cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computer Simulations Of Depth Profiling By Photoacoustic Infrared Spectroscopy

In photoacoustic (PA) spectrometry of solids, the sample is placed in a sealed cell in contact with a gas. Modulated radiation passes through the cell window and illuminates the sample. Absorbed radiation is converted to heat which is conductively transferred to the cell gas. The modulated heating of the gas produces pressure variations that are detected by a microphone, so that the signal is proportional to the sample absorptivity. As described by Rosencwaig and Gersho,1 the signal results from photons absorbed near the surface of the sample. The depth of this layer is called the thermal diffusion length, ps, and is determined by ps = (lc/ pC f ) 2 (1) where k is the thermal conductivity, p is the density, C is the heat capacity and f is the modulation frequency (Hz). For low-density polyethylene (LDPE), a modulation frequency of 10 Hz corresponds to a ps of 70 pm, and a frequency of 1000 Hz corresponds to a ps of 7 pm. This range of depths is appropriate for depth profiling of polymer laminates. One could imagine a PA depth profiling scheme where the laminate sample spectrum is measured at several modulation frequencies with spectral subtraction being applied to obtain the spectrum of each layer. One must include a valid scaling factor for spectral subtraction to yield meaningful results. Furthermore, the thermal diffusion length is not a distinct boundary, but rather is the inverse of the decay constant of an exponential attenuation function, A(x) A(x) = exp(-x/ps) (2) This function represents the attenuation of the heat from a modulated heat source at depth x reaching the surface of the sample and producing the signal. Because there is no simple solution that transforms the variation of PA signal with frequency to absorptivity versus depth, an iterative estimation approach was envisioned. In this iterative approach, a model laminate structure is guessed and the expected PA signal is estimated from a computer simulation. By iteratively adjusting and checking the model, one can derive an estimate of the laminate structure. In order for the iterative method to work, one must have a quick and accurate method for predicting the PA signal from a given laminate model. We have been investigating methods for doing these calculations.
Heat‐moisture Treatments of Cowpea Flour and Their Effects on Phytase Inactivation

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Can Bold Typeface Improve Readers’ Comprehension and Metacomprehension of Negation?

Recent research on negation has demonstrated that while readers are aware that this text construction is difficult, they seem to be able to do little to improve their comprehension. The present research evaluated whether a change in typeface could improve comprehension and metacomprehension of negation. Results indicated that while readers were aware that placing a word in bold typeface should attract their attention to that item, and therefore improve their comprehension, comprehension did not improve differentially for negation presented in bold. Additionally, readers' awareness of the necessity of attention to the bold component was not specific to negative sentences.
Field-Based Research on Elemental Mercury Spills

Natural gas industry sites have been contaminated in the past by elemental mercury (Hg) from gas flowmeter manometers. Flowmeters (metering stations) are located throughout the natural gas distribution system at wellheads, at gas processing plants, along gas transmission lines, at underground gas storage facilities, and at points of end use. Field site instrumentation has occurred at six field research sites located in natural gas production areas of the United States. These field research sites, located in Louisiana, Pennsylvania, and New Mexico, are representative of diverse climatic, geologic, and hydrologic conditions. In situ hydraulic conductivity measurements on these sites represent a range of 10−4 to an estimated 10−10 m/s. Mean annual precipitation ranges from near desert (extremely negative annual water budget) to subtropical (extremely positive annual water budget). Geologic materials found on the six sites include stratified alluvial clays, weathered bedrock, and coarse sands and gravels. Each of these sites has had documented spills of elemental Hg and has been instrumented with stainless steel monitoring wells, each of which has a dedicated stainless steel and Teflon® sampling pump. These monitoring points have been sampled quarterly in an effort to develop fundamental information on the transport and fate of Hg in the shallow subsurface, under a range of climatic, geologic, and hydrologic conditions. Both field-filtered and unfiltered groundwater samples have been collected as part of the quarterly sampling effort to determine the potential role of colloid-borne Hg transport in shallow groundwater systems. Data collected from five consecutive quarterly sampling efforts at the New Mexico and Pennsylvania sites suggest that there has been no apparent adverse impact to shallow groundwater in the immediate vicinity of the research sites. A quarterly monitoring program is currently under way at the two Louisiana sites. metering area. The primary focus of these investigations has been on shallow groundwater, soil, and near surface sediments, all of which have been extensively sampled and analyzed at each of the field sites.
A urolith of biogenic dolomite—another clue in the dolomite mystery

Abstract A male Dalmatian, Canis familiaris , produced uroliths of almost pure dolomite, 3–8 mm across, in his urinary bladder in less than 8 months at 38°C and about 1 atm. The X-ray diffractogram identified the predominant mineral as dolomite, and the sharp (01.5) peak showed it is ordered dolomite, not the disordered form, protodolomite. Geochemically and biologically plausible causes include (1) renal, respiratory, or metabolic alkalosis, (2) infection by urease-producing (urea-splitting) fungi or bacteria and (3) infection by uric acid-fermenting bacteria. Hematological, bacteriological, urological and geochemical considerations most strongly implicate infection by either anaerobic, urease-producing bacteria or anaerobic, uric acid-fermenting bacteria. The physical and chemical conditions of this urinary system more closely approximate modern and inferred ancient carbonate depositional settings than most previous laboratory experiments, especially in terms of temperature, pressure, total salinity and, possibly, biota. The presence of urease-producing and/or uric acid-fermenting bacteria in urea- and/or acid-containing sediment, such as fecal pellets and algal mats, could promote formation of authigenic dolomite or other carbonates.
Drag reduction and turbulence modification in rigid particle suspensions

Turbulent drag reductions on the order of 50% were obtained for pipe flow of submicron, rod-like particle suspensions at weight concentrations of less than 0.5%. Wall Reynolds numbers as high as 40,000 were obtained for the suspensions. The suspended particle configuration was rigid and non-elastic and was not affected by local strain rate fields. Longitudinal turbulence data are presented for two suspensions and for the Newtonian solvent at an average flow velocity of about 7 fps. Distinctly modified turbulence generation and dissipation were observed. The suspension exhibited smooth transitional flow behavior and increases in both macroscale and microscale. A particle length effect, or relaxation time effect, was observed with the larger relaxation time suspension exhibiting the more extreme flow and turbulence differences. On a obtenu une diminution de la force de traǐnee turbulente d'environ 50% dans le cas de l'ecoulement, dans des conduits, de suspensions de particules en forme de tiges et de grosseur inferieure a un micron, dont les concentrations en poids etaient moindres que 0.5%. On a trouve sur les parois des nombres de Reynolds allant jusqu'a 49,000 pour les suspensions. La configuration des particules en suspension etait rigide et depourvue d'elasticite; elle n'etait pas affectee par les taux de contrainte locale. On presente les resultats relatifs a la turbulence longitudinale dans le cas de deux suspensions et du solvant newtonien pour une vitesse moyenne d'ecoulement d'environ 7 pieds a la seconde. On a observe la production et la disparition d'une turbulence distinctement modifiee. Les suspensions se sont comportees comme un ecoulement calme de transition et ont manifeste des augmentations en grosses et petites particules. On a note un effet de la longueur des particules ou du temps de relaxation; on a trouve, dans la suspension dont le temps de relaxation etait le plus eleve, les differences les plus considerables dans l'ecoulement et la turbulence.
Identification and reduction of urinary aflatoxin metabolites in dogs.

Abstract Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) is a phyllosilicate clay commonly used as an anticaking agent in animal feeds. HSCAS tightly and selectively adsorbs aflatoxin. In 1998, 55 dogs died in Texas after eating dog food containing aflatoxin (150–300 ppb). The corn in the diets was contaminated with aflatoxin. Six dogs were given a low-level, sub-clinical dose of aflatoxin B1. On average, 71.5% of aflatoxin M1 cleared within 6 h after dosing, increasing to 90.4% after 12 h. Aflatoxin M1 was no longer detectable in urine after 48 h. Aflatoxin P1 was not found in urine compared to large amounts of M1 and trace amounts of Q1. In a crossover study, six dogs randomly fed a commercial dog food (no-clay control) or coated with HSCAS (0.5% by weight) were subsequently administered a sub-clinical dose of aflatoxin B1. Diets were switched and the process repeated. The HSCAS-coated diet significantly reduced urinary aflatoxin M1 by 48.4% ± 16.6 SD versus the control diet. In conclusion, HSCAS protects dogs fed diets with even minimal aflatoxin contamination. Despite regular and careful ingredient screening for aflatoxin, low concentrations may reach the final product undetected. Therefore, HSCAS may provide the pet food industry further assurance of canine diet safety.
Compressive ultrahigh-speed continuous imaging using spectrally structured ultrafast laser pulses

We demonstrate an ultrahigh-rate imaging system applied to very high speed microscopic flows. Chirp processing of ultrafast laser pulses in optical fiber is employed to create pseudorandom spectral patterns at a rate of one unique pattern per pulse. These spectral patterns then serve as structured illumination of the object flows inside a 1D spatial disperser before digitization at a rate of one sample per optical pulse with a fast single pixel photodetector. Diffraction-limited microscopic imaging of flows up to 31.2 m/s is achieved at up to 19.8 and 39.6 Gigapixel/sec rates from a 720 MHz acquisition rate.
Immunochemical Studies on Arachis hypogaea Proteins With Particular Reference to the Reserve Proteins. I. Characterization, Distribution, and Properties of α-Arachin and α-Conarachin

Fourteen antigenic constituents have been detected in Arachis hypogaea seeds. The major proteins of the classic arachin and conarachin fractions have been identified. Arachin contains 4 antigens (the major one called alpha-arachin) and conarachin contains 2 which have been called alpha(1), and alpha(2)-conarachin. Structural differences between alpha-arachin, alpha(1) and alpha(2)-conarachin are indicated by their different antigenic specificities. alpha-Arachin precipitates as a separate entity at low temperature. The action of trypsin on this protein induces an increase in electrophoretic mobility and prevents precipitation at low temperature. This enzyme has no detectable effect on alpha(1) and alpha(2)-conarachin.The proteins of the cotyledon and of the entire axis are quite similar in their immunoelectrophoretic patterns. However, quantitative and qualitative differences occur between the proteins found in the cotyledon and those of the 1-millimeter tip of the axis. In the latter, there is a 4-fold smaller proportion of alpha-arachin than in the cotyledon. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of subcellular preparations from cotyledons confirms that alpha-arachin is an aleurin and that alpha(1)-conarachin is a typical cytoplasmic protein. Large and small aleurone grains appear very similar in their qualitative antigenic composition.
Glycated collagen and altered glucose increase endothelial cell adhesion strength

Cell adhesion strength is important to cell survival, proliferation, migration, and mechanotransduction, yet changes in endothelial cell adhesion strength have not yet been examined in diseases such as diabetes with high rates of cardiovascular complications. We therefore investigated porcine aortic endothelial cell adhesion strength on native and glycated collagen-coated substrates and in low, normal, and high glucose culture using a spinning disc apparatus. Adhesion strength increased by 30 dynes/cm(2) in cells on glycated collagen as compared to native collagen. Attachment studies revealed that cells use higher adhesion strength αv β3 integrins to bind to glycated collagen instead of the typical α2 β1 integrins used to bind to native collagen. Similarly, endothelial cells cultured in low and high glucose had 15 dynes/cm(2) higher adhesion strength than cells in normal glucose after 2 days. Increased adhesion strength was due to elevated VEGF release and intracellular PKC in low and high glucose cells, respectively. Thus glucose increased endothelial cell adhesion strength via different underlying mechanisms. These adhesion strength changes could contribute to diabetic vascular disease, including accelerated atherosclerosis and disordered angiogenesis.
Consensus Statement on the Standardization and Evaluation of Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factor Assays

Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) measurements are widely used in the diagnosis of disorders of GH secretion, evaluation of children with short stature from multiple causes, management of disorders that lead to nutritional insufficiency or catabolism, and monitoring both GH and IGF-I replacement therapy. Therefore, there is an ongoing need for accurate and precise measurements of these 2 peptide hormones. Representatives of the Growth Hormone Research Society, the IGF Society, and the IFCC convened an international workshop to review assay standardization, requirements for improving assay comparability, variables that affect assay interpretation, technical factors affecting assay performance, assay validation criteria, and the development and use of normative data. Special attention was given to preanalytical conditions, the use of international commutable reference standards, antibody specificity, matrix requirements, QC analysis, and interference by binding proteins. Recommendations for each of these variables were made for measurements of each peptide. Additionally, specific criteria for IGF-I were recommended for age ranges of normative data, consideration of Tanner staging, and consideration of the effect of body mass index. The consensus statement concludes that major improvements are necessary in the areas of assay performance and comparability. This group recommends that a commutable standard for each assay be implemented for worldwide use and that its recommendations be applied to accomplish the task of providing reliable and clinically useful results.
College learning and teaching: Struggling with/in the tensions

ABSTRACT It is common in higher education for learning to become a mercenary activity. ‘Learning˚s is sought in order to obtain rewards that are taken to be external to the learning itself (e.g., grades, jobs, recognition, etc.). The diverse influences—institutional, political, economic, personal, etc.—that push education in this direction are many and complicated. In this paper, we focus primarily on how college teachers, who are not satisfied with mercenary-like learning, can approach the challenges of encouraging more personal and passionate learning among their students. Particularly, this paper focuses on a common situation which arises when students are invited to become more personally involved in their learning. The general structure of the situation is: (1) a new, perhaps even startling teacher intervention is introduced which is intended to initiate a change; (2) the students and teachers are not accustomed to the new practice and uncomfortable tensions arise; and (3) both teachers and students ...
Edge saturation fields and dynamic edge modes in ideal and non-ideal magnetic film edges

This paper describes modeling of the micromagnetic behavior near edges of ferromagnetic thin films when uniform fields are applied in plane and perpendicular to the edge. The properties of magnetic film edges can determine the behavior of small patterned elements, either by proximity in the smallest elements or because reversal often nucleates at an edge in larger elements. Three classes of nonideal edges are also modeled: tilted edge surfaces, reduced spontaneous magnetization near the edge, and surface anisotropy on the edge surface.
Teaching Leadership with a Global Perspective: A Case Study

Teaching leadership with a global perspective is imperative for all Leadership Studies programs, as daily interactions in economics, culture, politics, technology, communication, and education with individuals around the world have become commonplace. This paper surveys past approaches to multicultural and international education, and describes a “Global Immersion Week” learning activity that uses the “unit approach” as a vehicle to educate students on global issues. Global Immersion Week provided students with the opportunity to read, discuss, and engage in global issues in all core leadership courses during the same timeframe. Results indicate that the learning activity is effective in helping students whet their appetites to explore more global issues and become more globally aware and engaged in current international issues.
Jealousy and Relational Satisfaction: Actor Effects, Partner Effects, and the Mediating Role of Destructive Communicative Responses to Jealousy

Communication researchers have embraced the idea that jealous communication is more important to satisfaction than jealousy experience, yet this has rarely been tested. The present study used dyadic data from dating couples to demonstrate that destructive communication mediates the association between jealousy experience and relational satisfaction, whereas other forms of jealous communication (constructive, avoidant, and rival-focused) do not. For constructive communicative responses, there were direct effects between communication and relational satisfaction, such that women's reported use of constructive communication was positively associated with both their own and their partner's relational satisfaction. For rival-focused responses, there were direct effects between jealousy experience and surveillance, rival derogation, and rival contacts. Jealousy experience was also positively associated with signs of possession, but only for women. When men reported using signs of possession, they also tended to...
Minimum power requirements of tracking

A methodology for relating the resources consumed by tracking a maneuvering target to the track accuracy achieved is described. This methodology accounts for beam shape loss, missed detections, and, in the case of a fire-control radar, reacquisition of the target when it has moved outside the beam. Normalized computational results for the minimum radar power required as a function of the track accuracy are presented, along with the optimal revisit frequencies and the signal-to-noise ratios. >
Rethinking location sharing: exploring the implications of social-driven vs. purpose-driven location sharing

The popularity of micro-blogging has made general-purpose information sharing a pervasive phenomenon. This trend is now impacting location sharing applications (LSAs) such that users are sharing their location data with a much wider and more diverse audience. In this paper, we describe this as social-driven sharing, distinguishing it from past examples of what we refer to as purpose-driven location sharing. We explore the differences between these two types of sharing by conducting a comparative two-week study with nine participants. We found significant differences in terms of users' decisions about what location information to share, their privacy concerns, and how privacy-preserving their disclosures were. Based on these results, we provide design implications for future LSAs.
Cognitive Strategies Used by Learning Disabled Children Does Hyperactivity Always Make Things Worse

The maturity and style of problem solving of learning disabled children was compared to that of children not learning disabled. Of the LD group, those labeled as hyperactive were compared with those without such a label. Thirty-one children participated in the study. Each child was administered several tests of intellectual functioning, conceptual tempo, conservation, and conceptual strategy, the emphasis being on assessment of their cognitive style rather than on their acquisition of new information or the use of attentional skill. Teachers rated each child on a variety of behavioral, emotional, and social scales. Results indicated that LD children performed less well than the non-LD children on tasks requiring internal strategies or plans. With one exception, hyperactive and nonhyperactive LD children performed similarly; the hyperactive LD children did use a less mature strategy than the nonhyperactive LD children in one conceptual style task. Across groups, children with more behavioral problems also ...
Graft-versus-Host Disease Presenting With Pancytopenia After En Bloc Multiorgan Transplantation: Case Report and Literature Review

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a dreaded complication of bone marrow and solid organ transplantation. Commonly affected organs include skin, liver, and the gastrointestinal tract, with bone marrow and renal involvement occurring more rarely. GVHD is less commonly seen with solid organ transplants. Fewer than 100 cases of GVHD have been reported in the literature following liver transplantation. We report a case of a 53-year-old woman who required a multiorgan transplant after a complicated postoperative course following paraduodenal hernia repair. She developed isolated pancytopenia approximately 4 months after receiving an en bloc transplant involving the liver, kidney, small bowel, and pancreas. No evidence of skin, gastrointestinal, or hepatic involvement was discovered. HLA typing of the peripheral blood revealed that 28% of patient peripheral blood was composed of donor lymphocytes. Bone marrow biopsy showed a markedly hypocellular marrow with 23% donor lymphocytes and 80% of the T-cell population from the donor as well. The patient began treatment for GVHD, including high-dose steroids, basiliximab, and rituximab. Unfortunately, she developed overwhelming sepsis and subsequently died. This case describes an instance of GVHD manifested by isolated pancytopenia after en bloc transplantation of multiple solid organs. GVHD is a rare, but serious complication of solid organ transplantation that can result in death. Although isolated bone marrow involvement is uncommon, it must be considered early to avoid a delay in diagnosis. This case also highlights an association of GVHD with multiorgan transplants, although this is incompletely characterized in the current literature.
The positive aspects of a bisexual self-identification

Bisexual clients (Page, 2007) and lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB)-affirmative therapists (Godfrey, Haddock, Fisher, & Lund, 2006) agree that facilitating a positive identity is one of the most important therapeutic tasks. However, the task of achieving a positive identity may be particularly challenging for bisexual-identified individuals (Rust, 2002). To assist in this effort, the authors conducted an online survey that asked bisexual-identified individuals to respond to an open-ended question about the positive aspects of bisexual identity. Findings from an international sample of 157 adult participants (age 18–69; 67% female; 25% Canadian; 19% British; 51% American; 5% other) revealed 11 positive identity aspects: freedom from social labels, honesty and authenticity, having a unique perspective, increased levels of insight and awareness, freedom to love without regard for sex/gender, freedom to explore relationships, freedom of sexual expression, acceptance of diversity, belonging to a community, under...
A different approach to engineering laboratory instruction

All undergraduate engineering education programs provide for laboratory experience. However, the approach used to provide the experience varies considerably at different institutions. Design is also a crucial ingredient in all engineering curricula. However, due to time and budget constraints, the design experience in a university is often very limited. To satisfy both of these needs, the Department of Electrical Engineering at Texas Tech University (USA) began stand-alone project design laboratories in the early 1960s and has continued to develop this concept over the past 30 years. This paper describes the undergraduate electrical engineering laboratories at Texas Tech and how the laboratories are used to incorporate design and research into the curriculum.
Downlink Power Control with Throughput and Rate Variation Guarantees

We consider the problem of providing guarantees on throughput and rate variation for interactive users in the downlink of CDMA systems, while minimizing the peak total transmit power, by using joint power and rate control. Under the assumption of independent and identically distributed channels, we derive that the optimal power allocation policy follows an increasing and leveling off pattern. We also develop an efficient method from the active set method, which is used in quadratic programming, to solve our problem. The computational complexity depends on the number of users and the number of joint channel states. Numerical results illustrate the sensitivity of the peak power to the required mean rate, the maximum allowed rate variation, and the number of users.
Ultrastructural Evidence for the Effects of Freezing in Embryonic Axes of Pisum sativum L. at Various Water Contents

Abstract This study investigated the effects of rapid drying (in an air stream) and rapid freezing (in sub-cooled liquid nitrogen) on the survival and ultrastructural preservation of pea embryonic axes that had been imbibed for 4 h (desiccation tolerant) and 24 h (desiccation sensitive). Maximum survival of all axes in the absence of freezing was attained. Similarly, 100% survival was obtained if freezing was preceded by rapid drying. Axes imbibed for 24 h and not dried were more sensitive to freezing than undried, 4 h imbibed axes. Ultrastructural examination showed no organellar or cytomatrical deformations in axes from any of the treatments. Some cells of the 24 h imbibed axes showed localized plasmalemma abnormalities after railed dehydration. Subsequent to freezing, irregular nuclei were observed and plasmalemma vesiculation occurred. If these axes were not dried prior to freezing, plasmalemma vesiculation became prominent, clumping of the cytoskeleton occurred and some wall abnormalities became apparent. Rapid drying probably increases intercellular solute concentrations, and sub-cooled liquid nitrogen will increase the rate of heat exchange between tissue and cryogen. A combination of rapid drying and rapid freezing may obviate, or reduce, the requirement for cryoprotectants on freezing of desiccation sensitive tissue.
Modality of Language Shapes Working Memory: Evidence From Digit Span and Spatial Span in ASL Signers

Deaf children who are native users of American Sign Language (ASL) and hearing children who are native English speakers performed three working memory tasks. Results indicate that language modality shapes the architecture of working memory. Digit span with forward and backward report, performed by each group in their native language, suggests that the language rehearsal mechanisms for spoken language and for sign language differ in their processing constraints. Unlike hearing children, deaf children who are native signers of ASL were as good at backward recall of digits as at forward recall, suggesting that serial order information for ASL is stored in a form that does not have a preferred directionality. Data from a group of deaf children who were not native signers of ASL rule out explanations in terms of a floor effect or a nonlinguistic visual strategy. Further, deaf children who were native signers outperformed hearing children on a nonlinguistic spatial memory task, suggesting that language expertise in a particular modality exerts an influence on nonlinguistic working memory within that modality. Thus, language modality has consequences for the structure of working memory, both within and outside the linguistic domain.
ADHESION MOLECULES AND INHERITED DISEASES OF THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM

Mutations in the human genes for the adhesion molecules Po, L1, and merosin cause severe abnormalities in nervous system development. Po and merosin are required for normal myelination in the nervous system, and L1 is essential for development of major axon pathways such as the corticospinal tract and corpus callosum. While mutations that lead to a loss of the adhesive function of these molecules produce severe phenotypes, mutations that disrupt intracellular signals or intracellular interactions are also deleterious. Geneticists have found that more than one clinical syndrome can be caused by mutations in each of these adhesion molecules, confirming that these proteins are multifunctional. This review focuses on identifying common mechanisms by which mutations in adhesion molecules alter neural development.
The conservation value of residential yards: linking birds and people.

Urbanization is recognized as one of the greatest threats to biodiversity throughout the world. However, the vegetation within an urbanized landscape is diverse and includes a variety of native and exotic plant species. This variation allows for testing whether certain landscape designs outperform others in the support of native biodiversity. Residential yards represent a large component of an urban landscape and, if managed collectively for birds and other wildlife, could offset some of the negative effects of urbanization. In addition, many urbanites have their primary interaction with the natural world in their front and back yards. Therefore, ensuring positive wildlife experiences for them is essential in promoting urban biodiversity. At the Central Arizona–Phoenix Long-Term Ecological Research site we tested the efficacy of native landscaping in residential yards in attracting native birds. We also explored the links between socioeconomic factors, landscape designs, and urban gradient measurements with the urban bird communities. A redundancy analysis suggested that native desert bird species increased in abundance in neighborhoods with desert landscaping designs, neighborhoods closer to large desert tracts, and higher-income neighborhoods. Variance partitioning showed that collectively these three sets of environmental variables explained almost 50% of the variation in the urban bird community. Results suggested racial and economic inequities in access to biodiversity, whereby predominantly Hispanic and lower-income neighborhoods had fewer native birds. We also found that residents' satisfaction with bird diversity was positively correlated with actual bird diversity. Our study provides new insights into the relative importance of socioeconomic variables and common urban ecological measurements in explaining urban bird communities. Urban planners can use this information to develop residential landscapes that support the well-being of both birds and people.
My Poor Friend: Financial Distress in One’s Social Network, the Perceived Power of the Rich, and Support for Redistribution

In exploring the impact of economic problems on public opinion, scholarship has nearly exclusively focused on personal and national economic experiences. At present, little to no research analyzes the impact of economic distress within one’s social network on an individual’s attitudes. Drawing upon network and contact theories, it is argued that financial hardship experienced vicariously through one’s friends should influence an individual’s views about the political economy, and ultimately, their economic policy preferences, such as support for redistribution. Utilizing national survey data, this article demonstrates that having economically distressed friends heightens perceived class-based bias in the political system—namely, that the rich have undue influence over politics. Further, moderated regression analysis reveals that this effect depends upon the prevalence of political discussion within one’s friendship network. Finally, mediation analysis reveals that, by heightening perceived class-based bia...
Patterned delivery and expression of gene constructs into zebrafish embryos using microfabricated interfaces

We demonstrate a method which uses simple microfabrication and microfluidics to produce custom, shaped electroporators for the patterned delivery of foreign molecules into developing embryos. We show how these electroporators can be used to ‘draw’ two-dimensional patterns of tracer molecules, DNA and mRNA into the yolk and cells of zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) at different stages of development. We demonstrate the successful delivery of patterns of Trypan Blue (normal dye), Texas Red (fluorescent dye), GFP-expressing DNA plasmids and GFP expressing mRNA constructs into both chorionated and dechorionated embryos. Both DNA and mRNA were expressed in the desired patterns subsequent to delivery. Square pulses of 10–20 V (0.20–0.40 kV/cm), 50–100 ms width were sufficient to create transient pores and introduce compounds from the late blastula period (3 hpf) to early pharyngula period (24 hpf) embryos. Using 24 hpf dechorionated embryos, we achieved a high survival of 91.3% and 89%, and a delivery efficiency of 38% and 50% for GFP-DNA and GFP-mRNA respectively. Lastly, we demonstrate the simultaneous delivery of different compounds into the developing embryo.
The discovery of spoken language

Surveying the terrain a brief historical perspective on language acquisition research early research on speech perception how speech perception develops in the first year the role of memory and attentional processes in the development of speech perception how attention to sound properties may facilitate learning other elements of linguistic organization relating perception to production wrapping things up. Appendix - methodology used in studies of infant speech perception.
Utilization of Paraprofessionals in Special Education A Review of the Literature

In spite of a relative lack of evidence attesting to the efficacy of paraprofessionals in enhancing student outcomes, there has been a phenomenal growth in utilization of paraprofessionals in special education service delivery roles. A literature review indicated a need for additional information on this issue. Over the years the role of paraprofessionals has expanded to include increased use of these personnel for formal assessment, initial instruction, and home-school support, in addition to other activities that have, historically, been performed by teachers. This article includes a review of the efficacy literature, professional educators' attitudes toward use of paraprofessionals, and information available on training models for paraprofessionals, and serves as a foundation for future research on the utilization of paraprofessionals in special education programs.
Measuring Returns to Hospital Care: Evidence from Ambulance Referral Patterns

We consider whether hospitals that receive higher payments from Medicare improve patient outcomes, using exogenous variation in ambulance company assignment among patients who live near one another. Using Medicare data from 2002–10 on assignment across ambulance companies and New York State data from 2000–6 on assignment across area boundaries, we find that patients who are brought to higher-cost hospitals achieve better outcomes. Our estimates imply that a one standard deviation increase in Medicare reimbursement leads to a 4 percentage point (or 10 percent) reduction in mortality; the implied cost per at least 1 year of life saved is approximately $80,000.
Obligatory role of NO in glutamate-dependent hyperemia evoked from cerebellar parallel fibers

Electrical stimulation of cerebellar parallel fibers (PF) increases cerebellar blood flow (BFcrb), a response that is attenuated by glutamate receptor antagonists and NO synthase (NOS) inhibitors. We investigated whether administration of NO donors could counteract attenuation by NOS inhibitors of vasodilation produced by PF stimulation. In halothane-anesthetized rats the cerebellar cortex was exposed and superfused with Ringer solution. PF were stimulated with microelectrodes (100 microA, 30 Hz), and BFcrb was recorded by a laser-Doppler probe. During Ringer superfusion, PF stimulation increased BFcrb by 56 +/- 7% and hypercapnia by 72 +/- 5% (n = 5). Superfusion with the nonselective NOS inhibitor N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA, 1 mM) reduced resting BFcrb and attenuated the response to PF stimulation (-47 +/- 5%) and hypercapnia (-46 +/- 7%; PCO2 = 50-60 mmHg). After L-NNA, superfusion with the NO donors 3-morpholinosydnonimine (100 microM, n = 5) or S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (5 microM, n = 5) reestablished resting BFcrb (P > 0.05 vs. before L-NNA) and reversed L-NNA-induced attenuation of the response to hypercapnia (P > 0.05 vs. before L-NNA) but not PF stimulation (P > 0.05 vs. after L-NNA). Similar results were obtained when NOS activity was inhibited with the inhibitor of neuronal NOS 7-nitroindazole (50 mg/kg i.p.). Like NO donors, the guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate analog 8-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (n = 5), administered after L-NNA, restored resting BFcrb and counteracted inhibition of the response to hypercapnia but not PF stimulation. In contrast to NO donors and 8-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, the NO-independent vasodilator papaverine (100 microM, n = 5) had no effect on attenuation of responses to PF stimulation or hypercapnia. Thus NO donors are unable to reverse the effect of NOS inhibition on vasodilation produced by PF stimulation. The data support the hypothesis that the vascular response to PF stimulation, at variance with hypercapnia, requires NOS activation and NO production. Thus NO plays an obligatory role in vasodilation produced by increased functional activity in cerebellar cortex.
Invisible Women: Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Family Firms in Nineteenth-Century France

The French economy has been criticized for a lack of integration of women in business and for the prevalence of inefficient family firms. A sample drawn from patent and exhibition records is used to examine the role of women in enterprise and invention in France. Middle-class women were extensively engaged in entrepreneurship and innovation, and the empirical analysis indicates that their commercial efforts were significantly enhanced by association with family firms. Such formerly invisible achievements suggest a more productive role for family-based enterprises, as a means of incorporating relatively disadvantaged groups into the market economy as managers and entrepreneurs. “This business model … melds entrepreneurial passion with a long family tradition.” —Wendel Company (1704–2014) 1
Paraphasias in Cognistat: Pathognomic Sign or Ethnic-Linguistic Artifact?

Abstract Paraphasias on the Cognistat (Northern California Neurobehavioral Group, 1995) memory subtest were examined in a sample of geriatric veterans (average age = 77). “Robert” and “parrot” were the most frequently occurring paraphasias for the target words robin, carrot, piano, and green. Paraphasias were also common (35%) for patients with no deficits on Cognistat. Paraphasia production could not be explained by differences in hearing ability, education level, or neuropsychological deficits. Paraphasia frequency and type varied by ethnic group: European-Americans were less likely to have a paraphasia, Hispanic-Americans were more likely to have a “Robert” or “parrot” paraphasia, and African-Americans were more likely to have a paraphasia other than “Robert” or “parrot.” Additional research is needed to determine the cause of paraphasias on the Cognistat and the clinical significance of paraphasias for each ethnic group.
Gold Core–Semiconductor Shell Nanowires Prepared by Lithographically Patterned Nanowire Electrodeposition

Here, we report the synthesis of Au/PbSe and Au/copper indium diselenide (CIS) core/shell nanowires. The nanowires were synthesized by the aqueous electrodeposition of either PbSe or CIS onto gold nanowires prepared by lithographically patterned nanowire electrodeposition. The resulting nanowires are nanocrystalline, exhibit a sharp boundary between the gold core and the semiconducting coating, and are photoconductive, with enhanced light absorption in smaller nanowires.
Viewing the Reformation on Cultivation of the PLAs’ Quality from American Army Officers’Training

In order for learning useful experiences from the foreign armies,enhancing our army officers’quality and capabilities of wining info-battle,advancing the military transformation with Chinese characteristics and realiz-ing the strategies of strengthening army with talent,the fundamental countermeasure to realize the transformation of our army talent training were brought forward in terms of studying the training characteristics of American army of-ficers and analyzing the realities of the PLA.
Cued Speech Transliteration: Effects of Speaking Rate and Lag Time on Production Accuracy

Many deaf and hard-of-hearing children rely on interpreters to access classroom communication. Although the exact level of access provided by interpreters in these settings is unknown, it is likely to depend heavily on interpreter accuracy (portion of message correctly produced by the interpreter) and the factors that govern interpreter accuracy. In this study, the accuracy of 12 Cued Speech (CS) transliterators with varying degrees of experience was examined at three different speaking rates (slow, normal, fast). Accuracy was measured with a high-resolution, objective metric in order to facilitate quantitative analyses of the effect of each factor on accuracy. Results showed that speaking rate had a large negative effect on accuracy, caused primarily by an increase in omitted cues, whereas the effect of lag time on accuracy, also negative, was quite small and explained just 3% of the variance. Increased experience level was generally associated with increased accuracy; however, high levels of experience did not guarantee high levels of accuracy. Finally, the overall accuracy of the 12 transliterators, 54% on average across all three factors, was low enough to raise serious concerns about the quality of CS transliteration services that (at least some) children receive in educational settings.
Developmental follow-up of low-birth-weight infants.

Perinatal regionalization and the establishment of neonatal tertiary care centers have resulted in marked improvement in neonatal survival rates, particularly for infants weighing less than 1000 grams at birth. The goals of follow-up programs are to provide continuity of care and diagnosis of infants with medical, neurologic, developmental, or psychosocial disabilities in order to implement early referral and treatment and, second, to undertake meticulous data analysis of perinatal variables and treatment procedures relative to outcome.
Effects of Fast Volving on Stability of Large Turbogenerator Shafts

Fast volving (FV) of steam turbines for large turbogenerator has been widely employed to aid the stability of network. This paper analyzes the dynamic effects of the FV means on the turbogenerator shafts (TGS). The mechanical model of the TGS torsional vibration, considering the faults of network and FV operation of steam turbines, is carefully set up. The theoretical and numerical solutions have been given by applying generalized function and nonlinear vibration theories. The effects of of FV on the stability of TGS are finally discussed.
Architecture, Modernism and Nation-Building in Kemalist Turkey

Deeply rooted in “the great transformation” brought about by capitalism, industrialization and urban life, the history of modern architecture in the West is intricately intertwined with the rise of the bourgeoisie. Modernism in architecture, before anything else, is a reaction to the social and environmental ills of the industrial city, and to the bourgeois aesthetic of the 19th century. It emerged first as a series of critical, utopian and radical movements in the first decades of the twentieth century, eventually consolidating itself into an architectural establishment by the 1930s. The dissemination of the so-called “modern movement” outside Europe coincides with the eclipse of the plurality and critical force of early modernist currents and their reduction to a unified, formalist and doctrinaire position.
Spurious Correlations in Time Series Data: A Note

Unrelated time series data can show spurious correlations by virtue of a shared drift in the long term trend. The spuriousness of such correlations is demonstrated with examples. The SP500 stock market index, GDP at current prices for the USA, and the number of homicides in England and Wales in the sample period 1968 to 2002 are used for this demonstration. Detrended analysis shows the expected result that at an annual time scale the GDP and SP500 series are related and that neither of these time series is related to the homicide series. Correlations between the source data and those between cumulative values show spurious correlations of the two financial time series with the homicide series. These results have implications for empirical evidence that attributes changes in temperature and carbon dioxide levels in the surface-atmosphere system to fossil fuel emissions.
Discrimination of Neutron-Gamma Ray Pulses With Pileup Using Normalized Cross Correlation and Principal Component Analysis

During high event rates, discrimination of neutron and gamma-ray pulses can be challenging because of pulse pileup. In this paper, we develop a novel approach to deal with this problem. In our method, the normalized cross correlation (NCC) is used to characterize the behavior of typical neutron and gamma-ray pulses. The gradient of the NCC curve is shown to provide distinct features that can be used to distinguish neutron from gamma-ray pulses. Principal component analysis (PCA) is employed to extract features from the NCC gradient curve. We have employed the standard PCA approach and a modified PCA version to obtain unique features. The modified PCA method first extracts 20 Kolmogorov-Smirnov points and then computes the principal components of these 20 coefficients. We have exercised the technique on both simulated (for different pileup delays) and measurement data from a CLYC detector (for varying event rates). The modified PCA approach shows more promising results than the standard PCA approach with better figure of merit.