cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radar response to vegetation

Active microwave measurements of vegetation backscatter were conducted to determine the utility of radar in 1) mapping soil moisture through vegetation and 2) mapping crop types. Using a truck-mounted boom, spectral response data were obtained for four crop types (corn, milo, soybeans, and alfalfa) over the 4-8 GHz frequency band, at incidence angles of 0\deg-70\deg in 10\deg steps, and for all four linear polarization combinations. Based on a total of 125 data sets covering a wide range of soil moisture content, system design criteria are proposed for each of the aforementioned objectives. Quantitative soil moisture determination was best achieved at the lower frequency end of the 4-8 GHz band using HH polarized waves in the 5\deg-15\deg incidence angle range. A combination of low and high frequency measurements are suggested for classifying crop types. For crop discrimination, a dual-frequency dual-polarization (VV and cross) system operating at incidence angles above 40\deg is suggested.
Synthesis and Morphology of Segmented Poly(tetramethylene oxide)-Based Polyurethanes Containing Phosphonium Salts

A fundamental investigation of the influence of novel phosphonium bromide salts within the polymer main chain (23.75 mol %) of polyurethanes was conducted to elucidate the effect of ionic associations on hard segment hydrogen bonding. A novel poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO)-based polyurethane containing a phosphonium diol chain extender was prepared using a conventional prepolymer method. In addition, a polyurethane containing a 1,4-butanediol chain extender was synthesized for comparison with the thermomechanical and morphological properties of the phosphonium ion-containing analog. Moreover, the unprecedented comparison of morphological development in the presence of cationic sites is described herein. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed that phosphonium polyurethane was more crystalline compared to the noncharged analog, and it was presumed that enhanced hydrogen bonding in the noncharged polyurethane restricted polymer mobility and reduced PTMO crystallinity. Moreover, FT-IR spectroscopy demonstrated that hydrogen-bonding interactions were significantly reduced in the presence of phosphonium cations. These results correlated well with tensile properties, i.e., the noncharged polyurethane offered superior tensile strength compared to phosphonium polyurethane. X-ray scattering indicated that both polyurethanes were amorphous at room temperature and exhibited hard segment microphase separation. Upon stretching, the interparticle scattering between the microphase-separated domains aligned preferentially along the stretching direction. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) in the STEM indicated that the charged polyurethane exhibited ionic aggregates that were rich in P and Br.
Evaluation of the Tribological Properties of Polyimide and Poly(amide-imide) Polymers in a Refrigerant Environment

The tribological properties of three grades of polyimide (PI) and one grade of poly(amide-imide) (PAI) polymers are evaluated in a tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) environment. Friction coefficient, wear, and interface surface morphology are evaluated at temperatures of 20° and 120°C, sliding velocities from 0.127 to 3.75 m/s, contact pressures from 1.72 to 13.8 MPa, and counterface surface roughness of 0.06 and 0.40 μ Ra. Tests were conducted under dry or boundary lubricated conditions. Limited testing indicate that the polymers under study do not chemically degrade in HFC-134a environment. For the polymer grades tested, the combination of graphite and FIFE as filler materials provide the best wear characteristics in this environment. As expected, the environmental temperature has a strong effect on both the friction coefficient and the wear. Under boundary lubricated conditions, the presence of a liquid lubricant provides one order of magnitude lower wear compared to the wear obtained in dry sliding conditi...
Predicting HLA Class I Non-Permissive Amino Acid Residues Substitutions

Prediction of peptide binding to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules is essential to a wide range of clinical entities from vaccine design to stem cell transplant compatibility. Here we present a new structure-based methodology that applies robust computational tools to model peptide-HLA (p-HLA) binding interactions. The method leverages the structural conservation observed in p-HLA complexes to significantly reduce the search space and calculate the system’s binding free energy. This approach is benchmarked against existing p-HLA complexes and the prediction performance is measured against a library of experimentally validated peptides. The effect on binding activity across a large set of high-affinity peptides is used to investigate amino acid mismatches reported as high-risk factors in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Rearing environment affects behaviour of jumping spiders

We tested the effect of rearing conditions on the behaviour of jumping spiders, Phidippus audax. Spiders were assigned randomly to either small or large cages that either were empty or contained a painted dowel. Laboratory-reared spiders were raised from second instar to adult in these environments. Field-caught adults also were randomly assigned to these containers and were held for approximately 4 months prior to testing. We presented spiders with three tests designed to examine a range of behaviours. Field-caught spiders were more likely than laboratory-reared spiders to (1) react to videotaped prey, (2) progress further on a detour test, and (3) be less stereotactic and more active in an open field. Larger cage size and the presence of the dowel also improved performance in several tests. Our results suggest that the rearing conditions we used, which are commonly employed by behavioural researchers, may profoundly influence the behaviour of adult spiders.
IT Alignment in Supply Chain Relationships: A Study of Supplier Benefits

Summary Deployment of interorganizational information technology (IT) throughout supply chain networks has usually been championed by supply chain network leaders — large firms that typically dominate a supply chain network. In order to participate in a particular network, supplier firms must acquire the requisite IT enabling them to be technologically aligned with the network leader. This is an important decision for supplier firms that are typically smaller in size and must allocate larger portions of their budgets to acquire the necessary IT. This study evaluates the benefits gained by suppliers when investing in interorganizational IT that is aligned with their primary buyer or network leader. The findings show that IT alignment between supplier and buyer has a direct positive impact on both strategic and operational performance measures of the supplier. In addition, IT alignment impacts these performance measures indirectly as it encourages integration between firms.
Mechanical properties of blends containing HDPE and PP

The mechanical properties of binary blends of high-density polyethylene and polypropylene are quite good compared to those for blends of some other immiscible pairs. The property relationships observed depend strongly on the process used to fabricate the blends as shown by comparisons of specimens made by injection and compression molding with widely varied cooling rates in the latter. Strength and modulus may show additive behavior or have positive or negative deviations, depending on the process conditions; however, measures of ductility like impact strength or elongation at break always show negative departures from additivity and exhibit minima in some cases. Addition of an appropriate ethylene–propylene elastomer greatly improves the ductility of these blends but with a corresponding decrease in strength and modulus. The presence of weld lines has a serious detrimental effect on mechanical properties of these blends.
The maize mitochondrial genome of the normal type and the cytoplasmic male sterile type T have very different organization

The normal type (N) and cytoplasmic male sterile type T (cmsT) maize mitochondrial genomes are 570 kb and 540 kb in length respectively. Detailed hybridization studies have been undertaken to compare the sequence complexity and variation between the two genomes (genotype B37). They have approximately 500 kb of common sequences but there is considerable variation in sequence organization which can be accounted for by structural alterations from large and small permutations. The sequences not shared between the two genomes totaling 70 kb in N and 40 kb in cmsT can be accounted for by the presence of different repeated sequences, the absence of the integrated form of plasmids S1 and S2 in cmsT, the presence or absence of chloroplast sequences, and a number of sequences that are specific to N or to cmsT.
Scaffold and Growth Factor Selection in Temporomandibular Joint Disc Engineering

Temporomandibular joint disc tissue-engineering studies commonly fail to produce significant matrix before construct contraction. We hypothesized that poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) non-woven meshes would limit contraction, allow for comprehensive mechanical evaluation, and maintain viability relative to polyglycolic acid (PGA) non-woven mesh controls. Additionally, we proposed that growth factor stimulation, while limiting contraction, would increase construct properties relative to previous reports. After 4 wks, cell proliferation and matrix deposition were similar between the two meshes, but PGA constructs had contracted significantly. Furthermore, only PLLA constructs could be tested in tension and compression. Additional PLLA constructs were formed, then treated with insulin-like growth factor-1 (10 ng/mL), transforming growth factor-beta 1 (5 ng/mL), or transforming growth factor-beta 3 (5 ng/mL). Transforming growth factor-beta 1 yielded the most cells, collagen, and glycosaminoglycans at 6 wks; these constructs also demonstrated improved mechanics. Analysis of these data demonstrated significant temporomandibular joint disc-engineering potential for PLLA and transforming growth factor-beta 1.
Arctic haze: Perturbation to the radiation field

A model of the polluted arctic troposphere is constructed to estimate the magnitude and seasonal variation of the climate forcing function of arctic haze. Using a pill-box “bathtub model” for the Arctic and envisioning it to be filled with pollution from industrial sources in Eurasia, we estimate that maximum climate perturbation from arctic contamination occurs in the spring months. The major perturbation to the radiation budget is a lowering of the albedo (heating) of the earth-atmosphere system around the vernal equinox and is due to a trace amount (about 5% by mass) of black carbon associated with the removal-resistant submicron mode of aerosols. The black carbon over the reflecting polar ice/snow introduces a heating of about 1.5 degree per day into the haze layer.
Non-markovian quantum trajectories versus master equations: Finite-temperature heat bath

The interrelationship between the non-Markovian stochastic Schr\"odinger equations and the corresponding non-Markovian master equations is investigated in the finite-temperature regimes. We show that the general finite-temperature non-Markovian trajectories can be used to derive the corresponding non-Markovian master equations. A simple, yet important solvable example is the well-known damped harmonic oscillator model in which a harmonic oscillator is coupled to a finite-temperature reservoir in the rotating-wave approximation. The exact convolutionless master equation for the damped harmonic oscillator is obtained by averaging the quantum trajectories, relying upon no assumption of coupling strength or time scale. The master equation derived in this way automatically preserves the positivity, Hermiticity, and unity.
The N‐Stage Discount Model and Required Return: A Comment

A number of financial economists have observed that estimates of the market discount rate have a downward bias when dividend timing is ignored. They have done so in academic and utility industry journals as well as in testimony. Most conclude or imply that such a downward bias carries over to the calculation of a regulated utility's required rate of return. This paper demonstrates that in fact the conventional cost of equity calculation, ignoring quarterly compounding and even without adjustment for fractional periods, serves very well as a measure of required return.
Production of isomers by neutron-induced inelastic scattering on 193Ir and influence of spin distribution in the pre-equilibrium process

Abstract We present calculations of the production cross-section of isomeric-state for 193Ir. The isomer was produced by neutron inelastic scattering, and several γ -ray production cross-sections were measured at LANSCE with the GEANIE detector. The total isomer production cross-section is then inferred by combining the experimental data with the GNASH statistical model calculations. The spin distribution is calculated with the Feshbach–Kerman–Koonin (FKK) quantum mechanical pre-equilibrium theory, and it is incorporated with the GNASH results. We found that the inclusion of FKK has a significant impact on the isomer production cross-sections at high energies.
Simple Realistic Treatment of Nuclear Direct-Interaction Processes

Physical arguments are used to predict qualitatively the effect on direct-interaction differential cross sections of the distortion of the wave functions of the scattered particle. These qualitative predictions are confirmed by calculations using a simple but fairly realistic model for the wave function distortion in ($\ensuremath{\alpha}, {\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) scattering. The model used is based on examination of the properties of optical model wave functions. Good fits to experimental data are found using the model for ($\ensuremath{\alpha}, {\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) scattering in the energy range 20-40 Mev for scattering angles less than 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Features of direct-interaction processes involving nucleons are interpreted in terms of a focus in the optical model wave functions for these particles, but detailed calculations are not presented.
Penicilllium waksmanii isolated from a red seaweed, Eucheuma striatum

Eucheuma striatum grown in uniculture in natural seawater, at the Department of Marine Resources, Ponape, East Caroline Islands has become subject to disease. Penicillium waksmanii Zaleski was isolated from diseased portions of the alga. This is apparently the first time the fungus has been isolated from a marine source; it will grow on an artificial seawater medium with agar and carrageenan as the only carbon sources.
Properties of Finite Nuclei

The properties of Pb/sup 208/ have been determined, using the Brueckner- Gammel-Weitzner theory of finite nuclei. Selfconsistent solutions of the Hartree- Fock equations as modified by Brueckner and Goldman have been obtained. The properties computed include binding energy, mean proton and neutron radii, separation energies, spin-orbit splittings, nonlocal and state-dependent single- particle potentials, surface depth of density and potentials, and the potential- density relation. Semiquantitative agreement with experiment is obtained, the maximum difference between theory and experiment being of the order of 15%. Revised computations for Ca/sup 40/ are reported to permit comparison between the results (with an improved treatment of the rearrangement energy) and those previously reported by Brueckner, Lockett, and Rotenberg for O/sup 16/, Ca/sup 40/ , and Zr/sup 90/. (auth)
Micronized progesterone: clinical indications and comparison with current treatments

Abstract Objective: To integrate and evaluate the pharmacokinetic, endocrine, and clinical effects of micronized progesterone formulations. Design: Published articles concerning the pharmacokinetics of orally administered progesterone and the potential clinical uses of oral micronized progesterone were reviewed. Results concerning their use for secondary amenorrhea, premenopausal bleeding disorders, luteal phase dysfunction, termination of premature labor, hormone replacement therapy, and premenopausal syndrome are summarized. Critical issues to be resolved through ongoing preclinical and clinical research are highlighted. Result(s): Because of the enhanced bioavailability of oral micronized progesterone, the compound may be useful for a variety of therapeutic indications. Oral micronized progesterone is available in France, and a formulation recently has been approved in the United States for the treatment of secondary amenorrhea and postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy. A large body of evidence, including the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions study, suggests that the use of a combination of estrogen and oral micronized progesterone is optimal for long-term hormone replacement therapy. There also are data indicating that oral micronized progesterone could be of potential use for the treatment of premenopausal bleeding disorders, luteal phase disorders, and premature labor. Conclusion(s): Oral micronized progesterone has widespread clinical potential, particularly for the treatment of secondary amenorrhea and dysfunctional premenopausal bleeding, and as a component of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy.
Climatological and statistical characteristics of the Haines Index for North America

The Haines Index is an operational tool for evaluating the potential contribution of dry, unstable air to the development of large or erratic plume-dominated wildfires. The index has three variants related to surface elevation, and is calculated from temperature and humidity measurements at atmospheric pressure levels. To effectively use the Haines Index, fire forecasters and managers must be aware of the climatological and statistical characteristics of the index for their location. However, a detailed, long-term, and spatially extensive analysis of the index does not currently exist. To meet this need, a 40-year (1961–2000) climatology of the Haines Index was developed for North America. The climatology is based on gridded (2.5° latitude × 2.5° longitude) temperature and humidity fields from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. The climatology illustrates the large spatial variability in the Haines Index both within and between regions using the different index variants. These spatial variations point to the limitations of the index and must be taken into account when using the Haines Index operationally.
An Unusual Cause of Perforation of the Aorta

A 63-year-old man was admitted to the hospital in November, 1968, after iiijuring his right hip and the left side of his chest in a fall five days previously. Since his fall the patient had experienced increasing pain in the hip and the chest. He had a past history of angina and chronic brain syndrome secondary to heavy alcohol consumption. Seventeen months prior to this admission he had sustained a fracture of the surgical neck of the right femur. Internal fixation had been performed at another hospital, but the nail had to be removed because of nonunion and infection.
Acute and persistent effects of methamphetamine on developing monoaminergic neurons in reaggregate tissue culture

Three-dimensional, rotation-mediated reaggregate tissue cultures composed of rostral mesencephalic cells and corpus striatal cells were used to examine the short-term and persistent effects of methamphetamine on developing monoamine-containing neurons. Reaggregates were exposed to drug for one week. Reductions in reaggregate endogenous dopamine and serotonin levels occurred following treatment with methamphetamine during days 15-22 of culture over the concentration range 10(-7) to 10(-4) M. The highest methamphetamine concentration reduced dopamine and serotonin levels to 29 and 33%, respectively, of control values. Monoamine levels were reduced from control values after 3 days of exposure to 10(-4) M methamphetamine. No further reduction resulted from 4 additional days of drug treatment. In order to determine whether monoaminergic neurons would recover from the drug-induced deficit, reaggregates were exposed to 10(-4) M methamphetamine for 7 days and then grown in drug-free media for an additional 20 days. During the 20 day recovery period, monoamine levels in the control group increased with time in culture. After an initial rapid increase (recovery days 0-9), the level of monoamines in the recovery group remained at a constant proportion to the level in the control group suggesting that the monoaminergic neurons return to a rate of development similar to that seen in untreated cultures. However, this rate was not sufficient to overcome the reduction in monoamine levels produced by 7 days of methamphetamine treatment. The results indicate that the effects of methamphetamine on developing monoaminergic neurons are marked and persistent.
Prejudice against women: A new perspective

Studies 1 and 2 of this paper were designed to reexamine the assumption that women and men are prejudiced against women. Subjects were 50 college women, 40 college men, 40 high-school women and 40 high-school men who were presented with four employment applications for evaluation. The names referring to the gender of the applicants were manipulated so that half of the subjects were shown the two most qualified applicants as female and the two least qualified as male. The other half of the subjects were shown the reverse of this. The results for this factor, with women subjects, revealed that the sex of the applicants did not interfere with or distort the subject's judgments (p>.25). The men subjects did not show a preference for or a prejudice against applicants of either sex (p>.05). The qualifications of the applicants were selected according to each subject's previous ranking of 10 job-related characteristics. The results for this factor, with women subjects, indicated a significant difference between the subjects' ranking of the characteristics and their final selection of the applicants (p .05). No significant interaction between factors was found for either population of subjects (p>.05). This research reflects changing attitudes of women towards women and provides new insights regarding men's attitudes toward their own sex.
Second harmonic and two-photon fluorescence histology of tissues

Second harmonic and two photon fluorescence generated by focused 10 fs ultrashort laser pulses were used to image subsurface structures of highly scattering biological tissues. By scanning the focal point of the incident laser beam, 2D sectional images of the tissues subsurface structure properties, such as symmetry and molecular compositions are obtained.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A note on the loop thermosyphon with mixed boundary conditions

This paper presents a one-dimensional model for flow in a toroidal fluid loop in which the wall heat transfer coefficient is constant over one half of the loop, and zero over the other. A mathematically low-dimensional form of the model gives reasonably accurate predictions of the steady state mass flow, stability, and the nature of nonsteady motions. Numerical computations with a high-dimensional model illustrate the effects of mixed boundaries and axial heat conduction on the chaotic solutions. Comparisons are made with previous low-dimensional models that are exact only for a spatially uniform heat transfer coefficient.
Targeting a KH-domain protein with RNA decoys

RNA-binding proteins are involved in the regulation of many aspects of eukaryotic gene expression. Targeted interference with RNA-protein interactions could offer novel approaches to modulation of expression profiles, alteration of developmental pathways, and reversal of certain disease processes. Here we investigate a decoy strategy for the study of the alphaCP subgroup of KH-domain RNA-binding proteins. These poly(C)-binding proteins have been implicated in a wide spectrum of posttranscriptional controls. Three categories of RNA decoys to alphaCPs were studied: poly(C) homopolymers, native mRNA-binding sites, and a high-affinity structure selected from a combinatorial library. Native chemistry was found to be essential for alphaCP decoy action. Because alphaCP proteins are found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm, decoy cassettes were incorporated within both nuclear (U1 snRNA) and cytoplasmic (VA1 RNA) RNA frameworks. Several sequences demonstrated optimal decoy properties when assayed for protein-binding and decoy bioactivity in vitro. A subset of these transcripts was shown to mediate targeted inhibition of alphaCP-dependent translation when expressed in either the nucleus or cytoplasm of transfected cells. Significantly, these studies establish the feasibility of developing RNA decoys that can selectively target biologic functions of abundant and widely expressed RNA binding proteins.
Do current management strategies and guidelines adequately address fracture risk

Deciding which patients are appropriate candidates for our effective osteoporosis therapies is a clinical challenge. Current guidelines for treating postmenopausal osteoporosis are based primarily on bone mineral density (BMD) measurements. There is consensus that postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, as defined by T-scores of -2.5 and lower, are at high risk of fracture and are candidates for therapy. However, many older adults without osteoporosis are at increased risk for fracture, and most fractures occur in women with higher T-scores. Current BMD-based guidelines are inconsistent regarding recommendations for treating women without osteoporosis. Fracture risk assessment is improved by combining BMD and other important risk factors for fracture, especially greater age and history of prior fracture. Strategies to estimate absolute fracture risk in individual patients are being developed. Revised treatment guidelines, based upon thresholds of absolute fracture risk, will provide the opportunity to identify and to treat those women who will most benefit from our therapies.
HISTOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL FINDINGS IN 896 CONSECUTIVE PROSTATES TREATED ONLY WITH RADICAL RETROPUBIC PROSTATECTOMY: EPIDEMIOLOGIC SIGNIFICANCE OF ANNUAL CHANGES

AbstractPurpose: Recognizing that the unprecedented increase in new cases of prostate cancer between 1988 and 1996 actually peaked in 1992 and has now returned to baseline, we examined our clinical and histological database for annual trends in 896 consecutive men treated only with radical prostatectomy for clinical stages T1c to T2c from 1988 to 1996.Materials and Methods: All radical prostatectomy specimens were examined prospectively in 3 mm. step sections by 1 pathologist. Using multiple logistic regression for dichotomous variables and multiple linear regression for continuous variables, both corrected for age, we assessed the annual trends for significant changes in T1c versus T2 clinical stages, preoperative serum prostate specific antigen (PSA), cancer volume, percent Gleason grade 4/5 in the cancer, location of the cancer in the transition or peripheral zone, organ confined status, seminal vesicle invasion, positive surgical margins, prostate weight and presence of clinically insignificant cancer...
An analytical model for adaptive call admission control scheme in a heterogeneous UMTS-WCDMA system

UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) uses WCDMA (wideband code division multiple access) as its radio interface. The main advantage of this is its flexibility in resource management. The paper investigates the performance of two main call admission control schemes that exploit this flexibility - the wideband power based (WPB) scheme and the throughput based (TB) scheme. It is observed that the WPB scheme works well when the UMTS network carries more voice traffic than data traffic and the TB scheme performs better when more data traffic is prevalent. Based on these results, the paper introduces a new scheme called the 'adaptive call admission control' (ACAC) based scheme. All three schemes are applied to a UMTS network and two quality of service (QoS) parameters are observed, the blocking and dropping probabilities. The system is modeled as a multi-rate, multi-class, priority based system. Confidence intervals are obtained that show that the ACAC scheme is the best in a heterogeneous UMTS environment.
Optical recording of single cardiomyocyte transmembrane potential in Langendorff-perfused mouse hearts

Spatial heterogeneity of action potential properties has been related to cardiac arrhythmogenesis. In this study we used laser scanning confocal microscopy in conjunction with the fast potentiometric dye ANNINE-6 to monitor changes in cardiomyocyte transmembrane potentials in Langendorff-perfused mouse hearts on a subcellular scale. Line-scan images from up to three neighboring cardiomyocytes were obtained during continuous electrical stimulation at 3 Hz. Fluorescence changes for each cardiomyocyte along the scan line were resolved from the corresponding line-scan image. Peak changes in fluorescence intensity during an action potential exceeded 20%. Signal-to-noise ratio of the optical signal was >20. Action potential durations were not significantly different between adjacent cardiomyocytes under our conditions. We conclude that this imaging technique can be used to investigate cell-to-cell repolarization heterogeneity in the intact heart.
Silicon germanium based millimetre-wave ICs for Gbps wireless communications and radar systems

This paper establishes the viability and suitability of silicon germanium (SiGe8HP) technology, enablement tools and circuits to millimetre-wave applications today and a roadmap to the future. Key elements discussed include SiGe technology and design enablement advancements leading to the world's most highly integrated, lowest power 60 GHz transmitter/receiver ICs.
Natural abundance high field 43Ca solid state NMR in cement science

This work is a systematic attempt to determine the possibilities and the limitations of the 43Ca high field solid state NMR in the study of cement-based materials. The low natural abundance (0.135%) and small gyromagnetic ratio of 43Ca present a serious challenge even in a high magnetic field. The NMR spectra of a number of cement compounds of known structure and composition are examined. The spectra of several phases important in cement science, e.g., anhydrous beta di-calcium silicate (β-C2S) and tri-calcium (C3S) silicate were obtained for the first time and the relation of spectroscopic and structural parameters is discussed. The method was also applied to the hydrated C3S and synthetic calcium silicate hydrates (C–S–H) of different composition in order to understand the state of calcium and transformations in the structure during hydrolysis. The spectra of hydrated C3S reveals a calcium environment similar to that of the C–S–H samples and 11 A Tobermorite. These observations support the validity of using layered crystalline C–S–H systems as structural models for the C–S–H that forms in the hydration of Portland cement.
Women and Leadership: A Developmental Paradox?.

In this article, the author explores the nature of leadership from a gendered perspective, specifically addressing leadership challenges for women. Leadership challenges, gender stereotypes, and definitions of leadership are discussed. Rec ommendations for professional redefinition of leadership within the counseling profession and strategies for successful negotiation of leadership roles are provided. Traditional definitions of leadership are challenged by the changing demographic of society in the United States, increasing numbers of women in leadership roles in the counseling profession, and shifting expectations in the workplace. Women are more present in the workforce now than at any time in history. A study of U.S. medical school faculty in 1985 and in 2006 indicated only a minimal increase in the percentage of female faculty who were full professors, rising from 10% in 1985 to 12% in 2006 (Mayer, Files, Ko, & Blair, 2008). From a historical perspective, it is noteworthy that 25 of the 42 women who have ever served as presidents or prime ministers assumed these roles in the 1990s (Carli & Eagly, 2001). A 2001 report issued by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics indicated that women made up 47% of all workers and had earned 51% of all bachelor’s degrees, 45% of all advanced degrees, 42% of all doctoral degrees, and 43% of all professional degrees (Carli & Eagly, 2001). It would therefore be reasonable to expect that a large number of professional women are currently in the workforce and may be seeking or placed into leadership roles. Within professional associations, women are likewise taking on more leadership roles. The American Counseling Association (ACA) had five female presidents between its founding in 1952 and 1980 (Black & Magnuson, 2005); within the last 30 years (1981–2010), 21 women have held this leadership position. Women have held leadership positions in ACA divisions, branches, and other entities in increasing numbers over the last several years (ACA, 2010). This increase does not include positional leadership whereby
Reconceptualizing Victimization and Victimization Responses

Research consistently demonstrates that severity, often measured by victim injury, is the most influential factor to predict reporting crimes to the police. However, less is known with regard to how the victim’s perception of the incident or their involvement in offending behavior inhibits this decision. The current study examines how traditional indicators (i.e., victim, offender and incident characteristics), the victim’s offending behavior, and perceptual measures influence police awareness of criminal victimization. Results suggest that victim injury and offending status does not significantly predict police awareness when subjective measures are controlled. However, multiple offenders, community crime, and parental knowledge significantly increased the odds that the police were aware that the victimization occurred.
The Moderation Management programme in 2004: What type of drinker seeks controlled drinking?

Abstract Objective Moderation Management (MM) is a mutual aid support group that helps problem drinkers reduce drinking to non-harmful levels. This study describes member characteristics as part of an organisational evaluation. The results are compared to those of an earlier survey. Methods An anonymous survey was distributed to all members in the online and face-to-face MM groups. Respondents ( N =272) reported demographic characteristics, drinking history, frequency/amount of drinking, alcohol dependence, life problems six months prior to MM, drinking goals upon programme entry, and pre-MM help sought. Data were analysed for the entire group and by programme delivery format: online-only (OL), face-to-face only (F2F), and both (Both). Results Members had a mean age of 44 years, and were 66% female, 98% White, 90% US residents, 80% employed, 54% married, 94% college educated; 77% had an annual income over $50,000; 54% had not sought prior help. The pre-MM mean number of drinks per week was 34 (S.D. 20, range 0–105), dependence score was 11 of a possible 39 (S.D. 5, range 0–24), and number of life problems was 1.9 (S.D. 1.4, range 0–6) of a possible 6. The OL group was younger than the other two groups. The F2F group had sought more prior help than the OL group and drank less than the Both group. Those using Both formats sought to move from abstinence to moderation more frequently than the OL group. Conclusions People participating in MM are largely White and upper middle class. Participation by women has increased since 1999; MM may be attracting members with a higher level of dependence than previously. As over 50% have not previously sought help, MM is an important addition to other treatment choices. It is an option problem drinkers want.
Virtual Boundaries: Ethical Considerations for Use of Social Media in Social Work

In real life, we often use physical cues to help us identify our role and put the appropriate boundaries in place, but online it is more difficult to determine where our boundaries lie. This article provides and overview of various social media tools and uses along with personal and professional considerations to help in guiding the ethical use of social media tools. As the use of social media continues to grow, the importance of virtual boundaries will also rise. Therefore, proactive considerations that include policies and guidelines that encourage responsible and ethical use of social media are needed to help social workers mediate personal and professional boundaries.
Iterative Joint Channel Estimation and Data Detection Using Superimposed Training: Algorithms and Performance Analysis

Channel estimation for single-input multiple-output time-invariant channels is considered using superimposed training. A periodic (nonrandom) training sequence is arithmetically added (superimposed) at low power to the information sequence at the transmitter before modulation and transmission. We extend a recently proposed first-order statistics-based channel estimation approach (IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 7, p. 413, 2003) to iterative joint channel estimation and data detection using a conditional maximum likelihood approach where the information sequence is exploited to enhance performance instead of being viewed as interference. An approximate performance analysis of the iterative channel estimation method is also presented under certain simplifying assumptions. Illustrative computer simulation examples are presented.
Designing for discovery: opening the hood for open-source end user tinkering

According to the Free Software Movement, the user ought to have "the freedoms to make changes, and to publish improved versions" and "to study how the program works, and adapt it to your needs". The Open Source Initiative expects users to access source code, explaining that "you can't evolve programs without modifying them. Since our purpose is to make evolution easy, we require that modification be made easy". These philosophies can shape a unique perspective on software usability that has not been addressed thoroughly in the open-source domain. That is: how to design user-interfaces and tools that facilitate access to source code and encourage the behaviors envisioned above, namely, to improve the code, to personalize it, to learn from it, and to share it. And, as the Open Source Initiative recommends, to make this easy. In addition to presenting this research perspective, we suggest some fruitful approaches to answering these questions and our current and future steps.
Schild (apparent pA2) analysis of a κ-opioid antagonist in Planaria

Previous investigators have provided radioimmunological and immunocytochemical evidence for an enkephalinergic (opioid) system in Planaria and described naloxone-sensitive qualitative behavioral responses to kappa-opioid receptor agonists. We report the application of Schild-analysis to the antagonism of a selective kappa agonist (U-50,488H) by a selective kappa antagonist (nor-BNI) in a quantitative in vivo endpoint. The results provide further evidence of a kappa-opioid-like receptor in planarians.
Promouvoir la durabilité par l’analyse du cycle de vie des produits

Nous proposons ici une methode pour gerer l’impact du cycle de vie des produits (CVP) sur le triple imperatif (social, environnemental et economique), cette durabilite entrepreneuriale que l’on exprime aussi souvent comme la reconciliation multiforme du « triple P » (Population, Planete et Profits/Prosperite) pour depasser les exces et contradictions du systeme actuel, ce « triple C » (Carboniferous Consumer Capitalism) non durable. Notre analyse des flux et des processus qui constituent le CVP englobe ses trois dimensions complementaires identifiees par Chris T. Hendrickson et al., a savoir « inventory, impact, and improvement » (2006). Dans ce but, nous nous situons d’abord par rapport aux idees dominantes dans le champ de l’analyse du CVP. Ensuite, nous proposons de lier cet inventaire systematique a ses impacts, c’est-a-dire, selon l’expression de Marc J. Epstein et Bill Birchard, consultants bien connus aux Etats-Unis pour la responsabilite sociale des entreprises, de « compter ce qui compte » (2000). Cette evaluation du CVP permet d’en discuter les applications et ameliorations pratiques (« improvement ») par la comptabilite integree ou « triple ». Cet instrument permet de hierarchiser les decisions, de minimiser l’impact negatif et d’augmenter l’impact positif du CVP, et, au bout du compte, de servir des finalites plus vastes que le seul lucre ou le seul profit.
Role of Quartz-Bearing Dikes in Incipient Deformation of Whitestone Leucogabbro from the Parry Sound Shear Zone, Ontario, Canada

An outcrop of Whitestone leucogabbro near Harris Lake, Ontario exhibits gradations in deformation intensity which range from weakly deformed leucogabbro through leucogabbro lenses enclosed by anastomosing ductile shear zones, to mylonitic gneiss. Deformation patterns associated with quartz-bearing dikes within weakly deformed leucogabbro suggest a process for the development of anastomosing shear zones through progressive deformation.
3.06 – Aluminum Organometallics

Aluminum organometallic compounds were among some of the first organometallics to be developed. However, their history until present times has been dominated by single new developments. For example, the “aufbaureaktion” revealed the unique oligomerization chemistry of aluminum alkyls in the 1950s. This was followed in the 1980s by the discovery that hydrolyzed aluminum compounds, for example, methylaluminoxanes, could be used as co-catalysts in olefin polymerization. Since that time, there has been an explosion in the utility of alkylaluminum compounds in every area of chemistry, including biological studies, a remarkably diverse usage in Lewis acid catalysis, materials science, organic syntheses, and theoretical studies. This has led to a wide range of reviews published on this subject since 1993. This chapter will provide guidance to this enormous body of literature, but will focus on important highlights that will provide a general introduction to the diverse chemistry of aluminum compounds. These highlights include a new understanding of the reactivity of alkylaluminum compounds with oxygen, water, alcohols, and new insertion reactions. The cationic chemistry of aluminum has been firmly established over the past decade and is now well understood. Both low-coordinate compounds and those supported by chelate ligands will be covered here. Furthermore, important new advances have been made in hydroaluminations and the formation of new compounds that are difficult to classify, but that will provide a view of where the field of aluminum alkyl chemistry is heading in the next decade.
RNA-seq identifies a role for the PPARβ/δ inverse agonist GSK0660 in the regulation of TNFα-induced cytokine signaling in retinal endothelial cells.

Purpose The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta (PPARβ/δ) is a transcription factor with roles in metabolism, angiogenesis, and inflammation. It has yet undefined roles in retinal inflammation and diabetic retinopathy (DR). We used RNA-seq to better understand the role of the antagonist and inverse agonist of PPARβ/δ, GSK0660, in TNFα-induced inflammation. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of vascular inflammation could lead to new treatments for DR. Methods RNA was isolated from human retinal microvascular endothelial cells treated with a vehicle, TNFα, or TNFα plus GSK0660. RNA-seq was performed with a 50 bp single read protocol. The differential expression was determined using edgeR and gene ontology, and a pathway analysis was performed using DAVID. RNA-seq validation was performed using qRT-PCR using the primers for ANGPTL4, CCL8, NOV, CXCL10, and PDPK1. Results TNFα differentially regulated 1,830 transcripts, many of which are involved in the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, chemokine signaling, and inflammatory response. Additionally, TNFα highly upregulated genes involved in leukocyte recruitment, including CCL5, CX3CL1, and CXCL10. GSK0660 differentially regulated 273 transcripts in TNFα-treated cells compared to TNFα alone. A pathway analysis revealed the enrichment of cytokine-cytokine receptor signaling. In particular, GSK0660 blocks the TNFα-induced upregulation of CCL8, a chemokine involved in leukocyte recruitment. Conclusions TNFα regulates several genes related to retinal leukostasis in retinal endothelial cells. GSK0660 blocks the effect of TNFα on the expressions of cytokines involved in leukocyte recruitment, including CCL8, CCL17, and CXCL10 and it may therefore block TNFα-induced retinal leukostasis.
Identification of In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Modal Coupling Mechanism in Brake Squeal by the Empirical Mode Decomposition Method

Experimental verification is an important approach for understanding the mechanisms of disc brake squeal. One mechanism of disc brake squeal, i.e., coupling of in-plane and out-of-plane vibration modes of disc brake rotor, was found by experiments. Despite the vast amount of experimental data available, little effort has been dedicated to exploring what the time series information can reveal in relevance to squeal. In this paper, a new signal processing tool employing the Empirical Mode Decomposition Method (EMD) and its application to the identification of the characteristics of disc brake squeal will be discussed. The EMD was originally developed for ocean wave mechanics [1] and is particularly useful for the type of non-stationary data found in disc brake squeal. EMD is a time series analysis method that extracts a set of basis functions describing the fundamental characteristics of the response of a system. These basis functions are then processed through some transform technique (e.g., Hilbert, Fourier) to give useful frequency and amplitude information. The EMD is applied to process sets of disc brake squeal test data to support the mechanism of disc brake squeal: coupling of in-plane and out-of-plane vibration modes of disc brake rotor. The analysis results illustrate that this is a powerful tool that can be adopted to identify squeal characteristics.
Global solutions to the generalized Leray-alpha equation with mixed dissipation terms

Abstract Due to the intractability of the Navier–Stokes equation, it is common to study approximating equations. Two of the most common of these are the Leray- α equation (which replaces the solution u with ( 1 − α 2 L 1 ) u for a Fourier Multiplier L ) and the generalized Navier–Stokes equation (which replaces the viscosity term ν △ with ν L 2 ). In this paper we consider the combination of these two equations, called the generalized Leray- α equation. We provide a brief outline of the typical strategies used to solve such equations, and prove, with initial data in a low-regularity L p ( R n ) based Sobolev space, the existence of a unique local solution with γ 1 + γ 2 > n / p + 1 . In the p = 2 case, the local solution is extended to a global solution, improving on previously known results.
An unusual presentation of inflammatory bowel disease.

ABSTRACTErythema nodosum (EN) is an infrequent but well-described extraintestinal manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We report a case of a previously healthy 8-year-old girl who presented to her primary care manager with a chief complaint of EN and was later found to have Crohn's disease. This article reviews the causes of EN, the significance of EN in IBD, and the recommended diagnostic approach to IBD in children.