cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multivoxel patterns in face-sensitive temporal regions reveal an encoding schema based on detecting life in a face

More than a decade of research has demonstrated that faces evoke prioritized processing in acore face networkof three brain regions. However, whether these regions prioritize the detection of global facial form (shared by humans and mannequins) or the detection of life in a face has remained unclear. Here, we dissociate form-based and animacy-based encoding of faces by using animate and inanimate faces with human form (humans, mannequins) and dog form (real dogs, toy dogs). We used multivariate pattern analysis of BOLD responses to uncover the representational similarity space for each area in the core face network. Here, we show that only responses in the inferior occipital gyrus are organized by global facial form alone (human vs dog) while animacy becomes an additional organizational priority in later face-processing regions: the lateral fusiform gyri (latFG) and right superior temporal sulcus. Additionally, patterns evoked by human faces were maximally distinct from all other face categories in the latFG and parts of the extended face perception system. These results suggest that once a face configuration is perceived, faces are further scrutinized for whether the face is alive and worthy of social cognitive resources.
Synthesis, Structure, and Superconducting Properties of Tantalum Carbide Nanorods and Nanoparticles

Tantalum carbide nanorods and nanoparticles have been synthesized using a vapor-solid reaction path starting with CVD grown carbon nanotube precursors. Their structures were studied using XRD, TEM, and HRSEM. Superconducting properties were characterized using a SQUID magnetometer. For reactions at lower temperatures, carbide nanorods, which replicate the ∼14 nm diameter of the precursor carbon nanotubes, are observed. For higher temperature reactions, coarsened carbide nanoparticles (100–250 nm) are observed which have spherical or cubic-faceted morphologies. A morphological Rayleigh instability is postulated as initiating the transition from nanorod to nanoparticle morphologies. Stoichiometric bulk TaC crystallizes in the rock salt structure and has a superconducting transition temperature of 9.7 K. In TaC nanorods and nanoparticles, the superconducting properties correlate with the lattice parameter. Nanoparticles with a little higher lattice parameter than the ideal one show higher T c and higher fields at which the superconductivity disappears than stoichiometric bulk TaC.
Effect of Solar UV-B Radiation on a Phyllosphere Bacterial Community

The effect of solar UV-B radiation on the population dynamics and composition of the culturable bacterial community from peanut (Arachis hypogeae L.) was examined in field studies using plants grown under UV-B-transmitting (UV-B+) or UV-B-excluding (UV-B-) plastic filters. Our data demonstrate that solar UV-B selection alters phyllosphere bacterial community composition and that UV tolerance is a prevalent phenotype late in the season. The total bacterial population size was not affected by either UV-B treatment. However, isolates from the UV-B+ plots (n = 368) were significantly more UV tolerant than those from the UV-B- (n = 363) plots. UV sensitivity was determined as the minimal inhibitory dose of UV that resulted in an inhibition of growth compared to the growth of a nonirradiated control. The difference in minimal inhibitory doses among bacterial isolates from UV-B+ and UV-B- treatments was mainly partitioned among nonpigmented isolates, with pigmented isolates as a group being characterized as UV tolerant. A large increase in UV tolerance was observed within isolate groups collected late (89 and 96 days after planting) in the season. Identification of 200 late-season isolates indicated that the predominant UV-tolerant members of this group were Bacillus coagulans, Clavibacter michiganensis, and Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens. We selected C. michiganensis as a model UV-tolerant epiphyte to study if cell survival on UV-irradiated peanut leaves was increased relative to UV survival in vitro. The results showed an enhancement in the survival of C. michiganensis G7.1, especially following high UV-C doses (300 and 375 J m(-2)), that was evident between 24 and 96 h after inoculation. A dramatic increase in the in planta/in vitro survival ratio was observed over the entire 96-h experiment period for C. michiganensis T5.1.
Carotid sinus massage during evaluation for transient loss of consciousness: just a positive test?

An electrocardiographic recording obtained during diagnostic evaluation of recurrent transient loss of consciousness in a 53-year-old man is presented. Carot- id sinus massage (CSM), having elicited a ventricular asystole of O5 s duration was deemed to have provided a possible diagnostic basis for syncope. However, apart from the pause and somewhat unexpectedly, CSM also suppressed preexisting fre- quent ventricular ectopy. Explanations for this unexpected finding can only be con- sidered speculative, but include direct CSM-induced parasympathetic suppression of ectopic activity at intra-ventricular pacemaker sites, concomitant diminution of sympathetic neural activity at ectopic sites, or interruption of 'linking' of normal ventricular activation to initiation of premature ventricular contractions.
A Whole Genome Screen for Minisatellite Stability Genes in Stationary-Phase Yeast Cells.

Repetitive elements comprise a significant portion of most eukaryotic genomes. Minisatellites, a type of repetitive element composed of repeat units 15−100 bp in length, are stable in actively dividing cells but change in composition during meiosis and in stationary-phase cells. Alterations within minisatellite tracts have been correlated with the onset of a variety of diseases, including diabetes mellitus, myoclonus epilepsy, and several types of cancer. However, little is known about the factors preventing minisatellite alterations. Previously, our laboratory developed a color segregation assay in which a minisatellite was inserted into the ADE2 gene in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to monitor alteration events. We demonstrated that minisatellite alterations that occur in stationary-phase cells give rise to a specific colony morphology phenotype known as blebbing. Here, we performed a modified version of the synthetic genetic array analysis to screen for mutants that produce a blebbing phenotype. Screens were conducted using two distinctly different minisatellite tracts: the ade2-min3 construct consisting of three identical 20-bp repeats, and the ade2-h7.5 construct, consisting of seven-and-a-half 28-bp variable repeats. Mutations in 102 and 157 genes affect the stability of the ade2-min3 and ade2-h7.5 alleles, respectively. Only seven hits overlapped both screens, indicating that different factors regulate repeat stability depending upon minisatellite size and composition. Importantly, we demonstrate that mismatch repair influences the stability of the ade2-h7.5 allele, indicating that this type of DNA repair stabilizes complex minisatellites in stationary phase cells. Our work provides insight into the factors regulating minisatellite stability.
Design study for the RF photoinjector for the MIT-Bates X-ray laser

A multiple cell 1.3 GHz room-temperature photoinjector is under design for the MIT Bates X-ray laser project. The design features include tunable intercavity phase shifts allowing separate phasing of the cells for velocity bunching of the beam in the following drift, and optimization of cell shape for high shunt impedance and low wall power density. Beam dynamics are studied for charges ranging from 0.1 to 1 nC using a model, non-ideal laser profile shape. It is shown that collective effects at the high end of the range cause loss of beam brightness.
Feedback EDF scheduling exploiting hardware-assisted asynchronous dynamic voltage scaling

Recent processor support for dynamic frequency and voltage scaling (DVS) allows software to affect power consumption by varying execution frequency and supply voltage on the fly. However, processors generally enter a sleep state while transitioning between frequencies/voltages. In this paper, we examine the merits of hardware/software co-design for a feedback DVS algorithm and a novel processor capable of executing instructions during frequency/voltage transitions. We study several power-aware feedback schemes based on earliest-deadline-first (EDF) scheduling that adjust the system behavior dynamically for different workload characteristics. An infrastructure for investigating several hard real-time DVS schemes, including our feedback DVS algorithm, is implemented on an IBM PowerPC 405LP embedded board. Architecture and algorithm overhead is assessed for different DVS schemes. Measurements on the experimentation board provide a quantitative assessment of the potential of energy savings for DVS algorithms as opposed to prior simulation work that could only provide trends. Energy consumption, measured through a data acquisition board, indicates a considerable potential for real-time DVS scheduling algorithms to lower energy up to 64% over the naive DVS scheme. Our feedback DVS algorithm saves at least as much and often considerably more energy than previous DVS algorithms with peak savings of an additional 24% energy reduction. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comparative study of real-time DVS algorithms on a concrete micro-architecture and the first evaluation of asynchronous DVS switching.
Automated PSpice simulation as an effective design tool in teaching power electronics

In this paper, PSpice is used to deepen the student understanding of power electronics and to serve as a design tool for power converter circuits. A library that includes automated versions of dc/dc converters and rectifiers is built in PSpice using ideal switches. The automated version permits students to design converter circuits that meet a set of design criteria. The performance of various designs are tested by plotting the current and voltage waveforms using the graphics postprocessor Probe. The library was introduced to students in a power electronics course, and they have been asked to augment its contents through mini-design projects. The response was positive, which will encourage the extension of the approach to other subjects.
Multicenter study of emergency department visits for insect sting allergies

Background An earlier study of food-related anaphylaxis in the emergency department (ED) suggested low concordance with national guidelines for anaphylaxis management. Objective To extend these findings, we performed a chart review study to describe current ED management of insect sting allergy. Methods The Multicenter Airway Research Collaboration performed a chart review study in 15 North American EDs. Investigators reviewed 617 charts of patients with insect sting allergy. Patients were identified by using International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, codes 989.5 (toxic effect of venom), 995.0 (other anaphylactic shock), and 995.3 (allergy, unspecified). Results The cohort was 42% female and 61% white, with a mean age of 36 ± 19 years. In this cohort, 58% had local reactions, 11% had mild systemic reactions, and 31% had anaphylactic reactions, as defined by multisystem organ involvement or hypotension. Among patients with systemic reactions (mild or anaphylaxis), most (75%) were stung within 6 hours of ED arrival. While in the ED, 69% of systemic reaction patients received antihistamines, 50% systemic corticosteroids, and 12% epinephrine. Almost all systemic reaction patients (95%) were discharged to home. At ED discharge, 27% (95% CI, 22% to 33%) of systemic reaction patients received a prescription for self-injectable epinephrine. Only 20% (95% CI, 15% to 26%) had documentation of referral to an allergist. Conclusions Although guidelines suggest specific approaches for the emergency management of insect sting allergy, concordance with these guidelines appears low in patients with a severe insect sting reaction.
Subconductance States of a Mutant NMDA Receptor Channel Kinetics, Calcium, and Voltage Dependence

The kinetic properties of main and subconductance states of a mutant mouse N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channel were examined. Recombinant receptors made of zeta-epsilon 2 (NR1-NR2B) subunits having asparagine-to-glutamine mutations in the M2 segment (zeta N598Q/epsilon 2N589Q) were expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Single channel currents recorded from outside-out patches were analyzed using hidden Markov model techniques. In Ca(2+)-free solutions, an open receptor channel occupies a main conductance (93 pS) and a subconductance (62 pS) with about equal probability. There are both brief and long-lived subconductance states, but only a single main level state. At -80 mV, the lifetime of the main and the longer-lived sub level are both approximately 3.3 ms. The gating of the pore and the transition between conductance levels are essentially independent processes. Surprisingly, hyperpolarization speeds both the sub-to-main and main-to-sub transition rate constants (approximately 120 mV/e-fold change), but does not alter the equilibrium occupancies. Extracellular Ca2+ does not influence the transition rate constants. We conclude that the subconductance levels arise from fluctuations in the energetics of ion permeation through a single pore, and that the voltage dependence of these fluctuations reflects the modulation by the membrane potential of the barrier between the main and subconductance conformations of the pore.
A 5GS/s 12.2pJ/conv. analog charge-domain FFT for a software defined radio receiver front-end in 65nm CMOS

This work describes the design of CRAFT (Charge Re-use Analog Fourier Transform): an RF front-end channelizer for software defined radios (SDR) based on a 16 point analog-domain FFT. The design relies on charge re-use to achieve 47dB average SNDR on a 5GS/s I/Q input, and consumes only 12.2pJ/conv. Due to its wide-band and low power channelization capabilities, it is expected to reduce the sample rate and dynamic range requirements for wide-band digitization in SDRs.
The Drosophila afadin homologue Canoe regulates linkage of the actin cytoskeleton to adherens junctions during apical constriction

Cadherin-based adherens junctions (AJs) mediate cell adhesion and regulate cell shape change. The nectin–afadin complex also localizes to AJs and links to the cytoskeleton. Mammalian afadin has been suggested to be essential for adhesion and polarity establishment, but its mechanism of action is unclear. In contrast, Drosophila melanogaster’s afadin homologue Canoe (Cno) has suggested roles in signal transduction during morphogenesis. We completely removed Cno from embryos, testing these hypotheses. Surprisingly, Cno is not essential for AJ assembly or for AJ maintenance in many tissues. However, morphogenesis is impaired from the start. Apical constriction of mesodermal cells initiates but is not completed. The actomyosin cytoskeleton disconnects from AJs, uncoupling actomyosin constriction and cell shape change. Cno has multiple direct interactions with AJ proteins, but is not a core part of the cadherin–catenin complex. Instead, Cno localizes to AJs by a Rap1- and actin-dependent mechanism. These data suggest that Cno regulates linkage between AJs and the actin cytoskeleton during morphogenesis.
Using Anonymity and Communal Efforts to Improve Quality of Crowdsourced Feedback

Student entrepreneurs struggle to collect feedback on their product pitches in a classroom setting due to a lack of time, money, and access to motivated feedback providers. Online social networks present a unique opportunity for entrepreneurial students to quickly access feedback providers by leveraging their online social capital. In order to better understand how to improve crowdsourced online pitch feedback, we perform an experiment to test the effect of online anonymity on pitch feedback quality and quantity. We also test a communal feedback method—evenly distributing between teams feedback providers from the class’s collective online social networks—which would help all teams benefit from a useful amount of feedback rather than having some teams receive much more feedback than others. We found that feedback providers in the anonymous condition provided significantly more specific criticism and specific praise , which students rated as more useful. Furthermore, we found that the communal feedback method helped all teams receive sufficient feedback to edit their pitches. This research contributes an empirical investigation to the crowdsourcing community of how crowds through online social networks can help student entrepreneurs obtain authentic feedback to improve their work.
The Raman Spectra of Potassium Borogermanate Glasses

Properties such as density and refractive index are critical properties which must be optimized for glass materials that can be used in wave-guide systems.1 Currently, some commercial groups are using or suggesting borogermanate or borogermanosilicate glasses for wave-guide applications because of their physical and chemical properties2. The above-mentioned properties intimately depend upon the structure of the glass. In this paper, Raman spectroscopy will be used to investigate the structure of potassium borogermanate glasses. This investigation will involve empirical comparison of the vibrational spectra of these glasses on a structural basis with those of related borate, germanate and borosilicate glasses and crystals.
Targeting Health Behaviors to Reduce Health Care Costs in Pediatric Psychology: Descriptive Review and Recommendations.

Objective Recent efforts to enhance the quality of health care in the United States while reducing costs have resulted in an increased emphasis on cost containment and the introduction of new payment plans. The purpose of this review is to summarize the impact of pediatric health behavior change interventions on health care costs. Methods A review of PubMed, PsycINFO, and PEDE databases identified 15 articles describing the economic outcomes of pediatric health behavior change interventions. Data describing the intervention, health outcome, and economic outcome were extracted. Results All interventions targeting cigarette smoking (n = 3) or the prevention of a chronic medical condition (n = 5) were predicted to avert hundreds of dollars in health care costs per patient. Five of the seven interventions targeting self-management were associated with reductions in health care costs. Conclusions Pediatric health behavior change interventions may be a valuable component of efforts to improve population health while reducing health care costs.
Democracy at risk? The European Union, its Economic and Monetary Union, and the special case of Greek austerity (a position paper)

The economic pressures of a global downturn, a lack of sovereign government budget balancing and excessive debt, severe austerity measures, and deep social tensions have riven the European Union (EU) and put into doubt the survivability of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) in its current state or in any state. The so-called ‘sovereign debt crisis’ in Europe has brought to the fore the real risks of ‘black swan’ political and economic events. Some theorists have even suggested a risk to the continent’s democratic institutions and stability. This article explores some of these issues through an analysis of the structures of the EU and EMU and the ‘special case’ of Greek austerity; this offers a synthesised systems theory, game theory, and social network analysis (SNA) abstraction of the macro political, economic, and social systems at work in order to highlight some of the ‘black swan’ risk potential of an endgame.
Functional imaging of neuron-astrocyte interactions in a compartmentalized microfluidic device

Traditional approaches in cultivating neural cells in a dish without orienting their interactions have had only limited success in revealing neural network properties. To enhance the experimental capabilities of studying neural circuitry in vitro, we designed an experimental system combining concepts of micropatterned surfaces, microfluidic devices and genetically encoded biosensors. Micropatterning was used to position neurons and astrocytes in defined locations and guide interactions between the two cell types. Microfluidic chambers were placed atop micropatterned surfaces to allow delivery of different pharmacological agents or viral vectors to the desired cell types. In this device, astrocytes and neurons communicated through grooves molded into the floor of the microfluidic device. By combining microfluidics with genetically encoded calcium indicators as functional readouts, we further demonstrated the utility of this device for analyzing neuron-neuron and neuron-astrocyte interactions in vitro under both healthy and pathophysiological conditions. We found that both spontaneous and evoked calcium dynamics in astrocytes can be modulated by interactions with neurons. In the future, we foresee employing the microdevices described here for studying mechanisms of neurological disorders.
Studies on the mechanism of retinoid-induced adhesion of spontaneously transformed mouse fibroblasts

Transformed cells (Balb/c, 3T12-3), induced to increase their adhesion to the substrate by treatment with retinoic acid, display higher incorporation of (2-(3)H)-mannose into both lipids and glycoproteins than untreated controls. Stimulation of (2-(3)H)-mannose incorporation into manno-lipids is evident 8 hr after exposing the cells to retinoic acid, and stimulation of tritiated mannose incorporation into glycoproteins occurs slightly later. SDS-PAGE of (2-(3)H)-mannose labelled glycoproteins indicates that both retinoic acid and retinol treatments stimulate the incorporation of the radiolabelled sugar into a glycoprotein with subunit MW 180,000 (Gp 180) and, to a lesser extent, into other glycoproteins. 3H-leucine incorporation into a protein banding at the same position as the 3H-mannose labelled Gp 180 does not appear to be affected by retinoid treatment. A retinoic acid induced increase in the amount of Gp 180 can also be shown by lactoperoxidase catalyzed radioiodination of cultured 3T12 cells, and controlled trypsin digestion experiments indicate that Gp 180 is a component of the cell surface. On the contrary, the increased cell adhesion to the substrate induced by retinoic acid is not accompanied, in this system, by an increase in the amount of fibronectin, as judged by iodination of the cell surface components followed by SDS-PAGE.
The Design of a Rotating Dewar and Field Winding for a Superconducting Alternator

The desire for large-capacity single-unit turboalternators has increased the size of such units to a maximum based on present technology. Aside from the obvious strength limitations imposed by present materials, the size of such machines is limited by heat transfer from the electrical conductors and by shipping considerations. In present machines, the field windings are convectively cooled by operating in a hydrogen gas atmosphere and the armature conductors are water cooled. The largest installations must be shipped disassembled and then assembled on site, which is” an expensive and exacting task. While large units are quite efficient, a sizeable portion of their inefficiency is due to resistive heating of the field and armature conductors, the remainder being due to bearing, windage, hysteresis, and eddy-current losses. Although field losses constitute only a few percent of the available output, they are significant over the life of the generator.
Driving Factors of China’s Carbon Emissions

In this chapter, we adopted the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) method to investigate the effect of three driving factors on national and provincial carbon emission: economic scale, economic structure, and technological level.
Shedding of porcine circovirus type 1 DNA and rotavirus RNA by infants vaccinated with Rotarix

ABSTRACTThirty-three infants aged ∼2 months had serial stool samples collected after receipt of Rotarix® vaccine dose 1, and were assessed for shedding of porcine circovirus type 1 DNA and Rotavirus group A RNA by molecular methods. We did not find strong evidence that porcine circovirus type 1 replication occurred. Porcine circovirus type 1 genome with the same sequence as that in Rotarix® was detected in a few infants as late as day ≥ 13; while this timing could suggest there may have been replication and not just transient passage through the gastrointestinal tract, the lack of increase in copy number in any infant supports transient passage and there are inherent limitations to the results. We found that 21% of infants did not shed Rotarix® RVA RNA beyond the day 3 sample, which may suggest lack of vaccine virus replication. Of the infants in whom Rotarix RVA RNA shedding continued, peak copy numbers were reached on days 3–5 for ∼40%, and after day 5 in ∼60%, and shedding can be prolonged (≥ 45 days).
Evidence of Bacterial Biofilms on Frontal Recess Stents in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis

BackgroundBacterial biofilms have been documented on middle ear mucosa, tonsils, and cholesteatoma. We hypothesize that bacterial biofilms are present in mucosa of patients with chronic sinusitis. ...
Modifying the Impact of Eveningness Chronotype ("Night-Owls") in Youth: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective To determine whether an intervention to reduce eveningness chronotype improves sleep, circadian, and health (emotional, cognitive, behavioral, social, physical) outcomes. Method Youth aged 10 to 18 years with an evening chronotype and who were “at risk” in 1 of 5 health domains were randomized to: (a) Transdiagnostic Sleep and Circadian Intervention for Youth (TranS-C; n = 89) or (b) Psychoeducation (PE; n = 87) at a university-based clinic. Treatments were 6 individual, weekly 50-minute sessions during the school year. TranS-C addresses sleep and circadian problems experienced by youth by integrating evidence-based treatments derived from basic research. PE provides education on the interrelationship between sleep, stress, diet, and health. Results Relative to PE, TranS-C was not associated with greater pre−post change for total sleep time (TST) or bed time (BT) on weeknights but was associated with greater reduction in evening circadian preference (pre−post increase of 3.89 points, 95% CI = 2.94−4.85, for TranS-C, and 2.01 points, 95% CI = 1.05−2.97 for PE, p = 0.006), earlier endogenous circadian phase, less weeknight−weekend discrepancy in TST and wakeup time, less daytime sleepiness, and better self-reported sleep via youth and parent report. In terms of functioning in the five health domains, relative to PE, TranS-C was not associated with greater pre−post change on the primary outcome. However, there were significant interactions favoring TranS-C on the Parent-Reported Composite Risk Scores for cognitive health. Conclusion For at-risk youth, the evidence supports the use of TranS-C over PE for improving sleep and circadian functioning, and improving health on selected outcomes. Clinical trial registration information: Triple Vulnerability? Circadian Tendency, Sleep Deprivation and Adolescence. https://clinicaltrials.gov ; NCT01828320 .
Passive transfer of anti-HBc after intravenous immunoglobulin administration in patients with cancer: a retrospective chart review

Summary Background Patients previously infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV; indicated by positivity for anti-HBc) can experience HBV reactivation during cancer chemotherapy. Intravenous immunoglobulin infusion, which is frequently used in supportive care, might facilitate passive transfer of anti-HBc. We aimed to estimate the probability of passive transfer of anti-HBc after intravenous immunoglobulin infusion in patients with cancer. Methods We reviewed institutional databases to identify adult patients who received outpatient chemotherapy between Jan 1, 2004, and Dec 31, 2011, at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. Eligible patients had received intravenous immunoglobulin therapy, had tested negative for both anti-HBc and HBsAg before infusion, and had been tested for anti-HBc after infusion. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients who became positive for anti-HBc after intravenous immunoglobulin infusion. Findings 950 of 18 874 patients who underwent chemotherapy within the study time frame received intravenous immunoglobulin, of whom 870 had been tested for anti-HBc before infusion. 199 patients who were negative for anti-HBc before receiving intravenous immunoglobulin were retested after infusion, of whom 29 (15% [95% CI 10–20]) became positive for anti-HBc. The probability of anti-HBc conversion at 1 week after intravenous immunoglobulin infusion was 34% (95% CI 22–48) and at 12 weeks was 4% (2–7). Interpretation Conversion of patients from anti-HBc negativity to anti-HBc positivity was common after intravenous immunoglobulin administration. However, the probability of a positive test decreased with time since infusion. Positive anti-HBc tests done shortly after intravenous immunoglobulin infusion should be interpreted with caution because they might indicate passive transfer instead of true infection. Funding None.
Springtime Nitrogen Oxide-Influenced Chlorine Chemistry in the Coastal Arctic

Atomic chlorine (Cl) is a strong atmospheric oxidant that shortens the lifetimes of pollutants and methane in the springtime Arctic, where the molecular halogens Cl2 and BrCl are known Cl precursor...
The impact of diversification on task performance: Evidence from kidney transplant centers

Research Summary Even when diversification is beneficial, entry into a new business can negatively affect the performance of the firm's existing business(es). We examine transplant centers that diversified from kidney transplants into liver transplants, focusing on how patient age can affect the costs associated with diversification. We find that diversification into liver transplants resulted in worsened quality performance in kidney transplants for younger patients, whose cases were less likely to be unexpectedly complex. For older patients, whose cases were more likely to have complications, the negative effect of diversification was offset. Our findings suggest that in health care the costs of diversification can be sensitive to patient characteristics, making focused organizations desirable when task complexity is low, while favoring diversified organizations for more complex tasks. Managerial Summary When firms diversify into new activities, the increased coordination may worsen performance in their original, prediversification activities. We show how this change in performance depends on the characteristics of the work itself. We examine kidney transplant centers that diversified into liver transplants. Young patients, who are typically less complex to treat, had worse outcomes when centers diversified. However, for the oldest patients—generally the most complex to treat, with the greatest chance of complications—diversification was associated with slightly improved performance. This suggests that while coordination is difficult, organizations that diversify may be able to acquire coordination skills that can be applied to more complex tasks. Simpler tasks are unlikely to benefit from these skills, and thus we find worsened performance in these tasks after diversification.
Traditional and Novel Invasive Hemodynamic Indices in the Evaluation of Congestive Heart Failure in Cardiorenal Syndrome

Cardiovascular disease, especially heart failure, is common among patients with kidney disease, and vice versa. Acute or chronic dysfunction of the heart or kidneys triggers and sustains dysfunction of the other, through a combination of hemodynamic, neurohormonal, sympathetic nervous system and biochemical feedback mechanisms, among others. Hemodynamic changes such as increased afterload, venous congestion, hypervolemia, decreased cardiac contractility, low cardiac output, and impaired renal perfusion are commonly noted among patients with cardiorenal dysfunction and are shown to have varying degrees of prognostic relevance. The gold standard test for invasive assessment of cardiac hemodynamics is right heart catheterization using the pulmonary artery catheter. In this chapter, we discuss the evidence surrounding several invasive hemodynamic parameters in acute and chronic cardiorenal syndrome. We review pre and postcapillary mechanisms contributing to the development of pulmonary hypertension in chronic kidney disease and explore the role for invasive hemodynamic assessment for guiding treatment among those affected by heart failure and/or pulmonary hypertension within this population.
Daily variations in sleep and glucose in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE We used multilevel models (MLMs) to determine person (between-persons) and day level (within-person) associations between glucose variability indices and sleep characteristics in adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS Adolescents with T1D (Mean age 13.4 ± 1.8 years; 37.8% male; mean HbA1c 8.2 ± 1.2%, 66 mmol/mol) monitored their sleep and glucose patterns concurrently for 3-7 days with a wrist actigraph on their non-dominant wrist and a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) (their own or a provided, blinded CGM). Glucose variability indices included J index, coefficient of variation, low and high blood glucose risk indices (LBGI and HBGI), time in range, and sleep characteristics, including bedtime, wake time, total sleep time, sleep efficiency, wake after sleep onset, awakenings, and sleep fragmentation index. RESULTS More overall glucose variability was associated within person, more sleep disruptions (more awakenings and more fragmentation) or poorer sleep in our study (earlier wake time or longer wake after sleep onset). Also, more time spent in hypoglycemia <70 mg/dL and a higher LBGI was associated within person with earlier wake time indicating poorer sleep. However, a lower LBGI was associated with a later between-persons wake time. CONCLUSIONS Monitoring over a longer period of time in subsequent studies would allow researchers to determine the within person association between habitual short sleep duration and glucose variability. Providers should regularly assess sleep habits in adolescents as a way to improve glycemic control. Targeting a euglycemic range overnight is also important to promote better sleep and to decrease sleep disruptions.
High-availability on-site deployment to heterogeneous architectures for Project 8 and ADMX

Project 8 is applying a novel spectroscopy technique to make a precision measurement of the tritium beta-decay spectrum, resulting in either a measurement of or further constraint on the effective mass of the electron antineutrino. ADMX is operating an axion haloscope to scan the mass-coupling parameter space in search of dark matter axions. Both collaborations are executing medium-scale experiments, where stable operations last for three to nine months and the same system is used for development and testing between periods of operation. It is also increasingly common to use low-cost computing elements, such as the Raspberry Pi, to integrate computing and control with custom instrumentation and hardware. This leads to situations where it is necessary to support software deployment to heterogeneous architectures on rapid development cycles while maintaining high availability. Here we present the use of docker containers to standardize packaging and execution of control software for both experiments and the use of kubernetes for management and monitoring of container deployment in an active research and development environment. We also discuss the advantages over more traditional approaches employed by experiments at this scale, such as detached user execution or custom control shell scripts.
Analyzing community forest enterprises in the Maya Biosphere Reserve using a modified capitals framework

Abstract This paper introduces a modified community capitals framework for understanding the context in which community forest enterprises (CFEs) operate. The framework is applied to enterprises in the Maya Biosphere Reserve of Northern Guatemala through a comparative cross-case analysis. Data for the cross-case analysis were collected and triangulated via a variety of qualitative methods including document review supplemented by direct observation, and key informant interviews. The analysis details several differences in capitals between different enterprises in the reserve and details how enterprises have leveraged their resources to improve their capitals over time. This framework is of particular interest to sustainable development scholars and practitioners as it provides a means of analyzing local community-contexts focusing upon the resources that a community has at its disposal and how those resources can be used to develop their capital over time. These insights can be particularly helpful to development practitioners working to design interventions adapted to the unique challenges and opportunities faced by CFEs.
A Digital Assistance in the Manual Functioning Industry - Case Study of the Newspaper Vendors in India

The study conducted on the Newspaper Vendors highlights pain points in the sorting process. It describes the evaluation of the same and proposes a tangible solution for increasing their efficiency. This is an industry serving a revenue of 290.4 billion rupees and 100,000 registered newspapers and periodicals (as of 2015) that is predicted to only grow with civilization. User surveys were carried out along with a questionnaire to understand the working methodology. Insights suggested that the vendors maintained manual records while arranging bunches of newspapers leading to errors and delays in an industry that functions on time and speed. Each vendor had approximately 600–700 papers to sort every morning. To considerately reduce the temporal demand in these situations, a design intervention was proposed for the newspaper distributors and vendors using the trending technology of this time - wearables. These currently manual tasks can be made faster if digital assistance is provided. The presented solution can be further used for occupations functioning on time as a defining factor, especially for similar unorganised sector businesses.
Civic engagement: School-based health centers and public health nursing

Objectives To understand how the events of the 1996 formation of a school-based health center (SBHC) both illustrate the concept of civic engagement and embody historic aspects of public health nursing practice. Design Case study design. Sample Interviews, documents, epidemiologic records, and field observations. Results The three themes discovered were collaboration to achieve public good, equity and social justice, creation of a long-term partnership, and demonstration of leadership using grassroots advocacy. Conclusion The SBHC case serves as a contemporary example of public health nurses' leadership in the current practice arena. The experience of nurse leadership evokes the historic mission and practice of public health nursing.
Nanomaterials Based Nanoplasmonic Accelerators and Light-Sources Driven by Particle-Beams

Unprecedented tens of TVm−1 fields are modeled to be realizable using novel nanoplasmonic surface crunch-in modes in nanomaterials. These relativistic nonlinear surface modes are accessible due to advances in nanofabrication and quasi-solid density sub-micron particle bunch compression. Proof of principle of TVm−1 plasmonics is provided using three-dimensional computational and analytical modeling of GeV scale energy gain in sub-millimeter long tubes having nanomaterial walls with controllable free-electron densities, $n_{\mathrm t}\sim 10^{22-24}\mathrm {cm^{-3}}$ and hundreds of nanometer core radius driven by quasi-solid electron beams, $n_{\mathrm b}\sim 0.01n_{\mathrm t}$ . Besides the tens of TeVm−1 acceleration gradients, equally strong transverse fields lead to self-focusing and nanomodulation of the beam which drive extreme beam compression to ultra-solid peak densities increasing the crunch-in field strength. Apart from ultra-solid particle beams, extreme focusing also opens up a nano-wiggler like tunable coherent $\mathrm {\mathcal {O}(100MeV)}$ ultra-dense photon source.
Community Perspectives on Patient Credibility and Provider Burden in the Treatment of Chronic Pain

Objective This study examined factors influencing lay perceptions of a provider's clinical burden in providing care to a person with chronic pain. Design In a between-subjects design that varied three levels of pain severity (4-6-8/10) with two levels of medical evidence (low/high), participants rated the credibility of pain reported by a hypothetical patient and psychosocial factors expected to mediate the effects of evidence and severity on a provider's burden of care. Setting A randomized vignette study in which community participants were recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk. Subjects 337 community participants. Methods Using a Qualtrics platform, participants read one of six vignettes describing a hypothetical patient with varying levels of medical evidence and pain severity, and then rated perceived pain severity, pain credibility, psychosocial variables, and burden. Results Serial mediation models accounted for all effects of medical evidence and pain severity on burden. Low medical evidence was associated with increased burden, as mediated through lower pain credibility and greater concerns about patient depression, opioid abuse, and learning pain management. Higher levels of reported pain severity were associated with increased burden, as mediated through greater pain discounting and concerns about opioid abuse. Conclusions The lay public is skeptical of chronic pain that is not supported by medical evidence or is reported at high levels of severity, raising concerns about psychosocial complications and drug seeking and expectations of higher burden of care. Such negative stereotypes can pose obstacles to people seeking necessary care if they or others develop a chronic pain condition.
Chronic ethanol consumption induces mitochondrial protein acetylation and oxidative stress in the kidney

In this study, we present the novel findings that chronic ethanol consumption induces mitochondrial protein hyperacetylation in the kidney and correlates with significantly increased renal oxidative stress. A major proteomic footprint of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is an increase in hepatic mitochondrial protein acetylation. Protein hyperacetylation has been shown to alter enzymatic function of numerous proteins and plays a role in regulating metabolic processes. Renal mitochondrial targets of hyperacetylation include numerous metabolic and antioxidant pathways, such as lipid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and amino acid metabolism, as well as glutathione and thioredoxin pathways. Disruption of protein lysine acetylation has the potential to impair renal function through metabolic dysregulation and decreased antioxidant capacity. Due to a significant elevation in ethanol-mediated renal oxidative stress, we highlight the acetylation of superoxide dismutase, peroxiredoxins, glutathione reductase, and glutathione transferase enzymes. Since oxidative stress is a known factor in ethanol-induced nephrotoxicity, we examined biochemical markers of protein hyperacetylation and oxidative stress. Our results demonstrate increased protein acetylation concurrent with depleted glutathione, altered Cys redox potential, and the presence of 4-HNE protein modifications in our 6-week model of early-stage alcoholic nephrotoxicity. These findings support the hypothesis that ethanol metabolism causes an influx of mitochondrial metabolic substrate, resulting in mitochondrial protein hyperacetylation with the potential to impact mitochondrial metabolic and antioxidant processes.
Coastal Marine Diffusion Processes

The fluid flows in the natural environment such as the atmosphere, oceans, lakes and rivers are generally complex turbulent movements. Superimposed on a mean flow circulation pattern are turbulent eddy-like motions of varying intensities and temporal and spatial scales. These eddy-like motions exist in both horizontal and vertical directions. The scale of horizontal eddies, however, is much larger than the vertical eddies because in the natural environment horizontal dimensions are greater than the vertical dimensions. A direct consequence of the turbulent diffusion processes in the natural environment is the transport and dispersion of chemical and biological species from one area to another. Pollution problems created by the practice of indiscriminate discharge of municipal and industrial pollutants into the environment provided impetus for extensive theoretical and experimental studies of turbulent diffusion processes in the natural environments in recent years. However, turublent transport and diffusion processes in the natural environment are very complex and theoretical predictions of concentration distributions of pollutants are far from satisfactory. Thus, an understanding of the various manifestations of turbulent transport and diffusion processes in the natural environments is heavily dependent on the practical approach of conducting large-scale experiments under actual field conditions.
Pal Interpolation of Integral Types

In this paper, the author(s) discuss existence and uniqueness results of three so-called integral types of Pal interpolation schemes which are interesting extensions/generalizations of classical Hermite-Fejer Interpolation problem. The results are of interest to approximation theory.
Bad copies. How popular media represent cloning as an ethical problem

The media, perhaps more than any other slice of culture, influence what we think and talk about, what we take to be important, what we worry about. And this was especially true when news of Dolly hit the airwaves and newstands. Most Americans received training in the ethics of cloning before they knew what cloning was. Media coverage fixed the content and outline of the public moral debate, both revealing and creating the dominant public worries about cloning humans. The primary characterization of cloning as an ethical issue centers around three connected concerns: the loss of human uniqueness and individuality, the pathological motivations of a cloner, and the fear of out-of-control scientists.
Multiplication of Polyoma Virus in Mouse-Hamster Somatic Hybrids: a Hybrid Cell Line Which Produces Viral Particles Containing Predominantly Host Deoxyribonucleic Acid

The multiplication of polyoma virus in a mouse-hamster (3T3 x BHK) somatic hybrid line (10A), which, although permissive for viral multiplication, produces very low amounts of virus, has been studied. In this cell line, the efficiency of productive infection is high, but the yield of infectious virus is on the order of 0.5% of that of 3T3 cells. The amount of viral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesized by these cells upon infection is about 5% of that of 3T3 cells. An examination of the virus produced in hybrid 10A revealed that it was only one-tenth as infectious as the virus grown in 3T3. Although the viral DNA synthesized in the infected 10A cells is normal, the DNA extracted from purified virus grown in 10A consists of approximately 10% of normal, supercoiled polyoma DNA molecules and of approximately 90% linear DNA molecules with a sedimentation coefficient of 14 to 16S. These DNA molecules appear to be of cellular origin but contain a limited amount of viral DNA sequences. The host DNA-containing particles are not infectious but appear to possess some biological activity; they give rise to a weak complementation effect, and part of them are able to induce T-antigen synthesis. In addition, the host DNA present in these particles is predominantly that which has been synthesized after infection. The correlation between the block in viral DNA synthesis in this cell line and the abnormal encapsidation of host DNA is discussed.