cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thriving or Surviving? Forester Responses to Private Forestland Parcelization in New York State

Consulting forester business practices are challenged by significant decreases in the sizes of private forest properties and the changes in landowner values that accompany forestland parcelization. Though researchers have discussed the potential ways entrepreneurial foresters could adapt to these new ownership patterns and landscape dynamics, actual responses by foresters working in parcelizing landscapes are largely undocumented. We conducted twenty in-depth interviews with foresters working in New York State to determine (1) how foresters have experienced parcelization of properties they work with, (2) what challenges are associated with forestry projects on decreasing property sizes, and (3) what kinds of changes foresters are making to adapt to decreasing property sizes. We found that foresters across the state observe decreasing sizes of forest properties and see values of forest owners shifting beyond timber production, although most do not consider these changes to be the most urgent challenges to sustainable forestry and profitable forest consulting. Professional foresters are reacting to parcelization in diverse ways; while some are trying entrepreneurial approaches to reach new clients or offer different services, others are primarily interested in maintaining their traditional practices and roles. These findings indicate that strictly relying on independent entrepreneurial responses by private foresters may not be sufficient to close the gap between the historical role of consulting foresters and the trajectory of modern forest parcels. Additional measures like specialized training and policy changes may also be required to address the management challenges associated with forestland parcelization.
The Status of Performance Budgeting: Introduction

(2006). The Status of Performance Budgeting: Introduction. Public Performance & Management Review: Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 7-13.
Novel conformal sensor technologies that conform to munitions geometry

Future sensing technologies are needed to provide higher accuracy, lower power consumption and occupy small real estate within munitions. The novel ideas being supported at the Army Research Development Engineering Center (ARDEC) at Dover, New Jersey, uses principles of electromagnetic propagation and the properties of waveguide cavities with various geometries to develop a new class of sensors for onboard direct measurement of the angular orientation and position of objects in flight and applications such as mobile robotic platforms. Currently available sensors for munitions are based on inertia, optics or heat. Inertia based sensing generally suffers from drift, noise and the currently available sensors cannot survive high firing accelerations while maintaining the required measurement sensitivity. Optical technologies generally have short range and require line-of-site. The sensing technologies presented in this paper employ radio frequency, make direct measurement of position and orientation, and do not require added information for their operation. The presented sensors employ waveguide cavities that are embedded into the structure of munitions. It is shown that the geometry of the waveguide cavity can be designed to achieve high angular orientation sensitivity with respect to a reference, polarized electromagnetic field. In this paper, the theoretical fundamentals describing the operation of the developed sensors are described. Studies of the interaction of the polarized signals with various waveguides and cavity geometries are presented. Simulations results as well as experimental results validating the theoretical and the simulation results are provided. The simulation and experimental results clearly demonstrate the potentials of the developed position and angular orientation sensors in general, and to munitions in particular.
A randomized, controlled study of treatment for alcohol dependence in patients awaiting liver transplantation

Alcohol is the second most common cause of cirrhosis necessitating liver transplantation in the United States, yet rates of posttransplant drinking approach 50% and no controlled clinical trials of alcoholism treatment exist in this population. Eligible patients were randomly assigned to receive Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET), or referral to local treatment sources ("treatment as usual" [TAU]). Addictive behavior, mood states, and general health were compared. Candor concerning alcohol use was encouraged by keeping drinking questionnaires in confidence, except in medical emergencies. Ninety-one subjects were studied; 46 received MET, 45 received TAU, 29 proceeded to transplantation (MET, n = 13; TAU, n = 16). A total of 69 subjects completed 24 weeks of observation, and 25 subjects were assessed at 96 weeks. No difference in study attendance was observed, but significantly more MET subjects attended 1 or more treatment sessions. Twenty-three subjects (25% of sample) drank after randomization but before transplant. Excluding an extreme outlier, MET drinkers had significantly fewer drinks per drinking days than TAU drinkers. Neither treatment plan resulted in significant variances in measures of psychosocial health. In conclusion, although MET afforded no significant benefit over TAU for mood or general health outcomes, this study provides some degree of support for MET to limit the quantity and frequency of pretransplant alcohol consumption among liver transplant candidates with alcohol dependence. However, because of the limited number of study subjects, these data must be interpreted cautiously. Further research to validate our findings or to identify better methods to identify and intervene with patients at risk of pretransplant and posttransplant drinking should continue.
Coadsorption of NO and D2 on Rh(100)

Abstract The coadsorption of NO and D 2 on Rh(100) at 100 K has been studied using thermal desorption spectroscopy, low energy electron diffraction and work-function-change measurements. During thermal desorption a small amount of water is detected and arguments are presented for its formation from adsorbed D(a) and O(a), the latter being formed by dissociation of NO. The dissociation of NO to form N 2 and O 2 is not altered measurably by the presence of D(a). There is competition for sites in the adsorption of D 2 and molecular NO. While NO can partially displace the preadsorbed D 2 , dosing D 2 does not alter the concentration of preadsorbed NO. At 100 K, when the surface is saturated with NO ( θ sat =0.65 ML), the adsorption of D 2 is completely inhibited. However, when the surface is saturated with D(a) ( θ sat =1 ML), an appreciable amount of NO (∼0.5 ML) can still be adsorbed. The NO, N 2 and O 2 desorption kinetics are unchanged when D(a) is added, but D 2 TDS is modified due to interactions with NO-derived adspecies. The low temperature D 2 desorption peak shifts to higher temperature and increases in intensity with increasing NO coverage. Work-function changes are discussed in terms of mixing, as opposed to segregation, of the coadsorbed species.
In-vitro studies of malabsorption and other GI disorders.

Two major categories of nonimaging studies of gastroenterogical function exist. These are the ones related to absorption and quantification of blood loss. Although referred to as in vitro studies, the procedures themselves are in vivo since the radiotracer is administered directly to the patient. The clinical applicability of several of these studies are elucidated in this review.
Recent Landscape Archaeology in South America

South American archaeologists use the term landscape to analyze a broad range of relationships. Examples include intensive agriculture and political power, myth and place, and climate change and cultural development. Landscape archaeology is necessarily spatial analysis, but scholars work at different scales and use different methods. This essay highlights the influence of geography, anthropology, and new methodologies on four definitions of landscape: ecological habitat, built environment, a stage for performance, and integrating subsistence and settlement. In a number of cases, landscape archaeologists, stakeholders, and researchers from different traditions work at different scales to meaningfully share information, clarify their differences, and compare their analyses and conclusions.
Immunogenicity of subcellular fractions of Brucella abortus: Measurement by in vitro lymphocyte proliferative responses

Abstract Five groups of heifers were immunized with various subcellular fractions of Brucella abortus and tested for their responsiveness in lymphocyte proliferative responses in vitro. The five subcellular fractions used as immunogens were: (1) a mixture of recombinant outer membrane proteins fused to Escherichia coli β-galactosidase, (2) a mixture of outer membrane proteins BaomI, BaomIIB1, and BaomIII1, (3) a mixture of outer membrane proteins 7.5 kDa and 8.8 kDa, (4) a complex of smooth lipopolysaccharide and proteins, and (5) a complex of outer membranes and peptidoglycan (OM-PG complex) from a rough strain. All immunogens were emulsified in adjuvant and administered twice at a 61-day interval. Two other groups of cows were included; one immunized with strain 19 and the other with adjuvant only. Strain 19 and the rough OM-PG complex induced responsiveness in lymphocyte proliferation assays in a high percentage of immunized cows. The smooth lipopolysaccharide-protein complex induced responsiveness in fewer cows. The lowest frequencies of responding cows were found in groups that received either recombinant proteins or purified protein mixtures. Based on these results, we concluded: (1) cellular immunity, as measured by in vitro lymphocyte proliferative responses, can be induced with subcellular fractions of B. abortus and (2) the more complex the immunogen, the greater the frequency of responding cows.
Infrared Studies of the Interactions of C2H4 and H2 with Rh+(CO)2 and CO Adsorbed on RhCl3/SiO2 and Rh(NO3)3/SiO2

Abstract Interactions of C 2 H 4 /H 2 with Rh + (CO) 2 /SiO 2 and CO adsorbed on RhCl 3 /SiO 2 and Rh(NO 3 ) 3 /SiO 2 and the activity of these catalysts for ethylene hydroformylation have been studied by infrared spectroscopy. Chemisorption of CO on RhCl 3 /SiO 2 and Rh(NO 3 ) 3 /SiO 2 at 298 K results in the formation of linear CO on Rh + (or Rh +2 ) and Rh +3 sites as well as gem-dicarbonyl. Temperature-programmed decomposition studies show that thermal stability of these adsorbed CO species decreases in the following order: linear CO on Rh + of RhCl 3 /SiO 2 > Rh + (CO) 2 on Rh(NO 3 ) 3 /SiO 2 > Rh + (CO) 2 and linear CO on Rh +3 on RhCl 3 /SiO 2 . Linear CO on Rh + sites is more active than Rh + (CO) 2 , on either Rh(NO 3 ) 3 /SiO 2 or RhCl 3 /SiO 2 at 298 K toward C 2 H 4 and H 2 leading to the formation of propionaldehyde. Gem-dicarbonyl is observed as a dominant CO species adsorbed on RhCl 3 /SiO 2 while both gem-dicarbonyl and linear CO on Rh 0 sites are found on Rh(NO 3 ) 3 /SiO 2 during ethylene hydroformylation at 393 K and 1MPa. RhCl 3 /SiO 2 shows higher hydroformylation selectivity than Rh(NO 3 ) 3 /SiO 2 . RhCl 3 /SiO 2 is less susceptible to reduction by the reactant mixture than Rh(NO 3 ) 3 /SiO 2 , resulting in higher hydroformylation selectivity. Increasing the reaction temperature from 393 to 513 K results in the reduction of RhCl 3 and Rh(NO 3 ) 3 to reduced Rh crystallites. Both catalysts remain active for hydroformylation and exhibit similar hydroformylation selectivities at 513 K. However, their selectivities for hydroformylation are significantly lower than those at 393 K. The low hydroformylation selectivity is related to the reduced Rh crystallite, which is highly active for hydrogenation.
Growth of Tobacco Mosaic Virus Particles

Past studies have characterized the structure of tobacco mosaic virus particles by a variety of methods. In the present report the screw dislocation theory of crystal growth is applied to the formation of tobacco mosaic virus particles. The growth mechanism is shown to account for the rodlike morphology. It is also deduced that the biosynthetic process occurs at the growth step at the end of a particle.
Experimental verification of mass transport analysis for ostwald ripening and related phenomena

Abstract Grain boundary grooving at an internal solid-solid interface has been studied in the Ni-Al 2 O 3 system. The measured kinetics constants for the growth of the A1 2 O 3 grain boundary grooves are found to agree with the calculated values using the coupled diffusion analysis, the measured solubilities and the reported values of diffusivities.
Predictors of breast conservation therapy: a statistical analysis of 29,000 patients

Abstract Background: Despite the National Institutes of Health Consensus statement in 1991 that breast conservation surgery followed by radiation is an appropriate approach to treatment of early-stage breast cancer, studies have shown a relatively low rate of breast conservation therapy (BCT) in the United States. This study investigates predictors of breast conservation therapy in a large, diverse patient population. Methods: Between 1990 and 1998, 43,111 patients underwent surgery for breast cancer and were entered into the Cancer Surveillance Program database for Los Angeles County. Of these, 29,642 (68.3%) had complete data on patient demographics, staging, surgeon and hospital. Data was collected regarding extent of disease, lymph node status, tumor size, age, race, socioeconomic status, doctor specialization, doctor volume, hospital specialization, and hospital volume. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Results: On univariate analysis, extent of disease, lymph node status, tumor size, age, race, socioeconomic status, doctor and hospital specialization, and doctor and hospital volume all were significantly associated with surgery type (p 71 cases per year are 5 times more likely to undergo BCT than those at hospitals performing less cases per year, p 10 breast cancer cases per year are 5.4 times more likely to undergo BCT than those who are operated on by surgeons who perform less cases, p
BLM helicase is activated in BCR/ABL leukemia cells to modulate responses to cisplatin

Bloom protein (BLM) is a 3′–5′ helicase, mutated in Bloom syndrome, which plays an important role in response to DNA double-strand breaks and stalled replication forks. Here, we show that BCR/ABL tyrosine kinase, which also modulates DNA repair capacity, is associated with elevated expression of BLM. Downregulation of BLM by antisense cDNA or dominant-negative mutant inhibits homologous recombination repair (HRR) and increases sensitivity to cisplatin in BCR/ABL-positive cells. Bone marrow cells from mice heterozygous for BLM mutation, BLMCin/+, transfected with BCR/ABL display increased sensitivity to cisplatin compared to those obtained from the wild-type littermates. BCR/ABL promotes interactions of BLM with RAD51, while simultaneous overexpression of BLM and RAD51 in normal cells increases drug resistance. These data suggest that BLM collaborates with RAD51 to facilitate HRR and promotes the resistance of BCR/ABL-positive leukemia cells to DNA-damaging agents.
Management of cerebral cavernous malformations: from diagnosis to treatment.

Cerebral cavernous malformations are the most common vascular malformations and can be found in many locations in the brain. If left untreated, cavernomas may lead to intracerebral hemorrhage, seizures, focal neurological deficits, or headaches. As they are angiographically occult, their diagnosis relies on various MR imaging techniques, which detect different characteristics of the lesions as well as aiding in planning the surgical treatment. The clinical presentation and the location of the lesion are the most important factors involved in determining the optimal course of treatment of cavernomas. We concisely review the literature and discuss the advantages and limitations of each of the three available methods of treatment—microsurgical resection, stereotactic radiosurgery, and conservative management—depending on the lesion characteristics.
No fair!!: an interaction with a cheating robot

Using a humanoid robot and a simple children's game, we examine the degree to which variations in behavior result in attributions of mental state and intentionality. Participants play the well-known children's game "rock-paper-scissors" against a robot that either plays fairly, or that cheats in one of two ways. In the "verbal cheat" condition, the robot announces the wrong outcome on several rounds which it loses, declaring itself the winner. In the "action cheat"' condition, the robot changes its gesture after seeing its opponent's play. We find that participants display a greater level of social engagement and make greater attributions of mental state when playing against the robot in the conditions in which it cheats.
Volatile Anesthetics Selectively Inhibit the Calcium sup 2+ -transporting ATPase in Neuronal and Erythrocyte Plasma Membranes

BACKGROUND The activity of the plasma membrane Ca(2+)-transporting adenosine triphosphatase (PMCA) is inhibited by volatile anesthetics at clinical concentrations. The goal of the current study was to determine whether the inhibition is selective as compared to other adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) and another group of general anesthetics, barbiturates. In addition, the authors determined whether the response to anesthetics of the enzymes in neuronal membranes is similar to that in erythrocyte membranes. METHODS The effects of halothane, isoflurane, and sodium pentobarbital on four different ATPase activities were studied at 37 degrees C in two distinct plasma membrane preparations, human red blood cells and synaptosomal membranes from rat cerebellum. RESULTS Inhibition patterns of the PMCA by halothane and isoflurane at anesthetic concentrations were vary similar in red blood cells and synaptosomal membranes. The half-maximal inhibition (I50) occurred at 0.25-0.30 mM halothane and 0.30-0.32 mM isoflurane. The PMCA in both membranes was significantly more sensitive to the inhibitory action of volatile anesthetics (I50 = 0.75-1.15 minimum alveolar concentration) than were other ATPases, such as the Na+,K+-ATPase (I50 approximately 3 minimum alveolar concentration) or Mg(2+)-ATPase (I50 > or = 5 minimum alveolar concentration). In contrast, sodium pentobarbital inhibited the PMCA in both membranes only at approximately 100-200-fold above its anesthetic concentrations. The other ATPases were inhibited at similar pentobarbital concentrations (I50 = 11-22 mM). CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrate analogous response of the PMCA of neuronal and erythrocyte cells to two groups of general anesthetics. The PMCA activity is selectively inhibited by volatile anesthetics at their clinical concentrations. The enzyme in vivo may then be a pharmacologic target for volatile anesthetics but not for barbiturates.
Raman spectroscopy: a conformational probe in biochemistry.

(1977). Raman Spectroscopy: A Conformational Probe in Biochemistr. CRC Critical Reviews in Biochemistry: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 229-280.
Scattering by a bubble in water near the critical angle: interference effects

A physical-optics approximation is derived for light scattering by dielectric spheres with refractive indices less than their surroundings, and it is applied to air bubbles in water. The approximation gives the coarse structure in the scattering when the scattering angle ϕ is near the critical scattering angle ϕc, where ϕc ≃ 83° for bubbles in water. Diffraction has been observed to be important in the critical region because of an abrupt change in the amplitude of the reflected wave [ P. L. Marston , J. Opt. Soc. Am.69, 1205– 1211 ( 1980)]. Interference that is due to a refracted wave produces oscillations in the intensity with an angular quasi-period of magnitude (λ/a)1/2 rad near ϕc, where λ is the wavelength and a is the radius. Unlike diffraction-related oscillations, the interference oscillations increase in magnitude as forward scattering is approached. Optical tunneling through bubbles is also discussed.
Methodological calibration of the cell transmission model

A semi-automated method has been developed for calibrating the parameters of a modified version of Daganzo's cell transmission model (CTM). A least-squares data fitting approach was applied to loop detector data to determine free-flow speeds, congestion-wave speeds, and jam densities for specified subsections of a freeway segment. Bottleneck capacities were estimated from measured mainline and on-ramp flows. The calibration method was tested on a 14-mile portion of Interstate 210 Westbound in southern California. The calibrated CTM was able to reproduce observed bottleneck locations and the approximate behavior of traffic congestion, yielding approximately 6%, or less, error in the predicted total travel time.
Hydrolysis of angiotensin peptides by human angiotensin I-converting enzyme and the resensitization of B2 kinin receptors.

We measured the cleavage of angiotensin I (Ang I) metabolites by angiotensin I–converting enzyme (ACE) in cultured cells and examined how they augment actions of bradykinin B 2 receptor agonists. Monolayers of Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected to stably express human ACE and bradykinin B 2 receptors coupled to green fluorescent protein (B 2 GFP) or to express only coupled B 2 GFP receptors. We used 2 ACE-resistant bradykinin analogues to activate the B 2 receptors. We used high-performance liquid chromatography to analyze the peptides cleaved by ACE on cell monolayers and found that Ang 1-9 was hydrolyzed 18× slower than Ang I and &30% slower than Ang 1-7. Ang 1-7 was cleaved to Ang 1-5. Although μmol/L concentrations of slowly cleaved substrates Ang 1-7 and Ang 1-9 inhibit ACE, they resensitize the desensitized B 2 GFP receptors in nmol/L concentration, independent of ACE inhibition. This is reflected by release of arachidonic acid through a mechanism involving cross-talk between ACE and B 2 receptors. When ACE was not expressed, the Ang 1-9, Ang 1-7 peptides were inactive. Inhibitors of protein kinase C-α, phosphatases and Tyr-kinase blocked this resensitization activity, but not basal B 2 activation by bradykinin. Ang 1-9 and Ang 1-7 enhance bradykinin activity, probably by acting as endogenous allosteric modifiers of the ACE and B 2 receptor complex. Consequently, when ACE inhibitors block conversion of Ang I, other enzymes can still release Ang I metabolites to enhance the efficacy of ACE inhibitors.
Throw‐away compiling

A method of compiling called ‘throw-away compiling’ is presented. This combines the merits of compilation and interpretation. If enough storage is available for a program, it can be compiled in the normal way; if not, the program is stored in a concise intermediate form and compiled dynamically at run-time, making use of whatever storage is available. When this storage runs out, the previously compiled code is thrown away and the storage is re-used. The technique is specially suitable for small machines, especially those without virtual memory. The paper explains the advantages and disadvantages of throw-away compiling, and describes a project where a throw-away compiler was implemented and tested for performance.
Introduction: the Fogarty International Research Ethics Education and Curriculum Development Program in historical context.

In response to the increasing need for research ethics expertise in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), the NIH's Fogarty International Research Ethics Education and Curriculum Development Pr...
Oral Human Papillomavirus Infection in Adults Is Associated with Sexual Behavior and HIV Serostatus

The prevalence and risk factors for oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infection are unknown, despite evidence for an etiological role for HPV in oral cancers. Oral samples from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seronegative (n=396) and HIV-seropositive (n=190) adults were tested for HPV DNA. High-risk HPV infections were present in 2.1% of tonsil and 6.3% of oral-rinse specimens. The prevalence of oral high-risk HPV infection was greater in HIV-seropositive individuals (13.7% vs. 4.5%; P 1 oral sex partner during the previous year (odds ratio, 12.8; 95% confidence interval, 3.1-52.7) among HIV-seropositive individuals. HPV type 16, which is present in most HPV-associated tonsillar cancers, was the most prevalent high-risk oral HPV infection.
Some large-scale matrix computation problems

Abstract There are numerous applications in physics, statistics and electrical circuit simulation where it is required to bound entries and the trace of the inverse and the determinant of a large sparse matrix. All these computational tasks are related to the central mathematical problem studied in this paper, namely, bounding the bilinear form u T f(A) v for a given matrix A and vectors u and v , where f is a given smooth function and is defined on the spectrum of A. We will study a practical numerical algorithm for bounding the bilinear form, where the matrix A is only referenced through matrix-vector multiplications. A Monte Carlo method is also presented to efficiently estimate the trace of the inverse and the determinant of a large sparse matrix.
Stability of sulfated zirconia and the nature of the catalytically active species in the transesterification of triglycerides

Abstract Sulfated zirconia (SZ) exhibits remarkable activity for various hydrocarbon reactions under mild conditions and is of interest for biodiesel synthesis. Nevertheless, to date no detailed study has addressed its activity and stability in liquid polar media such as alcohols, although a number of papers have suggested the possibility for some sulfur leaching. This paper presents an investigation into the activity and stability of a commercial SZ catalyst for the liquid-phase transesterification of triglycerides at 120 °C. The kinetics of tricaprylin (TCP) transesterification with a series of aliphatic alcohols (methanol, ethanol, and n -butanol) were investigated at 120 °C and 6.8 atm in a Parr batch reactor. It was found that the catalytic activity for TCP conversion decreased as the number of carbons in the alkyl chain of alcohol increased, most likely as a result of increased steric hindrance. The SZ catalyst exhibited significant activity loss with subsequent reaction cycles. The characterization of used catalysts after their exposure to various alcohols at 120 °C showed that the SO 2− 4 moieties in SZ were permanently removed. The SO 2− 4 species were leached out, most likely as sulfuric acid, which further reacted with alcohols to form monoalkyl and dialkyl sulfate species, as demonstrated by 1 H NMR studies. This was in essence the main route for catalyst deactivation. Our findings conclusively demonstrate for the first time that in alcoholic-liquid media at higher temperatures, SZ deactivates by leaching of its active sites, most likely leading to significant homogeneous rather than heterogeneous catalysis.
Spectrographic Studies of Cancer and Normal Blood Plasma: I. Absorption Spectra of Fractionated Cancer and Normal Rat Blood Plasma

Introduction There is evidence that a slight chemical difference may occur in cancer and normal blood (1–5), and while the idea is not a new one (6–15), it was thought worth while to apply absorption spectrographic methods to detect the difference. The present work differs from previous work in the method of fractionation of the proteins of the blood plasma, and in that the samples were taken from carefully standardized rats. Procedure Implants of a transplantable rat tumor, Philadelphia No. 1 sarcoma (16 and 17), into the flank were made in standardized Germantown albino rats and allowed to grow for a period of six days to two weeks. After starvation for twenty-four hours, the rats were anesthetized; the blood was then drawn from the heart, collected in oxalated tubes and centrifuged. To each cubic centimeter of the resulting clear plasma were added 4 c.c. of distilled water and various amounts of a specially prepared zinc hydroxide powder (18). Increasing the amount of zinc hydroxide powder added to the solution augmented the amount of protein removed, and diminished the height of the protein absorption band. The greatest and most consistent difference between cancer and normal plasma was observed in the ultraviolet absorption spectra of the filtrates, obtained from 5 c.c. of diluted plasma treated with 0.1 gm. zinc hydroxide powder. The fractionation procedure, described above, was standardized as follows: To 5 c.c. of the diluted plasma, 0.1 gm. of the zinc hydroxide powder was added, in a small Erlenmeyer flask. The mixture was then shaken vigorously for two minutes, more slowly for an additional period of three minutes, and then filtered. The action of the zinc hydroxide powder was not entirely complete, but this procedure gave reproducible results. The absorption spectra were then taken as soon as possible, although no change in absorption was detected after several hours9 standing.
Weight loss increases cardiovagal baroreflex function in obese young and older men

We tested the hypothesis that reductions in total body and abdominal visceral fat with energy restriction would be associated with increases in cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) in overweigh...
Establishment, competition and the distribution of native grasses among Michigan old‐fields

1 In this study the potential role of competition in influencing the distribution of three displaced native perennial grasses across complex gradients of plant productivity and species composition was investigated in Michigan old-fields. To do this plant removal and propagule addition experiments were conducted at nine old-field sites to examine the effects of living plant neighbours and litter on seedling establishment and growth of target species in relation to community biomass. 2 For two target species, Andropogon gerardi and Schizachyrium scoparium, living plant neighbours suppressed establishment from seed at most sites, and suppressed the growth of transplants at all sites. 3 Plant litter strongly inhibited the seedling establishment of both Andropogon and Schizachyrium at sites of high community biomass and litter accumulation, but had little impact on the growth rate of transplants at any of the sites. 4 The total suppressive effect of the plant community on seedling establishment and transplant growth of both Andropogon and Schizachyrium increased in magnitude in a non-linear fashion with community biomass. These effects increased in magnitude more rapidly across sites of low to medium biomass than sites of medium to high biomass. 5 The results suggest that these native grasses may be restricted to low productivity habitats within this landscape because of strong competitive interference with establishment by the existing vegetation in the most productive sites.
Chiral sum rules and their phenomenology.

We present an analysis of four sum rules, each based on chiral symmetry and containing the difference [rho][sub [ital V]]([ital s])[minus][rho][sub [ital A]]([ital s]) of isovector vector and axial-vector spectral functions. Experimental data from [tau] lepton decay and electron-positron scattering identify the spectral functions over a limited kinematic domain. We summarize the status of the existing database. However, a successful determination of the sum rules requires additional content, in the form of theoretical input. We show how chiral symmetry and the operator product expansion can be used to constrain the spectral functions, respectively, in the low energy and the high energy limits and proceed to perform a phenomenological test of the sum rules.
Effects of Acetylsalicylic Acid and Salicylate Administration on Anaphylaxis and Plasma Salicylate Levels in the Chicken

Abstract THERE is a paucity of information concerning the influence of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in the chicken. In our laboratory (Glick, 1962), acetylsalicylic acid did not significantly influence growth rate or the adrenal-pituitary axis when fed at the level of 0.3 percent. In the young chicken, ASA was found to have an antipyretic influence (Glick, 1963; and Hutchins et al., 1962). Data were submitted at the 1964 annual Poultry Science meeting suggesting that ASA may inhibit anaphylaxis in the chicken, Glick and Sato (1964). The influence of ASA on anaphylaxis in mammals is well documented, Collier (1963a). ASA will protect rabbits against anaphylaxis but not against histamine induced shock, Campbell (1948). According to Smith and Humphrey (1949), the guinea pig is not protected against anaphylaxis by salicylate but is protected by antihistamine. Kinins and SRS-A (slow reacting substance in anaphylaxis) contribute to anaphylactic broncho-constriction in the guinea pig. ASA lessens this . . .
Rationalizing tool selection in a flexible manufacturing system for sheet-metal products

Substantial simplification of existing processes and designs may be required before the potential benefits of modern manufacturing technology can be realized. This paper analyzes implementation problems associated with a flexible system that produces flat sheet-metal parts with interior holes. The paper makes three main contributions. First, we formulate the problem of selecting tooling and design standards as an optimization model and demonstrate that the model yields insight by applying it to one manufacturer's problem, thereby reducing substantially the required tooling. Second, we show that the model has a totally balanced constraint matrix, and hence, there are polynomial time algorithms for various versions of the problem. Third, we provide new algorithms with substantially improved performance bounds for two important versions of the problem.
Development of an Altitude Correction Factor for Opening Shock of High-Velocity Canopies

This paper discusses the development of an opening shock altitude correction factor for high-velocity canopies for resupply bundles. The current US Army fielded high-velocity parachute used for delivering combat resupply Container Delivery System (CDS) bundles is the 26-Foot Ring-Slot canopy and is typically dropped between altitudes of 10,000 and 25,000 ft MSL with a bundle weight between 500 and 2200 lbs. Current airdrop resupply aircraft, C-130 and C-17, can remain out of enemy fire range during combat when delivering high-velocity bundles by dropping at high altitudes, typically at 25,000 ft MSL. When flying at these high altitudes, aircrews must abide by oxygen regulations, which restrict the amount of time they can operate depressurized at certain flight levels. The amount of time available at altitude significantly limits the tester's ability to fully quantify the parachute's performance characteristics at high altitudes. The development of an altitude correction factor for opening shock allows for more thorough testing at lower altitudes (10,000 or 15,000 ft MSL), and would minimize crew exposure to depressurization at high altitude. Validation of the predicted opening shock characteristics at high altitude could then be limited to a handful of airdrops, rather than a statistically significant sample size. If canopy testing could be accomplished at 10,000 or 15,000 ft instead of 25,000 ft by finding a way to correlate test data, opening shock data in this case, time and money could be saved. Data in support of this paper has been gathered at Yuma Proving Ground (YPG) from high altitude CDS bundle drops using standard 26-Foot Ring-Slot high velocity parachutes. Various parameters were examined to study correlations between opening shock and altitude such as true airspeed, canopy loading, pressure altitude, density altitude, and energy dissipation (true airspeed squared). Maximum and minimum weights for a CDS bundle, 2200 and 500 lbs respectively, were also looked at to see how weight affects the relationship between opening shock and altitude (ballistic factor). Research was done on other high-velocity canopy types tested at YPG, such as the Low-Cost Aerial Delivery System (LCADS) High-Velocity canopy, to further validate correlations between opening shock and altitude. Data used for the analysis includes pressure altitude as well as opening force of the high-velocity canopies gathered using strain links and an onboard recorder. Opening shock characteristics of high-velocity parachutes are particular to the canopy type. Increased drop altitude directly correlates to increased opening shock due to a higher true airspeed of the aircraft. More test data is needed to increase sample size for gaining statistical confidence. With a larger sample size, the statistical data could provide a correlation for future test data scored for Developmental Test (DT).
The Gender Identity Reflection and Rumination Scale: Development and Psychometric Evaluation

The purpose of this study was to develop a scale that measures rumination specifically in the context of gender identity. Currently, most research in the area of rumination and stigma stress has focused on sexual minorities, that is, individuals with a sexual identity other than heterosexual. However, there is a general overlap in the experience of stigma and identity management among sexual minority and transgender individuals (Fassinger & Arseneau, 2007). We review the research and theory surrounding rumination and sexual minorities, with attention to the ways this literature may be uniquely related to transgender experience.
The Hitler Referenda

Although the ultimate form of the National Socialist political system in Germany is not yet clear, certain institutions are emerging which bid fair to make more than a passing claim to perdurance in that system. Among these, surprisingly enough, is the popular referendum. Apparently doomed to obsolescence towards the end of the republican period because it was proving to be superfluous in a representative regime and too radically democratic, it has suddenly been accepted as a leading constitutional practice in a Germany which is dedicated to the extirpation of political democracy. In somewhat more than ten months, the Hitler cabinet has twice requested and received popular verdicts at the polls, a record of nation-wide popular consultations which is exactly equivalent to that of the fourteen years of the Republic.
Patient-Specific Biomechanical Modeling of Ventricular Enlargement in Hydrocephalus from Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Ogden type of hyperelastic constitutive law has recently emerged in modeling ventricular enlargement in hydrocephalic brain with finite element method, but this material property for brain tissue has not been investigated in a patient-specific setting in hydrocephalus. Consequently, the accuracy of the simulated ventricular enlargement using this hyperelastic tissue property remains unknown. In this study, we evaluated this brain material model in four patients with communicating hydrocephalus under a small trans-mantle pressure difference (TPMD) between brain ventricle and subarachnoid space (<1mmHg). Based upon changes in ventricular geometries obtained with sequential MRI, we found that this hyper-elastic model has a great flexibility and accuracy in modeling ventricular enlargement (with errors less than 1mm). Our study supports the utility of this hyperelastic constitutive law for future hydrocephalus modeling and suggests that the observed ventricular enlargement in these patients may be caused by a slight increase in TMPD.
Non-invasive magnetic-resonance detection of creatine depletion in non-viable infarcted myocardium

Summary Background Preserved energy metabolism is essential for myocardial viability and the creatine kinase reaction is central to energy production and reserve. Although the appearance of myocardial creatine kinase enzyme in the blood is widely used to diagnose cardiac necrosis, there are no non-invasive ways to measure local creatine concentrations in the healthy and diseased human heart. Methods We measured total myocardial creatine by spatially-localised, water-suppressed hydrogen magnetic-resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H-MRS) on a clinical (1·5 T) magnetic-resonance-imaging system in ten healthy volunteers (controls) and ten patients with a history of myocardial infarction. We validated this technique by comparison of 1 H-MRS values of creatine with biopsy assays in an animal model of infarction. Findings Total creatine was measured in the posterior and anterior left ventricle and septum, and was significantly lower in regions of infarction (10 [9] SD μmol/g wet weight) than in non-infarcted regions (26 [11] μmol/g, p=0·001) of myocardium in patients or in the myocardium of healthy controls (28 [6] μmol/g, p Interpretation Spatially localised 1 H-MRS can be used to measure total creatine non-invasively throughout the human heart. The detection of regional creatine depletion may provide a metabolic means to distinguish healthy from infarcted non-viable myocardium.
Basic Mechanisms Underlying Seizure-Prone and Seizure-Resistant Sleep and Awakening States in Feline Kindled and Penicillin Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder which is manifested at some times and masked at others. Sleep-waking state physiology is one of the most well documented factoKs affecting the clinical expression or suppression of human epilepsy1,2. Specifically, non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep and the gradual process of awakening from NREM sleep are the most vulnerable periods for seizures, especially convulsions. Moreover, the type of epilepsy is an important consideration in the timing of convulsions. Temporal lobe epilepsy with secondary generalized convulsions is the most common pure sleep epilepsy, with convulsions occurring in NREM or the transition from NREM to rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep in nearly 60% of the patients2. In contrast, over 90% of patients with primary generalizgd, “petit mal” epilepsy display convulsions exclusively after awakening2. Finally, type of epilepsy is not a factor in the suppression of seizures during REM sleep. REM sleep is the most anti-epileptic state in the sleep-wake cycle for all generalized electrographic (EEG) and clinical seizures1.
Projecting The Value Of Prospects From Chapter 8

Tables C-1, C-2, and C-3 report weights, estimated using ordinary least squares regression, on the impacts of minor-league performance variables on major-league peak performance. To be included in the sample used for projecting major-league performance, a player must have a minimum of 100 plate appearances in the minor-league level during the season of observation, a minimum of 1,000 career major-league plate appearances, and play major-league baseball to age 32 or beyond (to generate a peak-age estimate). In order to ensure that players have sufficient time to reach the major-league peak, samples from Triple-A, Double-A, and High-A include players prior to 1999, 1998, and 1997, respectively.
Serpins in Caenorhabditis elegans

C. elegans is an extremely powerful model organism to study gene function and biology. The nematodes’ genetic tractability and high degree of genetic similarity with humans make it ideal to study the biologic role of serpins. The endogenous C. elegans serpins are most similar to the human clade B or intracellular serpin family and have a predominantly cytoplasmic distribution. Since the nematode genes often have functional orthologues in humans, the biological role of mammalian serpins can be extrapolated from C. elegans. Additionally, mutant-mammalian serpin genes resulting in serpinopathies can be introduced into C. elegans to determine the biological pathways that play a role in disease progression, as well as develop potential therapeutics to ameliorate the disease.
A Multiwavelength RZ Pulse Source Generator Using anUltra High-Speed All-Optical Wavelength Converter

A new technique for obtaining a multiwavelength RZ source is demonstrated using simultaneous multiple wavelength conversion in dispersion shifted fiber. The output pulse quality is similar to the input pulse quality with respect to pulse-width and signal to noise ratio.
Antioxidant Activity of Extracts from Pine Needles

The antioxidant activities of aqueous and ethanol extracts from three species pine needles(Pinus massoniana Lamb.,Pinus thunbergii Parl.and Piuns elliottii Engelm.) were studied in terms of their total antioxidant capacity(TAC),protective effect against oxidation in lard(expressed as peroxide value) and abilities to scavenge hydroxyl and superoxide anion free radicals.Water extracts from three species pine needles were found to have excellent TAC and anti-lard lipid peroxidation activities(P0.01) and to be better than ethanol extracts.Except the aqueous extract from Pinus elliottii Engelm.needles,other five extracts had a significant scavenging effect against hydroxyl free radicals(P0.01),but all the six extracts exhibited a strong ability to scavenge superoxide free radicals in a dose-dependent manner.
Futility of yearly heart biopsies in patients undergoing heart transplantation.

Three hundred thirty-eight endomyocardial biopsies, performed as part of the routine annual evaluation at 1 or more years after transplantation in 211 patients, were reviewed. In only two instances (0.6 %) were the histologic findings suggestive, but not pathognomonic, of acute rejection. Both patients were treated for rejection and are doing well at 4 and 6 years postoperatively. On the basis of the results of this study, we believe that routine yearly heart biopsies in asymptomatic patients are not necessary for long-term care of patients after heart transplantation, and we believe they should be performed only if there is clinical suspicion of rejection or as part of a research protocol. (J T horac C ardiovasc S urg 1992;104:90–3)
Analytical models of rail transportation service in the grain supply chain: Deconstructing the operational and economic advantages of shuttle train service

Abstract This paper introduces conceptual and mathematical models of the domestic grain supply chain incorporating trucking, elevator storage, and rail transportation. We compare conventional rail service supported by country elevators with shuttle service supported by terminal elevators across three critical transportation service dimensions: travel time, cost, and capacity. Even after taking into account trucking and elevator storage, the time and cost model results indicate that shuttle service transports grain faster and reduces logistical supply chain costs, respectively, relative to conventional service. The rail capacity model results demonstrate that shifting grain from conventional to shuttle service significantly increases rail capacity.
Using Google apps script for classroom management and more

Google Apps Script gives users the ability to add life, excitement, and functionality to documents, spreadsheets, forms, and more in new ways. We've used a variety of scripts for years in our classrooms and will share many of the ways they can be used in your classrooms. Participants will first be introduced to existing, publicly available scripts, and then introduced to the Google Apps Script API for the development of custom scripts. We will demonstrate a variety of tools which can be created from scripts, and explore at least one script in detail. By the end of the workshop, participants should have at least one running customized script and the confidence and information to create more scripts on their own.