cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lipid production from non-sugar compounds in pretreated lignocellulose hydrolysates by Rhodococcus jostii RHA1

Abstract The non-sugar compounds such as lignin derived phenolic compounds, furans, and organic acids generated from biomass pretreatment are often inhibitors to microbial growth and function, leading to lower ethanol yield in cellulosic ethanol biorefinery. In this study, phenols (vanillin, vanillate), furans (furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural), and organic acids (acetate), which mimic the complex components of the non-sugar compounds in pretreated biomass hydrolysate, were either mixed with benzoate or used individually as carbon sources to investigate their effects on the growth and lipid accumulation of Rhodococcus jostii RHA1. Higher consumption rates of benzoate than that of vanillate, as well as different lipid yields from them, suggested that the strain preferred to employ the catechol branch of the β-ketoadipate pathway to catabolize benzoate and plausibly distinctly routed carbon to lipid biosynthesis when fed on different aromatics. Compared to benzoate, acetate was less favorable by R. jostii RHA1 for lipid synthesis, again emphasizing that carbon contribution to either lipid synthesis or cell biomass was selective, using different compounds as carbon sources. Among the five selected non-sugar compounds, the presence of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) promoted the highest lipid yield at 0.46 g lipid g−1 CDW by using benzoate as the main carbon source. Furthermore, the oxidation pathway of furfural and 5-HMF was predicted for the first time in R. jostii RHA1 based on the characterization of the products by NMR.
Data-Driven Incident Detection in Power Distribution Systems.

In a power distribution network with energy storage systems (ESS) and advanced controls, traditional monitoring and protection schemes are not well suited for detecting anomalies such as malfunction of controllable devices. In this work, we propose a data-driven technique for the detection of incidents relevant to the operation of ESS in distribution grids. This approach leverages the causal relationship observed among sensor data streams, and does not require prior knowledge of the system model or parameters. Our methodology includes a data augmentation step which allows for the detection of incidents even when sensing is scarce. The effectiveness of our technique is illustrated through case studies which consider active power dispatch and reactive power control of ESS.
Analysis of the risk of malignancy associated with the basaloid and oncocytic subtypes of the salivary gland neoplasm of unknown malignant potential (SUMP) category in the Milan system

Background The salivary gland neoplasm of unknown malignant potential (SUMP) category reflects the cytomorphologic overlap and complexity of reporting salivary gland cytology in the Milan system. It includes neoplasms for which a diagnosis of a specific entity cannot be made and, more importantly, for which a carcinoma cannot be entirely excluded. For risk stratification, the subcategorization of SUMP based on the predominant cell type is recommended. This study was aimed at evaluating the risk of neoplasm (RON) and the risk of malignancy (ROM) of the basaloid and oncocytic subtypes of the SUMP category. Methods A retrospective analysis of 482 salivary gland fine-needle aspirations from 2012 to 2019 resulted in 48 SUMP cases. The cytology of these cases was reviewed and reclassified as the basaloid or oncocytic subtype. Surgical follow-up was available for 36 cases. The RON and ROM for each subtype were calculated. Results The RON and ROM were 100% and 23%, respectively, for monomorphic basaloid tumors and 88% and 58.8%, respectively, for monomorphic oncocytic tumors. The ROM for basaloid tumors was 8.3% without matrix/with minimal matrix and 60% with an nonfibrillary matrix. The ROM for oncocytic tumors was 50% without a cystic background and 60% with a cystic or mucinous background. The difference was not statistically significant for either of the subgroups. Conclusions Even though statistically not significant in our study, the differential ROMs within the oncocytic and basaloid subgroups help in the risk stratification of SUMP cases. Further subcategorization based on the stroma and background helps in limiting the differential diagnosis but does not necessarily add to the value of the risk stratification.
‘We Are Equal but Different’: Challenging Compulsory Heterosexuality by Intersexual Female Athletes in the World of Sport:

By using the method of Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis (FCDA), this article examines how sport is a conservative institution so far as sexuality and gender identity of female athletes are conc...
Weak beam self-cleaning of femtosecond pulses in the anomalous dispersion regime

Kerr beam cleaning in graded-index multimode fiber has been investigated in experiments with sub-nanosecond pulses and in experiments with femtosecond pulses at wavelengths where the dispersion is normal. We report a theoretical and experimental study of this effect with femtosecond pulses and anomalous dispersion. In this regime, only weak beam cleaning is observed experimentally, along with strong temporal evolution of the pulse. Numerical simulations exhibit the qualitative trends of the experiments.
Respectful Lying

I argue that there are instances in which lying to an innocent and generally competent person respects her autonomy, contrary to arguments by Christine Korsgaard and Onora O’Neill. These authors say that respect for a person’s autonomy requires treating her in a way consistent with the possibility of consent, but I contend that the possibility of consent condition is unworkable. I maintain that lying can respect individual autonomy when being truthful to a person undermines her choices and lying gets her what she would reasonably see herself as having most reason to choose in the circumstances. I make my case by reflecting on lying invitations to a surprise party and on negotiation phenomena.
Bone Quality and Fractures in Women With Osteoporosis Treated With Bisphosphonates for 1 to 14 Years.

Oral bisphosphonates are the primary medication for osteoporosis, but concerns exist regarding potential bone-quality changes or low-energy fractures. This cross-sectional study used artificial intelligence methods to analyze relationships among bisphosphonate treatment duration, a wide variety of bone-quality parameters, and low-energy fractures. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and histomorphometry quantified bone-quality parameters in 67 osteoporotic women treated with oral bisphosphonates for 1 to 14 years. Artificial intelligence methods established two models relating bisphosphonate treatment duration to bone-quality changes and to low-energy clinical fractures. The model relating bisphosphonate treatment duration to bone quality demonstrated optimal performance when treatment durations of 1 to 8 years were separated from treatment durations of 9 to 14 years. This may be due to a change in relationship of bone-quality parameters with treatment duration. This model also showed that the effects of bisphosphonate treatment duration were most highly correlated with changes in means and standard deviations of infrared spectroscopically derived mineral and matrix parameters and histomorphometric bone turnover parameters. A second model related treatment duration to bone fracture in all 22 patients who fractured while on treatment with bisphosphonates for more than 8 years. This second model showed that bisphosphonate treatment duration, not hip bone mineral density (BMD), was the most strongly correlated parameter to these low-energy bone fractures. Application of artificial intelligence enabled analysis of large quantities of structural, cellular, mineral, and matrix bone-quality parameters to determine relationships with long-term oral bisphosphonate treatment and fracture. Infrared spectroscopy provides clinically relevant bone-quality information of which bone mineral purity is among the most relevant. Nine or more years of bisphosphonate treatment was associated with abnormal bone mineral purity, matrix abnormalities, and low-energy fractures. These data justify limiting bisphosphonate treatment duration to 8 years. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
A Multipronged Digital Response to Increased Demand for Telehealth Support and Training During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

In response to the COVID-19 public health emergency, the University of Kansas Center for Telemedicine & Telehealth (KUCTT) adopted a multipronged, digital strategy to address COVID-induced, high-volume telehealth inquiries in Kansas and sought to quickly disseminate rapidly evolving federal policy updates and foundational telehealth implementation guidance. Retrospectively, KUCTT examined participant engagement in three educational approaches (e.g., telehealth webinars, Project ECHO, brief instructional/informational videos) that were developed and delivered in real time to meet the specific and unique needs of healthcare administrators and providers due to the COVID-19-forced surge in telehealth utilization. KUCTT observed significant increases in telehealth educational engagement and website access in response to the COVID-19 telehealth surge and the multi-pronged digital educational strategy. From January to September of 2020, average attendance at non-COVID-19 ECHOs was 56.1 attendees while the average attendance for two COVID-19 ECHOs that occurred in March of 2020 was 225 attendees, a 300% increase in attendance. The University of Kansas Medical Center (KUMC) Telehealth website received triple the amount of page views in March and April of 2020 (n=1,559) compared to January and February of 2020 (n=526). Healthcare providers used and engaged with the educational programs in this fast-tracked, digital approach at greater rates when compared to pre-pandemic program and web data. This interest mirrors the COVID-19 telehealth surge and suggests that a multipronged approach was effective in disseminating rapidly evolving telehealth policy and defining essential elements of telehealth implementation.
CO2 and cost optimization of reinforced concrete footings subjected to uniaxial uplift

Abstract A multi-objective optimization of CO 2 emissions and cost for the design of reinforced concrete footings under uniaxial bending moments is developed. The analysis and design procedures are based on specifications prescribed by the American Concrete Institute (ACI 318-11) for concrete design as well as geotechnical limit states. In addition, a theoretical analysis procedure for reinforced concrete footings subjected to uniaxial uplift is derived and compared to simplified analysis procedures typically used in practice. The multi-objective optimization uses a hybrid Big Bang–Big Crunch algorithm. Pareto fronts for cost and CO 2 emissions are developed for design examples to compare the theoretical analysis to simplified analysis and investigate trade-offs between CO 2 emissions and cost. Also, design results show the impact on CO 2 emissions and cost by allowing uplift of the footing.
Child-Initiated Care: The Use of School Nursing Services by Children in an “Adult-Free” System

An experimental child-initiated care system was developed in an elementary school that permitted children, ages 5 to 12, to act independently of adults in seeking care from a nurse practitioner. Over 300 children were observed for two years. The patterns of use of services displayed by them were similar to those of adults. Seventeen percent did not make a visit to the nurse during the two-year period, and approximately 15% of the children accounted for over 50% of all of the visits. Rates of utilization were associated with those variables known to affect adult pattern of use: sex (female), social class (more affluent), ordinal position (only children or youngest children), and health orientations. The pattern of use was not associated with the presence of known medical problems. Analysis of data on the utilization of pediatric services by these children indicated a significant association between the patterns of being taken to pediatricians and use of services in school. The mother9s pattern of use of care was also significantly associated with her pattern of use of pediatric care for her children. The children9s health-related beliefs and expectations were examined before this child-initiated care system was initiated and at the end of the first and second years of operation. Significant treatment effects were observed in the predicted direction in several elements of the health-belief model, i.e., perceived vulnerability and severity. In addition, children who had used the system placed greater emphasis on their own responsibilities for maintaining their health. Despite these changes in beliefs, utilization behaviors were not altered.
New aspects of the practical use of ethylene-releasing compounds.

Compounds that release ethylene when sprayed on plants have become of major economic importance, being used to accelerate diverse ethylene responses such as induction of flowering, stimulation of latex flow, leaf and branchlet abscission, fruit ripening, fruit abscission, and pod dehiscence. Novel aspects of application of these materials in agriculture are reviewed.
Polar vortex formation in giant-planet atmospheres due to moist convection

Strong vortices have been observed at Saturn’s poles. Simulations suggest that tropospheric polar flows on giant planets are driven by moist convection, and that, while vortices can develop on Saturn, similar cyclones are not expected on Jupiter.
Building decision tree software quality classification models using genetic programming

Predicting the quality of software modules prior to testing or system operations allows a focused software quality improvement en-deavor. Decision trees are very attractive for classification problems, because of their comprehensibility and white box modeling features. However, optimizing the classification accuracy and the tree size is a difficult problem, and to our knowledge very few studies have addressed the issue. This paper presents an automated and simplified genetic programming (gp) based decision tree modeling technique for calibrating software quality classification models. The proposed technique is based on multi-objective optimization using strongly typed gp. Two fitness functions are used to optimize the classification accuracy and tree size of the classification models calibrated for a real-world high-assurance software system. The performances of the classification models are compared with those obtained by standard gp. It is shown that the gp-based decision tree technique yielded better classification models.
Saint John Longshoremen During the Rise of Canada's Winter Port, 1895-1922

During the 19th century a longshoring tradition emerged out of the booming lumber trade in Saint John. Shiplabourers' organizations periodically vied with local merchants for control of the waterfront casual labour market. Work-bred feelings of mutualism were frequently undermined by job, ethnic, and religious segmentation. Despite the introduction of steamers, the longshore labour process remained relatively unchanged. The situation changed at the turn of the century as a result of the establishment of Saint John's winter-port facility. Big Capital confronted Big Labour in an all-out struggle for control of the docks. Aided by wartime conditions, the longshoremen finally succeeded in imposing new work-rules and exerting partial control over hiring practices. But after the Armistice, the shipping industry regained its previous authority, and hard-pressed Saint John longshoremen subsequently abandoned their class-based efforts in favour of regional political nostrums. Resume Au cours du dix-neuvieme siecle, a Saint-John, le travail de debardeur se developpa en meme temps que le commerce du bois. Les organisations de travailleurs maritimes rivalisaient periodiquement avec les marchands locaux pour controler le marche du travail portuaire. La solidarite du milieu de travail se trouvait souent minee par les divisions ethniques et religieuses ainsi que par la segmentation du travail. Malgre l'introduction des vaisseaux a vapeur, le proces de travail des debardeurs demeura relativement inchange, mais la situation se transforma au tournant du siecle quand Saint-John fut amenage en port d'hiver. Le Grand Capital confronta le Travail dans une lutte a outrance pour le controle des quaies. Grâce aux conditions liees a la Grande Guerre, les debardeurs reussirent finallement a imposer de nouveaux reglements de travail et a exercer un controle partiel sur l'embauche. Apres l'armistice, toutefois, les compagnies maritimes imposerent de nouveau leur autorite. Devant cette situation difficile, les debardeurs de Saint-John durent abandonner leurs actions de classe pour se tourner vers les palliatifs offerts par la politique regionale.
Dynamic Network Information Collectionfor Distributed Scientific Application Adaptation

An application for collecting local dynamic network information during the course of distributed scientific application execution is presented. The technique used is light weight and provides adaptive capabilities to the application.
Balancing Logic Utilization and Area Efficiency in FPGAs

In this paper we outline a procedure to determine appropriate partitioning of programmable logic and interconnect area to minimize overall device area across a broad range of benchmark circuits. To validate our design approach, FPGA layout tools which target devices with less that 100% logic capacity have been developed to augment existing approaches that target fully-utilized devices. These tools have been applied to FPGA and reconfigurable computing benchmarks which range from simple state machines to pipelined datapaths. In general, it is shown that the minimum area point for architectures similar to those available from Xilinx Corporation falls belowthe 100% logic utilization point for many circuits.
Chapter 43 Alkaloids as Local Anesthetics

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the alkaloids as local anesthetics. Anesthetic effects have been observed with some of the cinchona alkaloids. A number of other alkaloids have been reported as having some local anesthetic activity. The alkaloids from Erythrophyleum guineense were studied in animals. In the conjunctiva of the rabbits, activity in producing corneal anesthesia decreased in the following order: homophleine, erythrophleine, cassaine, and norcassaidine. For comparison Percaine activity falls between erythrophleine and cassaine. Ammonium, calcium, strontium, and barium also increase the cocaine anesthesia in the same manner as does potassium, the order of activity decreasing from potassium in the order named on the frog sciatic and the sensory nerve of the frog and guinea pig skin. Ammonium chloride, like potassium chloride, intensifies the cocaine anesthesia of the sensory ending of the frog sciatic. Cocaine is a less powerful synergist of the salts with regard to skin anesthesia.
Evaluation of dominance-based ordinal multiple regression for variables with few categories

Dominance-based ordinal multiple regression (DOR) is designed to answer ordinal questions about relationships among ordinal variables. Only one parameter per predictor is estimated, and the number of parameters is constant for any number of outcome levels. The majority of existing simulation evaluations of DOR use predictors that are continuous or ordinal with many categories, so the performance of the method is not well understood for ordinal variables with few categories. This research evaluates DOR in simulations using three-category ordinal variables for the outcome and predictors, with a comparison to the cumulative logits proportional odds model (POC). Although ordinary least squares (OLS) regression is inapplicable for theoretical reasons, it was also included in the simulations because of its popularity in the social sciences. Most simulation outcomes indicated that DOR performs well for variables with few categories, and is preferable to the POC for smaller samples and when the proportional odds assumption is violated. Nevertheless, confidence interval coverage for DOR was not flawless and possibilities for improvement are suggested.
Determination of kinetic parameters of apolipoprotein B metabolism using amino acids labeled with stable isotopes.

The use of amino acids labeled with stable isotopes represents a relatively new approach for determining kinetic parameters of apolipoprotein metabolism; thus, several aspects of experimental protocols need to be defined. The aims of the present study were to determine whether a) different amino acid tracers or b) different methods of tracer administration affected apolipoprotein (apo) B kinetic parameters obtained by multicompartmental modeling, and c) to compare very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-apoB metabolic parameters determined by multicompartmental modeling with those estimated by linear regression or by monoexponential analysis. [1-13C]leucine and [15N]glycine were given either as bolus injections or as primed constant infusions. A bolus of one amino acid was administered simultaneously with a primed constant infusion (8 h) of the other amino acid into four healthy normolipidemic subjects (age 23.0 +/- 1.4 yr; BMI 20.9 +/- 0.9 kg.m-2). VLDL-, intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL)-, and low density lipoprotein (LDL)-apoB enrichments were followed over 110 h. For subsequent analysis these values were converted to tracer/tracee ratios. Using the multicompartmental model, the fractional catabolic rate (FCR) for VLDL-apoB was estimated to be 0.36 +/- 0.09 h-1 after the administration of the tracer as a primed constant infusion and 0.35 +/- 0.07 h-1 when the tracer was administered as a bolus. The values for VLDL-apoB production were 14.6 +/- 6.5 mg.kg-1.d-1 and 14.1 +/- 5.4 mg.kg-1.d-1, respectively. The corresponding values for LDL-apoB were 0.027 +/- 0.016 h-1 (0.026 +/- 0.018 h-1) for the FCR and 10.5 +/- 3.7 mg.kg-1.d-1 (10.4 +/- 3.8 mg.kg-1.d-1) for the production following administration of the tracer as a primed constant infusion and a bolus, respectively. Approximately 47% of VLDL-apoB ultimately reached the LDL fraction via the VLDL-IDL-LDL pathway. Thirty-five percent of LDL-apoB did not originate from this cascade pathway, but was shunted from a rapidly turning over VLDL compartment directly into the LDL fraction. While there was some variation between individuals, VLDL-apoB and LDL-apoB parameters derived from the bolus and the primed constant infusions showed no significant differences and were closely correlated. Metabolic parameters were also independent of the two amino acids tested. Although values for FCRs of VLDL-apoB obtained from linear regression (0.36 +/- 0.19 h-1) or monoexponential analysis (0.50 +/- 0.36 h-1) did not differ significantly from those obtained by the multicompartmental model, there was considerable variation and no significant correlation in a given individual.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
ROC comparison between digital mammography and screen-film using an anthropomorphic breast phantom

Mass lesion detection performance of a LoRAD Digital Spot Mammography (DSM) system was compared with a Kodak Min R screen-film combination exposed either in front of the DSM, or in the Bucky of a GE 600T mammography unit. Low-contrast objects simulating small masses were superimposed on an RMI 165 anthropomorphic breast phantom and radiographs obtained at 28 kVp and an mAs value, which resulted in a mean film density of approximately 1.1. DSM images were obtained at the same radiation exposure as used with screen-film. Fully masked radiographs were viewed on a mammography light box, and the DSM images were viewed on the DSM monitor in a darkened room. Of the 64 regions of interest (ROI) in each type of image, 28 (44%) contained the test object. For each imaging modality, six radiologists and six scientists assessed the probability of a simulated mass being present in each ROI. The resultant data were used to plot receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of twelve readers for each of the three imaging modalities investigated. There was no significant difference in reader performance between the screen-film combination exposed in front of the DSM system and exposed in the GE 600T system. Both screen-film imaging systems resulted in the same average area under the ROC curve, Az, of 0.78. At the same level of radiation exposure, the DSM had an average ROC area, Az, of 0.71 which was significantly inferior to the average performance achieved using screen-film (p less than 0.005). For this detection task, there were no significant differences in performance between the radiologists and scientists. Reader performance was found to improve with the number of images read, demonstrating an observer learning curve for this specific detection task.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Adaptive Vertical Handoff Decision Algorithm for Wireless Heterogeneous Networks

No single wireless network technology can satisfy all the user requirements. Thus, there is a urgent need to propose a single unified vertical handoff approach that integrates all disparate wireless technologies and enables mobile terminals to seamlessly roam between heterogeneous access networks. The classical approach for Vertical Handoff Decision Algorithm (VHDA) is based on Received Signal Strength (RSS). However, this paper aims to propose a multiple parameter based algorithm, where a Neuro-Fuzzy based supervised learning approach is used for tuning of the training vector. This paper discusses Fuzzy inference system which uses Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) of MATLAB in which triangular membership function and fuzzy based inference engine is used along with neural network for the weight adjustment. The approach shows the gain in throughput and reduced ping pong effect which in turn improves the overall QoS of heterogeneous networks.
Mates quantification and intensional logic

(1981). Mates quantification and intensional logic. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 59, No. 2, pp. 177-188.
Clomiphene and tamoxifen inhibit progesterone synthesis in granulosa cells: comparison with estradiol.

The actions of clomiphene, tamoxifen, and 17β- estradiol were studied in an isolated avian granulosa cell system during short term incubations. A dose-dependent inhibition of ovine LH-enhanced progesterone production was observed for all three compounds, with an IC50 of 3 × 10−6 m and maximal inhibition (95%) at 5 × 10−5 m. A similar inhibition was found when cells were stimulated by either 8-bromo-cAMP or forskolin. Neither clomiphene nor tamoxifen had an inhibitory effect on the conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone, a step that was blocked by 17β-estradiol and isoxazole, a known inhibitor of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. On the other hand, cells exposed to clomiphene failed to use [6-3H]25-hydroxycholesterol, while estradiol significantly increased the conversion of labeled substrate to pregnenolone at the expense of progesterone (30% vs. 7% of the total radioactivity). By comparison, in control cells, progesterone represented the major metabolite with 36% of the total radioactivity; pregnenolo...
Distance-dependent fluorescence quenching observed by frequency-domain fluorometry

Abstract We describe frequency-domain measurements of the time-dependent intensity decays of p -bis[2-(5-phenyloxazolyl)] benzene (POPOP) when collisionally quenched by carbon tetrabromide (CBr 4 ). The frequency-domain data reveal the existence of a quenching rate constant which depends exponentially on the fluorophore—quencher separation. A distance-dependent quenching rate explains the decadesold observation of upward curvature in Stern—Volmer plots
Remediation of letter reversals.

This study determined the effectiveness of tangible and social reinforcement with and without positive practice on the remediation of letter reversals. Positive practice involves the repeated practicing of appropriate behavior and has been used as a pan of the cvercorrection procedure (1). A reversal design was used with the target subject, a 20yr.-old severely retarded male. The subject had a history of successful letter discriminations except for "b and "d" which he frequently reversed. The experimental task was a 251-word story that contained exactly 25 b's and 25 d's. The student was given the story and asked to circle all of the b's. When he completed the task, he was given another copy of the story and asked to circle all of the d's. The two dependent measures were the number of b's and d's circled (out of 3 possible 50) and the percentage of circled letters identified correctly (correctly identified letters minus incorrectly identified letters divided by the total number of letters marked). Both measures were included in this study to avoid a situation in which the percentage of the b's and d's marked correctly could increase just by identifying fewer letters and being correct on those identifications. Fig. 1 shows the percentage of letters found and the percentage of letters identified during each phase of the study. The baseline rate was about 40% for both the number of b's and d's identified and the percentage of b's and d's marked correctly. There was only a small improvement in behavior in Phase B, the tangible and social reinforcement condition. The return to baseline, Phase A, showed a modest reduction back to the previous baseline levels. During Phase C (tangible reinforcement-positive practice), there was a rapid increase in the number of b's and d's identified over the five sessions. Approximately 70% of the letters were identified correctly in the last two sessions. Also, the generalization and maintenance of the treatment effects were evaluated. Follow-up probes indicated that the results were maintained over 7-mo. and 10-mo. periods. In addition, the final probe also included a different task, suggesting generalization as well. These results indicate that positive practice used with a reinforcement system rapidly increased Imer-discriminations and that these skills were maintained. These results were found with a severely retarded subject. Although no direct comparisons can be made to learning disabled or retarded readers, the results suggest that positive practice might be a viable approach to this common problem. REFERENCE 1. AZRIN, N. H., & FOXX, R. M. Toilet training the retarded. Champaign, IL: Re
Sebaceous carcinoma: the great masquerader

: Sebaceous carcinoma (SC) is a rare tumor with a high rate of local recurrence and metastasis to lymph nodes and organs. The majority of SCs occur in the periocular region frequently presenting as painless, round subcutaneous nodules with a high tendency of diffuse and invasive growth in the eyelid and conjunctiva. It frequently masquerades as inflammatory conditions or as other tumors leading to delay in diagnosis, inappropriate treatment and increased morbidity and mortality. Sebaceous carcinoma is associated with Muir–Torre syndrome, a genetic condition presenting with sebaceous skin tumors associated with internal malignancy. Therefore, SC patients must be carefully evaluated and referred to an internist or gastroenterologist when indicated. Surgery is the definitive therapy for SC. In recent years, less radical surgical strategies are being used with improved outcomes. Current studies demonstrate that Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) provides maximal tissue conservation and lower recurrence rates. Greater awareness and understanding of SC and its behavior has led to earlier diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
The effect of minimum-wage laws on the distribution of employment: theory and evidence

Abstract Recent research casts doubt on the view that minimum-wage laws reduce employment. We show that in a simple model of bilateral search with heterogeneous workers, a minimum-wage law increases employment. However, the increased competition from higher productivity workers makes lower productivity workers worse off without making higher productivity workers better off. We provide evidence that minimum-wage laws shift employment from adults to teenagers and students. This raises concerns about the distributional consequences of minimum wages even when they increase employment.
Main Accelerator Abort System

The main accelerator abort system is designed to dump the unwanted beam only around the abort system and to reduce the residual radioactivity around the accelerator. The system consists of a 9-ft long aluminum target, a pair of 20-ft long steel collimators, and a pair of fast bump magnets. The beam is aborted within a few milliseconds after the arrival of a trigger signal.
Detection of hepatocellular carcinoma by ferumoxides-enhanced MR imaging in cirrhosis: Incremental value of dynamic gadolinium-enhancement.

Purpose: To investigate the incremental value of dynamic gadolinium-enhancement performed immediately after ferumoxides-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging on the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed MR scans of 62 cirrhotic patients over a two-year period. Sequences included ferumoxides-enhanced T2-weighted fast spin echo followed by dynamic gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted spoiled gradient echo. Two readers independently documented the presence of hepatocellular carcinoma on a three-point confidence scale, without and with gadolinium-enhanced images. The presence or absence of hepatocellular carcinoma was established by histopathology (58 patients) or follow-up imaging (four patients) over a mean period of nine months. Results: A total of 71 hepatocellular carcinomas were found in 42 patients. There was no statistically significant difference in sensitivity for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma without vs. with gadolinium-enhanced images (68% vs. 74% for reader 1 and 62% vs. 73% for reader 2, respectively, P > 1.3). However, both readers showed a lower mean confidence for tumor detection without vs. with gadolinium-enhanced images (2.3 vs. 2.7 for reader 1, 2.3 vs. 2.9 for reader 2, P < 0.01). Conclusion: In our study, the addition of dynamic gadolinium-enhancement to ferumoxides-enhanced MR imaging did not improve hepatocellular carcinoma detection, but the addition of gadolinium-enhancement is recommended if ferumoxides-enhanced imaging is used because it increased reader confidence. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ultrafast pulse shaping: amplification and characterization.

We demonstrate high-resolution amplified pulse shaping using an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) at a center-wavelength of 795nm. The output pulses have energy of 200μJ/pulse and a transform-limited pulsewidth of 150fs. A spectral modulation of over 40 features is achieved in a single pulse. We characterize the pulses using the STRUT (Spectrally and Temporally Resolved Upconversion Technique). Using predistortion techniques, we demonstrate that the pulses can be shaped in amplitude and phase. We create a complex pulse shape with hyperbolic secant amplitude and hyperbolic tangent frequency sweep, which is useful for applications in adiabatic rapid passage experiments.
Localization and Role of Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channels in Rabbit Ventricular Myocytes

Several members of the transient receptor potential cation (TRPC) channel family are stretch activated. They are thought to play a critical role in mechano-electrical coupling in cardiac myocytes and in cardiac hypertrophic remodeling. However, studies on their subcellular localization in cardiomyocytes are conflicting, and their functions in cardiac myocytes are barely understood. In this study, we investigated the spatial distribution of TRPC channels in isolated ventricular myocytes from adult rabbit using immunolabeling and three-dimensional confocal microscopy. Colocalization of TRPC with (i) sarcolemma labeled with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), (ii) sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) labeled for SR calcium ATPase (SERCA2), and (iii) cytoskeletal proteins including sarcomeric α-actinin, desmin, vinculin and β-tubulin, was assessed by a quantitative approach. Furthermore, we measured stretch-activated current with whole-cell voltage clamping. Our results from confocal imaging revealed a transverse striated distribution of TRPC1 and TRPC6 channels. We found colocalization of TRPC1 and TRPC6 with sarcomeric α-actinin, SERCA2A and desmin, but not with WGA, vinculin and β-tubulin. Additionally, no stretch-activated current was detected when stretching isolated cardiomyocytes to approximately 10% of their resting length. Taken together, our data indicate that TRPC1 and TRPC6 are not located in the sarcolemma, but in the membrane of the SR adjacent to the Z-disks in rabbit ventricular myocytes. We suggest that a potential role of TRPC1 and TRPC6 channels is in stretch-dependent calcium leak from the SR and/or counter current balancing calcium release from the SR through ryanodine receptors.
Pogroms, Peasants, Jews: Britain and Eastern Europe's “Jewish question,” 1867–1925

In this revised doctoral dissertation, Sam Johnson analyses the evolution and transformation of the relationship between the British public and British Jews to the Jews of Eastern Europe between th...
Conditioned drinking and the effects of saccharin on its recovery after lateral hypothalamic lesions

Abstract Earlier observations on conditioned drinking in response to a complex stimulus (drinking cage) previously associated with subcutaneous injections of hypertonic saline, 2.0 cm 3 of 15% NaCl and 2.5% procaine HCl, were confirmed. Additional results demonstrate that the conditioned drinking is abolished by lateral hypothalamic lesions. Presentation of a 0.3% sodium saccharin solution in the drinking cage (test cage) during the extinction phase of the experiment enhanced the recovery process. Drinking in the test and home cages and eating recurred much sooner than expected. The role of palatability in the recovery from lateral hypothalamic lesions is discussed.
Cochlear implantation in patients with auditory neuropathy of varied etiologies.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Auditory neuropathy is a relatively recently described pattern of hearing loss characterized by preservation of outer hair cell function despite absent brainstem auditory evoked responses. Intact outer hair cell function is demonstrated by the presence of otoacoustic emissions and/or a measurable cochlear microphonic on electrocochleography, whereas no synchronous neural activity (absent action potentials) is seen on acoustically evoked brainstem auditory evoked response testing. The study reviews the authors' experience with six patients diagnosed with auditory neuropathy, four of whom have undergone cochlear implantation. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of all medical and audiological charts at the University of Virginia Hospitals (Charlottesville, VA) was performed to identify patients who have undergone cochlear implantation or have been diagnosed with auditory neuropathy, or both. Results: Six patients with hearing loss attributable to auditory neuropathy were identified, four of whom have undergone cochlear implantation. Causes varied, including congenital, infectious, and idiopathic origins. Adults demonstrated subjective auditory perception on promontory stimulation, whereas no repeatable brainstem auditory evoked response waveforms could be demonstrated on pediatric promontory stimulation testing. Patients with implants demonstrated implant-evoked brainstem auditory evoked responses and improved audiological performance. Conclusions: The six cases presented in the study represent varied causes and, probably, varied sites of lesions of auditory neuropathy. Promontory stimulation has been valuable, particularly in adults. Cochlear implantation allows the opportunity to provide a supraphysiological electrical stimulation to the auditory nerve, with the hope of reintroducing synchronous neural activity. Greater confidence and enthusiasm for cochlear implantation in appropriately selected patients with auditory neuropathy are gained through experience with such diverse cases.
Direct-writing of complex liquid crystal patterns

We report on a direct-write system for patterning of arbitrary, high-quality, continuous liquid crystal (LC) alignment patterns. The system uses a focused UV laser and XY scanning stages to expose a photoalignment layer, which then aligns a subsequent LC layer. We intentionally arrange for multiple overlapping exposures of the photoalignment material by a scanned Gaussian beam, often with a plurality of polarizations and intensities, in order to promote continuous and precise LC alignment. This type of exposure protocol has not been well investigated, and sometimes results in unexpected LC responses. Ultimately, this enables us to create continuous alignment patterns with feature sizes smaller than the recording beam. We describe the system design along with a thorough mathematical system description, starting from the direct-write system inputs and ending with the estimated alignment of the LC. We fabricate a number of test patterns to validate our system model, then design and fabricate a number of interesting well-known elements, including a q-plate and polarization grating.
DNA sequence organization of the β-globin complex in the BALB/c mouse

Abstract Clones containing five non-adult β-globin genes were isolated from a library of BALB/c DNA. Together, the newly cloned regions comprise a contiguous block of 32 kb of the mouse genome. Restriction mapping of genomic DNA established the physical linkage of these non-adult genes to the two adult β-globin genes as well as of the two adult genes to each other. Thus this entire BALB/c β-globin complex consists of seven linked genes, all with the same transcriptional orientation, arrayed over 70 kb of DNA. The order of these genes is:5′ϵy3βhOh1βh2βh3βmajor βminor3′ Portions of each of the five newly identified genes have been sequenced. Only one, ϵy3, encodes a previously described globin. βhO and βh1, which are closely related, differ significantly from both adult and embryonic globins. The βh2 sequence is more closely related to the adult genes than to the other non-adult genes. However, it is the sequence least homologous to both of these classes. The 5′ half of the βh3 gene (preceding codon 75) has an aberrant structure. The rest of this sequence is intact, resembling an adult β-globin gene except for an inserted base at codon 90, resulting in a frameshift. Consequently, the βh3 sequence cannot be translated to produce a normal β-globin.
Strategy Japanese style: mobilizing the manufacturing workforce

Abstract In recent years, manufacturing firms have recognized the crucial importance of incorporating the strengths and weaknesses of the manufacturing function in formulating business strategy. They have also recognized the importance of involving other functional areas in the strategy formulation process. In order to make strategy formulation a company-wide activity, we propose the establishment of a network of strategy-related information throughout the organization. We see the network as an extension of manufacturing resource planning. It requires a strategy-related data base which receives input from, and provides information to, the employees and top management. Top management should take advantage of the data base to make appropriate adjustments to business strategy.
Family Caregivers of Impoverished Mexican American Elderly Women: The Perceived Impact of Adult Day Care Centers

Using an interview format, this exploratory study examined the narratives of 15 Mexican American primary caretakers and the perceived effects of adult day care centers (ADCs) on the lives of their ...
Sub-arcsecond differential deflectometry to measure thermally induced distortions of the Swift optical bench

The Swift optical bench is a roughly 2.7 m diameter, 0.1 m thick composite structure carrying the Burst Alert Telescope (BAT), X-ray Telescope (XRT), and the Ultraviolet Optical Telescope (UVOT) as well as various attitude control instrumentation for the spacecraft. A high precision test of the optical bench using multi-aperture optical deflectometry was developed to verify that the relative boresights of the XRT and UVOT instruments would not change by more than several arcseconds when a worst case on-orbit temperature gradient is imposed through the thickness of the bench. Results of validation tests in a laminar flow cleanroom environment without vibration isolation demonstrated a differential measurement capability with 0.2 arcsecond sensitivity and 0.5 arcsecond accuracy per day. The technique is easily adaptable to similar deflection monitoring requirements for other large spacecraft structures.
Mass transfer from an aerosol droplet at intermediate peclet numbers

A new experimental technique involving the use of optical resonances observed in an evaporating aerosol droplet suspended in an electrodynamic balance is developed in order to study mass transfer from a sphere. Previous theoretical and experimental results are compared with new data for the slow evaporation of dodecanol in nitrogen flowing at Reynolds numbers in the range 0.001 to 1.25. Mass transfer data for dodecanol and for hexadecane obtained with the “picobalance” are shown to be in good agreement with the singular perturbation expansion of Rimmer for Pe≤1.1, while the interpolation formula of Zhang and Davis best represents the results for Pe up to 4.
The accessory atlantoaxial ligament.

Objective The stability of the joints connecting the cranium to the upper cervical spine is of vital importance. The ligaments of this region, for the most part, have been thoroughly investigated, with the exception of the accessory atlantoaxial ligament. Methods Ten cadaveric specimens were examined to observe the anatomy of this ligament. Results This ligament was found in all specimens, and in each, it not only connected the atlas to the axis but also continued cephalically to the occipital bone. The approximate dimensions of this structure were 3 cm x 5 mm. Functionally, this ligament became maximally taut with a rotation of the head of 5 to 8 degrees. Laxity was observed with cervical extension, and maximal tautness was seen at 5 to 10 degrees of cervical flexion. Conclusion The accessory atlantoaxial ligament seems to participate in craniocervical stability and perhaps should be renamed the accessory alar ligament or accessory atlantoaxialoccipital ligament; both of these terms better denote its anatomic characteristics. Perhaps in the future, better magnetic resonance imaging techniques and machines will be able to identify this structure so as to appreciate its integrity after upper cervical spine trauma.
Mechanism of antioxidant action in the stabilization of hydrocarbon systems

Four antioxidant classifications, based on differences in the method by which they exert their effect, are noted. The mechanism of the chain-stopping action is discussed in terms of four different reactions which have been proposed. The participation of the antioxidant in the mechanism of inhibited thermal oxidation is reviewed. The hydrogen donation mechanism as the first step in the chain-stopping mechanism has been investigated by observing the effect of replacing the active hydrogen of the antioxidant by deuterium. Contrary to the findings of some prior workers, a kinetic isotope effect has been demonstrated with a secondary aryl amine antioxidant as well as with phenols. These results, together with other supporting evidences reported in the literature, indicate that abstraction of a hydrogen from the antioxidant is the initial step in the usual mechanism by which antioxidants serve as chain stoppers in the oxidation of hydrocarbon systems.