cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurobiology: Snails, synapses and smokers

The discovery of a protein that controls the transmission of nerve impulses in snails is significant in its own right. It also advances our understanding of the vertebrate neurotransmitter receptor that responds to nicotine.
The history of texaco's corporate information technology function: a general systems theoretical interpretation

We attempt to use general systems theory (GST) to understand why the resources of Texaco's corporate information technology function consistently did not match its task during its 40-year lifetime. Our interpretation uses mechanistic, organic, and colonial systems metaphors, each with three components. The first is an analysis of a management action system made up of organizational indicators such as Texaco's revenues, profits, employee numbers, IT budgets, and IT personnel numbers. The second is a narrative of performance versus resource needs, which shows a gap between the resources and expanding responsibilities of Texaco's IT function. The third is a management perception system, which offers reasons why top management continually misinterpreted IT's performance as inferior. Our results show that the mechanistic, organic, and colonial interpretations converge. In addition, our GST-based interpretations show how top management might have remedied the situation.
1D Selection Device Using Carbon Nanotube FETs for High-Density Cross-Point Memory Arrays

A novel one-transistor-n-resistors (1TnR) array architecture is demonstrated as a cost-effective solution to the sneak path problem in large-scale cross-point memory arrays. In a 1TnR array, a single transistor (1T) with a 1D channel effectively controls a number of resistive switching nonvolatile memory (NVM) cells (nR) while limiting the sneak leakage current within the 1D channel without sacrificing the device density. To maximize these benefits, a carbon nanotube FET (CNFET) is employed as the 1D selection device, due to its near-ballistic electrical transport properties even at a small device width. Experimental demonstrations of the CNFET-based 1TnR concept are presented with two promising resistive switching NVM candidates: 1) resistive random access memory (RRAM) and 2) phase-change memory (PCM). Here, we report that the integrated bipolar Al2O3-based RRAM consumes programming energies as low as 0.1–7 pJ per bit and has a high programming endurance of up to $10^{6}\vphantom {\sum ^{R^{R}}}$ cycles. The 1TnR RRAM cell also has self-compliance characteristics, because the semiconducting carbon nanotube (CNT) that serves as the bottom electrode limits the device current. The unipolar PCM cells integrated with CNFETs show uniform electrical characteristics with high ON-/OFF-resistance ratios of >10. Owing to the extremely small contact area between the phase change material, Ge2Sb2Te5, and the CNT, remarkably low programming currents of $ are achieved.
Evaluation of the extent of nonlinearity in reportable range studies.

Abstract Objectives.—To extend the polynomial method for evaluating linearity in 2 ways. First, we developed a screen to ascertain whether the data were precise enough to permit a reliable evaluation of linearity and therefore eliminate findings of linearity due to low statistical power. Second, we assessed whether the degree of nonlinearity detected by the polynomial method was clinically relevant using a statistically rigorous method. Methods.—Because we assessed linearity relative to a clinically determined level of importance instead of the default value of zero, we used sampling theory based on the noncentral χ2 distribution. Using statistical power calculations, we incorporated a screen for imprecision that guarantees that the probability of correctly identifying nonlinear methods is at least 80%. Results.—With the described methods, we achieved a sensitivity of at least 80% and a specificity of at least 95%. When the data were too imprecise to achieve a sensitivity of 80%, no determination of linea...
Silicon as Reducing Agent for Controlled Production of Plasmonic Copper Nanocomposite Glasses: A Spectroscopic Study

The use of silicon to produce metal nanocomposite phosphate glasses with plasmonic properties is proposed. It is demonstrated how the reducing properties of Si powder allow for producing Cu nanocomposite glasses in a controlled manner during heat treatment (HT). Cu/Si-codoped glasses were prepared in a 50BaO–50P2O5 matrix by a simple melt-quench method in ambient atmosphere. The worst-case scenario is considered by having the noble metal introduced in its higher oxidation state as copper(II) oxide, i.e., instead of using monovalent copper. Optical absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, including emission decay dynamics, were employed for characterization of the melt-quenched glass, and for investigating the influence of HT on material optical properties. Remarkably, increasing amounts of Si powder were observed to suppress and ultimately remove the Cu2+ visible absorption band in the CuO-containing glasses. Moreover, subsequent HT of the glass with the highest Si content resulted in progressive development of the surface plasmon resonance of Cu nanoparticles with increasing holding time. PL spectroscopy analysis is further employed towards elucidating the Cu2+ → Cu+ → Cu0 valence state changes likely occurring during the melting and subsequent thermal processing.
Public regulation of social work

14 A major contemporary movement of the community to exercise such in social work's efforts to attain recogauthority. nition as a full profession is the move The second point—defined and spe toward public regulation. The National cialized skills—should be a basic pre Association of Social Workers, for exrequisite for public regulation of an ample, has taken strong action to furoccupational activity. These skills de ther this objective, as illustrated in the scribe the activity to be regulated, following resolution approved by its However, they are not sufficient alone 1969 Delegate Assembly: to transform an occupation into a pro Resohed: That the various combinafession nor do they Provide a11 the Pre" tions of Chapters, working in concert requisites for public regulation, at a state level, be authorized to purAccording to Wilensky, two addi sue licensing of Social Work practice tional elements are necessary for each within each state. . . A transformation.3 The first element is
Identification of Recharge Areas Using Geochemical Factor Analysis

Factor analysis is useful for interpreting commonly collected ground-water quality data and relating those data to specific hydrogeologic processes. One hundred nine ground-water quality samples from wells completed in the upper Floridan Aquifer near Live Oak, Florida were analyzed for major dissolved constituents. R-mode factor analysis was used to separate those chemical variables that reflect areally-significant recharge processes from those related strictly to the dissolution of aquifer materials. Areas impacted by direct, rapid, artificial recharge through drainage wells and sinkholes, as well as by slow, natural recharge into the Floridan Aquifer, were delineated. Four factors which represent different chemical processes were identified and their relative areal impact determined. These processes are: (1) regional dissolution of the aquifer limestone, (2) dissolution and ion exchange in the discontinuous, semipermeable layer that overlies portions of the aquifer, (3) and (4) recharge from local, urban and agricultural runoff.
System approach to steganalysis

Digital steganographic algorithms hide secret messages in seemingly innocent cover objects, such as images. Steganographic algorithms are rapidly evolving, reducing distortions, and making detection of altered cover objects by steganalysis algorithms more challenging. The value of current steganographic and steganalysis algorithms is difficult to evaluate until they are tested on realistic datasets. We propose a system approach to steganalysis for reliably detecting steganographic objects among a large number of images, acknowledging that most digital images are intact. The system consists of a cascade of intrinsic image formations filters (IIFFs), where the IIFFs in the early stage are designed to filter out non-stego images based on real world constraints, and the IIFFs in the late stage are designed to detect intrinsic features of specific steganographic routines. Our approach makes full use of all available constraints, leading to robust detection performance and low probability of false alarm. Our results based on a large image set from Flickr.com demonstrate the potential of our approach on large-scale real-world repositories.
The retrieval of sentences from memory: A speed-accuracy study

Abstract A speed-accuracy tradeoff method was used to study the retrieval dynamics for recognition memory of parts of sentences. All sentences contained a subject, verb, object, location, and time. Recognition accuracy increased from chance at a processing time of about 0.5 sec to asymptotic accuracy at about 3 sec. The asymptotic accuracy levels for subject-verb, subject-object or verb-object recognition probes exceeded those of pair probes containing times or locations. This result suggests that the former may be more closely associated in semantic memory. The only difference among speed-accuracy curves was in asymptotic accuracy. The chance intercept and the rate of increase in accuracy were similar for all pair probes. A second finding was that the speed-accuracy curves for triple probes (e.g., subject-verb-object) were virtually identical to those of the comparable pair probes. These results appear to contradict a serial search hypothesis for the access of information from semantic memory. They support a parallel, direct-access hypothesis.
Immune response to retinal antigens in patients with gyrate atrophy and other hereditary retinal dystrophies

PURPOSE: Gyrate atrophy (GA) is a rare hereditary disease that causes retinal destruction. Retinal damage in GA and other heredodegenerative diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) releases sequestered antigens and may trigger immune response to these molecules. Here, we studied the immune response to retinal antigens in patients with GA and RP and compared it with that of patients with inactive posterior uveitis and normal volunteers. Patients and methods : Peripheral blood was collected from 24 patients with RP, 10 patients with GA, 10 patients with inactive posterior uveitis, and 16 normal volunteers. Cell-mediated immune responses to human S-antigen (HS-Ag), bovine S-antigen (BS-Ag), and interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) were investigated by lymphocyte proliferation assay. In addition, serum levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) were studied by ELISA. Immunologic data were correlated with clinical and e...
Interchangeability of Phosphorylation Coupling Factors in Photosynthetic and Respiratory Energy Conversion

The nonsulfur purple photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas capsulata can obtain energy for growth either by anaerobic photophosphorylation or dark oxidative (aerobic) phosphorylation. Successful resolution of phosphorylation coupling factors from energy-converting membranes of this bacterium permitted tests for reciprocal function of such protein factors in oxidative-and photophosphorylation processes. Evidence was obtained for the interchangeability of coupling factor preparations from dark-grown and photosynthetically grown cells in both kinds of energy conversion.
FALLING OUT OF TRAINS.

Approximately ten cases have been documented of people falling out of the side exit doors of moving passenger trains throughout the US. Most of these individuals were elderly passengers and the events usually happened late at night. Amtrak has classified most of these accidents as individuals with mental disorders or suicidal tendencies. Legal actions at the present time have been dismissed by the courts due primarily to the lack of any witnesses to the events. An investigation was conducted of a passenger car allegedly involved in one of these accidents. A number of recommendations were made including: 1) a systems engineering study of the problem, 2) an interlock system which would prevent the side exit door locking handle from being activated while the train is in motion, 3) an “All Green Board” at the engineer's station to indicate that all doors on the train are locked before starting the train, 4) a protective translucent cover installed over the regular door handle to indicate the criticality of op...
Patent policies to fine tune commercialization of government-sponsored university research

Exploitation of intellectual property is widely seen as one of the major benefits of federally sponsored research in the United States. Yet patents or other private appropriation of the results of government-sponsored research can interfere with the transfer of new technologies to the private sector for commercial development. To resolve conflicts inherent in private appropriation of government research, university intellectual property protection seekers, laws, and the courts ought to be careful not to grant patent protection for university-based inventions that is too broad. Multiple and competitive sources of technology advance are socially preferable to a structure where there is only one or a few sources. Copyright , Beech Tree Publishing.
Crystal structure of mammalian cryptochrome in complex with a small molecule competitor of its ubiquitin ligase.

Crystal structure of mammalian cryptochrome in complex with a small molecule competitor of its ubiquitin ligase
The Importance of Education, Understanding, and Empirical Research in Social Work: The Nuts and Bolts of the Business

Over the past three decades, existing literature has demanded, and continues to demand, accountability in the delivery of social services through empirically based research and implementation of established norms: this is, and of itself, the true basis of social work. It is through these norms and empirically established models and theories of treatment that a social worker can really do what he/she wants to do: help the client. This article will describe the nuts and bolts of social work; i.e. those theories, models, and the established norms of practice. It is the desire of the author's that all social workers be educated in the nuts and bolts (basics) and that education will be based on empirical evidence that supports behavioral change through intervention and modification.
The use of 2-thionaphthyl acetate as a substrate for the localization and characterization of nonspecific esterase activity in rat alveolar and peritoneal macrophages

A 2-thionaphthyl acetate substrate was utilized to assess the subcellular distribution of nonspecific esterases in rat pulmonary alveolar and peritoneal macrophages. The enzymatically liberated 2-thionaphthol was visualized at pH 7.1 by utilizing gold as a capture agent. Glutaraldehyde-fixed macrophages derived from healthy animals using standard lavage techniques exhibited a high affinity for the substrate and reaction times were thus relatively short (30–60 min). Alveolar macrophages had heavy reaction product on the external surface of the plasma membrane and membranes limiting cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex and mitochondria. Only a thin layer of reaction density was observed associated with the limiting membranes of lysosomes and phagosomes. Peritoneal macrophages were similarly but much less intensely reactive, although they generally lacked or had very little plasma membrane-associated staining. The 2-thionaphthyl acetate esterase activities in both alveolar and peritoneal macrophages were sensitive to diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), while only the latter was inhibited by sodium fluoride. Polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing of whole cell homogenates indicated that the 2-thionaphthyl acetate esterase activity was the same as that for α-naphthyl acetate in these cells. The data indicate that a significantly different distribution of nonspecific esterase activity results with use of a 2-thionaphthyl acetate substrate in the presence of gold ions than that previously reported with other methods. The rapid penetrability and sensitivity of this substrate make it a potentially useful tool for evaluating subcellular localization of esterase activity and probing characteristics of cellular organelles.
Efficacy of I.V. or I.P. injected cytotoxic drugs on proliferating and non-proliferating hair follicles of the mouse

A range of drug doses of Adriamycin (ADR), Actinomycin-D (ACT-D), and Mitomycin-C (MMC) were given i.v. or i.p. to mice 1 day after a priming dose of radiation to elicit epilation response. The hair follicles were stimulated through plucking 11 days before irradiation or were unstimulated to represent proliferating and nonproliferating populations. The maximum epilation that appears at 8 days or at 8.5 weeks for proliferating and nonproliferating follicles was quantified using a subjective scale. In general, the i.v. route of administration was more effective than i.p. for all three drugs. Proliferating follicles were more susceptible than non-proliferating follicles to the action of drugs, especially ADR (p = .0001). Radiation doses which would give the same effect as ADR were calculated for proliferating follicles: 8 mg/kg given i.v. was equivalent to 4.6 (3.9, 5.2) Gy. For i.p. administration, 8 mg/kg was equivalent to only 0.6 (-0.1, 1.3) Gy. The in vivo assay of drug effect on hair follicles has advantages over LD10 as a model for toxicological investigation of new drugs: it can assess response of proliferating or non-proliferating cells of the same histotype and, in the case of proliferating follicles, it is quicker, thus enabling the use of doses higher than LD50 for bone marrow deaths.
Feature integrity monitoring for process control using a CD SEM

Rapidly accelerating technology roadmaps have put increased pressure on in-line process control. CDs measured by automated SEMs are a common element of in-line process control. However, CD measurements alone may not be enough in all cases for adequate process control. For instance, degradation of feature integrity that does not lead to out of control CDs in photo can lead to scrap after etch. The cost of scrap and loss of time to results associated with catching photo process drift with after etch inspection has forced the development of new tools to monitor feature integrity in the ADI CD inspection module. Likewise, partially closed vias that are not caught with etch CD inspection can have a negative impact on copper processes. We describe a feature integrity monitoring technique using an automated CD-SEM that occurs simultaneously with the CD measurement to monitor and detect process drift prior to out of control CD events. We further describe the implementation of this technique in a production environment.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Platelet activation in the postoperative period after lung transplantation

Objective During lung transplantation, cells in the pulmonary parenchyma are subjected to ischemia, hypothermic storage, and reperfusion injury. Platelets, whose granular contents include adhesion receptors, chemokines, and coactivating substances that activate inflammatory and coagulant cascades, likely play a critical role in the lung allograft response to ischemia and reperfusion. The platelet response to the pulmonary allograft, however, has never been studied. Here we report significant platelet activation immediately after lung transplantation. Methods We performed a prospective cohort study comparing markers of platelet activation in patients undergoing lung transplantation and patients undergoing nontransplant thoracotomy. Plasma levels of soluble P-selectin, soluble CD40 ligand, and platelet–leukocyte conjugates were measured before surgery, after skin closure, and at 6 postoperative hours. Results Both soluble P-selectin and soluble CD40 ligand levels increased significantly after lung transplantation but not after thoracotomy. Additionally, platelet–monocyte conjugate fluorescence was significantly higher after lung transplantation than after thoracotomy alone. Conclusion These findings suggest that platelet activation is significantly increased after lung transplantation beyond that expected from the postoperative state. The increase in circulating platelet–monocyte conjugates suggests an important interaction between platelets and inflammatory cells. Further research should examine whether platelet activation affects early graft function after lung transplantation.
A human laboratory study of the effects of quetiapine on subjective intoxication and alcohol craving

Rationale The available treatments for alcoholism are only modestly effective, and patients vary widely in their treatment response. Quetiapine, an atypical antipsychotic medication with antagonist activity at D1 and D2, 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A, H1, and α1 and α2 receptors was shown to promote abstinence, reduce drinking days, and reduce heavy drinking days in a 12-week double-blind placebo-controlled trial.
Syndrome de Delleman : prise en charge anesthésique

We herein report a case of a 5-year-old patient with Delleman Syndrome, a rare congenital disorder affecting the eyes, skin, and central nervous system, who underwent general anesthesia for conjuctivoplasty. This is only the second report of the anesthetic management of a patient with this condition. We attempt to summarize some of the anesthetic implications of this syndrome.
COAGULATION STUDIES ON PATIENTS WITH SICKLE CELL DISEASES

Repeated measurements of coagulation factor activities were done on blood from 16 patients with Sickle Cell Disease over a one year period. Sixty-two coagulation profiles were available for analysis during well periods and 12 profiles on 6 patients were obtained during painful crisis. The profiles included measurements of the prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, platelet count, quantitation of Factors I, II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, measurement of fibrin split products, fibrin monomer, and platelet aggregation with collagen ADP and epinephrine. Factor II was significantly lower than normal, platelet counts were significantly increased, and platelet aggregation with collagen epinephrine and ADP were impaired in approximately one-third of patients in. the absence of known injestion of platelet active drugs. Fibrin monomer as measured by radioactive amine incorporation (JCI 50:2235, 1971) was increased once in each of 4 patients but there were no increased levels of fibrin split products in the serum and no significant differences in results during well and painful crisis periods. Therefore, no evidence of chronic intravascular coagulation was found. The decreased concentration of prothrombin may be a result of liver impairment. The increased platelets and abnormal aggregation are unexplained.
PRODUCTION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE IN MICE AFTER REPEATED INJECTIONS OF DISRUPTED SPLEEN CELLS

1. Tolerance of male skin isografts has been regularly produced in female mice of the C57B1 strain sublines 1, 4, and 6 during adult life by repeated injection of completely disrupted spleen cells derived from male donors. The tolerant state is long-lasting since such grafts have remained in place more than 9 months. 2. Prolonged survival of homotransplants of skin has regularly been produced in DBA/2 mice during adult life by repeated injections of completely disrupted spleen cells from Balb/C donors. When injections of disrupted spleen cell material are continued over a sufficiently long period, permanent acceptance of the skin homografts may be obtained between these strains. 3. Immunological tolerance across even the strong H-2 histocompatibility barrier was obtained in the neonatal period and during adult life by repeated injection of disrupted spleen cell preparations. The tolerant state has been revealed by both mammary adenocarcinoma and skin homografting across this strong histocompatibility barrier. 4. In contradistinction to the tolerant state produced by injection of intact spleen cells in neonatal animals or during adult life or that produced by parabiotic union, the tolerance produced by repeated injection of disrupted spleen cell preparations cannot be transferred to syngenic neonatal mice with spleen cells of the tolerant animal. 5. The implications of these findings in transplantation biology and in consideration of the basic nature of tolerance are discussed.
The Effect of Certain Vitamin-Carrying Additions to a Normal Ration for Baby Chicks

Abstract Although some of the earliest work on vitamins was done with birds,1 the greater part of our information on the subject has been obtained with laboratory mammals. The extension to other species of the knowledge of vitamin requirements has been rather slow because of the difficulty in feeding highly purified rations to other species of laboratory animals than rats. It is generally accepted that vitamins A and B are necessary for the nutrition of all species, but the universal need for vitamin C and for the anti-rachitic vitamin (vitamin D) is not yet demonstrated. Since the ultimate source of all vitamins is the leaf of the plant, it is of doubtful value to draw too definite conclusions from experiments involving the addition of leaves of plants which carry all known vitamins, perhaps some yet unknown, proteins, etc. The impossibility of obtaining vitamin preparations free from other substances of importance in . . .
A fluorometric study of the interaction of bradykinin with lipids

The interaction of bradykinin (BK) with lipids has been followed by steady-state fluorescence measurements. Addition of either cerebroside sulfate (CS) or phosphatidylinositol (PI), solubilized with the nonionic surfactant C12E8, to BK or its analogue [Gly6]-BK enhances the relative fluorescence intensity of peptide emission at 288 nm. Fluorometric titration of the peptide with lipid has been used to quantitate the interactions in terms of stoichiometry and equilibrium constant. Job's method of continuous variation for the BK-CS interaction gave a stoichiometry of 1:2 for the complex. The value of the equilibrium constant, K, for the interaction of either BK or [Gly6]-BK with CS is 1.5·104 M−1. The BK-PI interaction is weaker; K=5.0·103M−1. Although electrostatic forces no doubt play a major role in these interactions, measurements on the model peptide Gly-Phe-Gly indicate that the phenylalanine residues of BK are disposed in the hydrophobic environment provided by the lipid-C12E8 mixed micelle. 13C-NMR measurements on [99%13CαGly6]-BK show that there is no change in its cis/trans ratio upon interaction with CS. The increase in the relative fluorescence intensity of BK accompanying its cooperative interaction with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) implicates the role of hydrophobic forces in this interaction as well. These results bear on the interpretation of the changes in circular dichroism (CD) of BK caused by SDS.
Organic polymer thin film phototransistors

We have investigated the effects of illumination, both broadband and monochromatic, on the electrical performance of organic polymer thin-film transistors (OP-TFTs). In each case, providing the illumination is sufficiently absorbed by the organic polymer, the drain current of a device biased in the OFF-state is significantly increased. We have observed increases in the OFF-state drain current as large as several orders of magnitude depending on the intensity of the incident illumination. Whereas, the drain current of a device biased in the strong accumulation regime is relatively unaffected by the incident illumination. The illumination also serves to decrease the threshold voltage and increase the subthreshold slope, but has little effect on the field-effect mobility of the charge carriers. We explain these effects in terms of the photo-carrier generation in the channel region of the device due to the incident illumination. We have also studied how our OP-TFTs respond to the turn-on and turn-off of gate bias under illumination and to the turn-on and turn-off of illumination at certain gate biases.
Capnographic Monitoring in Respiratory Emergencies

Children with respiratory diseases present commonly to the emergency department. As a continuous, dynamic measure of the ventilatory status, capnography can provide valuable information in the assessment and management of these patients. After a review of the relevant physiology and technology of carbon dioxide monitoring, clinical applications for the use of capnography in patients with respiratory illnesses are discussed. Characteristic waveforms are provided, and their interpretation and clinical significance are discussed. A focus on the current literature investigating the noninvasive monitoring of patients with obstructive lung disease is included. Practical tips for successfully using capnography are also presented.
Separation of 6-thiopurine derivatives on DEAE-sephadex columns and in the high-pressure liquid chromatograph.

Abstract Conditions are described for the separation of 6-thiopurine derivatives of pharmacological interest, both on large columns of DEAE-Sephadex A-25 by a modified procedure of C aldwell and in the Varian Aerograph LCS-1000 high-pressure liquid chromatograph. It was found that the triethylammonium acetate buffer, pH 4.7, used by C aldwell caused extensive degradation of 6-thiopurines containing an unsubstituted thiol group, and that this decomposition could be prevented by the addition of 10 mM β-mercaptoethanol. Elution profiles are presented for a number of synthetic 6 thiopurine derivatives investigated by these two chromatographic procedures.
‘Good pity’ in King Lear : The progress of Edgar

L'A. rapproche Shakerpeare et Montaigne dans leur scepticisme et leur apprehension de la complexite humaine et de sa condition
Cold-cavity measurement of optical loss from oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Microcavity laser design and performance optimization requires a quantitative knowledge of the cavity optical losses. A generalized method using sub-threshold spectral measurements matched to model calculations is demonstrated to determine optical loss in microcavity lasers. Cold-cavity spectral characteristics are used to extract the size-dependent optical loss for small diameter oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface emitting lasers. For oxide aperture diameters less than 4 μm, the oxide scattering loss can be greater than 10 cm−1, similar to the typical values of free carrier absorption loss.
Inhibition of malate dehydrogenase by platinum(II) complexes.

Abstract 1. 1. The reversible inhibition of malate dehydrogenase ( l -malate:NAD oxido reductase, EC 1.1.1.37) by the tetrabromoplatinate(II) and tetrachloroplatinate(II) ions have been studied through a pH range 6.5–8.5. The equilibrium dissociation constants for both of those ions at low concentrations (1–4 moles of ions per mole of enzyme) were calculated over the given pH range. 2. 2. The relative rates of inhibition by these ions were studied at higher concentrations (100 moles of ions per mole of enzyme). 3. 3. It was shown that the inhibition decreased for both ions with increasing pH in the equilibrium and rate experiments. 4. 4. Several possible mechanisms of inhibition based on these findings have been proposed. The first is based upon the fact that the enzyme becomes more negative with increasing pH, and the repulsive effect with a negative inhibitor ion increases. Secondly, the tetrabromoplatinate inhibits the enzyme at a rate of 6–8 times that of the tetrachloroplatinate. This parallels previous evidence23 which showed that bromide ligands are more labile than chloride ligands in platinum(II) complexes by about the same factor. Thus, it has been postulated that the inhibition takes place by a replacement of the halide ligand by a nucleophilic group on the enzyme. This group may be less accessable as the pH increases causing a reduction in the inhibition.
Effect of Shape Anisotropy on the Coercive Force of Elongated Single-Magnetic-Domain Iron Particles

Elongated single-magnetic-domain iron particles, 150 angstrom units in diameter, have been prepared with properties that definitely confirm the existence of a shape anisotropy effect on coercive force. This conclusion is based upon four observations: (1) Torque curve analysis shows the predominating anisotropy effect to be uniaxial. (2) With increasing particle elongation, the temperature coefficient of coercive force departs from the temperature coefficient of crystal anisotropy and approaches the temperature coefficient of saturation induction. (3) Coercive forces greater than 2000 oersteds for iron have been measured. (4) A direct correlation is observed between particle coercive force and elongation.
Addressing consumer grievances in medicine: policies and practices of newborn screening programs in the United States.

Newborn screening programs collectively administer the largest genetic testing initiative in the United States. The redress of grievances is an important mechanism for consumers to provide input into clinical and public health programs. In this study, we evaluated mechanisms for addressing consumer grievances in newborn screening programs. To do this, we surveyed all 50 state plus the District of Columbia newborn screening programs by questionnaire regarding protocols for receipt and redress of problems reported by parents of newborns and ascertained the existence and nature of complaints and how complaints were documented and addressed. Pertinent state and federal legislation and regulation were also reviewed. Six of 49 newborn screening programs reported having formal policies for handling consumer grievances. Four states reported having pertinent legislation or regulation. Thirty-eight of 49 states reported having received complaints from 1993 to 1995. Thirteen of 49 newborn screening programs reported...
The Certitudes and Uncertainties of Health Care Reform

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) of 2010 was signed into law by President Obama on March 23. This legislation has elicited much debate among policy experts and the public alike. No one knows exactly how this new complex law will play out, and objective evaluation of its effects is important. The American College of Physicians hopes that the legislation will advance key priorities on coverage, workforce, and payment and delivery system reform. The goal of the PPACA is to help provide affordable health insurance coverage to most Americans, improve access to primary care, and lower costs. This article discusses what the chances are that it will accomplish these objectives. It also explains many of the key provisions in the legislation and how they will affect both physicians and patients. Despite considerable uncertainty about the effects of this act, when compared with the status quo, it is an extraordinary achievement that will continue to evolve through its implementation.
Experience‐Based Issues in Construction Education

Universities continue to hire construction faculty that have inadequate or no construction experience. This is illogical considering that construction is a practical science and practical experience impacts the quality of construction education. This paper interprets professional codes of ethics and deduces the ethical impact of inadequate practical construction experience. The reasoning of classical philosophers is presented regarding the virtues of experience and its effect on intellectual virtues such as deliberation and judgment. Some special characteristics of construction experience are given, and the link between experience, leadership, and decision‐support systems is brought out in the construction context. Finally, a minimum level of construction experience is prescribed for faculty based on the conscience of responsibility and professional development. It is argued that this minimum level of experience should be a criteria for the admission of doctoral students. The role of the university and co...
Diamonds at high pressure

New calculations indicate that diamonds may not have any phase changes at pressures below 23×1011 N m−2 (23 Mbar) (M. T. Yin and M. I. Cohen, Physical Review Letters, 50, 2006, 1983). The importance of this result of course affects the applications of diamonds beyond their value as gem stones. Single crystal diamonds have served as very strong windows for the transmission of a range of radiation spectra in high-pressure experiments. The ultimate strength of diamonds, however, could mark the limit of experiments at 1 Mbar and higher pressures.
Concerning the valences of the cerium allotropes

Abstract An analysis of the metallic radii and magnetic susceptibility data concerning the α-, β-,γ-, and “α-γ Intermediate” phases of cerium has been made in order to estimate the metallic valences of these phases. At room temperature and pressure the metallic valences of β- and γ-Ce appear to be 3.06 ± 0.06. The valence of α-Ce depends upon pressure and temperature, at 116°K and 1 atm it is 3.67 ± 0.09 at 298°K and 7,670 atm, 3.54; and at the α γ critical point, 3.26. The valence of the “α-γ Intermediate” phase was estimated to be 3.20. No evidence was found to support the existence of a tetravalent state in metallic cerium. The results of several recent experiments, which appear to confirm a valence of 4 forα-Ce, have been re-examined and shown to be insufficiently accurate to distinguish between a valence of ~ 3.6 and 4 for α-Ce. A model, which accounts qualitatively for the observed facts, is proposed.
Heterogeneity of commercially available concanavalin A with respect to carbohydrate-binding ability.

Abstract Commercial concanavalin A contained three types of protein, which were separated by affinity chromatography on Sephadex G-50. One of them was a demetallized protein, the second was a protein with a weak affinity for Sephadex gel, and the third possessed full binding activity. Treatment of the concanavalin A with Mn2+ and Ca2+ rendered the protein homogeneous with respect to carbohydrate-binding ability.
Carbon dioxide is an effective anesthetic for multiple marine fish species

Abstract Fisheries research involving surgery is aided by, and sometimes requires, anesthesia, but health and safety regulations limit the anesthetic methods that can be used on species considered food fish. Carbon dioxide is one anesthetic that the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) tolerates when certain guidelines are met, and it complies with Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee protocols. But, there is very little published work that characterizes this compound's utility on marine fishes and no studies have compared its effectiveness across species or sizes. We used acetic acid and sodium carbonate to create a carbon dioxide rich sea water bath to induce anesthesia and measured induction time and recovery time for five species and several sizes of marine fishes. We found that carbon dioxide quickly and effectively anesthetized these marine fishes to stage-4 anesthesia, a level acceptable for minor surgery. Induction time was positively related to body size (total length or wet mass), but recovery time was independent of size. Using red drum, we also found differences between rested and fatigued individuals. These results provide needed documentation of the effectiveness of carbon dioxide on marine fishes and are useful for planning field studies that involve minor surgery on marine food fish.
Proving safety properties for a general communication protocol

As the practice of networking has become more widespread, the study of communications protocols has grown accordingly. At the same time, techniques for verification of message-passing networks have been developed to the point where they can now be used to prove safety properties about such protocols.In this paper, we discuss the problem of two processes which must communicate through some semi-reliable medium. In order for communication to take place, there must be some set of rules for acknowledging correctly received messages, called frames, and for retransmitting lost or damaged frames. Such a set of rules is called a communication protocol.We present a generalized communication data link layer protocol and give a proof using a technique recently proposed by Misra and Chandy [Misra81]. We also show that this protocol and proof include two very important special cases:1) the well-known Alternating Bit protocol, and2) the portion of the HDLC protocol dedicated to ensuring that packets are received, and that they are received in the correct order.The problem of verifying communication protocols, has been addressed by Stenning [Stenning76], and more recently by Hailpern [Hailpern8l]. Each of these protocols can be considered to be a special case of the one presented here. Hailpern also proves liveness of his algorithm, but uses temporal logic and explicit induction (on the number of messages) for proving both safety and liveness.We do not cover the proof of liveness in this paper. However, the proof technique can be extended for liveness proofs. For a discussion of this, the reader is referred to [Misra82].
Trialkylsilane Monolayers Covalently Attached to Silicon Surfaces: Wettability Studies Indicating that Molecular Topography Contributes to Contact Angle Hysteresis

Chemically grafted monolayers of trialkylsilanes were prepared by reaction of (primarily) alkyldimethylchlorosilanes with silicon wafers under three conditions: in the vapor phase at elevated temperature (60−70 °C), in toluene in the presence of ethyldiisopropylamine (EDIPA) at room temperature, in toluene/EDIPA at 60−70 °C. It was determined that reactions at the solution−solid interface are very slow in the later stages of the reaction and that long reaction times are necessary to achieve maximum bonding density. The bonding density is determined and can be controlled by the reaction conditions. The highest carbon content on the surface (assessed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) as well as the highest contact angles were obtained using vapor phase reactions. A series of nine H(CH2)nMe2Si− surfaces was prepared with n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, 12, 18, and 22. Water contact angles (θA/θR = ∼105°/∼94°) are independent of chain length, indicating that these surfaces project disordered methyl groups toward t...
Chemical glycosylation in the synthesis of glycoconjugate antitumour vaccines

Therapeutic vaccines derived from carbohydrate antigen-adjuvant combinations are a promising approach for cancer immunotherapy. One of the critical limitations in this area is access to sufficient quantities of tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens and glycoconjugate adjuvants. At present, availability of the complex oligosaccharide constructs that are needed for the systematic design and evaluation of novel vaccine formulations relies on de novo chemical synthesis. The use of both state-of-the-art and emerging glycosylation technologies has led to significant advances in this field, allowing the clinical exploration of carbohydrate-based antigens in the treatment of cancer.
Crystalline phases of poly(ethylene oxide) oligomers and sodium triflate: Changes in coordination and conformation with chain length

Crystalline phases of monoglyme:NaCF3SO3, diglyme:NaCF3SO3, and tetraglyme:NaCF3SO3 have been characterized by DSC, X-ray diffraction, and vibrational spectroscopy. Comparison of the structures allows for the investigation of the effect of the number of ethylene oxide units on local structure in these systems. The cation environments, anion environments, and glyme conformations of the three compounds are compared with each other and to the high molecular weight crystalline poly(ethylene oxide):NaCF3SO3 compound. The cation coordination number varies from 5 to 7 and consists of varying contributions of ether and triflate oxygens. Higher coordination numbers are observed with increasing numbers of ethylene oxide units. Similar conformational sequences are observed in the structures. The comparison of the vibrational spectra of the compounds reveal differences in the νs(SO3) and δs(CF3) modes related to the different potential energy environments of the triflate anion in the compounds.
Rapid concentration and purification of retrovirus by flocculation with Polybrene

We have previously shown that the combined addition of Polybrene (PB) and chondroitin sulfate C (CSC) to retrovirus stocks leads to the formation of retrovirus-polymer complexes (i.e., flocs) that rapidly sediment onto cells, increases the efficiency of gene transfer, and can be used to rapidly concentrate and purify retrovirus stocks. The viruses remain associated with the polyelectrolyte complexes, however, which may complicate their use in downstream applications. In this study we determined if retrovirus could be flocculated using only one polymer (PB). We found that when retrovirus stocks were incubated with 320 microg/ml of PB, more than 70% of the viruses, and fewer than 0.3% of all other proteins, were pelleted by low-speed centrifugation. In contrast to retrovirus complexes formed with two polymers, retrovirus flocculated with PB disaggregated when they were resuspended in fresh medium. We conclude that flocculation of retroviruses with a single cationic polymer (PB) is a useful method for rapidly concentrating and purifying retroviruses, and may prove particularly useful when it is desirable to generate purified virus that is not part of a polymer complex.
Left Ventricular Contractility Predicts How the End-Diastolic Pressure-Volume Relation Shifts During Pacing-Induced Ischemia in Dogs

Background Two types of ischemia, pacing-induced and coronary occlusion–induced, have different effects on left ventricular diastolic properties. During pacing-induced ischemia, the diastolic pressure-volume relation is said to shift upward, whereas during coronary occlusion, it is said to shift rightward or downward. However, recent studies have shown that the relation can shift in any direction during both types of ischemia. The purpose of this study was to identify determinants of the shift of the end-diastolic pressure-volume relation (EDPVR) during pacing-induced ischemia. Methods and Results We retrospectively analyzed 46 pacing-induced ischemia experiments performed in 15 open-pericardium anesthetized dogs. Pacing ischemia was induced by constricting left anterior descending and left circumflex coronary arteries and pacing the left atrium at 150 to 180 beats per minute for 3 minutes. Left ventricular volume was measured with a conductance catheter. Hemodynamics were recorded during baseline, corona...
Photoelectrochemical studies of thin films of monomer, dimer and trimer stacked-ring silicon phthalocyanines

Abstract Thin films of silicon phthalocyanines (SiPc) on SnO2 and Au substrates have been studied as photoelectrodes. These SiPc molecules were the same monomer, dimer and trimer stacked-ring Pc's (m-SiPc, d-SiPc and t-SiPc) which had been previously characterized by voltammetry in CH2Cl2 solutions. As thin solid films, the m-SiPc proved to yield high photocurrent quantum efficiencies for oxidation of hydroquinone and ferrocyanide, up to 10% at surface coverages below 40 equivalent monolayers. Transmission spectra and photoaction spectra, using frontside and backside illumination, showed that the m-SiPc films consisted of at least two distinguishable phases on the SnO2 surface where as d-SiPc and t-SiPc films appeared to consist of only one phase at all coverages, d-SiPc and t-SiPc films on SnO2 substrates photoenhanced the reduction of benzoquinone over the oxidation of hydroquinone, while on m-SiPc on SnO2, the hydroquinone oxidation was preferentially photoenhanced. The two phases of m-SiPc on SnO2 appear to be first deposited as a porous, ordered photoactive phase of less than 100 equivalent monolayer thickness, and second as a randomly oriented phase, with lower photoactivity. This last phase filters light incident first on the m-SiPc/electrolyte interface, producing a photocurrent strongly dependent upon illumination direction.