cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
"A battle not man's but God's": origins of the American temperance crusade in the struggle for religious authority.

Major theories of the origins of American temperance have emphasized materialist explanations without taking seriously enough the independent role of ideas--and, in particular, religious ideas--in stimulating the reform. This article develops a new interpretation, focusing on the religious origins of temperance in a "crisis of contested authority" that befell the Protestant denominations descended from Puritanism during the early years of the 19th century. One outgrowth of the crisis over the authority of traditional religious ideas was a new theology focused on religious salvation through the suppression of vice. This new religious ideology provided a core of beliefs and powerful justification for organizing a public crusade to "exterminate" vice, and one that for ideological reasons ultimately narrowed its focus to the specific vice of intemperance. The crusade against vice in the early republic offered clergymen a "solution" to their problems of contested authority by providing new strategies and an organizational base of voluntary societies for carrying out what they perceived to be their sacred duties: winning souls to God, guarding collective salvation and leveraging government to promote obedience to religious prohibitions on vice. At least initially, temperance was part of a new kind of effort to assert the authority of religious ideas in the public sphere, and to regroup religious forces under auspices outside the church.
Gastric perforation from hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy

Hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy may result in mucosal inflammation and ulceration, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, pancreatitis and catheter-related vascular injury. We report a patient who developed gastric perforation during hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy. The influence of variations of hepatic artery branching and catheter placement in producing this life-threatening complication is discussed.
Microscopical methods for the localization of Na+, K+-ATPase

Na+, K+-ATPase plays a central role in the ionic and osmotic homeostasis of cells and in the movements of electrolytes and water across epithelial boundaries. Microscopic localization of the enzyme is, therefore, of crucial importance in establishing the subcellular routes of electrolyte flow across structurally complex and functionally polarized epithelia. Recently developed approaches to the localization of Na+, K+-ATPase are reviewed. These methods rely on different properties of the enzyme and encompass cytochemical localization of the K+-dependent nitrophenylphosphatase component of the enzyme, autoradiographic localization of tritiated ouabain binding sites, and immunocytochemical localization of the holoenzyme and of its catalytic subunit. The rationales for each of these techniques are outlined as are the critieria that have been established to validate each method. The observed localization of Na+, K+-ATPase in various tissues is discussed, particularly as it relates to putative and hypothetical mechanisms that are currently thought to mediate reabsorptive and secretory electrolyte transport.
DSM‐IV “major depression”: Are more stringent criteria needed?

The author criticizes the criteria defining Major Depression in recent psychiatric nosologie and proposes new criteria for inclusion in DSM-IV. A selective literature review revealed a discrepancy between older clinical concepts of Major Depression and the current operational definitions of the disorder. The latter are described as diluted and likely to be quite heterogeneous. Empirical data are reviewed which suggest that many milder and functionally impaired cases of depression might better be classified under such categories as Adjustment Disorder or Dysthymia rather than being included as Major Depression. A rationale is given for a more stringent definition of an episode of Major Depression, and a suggestion is made for a stronger set of criteria for the disorder. The likely consequences of such a change in definition are discussed. Depression 1:24–28 (1993). © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fluorescence and light-scattering measurements on hog cholera-infected PK-15 cells

Abstract Differences in fluorescence distributions and light-scattering patterns have been observed from hog cholera-infected and noninfected PK-15 cells. The fluorescence measurements were made with the Los Alamos flow microfluorometer (FMF) using fluorescent antibody staining procedures on fixed cells. The FMF technique has several advantages over traditional microspectrophotometry; it permits rapid, individual measurements on large numbers of cells using a flow system. The light scattered from 2–30 ° by suspensions of live infected and noninfected cells was measured with a new photometer which uses high-speed film as the detector.
What is quality in surgical pathology

Quality in surgical pathology may be defined as accurate, timely, and complete reports. Achieving quality requires substantial investment in the basic structure and in the people who undertake surgical pathology. Quality assurance and improvement works best when it is woven into the systems of surgical pathology with well informed, well trained, and knowledgeable staff.
Historical review: comparison with other methods.

Abstract Each technique used to measure compliance has limitations. A simple and commonly used technique is to ask the patient whether the regimen has been followed. When the patient states that the regimen has been followed exactly, it usually has not. If only minor deviation is reported, the deviation is usually understated. However, if the patient states that the regimen was not followed, this is almost always corroborated. In another approach, the attending physician or medical staff estimates the patients' level of compliance. They usually overestimate, but not by as much as the patients. Physicians vary in their ability to accurately estimate their patients' compliance, and some physicians' estimates are better for one type of patient than another. Another measure of compliance that can be easily obtained is faithfulness in keeping clinic or office appointments. Although useful in itself, it is usually not a good indication of how well patients are following their medication regimen. A fourth approach is to determine the number of tablets for which patients obtain prescriptions. This is a poor indicator of medicine intake. Further, the number of pills that the patient actually obtains from the pharmacy is not a good indicator. Probably the best of the simple measures is a pill count. To measure this, the pills remaining in the patient's prescription bottle are counted. The difference between the number remaining and the number given in the prescription is presumed to have been taken. Although the pill count is useful, when this count is compared to blood or urine levels of the medication or of a marker contained in the tablets, some patients show discrepancies. Thus, none of the simple measures is entirely satisfactory.
Direct plasma radioimmunoassay for rat amylin-(1-37): concentrations with acquired and genetic obesity

Amylin (islet-associated polypeptide) is a 37-amino acid peptide that is cosecreted with insulin from the pancreatic beta-cell. Accurate measurement of its plasma levels is important for delineating the physiological range over which amylin acts. We describe a reproducible, highly specific, and sensitive radioimmunoassay for direct measurement of plasma amylin-(1-37). We measured changes in portal and systemic plasma amylin and insulin in three groups of anesthetized rats: lean young adult and old adult Wistar rats with acquired obesity, and Wistar fatty [WDF/TaFa (fa/fa)] rats, a model of genetic obesity and insulin resistance derived from the Wistar strain. Changes in response to fasting, feeding, and intravenous stimulation with glucose plus arginine were assessed. We find that the amylin-to-insulin ratio is constant in fasted or fed young and old rats because of proportionate increases in both entities with aging. In genetically obese Wistar rats, amylin and insulin levels are three- to tenfold higher than in lean young or obese old normal controls. Islet stimulation by feeding or intravenous glucose plus arginine resulted in a decreased amylin-to-insulin molar ratio in all groups. When normalized for the degree of islet stimulation, amylin-to-insulin ratios were significantly elevated in genetically obese vs. normal rats, both in the portal and systemic circulation. These results demonstrate that aging-related weight gain in normal rats is associated with moderate and proportional increases in amylin and insulin, whereas genetic obesity is characterized by elevated amylin and an increased amylin-to-insulin ratio. Implications for the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and obesity are discussed.
Growth Constants of Unstable Surfaces in Cylindrical Systems

We present formulas for the growth rate of surface displacements in phase change problems and flow problems in cylindrical geometries under equilibrium conditions. Our goal is to learn when domain dynamics is important vis-a-vis surface dynamics.
Aflatoxicosis and Bruising in the Chicken

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE study of mycotoxicoses in this country was initiated mainly by Forgacs and Carll (1962) who investigated a hemorrhagic anemia syndrome in poultry which they equated to a moldy feed toxicosis. This syndrome was characterized by extensive hemorrhaging in the musculature and internal organs and by aplastic anemia. This hemorrhagic syndrome could be induced by Aspergillus flavus and many other fungi. A. flavus is known to produce aflatoxin which is a hepatotoxin (Ciegler and Lillehoj, 1968) that causes a disease in chickens characterized by poor growth rates and inefficient feed conversions (Carnaghan et al., 1966; Gardiner and Oldroyd, 1965; and Smith and Hamilton, 1970). The sudden occurrence of a high incidence of bruising on two poultry farms in North Carolina and the finding of aflatoxin in the chicken feed used on these farms suggested that aflatoxin might be involved in the hemorrhagic syndrome of chickens. This relationship between aflatoxicosis…
An inhibited conformation for the protein kinase domain of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae AMPK homolog Snf1.

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a master metabolic regulator for controlling cellular energy homeostasis. Its homolog in yeast, SNF1, is activated in response to glucose depletion and other stresses. The catalytic (α) subunit of AMPK/SNF1 in yeast (Snf1) contains a protein Ser/Thr kinase domain (KD), an auto-inhibitory domain (AID) and a region that mediates interactions with the two regulatory (β and γ) subunits. Here, the crystal structure of residues 41–440 of Snf1, which include the KD and AID, is reported at 2.4 A resolution. The AID is completely disordered in the crystal. A new inhibited conformation of the KD is observed in a DFG-out conformation and with the glycine-rich loop adopting a structure that blocks ATP binding to the active site.
Cross-talk with Ca2+ Influx Does Not Underlie the Role of Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinases in Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Lytic Granule Exocytosis

One important mechanism cytotoxic T lymphocytes use to kill target cells is exocytosis of lytic granules that contain cytotoxic agents such as perforin and granzyme. Ca(2+) influx and activation of protein kinase C have been known for many years to be key signals for granule exocytosis. Recent work has suggested that activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) family, may be a third required signal. We surmised that the involvement of ERK in lytic granule exocytosis could be mediated through cross-talk with Ca(2+) influx, rather than constituting an independent signal. We tested this idea using TALL-104 human leukemic CTLs as a model system and discovered the following. 1) ERK inhibition caused a modest decrease in the amplitude of increases in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration, but this effect cannot account for the profound inhibition of granule exocytosis. 2) Ca(2+) influx can activate ERK in TALL-104 cells, but this effect does not contribute to ERK activation stimulated by solid phase anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies. We conclude that cross-talk between ERK signaling and Ca(2+) does not mediate the role of ERK in CTL lytic granule exocytosis.
Duration of menopausal vasomotor symptoms over the menopause transition.

Importance The expected duration of menopausal vasomotor symptoms (VMS) is important to women making decisions about possible treatments. Objectives To determine total duration of frequent VMS (≥6 days in the previous 2 weeks) (hereafter total VMS duration) during the menopausal transition, to quantify how long frequent VMS persist after the final menstrual period (FMP) (hereafter post-FMP persistence), and to identify risk factors for longer total VMS duration and longer post-FMP persistence. Design, Setting, and Participants The Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN) is a multiracial/multiethnic observational study of the menopausal transition among 3302 women enrolled at 7 US sites. From February 1996 through April 2013, women completed a median of 13 visits. Analyses included 1449 women with frequent VMS. Main Outcomes and Measures Total VMS duration (in years) (hot flashes or night sweats) and post-FMP persistence (in years) into postmenopause. Results The median total VMS duration was 7.4 years. Among 881 women who experienced an observable FMP, the median post-FMP persistence was 4.5 years. Women who were premenopausal or early perimenopausal when they first reported frequent VMS had the longest total VMS duration (median, >11.8 years) and post-FMP persistence (median, 9.4 years). Women who were postmenopausal at the onset of VMS had the shortest total VMS duration (median, 3.4 years). Compared with women of other racial/ethnic groups, African American women reported the longest total VMS duration (median, 10.1 years). Additional factors related to longer duration of VMS (total VMS duration or post-FMP persistence) were younger age, lower educational level, greater perceived stress and symptom sensitivity, and higher depressive symptoms and anxiety at first report of VMS. Conclusions and Relevance Frequent VMS lasted more than 7 years during the menopausal transition for more than half of the women and persisted for 4.5 years after the FMP. Individual characteristics (eg, being premenopausal and having greater negative affective factors when first experiencing VMS) were related to longer-lasting VMS. Health care professionals should counsel women to expect that frequent VMS could last more than 7 years, and they may last longer for African American women.
Genes in the terminal regions of orthopoxvirus genomes experience adaptive molecular evolution

Orthopoxviruses are dsDNA viruses with large genomes, some encoding over 200 genes. Genes essential for viral replication are located in the center of the linear genome and genes encoding host response modifiers and other host interacting proteins are located in the terminal regions. The central portion of the genome is highly conserved, both in gene content and sequence, while the terminal regions are more diverse. In this study, we investigated the role of adaptive molecular evolution in poxvirus genes and the selective pressures that act on the different regions of the genome. The relative fixation rates of synonymous and non-synonymous mutations (the dN/dS ratio) are an indicator of the mechanism of evolution of sequences, and can be used to identify purifying, neutral, or diversifying selection acting on a gene. Like highly conserved residues, amino acids under diversifying selection may be functionally important. Many genes experiencing diversifying selection are involved in host-pathogen interactions, such as antigen-antibody interactions, or the "host-pathogen arms race." We analyzed 175 gene families from orthopoxviruses for evidence of diversifying selection. 79 genes were identified as experiencing diversifying selection, 25 with high confidence. Many of these genes are located in the terminal regions of the genome and function to modify the host response to infection or are virion-associated, indicating a greater role for diversifying selection in host-interacting genes. Of the 79 genes, 20 are of unknown function, and implicating diversifying selection as an important mechanism in their evolution may help characterize their function or identify important functional residues. We conclude that diversifying selection is an important mechanism of orthopoxvirus evolution. Diversifying selection in poxviruses may be the result of interaction with host defense mechanisms.
Prostate sampling by 12-core biopsy: comparison of the biopsy results with tumor location in prostatectomy specimens.

Objective To analyze the diagnostic performance of individual prostate biopsy cores. The 12-core transrectal prostate biopsy scheme has emerged as a standard of care. However, quality of sampling may vary in different areas of the prostate included in this procedure. Material and Methods Two-hundred fifty men underwent radical prostatectomy at our institution. All participants had a systematic 12-core transrectal prostate biopsy containing lateral and medial cores from each side of the apical, medial and basal thirds of the prostate. Biopsy results were matched with histologic maps of the prostatectomy specimens. Sensitivity, negative predictive value (NPV), and overall accuracy were calculated for each biopsy core location and compared between different groups of cores. In addition, patients in the upper quartile of prostate weight were compared with the rest of the cohort. Results Sensitivity, NPV, and overall accuracy were significantly lower for apical cores. Average NPV and overall accuracy of basal and mid-lateral biopsies were inferior to those of medial biopsies on the same levels. However, sensitivity of these lateral cores was similar to that of the medial cores. Sensitivities of apical and mid cores were significantly lower in patients with larger prostates. Conclusion Decreased accuracy in lateral mid- and basal cores results from higher frequencies of cancer in corresponding prostate areas, and therefore additional samples should be taken at these locations. In addition, diagnostic accuracy of apical cores may be improved through better targeting of the prostatic apex. This may be particularly important in patients with larger prostates.
Cooperative games in effectiveness form

The primary vehicle for the analysis of cooperative games has been the characteristicfunction form. This paper seeks to point out certain deficiencies inherent in a characteristic-function type of representation for some cooperative games. A more general form, the effectiveness form, is proposed to correct the inadequacies of the characteristic-function representation. In addition, concepts of stability for effectiveness-form games are suggested; and some examples are studied. Section 2 establishes notation and introduces some basic definitions and references. In Section 3 the rationale for the effectiveness form is discussed. A formal description of the form is presented in Section 4. Section 5 deals with some possible concepts of stability. Section 6 analyzes a few examples of interest.
A 1500-MeV Fixed-Field Alternating-Gradient Synchrotron for a Pulsed-Spallation Neutron Source

The first conceptual design of the FFAG for ASPUN was an 1100-MeV, 20-sector machine with an injection radius of 17.5 m and an extraction radius of 18.75 m. The conceptual design currently under study has a higher extraction energy, a larger average radius, but still has 20 sectors. The current interest in higher extraction energy is stimulated by calculations that indicate that the useful neutron production per incident proton is still increasing proportionally up to 1500 MeV. The larger radius also matches existing buildings at Argonne that could be made available for the facility. 11 refs., 4 figs., 3 tabs.
Contribution of impaired glucose tolerance in subjects with the metabolic syndrome: Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

Background: In addition to fasting plasma glucose (FPG), we examined the contribution of the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in the prevalence of subjects with the metabolic syndrome (MS). Methods and Results: Study participants were white adults in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging who underwent a fasting 2-hour OGTT. In men between the ages of 20 to 39, 40 to 59, 60 to 79, and 80 to 95 years, the prevalence of the MS by Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) III criteria (which excludes OGTT) was 11%, 28%, 32%, and 15%, respectively; whereas in women the prevalence was 5%, 12%, 24%, and 16%, respectively. If the current ATPIII dysglycemia criteria also included a 2-hour postchallenge glucose (2hPG) of 7.8 mmol/L or higher, the prevalence of the MS increased from 25% to 33% in men and from 15% to 21% in women (P b .0001). In study participants with FPG less than 5.6 mmol/L, the prevalence of the MS increased from 16% to 23% in men and from 9% to 13% in women. In men between the ages of 20 to 39, 40 to 59, 60 to 79, and 80 to 95 years and FPG less than 5.6 mmol/L, the prevalence of the MS increased to 15%, 32%, 40%, and 29%, respectively (P b .005 for men between 40 and 95 years of age), with inclusion of an abnormal 2hPG. In women between the ages of 20 to 39, 40 to 59, 60 to 79, and 80 to 95 years and FPG less than 5.6 mmol/L, the prevalence of the MS increased to 7%, 14%, 33%, and 31%, respectively, with inclusion of an abnormal 2hPG (P b .001 for women between 60 and 95 years of age). Conclusion: The prevalence of the MS is significantly underestimated when the current ATPIII criteria of FPG 6.1 mmol/L or higher is the only determinant of dysglycemia.
GENOME-WIDE RESPONSES TO DNA-DAMAGING AGENTS

Genome-wide studies of mRNA regulation and phenotypic responses have shown that eukaryotic cells mount a robust and multifaceted response upon exposure to DNA-damaging agents. The integration of theses studies over frameworks provided by protein-protein interactions, protein-DNA interactions, and subcellular localization information have led to the identification of networked responses to damage. Taken together, these studies illustrate that cellular protection from DNA and other macromolecular damage involves an intricate network of proteins involved in many different cellular functions, some of them expected (e.g., DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoints) but many of them unexpected (e.g., protein trafficking and degradation). This review highlights many of the studies that detail genome-wide responses to DNA-damaging agents and examines how these datasets have been used to build a systems view of cellular responses to damage.
Localization of Radioisotope (Chlormerodrin Hg-203) in Experimental Cerebral Infarction

A combined histological and radioautographical study was made to determine the mechanism for the selective localization of Hg-203-labelled Chlormerodrin in the brain of 13 cats with experimentally induced cerebral infarction. The presence of the radioactive tracer in the infarcted areas was noted within a few days after the onset of the lesions and was increased by hemorrhage into the tissues. The radioautograms revealed the radioactive material to be localized mostly within macrophages and in areas surrounding capillary proliferation. These two pathoanatomic processes associated with necrosis of the cerebral tissues most likely account for the abnormal accumulation of radionuclide tracer in brain scans of patients with cerebral infarction.
Recurrence quantification analysis as a tool for nonlinear exploration of nonstationary cardiac signals

The complexity, nonlinearity and nonstationarity of the cardiovascular system typically defy comprehensive and deterministic mathematical modeling, except from a statistical perspective. Living systems are governed by numerous, continuously changing, interacting variables in the presence of noise. Cardiovascular signals can be shown to be discontinuous alternations between deterministic trajectories and stochastic pauses (terminal dynamics). One promising approach for assessing such nondeterministic complexity is recurrence quantification analysis (RQA). As reviewed in this paper, strategies implementing quantification of recurrences have been successful in diagnosing changes in nonstationary cardiac signals not easily detected by traditional methods. It is concluded that recurrence quantification analysis is a powerful discriminatory tool which, when properly applied to cardiac signals, can provide objectivity regarding the degree of determinism characterizing the system, state changes, as well as degrees of complexity and/or randomness.
Helping Students Confront and Deal with Stress and Procrastination

Students are frequently subject to considerable stress that may become distress during academic semesters. But this stress occurs at more or less regular intervals that can be predicted at the outset of the semester. Further, some students' obligations at the beginning of the semester predict that they will suffer distress later on. This paper describes a program that consists of some principles of time and stress management, two informal models of student stress, and steps that students can take to lessen distress. Goals are: (1) to reinstate psychologically students' past academic distress as a way of making them more receptive to suggestions for avoiding such predictable distress in the future; (2) to help students see that their distress results in part from procrastination; and (3) to induce them to try to reduce stress that normally comes later in the semester by increasing it at the outset.
Advanced wireless power and data transmission techniques for implantable medical devices

Short-range wireless power and data transmission offers a viable mean to power up implantable medical devices (IMDs) with a wide range of power levels and communicate with external units across the skin. To optimize wireless power transfer (WPT), it is key to improve efficiencies in every stage of the power delivery path from external power sources to the IMD, while maintaining robustness and safety against load variations, coil misalignments, and nearby conductive objects. This paper reviews various mechanisms for WPT with focus on link structures and circuit techniques for wirelessly-powered IMDs. Moreover, advanced IMDs require wireless data telemetry (WDT) for wideband bidirectional data communication in the presence of the strong power carrier interference. This paper also discusses several modulation schemes and transceiver circuits for low-power, carrier-less, and robust WDT.
Analysis of robust PCA via local incoherence

We investigate the robust PCA problem of decomposing an observed matrix into the sum of a low-rank and a sparse error matrices via convex programming Principal Component Pursuit (PCP). In contrast to previous studies that assume the support of the error matrix is generated by uniform Bernoulli sampling, we allow non-uniform sampling, i.e., entries of the low-rank matrix are corrupted by errors with unequal probabilities. We characterize conditions on error corruption of each individual entry based on the local incoherence of the low-rank matrix, under which correct matrix decomposition by PCP is guaranteed. Such a refined analysis of robust PCA captures how robust each entry of the low rank matrix combats error corruption. In order to deal with non-uniform error corruption, our technical proof introduces a new weighted norm and develops/exploits the concentration properties that such a norm satisfies.
Degradation of the Urease Inhibitor NBPT as Affected by Soil pH

Soil pH is an important property affecting N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) inhibition of urease. Only a few studies have followed NBPT decay kinetics by making direct measurements of this molecule, and its oxygen analog (NBPTo) in soil or buffer mediums. This study characterized NBPT metabolism under biotic and abiotic conditions including the appearance of NBPTo and decay products under a pH gradient. Chemical buffer incubations were conducted at pH 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, and 7.2, and degradation was quantified using ¹H-NMR. Soil incubations were conducted at pH 5.1, 6.1, 7.6, and 8.2 with sterilized (autoclaved) and non-sterilized soil collected from an agricultural field; and NBPT degradation and metabolism products were measured with high-preformance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-mass spectroscopy (MS). We found NBPT and NBPTo followed pseudo first-order decay kinetics in chemical buffers, and NBPT exhibited exponential decay patterns in soil with n-butylamine being a primary reaction product. The NBPT decay constants in buffers and soil were larger under acidic conditions and became progressively smaller as pH rose. Calculated NBPT half-life in non-sterilized soil was 0.07, 0.59, 2.70, and 3.43 d at pH 5.1, 6.1, 7.6, and 8.2, respectively. Soil sterilization increased these half-lives by 0.13, 0.55, 1.03, and 4.07 d, respectively. We found NBPTo to be more sensitive than NBPT to hydrolysis as result of the greater electrophilicity of the P atom. Chemical hydrolysis will likely be a large contributing factor to NBPT and NBPTo degradation in acidic to slightly alkaline soils (pH 5.1–7.6), while microbial degradation will likely become more important under more strongly alkaline conditions (pH 8.2).
Basic Fuzzy Mathematics for Fuzzy Control and Modeling

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Classical Sets, Fuzzy Sets, and Fuzzy Logic Fuzzification Fuzzy Rules Fuzzy Inference Defuzzification Summary Notes and References This chapter contains sections titled: Exercises
Yrast superdeformed band in 194 Pb: J π and E x

The yrast superdeformed band in {sup 194}Pb has been populated using the {sup 174}Yb({sup 25}Mg,5n){sup 194}Pb reaction at E{sub beam}=130 MeV. Decay {gamma} rays were detected using the GAMMASPHERE array at the 88-Inch Cyclotron. Twelve {gamma}-ray transitions have been observed directly linking three members of the {sup 194}Pb yrast superdeformed band to low-lying normal deformed levels. Anisotropy measurements indicate that these linking decays include E1, M1, and mixed M1/E2 multipolarities. The radiative widths deduced are very inhibited, typically B(E1){approximately}10{sup {minus}8} Weisskopf units (W.u.) and B(M1){approximately}10{sup {minus}5} W.u. Without recourse to {ital a priori} assumptions J{sup {pi}}=6{sup +} and E{sub x}=4878.4(3) keV have been unambiguously assigned to the lowest-lying observed superdeformed state (the state populated by the 170-keV intraband transition). The intensity of the observed primaries accounts for 21(2){percent} of the superdeformed band population. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Cardiovascular change and hypothalamic norepinephrine release in response to environmental stress

The major objective of this study was to compare the magnitude and duration of cardiovascular (CV) responses to acute environmental stresses with the associated patterns of noradrenergic activity in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and posterior nucleus (PH) of the hypothalamus. Simultaneous microdialysis samples of extracellular norepinephrine (NE) were collected at 5-min intervals from PVN and PH and the CV responses were recorded before, during, and for 15 min after acute shaker (cage oscillation) stress or inhalation of ether vapor in freely moving rats. Five minutes of shaker stress, 60 and 150 cycles/min, elicited pressor responses coupled with increases in dialysate NE from both PVN and PH in a frequency-dependent manner. Tachycardia occurred at 150 but not 60 cycles/min. Ten minutes after 60 cycles/min and 15 min after 150 cycles/min, NE efflux in PH was still increased, whereas in PVN it returned to control as had arterial pressure and heart rate. Ether vapor elicited a transient CV response but a continuing efflux of NE in PH and PVN. Urethan anesthesia raised baseline values of dialysate NE in PH and PVN but significantly attenuated cardiovascular and dialysate NE responses to shaker stress. We conclude that acute environmental stress simultaneously elicits CV responses and the efflux of NE from PVN and PH but, during or after stress, CV values may return to control levels while NE efflux remains elevated in PVN and/or PH.
A Patterned Soi by Masked Anneal for System-on-Chip Applications

We present a method for fabricating pattern silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers that exploit internal thermal oxidation (ITOX) to control the BOX formation. We demonstrated the process by fabricating a pattern SOI having two different buried oxides (BOX) thickness. We also show that by using a very low oxygen dose the BOX can be quenched in the masked regions, while maintaining a continuous BOX in unmasked regions. Very low damage forms at the transition region from thick to thin BOX. Due to the oxygen diffusion the smallest patterned box feature we could obtain was limited to > 0.5 micron.
VEGF induces NO-dependent hyperpermeability in coronary venules.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the direct effect of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on microvascular permeability and its signaling mechanisms. The apparent permeability coe...
Re-Versing the Past: Adrienne Rich’s Outrage against Order

Citing the consistent failure of any symbolic system to represent women, Judith Butler asks: “If the representations that do exist are normative phantasms, then how are we to reverse or contest the force of those representations?”2 As a woman and as a writer in An Atlas of the Difficult World, Adrienne Rich anticipates Butler’s unease and performs precisely the contestation Butler seeks. More self-consciously than Stevens or Lowell, Rich is cognizant of her ambivalent position as representer. In her most recent work, she challenges that position by contesting her own representations, widening the Petrarchan revisionism she began in the 1978 “Twenty-One Love Poems” of The Dream of a Common Language to voice both the questions the imagined other, replaced in the poem, might raise and the answers the repressed self, silenced by the poem, might give. Rich enacts the revisionist linguistics Butler proposes by “considering the limits of representation and representability as open to signficant rearticulations and transformations” (“Against Proper Objects,” 20). It is the openings Rich seeks even as she recognizes that, “like the dyer’s hand,” [she] is suffused by what [she] works in.”3 To forge such openings, Rich begins by admitting that poetry is part of the problem. She follows though by recognizing her responsibility not only to identify the expropriations as they occur but to restrategize the forms so that they might flesh out the traditionally muted other.
Modular and scalable RESTful API to sustain STAR collaboration's record keeping

STAR collaboration's record system is a collection of heterogeneous and sparse information associated to each members and institutions. In its original incarnation, only flat information was stored revealing many restrictions such as the lack of historical change information, the inability to keep track of members leaving and re-joining STAR, or the ability to easily extend the saved information as new requirements appeared. In mid-2013, a new project was launched covering an extensive set of revisited requirements. The requirements led us to a design based on a RESTful API, back-end storage engine relying on key/value pair data representation model coupled with a tiered architecture design. This design was motivated by the fact that unifying many STAR tools, relying on the same business logic and storage engine, was a key and central feature for the maintainability and presentation of records. This central service API would leave no ambiguities and provide easy service integration between STAR tools. The new design stores the changes in records dynamically and allows tracking the changes chronologically. The storage engine is extensible as new field of information emerges (member specific or general) without affecting the presentation or the business logic layers. The new record system features a convenient administrative interface, fuzzy algorithms for data entry and search, and provides basic statistics and graphs. Finally, this modular approach is supplemented with access control, allowing private information and administrative operations to be hidden away from public eyes.
De la géographie sociale en archéologie paléolithique : concepts et apports du Magdalénien des Pyrénées

Resume Les recherches concernant l’archeologie du territoire, laquelle enquete sur la signification culturelle des lieux, ont pris un essor considerable dans de nombreux contextes spatio-temporels a travers le Monde. Ces recherches sont toutefois demeurees largement etrangeres a l’archeologie des chasseurs-collecteurs du Pleistocene en Europe. Pour partie, cette absence est due a un focus sur des preoccupations plus economiques ou liees a la survie, ainsi qu’aux conceptions neoliberales touchant a l’« efficacite » des comportements des premiers hommes modernes. Mobilisant des donnees issues des industries lithiques de sites en grotte, en plein air ou provenant de prospections, l’hypothese est ici avancee que les chasseurs-collecteurs du Paleolithique superieur ont laisse des indices relatifs a l’importance de certains lieux dans le paysage. On insiste ainsi sur les outillages lithiques en particulier, dont la signification symbolique est demeuree largement sous-evaluee et depasse largement de simples notions de style ou d’ethnicite. Tandis que les matieres premieres sont traditionnellement synonymes de mobilite ou d’echanges, il est possible que d’autres contingences culturelles aient preside a certains des choix operes.
Pioglitazone-induced improvements in insulin sensitivity occur without concomitant changes in muscle mitochondrial function.

Abstract Aims Pioglitazone (Pio) is known to improve insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle. However, the role of Pio in skeletal muscle lipid metabolism and skeletal muscle oxidative capacity is not clear. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of chronic Pio treatment on skeletal muscle mitochondrial activity in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Materials and Methods Twenty-four participants with T2D (13M/11F 53.38±2.1years; BMI 36.47±1.1kg/m 2 ) were randomized to either a placebo (CON, n=8) or a pioglitazone (PIO, n=16) group. Following 12weeks of treatment, we measured insulin sensitivity by hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic clamp (clamp), metabolic flexibility by calculating the change in respiratory quotient (ΔRQ) during the steady state of the clamp, intra- and extra-myocellular lipid content (IMCL and EMCL, respectively) by 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H-MRS) and muscle maximal ATP synthetic capacity (ATPmax) by 31 P-MRS. Results Following 12weeks of PIO treatment, insulin sensitivity ( p p Conclusions These results suggest that 12weeks of pioglitazone treatment improves insulin sensitivity, metabolic flexibility and myocellular lipid distribution without any effect on maximal ATP synthetic capacity in skeletal muscle. Consequently, pioglitazone-induced enhancements in insulin responsiveness and fuel utilization are independent of mitochondrial function.
Calculating compound dependent gas-droplet distributions in aerosols of propylene glycol and glycerol from electronic cigarettes

Abstract Aerosols created by electronic cigarettes are suspensions of liquid droplets in a gas phase. All of the volatile or semi-volatile compounds in the system will partition between the two phases. Among these compounds are the “e-liquid” constituents plus the degradation products such as formaldehyde produced during “vaping”. This partitioning affects deposition in the respiratory tract and optimal analytical method design. Theory can be used to predict the particle-gas distribution of each compound as a function of the mass concentration of the aerosol droplets (μg/m3), the composition of the droplets, temperature, and the vapor pressure of the compound. As an example, even at the highest total particulate matter (TPM, µg/m3) levels for e-cigarette aerosols, formaldehyde as CH2O will be mostly in the gas phase; two important adducts of formaldehyde will be mostly in the aerosol droplets even at the lowest TPM levels.
DC impedance modeling and stability analysis of modular multilevel converter for MVDC application

Modular multilevel converter (MMC) is a promising converter topology to be applied in medium-voltage dc (MVDC) system due to its advantages of superior fault response, high quality output voltage and high efficiency. This paper is focused on the analysis of the features of MMC dc impedance in MVDC system and its influence on MVDC system stability. First, the closed-loop terminal impedance of a MMC at the dc output side is derived and verified by compared with that measured through a circuit-based model. It is also found that the capacitor size and dynamic will not affect the MMC impedance if the capacitor is designed to limit up to 20% voltage ripple, which will simplify the stability analysis. A shipboard MVDC system consisting of a MMC and other load converters has been established. All the impedance characteristics of load converters and their mutual interactions with the MMC are explored. With the developed MMC dc impedance and stability analysis method, the MVDC system stability characteristics can be predicted, which can be used for system design to maintain stability. The simulation results are consistent with the analysis.
Heisenberg strikes again

Systematic randomized clinical outcome data in BVS has largely been reported in straightforward lesions, and BVS performance in more complex anatomy is not well defined In this study, OCT-analysis of imaging outcomes in lesions with variable degrees of calcification demonstrated similar acute performance between second-generation DES and BVS Open questions as to the unintended effect of OCT-guidance on the results of the study as well as the longer-term clinical outcomes in these lesions remain.
Retrospectively Assessed Early Motor and Current Pragmatic Language Skills in Autistic and Neurotypical Children

Autistic individuals often struggle developmentally, even in areas that are not explicit diagnostic criteria, such as motor skills. This study explored the relation between early motor skills, assessed retrospectively, and current pragmatic language skills. Caregivers of neurotypical and autistic children, matched on gender and age, completed assessments of their child's early motor development and current language abilities. Early motor skills were correlated with later pragmatic language skills, and autistic children exhibited fewer motor skills than neurotypical children. In fact, motor skills were a better predictor of an autism spectrum diagnosis than were scores on a measure of current pragmatic language. These results highlight the important role of motor skills in autism spectrum disorders.
The Role of Maternal HIV Envelope-Specific Antibodies and Mother-to-Child Transmission Risk.

Despite the wide availability of antiretroviral (ART) prophylaxis during pregnancy, >150,000 infants become infected through mother to child transmission (MTCT) of HIV worldwide. It is likely that additional intervention strategies, such as a maternal HIV vaccine, will be required to eliminate pediatric HIV infections. A deeper understanding of the fine-specificity and function of maternal HIV Env-specific responses that provide partial protection against MTCT will be critical to inform the design of immunologic strategies to curb the pediatric HIV epidemic. Recent studies have underlined a role of maternal HIV Env-specific neutralizing and non-neutralizing responses in reducing risk of MTCT of HIV and in prolonging survival rates in HIV-infected infants. However, critical gaps in our knowledge include A) the specific role of maternal autologous-virus IgG neutralizing responses in driving the selection of infant Transmitted Founder (T/F) viruses, and B) Env mechanisms of escape from maternal autologous virus neutralizing antibodies. A more refined understanding of the fine-specificities of maternal autologous-virus neutralizing antibodies and ways that maternal circulating viruses escape from these antibodies will be crucial to inform maternal vaccination strategies that can block MTCT to help achieve an HIV-free generation.
Corporatizing Rural Schools

This chapter examines the privatization agenda of neoliberal venture philanthropists. It focuses specifically on the Rural Opportunities Consortium of Idaho, and the numerous research and policy reports they have released. The reports are critically examined to show the underlying ideology and the attempts defund public schools. The chapter describes these reports against the backdrop of the broader rural issues discussed in the previous chapters and how the venture philanthropy movement is another part of the overall trend of neoliberal modernization that has been taking place since the birth of industry in the USA, and also the ways in which venture philanthropy has grown out of the phenomenon of economic need driving education.
Chiral Imprinting in the Gas Phase

Undoing the twist: Recent successful attempts to change the relative populations of two otherwise identical enantiomers of a large gas-phase molecule using resonant microwave fields are highlighted. Specifically, the population of a specific enantiomer of a chiral terpene could be enhanced relative to the other enantiomer by the application of a sequence of microwave pulses in a phase- and polarization-controlled manner.
Comparative anatomy of Espostoa, Pseudoespostoa, Thrixanthocereus and Vatricania (Cactaceae)

The genera Espostoa, Pseudoespostoa, Thrixanthocereus and Vatricania occur in western South America (Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia) and bear prominent lateral cephalia. Because it had been suggested that they should be combined into the single genus Espostoa, their anatomy was studied for clues as to the closeness of their relationships. In general they all resemble each other strongly, and although each has a number of unusual features, each usually shares some of those features with other members of the group so none is truly unique. There is no anatomical basis for maintaining them as separate genera. Many of their unusual features are shared with Weberbauerocereus, Haageocereus, Trichocereus and several related genera, but the anatomy of these groups is not known well enough to be certain of any phylogenetic relationship with the Espostoa group.