cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comprehension of indirect requests by persons with fluent aphasia.

Summary.-This study examined the judgments and response latencies of 10 parcicipants with aphasia and 10 participants without aphasia for responses to indirect requests. Modals such as colt and should were drawn from 5 indirect request categories. There was a signiEicant diHerence in judgment errors and response latency between participants with and without aphasia. There were no significant merences between aphasic participants' judgments for literal versus nonliteral contrasts. There was a significant effect among the modals and among the categories of indirect requests. Response latency reflected aphasic participants' understanding of these indirect requests. Indirect requests represent sentences that do not &redy convey a speaker's meaning or intent. In contrast to a direct request for action, e.g., "Pass the bread," indirect requests convey a request for action while tahg the form of a question, e.g., "Can you pass the bread?" or a statement, "That cookie sure looks good." Consequently, a listener must evaluate what is said versus what is being conveyed or meant by a speaker (Grice, 1975). Searle (1975) posited that an indirect request requires at least five steps to understand that (a) a question has been asked regarding the listener's ability to perform a requested action, (b) a speaker has a particular goal in mind, (c) a speaker knows that the listener can and wd perform the action, (d) a speaker is not producing a question, and (e) a speaker is requesting that an action be performed. These steps may add to the processing time required to understand a speaker's utterance, in contrast to the time required to process a direct request. Pragmatics refers to the system that combines che form of language (phonology, morphology, and syntax) and the content of language (semantics) into functional and socially appropriate comprehension. It involves eye contact with the listener, topic maintenance, turn-taking, modulation of loudness, proper decorum in the communicativesetting, facial and bodily gestures that reflect the mood, proper use of register, and the provision of information to the listener (Prutting & Kirchner, 1987). Aphasic adults with left brain damage tend to have verbal pragmatic deficits (such as problems
Uncovering and Treating Sex Addiction in Couples Therapy

Sex addiction is elusive and often undetected in couples' therapy. Although not as obvious as other addictions, its effects can be just as damaging. The meaning of sex addiction and its implications for couples therapy are explored. Specifically, the etiology is broken down into several different aspects: intergenerational factors, cultural distortions, and sex addiction and the couple. Assessment of sex addition is disclosed along with the signs of sex addiction. Eleven general categories are listed as well as the treatment options and different stages of addiction. Case histories are given to illustrate the impact of sex addiction on the couple subsystem. Research and future develops are also discussed along with its limitations.
95 HOW FLOWS THE MILK OF HUMAN KINDNESS

Establishment of a human milk supply is the sine qua non for the development of a Human Milk Bank. In response to a plea for donors, 568 lactating mothers volunteered to donate milk to the NSUH Human Milk Bank without financial recompense. Of the 568 volunteers, 309 failed to complete the medical screening process; 97 never submitted the medical forms; and 4 completed the medical screening process but were dropped for medical reasons, leaving 158 qualified donors. Of the 158, 81 actually donated milk. All were white; 52% were between 26-30 years of age; 35% were working mothers of which 41% were registered nurses. Seventy-five of the 81 donors donated 2,813 ounces of milk (37%) while 6 donated 4,765 ounces or 63% of the total milk received! The longest time a donor supplied milk was 10 months. By the end of the first 10 months, 59 of the 81 donors had abandoned the effort, for a drop-out rate of 73% in 10 months. The milk of human kindness is hard to find and depends upon the generosity of a few dedicated individuals.
Eating beyond satiety and body mass index

OBJECTIVE: To examine discrete eating behaviours as predictors of body mass and psychological processes through which these behaviours might lead to increased body mass. METHOD: Three hundred and twenty-nine undergraduate females filled out questionnaires on eating beyond satiety (EBS), snacking, night eating, and hunger as well as the process variables — eating expectancies and self-reported cue reactivity — in an online study. The eating behaviours were regressed on body mass index and mediation analyses were conducted for the process variables. RESULTS: EBS was the strongest predictor of body mass when the other eating behaviours were controlled. The process variables did not mediate the relationship between EBS and body mass. DISCUSSION: EBS may be a discrete variable on which to intervene to prevent and treat overweight and obesity. Further research is needed to elucidate the situational and affective antecedents of EBS.
Barebacking, the Internet, and harm reduction: an intercept survey with gay and bisexual men in Los Angeles and New York City.

Researchers have suggested that intentional unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) among gay and bisexual men (colloquially called barebacking), is on the rise. Further, they have linked this increase in barebacking to the growth of the Internet as a medium for men to meet sex partners. Data were used from large-scale gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) community events in New York and Los Angeles collected between 2003 and 2004. In total 1178 men who have sex with men (MSM) responded to questions about the use of the Internet, willingness to have unplanned UAI, intentions toward planned UAI, and “barebacker identity.” Compared to nonbarebackers, barebackers spent significantly more time on the Internet looking for sex and looking for dates. Further, HIV-positive barebackers specifically spent the most time online looking for dates. Further analyses of willingness and intentions to have UAI, and the specific sexual behaviors of self-identified barebackers, found evidence of strategic positioning and serosorting, both harm reduction strategies. These data suggest both HIV-positive and HIV-negative barebackers may be engaged in efforts to reduce the risk of HIV transmission when engaged in unprotected sex.
The redox centers of xanthine oxidase are on independent structural domains of the enzyme.

Abstract Xanthine oxidase employs four electron transport sites (flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), molybdenum, and two FeS centers) in catalyzing a variety of redox reactions. To determine whether the redox sites reside in independent domains of the enzyme, the temperature of heat inactivation of each site's catalytic activity was determined, except that no attempt was made to distinguish between the two FeS sites. In the oxidase form of xanthine oxidase, the order of thermal stabilities was Mo > FAD > FeS, while after conversion to its dehydrogenase form the above ranking was Mo > FeS > FAD. The small but reproducible difference in heat inactivation temperatures among the redox sites demonstrated that the sites are located in separate domains of the enzyme. To confirm the above segregation of redox centers, the temperature of heat-induced release of each redox cofactor from its site on the enzyme was examined. These temperatures were found to be different for each redox cofactor and agreed closely with the heat inactivation temperatures measured above. The data thus demonstrate that both heat inactivation and cofactor release derive from thermal unfolding of independent domains. Using a technique termed “thermal digestion analysis,” the FAD domain was located in a ≈42,000-Da tryptic fragment, while the FeS and Mo domains were isolated in a trypsin-resistant 92,000-Da fragment. We conclude that xanthine oxidase is constructed in modular fashion with the redox sites located in independent structural domains.
Methods of Motor Current Signature Analysis

ABSTRACT Recently a technique for monitoring and diagnosing mechanical problems, associated with rotating machines driven by electric motors, has been proposed and is now being offered by several commercial suppliers. This technique, known as “Motor Current Signature Analysis” or MCSA, seeks to apply much of the long experience in vibration signature analysis to the analysis of motor current in effect using the motor as a sensor akin to an acceleromeier This paper explores some of the history of the technique, presents several examples, and demonstrates a first order approach to the theory with associated cautions.
Improving employee service levels through identifying sources of customer satisfaction.

Abstract A major source of satisfaction for customers of hospitality operations is the service employees provide. In order for employees to be trained to perform activities which provide customer satisfaction, it is necessary for the hospitality manager to determine what service actions bring about satisfaction. The major thrust of this article is to describe an objective approach for designing an instrument that may be used to identify components of customer satisfaction. The identification of these specific measurable behaviours will be a great asset to hospitality managers in training and evaluating their employees, ultimately leading to a higher level of customer satisfaction.
The gas analysis modeling system (GAMS)

This paper gives an overview of a large integrated model of the natural gas industry in the United States. The system described has been used to evaluate the impacts of natural gas legislation before the U.S. Congress. Many common operations research tools such as linear programming, dynamic programming and network flow theory are used at various stages in the model.
Determination of the moisture content of vital and pulpless teeth

Abstract Restorative dentists have the clinical impression that endodontically treated teeth are more friable and fracture more easily. The object of this study was to determine the water content of pulpless teeth as one of the possible factors contributing toward tooth brittleness. Extirpation of pulps from dog teeth was followed by extraction of the teeth after predetermined time intervals so that the value for the water content could be plotted against time. The total water content of each tooth was divided into the free water and bound water. The free water was determined gravimetrically. The bound water was tested by a Differential Thermal Analysis, which graphically reproduced the total moisture content of the calcified tissues. There was 9 per cent less moisture in the calcified tissues of pulpless teeth than in those of vital teeth.
Evaporative cooling in the rat: interaction with heat loss from the tail.

There are two major thermolytic responses of rats to inescapable heat stress: cutaneous vasodilatation and grooming behavior. The former response increases heat loss by radiation, conduction, and convection, primarily from vascularized exposed surfaces such as the tail, and depends upon the positive thermal gradient between the rat and its environment that occurs at ambient temperatures of 32–40°C. The latter response increases heat loss by evaporation of saliva groomed onto body surfaces and becomes increasingly important as ambient temperatures approach 40–41°C and the positive thermal gradient diminishes. These two mechanisms are not independent of one another. For example, rats develop more pronounced hyperthermia following surgical removal of salivary function, thereby increasing the positive thermal gradient and facilitating heat loss. Similarly, rats increase evaporative cooling by salivary grooming following amputation of the tail. Removal of either saliva or the tail impairs the rat's ability to regulate body temperature, while removal of both leaves the rat most vulnerable to heat stress.
Evidence for Intersubunit Communication during Acetyl-CoA Cleavage by the Multienzyme CO Dehydrogenase/Acetyl-CoA Synthase Complex from Methanosarcina thermophila EVIDENCE THAT THE β SUBUNIT CATALYZES C–C AND C–S BOND CLEAVAGE

The carbon monoxide dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase (CODH/ACS) from Methanosarcina thermophila is part of a five-subunit complex consisting of α, β, γ, δ, and e subunits. The multienzyme complex catalyzes the reversible oxidation of CO to CO2, transfer of the methyl group of acetyl-CoA to tetrahydromethanopterin (H4MPT), and acetyl-CoA synthesis from CO, CoA, and methyl-H4MPT. The α and e subunits are required for CO oxidation. The γ and δ subunits constitute a corrinoid iron-sulfur protein that is involved in the transmethylation reaction. This work focuses on the β subunit. The isolated β subunit contains significant amounts of nickel. When proteases truncate the β subunit, causing the CODH/ACS complex to dissociate, the amount of intact β subunit correlates directly with the EPR signal intensity of Cluster A and the activity of the CO/acetyl-CoA exchange reaction. Our results strongly indicate that the β subunit harbors Cluster A, a NiFeS cluster, that is the active site of acetyl-CoA cleavage and assembly. Although the β subunit is necessary, it is not sufficient for acetyl-CoA synthesis; interactions between the CODH and the ACS subunits are required for cleavage or synthesis of the C–C bond of acetyl-CoA. We propose that these interactions include intramolecular electron transfer reactions between the CODH and ACS subunits.
Managing Faults for Distributed Workflows over Grids

Grid applications composed of multiple, distributed jobs are common areas for applying Web-scale workflows. Workflows over grid infrastructures are inherently complicated due to the need to both functionally assure the entire process and coordinate the underlying tasks. Often, these applications are long-running, and fault tolerance becomes a significant concern. Transparency is a vital aspect to understanding fault tolerance in these environments.
Systematic evaluation of psychometric properties of the Cognition Checklist with college students.

This study included revision and systematic examination of the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Cognition Checklist. Two separate samples of college undergraduates participated. Analysis showed that all the models reported previously in the literature fitted the data poorly for Sample 1 (n = 220). Principal components and maximum likelihood exploratory analyses of the responses of the 220 students yielded two moderately correlated factors. Using data from Sample 2 (n = 288), LISREL confirmatory factor analyses showed that the two-factor oblique model provided adequate fit to the observed data. Estimates of internal consistency were .88 and .71. Preliminary normative, convergent, and divergent validity data are reported. In addition, directions for research are discussed.
Secure distributed source coding with side-information

This letter develops codes for the scenario in which users with correlated messages are to encipher and compress their messages without collaboration and without the use of cryptographic keys or other secret materials. We consider an eavesdropper that has access to an encoded message and in addition, some side-information in the form of uncoded symbols corresponding to the encoded message. Our codes are an extension of distributed source coding using syndromes (DISCUS) with the additional requirement of providing secrecy for the scenario described above. We state a secrecy condition that the subcodes of DISCUS must satisfy, and develop a general encoding algorithm meeting these conditions. We analyze the performance of the proposed code for the case of multiple eavesdropped messages.
Super-TC: an efficient generic algorithm for processing the instantiated transitive-closure queries in deductive database systems

A generic algorithm is presented, suitable for processing an important class of recursive queries, the so-called instantiated transitive-closure (TC) queries. The most important characteristics of this algorithm is that it reads any data-page from the system's disk at most once, i.e., the worst-case I/O behavior of this algorithm is linear with respect to the number of pages storing the database. Several variants, each with a different main-memory requirement, to the super-TC algorithm as well as a comparative performance evaluation of these variants are presented. The super-TC variant with minimum main-memory requirement is determined. A comparison of this variant with the more traditional delta -wavefront algorithm reveals the superiority of the super-TC variant, which is up to seven times faster. >
Does diagnostic delay result in decreased survival in paediatric brain tumours

To study the hypothesis that a delay in the diagnosis of paediatric brain tumours results in decreased survival outcome probability, we compared the prediagnostic period of 315 brain tumour patients (median age 6.7 years, range, 0 to 16 years) with progression-free and overall survival. The median prediagnostic symptomatic interval was 60 days (range, 0 to 3,480 days), with a median parental delay of 14 days (range, 0 to 1,835 days) and a median doctor's delay of 14 days (range, 0 to 3,480 days). The prediagnostic symptomatic interval correlated significantly with the patient age, tumour histology, tumour location and year of diagnosis, but not with gender. We then grouped the patients according to histology (low-grade glioma [n=77], medulloblastoma [n=57], high-grade glioma [n=40], craniopharyngioma [n=27], ependymoma [n=20] and germ cell tumours [n=18]). Contrary to common belief, long prediagnostic symptomatic interval or long doctor's delay did not result in decreased survival outcome probability in any of these groups. The effect of tumour biology on survival seems to be dominant and overwhelms any possible opposing effect on survival of a delay in diagnosis.
Enhanced autonomic shutdown of Li-ion batteries by polydopamine coated polyethylene microspheres

Thermally triggered autonomic shutdown of a Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery is demonstrated using polydopamine (PDA)-coated polyethylene microspheres applied onto a battery anode. The microspheres are dispersed in a buffered 10 mM dopamine salt solution and the pH is raised to initiate the polymerization and coat the microspheres. Coated microspheres are then mixed with an aqueous binder, applied onto a battery anode surface, dried, and incorporated into Li-ion coin cells. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy are used to verify the presence of the polydopamine on the surface of the microspheres. Scanning electron microscopy is used to examine microsphere surface morphology and resulting anode coating quality. Charge and discharge capacity, as well as impedance, are measured for Li-ion coin cells as a function of microsphere content. Autonomous shutdown is achieved by applying 1.7 mg cm
Assessing the Application of Tissue Microarray Technology to Kidney Research

Tissue microarray (TMA) is a new high-throughput method that enables simultaneous analysis of the profiles of protein expression in multiple tissue samples. TMA technology has not previously been adapted for physiological and pathophysiological studies of rodent kidneys. We have evaluated the validity and reliability of using TMA to assess protein expression in mouse and rat kidneys. A representative TMA block that we have produced included: (1) mouse and rat kidney cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla fixed with different fixatives; (2) rat kidneys at different stages of development fixed with different fixatives; (3) mouse and rat kidneys with different physiological or pathophysiological treatments; and (4) built-in controls. As examples of the utility, immunostaining for cyclooxygenase-2, renin, Tamm Horsfall protein, aquaporin-2, connective tissue growth factor, and synaptopodin was carried out with kidney TMA slides. Quantitative analysis of cyclooxygense-2 expression in kidneys confirms that individual cores provide meaningful representations comparable to whole-kidney sections. These studies show that kidney TMA technique is a promising and useful tool for investigating the expression profiles of proteins of interest in rodent kidneys under different physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
Experiments in Graph-Based Semi-Supervised Learning Methods for Class-Instance Acquisition

Graph-based semi-supervised learning (SSL) algorithms have been successfully used to extract class-instance pairs from large unstructured and structured text collections. However, a careful comparison of different graph-based SSL algorithms on that task has been lacking. We compare three graph-based SSL algorithms for class-instance acquisition on a variety of graphs constructed from different domains. We find that the recently proposed MAD algorithm is the most effective. We also show that class-instance extraction can be significantly improved by adding semantic information in the form of instance-attribute edges derived from an independently developed knowledge base. All of our code and data will be made publicly available to encourage reproducible research in this area.
A true single-phase 8-bit adiabatic multiplier

This paper presents the design and evaluation of an 8-bit adiabatic multiplier. Both the multiplier core and its built-in self-test logic have been designed using a true single-phase adiabatic logic family. Energy is supplied to the adiabatic circuitry via a sinusoidal power-clock waveform that is generated on-chip. In HSPICE simulations with post-layout extracted parasitics, our design functions correctly at clock frequencies exceeding 200 MHz. The total dissipation of the multiplier core and self-test circuitry approaches 130 pJ per operation at 200 MHz. Our 11,854-transistor chip has been fabricated in a 0.5 /spl mu/m standard CMOS process with an active area of 0.470 mm/sup 2/. Correct chip operation has been validated for operating frequencies up to 130 MHz, the limit of our experimental setup. Measured dissipation correlates well with HSPICE simulations.
Characterization of articulation of the lumbar facets in the human cadaveric spine using a facet-based coordinate system.

Abstract Background context The three-joint-complex, which includes the two facet joints and the intervertebral disc, significantly directs the movement of the lumbar spine. When studying the biomechanics of this complex, kinematics have traditionally been measured relative to a vertebral body-based reference frame. Recently, a facet-based reference system has been used to describe the same motions, but relative to the facets. Purpose To describe in-plane and out-of-plane motion during flexion-extension (FE), lateral bending (LB), and axial rotation (AR) in the lumbar facets of cadaveric spines. Study design Biomechanical in vitro study. Methods Seven fresh-frozen and noninstrumented human cadaveric lumbar spines from L1 to sacrum were tested in FE, AR, and LB. Three coordinate systems were assigned to each vertebral body from L1 to L5: one corresponding to the vertebral body reference frame (X, Y, Z) and two corresponding to the left and right facet reference frames (A, B, C). The facet-based reference frame was aligned to each facet surface to provide descriptions of in-plane (articulation) and out-of-plane (separation) motion. For each of the three modes of loading, the magnitude of the translational range of motion (ROM) vector was calculated for the three reference frames. Results During FE, there was a significant difference in the magnitude of the translational ROM vector of the right facet as compared with the vertebral body at L1–L2. During AR, there was a significant difference between the magnitude of translational ROM vector at L2–L3, L3–L4, L4–L5, and L1–L2 trended toward significance. During LB, there was a significant difference in the magnitude of the translational ROM vector at L1–L2, L2–L3, L3–L4, and L4–L5. Conclusions A facet-based reference frame accounts for variations in facet orientation and provides a valuable characterization of facet articulation and separation that is not possible to derive from translations in a vertebral body–based reference frame.
Face recognition algorithms and the other-race effect: computational mechanisms for a developmental contact hypothesis

People recognize faces of their own race more accurately than faces of other races. The “contact” hypothesis suggests that this “other-race effect” occurs as a result of the greater experience we have with own- versus other-race faces. The computational mechanisms that may underlie different versions of the contact hypothesis were explored in this study. We replicated the other-race effect with human participants and evaluated four classes of computational face recognition algorithms for the presence of an other-race effect. Consistent with the predictions of a developmentalcontact hypothesis, “experience-based models” demonstrated an other-race effect only when the representational system was developed through experience that warped the perceptual space in a way that was sensitive to the overall structure of the model’s experience with faces of different races. When the model’s representation relied on a feature set optimized to encode the information in the learned faces, experience-based algorithms recognized minority-race faces more accurately than majority-race faces. The results suggest a developmental learning process that warps the perceptual space to enhance the encoding of distinctions relevant for own-race faces. This feature space limits the quality of face representations for other-race faces.
Beyond Wikipedia: coordination and conflict in online production groups

Online production groups have the potential to transform the way that knowledge is produced and disseminated. One of the most widely used forms of online production is the wiki, which has been used in domains ranging from science to education to enterprise. We examined the development of and interactions between coordination and conflict in a sample of 6811 wiki production groups. We investigated the influence of four coordination mechanisms: intra-article communication, inter-user communication, concentration of workgroup structure, and policy and procedures. We also examined the growth of conflict, finding the density of users in an information space to be a significant predictor. Finally, we analyzed the effectiveness of the four coordination mechanisms on managing conflict, finding differences in how each scaled to large numbers of contributors. Our results suggest that coordination mechanisms effective for managing conflict are not always the same as those effective for managing task quality, and that designers must take into account the social benefits of coordination mechanisms in addition to their production benefits.
Suppression of Regulatory T Cells by IL-12p40 Homodimer via Nitric Oxide

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a pivotal role in the maintenance of homeostasis between immune response and immune tolerance. The transcription factor Foxp3 and the surface protein CD25 are the two key molecules characterizing Tregs. In autoimmune and various other chronic inflammatory diseases, the expression of Foxp3 is severely down-regulated. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the down-regulation of Foxp3 is not understood yet. Because the IL-12p40 homodimer (p40(2)) is markedly up-regulated in response to various inflammatory stimuli, the present study was undertaken to explore the role of p40(2) in the regulation of Foxp3 in naive mouse splenocytes. IL-12p40(2) dose-dependently inhibited the expression of Foxp3 and CD25, but not CD4. Interestingly, this inhibition was absent in splenocytes of IL-12Rbeta1(-/-), but not IL-12Rbeta2(-/-), mice. Moreover, suppression of Foxp3 in wild-type and IL-12Rbeta2(-/-) splenocytes was accompanied by production of NO. Consistently, l-N(6)-(1-iminoethyl)-lysine hydrochloride, an inhibitor of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and PTIO, a scavenger of NO, restored the expression of Foxp3 and CD25 in p40(2)-stimulated splenocytes, and p40(2) was unable to down-regulate Foxp3 and CD25 in splenocytes from iNOS(-/-) mice. Furthermore, NO, but not p40(2), was able to inhibit Foxp3 in purified CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells in the absence of iNOS-expressing cells. Hence, our results clearly demonstrate that p40(2) induces NO production via IL-12Rbeta1 and that NO subsequently suppresses Tregs in naive mouse splenocytes. This study, therefore, delineates an unprecedented biological function of p40(2) in the regulation of Foxp3 via IL-12Rbeta1-mediated NO production.
Dynamics of quasioptical Josephson junction arrays for submillimeter coherent sources

The dynamics of the quasi-optical two-dimensional Josephson junction arrays for oscillators is investigated. Numerical time-domain simulations of small-scale parallel arrays were performed. It is found that the DC biasing circuit determines the states of these arrays. It is also found that other states exist in which parts of the array operate in phase. The authors investigate the sensitivity of in-phase states to variations in junction critical currents and to nonvanishing fluctuations. It is found that the DC self-field effects do not provide a stable phase-locking mechanism and that RF interactions are necessary for locking the array in phase. >
Improved resolution for 3-D position sensitive CdZnTe spectrometers

Two three-dimensional position sensitive CdZnTe gamma-ray spectrometers based on VAS2/TAT2 ASICs were constructed and fully tested. Each 1.5/spl times/1.5/spl times/1 cm/sup 3/ CdZnTe detector employs 11/spl times/11 pixelated anodes. Each pixel location provides the interaction's lateral coordinates, while the cathode/anode signal ratio and the electron drift time are both used to obtain the interaction depth. Data-acquisition and processing software were developed to perform calibration and real-time spectroscopy. An energy resolution of 1.11% full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) at 662 keV was obtained for single-pixel events from the 120 working pixels of one detector, and an energy resolution of 1.14% FWHM was obtained on the other detector. Significant progress in improving energy resolution for multiple pixel events has been realized. The energy resolutions at 662 keV for two-pixel events and three-pixel events were 1.57% FWHM and 2.13% FWHM, respectively.
Uses and Misuses of the Concept of Ethnicity in Alcohol Studies: An Essay in Deconstruction

The importance of ethnicity in relation to patterns of alcohol use and its outcomes is widely recognized but imprecisely reported. A deconstructionist approach analyzes five dominant models of ethnicity: as bureaucratic category, race, national heritage, religion, and special population. Each usage is found to be imprecise and unreliable, and many of the usages are garbled, with inappropriate comparisons commonly made among them. Despite methodological weaknesses in scientific terms, many such studies have been insightful and have offered useful support for the importance of sociocultural factors. Further specification of the nature of ethnicity, emphasizing social learning about alcohol, with increasing attention to intraethnic variation, holds promise for increasing our understanding. [Translations are provided. See the International Abstracts at the end of the issue.]
Alcoholic liver injury: experimental models in rats and baboons.

A model has been developed for the administration to rats and baboons of ethanol as part of a nutritionally adequate liquid diet. With this regimen, ethanol intake was much higher than with conventional procedures. All animals gained or maintained their body weight, and liver morphology was normal in the controls. Isocaloric substitution of carbohydrate by ethanol (36% of total calories in rats and 50% in baboons) resulted in the production of fatty liver in all animals, while the baboons also developed alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis with increased activities of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase. Inebriation and manifestation of dependence upon withdrawal of the diet were observed in baboons and quantitated in the rat. Chemical alterations produced by ethanol at the fatty liver stage were characterized by hyperlipemia, striking triglyceride accumulation in the liver and enhanced activities of microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes, including the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEUS). Ultrastructural changes of the mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum were already present at the fatty liver stage and persisted throughout the hepatitis and cirrhosis. The lesions were similar to those observed in alcoholics (including the inflammation and the central sclerosis), and differed strikingly from the alterations produced by other models of liver injury. In showing that all aspects of liver injury observed in alcoholics can be reproduced in animals by the feeding of pure ethanol with an adequate diet, this study incriminates ethanol itself as a cause for the hepatic complications. This new experimental model is proposed as a tool for the study of the pathogenesis and treatment of alcoholic liver injury and dependence.
Paulie's Pastries

In this case, the owners of a family bakery must determine a baking schedule to reduce operational costs for supplying pastries. From the demand and production information given, students must determine a schedule that reduces inventory and approaches single-piece flow. The case can be used as a vehicle to reinforce the scheduling concepts found in the book The Gold Mine.
Fetal Tissue Fallout

The duty of care is a fundamental principle of medicine that should be at the heart of the debate surrounding Planned Parenthood and fetal tissue research. And that duty includes taking advantage of avenues of hope for current and future patients.
Racial Profiling in Decisions to Search: A Preliminary Analysis Using Propensity-Score Matching:

The objective of the present study was to understand if racial and/or ethnic backgrounds are causal factors in a police officer's decision to search individuals during traffic stops. Using the Police-Public Contact Survey and propensity-score matching, the study results indicate that Blacks are significantly more likely to be searched than Whites. There were no differences, however, in searches between Hispanics and Whites. These findings suggest that race, but not ethnicity, appears to be a causal factor in a police officer's decision to search. The implications of this finding, along with directions for future research, are also discussed.
Taxonomic and Ecological Characteristics of Crop Pests in Colorado

Pest species assemblages associated with vegetable, field and forage, ornamental, fruit, and tree crops in Colorado were surveyed. Analysis of species richness on crop plants indicated that the insect orders Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Homoptera contained most crop pests. The insect family with the most pest species was Aphididae. Total pest species richness was correlated with major pest species richness. Frequently occurring species were determined for each crop type; there was little overlap among dominant pest species assemblages. Foliage- and stem-feeding pests were more common than trunk-, fruit-, and root-feeding species. Polyphagous species comprised ca. 70% of the species in crop pest species assemblages. but only about one-third of the total pest species list. Sequential evolution may be more common than coevolution in crop systems, due to artificial selection pressure imposed by plant breeders.
Female Erotic Passion: Toward Sex As You Like It

In As You Like It, Orlando, in one of his poems, briefly compares Rosalind, his beloved, to Cleopatra, among other models of female excellence. In his poetic fancy, ‘heaven Nature charged / That one body should be filled / With all graces wide-enlarged’, so ‘Nature presently distilled / Helen’s cheek, but not her heart, / Cleopatra’s majesty, / Atalanta’s better part’, and ‘Sad Lucretia’s modesty’ (III. ii. 139–45). Upon reading this poem, Rosalind, in male disguise as Ganymede, describes it to Celia as a ‘tedious homily of love’ (II. ii. 153–4), and when she encounters him, still disguised, later in this scene, she will begin to disabuse him of his tendency to love his projected image of his lady-love rather than a flesh-and-blood person, but in some sense Orlando was right in his comparison: Rosalind is the female character in Shakespeare’s comedies who, I believe, comes closest to achieving the ‘majesty’ of Cleopatra’s passion as well as her androgyny, making her the most successful among the comedies’ women in her quest for sex as she would like it.
Distributed intelligent manufacturing scheduling system: continuing development

ReDS, a distributed intelligent manufacturing scheduling system, was initially designed as a requirement-driven scheduling system and has evolved into a real-time distributed scheduling system. It is currently running at several VLSI manufacturing sites. The authors trace its development history and analyze the present system architecture for future system development. This report paper provides: (1) the development history of ReDS, (2) the distributed intelligent system approach of ReDS, and (3) the future research for the next generation of ReDS. >
Home use of a bihormonal bionic pancreas versus insulin pump therapy in adults with type 1 diabetes: a multicentre randomised crossover trial.

Summary Background The safety and effectiveness of a continuous, day-and-night automated glycaemic control system using insulin and glucagon has not been shown in a free-living, home-use setting. We aimed to assess whether bihormonal bionic pancreas initialised only with body mass can safely reduce mean glycaemia and hypoglycaemia in adults with type 1 diabetes who were living at home and participating in their normal daily routines without restrictions on diet or physical activity. Methods We did a random-order crossover study in volunteers at least 18 years old who had type 1 diabetes and lived within a 30 min drive of four sites in the USA. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) in blocks of two using sequentially numbered sealed envelopes to glycaemic regulation with a bihormonal bionic pancreas or usual care (conventional or sensor-augmented insulin pump therapy) first, followed by the opposite intervention. Both study periods were 11 days in length, during which time participants continued all normal activities, including athletics and driving. The bionic pancreas was initialised with only the participant's body mass. Autonomously adaptive dosing algorithms used data from a continuous glucose monitor to control subcutaneous delivery of insulin and glucagon. The coprimary outcomes were the mean glucose concentration and time with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) glucose concentration less than 3·3 mmol/L, analysed over days 2–11 in participants who completed both periods of the study. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02092220. Findings We randomly assigned 43 participants between May 6, 2014, and July 3, 2015, 39 of whom completed the study: 20 who were assigned to bionic pancreas first and 19 who were assigned to the comparator first. The mean CGM glucose concentration was 7·8 mmol/L (SD 0·6) in the bionic pancreas period versus 9·0 mmol/L (1·6) in the comparator period (difference 1·1 mmol/L, 95% CI 0·7–1·6; p Interpretation Relative to conventional and sensor-augmented insulin pump therapy, the bihormonal bionic pancreas, initialised only with participant weight, was able to achieve superior glycaemic regulation without the need for carbohydrate counting. Larger and longer studies are needed to establish the long-term benefits and risks of automated glycaemic management with a bihormonal bionic pancreas. Funding National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases of the National Institutes of Health, and National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences.
Ion beam-induced hydroxylation controls molybdenum disulfide growth

2D materials, such as graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides, are a promising class of nanomaterials for next generation electronics, photovoltaics, electrocatalysts, sensors, and optoelectronic devices. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is of particular interest due to its direct bandgap in the visible spectrum, high electron mobility, and chemical stability. Here, we demonstrate that alterations in the density of surface hydroxyl groups on silicon dioxide substrates can control nucleation and growth in molybdenum disulfide thin films produced by atmospheric-pressure chemical vapor deposition. The extent of MoS2 nucleation is linearly correlated to the density of surface hydroxyl groups. Controlling the density of surface hydroxyl groups on the initial substrate provides a method of growing patterned molybdenum disulfide. Furthermore, we establish that the surface density of hydroxyl groups on silicon dioxide (SiO2) is altered using conventional gallium focused ion beam (FIB) patterning. Upon gallium-ion beam exposure, the number of hydroxyl groups generated on the surface is directly proportional to the ion dosage. This work establishes a means of patterning large-area monolayer MoS2 on silicon dioxide substrates, which is a critical step for realizing applications in imaging, catalysis, biosensing, chemical detection, electronics and optoelectronics.
Small Cab-Like Proteins (SCPs) Affect Synthesis but Not Degradation Rates of β-Carotene and Myxoxanthophyll in the Photosystem I-Less Strain of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

By incubating cells in the presence of 13C-labeled glucose, carotenoid synthesis and degradation were analyzed in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 strains that lacked photosystem I as well as some or all five of the small cab-like proteins (SCPs). Mass spectral analysis of pigments isolated from cells grown in the presence of 13C-glucose for different time periods combined with kinetic modeling showed that without SCPs the rate of β-carotene and myxoxanthophyll synthesis was slowed down but carotenoid degradation was not significantly affected. As the number of photosystem II centers decreases in Synechocystis upon the deletion of SCPs, our working hypothesis is that synthesis of carotenoids in cyanobacteria is regulated in part by availability of pigment-binding protein complexes.
Repayment flexibility in microfinance contracts: Theory and experimental evidence on take up and selection

Abstract This paper studies the impact of introducing repayment flexibility in microfinance contracts. I build an adverse selection model that predicts the existence of a separating equilibrium where lenders are able to achieve higher profits by simultaneously offering a rigid and a flexible repayment schedule, instead of just a rigid contract. Lab-in-the field games with Indian microentrepreneurs confirm the model predictions. I offer subjects both a flexible and a rigid repayment schedule and exogenously vary the price of the flexible schedule. I find that high-revenues borrowers are more likely to take up the flexible schedule than low-revenues ones, and even more so when the flexible schedule is more expensive than the rigid one. Risk-averse borrowers, on the contrary, are more likely to stick to the rigid contract when this is cheaper than the flexible contract. The paper thus indicates that lenders should offer a menu of contracts where the flexible and the rigid contract are provided simultaneously, at different prices. Back-of-the-envelope calculations indeed suggest that this mixed contract is more profitable than the standard, rigid microfinance contract.
Alternate Possibilities and Moral Asymmetry

Harry Frankfurt Journal of Philosophy, 66, 829–39 (1969) famously attacked what he called the principle of alternate possibilities (PAP). PAP states that being able to do otherwise is necessary for moral responsibility. He gave counterexamples to PAP known since then as “Frankfurt cases.” This paper sidesteps the enormous literature on Frankfurt cases while preserving some of our salient pretheoretical intuitions about the relation between alternate possibilities and moral responsibility. In particular, I introduce, explain, and defend a principle that has so far been overlooked, namely, “the principle of doxastic moral asymmetry” (PODMA): a rational agent, S, is morally responsible for an action that S performed, E, only if, when S did E, S justifiably believed either that E was closer to S’s most praiseworthy alternate possibility than it was to S’s most blameworthy alternate possibility, or that E was closer to S’s most blameworthy alternate possibility than it was to S’s most praiseworthy alternate possibility.
Model-based tracking of the bones of the foot: A biplane fluoroscopy validation study.

Measuring foot kinematics using optical motion capture is technically challenging due to the depth of the talus, small bone size, and soft tissue artifact. We present a validation of our biplane X-ray system, demonstrating its accuracy in tracking the foot bones directly. Using an experimental linear/rotary stage we imaged pairs of tali, calcanei, and first metatarsals, with embedded beads, through 30 poses. Model- and bead-based algorithms were employed for semi-automatic tracking. Translational and rotational poses were compared to the experimental stage (a reference standard) to determine registration performance. For each bone, 10 frames per pose were analyzed. Model-based: The resulting overall translational bias of the six bones was 0.058 mm with a precision of ± 0.049 mm. The overall rotational bias of the six bones was 0.42° with a precision of ± 0.41°. Bead-based: the overall translational bias was 0.037 mm with a precision of ± 0.032 mm and for rotation was 0.29° with a precision of ± 0.26°. We validated the accuracy of our system to determine the spatial position and orientation of isolated foot bones, including the talus, calcaneus, and first metatarsal over a range of quasi-static poses. Although the accuracy of dynamic motion was not assessed, use of an experimental stage establishes a reference standard.
A Parameterized Linear Magnetic Equivalent Circuit for Analysis and Design of Radial Flux Magnetic Gears—Part I: Implementation

This is Part II of a two part paper on the development of a parameterized linear magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) for radial flux magnetic gears with surface permanent magnets. Part I describes the MEC implementation. This section, Part II, evaluates the MEC model's accuracy by comparing its results against those produced by a nonlinear finite-element analysis (FEA) model. Simulation results demonstrate that the linearity approximation does not prevent the MEC from accurately matching the torque and air-gap flux densities predicted by a nonlinear FEA model for three diverse magnetic gear base designs. The impacts of the MEC discretization parameters introduced in Part I are also investigated using the same base designs, and guidelines for those settings are developed. Additionally, single design parameter sweeps illustrate the MEC's ability to track these changes over most practical design ranges and reveal where the MEC's accuracy degrades due to the linearity approximation. Finally, the results of a 46,656 case parametric optimization study demonstrate the MEC's ability to match the nonlinear FEA model's torque predictions within a few percent over a wide range of designs while achieving average simulation speeds 44 to 271 times faster than those of the FEA model.