cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modes of Mechanical Failure of Hollow, Septate Stems

Three general modes of mechanical failure were observed when hollow, septate stem segments ofArundinaria tecta(Poaceae) were axially compressed and caused to fail: (1) rupture of tissues at the opposing ends of the nodal transverse diaphragm parallel to the plane of stem flexure; (2) localized catastrophic transverse invagination of internodes (Brazier buckling); and (3) longitudinal rupture of internodal walls along the convex surface of stem flexure attended by nodal tissue shearing. The frequencies of occurrence of these three modes were not equivalent among the 100 stem segments examined; stem failure was dominated by nodal tissue shearing (i.e. 67% of the nodes failed by shearing; 52% of the internodes longitudinally invaginated; 27% of the internodes failed in Brazier buckling; 21% of the internodes failed by rupturing). Computer simulations of axially compressed stem segments consisting of one node and one internode composed of non-linearly elastic, anisotropic materials (tissues) successfully predicted observed strain patterns and revealed that the pathway to stem failure contains a bifurcation point below which deformation patterns coalesce on a single configuration, and above which stem failure by Brazier buckling or nodal tissue shearing are essentially mutually exclusive responses to excessive stem flexure. The patterns of actual and simulated stem flexure were consistent with the hypothesis that nodes store strain energy as stems flex, and release this energy to restore stem shape when bending forces abate (i.e. nodes operate as spring-like joints). However, strain energy ‘sinks’ identified by simulations were also located in bending internodal walls which can store elastic strain energy to do work. Nodal diaphragms and internodal walls likely comprise a complex and global rather than a simple and local elastic system for the recovery of stem shape.
Tritium fractionation in plants

Abstract Alfalfa plants were hydroponically grown in environmental growth chambers in which they were continually exposed to tritium throughout growth. All segments of the environment were in equilibrium with respect to the specific activity of tritium. The tritium content in plant organic matter was about 22% lower than in the plant free water or rooting solution. Under conditions of low transpiration, there was a higher concentration (about 1·8%) of tritium in the leaves than in the stems and rooting solution. This is thought to represent the result of fractionation during transpiration.
Preparation of YBa2Cu3O7−x superconductor by coprecipitation of nanosize oxalate precursor powder in microemulsions

Abstract We describe a new technique for the synthesis of ultra-homogeneous nanoparticles of precursor oxalate powders by coprecipitation in the aqueous cores of water-in-oil microemulsions for the preparation of YBa2Cu3O7−x (1-2-3) oxide superconductors. This novel technique ensures uniform mixing of cations down to the scale of 10 nm. This ultrafine powder results in phase pure “1-2-3” oxide superconducting material of almost theoretical density and > 93% Meissner shielding expected from an ideal sample ( −1 4π ) after proper heat treatment.
The role of dislocations, integral strain, and supersaturation on the growth rates of sodium nitrate

Integral strain and dislocations have both been cited as determining factors of crystal growth rates. Sodium nitrate growth rate distributions have shown dependence upon the supersaturation present during nucleation and during growth. This paper provides further evidence that crystal growth rates are dependent upon both dislocations and strain. It also demonstrates the mechanism of crystal growth at low-supersaturation levels and the difference in the dependence of crystal growth rates with respect to integral strain at varying supersaturations.
Coefficient stability and existence of a quasisolution of an inverse parabolic problem

In this paper we consider the method of determining an unknown coefficient in a linear parabolic equation from additional conditions(measured data)on the boundary.The unknown coefficientdepends only on x∈R1.It is proved that if uniformly with repect to t and x ,n→∞ .Using this result the existence of a quasisolution of the inverse coefficient problem for the linear parabolic equation is proved.
COMPACT OPTICAL CHARACTERIZATION PLATFORM FOR DETECTION OF BIO-MOLECULES IN FLUIDIC AND AEROSOL SAMPLES

An optical characterization unit based on fluorescence spectroscopy-on-a-chip is described. It comprises a compact fluidic platform that is integrated onto a chip-size spectrometer. The analyte is continuously excited within a novel waveguide. Fluorescence spectra are recorded as the analyte traverse the detection area. In order to achieve a strong interaction between excitation light and analyte we use an anti-resonant waveguide, in which the light is guided within the target-containing medium, thereby enabling a continuous excitation of a large volume. The excitation light is guided in the lower-refractive-index fluid when the light is coupled into the waveguide at an appropriate angle. Compact spectrometers can be integrated along the fluidic channel. The spectrometers are composed of a detector array which is coated with a linear variable band-pass filter. The filter converts the spectral fluorescence information into a spatially dependent signal that is analyzed by the detector array. These chip-size spectrometers are especially applicable for characterization of moving analytes.
Resistive Susceptor Design for Uniform Heating during Induction Bonding of Composites

A novel susceptor concept for metal mesh susceptors, designed to achieve uniform in-plane temperatures during induction heating, is documented. The process involves redirecting eddy current flow pa...
Duplicated Clock genes with unique polyglutamine domains provide evidence for nonhomologous recombination in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

Circadian rhythms underlie diverse life functions ranging from cellular activities to behavior. Multiple clock genes play a central role in the generation of these rhythms. We partially characterized two copies of the Clock gene from Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), OtsClock1a and OtsClock1b. The 6,460 bp OtsClock1a sequence contains 16 exons, 15 introns and encompasses three highly conserved domains indicating it is a novel member of the bHLH-PAS superfamily of transcription factors. The second copy, OtsClock1b, consists of five exons and five introns spanning 1,945 bp. A polyglutamine repeat motif (PolyQ), characteristic of a majority of CLOCK proteins, is present in both OTSCLOCK1a and OTSCLOCK1b. However, the Chinook PolyQ domains are uniquely positioned inside the gene. Interestingly, a 1,200 bp non-coding segment located downstream of the OtsClock1a PolyQ domain is absent from OtsClock1b. This insertion/deletion is 91% similar to the Salmo salar Transferrin gene. A phylogenetic analysis of 11 CLOCK proteins shows that OtsClock1a and OtsClock1b are paralogs which likely arose subsequent to the salmonid genome-wide duplication event. Ultimately, the Chinook salmon Clock genes are key components to our understanding the genetic mechanisms underlying temporally regulated life history traits in Pacific salmonids.
Gender, Sexuality and Nationalism in a Northern Thai Non-governmental Organisation

LeeRay: Mae, if you asked yourself the question, “who am I?”, how would you answer? Mae Somjit: Eh … for me … I am a Thai. Every person who is born should do something for society. If I answered th...
A Reflective Look at Reflecting Teams

This article reviewed existing literature and research on the reflecting team process. There is a dearth of empirical research that explores the reflecting team process and the outcome of counselin...
Mutagenesis in mammalian cells can be modulated by radiation-induced voltage-dependent potassium channels.

In mammalian cells, little is known about the initial events whose ultimate consequence is mutagenesis or DNA repair. The role the plasma membrane may play as an initiator of such a pathway is not understood. We show, for the first time, that membrane voltage-dependent potassium (K−) currents, activated by ionizing radiation (Kuo et al., 1993), play a significant role in radiation mutagenesis. Specifically, we show that the frequency of mutation at the HGPRT locus is increased as expected to 37.6 ± 4.0 mutations per 100 000 survivors by 800 cGy of ionizing radiation from a spontaneous frequency of 1.5 ± 1.5. This increase, however, is abolished if either K+ channel blocker, CsCl or BaCl2, is present for 2 h following irradiation of the cells. RbCl, chemically similar to CsCl but known not to block K+ channels, is ineffective in reducing the mutation frequency. Treatment of cells with CsCl or BaCl2 had no effect on radiation-induced cell killing.
Non-nutritive sucking in sick preterm infants.

Abstract Background : Non-nutritive sucking (NNS) by the newborn infant is a fundamental behaviour and is one of the first coordinated muscular activities in the fetus. Aims : Our objective is to study the NNS pattern in prematurely born infants, who had various conditions commonly associated with immaturity. Method : A specially designed computer-based method that analyses and quantifies components of the NNS pattern was used. Subjects : The pattern of 51 clinically stable prematurely born infants (gestational ages 26–35 weeks) making a total of 206 observations were analysed and findings were compared with those obtained from 58, healthy preterm infants. Results : The rhythmic NNS pattern of alternating sucking and pauses was elicited in all examined infants, the earliest at post-menstrual age (PMA) 26 weeks. The role of PMA, the dominant predictor for several sucking variables seen in the control group, became diminished for the infants with risk factors but changes were otherwise similar. The infants' sucking activity and sucking frequency increased and the variability of the pattern declined with increased PMA and weight. Follow-up of a subgroup of infants revealed fewer sucking bursts per minute, slower sucking frequency and a greater variability of the frequency and amplitudes in those infants who developed sequelae. Conclusions : It would, thus, appear that the NNS pre-programmed rhythm generator, primarily modulated by maturation in healthy preterm infants, becomes affected by known risk associated events and in infants who later develop sequelae. Quantification of the NNS pattern in preterm infants may be a valuable future component of their evaluation.
Mutational isolation of a sieve for editing in a transfer RNA synthetase

Editing reactions are essential for the high fidelity of information transfer in processes such as replication, RNA splicing, and protein synthesis. The accuracy of interpretation of the genetic code is enhanced by the editing reactions of aminoacyl transfer RNA (tRNA) synthetases, whereby amino acids are prevented from being attached to the wrong tRNAs. Amino acid discrimination is achieved through sieves that may overlap with or coincide with the amino acid binding site. With the class I Escherichia coli isoleucine tRNA synthetase, which activates isoleucine and occasionally misactivates valine, as an example, a rationally chosen mutant enzyme was constructed that lacks entirely its normal strong ability to distinguish valine from isoleucine by the initial amino acid recognition sieve. The misactivated valine, however, is still eliminated by hydrolytic editing reactions. These data suggest that there is a distinct sieve for editing that is functionally independent of the amino acid binding site.
Impaired plantar sensitivity among the obese is associated with increased postural sway

Impaired foot plantar sensitivity has been hypothesized among individuals who are obese, and may contribute to their impaired balanced during quiet standing. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of obesity on plantar sensitivity, and explore the relationship between plantar sensitivity and balance during quiet standing. Thirty-nine young adults from the university population participated in the study including 19 obese and 20 non-obese adults. Plantar sensitivity was measured as the force threshold at which an increasing force applied to the plantar surface of the foot was first perceived, and the force threshold at which a decreasing force was last perceived. Measurements were obtained while standing, and at two locations on the plantar surface of the dominant foot. Postural sway during quiet standing was then measured under three different sensory conditions. Results indicated less sensitive plantar sensitivity and increased postural sway among the obese, and statistically significant correlations between plantar sensitivity and postural sway that were characterized as weak to moderate in strength. As such, impaired plantar sensitivity among individuals who are obese may be a mechanism by which obesity degrades standing balance among these individuals.
Walt Whitman: A Current Bibliography, Winter 2015

This Bibliography is brought to you for free and open access by Iowa Research Online. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walt Whitman Quarterly Review by an authorized administrator of Iowa Research Online. For more information, please contact lib-ir@uiowa.edu. Recommended Citation Folsom, Ed. "Walt Whitman: A Current Bibliography, Winter 2015." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 32 (2015), 164-182.
Low-Noise Amplifier Circuit for Embedded Electrophysiological Recording with Adjustable Gain and High-Pass Filtering

This paper describes a fully-integrated, differential, dual-channel, gain-adjustable and bandwidth-adjustable neural preamplifier circuit. This chip has been designed to enable commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) embedded-networked sensors (ENS) to acquire electrophysiological signals from mobile test subjects, while allowing for the user to remotely adjust amplifier gain and high-pass filtering characteristics for dynamically switching between local field potential and spike acquisition. The preliminary data presented in this paper has been derived from circuit simulations in Spectre, as the chip has been submitted for fabrication in a standard dual-poly dual-metal 1.5-mum process. The 2.2 times 2.2-mm2 chip will consume 127 muA of standby current per channel while operating from a single 3-V supply. Gain and high-pass corner frequency are voltage controlled, and can vary between 40 to 90 dB, and 0.1 to 1000 Hz, respectively, while rejecting the large DC offsets that occur at the interface between the tissue and electrode surface. The low-pass cutoff frequency is set to approximately 10 kHz. Simulated input-referred noise is 4.4 muVrms between 0.5 and 5000 Hz.
Teacher Quality and School Resegregation: A Resource Allocation Case Study

This article uses a school finance equity framework to examine the distribution of resources across the Metropolitan Nashville Public Schools (MNPS) during a policy shift toward neighborhood-based student assignment between 1999 and 2004. Findings from this analysis confirm that MNPS schools are resegregating. Additionally, this study finds that, although Nashville students from poor and minority backgrounds received additional resources from the district in the form of reduced pupil/teacher ratios, they faced challenges in the form of higher percentages of inexperienced teachers and reduced average teacher salaries. Finally, this analysis provides evidence to suggest that these inequitable relationships worsen slightly over time.
Combating healthcare corruption and fraud with improved global health governance.

Corruption is a serious threat to global health outcomes, leading to financial waste and adverse health consequences. Yet, forms of corruption impacting global health are endemic worldwide in public and private sectors, and in developed and resource-poor settings alike. Allegations of misuse of funds and fraud in global health initiatives also threaten future investment. Current domestic and sectorial-level responses are fragmented and have been criticized as ineffective. In order to address this issue, we propose a global health governance framework calling for international recognition of “global health corruption” and development of a treaty protocol to combat this crucial issue.
Global appropriateness of pain drawings: Blind ratings predict patterns of psychological distress and litigation status

Previous studies examining pain drawings of low back pain patients have shown conflicting results in predicting elevations of MMPI scores. A study of 82 patients whose drawings were rated only for overall, anatomical appropriateness was conducted using the SCL-90 rather than the MMPI as the psychological assessment instrument. Significant differences were found between appropriate and inappropriate drawings; however, these differences seem to reflect differences in cognitive style of coping with pain as opposed to psychopathology. The implications and limitations of the study are discussed.
Rapid range expansion of rusty crayfish Orconectes rusticus (Girard, 1852) in the John Day River, Oregon, USA

The rusty crayfish, Orconectes rusticus (Girard, 1852), native to the eastern U.S., was discovered west of the Rocky Mountains in the John Day River in Oregon in 2005. In the five years since then, the known range of Orconectes rusticus has more than doubled to 145 river km along the mainstem of the river and populations have achieved high densities in several locations. To arrive at this estimate, the present study employed commercial crayfish traps, D-frame kick nets, and snorkel surveys to assess crayfish communities in the upper John Day basin. Natural dispersal, multiple introductions, a more thorough survey of the study area, or a combination of these factors could account for the expansion of the known distribution O. rusticus within the basin. The limit of O. rusticus expansion in the John Day River and broader Columbia River Basin, and the likely consequences for invaded ecosystems remain to be resolved.
Waist circumference and waist for height percentiles in urban South Indian children aged 3–16 years

To develop age and gender specific waist circumference references for urban Indian children aged 3–16 years. Cross-sectional study. Urban preschools and schools of Bangalore. 9060 children (5172 boys and 3888 girls) in the age group of 3–16 years. Weight, height, and waist circumference were measured using standard anthropometric methodology. Percentiles for waist circumference and Waist/height ratio (W/Ht) for each age and gender were constructed and smoothed using the LMS method. Mean waist circumference increased with age for both girls and boys. The upper end of curve in boys continued to increase, whereas in the girls it tended to plateau at 14 years. The waist circumference of the Indian children from the present study was higher than age and sex matched European children. The proportion of children with W/Ht ratio greater than 0.5 decreased as their age increased. These curves represent the first waist and waist height ratio percentiles for Indian children and could be used as reference values for urban Indian children. We suggest that for a start, the 75th percentile of waist circumference from this study be used as an “action point” for Indian children to identify obesity (as a tautological argument), while retaining the cut-off of 0.5 for the W/Ht ratio; however this underlines the need to derive biologically rational cut-offs that would relate to different levels of risk for adult cardiovascular disease.
Ionic Displacements and Piezoelectric Constants of AgGaS2 from X-Ray Diffraction of a Crystal in an External Electric Field

Abstract The displacements of the ions and the changes in cell parameters which occur on application of an electric field to a crystal of AgGaS2 have been determined using X-ray diffraction. The shifts in Bragg angle of 14 reflections, due to a field of 2.6 × 106 V/m applied nearly parallel to [221], were used to refine the change in cell parameters. The resulting piezoelectric coefficients are d14 = d25 = 8.8 (0.9) × 10-12 C/N and d36 = 7.6 (1.8) × 10-12 C/N. This leads to a value of 4.8 (0.5) × 10-12 pC/N for the piezoelectric constant in the [221] direction, which compares well with a value of 5-6 × 10-12 C/N measured directly. The ionic displacements were studied for two field directions. With E = 2.6 × 106 V/m in a direction parallel to [110], very small, but significant a and b direction displacements were observed for all atoms, whereas the displacements in the e direction were negligible as expected. Relative to the sulfur framework, the Ga ion displacement is considerably larger than that of the Ag ions. The changes in scattering intensity for a field parallel to [221] were found to be much smaller, indicating smaller ionic displacements for that field direction. The ion displacements are analyzed with a model of nonpolarizable harmonic oscillators in an electric field. It is found that the observed displacements of the Ga ions are much larger than the calculated displacements, whereas the displacements of the Ag ion are in good agreement with theory.
PB1 Domains of MEKK2 and MEKK3 Interact with the MEK5 PB1 Domain for Activation of the ERK5 Pathway

MEKK2 and MEKK3 are MAPK kinase kinases that activate the ERK5 pathway by phosphorylating and activating the MAPK kinase, MEK5. Activated MEK5 then phosphorylates and activates ERK5. PB1 domains were first defined in the p67 phox and Bem1p proteins and have been shown to mediate protein-protein heterodimerization. A PB1 domain is encoded within the N-terminal portion of MEKK2, MEKK3, and MEK5. Herein, we analyze the functional role of MEKK2, MEKK3, and MEK5 PB1 domains in the ERK5 activation pathway. The PB1 domains of MEKK2 and MEKK3 bind the PB1 domain of MEK5 but do not significantly homo- or heterodimerize with one another in vitro. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation of MEKK2 and MEK5 from cell lysates shows that they form a complex in vivo. Deletion or mutation of the MEKK2 PB1 domain abolishes MEKK2-MEK5 complexes, demonstrating that the PB1 domain interaction is required for MEKK2-MEK5 interactions. Expression in cells of the MEKK2 or MEKK3 PB1 domain inhibits ERK5 activation, whereas expression of a mutant MEKK2 unable to bind the MEK5 PB1 domain or expression of the p67 phox PB1 domain has no effect on ERK5 activation. These findings demonstrate that the PB1 domain mediates the association of MEKK2 and MEKK3 with MEK5 and that the respective PB1 domains of these kinases are critical for regulation of the ERK5 pathway. The free PB1 domain of MEKK2 or MEKK3 functions effectively to inhibit the ERK5 pathway but not the p38 or JNK pathways, demonstrating the specific and unique requirement of the MEKK2 and MEKK3 PB1 domain in regulating ERK5 activation.
Alcohol solutions of triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride as high-dose radiochromic dosimeters

Abstract The radiolytic reduction of colorless tetrazolium salts in aqueous solution to the highly colored formazan dye is a well-known acid-forming radiation chemical reaction. Radiochromic thin films and three-dimensional hydrocolloid gels have been used for imaging and mapping absorbed dose distributions. The high solubility of 2,3,5-triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride (TTC) in alcohols provides a useful liquid dosimeter (45 mM TTC in aerated ethanol) and shows a linear response of absorbance increase (λ max = 480 nm) with dose over the range 1–16 kGy. The linear molar absorption coefficient (ɛ m ) for the formazan at the absorption peak is 1.5 × 10 3 m 2 mol −1 , and the radiation chemical yield for the above solution is G (formazan) = 0.014 μ mol J −1 . The irradiation temperature coefficient is about 0.8 percent per degree Celsius rise in temperature over the temperature range 0–30 °C but is much larger between 30° and 60 °C. The unirradiated and irradiated solutions are stable over at least five days storage at normal laboratory temperature in the dark, but when stored in daylight at elevated temperature, the unirradiated solution in sealed amber glass ampoules undergoes slow photolytic dye formation, and the irradiated solution experiences initial fading and subsequent reversal (photochromism) when exposed to direct sunlight.
The crystal structure of 2-deoxy-β-d-arabino-hexopyranose at −150°

Abstract 2-Deoxy-β- d - arabino -hexopyranose, C 6 H 12 O 5 , is orthorhombic, P2 1 2 1 2 1 , with cell dimensions at −150° [20°], a = 6.484(2) [6.510(3)], b = 10.364(2) [10.427(4)], c = 11.134(3) [11.153(5)] A, V = 748.2 [757.1] A 3 , Z = 4, D x = 1.457 [1.440], and D m = [1.455] g.cm −3 . The intensities of 1269 reflections were measured by using MoKα radiation. The structure was solved by direct methods, and refined by full-matrix least-squares, with anisotropic, thermal parameters for the carbon and oxygen atoms, and isotropic parameters for the hydrogen atoms. The pyranose has the 4 C 1 ( d ) conformation, with puckering parameters Q = 0.563 A, θ = 3.9°, and ϕ = 350.3°. The departure from ideality is very small, and less than that in β- d -glucopyranose, Q = 0.584 A and θ = 6.9°. The β-glycosidic, CO bond is short, 1.383(4) A, and the OCOH torsion angle is −87°, consistent with the anomeric effect. The hydrogen-bonding scheme consists of infinite chains, with side chains terminating at a ring-oxygen atom.
Value of positron emission tomography/computed tomography in diagnosis and staging of primary ocular and orbital tumors

Accurate and reliable staging methods are crucial for optimal care of patients with ocular and orbital malignancies. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) has recently emerged as a staging tool in the field of ophthalmic oncology. For detecting primary ocular or orbital lesions, PET/CT does not seem to provide an advantage over clinical ophthalmologic examination or conventional imaging studies such as CT or magnetic resonance imaging of the orbit. However, PET/CT may detect distant metastatic lesions that conventional imaging studies miss. For orbital and ocular adnexal lymphoma, use of PET/CT has been proven to be feasible and is now accepted both as a standard part of the initial staging work-up and for the assessment of response to therapy. For other ophthalmic tumors, PET/CT seems most appropriate for advanced metastatic tumors of the orbit, eyelid, and eye, for which the detection of distant metastasis with 1 comprehensive study may be preferable to performing multiple CT scans with contrast.
Thromboplastin antagonist(s) from the erythrocytes

Abstract Addition of washed erythrocytes to platelet poor plasma: a) prolonged the partial thromboplastin time (PTT) of the plasma, b) increased the maximum amplitude (ma) and c) reduced the reaction rate (r) of the thromboelastogram. Hemolysis of the plasma-erythrocyte mixtures resulted in: a) further prolongation of PTT, except at very low hematocrit values, when a shortening was observed, b) prolongation of the prothrombin time, c) further reduction of r which, however, was followed gradually by a prolongation at very high concentrations of hemolysed erythrocytes. The results indicate that the erythrocytes in the absence of a tissue or partial thromboplastin exhibited thromboplastic properties but in the presence of either of these thromboplastins they acted as inhibitors. Addition of red cells to heparinized platelet poor plasma greatly reduced the prolonged thrombin time of the latter, both before and after hemolysis. The presence of heparin on the other hand, did not seem to affect the antithromboplastic properties of the erythrocytes.
Rheological Characterization of Process Cheese Using Tube Viscometry

Abstract A rheological characterization of process cheese mix was performed using tube viscometry techniques at 15, 20, 25, and 30°C over the approximate shear rate range of 5–35 s−1. The shear rate range was chosen to correspond with a range germane to pilot scale process cheese production. As expected, the cheese mixture was shear thinning. Additionally, the viscosity of cheese mix substantially decreased as temperature increased, with a near tenfold decrease in viscosity from 15 to 30°C. At a shear rate of 7.5 s−1, the viscosity of the mixture at 15°C was 936.8 Pa s, while the viscosity at 30°C was 112.7 Pa s. Power law models were developed for each temperature. Generalized models for predicting apparent viscosity as a function of temperature and shear rate were developed using both a multiple linear regression equation and a modified Arrhenius‐type equation. The tube viscometry technique and subsequent models have applications to the prediction of flow behavior of highly viscous materials to aid in f...
Tax policy and state economic growth: The long-run and short-run of it

This paper uses a pooled mean group (PMG) estimator to evaluate the effects of tax policy on state-level growth. We find that property and sales tax rates have negative effects on long-run income growth, while income tax rates have no impact.
Analyses of muon electrodynamic tests

A simple model for a possible modification of the fermion propagator in quantum electrodynamics is presented along with the accompanying change in the vertex function directated by the WardTakahashi identity in order to maintain current conservation. This model is used to compute corrections to the calculations of the muong — 2 value, to the μ-pair production and to the muon-proton scattering cross-sections. The purpose is to show by explicit calculation, and thereby to emphasize, that these are independent and complementary probes of the theory. Therefore, each measurement should be carried out to a maximum obtainable accuracy independent of the results found in the other two.
Underappreciated benefits of erythromycin in the management of periprosthetic inflammation and osteolysis

numbers in CD vs. con). The increased osteoclastogenesis was exclusively observed in cultures in which T cells were present. Conclusion: Spontaneous osteoclastogenesis is increased in patients with Crohn's disease. Moreover, osteoclast formation appears to be T cell dependent. Further evaluation of the cellular content of the cell clusters as well as detailed study of cytokine mRNA expression and cytokine production by the different cell fractions might help to reveal the mechanism of T cell mediated osteoclastogenesis in patients with Crohn's disease. Disclosure of Interest: None declared
A report on the use of action research to evaluate a manufacturing information systems development methodology in a company

.The paper reports on an action research study that evaluated the usefulness of a Manufacturing Information Systems (MIS) development methodology at a manufacturing technology company. The evaluation process is based upon a five-stage action research method. The ISD methodology, in conjunction with the action research method, was used to solve five technical and organizational problems identified in the Engineering Release Function of the company. Results of the study include reduction in cycle time, work-in-process and rework.
Fractionation of Stable Carbon Isotopes by Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase from C4 Plants

The active species of "CO(2)" and the amount of fractionation of stable carbon isotopes have been determined for a partially purified preparation of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.31) from corn (Zea mays) leaves. The rates of the enzyme reactions, using substrate amounts of HCO(3) (-), CO(2) or CO(2) plus carbonic anhydrase, show that HCO(3) (-) is the active species of "CO(2)" utilized by PEP carboxylase. The K(m) values for CO(2) and HCO(3) (-) are 1.25 mm and 0.11 mm, respectively, which further suggest the preferential utilization of HCO(3) (-) by PEP carboxylase. The amount of fractionation of stable carbon isotopes by PEP carboxylase from an infinite pool of H(12)CO(3) (-) and H(13)CO(3) (-) was -2.03 per thousand. This enzyme fractionation (delta), together with the fractionation associated with absorption of CO(2) into plant cells and the equilibrium fractionation associated with atmospheric CO(2) and dissolved HCO(3) (-) are discussed in relation to the fractionation of stable carbon isotopes of atmospheric CO(2) during photosynthesis in C(4) plants.
Interrelations between nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization and early blight control of potatoes

Three different rates of soil-applied nitrogen were combined in all possible combinations with different schedules of fungicidal sprays for early blight (Alternaria solani) control in field experiments for three consecutive years. The nitrogen was applied with a constant rate of phosphorus. Yield response to fungicidal sprays was more pronounced when potato plants had received nitrogen and phosphorus. Both spraying and fertilizer application reduced the percentage of leaflets infected by early blight. However, the effect of the fungicide was greater than that of fertilizers. Estimates based on the cost and price assumptions indicated that $1.00 investment in the optimum number of fungicidal sprays at the adequate rate of fertilizer returned $8.34, $9.71 and $1.89 in 1970, 1971 and 1972, respectively.
Oviposition behaviors and ontogenetic embryonic characteristics of the western tarnished plant bug, Lygus hesperus.

The western tarnished plant bug, Lygus hesperus Knight (Hemiptera: Miridae) is a key pest of fruit, vegetable, and field crops in the western United States, but many aspects of L. hesperus ecology are poorly documented. A sound understanding of oviposition behavior and characterization of the phases of embryonic development would be useful in studies of interactions between L. hesperus and its hosts, and in efforts to better understand the developmental consequences of low temperatures. Because L. hesperus insert their eggs into the host, most of the egg is obscured from view, and some aspects of oviposition and subsequent egg development cannot be observed directly. A novel observational method which took advantage of the propensity for L. hesperus to oviposit in semi-transparent sheets of agarose was used to observe oviposition and subsequent embryonic development. Lygus hesperus females stylet-probed prospective oviposition sites and during oviposition the ovipositor followed the path of the final probe. Oviposition, from insertion to withdrawal of the ovipositor, required ∼30 seconds. Identifiable phases of embryo development included egg swelling, katatrepsis, appearance of body segments and appendages, development of red pigmentation in the eyes and terminal antennal segments, and formation of the 3rd embryonic cuticle. These phases were observed at about 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, and 0.8 of the total duration between oviposition and hatch, respectively. Infertile eggs did not exhibit any of these phases. Our descriptions of embryonic development will facilitate the study of L. hesperus egg biology and ecology, and permit estimates of egg population age structure and prediction of egg hatch.
Artistic and activist memory-work: Approaching place-based practice

While an emerging interdisciplinary field of memory studies exists, what it is and might become remains open to debate. This article calls for a memory studies agenda that remains sensitive to the ways individuals and groups experience memory as multisensual, spatial ways of understanding their worlds. Artistic and activist memory-work in particular offers at least two contributions to such an agenda. It challenges ontological assumptions that underpin much of the recent interdisciplinary body of research on memory, including understandings of site, social and body memory, and the role of place in memory; and it invites scholars to consider their research in terms of socially responsible place-based practice. In this article, I discuss sites of social engagement, embodied and social memory, and wounded places to consider how artistic and activist place-based practice might fundamentally change how memory studies scholars think about their research.
Complexity of some parametric integer and network programming problems

Two examples of parametric cost programming problems—one in network programming and one in NP-hard 0-1 programming—are given; in each case, the number of breakpoints in the optimal cost curve is exponential in the square root of the number of variables in the problem.
The Perils of Peace: America's Struggle for Survival after Yorktown – By Thomas Fleming

In this penetrating account of the struggle by the rebellious American colonists, their European allies, and their British opponents, respectively, to “win the peace” in the wake of Lord Cornwallis...
Haemoproteus, a blood parasite, in domestic pigeons and mourning doves in Maryland

The occurrence ofHaemoproteus in pigeons throughout the world and in mourning doves in the United States is reviewed.Haemoproteus has previously been reported only once from pigeons in Maryland. During this study it was found in all of 18 pigeons from one area but in none of 12 from an adjacent area. No infections were found in 90 Maryland mourning doves. All of the 10 mourning doves from Florida were infected whereas 60 nestlings from Texas and Mississippi had no parasites. None was found in 358 nestling white-winged doves from Texas.
Affectivity and psychological adjustment across two adult generations : Does pessimistic explanatory style still matter?

Past research and theory have pointed to the role of pessimistic explanatory style as a predictor of psychological adjustment in adults. This study examined the extent to which, beyond affectivity, pessimistic explanatory style uniquely predicted depressive symptoms and life satisfaction in and across two adult generations, namely, among young adults and their middle-aged parents. For both adult groups, results of conducting hierarchical regression analyses indicated that pessimistic explanatory style did not add uniquely to the prediction of either dependent variable. These findings are taken to suggest that pessimistic explanatory style may play a more limited role in predicting psychological adjustment in adults than previously thought when other important predictors are taken into account.
Location of an inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA in the normal kidney.

Location of an inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA in the normal kidney. An inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA was found primarily in the outer medulla of normal rat kidney. Identification of the mRNA was based upon the specificity of the oligonucleotide primers used for PCR amplification, PCR-Southern blot analysis and the nucleic acid sequence of the cloned PCR product. In addition to the outer medulla, glomeruli prepared from normal rat kidney contained significant amounts of an iNOS mRNA. These results suggest that there may be tonic influences in the outer medulla of the normal rat kidney resulting in the "steady-state" presence of an iNOS mRNA. Cortical tubules and the inner medulla were found to contain detectable but lesser amounts of the iNOS mRNA. The outer medulla was microdis-sected into proximal straight tubule (PST), medullary thick ascending limb (MTAL), medullary collecting duct (MCD) and vasa recta bundle (VRB). The iNOS mRNA was found primarily in the MTAL with minor amounts in the MCD and VRB of normal rat kidney. Animals were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and sacrificed 24 hours later. Treatment with LPS caused at least a 20-fold increase in the amount of iNOS mRNA in the liver or in macrophages isolated from the peritoneum. Endotoxin treatment led to over a 10-fold increase in iNOS mRNA content in glomeruli and the inner medulla. The iNOS mRNA level of the outer medulla was increased two- to threefold due to LPS treatment.
The Snare Motif of Membrane-Anchored Synaptobrevin Exhibits an Aqueous-Interfacial Partitioning that is Modulated by Membrane Curvature

The SNARE forming motif of the vesicle associated protein synaptobrevin 2, is generally thought to be unstructured in the aqueous phase prior to assembly of the neuronal core SNARE complex. Here, the structure and interfacial association of the full-length vesicle SNARE, synaptobrevin, was compared in four different lipid environments using NMR and EPR spectroscopy. In micelles, segments of the SNARE motif are helical and associated with the interface. However, the fraction of helix and interfacial association decreases as synaptobrevin is moved from micelle to bicelle to bilayer environments, suggesting that the tendency towards interfacial association is sensitive to membrane curvature. In bilayers, the SNARE motif of synaptobrevin transiently associates with the lipid interface, and regions that are helical in micelles are in conformational and environmental exchange in bicelles and bilayers. This work demonstrates that the SNARE motif of synaptobrevin has a significant propensity to form a helix and exchange with the membrane interface prior to SNARE assembly. This transient interfacial association and its sensitivity to membrane curvature and/or defects likely play a role in SNARE recognition events that drive membrane fusion.
[125I]IOXY-AGO: A high affinity, mu-selective agonist opioid receptor ligand

Abstract We previously reported that epimeric 6β-iodo-3,14-dihydroxy-17-cyclopropylmethyl-4,5α-epoxymorphinan (IOXY) was a potent opioid receptor antagonist with high affinity μ, κ 1 and κ 2 binding sites (1,2). In order to compare the binding of agonist and antagonist ligands at cloned μ opioid receptors (3–5) (see Rothman et al., this meeting), we prepared the agonist analog of IOXY, IOXY-AGO for “IOXY-agonist” (6β-iodo-3,14-dihydroxy-17-methyl-4,5αepoxymorphinan). This paper reports on [ 125 I]IOXY-AGO binding to rat brain membranes. [ 125 I]IOXY-AGO was radioiodinated (2200 Ci/mmol) as reported for [ 125 I]IOXY (1) and the product purified by HPLC. High affinity, specific (90%) and reversible binding was demonstrated. NaCl and GppNHp inhibited [ 125 I]IOXY-AGO binding indicating that it possesses agonist properties. Its Ki values at opioid receptor subtypes were 0.28±0.04 (μ) , 18.7±0.9 (δ) and 33.9±2.2 nM ( κ 1 ), respectively. Competition studies showed that [ 125 I]IOXY-AGO selectively labeled μ receptors: μ-ligands, morphine, naloxone and DAMGO had nanomolar Ki values while δ- and κ-ligands had moderate or weak Ki values. Viewed collectively, these data indicate that [ 125 I]IOXY-AGO is a very useful ligand for studies of opioid receptors.
The development of rat models of malnutrition with special reference to the essential fatty acids

Abstract Five rat models of malnutrition were developed by feeding for 6 weeks 5 different diets that were either deficient or adequate in essential fatty acids (EFA) and deficient or adequate in protein, energy and/or lipids to weanling rats. The diets were composed to mimic the types of weaning food fed to children in West Africa while providing some variation for comparative analysis. Animals of the various models exhibited varying degrees of growth failure, skin and hair changes, depression in size of organs, gross pathological changes and aberrations in organs and tissues, hypoalbuminemia and fatty livers. Fatty liver was absent, however, in 75% of the animals of model 2 that had a high lipid diet. Elevations of carcass water and triene/tetraene ratio (above 0.4) in the plasma were found for all models. Model 4 (high fiber diet) had the most severe biochemical indication of EFA deficiency. Characteristic features usually attributable to protein malnutrition were produced in a model deprived of EFA even when the diet contained 18% protein. These findings support a multietiological basis for malnutrition and the importance of lipids for normal growth and development.
Processing and Subcellular Trafficking of ER-Tethered EIN2 Control Response to Ethylene Gas

Ethylene gas is essential for many developmental processes and stress responses in plants. ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2 (EIN2), an NRAMP-like integral membrane protein, plays an essential role in ethylene signaling, but its function remains enigmatic. Here we report that phosphorylation-regulated proteolytic processing of EIN2 triggers its endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-nucleus translocation. ER-tethered EIN2 shows CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE1 (CTR1) kinase-dependent phosphorylation. Ethylene triggers dephosphorylation at several sites and proteolytic cleavage at one of these sites, resulting in nuclear translocation of a carboxyl-terminal EIN2 fragment (EIN2-C'). Mutations that mimic EIN2 dephosphorylation, or inactivate CTR1, show constitutive cleavage and nuclear localization of EIN2-C' and EIN3 and EIN3-LIKE1-dependent activation of ethylene responses. These findings uncover a mechanism of subcellular communication whereby ethylene stimulates phosphorylation-dependent cleavage and nuclear movement of the EIN2-C' peptide, linking hormone perception and signaling components in the ER with nuclear-localized transcriptional regulators.
Characterization of an amphioxus wnt gene, AmphiWnt11, with possible roles in myogenesis and tail outgrowth.

The full-length sequence and developmental expression of an amphioxus Wnt gene (AmphiWnt11) are described. A phylogenetic analysis of all known full-length Wnt11 sequences indicates that a gene duplication occurred at the base of the vertebrate Wnt11 clade. The developmental expression domains of AmphiWnt11 resemble those of Wnt11 homologs in vertebrates. The earliest detectable expression is transiently associated with the dorsal lip of the blastopore. At the neurula stage, AmphiWnt11 is expressed in myotomal muscle cells; however, AmphiWnt11 transcription is not associated with metameric pre-patterning prior to morphological segmentation. Finally, in amphioxus and the vertebrates, Wnt11 homologs are expressed in anteroventral ectoderm and in association with the tailbud and the tail fin. Thus, in amphioxus and lower vertebrates, the posterior expression of Wnt11 may be involved in tail fin outgrowth, and this ancient genetic program might have been co-opted at least in part for lateral appendage development during vertebrate evolution. genesis 27:1-5, 2000.
Molecular organization and timing of Wnt1 expression define cohorts of midbrain dopamine neuron progenitors in vivo.

Midbrain dopamine (MbDA) neurons are functionally heterogenous and modulate complex functions through precisely organized anatomical groups. MbDA neurons are generated from Wnt1-expressing progenitors located in the ventral mesencephalon (vMes) during embryogenesis. However, it is unclear whether the progenitor pool is partitioned into distinct cohorts based on molecular identity and whether the timing of gene expression uniquely identifies subtypes of MbDA neurons. In this study we show that Wnt1-expressing MbDA progenitors from E8.5–12.5 have dynamic molecular identities that correlate with specific spatial locations in the vMes. We also tested the hypothesis that the timing of Wnt1 expression in progenitors is related to the distribution of anatomically distinct cohorts of adult MbDA neurons using Genetic Inducible Fate Mapping (GIFM). We demonstrate that the Wnt1 lineage contributes to specific cohorts of MbDA neurons during a seven day epoch and that the contribution to MbDA neurons predominates over other ventral Mb domains. In addition, we show that calbindin-, GIRK2-, and calretinin-expressing MbDA neuron subtypes are derived from Wnt1-expressing progenitors marked over a broad temporal window. Through GIFM and quantitative analysis we demonstrate that the Wnt1 lineage does not undergo progressive lineage restriction, which eliminates a restricted competence model of generating MbDA diversity. Interestingly, we uncover that two significant peaks of Wnt1 lineage contribution to MbDA neurons occur at E9.5 and E11.5. Collectively, our findings delineate the temporal window of MbDA neuron generation and show that lineage and timing predicts the terminal distribution pattern of MbDA neurons.