cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of serotonergic neurons in dorsal raphe, median raphe and anterior hypothalamic pressor mechanisms

Abstract The role of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe and median raphe in the pressor response to electrical stimulation of these areas, and the contribution of these neurons to the pressor response to serotonin (5-HT) in the anterior hypothalamus-preoptic area (AH/PO) have been studied by the use of local injections of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT), a neurotoxin selective for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). When blood pressure was recorded in urethane-anesthetized rats, selective lesions of 5-HT-containing neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus reduced by 60% the pressor response to electrical stimulation (50 Hz, 100–150 μA, 0.3 msec pulse duration) of this nucleus. On the other hand, selective lesion of 5-HT-containing neurons in the median raphe nucleus had no effect on the pressor response to electrical stimulation of this area. Injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine into the anterior hypothalamus/preoptic area resulted in an increased pressor response to the injection of 5-HT (5 nmol) into the lesioned area 10 days later. Furthermore, the destruction of 5-HT-containing neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus resulted in an enhanced pressor response to the injection of 5-HT (5 nmol) into the anterior hypothalamus/preoptic area, while the destruction of 5-HT-containing neurons in the median raphe nucleus had no effect on the pressor response to the injection of 5-HT (5 nmol) into the anterior hypothalamus/preoptic area. Therefore, it appears that 5-HT neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus are important in the pressor response to electrical stimulation and are involved in a pressor mechanism in the anterior hypothalamus/preoptic area. However, 5-HT neurons in the median raphe nucleus do not appear to be involved in either the pressor response to electrical stimulation or a pressor mechanism in the anterior hypothalamus/preoptic area.
Acid phosphatase in eggs of the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio.

2 isozymes of acid phosphatase have been identified by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis in the ovary and mature, unfertilized eggs ofB. rerio. Histochemically, the enzyme appears to be localized in preyolk bodies of previtellogenic oocytes and in yolk platelets of vitellogenic and postvitellogenic oocytes. The contents of the cortical granules at all stages of oocyte differentiation were acid phosphatase negative.
Stringent response of RNA synthesis in E. coli produced by a temperature shift-up.

Abstract A temperature shift from 30°C to 44°C transiently inactivates an initiation factor for protein synthesis and secondarily causes a transient depression in RNA synthesis. The depression of RNA synthesis is not found in RCrel strains. In RCstr strains the initial rate of RNA synthesis after a shift to 44° is the same whether required amino acids are present or absent
Primary prevention of allergies

For the therapy of established allergies, allergen avoidance measures are well established and successful. Many recommendations are routinely issued for primary prevention of allergies, too, mainly based on allergen avoidance measure. E.g., various guidelines recommend to avoid contact of infants to pets. However, recent data have cast some doubt about the benefit of such measures for primary prevention. A decrease in the sensitisation rate against an allergen may not necessarily be paralleled by an improvement in clinical outcome. The benefit of allergen avoidance measures may depend on the allergen. Initial data obtained with probiotics have yielded promising results; additional studies are warranted. Recommendations such as encouraging breast-feeding and allowing the child to grow up in a smoke-free environment remain valid.
Anchoring effects on performance judgments

Three studies were conducted investigating the effects of irrelevant anchors on performance judgments. Both a lab and field study demonstrated that an alternative anchoring manipulation that did not involve an explicit comparative question had effects on performance judgments similar to a traditional anchoring manipulation. The final study examined whether the anchoring effects were more likely when the anchor was highly applicable to the final judgment. The results indicated that both highly applicable and low applicable anchors produced an anchoring effect, but the highly applicable anchors had a larger effect on performance judgments. Evidence was also found for asymmetrical anchoring effects. In two of the three studies, high anchors increased performance judgments relative to the control group, whereas low anchors were not significantly different from the control group.
Nanopatterning of Si/SiGe electrical devices by atomic force microscopy oxidation

Two nanopatterning methods for silicon/silicon-germanium (Si/SiGe) heterostructures are demonstrated: (1) direct atomic force microscopy (AFM) oxidation on SiGe layers and (2) AFM oxidation on silicon followed by selective wet etching of SiGe. When directly oxidizing SiGe alloys, minimum linewidths of 20 nm were achieved by adjusting the bias voltage of the AFM tip. By AFM oxidation and selective wet etching, a 10-nm-thick conducting SiGe layer was patterned to form features under ∼50 nm. Fabricated SiGe quantum dots with side gates exhibited Coulomb blockade oscillation.
Not-So-Individual Voting: Patriarchal Control and Familial Hedging in Political Elections around the World

It is almost axiomatic in the study of elections that within the context of the family household, the vote is an expression of individual preference. This article questions how widely this assumption of individual voting applies to actual household members around the world by taking notice of two empirical anomalies that are particularly salient to understanding the electoral behavior of women: controlled voting (the dictating of women’s and younger men’s vote choices by senior male household members) and split voting (the deliberate allocation of a family’s votes across two or more candidates). Controlled voting and split voting complicate assumptions that within the context of the family household, individual voters are always sovereign over their vote choices or the most enlightening units of analysis.
A residue in MutY important for catalysis identified by photocross-linking and mass spectrometry.

MutY is an adenine glycosylase in the base excision repair (BER) superfamily that is involved in the repair of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2‘-deoxyguanosine (OG):A and G:A mispairs in DNA. MutY contains a [4Fe−4S]2+cluster that is part of a novel DNA binding motif, referred to as the iron−sulfur cluster loop (FCL) motif. This motif is found in a subset of members of the BER glycosylase superfamily, defining the endonuclease III-like subfamily. Site-specific cross-linking was successfully employed to investigate the DNA−protein interface of MutY. The photoreactive nucleotide 4-thiothymidine (4ST) incorporated adjacent to the OG:A mismatch formed a specific cross-link between the substrate DNA and MutY. The amino acid participating in the cross-linking reaction was characterized by positive ion electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry. This analysis revealed Arg 143 as the site of modification in MutY. Arg 143 and nearby Arg 147 are conserved throughout the endo III-like subfamily. Replacement of Arg 14...
Branch mortality and potential litterfall from Douglas-fir trees in stands of varying density

Abstract Forest floor characteristics influence nutrient cycling and energy flow properties of forest ecosystems, and determine quality of habitat for many forest plants and animals. Differential crown recession and crown development among stands of differing density suggest that an opportunity may exist to control the input of fine woody litter into the system by manipulating stand density. The objective was to measure the rate of branch mortality among stands of differing density and to estimate the range in total per hectare necromass inputs. Although litter traps are reliable for estimating per hectare rates of litterfall, branch mortality dating on sectioned stems uniquely allows assessment of several other litterfall components: (1) individual tree contributions to total litterfall; (2) the amount of branch material released by mortality, regardless of whether the branches are shed to the forest floor; (3) the distribution of basal diameters characterizing the litterfall from a given tree and stand. Twenty-four trees were felled and sectioned on permanent plots that were part of a silvicultural study of stand density regimes in Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco.). Whorl branches were dissected out of bole sections to determine the dates of mortality, and a branch biomass equation was applied to estimate potential rate of litterfall. Periodic annual rates were expressed in four ways: (1) number of branches per tree; (2) mass of branches per tree; (3) mass of branches per unit of crown projection area; (4) mass of branches per hectare. For the growth periods investigated, larger trees and trees growing on denser plots tended to release a greater necromass through branch mortality. Average branch basal diameter generally decreased with increasing stand density. Annual branch mortality ranged from 33 to 430 g m −2 crown projection area for individual trees, and from 236 to 1035 kg ha −1 for individual plots. These rates approached the low end of the range of previously published fine litterfall rates for Douglas-fir. Rates on these plots were relatively low owing to the temporary delay in crown recession imposed by artificial thinning. A conceptual model of branch litter dynamics is presented to depict consistencies with crown development among stands managed under different density regimes.
IVUS-based dosimetry on patients with repeat-radiated coronary arteries to the same site

Abstract Background and Purpose Intracoronary radiation reduces recurrent in-stent restenosis (ISR). Repeat radiation may become necessary due to recurrent ISR. This study reports outcome-related dose calculations for twice-radiated coronary artery segments. Materials and Methods A total of 22 patients with angiographic evidence of ISR in a previously treated native coronary artery were assigned for repeat percutaneous coronary intervention and intravascular brachytherapy (IVBT). Intravascular brachytherapy was performed either with a 192 Ir- or a 90 Sr/Y-source (prescription dose: 14–18 and 23 Gy each at 2 mm from the center of the source), or a 32 P-source (20 Gy 1-mm deep to the vessel wall). The mean time interval between the two IVBT treatments was 394±306 days. For each patient, angiograms and intravascular ultrasound cross sections were reviewed, on the basis of anatomical landmarks, matched, and the twice-radiated vessel segment identified. Results Clinical follow-up at 379±146 days revealed a target vessel revascularization rate of 18.2% and a target lesion revascularization rate of 13.6%. One death was reported. Maximal dose and average dose at the endothelium were 261 and 124±72.3 Gy, and maximal dose and average dose at the adventitia–media border were 159 and 50.3±29.3 Gy. Fourteen patients had 1.71 times longer recurrence-free interval compared to the interval between both IVBT treatments. Conclusions Repeat IVBT to the same ISR site is safe without any adverse clinical events at an average 12 months' follow-up. A second IVBT treatment led to a prolonged ISR-free survival for the majority of patients. The choice of isotope did not influence outcome.
Fetal hydrops in a newborn with hypoplastic left heart syndrome: Tricuspid valve “stopper”

Fetal hydrops in a newborn infant with hypoplastic left heart syndrome led to the discovery of tricuspid stenosis and insufficiency from an unusual malformation of the right venous valve of the embryonic sinus venosus. This unfortunate combination of lesions precluded surgical palliation for the hypoplastic left heart.
Study on the Asymmetric Hot Rolling of Aluminium Alloy Thick Plate

The development of aviation industry demands hot rolled aluminium alloy extra thick plates. However, it is quite difficult to obtain sufficient and uniform deformation of extra thick plate by conventional hot rolling process. The asymmetric hot rolling can generate an additional shear deformation and significantly improve the equivalent strain at the centre of the plate and consequently the uniformity of the microstructure, and mechanical properties. In the present work, the asymmetric rolling (ASR) was achieved by adjusting the diameters of the upper roll and the lower roll and was used to prepare hot rolled thick plate of an aluminium alloy. The effect of the asymmetric hot rolling process on the deformation, shape control, microstructure and mechanical properties was experimentally studied. The results showed that the ASR has a significant effect on metal deformation and can somehow refine microstructure and improve the uniformity of microstructure and properties although plate bending often happens during rolling process. This paper presents these results and gives corresponding discussions.
The dynamic characteristics of vortex tube-assisted hyperbaric chambers

Abstract Excessive temperature rise during compression inside hyperbaric chambers is a serious source of discomfort for their occupants. In this article a new class of vortex tube-assisted hyperbaric chambers is presented where such temperatures are reduced passively without the need for external power source. The vortex tube is utilized as means for generating the necessary cooling effect as the gases flow from their storage tanks into the chamber. Mathematical and experimental models of the new concept have been developed to study the dynamic and thermal characteristics of the vortex tube-assisted chambers under different conditions. Comparisons between such characteristics and those of unassisted chambers suggest the potential of the vortex tube assist in reducing the temperatures inside the hyperbaric chambers and accordingly the size of the installed cooling systems required for maintaining certain comfortable temperature levels.
LC Method for the Determination of NPC1161, Primaquine and their Metabolites in Various Biological Systems

NPC1161 is an 8-aminoquinoline anti-malarial analog, which has a favorable toxicity profile relative to primaquine and other 8-aminoquinolines. High-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of NPC1161, primaquine and their metabolites in biological samples in order to facilitate metabolic and pharmacokinetic studies. The method includes extraction of the unchanged drugs and their metabolites from the biological samples. Separation was achieved by reversed-phase chromatography on a C18 column with water–acetonitrile both containing 0.025% trifluoroacetic acid as the mobile phase. Recoveries of NPC1161 and its metabolites were greater than 60% in various biological samples tested. No interference with the components of the biological material was observed. The detector response was linear with concentrations of NPC1161 and its metabolites (desalkyl NPC1161 and carboxy NPC1161) in the ranges from 0.5 to 80.0, 0.4–60.0 and 0.4–70.0 μg mL−1, respectively. A mass spectrometry coupled with electrospray ionization (ESI) interface method is described for the identification of NPC1161 and its metabolites in biological samples. This method involved the use of the [M + H]+ions of NPC1161, C3 analog (internal std. for the assay), desalkyl NPC1161 and carboxy NPC1161 at m/z 434, 406, 349 and 449 in the positive ion mode with extractive ion monitoring (EIM). This method will have an important application in pharmacokinetic studies of NPC1161 and in understanding the mechanism of metabolism of this novel 8-aminoquinoline analog in more detail.
DIRTY MINDED GIRLS WHO WROTE NOVELS FULL OF MURDER: UNCERTAIN SELF-DIFFERENCE AND PROBLEMATIC REPRESENTATION IN THE PARKER/HULME MURDER CASE

The scandalous Parker/Hulme murder case that rippled through New Zealand's mass media in 1954 garnered a new-found interest from an even wider audience after the release of Peter Jackson's 1994 fil...
The nuclear tyrosine kinase c-abl negatively regulates cell growth

c-Abl is a tyrosine kinase localized primarily in the nucleus. Previous assays for abl function rely on cellular transformation by abl mutants, which are cytoplasmic. Using a conditional overexpression strategy, we have developed a functional assay for c-abl. Overexpression of c-abl inhibits growth by causing cell cycle arrest. Growth suppression requires tyrosine kinase activity, nuclear localization, and an intact SH2 domain. Overexpression of dominant negative c-abl disrupts cell cycle control and enhances transformation by tyrosine kinases, G proteins, and transcription factor oncogenes. These findings suggest that c-abl acts as a negative regulator of cell growth. This growth suppressive activity is functionally similar to that of tumor suppressor genes such as p53 and Rb.
Energy Harvesting From Aeroelastic Instabilities for Highly Flexible Aircraft

Aeroelastic instabilities such as flutter, limit cycle oscillation (LCO), and divergence are traditionally considered undesirable. Designers try to avoid these instabilities by adding enough stiffness or damping to structures. A new approach to suppressing these instabilities is to use smart material to harvest energy from airflow. In this way not only are the aeroelastic instabilities avoided, but also some energy will be harvested. The harvested energy can be used for powering sensors, morphing parts of the structure, and ultimately increasing the performance of the aircraft. Energy harvesting from aeroelastic phenomena can also be used in designing small wind energy harvesters for home use. In this paper we will explore both capabilities. Piezoelectric materials are among the attractive smart materials for energy harvesting. Piezoelectric materials generate electric potential as they deform. We will explore the use of these materials in aeroelastic harvesting. Ref. 1 has a general overview of different forms of vibrational energy harvesting, including the use of piezoelectric materials. Harvesting energy from aeroelastic instabilities is a relatively new area; therefore, the body of literature on this subject is relatively young. Most of the analysis is limited to a 2-D cross-sectional analysis with steady or quasi-steady flow. We will use a 2-D model with an unsteady aerodynamic model as the preliminary result. More realistic cases with a beam model will be added to the final version of the paper. For the beam model, we will use fully intrinsic equations.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Serum alpha 1-fetoglobulin with gastric and prostatic carcinomas.

THE presence of serum alpha1-fetoglobulin in adults is accepted as diagnostic of primary hepatoma or embryonal testicular tumor.1 Recently, we encountered a patient with gastric and prostatic carci...
Effect of 17β-estradiol and the nonsteroidal benzothiophene, LY117018 on in vitro rat aortic responses to norepinephrine, serotonin, U46619, and BAYK 8644

Several nonsteroidal benzothiophene derivatives that share many of the properties of estrogen have been synthesized as potential estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. LY117018 is a prototypic benzothiophene derivative that has high binding affinity for the estradiol receptor, an affinity similar to that of estradiol. The present study was designed to compare the vascular effects of β-estradiol to those of LY117018. Estradiol (10−5 M) was a relatively weak inhibitor of the contractile responses to norepinephrine, serotonin, and U46619 in the rat aorta. Inhibition of the contraction to these receptor agonists by β-estradiol was a reflection of the weak calcium channel antagonist activity of β-estradiol as demonstrated by the inhibition of the calcium agonist-induced contractions produced by BayK 8644. Like β-estradiol, LY117018 (10−6 and 10−5 M) also inhibited the contractile responses to norepinephrine, serotonin, U46619, and BayK 8644. However, LY117018 was a more potent calcium channel antagonist in vascular tissue than β-estradiol. Inhibition of these contractile responses by both β-estradiol and LY117018 was independent of an intact endothelium. Since β-estradiol and LY117018 possess similar affinity for the β-estradiol receptor, yet have different abilities to produce calcium channel blockade in vascular tissue, it is unlikely that calcium channel blockade by these agents is related to their ability to bind to the estrogen receptor. Furthermore, to the extent that calcium channel inhibition may contribute to the beneficial clinical effects of estrogen, LY117018 may have important advantages relative to estrogen as replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Myxomycetes from Greece

This paper lists 62 species and one variety of Myxomycetes collected in Greece from August 1954 to August 1955. Of these, 51 constitute new records for Greece. Among those recorded are three species,Echinostelium elachiston,Comatricha synsporos, andC. acanthodes, recently described as new from this collection, and a number of rarely collected species such asLicea castanea, Licea parasitica (stalked form), andLicea biforis, the last of these known in Europe hitherto only from Poland. An undescribed species ofClastoderma and two ofComatricha are also included, but are not named because of paucity of material.
Cassam and Kant on “How Possible” Questions and Categorial Thinking

ed from, these intuitions and their features need to be brought together and kept in view together. There is nothing more than this to the notion of synthesis. Indeed there is strictly speaking no regress from analysis to synthesis. Together they constitute two aspects of one and the same operation of the mind, that of "ordering different representations under a common one" (Critique of Pure Reason, B93). Still, Cassam might reply: if something needs to be done to make analysis possible, why is there not something more to do to make synthesis itself possible? Well, certainly something needs to be available for synthesis. This is taken care of by the fact that objects affect us in various ways, and that the results of affection (sensations) are ordered according to forms of intuition: space and time. So, yes, the "manifold" or multiplicity of what is presented does need to be such that it can be synthesized, brought together. But the buck has to stop somewhere, and it does. Once a content is provided for judgment, and once that content
An Exploratory Study of Reality Appeal: Uses and Gratifications of Reality TV Shows

A survey administered to reality TV viewers revealed that the most salient motives for watching reality TV were habitual pass time and reality entertainment. Additional analysis indicated that those who enjoyed reality TV the most for its entertainment and relaxing value also tended to perceive the meticulously edited and frequently preplanned content of reality interaction as realistic. Concurrently those externally controlled, with low mobility and low levels of interpersonal interaction, were more likely to watch reality TV programming to fulfill voyeuristic and companionship needs. Functional alternative uses of reality TV and the appeal of realistic programming were documented.
The impact of a program for systematically recognizing and rewarding academic performance.

ABSTRACTPurposeTo describe an academic performance incentive system (APIS) and faculty perception of it; explore the impacts of incentive level, faculty rank, clinical practice volume, and administrative responsibility on academic productivity; and describe the APIS's use in maintaining congruence b
Factors that predict increased catheter tip movement in left internal jugular vein implantable venous access ports upon standing

PurposeTo determine the characteristics that predict catheter tip movement with positional changes in patients with left-sided, internal jugular vein (IJV) implantable venous access ports.MethodsA ...
Ground states of linear molecules: Dissociation energies and dipole moments in the hartree–fock approximation

Computations of total molecular energies, dissociation energies, and electric dipole moments for the ground states of the molecules LiF, BeO, BF, CO, MgO, AlF, SiO, PN, CaO, SrO, HCN, FHF–, CO2, N2O, OCN–, FCN, SCO, SCN–, C1CN, FCCH, C1CCH, NCCCH are reported. The results come close to the Hartree-Fock limit, and their accuracy is critically discussed. A detailed discussion of the Slater-type orbital (STO) basis sets used for the computations is given.
Checking for Systematic Value Preferences Using the Method of Triads

Value preferences have long been central to research in political science and psychology. Despite their well-established theoretical importance, however, their measurement is still an open question. Early research on values relied heavily on ranking instruments for data collection, but more recent work calls this measurement technique into question. Specifically, it is argued that traditional ranking instruments are (1) too long, (2) too complex, and (3) may force respondents to make ad hoc differentiations between values of similar importance, behind which there is no systematic preference. As a result, the reliability of the measure is called into question, and measurement error remains a concern. In this article, we discuss the method of triads—a technique used to gather rankings data that affords the researcher the opportunity to assess the extent to which random error affects preference rankings. Using the method of triads to collect preference data on five values central to American political culture, we find that Americans' value preferences are clearly structured and driven by systematic preferences, even when psychological theory suggests they may not. We also compare the predictive validity of the data collected with the method of triads against that of the data collected with traditional importance ratings. We show that models of ideology, party identification, presidential approval, and vote-choice fit to “triads” data explain more variance than models fit to ratings data.
PREDATORS, INVISIBLE PREY, AND THE NATURE OF POLYMORPHISM IN THE CLADOCERA (CLASS CRUSTACEA)1

The selective forces of reproductive potential and liability to predation that balance a polymorphism of the cladoceran CeTiodup~niu corn&z are examined. Neither Brooks’ “body-size hypothesis” nor Jacobs’ “behavioral hypothesis” accounts for the observed differential predation rates by the piscine predator Mehiris chugresi on the morphs of C. cornuta. Laboratory experiments show that amounts of pigmentation in the black compound eyes of these otherwise relatively transparent cladocerans can affect the rate of predation by planktivorous fish. Based on these experiments and other measurements a “visibility hypothesis” is proposed to explain the differential predation rates on C. corntiu. Further data suggest that this same visibility phenomenon applies to other polymorphic and cyclomorphic Daphniidae where differential predation rates have been reported previously.
Experimental results from a tandem BWO-TWT system used to generate high-power microwaves

A relativistic backward wave oscillator (BWO) in tandem with a traveling wave tube (TWT) amplifier has been used to generate relatively long pulses of high-power X-band microwaves. In these experiments, a BWO is used to modulate the annular relativistic electron beam, which subsequently drives a TWT producing high-power microwave radiation. A special RF sever located between the two structures cuts off microwaves generated in the BWO from the TWT. Peak powers in excess of 100 MW are observed with overall beam-to-microwave efficiencies as high as 35%. By operating the BWO below saturation levels, pulse-shortening effects are minimized so that microwave pulses of duration comparable to that of the beam (100 ns) are possible. The operating frequency of the tandem system is tuned from 11 to 12 GHz by varying the effective energy of the beam. >
The effects of various dietary levels of phytase and available phosphorus on performance of laying hens

Abstract Data previously obtained from our laboratory indicated that addition of 300 U of phytase/kg diet supported optimal long-term performance of laying hens (20 to 70 wk) fed a corn-soybean meal (SBM) diet containing 0.10% available phosphorus (AP). Our primary objective was to determine if a phytase level lower than 300 units/kg is adequate for a commercial strain of Single Comb White Leghorn laying hens (n = 504) fed a corn-SBM diet containing no supplemental P (0.10% AP). Dietary treatments consisted of the corn-SBM basal diet (0.10% AP, 3.8% Ca, and 17% CP) supplemented with 0, 100, 200, 250, or 300 U of phytase/kg, 0.05% inorganic P (0.15% AP), and a positive control diet containing 0.45% AP. Each of the seven dietary treatments was fed to six replicate groups of 12 hens from 20 to 60 wk of age. No significant differences in performance were observed among treatments during the first 8 wk of the experiment. By 28 wk of age, the 0.10% AP diet, with no supplemental phytase or P, resulted in significantly lower (P 0.05) from that of hens fed a corn-SBM diet containing 0.45% AP.
Pharmaceutical Application of Ferrous Gluconate N.F.

Ferrous Gluconate N. F., though somewhat unstable in aqueous media, may be readily incorporated into various types of pharmaceutical preparations as a desirable source of iron. Solubility, stability, and compatibility are assured provided proper precautions are observed in regard to pH, aeration, additives, processing, and storage conditions. Information and requirements attendant to the preparation of pharmaceutical products containing ferrous gluconate are described.
Using connection expansion to reduce control traffic in MANETs

We consider the problem of control traffic overhead in MANETs with long-lived connections, operating under a reactive routing protocol (e.g. AODV). In such settings, control traffic overhead origins can be traced principally to connection link failures, which trigger expensive global route discoveries. In this paper, we introduce a route maintenance scheme developed with the objective of reducing global route discoveries in such settings. The proposed scheme decrease the expected number of route discovery attempts by taking preemptive action to counteract impending link disconnections due to node movement. The proposed scheme was implemented as an extension of AODV in ns2, and compared with the standard AODV under different network regimes. Through the analysis of data derived from extensive simulations, we demonstrate that the proposed scheme significantly decreases overall control traffic while maintaining comparable packet delivery rates, at the cost of only very minor degradation in path optimality.
Are Thoracic Curves With a Low Apex (T11 or T11/T12) Really Thoracic Curves?

Abstract Study Design Multicenter; review of prospectively collected data. Objectives To determine whether curves with an apex at T11 or T11/T12 represent a combination of thoracic and thoracolumbar curves or constitute their own class of curves. Summary of Background Data Curves with an apex at T11 and T11/T12 are classified by the Scoliosis Research Society and Lenke classification as thoracic curves. Methods We reviewed 1,835 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis cases from a multicenter database. Based on the most common curve apex levels (thoracic [TH] curves, T9; thoracolumbar/lumbar [TL/L] curves, L1), we created 2 comparison groups that represented classic examples of TH and TL/L curves. We identified 66 cases with an apex at T11–T11/T12 and compared them with 320 cases with a T9 apex, and 126 cases with an L1 apex. We compared characteristics of these 3 groups (p Results The curve direction of the 3 groups was significantly different (TL/L, 84% left; TH, 3% left; and T11–T11/T12, 16% left) (p Conclusions We suggest caution in lumping curves with an apex at T11 or T11–12 disc together with other thoracic apices in studies involving primary thoracic curves, because some of these curves have features much more typical of thoracolumbar curves.
Effect of Pulse Delay Time on a Pre-Ablation Dual-Pulse LIBS Plasma:

In this paper, we investigate the effect of dual-pulse timing on material ablation, plasma temperature, and plasma size for pre-ablation spark dual-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Although the plasma temperature increases for dual-pulse excitation, the signal enhancement is most easily attributed to increased sample ablation. Plasma images show that the magnitude of the enhancement can be affected by the collection optic and by the collection geometry. Enhancements calculated using the total integrated intensity of the plasma are comparable to those measured using fiber-optic collection.
Metabolite Profiles of Male and Female Humboldt Penguins

We examined 185 metabolites in 30 adult Humboldt Penguins (Spheniscus humboldti) nesting at the Punta San Juan Marine Protected Area, Peru, in order to examine gender differences in metabolome profiles, particularly those involved in metabolism and energetics. The majority of the compounds identified were fatty (26% of total identified compounds), organic (19%), and amino (16%) acids. We were able to differentiate male and female penguins with 96.6% accuracy on the basis of 12 metabolites, most of which are involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. These included 2-oxoglutarate, erythronic acid, GABA, mannitol, sedoheptulose 7-phosphate, and serine and six metabolites present in higher concentrations in females compared to males (2-aminoadipic acid, O-phosphorylethanolamine, glycerol 2-phosphate, glycerol 3-phosphate, pantothenic acid, and creatinine). Of these, 2-oxoglutarate and glycerol 3-phosphate were key metabolites distinguishing gender. Our results indicated that male and female Humboldt Penguins were characterized by differing metabolic states. Such differences could be important to individual and brood survival in times of environmental stress.
All whistlers are not created equally: Scattering of strahl electrons in the solar wind via particle‐in‐cell simulations

[1] Solar wind observations show that suprathermal electrons (70 eV ≲ Energy ≲ 1 keV) of the magnetic-field-aligned “strahl” component have broader pitch-angle distributions than are predicted by adiabatic theories of solar wind expansion. Magnetosonic-whistler fluctuations propagating toward the Sun at k × Bo = 0 (where Bo is the background magnetic field) have a strong cyclotron resonance with suprathermal electrons propagating in the anti-Solar direction along Bo. This resonance enables strong pitch-angle scattering; thus whistlers are a likely source of the observed strahl broadening. Particle-in-cell simulations in a magnetized, homogeneous, collisionless plasma of electrons and protons are used to study the response of a strahl-like electron component to whistler fluctuation spectra. If the whistler anisotropy instability is excited via the initial application of T⊥/T∥ > 1 to the electron core component, the resulting electron scattering leads to strahl pitch-angle distributions which decrease in width as electron energy increases. In contrast, if a power spectrum of whistler fluctuations proportional to k−3 is initially applied to the simulations, the resulting electron scattering leads to strahl pitch-angle distributions which increase in width as electron energy increases.
HRM and Multinational Companies: Global Talent Challenges and Global Talent Management

Bis zum Jahr 2008 wurde die Geschaftstatigkeit von Unternehmen weltweit durch ein zu geringes Angebot an qualifizierten Mitarbeitern bedroht. Im Kontext von globalen Managementherausforderungen werden einige globale Initiativen zur Mitarbeiterentwicklung und die entsprechenden HR Masnahmen beschrieben. Erganzend werden Beispiele von multinationalen Firmen, die viele der HR Masnahmen implementiert und dadurch Wettbewerbsvorteile erzielt haben, dargestellt.
Performance evaluation of a low conductive growth medium (LCGM) for growth of healthy and stressed Listeria monocytogenes and other common bacterial species.

The performance of a low conductive growth medium (LCGM) (conductivity of < 1300 μS) was evaluated for its ability to support growth of food borne bacterial pathogens including Listeria monocytogenes and to determine the expression of the two key virulence proteins in L. monocytogenes for possible applications in an impedance-based microfluidic biochip detection platform. Growth of Listeria was monitored spectrophotometrically and the lag phase, generation time, growth rate and maximum population density were determined using the Gompertz equation. LCGM had a lag phase of 2.3 h and showed a higher cell density compared to Luria Bertini (LB) broth. Length of lag phase was highly dependent on initial inoculum concentrations. The changes in conductivity with respect to growth in the low conductive medium were monitored using a conductivity probe. L. monocytogenes growth could be detected within 2 h (0.1 mS) in LCGM and within 6 h in LB. The performance of the media was also evaluated for the recovery of Listeria cells exposed to various stresses as 42 °C for 1, 2 or 6 h, an osmotic stress in 10.5% NaCl, an acidic stress at pH 2, 3 or 5 and a combined stress of 10.5% NaCl, pH 5 and 1 h exposure at 42 °C. The recovery rate was comparable with that of Tryptic soy broth containing yeast extract (TSBYE). L. monocytogenes in LCGM supported the expression of two key virulence markers, actin polymerization protein (ActA) and internalin B (InlB), which could be detected using specific antibodies. In general LCGM also supported the growth of several other bacterial species suggesting its implication in microbial quality monitoring of products. In conclusion, LCGM is a sensitive low conductive medium that supports the growth as well as the expression of virulence markers for potential applications in sensitive detection of L. monocytogenes or other food borne pathogens in impedance-based sensor platform.
Biodiversity and Archeological Conservation Connected: Aragonite Shell Middens Increase Plant Diversity

Natural and cultural heritage sites frequently have nonoverlapping or even conflicting conservation priorities, because human impacts have often resulted in local extirpations and reduced levels of native biodiversity. Over thousands of years, the predictable winter rains of northwestern Baja California have weathered calcium from the clam shells deposited by indigenous peoples in middens along the coast. The release of this calcium has changed soil properties, remediated sodic and saline soils, and resulted in a unique microhabitat that harbors plant assemblages very different from those of the surrounding matrix. Native plant biodiversity and landscape heterogeneity are significantly increased on the anthropogenic soils of these shell middens. Protection of this cultural landscape in the Anthropocene will further both archeological and biodiversity conservation in these anthropogenic footprints from the Holocene. Along these coasts, natural and cultural heritage priorities are overlapping and mutually beneficial.
A general temporal data model and the structured population event history register

At this time there are 37 demographic surveillance system sites active in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Central America, and this number is growing continuously. These sites and other longitudinal population and health research projects generate large quantities of complex temporal data in order to describe, explain and investigate the event histories of individuals and the populations they constitute. This article presents possible solutions to some of the key data management challenges associated with those data. The fundamental components of a temporal system are identified and both they and their relationships to each other are given simple, standardized definitions. Further, a metadata framework is proposed to endow this abstract generalization with specific meaning and to bind the definitions of the data to the data themselves. The result is a temporal data model that is generalized, conceptually tractable, and inherently contains a full description of the primary data it organizes. Individual databases utilizing this temporal data model can be customized to suit the needs of their operators without modifying the underlying design of the database or sacrificing the potential to transparently share compatible subsets of their data with other similar databases. A practical working relational database design based on this general temporal data model is presented and demonstrated. This work has arisen out of experience with demographic surveillance in the developing world, and although the challenges and their solutions are more general, the discussion is organized around applications in demographic surveillance. An appendix contains detailed examples and working prototype databases that implement the examples discussed in the text.
Religious Traditionalism and Latino Politics in the United States

This article examines how and why ethnic context conditions the link between religious traditionalism and the political attitudes and behaviors of Latinos in the United States. Existing research sh...
The changing discourse on population and development: toward a new political demography.

The United Nations (UN) Millennium Project is an independent advisory body commissioned by UN Secretary General Kofi Annan to advise the United Nations on strategies for achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)—the set of internationally agreed-upon targets for reducing poverty hunger disease illiteracy environmental degradation and discrimination against women by 2015. The Millennium Project presented its findings to the Secretary General in January of 2005 in a report entitled Investing in Development: A Practical Plan to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals. The report is expected to play a central role in the high-level Summit of the UN General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals in September 2005. The March 2005 issue of Studies included a commentary by Barbara Crossette that addressed the question of why the Millennium Development Goals do not include a reproductive health goal. In this special section six scholars and policymakers in the fields of population and reproductive health reflect on the context scope and significance of the treatment of reproductive health and rights within the Millennium Development Goals. The opening commentary from Stan Bernstein a participant in the UN Millennium Project provides historical context. In the four alphabetically arranged essays that follow Alaka Malwade Basu Mahmoud Fathalla Adrienne Germain and Ruth Dixon-Mueller and Steven W. Sinding offer critical analyses of the MDG–reproductive health nexus. Included after the commentaries are three excerpts from the full report of the Millennium Project and a chapter from a Millennium Project Task Force report calling for the guarantee of sexual and reproductive health and rights. (authors)
Brief Report: Behavioral Risk Factors for Youth Soccer (Football) Injury

Objectives By most reports, soccer (football) is among the most played and most popular sports in the world. This study prospectively examined behavioral risk factors for youth soccer injury. Method Sixty 11- and 12-year-old boys who played on six teams in a suburban recreational soccer league were followed over the course of a season. Six predictors were assessed prior to the start of the season via self-report measures from coaches, parents, and the players themselves: inhibition, aggression, risk-taking, skill, experience playing soccer, and physical size. All games were videotaped, and tapes were reviewed to record players’ collisions with other players, fouls, falls during the course of play, and injuries. Results Greater skill and less experience playing soccer best predicted injury risk. Inhibition, aggression, and risk-taking did not emerge as predictors. Conclusion Results are discussed with respect to previous research in youth sport and general pediatric injury risk.
An Integrated Approach to Information Retrieval with Fuzzy Clustering and Fuzzy Inferencing

We present an integrated approach to fuzzy information retrieval which combines techniques in fuzzy set theory with methodologies in textual retrieval in order to achieve optimal retrieval performance. To capture the relationships among index terms, fuzzy logic rules (with truth value assignment in the 0–1 interval) are used. We adapt several fuzzy clustering methods (such as fuzzy c-means and fuzzy hierarchical clustering) to the task of clustering documents with respect to the terms. The clusters generated provide a basis for building the fuzzy logic rules. The clusters can also be used to form hyperlinks between documents. A previously developed fuzzy logic system, found to be sound and complete, is applied for fuzzy inferencing to derive useful modifications of the initial query, which will guide the search for relevant documents. Thus, this method combines fuzzy inference with traditional relevance feedback approach for retrieval. The advantage of this method is in the emphasis on semantic information (embodied in the rules and the inference mechanisms) which should lead to superior performance. A series of experiments conducted in order to validate this approach are presented, along with results and conclusions.
Comparison of Technetium-99m-ECD to Xenon-133 SPECT in Normal Controls and in Patients with Mild to Moderate Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Abnormalities

Technetium-99m-1,1-ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD) has been proposed as a "chemical microsphere" for SPECT measurement of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). However, its distribution has not yet been compared in humans to an established rCBF measure. Therefore, we compared the uptake and distribution of ECD with rCBF measured by 133Xe SPECT in subjects with mild to moderate flow abnormalities and in normal volunteers. Blood and urine chemistries and vital signs were unchanged from pre-ECD values up to seven days postinjection. Profile plots demonstrated pattern agreement between rCBF ratios (133Xe) and ECD count density ratios. A significant correlation of rCBF ratios to ECD count density ratios was observed (r = 0.77), with a slope of 0.64 and intercept of 0.36. To explore whether or not the relationship between rCBF and ECD was dependent on absolute flow, ECD region of interest data were expressed in units of ml/min/100 g by equating global CBF (133Xe) and ECD global count density. A closer correlation (r = 0.88) was found for these data than for the count ratio data. The slope was closer to one (m = 0.83) and the intercept was closer to zero (b = 8.2). Also, a significant correlation was observed between ECD-derived rCBF and 133Xe rCBF in the lesion area (r = 0.92) for patients with well-demarcated rCBF lesions. The slope (0.80) suggested a slight underestimation of lesion flow by ECD. Finally, ECD clearance from cortical gray matter ROIs derived from high-resolution scans from 1 to 4 hr postinjection was slow (2.4%/hr). In summary, ECD is a safe and effective marker of regional cerebral perfusion. The distribution of ECD is linearly related to rCBF measured by 133Xe SPECT, although our data suggest a mild underestimation of flow at the high end of the normal range.
Lymphadenopathy in Children and Young People

Enlargement of the lymph nodes is part of the normal immune response of children. Nonetheless, as a sign or symptom it frequently causes concern to parents. Although many serious conditions can present with significant lymph node enlargement, most children will present with a more benign pathology. Attempting to distinguish between the two is the challenge for paediatricians and the value and extent of investigating needs careful consideration. This article offers practical advice in how to approach a child presenting with an enlarged lymph node.