cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in the National Electrical Code® for PV Installations

The National Electrical Codereg (NECreg) is the predominant installation standard for all electrical installations in the U.S. and has been adopted in whole or part by all 50 states. More than 65,000 electrical inspectors in more than 40,000 jurisdictions are charged with enforcing the Code. The ten and one-half-page Article 690 specifically addresses photovoltaic (PV) power systems. More than 60 percent of the rest of the nearly 800 pages of the NEC apply to electrical power system installations including PV systems. An "Industry Forum" consisting of nearly 100 members of the PV industry, utilities, academia, and government agencies reviews all sections of the existing NEC for installation requirements that pertain to PV systems. The forum participants review the existing NEC for system installation requirements and propose consensus improvements or changes consistent with the safe evolution of PV technology. The forum proposed 42 improvements and changes for the 2008 code cycle. The proposals were based on a collaborative process of information exchange between electrical inspectors, PV installers, PV systems designers and integrators, equipment manufacturers, and other members of the PV industry forum. A summary of the proposals, the pertinent impacts and current status is presented
The aromatic cope rearrangement: Activation parameters

The activation parameters (ΔH≠ = 26.7 ± 4.0 kcal/mol and ΔS≠ = 17.5 ± 9.8 eu) have been measured for the Cope rearrangement of cis-1-(m-hydroxyphenyl)-2-vinylcyclopropane.
Physiology and biogeography: The response of European mussels (Mytilus spp.) to climate change*

Abstract: To understand how ecological communities may respond to climate change we have adopted the approach of determining the response of major ecosystem engineers that determine community composition and function. We utilize two approaches, correlative and mechanistic, to understand the current and future distributions of the marine mussels Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758 and M. galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819 in Europe. Both are dominant space-occupying species that control biodiversity in many coastal ecosystems and are the basis of the largest aquaculture production in Europe. A mechanistic analysis of physiological energetic response to temperature of the two species indicates that M. edulis cannot sustain a positive energy balance for sustained periods when sea surface temperature (SST) is greater than 23 °C, while M. galloprovincialis can maintain a positive energy balance at SST up to 30 °C. There is no difference in energetic response of the two species at cold temperatures (5–10 °C). The upper ...
Effectiveness of Traffic Camouflaging over Computer Networks

Summary form only given. For many Internet applications, the ability to protect the identity of participants and the characteristics of their communication in distributed applications is critical. For such applications, a number of traffic camouflaging systems have been developed over the past several years. The effectiveness of these systems relies greatly on (1) the protocol by which messages are (re-)routed among the participants and (2) the scheme by which links are padded. In this talk, we discuss our recent discoveries on the effectiveness of these camouflaging methods. Our results contradict some of the methods that have been commonly used. For example, we find that using more agents in re-routing may not necessarily increase the probability that a sender can be identified. Furthermore, padding links with a constant-bit rate pattern may result in the worst probability; that an adversary can identify the underlying payload status. We discuss how to develop optimal strategies for these traffic camouflaging systems
Hormonal control of Mg2+ transport in the heart

MAGNESIUM is abundant in the mammalian body and the second most abundant cation in cells1,2. Because the concentration of intracellular free Mg2+ is relatively high (0.2–1 mM)1,3, Mg2+ is unlikely to act as a second messenger, like Ca2+, by rapidly changing its cytosolic concentration. But changes in Mg2+ do have profound effects on cellular metabolism, structure and bio-energetics3–7. Key enzymes or metabolic pathways1,6–8, mitochon-drial ion transport6,9–11, Ca2+ channel activities in the plasma membrane and intracellular oganelles3,12,13, ATP-requiring reactions, and structural properties of cells4,6,14 and nucleic acids1,3,7 are modified by changes in Mg2+ concentration. Yet, although some information is available from giant cells3,15 and bacteria3,16,17, little is known about the regulation of intracellular Mg2+ in mammalian cells. Here we report a new transport mechanism for Mg2+ across the sarcolemma of cardiac cells in both intact hearts and dissociated myocytes. We show that noradrenaline, through β-adrenergic stimulation and increase of cyclic AMP, stimulates a large efflux of Mg2+ from cardiac cells. This transport is of major dimensions and can move up to 20% of total cellular Mg2+ within a few minutes.
Race, ethnicity, and breastfeeding.

Breastfeeding is an ancient art courted by young science. Until the mid-1980s, breastfeeding research was in its infancy, limited by low numbers of women who breastfed, especially exclusively, and especially in nations active in research. Consequently, we must interpret data from a legacy of inconsistent, older studies that measured health outcomes but did not or could not control for even basic variables such as amount of breast milk consumed. As we move forward and correct for such issues (eg, by clearly defining breastfeeding), we should guard against new generalizations in the area of breastfeeding, race, and ethnicity. One emergent myth that needs to be weeded before it roots is that breastfeeding rates are lowest in minority women. In fact, per … Address correspondence to Anne Merewood, MPH, IBCLC, Division of General Pediatrics, Maternity Building, 4th Floor, 91 E Concord St, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118. E-mail: anne.merewood{at}bmc.org
Aggregation of platelets from monocrotaline pyrrole-treated rats

Abstract Aggregation responses of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) from monocrotaline pyrrole (MCTP)-treated rats were examined to help elucidate the role of platelets in MCTP-induced pulmonary hypertension. PRP from rats treated one or four days earlier with MCTP (5 mg/kg, i.v.) or vehicle exhibited the same slope and maximum aggregation to ADP (1×10−5M, 2×10−6M, 1×10−6M), 74 μg/ml dog collagen, or 500 μg/ml arachidonic acid. PRP collected 7 days after MCTP treatment had a 15% decrease in both slope and maximum aggregation to 1×10−5M ADP and a 25% decrease in response to 2×10−6M ADP relative to the control group. Fourteen days after MCTP treatment, the responses to all of the aggregating agents were decreased 18–71% from control values. These results indicate that MCTP treatment alters the responses of PRP to aggregating agents.
Phosphorescence Studies of Reverse Saturable Absorption Materials

Phosphorescence studies of reverse saturable absorption materials (RSA) are discussed. Absorption and emission measurements of an RSA material, specifically Zinc 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octabromo-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnOBP), are performed in a proprietary host polymer. Spectra are analyzed to estimate the relative energy level of the first triplet state of ZnOBP with respect to the ground state.
Theater and Dialogue to Increase Youth’s Intentions to Advocate for LGBTQQ People

Objective: This study evaluates the effectiveness of an intervention using theater and dialogue to raise awareness about homophobia and transphobia and increase intentions to participate in macro-level change efforts around lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and questioning (LGBTQQ) issues. Methods: Using a pretest–posttest design, this study examines changes in advocacy intentions around LGBTQQ issues among middle school and high school students who participated in the intervention (n = 515). Results: Students reported a significant increase in intentions to advocate. Existing intervention behaviors and increased recognition of homophobia/transphobia as problems were associated with greater increases in intention to advocate. Respondents with higher existing intervention behaviors, as well as White students and cisgender women, reported higher advocacy intentions compared to students of color and cisgender men. Further, we found indication of greater awareness of homophobia/transphobia as a prob...
Beyond assessment of learning toward assessment for learning: Educating tomorrow's physicians

Beyond its importance in informing high-stakes decisions, the assessment process can also be designed to foster learning. To be effective, this requires developing a program in which curricular experiences, assessment practices and support activities are aligned to provide an educational culture that encourages self-regulated learning. We describe a program (based at Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine) in which explicit performance standards align these components and provide a roadmap for students to manage their learning. Information-rich assessment data, structured opportunities for reflection, and facilitated self-assessment using a portfolio approach are designed to support development of habits of reflective practice. Promotion depends on the achievement of competencies rather than grades. Preliminary evidence suggests that the program directs students towards learning, rather than on achieving a grade for grade's sake.
Measurement of Insulation Resistance on Energized Systems

An instrument has been developed to measure the insulation resistance of either an a-c or d-c system without removing the system from operation. The present voltmeter method of performing this operation involves the taking of a number of readings and applying these to a formula, but the new instrument makes it possible to get the information which is desired directly.
Neurotensin: effects of hypothalamic and intravenous injections on eating and drinking in rats.

Abstract To investigate a role for the brain-gut peptide neurotensin (NT) in ingestive behavior, changes in food and water intake of food-deprived rats were examined following injection of NT into the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) or the mesenteric vein. Unilateral PVN NT (2.5, 5.0, 10.0 μg/0.3 μl) produced substantial dose-dependent reductions in total food intake 0.5, 1, and 4 hr postinjection. In contrast, PVN NT had no effect on water intake and produced no change in grooming, rearing, sleeping, resting or locomotor activity. Bilateral PVN NT at a high dose (10.0 μg/side) suppressed consumption of solid or liquid diet in food-deprived rats, but did not affect water intake in water-deprived rats. This specificity is consistent with a role for CNS NT in feeding behavior. Intravenous NT (1–1000 pmole/kg/min for 30 min) did not specifically suppress food intake; however, low doses did increase water intake in food-deprived rats. These findings do not support a role for plasma NT in feeding, but do suggest that it may play a role in drinking behavior.
A one-year seasonal analysis of martian gravity waves using MCS data

Abstract Temperature measurements from the Mars Climate Sounder on NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter are examined for gravity wave signals using the Stockwell transform, a technique previously applied to terrestrial temperature profiles. An analysis is presented for internal-gravity waves throughout the martian atmosphere for the period July 2007–May 2009, representing a full martian year of data, divided by season. Momentum fluxes observed in the altitude range 200–20 Pa are measured as ∼10−5–10−3 Pa, significantly higher than at equivalent altitudes on Earth, and are primarily peaked around the tropics. Observed orographic effects are minimal; the primary observed effects are seasonal. Waves are shown to vary significantly in wavelength with latitude, but are generally approximately zonally symmetric. Horizontal wavelengths are consistently much shorter in the northern hemisphere than the southern.
Potential control of gastroesophageal reflux by local modulation of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations

Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations (TLESRs) are neurally mediated abrupt reductions in lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure. TLESRs are not usually associated with deglutition or secondary peristalsis but are thought to be necessary for venting swallowed air from the stomach. Their central role in acid reflux, however, makes them a compelling therapeutic target for patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Pharmacologic approaches for reducing TLESR frequency are being studied, but theoretically more promising are endoscopic approaches that interfere with mechanoreceptor function. Further study into the mechanisms of action of these approaches is needed, as are controlled clinical trials to define the true utility of these techniques and identify patients who will receive the most benefit.
Thermal and radiative effects of atmospheric aerosols in the northern hemisphere calculated using a radiative-convective model

Abstract A radiative-convective atmospheric model has been used to demonstrate that at all latitudes and at all atmospheric altitudes in the northern hemisphere, a low-lying aerosol (of mean visible refractive index 1.5-0.1 i) with an optical density greater than 0.065 (global background) will cool the surface when the underlying earth's surface has an albedo of 0.1 or 0.3. However, the model indicates that heating will occur at all latitudes over a surface with an albedo of 0.6 for an aerosol with a visible extinction coefficient 10 times that of the present background aerosol. The reduction in both the incoming solar radiation and the atmospheric radiative cooling was also calculated. It was estimated for the latitudes south of 35°N that the present background level of atmospheric aerosols would produce ~1% decrease in solar radiation reaching the ground (relative to the case for no aerosols). The most significant relative heating of the atmosphere was found at latitudes north of 55°N. An aerosol-related mechanism which could extend the length of the winter season above 55°N is suggested.
Transport of (22)Na(+) and( 45)Ca(2+) by Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing mRNA from lobster hepatopancreas.

This paper describes the development of a functional assay system to express crustacean epithelial electrogenic 2Na+/1H+ antiporters in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Subsequent publications will use this assay method to establish nucleotide and amino acid sequence information about this transporter by functionally screening an hepatopancreatic cDNA library. In this method, oocytes were injected with hepatopancreatic mRNA (50 ng) isolated from Homarus americanus, while control oocytes received injections of an equivalent volume of distilled water. Three to five days post-injection, oocytes were incubated in media containing either 22Na+ or 45Ca2+ for specific time intervals and the rates of ion transfer into the oocytes were monitored under a variety of experimental conditions. Uptakes of both radiolabelled cations were stimulated by mRNA injection. mRNA-stimulated 22Na+ uptake was significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited by addition of calcium, amiloride, or by an antiporter-specific monoclonal antibody to the external medium. mRNA-stimulated 45Ca2+ uptake was significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited by addition of sodium, amiloride, cadmium, zinc, or by the antiporter-specific monoclonal antibody (also inhibitory for 22Na+ transport) to the external medium. The kinetics of 22Na+ influx in mRNA-injected oocytes were sigmoidal functions of external sodium concentration, exhibiting a Hill Coefficient (n) of approximately 3.0. Both calcium and amiloride significantly (P < 0.05) reduced sigmoidal sodium influx kinetics by alterations in the Jmax (amiloride) or KNa (calcium) of the transporter. Size fractionation of hepatopancreatic mRNA resulted in a single fraction that was most stimulatory for sodium and calcium transport and which likely contains the antiporter transcript. The results of this study provide the basis for using 22Na+ and 45Ca2+ transport assays of lobster mRNA-injected oocytes to functionally screen an hepatopancreatic cDNA library for clones that will provide full length nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the invertebrate electrogenic 2Na+/1H+ antiporter protein. J. Exp. Zool. 290:347–358, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Revolutionary Unconscious: Deleuze and Masoch

I ask in every instance, “is it hunger or superabundance that has here become creative?” At first glance, another distinction may seempreferable—it is far more obvious—namely the question of whether the desire to fix, to immortalize, the desire for being prompted creation, or the desire for destruction, for change, for future, for becoming. But both of these kinds of desire are seen to be ambiguous when one considers them more closely [...]. Nietzsche, The Gay Science, ¶ 370
A theoretical model of axon guidance by the Robo code

After crossing the midline, different populations of commissural axons in Drosophila target specific longitudinal pathways at different distances from the midline. It has recently been shown that this choice of lateral position is governed by the particular combination of Robo receptors expressed by these axons, presumably in response to a gradient of Slit released by the midline. Here we propose a simple theoretical model of this combinatorial coding scheme. The principal results of the model are that purely quantitative rather than qualitative differences between the different Robo receptors are sufficient to account for the effects observed following removal or ectopic expression of specific Robo receptors, and that the steepness of the Slit gradient in vivo must exceed a certain minimum for the results observed experimentally to be consistent.
Micronutrient deficiencies after bariatric surgery.

Abstract It has been estimated that approximately 220,000 people with morbid obesity underwent bariatric surgery in 2008. Modification of the gastrointestinal tract affects absorption and health care professionals counseling bariatric patients need to be aware of possible micronutrient deficiencies and their symptoms. A systematic review of several databases and bariatric surgery center websites on the Internet was conducted from January 1980 to July 2009 to identify literature related to micronutrient deficiencies occurring after bariatric surgery. Keywords used individually or in combination were bariatric surgery, obesity, vitamin/mineral deficiencies, altered gastrointestinal function, nutrient absorption, nutrient supplementation, and metabolic complications, and were variously combined in the search list. Based on this review, all patients scheduled for bariatric surgery should receive daily multivitamin and multitrace mineral supplements. The literature suggests that bariatric surgery patients are at risk for deficiency of the following nutrients after surgery: vitamins B 12 , B 1 , C, folate, A, D, and K, along with the trace minerals iron, selenium, zinc, and copper. Over-the-counter multivitamin and mineral supplements do not provide adequate amounts of certain nutrients such as vitamin B 12 , iron, or fat-soluble vitamins and patients will require additional doses of prophylactic supplementation life-long to maintain optimal micronutrient status. In addition, preconception care for adequate prenatal supplementation is critical for pregnant women who have undergone bariatric surgery, as iron, vitamin A, vitamin B 12 , vitamin K, and folate deficiencies are associated with maternal and fetal complications, including severe anemia, congenital abnormalities, low birth weight, and failure to thrive. All bariatric surgery patients would be best served by receiving regular monitoring of serum nutrient levels starting at 3 mo after surgery and periodically thereafter.
Source Investigation for Ambient PM2.5in Indianapolis, IN

The objectives of this study were to identify the sources of the PM 2.5 in Indianapolis, Indiana and estimate their contributions to the total PM 2.5 mass concentrations by analyzing the data from the samples collected at the EPA Speciation Trends Networks (STN) site in Indianapolis, Indiana. Both positive matrix factorization (PMF2) and an expanded factor analysis model were applied. The two methods obtained essentially identical source profiles and contributions, so the results of the simpler method, PMF, are described in the formal text of this paper in detail while the corresponding results provided by the expanded factor analysis model are presented in the supplemental material for this paper. The seven resolved sources are secondary sulfate (40.2%), secondary nitrate (21.9%), gasoline emission (16.6%), diesel emission (7.9%), airborne soil (5.3%), Fe-related industries (4.4%), and Cu-related industries (2.5%). The comparison between two models suggests that PMF coupled with subsequent data analysis ...
Meeting Intergenerational Needs Through Service Learning

This service-learning project provided a venue for university students majoring in business administration to learn about the successful aging process while contributing to a positive quality of life for retirees living in a Continuing Care Retirement Community (CCRC). The project provided the retirees an opportunity to learn computer skills that helped them engage in desired leisure time and business activities. Student insights into the teaching experience and the learning outcomes of the retirees are reported. The positive response of students and retirees to the service-learning project reinforces the benefit of out-of-classroom experiences in preparing students for future employment.
Multidimensional characterization of stochastic dynamical systems based on multiple perturbations and measurements

Generalized nonlinear response theory is presented for stochastic dynamical systems. Experiments in which multiple measurements of dynamical quantities are used along with multiple perturbations of parameters of dynamical systems are described by generalized response functions (GRFs). These constitute a new type of multidimensional measures of stochastic dynamics either in the time or the frequency domains. Closed expressions for GRFs in stochastic dynamical systems are derived and compared with numerical non-equilibrium simulations. Several types of perturbations are considered: impulsive and periodic perturbations of temperature and impulsive perturbations of coordinates. The present approach can be used to study various types of stochastic processes ranging from single-molecule conformational dynamics to chemical kinetics of finite-size reactors such as biocells.
Cell cycle inhibition by an anti-cyclin D1 antibody chemically modified for intracellular delivery

Antibodies, especially monoclonal antibodies, are highly specific for their target antigens and have found extensive clinical application in the treatment of infectious diseases and neoplasia. However, they have a major shortcoming which, if overcome, would greatly expand their utility: an inability to penetrate the outer membrane of cells and act on intracellular targets. We demonstrated previously that this deficiency could be overcome by covalent linkage of an oligoarginine sequence to the conserved carbohydrate moiety present in the CH2 region of immunoglobulins. Immune specificity was maintained but no attempt was made to test for biological activity related to specificity. Here, we report that a polyarginated monoclonal anti-cyclin D1 enters cells and inhibits cell cycle progression. We demonstrate this with NIH 3T3 cells and with two tumor cell lines, HT29 and SW480. As many tumors overexpress cyclin D1, an intracellular anti-cyclin D1, properly targeted, has the potential to be a novel broad range inhibitor of tumor cell multiplication. Moreover, success with intracellular anti-cyclin D1 suggests that polyarginated antibodies, in general, could be a new, widely applicable experimental tool to investigate and influence intracellular processes, whether native to cells or introduced into cells by outside entities such as viruses.
Patterns and Sources of Multidecadal Oscillations in Drought-Sensitive Tree-Ring Records from the Central and Southern Rocky Mountains

[1] Tree-ring records spanning the past seven centuries from the central and southern Rocky Mountains were studied using wavelet analysis to examine multidecadal (>30–70 yr) patterns of drought variation. Fifteen tree-ring series were grouped into five regional composite chronologies based on shared low-frequency behavior. Strong multidecadal phasing of moisture variation was present in all five regions during the late 16th century megadrought. Consistent oscillatory modes in the 30–70 yr domain persisted until the mid-19th century in two of the five regions, and wet-dry cycles were apparently synchronous at some sites until the 1950s drought. The 16th/17th century pattern of severe multidecadal drought followed by decades of unusually wet conditions resembles the 1950s drought and post-1976 wet period. The 16th century megadrought, which may have resulted from coupling of a decadal (20–30 yr) Pacific cool phase with a multidecadal warm phase in the subtropical North Atlantic, marked a substantial reorganization of climate variation in the Rocky Mountain region. INDEX TERMS: 1812 Hydrology: Drought; 1833 Hydrology: Hydroclimatology; 1854 Hydrology: Precipitation (3354); 9350 Information Related to Geographic Region: North America; KEYWORDS: drought, treerings, multi-decadal variability, western U. S., Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. Citation: Gray, S. T., J. L. Betancourt, C. L. Fastie, and S. T. Jackson, Patterns and sources of multidecadal oscillations in drought-sensitive tree-ring records from the central and southern Rocky Mountains, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(0), XXXX, doi:10.1029/2002GL016154, 2003.
Atox1 contains positive residues that mediate membrane association and aid subsequent copper loading

Copper chaperones bind intracellular copper and ensure proper trafficking to downstream targets via protein–protein interactions. In contrast to the mechanisms of copper binding and transfer to downstream targets, the mechanisms of initial copper loading of the chaperones are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that antioxidant protein 1 (Atox1 in human cells), the principal cellular copper chaperone responsible for delivery of copper to the secretory pathway, possesses the ability to interact with negatively charged lipid headgroups via distinct surface lysine residues. Moreover, loss of these residues lowers the efficiency of copper loading of Atox1 in vivo, suggesting that the membrane may play a scaffolding role in copper distribution to Atox1. These findings complement the recent discovery that the membrane also facilitates copper loading of the copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase 1 and provide further support for the emerging paradigm that the membrane bilayer plays a central role in cellular copper acquisition and distribution.
Silicon accelerometer with differential Frequency Modulation and continuous self-calibration

We report a new silicon MEMS accelerometer based on differential Frequency Modulation (FM) with experimentally demonstrated self-calibration against dynamic temperature environment and μg-level Allan deviation of bias. The sensor architecture is based on resonant frequency tracking in a vacuum packaged SOI tuning fork oscillator with a high Q-factor. The oscillator is instrumented with a DC voltage biased parallel plate capacitor, which couples the proof mass displacement to the effective stiffness by means of the negative electrostatic spring effect. External acceleration is detected as an FM signal. To address drift over temperature, the MEMS sensor die incorporates two identical tuning forks with opposing axes of sensitivity. Demodulation of the differential FM output from the two simultaneously operated oscillators eliminates common mode errors and provides a continuously self-calibrated FM output. An x-axis SOI prototype with a tunable scale factor was built and characterized over dynamic temperature environment, experimentally demonstrating continuous self-calibration.
High Resolution Multiwire Proportional Chambers and a Readout System for Secondary Beam Line Instrumentation

High spatial and time resolution multiwire proportional chambers and a readout system has been developed. These chambers will be used at the secondary beam lines of NAL. Spatial resolution of ±0.25mm and time resolution of 16nsec at FWHM obtained from 0.5mm wire spaced chambers.
A Study of the Convergent and Divergent Validity of the Psychological Screening Inventory for Adolescent Inpatients

A sample of 43 adolescent inpatients of a state psychiatric hospital were administered the Psychological Screening Inventory (PSI). In order to assess the convergent validity of the PSI, clinician ratings and subscale scores of the MMPI were correlated with the sub-scale scores of the PSI. Divergent validity was assessed by correlating grade level scores of the WRAT-R and Weschler IQ scores with subscale scores of the PSI. Results were mixed. Support was found for convergence with the MMPI and divergence with the WRAT-R. Convergence with clinician's ratings was found for only one subscale of the PSI. Correlations between IQ scores and PSI subscale scores were unexpectedly significant. Results are discussed and further research to validate the PSI for use with adolescents is suggested.
Cicletanine stimulates eNOS phosphorylation and NO production via Akt and MAP kinase/Erk signaling in sinusoidal endothelial cells.

The function of the endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and production of nitric oxide (NO) is altered in a number of disease states. Pharmacological approaches to enhancing NO synt...
Economic Growth and the Standard of Living in Southern New England, 1640–1774

This study draws upon a large sample of probated estates from early Connecticut and Massachusetts. It finds that total probate wealth per adult male grew slowly over the colonial period and its growth was confined entirely to real estate. The value of consumption goods per estate fell during the early eighteenth century which raises questions about the impact of economic growth on household life.
Energy savings from temperature setpoints and deadband: Quantifying the influence of building and system properties on savings

Abstract This paper provides a systematic approach for quantifying the influence of building size, construction category, climate, occupancy schedule, setpoint, and deadband on HVAC energy consumption in office buildings. Simulating the DOE reference office buildings of three sizes and three construction categories in all United States climate zones, using the EnergyPlus, we conducted several N-way ANOVA analyses to study the interrelationships between setpoints, deadbands and several building related and environment related factors. In summary, daily optimal deadband selection of 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 K would result in an average energy savings of −70.0%, −34.9%, −13.7%, 9.6%, 16.4%, and 21.2%, respectively, compared to baseline deadline of 3 K. Selecting the daily optimal setpoint in the range of 22.5 ± 1 °C, 22.5 ± 2 °C, and 22.5 ± 3 °C would result in an average savings of 7.5%, 12.7%, and 16.4%, respectively, compared to the baseline setpoint of 22.5 °C. Additionally, we found that when the outdoor temperature is within −20 to 30 °C, the optimal setpoint depends on the building size. We also observed a range of outdoor temperatures (e.g., 9–14 °C for small buildings and 8–11 °C for medium buildings) where the setpoint selection would only slightly influence the energy consumption. However, the choice of setpoints becomes very influential (up to 30% of energy savings) where the outdoor temperatures are slightly outside the mentioned ranges on either direction. The potential savings from selecting daily optimal setpoints in the range of 22.5 ± 3 °C in different climates and for small, medium and large office buildings, would lead to 10.09–37.03%, 11.43–21.01%, and 6.78–11.34% savings, respectively, depending on the climate.
String Analysis of Android Applications (N)

The desire to understand mobile applications has resulted in researchers adapting classical static analysis techniques to the mobile domain. Examination of data and control flows in Android apps is now a common practice to classify them. Important to these analyses is a fine-grained examination and understanding of strings, since in Android they are heavily used in intents, URLs, reflection, and content providers. Rigorous analysis of string creation, usage, and value characteristics offers additional information to increase precision of app classification. This paper shows that inter-procedural static analysis that specifically targets string construction and usage can be used to reveal valuable insights for classifying Android apps. To this end, we first present case studies to illustrate typical uses of strings in Android apps. We then present the results of our analysis on real-world malicious and benign apps. Our analysis examines how strings are created and used for URL objects, Java reflection, and Android intents, and infers the actual string values used as much as possible. Our results demonstrate that string disambiguation based on creation, usage, and value indeed provides additional information that may be used to improve precision of classifying application behaviors.
The Constitutionality of Post-Crime Guidelines Sentencing

United States v. Booker famously excised the mandatory provisions of the federal Sentencing Guidelines, making them “effectively advisory.” Judges are still required to calculate the applicable Guidelines range, however, and will rarely be overturned if they impose a within-Guidelines sentence. The question thus arises: if the Guidelines are not formally mandatory, but remain the de facto basis for sentencing, does use of post-crime Guidelines violate the Ex Post Facto Clause? A circuit split on this issue has developed, with the Seventh Circuit authorizing the use of post-crime Guidelines and the D.C. Circuit holding that such use can violate the ex post facto prohibition. This article examines both the legal standards and the empirical evidence, ultimately arguing that the use of post-crime Guidelines does not violate the Ex Post Facto clause.
K - Capture in He 4 in the Multiple-Impulse Approximation

The process ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}+{\mathrm{He}}^{4}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\Lambda}+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+{\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ is analyzed in the multiple-impulse approximation for both $1S$ and $2P$ atomic capture at rest. Reaction kinematics and rates, which are free of arbitrary constants, are calculated in both first and second order. The multichannel $\overline{K}n$ amplitudes of Kim are employed to incorporate the ${{Y}_{1}}^{*}(1385)$ resonance into the first-order (direct) term, and both the ${{Y}_{1}}^{*}(1385)$ and ${{Y}_{0}}^{*}(1405)$ resonances into the second-order ($\ensuremath{\Sigma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ conversion) term. Agreement with experiment is good, particularly when the conversion term is added.
Rapid electrophoretic examination of diaphorases in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Summaryp-Nitrobluetetrazolium reductases in Mycobacterium tuberculosis were examined by a rapid electrophoretic technique. This procedure not only allowed the demonstration that total diaphorase activity was the resultant effect of multiple enzymes but was found to be adaptable to the study of individual tetrazolium reductases. In this manner, Triton X-100 was shown to have an overall stimulatory effect for all reductases, while the effect of menadione was most pronounced for a single reductase. Menadione sodium bisulfite not only could not replace menadione for full activity but was shown to be inhibitory for specific reductases. Most of the reductases were unable to utilize NADPH for the reduction of p-nitrobluetetrazolium.
Vocal Acoustics of the Chicken

Abstract IN AN excellent description of the vocal apparatus of chickens, Myers (1917) reported that cutting the tracheae of live roosters resulted in higher pitch during crowing. To our knowledge this is the only reported attempt to relate the anatomy of the respiratory tract to the sound produced by the chicken. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sounds similar to normal squawks were produced in dead White Leghorn roosters by blowing air through a rubber hose connected into the abdominal air sac by means of a hypodermic needle. The beak, glottis, and trachea were manipulated as described later, and the resulting sounds were recorded on a Wollensak model T 1500 tape recorder. Also recorded were sounds produced by blowing through the syrinx mounted under two different tensions in the chamber described by Gross (1964). These recordings were played back on a Wollensak model 5150 tape recorder into a Sonagram (Kay Electric Co., Pine Brook, . . .
Cellular Sensitivity to Ferrotoxicity is Associated with Specific Clinical Disorders

Copyright: © 2014 Weinberg ED. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. During the past five decades, scores of medical studies have described the association of ferrotoxicity with development of a great variety of diseases [1]. Increasingly, specific types of body cells are being reported to be injured or killed by low concentrations of iron. In the initial account, cultures of anterior pituitary cells were observed to be killed by 2 μM irons; in this system, hepatocytes remained healthy in 10-100 μM iron [2]. Thus not surprisingly, thalassemic-major children who load iron early in life are deprived of growth hormone. Persons who absorb excessive iron in late teens or early adulthood can suffer from low levels of gonadotrophic hormones. Subsequently, osteoblasts have been recognized to be unusually sensitive to low concentrations of iron [3,4]. In contrast, osteoclasts (cells of macrophage origin) are highly resistant to iron. Thus in iron loaded persons, bone rebuilding by osteoblasts is surpassed by osteoclast destruction of bone. Accordingly, osteoporosis is a common disorder in patients who load iron for genetic, environmental or behavioral reasons [5].
Structural and magnetic depth profiles of magneto-ionic heterostructures beyond the interface limit

Electric field control of magnetism provides a promising route towards ultralow power information storage and sensor technologies. The effects of magneto-ionic motion have been prominently featured in the modification of interface characteristics. Here, we demonstrate magnetoelectric coupling moderated by voltage-driven oxygen migration beyond the interface in relatively thick AlOx/GdOx/Co(15 nm) films. Oxygen migration and Co magnetization are quantitatively mapped with polarized neutron reflectometry under electro-thermal conditioning. The depth-resolved profiles uniquely identify interfacial and bulk behaviours and a semi-reversible control of the magnetization. Magnetometry measurements suggest changes in the microstructure which disrupt long-range ferromagnetic ordering, resulting in an additional magnetically soft phase. X-ray spectroscopy confirms changes in the Co oxidation state, but not in the Gd, suggesting that the GdOx transmits oxygen but does not source or sink it. These results together provide crucial insight into controlling magnetism via magneto-ionic motion, both at interfaces and throughout the bulk of the films.
Brain ornithine decarboxylase activity following transient cerebral ischaemia: relationship to cerebral oedema development

Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity, the first and generally rate-limiting enzyme for polyamine synthesis, is stimulated in permanent focal cerebral ischaemia in areas of incomplete ischaemia which are developing ischaemic brain oedema. As polyamines are ubiquitous ornithine-derived molecules which are obligatory in cold-induced vasogenic oedema, we studied the effect of transient dense cerebral ischaemia with reperfusion on ischaemic oedema development and ODC activity. Fifty-nine Mongolian gerbils were anaesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride (160 mg/kg i.p. plus supplementation as needed). Both common carotid arteries were isolated and a tracheotomy placed in position. EEG was monitored with needle electrodes and temperature maintained at 37-38°C. Twenty-nine gerbils underwent 40 min of bilateral carotid artery occlusion followed by reperfusion times of 10 min, 1, 2, 4, 6 or 8 h. Non-ischaemic control groups were monitored for equal intervals. At sacrifice, the brain was rapidly removed and forebra...
Pharmacokinetics and Toxicokinetics

Pharmacokinetics and Toxicokinetics provides an overview of pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetics in a comprehensible, interrelated, and applied manner. It integrates the principles held in common by both fields through a logical and systematic approach. The book presents mathematical descriptions of physiological processes employed in different appr
A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF HYPOTONIC HYPER-HYDRATION FLUIDS ON SODIUM BALANCE IN PAEDIATRIC HAEMATOLOGY/ONCOLOGY PATIENTS RECEIVING CHEMOTHERAPY.

Aims To determine the effect, if any, that hyper-hydration with hypotonic fluids has on sodium balance in paediatric haematology/oncology patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy treatment for malignancies. Methods A literature review was carried out and a snapshot of current practice across paediatric haematology/oncology centres in the UK was obtained. A prospective study was carried out in a tertiary paediatric haematology/oncology centre. A total of 98 patient episodes involved hyper-hydration with isotonic 0.9% NaCl, almost isotonic 0.45% NaCl+2.5% glucose with added sodium bicarbonate or hypotonic 0.45% NaCl+2.5% glucose. Serum sodium was monitored before and during hyper-hydration. Results were analysed according to whether children experienced a drop in serum sodium. Results Patients who were hyper-hydrated with hypotonic 0.45% NaCl & 2.5% Glucose experienced the greatest mean drop in serum sodium. The mean drop in sodium was 2.11 mmol/L in the group receiving the hypotonic 0.45% NaCl & 2.5% Glucose compared to 0.47 mmol/L in the group who received isotonic 0.9% NaCl or 0.45% NaCl & 2.5% Glucose with added sodium bicarbonate. During the course of the study five patients who received 0.45% NaCl & 2.5% Glucose dropped their sodium to 130 mmol/L or less constituting hyponatraemia. No patient dropped their serum sodium to 130 mmol/L or less in the other two groups. During the course of the study no patient experienced clinical manifestations of hyponatraemia. No child became hypernatraemic. Conclusions In paediatric haematology/oncology patients receiving hyper-hydration with concurrent chemotherapy isotonic fluids are preferable.
Purification of protein solutions

Abstract: Purification and separation methods currently used for proteins are discussed, with a special emphasis on the application of these techniques to biologically inspired textile proteins. Many natural proteins found in a cell are enzymes that only function when soluble; in contrast, recombinant DNA proteins destined to be textiles will be required to function as insoluble or solid materials. The methods, which have to separate the target protein and purify it without severe losses of material, include filtration and centrifugation for insoluble removal, ultrasonic shock for mechanical cell disruption, chromatographic methods for soluble separations, and drying and crystallization for finishing.
CE-50 Novel informatics approaches to automate case-identification of lupus in an electronic health record

Background Electronic health records (EHRs) can play an important role in generating data on the natural history, treatment, and outcomes of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A key issue in using EHRs for SLE research is accurately identifying populations of patients with the disease. This is especially important because traditional definitions that rely on coding systems such as ICD9 have had poor specificity in previous studies. We aimed to develop and test disease classification algorithms to define a population with SLE in the EHR. We analysed both traditional definitions that used structured data (ICD-9 codes, medications, laboratories) and machine learning algorithms that used the entirety of information in the EHR, including unstructured data from clinical notes. Materials and methods We created a repository of patients with possible SLE (based on relevant ICD-9 codes, positive auto-antibodies, and/or mention of “SLE” or “lupus” in the text of a clinical note). We combined 300 patients from that repository with 1000 randomly selected adult patients in our EHR as our training set. These patients were reviewed by domain experts for a diagnosis of SLE and confirmed cases were used as a gold standard for training our machine learning algorithms. We calculated the test characteristics for various definitions of SLE using only structured data. Finally, we compared this to a series of supervised machine learning algorithms based on support vector machines (SVMs) that used text features extracted from clinical notes in addition to structured fields. All SVM algorithms were trained and validated using 10-fold cross-validation. Results One hundred thirty-seven patients met criteria for SLE. The test characteristics of both the structured and supervised ML algorithms are shown in the Table 1. A single ICD-9 code for 710.0 had a precision/positive predictive value of 79%. In contrast, machine learning algorithms greatly outperformed structured definitions in terms of precision, with precision/positive predictive value approaching 96% in the most comprehensive algorithm. Conclusions In an EHR-based data repository, a single ICD-9 was highly sensitive for SLE. Machine learning algorithms processed a multitude of structured and unstructured EHR data, allowing improved precision/positive predictive value. Further validation across different health systems will be necessary prior to implementing these algorithms on a national basis. Acknowledgements The Rheumatology Research Foundation provided funding for this work.
The autonomous, low-power data acquisition system for the ARIANNA antarctic neutrino detector array

The ARIANNA experiment will observe high-energy cosmogenic neutrino signatures via a large array of autonomous radio listening stations dispersed on the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica. Each station in the projected array of 900 stations will contain RF antennas, amplifiers, digitization and real-time triggering circuitry, a CPU with solid-state data storage, and redundant communications paths. Power is provided by both sun and wind. Two prototype stations have been installed, with a hexagonal array of seven stations, with each station 1 km apart, due for deployment over the next two seasons. The station's core data acquisition system includes four channels of analog sampling circuits that operate at 2 GHz and achieve over 11 bits of dynamic range. These circuits sample continuously over a 128-sample circular analog storage array. The circuits use a phase-locked loop to generate the 2 GHz internal clocking from a ~30 MHz external clock. Unlike most previous such designs, the high-speed sample clocking is completely synchronous and has very high timing stability, with about 1 ppm RMS jitter. The sampling circuits include the ability to produce a real-time trigger based on pattern-matching of the incoming waveform. Up to 72 patterns can be searched for in parallel, and each pattern looks at 8 consecutive samples, requiring that any or all of the samples be above a high threshold, below a low threshold, in between or a "don't care" condition. Each station also includes computing and solid-state event storage, environmental monitoring of voltage and power consumption, wind and temperature conditions, and both long-distance wireless to McMurdo Station and Iridium satellite communications.