cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Benguela upwelling system: Quantifying the sensitivity to resolution and coastal wind representation in a global climate model

AbstractOf all the major coastal upwelling systems in the world’s oceans, the Benguela, located off southwest Africa, is the one that climate models find hardest to simulate well. This paper investigates the sensitivity of upwelling processes, and of sea surface temperature (SST), in this region to resolution of the climate model and to the offshore wind structure. The Community Climate System Model (version 4) is used here, together with the Regional Ocean Modeling System. The main result is that a realistic wind stress curl at the eastern boundary, and a high-resolution ocean model, are required to well simulate the Benguela upwelling system. When the wind stress curl is too broad (as with a 1° atmosphere model or coarser), a Sverdrup balance prevails at the eastern boundary, implying southward ocean transport extending as far as 30°S and warm advection. Higher atmosphere resolution, up to 0.5°, does bring the atmospheric jet closer to the coast, but there can be too strong a wind stress curl. The most ...
Embryotoxicity of bilirubin.

Abstract Intraperitoneal injection of bilirubin in a dosage of 25 mg. per kilogram during the days nine to 15 of gestation in bile duct-ligated heterozygous Gunn rats was embryotoxic. Bile duct ligation per se had no gross observable effects on fetal development. Infertility is found in homozygous female Gunn rats that have unconjugated plasma bilirubin concentrations comparable to those achieved in this study (⋍6.0 mg. per deciliter).
COSTING AND PRICING

If you ask most people about cost and price they believe they understand exactly what is meant. Cost is what you pay for an item and price is what the seller asks — and for most buyers the transactions are the same. However, cost and price are different to different players in a transaction. There is the cost of creating, developing, producing, marketing, supporting, distributing, storing, and selling an item. There is the retail or list, wholesale, sale, or discounted price at which the item is sold and which the purchaser pays. It sounds simple, but in reality it is a complex process involving a high degree of subjective judgment.
Hilbert's Tenth Problem and Mazur's Conjecture for large subrings of $\mathbb{Q}$

We give the first examples of infinite sets of primes S such that Hilbert’s Tenth Problem over Z[S−1] has a negative answer. In fact, we can take S to be a density 1 set of primes. We show also that for some such S there is a punctured elliptic curve E′ over Z[S−1] such that the topological closure of E′(Z[S−1]) in E′(R) has infinitely many connected components.
Optimal Feedback Strength for Noise Suppression in Autoregulatory Gene Networks

Autoregulatory feedback loops, where the protein expressed from a gene inhibits or activates its own expression are common gene network motifs within cells. In these networks, stochastic fluctuations in protein levels are attributed to two factors: intrinsic noise (i.e., the randomness associated with mRNA/protein expression and degradation) and extrinsic noise (i.e., the noise caused by fluctuations in cellular components such as enzyme levels and gene-copy numbers). We present results that predict the level of both intrinsic and extrinsic noise in protein numbers as a function of quantities that can be experimentally determined and/or manipulated, such as the response time of the protein and the level of feedback strength. In particular, we show that for a fixed average number of protein molecules, decreasing response times leads to attenuation of both protein intrinsic and extrinsic noise, with the extrinsic noise being more sensitive to changes in the response time. We further show that for autoregulatory networks with negative feedback, the protein noise levels can be minimal at an optimal level of feedback strength. For such cases, we provide an analytical expression for the highest level of noise suppression and the amount of feedback that achieves this minimal noise. These theoretical results are shown to be consistent and explain recent experimental observations. Finally, we illustrate how measuring changes in the protein noise levels as the feedback strength is manipulated can be used to determine the level of extrinsic noise in these gene networks.
Time- and concentration-dependent production of superoxide anion, nitric oxide, DNA damage and cellular death by ricin in the J774A.1 macrophage cells.

The time- and concentration-dependent effects of ricin on some biomarkers of cellular toxicity, including production of superoxide anion (O−2), nitric oxide (NO), and DNA single strand breaks (SSB), as well as cellular death, have been examined in the J774A.1 macrophage cell cultures. Various concentrations of ricin have been added to various cell cultures, and the cells were incubated for 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours. Following 12 hour incubation, ricin did not cause significant increases in any of those biomarkers. However, time- and concentration-dependent increases were observed in the induction of all the biomarkers after incubation for 24–48 hours. Approximately twofold increases in the production of O−2 were observed after incubation with 1 and 10 ng/mL of ricin for 24 and 36–48 hours, respectively. The concentrations of ricin that caused approximately twofold increases in the rate of DNA-SSB are 10 and 1–10 ng/mL after 24 and 36–48 hours incubation, respectively. Approximately twofold increases in NO production were only observed after incubation of the cultures with 1–10 ng/mL of ricin for 36–48 hours. Fifty percent reductions in cellular viability were also observed with ricin concentrations of 10–100, 10, and 1–10 ng/mL, after incubation for 24, 36, and 48 hours, respectively. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biochem Toxicol 13: 179–185, 1999
Using National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) Data to Understand Financial Exploitation of the Elderly: A Research Note

Abstract While there has been an increasing awareness among policy makers and the public about the potential risks of financial exploitation faced by the elderly, there have been few national assessments of this problem due largely to methodological challenges—such as underreporting, small and nonrepresentative samples, inconsistent offense definitions, and infrequent or unsystematic data collection. This paper illustrates the extent to which the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) data can address some of these methodological limitations in order to contribute to a baseline picture of the prevalence and characteristics of elderly financial exploitation in the United States.
Competitive formation of glasses and glass–matrix composites

Abstract By systematically investigating the effect of chemical composition on the competitive formation of glasses in various systems, we attempt to address two long-standing scientific puzzles upon metallic glasses, i.e., (i) which composition is the best for forming glasses and glass–matrix composites and (ii) what determines the easy glass-forming composition range in a given alloy system. Our findings have led to the construction of a qualitative microstructure selection map, which is useful for guiding the design of bulkier metallic glasses and glass–matrix composites. In addition, our analysis demonstrates that the classical kinetic treatment of glass formation is insufficient; to analyze glass formation properly, it is necessary to go beyond simple assumptions of single polymorphic solidification during crystallization.
Ba Deposition and Oxidation on θ-Al2O3/NiAl(100) Ultrathin Films. Part II: O2(g) Assisted Ba Oxidation

Ba deposition on a θ-Al2O3/NiAl(100) substrate and its oxidation with gas-phase O2 at various surface temperatures are investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and temperature programmed desorption (TPD) techniques. Oxidation of metallic Ba by gas-phase O2 at 800 K results in the growth of 2D and 3D BaO surface domains. Saturation of a metallic Ba layer deposited on θ-Al2O3/NiAl(100) with O2(g) at 300 K reveals the formation of BaO2-like surface states. These metastable peroxide (O22-) states are converted to regular oxide (O2-) states at higher temperatures (800 K). In terms of thermal stability, BaO surface layers (θBa < 5 ML) that are formed by O2(g) assisted oxidation on the θ-Al2O3/NiAl(100) substrate are significantly more stable (with a desorption/decomposition temperature of c.a. 1050 K) than the thick (2 < θBa < 10 ML) metallic/partially oxidized Ba layers prepared in the absence of gas-phase O2, whose multilayer desorption features appear as l...
Emergent literacy skills in bilingual children: evidence for the role of L1 syntactic comprehension

Abstract The study examines emergent literacy skills in a group of young English Language Learners who are dominant in their native language, Spanish. We investigate the relative contribution of syntactic comprehension in the L1 and L2 to the development of emergent reading skills in English. Participants were bilingual kindergarteners from two public schools in New York City. Two main tests were administered: a test of syntactic comprehension, given in both Spanish and English, and a test of literacy skills, specifically listening comprehension in both the L1 and L2 are significant predictors of performance on L2 listening comprehension, with L1 syntactic comprehension shown to be the stronger predictor. These findings provide support for the position that L1 knowledge may be accessible to facilitate comprehension in the L2, particularly in cases in which the learners are dominant in the L1 (cf. Riches & Genesee, 2006). We interpret our results as evidence that there are benefits to supporting the develo...
Role of SOD-1 and nitric oxide/cyclic GMP cascade on neurofilament aggregation in ALS/MND

Abstract A number of free radicals such as superoxide and nitric oxide may cause damage to motor neurons but the exact mechanism remains to be elucidated. A potent free radical, peroxynitrite, is readily formed from superoxide and nitric oxide, which captures superoxide three times faster than SOD-1. Peroxynitrite may nitrate tyrosine residues of light neurofilaments (NF-L), thereby altering NF assembly and causing NF accumulation in motor neurons. To test this hypothesis we have probed the massive NF aggregates which are histopathological hallmarks of ALS/MND with immunohistochemistry. We investigated localization of reaction products related to SOD-1, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and cyclic GMP activities. Our studies show colocalization of NF aggregates with SOD-1/b-NOS/calmodulin /citrulline/cGMP and nitrotyrosine in upper motor neuron conglomerates (Cgl) and lower motor neuron axonal spheroids (Axs). This strongly supports the notion that peroxynitrite deranges NF phosphorylation and assembly, by nitrating tyrosine residues in NF-L. Impaired phosphorylation of NF subunits, either at NF-L or at NF-H, may affect the slow axonal transport culminating in proximo-distal accumulation of NF and slowly progressive motoneuron death.
Inquiry by Design: Tools for Environment-Behavior Research

(1981). Inquiry by Design: Tools for Environment-Behavior Research. Journal of Architectural Education: Vol. 35, With People in Mind: The Architect-Teacher at Work, pp. 57-57.
Effect of norepinephrine on myocardial metabolism before and after beta receptor blockade

Abstract Cardiac beta-adrenergic receptors were stimulated by the infusion of 0.02 μg/min/kg of norepinephrine (NE) into the left circumflex coronary artery in 20 anesthetized, bilaterally vagotomized open chest dogs. NE increased myocardial extraction ratio and uptake of glucose, lactate and plasma unesterified fatty acids (FFA). The increase in metabolism was accompanied by a slight rise in peak intraventricular pressure and a significant increase in d p /d t . Mean blood pressure, coronary artery perfusion pressure, coronary flow and coronary vascular resistance were not altered. In 10 of 20 dogs treated with the beta-adrenergic receptor blocking drug, d l -propranolol, the intracoronary infusion of NE caused moderate decreases in the uptake of lactate and pyruvate, while that of glucose was not significantly altered. FFA uptake was markedly decreased from 12.7 ± 3.3 to 1.0 ± 2.3 μ Eq/min/100 g while the extraction ratio declined 58% from control. Myocardial glycogen concentration in 8 control dogs was found to be not significantly different from cardiac glycogen levels in dogs infused with NE before and after beta-receptor blockade. These data indicated that the myocardial uptake of FFA in dogs pretreated with propranolol was not stimulated by subsequent administration of NE, suggesting that FFA utilization by the normal heart is closely associated with the cardiac beta-adrenergic receptor. Norepinephrine dl-propranolol Myocardial carbohydrates Myocardial fatty acids Beta-adrenergic receptors
Superfluid plug as a control device for helium coolant

New results are obtained on the characteristics of a superfluid plug as a nonmechanical control device for supplying cold helium vapor on demand from a superfluid-helium container. The data reported are for an Al2O3 ceramic plug having a nominal 5-micron pore size. A theoretical background and steady-state data are presented on mass flow rates and pressures as a function of liquid temperature. It is demonstrated that the superfluid plug can be employed as a flow control device in a control system designed to provide coolant on demand.
Confidence level fusion of edge histogram descriptor, hidden Markov model, spectral correlation feature, and NUKEv6

This paper examines the confidence level fusion of several promising algorithms for the vehicle-mounted ground penetrating radar landmine detection system. The detection algorithms considered here include Edge Histogram Descriptor (EHD), Hidden Markov Model (HMM), Spectral Correlation Feature (SCF) and NUKEv6. We first form a confidence vector by collecting the confidence values from the four individual detectors. The fused confidence is assigned to be the difference in the square of the Mahalanobis distance to the non-mine class and the square of the Mahalanobis distance to the mine class. Experimental results on a data collection that contains over 1500 mine encounters indicate that the proposed fusion technique can reduce the false alarm rate by a factor of two at 90% probability of detection when compared to the best individual detector.
Hypothalamic astrocytes respond to transforming growth factor-α with the secretion of neuroactive substances that stimulate the release of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone

Previous studies demonstrated the involvement of transforming growth factor-α (TGFα), a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family, in the developmental regulation of hypothalamic LHRH release. Although both TGFα and EGF stimulate LHRH release, they do not appear to act directly on LHRH neurons, as no EGF/TGFα receptors are detected on these cells in vivo. Instead, the stimulatory effect of TGFα on LHRH release seems to require a glial intermediacy. The present study identifies one of the glial molecules involved in this process. In vitro exposure of purified hypothalamic astrocytes to TGFα or EGF in a defined medium led to activation of the cyclooxygenase-mediated pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism, as indicated by an increase in PGE2 release, but failed to affect lipooxygenase-mediated metabolism, as assessed by the lack of increase in leukotriene C4 production; addition of TGFα- (T-CM) or EGF-conditioned medium to cultures of LHRH-producing GT1-1 cells stimulated LHRH release. In contrast, ...
Lightning Strike Fusion: Extreme Reduction and Metal-Silicate Liquid Immiscibility

A glassy fulgurite, formed recently on a morainal ridge in southeastern Michigan, contains micrometer- to centimeter-sized metallic globules rich in native silicon, which unmixed from a silica-rich liquid. The unusual character of these globules and their potential for elucidating conditions of fulgurite formation prompted further study. Thermodynamic calculations indicate that temperatures in excess of 2000 K and reducing conditions approaching those of the SiO 2 -Si buffer were needed to form the coexisting metallic and silicate liquids. The phases produced are among the most highly reduced naturally occurring materials known. Some occurrences of other highly reduced minerals may also be due to lightning strike reduction. Extreme reduction and volatilization may also occur during high-temperature events such as lightning strikes in presolar nebulae and impacts of extraterrestrial bodies. As a result of scavenging of platinum-group elements by highly reduced metallic liquids, geochemical anomalies associated with the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary may have a significant terrestrial component even if produced through bolide impact.
A Historicist Recontextualization of the Enthymeme.

(1992). A historicist recontextualization of the enthymeme. Rhetoric Society Quarterly: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 1-24.
Work compatibility: An integrated diagnostic tool for evaluating musculoskeletal responses to work and stress outcomes

Abstract Advances in human-based systems have progressed at a slower pace than those for technological systems. This is largely attributed to the complex web of variables that jointly influence work outcomes, making it more difficult to develop a quantitative methodology to solve this problem. Thus, the objective of this study was to develop and validate work compatibility as a diagnostic tool to evaluate musculoskeletal and stress outcomes. Work compatibility is defined as a latent variable integrating the positive and negative impact characteristics of work variables in the human-at-work system in the form of a prescribed relationship. The theoretical basis of work compatibility is described at length in terms of concepts and models. In addition, approximate reasoning solutions for the compatibility variables are presented in terms of three models, namely, linear, ratio, and expert. A test case of 55 service workers in a hospital setting has been used to validate work compatibility with respect to severe musculoskeletal and high stress outcomes. The results have demonstrated that the expert compatibility model provided the stronger and more significant associations with work outcomes in comparison to the linear and ratio compatibility models. In conclusion, although the work compatibility validation is limited by both the cross-sectional design and sample size, the promising findings of this exploratory investigation suggest that further studies are warranted to investigate work compatibility as a diagnostic tool to evaluate musculoskeletal and stress outcomes in the workplace.
Characterizing upper limb muscle volume and strength in older adults: A comparison with young adults

Aging is associated with the loss of muscle volume (MV) and force leading to difficulties with activities of daily living. However, the relationship between upper limb MV and joint strength has not been characterized for older adults. Quantifying this relationship may help our understanding of the functional declines of the upper limb that older adults experience. Our objective was to assess the relationship between upper limb MV and maximal isometric joint moment-generating capacity (IJM) in a single cohort of healthy older adults (age ≥ 65 years) for 6 major functional groups (32 muscles). MV was determined from MRI for 18 participants (75.1±4.3 years). IJM at the shoulder (abduction/adduction), elbow (flexion/extension), and wrist (flexion/extension) was measured. MV and IJM measurements were compared to previous reports for young adults (28.6±4.5 years). On average older adults had 16.5% less total upper limb MV compared to young adults. Additionally, older adult wrist extensors composed a significantly increased percentage of upper limb MV. Older adult IJM was reduced across all joints, with significant differences for shoulder abductors (p<0.0001), adductors (p=0.01), and wrist flexors (p<0.0001). Young adults were strongest at the shoulder, which was not the case for older adults. In older adults, 40.6% of the variation in IJM was accounted for by MV changes (p≤0.027), compared to 81.0% in young adults. We conclude that for older adults, MV and IJM are, on average, reduced but the significant linear relationship between MV and IJM is maintained. These results suggest that older adult MV and IJM cannot be simply scaled from young adults.
Simulated effects of host fish distribution on juvenile unionid mussel dispersal in a large river

Larval mussels (Family Unionidae) are obligate parasites on fish, and after excystment from their host, as juveniles, they are transported with flow. We know relatively little about the mechanisms that affect dispersal and subsequent settlement of juvenile mussels in large rivers. We used a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model of a reach of the Upper Mississippi River with stochastic Lagrangian particle tracking to simulate juvenile dispersal. Sensitivity analyses were used to determine the importance of excystment location in two-dimensional space (lateral and longitudinal) and to assess the effects of vertical location (depth in the water column) on dispersal distances and juvenile settling distributions. In our simulations, greater than 50% of juveniles mussels settled on the river bottom within 500 m of their point of excystment, regardless of the vertical location of the fish in the water column. Dispersal distances were most variable in environments with higher velocity and high gradients in velocity, such as along channel margins, near the channel bed, or where effects of river bed morphology caused large changes in hydraulics. Dispersal distance was greater and variance was greater when juvenile excystment occurred in areas where vertical velocity (w) was positive (indicating an upward velocity) than when w was negative. Juvenile dispersal distance is likely to be more variable for mussels species whose hosts inhabit areas with steeper velocity gradients (e.g. channel margins) than a host that generally inhabits low-flow environments (e.g. impounded areas). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polity and the Discipline

Polity's focus on philosophically and historically informed qualitative analysis stems from a commitment to understanding political institutions and practices as aspects of societies characterized by several processes of change, some of which are not easily perceived by observing only immediately visible and quantifiable phenomena. Those who prefer their histories of academic disciplines to be simple tales focused on one central argument that distinguishes the "right" from the "wrong" would find it easy to place Polity. One casting would place it among the "right" who never succumbed to the "physics envy" (or perhaps "econometrics envy") drawing many in the discipline to mathematically based forms of analysis whether based on statistical reasoning or formal modeling incapable of yielding insight into human social life: a hero worthy of a statue in the main square as an example for the young. The other would place it among the "wrong" unwilling or unable to understand the only methods capable of providing the knowledge needed to improve the human condition: an idiot deserving an effigy in a museum of horrors as a warning to the young. Such binary tales are not particularly useful for understanding either the flow of argument among academic analysts of politics or the conduct of actual politics in the world, an attitude I maintain even in face of the new rationales for using binary logics provided by structuralist linguistics, poststructuralism, and philosophical postmodernism.
Candidemia is Costly—Plain and Simple

As physicians, we are notoriously ignorant when it comes to money matters, both in personal and professional matters. As advocates for our patients, our decisions regarding interventions or therapies are more often based on issues of availability, safety, and efficacy than on cost. It is only in our roles as members of the hospital epidemiology team or pharmacy and therapeutics committee that issues of costs play a pivotal role in decision making, especially regarding the use of therapeutics or technical devices that may prevent health care-related infections, such as bloodstream infections. The clear and ob-
Toward A Visual Proof System: Lewis Carroll's Method of Trees

In the period 1893–1897 Charles Dodgson, writing as Lewis Carroll, published two books and two articles on logic topics. Manuscript material first published in 1977 together with letters and diary entries provide evidence that he was working toward a visual proof system for complex syllogistic propositional logic based on a mechanical tree method that he devised.
Compressibility effects on flow friction in a fully developed pipe flow

A method was evolved to account for the effects of compressibility in flows through long circular pipes of uniform diameter. Velocity and density variations across the flow cross section were approximated by profile shapes recommended for a flow past flat plates. The wall of the pipe was assumed to have attained an adiabatic condition. An integral method was used to obtain solutions for the governing equations of flow. The method was then used to analyze the detailed pressure measurements made in a long pipe for flow of air at different flow rate settings. Flow friction values derived from these pressure measurements were compared with the standard incompressible pipe flow data available in existing literature.
Place and space: The effects of experience with a physical locule☆

Abstract To test the effects of experience with a physical locus and behavior there, 96 college undergraduates were each allowed a controlled experience in a physical place. A 2 × 2 × 2 design was used in which half the subjects were given a prior exposure to the place; half were induced to anticipate future experience with it; and half were joined there by a stranger. Results showed that choice of interpersonal distance is reduced both by prior and expected experience with the physical surroundings; that exposure to the place significantly affects perception of its size; and that exposure affects (negatively) one's evaluation of the place. Anticipation of future experience with the place interacts with the presence or absence of another person there in affecting subjects' mood and their actual behavior in the space. The relations between the present results and the current knowledge about territorial behavior are explored.
A microstereotactic approach to deep-seated arteriovenous malformations

Abstract This report describes an open stereotactic approach for the treatment of a deep-seated arteriovenous malformation. Stereoscopic arteriography and a stereotactically directed carbon dioxide laser beam were utilized for total excision of the malformation.
The future of multiple sclerosis therapies: redesigning multiple sclerosis clinical trials in a new therapeutic eraa

Due to past success in testing and gaining regulatory approval for a variety of therapies in multiple sclerosis (MS), the conduct of future clinical trials has become increasingly problematic. An international workshop has met to discuss the issues facing the MS clinical trial community and to examine possible new strategies for the design of trials. Particular focus has been placed on trials that either avoid the use of a placebo because of ethical considerations or on designs that allow new therapies to be studied more rapidly or with fewer patients than needed in a conventional placebo-controlled trial. The discussions resulting from the workshop should provide a basis for the examination and implementation of innovative clinical trial designs in MS.
An evaluation of a vision-based sensor performance in Huanglongbing disease identification

Huanglongbing (HLB) disease is a critical infection which has dangerously affected the citrus production in Florida and has also been observed in California and Texas. No active treatment for this infection has been reported yet and the HLB infected tree will eventually die. However, early identification and removal of the HLB affected trees will secure the healthy trees in the grove. Accumulation of starch on infected leaves is an early symptom of HLB. Starch can rotate the polarisation plane of light in a certain waveband. A customised vision sensor was developed based on this characteristic to identify the HLB symptom. The vision sensor images were compared with the images captured by a colour camera to demonstrate the improvement achieved in this method. Also, the starch accumulation identification was studied for citrus leaves before and after being ground. The results showed an enhanced HLB identification performance using the developed vision sensor.
Opposite modulation of cortical N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated responses by low and high concentrations of dopamine.

Abstract To examine whether dopamine modulates cortical N-methyl- d -aspartate receptor-mediated glutamate transmission, whole-cell recordings were made from identified pyramidal cells located in layers V and VI of the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat using a slice preparation. In the presence of tetrodotoxin and the absence of Mg2+, a brief local application of N-methyl- d -aspartate evoked an inward current which was blocked by the N-methyl- d -aspartate antagonist dizocilpine maleate but not affected by the non-N-methyl- d -aspartate antagonist 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo(f)quinoxaline, suggesting that the observed current is mediated by N-methyl- d -aspartate receptors located on recorded cells. Bath application of dopamine produced opposite effects on the N-methyl- d -aspartate current depending on the concentrations of dopamine applied. At low concentrations ( d -aspartate current, whereas at higher concentrations, dopamine suppressed the current. The same concentrations of dopamine did not significantly affect the inward current induced by the non-N-methyl- d -aspartate agonist α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid. The enhancing effect of dopamine on the N-methyl- d -aspartate response was mimicked by the D1 agonist SKF38393 and blocked by the D1 antagonist SCH31966, whereas the suppressing effect was mimicked by the D2 agonist quinpirole and blocked by the D2 antagonist eticlopride. The above results suggest that dopamine at low concentrations acts preferentially on D1-like receptors to promote N-methyl- d -aspartate receptor-mediated transmission, while at high concentrations dopamine also activates D2-like receptors, leading to a suppression of the N-methyl- d -aspartate function. This differential modulation of N-methyl- d -aspartate function may have significant implications for understanding behaviors and disorders involving both cortical dopamine- and glutamate-mediated neurotransmission.
Cheating, Reactions, and Performance in Remotely Proctored Testing: An Exploratory Experimental Study

Purpose We sought to provide empirical insight and develop theory for a new organizational phenomenon: remote proctoring for Internet-based tests. We examined whether this technology is effective at decreasing cheating and whether it has unintended effects on test-taker reactions, performance, or selection procedures.
Quantitative transformation of primate cells by PARA (defective SV40)-adenovirus type 7

A quantitativein vitro assay for the transformation of primate cells by PARA (defective SV 40)-adenovirus type 7 has been developed which allows comparison of the suceptibility of primate and rodent cells to PARA transformation. Transformation by PARA followed one-hit kinetics with a ratio of 12,500 plaque forming units of virus for each focus forming unit in the most efficient primate system tested. The ratio of plaque forming units to focus forming units in hamster embryo fibroblasts using the same virus stock was 2500∶1. The ability to quantitatively determine the transforming capacity of PARA depended upon the strain of PARA-adenovirus 7 employed and the cell type transformed. Single foci were isolated and characterized with respect to morphology and antigenicity. All were composed of cells with a morphology consistent with SV 40 transformation and contained SV 40-induced antigenic determinants. None contained detectable adeno virus specific antigens. Transformation did not alter the characteristic of the cells with respect to the ability to support the replication of various viruses.
Coded Cooperation in OFDMA Systems

A novel time-frequency cooperative communication strategy is proposed for coded OFDMA system over quasi-static frequency-selective Rayleigh fading. To take advantage of the frequency dispersion, each user transmits his partner's and his own data on different subcarriers spreading over the entire available bandwidth. The allocation of subcarriers to each user and his partners can be either pre-specified or dynamically determined. Compared to other cooperative strategies using the time division orthogonal channel allocation, this cooperative strategy benefits from the freedom of subcarrier allocation and the "created" block fading channel during the cooperation process. The performance characteristic is developed in terms of pairwise error probability (PEP) and frame error probability to illustrate the improved diversity gain for various cooperation scenarios. Computer simulation results are provided to verify our theoretical analysis.
A CELL SPACE EMBEDDING OF SIMULATED LIVING CELLS

SUMMARY ONECELL, a computer simulation of the metabolism of a single cell, has been embedded in CELLSPACE, a tessellation model for expressing and manipulating intercell relationships. ONECELL and CELLSPACE parameters can be set so as to achieve normal slow monolayer growth of cells, or abnormal rapid multilayer growth. The biochemical basis of such phenomena is explicit, and can be varied at will.
Effect of nitro-substitution of environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on activities of hepatic phase II enzymes in rats.

ABSTRACTA series of environmentally occurring nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) including those containing nitro-groups oriented coplanarly to the aromatic rings, such as 1- and 3-nitrobenzo[a]pyrene (1- and 3-NBAP), 6-nitrochrysene, and 1- and 4-nitropyrene, and those with a molecular orientation of the nitro-groups perpendicular to the aromatic moieties, such as 7-nitrobenz[a]anthracene and 6-nitrobenzo[a]pyrene (6-NBAP), were used to study the induction of certain rat hepatic phase II conjugating enzymes. Effects of these two different classes of nitro-PAHs on microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase (UDPGT), cytosolic glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and sulfotransferases (STs) were investigated. After three consecutive daily i.p. injections, 1-and 3-NBAP and 6-nitrochrysene significantly increased the activities of UDPGT and GST, whereas their parent PAHs did not
Behavioral effects of rimcazole analogues alone and in combination with cocaine

Abstract Several σ receptor ligands have been reported to also have affinity for the dopamine transporter, among them rimcazole (9-[3-( cis -3,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)propyl]carbazole dihydrochloride). However, rimcazole lacks behavioral effects like those of other dopamine uptake inhibitors, such as cocaine and GBR 12909 (1-(2-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl)-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine dihydrochloride). Because of this profile, the interactions with cocaine of rimcazole and several of its novel analogues were assessed. The compounds studied were rimcazole, its N -methyl analogue, SH 1–73 (9-[3-( cis -3,5-dimethyl-4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-propyl]carbazole hydrobromide), the dibrominated analogue, SH 1–76 (3,6-dibromo-9-[3-( cis -3,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-propyl]carbazole hydrochloride), and the N -propylphenyl analogues, SH 3–24 ([3-( cis -3,5-dimethyl-4-[3-phenylpropyl]-1-piperazinyl)-propyl]diphenylamine hydrochloride) and SH 3–28 (9-[3-( cis -3,5-dimethyl-4-[3-phenylpropyl]-1-piperazinyl)-propyl]carbazole hydrobromide). The former has a diphenyl-amine group in place of the carbazole moiety of rimcazole, giving the compound additional structural similarity to GBR 12909. The rimcazole analogues produced dose-related decreases in locomotor activity, and also decreased cocaine-stimulated activity in mice. In rats trained to discriminate 10 mg/kg cocaine (i.p.) from saline injections, cocaine and GBR 12909 each produced a dose-related increase in cocaine-appropriate responding. Cocaine also increased rates of responding. SH 3–28 decreased cocaine-appropriate responding at the cocaine training dose to about 58% (SH 3–28) with two of five subjects selecting the cocaine response key. Neither rimcazole nor SH 3–24 produced a significant attenuation of the discriminative effects of cocaine. Rimcazole and its analogs all attenuated the increases in rates of responding produced by cocaine. In contrast to effects obtained with rimcazole analogs, GBR 12909 potentiated the cocaine-induced increases in locomotor activity and operant behavior, as well as the discriminative-stimulus effects of cocaine. The present results indicate that analogues of rimcazole can attenuate the behavioral effects of cocaine, and though the mechanism for these effects is not presently clear, it is possible that this attenuation maybe mediated by actions of the rimcazole analogues at the dopamine transporter and/or σ receptors.
Transcriptional activity of the distal CD40 ligand promoter.

Abstract CD40 ligand (CD40L, CD154) is a T cell cytokine with highly regulated expression that requires the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT) to bind at two sites in the proximal CD40L promoter. We have determined that the distal CD40L promoter (−500 to −1300 bp from start of transcription) conveys superior promoter activity in reporter gene assays. Within the distal promoter, we have identified a third NF-AT binding site, at −761 to −756. Oligonucleotides incorporating each of the three NF-AT sites cross-compete for binding of nuclear extracts from activated T cells and bind NF-ATc2 by antibody supershift. Mutation of the distal NF-AT site reduces activity of the 1300 bp CD40L promoter construct to that of the proximal 500 bp construct, which includes only two NF-AT sites. This suggests that the newly identified NF-AT site is the major mediator of transcriptional activation in the distal CD40L promoter.
Anti-topoisomerase I (anti-Scl-70) antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Objective To investigate the presence and clinical significance of anti–Scl-70 antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods Levels of antibodies against Scl-70 were determined by a commercial clinical enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) during routine evaluation. Results were verified by an additional ELISA with a characterized bovine Scl-70, by ELISA with a recombinant human topoisomerase I, by Western blot, and by double diffusion in agar gel. Disease activity was estimated retrospectively by the Systemic Lupus Activity Measure (SLAM). Results Of 128 consecutive SLE patients, 25% were positive for anti–Scl-70 antibody; this antibody activity was cognate in nature. No SLE patient could be classified as also having systemic sclerosis. The levels of anti–Scl-70 were significantly correlated with the SLAM score for the entire cohort (r = 0.563, P < 0.001) and for 7 individual patients with multiple longitudinal measurements (r = 0.755–0.951, P < 0.001; n = 6) (r = 0.378, P < 0.05; n = 1). A significant correlation was also found between the levels of anti–Scl-70 and anti–double-stranded DNA antibodies (r = 0.558, P < 0.001). Patients with anti–Scl-70 had significantly higher risk of pulmonary hypertension (P < 0.01) and renal involvement (P < 0.001) than patients without this antibody. Conclusion Anti–Scl-70 antibody is present in a significant subset of patients with SLE. For this subset, it offers a good correlate of disease activity and suggests increased risk for pulmonary hypertension and nephritis.
Effect of initial developmental stage on morphology of transplanted embryonic chick pancreas

It has been reported that only certain types of pancreatic parenchymal cells survive transplantation. This study examines whether the extent of differentiation of the pancreas at the time of transplantation affects the resulting morphology or viability of its components. Segments of chick pancreas or its primordia from stages preceding formation of dorsal bud (60 h) through hatching (day 21) were implanted in the abdominal region of three-day chick embryos. After various periods of growth, grafts were examined by light- and electron microscopy. In all transplants, individual endocrine cells (A, B, D, PP) and islet structure were identical to those of normal embryos of comparable age. The exocrine portion also appeared normal in implants from embryos younger than seven days. In grafts from older donors, however, normal acini and ducts were replaced by dilated, irregularly shaped tubules from which new islets appeared to develop. These results suggest that transplantation causes structural modification of exocrine tissue, which may reflect its initial functional capabilities. These observations are compared with similar structural alterations that occur following experimental obstruction of ducts and in human pancreatic pathology.
Can raters consistently evaluate the content of focus groups

Focus groups are increasingly being used to provide insights to researchers and policy makers. These data complement quantitative approaches to understanding the world. Unfortunately, quantitative and qualitative methodologies have often been viewed as antithetical, rather than complementary, strategies. While focus groups can clearly generate rich information that is unobtainable through other quantitative methods, it is important to determine the degree to which different raters can consistently extract information from transcripts. Thus, our goal was to quantify agreement in the interpretation of transcripts from patient and physician focus groups, using decision-making in ischemic heart disease as a model. We used data from focus groups with both patients and physicians that sought to identify factors affecting diagnostic and treatment decisions in ischemic heart disease. Three raters independently reviewed transcribed audiotapes from focus groups of patients with ischemic heart disease, as well as focus groups of physicians who care for these patients. We found that raters could not distinguish between major and minor factors reliably. More troubling, however, is that consistency regarding the apparently straightforward judgment as to the mere presence or absence of a factor was difficult to achieve. In particular, the three raters of each transcript failed to agree on between one third and one half of the factors. This reasonably high level of disagreement occurred despite the raters: (1) having generated the individual factors themselves based upon their reading a random sample of actual transcripts and (2) being trained in the use of rating forms (including standard definitions of themes). These data suggest that if a single rater evaluates focus group transcripts, as is commonly done, judgments may not be reproducible by other raters. Moreover, a single rater may not extract all important information contained in the transcripts.
Solubility, Density, Viscosity, Refractive Index, and Electrical Conductivity for Potassium Nitrate−Water−2-Propanol at (298.15 and 313.15) K

The solubility of potassium nitrate in aqueous 2-propanol solution has been determined at the temperatures of (298.15 and 313.15) K and atmospheric pressure. The densities, viscosities, refractive indices, and electrical conductivities of potassium nitrate in water and in the saturated solutions of aqueous 2-propanol were measured at these two temperatures. Solubilities were determined using the analytical gravimetric method. Densities were determined using a vibrating-tube densimeter. Viscosities were measured with an automatic microviscometer based on the rolling ball principle. Refractive indices were measured using a digital Abbe-type refractometer. Electrical conductivities were determined by measuring the electrical resistance between two electrodes facing each other in the solution. The experimental values of solubility, density, and electrical conductivity were found to decrease with an increase of the concentration of 2-propanol for the saturated solutions of potassium nitrate + water + 2-propano...
A machine-level software program for the generation of aversive conditioning schedules using the KIM-1 microprocessor

A microprocessor system can be used both to control aversive conditioning (classical, signaled and Sidman avoidance, and conflict) experiments and to acquire behavioral data in multiple subjects at a fraction of the cost of solid state systems. The software described in this paper can be used to program tones and shocks and count responses, independently, in up to 12 animals simultaneously.
Seismicity of the Great Lakes region

The Symposium on the Seismicity of the Great Lakes Region was held April 21, 1988, at the University of Akron, Ohio, in connection with the 22nd Annual Meeting of the North-Central Section of the Geological Society of America, sponsored by the Department of Geology, University of Akron. The purpose of this symposium was to reassess the seismicity of the region and its relationship to tectonic features in view of the unexpectedly strong earthquake of January 31, 1986, near the Perry nuclear power plant in northeast Ohio. A total of 13 papers were presented to an audience of about 60–70. Abstracts of these papers appear in Abstracts with Programs, Geological Society of America, volume 20, number 5, March 1988.
Assessing Homework Problems in Children with ADHD: Validation of a Parent-Report Measure and Evaluation of Homework Performance Patterns

The factor structure of a parent-report measure of child homework problems, the Homework Problems Checklist, was examined in a geographically and ethnically diverse sample of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This measure was completed by the parents of 579 children ages 7.0-9.9 diagnosed with ADHD Combined Type as part of the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA). Results replicated previous work showing two salient factors that measure homework completion behaviors (Factor I) and homework management behaviors (Factor II). This two-factor solution remained consistent when examined across child sex and ethnicity subgroups. Analysis of patterns revealed that homework problems are greater for children in higher grades and that children with ADHD and comorbid Learning Disabilities experience significantly more homework problems than children with ADHD alone. This study also replicated previous work showing that homework problems and ADHD inattentive symptoms are highly correlated whereas correlations between homework problems and hyperactivity and impulsivity are low to moderate. Implications of the findings for the assessment of homework problems in children with ADHD and for intervention are discussed.
A Reduced Variable Approach to Relating Creep and Creep Rupture in PMMA

Creep and creep rupture of PMMA at high stresses have been characterized and found to be relatable by use of reduced variables, it is shown that when the creep compliances can be correlated by a superposition principle for which the vertical shift is the ratio of the applied stress to a reference stress and when strain at failure is a constant, a commonly used failure criterion (that the product of the strain rate at failure and the time to failure is constant) becomes valid. The reduced variables approach is found to apply to two greatly different thermal histories. Consistent with the concept of physical aging, the response of a quenched sample is simply shifted along the log time axis to shorter times relative to the response of the aged sample.