cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Utility-optimal scheduling in time-varying wireless networks with delay constraints

Clients in wireless networks may have per-packet delay constraints on their traffic. Further, in contrast to wireline networks, the wireless medium is subject to fading. In such a time-varying environment, we consider the system problem of maximizing the total utility of clients, where the utilities are determined by their long-term average rates of being served within their delay constraints. We also allow for the additional fairness requirement that each client may require a certain minimum service rate. This overall model can be applied to a wide range of applications, including delay-constrained networks, mobile cellular networks, and dynamic spectrum allocation.We address this problem through convex programming. We propose an on-line scheduling policy and prove that it is utility-optimal. Surprisingly, this policy does not need to know the probability distribution of system states. We also design an auction mechanism where clients are scheduled and charged according to their bids. We prove that the auction mechanism restricts any selfish client from improving its utility by faking its utility function. We also show that the auction mechanism schedules clients in the same way as that done by the on-line scheduling policy. Thus, the auction mechanism is both truthful and utility-optimal. Finally, we design specific algorithms that implement the auction mechanism for a variety of applications.
QUANTUM STATES AND THE HADAMARD FORM. I. ENERGY MINIMIZATION FOR SCALAR FIELDS

We investigate properties of the states of a Hermitian spin-\textonehalf{} field in a Robertson-Walker spacetime constructed by an energy-minimization requirement. It is shown that the singularity structure of the commutator function $〈[\stackrel{^}{\ensuremath{\Psi}}(x),\stackrel{^}{\stackrel{-}{\ensuremath{\Psi}}}({x}^{\ensuremath{'}})]〉$ for these states is such that current renormalization theory yields an infinite value for the renormalized expectation value of the trace of the stress tensor.
Contesting Property Rights: Towards an Integrated Theory of Institutional and System Change

It is widely recognized that institutions are embedded in social systems and that institutions as well as social systems change over time. Several implications follow: First, institutions cannot be described and analyzed without referring to the system in which they operate; conversely, a system cannot be described without reference to its core institutions. Second, systems foster institutional change and can breed new institutions. Third, institutional change can have systemic implications and may even engender the formation of new systems. In short, the relation between institutions and systems is characterized by complex interactions. A better understanding of the dynamics of institutional change therefore necessitates a synthesis of social system and institutional theories and a re-direction of attention from institutions or systems to interdependencies between them. This paper seeks to develop the building blocks for an integrated theory of social and institutional change. Thematically it focuses on contested property rights. The paper argues that the scope and limits of property rights are determined by the manner in which contests for control can be resolved within a broader system, which may, but does not have to, be that of a nation state. A comparative analysis of transnational property rights cases shall help shed light on the relation between property rights institutions and the system that determines if and how they are realized. These case studies serve as heuristics for generating insights about the dynamics of institutional and systemic change.
A DFT study of the mechanism and kinetics of methane oxidation to formaldehyde occurring on silica-supported molybdena

Abstract A theoretical analysis was carried out of the mechanism and kinetics of methane oxidation to formaldehyde occurring on isolated molybdate species supported on silica. Both mono-oxo and di-oxo molybdate structures were used to represent the active centers. The energetics for each elementary reaction was determined from density functional theory calculations, and the entropy changes were determined from calculations based on statistical mechanics. The results of this analysis show that the mechanism based on di-oxo molybdate species agrees more closely with observed rates of methane oxidation than that based on mono-oxo molybdate species. It is also found that the formation of formaldehyde occurs via the reaction of methane with peroxide species formed via the adsorption of O2 on reduced MoIV centers. The extent of MoVI reduction to MoIV is well under 1% under reaction conditions, in good agreement with experimental observations.
Osteosarcoma at the site of a previously treated aneurysmal bone cyst. A case report.

A neurysmal bone cyst is an expansile, destructive, hemorrhagic, non-neoplastic lesion that is thought to represent a benign reactive vascular process1-4. These lesions have been designated as either primary or secondary, with the latter term used when histological evaluation indicates a coexisting lesion, which can be either benign or malignant5,6. Occasionally, telangiectatic osteosarcomas have been misdiagnosed as aneurysmal bone cysts7-9, but the true nature of the malignant tumors usually became apparent after rapid progression or recurrence7. Like other benign tumors, aneurysmal bone cysts have been reported to have undergone malignant transformation, although most of the transformations were induced by irradiation7,10,11. In a review of the literature, only two well-documented reports of malignant transformation of an aneurysmal bone cyst without a history of irradiation were found. One transformation was to a malignant fibrous histiocytoma, and the other was to an osteosarcoma7,12. The purpose of this case report is to describe a patient in whom an osteosarcoma developed at the site of an aneurysmal bone cyst that had been treated with curettage and bone-grafting six years earlier. The patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication. A nineteen-year-old man was treated at another hospital in July 1993 because of painful swelling of the right leg of four months' duration. Radiographs of the tibia made at that time showed a well-defined intracortical radiolucent lesion in the proximal part of the tibia (Fig. 1). On physical examination, the patient had a tender bulging mass measuring 5 × 2 × 2 cm in the proximal part of the right leg. A technetium-99m whole-body bone scan revealed a focal area of increased uptake of radioactivity involving …
The Civil Wars in Chile: (or The Bourgeois Revolutions that Never Were)

This penetrating sociological study of the causes, consequences, and historical meaning of the civil wars in mid- and late-nineteenth century Chile argues that they were abortive bourgeois revolutions fought out among rival segments of Chile's dominant class. Indeed, it concludes that, in general, not only class but also intraclass struggles can be decisive historically, especially at transitional moments.Originally published in 1984.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
A study of parasitic effects of ESD protection on RF ICs

This paper presents a comprehensive study on influences of on-chip electro-static discharge (ESD) protection structures on performance of the circuits being protected. Two novel compact low-parasitic ESD structures were designed for RF and mixed-signal (MS) integrated circuits. Parasitic models of the ESD structures are extracted. RF building-block circuits, including a low-power high-speed op amp and a fully integrated 2.4-GHz low-noise amplifier were designed in 0.18/0.35-/spl mu/m technologies. Investigation of performance of these circuits under influences of the two new ESD protection structures and traditional MOS ESD protection device, in both copper and aluminum interconnects, demonstrated that significant circuit performance degradation (/spl sim/30%) occur when using NMOS ESD protection in Al technology, which recovered substantially (/spl sim/80%) when using low-parasitic ESD protection in Cu technology. This work indicates that the ESD-to-circuit influence is inevitable and substantial. Therefore, novel low-parasitic ESD protection solution is essential to maintaining both circuit functionality and ESD robustness in RF and MS applications.
The Stress-Inducible Immediate-Early Responsive Gene IEX-1 Is Activated in Cells Infected with Herpes Simplex Virus 1, but Several Viral Mechanisms, Including 3′ Degradation of Its RNA, Preclude Expression of the Gene

The accumulation of cellular transcripts from cells infected with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) as measured with the aid of Affymetrix microchips has been reported elsewhere. Among these transcripts were genes that respond to stress and that could have a noxious effect on viral replication. We have selected the stress-inducible cellular gene encoding the immediate-early response protein IEX-1 to verify and determine the significance of the accumulation of these transcripts in infected cells. We report that we verified the increase in accumulation of IEX-1 transcripts after infection by Northern analyses and real-time PCR. These transcripts reach peak levels between 3 and 7 h after infection and decrease thereafter. However, IEX-1 protein was detected in cells 1 h after infection but not at later intervals. Studies designed to elucidate the failure of IEX-1 protein to be synthesized revealed the following points. (i) IEX-1 RNA transported to the cytoplasm after 1 h of infection consisted of at least two populations, a partially degraded population and a population consisting of unspliced IEX-1 RNA. Neither of these RNAs could translate the authentic IEX-1 protein. (ii) The partially degraded IEX-1 RNA was not detected in the cytoplasm of cells infected with a mutant virus lacking the UL41 gene encoding the virion host shutoff protein (vhs). Although degradation of RNA mediated by vhs was reported to be 5′ to 3′, the partially degraded IEX-1 RNA lacked the 3′ sequences rather than the 5′ sequences. (iii) The unspliced pre-RNA form containing the IEX-1 intron sequences was detected in the cytoplasm of cell infected with wild-type virus but not in those infected with a mutant lacking the α27 gene encoding the infected cell protein No. 27. (iv) Overexpression of IEX-1 protein by transduction of the gene prior to infection with 1 PFU of HSV-1 per cell had no effect on the accumulation of late genes and virus yield. We conclude that the failure of IEX-1 to express its protein reflects the numerous mechanisms by which the virus thwarts the cells from expressing its genes after infection.
A chromosomal region promoting outcrossing in a conifer.

Prefertilization mechanisms influencing selfing rates are thought to be absent in conifers. Outcrossing in conifers is promoted via an embryo-lethal system, but the genetic mechanism is poorly understood. This study is the first experimental profile of the genetic mechanism promoting outcrossing in conifers. Molecular dissection of a Pinus taeda L. selfed pedigree detected a chromosomal region identified as PtTX3020-RPtest9. Within this region, a semilethal factor was tightly linked (r = 0.0076) to a polymorphic expressed sequence tag (EST). The linkage group flanking the lethal factor showed strong heterozygote advantage. Using genotypic frequencies for the linkage group, three hypotheses about the semilethal factor could be tested: (1) the presence of a balanced lethal system, i.e., a lethal factor present in each of the two marker intervals; (2) gametic selection operative prior to fertilization; and (3) a stage-specific lethal factor. Selection acted via the embryo-lethal system. No support for a genetic mechanism operating prior to fertilization was found. The semilethal factor exerted no effect after embryo maturity. The genetic mechanism promoting outcrossing in P. taeda L. appears to have a balancing selection system due to either pseudo-overdominance or true overdominance.
Policy Advocacy in Science: Prevalence, Perspectives, and Implications for Conservation Biologists

J. MICHAEL SCOTT,∗‡§§ JANET L. RACHLOW,∗ ROBERT T. LACKEY,§ ANNA B. PIDGORNA,† JOCELYN L. AYCRIGG,∗ GABRIELLE R. FELDMAN,∗∗ LEONA K. SVANCARA,∗ DAVID A. RUPP,† DAVID I. STANISH,∗ AND R. KIRK STEINHORST†† ∗Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-1136, U.S.A. †Environmental Science Program, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-1136, U.S.A. ‡U.S. Geological Survey, Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-1136, U.S.A. §U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 200 SW 35th Street, Corvallis, OR 97333-4902, U.S.A. ∗∗Department of Forest Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-1136, U.S.A. ††Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-1136, U.S.A.
Lessons learned from developing integrated ecosystem assessments to inform marine ecosystem-based management in the USA

Jameal F. Samhouri1*, Alison J. Haupt2, Phillip S. Levin1, Jason S. Link3, and Rebecca Shuford4 Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, WA 98112, USA West Coast Governors Alliance, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, WA 98112, USA National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 166 Water St., Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA Marine Ecosystems Division, Office of Science and Technology, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
Spectral filtering for mode locking in the normal dispersive regime

A theoretical model that characterizes the physical process responsible for generating ultrashort, high-energy, mode-locked pulses in a normal-dispersion laser cavity with strong spectral filtering is developed. According to this model, two of the critical physical parameters used to achieve optimal performance are the ratio of the filter bandwidth to the gain bandwidth and the placement of the output coupler in the laser cavity. The spectral filtering plays a crucial role in maintaining a short pulse duration with high energy. This phenomenon is generic to mode locking with normal dispersion.
“You Could be the Hundredth Monkey”: Collective Action Frames and Vocabularies of Motive Within the Nuclear Disarmament Movement

Building on recent developments by social constructionists, this paper seeks to advance theoretical and empirical understanding of micromobilization processes associated with social movement recruitment and participation. Data derived from a fouryear field study of the nuclear disarmament movement are employed to identify and elaborate four generic vocabularies of motive that emerge via interaction among activists, rank and file supporters, recruits and significant others: vocabularies of (1) severity, (2) urgency, (3) efficacy and (4) propriety. These vocabularies of motive provide movement actors with compelling rationales to take action on behalf of the movement and/or its organizations. The data suggest that peace movement groups cultivate the imputation and avowal of these motives as a means of stimulating collective action. Several implications for future research are offered which draw upon the insights of resource mobilization theory and social constructionism.
Prenatal Counseling in Heterozygotes for Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency

X-linked ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD) often leads to fatal neonatal hyperammonemia in affected males (hemizygotes). In prenatal management of subsequent pregnancies, families carrying female fetuses are often reassured of the low risk of clinically overt disease. We suggest that such reassurance may be misleading. While OTCD heterozygotes may show no symptoms or only mild protein intolerance, the clinical course in a fraction of children can include manifestations similar to those in affected males. We present three cases of symptomatic and previously undiagnosed OTCD heterozygotes to illustrate the potential severity of this condition. Significant improvement in function and growth followed diagnosis and treatment; however, two of the three children remain significantly developmentally delayed. While a quantitative risk estimate cannot be derived from these data, the cases are indicative of an adverse outcome in manifesting heterozygotes. Accordingly, OTCD carrier families should be couns...
A Layered Approach to Understanding Your Audience

One of the first areas to be limited in performance improvement or an educational project is the learner-analysis phase. If done in a precise and purposeful manner, an effective learner analysis will begin the learner-centered approach and then drive an impactful instructional design. This study has taken Tessmer and Wedman's (1990) layers-of-necessity model for instructional design and applied it to enhancing the needs-analysis phase of instructional design.
Selenium Removal by Constructed Wetlands: Role of Biological Volatilization

Selenium-laden effluents from oil refineries are polluting San Francisco Bay, California. One environmentally friendly way of cleaning up selenium (Se) from effluents is by plant and microbial Se volatilization using constructed wetlands. Using mesocosms, we investigated the role of biological Se volatilization in a 36-ha constructed wetland located adjacent to San Francisco Bay. The constructed wetland was highly effective in removing Se from selenite-contaminated oil refinery wastewater: 89% of the Se was removed. Inflow Se concentrations of 20−30 μg L-1 decreased to <5 μg L-1 in the outflow. Most of the Se was removed by immobilization into sediments and plant tissues where Se concentrations reached ∼5 and ∼15 mg kg-1, respectively. Biological volatilization may have accounted for as much as 10−30% of the Se removed. The highest mean rates of Se volatilization for vegetated sites were 190, 180, and 150 μg of Se m-2 day-1 (rabbitfoot grass, cattail, and saltmarsh bulrush, respectively). Rates for the m...
Experimental vesicular stomatitis in swine: effects of route of inoculation and steroid treatment.

An enzootic focus of vesicular stomatitis virus New Jersey serotype (VSV-NJ) exists on Ossabaw Island, Georgia. Many questions regarding the epizootiology of this virus at this focus still exist, but evidence suggests that the vector for this virus is a phlebotomine sand fly ( Lutzomyia shannoni), with feral swine serving as a potential source of virus for the sand fly and for other swine via contact transmission. We conducted 2 experimental trials in domestic swine using VSV-NJ isolated from a sand fly from Ossabaw Island to determine if route of inoculation or immunosuppres sion via steroid administration affected the development of disease, viremia, viral shedding, or the neutralizing antibody response. In a third trial, we studied the potential for contact transmission among swine using this isolate. Virus isolations were made from nasal cavity or palatine tonsil of the soft palate, and VSV-NJ neutralizing antibodies developed when pigs were inoculated intradermally in the apex of the snout, ear, or coronary band, intravenously, intranasally, or via scarification of the apex of the snout or coronary band. Vesicles developed only in pigs inoculated in the apex of the snout or coronary band, and these vesicles were at the site of inoculation. Steroid treatment did not potentiate the development of secondary vesicles and did not prolong the period of virus shedding from VSV-NJ-infected swine. Contact transmission, as determined by shedding of virus from the tonsil of the soft palate and the development of VSV-NJ neutralizing antibodies, occurred in pigs in contact with animals inoculated in the apex of the snout but not in contact animals exposed to pigs inoculated intradermally in the coronary band or intranasally. These trials show that contact transmission can occur and VSV-NJ can be shed without the development of clinical disease (i.e., vesicle formation). Viremia was never detected in any of the experimental pigs, suggesting that swine may not be a good amplifying host for VSV-NJ. Vesicular stomatitis is a disease of cattle, horses, and swine caused by related viruses in the genus Vesicu- lovirus of the family Rhabdoviridae. An enzootic focus of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) New Jersey sero- type (NJ) exists on Ossabaw Island, Georgia, and ev- idence suggests that the vector for this virus is a phle- botomine sand fly (Lutzomyia shannoni). This hy- pothesis is supported by field isolation of VSV-N J from sand flies 5 and through demonstration of viral repli- cation, bite transmission, and transovarial transmis- sion in experimentall y infected sand flies. 4 Numerous questions, however, remain concerning the epidemi- ology of this virus, especially with regard to the patho- genesis of VSV-NJ in potential amplifying vertebrate hosts. On Ossabaw Island, vesicular lesions have only been detected in feral swine, and VW-NJ has been consistently isolated from vesicles and from tonsil and nasal swabs collected from this species. The signifi- cance of these infections in feral swine as related to
The dynamin-related GTPase Opa1 is required for glucose-stimulated ATP production in pancreatic beta cells

Previous studies using in vitro cell culture systems have shown the role of the dynamin-related GTPase Opa1 in apoptosis prevention and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) maintenance. However, it remains to be tested whether these functions of Opa1 are physio- logically important in vivo in mammals. Here, using the Cre-loxP system, we deleted mouse Opa1 in pancreatic beta cells, in which glucose-stimulated ATP production in mitochondria plays a key role in insulin secretion. Beta cells lacking Opa1 maintained normal copy numbers of mtDNA; however, the amount and activity of electron transport chain complex IV were significantly decreased, leading to impaired glucose-stimulated ATP production and insulin secretion. In addition, in Opa1-null beta cells, cell proliferation was impaired, whereas apop- tosis was not promoted. Consequently, mice lacking Opa1 in beta cells develop hyperglyce- mia. The data suggest that the function of Opa1 in the maintenance of the electron transport chain is physiologically relevant in beta cells.
Gluten-Free Diet in Nonceliac Disease

A gluten-free diet (GFD) is commonly recognized as the treatment for celiac disease. It also has been investigated as a treatment option for other medical conditions, including dermatitis herpetiformis, irritable bowel syndrome, neurologic disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, and HIV-associated enteropathy. The strength of the evidence for the use of a GFD in these nonceliac diseases varies, and future research may better define the benefits of a GFD for those conditions with weak existing evidence.
Revitalizing a mentoring program for academic librarians

Many new employees naturally seek out coworkers and informal advisors as a way of learning about their new positions and organizations. However, a formalized mentoring program is a way to meet the needs of new employees and effectively impart the information and advice in a coordinated, ongoing process. This paper focuses on the process of revitalizing a formalized mentoring program in an academic library. Included are details of the process developed by one institution, an extensive bibliography, sample checklists, and assessment tools.
Forensic child sexual abuse evaluations: Assessing subjectivity and bias in professional judgements

Abstract Objectives Evaluators examining the same evidence often arrive at substantially different conclusions in forensic assessments of child sexual abuse (CSA). This study attempts to identify and quantify subjective factors that contribute to such disagreements so that interventions can be devised to improve the reliability of case decisions. Methods Participants included 1106 professionals in the field of child maltreatment representing a range of professional positions or job titles and years of experience. Each completed the Child Forensic Attitude Scale (CFAS), a 28-item survey assessing 3 forensic attitudes believed to influence professional judgments about CSA allegations: emphasis-on-sensitivity (i.e., a focus on minimizing false negatives or errors of undercalling abuse); emphasis-on-specificity (i.e., a focus on minimizing false positives or errors of overcalling abuse); and skepticism toward child and adolescent reports of CSA. A subset of 605 professionals also participated in 1 of 3 diverse decision exercises to assess the influence of the 3 forensic attitudes on ratings of case credibility. Results Exploratory factor analysis identified 4 factors or attitude subscales that corresponded closely with the original CFAS scales: 2 subscales for emphasis-on-sensitivity and 1 each for emphasis-on-specificity and skepticism. Attitude subscale scores differed significantly by sample source (in-state trainings vs. national conferences), gender, years of experience, and professional position, with Child Protective Service workers unexpectedly more concerned about overcalling abuse and more skeptical of child disclosures than other professionals—a pattern of scores associated with an increased probability of disbelieving CSA allegations. The 3 decision exercises offered validation of the attitude subscales as predictors of professional ratings of case credibility, with adjusted R2s for the three exercises ranging from .06 to .24, suggesting highly variable effect sizes. Conclusions Evaluator disagreements about CSA allegations can be explained, in part, by individual differences in 3 attitudes related to forensic decision-making: emphasis-on-sensitivity, emphasis-on-specificity, and skepticism toward child reports of abuse. These attitudes operate as predispositions or biases toward viewing CSA allegations as likely true or likely false. Several strategies for curbing the influence of subjective factors are highlighted including self-awareness of personal biases and team approaches to assessment.
Response Properties of an Integrate-and-Fire Model That Receives Subthreshold Inputs

A computational technique is described for calculation of the interspike interval and poststimulus time histograms for the responses of an integrate-and-fire model to arbitrary inputs. The effects of the model parameters on the response statistics were studied systematically. Specifically, the probability distribution of the membrane potential was calculated as a function of time, and the mean interspike interval and PST histogram were calculated for arbitrary inputs. For stationary inputs, the regularity of the output was studied in detail for various model parameters. For nonstationary inputs, the effects of the model parameters on the output synchronization index were explored. The results show that enhanced synchronization in response to low-frequency stimuli required a large number (n > 25) of weak inputs. Irregular responses and a linear input-output rate relationship required strong (but subthreshold) inputs with a small time constant. A model cell with mixed-amplitude synaptic inputs can respond to stationary inputs irregularly and have enhanced synchronization to nonstationary inputs that are phase-locked to low-frequency inputs. Both of these response properties have been reported for some cells in the ventral cochlear nucleus in the auditory brainstem.
Laser Damage Thresholds of Several Metal-Containing Acrylic Polymers at Four Different Wavelengths.

Single- and multiple-pulse laser damage thresholds of six different metal-containing acrylic polymers were determined at 10.6, 1.06, 0.53 and 0.355 μm. Light transmission of these samples before and after irradiation was measured. A variety of observed laser-materials interactions are discussed in this paper. Physical and chemical damage properties of these metal-containing acrylic polymers were examined and compared with poly (methyl methacrylate) and polycarbonate using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). In general, it was found that the multiple-pulse damage thresholds were lower than the single-pulse, and damage thresholds decreased as wavelength of the testing laser beam became shorter.
Spectral analysis of turbulent effects on resistivity and the tearing instability

A spectral numerical-simulation code and ancillary diagnostics are used here to analyze the behavior of resistive magnetic tearing in the presence of short-wavelength turbulence. It is found that, in general, the anomalous resistivity defined by Biskamp and Welter (1983) due to short-wavelength turbulence tends to return quickly towards zero even when artificially supported away from zero, and that its effect on tearing-mode behavior is not consistent with its interpretation as a resistivity. The behavior reported by Biskamp and Welter and the behavior observed here are analyzed. It is argued that, while not meaningful as a true resistivity, the anomalous resistivity parameter is a useful diagnostic showing the energy balance of the system.
Methods of Devulcanization

Abstract The literature contains the record of numerous methods which have been used to reverse the vulcanization process. Indeed, many of these methods have long been used, especially for purposes of analysis and/or studying mechanisms of vulcanization, so that they are commonplace in most large laboratories. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on an eclectic basis. The opportunity exists to take a fresh look at some of these techniques with a view to consider up-scaling for recovery of rubber and other ingredients for eventual commercialization. The processes would have to be studied from the standpoint of fine-tuning reactants, solvating media, conditions of minimal degradation, keeping toxic exposure to safe levels, economics, etc. The possibility also exists of combining some of these techniques with others, such as those presented at a recent symposium, which have been developed to a more advanced stage of engineering. Included in a list of the chemical probes which will be discuss...
Awareness Campaigns as a Response to Piracy off the Coast of Somalia

ABSTRACTIn 2012 the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) began implementing an awareness campaign to influence public opinion in Somalia against piracy. The campaign aimed to deter individuals from joining piracy by highlighting the dangers and problems associated with piracy. Despite the hype surrounding its commencement, the UNODC campaign was met with various challenges that resulted in minimal implementation and left a trail of angry donors, staff members and Somali government officials. This article examines awareness campaigns as a response to piracy. It provides a first-hand account of the actors and politics involved in shaping the design and implementation of the UNODC anti-piracy awareness campaign. It explores the implied and developed knowledges embedded within campaign messages and analyses how objects of intervention were produced and reproduced throughout the campaign.
EQUILIBRIUM FLOW AREAS OF TIDAL INLETS ON SANDY COASTS

The flow area of inlets on sandy coasts is a unique function of the tidal prism when equilibrium has been achieved. The size of material, the presence or absence of jetties, and the magnitude of general littoral drift does not appear to affect this equilibrium flow area within the accuracy of the data available. In the summer of 1929, the writer made a reconnaissance of the beaches and harbors of the Pacific Coast of the United States for the predecessor organization of the U. S. Beach Erosion Board. In tiie years preceding this study, many tidal inlets on the Worth Pacific Coast had been improved for navigation by constructing jetties, and the progress of these inlets towards stabilization was being followed through frequent hydrographic surveys, which were available for study. The obvious fact that large inlets were found at large bays and small inlets at small bays suggested the possibility that there might be a unique relationship between entrance area and tidal prism.
Shedding Light on the Performance of Solar Panels: A Data-Driven View

The significant adoption of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in both commercial and residential sectors has spurred an interest in monitoring the performance of these systems. This is facilitated by the increasing availability of regularly logged PV performance data in recent years. In this paper, we present a data-driven framework to systematically characterise the relationship between performance of an existing photovoltaic (PV) system and various environmental factors. We demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed framework by applying it to a PV generation dataset from a building located in northern Australia. We show how, in light of limited site-specific weather information, this data set may be coupled with publicly available data to yield rich insights on the performance of the building's PV system.
Cardiovascular Event Prediction and Risk Reclassification by Coronary, Aortic, and Valvular Calcification in the Framingham Heart Study

Background We determined whether vascular and valvular calcification predicted incident major coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and all‐cause mortality independent of Framingham risk factors in the community‐based Framingham Heart Study. Methods and Results Coronary artery calcium (CAC), thoracic and abdominal aortic calcium, and mitral or aortic valve calcium were measured by cardiac computed tomography in participants free of CVD. Participants were followed for a median of 8 years. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine association of CAC, thoracic and abdominal aortic calcium, and mitral and aortic valve calcium with end points. Improvement in discrimination beyond risk factors was tested via the C‐statistic and net reclassification index. In this cohort of 3486 participants (mean age 50±10 years; 51% female), CAC was most strongly associated with major coronary heart disease, followed by major CVD, and all‐cause mortality independent of Framingham risk factors. Among noncoronary calcifications, mitral valve calcium was associated with major CVD and all‐cause mortality independent of Framingham risk factors and CAC. CAC significantly improved discriminatory value beyond risk factors for coronary heart disease (area under the curve 0.78–0.82; net reclassification index 32%, 95% CI 11–53) but not for CVD. CAC accurately reclassified 85% of the 261 patients who were at intermediate (5–10%) 10‐year risk for coronary heart disease based on Framingham risk factors to either low risk (n=172; no events observed) or high risk (n=53; observed event rate 8%). Conclusions CAC improves discrimination and risk reclassification for major coronary heart disease and CVD beyond risk factors in asymptomatic community‐dwelling persons and accurately reclassifies two‐thirds of the intermediate‐risk population.
Rapid method of MIC determinations utilizing tetrazolium reduction.

A rapid preliminary method of determining antibiotic susceptibilities of clinically isolated gram-negative fermentative organisms has been evaluated. The method utilizes tetrazolium dye reduction as a colorimetric indicator of bacterial growth. Tetrazolium dye reduction is incorporated into the standard Micro-Media® MIC microdilution testing system and shortens the required incubation period from 15 to 18 hours to 4 hours. Parallel MIC determinations were made by the standard MIC method and by the rapid tetrazolium method. The test organisms included 218 gram-negative fermentative clinical isolates. The overall correlation between the standard and the rapid MIC methods was 93%. Of the 7% discordant results, 6.3% represented minor discrepancies and 0.7% represented major discrepancies. There were no very major discrepancies. The study concluded that the rapid tetrazolium MIC method is an accurate, low-cost, easily implemented method of preliminary antibiotic susceptibility testing for gram-negative fermentative organisms.
Evidence for the quasifree character of the ( π ± , π N ) reactions on C 12 , Mg 24 , and Ca 40

Cross sections for (${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$,$\ensuremath{\pi}N$) reactions near the $\ensuremath{\Delta}(1232)$ resonance on $^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}$, and $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$ leading to mirror levels in $^{11}\mathrm{C}$/$^{11}\mathrm{B}$, $^{23}\mathrm{Mg}$/$^{23}\mathrm{Na}$, and $^{39}\mathrm{Ca}$/$^{39}\mathrm{K}$, respectively, were measured by observing their $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ decays. $\frac{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{n}}{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{p}}$ for the first $\frac{1}{{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}}$ levels in $^{11}\mathrm{C}$/$^{11}\mathrm{B}$ is 1.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and $\frac{1}{1.8}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.2$ for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$. For $^{23}\mathrm{Mg}$/$^{23}\mathrm{Na}$ and $^{39}\mathrm{Ca}$/$^{39}\mathrm{K}$, the ratios are generally not as closely reciprocal as for $^{11}\mathrm{C}$ and the previously reported $^{15}\mathrm{O}$/$^{15}\mathrm{N}$ $\frac{3}{{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}}$ level case. The most strongly excited mirror level pairs are those with large ($p$,$d$) and ($^{3}\mathrm{He}$,$d$) spectroscopic factors. The results are interpreted as evidence for the quasifree character of these ($\ensuremath{\pi}$,$\ensuremath{\pi}N$) reactions.
Over 149 Million Nonelderly Americans Have Employment-Based Health Insurance, 41.4 Million Uninsured, According to March 1997 CPS

Over 165 million Americans under age 65-70.9 percent of the nonelderly population — received private health insurance coverage during 1996, according to Employee Benefit Research Institute (EBRI) estimates of the March 1997 Current Population Survey (CPS). Over 41 million — 17.7 percent of nonelderly Americans — did not have private or public health insurance during any part of 1996. This is up from 40.3 million, or 17.4 percent, in 1995. However, further analysis reveals that children experienced a disproportionate increase in the probability of being uninsured. In 1996, 14.8 percent of children were uninsured, compared with 13.8 percent in 1995. Furthermore, while the number of nonelderly uninsured increased by 1.1 million between 1995 and 1996, children felt this increase the most, as the number of uninsured children increased by 800,000 and the number of uninsured adults increased by 300,000.
Supplementation of Cystometrography With Simultaneous Perineal Floor and Rectus Abdominis Electromyography

A total of 26 patients with symptomatic voiding dysfunction underwent cystometrography concomitant with simultaneous perineal floor and rectus abdominis electromyography. Of the patients 20 had well defined neurological pathological conditions. Cystometrography/perineal electromyography revealed detrusor hyperreflexia with appropriate sphincter relaxation in 8 patients, with vesicosphincter dyssynergia in 10 and with pseudo-dyssynergia in 2. Rectus electromyography in these patients did not reveal electromyographic activity during the filling and expulsion phases of the cystometrogram. However, the 6 neurologically normal patients were noted to have detrusor areflexia with nonrelaxation of the sphincter on urodynamic examination. These patients characteristically attempted to void by abdominal straining, resulting in a concomitant increase in rectus and perineal electromyography activity. We conclude that the addition of rectus electromyography to the standard urodynamic methodology can improve significantly the recognition of intravesical pressure elevation owing to voluntary contraction of the abdominal musculature.
The Consequences of Fairness

In the previous chapter, we made two important claims: first, that fairness beliefs should be central elements in mass belief systems in the justice domain, and second, that such beliefs are essential to understanding the different ways that Whites and Blacks evaluate criminal justice issues. Accordingly, we proffered two measures of fairness, one asking respondents in the National Race and Crime Survey (NRCS) to evaluate the fairness of the wider system (i.e., system fairness) and another asking them to explain the harsher treatment of African Americans by the justice system (attributions of Black treatment). Unsurprisingly, we found a huge race gap in responses to both measures, with most Blacks rating the system as patently unfair and attributing Blacks' harsher treatment to biases in the system, and most Whites taking the opposite view, believing the system is fair and that Blacks deserve their harsher treatment. Our analysis of the sources of our two fairness beliefs led us to conclude that, as expected, even though the two measures overlap, they are substantially independent of one another. Specifically, judgments about the general fairness of the justice system are, to a great degree, experientially determined; quite commonly individuals will think about their own experiences, and those of their neighbors, as they evaluate the system as a whole. In contrast, at least for Whites, stereotypes of African Americans figure prominently into assessments of whether the justice system treats Blacks fairly.
Transformation stress modeling in new Fe Mn Al Ni shape memory alloy

Abstract We investigate the bcc-fcc transformation in the new shape memory alloy FeMnAlNi utilizing density functional theory calculations for double shear. We formulate an energy expression to derive the fcc martensite formation stress, incorporating the transformation shear energy and the elastic interactions of the dislocations. The critical bcc-fcc transformation stress was determined as 191 MPa, which is close to the experiments. Concurrently, we also establish the fcc twinning and slip stresses as 201 MPa and 335 MPa respectively. The higher slip resistance ensures recoverability of the transformation. We observe that the Bogers-Burgers double shear mechanism proceeds with a much lower energy barrier and is favored over the ‘classical’ Bain deformation. Overall, the parameters obtained from DFT calculations are devoid of any empiricism and the prediction of these critical stresses permit the design of new iron based SMAs.
Comparative Distribution and Orientation of North American Gulls

The abundance of many gull species and consequently their distributional patterns have shown considerable variation during the last century and a half. By the mid-19th century human exploitation resulted in the populations of many seabirds, including gulls, declining to dangerously low levels. The birds and their eggs were used for food by the growing human population, feathers were processed by the millinery trade, and many islands and coastal areas were usurped for human endeavors thereby destroying nesting habitats.
WalkMore: promoting walking with just-in-time context-aware prompts

We designed and implemented a just-in-time physical activity intervention system, WalkMore, which uses rich context extracted from smartphone and smart watch to encourage opportunistic walking without significantly altering users' daily schedules. This system incorporated several existing psychological theories such as Behavior Change Theory, Habit Formation Theory and Goal Setting Theory. We also conducted a 4-week user study to evaluate the acceptability and usability of WalkMore. In addition, the results of the study show that WalkMore is effective in encouraging people to walk more and engage other physical activities. Compared with reminders sent randomly in time, context-aware reminders are more acceptable to participants and more effective in increasing participants' self-awareness of possible walking opportunities.
Incomplete multi-modal visual data grouping

Nowadays multi-modal visual data are much easier to access as the technology develops. Nevertheless, there is an underlying problem hidden behind the emerging multi-modality techniques: What if one/more modal data fail? Motivated by this question, we propose an unsupervised method which well handles the incomplete multimodal data by transforming the original and incomplete data to a new and complete representation in a latent space. Different from the existing efforts that simply project data from each modality into a common subspace, a novel graph Laplacian term with a good probabilistic interpretation is proposed to couple the incomplete multi-modal samples. In such a way, a compact global structure over the entire heterogeneous data is well preserved, leading to a strong grouping discriminability. As a non-trivial contribution, we provide the optimization solution to the proposed model. In experiments, we extensively test our method and competitors on one synthetic data, two RGB-D video datasets and two image datasets. The superior results validate the benefits of the proposed method, especially when multimodal data suffer from large incompleteness.
Deep learning classification of photographic paper based on clustering by domain experts

Prior work on texture analysis of historic, photographic papers has focused primarily on measures of texture similarity. However, automated grouping or clustering of photographic paper textures in a way that is meaningful to art conservators remains an open problem. In this work a deep learning approach to automated classification is presented, for clusters derived from a human sorting experiment conducted by 19 art conservators and paper experts and subsequently extended through crowd-sourcing. The proposed approach uses a deep convolutional neural network, and results are presented on the performance in automatically classifying images when compared to human experts.
Utilization of an on-site oncofertility service at comprehensive cancer center.

e17573 Background: While the importance of addressing potential cancer-related infertility with reproductive-age individuals is increasingly recognized, nearly half of oncologists at academic medic...
Perceptions of Smartphone User-Centered Mobile Health Tracking Apps Across Various Chronic Illness Populations: An Integrative Review.

Purpose This integrative review presents a synthesis of the current qualitative research addressing the motivating factors, usability, and experiences of mobile health tracking applications (apps) across various chronic disease populations. Design Integrative review of the literature. Methods Databases used to conduct this integrative review included: PubMed Plus, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Google Scholar, Science Direct, and EBSCO megafile. The following search terms were used in all five databases: smartphone apps, apps, mHealth, eHealth, mobile health apps, health tracking apps, user-centered apps, wireless technology, engagement, qualitative, and usability. Findings The initial literature review yielded 689 results. Once inclusion and exclusion criteria were employed, 11 studies met the criteria set forth for this review. The reviewed studies provided insight into users’ perceptions, experiences, and motivations to incorporate smartphone mobile health apps into their daily lives when living with chronic illnesses. Conclusions This review indicates the growing interest in user-centered mobile health tracking apps, but with little understanding of motivating factors that foster sustained app use. Mobile health tracking apps targeted to users with chronic conditions need to have a high level of usability in order to motivate users to sustain engagement with their mobile health tracking app. Clinical Relevance User-centered mobile health tracking app technology is being used with increasing frequency to potentially provide individualized support to chronic illness populations.