cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract A02: The epigenetic modifier CHAF1A opposes neuroblastoma differentiation via metabolic reprogramming

Background. Neuroblastoma (NB) arises from embryonal neural crest secondary to a block in differentiation and long-term survival inversely correlates with degree of neuronal differentiation. Metabolic rewiring is an important feature of undifferentiated NB tumors. Interestingly, MYCN down regulation precedes differentiation of NB cells induced by retinoic acid (RA) and genetic MYCN silencing leads to neuronal differentiation. We have recently demonstrated a novel function for the histone chaperone CHAF1A in blocking NB differentiation. CHAF1A is a subunit of the Chromatin Assembly Factor-1 (CAF1), which regulates H3K9-trimethylation and DNA methylation. Methods. Morphological and molecular evaluations of NB differentiation were assessed upon CHAF1A silencing in RA-sensitive and RA-resistant lines by neurite outgrowth assays and Q-PCR for mature neuronal markers. Gene expression profiling of CHAF1A knockdown and control cell lines was performed on the Affymetrix U133+2.0 arrays. GSEA (Gene Set Enrichment Analysis) defined the transcriptional response to CHAF1A silencing in RA sensitive lines. Quantitative-PCR assays were used to validate the most significant enriched metabolic gene sets and MYCN western blotting was performed at different time points after CHAF1A silencing. Results. CHAFIA suppression in MYCN-amplified RA-sensitive and RA-resistant lines results in NB differentiation and inhibition of cell proliferation. CHAF1A silencing significantly (nominal p-value Conclusions. We have shown that differentiation of NB cells upon CHAF1A silencing: 1) induces metabolic reprogramming by decreasing glucose and glutamine uptakes, 2) inhibits cell proliferation, and 3) reduces MYCN protein levels. We hypothesize that CHAF1A plays a critical role in the MYCN-mediated metabolic reprogramming of undifferentiated NB tumors. Future studies will further dissect this link and guide the development of novel differentiating therapies for high-risk NB. Citation Format: Eveline Barbieri, Zaowen Chen, Mirthala Moreno-Smith, Jason M. Shohet. The epigenetic modifier CHAF1A opposes neuroblastoma differentiation via metabolic reprogramming. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Myc: From Biology to Therapy; Jan 7-10, 2015; La Jolla, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2015;13(10 Suppl):Abstract nr A02.
Medical student resilience strategies: A content analysis of medical students' portfolios.

Stress and burnout among medical students is a well-recognized concern. A student’s ability to employ resilience strategies to self-regulate behaviour is critical to the student’s future career as a physician. We retrospectively reviewed a sampling of year 1, 2 and 5 portfolio essays focused on the Personal Development competency and performance milestones, written by 49 students from three different classes in a 5-year programme devoted to training physician investigators. Two medical educators used a framework established by Jensen and colleagues (2008) to identify the nature and prevalence of various resilience strategies (valuing the physician role, self-awareness, personal arena, professional arena, professional support and personal support) medical students reported in portfolio essays. All students documented at least one strategy in their essays each year. In all years, the most commonly documented strategies were in the personal arena (95.7% of year 1, 98% of year 2 and 87.8% of year 5 portfolios). The least frequently documented strategy in all years was professional support (42.8% of year 1, 38.8% of year 2, and 28.6% of year 5 portfolios). Year 5 portfolios discussed personal support strategies (79.6%) more frequently than year 1 (53.1%) and year 2 (59.2%) portfolios. The results suggest that medical students can identify stressors and articulate resilience strategies that can be employed to potentially address them.
Racial differences in crossing major growth percentiles in infancy.

Background/aims We examined associations of ever crossing upwards ≥2 (vs Methods We included 10 979 white and 1245 black children from the Linked CENTURY Study with percentile crossing data in all four 6-month periods in the first 24 months and obesity (age-specific and sex-specific body mass index ≥95th percentile) at 5 years. We used adjusted logistic regression models and stratified by race. Results 64% of children crossed upwards ≥2 major WFL percentiles in the first 2 years. Among white children, 12% were obese vs 7% for Conclusions Our results suggest that rapid weight gain in infancy is more deleterious among black than white children for later obesity.
Higgs boson searches and the Hbb coupling at the LHeC

Once the existence of the Higgs boson is established at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the focus will be shifted toward understanding its couplings to other particles. A crucial aspect is the measurement of the bottom Yukawa coupling, which is challenging at the LHC. In this paper we study the use of forward jet tagging as a means to secure the observation and to significantly improve the purity of the Higgs boson signal in the $H\ensuremath{\rightarrow}b\overline{b}$ decay mode from deep inelastic electron-proton scattering at the LHC. We demonstrate that the requirement of forward jet tagging in charged current events strongly enhances the signal-to-background ratio. The impact of a veto on additional partons is also discussed. Excellent response to hadronic shower and $b$-tagging capabilities are pivotal detector performance aspects.
The Grass Roots of English History: Local Societies in England before the Industrial Revolution: Hey, David, London: Bloomsbury Academic 229 pp., £21.99, ISBN 978-1474281645 Publication Date: May 2016

David Hey (1938–2016) was a prolific historian whose research and published work spanned two principal topical areas and two somewhat different audiences. One was the social and economic history of...
Local transport and reaction rates in a fixed bed reactor tube: Endothermic steam methane reforming

Abstract Resolved-particle 3-D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are presented of endothermic steam methane reforming in a random packed bed of 807 spherical catalyst particles at a tube-to-particle diameter ratio of N = 5.96 with constant wall heat flux. The fluid flow field is fully coupled to the temperature and species distributions inside the particles. This enables simulation of diffusion, conduction and reaction inside the catalyst particles, as opposed to only surface reactions. The results illustrate 3-D distributions of flow, temperature, species and reaction rates inside a 0.7 m length of packed tube. These show large variations on near-wall particle external surfaces, and non-symmetric distributions inside the catalyst particles on cross-sections through the bed. The detailed CFD approach allows statistical analysis of the particle-to-particle reaction rate variations, the correlation of rate with location in the bed, and the intrinsic variability of radial temperature and species mass fraction profiles. Comparisons to a 1-D reactor tube heterogeneous effective medium model showed that axial profiles of cross-sectional average temperature, species and velocity could not be reproduced using particle-fluid heat and mass transfer coefficients estimated from non-reacting simulations in the same tube. Comparisons to a 2-D reactor tube heterogeneous effective medium model showed good agreement with axial profiles if radial local void fractions and axial velocities were included in the model. Improved agreement with radial temperature profiles resulted from the model with a radially-varying effective radial thermal conductivity.
A Novel Pattern of Yolk Processing in Developing Snake Eggs (Colubridae: Lampropeltini) and its Functional and Evolutionary Implications

Early amniotic vertebrates evolved large-yolked eggs that permitted production of well-developed, terrestrial hatchlings. This reproductive pattern required new mechanisms for cellularizing the yolk and mobilizing it for embryonic use. In birds, cells that line the yolk sac cavity phagocytose and digest the yolk material, a pattern that is commonly assumed to be universal among oviparous amniotes. However, recent evidence challenges the assumption that all squamate reptiles conform to the avian developmental pattern. In this paper, scanning electron microscopy and histology were used to study mechanisms of yolk processing in two colubrid snakes, the kingsnake Lampropeltis getula and the milksnake L. triangulum. Endodermal cells from the yolk sac splanchnopleure proliferate massively as they invade the yolk sac cavity, forming elaborate chains of interlinked cells. These cells grow in size as they phagocytose yolk material. Subsequently, vitelline capillaries invade the masses of yolk-laden cells and become coated with the endodermal cells, forming an elaborate meshwork of cell-coated strands. The close association of cells, yolk, and blood vessels allows yolk material to be cellularized, digested, and transported for embryonic use. The overall pattern is like that of the corn snake Pantherophis guttatus, but contrasts markedly with that of birds. Given recent evidence that this developmental pattern may also occur in certain lizards, we postulate that it is ancestral for squamates. Studies of lizards, crocodilians, and turtles are needed to clarify the evolutionary history of this pattern and its implications for the evolution of the amniotic (terrestrial) vertebrate egg.
The Overturning Circulation of the Glacial Atlantic

Large scale ocean currents are reflected in the density structure of the ocean (geostrophic balance). Density structure for times in the past can be reconstructed using the oxygen isotopic composition of benthic foraminifera. In the upper ocean, currents are strong and density contrasts are large and can easily be resolved from the isotope data. Here we use sediment cores from the Bahamas and off the Atlantic coast of Florida to reconstruct the density structure of the waters in the Florida Straits during the Last Glacial Maximum. Today, the water flowing through the Florida Straits (30Sv) contains both the western limb of the wind driven circulation of the subtropical gyre (17Sv), and the northward flow of waters which compensate North Atlantic Deep Water export (13Sv). We find evidence for substantially reduced flow relative to today (17Sv), especially at intermediate depths. The simplest explanation for the reduced flow is a severe reduction in the strength of the meridional overturning circulation during the Last Glacial Maximum.
Populism, Anarchism and the Movement of the Squares

This reflection is a review of Paolo Gerbaudo’s book The Mask and the Flag: Populism, Citizenism, and Global Protest (2017).
Phosphoramidate hydrolysis catalyzed by human histidine triad nucleotide binding protein 1 (hHint1): a cluster-model DFT computational study

As a member of the histidine triad (HIT) protein superfamily, human histidine triad nucleotide binding protein 1 (hHint1) serves as an efficient enzyme in the hydrolysis of phosphoramidate. In particular, hHint1 has been utilized to activate nucleotide prodrugs (proTides). Understanding the mechanism of hHint1 will aid in the future design of proTides. Density functional theory (DFT) computations on a 228-atom cluster active-site model were performed to investigate the hydrolysis mechanism of a phosphoramidate substrate. The overall proposed mechanism included the key involvement of the histidine triad as a proton shuttle. Protonated methylphosphoramidate was first formed by proton transfer of protonated His114 species. A penta-coordinated phosphoryl intermediate, protonated methylphosphorodiamidate, was generated by a nucleophilic attack of His112. After the release of amine and the generation of a phosphorylated histidine intermediate, the nucleophilic attack of an active-site water produced a hydrolyzed intermediate that subsequently transferred a proton back to His114. A rate-determining fully associative pathway with a free energy of activation of 21.7 kcal mol-1 formed the penta-coordinated phosphoryl intermediate. A non-rate determining associative-interchange transition state was involved in the formation of transient tetra-coordinated phosphoryl intermediate. The overall hydrolysis was favorable by -16.1 kcal mol-1.
Numerical Optimization of Density Functional Tight Binding Models: Application to Molecules Containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen.

New parametrizations for semiempirical density functional tight binding (DFTB) theory have been developed by the numerical optimization of adjustable parameters to minimize errors in the atomization energy and interatomic forces with respect to ab initio calculated data. Initial guesses for the radial dependences of the Slater-Koster bond integrals and overlap integrals were obtained from minimum basis density functional theory calculations. The radial dependences of the pair potentials and the bond and overlap integrals were represented by simple analytic functions. The adjustable parameters in these functions were optimized by simulated annealing and steepest descent algorithms to minimize the value of an objective function that quantifies the error between the DFTB model and ab initio calculated data. The accuracy and transferability of the resulting DFTB models for the C, H, N, and O system were assessed by comparing the predicted atomization energies and equilibrium molecular geometries of small mole...
Which Patent Foramen Ovales Need Closure to Prevent Cryptogenic Strokes

Abstract Patients with cryptogenic strokes are more likely to have a patent foremen ovale than in the general population. It is speculated that these strokes are due to paradoxical embolism, that is, passage of a venous thrombus across the patent foremen ovale to enter the arterial circulation, resulting in an embolic stroke. Venous thromboembolism is rarely present in these cases of cryptogenic stroke. Thousands of patients with cryptogenic strokes have undergone transcatheter closure of their patent foremen ovale via a variety of devices. The first 3 randomized clinical trials comparing patent foremen ovale closure with medical therapy failed to show a significant advantage of patent foremen ovale closure. Three additional trials reported in 2017 had longer years of follow-up and demonstrated an advantage of patent foremen ovale closure versus medical therapy. Analysis of their data indicated that patent foremen ovale closure in patients with an atrial septal aneurysm in addition to a patent foremen ovale had a very significant decrease in cryptogenic strokes ( P P = .37). Aneurysms of the atrial septum are easily recognized by echocardiography and are present in approximately one-third of patients with patent foremen ovales. These data suggest that closure of patent foremen ovales in patients with an atrial septal aneurysm is indicated. In patients with a patent foremen ovale without an aneurysm of the atrial septum, patent foremen ovale closure is not indicated.
Radiation Exposure to the Urologist Using an Overcouch Radiation Source Compared With an Undercouch Radiation Source in Contemporary Urology Practice.

Objective To compare radiation dosage to the urologist using an overcouch system, x-ray tube over table, and an undercouch system, x-ray tube under table. Urologists continue to perform more endoscopic surgery requiring fluoroscopy. Fluoroscopy, or electromagnetic radiation, can cause cellular damage when passing through tissues. These systems are compared with respect to radiation dosage to the urologist. Methods A single urologic surgeon utilized a dosimeter badge while using an overcouch system. The dosimeter exposure was higher than expected and an undercouch system was then employed. Dosimeter exposure levels between the overcouch and the undercouch systems were examined and compared. Results Over the 4 months reviewed for the overcouch system, radiation doses to the body averaged 3.63 mSv, those to the eye averaged 3.73 mSv, and those to the extremities averaged 3.72 mSv. The 3-month averages for the undercouch system exposure to the body, the eye, and the extremities were 0.31, 0.35, and 0.35 mSv, respectively. The difference in radiation exposure between the 2 systems was significant (P ≤.001). The average number of radiation cases between the 2 systems was not significantly different (P = .37). The average fluoroscopy time for the procedures between the 2 systems was not significantly different (P = .24). Conclusion Overcouch fluoroscopy systems expose the urologist to significantly higher, potentially dangerous levels of radiation. Urologists using an overcouch system should strongly consider as low as reasonably achievable precautions and proper utilization of lead aprons, thyroid shields, and lead glasses. Radiation safety training should be considered.
Neighborhood collective efficacy, parental spanking, and subsequent risk of household child protective services involvement.

Abstract Children exposed to negative neighborhood conditions and parental spanking are at higher risk of experiencing maltreatment. We conducted prospective analyses of secondary data to determine the effects of neighborhood collective efficacy and parental spanking on household Child Protective Services (CPS) involvement, and whether spanking mediates the relationship between neighborhood collective efficacy and CPS involvement. The sample (N = 2,267) was drawn from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS), a stratified random sample of 4,789 births between 1998–2000 in 20 large U.S. cities. Logistic regression models were employed to test the effects of neighborhood collective efficacy and spanking at child age 3 on mother’s report of CPS contact during the subsequent two years. The product-of-coefficient approach was used to test the mediation hypothesis. One aspect of neighborhood collective efficacy (i.e., Social Cohesion/Trust) is associated with lower odds of CPS involvement (OR = .80, 95% CI 0.670–0.951) after controlling for Informal Social Control, parental spanking, and the covariates. Parental spanking predicts increased odds of CPS involvement during the next two years (OR = 1.38, 95% CI 1.001–1.898), net of neighborhood collective efficacy and the covariates. The mediation hypothesis is not supported. Promoting both cohesive and trusting relationships between neighbors and non-physical discipline practices is likely to reduce the incidence of household CPS involvement.
The quantitative assessment of epicardial fat distribution on human hearts: Implications for epicardial electrophysiology.

Epicardial electrophysiological procedures rely on dependable interfacing with the myocardial tissue. For example, epicardial pacing systems must generate sustainable chronic pacing capture, while epicardial ablations must effectively deliver energy to the target hyper-excitable myocytes. The human heart has a significant adipose layer which may impede epicardial procedures. The objective of this study was to quantitatively assess the relative location of epicardial adipose on the human heart, to define locations where epicardial therapies might be performed successfully. We studied perfusion-fixed human hearts (n = 105) in multiple isolated planes including: left ventricular margin, diaphragmatic surface, and anterior right ventricle. Relative adipose distribution was quantitatively assessed via planar images, using a custom-generated image analysis algorithm. In these specimens, 76.7 ± 13.8% of the left ventricular margin, 72.7 ± 11.3% of the diaphragmatic surface, and 92.1 ± 8.7% of the anterior right margin were covered with superficial epicardial adipose layers. Percent adipose coverage significantly increased with age (P < 0.001) and history of coronary artery disease (P < 0.05). No significant relationships were identified between relative percent adipose coverage and gender, body weight or height, BMI, history of hypertension, and/or history of congestive heart failure. Additionally, we describe two-dimensional probability distributions of epicardial adipose coverage for each of the three analysis planes. In this study, we detail the quantitative assessment and probabilistic mapping of the distribution of superficial epicardial adipose on the adult human heart. These findings have implications relative to performing epicardial procedures and/or designing procedures or tools to successfully perform such treatments. Clin. Anat. 31:661-666, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preoperative frailty assessment predicts loss of independence after vascular surgery.

Abstract Objective Frailty, a clinical syndrome associated with loss of metabolic reserves, is prevalent among patients who present to vascular surgery clinics for evaluation. The Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) is a rapid assessment method shown to be highly specific for identifying frail patients. In this study, we sought to evaluate whether the preoperative CFS score could be used to predict loss of independence after major vascular procedures. Methods We identified all patients living independently at home who were prospectively assessed using the CFS before undergoing an elective major vascular surgery procedure (admitted for >24 hours) at an academic medical center between December 2015 and December 2017. Patient- and procedure-level clinical data were obtained from our institutional Vascular Quality Initiative registry database. The composite outcome of discharge to a nonhome location or 30-day mortality was evaluated using bivariate and multivariate regression models. Results A total of 134 independent patients were assessed using the CFS before they underwent elective open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (8%), endovascular aneurysm repair (26%), thoracic endovascular aortic repair (6%), suprainguinal bypass (6%), infrainguinal bypass (16%), carotid endarterectomy (19%), or peripheral vascular intervention (20%). Among 39 (29%) individuals categorized as being frail using the CFS, there was no significant difference in age or American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status compared with nonfrail patients. However, frail patients were significantly more likely to need mobility assistance after surgery (62% frail vs 22% nonfrail; P 12-fold higher risk (odds ratio, 12.1; 95% confidence interval, 2.17-66.96; P Conclusions The CFS is a practical tool for assessing preoperative frailty among patients undergoing elective major vascular surgery and can be used to predict likelihood of requiring discharge to a nursing facility or death after surgery. The identification of frail patients before major surgery can help manage postoperative expectations and optimize transitions of care.
Formation and Modification of the Parasitophorous Vacuole Occupied by Toxoplasma Gondii

Toxoplasma tachyzoites are able to actively invade and survive within specialized vacuoles in a wide range of vertebrate host cells. The parasite enters a vacuole that is derived from the plasma membrane by invagination, yet these vacuoles differ from standard phagocytic compartments in several respects. The Toxoplasma-containing vacuole, or parasitophorous vacuole (PV), resists acidification [Sibley et al., 1985b] and fusion with lysosomes [Jones and Hirsch 1972]. These vacuoles also resist fusion with vesicles containing soluble tracers for fluid phase endocytosis including Lucifer yellow [Joiner et al., 1990] and with vesicles containing permanent labels such as acridine orange that accumulate in acidic compartments [Sibley et al., 1985a]. While the PV is inert with respect to interactions with the host-cell endocytic network, events within the vacuole are dynamic. During invasion and vacuole formation, the parasite secretes a number of proteins from specialized storage organelles called rhoptries and dense granules. The contents of these secretory organelles are targetted to different sites within the vacuole including the vacuolar membrane and the intravacuolar network that forms a membranous interface within the vacuole [Sibley et al., 1986].
Diseases of Oats

This paper will briefly describe each of the major oat diseases and summarise current research thrusts. ‘Current’ here means work that has been published within the last several years. Highly specialised work on oat pathogens, judged to be of less general interest, will not be included.
Metabolic Dormancy in Aquatic Invertebrates

One major approach used by invertebrates for coping with extreme environmental conditions is to enter states of metabolic and developmental dormancy. The possession of a latent or resting stage is a common occurrence in the life cycle of organisms inhabiting inconsistent or ephemeral environments, and this phenomenon has been a source of long-standing speculation and fascination (cf. van Leeuwenhoek 1702). Considering the remarkable habitat diversity that exists among aquatic invertebrates, it is not surprising that the distribution of dormancy is broadly scattered phylogenetically. Resting stages have now been reported in virtually every major phylum of invertebrates, with the notable exception of Echinodermata. In some taxa, mature adult forms have the ability to enter states of rest, while in others, specialized resting forms are common only during earlier stages of life cycles.
Mating Systems and Parental Care

In wildlife, there are three possible functions to courting the opposite sex, which is usually done by the male (Barash 1977). These functions serve as advertising signals, overcoming aggression, and achieving reproductive coordination between the courting male and a female or females, in the case of a polygamous or promiscuous species.
Resonant Scattering of an Elastic Wave by a Layer Containing a Random or Periodic Distribution of Inclusions

Wave propagation through particulate composites has received considerable attention in recent years. The dispersive wave propagation through particulate composites with both random and periodic distributions has been studied theoretically [1] and experimentally [2–7]. The response of a layered composite with a finite number of layers can be predicted using the acoustic complex-valued transfer functions for a single layer [8]. The effect of the in-plane structure of an inclusion layer and resonance of individual particles on the wave propagation phenomena have been studied [9]. For a single layer of inclusions, it was shown that the arrangement of the inclusions has a significant effect on a wave propagating normal to the layer. The objective of this work is to study further the effect of the in-plane structure of an inclusion layer and acoustical properties of individual particles on the wave propagation phenomena.
Are the Notions ‘A Priori Truth’ and ‘Necessary Truth’ Extensionally Equivalent?

There is a widely held view that the expressions 'necessary truth', 'a priori truth' and 'analytic truth' either express the same concept or, at least, refer to all and only the same items.1 Philosophers who hold this view, and who are sometimes described as 'empiricists', often draw the conclusion that the truths of logic and mathematics, if necessary, are also a priori and are, in some important sense, empty or not about the world. The subject matter of these disciplines, then, is said to differ in a philosophically important way from that of the empirical sciences, such as physics or chemistry. Rationalists, in contrast, have traditionally held that some a priori truths, either of logic or mathematics (or of some other area), are synthetic and, hence, non-analytic: i.e., there are synthetic a priori truths. In this paper, I will not discuss the question of the synthetic a priori although my comments may indirectly bear on that topic. Nor will I consider the claim that there are no necessary truths, or the complaint that the concept of 'necessary truth' is too unclear to be philosophically useful. Instead, I will assume that there are such truths, and that that is of philosophic interest, and will consider the thesis, held by many rationalists2 as well as empiricists, that all a priori truths are necessary
Both Graphic and Memoir: The Interaction of Image and Narrative in Fun Home

Alison Bechdel’s Fun Home represents the relatively recent graphic memoir genre. This new genre, using graphic novel format to relate a literary narrative, is examined often, but rarely is the memoir studied as a graphic novel. This paper examines Fun Home as a graphic novel, focusing on how the format and history of the graphic novel impact the symbolism and interpretation of Bechdel’s memoir. Ultimately, the essay finds that the interaction of image and word, and reference to mythology (a tradition of comics), create a layered complexity to the memoir which emulates Bechdel and her father’s complicated relationship.
Preparation of highly functionalized carbon nanoparticles using a one-step acid dehydration of glycerol

Abstract In this paper, we report the low-cost synthesis of a highly functionalized carbon material synthesized through controlled acid dehydration of glycerol. Physical properties were investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic light scattering. Chemical properties were determined using elemental analysis, acid-base titration, uv–vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The acid dehydration temperature during synthesis was varied and at moderate temperatures (160 °C), highly functionalized fluorescent carbon nanoparticles (hydrodynamic radius
A Review of Empirical Studies on Dual Enrollment: Assessing Educational Outcomes

In the past couple of decades, the number of high school students taking college courses via dual enrollment has increased dramatically, and it is becoming more common for high school students to graduate with a substantial number of college credits. We review the empirical studies on dual enrollment, paying attention to research that centers on the student and student outcomes. Our study differs from prior works that provide a comprehensive account of dual enrollment in that these papers either have focused on a general overview of the literature or have concentrated on a specific domain of dual enrollment policy. Because we focus on the student, we can spend more time analyzing the condition of the empirical research. This chapter examines evidence about who participates in dual enrollment and the relation between dual enrollment and educational outcomes. It explores differences in dual enrollment participation and outcomes by student demographics, examines what accounts for differences in dual enrollment outcomes, and compares outcomes from dual enrollment to Advanced Placement. The chapter concludes with directions for future research.
More on Clovis Learning: Individual-level Processes Aggregate to Form Population-level Patterns

ABSTRACTThe Clovis techno-complex has figured prominently in American archaeology since the 1930s, when fluted stone weapon tips and other tools were found alongside the remains of late Pleistocene...
Estimating offsets for avian displacement effects of anthropogenic impacts.

Biodiversity offsetting, or compensatory mitigation, is increasingly being used in temperate grassland ecosystems to compensate for unavoidable environmental damage from anthropogenic developments such as transportation infrastructure, urbanization, and energy development. Pursuit of energy independence in the United States will expand domestic energy production. Concurrent with this increased growth is increased disruption to wildlife habitats, including avian displacement from suitable breeding habitat. Recent studies at energy-extraction and energy-generation facilities have provided evidence for behavioral avoidance and thus reduced use of habitat by breeding waterfowl and grassland birds in the vicinity of energy infrastructure. To quantify and compensate for this loss in value of avian breeding habitat, it is necessary to determine a biologically based currency so that the sufficiency of offsets in terms of biological equivalent value can be obtained. We describe a method for quantifying the amount of habitat needed to provide equivalent biological value for avifauna displaced by energy and transportation infrastructure, based on the ability to define five metrics: impact distance, impact area, pre-impact density, percent displacement, and offset density. We calculate percent displacement values for breeding waterfowl and grassland birds and demonstrate the applicability of our avian-impact offset method using examples for wind and oil infrastructure. We also apply our method to an example in which the biological value of the offset habitat is similar to the impacted habitat, based on similarity in habitat type (e.g., native prairie), geographical location, land use, and landscape composition, as well as to an example in which the biological value of the offset habitat is dissimilar to the impacted habitat. We provide a worksheet that informs potential users how to apply our method to their specific developments and a framework for developing decision-support tools aimed at achieving landscape-level conservation goals.
First-Principle Electronic Properties of Monoclinic (Al x In y Ga 1-x-y ) 2 O 3 Alloys

First-Principle DFT calculations are carried out to investigate the electronic properties of β-(Al x In y Ga 1-x-y ) 2 O 3 alloys with x ranging from 0~12.5% and y ranging from 0~ 18.75%. The electronic properties of monoclinic gallium oxide alloy with added aluminium and indium atoms are explored. The incorporation of both aluminium and indium results in the reduction of energy bandgap of β-(Al x In y Ga 1-x-y ) 2 O 3 alloys. Additionally, indium of higher content than aluminium in the quaternary alloy promotes the indirect bandgap transferring to direct bandgap. This work provides new findings on the flexible band property modification of monoclinic gallium oxide-based material and indicates their potential in deep ultraviolet photodetector.
Species Variation in a Pheromone Complex is Maintained at the Population Level in the Eastern Red-Backed Salamander

Abstract Protein pheromones in salamanders of the genus Plethodon have experienced rapid and pervasive directional selection. Variation in mate recognition components, such as the sex-specific pher...
A Long Short-Term Memory Model for Global Rapid Intensification Prediction

AbstractRapid intensification (RI) is an outstanding source of error in tropical cyclone (TC) intensity predictions. RI is generally defined as a 24-h increase in TC maximum sustained surface wind ...
Defining the role of exposure to ACEs in ADHD: Examination in a national sample of US children.

Abstract Background Clinical presentations of ADHD vary according to biological and environmental developmental influences. An emerging field of research has demonstrated relationships between exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and ADHD prevalence, particularly in high-risk samples. However, research examining the combined role of traditional risk factors of ADHD and ACEs is limited, and reliance on high-risk samples introduces sampling bias. Objective To examine the influence of ACEs on ADHD diagnosis using a large, nationally representative sample of US children. Participants and setting Nationally representative samples (2017 and 2018) of 40,075 parents from the National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH). Methods We conducted logistic regression models to examine the association of ACEs and ADHD diagnosis, controlling for child and parent demographic variables and other risk factors. Results Exposure to ACEs was significantly associated with parent-reported ADHD diagnosis, controlling for known parental and child-risk factors of ADHD. The association followed a gradient pattern of increased ADHD prevalence with additional exposures. Compared to children with no ACEs, the odds of an ADHD diagnosis were 1.39, 1.92, and 2.72 times higher among children with one, two and three or more ACEs. The ACE most strongly associated with the odds of ADHD was having lived with someone with mental illness closely followed by parent/guardian incarceration. Conclusions Results further strengthen the evidence that ACEs exposure is associated with increased ADHD prevalence. Clinicians should assess ACEs in the diagnosis of ADHD. Furthermore, results of the study lend support to the efforts of agencies (both institutional and state-level) promoting routine screening of ACEs in children.
Introduction to Intellectual Property: Cases and Questions

This open source textbook for a survey course on intellectual property law contains 28 chapters, each with introductory material, learning outcomes, and one or two judicial opinions. Each opinion is accompanied by a set of questions to focus the reading and guide further discussion. This set of materials is designed for instructors who want to have a discussion on one or two cases per class session, supplemented by lectures and active-learning activities.
Cost-Effectiveness of a Statistics-Based Approach to Developmental Mathematics Education:

Due to the low success of traditional, postsecondary remediation mathematics, The Maryland Mathematics Reform Initiative First in the World Grant (MMRI–FITW) sought to develop and implement a stati...
Identifying errors and safety considerations in patients undergoing thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke.

Abstract Background & purpose Alteplase is the standard of care for early pharmacologic thrombolysis after acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Alteplase is also considered a high-alert medication and is fraught with potential for error. We sought to describe the difference in medication error rates in in patients receiving alteplase for acute ischemic stroke from regional hospitals compared to patients receiving alteplase at the Comprehensive Stroke Center. Methods This was a retrospective cohort comparison of patients who were greater than 18 years old that received intravenous alteplase for the treatment of AIS from June 2015 to June 2018. Several institution specific databases were utilized to obtain pertinent data. A standardized taxonomy was utilized to classify medication errors. Patients were excluded if they received any fibrinolytic other than alteplase or if alteplase was used for a non-stroke indication. Two cohorts (from regional hospitals or the Comprehensive Stroke Center (CSC)) were compared. Results A total of 676 patients received alteplase during the study period (34% from the CSC and 66% from regional hospitals). There were 133 (19.8%) errors identified. Ten errors (1.6%) occurred at the CSC and 123 (18.2%) errors occurred at regional hospitals. More patients who had an error with alteplase administration (12.7%) experienced a hemorrhagic conversion compared to those with no error in administration (7.2%, p = 0.04). Conclusion The error rate of alteplase infusion for ischemic stroke is high, particularly in patients from referring centers. Errors may be associated with adverse events. Further education and administration safeguards should be implemented to decrease the risk of medication errors.
Large-Scale Invariant Sets for Safe Coordination of Thermostatic Loads

Systems often face constraints at multiple levels. For example, in coordinating a collection of thermostatically controlled loads to provide grid services, the controller must ensure temperature constraints for each load (local constraints) and distribution network constraints (global constraints) are satisfied. In this paper, we leverage invariant sets to ensure safe coordination of systems with both local and global constraints. Specifically, we develop a method for constructing a controlled invariant set for a collection of subsystems, modeled as transition systems, to ensure they indefinitely satisfy the constraints, based on cycles in individual transition systems. Then, we develop a control algorithm that keeps the state inside the maximal controlled invariant set. We apply these algorithms to a demand response problem, specifically, the tracking of a power trajectory (e.g., a frequency regulation signal) by a population of homogeneous air conditioners. The algorithm simultaneously maintains local temperature requirements and aggregate power consumption limits, ensuring the control is nondisruptive to consumers and benign to the distribution network.
Disseminated Histoplasmosis in an Adult With Rheumatoid Arthritis Not on Biological Immune Modulators.

Histoplasmosis is a fungal disease caused by a dimorphic fungus known as Histoplasma capsulatum (H. capsulatum), which is endemic to areas around river valleys and southeastern states in the United States (US). Patients with histoplasmosis are asymptomatic, and the condition is usually diagnosed by an incidental finding of a pulmonary granuloma on a chest radiograph. In rare cases, this disease can develop into a progressive disseminated form and cause fatal and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in immunocompromised adults. Moreover, there is a close association between disseminated histoplasmosis and the use of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Our case report discusses a unique presentation of disseminated histoplasmosis in a patient with RA who was not on any biological immune modulators. The disseminated histoplasmosis in this case was progressive and involved the central nervous system, liver, lungs, and oral mucosa and was treated successfully with amphotericin therapy. We also discuss the disease process in detail and hypothesize that RA could be an independent risk factor for the increased incidence of disseminated histoplasmosis in adults. Based on the findings in this case report, we recommend screening for latent Histoplasma infections in adults with RA living in endemic areas and keeping a low threshold to evaluate flare-ups from this disease regardless of the use of anti-TNF inhibitors. Specific experimental and epidemiological studies can be conducted to examine the association between RA and similar indolent fungal infections.
Peptides Involved in Body Weight Regulation

The study of mechanisms for understanding body weight regulation has led to new insights into the systems governing appetite, food intake, gut and hormonal peptides interactions, and biopeptides. This chapter review summarizes the cumulative research in the last few years that demonstrates the importance of peptides in body weight regulation. Even though some of the research reports here have come from obesity studies, the author believes that their contribution is necessary to understand the physiological systems governing body weight regulation. Besides, this chapter also discusses recent findings and use of biopeptides, compounds that grant functional properties, which could be beneficial for human health. A deeper understanding of biopeptides could be useful if they are to be used as natural treatments in the regulation of body weight, as has been proposed.
Primary hypothyroidism in childhood cancer survivors: Prevalence, risk factors, and long-term consequences.

BACKGROUND Data on primary hypothyroidism and its long-term impact on the health, cognition, and quality of life (QOL) of childhood cancer survivors are limited. This study examined the prevalence of and risk factors for primary hypothyroidism and its associations with physical, neurocognitive, and psychosocial outcomes. METHODS This was a retrospective study with a cross-sectional health outcome analysis of an established cohort comprising 2965 survivors of childhood cancer (52.8% male; median current age, 30.9 years, median time since cancer diagnosis, 22.3 years). Multivariable logistic regression estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between primary hypothyroidism and cancer-related risk factors, cardiovascular disease risk factors, frailty, neurocognitive and QOL outcomes, social attainment, and subsequent thyroid carcinoma. Associations between serum free thyroxine and thyrotropin levels at assessment and health outcomes were explored. RESULTS The prevalence of primary hypothyroidism was 14.7% (95% CI, 13.5%-16.0%). It was more likely in females (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.03-1.08), was less likely in non-Whites (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.93-0.99), was associated with thyroid radiotherapy (higher risk at higher doses), and was more common if cancer was diagnosed at an age ≥ 15.0 years versus an age < 5 years (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01-1.09). Primary hypothyroidism was associated with frailty (OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.05-2.26), dyslipidemia (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.14-2.04), impaired physical QOL (OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.12-2.48), and having health care insurance (OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.07-2.12). CONCLUSIONS Primary hypothyroidism is common in survivors and is associated with unfavorable physical health and QOL outcomes. The impact of thyroid hormone replacement practices on these outcomes should be investigated further.
Effects of natural shoe wear on traction performance: a longitudinal study

Footwear outsole design is an important factor for shoe-floor friction and for preventing slipping. Shoes with small, uniformly-separated tread blocks (often included on slip-resistant shoes) have ...
Strömungsverhältnisse und Druckverluste

Fur die Stromungsverhaltnisse ist nicht nur der Druckverlust, sondern auch das Stromungsbild, d.h. die Geschwindigkeitsverteilung und die Ablosungsfreiheit, masgebend. Namentlich fur den Zulauf bei Pelton-Turbinen ist wegen der Gefahr der Streuwirkung eine wirbel- und drallfreie Stromung erforderlich. Verzogerte Stromungen oder scharfe Umlenkungen sind in unmittelbarer Dusennahe zu vermeiden. Diese allgemeinen Gesichtspunkte verlangen eine sorgfaltige Planung und Ausbildung der Verteilrohrleitungen, insbesondere der Krummer und Abzweigrohre.
Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome in the Critically Ill

This article summarizes available data on the obesity hypoventilation syndrome and its pertinence to intensivists, outlines clinical and pathophysiologic aspects of the disease, discusses multidisciplinary treatments, and reviews the available literature on outcomes specific to the critically ill patient.
The C-17 dual-channel air data computer

The C-17 Air Data Computer (ADC) has been developed by Honeywell Inc., Defense Avionics Systems Division, Albuquerque, New Mexico, under subcontract to McDonnell Douglas Aircraft, Long Beach, California, for use as the primary air data system on the U.S. Air Force C-17A military air transport. Each C-17 ADC Line Replaceable Unit (LRU) provides the equivalent function of two independent ADC channels. A single channel in the ADC features a self contained 1750 SEAFAC certified processor capable of providing air data related flight information via two MIL-STD-1553B remote terminals. There are two ADCs per aircraft shipset, thus providing an equivalent of four independent ADC channels per airplane. The secondary source of input data to the ADC is the 1553B bus. This interface supplies the ADC with unique flight characteristic data which is utilized by the ADC processor to correct altitude and airspeed data for pressure source errors. >
Magnetic space-group types.

The interpretation of Opechowski–Guccione symbols for magnetic space-group types is based on coordinate triplets given in the now superceded International Tables for X-ray Crystallography [(1952), Vol. 1, edited by N. F. M. Henry & K. Lonsdale. Birmingham: Kynoch Press]. Changes to coordinate triplets in International Tables for Crystallography [(1983), Vol. A, edited by Th. Hahn. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers] lead to misinterpretations of these symbols. A list is provided here of Opechowski–Guccione symbols for the 1651 magnetic space-group types with their original definitions given independent of International Tables.