cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic coding and rate-control for serving deadline-constrained traffic over fading channels

We study the problem of optimal dynamic coding and rate-control for broadcasting deadline-constrained traffic with average delivery ratio constraints over time-varying wireless channels. In particular, we propose and analyze a novel policy that utilizes a combination of pricing and finite-horizon dynamic programming strategies to jointly optimize the operation of the following two components: (i) a dynamic rate allocation policy, which manages the incoming traffic flow rates so as to maximize their weighted sum; (ii) and a dynamic coding window selection policy, which satisfies the flows' individual delivery ratio requirements. Our heuristic fluid analysis of the resulting stochastic network operation indicates that our joint policy maximizes the weighted sum of the deadline-constrained flow throughput subject to heterogeneous delivery ratio requirements imposed on them. We also apply these general results to an important cellular downlink scenario with and without network coding capabilities to study its behavior under various conditions. Our simulations reveal that the dynamic coding strategy outperforms the optimal static coding strategy by opportunistically exploiting the statistical variations in the arrival and channel processes.
Optimal L(2, 1)-labeling of strong products of cycles [transmitter frequency assignment]

The L(2, 1)-labeling of a graph is an abstraction of assigning integer frequencies to radio transmitters such that i) transmitters that are one unit of distance apart receive frequencies that differ by at least two, and ii) transmitters that are two units of distance apart receive frequencies that differ by at least one. The least span of frequencies in such a labeling is referred to as the /spl lambda/-number of the graph. It is shown that if k/spl ges/1 and m/sub 0/, ..., m/sub k-1/ are each a multiple of 3/sup k/+2, then /spl lambda/(Cm/sub 0//spl square/.../spl square/Cm/sub k-1/) is equal to the theoretical minimum of 3/sup k/+1, where C/sub i/ denotes the cycle of length i and /spl square/ denotes the strong product of graphs.
Determinism and divergence of apoptosis susceptibility in mammalian cells

Although the cellular decision to commit to apoptosis is important for organism homeostasis, there is considerable variability in the onset of apoptosis between cells, even in clonal populations. Using live single-cell imaging, we observed that the onset of apoptotic proteolytic activity was tightly synchronized between nearby cells. This synchrony was not a consequence of secreted factors and was not correlated to the cell cycle. The synchrony was only seen amongst related cells and was lost over successive generations. The times of apoptosis also diverged within a generation, but this was blocked by inhibiting protein synthesis before triggering apoptosis. These results suggest that the cell-cell variability of apoptosis times is due to the divergence of the molecular composition of the cell, and that the decision to commit to apoptosis at the time of drug addition is a deterministic decision.
The Evaluation of Integrals

The evaluation of integrals ∫ a b f(x)dx, based on the fundamental theorem of the integral calculus, is a familiar problem in elementary calculus. If F’(x) = f(x) on [a,b] then ∫ a b f(x)dx = #x222B; a b F’(x)(x)dx = F(b) — F(a). Here F is called a primitive of f, andF(b) — F(a) is an evaluation of ∫ a b f(x)dx. IfF1 and F2 are two primitives of f, thenF1 — F2 is a constant function. Thus there is essentially one primitive of f and one evaluation of ∫ a b f(x)dx.
Free Speech and Democracy in Ancient Athens: The Practice of Parrhêsia

For George Grote, the nineteenth-century Philosophical Radical and close associate of John Stuart Mill, “[t]h eleven chapters of Thucydides” that comprise Pericles' Funeral Oration are “among the most memorable relics of antiquity” ([1851–6] 1900: 6.142); in particular, Grote's History of Greece highlights those passages that pay tribute to “an unrestrained play of fancy and diversity of private pursuit” (6.148). Sounding very much like the friend of Mill that he was, Grote explains: “[T]he stress which he [Pericles] lays upon the liberty of thought and action at Athens, not merely from excessive restraint of law, but also from practical intolerance between man and man, and tyranny of the majority over individual dissenters in taste and pursuit, deserves notice” because “all its germs of productive genius, so rare everywhere, found in such an atmosphere the maximum of encouragement” (6.149). The liberties of the ancients have had their defenders and their attackers – as well as those who have questioned whether those liberties really existed. Indeed, Grote (most likely in response to Benjamin Constant's essay on “The Liberty of the Ancients Compared with that of the Moderns” from 1819) justifies the “peculiar attention” he devotes to the passage in the Funeral Oration on the “rich and varied fund of human impulse” in Athens “because it serves to correct an assertion, often too indiscriminately made, respecting antiquity as contrasted with modern societies – an assertion that the ancient societies sacrificed the individual to the state, and that only in modern times has individual agency been left free to the proper extent” (148).
African Diaspora Assimilation Issues in the Western Hemisphere: The Paradoxical Implications of Mexico’s Official Color Blind Public Policy and Its Racist Perception in African-American Political Thought

In May of 2006, Mexico’s President Vincente Fox, while discussing Mexican immigration, remarked, ”Mexican migrants do work even Blacks won’t do” (New York Times May 19. 2006). The very next month, the Postal Service of Mexico issued a series of commemorative stamps featuring the equivalent of what African Americans recognize as a Black Sambo, a character from a comic book still published in Mexico, Memin Pinquin. There were immediate expressions of outrage by Civil Rights leaders in America. President Bush was even compelled to issue a terse statement addressing the insensitivity of the Mexican government. While civic leaders in America were very vocal, little dissent was generated in Mexico, except for a small group of activists located in Vera Cruz and Costa Chica, which are the two areas where the most visually identifiable Afro Mexicans live. Spokespersons for the Mexican government insisted that the stamps and President Fox’s comments were not racially motivated. They were quick to point out that slavery was abolished by Mexico’s Constitution of 1857. Mexican officials further maintain that due to the history of cultural mixing of Mexican people, the resulting population is homogeneously Mexican. However historical studies note that there were efforts by early Mexican governments to segregate the country’s population. “All official efforts (in Mexico) to prevent racial mixture were to no avail. Spanish, Indian and Africans interacted sexually over years to produce a bewildering variety of racial mixtures.” This suggests that the Mexican government race neutral policy was not always so magnanimous and vestiges of early discrimination may still exist socially.This paper examines the paradoxical conflict of the official Mexican policy of assimilation “mestizaje,” its impact on the international political thinking of Mexico’s political leadership and its perhaps misinterpreted perception in the African-American political arena. While race homogeneity may be an acceptable domestic social and political policy for Mexico, it is the antithesis of the multicultural political atmosphere of its northern neighbor. The contention of this thesis is that this implausible Mexican public policy has had an additional negative impact on the political support of the African-American community in the United States coupled with the already simmering attitudes on issues such as illegal immigration and jobs. Additionally, it intensifies the divisive social/political wedge that threatens the political coalition efforts by the Hispanic and Afro-American communities in the U.S.
Fragment-Linking Approach Using 19F NMR Spectroscopy To Obtain Highly Potent and Selective Inhibitors of β-Secretase

Fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) has become a widely used tool in small-molecule drug discovery efforts. One of the most commonly used biophysical methods in detecting weak binding of fragments is nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. In particular, FBDD performed with 19F NMR-based methods has been shown to provide several advantages over 1H NMR using traditional magnetization-transfer and/or two-dimensional methods. Here, we demonstrate the utility and power of 19F-based fragment screening by detailing the identification of a second-site fragment through 19F NMR screening that binds to a specific pocket of the aspartic acid protease, β-secretase (BACE-1). The identification of this second-site fragment allowed the undertaking of a fragment-linking approach, which ultimately yielded a molecule exhibiting a more than 360-fold increase in potency while maintaining reasonable ligand efficiency and gaining much improved selectivity over cathepsin-D (CatD). X-ray crystallographic studies of the m...
A new generation of stationary digital breast tomosynthesis system with wider angular span and faster scanning time

We have developed a clinically ready first generation stationary breast tomosynthesis system (s-DBT). In the s-DBT system, focal spot blur associated with x-ray source motion is completely eliminated, allowing for rapid acquisition of projection images over a larger angular span without changing the acquisition time. In the phantom studies the 1st generation s‐DBT system has demonstrated 30% higher spatial resolution than the corresponding continuous motion DBT systems. The system is currently being evaluated for its diagnostic performance in 100 patient clinical evaluation against FFDM. Initial results indicate that the s­‐DBT system can produce increased lesion conspicuity and comparable MC visibility. However due to x­‐ray flux limitations, certain large size patients have to be excluded. Recent studies have shown that increasing the angular span beyond 30° can be beneficial for enhanced depth resolution. We report the preliminary characterization of the 2nd generation s-­DBT system with a new CNT x-­ray source array, increased tube flux and a larger angular span. Increasing x‐ray tube flux allows for a larger patient population and dual energy imaging. Results indicate that the system delivers more than twice the flux, allowing for imaging of all size patients with acquisition time of 2­‐4 seconds. A 7° increase in angular span over 1st generation decreased the ASF by 37%. Additionally, the 2nd generation s‐DBT system utilizing a specific AFVR reconstruction method resulted in a 92% increase in the in plane resolution over CM DBT system, and a 37% increase in spatial resolution over the 1st generation s-‐DBT system.
Process Coordination Requirements: Implications for the Design of Knowledge Management Systems

Knowledge Management Systems (KMS) are typically built with a departmental focus, making it difficult to share and utilize knowledge across departmental boundaries. Integrating such “knowledge pock...
Design of Computer Monitoring System of Opening and Cleaning Cotton Carding Combined Machine

Currently the opening and cleaning cotton carding combined machine is running inefficiently,with complex process workflow and low management level,hence it cannot meet the actual needs in the production.To address these issues,the actual requirements of users were studied deeply.In the LAN(local area network) environment,a distributed collection and centralized management monitoring system was designed for cleaning cotton carding combined machine,and by using advanced serial communication technology,computer control technology,list technology and circular queue technology,a common communication protocol was constructed.A curve updating algorithm was proposed along with the detailed introduction of the system architecture,and main management functions.As proved by application,the monitoring system of cleaning cotton carding combined machine can collect production data correctly,and meet the actual requirements of production management of blowing-carding workshop,furthermore it is simple in structure,easy to maintain,and conducive to the expansion and upgrading of system functions.
Erratum for Fang and Casadevall, Research Funding: the Case for a Modified Lottery

Volume 7, no. 2, doi:10.1128/mBio.00422-16, 2016. On the second page of the article (PDF page 2), the sentence “A Bayesian hierarchical statistical model …
What's Life Got to Do with It? The Role of Life Experiences in Shaping Female Community College Students' Transfer Intent in STEM Fields of Study.

ABSTRACTTransfer in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields from community colleges to 4-year institutions holds great policy significance in alleviating the female underrepresentation in the STEM pipeline, with proportionately more female students attending community colleges. Considering the knowledge gap on this often overlooked topic, we draw upon interview and survey data to explore how life experiences influence the intent to transfer among first-year community college women beginning in STEM. Integrating narrative inquiry to do so, this study paints a complex portrait of two female community college students and the multiple roles and experiences they must reconcile, negotiate, and renegotiate as they navigate toward or away from transfer in STEM. The narratives that emerged reveal the complexity of transfer intent, the importance of recognizing the impact of life experiences, and the ways in which to use such experiences as supports—rather than barriers—to enhance the educational ...
Quantitative Assessment of Translocation Transcript Ratio Predicts for Relapse Free Survival Among Patients with Core Binding Factor Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Abstract Presence of unique translocation events allows us to monitor minimal residual disease by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in patients with core binding factor acute myeloid leukemia (CBF-AML) that includes Inversion(16), t(16;16) and t (8;21) cytogenetic abnormalities. Fludarabine based regimens; Fludarabine, cytarabine, G-CSF and gemtuzumab ozogamicin (FLAG-GO) and FLAG, idarubicin (FLAG-Ida) have been two consecutive regimens used as front-line therapy for all new patients with CBF-AML presenting to MD Anderson Cancer Center since 2007. MRD has been monitored by baseline and periodic qPCR studies from bone marrow samples during induction/consolidation and follow up. Based on recent literature we investigated whether time to achievement of lowest qPCR value or the lowest qPCR value are important to predict for relapse free survival (RFS) in a multi-variate analysis. Between 2007 and early 2014, 89 patients (pts) have achieved remission with frontline induction regimens; FLAG-GO=41 (46%) and FLAG-Ida=48 pts (54%); 44 patients with Inv (16) and 45 pts with t(8;21). Median presenting WBC count is 12.5x 106/L (range 1.9-97.2) and median qPCR ratio with ABL1 as control at presentation is >100. Median lowest qPCR following induction/consolidation is 0 (range 0-15.9) and is the same for inv (16) and t(8;21) (p=0.14). The median lowest qPCR value by regimen is 0 for FLAG-GO and the same for FLAG-Ida is 0.01 (p=0.003). RFS with a median follow up of more than 3 years is 80% and is not different among regimens (p=0.5). Because of infrequency of events, the analysis was mostly done using both cytogenetic groups and both regimens together. Median time to lowest qPCR was 7 months for both cytogenetic subgroups as well as for both FLAG-GO and FLAG-Ida regimens (range 1-28 months). In a univariate analysis that included age, log WBC and platelet counts, cytogenetics, regimen, time to lowest qPCR value and the log lowest qPCR value as variables; log lowest qPCR is the only variable significantly predicting for RFS (p Conclusion: RFS remains high among patients treated with FLAG-GO or FLAG-Ida and lowest qPCR value rather than the time to achieve lowest qPCR. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
A descriptive study of effect‐size reporting in research reviews

Aims To describe effect-size reporting in research reviews completed in support of evidence-based practice in nursing. Background Many research reviews report nurses’ critical appraisal of level, quality and overall strength of evidence available to address clinical questions. Several studies of research-review quality suggest effect-size information would be useful to include in these reviews, but none focused on reviewers’ attention to effect-sizes. Design Descriptive. Methods One hundred and four reviews indexed in CINAHL as systematic reviews and published from July 2012 - February 2014 were examined. Papers were required to be peer-reviewed, written in English, contain an abstract and have at least one nurse author. Reviews were excluded if they did not use critical appraisal methods to address evidence of correlation, prediction, or effectiveness. Data from remaining papers (N = 73) were extracted by three or more independent coders using a structured coding form and detailed codebook. Data were stored, viewed and analyzed using Microsoft Office Excel® spreadsheet functions. Results Eighteen percent (n=13) of the sample contained effect-size information. Of the 13, six included all the effect-size information recommended by APA guidelines. Independent of completeness of reporting, six contained discussion of effect-sizes in the paper, but none included effect-size information in abstracts. Conclusion Research reviews available to practicing nurses often fail to include information needed to accurately assess how much improvement may result from implementation of evidence-based policies, programs, protocols, or practices. Manuscript reviewers are urged to hold authors to APA standards for reporting/discussing effect-size information in both primary research reports and research reviews. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Using Standardized Patients to Teach Complete Denture Procedures in Second Year of Dental School

Second-year dental students are commonly instructed on the process of complete denture fabrication with a traditional didactic lecture and preclinical dental laboratory education model. The problem with this limited mode of instruction is that dental students often fail to understand the various chairside procedures required to fabricate a complete denture. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of standardized dental patients to enhance students' understanding of the procedures involved with each appointment in the complete denture process. The Midwestern University College of Dental Medicine-Arizona created an event using standardized patients in four simulated chairside dental appointments for complete denture instruction of second-year dental students. Each appointment simulated the various sequential chairside procedures required to fabricate complete dentures. Following the didactic and dental laboratory instruction and the standardized patient event, a survey was conducted requesting the students' response to six statements regarding their understanding of the denture fabrication process. Of the 110 students who participated in the instructional events, 107 responded to the survey (97% response rate). These students responded very favorably to the simulated appointments, with the majority agreeing or strongly agreeing that their best understanding of the complete denture process was obtained through the standardized patient experiences. The use of standardized patients in simulated denture fabrication appointments enhanced the educational experience of these students when added to the traditional didactic lecture and preclinical laboratory education format. The experience has since been incorporated into the school's second-year oral health science laboratory curriculum.
Guiding Interaction Behaviors for Multi-modal Grounded Language Learning

Multi-modal grounded language learning connects language predicates to physical properties of objects in the world. Sensing with multiple modalities, such as audio, haptics, and visual colors and shapes while performing interaction behaviors like lifting, dropping, and looking on objects enables a robot to ground non-visual predicates like “empty” as well as visual predicates like “red”. Previous work has established that grounding in multi-modal space improves performance on object retrieval from human descriptions. In this work, we gather behavior annotations from humans and demonstrate that these improve language grounding performance by allowing a system to focus on relevant behaviors for words like “white” or “half-full” that can be understood by looking or lifting, respectively. We also explore adding modality annotations (whether to focus on audio or haptics when performing a behavior), which improves performance, and sharing information between linguistically related predicates (if “green” is a color, “white” is a color), which improves grounding recall but at the cost of precision.
Cryoablation of Abdominal Wall Endometriosis: A Minimally Invasive Treatment.

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study is to present cryoablation as a minimally invasive definitive treatment for abdominal wall endometriosis. We describe our experience with the outpatient appli...
Microsphere-Based Assessment of DNA Methylation for AML Prognosis

Epigenetic dysregulation, including aberrant methylation of cytosine residues in DNA, is a hallmark of cancer and clearly results in oncogenic cellular alterations such as transcriptional attenuation of tumor suppressors and genomic instability. A number of studies have examined DNA methylation alterations in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and have shown that analysis of multilocus methylation patterns can identify biologically distinct AML subclasses and can predict patient prognosis. In order to utilize the prognostic capability of methylation analysis in a clinical setting, we have developed a microsphere-based HpaII tiny fragment enrichment by ligation-mediated PCR (xMELP) assay to interrogate the methylation state of genomic multiple loci along with a random forest-based classification algorithm that correlates DNA methylation status with patient prognosis. These tools can be easily implemented in a clinical molecular pathology laboratory and can be utilized for more accurate risk stratification of AML patients.
Stereoselective Ring-Opening Polymerization of Epoxides

This chapter details advances in the field of stereoselective epoxide polymerization with a focus on discrete catalysts. A brief introduction to the history of the stereoselective polymerization of epoxides is given, followed by a primer of some of the basic concepts of epoxide polymerization and mechanisms of stereocontrol. The main section of the review focuses on homogeneous catalysts for stereoselective epoxide polymerization, arranged by metal (aluminum, zinc, cobalt, tin, chromium). Both the homopolymerization of racemic epoxides to form stereoregular polyethers, as well as epoxide/CO 2 copolymerization to form stereoregular polycarbonates are discussed. The article includes recent work by the author’s laboratory regarding chiral bimetallic cobalt catalysts that exhibit unprecedented activities and selectivities for epoxide polymerization.
Social biases modulate the loss of redundant forms in the cultural evolution of language

Abstract According to the competitive exclusion principle (Gause, 1934), competition for the same niche must eventually lead one competitor to extinction or the occupation of a new niche. This principle applies in both biology and the cultural evolution of language, where different words and structures compete for the same function or meaning (Aronoff, 2016). Across languages, for example, word order trades off with case marking as a means of indicating who did what to whom in a sentence. Previous experimental work has shed light on how such trade-offs come about as languages adapt to human biases through learning and production, with biases becoming amplified through iterated learning over generations. At the same time, a large body of work has documented the impact of social biases on language change. However, little work has investigated how social biases interact with learning and production biases. In particular, the social dimension of language may provide alternative niches for otherwise redundant forms, preventing or slowing their extinction. We tested this hypothesis in an iterated-learning experiment in which participants were exposed to a language with two dialects, both of which had fixed word order, but differed in whether they employed case markers. In one condition, we biased participants socially towards speakers of the dialect that employed case; in other conditions we provided no bias, or biased participants for or against the dialect without case. As expected under our hypothesis, the use of case markers declined over time in all conditions, but the social bias in favor of case-dialect speakers slowed the decline.
Self-Rated Health, Discrimination, and Racial Group Identity: the Consequences of Ethnicity and Nativity Among Black Americans

In this study, we examine how ethnic heterogeneity and nativity shape the relationships among self-rated health, discrimination, and racial group identity for a representative sample of African Americans, U.S.-born Caribbean Blacks, and foreign-born Caribbean Blacks (National Survey of American Life; N = 4091). Our study includes two forms of discrimination, major lifetime discrimination and day-to-day discrimination, as well as two forms of racial group identity, closeness to other Blacks and Black group evaluation. Closeness to other Blacks improves the self-rated health of U.S.-born Caribbean Blacks who reported experiencing high levels of major discrimination. Black group evaluation improved the health of foreign-born Caribbean Blacks, who reported low levels of major discrimination, and African Americans, with high levels of major discrimination. Finally, for both foreign-born Caribbean Blacks and African Americans, who experience high discrimination, Black group evaluation weakens the influence of day-to-day discrimination on self-rated health.
Stories Small and Tall: A Celebration of Andreas Kazamias’s Praxis

Thirteen years ago, I was hired by the Department of Educational Policy Studies at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, as an assistant professor in comparative and international education (CIE). A...
Exploring optical SETI's middle ground

Abstract The Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (SETI) in optical wavelengths has recently concentrated either on detecting intense short light pulses that briefly outshine the background star or on finding unique features that stand out in the star's spectrum. But there is a middle ground available where the temporal variation of an optical SETI source would distinguish it from its stellar background. Initial results are presented for frequency-domain searches, covering a signal range of 1–10,000 Hz, with an instrument that simultaneously measures two broad optical spectral bands. It is shown that signals a thousand times fainter than the background starlight can be detected using this instrument coupled to a meter-class telescope. Since these signals can be either positive or negative (i.e. a periodic obscuration), the intriguing possibility exists of detecting signals where no energy need be intentionally beamed toward Earth.
Localized magnetism in YMn2 below the Néel temperature

We have measured magnetic susceptibility, thermal expansion, electrical resistivity, and magnetoresistance of the intermetallic compound YMn2. YMn2 orders antiferromagnetically belowT N ≃110 K. There is a large thermal hysteresis such that the ordering temperature isT N =86 K on cooling andT N =116 K on warming. This is a first-order phase transition from the paramagnetic to antiferromagnetic phase. Our electrical resistivity and magnetoresistance measurements in the ordered state show a localized magnetic moment for Mn atoms in YMn2 belowT N . The Mn moments collapse atT N which is reflected in the sharp decrease in the thermal expansivity atT N . AboveT N the Mn moment gradually recovers with increasing temperature which is reflected as an increase in χ with increasing temperature in the paramagnetic state. This behavior atT>T N could be described by weak itinerant electron magnetism.
Women and Families

Despite their greater frequency in men, alcohol and drug use problems are significant among women. This chapter discusses addiction and associated problems specific to women. Treatment admissions data suggest that women were about half as likely to be admitted to treatment for drug or alcohol problems, although the relative proportion of male-to-female admissions varies considerable by specific type of substance. Women’s chemical dependency is more often initiated in response to a stressful life event. Research has accumulated that shows that women entering treatment for drug or alcohol dependence are likely to have experienced childhood and/or adult interpersonal victimization. Consumption of alcohol during pregnancy can result in a range of effects on the fetus, the most serious being fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). One of the major consequences of substance abuse for women is impaired parenting. Issues of cultural diversity, treatment and best practice guidelines for providing services for women who abuse or are dependent on substances is outlined and discussed.
Regulatory Roles of Novel Small RNAs from Pseudogenes

Arising from gene duplications or retrotranspositions, pseudogenes are genomic sequences with high sequence similarity to functional genes but unable to encode the same type of functional molecular products as what their parental sequences produce. For those that are copies of protein-coding genes, this means that they have lost the potential of encoding a functional protein due to disruption in their putative open reading frames. Several computational algorithms have been developed for detecting pseudogenes in recent years and their applications have annotated hundreds and thousands of pseudogenes in higher eukaryotic genomes, including the rice and Arabidopsis genomes. While conventional wisdom considers pseudogenes as dead and inactive sequences, emerging evidence indicates that a large number of higher eukaryotic pseudogenes are transcriptionally alive and that furthermore many of the pseudogene transcripts may play a critical role in regulating gene expression. In particular, analyses of the RNAs from both plant and mammalian tissues or organs using deep-sequencing technology have uncovered scores of pseudogene-derived small RNAs. Their sequence features, together with carefully designed biochemical and genetic experiments, indicate that small RNAs from pseudogenes may function at different molecular levels, either as small interference RNAs directly regulating functional genes or modulating epigenomic silencing in the pseudogenic regions, or as decoy RNAs counteracting the inhibitory effectiveness of miRNAs supposedly targeting functional genes. These exciting discoveries suggest that pseudogenes may represent a hidden layer of regulatory elements in eukaryotic genomes, whose functional importance has just started to be unveiled and appreciated.
Salmonellosis in Calves

Despite the efforts of both physicians and veterinarians, the number of cases of salmonellosis per year has held steady or risen. The ability of the organism to live in many different animal species and under inhospitable environmental conditions is likely responsible for Salmonella's prevalence today. Diverse clinical signs occur in salmonellosis; they range from unthriftiness to explosive, necrotizing diarrheas with high mortality. Secondary complications of pneumonia, bone and joint infections, and meningoencephalitis can result from calfhood infections. Treatment of enteric salmonellosis is chiefly aimed at maintaining fluid, acid-base, and electrolyte balance. Bacteremic or septicemic calves also require systemic antibiotics. The control measures for salmonellosis are based on sanitation and management. Individual calf hutches or pens provide adequate isolation if sufficient spacing and good sanitation are maintained. The Salmonella vaccines presently available provide limited protection; however, live vaccines made from auxotrophic strains of Salmonella appear to be more efficacious.
Games, Quantification and Discourse Structure

Quantifiers in natural language contribute both to the truth conditions of a sentence and to the discourse in which the sentence occurs. While a great deal of attention has been paid to truth conditions, the contributions of quantifiers to the discourse have been little studied. This paper seeks to rectify this by developing a set of game rules that account both for the truth conditional and the discourse contributions of quantified expressions.
The Mitotic Cell Cycle

Proliferating cells go through a regular cycle of events, the mitotic cell cycle, in which the genetic material is duplicated and divided equally between two daughter cells. This is brought about by the duplication of each chromosome to form two closely adjacent sister chromatids, which separate from each other to become two daughter chromosomes. These, along with the other chromosomes of each set, are then packaged into two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The molecular mechanisms underlying the cell cycle are highly conserved in all organisms with a nucleus (eukaryotes). Many of the genes and proteins involved in the human cell cycle have been identified because of their high degree of nucleotide and amino acid sequence similarity to homologous genes and proteins in the more easily studied budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which the cell cycle is more fully understood.
Musical Theater: An Appreciation

Musical Theater: An Appreciation, Second Edition offers a history of musical theater from its operating origins to the Broadway shows of today, combined with an in-depth study of the musical styles that paralleled changes on stage. Alyson McLamore teaches readers how to listen to both the words and the music of the stage musical, enabling them to understand how all the components of a show interact to create a compelling experience for audiences. This second edition has been updated with new chapters covering recent developments in the twenty-first century, while insights from recent scholarship on musical theater have been incorporated throughout the text. The musical examples discussed in the text now include detailed listening guides, while a new companion website includes plot summaries and links to audio of the musical examples. From Don Giovanni to Hamilton, Musical Theater: An Appreciation both explores the history of musical theater and develops a deep appreciation of the musical elements at the heart of this unique art form.
Impact of Social Media on Community Consultation in Exception From Informed Consent Clinical Trials.

Abstract Background Exception from informed consent (EFIC) allows clinician scientists to perform much needed emergency research. Obtaining this exception, however, requires many meetings with community groups for consultation, which can make the process time-consuming and expensive. We aim to determine the impact of using social media in lieu of some community meetings in an effort to obtain an EFIC. Materials and methods An economic analysis of four randomized clinical trials was performed. Costs were conservatively estimated using personnel costs, social media costs, and adjusted to 2016 US dollars. People were considered reached if they attended a community meeting or were directed to the study website by social media and spent ≥1 min. Results The Early Whole Blood study required 14 meetings, reached 272 people, and cost $8260 ($30/person reached). The Pragmatic, Randomized Optimal Platelet and Plasma Ratios study required 14 meetings, reached 260 people, and cost $7479 overall ($29/person reached). The Prehospital Tranexamic Acid Use for Traumatic Brain Injury study required 12 meetings, reached 198 people, and cost $6340 ($32/person reached). Only the damage control laparotomy trial utilized social media in lieu of some community meetings. The damage control laparotomy trial required six meetings at which 137 people were reached. The $1000 social media campaign reached 229 people. The cost was $3977 overall and $11/person reached. Conclusions Including a social media campaign during the EFIC process increased the number of potential patients reached and reduced total and per person costs reached costs. Obtaining an EFIC for future emergency clinical trials may be facilitated by the inclusion of a social media campaign.
Lessons Learned From Avastin and OCT-The Great, the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: The LXXV Edward Jackson Memorial Lecture.

Purpose To describe the synergistic benefits and cost savings from the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors, particularly intravitreal bevacizumab, in the treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Design Retrospective literature review and personal perspective. Methods Retrospective literature review and personal perspective. Results The introduction of the first clinically useful OCT instrument coincided with early-phase clinical trials of a drug that would become known as ranibizumab. OCT provided a noninvasive imaging strategy that unambiguously showed the macular fluid associated with exudative AMD and the ability of anti-VEGF therapy to resolve this fluid with concomitant visual acuity improvement. Clinicians came to embrace the use of OCT imaging as the basis for dosing with anti-VEGF drugs, rather than the fixed-interval dosing that was the standard in clinical trials and recommended by industry after approval. But, before ranibizumab was approved for the treatment of exudative AMD, intravenous bevacizumab was approved to treat cancer. Both drugs shared a common molecular lineage, and this led to a clinical trial using intravenous bevacizumab for the treatment of exudative AMD. Intravenous bevacizumab resulted in visual acuity and OCT improvements similar to ranibizumab, and this observation soon led to the intravitreal use of bevacizumab in 2005. Fortuitously, both ranibizumab and bevacizumab were packaged at similar molar concentrations, so similar volumes of both drugs when injected into an eye would result in similar anti-VEGF activity. With ranibizumab not yet commercially available, intravitreal bevacizumab rapidly became adopted worldwide for the treatment of VEGF-driven ocular diseases. Despite numerous attempts by industry and anonymous sources to discredit and prevent its use, bevacizumab spread globally owing to its availability; its low treatment cost, which was $5.50 per 1 mg in the United States; the evidence of efficacy based on OCT imaging and vision improvement; and its perceived safety. In the United States alone, the use of OCT-guided therapy and the use of bevacizumab for the treatment of exudative AMD has saved Medicare over $40 billion since 2008. Conclusions The rapid adoption of OCT-guided therapy and the use of intravitreal bevacizumab by the global retinal community has prevented blindness from exudative and neovascular ocular diseases worldwide while saving healthcare providers and patients billions of dollars.
Working with Older Adults Scale: Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior.

Background and objectives The expanding population of older adults in the United States, coupled with provider hesitance to work with this population, is expected to result in a large service gap, particularly in the health care field. Research on provider hesitancy has largely focused on the impact of attitudes toward older adults and professional competency, with some recent explorations of social influences. There is currently no comprehensive measure that includes all of these areas. Research design and methods The present study outlines the development of the Working with Older Adults Scale (WOAS), which is grounded in the theory of planned behavior as applied to working with older adults. The WOAS is composed of 20 items, rated on a 7-point Likert scale, that make up four subscales: (i) Attitude, (ii) Subjective Norm, (iii) Perceived Behavioral Control, and (iv) Intention. Results Results indicated that, for the young adult college student sample it was developed with, the measure has an excellent factor structure and good internal reliability and construct validity. Consistent with the theory of planned behavior model, intention to work with older adults was significantly predicted by attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. Subjective norm accounted for the greatest amount of variance. Further analyses revealed differential effects of age, gender, and experience on the WOAS subscales. Discussion and implications The WOAS, and underlying theory, offers new insights and ideas for future exploration of the service gap between older adults' needs and professional availability across health service fields.
Fostering sexual and gender minority status disclosure in patients.

Abstract:Members of the sexual and gender minority (SGM) community face complex barriers to accessing quality healthcare. NPs have a responsibility to create welcoming care settings where patients can share a trusting provider–patient relationship to disclose their SGM status, an event shown to impr
Analysis of completeness of reporting utilizing the Reporting Items for practice Guidelines in Healthcare Statement in gastroenterology clinical practice guidelines.

Aim Assessing reporting quality is important as it allows distinctions to be made between poor methodology and poor reporting practices. The Reporting Items for practice Guidelines in Healthcare (RIGHT) Statement checklist was published in 2017 to improve the thoroughness and reporting quality of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs). CPGs are evidence-based recommendations developed to assist clinician decision-making in the diagnosis and management of patients. The aim of this study is to assess the completeness of reporting in CPGs listed by the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) and their frequency of reporting items listed in the RIGHT Statement. Methods Using the 22 criteria (35 items) of the RIGHT Statement checklist, two researchers independently documented the adherence to each item for all eligible guidelines listed by the ACG. This study was conducted from 01/10/18 to 05/12/18. Data were recorded onto a prespecified Google data abstraction form and extracted into MS Excel for statistical analysis. Results Out of 38 eligible guidelines, nine of the 35 RIGHT (25.7%) checklist items were met with less than 50% adherence. The mean adherence was 26.8 (SD ± 9.5); median adherence was 30 (interquartile range 21.5-33.5). The publication dates ranged from 2007 to 2017 with seven of the guidelines (18.4%) published between 2007 and 2009, 11 (29%) published between 2010 and 2013, and 20 (52.6%) published between 2014 and 2017. Conclusion The completeness of reporting in CPGs listed by the ACG remains inadequate in several key areas. Poor adherence to items of the RIGHT Statement checklist demonstrates that there is area for improvement in reporting quality.
This Benevolent Experiment. Indigenous Boarding Schools, Genocide, and Redress in Canada and the United States

This Benevolent Experiment by Andrew Woolford is the newest contribution to scholarship on the dynamics and settings of genocide and ethnocide as perpetrated in boarding and residential schools in ...
Renewal and resurgence phenomena generalize to Amazon's Mechanical Turk

Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) is a crowdsourcing platform that provides researchers with the potential for obtaining behavioral data for very little cost. However, the extent to which the results of common behavioral phenomena found in basic, translational, and applied laboratories may be reproduced (as a first step towards prospective research) via MTurk remains relatively unexplored. We evaluated renewal and resurgence arrangements using MTurk as the subject recruitment platform as a first step to determining the generality of the obtained data. Results suggested that MTurk participants produced renewal and resurgence data similar to those reported in basic, translational, and applied studies.
Original ArticlesThe use of midazolam for prehospital rapid-sequence intubation may be associated with a dose-related increase in hypotension☆

Objective. To investigate the incidence of hypotension associated with the use of midazolam for prehospital rapid-sequence intubation (RSI). Methods. A retrospective review was performed using charts from the two aeromedical agencies servicing the authors' region. The RSI protocols used by crews from the northern (north) and the southern (south) parts of the region were identical, with the exception of midazolam dosing. The north crews used 0.1 mg/kg for all patients, while the south crews used 0.1 mg/kg up to a maximum of 5 mg. All patients receiving midazolam for prehospital RSI were pooled, with multiple linear regression used to investigate the relationship between midazolam dose and both hypotension and a decrease in systolic blood pressure (SBP) following RSI. Patients weighing >50 kg and patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) were evaluated separately to determine differences between north and south with regard to midazolam dosing and incidence of hypotension. Multivariate logistical regression was used to test for these differences and for potential confounders such as age, initial SBP, and Glasgow Coma Scale score (GCS). Results. A total of 219 patients were identified from the north (n = 75) and the south (n = 144). Multiple linear regression revealed a statistically significant relationship between midazolam dose and both hypotension and an SBP decrease following RSI. There was no difference between north and south with regard to age, sex, incidence of TBI, initial SBP, or GCS. In patients >50 kg, those from the north received higher doses of midazolam and had a higher incidence of hypotension than those from the south. This relationship was also present in 184 patients with TBI. Conclusion. The use of midazolam with prehospital RSI is associated with a dose-related incidence of hypotension. PREHOSPITAL EMERGENCY CARE 2001;5:163-168
Heat‐Free Biomimetic Metal Molding on Soft Substrates

Fabrication of bio-templated metallic structures is limited by differences in properties, processing conditions, packing, and material state(s). Herein, by using undercooled metal particles, differences in modulus and processing temperatures can be overcome. Adoption of autonomous processes such as self-filtration, capillary pressure, and evaporative concentration leads to enhanced packing, stabilization (jamming) and point sintering with phase change to create solid metal replicas of complex bio-based features. Differentiation of subtle differences between cultivars of the rose flower with reproduction over large areas shows that this biomimetic metal patterning (BIOMAP) is a versatile method to replicate biological features either as positive or negative reliefs irrespective of the substrate. Using rose petal patterns, we illustrate the versatility of bio-templated mapping with undercooled metal particles at ambient conditions, and with unprecedented efficiency for metal structures.
Platelet Dysfunction after Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review.

Coagulopathy is a known sequela of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and can lead to increased morbidity and mortality. Platelet dysfunction has been identified as one of several etiologies of coagulopa...