contaminated sphagnum moss, hay, or wood [4‐7]. Most cases of sporotrichosis are localized to the skin and subcutaneous tissues. Dissemination to osteoarticular structures and viscera is uncommon and appears to occur more often
Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy: Pathobiology and Therapeutic Targets

The cell biology and molecular mediators of proliferative vitreoretinopathy continue to be elucidated. The purpose of this review is to summarize contemporary findings in the visual and neurosciences relevant to the pathophysiology of proliferative vitreoretinopathy, with an emphasis on the biologic mediators that represent potential therapeutic targets.
An accurate flip-flop selection technique for reducing logic SER

The combination of continued technology scaling and increased on-chip transistor densities has made vulnerability to radiation induced soft errors a significant design concern. In particular, the effects of these errors on logic nodes are predicted to play an increasingly large role in determining the overall failure rate of future VLSI chips. While a myriad of techniques have been proposed to mitigate the effects of soft errors, system designers must ensure that the application of these solutions does not come at the expense of other design goals. This work presents a heuristic to selectively apply temporal redundancy to flip-flops within a pipelined logic unit, achieving significant reductions in failures associated with soft errors with minimal overhead.
Causes of spatial patterns of dead trees in forest fragments in Illinois

Natural disturbances introduce spatial heterogeneity into forests by causing non-random mortality of trees. We examined whether wind was the primary cause of spatial patterns of dead trees at fragment- and individual tree-levels in three fragments of temperate deciduous forests in Illinois, USA. Dead trees and wind-caused types of mortality were expected to be higher at forest edges, on windward aspects, in poorly-drained soils, and adjacent to existing canopy gaps. The extent of wind-related mortality was determined by comparing spatial and temporal patterns of dead trees, as well as characteristics of trees downed by single windstorms versus all dead trees. At the fragment-level, we used randomly located quadrats of 25×25 m to sample edge and interior areas of Trelease Woods, Brownfield Woods, and Hart Woods in 1995-1996 and again in 1999-2000. We noted type of mortality (standing dead, snapped-off, or uprooted trees), and measured DBH (≥ 10 cm) and direction of fall of each dead tree. The same measures were made for trees felled by two single storms in 1994. At the individual tree-level, domino effects were evaluated by comparing openness surrounding target treefalls vs. an equal sample size of living trees. The study provided limited evidence that wind caused spatial patterns of dead trees. Instead, spatial patterns of dead trees in the fragments accumulated from domino effects at the individual tree-level in two of the three fragments. Dead trees were more associated with preexisting gaps. Contrary to our predictions at the fragment-level, the frequency of dead trees was not greater at edges, on windward aspects, or in poorly drained soils. This study demonstrated the complexity of spatial patterns of dead trees in forest fragments. The significant domino effects indicated that the occurrence of dead trees was not random, but determined by previous disturbances.
Constrained control of very flexible aircraft using reference and extended command governors

This paper presents a control scheme composed of a closed loop system consisting of a dynamic inversion inner loop controller and a proportional, integral, derivative outer loop controller augmented with either a reference or an extended command governor that is developed for very flexible aircraft flight trajectory control. The governors enforce curvature limits, which are directly proportional to bending moment, on a very flexible aircraft model following a flight path angle set-point command.
Ice iron/sodium film as cause for high noctilucent cloud radar reflectivity

Noctilucent clouds, tiny cold electrically charged ice grains located at about 85 km altitude, exhibit anomalously high radar reflectivity. It is shown that this observed high radar reflectivity can be explained by assuming the ice grains are coated by a thin metal film; substantial evidence exists indicating that such a film exists and is caused by the deposition of iron and sodium atoms on the ice grain from iron and sodium layers located immediately above the noctilucent cloud layer. The number of conduction electrons in the thin metal film coating an ice grain is very large. When averaged over the volume occupied by a large number of ice grains, the quivering of these metal film electrons provides a much larger contribution to radar reflectivity than does the much smaller number of dusty plasma electrons or electron holes. Using observations indicating that noctilucent clouds are the dominant sink for the summer-time iron and sodium layers, it is shown that a sufficiently thick metal layer should form on a typical ice grain in a few hours to a few days.
Perceptions of Suicide Stigma.

Abstract. Background: Previous research has failed to examine perceptions of stigma experienced by individuals with a history of suicidal behavior, and few studies have examined how stigma is experienced based on whether it was perceived from treatment providers or social network members. Aims: This study examined stigma experienced by individuals with previous suicidal behavior from both treatment providers and individuals in one’s social and family networks. Method: Individuals (n = 156) with a lifetime history of suicidal behavior were recruited through the American Association of Suicidology listserv. Results: Respondents reported the highest rates of perceived stigma with a close family member (57.1%) and emergency department personnel (56.6%). Results indicated that individuals with previous suicidal behavior were more likely to experience stigma from non-mental health providers and social network members than from mental health providers. A hierarchical regression model including both source and ty...
Abstract 114: Macrophages Mediate the Ability of the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products to Prevent Formation of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in a Murine Model

INTRODUCTION: The pathophysiology of AAAs is multifactorial, involving chronic inflammation, increased MMP expression/activity, and medial elastic fiber destruction. RAGE transduces the biological impact of ligand families including AGEs, S100, and HMGB1 to upregulate inflammatory and tissue injury-provoking genes including MMPs. We previously identified increased RAGE expression in human AAAs and have shown that the absence of RAGE, whether by genetic deletion or pharmacologic blockade with sRAGE, prevents AAA formation in a mouse model. We sought to characterize the cellular mediators of this effect. METHODS: C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and RAGE null (KO) mice underwent transient elastase perfusion to induce AAAs. Mice were sacrificed at day 14 and flow cytometry performed to characterize differences in activation (CD69+) of lymphocytes (CD4/8), neutrophils (GR1+/CD11b+), macrophages (F480), NK cells (NK1.1) (n=24/group). Immunohistochemistry was performed for Mac-3 and Arg 1 (M2 marker) or Arg 2 (M1 marker). Primary BMDMs were isolated and skewed towards M1 (LPS/IFN i) or M2 (LPS, IL-4, IL-13) with the addition of S100b or HMGB1 to determine the ligands' effect upon macrophage skewing by ELISA. RESULTS: Flow cytometry revealed increased aortic expression of activated CD8+ cells (p=0.002), macrophages (p-0.002), and NK cells (p=0.03). No differences were noted in cellular activation from spleens from the same animals. Immunohistochemistry revealed increased macrophage expression in WT vs KO aortae, highest at day 5 (p=0.04). Arg 1 and 2 expression on macrophages was elevated in WT vs KO animals (p=0.03). Skewing BMDMs from WT and KO towards M1 led to elevated TNFα with addition of either S100b (p=0.02) or HMGB1 (p=0.03). Skewing BMDMs towards M2 led to elevated IL-10 in KO vs WT cells with the addition of S100b (p=0.01). HMGB1 has no effect upon skewing towards M2. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of RAGE in the development of murine AAA appears to be mediated by macrophages. Differential macrophage skewing towards an M1 by both S100b and HMGB1 likely plays a role in this effect. Skewing towards M2 is mediated by S100b and not HMGB1. Further studies will seek to identify at which stage in AAA formation activation of the RAGE-ligand axis becomes functionally important.
Emptiness (Kong 空): Insight-Based Emotional Transformations

This chapter investigates emotional transformations involved in the Chinese Buddhist notion of kong (emptiness). Kong is the affective side of the insight coin known as wu (enlightenment) in Chinese Buddhism. Kong consists of three components: heuristics, metacognition, and savoring. In kong, the breakthroughs in consciousness, known as insight, are driven by the combined forces of two factors—strong evaluation made possible by the categorical reasoning of heuristics, and extensive processing, made possible by savoring severe loss and goal block in life.
Therapist and client discussions of drinking and coping: a sequential analysis of therapy dialogues in three evidence-based alcohol use disorder treatments.

Research into the active ingredients of behavioral interventions for alcohol use disorders (AUD) has focused upon treatment-specific factors, often yielding disappointing results. The present study examines common factors of change in motivational enhancement therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy and 12-Step facilitation therapy by (1) estimating transitional probabilities between therapist behaviors and subsequent client Change (CT) and Sustain (ST) Talk and (2) examining therapist skillfulness as a potential predictor of transition probability magnitude. Secondary data analysis examined temporal associations in therapy dialogues. United States: data were from Project MATCH (Matching Alcoholism Treatments to Client Homogeneity) (1997). One hundred and twenty-six participants who received motivational enhancement therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy or 12-Step facilitation therapy. Therapist behaviors were measured in three categories (exploring, teaching, connecting) and client statements included five categories (CT-distal, ST-distal, CT-proximal, ST-proximal, neutral). Therapist skillfulness was measured using a five-point ordinal scale. Relative to chance, therapist exploratory behaviors predicted subsequent client discussion of distal, drinking behavior [odds ratio (OR) = 1.37-1.78, P < 0.001] while suppressing discussion of proximal coping and neutral content (OR = 0.83-0.90, P < 0.01). Unexpectedly, therapist teaching suppressed distal drinking language (OR = 0.48-0.53, P < 0.001) and predicted neutral content (OR = 1.45, P < 0.001). Connecting behaviors increased both drinking and coping language, particularly language in favor of change (CT OR = 1.15-1.84, P < 0.001). Analyses of exploring and connecting skillfulness revealed that high skillfulness maximized these behaviors effect on client responses, but not teaching skillfulness. In motivational enhancement therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and 12-Step facilitation therapy for alcohol use disorders, the therapists who explore and connect with clients appear to be more successful at eliciting discussion about change than therapists who engage in teaching behavior. Therapists who are more skilled achieve better results than those who are less skilled.
The Descendants: directed by Alexander Payne. Written by Alexander Payne, Nat Faxon, Jim Rash, and Kaui Hart Hemmings. Produced by Jim Burke. Los Angeles, CA: Fox Searchlight Pictures, Ad Hominem Enterprises, 2011.

The complexity of family dynamics while coping with the loss of a loved one is the primary focus of The Descendants. After his wife, Elizabeth (Patricia Hastie), sustains a serious head injury in a...
RNA in polysomes is an inhibitor of manganese superoxide dismutase RNA-binding protein activity

A redox-sensitive protein in rat lung binds to the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) mRNA; the activity of this Mn-SOD RNA-binding protein (Mn-SOD-BP) is greater in 12,000-g supernatant fractions (S12) from neonates than in S12 from adults (H. Fazzone, A. Wangner, and L. B. Clerch. J. Clin. Invest. 92: 1278-1281, 1993). To determine the mechanism underlying this developmental difference, lung subcellular fractions were tested for their effect on Mn-SOD-BP activity. Protein in the 130,000-g supernatant (S130) of lung extracts bound the 3'-UTR. However, the developmental difference in binding was not present in S130. The 130,000-g pellet (P130) did not bind the 3'-UTR; rather, it contained an inhibitor of Mn-SOD-BP activity. Addition of P130 to S130 decreased RNA binding in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, adult P130 was a more potent inhibitor of RNA-binding activity than neonatal P130. These data indicate that the developmental difference in Mn-SOD-BP activity is due, in part, to an inhibitor in P130. Biochemical characterization revealed that the inhibitor is an RNA that may participate in the posttranscriptional control of Mn-SOD gene expression.
Effects of the Synthetic Androgen Fluoxymesterone on Triglyceride Secretion Rates in the Rat

Fluoxymesterone, a C-17 methylated derivative of testosterone employed in the treatment of renal-failure patients with refractory anemia, was administered to Sprague-Dawley rats and the effects on plasma triglyceride (TG) and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) levels and the rate of hepatic triglyceride secretion (TGSR) into plasma determined (Triton). Animals treated with fluoxymesterone demonstrated significantly lower TG (less than 0.05) and no alteration in TGSR. These findings are consistent with other observations which suggest that the triglyceride-lowering effect of androgens results from an accelerated rate of removal of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins from plasma.
An Interview with Irving A. Leonard

O VER thirty years ago, struggling desperately wvith my first seminar paper as a history graduate student, frustrated, in fact, almost demoralized by my first encouniter with writing history, I trudged up four flights of stairs to John Tate Lanning's office in the gothic tower of the Duke University Library. Sensing my frustration, Lanning somehow forsook his normal role as the stern, demanding Puritanical father, heard me out patiently and sympathetically, arched his eyebrows, and said finally: "Why don't you read Books of the Brave. Irving Leonard works hard at his writing and knows how to write; I can't think of a better model." That was my first introduction to Irving Leonard and the beginning of an intellectual tie that has lasted ever since. His host of achievements-dispelling the myth of Spanish obscurantism in the Indies, analysis of the book trade, contributions to the cultural history of colonial Hispanic America, filling the large gap in seventeenth-century Latin American historiography wvith his prize-winning Baroque Times in Old Mexico, and the fine translation of Mariano Picon-Salas's Cultural History, which has served us so well in the classroom-has only strengthened the bond that Lanning initiated in 1951. Born on December 1, 1896, Irving A. Leonard grew up in New Haven, Connecticut, and was always singularly proud to be a yanqui. In fact, commented one of his students later: "If Quixote returned as a Yankee, without doubt he would be called Irving A. Leonard." After attending New Haven schools, he matriculated at nearby Yale University, where he pursued a degree in the natural sciences, something akin to forestry today. At graduation, however, as a result of an overweaning desire to go abroad to use a developing expertise in Spanish, a language that had fascinated him from his youth, he took a position with a business firm in the Philippines. He spent three years in the islands, working, teaching, and also marrying there. Returning to the United States, he taught high school for a year in California before entering the University of California at Berke-
Denitrification of Nitrate-Rich Water Using Entrapped-Mixed-Microbial Cells Immobilization Technique

A denitrification process was examined by using Entrapped-Mixed-Microbial Cells Immobilization (EMMCI) process. The mixed microbes were entrapped into a polymeric cellulose triacetate. The reactor was operated over one year with feed concentration ranging from 50 to 850 mg NO3-N/l. The hydraulic retention times (HRT) were also varied from 1.8 to 11.3 hours. Complete denitrification was obtained at an HRT of 2.6 to 11.3 hours. At an HRT of 1.8 hours, the maximum nitrate-N loading rate of 591.6 g/m3 ·h (based on carriers volume) was achieved with an 88.3% denitrification efficiency. Under high range of NaHCO3 concentrations from 10 to 20 g/l, the denitrification efficiency above 96% could be obtained. This EMMCI process has showed very promising results in respect to nitrate removal. It can be considered as an alternative approach tor direct treatment of nitrate-rich water or in a combination with an ion exchange process with an intent to eliminate the high nitrate concentration from the spent regenerant.
Network-based APT Attack and Defense Strategies

APT,as information security threat,aims at important enterprise and government assets and constitutes a serious challenge to information systems' usability and reliability.APT,being versatile,effective,and difficult to defend,gradually becomes the main evolution trend of network infiltration and system attack,thus receiving much attention from IA researchers.Current study on APT is done principally by security vendors,and these vendors focus on output of their security concept by threat assessment,while neglecting the thorough analysis on the constitution and developing background of APT.Starting from normal definition and feature of APT,the developing background and procedure of APT attack is described in detail,and some feasible measures for detecting,reacting on and preventing APT attack are also given.
Parasitism and grooming behavior of a natural white-tailed deer population in Alabama

We assessed responses in grooming behavior to ectoparasite densities in naturally occurring white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in southwest Alabama, and tested predictions of the stimulus-driven and programmed grooming models with respect to intraspecific body size and vigilance. Stimulus-driven grooming predicts greater tick densities would lead to an increase in grooming, whereas the programmed model predicts a higher rate of grooming would decrease tick densities. Within the programmed model, smaller individuals are predicted to groom more and host fewer ticks, and, due to increased vigilance, breeding males will groom less than females and bachelor males, and thus host more ticks during the rut. We used generalized linear models to determine males had a higher average tick density than females and exhibited complete separation of tick parasitism between non-rutting and rutting periods. Our results support the stimulus-driven grooming model as both fawns and yearlings had significantly higher d...
Application to a Stochastic Burgers-Type Equation: Numerical Results

We illustrate in this chapter how the reduction procedure based on stochastic parameterizing manifolds (PMs) introduced in the previous chapter performs in the case of a Burgers-type equation perturbed by a linear multiplicative white noise. The purpose here is to illustrate that the one-layer backward-forward system ( 4.1) introduced in Chap. 4 provides, for a broad class of regimes, candidates of PMs, which lead to reduced equations that model the SPDE dynamics projected onto the resolved (low) modes with good performances. In particular, by comparing with an averaged version of the reduced equations, we demonstrate that the memory terms carried by the corresponding stochastic PMs are crucial for the stochastic PM-based reduced equations to capture noise-induced phenomena such as the large excursions of the dynamics on the low modes.
Lipoic Acid Biosynthesis and Enzymology

Lipoic acid is a relatively small dithiol-containing metabolite that serves as a key cofactor in several multienzyme complexes that function in energy metabolism or the degradation of several amino acids. In its cofactor form, it is tethered in an amide linkage to the e-amino group of conserved lysyl residues that reside on designated lipoyl carrier proteins (LCPs). Although not absolutely ubiquitous, it is found in Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria. Its cellular importance is underscored by the observation that many organisms can synthesize it de novo as well as scavenge it from nutrient sources. Lipoic acid is also gaining momentum as a broad-spectrum antioxidant, and in some countries has been prescribed since the 1960s for the treatment of a number of diseases associated with oxidative stress. The participation of lipoic acid in its role as a cofactor has been studied in detail, particularly with respect to the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC), the multienzyme complex that serves as the prototype for enzymes that utilize it as a cofactor. By contrast, the pathways by which the cofactor is formed have only fairly recently been illuminated. This chapter will describe these pathways, most clearly understood in Escherichia coli, and highlight the enzymology associated with the participant enzymes.
Trends in the Incidence of Hypertensive Emergencies in US Emergency Departments From 2006 to 2013.

BackgroundThe incidence of hypertensive emergency in US emergency departments (ED) is not well established. Methods and ResultsThis study is a descriptive epidemiological analysis of nationally rep...
Recent Evolutionary History of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype B—Response

Abstract The year of origin estimated by Lukashov and Goudsmit for HIV-1 subtype B is 1976 (95% CI, 1974–1977); this is significantly different from our prior estimate, 1967 (95% CI, 1960–1971). We review published evidence, which suggests that their estimate is too late.
Surveying Professional Forecasters

This case illustrates how averaging point forecasts harnesses the wisdom of crowds. Students access data from the Survey of Professional Forecasters (SPF) and compare the performance of the crowd (i.e., the average point forecasts) to the average performance of the individual panelists and the best performer from the previous period.The case is intended for use in a class on forecasting, and the instructor can present it in three ways: with all necessary SPF data cleaned and preprocessed in a student spreadsheet (UVA-QA-0805X, provided with the case); with code (also provided in the student spreadsheet) written by the case authors in R, the statistical computing package, as well as a supplementary handout (UVA-QA-0805H, also provided with the case), which walks students through R code, explaining how to clean and analyze the SPF data; or as a team project to be worked on over several days, providing neither the spreadsheet nor the supplement. Excerpt UVA-QA-0805 Rev. Apr. 7, 2014 SURVEYING PROFESSIONAL FORECASTERS Since 1981, the Wall Street Journal surveyed economists for point forecasts of economic indicators such as gross domestic product (GDP), inflation, and unemployment. These forecasts were scored and ranked annually based on their accuracy. The top-ranked forecasters were celebrated in a special announcement of the complete ranking on the Journal's website, typically followed by a press release by the top forecasters' employers. In 2012, the Journal decided for the first time to average all the forecasts for each indicator and present that set of forecasts as an additional panelist. The economists' average forecast, or “the crowd,” was then ranked alongside the actual panelists. How had the economists' average forecast performed? How did the crowd compare to “chasing the expert”? Among the 49 panelists, it ranked 12th in 2012. Yet Don Leavens and Tim Gill, the top-ranked team in 2011, came in 5th in 2012 (see Exhibits 1 and 2). What did this say about the wisdom of the crowd? . . .
THE ASSOCIATION OF GERONTOLOGY IN HIGHER EDUCATION (AGHE) GERONTOLOGY EDUCATION COMPETENCIES

The Association of Gerontology in Higher Education (AGHE) is a global leader in education on aging and has revitalized competencies for gerontology education programs at the Associate, Bachelor’s and Master’s degree levels over a 3-year iterative process. This presentation will review the consensus-building process that used a tiered “circle of influence” method, the foundations and organization of the competencies, and the final set of AGHE gerontology education competencies. This presentation will include examples of utilizing the competencies for curricula development, application of a newly designed curriculum mapping tool and approaches to competency-based outcome evaluation. Discussion will include how the AGHE competencies are now being integrated into the Accreditation of Gerontology Education Council as one international program review criterion for programmatic accreditation of gerontology education programs.
Companion Bills and Cross-Chamber Collaboration in the U.S. Congress:

The U.S. House and Senate were designed to have an adversarial relationship. Yet, House members and senators often collaborate on the introduction of “companion” bills. We develop a theory of these...
Cumulative Risk and Immigrant Youth's Health and Educational Achievement: Mediating Effects of Inter- and Intra-Familial Social Capital.

Using data from Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study, this study examined the longitudinal effects of cumulative risk of immigrant parents on immigrant youth’s health and educational achieveme...
Three antenna ranges based on articulated robotic arms at the national institute of standards and technology † : Usability for over-the-air and standard near-field measurements

NIST has developed an antenna range that uses coordinated industrial robotic systems for measuring milli-meter wave (mmWave) antenna patterns and gain. The Configurable Robotic millimeter Antenna (CROMMA) facility employs a multi-axis articulated serial robotic arm to place probes accurately around a test article. The positional and temporal capabilities, shown by CROMMA, has become a springboard to develop two new robotic ranges for use primarily from 0.5–30 GHz. Both of these systems are based upon commercial-coordinated-kinematic systems with multiple degrees of freedom. The first is the dual six-axis, robotic-arm Large Antenna Positioning System (LAPS). It is designed to perform large volume scanning with an emphasis on Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) and Over-the-Air (OTA) testing. The second system employs a seven-axis robotic arm to perform communication testing of Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) systems and will be used to establish modulated and continuous-wave field references. We will discuss the advantages, limitations and techniques employed to use these commercial robotic systems for accurate time-sensitive positioning and coordination with communications measurement equipment.
Physicians as the First Analytical Chemists: Gall Nut Extract Determination of Iron Ion (Fe2+) Concentration

Many students enroll in college general chemistry with an interest in a medical career. In those (and alternative) careers, they will need to make critical decisions about data and how that data are acquired. A significant portion of introductory lab experiments are, in principle, but not necessarily in practice, devoted to understanding how chemical information is gained and how it is deemed reliable. Here we report on a laboratory experiment that is presented as a guided inquiry investigation grounded in the history of science and the link between early medicine and quantitative data. Oak gall extract is used to quantitatively determine the amount of iron present in a water sample using UV–vis absorbance. In this experiment, students are introduced to the Beer–Lambert law, calibration curves, and the reading of UV–vis spectra
Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrochemical Analyses of Vanadocene Tetrametaphosphate and Phosphinate Derivatives

The synthesis and characterization of a series of new vanadocene-derived tetrametaphosphate or diphenylphosphinate complexes, [PPN]2[CpV(P4O12)] (1), [Cp2VOP(O)Ph2] (2), [CpV(μ2-O2PPh2)4VCp] (3), and [Cp2V(μ2-O2PPh2)2VCp2][PF6]2 (4), is reported ([PPN]+ = bis(triphenylphosphoranylidene)ammonium; Cp = η5-cyclopentadienyl). The complexes were synthesized from the methyl vanadocene (Cp2VMe) precursor, through protonation of the Me or Cp linkages using the tetrametaphosphate or phosphinate acid precursors [PPN]2[P4O12H2] (for 1) and Ph2P(O)OH (for 2 and 3). Oxidation of 2 with [Fc][PF6] resulted in dimerization, yielding the bimetallic 4 ([Fc]+ = ferrocenium). Electrochemical analysis of this reaction revealed a possible ECE mechanism that includes prior and subsequent electron transfer to this dimerization. The electronic structure of the dimer 4 was probed by SQUID magnetommetry and X-band EPR spectroscopy (100 and 4 K). The dimer was found to contain two antiferromagnetically coupled VIV centers, as well a...
Results Reporting for Trials With the Same Sponsor, Drug, and Condition in ClinicalTrials.gov and Peer-Reviewed Publications.

This study examines the extent to which trials registered in ClinicalTrials.gov by individual sponsors for the same drug and condition were available publicly in ClinicalTrials.gov and/or PubMed.
Learning and Memory: Computational Models

Models of neural basis of learning and memory (also known as computational models or neural networks) are computer programs that attempt to simulate the performance of various brain structures in learning and memory, based on the theorized function of those brain structures. Models can be applied to learning and memory at different levels of specificity. At a general level, psychological models deal with a mathematical formula which is theorized as a mechanism for a learning task but do not apply this mechanism to any particular brain region. At a more complex level, computational models can apply a mechanism for learning to a particular brain region, but do not deal with any of the details of the circuitry or connections within that region. Finally, neural networks apply mechanisms to particular brain regions based on the circuitry and connectivity of the brain region thought to be responsible for a particular learning task. Models have been developed to account for many different types of learning. Some examples of these models to be discussed are cerebellar models of motor learning, hippocampal models of spatial learning, episodic memory, and classical conditioning, and amygdala models of conditioned fear.
Understanding biodiversity: The importance of sexual dimorphism in the micro- and macroevolution of hummingbirds

For centuries, biologists have asked "why are there so many species, and why do we see such magnificent biological diversity?" This dissertation addresses this question by examining sexual size and shape dimorphism hummingbird bills at both a micro and macroevolutionary scale. Specifically, I quantify sexual size and shape dimorphism of bill morphology of 269 species of hummingbirds and begin with a species-level study to find that community structure might be a driving factor in the evolution of sexual size dimorphism in 2 sister species of hummingbirds, and the presence of sexual shape dimorphism in one of those species. I then broaden my study to a clade-level analysis, examining the Mellisugini clade. I find that, while the majority of hummingbird species in the clade exhibit sexual size dimorphism, only 3 of 32 display shape dimorphism. Exploration of factors that may be underlying these patterns may be community structure, where species-poor communities tend to have a greater degree of sexual dimorphism than those in species-
Memory: Models of Episodic Memory and Related Research Issues

What did you have for lunch a week ago? Assuming your diet is somewhat more varied than a daily hamburger, a reasonable guess is that you do not remember what you did have to eat. In fact, if you grace various food establishments with your presence, you probably have difficulty remembering where you ate that day. Of course, if you happened to have dropped your tray in a cafeteria on that occasion, you may find the entire episode, including the contents of the tray, to be distinctive enough to be readily accessible for recall. This is far from being an isolated incident. What about the attempt at humor one of your professors made in class the other day? You may remember the gist of the humor, but not the finer details. Even a vigorous search of your memory system will probably fail to retrieve those missing details. How much do you remember of the last commercial you watched on television? Of the last sporting event you attended?
Productivity and Prices in Manufacturing During an Era of Rising Concentration

Concentration has increased over the last 30 years or so in a variety of industries. This development has raised concern about weakened competition and resulting harm to consumers. Calls for tougher antitrust enforcement have become louder. There is also concern that rising concentration may be at least symptomatically related to declining business dynamism and lower productivity growth. There is, however, only sporadic evidence on these matters. This paper provides more systematic evidence on the interplay between concentration, prices and productivity across several hundred US manufacturing industries over two 15 year periods from 1982-2012. The consistent pattern is that high and rising concentration has been on average associated with better productivity growth. Rising concentration has also been associated with widening margins of price over input costs. On balance, the net price effects are trivial. Accordingly some skepticism about tougher merger policy may be warranted, since this would risk harm to productivity without benefiting consumers.
Probabilistic Graph Security for Networked Multi-Robot Systems

In this paper, we develop a method for determining the probability of a multi-robot system (MRS) being secure when robot interactions are modeled as a probabilistic graph. To define the security of an MRS, we apply an existing control-theoretic notion of network attacks based on the left invertibility of a dynamical system. We then extend previous work by assuming probabilistic robot communication and sensing, modeling the effects of noise, failure, or adversarial influence on interactions in the network. The probabilistic graph security problem can then be seen as a variant of problems solved in the field of system reliability. This interpretation motivates the application of an efficient graphical representation of boolean functions known as binary decision diagrams (BDDs). Specifically, we use the canonical properties of a special type of BDD, the Reduced Order BDD, to generate a tree that can be efficiently traversed to compute the probability that a networked MRS is left invertible, and thus, secure. We then show how our adopted approach can be applied to systems that have interactions that change over time, e.g., for mobile multi-robot teams. Finally, we demonstrate the validity of our method by simulating a mobile MRS performing a rendezvous objective, while tracking its probability of security over time.
Establishing Shot Type Affects Arousal and Cognitive Load During Transitions Between Novel Interior Locations in Films.

An “establishing shot” prefaces a scene in a movie with a wide shot of the scene’s location. It is meant to help viewers process a shift to a new location. Establishing shots can depict the actors in the space in which they will be acting, the exterior of a building, or the larger geographic context of the scene. While use of an establishing shot is standard filmmaking practice, some argue that establishing shots are unnecessary. This study sought to investigate how effective four types of establishing shots are at helping viewers process location shifts. Pupil diameter was recorded using the MangoldVision eye tracking system as a measure of arousal and cognitive load. Oxygenation levels in the prefrontal cortex provided an additional measure of cognitive load assessed through Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS). We expected scene transitions to be followed by transient increases in pupil diameter and oxygenation levels, suggesting increased cognitive load and arousal. We predicted that participants should experience less cognitive load and arousal after a transition to a new scene when that scene has been prefaced with an establishing shot and that these effects would be greatest for establishing shots that depict actors. We found that geographic establishing shots produced significantly lower average pupil diameter than all other establishing shot types and the use of no establishing shot. Actors establishing shots also elicited significantly lower average pupil diameter values than the use of no establishing shot. Maximum and average oxygenation values for the actors establishing shot condition were significantly higher than for the exterior establishing shot condition. An alpha level of 0.05 was used for all analyses. These results suggest differences between pupil diameter and fNIRS in terms of the psychological phenomenon they measure, and may inform the design of future films.