cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of techniques for characterizing the surface quality of ground silicon nitride

This study evaluates techniques used to detect and quantify the extent of surface and subsurface damage in ground silicon nitride. Specimens of two differently ground surfaces of a hot isostatically pressed (HIP) silicon nitride, commercially designated as GS-44, were subjected to six types of analyses, namely mechanical stylus profiling, atomic force microscopy, point-counting analysis of fragmentation pits, laser-light scattering, optical gating, and grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXD). The results of these investigations are compared and discussed. The techniques providing the clearest correlations with grinding conditions were mechanical stylus roughness, fragmentation analysis, and GIXD (residual stress conditions). Those that exhibited some correlation but appear to require more work to develop a reliable evaluation method were laser scattering and optical gating. Atomic force microscopy was useful, but not as a routine investigative tool for quality control in ceramic machining. The techniques that appear to have the most near-term potential for routine use are fragmentation analysis and optical gating. Laser-based optical scattering exhibits potential for routine application, but, more development is needed for its commercialization.
Accelerated Rate of Albinism in Channel Catfish Exposed to Metals

Abstract Heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Se, Zn) were shown to increase the incidence of albinism during 5 years of experiments with channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Metal-induced albinism resulted from exposure of both adult fish and eggs. In egg bioassays, exposed populations consistently exhibited higher percentages (up to 6.3%) of albinos than did controls, but frequencies did not vary significantly for the six metals or for exposure concentrations which ranged from 0.5 to 250 µg/1. Metal contamination in a hatchery water supply yielded frequencies of albinos corresponding directly with those observed for metal-exposed laboratory populations. Inasmuch as albinism has proved deleterious to fish survival and production, caution is recommended in using metallic compounds in hatchery management. Tests for albinism may prove useful in screening aquatic contaminants for mutagenic potential.
Self-psychology as a theoretical base for understanding the impact of learning disabilities

Many features of learning disability, including confusion in perceiving and processing information, an unpredictable course of development, and difficulties with social cueing, create chronic stressors for the disabled child and his family. Self-psychology is explored as a psychodynamic model with unique pertinence for understanding the potential intrapsychic effects of learning disability. Comparisons to drive and ego psychology models are made, and implications for intervention are suggested.
Small Scale Application of a Horizontal Ceiling/Floor Vent Algorithm

ABSTRACT A zone model, which incorporates a recently developed horizontal ceiling/floor vent flow algorithm, was written to simulate a compartment fire ventilated only through an opening in the ceiling. Development of this algorithm makes it possible to characterize vertical flow through a horizontal vent in those scenarios where the standard vent flow model is invalid, i.e. where the difference in pressure across the horizontal vent is at or near zero and the density of the gas above the vent is greater than the gas below the vent. Model predictions are shown to be comparable to reduced scale experimental results.
Tetraspanin CD9 Is a “Proteolipid,” and Its Interaction with α3 Integrin in Microdomain Is Promoted by GM3 Ganglioside, Leading to Inhibition of Laminin-5-dependent Cell Motility

GM3 ganglioside inhibits tetraspanin CD9-facilitated cell motility in various cell lines (Ono, M., Handa, K., Sonnino, S., Withers, D. A., Nagai, H., and Hakomori, S. (2001) Biochemistry 40, 6414-6421). We now report the following: (i) CD9 has the novel feature of being soluble in chloroform/methanol, and classifiable as "proteolipid"; (ii) CD9 and alpha(3) integrin were concentrated together in the low-density glycolipid-enriched microdomain (GEM) of ldlD/CD9 cells, and the alpha(3) expression ratio (value for cells grown under +Gal condition divided by the value for cells grown under -Gal condition) in GEM of ldlD/CD9 cells was higher than that in control ldlD/moc cells, suggesting that CD9 recruits alpha(3) in GEM under +Gal condition, whereby GM3 is present. (iii) Chemical levels of alpha(3) and CD9 in the total extract or membrane fractions from cells grown under +Gal versus -Gal condition were nearly identical, whereas alpha(3) expressed at the cell surface, probed by antibody binding in flow cytometry, was higher under -Gal than +Gal condition. These results suggest that GM3 synthesized under +Gal condition promotes interaction of alpha(3) with CD9, which restricts alpha(3) binding to its antibody. A concept of the alpha(3)/CD9 interaction promoted by GM3 was further supported by (i) co-immunoprecipitation of CD9 and alpha(3) under +Gal but not -Gal condition, (ii) enhanced co-immunoprecipitation of CD9 and alpha(3) when GM3 was added exogenously to cells under -Gal condition, and (iii) the co-localization images of CD9 with alpha(3) and of GM3 with CD9 in fluorescence laser scanning confocal microscopy. Based on the promotion of alpha(3)/CD9 interaction by GM3 and the status of laminin-5 as a true ligand for alpha(3), the laminin-5/alpha(3)-dependent motility of ldlD/CD9 cells was found to be greatly enhanced under -Gal condition, but strongly inhibited under +Gal condition. Such a motility difference under +Gal versus -Gal condition was not observed for ldlD/moc cells. The inhibitory effect observed in ldlD/CD9 cells under +Gal condition was reversed upon addition of anti-alpha(3) antibody and is therefore based on interaction between alpha(3), CD9, and GM3 in GEM.
Short fatigue crack growth behavior under mixed-mode loading

Mixed-mode loading represents the true loading condition in many practical situations. In addition, most of the fatigue life of many components is often spent in the short crack growth stage. The study of short crack growth behavior under mixed-mode loading has, therefore, much practical significance. This work investigated short crack growth behavior under mixed-mode loading using a common medium carbon steel. The effects of load mixity, crack closure, and load ratio on short crack growth behavior were evaluated by conducting experiments using four-point bending specimens with several initial K II /K I mixed-mode ratios and two load ratios. Cracks were observed to grow along the paths with very small K II /K I ratios (i.e. mode I). The maximum tangential stress criterion was used to predict the crack growth paths and the predictions were found to be close to the experimental observations. Several parameters including equivalent stress intensity factor range and effective stress intensity factor range were used to correlate short crack growth rates under mixed-mode loading. Threshold values for short cracks were found to be lower than those for long cracks for all the mixed-mode loading conditions. Crack closure was observed for the entire crack length regime with all load mixity conditions at R ≈ 0.05 and for short crack regime under high load mixity condition at R = 0.5. Several models were used to describe mean stress effects and to correlate crack growth rate data.
Adsorption kinetics of thiophene on single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs)

Abstract Metal supported carbon nanotubes (CNTs) appear promising for desulphurization catalysis. Therefore a characterization of the adsorption kinetics of small sulfur containing compounds on clean CNTs is important in order to develop a mechanistic understanding of more complex systems. Presented are thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) data of thiophene ( C 4 H 4 S ) adsorption on CNTs supported on silica. According to multi-mass TDS, molecular adsorption/desorption is present with a binding energy of (60 ± 2) kJ/mol at small coverages. Alkane–thiophene co-adsorption TDS reveals that C 4 H 4 S molecules adsorb on interior sites of the CNTs.
The Virtues of Persistence

Book reviewed in this article: Mark A. Stoler, Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, The Grand Alliance, and U.S. Strategy in World War II
FROZEN FROGS FALL BEHIND

![Figure][1] The terrestrial wood frog, Rana sylvatica , can tolerate sub-freezing environmental temperatures because of biochemical adaptations that protect cells from freezing. As frogs freeze, extracellular water is lost to ice crystals, and intracellular glycogen is converted into glucose
Genetic modification of potassium channels in Drosophila Shaker mutants.

Previous research in Drosophila has implied that a variety of mutations affect ion channels1–4. In one of these studies it was suggested that mutations mapping at the X-linked Shaker locus of D. melanogaster might cause defects in some type of potassium channel in larval motoneurones2. We show here, by voltage-clamp analysis, that mutations at the Shaker locus affect one of the two types of voltage-sensitive potassium channels present in the Drosophila dorsal longitudinal flight muscle (DLM). Initial voltage-clamp studies5,6 revealed that one set of channels carries a fast, transient outward current, similar to the molluscan A current7–9, that is altered by mutations at the Shaker locus. The other set of channels carries a slower activating current, similar to delayed rectification10,11, that is not affected by the Shaker mutation.
Benthic macroinvertebrates as indicators of biological condition below hydropower dams on west slope Sierra Nevada streams, California, USA

Over 50 hydropower dams in California will undergo relicensing by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) in the next 15 years. An interpretive framework for biological data collected by relicensing studies is lacking. This study developed a multi-metric index of biotic integrity (IBI) to assess biological condition below hydropower diversion dams on west slope Sierra Nevada streams based on benthic macroinvertebrates (BMIs). Ten streams were sampled above the upstream influence of peak reservoir storage and at five downstream sites sequentially spaced 500 m apart. Reference conditions were defined by screening upstream study sites and 77 other regional streams using quantitative GIS land use analysis, reach-scale physical habitat (PHAB) data and water chemistry data. Eighty-two metrics were evaluated for inclusion in the IBI based on three criteria: (1) good discrimination between reference and first downstream sites with some indication of recovery over the distance sampled; (2) sufficient range for scoring; (3) minimal correlation with other discriminating metrics. The IBI showed good discrimination between reference and downstream sites with partial recovery as distance downstream increased, and was validated with an independent dataset. Individual metrics, IBI scores and multivariate ordination axes were poorly correlated with PHAB variables across sites. When only reference and first downstream sites were evaluated, decreased IBI scores were related to lower habitat variability and substrate coarsening below dams. Lower IBI scores below dams were most strongly associated with altered hydrologic regime, especially non-fluctuating flows as defined by the flow constancy/predictability index. Flow restoration experiments would be valuable in developing management actions that achieve a sustainable balance between conflicting human and ecological needs for freshwater. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elevation of intracellular pH by insulin in frog skeletal muscle.

Abstract Insulin produces a statistically significant elevation of intracellular pH in frog sartorius muscle. Ouabain, 1 mM, does not inhibit the elevation of intracellular pH by insulin. Neither serum albumin nor growth hormone, at the same concentration as insulin, produces a significant effect upon intracellular pH.
Rapid and sensitive ion-exchange fluorometric measurement of γ-aminobutyric acid in physiological fluids

Abstract Improvements of the ion-exchange/fluorometric method for measuring γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have resulted in an automatic three-column analyzer which produces an analysis every 15 min using 200-μl samples to a sensitivity of 1 pmol. This high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure utilizes three stainless-steel microbore columns containing cation-exchange resin. GABA is eluted using a lithium citrate buffer and then detected in the flow stream after reaction with the fluorogenic reagent orthophthalaldehyde. Each column utilizes a timer-controlled, pneumatically actuated two-way 10-port valve containing a 200-μl loop for sample injection and a 1-ml loop for regeneration. Similar 4-port valves sequentially direct the output from one of the columns to the reaction manifold. Measurement of GABA levels in sequential aliquets of the first 20 ml of human lumbar cerebrospinal fluid revealed an increasing gradient of GABA level in cerebrospinal fluid from six patients and no gradient in a seventh patient, the mean rate of increase being 2% per milliliter.
Nonbiological inhibition-based sensing (NIBS) demonstrated for the detection of toxic sulfides.

The purpose of this paper is to report on a new technique in chemical detection: nonbiological inhibition-based sensing (NIBS). This method uses a new approach to chemical amplification, where the analyte inhibits rather than enhances the rate of catalytic reaction. Although there are many possible catalysts for this technique, such as enzymes, this paper focuses on using the selective binding found in colorimetric detection. Colorimetric methods are selective; however, they are not particularly sensitive. Using nonbiological-based molecules allows for selective detection without the shelf-life issues that are associated with enzymes. In practice, we can use the active substances in Draeger tubes and related systems as catalysts. Analytes of interest inhibit the catalysts that leads to a large signal. The work presented here focuses on the detection of toxic sulfide compounds. Using NIBS, we observe that we can enhance the sensitivity of the system by 2 orders of magnitude with no apparent loss in selecti...
Homotopic Properties of the Spaces of Smooth Functions on a 2-Torus

Let f : T 2 → ℝ be a Morse function on a 2-torus, let S(f) and $$ \mathcal{O} $$ (f) be, respectively, its stabilizer and orbit with respect to the right action of the group $$ \mathcal{D} $$ (T 2) of diffeomorphisms of T 2, let $$ \mathcal{D} $$ id(T 2), be the identity path component of the group $$ \mathcal{D} $$ (T 2), and let S′(f) = S(f) ∩ $$ \mathcal{D} $$ id(T 2). We present sufficient conditions under which $$ {\uppi}_1\mathcal{O}(f)={\uppi}_1{\mathcal{D}}_{\mathrm{id}}\left({T}^2\right)\times {\uppi}_0S^{\prime }(f)\equiv {\mathrm{\mathbb{Z}}}^2\times {\uppi}_0S^{\prime }(f). $$ The obtained result is true for a larger class of functions whose critical points are equivalent to homogeneous polynomials without multiple factors.
Voter Confidence and the Election-Day Voting Experience

The scholarly literature provides mixed guidance on the question of whether DREs or optical scan systems inspire greater confidence. We bring new evidence to bear on the debate using a unique exit poll and a nationally representative survey, both of which examine a wide range of voting experiences. Having detailed information about voting experiences enables us to investigate both the direct effects of DRE/optical scan voting and the indirect effects through voting experiences. Doing so reveals new information about the relationships between voting technology, voting experiences, and voter confidence. Indeed, the type of machine one uses has very different direct and indirect effects on voter confidence—a finding that may help explain scholarly disagreement over voters’ reactions to different types of voting machines.
Chimeras, Moral Status, and Public Policy: Implications of the Abortion Debate for Public Policy on Human/Nonhuman Chimera Research

Researchers are increasingly interested in creating chimeras by transplanting human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into animals early in development. One concern is that such research could confer upon an animal the moral status of a normal human adult but then impermissibly fail to accord it the protections it merits in virtue of its enhanced moral status. Understanding the public policy implications of this ethical conclusion, though, is complicated by the fact that claims about moral status cannot play an unfettered role in public policy. Arguments like those employed in the abortion debate for the conclusion that abortion should be legally permissible even if abortion is not morally permissible also support, to a more limited degree, a liberal policy on hESC research involving the creation of chimeras.
Semantic similarity of labels and inductive generalization: Taking a second look

Abstract Prior research suggests that preschoolers can generalize object properties based on category information conveyed by semantically-similar labels. However, previous research did not control for co-occurrence probability of labels in natural speech. The current studies re-assessed children’s generalization with semantically-similar labels. Experiment 1 indicated that adults made category-based inferences regardless of co-occurrence probability; however, 4-year-olds generalized with semantically-similar labels that co-occurred in child-directed speech (e.g., bunny–rabbit) but not with non-co-occurring labels (e.g., crocodile–alligator). Experiment 2 indicated that generalization with semantically-similar labels increased gradually between 4- and 6-years of age. These results are discussed in relation to theories of early learning.
Nonprice rivalry among health insurers and coverage of new technologies

This paper develops a multiple-period theoretical model of health maintenance organization (HMO) coverage of medical procedures as a function of HMO competition and a market's predisposition toward managed care. Previous empirical results regarding one laser procedure were not predicted by a single-period model. The new model predicts that more favorable predisposition toward managed care is positively associated with coverage of procedures for which coverage is discretionary. The empirical analysis in this paper focuses on 13 additional laser procedures. The new empirical findings are different from the previous findings and are more consistent with the hypotheses generated by the new theoretical model.
Inhibition of lipid oxidation by carnosine

The antioxidant activity of carnosine, a β-alanine-histidine dipeptide found in skeletal muscle, was investigated. Carnosine (25 mM) inhibited the catalysis of lipid oxidation by iron, hemoglobin, lipoxidase and singlet oxygen from 35–96% suggesting that the antioxidant mechanism of carnosine is not solely due to metal chelation. Heating the carnosine at 100°C for 15 min had no effect on its ability to inhibit these lipid oxidation catalysts, and the activity of carnosine was not affected over the pH range of 5.1–7.1. Studies using tocopherol-containing liposomes suggest that carnosine and tocopherol do not act synergistically to inhibit lipid oxidation. These data indicate that carnosine has excellent potential for use as a natural antioxidant in processed foods.
Calculation of the Coulomb Energy Shift Between Sc 41 and Ca 41

A straightforward, purely single-particle analysis of the Coulomb energy shift in ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{41}$, ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{41}$ leads to an abnormally small radius for the ${f}_{\frac{7}{2}}$ valence neutron. Presented in this note is a correlational correction that may help to increase this radius. The calculation of this correction is stated in as general a fashion as is possible, and an estimate is made which leans heavily on a parametrization of the proton and neutron densities.
Structure and ideology of shelters for battered women.

In this study, organizational age predicted the structure of women's shelters more powerfully than did ideological differences among shelters; even interactions between ideology and age were unimportant. Thus the findings appear to support organizational theory (e.g., Katz & Kahn, 1978; Miller, 1978) and to contradict assumptions that ideology can importantly influence structural development (e.g., Meyer, 1982; Schechter, 1982). These conclusions, however, should be qualified by the recognition that only women's shelters were studied. Far greater variation in structural development might be revealed by study of a broader range of organizations with more diverse ideologies.
Effects of a gain-based optimal forcing on turbulent channel flow

The effects of introducing a two- or three-dimensional streamwise traveling wave type body forcing in a turbulent channel flow at Re_τ = 180 are investigated using direct numerical simulations (DNS). The optimal forcing shape (that is, the forcing that leads to the most amplified or highest-gain velocity response) is obtained from the resolvent analysis of McKeon & Sharma (2010) for wave-numbers and wave-speed representative of the near-wall cycle. The velocity response due to imposed forcing obtained from DNS is found to agree well with resolvent analysis predictions at small forcing amplitude. The changes in mean velocity, shear stress and kinetic energy are characterized for various amplitudes of forcing.
Physical properties of memory quality PECVD silicon nitride

Memory-quality silicon nitride has been deposited using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). Film composition was varied by controlling the nitrogen concentration of the reactant gases. The effects of the source and content of the nitriding agent on the physical properties of the film were studied using ellipsometry and ultraviolet (UV), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Auger electron spectroscopy. Refractive index of the films varied from 1.77 to 1.95 corresponding to Si/N ratios of 0.75 to 1.03. Ultraviolet spectroscopy yielded band edge values of 4.9 to 2.2 eV depending on the Si/N ratio. Window size, endurance and retention performance is comparable to that reported for both atmospheric- and low-pressure chemical vapor deposited films. A strong correlation between the Si-H bond concentration and the memory performance was observed. Although some excess silicon in the film is needed for memory operation in a metal-nitride-oxide-silicon (MNOS) structure, excessive amounts result in low breakdown fields, small memory windows and poor retention characteristics.
Marketing financial services to Hispanic American consumers: a portfolio‐centric analysis

Purpose – To provide financial service marketers with information useful in targeting and marketing financial services to Hispanic American consumers.Design/methodology/approach – It profiles the changing demographics of the Hispanic American financial services market and, utilizing data from the Survey of Consumer Finances, tests three hypotheses to compare financial service consumption patterns of Hispanics with those of non‐Hispanic whites.Findings – The paper shows that the Hispanic American segment has grown in size and importance over the last decade, but that Hispanics differ markedly from their non‐Hispanic White counterparts in terms of financial product preferences and investment asset portfolio composition. Further, Hispanic Americans trail their non‐Hispanic White counterparts in terms of breadth and depth of financial holdings, particularly in the area of more risky but historically higher return asset categories.Research limitations/implications – This study examines the results of financial...
Interaction of monocytes with tumor cells coated with complement with or without antibody

Abstract Raji, a human B lymphoblastoid cell line has the ability to activate the complement cascade by alternate pathway mechanisms with subsequent fixation of C3 to receptors on the Raji cell membrane. Using this property, we examined the role that complement plays in mediating a cytolytic event between human peripheral blood monocytes and Raji cells coated with C3b, antibody, or both. Presence of C3 was confirmed by immune adherence. IgG bound to the Raji membrane was quantitated using I125 Staphylococcal protein A assay. The presence of alternate pathway-activated C3 on Raji cells failed to produce monocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. These same target cells subsequently coated with antibody concentration ranging from 200 to >600,000 SPA molecules per Raji cell produced neither enhancement nor inhibition of antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). ADCC was enhanced by complement when complement activation and binding of C3 to the cell surface occurred by classical pathway mechanisms. ADCC of 32% ± 3.2 occurred with undiluted antiserum (625,000 SPA molecules bound/Raji cell) with enhancement to 52% ± 1.1 in the presence of C3. IgG inhibition of ADCC was unaffected by the presence of membrane-bound C3.
T-cell depletion of bone marrow does not inhibit in vitro hematopoiesis.

One approach to overcome the problem of histoincompatibility in bone marrow transplantation is to use T cell depleted marrow from a haploidentical donor in an attempt to ameliorate graft-versus-host disease. Since the T cell requirements for normal hematopoiesis are uncertain, experiments were performed to study the effects of E rosette — T cell depletion on in vitro growth of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Marrow mononuclear cells were cultured in a modified CFU-GEMM assay before and after T cell depletion. The number of 7 day granulocytic and erythrocytic colonies, and 14 day granulocytic, erythrocytic and mixed colonies were enumerated and expressed in terms of colonies per 105 non T cells plated. T cell depletion did not result in decreased proliferation of any of these progenitors save possibly for 14 day granulocytic colonies in one of four experiments. In two cases, T cell depletion resulted in increased growth of progenitor cells. Three of four patients transplanted with T cell depleted haploidentical marrow cells engrafted. It is concluded that E rosette depletion of T cells from marrow does not decrease the potential of these cells to establish hematopoiesis in vitro or in vivo.
Analysis of recovery type a posteriori error estimators for mildly structured grids

Some recovery type error estimators for linear finite elements are analyzed under O(h 1+α ) (α > 0) regular grids. Superconvergence of order O(h 1+ρ ) (0 < p < α) is established for recovered gradients by three different methods. As a consequence, a posteriori error estimators based on those recovery methods are asymptotically exact.
Determination of the size of the fatigue prefracture zone by the method of phase-shifting interferometry

We consider a new method for determining the size of the fatigue prefracture zone (a new structural-mechanical parameter d* of constructional materials) by the method of phase-shifting interferometry, based on the results of a comparative analysis of the surface profile of metallic specimens in the neighborhood of a constructional stress concentrator prior to and after a certain quantity of loading cycles. To obtain interferograms in laser light, we applied a Twyman–Green interferometer. Using these results, we determined the 3-D distribution of plastic strains near the concentrator vertex, which enabled us to establish that d* = 256–268 μm for low-carbon 08kp steel at a load ratio R = 0.1. The obtained value of this parameter is in good agreement with data obtained by other methods.
Sustained Headache Syndrome Associated with Tender Occipital Nerve Zones

SYNOPSIS A sustained headache syndrome can develop from headaches of diverse etiologies. Over seven years,112 patients with such a syndrome received 188 sets of injections in the occipital nerve regions andtwo-thirds had prolonged relief. In such headaches, interrupting the pain cycle with occipital injectionscontaining 1% lidocaine plus betamethasone may be a useful adjunct to other preventive and abortivemedical therapies.
An explicit multi-time step integration method for second order equations

Multi-time step integration is a method of integrating transient finite element equations using different time steps in different spatial domains of a mesh. Such methods differ from mixed-time integration [1-3], which uses different integrators, most often implicit and explicit, but the same time step in different subdomains. Multi-time step methods can be useful in many practical engineering problems. For instance, with integrators that are only conditionally stable, these methods allow small time steps to be used locally in regions where they are required for stability and large time steps elsewhere. Also, it is possible to use multi-time step methods for problems where locally applied loads necessitate the use of a small time step for acceptable accuracy. For multi-time step methods two forms of partitioning have evolved for differentiating the regions of different time steps. With nodal partitioning, different time steps are assigned to different nodes or nodal groups, while with element partitioning the split is made between elements. For parabolic finite element systems considerable progress has been made in the development and analysis of both nodal [4] and element [5, 6] partition schemes. The stability of these algorithms has been proven by using the eigenvalue problem associated with the equations of evolution to show that an energy norm of the solution remains bounded. Even though multi-time step methods were first proposed by hyperbolic systems [7, 8], much less progress has been made in the analysis of these algorithms. A complete stability analysis for hyperbolic equations has proven elusive and past analyses have relied on the study of a model problem [8], and to the author's knowledge a rigorous stability does not exist. In this paper an explicit multi-time step algorithm is presented for hyperbolic systems of equations. The method uses nodal partitioning and the central difference time integration rule. A stability analysis of the method is given in the associated paper [9]. This paper is arranged as follows. In Section 2 the governing equations and central difference time integration rule are presented. Section 3 develops the multi-time step form of the algorithm. The stability criteria for the algorithm are summarized in Section 4, and several numerical results are given in Section 5.
Are all distributions of risk with the same 95thpercentile equally acceptable

Abstract When evaluating a probabilistic health risk assessment, say at a hazardous waste site, risk managers need a risk management policy that distinguishes an acceptable distribution of risks to individuals in a population from an unacceptable one. If a risk manager decides that the distribution of risk for the status quo is unacceptable, then a risk assessor needs a way to compute cleanup targets, i.e., the risk assessor needs a policy statement against which to estimate distributions of exposure point concentrations which, if engineered at a site, will achieve an acceptable distribution of risk. Some regulatory agencies base acceptability on whether the 95th percentile of the risk distribution falls at or below a given value, without considering the behavior of the rest of the distribution. As regulatory agencies adopt risk management policies for use with probabilistic risk assessments, we recommend that they base their new policies on two simultaneously binding constraints‐one on an upper percentil...
1504 ADRENAL RESPONSIVENESS TO ACTH IN PATIENTS(pts) WITH MINIMAL CHANGE NEPHROTIC SYNDROME(MCNS)

An impaired response to a 2-hr ACTH test has been reported to predict pts with MCNS who will develop frequent relapses(FR). We have evaluated basal 8AM cortisols(B)(nl >8μg/dl) and 2 hr-post ACTH stimulation cortisols(S)(nl >30μg/dl, Ref., Leisti, 1978) in 28 pts with MCNS. Results of studies performed were: Prior to steroid therapy(Rx)(B:8±3.6*;S:18±2.9); Following alternate day Rx(QOD)(B:8±3.7;S:21.5±7.3); and 1-6 mo post Rx(B:11.8±4.5;S:21± 7.5)(*mean±SD). Pts with nl responses: There is no significant difference between Rx groups at P 1 yr. Thus basal and stimulated cortisol levels were frequently abnormal in pts with MCNS and suggest that further studies should be done to define possible roles for adrenal cortical hyporespon-siveness in the pathogenesis of MCNS. Response to ACTH stimulation was not predictive of length of remission in our patients.
Population responses of target and non-target forest soil organisms to selected biocides.

Abstract Oxytetracycline-penicillin (combined), captan, fumigillan and dimethoate-carbofuran (combined) were applied to forest soils to test their effects on soil populations of active and total bacteria, active and total fungi, protozoa, nematodes and microarthropods. All biocides significantly reduced the populations of target organisms, except dimethoate-carbofuran, which failed to reduce the number of microarthropods. All biocides also affected populations of non-target organisms. Oxytetracycline-penicillin reduced lengths of active hyphae. Captan reduced nematode and bacterial numbers. Fumagillin reduced active hyphal lengths and the number of nematodes and total bacteria. Dimethoate-carbofuran reduced active hyphal lengths and the number of active bacteria.
Systolic blood pressure and mortality among older community-dwelling adults with CKD

Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an increasingly common condition, especially in older adults. CKD manifests differently in older versus younger patients, with a risk of death that far outweighs the risk of CKD progressing to the point that dialysis is required. Current CKD guidelines recommend a blood pressure target Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting & Participants Older patients (aged ≥75 years) with CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate 2 ) in a community-based health maintenance organization. Predictor Baseline systolic blood pressure (SBP) 160 mm Hg. Outcomes Participants were followed up for 5 years to examine rates of mortality (primary outcome) and cardiovascular disease hospitalizations (secondary outcome). Results At baseline, 3,099 participants (38.5%) had SBP 160 mm Hg. A total of 3,734 (46.4%) died and 2,881 (35.8%) were hospitalized. Adjusted HRs for mortality in the groups with SBP 160 mm Hg were 1.22 (95% CI, 1.11-1.34) and 1.06 (95% CI, 0.93-1.22), respectively. Adjusted HRs for cardiovascular hospitalization in these groups were 1.10 (95% CI, 0.99-1.23) and 1.26 (95% CI, 1.09-1.45), respectively. Limitations Although causality should not be inferred from this retrospective analysis, results from this study can generate hypotheses for future randomized controlled trials to investigate the relationship between blood pressure and outcomes in older patients with CKD. Conclusions Our study suggests that lower baseline SBP (≤130 mm Hg) may predict poorer outcomes in terms of both mortality and cardiovascular hospitalizations in older adults with CKD. Conversely, higher baseline SBP (>160 mm Hg) may predict increased risk of cardiovascular hospitalizations, but does not predict mortality. Clinical trials are required to test this hypothesis.
Pa.-Ohio-West Va. interconnection

TEN INDEPENDENT operating companies of western Pennsylvania, eastern Ohio, West Virginia, and Maryland operate normally in parallel to secure the manifold advantages of the interconnection of their facilities. Each of the systems has had its own romantic growth from the small local generating plant to the highly developed load area with its network of power lines furnished by modern power stations. It was proper then that these independent neighboring companies should cooperate to realize the benefits of interconnection. These benefits now are being secured, the common understanding of every day problems of parallel operations being secured through the working committee of operating men from each of the ten individual systems.
Predictors of voluntary simplicity in consumer behaviour

The contribution of income adequacy, conservation-related attitudes and human resources to voluntary simplicity behaviour was studied using responses from 638 households. Findings suggested that, while both income and attitudes were significant contributors to the variance in behaviour, attitudes were somewhat more so. However, the perception that the respondent or another family member had needed skills to perform various repair and maintenance tasks was the strongest predictor of voluntary simplicity behaviour.
Capillarity Effect Controlled Precipitate Growth at the Grain Boundary of Long-Term Aging Al 5083 Alloy

A model was developed to predict thickness and continuity of β phase (Al3Mg2) formed at grain boundaries of long-term aged Al 5083 alloy. In this model, a variable collector plate mechanism was adopted at the early stage of aging, then, at about 1 month ( $$ 2\sqrt {D_{\text{b}} t} \approx 100\;{\text{nm}} $$ ), the model transitions to a constant collector plate mechanism. Two concentration profiles of Mg, one for a semi-infinite bulk at short diffusion distances and one for a finite slab at long diffusion distances ( $$ 2\sqrt {D_{\text{m}} t} \approx 20\,{\text{pct}} $$ of the grain size), were applied to this model for different aging times. Capillarity effects were used to determine the morphology of β phase at the grain boundary. Combining different collector plate mechanisms and Mg concentration profiles, the whole β phase growth process was divided into three stages (short-term Mg concentration profile-variable collector plate, short-term Mg concentration profile-constant collector plate, and long-term Mg concentration profile-constant collector plate). Finally, the model was solved numerically. Experimental results of β phase length and thickness were obtained using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of Al 5083 aged at 343 K (70 °C) for different thermal exposure times. Modeling results of β phase thickness and continuity agree well with experimental observations.
The Many Measures of Molecular Dimensions

In contrast to the high precision with which masses of atoms and molecules can be specified, their external dimensions remain intrinsically fuzzy. Attention is directed to the difference between measurements of interatomic separations within molecules, that in many instances are cited with error bars of +/− 0.002 A, and the available approximate magnitudes of over-all sizes, needed for estimating packing densities (in solids or liquids). The following account, is a critical examination of the underlying concepts and of the diversity of data in the literature, regarding internal dimensions (bond lengths), overall extensions, cross-sectional areas, and volumes of molecules that may be derived from a variety of experiments. Historical markers of the evolution of the underlying theories and experiments are included.
Pulse Oximetry and Breathing Training1

Small pulse oximeters have become widely available and can be useful for noninvasive monitoring of blood oxygen saturation by nonmedical personnel. When training control of breathing, an oximeter helps to reassure clients who hyperventilate that their oxygenation is adequate, offsetting their perception that they are not getting enough air. Low saturation may indicate a medical condition that impairs oxygen absorption. In that case, hyperventilation is a biological compensation that should not be tampered with.
Weight Management of Bone Marrow Transplant Patients in the Ambulatory Setting

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To assess the effectiveness of nutrition management in bone marrow transplant patients in the ambulatory setting. In the outpatient setting, maintenance of optimal nutrition status in bone marrow transplant patients (BMT) is challenging due to metabolic demands and side effects of immunosuppressive medications. Without meticulous nutrition intervention, the tendency for body weight loss is common. To assess the ability of nutrition intervention to minimize weight loss in BMT patients in the ambulatory setting, a quality assurance (QA) indicator at a threshold of 90% was monitored for one year. Patients with >5% unintentional weight loss following discharge from BMT unit for a minimum of 14 days indicated a deficiency in meeting the threshold criteria. All patients received nutrition services at each clinical visit. Percent weight change was calculated using the following equation: pretransplant weight - current weight/pretransplant weight × 100. Although initial post-transplant fluid fluctuations create difficulty with accurate body weight interpretation, patient weight trends and the use of pretransplant weight are used to estimate current weight. Body weight data was obtained from the medical record for one year, summarized every two months, and presented for QA. Quality assurance data was collected for 216 patients over one year. Only seventeen patients did not meet the QA indicator, for an indicator rating of 92%. Those who experience > 5% weight loss had a mean weight loss of 6.0±2.5kg and the primary etiologies were failure to thrive, mucositis/esophagitis and gut graft versus host disease. Since we accepted a 90% success rate, our rate of 92% documented that nutritional intervention in the ambulatory setting was effective at minimizing body weight loss.
Mechanisms for spatiotemporal regulation of Rho-GTPase signaling at synapses

Synapses mediate information flow between neurons and undergo plastic changes in response to experience, which is critical for learning and memory. Conversely, synaptic defects impair information processing and underlie many brain pathologies. Rho-family GTPases control synaptogenesis by transducing signals from extracellular stimuli to the cytoskeleton and nucleus. The Rho-GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42 promote synapse development and the growth of axons and dendrites, while RhoA antagonizes these processes. Despite its importance, many aspects of Rho-GTPase signaling remain relatively unknown. Rho-GTPases are activated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and inhibited by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). Though the number of both GEFs and GAPs greatly exceeds that of Rho-GTPases, loss of even a single GEF or GAP often has profound effects on cognition and behavior. Here, we explore how the actions of specific GEFs and GAPs give rise to the precise spatiotemporal activation patterns of Rho-GTPases in neurons. We consider the effects of coupling GEFs and GAPs targeting the same Rho-GTPase and the modular pathways that connect specific cellular stimuli with a given Rho-GTPase via different GEFs. We discuss how the creation of sharp borders between Rho-GTPase activation zones is achieved by pairing a GEF for one Rho-GTPase with a GAP for another and the extensive crosstalk between different Rho-GTPases. Given the importance of synapses for cognition and the fundamental roles that Rho-GTPases play in regulating them, a detailed understanding of Rho-GTPase signaling is essential to the progress of neuroscience.
Chemical basis of resistance in soya bean to cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni

Thin layer chromatography resolved nine major compounds from the 60%-methanol extractables from PI 227687 soya bean (Glycine max (L) Merrill) leaves. The flavonoids, daidzein, an unidentified flavonoid X2 (Rf 0·19), glyceollins, sojagol and coumestrol exhibited antifeedant and/or antibiotic effects against the larvae of cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni Hb. The results indicate that several compounds in PI 227687 soya beans contribute to its antifeedant and/or antibiotic effects against T ni. The role of these compounds in plant resistance to insects is discussed.
Cognitive strategy interventions improve word problem solving and working memory in children with math disabilities

This study investigated the role of strategy instruction and working memory capacity (WMC) on problem solving solution accuracy in children with and without math disabilities (MD). Children in grade 3 (N=204) with and without MD subdivided into high and low WMC were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 conditions: verbal strategies (e.g., underlining question sentence), visual strategies (e.g., correctly placing numbers in diagrams), verbal+visual strategies, and an untreated control. The dependent measures for training were problem solving accuracy and two working memory transfer measures (operation span and visual-spatial span). Three major findings emerged: (1) strategy instruction facilitated solution accuracy but the effects of strategy instruction were moderated by WMC, (2) some strategies yielded higher post-test scores than others, but these findings were qualified as to whether children were at risk for MD, and (3) strategy training on problem solving measures facilitated transfer to working memory measures. The main findings were that children with MD, but high WM spans, were more likely to benefit from strategy conditions on target and transfer measures than children with lower WMC. The results suggest that WMC moderates the influence of cognitive strategies on both the targeted and non-targeted measures.
Evolution of optical networking

Traffic growth for Internet applications will likely dominate long-distance networks in the foreseeable future, which presents opportunities for new optical layer approaches that are tailored to Internet traffic characteristics. One important difference between the traffic patterns generated by internet applications is that the Internet connections on average are significantly longer than the conventional voice connections, which allows for network cost savings by combining long reach transport with optical switching technologies to route and manage those connections. Fortunately there is an industry-wide effort to create the required technology for such a managed reach optical layer. The value of the optical layer will be more effectively achieved as reach lengths increase to match Internet traffic needs.
Heterozygous effects of irradiated chromosomes on viability in Drosophila melanogaster.

Two large experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the heterozygous effects of irradiated chromosomes on viability. Mutations were accumulated on several hundred second chromosomes by delivering doses of 2,500r over either two or four generations for total X-ray exposures of 5,000r or 10,000r. Chromosomes treated with 5,000r were screened for lethals after the first treatment, and surviving nonlethals were used to generate families of fully treated chromosomes. The members of these families shared the effects of the first irradiation, but differed with respect to those of the second. The chromosomes treated with 10,000r were not grouped into families since mutations were accumulated independently on each chromosome in that experiment. Heterozygous effects on viability of the irradiated chromosomes were tested in both isogenic (homozygous) and nonisogenic (heterozygous) genetic backgrounds. In conjunction with these tests, homozygous viabilities were determined by the marked-inversion technique. This permitted a separation of the irradiated chromosomes into those which were drastic when made homozygous and those which were not. The results indicate that drastic chromosomes have deleterious effects in heterozygous condition, since viability was reduced by 2–4% in tests performed with the 10,000r chromosomes, and by 1% in those involving the 5,000r material. Within a series of tests, the effects were more pronounced when the genetic background was homozygous. Nondrastic irradiated chromosomes did not show detectable heterozygous effects. They also showed no homozygous effects when compared to a sample of untreated controls. In addition, there was no evidence for an induced genetic component of variance with respect to viability in these chromosomes. These results suggest that the mutants induced by high doses of X-rays are principally drastic ones which show deleterious effects on viability in heterozygous condition.