cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A chick serum fraction that stimulates alkaline phosphatase activity in embryonic chick femora in culture.

Abstract A specific response of alkaline phosphatase activity of 6- to 7-day embryonic chick femora in organ culture to an active principle in chick serum has been demonstrated. The active principle appears to be a nonprotein molecule which is probably negatively charged, heat stable, base stable, acid labile, slowly dialyzable, charcoal adsorbable, and not hydrolyzed by E. coli phosphomonesterase or by a proteinase of low substrate specificity. Studies of the type of effect of the active principle on the enzyme activity indicate it is not a response to overall improved growth of the rudiment. The suggestion is made that the active principle may act as an inducer. Studies of the effect of additions to or omissions from the control medium showed no alkaline phosphatase response to the absence of l -cysteine, the addition of proline, OH-proline, hexosamine, the arnino acids nonessential for chick rudiment culture, inorganic pyrophosphate and ascorbic acid.
Changes of plasma membrane H+-ATPase activities of Glycine max seeds by PEG treatment

The soybean (Glycine max) Heihe No. 23 is sensitive to imbibitional chilling injury. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment can improve chilling tolerance of soybean seeds to a certain extent. The changes of hydrolytic ATPase in plasma membranes and H+-pumping responses in soybean seeds were investigated during PEG treatments. Effects of exogenous calcium and exogenous ABA on the hydrolytic ATPase were also examined in order to understand the mechanism of chilling resistance. Highly purified plasma membranes were isolated by 6.0% aqueous two-phase partitioning from soybean seeds, as judged by the sensitivity of hydrolytic ATPase to sodium vanadate. PEG treatment resulted in a slight increase of the hydrolytic ATPase activity in 12 h. Then the activity decreased gradually, but still higher than the control. The H+-pumping activity increased steadily during PEG treatment. Exogenous calcium had both activating and inhibiting effects on the hydrolytic ATPase, but the activity was inhibited in soybean seeds treated with exogenous ABA. Results suggested that PEG treatment, not the exogenous calcium and ABA, up-regulated H+-ATPase activities in soybean seeds.
Lifetime measurement of the (5d6p)3D3 state of barium by dye-laser spectroscopy☆

Abstract We have measured the radiative lifetime of the (5d6p)3D3 state of barium by Hanle effect. This state was populated by cw dye laser excitation of an atomic beam of Ba in the metastable (5d6s)3D3 state. The metastable state was populated by a dc discharge. With dye laser excitation, the shape of the Hanle effect curve is strongly modified due to optical pumping of the metastable state. A brief discussion of the expected and observed signal shapes is given. The radiative lifetime of the (5d6p)3D3 state is measured to be τ = 10.2 ± 1.5 ns.
Topical/mucosal delivery of sub-unit vaccines that stimulate the ocular mucosal immune system.

Abstract Mucosal vaccination is proving to be one of the greatest challenges in modern vaccine development. Although ocular mucosal immunity is highly beneficial for achieving protective immunity, the induction of ocular mucosal immunity against ocular infectious pathogens, particularly herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), which is the leading cause of infectious corneal blindness, remains difficult. Recent developments in cellular and molecular immunology of the ocular mucosal immune system (OMIS) may help in the design of more effective and optimal immunization strategies against ocular pathogens. In this review, we highlight ocular mucosal Immunoprophylactic and Immunotherapeutic vaccine strategies that have been evaluated to control the many pathogens that attack the surface of the eye. Next, we describe the current understandings of the OMIS and elucidate the structure and the function of the humoral and cellular immune system that protects the surface of the eye. Results from our recent experiments using topical ocular delivery of peptides-CpG and lipopeptide-based vaccines against HSV-1 infection are presented. The future challenges and issues related to the ocular mucosal delivery of molecularly defined sub-unit vaccines are discussed
Comparative Validity of DSM-IV and Alternative Empirically Derived Approaches for the Assessment of ADHD.

Objective: To identify ADHD symptoms that are most highly predictive of ADHD diagnostic status and compare them against Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV) algor...
Comparative flow immunophenotypic features of the inflammatory infiltrates of Hodgkin lymphoma and lymphoid hyperplasia.

Background: Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is characterized by relatively few malignant Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells admixed within a reactive T cell rich inflammatory infiltrate. There is growing recognition that the HL-associated inflammatory milieu may enhance rather than inhibit growth of RS tumor cells. Since little is known of the immunophenotype of the HL inflammatory infiltrate we have performed a detailed retrospective comparison of the flow immunophenotype of HL and reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (RLH) to identify HL-specific immunophenotypic features. Methods: Single cell suspensions from 59 lymph nodes involved by HL (at initial diagnosis) and 38 lymph nodes involved by RLH were subjected to a battery of 3-color combinations of well-characterized fluorochrome-conjugated monoclonal antibodies (DAKO) to a number of lymphocyte subsets. Cells were analyzed on a FACSCalibur flow cytometer with CellQuest software (Becton Dickinson). Results: Overall, CD4+ T cells are increased and CD19+ B cells decreased in HL vs. RLH, yielding median T:B cell (CD3:CD20) ratios of 2.3:1 and 1.6:1, resp. There is no difference in median CD8+ T cell % (16% in HL & RLH). The T:B cell ratio is highest in nodular sclerosis (NSHL) and lymphocyte depletion (LDHL) subtypes, and lowest in mixed cellularity HL (MCHL). There is no significant difference in CD4:CD8 ratio in any comparison. NKT cells were slightly increased in HL vs. RLH, especially in MCHL. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells are significantly increased in HL (9%) vs. RLH (2%), especially in MCHL (29%) and NSHL (12%). EBV positivity in NSHL is associated with older age, decreased CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells, CD4:CD8 ratio, and CD19/CD20+ B cells, and increased NKT cells, and CD14+ low forward-side scatter-gated monocytes. Conclusion: The cellular composition of the reactive lymphocytic infiltrate in HL differs significantly from that seen in RLH, with significant differences also noted between HL subtypes. In general, the HL infiltrate contains increased T cells (CD4+ and NKT subsets), decreased B cells, and increased regulatory T cells in comparison with RLH. The major difference between HL subtypes is decreased CD4+ T cells in MCHL as compared with NSHL and NLPHL. The most notable EBV-related difference in NSHL is increased regulatory T cells in EBV negative cases. While many differences in the reactive lymphocytic infiltrate of Hodgkin lymphoma and reactive lymphoid hyperplasia were identified, the sole difference that may prove to be of differential diagnostic value in flow cytometric analysis of HL versus RLH is the increased percentage of CD4+ bright CD25+ regulatory T cells in HL. © 2007 Clinical Cytometry Society
Dispersal success on spatially structured landscapes: when do spatial pattern and dispersal behavior really matter?

Abstract Dispersal is a fundamental component of many spatial population models. Concerns over the need to incorporate detailed information on dispersal behavior in spatially explicit population models (SEPMs) motivated us to undertake a simulation study in which we explored (1) the conditions under which landscape structure affects dispersal success and (2) the dependency of dispersal success on the choice of dispersal algorithm. We simulated individual dispersal as a random process (the mean-field approximation), a percolation process (PD) or a nearest-neighbor process (NND) on random and fractal neutral landscapes across gradients of habitat fragmentation and abundance (0.1–90%). Both landscape structure and dispersal behavior affected dispersal success in landscapes with
A Group of Papers on Porphyry Cu Deposits: Introduction

The five papers that follow this brief introduction focus on giant porphyry Cu systems. Porphyry Cu deposits are some of the larger and better understood ore deposits on earth. Studies on porphyry Cu deposits published in Economic Geology in the past two years indicate that interest in these deposits continues on a wide range of topics, including resource assessment (Gerst, 2008; Wilkinson and Kesler, 2009), geology (Perello et al., 2008; Valencia et al., 2008), geochemistry (Audetat et al., 2008; Becker et al., 2008; Rusk et al., 2008; Gammons et al., 2009; Khashgerel et al., 2009; Liang et al., 2009; Pudack et al., 2009), geochronology (Cardon, 2008; Tafti et al., 2009; Wan et al., 2009), structure (Seedorff et al., …
Prevention of Recurrent Episodes of Depression With Venlafaxine ER in a 1-Year Maintenance Phase From the PREVENT Study

OBJECTIVES To test the long-term efficacy and safety of venlafaxine extended-release (ER) in preventing recurrence in patients with major depression. METHOD This multiple-phase study, entitled "Prevention of Recurrent Episodes of Depression With Venlafaxine for Two Years" (PREVENT), was conducted from December 2000 through July 2005 in patients with recurrent unipolar depression (DSM-IV) who were initially randomly assigned to double-blind treatment with venlafaxine ER (75 mg/day to 300 mg/day) or fluoxetine (20 mg/day to 60 mg/day) for 10 weeks of acute treatment. Responders then received 6 months of continuation treatment. Those who remained responders were then enrolled into a 12-month maintenance period. Venlafaxine ER responders were randomly assigned to receive double-blind treatment with venlafaxine ER or placebo. Fluoxetine responders were not randomly assigned but continued taking fluoxetine in order to maintain the blind during the maintenance study. Time to recurrence of depression (17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression total score > 12 and < 50% reduction from acute phase baseline) with venlafaxine ER versus that of placebo were compared. RESULTS The efficacy evaluable sample consisted of 129 patients in each group. The mean daily dose of venlafaxine ER was 224.7 mg (SD = 66.7). The cumulative probability of recurrence through 12 months, based on the primary definition, was 23.1% (95% CI = 15.3 to 30.9) for venlafaxine ER and 42.0% (95% CI = 31.8 to 52.2) for placebo (p = .005, log-rank test). CONCLUSION Patients who had been successfully treated with venlafaxine ER during acute and continuation therapy were significantly less likely to experience recurrence with venlafaxine ER than with placebo over a 12-month maintenance treatment period. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00046020.
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy Study of tert-Butylarsine Stability and Purification

TBA (tert-butylarsine, H{sub 2}AsC(CH{sub 3}){sub 3}) has been demonstrated to be an effective arsenic precursor for the deposition of compound semiconductors such as GaAs by MOCVD (metal organic chemical vapor deposition). TBA is used as a liquid (bubbler) source in MOCVD and is a less toxic alternative to the more commonly used gaseous arsine (AsH{sub 3}). Materials and device performance using TBA have in many cases equaled or surpassed those using arsine. This includes the first observation of fractional quantum Hall behavior in a two dimensional electron gas structure grown by MOCVD. Despite the beneficial characteristics, the use of TBA in our laboratories has revealed some inconsistent behavior. Small pressure rises have been observed in the TBA bubbler sources when left unused over a period of many days. Measurements of the TBA partial pressure using UV absorption revealed that new absorption peaks could be observed after storage. The features of the absorption profile were insufficient to ascribe to a specific chemical species. Attempts to remove the gaseous impurities with liquid nitrogen freeze-pump-thaw techniques had limited success. Unfortunately, there is no published information on the room temperature decomposition of TBA. In this paper, we present a series of GCMS (gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy) analyses designed to determine the stability of TBA and identify its decomposition products in storage containers. The GCMS is also used to evaluate several methods for in-situ purification of TBA.
The carboxy terminal sequence of human alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor.

Abstract The carboxy terminal residue of human α-1-proteinase inhibitor (α-1-PI) was found to be lysine by three independent techniques. These included digestion with carboxypeptidases B and A, hydrazinolysis, and sequence determination of the carboxy terminal peptide obtained from cyanogen bromide fragmentation. This structure was found to be GLY-LYS-VAL-VAL-ASN-PRO-THR-GLN-LYS. Carboxypeptidase C digestion indicated substantial degradation of α-1-PI by endopeptidases in the enzyme preparation. These results do not support the proposal of Cohen et al (Biochemistry (1978) 17 392) that H2O18 incorporation into lysine in dissociating α-1-PI:proteinase complexes is indicative of a critical role of this residue in the reactive site of the inhibitor. We suggest that free trypsin, released from complexes, could readily activate the carboxy terminal lysine of α-1-PI, resulting in oxygen exchange with H2O18 in the medium.
Reinforced Electrode Architecture for a Flexible Battery with Paperlike Characteristics

Compliant energy storage has not kept pace with flexible electronics. Herein we demonstrate a technique to reinforce arbitrary battery electrodes by supporting them with mechanically tough, low-cost fibrous membranes, which also serve as the separator. The membranes were laminated to form a full cell, and this stacked membrane reinforcement bears the loads during flexing. This technique was used to make a high energy density, nontoxic Zn–MnO2 battery with printed current collectors. The Zn and MnO2 electrodes were prepared by using a solution-based embedding process. The cell had a nominal potential of 1.5 V and an effective capacity of approximately 3 mA h cm−2. We investigated the effect of bending and fatigue on the electrochemical performance and mechanical integrity of the battery. The battery was able to maintain its capacity even after 1000 flex cycles to a bend radius of 2.54 cm. The battery showed an improvement in discharge capacity (ca. 10 %) if the MnO2 electrode was flexed to tension as a result of the improvement of particle-to-particle contact. In a demonstration, the flexible battery was used to power a light-emitting diode display integrated with a strain sensor and microcontroller.
A COMPARISON OF THE CHANGES IN THE MANDIBULAR CONDYLE WITH THOSE IN THE UPPER TIBIAL EPIPHYSIS DURING THE ONSET AND HEALING OF SCURVY

Abstract The changes in the tibial epiphysis and the mandibular condyle have been compared in scorbutic guinea-pigs. The classical changes were seen in the tibia, with the development of a large gerustmark by the 22nd day on the scorbutigenic diet. The sequence of events in the mandible was entirely different. No gerustmark formed and the cartilage became gradually wider as osteoclastic erosion slowed and stopped. On giving ascorbic acid, calcification began almost immediately in the gerustmark, but little change was seen in the tibial epiphyseal cartilage up to 72 hr after dosage. Within 24 hr, osteoclasts reappeared on the face of the wide condylar cartilage, and by 72 hr the cartilage had become of virtually normal width. Parallel studies with Sudan black showed that, as in other conditions, sudanophilia accompanied calcification. It is considered that the changes in the condyle during scurvy and healing are more consistent with its role as a remodelling than as a growth centre. It is suggested that ascorbic acid has an action on the differentiation of the osteoprogenitor cell.
Functional Histology of Integumentary Glandular Regions in Black-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Hemionus Columbianus)

Detail histological studies were made of skin samples from seven specimens of Odocoileus hemionus columbianus collected in August in Monterey County, California. the preorbital sac was found to be relatively nonglandular and to contain primarily sloughed epidermal cells and mucoid (probably lacrymal) secretion. Interdigital glands are well developed in forefeet and hind feet of both sexes and contain enlarged sebaceous and sudoriferous glands. the metatarsal “gland” is a duplex organ consisting of (1) a central nonglandular keratinized ridge with high papulation, rich innervation, and modified vasculature, and (2) a peripheral haired and sudoriferous glandular zone. Tarsal glands are most remarkable histologically for the size of their arrector pili smooth muscles and the development of a dense elastic fiber lamina between papillary and reticular zones of the dermis. Sebaceous and sudoriferous glands are also enlarged in the tarsal glandular organ, but whether these or external urine deposits are the source of the social scent of the organ remains unknown. Caudal arrector pili and glandular enlargements of lesser magnitude are present also. Comparative differences and probable functional relations of these integumentary organs are discussed.
Discrimination of word‐final voicing in German

Traditionally, German is described as having complete neutralization of voiced versus voiceless consonants word finally. In this study native German speakers were recorded reading real words differing in the voicing of the final consonant. The recorded tokens were then randomized and played to native Germans who identified the word they heard. The listeners performed very poorly, but significantly better than chance. In addition, temporal acoustic measurements of the recorded tokens were made using duplex oscillogram and intensity curves on visicorder tracings. Statistical analysis of the acoustic measurements—nucleus duration, consonant duration, duration of voicing during closure, and final aspiration—showed significant, though small differences between intended voiced and voiceless pairs. Discriminant analysis applied to the four variables produced an acoustic criterion by which the intended voicing of tokens could be predicted with 63% accuracy, about the same as the best listener was able to do. In addition, data will be presented showing asymmetry between production and perception, in relative importance of acoustic cues and in individual subjects' discrimination performance. [Work supported by NIH.]
EFFECT OF SODIUM FLUORIDE ON TUMOR GROWTH.

SummaryIn 54 tests involving 991 mice bearing transplanted tumors and 58 tests including 1817 tumor-bearing eggs, data were obtained which indicated a statistically significant acceleration of tumor tissue growth in association with comparatively low levels of NaF.
Ordinal Inequalities, Transfinite Induction, and Reverse Mathematics

If a and /3 are ordinals, a < /3, and / a ? a, then a + 1 < P. The first result of this paper shows that the restriction of this statement to countable well orderings is provably equivalent to ACAO, a subsystem of second order arithmetic introduced by Friedman. The proof of the equivalence is reminiscent of Dekker's construction of a hypersimple set. An application of the theorem yields the equivalence of the set comprehension scheme ACAo and an arithmetical transfinite induction scheme. Almost every theorem of ordinal arithmetic that has been analyzed in the framework of reverse mathematics is either provable in RCAo or equivalent to ATRo. One notable exception is Girard's proof that ACAo is equivalent to the assertion that ordinal exponentiation preserves well orderings. (See [6] or [7] for a proof.) As shown below, ACAo is also necessary and sufficient to prove the equivalence of two natural definitions of strict inequality for ordinals. Furthermore, this result leads to a precise analysis of the logical strength of an arithmetical transfinite induction scheme. This paper uses some axiom systems introduced by Friedman [4]. RCAo, ACAo, and ATRo are subsystems of second order arithmetic in which induction is restricted to Y? formulas with parameters, and the only set existence principles are taken to be recursive (AO) comprehension, arithmetic comprehension, and a form of arithmetical transfinite recursion, respectively. In these theories, a countable well ordering is defined to be a set R coding a linear order of N, such that every nonempty subset of the field of R has an R-least element. In RCAO, this last statement is equivalent to the assertion that there are no infinite R-descending sequences. For a short introduction to the systems and the program of reverse mathematics, see Simpson [9]. More details on the encoding of well orderings and formalizations of arithmetical operations on them can be found in [5], [7], or [10]. Although technically our discussion is limited to arithmetical operations on countable well orderings, we use the typical notation for ordinal arithmetic. ?1. Two notions of strict inequality. If a and fi are well orderings, and there is an order preserving bijection between a and an initial segment of Pi, then we write Received April 7, 1997. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. 03F35.
Chiroinositol deficiency and insulin resistance. III. Acute glycogenic and hypoglycemic effects of two inositol phosphoglycan insulin mediators in normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats in vivo.

Two insulin mediators, inositol phosphoglycans, were isolated from bovine liver by methods previously developed for rat liver, i.e. chromatography on an AG 1 x 8 ion exchange column and selective elution with HCl at pH 2.0 and 1.3. The pH 2.0 mediator containing D-chiroinositol stimulated pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase, whereas the pH 1.3 mediator containing myo-inositol inhibited cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Each mediator was further purified by thin layer and Bio-Gel P4 column chromatography and injected ip into normal fed rats together with [U-14C]glucose. After 2.5 h, diaphragms were removed, and glycogen isolated. Insulin mediators, like insulin, stimulated [U-14C]glucose incorporation into glycogen by 150-160% in a dose-dependent manner in the nanomolar range. Mediators injected iv in the nanomolar range into low dose streptozotocin-diabetic rats decreased plasma glucose 30-45% in 30-60 min, with a return to basal concentrations after 150-180 min. These in vivo insulin-like effects of mediator...
Quantitative relationships between the measurable transport resistances of membrane carriers: theory and experiment.

Abstract A theoretical analysis is made of the possible quantitative relationships between the transport resistances that characterise membrane carrier systems. It is shown that there exist only five possible patterns in which to rank the four transport resistances. Symbolising these as A, B, C and D , the five possible patterns are (i) A=B=C=D ; (ii) A=B ⪢ C, D ; (iii) A=B ⪢ C=D ; (iv) A=B=2C=2D ; (v) A=2B=2C ⪢ D . A survey of the available experimental data shows that pattern (ii) is the most prevalent, pattern (v) is often found and pattern (iii) has been identified. None of the ten transport systems so far analysed experimentally failed to fit one of the predicted patterns.
DNA Strand Breaks Caused by Exposure to Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide

Abstract The present study demonstrates that exposure to ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) can cause DNA single-strand breaks in alveolar macrophages. Threemonth-old male Sprague–Dawley rats, specific pathogen free, were exposed to either 1.2 ppm NO2 or 0.3 ppm O3 alone or a combination of these two oxidants continuously for 3 days. The control group was exposed to filtered room air. The oxidant effects were substantiated by determining total and differential cell counts, lactate dehydrogenase activity, and total soluble protein in bronchoalveolar lavage. DNA damage was measured as single-strand breaks by alkaline elution assay. The results showed that, relative to control, NO2 exposure did not cause any significant change in the parameters studied. Exposure to O3 and combined exposure to NO2 and O3 caused significant changes in all parameters studied except cell viability. The rates of elution (Kc) of single-strand DNA from polycarbonate filter for O3 exposure and combined exposure were 73 and 79% faster than that of the control, respectively. The amounts of DNA single-strand breaks caused by O3 and combined exposure were significantly greater than the amounts detected for the NO2-exposed and control groups.
Materials science: Lilliputian light sticks

Building two different fluorescing dyes into a composite organic nanocrystal makes a tunable light generator. At just the right dye proportions, a low-cost, highly efficient source of white light is the result.
Experimental confirmation of miniature spiral plasmonic lens as a circular polarization analyzer

A spiral plasmonic lens can focus circular polarization of a given handedness while simultaneously defocus the circular polarization of the opposite chirality, which may be used as a miniature circular polarization analyzer. In this letter, we experimentally investigated the plasmonic focusing properties of the spiral lens using a collection mode near-field scanning optical microscope. A single Archimedes' spiral slot with a single turn was etched through gold thin film as a spiral plasmonic lens. The plasmonic field at the focus of a spiral lens strongly depends on the spin of the incident photon. Circular polarization extinction ratio better than 50 is obtainable with a device size as small as only 4 times of surface plasmon wavelength.
Teenage Peer Sexual Harassment: Implications for Social Work Practice in Education

Peer sexual harassment is an often overlooked problem for both girls and boys in the educational environment. This article provides a historical framework for defining peer sexual harassment as a sex discrimination issue and a description of peer sexual harassment as a potential mental health issue. The article also reviews the limited empirical research on teenage peer sexual harassment, which has consistently revealed that nearly four of five adolescents are the targets of sexual harassment by their peers. Finally, the authors explore a theoretical context in which to understand sexual harassment and the implications for social work practice in education.
Tuftsin Fragment 1–3 Is Beneficial When Delivered After the Induction of Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose— Microglial activation may contribute to the pathogenesis of the brain injury in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We have reported that the tripeptide macrophage/microglial inhibitory factor (MIF), Thr-Lys-Pro, inhibits microglial activation and results in functional improvement when given before the onset of hemorrhage. In this study, we investigate the protection and efficacy of treatment when MIF is administered 2 hours after collagenase injection. Methods— ICH was induced by injecting bacterial collagenase into the caudate nucleus; 100 μL MIF (500 μmol/L) was delivered via a micro-osmotic pump. Infusion of MIF or saline (control) was initiated 2 hours after collagenase injection and continued for 24 or 72 hours. Microglial activation and macrophage infiltration were assessed by 5-d-4 and F4/80 immunofluorescence, respectively. Production of reactive oxygen species was visualized by in situ detection of ethidium. Degenerating neurons were assessed by Fluoro-Jade B staining. Neurological deficits, brain injury volumes, and brain edema were assessed at 24 and 72 hours after MIF/saline treatment. Results— MIF can inhibit microglial activation and macrophage infiltration, attenuate the numbers of ethidium-positive cells compared with the saline-treated control mice, reduce the injury volume, edema, and degenerating neurons, and improve the neurological functional outcome. Conclusions— Activated microglia/macrophages are important contributors to brain injury after ICH. MIF could be a valuable neuroprotective agent for the treatment of ICH, if treatment is initiated soon after the onset of hemorrhage.
9-O-Acetylation of sialomucins: a novel marker of murine CD4 T cells that is regulated during maturation and activation.

Terminal sialic acids on cell surface glycoconjugates can carry 9- O -acetyl esters. For technical reasons, it has previously been difficult to determine their precise distribution on different cell types. Using a recombinant soluble form of the Influenza C virus hemagglutinin-esterase as a probe for 9- O -acetylated sialic acids, we demonstrate here their preferential expression on the CD4 T cell lineage in normal B10.A mouse lymphoid organs. Of total thymocytes, 8–10% carry 9- O -acetylation; the great majority of these are the more mature PNA−, HSA−, and TCRhi medullary cells. While low levels of 9- O -acetylation are seen on some CD4/CD8 double positive (DP) and CD8 single positive (SP) cells, high levels are present primarily on 80– 85% of CD4 SP cells. Correlation with CD4 and CD8 levels suggests that 9- O -acetylation appears as an early differentiation marker as cells mature from the DP to the CD4 SP phenotype. This high degree of 9- O -acetylation is also present on 90–95% of peripheral spleen and lymph node CD4 T cells. In contrast, only a small minority of CD8 T cells and B cells show such levels of 9- O -acetylation. Among mature peripheral CD4 T lymphocytes, the highly O -acetylated cells are Mel 14hi, CD44lo, and CD45R(exon B)hi, features typical of naive cells. Digestions with trypsin and O -sialoglycoprotease (OSGPase) and ELISA studies of lipid extracts indicate that the 9- O -acetylated sialic acids on peripheral CD4 T cells are predominantly on O-linked mucintype glycoproteins and to a lesser degree, on sialylated glycolipids (gangliosides). In contrast, sialic acids on mucin type molecules of CD8 T cells are not O -acetylated; instead these molecules mask the recognition of O -acetylated gangliosides that seem to be present at similar levels as on CD4 cells. The 9- O -acetylated gangliosides on mouse T cells are not bound by CD60 antibodies, which recognize O -acetylated gangliosides in human T cells. Tethering 9- O -acetylated mucins with the Influenza C probe with or without secondary cross-linking did not cause activation of CD4 T cells. However, activation by other stimuli including TCR ligation is associated with a substantial decrease in surface 9- O -acetylation, primarily in the mucin glycoprotein component. Thus, 9- O -acetylation of sialic acids on cell surface mucins is a novel marker on CD4 T cells that appears on maturation and is modulated downwards upon activation.
Effect of recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor coupled with polyethylene glycol on the platelet storage lesion

BACKGROUND: Platelet production is regulated by a thrombopoietic growth factor (Mpl ligand).The receptor for this platelet growth factor (Mpl) is expressed on the platelet surface membrane. A recombinant thrombopoietic cytokine, recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor coupled with polyethylene glycol (PEG-rHuMGDF), was added to apheresis platelets in vitro to determine whether Mpl ligand–receptor binding produced any beneficial or adverse effect on the development of the platelet storage lesion during 5 days of storage. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This study was designed as a dose-response protocol to determine the effects of adding increasing concentrations of PEG-rHuMGDF (0.0 [control], 2.5, 25, and 250 ng/mL) to apheresis platelets stored in two types of plastic storage containers. The increasing concentrations of PEG-rHuMGDF used simulated the theoretical peak plasma level attained in vivo, with an intravenous dose of 0, 0.1, 1.0 and 10 μg per kg of PEG-rHuMGDF. The platelets were stored with agitation at 20 to 24°C for 5 days. A battery of in vitro assays was performed on storage Days 1 and 5, including pH, blood gases, platelet count, lactate dehydrogenase, mean platelet volume, glucose, lactate, osmotic recovery, morphology score, CD62P, and one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analyses. RESULTS: Analysis of results on both Day 1 and Day 5 showed no significant differences among any of the three PEG-rHuMGDF doses and the control group, for any in vitro assay. One-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed no changes among the platelet protein patterns for the three PEG-rHuMGDF doses studied or the control. Storage-induced changes, however, did occur equally in all four groups of platelets over the 5 days of storage. CONCLUSION: The addition to stored apheresis platelets of up to 10 μg per kg of PEG-rHuMGDF (250 ng/mL), followed by 5 days of storage at standard conditions, does not appear to promote or retard development of the platelet storage lesion.
Testing relativity with a laser-cooled cesium clock in space

NASA has recently funded a collaborative project to develop a laser-cooled cesium clock for scientific and technical applications in space. The greatly improved performance which is projected for such clocks provides new opportunities for testing predictions of special and general relativity. Significant improvements are possible in the measurement of gravitational frequency shifts, in determining the limits on detectability of motion relative to a preferred frame from a Kennedy-Thorndike interferometer experiment, and in tests of the principle of local position invariance. Experiments like that of Michelson and Morley, and tests of local Lorentz invariance (time dilation), can be performed with limits comparable to the best results obtained on Earth. This paper discusses what could be achieved with such experiments using a cesium clock having a projected long-term stability of less than 10/sup -16/ at one day, and a short-term stability of less than 10/sup -15/ at about 10 minutes, corresponding to a time dispersion of about 0.25 ps characterizing clock performance during one pass over a ground-based observing station. Requirements on spacecraft tracking, and on time transfer precision between a clock in low Earth orbit and a ground-based time reference will be discussed.
Automated objective scoring of histologically apparent cartilage degeneration using a custom image analysis program.

Histologic assessment of cartilage degradation has traditionally involved semiquantitative techniques, the most commonly utilized being the Mankin scale. Such assessments depend on human observer subjectivity, and thus have drawn criticism on the basis of associated inter- and intraobserver variability. We report a newly developed computational image analysis procedure for fully automated and fully objective assessment of the Mankin scale. Image processing routines were developed in a widely used programming environment (Matlab®) to analyze cartilage degradation. One hundred and twenty-five histology images incorporating a wide range of degradation features were analyzed by the algorithm and by seven observers experienced in cartilage histologic assessment. Based on random effects linear statistical models, the computer program performed well, showing a correlation of 0.88 between its Mankin scores and latent (average of human observers’) image scores. Regarding the four subcomponents of the Mankin scale, computer program correlations with observer scores were best for surface defect and proteoglycan depletion, but less favorable for cellularity and tidemark invasion. While limitations exist with image processing techniques, the new algorithm provides an objective and automated method for analyzing cartilage histology sections, consistent with human observer grading.
Reverse-bias leakage current reduction in GaN Schottky diodes by electrochemical surface treatment

An electrochemical surface treatment has been developed that decreases the reverse-bias leakage current in Schottky diodes fabricated on GaN grown by molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE). This treatment suppresses current flow through localized leakage paths present in MBE-grown GaN, while leaving other diode characteristics, such as the Schottky barrier height, largely unaffected. A reduction in leakage current of three orders of magnitude was observed for Schottky diodes fabricated on the modified surface compared to diodes fabricated on the unmodified surface for reverse-bias voltages as large as −20 V. In addition to suppressing reverse-bias leakage, the surface treatment was found to improve substantially the ideality factor of the modified surface diodes compared to that of unmodified surface diodes, suggesting that such a surface modification process could be useful for a variety of GaN-based electronic devices.
Paying It Forward versus Rewarding Reputation: Mechanisms of Generalized Reciprocity

Generalized reciprocity is a widely recognized but little studied component of social capital in organizations. We develop a causal model of the multiple mechanisms that sustain generalized reciprocity in an organization, drawing together disparate literatures in the social, organizational, and biological sciences. We conduct the first-ever critical test of two key mechanisms: paying it forward versus rewarding reputation. These are fundamentally different grammars of organizing, either of which could sustain a system of generalized reciprocity. In an organization, paying it forward is a type of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) that occurs when members of an organization help third parties because they themselves were helped. Rewarding reputation is a type of OCB that occurs when peers monitor one another, helping those who help others and refusing to help those who do not. Using behavioral data collected from members of two organizational groups over a three-month period, we found that reputational effects were strongest in the short term but decayed thereafter. Paying it forward had stronger and more lasting effects. Dominant theories assume that rewarding reputation is the main cause of generalized reciprocity, but our analysis demonstrates that generalized reciprocity in an organization occurs for multiple reasons. We use the empirical findings to develop propositions about the mechanisms of generalized reciprocity in organizations and link these to management practices. Our study contributes to social exchange theory, macro-level prosocial behavior, OCB, positive organizational scholarship, and management.
Probability of identification cycle criterion (N50/N90) for underwater mine target acquisition

This research describes the derivation of a 50% probability of identification cycle criterion (N50) for a set of underwater mines. Various levels of blur were applied to eight underwater mines and four nonmine objects with nine aspects in the visible spectra. Results were analyzed as a function of blur level and target size to give identification probability as a function of resolvable cycles on target. The results are applicable to underwater mine target acquisition estimates for visible electro-optical imaging systems and for laser-illuminated, range-gated imaging systems. This research provides for the design and analysis of electro-optical systems in the identification of underwater mines.
Medicaid and Medicare Reimbursement for Flow Cytometry

Medicaid, a program administered by individual states but involving federal funding, is the source of medical coverage for many low-income patients. This method of reimbursement is crucial for many flow cytometry laboratories, but is not well understood by many laboratory professionals. Conversely, flow cytometry often is not well understood by administrators in Medicaid offices. The potential exists for great variation in Medicaid reimbursement for flow cytometry services from state to state. As a first step toward elucidating the extent of this variation and bringing more information about Medicaid to laboratory professionals, state Medicaid offices were asked to provide the fee-for-service reimbursement for flow cytometry services. These services included Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes 85045 (reticulocyte counts), 86359 (total T-cell count), 86360 (absolute CD4 and CD8 counts, with ratio), 86361 (absolute CD4 count), 86812 (HLA typing, single antigen [B27]), 88180 (immunophenotyping, per surface marker), and 88182 (DNA, cell cycle analysis). Data were collected on technical and professional components and on global reimbursement. Wide variation exists in reimbursement amounts for these tests. Variation for CPT code 88180 was markedly pronounced.
Conceptualizing Mass Media Effect

Scholars have generated evidence of a wide variety of mass media effects over almost 9 decades of research. Although each of these effects has been defined in a relatively clear manner, there has been much less conceptualizing about what constitutes a mass media effect in general. Rarely have scholars provided a formal definition of mass media effect, instead opting to provide a definition in either an ostensive or primitive manner. In this essay, a conceptualization of “mass media effect” at the most general level is synthesized from this previous definitional work. The proposed conceptualization posits 4 general kinds of mass media effects: gradual long-term change in magnitude, reinforcement, immediate shift, and short-term fluctuation change.
A customized retroviral vector confers marker gene expression in osteoclast lineage cells

Osteoclasts play a seminal role in many skeletal diseases and therefore are candidates for cell-based gene delivery systems to treat disorders of bone. As an initial step toward developing osteoclast-mediated gene delivery systems, we have made and analyzed a customized Molony-Murine leukemia virus (MMLV)-based retroviral vector containing elements of the osteoclast-specific tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) gene. RAW 264.7 cells were transduced with the customized vector (E3) and differentiated along macrophage or osteoclast lineages. E3 contained a truncated form of the human nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) as a reporter gene. NGFR expression increased with RANK-ligand (RANK-L) treatment but not with macrophage (gamma-IFN/LPS treatment) differentiation. Enhanced NGFR expression peaked 48 h after RANK-L treatment. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) analysis of the TRAP gene regulatory elements in E3 identified a single 27 bp DNA probe, which specifically bound protein from RANK-L-treated cells. DNA sequence revealed AP-1 binding sites, and analysis with mutant probes implied that the sites were functional. EMSA supershift analysis identified Fos protein interacting with the 27 bp probe. In summary, insertion of sequence -962 to -868 from the TRAP gene into the U3 region of the MMLV LTR confers RANK-L induced retroviral gene expression via Fos family protein interaction at AP-1 sites.
Severe Cow's Milk Induced Colitis In an Exclusively Breast-fed Neonate Case Report and Clinical Review of Cow's Milk Allergy

Cow's milk induced eosinophilic colitis presenting in the first week of life has been reported, but is very rare. The authors describe a 4-day-old female infant who presented with profuse rectal bleeding resulting in a hematocrit fall from 38% to 30% within 8 hr after hospital admission. Sigmoidoscopy revealed colonic mucosa that was red, edematous, and friable, with punctate hemorrhages. Rectal biopsy showed marked eosinophilic infiltration with multifocal hemorrhage. Further history indicated that while the infant had been exclusively breast-fed since birth, the nursing mother had been drinking 4-5 glasses of cow's milk per day since delivery. Prick puncture skin testing of the infant was positive for cow's milk protein. A serum radioallergosorbent test (RAST) for cow's milk protein was positive. The infant's serum IgE was 1.5 IU/ml. Rectal bleeding resolved when the patient was given a casein hydrolysate formula (Nutramigen, Mead Johnson Nutrition, Evansville, IN), and endoscopy one week later showed improvement, with only scattered areas of erythema, and no friability. We conclude that since the infant was exclusively breast-fed, the milk protein must have passed into the breast milk antigenically intact. Prenatal sensitization probably occurred. Cow's milk induced allergic colitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of colitis in breast-fed neonates.
p53 down‐regulates human bradykinin B1 receptor gene expression

The tumor suppressor, p53, has been shown to transcriptionally activate or silence a number of target genes. As an activator, p53 relies on its specific consensus sequence within the promoter. It is not clear whether p53 requires a specific DNA binding site in its action as a gene repressor. This report demonstrates that the human BKB1R gene is a p53 target. Expression of p53 in transiently transfected SV40-transformed IMR90 cells strongly suppressed luciferase reporter activity driven by a 1.8 kb BKB1R promoter as well as its minigene. These down-regulations were p53 dose-dependent. p53 reduced both basal and induced promoter activities of the minigene. Expression of p53 abolished the inducibility of the minigene. Induction of endogenous p53 expression by etoposide also inhibited promoter activity and minigene inducibility. Replacing the region containing both the putative p53 binding site and the TATA-box with a basal adenovirus promoter in the 1.8 kb promoter construct did not prevent p53 from inhibiting BKB1R promoter activity. Thus suppression by p53 is not mediated by competition with the TATA-binding protein and is not through interaction with the putative p53-binding site. p53 also does not appear to suppress BKB1R gene expression through interaction with c-Jun which functions in the inducibility of this gene [Yang et al., 2001]. J. Cell. Biochem. 82: 38–45, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Prevalence and severity of akathisia in patients on clozapine.

Abstract The atypical antipsychotic clozapine is reported to have unique therapeutic effects and to produce minimal extrapyramidal side effects. However, in a blind survey, akathisia was observed to be similar in prevalence and severity in patients treated with clozapine and those receiving standard neuroleptic antipsychotic drugs. In addition, as with standard antipsychotic drugs, the presence of akathisia in patients receiving clozapine was associated with a worse overall clinical outcome. The results suggest that akathisia may be a common side effect of all antipsychotic drugs, that akathisia may be prodcued by a mechanism distinct from other locomotor effects of these medications, and that patients receiving clozapine, like patients receiving standard antipsychotic drugs, should be monitored for akathisia.